bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the major water/salt insoluble wheat proteins involved in cereal hypersensitivity
Authors: SANDIFORD C. P. , TATHAM A. S. , FIDO R. , WELCH J. A. , JONES M. G. , TEE R. D. , SHEWRY P. R. , TAYLOR A. J. NEWMAN 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Several studies have investigated water/salt soluble proteins which comprise 50% of the proteins in wheat. The remaining 50% of wheat proteins, are water/salt insoluble proteins of which there is limited information on their role in cereal hypersensitivity.Objectives
To investigate the allergenicity of the water/salt insoluble gliadin and glutenin proteins (prolamins).Methods
RAST, electrophoresis and Western blotting were used to identify water/salt insoluble wheat allergens. Competitive RAST inhibition was conducted to investigate cross‐reactivity between prolamins and water/salt soluble wheat proteins.Results
Specific IgE to α‐gliadin and to total glutenins were detected in all sera. IgE to β‐, γ‐, fast ω‐, and slow ω‐gliadin were present in lower numbers of sera. Prolamin allergens of 90–11 kDa were identified by immunoblotting. Water/salt soluble proteins crossreacted with a‐gliadin and total glutenins.Conclusions
Individuals who are hypersensitive to water/salt soluble wheat proteins produce specific IgE to water/salt insoluble wheat proteins. Western blotting has shown that gliadins, glutenins and proteins with similar molecular weights as the endogenous water/salt soluble wheat enzyme inhibitors are important allergens. Alpha and fast ω‐ are the most allergenic gliadins. The water/salt insoluble proteins share cross‐reacting epitopes with water/salt soluble proteins. These data show that the numbers of proteins involved in the development of cereal hypersensitivity is greater than previously believed and that the development of specific IgE to α‐gliadin may in part depend on the presence of cross‐reacting antibodies to water/salt soluble flour allergens.
Human T‐cell responses to Trichophyton tonsurans: inhibition using the serum free medium Aim V
Authors: SLUNT J. B. , TAKETOMI E. A. , PLATTS‐MILLS T. A. E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Proteins of the fungus Trichophyton tonsurans have been shown to give strong T cell proliferative responses in vitro using lymphocytes from individuals with immediate or delayed skin tests. Furthermore, Trichophyton‐specific T‐cell lines produce distinct patterns of cytokine production depending upon the skin‐test reactivity of the host. However, skin‐test negative individuals generally give limited responses. A recent study has demonstrated dust mite specific proliferation with lymphocytes from atopic and non‐atopic subjects using the serum free medium Aim V.Objective
Compare the T‐cell reactivity to Triehophyton and dust mite antigens in Aim V and media containing 10% pooled AB serum.Methods
Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were separated from subjects with different skin‐test reactivities and cultured either in media with serum or serum free media.Results
Proliferation to two Trichophyton extracts was decreased in serum free media among subjects with either immediate or delayed hypersensitivity. Trichophyton skin‐test negative subjects gave poor proliferative responses in both culture conditions. A similar decrease in proliferation in serum free media was observed in cultures with PHA and tetanus toxoid. In contrast, the majority of individuals showed increased proliferation to dust mite antigens when cultured in serum free media. Cultures in serum free medium produced less IFNγ, IL‐4, or IL‐5 compared with cultures in AB medium.Conclusions
In vitro T‐cell responses to the dermatophyte fungus T. tonsurans are inhibited by the serum free medium Aim V. This inhibition is seen equally with cells from individuals with delayed and immediate hypersensitivity. Furthermore, the results do not support the view that AB serum is masking T‐cell responses in skin‐test negative individuals.
B‐cell epitopes recognized by IgE from patients sensitive to Amb a 5
Authors: KIM K.‐E. , ROSENBERG A. , LEMKE T. , CALDERON J. , RICH S. , BLUMENTHAL M. N. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
The response to allergens characterized hy IgE‐mediated hypersensitivity is selective. The search for the inherited contribution to atopy has among other things, focused on the linkage of sensitivity to the presence of specific alleles in the DR and DQ locus. More than 90% of the responders to Amb a 5, an allergen from ambrosia artemisifolia, are DR‐2 positive. This relationship is logically linked to the T‐cell epitope presentation by the HLA complex.Objectives
This study aims to investigate a possible relationship between T‐cell epitopes. B‐cell epitopes and the alleles of the DR and DQ loci in Amb a 5 sensitive DR‐2+ and DR‐2 – individuals.Methods
Inhibition of solid state Elisa assays by IgE‐enriched and IgG‐depleted, heated sera. The inhibition was carried out in checkerboard pattern, bidirectionally; A inhibits B and B inhibits A.Results
The B‐cell epitopes defined hy the inhibition pattern were all found to be conformational. Three different epitope patterns (A, B, C) were recognized. The IgE and IgG complexes were found in only one responder. The DR and DQ locus alleles were all sequenced. Although all the individuals studied responding to Amb a 5 show presence of alleles such as 1501, associated with DR‐2, our data indicates no correlation between the B‐cell epitopes recognized and the DR and DQ locus alleles. A well known, general T‐cell motif was recognized in the known sequence of Amb a 5.Conclusions
Our investigation suggests that the choice of B‐cell recognition is regulated independently of a putative link between T‐cell epitope recognition and the D locus.
Clinical characteristics of peanut allergy
Authors: HOURIHANE J. O'B , KILBURN S. A. , DEAN P. , WARNER J. O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Current clinical advice regarding peanut allergy is based on small series of patients.Objective To determine, in a large group of peanut allergic subjects, the patterns of clinical severity, symptom progression and availability and use of rescue medications.Methods Questionnaire study of 622 self‐reported allergic subjectsResults A total of 406 patients (66%) reported symptoms on contact with peanut. Only 121 (19%) had been knowingly exposed to peanut before the first documented reaction, implying a high frequency of occult sensitization. Severe symptoms were more common in adults. Abdominal symptoms were significantly associated with collapse. Fifty per cent reported reactions in the previous year. Only 82 (13%) had been admitted to hospital because of a reaction. Adrenaline was carried in some form by 65% though only 78 subjects (12.5%) had ever received injected adrenaline. Only 18/43 subjects (41%) who collapsed were given adrenaline. Skin‐prick test weal size correlated weakly with severity but there were large overlaps between the groups. Peanut‐specific IgE peaked in the teenage group, but did not correlate with severity.Conclusions Peanut allergy is characterized by more severe symptoms than other food allergies and by high rates of symptoms on minimal contact. Skin‐prick testing and peanut‐specific IgE levels do not predict clinical severity. Avoidance of peanut is difficult. Many people suffering severe relations are inadequately treated. Sufferers need education and training in the use of rescue medication.
The most common phenotypes of sensitization to inhalant allergens in childhood
Authors: VAN'S GRAVESANDE K. STORM , MOSELER M. , KUEHR J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground Atopic individuals are frequently sensitized to a limited number of certain allergens, although most of them are exposed to multiple inhalant allergens in daily life. Objective We investigated the hypothesis that observed common patterns of sensitization might occur with similar frequency within two independent study populations of school‐children.Methods The results were derived from skin‐prick tests conducted on two large samples of children (study 1:n= 583; study 2: n= 1099) examined with the same panel of six inhalant allergens.Results In order to ensure that the comparison was uniform, the younger subpopulation of study 1 (n= 147) was compared with the sample of study 2 (n= 374). The highest frequency for monosensitization was found for sensitization to Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (study 1: 18.4%, study 2: 20.3%), followed by monosensitization to grass pollens (study 1: 12.2%; study 2: 8.8%). Using multiple logistic regression for each specific sensitization, a significantly increased relative risk of sensitization to hazel pollens (study 1 OR 5.9; study 2 OR: 24.3) appeared to be associated with sensitization to birch pollens. The same applied to dog dander (study 1 OR: 7.3; study 2 OR: 2.6), which showed an association with sensitization to cat dander.Conclusion In summary, our data suggest that certain clusters of monosensitization and polysensitization to common inhalant allergens exist among a given population. This may well be a reflection of diversity in disposition to specific sensitization and/or antigen crossreactivity. From a practical point of view the data also might help in counselling parents of allergic children.
T‐cell sensitization to epitopes from the house dust mites Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei
Authors: HALES B. J. , THOMAS W. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and Euroglyphus maynei frequently occur in house dust but little is known about primary sensitization to the less abundant E. maynei.Objective
To determine the occurrence of primary sensitization to E. maynei by T‐cell responses and the crossreactivity to D. pteronyssinus.Methods
The proliferative response ot peripheral blood cells to overlapping peptides from Derp I and Eur m 1 were measured as well as to peptides from Der f 1, an allergen not found in the study environment.Results
The most frequent and strongest responses were to Der p 1 peptides especially in the region 105–133. However, 3/17 responders to mite peptides were stimulated predominantly by Eur m 1 peptides and a further two had their highest response to an Eur m 1 peptide. There was very little crossreactivity between Der p 1 and Eur m 1 peptides and very little response to peptides from Der f 1.Conclusion
E. maynei group 1 allergens are a significant source of primary T‐cell sensitization and have little T‐cell crossreactivity with D. pteronyssinus or D. farinae.
Inhibition of substance P‐induced histamine release from rat peritoneal mast cells by ultraviolet light B irradiation: decreased intracellular calcium as a partial mechanism
Authors: AMANO H. , KUROSAWA M. , MIYACHI Y. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Ultraviolet light irradiation has been shown to suppress immunological reactions of irradiated individuals, however, less attention has been paid to the effects on neurogenic inflammation.Objective
We have investigated the effect of ultraviolet light B (UVB) irradiation on substance P (SP)‐induced histamine release from rat mast cells.Methods
Rat peritoneal mast cells were treated with UVB irradiation and challenged by SP. Histamine release from the cells and intracellular calcium concentrations ([Ca2+]i) in the cells were measured.Results
UVB irradiation at doses used in the present study did not induce histamine release from mast cells. UVB irradiation at doses from 25 to 200mJ/cm2 inhibited 10–5mol/L SP‐induced histamine release in a dose‐dependent manner. On the other hand, SP‐induced increase of [Ca2+]i was inhibited by UVB irradiation only at doses of 100 and 200 mJ/cm2.Conclusion
These data suggest that UVB irradiation inhibits histamine release from SP‐activated rat peritoneal mast cells partially through the suppression of an increase in [Ca2+]i.
Bronchoalveolar lavage findings suggest two different forms of childhood asthma
Authors: STEVENSON E. C. , TURNER G. , HEANEY L. G. , SCHOCK B. C. , TAYLOR R. , GALLAGHER T. , ENNIS M. , SHIELDS M. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
It seems plausible that children with atopy and persistent asthma symptoms will, like their adult counterparts, have chronic airways inflammation. However, many young children with no other atopic features have episodic wheezing that is triggered solely by viral respiratory infections. Little is known as to whether airways inflammation occurs in these two asthma patterns during relatively asymptomatic periods.Methods
Using a non‐bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) procedure on children presenting for an elective surgical procedure, this study has investigated the cellular constituents of BAL fluid in children with a history of atopic asthma (AA) non‐asthmatic atopic children (NAA) or viral associated wheeze (VAW).Results
A total of 95 children was studied: 52 with atopic asthma (8.0 years, range 1.1–15.3, 36 male), 23 with non‐asthmatic atopy (median age 8.3 years, range 1.7–13.6, 11 male) and 20 with VAW (3.1 years, range 1.0–8.2, 13 male). No complications were observed during the lavage procedure and no adverse events were noted post‐operatively. Total lavage fluid recovered was similar in all groups and the total cell numbers were higher in the VAW group. Eosinophil (P≤ 0.005) and mast cell (P≤ 0.05) numbers were significantly elevated in the group with atopic asthma.Conclusions
During relatively asymptomatic periods there is on‐going airways inflammation, as demonstrated by eosinophil and mast cell recruitment, in children with asthma and atopy but not in children with viral associated wheeze or atopy alone. This strongly suggests that there are different underlying pathophysiological mechanisms in these two groups of children who wheeze.
The role of profilin and lipid transfer protein in strawberry allergy in the Mediterranean area
Authors: Zuidmeer L. , Salentijn E. , Rivas M. F. , Mancebo E. G. , Asero R. , Matos C. I. , Pelgrom K. T. B. , Gilissen L.J.W.J. , Van Ree R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
In contrast to other Rosaceae fruit, only few cases of patients with adverse reactions to strawberry are listed in literature.Objective
To identify allergenic proteins in strawberry and to express and characterize recombinant strawberry lipid transfer protein (LTP; rFra a 3).Methods
Established apple‐allergic patients were recruited on the basis of a reported allergic reaction to strawberry (n=28, confirmed by double‐blind placebo‐controlled food challenge in four patients) or on the basis of IgE reactivity to LTP (n=34). Sensitization to purified natural and recombinant allergens was assessed by RAST, immunoblot (inhibition) and basophil histamine release (BHR). A strawberry cDNA library was screened for genes homologous to known fruit allergens. Fra a 3 was cloned and expressed in the yeast Pichia pastoris and compared with peach and apple LTP by RAST, immunoblot‐inhibition and BHR tests.Results
Genes homologous to Bet v 1, Bet v 6, profilin and LTP were identified in a strawberry cDNA library. In BHR the rFra a 3 induced histamine release at a 100‐fold higher concentration than peach LTP. RAST inhibition showed high cross‐reactivity to peach and apple LTP, although IgE reactivity was lower by a factor 5. On strawberry immunoblot, patients' IgE showed reactivity to a Bet v 1 homologue, profilin, LTP and high‐molecular weight bands.Conclusion
In addition to a Bet v 1 homologue, strawberry also contains IgE‐binding profilin and LTP. The rFra a 3 has less allergenic potency than peach and apple LTP, and therefore is an interesting tool for future immunotherapy. Fra a 3 does not seem to be clinically relevant.
Letterer-Siwe disease in an elderly patient: histological and ultrastructural findings
Authors: EADY R.A.J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA 91-year-old woman presented with an itchy, erosive and scaly eruption of about 2 years duration. Clinical, histological and ultrastructural examination of the skin lesions showed typical changes due to Letterer-Siwe disease.Large mononuclear cells with deeply idented or convoluted nuclei and with Langerhans' cell granules in the cytoplasm, were found to invade the superficial dermis, epidermis and dermo-epidermal junction.
Active chronic hepatitis and pyoderma gangrenosum: report of a case
Authors: BURNS D.A. , SARKANY I. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
An association of pyoderma gangrenosum and active chronic hepatitis is reported. In view of the well known occurrence of pyoderma gangrenosum in ulcerative colitis and in other diseases based on a disturbance of the immune system, the absence of the expected combination of pyoderma gangrenosum and active chronic hepatitis from previously reported series was surprising. This further report of such an association is therefore both expected and significant.
SUR LE CALCUL DE L'INFLUENCE GRAVIMETRIQUE DES STRUCTURES DEFINIES PAR LES ISOBATHES*
Authors: BARANOV V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe triple integral for the attraction of a mass on a point is transformed in a double sum. This double sum serves to construct a graph for the rapid determination of the gravimetric influence of structures given by depth contours. The influence of topography can also be computed with this graph.
A RESISTIVITY INVESTIGATION INTO A WASHOUT FEATURE IN COAL MEASURE STRATA*
Authors: HABBERJAM G. M. , WHETTON JOHN T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe paper consists of an account of a resistivity investigation into an old river valley in Coal Measure strata. This valley denuded several of the upper coal seams leaving behind unconsolidated material and it was the purpose of the work to be described to investigate how far the extent and nature of this material could be determined by resistivity methods conducted at the surface.As such the survey fits into a wider programme of research instigated by the National Coal Board.The feature, which is quite well known geologically, was surveyed by conventional methods and the results obtained are discussed in relation to the above project.Thus, the investigations succeeded in tracing the approximate centre line of the feature and in yielding some information on the nature and order of thickness of the deposits. Limitations of the method and its future application are also discussed.
POSSIBILITIES AND LIMITATIONS IN APPLYING GEOELECTRICAL METHODS TO HYDROGEOLOGICAL PROBLEMS IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF NORTH WEST GERMANY*
Authors: FLATHE H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOn the basis of results of extensive geoelectrical investigations in East Frisia as well as of theoretically calculated data, it is shown to what extent geoelectrics can furnish a contribution to success during the preliminary work for the establishment of water works, or for the enlargement of existing water works, in coastal areas. One of the most important tasks in this sphere is the search for permeable beds suitable for intake, the delimitation of their thickness and extent (catchment areas), and then the location of favourable places for wells. This task is rather difficult because of thickness variations in and change of facies of the old‐pleistocene basin clay (Lauenburg clay) and the presence of Tertiary clay and fine clayey sands which, acting as impervious layers, often divide a permeable bed into several storage horizons. Further difficulties arise from the occurrence of brine bearing deposits near the coast, and water from the depths with a high salt content as a result of leaching processes around salt domes.The problems arising in this connection are illustrated with the aid of examples from the Rheiderland. The following questions seem to be the most important:a) the physical interpretation of the measurements with special regard to the principle of equivalence;b) the correlation of the physical data with the subsurface geology.
A PRACTICAL METHOD OF CALCULATING GEOELECTRICAL MODEL GRAPHS FOR HORIZONTALLY STRATIFIED MEDIA*
Authors: FLATHE H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFor the quantitative interpretation of field resistivity curves it is necessary to possess theoretically calculated standard graphs. The problem of calculating such graphs for certain parallel stratified media has been solved long ago. The methods developed so far, however, require facilities, which are not normally available to the geophysicist in the field. It has been shown by experience, that the catalogues of graphs, which have been made available for practical use, are inadequate, when the number of layers exceeds three. For this reason endeavours are made to find a method, to allow the geophysicist to calculate model graphs suited to any given special geological situation, with ordinary field facilities and without too great an expenditure of time. The principle of equivalence implies that such a model graph be known with a high accuracy.To this end, a method for the calculation of model graphs for a series of parallel beds is described. This method is sufficiently simple – no series need to be summed up – to be applied by the geophysicist in practice, even during field work. The study of the kernel function in Stefanescu's integral representation of the “apparent” resistivity leads to a basis for the set of graphs. The prime elements of this basis form a one‐parametric curve‐system, by means of which the graph for any multi‐layer sequence of strata can be obtained to any degree of approximation by linear combination.The importance of this method in practice is demonstrated with the help of examples.
SOME NOTES CONCERNING THE WENNER CONFIGURATION*
Authors: CARPENTER E. W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper deals with the four electrode method of electrical resistivity prospecting using direct current. It is shown that three resistances can be measured for any four electrode configuration, and a simple relation between them is derived. The particular case of the Wenner electrode configuration is discussed and a further relation derived between the three apparent resistivities corresponding to the three resistances. The practical value of the ‐resistance relation as a means of avoiding experimental errors is indicated.In general the three apparent resistivities are different in magnitude although there are certain particular cases where they are equal to one another. Their actual values are determined for a number of simple problems and the possibility of having a negative apparent resistivity is illustrated.Finally, examples of field tests are given in which the three resistances were measured, and it is concluded that the method can often provide a simple way of distinguishing between the effects of lateral and vertical resistivity variations.
A NEW METHOD OF MEASURING THE EARTH'S MAGNETIC FIELD*
Authors: WATERS G. S. , PHILLIPS G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the measurement of the Earth's total magnetic field by a determination of the frequency of free precession around this field of the protons in a sample of water. The angular frequency of precession, ω, is related to the field F by the relationship ω=γpF where γp is the gyromagnetic ratio of the proton.A bottle of water is magnetised in a direction approximately at right angles to the earth's field, by passing a current through a coil wound around the bottle. The current is switched off rapidly, leaving the magnetic moment vector to precess around the earth's field direction, inducing in the coil a small alternating voltage. This voltage is amplified and its frequency measured by means of a counter. The accuracy of measurement of the total field is estimated at ± 0.5γ.In addition to the total field value, the form of the signal voltage contains information on the field gradient across the sample.Simple theory, experimental details and results are given.