bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The analysis of lipids via HPLC with a charged aerosol detector
Authors: Moreau Robert A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBecause most lipid extracts are a mixture of saturated and unsaturated molecules, the most successful strategies for the quantitative analysis of lipids have involved the use of so‐called “mass” or universal detectors such as flame ionization detectors and evaporative light scattering detectors. Recently a new type of HPLC “mass” detector, a charge aerosol detector (CAD), was developed and is now commercially available. This detection method involves nebulizing the HPLC column effluent, evaporating the solvents charging the aerosol particles, and measuring the current from the charged aerosol flux. In the present study, the CAD was evaluated with several normal phase and reverse phase HPLC methods commonly used for the quantitative analysis of lipid classes and lipid molecular species. The CAD detected common lipids such as triacylglycerols, diacylglycerols, glycolipids, phospholipids, and sterols. Lower molecular weight lipids such as free FA had smaller peak areas (50–80% lower). FAME were not detected by the CAD, probably because they were completely evaporated and did not form aerosol particles. The minimum limits of detection of the CAD with lipids varied with different mobile phase solvents. Using solvent systems that were predominantly hexane, the minimum limits of detection of triacylglycerols, cholesterol esters, and free sterols were about 1 ng per injection and the mass‐to‐peak area ratio was nearly linear from the range of about 1 ng to about 20 mg per injection. Three other solvents commonly used for HPLC lipid analysis (methanol, isopropanol, and acetonitrile) caused higher levels of background noise and higher minimum limits of detection. These experiments indicate that the CAD has the potential to become a valuable tool for the quantitative HPLC analysis of lipids. Long‐term studies are needed to evaluate full instrument performance.
Rumenic Acid Significantly Reduces Plasma Levels of LDL and Small Dense LDL Cholesterol in Hamsters Fed a Cholesterol‐ and Lipid‐Enriched Semi‐Purified Diet
Authors: LeDoux Martial , Laloux Laurent , Fontaine Jean‐Jacques , Carpentier Yvon A. , Chardigny Jean‐Michel , Sébédio Jean‐Louis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConjugated linoleic acids (CLAs) consist of a series of positional and geometrical isomers of linoleic acid. CLA have been reported to beneficially affect cardiovascular risk factors in animal models. In order to assess the role of individual CLA isomers on lipoprotein cholesterol concentration, 30 hamsters were fed for 12 weeks an hyperlipidic diet containing pure cis‐9,trans‐11 CLA (c9,t11) or pure trans‐10, cis‐12 CLA (t10,c12) isomers given alone or as a mixture. Plasma total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol concentrations were significantly lower in the c9,t11 CLA isomer fed hamsters relative to the Control group, with the most substantially effect on LDL cholesterol (−56%; P < 0.05). Plasma triacylglycerol concentrations did not differ significantly regarding those two groups. Plasma cholesterol parameters showed a tendency to decrease in the t10,c12 CLA isomer and CLA mixture fed hamsters compared with the Control group, but differences were not significant. For the first time, the atherogenic fraction of small dense LDL was investigated. Plasma small dense LDL cholesterol concentration was lower in the c9,t11 CLA relative to Control, while the t10,c12 and CLA mixture groups showed only a non significant tendency to decrease. Taken together, these data indicate that feeding rumenic acid (c9,t11 CLA) may beneficially affect lipoprotein profile in hamster fed a cholesterol‐ and lipid‐enriched semi‐purified diet, when t10,c12 CLA isomer or CLA mixture would be less active.
REASSESSING THE RADICALS
Authors: COOPER TIM 
Published: February 2007

The precisianist strain: disciplinary religion and antinomian backlash in puritanism to 1638. By Theodore Dwight Bozeman. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2004. Pp. xv+349. ISBN 0-8078-2850-5. $49.95.Making heretics: militant Protestantism and free grace in Massachusetts, 1636–1641. By Michael P. Winship. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2002. Pp. xv+322. ISBN 0-691-08943-4. $33.95.Blown by the spirit: puritanism and the emergence of an antinomian underground in pre-civil-war England. By David R. Como. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004. Pp. ix+513. ISBN 0-8047-4443-2. $70.00.The English radical imagination: culture, religion, and revolution, 1630–1660. By Nicholas McDowell. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2003. Pp. 219. ISBN 0-19-926051-6. £49.00.There has only been one historical monograph on the English antinomians and that was published in 1951. They are long overdue for reassessment. Fortunately, that task is well underway. Taken together, three recent books – cumulatively amounting to well over one thousand pages of text – advance our understanding in substantial and significant ways. Of course, the antinomians have not been absent from the historiography over the last five decades. Their involvement in the ‘antinomian controversy’ that wracked the early New England colony during the mid-1630s has been well-worked ground, whilst they are much too colourful a feature of the mid-seventeenth-century English ferment and upheaval to be overlooked. But they have, more often than not, been background figures, tangential characters in a bigger story. By contrast, in these works, they are in the foreground, with an elaborate and illuminating background within which to understand them in fresh and important ways. The result is a welcome reappraisal that is helpful, insightful, and comprehensive.
Boron application affects seed yield and seed quality of sugar beets
Authors: DORDAS C. , APOSTOLIDES G. E. , GOUNDRA O. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYSugar beet (Beta vulgarisL.) is one of the most important sugar crops worldwide. Despite the fact that sugar beet crop has high requirements for boron (B), the effect of B applications on seed yield and on seed quality is not known. A 2-year field study was conducted to determine whether soil and foliar B applications during anthesis increase seed set, final seed yield and improve seed quality of sugar beets. Boron solutions were applied at four rates (0, 245, 490 and 735 mg/l of B) as foliar applications and at two rates (1·5 and 3 kg/ha of B) as soil applications to field plots exhibiting no vegetative symptoms of B deficiency. Foliar B application increased the concentration of B in vegetative and reproductive tissues much more than soil application. In addition, foliar B application increased the seed yield by an average of 10% in the first year and by an average of 44% in the second year. The mean seed weight was affected by B application as it was increased in both years. The proportion of larger seeds (>5·00 and 4·5–5·00 mm) increased with increasing application of B. Moreover, seed quality was affected and the proportion of abnormal seedlings was decreased with B application. However, seed vigour was not affected by B application. These data indicate that foliar B application can improve seed yield and seed quality of sugar beet grown for seed production. However, the physiological basis of this effect remains unknown.
Huge nasopharyngeal angiofibroma with intracranial extension: change in the dura mater and choice of surgical management
Authors: Yi ZX , Li ZC , Cheng JM , Zhang R , Lin Chang , Zhou AD , Fan ZM 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe aimed to review (1) the imaging changes in the dura mater in cases of huge, lobulated juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma, and (2) the choice of surgical management.Imaging from four cases of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma showed extrapharyngeal extension of the tumour. The sphenoid sinus, sella turcica and clivus were extensively eroded, and the tumour had spread deep into the cranial fossa. In three cases, intracranial exploration was performed to treat the intracranial tumour lobule. Subsequently, the tumours were removed using extracranial approaches. No perforation of the dura mater was found in these three cases, although the dura mater in the superior orbital fissure was congested, haemorrhagic and solid. Pre-operative imaging for two cases (i.e. the first operation for one and the second operation for the other) revealed no dura mater perforation. A transantral approach via a midfacial degloving incision was used to remove these tumours completely.We conclude that change in the dura mater is a crucial indication for the choice of management. If the dura mater is intact, a transantral approach via a midfacial degloving incision may remove the tumour successfully.
Grisel syndrome: a delayed presentation in an asymptomatic patient
Authors: Doshi J , Anari S , Zammit-Maempel I , Paleri V 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGrisel syndrome is a rare condition characterised by atlanto-axial subluxation following an inflammatory process in the head and neck region. It occurs more commonly in children and usually presents with cervical pain and torticollis, in addition to symptoms of the primary infection. We present the case of an asymptomatic 78-year-old man who was incidentally found to have atlanto-axial subluxation on a routine follow-up computed tomography scan, three months following successful treatment of a skull base infection. This case emphasises the importance of appropriate follow-up imaging for patients with skull base infections, even if they respond clinically to medical treatment.
Isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy: a harbinger of malignancy
Authors: Khoo S G , Ullah I , Wallis F , Fenton J E 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe hypoglossal nerve is an underrated nerve usually consigned to a few words in anatomical text books, under the last four cranial nerves. However, paralysis of this nerve may be the first indication of a serious underlying disorder. Excluding previous surgery, radiotherapy and trauma, 50 per cent of cases of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy are idiopathic. A further 20 per cent are malignant, 20 per cent are vascular and 10 per cent are due to miscellaneous causes. Presentation of an isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy is therefore an ominous sign. There is confusion over both cause and investigation, and management protocols for isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy are ill-defined. We present a case of isolated hypoglossal palsy which was due to a metastatic skull base deposit. This case illustrates the fact that magnetic resonance imaging is the investigation of choice in assessing the entire course of the hypoglossal nerve.
Small-amplitude electrostatic solitary waves in a dusty plasma with variable charge resonant trapped dust particles
Authors: GOUGAM LEILA AIT , TRIBECHE MOULOUD , MEKIDECHE FAWZIA 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSmall-amplitude electrostatic solitary waves are investigated in unmagnetized dusty plasmas with variable charge resonant trapped dust particles. It is found that under certain conditions spatially localized structures, the height and nature of which depend sensitively on the plasma parameters, can exist. The effects of dust grain temperature, equilibrium dust charge, trapping parameter, and dust size on the properties of these solitary waves are briefly discussed. A neural network with a given architecture and learning process, and which may be useful to interpret experimental data, is outlined. Our investigation may be taken as a prerequisite for the understanding of the solitary dust waves that may occur in space as well as in laboratory plasmas.
The puzzling afterglow of GRB 050721: a rebrightening seen in the optical but not in the X-ray
Authors: Antonelli L. Angelo , Testa Vincenzo , Romano Patrizia , Guetta Dafne , Torii Ken'ichi , D' Elia Valerio , Malesani Daniele 
Published: February 2007

We present here the analysis of the early and late multiwavelength afterglow emission, as observed by
Swift
a small robotic telescope and very large telescope (VLT). We compare early observations with late afterglow observations obtained with Swift and the VLT and we observe an intense rebrightening in the optical band at about 1 day after the burst, which is not present in the X-ray band. The lack of detection in X-ray of such a strong rebrightening at lower energies may be described with a variable external density profile. In such a scenario, the combined X-ray and optical observations allow us to derive that the matter density located at ∼10
17
cm from the burst is approximately a factor of 10 higher than in the inner region. This is the first time in which a rebrightening has been observed in the optical afterglow of a gamma-ray burst that is clearly absent in the X-ray afterglow.
Gravitational wave: gamma-ray burst connections
Authors:   For the LIGO Scientific Collaboration, Hough Jim 
Published: February 2007

After 35 years of experimental research, we are rapidly approaching the point at which gravitational waves (GWs) from astrophysical sources may be directly detected by the long-baseline detectors LIGO (USA), GEO 600 (Germany/UK), VIRGO (Italy/France) and TAMA 300 (Japan), which are now in or coming into operation.
A promising source of GWs is the coalescence of compact binary systems, events which are now believed to be the origin of short gamma-ray bursts (GRBs).
In this paper, a brief review of the state of the art in detector development and exploitation will be given, with particular relevance to a search for signals associated with GRBs, and plans for the future will be discussed.
Neutrino astronomy and gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Waxman Eli 
Published: February 2007

The construction of large-volume detectors of high energy, greater than 1 TeV, neutrinos is mainly driven by the search for extragalactic neutrino sources. The existence of such sources is implied by the observations of ultra-high-energy, greater than or equal to 10
19
eV, cosmic rays, the origin of which is a mystery. In this lecture, I briefly discuss the expected extragalactic neutrino signal and the current state of the experimental efforts. Neutrino emission from gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), which are probably sources of both high-energy protons and neutrinos, is discussed in some detail. The detection of the predicted GRB neutrino signal, which may become possible in the coming few years, will allow one to identify the sources of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays and to resolve open questions related to the underlying physics of GRB models. Moreover, detection of GRB neutrinos will allow one to test for neutrino properties (e.g. flavour oscillations and coupling to gravity) with an accuracy many orders of magnitude better than is currently possible.
Giant flares in soft
γ
-ray repeaters and short GRBs
Authors: Zane S 
Published: February 2007

Soft gamma-ray repeaters (SGRs) are a peculiar family of bursting neutron stars that, occasionally, have been observed to emit extremely energetic giant flares (GFs), with energy release up to approximately 10
47
erg s
−1
. These are exceptional and rare events. It has been recently proposed that GFs, if emitted by extragalactic SGRs, may appear at Earth as short gamma-ray bursts. Here, I will discuss the properties of the GFs observed in SGRs, with particular emphasis on the spectacular event registered from SGR 1806-20 in December 2004. I will review the current scenario for the production of the flare, within the magnetar model, and the observational implications.
Messages from GRB 060218
Authors: Zhang Bing , Liang Enwei , Gupta Nayantara , Zhang Bin-Bin , Virgili Francisco , Dai Z.G 
Published: February 2007

GRB 060218 is a watershed event. Statistically, its detection suggests that there is likely a distinct low-luminosity (LL) population of gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) whose event rate is much higher than that of conventional high-luminosity GRBs. This LL population may give significant contribution to the diffuse neutrino background flux at energies higher than 10
16
eV. The spectral lag of this burst is very long, and roughly follows the luminosity–lag relation of normal GRBs. This, along with the fact that it follows the
E
p
–
E
iso
relation as well, suggests that X-ray flashes (XRFs) are natural extension of GRBs in the softer regime and that GRBs and XRFs share the same radiation physics. We discuss how the broadband data pose strong constraints on possible models of the prompt emission of this GRB.
Introduction: recent developments in the study of gamma-ray bursts
Authors: Wells Alan , Wijers Ralph A.M.J , Rees Martin J 
Published: February 2007

Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are immensely powerful explosions, originating at cosmological distances, whose outbursts persist for durations ranging from milliseconds to tens of seconds or more. In these brief moments, the explosions radiate more energy than the Sun will release in its entire 10 Gyr lifetime. Current theories attribute these phenomena to the final collapse of a massive star, or the coalescence of a binary system induced by gravity wave emission.
New results from Swift and related programmes offer fresh understanding of the physics of GRBs, and of the local environments and host galaxies of burst progenitors. Bursts found at very high red shifts are new tools for exploring the intergalactic medium, the first stars and the earliest stages of galaxy formation.
This Royal Society Discussion Meeting has brought together leading figures in the field, together with young researchers and students, to discuss and review the latest results from NASA's Swift Gamma-ray Burst Observatory and elsewhere, and to examine their impact on current understanding of the observed phenomena.
Decrease in risk of lung cancer death in Japanese men after smoking cessation by age at quitting: Pooled analysis of three large‐scale cohort studies
Authors: Wakai Kenji , Marugame Tomomi , Kuriyama Shinichi , Sobue Tomotaka , Tamakoshi Akiko , Satoh Hiroshi , Tajima Kazuo , Suzuki Takaichiro , Tsugane Shoichiro 
Published: February 2007

To evaluate the impact of smoking cessation on individuals and populations, we examined the decrease in risk of lung cancer death in male ex‐smokers by age at quitting by pooling the data from three large‐scale cohort studies in Japan. For simplicity, subjects were limited to male never smokers and former or current smokers who started smoking at ages 18–22 years, and 110 002 men aged 40–79 years at baseline were included. During the mean follow‐up of 8.5 years, 968 men died from lung cancer. The mortality rate ratio compared to current smokers decreased with increasing attained age in men who stopped smoking before age 70 years. Among men who quit in their fifties, the cohort‐adjusted mortality rate ratios (95% confidence interval) were 0.57 (0.40–0.82), 0.44 (0.29–0.66) and 0.36 (0.13–1.00) at attained ages 60–69, 70–79 and 80–89 years, respectively. The corresponding figures for those who quit in their sixties were 0.81 (0.44–1.48), 0.60 (0.43–0.82) and 0.43 (0.21–0.86). Overall, the mortality rate ratio for current smokers, relative to non‐smokers, was 4.71 (95% confidence interval 3.76–5.89) and those for ex‐smokers who had quit smoking 0–4, 5–9, 10–14, 15–19, 20–24 and ≥25 years before were 3.99 (2.97–5.35), 2.55 (1.80–3.62), 1.87 (1.23–2.85), 1.21 (0.66–2.22), 0.76 (0.33–1.75) and 0.67 (0.34–1.32), respectively. Although earlier cessation of smoking generally resulted in a lower rate of lung cancer mortality in each group of attained age, the absolute mortality rate decreased appreciably after stopping smoking even in men who quit at ages 60–69 years. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 584–589)
Meat, fish and fat intake in relation to subsite‐specific risk of colorectal cancer: The Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study
Authors: Kimura Yasumi , Kono Suminori , Toyomura Kengo , Nagano Jun , Mizoue Tetsuya , Moore Malcolm A. , Mibu Ryuichi , Tanaka Masao , Kakeji Yoshihiro , Maehara Yoshihiko , Okamura Takeshi , Ikejiri Koji , Futami Kitaroh , Yasunami Yohichi , Maekawa Takafumi , Takenaka Kenji , Ichimiya Hitoshi , Imaizumi Nobutoshi 
Published: February 2007

High intake of red meat has been associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer in Western countries. There has been much interest in the role of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in colorectal cancer prevention, but epidemiological findings are limited and inconsistent. The objective of our study was to examine associations of meat, fish and fat intake with risk of colorectal cancer, paying particular attention to the subsite within the colorectum. Data were from the Fukuoka Colorectal Cancer Study, a population‐based case‐control study, covering 782 cases and 793 controls. Diet was assessed by interview, using newly developed personal‐computer software for registering semiquantitative food frequencies. The intake of beef/pork, processed meat, total fat, saturated fat or n‐6 PUFA showed no clear association with the overall or subsite‐specific risk of colorectal cancer. There was an almost significant inverse association between n‐3 PUFA and the risk of colorectal cancer; the covariate‐adjusted odds ratio for the highest (median 3.94 g/day) versus lowest (median 1.99 g/day) quintile of energy‐adjusted intake was 0.74 (95% confidence interval 0.52–1.06, trend P = 0.050). The consumption of fish and fish products was similarly inversely related to the risk although the association was not statistically significant. These associations were more evident for distal colon cancer; adjusted odds ratio for the highest versus lowest quintile of n‐3 PUFA intake was 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.34–0.92, trend P = 0.02). Our findings do not support the hypothesis that consumption of red meat increases colorectal cancer risk but do suggest that high intake of fish may decrease the risk, particularly of distal colon cancer. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 590–597)
Metabolic characteristics of women with polycystic ovaries and oligo‐amenorrhoea but normal androgen levels: implications for the management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Barber Thomas M. , Wass John A. H. , McCarthy Mark I. , Franks Stephen 
Published: February 2007

SummaryObjective  Application of the newly introduced Rotterdam criteria for polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) generates four phenotypic subgroups, defined by the presence/absence of three diagnostic elements: polycystic ovarian (PCO) morphology (P); hyperandrogenism (H); and oligo‐amenorrhoea (O). Whilst PCOS is associated with adverse metabolic features, the strength of the association within individual subgroups is not established. We characterized the metabolic and endocrine profiles of PCOS women who are oligomenorrhoeic but normoandrogenaemic, and compared these to other PCOS women and controls.Design  Retrospective dataset analyses.Patients  A total of 309 Europid PCOS women, all with PCO morphology, of whom 191 were also hyperandrogenaemic and oligomenorrhoeic (PHO), 76 hyperandrogenaemic with normal menses (PH) and 42 oligomenorrhoeic but normoandrogenaemic (PO); plus 76 Europid control women without PCOS.Measurements  Metabolic parameters: fasting insulin, lipids, homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) measures of insulin sensitivity; endocrine variables: LH, FSH; prevalence of metabolic syndrome.Results  Insulin sensitivity: PO women were indistinguishable from controls, and markedly less insulin‐resistant than PHO women (vs. controls, P = 0·38 after adjustment for BMI and age; vs. PHO, P = 0·003). Metabolic syndrome: the prevalence in PO women (7·1%) was similar to that in controls (3·9%), and lower than in PHO women (29·3%, P < 0·0001). LH levels: PO women were intermediate between controls (vs. controls, P = 0·008) and PHO women (vs. PHO, P = 0·06).Conclusions  Normoandrogenaemic, oligomenorrhoeic women with PCOS are metabolically similar to control women with significantly fewer metabolic features than PCOS women who are also hyperandrogenaemic. However, higher than normal LH and lower sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) concentrations in the PO women support the view that they form part of the spectrum of PCOS.