bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Contingent Negative Variation, Personality and Antisocial Behaviour
Authors: Howard Richard C. , Fenton George W. , Fenwick Peter B. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryUsing a classical click/flash paradigm the contingent negative variation (CNV) was recorded from 60 consecutive male admissions to Broadmoor Hospital. Clinical and psychometric Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) assessments were made independently of the electroencephalography (EEG) data. A trend for higher amplitude CNV's to be recorded from patients with a clinical diagnosis of antisocial (psychopathic) personality was observed. Patients with a Mental Health Act diagnosis of psychopathic disorder had significantly higher voltage CNV's than those in the mental illness category. These CNV differences were only found in the primary (non-anxious, sociable) psychopaths. Secondary (neurotic, unsociable) psychopaths did not differ from staff controls. A positive association between CNV voltage and the personality factor of sociability(sociable-shy dimension) was observed. A weak, negative correlation between CNV amplitude and impulsivity (impulsive-controlled dimension) was also apparent. All subjects showed an habituation effect across trials. No difference in response variability between successive series of trials was apparent in any of the patient groups.
Criteria for Diagnosing Reversible Dementia Caused by Depression: Validation by 2-year Follow-up
Authors: Rabins Peter V. , Merchant Altaf , Nestadt Gerald 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEighteen patients fulfilling DSM-III criteria for both major depression and dementia were matched by age and sex to patients with a diagnosis of irreversible dementia and patients with a diagnosis of major depression. A past history of depression, self reports of depressed mood, self blaming, hopeless and somatic delusions, an appetite disturbance and subacute onset identified the patients suffering from dementia caused by depression. Two year follow-up confirmed the initial diagnosis and demonstrated that coexisting cognitive impairment and major depression are not usually precursory to a progressive dementing illness.
Tardive Dyskinesia: Fluctuating Patient or Fluctuating Rater
Authors: Bergen J. A. , Griffiths D. A. , Rey J. E. , Beumont P. J. V. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTardive dyskinesia (TD) is usually described as fluctuating in its clinical manifestations. We attempted to quantify fluctuations in TD using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS). Three psychiatrists rated multiple video-recorded examinations of four outpatients with mild TD. The unexpected finding was that within-rater variability dominated within-patient variability.
Organic Mental Disorders—An American Perspective
Authors: Lipowski Z. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe new American psychiatric classification (DSM–III) features a radically new approach to organic mental disorders. The concept of organicity has been liberalised to allow inclusion of psychiatric correlates of cerebral disorders which not only fail to involve cognitive impairment but in some cases also resemble affective, paranoid, and schizophrenic disorders. The highlights, and implications of the new approach are discussed.
The Effects of Non-Prescribing of Anxiolytics in General Practice: I. Controlled Evaluation of Psychiatric and Social Outcome
Authors: Catalan Jose , Gath Dennis , Edmonds Gillian , Ennis John 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNinety one patients with new episodes of minor affective disorder were selected by their general practitioners as suitable for anxiolytic medication. Half the patients were allocated randomly to a drug-group (anxiolytic medication), and half to a non-drug group (brief counselling without anxiolytics). Psychiatric and social assessments were made (i) at initial consultation when treatment was started; (ii) one month later; (iii) seven months later. Before treatment the two groups were similar on all main variables. On the General Health Questionnaire, 85 per cent of patients were psychiatric cases before treatment, 40 per cent at one month and 30 per cent at seven months. Similar improvements were found with other measures of psychiatric state (Profile of Mood States; Present State Examination) and social functioning (SAS-M). Improvements were similar and parallel in the two groups. Neither group of patients increased their consumption of alcohol, tobacco or non-prescribed drugs. The non-drug group did not make increased demands on the doctors' time.
Within-Individual Variation in Steady State Plasma Levels of Different Neuroleptics and Prolactin
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Mackie Margaret , Wiles David H. , Jorgensen Aksel , Hansen Villy , Menzies Colin 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEleven male chronic schizophrenics were given, serially, oral pimozide, fluphenazine, and flupenthixol; the two latter were also given intramuscularly as decanoates in oil. Oral haloperidol was given before and after each drug. Analysis of variance of steady state plasma levels of the different neuroleptics showed considerable within-individual variation in such levels, probably due to differences in absorption and metabolism and between routes of administration. The findings suggest that if a patient fails to respond to one neuroleptic, there may be good pharmacokinetic reasons for switching him to another belonging to a different group, or for giving the same neuroleptic by a different route of administration. The study also showed that previous administration of one neurololeptic may influence the steady state level of another. The various neuroleptics produced different effects on plasma prolactin levels.
Evidence of Disturbed CSF Circulation and Brain Atrophy in Cases of Schizophrenic Psychosis
Authors: Bergstrand G. , Bjerkenstedt L. , Oxenstierna G. , Sedvall G. , Wik G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation was studied with isotope cisternography in 30 patients with a schizophrenic type of psychosis. All had previously received neuroleptic treatment. Disturbed CSF circulation was found in 10 cases. In four of these, persistent intraventricular radioactivity was observed as well as partly obstructed CSF spaces. In the other six cases a slow CSF circulation was noted as well as evidence of partly obstructed CSF spaces especially of the upper posterior frontal region. Signs of atrophy of the cortex and vermis were found on CT scan in 10 cases. In four of these subjects a local atrophy was noticed in the upper posterior frontal cortex and around the frontal part of the interhemispheric fissure. Seventeen of the patients (57 per cent) had pathological findings at isotope cisternography and/or at CT. Disturbed circulation did not correlate with CT-findings, age, duration of psychosis, alcohol abuse, drug consumption or family history for psychosis. CT evidence of brain atrophy was significantly related to nonfamilial type of psychosis.
Genetics, Ageing and Dementia
Authors: Wright A. F. , Whalley L. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe contribution of genetic differences to variation in ageing and the relationship of ageing to certain types of dementia are discussed. Neuropathological changes commonly found in the ageing brain are present in more severe form in Alzheimer-type dementia, Down's syndrome, multi-infarct dementia, and a substantial number of patients with Parkinson's disease. An increased frequency of ageing-associated changes outside the brain have been reported in Alzheimer-type dementia, Down's syndrome, and multi-infarct dementia, although the evidence is generally meagre and in many cases requires further corroboration. Genetic studies of Alzheimer-type dementia support the existence of heterogeneity on the basis of family history and age of onset; early onset is associated with greater genetic risk and severity of abnormality. The increasing evidence of an association between DNA damage, premature ageing, and neuronal cell loss may provide insights into the aetiology of these and other forms of dementia.
Alcohol and Sedative Drug use in Neurotic Outpatients
Authors: Samarasinghe D. S. , Tilley S. , Marks I. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and six adult neurotic patients attending a behavioural psychotherapy unit were asked about their use of alcohol and other drugs and the perceived anxiolytic effect of these substances. Their drinking behaviour was not significantly different from that of the general population. Alcohol and other drugs were not perceived as reliable anxiolytics and not regularly used as such. Where alcohol or drug abuse coexist with anxiety-related problems, it is helpful to ask the patient to withdraw from these substances prior to starting behavioural therapy of the latter. We ask patients having behavioural therapy to refrain from alcohol or drug use prior to therapy or homework tasks.
How many Psychiatric Patients in Prison?
Authors: Coid Jeremy 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe paper compares the prevalence of psychiatric morbidity amongst sentenced prisoners and in the general population. Major psychosis was no more common in the majority of studies of criminal populations. Although prisoners have a higher level of neurotic symptomatology, this was mainly found to be secondary to imprisonment itself. Long term imprisonment was not found to be a precipitant of severe psychiatric morbidity or intellectual deterioration, and prisoners adopt elaborate coping mechanisms which may themselves be protective. However, there is a higher prevalence of mentally handicapped and epileptic prisoners, and doctors in the Prison Medical Service have to cope with frequent, serious behavioural problems. Prisons appear to be a particularly important area for future psychiatric research.
Use of Memory Tests in Differentiating Organic Disorder from Depression
Authors: Coughlan Anthony K. , Hollows Susan E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAlthough memory tests are commonly used to help differentiate organic conditions from depression, the extent to which depression might influence test performance is unclear. Comparison of the performances of normal, brain-damaged, and depressed subjects on a battery of verbal and visual memory tests revealed that the incidence of impairment amongst the depressed subjects was not significantly greater than amongst normal subjects on the majority of measures, and that within the depressed group, the degree of depression was not related to poor test performance. The brain-damaged group displayed a significant incidence of impairment on all measures, and a significantly greater incidence than the depressed group on the majority of measures. It is concluded that memory tests have a useful role to play in differential diagnosis.
Nominal Dysphasia and the Severity of Senile Dementia
Authors: Skelton-Robinson M. , Jones S. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPrevious research has shown that nominal dysphasia occurs commonly as a language disorder in senile dementia (Alzheimers' type). This study provides evidence that the degree of nominal dysphasia shown by a patient may be a reliable index of the severity of dementia, as measured by both behavioural and cognitive rating scales.
Emotional Distress amongst the Supporters of the Elderly Mentally Infirm
Authors: Gilleard C. J. , Belford H. , Gilleard E. , Whittick J. E. , Gledhill K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree samples of supporters of elderly infirm dependents who were either attending or about to attend day hospitals were given the 30-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ) to complete. Prevalence levels of disturbance varied from 57% to 73%; female supporters (the majority) reported higher levels of distress. High scores were related to a diagnosable psychiatric condition, and were significantly associated with a combination of poor self-health ratings in the supporters, more frequent behaviour problems in the dependents, and a more negative view of the premorbid relationship between supporter and dependent. Reported amount of contact time and levels of formal and informal outside support were not related to GHQ scores.
Mental Changes Resulting from Subdural Haematoma
Authors: Black Donald W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA retrospective study was carried out of 79 patients with subacute or chronic subdural haematomata. Forty-six (58.2%) had mental changes at admission which were categorised using DSM-III criteria. Delirium was the most frequent mental change, followed by dementia and coma. Three cases of organic affective syndrome were found. In those with mental changes, delirium was significant in older patients (P <.05) and coma in young patients (P <.001). Dementia was more common in the elderly. These findings confirm the presence of common mental syndromes in patients with subdural and haematomata and substantiate time-honoured clinical stereotypes.
Zetidoline, A New Antipsychotic
Authors: Silverstone T. , Levine S. , Freeman H. L. , Dubini A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryZetidoline (ZTD), a compound chemically unrelated to any available antipsychotic, with selective dopamine receptor-blocking properties, was compared with haloperidol (HLP) in a double-blind study on 56 in-patients who had either first episodes or acute relapses of schizophrenia. ZTD was found to be safe, as effective as HLP, and to produce significantly fewer extrapyramidal side-effects (EPS).
Classification and Diagnosis of Depression in School Phobia
Authors: Kolvin Israel , Berney Thomas P. , Bhate Surya R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-one school phobic children, aged nine to fourteen years, were assessed for psychiatric diagnosis; this revealed the presence of two clinically meaningful sub-groups—depressed and residual school phobic. A wide range of symptoms were studied to identify those which might prove useful in diagnosing adult-type depression in childhood and early adolescence, both in terms of frequency of symptoms in the depressed group and the extent of the distinction between the two groups. Eleven such key symptoms were identified and based on these, a formula for diagnosing adult-type depression was evolved. The validity of several different ways of classifying the above cases were explored; these covered: kind of disorder; type of onset; adolescence versus pre-adolescence; and sex of the child. However, on only one dichotomy—depression versus absence of depression—were there many significant discriminants. Affective symptomatology of more recent onset was contrasted with pre-morbid personality traits, usually associated with school phobia. There was no evidence to support the concept of ‘masked depression’ in childhood.
Comparison of Pharmacological Treatment Response between Situational and Non-situational Depressions
Authors: Garvey Michael J. , Schaffer Charles B. , Tuason V. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-one patients with a primary major depressive disorder preceded by a stressful environmental event were compared for their response to pharmacological treatment with 75 depressives who experienced no stressful life event before illness episodes. There was no difference between the groups in treatment response rates after four and six weeks of treatment respectively.
An Evaluation of Cognitive-Behaviour Therapy for Depression in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Larcombe Nora A. , Wilson Peter H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwenty depressed multiple sclerotic patients were randomly allocated either to cognitive-behaviour therapy or to a waiting list control condition. Assessment of depressive symptoms was conducted at pre-treatment, post-treatment, and a four-week follow-up. In comparison to the waiting list control condition, cognitive-behaviour therapy was found to result in clinically and statistically significant improvement on most measures. Although the mechanism by which such treatment achieves its effects is unclear, these results clearly support the use of cognitive-behavioural treatments for depression in this population.
Schizophrenia in Old Age (Late Paraphrenia)
Authors: Grahame Peter S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryLate paraphrenia is the form of expression of schizophrenia in old age. Twenty five patients diagnosed as suffering from the condition were studied, and their symptoms compared with the diagnostic criteria for schizophrenia of Spitzeret al(1975), the Catego system (Winget al, 1974), Carpenteret al(1973a) and Langfeldt (1960). The study confirms late paraphrenia as one of the schizophrenias, and discusses differences with previous studies.
A Survey of Prescribing of Psychotropic Drugs in a Birmingham Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Edwards Stephen , Kumar Vinod 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOf 603 patients receiving in-patient or day-patient psychiatric care, one-sixth were taking no psychotropic drugs, but nearly 50% of those receiving medication had a combination of two or more such drugs. Hypnotics and minor tranquillisers were frequently prescribed together with neuroleptics and antidepressants. One-third of all patients receiving neuroleptics received a combination of oral and depot preparations, while half of all patients on neuroleptics were prescribed anti-parkinsonian drugs. One-fifth of patients treated with neuroleptics had a diagnosis other than schizophrenia, and one-third of patients treated with antidepressants had a diagnosis other than affective disorder. A comparison of our findings with those from Oxford show some significant differences, particularly in the use of depot, oral, of combined neuroleptic drugs. An analysis of prescribing could be a useful part of self-audit for hospitals.
The Dexamethasone Suppression Test in Psychotic versus Non-psychotic Endogenous Depression
Authors: Rihmer Zoltán , Arató Mihály , Szádoczky Erika , Révai Katalin , Demeter Erzsébet , György Sandor , Udvarhelyi Pal 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe authors investigated the dexamethasone suppression test (DST) in 93 female patients with primary (endogenous) major depression; in 20 female paranoid schizophrenics, and in 17 healthy females. Depressed patients had a significantly higher rate of abnormal DST response and significantly higher post-dexamethasone serum cortisol levels than schizophrenics and normal controls. The unipolar and bipolar depressives showed a similar profile of DST abnormalities. Depressed patients with psychotic features had a significantly higher rate of positive DST results than non-psychotic patients.
The Hyperventilation Syndrome
Authors: Kraft A. R. , Hoogduin C. A. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe aim of the study was to discover the relative effectiveness of four methods of treating patients suffering from hyperventilation attacks. The methods used were: breathing and relaxation therapy, hyperventilation provocation training, treatment based on influencing the factors which lead to the development of the syndrome, and drug treatment. The first three methods were demonstrated to be effective, whilst the fourth showed no signs of effectiveness. The condition of patients in the control group remained the same or deteriorated.
Approaches to the Evaluation and Treatment of Rapid-Cycling Affective Illness
Authors: Roy-Byrne Peter P. , Joffe Russell T. , Uhde Thomas W. , Post Robert M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe definition and clinical aspects of rapid cycling affective illness are reviewed and various factors associated with the onset and maintenance of rapid cycling enumerated. On the basis of this information and of reports of the response of rapid cycling patients to various treatment interventions, an approach is suggested to the evaluation and treatment of rapid cycling affective illness.
Day-to-Day Mood Changes after Childbirth: Further Data
Authors: Kendell R. E. , Mackenzie W. E. , West C. , McGuire R. J. , Cox J. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe depression and lability of mood which have been previously reported on the fifth day after childbirth are largely restricted to women with high neuroticism scores. The pattern of day-to-day mood changes is the same after Caesarian section as after vaginal delivery, but there is no ‘day five’ phenomenon after hysterectomy. Post-partum mood disturbance is less prominent in women who return home 48 hours after delivery.
The Scottish Survey of Chronic Day-Patients
Authors: McCreadie Robin G. , Robinson Andrew D. , Wilson A. Oliver A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAll chronic day-patients (n= 422), defined as patients aged 18–64 years attending a day facility of a psychiatric hospital or general hospital psychiatric unit continuously for more than a year, were identified in hospitals and units serving 56% of the Scottish population. The number of day patients was 14.8 per 100,000 of the general population, but the range between hospitals was very great—0 to 37.7 per 100,000—indicating the patchy development of such care. A typical day patient was a rather chronic middle-aged male schizophrenic, who lived on his own or with ageing parents. Most patients' accommodation was satisfactory, but the occupational activity of more than a third was inappropriate; 18% could have attended a local authority sheltered workshop if one had been available.
Is there really a Schizophrenia? The Long-term Course of Psychotic Phenomena∗
Authors: Ciompi Luc 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe author fundamentally questions the traditional concept of the disease-entity (or several disease entities) of ‘schizophrenia’ and discusses an alternative concept, based on vulnerability and information-processing. According to this, schizophrenia-like psychotic phenomena develop in three phases. In the first, premorbid phase, combined biological (genetic and possibly other organic) and psycho-social influences lead to a premorbid ‘vulnerability’, characterised by a low tolerance of cognitive and emotional stress, corresponding to an insufficient capacity for the adequate processing of complex information. In the second phase, stressful life-events can lead to unique or repeated acute productive psychotic episodes. The third phase, that of long-term evolution, depends more on psycho-social influences than on biological factors. Under unfavourable conditions, it may lead to predominantly unproductive residual states of various degrees, which can largely be understood as regulatory mechanisms to restrict stressful over-stimulation. There is no clearly delimitable disease entity of schizophrenia with constant causes, psychopathological picture, or course, but rather a multi-conditioned life-process, occuring in people with a particular vulnerability, interacting with complex life-events and circumstances. This new concept has important consequences for therapy and prevention.
TRH Response Pattern in Adolescent Schizophrenic Males
Authors: DeMilio Lawrence 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA marked elevation in human growth hormone (GH) following intravenous infusion of thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) was seen in three of seven adolescent male schizophrenic patients receiving neuroleptic drugs, and in one of five controls matched for age, sex, and developmental stage, receiving the same drugs. A positive family history for schizophrenia was noted in all three schizophrenic ‘responders' but in only one of the remaining patients. The response patterns of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4 following TRH infusion were not significantly different in the two groups. No significant correlations were found between T3, T4, TSH, or GH response patterns and age of patient, duration of illness, medication dose or duration, weight change, or hours of sleep preceding testing.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR): I. Imaging Biochemical Change
Authors: Eastwood L. M. , Hutchison J. M. S. , Besson J. A. O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging of hydrogen in body water and fat is proving valuable in clinical investigation of the brain. An introduction to the technique and to the biological significance of the images is presented here. The ‘multi-parameter’ nature of these images is stressed, and the individual parameters described. NMR imaging may well be of value in investigating the pathology of organic and functional psychoses.