bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience of Designing a Relational Materials Database
Authors: Bamkin RJ , MacRae SCF 
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the design of a database for Engineering and Manufacturing Materials data in a tabular (relational) format. The freedom permitted by a relational (rather than hierarchical) data model allows better use of the computer's ability to handle n-dimensional and complex networks of information.
The following features arc described: • The use of Information Engineering. • The separation of independant variables from property identifiers, to allow extensive scope for storage, interpolation and presentation of complex data. The use of ‘inheritance’ to allow storage and maintenance of generic information (in a manner which is analogous to class-instance object oriented systems). • The capability of holding data of varying quality and for differing applications (design and specification data) within the same database. • The use of direct document publishing. • The integration with company wide systems referencing materials information.
It will be noted that these features arc based on the study of the structure of the materials information and are believed to be generic solutions to the modelling of Materials Property Data.
The Further Development of Databanks in Germany
Authors: Mösl FG 
Published: March 2009

The paper gives some information on the development of materials databanks in Germany since the second ASTM-Symposium in Orlando/USA in November 1989.
The progress of the projects for creating a framework is reported (databank structure and user friendly access via natural language and graphic oriented interfaces) as well as the situation on the projects “Corrosion and Corrosion Protection”, “Ternary Alloy Phase Diagrams” and “ProSTEP”.
The new governmental activities had to concentrate on the integration of data sources from East Germany. There is one leading specialized materials data center in Dresden, called IMA, where new projects were started.
In industry it is essential, to harmonize the different databanks. But a real cooperation between different companies did not take place.
Some Closing Remarks are given on important aspects for new projects. The aim should be to establish a kind of an “independent competence center” working on materials databanks.
Standards for Materials Databases - National and International Programmes - Do They Provide for Data Users Needs?
Authors: Reynard KW 
Published: March 2009

There is a wide range of standards for materials and materials databases dealing with a variety of aspects such as testing, classification, designation, standard reference materials, use and others. They are produced by many national and international bodies whose purposes and practices are sometimes quite different. Most of these standards have their origins before the time when storage and handling of data in a computer was a possibility and the conservatism of the standards making process has not always assisted in their development to support and assist the materials database manager and all the latest kinds of data user.
Given the rapid development of the materials databases and the hardware available for their application and for the transmission of the data, many database managers believe that standards may be premature, though most welcome the development of guidelines and state of the art assessments. Data users on the other hand look for standards to simplify the problems of access and application arising from the use of data from a variety of sources. Materials producers collectively appear to be most resistant to both the development of standards that recognise the computerized use of the materials data and to the modification of existing standards to cope with the new demands of the engineering designer.
The work of VAMAS TWA10 ‘Materials Databanks’ in prestandardization and that of ASTM Committee E-49 ‘Computerization of Materials Property Data’ in producing standards is compared with that of other standards bodies. The reasons for the differences are examined and the future needs of data users considered.
Fire Engulfment of Pressure-Liquefied Gas Tanks: Experiments and Modeling
Authors: Sumathipala UK , Hadjisophocleous GV , Aydemir NU , Yu C-M , Sousa ACM , Steward FR , Venart JES 
Published: March 2009

The in-vessel transient thermohydraulics, under emergency relief, of tanks of heated pressure liquefied gases, determines whether vessels will safely relieve their contents, rupture and cause a pool or flashing jet fire, or catastrophically fail and boiling liquid expanding vapor explosions (BLEVE) resulting in a significant fire ball and rocketing debris.
This paper reviews the basic thermohydraulic phenomena and their interaction. The mech- anisms are illustrated with reference to direct visual observation in small vessels and the interpretation of additional data obtained in intermediate scale experiments.
The paper additionally describes a two-dimensional zone and a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) field technique to describe the tank and fluid behavior under fire attack conditions.
Present and Future ASTM Standards Developments in the Radiology (X and Gamma) NDE Test Method
Authors: Graber HC 
Published: March 2009

ASTM Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology has been focusing efforts in expanding the development of standards in several different areas. In the past several years, standards addressing the radiologie examination of product forms, radioscopic imaging, and radiologic system variables have been published. An overview of these standards will be presented. Standards work identified for future development include, for example, performance standards and product form examination for radioscopy, radiologic examination of composite materials and tutorial, and performance standards for computed tomography. An overview of the current status and committee activity for future work will be presented.
Standards work identified for future development include, for example, performance standards and product form examination for radioscopy, radiologic examination of composite materials and tutorial, and performance standards for computed tomography. An overview of the current status and committee activity for future work will be presented.
Electromagnetic (Eddy Current) Testing
Authors: McEleney PC 
Published: March 2009

This paper will cover the electromagnetic (eddy current) testing method and ASTM Subcommittee E7.07 on Electromagnetic Method and its activities. The basic principles and applications of the test method are discussed. The advantages and disadvantages are noted. Areas of standardization highlighted are terminology, equipment, test procedure, and reference standards. These referenced standards cover sorting, coating thickness, conductivity, and tubular products.
The background of ASTM Subcommittee E7.07 and its standard chronology are highlighted. The subcommittee's growth from three sections in 1958 to its present ten sections is covered in detail. Extensions of the scope to cover the magnetic method for coating thickness, fringe flux, and the electric potential method are noted. Thirteen documents have been developed by the subcommittee, and six new documents are currently in development. Of high interest currently is the work on wire rope examination standards. Many challenges are presented to ASTM E.07 including: (1) developing documents that can replace DoD specifications and standards, and (2) developing sorely needed documents for wire rope inspection. This paper notes a high level of standard document development currently.
Standards for NDT Laboratories
Authors: Plumstead WC , Jaycox CE 
Published: March 2009

In 1976, after about ten years of debate and repeated ballots, the ASTM Practice for Determining the Qualification of Nondestructive Testing Agencies (E 543) gained final approval and was published. The document provides the minimum requirements considered essential to the proper organization, administration, and operation of commercial and in-house agencies providing nondestructive examination services. It represents an industry consensus for the minimum practices expected of a qualified nondestructive testing agency. It includes guidelines for equipment maintenance and calibration for the most frequently used NDT methods, personnel qualification and certification, and minimum requirements for an effective quality manual.
Subsequent documents to supplement E 543 have been developed that offer detailed guidelines for a laboratory quality control system (ASTM E 1212) and for a survey (audit) checklist (ASTM E 1359) for use by evaluators of nondestructive testing agencies.
Nondestructive testing agencies that meet the requirements of ASTM E 543 and ASTM E 1212 can be expected to offer consistent quality performance and reliable examination results. These ASTM documents are being specified more frequently than in past years, but, unfortunately, are not being applied as they should for the best results. In many cases, the lowest bidder is assumed to be qualified, but the qualifications are not verified. Too often, when evaluations of nondestructive testing agencies are conducted, individuals are used who are not technically knowledgeable in the field. Frequently, these evaluations are conducted after the award of a contract, when changes are very difficult. Increased use of these ASTM standards by industry combined with competent evaluations of the quality of an agency's work and its technical and management skills will result in increased levels of confidence on the part of the users of products inspected and examined by these agencies. These higher levels of confidence will improve the acceptance of U.S. products worldwide.
Harmonization of NDT Standards Within the European Economic Community
Authors: Borloo EE 
Published: March 2009

The European Council of Ministers invited the Commission of the European Communities (CEC) to draw up a policy on conformity assessment involving testing and calibration, quality assurance, certification, and accreditation, aiming to harmonize the existing national regulations in order to eliminate barriers to trade, principally after 1 Jan. 1993 (beginning of the Single Market).
The CEC gave mandates to European standardization bodies to draw up European standards for Community purposes.
To date, several standardization programs have been mandated under this system; in particular, one of the ongoing works at CEN (Comité Européen de Normalisation) level is in the field of nondestructive testing—it covers the pressure vessels area. 1. CEN TC 138 is the technical committee (TC) involved with nondestructive testing. This TC has the scope to set up standards on terminology, equipment, and general principles of methods for the different NDT methods as well as to standardize the principles of qualification and certification of NDE testing personnel. 2. CEN TC 121 is the TC involved with welding. This TC has a working group, 5B, involved with NDT and six subworking groups, the scope of which is to set up standards on general rules, examination techniques, and acceptance criteria for the different NDT techniques when examining welded structures.
Participants in the different working groups are experts from the 12 EEC countries and also from the six EFTA countries. These experts are technicians from industry, technical laboratories, or from national standardization bodies. 1. EEC: European Economic Community: Belgium-Denmark-France-Germany-Greece-Ireland-Italy-Luxembourg-Portugal-Spain-The Netherlands-United Kingdom. 2. EFTA: European Free Trade Association: Austria-Finland-Iceland-Norway-Sweden-Switzerland.
During these technical meetings, national and international, existing documents (e.g., DIN-AFNOR-BS-ASTM-ISO-IIW) are considered, aiming to create future European NDE standards.
NDT Personnel Qualification—A U.S. Perspective
Authors: Wheeler GC 
Published: March 2009

The status of NDT personnel qualification and certification (PQ) is reviewed from the point of view of U.S. practitioners. Present U.S. practices and standards are compared with those of some other nations and those of ISO.
Results of a survey of U.S. organizations and individuals familiar with various PQ systems are used to evaluate the spectrum of current U.S. attitudes on the subject. It is concluded that an international standard acceptable to the United States as well as to most other nations should now be achievable in a relatively short time.
Wear Diagram for Sliding of Silicon Nitrides
Authors: Lim D-S , Park S-K , Moon H 
Published: March 2009

Knowledge of the friction and wear behavior of ceramics is essential for their successful tribological applications in advanced mechanical systems. Understanding of this important behavior is very limited because of the complexity of the wear processes. In this study, wear diagrams, which are three-dimensional representations of the dependence of the wear on the applied pressure and the sliding velocity, were constructed from sliding test data with silicon nitride specimens. Two kinds of silicon nitride were selected to study the microstructural effect on the wear behavior.
A multi-wear tester with pin-on-disk test geometry was used. The applied pressure and the sliding velocity ranged from 1 to 100 MPa and 0.01 to 0.30 m/s, respectively.
The results show the existence of two distinct regions for the mild and the severe wear in wear diagrams of both materials, but with different proportions of the two regions. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the worn area shows clearly that different wear mechanisms dominate in the mild and severe wear regions. A possible wear transition model from mild to severe wear is discussed based on SEM observations of surface damage and the wear diagrams.
Soil Survey Laboratory Methods for Characterizing Physical and Chemical Properties and Mineralogy of Soils
Authors: Kimble JM , Knox EG , Holzhey CS 
Published: March 2009

This paper outlines the analytical methods currently used by the Soil Survey Laboratory of the National Soil Survey Center and other laboratories of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. Most of the methods were developed and tested over a period of years. Modifications of original methods have been made to facilitate automation and improve reliability.
Physical measurements of soil samples routinely include particle size, bulk density, and water retention at 10, 33, 200, and 1500 kPa. Particle size distribution is determined by pipette and sieving. Bulk density determinations are made on equilibriated, plastic-coated clods at 10 or 33 kPa and oven dryness. Water retention measurements at 10 and 33 kPa are made on plastic-coated clods. The 200 and 1500 kPa measurements are made on prewetted, ⟨2 mm crushed samples.
The chemical determinations include organic carbon, total nitrogen, extractable iron, aluminum, manganese, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, and acidity, water-soluble cations and anions, carbonates, gypsum, cation exchange capacity, and various pH measurements. Organic carbon is by acid dichromate digestion and ferrous sulfate (FeSO4) titration. Total nitrogen is by Kjeldahl digestion. Extractable iron, aluminum, and manganese are measured in citrate dithonite and potassium chloride. Iron and aluminum are also measured in sodium, pyrophosphate, and iron, aluminum, silicon, and manganese in acid ammonium oxalate. Extractable bases are measured in a pH 7 ammonium acetate (NH4OAc) filtrate, and cation exchange capacity is measured on the soil residue from this procedure. Water-soluble cations and anions are measured in a saturation extract. Carbonates are measured by carbon dioxide (CO2) evolution. Gypsum is determined gravimetrically following its precipitation with acetone in a water extract. Exchangeable acidity is measured by barium chloride triethanolamine at pH 8.2.
The mineralogical analyses include optical analysis of a sand or a silt fraction and X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetric analysis of the clay fraction. The petrographic microscope is used to identify and count grains mounted on glass slides. X-ray diffraction analysis is made on clay films on glass slides with and without heat treatments and saturation with potassium, magnesium, and magnesium and glycerol. Differential scanning calorimetric analyses are made on samples equilibriated at 50% relative humidity.
Testing Soils for Metals with Emphasis on Cadmium in the Food Chain
Authors: Baker DE , Lotse E , Amistadi MK 
Published: March 2009

The Baker Soil Test, abbreviated BST, evolved from the concept that the availability of an ion to plants is related to its activity or relative partial molar free energy within the substrate. From the concepts of Relative Partial Molar Free Energy and the Gibbs-Duhem equation, it becomes obvious that plant availability of an ion is affected by all factors affecting ionic activity. For soil systems, these factors include water properties, mineral solubilities, ionic adsorption, and other entropy changes. A perfect soil test would measure the true ionic activity or relative chemical potential of labile ions, analogous to pH and acidity (pCd2+ and labile cadmium for cadmium).The BST includes measurements and interpretations of the extractable amounts (Q), the negative logarithm of the activity of ions associated with diethylene triaminepenta acetic acid (pCd2+), and concentrations of cadmium and other metals by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1986) method.The determination of the intensity and buffer capacity (dI/dQ) of Cd2+ and other metals is important in order to identify soils with low potential cadmium uptake by crops, those with high cadmium uptake, and those for which the desired reduction of cadmium uptake by plants can be obtained by liming and other treatments which have been found to increase the soil buffer capacity. Reaching equilibrium after treatment takes time, and the required time can be expected to be different for different soils. The intensity and buffer capacity, predicted by the BST, should therefore be obtained repeatedly over time for soil management of cadmium and other elements for crops in the food chain.
Representative Specimen Size for Hydraulic Conductivity Assessment of Compacted Soil Liners
Authors: Benson CH , Hardianto FS , Motan ES 
Published: March 2009

An alternative to field measurement of hydraulic conductivity is to conduct laboratory hydraulic conductivity tests on specimens large enough to simulate field-scale conditions. Laboratory tests can be performed rapidly using standard procedures and with accurate control of state of stress and gradient. The objective of this research program was to identify how large a specimen must be to yield field-scale hydraulic conductivity. This objective was accomplished through field testing, laboratory testing, and statistical modeling.
Hydraulic conductivity tests were conducted on test pads at four sites that represented construction conditions ranging from poor to excellent. One test pad was deliberately constructed using poor construction methods to demonstrate “worst case” conditions. Field tests were performed with sealed double-ring infiltrometers (SDRIs) having inner rings with widths of 0.61, 0.92, 1.2, or 1.5 m. Laboratory tests were performed on block specimens with diameters ranging from 0.07 m to 0.46 m.
For the range of construction conditions that were evaluated, the test results showed that hydraulic conductivity at or near field-scale can be measured using block specimens with a diameter of 0.30 m and a thickness of 0.15 m. A probabilistic model was designed to simulate macroscopic defects in compacted soil. Results obtained with the model supported the results of the experimental study.
Waste-Soil Interactions that Alter Hydraulic Conductivity
Authors: Shackelford CD 
Published: March 2009

Liquid-soil compatibility of soil hydraulic conductivity is reviewed with respect to the materials and methods used in evaluating waste-soil interactions, factors influencing interpretation of test results, and the interactions that are thought to alter significantly the hydraulic conductivity of clay soils. Significant increases in hydraulic conductivity may result from flocculation of clay particles due to interactions with electrolyte solutions, shrinkage of the soil matrix in the presence of concentrated organic solvents, and acid-base dissolution of the soil. Observed effects typically are greater in rigid-wall permeameters than flexible-wall permeameters.
Considerable evidence supports the use of the Gouy-Chapman theory for describing the influence of aqueous solutions on the fabric and, therefore, the hydraulic conductivity of clay soils. However, swelling test results suggest that the Gouy-Chapman theory does not account properly for shrinkage effects which have been observed to result in large increases in hydraulic conductivity upon permeation with concentrated organic solvents.
Three mechanisms may contribute to an increase in the hydraulic conductivity of clay soils upon permeation with acid permeants: (1) flocculation of the clay, (2) dissolution of the clay minerals (aluminosilicates), and (3) dissolution of other minerals (e.g., CaCO3) in the clay soil. Dissolution and piping of clay minerals leads to increases in hydraulic conductivity. Dissolution of carbonates initially leads to buffering, re-precipitation, pore clogging, and a decrease in hydraulic conductivity. Depletion of the buffering capacity leads to a decrease in pH, dissolution of constituents, and a possible increase in hydraulic conductivity.
The measured hydraulic conductivity of a compacted sand-bentonite mixture is shown to be significantly affected by the sequence of permeation to a saturated calcium solution. The effect, termed “first exposure”, has important implications with respect to the application of laboratory test results for evaluation of the suitability of a material for a waste containment barrier.
In-Situ Hydraulic Conductivity Tests for Compacted Soil Liners and Caps
Authors: Trautwein SJ , Boutwell GP 
Published: March 2009

The most important geotcchnical parameter for soil liners or caps for waste facilities is hydraulic conductivity. In typical practice, the vertical conductivity normally governs the barrier effect. Regulatory agencies are increasingly requiring in situ tests in addition to laboratory- tests to verify hydraulic conductivity. Many different in situ tests have been proposed; seven have some usage. These are discussed with reference to their suitability for liner/cap evaluation. Of these, the Sealed, Double-Ring Infiltrometer and the Two-Stage Borehole test have received widest acceptance and use; each has already been used on 50 to 100 projects. Both tests are examined in detail, including theoretical basis, field procedures, and data reduction. Reasons for their preference over other methods are discussed.
The Sealed Double-Ring Infiltrometer measures one-dimensional infiltration from which vertical hydraulic conductivity is determined. Testing times are comparatively long but a larger volume of soil is tested, 1000 to 3000 times that typically tested in the laboratory. It is the better of the two methods for testing thin liners (&lt;50 cm). One test is adequate for all but the most poorly constructed test media.
The Two-Stage Borehole method involves three-dimensional infiltration, from which both vertical and horizontal conductivities are determined. A typical study involves multiple tests, the total volume of soil affected by a 5-test group being 250 to 1000 times that typically tested in the laboratory. Testing times are comparatively short, and the method is the better of the two for evaluating variability in hydraulic conductivity with depth, on slopes, and where horizontal conductivity is needed. A five-test group is adequate for all but the most poorly constructed test media.
Comparative results are presented from 15 projects. The two preferred methods yield comparable values; both have been successful in verifying well-built barriers and identifying those with defects.