bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Axonal Transport in the Garfish Optic Nerve: Comparison with the Olfactory System
Authors: Cancalon Paul F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFast and slow axonal transports were studied in the optic nerve of the garfish and compared with previous studies on the olfactory nerve. The composition of fast‐transport proteins was very similar in the two nerves. Although the velocity of fast transport was slightly lower in the optic nerve, there was a linear increase in velocity with temperature in both nerves. As in the olfactory nerve, only a single wave of slow‐transport protein radioactivity moves along the nerve. The velocity of slow transport also increased linearly with temperature, but the coefficient was less than in the olfactory system. The composition of slow transport in the optic nerve was significantly different from that in the olfactory nerve, a finding reflecting the different cytoskeletal constituents of the two types of axons. The slow wave could be differentiated into several subcomponents, with the order of velocities being a 105‐kilodalton protein and actin > tubulins and clathrin > fodrin ≫ neurofilaments. It can be concluded that the temperature dependence of fast and slow axonal transport in different nerves reflects the influence of temperature on the individual polypeptides constituting the various transport phases. The garfish optic nerve preparation may be advantageous for studies of axonal transport in retinal ganglion cell axons, because its great length avoids the complications of having to study transport in the optic tract or in material accumulating at the tectum.
Islet‐Activating Protein Inhibits the β‐Adrenergic Receptor Facilitation Elicited by γ‐Aminobutyric AcidB Receptors
Authors: Wojcik Walter J. , Ulivi Massimo , Paez Ximena , Costa E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstractγ‐Aminobutyric acidB (GABAB) receptor recognition sites that inhibit cyclic AMP formation, open potassium channels, and close calcium channels are coupled to these effector systems by guanine nucleotide binding proteins (G proteins). These G proteins are ADP‐ribosylated by islet‐activating protein (IAP), also known as pertussis tokin. This process prevents receptor coupling to these G proteins. In slices of cerebral cortex and hippocampus from rat, stimulation of GABAB receptors with baclofen, a receptor agonist, also potentiates the accumulation of cyclic AMP stimulated by β‐adrenergic agonists. It was unknown whether those GA‐BAB receptors that potentiate the β‐adrenergic response were also sensitive to IAP. IAP was injected intracerebroventric‐ularly into rats to ADP‐ribosylate IAP‐sensitive G proteins. Four days after the IAP injection, 38% and 52% of these G proteins from cerebral cortex and hippocampus, respectively, were ADP‐ribosylated by the IAP injection. In slices of both structures prepared from IAP‐treated rats, the GABAB receptor‐mediated potentiation of the β‐adrenergic receptor response was attenuated. Thus, many GABAB receptor‐mediated responses are coupled to IAP‐sensitive G proteins.
Interrelationships (Between Glucose Metabolism, Energy State, and the Cytosolic Free Calcium Concentration in Cortical Synjaptosomes from the Guinea Pig
Authors: Kauppinen Risto A. , Taipale Hannu T. , Komulainen Hannu 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe stoichiometrics of glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation were determined in cortical synaptpsomes under varying rates of ATP consumption. Glycolysis was measured by using D‐3‐[3H]glucose as a marker and pyrujvate oxidation by using D‐3,4‐[14C]glucose, which has to be metabolized to l‐[14C]pyruvate before being decarboxylated by the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex of intrasynaptosomal mitochondria. Cytosolic free Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c) wis determined in parallel and was manipulated by using EGTA in the incubation. The results show that in nonstimulated synapto‐somes glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation are tightly coupled and stoichiometric. In the absence of Ca2+, when [Ca2+]c drops from 260 nM to 40 nM, glucose utilization increases, following the increase in energy demand, which has been shown to be due to elevated Na+ cycling. KC1 depolarization, ve‐ratridine, and a mitochondrial uncoupler, carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone, all stimulate glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation stoichiometrically, independently of the presence of external Ca2+. A rise in [Ca2+]c, therefore, is not required to regulate mitochondrial pyruvate metabolism. It is concluded that synaptosomes exhibit a high degree of respiratory control, that they rely on glucose oxidation for their energetics, and that stimulation of energy production can be achieved independently of changes in [Ca2+]c.
Antagonism of Salicylate by Pantoyltaurine
Authors: Stansly Philip G. , Alverson Clara M. 
Published: October 2006

Like pantothenic acid, pantolactone, and the pantoate ion, pantoyltaurine and other pantothenic acid analogues of this type antagonize the inhibitory effect of salicylate on
E. coli.

It is suggested that the active antagonist in a solution of such an analogue is pantolactone or pantoate. These (particularly the former) could conceivably be contaminants of the analogues. However, the liberation of pantoate by hydrolysis, appears to be a more likely explanation for the antisalicylate effect.
The presence of pantolactone or pantoate in a solution of pantoyltaurine and similar analogues of pantothenic acid provides a possible explanation for the ineffectiveness of these drugs in inhibiting the growth of microorganisms which can utilize pantolactone or pantoate for the synthesis of pantothenic acid.
The Activity of Synthetic Folic Acid in Purified Rations for the Chick
Authors: Luckey T. D. , Moore P. R. , Elvehjem C. A. , Hart E. B. 
Published: October 2006

The addition of 25γ of synthetic folic acid per 100 grams of our basal ration prevents the reduced growth, poor feathering condition, and low hemoglobin and hematocrit values consistently obtained when the basal ration is fed to chicks. More than 25γ are needed when the diet contains sulfasuxidine. Evidence for the possible indirect action of folic acid is summarized.
Vitamin C or whole liver powder gives a slight response in the presence of adequate amounts of synthetic folic acid.
A Method for Immunological and Chemical Investigations of Body Fluids by Means of Purified Gelatin
Authors: Kanner Oscar 
Published: October 2006

A method is presented whereby certain constituents of serum or other liquids may be concentrated by the swelling of undissolved gelatin. Applications to chemistry, to the study of antibodies, and to the serology of syphilis have been indicated.
Colloids, such as proteins and cholesterol, were found to be concentrated as expected. Chlorides also complied with expectation, fully entering the swelling gelatin. An anomaly was found with calcium in blood serum; all of it behaved like nondiffusible material, in contrast with known facts pertaining to dialysis and ultrafiltration.
Blood Sugar Level Following Intravenous Glucose in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Flynn Joseph E. , Irish Oliver J. 
Published: October 2006

Since the majority of patients with rheumatoid arthritis show a slower fall in the blood sugar level after the intravenous injection of glucose than do the normal controls, the alteration cannot be explained on the basis of gastrointestinal dysfunction.
Differences in the renal threshold of glucose do not explain the altered glucose tolerance, since approximately the same amount of glucose is lost in the urine in both groups.
Blood samples taken at 3 and 5 minutes following the injection of the glucose showed the height of the blood sugar level to be approximately the same in the patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in normals. The slower fall in the blood sugar level of the former is therefore not a simple function of a greater rise following the intravenous administration of the glucose.
Although the patients with severe poliomyelitis had as much or more atrophy than the rheumatoid arthritic patients, there was no delay in rate of fall of the blood sugar level after the intravenous administration of glucose.
In view of the fact that the hepatic homeostatic control regulates the blood sugar level, faulty utilization of glucose by extrahepatic tissues cannot be considered the primary factor responsible for the alteration of the glucose tolerance.
The altered glucose tolerance in rheumatoid arthritis is explainable on the basis of an altered threshold of the hepatic homeostatic control of the blood sugar. Additional studies must be done to determine whether this derangement emanates directly from extrahepatic influences.
Underwater Sound: Deep-Ocean Propagation
Authors: Frosch Robert A. 
Published: October 2006

The absorption of sound in sea water varies markedly with frequency, being much greater at high than at low frequencies. It is sufficiently small at frequencies below several kilocycles per second, however, to permit propagation to thousands of miles.
Oceanographic factors produce variations in sound velocity with depth, and these variations have a strong influence on long-range propagation. The deep ocean is characterized by a strong channel, generally at a depth of 500 to 1500 meters. In addition to guided propagation in this channel, the velocity structure gives rise to strongly peaked propagation from surface sources to surface receivers 48 to 56 kilometers away, with strong shadow zones of weak intensity in between. The near-surface shadow zone, in the latter case, may be filled in by bottom reflections or near-surface guided propagation due to a surface isothermal layer. The near-surface shadow zones can be avoided with certainty only through locating sources and receivers deep in the ocean.
Scanning Electron Microscopes: Is High Resolution Possible?
Authors: Crewe Albert V. 
Published: October 2006

Experiments with this scanning microscope have produced extremely encouraging results so that we feel confident in predicting high resolution and high contrast after some obvious modifications are made in the system, such as providing a good objective lens.
Experience with conventional lenses indicates that the instrument behaves in a predictable manner and there is no reason to doubt that the resolution can be as good as that of a conventional microscope.
The use of quadrupole lenses will depend on calculations now being performed. There is cause for optimism; high resolution may also be possible with this kind of lens.
Experience with field emission shows that the technology is not difficult and that there is more than enough current available for any conceivable use.
Energy -loss measurements have been made on a variety of materials. It is attractive to consider the possibility of chemical analysis of selected areas of a specimen. We believe that a very crude form of analysis may indeed be possible. The principal advantage of the use of energy-loss techniques, however, may be in the availability of another contrast mechanism. The ability to "see" small details may be considerably enhanced.
Finally, we are experimenting with the possibility of using transmitted electrons of different energy losses to produce different colors on a color television display. This should add an extra element to the picture contrast which may be of some value.
Endocrine-Induced Regression of Cancers
Authors: Huggins Charles 
Published: October 2006

Cancer is not necessarily autonomous and intrinsically self-perpetuating. Its growth can be sustained and propagated by hormonal function in the host which is not unusual in kind or exaggerated in rate but which is operating at normal or even subnormal levels.
Hormones, or synthetic substances inducing physiologic effects similar thereto, are of crucial significance for survival of several kinds of hormone-responsive cancers in man and animals. Opposite sorts of change of the hormonal status can induce regression and, in some instances, cure such cancers. These modifications are deprivation of essential hormones and hormone interference by giving large amounts of critical compounds.
The control of cancer by endocrine methods can be described in three propositions: (i) Some types of cancer cells differ in a cardinal way from the cells from which they arose in their response to change in their hormonal environment. (ii) Certain cancers are hormone-dependent and these cells die when supporting hormones are eliminated. (iii) Certain cancers succumb when large amounts of hormones are administered.
Chan Chan: Andean Alternative of the Preindustrial City
Authors: Moseley Michael E. 
Published: October 2006

I have discussed Chan Chan in terms of its political and economic characteristics because state organization had a pervasive impact on the growth and structure of the settlement. In this sense the capital of Chimor resembles Cuzco the Inca capital. Both metropolitan centers served as seats of Andean empires governed by noble classes headed by members of royal dynasties. Each state relied on a system of labor taxation and controlled the production, collection, and redistribution of goods. These political and economic institutions gave the sites distinctive but parallel forms. First, the settlements were large, containing a great deal of monumental architecture, but size and construction do not reflect substantial populations because building was done by nonresident work forces. Second, the urban proletariat were relatively few in numbers and composed of retainers or service personnel at Cuzco, as well as craftsmen and artisans at Chan Chan. Third, civic facilities were intended to serve the aristocracy and the state, not the common citizenry because these were governmental, not folk or popular, centers. And, fourth, palaces tied up a great amount of urban space because each monarch built his own seat of government during life and this became a monument to his name after death.
In conclusion, I cannot say Chan Chan and Cuzco are necessarily typical of other prehistoric population centers in the region because these centers are little studied. I can, however, say Chan Chan was distinct from the preindustrial cities of Europe and Mesopotamia, but this is not surprising because the capital of Chimor was the product of distinctly Andean cultural institutions.
Pest Management
Authors: Giese Ronald L. , Peart Robert M. , Huber Roger T. 
Published: October 2006

Although it has not yet been universally adopted, pest management figures prominently in current planning. For pest management to be effective, agricultural scientists must adopt an interdisciplinary approach to solving problems; this means considering not only complexes of pests including insects, pathogens, and weeds, but whole crop systems. The requisites for successful pest management programs include availability of current weather data, cooperation between research and Extension personnel, and feedback from individual growers.
A pilot program for alfalfa pest control is in its third year of development at Purdue University. It involves the cooperation of entomologists, engineers, physiologists, economists, and agronomists, and research and implementation proceed simultaneously. Microcomputers are used for monitoring, integrating, storing, and transmitting meteorological information to a central location, where it is used in simulations of the alfalfa plant and the alfalfa weevil. The resulting advisories are produced at teletype terminals at four locations in the alfalfa growing region of Indiana. Our experience with this prototype system indicates that computer-based pest management programs will be dynamic and reliable systems capable of delivering alternative action strategies with virtually unlimited accessibility.
The Navy's Oceanographic Program
Authors: Clark Austin H. 
Published: October 2006

No plan for broad cooperative work which has been proposed in recent years offers such possibilities of benefit to all as the Navy's plan for oceanographic work. No precedent is involved in its adoption, for in times of peace oceanographic studies heretofore have always been an important part of the Navy's duties.
With these closing words I commend the plan to you as most worthy of your consideration and support.
An Improved Method for the Study of Nutritional Anemia in the White Rat
Authors: Nevens W. B. , Shaw D. D. 
Published: October 2006

Experiments in our laboratory have demonstrated that white rats fed only fresh whole milk secured enough minerals from their cages to prevent anemia.
Animals consuming large amounts of milk became anemic more quickly than those limited to small amounts.
Access to feces delayed somewhat the onset of anemia.
These results probably explain some of the conflicting data reported in the literature and also raise a question regarding the correctness of conclusions drawn from experiments in which recognition was not given the factors shown in this study to be important.
Premature Reversal of Heart-Beat in
Bombyx
Authors: Gerould John H. 
Published: October 2006

(1) Premature reversal of direction of heart-beat in
Bombyx
was induced in spinning larvae and those about to spin by blocking the 3 most posterior pairs of spiracles with Brunswick black, in accordance with the experiments of Yokoyama.

(2) This method and the injection of lactic and other acids paralyze the muscles of the body wall and heart in that region, thus preventing forward and permitting backward beating.
(3) Attempts to produce periodic reversal in the larva in the early days of the 5th stage by Yokoyama's methods failed.
(4) The application of ether, alcohol, or xylol to the 3 posterior pairs of spiracles, or immersion of these segments in alcohol, was effective in inducing premature reversal at the close of the 5th stage, exclusively forward beating being resumed as soon as narcosis disappeared.
(5) Amputation of the posterior end of the body of the larva, including the end of the dorsal vessel in abdominal segments 7 and 8, did not prevent forward peristalsis.
(6) Amputation of head and thorax from the abdomen of a pupa did not interfere with normal periodic reversal in the abdomen.
(7) Thus periodic reversal in the dorsal vessel takes place without the intervention of any terminal ganglia.
(8) The suggestion of Yokoyama and earlier writers (Bataillon, Fischer) that general acidosis initiates normal backward beating is not corroborated.
(9) The metabolic gradient of the larval dorsal vessel is never lost, but intermittently neutralized in the prepupa, pupa and adult by increased metabolic action at two other points: the central node (in the young pupa) and the aorta with its mesothoracic pulsating vesicle (in the adult).
(10) These gradients are adaptations to the large influx of hemolymph into the dorsal vessel at three principal regions.
Observations Upon the Filterability of Bacteria, Including a Filterable Organism Obtained from Cases of Influenza
Authors: Kendall Arthur Isaac 
Published: October 2006

1. The isolation of a filter-passing diplococcus from the blood of certain cases of influenza by means of a special cultural medium is described. The experimental effects of this organism, while in the filterable state, upon rabbits, is discussed.
2. A procedure is formulated for inducing at will both a filterable and a non-filterable state in bacteria. Mention is made of a series of experiments in which both the filterable and the non-filterable state has thus been induced in a series of well-known bacteria comprising a variety of types.
3. It is postulated that a majority, if not all, known bacteria can and do exist in a filterable and in a non-filterable state.
4. A preliminary report of the isolation of microbes in the blood, not only of cases of influenza, but also from common cold, rheumatic fever, arthritis, from Staphylococcus bacteriophage and Besredka's Staphylococcus Antivirus is presented in evidence of the ubiquity of the procedure.
5. An explanation of the chemical basis for the existence of bacteria, both in the filterable and non-filterable states, in the animal and human body, and in culture, is proffered.
6. The relation of this chemical concept to microbic infection, and the state of microbes in the body during infection is discussed.
In conclusion, it is a privilege as well as a pleasure to inscribe here my appreciation for the courteous cooperation of Dean Irving S. Cutter, Doctors Charles A. Elliott, Paul Starr, James G. Carr, Walter Nadler, Howard Alt and Herbert Barker, of the department of medicine, and to Northwestern University for the generous facilities and unrestricted opportunity for research which have contributed immeasurably to this investigation.
A Note on Serum Cholinesterase Variability in Male and Female Rats
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R. , Lucas C. C. 
Published: October 2006

(1) The serum cholinesterase activity of mature female rats is three to five times as great as that found in mature male rats. Mice sera exhibit similar sexual variations in activity, but to a lesser degree.
(2) Immature female rats and probably senile female rats possess a low serum cholinesterase activity, in the same range as that of the mature male rats.
Isolation of a New "Carotenoid" from Rat Liver
Authors: Carruthers Christopher , Urban Frank 
Published: October 2006

A new carotenoid-like substance has been isolated from rat liver. A method for its separation and some of its properties are given.
The authors wish to express their gratitude to Dr. H. F. Seibert, of the S.M.A. Corporation, for the samples of the β carotene used in these studies.
Production and Treatment of Granulocytopenia and Anemia in Rats Fed Sulfonamides in Purified Diets
Authors: Kornberg Arthur , Daft Floyd S. , Sebrell W. H. 
Published: October 2006

(1) A severe granulocytopenia or anemia, or both, have been produced in rats fed sulfathiazole, sulfadiazine or sulfanilamide at a 1 per cent. level in purified diets.
(2) Treatment with certain liver fractions orally has succeeded in correcting the granulocytopenia in four days and the anemia in about 10 days in spite of continued ingestion by these animals of the sulfonamide-containing diet.
The Romance and Engineering of Food Preservation
Authors: Woolrich W. R. 
Published: October 2006

The engineering profession of the world can be expected to give more attention to the animal-plant food cycles in the years ahead and to determine new methods of preserving for complete utilization the critical and exhaustible supplies of plant foods for the generations yet to live. Coincidentally with this obligation which the engineer must assume, there is the romantic but very real task ahead of applying the same intensive interest in the ultimate preservation of foods as the agriculturists have displayed in producing them.
The food preservation arts and sciences have now progressed forward far enough that the engineering profession can well assure the world that diets can henceforth be determined on the basis of what is good for man. With the coordination of our implements of electrical power, internal-combustion engine, propelled transportation, excellent network of road. ways and mechanical inventions, and with the competent support of the food technologists, the bacteriologists and the chemists, the engineering profession should be able to assure the multitudes that the world's ability to preserve is now prepared to equal the world's capacity to produce food. When complete coordination is effected, and production, preservation and distribution become daily realities, then the profession will have reached new heights in engineering, achievement, statesmanship and service.