bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microscopical Observations on Partially Acetylated Cottons and Related Fibers
Authors: Tripp Verne W. , Giuffria Ruth , deGruy Ines V. 
Published: July 2007

Effects of acetylation on the morphology and submicroscopic structu e of cotton have been studied by light and electron microscopy. The cross-sectional area of partially acetylated (PA) fibers increases with degree of substitution. The average refractive index of PA cotton decreases with increase in acetyl content, as do the indices measured parallel and perpendicular to the fiber axis. Refractive index measurement appears to be a feasible method for estimating the chemical composition of PA cotton. At early stages of esterification, unevenness of reaction along the length of fibers may be demon strated by dyeing and swelling techniques. Acetylation causes the surface of cotton to become smoother, and obliterates the micro- fibrillate pattern characteristic of scoured fibers. PA cotton fibers swell when embedded in methacrylic esters by polymerization. The swelling causes separation of the lamellae of the secondary wall, and permits electron microscopical observations on the interior elements of the fiber to be made on thin cross sections of the specimen. Fragments of PA cotton obtained by wet- beating show progressive loss of the fibrillate character of unacetylated cellulose as the acetyl content increases. At high degrees of substitution, the PA cotton fragments resemble the spongy particles obtained from wet- beaten acetate rayon and Arnel. The results of microscopical examination are considered in terms of fiber structure.
Experimental Evaluation of the Lateral-Order Distribution in Cellulose
Authors: Marchessault R.H. , Howsmon J.A. 
Published: July 2007

The lack of agreement among various crystallinity and accessibility methods for cellu losic materials is explained in terms of the lateral-order distribution concept. A new definition of the order function is proposed which is more in keeping with recent infrared evidence showing that celluloses differ in distribution of hydrogen bond strengths rather than in actual number of hydrogen bonds. Some of the physical and chemical methods which can give empirical-order distribu tion information for native and regenerated samples are reviewed critically and some data are compared with results based on conventional crystalline-amorphous delineation.
The valuing of management information
Authors: Carter M.P. 
Published: July 2007

This article is the first in a series of four articles concerned with the valuing of management information. The first three articles examine the major approaches to valuation, the final one summarizes and links together these methods into a practi cal approach to the valuing of management information. This article considers the Bayesian approach to the valuing of management information by examining two examples. One of these examples is an unprogrammed strategic decision con cerned with valuing a piece of market research information, the other concerned with the valuing of process control informa tion.
Application in practice of the results of library and information retrieval research—experience in consultancy
Authors: Ashford John H. 
Published: July 2007

Analysis of the records of a small, specialised consultancy indicates that research results have been applied both in general development of subject knowledge and in solving specific prob lems. Some promising research which appears not yet to have yielded practical results is noted, and difficulties are identified in converting published research into practical applications. Text and document analysis on a large scale and the auto matic acquisition of texts are likely to be useful future research topics; user studies and cost benefit analyses appear to be the best tools for assessment.
Technology transfer and communication: lessons from Silicon Valley, Route 128, Carolina's Research Triangle and hi-tech Texas
Authors: Irwin Harry , More Elizabeth 
Published: July 2007

Expenence from the 1980s has demonstrated that commonly used "automatic" and "dissemination/diffusion" models of technology transfer are inadequate to guide practice in the 1990s Technology transfer is an increasingly complex process, fraught with difficulties. Understanding technology transfer, and initiating actions to assist it to occur, is facilitated by conceptualising transfer as a communication process involving ongoing interaction and negotiation of meanings between researchers and clients Implications for practice of the adoption of a communica tion model of technology transfer are analysed, with particular attention being paid to the need for boundary spanning "go betweens", or "linkage champions", to manage the vital com munication aspects of technology transfer
Matrilineal Descent and Juvenile Offender Counseling
Authors: Lund Dennis W. 
Published: July 2007

In societies with matrilineal descent traditions, natural fathers have little actual authority over discipline of their children. These responsibilities rest on the mother's brothers. It is suggested that in modern-day cultures rehabilitative counselors consider maternal uncles for supportive assistance. Implications for nonmatrilineal descent cultures in the United States are considered, with the observation that the majority of delinquent children live in homes exclusively ruled by mothers. Maternal kin might be of significant assistance with delinquent youth from single-parent families. In situations where "primitive" culture families have immigrated or migrated, assistance from role models from the new receiving culture might be employed.
Some Limitations of Sluiced Fly Ash as a Liming Material for Acidic Soils
Authors: Warren C.J. 
Published: July 2007

Innovative methods are currently being sought to safely utilize and reduce the amount of sluiced fly ash stored in on-site facilities at thermal electric power facilities in Ontario, Canada. The objective of this study was to investigate the possibility of utilizing sluiced fly ash as a liming material on acidic soils. A greenhouse experiment was established to examine the influence of the ash on soil pH values and the yield and chemical composition of corn, soybeans, wheat and alfalfa grown on amended soil. The sluiced ash had an initial pH value of 9.1 (1:1 H2O) and contained an equivalent CACO3 content of 11.5% (+0.2%) based on total content of Ca and Mg in the ash. Fly ash was applied at rates of up to 167 tonnes ha-1 to samples of the surface horizon (0-15 cm) of an acidic clay textured soil found local to the power plant. Application of fly ash increased soil pH values but a high concentration of boron in the added ash limited plant growth. Results indicated that the sluiced ash could be used as a liming material at application rates of up to 110 tonnes ha-1, on acidic, clay textured soils provided boron tolerant crops such as alfalfa were grown. Further research is required to establish the potential for leaching of boron to ground water and to determine the potential for plant uptake of other trace elements such as As and Se.
Results of the German Dioxin Measurement Programme At MSW Incinerators
Authors: Johnke Bernt , Stelzner Eckhard 
Published: July 2007

This paper described the findings and data resulting from the German National Dioxin Measurement Programme at 11 plants with 15 incineration units. The programme's main focus was to provide answers to the question of the causes of dioxins and furans formation in the plant and to look for ways to reduce dioxin and furan emissions, including waste management measures and technical measures taken inside the plants. The investigations confirmed the finding that a major proportion of the dioxin and furan emissions is due to de novo synthesis. Two areas have to be mentioned here, the cooling zone behind the combustion chamber and the dust removal system. Significant differences in dioxin and furan concentration levels were ascertained between variations of operating parameters, e.g. much air, little air, extremely unfavourable operating conditions (i.e. start-up and shut-down without auxiliary burners) and the normal operating conditions specific to a plant. To comply the limit value of 0.1 ng I-TE m-3 it is necessary that conventional thermal treatment plants take additional measures to remove dioxins and furans from the flue gas. The measurements were carried out from 1985 to 1990. In addition, samples of fractions of household waste were analysed for their dioxins and furans.
A Review of the Management of Radioactive Wastes in Medical Institutes
Authors: Sztanyik László B. 
Published: July 2007

Amongst the waste from health care institutions, radioactive waste represents a special category since it cannot be modified or neutralized by any available conventional means. Accordingly, disposal of radioactive waste can mean only its transfer from a place where it represents some hazard to somewhere else where it can be retained without undue risk. Radioactive waste arises in health care institutes as a result of diagnostic, therapeutical or research uses of unsealed radioactive substances. Sometimes, sealed sources withdrawn from further use might also be subject to disposal. Most radionuclides used in medicine are short-lived beta-, or beta-gamma emitters and represent a low risk, if properly handled, that is if due care is taken to prevent significant contamination of the workplace and personnel. Low-activity gaseous and liquid waste can usually be discharged to the environment directly; medium-activity or high-activity waste should be stored for variable periods to allow natural decay before specialized disposal. This paper presents a review of the different types of radioactive wastes produced in hospitals, and introduces many of the sources of generation and subsequent disposal options. An example is given of the wide range of guidance available, both by national bodies in Hungary and international agencies, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), World Health Organisation (WHO) and International Committee on Radiological Protection (ICRP).
Consensus Oriented Public Relations as a Solution To the Landfill Conflict
Authors: Burkart Roland 
Published: July 2007

The siting of landfills usually meets with the disapproval of residents living in the immediate proximity of potential landfill sites and frequently arouses public protest. Also in Austria, the public's readiness to safeguard their interests has been increasing, thus such conflicts can no longer be avoided. This fact raises the question among future landfill operators, as to how to react in such cases, and how a thus sensitized public can be dealt with. Seen from the viewpoint of communication, landfill operators must direct more attention to public relations. Within a research project at the University of Vienna, we have developed a public relations model which is intended to support a consensus between the landfill operators and the residents immediately affected by the operators' activities. The results prove that the so called "consensus-oriented public relations" approach is principally right. That is, those people who, due to our survey in the communities, could envisage a landfill site being installed, broadly agreed with the landfill operator on the levels of understanding provided by the model.
Determining Controls On Element Concentrations in Fly Ash Leachate
Authors: Reardon E.J. , Czank C.A. , Warren C.J. , Dayal R. , Johnston H.M. 
Published: July 2007

It is possible, by conducting fly ash leaching tests at two different water:ash ratios, to determine whether or not the concentration of an element in the leachate is controlled by mineral solubility. If a mineral solubility control exists, the element's concentration can be readily predicted with chemical equilibria models. On the other hand, if the concentration of an element is controlled by the rate of release from ash particles, more sophisticated hydrochemical transport models are required. The conduct of leach tests on waste materials at two different water:solid ratios is recommended as a general procedure in waste management. In this study, the concentration of Na, K, Cl, B, and Cr(VI) in Lakeview fly ash leachate were found not to be controlled by mineral solubility. Therefore, the solution concentrations of these elements will be influenced by the relative amounts of water to ash in a mix, and the flux of these elements from hydrating primary ash particles with time. Evidence of solubility control was found for Ca, Sr, SO4 , Al, Si, As(V), and Se in leachate solutions. Calcium and SO 4 concentrations were controlled by gypsum solubility; Sr, probably by a (Ba,Sr)SO4 solid solution; Al and Si, by a hydrous aluminosilicate, probably allophane; Mg, by a hydrous magnesium silicate like sepiolite; and As, by either a ferric metal arsenate or strongly associated with a ferric oxide phase. The probable control on Se concentrations is through coprecipitation in secondary sulphate mineral precipitates.
Relationship of Microbial Mass and Activity in Biodegradation of Solid Waste
Authors: Murphy R.J. , Jones D.E. , Stessel R.I. 
Published: July 2007

Limited landfill space and resistance to siting such facilities has spurred consideration of new approaches to increase the longevity of landfills. Such efforts have included exploring methods to enhance degradation rates of municipal solid waste (MSW) and subsequently, mining landfills to recover materials and landfill space. Microbial mass and activity of MSW incubated in lysimeters, with moisture content sustained with recycled leachate, were compared under anaerobic and aerobic conditions in this study. Bacterial biomass and number were quantified by adenosine triphosphate analysis and acridine orange direct counts. Viability, adenylate energy charge and cellulase activity were also assessed. Bacterial number and energy status were lower in the anaerobic system. Cellulase activity in the anaerobic lysimeter decreased to undetectable levels while activity in the aerobic system continued to increase throughout the 92-day experiment. The results indicated that aeration, even at a relatively low volume, with leachate recirculation, significantly accelerated degradation of MSW. Furthermore, the results demonstrated the potential of using cellulase activity as a surrogate parameter of relative microbial activity of MSW degradation.
Physico-Chemical Characterization and Leaching of Desulphurization Coal Fly Ash
Authors: Lecuyer I. , Bicocchi S. , Ausset P. , Lefevre R. 
Published: July 2007

Fly ash produced by coal combustion using two types of desulphurization process were studied: a conventional pulverized coal boiler equipped with lime injection (PCL ash), and a circulating fluidized bed combustion boiler with limestone injection (CFBC ash). The ashes were characterized completely: granulometry, morphology, mineralogy, chemical composition and behaviour to water contact. Both PCL ash and CFBC ash present similar features: fine granulometry, presence of anhydrite phase and sulphate content. However, PCL ash also shows lots of spherical particles, unlike CFBC ash, and a much higher lime content, due to the lower desulphurization rate in PC boilers. Unlike CFBC ash, most of the trace elements in PCL ash show an inverse concentration-particle size dependence. Leachates obtained from both samples are rich in soluble salts [CaSO4 and Ca(OH) 2] and arsenic and selenium are prevented from solubilizing by high lime content. In wetted PCL ash, the formation of ettringite crystals stabilizes calcium and sulphate ions. Simultaneously, arsenate, selenate and chromate anions are trapped in the crystal. CFBC ash does not really harden because the lime content is too low. However, the leached selenium concentration is cut down in wetted CFBC ash samples. © 1996 ISWA
Municipal Solid Waste Policy and Public Participation in Household Source Reduction
Authors: Lober Douglas J. 
Published: July 2007

This study examines the nature of public participation in implementing household source reduction of municipal solid waste in order to inform the development of waste policy. The objectives are to determine the degree of public participation in household source reduction, the importance given to this waste strategy relative to other waste management approaches with an emphasis on recycling, but also including landfilling and incineration, the motivations behind its practice and the demographic and attitudinal correlates of its practitioners. The method used was a telephone survey of residents in a community in Connecticut, U.S.A. The results were analysed using descriptive and correlational statistics. The results indicate that the activity of source reduction, using a variety of measures, is being widely practiced. Over 50% of respondents participated in at least one source reduction activity. However, the intensity of participation was low, with many individuals participating only infrequently in the activity. Furthermore, the amount of material potentially reduced through source reduction in the home is small. There was an equal degree of public support for recycling efforts with a large percentage of respondents considering recycling to be more important than source reduction. Demographic variables in this community did not prove to be significantly correlated with source reduction attitudes and behaviour. One policy implication is that the home may not be the most effective place for source reduction, as contrasted with recycling, given the limited number of source reduction activities available in the home. A second policy implication is that mechanisms to facilitate source reduction need to be developed. Finally, policy makers need to concentrate educational efforts towards public recognition of both what constitutes source reduction and the importance of this activity.
Effect of Drying Temperature On the Fuel Value of Wastewater Sludge
Authors: Vesilind P. Aarne , Ramsey Thomas B. 
Published: July 2007

Two operational problems that plague the multiple hearth furnace (MHF) are the frequent need for supplementary fuel to maintain the incineration process, and emission of volatile compounds from the incinerator. Sludge is exposed to elevated drying temperatures prior to active combustion in the MHF and many of the volatile emissions are a result of thermal degradation of organic matter within the sludge. This loss of volatile matter from the sludge prior to its combustion represents a direct loss of fuel from the MHF. The objective of this research is to determine the effect of drying temperature on the final heating value of sludge. This objective is accomplished through the determination of higher heating values (HHV) by oxygen bomb calorimetry of sludge samples heated to temperatures between ambient and 400°C prior to the calorimetric measurements. Results from laboratory work performed for this research indicate that for temperatures in excess of 105°C, the HHV of dried sludge is dependent upon the temperature to which it is exposed prior to the measurement of the heat value. Sludges exposed to temperatures above 105°C lose enough volatile matter to have measurably lower HHVs than those sludges exposed to temperatures below 105°C. Since sludge biomass is thermally unstable at temperatures as low as 105°C, application of this research to the MHF reveals that the countercurrent flow of sludge and exhaust gases within the MHF is a fundamental handicap to the efficient combustion of sludge in this type of incinerator.
Field System for Continuous Measurement of Landfill Gas Pressures and Temperatures
Authors: Spokas K.A. , Bogner J.E. 
Published: July 2007

The driving forces for gas movement in the subsurface include both concentration gradients (diffusion) and pressure gradients (convection). Near the top of the landfill, small soil gas pressure differences with respect to atmospheric pressure have been typically disregarded but may be important to considerations of gas flux into and out of landfill cover materials. The authors have developed a portable, inexpensive system using off-the-shelf components to sensitively monitor pressures, temperatures and meteorological variables on a continuous basis. Previous experience has indicated that continuous monitoring of pressure changes is necessary to understand the dynamics of convection in the shallow subsurface. This application relies on a distributed network of commercially available Z-180 microprocessor-based integrated controllers to condition signals from electronic pressure transducers, meteorological sensors, and various temperature-sensing devices : thermocouples, thermistors and resistance temperature detectors (RTDs). Output is recorded continuously over an Appletalk™ network. The sensitivity of the authors' current system exceeds 4 Pa for pressure and 0.01°C for temperature (thermistor sensors). This paper will describe the basic system components. The various choices for both temperature and pressure sensors will be discussed with respect to their sensitivity, adaptability and resolution. In addition, sample data output will be presented to illustrate the dynamics of shallow subsurface pressure and temperature changes. © 1996 ISWA
Changes in Major and Trace Components of Landfill Gas During Subsurface Migration
Authors: Ward R.S. , Williams G.M. , Hills C.C. 
Published: July 2007

A gas plume emanating from the Foxhall Landfill in Suffolk (U.K.) has been defined within unsaturated ferruginous sands on the basis of elevated concentrations of methane, carbon dioxide and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). The plume is relatively narrow, extends more than 100 m from the landfill boundary, and lies mainly between 2 m bgl (below ground level) and the water table at 9.5 m bgl. With increasing distance along the axis of the plume, the ratio of methane to carbon dioxide gradually decreases, while nitrogen increases. Oxygen appears beyond 80 m from the landfill boundary. Stable carbon and hydrogen isotope ratios in methane become heavier with distance, while carbon dioxide becomes isotopically lighter with respect to stable carbon. This provides strong evidence for microbially mediated methane oxidation. Zones of black reduced sediment near the landfill suggest that ferric iron [Fe(III)] may be acting as an electron acceptor for oxidation. No thermal anomaly was observed, thus suggesting that the rate of oxidation/flux of methane is low. Volatile organic compounds in the plume were trapped using a combination of sorbants (Tenax GR, Haysep Q and Carbosieve S-III), and desorbed thermally into a GC/MS for semi-quantitative analysis. The 79 VOCs identified were similar to those found in other landfills, and their concentrations, both in the landfill and in the soil gas, were broadly related to their volatility. Only two compounds (vinyl chloride and dichlorofluoromethane) approached or exceeded the long-term exposure limit (LTEL, as defined by the U.K. Health and Safety Executive, 1992) outside the landfill. Halogenated compounds (dichlorodifluoromethane, dichlorofluoromethane and trichlorofluoromethane) were found to be most mobile but their concentration profiles suggest that they may have been flushed out of the landfill during its early stages. It is suggested that the association of volatile halogenated compounds with methane is good evidence that they are derived from a landfill.