bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Total Parenteral Nutrition on the Development of Intestinal Endotoxemia in Rats: A Comparison between Glucose and Lipid
Authors: Iriyama Keiji , Nishiwaki Hiroshi , Asami Hisao , Kihata Masafumi , Hioki Tonan , Asakawa Toyomatsu 
Published: May 2008

The effects of parenteral nutrition (PN) and of the difference in the PN regimens between glucose and lipid emulsion on the development of endogenous endotoxemia were studied in 40 Wister rats. Endotoxemia was induced by occluding the superior mesenteric vein (SMV) for 30 min. The plasma endotoxin in the portal blood at the time of the release of the SMV occlusion and that in the arterial blood 10 min after the release were quantified. Twenty of the 40 rats had received PN for 48 hr prior to the SMV occlusion. Ten of these 20 rats received the total nonprotein calorie (TNPC) solely with glucose, and the other 10 rats received 25% of the TNPC with lipid emulsion. Ten rats had been allowed free access to lab food until the SMV occlusion. The remaining 10 rats underwent neither the SMV occlusion nor PN, and served as the control group. Both the portal and the arterial endotoxin increased after the release of the SMV occlusion, however the portal endotoxin was higher than that of the arterial one. Both the portal and the arterial endotoxin of the rats supported by PN were significantly lower than those of the rats nourished by lab food, while they were higher than the control values. The difference in the PN regimens did not cause any alteration in the endotoxin levels.These results indicate that the development of intestinal endotoxemia was not influenced by the difference in the PN regimens, but it was rather influenced by a presence of intestinal content. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:413–415, 1986)
Cardiac Function during Protein Malnutrition and Refeeding in the Isolated Rat Heart
Authors: Freund Herbert R. , Holroyde Jane 
Published: May 2008

In an attempt to elucidate the effect of protein restriction and subsequent refeeding on cardiac muscle function, 133 rat hearts were studied on a Langendorff perfusion apparatus: 19 normal controls, 55 rats during 6 weeks of protein restriction, and 59 rats during 6 weeks of refeeding following starvation.During starvation animals lost 14.3% of body weight and 12.8% in heart weight, both to be gained upon refeeding.Both developed force and force velocity tended to decrease in starving rats compared to control or refeeding rats. This trend was present at time 0, but more so after 60 min of perfusion. Furthermore, these differences became even more obvious and significantly different at the higher heart rates of 300 and 400 beats/min, and less so at 100 or 200 beats/min.These protein malnutrition‐associated cardiac function derangements reversed almost completely to normal upon refeeding. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:470–473, 1986)
Taste Preferences for Nutritional Supplements: Comparison of Cancer Patients and Healthy Controls Using a Wine‐Tasting Scale
Authors: Brown Rex O. , Schlegel Kaye , Hall Nancy H. , Bernard Stephen , Heizer William D. 
Published: May 2008

Thirty‐nine cancer patients (Ca) and 37 age‐and sex‐matched healthy controls (Co) evaluated 11 commercially available enteral supplements using a modified wine‐tasting scale. The cancer patients were 19 males with lung cancer and 20 females with breast cancer, and their controls consisted of 17 males and 20 females, respectively.Mean evaluation scores for the individual supplements revealed no significant differences (NS) between lung cancer patients and controls. Ensure Plus (strawberry) received the highest score from both groups (Ca 16.0 ± 3.0 us Co 17.1 ± 2.6, N.S.) while Vital received the lowest (Ca 6.3 ± 4.8 us Co 4.9 ± 4.2. NS). Similar results were obtained for breast cancer Datients and their controls except that chocolate Sustacal was rated significantly higher by breast cancer patients than by controls (16.6 ± 2.6 νs 13.3 ± 4.3, p < 0.01). Again, Ensure Plus (strawberry) received the highest score from both groups (Ca 17.0 ± 3.5 us Co 17.8 ± 2.3, NS), while Vital was rated lowest by both groups (Ca 5.6 ± 4.7 us Co 4.3 ± 5.0, NS).The modified wine‐tasting scale provides a method for quantitating taste preference for various dietary supplements. We report here the numerical rating of 11 supplements by patients with lung cancer and patients with breast cancer as well as their age‐ and sex‐matched controls. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:490–493, 1986)
Nutritional Support Team vs Nonteam Management of Enteral Nutritional Support in a Veterans Administration Medical Center Teaching Hospital
Authors: Powers Douglas A. , Brown Rex O. , Cowan George S.M. , Luther R. Wayne , Sutherland David A. , Drexler P. Gregory 
Published: May 2008

One hundred one patients receiving enteral nutritional support (ENS) by tube feeding during a 5‐month period were prospectively studied. Fifty patients were managed by a nutritional support team (T) and 51 patients were managed by the nonteam approach (NT). Demographics, primary diagnosis, chronic diseases, medical service, calculated basal energy expenditure (BEE), duration of ENS, and final patient disposition were recorded. Enteral formula, formula modifications, results of laboratory tests and calories delivered were obtained daily. Results of nitrogen balance studies were obtained when available and each patient was monitored for pulmonary, mechanical, gastrointestinal, and metabolic abnormalities.No significant difference was found between the team and nonteam managed groups in regard to total feeding days, mean feeding days per patient, total laboratory tests, laboratory tests per patient or laboratory tests per day. Significantly more team patients attained 1.2 times BEE (T = 47, NT = 38, p < 0.05) for a significantly greater period of time (T = 398 days, NT = 281 days, p < 0.05). Significantly more team patients achieved a measured positive nitrogen balance than nonteam patients (T = 42, NT = 1, p < 0.05). Formula modifications to correct nutritional or metabolic aberrations were made in 15 (30%) team patients and five (9.8%) nonteam patients (p < 0.05).The number of individual abnormalities (pulmonary, mechanical, gastrointestinal, and metabolic), as well as total abnormalities occurring in the team‐managed group, was significantly lower than in the nonteam managed group (160 us 695, p < 0.05). The results of the study indicate that team‐managed enteral nutritional support reduced abnormalities and is nutritionally more efficient when compared to a nonteam approach. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 10:635–638, 1986)
Reversibility of Elemental Liquid Diet‐Enhanced Methotrexate Toxicity by Refeeding with Chow
Authors: Harvey Lillian P. , McAnena Oliver J. , Mehta Bipin M. , Daly John M. 
Published: May 2008

The toxic effects of methotrexate administration [20 mg/kg, bolus intraperitoneally (ip)] to rats fed a regular chow diet (n = 10) was compared with results in animals fed an elemental, chemically defined, liquid diet (n = 10) for 7 days. All animals receiving an elemental diet became anorectic and lethargic within 60 hr of methotrexate injection. All animals in this group subsequently developed enteritis and died within 150 hr. There was no clinical evidence of enteritis in rats fed a regular chow diet and mortality as zero in this group (p < 0.001). In a second study one group of rats (n = 9) was fed a regular chow diet for 7 days; four groups were fed an elemental, chemically defined, liquid diet (n = 9 per group) for 7 days. At 24 hr and 8 hr prior to, or 24 hr after methotrexate administration, one group was refed a regular chow diet; the fourth group was maintained on an elemental liquid diet throughout the study period. All rats fed a regular chow diet survived following methotrexate injection (20 mg/kg, ip). All rats fed an elemental diet throughout the study period died. Those rats refed a regular diet 24 or 8 hr prior to methotrexate injection demonstrated a significant improvement in survival (100% in the 24‐hr group, 55% in the 8‐hr group). However, those animals refed a regular diet 24 hr after methotrexate injection demonstrated a 100% mortality.A similar study evaluated changes in plasma and bowel methothrexate levels in rats refed either 24 hr or 8 hr prior to 24 hr after methotrexate administration. Serum and bowel tissue methotrexate levels were significantly elevated in rats refed 24 hr after methotrexate injection compared with the other groups.The administration of an elemental, chemically defined liquid diet to rats results in a marked increase in mortality from severe enteritis following methotrexate administration compared with regular chow diet fed animals. These animals demonstrated delayed clearance of methotrexate from serum and from small intestine tissue. This enhanced toxicity is readily reversible by refeeding a regular diet to these animals within 24 hr prior to methotrexate injection. Elemental, chemically defined liquid diets do not afford protection to the gastrointestinal mucosa from the toxic effects of methotrexate. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 11: 119–123, 1987)
Treatment Effects of Parenteral Vitamins in Total Parenteral Nutrition Patients
Authors: Dempsey Daniel T. , Mullen James L. , Rombeau John L. , Crosby Lon O. , Oberlander June L. , KNox Linda S. , Melnik George 
Published: May 2008

To determine the prevalence of abnormal vitamin levels in an adult hospitalized population requiring total parenteral nutrition (TPN) and to assess the effect of routine parenteral vitamin therapy on vitamin levels, we studied 35 general surgical patients. Assays for 12 vitamins were performed both before and after a standard 10‐day course of TPN. Patients were given nothing by mouth. The first 25 patients received a daily parenteral vitamin mixture tailored to the recommendations of the Nutrition Advisory Group of The American Medical Association (maintenance dose). The final 10 patients were given a parenteral multivitamin dose providing substantially greater amounts of most vitamins (repletion dose). Only 58% (190/324) of pre‐TPN vitamin levels were normal, 25% were low, and 17% were high. No patient had fewer than two abnormal baseline levels. Vitamin levels did not correlate with serum albumin, body weight, or nitrogen balance. After 10 days of treatment, only 39% of low pre‐TPN vitamin levels improved; most (45/62) of the low posttreatment levels were low at baseline. The higher repletion dose resulted in a significantly (p < 0.01) greater percent increase in vitamin A, C, and pyridoxine levels.The prevalence of abnormal vitamin levels in this population is high (42%). Standard parenteral vitamin therapy leads to marginal improvement in abnormally low pre‐TPN vitamin levels. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 11:229–237, 1987)
Predicting Nutrition‐Associated Complications for Patients Undergoing Gastrointestinal Surgery
Authors: Detsky Allan S. , Baker Jeffrey P. , O'Rourke Keith , Johnston Nancy , Whitwell Jocelyn , Mendelson Rena A. , Jeejeebhoy Khursheed N. 
Published: May 2008

We studied 202 patients admitted to two major teaching hospitals for planned gastrointestinal surgery to assess the ability of several techniques of nutritional assessment to predict major postoperative complications (infection and/or wound problems). Subjective global assessment (SGA) and albumin were both of predictive value, and combinations of these variables were useful in differentiating low‐risk from high‐risk patients. Transferrin, creatinine‐height index, percent ideal weight, percent body fat, and total lymphocyte count were not useful in predicting complications.We conclude that SGA and albumin are useful “nutritional assessment techniques” for patients undergoing major gastrointestinal surgery if the purpose of such an assessment is to predict postoperative “nutrition‐associated complications.” The second major finding of this study was the unexpectedly low rate of complications (10%) which was found in both hospitals. We suggest that these low complication rates may be more generalizable to patient populations derived from a wide community base, rather than those described in other studies in which veterans or patients of lower socioeconomic status comprised the sample. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 11:440–446,1987)
Sterility Testing of Home and Inpatient Parenteral Nutrition Solutions
Authors: Bronson Michael H. , Stennett Douglass J. , Egging Paulette K. 
Published: May 2008

The microbial contamination rate was compared for parenteral nutrition solutions prepared by patients for home use and by pharmacy personnel for inpatient use. Phase I validated the Ivex 0.22‐μm inline filter as a tool for microbiological testing by inoculating small numbers of organisms in 5% dextrose injection and testing for recovery. Phase II validated the same method for determining microbial contamination of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solutions. Phase III compared inpatient and home TPN microbial contamination rates using the methodology validated in phase II.Test organism inocula used in phase I and II were Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus vulgaris, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Streptococcus pyogenes. All contaminated solutions in phase I showed visual turbidity within 48 hr, and all test organisms were recovered and identified.All phase II‐contaminated TPN solutions showed visual turbidity after 96 hr, and all test organisms were recovered and identified.One hundred postinfusion TPN samples were collected randomly during phase III from inpatient parenteral nutrition patients. Six patients and two hospitals participated in the study. None of the 44 home parenteral nutrition samples and none of the 56 inpatient TPN samples developed visible turbidity. Subcultures of each sample on blood agar were negative for microbial growth.This described methodology offers an effective means to establish contamination rates of parenteral nutrition solutions after administration. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12:25–28, 1988)
Precipitate Analysis from an Indwelling Total Parenteral Nutrition Catheter
Authors: Stennett Douglass J. , Gerwick William H. , Egging Paulette K. , Christensen J. Mark 
Published: May 2008

The composition of a precipitate obtained from a silastic right atrial catheter was determined. The precipitate was collected and washed with deionized water thoroughly before subjecting portions of it to organic and inorganic analysis.Inorganic analysis was conducted using scanning electron microscopy and x‐ray spectroscopy for sodium, aluminum, silicone, sulfur, chlorine, and calcium. Phosphorus analysis was conducted by a commercial laboratory. Organic analysis was conducted by thin layer chromatography with cholesterol, phosphatidyl serine, phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and sphingomyelin as standards.Silicone, calcium, and phosphorus and three organic compounds, which could not be conclusively identified, were found. The precipitate was most likely calcium phosphate intermixed with silicone oil lubricant and residual total parenteral nutrition (TPN) solution. This formed in the catheter at body temperature probably due to incomplete catheter flushing. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12:88–92, 1988)
Plasma Carotenoid Profiles in Normals and Patients with Cancer
Authors: Meguid Michael M. , Landel Aurora M. , Oey Lily , Mclaren Donald S. 
Published: May 2008

Most human cancers arise in epithelial tissues, which are critically dependent on vitamin A for normal differentiation and proliferation. Dietary carotenoids consist of individual retinoids—pro‐vitamin A precursors and non‐pro‐vitamin A precursors—displaying different biological activity. Although epidemiological data suggest that low serum vitamin A levels were associated with an increased risk of cancer, it is not known whether one specific or all vitamin A carotenoids are involved.To assess whether the plasma carotenoids are related to the nutritional or cancer‐bearing state, a study was conducted to measure total and individual carotenoids in four groups: cancer‐bearing, malnourished; cancer‐bearing, well‐nourished; non‐cancer, malnourished; and well‐nourished volunteers of comparable age and sex.There was no difference in total carotenoids and pro‐vitamin A precursors between the well—nourished—both normal volunteers and cancer patients. Malnourished cancer and non‐cancer patients had significantly (p < 0.05) lower value of both. Most of the circulating carotenoids in all groups were the non‐pro‐vitamin A precursors. Both malnourished cancer and non‐cancer patients had lower values than well‐nourished (p < 0.05). Differences were related to nutritional state, rather than presence of cancer. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12:147–151, 1988)
Effect of a Glutamine‐Supplemented Enteral Diet on Methotrexate‐Induced Enterocolitis
Authors: Fox Andrew D. , Kripke Scott A. , De Paula Juan , Berman Jeffery M. , Settle R. Gregg , Rombeau John L. 
Published: May 2008

Administration of an elemental diet to rats given methotrexate (MTX), 20 mg/kg intraperitoneally (ip), results in 100% mortality from severe enterocolitis. Previous studies indicate that glutamine (GLN), which is not present in elemental diets, is the preferred oxidative substrate for the gut' and may facilitate intestinal recovery after injury.2 This study investigated the effects of a glutamine‐supplemented elemental diet (GLN‐ED) on nutritional status, intestinal morphometry, bacterial translocation and survival in this lethal model of intestinal injury. Three experiments were performed. In the first experiment, rats received an intragastric elemental diet supplemented with either 2% GLN or an equivalent amount of glycine (Control). After 4 days animals received either MTX, 20 mg/kg ip, or saline ip and were killed 3 days later. The GLN‐ED resulted in significantly decreased weight loss, improved nitrogen retention, and increased mucosal weight, protein, and DNA content of the jejunum and colon.In the second experiment rats were assigned to diet as in the first experiment, but all animals received MTX. Control diet animals died within 120 hrs of MTX administration. The GLN‐ED group had significantly longer survival time and decreased mortality.In the third experiment animals were assigned to diet and MTX as in the first experiment. Ninety‐six hrs later aortic blood cultures revealed enteric bacteremia in animals administered MTX. GLN‐ED resulted in a significant reduction in the incidence of bacteremia.These experiments showed that a GLN‐ED significantly improved nutritional status, decreased intestinal injury, decreased bacterial translocation, and resulted in improved survival in a lethal model of enterocolitis. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12:325–331, 1988)
Arterial Deepvenous Difference of Lipoproteins in Skeletal Muscle of Patients in Postoperative State: Effects of Medium Chain Triglyceride Emulsion
Authors: Hailer S. , Jauch K.‐W. , Günther B. , Wolfram G. , Zöllner N. , Heberer G. 
Published: May 2008

The effect of fat infusion with medium chain triglycerides (MCT) and long chain triglycerides (LCT) on serum lipoproteins before and after passage through the skeletal muscle was investigated with the forearm technic in eight patients after abdominal operation.All lipoprotein fractions were enriched with triglycerides and phospholipids from infused artificial fat particles with the consequence of significantly increased ratios of TG/PL and TG/apo B in VLDL, of TG/apo B in LDL and TG/apo A‐I in HDL.Uptake and release of lipoprotein components by skeletal muscle are given by arterial‐deepvenous differences considering the blood flow rates. The positive arterial‐deepvenous difference of VLDL triglycerides after 4‐hr infusion is interpreted as cleavage and uptake of infused MCT by the muscle. The release of LDL is more pronounced after the fat infusion than before, suggesting a degradation and enhanced catabolism of artificial fat particles. HDL release may be also a consequence of catabolism of artificial TG/PL‐particles. These results indicate an uptake of MCT/LCT emulsion by the skeletal muscle. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 12:377–381, 1988)
Serial Plasma and Urinary Aluminum Levels and Tissue Loading in Preterm Twins
Authors: Bozynski Mary Ellen A. , Sedman Aileen B. , Naglie Ronald A. , Wright Eileen J. 
Published: May 2008

Serial plasma, urinary, and postmortem tissue aluminum levels were determined in 32‐week, appropriate‐forgestational‐age twins from 45 to 151 days postnatal age. Estimated total aluminum absorptions were 56.7 mg, and 28 mg, twin A and twin B, respectively.At autopsy, Twin A had a hypoplastic right kidney while Twin B had normal kidneys. Mean plasma aluminum levels (twin A, 34.2 μg/liter and twin B, 32.3 μg/liter) and urinary aluminum levels expressed as aluminum creatinine ratios (twin A, 11.3 and twin B, 8.5) were similar. These levels were elevated compared to normal plasma aluminum levels of 5.1 ± 3.6 (1 SD) and urinary aluminum creatinine ratios of 0.64 ± 0.75 (1 SD). Twin A had higher tissue aluminum levels than twin B in all tissues except for brain. Bone and liver aluminum contents for both twins were increased as compared to infants receiving short‐term or no parenteral nutrition. We conclude; (1) tissue aluminum loading occurs in infants receiving aluminum‐containing solutions, (2) plasma and urinary aluminum levels are poor predictors of tissue aluminum content, (3) enteral solutions may add significant aluminum exposure. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 13:428–431, 1989)
Effects of Overfeeding in Children with Muscle Dystrophies
Authors: Goldstein Mara , Meyer Shirley , Freund Herbert R. 
Published: May 2008

In muscle dystrophies as in other muscle‐wasting diseases and states, a progressive loss of muscle protein occurs, probably as a result of an imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation.In the present study we examined whether this progressive muscle wasting and reduced functional capacity so damaging to patients with muscular dystrophies, can be reduced or even reversed by nightly overfeeding with 1000 ml of Osmolite in addition to the voluntary daytime dietary intake.In the Duchenne muscle dystrophy (DMD) group (six patients) body weight increased significantly accompanied by a 14% increase in midarm muscle circumference with only minimal changes in triceps skin fold, indicating a relative build up of muscle mass. In the congenital muscular dystrophy (CMD) group (four patients) no changes occurred in body weight or any of the three anthropometric measurements performed. Baseline nitrogen balance was mildly positive in both groups and improved significantly in the DMD group during the 3‐month experimental period of refeeding, with no changes in urinary 3‐methylhistidine excretion, suggesting improved muscle protein synthesis with no change in muscle protein degradation. No changes were detected in hematological and biochemical parameters, liver function tests, pulmonary function tests, or a general activity index during the study period.Our results suggest that a reduced rate of protein synthesis rather than an increased rate of protein degradation occur in muscle dystrophies, and that overfeeding might offer promising nutritional effects, at least in DMD patients. (Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition 13:603–607, 1989)