bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring the sensitivity to change of the Role Functioning Scale through the utilization of the RCID index
Authors: Wieduwilt Kristin M. , Jerrell Jeanette M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study presents data on the sensitivity to change of the Role Functioning Scale (RFS) in assessing improvement in psychosocial functioning among persons with severe and persistent mental illness after exposure to different clinical interventions. The sample for this study was composed of 122 severely and persistently mentally ill clients who received outpatient services in one of three case‐management conditions as part of a randomized clinical trial. Utilizing the twofold criteria of the RCID index proposed by Jacobson and Truax (1991) evidence was found for the sensitivity of the RFS to detect statistically reliable and clinically significant changes in client functioning as a result of the treatment interventions. The global score of the RFS demonstrated highly significant treatment effects, as well as moderate to large effect sizes. Results from the current study, as well as those presented in previous psychometric studies of the RFS indicate that this measure can be used effectively in outcome studies of the severely and persistently mentally ill to assess treatment efficacy reliably and accurately. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview short‐form (CIDI‐SF)
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Andrews Gavin , Mroczek Daniel , Ustun Bedirhan , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: March 2006

AbstractData are reported on a series of short‐form (SF) screening scales of DSM‐III‐R psychiatric disorders developed from the World Health Organization's Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). A multi‐step procedure was used to generate CIDI‐SF screening scales for each of eight DSM disorders from the US National Comorbidity Survey (NCS). This procedure began with the subsample of respondents who endorsed the CIDI diagnostic stem question for a given disorder and then used a series of stepwise regression analyses to select a subset of screening questions to maximize reproduction of the full CIDI diagnosis. A small number of screening questions, between three and eight for each disorder, was found to account for the significant associations between symptom ratings and CIDI diagnoses. Summary scales made up of these symptom questions correctly classify between 77% and 100% of CIDI cases and between 94% and 99% of CIDI non‐cases in the NCS depending on the diagnosis. Overall classification accuracy ranged from a low of 93% for major depressive episode to a high of over 99% for generalized anxiety disorder. Pilot testing in a nationally representative telephone survey found that the full set of CIDI‐SF scales can be administered in an average of seven minutes compared to over an hour for the full CIDI. The results are quite encouraging in suggesting that diagnostic classifications made in the full CIDI can be reproduced with excellent accuracy with the CIDI‐SF scales. Independent verification of this reproduction accuracy, however, is needed in a data set other than the one in which the CIDI‐SF was developed. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Multidimensional assessment of outcome in psychiatry: the use of graphical displays. The South‐Verona Project 2
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Riani Marco , Rucci Paola , Biggeri Annibale , Tansella Michele 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn psychiatry, the assessment of outcome, to be relevant for clinical practice, should be multidimensional. This demands suitable statistical tools both to represent and to analyse the complex relationships between variables. This paper aims to provide guidelines for selecting graphical displays of multidimensional data that enable better capturing of the relationships between variables and summarize information available for individual cases as well as for groups of patients. Multivariate graphical techniques such as Chernoff faces, stars, parallel co‐ordinates and Andrews plots are applied to a set of data drawn from the South Verona Outcome Project, a naturalistic study based on a multidimensional model for the assessment of outcomes, routinely conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry of the University of Verona, Italy. The assessment includes global functioning, psychopathology, social disability, subjective quality of life, and satisfaction with services, number of service contacts and days of hospitalization.The selected sequence of graphical displays allows a quick understanding of the multivariate data set not otherwise obtainable with numerical indexes and specifically enabled us to: (a) picture the characteristics of the data set on each single variable; (b) identify relationships between two or more variables; (c) identify peculiarities of individual patients and of group of patients. In psychiatry and in other areas of medicine a graphical approach to multidimensional data is a useful analytical tool for increasing the impact of outcome studies, in everyday clinical practice and in monitoring and evaluating of services. Copyright © 1998 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Use of multiple informant data as a predictor in psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: Horton Nicholas J. , Laird Nan M. , Zahner Gwendolyn E.P. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMultiple informant reports of psychopathology are often collected in studies of psychiatric epidemiology. Previous reports have primarily focused on methods for handling multiple informant information when it is used to measure a psychiatric outcome in a regression model. Here we deal with methods for incorporating multiple informant reports as predictor variables (covariates) in regression modelling. In general, there is no single appropriate analytic strategy in this setting. Approaches seen in the literature include separate analyses by informant, inclusion of both reports in the model, or combination of the reports (using the ‘OR’ rule or use of concordant reports). Other approaches include use of measurement error models and latent class analysis. We review these approaches, discuss their relative advantages and disadvantages and illustrate them with an example where dichotomous reports of psychopathology are used to predict mental health service utilization in a community‐based sample. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
Criteria for early onset of action of an antidepressant from the clinical trial logistics point of view – methodological considerations
Authors: Niklson I.A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSeveral authors have recommended various criteria for investigating the early onset of action (EOA) of an antidepressant. In this article some of the criteria that are most often mentioned were reviewed, considering clinical study design and logistics of the trial. The advantages and disadvantages of individual criteria are listed. Despite the existence of many recommendations, only a very limited number of them originate from scientific sources such as large databases. Moreover, some of the recommendations need to be viewed as suggestions as they do not originate from experience and data analysis. Individuals designing clinical trials to investigate EOA are left to try out different approaches, which are far from being internationally accepted and regulated. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
The development and initial validation of a telephone‐administered cognitive test battery (TACT)
Authors: Prince Martin J. , Macdonald Alison M. , Sham Pak C. , Richards Marcus , Quraishi Seema , Horn Isobel 
Published: March 2006

AbstractTelephone interviews are increasingly recognized as a convenient assessment tool for epidemiological studies with geographically scattered samples, particularly where repeated assessments are to be made. We have compiled a telephone‐administered cognitive test battery (TACT) that aims to be sensitive enough to detect small but important degrees of early decline in cognitive function. The telephone‐administered cognitive test battery comprises tests of crystallized intelligence, logical memory, visuo‐spatial function, verbal fluency, and inductive reasoning. It incorporates a brief telephone assessment of cognitive status, the modified Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status (TICS‐m), already validated as a screening test for dementia. We carried out a preliminary pilot study on 98 volunteer twin subjects. The test was generally administered in less than 30 minutes. Most component test scores were normally distributed with no evidence of ceiling or floor effects. We tested for the effects of age and education, and estimated test–retest reliability. A second‐order factor analysis suggested that TACT measured three dimensions of cognitive function (1) logical memory, (2) crystallized intelligence and (3) the ability to learn and apply rules to abstract material under pressure of time. The last of these dimensions was the most influenced by age. The TACT is a convenient and efficient, yet comprehensive and demanding, measure of cognitive status with wide‐ranging applications in gerontological epidemiology, genetic epidemiology and health service evaluative research. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
Screening for mental disorders: performance of the Composite International Diagnostic – Screener (CID–S)
Authors: Wittchen H.‐U. , Höfler M. , Gander F. , Pfister H. , Storz S. , Üstün Bedirhan , Müller N. , Kessler R.C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces the Composite International Diagnostic – Screener (CID–S) for mental disorders, a 12‐item self‐report questionnaire that is based on core diagnostic questions from the Composite International Diagnostic Interview for the assessment of DSM‐IV and ICD‐10 disorders (CIDI) for use in two‐stage epidemiological designs. Data are reported relating to the performance of the CID–S in a two‐stage study of a random sample of 1095 respondents, using a wide range of DSM‐IV/CIDI diagnoses (somatoform, anxiety, depressive, other affective, and substance‐use disorders). In the first stage, all subjects filled out the screening instrument. Seven to 30 days later trained clinical interviewers administered the computer‐assisted full CIDI. The CID–S had an overall sensitivity of 85.3% (range for specific diagnoses 74.7% for alcohol use disorders to 100% for panic disorders) and negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.0% (range 91.0%–100%) for any current (12‐month) diagnosis and similar values for lifetime disorders (80.7%, NPV: 85.1%). Likelihood for a DSM‐IV diagnosis increased steadily from 10.5% among screen negatives, to 24.9% among those endorsing one screening item to 100% among those endorsing more than eight of the screening items. The performance of the individual CID–S items overall was good, except for three disorders: agoraphobia, somatoform disorders and substance use disorders. Overall, the CID–S was found to be a time‐efficient diagnostic screening tool for most mental disorders (except for some somatoform and substance use disorders), when used in a two‐stage design with a two to 12 week interval between investigations. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers, Ltd.
Level of agreement between DIS and UM‐CIDI alcohol and marijuana use disorders: implications for research
Authors: Chilcoat Howard D. , Lucia Victoria C. , Breslau Naomi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBy and large, recent epidemiological investigations of alcohol and drug use disorders are based on structured interviews, such as the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) and the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI), which are designed to be administered by trained lay interviewers. Little is known about the level of agreement between these instruments. To fill this gap, we compared responses from 971 young adults from an epidemiological sample, who were administered both the DIS and the University of Michigan CIDI (UM‐CIDI) in the same interview session. Level of agreement was estimated for responses to individual items, and for DSM‐IIIR abuse/dependence (A/D) diagnoses and symptoms for alcohol and marijuana. DIS/UM‐CIDI agreement for drug use disorders in the year preceding the interview was moderate for each disorder (alcohol A/D, kappa = 0.58; marijuana A/D, kappa = 0.68), although one‐year prevalences of alcohol and marijuana A/D were approximately 40% higher for the DIS compared to the UM‐CIDI. Despite the discrepancies, levels of comorbidity with other psychiatric disorders and associations with risk factors were similar for the DIS and UM‐CIDI. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale (CES‐D) in a mixed‐mode repeated measurements design: sex and age effects in older adults
Authors: Geerlings Sandra W. , Beekman Aartjan T.F. , Deeg Dorly J.H. , Tilburg Willem Van , Smit Jan H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn order to obtain repeated measurements of depression in an efficient and relatively inexpensive design, a mixture of face‐to‐face interviews and mail questionnaires was employed. The aims of the study were to examine mode effects of face‐to‐face interviews versus mail questionnaires on depression scores and to test potential interactions between mode of data collection and sex and age of the respondents. In the study sample, which at the outset consisted of 327 depressed and 325 non‐depressed older adults (55–85 years) drawn from a larger random community based sample in the Netherlands, depression was measured in successive waves (cycles), using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies of Depression scale (CES‐D). With mode of data collection and sex and age of the respondents as independent variables, differences in CES‐D scores were analysed. The CES‐D scores were higher when collected by mail questionnaires than when face‐to‐face interviews were used. No systematic interactions between sex and age of the respondents with mode of data collection were found. For the scores based on mail questionnaires, a transformation is proposed, resulting in scores that are comparable to those obtained by interviews. In studying depression in older adults, more cost‐effective mail questionnaires may be used in addition to face‐to‐face interviews, provided that a transformation is performed before embarking on the analysis. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The validity of the associated symptom criteria for DSM‐IV generalized anxiety disorder
Authors: Turvey Carolyn L. , Stevens Denise E. , Merikangas Kathleen R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn light of the poor reliability and discriminant validity of the DSM‐III‐R criteria for generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), extensive modifications were implemented in the development of the DSM‐IV criteria. This study compares the discriminant validity of the DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV criteria for GAD using data from a study of the familial aggregation of anxiety disorders and alcoholism. Based on information from a semi‐structured diagnostic interview, both the DSM‐III‐R and DSM‐IV associated symptom criteria were applied to characterize directly interviewed spouses and relatives of probands. The criterion‐related and discriminant validity of the DSM‐IV revised criteria were assessed according to the following clinical criteria: lifetime and concurrent comorbidity with depressive disorder and lifetime comorbidity with panic disorder. Subjects who met the DSM‐IV associated symptom with and without comorbid depression were then compared on rates of treatment, psychotropic medication use, impairment, age at onset and presence of a psychosocial stressor at onset. No differences were found in the discriminant validity of the DSM‐III‐R versus DSM‐IV definitions of GAD. It is postulated that the lack of difference in validity between the two diagnostic systems is due to the low prevalence of autonomic hyperactivity symptoms associated with GAD. Implications for the nosology of GAD and its relationship with other anxiety disorders are discussed. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Internal consistency and discriminant validity of the Structured Clinical Interview for Panic Agoraphobic Spectrum (SCI‐PAS)
Authors: Cassano G.B. , Banti S. , Mauri M. , Dell'Osso L. , Miniati M. , Maser J.D. , Shear M.K. , Frank E. , Grochocinski V. , Rucci P 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on the feasibility, acceptability and psychometric properties of the Structured Clinical Interview for Panic‐Agoraphobic Spectrum (SCI‐PAS). This interview was designed to assess the lifetime presence of symptoms and other clinical features considered to comprise the panic‐agoraphobic spectrum. The interview has 114 items grouped into nine domains. A total of 422 subjects, from 11 centres located throughout Italy, participated in this study. Data were collected from three groups of subjects: psychiatric patients meeting DSM‐IV criteria for panic disorder (n = 141), cardiovascular patients (n = 140), including 29 with post‐myocardial infarction, and university students (n = 141). The inter‐rater reliability and the internal consistency of the SCI‐PAS measures were assessed using the intra‐class correlation coefficient and the Kuder‐Richardson coefficient, respectively. Discriminant validity was assessed by comparing results in patients with panic disorder to those in the other groups. The interview required an average of 25 (±5) minutes to administer. Patients and clinicians found the scale to be highly useful, providing information not previously obtained. Internal consistency was good (>0.70) for six out of nine SCI‐PAS domains. The inter‐rater reliability was excellent (>0.70) for all the domains except for ‘other phobias’ (0.467). Patients with panic disorder scored significantly higher on each domain, and on the overall panic spectrum, than did the control subjects. In conclusion, the SCI‐PAS is a useful clinical interview, which can be administered in a reasonable period of time. This assessment further demonstrates good internal consistency, discriminant validity, and inter‐rater reliability. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Length of stay in a German psychiatric hospital as a function of patient and organizational characteristics – a multilevel analysis
Authors: Frick Ulrich , Rehm Jürgen , Krischker Stefan , Cording Clemens 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHierarchical linear modelling (HLM) was used to compare the influence of individual and organizational variables on patients' length of stay (LOS) in a large psychiatric hospital in Germany. Organizational variables used were characteristics of the different wards, such as capacity, staff workload, and diagnosis mix. About 28% of the variance in the final hierarchical model was explained by the wards (between‐wards variance) and about 13% by individual or ‘level‐1’ variables. Individual predictors with significant influence included age, diagnosis, level of social functioning and its improvement during therapy, medication, and discharge to complementary services or to subsequent outpatient treatment. Significant organizational variables influencing LOS were number of nursing personnel per bed day, average level of social functioning among patients of each ward, and proportion of patients with schizophrenic disorders treated in each ward.The results are compared with other studies from the recent literature on LOS. General advantages of HLM in the comparisons of hospitals or other health care organizations are illustrated. It is concluded that HLM analysis should be employed regularly in quality management and cost‐containment studies of different healthcare providers. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Commentary on Höfler's proposed measure of specificity of an association of two disorders
Authors: Kraemer Helena Chmura 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn this issue, Höfler has proposed a statistical method to determine the specificity of an association of two disorders (A and B) when A is also associated with a third disorder, C. Questions are raised concerning Höfler's approach. It is argued that the proposed measures suggest a problem that would be better addressed using other methods. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Gender differences in the relationship between early conduct problems and later criminality and substance abuse
Authors: Fergusson David M , Woodward Lianne J , Horwood L John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper develops a multiple group structural equation modelling approach for examining gender differences in developmental data. The approach is applied to data on the continuities between early conduct problems and later offending and substance use behaviour in an unselected birth cohort of 1265 New Zealand children studied to the age of 16. The principal conclusions of this analysis are that the model structures linking early conduct problems to later outcomes were similar for males and females, but that there were gender specific differences in test means, test variances and some regression parameters. The analysis supports the view that common theories may be applied to both males and females, but suggests that these theories need to be sufficiently flexible to permit some model parameters to vary with gender. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Consequences of the use of different classification systems: a comparison of the DSM‐III‐R and the ICD‐10 for depression
Authors: Ravelli Anneloes , Bijl Rob V , Brink Wim Van Den 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the consequences of applying two different psychiatric classification systems, DSM‐III‐R and ICD‐10. Focusing on depression, the prevalence rates, the sociodemographic, personality and family history determinants and the consequences (quality of life, use of care, need for care) are compared. Data are from the Netherlands Mental Health Survey and Incidence Study (NEMESIS), a general population study among people 18–64 years of age. Depression was assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). According to DSM‐III‐R, 15.7% of the population has suffered from depression at one point or another in their lives. For ICD‐10, this percentage was 20.3%. The differences in prevalence rates appear to stem primarily from differences in the inclusion criteria. The DSMIII‐R identifies a subset of more severe depressive categories and thereby produces lower prevalence rates, higher rates of comorbidity and stronger correlations between depression and its determinants and consequences. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Development and initial validation of the Parent–child Joint Activity Scale: a measure of joint engagement in activities between parent and pre‐school child
Authors: Chandani Kumari , Prince Martin James , Scott Stephen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA substantial body of literature links several specific dimensions of negative parenting to disruptive child behaviour. However, few population‐based studies have explored positive parenting practices in pre‐school children. The Parent–child Joint Activity Scale (PJAS), is a new self‐report instrument using parents as the informants for the assessment of parent–pre‐school child joint activities. Forty‐eight items were generated through a literature review and by eliciting opinions from professionals working with children, and parents of young children. A group of professionals and parents reviewed these items, to establish their content validity. Item analysis was carried out using a sample of 150 mothers of three‐ to four‐year‐old children. Finally, we selected 21 items for our scale which showed a good internal consistency and reliability. The concurrent validity of the scale was assessed against the amount of time that mothers spent in joint activity with their child, assessed in a semi‐structured interview called ‘Yesterday's Interview’. Validity was further established by contrasting scores on the new scale for two groups, nominated by their health visitors as characterizing high and low levels of parent–child joint activity. Finally, potential clinical applications and future research priorities are addressed. Copyright © 1999 Whurr Publishers Ltd.