bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Body Heating and Mental Arithmetic on Facial Sweating and Blood Flow in Unilateral Migraine Headache
Authors: Drummond Peter D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFacial sweating and pulse amplitude during body heating were investigated during the headache‐free period in 38 subjects who suffered from unilateral migraine headache that usually recurred on the same side. In 22 of these subjects, pulse amplitude recorded from the forehead circulation was examined during a computerized mental arithmetic test. Thermally‐induced increases in forehead pulse amplitude were smaller on the side habitually affected by headache than on the other side of the forehead. Although sweating from the upper part of the forehead did not differ consistently between the two sides, asymmetry of sweating correlated significantly with asymmetry of the vascular response. Sweating and vascular responses were symmetrical in the cheeks. During mental arithmetic, mean increases in forehead pulse amplitude did not differ consistently between the two sides, but the maximum increase was greater on the nonsymptomatic side. These findings suggest that vascular sympathetic outflow was reduced on the symptomatic side of the forehead, possibly because of damage to the sympathetic plexus surrounding the internal carotid artery in the carotid canal during repeated episodes of migraine. Sympathetic fibers to the upper part of the forehead and cheeks bypass the carotid canal, which may account for symmetrical responses during body heating. A reduction in sympathetic outflow could influence vasodilation at the site of migraine headache.
Hemodynamic and Respiratory Concomitants of Learned Heart Rate Control During Exercise
Authors: Engel Bernard T. , Talan Mark I. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEach of three monkeys was trained to slow its heart, to exercise (lift weights), and to attenuate the tachycardia of exercise by combining these two skills. During all experiments, heart rate, stroke volume, intra‐arterial blood pressure, O2 consumption, and CO2 production were recorded on a beat‐to‐beat basis. All animals reliably attenuated the tachycardia of exercise, indicating that this expression of central command is, at least in part, a learned motor skill. Double‐product (heart rate × systolic pressure) was attenuated during combined sessions relative to exercise only sessions, and heart rate was always lower at similar levels of cardiac output, indicating that under the combined conditions, animals were performing with better cardiac efficiency at comparable levels of mechanical effort. Analyses of O2 consumption, CO2 production, and respiratory quotient (the ratio of CO2 production to O2 consumption) suggested that the animals also might have been delivering more O2 to their working muscles during combined sessions.
Responses of the T‐Wave Amplitude as a Function of Active and Passive Tasks and Beta‐Adrenergic Blockade
Authors: Rau Harald 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents evidence that phasic changes in T‐wave amplitude vary as a function of task conditions and beta‐adrenergic drugs. Three experiments were designed to test the sensitivity of T‐wave amplitude to manipulations in sympathetic arousal. In the first experiment, T‐wave amplitude was recorded during an active behavioral task in which 32 subjects believed that they could control the duration of an aversive white noise and during a passive behavioral task in which another 30 subjects knew that they had no control. T‐wave amplitude decreased to a greater extent in the active behavior group than in the passive group. In the second experiment, 9 subjects receiving one of two beta‐adrenergic blockers and 10 subjects receiving placebo completed the active task. Task‐induced reductions in T‐wave amplitude were systematically blocked by the beta blockers. In the third experiment, 5 subjects received placebos and 15 received one of two different beta blockers. All subjects performed a mental arithmetic task. Subjects receiving a placebo, but not those receiving beta blockade, exhibited a significant reduction in T‐wave amplitude during mental arithmetic.
Children's Cardiovascular Reactivity: Stability of Racial Differences and Relation to Subsequent Blood Pressure over a One‐Year Period
Authors: Murphy Joseph K. , Alpert Bruce S. , Walker Sammie S. , Willey Elaine S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAfter measuring blood pressure and heart rate at rest and during a video game procedure in 477 children enrolled in 3rd grade, 434 (91%) children had these measurements repeated a year later in 4th grade. Black children demonstrated greater blood pressure and heart rate reactivity than White children in both years, and an increase in heart rate reactivity from 3rd to 4th grade. Gender effects were inconsistent. Systolic and diastolic blood pressures during the video game were more highly correlated from year‐to‐year than were the resting measures. Regression analysis indicated that systolic reactivity was significantly related to subsequent systolic pressure at rest, particularly among Black girls. Diastolic reactivity was associated with subsequent resting diastolic pressure only among White children. Associations between reactivity and future blood pressure were independent of initial resting blood pressure. This study suggests that cardiovascular reactivity to psychological stress may be one important factor in future level of blood pressure and that the increased heart rate reactivity of Black children may be associated with the prevalence of hypertension among Black adults.
Effects of Isoproterenol on T‐Wave Amplitude and Heart Rate: A Dose‐Response Study
Authors: Contrada Richard J. , Dimsdale Joel , Levy Linda , Weiss Theodore 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis report examines the hypothesis that electrocardiographic T‐wave amplitude is sensitive to graded increases in beta‐sympathetic stimulation of the heart. Beta‐adrenergic activity was manipulated pharmacologically in 9 healthy men by bolus infusion of isoproterenol in each of six doses: 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 micrograms. Results indicated that elevations in heart rate above placebo values increased as a linear function of isoproterenol dose. In contrast, the dose‐response curve for T‐wave amplitude was best described by a quadratic function: An initial reduction in T‐wave amplitude at low levels of isoproterenol infusion was followed by a significant reversal of this effect at higher doses. Comparison of the heart rate and T‐wave amplitude data points to limitations in the use of the latter as an index of beta‐adrenergic activity. One of several possible explanations for the T‐wave results would entail a mechanism that preserves ventricular function at high levels of beta‐sympathetic stimulation.
Temperature, Time‐of‐Night of Testing, and Responsiveness to Stimuli Presented While Sleeping
Authors: Lammers W.J. , Badia P. , Hughes R. , Harsh J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study examined how time‐of‐night of testing and body temperature related to responsiveness to stimuli presented in sleep. Nine males slept for two nonconsecutive nights in the sleep laboratory. On Night 1, tympanic temperature was assessed at 30‐min intervals. On Night 2, responsiveness was assessed with an incremental series of tones (5dB steps) presented in sleep stages 2, 3/4, and REM throughout the night (0030–0800 h). Subjects were instructed and given practice prior to sleep to make a microswitch closure to the tones. Results showed a curvilinear pattern of responsiveness across the night in that the intensity of tones required for a response increased until about 0530 h, then decreased thereafter. This pattern of responsiveness was positively related to the circadian rhythm of body temperature. A close correspondence was also found between the temperature trough and the performance trough (both occurred at about 0530 h). A greater emphasis on circadian factors may help understand previously reported but contradictory findings. The present results also suggest that measures of responsiveness follow a circadian factors may help understand previously reported but contradictory findings. The present results also suggest that measures of responsiveness follow a circadian pattern regardless of the sleep/wake state.
A Comparison of Field and Laboratory Polygraphs in the Detection of Deception
Authors: Patrick Christopher J. , Iacono William G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study compared the effectiveness of field and laboratory polygraphs in discriminating guilty and innocent subjects tested using the Control Question Technique (CQT). Subjects were 48 prisoners examined regarding a mock theft in a peer threat context; physiological responses were recorded simultaneously on a Lafayette field polygraph and a Sensor Medics laboratory polygraph. Overall hit rates were essentially the same whether classifications were based on quantitative measures from the laboratory polygraph or on numerical scores from the field polygraph (i.e., 73% and 79%, respectively), and in both cases the best discriminating measures were electrodermal activity and indices of respiration suppression. Further analyses revealed that errors of classification were mostly due to the failure of the available measures to differentiate between relevant and control questions for innocent subjects. These results indicate that the CQT is susceptible to false positive errors when subjects are tested under field‐like circumstances, a problem that is not likely to be eliminated by refinements in instrumentation and scoring.
Response Inhibition Initiates Cardiac Deceleration: Evidence from a Sensory‐Motor Compatibility Paradigm
Authors: Jennings J. Richard , Van Der Molen Maurits W. , Brock Kay , Somsen Riek J.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments tested the hypothesis that response selection processes alter the timing of the shift between anticipatory cardiac deceleration and acceleratory recovery. Experiment 1 compared changes in cardiac interbeat interval induced by the manipulation of sensory‐motor compatibility in a four choice reaction time task. A direct spatial mapping between a linear array of light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) was compared to randomly assigned, indirect (non‐compatible) mappings. Experiment 2 repeated these two tasks and added a two choice condition with direct spatial mapping, a task frequently employed to examine heart rate deceleration. Fifteen college aged males participated in Experiment 1; 18 college aged males participated in Experiment 2. In both experiments anticipatory cardiac deceleration either reached a plateau or shifted to acceleration by the interbeat interval in which the stimulus occurred. In contrast to previous reports, a secondary deceleration, rather than cardiac acceleration, often followed the stimulus. The secondary deceleration was greater with non‐compatible mapping, slow response speeds, and short intertrial intervals. The findings suggested that the motoric inhibition required during response selection induces a phasic cardiac deceleration.
Psychological Correlates of Nonspecific Skin Conductance Responses
Authors: Nikula Reiner 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious research has indicated that the frequency of skin conductance responses without external stimulation or motor activity is a reliable indicator of psychophysiological states and traits. Some authors have suggested that cognitions elicit nonspecific skin conductance responses. These cognitions may resemble the stimuli that evoke a specific skin conductance response. In a within subjects design (n=31 graduate students) the onset of nonspecific skin conductance responses triggered a signal for the subject to rate cognitions on several indices. These ratings (“absent” to “fully present”) were compared with samples in the absence of phasic electrodermal activity. The subjects’current concerns, negative emotion, subjective arousal, and inner speech were rated to be significantly more intense at the time of nonspecific skin conductance responses compared to electrodermal nonresponding periods. Cognitive processes seem to be concomitants of nonspecific skin conductance responses.
Guidelines for Reducing the Risk of Disease Transmission in the Psychophysiology Laboratory
Authors:   SPR Ad Hoc Committee on the Prevention of Disease Transmission, Putnam Lois E. , Johnson Ray , Roth Walton T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic has highlighted the need for safeguards against the inadvertent transmission of infectious disease in the psychophysiology laboratory. These Guidelines identify factors contributing to the risk of bloodborne disease transmission to subjects or technicians, and recommend procedures to minimize such risk, given current knowledge and techniques.The lowest risk is associated with the application of devices, such as surface electrodes, to non‐abraded, intact skin. Such devices should be clean, but do not require disinfection.The potential risk of infection is higher when surface electrodes are applied to non‐intact skin. Abrasion, or other breaks in the skin, can allow seepage of blood products carrying such pathogens as hepatitis B virus and the human immunodeficiency virus that causes AIDS. Thus electrodes require high‐level disinfection before reuse on non‐intact skin. In addition, technicians should wear gloves during skin preparation and should abrade the skin no more than necessary, using only sterile, preferably non‐sharp materials.The highest risk is that associated with items that enter sterile tissue, such as subdermal electrodes and the needles and lancets sometimes used in skin preparation. Such items must be sterile at the time of use and must be handled with extreme caution.
Scopolamine Effects on Visual Information Processing, Attention, and Event‐Related Potential Map Latencies
Authors: Brandeis Daniel , Naylor Hilary , Halliday Roy , Callaway Enoch , Yano Lovelle 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe measured performance and event‐related brain potential (ERP) map latencies in 12 subjects during four visual discrimination tasks to compare the timing of scopolamine effects on information processing and attention. “Topographic component recognition” found ERP map latencies at times of best fit with a component model map. This “common topography” criterion minimized topographic differences among conditions to facilitate latency interpretations. Scopolamine slowed N1 latency in all tasks, and P3 and reaction time in some tasks. The drug delayed responses to easy targets more than to hard targets. It also induced a disproportionate N1 delay for unilateral high spatial frequency gratings. Both effects reflect a scopolamine‐induced impairment when processing targets that usually capture attention. Scopolamine also impaired accuracy for unilateral high spatial frequency gratings, and for gratings presented at probable locations, confirming and extending previous findings. Scopolamine‐induced P1 and N1 delays showed that visual processing was affected. Several results were inconsistent with a serial stage model. We suggest that scopolamine both delays selected processes and impairs a processing mode based on automatic capture of attention, inducing more serial processing.
Digital Filtering: Background and Tutorial for Psychophysiologists
Authors: Cook Edwin W. , Miller Gregory A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDigital filtering offers more to psychophysiologists than is commonly appreciated. An introduction is offered here to foster the explicit design and use of digital filters. Because of considerable confusion in the literature about terminology important to both analog and digital filtering, basic concepts are reviewed and clarified. Because some time series concepts are fundamental to digital filtering, these are also presented. Examples of filters commonly used in psychophysiology are given, and procedures are presented for the design and use of one type of digital filter. Properties of some types of digital filters are described, and the relative advantages of simple analog and digital filters are discussed.
The Effects of Scopolamine on Event‐Related Potentials in a Continuous Recognition Memory Task
Authors: Potter Douglas D. , Pickles Charles D. , Roberts Richard C. , Rugg Michael D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were recorded during a task requiring continuous recognition memory for visually‐presented words. Twelve subjects each performed the task twice, once following the administration of scopolamine, and once after receiving a saline placebo. In the placebo condition, correctly detected “old” words (i.e., words that had been presented once before during the task) evoked more positive‐going ERPs than did “new” words. Scopolamine caused a substantial impairment in task performance, but did not reduce the size of these old‐word/new‐word ERP differences. It is concluded that old/new ERP effects are unlikely to reflect cholinergically‐mediated neural activity underlying normal recognition memory.
An Electrophysiological Study of Semantic Processing in Young and Middle‐Aged Academics
Authors: Gunter Thomas C. , Jackson Janet L. , Mulder Gijsbertus 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study explored age differences in the N400 component, described by Kutas and Hillyard as an index of semantic expectancy. A group of young students and a group of middle‐aged academics read a number of congruent and incongruent sentences followed by a recognition task. Age differences were found in both accuracy and speed in the recognition task. The N400 elicited in the reading task was both delayed in latency and reduced in amplitude in the older group. These aging effects could not be attributed to early stimulus input processes because the N1 did not differ between the age groups. A re‐averaging of the event‐related potentials during reading as a function of subsequent recognition showed a small memory‐related positivity for the younger group and a large memory‐related positivity for the older group, suggesting a difference in the encoding strategies of the two groups. To check the generalizability of the results of this particular age group, a further task (a memory scanning task) was carried out. The results, a delayed P3b and an increased reaction time, matched those found in the literature.
Physiological Arousal and Perception of Bodily State During Parachute Jumping
Authors: Schedlowski Manfred , Tewes Uwe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate and respiration rate were recorded with a portable data recording system before and during a parachute jump in 36 male sport parachutists with differing degrees of experience. The recordings were analyzed at 12 psychologically relevant points in time along with the subjective ratings of physical arousal. Novice parachutists showed a higher degree of self‐rated arousal during jumps. However, the two groups displayed nearly parallel curves for heart and respiration rates, differing significantly from each other only in the level of their respective heart rates. Furthermore, experienced jumpers seem to be better informed about their state of physiological arousal during the jump than are novice jumpers. These results do not confirm the proposed anxiety inhibition process, postulated by Epstein (1967).
Psychometric Properties of Resting Anterior EEG Asymmetry: Temporal Stability and Internal Consistency
Authors: Tomarken Andrew J. , Davidson Richard J. , Wheeler Robert E. , Kinney Linda 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTWe examined whether resting anterior electroencephalographic (EEG) asymmetry in the alpha frequency band has psychometric properties that would be expected of a measure assessing individual differences. In each of two experimental sessions, separated by three weeks, resting EEG in midfrontal and anterior temporal sites was recorded from 85 female adults during eight 60‐s baselines. Resting alpha asymmetry demonstrated acceptable test‐retest stability and excellent internal consistency reliability. Analyses including other frequency bands indicated that degree of stability varied somewhat as a function of band and region. In addition, asymmetry was less stable than absolute power. Discussion focuses on the implications of the present findings for the measurement and conceptualization of resting anterior asymmetry.
Blood pressure responses and incentive appraisals as a function of perceived ability and objective task demand
Authors: WRIGHT REX A. , DILL JODY C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis experiment examined the role perceptions of ability may play in determining the impact of task demand on cardiovascular responses indicative of active coping. Subjects first performed a scanning task and received feedback indicating that they had either low or high scanning ability. They then were presented with the opportunity to earn one of two incentives by attaining either an objectively low or objectively high standard of performance on a second scanning task. Immediately prior to and during the 1‐min performance period, systolic and diastolic blood pressure responses were greater in the difficult standard condition than in the easy standard condition for those who received high‐ability feedback but were somewhat diminished in the difficult standard condition as compared with the easy standard condition for those who received low‐ability feedback. Whereas high‐ability subjects tended to have less pronounced pressor responses than did low‐ability subjects when the second task was objectively easy, they had more pronounced pressor responses than low‐ability subjects when the second task was objectively difficult. Analysis of goal attractiveness ratings obtained just prior to task performance showed a general correspondence between subjects' anticipatory blood pressure responses and their appraisals of the incentives. Implications for several lines of investigation are discussed.
Measuring the time course of anticipatory anxiety using the fear‐potentiated startle reflex
Authors: GRILLON CHRISTIAN , AMELI REZVAN , MERIKANGAS KATHLEEN , WOODS SCOTT W. , DAVIS MICHAEL 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe time course of the facilitation of the acoustic startle reflex induced by anticipation of electric shocks was measured in 20 normal volunteers. Shocks could be administered during the last 10 s of 45‐s threat conditions but not during 50‐s no‐threat conditions, each condition being signaled by a different light. Consistent with previous data, overall eyeblink startle levels were higher during the threat than during the no‐threat conditions. However, the magnitude of this fear‐potentiated startle effect became progressively larger in the threat condition the longer the light was on and then abruptly decreased with the onset of the light signaling the no‐threat condition. These effects of the threat of shock on startle were interpreted in terms of anticipatory anxiety. Other interpretations, such as changes in selective or generalized attention, were also discussed. This paradigm provides a method to assess the time course of anticipatory anxiety in humans.
Detection of EMG onset in ERP research
Authors: VAN BOXTEL G. J. M. , GERAATS L. H. D. , VAN DEN BERG‐LENSSEN M. M. C. , BRUNIA C. H. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany researchers have used off‐line techniques for the automatic detection of electromyogram (EMG) onset. However, very little is known about the accuracy of these methods. In the present study, five such methods are evaluated and their accuracy is reported. Five subjects were asked to produce fast (ballistic) and slow (ramp) contractions with thumb and index finger of the right hand in a simple reaction time task. EMG was recorded from the first dorsal interosseus muscle, and onsets were visually determined in the raw EMG. These onsets were compared with the onsets produced by the automated methods on the rectified and low‐pass filtered EMG. Four of the automated methods produced very reliable estimates of the visually determined onsets, at least when additional constraints upon the initial estimates were made. Studies using automated methods for EMG onset detection should report findings about their accuracy.