bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment: an overview
Authors: WARD JEFF , MATTICK RICHARD P. , HALL WAYNE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the evidence for the effectiveness of methadone maintenance as used in the treatment of opioid dependence. Findings from randomized controlled trials and observational studies suggest that methadone maintenance reduces heroin use, crime, injection‐related risk behaviours and premature mortality among people dependent on opioids. The research further suggests that two aspects of treatment are important in ensuring this effectiveness. Methadone treatment is more effective when higher doses (>50 mg) are employed and, overall, the evidence suggests that a treatment goal of successful maintenance on methadone rather than total abstinence is appropriate. The importance of ancillary services in treatment outcome is less clear and is the subject of current research and debate. [Ward J, Mattick RJ, Hall W. The effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment: an overview. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:327–336.]
Cannabis laws: an analysis of costs
Authors: MARKS ROBERT E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere is evidence that the use of cannabis is increasing in Australia, with stable black‐market prices, despite the 9‐year National Campaign Against Drug Abuse, increasing expenditure to enforce the laws against cannabis use, and the seizure of large plantations of cannabis plants. Recent government data are used to estimate the conservative cost of drug‐law enforcement against cannabis use as being $329m in 1991‐92. Alternatives to the existing regime are examined, including expiation, decriminalization, and legalization. [Marks RE. Cannabis laws: an analysis of costs. Drug Alcohol Rev 1994;13:341–346.]
Developing a new academic discipline
Authors: Shepherd Elizabeth 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to examine the historical development of archives and records management education in universities in England and review the state of research and teaching in the discipline in 2005.Design/methodology/approachUsing a framework that draws on sociological attributes, the main text provides a historical analysis derived from primary and secondary sources, together with a brief overview of current educational provision for the discipline.FindingsThe article finds that graduate education in archives and records management has developed in the UK over a period of 60 years (1947‐2005) and is well established, with seven Master's‐level programmes offered across England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland, in a variety of learning modes (full‐ and part‐time, open learning, face‐to‐face) and from different perspectives and contexts (history, information science, digital preservation). The university research community in the discipline has developed more recently and needs to progress quickly and soundly to support the future intellectual life of the profession.Research limitations/implicationsThe geographical scope is limited to the UK and focuses in particular on England.Practical implicationsThe paper identifies some gaps in educational provision, for instance mid‐career cross‐domain research opportunities, and an apparent lack of interest in academic research by UK practitioners, which might be further investigated.Originality/valueNo study of the historical development of the academic discipline of archives and records management has previously been published.
The study of books
Authors: Foot Mirjam M. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis paper aims to show how the concept of “Bibliography” has changed since the late nineteenth century. It proposes discussing what “Bibliography” did and did not include in the various stages of its development; how the study of “Bibliography” moved from the UK to the USA; how it narrowed down from an originally much wider concept and how, under the influence of French historians over the past three decades, it has widened out again, reaching a better synthesis of the study of books as material objects with the study of the history of the book.Design/methodology/approachA discussion and critical assessment of the writings of the major main stream bibliographers and book historians is presented.FindingsFrom an original (nineteenth century) emphasis on enumerative bibliography, the concept of “Bibliography” widened out (from the end of the nineteenth century) to include historical bibliography and the study of books as material objects; in the mid‐twentieth century this wider approach narrowed down, as a consequence of much emphasis being placed on descriptive, analytical, critical and textual bibliography. Under influence of French book historians the emphasis has changed again and the value of a wider historical approach and greater inclusivity in subjects has brought the study of historical bibliography and that of the history of the book much closer together.Research limitations/implicationsThis research looks only at Western Europe and the USA.Practical implicationsPractical implications of this study are: the widening‐out of the subject to include all physical manifestations of the book; the dimension of creative reading; and the emphasis on the importance of artifactual evidence for correct establishment and interpretation of texts has had implications for preservation.Originality/valueThis paper is a critical assessment of the literature, drawing the logical consequences of its findings. It presents an argument for the inclusion of all aspects of the book as a physical object, as well as for the importance of using all available evidence.
Triangulating qualitative research and computer transaction logs in health information studies
Authors: Williams Pete , Gunter Barrie 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to outline a triangulated methodology for studying usage of electronic health information systems which combines the quantitative data accrued from computer logs with qualitative data from in‐depth interviews and observation.Design/methodology/approachThe appropriate methods and inherent issues are reviewed from the literature, with an emphasis on qualitative research. The work of the authors is then highlighted, showing how qualitative methods can inform log analysis.FindingsThe paper suggests from the review that it is not only possible but also extremely fruitful to combine quantitative and qualitative data to interpret user behaviour.Originality/valueThe methods used by the group, known as “deep log analysis”, are innovative, and the attempt both to discuss these and to provide concrete examples from this research provides its originality.
A content analysis of literature regarding knowledge management opportunities for librarians
Authors: van Rooi Hazel , Snyman Retha 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on the progress of research regarding the opportunities for librarians within the context of knowledge management.Design/methodology/approachA content analysis of 28 full‐length journal articles indexed by Library Literature in the past ten years was conducted.FindingsFindings indicate that more researchers than practitioners are aware of knowledge management opportunities, utilised more literature reviews and based their findings on theory. In addition, an unexpected finding was that the majority of researchers communicated their findings in professional rather than scholarly journals. Practitioners should therefore give attention to studies conducted by researchers to become aware of opportunities they could not identify themselves.Research limitations/implicationsOnly full‐length journal articles indexed by Library Literature were included. Thus the findings may have limitations in their generalisability.Practical implicationsResults of the study may assist in the improvement of teaching and research in library and information science. Additionally, librarians may become aware of the opportunities and acquire guidelines on how to attain the necessary requirements towards enhancing their role and ultimately boosting their image.Originality/valueThe study shows the progress of research regarding the knowledge management opportunities for librarians to researchers and practitioners interested in this field.
Synergistic effect of 1‐dodecanethiol upon inhibition of Schiff bases on carbon steel corrosion in sulphuric acid media
Authors: Ehteshamzadeh Maryam , Shahrabi Taghi , Hosseini Mirghasem 
Published: July 2006

PurposeIn this paper, the main aim is to study the synergistic effects of alkanethiols upon inhibition of Schiff bases, N,N′‐ethylen‐bis and N,N′‐ortho‐phenylen‐bis in 0.5 M sulphuric acid solutions.Design/methodology/approachMeasurements were carried out in a three‐electrode cell assembly connected to the corrosion measurement system using software for Tafel polarization. Impedance measurements were carried out at open circuit potential using an electrochemical interface and frequency response analyzer at frequencies from 100 kHz to 10 MHz.FindingsResults obtained revealed that at high concentrations, each of the investigated Schiff bases and 1‐dodecanethiol (DT) were good inhibitors when added separately to the corrosive media. The decrease in corrosion rate was associated with an increase in their concentrations. It was found that the presence of DT together with Schiff bases in corrosive medium increased inhibition effect, especially at low concentrations. Synergistic effect is discussed from viewpoint of their co‐adsorption. The adsorption of combined inhibitors was found to follow Langmuir isotherm. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that adsorption of combined inhibitors had a physical nature.Research limitations/implicationsIn order to improve further the performance of Schiff bases and identifying their synergistic effects with other additives it is suggested that some more researches on other Schiff bases with other alkanethiol molecules must be done.Practical implicationsThe results of this paper can be used for acid cleaning of carbon steel in which suitable inhibitor systems with the highest efficiency is required.Originality/valueThis paper reveals that the presence of DT molecules in solution encourage the adsorption of Schiff bases by facilitating the electrostatic co‐adsorption of Schiff base molecules through a synergistic effect.
Isolation and characterization of vinegar culture (Acetobacter aceti) from indigenous sources
Authors: Zahoor Tahir , Siddique Farzana , Farooq Umar 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations has established that vinegar is a liquid only obtained by fermentation. Although in Pakistan mostly synthetic vinegar is marketed, production of vinegar through fermentation at industrial level is also carried out. However, vinegar produced by this method tends to be of inferior quality due to uncontrolled conditions. In industry a mixed culture of Acetobacter is used for the production of acetic acid but no attention is given towards its proper maintenance and culture is contaminated with other kinds of microorganisms and still no work has been done along these lines in Pakistan. There is a need to develop pure vinegar cultures for vinegar production so that the use of synthetic vinegar may be avoided as it is prohibited in most countries. Keeping in view all of these points, the present work was conducted to isolate a pure culture of Acetobacter aceti, the maintenance of this culture and finally its utilization in fermentation for vinegar production.Design/methodology/approachIn this study efforts were made to isolate vinegar culture (Acetobacter aceti) from sugar cane juice, rotten apples, flowers, wine, canal water and vinegar as a primary source for Acetobacter by continuous sub‐culturing on standard medium glucose, yeast extract and calcium carbonate (GYC). The culture was identified on the basis of colony characteristics and morphology. It was finally confirmed by different biochemical/enzymatic tests and further specified by nutritional and temperature requirements for the growth. The isolated strain was later used for the production of vinegar through fermentation.FindingsAmong canal water, crushed apples, sugar cane juice, alcohol, vinegar and flowers, the alcohol and vinegar were found to be the most suitable sources for isolation of Acetobacter spp. The colonies of purified culture were found to be pale to off‐white, circular, raised, convex, smooth and not >3 mm in diameter with morphology of Gram‐ve, ellipsoidal, rods, squat bacilli, roundish, single, in pairs and in chains. The isolated and identified spp. gave excellent results for the production of vinegar and this vinegar was more acceptable rather than commercially available fermented vinegar.Practical implicationAt industrial level good quality vinegar can be produced by using pure culture of Acetobacter aceti for acetic acid fermentation.Originality/valueThe research carried out is one of an original type as no work has been done in Pakistan previously. Further, for the accuracy of the results, all the practices were carried out in triplicates.
Leading global virtual teams
Authors: Brake Terence 
Published: July 2006

PurposeA new collaborative workplace is evolving which is both global and virtual. Those working in this environment are faced with two major challenges: isolation and confusion. This paper aims to look at what leaders can do to overcome these challenges.Design/methodology/approachBuilding on years of experience of working on and coaching global virtual teams, the author presents ten practical guidelines for enabling such teams to perform at their best. These guidelines highlight the importance of, for example, thinking proactively about the specific conditions faced by the team, applying cultural intelligence, staying person‐centric, establishing predictability, and driving for precise communications.FindingsApplying these guidelines helps teams co‐create a shared workplace that is conducive to efficiency and psychological wellbeing.Originality/valueVirtual global teamwork is only going to increase in the years ahead. This paper provides a basis on which leaders in the new workplace can begin re‐skilling themselves for leading at a distance.
Improved change readiness through supply chain competency development
Authors: Stentoft Arlbjørn Jan , de Haas Henning , Caspersen Rasmus , Johansen John , Nørmølle Jørgen 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to report on the experiences from a number of two‐day courses in fundamentals of supply chain management completed for about 200 employees in a case company. The courses were held in order to increase the organisation's competency level and by this prepare people for changes. The paper aims to test whether this course has had an effect on the implementation process and participants taking part in the course.Design/methodology/approachApplies two sets of questionnaires. The first questionnaire consists of evaluation sheets that were handed out to the participants and filled out at the end of each course. The second questionnaire was distributed by e‐mail to the participants of the completed courses.FindingsProvides evidence for the possibility to construct and complete a supply chain course that could increase competency level and change readiness.Practical implicationsIt takes time to obtain a common understanding of technical terms, concepts and the mechanisms for running supply chains efficiently. The involving part for such a course construction is the most important element.Originality/valueThere is little in the literature about how companies approach changes in global supply chains from a change management and competence perspective.
Assessing organizational ethics: measuring the gaps
Authors: Connor K.T. 
Published: July 2006

PurposeEthics in organizations has become a critical issue, one which requires an accurate assessment of ethical vision and of the alignment among various elements of the organization. Moreover, the sensitive nature of the concept requires a measurement methodology which counteracts the bias potential of self‐report assessment. This article proposes a way to address these requirements.Design/methodology/approachIt reviews the importance of addressing the ethics issue and delineates a methodology based on the logic of decision making rather than on taxonomies, codes, and self‐report. The basic understandings of axiology and axiometrics are described, as well as an axiological ethics model. Preliminary organizational analysis yields data addressing the issues of the relative importance afforded to key components of ethics by management and employees, and perceptions of the degree to which an ethical climate exists.FindingsThe data collected indicate that the organization studied had uneven alignment. Management misjudged the level of congruence between management's vision and employees' vision, and there were often wide gaps in both groups between vision and perceived reality. Moreover, some issues that were primary among employees received little attention by management.Originality/valueThe article proposes that this new axiometric methodology transcends the limits of both conventional self‐report and observation measures of sensitive issues, and provides an ideal resource for understanding an organization's targets for ethical training and transformation.
How to transform the profitability of city law firms: part I
Authors: Eales‐White Rupert 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe paper seeks to demonstrate in detail precisely how any city law firm can transform its profitability. Part 1 considers relevant concepts – change preference, paradigms and different approaches to creativity.Design/methodology/approachThe four change preferences are defined, and the impact of difference on language and approach to leadership is considerd. The profiles of partners in a city law firm are examined. The organisational paradigm or recipe for success is defined, and the impact of implicit beliefs or blind spots is considered. The paper seeks to provide the reader with an understanding of cognitive thinking styles – adaptive and innovative, and connect to the “cautious control” and “positive creative” change management preferences.FindingsPartners, on average, have a left‐brain bias and prefer to have a logically detached approach to change, rather than a focus on people issues. Decision takers have an innovative approach to change management. City law firms would best manage change by setting out a long‐term strategic intent, with a series of corporate challenges, implemented sequentially and connected to the past.Originality/valueThe paper will enable the reader to understand key relevant concepts and learn how law firms can most effectively manage change.
Towards an evolutionary perspective for human information behavior
Authors: Spink Amanda , Currier James 
Published: July 2006

PurposeSince the beginning of human existence, humankind has sought, organized and used information as it evolved patterns and practices of human information behaviors. However, the field of human information behavior (HIB) has not heretofore pursued an evolutionary understanding of information behavior. The goal of this exploratory study is to provide insight about the information behavior of various individuals from the past to begin the development of an evolutionary perspective for our understanding of HIB.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents findings from a qualitative analysis of the autobiographies and personal writings of several historical figures, including Napoleon Bonaparte, Charles Darwin, Giacomo Casanova and others.FindingsAnalysis of their writings shows that these persons of the past articulated aspects of their HIB's, including information seeking, information organization and information use, providing tangible insights into their information‐related thoughts and actions.Practical implicationsThis paper has implications for expanding the nature of our evolutionary understanding of information behavior and provides a broader context for the HIB research field.Originality/valueThis the first paper in the information science field of HIB to study the information behavior of historical figures and begin to develop an evolutionary framework for HIB research.
Where is the wisdom that we have lost in knowledge?
Authors: Rowley Jennifer 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThis article aims to define and explore the nature of wisdom, managerial wisdom, organisational wisdom and wisdom management.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws on some of the diverse writings on wisdom, and explores the relevance of wisdom in the context of knowledge management.FindingsWisdom has received little attention in the information management and systems, knowledge management and management literature. This is surprising since in this knowledge‐based economy the link between data, information and knowledge is seen as pivotal by practitioners, consultants and academics.Originality/valueThe article explores the nature of organisational wisdom and identifies a number of areas for further theory‐making and empirical investigation.
Roadmap to change: emerging roles for information professionals
Authors: Obiora Omekwu Charles , Eteng Uwem 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo map out routes along which the library and information profession can chart its future development.Design/methodology/approachA literature‐based opinion piece which looks at “roadmaps to change” in library and information work from the historical, knowledge economy and information technology perspectives.FindingsChange is inevitable for organizational survival and the maintenance of professional relevance.Practical implicationsLibrarians and information professionals are by training positioned to continue to make a difference in information handling and management both now and in the future. The paper recommends the forms of repositioning that are vital for them if they are to continue to be relevant in information service delivery.Originality/valueNew and emerging roles for the profession are highlighted from various authors and authorities in the field.
Library and information science distance education and continuing professional development in Pakistan
Authors: Aslam Bhatti Muhammad , Arif Muhammad 
Published: July 2006

PurposeTo reiterate and update previous work in this area in the light of intervening developments in educational technology; and in particular to demonstrate the value of distance education for those sections of Pakistani society who are not well served by conventional educational methods. Those in need of workplace learning and similar forms of educational outreach are an important subset of this population.Design/methodology/approachThis is a historical account of distance learning in LIS education in Pakistan, with particular reference to the role of the Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU), and also some conclusions and pointers for the future drawing on developments from 1999 to date.FindingsDistance education has a unique role to play in Pakistan, where high university drop‐out rates in conventional Higher Education, the need for outreach to the remote, rural poor, and the social barriers placed between women and participation in traditional education are notable features of social and educational life.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper presents some of the challenges to be faced by practitioner researchers in helping further understanding of how distance learning and education can be offered successfully to a variety of sections of Pakistani society, including those with a need for vocational training in general and for continuing professional development in the workplace in particular.Practical implicationsThe example chosen of Allama Iqbal Open University (AIOU) gives a practical context to the paper's assertions about the value and potential of distance education in the developing world.Originality/valueThe paper gives some insight into how ‘developed’ world models of distance education, delivered via the new media, might offer the way forward to existing distance education activities in the developing world.