bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mauritian export processing zone
Authors: Bheenick Rundheersing , Schapiro Morton Owen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen Mauritius became independent in 1968, it was highly dependent upon sugar for foreign exchange. Early efforts to develop import‐substitution industries proved to be unsuccessful in reducing the country's economic and unemployment problems. The Export Processing Zone (EPZ) approach provided a package of fiscal concessions and other benefits to lure industries to locate their labour‐intensive activities in Mauritius. While the EPZ approach was successful during its early stages, a number of reforms had to be introduced to deal with persistent problems. The Mauritian EPZ model, despite various mistakes, can be useful to other countries, provided certain basic conditions prevail.This article is based on the longer study: Bheenick, R. and Schapiro, M. O. (1989). ‘Mauritius: a case study of the Export Processing Zone’. In R. Bheenick et al., Successful Development in Africa: Case Studies of Projects. Programs and Policies. World Bank EDI, Washington, D.C., available from Ms. Edith Pena, EDI, the World Bank, 1818 H Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20433, USA.
The role of institutional strengthening in international environmental consulting
Authors: Horberry J. , Le Marchant M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article aims to describe, with the aid of a number of case studies, the role consultants are playing in bringing improved environmental management to fruition in developing countries. In spite of environmental considerations entering the political agenda in the early 1970s, global environmental deterioration continues. Donor agencies have thus recently greatly accelerated their assistance in this area, but are themselves not equipped to deal with many of the problems and issues and so have hired consultants to undertake aspects of the work programme. Typically consultants are undertaking sector studies, pollution control, environmental improvement studies, and project and programme assessment, and are seen as being primarily responsible for technical aspects. It has become clear that unless technical recommendations are firmly tied into institutional and management structures, the goal of long‐term sustainability of projects will not be realized. Whilst the need for institutional strengthening in this respect is widely recognized, it often fails to materialize as a consequence of internal resistances. Furthermore, environmental goals are still often seen as secondary and contradictory to economic development goals, and are therefore not taken adequately seriously. The article includes four case studies, which illustrate the kinds of measures which are currently considered to be necessary to ensure the implementation of sustainable development programmes and projects.
Rural development projects in LDCs: Appraisal, participation and sustainability
Authors: Tacconi Luca , Tisdell Clem 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEvidence on the performance of development projects shows that sustainability is seldom achieved. Project sustainability is influenced by ecological, social, political and economic systems. However, the blueprint approach to project choice tends to incorporate sustainability into the project cycle by considering only economic and environmental systems. This is done by adopting elaborate methodologies such as expanded CBA and EIA. This approach is unlikely to lead to sustainable projects. The ‘participation approach’ is more sensitive to the social and political systems than the blueprint approach. It involves people in decision‐making and sees the achievement of sustainable projects as the result of people's empowerment and self‐reliance. However, under certain circumstances, this approach can lead to environmentally unsustainable projects. Smaller scale projects tend to bring about sustainability, but government control might be needed to ensure this. Social obstacles exist in implementing participation but occur for top‐down projects as well. Problems exist in combining the bottom‐up and top‐down approaches.
Public sector management and the transition to a more open economy: Cautious reform in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK)
Authors: Collins Paul , Nixson Frederick 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe article assesses the efforts of the DPRK—a country which has experienced significant industrial development under central planning—to develop a more open economy, having probably reached the limits of inward‐looking growth ('Juche') and having recently experienced a dramatic change in its traditional trading partnerships. It describes the nature of the DPRK state management system and the growing dissatisfaction with its performance in recent years. From its relatively isolated position, the DPRK is taking advantage of UNDP technical assistance to implement its change strategy in three areas: diversification of international trade, foreign investment promotion through joint ventures with state enterprises and modernization of industrial management. Implementation of the UNDP programme has thrown into relief some of the institutional obstacles to the internationalization of the economy inherent in the central planning system. Against a background of relative lack of foreign investor interest—recent legislation notwithstanding—the article describes remedial efforts being undertaken. On the trade front, the government has made modest successes in diversification, but these will need to be reinforced by multilateral assistance with trade information, marketing and other skills needs of trade officials. The article concludes with a review of the DPRK's prospects in the context of the Korean unification issue, other regional cooperation such as the Tumen River Project and international debates over regime survival in the DPRK. Prospects for spreading management change through technical assistance in the DPRK are conditioned by a number of factors, including the extent to which a new management culture can be disseminated from pilot enterprises to the economy as a whole and whether the enclave approach to investment promotion in enterprise zones is also helpful in this regard. Though the DPRK political economy is robust and resourceful, the question that remains is whether the cautious or reluctant government strategy for change can bring results in time.
Institutional preconditions of privatization in market‐based political economies: Implications for Jordan
Authors: Reid Margaret F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractConcepts of privatization have been adopted on a global scale. Yet few studies examine issues other than economic and selected political ones. This article argues, however, that a broad spectrum of institutional considerations must be evaluated in order to assess the viability of any proposed privatization strategy. A further distinction must be made between countries with developed markets and those market‐based political economies (MBPEs) whose extant institutional configurations have not reached a level of independence to fully support extensive privatization measures. Jordan, Turkey and Egypt would be examples of such countries.This article contends that the enactment and implementation of privatization policies will achieve its avowed goals only (a) if the state‐controlled enterprises (SCEs) are sufficiently independent of their supervising bureaucracies (presumably a ministry, the treasury or development planning organization) prior to their transfer to a private partner and (b) if the government possesses requisite monitoring capacity to ensure the fulfilment of contractual obligations of the privatized entity. An ancillary thesis suggests that the societal and organizational culture must be succinctly separated to warrant a full‐scale transfer of SCEs to the private sector.In Jordan, privatization has been discussed for a number of years, but no projects have been attempted so far. The article assesses the likelihood of large‐scale privatization occurring soon.
Administrative reform in a changing political environment: The case of Hong Kong
Authors: Burns John P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince 1989, the Hong Kong government has implemented a programme of public sector reform that is based on the principles of ‘new public management’. The reforms initially focused mainly on financial management reform, including delegating responsibilities for resource allocation; re‐defining the roles of the central resource branches; setting up trading funds in departments that provide services directly to the public; and instilling a new corporate culture of service throughout the government. Some progress has been made in implementing the reforms.In 1993, the government realized that further civil service reform was necessary to support the reforms. The government proposed to delegate more authority to department heads on personnel matters; give managers more freedom to manage personnel; and simplify personnel regulations and procedures. These ‘new public management’‐type reforms are usually associated with stable, relatively unchanging environments.In Hong Kong, however, the reforms have been proposed and carried out in an environment of considerable political turbulence which has both facilitated and hindered their implementation. Because of the declining legitimacy of the colonial government, British authorities may not have the political capacity to implement the reforms. Opposition from both department heads and civil service unions to aspects of the reforms has already emerged.
Über die Verwendung von Variationsableitungen bei Problemen der statischen Physik und der Quantentheorie der Felder
Authors: Bogoljubov N. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn diesem Aufsatz werden Beziehungen zwischen Variationsableitungen der Fockschen Funktionaldarstellung untersucht, eine Methode, die mit der zweiten Quantisierung eng zusammenhängt. Davon ausgehend wird eine neue Operator‐Interpretation für die Schwingersche Theorie der Greenschen Funktionen gegeben. In diesem Zusammenhang wird eine neue „Einteilchen‐Näherung”︁ formuliert, die auf der Vernachlässigung der geschlossenen Schleifen (Selbstenergie‐Terme) in den Feynmanschen Graphen beruht.Die sich ergebenden Gleichungen ähneln ihrer Form nach den entsprechenden Gleichungen der gewöhnlichen Einteilchen‐Theorie, unterscheiden sich jedoch wesentlich durch die Vertauschungsrelationen. Für ihre genäherte Lösung lassen sich die Methoden von Bloch‐Nordsieck, die der starken Kopplung u. ä. anwenden.Es wird ferner die Anwendbarkeit einer der oben geschilderten analogen Methode auf die Theorie des statistischen Gleichgewichts klassischer Systeme gezeigt.Speziell wird eine besondere Darstellung der Grundgleichungen angegeben, in der sie eine quasi den unabhängigen Bewegungen der Teilchen in äußeren Feld entsprechende Form annehmen. Die Wechselwirkung der Teilchen wird hier, ebenso wie bei der zweiten Quantisierung, durch die Operator‐Struktur dieses Feldes berücksichtigt.
A New Method in the Theory of Superconductivity
Authors: Bogoljubov N. N. , Tolmachov V. V. , Širkov D. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe method of canonical transformations proposed by one of the authors ten years ago in connection with a microscopic theory of superfluidity for Bose systems, is generalized here to Fermi systems, and forms the basis of a method for investigating the problem of superconductivity.Starting from Fröhlich's Hamiltonian, the energy of the superconducting ground state and the one‐Fermion and collective excitations corresponding to this state are obtained. It turns out that the final formulae for the ground state and one‐Fermion excitations recently obtained by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer are correct in the first approximation. The physical picture appears to be closer to the one proposed by Schafroth, Butler and Blatt.The effect on superconductivity of the Coulomb interaction between the electrons is analyzed in detail. A criterion for the superfluidity of a Fermi system with a four‐line vertex Hamiltonian is established.
Meson Resonances 2+, 1+, 0+ in the Higher Symmetry Theory
Authors: Chi Cao , van Hieu Nguyen , Sredniawa Bronisław 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper mesons of spin and parity 2+, 1+, 0+ in SU(6) theory and its relativistic generalizations are considered. The connection between the representations 225 and 441 of the group U(6) and the representations 4212+ and 5940+ is explained with the aid of the scheme GL(6). It is shown that meson resonances A2, KII and f0 may belong to the representation 4212+ as well as to 5940+. Explicit expressions are given for the decay widths of all 2+ mesons and the matrix elements for 1+ and 0+ mesons with particular values of isospin and hypercharge.
Decays of Baryon Resonances in an O(3.1) Model
Authors: Hamprecht B. , Kleinert Hagen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe notion of dynamical groups [1] has been introduced into hadron physics in order to relate amplitudes of particles of many different spins. In particular the O(3.1)‐model of BARUT and KLEINERT [5a, 6] gives the pseudoscalar form factors of all the strange and non‐strange baryons in terms of a few adjustable coupling constants and claims that they furnish a good approximation in the region of not too large physical momentum transfers. Here we report on an extensive comparison of this O(3.1)‐model with experimental information. For one such comparison we take the known partial decay widths [7] of baryon resonances into members of the nucleon and pseudoscalar meson octet. The fit which we obtain is quite good and the SU(3) symmetry breaking is described in much better agreement with experiment than in an approach which, instead of O(3.1)‐form factors, takes only the correct threshold behavior into account. Further we look at baryon decays with two final mesons and calculate theoretical Dalitz‐plots. Very good agreement with some recent results on Δ(1920) → Δ Kπ is achieved. Finally we give some closed functional form for the form factors which approximate the complicated O(3.1) form factors well in the region relevant for phenomenological calculations.
Short‐Range Repulsion and Broken Chiral Symmetry in Low‐Energy Scattering
Authors: Serbryakov V. V. , Shirkov D. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper is an essentially modified version of the chapter “Short‐range repulsion” from the English edition [1] of the book “Dispersion theories of strong interactions at low‐energies” (in the Russian edition [1] this chapter is absent). Unlike the English version, we have employed the concept of chiral symmetry and ist consequences for the low‐energy characteristics of strong interactions as boundary conditions on the solution of dispersion equations. The introduction of the short‐range repulsion “potentials” into the low‐energy equations for lower partial waves makes it possible to eliminate the main difficulties of the purely elastic low‐energy (Pele) approximation. There is then a possibility in principle of obtaining solutions with small s‐wave scattering lengths and broad resonances. The use of threshold conditions resulting from chiral symmetry allows us (under certain additional conditions) to express the main resonance scattering parameters in terms of the pion decay characteristics. Formulas are presented, by means of one of which the ϱ meson mass mϱ is expressed in terms of the pion mass μ and the decay constant ƒπ from the PCAC condition (Eq. (5.26) and the other (Eq. (5.27)) expresses the ϱ meson width Γ via μƒπ and mπ and is a generalization of the well‐known KSFR relation taking into account unitarity corrections. Similar results have been obtained for the Δ33 resonance in pion‐nucleon scattering. Thus, using the broken chiral symmetry approximation and unitarity dispersion equations for low‐energy ππ and πN scattering we have obtained masses, life‐time and coupling constants for p‐wave resonances by specifying only the pion and nucleon masses, their life‐times and the Fermi coupling constant.Reported at the Conference on the High Energy Physics in the Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kiev, the Ukrainian SSR, October 1969.
The Temperature Dependent Line Shape of Mössbauer Hyperfine Spectra in the Paramagnetic and the Ordered Region
Authors: Schwegler Helmut 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA general, microscopic and quantum mechanical theory of the temperature dependent line shape of Mössbauer hyperfine spectra is presented. This theory covers the slow as well as the fast relaxation region and spectra of both paramagnetic and magnetically ordered samples. On a phenomenological level the theory results in generalized Wickman equations but with explicit expressions for the relaxation parameters in terms of the interaction Hamiltonians. The connection between this fully quantum mechanical theory and the stochastic models is also discussed.In the second part relaxation times are calculated for special interaction Hamiltonians. The relation between the relaxation times obtained by Mössbauer measurements and the results of other relaxation time measurements, especially those of the longitudinal susceptibility χ|, is also considered.In the third part the critical slowing down of the relaxation time above a transition point is briefly discussed. Finally the superparamagnetism hypothesis, which is able to explain the so‐called anomalous spectra measured below transition points, is outlined.
The Padé Approximation and its Physical Applications
Authors: Basdevant J. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Padé approximation, its mathematical features, and its practical and physical applications are reviewed. We describe the present status of the convergence problem. Among the physical applications, we give particular emphasis to elementary particle theory. We discuss various proofs of convergence, and show why the approximation is particularly well suited for studying strong interaction dynamics. We finally review the various achievements of the approximation in the determination of ππ, πN and NN scattering amplitudes.
A Rigorous Formulation of the Boson Method in Superconductivity
Authors: Matsumoto H. , Umezawa H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA rigorous formulation of the boson method in superconductivity is presented. Assuming the local gauge invariance and presence of a phase‐dependent order parameter and utilizing the path‐integral formalism, we derive a set of macroscopic equations which control all the superconducting states. These equations are model‐independent. They contain certain functions and parameters which should be calculated for a given model. Using this rigorous formulation, we study what kind of approximations are involved in the usual formulation of the boson method and how these approximations can be improved.
Extended Unitarity in Hadronic Multichannel Scattering with Coulomb Interactions Present
Authors: Rasche G. , Woolcock W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe matrix J of scattering amplitudes for a partial wave is considered for a set of n coupled hadronic two‐body channels with thresholds s1, …, sn satisfying s1 < s2 < … < sn, s being the usual Mandelstam variable. The analyticity properties which follow from the Mandelstam hypothesis are assumed and it is shown rigorously that extended unitarity is equivalent to the absence from the K‐matrix of the cut from s1 to the threshold for the first competing channel with more than two particles. The extension of this result to the case where an attractive Coulomb interaction is present in some channels is discussed fully.
Heisenberg Equations of Motion in a Nonabelian Gauge Theory
Authors: Drechsler W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHeisenberg type equations of motion are established in a nonabelian gauge theory with minimal and nonminimal couplings and various relativistic particle equations of motion are derived from them. These equations for pointlike particles possessing a nonabelian gauge interaction (chosen for definiteness to be of SO(4,1) type) ore obtained in classical limit, ħ → 0, or in a semiclassical limit in which contributions of first order in ħ are retained. As a byproduct of the formalism, which can be applied to an arbitrary gauge group, a simple derivation of the Lorentz equation and the Bargmann‐Michel‐Telegdi equation from spinor electrodynamics with anomalous (i.e. nonminimal) coupling is given starting from the associated quantum mechanical Heisenberg equations of motion and specializing the gauge group to the electromagnetic U(1) group.
Lattice Gauge Theory in Two Spacetime Dimensions
Authors: Dosch H. G. , Müller V. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEuclidean lattice Yang‐Mills theories with arbitrary values of the self‐coupling are investigated. We prove the existence of the infinite volume expectation values and their independence of the boundary conditions originally imposed. The continuum limit of the general N‐loop function is derived and the continuum limit of the gauge dependent 2‐point function examined.
Electrodynamics of Superconductors as a Consequence of Local Gauge Invariance
Authors: Fusco‐Girard M. , Mancini F. , Marinaro M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe electromagnetic properties of superconductors are studied in the framework of a quantum gauge‐invariant theory.The formulation is developed in the generalized pair approximation which preserves the Ward‐Takahashi identities. The macroscopic equations which regulate current and electromagnetic fields are derived by means of the boson transformation method. Comparison with previous works is reported.
Asymptotic Series of Quantum Field Theory and Their Summation
Authors: Kazakov D. I. , Shirkov D. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe problem of investigation of ultraviolet asymptotics in quantum field theory has met recently with specific difficulties related to the asymptotic character of power expansions of quantum perturbation theory. This article is a review on the present status of this problem. First, we discuss the saddle‐point method for the path integral, by which many important results have been obtained in the last years. Then a sketch of results is given concerning the asymptotic series in problems of quantum field theory and quantum mechanics. Next we consider the problem of “summation” of such series, which arises in attempting to reach the region of not small values of the coupling constant g.
The Einstein Podolsky Rosen Paradox and Local Hidden—Variables Theories
Authors: Paul H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEinstein's severe critique of quantum mechanics took its ultimate form in the so‐called Einstein Podolsky Rosen (EPR) paradox. The latter remained a subject of mere dispute, until a remarkable progress was initiated in 1964 by Bell who showed that quantum mechanical correlations specific for an EPR type experiment cannot be reproduced in any local hidden—variables theory. Afterwards, realistic versions of EPR experiments have been conceived and, in fact, carried out. The objective of the present paper is to give a review of this recent exciting development, both theoretical and experimental, which reveals one of the most striking features of quantum theory, the “quantum interconnectedness of distant systems”.
The electrical design for manufacture of ceramic capacitors
Authors: Hannaford C. D. , Ingleson H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe design of components is examined from the standpoint of optimizing production yield and quality rather than electrical performance and unit cost. General observations are made on the compromises which must be made between these criteria, and they are illustrated by considering two specific types of well‐established ceramic capacitor. It is demonstrated that appropriate electrical design changes can produce significant improvements in production yield which more than offset the resulting small increases in material and fabrication costs.