bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trends in the Epidemiology of IDDM During 1970–2020 in Fyn County, Denmark
Authors: Green Anders , Sjølie Anne K , Eshøj Ole 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To present an epidemiological model applicable to diabetes based on which prevalence rates are estimated from assumed rates of incidence and mortality of diabetes. Furthermore, this study illustrates the model by analyzing epidemiological data on IDDM in a Danish population during 1970–1990, with predictions of prevalence rates for 1990–2020.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The epidemiological model assumes known prevalence rates as well as incidence rates and mortality at a given time. Under assumed rates of incidence and mortality of IDDM and its complications, the prevalence rate is the dependent variable, estimated as a function of calendar time. We use epidemiological data on IDDM (operationally defined as insulin-treated diabetes with onset before age 30 years), blindness, and nephropathy, as well as mortality, as reported for 1973 and 1987 in Fyn County, Denmark.

RESULTS
During 1970–1990, the prevalence of IDDM increased steadily because of increasing incidence and decreasing risk of complications and mortality. The relative prevalence of patients with nephropathy increased, whereas that of blind patients decreased considerably. Under specified assumptions regarding the future levels of incidence of disease, complications, and mortality, it is estimated that the prevalence rate of IDDM in the year 2020 will be 45–60% higher than the level in the year 1990. The relative prevalence of patients with nephropathy will increase further, whereas the relative prevalence of blind patients will remain constant at a low level.

CONCLUSIONS
IDDM will represent an increasing public health problem in Denmark during the next decades, with increasing overall prevalence rates and a rising proportion of patients with nephropathy. The major determinant of this trend is increasing incidence combined with declining mortality and declining risk of complications. It is strongly recommended that epidemiological models like the one presented here be further developed and implemented at regional levels to provide data for the dimensioning of the current and future diabetes care systems.
Parental History of Diabetes in a Population-Based Study
Authors: Klein Barbara E K , Klein Ronald , Moss Scot E , Cruickshanks Karen J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the relative frequency of parental history of diabetes in a population-based study of younger- and older-onset groups of individuals with diabetes and a comparison group of individuals without diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Study participants were queried about a family history of diabetes. The frequencies of positive responses for parents and siblings were compared between younger- and older-onset groups.

RESULTS
At least one parent had diabetes in 18.6% of the families of younger-onset individuals and in 38.6% of the families of older-onset individuals. For those of younger-onset diabetes, 9.1% of fathers, 8.3% of mothers, and 1.3% of both parents had diabetes; the corresponding percentage for those of older-onset diabetes were 11.5, 23.5, and 3.6%, respectively. The difference between frequencies in mothers and fathers was significant (P &lt; 0.0001) in the older-onset group. In the nondiabetic comparison group, for those of similar ages to the younger- and older-onset groups, the corresponding frequencies were 6.2 and 9.0% and 7.7 and 9.8% for fathers and mothers, respectively. The greater frequencies of diabetes in mothers of older-onset diabetic individuals were not accounted for by maternal age. In younger-onset individuals, the relative risk (RR) of diabetes in a sibling if the father had diabetes was 1.22 (95% CI, 0.72–2.05); if the mother had diabetes, the RR was 2.39 (95% CI, 1.64–3.48); and, if both parents had diabetes, the RR was 5.61 (95% CI, 3.37–9.34). In the older-onset individuals, the corresponding RR values were 1.69 (95% CI, 1.35–2.13) for fathers, 1.72 (95% CI, 1.44–2.06) for mothers, and 2.42 (95% CI, 1.81–3.25) for both parents.

CONCLUSIONS
These data confirm a familial influence on the frequency of diabetes. The excess of cases in mothers of older-onset diabetic individuals is compatible with both environmental and genetic influences.
Decreased Serum 1,5-Anhydroglucitol in Nondiabetic Subjects With a Family History of NIDDM
Authors: Tsukui Satoshi , Fukumura Yukihito , Kobayashi Isao 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the effect of a family history of NIDDM on HbAlc and serum 1,5-anhydroglucitol (AG) in nondiabetic subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A 75-g oral glucose tolerance test was performed; 258 subjects with normal glucose tolerance and 106 subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were selected HbA1c and serum AG were compared between subjects with and without a family history of NIDDM. The relationships between age, BMI, HbA1c, serum AG, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose, and urinary glucose were also examined using principal component analysis with a varimax rotation.

RESULTS
In the normal group, only serum AG was lower in subjects with a positive family history than in those with no family history. On the other hand, in the IGT group, subjects with a positive family history were younger and had a higher 2-h plasma glucose, a higher urinary glucose, and a lower serum AG than those with no family history, whereas there was no difference in HbA1c. Principal component analysis identified three factors. The first factor, a linear combination of HbA1c and fasting plasma glucose, was labeled an average glycemic factor. The second factor, which included serum AG, 2-h plasma glucose, and urinary glucose, was labeled an oscillatory glycemic factor. The third factor, which contrasted age against BMI, was labeled an environmental factor.

CONCLUSIONS
Serum AG is related to glycosuria even among nondiabetic subjects, and its concentrations are decreased in those with a family history of NIDDM. Our results suggest that serum AG rather than HbA1c reflects early metabolic abnormalities in these subjects.
High Prevalence of Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Diabetic Patients
Authors: Simó Rafael , Hernández Cristina , Genescà Joan , Jardí Rossend , Mesa Jordi 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in diabetic patients and to investigate the influence of several epidemiological and clinical factors on HCV infection.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 176 consecutive diabetic patients were compared with 6,172 blood donors, matched by recognized risk factors to acquire HCV infection. Serologic testing for anti-HCV was done using a second-generation commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and an immunoblot assay was performed in anti-HCV positive samples to confirm HCV specificity. Diabetic patients were divided in two groups according to their HCV antibody status and analyzed for the following variables: age, sex, type of diabetes, duration of disease, mode of therapy, late diabetic complications, previous blood transfusions, intravenous drug addiction, hospital admissions, major surgical procedures, and liver function tests (LFTs).

RESULTS
A higher prevalence of HCV infection was observed in diabetic patients in comparison with blood donors (11.5 vs. 2.5%; P &lt; 0.001; odds ratio 4.39; 95% CI 2.61–7.24). We did not detect any particular epidemiological factor for HCV infection in anti-HCV positive diabetic patients. In these patients, abnormal LFTs were observed in 72.3%, compared with only 24.7% of anti-HCV negative diabetic patients (P &lt; 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS
A high prevalence of HCV infection was detected in diabetic patients, and most of anti-HCV positive patients presented with abnormal LFTs. Therefore, testing for HCV infection of diabetic patients with an abnormal LFT is mandatory. The lack of any particular epidemiological factor for HCV infection in our diabetic population suggests that HCV may have a direct role in the development of diabetes.
Some Social Factors Related to Control of Diabetes Mellitus in Adult Jamaican Patients
Authors: Alleyne Sylvan I , Morrison Errol Y ST A , Richards Rolf R 
Published: March 2007

A population of 103 adult diabetic patients was interviewed at the Outpatient Clinic for diabetic patients of the University Hospital of the West Indies to examine the effects of severity of the illness and social variables, such as facilities at home, education attained, employment status, informal medication, and understanding of the illness in relation to its control.
Patients were classified as severe if there were clinical evidence of vascular or neurologic complications of diabetes and as mild if there were no complications. Control of diabetes was regarded as good if the patients were free from or had less than 2+ glycosuria and as poor if they had had 2+ or more glycosuria during the six months before the study.
We found that the quality of control was mainly determined by the severity of the disease. In the mild diabetic, proper diabetic control was not influenced by any social variable examined. In the severe diabetic the quality of control was associated with social amenities, educational status, employment status, and understanding of the disease.
Motivational Interviewing to Improve Adherence to a Behavioral Weight-Control Program for Older Obese Women With NIDDM: A pilot study
Authors: Smith Delia E , Heckemeyer Christine M , Kratt Polly P , Mason Dehryl A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this randomized pilot study was to examine whether the addition of motivational interviewing strategies to a behavioral obesity intervention enhances adherence and glucose control in older obese women with NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Twenty-two older obese women (41% black) with NIDDM were randomly assigned to 1) a standard 16-week group behavioral weight-control program that provided instruction in diet, exercise, and behavioral modification or 2) the same group behavioral program with three individualized motivational interviewing sessions added.

RESULTS
The motivational group attended significantly more group meetings (13.3 vs. 8.9), completed significantly more food diaries (15.2 vs. 10.1), and recorded blood glucose significantly more often (46.0 vs. 32.2 days) than the standard group. Further, participants in the motivational group had significantly better glucose control post-treatment (9.8 vs. 10.8%). Although both groups demonstrated significant weight loss, no differences were apparent between groups.

CONCLUSIONS
These results suggest that augmenting a standard behavioral treatment program for obese women with NIDDM with a motivational interviewing component may significantly enhance adherence to program recommendations and glycemic control. Preliminary data warrant further investigation with larger samples and a longer follow-up.
Chronic Administration of Levosulpiride and Glycemic Control in IDDM Patients With Gastroparesis
Authors: Melga Pierluigi , Mansi Carlo , Ciuchi Emanuela , Giusti Roberta , Sciabà Luigi , Prando Romano 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
We evaluated the effect of chronic administration of levosulpiride, a prokinetic drug that is a selective antagonist for D2 dopamine receptors, on the glycemic control of IDDM subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The study was performed on 40 long-standing IDDM subjects with clinical signs of autonomic neuropathy and delayed gastric emptying. Gastric emptying time and glycemic parameters (diurnal glycemic profile and HbA1c) were checked under double-blind conditions before and after the administration of levosulpiride at the dosage of 25 mg t.i.d. orally for 6 months, or placebo.

RESULTS
No significant differences were noted in the glycemic and HbA1c values before and after 6 months of placebo administration. In contrast, after 6 months of levosulpiride, glycemic control had improved (HbA1c 6.7 ± 0.4 and 5.7 ± 0.3%, P &lt; 0.01; mean daily glycemia 10.9 ± 0.8 and 8.8 ± 0.4 mmol/l, P &lt; 0.05, at the start and at the end of the study), while the dosage of injected insulin (0.65 ± 0.02 IU · kg−1 · day−1) and the number of severe hypoglycemic episodes remained unchanged. After 6 months of levosulpiride therapy, the time of gastric emptying was significantly reduced from 321 ± 14 to 261 ± 9 min (P &lt; 0.001) and dyspeptic symptoms had improved.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results show the importance of gastric emptying in the maintenance of glycemic control and the usefulness of chronic administration of levosulpiride in diabetic subjects with gastroparesis.
The Effects of Health Beliefs on Weight Loss in Individuals at High Risk for NIDDM
Authors: Polley Betsy A , Jakicic John M , Venditti Elizabeth M , Barr Susan , Wing Rena R 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether perceived risk and other health beliefs held by individuals at high risk for developing NIDDM predict weight loss and behavior change during a behavioral weight loss program to reduce the risk of NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Health beliefs and objective risk factors for diabetes were examined in 154 overweight men and women with a family history of NIDDM. The effects of these factors on adherence, dietary intake, weight loss, and changes in glucose levels were examined in a subset of 79 of these subjects who participated in a 2-year behavioral weight control program.

RESULTS
Those subjects who perceived themselves at highest risk of developing diabetes had a stronger family history of the disease and were more likely to be women than subjects considering themselves at more moderate risk. These participants also rated diabetes as a more serious disease, but were less likely to believe that weight loss would lower their risk. None of these health beliefs were related to attendance at meetings, dietary intake, weight loss, or fasting glucose, but higher perceived seriousness predicted larger reductions in BMI at 1 year. Of the objective risk factors for NIDDM, higher baseline BMI predicted larger weight losses throughout the program, and a stronger family history of diabetes was related to greater weight regain after an initial weight loss.

CONCLUSIONS
Perceived risk of developing diabetes and other health beliefs did not predict performance in a behavioral weight loss program. These data suggest that efforts to modify health beliefs by educating high-risk individuals about their risk and benefits of weight loss may not be effective in improving long-term weight loss results.
Epidemiology, Clinical Aspects, and Biology of IDDM Patients Under Age 40 Years: Comparison of data from Antwerp with complete ascertainment with data from Belgium with 40% ascertainment. The Belgian Diabetes Registry
Authors: Vandewalle Christina L , Coeckelberghs Marina I , De Leeuw Ivo H , Caju Marc V Du , Schuit Frans C , Pipeleers Daniel G , Gorus Frans K 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare the incidence rate of IDDM in the age-groups 0–14 and 15–39 years in Antwerp, Belgium, and to compare demographic, clinical, and biological data from Antwerp IDDM patients with 92% ascertainment with those from a larger Belgian patient group with 40% ascertainment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Incident cases of IDDM were reported by physicians of the Belgian Diabetes Registry and in Antwerp by several other sources. In Antwerp, completeness of ascertainment was calculated by the capture-recapture method. Demographic and clinical data were collected by questionnaire. Blood was sampled for HLA-DQ genotyping and, in new-inset patients, for autoantibodies.

RESULTS
In Antwerp, the age- and sex-standardized IDDM incidence rates were similar in both age-groups (0–14 years: 11.8/100,000; 15–39 years: 8.9/100,000). The incidence rate decreased in girls above age 15 years (6.9/100,000; P = 0.003) but not in boys (11.0/100,000). Both in Antwerp and Belgium, IDDM was diagnosed more frequently in the 15–39 years age-group (60% of all cases) than under age 15 years, with a lower prevalence of acute symptoms, ketonuria, high-risk HLA-DQ genotype, and autoantibodies against insulin, islet cells, and IA-2, but with a higher prevalence of GAD65 autoantibodies.

CONCLUSIONS
In Antwerp, the incidence rate of IDDM under age 15 years is intermediately high compared with the rates in other European regions. It is similar in the 15–39 years age-group, but with a marked male predominance. Demographic, clinical, and biological data show the same age-dependent heterogeneity as the data collected nationwide, with 40% ascertainment indicating the representativeness of the latter.
Multicenter Evaluation of the Micral-Test II Test Strip, an Immunologic Rapid Test for the Detection of Microalbuminuria
Authors: Mogensen Carl E , Viberti Gian C , Peheim Edgar , Kutter Dolphe , Hasslacher Christoph , Hofmann Walter , Renner Rolf , Bojestig Mats , Poulsen P Logstrup , Scott Graham , Thoma John , Kuefer Juergen , Nilsson B , Gambke Brigitte , Mueller Peter , Steinbiss Joachim , Willamowski Klaus-Dieter 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To assess the performance of the Micral-Test II immunologic test strip for the detection of microalbuminuria, a multicenter evaluation in eight European study sites was performed.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using both the Micral-Test II test strip and the routine method for the determination of albumin concentration, we investigated 2,228 urine samples from diabetic patients. Additionally, interperson variability, color stability, and possible interfering factors (temperature, pH, leucocyturia, erythrocyturia, and drugs) were tested.

RESULTS
For a cutoff concentration of 20 mg/l with respect to the routine methods, a sensitivity of 96.7% and a specificity of 71% were calculated for the Micral-Test II test strip. The negative predictive value was 0.95, and the positive predictive value was 0.78, with a prevalence of positive samples (laboratory method) of 52%. The interperson variability of color interpretation showed 93% concordant readings. The interference study showed an influence of oxytetracycline, leading to higher readings. There was no interference from pH. A sample temperature of &lt;10 degrees C led to lower readings. In the case of samples with massive leucocyturia and erythrocyturia that may delete the chromatographic process, waiting an additional 1-2 min is needed before reading.

CONCLUSIONS
The results of the multicenter evaluation show that the Micral-Test II test strip permits an immediate and reliable semiquantitative determination of low albumin concentrations in urine samples with an almost user-independent color interpretation.
Prevalence of Diabetes and Its Risk Factors in China, 1994
Authors: Pan Xiao-Ren , Yang Wen-Ying , Li Guan-Wei , Liu Juan ,   National Diabetes Prevention and Control Cooperative Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and its risk factors in the Chinese population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This study was a population-based cross-sectional study of 224,251 residents aged 25–64 years in 19 provinces and areas, including cities and rural areas of the north, south, east, and middle part of China.

RESULTS
Using the 1985 World Health Organization criteria, the prevalence of diabetes and IGT was 2.5 and 3.2%, respectively, in 213,515 subjects aged 25–64 years. Two thirds (70.3%) of the cases had newly recognized diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in China is about three times higher than it was 10 years ago. On average, subjects with diabetes are older, have higher personal annual incomes, and more often have a family history of diabetes. They also have higher mean BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and a greater prevalence of hypertension. They perform less physical activity and have less education than people with normal oral glucose tolerance test results. Multiple logistic stepwise regression analysis shows that age, BMI (or WHR), family history of diabetes, hypertension, less physical activity, and higher annual income are independent risk factors of NIDDM, and that low education is also an independent risk factor of NIDDM in people with higher personal annual income.

CONCLUSIONS
The prevalence of diabetes in China is increasing with economic development and changes from traditional to modernized lifestyle, especially where people had lower level of education and socioeconomic development. Therefore, Chinese people should attempt to retain certain features of their traditional lifestyle (physical activity, healthy food, moderate body weight). Increased knowledge of risk factors for diabetes may help to prevent a further rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes in China.
Pronounced Insulin Resistance and Inadequate β-cell Secretion Characterize Lean Gestational Diabetes During and After Pregnancy
Authors: Kautzky-Willer Alexandra , Prager Rudolf , Waldhäusl Werner , Pacini Giovanni , Thomaseth Karl , Wagner Oswald F , Ulm Martin , Streli Carola , Ludvik Bernhard 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate β-cell secretion and glucose metabolism in lean subjects with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with that in subjects with normal pregnancy and obesity.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity (S1), and hepatic insulin extraction were assessed in pregnant women with GDM before and after delivery and in those with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) in comparison to healthy nonpregnant lean and obese women. Kinetic analysis of glucose, insulin, and C-peptide plasma concentrations during oral and intravenous glucose tolerance tests was performed by mathematical modeling.

RESULTS
S1 was blunted in pregnant women with GDM by 84% and in those with NGT by 66% compared with lean nonpregnant women (P &lt; 0.005 vs. healthy nonpregnant lean control subjects; P &lt; 0.05, GDM vs. pregnant women with NGT), whereas glucose effectiveness was decreased by 33% in both pregnant groups (P &lt; 0.05 vs. healthy nonpregnant lean control subjects). Insulin secretion was 30% higher (P &lt; 0.05) in subjects with GDM than in pregnant women with NGT or in nonpregnant lean women, but decreased (P &lt; 0.005) when compared with obese women with a comparable degree of insulin resistance. Fractional hepatic insulin extraction was similar in both pregnant groups, being lower (P &lt; 0.0001) by 30% versus nonpregnant females. β-cell sensitivity to glucose for insulin release was decreased in subjects with GDM versus pregnant women with NGT as well as nonpregnant women by 40-50% (P &lt; 0.01). Twelve weeks after delivery, GDM returned to normal glucose tolerance, but S1 remained 50% lower than that in lean nonpregnant women, while β-cell sensitivity to glucose did not change (P &lt; 0.01 vs. healthy nonpregnant lean control subjects).

CONCLUSIONS
Pregnancy is characterized by insulin resistance, diminished hepatic insulin extraction, and glucose effectiveness. Lean subjects with GDM are additionally characterized by having more pronounced insulin resistance and inadequate insulin secretion, which persist after delivery. Compared with other insulin-resistant prediabetic states like impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), defective insulin secretion seems to be a predominant defect in lean GDM subjects, indicating that it might represent a specific prediabetic condition.