bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Croydon Assessment of Learning Study: Prevalence and educational identification of mild mental retardation
Authors: Simonoff Emily , Pickles Andrew , Chadwick Oliver , Gringras Paul , Wood Nicky , Higgins Siobhan , Maney Julie‐Ann , Karia Nisha , Iqbal Huma , Moore Anne 
Published: July 2006

Background:  Mild mental retardation is an enduring and impairing condition. Its prevalence has varied widely across different studies from .5 to over 8%, with higher rates in completely ascertained samples. The current study estimates the prevalence of low IQ in the mental retardation range (intellectual disability) in a population sample and examines the factors that relate to educational identification.Method:  A total of 2,730 children in school years 8 and 9 attending local authority schools were assessed in school with the group‐administered Cognitive Abilities Test (CAT). A sample of 304 pupils at high, moderate and low risk of mild mental retardation was selected for in‐depth study. This included the individually measured full‐scale IQ (WISC‐IIIUK), the Wechsler Quicktest of attainments, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire from parents and teachers and an abbreviated version of the Social Communication Questionnaire.Results:  Of those selected for the in‐depth study, 204 (67%) participated, with a greater proportion from the low risk group. A range of prevalence estimates were calculated using different imputation methods and assumptions about individuals not screened. Rates of pupils with WISC IQ < 70 varied from 5.8% to 10.6%. There were no significant gender differences. In contrast to the high prevalence estimates using the WISC, the proportion of pupils scoring in the lowest stanine on the CAT was as expected. Only 15% of those with IQ < 70 had a statement of special educational needs or attended a school for moderate learning difficulties. Behaviour, particularly social communication problems, predicted educational identification.Conclusions:  The current study produced a high estimate of the prevalence of mild intellectual disability based on the WISC but not on the CAT. The findings highlight that the majority of mild intellectual disability in the UK would not be detected using registers. Cases that are detected by registers are more behaviourally disturbed than others.
Genetically solving a zoological mystery: was the kouprey (Bos sauveli) a feral hybrid?
Authors: Galbreath G. J. , Mordacq J. C. , Weiler F. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA famous zoological discovery of the 20th century was that of the kouprey Bos sauveli, a medium‐sized ox inhabiting Cambodian forests. The kouprey was suspiciously intermediate between banteng oxen and domestic zebu cattle in its structure. Mitochondrial DNA sequences of mainland banteng are compared here with a published kouprey sequence, and the comparison demonstrates a close relationship. Either the kouprey derives partly from banteng or (less likely) these particular banteng acquired kouprey DNA via recent genetic introgression. The kouprey may have been a feral hybrid form, a descendant of domestic oxen, rather than a natural species.
Sex differences in the hemodynamic responses to mental stress: Effect of caffeine consumption
Authors: Farag Noha H. , Vincent Andrea S. , McKey Barbara S. , Al'Absi Mustafa , Whitsett Thomas L. , Lovallo William R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of caffeine on stress responses was compared in 25 men and 22 women in a 2‐week placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, randomized crossover trial. On each week, participants abstained from all dietary sources of caffeine before undergoing a 6‐h laboratory protocol under placebo or caffeine exposure followed by a 30‐min mental stressor with blood pressure (BP) and cardiovascular hemodynamic assessments. On the placebo session, men and women showed a significant BP increase to stress, although women had significant cardiac responses whereas men had vascular responses. Caffeine ingestion before stress caused both men and women to have enhanced hemodynamic responses to the stressor associated with an increase in cardiac index and a drop in the peripheral resistance index. Caffeine enhances the cardiovascular fight‐or‐flight response pattern to stress in men and women.
Development of 25 gene‐associated microsatellite markers of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.)
Authors: STENVIK JØRGEN , WESMAJERVI METTE SERINE , FJALESTAD KJERSTI TURID , DAMSGÅRD BØRGE , DELGHANDI MADJID 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMicrosatellites were identified by screening 2294 GenBank entries available for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.), mainly representing expressed sequence tags and cDNA sequences. Ninety‐two novel microsatellite loci (tetra‐, tri‐ and dinucleotides) were characterized on 96 individuals. This strategy yielded 25 gene‐associated polymorphic microsatellite markers (11 tri‐ and 14 dinucleotides) with two to 20 alleles and an average heterozygosity of 0.48 in the population studied (range 0.02–0.89). One marker exhibited significant homozygote excess, and one of the primer pairs amplified two linked markers. The gene identity was determined at nine of the loci, confirming the associated microsatellites as type I markers.
Beyond the New Indian History: Recent Trends in the Historiography on the Native Peoples of North America
Authors: Rosenthal Nicolas G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSince its emergence over thirty years ago, the New Indian history has had a tremendous impact on studies of Native peoples in North America. Nonetheless, in crucial ways and for various reasons, scholarship on American Indians often remains isolated from larger currents of North American history. Just over the last decade, a handful of works have built on the foundations of the New Indian history and more consciously put American Indians into wide ranging conversations about North American culture and society. It is this current wave of scholarship that holds the most promise for moving the study of American Indians beyond the New Indian history and into an even more fruitful period where the connections between the experiences of American Indians and those of other North Americans draw increasing interest and examination.
Technology‐Based New Product Development Partnerships*
Authors: Ettlie John E. , Pavlou Paul A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTHypotheses were developed to capture the dynamic capabilities that result from interfirm partnerships during the joint new product development (NPD) process—the ability to build, integrate, and reconfigure existing resources to adapt to rapidly changing environments. These capabilities, in turn, were proposed to have a positive impact on NPD performance outcomes: (a) proportion of new product success and (b) superior new product commercialization. In contexts where the locus of innovation is rapidly changing, the impact of interfirm NPD dynamic capabilities was hypothesized to be diminished in high‐technology contexts, especially for buyers (original equipment manufacturers) and to a lesser extent for suppliers. Still, technology‐based interfirm NPD partnerships were predicted to ultimately outperform low‐technology ones in both NPD performance outcomes. Finally, information technology (IT) support for NPD was hypothesized to influence the interfirm NPD partnership's dynamic capabilities. Using survey data from 72 auto company managers and their suppliers, the proposed model in which IT support for NPD influences the success of interfirm NPD partnerships through the mediating role of interfirm NPD partnership dynamic capabilities in high‐ and low‐technology contexts was generally supported. The results shed light on the nature of technology‐based interfirm NPD partnerships and have implications for their success. Theoretical and managerial implications are discussed.
NIKE: a new clinical tool for establishing levels of indications for cataract surgery
Authors: Lundström Mats , Albrecht Susanne , Håkansson Ingemar , Lorefors Ragnhild , Ohlsson Sven , Polland Werner , Schmid Andrea , Svensson Göran , Wendel Eva 
Published: July 2006

Abstract.Purpose:  The purpose of this study was to construct a new clinical tool for establishing levels of indications for cataract surgery, and to validate this tool.Methods:  Teams from nine eye clinics reached an agreement about the need to develop a clinical tool for setting levels of indications for cataract surgery and about the items that should be included in the tool. The tool was to be called ‘NIKE’ (Nationell Indikationsmodell för Kataraktextraktion). The Canadian Cataract Priority Criteria Tool served as a model for the NIKE tool, which was modified for Swedish conditions. Items included in the tool were visual acuity of both eyes, patients' perceived difficulties in day‐to‐day life, cataract symptoms, the ability to live independently, and medical/ophthalmic reasons for surgery. The tool was validated and tested in 343 cataract surgery patients. Validity, stability and reliability were tested and the outcome of surgery was studied in relation to the indication setting.Results:  Four indication groups (IGs) were suggested. The group with the greatest indications for surgery was named group 1 and that with the lowest, group 4. Validity was proved to be good. Surgery had the greatest impact on the group with the highest indications for surgery. Test‐retest reliability test and interexaminer tests of indication settings showed statistically significant intraclass correlations (intraclass correlation coefficients [ICCs] 0.526 and 0.923, respectively).Conclusions:  A new clinical tool for indication setting in cataract surgery is presented. This tool, the NIKE, takes into account both visual acuity and the patient's perceived problems in day‐to‐day life because of cataract. The tool seems to be stable and reliable and neutral towards different examiners.
Chemokine receptor expression in HIV‐positive persons with oropharyngeal candidiasis
Authors: Lilly EA , Leigh JE , McNulty KM , Joseph SH , Mercante DE , Fidel PL 
Published: July 2006

Objective:  In HIV+ persons with reduced CD4+ T cells, oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC) is often associated with the accumulation of CD8+ T cells at the epithelial/lamina propria interface within the lesion together with increased tissue‐associated cytokines and chemokines. Despite this reactivity, a dysfunction in the ability of the CD8+ cells to reach the organism at the outer epithelium is postulated. The purpose of this study was to examine chemokine receptors present in the OPC lesions for a potential role in susceptibility to infection.Methods:  Biopsies taken from buccal mucosa of HIV− persons, healthy mucosa of HIV+ OPC− persons, and OPC lesions were processed for protein immunohistochemical staining or RNA analysis by real‐time PCR and Superarray.Results:  There was little change in expression of chemokine receptors at the protein or RNA level between OPC+ and OPC− tissue. At the protein level, increases occurred in OPC+ persons only if associated with CD8 cells. In the Superarray, of the 22 chemokine receptor mRNAs expressed, c. 90% remained unchanged (<1.0‐fold change) between HIV− and HIV+ tissue and between HIV+ OPC− and HIV+ OPC+ tissue.Conclusion:  Tissue‐associated chemokine receptor expression does not appear to contribute to the dysfunction in cellular migration associated with susceptibility to OPC.
Establishment of Broad‐leaved Thickets in Serengeti, Tanzania: The Influence of Fire, Browsers, Grass Competition, and Elephants1
Authors: Sharam Gregory , Sinclair A. R. E. , Turkington Roy 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe role ofEuclea divinorumin the establishment of broad‐leaved thickets was investigated in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Thickets are declining due to frequent fires, but have not reestablished when fires have been removed. Seedlings ofE. divinorum, a fire‐resistant tree, were found in grassland adjacent to thickets and as thicket canopy trees and may function to facilitate thicket establishment. Seedlings of thicket species were abundant underE. divinorumcanopy trees but not in the grassland, indicating thatE. divinorumcan facilitate forest establishment. We examinedE. divinorumestablishment in grassland by measuring survival and growth of seedlings with respect to fire, browsers, elephants, and competition with grass. Seedling survival was reduced by fire (50%), browsers (70%), and competition with grass (50%), but not by elephants. Seedling growth rate was negative unless both fire and browsers, or grass was removed. Establishment of thickets viaE. divinorumis not occurring under the current conditions in Serengeti of frequent fires, abundant browsers, and dense grass in riparian areas. Conditions that allowed establishment may have occurred in 1890–1920s during a rinderpest epizootic, and measurements of thicket canopy trees suggest they established at that time.
Previous injury as a risk factor for injury in elite football: a prospective study over two consecutive seasons
Authors: Hägglund M , Waldén M , Ekstrand J 
Published: July 2006

Background:Previous injury is often proposed to be a risk factor for football injury, but most studies rely on players reporting their own medical history and are thus potentially subject to recall bias. Little is known about the natural variation in injury pattern between seasons.Objectives:To study whether prospectively recorded injuries during one season are associated with injuries sustained during the following season, and to compare injury risk and injury pattern between consecutive seasons.Methods:The medical staffs of 12 elite Swedish male football teams prospectively recorded individual exposure and time loss injuries over two full consecutive seasons (2001 and 2002). A multivariate model was used to determine the relation between previous injury, anthropometric data, and the risk of injury.Results:The training and match injury incidences were similar between seasons (5.1v5.3 injuries/1000 training hours and 25.9v22.7/1000 match hours), but analysis of injury severity and injury patterns showed variations between seasons. Players who were injured in the 2001 season were at greater risk of any injury in the following season compared with non-injured players (hazard ratio 2.7; 95% confidence interval 1.7 to 4.3, p<0.0001). Players with a previous hamstring injury, groin injury, and knee joint trauma were two to three times more likely to suffer an identical injury in the following season, whereas no such relation was found for ankle sprain. Age was not associated with an increased injury risk.Conclusions:This study confirmed previous results showing that previous injury is an important risk factor for football injury. Overall injury incidences were similar between consecutive seasons, indicating that an injury surveillance study covering one full season can provide a reasonable overview of the injury problem among elite football players in a specific environment. However, a prolonged study period is recommended for analyses of specific injury patterns.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ and Growth Inhibition by Its Ligands in Uterine Endometrial Carcinoma
Authors: Ota Kyoko , Ito Kiyoshi , Suzuki Takashi , Saito Sumika , Tamura Mitsutoshi , Hayashi Shin-ichi , Okamura Kunihiro , Sasano Hironobu , Yaegashi Nobuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: In this study, we evaluated the correlation between endometrial carcinoma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) expression and assessed whether PPARγ ligands influence carcinoma growth.
Experimental Design: We examined the presence and cellular distribution of PPARγ protein in 42 normal endometria, 32 endometria with hyperplasia, and 103 endometria with endometrial carcinoma by immunohistochemistry. We then compared PPARγ mRNA expression in endometrial carcinoma with that in normal endometria using real-time reverse transcription-PCR. We subsequently confirmed expression of PPARγ mRNA by real-time reverse transcription-PCR and PPARγ protein by immunoblotting in endometrial carcinoma cell lines (Ishikawa, Sawano, and RL95-2 cells). We further examined the effects of PPARγ agonist 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2), a naturally occurring PPARγ ligand, to these endometrial carcinoma cell lines. We also examined the status of apoptosis and p21 mRNA expression of these endometrial carcinoma cell lines following addition of 15d-PGJ2.
Results: PPARγ immunoreactivity was detected in 11 of 23 (48%) of proliferative-phase endometrium, 14 of 19 (74%) of secretory-phase endometrium, 27 of 32 (84%) of endometrial hyperplasia, and 67 of 103 (65%) of carcinoma cases. PPARγ immunoreactivity was significantly lower in endometrial carcinoma than in secretory-phase endometrium (P = 0.012) and endometrial hyperplasia (P = 0.006). There was a significant positive association between the status of PPARγ and p21 expression in endometrial carcinoma (P &lt; 0.0001). There was a significant negative association between the body mass index and PPARγ labeling index of carcinoma tissue in the patients with endometrial carcinoma (P &lt; 0.0001). PPARγ mRNA was expressed abundantly in normal endometria but not in endometrial carcinoma. We showed that PPARγ agonist 15d-PGJ2 inhibited cell proliferation and induced p21 mRNA of endometrial carcinoma cell lines.
Conclusion: We showed the expression of PPARγ in human endometrial carcinoma and the effects of PPARγ ligand in endometrial carcinoma cells. These findings suggest that a PPARγ ligand, 15d-PGJ2, has antiproliferative activity against endometrial carcinoma.
A Phase I Clinical and Pharmacokinetic Study of Oral CI-1033 in Combination with Docetaxel in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
Authors: Garland Linda L. , Hidalgo Manuel , Mendelson David S. , Ryan David P. , Arun Banu K. , Lovalvo Jennifer L. , Eiseman Irene A. , Olson Stephen C. , Lenehan Peter F. , Eder Joseph P. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: CI-1033 is an orally available 4-anilinoquinazolone irreversible tyrosine kinase inhibitor of erbB-1, erbB-2, and erbB-4. We conducted a dose escalation study of CI-1033 with docetaxel to assess the safety profile and pharmacokinetics of the combination and to establish the maximum tolerated dose.
Experimental Design: Twenty-six patients with advanced solid tumors were treated on four dosing cohorts starting at CI-1033 (50 mg/d) + docetaxel (75 mg/m2). An intermittent dosing schedule avoided concurrent drug dosing.
Results: CI-1033 alone was escalated from 50 to 75 mg/d (dose level 2), where diarrhea was dose limiting; a 38% incidence of cycle 1 febrile neutropenia prompted dose de-escalation of both CI-1033 and docetaxel for dose level 3, where dose-limiting toxicities prompted further de-escalation of CI-1033 to 45 mg/d. Given equivalent safety profiles for dose level 1 [CI-1033 (50 mg/d) + docetaxel (75 mg/m2)] and dose level 4 [CI-1033 (45 mg/d) + docetaxel (60 mg/m2)], the former was determined to be the recommended phase II dose, given greater dose intensity of both drugs. Antitumor activity was noted in three patients, including a complete response in a patient with cervix uteri cancer. Pharmacokinetic analysis showed a possible effect of docetaxel on CI-1033 pharmacokinetics.
Conclusions: It is feasible to combine the irreversible pan-erbB tyrosine kinase inhibitor CI-1033 with docetaxel on an intermittent dosing schedule in advanced cancer patients. We established the maximum tolerated dose and recommended phase II dose for the combination. Further investigation of this combination should include a rigorous analysis of the effect of docetaxel on CI-1033 pharmacokinetics.
Xenografts of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Useful Model for Testing Drugs
Authors: Huynh Hung , Soo Khee Chee , Chow Pierce K.H. , Panasci Lawrence , Tran Evelyn 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Our aims were to establish and characterize primary human hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts. They were used to screen new drugs and improve our current treatment regimens used in hepatocellular carcinoma.
Experimental Design: Primary hepatocellular carcinomas were used to create the xenografts. Western blotting was used to determine the changes in proteins in these xenografts before and after therapies. Apoptotic and cell proliferation were analyzed by immunohistochemistry.
Results: Seven lines of xenografts were established from primary human hepatocellular carcinomas. Lines 4-1318, 2-1318, 2006, and 26-1004 grew rapidly in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice and doubled its volume every 48 to 72 hours. Series 5-1318 (5-1318, 30-1004, and 29-1104) grew relatively slowly in SCID mice and required ∼6 to 10 days to double its tumor volume. Western blot analysis revealed that the growth rate of these xenografts was associated with abnormal expression of proteins associated with the cell cycle, signaling pathways, and tumor suppressor genes. Although hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts expressed the receptors for androgens, estrogens, and progesterone, their growth rate was not affected by either castration or sex steroid hormone supplementation. Cisplatin, oxaliplatin, vitamin D analogue EB1089, and Iressa had no effects on the growth rate in SCID mice. Although 5-fluorouracil exerted mild growth inhibition of these xenografts, i.p. delivery of 2-chloroethyl-3-sarcosinamide-1-nitrosourea (SarCNU) or doxorubicin resulted in a significant growth inhibition. Doxorubicin-induced growth suppression was associated with elevation of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1. In addition to up-regulation of p53 and p21Cip1/Waf1, SarCNU also increased the levels of phosphorylated cdc-2 at Tyr15.
Conclusion: Hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts are powerful tools for screening drugs and SarCNU may be useful in the treatment of this fatal disease.
PC Cell–Derived Growth Factor Stimulates Proliferation and Confers Trastuzumab Resistance to Her-2-Overexpressing Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Kim Wes E. , Serrero Ginette 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPurpose: Trastuzumab is only effective in 25% to 30% of the administered breast cancer patients who overexpress the erbB2/Her-2 oncoprotein. PC cell–derived growth factor (PCDGF/GP88) is an 88-kDa glycoprotein growth factor overexpressed in 80% invasive ductal carcinomas. Our objective was to determine whether the increased levels of PCDGF/GP88 confers Trastuzumab resistance in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells.Experimental Design: The ability of PCDGF to induce erbB2 phosphorylation and to confer Trastuzumab resistance was studied in erbB2-overexpressing MCF-7 and SKBR3 breast cancer cell lines.Results: PCDGF/GP88 added exogenously induced the phosphorylation of erbB2 in a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner in erbB2-overexpressing breast cancer cells. In addition, the overexpression of PCDGF/GP88 conferred Trastuzumab resistance in erbB2-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, overexpression of PCDGF/GP88 in erbB2-overexpressing cells provided a growth advantage over erbB2-overexpressing cells that do not have increased levels of PCDGF/GP88. Lastly, PCDGF/GP88 induced the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase in a time-dependent manner in erbB2-overexpressing cells, and pretreatment with Trastuzumab was not able to attenuate the phosphorylation levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase induced by PCDGF/GP88.Conclusion: These data suggest that PCDGF/GP88 confers Trastuzumab resistance in erbB2-overexpressing cells. Thus, the increase in PCDGF/GP88 levels may indicate Trastuzumab unresponsiveness in breast cancer patients.