bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Low-dose growth hormone-releasing hormone tests: a dose–response study
Authors: Spoudeas Helen A , Winrow Andy P , Hindmarsh Peter C , Brook Charles GD 
Published: December 2008

Spoudeas HA, Winrow AP, Hindmarsh PC, Brook CGD. Low-dose growth hormone-releasing hormone tests: a dose-response study. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:238–45. ISSN 0804–4643
We have evaluated parameters of the serum growth hormone (GH) concentration response to saline and 1-, 10- and 100-μg intravenous bolus doses of amide analogue of GH-releasing hormone (GHRH (1–29)NH2) given in random order to 10 adult male volunteers of median body weight 68 (60–90)kg. Compared with saline, both 10- and 100-μg GHRH(1–29)NH2 doses (but not 1 μg) resulted in significant peak GH responses (means and 95% confidence intervals: 24.03 (11.22–51.29) vs 26.09 (16.40–41.50) mU/l, respectively). Although the average rate of serum GH rise was similar after both 10 μg (2.05 (1.13–2.97) mU · l−1 · min−1) and 100 μg of GHRH(1–29)NH2 (1.52 (0.69–2.35) mU·1−1 · min−1; ANOVA F = 0.93, p = 0.35), the average rate of serum GH decline after peak GH was slower after the higher dose (10 μg vs 100 μg: 0.65 (0.40–0.90) vs 0.37 (0.23–0.50) mU·1−1·min−1; ANOVA F = 5.14, p = 0.04), suggesting continued GH secretion. Increasing GHRH(1–29)NH2 doses delayed the time to peak GH (1 μg: 7.00 (3.50–10.52) min; 10 μg: 15.80 (13.62–17.98) min; 100 μg: 24.80 (18.40–31.12) min) and serum GH levels were still elevated significantly 2 h after injection of 100 μg GHRH(1–29)NH2 compared with other doses (saline: 0.98 (0.48–2.04) mU/1; 1 μg: 0.68 (0.48–0.93) mU/1; 10 μg: 1.07 (0.56–2.04) mU/1; 100 μg: 5.01 (2.34–10.86) mU/l; ANOVA F = 11.10, p < 0.001). In a second study we tested five adult male volunteers with lower doses (0.5–10 μg) of GHRH(1–29)NH2. Consistent responses were observed only at doses equal to or greater than 2.5 μg and all occurred between 10 and 25 min. The estimated ed50 for GHRH(1–29)NH2 from the combined study data was 7.5 μg (0.08 μg/kg; range 0.06–0.12 μg/kg). The 10-μg dose of GHRH(1–29)NH2 was a maximal stimulus in all release parameters examined and GH peaks of < 15 mU/l (10th centile) should be considered potentially abnormal. Lower doses of GHRH(1–29)NH2 released GH quicker than higher doses, which simply prolonged the response, possibly by causing release from different pools. Our results suggest that sampling at 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 min after a 10-μg dose of GHRH(1–29)NH2 will identify all GH peaks.
CGD Brook, The Endocrine Unit, Middlesex Hospital, Mortimer Street, London WIN 8AA, UK
Changes in calciotrophic hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover in normal human pregnancy
Authors: Gallacher Stephen J , Fraser William D , Owens Owen J , Dryburgh Frances J , Logue Fraser C , Jenkins Andrew , Kennedy James , Boyle Iain T 
Published: December 2008

Gallacher SJ, Fraser WD, Owens OJ, Dryburgh FJ, Logue FC, Jenkins A, Kennedy J, Boyle IT. Changes in calciotrophic hormones and biochemical markers of bone turnover in normal human pregnancy. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:369–74. ISSN 0804–4643
Plasma concentrations of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP), parathyroid hormone, alkaline phosphatase, osteocalcin and albumin-adjusted calcium were measured along with nephrogenous cyclic adenosine monophosphate (NcAMP) in 10 normal women longitudinally through pregnancy. In addition, an assessment of bone resorption was made in these same subjects by the measurement in true fasting urine specimens of the calcium/creatinine ratio (Ca/Cr), hydroxyproline/ creatinine ratio (HP/Cr), pyridinoline/creatinine ratio (Pyr/Cr) and deoxypyridinoline/creatinine ratio (Dpyr/Cr). The PTHrP level rose through pregnancy from (mean±sem) 0.8 ± 0.2 pmol/l in the first trimester to 2.7 ± 0.2 pmol/l 6 weeks postpartum (p < 0.0001). Serum alkaline phosphatase rose from 94 ± 8 U/l (first trimester) to 347 ± 25 U/l at term (p < 0.0001). A significant positive correlation was evident between PTHrP and alkaline phosphatase up to term (r = 0.44, p < 0.005). Parathyroid hormone concentrations remained unchanged during pregnancy but rose significantly postpartum from 1.8 ± 0.2 pmol/l (first trimester) to 3.1 ± 0.5 pmol/l (p < 0.0001). Similarly, osteocalcin, a marker of bone formative activity, remained unchanged through pregnancy but rose significantly at 6 weeks after delivery to 0.38 ± 0.05 nmol/l from 0.19 ± 0.03 nmol/l (first trimester) (p = 0.019). No significant change was noted in serum-adjusted calcium or NcAMP, either through pregnancy or at the postpartum assessment. Fasting urinary Ca/Cr fell through pregnancy from 0.70 ± 0.11 (first trimester) to a nadir of 0.19 ± 0.04 6 weeks postpartum (p = 0.007). Fasting urinary HP/Cr rose from 0.026 ± 0.003 (first trimester) to a peak of 0.049 ± 0.012 (third trimester), thereafter falling to 0.024 ± 0.002 6 weeks after delivery. Fasting urinary Pyr/Cr rose from 30.5 ± 1.7 (first trimester) to a peak of 58.3 ± 6.6 (term) (p = 0.009); Dpyr/Cr also increased through pregnancy from 9.9 ± 1.3 (first trimester) to 16.1 ± 1.7 (term) (p = 0.01). Previous studies have suggested that the placenta (during pregnancy) and breast milk (postpartum) are the main sources of PTHrP in pregnancy. This study illustrates that changes in plasma concentrations of PTHrP also can be demonstrated— although whether or not circulating PTHrP has a specific endocrine function is not clear.
SJ Gallacher, University Department of Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Building, Glasgow Royal Infirmary, 10 Alexandra Parade, Glasgow G31 2ER, UK
Histamine- and stress-induced prolactin secretion: importance of vasopressin V1- and V2-receptors
Authors: Kjær Andreas , Knigge Ulrich , Warberg Jørgen 
Published: December 2008

Kjær A, Knigge U, Warberg J. Histamine- and stress-induced prolactin secretion: importance of vasopressin V1- and V2-receptors. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:391–7. ISSN 0804–4643
We investigated the involvement of arginine vasopressin (AVP) V1- and V2-receptors in the prolactin (PRL) secretory response to histamine (HA) or restraint stress stimulation in conscious male rats by selective blockade of AVP receptors using different antagonists. Histamine (270 nmol) administered intracerebroventricularly or 5 min of restraint stress stimulated PRL secretion 10–14-fold. Pretreatment with the selective V1- receptor antagonists [1-(p-t-butyl-β-mercapto-β, β-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine-8-d-arginine] vasopressin or [1-(β-mercapto-β, β-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine-8-arginine]vasopressin inhibited the PRL response to HA and restraint stress in a dose-dependent manner with maximal inhibition of 60%. The effect of the two antagonists was identical when equipotent antivasopressor doses were administered. The selective V2-receptor antagonist [1-(β-mercapto-β, β-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-d-isoleucine-4-isoleucine-8-arginine]vasopressin was unable to inhibit the PRL response significantly. Combined administration of the V1-receptor antagonist [1-(p-t-butyl-β-mercapto-β, β-cyclopentamethylene propionic acid)-2-(O-methyl)tyrosine-8-d-arginine]vasopressin and the V2-receptor antagonist inhibited the PRL response to HA to the same extent as that observed when the V1antagonist was administered alone. None of the antagonists used had any effect on basal PRL secretion. We conclude that AVP seems to play a role in the mediation of HA- and restraint stressinduced secretion of PRL, and that the AVP receptor involved is primarily of the V1 -type or similar to this.
Andreas Kjær, Department of Medical Physiology, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The Panum Institute (Building 12.3), University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
Circulating insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in fetal sheep plasma are regulated by glucose and insulin
Authors: Gallaher BW , Oliver MH , Eichhorn K , Kessler U , Kiess W , Harding JE , Gluckman PD , Breier BH 
Published: December 2008

Gallaher BW, Oliver MH, Eichhorn K, Kessler U, Kiess W, Harding JE, Gluckman PD, Breier BH. Circulating insulin-like growth factor II/mannose-6-phosphate receptor and insulin-like growth factor binding proteins in fetal sheep plasma are regulated by glucose and insulin. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 131:398–404. ISSN 0804–4643
We have reported previously that levels of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and IGF-II in fetal sheep plasma decrease with maternal starvation and increase following an infusion of glucose to the starved fetus, while a fetal infusion of insulin elevates UGF-I alone. We now report the changes in the circulating IGF-II/M6P receptor and plasma IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), as measured by western blotting and ligand blotting, respectively, in fetus and mother during this study. In fetal plasma, the circulating IGF-II/mannose-6-phosphate (M6P) receptor, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 were reduced during starvation. While circulating IGF-II/M6P receptor and IGFBP-4 levels were increased following the fetal insulin or glucose infusion, IGFBP-3 was unchanged and increased only after 48 h of maternal refeeding. Both IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 increased with starvation but while IGFBP-1 levels returned to control values following both insulin and glucose infusion, levels of IGFBP-2 were not reduced significantly by either infusion or by refeeding. In maternal plasma, levels of IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4 decreased while IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 increased after 48 h of starvation. Levels of each IGFBP were unaltered following the fetal infusions but returned to values obtained during the control period after refeeding. These data show that each of the IGF carrier proteins is sensitive of changes in nutrition, either acutely, such as IGFBP-1, or chronically, as for IGFBP-3. This suggests that the circulating IGFII/M6P receptor and the IGFBP's may modulate IGF activity in the fetus during different nutritional states.
BH Breier, Research Centre for Developmental Medicine and Biology, Department of Paediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
Progestin treatment in the dog II. Effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis
Authors: Selman PJ , Mol JA , Rutteman GR , Rijnberk A 
Published: December 2008

Selman PJ, Mol JA, Rutteman GR, Rijnberk A. Progestin treatment in the dog. II. Effects on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical axis. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:422–30. ISSN 0804–4643
The effects of two synthetic progestins, medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) and proligestone (PROL), on the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenocortical (HPA) axis were studied in two groups of eight ovariohysterectomized dogs each. Eight injections of long-acting progestins were administered at 3-week intervals. Recovery of the HPA axis was studied in four dogs of each group in the following 6 months. Basal levels of adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and cortisol in plasma and the urinary corticoid/creatinine ratio were measured. The responsiveness of the HPA axis was investigated by stimulation with ovine corticotrophin-releasing hormone. Both MPA and PROL caused sawtooth patterns of supression of basal ACTH and cortisol levels in plasma, synchronous with the time of administration. The suppression of the adrenocortical component of the HPA axis was most pronounced. Adrenocorticotrophin production also was affected but to a lesser extent and occurred especially in PROL-treated dogs. Soon after the cessation of progestin administration ACTH levels increased, sometimes with a rebound. In both groups basal cortisol levels and urinary corticoid/creatinine ratios did not return to pretreatment levels until 6 months after the last progestin injection. It is concluded that MPA and PROL act as glucocorticoid agonists and suppress the HPA axis. The suppression at the adrenocortical level may last for 6 months.
JA Mol, Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, PO Box 80.154, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
Growth hormone-releasing activity of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 is maintained after short-term oral pretreatment with the hexapeptide in normal aging
Authors: Ghigo E , Arvat E , Rizzi G , Goffi S , Grottoli S , Mucci M , Boghen MF , Camanni F 
Published: December 2008

Ghigo E, Arvat E, Rizzi G, Goffi S, Grottoli S, Mucci M, Boghen MF, Camanni F. Growth hormonereleasing activity of growth hormone-releasing peptide-6 is maintained after short-term oral pretreatment with the hexapeptide in normal aging. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:499–503. ISSN 0804–4643
The reduced activity of the growth hormone (GH)–insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis in aging may contribute to changes in body composition. As this GH insufficiency is due to hypothalamic pathogenesis, the availability of GH-releasing peptides (GHRPs), such as GHRP-6 (His-d-Trp-Ala-Trp-d-Phe-Lys-NH2) which is active even after oral administration, might be useful to restore it. The aim of our study was to verify the effectiveness of oral administration of GHRP-6 in normal elderly subjects and to investigate whether its GH-releasing activity is maintained or vanishes after short-term oral treatment. Seven normal elderly women (aged 65–82 years) were studied. The effect of oral administration of 300 μg/kg GHRP-6 on GH secretion was investigated before and after 4 days of treatment with the hexapeptide given twice daily. The GH response to the maximal effective dose of GHRH (1 μg/kg iv) also was studied. Before treatment, oral administration of 300 μg/kg GHRP-6 elicited a clear GH rise (peak 10.7 ± 3.3 μg/l; AUC 353.1 ± 90.6 μg·l−1·h−1). which was significantly higher (p < 0.01) than that induced by intravenous GHRH (peak 5.1 ± 1.5 μg/l; AUC 106.5 ±43.9 μg · l−1·h−1). After 4 days of treatment with GHRP-6, the GH response to the hexapeptide was maintained, with a trend towards an increase (peak 16.8 ± 2.9 μg/l; AUC 499.8 ± 107.2 μg·l−1·h−1). The IGF-I levels were not increased significantly after treatment (77.1 ± 8.4 vs 84.1 ± 12.2 μg/l). In conclusion, our results demonstrate that, in aging, oral GHRP-6 administration elicits a GH response that is higher than the maximal effective dose of intravenous GHRH and that the effect of the hexapeptide does not vanish after short-term treatment. More prolonged treatment and/or more frequent administrations of GHRP-6 are likely needed to increase IGF-I levels.
F Camanni, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pathophysiology, Ospedale Molinette, C.so Dogliotti 14, 10126 Torino, Italy
Serum 3α-androstanediol glucuronide measurements in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Hatun Sükrü , Yordam Nurşen , Çalikoǧlu Ali Süha 
Published: December 2008

Hatun Ş, Yordam N, Çalikoǧlu AS. Serum 3α-androstandiol glucuronide measurements in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:504–8. ISSN 0804–4643
To determine the value of 3α-androstanediol glucuronide (3-AG) measurements in children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia, we compared serum 3AG, 17-hydroxyprogesterone (17-OHP), androstenedione (A), testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT) levels and 24-h urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) excretion in 42 female children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency, including 27 with the simple virilizing and 15 with the salt-losing form. Their mean age was 74.5 ±48.5 months (range, 6–194 months). Twenty-four-hour urinary 17-KS excretion and serum 3-AG, A, T, DHT and 17-OHP levels were measured in the patients. The values were less than the mean + 2 sd of the control group in 63%, 74%, 67%, 69%, 60% and 31% of the patients, respectively. Serum 3-AG levels correlated with 24-h urinary 17-KS excretion (r = 0.66) and plasma A (r = 0.80), 17-OHP (r = 0.56), T (r = 0.79) and DHT (r = 0.62) levels. We conclude that serum 3-AG is a useful metabolic index in the management of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia.
Şükrü Hatun, Türk-İş Blk, 274/7, Aydinlikevler, Ankara, Turkey
Influence of prolonged fasting on thyroid hormone modulation of lipolysis in isolated epididymal adipocytes of Wistar rats
Authors: Cheikh Rajae Ben , Chomard Philippe , Dumas Paul , Autissier Nicole 
Published: December 2008

Ben Cheikh R, Chomard P, Dumas P, Autissier N. Influence of prolonged fasting on thyroid hormone modulation of lipolysis in isolated epididymal adipocytes of Wistar rats. Eur J Endocrinol 1994; 131:516–21. ISSN 0804–4643
Male Wistar rats, 3 weeks old, were thyroidectomized surgically, kept for 1 month at 25°C and then fasted for 3 days, with or without daily intraperitoneal injection of 3,5,3′-triiodo-l-thryonine (4.6 nmol T3/100 g body weight). Age-matched fed euthyroid rats were used as controls. All the experiments were carried out using isolated epididymal adipocytes. Basal lipolysis was higher during fasting in euthyroid or T3-treated adipocytes than in hypothyroid adipocytes. Adipocytes of fed hypothyroid rats were quite unresponsive to theophylline alone or combined with adrenaline or isoproterenol, whereas lipolysis was stimulated by these drugs in euthyroid or T3-treated adipocytes. Such a stimulated lipolysis was increased partially by fasting in hypothyroid adipocytes and was restored to a euthyroid level in T3-treated adipocytes. Lipolysis was more stimulated by adenosine deaminase in fasted euthyroid adipocytes than in fed ones. Hypothyroid and T3-treated adipocytes were unresponsive to adenosine deaminase except in fasted T3-treated rats. In these adipocytes, lipolysis was activated by the combination of adenosine deaminase plus theophylline. Finally, lipolysis was inhibited strongly in hypothyroidism while it was activated weakly by fasting. Lipolysis was inhibited slightly in fasted hypothyroid rats and thyroid hormone restored lipolysis. The findings are discussed in terms of the dual regulation of lipolysis by fasting and thyroid hormones.
N Autissier, Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique, UFR des Sciences Pharmaceutiques et Biologiques, 7 Boulevard Jeanne d'Arc, 21033 Dijon-cedex, France
Serotoninergic control of prolactin secretion in prepubertal male rats
Authors: Aguilar Enrique , Ranchal Antonio , Tena-Sempere Manuel , Pinilla Leonor 
Published: December 2008

Aguilar E, Ranchal A, Tena-Sempere M, Pinilla L. Serotoninergic control of prolactin secretion in prepubertal male rats. Eur J Endocrinol 1994;131:547–54. ISSN 0804–4643
The role of the serotoninergic system in the control of prolactin (PRL) secretion has been studied in prepubertal male rats. Serum PRL concentration was measured in 16-day-old male rats at different times after the administration of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor of serotonin (5-HT) synthesis, alone or in combination with fluoxetine, a specific inhibitor of 5-HT uptake; dl-p-parachlorophenylalanine (PCPA), an inhibitor of 5-HT synthesis; and 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a selective agonist of 5-HT1A receptors. Also, serum PRL concentration and pituitary content were measured after 5-HTP administration in castrated males implanted with silastic capsules containing testosterone or 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (α-diol). We found that: the reduction in serotoninergic activity after PCPA administration did not modify serum PRL concentrations; the stimulatory effect of 5-HTP on PRL secretion was not observed before day 16; the effects of 5-HTP or 5-HTP and fluoxetine were similar in intact and orchidectomized males; a significant increase in PRL secretion took place after 8-OH-DPAT administration; the duration of the stimulatory effect of 5-HTP increased after α-diol treatment; and pituitary PRL content increased after 5-HTP injection in intact males and decreased in castrated males treated with testosterone or α-diol. Therefore, we conclude that: the PRL-releasing effect of 5-HTP remains after orchidectomy; activation of 5-HT1A receptors may mediate, at least partially, the effect of 5-HTP; testosterone and α-diol affect the duration of PRL release after 5-HTP administration differently; and testicular factors other than androgens might be involved in the effects of 5-HTP on PRL pituitary accumulation.
Enrique Aguilar, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Córdoba University, 14004 Córdoba, Spain
Serum chromogranin A in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome
Authors: Nobels Frank RE , de Herder Wouter W , Kwekkeboom Dik J , Coopmans Willy , Mulder Andries , Bouillon Roger , Lamberts Steven WJ 
Published: December 2008

Nobels FRE, de Herder WW, Kwekkeboom DJ, Coopmans W, Mulder A, Bouillon R, Lamberts SWJ. Serum chromogranin A in the differential diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 1994:131:589–93. ISSN 0804–4643
We evaluated whether measuring serum levels of chromogranin A, a marker of neuroendocrine tumours, could be useful in the differential diagnosis between pituitary, adrenal and ectopic causes of Cushing's syndrome. Thirty patients with Cushing's syndrome were studied. The localization of the tumours responsible was pituitary in 15, adrenal in 5 and ectopic in 10 patients. Serum concentrations of chromogranin A were measured in all patients. Petrosal sinus sampling for chromogranin A was performed in the cases with pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A was carried out on part of the tumour specimens. Slightly elevated serum levels of chromogranin A (range 223–262 μg/1) were detected in inferior petrosal sinus and peripheral venous samples from three patients with pituitary-dependent Cushing's syndrome. Serum chromogranin A showed no significant pituitary to peripheral gradient in these patients. Chromogranin A levels were not elevated in cases of adrenal Cushing's syndrome. Markedly elevated concentrations (range 270–13900 μg/1) were shown in seven of 10 patients with neuroendocrine tumours with ectopic adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) and/or corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH) production. Widespread metastasis was present in all these cases. Subjects with "occult" carcinoid tumours, with limited spread, had normal chromogranin A levels Immunohistochemical staining for chromogranin A was positive in three out of five pituitary adenomas and in all neuroendocrine tumours with ectopic ACTH and/or CRH production, while it was negative in all adrenocortical tumour specimens. It is concluded that elevated serum levels of chromogranin A can serve as markers of neuroendocrine tumours with ectopic ACTH and/or CRH production. The circulating levels are dependent mainly on the size of the tumours. Serum chromogranin A is not useful in the diagnosis of so-called occult Cushing's syndrome, caused by ectopic ACTH and/or CRH secretion by small neuroendocrine tumours.
F Nobels, Department of Endocrinology, Onze Lieve Vrouw Hospital, 164 Moorselbaan, 9300 Aalst, Belgium