bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Crop Development on the Emission of Volatiles in Leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum and Its Inhibitory Activity to Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Zhang Peng‐Ying , Chen Kao‐Shan , He Pei‐Qing , Liu Sheng‐Hao , Jiang Wan‐Feng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Volatiles emitted from the leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum at the two‐, ten‐leaf and anthesis periods were collected by a gas absorbing method and analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)‐mass spectrometry. In total, 33 compounds of volatiles emitted from three developmental stage plants were separated and identified, and quantitatively analyzed by the internal standard addition method. All of the samples of volatile were found to be rich in monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes. β‐phellandrene and caryophyllene predominated in the volatiles of the leaves of plants at the two‐ and ten‐leaf stages. Furthermore, (E)‐2‐hexenal were the dominant components in the volatiles emitted from anthesis plants. The results of volatiles analyzed show that the compositions varied depending on the developmental stages. The volatiles emitted from crushed tomato leaves of plants at the anthesis stage had the most strongly inhibitory activity against the spore germination and hyphal growth of Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum, followed by ten‐ and two‐leaf plants. However, the activity of volatiles, emitted from the leaves of plants at the two‐leaf stage, in inhibiting F. oxysporum was greater than B. cinerea.
Simple Sequence Repeat Analysis of Genetic Diversity in Primary Core Collection of Peach (Prunus persica)
Authors: Li Tian‐Hong , Li Yin‐Xia , Li Zi‐Chao , Zhang Hong‐Liang , Qi Yong‐Wen , Wang Tao 
Published: November 2008

Abstract In this study, the genetic diversity of 51 cultivars in the primary core collection of peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) was evaluated by using simple sequence repeats (SSRs). The phylogenetic relationships and the evolutionary history among different cultivars were determined on the basis of SSR data. Twenty‐two polymorphic SSR primer pairs were selected, and a total of 111 alleles were identified in the 51 cultivars, with an average of 5 alleles per locus. According to traditional Chinese classification of peach cultivars, the 51 cultivars in the peach primary core collection belong to six variety groups. The SSR analysis revealed that the levels of the genetic diversity within each variety group were ranked as Sweet peach > Crisp peach > Flat peach > Nectarine > Honey Peach > Yellow fleshed peach. The genetic diversity among the Chinese cultivars was higher than that among the introduced cultivars. Cluster analysis by the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic averaging (UPGMA) placed the 51 cultivars into five linkage clusters. Cultivar members from the same variety group were distributed in different UPGMA clusters and some members from different variety groups were placed under the same cluster. Different variety groups could not be differentiated in accordance with SSR markers. The SSR analysis revealed rich genetic diversity in the peach primary core collection, representative of genetic resources of peach.
Eco‐physiological Characteristics of Alfalfa Seedlings in Response to Various Mixed Salt‐alkaline Stresses
Authors: Peng Yong‐Lin , Gao Zhan‐Wu , Gao Ying , Liu Guo‐Fang , Sheng Lian‐Xi , Wang De‐Li 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Soil salinization and alkalization frequently co‐occur in nature, but little is known about the mixed effects of salt‐alkaline stresses on plants. An experiment with mixed salts (NaCl, Na2SO4, NaHCO3 and Na2CO3) and 30 salt‐alkaline combinations (salinity 24–120 mmol/L and pH 7.03–10.32) treating Medicago sativa seedlings was conducted. The results demonstrated that salinity and alkalinity significantly affected total biomass and biomass components of seedlings. There were interactive effects of salt composition and concentration on biomass (P≤ 0.001). The interactions between salinity and alkalinity stresses led to changes in the root activity along the salinity gradient (P≤ 0.001). The effects of alkalinity on seedling survival rate were more significant than those of salinity, and the seedlings demonstrated some physiological responses (leaf electrolyte leakage rate and proline content) in order to adapt to mixed salt‐alkaline stresses. It was concluded that the mixed salt‐alkaline stresses, which differ from either salt or alkali stress, emphasize the significant interaction between salt concentration (salinity) and salt component (alkalinity). Further, the effects of the interaction between high alkalinity and salinity are more severe than those of either salt or alkali stress, and such a cooperative interaction results in more sensitive responses of ecological and physiological characteristics in plants.
Community conserved areas: policy issues in historic and contemporary context
Authors: Berkes Fikret 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIndigenous and community conserved areas (ICCAs) are natural and/or modified ecosystems containing biodiversity values, ecological services, and cultural values, voluntarily conserved by indigenous and other communities through local or customary laws. They are found in both terrestrial and marine areas; they range in size from <1 ha sacred groves to >30,000 km2 indigenous territories in Brazil. ICCAs should be recognized for what they may contribute to national and global conservation systems, but there is little documentation of their potential or discussion of their policy implications. Here I examine the historic and contemporary context of ICCAs, provide examples, and raise policy issues related to: assessing the conservation benefits of ICCAs, integrating traditional knowledge into protected area management, finding the right mix of governance regimes, and dealing with challenges faced by them.
Cross-Reactive Immunity to Clade 2 Strains of Influenza Virus A Subtype H5N1 Induced in Adults and Elderly Patients by Fluval, a Prototype Pandemic Influenza Virus Vaccine Derived by Reverse Genetics, Formulated with a Phosphate Adjuvant, and Directed to Clade 1 Strains
Authors: Fazekas György , Martosne-Mendi Rita , Jankovics Istvan , Szilvasy Istvan , Vajo Zoltan 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
High fatality rates and multiple cases of transmission of avian H5N1 influenza viruses to humans illustrate the urgent need for an efficacious, cross-protective vaccine against H5N1 strains. Extensive genetic characterization of H5N1 strains has elucidated the natural evolutionary relationship of these strains, linking groups known as clades to a common ancestor. Although the clades and subclades probably differ sufficiently in their antigenic structure to warrant the preparation of different vaccines, there is some evidence that cross-reactive immunity can be afforded. We aimed to assess the immunogenicity of a clade 1 H5N1 (NIBRG-14) whole-virus vaccine with an aluminum phosphate adjuvant and to determine whether it can induce cross-reactive immunity against antigenically drifted clade 2 H5N1 strains, both those derived by reverse genetics and wild-type isolates. A total of 88 (44 adult and 44 elderly) subjects, who received one dose (6 μg) of the vaccine, were studied. As judged by U.S. and European licensing criteria based on hemagglutination inhibition, the subjects developed cross-reactive immunity against all studied H5N1 strains belonging to a clade different from that of the strain utilized to produce the vaccine. Our findings highlight the importance of stockpiling, since cross-immune reactions induced by prepandemic vaccines will likely reduce morbidity and mortality in case of a pandemic.
Occurrence and Characteristics of Class 1 and 2 Integrons in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Isolates from Patients in Southern China
Authors: Xu Zhenbo , Li Lin , Shirtliff Mark E. , Alam M. J. , Yamasaki Shinji , Shi Lei 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 45.8% (54/118) and 19.5% (23/118) of our tested
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
isolates, respectively. Three strains were positive for both the integrons. This is the first report of class 2 integrons in
P. aeruginosa
and also of isolates carrying class 1 and 2 integrons simultaneously.
Avian Influenza A Virus Polymerase Association with Nucleoprotein, but Not Polymerase Assembly, Is Impaired in Human Cells during the Course of Infection
Authors: Rameix-Welti Marie-Anne , Tomoiu Andru , Dos Santos Afonso Emmanuel , van der Werf Sylvie , Naffakh Nadia 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT
Strong determinants of the host range of influenza A viruses have been identified on the polymerase complex formed by the PB1, PB2, and PA subunits and on the nucleoprotein (NP). In the present study, molecular mechanisms that may involve these four core proteins and contribute to the restriction of avian influenza virus multiplication in human cells have been investigated. The efficiencies with which the polymerase complexes of a human and an avian influenza virus isolate assemble and interact with the viral NP and cellular RNA polymerase II proteins were compared in mammalian and in avian infected cells. To this end, recombinant influenza viruses expressing either human or avian-derived core proteins with a PB2 protein fused to the One-Strep purification tag at the N or C terminus were generated. Copurification experiments performed on infected cell extracts indicate that the avian-derived polymerase is assembled and interacts physically with the cellular RNA polymerase II at least as efficiently as does the human-derived polymerase in human as well as in avian cells. Restricted growth of the avian isolate in human cells correlates with low levels of the core proteins in infected cell extracts and with poor association of the NP with the polymerase compared to what is observed for the human isolate. The NP-polymerase association is restored by a Glu-to-Lys substitution at residue 627 of PB2. Overall, our data point to viral and cellular factors regulating the NP-polymerase interaction as key determinants of influenza A virus host range. Recombinant viruses expressing a tagged polymerase should prove useful for further studies of the molecular interactions between viral polymerase and host factors during the infection cycle.
Infection with Human Metapneumovirus Predisposes Mice to Severe Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Kukavica-Ibrulj Irena , Hamelin Marie-Ève , Prince Gregory A. , Gagnon Constance , Bergeron Yves , Bergeron Michel G. , Boivin Guy 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTHuman metapneumovirus (hMPV) is a recently described paramyxovirus that causes respiratory tract infections. Prior clinical studies have highlighted the importance of respiratory viruses, such as influenza virus, in facilitating secondary bacterial infections and increasing host immunopathology. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of initial viral infection with hMPV or influenza A virus followed byStreptococcus pneumoniaesuperinfection 5 days later in a murine model. Both groups of superinfected mice demonstrated significant weight loss (mean of 15%) and higher levels of airway obstruction (mean enhanced pause value of 2.7) compared to those of mice infected with hMPV, influenza virus, or pneumococcus alone. Bacterial counts increased from 5 × 102CFU/lung in mice infected with pneumococcus only to 107and 109CFU/lung in mice with prior infections with hMPV and influenza A virus, respectively. A more pronounced interstitial and alveolar inflammation correlated with higher levels of inflammatory cytokines and chemokines such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, monocyte chemotactic protein 1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α, KC, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, as well as greater expression of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2), TLR6, TLR7, and TLR13 in the lungs of superinfected animals compared to results for single infections, with similar immunological effects seen in both coinfection models. Prior infection with either hMPV or influenza A virus predisposes mice to severe pneumococcus infection.
RNA Silencing against Geminivirus: Complementary Action of Posttranscriptional Gene Silencing and Transcriptional Gene Silencing in Host Recovery
Authors: Rodríguez-Negrete Edgar A. , Carrillo-Tripp Jimena , Rivera-Bustamante Rafael F. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

RNA silencing in plants is a natural defense system mechanism against invading nucleic acids such as viruses. Geminiviruses, a family of plant viruses characterized by a circular, single-stranded DNA genome, are thought to be both inducers and targets of RNA silencing. Some natural geminivirus-host interactions lead to symptom remission or host recovery, a process commonly associated with RNA silencing-mediated defense.
Pepper golden mosaic virus
(PepGMV)-infected pepper plants show a recovery phenotype, which has been associated with the presence of virus-derived small RNAs. The results presented here suggest that PepGMV is targeted by both posttranscriptional and transcriptional gene silencing mechanisms. Two types of virus-related small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) were detected: siRNAs of 21 to 22 nucleotides (nt) in size that are related to the coding regions (Rep, TrAP, REn, and movement protein genes) and a 24-nt population primarily associated to the intergenic regions. Methylation levels of the PepGMV A intergenic and coat protein (CP) coding region were measured by a bisulfite sequencing approach. An inverse correlation was observed between the methylation status of the intergenic region and the concentration of viral DNA and symptom severity. The intergenic region also showed a methylation profile conserved in all times analyzed. The CP region, on the other hand, did not show a defined profile, and its methylation density was significantly lower than the one found on the intergenic region. The participation of both PTGS and TGS mechanisms in host recovery is discussed.
Baculovirus Data Suggest a Common but Multifaceted Pathway for Sorting Proteins to the Inner Nuclear Membrane
Authors: Braunagel Sharon C. , Cox Virginia , Summers Max D. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACT

Multiple unique protein markers sorted to the inner nuclear membrane (INM) from the
Autographa californica
nucleopolyhedrovirus occlusion-derived virus (ODV) envelope were used to decipher common elements of the sorting pathway of integral membrane proteins from their site of insertion into the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through their transit to the INM. The data show that during viral infection, the viral protein FP25K is a partner for all known ODV envelope proteins and that BV/ODV-E26 (designated E26) is a partner for some, but not all, such proteins. The association with the ER membrane of FP25K, E26, and the cellular INM-sorting protein importin-α-16 is not static; rather, these sorting proteins are actively recruited to the ER membrane based upon requirements of the proteins in transit to the INM. Colocalization analysis using an ODV envelope protein and importin-α-16 shows that during viral infection, importin-α-16 translocates across the pore membrane to the INM and then is incorporated into the virus-induced intranuclear membranes. Thus, the association of importin-α-16 and INM-directed proteins appears to remain at least through protein translocation across the pore membrane to the INM. Overall, the data suggest that multiple levels of regulation facilitate INM-directed protein trafficking, and that proteins participating in this sorting pathway have a dynamic relationship with each other and the membrane of the ER.
A prospective longitudinal study to assess psychological changes following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction surgery
Authors: Langford J L , Webster K E , Feller J A 
Published: November 2008

Objective:To determine whether the psychological characteristics of athletes who have undergone an anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction change during rehabilitation are related to returning to competitive sport.Design:Prospective longitudinal study.Method:87 athletes completed the Emotional Response of Athletes to Injury Questionnaire (ERAIQ) and the ACL Return to Sport after Injury scale (ACL-RSI) at 3, 6 and 12 months following ACL reconstruction surgery. Physical outcome measures were also taken at each time point.Results:At 12 months 44 (51%) participants had returned to competitive sport and 43 (49%) participants had not returned. There were no differences in physical recovery or scores on the ERAIQ between the two groups. Participants who had returned to competitive sport at 12 months, however, scored significantly higher on the ACL-RSI scale (reflecting a more positive psychological response about sport participation) at both 6 and 12 months than participants who had not returned to competitive sport.Conclusions:During rehabilitation there are significant psychological differences regarding sport resumption between athletes who do, and do not, resume competitive sport 12 months following ACL reconstruction. These differences occur as early as 6 months postoperatively and highlight the importance of addressing all aspects of an athlete’s recovery in order to help facilitate the athlete returning to sport.
Interleukin-6/STAT3 signaling regulates the ability of naive T cells to acquire B-cell help capacities
Authors: Eddahri Fouad , Denanglaire Sébastien , Bureau Fabrice , Spolski Rosanne , Leonard Warren J. , Leo Oberdan , Andris Fabienne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe conditions leading to the activation/differentiation of T-helper (Th) cells dedicated for B-cell antibody production are still poorly characterized. We now demonstrate that interleukin-6 (IL-6) promotes the differentiation of naive T lymphocytes into helper cells able to promote B-cell activation and antibody secretion. IL-6–driven acquisition of B-cell help capacity requires expression of the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), but not STAT4 or STAT6 transcription factors, suggesting that the ability to provide help to B cells is not restricted to a well-defined Th1 or Th2 effector population. T cell–specific STAT3-deficient mice displayed reduced humoral responses in vivo that could not be related to an altered expansion of CXCR5-expressing helper T cells. IL-6 was shown to promote IL-21 secretion, a cytokine that was similarly found to promote the differentiation of naive T cells into potent B-cell helper cells. Collectively, these data indicate that the ability to provide B-cell help is regulated by IL-6/IL-21 through STAT3 activation, independently of Th1, Th2, Th17, or follicular helper T cell (TFH) differentiation.
Gypsy endogenous retrovirus maintains potential infectivity in several species of Drosophilids
Authors: Llorens Jose V , Clark Jonathan B , Martínez-Garay Isabel , Soriano Sirena , de Frutos Rosa , Martínez-Sebastián María J 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Sequences homologous to the gypsy retroelement from Drosophila melanogaster are widely distributed among drosophilids. The structure of gypsy includes an open reading frame resembling the retroviral gene env, which is responsible for the infectious properties of retroviruses.

Results
In this study we report molecular and phylogeny analysis of the complete env gene from ten species of the obscura group of the genus Drosophila and one species from the genus Scaptomyza.

Conclusion
The results indicate that in most cases env sequences could produce a functional Env protein and therefore maintain the infectious capability of gypsy in these species.
Good adherence to HAART and improved survival in a community HIV/AIDS treatment and care programme: the experience of The AIDS Support Organization (TASO), Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Abaasa Andrew M , Todd Jim , Ekoru Kenneth , Kalyango Joan N , Levin Jonathan , Odeke Emmanuel , Karamagi Charles AS 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackgroundPoor adherence to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) may result in treatment failure and death. Most reports of the effect of adherence to HAART on mortality come from studies where special efforts are made to provide HAART under ideal conditions. However, there are few reports of the impact of non-adherence to HAART on mortality from community HIV/AIDS treatment and care programmes in developing countries. We therefore conducted a study to assess the effect of adherence to HAART on survival in The AIDS Support Organization (TASO) community HAART programme in Kampala, Uganda.MethodsThe study was a retrospective cohort of 897 patients who initiated HAART at TASO clinic, Kampala, between May 2004 and December 2006. A total of 7,856 adherence assessments were performed on the data. Adherence was assessed using a combination of self-report and pill count methods. Patients who took ≤ 95% of their regimens were classified as non-adherent. The data was stratified at a CD4 count of 50 cells/mm3. Kaplan Meier curves and Cox proportional hazards regression models were used in the analysis.ResultsA total of 701 (78.2%) patients had a mean adherence to ART of > 95%. The crude death rate was 12.2 deaths per 100 patient-years, with a rate of 42.5 deaths per 100 patient-years for non-adherent patients and 6.1 deaths per 100 patient-years for adherent patients. Non-adherence to ART was significantly associated with mortality. Patients with a CD4 count of less than 50 cells/mm3had a higher mortality (HR = 4.3; 95% CI: 2.22–5.56) compared to patients with a CD4 count equal to or greater than 50 cells/mm3(HR = 2.4; 95% CI: 1.79–2.38).ConclusionOur study showed that good adherence and improved survival are feasible in community HIV/AIDS programmes such as that of TASO, Uganda. However, there is need to support community HAART programmes to overcome the challenges of funding to provide sustainable supplies particularly of antiretroviral drugs; provision of high quality clinical and laboratory support; and achieving a balance between expansion and quality of services. Measures for the early identification and treatment of HIV infected people including home-based VCT and HAART should be strengthened.
Transplantation of genetically engineered cardiac fibroblasts producing recombinant human erythropoietin to repair the infarcted myocardium
Authors: Ruvinov Emil , Sharabani-Yosef Orna , Nagler Arnon , Einbinder Tom , Feinberg Micha S , Holbova Radka , Douvdevani Amos , Leor Jonathan 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Erythropoietin possesses cellular protection properties. The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that in situ expression of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) would improve tissue repair in rat after myocardial infarction (MI).

Methods and results
RhEPO-producing cardiac fibroblasts were generated ex vivo by transduction with retroviral vector. The anti-apoptotic effect of rhEPO-producing fibroblasts was evaluated by co-culture with rat neonatal cardiomyocytes exposed to H2O2-induced oxidative stress. Annexin V/PI assay and DAPI staining showed that compared with control, rhEPO forced expression markedly attenuated apoptosis and improved survival of cultured cardiomyocytes. To test the effect of rhEPO on the infarcted myocardium, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to permanent coronary artery occlusion, and rhEPO-producing fibroblasts, non-transduced fibroblasts, or saline, were injected into the scar tissue seven days after infarction. One month later, immunostaining identified rhEPO expression in the implanted engineered cells but not in controls. Compared with non-transduced fibroblasts or saline injection, implanted rhEPO-producing fibroblasts promoted vascularization in the scar, and prevented cell apoptosis. By two-dimensional echocardiography and postmortem morphometry, transplanted EPO-engineered fibroblasts did not prevent left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and adverse LV remodeling 5 and 9 weeks after MI.

Conclusion

In situ expression of rhEPO enhances vascularization and reduces cell apoptosis in the infarcted myocardium. However, local EPO therapy is insufficient for functional improvement after MI in rat.