bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The N3+ Reactivity in Ionized Gases Containing Sulfur, Nitrogen, and Carbon Oxides
Authors: de Petris Giulia , Cartoni Antonella , Angelini Giancarlo , Ursini Ornella , Bottoni Andrea , Calvaresi Matteo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe N3+ reactivity with SO2, N2O, CO2, and CO is studied by mass spectrometric techniques under a wide range of pressures from 10−7 to 10−4 Torr. The kinetics, reaction mechanism, and role of vibrationally excited ions are investigated by experimental and theoretical methods. Key distinguishing features of the N3+ reactivity are evidenced by comparison to N+ and N2+ ions, which mainly undergo charge‐exchange reactions. The N+ transfer to SO2 prompts formation of NO+ ions and neutral oxides NO and SO. The N+ transfer to N2O also leads to NO+ ions by a process not allowed by spin conservation rules. In both cases no reaction intermediate is detected, whereas CO2 and CO are captured to form the very stable NCO2+ and NCO+ ions. NCO2+ ions are characterized for the first time as strongly bound triplet ions of NOCO and ONCO connectivity. DFT and CCSD(T) computations have been carried out to investigate the structural and energetic features of the NCO2+ species and their formation process.
Modelling the dynamics of log‐domain circuits
Authors: Ascoli Alon , Curran Paul , Feely Orla 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLog‐domain filters are an intriguing form of externally linear, internally nonlinear current‐mode circuits, in which a compression stage is first used to convert the input currents to the logarithmic domain, then analogue processing is carried out on the resulting voltages, and finally input–output linearity is restored by mapping the output voltages to current form through an expansion stage. The compressing and expanding operations confer on log‐domain filters a number of desirable features, but they may be responsible for the loss of external linearity. In this paper, sufficient conditions for the external linearity of log‐domain LC‐ladders are established, and the local nature of this external linearity is highlighted. Certain log‐domain LC‐ladders employing floating capacitors may exhibit externally nonlinear behaviour even for zero input and very small initial conditions. We show how transistor parasitic capacitances are central to the emergence of this behaviour, and must be incorporated in the circuit model. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of activin receptor type IIB isoform‐specific hypomorphic alleles
Authors: Lee Young Jae , Hong Kwon‐Ho , Yun Jihye , Oh S. Paul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractActivin receptor type IIB (Acvr2b) mediates multiple signals for transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) family members, including Activin, Nodal, Bmp7, Gdf1, Gdf3, Myostatin (Gdf8), and Gdf11. Mouse Acvr2b gene generates four transcriptional isoforms (Acvr2b1–4) via alternative splicing of two sequence domains located at the juxtaposition of the transmembrane domain. To investigate whether these splicing domains are essential for signal transduction of the Acvr2b receptor in vivo, we have generated a strain of mutant mice (Acvr2b4/4) which produce only the Acvr2b4 isoform, which lacks both splicing domains. Most homozygous Acvr2b4(neo)/4(neo) mice, in which a neomycin‐resistant cassette was inserted in Intron 4 displayed a mild form of anterior vertebral transformations. However, the penetrance of the vertebral defect was dramatically decreased when the neomycin‐resistant cassette was deleted. These results suggest that the Acvr2b4 isoform is capable of compensating for the deficiency of the other three isoforms. In the absence of its subfamily receptor Acvr2a, however, the development of Acvr2b4/4 mice was arrested at the gastrulation stage, recapitulating the Acvr2a−/−; Acvr2b+/− mutant phenotype. In this study, we demonstrate that this phenomenon is most likely due to the reduction in the expressed Acvr2b4 levels rather than to the functional deficiency of the Acvr2b4 isoform itself. genesis 44:487–494, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group power as a determinant of interdependence and intergroup discrimination
Authors: Rubini Monica , Moscatelli Silvia , Albarello Flavia , Palmonari Augusto 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis experiment (N = 239) investigated the effects of group power and legitimacy of power differentials on intergroup discrimination, measured through negative outcome allocations and linguistic abstraction. Furthermore, it examined the mechanisms through which group power affects discrimination by testing the mediating role of perceived interdependence and social identification. Three power conditions were created by modifying the standard minimal group paradigm: equal, high and low power conditions. Power was directly proportional (legitimate conditions) or inversely proportional (illegitimate conditions) to group members' performance in a problem‐solving task. Results showed that intergroup discrimination in the high and low power conditions was higher than in the equal power condition on both the allocation and the linguistic measures. Legitimacy moderated the effect of group power on negative outcome allocations, while it had a main effect on the linguistic abstraction. In addition, perceived interdependence turned out to be the main mediator of the effect of power on negative outcome allocations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reversal of doxorubicin resistance in breast cancer cells by photochemical internalization
Authors: Lou Pei‐Jen , Lai Ping‐Shan , Shieh Ming‐Jium , MacRobert Alexander J. , Berg Kristian , Bown Stephen G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMultiple drug resistance (MDR) is a problem that seriously reduces the efficacy of many chemotherapy agents. One mechanism for MDR is increased acidification of endocytic vesicles and increased cytosol pH, so weak base chemotherapeutic agents, including doxorubicin, are trapped in endocytic vesicles and exhibit a drug resistant phenotype. Treatments that selectively reverse this accumulation may therefore reverse the MDR phenotype. Photochemical internalization (PCI) is a novel technology developed for site‐specific enhancement of the therapeutic efficacy of macromolecules by selective photochemical rupture of endocytic vesicles and consequent release of endocytosed macromolecules into the cytosol. This study evaluates PCI for release of doxorubicin from endocytic vesicles in MDR cells. Two breast cancer cell lines, MCF‐7 and MCF‐7/ADR (the latter resistant to doxorubicin), were selected. They were found equally sensitive to photochemical treatment with the photosensitiser TPPS2a (disulfonated meso‐tetraphenylporphine) and light. On exposure to doxorubicin alone, the IC50 (drug concentration for 50% reduction in colony formation) was 0.1 μM for MCF‐7 and 1 μM for MCF‐7/ADR. After PCI (photochemical treatment followed by doxorubicin), the IC50 concentration was 0.1 μM for both cell lines. Comparable changes were seen with assay of cell viability using 3‐(4,5‐dimethyltiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT). On fluorescence microscopy in MCF‐7/ADR cells, doxorubicin localised in granules identified as lysosomes. After PCI, doxorubicin was released into the cytosol and entered cell nuclei, as was seen in MCF‐7 cells without PCI. In conclusion, PCI reversed the MDR phenotype of doxorubicin resistant breast cancer cells by endo‐lysosomal release of the drug. The technique is a promising new approach to tackling the problem of MDR. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Meat consumption and risk of colorectal cancer: A meta‐analysis of prospective studies
Authors: Larsson Susanna C. , Wolk Alicja 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAccumulating epidemiologic evidence indicates that high consumption of red meat and of processed meat may increase the risk of colorectal cancer. We quantitatively assessed the association between red meat and processed meat consumption and the risk of colorectal cancer in a meta‐analysis of prospective studies published through March 2006. Random‐effects models were used to pool study results and to assess dose‐response relationships. We identified 15 prospective studies on red meat (involving 7,367 cases) and 14 prospective studies on processed meat consumption (7,903 cases). The summary relative risks (RRs) of colorectal cancer for the highest vs. the lowest intake categories were 1.28 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.15–1.42) for red meat and 1.20 (95% CI = 1.11–1.31) for processed meat. The estimated summary RRs were 1.28 (95% CI = 1.18–1.39) for an increase of 120 g/day of red meat and 1.09 (95% CI = 1.05–1.13) for an increase of 30 g/day of processed meat. Consumption of red meat and processed meat was positively associated with risk of both colon and rectal cancer, although the association with red meat appeared to be stronger for rectal cancer. In 3 studies that reported results for subsites in the colon, high consumption of processed meat was associated with an increased risk of distal colon cancer but not of proximal colon cancer. The results of this meta‐analysis of prospective studies support the hypothesis that high consumption of red meat and of processed meat is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Human papillomavirus as a risk factor for the increase in incidence of tonsillar cancer
Authors: Hammarstedt Lalle , Lindquist David , Dahlstrand Hanna , Romanitan Mircea , (Dahlgren) Liselotte Onelöv , Joneberg Jeanna , Creson Nomi , Lindholm Johan , Ye Weimin , Dalianis Tina , Munck‐Wikland Eva 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSmoking and alcohol are well‐known etiological factors in tonsillar cancer. However, as in cervical cancer, human papillomavirus (HPV) is currently found in a sizable proportion of tonsillar cancer. Recent reports from the U.S. and Finland show an increase in the incidence of tonsillar cancer, without a parallel rise in smoking and alcohol consumption. This study investigates whether the incidence of tonsillar cancer has also changed in Sweden and whether a possible explanation of the increase is a higher proportion of HPV‐positive tonsillar cancer. The incidence of tonsillar cancer between 1970 and 2002 in the Stockholm area was obtained from the Swedish Cancer Registry. In parallel, 203 pretreatment paraffin‐embedded tonsillar cancer biopsies taken during 1970–2002 from patients in the Stockholm area were tested for presence of HPV DNA by PCR. The incidence of tonsillar cancer increased 2.8‐fold (2.6 in men and 3.5 in women) from 1970 to 2002. During the same period, a significant increase in the proportion of HPV‐positive tonsillar cancer cases was observed, as it increased 2.9‐fold (p < 0.001). The distribution of HPV‐positive cases was 7/30 (23.3%) in the 1970s, 12/42 (29%) in the 1980s, 48/84 (57%) in the 1990s and 32/47 (68%) during 2000–2002. We have demonstrated a highly significant and parallel increase both in the incidence of tonsillar cancer and the proportion of HPV‐positive tumors. Hence, HPV may play an important role for the increased incidence of tonsillar cancer. This should definitely influence future preventive strategies as well as treatment for this type of cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Second primary oral and pharyngeal cancers in subjects diagnosed with oral and pharyngeal cancer
Authors: Levi Fabio , Te Van‐Cong , Randimbison Lalao , Maspoli Manuela , La Vecchia Carlo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPatients diagnosed with oral and pharyngeal (OP) cancer have a substantial excess risk of second OP cancer, but risk quantification is still uncertain and scanty information is available on the absolute excess risk of second OP cancer. We considered the risk of second OP primary cancer in a population‐based series of 3,092 first primary OP cancers registered between 1974 and 2003 in the Swiss Cantons of Vaud and Neuchâtel (total population of about 786,000 inhabitants). A total of 233 second OP cancers were registered, versus 7.4 expected, corresponding to a SIR of 31.7 (95% confidence interval (CI) 27.7–36.0). The SIR was 68.5 in the first year after diagnosis of the first primary, and declined thereafter, leveling around 20. The SIR was 30.7 when the site of first neoplasm was the oral cavity, 42.5 for the tongue and 28.1 for the oropharynx or hypo‐pharynx. Corresponding values for topographies of second primaries were 28.8, 50.4 and 26.2. The cumulative risk of second OP cancer 15 years after diagnosis of first OP cancer approached 22% in men and 17% in women. The incidence of first primaries increased over 20‐fold between age 30–39 and 70–79, whereas there was no rise with age for second neoplasms. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of protective immunity to RM‐1 prostate cancer cells with ALVAC‐IL‐2/IL‐12/TNF‐α combination therapy
Authors: Grant Julieann F. , Iwasawa Toshihisa , Sinn Haley W. , Siemens D. Robert , Griffith Thomas S. , Takacs Elizabeth B. , Ratliff Timothy L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHuman prostate cancers characteristically express low levels of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class I, which makes it challenging to induce protective antitumor responses involving T cells. Here we demonstrate that a whole cell tumor vaccine can induce protective T cell immunity to a low MHC Class I‐expressing mouse prostate cancer cell line, RM‐1. ALVAC recombinant canarypox viruses encoding interleukin‐2, interleukin‐12 and tumor necrosis factor‐α were used to create therapeutic vaccines in 2 different ways. The RM‐1 cells were pre‐infected in vitro with the viruses prior to injection (pre‐infection vaccine) or the RM‐1 cells were injected alone, followed by the viruses (separate injection vaccine). The vaccines were each tested subcutaneously or intradermally. The pre‐infection vaccine resulted in 100% clearance of primary tumors, whereas intradermal delivery of the separate injection vaccine cleared 40–60% of primary tumors. Despite the highly efficient primary tumor clearance by the pre‐infection vaccine, only the separate injection vaccine generated protection upon rechallenge. Tumor‐free survival induced by the separate injection vaccine required natural killer (NK) cells, CD4+, and CD8+ T cells. None of these cells alone were sufficient to induce tumor‐free survival to the primary challenge, demonstrating an important cooperativity between NK cells and T cells. Secondary clearance of tumors also required NK and CD8+ T cells, but not CD4+ T cells. We report for the first time the generation of T cell immunity to the RM‐1 prostate cancer cell line, demonstrating that it is possible to generate protective T cell immunity to a MHC I‐low expressing tumor. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heritable and environmental components in cervical tumors
Authors: Couto Elisabeth , Hemminki Kari 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe familial risk of 18,199 women with invasive and/or in situ cervix cancers when compared with that of 72,796 women free of cervical tumors was analyzed. The risk of cervical tumors was significantly higher for women with a mother and/or sister(s) with cervical tumors (odds ratio (OR) = 1.79, 95% CI: 1.71–1.88) than with an affected grandmother and/or aunt(s) (OR = 1.28, 1.22–1.35). This risk did not differ according to the family side of the affected relative. Taking the familial risk of 1.28 for second‐degree relatives as the best estimate of a true heritable effect for 25% of gene sharing, the calculated heritable effect for full siblings, sharing 50% of their genes, would correspond to an OR of 1.56. This model suggests, as a best estimate, a heritable component of 71% and an environmental component of 29% in young familial cervical tumors. The data imply that familial risks for cervical tumors are best explained by complex multifactorial mechanisms. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variations in the age‐specific curves of human papillomavirus prevalence in women worldwide
Authors: Franceschi Silvia , Herrero Rolando , Clifford Gary M. , Snijders Peter J.F. , Arslan Annie , Anh Pham Thi Hoang , Bosch F. Xavier , Ferreccio Catterina , Hieu Nguyen Trong , Lazcano‐Ponce Eduardo , Matos Elena , Molano Monica , Qiao You‐Lin , Rajkumar Raj , Ronco Guglielmo , de Sanjosé Silvia , Shin Hai‐Rim , Sukvirach Sukhon , Thomas Jaiye O. , Meijer Chris J.L.M. , Muñoz Nubia ,   and the IARC HPV Prevalence Surveys Study Group
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn inverse relationship between age and human papillomavirus (HPV) prevalence has been reported in many developed countries, but information on this relationship is scarce in many other parts of the world. We carried out a cross‐sectional study of sexually active women from the general population of 15 areas in 4 continents. Similar standardised protocols for women's enrolment, cervical specimen collection and PCR‐based assays for HPV testing were used. HPV prevalence in different age groups was compared by study area. 18,498 women aged 15–74 years were included. Age‐standardised HPV prevalence varied more than 10‐fold between populations, as did the shape of age‐specific curves. HPV prevalence peaked below age 25 or 35, and declined with age in Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Argentina, Korea and in Lampang, Thailand and Ho Chi Minh, Vietnam. This was not the case in Songkla, Thailand nor Hanoi, Vietnam, where HPV prevalence was low in all age groups. In Chile, Colombia and Mexico, a second peak of HPV prevalence was detected among older women. In the poorest study areas in Asia (Shanxi, China and Dindigul, India), and in Nigeria, HPV prevalence was high across all age groups. The substantial differences observed in age‐specific curves of HPV prevalence between populations may have a variety of explanations. These differences, however, underline that great caution should be used in inferring the natural history of HPV from age‐specific prevalences. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mitochondrial microsatellite instability of colorectal cancer stroma
Authors: Kim Hong Sug , Lim Hee Sun , Lee Sug Hyung , Lee Jong Woo , Nam Suk Woo , Park Won Sang , Lee Youn Soo , Lee Jung Young , Yoo Nam Jin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMitochondrial microsatellite instability (mtMSI) and mutations of mitochondrial DNA has been reported in cancer epithelia of carcinomas. However, mtMSI in cancer stroma has not yet been identified in human cancers. In this study, we attempted to determine if mtMSI occurs in the cancer stroma of sporadic colorectal cancers, and if the stromal mtMSI has any correlations with stromal nuclear MSI (nMSI) and cancer epithelial mtMSI. Nine microsatellite sequences within the D‐loop and 5 coding genes for mtMSI, and 9 microsatellites for nMSI were analyzed in the microdissected cancer epithelia and adjacent stromas of 48 sporadic colorectal cancers. Overall, 23 somatic mitochondrial DNA alterations were detected in 15 cancer epithelia (31.2%) and 5 stromas (10.4%). The mutations consisted of 19 D‐loop mtMSI alterations, and 1 missense and 3 framshift mutations of repeat sequences within the coding genes. All of the 5 stromal genetic alterations showed D‐loop mtMSI. In regards to other MSI status, the stromal mtMSI had no association with stromal nMSI or epithelial mtMSI, either. These findings indicate that in addition to the cancer epithelia the cancer stroma harbor mtMSI, and suggest a possible role of stromal mtMSI in the pathogenesis of colorectal cancers. Furthermore, the data suggest that stromal mtMSI may occur independently of stromal nMSI and epithelial mtMSI in sporadic colorectal cancers. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transplantation of bone marrow genetically engineered to express proinsulin II protects against autoimmune insulitis in NOD mice
Authors: Chan James , Clements Warren , Field Judith , Nasa Zeyad , Lock Peter , Yap Felicia , Toh Ban‐Hock , Alderuccio Frank 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundType 1 diabetes (T1D) is a T‐cell‐dependent autoimmune disease resulting from destructive inflammation (insulitis) of the insulin‐producing pancreatic β‐cells. Transgenic expression of proinsulin II by a MHC class II promoter or transfer of bone marrow from these transgenic mice protects NOD mice from insulitis and diabetes. We assessed the feasibility of gene therapy in the NOD mouse as an approach to treat T1D by ex vivo genetic manipulation of normal hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) with proinsulin II followed by transfer to recipient mice.MethodsHSCs were isolated from 6–8‐week‐old NOD female mice and transduced in vitro with retrovirus encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) and either proinsulin II or control autoantigen. Additional control groups included mice transferred with non‐manipulated bone marrow and mice which did not receive bone marrow transfer. EGFP‐sorted or non‐sorted HSCs were transferred into pre‐conditioned 3–4‐week‐old female NOD mice and insulitis was assessed 8 weeks post‐transfer.ResultsChimerism was established in all major lymphoid tissues, ranging from 5–15% in non‐sorted bone marrow transplants to 20–45% in EGFP‐sorted bone marrow transplants. The incidence and degree of insulitis was significantly reduced in mice receiving proinsulin II bone marrow compared to controls. However, the incidence of sialitis in mice receiving proinsulin II bone marrow and control mice was not altered, indicating protection from insulitis was antigen specific.ConclusionsWe show for the first time that ex vivo genetic manipulation of HSCs to express proinsulin II followed by transplantation to NOD mice can establish molecular chimerism and protect from destructive insulitis in an antigen‐specific manner. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A sensemaking lens on reliability
Authors: Blatt Ruth , Christianson Marlys K. , Sutcliffe Kathleen M. , Rosenthal Marilynn M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study assessed the applicability of current theories of reliability in dynamic settings by exploring the sensemaking processes experienced by a sample of medical residents around lapses in reliability of patient care. Important differences in lapses surfaced, particularly with respect to whether actors were aware that a lapse was occurring in real‐time and whether there was anything they could do or say to mitigate or prevent the lapse. In over half of the incidents recounted, the actors did not become aware of the lapse in reliability until after the consequence of the lapse had occurred or the consequence occurred simultaneously with the recognition of the lapse. In other incidents, they faced a critical moment in which they had to decide whether and how to act to intervene in real‐time. In the majority of these critical moments, residents had an issue of concern to voice that could have helped mitigate or correct the lapse but instead they remained silent. Issues related to identity and relationships appeared to either inhibit or promote voice during critical moments. We end with ideas for how our findings can inform existing work on reliability in healthcare and the growing literature on voice and silence in organizations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.