bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced β‐oxidative utilization of [1‐14C]Palmitate during active myelinogenesis in developing rat brain under nutritional stress
Authors: Padmini S. , Rao P. Srinivasa 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFood restriction was found to impair the incorporation of [1‐14C]palmitate into myelin membrane lipids of developing rat brain. An attempt was made to determine whether this phenomenon is due to differences in the rate of utilization of the labelled precursor or to its enhanced degradationvia β‐oxidative pathways. Undernutrition in pups was imposed by food restriction during gestation and lactation. β‐Oxidation by brain region homogenates using [1‐14C]palmitate was monitored at days 7, 14 and 21 of postnatal age. There was a significant increase in β‐oxidation in the brain regions of undernourished pups, with the cerebrum and cerebellum being more affected than the brain stem. Because developing brain possesses the enzymic potential to utilize ketone bodies, the data may indicate increased usage of palmitate as an energy source in the developing brain of undernourished animals.
Comparison of the effect of six compactin‐related compounds on cholesterol synthesis in five human cell types
Authors: Sviridov D. D. , Endo A. , Pavlov M. Yu. , Repin V. S. , Smirnov V. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have investigated the effect of six compactin‐related compounds—mevinolin, compactin, ML‐236A, monacolin X, monacolin L and dihydromonacolin L—on cholesterol synthesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells, human small intestine epithelial cells, human hepatoma cell line HEP G2, normal human skin fibroblasts and in skin fibroblasts from a patient with familial homozygous hypercholesterolemia. The inhibition of cholesterol synthesis was found to depend on both the cell type and the type of compound used. The most effective compounds were mevinolin and compactin. Monacolin X, monacolin L and ML‐236A were less effective, and dihydromonacolin L was the least efficacious. Endothelial and epithelial cells were sensitive to very low concentrations of inhibitors (IC50=1.0–30 pg/mL), HEP G2 cells required higher concentrations (IC50=0.01–66 ng/mL) and fibroblasts needed even higher concentrations (IC50=0.1–200 ng/mL). Lactone and acid forms of the inhibitors were equally active. None of the inhibitors had any effect on either protein or fatty acid synthesis in any of the cell types studied. It can be concluded that different compactin‐related compounds show a range of potencies as cholesterol synthesis inhibitors and a dose‐dependent tissue‐selectivity.
A method for the quantitative analysis of molecular species of alkylacylglycerol and diacylglycerol
Authors: Warne Thomas R. , Robinson Mitchell 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe describe a method for the quantitative analysis of molecular species of diacylglycerol and alkylacylglycerol as their diradylglycerobenzoate derivatives. Synthetic internal standards were used to provide quantitative determinations of the low levels of diacylglycerol and alkyl‐acylglycerol and their individual molecular species in cultured cells. Diradylglycerols were isolated by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), converted to their benzoate derivatives and separated into subclasses by TLC. The molecular species of each subclass were analyzed by reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography. Thirty‐six species of diglyceride‐type molecules were identified in Madin‐Darby canine kidney cells. These cells were shown to contain 7.88 nmoles of diacylglycerol and 3.97 nmoles of alkylacylglycerol per μmole of phospholipid. Both subclasses contain predominantly monoenoic and saturated species. This technique should be valuable for studies examining the origin and metabolism of these important intracellular mediators.
Availability of linoleic acid from cereal‐pulse diets
Authors: Ghafoorunissa  
Published: January 2007

AbstractCereals and pulses alone provide nearly two‐thirds of the daily linoleic acid requirement in habitual Indian diets. Two‐thirds of the lipids present in cereals is in bound form. To investigate to what extent the essential fatty acids (EFA) present in cereals and pulses are biologically available, weanling rats were fed rice‐pulse based diets either without supplementation or supplemented with one of three vegetable oils—coconut, palmolein or groundnut oil. Plasma phospholipid fatty acid composition was used to assess the EFA status, with ratios of eicosatrienoic/arachidonic acids (20∶3n−9/20∶4n−6) above 0.2, indicating linoleic acid deficiency. In the unsupplemented group, the levels of linoleic and arachidonic acids were low as compared to the groundnut oil fed group. However, the ratio of 20∶3n−9/20∶4n−6 was less than 0.2, indicating that there was no linoleic acid deficiency. This shows that the linoleic acid present in rice and pulse may be readily available.
Glycerolysis of linseed oil: A compositional study
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Bergseth R. , Sreenivasan B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSodium hydroxide catalyzed glycerolysis of linseed oil is greatly enhanced by increase in temperature but only moderately by increase in catalyst concentration. That the active catalyst under these conditions is the glyceroxide ion and not the hydroxide ion was confirmed by performing the reaction with freshly prepared sodium glyceroxide. In all cases alcohol solubility is reached before the reaction attains equilibrium. Component glycerides analysis at these points shows that the monoglycerides content at alcohol solubility is about 35% and at equilibrium about 45%. Further, there are about twice as many 1,3‐diglycerides as either 1,2‐diglycerides or triglycerides. Component fatty acid analysis of these individual glycerides shows that all the fatty acids of the parent oil are present in every one of these glyceride types and in about the same proportions. Monoglycerides in the early stages of reaction are richer in saturated fatty acids indicating that the catalyst attacks the primary alcoholic ester portion of glycerides first. Similarities in the fatty acid compositions of 1‐and 2‐monoglycerides at these early stages indicate that the latter are formed by acyl migration from the former. Based on these observations a mechanism for glycerolysis has been proposed.
Studies of long term administration of aflatoxin to rats as a natural food contaminant
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Aftergood Lilla , Hernandez H. Joseph , Stern Elizabeth , Melnick Daniel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of feeding aflatoxin, as a natural food contaminant, to rats over long periods of time was studied using multigeneration and longevity tests. The test animals in the multigeneration study consisted of three groups of rats fed diets containing 0, 1 and 10 ppb of aflatoxin (predominantly B1) continued over four generations, with animals of the first and fourth generation fed the diets for 104 weeks. These diets were in proper nutritional balance and included 35% ground roasted peanut products; the ration with 0 ppb aflatoxin excluded the peanuts usually discarded; the one with 1 ppb had the roasted discards returned, while the ration with 10 ppb included the discards in amount 10 times that which had been initially removed. Another longevity study was also performed in which rats were fed diets containing aflatoxin at a level of 80 ppb. In this case, the test peanuts, also fed as a simulated peanut butter at 35% concentration, consisted entirely of roasted peanut discards. Control diets provided no peanut components. Animals fed the low levels of aflatoxin grew as well and actually had a higher percentage survival at 104 weeks than did the animals on the control, aflatoxinfree diets. Organ weights, liver total lipid and cholesterol levels were comparable in all groups. Pathological abnormalities, e.g., hemorrhagic and opaque spots and mottling in some of the livers, were attributed to the aging process since the abnormalities appeared in the control as well as the experimental groups. In the animals fed the aflatoxin at 80 ppb, which has been reported by several investigators to produce well‐defined hepatomas in rats, there was liver involvement and some biochemical changes occurred that were not noted in the controls. However, no hepatomas were observed in these animals even after 21 months on this diet. The liver lesions, indicative of a toxic effect, have not been associated with the development of hepatomas. It is possible that some components of the diet used in these experiments may have protected the animal against hepatoma formation. Our studies indicate that there may be a tolerance for aflatoxin as judged by results in one species of rats when whole ground roasted peanuts provide the natural contaminant.
Characteristics and biosynthesis of seed lipases in maize and other plant species
Authors: Huang Anthony H. C. , Lin Yon‐hui , Wang Shue‐mei 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOilseed lipases from diverse plant species exhibit differences in their substrate specificity, pH for optimal activity, reactivity toward sulfhydryl reagents, hydrophobicity and subcellular location. Seed lipase from a certain plant species is relatively specific for the native triacylglycerols or triacylglycerols containing the major fatty acids of the storage triacylglycerols of the same species. This substrate specificity can be exploited in lipid biotechnology. In most seeds, with the known exception of castor bean, lipase activities are absent in ungerminated seeds and increase in postgermination. The biosynthesis of seed lipase has been studied only in maize. The maize enzyme is synthesized on free polyribosomes in postgermination. The newly synthesized enzyme is then transferred, without apparent coor posttranslational modification, to the membrane of the lipid bodies.
Rapid transesterification and mass spectrometric approach to seed oil analysis
Authors: Ayorinde Folahan O. , Clifton James , Afolabi Oladapo A. , Shepard Robert L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFatty acid composition of seed oil is determined in less than one hr using a quantitative one‐vial technique. The method of analysis requires alcoholic solutions of sodium methoxide mild enough for epoxy and polyunsaturated oils. Separation and characterization of component fatty acids were accomplished by high resolution gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry.Using this method,Vernonia galamensis seed oil is shown to contain 79–80% vernolic (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐octadecenoic) acid.Amaranthus cruentus, a West African vegetable crop, is shown to contain 17.3% palmitic acid, 3.2% stearic acid, 22.7% oleic acid, 54.7% linoleic acid and 2.1% linolenic acid.
Effect of heme compounds on lipid oxidation
Authors: Hirano Y. , Olcott H. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBy polarographic oxygen analyzer, the rate of oxidation of linoleate solutions was catalyzed by low concentrations of heme and heme‐proteins and inhibited by higher concentrations. High concentrations of these substances also inhibited lipoxygenase catalysis of linoleate oxidation. Manganese and cobalt salts inhibited heme‐catalyzed linoleate oxidation. These combined effects may reflect the oxidative synthesis of antioxidants from heme compounds.
Trace metals and the flavor stability of margarine
Authors: Mertens W. G. , Swindells C. E. , Teasdale B. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTraces of copper, iron and other metals are present in the oil and the salt used for margarine. The presence of these metals, which act as powerful catalysts for fat oxidation, decreased the flavor stability. Analyses were done by atomic absorption spectroscopy after ashing of 400 g oil and margarine samples. Storage tests are reported with laboratory samples to which different amounts of trace metals had been added, and also with plant production samples. Levels of 0.1 ppm copper led to rapid flavor deterioration. In order to expect good flavor stability, the maximum copper amounts which can be tolerated are about 0.02 ppm. Aside from the importance of having all equipment free of copper, the use of salt low in trace metals or the additions of metal chelating agents are ways to extend the shelf life. The addition of 75–100 ppm EDTA salts as sequestering agents was found to increase the flavor stability of margarine samples significantly.
Cost analyses for new products and processes developed in USDA laboratories
Authors: Sohns V. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCost analyses frequently help to implement the research and development program on new products and processes from farm crops. Having cost data available encourages early adoption and application by industry of products and processes that are developed. Furthermore, cost estimates provide information that can serve as a guideline for developing an effective plan of work for research projects. The procedures used to compile cost estimates at the Northern Regional Research Laboratory follow those generally recommended by most cost engineers with appropriate modifications to fit particular situations. Accuracy of an estimate depends upon the quantity and quality of the process data made available to the cost engineer. Both order of magnitude estimates prepared shortly after studies on a process are initiated on a laboratory scale and preliminary cost estimates prepared either from extensive laboratory studies or from process engineering studies in the pilot plant have found application in research investigations. A typical example of such appications is found in our program for evaluating the industrial potential of several nylons which can be produced fromCrambe abyssinica oil.
Chlorinated long chain fatty acids—their properties and reactions: III. Solvent effects in the dehydrohalogenation of sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoate in dilute alkaline solutions
Authors: Ketola M. , Pihlaja K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe first stage of the alkaline dehydrohalogenation of sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoate (DCO) has been studied in ethylene glycol‐water mixtures and in pure water at 90 C. The rate of the reaction was found to decrease rapidly with increasing water concentration. The rate of removal of the first chlorine from sodium 9,10‐dichlorooctadecanoate was determined as a function of the water concentration in various ethylene glycol‐water mixtures. The rate coefficient (kOH) in pure water solution was 1.4·10−4 kg·mole−1·min−1 as compared to the maximum value of 2.7·10−2 kg·mole−1·min−1 in 19 wt % solution. The effects of temperature and base concentration on the reaction rate were also investigated.
Salmonella ecology
Authors: Foltz V. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractControl of the cyclic phenomena of salmonellosis will be effective only when all sources ofSalmonella are attacked simultaneously. Salmonella ecology must be studied to clarify the problem. Studies at the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station related to salmonella ecology have been conducted, in part, in the following areas: (1) Convenience foods studied have shown a decreased incidence of salmonella contamination from 1962–65. (2) The examination of fishes recovered from sewage‐polluted streams reveals a high percentage harboring salmonellae in the intestinal tract. Per os inoculation of catfish demonstrated viability of salmonellae in the stomach and intestine for at least 29 days. We believe this indicates a demand for salmonella‐free fish food for commercial fish rearing. (3) Human salmonella carriers can develop following contact with cold‐blooded animal pets. Food workers in critical areas should be carefully examined as potential carriers of salmonellae. We have shown the potential danger of carrier development in our cold‐blooded pet survey.
The salmonella problem from an enforcement standpoint
Authors: Lennington Kenneth R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe importance and significance of salmonella contamination in foods and drugs are discussed. Products presenting the greatest problems in the last two years have been dried milk, egg products, drug and enzyme substances of animal origin, basic protein feed ingredients of animal origin such as fish meal, meat scrap, rendered tankage and related substances. Prepared ready‐to‐eat foods, dried yeast, chocolate and similarly processed foods have more recently been identified as potential vectors, thus compounding the problem. Gaps in knowledge concerning mechanism of man to man, man to animal, and animal to man infections present handicaps to effective control measures. Lack of data on survival of the organism, conditions favorable to proliferation, and the avenues of contamination in various food and drug processes further complicate control.
Modification of AOCS chromatographic procedure for neutral oil determination
Authors: Velasco James 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe AOCS chromatographic procedure for neutral oil determination, Ca 9f‐57, has been modified through use of a newly designed flask. This modified procedure increases the efficiency and standardization of neutral oil determination by: permitting automatic transfer of weighed crude oil samples onto alumina columns; converting column operation to a semiautomatic level thus reducing cost of operation; and allowing the chromatographic procedure to be performed in laboratories which are not air‐conditioned. As a result of collaborative studies the AOCS Fats and Oils Subcommittee for neutral oil investigation has recommended that this procedure be adopted officially by the Uniform Methods Committee.
Synthesis of 11cis, 15cis‐ and 10cis, 15cis‐Octadecadienoic acid, the probable precursors of 4cis‐heptenal in autoxidized butterfat
Authors: Pabon H. J. J. , Van Dorp D. A. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract11cis,15cis‐ and 10cis,15cis‐Octadecadienoic acid are considered to be precursors of 4cis‐heptenal occurring in autoxidized butterfat. The synthesis of these acids was carried out as follows. In liquid ammonia, 1‐sodio‐1,5‐octadiyne was coupled with 1‐chloro‐9‐iodononane and 1‐sodio‐1,6‐nonadiyne with 1‐chloro‐8‐iodooctane. The 1‐chloro‐10,14‐and ‐9,14‐heptadecadiynes thus obtained were converted into 11,15‐ and 10,15‐octadecadiynoic acid. Stereospecific partial hydrogenation of the 11,15‐diynoic acid, or of the methyl 10,15‐diynoate, and subsequent saponification, yielded the acids desired.
High temperature heat transfer equipment
Authors: magnuson E. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVarious alternative methods of high temperature heat transfer in the range of 300 to 750 F, such as direct firing, forced circulation of heat transfer fluids such as water, oil, Therminol, Dowtherm and other fluids are outlined. Advantages and disadvantages of each are discussed. Important considerations include design of heaters, temperature uniformity, heat transfer rates, safety precautions, hardware required, control sequences, fluid degradation and velocities.
Margarine: 100 years of technological and legal progress
Authors: Miksta Stanley C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAll through its 100 year history, margarine has been a prime example of the technological progress that has been made in the food industry through the efforts of oil chemists, food technologists and nutritionists. Having been developed originally to fulfill a political need for an economically new source of food fat in France during the regime of Napoleon III, the product has been continually changed to provide improvements in flavor, storage stability and physical properties, as well as to satisfy new nutritional and dietary requirements. The Margarine Industry’s attainment of today’s high standards of quality, nutrition and convenience has also required a comparable legal effort to establish the product’s nutritional equivalence to butter, to remove restrictive legislation and to modify the Federal Standards of Identity in order to take advantage of technological advances. This paper attempts to assess some of the problems and changes currently facing the industry as a guide to what we might expect in the future.
Correlation of solubility data: III. The isopleth reference method for predicting solubility data for long chain homologous and analogous compounds
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA new graphical method for correlating and predicting solubility data for homologous and analogous compounds is described. It complements the isotherm and isopleth methods which are applicable only to long chain homologous compounds. This method is based upon the linear relationship, derived from the approximate freezing point depression equation in which T and T′ are the primary freezing points of two analogous compounds at the same molar concentration in a given solvent. The basic assumption that ΔH′f/ΔHf remains essentially constant for homologous and analogous compounds in the same solvent over wide ranges of temperature was validated by construction of isopleth reference plots using both published and new experimental solubility data for a number of long chain fatty acids and fatty acid derivatives in a variety of solvents. Complete solubility data are reported for behenic, stearic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, brassidic, erucic, petroselaidic and petroselinic acid in acetone, methanol, toluene and isopropyl ether. Complete solubility data are also included for elaidic acid in acetone, toluene and isopropyl ether and oleic acid in isopropyl ether.
Sodiump‐[1‐(n‐nonylthio) ethyl] benzene sulfonate: A new, third generation, biodegradable surfactant
Authors: Linter M. A. , Long L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSynthesis of sodiump‐[1‐(n‐nonylthio)ethyl] benzene sulfonate has been achieved by two distinct routes, starting with ethylbenzene, in overall yields of 26% and 27%. Preliminary tests indicate a somwhat increased detergency to that of LAS, and superior biodegradability to LAS.
The process gas chromatography of fatty acid distillation streams. I. Analytical chemistry
Authors: Metcalfe L. D. , Stoll E. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIt was decided to build a process gas chromatograph to monitor the fatty acid stills. The initial work led to the development of phosphoric acid treated polyester columns for the GLC of unesterified fatty acids. The design and construction of a process analyzer for the fatty acid stills was then begun. When this gas chromatograph was completed, it was used to monitor the still. Chromatograms of the fatty acid streams are shown and discussed. Quantitative results are compared to those obtained by conventional methyl ester analysis. Work with inert support column packings is also described.
Phosphorus derivatives of fatty acids. The addition of dialkyl phosphonates to unsaturated acids and the synthesis of some 11‐dialkylphosphonoundecanoamides
Authors: Sasin R. , De Mauriac R. A. , Leopold E. J. , Gordon H. B. , Sasin G. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of dialkylphosphonoundecanoic acids and 9(10)‐dialkylphosphonostearic acids was prepared by the addition of dialkylphosphonates to 10‐undecenoic acid and oleic acid under free radical conditions in 58舑66% yield. The phosphonates used were: dimethyl, diethyl, di‐n‐butyl, di‐n‐hexyl and di‐2‐ethylhexyl. All of the products are colorless, odorless, thermally stable liquids, insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents. The dialkylphosphonoundecanoic acids were converted into the corresponding acid chlorides by reaction with oxalyl chloride. The acid chlorides were then converted into the corresponding amides by addition of ammonia. All of the amides are white waxy solids except the 2‐ethylhexyl derivative which is a high‐boiling liquid. Two of the dialkylphosphonoundecanoic acids were converted into the N‐decyl substituted amides by heating withn‐decylamine. The N‐n‐decyl‐11‐dialkylphosphonoundecanoamides are white waxy solids.