bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Significance of August Weberbauer's plant collecting for today's Río Abiseo National Park, northern Peru
Authors: León Blanca 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe year 2001 marked the centennial arrival of the most famous 20th century botanist and explorer in Peru, August Weberbauer. To honor this occasion, a brief account is presented of his botanical contributions to the area in northern Peru that has been established as a national park. In this area, Weberbauer collected nearly 57 collection numbers, of which approximately 50% are type material, and at least four of which represent taxa still only known from the type.
On the conditional expected value of contributions from a renewal process
Authors: James M. F. 
Published: April 2006

The problem discussed in this paper arose from the study of the effects of unresolved resonances on neutron cross-sections, but it is considered here in more general terms.Events in a modified renewal process occur at successive intervals x1, x2, …, and the ith event has associated with it a parameter Γi. The random variables xi and Γi are all independent, and their probability distribution functions are known. Each event contributes to two quantities F(u) and G(v) measured at u and v respectively. The value of the total contribution of all events to G(v) is assumed to be known from observation: this paper gives formulae for the mean value of F(u) conditional on this known value of G(v).
Seasonal variation in trawl codend selection of northern North Sea haddock
Authors: Özbilgin H. , Ferro R.S.T. , Robertson J.H.B. , Holtrop G. , Kynoch R.J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We investigate the variation in three separate months of trawl codend size selection for haddock, paying attention to changes in the length/girth relationship, and size of the total catch in the codend. Three cruises were conducted on the same fishing grounds using the same fishing gear on board the same commercial trawler in April 1995, September 1995, and February 1996. The periods coincided with postspawning in April, post-summer feeding in September, and prespawning in February. The seawater temperature at the seabed on the fishing grounds was near its annual maximum in September (12.2°C) and annual minimum in February (7.2°C) and in April (7°C). There was significant variation in selectivity of haddock with month and total catch in the codend. Fish length and, for two of the three cruises, fish maximum girth were used as variables in selectivity analysis. The probability of being retained was lowest in September, when the fish were in good condition and water temperature was highest, but girth was also largest (50% retention length L50 = 33.5 cm; girth at L50 = 172 mm). The retention probability was intermediate in February when the water was cold and the fish were prespawning, again with relatively large girths (L50 = 31.3 cm; girth at L50 = 158 mm). The retention probability was highest in April when the fish were postspawning, the water was cold, and the fish had the smallest girth (L50 = 27.3 cm; girth at L50 = 129 mm). Although care was taken to maintain similar conditions during all trips, there were some differences between April and the other months. Overall, retention was not related simply to girth and length. In September and February, at constant girth, codend retention increased with length, suggesting that within a given month, fish condition has an effect on selectivity. However, at constant length an increase in girth in February led to an increase in retention, but in September to a decrease in retention. A possible explanation is that, in February, the girth of a fish increases owing to its sexual maturity, whereas in September, increased girth is due to maximum volume of somatic tissue. Water temperature and volume of fish muscle affect the maximum rate and power of swimming. Swimming ability may be a significant factor in determining selectivity.
Large-Scale Analysis of mRNA Translation States during Sucrose Starvation in Arabidopsis Cells Identifies Cell Proliferation and Chromatin Structure as Targets of Translational Control
Authors: Nicolaï M. , Roncato M.A. , Canoy A.S. , Rouquié D. , Sarda X. , Freyssinet G. , Robaglia C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Sucrose starvation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) cell culture was used to identify translationally regulated genes by DNA microarray analysis. Cells were starved by subculture without sucrose, and total and polysomal RNA was extracted between 6 and 48 h. Probes were derived from both RNA populations and used to screen oligonucleotide microarrays. Out of 25,607 screened genes, 224 were found to be differentially accumulated in polysomal RNA following starvation and 21 were found to be invariant in polysomal RNA while their total RNA abundance was modified. Most of the mRNA appears to be translationally repressed (183/245 genes), which is consistent with a general decrease in metabolic activities during starvation. The parallel transcriptional analysis identifies 268 regulated genes. Comparison of transcriptional and translational gene lists highlights the importance of translational regulation (mostly repression) affecting genes involved in cell cycle and cell growth, these being overrepresented in translationally regulated genes, providing a molecular framework for the arrest of cell proliferation following starvation. Starvation-induced translational control also affects chromatin regulation genes, such as the HD1 histone deacetylase, and the level of histone H4 acetylation was found to increase during starvation. This suggests that regulation of the global nuclear transcriptional activity might be linked to cytoplasmic translational regulations.
Virus-Induced Gene Silencing of Argonaute Genes in Nicotiana benthamiana Demonstrates That Extensive Systemic Silencing Requires Argonaute1-Like and Argonaute4-Like Genes
Authors: Jones Louise , Keining Teresa , Eamens Andrew , Vaistij Fabián E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Several distinct pathways of RNA silencing operate in plants with roles including the suppression of virus accumulation, control of endogenous gene expression, and direction of DNA and chromatin modifications. Proteins of the Dicer-Like and Argonaute (AGO) families have key roles within these silencing pathways and have distinct biochemical properties. We are interested in the relationships between different silencing pathways and have used Nicotiana benthamiana as a model system. While not being an amenable plant for traditional genetics, N. benthamiana is extensively used for RNA-silencing studies. Using virus-induced gene silencing technology we demonstrate that both NbAGO1- and NbAGO4-like genes are required for full systemic silencing but not for silencing directed by an inverted repeat transgene. Phenotypic differences between the virus-induced gene silencing plants indicate that NbAGO1 and NbAGO4 like act at different stages of the silencing pathways. Suppression of NbAGO1 expression recapitulated the hypomorphic mutant phenotype of certain Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ago1 alleles, however, suppression of NbAgo4 like resulted in phenotypes differing in some respects from those reported for Arabidopsis ago4. We suggest that the small interfering RNA amplification step required for full systemic silencing is dependent upon a nuclear event requiring the activity of NbAGO4 like.
Evidence for K+-Dependent HCO3− Utilization in the Marine Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Chen Xiongwen , Qiu C.E. , Shao J.Z. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Photosynthetic utilization of inorganic carbon in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum was investigated by the pH drift experiment, measurement of K1/2 values of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) with pH change, and comparison of the rate of photosynthesis with the rate of the theoretical CO2 formation from uncatalyzed HCO3− conversion in the medium. The higher pH compensation point (10.3) and insensitivity of the photosynthetic rate to acetazolamide indicate that the alga has good capacity for direct HCO3− utilization. The photosynthetic rate reached 150 times the theoretical CO2 supply rate at 100 μmol L−1 DIC (pH 9.0) in the presence of 10 mmol L−1 K+ and 46 times that in the absence of K+, indicating that for pH 9.4-grown P. tricornutum, HCO3− in the medium is taken up through K+-dependent and -independent HCO3− transporters. The K1/2 (CO2) values at pH 8.2 were about 4 times higher than those at pH 9.0, whereas the K1/2 (HCO3−) values at pH 8.2 were slightly lower than those at pH 9.0 whether without or with K+, providing further evidence for the presence of the two HCO3− transport patterns in this alga. Photosynthetic rate and affinity for HCO3− in the presence of K+, respectively, were about 2- and 7-fold higher than those in the absence of K+, indicating that K+-dependent HCO3− transport is a predominant pattern of HCO3− cellular uptake in low DIC concentration. However, as P. tricornutum was cultured at pH 7.2 or 8.0, photosynthetic affinities to HCO3− were not affected by K+, implying that K+-dependent HCO3− transport is induced when P. tricornutum is cultured at high alkaline pH.
Nonprosecutorial Sanctions for Grave Violations of International Humanitarian Law: Wartime Conduct of Bosnian Police Officials
Authors: Naarden Gregory L. 
Published: April 2006

Addressing accountability for human rights atrocities takes on particular significance in postconflict situations. To the extent that mechanisms for accountability facilitate the pursuit of justice against individual perpetrators, the reform of institutions staffed by perpetrators, and the initiation of reconciliation processes, identifying those who committed atrocities is a fundamental aspect of a peacekeeping mission.The international community has established tribunals to try those who committed atrocities and will not be tried in domestic courts. Such tribunals, however, limit the scope of prosecutions to high-ranking officials, and do not command sufficient resources to pursue the multitude of individuals who participated in atrocities. Domestic courts have jurisdiction to try individuals who participated in atrocities, but judicial systems in postconflict. countries find themselves in disarray and generally unable to cope with sensitive cases, because of both the subject matter and the potential number of cases.
The 2002 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Crook John R. 
Published: April 2006

During 2002, countries from all regions, especially Africa, resorted to the International Court of Justice; only one of the Court's 2002 judgments involved an OECD countiy. The Court's work during the year also shows the continued importance of boundary issues for states and for the Court.The Court again completed a substantial program of work, resolving three cases with final judgments. In February, it triggered substantial controversy by finding that a Belgian court's warrant for the arrest of the then foreign minister of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (“Congo”) violated international law. In October, it resolved a complex of boundary disputes between Cameroon and Nigeria, although by year-end Nigeria had not yet implemented the Court's key requirement—withdrawal from the Bakassi Peninsula. In December, comparing sparse effectivités, it concluded that Malaysia, and not Indonesia, had sovereignty over two small disputed islands.
The fishery for pelagic redfish (Sebastes mentella) in the Irminger Sea and adjacent waters
Authors: Sigurðsson Th. , Kristinsson K. , Rätz H-J. , Nedreaas K.H. , Melnikov S.P. , Reinert J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper describes the pelagic fishery for deep-sea redfish, Sebastes mentella, in the Irminger Sea and adjacent waters, from the start of commercial exploitation of the resource in 1982. The information prior to 1990 is mostly based on ICES reports and unpublished data, but from 1990, logbook data from a joint database on a haul-by-haul basis from the Faroe Islands, Germany, Greenland, Iceland, Norway, and Russia are used to describe the fishery. The nations listed are the main ones operating on the resource, catching about 80% of the total reported catches in recent years. The logbook data include inter alia information on positions, catch, and trawling time. Additionally, some nations also include information on gear type and size of gear used, and in some cases also trawling depth. Length distributions of commercial catches from various fleets for the whole period have also been collected, and are shown along with information on the mean lengths in the catches for the whole period. The paper therefore provides a detailed overview of the fishery in terms of area, season, depth, and size composition of the catches from the start of the pelagic fishery to the present, allowing better understanding of the behaviour of the fishery and, in turn, providing improved background for assessment of the resource in the future.
Tyranny Exposed: Mark's Typological Characterization of Herod Antipas (mark 6:14-29)
Authors: Smith Abraham 
Published: April 2006

AbstractErstwhile helpful historical and literary readings of Mark 6:14-29 traditionally give short shrift to the typological characterization of Herod Antipas as a tyrant in the gospel of Mark. This article addresses that gap by tracing the history and conventions of the tyrant typology and by drawing out the implications of the Markan characterization of Herod Antipas with the ancient stock features of a tyrant. Markan characterization of Herod Antipas not only exposes him as a tyrant. It also provides the rhetorical scaffolding for a thematic critique against tyrannical postures of any kind, including those that may have entered into Jesus' own fellowship.
The 2003 Judicial Activity of the International Court of Justice
Authors: Crook John R. 
Published: April 2006

The International Court of Justice again completed a substantial program of work during 2003, with old and new cases involving the United States figuring prominendy. In a decision that will find Hide favor in official Washington, the Court dismissed Iran's 1992 Oil Platforms case against the United States, but in doing so firmly rejected U.S. positions regarding the scope of self-defense. Libya withdrew its venerable Lockerbie cases against the United States and the United Kingdom, in parallel with its acceptance of responsibility for the Lockerbie bombing and the final lifting of UN sanctions. And Mexico sued the United States, claiming failures of consular notification for fifty-four Mexican nationals sentenced to death in U.S. proceedings, the third such ICJ case against the United States.In other significant developments, the General Assembly in December asked die Court for an urgent advisory opinion on die legal consequences of the Israeli construction of a wall in occupied Palestinian territory. Malaysia and Singapore brought a new territorial dispute by special agreement; France consented to jurisdiction over a suit by the Republic of the Congo; and the Court rejected requests by Yugoslavia and El Salvador to revise earlier judgments. Finally, the Court elected Judge Shijiuyong of China as its president and Judge Raymond Ranjeva as vice president.
Improvement in Glycemic Excursions With a Transcutaneous, Real-Time Continuous Glucose Sensor
Authors: Garg Satish , Zisser Howard , Schwartz Sherwyn , Bailey Timothy , Kaplan Roy , Ellis Samuel , Jovanovic Lois 
Published: April 2006

OBJECTIVE—Hypoglycemia and wide glucose excursions continue to be major obstacles to achieving target HbA1c values and the associated reductions in long-term complications (and economic costs) in people with insulin-treated diabetes. In this study we evaluated the accuracy, safety, and clinical effectiveness of a continuous glucose-sensing device.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 91 insulin-requiring patients with type 1 (n = 75) and type 2 (n = 16) diabetes were enrolled in this multicenter randomized study. Subjects wore a transcutaneous, 3-day, continuous glucose-sensing system for three consecutive 72-h periods. Subjects were randomly assigned (1:1 ratio) to either a control group (continuous glucose data not provided) or a display group (continuous glucose data not provided during period 1 but displayed during periods 2 and 3). During periods 2 and 3, patients in the display group had real-time access to sensor glucose values, could review glucose trends over the preceding 1, 3, and 9 h, and were provided with high (≥200 mg/dl) and low (≤80 mg/dl) alerts and a low (≤55 mg/dl) alarm. Sensors were inserted by patients, and both groups used (or wore) the system during daily activities. Device accuracy was assessed by comparing continuous glucose values to paired self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) meter readings. Clinical effectiveness was evaluated by analyzing between-group (control vs. display, periods 2 and 3) and within-group (display, period 1 vs. period 3) differences in time spent in high, low, and target (81–140 mg/dl) glucose zones.
RESULTS—When prospective, real-time sensor values were compared with SMBG values, 95.4% of 6,767 paired glucose values fell within Clarke error grid A and B zones. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was 0.88, and mean and median absolute relative differences were 21.2 and 15.9%, respectively. No systematic bias was detected at any of the prespecified glucose levels (50, 80, 100, 150, and 200 mg/dl). When compared with control subjects, the display group spent 21% less time as hypoglycemic (&lt;55 mg/dl), 23% less time as hyperglycemic (≥240 mg/dl), and 26% more time in the target (81–140 mg/dl) glucose range (P &lt; 0.001 for each comparison). Nocturnal (10:00 p.m. to 6:00 a.m.) hypoglycemia, as assessed at two thresholds, was also reduced by 38% (&lt;55 mg/dl; P &lt; 0.001) and 33% (55–80 mg/dl; P &lt; 0.001) in the display group compared with control subjects.
CONCLUSIONS—We conclude that real-time continuous glucose monitoring for periods up to 72 h is accurate and safe in insulin-requiring subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. This study demonstrates that availability of real-time, continuously measured glucose levels can significantly improve glycemic excursions by reducing exposure to hyperglycemia without increasing the risk of hypoglycemia, which may reduce long-term diabetes complications and their associated economic costs.
G8: a novel domain associated with polycystic kidney disease and non-syndromic hearing loss
Authors: He Quan-yuan , Liu Xiang-hua , Li Qiang , Studholme David J. , Li Xuan-wen , Liang Song-ping 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Summary: We report a novel protein domain—G8—which contains five repeated β-strand pairs and is present in some disease-related proteins such as PKHD1, KIAA1199, TMEM2 as well as other uncharacterized proteins. Most G8-containing proteins are predicted to be membrane-integral or secreted. The G8 domain may be involved in extracellular ligand binding and catalysis. It has been reported that mis-sense mutations in the two G8 domains of human PKHD1 protein resulted in a less stable protein and are associated with autosomal-recessive polycystic kidney disease, indicating the importance of the domain structure. G8 is also present in the N-terminus of some non-syndromic hearing loss disease-related proteins such as KIAA1109 and TMEM2. Discovery of G8 domain will be important for the research of the structure/function of related proteins and beneficial for the development of novel therapeutics.
Contact: liangsp@hunnu.edu.cn
Two Sample Logo: a graphical representation of the differences between two sets of sequence alignments
Authors: Vacic Vladimir , Iakoucheva Lilia M. , Radivojac Predrag 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Sumary: Two Sample Logo is a web-based tool that detects and displays statistically significant differences in position-specific symbol compositions between two sets of multiple sequence alignments. In a typical scenario, two groups of aligned sequences will share a common motif but will differ in their functional annotation. The inclusion of the background alignment provides an appropriate underlying amino acid or nucleotide distribution and addresses intersite symbol correlations. In addition, the difference detection process is sensitive to the sizes of the aligned groups. Two Sample Logo extends WebLogo, a widely-used sequence logo generator. The source code is distributed under the MIT Open Source license agreement and is available for download free of charge.
Availability:
Contact: predrag@indiana.edu
WRI1 Is Required for Seed Germination and Seedling Establishment
Authors: Cernac Alex , Andre Carl , Hoffmann-Benning Susanne , Benning Christoph 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStorage compound accumulation during seed development prepares the next generation of plants for survival. Therefore, processes involved in the regulation and synthesis of storage compound accumulation during seed development bear relevance to germination and seedling establishment. The wrinkled1 (wri1) mutant of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is impaired in seed oil accumulation. The WRI1 gene encodes an APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element-binding protein transcription factor involved in the control of metabolism, particularly glycolysis, in the developing seeds. Here we investigate the role of this regulatory factor in seed germination and seedling establishment by comparing the wri1-1 mutant, transgenic lines expressing the WRI1 wild-type cDNA in the wri1-1 mutant background, and the wild type. Plants altered in the expression of the WRI1 gene showed different germination responses to the growth factor abscisic acid (ABA), sugars, and fatty acids provided in the medium. Germination of the mutant was more sensitive to ABA, sugars, and osmolites, an effect that was alleviated by increased WRI1 expression in transgenic lines. The expression of ABA-responsive genes AtEM6 and ABA-insensitive 3 (ABI3) was increased in the wri1-1 mutant. Double-mutant analysis between abi3-3 and wri1-1 suggested that WRI1 and ABI3, a transcription factor mediating ABA responses in seeds, act in parallel pathways. Addition of 2-deoxyglucose inhibited seed germination, but did so less in lines overexpressing WRI1. Seedling establishment was decreased in the wri1-1 mutant but could be alleviated by sucrose. Apart from a possible signaling role in germination, sugars in the medium were required as building blocks and energy supply during wri1-1 seedling establishment.
Prehistory in the Call to Abraham
Authors: Eslinger Lyle 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA common pool of primitive human values fuels the world's religions. These values are evident in classical religions and are found lying on the surface in the book of Genesis, which is among the Bible's richest archetypal repositories. The Genesis pre-history focuses on human well-being. The mythological assumptions underlying this story manifest the rudiments of human thought and experience laid down in the archaic period. A hostile natural environment evokes behaviour to overcome its hazards. The narrative explores the mythological options of agency for achieving human well-being. As in other theistic worldviews two primary agencies are envisioned. Gods and humans, each with strengths and weaknesses, are potential protagonists on the stage of human optimism. Genesis inherits a southwest Asian cosmogony in which the gods are hostile to the advanced potential of collective human agency. Divine hostility complicates agency options, leading to a devotional compromise in the form of God's covenant with Abraham. The essay suggests the value of a renewed awareness of the influence of archaic human experience on the classical literature of ancient Israel. The argument is developed with reference to the traditional figure of Abraham.