bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid evolution in introduced species, ‘invasive traits’ and recipient communities: challenges for predicting invasive potential
Authors: Whitney Kenneth D. , Gabler Christopher A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe damaging effects of invasive organisms have triggered the development of Invasive Species Predictive Schemes (ISPS). These schemes evaluate biological and historical characteristics of species and prioritize those that should be the focus of exclusion, quarantine, and/or control. However, it is not clear how commonly these schemes take microevolutionary considerations into account. We review the recent literature and find that rapid evolutionary changes are common during invasions. These evolutionary changes include rapid adaptation of invaders to new environments, effects of hybridization, and evolution in recipient communities. Strikingly, we document 38 species in which the specific traits commonly associated with invasive potential (e.g. growth rate, dispersal ability, generation time) have themselves undergone evolutionary change following introduction, in some cases over very short (≤ 10 year) timescales. In contrast, our review of 29 ISPS spanning plant, animal, and microbial taxa shows that the majority (76%) envision invading species and recipient communities as static entities. Those that incorporate evolutionary considerations do so in a limited way. Evolutionary change not only affects the predictive power of these schemes, but also complicates their evaluation. We argue that including the evolutionary potential of species and communities in ISPS is overdue, present several metrics related to evolutionary potential that could be incorporated in ISPS, and provide suggestions for further research on these metrics and their performance. Finally, we argue that the fact of evolutionary change during invasions begs for added caution during risk assessment.
Can a ‘wintering area effect’ explain population status of Swainson's hawks? A stable isotope approach
Authors: Sarasola José Hernán , Negro Juan José , Hobson Keith A. , Bortolotti Gary R. , Bildstein Keith L. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTIt has been suggested that declines in breeding populations of Swainson's hawks (Buteo swainsoni) in California, Oregon, and Nevada may be due to differential mortality of hawks on their wintering grounds. Although massive mortality incidents reported on the wintering grounds partially support this suggestion, there are no data showing differential use of wintering areas by breeding populations of Swainson's hawks. We used stable‐hydrogen isotope analysis of feathers to determine whether large flocks of hawks wintering in Argentina consisted of a mixture of individuals from across the North American breeding range or consisted of individuals from discrete breeding populations. We found that flocks of wintering Swainson's hawks consisted of a mixture of individuals. The lack of connectivity between populations of breeding and wintering hawks suggests that high wintering mortality, either natural or human‐induced, is unlikely to have direct consequences on a single breeding area in North America. The demographic effects of winter mortality should be ‘diluted’ across the entire breeding range of Swainson's hawks.
Evaluating extreme risks in invasion ecology: learning from banking compliance
Authors: Franklin James , Sisson Scott A. , Burgman Mark A. , Martin Jennifer K. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTIncreasing international trade has exacerbated the risks of ecological damage due to invasive pests and diseases. For extreme events such as invasions of damaging exotic species or natural catastrophes, there are no or very few directly relevant data, so expert opinion must be relied on heavily. Expert opinion must be as fully informed and calibrated as possible – by available data, by other experts, and by the reasoned opinions of stakeholders. We survey a number of quantitative and non‐quantitative methods that have shown promise for improving extreme risk analysis, particularly for assessing the risks of invasive pests and pathogens associated with international trade. We describe the legally inspired regulatory regime for banks, where these methods have been brought to bear on extreme ‘operational risks’. We argue that an ‘advocacy model’ similar to that used in the Basel II compliance regime for bank operational risks and to a lesser extent in biosecurity import risk analyses is ideal for permitting the diversity of relevant evidence about invasive species to be presented and soundly evaluated. We recommend that the process be enhanced in ways that enable invasion ecology to make more explicit use of the methods found successful in banking.
Polymorphisms in the Renin‐Angiotensin System and Migraine in Women
Authors: Schürks Markus , Zee Robert Y. L. , Buring Julie E. , Kurth Tobias 
Published: February 2009

Background.— Recent findings suggest an association between the renin‐angiotensin system and migraine. However, genetic studies are scarce and controversial.Objective.— To investigate the association between the AGTR1 1166A > C and AGT Met235Thr polymorphisms with migraine and migraine aura status.Methods.— We performed an association study among 25,000 Caucasian US women, participating in the Women's Health Study, with information on the AGTR1 1166A > C and AGT Met235Thr polymorphisms. Migraine and migraine aura status were self‐reported. We distinguished between any history of migraine, active migraine with aura, active migraine without aura, and prior migraine (history of migraine, but not in the year prior to baseline). We used logistic regression to investigate the genotype–migraine association.Results.— At baseline, 4577 (18.3%) women reported any history of migraine; 39.5% of the 3226 women with active migraine indicated aura. The polymorphisms were not associated with migraine or migraine‐specific subgroups. We also did not find a significant interaction between the polymorphisms.Conclusions.— Data from this large cohort of Caucasian women do not suggest an association of polymorphisms in the renin‐angiotensin system with migraine or aura status. Future studies should focus on haplotype analyses and additional gene–gene as well as gene–environment interactions.
A CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) GENE FROM THE RED ALGA PORPHYRA YEZOENSIS (RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Roberts Eric , Roberts Alison W. 
Published: February 2009

The cell walls of Porphyra species, like those of land plants, contain cellulose microfibrils that are synthesized by clusters of cellulose synthase enzymes (“terminal complexes”), which move in the plasma membrane. However, the morphologies of the Porphyra terminal complexes and the cellulose microfibrils they produce differ from those of land plants. To characterize the genetic basis for these differences, we have identified, cloned, and sequenced a cellulose synthase (CESA) gene from Porphyra yezoensis Ueda strain TU‐1. A partial cDNA sequence was identified in the P. yezoensis expressed sequence tag (EST) index using a land plant CESA sequence as a query. High‐efficiency thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR was used to amplify sequences upstream of the cDNA sequence from P. yezoensis genomic DNA. Using the resulting genomic sequences as queries, we identified additional EST sequences and a full‐length cDNA clone, which we named PyCESA1. The conceptual translation of PyCESA1 includes the four catalytic domains and the N‐ and C‐terminal transmembrane domains that characterize CESA proteins. Genomic PCR demonstrated that PyCESA1 contains no introns. Southern blot analysis indicated that P. yezoensis has at least three genomic sequences with high similarity to the cloned gene; two of these are pseudogenes based on analysis of amplified genomic sequences. The P. yezoensis CESA peptide sequence is most similar to cellulose synthase sequences from the oomycete Phytophthora infestans and from cyanobacteria. Comparing the CESA genes of P. yezoensis and land plants may facilitate identification of sequences that control terminal complex and cellulose microfibril morphology.
Adverse neurodevelopmental outcome in preterm infants: risk factor profiles for different gestational ages
Authors: Kiechl‐Kohlendorfer U , Ralser E , Peglow U Pupp , Reiter G , Trawöger R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim: Assessment of risk predictors for adverse neurodevelopmental outcome at 1 year of age in preterm infants with a gestational age <30 weeks (Group I) and 30–32 weeks (Group II).Methods: Between January 2003 and December 2006, we prospectively enrolled 310 live‐born infants between 23 and 32 weeks of gestation. The association between candidate risk factors and delayed motor or mental development (Bayley Scales of infant development II; psychomotor or mental developmental index <85) was analysed by means of logistic regression analysis.Results: Two hundred and fifty infants were eligible for follow‐up, and 205 (82.0%) completed the follow‐up visit. Intracerebral haemorrhage, small for gestational age and late‐onset sepsis were associated with an increased risk for delayed development in Group I (p < 0.05, each). Premature rupture of membranes was a risk condition relevant to Group II. Antenatal steroids were associated with a decreased risk of neurodevelopmental delay in both groups.Conclusion: This study identified distinct risk factors for adverse outcome in preterm infants of lower (<30 weeks) and higher (30–32 weeks) gestational age. In the lower gestational age group, neonatal risk predictors are most important. Antenatal steroids appear to decrease the risk for adverse outcome in both age groups.
Midwives' reported practice supporting the first breastfeed
Authors: Cooke Marie , Cantrill Ruth M. , Creedy Debra K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBirthing room practices can either hinder or promote the initiation of breastfeeding. In Australia, midwives usually support mothers and newborns with the first breastfeed. The aim of this paper is to explore midwives reported practice, assisting mothers initiate breastfeeding in the birthing room. A self‐report questionnaire that included open‐ended questions was mailed to a national sample of Australian midwives. Open‐ended responses to questions related to a birthing room practice scenario were analysed using content analysis to facilitate thematic description. Midwives reported that at the immediate time of birth, they offered support and choice to mothers. The midwives also identified that their practice was often impacted on by workplace structures and these were often barriers to their role at this time. Some midwives indicated that they would use a ‘hands‐off’ approach at birth, although others indicated ways in which they would intervene including some who reported a ‘hands‐on’ approach to assist mothers with the first breastfeed as soon as possible after birth. Lactation education support for midwives is required to change workplace culture and improve practice. More research is needed to establish best practice to support mothers with the first breastfeed. It could be that some level of ‘hands‐on’ help provided skillfully may be effective. More research is needed to investigate the effect of ‘hands‐on’ help described by skillful experienced midwives, and association with sustained problem free breastfeeding.
Effects of socio‐economic and behavioural factors on childhood malnutrition in Yemen
Authors: Sunil T. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study examined the effects of socio‐economic and behavioural factors on childhood malnutrition in Yemen. The three anthropometric indicators such as height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐height and weight‐for‐age are used to examine the nutritional status of children aged less 5 years in Yemen. The independent variables include background characteristics, behavioural risk factors and illness characteristics. Data for the study come the most recent Yemen Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally representative sample, conducted in Yemen in 1997. Logistic regression analysis is used to estimate the odds of being malnourished. The three anthropometric indicators show high to very high levels of child malnutrition in Yemen. The prevalence of stunting and underweight is so widespread that almost every other child under the age of 5 is either stunted or underweight. Social, economic and behavioural factors show very significant association with childhood malnutrition. The study results indicate the importance of social and behavioural factors in describing childhood malnutrition in Yemen. The study results will help develop nutritional and health promotion policies in order to improve childhood malnutrition in this country.
Effect of Bicyclol on Cisplatin‐Induced Hepatotoxicity in the Hepatocarcinoma 22 Tumour‐Bearing Mice
Authors: Yu Ying‐Nan , Chen Hui , Li Yan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of bicyclol against cisplatin‐induced hepatotoxicity and the influence on the antitumour capacity of cisplatin in hepatocarcinoma 22 (H22) tumour‐bearing mice. ICR mice were treated with bicyclol (250 mg/kg, orally) 2 hr before the injection of cisplatin (5 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 5 days (once daily) after H22 tumour cells were implanted. All animals were killed on the fifth day after cisplatin treatment and tumour weight of each animal was measured. Liver pathological changes were examined by light microscopy and biochemical assay. The expressions of liver inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS and nitric oxide synthase 2) and 3‐nitrotyrosine were assessed by Western blotting. Bicyclol showed a significant protection as evidenced by the decrease of elevated serum aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase, and improvement of histopathological injury induced by cisplatin. The formation of liver malondialdehyde with a concomitant reduction of reduced glutathione was also inhibited by bicyclol, while the activities of liver superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were all increased, respectively. In addition, the over expressions of liver iNOS and 3‐nitrotyrosine were suppressed by bicyclol. The administration of bicyclol had no affect on the anti‐tumour capacity of cisplatin in mice bearing H22 tumour. The hepatoprotective action of bicyclol provides a new approach for preventing the hepatotoxicity induced by cisplatin in the clinic.
The Influence of Testosterone Combined with a PDE5-Inhibitor on Cognitive, Affective, and Physiological Sexual Functioning in Women Suffering from Sexual Dysfunction
Authors: Van Der Made Flip , Bloemers Jos , Yassem Wadi E. , Kleiverda Gunilla , Everaerd Walter , Van Ham Diana , Olivier Berend , Koppeschaar Hans , Tuiten Adriaan 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Women with female sexual dysfunction have a reduced sensitivity to sexual stimuli. Activation of central mechanisms may open a window for phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors (PDE5) to be effective; as a consequence, the combination of testosterone and a PDE5 inhibitor will restore sexual function.

Aim
To demonstrate that the combination of testosterone and vardenafil will increase the sensitivity for sexual stimuli and will improve the desire and arousal components of the sexual response.

Methods
In a double-blind randomly assigned placebo-controlled crossover design, 28 women with desire and/or arousal disorder underwent four different drug treatments on four separate experimental days. A masked version of the emotional Stroop task with sexual and nonsexual words was used to measure sensitivity for sexual content. Neutral and erotic film fragments were used to determine genital–physiological and subjective reactions.

Main Outcome Measures
A masked version of the emotional Stroop task, vaginal pulse amplitude. For subjective measurement, responses were collected continuously with a lever and two self-report measures were used.

Results
In two subgroups, which were differentiated on the basis of their initial preconscious attentional bias for sexual cues, a different sexual response profile was found. In an initially low-attention group, preconscious attentional bias for sexual cues increased under the testosterone condition. In these women, the combination of testosterone and vardenafil caused an improvement in genital response and subjective indices of sexual functioning. In the group that had initially a high attention for sexual cues, preconscious attentional bias for sexual cues decreased under the condition of testosterone. In these women, the combination of testosterone and vardenafil had no effect on any of the indices of their sexual functioning.

Conclusion
In women suffering from low sexual desire—associated with low attention for sexual cues—the combination of testosterone and vardenafil may be a promising new treatment.
Descriptions of Help by Finnish Adolescents Who Self‐Mutilate
Authors: Rissanen Marja‐Liisa , Kylmä Jari , Laukkanen Eila 
Published: February 2009

PURPOSE:  The purpose of this study is to describe help from the viewpoint of self‐mutilating Finnish adolescents. METHODS:  Methodological triangulation was used in data collection. Written descriptions were provided by 62 self‐mutilating adolescents (aged 12–21 years) of the help they received and wished to receive, and individual interviews were conducted with 10 self‐mutilating adolescents (aged 15–22 years). Qualitative content analysis was applied. FINDINGS:  Three groups of people that can be of help were identified by the self‐mutilating adolescents: age‐mates, including peers and fellow self‐mutilating adolescents; loved ones; and adults, including unknown adults, health and social care professionals, teachers and school counsellors, and parents. Factors contributing and hindering to help were identified. CONCLUSIONS:  Self‐mutilating adolescents want to be helped and, in their opinion, adults are duty‐bound to help and care for them.
Adolescents in Acute Mental Distress on Inpatient Pediatric Settings: Reflections From a Pediatric Liaison Practitioner
Authors: Foster Celeste 
Published: February 2009

TOPIC:  The impact of adolescents in acute mental distress admitted onto inpatient pediatric settings: on the staff group caring for them and the adolescents’ consequent experience of the service provided. PURPOSE:  To examine the impact that this client group can have on the staff, the environment, and wider professional system from an applied psychodynamic standpoint. The aim of this study is to identify practical strategies for providing effective child and adolescent mental health service consultation liaison for this complex and high‐risk group. SOURCES:  This study draws on psychoanalytic theories of adolescent development, trauma, organizational dynamics, and reflections on personal experiences in the field of pediatric liaison. The challenges of providing effective support in this context are illustrated with clinical examples from the author's own practice. CONCLUSIONS:  The importance of attending to the very primitive anxieties and subsequent defense mechanisms aroused in staff caring for adolescents in the context described is highlighted. A case is made for the provision of mental health consultation and support that provides emotional containment for the young people and staff, and that incorporates understanding of the organizational issues that can contribute to the complexity of this work.
Nursing Children and Adolescents With Bipolar Disorder: Assessment, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Management
Authors: McDougall Tim 
Published: February 2009

TOPIC:  The role of the mental health nurse in the assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and management of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder in community and hospital settings. PURPOSE:  In many areas of clinical practice, mental health nurses have more contact with service users than any other professional group. They are therefore well placed to support children and adolescents with bipolar disorder during first contact with primary care services, through engagement with specialist mental health services, and in accessing early intervention and crisis services. This paper summarizes the contribution that child and adolescent mental health nurses make to the care of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder. SOURCES:  This paper is based on evidence from systematic reviews; meta‐analyses and best practice evidence from CINAHL; EMBASE; MEDLINE, PsychINFO; Cochrane Collaboration; National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence; National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health; NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination; Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine; United States Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. CONCLUSIONS:  Child and adolescent mental health nurses work with children and adolescents who have bipolar disorder in a range of settings. These include community mental health services, hospitals, and schools. Due to the multidisciplinary nature of the treatment and management of bipolar disorder during childhood and adolescence, nurses have a major role to play in providing frontline assessment services, monitoring treatment, and delivering psychosocial interventions.
Factors Associated With Parental Distress
Authors: Duchovic Catherine A. , Gerkensmeyer Janis E. , Wu Jingwei 
Published: February 2009

PROBLEM:  Associations of perceptions of social support, personal control, and child behavioral problems to distress in parents of children with mental health problems were examined. METHODS:  One hundred and fifty‐five parents of children 2–19 years old receiving community mental health services participated. FINDINGS:  Stepwise regression analysis identified internalizing and externalizing child behaviors, perceived personal control, and tangible social support as independent predictors of parental distress. Independent predictors of objective distress included internalizing child behaviors, perceived personal control, and intangible social support. CONCLUSIONS:  Internalizing and externalizing child behaviors were significantly associated with parental distress. Perceived personal control moderated the relationship between internalizing child behaviors and parental subjective distress.
Characterization of microsatellite markers for Sycoscapter nonpollinating fig wasps
Authors: BOUTEILLER‐REUTER CAROLINE , HALE MARIE L. , COOK JAMES M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe isolated 18 microsatellites from Sycoscapter australis, a nonpollinating fig wasp that develops in figs of Ficus macrophylla, and assessed their variability in 20 wasps. We further optimized nine of these loci for use in three other Sycoscapter species that develop in Ficus rubiginosa figs and assessed their variability in 47–140 wasps per species. These are the first microsatellites developed for nonpollinating fig wasps and show sufficient polymorphism to become important tools in evolutionary and genetical studies of Sycoscapter wasps.
Isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite loci for the Chevrier's field mouse (Apodemus chevrieri)
Authors: WU HUA , ZHAN XIANG‐JIANG , YAN LI , LIU SHAO‐YING , ZHANG ZE‐JUN , LI MING , WEI FU‐WEN 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe describe the isolation and characterization of 14 microsatellite loci in the Chevrier's field mouse from genomic DNA‐enriched libraries. The 14 loci were highly polymorphic with numbers of alleles per locus in 24 individuals ranging from three to 13, observed heterozygosity from 0.381 to 0.867 and expected heterozygosity from 0.448 to 0.931. All loci followed Hardy‐Weinberg expectations except for CFM3, CFM10 and CFM12 loci. No significant linkage association was found among all these loci. The 14 polymorphic microsatellite loci will be useful in studying phylogeography and population genetics of the Chevrier's field mouse.