bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization for Motorcycle Tire Using Explicit FEM
Authors: Koide M. , Heguri H. , Kamegawa T. , Nakajima Y. , Ogawa H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A new procedure of the crown contour design for the motorcycle tire is proposed in this paper. The explicit finite element method (FEM) combined with the neural network has been utilized to optimize the cornering property of the motorcycle tire. For the motorcycle tire, the camber thrust is one of the most important cornering characteristics. The explicit FEM has been utilized for the camber thrust prediction to avoid poor numerical stability that will be caused by the implicit FEM. The prediction of the camber thrust that the results of finite element analyses (FEA) were in good agreement with the experimental results has been verified. For the approximation of the design space in the optimization, the neural network has been utilized to circumvent the multipeak and huge CPU time problems. The objective functions of the optimization were both the linearity of camber thrust and the uniformity of pressure distribution in the contact area. The design variable was the crown contour expressed by three variables, and the number of variables was defined in consideration of decreasing the number of FEA. The procedure has been applied to the practical development of a motorcycle tire and verified to be an effective method to improve the handling performance at the proving ground.
Application of a Shell-Spring Model for the Optimization of Radial Tire Contour Using a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Unnithan G. , KrishnaKumar R. , Prasad A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Optimization gives a new facet to design and development of tires. A new approach to the tire profile optimization is proposed in this study. The optimization procedure is integrated with a simple shell-spring finite element model for faster evaluation. In the shell-spring model, the shell elements represent the tire carcass, whereas the tread is represented by the spring elements. This is applied for the optimization of the tire contour for better maneuverability. The genetic algorithm, an evolutionary optimization procedure that is robust and efficient in solving complex optimization problems, is chosen. A new tire contour is obtained that improves tire maneuverability by increasing the sidewall belt tension.
Transient Finite Element Analysis of Tire Dynamic Behavior
Authors: Rao K. , Kumar R. , Bohara P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Dynamic behavior of a pneumatic tire is simulated by use of an explicit finite element (FE) code. Different parts of the tire and their corresponding material properties are taken into account in the FE model because they play a significant role in tire dynamics. The work presented in this study discusses simulation of cornering behavior, braking behavior, and combined cornering-cum-braking behavior. The effects of camber angle and grooved tread on tire cornering behavior are discussed. ABAQUS/Explicit, a general non-linear FE code, was used for these simulations. To predict the Magic Formula characteristics over a complete range, various simulations are performed at different normal loads and operating conditions. Predicted Magic Formula curves from the simulation results for various dynamic conditions closely follow the experimental data curves. Even though these simulations demand huge computational resources, the predicted Magic Formula curves can be directly used as input in the complete study of vehicle dynamics. Thus, this proposed approach minimizes the costly experiments needed to determine the Magic Formula characteristics and thereby forms a viable tool in the design and the development of tires.
Prediction of Snow/Tire Interaction Using Explicit FEM and FVM
Authors: Seta E. , Kamegawa T. , Nakajima Y. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A three-dimensional prediction model has been developed in which the interaction between snow and a rolling tire with tread pattern is considered. An explicit finite element method (FEM) and a finite volume method (FVM) are used to model tire and snow respectively. Snow deformation is calculated by the Eulerian formulation to solve the complex interaction between snow and tire tread pattern. Coupling between a tire and snow is automatically computed by the coupling element. Numerical modeling of snow is essential to the tire performance prediction on snow. In this study, snow is assumed to be homogeneous and considered to be an elasto-plastic material. The Mohr-Coulomb yield model, in which the yield stress is a single function of pressure, is adopted. This function is investigated by tire traction tests under a wide range of tire contact pressures using several tires with different inflation pressures and patterns. The predicted results using the Mohr-Coulomb yield model are compared with those using the Capped Drucker-Pragger and the Cam-Clay yield models. Snow traction of a tire featuring different tread patterns is simulated by this technology. Results are shown to be in good qualitative agreement with experimental data.
Tread Discontinuities as Source of Vibration/Noise — Transient Dynamics of Rolling Tire
Authors: Liu H. H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire vibrations supply energy for noise generation. Tread band features, such as grooves and blade cuts, affect noise signatures since they impart vibrations to a rolling tire. Finite element transient dynamics simulations have been performed with ABAQUS/Explicit on a rolling passenger tire to examine the vibrations induced by the entrance of tread pattern discontinuities into the contact patch. The loaded tire rolls on a 3.05 m (10 ft) diameter drum at terminal speeds of 4.3 km/h (2.7 mph) and 34.4 km/h (21.4 mph). Three models with augmented discontinuities in the circumferential ribs have been examined: 1) continuous (control); 2) angled lateral grooves; and 3) transverse grooves. They are ordered in increasing severity of rib discontinuity. The induced rolling vibrations are evaluated by identifying the ‘perturbed’ dynamic responses of (2) and (3) from (1). The results indicate that any discontinuity or abruptness in tread patterns can induce vibrations, which are similar in nature, for the two speeds studied. The higher rolling speed changes only the amplitudes, but not the frequencies of the induced oscillations at the free spindle. The ‘perturbed’ vibrations for both speeds manifest at the spindle as translational (vertical) and rotational (axial) oscillations of 29 and 44 Hz, respectively, for the tire studied.
Obstacle Impact Simulation of an ATV Using an Efficient Tire Model
Authors: Mousseau R. , Markale G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
When a vehicle travels over a large obstacle at a significant speed, dynamic loads are created that are severe enough to cause damage to its components. Prediction of these impact loads early in the design can greatly aid the vehicle development process. Thus, automobile manufactures have devoted considerable effort developing computer models to simulate durability events. An important part of any durability simulation is the tire model. This paper focuses on the problem of efficiently predicting dynamic loads that occur when an all terrain vehicle (ATV) impacts obstacle impact. An ATV simulation model that uses an efficient and simple tire model to represent the enveloping behavior and dynamic response was developed with the AUTOSIM multibody dynamics program. This program, using Kane's Method and symbolic algebra to automatically generate fully parametric simulations that are both efficient and easy to use, was used to model both the tire and ATV rigid body dynamics. This paper describes the combined ATV multi-body vehicle dynamics and tire simulation. To demonstrate the effectiveness of tire simulation, results from the efficient tire model isolated from the vehicle are compared to output from a nonlinear finite element model. Also, the paper compares results from the full vehicle ATV simulation and a field test.
A Prototype Instrument to Evaluate Fatigue Damage in the Sidewalls of Steel-Belted Radial Truck Tires
Authors: dos Reis H. L. M. , Golko P. J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Using the acousto-ultrasonic approach, a prototype instrument capable of detecting and evaluating ply cord fatigue damage, which is a likely cause of the zipper mode of failure in radial steel belted truck tires, has been developed. The instrument has the potential to be production oriented and capable of being used for on-line inspection of new or used tires. The instrument is capable of producing color-coded scans, thereby reducing the possibility of operator error that could result in damaged tires being placed in service. Results for two tires, one with seeded defects and the other with field fatigue damage, are presented and discussed.
Tire Bead Overheating in Urban Buses and Trucks Using Drum Brake Systems
Authors: Costa A. L. A. , Natalini M. , Inglese M. F. , Xavier O. A. M. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Because the structural integrity of brake systems and tires can be related to the temperature, this work proposes a transient heat transfer finite element analysis (FEA) model to study the overheating in drum brake systems used in trucks and urban buses. To understand the mechanics of overheating, some constructive variants have been modeled regarding the assemblage: brake, rims, and tires. The model simultaneously studies the thermal energy generated by brakes and tires and how the heat is transferred and dissipated by conduction, convection, and radiation. The simulated FEA data and the experimental temperature profiles measured with thermocouples have been compared giving good correlation.
Transient Dynamics of a Tire Rolling over Small Obstacles — A Finite Element Approach with PAM-SHOCK
Authors: Kamoulakos A. , Kao B. G. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The capability of PAM-SHOCK, for studying the transient dynamic responses of a rolling tire impacting a road imperfection (“bump”) is presented. An industrial test case, that is, a tire rolling on a spinning drum that contains a cleat, was simulated using PAM-SHOCK. The simulation includes pressurization of the tire, loading the tire against the drum and progressive rotating of the drum until the tire model reached a steady state rotation speed corresponding to 30 mph spindle velocity, and, finally, impacting of the tire with the cleat. The excess vertical and horizontal spindle force histories extracted from this simulation were studied and compared against experimental measurements. The similarities between them were identified. The simulation was further extended for six more repeated impacts corresponding to 21 tire revolutions to demonstrate the reliability of the program in providing a stable solution to the tire impact problem. The results are contrasted against the equivalent unstable calculation results.
A Material Model for Simulating the Hysteretic Behavior of Filled Rubber for Rolling Tires
Authors: Becker A. , Dorsch V. , Kaliske M. , Rothert H. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The hysteretic behavior of tire rubber compounds was investigated by tension/compression tests at different strains and strain rates, dynamic tests with varying frequencies and amplitudes, and tests with small cycle loading and unloading. According to these effects, a material model was developed that considers the complex frequency dependent (viscoelastic) as well as the rate independent (elastoplastic) inelastic behavior of filled rubber. This model combines different rheological elements representing viscous and plastic effects. The approach is valid for large strains.
The hysteretic model has been implemented in an in-house FE code to analyze tire behavior assuming a constant driving velocity. The numerical algorithm is robust and shows excellent convergence, making it suitable even for large tire models. In computations for rolling tires, the consideration of the hysteresis yields a direct calculation of rolling resistance and energy dissipation, thus the new material law should prove useful in simulations of wear and durability.
Structure-Borne Vibration Transmission in a Tire and Wheel Assembly
Authors: Lee J. J. , Pham H. Q. , Moore J. A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Vibration transmission through tires due to forces generated by the road-tire interaction during rolling over a rough road surface is an important source of noise in the vehicle interior over a wide frequency range. Vibration transmission along the tire tread and across the sidewalls to the rim was measured by striking the tread with an impact hammer in generating transfer functions for comparison with results from an SEA model of the wheel. The effects of tire and rim resonances are noted. Transfer functions to acoustic levels in the tire cavity were also measured.
Influence of Wheel Alignment and Tire Characteristics on Vehicle Drift
Authors: Yamazaki S. , Fujikawa T. , Suzuki T. , Yamaguchi I. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Tire properties are some of the most important factors causing vehicle drift. In this paper, the influences of wheel alignment and tire properties on vehicle drift are discussed. The relationship between the wheel alignment of a vehicle and vehicle drift are examined. Also analyzed is the relationship between vehicle drift and front tire torque by using a four-wheel model while considering tire characteristics. The calculated front tire torque is compared with vehicle drift.
Effects of Carbon Black and Process Oil on Viscoelastic Properties and Tire Wet Skid Resistance
Authors: Takino H. , Takahashi H. , Yamano K. , Kohjiya S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Wet skid resistance for rubbers with a wide range of carbon black loadings and process oil loadings was investigated from the viewpoints of viscoelastic properties and abrasion properties. An analysis of wet skid resistance by the factors of Tα and BPST abrasion, which was effectively performed on a wide range of polymers in a previous report, gave a poor correlation this time. In the case of a wide range of carbon black loadings and oil loadings, the factors of tan δ and BPST abrasion had a good relationship with wet skid resistance. In this study, tan δ at 7°C was found to be a suitable factor corresponding to adhesion loss and hysteresis loss in rubber friction. By the evaluation of abrasions, BPST abrasion and PICO abrasion were estimated to be governed by different mechanisms.
Application of a Neural Network for the Optimization of Tire Design
Authors: Nakajima Y. , Kadowaki H. , Kamegawa T. , Ueno K. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
When there are multiple peaks in the design space, it is difficult to obtain the global optimum by mathematical programming. The procedure to obtain the pseudo-global optimum in the multiple-peak problem is to select the best solution from many local optimums starting from different initial values. However, this approach requires large computer resources and has difficulty in obtaining the pseudo-optimum in a problem with many peaks, due to the complicated design space.
We propose more efficient and robust optimization procedures for the multiple-peak problem. In this approach, a neural network is applied for the approximation of the design space by learning the data when design variables are systematically changed, by employing a design of experiments. Since the neural network can approximate the nonlinear space, it can be applied for the approximation of the complicated design space. Moreover, since the number of analyses is determined by the design of experiments, it is much smaller than that of the mathematical programming. Hence the CPU time for optimization can be decreased by the proposed method. The proposed method is applied to the optimization of tire contact performance and is verified to be effective to improve the handling and wear of a tire.
Effect of Suspension Alignment and Modest Cornering on the Footprint Behavior of Performance Tires and Heavy Duty Radial Tires
Authors: Pottinger M. G. , McIntyre J. E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Typical uneven wear originates from energy intensity differentials occurring in ordinary tire usage at moderate operational conditions. In this paper the footprint behavior of a typical performance tire and of typical heavy-duty radial tires are compared and contrasted with the intent of shedding light on the study of uneven wear. The examination is extended to modest lateral acceleration conditions, less than 0.3 g, with the greatest emphasis being on the behavior of the performance tire. Examples of very detailed information on the normal stress, lateral stress, longitudinal stress, lateral displacement, and longitudinal displacement fields within contact are examined. The concept of “virtual wear,” based on the use of shear energy intensity, is introduced as a way to predict uneven wear propensity in any number of different tests from the results of a single, nondestructive, indoor experiment.
An Analytical Model for the Transient Rolling Resistance Behavior of Tires
Authors: Mars W. V. , Luchini J. R. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The rolling resistance of tires has received increased attention as automakers and consumers seek to improve fuel economy. Standard rolling resistance tests are currently performed to characterize steady state rolling resistance. The transient rolling resistance behavior is also of interest, but requires more elaborate and more expensive testing.
This paper presents a theory to predict the transient response of rolling resistance to changes in velocity, from empirical data generated at steady state. The current model neglects the effect of changes in inflation pressure. A general relationship is derived for an arbitrary velocity history. The special case for instantaneous velocity histories is investigated. The model is then compared with experimental results. Finally, we use the model to predict transient rolling resistance results for coast down testing, and a simulated urban driving cycle.
The model provides a simple and effective way to determine transient tire rolling resistance from steady state test results. This may reduce the need for transient testing in the future.
A New Methodology to Get Reliable Input Data for Handling Simulations
Authors: Mancosu F. , Speziari D. , Ceresa M. , Sbarbati P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a methodology to obtain tire and vehicle parameters suitable for handling simulations, describing the experimental activity needed, a vehicle model, and an appropriate identification algorithm. The vehicle model has four degrees of freedom and takes into account roll movements, load transfers among the four tires, and lateral tire forces, described by the Magic Formula with transient behavior. The resulting system has 10 state variables.
A vehicle was equipped with standard sensors used by vehicle manufacturers in handling maneuvers and wheel vector transducers that measure the displacements and angles of the four hubs with respect to the chassis. Handling tests were performed, and some of the results were used to identify the tire Magic Formula coefficients and part of the vehicle parameters, using an Extended Kalman filter. The remaining tests were used for the validation: the results showed good agreement between simulations and measurements, confirming the validity of the model and the accuracy of the parameters' estimation.
Standardization in Tire Modeling and Tire Testing — TYDEX Workgroup, TIME Project
Authors: van Oosten J. J. M. , Unrau H.-J. , Riedel A. , Bakker E. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
As a result of the 1st International Colloquium on Tire Models for Vehicle Dynamics Analysis in 1991, the international TYDEX Workshop working group was established. This workshop concentrated on the standardization of the exchange of tire measurement data and the interface between tire and vehicle models in order to improve the communications between vehicle manufacturers, suppliers, and research organizations. The development and knowledge of tire behavior is of great importance to both the tire and vehicle industries and will be intensified. Therefore the TYDEX Workshop received great interest from all parties to come to some kind of standardization.
In the two expert groups, one of which focused on Tire Measurements — Tire Modeling and the other on Tire Modeling — Vehicle Modeling, the TYDEX-Format and the standard tire interface have been developed, which will be explained in this paper.
Furthermore, a short overview of the European TIME project aiming at a standard tire testing procedure will be given, which is reliable and consistent with realistic driving conditions. Standard testing procedures are some of the important consequences of the TYDEX Workshop.
A Laboratory Device to Measure the Interfacial Phenomena between Rubber and Rough Surfaces
Authors: Garro L. , Gurnari G. , Nicoletto G. , Serra A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The interfacial phenomena between tread rubber compounds and rough surfaces are responsible for most of the behavior of a tire on the road. A new device was developed for the investigation of these phenomena in the laboratory. The device consists of a fully instrumented road wheel on which a simple geometry specimen is driven. The possibilities offered by this device are to perform tests at constant slip or at constant torque on both wet and dry surfaces, with complex cycles. The machine allows the measurement of slip, tangential forces, and temperature on the specimen, and computer software adds the possibility of applying Fourier analyses on force, road wheel speed, and specimen speed data. Other possibilities offered by the road wheel are to change the road surface, the load on the specimen, and the water rate. The description of a complete experiment is detailed in the paper showing the correlation of data with actual tire performances.
A Finite Element Model for the Rolling Loss Prediction and Fracture Analysis of Radial Tires
Authors: Wei Y.-T. , Tian Z.-H. , Du X. W. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
With the development of tire mechanics and computer technology, tire deformation, rolling resistance, and temperature distribution under rolling conditions may be predicted accurately through finite element analysis (FEA). Deep knowledge of tire fracture and failure behavior may also be obtained by FEA. During the past years, an in-house finite element program has been developed in our research laboratory which can analyze the tire deformation, stress, and strain under the static inflation and footprint load conditions and can predict the tire rolling resistance and temperature distribution as well. This paper gives a brief description of the mathematical and mechanical foundations of the developed FEA code and the computing procedures, emphasizing the tire material loss model and the calculation procedure of strain energy release rate in tire fracture analysis. Two characteristics of the presented model compared with the published literature are the three-dimensional anisotropic properties included in the loss model of cord-rubber materials and a new VCCT (Virtual Crack Closure Technique), which is simple and physically direct, saves on the amount of computation, and is developed to compute the fields of strain energy release rates (Serrs) in the crack front to analyze tire fracture behavior.