bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune response to Acanthocheilonema viteae infection in multimammate rats (Mastomys natalensis)
Authors: Chandrashekar R. , Rao U. R. , Subrahmanyam D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe multimammate rat Mastomys natalensis, when infected with the filarial parasite Acanthocheilonema viteae, develops amicrofilaraemia. Worm recovery and the duration and intensity of microfilaraemia were analysed and related to the humoral and cellular immune responses of the host by using an antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay towards microfilariae (Mf). Mf were detected in the peripheral blood at 7 weeks post‐infection (p.i.), reaching maximum levels by 20 weeks p.i., and then gradually decreasing to undetectable levels during the next 36 weeks. The cytotoxic antibodies appeared around 15–18 weeks p.i., and the serum at 36 weeks p.i. induced 70% cytotoxicity to the Mf in vitro in the presence of host cells. The IgM fraction of the immune serum from amicrofilaraemic Mastomys promoted ADCC to Mf both in vitro and in vivo. Macrophages were more potent in inducing cytotoxic effect than eosinophils and neutrophils. Platelets were ineffective in killing the Mf in the presence of immune serum. IgM antibody cleared the circulating Mf from the blood when given passively to infected Mastomys. The average recovery of adult worms was about 20% of the inoculated larvae. No live females could be recovered 56 weeks p.i. Thus protective immune responses built up over an extended period of time are elicited against the Mf and perhaps even to adults in Mastomys infected with A. viteae.
Monoclonal antibodies to carcino‐embryonic antigen
Authors: Teh Jin‐Ghee , McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummarySeveral approaches were made to produce new monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) to human colonic tumours using different immunogens, such as colon cell lines, and tissue and serum from patients with colon cancer. Six MoAb were produced but all were found lo be reactive with carcino‐embryonic antigen (CEA). Through tissue reactivity and competitive inhibition studies it was found that four epitopes could be detected: CEA‐I detected by MoAb I‐l and O‐l; CEA‐2 detected by MoAb i7C4; CEA‐3 detected by MoAb LK‐4 and XPX‐13 and CEA‐4 detected by MoAb JGT‐13. CEA‐2 was also found on granulocytes and probably detects normal cross‐reacting antigen (NCA). In formalin‐fixed tissues the CEA‐specific epitopes were absent from normal adult tissues, but this was an artefact of the fixation procedure and fresh, non‐fixed colonic tissues were clearly reactive. All six MoAb reacted with > 70% of colonic tumours when tested by the immunoperoxidase technique and gave different patterns of reactivity reflecting the differential expression of the CEA 1–4 epitopes. Despite the apparent specificity of these MoAb for colon cancer, serum testing using MoAb gave similar results to CEA polyclonal antibodies, that is the MoAb gave no obvious advantage. Thus efforts to produce new reagents to colon cancer yielded only anti‐CEA monoclonal reagents. Clearly, other new approaches are required to produce better diagnostic reagents for this common disease.
Anti‐asialo‐GM1 inhibits vaccinia virus infection of murine ovaries: Asialo‐GM1 as an additional virus receptor?
Authors: Karupiah Gunasegaran , Blanden Robert V. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe neurovirulent strain of vaccinia virus, VV‐WR, or recombinants derived from VV‐WR, cause highly productive infection of murine ovaries, but infection could be partially inhibited in vivo using an antiserum to asialo‐GM1 (as‐GM1). In vitro analysis by flow cytometry revealed that murine ovarian cells expressed a cell surface antigen identical to or cross‐reactive with as‐GM1. The capacity of VV‐WR to infect murine ovaries appears to depend in part upon as‐GM1expression on ovarian cells.
Speech prosody in cerebellar ataxia
Authors: Casper Maureen A. , Raphael Lawrence J. , Harris Katherine S. , Geibel Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPersons with cerebellar ataxia exhibit changes in physical coordination and speech and voice production. Previously, these alterations of speech and voice production were described primarily via perceptual coordinates. In this study, the spatial–temporal properties of syllable production were examined in 12 speakers, six of whom were healthy speakers and six with ataxia. The speaking task was designed to elicit six different prosodic conditions and four contrastive prosodic events. Distinct prosodic patterns were elicited by the examiner for cerebellar patients and healthy speakers. These utterances were digitally recorded and analysed acoustically and statistically. The healthy speakers showed statistically significant differences among all four prosodic contrasts. The normal model described by the prosodic contrasts provided a sensitive index of cerebellar pathology with quantitative acoustic analyses. A significant interaction between subject groups and prosodic conditions revealed a compromised prosody in cerebellar patients. Significant differences were found for durational parameters, F0 and formant frequencies. The cerebellar speakers demonstrated different patterns of syllable lengthening and syllable reduction from that of the healthy speakers.
Pelagic fish abundance in relation to regional environmental variation in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea
Authors: Peltonen Heikki , Luoto Miska , Pääkkönen Jari-Pekka , Karjalainen Miina , Tuomaala Antti , Pönni Jukka , Viitasalo Markku 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeltonen, H., Luoto, M., Pääkkönen, J.-P., Karjalainen, M., Tuomaala, A., Pönni, J., and Viitasalo, M. 2007. Pelagic fish abundance in relation to regional environmental variation in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 487–495. This study applies variation partitioning to analyse spatial patterns in hydroacoustic estimates of fish abundance in relation to regional variation in the hydrography, food resources, and geography of the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. Using variation partitioning based on generalized additive models, daily fluctuations in hydroacoustic abundance estimates were first eliminated, and the remaining variation in fish abundance was decomposed into independent and joint effects of hydrography, food resources, and geography. The independent effect of geographic variables (spatial location and water depth) captured the largest fraction of the variation (9.3%) in the fish-abundance patterns, whereas the independent effects of hydrography (5.8%) and food resources (5.6%) captured slightly less. However, a considerable portion of the variation in fish-abundance patterns was accounted for by the joint effects of explanatory variables and may therefore be causally related to two or all three groups of variables. The model applied efficiently eliminated the spatial autocorrelation in the fish abundance between sampling units, especially at distances >2000 m. At smaller scales, the residual autocorrelation may have been due to fish behavioural patterns independent of the explanatory variables in this analysis.
Unintended and perverse consequences of ignoring linkages in fisheries systems
Authors: Degnbol Poul , McCay Bonnie J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Degnbol, P., and McCay, B. J. 2006. Unintended and perverse consequences of ignoring linkages in fisheries systems. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 793–797. The development of fisheries management strategies within institutions such as national governments, the EU, and ICES includes explicit or implicit decisions on longer term management objectives and performance criteria, on the relevant knowledge base for tactical management decisions, on decision rules regarding fisheries in the current or forthcoming fishing season, and on the implementation framework. These decisions, moreover, must be relevant to the characteristics of the fisheries and the stocks being exploited. The development of management strategies must be based, therefore, on an understanding of the overall fisheries system and linkages among its components. Based on recent examples in Europe and North America, we discuss how a failure to understand the linkages in the fisheries system may lead to management strategies that fail to achieve their objectives, and how an understanding of these linkages can inform the development of strategies that are more likely to achieve policy objectives.
Effort regulation of the demersal fisheries at the Faroe Islands: a 10-year appraisal
Authors: í Jákupsstovu S. H. , Cruz L. R. , Maguire J-J. , Reinert J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Jákupsstovu, S. H. í, Cruz, L. R., Maguire, J-J., and Reinert, J. 2007. Effort regulation of the demersal fisheries at the Faroe Islands: a 10-year appraisal. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 730–737. Since 1996, the demersal fisheries for cod, haddock, and saithe in Faroese waters have been regulated by a combination of fishing licenses, effort quota (days fishing), and area closures. The number of days initially allocated aimed at exerting an average annual fishing mortality rate of 0.45 on each of the three species. Considering that these stocks are taken in mixed fisheries, it had been hypothesized that effort would be targeted at the most available species, resulting in lower fishing mortality on the less available species, allowing them to recover. We review ten years of experience with the management system with special focus on the underlying assumptions. Although the system appears to have achieved an appropriate balance in catch opportunities among the different fleet components and has minimized interference among gears, the objective of controlling fishing mortality on cod and saithe below the stated objective has not been achieved, partly because the original number of days allocated to fishing was too high. Also, there is no evidence that fleets switch target species according to relative abundance of all three species, which was one of the underlying assumptions of the effort management system. In view of the impact of major changes in productivity on stock development and exploitation, the current system cannot be expected to ensure spawning-stock biomasses above safe biological limits without a large reduction in the number of days allocated.
Effects of Organic Fertility Management on Physicochemical Properties and Sensory Quality of Diverse Rice Cultivars
Authors: Champagne Elaine T. , Bett‐Garber Karen L. , Grimm Casey C. , McClung Anna M. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe demand for organically grown rice has increased with consumer demand for organic foods. The objective of this research was to determine whether there are physicochemical differences in organically and conventionally grown rice that contribute to flavor and texture differences, as determined by descriptive sensory analysis, an objective tool. Five diverse cultivars (four nonwaxy and one waxy) were grown at Beaumont, TX, with 100 or 50% recommended nitrogen fertilizer using conventional management or with chicken litter using organic management. Mean protein content differed significantly (P < 0.05) with fertilizer input, whereas mean apparent amylose and mineral contents (with few exceptions) did not differ. The mean protein content of each cultivar grown with the 100% N rate typically used was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that of the cultivar grown organically or at the 50% N rate. The mean protein contents of the cultivars grown organically and at the 50% N rate did not significantly differ (P > 0.05). Slickness, which correlates negatively with protein content, was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in four of the five organically grown rice cultivars than in the same cultivars grown conventionally using the 100% N rate. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between the slickness of the cultivars grown organically and conventionally using the 50% N rate. Roughness and hardness, which have a weak positive correlation with protein content, also differed significantly (P < 0.05) with fertilizer input in some of the cultivars. Observed differences in pasting and cooked textural properties of cultivars grown with different fertilizer types and input were the result of differences in protein content and not organic management, per se. In addition, no differences in flavor were observed due to management method. These results demonstrate that rice grown on land that is being transitioned into organic production is not expected to have significant differences in cooking or processing quality. The organic management method resulted in reduced protein content and a change in texture that may positively affect consumer acceptance of organically grown rice in markets that prefer rice that is more slick.
The ecology and conservation status of Madagascar's endemic freshwater crayfish (Parastacidae; Astacoides)
Authors: JONES JULIA P. G. , ANDRIAHAJAINA FORTUNAT B. , HOCKLEY NEAL J. , CRANDALL KEITH A. , RAVOAHANGIMALALA OLGA R. 
Published: July 2007

Summary1. Freshwater crayfish of the genus Astacoides are endemic to the highlands of eastern Madagascar. Very little is known about their ecology and how this affects their vulnerability to threats. Working in the Fianarantsoa forest corridor, we used a combination of ecological research (>29 000 crayfish caught and released) and interviews (>130 interviews in 38 villages) to investigate the ecology and status of four of the seven described species.2. Astacoides species studied showed very slow growth, with growth rates of Astacoides granulimanus and Astacoides crosnieri among the slowest known in any species of crayfish. We found individuals of all three species for which we had growth data which we estimate at more than 20‐years old. The size at which females became ovigerous varied among species. Astacoides betsileoensis withheld reproduction until a large size (only 30% of females were gravid at 60‐mm carapace length, compared with 90% for A. granulimanus). This is likely to make A. betsileoensis particularly vulnerable to overexploitation and we found that only 10% of individuals measured in a market (n = 909) would have reproduced before being caught compared with 35% of the more common A. granulimanus (n = 30 561).3. Habitat loss is a serious threat to the genus; even A. granulimanus, the most widespread species, was only found in rivers or streams flanked by natural vegetation. Astacoides caldwelli, the rarest species in this study, was found only at low altitudes (<800 m) in rivers draining forested catchments. Habitat loss is particularly rapid in low elevation forest. A. crosnieri was restricted to swampy land that is rapidly being converted to rice fields. Introduced Asian snakehead fish (Channa maculata) may pose a hitherto unrecognised threat to some species, particularly A. betsileoensis.4. Madagascar's freshwater habitats have great significance for global biodiversity yet conservation effort, as in much of the world, has focused on terrestrial ecosystems. Until recently almost nothing was known about the ecology of Astacoides crayfish, a diverse and economically important genus. Here, we show that members of the genus vary markedly in their reproductive biology, growth rates, habitat requirements and the threats they face. We suggest that habitat loss is an urgent threat, especially to A. caldwelli and A. crosnieri, while overharvesting is probably the most immediate threat to the larger A. betsileoensis. We call for more attention to be paid to Madagascar's exceptional, yet understudied, freshwater biodiversity.
Molecular and morphological patterns of introgression between two large white‐headed gull species in a zone of recent secondary contact
Authors: GAY L. , NEUBAUER G. , ZAGALSKA‐NEUBAUER M. , DEBAIN C. , PONS J.‐M. , DAVID P. , CROCHET P.‐A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIncomplete reproductive isolation promotes gene flow between diverging taxa. However, any gene encoding for traits involved in the reproductive barriers will be less prone to introgression than neutral markers. Comparing introgression rates among loci is thus informative of the number and functions of loci involved in the reproductive barriers. This study aimed at identifying possible mechanisms of restriction to gene flow across a zone of recent secondary contact between Larus argentatus and Larus cachinnans by comparing introgression patterns for nine microsatellite loci, a fragment of mitochondrial DNA and a set of phenotypic traits. The low linkage disequilibrium between neutral nuclear markers indicated introgression without any barrier to gene flow. However, asymmetric introgression of mitochondrial DNA suggested that interspecific crosses may be more successful in one direction. The introgression rate for phenotypic traits was variable and low compared to neutral molecular markers. This was particularly evident in colouration of bare parts: individuals with intermediate colouration were scarcer in sympatry than expected if the genomes recombined freely. We hypothesized that one of these variables, the orbital ring colour, may play a role in mate choice, acting as an incomplete premating barrier through assortative mating. This study emphasizes that multilocus approaches are useful to discriminate among possible mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of hybrid zones.
Differential var gene expression in the organs of patients dying of falciparum malaria
Authors: Montgomery Jacqui , Mphande Fingani A. , Berriman Matthew , Pain Arnab , Rogerson Stephen J. , Taylor Terrie E. , Molyneux Malcolm E. , Craig Alister 
Published: July 2007

SummarySequestration of parasitized erythrocytes in the microcirculation of tissues is thought to be important in the pathogenesis of severe falciparum malaria. A major variant surface antigen, var/Plasmodium falciparum erythrocyte membrane protein 1, expressed on the surface of the infected erythrocyte, mediates cytoadherence to vascular endothelium. To address the question of tissue‐specific accumulation of variant types, we used the unique resource generated by the clinicopathological study of fatal paediatric malaria in Blantyre, Malawi, to analyse var gene transcription in patients dying with falciparum malaria. Despite up to 102 different var genes being expressed by P. falciparum populations in a single host, only one to two of these genes were expressed at high levels in the brains and hearts of these patients. These major var types differed between organs. However, identical var types were expressed in the brains of multiple patients from a single malaria season. These results provide the first evidence of organ‐specific accumulation of P. falciparum variant types and suggest that parasitized erythrocytes can exhibit preferential binding in the body, supporting the hypothesis of cytoadherence‐linked pathogenesis.
The Deep Seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea*
Authors: Giardini Domenico , Velonà Maddalena 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe deep seismicity of the Tyrrhenian Sea is analysed using data from a new instrumental catalogue of the seismicity of the Italian area. We use algorithms for the determination of absolute and relative hypocentral locations and for the evaluation of the geometry and coherence of the state of stress within the subducting slab. The structure of the Benioff zone, although simpler than previously indicated, reveals anomalous traits both in the seismicity distribution and in the stress geometry, confirming that standard subduction models cannot be applied in the Tyrrhenian region. The velocity anomaly and the location of few isolated events indicate that the subducted slabs extend to the north along the Apenninic chain approximately to the latitude of the Irpinia region, in Central Italy (˜ 42°N).
Late. Oligocene Pacific‐wide tectonic event
Authors: Kamp Peter J.J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStratigraphic and structural changes, radiometrically and biostratigraphically dated, from basins and basement across New Zealand, indicate that the modern Australia‐Pacific plate boundary, including the Alpine fault sector, formed between 28 and 24 Ma. This age range coincides with changes at about 25 Ma in the trends of the Hawaiian and Louisville hotspot chains, and a 27–25 Ma reorganization of spreading on the Antarctic‐Pacific spreading ridge. It also follows closely the 28.5 Ma initiation of subduction of the East Pacific Rise south of Mendocino fracture zone that lead to formation of the San Andreas continental transform. The late Oligocene Pacific‐wide tectonic reorganization may have been triggered by this ridge‐trench collision.
A view of texture dynamics
Authors: Wheeler J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTextures in rocks reflect the interactions of driving forces and the mechanisms allowing them to induce change. The driving forces are excess chemical energy induced by changing pressure and temperature, deviatoric stress, and surface energy. The mechanisms whereby they are manifest include diffusion (in grains, fluids and grain boundaries), surface reaction, dislocation creep and nucleation. Emphasis is put on the first two processes in this discussion. Diffusion is frequently important in metamorphic reactions and is the dominant chemical means whereby stress induces shape change (pressure solution). Conversely, surface and interface reaction (and not surface energy anisotropy) control growth and dissolution of euhedral grains. Processes of texture development in turn affect the driving forces, in particular creating new transient forces. Thus a purely chemical driving force induced by, for example, temperature change, can lead to the buildup of stresses whose chemical effect reaches a comparable magnitude. Similarly, surface‐reaction controlled growth of grains can give rise to large local surface energies which themselves drive further changes. Detailed grain‐scale models are required to describe these phenomena; attempts to ‘average’ properties such as diffusion or reaction on the scale of many grains can give rise to misleading inferences. Instead, local buffering of species in individual grain boundaries can have a great effect on overall transport properties and texture development. Not only measurements of diffusion and reaction rate parameters, but also consistent qualitative models for texture development are required to characterize these processes.