bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Amplification of rhinovirus specific nucleic acids from clinical samples using the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Gama R. E. , Horsnell P. R. , Hughes P. J. , North C. , Stanway G. , Bruce C. B. , Al‐Nakib W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe a novel method for the detection of human rhinoviruses in clinical samples, using the polymerase chain reaction. Two synthetic oligonucleotide primers were produced that bind in the 5′ noncoding region of all rhinovirus serotypes tested, about 350 nucleotides apart, and were used to prime polymerase chain reaction amplification of the intervening stretch of DNA. The product of this reaction, which can be clearly visualized by gel electrophoresis, is a discrete 380 bp band, the occurrence of which is diagnostic of the presence of a rhinovirus in the clinical sample analysed.The technique, which is rapid, sensitive, and reliable, has been used successfully for all the different rhinovirus serotypes tested to date in our laboratory. However, the sensitivity of detection is greatly dependent on the inclusion of both tRNA and vanadyl complexes during the viral RNA extraction process. Using this technique, under optimal conditions, we were able to detect virus in clinical samples with titres as low as TCID50 102.5.
Shedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 into saliva in patients with orofacial fracture
Authors: Kameyama T. , Futami M. , Nakayoshi N. , Sujaku C. , Yamamoto S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractShedding of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) into saliva was studied in 83 patients with orofacial fractures. Infectious virus was isolated from 14 of 83 patients (16.8%) with no detectable herpetic lesion during hospitalization. Of the 83 patients, 44 (53%) had HSV‐1 specific antibody. Virus shedding into saliva was observed only in the patients with antibody to HSV‐1; thus, the frequency of virus shedding patients among those with antibody was 31% (14 of 44 patients).The frequency was obviously higher than that of a healthy population. The period of HSV‐1 shedding had a mean of 3.7 days with range of 1 to 8 days, which is also significantly longer than that of a healthy population. These results strongly suggest that both treatment and operation lead effectively to reactivation of latently infected HSV‐1.
Viral release from hiv‐i‐induced syncytia of cd4+ c8166 cells
Authors: Harris J. R. , Kitchen A. D. , Harrison J. F. , Tovey G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInfection of the permissive C8166 CD4+ lymphoid cell line with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐I rapidly leads to syncytium formation. Ultrastructural features of medium‐sized (40 to 60m̈m) syncytia and larger syncytia are presented, with emphasis upon HIV‐I release from the syncytial surface and into intrasyncytial vacuoles. Although surface release of HIV‐I is shown to diminish with increasing syncytial size, it does not totally stop. Massive HIV‐I release and entrapment within intrasyncytial vacuoles is clearly apparent within the “foamy” multivacuolated zones within medium and large syncytia. Numerous multicored aberrant viruses are routinely detected within the intrasyncytial vacuoles, and double‐budding events likewise are readily detectable at the vacuolar membranes, but less so at the syncytial surface. It is suggested that this observation may be a reflection of the more restricted availability of vacuolar membrane area for excessive viral budding as compared with that at the syncytial surface.
Antibody against epstein‐barr virus dna polymerase activity in sera of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Liu Mei‐Ying , Chou Wen‐Hsiang , Chen Jen‐Yang , Yang Czau‐Siung , Nutter Louise , Hsu Mow‐Ming 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA salt‐dependent DNA polymerase activity was demonstrated in the culture of an EBV‐producing, lymphoblastoid cell line (NPC‐204 cells) treated with 5‐iodo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (IUdR). There was a high frequency of levels of antibody to this enzyme in sera of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). In contrast, sera from healthy subjects had little or no neutralizing activity. The high antibody level appeared as early as stage 1 of the disease in many NPC patients. The levels of the antibody increased with the progression of the disease and declined in treated patients. The results strongly suggest that tests measuring serum antibody against EBV DNA polymerase activity can be used for early diagnosis and prognosis of NPC.
Characterization of cytomegalovirus isolates recovered during repeated infection in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Kanesaki Takumi , Baba Koichi , Tanaka Kazuko , Ishibashi Michio , Yabuuchi Hyakuji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sources of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in seropositive renal transplant recipients include reactivation of latent endogenous virus in the recipient, reactivation of latent virus in donated kidney, or both. If infection occurs by either source, viruses isolated from the same recipient should be the same strain, whereas if it occurs by both sources, those from the same recipient should be different. In this study, we followed prospectively 25 seropositive recipients who predominantly received a kidney from a seropositive donor to determine whether CMV isolates recovered repeatedly from them are the same or different. During an average 10 month follow‐up period, six (24%) patients had excreted the virus more than twice at any site and/or at different times. Restriction enzyme analysis of viral DNA prepared by the Hirt procedure revealed that three or four isolates obtained from each of five patients were same, whereas six isolates from one patient included three different strains. Five of six patients had clinical symptoms at the times when CMV was recovered. Three patients with acute rejection and one patient with hepatitis had been infected with one single strain, and all were successfully treated. One patient with fever and acute rejection had been infected with three different strains, and he failed to recover his renal function. These results suggest that most CMV infections in seropositive recipients may be caused by one single strain. However, multiple infections with different strains can also occur. Such infections are associated with more severe clinical disease.
Dissociated antibody responses to the s and pre‐s2 regions of the hepatitis b virus after vaccination in hemophiliacs
Authors: Zanetti Alessandro , Tanzi Elisabetta , Mannucci Pier Mannuccio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe membranes of hepatocytes and the pre‐S2 envelope protein of the hepatitis B virus (HBV) contain binding sites for polymerized human albumin, which is thought to act as a link between HBV and hepatocytes. Hence, anti‐pre‐S2 antibodies should prevent HBV uptake by the liver, and there is indeed preliminary evidence that they protect chimpanzees from HBV infection. To evaluate whether a plasma‐derived vaccine containing the pre‐S2 sequence induced an antipre‐S2 response in 105 vaccinated hemophiliacs, anti‐pre‐S2 was measured in parallel with antibody to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti‐HBs). Eighty‐five percent of the hemophiliacs had both anti‐pre‐S2 and anti‐HBs when vaccination was completed, 13% had anti‐HBs alone, and 2% (two cases) had anti‐pre‐S2 alone. Eighty‐seven percent of anti‐pre‐S2‐positive hemophiliacs compared with only 50% of anti‐pre‐S2‐negative hemophiliacs (P< 0.001) developed high anti‐HBs titers (≥ 1,000 mlU/ml). This study demonstrates, therefore, that the antibody responses to the S and pre‐S2 regions of HBV may be dissociated after vaccination in hemophiliacs and that higher anti‐HBs titers are attained in anti‐pre‐S2‐positive hemophiliacs.
Clearance of hepatitis b virus dna and pre‐s surface antigens in patients with markers of acute viral replication
Authors: Delfini C. , Colloca S. , Stroffolini T. , Taliani G. , Mazzotta F. , D'Agata A. , Buonamici C. , Carloni G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo clarify the relationship between the pre‐S antigens and other serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication, we followed up 27 patients: 21 presented with symptoms of acute hepatitis (two progressed to chronicity) and six suffered from chronic hepatitis. Pre‐S1, pre‐S2, HBV DNA, IgM antihepatitis core antigen (HBc), hepatitis B e antigen(HBeAg), and anti‐HBe were detected in about 200 sera serially collected at different times for at least 6–12 months from the onset of clinical observation. In the early symptomatic phase of acute hepatitis, the pre‐S1and pre‐S2antigens were present in 95% of the cases and correlated well with high levels of alaninetransferase (ALT) and IgM anti‐HBc, while HBV DNA was present in the sera of only six (28.6%) patients (P< 0.0001). This was the first marker to disappear (1 month after the initial stage). All of the HBV DNA‐positive patients were also HBeAg positive, whereas no HBeAg‐negative subjects were found with serum HBV DNA. In the six chronic patients, pre‐S antigens were always present independently of the HBeAg/anti‐HBe status; HBV DNA was detected in three of them, even if transiently, and in two of these it reappeared together with the pre‐S2epitope. The follow‐up data suggest that, in acute hepatitis, the clearance of pre‐S antigens can be considered as a prognostic index of clinical resolution and that, in chronic hepatitis, the persistence of pre‐S antigens seems to indicate progression of the disease. In particular, pre‐S2, in patients in whom it is intermittent, can be considered as an index of reactivation.
Predilection of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma‐derived isolate of epstein‐barr virus for infection of specific subsets of B lymphocytes
Authors: Tarr Kathleen L. , Glaser Ronald 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt is important to know whether there are variants of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) with biological properties that are different from the prototype viruses that have been studied in detail, such as P3HR‐1 and B95‐8. We have studied an EBV isolate derived from a nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) tumor, designated NPC‐EBV. We have examined the target B lymphocytes infected and growth‐transformed with NPC‐EBV as compared with two common EBV isolates, B95‐8 and AG876 EBV, for stage of maturation using antibodies to several immunoglobulin chains. Typing of the NPC‐EBV transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines revealed the predilection of the NPC‐EBV isolate to infect immature B lymphocytes. This was not the case for the B95‐8 and AG876 isolates. The reason for the predilection of NPC‐EBV for immature B lymphocytes remains to be explored further. However, these results may be important in understanding the pathophysiology of EBV‐associated diseases.
Elimination of circulatory IGM anti‐HSA precedes anti‐HBe seroconversion in patients with CAH type B
Authors: Hellström U. B. , Sylvan S. P. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of IgM and IgA antibodies with specificity for human serum albumin (HSA) were consecutively analyzed in serum samples from four patients with biopsy verified CAH type B during seroconversion in the HBe/anti‐HBe antigen system. Circulatory IgM anti‐HSA antibodies were present during HBe antigenemia. The antibody titers fluctuated, decreased, and were finally lost from the circulation. After the disappearance of IgM anti‐HSA antibodies, seroconversion to anti‐HBe reactivity occurred and a quiescent phase of the disease was established, as judged by normalization of transaminases and absence of circulatory HBV‐DNA.IgA anti‐HSA antibodies persisted in the circulation after the elimination of IgM anti‐HSA and seroconversion to anti‐HBe reactivity. For one of the patients, a dramatic increase in titers was followed by elimination of IgA anti‐HSA and seroconversion to anti‐HBs.The data indicate that the host “self”‐component HSA, when associated with “foreign” HBe or HBs antigenic structures, elicit immune responses to HSA, preventing the adequate development of anti‐HBe and anti‐HBs. The cessation of anti‐HSA reactivity, however, seemed to permit subsequent sensitization to HBe and HBs antigenic determinants, as detected by the presence of circulatory antibodies.
Active replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells following coincubation with herpes viruses
Authors: Tremblay Michel , Gornitsky Mervyn , Wainberg Mark A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPatients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) commonly suffer from opportunistic infections associated with members of the herpes virus family. To investigate whether certain of these other viruses might have an effect on the ability of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) to replicate, we coincubated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from nine HIV‐1‐seropositive donors with live preparations of various herpes viruses. In seven of nine cases, exposure of PBMC to preparations of either HSV‐1, HSV‐2, or CMV stimulated the cells to become active producers of HIV‐1, as determined by reverse transcriptase activity and by the presence of infectious progeny virus. This increased production of HIV‐1 particles appeared to be a consequence of mitogenic proliferation and of herpes virus‐encoded transacting factors. These results supplement earlier findings on the molecular activation of the HIV‐1 genome by both HSV and CMV genetic elements and point to a possible role for these viruses in the pathogenesis and ultimate clinical outcome of HIV‐1 infections.
Coronavirus‐like particles in adults in melbourne, Australia
Authors: Marshall J. A. , Thompson W. L. , Gust I. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCoronavirus‐like particle(s) (CVLP) are faecal‐derived pleomorphic membrane bound virus‐like particles characterised by a fringe of clubshaped spikes that measure about 27 nm in length. The association of CVLP with a variety of social, clinical, and epidemiological factors was examined after a 69 month survey of faeces received for routine testing at an infectious diseases hospital. CVLP was found most commonly in three groups: first, intellectually retarded individuals who were usually inmates of institutions; second, recent overseas travellers who were either Indochinese refugees/immigrants or were overseas travellers who had usually visited developing communities for lengthy periods; and, third, male homosexuals who had a history of multiple sexual contacts and/or venereal disease. It was concluded that the excretion of CVLP had a strong association with unhygienic living or working conditions irrespective of any clinical symptoms the individual might show.
Effect of 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine on replication of duck hepatitis B virus in vivo and in vitro
Authors: Haritani Hideaki , Uchida Toshikazu , Okuda Yasunori , Shikata Toshio 
Published: March 2007

Abstract3′‐Azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) inhibits the replication of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) by blocking the formation of the phosphodiester bond and has been used clinically for the treatment of HIV infection. To assess the effect of AZT on the replication of hepadnaviruses, which replicate through reverse transcription, both the liver tissue and primary cultured hepatocytes from ducklings previously infected with duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) were examined for DHBV DNA before and after the treatment with AZT. We did not observe suppression of DHBV replication at any doses in our system as measured by viral DNA synthesis in infected duck hepatocytes. The data strongly suggest that AZT has no inhibitory effect on DHBV reverse transcriptase.
Immune blot analysis of viral surface proteins in serum and liver of patients with chronic hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: Gerken Guido , Manns Michael , Gerlich Wolfram H. , Hess Georg , Zum Büschenfelde Karl‐Hermann Meyer 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe small and the middle surface proteins of hepatitis virus form either the virion or the 22 nm particle both of which are secreted. The large surface protein by itself remains cell bound in artificially transfected cell culture unless it is accompanied by an excess of the smaller proteins. Its behavior in vivo is not yet well studied. Using specific monoclonal antibodies for immunoblotting, we found an abundance of small surface protein in the serum of chronic virus carriers and moderate amounts in the liver irrespective of viremia. The large surface protein was present in the serum and the liver of viremic carriers. In nonviremic carriers, the large protein was absent from serum, but in the liver a shorter form of the large protein was readily detectable. These findings suggest a complex regulatory mechanism of the viral surface protein depending on the expression of other viral gene products.
Epidemiology of human T‐Cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV‐1) infections in a subpopulation of Afro‐Caribbean origin in England
Authors: Mowbray Janet , Mawson Sharron , Chawira Atha , Skidmore Susan , Boxall Elizabeth , Desselberger Ulrich , Nightingale Simon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEpidemiological studies on neurological diseases in residents of Afro‐Caribbean origin in the West Midlands region of England have identified eight patients with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP), all of whom were found to be infected with human T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV‐1). The husband of one of the patients with TSP was also infected with HTLV‐1 and had a T‐cell lymphoma. In addition, six asymptomatic HTLV‐1‐infected first‐degree relatives of the TSP patients have been found. By anonymous testing of over 700 sera obtained from individuals of Afro‐Caribbean, African, or Asian ethnic origin, seven HTLV‐1‐infected individuals were detected, who were all immigrants from the Caribbean. Overall, these numbers yielded a seroprevalence of HTLV‐1 infections of 3.4% among the immigrant population of Afro‐Caribbean origin, which is comparable with the prevalence of HTLV‐1 in Jamaica in an equivalent age and sex cohort. Sera were tested for HTLV‐1 antibody by means of three different procedures: passive particle agglutination test (Serodia), indirect enzyme‐labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA; Dupont), and indirect immunofluorescence test (in‐house, using HTLV‐1‐infected MT2 cells). The results of all three tests correlated very well with each other. HTLV‐1 antibody titres in TSP patients were on the whole significantly higher than those of asymptomatic carriers, but some of the apparently healthy firstdegree relatives and one anonymously tested individual had titres as high as most of the TSP patients.
An outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in jamaica associated with echovirus type 22
Authors: Figueroa J. P. , Ashley D. , King D. , Hull B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of acute flaccid paralysis in Jamaica in 1986 associated with echovirus type 22 is described. Six patients aged 1 to 27 years developed acute onset of severe flaccid paralysis, with inability to walk. Three cases had facial weakness, four required intensive care with assisted ventilation, and two died. Echovirus type 22 was isolated from the stool of two patients who showed a significant increase in antibody titre. Echovirus type 22 was also isolated from the stool of another patient who had aseptic meningitis without any neurological deficit. There was no evidence of poliovirus infection in any of these patients, most of whom were fully immunized. Of the four surviving cases with flaccid paralysis, three had residual weakness in their lower limbs and walked with an abnormal gait 3 years after the acute paralytic attack. This is the first report in the literature of acute flaccid paralysis associated with type 22 echovirus.
Comparison of class and subclass distribution of antibodies to the hepatitis B core and B e antigens in chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Sällberg Matti , Norder Helene , Magnius Lars O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe IgG subclasses IgM and IgA1 of antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc) and hepatitis B e antigen (anti‐HBe) were assayed in sera from 82 patients with chronic hepatitis B utilising class/subclass‐specific enzyme immunoassays (EIA). The solid‐phase was either recombinant hepatitis B core antigen (rHBcAg) or rHBcAg converted to HBeAg by addition of 0.1% SDS with remaining HBcAg antigenicity blocked with monoclonal anti‐HBc. Anti‐HBc IgG1 was detected in 81 sera at a geometrical mean titre (GMT) of 296, 110 2.9. Anti‐HBc IgG2 was not detected in any of the sera, and anti‐HBc IgG3 and IgG4 were detected in 50 and 37 sera, respectively. Anti‐HBc IgM and IgA1 were both significantly correlated to the presence of HBV DNA. The predominant antibody to HBeAg was found to be IgG1, being detected in 45 sera with a GMT of 1,035 3.3. Anti‐HBe IgG2 was not detected in any serum, while anti‐HBe IgG3 and IgG4 were found in 8 and 23 sera, respectively. Anti‐HBe IgG1, IgG3, and IgG4 were mainly detected in sera positive for anti‐HBe in RIA (Abbott). No patient was found positive for anti‐HBe IgA1 or IgM. Thus, in contrast to HBcAg, HBeAg does not trigger a persistent IgM and IgA1 response in chronic hepatitis B. The levels of anti‐HBe IgG1 and IgG3 were much lower than the levels of anti‐HBc IgG1 and IgG3. The presence of anti‐HBe IgG4 was significantly correlated to that of anti‐HBc IgG4. The relative levels of anti‐HBc IgG subclasses were found to be IgG1 > IgG3 > IgG4, whereas the relative levels of anti‐HBe subclasses were IgG1 ≥ IgG4 ≥ IgG3. The anti‐HBe IgG1:IgG4 ratio was much lower than that of anti‐HBc, 2.7:1 versus 890:1. Our findings support the suggestion of differences at the B‐cell level in the regulation of the immunoresponse to HBeAg and HBcAg, though both antigenic epitopes reside on the same polypeptide.
Expression of pre‐S2 region of hepatitis B surface antigen inEscherichia coli
Authors: Yu M. W. , Shih J. W.‐K. , Bursztyn‐Pettegrew H. , Byars N. E. , Allison A. C. , Chan H. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe constructed a recombinant plasmid that can express the entire pre‐S2 sequence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) as a fusion protein inE. coli. The hybrid protein, which comprises the bacterial TrpLE protein and the pre‐S2 sequence, was the prominent protein that was found in cell extracts. As determined by immune blot analysis, this protein reacted with human HBV convalescent sera, as well as with sera from animals immunized with either purified HBsAg or isolated polypeptides containing pre‐S2. It bound specifically to125I‐polymerized human albumin cross‐linked with glutaraldehyde but not to125I‐monomeric human albumin. A novel adjuvant formulation was used in place of Freund's adjuvant to immunize guinea pigs with the recombinant product. The antisera obtained from serial bleedings were found to react with HBsAg of both d and y subtypes. These antisera were also shown to react solely with HBsAg polypeptides which contain the pre‐S2 sequence and to block the binding of HBsAg to solid‐phase polymerized human albumin.
Neutralizing antibody assay for human Herpesvirus‐6
Authors: Suga Sadao , Yoshikawa Tetsushi , Asano Yoshizo , Yazaki Takehiko , Ozaki Takao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibody to human herpesvirus‐6 (HHV‐6) was measured in cord blood mononuclear cell cultures by a neutralization (NT) test, in which the presence or absence of characteristic large cell formation in cells infected with HHV‐6 was used as an indicator for neutralization of the virus. The NT test could measure antibodies during and just after the appearance of the skin rash in patients with exanthem subitum. The levels of antibodies measured by the NT test was generally higher than that by an indirect immunofluorescence assay.