bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anti-symmetric Hamiltonians (II): Variational resolutions for Navier–Stokes and other nonlinear evolutions
Authors: Ghoussoub Nassif , Moameni Abbas 
Published: January 2008

The nonlinear selfdual variational principle established in a preceding paper [N. Ghoussoub, Anti-symmetric Hamiltonians: Variational resolution of Navier–Stokes equations and other nonlinear evolutions, Comm. Pure Appl. Math. 60 (5) (2007) 619–653] – though good enough to be readily applicable in many stationary nonlinear partial differential equations – did not however cover the case of nonlinear evolutions such as the Navier–Stokes equations. One of the reasons is the prohibitive coercivity condition that is not satisfied by the corresponding selfdual functional on the relevant path space. We show here that such a principle still hold for functionals of the form

I(u)\! =\!\! \int \limits_{0}^{T}\!\left[L\left(t,u(t),\.{u}(t)\! +\! \Lambda u(t)\right) +\langle \Lambda u(t),u(t)\rangle \right] dt\! +\! ℓ\! \left(u(0)\!−\!u(T),\frac{u(T)\! +\! u(0)}{2}\right)

where

L

(resp.,

ℓ

) is an anti-selfdual Lagrangian on state space (resp., boundary space), and

Λ

is an appropriate nonlinear operator on path space. As a consequence, we provide a variational formulation and resolution to evolution equations involving nonlinear operators such as the Navier–Stokes equation (in dimensions 2 and 3) with various boundary conditions. In dimension 2, we recover the well-known solutions for the corresponding initial-value problem as well as periodic and anti-periodic ones, while in dimension 3 we get Leray solutions for the initial-value problems, but also solutions satisfying

u(0) = \alpha u(T)

for any given

α

in

(−1,1)

. Our approach is quite general and does apply to many other situations.

Résumé
Le principe variationnel auto-dual nonlinéaire établi par le premier auteur dans un article antérieur – quoique suffisant pour les équations nonlinéaires stationnaires – ne couvrait pas le cas des équations d'évolution de Navier–Stokes. Celà est dû aux hypothèses de coercivité forte requises, qui sont rarement satisfaites par les fonctionnelles auto-duales une fois définies sur les espaces de trajectoires. Dans cet article, on établit un nouveau principe variationnel qui s'applique à des fonctionnelles de la forme

I(u)\! =\!\! \int \limits_{0}^{T}\!\left[L\left(t,u(t),\.{u}(t)\! +\! \Lambda u(t)\right) +\langle \Lambda u(t),u(t)\rangle \right] dt\! +\! ℓ\! \left(u(0)\!−\!u(T),\frac{u(T)\! +\! u(0)}{2}\right)

où

L

(resp.,

ℓ

) est un Lagrangien anti-autodual sur l'espace des états (resp., sur la frontière), et

Λ

est un opérateur convenable sur un espace de trajectoires. Comme application, on retrouve variationellement entre autres, les solutions de Leray pour les équations de Navier–Stokes en dimension 2 et 3 avec, soit des conditions initiales, ou soit des conditions au bord de type périodiques. L'approche est assez générale pour s'appliquer à d'autres équations d'évolution non linéaire.
Validity and Reliability of the Japanese Version of the European Heart Failure Self-Care Behavior Scale
Authors: Kato Naoko , Ito Naomi , Kinugawa Koichiro , Kazuma Keiko 
Published: January 2008

Background: It is important to assess the self-care behavior of patients with heart failure. However, in Japan, there is no valid and reliable scale for this purpose. The European Heart Failure Self-Care Behavior Scale (EHFScBS) is used to measure the self-care behavior of heart failure patients. The purpose of this study was to translate the EHFScBS into Japanese and evaluate its validity and reliability. Methods and results: A convenience sample of 116 outpatients with heart failure completed the Japanese version of the EHFScBS. Confirmatory factor analysis demonstrated the one-dimensionality of the scale. The Japanese version of the EHFScBS was significantly correlated with another scale, which was considered to evaluate the concept linked with the self-care behavior theoretically. These confirm its construct validity. Cronbach's alpha was 0.71, suggesting that internal consistency was satisfactory. Test–retest reliability was evaluated. The intraclass correlation coefficient of the scale was 0.69 and weighted kappa for individual items was 0.33–0.87, suggesting that test–retest reliability is adequate. Conclusions: The Japanese version of the EHFScBS was showed acceptable validity and reliability. It can be used to evaluate self-care behavior of Japanese patients with heart failure.
Electroacupuncture attenuates bone cancer‐induced hyperalgesia and inhibits spinal preprodynorphin expression in a rat model
Authors: Zhang Rui‐Xin , Li Aihui , Liu Bing , Wang Linbo , Xin Jiajia , Ren Ke , Qiao Jian‐Tian , Berman Brian M. , Lao Lixing 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCancer pain impairs the quality of life of cancer patients, but opioid intervention can cause significant side effects that further decrease quality of life. Although electroacupuncture (EA) has been used to treat cancer pain, its mechanisms are largely unknown. To examine its effects and underlying mechanisms on cancer pain, we injected AT‐3.1 prostate cancer cells into the tibia to induce bone cancer in the male Copenhagen rat. The resulting pain was treated with 10Hz/2mA/0.4ms pulse EA for 30min daily at the point equivalent to the human acupoint GB30 (Huantiao) between days 14 and 18 after the injection. For sham control, EA needles were inserted into GB30 without stimulation. Thermal hyperalgesia, a decrease in paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to a noxious thermal stimulus, and mechanical hyperalgesia, a decrease in paw withdrawal pressure threshold (PWPT), was measured at baseline and 20min after the EA treatment. Preprodynorphin mRNA and dynorphin were determined by RT‐PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively. Thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia developed ipsilaterally between days 12 and 18 after cancer cell inoculation. EA significantly (P<0.05) attenuated this hyperalgesia, as shown by increased PWL and PWPT, and inhibited up‐regulation of preprodynorphin mRNA and dynorphin compared to sham control. Intrathecal injection of antiserum against dynorphin A (1–17) also significantly inhibited the cancer‐induced hyperalgesia.These results suggest that EA alleviates bone cancer pain at least in part by suppressing dynorphin expression, and they support the clinical use of EA in the treatment of cancer pain.
Heparanase expression increases throughout the endometrial hyperplasia–cancer sequence
Authors: Canaani Jonathan , Ilan Neta , Back Stella , Gutman Guy , Vlodavsky Israel , Grisaru Dan 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the expression of heparanase in the different stages leading to endometrial cancer.MethodsThe 38 examined specimens included adenocarcinoma, hyperplasia, and normal endometrium specimens. Heparanase, estrogen, and progesterone receptor expressions were analyzed immunohistochemically and the intensity was scored.ResultsSecretory normal endometrium and simple hyperplasia specimens expressed the lowest mean values of expression (1.00 and 0.63, respectively); the complex hyperplasia specimens and G2 endometrioid adenocarcinoma showed the highest values of expression (2.33 and 2.71, respectively). A linear trend (P = 0.005) of heparanase expression was observed when comparing the normal endometrium and simple hyperplasia group with the complex hyperplasia + G1 carcinoma group and the G2 + G3 carcinoma group. Evaluation of atrophic and inactive endometrium compared with papillary serous carcinomas yielded no significant differences. We found no significant correlation between heparanase expression and estrogen receptor or progesterone receptor expression.ConclusionHeparanase expression was tightly regulated in endometrial tumorigenesis.
Hysterosalpingographic findings in infertile women with genital tuberculosis
Authors: Sharma Jai Bhagwan , Pushparaj Mohanraj , Roy Kallol Kumar , Neyaz Zafar , Gupta Nupur , Jain Sunesh Kumar , Mittal Suneeta 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo evaluate the hysterosalpingographic findings from infertile women who were subsequently diagnosed with genital tuberculosis.MethodsA retrospective study of 70 infertile women who underwent hysterosalpingography to investigate infertility and were subsequently diagnosed with genital tuberculosis.ResultsThe mean age of the women was 27.3 years and the mean duration of infertility was 6.1 years. A total of 57 (81.4%) women had primary infertility while 13 had secondary infertility. Diagnosis of genital tuberculosis was made by polymerase chain reaction (54.3%), tuberculous granuloma on biopsy (22.8%), acid‐fast bacilli culture (2.8%), and at laparoscopy or hysteroscopy (20%). Hysterosalpingographic findings were a normal uterine cavity observed in 57.1% of women, an irregular cavity in 18.5%, a shrunken cavity in 2.8%, and an irregular filling defect in 18.5%. Synechiae were observed in 17.1% of women.ConclusionGenital tuberculosis is a common cause of infertility in India, causing significant uterine and tubal pathologies.
Wide genital hiatus is a risk factor for recurrence following anterior vaginal repair
Authors: Medina Carlos A. , Candiotti Keith , Takacs Peter 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine if a wide genital hiatus is a risk factor for recurrence of anterior vaginal wall prolapse following anterior vaginal repair.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed on patients who had undergone an anterior vaginal wall repair. Patients were placed into 1 of 2 groups: wide genital hiatus (≥ 5 cm) or normal genital hiatus (< 5 cm). The wide genital hiatus group (n = 35) was compared with the normal genital hiatus group (n = 30) for surgical failure.ResultsThere were no significant differences between the 2 groups in demographic data, additional operative procedures, or apical suspensions. The rate of postoperative anterior vaginal wall prolapse was greater in patients with a wide genital hiatus compared with those with a normal genital hiatus (34.3% vs 10% respectively; odds ratio 4.7 [95% confidence interval, 1.0–24.1]; P = 0.02).ConclusionThe rate of recurrent anterior vaginal wall prolapse is higher in patients with a wide genital hiatus.
Identification of 14 new single nucleotide polymorphisms in the bovineSLC27A1gene and evaluation of their association with milk fat content
Authors: Ordovas Laura , Zaragoza Pilar , Altarriba Juan , Rodellar Clementina 
Published: January 2008

The solute carrier family 27 member 1 (SLC27A1) is an integral membrane protein involved in the transport of long-chain fatty acids across the plasma membrane. This protein has been implicated in diet-induced obesity and is thought to be important in the control of energy homeostasis. In previous reports, our group described the isolation and characterization of the bovineSLC27A1gene. The bovine gene is organized in 13 exons spanning over more than 40 kb of genomic DNA and maps in BTA 7 where several quantitative trait loci for fat related traits have been described. Because of its key role in lipid metabolism and its genomic localization, in the present work the search for variability in the bovineSLC27A1gene was carried out with the aim of evaluating its potential association with milk fat content in dairy cattle. By sequencing analysis of all exons and flanking regions 14 new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified: 1 in the promoter, 7 in introns and 6 in exons. Allele frequencies of all the SNPs were calculated by minisequencing analysis in two groups of Holstein-Friesian animals with highest and lowest milk-fat content estimated breeding values as well as in animals of two Spanish cattle breeds, Asturiana de los Valles and Menorquina. In the conditions assayed, no significant differences between Holstein-Friesian groups were found for any of the SNPs, suggesting that theSLC27A1gene may have a poor or null effect on milk fat content. In Asturiana and Menorquina breeds all the positions were polymorphic with the exception of SNPs 1 and 8 in which C allele was fixed in both of them.
Identification of peptides in milk as a result of proteolysis at different levels of somatic cell counts using LC MALDI MS/MS detection
Authors: Wedholm Anna , Møller Hanne S , Lindmark-Månsson Helena , Rasmussen Morten D , Andrén Anders , Larsen Lotte B 
Published: January 2008

The somatic cell count (SCC) in milk is associated with increasing proteolytic degradation of caseins and it has been suggested that enzymes derived from somatic cells contribute to a lower yield and poorer quality of cheese. It is essential to increase the knowledge on naturally occurring milk proteinase activities to better understand how to improve the technological quality of milk. The aim of this work was to identify peptides actually present in milk as a result of proteolysis at different levels of SCC and to assign these peptides to potential responsible proteases where possible. Peptide fractions were prepared from acid whey by ultrafiltration at a molecular cut-off value of 10 000 Da. The peptides were separated using capillary reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC) and identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight tandem mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS/MS). Peptides identified ranged in mass from 1023 to 2000 Da, and originated from αS1-, αS2- or β-casein. Possible responsible proteases that could be suggested when examining the peptide cleavage sites included plasmin, cathepsin B, D and leukocyte elastase. The results indicated that plasmin was primarily responsible for the observed proteolysis in milk at low cell count, whereas the cathepsins and elastase became implicated at elevated cell count. Specificity and activity of cathepsins and elastase has earlier mainly been studied in model systems, whereas less is known about their activities in milk itself. This is also the first indication of involvement of elastase in milk proteolysis through the unequivocal determination of cleavage sites.
Activity againstListeria monocytogenesof human milk during lactation. A preliminary study
Authors: López-Expósito Iván , Manso María Asunción , López-Fandiño Rosina , Recio Isidra 
Published: January 2008

Human milk samples from three healthy donors were investigated in order to evaluate the antibacterial activity during lactation againstEscherichia coliATCC 25922 andListeria monocytogenes. The concentration of the main human-milk antimicrobial proteins (lactoferrin (LF), lysozyme (LZ) and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA)) was determined by ELISA. Results showed that human milk exhibited antibacterial activity againstList. monocytogenes, although it was weakly active againstEsch. coliATCC 25922. The observed antilisterial activity was positively correlated with LZ concentration. In addition, the effect of gastrointestinal proteases, at different pH conditions, that prevail in the stomach of infants (pH 2·0–6·5), on antilisterial activity and protein degradation was evaluated. Hydrolysis with pepsin at pH 4·0–6·5, followed by treatment with pancreatic enzymes, resulted in a decreased hydrolysis of LZ, LF and sIgA and an enhanced antibacterial activity againstList. monocytogenes. It is suggested that partial degradation of certain milk proteins at the gastrointestinal level may produce peptides that could act synergistically with the remnant intact proteins.
Milk quality as affected by grazing time of day in Mediterranean goats
Authors: Avondo Marcella , Bonanno Adriana , Pagano Renato I , Valenti Bernardo , Grigoli Antonio Di , Luigia Alicata M , Galofaro Vittorio , Pennisi Pietro 
Published: January 2008

We evaluated the effect of grazing time of day on goat milk chemical composition, renneting properties and milk fatty acid profile in a Mediterranean grazing system. Sixteen lactating Girgentana goats were divided into two experimental groups and housed in individual pens, where they received 500 g/d of barley grain. For 5 weeks the two groups were left to graze in two fenced plots on a ryegrass sward as follows: morning group (AM), from 9·00 to 13·00; afternoon group (PM), from 12·00 to 16·00. In selected herbage, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) increased in the afternoon (204 v. 174 g/kg dry matter, DM; P=0·01), whereas crude protein (CP) and linolenic acid decreased (respectively, 16·7 v. 19·8% DM; P<0·01 and 26·8 v. 30·4 g/kg DM; P<0·01). Pasture dry matter intake (DMI) was significantly higher in the afternoon (0·82 v. 0·75 kg/d; P=0·026). Fat corrected milk production (FCM), milk fat and lactose content were not affected by treatment, whereas protein and titrable acidity (°SH) increased in the PM group (respectively 3·56 v. 3·42%; P=0·01; 3·55 v. 3·22°SH/50 ml; P=0·01). In contrast, milk urea content was significantly higher in the AM group (381 v. 358 mg/l; P=0·037). The results seem to indicate that an improvement in ruminal efficiency might be obtained by shifting grazing time from morning to afternoon, as a consequence of a more balanced ratio between nitrogenous compounds and sugars. Indeed, the higher linolenic acid and the lower conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) (respectively 1·02 v. 0·90, P=0·037; 0·71 v. 0·81% of total fatty acids, P=0·022) in the milk of goats grazing in the afternoon seem to indicate a reduced biohydrogenation activity in the PM group.
Ultra-High Pressure Homogenization-Induced Changes in Skim Milk: Impact on Acid Coagulation Properties
Authors: Serra Mar , Trujillo Antonio J , Jaramillo Pamela D , Guamis Buenaventura , Ferragut* Victoria 
Published: January 2008

The effects of ultra-high pressure homogenization (UHPH) on skim milk yogurt making properties were investigated. UHPH-treated milk was compared with conventionally homogenised (15 MPa) heat-treated skim milk (90°C for 90 s), and to skim milk treated under the same thermal conditions but fortified with 3% skim milk powder. Results of the present study showed that UHPH is capable of reducing skim milk particle size which leads to the formation of finer dispersions than those obtained by conventional homogenisation combined with heat treatment. In addition, results involving coagulation properties and yogurt characteristics reflected that, when increasing UHPH pressure conditions some parameters such as density of the gel, aggregation rate and water retention are improved.
Risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder among UK Armed Forces personnel
Authors: Iversen A. C. , Fear N. T. , Ehlers A. , Hacker Hughes J. , Hull L. , Earnshaw M. , Greenberg N. , Rona R. , Wessely S. , Hotopf M. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundThere is considerable interest in understanding further the factors that increase the risk of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) for military personnel. This study aimed to investigate the relative contribution of demographic variables; childhood adversity; the nature of exposure to traumatic events during deployment; appraisal of these experiences; and home-coming experiences in relation to the prevalence of PTSD ‘caseness’ as measured by a score of ⩾50 on the PTSD Checklist (PCL) in UK Armed Forces personnel who have been deployed in Iraq since 2003.MethodData were drawn from the first stage of a retrospective cohort study comparing UK military personnel who were deployed to the 2003 Iraq War with personnel serving in the UK Armed Forces on 31 March 2003 but who were not deployed to the initial phase of war fighting. Participants were randomly selected and invited to participate. The response rate was 61%. We have limited these analyses to 4762 regular service individuals who responded to the survey and who have been deployed in Iraq since 2003.ResultsPost-traumatic stress symptoms were associated with lower rank, being unmarried, having low educational attainment and a history of childhood adversity. Exposure to potentially traumatizing events, in particular being deployed to a ‘forward’ area in close contact with the enemy, was associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Appraisals of the experience as involving threat to one's own life and a perception that work in theatre was above an individual's trade and experience were strongly associated with post-traumatic stress symptoms. Low morale and poor social support within the unit and non-receipt of a home-coming brief (psycho-education) were associated with greater risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms.ConclusionsPersonal appraisal of threat to life during the trauma emerged as the most important predictor of post-traumatic stress symptoms. These results also raise the possibility that there are important modifiable occupational factors such as unit morale, leadership, preparing combatants for their role in theatre which may influence an individual's risk of post-traumatic stress symptoms. Therefore interventions focused on systematic preparation of personnel for the extreme stress of combat may help to lessen the psychological impact of deployment.
A hierarchy of distress: Mokken scaling of the GHQ-30
Authors: Watson R. , Deary I. J. , Shipley B. 
Published: January 2008

BackgroundHierarchical cumulative scales are common and informative in psychology. The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) does not appear to have been subjected to an analysis that examines the hierarchical and cumulative nature of its items. We report an analysis of data from the 30-item GHQ (GHQ-30) as part of the Health and Lifestyle Survey (HALS).MethodData from 6317 participants who completed the GHQ-30 as part of the HALS were analysed using the Mokken Scaling Procedure (MSP), which is a computer program that searches polychotomous data for hierarchical and cumulative scales on the basis of a range of diagnostic criteria.ResultsA final scale consisting of nine items from the GHQ-30 was obtained that, according to the criteria for a Mokken scale, was a reliable and very strong scale. The least difficult item in the scale is ‘been (un)able to face up to your problems?’ and the most difficult item is ‘felt that life isn't worth living?'ConclusionsItems from the GHQ-30 form a short hierarchical and cumulative scale. The majority of these items also appear in the GHQ-12. The nine-item GHQ shows better distribution properties than the GHQ-30 and compares very favourably with the GHQ-12.
Auditory Processing Disorders: An Update for Speech-Language Pathologists
Authors: DeBonis David A. , Moncrieff Deborah 
Published: January 2008

PurposeUnanswered questions regarding the nature of auditory processing disorders (APDs), how best to identify at-risk students, how best to diagnose and differentiate APDs from other disorders, and concerns about the lack of valid treatments have resulted in ongoing confusion and skepticism about the diagnostic validity of this label. This poses challenges for speech-language pathologists (SLPs) who are working with school-age children and whose scope of practice includes APD screening and intervention. The purpose of this article is to address some of the questions commonly asked by SLPs regarding APDs in school-age children. This article is also intended to serve as a resource for SLPs to be used in deciding what role they will or will not play with respect to APDs in school-age children.MethodThe methodology used in this article included a computerized database review of the latest published information on APD, with an emphasis on the work of established researchers and expert panels, including articles from the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association and the American Academy of Audiology.ConclusionsThe article concludes with the authors' recommendations for continued research and their views on the appropriate role of the SLP in performing careful screening, making referrals, and supporting intervention.