bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands
Authors: van Tiel N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA survey is given of the history, the tasks and the organization of the Plant Protection Service in the Netherlands. Its activities encompass two major fields, concerning phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical aspects.In the phytosanitary field, a distinction can be made between long‐term and short‐term phytosanitary policy, depending on whether one has to deal with existing and established pests or diseases, or with a suddenly arising plant health problem. Two examples are given as illustrations, viz. the approach followed in designing new regulations for controlling potato root eelworm, and the campaign against the recent outbreak of fireblight.A further outline is given on the activities of the Plant Protection Service in the pesticides field, on the responsibilities of the different Ministries concerned, and on the basic elements of pesticides legislation. The restrictions imposed on the use of persistent organochlorine insecticides and organomercury fungicides are summarized.Finally, it is emphasized that the problems of plant protection are becoming increasingly complex as a result of a developing antagonism between phytosanitary and phytopharmaceutical requirements, and of a potential antagonism between these two on the one hand and environmental demands on the other. This situation calls for an integrated approach in plant protection matters, and for an intensified international collaboration.
Possibilitiés de régulation des populations d'Aleurothrixus floccosus Mask. (Homopt., Aleurodidae) sur agrumes par Cales noacki How. (Hymenopt, Aphelinidae)
Authors: Onillon J.C. 
Published: April 2008

SommairePour Iutter contre Aleurolhrixus floccosus Mask., ravageur des agrumes, 400 femelles du parasite Cales noacki How. sont lâchées dans un verger. Le schéma général de 1évolution des populations de l'aleurode, avant ['introduction du parasite, est exposé. L'action de l'entomophage est ensuite déterminée par la comparaison de la densité des ceufs du ravageur avant et après l'introduction de l'agent régulateur. Quinze mois après un seul lâcher du parasite, les populations de l'aleurode se sont effondrées d'une fa&cLon spectaculaire.
Relations entre les nématodes du genre Meloidogyne et les autres organismes pathogènes de la rhizosphère
Authors: Cayrol J.‐C. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireBeaucoup de maladies frappant les végétaux résultent de &'action conjuguée de plusieurs agents pathogènes. Les nématodes jouent un rôle prépondérant dans ce type de synergie, en particulier les Meloidogyne qui sont souvent associés à &' autres organismes dans les attaques des végétaux cultivés. Ces associations peuvent se faire avec des virus, notamment sur le soja, avec des bactéries sur framboisiers, tabac et ceillets. On note également des interactions nettes entre Meloidogyne et champignons (Fusarium, Verticillium, Phytophthora, Rhizoctonia, Pytbium et Alternaria) sur de nombreuses cultures, telles que coton, tomate, ceillet, soja et tabac. Parfois, &' attaque primaire des nématodes est également aggravée par des organismes saprophytes secondaires (nématodes saprophages, enchytréides, insectes, etc.).II apparaît en définitive que, pour étudier une maladie donnée, il est indispensable de déterminer &' enchaînement des causes ayant entraîné son apparition. La difficulté ne provient pas tellement de &'identification de ces causes, mais plutôt des mécanismes qui les relient entre elles et qui sont souvent méconnus.
La reproduction et la notion d'espece chez le genre Meloidogyne
Authors: Dalmasso A. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLa présente étude met en relief la difficulté de définir des unités taxino‐miques claires et valables chez les Meloidogyne. Dans ce contexte, les études caryo‐logiques devraient apporter une meilleure précision. Le mode de reproduction par parthénogenése contribue à isoler de multiples clones aux comportements encore mal connus. Il existe de ce fait certains risques d'enrichissement de la faune locale par des populations étrangéres, même lorsqu'il s'agit d'une espéce déjà présente dans le biotope considéré. Les mécanismes de la reproduction et leurs altérations méritent une grande attention en raison des répercussions qu'ils peuvent provoquer sur les autres facultés biologiques de ces nématodes.
Observations sur l'emploi des nématicides endothérapiques contre le genre Meloidogyne en horticulture florale
Authors: Cuany A. , Berge J.B. , la Massese C. Scotto 
Published: April 2008

SommaireL'efficacité et la rentabilité des traitements nématicides endothérapiques dirigés contre les nématodes du genre Meloidogyne sont étudiées à l'aide de divers exemples. Les possibilityés de réduction des doses d'emploi sont envisageées sous trois angles, en fonction du ravageur, du produit et de la plante.Les traitements curatifs de rattrapage introduisent la notion de sensibilite des différents stades larvaires. Leur opportunité est également étudiée en fonction de la vitesse et de l'impottance du rétablissement des cultures. Les traitements périodiques et préventifs s'appuient sur la connaissance du mode et de la durée d'action des produits et sur divers facteurs liés à la physiologie de l'hôte végétal. Ceci conduit à«hiérarchiser» les deux types de traitement.
Sélection de variétés de tomate résistantes aux Meloidogyne
Authors: Laterrot H. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLa résistance aux Meloidogyne, trouvée il y a un quart de siècle dans un hybride Lycopersicon esculentum x L. peruvianum, a été introduite par les sélectionneurs de divers pays dans différents types variétaux. Les limites de l'efficacité de la résistance sont brièvement présentées ainsi que les techniques à utiliser pour mener à bien un programme de sélection. Les variétés résistantes actuellement commercialisées en France sont signalées, certaines d'entre elles connaissent une diffusion importante.
He Problem of the Mite Species Tetranychus urticae Koch on Cotton in Iran
Authors: Moradeshaghi M.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe cotton spider mite Tetranychus urticae Koch has become a serious pest, in the Gorgan and Gonbad areas during the last few years. This problem is due to various factors such as continuous use of organochlorines, presence of different wild host‐plants around the cotton fields, cultivation of early growing crops in cotton growing areas, and exposure of mite populations to sub‐lethal doses of pesticides.During 1969 and 1970 different experiments were conducted to find a suitable acaricide to control mites. Twelve pesticides were used and percentages of mortality were calculated. The data were analyzed statistically, and it was shown that Neoron and Morocid, respectively, caused the highest mite mortality. Fifteen different species of wild hosts were surveyed to count their mite populations. It was found that Althea sp. (marsh mallow) had the highest number of mites on its leaves. Other plants such as Chenopodium album (goose‐foot), Rubus sp. (red raspberry), Solanum nigrum (black night‐shade), and Convolvulus tricolor (tri‐coloured bindweed) were also heavily loaded with mites.
The Sources of Wilt‐resistance in the World Cotton Collection
Authors: Lemeshev N.K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEight samples which were almost non‐susceptible to wilt were isolated from the many forms in the world cotton collection. All of these forms are wild or semi‐wild. Complex population varieties, especially those with varieties of Gossypium barbadense as ancestors, are also considered to be a source of wilt‐resistance. Diploid wild species may also be used in the creation of wilt‐resistant varieties.
Recent Trends in Weed Control in Freshwater1)
Authors: Robson T.O. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTWhile in many situations, such as irrigation and drainage ditches, the unobstructed movement of water is paramount and complete control of the weeds is needed, most freshwater nowadays has many functions some of which involve biological systems in which weeds play an important part. Trends in the development of new weed control techniques aimed at replacing traditional hand cutting methods while maintaining the required condition of the water are briefly reviewed. These include mechanical, chemical and biological methods all of which contain potentially valuable tools for the management of freshwater ecosystems.
Possibilities and Limitations in Biological Control of Weeds
Authors: Zwoelfer H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis contribution defines biological weed control as the attempt to reduce the competitivity of a weed and to stabilize it at low population levels with the aid of herbivorous organisms or phytopathogens. The main factors involved in the process of biological weed control are discussed. Biological weed control is compared to conventional control measures and its advantages as well as its limitations are studied. As a consequence of the interactions between a weed, its control agents and the environment, there are only relatively few weed species and weed situations in Europe which are promising targets for biological control programs. Some of these are discussed in the concluding chapter; they refer to Solidago, Ambrosia, Polygonum, Galinsoga, Ptertdium and Rumex spp,
Integrated Control Strategy in the United States and its Practical Implementation1)
Authors: Smith R.F. , Huffaker C.B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA major research effort in the United States to develop practical integrated control programs for six major agro‐ecosystems utilizing, among a broad array of tactics, systems analysis is described. Problems associated with the implementation of pest management systems are outlined with examples given from tobacco programs in North Carolina and cotton programs in California and Texas.
The Role of the Sterile Male Technique in Integrated Control 1)
Authors: Moore I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe sterile male technique has developed to the stage where it is being put into practice for insect control. Most of the programs in which the sterile male technique is and will be used are integrated; that is more than one insect suppression technique is used with the objective of effective crop protection with minimum expense, minimum pollution and minimum damage to predators and parasites. The present paper gives some examples of how the sterile male technique is being utilized for integrated control of noxious insects.
Monitoring the Health Status of Pest Populations as a Contribution towards the Establishment of Economic Thresholds
Authors: Franz J.M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTKnowledge of pest population dynamics is required to assess the future abundance of a pest, the losses to be expected and the economic threshold. Mortality of pests caused by diseases can greatly influence their development and a valuable assessment can therefore only be based on healthy individuals. Examples of monitoring the health status are usually taken from the forest and from such insects that develop slowly and allow an assessment of the epizootic before the damaging final instar has been reached (caterpillars, sawflies). In agriculture, the tendency of reducing crop rotation increases the permanence of regulative forces and is consequently favourable. This allows for a more precise prediction on the development of epizootics. Recent observations show that appropriate sampling of aphid populations designed to determine their health status in respect to fungal epizootics can greatly increase the accuracy of the forecast on future trends in population dynamics.
Economie et innovation technologique en agriculture
Authors: Simantov A. 
Published: April 2008

SOMMAIREL'importance de la place qu'occupe l'économie dans l'agriculture moderne est essentiellement fonction de l'accélération du changement structurel et éthique de nos sociétés. II est plus facile de rationaliser la production lorsque celle‐ci peut être augmentée sans être confinée dans des limites restreintes, comme c'est le cas en agriculture. Faute de coordination entre la technique et l'économie, les progrès technologiques peuvent conduire à des impasses, comme cela a été le cas à la suite de l'augmentation poussée de la teneur du lait en matières grasses. Il est done indispensable non seulement d'assurer cette liaison, mais également de définir les programmes de recherches en tenant compte des différentes disciplines concernées. A l'intérieur même du secteur agricole, les procédés et les techniques ne peuvent se développer et s'améliorer que si l'ensemble de la technologie progresse de manière harmonieuse. En ce qui concerne les risques, il apparaît que les exploitations les plus développées sur le plan technologique sont très vulnérables à la conjoncture économique.
Results of Polyhedral Virus Applications Against Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr
Authors: Donaubauer E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn 1972 several experiments were carried out in Lower Austria to study the effect a very early application of a polyhedral virus suspension may have on Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr., feeding on the needles of Finns nigra austriaca and P. silvestris. The results show that spraying in the Li‐stage prevents a major loss of needles, thus confirming the outcome of the 1971 experiments. Especially for young trees or trees that were already partially defoliated the previous year, an early application is of great importance. The effect equalled the result obtained with a malathion‐containing insecticide. With older trees spraying in the L2‐L3 stage still gave good results.
Aerial Application of Bacillus thuringiensis (Dipel) against Colotois (Himera) pennaria L. in Comparison with ULV‐Application of Various Insecticides 1)
Authors: DONAUBAUER E. , SCHMUTZENHOFER H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn spring 1972 experiments were carried out in Lower Austria with the Bacillus thuringiensis isolate Dipel in order to assess its effectiveness in controlling Colotois pennaria L. infesting oak and other broad‐leaved trees. The results obtained compared favourably with those produced by the insecticides Nexion2), malathion and Dipterex3), although both malathion and Dipterex yielded higher mortality.Similar results were obtained when B. thuringiensis was used to control Stilpnotia salicis L., feeding on poplar trees. Neodiprion sertifer Geoffr. and Pris‐tiphora abietina Christ., however, were not affected.
Are the Present European Phytosanitary Regulations in Forestry Satisfactory ?
Authors: Roll‐Hansen F. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe pathogens which present the greatest potential dangers to European and Mediterranean forest trees are mainly to be found in remote areas such as those parts of the American continent and East Asia where the climate and tree species are similar to those in Europe. In general, inspections are not sufficient to guarantee that a consignment is free from known, and especially from unknown, pathogens.Phytosanitary regulations should therefore be based on the prohibition of the importation of living plants (not seeds). The prohibition of the importation of all conifers (not seeds) from all countries outside Europe and the Mediterranean area is proposed. All European and Mediterranean countries should agree upon effective and co‐ordinated phytosanitary regulations.
Progress Achieved in the Implementation of Integrated Control Projects in the USA and Tropical Countries1
Authors: Smith R.F. , Huffaker C.B. , Adkisson P.L. , Newsom L.D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractGeneral accomplishments of a large co‐operative research program in the United States is reviewed. Examples of the developments of integrated pest control for the cotton and soybean agro‐ecosystems are given. The uses of simulation models are emphasized. Progress of integrated control in tropical countries is discussed.
Organization of Plant Protection in Norway and Research Orientation1
Authors: Fjelddalen J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch in the various crop protection disciplines is carried out at the Central Norwegian Plant Protection Institute near Oslo: it includes studies on pesticide efficacy, problems of uptake, breakdown and residues. This agency is further in charge of the extension of practical knowledge and has a supervising capacity for the Plant Inspection Service.Some of the various problems which are of major concern for Norway are reviewed and ways for a proper integration of chemical and alternative methods studied.
Problèmes nationaux et internationaux liés aux produits stockés 1)
Authors: Domenichini G. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLa multiplication des industries de transformation des denrées alimentaires et le développement des entreprises chargées de leur commercialisation posent en termes nouveaux la question de la conservation des stocks avant leur consommation. Les problemès sérieux qui se font jour, liés aux risques de contamination par les ravageurs ou par les résidus de pesticides, nécessitent un effort de coordination de la part des instituts scientifiques et des organismes internationaux. Cette collaboration devrait porter ses fruits dans différents domaines d' activité: recherche, formation professionnelle, vulgarisation des techniques.
Integrated Control in the Netherlands 1)
Authors: Brader L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn the Netherlands the need for an ecological approach in pest control has led to the establishment in 1958 of the Research Group on harmonious control of arthropod pests later renamed into Research Group on integrated control of arthropod pests which has several sections. This Group is part of the National Council for Agricultural Research of the Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO). There is a close co‐operation between many Research Institutes towards developing integrated control of which the TNO Research Group is the co‐ordinating body. The research priorities have been clearly defined and the ways leading to a practical implementation of integrated control studied.
The Assessment of Economic Losses due to Late Blight of Potato1
Authors: James W. C. J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of a method which reliably estimates the loss for any given level of disease is a prerequisite to the development of a rational disease control program. Such a method was developed between 1953‐1970 using results from field experiments; it led to a multiple regression equation in which the yield loss is the dependent variable. The decrease in marketable tubers because of their reduced size was also considered.The method of estimating yield loss due to late blight is currently being used in conjunction with a disease simulator.
A Comparison of Various Methods for Competition Studies Between Crop Plants and Weeds1
Authors: Koch W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe assessment of economic thresholds of weeds is difficult because there are so many interactions between the various species and the crop. In addition, a precise forecasting of the weather is needed when pre‐emergence treatments are performed since the conditions prevailing at that moment will be decisive for the abundance of weeds.Still, there are various possibilities to assess the crop losses resulting from weed competition and attention is drawn to the following two approaches: 1) Long‐term assessment in relation to the total weed population in a region, and 2) Competition studies between individual weed species and crop plants in pots or in field experiments.The advantages and disadvantages of the various methods are discussed and the data obtained critically evaluated. It appears that the application of average values to a special situation remains for the moment highly uncertain.
Aperçu économique de la protection phytosanitaire des vergers français soumis à la lutte intégrée 1)
Authors: Milaire H.G. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLa mise en place d'une vaste demonstration de lutte intégrée en vergers dans le sud‐est de la France bénéficie de l'appui financier du Ministère de l'Agriculture depuis 1967. Les structures organiques de cette action sont décrites.L'activité des techniciens spécialisés qui fournissent un appui logistique au second degré auprès des conseillers agricoles et des producteurs de fruits, tout en restant en liaison constante avec les centres de recherches et les services d'applkation, est indispensable pour assurer le développement de l'entreprise. Elle a notam‐ment stimulé diverses études immédiatement utilisables dans la pratique.Des résultats probants sont obtenus en vergers de pommiers et de pêchers par l'application d'une lutte dite dirigée, qui constitue la phase de transition entre la lutte traditionnelle et la lutte intégrée. lis se traduisent par une diminution de l'ordre de 50 % du nombre des interventions insecticides et acaricides. Les données économiques correspondantes sont présentées et discutées. Outre l'aspect strictement économique, les utilisateurs apprécient la maîtrise que leur confèrent les connaissances écologiques.
Essais de lutte chimique contre Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.)
Authors: ET G. Liotta , Mineo G. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes essais de lutte chimique contre Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) sur citronniers en Sicile ont été réalisés à l'aide d'une série de produits organo‐phosphoriques en partie mélangés avec des huiles blanches, et compareés à l'efficacité des huiles blanches appliquées seules. II est apparu que les meilleurs résultats sont obtenus contre les larves et les jeunes femelles, alors que pour les femelles matures il n'a pu être enregistré une mortalité suffisante. L'analyse statistique n'a pas révélé de différences significatives entre l'efficacité de l'huile blanche et celle des autres produits testés.
RESUME:Studies on the Chemical Control of Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.)
Authors: Liotta G. , Mineo G. 
Published: April 2008

Aonidiella aurantii (Mask.) which was accidentally introduced in Sicily in 1968 has since become a dangerous pest requesting special treatments in citrus groves. Experiments have been carried out on Citrus lemon to evaluate the efficacy of several organophosphorous compounds partly in mixture with white oil and this latter applied sole (cf. table 1). The results obtained against young females are set out in table 2; they show excellent results with almost all compounds whereas the same pesticides had a rather poor effect on mature females (cf. table 3).It is concluded that the replacement of white oils by organophosphorous compounds is not justified providing that the control is directed against larvae and young females. This means that a proper timing is essential to obtain a satisfactory mortality, thus avoiding the use of detrimental broad acting pesticides.
Pheromones in Stored Product Insect Trapping and Pathogen Dissemination1
Authors: Burkholder W.E. , Boush G.M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe generally restricted habitats of stored product insects provide an ideal situation for control attempts with pheromones and pathogens. Problem areas can be located and monitored with traps containing pheromones and insecticides and controls can be applied in localized areas. The method is economical, effective and reduces the hazards involved with blanket application of pesticides.Another method that promises to be successful utilizes pheromones in an inoculation device that contains a pathogen. The insects that are attracted become contaminated with the pathogen and may subsequently spread it throughout the population. In this way the pathogen will be spread to a multitude of population niches. Preliminary studies have indicated that few, if any, insects survive the infection, that the disease is highly contagious and that males will become inoculated with spores in pheromone‐pathogen baited inoculation devices and will transmit the spores by contact to females.