bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharyngoceles of the hypopharynx
Authors: Norris Charles W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe differential diagnosis of the complaint of dysphagia is extensive; however, a search of the literature gives the impression that pharyngocele as a cause of dysphagia is relatively infrequent, since only 18 well‐documented cases have been reported. On the other hand, the author's experience reveals that pharyngocele occurs more commonly than indicated in the literature as, over the past 2 years, 24 patients with pharyngocele have been personally observed.This thesis is divided primarily into three sections: 1. a review of the physiology and anatomy involved in the swallowing mechanism; 2. a review of the English literature regarding pharyngocele, and 3. an evaluation of the author's 24 cases, allowing for discussion and conclusions. It is noted that laryngocele is frequently mistaken for pharyngocele; however, it is pointed out that a correctly performed barium swallow roentgenogram differentiates one from the other. Symptoms of laryngocele, Zenker's diverticulum and pharyngocele can be quite similar. Frequently, pharyngocele can be demonstratd by the Valsalva maneuver.Surgical repair is indicated when the symptoms are severe. Standard pharyngeal mucous membrane closure similar to the procedure utilized in the repair of Zenker's diverticulum should result in resolution of the problem.
Mechanisms of synkinesis
Authors: Crumley Roger L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWhen the facial nerve is injured, changes occur in muscle, proximal nerve, distal nerve, and the cell body in the nucleus. All of these changes contribute to the quality of regeneration and repair. This paper describes the usual processes of neuronal regeneration with the objective of a better understanding of why some injuries inevitably result in poor return of motion and synkinesis, while others recover completely.The possible mechanisms of synkinesis include: imperfect regeneration due to axonal misdirection, demyelination, microglial scarring in the facial nucleus, neuron depopulation, multiple axon sprouting, and misdirection of regenerating axons via vertical anastomotic filaments.
Facial paralysis of neoplastic origin: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Jackson C. Gary , Glasscock Michael E. , Hughes Gordon , Sismanis Aristides 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe individual with a progressive (weeks to months) facial weakness should be considered to have a tumor involving the facial nerve until proved otherwise.All individuals experiencing a facial paralysis must undergo a thorough neurotologic evaluation to establish the etiology. Bell's palsy is a diagnosis by exclusion. While computerized axial tomography (CAT) scans, polytomography and arteriograms are extremely helpful, these studies very often fail to demonstrate intrinsic tumors involving the facial nerve. For this reason all individuals experiencing a progressive facial paralysis should have an exploration of their facial nerve from the internal auditory canal (IAC) through the stylomastoid foramen into the parotid gland.The purpose of this paper is to present a series of cases of facial paralysis having as their etiology intrinsic or extrinsic neoplasms. Clinical patterns are established, diagnostic protocols formulated and the results of surgical management reviewed.
Subepithelial space in otitis media.
Authors: Paparella Michae L. , Sipila Pekka , Juhn S. K. , Jung Timothy T. K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe role of the subepithelial space (SES) has not received sufficient attention in assessing pathogenesis, pathology, and, therefore, clinical diagnosis and treatment of the various forms of otitis media (OM). Temporal bones from patients with OM were classified as cases of acute purulent (POM), serous (SOM), mucoid or secretory (MOM), or chronic otitis media (COM). Controlled morphometric studies were made of cellular components of the SES, along with studies of the epithelium and middle car space. Corollary studies of biochemistry, cellular components, and prostaglandins (PGs) were done on fluid from the human middle ear. Middle ear effusions (MEE) from animal models of SOM, MOM, and POM were analyzed biochemically. Findings are surprising in that the SES was more actively involved in all forms of OM than had been thought, especially in MOM and COM. Implications are discussed.
The masticator space: The influence of ct scanning on therapy
Authors: Doxey G. Paul , Harnsberger H. Ric , Hardin Carl W. , Davis R. Kim 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe masticator space is an important suprahyoid tissue compartment bounded by the superficial layer of the deep cervical fascia, enclosing the ramus of the mandible plus the masseteric and pterygoid muscles. Pathology of this space has been clinically difficult to diagnose and treat.Twenty‐five patients with either tumor or infection involving the masticator space who underwent CT scanning were evaluated retrospectively. Ten patients had infection and 15 had tumor.CT was influential in directing appropriate biopsies or therapy in 24 of 25 patients. It misguided therapy once. The gross anatomic and CT appearance of the normal and the diseased masticator space is described along with pictures of representative cases. A discussion is given of the advantages, disadvantages, and pitfalls of computerized tomography of the masticator space.
Predictive value of müuller maneuver in selection of patients for uvulopalatopharyngoplasty
Authors: Sher Aaron E. , Thorpy Michael J. , Spielman Arthur J. , Shprintzen Robert J. , Burack Bernard , Mcgregor Peter A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) is an effective treatment for some patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS). A major difficulty has been to select those patients who will have a good response to UPPP.Fiberoptic nasopharyngoscopy with Müller Maneuver (FNMM) was applied in preoperative evaluation of patients with OSAS to identify those in whom greatest pharyngeal collapse was in the region of the tonsillar fossae and soft palate. Those with pharyngeal changes on FNMM who were considered most likely to respond to surgery underwent UPPP.Comparison of pre and postoperative polysomnography reveals significant (p<.001) improvement in indices of severity of OSAS. The mean apnea index (apneas per hour) was diminished by 72%. Eighty‐seven percent of patients had greater than 50% reduction in apnea index.Preoperative selection of OSAS patients by FNMM increases the likelihood of success of UPPP.
Delayed vertigo and profound sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Lambert Paul R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEpisodic vertigo, similar to that of Meniere's disease, can occasionally develop years to decades after an ear has suffered a profound sensorineural hearing loss. Although the pathogenesis of this process is unknown, it is theorized that delayed endolymphatic hydrops develops. An inflammatory reaction could cause obstruction of the endolymphatic duct or interfere with venous drainage from the region of the endolymphatic sac, leading to hydrops. This condition is reviewed, and two adult patients with severe episodic vertigo and a unilateral profound sensorineural hearing loss which occurred in childhood are presented. Their evaluation and management are discussed.
Frequency selectivity in patients with acoustic neuroma
Authors: Papsin Blake C. , Abel Sharon M. , Nedzelski Julian M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrequency selectivity was compared in subjects with hearing loss due to acoustic neuroma and cochlear pathology, and normal listeners. A particular interest was the role of probe tone parameters on the shape of the tuning curve. Psychophysical tuning curves (PTCs) were measured for each of two equal energy 2000‐Hz probe tones (10 dB SL/300 msec and 17 dB SL/60 msec), using simultaneous 1/3‐octave narrowband noise maskers centered at 1, 1.25, 1.6, 2.5, 3.15, and 4 kHz. The results showed that the critical masker levels obtained for impaired listeners were significantly greater than those from normal subjects. The slope of the low‐frequency limb of the PTC was steeper for normal compared to hearing‐impaired listeners but there was no difference due to site of lesion. In all three groups, the critical masker levels obtained with the short probe were significantly greater than those for the long probe, negating the hypothesis that equal energy probes would yield the same outcomes. Tuning in listeners with hearing loss was highly correlated with audiometric threshold but not with tumor size, width of the internal auditory canal, or tumor location within the cerebellopontine angle. The main conclusion was that cochlear and retrocochlear hearing loss are similar with respect to their effect on frequency selectivity.
The natural history of untreated acoustic neuromas
Authors: Strasnick Barry , Glasscock Michael E. , Haynes David , Mcmenomey Sean O. , Minor Lloyd B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe emergence of magnetic resonance imaging with gadolinium has dramatically enhanced our ability to accurately detect the presence of acoustic tumors as small as 2 mm in diameter. Early diagnosis and improved surgical techniques continue to reduce the morbidity associated with surgical removal of these lesions. There exists, however, a select group of patients in whom no treatment may be the most appropriate management. Since 1979, a total of 51 patients with radiographic evidence of an acoustic neuroma have been prospectively followed for tumor growth and progression of symptoms. Patients were chosen for this conservative approach on the basis of age, medical condition, tumor size, audiometric data, and patient preference. This study reveals that a significant number of patients with acoustic tumors can be safely followed with regular imaging studies and may never require treatment. Discussed are tumor growth rates, epidemiology, and the impact of these factors on patient management.
Otoacoustic emissions: An approach for monitoring aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity
Authors: Hotz M. A. , Harris Frances P. , Probst R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOtotoxic drugs, such as aminoglycosides, affect outer hair cell integrity in the inner ear. Transiently evoked otoacoustic emission (TEOAE) characteristics are related to outer hair cell function and can be expected to reflect the influence of ototoxic agents. Transiently evoked otoacoustic emissions were measured during amikacin sulfate therapy in nine patients. The duration of treatment for individual patients ranged from 9 to 33 days. A reversible decrease of overall TEOAE level, occurring after a treatment period longer than 16 days, was found in the majority of patients. The monitoring of TEOAEs is proposed as a method for early identification and, as a result, prevention of aminoglycoside‐induced ototoxicity.
Activation and coordination patterns of the suprahyoid muscles during swallowing
Authors: Spiro Jeffrey , Rendell Jill K. , Gay Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to determine the activation and coordination patterns of the three suprahyoid muscles—geniohyoid, mylohyoid, and anterior belly of the digastric muscle—in elevating the larynx during swallowing. Electromyographic activity was also recorded from two intrinsic laryngeal muscles (vocalis and lateral cricoarytenoid) and the anterior genioglossus. Ten adults served as participants. Each participant produced 15 swallows of 15 mL of tap water both normally and with a 12‐mm bite block placed between the molars. The electromyographic data were ensemble‐averaged with a laboratory computer. Analyses showed that the three suprahyoid muscles were used selectively by different participants. Some participants used all three muscles for hyoid elevation, while others used different pairs of two of the muscles. The activation patterns of the suprahyoid muscles during swallowing also varied with respect to each other and the onset of the laryngeal constrictor muscles; however, use of at least one suprahyoid muscle always preceded the onset of the laryngeal adductors, indicating that larynx elevation consistently preceded glottal adduction. The way in which the muscles responded to the bite block varied considerably both within and among participants. Some maintained temporal stability but increased overall muscle activity; others reorganized temporal relations either with or without corresponding muscle activity adjustments. These findings suggest that the laryngeal elevation system is an adaptive function rather than an immutable action.
Influence of Socioeconomic Status on Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treatment in Indonesia
Authors: Mostert Saskia , Sitaresmi Mei N. , Gundy Chad M. , Sutaryo  , Veerman Anjo J. P. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE. A major reason for poor survival of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia in developing countries is treatment refusal or abandonment. This can be associated with parental socioeconomic status and attitudes of health care providers. Our study examined the influence of 2 socioeconomic status determinants, parental income and education, on treatment in an Indonesian academic hospital.
METHODS. Medical charts of 164 patients who received a diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukemia between 1997 and 2002 were abstracted retrospectively. Data on treatment results and parental financial and educational background were collected. Open interviews were conducted with parents and health care providers.
RESULTS. Of all patients, 35% refused or abandoned treatment, 23% experienced treatment-related death, 22% had progressive or relapsed leukemia, and 20% had an overall event-free survival. Treatment results differed significantly between patients with different socioeconomic status; 47% of poor and 2% of prosperous patients refused or abandoned treatment. Although poor and prosperous patients used the same protocol, the provided treatment differed. Poor patients received less individualized attention from oncologists and less structured parental education. Strong social hierarchical structures hindered communication with doctors, resulting in a lack of parental understanding of the necessity to continue treatment. Most poor patients could not afford treatment. Access to donated chemotherapy also was inadequate. Treatment refusal or abandonment frequently resulted. There was no follow-up system to detect and contact dropouts. Health care providers were not fully aware that their own attitude and communication skills were important for ensuring compliance of patients and parents.
CONCLUSIONS. Children's survival of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in developing countries could improve if problems that are associated with parental financial and educational background and medical teams' attitudes to treatment and follow-up could be addressed better.
Elevated Serum Interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) in Solid‐Organ Transplant Recipients Is Positively Associated With Tissue Destruction and IL‐6 Gene Expression in the Periodontium
Authors: Ioannidou Effie , Kao David , Chang Nancy , Burleson J. , Dongari‐Bagtzoglou Anna 
Published: October 2006

Background:The number of transplanted solid organs and life expectancy after transplantation are steadily rising worldwide. Inflammation is widely recognized as playing a pivotal role in transplant rejection, and several studies have shown that serum interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) levels can identify individuals who are at greater risk for rejection. Given the known association between IL‐6 and chronic periodontitis, the aim of our study was to assess the periodontal status of solid‐organ transplant subjects compared to systemically healthy controls, to quantify the IL‐6 levels in the serum and periodontal tissues, and to explore their association.Methods:Forty‐seven heart and kidney transplant and 18 systemically healthy age‐matched individuals were recruited. Subjects received a complete periodontal examination, and blood and periodontal tissue samples were collected for quantification of IL‐6 protein and mRNA levels, respectively.Results:Transplant subjects had significantly higher serum IL‐6 levels and slightly but statistically significantly increased mean probing depths than healthy controls. Multivariable linear regression analysis adjusting for gender, diabetes, smoking, and immunosuppressant dose showed that the mean probing depth, number of missing teeth, and mean percentage of sites with ≥4 mm attachment loss were independent predictors for elevated serum IL‐6 levels. Transplant subjects with chronic periodontitis had higher mean serum IL‐6 levels than those without chronic periodontitis, and there was a positive correlation between periodontal IL‐6 gene expression levels and serum IL‐6 protein levels.Conclusions:Periodontal tissue destruction and local IL‐6 synthesis are associated with elevated serum IL‐6 levels in transplant recipients. This may have serious implications in solid‐organ transplant deterioration and chronic rejection.
Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Chronic Benign Neutropenia
Authors: Zaromb Allison , Chamberlain Darren , Schoor Robert , Almas Khalid , Blei Francine 
Published: October 2006

Background: A subcategory of chronic neutropenia is chronic benign neutropenia, which is characterized by a prolonged non‐cyclic neutropenia as the sole abnormality, with no underlying disease to which the neutropenia can be attributed. Chronic neutropenia is defined as a low absolute neutrophil count for >6 months. In this presentation, periodontitis seems to be the sole manifestation of a juvenile patient with chronic benign neutropenia. A 7‐year‐old white male presented with periodontitis of the primary dentition and early tooth loss. His medical and dental history was otherwise unremarkable. Suspecting some systemic illness as the underlying cause, the patient was referred for a medical consultation and a series of blood tests.Methods: Blood analyses included a complete blood count (CBC), sequential multiple analyzer 24 (SMA 24), glycated hemoglobin levels, and screening for anti‐white blood cell antibodies. Blood levels of calcium, vitamin D, dihydroxyvitamin‐D, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase were also measured. Liver function tests were performed.Results: Following analysis of recent and previous blood test results, a diagnosis of chronic benign neutropenia was assigned. The patient's periodontal condition was treated with scaling and root planing, oral hygiene instruction, and antimicrobial mouthrinses. Three‐month recall visits were recommended as a follow‐up protocol.Conclusions: This case represents the importance of diagnosing periodontal disease as a possible indicator of underlying systemic disease. When a patient presents with an unusual, generalized form of periodontal disease, screening for systemic disorders is required, as the oral condition may be the first or only manifestation of a systemic abnormality. This case also illustrates the reason for the change in classification of such a condition to periodontitis as a manifestation of systemic disease. This condition was previously classified as prepubertal periodontitis, a disease diagnosis that focused on the patient's age at the onset of the disease rather than the etiology.
Decreased Lipid Peroxidation Following Periodontal Therapy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Sonoki Kazuo , Nakashima Sayori , Takata Yutaka , Naito Toru , Fujisawa Kiyoshi , Ootsubo Toshio , Wakisaka Masanori , Iwase Masanori , Iida Mitsuo , Yokota Makoto 
Published: October 2006

Background: Although diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease promote atherosclerosis, the relation of oxidative stress with these diseases remains unclear. To investigate the influence of periodontal disease on oxidative stress, we assessed the effects of initial periodontal therapy on lipid peroxide (LPO), an oxidative stress index, in type 2 diabetic and non‐diabetic patients.Methods: Seventeen subjects with or without type 2 diabetes were enrolled in this intervention study. No patient had a history of cardiovascular or peripheral vascular disease. Five type 2 diabetic and six non‐diabetic patients, all with moderate to severe periodontal disease, received and completed the initial periodontal therapy and examination. Before and after the therapy, patients underwent medical examinations and blood determinations, including LPO.Results: Before the therapy, the periodontal probing depth and bleeding on probing (BOP) were similar between groups. LPO, triglyceride, and white blood cell counts were significantly higher in diabetic than non‐diabetic patients. Therapy improved the periodontal parameters in both groups and significantly decreased LPO in diabetic patients. Anti‐malondialdehyde‐modified low‐density lipoprotein (MDA‐LDL) antibody, a marker of oxidized LDL, significantly decreased with treatment in both groups. Overall, Spearman rank correlation showed no significance between periodontal parameters and LPO or anti–MDA‐LDL antibody, but BOP tended to correlate with LPO in diabetic patients (r = 0.585; P = 0.0791).Conclusion: Although this is a small and preliminary study, and the changes of LPO and anti–MDA‐LDL antibody were within the normal range, the initial periodontal therapy significantly decreased LPO, an oxidative stress index, in type 2 diabetic patients with periodontal disease.
The solvent extraction and spectrophotometric determination of vanadium (V) with 4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol and tetrazolium salts
Authors: Gavazov Kiril , Lekova Vanya , Dimitrov Atanas , Patronov Georgi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe formation and extraction of ion-associate complexes between the vanadium(V)-4-(2-thiazolylazo)resorcinol (TAR) anionic chelate and the cations of some mono-and ditetrazolium salts {3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazol)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (Thiazolyl blue, MTT), 3-(2-naphtyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (Tetrazolium violet), 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (Iodonitrotetrazolium chloride), 3,3′-[3,3′-dimetoxy(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diyl]-bis[2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium] chloride (Tetrazolium blue chloride) and 3,3′-(3,3′-dimetoxy-4,4′-biphenylene)bis[2-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-phenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride] (Nitro blue tetrazolium chloride)} have been studied. The optimum extraction conditions have been found. The composition of the V-TAR-monotetrazolium and V-TAR-ditetrazolium complexes extracted into chloroform has been determined to be 1:2:3 and 2:4:3 respectively. The extraction, distribution and association constants, and the recovery factors have been calculated. The relationship between the molecular weight of tetrazolium cations, and the association constants of their complexes has been discussed. The special behavior of the tetrazolium cations, containing-NO2 groups has been noticed. The effects of foreign ions and reagents on the extraction of vanadium with TAR and the best tetrazolium salt-MTT have been studied. A sensitive, selective, simple and fast method for the determination of vanadium has been developed.