bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) in a Life-Cycle Toxicity Test
Authors: Tyler-Schroeder DB 
Published: March 2009

A methodology for using the estuarine grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) in life-cycle toxicity tests was successfully developed.
Life-cycle exposures of juvenile shrimp (12 to 19 mm in rostrum-telson length) to the chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticide endrin were begun in November 1976 and completed in March 1977. After the juveniles matured and spawned, the effects on their progeny were determined. Tests were conducted in a flow-through seawater system, using a modified Mount and Brungs diluter. The average measured exposure concentrations were 0 (control), 0.03, 0.05, 0.11, 0.18, 0.38, and 0.79 µg endrin/litre seawater.
The juveniles reached sexual maturity during the first two weeks of the exposure. Thereafter, a photoperiod regime was used to induce reproduction, and the effects of endrin on the survival, growth, and reproduction of the parent generation were determined. Larvae spawned by control and exposed parents were continuously exposed until the juvenile stage (7 to 20 mm in rostrum-telson length). The effects on survival, length of larval development, and growth of the F1 generation were determined.
The 96-h LC50 for juvenile grass shrimp was 0.35 µg endrin/litre water. In the life-cycle toxicity test, gonadal development and spawning were inhibited at 0.03 µg endrin/litre water. Because this was the lowest concentration tested, the maximum allowable toxicant concentration could not be determined. The specific application factor for grass shrimp is, therefore, less than 0.08, approximately one order of magnitude lower than those generated in life-cycle tests exposing freshwater and estuarine fishes to endrin.
Bioaccumulation of DDT and PCB in Tissues of Marine Fishes
Authors: Butler PA , Schutzmann RL 
Published: March 2009

Fishes of commercial importance were monitored in New England coastal waters in 1974 to determine whether synthetic organic residues in the fish were large enough to affect the utilization of such fish as food by man or to interfere with their ability to reproduce. About 700 fish of 20 species were pooled in samples of five to ten, and the livers were analyzed. Several species, including the spiny dogfish, contained residues of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites and of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) compounds in the 1 to 10 μg/g (ppm) range. More detailed studies of the dogfish in 1975 demonstrated the transfer of these compounds from the parent fish to the ovarian egg and the mature fetus.
The proportions of the DDT metabolites found suggest that this pesticide had been accumulating in the 18 to 20-year period of maturation of the female and was passed on to the first brood of young. In contrast to the findings of other investigations, there was no fixed relationship in the relative magnitude of DDT and PCB residues when both compounds were present in a sample.
Test of a Model for Predicting Kepone Accumulation in Selected Estuarine Species
Authors: Bahner LH , Oglesby JL 
Published: March 2009

Extensive testing has shown that Kepone is rapidly accumulated by estuarine animals when administered in water or food. Flow-through laboratory experiments with oysters, shrimp, crabs, and fish indicate that the food-chain transfer of Kepone is important in predicting Kepone residues in estuarine organisms. The rates of Kepone movement through estuarine organisms were previously unknown; rates of uptake and depuration by these organisms were determined with a regression model that describes mathematically the uptake and depuration of Kepone by these organisms. The model describes biological data as a single equation, thus allowing variations, due to many physical, chemical, biological, and random-error factors, to be analyzed simultaneously.
The direct application of this model to cautious extrapolation will aid administrative decisions that affect water quality. The rates calculated by this single-species model can be also used in developing models that can predict the long-term fate of Kepone or of other pollutants in an estuarine environment.
Interpretation of Chemical Water Quality Data
Authors: Lee GF , Jones RA 
Published: March 2009

Meaningful interpretation of water quality data requires an evaluation of the reliability of the data. Particular attention must be given to evaluation of the applicability of the analytical methods used, sampling and sample handling procedures, and analytical quality control program.
There are many problems with the use of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) water quality criteria as a basis for evaluating water quality. Meaningful interpretation of data requires consideration of the concentration-time of the exposure relationships that exist at a given location within a body of water where the concentration of a chemical is in excess of the U.S. EPA criterion. Also, consideration must be given to the amount of the contaminant which is available to affect water quality. This may require the use of bioassay procedures since, in general, chemical procedures provide a relatively poor estimate of the amount of available contaminant present in a water sample. In addition, consideration must be given to the physical and chemical characteristics of the water since they may markedly affect the significance of a chemical contaminant for water quality.
Ecological Kinetics of Silver in an Alpine Lake Ecosystem
Authors: Freeman RA 
Published: March 2009

The cycling characteristics of silver were studied in a small watershed and lake in the Colorado alpine region. The sources of silver for the watershed were atmospheric fallout and washout, groundwater percolation, and cloud seeding. Monthly synoptic samples of snow, stream and lake water, groundwater, soil, sediment, sediment interstitial water, aquatic plants, benthos, seston, and fish were analyzed for two years. The biological samples were subjected to acid digestion while ammonium pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate-methyl isobutyl ketone (APDC-MIBK) extractions were performed on the aqueous samples. Silver in the sediment was extracted by iodide complexation.1The silver concentrations showed marked seasonal variations in all ecosystem components studied, and this implied a partially reversible mechanism of bioaccumulation. Variations in silver concentration in the ecosystem components were statistically correlated on the basis of their physical and biological interactions, and these correlations provide a framework for an annual silver cycle. A chain of effects initiated by terrestrial climatological events is hypothesized to be causal in the levels of silver which eventually appear in aquatic biota and environments.
Transport and Transformations of Anthracene in Natural Waters
Authors: Southworth GR 
Published: March 2009

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) commonly occur in wastes from pyrolysis of biogenic fuels. Because some PAH are known carcinogens, an understanding of their environmental behavior and persistence is critical to determining their potential hazard to man. While many processes may remove or transform PAH in aquatic ecosystems, several may be particularly important in determining the fate of PAH in most systems. Laboratory measurement of the rates of various processes under controlled conditions are identifying those critical parameters of environmental transport where more detailed research is necessary.
Anthracene was selected as a representative PAH because of its intermediate molecular weight and its lack of carinogenicity. The rate of photolysis, hydrolysis, volatilization, and microbial degradation of anthracene were measured under different environmental conditions, using fluorimetric and radiotracer techniques. The equilibrium constants for processes such as sorption and bioaccumulation were also determined.
The results of the study indicated that photolysis and microbial degradation within the water column are likely to be the dominant pathways of anthracene removal from aquatic systems. More research is needed to ascertain the degree to which the microbial degradation rates observed in this study are representative of other PAH-contaminated systems. Further study of the role of microbial degradation in bedded sediments in the removal of PAHs from the water column is also necessary.
Indicator Bird Species for Toxicity Determinations: Is the Technique Usable in Test Method Development?
Authors: Schafer EW , Brunton RB 
Published: March 2009

Pesticide, food, drug, and cosmetic industries have used indicator animal species for many years to provide data on the relative hazards of synthetic or natural chemical products to applicators or users. A considerable amount of toxicological information is available on the relative susceptibility of different mammal species to various chemicals. This information has been used to predict hazards to other mammals, including man. Indicator species often are used for evaluating the efficacy of chemicals or their hazards to wild birds. However, the available toxicological information is generally not sufficient to extrapolate valid relationships between the indicator species and the target species.
In this paper we have presented the state of the art for the use of indicator bird species and have expressed our opinion on the use of these data. Because many current uses for bird indicator species are not well supported by available data, we recommend that further test method development with avian indicator species be terminated until additional data can be gathered on the relevancy of the technique.
Testing the Responses of Coyotes and Other Predators to Odor Attractants
Authors: Turkowski FJ , Popelka ML , Green BB , Bullard RW 
Published: March 2009

A standardized evaluation method was developed and used to compare statistically the efficacy and selectivity of predatory animal lures. A modified scentstation technique included one or more lines with 100 or more stations each, which were placed along unpaved roads in four states.
The exposure of 47 255 perforated plastic capsules containing candidate attractants during a 28-month period yielded 8091 coyote visits and 9474 behavioral responses. Data were obtained on nine additional carnivore species and eleven other animal taxa. Analyses of coyote data indicated significant differences in visit rates and behavioral responses in several categories, including biting and pulling up the lure capsules. Comparisons of mean coyote visit rates for all test lures indicated that DRC-6500, a concentrated synthetic equivalent of a fermented egg synthesized by Denver Center personnel, was the best attractant in nearly all tests. The scent-station technique appears to be reliable for evaluating the relative attractiveness of lures. Comparisons of candidate samples to a base attractant and the resulting indexes will allow animal damage control personnel and researchers to field test the efficacy of candidate lures.
Proposed Efficacy Test for Dog Repellents Designed to Reduce Urination on Established Scent Posts
Authors: McCann JA , Snider CC 
Published: March 2009

This test provides efficacy data on dog repellents designed to reduce urination on objects, such as tree trunks, bushes, trash cans, furniture, and fire hydrants. Pesticide companies and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency can use this test to establish or to monitor product efficacy.
At least eight male dogs are exposed in pairs in rectangular enclosed areas until they have urinated at least 300 times (during the reference and repellent test periods together) on any or all of eight artificial scent posts in the enclosed area. The 150 strikes during the reference period establish the urination pattern of the dogs. The 150 strikes during the repellent test period, when four of the scent posts have been treated with a repellent, establish any change in the urination pattern caused by the repellent.
The eight scent posts in the areas are divided into two squares of four. The location of one treated post in each square is determined randomly. The location of the other treated post in the square of four is then automatically determined, as there should be no more than one treated post on any one side of the square.
For comparison purposes, the use of a standard scent post, consisting of two cylinders (a simulated fire hydrant) is recommended. A pipe attached to the outside of the outer cylinder and forced into the ground keeps both cylinders upright. The outer cylinder supports and protects the inner cylinder.
The inner cylinder is made from a lighter weight hardware cloth. This cylinder is covered with filter paper and placed inside the outer cylinder. A dog urinating on the post leaves a stain on the filter that can be easily seen and counted by using an ultraviolet (“black”) light. A repellency value is calculated using the formula: repellency = (1.00 - 2 × St/T) (100), where St equals the observed number of strikes on treated posts, and T equals the total number of strikes observed or expected in the repellent test.
For a dog repellent to be considered effective, it should reduce urination on treated posts by at least 60 percent.
Fire Response of Organic Polymeric Materials (Organic Materials in Fire: Combustibility)
Authors: Hilado CJ , Murphy RM 
Published: March 2009

Organic polymeric materials exhibit a wide range of fire performance when evaluated separately. However, the performance of combinations of materials cannot always be predicted from the performance of individual materials tested separately.
The physical and thermal response characteristics of many materials, and of many combinations of materials, have a greater effect on their fire response characteristics than their chemical composition. For many generic materials, chemical composition changes may have reached the point of diminishing returns because combustibility cannot be reduced further without seriously affecting desirable performance characteristics.
Attention to the design and engineering aspects of materials may be the most cost-effective and in some cases the only means of ensuring their safe use.
Semiautomated Headspace Analysis of Drinking Waters and Industrial Waters for Purgeable Volatile Organic Compounds
Authors: Bellar TA , Lichtenberg JJ 
Published: March 2009

The design and operation of a semiautomated dynamic headspace technique for the determination of purgeable volatile organics ate described. All critical analytical functions except the sample introduction step have been automated and are operated under computer control. These include the functions of: purging and sorption, desorption and injection, gas chromatographic analysis and data reduction, and recycling of the purging device and sorbent trap for succeeding analyses.
Application of the system to the analysis of drinking waters and industrial waste waters is discussed. Single-laboratory accuracy and precision data and the results of an interlaboratory study on selected halogenated purgeable compounds are presented. The method has been applied to 32 such compounds that are considered by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to be hazardous or toxic materials. These include the haloforms; other chlorinated compounds ranging from gases (at room temperature), such as vinyl chloride, to liquids, such as dichlorobenzenes; and nonhalogenated compounds, such as benzene and toluene.
Sample collection, shipment, and storage procedures are recommended. Optimized analytical operating conditions are defined for the sample size, the purge time and flow rate, the trap dimensions and sorbent materials, the desorption temperature, time and flow rate, and the gas chromatographic conditions. Flame ionization and halogen-specific (conductivity or microcoulometric titration) detectors are used for qualitative and quantitative determination.
NASA-Langley Research Center's Participation in a Round-Robin Comparison Between Some Current Crack-Propagation Prediction Methods
Authors: Hudson CM , Lewis PE 
Published: March 2009

A round-robin study was conducted which evaluated and compared different methods currently in practice for predicting crack growth in surface-cracked specimens. This report describes the prediction methods used by the Fracture Mechanics Engineering Section, at NASA-Langley Research Center, and presents a comparison between predicted crack growth and crack growth observed in laboratory experiments.
For tests at higher stress levels, the correlation between predicted and experimentally determined crack growth was generally quite good. For tests at lower stress levels, the predicted number of cycles to reach a given crack length was consistently higher than the experimentally determined number of cycles. This consistent overestimation of the number of cycles could have resulted from a lack of definition of crack-growth data at low values of the stress intensity range.
Generally, the predicted critical flaw sizes were smaller than the experimentally determined critical flaw sizes. This underestimation probably resulted from using plane-strain fracture toughness values to predict failure rather than the more appropriate values based on maximum load.
Surface Crack K-Estimates and Fatigue Life Calculations in Cannon Tubes
Authors: Underwood JH , Throop JF 
Published: March 2009

K solutions for internal surface cracks in pressurized cylinders are compared, including Smith's photoelastic results, Hussain's collocation and compliance results, and Underwood's estimates. Fatigue crack growth observations from cannon tubes are described, particularly in relation to surface crack growth and multiple cracks.
A method is proposed for describing quantitatively the effect of residual stress on K in cylinders with shallow cracks. The combination of compressive residual stress with applied stress reduces ΔK and thus increases fatigue life.
Jet A-2, A Fuel to Meet Canada's Energy Constraints
Authors: Salter DE 
Published: March 2009

The factors leading to Jet A-2, a new National Standard of Canada [Standard for Turbine Fuel, Aviation: Kerosine Type (CAN2-3.23-77)] of 33°C (92°F) flash point are discussed. Refineries in Canada are limited to a minimum production ratio of gasoline to distillate of about 1.0. Recent trends show a reduced growth rate for gasoline and healthy growth for distillates including jet fuel. Kerosine jet fuel has the most restrictive requirements and the most economical way to increase production is to expand the distillation range. The high demand for low pour point fuel oils for Canada's severe winter climate aggravates the production problem.
A study of major Canadian airports shows Toronto to have the warmest summer temperatures. Average daily maximum ambient temperature from 30-year data is 27°C (80°F), well below the Jet A-2 flash point of 33°C (92°F). This 6°C difference is conservative compared with ambient airport temperatures versus a 38°C (100°F) flash point experienced in other parts of the world. Jet A-2 has a vapor pressure at 38°C (100°F) only slightly greater than Jet A-1 1.0 versus 0.76 kPa (0.145 versus 0.110 psia, respectively). Mixing Jet A-2 with Jet A or Jet A-1 in an aircraft tank will have a minor effect on resulting flash point. The hazard in fuel spills is the possibility of vapors being ignited. Canadian experience with Jet B shows this hazard to be minimal. Data on rate of flame spread over pools of burning fuel show that Jet A-2 represents a small change compared with Jet A.
Radiological Emergency Response Planning
Authors: Michael EJ , Sundstrom CF 
Published: March 2009

The Code of Federal Regulations, Title 10, Part 50, Appendix E—Emergency Plans for Production and Utilization Facilities—recommends that production and utilization facilities prepare emergency plans. In addition, Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Guides 1.70 (Standard Format and Content of Safety Analysis Reports for Nuclear Power Plants) and 1.101 (Emergency Planning for Nuclear Power Plants) provide guidance for the development of Radiological Emergency Response Plans (RERP's) at both the Construction Permit stage and the Operating License stage.
This paper addresses the basic concepts of RERP and specifically discusses those RERP's which plan for incidents assumed to have both on-site and off-site consequences. It also provides insights into what has transpired at public hearings, emphasizing the importance of a coordinated effort between the facility and government agencies at all levels. In addition, it gives specific attention to the key elements that comprise an RERP and suggests some planning aids that have been developed to assist in the formulation of effective and efficient response plans. This paper also identifies many of the direct and indirect benefits of a well-developed Radiological Emergency Response Plan.
New Directions in Environmental Radiological Surveillance at Commonwealth Edison's Nuclear Stations
Authors: Caldwell LS , Pavlick RA , Golden JC 
Published: March 2009

In 1977 Commonwealth Edison implemented a new, two-part environmental radiological monitoring program. This program was designed to meet anticipated new regulatory requirements for greater analytical sensitivity of measurements and to implement critical pathway monitoring concepts.
Part 1—The Standard Program—monitors those environmental dose pathways which are most likely to result in human radiation exposure. The three most important pathways at light water reactors in Illinois are gamma radiation exposure from noble gases, iodine-131 in milk, and radioactivity in public drinking water from rivers and lakes. Other media included in the program at a substantially reduced frequency of sampling are fish and sediment. In addition, the environmental air samplers are maintained in event of an unplanned release. The new standard program results in a savings of approximately 50 percent of cost.
Part 2—Environmental Dose Pathway Studies—consists of projects designed to improve the environmental dose models. The projects measure environmental transfer factors for the dosimetrically important radionuclides, release values for nuclides, transfer factors for pathways that have become of increased interest recently, and numerical values to check assumptions that certain sources and pathways are insignificant contributors to population dose.
The paper describes the two parts of the monitoring program and the results of pathway studies at Zion Station—two pressurized 1050-MW water reactors.