bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diversity of form and behaviour among nemertean pilidium larvae
Authors: Lacalli Thurston C. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA selection of pilidium larvae are described from plankton collected from Bamfield Inlet in British Columbia, Canada, the Florida Gulf Coast and the Great Barrier Reef of Australia. Among the Bamfield larvae are examples attributable to Cerebratulus and Lineus, the former being among the largest pilidia known, up to 1.45 mm in height, and two previously undescribed types. Pilidium brachiatum from Florida is re‐described to highlight differences from Hubrechtella larvae, which are superficially similar, and an assortment of tropical forms is included to illustrate the predominance of the compressed gyrans‐type larva in this location. Pilidium larvae have typically been categorized by their shape as seen in lateral view. This account emphasizes the importance of three‐dimensional shape, pigmentation, overall architecture and behaviour in distinguishing between the larvae of different species.
Semicystic spermatogenesis and reproductive strategy in Ophidion barbatum (Pisces, Ophidiidae)
Authors: Hernández M. R. , Sàbat M. , Muñoz M. , Casadevall M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this paper the testicular structure and spermatogenesis of Ophidion barbatum are studied and the reproductive strategy of this species is analysed. The species has a rare type of spermatogenesis, called semicystic, in which the cyst ruptures in a stage prior to the spermatozoon stage. The most peculiar feature of the spermatozoon is its elongated shape, not typical of an oviparous species. Taking into account our results, the type of ovary and the spawning method, this species shows specialized characteristics which are fairly uncommon among oviparous species. The analysis of other biological aspects of the species, such as the capacity of the males to produce sounds, the low population density, the habit of individual members of burying themselves and the crepuscular habits, combined with our observations concerning their reproductive strategies, lead us to suggest a unique mating behaviour.
Insulin pump therapy in childhood diabetes—cost implications for Primary Care Trusts
Authors: Feltbower R. G. , Campbell F. M. , Bodansky H. J. , Stephenson C. R. , McKinney P. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAims  Primary Care Trusts (PCTs) are now responsible for the planning and delivery of health‐care services throughout England and Wales. As the 25 PCTs throughout Yorkshire are representative of the national distribution in terms of population structure and socio‐economic status, we aimed to address the paucity of information describing the burden of childhood diabetes in primary care and to evaluate the cost implications of insulin pump therapy on individual PCTs.Methods  We extracted information from a population‐based register in Yorkshire, including 1952 patients diagnosed under the age of 15 years from 1990 to 2003. Each patient's postcode was linked to an individual PCT. Incidence rates (per 100 000 patient years) were derived and assessed for evidence of heterogeneity across PCTs and within Strategic Health Authorities (SHAs).Results  Incidence rates were lower in West Yorkshire (19.1, 95% CI 18.0–20.2) than North‐east Yorkshire (20.3, 18.9–21.6), although this difference was not significant (P = 0.20). No significant evidence of heterogeneity in incidence rates was observed across PCTs (P = 0.46). Ninety per cent of all PCTs would expect four to seven newly diagnosed children per year, corresponding to a single general practitioner (GP) referring an individual for diagnosis once every 15 years on average. Assuming 1% of current patients under the age of 15 years with diabetes were to move onto insulin pump therapy, this would impose an additional cost of £400–1300 per year for each PCT. The average cost was 15% lower for PCTs in West Yorkshire than North and East Yorkshire.Conclusions  The additional resources required to pay for insulin pump therapy for a small proportion of the diabetes population would be minimal given the potential benefits to these patients of improved control and anticipated reduction in long‐term morbidity.
Diabetes prevalence in England, 2001—estimates from an epidemiological model
Authors: Forouhi N. G. , Merrick D. , Goyder E. , Ferguson B. A. , Abbas J. , Lachowycz K. , Wild S. H. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAims  To estimate the total prevalence of diabetes mellitus (diagnosed and undiagnosed) at national, regional and local level in England to support health‐care planning and delivery.Methods  An epidemiological model was constructed by applying age–sex–ethnic‐specific reference prevalence rates from epidemiological studies to resident populations (2001 census) of England at national, regional, and local authority/Primary Care Trust levels.Results  Estimated prevalence of total diabetes for all persons in England was 4.41% in 2001, equating to 2 168 000 persons. Type 2 diabetes was estimated to affect 2 002 000 persons (92.3%) and Type 1 diabetes 166 000 persons (7.7%). Diabetes prevalence was estimated to be higher in women (5.17%) than men (3.61%). People from ethnic minority groups had higher crude prevalence than White Europeans (4.29, 5.69, 6.63 and 2.13% among White Europeans, Black African/Caribbeans, South Asians and ‘other’ groups, respectively). Prevalence increased sharply with age (0.33, 3.37 and 13.92%, respectively, in those aged 0–29, 30–59 and 60+ years). The model allows use of user‐defined population denominator estimates to derive numbers and prevalence of people with diabetes for a given local population group, such as at ward or general practice level.Conclusions  Self‐reported diabetes prevalence estimates from community surveys underestimate the true burden of diabetes. The model can be used to derive the expected total prevalence of diabetes in health areas that lack reliable data to facilitate the implementation of the National Service Framework for diabetes. It will also allow estimates of future diabetes prevalence to be derived, and can potentially be used for prevalence estimates in all of the UK.
Prevalence of erectile dysfunction in Korean men with Type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Cho N. H. , Ahn C. W. , Park J. Y. , Ahn T. Y. , Lee H. W. , Park T. S. , Kim I. J. , Pomerantz K. , Park C. , Kimm K. C. , Choi D. S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAims  We investigated the prevalence and risk factors for developing erectile dysfunction (ED) in 1312 Korean men with diabetes in a multicentre study.Methods  We used the modified International Index for Erectile Function‐5 criteria to identify mild, moderate and complete ED. A standardized face‐to‐face questionnaire was used by trained interviewers, and validated against telephone interviews. We recorded the duration of diabetes, level of glycaemic control, vital signs, complications, exercise and alcohol and smoking habits, and diabetes treatments used.Results  The mean age and median duration of diabetes were 53.8 ± 6.65 and 6 years (range 1–43), respectively. The mean HbA1c and fasting glucose levels were 7.9 ± 1.65% and 8.6 ± 2.82 mmol/l, respectively. The overall prevalences of mild, moderate, complete ED and all ED (mild‐to‐complete) were 20.1, 19.5, 25.8 and 65.4%, respectively. ED was more common with age, reaching 79.3% in men aged > 60 years. Subjects aged > 60 years and with a duration of diabetes > 10 years were at greatest risk for all ED (OR = 10.4, 95% CI 5.8–18.5, P < 0.001) and complete ED (OR = 13.2, 95% CI 7.3–23.9, P < 0.001) when compared with the reference group (age 40–50 years with duration < 6 years). Age, duration of diabetes, HbA1c, insulin use, neuropathy and macrovascular complications were positively associated with ED, but alcohol consumption and exercise habits were negatively associated.Conclusions  The prevalence of complete ED was approximately six times higher than in the general population.
Attentional functioning is impaired during acute hypoglycaemia in people with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: McAulay V. , Deary I. J. , Sommerfield A. J. , Frier B. M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAims  To examine the effects of acute insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia on different aspects of attention and on general non‐verbal reasoning in people with Type 1 diabetes.Methods  A hyperinsulinaemic glucose clamp was used to maintain euglycaemia (4.5 mmol/l) or induce hypoglycaemia (2.6 mmol/l) on separate occasions in 16 adults with Type 1 diabetes each of whom were studied on two occasions in a counterbalanced order. During each study condition, the subjects completed parallel tests of cognitive function assessed by the Test of Everyday Attention and the Raven's Progressive Matrices.Results  Hypoglycaemia caused a significant deterioration in tests sensitive to visual and auditory selective attention. During hypoglycaemia, attentional flexibility deteriorated and speed of information processing was delayed. Sustained attention and intelligence scores were preserved during hypoglycaemia.Conclusions  In people with Type 1 diabetes, hypoglycaemia causes a significant deterioration in attentional abilities, while non‐verbal reasoning is preserved. It is likely therefore that many complex cognitive tasks which involve attention will be impaired during moderate hypoglycaemia during everyday life.
Using Unlabelled Data to Update Classification Rules with Applications in Food Authenticity Studies
Authors: Dean Nema , Murphy Thomas Brendan , Downey Gerard 
Published: November 2005

SummaryAn authentic food is one that is what it purports to be. Food processors and consumers need to be assured that, when they pay for a specific product or ingredient, they are receiving exactly what they pay for. Classification methods are an important tool in food authenticity studies where they are used to assign food samples of unknown type to known types. A classification method is developed where the classification rule is estimated by using both the labelled and the unlabelled data, in contrast with many classical methods which use only the labelled data for estimation. This methodology models the data as arising from a Gaussian mixture model with parsimonious covariance structure, as is done in model-based clustering. A missing data formulation of the mixture model is used and the models are fitted by using the EM and classification EM algorithms. The methods are applied to the analysis of spectra of food-stuffs recorded over the visible and near infra-red wavelength range in food authenticity studies. A comparison of the performance of model-based discriminant analysis and the method of classification proposed is given. The classification method proposed is shown to yield very good misclassification rates. The correct classification rate was observed to be as much as 15% higher than the correct classification rate for model-based discriminant analysis.
Modelling the Effects of Repellent Chemicals on Foraging Bees
Authors: Ridout Martin S. , Faddy Malcolm J. , Solomon Michael G. 
Published: November 2005

Summary
Many pesticide sprays that are used for crop protection are harmful to honey-bees. It can therefore be beneficial to add to the spray chemical compounds that are repellent to bees, to discourage them from feeding on recently sprayed crops. Experiments were conducted using an artificial feeding station to assess the repellent effects of various compounds. In this system, bees arrive at the feeding station, choose between feeding dishes to which different chemicals have been added, feed for a variable period and then depart. The number of bees at each feeding dish is recorded at intervals of 1 min. We discuss the analysis of data from this type of experiment, based on a queuing theory model.
A Comparison of Procedures to Correct for Base-Line Differences in the Analysis of Continuous Longitudinal Data: A Case-Study
Authors: Verbeke G. , Fieuws S. , Lesaffre E. , Kato B. S. , Foreman M. D. , Broos P. L. O. , Milisen K. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe main advantage of longitudinal studies is that they can distinguish changes over time within individuals (longitudinal effects) from differences between subjects at the start of the study (base-line characteristics; cross-sectional effects). Often, especially in observational studies, subjects are very heterogeneous at base-line, and one may want to correct for this, when doing inferences for the longitudinal trends. Three procedures for base-line correction are compared in the context of linear mixed models for continuous longitudinal data. All procedures are illustrated extensively by using data from an experiment which aimed at studying the relationship between the post-operative evolution of the functional status of elderly hip fracture patients and their preoperative neurocognitive status.
Anti‐epileptic drug phenytoin enhances androgen metabolism and androgen receptor expression in murine hippocampus
Authors: Meyer Ralf Peter , Hagemeyer Christoph Eugen , Knoth Rolf , Kaufmann Michel Rene , Volk Benedikt 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEpilepsy is very often related to strong impairment of neuronal networks, particularly in the hippocampus. Previous studies of brain tissue have demonstrated that long‐term administration of the anti‐epileptic drug (AED) phenytoin leads to enhanced metabolism of testosterone mediated by cytochrome P450 (CYP) isoforms. Thus, we speculate that AEDs affect androgen signalling in the hippocampus. In the present study, we investigated how the AED phenytoin influences the levels of testosterone, 17β‐oestradiol, and androgen receptor (AR) in the hippocampus of male C57Bl/6J mice. Phenytoin administration led to a 61.24% decreased hippocampal testosterone level as compared with controls, while serum levels were slightly enhanced. 17β‐Oestradiol serum level was elevated 2.6‐fold. Concomitantly, the testosterone metabolizing CYP isoforms CYP3A11 and CYP19 (aromatase) have been found to be induced 2.4‐ and 4.2‐fold, respectively. CYP3A‐mediated depletion of testosterone‐forming 2β‐, and 6β‐hydroxytestosterone was significantly enhanced. Additionally, AR expression was increased 2‐fold (mRNA) and 1.8‐fold (protein), predominantly in the CA1 region. AR was shown to concentrate in nuclei of CA1 pyramidal neurons. We conclude that phenytoin affects testosterone metabolism via induction of CYP isoforms. The increased metabolism of testosterone leading to augmented androgen metabolite formation most likely led to enhanced expression of CYP19 and AR in hippocampus. Phenytoin obviously modulates the androgen signalling in the hippocampus.
Cumulative effect of norepinephrine and dopamine carrier blockade on extracellular dopamine increase in the nucleus accumbens shell, bed nucleus of stria terminalis and prefrontal cortex
Authors: Carboni Ezio , Silvagni Alessandra , Vacca Cinzia , Di Chiara Gaetano 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe investigated, by microdialysis in various brain areas, the possibility that dopamine could be captured by the norepinephrine transporter when the dopamine transporter is pharmacologically blocked. Administration of reboxetine, a selective blocker of the norepinephrine transporter, 20 min after the administration of GBR 12909, a selective blocker of the dopamine transporter, produced an increase of dopamine output in the nucleus accumbes shell (+408% above basal) greater than that obtained by GBR 12909 alone (+308% above basal). On the contrary, reboxetine did not increase further the dopamine output produced by GBR 12909 in the nucleus accumbens core or in the dorsal caudate, areas lacking a consistent noradrenergic innervations. A cumulative effect of dopamine and norepinephrine transporter blockade on the output of dopamine in dialysates was also observed in the bed nucleus of stria terminalis and in the prefrontal cortex. This study shows that dopamine extracellular concentration can be elevated by norepinephrine transporter blockade, even in areas where the dopamine transporter is predominant, when the latter is pharmacologically blocked. This phenomenon may have relevance in psychostimulant dependence as well as in antidepressant pharmacology.
Brain‐type creatine kinase activates neuron‐specific K+‐Cl– co‐transporter KCC2
Authors: Inoue Koichi , Yamada Junko , Ueno Shinya , Fukuda Atsuo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractGABA, a major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the adult CNS, is excitatory at early developmental stages as a result of the elevated intracellular Cl– concentration ([Cl–]i). This functional switch is primarily attributable to the K+‐Cl– co‐transporter KCC2, the expression of which is developmentally regulated in neurons. Previously, we reported that KCC2 interacts with brain‐type creatine kinase (CKB). To elucidate the functional significance of this interaction, HEK293 cells were transfected with KCC2 and glycine receptor α2 subunit, and gramicidin‐perforated patch‐clamp recordings were performed to measure the glycine reversal potential (Egly), giving an estimate of [Cl–]i. KCC2‐expressing cells displayed the expected changes in Egly following alterations in the extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]o) or administration of an inhibitor of KCCs, suggesting that the KCC2 function was being properly assessed. When added into KCC2‐expressing cells, dominant‐negative CKB induced a depolarizing shift in Egly and reduced the hyperpolarizing shift in Egly seen in response to a lowering of [K+]o compared with wild‐type CKB. Moreover, 2,4‐dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB), an inhibitor of CKs, shifted Egly in the depolarizing direction. In primary cortical neurons expressing CKB, the GABA reversal potential was also shifted in the depolarizing direction by DNFB. Our findings suggest that, in the cellular micro‐environment, CKB activates the KCC2 function.
An aplysia dopamine1‐like receptor: molecular and functional characterization
Authors: Barbas Demian , Zappulla Jacques P. , Angers Stéphane , Bouvier Michel , Mohamed Habib A. , Byrne John H. , Castellucci Vincent F. , DesGroseillers Luc 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn Aplysia, the neurotransmitter dopamine is involved in the regulation of various physiological processes and motor functions, like feeding behaviour, and in the siphon‐gill withdrawal reflex. In this paper, we report the characterization of the first Aplysia D1‐like dopamine receptor (Apdop1) mainly expressed in the CNS, heart and buccal mass. Following expression of the Apdop1 receptor in HEK293 cells, a higher level of cAMP was observed in the absence of the receptor ligand, showing that Apdop1 is constitutively active. This activity was blocked by the inverse agonist flupentixol. Application of dopamine (EC50 of 35 nm) or serotonin (EC50 of 36 μm) to Apdop1‐transfected HEK293 cells further increased the level of cAMP, suggesting that the receptor is linked to the stimulatory Gs protein pathway. When expressed in cultured sensory neurons, Apdop1 immunoreactivity was observed in the cell body and neurites. Control sensory neurons responded to dopamine with a decrease in excitability mediated by a pertusis toxin‐sensitive G protein. Expression of Apdop1 produced an increase in hyperpolarization in the absence of agonist and an increase in membrane excitability following stimulation by dopamine. In the presence of pertussis toxin to inhibit the Gi protein inhibitory pathway responsible for decrease in excitability mechanism, Stimulation of membrane excitability was observed. Apdop1 sensitivity to dopamine makes it a potential modulator of operant conditioning procedure.
Knockout of p75NTR impairs re‐myelination of injured sciatic nerve in mice
Authors: Song Xing‐Yun , Zhou Fiona H‐H. , Zhong Jin‐Hua , Wu Linda L. Y. , Zhou Xin‐Fu 
Published: November 2005

AbstractRemyelination is an important aspect of nerve regeneration after nerve injury but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The neurotrophin receptor, p75NTR, in activated Schwann cells in the Wallerian degenerated nerve is up‐regulated and may play a role in the remyelination of regenerating peripheral nerves. In the present study, the role of p75NTR in remyelination of the sciatic nerve was investigated in p75NTR mutant mice. Histological results showed that the number of myelinated axons and thickness of myelin sheath in the injured sciatic nerves were reduced in mutant mice compared with wild‐type mice. The myelin sheath of axons in the intact sciatic nerve of adult mutant mice is also thinner than that of wild‐type mice. Real‐time RT–PCR showed that mRNA levels for myelin basic protein and P0 in the injured sciatic nerves were significantly reduced in p75NTR mutant animals. Western blots also showed a significant reduction of P0 protein in the injured sciatic nerves of mutant animals. These results suggest that p75NTR is important for the myelinogenesis during the regeneration of peripheral nerves after injury.
Regulation of axotomy‐induced dopaminergic neuron death and c‐Jun phosphorylation by targeted inhibition of cdc42 or mixed lineage kinase
Authors: Crocker Stephen J. , Hayley Shawn P. , Smith Patrice D. , Mount Matthew P. , Lamba Wiplove R. , Callaghan Steven M. , Slack Ruth S. , Park David S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMechanical transection of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway at the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) results in the delayed degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc). We have previously demonstrated that c‐Jun activation is an obligate component of neuronal death in this model. Here we identified the small GTPase, cdc42, and mixed lineage kinases (MLKs) as upstream factors regulating neuronal loss and activation of c‐Jun following MFB axotomy. Adenovirus‐mediated expression of a dominant‐negative form of cdc42 in nigral neurons blocked MFB axotomy‐induced activation (phosphorylation) of MAP kinase kinase 4 (MKK4) and c‐Jun, resulting in attenuation of SNpc neuronal death. Pharmacological inhibition of MLKs, MKK4‐activating kinases, significantly reduced the phosphorylation of c‐Jun and abrogated dopaminergic neuronal degeneration following MFB axotomy. Taken together, these findings suggest that death of nigral dopaminergic neurons following axotomy can be attenuated by targeting cell signaling events upstream of c‐Jun N‐terminal mitogen‐activated protein kinase/c‐Jun.
Transient hypoxia induces sequestration of M1and M2muscarinic acetylcholine receptors
Authors: Mou Liping , Gates Alicia , Mosser Valerie A. , Tobin Andrew , Jackson Darrell A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractOxidative stress has been implicated in impairing muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) signaling activity. It remains unclear, however, whether alterations in the cell surface distribution of mAChRs following oxidative stress contribute to the diminished mAChR signaling activity. We report here that M1and M2mAChRs, stably expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, undergo sequestration following transient hypoxic‐induced oxidative stress (2% O2). Sequestration of M1and M2mAChRs following transient hypoxia was associated with an increase in phosphorylation of these receptors. Over‐expression of a catalytically inactive G protein‐coupled receptor kinase 2 (GRK2 K220R) blocked the increased phosphorylation and sequestration of the M2, but not M1, mAChRs following transient hypoxia. Hypoxia induced phosphorylation and sequestration of the M1mAChR was, however, blocked by over‐expression of a catalytically inactive casein kinase 1 alpha (CK1α K46R). These results are the first demonstration that M1and M2mAChRs undergo sequestration following transient hypoxia. The data suggest that increased phosphorylation of M1and M2mAChRs underlies the mechanism responsible for sequestration of these receptors following transient hypoxia. We report here that distinct pathways involving CK1α and GRK2 mediated sequestration of M1and M2mAChRs following transient hypoxic‐induced oxidative stress.