bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Cancer: A Prosthodontic Diagnosis
Authors: Siegel Michael A. , Kahn Michael A. , Palazzolo Mitzi J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe prosthodontic literature is replete with articles addressing the reconstruction, psychological adaption, prosthesis success, quality of life, need for careful follow‐up, and many other issues related to the patient who has undergone surgery, radiation, and/or chemotherapy for oral malignant neoplasms. However, in the prosthodontic professional literature, there is a paucity of information related to the early diagnosis and referral of lesions that may represent premalignant or malignant neoplasia. This article will describe the rationale, epidemiology, and appearance of oral premalignant and malignant mucosal lesions as well as the state‐of‐the‐art diagnostic tools currently available to prosthodontists to ensure that their patients are diagnosed at the earliest possible time.
Fracture Resistance of Endodontically Treated Teeth: Three Walls versus Four Walls of Remaining Coronal Tooth Structure
Authors: Arunpraditkul Siriporn , Saengsanon Siranee , Pakviwat Wilasinee 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth between those with four walls and those with three walls of remaining coronal tooth structure and the effect of the site of the missing coronal wall. Materials and Methods: Thirty‐two endodontically treated second mandibular premolars were decoronated, leaving 3 mm above the cementoenamel junction (CEJ). A 0.5‐mm‐wide chamfer was prepared 1 mm above the CEJ. The teeth were randomly divided into four groups. Group 1 had four walls of coronal tooth structure, whereas groups 2, 3, and 4 had only three walls, missing the buccal, lingual, and mesial wall, respectively. The cast dowel and cores and crowns (Ni–Cr alloy) were cemented with zinc phosphate cement. A compressive load was applied 45° to the long axis, 2 mm below the buccal cusp, with an Instron machine until failure at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Failure load (kg) and mode of failure were recorded. Data were analyzed with one‐way ANOVA and Scheffé tests (p < 0.05). Results: Group 1 had the highest fracture resistance (1190.3 ± 110.5 kg), significantly different from the other groups (p < 0.05) (group 2: 578.5 ± 197.4 kg; group 3: 786.6 ± 132.8 kg; group 4: 785.4 ± 289.9 kg). There were no significant differences among the test groups. The mode of failure in group 1 was a horizontal root fracture, whereas that of the other groups was either vertical or oblique fracture. Conclusions: Teeth with four walls of remaining coronal dentine had significantly higher fracture resistance than teeth with only three walls. The site of the missing coronal wall did not affect the fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth.
Fracture Resistance of Yttria‐Stabilized Zirconia Dental Implant Abutments
Authors: Adatia Nimet D. , Bayne Stephen C. , Cooper Lyndon F. , Thompson Jeffery Y. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Purpose: An in vitro study was performed to assess the effect of different degrees of clinical reduction of zirconia abutments on the failure load of clinical assemblies. Materials and Methods: Zirconia abutments (Y‐TZP Ceramic Abutment, Astra Tech) were prepared with 0, 0.5, or 1 mm of external axial reduction starting 1 mm above the height‐of‐contour. Abutments (n = 10) were attached to implant analogs (25 Ncm torque) embedded in a stainless steel cylinder using Field's metal. Fracture loads (N) were determined when assemblies were loaded at 60° off‐axis until failure (Instron, CHS = 0.1 mm/min). Groups were statistically compared using ANOVA (p < 0.05). Results: Fracture loads for all assemblies displayed large variations within groups. There were no statistically significant differences (p > 0.05) among different abutment groups with a mean fracture load of 429 N (±140) for the control group, 576 N (±120) for 0.5‐mm margins, and 547 (±139) for 1.0‐mm margins. All fractures occurred at the interface where the abutment was connected to the analog. Conclusion: In this in vitro study of simulated ultimate assembly strength, the preparation of zirconia abutments did not significantly impair the fracture resistance of simulated implant assemblies. All implant abutments fractured at rates higher than the maximum incisal forces (90–370 N) estimated to occur in the anterior region of the mouth.
Grindability of Cast Ti‐6Al‐4V Alloyed with Copper
Authors: Watanabe Ikuya , Aoki Takayuki , Okabe Toru 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Purpose: This study investigated the grindability of cast Ti‐6Al‐4V alloyed with copper. Materials and Methods: The metals tested were commercially pure titanium (CP Ti), Ti‐6Al‐4V, experimental Ti‐6Al‐4V‐Cu (1, 4, and 10 wt% Cu), and Co‐Cr alloy. Each metal was cast into five blocks (3.0 × 8.0 × 30.0 mm3). The 3.0‐mm wide surface of each block was ground using a hand‐piece engine with an SiC wheel at four circumferential speeds (500, 750, 1000, and 1250 m/min) at a grinding force of 100 g. The grindability index (G‐index) was determined as volume loss (mm3) calculated from the weight loss after 1 minute of grinding and the density of each metal. The ratio of the metal volume loss and the wheel volume loss was also calculated (G‐ratio, %). Data (n = 5) were statistically analyzed using ANOVA (α= 0.05). Results: Ti‐6Al‐4V and the experimental Ti‐6Al‐4V‐Cu alloys exhibited significantly (p < 0.05) higher G‐indexes compared with CP Ti and Co‐Cr at any rotational speed except for the lowest speed (500 m/min). At 500 m/min, the G‐index of Ti‐6Al‐4V‐Cu increased as the amount of alloyed copper increased. The 4% Cu and 10% Cu alloys had significantly greater G‐indexes than did 1% Cu and Ti‐6Al‐4V at the highest rotational speed (1250 m/min). Increasing the percentage of alloyed copper and the circumferential speed also increased the G‐ratio. Conclusions: A slight reduction in ductility due to alloying Ti‐6Al‐4V with copper improved the grindability of some of the resultant Ti‐6Al‐4V‐Cu alloys.
Effect of Surface Preparation on the Failure Load of a Highly Filled Composite Bonded to the Polymer‐Monomer Matrix of a Fiber‐Reinforced Composite
Authors: Shimizu Hiroshi , Tsue Fumitake , Chen Zhao‐Xun , Takahashi Yutaka 
Published: December 2008

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of surface preparation on the maximum fracture load value of a highly filled composite bonded to the polymer‐monomer matrix of a fiber‐reinforced composite. Materials and Methods: A polymer‐monomer matrix was made by mixing urethane dimethacrylate and triethyleneglycol dimethacrylate at a ratio of 1:1 with camphorquinone and 2‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate as a light initiator. The matrix was then polymerized in a disk‐shaped silicone mold with a light‐polymerizing unit. The flat surfaces of the polymer‐monomer matrix disk were prepared in one of the following ways: (1) without preparation; (2) application of silane coupling agent; or (3) application of matrix liquid and prepolymerization. A highly filled composite material was applied and polymerized with a light‐polymerizing unit. Additional test specimens made entirely of the polymer‐monomer matrix were fabricated as references; the disk and cylinder were fabricated in one piece using a mold specially made for the present study (group 4). Half the specimens were thermocycled up to 10,000 times in water with a 1‐minute dwell time at each temperature (5°C and 55°C). The maximum fracture load values were determined using a universal testing machine (n = 10). Results: The maximum fracture loads for group 3 were significantly enhanced both before and after thermocycling, whereas the maximum fracture loads of group 2 were significantly enhanced before thermocycling (p < 0.05); however, the failure loads decreased for all groups after thermocycling (p < 0.05). All the specimens in groups 1 and 2 debonded during thermocycling. The failure load of group 3 was significantly lower than that of group 4 both before and after thermocycling (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Within the limitations of the current in vitro study, the application and prepolymerization of a mixed dimethacrylate resin liquid prior to the application of a highly filled composite was an effective surface preparation for the polymer‐monomer matrix of a fiber‐reinforced composite; however, the bond durability may be insufficient.
An Alternative Procedure for Fabricating a Hollow Interim Obturator for a Partial Maxillectomy Patient
Authors: Shimizu Hiroshi , Yoshida Kaneyoshi , Mori Nobuaki , Takahashi Yutaka 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA technique is described for fabricating an interim obturator for a partial maxillectomy patient. This technique enables the immediate and easy chairside fabrication of a lightweight hollow‐type interim obturator when a preoperative cast is not available. After a master cast is formed, two duplicate casts are made from the master cast. One portion of the obturator is fabricated on a duplicate cast with a corrected defect, and the other portion of the prosthetic base is made on the second duplicate cast with a corrected alveolar ridge. These two portions are connected and adjusted in the patient's oral cavity. This technique is beneficial because it helps patients maintain good esthetics and their ability to speak, swallow, and chew just after surgery.
The Effect of Emergency Department Crowding on Clinically Oriented Outcomes
Authors: Bernstein Steven L. , Aronsky Dominik , Duseja Reena , Epstein Stephen , Handel Dan , Hwang Ula , McCarthy Melissa , John McConnell K. , Pines Jesse M. , Rathlev Niels , Schafermeyer Robert , Zwemer Frank , Schull Michael , Asplin Brent R. ,   Society for Academic Emergency Medicine, Emergency Department Crowding Task Force
Published: December 2008

AbstractBackground:  An Institute of Medicine (IOM) report defines six domains of quality of care: safety, patient‐centeredness, timeliness, efficiency, effectiveness, and equity. The effect of emergency department (ED) crowding on these domains of quality has not been comprehensively evaluated.Objectives:  The objective was to review the medical literature addressing the effects of ED crowding on clinically oriented outcomes (COOs).Methods:  We reviewed the English‐language literature for the years 1989–2007 for case series, cohort studies, and clinical trials addressing crowding’s effects on COOs. Keywords searched included “ED crowding,”“ED overcrowding,”“mortality,”“time to treatment,”“patient satisfaction,”“quality of care,” and others.Results:  A total of 369 articles were identified, of which 41 were kept for inclusion. Study quality was modest; most articles reflected observational work performed at a single institution. There were no randomized controlled trials. ED crowding is associated with an increased risk of in‐hospital mortality, longer times to treatment for patients with pneumonia or acute pain, and a higher probability of leaving the ED against medical advice or without being seen. Crowding is not associated with delays in reperfusion for patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction. Insufficient data were available to draw conclusions on crowding’s effects on patient satisfaction and other quality endpoints.Conclusions:  A growing body of data suggests that ED crowding is associated both with objective clinical endpoints, such as mortality, as well as clinically important processes of care, such as time to treatment for patients with time‐sensitive conditions such as pneumonia. At least two domains of quality of care, safety and timeliness, are compromised by ED crowding.
VEGF is a mediator of the renoprotective effects of multipotent marrow stromal cells in acute kidney injury
Authors: Tögel Florian , Zhang Ping , Hu Zhuma , Westenfelder Christof 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAdult stem cell treatment of complex disorders is a promising therapeutic approach and multipotent marrow stromal cells (MSCs) have been shown to be effective in various animal models of diseases. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common and serious problem in hospitalized patients and bone marrow derived multipotent MSCs have been shown to be effective in different models of AKI. The mechanism of action of MSCs is complex but involves paracrine actions including growth factor secretion. Knockdown of vascular enthothelial growth factor (VEGF) by siRNA reduced effectiveness of MSCs in the treatment of ischemic AKI in a rat model. Animals treated with MSCs had increased renal microvessel density compared to VEGF knockdown MSC‐treated and vehicle‐treated animals. These results show that VEGF is an important mediator of the early and late phase of renoprotective action after AKI in the context of stem cell treatment.
Occurrence of the Transition of Apical Architecture and Expression Patterns of Related Genes during Conversion of Apical Meristem Identity in G2 Pea
Authors: Wang Da‐Yong , Li Qing , Cui Ke‐Ming , Zhu Yu‐Xian 
Published: December 2008

Abstract G2 pea exhibits an apical senescence delaying phenotype under short‐day (SD) conditions; however, the structural basis for its apical development is still largely unknown. In the present study, the apical meristem of SD‐grown G2 pea plants underwent a transition from vegetative to indeterminate inflorescence meristem, but the apical meristem of long‐day (LD)‐grown G2 pea plants would be further converted to determinate floral meristem. Both SD signal and GA3 treatment enhanced expression of the putative calcium transporter PPF1, and pea homologs of TFL1 (LF and DET), whereas LD signal suppressed their expression at 60 d post‐flowering compared with those at 40 d post‐flowering. Both PPF1 and LF expressed at the vegetative and reproductive phases in SD‐grown apical buds, but floral initiation obviously increased the expression level of PPF1 compared with the unchanged expression level of LF from 40 to 60 d post‐flowering. In addition, although the floral initiation significantly enhanced the expression levels of PPF1 and DET, DET was mainly expressed after floral initiation in SD‐grown apical buds. Therefore, the main structural difference between LD‐ and SD‐grown apical meristem in G2 pea lies in whether their apical indeterminate inflorescence meristem could be converted to the determinate structure.
Association of Heart Valve Calcification With Malnutrition‐Inflammation Complex Syndrome, β2‐Microglobulin, and Carotid Intima Media Thickness in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Ikee Ryota , Honda Kenjiro , Oka Machiko , Maesato Kyoko , Mano Tsutomu , Moriya Hidekazu , Ohtake Takayasu , Kobayashi Shuzo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHeart valve calcification is an important predictor for all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality in hemodialysis patients. Recently, serum β2‐microglobulin has been associated with cardiovascular disease in the non‐hemodialysis population, but the relationship between serum β2‐microglobulin and valve calcification remains unknown. In this cross‐sectional study, we recorded the patients' clinical parameters, including serum β2‐microglobulin, and related these parameters to the number of calcified valves detected by echocardiography. The patients included 80 males and 35 females (age 67 ± 10 years; duration on hemodialysis 96 ± 67 months). Calcification of the aortic and mitral valves was observed in 89 (77.4%) and 59 patients (51.3%), respectively. Fifty‐one patients (44.3%) showed calcification of both valves. In univariate analysis, age (r = 0.301, P = 0.001), serum albumin (r = −0.219, P = 0.01), calcium (r = 0.205, P = 0.02), high sensitivity C‐reactive protein (r = 0.209, P = 0.02), and β2‐microglobulin (r = 0.206, P = 0.02) significantly correlated with the number of calcified valves. Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that age (β = 0.389, P < 0.001) and calcium (β = 0.223, P = 0.01) were independent determinants for valve calcification (r2 = 0.195). In addition, carotid intima media thickness was significantly higher in patients with valve calcification compared with those without valve calcification. Our results suggested the impacts of calcium metabolism and malnutrition‐inflammation complex syndrome on valve calcification. In addition, serum β2‐microglobulin may be another potential marker of cardiovascular complications in patients on hemodialysis.
Reduction of Plasma Levels of Soluble Tumor Necrosis Factor and Interleukin‐2 Receptors by Means of a Novel Immunoadsorption Column
Authors: Lentz Meredith , Kumar Kiran 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis non‐randomized open clinical study investigated the safety and efficacy of extracorporeal fractionated plasma adsorption using the Oncosorb immune adsorption column. The column selectively bound soluble tumor necrosis factor receptors 1 and 2 (sTNF‐R1 and sTNF‐R2) and soluble interleukin‐2 receptors (sIL2‐R) by lowering plasma levels in patients with metastatic cancer. Nine patients (three men and six women; mean age 48 years, aged 41–68 years) with metastatic cancer received at least 12 immune adsorption procedures. Thrice‐weekly immune adsorption separated a low molecular weight (150 000 D) plasma fraction from the patients' blood, passing the plasma fraction through the column in an extracorporeal plasma perfusion circuit. Respective plasma receptor mean concentrations before and after 167 procedures were: sTNF‐R1: 1936 ± 788 pg/mL before treatment vs. 1312 ± 989 pg/mL after treatment; sTNF‐R2: 3140 ± 1173 pg/mL before treatment vs. 1816 ± 1 ± 1677 pg/mL after treatment (P < 0.01 for each inhibitor). Mean reductions in sTNF‐R1 (48%), sTNF‐R2 (55%), and sIL2‐R levels (72%) were observed for treatments 3–12 (P < 0.001). Clinical findings indicated tumor inflammation and necrosis in most patients. Side‐effects were low‐grade fever, flu‐like symptoms; tumor pain and redness, warmth, tenderness, and edema. The column demonstrated safety and efficacy in lowering plasma sTNF‐R1, sTNF‐R2, and sIL2‐R levels. Minor clinical adverse effects common to the use of extracorporeal devices were seen.
A Case Report of Double‐Filtration Plasmapheresis for the Treatment of Age‐related Macular Degeneration
Authors: Yeh Jiann‐Horng , Cheng Cheng‐Kuo , Chiu Hou‐Chang 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAn 85‐year‐old man with dry type age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) in his right eye and a disciform scar in his left eye received double‐filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) for the treatment of his right eye. The protocol for plasmapheresis followed the Multicenter Investigation of Rheopheresis for AMD (MIRA) trial and consisted of four pulses of paired sessions of plasmapheresis with a two‐day interval within 10 weeks. The pre‐DFPP best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) for the right eye was 6/15 (0.4). Six months after DFPP treatment, the BCVA of the right eye was 6/10 (0.6) and remained unchanged at the 12th month; however, comparison of the right eye fundus picture, fluorescein angiogram, and optical coherence tomography of the macular area before and 6 and 12 months after plasmapheresis revealed no discernable changes. The per‐session and per‐course clearance rates were highest for IgM (63.8% and 90.8%) and lowest for albumin (11% and 15.4%). No plasmapheresis‐related complications, such as hypotension, hemolysis or infection, occurred. Thus, DFPP treatment can provide effective treatment for dry type AMD with minimal side‐effects.
Prognostic Study of Cardiac Events in Japanese High Risk Hemodialysis Patients Using 123I‐BMIPP‐SPECT: B‐SAFE Study Design
Authors: Hasebe Naoyuki , Moroi Masao , Nishimura Masato , Hara Kazuhiro , Hase Hiroki , Hashimoto Akiyoshi , Kumita Shinichiro , Haze Kazuo , Momose Mitsuru , Nagai Yoji , Sugimoto Tokuichiro , Kusano Eiji , Akiba Takashi , Nakata Tomoaki , Nishimura Tsunehiko , Tamaki Nagara , Kikuchi Kenjiro 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Such patients frequently develop complications such as asymptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD). Accordingly, CAD must ideally be diagnosed at an early stage to improve prognosis. Although myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) is valuable for diagnosing CAD, the stress test is not always applicable to patients on hemodialysis. Thus, we proposed a multicenter, prospective cohort study called “B‐SAFE” to investigate the applicability of resting 123I‐labeled beta‐methyl‐iodophenylpentadecanoic acid (123I‐BMIPP)‐SPECT will be used to diagnose cardiac disease and evaluate the prognosis of hemodialysis patients by imaging myocardial fatty acid metabolism. B‐SAFE began enrolling patients from June 2006 at 48 facilities. We performed 123I‐BMIPP‐SPECT on 702 hemodialysis patients with risk factors for CAD until 30 November 2007 and plan to follow up for three years. The primary endpoints will be cardiac death and sudden death. This study should end in 2010.
Halo mass functions in early dark energy cosmologies
Authors: Francis Matthew J. , Lewis Geraint F. , Linder Eric V. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
We examine the linear density contrast at collapse time, δc, for large-scale structure in dynamical dark energy cosmologies, including models with early dark energy. Contrary to previous results, we find that as long as dark energy is homogeneous on small scales, δc is insensitive to dark energy properties for parameter values fitting current data, including the case of early dark energy. This is significant since using the correct δc is crucial for accurate Press–Schechter prediction of the halo mass function. Previous results have found an apparent failing of the extended Press–Schechter approach (Sheth–Tormen) for early dark energy. Our calculations demonstrate that with the correct δc, the accuracy of this approach is restored. We discuss the significance of this result for the halo mass function and examine what dark energy physics would be needed to cause significant change in δc, and the observational signatures this would leave.
Masses, beaming and Eddington ratios in ultraluminous X-ray sources
Authors: King A. R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
I suggest that the beaming factor in bright ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) varies as , where is the Eddington ratio for accretion. This is required by the observed universal Lsoft∝T−4 relation between soft-excess luminosity and temperature, and is reasonable on general physical grounds. The beam scaling means that all observable properties of bright ULXs depend essentially only on the Eddington ratio , and that these systems vary mainly because the beaming is sensitive to the Eddington ratio. This suggests that bright ULXs are stellar-mass systems accreting at Eddington ratios of the order of 10–30, with beaming factors b≳ 0.1. Lower luminosity ULXs follow bolometric (not soft-excess) L∼T4 correlations and probably represent sub-Eddington accretion on to black holes with masses ∼10M⊙. High-mass X-ray binaries containing black holes or neutron stars and undergoing rapid thermal- or nuclear-time-scale mass transfer are excellent candidates for explaining both types. If the scaling for bright ULXs can be extrapolated to the Eddington ratios found in SS433, some objects currently identified as active galactic nuclei at modest redshifts might actually be ULXs (‘pseudo-blazars’). This may explain cases where the active source does not coincide with the centre of the host galaxy.