bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Competing Readings of Platonic Psychology
Authors: Gill Christopher 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn Hellenistic-Roman debate about psychology, thinkers such as Plutarch and Galen saw themselves as maintaining Platonic (and Aristotelian) ideas about psychology that the Stoics rejected. This chapter suggests that the relationship between Plato and these Hellenistic and Roman thinkers is more complex than initially appears. It suggests that both sides in the debate may have been influenced by key features of Platonic psychology. This suggestion is illustrated by accounts of competing ways of reading two important Platonic treatments of psychology: in the Timaeus and the Republic. The account of Galen’s reading is based on Galen’s own statements; the reconstruction of Chrysippus’ reading is more speculative. These competing readings are used to show how Platonic material could be seen as lending support both to part-based (Platonic-Aristotelian) and to holistic (Stoic) ideas about embodied psychology and psychological functions.
6 The Rise of Seleucus
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSeleucus' rise to power is perhaps the most spectacular event of the period of the Successors. Expelled from his satrapy by Antigonus in the summer of 316 BC, he was able to retrieve it four years later and did so with a force which was remarkably small by any standards. Not only did he regain Babylonia, but he beat off an attack by Nicanor, the general supervising the upper satrapies, and immediately took the offensive, extending his dominions to Susiana, Media, and perhaps even further afield. All that took place within a year of his entering Babylonia, and a year later, in the summer of 310 BC, he was coping with a full-scale invasion by Antigonus. He did not merely survive; he forced Antigonus out of his territories, never to resume the offensive, and by 305 BC he had penetrated to the Indus valley, placing almost all the satraps of the eastern empire under his sway. This chapter chronicles Seleucus' rise to power and attempts to explain his success.
Epigraphy as a Source for Early Imperial Women's Verse
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The case for epigraphy as a source for women's verse production in Imperial Rome is considered. Evidence for women's literacy in the Roman empire, including non-literary sources such as graffiti and curse-tablets, is presented. The circumstances of production of epigraphic poetry are examined. The chapter also considers a variety of specific poems attributed to women, and the evidence they reveal of interpersonal relations, particularly Terentia's poem on the death of her brother.
Motherless Child: The Death of the Heart (1938)
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines Bowen's novel, The Death of the Heart, proposing that its analysis of class relations in 1930s England has affinities with the work of Waugh, Green, and Lawrence. This analysis is focused on the fate of the orphan and ingénue Portia, and emphasizes her various states of mind partly by concentrated close readings of particular passages. Portia's developing sexuality and her awareness of it impels the plot, and is extensively treated in the context of the history of the child and sexuality in the English novel. The chapter also considers a number of related themes, in particular those of survival, money, doubling, servitude, and writing itself (since Portia is presented as a putative writer), suggesting that Bowen's work may be profitably related to later writing by Harold Pinter and Kazuo Ishiguro.
Words in the Dark:The Demon Lover and Other Stories(1945)
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a reading of Bowen's collection of Second World War short stories, The Demon Lover and Other Stories, proposing it as a book of unhappy returns. Studies of dislocation, the stories have their Anglo-Irish element, even though they are set mainly in the London of the Blitz. The chapter also considers matters of literary allusion and reference, as well as issues of gender together with sexual and social disruption. The chapter concludes with a lengthy reading of the figure of the apparently supernatural ghost in one of Bowen's greatest short stories, The Demon Lover, suggesting an influence from T. S. Eliot, an affinity with William Golding, and an alliance with Freud's conception of the ‘uncanny’. Thus, in various ways the story is the representation of crisis.
Lexical Storage versus Online Construction
Authors: Jackendoff Ray 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTraditional generative grammar makes two related assumptions: first, that lexical items — the stored elements that are combined into larger expressions — enter the combinatorial system by virtue of being inserted into syntactic structures; and second, that lexical items are always words. In the parallel model of Chapter 5, lexical items emerge instead as parts of the interfaces among generative components. Moreover, by taking seriously the question of what is stored in memory, we will arrive at the view that lexical (i.e., stored) items are of heterogeneous sizes, from affixes to idioms and more abstract structures. This reconceptualization of the lexicon leads to striking consequences for linguistic theory, in particular it breaks down some of the traditional distinctions between lexical items and rules of grammar. It also leads to a reconsideration of the formal character of language learning.
The Voice Continuum
Authors: Croft William 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSome constructions are claimed to be universal, including the passive and the inverse voice constructions. In fact, the syntactic properties used to define passive and inverse constructions, and contrast them with active/direct constructions, do not coincide across languages. This chapter surveys the great diversity of voice constructions across languages to demonstrate that there is no universal structural definition of passive and inverse constructions. Instead, one must construct a syntactic space to represent the continuum of structural properties of voice constructions across languages. But this continuum is constrained, both in terms of the structural properties of the voice construction and the function of the construction. The more salient/topical participant will be coded with the typologically less marked, more subject-like structural properties, and the less salient participant will be coded with less subject-like properties. The continuum is also reinforced by the fact that constructions shift across the syntactic space via grammaticalization.
Complex-valued harmonic morphisms on three-dimensional Euclidean space
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents an introduction to the theory of harmonic morphisms for the case of maps from open subsets of Euclidean 3-space to the complex plane. Harmonic morphisms are characterized by elementary means which involve only a little simple geometry. In subsequent chapters some of the results are generalized and interpreted the context of differential geometry. Some results apply to maps from open subsets of higher-dimensional Euclidean spaces to the complex plane, but many methods are special to Euclidean 3-space, in that case, giving us all harmonic morphisms both locally and globally.
Harmonic mappings between Riemannian manifolds
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA harmonic morphism between arbitrary Riemannian manifolds is a type of harmonic map. This chapter is devoted to the description of those properties of harmonic maps, which are essential to the development. Harmonic maps are extremals of a natural energy integral; they can be characterized as maps whose tension field vanishes, where the tension field is a natural generalization of the Laplacian. The first three sections in this chapter give the necessary formalism, the basic definitions, examples, and properties of harmonic maps. In Section 3.4, a conservation law involving the stress-energy is given. Harmonic maps from surfaces have special properties and include (branched) minimal immersions, which are discussed in Section 3.5. The chapter ends with a treatment of the second variation.
Holomorphic harmonic morphisms
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe first section of this chapter investigates the general question of when holomorphic maps between almost Hermitian manifolds are harmonic maps or harmonic morphisms. In particular, a holomorphic map from a Kaehler manifold to a Riemann surface is always a harmonic morphism. It is shown how harmonic morphisms into a Riemann surface can sometimes be combined to give new ones. The construction of harmonic morphisms from domains of Euclidean and related spaces is discussed, which are holomorphic with respect to a Hermitian structure, thus finding interesting globally defined complex-valued harmonic morphisms on a Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension.
Multivalued harmonic morphisms
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMultivalued analytic functions are considered to be functions on a Riemann surface, which can be defined either by cutting and pasting or by a graph construction. Multivalued maps in general are considered, and it is shown how the concept of multivalued analytic functions generalizes to harmonic morphisms using the graph construction. An alternative treatment for space forms is presented, and some specific examples are given. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the behaviour on the branching set of the projection map for a multivalued harmonic morphism on a three-dimensional space form.
Curvature considerations
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe curvature of the domain on various combinations of horizontal and vertical vectors is calculated for a horizontally conformal submersion and for a (submersive) harmonic morphism. It is related to the dilation and the curvature of the codomain, and local and global non-existence results are deduced for maps with or without critical points. It is shown that any harmonic morphism with totally geodesic fibres — defined on a Euclidean space with values in a manifold of dimension not equal to two — is orthogonal projection to a subspace followed by a surjective homothetic covering. Together with Theorem 6.7.3, this gives a complete picture of the globally defined harmonic morphisms with totally geodesic fibres on Euclidean space.
Reduction techniques
Authors: Baird Paul , Wood John C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWhen a map has a certain symmetry, the equations for a harmonic morphism reduce to equations in a smaller number of variables. Here, the appropriate symmetry is equivariant with respect to isoparametric mappings. The latter is discussed and the concept of eigen-harmonic morphism — reduction theorem — is given. The modification of reduction equations by suitable conformal changes of metric is discussed, which allows us to find equivariant harmonic morphisms by first finding an equivariant map which is horizontally weakly conformal, and then rendering it harmonic by a suitable conformal change of metric. This way, solving the second-order system for a harmonic morphism is reduced to solving two first-order systems in turn. This technique allows the construction of many harmonic morphisms by reduction to an ordinary or partial differential equation (ODE or PDE).
Modelling Marine Ecosystems and Their Environmental Forcing
Authors: Werner Francisco E. , Aretxabaleta Alfredo , Edwards Karen Pehrson 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a brief review and description of some of the issues in modelling and the status of modelling efforts. It attempts to link and explain changes in climate and in pelagic marine communities in the North Atlantic systems, drawing from knowledge gained from studies of all oceans. The chapter's structure is as follows. First, it briefly discusses aspects of the relationship between variability in the environment and variability in marine populations. It then presents approaches that are being taken for understanding this variability and highlights areas where progress has been made. It ends with recommendations and suggestions for new approaches necessary for further advances.
The Responses of Fish Populations to Ocean Climate Fluctuations
Authors: Ottersen Geir , Alheit Jürgen , Drinkwater Ken , Friedland Kevin , Hagen Eberhard , Stenseth Nils Chr. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Understanding how climate variability affects fish and fisheries and how the effects differ between species is of paramount importance when trying to predict the potential impacts of anthropogenically introduced climate change. This chapter shows how climate variability may influence North Atlantic fish populations by affecting spawning and reproduction, abundance and recruitment, individual growth rates, distribution and migration, natural mortality, and catchability and availability to fisheries. Although, they are principally derived from the northwest Atlantic Ocean, the results are representative of many species around the world. The impact of climate on some of the most important fish species in the North Atlantic: the demersal cod, the pelagic herring, sardines, and the anadromous salmon, is discussed.
Climatic Influences on Marine Fish Community Ecology
Authors: Lekve Kyrre , Stenseth Nils Chr. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on biodiversity as a dependent variable. It reviews some proposed mechanisms for fish community responses to climatic variability, it then details some case studies illustrating possible examples of these mechanisms. The chapter begins with the simplest example, that of two interacting species (or really two complexes of species), before moving on to studies on different aspects of community responses to climatic variability.
A Fresh (Water) Perspective on the Impacts of the NAO on North Atlantic ecology
Authors: Straile Dietmar 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
North Atlantic climate variability not only influences North Atlantic ecosystems, but also influences terrestrial and freshwater ecosystems across the Northern Hemisphere. This chapter discusses selected aspects of NAO impacts on freshwater ecosystems, which might shed some light or pose new questions on the NAO impacts on the North Atlantic. Fluctuations originating with the NAO affect hydrology as well as phytoplankton and zooplankton biology. Effects include timing of phytoplankton blooms, balance between abundance of diatoms and other phytoplankton species, and population dynamics of Daphnia.
The Impacts of ENSO on Terrestrial Ecosystems: A Comparison With NAO
Authors: Lima Mauricio , Jaksic Fabian M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter aims to cast new light upon the preceding chapters, drawing upon the authors' experience along the western fringe of South America, especially on data gained from Chilean ecosystems. The eastern side of the tropical Pacific — where El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) plays a highly significant role — is linked closely to the NAO impacts in the North Atlantic sector. Specifically, the impacts on plants, invertebrates, amphibians, birds, and mammals are considered.
Jackals
Authors: Macdonald David W. , Loveridge Andrew J. , Atkinson Robert P. D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe side-striped jackal (Canis adustus) is a medium-sized canid found throughout much of East and central Africa, excluding the equatorial zone, and extending as far south as Zimbabwe and northeastern South Africa. Between 1990 and 1997, a study of side-striped jackals in Zimbabwe was carried out to determine intraspecific variation between two populations in contrasting environments, and this comparison sheds light on the epidemiology and control of jackal rabies. This chapter presents the results.
Dholes
Authors: Venkataraman Arun B. , Johnsingh A. J. T. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractResearch on the dhole or Asiatic wild dog (Cuon alpinus), though steadily increasing, has been less intense compared to research on the grey wolf (Canis lupus) and the African hunting dog (Lycaon pictus). Research on the dhole has largely occurred in southern and Central India that comprise only a small portion of its distribution. Research has mainly focused on the ecology and behaviour of the species and has contributed little towards its conservation and management. This chapter discusses the taxonomy and morphology, foraging ecology, prey preference and cooperative hunting, social organization, and breeding biology of dholes.
PHILOSOPHICAL BACKGROUND
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe core of statistics is concerned with the solution of special types of problems of induction following special modes of reasoning. In the inductive process, some at least of the premises are empirical, and there is always an element of uncertainty about the truth of the conclusion. Historically, examination of the basis of inductive and empirical reasoning started in the 17th century with Francis Bacon and John Locke, but later encountered a stumbling block when Hume raised a serious objection about the logic underlying such reasoning. Statistical inference seeks to get round Hume’s objection pragmatically by invoking probability calculus at various stages of the inductive process.
Numerical Methods for Structured Markov Chains
Authors: Bini Dario A. , Latouche Guy , Meini Beatrice 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The book deals with the numerical solution of structured Markov chains which include M/G/1 and G/M/1-type Markov chains, QBD processes, non-skip-free queues, and tree-like stochastic processes and has a wide applicability in queueing theory and stochastic modeling. It presents in a unified language the most up to date algorithms, which are so far scattered in diverse papers, written with different languages and notation. It contains a thorough treatment of numerical algorithms to solve these problems, from the simplest to the most advanced and most efficient. Nonlinear matrix equations are at the heart of the analysis of structured Markov chains, they are analysed both from the theoretical, from the probabilistic, and from the computational point of view. The set of methods for solution contains functional iterations, doubling methods, logarithmic reduction, cyclic reduction, and subspace iteration, all are described and analysed in detail. They are also adapted to interesting specific queueing models coming from applications. The book also offers a comprehensive and self-contained treatment of the structured matrix tools which are at the basis of the fastest algorithmic techniques for structured Markov chains. Results about Toeplitz matrices, displacement operators, and Wiener-Hopf factorizations are reported to the extent that they are useful for the numerical treatment of Markov chains. Every and all solution methods are reported in detailed algorithmic form so that they can be coded in a high-level language with minimum effort.
LOGARITHMIC REDUCTION AND CYCLIC REDUCTION
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with quadratically convergent algorithms for solving nonlinear matrix equations encountered in M/G/1, G/M/1, and QBD processes. The algorithm of logarithmic reduction for solving QBDs is described and analysed, and an algebraic proof of its convergence is provided. Then the cyclic reduction technique for QBDs is explained and related to logarithmic reduction. Cyclic reduction is extended to M/G/1 and G/M/1 processes, convergence and applicability results are proved. Computational issues concerning the implementation of cyclic reduction are treated by relying on the tools introduced in Chapters 2 and 3.
MICROSCOPIC THEORY OF FLUCTUATION CONDUCTIVITY
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a microscopic analysis of the different fluctuation contributions to the conductivity tensor. The physical origin and a qualitative evaluation of Aslamazov-Larkin, Maki-Thompson, and density of states renormalization corrections are discussed. The ‘secrets of the theoretical kitchen’ are demonstrated in detail using the example of an impure layered superconductor both near and far from the critical temperature. The case of an ultra-clean superconductor and the corresponding cancellation of the quantum corrections are discussed. The non-local and non-linear effects in fluctuation conductivity are considered. Special sections are devoted to the comparison of theory with experiment, with a detailed discussion of the phase-breaking time problem.
PHASE FLUCTUATIONS IN A 2D SUPERCONDUCTING SYSTEM
Authors: Larkin Anatoly , Varlamov Andrei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the crucial role of phase fluctuations in two-dimensional (2D) systems. The exponential tail in Josephson current is found close to Tc. The physics of the Berezinskii-Kosterlitz-Thouless transition is discussed. The effect of order parameters and vortex fluctuations of the critical temperature of 2D superconductors are compared. The manifestation of vortex fluctuations above BKT transition is discussed.
THE HUMAN NEUROSCANNING PROJECT
Authors: Modersitzki Jan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a typical application for image registration. The particular goal of the Human Neuro-Scanning Project is a three-dimensional reconstruction down to particular neurons of a whole human brain based on microscopic modalities. The workflow that leads to stained histological slides and their digitalization is explained. The process is illustrated by various figures showing the sectioning process, the paraffin embedded brain, a sectioned slide, and the digitalization. It is shown that these processes lead to unwanted highly non-linear distortion of the sections that inhibits a direct reconstruction.
GRANULAR MEDIA: THREE SEMINAL IDEAS OF SIR SAM
Authors: Bouchaud J.-P. , Cates M. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the statics and dynamics of granular media, emphasizing three linked insights of Sam Edwards. These are: the idea of ‘force propagation’ in models of rigid grains; the thermodynamic analogy for the statistics of jammed states; and the idea that granular assemblies arrest in a state of marginal coordination number, just enough to ensure mechanical stability.
Disruptive colouration
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDisruptive patterning is patterning which makes an entity difficult to detect and/or identify, but which is independent of the specific local environment, and thus distinct from the background matching mechanism discussed in the previous chapter. This chapter discusses the historical and theoretical underpinnings of this idea, and examines the empirical evidence for its existence. Its relationship with backgrounds matching is carefully considered, especially with regards to whether the two work synergistically or antagonistically.
The evolution and maintenance of Müllerian mimicry
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe individuals of a population using an aposematic signal must pay a mortality cost during the period when predators are educated about the signal. The per-capita cost could be reduced if two or more defended species shared the same signal. This is the basis of Mullerian mimicry. This chapter examines the history, theory, and empirical evidence for this phenomenon, and identifies the outstanding questions and controversies in Mullerian mimicry.