bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The risk of prostate cancer amongst South Asian men in southern England: the PROCESS cohort study
Authors: Metcalfe Chris , Patel Biral , Evans Simon , Ibrahim Fowzia , Anson Ken , Chinegwundoh Francis , Corbishley Cathy , Dorling Danny , Thomas Bethan , Gillatt David , Kirby Roger , Muir Gordon , Nargund Vinod , Popert Rick , Persad Raj , Ben‐Shlomo Yoav ,   the PROCESS Study Group
Published: June 2008

OBJECTIVETo reinvestigate whether South Asian men in the UK are at lower risk of being diagnosed with prostate cancer in a UK‐based retrospective cohort study and to examine possible reasons that may explain this.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe catchment areas were predefined in four areas of southern England, and age‐ and race‐specific populations for those areas taken from census data. Cases were ascertained through review of multiple hospital sources, while race, other demographic factors, and medical history were determined using questionnaires sent to the men, hospital records review and death certificates. The South Asian group included men of Indian, Bangladeshi and Pakistani origin.RESULTSThere was modest evidence of lower prostate cancer rates in South Asian men compared with their White neighbours (age‐adjusted rate ratio 0.81; 95% confidence interval 0.65–1.00). This difference did not reflect less use of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) testing or differences in clinical features at presentation.CONCLUSIONThis study provides evidence of a lower incidence of prostate cancer amongst South Asian men living in England, in comparison with their White counterparts. If anything, South Asian men presented with clinical features of earlier disease suggesting that the reduced risk is unlikely to be an artefact of poorer access to health care.
INCOMPLETE CONTRACTS MODELLING
Authors: Basile Liliana , Trani Raffaele 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTContractual incompleteness has been understood in the literature as the conditions under which contracts are insufficiently state contingent due to non‐observable and/or non‐verifiable states of the world. The term incomplete contracts has been used in different meanings: to denote both proper contractual incompleteness (in a complete contracts context) due to various types of information problems, which can be contractually solved through a suitably designed mechanism and a context (an incomplete contracting context) whereex antestates of nature that are too expensive to describe prevent a contractual mechanism being designed. We examine these significantly different interpretations in both methodological and formal terms. We argue that, as long as relationship‐specific investment conditions occur, an incomplete contracting context is an innovative paradigm to the extent that it permits analysis of issues that in a complete contract context cannot even be broached, namely the recognition of non‐contractible inefficiencies and the possibility of non‐contractual solutions to such inefficiencies.
Alcohol Outlets, Youth Drinking, and Self‐Reported Ease of Access to Alcohol: A Constraints and Opportunities Approach
Authors: Treno Andrew J. , Ponicki William R. , Remer Lillian G. , Gruenewald Paul J. 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Despite recent research examining youth access to alcohol, the extent to which relative ease of access to alcohol from various sources translates into the use of these sources is not known.Methods:  Patterns of adolescent alcohol access in California were studied using a hierarchical analysis of self‐reported and archival measures. A survey of 30 youths age 14 to 16 in each of 50 zip codes selected to maximize variability in median household income and off‐premise outlet densities was conducted.Results:  (1) Both actual use of and perceived ease of access to formal sources were positively associated with off‐premise outlet density (a measure of formal access). (2) Actual use of informal sources was negatively associated with outlet densities. (3) Perceived and realized informal access were associated positively with deviance and negatively with conventionality. (4) Deviance was associated with increased perceived and realized access from both formal and social sources, whereas conventionality was only associated with realized and perceived informal access.Conclusions:  Correlates of perceived and actual alcohol access differ somewhat, and the differences between informal and formal access (both perceived and actual) are many, creating a complex picture of the patterns of underage access to alcohol. Youth drinking is affected by opportunities and constraints. Specifically, as one form of access becomes constrained, youth appear to circumvent restrictions by relying on other modes of access. Thus interventions targeting formal alcohol access by youth may result in a shift to reliance on social sources. This complex problem requires a multi‐faceted intervention approach.
Differential Dietary Ethanol Intake and Blood Ethanol Levels in Adolescent and Adult Rats: Effects on Anxiety‐Like Behavior and Seizure Thresholds
Authors: Wills Tiffany A. , Knapp Darin J. , Overstreet David H. , Breese George R. 
Published: June 2008

Background:  Adult rats exhibit increased anxiety‐like behavior after exposure to repeated cycles of chronic ethanol and withdrawal. While adolescent rats have differential responses to both acute and chronic ethanol treatments, the potential differences in the effects of repeated withdrawals in this population have yet to be determined.Methods:  Male adult and adolescent rats received three 5‐day cycles of either a 4.5% or 7% ethanol diet (ED) separated by two 2‐day withdrawal periods. Five hours into the final withdrawal, rats were tested for social interaction (SI) deficits (an index of anxiety‐like behavior) and then assessed for seizure thresholds (audiogenic and bicuculline‐induced). Ethanol intake was monitored throughout, and blood ethanol concentrations (BEC) were obtained from a separate group of rats.Results:  Adolescent rats have reduced SI during the final withdrawal from either ED and exhibit a greater reduction in SI compared to adult rats when exposed to a 7%ED. Audiogenic seizures were not increased during withdrawal from either ED in adult rats, but adolescent rats that received 7%ED displayed increased seizures. The bicuculline seizure thresholds were decreased in both ages exposed to a 7%ED, but only adolescent rats showed this decreased threshold after 4.5%ED. Ethanol intakes and BECs were higher in adolescent rats compared to similarly treated adults. However, ethanol intakes and BECs were comparable between 4.5%ED‐treated adolescent and 7%ED‐treated adult rats.Conclusions:  Behavioral results from the 7%ED‐treated groups suggested that adolescent rats may be more vulnerable to repeated withdrawals from ethanol than adults; however, differences in ethanol intake and BECs may be at least in part responsible. When ethanol intakes and BECs were similar between 4.5%ED‐treated adolescent and 7%ED‐treated adult rats, behavioral effects were not different. Importantly, these data illustrated that adolescent rats can exhibit anxiety and reduced seizure thresholds following this repeated withdrawal paradigm.
Translation to Practice: A Randomised, Controlled Study of an Evidence‐Based Booklet for Breast‐Care Nurses in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kirshbaum Marilyn 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT Background: In the United Kingdom (UK), it was documented that a problem of knowledge transfer existed within the speciality of breast‐cancer care, thus depriving patients of receiving optimal care. Despite increasingly robust research evidence indicating recommendation of whole body exercise for people affected by breast cancer, commensurate changes to practice were not noted amongst breast‐care nurses (BCNs). Aim: To evaluate the effect of a targeted booklet, Exercise and Breast Cancer: A Booklet for Breast‐Care Nurses, on changes in knowledge, reported practice, and attitudes of BCNs in the UK. Method: A prospective, experimental approach was used for designing a pre‐ and post‐test randomised controlled study. Comparisons of knowledge, reported practice, and attitudes based on responses to a questionnaire were made at two time‐points in two groups of BCNs (control and experimental). The unit of randomisation and analysis was hospital clusters of BCNs. The sample comprised 92 nurses from 62 hospitals. Analysis consisted of descriptive statistics and clustered regression techniques: clustered logistic regression for knowledge items, clustered linear regression for knowledge scores, ologit for attitude and reported practice items, and clustered multiple regression for paired and multiple variable analysis. Results: A statistically significant increase in knowledge and changes in reported practice and attitudes were found. Robust variables affecting knowledge acquisition were: promotion of health, promotion of exercise, and understanding how exercise can reduce cancer‐related fatigue. Discussion: The study has shown that evidence‐based printed material, such as an information booklet, can be used as an effective research dissemination method when developed for needs, values, and context of a target audience. Conclusions: This practical approach to research dissemination could be replicated and applied to other groups of nurses.
Effects of diets high in whey, soy, red meat and milk protein on body weight maintenance in diet‐induced obesity in mice
Authors: HUANG Xu‐Feng , LIU Yingxu , RAHARDJO Gita L. , MCLENNAN Peter L. , TAPSELL Linda C. , BUTTEMER William A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis study examined the effects of different food sources of protein on energy intake, body weight maintenance, and on the responses of plasma leptin, insulin and adiponectin in chronic high‐fat diet‐induced obese mice. Obesity was induced in 47 mice with a high‐fat diet for 20 weeks. They were divided into five diet groups to test the effects of a higher protein proportion (30% energy), achieved at the expense of carbohydrate. For the next eight weeks, four of the groups were fed diets of chow formulated with whey, soy, red meat or milk while the control group continued on their high‐fat diet. The results showed that: (i) increasing the protein : carbohydrate ratio (both at 30% energy) in a high‐fat diet did not reduce the level of obesity; (ii) the type of protein added, however, did have a significant effect on the level of obesity attained; (iii) whey protein stabilised weight gain the most, had the strongest satiety effects and also stimulated the highest production of adiponectin; and (iv) whey protein also was associated with the lowest insulin values among all proteins tested. Plasma leptin levels were not affected by any of the diets. Dietary fat remains a potent factor in weight management, but the type and amount of protein may also be important through its effects on food intake. In particular, the apparent decreased appetite associated with increased adiponectin in the whey‐based high‐protein diet may contribute to stabilised body mass in chronic high‐fat diet‐induced obesity.
Role of protein and carbohydrate sources on acute appetite responses in lean and overweight men
Authors: BOWEN Jane , NOAKES Manny , CLIFTON Peter 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDietary protein induces greater satiety compared with carbohydrate in lean subjects, which may involve appetite‐regulatory gut hormones. Little is known about the duration of effect, influence of protein and carbohydrate source and relevance to non‐lean individuals. We compared the effect of various dietary proteins and carbohydrates on post‐prandial appetite ratings, ad libitum energy intake (EI) and appetite hormones in lean and overweight men. Three randomised double‐blinded cross‐over studies examined appetite response (appetite ratings, ghrelin, glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and cholecystokinin) to liquid preloads over three to four hours followed by a buffet meal to assess ad libitum EI. The 1‐MJ preloads contained ∼55 g of protein (whey, casein, soy and gluten), carbohydrate (glucose, lactose and fructose) or combined whey/fructose. EI was 10% higher following glucose preloads compared with protein preloads, observed at three hours but not four hours. Protein ingestion was followed by prolonged elevation of cholecystokinin and GLP‐1 (two hours) and suppression of ghrelin (three to four hours) compared with glucose and independent of protein type. Replacing some whey with fructose attenuated the effect of protein on these hormones. Treatment effects on EI and appetite hormones were independent of bodyweight status, despite higher GLP‐1 and lower ghrelin in overweight subjects. Protein‐rich liquid preloads reduce EI over three hours in overweight men compared with glucose. These findings suggest a potential application for protein‐rich drinks and/or foods to facilitate reduced EI. Future studies should explore additional dietary manipulations that may enhance this relationship, and confirm these effects within the context of energy‐restricted dietary patterns.
Industry syndicates in functional foods: Evaluating existing models for the development of future projects
Authors: PROBST Yasmine 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe syndicate model developed by the National Centre of Excellence in Functional Foods enables a number of companies to work together in a pre‐competitive space, leveraging their investment. Companies have access to a wide range of research knowledge and skills for a portion of what it would cost to complete the entire project as a single entity. By 2007, the Centre had run three separate syndicate projects each with different models. Both food and pharmaceutical companies have participated in the projects. This paper reports on an evaluation of the Functional Foods for Healthy Ageing and Functional Foods for Appetite Control projects conducted during 2007 with the aim of re‐developing the syndicate model for future projects. The evaluations were conducted with an external interviewer and followed a structured interview approach via telephone. The companies participating in these syndicate projects were favourable to the model being used for future projects due to the ability to interact with other companies, value for their research dollar and the access to research and development resources. Regular communications and a company‐driven approach were favoured though a dedicated staff member was identified as needed for these projects. A new model for the syndicate projects was developed utilising the feedback. The primary modifications were a change from group ideation to individualised company ideation as well as the management and planning for the projects. The Centre will incorporate these changes in two future syndicate projects: Functional Foods for Cognitive Health and Functional Foods for Gut Health.
INSPECTION FREQUENCY OPTIMIZATION MODEL FOR DEGRADING FLOWLINES ON AN OFFSHORE PLATFORM
Authors: KUMAR SAURABH , DANDOTIYA RAJIV , KUMAR RAJESH , KUMAR UDAY 
Published: June 2008

Many offshore oil and gas installations in the North Sea are approaching the end of their designed lifetimes. Technological improvements and higher oil prices have developed favorable conditions for more oil recovery from these existing installations. However, in most cases, an extended oil production period does not justify investment in new installations. Therefore cost-effective maintenance of the existing platform infrastructure is becoming very important. In this paper, an inspection frequency optimization model has been developed which can be used effectively by the inspection and maintenance personnel in the industry to estimate the number of inspections/optimum preventive maintenance time required for a degrading component at any age or interval in its lifecycle at a minimum total maintenance cost. The model can help in planning inspections and maintenance intervals for different components of the platform infrastructure. The model has been validated by a case study performed on flowlines installed on the top side of an offshore oil and gas platform in the North Sea. Reliability analysis has been carried out to arrive at the best inspection frequency for the flowline segments under study.
Intra-Urban Residential Mobility: The Family Lif e Cycle Mo del and the Influence of the Renter/Non-Renter Dichotomy
Authors:   Lee Boon Thong
Published: June 2008

AbstractMany factors account for why families or households move from one residence to another in an urban area and it is an enormous and difficult task to attempt to isolate or rank the factors in ordered importance. This is because many of them do not operate singly but often in company with others. Nevertheless, studies in Western cities by Rossi (1955),' Maisel (1966),' and Simmons (1968),' for examples, have shown that one important group of variables that consistently affect intra- urban residential mobility is that associated with the family life cycle. In fact, Simmons (1968) concluded that over half of intra-urban mobility within a moderately growing city in the United States "results from the changing housing needs generated by the life cycle."
Theory, National Policy and the Management of Minority Cultures
Authors: Lee Raymond L.M. , Akerman Susan E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOur examination of the ideas shaping theory, policy and administrative approaches to majority-minority relations will emphasize the role of implicit, unrecognized Anglo-American liberal ideologies in delimiting the parameters of discussion. The theories that provide a basis for national policy are grounded in laissex, feire ideology about the inevitable assimilation of minority cultural groups through individualism and the "natural" functioning of market forces. Policies addressing the economic, educational and political aspirations of minority cultures assume that the due process of the established social order naturally results in harmonious relations among all groups and distributes rewards to any deserving individual who exerts efforts to better himself. This ideology essentially asserts that society operates most effectively when individuals or groups are given the moral privilege of gradual adjustment and mobility. We will pursue this theme of the ideological roots of theory and policy in the next two sections of the paper by considering some general theoretical issues and by critiquing theories relevant to national policies. In the third and fourth sections we will analyze the assimilation model and aspects of national policy derived from this model, with attention to the management of. minority relations using illustrative data from Malaysia.
Battered Women and Their Animal Companions: Symbolic Interaction Between Human and Nonhuman Animals
Authors: Flynnl Clifton P. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOnly recently have sociologists considered the role of nonhuman animals in human society.The few studies undertaken of battered women and their animal companions have revealed high rates of animal abuse co-existing with domestic violence.This study examines several aspects of the relationship between humans and animals in violent homes.The study explored the role of companion animals in the abusive relationship through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with clients at a battered women's shelter. In particular, the study focused on the use of companion animals by women's violent partners to control, hurt, and intimidate the women; the responses of the animals to the women's victimization; and the role of pets as human surrogates and the resulting symbolic interaction between human and nonhuman family members. The significance of the findings for family violence research and application are discussed, as well as the broader implications for sociological investigation of human-animal interaction.
The Status of Animals in Biblical and Christian Thought: A Study in Colliding Values
Authors: Preece Rod , Fraser David 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA common contemporary view is that the Bible and subsequent Christian thought authorize humans to exploit animals purely as means to human ends.This paper argues that Biblical and Christian thought have given rise to a more complex ethic of animal use informed by its pastoralist origins, Biblical pronouncements that permit different interpretations, and competing ideas and doctrines that arose during its development, and influenced by the rich and often contradictory features of ancient Hebrew and Greco-Roman traditions. The result is not a uniform ethic but a tradition of unresolved debate. Differing interpretations of the Great Chain of Being and the conflict over animal experimentation demonstrate the colliding values inherent in the complex history of Biblical and Christian thought on animals.
Addressing Animal Abuse: The Complementary Roles of Religion, Secular Ethics, and the Law
Authors: Fraschl Pamela D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the role that religious belief plays in societies' treatment of nonhuman animals, first asking two questions. Does religious belief continue to play a role today in societies' treatment of nonhuman animals, and should it? The paper discusses the interaction of (a) religion, (b) secular ethics, and (c) the law. As with a three-legged stool, each leg or component relies on the next for support. Religious values and claims, as features of the ethical framework by which many people live, have daily implications for nonhuman animals. On a sliding scale, negative to positive, a religious point of view may affect other animals in different ways. Beliefs - religious in nature and origin - about other animals sometimes stand behind the claims and ethical formulations of avowedly nonreligious people and institutions and may be of some interest to philosophers and historians. The paper concludes that only through consideration and involvement of the three separate, yet inter-connected, components can animal abuse be effectively addressed.
Nothingness and Being A Schelerian Comment
Authors: Frings Manfred 
Published: June 2008

AbstractHeidegger's central question, "What is the meaning of Being?", is intertwined with the concept of nothingness, as it has been since Pre-Socratic thought. I wish to articulate "nothingness" by restricting myself to three aspects of this concept given by Scheler: 1.) the meanings with which the word "nothing" is used, 2.) the moral implication belonging to the question of "nothing," and 3.) the concept of reality. It is the purpose of this selection of Schelerian thought to furnish some distinctions to be made in Heidegger's central position.
Authenticity Is Not a Real Predicate
Authors: Heim Michael 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThere is a tendency to assume otherwise, to take authenticity for a real predicate, and this is true not only of proponents of existentialism. We find even prominent interpreters of Heidegger using "authenticity" as a real predicate, as a quality applied to a referent present at hand. Let a couple instances suffice.
Twisting Free: Being to an Extent Sensible
Authors: Sallis John 
Published: June 2008

AbstractI would like to celebrate this beautiful setting, which has been set into the work of one of England's foremost painters, set beautifully, I would want to say. I would like in deed to celebrate it by setting what I shall say within the orbit of a word used by Plato to refer to the beautiful, one to which Heidegger has paid special attention, the word τò εxφαvεστατov, in German, das Hervorscheinendste, in English, the most radiant, that which most shines forth.1 I would like also to offer most sincere thanks to David Krell for arranging this colloquium in this lovely setting; also for many other things, not the least being the phrase that I have borrowed from him and used as the first of the two titles for this lecture, a debt on which I have now, however inadequately, to try to make good.