bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adrenal and hepatic calcium stearate crystal deposits in dogs fed a thiamine-deficient diet
Authors: Pritzker Kenneth P. H. , Renlund Richard C. , Read Deryck H. , Cheng Pei-Tak , Harrington Daniel D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The nature and histologic environment of birefringent crystals found incidentally at necropsy in the liver and adrenal glands of dogs fed a thiamine-deficient diet were studied. The crystals were identified as calcium stearate by ultrastructural and x-ray microdiffraction techniques. Crystals were observed intracellularly within cytoplasmic vacuoles and extracellularly within sinusoids. Generally, crystals were also observed in pair-fed controls that were given a purified diet (equal in weight to that consumed by the thiamine-deficient animals) plus supplemental thiamine. Crystal deposits were found in trace amounts in a few of the ad libitum-fed controls. Although thiamine deficiency may be involved in promoting crystal deposition in the adrenal cortex, calcium stearate crystal formation within the adrenal glands and the liver appears unrelated to dietary thiamine deficiency per se, but is probably related to deficiency of an unidentified nutrient in the purified thiamine-deficient diet.
Nerves to the cecum, ileum, and proximal loop of the ascending colon in cattle
Authors: Maala C. P. , Sack W. O. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Based on the examination of 20 specimens from cattle, the cecum, ileum, and proximal loop of the ascending colon were innervated by the cranial mesenteric plexus via the nerves following the ileocolic, cecal, and ileal arteries. The ileocolic nerves were usually separate nerves and did not form a plexus around the artery, except in 2 specimens where they formed a dense plexus around the ileocolic artery. The ileocolic nerves innervated the proximal loop of the ascending colon via the nerves accompanying the colic branches of the ileocolic artery. The ileocolic nerves were continued caudally as the cecal nerves. The latter nerves remained separate from each other, except where they communicated to form localized plexuses around the cecal artery. They supplied branches to the cecum dorsally and to the ileum ventrally, and ended in a network near the cecal apex. The lateral and medial surfaces of the ileocecocolic junction were innervated by fine branches from the ileocolic, as well as the cecal nerves. In 2 specimens, the cecal nerves formed elongated plexuses surrounding the cecal artery. The ileum was innervated by branches supplied dorsally by the cecal nerves and ventrally by nerves accompanying the mesenteric ileal and the first ileal arteries.
Macroscopic ganglia along the course of the ileocolic, as well as the cecal nerves, were not observed. The 1st ileal artery (off the cranial mesenteric) and the 1st and 2nd arterial colic branches (off the ileocolic) and their accompanying nerves supplied the ileal and colic lymph nodes, respectively. The small inconstant cecal lymph node caudal to the ileocecocolic junction was innervated by delicate fibers coming from the nerves following the first 2 cecal arterial branches.
Studies of Fusobacterium necrophorum from bovine hepatic abscesses: Biotypes, quantitation, virulence, and antibiotic susceptibility
Authors: Berg J. N. , Scanlan C. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isolates of Fusobacterium necrophorum were obtained from 124 bovine hepatic abscesses (in 119 cattle) and from the ruminal contents of 12 cattle. Three biotypes (A, AB, and B) were found. Type A isolates were most common in hepatic abscesses, and type B isolates were most common in ruminal contents.
Virulence studies in mice indicated that type A isolates were more pathogenic than types AB or B isolates. The difference in virulences between types A and B isolates was not related to the toxicity of the endotoxin. Results of serotesting (passive hemagglutination) showed that a wide heterogeneity existed between isolates. Minimal inhibitory concentrations of antibiotics for 12 of the isolates (7 type A, 1 type AB, and 4 type B) were as follows: ≤ 0.06 IU of penicillin G/ml; ≤ 0.5 μg of cephaloridine/ml; ≤ 2 μg of chloramphenicol/ml; ≤ 0.06 μg of clindamycin/ml; ≤ 8 μg of erythromycin/ml; ≤ 128 μg of gentamicin/ml; ≤ 0.25 μg of oxytetracycline/ml; and ≤ 4 μg of tylosin/ml.
Immune responses of swine to oral inoculation with embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum
Authors: Rhodes M. B. , Keralis M. B. , Staudinger L. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Responses of swine to oral inoculation with embryonated eggs of Ascaris suum were monitored, using lymphocyte blastogenesis assays, indirect radioimmunoassays, and peripheral eosinophil counts (ec). Transient cell-mediated immune responses of peripheral lymphocytes were detected by a lymphocyte blastogenesis assay as early as postinoculation day (pid) 2, but were rarely positive for consecutive samples taken at 2-day intervals. Humoral antibodies were first detected at pid 6 to 17 by indirect radioimmunoassays in the various experiments. Positive cutaneous delayed hypersensitivity reactions were observed when pigs were tested at 6 to 7 weeks after inoculation. Histopathologic examination verified infiltration of lymphocytes into the lesions. The ec increased as early as pid 4 to 7 and showed a secondary increase after the 2nd oral inoculation of eggs to as high as 11,400/mm3 (44% of the total wbc). Subsequently, ec decreased rapidly 14 days after the last inoculation of eggs.
Bacterial antibiotic resistance: Frequency of gentamicin-resistant strains of Escherichia coli in the fecal microflora of commercial turkeys
Authors: Dubel Jacqueline R. , Zink Don L. , Kelley Lee M. , Naqi Syed A. , Renshaw Harland W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The relationship of subtherapeutic feeding and parenteral injection of antibiotics to the presence of antibiotic resistant strains of Escherichia coli in the fecal microflora of commercial turkeys has been investigated. Cloacal swabs collected from 137 commercial turkeys were examined for E coli resistant to gentamicin. Gentamicin-resistant E coli organisms were isolated and tested for resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, kanamycin, streptomycin, and tetracycline. Strains of E coli resistant to gentamicin were identified in 118 of 137 (86.1%) specimens evaluated. There were 5 different antibiotic resistance patterns exhibited by the gentamicin-resistant strains of E coli. All strains showed a common antibiotic resistance pattern of gentamicin, kanamycin, and streptomycin. The results of the antibiotic susceptibility tests were compared to the known history of antibiotic usage in each flock. There was no significant correlation between the use of subtherapeutic concentrations of antibiotics and the frequency of gentamicin resistant E coli. However, the frequency of gentamicin-resistant E coli was closely related to the age of the bird, with birds < 12 weeks of age being most likely to harbor E coli resistant to gentamicin. This age-dependent frequency of gentamicin-resistant E coli was associated with the common practice of dipping eggs in gentamicin and injecting newly hatched poults with gentamicin, but not with the feeding of subtherapeutic concentrations of antibiotics.
Effect of diet on the oral D-xylose absorption test in the horse
Authors: Jacobs K. A. , Norman P. , Hodgson D. R. G. , Cymbaluk N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of altering the diet the week before administering an oral D-xylose absorption test was studied in 4 horses. The horses fed a high energy diet of oaten chaff, oats, and corn had a significantly (P < 0.05) lower D-xy-lose absorption than did horses fed a low-energy alfalfa chaff diet. Factors that influence the oral D-xylose absorption test are discussed.
Equine lymphocyte antigens in a Welsh pony family
Authors: Swift Ruth V. , Mottironi Vilma D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Lymphocytes from an extended family of Welsh ponies were tested in a microcytotoxicity test against Thoroughbred and Arabian horse-derived antisera, which defined 4 and 6 equine lymphocyte antigen (ela) specificities, respectively. Mixed leukocyte culture (mlc) tests were also performed. Welsh pony lymphocytes reacted to the Thoroughbred antisera. Most of the ponies’ lymphocytes showed reactivity to 2 of the Thoroughbred ela specificities, the offspring inheriting 1 antigen from each parent. Antigenic determinants were only partially demonstrated with Arabian antisera, although results indicated serologic identities among the ponies, which may reflect the historical background of the Welsh pony. There was no mlc reactivity between cells from most pairs of ponies that were ela-identical, as typed with the Thoroughbred antisera, but cells from 2 ela-identical pairs did react in mlc, indicating that mlc and ela determinants may be on separate loci, as in other species.
Neurotoxicologic effects of the nonionic contrast agent iopamidol on the leptomeninges of the dog
Authors: Spencer Crispin. P. , Chrisman Cheryl L. , Mayhew Ian G. , Kaude Juri V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of iopamidol on the leptomeninges was tested and compared with that of metrizamide and normal saline solution in 18 dogs. Pathologic and clinical effects were evaluated at 24 hours and 14 days after cisternal injection of iopamidol, metrizamide, or normal saline solution. Pathologic changes were evaluated by microscopic examination of serial csf samples and of sections of brain and spinal cord with the leptomeninges intact. Clinical changes were subjectively evaluated. Electromyograms and eeg were performed on each dog after physical and neurologic examination.
There were no changes seen in neurologic status, electromyogram, or eeg in any of the dogs immediately after subarachnoid injection nor at 24 hours or 14 days later. Pathologic changes were limited to mild, moderate, or severe patchy hemorrhagic leptomeningitis seen at 24 hours after iopamidol or metrizamide was injected. The severity of changes were judged to be similar with both these agents. The csf analysis and histologic evaluation of brain and spinal cord sections revealed a neutrophilic response to iopamidol and a mononuclear response to metrizamide. These findings indicate that iopamidol has minimal neurotoxicologic effect on the leptomeninges and therefore has merit as a myelographic agent.
Effect of xylazine hydrochloride on canine splenic weight: An index of vascular capacity
Authors: Hubbell John A. E. , Muir W. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Splenic weight, an index of changes in vascular capacity, was used to assess the effects of xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs. Intravenous xylazine (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/kg) produced dose-dependent decreases in vascular capacity as assessed by decreases in splenic weight which were significant (P < 0.05) at the 1 mg/kg dose. Phenoxybenzamine, an α-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, prevented the splenic contractile response to xylazine. Propranolol, a β-adrenergic receptor blocking drug, did not alter the splenic contractile response to xylazine.
Intravenous xylazine (0.1 and 1 mg/kg) produced significant (P < 0.05) decreases in heart rate, splenic arterial flow, and systolic, mean, and diastolic blood pressures. Central venous pressure increased significantly (P < 0.05) in dogs given the 1 mg/kg dose.
Diagnosis of histoplasmosis and blastomycosis by an antiglobulin hemagglutination test
Authors: Khansari Nematollah , Segre Diego , Segre Mariangela 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An antiglobulin hemagglutination test was developed for detection of antibody directed to Histoplasma capsulatum and Blastomyces dermatitidis. The substances responsible for spontaneous agglutination of erythrocytes were removed from histoplasmin and blastomycin by vacuum dialysis, and partial purification of the antigens by gel filtration chromatography on Sephadex G-150 allowed removal of additional nonantigenic material which competed with the antigens for binding on the erythrocyte surface. The test was sensitive enough to detect antibodies in sera which were negative by complement fixation, immunodiffusion, or both, but it failed to discriminate reliably between antibody directed to H capsulatum and antibody directed to B dermatitidis. Erythrocytes sensitized with partially purified blastomycin produced some false-positive reactions with normal canine sera; this was corrected by diluting the antigen before sensitization of the erythrocytes.
Antibody response of cows to Escherichia coli pilus antigen K99 after oral vaccination with live or dead bacteria
Authors: Moon H. W. , McDonald J. S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pregnant cows were given primary oral vaccinations with live or dead Escherichia coli of the K99 pilus antigen type. The live E coli vaccine was fed in broth for 3 days (5 cows) and the dead E coli vaccine was fed daily for 6 to 11 weeks (4 cows). Five control cows were fed broth without bacteria. All of the cows were subsequently given a parenteral (subcutaneous) booster vaccination with a bacterin that contained K99 antigen. Serum, colostrum, postcolostral milk, saliva, and tears from all cows were tested for K99 antibody at intervals during the experiment.
None of the cows had antibody before vaccination. Control cows and those given the dead E coli oral vaccine did not have detectable antibody after the primary vaccination. Two cows in the live E coli vaccine group had low titers of antibody in serum or colostrum after primary vaccination. However, none of them had antibody in postcolostral milk. After the parenteral booster vaccination, all cows in the live E coli vaccine group and some of those in the dead E coli oral vaccine and control groups had antibody in serum and milk. Antibody titers in the live E coli vaccine group tended to be higher than those in the 2 other groups. However, the differences were not significant (P = 0.07). There was antibody in saliva or tears from some cows in the live E coli vaccine and control groups, but only after the parenteral booster vaccination. Seemingly, oral vaccination was not an effective means of stimulating K99 antibody production in colostrum or milk of cows.
Vaginal and uterine microflora of adult dogs
Authors: Baba E. , Hata H. , Fukata T. , Arakawa A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Aerobic and anaerobic microflora were identified and quantitated in 82 vaginal and 78 uterine samples obtained from mature bitches during different stages of the estrous cycle. The mean ± sd of total bacterial counts/100 mg of vaginal contents of the 82 bitches was log 5.0 ± 1.5, ranging from log 2.4 to log 8.8. The count at the estrous stage (log 7.8 ± 0.7) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than that at the anestrus (log 4.4 ± 1.0), pregnancy (log 5.9 ± 1.3), and postpartum (log 5.1 ± 1.5) stages. The common organisms isolated from the vaginas were Bacteroidaceae, streptococci, Pasteurella spp, and mycoplasmas. Organisms were isolated from 48 (68%) of 78 uterine samples. The range of total counts/100 mg of uterine contents was from log 1.6 to log 8.3. Staphylococci and mycoplasmas were frequently isolated from the uterine contents. Although many uterine microfloras were similar to vaginal microfloras, some uterine culture had a single isolate identified. There were no pathologic findings in most of the uteri. Seemingly, vaginal bacteria frequently flow into the uterus, yet they rarely cause uterine infection.
Experimental transplacental transmission of canine herpesvirus in pregnant bitches during the second trimester of gestation
Authors: Hashimoto A. , Hirai K. , Suzuki Y. , Fujimoto Y. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of canine herpesvirus (chv) on fetuses were studied after iv inoculation of pregnant bitches in the 2nd trimester of gestation. Cesarean sections were performed on 2 bitches that were inoculated with chv on the estimated 30th day of gestation. Bitch M-1 had 2 mummified fetuses and bitch M-2 had 4 mummified and 2 dead fetuses and 3 live-born pups. Infection by chv was confirmed histopathologically by the presence of focal areas of necrosis associated with intranuclear inclusion bodies in heart muscle sections of 1 dead fetus; chv was not recovered from other organs. Abortion occurred between the 2nd and 3rd week after inoculation of another pregnant bitch inoculated with chv on the estimated 30th day of gestation. Two bitches inoculated with chv on the estimated 40th day of gestation gave birth prematurely to 10 pups. The detection of characteristic herpesviral lesions in various organs and the reisolation of chv from the liver, spleen, kidneys, and lungs of premature pups indicated chv infection.
Transplacental infection of fetal pups by chv resulted in their death and subsequent mummification. It appears that abortion and premature birth also may occur in pregnant bitches infected during the 2nd trimester of gestation.
Natural killer cell activity in adult gnotobiotic dogs
Authors: Krakowka Steven 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An in vitro assay for natural killer cell activity by canine peripheral blood leukocytes was developed, using chromium-51-labeled heterologous (Vero) and homologous (Madin-Darby canine kidney, canine melanoma, and canine thyroid adenocarcinoma) target cells. Transformed tumor cell lines proved highly susceptible to natural killer-mediated lysis. Leukocytes from adult gnotobiotic dogs possessed levels of activity comparable to that observed in conventional animals.
Effects of tendon transfer on the canine scapulohumeral joint
Authors: Vasseur P. B. , Pool R. R. , Klein K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Surgical techniques for correcting medial or lateral instability of the scapulohumeral joint in conditioned research dogs were evaluated. Lateral instability was created by severing the lateral joint capsule and the tendon of insertion of the infraspinatus muscle. In 4 dogs, the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle was then transferred to a position lateral to the greater tubercle in an effort to improve lateral stability. In 3 control dogs, lateral instability was induced, but attempt was not made to stabilize the joint.
Medial instability was created by severing the tendon of insertion of the subscapularis muscle and the medial joint capsule. In 3 dogs, the tendon of origin of the biceps brachii muscle was transferred to a position under the lesser tubercle. In 2 dogs, a portion of the tendon of insertion of the supraspinatus muscle was transferred to a medial location. In 3 control dogs, attempt was not made to stabilize the joint.
The control dogs (n = 6) demonstrated mild-to-moderate weight-bearing lameness for 7 to 14 days after surgical induction of joint instability and thereafter had normal limb usage. Dogs having had tendon transfer procedures recovered normal limb usage in 4 to 6 weeks and thereafter behaved normally.
At necropsy, all joints appeared stable, and the surgical repairs were intact. A variety of joint surface abnormalities consistent with degenerative joint disease was observed, but no consistent pattern was assignable to any given surgical manipulation.
Furazolidone-induced congestive cardiomyopathy in ducklings: Regression of cardiac lesions after cessation of furazolidone ingestion
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Ferrans Victor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Newly hatched male White Pekin ducklings (n = 92) were allotted to 2 groups of 46 each and fed 750 mg of furazolidone (fz)/kg of feed either for 8 weeks (group 1) or for 4 weeks followed by 4 weeks of no fz intake (group 2). Regression of fz-induced toxicosis was observed in ducklings of group 2 after cessation of fz consumption, as evidenced by decreased mortality, progressive decrease in ascites, and increases in body weight gains. Necropsy of 8-week survivors revealed decreased frequency and severity of ascites in ducklings of group 2. The severity of fz-induced cardiac alterations also was diminished, with a decrease in left ventricular dilatation score and an increase in absolute heart weights in 8-week survivors in group 2. Further evidence of regression of fz-induced congestive cardiomyopathy after cessation of fz ingestion was gained from development of intermediate cardiac damage severity scores and frequency and severity of ascites at necropsy in ducklings (previously studied) examined after 4 weeks of fz feeding, compared with those found in group 1 (fz 8 weeks) or in group 2 (fz 4 weeks, no fz 4 weeks) of the present study. Furazolidone-induced cardiac disease in ducklings offers an attractive model for studies of the pathogenesis of congestive cardiomyopathy and cardiac failure.
Failure to transmit Sarcocystis species from ox, sheep, goats, moose, elk, and mule deer to raccoons
Authors: Dubey J. P. , Blagburn Byron L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Meat infected with Sarcocystis cruzi of ox, S tenella of sheep, S hemionilatrantis of mule deer, S capracanis of goats, S wapiti of elk, and S alceslatrans of moose was fed to 6 Sarcocystis-free raccoons, 1 raccoon for each species of Sarcocystis. None of the raccoons shed Sarcocystis sporocysts in the feces.
Prevalence of Pasteurella haemolytica in transported calves
Authors: Frank G. H. , Smith P. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In 2 different years, calves from individual farms were sampled by nasal swab for Pasteurella haemolytica at the farm, at an auction barn, and at a feedyard after they had been transported 1,600 km. Serum antibody titers were determined and P haemolytica isolates were serotyped. The frequencies of P haemolytica isolations were low at the farm, greater at the auction barn, and markedly high at the feedyard. Serotype 2 was the predominant isolate at the farm, and serotype 1 was the predominant isolate at the feedyard and from the pneumonic lungs of the calves that died of acute respiratory tract disease. There was a significant farm-to-farm variation in the percentages of calves that developed respiratory tract disease.
Ivermectin for the control of swine scabies: Relative values of prefarrowing treatment of sows and weaning treatment of pigs
Authors: Courtney C. H. , Ingalls W. L. , Stitzlein S. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ivermectin given in a single subcutaneous dose (300 μg/kg of body weight) was tested for activity against swine scabies (Sarcoptes scabiei). Efficacy was determined by recoveries of mites from ear scrapings and by observations of clinical signs. Treatment of infected sows 8 to 37 days before farrowing eliminated scabies from the sows and prevented its transmission to their offspring. Pigs farrowed by ivermectin-treated sows remained non-infected throughout the study regardless of whether they were treated with ivermectin at weaning. Placebo-treated sows remained infected and transmitted scabies to their offspring.
Ivermectin treatment of pigs at weaning eliminated the infection, whereas placebo treatment did not. The placebo-treated pigs remained infected while in the nursery, but ivermectin treatment eliminated the infection when they were moved to the growing and finishing floor at 12 weeks of age.
It appears that an effective control program for swine scabies using ivermectin could be based on a single treatment of the sows before farrowing. Any infection (epizootic) appearing in growing pigs could be controlled by a single treatment of all in-contact pigs.