bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations of Adiposity from Childhood into Adulthood with Insulin Resistance and the Insulin-Like Growth Factor System: 65-Year Follow-Up of the Boyd Orr Cohort
Authors: Martin Richard M. , Holly Jeff M. P. , Davey Smith George , Gunnell David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractContext: One metabolic pathway through which adiposity influences disease risk may be via alterations in insulin and IGF metabolism.Objective: Our objective was to investigate associations of adiposity at different stages of life with insulin and the IGF system.Design, Setting, and Participants: The study was a 65-yr follow-up of 728 Boyd Orr cohort participants (mean age, 71 yr) originally surveyed between 1937 and 1939.Main Outcomes: Outcomes included homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, total IGF-I and IGF-II, IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-2, and IGFBP-3 in adulthood.Results: Childhood body mass index (BMI) was weakly inversely related to adult IGF-I (coefficient per BMI sd, −3.4 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval, −7.3 to 0.5; P = 0.09). IGF-II (but not IGF-I) increased with higher current fat mass index (coefficient, 26.1 ng/ml; 95% confidence interval, 4.6 to 47.6; P = 0.02) and waist-hip ratio (30.0 ng/ml; 9.4 to 50.5; P = 0.004). IGFBP-2 decreased by 21.2% (17.2 to 24.9; P &lt; 0.001), and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance increased by 38.8% (28.9 to 49.6; P &lt; 0.001) per sd higher adult BMI. Among thin adults (BMI tertiles 1 and 2), IGFBP-2 was positively, and insulin resistance was inversely, associated with childhood BMI.Conclusion: There was only weak evidence that associations of childhood BMI with chronic disease risk may be mediated by adult IGF-I levels. Circulating IGFBP-2 in adulthood, a marker for insulin sensitivity, was inversely associated with current adiposity, but overweight children who became relatively lean adults were more insulin sensitive than thinner children. The findings may indicate programming of later insulin sensitivity and consequently IGFBP-2 levels in response to childhood adiposity. The role of IGF-II in obesity-related chronic diseases warrants additional investigation.
Synthesis and Properties of Naphthopyrans with a Benzothiophene Ring
Authors: Uchida Manabu , Kume Makoto , Irie Masahiro 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
New photochromic benzochromene derivatives condensed with a benzothiophene ring were synthesized. The condensation positions of the thiophene ring influenced the photochromism. 7a-Methyl-7aH-benzo[f][1]benzothieno[2,3-b]chromene (1) underwent a two-photon two-step photochromism, while 7a-methyl-7aH-benzo[f][1]benzothieno[3,2-b]chromene (2) showed an ordinary chromene-type photochromic reaction. The yellow color of 1 disappeared upon irradiation with 405 nm light, and a thermally stable oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexene isomer was reversibly produced. On the other hand, compound 2 turned orange upon irradiation with 366 nm light, and the orange color quickly returned to the original pale yellow in the dark. Upon irradiation with both 366 and &gt;420 nm light compound 2 isomerized to an oxabicyclo[3.1.0]hexene form.
A Pummerer-Type Novel Ring Fission of 2-Methylsulfinyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazine Derivatives: A Homologation of Aldehydes and Ketones
Authors: Shimada Kazuaki , Otaki Akihiro , Yanakawa Masaki , Mabuchi Shosuke , Yamakado Naoya , Shimoguchi Takeshi , Inoue Kazuya , Kagawa Takashi , Shoji Kazutoshi , Takikawa Yuji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Aldehydes and ketones were converted into 2-methylsulfinyl-5,6-dihydro-4H-1,3,4-thiadiazines via the formation and base-induced ring-closure of N-alkylidene-N′-bis(alkylthio)methylenehydrazines followed by mCPBA oxidation. The subsequent Pummerer-type ring fission of the rings was performed by treating with trifluoroacetic anhydride or trifluoromethanesulfonic anhydride at −78 °C to give α,β-unsaturated esters and ketones in modest yields. Thus, this reaction sequence was regarded as being a new method for the two-carbon homologation of aldehydes and ketones.
Lipase-Catalyzed Transesterification of Aryl-Substituted Alkanols in an Organic Solvent
Authors: Nakamura Kaoru , Kawasaki Masashi , Ohno Atsuyoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Lipase-catalyzed transesterifications of aryl-substituted alcohols with vinyl acetate in organic solvents have been investigated. Vmax of (R)-1-phenylethanol is much larger than its (S)-counterpart, although their Kms are similar each other. It is proposed that a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia can form a complex easily with each enantiomer, although the complex with the (S)-enantiomer is abortive. Enantioselectivity for the ortho-substituted 1-phenylethanol is smaller than those for the others. A three-dimensional model for the active domain of the lipase has been proposed to explain the enantioselectivity and substrate selectivity of the lipase.
Thermal Dimerization of Alkali Acrylate/3-Methyl-3-butenoate and Alkali Methacrylate/3-Methyl-3-butenoate Binary Systems in the Solid State
Authors: Akutsu Fumihiko , Inoki Mari , Nishimura Nozomu , Kasashima Yoshio , Naruchi Kiyoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The thermal reaction in the solid state of binary salts, obtained from an equimolar mixture solution, of lithium 3-methyl-3-butenoate/methacrylate (3-MBA/MA) or potassium 3-MBA/MA, after esterification, produced mainly dimethyl (Z)-3,6-dimethyl-2-heptenedioate as a novel cross-coupled dimer. The cross-coupled dimer was obtained from the potassium salts in 35.5% yield upon heating at 230 °C for 2 h. Similary, a methyl ester of the cross-coupled dimer, dimethyl (Z)-3-methyl-2-heptenedioate, was given from sodium 3-methyl-3-butenoate/acrylate (3-MBA/AA) or potassium 3-MBA/AA after esterification. The cross-coupled dimer was obtained from potassium 3-MBA/AA in 57.5% yield upon heating at 230 °C for 2 h. The X-ray diffraction pattern of potassium 3-MBA/MA or potassium 3-MBA/AA indicates the formation of a new phase, that is different from that of the individual salts. The crystal system of K–(3-MBA/AA) was transformed to a more stable state by initial heating for 20 min. The selective cross-coupled dimerization was caused by the new phase of binary salts and maintaining the crystal state of the reaction system by the formation of solid-solution crystals.
Preference of Electron Transfer to Nucleophilic Addition in Reactions of Ketene Silyl Acetals with Quinones and Catalysis of Magnesium Ion
Authors: Fujita Morifumi , Fukuzumi Shunichi , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu , Otera Junzo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
β,β-Dimethyl-substituted ketene silyl acetal (1a) reduces p-chloranil and other activated quinones with electron-withdrawing substituents to produce the carbon–oxygen adduct, the hydrolysis of which yields the corresponding hydroquinone ether. The structure of the hydroquinone ether has been determined by the X-ray crystal analysis. The reactions are significantly slowed down in benzene where the charge-transfer spectra of electron donor–acceptor complexes formed between 1a and the activated quinones are observed. The comparison of the observed rate constant with that predicted for the electron transfer process from 1a to p-chloranil indicates that the addition of 1a to p-chloranil proceeds via the electron transfer from 1a to p-chloranil. Although no reaction takes place between 1a and p-benzoquinone, the electron affinity of which is significantly smaller than that of p-chloranil, the reduction of p-benzoquinone by 1a occurs efficiently in the presence of magnesium ion. The kinetic expression of the Mg2+ catalysis changes from the first-order to second-order in [Mg2+] under the conditions that Mg2+ forms the 2 : 1 complexes with the corresponding radical anions. The catalytic effects of Mg2+ are approximately the same as those observed for the electron transfer reduction of these oxidants, demonstrating the important contribution of the Mg2+-catalyzed electron transfer process in the addition of 1a to p-benzoquinone. On the other hand, the reaction of a nonsubstituted ketene silyl acetal (1d) with p-fluoranil yields the carbon–carbon adduct rather than the carbon–oxygen adduct. The much larger rate constants of 1d than those of 1a despite the higher oxidation potential of 1d suggest that the 1,2-addition to p-fluoranil occurs via the nucleophilic attack of 1d, which is much less sterically hindered than 1a, to the positively charged carbonyl carbon of p-fluoranil rather than an alternative electron transfer pathway.
Synthesis of ZSM-5 Using a TBP Template and an Oligomeric Silicic Ester
Authors: Lingappan Nachiappan , Krishnasamy V 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The syntheses of pentasil zeolites were carried out using the system xNa2O·y(TBP)2O·Al2O3·zSiO2·1050H2O, keeping z = 50—600, y/z = 0.03 to 0.1, and x/z = 0.01 to 0.05 at 448 K. Pure ZSM-5 phase is found to form for any value of z in the range specified when y/z = 0.02 and x/z = 0.01. When these compositional ranges and ratios are altered either ZSM-11 or intergrowth of ZSM-5/11 or formation of ZSM-5 or ZSM-11 and quartz takes place. The decomposition of the templates, from the channels of ZSM-5 of different SiO2/Al2O3 ratio, showed differences in their patterns. After calcination of the samples phosphorus is retained in the zeolite channels in the form of a surface complex. Thermal analysis and FTIR studies support this observation. SEM pictures drive to the conclusion that a liquid–solid transformation mechanism operates in the crystallization of ZSM-5 under the conditions of the synthesis studied.
Conversion of Carbon and Alkali Metal Carbonates to Hydrocarbons Containing Aromatic Hydrocarbons by the Reaction with Copper Oxides and Aqueous Alkaline Solution
Authors: Akiyama Fuminori 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Reaction of activated carbon and copper(II) oxide in the presence of aqueous potassium carbonate solution at 380 or 400 °C gave mainly carbon dioxide, accompanied by the formation of hydrocarbons containing aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene. The similar reaction of copper(I) oxide gave mainly methane, accompanied by formation of smaller amounts of carbon dioxide, benzene, and toluene than the reaction of copper(II) oxide. Although the reaction of copper(II) oxide with aqueous potassium carbonate solution did not give hydrocarbons in the absence of activated carbon, the reaction of copper(I) oxide with aqueous potassium carbonate solution gave hydrocarbons even in the absence of activated carbon.
Bacterial Reduction of Azo Compounds as a Model Reaction for the Degradation of Azo-Containing Polyurethane by the Action of Intestinal Flora
Authors: Ueda Tsutomu , Yamaoka Tetsuji , Miyamoto Masatoshi , Kimura Yoshiharu , Sasatani Haruhide , Kim Soon-Ih 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Two types of model compounds containing an azo aromatic group were synthesized, and their reduction kinetics in an anaerobic culture of intestinal flora was investigated for insight into the degradation mechanism of the azo-containing polyurethane which can be specifically degraded by the action of azo reductases which are released by intestinal floras. A water-soluble azo compound, 3,3′ -azodibenzenemethanol (ADM), was readily reduced into its hydrazo form and then to the amine form, 3-aminobenzenemethanol (ABM). The reduction rate from azo to hydrazo was much faster than that from hydrazo to amine. In the case of a water-insoluble azo compound, 3,3′-azodibenzenemethanol bis(N-phenylcarbamate) (ADM-PC), in which the hydroxy groups of ADM were capped by N-phenylcarbamoyl groups, the reduction was stopped in the first step, and only the hydrazo form was produced. These data indicated that the azo-containing polyurethane which is hydrophobic in nature should be degraded by the azo-hydrazo reduction of the azo groups without the chain breakage occurring.
Magnetic Characterization of Magnetite Particles for MR Contrast Agents
Authors: Suzuki Motoshi , Shimizu Wataru , Kosugi Yoshio , Honda Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Takeshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The proton spin relaxivities (R1, R2) of agarose phantom with magnetite particles were measured using an NMR spectrometer at 5.875 T, and compared with other magnetic substances. R2 for the polyethylene glycol-coated magnetite particle (PEG-magnetite) was 455 s−1 mM−1 (M = mol dm−3), 50- and 95-times larger than that for FeCl3 and Gd(H2dtpa), respectively. PEG-magnetite also showed a high R2/R1 ratio of 172, while the latter two substances had low R2/R1 ratios below 10. The core size greatly affected R2, the maximum R2 value being observed in the case of the intermediate size (10 nm) among three different core sizes of magnetite. The basic characteristics of magnetite were found to be derived from its magnetism. The optimization of such acquisition parameters as TR and TE for spin-echo pulse sequences was also examined. The differences in the calculated signal intensity obtained from a tumor with PEG-magnetite and from normal tissue without PEG-magnetite were compared. The image with the highest contrast was found to be obtained at TE = 40 ms and an appropriately long TR. PEG-magnetite is expected to work well as a negative-contrast agent under suitable acquisition conditions.
Chemistry of Azulenequinones and Their Analogues
Authors: Nozoe Tetsuo , Takeshita Hitoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Azulenequinones have been attracting great interest in recent years. After a brief introduction concerning an earlier study of azulenequinones we review recently developed areas of azulenequinone chemistry, which became possible by the discovery of a facile one-pot synthesis of azulenequinones, or their bromo derivatives, by means of the bromine oxidation of various azulene derivatives in an aqueous solvent. Various functionalized, and some annulated, azulenes are used as substrates to determine the scope and limitations of this method. The bromoazulenequinones can be used as synthons, from which various azulenequinones can be derived by nucleophilic displacement. In a hope to encourage other chemists to develop new azulenequinone chemistry, we herein describe the process of the discovery, starting from the original motivation. In addition, we touch on remarkable and mysterious products whose structures remain undetermined and our speculation concerning their reaction paths. Some physical and chemical properties of azulenequinones, together with those of azulenequinone methides and diazoazulenequinones, are also described. This is the first complete review of the field of newly developing azulenequinones.
Supercooling and Enthalpy of Mixing of Aqueous Solutions of Tetrabutyl(or isopentyl)ammonium Chloride Subjected to Irradiation with Ultrasonic Waves
Authors: Nakayama Haruo , Hayashi Chihiro , Endou Masato 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In order to observe more directly the structural organization of water molecules around a nonpolar molecule in an aqueous solution, the supercooling temperatures and enthalpies of mixing with various solvents were measured using two kinds of aqueous solutions (solutions I and II) of tetrabutyl(or isopentyl)ammonium chloride, which were subjected to different treatments. Solution I was made by melting a hydrate solid formed from the ammonium salts and water and by keeping its temperature only one degree Celsius higher than its dissolution temperature; solution II was made by irradiating solution I with ultrasonic waves (38 kHz) for 20 min at the same temperature as solution I. The supercooling temperatures of solution I were found to be about 10 degrees Celsius higher than those of solution II. The differences in the enthalpies of mixing between solution I and solution II in the same solvent, ΔHI − ΔHII, were found to be about 3 kJ per mole of (n-C4H9)4NCl for most of the solvents. It has been concluded that these results directly reflect the difference in the stability of hydrogen-bonded water networks around either a butyl or an isopentyl chain of the ammonium cation in aqueous solutions.
A Study of the Preparation Procedures of Sulfated Zirconia Prepared from Zirconia Gel. The Effect of the pH of the Mother Solution on the Isomerization Activity of n-Pentane
Authors: Tatsumi Tetsuji , Matsuhashi Hiromi , Arata Kazushi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Solid superacids of sulfated zirconia were prepared by the sulfation of zirconia gels, which were obtained from mother solutions with different pH values. The gel precipitated at pH = 8 gave the sulfated zirconia, which showed the highest catalytic activity and selectivity for the skeletal isomerization of n-pentane. The active superacid was obtained with high reproducibility upon heating the mother solution, followed by washing the precipitate with hot water; this preparation procedure provided the oxide of small particle size. The catalytic activity of sulfated zirconia could be estimated from the exothermal peak caused by crystallization of the zirconia gel in DTA.
Studies on Spread Monolayers and LB Films of Long-Chain Alkylchlorosilanes by Brewster Angle Microscopy and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy
Authors: Iimura Ken-ichi , Suzuki Noboru , Kato Teiji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Long-chain alkylchlorosilanes (trichloro(octadecyl)silane; TCOS, dichloro(methyl)(octadecyl)silane; DCMOS, and chloro(dimethyl)(octadecyl)silane; CDMOS) form stable spread monolayers on water surfaces. From the experimental fact that X-ray photoelectron spectra of the LB films showed no chlorine peak, it is estimated that chlorosilyl residues were hydrolyzed rapidly just after spreading on the water surface. Brewster angle microscopic observation of the monolayers gave information on the molecular tilt and phase transitions in these monolayers with compression. It is expected that dimerization or polymerizations of resultant hydroxysilane residues could proceed by condensation among the hydroxyl groups in monolayers. However, condensation reactions were very slow in neutral conditions and the film molecules exist mainly as monomeric or dimeric hydroxysilanes and not in polymeric forms, based on the comparison of the atomic ratios of Si to O estimated from the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of LB films of the three compounds and those of the polymers of TCOS and DCMOS, and the dimer of CDMOS.
Nickel(II) Complex of 6,6′-Bis(hexylbenzoylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine as a Functional Carrier: pH-Induced Affinity-Switching and Mechanism of the SCN−-Selective Up-Hill Transport
Authors: Lee Sung-Kil , Kumasaka Yoshinori , Otsuki Joe , Araki Koji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Ni(II) complex of 6,6′-bis(hexylbenzoylamino)-2,2′-bipyridine (LH2) in square-planar symmetry underwent a reversible and simultaneous deprotonation of the two amide units. The non-deprotonated complex (NiLH22+) showed high SCN− selectivity by the preferential axial coordination of two SCN− molecules (log KSCN = 8.11 ± 0.03 in CH2Cl2 at 20 °C), while the deprotonated complex showed little affinity toward anions. Deprotonation-induced affinity-switching of the complex by the external aqueous layer mediated an efficient SCN−-selective up-hill transport across a CH2Cl2 liquid membrane by coupling with the symport of protons from pH 4.0 to 6.0 aqueous solutions. Equilibrium at the aqueous/organic interface could be represented by the equation Kapp = ([Ni(LH2)(SCN)2]org)/([NiL]org[H+]2aq[SCN−]2aq), where Kapp is the equilibrium constant (log Kapp = 13.6 at 20 °C). However, the rates of protonation and deprotonation of the complex at the interface were dependent mostly on the concentration of the complex in the organic layer. Based on these results, detailed mechanisms of the transport are discussed.
Structure and Characterization of 9,10-Diethyl-9,10-diphospha-9,10-dihydroanthracene as an Electron Donor
Authors: Akutsu Hiroki , Ogasawara Masamichi , Saburi Masahiko , Kozawa Kozo , Uchida Tokiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The molecular structure of 9,10-diethyl-9,10-diphospha-9,10-dihydroanthracene (PEPP) was determined by X-ray analysis. The central six-membered ring takes a boat conformation with two phosphorus atoms being the stem and stern, and the condensed tricyclic skeleton forms a butterfly-like structure. Of the two ethyl groups, which are attached to two P atoms in the central ring, the one is placed toward outside the skeleton (extra), and the other is located toward the inside of the ‘butterfly’ (intra). The observed redox potential of 0.63 V vs. Ag/AgCl suggests that this molecule has a fairly good electron-donating characteristics. From the spectroscopic observation and a quantum-chemical calculation, the donating orbital is estimated to be that of lone pair electrons at the P atom that attaches to the intra ethyl group.
CdS Nanocrystals in Chelate Polymer Microparticles: Polymer Size Dependence of The Optical Properties
Authors: Yao Hiroshi , Kitamura Noboru 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
CdS nanocrystals were prepared in micrometer-sized chelate polymer particles by nucleation of Cd2+ ions with an aqueous Na2S solution. Simulation of the absorption spectral band shapes of CdS under an effective mass approximation was conducted on the basis of the size distributions of the crystals in the polymer, which were estimated by the relevant transmission electron micrograph images. The optical properties and the size distributions of CdS were dependent on the diameter of the polymer particle, when the concentration of an added S2− solution was sufficiently high for rapid nucleation. In the case of the reaction of Cd2+ with a diluted S2− solution, contrarily, the formation of CdS was confined in the surface layer of the host polymer particle with layer-by-layer size distributions. Effects of the host polymer particle size and the concentration of the Na2S solution on the size distributions and the optical properties of CdS are discussed in terms of the apparent rate of nucleation of Cd2+ to CdS.
Crystal Structure and Physical Properties of {Bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene}2dicyano-Silver and -Gold
Authors: Kurmoo Mohamedally , Day Peter , Mitani Tadaoki , Kitagawa Hiroshi , Shimoda Hideo , Yoshida Den , Guionneau Philippe , Barrans Yvette , Chasseau Daniel , Ducasse Laurent 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
We report the crystal and electronic band structures and the electrical, magnetic, and optical properties of {bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene}2dicyano-silver and -gold, η-(BEDT–TTF)2M(CN)2, M = Ag or Au. The compounds belong to the monoclinic system; space group C2/c, a = 36.28(8), b = 4.286(2), c = 22.02(6) Å, β = 110.62(9)° and V = 3205 Å3, and a = 36.44(8), b = 4.256(2), c = 22.16(6) Å, β = 111.3(1)° and V = 3201 Å3, respectively. The structure consists of pairs of stacks with parallel BEDT–TTF molecules along b. Molecules in neighboring pairs of stacks are tilted by 55.3°. There are several short S···S contacts between stacks to form layers, which are separated by the anions along a. The transfer integrals suggest a highly dimerized system. The band structure calculation, however, predicts metallic behavior contrary to the semiconducting properties observed (σRT ≈ 10−1—10 S cm−1 and EA = 0.15(2) eV). The static (SQUID magnetometry) and spin (EPR) susceptibilities are modelled to a singlet–triplet system with an energy gap of 315(5) K (39(1) meV). This is one of two phases in the BEDT–TTF family to exhibit an activated susceptibility for a spin dimer model.
Synthesis of Tungstate Thin Films and Their Optical Properties
Authors: Saito Nobuhiro , Kudo Akihiko , Sakata Tadayoshi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A simple and new synthetic method of tungstate thin films (CaWO4, MgWO4, PbWO4, ZnWO4) was developed. The absorption and luminescence spectra of tungstate thin films synthesized on quartz substrates were measured; the optical properties were also studied. It was found that CaWO4 has Eg = 5.4 eV of a direct transition nature. Tungstate thin films were strongly luminescent when irradiated with UV-light. Excitation at around 290 nm was interpreted as a singlet–triplet transition.