bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional genomics with microarrays in fish biology and fisheries
Authors: Goetz Frederick William , MacKenzie Simon 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOver the past 10 years, DNA microarrays have been used for the analysis of gene expression during various physiological, developmental or cellular processes in fish. However, in the last few years, investigators have begun to use microarrays on fish to address ecological, evolutionary and environmental questions including the variability of gene expression in natural populations, speciation, ecotypic diversity, environmental remediation and host–pathogen interactions. Given their commercial importance and the availability of several microarray platforms, most of the research in these areas has focused on salmonids. However, the same issues could be studied in a number of fish species of interest to world fisheries. The application of array technology to analyse gene expression in exploited species may require the development of new array platforms containing genes derived specifically from these fish. The gene discovery required for developing these platforms will certainly be facilitated by the new sequencing technologies that have recently been developed. Further, given the quantum leap that has occurred in sequencing, and the likely improvements in these technologies in the immediate future, it may be possible in certain situations to use sequencing in place of arrays to measure global changes in gene expression. Given the current technological development, sequencing has an advantage over arrays in that it can be used as a tool for gene discovery as well as for quantifying gene expression.
Integrating genetic data into management of marine resources: how can we do it better?
Authors: Waples Robin S , Punt André E , Cope Jason M 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMolecular genetic data have found widespread application in the identification of population and conservation units for aquatic species. However, integration of genetic information into actual management has been slow, and explicit and quantitative inclusion of genetic data into fisheries models is rare. In part, this reflects the inherent difficulty in using genetic markers to draw inferences about demographic independence, which is generally the information of the greatest short‐term interest to fishery managers. However, practical management constraints, institutional structures and communication issues have also contributed to the lack of integration. This paper identifies some of the organizational, conceptual and technical barriers that have hampered full use of genetics data in stock assessment and hence fishery management and outlines how such use could be enhanced.
Advances in molecular technology and their impact on fisheries genetics
Authors: Hauser Lorenz , Seeb James E 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough genetic approaches to questions in fisheries management have been very useful in the past, they have encountered consistent hurdles despite the development of new marker systems. However, recent technological advances in molecular genetics will help to overcome many of these hurdles and are likely to revolutionize fish and fisheries biology. DNA‐sequencing costs have been decreasing exponentially, and recent breakthroughs have led to rapid increase in throughput that allows sequencing the entire expressed genome of a non‐model organism with standard project budgets. Increase in screening throughput and number of available markers, reduction in costs and improved insights into gene function and control of gene expression will allow applications that were impossible until recently. Here, we briefly recount the recent history of fisheries genetics, provide an outlook on near‐term and long‐term developments in genetic technology and consider their applications and implications for fisheries science and education.
Prevalence of obesity and associated socioeconomic factors among Tunisian women from different living environments
Authors: Beltaïfa L. , Traissac P. , El Ati J. , Lefèvre P. , Romdhane H. B. , Delpeuch F. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryAdult Tunisian women aged 20–59 (national random sample, n = 1849), were assessed with respect to environmental and socioeconomic factors associated with obesity (body mass index ≥30 kg m−2) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference ≥88 cm). At the national level, prevalence of obesity and abdominal obesity were, respectively, 22.6% and 29.2%, but varied markedly (both P < 0.0001) among living environments classified as big cities (30.2% and 36.6%), other cities (25.9% and 32.4%), rural clustered (19.4% and 24.8%) and rural dispersed (9.5% and 16.5%). Adjusted prevalences of both types of obesity increased with age, parity and economic level of the household, while educationally, the risk was greatest in women with intermediate schooling. Differences between the four environments were accounted for by socioeconomic factors, mostly household wealth, except for most rural environment; socio‐cultural factors were possibly influential. Observed differences between rural areas confirmed that finer measures of urbanization are necessary for the drivers of obesity prevalence at the national level. Obesity was still more prevalent in wealthy than in poor women, but given the high prevalence in all the environments, actions are needed at the national level before highly prevalent obesity extends into those of lower socioeconomic status and thereby increases health inequities.
Headache after concussion
Authors: Stovner L. J. , Schrader H. , Mickevičiene D. , Surkiene D. , Sand T. 
Published: November 2008

Background and purpose:  Chronic post‐traumatic headache attributed to mild head injury is a somewhat disputed headache diagnosis. A main object of this study was to assess the validity of this diagnosis by studying the headache pattern of concussed patients that participated in one historic (n = 131) and one prospective cohort (n = 217) study.Methods:  Head injury patients were recruited from two hospitals in Kaunas, Lithuania. Controls were recruited amongst patients with minor orthopaedic traumas not involving the head and neck.Results:  When data from the two studies were pooled, no difference in any headache category (diagnosis, attack frequency, symptoms) was found one or more years after the trauma, except that photophobia was somewhat more prevalent amongst the concussed patients. In both injury groups, the existence of pre‐traumatic headache was a predictor of post‐traumatic headache, although pre‐traumatic headache seems to have been underreported amongst the concussed patients. There was a significant negative correlation between the duration of unconsciousness and the headache.Conclusions:  This negative correlation, and the lack of specificity indicates that headache occurring 3 months or more after concussion is not caused by the head or brain injury. Rather it may represent an episode of one of the primary headaches, possibly induced by the stress of the situation.
Pre‐menstrual Syndrome in Women with Down Syndrome
Authors: Mason Linda , Cunningham Cliff 
Published: November 2008

Background  Prevalence of pre‐menstrual syndrome (PMS) may be higher in women with Down syndrome due to syndrome specific characteristics in biochemistry, psychopathology and lifestyle. Recognition of PMS may be difficult for women with intellectual disabilities and their carers.Method  A daily diary, used to diagnose PMS with typical women, was adapted. Following its validation, the diary was completed by 33 women with Down syndrome, then adapted, and completed by a further 32 women with Down syndrome/carers.Results  PMS was diagnosed in 18–20% although a higher proportion (54%) of mothers thought their daughter had PMS.Conclusions  The hypotheses that PMS would be higher or go unrecognized in women with Down syndrome was not supported. The diary was well received by both carers and women with Down syndrome and could be an educative, clinical and research tool for use with any woman with intellectual disability.
An Investigation of Factors Predictive of Continued Self‐Injurious Behaviour in an Intellectual Disability Service
Authors: Danquah Adam , Limb Kate , Chapman Melanie , Burke Carrie , Flood Andrea , Gore Sarah , Greenwood Kara , Healey Kelsey , Reid William Kerr , Kilroy Jan , Lacey Huma , Malone Caroline , Perkin Michelle , Hare Dougal Julian 
Published: November 2008

Background Self‐injurious behaviour (SIB) is among the most serious problems faced by intellectual disability services. It is very difficult to treat and can become a chronic problem.Method Information on a number of variables was collected through a survey of service‐users identified as displaying SIBs. Clinical opinion and a literature review guided the selection of potential predictors of continued SIB. Univariate statistical analyses were used to investigate associations between continued SIB and each of the variables identified. Variables shown to have a significant association with continued SIB were subjected to a multivariate analysis to isolate those variables that still predicted continued SIB once the influence of the others had been accounted for.Results Two factors, self‐biting and verbal ability, were found to independently predict continued SIB.Conclusion The results have implications for intellectual disability services, in terms of the importance of multidisciplinary team working, training and guidelines for problem management.
Collaboration between relatives of elderly patients and nurses and its relation to satisfaction with the hospital care trajectory
Authors: Lindhardt Tove , Nyberg Per , Hallberg Ingalill Rahm 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Relatives are often involved in the care of frail elderly patients prior to admission and are thus important collaborative partners for nurses. They hold valuable knowledge, which may improve care planning for the benefit of the patient and the hospital care trajectory. Satisfaction among relatives may be an indicator of this.Aim:  To investigate collaboration between relatives and nurses among those relatives reporting high versus low satisfaction with the hospital care trajectory. Further, the aim was to investigate the relationship between satisfaction with the hospital care trajectory and (i) participants’ characteristics and (ii) the dimensions of collaboration.Sample:  Relatives of elderly patients (n = 156) in acute hospital wards. Women constituted 74.8%, adult children 63.9% and spouses 20% of the participants. Mean age was 60.78 (SD 11.99).Design:  Cross‐sectional, comparative, analytical.Method:  A self‐report, structured questionnaire covering attributes, prerequisites, outcome and barriers/promoters for collaboration. Respondents reporting high versus low satisfaction were compared with regards to characteristics and mean scores in dimensions of collaboration. Multivariate logistic regression analyses examined predictors for satisfaction with the hospital care trajectory.Findings:  Low satisfaction was significantly related to low level of collaboration. Other predictors for low satisfaction were: feelings of guilt and powerlessness, having provided help for less than a year and not providing psychosocial help.Conclusion:  Satisfaction with care as a hypothesized outcome of collaboration was supported in this study. Hitherto, research has mainly focussed on relatives as potential clients; this study has focussed on relatives as competent collaborative partners in care. A new role for relatives as partners in decision‐making rather than passive recipients of information is indicated for the benefit of care quality. Further, increased collaboration between relatives and nurses, assigning relatives’ influence, may reduce their powerlessness and guilt and thereby indirectly increase their satisfaction.
Shattered expectations: when mothers’ confidence in breastfeeding is undermined – a metasynthesis
Authors: Larsen Jette Schilling , Hall Elisabeth O. C. , Aagaard Hanne 
Published: November 2008

Objectives:  Why do mothers give up breastfeeding, even though breastfeeding has great importance to them? This study examines what has affected mother’s confidence in breastfeeding when she gives up breastfeeding.Method:  A metasynthesis of seven studies on mothers’ experiences with breastfeeding was conducted using Noblit and Hare’s methodological approach.Results:  The metasynthesis shows that confidence in breastfeeding is shaped by shattered expectations and is affected on an immediate level by mothers’ expectations, the network and the breastfeeding experts and on a discourse level by the discourses: breastfeeding as nature, the female body as a machine and the note of caution. Foucault’s concept of discourse is used to discuss how these discourses affect mothers’ confidence in breastfeeding by giving the right to speak about breastfeeding to the breastfeeding experts, by isolating the mothers who do not breastfeed and by organizing knowledge about breastfeeding in a certain way.Conclusions:  The individual mother is responsible for the success of breastfeeding and the discourses are hiding that general perceptions of breastfeeding undermines the mothers’ confidence in breastfeeding and leads to shattered expectations.
Quality of care in Norwegian nursing homes – deficiencies and their correlates
Authors: Kirkevold Øyvind , Engedal Knut 
Published: November 2008

Background:  Quality of care (QoC) in nursing homes has many aspects and various proxies have been used to evaluate it. In only a few studies several proxies for quality have been combined into a common variable.Objective:  To explore which variables are associated with low QoC in few and several areas respectively.Methods:  A structured interview of the patients’ primary carer of 1926 patients in 251 wards was carried out. Questions about different kinds of quality deficiencies during the last 7 days were recorded. Eight main types of quality deficiencies were used to construct a linear outcome variable called number of quality deficiencies (NQD) with values from zero to eight. Patient characteristics such as sex, age, function in activities of daily living (ADL), behaviour and mental capacity were recorded. Type of ward, staffing, size of ward, type of institution and formal education of the staff, were also recorded.Results:  More than half of the patients in Norwegian nursing homes experienced two or more quality deficiencies in the care during 1 week. The variables that were strongest associated with NQD, were present of aggressive behaviour, low level of functioning in ADL and moderate‐to‐severe dementia. Staffing level and type of ward had also a significant influence on the model.
Optimal window of caloric restriction onset limits its beneficial impact on T‐cell senescence in primates
Authors: Messaoudi Ilhem , Fischer Miranda , Warner Jessica , Park Buyng , Mattison Julie , Ingram Donald K. , Totonchy Thomas , Mori Motomi , Nikolich‐Žugich Janko 
Published: November 2008

SummaryWe have recently shown in non‐human primates that caloric restriction (CR) initiated during adulthood can delay T‐cell aging and preserve naïve CD8 and CD4 T cells into advanced age. An important question is whether CR can be initiated at any time in life, and whether age at the time of onset would modulate the beneficial effects of CR. In the current study, we evaluated the impact of CR started before puberty or during advanced age on T‐cell senescence and compared it to the effects of CR started in early adulthood. Our data demonstrate that the beneficial effects of adult‐onset CR on T‐cell aging were lost by both early and late CR onset. In fact, some of our results suggest that inappropriate initiation of CR may be harmful to the maintenance of T‐cell function. This suggests that there may be an optimal window during adulthood where CR can delay immune senescence and improve correlates of immunity in primates.
Adjusting for Subgroup Differences in Extreme Response Tendency in Ratings of Health Care: Impact on Disparity Estimates
Authors: Elliott Marc N. , Haviland Amelia M. , Kanouse David E. , Hambarsoomian Katrin , Hays Ron D. 
Published: November 2008

Objective. Adjust for subgroup differences in extreme response tendency (ERT) in ratings of health care, which otherwise obscure disparities in patient experience.Data Source. 117,102 respondents to the 2004 Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (CAHPS) Medicare Fee‐for‐Service survey.Study Design. Multinomial logistic regression is used to model respondents' use of extremes of the 0–10 CAHPS rating scales as a function of education. A new two‐stage model adjusts for both standard case‐mix effects and ERT. Ratings of subgroups are compared after these adjustments.Principal Findings. Medicare beneficiaries with greater educational attainment are less likely to use both extremes of the 0–10 rating scale than those with less attainment. Adjustments from the two‐stage model may differ substantially from standard adjustments and resolve or attenuate several counterintuitive findings in subgroup comparisons.Conclusions. Addressing ERT may be important when estimating disparities or comparing providers if patient populations differ markedly in educational attainment. Failures to do so may result in misdirected resources for reducing disparities and inaccurate assessment of some providers. Depending upon the application, ERT may be addressed by the two‐stage approach developed here or through specified categorical or stratified reporting.
Learning and Improving in Quality Improvement Collaboratives: Which Collaborative Features Do Participants Value Most?
Authors: Nembhard Ingrid M. 
Published: November 2008

Objective. To understand participants' views on the relative helpfulness of various features of collaboratives, why each feature was helpful and which features the most successful participants viewed as most central to their success.Data Sources. Primary data collected from 53 teams in four 2004–2005 Institute for Healthcare Improvement (IHI) Breakthrough Series collaboratives; secondary data from IHI and demographic sources.Study Design. Cross‐sectional analyses were conducted to assess participants' views of 12 features, and the relationship between their views and performance improvement.Data Collection Methods. Participants' views on features were obtained via self‐administered surveys and semi‐structured telephone interviews. Performance improvement data were obtained from IHI and demographic data from secondary sources.Principal Findings. Participants viewed six features as most helpful for advancing their improvement efforts overall and knowledge acquisition in particular: collaborative faculty, solicitation of their staff's ideas, change package, Plan‐Do‐Study‐Act cycles, Learning Session interactions, and collaborative extranet. These features also provided participants with motivation, social support, and project management skills. Features enabling interorganizational learning were rated higher by teams whose organizations improved significantly than by other teams.Conclusions. Findings identify features of collaborative design and implementation that participants view as most helpful and highlight the importance of interorganizational features, at least for those organizations that most improve.
Traffic extraction and characterisation from optical remote sensing data
Authors: Hinz Stefan , Lenhart Dominik , Leitloff Jens 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a generic scheme to extract traffic information from both optical satellite imagery and optical airborne image sequences. The extraction is based on an explicit semantic model of traffic, from which, depending on the characteristics of the input data, different strategies for vehicle detection, vehicle queue extraction and motion estimation are derived. The model comprises different scales to exploit the scale‐dependent properties of traffic imaged by optical sensors. It is furthermore extended by context information to include knowledge about background objects as well as metadata from a road database in a consistent way. Various tests with different input data have been carried out and compared with manually acquired ground truth data of vehicles and vehicle tracks. The results show clearly the high potential of airborne and spaceborne traffic monitoring, but also indicate room for methodological improvements and exhibit some inherent sensor‐related drawbacks.
Photogrammetric image acquisition and image analysis of oblique imagery
Authors: Grenzdörffer Görres J. , Guretzki Markus , Friedlander Ilan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBecause of the intuitive human perception of the oblique view, photogrammetrists’ attention has recently returned to oblique images. The demand for oblique imagery has been notably pushed by digital representations of the globe such as Microsoft’s Virtual Earth and by the development of special GIS viewers including those by Pictometry and MultiVision. In this contribution the broad spectrum of applications of oblique images is presented. Most commonly oblique images are acquired with flexible digital airborne camera systems, which allow for easy collection of such imagery with photogrammetric quality. The digital airborne remote sensing system PFIFF developed at Rostock University will be introduced briefly. However, flight planning for oblique imagery differs from that for vertical aerial surveys. Two test flights with mono and stereo oblique images are presented. The data processing, display and measurement within oblique images from different perspectives requires new software such as MultiVision. Oblique images may also be used to texture 3D city models.
Contribution of two plane detection algorithms to recognition of intact and damaged buildings in lidar data
Authors: Rehor Miriam , Bähr Hans‐Peter , Tarsha‐Kurdi Fayez , Landes Tania , Grussenmeyer Pierre 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn the field of disaster management the detection and classification of building damage play an important role. Airborne lidar data is very suitable as a basis for damage analyses because it can be acquired for large areas directly after a disaster. In building damage classification methods, plane surfaces extracted from post‐event lidar data are often used as one input. Various different algorithms exist for automatic plane detection from lidar data, of which two are presented in this paper and applied to lidar data of undamaged and damaged buildings. Finally, the suitability of these two algorithms for a more detailed building damage classification is studied and analysed.
Extraction of land cover themes from aerial ortho‐images in mountainous areas using external information
Authors: Le Bris Arnaud , Boldo Didier 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn mountainous areas, land cover extraction from ortho‐images through semi‐automatic classification techniques is limited by several factors including large shadow areas, radiometric similarities between distinct themes and inhomogeneous radiometry among regions of the same class. The information in the image is thus not sufficient to separate the different classes. Nevertheless, good results can be obtained by dividing each land cover class into two subclasses, “shadow” and “non‐shadow”, and introducing external information into the classification process. This information can be derived from an older or more generalised database, geographical knowledge concerning the links between relief and land cover, or prior information concerning shadows. This external knowledge is then interpreted in terms of prior probabilities and merged with radiometric information from the image in a “maximum a posteriori (MAP) per region” classification process. Moreover, the results can also be improved by the use of combinations of derived channels calculated from the initial spectral bands of the image.