bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Air assessment for land treatment no‐migration
Authors: Siegell J. H. , Madden P. C. , Chapman D. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAir pathway assessments for three landfarm sites were conducted for compliance with the no‐migration land disposal regulations. These assessments comprise of estimating the volatile and semi‐volatile emissions from sludge application using the CHEMDAT model and estimating particulate emissions during application and tilling using the Fugitive Particulate Matter Air Emissions Guidance. Ambient concentrations at the unit boundary were predicted using the ISC dispersion models. Ambient air monitoring during application and tilling was included as a check on the emission and dispersion models.
An at‐source treatment for organomercury‐containing hazardous liquid waste
Authors: Magliette R. J. , McKinney D. , Venkataramani E. S. , Bacher S. , Brian B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn at‐source treatment has been developed for the removal of mercury from a spent fermentation waste to render it non‐hazardous. The organomercury‐containing fermentation wastewater is initially treated with aluminum metal power at pH 11.5 and ambient temperature to reduce the sulfur‐hydrogen bond to form mercury cations and organomercury fragments. Subsequent treatment with sodium borohydride reduces the mercury cations and organomercury fragments to elemental mercury. Ultrafiltration is then used to effectively remove the colloidal metallic mercury. Final polishing with granular activated carbon yields an effluent containing less than 10 μg/l mercury. The colloidal mercury present in the UF retentate as well as that bound to the granular activated carbon is amenable to reclamation and subsequent reuse. The at‐source treatment technology developed has been found to be capable of achieving a consistently high removal efficiency of 99.99%.
Biotreatment of hazardous organic wastes using rotating biological contactors
Authors: Tokuz R. Yucel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTreatment of several toxic organic compounds in Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) units was examined in this study. The following compounds were included: 2‐Chlorophenol; 2,4‐dichlorophenol; 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol; pentachlorophenol; 2‐nitrophenol; diethyl phthalate and di‐n‐butyl phthalate.
Application of amines for treating flue gas from coal‐fired power plants
Authors: Kwong K. Vincent , Meissner Iii Ronald E. , , Ahmed Saif , Wendt Carl J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome of the earliest applications of amines for treating flue gas were to recover carbon dioxide for dry ice production and beverage carbonation. The amine process was later applied to recover CO2 for urea production. In the late 1970's and early 1980's during the period of major enhanced oil recovery projects, amines were used to recoverCO2 from flue gas for injection. In those plants, SO2 was typically removed by an alkaline scrubbing system upsteam of the amine process, but nothing was done to reduce the NOx and excess oxygen in the flue gas. Residual SO2, NOx, and oxygen caused amine degradation and in some cases led to severe corrosion.Recent advances have been made in hydrotreating of power plant boiler flue gases to reduce SOx and NOx, the major components of acid rain, to hydrogen sulfide and nitrogen, and to convert excess oxygen to water. The sulfur pollutants in the form of H2S can be recovered and converted to elemental sulfur by a selective amine unit and a Recycle Selectox sulfur recovery unit. This combination of units, the Parsons Flue Gas Cleanup (FGC) Process, shows great promise in abating the SOx and NOx pollutants from coal‐fired power plants and provides a novel use for selective amines.This paper reviews some of the earlier applications of amine in flue gas treating and the recent development of the parsons FGC process for over 99 percent removal of both SOx and NOx.
Regeneration of waste chemicals from liquid redox processes
Authors: Ciriacks John A. , Lafond James F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo avoid the increasingly costly disposal of the waste stream (blowdown) from liquid redox processes used to clean hydrogen sulfide from gases, a reductive burning recovery (RBR) process has been developed. Its initial installation has recently been completed at Dofasco Steel Inc., Hamilton, Ontario, in order to treat the effluent from two Stretford liquid redox systems.The RBR system concentrates spent Stretford chemicals which are primarily sodium thiosulfate and sodiuim sulfate. The spent chemicals are then thermally destroyed in a reactor. The regenerated salts flow from the bottom of the reactor as a molten smelt containing sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide and sodium vanadate.The molten salt stream is dissolved in water to form a regenerated solution which is fed back into the Stretford process. For the special case of coke oven gas cleaning, elemental sulfur is added to a portion of the regnerated solution in order to clean hydrogen cyanide from the coke gas before the gas is scrubbed with Stretford solution to remove hydrogen sulfide. The sodium thiocyanate product of hydrogen cyanide scrubbing is also thermally destroyed and regenerated by the RBR process.RBR Technology essentially closes the Stretford process for cleaning coke oven and other industrial gases. Only a small amount of ash which has been filtered from the regenerated chemicals needs disposal.
NOx/CO emissions and control in ethylene plants
Authors: Gomaa Hassan M. , Hackemesser Larry G. , Cindric David T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe principal emission source of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO) from ethylene plants is the pyrolysis furnace. This paper addresses NOx/CO emissions and controls for gas fired pyrolysis furnaces. Typical NOx and CO generation rates for furnaces are quantified. The impact of fuel coposition on NOx generation is discussed. Commercially available and emerging control technologies are reviewed. The relative costs of these controls are compared. Case‐by‐case considerations will dictate the selection of the control technology required to comply with the environmental demands of the specific site.
Preliminary studies on the granular activated carbon‐sequencing batch biofilm reactor
Authors: Chozick R. , Irvine R. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Granular Activated Carbon‐Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (GAC‐SBBR), a system which combines a submerged membrance oxygenation system to support a biofilm with granular activated carbon (GAC), and the Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactor (SBBR), a comparable system containing no GAC, were investigated to determine the efficiency of each for the treatment of wastewaters containing volatile components. Toluene, at feed concentrations between 100 and 200 mg/L, was reduced to less than 10 μg/L in both systems. In the GAC‐SBBR, biodegradation and adsorption were responsible for 92% and 8%, respectively, of the toluene removal, while in the SBBR, all of the toluene was removed by biodegradation. The quantity of toluene volatilized from the GAC‐SBBR over a 10 week period of operation was approximately 0.003% of the toluene introduced. The major consideration for long‐term, efficient operation of these systems is selection of an operating strategy which results in the supply of sufficient oxygen to the biomass. Both biomass wasting and purging of the membrane oxygenation system were critical for maintaining adequate oxygen transfer to the biofilm in the GAC‐SBBR and in the SBBR.
Control of aromatic waste air streams by soil bioreactors
Authors: Miller Dennis E. , Canter Larry W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree soils were examined for the ability to degrade hydrocarbon vapors of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and o‐xylene (BTEX). Each of these compounds are major aromatic constituents of gasolines. The soils examined were Rubicon Sand from Traverse City, Michigan, Durant Loam from Ada, Oklahoma, and Dougherty Sand from Stratford, Oklahoma. Soil columns were used to examine the effects of soil type, air flow rate and inlet vapor concentrations. Adjustment of the hydrocarbon loading rate produced removals which corresponded to first‐order removal kinetics. Estimated residence times of 10 to 20 minutes produced removals of the individual inlet BTEX compounds which ranged from 8 to 39%. Increasing the residence time produced increased removals corresponding to first‐order removal rates. Further increases in the residence time revealed transport limitations which restricted additional removals. Soil which had moisture less than 50% of saturation displayed preferential utilization of benzene followed in order by ethylbenzene, toluene, and o‐xylene.
The reuse of petroleum and petrochemical waste in cement kilns
Authors: Gossman David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe high temperatures and long residence times in the combustion zones of cement kilns have been used for over ten years to burn flammable liquid hazardous wastes, such as solvents, as fuels. Increasing government regulation and control of this technology has actually resulted in expanded use as both waste generators and cement manufacturers have grown more comfortable and confident of this technology. Liquid petroleum and petrochemical wastes have been a part of this liquid fuel stream from its inception. Solid and sludgy petroleum and petrochemical wastes present greater handling difficulties. Nevertheless, the land ban of many of these hazardous wastes has resulted in the motivation to develop solid and sludge handling and processing technologies to allow their use as fuel. These processing options extend back to the point of generation. Changes in filter press media and drying technologies are allowing certain petroleum and petrochemical wastes to be pneumatically introduced into cement kilns. Quality control technologies, including laboratories at both cement kilns and the generating/processing location, have also been a critical part of these developments. As this technology matures, as much as 454,000,000 kg of nationwide capacity for hazardous waste fuel solids is likely to become available.
Combined SO2 and NOx removal by means of dry sorbent injection
Authors: Helfritch Dennis , Bortz Steven , Beittel Roderick , Bergman Perry , Toole‐O'Neil Barbara 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe team of Research‐Cottrell and Riley Stoker is conducting a proof‐of‐concept demonstration of an Integrated Dry Injection process for coal‐fired boiler SO2 and NOx control under a U.S. Department of Energy contract with co‐funding by the Electric Power Research Institute. The SO2 and NOx removal technologies, which are combined in this demonstration test, have been independently evaluated but have not yet been tested as an integrated system. The integrated tests are important to determine and characterize any interactions between the technologies, either positive or negative.Subscale tests were conducted to determine the best calcium and sodium sorbents to use in the proof‐of‐concept demonstration. The demonstration is being conducted on the large combustor at the Riley Stoker Research Facility. The parametric test program consists of a series of tests for the purpose of demonstrating SO2 and NOx reductions and is designed to allow a determination of the influence of each parameter on SO2 and NOx removal.
Air stripping VOCs from groundwater: Process design considerations
Authors: Ball Brandon R. , Edwards Michael D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConsiderations for evaluating and designing the air stripping process are presented by case study. The case study involves the design of an air stripping process to remediate groundwater contaminated with volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at a National Priorities List site in Tacoma, WA. Design objectives included developing a tower with minimum volume and energy requirements while complying with discharge air and water quality standards. A two‐phase resistance model using Onda correlations to determine liquid‐ and gas‐phase resistance model using Onda correlations to determine liquid‐ and gas‐phase mass transfer coefficients was used to assist in the evaluation and design.Considerations for applying the two‐phase resistance model to air stripping tower design are presented. The ability of the model to simulate process performance is demonstrated by comparison with actual data for 11 priority pollutant list VOCs evaluated during an onsite pilot study. Design procedures with which to develop a tower with minimum volume and energy requirements are described. Other considerations involving the evaluation of VOC emissions and the precipitation and buildup of inorganic constituents within the internal packing media are described.
LBL PhoSNOX process for combined removal of SO2 and NOx from flue gas
Authors: Chang S. G. , Lee G. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe addition of yellow phosphorus in wet scrubbing systems can result in the high efficiency simultaneous removal of SO2 and NOx from flue gas. Yellow phosphorus reacts with O2 to produce O3 which selectively oxidizes NO to NO2. Subsequently, NO2 and SO2 are removed from flue gas by dissolution into an aqueous alkaline solution/slurry, where they are converted to ammonium sulfate and gypsum. Yellow phosphorus is oxidized to yield a desirable commercial by‐product, phosphoric acid.This new technology has been tested jointly by LBL and Bechtel at LBL with a 20 cfm [9.44 × 10−3 m3 / sec] bench‐scale scrubbing absorber. The test results indicated that greater than 90% NO removal efficiency could be achieved with an L/G>60 (gal/min)/(1000 cu ft/min) [1 liter/m3 = 7.48 gal/1000 cu ft] for NO concentrations ranging from 60 to 600 ppm. A stoichiometric ratio, P/NO, as low as 0.6 has been achieved. Economic projections for the PhoSNOX process have been made based on a conceptual process configuration. The estimated costs compare favorably with the SCR for high removal and are competitive with urea injection processes for low levels of NOx removal. FMC has conducted a safety study of the process and concluded that the potential safety hazards of yellow phosphorus can be avoided if proper precautions are taken.
Application of electro acoustics for dewatering pharmaceutical sludge
Authors: Golla Padma S. , Johnson Harold W. , Senthilnathan P. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractApplication of electro acoustic principles for dewatering has been developed by Battelle Institute. The Department of Energy, Battelle Institute, and Ashbrook‐Simon‐Hartley, have jointly developed an Electro Acoustic Dewatering press (EAD press). The EAD press applies a combination of mechanical pressure, electrical current and ultrasonics. This press is utilized after conventional dewatering devices and can remove up to 50% water from filtered sludge cake at a fraction of the cost incurred in existing thermal drying devices. The dominant mechanism of sludge dewatering by EAD press is electro‐osmosis due to the application of a direct current field. Electro‐osmosis is caused by an electrical double layer of oppositely charged ions formed at the solid liquid interface, which is characterized by zeta potential. The ultrasonic fields help electro‐osmosis by consolidation of the filter cake and by release of inaccessible liquid. The EAD press has been tested successfully on a variety of materials including apple pomace, corn gluten, sewage sludge, and coal fines. A three week long full scale trial was conducted successfully at a pharmaceutical industry to determine the application of this technology for dewatering waste activated sludge.
Use of risk assessment groundwater model in installation restoration program (IRP) site decisions
Authors: Goldblum David K. , Clegg John M. , Erving John D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractToxic chemicals have created much public concern over the past thirty years due to both environmental pollution and hazardous waste management. Hence, the associated Risk Assessment Process is both complicated and crucial in the outcome of decisions concerning remediation. Quantification for a particular contaminant can demonstrate that the concentration is adequately low, so that there is no need to carry out a remedial action, at that given site. The contaminant's specific calculated risk in a risk assessment is directly proportional to the average concentration of that contaminant chemical. The total risk is additive for all the contaminants present at that site, for both carcinogenic and non‐carcinogenic risks. Further analysis into the risk assessment for a drum storage area at a DOD installation rendering airlift support for airborne forces resulted in elimination of an unnecessary and costly remedial action.
Kinetics of sulfer dioxide uptake on supported cerium oxide sorbents
Authors: Hedges Sheila W. , Yeh James T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA thermogravimetric technique has been used to evaluate the apparent rate of SO2absorption by ceria supported on alumina. A kinetic model for the sulfation of the CeO2/Al2O3sorbent has been developed that is first order with respect to the partial pressure of SO2and first order with respect to the fractional unreacted cerium oxide on the sorbent. The reaction was also found to be zero order with respect to the oxygen and water vapor content of the gas over a range of concentrations that might reasonably be encountered in actual flue gas streams. CeO2/Al2O3sorbent is being studied at the Pittsburgh Energy Technology Center as a potential new sorbent for simultaneous removal of 90+% of both SO2and NOxfrom coal combustion flue gas in a dry, regenerable process.
Treatment and stabilization of a hexavalent chromium containing waste material
Authors: Jacobs Jerome H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to stabilize such wastes, it is necessary to convert the Cr+6 to the trivalent (Cr+3) form, before solidifying the waste through the use of cementitious materials such as portland cement or pozzolime (cement kiln dust). A treatment scheme was developed using ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS) as reducing agent. With FAS the reaction kinetics are sufficiently rapid at neutral or alkaline pH ranges. With most other reducing agents, such as sodium metabisulfite or ferrous sulfate, it would first be necessary to adjust the pH to about 2 S.U. in order for the reduction reaction to proceed in reasonable time. Bench scale tests were conducted in which the waste material containing about 6,000 mg/kg of Cr+6 and with pH approximately II S.U., was reacted with varying doses of FAS at pH levels of 4.5, 7, and as received. The reaction was found to be essentially complete after 3 days and selective for Cr+6. Further tests were conducted in which pozzolime was added to the mixture after the reduction. With an approximately 1:1 ratio of FAS: waste and pozzolime ratios of between 0.5:1 and 1:1, residual hexavalent chromium and total chromium concentrations were well below 100 mg/kg of waste, which corresponds to the EP Toxicity limit of 5 mg/L. The costs for full‐scale FAS/pozzolime stabilization were estimated. Testing of alternative reducing agents, which would require first acidifying with sulfuric acid, was deemed not warranted. The acid quantities required would be costly, and such operations in field conditions were felt to be not prudent.
Formation of NOx by digestion of phosphate ores with concentrated nitric acid
Authors: Tinge Ir. J. T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe digestion of twelve phosphate ores with concentrated nitric acid has been studied in order to quantify the formation of nitrogen oxides, NOx. The experiments were performed in a batch laboratory‐scale reactor under reaction conditions which are representative of the acidulation of phosphate rock with nitric acid in the nitrophosphate process, an important process for the production of compound fertilizers. The results obtained from these experiments show that the amount of NOx formed during digestion is directly proportional to the organic carbon content and is only marginally related to the carbonate and fluoride contents of these phosphate ores. It is assumed that organic material in the ores is partly oxidized by nitric acid, which in its turn is reduced to NO and NO2. On the basis of our results the following correlation between the organic carbon content and the quantity of nitrogen produced in the form of nitrogen oxides is proposed: [NOx‐N] = A. [Corg] in which A = 0.65 if [NOx‐N] and [Corg] are both expressed on a weight basis and A = 46 if [NOx‐N] and [Corg] are expressed in mol/tonne of P2O5 and kg/tonne of P2O5, respectively. The result is important in specifying the value of phosphate ores for the nitrophosphate process because it quantifies the possible emissions of NOx into the atmosphere as well as the amount of wasted nitric acid.
Ultrasonic destruction of chlorinated compounds in aqueous solution
Authors: Wu Jiann M. , Huang H. S. , Livengood C. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe application of ultrasonic‐wave energy for the destruction of low concentrations of carbon tetrachloride into nonhazardous end products is described, and the results of experimental work are presented. Process parameters studied included steady‐state temperature, concentration, pH, irradiation time, and the intensity of the applied ultrasonic‐wave energy. Greater than 99% destruction efficiencies were achieved through this process, and the irradiation time required for a given degree of destruction decreased with increasing intensity of the ultrasonic energy. In addition, a detailed chemical reaction mechanism for the destruction of carbon tetrachloride in water was formulated. The agreement between the model and experimental results is generally good.
Effect of chemical pretreatment on anaerobic biodegradation of refractory organic compounds
Authors: Wang Yi‐Tin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe potential for using chemical oxidation to enhance anaerobic biodegradability and reduce toxicity of two model phenolic compounds (o‐cresol and 2,4‐DNP) was evaluated. Batch bioassays were performed on the model compounds and their oxidation samples to determine biodegradability and toxicity in batch methanogenic cultures. Ozone, hydrogen peroxide, and potassium permanganate were the three oxidants examined in this study. A dose of approximately 5 moles hydrogen peroxide, in the presence of a ferrous iron catalyst (Fenton's reagent), 7 moles permanganate, or 25 moles of ozone per mole of o‐cresol was needed to significantly enhance anaerobic biodegradability of oxidation samples. Approximately 2.5‐4.5 moles of hydrogen peroxide or 7 moles of ozone per mole of 2,4‐DNP reduced methanogenic toxicity by 50%.
Destruction of cyanides by alkaline hydrolysis in a pipeline reactor
Authors: Midler M. , Bagner C. M. , Wildman A. S. , Venkataramani E. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFree as well as organically‐bound cyanides in a waste stream have been destroyed by alkaline hydrolysis in a simple pipeline reactor. This process has been running successfully at plant scale since 1969. Kinetic analysis shows that the hydrolysis is (pseudo) first order, but with two activation energies depending on temperature: 15.5 and 10.5 kcal/gm mole, for temperatures below and above 170°C, respectively. At lower temperatures (below 170°C), the rate limiting step is destruction of free and loosely bound cyanide, and at higher temperatures, the rate limitation is cyanide release from the more resistant organic entities. Design of plant scale reactors, based on laboratory kinetic data, requires estimation of the extent of backmixing. This has been estimated successfully using literature reported values of axial diffusion coefficients for various geometries considered. Plant performance data have been found to correlate very close to the design estimates.The pipeline hydrolysis reactor offers a novel and simple solution and should be applicable to cyanide disposal problems in a number of industries.