bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanded radialenes: Modular synthesis and properties of cross-conjugated enyne macrocycles
Authors: Tykwinski Rik R. , Gholami Mojtaba , Eisler Sara , Zhao Yuming , Melin Frederic , Echegoyen Luis 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
During the past two decades, shape-persistent conjugated macrocycles with a broad spectrum of attributes and topologies have been synthesized. This includes macrocycles with remarkable electronic, optical, and supramolecular properties, as well as intriguing frameworks. Expanded radialenes are a class of conjugated shape-persistent macrocycles that arise from the formal insertion of acetylene units into a radialene framework. A related class of macrocycles, the expanded radiaannulenes, contains both endo- and exocyclic vinylene and vinylidene segments, respectively, and accordingly exhibits properties intermediate between radialenes and annulenes. Enyne building blocks have been developed that are suitable for forming a macrocyclic framework through a step-wise sequence of Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions. This "building-block" approach allows us to explore a range of molecular architectures that will ultimately provide for an understanding of π-delocalization in these compounds. The synthesis and structural characterization of the first members of this new class of expanded radialenes and radiaannulenes are described.
A family of electron-triggered molecular motors based on aromatic building blocks
Authors: Jacquot de Rouville Henri-Pierre , Vives Guillaume , Rapenne Gwénaël 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
We present our strategy to control the rotation in a molecular rotary motor and the synthesis of a family of ruthenium complexes designed to perform such a task. The molecules have a piano-stool structure with a "stator" meant to be grafted on an oxide surface, and a "rotor" bearing redox-active ferrocene groups, so that addressing the molecule with nanoelectrodes would trigger rotation. The rigidity of the structure is allowed by the use of aromatic building blocks both in the stator and in the rotor fragments.
Auswirkungen von klinisch relevanten Aluminium Keramik-, Zirkonium Keramik- und Titanpartikel unterschiedlicher Größe und Konzentration auf die TNFα-Ausschüttung in einem humanen Makrophagensystem / Effects of clinically relevant alumina ceramic particles, circonia ceramic particles and titanium particles of different sizes and concentrations on TNFα release in a human monocytic cell line
Authors: Sterner Thomas , Schütze Norbert , Saxler Guido , Jakob Franz , Rader Christof P 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Diagnostic Value of Digital Subtraction Arthrography and Radionuclide Arthrography in Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty / Der diagnostische Wert der digitalen Subtraktionsarthrographie und der Radionuklidarthrographie in der Revisionschirurgie des Hüftgelenkersatzes
Authors: von Knoch Marius , Barden Bertram , Saxler Guido , Löer Franz 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAn analysis of plain radiographs, digital subtraction arthrography, and radionuclide arthrography was performed in 25 revision hip arthroplasties to evaluate the efficacy and usefulness of these methods in the diagnosis of loosening. The findings by each method were compared with intraoperative assessment of the status of components and expressed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive accuracy. Overall accuracy for the acetabular component by plain radiographs was 80%; by digital subtraction arthrography, 88%; by radionuclide arthrography, 68%. Overall accuracy for the femoral component by plain radiographs was 92%; by digital subtraction arthrography, 84%; radionuclide arthrography, 76%. We consider subtraction arthrography and radionuclide arthrography to be adjuvant diagnostic tools which may be indicated in individual cases of suspected implant loosening of total hip arthroplasty. The routine use of these two methods is not warranted when compared to plain radiographs. In 25 Fällen von Revisionsoperationen von Hüftgelenksersatz wurden Röntgenbilder, digitale Subtraktionsarthrographien und Radionuklidarthrographien analysiert, um die Effizienz dieser Methoden hinsichtlich der Diagnose von Implantatlockerungen festzustellen. Die Ergebnisse der drei genannten radiologischen Untersuchungsmethoden wurden mit der intraoperativ festgestellten Implantatstabilität verglichen. Es wurde die Sensitivität, Spezifität und die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für alle drei Methoden bestimmt. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für die acetabulären Komponenten betrug 80% für Röntgenbilder, 88% für digitale Subtraktionsarthrographien und 68% für Radionuklidarthrographien. Die Vorhersagegenauigkeit für die femoralen Komponenten betrug 92% für Röntgenbilder, 84% für digitale Subtraktionsarthrographien und 76% für Radionuklidarthrographien.Wir sehen in der Subtraktionsarthrographie und der Radionuklidarthrographie adjuvante diagnostische Mittel, welche im Einzelfall bei fraglich gelockerten Implantaten indiziert sind. Als Routinemassnahme scheinen diese beiden Methoden im Vergleich zu einfachen Röntgenbildern aber nicht indiziert zu sein.
How Systematic Age Underestimation Can Impede Understanding of Fish Population Dynamics: Lessons Learned from a Lake Superior Cisco Stock
Authors: Yule Daniel L. , Stockwell Jason D. , Black Jeff A. , Cullis Ken I. , Cholwek Gary A. , Myers Jared T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSystematic underestimation of fish age can impede understanding of recruitment variability and adaptive strategies (like longevity) and can bias estimates of survivorship. We suspected that previous estimates of annual survival (S; range = 0.20‐0.44) for Lake Superior ciscoes Coregonus artedi developed from scale ages were biased low. To test this hypothesis, we estimated the total instantaneous mortality rate of adult ciscoes from the Thunder Bay, Ontario, stock by use of cohort‐based catch curves developed from commercial gill‐net catches and otolith‐aged fish. Mean S based on otolith ages was greater for adult females (0.80) than for adult males (0.75), but these differences were not significant. Applying the results of a study of agreement between scale and otolith ages, we modeled a scale age for each otolith‐aged fish to reconstruct catch curves. Using modeled scale ages, estimates of S (0.42 for females, 0.36 for males) were comparable with those reported in past studies. We conducted a November 2005 acoustic and midwater trawl survey to estimate the abundance of ciscoes when the fish were being harvested for roe. Estimated exploitation rates were 0.085 for females and 0.025 for males, and the instantaneous rates of fishing mortality were 0.089 for females and 0.025 for males. The instantaneous rates of natural mortality were 0.131 and 0.265 for females and males, respectively. Using otolith ages, we found that strong year‐classes at large during November 2005 were caught in high numbers as age‐1 fish in previous annual bottom trawl surveys, whereas weak or absent year‐classes were not. For decades, large‐scale fisheries on the Great Lakes were allowed to operate because ciscoes were assumed to be short lived and to have regular recruitment. We postulate that the collapse of these fisheries was linked in part to a misunderstanding of cisco biology driven by scale‐ageing error.
Zonal Isolation Modeling and Measurements—Past Myths and Today's Realities
Authors: James Simon , Boukhelifa Linda 
Published: March 2008

Summary
Over the past 10 years, several papers have been published discussing the long-term mechanical durability of the cement sheath. The customary procedure is to use a model to predict potential failure scenarios and to subsequently design a sealant material that will not fail under the expected conditions. The predictive models are either analytical or finite-element models. The analytical models can only be applied to relatively simple situations that require a simplified set of input data. In these cases, the results are consistent with those of finite-element models. More complex situations can be simulated with finite-element models, but the input data requirements are far greater. Typically in the modeling papers, little information is included on how the input data is obtained. Because of this, several papers have been published that have proposed ways to obtain the input data, in particular the mechanical parameters of the set cement. Because typically these papers have addressed only one or two parameters however, the proposed methods are inconsistent. This paper critically reviews the published information and highlights the strengths and weaknesses of the previous approaches. Subsequently, the paper presents new measurement methods and data analysis techniques to determine cement mechanical parameters in sufficient detail to allow them to be implemented in any laboratory with appropriate equipment. The predictions using data from the new measurement methods have been verified at the field level through evaluation of actual wells. Finally, the methods have been used to demonstrate the mechanical durability of flexible cement systems aged at high temperatures for one year; this is the first time that such data have been presented on these systems.
World's First Gravel-Packed Inflow-Control Completion
Authors: Augustine Jody , Mathis Steve , Nguyen Hang , Gann Chris , Gill Jerry 
Published: March 2008

Summary
The Etame oil field, offshore Gabon, West Africa, has been producing since September 2002. The Etame oil reservoir is an oval-shaped, low-relief structure with a moderate aquifer drive. To maximize ultimate field recovery, the ET-6H well was drilled with a horizontal lateral positioned to traverse the reservoir near the structural crest and to be within the Upper Gamba sandstone throughout its length. The Gamba sandstone averages 45 ft in thickness and overlies a significant angular unconformity. The subcropping Dentale-aged sandstones and interbedded shales below this unconformity have dips to 12°. The oil column of approximately 170 ft extends below this unconformity. Previous wells in the field were completed using openhole horizontal gravel packs (OHGPs) and have experienced excellent sand-control performance. However, OHGPs offer no protection against early water breakthrough. The Gamba sand averages 30% porosity with a permeability range of 1 to 3 darcies. The Dentale sands are much more variable, with porosities of 18 to 30% and a permeability range of 50 to 1,000 md. Thus, if a portion of the lateral is situated immediately above a high-permeability Dentale sand, the well will be at risk of early water breakthrough and subsequent reduced recovery if it is completed with a standard OHGP.
The operator gravel packed the ET-6H well and used a system that provides a near-uniform inflow profile along the entire lateral length to protect against early water breakthrough. The gravel packing of inflow-control devices (ICDs) presented some unique challenges because of their differences from standard sandcontrol screens.
This paper describes the implementation of the world's first gravel packed inflow-control completion, including: ICD selection process, gravel-pack design, data from the gravel-pack operation, and resulting well performance.
Prediction of Wellbore Position Accuracy When Surveyed With Gyroscopic Tools
Authors: Torkildsen Torgeir , Håvardstein Stein T. , Weston John , Ekseth Roger 
Published: March 2008

Summary
This paper describes a new method for the estimation of wellbore position accuracies when using gyroscopic tools. The developed method represents a solution to the industry's need for a general and flexible error model which is applicable for all gyroscopic surveying tools and services.
The general gyro error model consists of a new set of error terms and a mathematical description of how the different error sources contribute to position uncertainties dependent on sensor configurations and operational modes. The model is suitable for appropriate modeling of most gyro surveying services.
The description of the model and the attached numerical examples are demonstrated to be sufficient to implement the model. The model has now been implemented in a number of commercial well planning and survey-management software packages.
The paper is a product of a collaborative work within the SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section (SPE WPTS), formerly the Industry Steering Committee on Wellbore Surveying Accuracy (ISCWSA).
Role of plant functional traits in determining vegetation composition of abandoned grazing land in north‐eastern Victoria, Australia
Authors: Meers Trevor L. , Bell Tina L. , Enright Neal J. , Kasel Sabine 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestion: In the Northern Hemisphere, species with dispersal limitations are typically absent from secondary forests. In Australia, little is known about dispersal mechanisms and other traits that drive species composition within post‐agricultural, secondary forest. We asked whether mode of seed dispersal, nutrient uptake strategy, fire response, and life form in extant vegetation differ according to land‐use history. We also asked whether functional traits of Australian species that confer tolerance to grazing and re‐colonisation potential differ from those in the Northern Hemisphere.Location: Delatite Peninsula, NE Victoria, Australia.Methods: The vegetation of primary and secondary forests was surveyed using a paired‐plot design. Eight traits were measured for all species recorded. ANOSIM tests and Non‐metric Multi‐dimensional Scaling were used to test differences in the abundance of plant attributes between land‐use types.Results: Land‐use history had a significant effect on vegetation composition. Specific leaf area (SLA) proved to be the best predictor of response to land‐use change. Primary forest species were typically myrmecochorous phanerophytes with low SLA. In the secondary forest, species were typically therophytes with epizoochorous dispersal and high SLA.Conclusions: The attributes of species in secondary forests provide tolerance to grazing suggesting that disturbance caused by past grazing activity determined the composition of these forests. Myrmecochores were rare in secondary forests, suggesting that species had failed to re‐colonise due to dispersal limitations. Functional traits that resulted in species loss through disturbance and prevented re‐colonisation were different to those in the Northern Hemisphere and were attributable to the sclerophyllous nature of the primary forest.
Microstructure
Authors: Randall J. C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The term, microstructure, has been commonly used to describe the average molecular structure of an assembly of polymer molecules, that is, repeat unit structures and mole fractions. With the advent of more detailed structural information, the term microstructure has been broadened to include compositional distributions, chirality (tacticity), average sequence lengths, sequence length distribution, and topology, such as the extent of long chain branching. The average degree of polymerization, molecular weight and molecular weight distribution are not usually included in the definitions of polymer microstructure, but are also necessary to describe completely the average molecular structure of an assembly of polymer molecules.
Because of some fundamental differences in polymer structures produced by the modes of polymerization, polymer molecules are also classified by the synthetic routes through which they were obtained.
The term microstructure must therefore include all variations in molecular structures from one polymer molecule to the next in addition to describing the overall content of each type of monomer used in copolymerization or each type of homopolymer repeat unit that has different molecular structure. Polymer microstructure is best described from the following viewpoints: topology, repeat unit structures, chirality, variations in sequencing of copolymer repeat units, sequence distributions, and molecular weight and end groups. These are all discussed in detail. Measuring polymer microstructure and chain conformations in amorphous and semicrystalline polymers are also discussed.
Abducted by a UFO: prevalence information affects young children's false memories for an implausible event
Authors: Otgaar Henry , Candel Ingrid , Merckelbach Harald , Wade Kimberley A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis study examined whether prevalence information promotes children's false memories for an implausible event. Forty‐four 7–8 and forty‐seven 11–12 year old children heard a true narrative about their first school day and a false narrative about either an implausible event (abducted by a UFO) or a plausible event (almost choking on a candy). Moreover, half of the children in each condition received prevalence information in the form of a false newspaper article while listening to the narratives. Across two interviews, children were asked to report everything they remembered about the events. In both age groups, plausible and implausible events were equally likely to give rise to false memories. Prevalence information increased the number of false memories in 7–8 year olds, but not in 11–12 year olds at Interview 1. Our findings demonstrate that young children can easily develop false memories of a highly implausible event. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organocatalytic Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Addition of Aldehydes to Alkylidine Malonates
Authors: Zhao Gui‐Ling , Vesely Jan , Sun Junliang , Christensen Kirsten E. , Bonneau Charlotte , Córdova Armando 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe first highly enantioselective, direct organocatalytic conjugate addition of unmodified aldehydes to alkylidinemalonates is presented. The reaction gives access to β‐formyl‐substituted malonates and highly functionalized lactones with up to 14:1 dr and generally 94 to >99% ee.
Insights into the ethnic differences in serum ferritin between black and white US adult men
Authors: Pan Yang , Jackson Robert T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough higher serum ferritin (SF) concentrations have been consistently observed among blacks, despite their lower hemoglobin (Hb) concentrations compared with whites, few studies attempted to explain this SF difference. To determine the possible factors contributing to the observed SF difference between blacks and whites, 1,938 non‐Hispanic white (NHW) and 1,616 non‐Hispanic black (NHB) male subjects, aged 20–65 years were selected from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III). Multiple regression analysis was used to examine the contribution of dietary, biochemical, and socioeconomic variables to the observed SF difference between the two groups. NHB subjects showed a continuing, significantly higher SF concentration compared with NHW subjects at each age group. Age, serum total protein, mean cell volume (MCV), and γ glutamyl transferase (GGT) were positively associated with SF, whereas percent energy from carbohydrate and fat, calcium intake, serum α‐carotene, and iron binding capacity (TIBC) were inversely associated with SF (P < 0.01). After excluding subjects with abnormal serum total protein, TIBC and GGT levels from the analysis (the final regression model), the SF difference dropped to 3.95 μg/l (initial difference = 37.1 μg/l) between NHWs and NHBs. The results suggest that the oft‐noted black‐white SF difference is a result of factors including overall nutrition and health, iron status, and hepatic well‐being. Higher SF, low Hb, and reduced TIBC level observed in blacks are consistent with the definition of anemia of chronic disease (ACD). Future investigations are needed to confirm the role of ACD in the black–white SF difference. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A de novo SOX10 mutation causing severe type 4 Waardenburg syndrome without Hirschsprung disease
Authors: Sznajer Yves , Coldéa Cristina , Meire Françoise , Delpierre Isabelle , Sekhara Tayeb , Touraine Renaud L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractType 4 Waardenburg syndrome represents a well define entity caused by neural crest derivatives anomalies (melanocytes, intrinsic ganglion cells, central, autonomous and peripheral nervous systems) leading, with variable expressivity, to pigmentary anomalies, deafness, mental retardation, peripheral neuropathy, and Hirschsprung disease. Autosomal dominant mode of inheritance is prevalent when Sox10 gene mutation is identified. We report the natural history of a child who presented with synophrys, vivid blue eye, deafness, bilateral complete semicircular canals agenesis with mental retardation, subtle signs for peripheral neuropathy and lack of Hirschsprung disease. SOX10 gene sequencing identified “de novo” splice site mutation (c.698‐2A > C). The present phenotype and the genotype findings underline the wide spectrum of SOX10 gene implication in unusual type 4 Waardenburg syndrome patient. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Broad ultraviolet protection by copolymerization of 2‐[3‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzophenone on cotton via admicellar polymerization
Authors: Tragoonwichian Suchada , O'Rear Edgar A. , Yanumet Nantaya 
Published: March 2008

AbstractTwo monomers with complimentary ultraviolet absorbing moieties, 2‐[3‐(2H‐benzotriazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐hydroxyphenyl]ethyl methacrylate (BEM) and 2‐hydroxy‐4‐acryloyloxybenzo phenone (HAB), were copolymerized through admicellar polymerization on a cotton fabric surface in order to improve its ultraviolet protection with broad spectral coverage. Separate and combined adsolubilization of the two monomers in dodecylbenzenesulfonate admicelles were studied and compared. Copolymer composition and monomer reactivity ratio were investigated by FTIR using Fineman–Ross and Kelen–Tüdos methods and it was found that the BEM‐HAB copolymer system showed an alternating tendency and exhibited azeotropic polymerization at a particular composition. The copolymerization method used in this study provided a cotton fabric with uniform and complete UV‐protection in the most hazardous regions. Ultraviolet protection factor (UPF) of the modified cotton was studied with a range of copolymer compositions and it was found that the fabrics coated by copolymer had higher values of UPF than homopolymers, while the monomer ratio of 1 : 1 gave the highest UPF value. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Eye tracking and online search: Lessons learned and challenges ahead
Authors: Lorigo Lori , Haridasan Maya , Brynjarsdóttir Hrönn , Xia Ling , Joachims Thorsten , Gay Geri , Granka Laura , Pellacini Fabio , Pan Bing 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article surveys the use of eye tracking in investigations of online search. Three eye tracking experiments that we undertook are discussed and compared to additional work in this area, revealing recurring behaviors and trends. The first two studies are described in greater detail in Granka, Joachims, & Gay (2004), Lorigo et al. (2006), and Pan et al. (2007), and the third study is described for the first time in this article. These studies reveal how users view the ranked results on a search engine results page (SERP), the relationship between the search result abstracts viewed and those clicked on, and whether gender, search task, or search engine influence these behaviors. In addition, we discuss a key challenge that arose in all three studies that applies to the use of eye tracking in studying online behaviors which is due to the limited support for analyzing scanpaths, or sequences of eye fixations. To meet this challenge, we present a preliminary approach that involves a graphical visualization to compare a path with a group of paths. We conclude by summarizing our findings and discussing future work in further understanding online search behavior with the help of eye tracking.