bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An evaluation tool of infection risk analysis for drainage systems in high-rise residential buildings
Authors: Cheng CL , Yen CJ , Wong LT , Ho KC 
Published: August 2008

This study proposes a simple risk analysis tool and evaluation level for the probable infection due to a contaminated drainage stack in residential high-rise buildings in some Asian cities which have equivalent drainage systems. The methodology would follow the conception of FMEA (Failure Mode Effects Analysis). In particular, key risk factors including connections between appliance and stack, the plumbing system, ventilation, equipment life and maintenance were surveyed and used to evaluate the overall risk associated in high-rise residential buildings with Monte Carlo simulations. With the proposed tool, regional risks of infection due to the building drainage systems were estimated, with respect to the city building age and height profiles. The results showed that a city with a high-rise environment would associate a higher spreading risk due to the drainage system. Practical applications: Following the outbreak of SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome) in early 2003, the operational performance of drainage systems in high-rise residential buildings has become a major concern. The assessment system would be practical and sensible for evaluating the infection risk in building drainage systems for both existing buildings and new construction. The assessment tool may provide the government, designers and the occupants a source of reference to judge drainage system performance in either new construction or the existing building, so that improvements would be conducted.
Degree days for building energy management — presentation of a new data set
Authors: Layberry RL 
Published: August 2008

Heating degree days are widely used in building energy management. For the construction of building performance lines, it is necessary to have the correct building base temperature with the meteorological station as close as possible to the building being monitored. In the UK, free degree day data is available on a monthly basis for 18 regions of the UK at a building base temperature of 15.5°C. This paper presents a new data set of degree days calculated for 77 regions, weekly and monthly, at a range of building base temperatures from 10.5°C to 20°C. The data is calculated using real hourly temperatures and is compared against degree days calculated using approximate equations. The data presented is free and is updated weekly at http://www.eci.ox.ac.uk/research/energy/degreedays.php Practical applications: Degree days are widely used in building energy management; however, they are often not used due to the lack of availability of data for different time intervals, for appropriate weather stations and at building base temperatures other than 15.5°C. This paper presents and discusses a data set at high spatial resolution (77 UK stations) at both weekly and monthly time intervals for building base temperatures from 10.5°C to 20°C. This resource is more accurate than traditional sources due to having been calculated from hourly Meteorological Office data rather than daily maximum and minimum temperatures. The data is available online, is updated weekly and in a form such that it can be dynamically linked in to building energy management programs.
Modelling bulk water temperature in integrated collector storage systems
Authors: Currie JI , Garnier C. , Muneer T. , Grassie T. , Henderson D. 
Published: August 2008

A simple low cost Integrated Collector Storage Solar Water Heater (ICS-SWH) was proposed for simulation in Scottish weather conditions. The system takes the form of a rectangular-shaped design incorporating the solar collector and storage tank into a single unit and the simplicity of construction and installation make this type of SWH a popular choice of solar water heater. A 3-month experimental and numerical study on the ICS-SWH was undertaken in order to compare the results with a newly developed macro model. Improvements were incorporated into the macro model by differentiating non-finned and finned collectors. The macro model was able to compare the water bulk temperature variation in different SWH collector material, with or without fins, internal temperature and external weather conditions for a given aspect ratio. Numerical results obtained by this new tool were found to be in close agreement with the experimental data. Practical applications: Direct comparison of measured system performances is relatively straight forward; however, predicting the performance of an ICS-SWH at another location or with a different installation configuration is more challenging. A model able to predict water temperature in ICS-SWH would be a useful tool to allow any user to predict the performance of the installed SWH, depending on the orientation and location. Builders could use such a tool to demonstrate the performance of the ICS-SWH and the benefit of such installation.
Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability
Authors: Choi Woo Jin , Lee Jin Woo , Han Seung Hwan , Kim Bom Soo , Lee Su Keon 
Published: August 2008

BackgroundThere has been no attempt to correlate the type and number of intra-articular lesions with the results of ligament reconstruction for chronic lateral ankle instability.HypothesisCertain intra-articular lesions affect the clinical outcome of ligament reconstruction.Study DesignCase series; Level of evidence, 4.MethodsSixty-five ankles from 64 patients underwent a modified Broström operation for chronic lateral ankle instability with a mean follow-up of 28.7 months (range, 12–67). The results were assessed according to the Karlsson-Peterson Ankle Score. The type of intra-articular lesions and the association of clinical outcome were investigated using Pearson's correlation coefficient and multivariate logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe average Karlsson-Peterson Ankle Score was improved from 53 ± 14.63 preoperatively to 85.21 ±11.97 at final follow-up ( P < .001). Five different intra-articular lesions were described in 63 ankles (96.9%), and the ankle score negatively correlated with the number of lesions ( r = −.604; P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that syndesmosis widening (odds ratio, 11.1; 95% confidence interval: 2.2–55.4; P = .003), osteochondral lesions of the talus (odds ratio, 8.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.7–42.3; P = .008), and ossicles (odds ratio, 4.5; 95% confidence interval: 1.0–20.2; P = .046) are significant predictors of unsatisfactory results after ligament reconstruction.ConclusionArthroscopic diagnosis and treatment of intra-articular lesions associated with chronic lateral ankle instability is a safe and effective method. The presence of any combination of associated intra-articular lesions can result in a poor outcome.
Effect on Tissue Differentiation and Articular Cartilage Degradation of a Polymer Meniscus Implant
Authors: Welsing Roy T. C. , van Tienen Tony G. , Ramrattan Navin , Heijkants Ralf , Schouten Arend Jan , Veth René P. H. , Buma Pieter 
Published: August 2008

Background Replacement of the meniscus by an implant could potentially avoid cartilage degeneration. Hypothesis An implant of degradable polycaprolacton-polyurethane should act as a temporary scaffold enabling regeneration of a new meniscus by slow degradation of the polymer and simultaneous in-growth and differentiation of tissues into the typical cartilage-like tissue of the meniscus. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods In 13 dogs’ knees, the lateral meniscus was replaced with a porous polymer implant (6 and 7 for 6- and 24-month follow-up, respectively); in 7 knees only a meniscectomy was performed. In 6 knees, no surgery was performed. After 6 and 24 months, the implants and the articular cartilage were histologically evaluated. Compression-stress tests were performed on implant biopsy specimens. Results The implants were fully integrated into the tissue without formation of a capsule. The foreign body reaction did not exceed grade I. Differentiation from fibrous- to cartilage-like tissue was pronounced after 24 months. Viable cells were particularly absent after 24 months in central parts of the most anterior part of the scaffold. The mechanical properties of the implants were intermediate between the scaffold before implantation and native meniscus tissue and were not different between 6 and 24 months. After both 6 and 24 months, small areas of the implant were not covered with tissue. Cartilage degeneration was not prevented. Conclusion A final remodeling of tissue into neomeniscus tissue could not take place since the original structure of the polymer was still present after 24 months. The implant did not prevent cartilage degradation. Several factors are discussed that may be responsible for this. Clinical Relevance Although clinical application of a polymer implant for the replacement of the entire meniscus is not supported by this study, the authors strongly believe in the concept, but further improvements in the implant and surgical technique are needed before such an implant can be recommended for human clinical use.
Type I Collagen α1 Sp1 Polymorphism and the Risk of Cruciate Ligament Ruptures or Shoulder Dislocations
Authors: Khoschnau Shwan , Melhus Håkan , Jacobson Annica , Rahme Hans , Bengtsson Henrik , Ribom Eva , Grundberg Elin , Mallmin Hans , Michaëlsson Karl 
Published: August 2008

Background Cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations are often caused by trauma, but predisposing intrinsic factors might also influence the risk. These injuries are more common in those with a previously injured sibling, an observation that might indicate a genetic predisposition. It is well known that polymorphisms in the collagen I gene are associated not only with osteoporosis and osteoporotic fracture risk, but also with osteoarthritis. Hypothesis Because collagen I is abundant in ligaments and tendons, the authors hypothesized that collagen I α1 Sp1 polymorphism also was related to the occurrence of cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations. Study Design Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods A total of 358 patients and 325 randomly selected population-based female controls were included in the study. Of the cases, 233 had a cruciate ligament rupture and 126 had had a shoulder dislocation. Age-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) estimated by unconditional logistic regression were used as measures of association. Results Compared with the homozygous SS category, the heterozygous participants displayed a similar risk (OR, 1.06; 95% CI, 0.76–1.49), whereas the ss genotype was underrepresented in the injured population compared with the controls (OR, 0.15; 95% CI, 0.03–0.68). This latter estimate was similar for both cruciate ligament ruptures and shoulder dislocations, and was furthermore not modified by general joint laxity. Conclusion The authors found a substantially decreased risk of these injuries associated with collagen type I α1 Sp1 polymorphism. The study might encourage other investigators to consider further research in the area of genes and soft tissue injuries.
Effective dasatinib uptake may occur without human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1): implications for the treatment of imatinib-resistant chronic myeloid leukemia
Authors: Giannoudis Athina , Davies Andrea , Lucas Claire M. , Harris Robert J. , Pirmohamed Munir , Clark Richard E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe have previously shown that imatinib uptake into chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) cells is dependent on human organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1; SLC22A1), and that low hOCT1 expression is an important determinant of clinical outcome to imatinib treatment. We hypothesized that dasatinib might be transported differently than imatinib, possibly accounting for its favorable effects in imatinib-resistant patients. 14C-dasatinib uptake was greater in KCL22-transfected cells with pcDNA3-hOCT1 plasmid (high hOCT1-expressing cells) than in control cells (P = .02). However, hOCT inhibitors did not decrease dasatinib uptake into either control or primary cells, in contrast to their block on imatinib uptake. Dasa-tinib decreased the level of phosphorylated CrkL to 49.9% in control and 40.3% in high hOCT1-expressing cells. Dasa-tinib efflux was investigated in confluent ABCB1-transfected MDCKII cell monolayers. Both dasatinib and imatinib were transported from the basal to the apical layer, indicating that they were transported by ABCB1, which was confirmed using the ABCB1 inhibitor PSC833 (P = .001 and P < .001, respectively). Compared with imatinib, dasatinib achieved superior intracellular levels and BCR-ABL suppression even in cells with low or blocked hOCT1. Efflux of dasatinib and imatinib appear similar via ABCB1. Dasatinib may therefore offer an advantage over imatinib in patients with low hOCT1 expression.
The tetraspanin CD63 is involved in granule targeting of neutrophil elastase
Authors: Källquist Linda , Hansson Markus , Persson Ann-Maj , Janssen Hans , Calafat Jero , Tapper Hans , Olsson Inge 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Targeting mechanisms of neutrophil elastase (NE) and other luminal proteins stored in myeloperoxidase (MPO)–positive secretory lysosomes/primary granules of neutrophils are unknown. These granules contain an integral membrane protein, CD63, with an adaptor protein-3–dependent granule delivery system. Therefore, we hypothesized that CD63 cooperates in granule delivery of the precursor of NE (proNE). Supporting this hypothesis, an association was demonstrated between CD63 and proNE upon coexpression in COS cells. This also involved augmented cellular retention of proNE requiring intact large extracellular loop of CD63. Furthermore, depletion of CD63 in promyelocytic HL-60 cells with RNA interference or a CD63 mutant caused reduction of cellular NE. However, the proNE steady-state level was similar to wild type in CD63-depleted clones, making it feasible to examine possible effects of CD63 on NE trafficking. Thus, depletion of CD63 led to reduced processing of proNE into mature NE and reduced constitutive secretion. Furthermore, CD63-depleted cells showed a lack of morphologically normal granules, but contained MPO-positive cytoplasmic vacuoles with a lack of proNE and NE. Collectively, our data suggest that granule proteins may cooperate in targeting; CD63 can be involved in ER or Golgi export, cellular retention, and granule targeting of proNE before storage as mature NE.
Single cell cytometry of protein function in RNAi treated cells and in native populations
Authors: LaPan Peter , Zhang Jing , Pan Jing , Hill Andrew , Haney Steven A 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
High Content Screening has been shown to improve results of RNAi and other perturbations, however significant intra-sample heterogeneity is common and can complicate some analyses. Single cell cytometry can extract important information from subpopulations within these samples. Such approaches are important for immune cells analyzed by flow cytometry, but have not been broadly available for adherent cells that are critical to the study of solid-tumor cancers and other disease models.

Results
We have directly quantitated the effect of resolving RNAi treatments at the single cell level in experimental systems for both exogenous and endogenous targets. Analyzing the effect of an siRNA that targets GFP at the single cell level permits a stronger measure of the absolute function of the siRNA by gating to eliminate background levels of GFP intensities. Extending these methods to endogenous proteins, we have shown that well-level results of the knockdown of PTEN results in an increase in phospho-S6 levels, but at the single cell level, the correlation reveals the role of other inputs into the pathway. In a third example, reduction of STAT3 levels by siRNA causes an accumulation of cells in the G1 phase of the cell cycle, but does not induce apoptosis or necrosis when compared to control cells that express the same levels of STAT3. In a final example, the effect of reduced p53 levels on increased adriamycin sensitivity for colon carcinoma cells was demonstrated at the whole-well level using siRNA knockdown and in control and untreated cells at the single cell level.

Conclusion
We find that single cell analysis methods are generally applicable to a wide range of experiments in adherent cells using technology that is becoming increasingly available to most laboratories. It is well-suited to emerging models of signaling dysfunction, such as oncogene addition and oncogenic shock. Single cell cytometry can demonstrate effects on cell function for protein levels that differ by as little as 20%. Biological differences that result from changes in protein level or pathway activation state can be modulated directly by RNAi treatment or extracted from the natural variability intrinsic to cells grown under normal culture conditions.
Differential control of Zap1-regulated genes in response to zinc deficiency in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Wu Chang-Yi , Bird Amanda J , Chung Lisa M , Newton Michael A , Winge Dennis R , Eide David J 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
The Zap1 transcription factor is a central player in the response of yeast to changes in zinc status. We previously used transcriptome profiling with DNA microarrays to identify 46 potential Zap1 target genes in the yeast genome. In this new study, we used complementary methods to identify additional Zap1 target genes.

Results
With alternative growth conditions for the microarray experiments and a more sensitive motif identification algorithm, we identified 31 new potential targets of Zap1 activation. Moreover, an analysis of the response of Zap1 target genes to a range of zinc concentrations and to zinc withdrawal over time demonstrated that these genes respond differently to zinc deficiency. Some genes are induced under mild zinc deficiency and act as a first line of defense against this stress. First-line defense genes serve to maintain zinc homeostasis by increasing zinc uptake, and by mobilizing and conserving intracellular zinc pools. Other genes respond only to severe zinc limitation and act as a second line of defense. These second-line defense genes allow cells to adapt to conditions of zinc deficiency and include genes involved in maintaining secretory pathway and cell wall function, and stress responses.

Conclusion
We have identified several new targets of Zap1-mediated regulation. Furthermore, our results indicate that through the differential regulation of its target genes, Zap1 prioritizes mechanisms of zinc homeostasis and adaptive responses to zinc deficiency.
Sequence conservation and combinatorial complexity of Drosophila neural precursor cell enhancers
Authors: Brody Thomas , Rasband Wayne , Baler Kevin , Kuzin Alexander , Kundu Mukta , Odenwald Ward F 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
The presence of highly conserved sequences within cis-regulatory regions can serve as a valuable starting point for elucidating the basis of enhancer function. This study focuses on regulation of gene expression during the early events of Drosophila neural development. We describe the use of EvoPrinter and cis-Decoder, a suite of interrelated phylogenetic footprinting and alignment programs, to characterize highly conserved sequences that are shared among co-regulating enhancers.

Results
Analysis of in vivo characterized enhancers that drive neural precursor gene expression has revealed that they contain clusters of highly conserved sequence blocks (CSBs) made up of shorter shared sequence elements which are present in different combinations and orientations within the different co-regulating enhancers; these elements contain either known consensus transcription factor binding sites or consist of novel sequences that have not been functionally characterized. The CSBs of co-regulated enhancers share a large number of sequence elements, suggesting that a diverse repertoire of transcription factors may interact in a highly combinatorial fashion to coordinately regulate gene expression. We have used information gained from our comparative analysis to discover an enhancer that directs expression of the nervy gene in neural precursor cells of the CNS and PNS.

Conclusion
The combined use EvoPrinter and cis-Decoder has yielded important insights into the combinatorial appearance of fundamental sequence elements required for neural enhancer function. Each of the 30 enhancers examined conformed to a pattern of highly conserved blocks of sequences containing shared constituent elements. These data establish a basis for further analysis and understanding of neural enhancer function.
Temporal gene expression profiling reveals CEBPD as a candidate regulator of brain disease in prosaposin deficient mice
Authors: Sun Ying , Jia Li , Williams Michael T , Zamzow Matt , Ran Huimin , Quinn Brian , Aronow Bruce J , Vorhees Charles V , Witte David P , Grabowski Gregory A 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundProsaposin encodes, in tandem, four small acidic activator proteins (saposins) with specificities for glycosphingolipid (GSL) hydrolases in lysosomes. Extensive GSL storage occurs in various central nervous system regions in mammalian prosaposin deficiencies.ResultsOur hypomorphic prosaposin deficient mouse, PS-NA, exhibited 45% WT levels of brain saposins and showed neuropathology that included neuronal GSL storage and Purkinje cell loss. Impairment of neuronal function was observed as early as 6 wks as demonstrated by the narrow bridges tests. Temporal transcriptome microarray analyses of brain tissues were conducted with mRNA from three prosaposin deficient mouse models: PS-NA, prosaposin null (PS-/-) and a V394L/V394L glucocerebrosidase mutation combined with PS-NA (4L/PS-NA). Gene expression alterations in cerebrum and cerebellum were detectable at birth preceding the neuronal deficits. Differentially expressed genes encompassed a broad spectrum of cellular functions. The number of down-regulated genes was constant, but up-regulated gene numbers increased with age. CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein delta (CEBPD) was the only up-regulated transcription factor in these two brain regions of all three models. Network analyses revealed that CEBPD has functional relationships with genes in transcription, pro-inflammation, cell death, binding, myelin and transport.ConclusionThese results show that: 1) Regionally specific gene expression abnormalities precede the brain histological and neuronal function changes, 2) Temporal gene expression profiles provide insights into the molecular mechanism during the GSL storage disease course, and 3) CEBPD is a candidate regulator of brain disease in prosaposin deficiency to participate in modulating disease acceleration or progression.