bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Frontal Theta Rhythm: Evaluation of its Clinical Electrophysiological Significance with a View Point of Aging
Authors: Ueda Yumiko , Matsubara Hiroo , Shinomiya Shigeko , Arai Heii 
Published: August 2007

Background: Frontal theta rhythms can be observed in routine electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations. Their significance has been interpreted from pathological or physiological viewpoints by many previous studies. We evaluated the clinical electrophysiological significance including aging of the frontal theta rhythms to differentiate pathological theta activities. Methods: Since 23 EEGs, out of 2,424 patients routinely taken in our hospital and 87 healthy volunteers, showed frontal theta rhythms during drowsiness, those subjects were re‐examined at rest and during a mental task. The morphological features of theta rhythms were compared between the two conditions and analyzed in terms of clinical conditions. Results: In 16 subjects theta rhythms either disappeared or were suppressed during the mental task (“suppressed” group). In the seven subjects theta rhythms recorded during drowsiness were equivalent or were activated by the mental task (“activated” group). The subjects of the suppressed group were found to have clinical findings suggesting cerebral organic changes, while those of the activated group did not have such findings. In the morphological comparison between these groups, the frequency, amplitude, and duration were significantly different. Conclusion: The differentiation of these two types of frontal theta rhythms may be possible by clinical information, morphological features of theta rhythms and their changes during a mental task. In the case of pathological theta rhythms appearing in middle and advanced age, they can sometimes be based on aging due to arteriosclerotic changes and others.
Plasma Concentration of Risperidone Showed a Correlation with Daily Dose, but not with Age nor Cytochrome P‐450 2D6 Gene Polymorphisms in Japanese Schizophrenics
Authors: Matsubara Yoichiro , Ohnuma Tohru , Shibata Nobuto , Takahashi Tadashi , Arai Heii 
Published: August 2007

Background: Risperidone, a neuroleptic, is mainly metabolized by the enzyme cytochrome P‐450 2D6 (CYP2D6), which has over 20 genetic polymorphisms, to its major active metabolite, 9‐hydroxyrisperidone (9‐OH‐risperidone). The clinical outcome in risperidone treatment is highly dependent on the plasma concentration of risperidone. Methods: In this study, in order to investigate whether individual plasma concentration of risperidone is affected by CYP2D6*4, CYP2D6*5 and major oriental mutation, CYP2D6*10A polymorphism, the genomic DNA from 53 subjects taking risperidone were analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism method for the determination of each genotype. Results: Neither any plasma concentration of risperidone or 9‐OH‐risperidone nor metabolic ratio of risperidone/9‐OH‐risperidone was affected by CYP2D6 genotypes. “Plasma concentration of risperidone” and “plasma concentration of 9‐OH‐risperidone” showed a strong correlation with “risperidone dose/body weight” (r=0.60, p<0.0001; r=0.54, p<0.0001, respectively). “Age” of present subjects did not show any significant correlation with plasma concentration of risperidone (r=‐0.018), 9‐OH‐risperidone (r=0.211) nor the metabolic ratio (r=‐0.237, all p>0.05). Conclusion: Based on these results that CYP2D6 genotypes and “age” showed no correlation with any plasma concentration of risperidone metabolites, it can be said that clinically the most important factor is to keep a small daily dose amount, regardless of the age of the subject. In this way, an unexpected high plasma concentration of risperidone can be avoided.
A Clinicopathological Study of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Matsumoto Mitsuhiro , Kosaka Kenji , Horimoto Yoshihiko , Akatsu Hiroyasu , Yamamoto Takayuki , Matsukawa Noriyuki , Ueda Ryuzo , Ojika Kosei 
Published: August 2007

Background: Since Hakim and Adams introduced the clinical entity of normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) in 1965, postmortem studies of idiopathic NPH have been few in number. Several autopsy cases reported with clinically probable “idiopathic NPH” were diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease (AD) or Binswanger's disease (BD) neuropathologically. Therefore, the neuropathological study of pathologically confirmed idiopathic NPH remains to be completed both quantitatively and qualitatively. Methods: Out of 239 autopsy cases in Fukushimura Hospital, 13 patients had been diagnosed clinically as having NPH. After excluding seven cases diagnosed neuropathologically with other diseases or secondary NPH, we investigated the clinicopathological findings of six patients with idiopathic NPH. Results: Four patients presented with the complete classic triad consisting of progressive dementia, gait disturbance, and urinary incontinence. All cases exhibited progressive ventricular enlargement with periventricular lucency by computed tomography images. We found (1) diffuse marked dilatation of the lateral ventricles of unknown etiology, and (2) the changes of ependymal cells and subependymal tissue around the callosocaudate angle. Furthermore, no complications were suspected neuropathologically in all cases, such as AD, BD, or Lewy body disease. Conclusion: We experienced six autopsy cases with pathologically confirmed idiopathic NPH. They had two pathological features of NPH but no other pathological disorders that might cause NPH. Several “idiopathic NPH” cases reported previously have been diagnosed neuropathologically with other disorders. However, the presented cases could be clearly distinguished from such “idiopathic NPH.” Therefore, our cases should be defined as idiopathic NPH neuropathologically. By accumulating more cases and investigating further we hope to elucidate the pathogenesis and further develop treatment for idiopathic NPH.
SPECT and Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Bhriain Siobhan Ni , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract: This article is review of the role of single photon emission tomography (SPECT) in the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease (AD).It begins by describing AD in terms of diagnosis, pathology and current pharmacological treatment. The relevance of the pathological changes in relation to SPECT is outlined. This is discussed in terms of receptor abnormalities and atrophic changes which in turn effect cerebral blood flow.A detailed description of SPECT methodology describes how the quality of the image is effected by SPECT instrumentation, image reconstruction techniques and a number of subject factors.The article goes on to discuss the role SPECT in the diagnosis of AD and its potential for facilitating early diagnosis. The main focus here is on the changes which occur in cerebral blood flow in AD and the sensitivity and specificity of regional changes in cerebral blood flow is described.Image analysis is an area in which there has been many developments in the last number of years and the authors describe the differences between qualitative and quantitative image analysis, with a particular focus on statistical parametric mapping (SPM).There is a brief discussion concerning receptor ligands and their potential use in the diagnosis and management of AD, although this remains an undeveloped area in SPECT imaging as yet.Finally, the authors discuss the future possibilities for SPECT and AD, and conclude that there is considerable potential for SPECT in the diagnosis and management of AD with further refinement of image analysis techniques and the development of cholinergic receptor ligands.
Color Responses of Flash Visual Evoked Potentials in Normal Adults, Normal Elderly Subjects and Dementia of the Alzheimer Type Using Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Yuki Asana 
Published: August 2007

Background: Since initially we could only employ the red light goggle‐shaped stimuli equipment with flash light emitting diodes (LEDs), we had little information concerning different color responses of visual evoked potentials (VEPs). On our request, Nihon Kohden (Tokyo, Japan) developed green light goggle‐shaped stimuli equipment with LEDs in 1999.The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of green and red flash VEPs in normal adults, normal elderly subjects and patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT). Methods: Subjects consisted of a normal adult group (n=30), normal elderly group (n=10), and DAT patients (n=7). Transient VEPs of 1 Hz were measured. The recording electrodes were placed at midline‐occipital, left‐occipital and right‐occipital sites in accordance with the ten‐twenty electrode system. Results: In the normal adult group, peak latencies of green flash VEPs increased significantly compared to those of red flash VEPs (N2, P3: p<0.01, N3: p<0.05). The N2 and P3 latencies of both red and green flash VEPs were delayed in the normal elderly and DAT groups compared with those in the normal adult group. The delayed latencies of red flash VEPs were greater than those of green flash VEPs. Conclusion: The difference in latency between green and red flash VEPs corresponds to the difference in the conducting time from three rods (each spectrum peak is 419–420 nm, 530–534 nm, and 558–564 nm) to the visual central system. Each channel from the three rods to the visual central system may have an individual speed reaction, individual ageing and pathological changes. The results indicate that the peak latency of red light reveal elderly and pathological change more easily than that of green light.
Relationship between Hippocampal Atrophy and Cognitive Dysfunction in Early Alzheimer‐type Dementia
Authors: Kodama Naoki , Kawase Yasuhiro , Okamoto Koichiro , Fukumoto Ichiro 
Published: August 2007

Abstract Background: We assessed the relationship between early cognitive dysfunction and morphologic changes in the brain, especially hippocampal atrophy, on MR images in Alzheimer‐type dementia (AID) patients to establish a technique for making an early clinical diagnosis of AID. Methods: The subjects of this study were 82 individuals who visited Kawase Neurology Clinic. They consisted of 41 ATD patients and 41 elderly individuals without dementia who visited the clinic for a neurological checkup or because of vertigo or numbness as age‐matched controls. As an index for hippocampal atrophy, the hippocampal‐intracranial ratio (HIR) was calculated. Discriminant analysis was performed using HIR results and the correct answer rate for recall and calculation items in Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE). Results: The mean ratio was significantly lower in the ATD patients than in the controls. This supports our previous results. The results of discriminant analysis with Mahalanobis generalized distance in the 41 controls and 22 ATD patients who scored 15 or higher. The sensitivity and specificity of HIR combined with the correct answer rate for recall and calculation items in MMSE were 95.5% and 95.1%, respectively, with an overall accuracy of 95.2%. Conclusion: HIR combined with the correct answer rate for recall and calculation items in MMSE allows for an early diagnosis of ATD.
Alkoxo-bridged Cobalt(II) Cube and Its Radical Adduct
Authors: Mitsumoto Kiyotaka , Koizumi Satoshi , Shiga Takuya , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Chi Yun , Oshio Hiroki 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Tetranuclear cubic complexes of [Co4(heip)4(MeOH)4] (1) and [Co4(heip)4(nit-p-py)4] (2) (H2heip = 1,1,1,5,5,5-hexafluoro-4-[(2-hydroxyethyl)imino]-2-pentanone and nit-p-py = 2-(p-pyridyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide) were prepared. Complexes 1 and 2 have alkoxo-bridged cubic core structures. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed the occurrence of ferromagnetic interactions among CoII ions in 1, while antiferromagnetic interactions were operative in 2.
1,2,5,6-Tetrasilabenzobenzvalene: A Valence Isomer of 1,2,3,4-Tetrasilanaphthalene
Authors: Takanashi Kazunori , Lee Vladimir Ya , Ichinohe Masaaki , Sekiguchi Akira 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
1,2,5,6-Tetrasilabenzobenzvalene, a valence isomer of 1,2,3,4-tetrasilanaphthalene, was synthesized and structurally characterized by the coupling reaction of the dipotassium salt of the tetrasilacyclobutadiene dianion with o-dibromobenzene. The 1,2,5,6-tetrasilabenzobenzvalene was presumably obtained by the isomerization of the initially formed 1,2,3,4-tetrasilabenzo-1,4-Dewar benzene.
Fullerene (C60) Nanostructures Having Interpenetrating Surfaces Prepared by Electrophoretic Deposition of C60 Nanoparticles in Water
Authors: Jeon Hyeon-Gu , Ryo Sen-ichi , Sugiyama Teruki , Oh Isamu , Masuhara Hiroshi , Asahi Tsuyoshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
We have proposed and demonstrated a new methodology for fabricating an interpenetrating network nanostructure toward a highly efficient organic solar cell, utilizing a C60 nanoparticle assembly film on an electrode prepared by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) of its nanoparticle colloid.
Rhenium-catalyzed [2+2] Cycloadditions of Norbornenes with Internal and Terminal Acetylenes
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Yu Peng , Takai Kazuhiko 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Treatment of norbornenes with internal and terminal acetylenes in the presence of a catalytic amount of [ReBr(CO)3(thf)]2 gave cyclobutene derivatives in good to excellent yields.
Excited-state Property of 1-(4-Cyanophenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane
Authors: Hiratsuka Hiroshi , Horiuchi Hiroaki , Takanoha Yuki , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yoshihara Takeo , Okutsu Tetsuo , Negishi Keisuke , Kyushin Soichiro , Matsumoto Hideyuki 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Diphenyldisilane derivative having electron-donating and -withdrawing groups in each phenyl group, 1-(4-cyanophenyl)-2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,1,2,2-tetramethyldisilane was synthesized, and its excited-state property was studied. Intramolecular charge-transfer character through the disilanyl group was confirmed; the dipole moment of the excited-state has been estimated to be 28 debye.
Direct O2 Epoxidation of Propylene by the Membrane Reactor Loaded with Ag–Sr Catalyst
Authors: Bere Kossi E , Wakui Yoshito , Niwa Shu-ichi , Shoji Hiroshi , Sato Koichi , Hamakawa Satoshi , Hanaoka Takaaki , Suzuki Toshishige M , Mizukami Fujio 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A novel membrane reactor process using porous α-Al2O3 tube loaded with silver–strontium catalyst realized direct O2 epoxidation of propylene with notable selectivity of propylene oxide. Segregated feed of propylene and O2 combined with facile permeation of reactants and products across the membrane was essentially important for the membrane epoxidation process.
Health technology appraisal of interventional procedures: comparison of rapid and slow methods
Authors: Warren Virginia 
Published: August 2007

Objective: To describe a method for the rapid appraisal of new interventional procedures and to compare its conclusions with those derived from a slower, more thorough method. Methods: Explanation of an algorithm, pragmatically developed over a decade at the British United Provident Association (BUPA), to classify requests for funding for new interventional procedures as 'Fund routinely'; 'Fund as a one-off'; 'Fund in trial only'; 'Do not fund currently' within about 48 hours. Comparison of the resulting categorizations of 39 interventional procedures against the subsequent work of the English National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) Interventional Procedures team. The first two BUPA categories were equated with NICE's 'evidence adequate' and the second two with 'evidence inadequate'. Results: The algorithm is fit for purpose. It facilitated 114 requests for funding, received before June 2005, being successfully allocated: fund routinely, 33 (28.9%); fund as a one-off, 20 (17.5%); fund in trial only, 37 (32.5%); do not fund, 24 (21.1%). NICE subsequently categorized 18 being 'evidence adequate' and 21 'evidence inadequate'. There was concordance between BUPA and NICE on 35/39 (90%) of the topics. The four discrepancies are discussed. Conclusion: Rapid appraisal of new interventional procedures using the BUPA algorithm is feasible and in most instances its output is similar to that obtained from a slower more thorough method.
Thyroid Hormone Interacts With the Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling Pathway in the Terminal Differentiation of Growth Plate Chondrocytes
Authors: Wang Lai , Shao Yvonne Y , Ballock R Tracy 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Thyroid hormone activates Wnt-4 expression and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in rat growth plate chondrocytes. Wnt antagonists Frzb/sFRP3 and Dkk1 inhibit T3-induced Wnt/β-catenin activation and inhibit the maturation-promoting effects of T3 in growth plate cells. This study indicates that thyroid hormone regulates terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes in part through modulating Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Introduction: Thyroid hormone is a potent regulator of skeletal maturation in the growth plate, yet the molecular mechanisms underlying this profound effect remain unknown. Wnt signaling has recently been recognized as an important signal transduction pathway in regulating chondrogenesis and terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes. The objective of this study was to explore the interaction between the thyroid hormone and Wnt signaling pathways in the growth plate.
Materials and Methods: Rat epiphyseal chondrocytes were maintained in 3D pellet culture and treated with triiodothyronine (T3). Activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway in response to T3 was detected by measurement of the expression of Wnt-4 mRNA, the cellular accumulation of β-catenin, the transcriptional activity of TCF/LEF, and the expression of the Wnt/β-catenin responsive gene Runx2/cbfa1. Terminal differentiation of the chondrocytes was assessed by measurement of alkaline phosphatase enzymatic activity and Col10a1 gene expression.
Results: Thyroid hormone treatment of growth plate chondrocytes upregulated both Wnt-4 mRNA and protein expression, increased cellular accumulation of stabilized β-catenin, increased TCF/LEF transcriptional activity, and stimulated the expression of the Runx2/cbfa1 gene. Overexpression of either Wnt-4 or a stabilized form of β-catenin promoted growth plate chondrocyte terminal differentiation. Blocking Wnt ligand/receptor interactions with the secreted Wnt antagonists Frzb/sFRP3 or Dkk1 inhibited these T3-induced increases in β-catenin accumulation and Runx2 gene expression and inhibited the maturation-promoting effects of T3 in growth plate cells.
Conclusions: These data suggest that thyroid hormone regulates terminal differentiation of growth plate chondrocytes in part through modulating canonical Wnt/β-catenin signaling.
Prediction of Clinical Non-Spine Fractures in Older Black and White Men and Women With Volumetric BMD of the Spine and Areal BMD of the Hip: The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study
Authors: Mackey Dawn C , Eby Jean Gaare , Harris Fran , Taaffe Dennis R , Cauley Jane A , Tylavsky Frances A , Harris Tamara B , Lang Thomas F , Cummings Steven R 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In a prospective study of 1446 black and white adults 70–79 yr of age (average follow-up, 6.4 yr), vertebral TrvBMD from QCT predicted non-spine fracture in black and white women and black men, but it was not a stronger predictor than total hip aBMD from DXA. Hip aBMD predicted non-spine fracture in black men.
Introduction: Areal BMD (aBMD) at multiple skeletal sites predicts clinical non-spine fractures in white and black women and white men. The predictive ability of vertebral trabecular volumetric BMD (TrvBMD) for all types of clinical non-spine fractures has never been tested or compared with hip aBMD. Also, the predictive accuracy of hip aBMD has never been tested prospectively for black men.
Materials and Methods: We measured vertebral TrvBMD with QCT and hip aBMD with DXA in 1446 elderly black and white adults (70–79 yr) in the Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study. One hundred fifty-two clinical non-spine fractures were confirmed during an average of 6.4 yr of &gt;95% complete follow-up. We used Cox proportional hazards regression to determine the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CIs of non-spine fracture per SD reduction in hip aBMD and vertebral TrvBMD.
Results: Vertebral TrvBMD and hip aBMD were both associated with risk of non-spine fracture in black and white women and black men. The age-adjusted HR of fracture per SD decrease in BMD was highest in black men (hip aBMD: HR = 2.04, 95% CI = 1.03, 4.04; vertebral TrvBMD: HR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.29, 7.00) and lowest in white men (hip aBMD: HR = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.85, 1.78; vertebral TrvBMD: HR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.73, 1.54). Adjusted for age, sex, and race, each SD decrease in hip aBMD was associated with a 1.67-fold (95% CI = 1.36, 2.07) greater risk of fracture, and each SD decrease in vertebral TrvBMD was associated with a 1.47-fold (95% CI = 1.18, 1.82) greater risk. Combining measurements of hip aBMD and vertebral TrvBMD did not improve fracture prediction.
Conclusions: Low BMD measured by either spine QCT or hip DXA predicts non-spine fracture in older black and white women and black men. Vertebral TrvBMD is not a stronger predictor than hip aBMD of non-spine fracture.
Aromatase Deficiency Causes Altered Expression of Molecules Critical for Calcium Reabsorption in the Kidneys of Female Mice
Authors: Öz Orhan K , Hajibeigi Asghar , Howard Kevin , Cummins Carolyn L , van Abel Monique , Bindels Rene JM , Word R Ann , Kuro-o Makoto , Pak Charles YC , Zerwekh Joseph E 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Kidney stones increase after menopause, suggesting a role for estrogen deficiency. ArKO mice have hypercalciuria and lower levels of calcium transport proteins, whereas levels of the klotho protein are elevated. Thus, estrogen deficiency is sufficient to cause altered renal calcium handling.
Introduction: The incidence of renal stones increases in women after menopause, implicating a possible role for estrogen deficiency. We used the aromatase deficient (ArKO) mouse, a model of estrogen deficiency, to test the hypothesis that estrogen deficiency would increase urinary calcium excretion and alter the expression of molecular regulators of renal calcium reabsorption.
Materials and Methods: Adult female wildtype (WT), ArKO, and estradiol-treated ArKO mice (n = 5–12/group) were used to measure urinary calcium in the fed and fasting states, relative expression level of some genes involved in calcium reabsorption in the distal convoluted tubule by real-time PCR, and protein expression by Western blotting or immunohistochemistry. Plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA) activity was measured in kidney membrane preparations. ANOVA was used to test for differences between groups followed by posthoc analysis with Dunnett's test.
Results: Compared with WT, urinary Ca:Cr ratios were elevated in ArKO mice, renal mRNA levels of transient receptor potential cation channel vallinoid subfamily member 5 (TRPV5), TRPV6, calbindin-D28k, the Na+/Ca+ exchanger (NCX1), and the PMCA1b were significantly decreased, and klotho mRNA and protein levels were elevated. Estradiol treatment of ArKO mice normalized urinary calcium excretion, renal mRNA levels of TRPV5, calbindin-D28k, PMCA1b, and klotho, as well as protein levels of calbindin-D28k and Klotho. ArKO mice treated with estradiol had significantly greater PMCA activity than either untreated ArKO mice or WT mice.
Conclusions: Estrogen deficiency caused by aromatase inactivation is sufficient for renal calcium loss. Changes in estradiol levels are associated with coordinated changes in expression of many proteins involved in distal tubule calcium reabsorption. Estradiol seems to act at the genomic level by increasing or decreasing (klotho) protein expression and nongenomically by increasing PMCA activity. PMCA, not NCX1, is likely responsible for extruding calcium in response to in vivo estradiol hormonal challenge. These data provide potential mechanisms for regulation of renal calcium handling in response to changes in serum estrogen levels.