bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gross, histologic, and gene expression characteristics of osteoarthritic articular cartilage of the metacarpal condyle of horses
Authors: Smith Katie J. , Bertone Alicia L. , Weisbrode Stephen E. , Radmacher Michael 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To identify patterns and correlations of gross, histologic, and gene expression characteristics of articular cartilage from horses with osteoarthritis.
Animals—10 clinically normal horses and 11 horses with osteoarthritis of the metacarpal condyles.
Procedures—Metacarpophalangeal joints were opened and digitally photographed, and gross lesions were scored and quantified. Representative cartilage specimens were stained for histologic scoring. Total RNA from dorsal and palmar articular surfaces was processed on an equine gene expression microarray.
Results—Histologic scores were greater in both regions of osteoarthritic joints, compared with corresponding regions in control joints. Cartilage from the palmar aspect of diseased joints had the highest histologic scores of osteoarthritic sites or of either region in control joints. A different set of genes for dorsal and palmar osteoarthritis was identified for high and low gene expression. Articular cartilage from the dorsal region had surface fraying and greater expression of genes coding for collagen matrix components and proteins with anti-apoptotic function, compared with control specimens. Articular cartilage from the palmar region had greater fraying, deep fissures, and less expression of genes coding for glycosaminoglycan matrix formation and proteins with anti-apoptotic function, compared with cartilage from disease-free joints and the dorsal aspect of affected joints.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Metacarpal condyles of horses with naturally occurring osteoarthritis had an identifiable and regional gene expression signature with typical morphologic features.
Evaluation of the sensitivity and specificity of four laboratory tests for detection of occult blood in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) excrement
Authors: Gibbons Paul M. , Tell Lisa A. , Kass Philip H. , Christopher Mary M. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare sensitivity and specificity of cytologic examination and 3 chromogen tests for detection of occult blood in cockatiel (Nymphicus hollandicus) excrement.
Animals—20 adult cockatiels.
Procedures—Pooled blood from birds was divided into whole blood and lysate aliquots. Excrement was mixed with each aliquot in vitro to yield 6 hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations (range, 0.375 to 12.0 mg of Hb/g of excrement). For the in vivo portion of the study, birds were serially gavaged with each aliquot separately at 5 doses of Hb (range, 2.5 to 40 mg/kg). Three chromogen tests and cytologic examination were used to test excrement samples for occult blood. Sensitivity, specificity, and observer agreement were calculated.
Results—In vitro specificity ranged from 85%to 100% for the 3 chromogen tests and was 100% for cytologic examination. Sensitivity was 0% to 35% for cytologic examination and 100% for the 3 chromogen tests on samples containing ≥ 1.5 mg of Hb/g of excrement. In vivo specificity was 100%, 90%, 65%, and 45% for cytologic examination and the 3 chromogen tests, respectively. Sensitivity was 0% to 5% for cytologic examination and ≥ 75% for all 3 chromogen tests after birds received doses of Hb ≥ 20 mg/kg. Observer agreement was lowest for cytologic examination.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Chromogen tests were more useful than cytologic examination for detection of occult blood in cockatiel excrement. The best combination of sensitivity, specificity, and observer agreement was obtained by use of a chromogen test.
Morphologic and genetic characterization of Sarcocystis sp. from the African grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus, from Costa Rica
Authors: Dubey J. , Rosenthal Benjamin , Morales Juan , Alfaro Alejandro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA species of Sarcocystis is reported from a naturally infected African grey parrot, Psittacus erithacus, from Costa Rica. Only mature sarcocysts, measuring up to 2 mm in length and up to 750 μm in width, were observed. The sarcocyst wall was smooth. The villar protrusions on the sarcocyst wall were up to 5 μm long and up to 1.1 μm wide; they were folded over the sarcocyst wall giving a thin-walled appearance. The microtubules in villar protrusions were smooth and confined to villar protrusions. Bradyzoites in sections were 5.4–6.6 × 1.3–2.0 μm in size. Sequencing the small subunit and first internal transcribed spacer portions of ribosomal DNA related this parasite to, but distinguished it from, previously characterized species of Sarcocystis that encyst in the musculature of birds and complete their sexual development in New World opossums of the genus Didelphis. This evidence suggests that the parrot may have acquired its infection from an opossum from which it suffered a debilitating attack a year prior to the onset of depression, anorexia, and ultimately death.
Prediction of gas sorption kinetics for porous media using MRI
Authors: Watt‐Smith Matthew J. , Kolaczkowski Stan T. , Rigby Sean P. , Chudek John A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDiffusion and reaction within porous media involving condensable vapors are important processes in catalysis, fuel cells, and membrane separations. In this work, 3‐D maps of the spatial variation of porosity, pore size and network tortuosity within a porous solid, derived from magnetic resonance images, have been used to construct a structural model for a mesoporous catalyst pellet. Simulations of the kinetic uptake, adsorption and capillary condensation of butane vapor within the porous solid, conducted on the structural model, have successfully predicted experimental measurements of the effects of the onset of capillary condensation on mass transfer rates without the need of the various adjustable parameters prevalent in other models. These findings suggest that accurate mathematical models for both the complex void space of the porous medium, and the mass transport processes taking place within it, have been successfully developed. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Defining and redefining the scope and goals of genetic counseling
Authors: Resta Robert G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany definitions of genetic counseling have been proposed since Sheldon Reed first defined the term in 1947. This study reviews selected definitions of genetic counseling including the most recent definition proposed by a committee of the National Society of Genetic Counselors. The analysis focuses on the professional background of who was formulating the definition; the reasons why the definition was created; medical, historical, and social factors; and the definer's implicit or explicit goals of genetic counseling. No definition of genetic counseling is ideal, and any definition can only reflect the values, ethics, goals, and medical practices of the person or group defining the practice of genetic counseling. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gradient polymeric materials based on poorly compatible epoxy oligomers
Authors: Amirova L. M. , Andrianova K. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGradient materials developed on the basis of poorly compatible epoxy oligomers are proposed. The influence of the composition and curing conditions on the stratification of the compounds was studied. The distribution of the components of the curing systems was determined by Fourier transform infrared and elemental analysis. The microhardness and glass‐transition temperature varied across the section as a function of the component content and curing temperature. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 96–103, 2006
Morphology and cure kinetics of unsaturated polyester resin/block copolymer blends
Authors: Boyard N. , Sinturel C. , Vayer M. , Erre R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThermoset blends based on unsaturated polyester and triblock copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) and poly(propylene oxide) blocks were investigated. No evidence of self‐organization was found. Under our experimental conditions, the block copolymers behaved like classical thermoplastic additives used for shrinkage compensation. According to the type and content of the copolymer, initial systems with one phase or two phases were generated. During curing, except in one case in which thermally induced phase separation was found, reaction‐induced phase separation was observed, leading to various types of cured morphologies (cocontinuous or dispersed). For a cocontinuous, two‐phase morphology, experimental observations revealed phase separation proceeding via spinodal decomposition frozen in the early stage by gelation. These triblock copolymers appear to be interesting new additives that could be used as good shrinkage compensator additives for industrial applications because it is known that a cocontinuous morphology is needed for this purpose. As for the final morphologies containing dispersed phases, the interpretation of the phenomena occurring upon polymerization requires further investigation. No clear discrimination between spinodal decomposition and nucleation and growth was achieved; in some cases, various successive phase separations were observed. The curing kinetics were examined: an increase in the molar weight and/or copolymer content led to a lower reaction rate. Kinetics curves were modeled by the semiempirical autocatalytic reaction model of Kamal and Sourour with a diffusion‐control function. The gelation and vitrification of the system played major roles in the reaction kinetics. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 149–165, 2006
Alginate–poly(vinyl alcohol) core–shell microspheres for lipase immobilization
Authors: De Queiroz Álvaro A. A. , Passos Esdras D. , De Brito Alves Sdnei , Silva Gerald S. , Higa Olga Z. , Vítolo Michele 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA lipase [triacylglycerol ester hydrolase (EC 3.1.1.3)] was encapsulated in sodium alginate (AlgNa)/poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) microspheres. Spherical AlgNa/PVA beads were prepared by the ionotropic gelation of an AlgNa/PVA blend in the presence of calcium tetraborate (CaB4O7). The particles were spherical and had an average diameter of 400 μm. The microspheres were studied with differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and water transport by the equilibrium degree of swelling. The elevation of the glass‐transition temperature of the microspheres indicated specific crosslinking reactions of the component polymers (AlgNa/PVA). FTIR spectra showed no evidence of a strong chemical interaction changing the nature of the functional groups of both AlgNa and PVA in the AlgNa/PVA blends. The water diffusion coefficients increased with increasing PVA content in the microspheres, indicating a decrease in the resistance to mass transfer through the AlgNa/PVA microsphere wall. The AlgNa/PVA microspheres were characterized by the Michaelis constant (KM) and the maximum reaction velocity (Vmax), which were determined for both free and immobilized lipases. The enzyme affinity for the substrate (KM/Vmax) remained quite good after immobilization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1553–1560, 2006
Solvent‐induced partial cyanoethylation and hydroxylation of cyanoethyl group
Authors: Subha A. Selva , Thambidurai S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn investigation has been made on the cyanoethylation of cotton fabric using aqueous sodium hydroxide with acrylonitrile in presence of solvents acetone and ethanol at different concentrations. The hydrolysis of β‐cyanoethyl ether of cyanoethylated fabric in presence of solvents is studied. The rate of hydrolysis is enhanced by acetone and ethanol concentration. The formation of various products during hydrolysis is analyzed by infrared spectroscopy method while scanning electron microscopy follows the variations in surface morphology. Some of the physical and chemical properties are also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 183–191, 2006
Synthesis of a new, yellow crosslinking polyvinylamine dye and its crosslinking/dyeing process through a crosslinker
Authors: Tang Yanfeng , Zhang Shufen , Yang Jinzong , Tang Bingtao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new, yellow crosslinking polyvinylamine dye was synthesized by the reaction of 2,4‐dinitrochlorobenzene with polyvinylamine prepared from Hofmann degradation of polyacrylamide. It was crosslinked and dyed to cotton and silk by a crosslinker synthesized from 1,3,5‐trichloro‐s‐triazine and sodium 2‐(p‐aminophenylsulfonyl)ethyl sulfate. The crosslinking/dyeing conditions of the yellow polyvinylamine dye, such as pH, cure temperature, and concentration of the crosslinker were investigated. The fixations of the polymeric dye by the crosslinker on cotton and silk were greater than 99%. The crosslinking covalent dye–fiber bond was proved indirectly by the comparison of IR spectra of the undyed fiber, the dyed fiber, and the crosslinked one, and also by the fact that no dye was stripped off from the crosslinked and dyed sample by extraction with DMF/water (1 : 1). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1568–1573, 2006
The effect of γ‐irradiation on thermal strain of high strength polyethylene fiber at low temperature
Authors: Yamanaka Atsuhiko , Izumi Yoshinobu , Kitagawa Tooru , Terada Takaya , Hirahata Hiroshi , Ema Kimiko , Fujishiro Hiroyuki , Nishijima Shigehiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo understand the contribution to negative thermal expansion by the length of the molecular chains in high‐strength ultra‐high‐molecular‐weight polyethylene (UHMW‐PE) fiber, the thermal expansion coefficient in the range of low temperature was investigated for high‐strength UHMW‐PE fiber (Toyobo, Dyneema®; hereinafter abbreviated to DF), irradiated by γ‐rays (γ‐rays treatment) that induce the molecular scission. The molecular weight of DF decreased by γ‐ray treatment. X‐ray diffraction behavior did not change by γ‐ray treatment. The melting behavior observed by DSC showed the main chain scission of DF by γ‐ray treatment. The DFs, with and without γ‐ray treatment, expand by cooling down (negative thermal expansion). The change of negative thermal expansion of DF by γ‐ray treatment was small. It is suggested that negative thermal expansion does not change by only the molecular chain scission. These results suggested that the effect of negative thermal expansion of DF in the temperature range from 213 to 303 K by the molecular chain scissions is small and that the length of extended molecular chains contributes to a negative thermal expansion a little. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 204–209, 2006
Effects on the structure and properties of membranes formed by blending polydimethylsiloxane polyurethane into different soft‐segment waterborne polyurethanes
Authors: Yen Meng‐Shung , Tsai Ping‐Yuan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPolydimethylsiloxane polyurethane (PDMS‐PU), which was synthesized from PDMS as the soft segment, was blended into a variety of ester‐ or ether‐based soft‐segment waterborne polyurethanes with different concentrations to investigate the crystallization, thermal, and physical properties of the membrane formations. According to X‐ray analysis, the ether‐based PUs, synthesized from soft segments of poly(propylene glycol) (PPG1000) or poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG2000), were found to have maximum crystallinity at a 5% blending ratio of PDMS‐PU, but the ester‐based PU, synthesized from soft segments of polycaprolactone (PCL1250), had decreased crystallinity at a 5% blending ratio. Differential scanning calorimetric analysis revealed that the Tg,s values of PUs were highest when the blending ratio of PDMS‐PU was 5%–10%, except for PU from PCL1250. Moreover, ether‐based PUs showed maximum Tm,h values, but the Tm,h of the ester‐based PU was greatly reduced when PU with PCL1250 was blended with PDMS‐PU. In addition, the PU from PEG2000 had the highest melting entropy. Mechanical property analysis showed that the stress of ether‐based PUs would be increased when PUs were blended with a small amount of PDMS‐PU and that the stress of PU from poly(tetramethylene glycol) (PTMG1000) increased to its greatest value (20–30 MPa). On the other hand, the ester‐based PU, from PCL1250 blended with PDMS‐PU, would have reduced stress. On the whole, the stress and strain of PU from PEG1000 had excellent balance. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 210–221, 2006
Distribution of carbon black in natural rubber/acrylic rubber blends
Authors: Wootthikanokkhan J. , Rattanathamwat N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDistributions of carbon black in 30/70% (w/w) natural rubber (NR)/acrylic rubber (ACM) blends were investigated as a function of the carbon black content and type using a dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) technique. Two different types of carbon black (N220 and N330) were used, and 10–50 phr carbon black was compounded to the rubber blends. From the DMTA thermograms of various blends, the weight fractions of carbon black in the NR and ACM phases were calculated. Carbon black was unevenly distributed in the rubber blend. It preferred to migrate into the NR phase, regardless of the amount of carbon black that was used. By increasing the carbon black content, the weight fraction of carbon black in the NR phase decreased whereas that in the ACM phase increased. A change in the type of carbon black from N220 to N330 significantly decreased the weight fraction of carbon black in the NR phase, but it was not sufficiently strong to affect the tensile properties and hardness of the rubber blend. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102:248–256, 2006
Interaction between polyacrylonitrile and alkalis
Authors: Hou Chen , Qun Wang , Qu Rongjun , Wang Chengguo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInteractions between highly isotactic acrylonitrile homopolymers and alkalis in dimethyl sulfoxide solvent were examined. Coloration occurred as soon as polyacrylonitrile was added to a dimethyl sulfoxide/alkali mixture. The effects of alkali on highly isotactic polyacrylonitrile were greater than those on ordinary polyacrylonitrile. The intrinsic viscosity of polyacrylonitrile decreased quickly with the addition of sodium ethoxide and sodium hydroxide, and the effect of sodium ethoxide was more prominent than that of sodium hydroxide. As the concentration of sodium ethoxide and sodium hydroxide went beyond 0.01 mol/L, the intrinsic viscosity showed a trend of increasing. Within the first half‐hour, there was a great drop in the intrinsic viscosity of highly isotactic polyacrylonitrile, and then the intrinsic viscosity appeared to increase. The intrinsic viscosity of highly isotactic polyacrylonitrile increased continuously with the addition of diethylamine along with time. The effects of alkalis on the tacticity of the polymers followed the order of the alkali strength. Diethylamine was more effective for moderating the stabilization exotherm of polyacrylonitrile than sodium ethoxide and sodium hydroxide. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 272–275, 2006
Photodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) under UV and pulsed‐laser irradiation in aqueous solution
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S. P. , Madras Giridhar 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe photodegradation of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) in aqueous solution was investigated under UV exposure and pulsed‐laser irradiation. The degradation under UV exposure was studied at different pH values and with the addition of potassium chloride and potassium dichromate. The pulsed‐laser degradation of PVA was investigated with a Nd : YAG laser, operating at a wavelength of 266 nm with about 6‐ns pulses. The pulsed‐laser degradation was studied at different polymer concentrations and light intensities. Samples were analyzed by gel permeation chromatography. The degradation rate coefficients were determined by the application of a continuous distribution model. The photodegradation rates under UV exposure were highest at extremes of pH and were greatly enhanced by the addition of potassium chloride and potassium dichromate. The pulsed‐laser degradation of the polymer decreased with increasing polymer concentration, although a threshold light intensity was required to initiate the degradation process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 958–966, 2006
Ultraviolet grafting of styrene and maleic anhydride on polyethylene‐terephthalate film
Authors: Zhou Yanfei , Bai Yongping , Wei Jiangong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractUV‐induced graft copolymerization with mixed monomers such as styrene (St) and maleic anhydride (MAH) onto the surface of polyethylene‐terephthalate (PET) films was carried out. The chemical properties and the morphology of the surface of grafted films were investigated via attenuated total reflection (ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques. ATR images revealed that MAH was succeeded in being grafted. On the other hand, SEM and AFM analysis showed that many granules, which may be grafted St and MAH chains, formed after being treated for 40 s by UV light. The water contact angle of grafted film is about 43°,which reduced sharply compared with pristine film. UV spectra of CTC, which was formed by St and MAH, provided the argument about the mechanism of formation of grafted chains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 285–288, 2006
Enhancing thermal conductivity and physical properties of phenol‐formaldehyde resin by adding VGCF during pyrolysis
Authors: Ko Tse‐Hao , Hu Hsien‐Lin , Kuo Wen‐Shyong , Wang Su‐How 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAfter vapor‐grown carbon‐fibers (VGCF) were added to resol‐type phenolic resin, their influence on microstructure, thermal conductivity, flexural strength, and physical properties of the resin was characterized in this work. Resin with content 0–10 wt % VGCF was heat‐treated at 230–2500°C. As a result, it was observed that adding VGCF into resin during pyrolysis not only reduced weight loss but also limited shrinkage of resin. Moreover, adding VGCF to resin promoted the degree of arranging carbon basal planes and chemical densification of the structure of final heat‐treated resins. At 2500°C, the graphitized resin with 10 wt % VGCF enhanced flexural strength and thermal conductivity over 300%, while decreasing weight loss around 20% versus graphitized phenol‐formaldehyde resin developed from the original resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1531–1538, 2006
Molecular structure and ion exchange of amidoximated cellulosic materials
Authors: Nada A. M. A. , El‐Wakil Nahla A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractModification of lignocellulosic materials, e.g., cotton stalks, bagasse, and rice straw, by incorporation of amidoxime group for ion exchange is investigated. The uptake of metal ions Cu, Cr, Ni, and Fe by these modified lignocellulosic materials is measured. Amidoximated bagasse has higher efficiency toward metal ions uptake than amidoximated cotton and rice straw. The effect of different variables, e.g., metal ion concentration, temperature of metal ion solution, and time of steeping, on the efficiency of the amidoximated (bagasse raw material, unbleached bagasse, and bleached bagasse) ion exchangers toward metal ions uptake is tested. The molecular structure of the prepared amidoxime from bagasse and its pulps is studied by using infrared spectroscopy. New bands appeared at 1661 and 916 cm−1 in the spectra of amidoximated bagasse and its pulps ion exchangers due to the formation of CN and NOH groups. The thermal properties of these ion exchangers is also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 303–311, 2006