bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hot Water: An Economical Approach to Increased Diver Performance and Safety In the Offshore Oil Industry
Authors: Long Richard W. , Smith N. Eugene 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Since the beginning of diving, cold has been one of the limiting factors to man's performance in the sea. An economical approach to solving this problem was introduced utilizing hot water to replace the heat normally lost by the diver to the cold water. Since its introduction in 1965, several improvements have been made to insure efficient diver performance in the offshore oil industry. This system has supported divers in the open sea for periods in excess of eight hours, and in depths down to 850 feet.
This approach increases the diver's performance when properly applied and makes an everyday reality of what was once considered technically and economically impossible.

Introduction/Origin
The most readily available heat transfer medium for keeping a diver warm cheaply and effectively anywhere in the world is the very water in which he is swimming. The divers worst enemy, cold water, can be his best friend, warm water, once it is heated and flooded over his body. In this way the water's properties of high specific heat and high thermal conductivity can be utilized to form thermally protective barrier within which he can comfortably perform useful work. The first use of hot water to keep a diver warm is not known, although a recorded attempt was made in France in 1935. The inspiration for this probably occurred as a result of swimming in the discharge of a water-cooled marine engine, with an intermediate step of sticking the end of a hose carrying hot water inside a diver's suit at dockside. In this country lobster divers in New England and abalone divers on the West Coast used variations on this theme with some success.
The first really successful use of hot water to keep a working diver warm was in 1965 by the Westinghouse Cachalot team headed by Jerry O'Neill and Alan Krasber. In preparation for the first commercial saturation diving job at Smith Mountain Dam, Virginia, they designed, built, and tested an open-circuit hot water suit and support system. It was recognized that supplemental heat must be supplied the diver if the longer bottom times offered by the saturation diving technique were to be utilized. Since decompression from saturation is the same regardless of time spent in the water, a diver could theoretically spend six to eight hours working each shift. However, in 400 F water a diver using the then conventional wet or dry suit could perform useful work for only one or two hours. Utilizing the hot water system, the Westinghouse team was able to work routinely for two to three hours with the longest dive in excess of five hours.
The hot water system was then introduced to the offshore oil community when the Westinghouse Cachalot System was brought to the Gulf of Mexico in the spring of 1966. The job was to salvage two oil production platforms toppled by Hurricane Betsy off the coast of Louisiana. The hot water system was used extensively over the next five months and was instrumental in compiling 4,600 hours in underwater work.
New Technique Using Superconducting Magnetic Separation to Remove Oil From Water
Authors: Isogami Hisashi , Mochizuki Akira , Harada Susumu 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Our new technique for produced water treatment removes the oil rapidly and uses a compact system comprising a flocculation unit, a rotating filter, and a magnetic separator with a superconducting magnet. The strong field of the superconducting magnet enables oil to be removed from oily water continuously at a high rate. After preliminary laboratory tests we constructed a prototype treatment system that can treat 100 m3/day. Field test results agreed with the laboratory test results and showed that this system reduced to effluent concentrations less than 5 mg/L. This technique is suitable for use on offshore platforms because the treatment system is compact and the high removal rate it provides prevents environmental pollution when the effluent is dumped into the sea. This technique is applicable to the treatment not only of produced water but also of sewage, industrial waste, and polluted water.

Introduction
Offshore oil production is normally maintained by injecting seawater into oil reservoirs, increasing the oil pressure but also increasing the water-to-oil ratio year by year. Furthermore, since the water extracted from the oil contains much oil, it has a large impact on the environment when it is dumped back into ocean. Thus, there is a need for high-performance equipment separating oil from water. And because space is at a premium on offshore oil platforms, this equipment should be compact.

New Oil-Separation System

System Flow.
Figure 1 shows a flow diagram for our new oilseparation system, which is designed to treat the water initially removed from the raw crude and should thus be installed downstream from a two-phase or three-phase separator. As shown in Figure 1, it consists of four components: a flocculation unit that gathers the oil particles in the water and generates magnetic flocs, a rotating filter that filters the magnetic flocs from the water, a magnetic separator that attracts the magnetic flocs from the surface of the rotating filter and collects them as highly concentrated oil sludge, and a sludge treatment unit that decomposes the oil sludge and recovers oil. The chemicals added in the flocculation unit are also recovered in the sludge treatment unit and recycled. Figure 2 shows samples of the influent and the effluent, which is so clear that it can be dumped into the sea with little impact.

Flocculation Unit.
The flocculation unit is where ferromagnetic particles, a coagulant, and a polymer are injected into the influent, which is then stirred and mixed to generate magnetic flocs containing oil particulates and ferromagnetic particles.
Micrographs of the emulsified oil in the influent water and of the magnetic flocs after flocculation (Fig. 3) show that although the emulsified oil particles are typically only a few micrometers in diameter, most of the magnetic flocs are more than one hundred micrometers in diameter.
Offshore LNG Transfer - A New Flexible Cryogenic Hose for Dynamic Service
Authors: Witz Joel Aron , Ridolfi Matthew Vernon , Hall Gerard Anthony 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper reviews flexible cryogenic hose constructions aimed at the ship to ship transfer of LNG in an exposed marine environment. This application requires a large bore hose to meet minimum flow rate requirements and it must be sufficiently compliant in flexure so that it may be deployed with relative ease between the two moving vessels. A new flexible cryogenic hose is presented that meets the pressure and inner diameter requirements while offering a relatively small operational bend radius in dynamic service.

Introduction
A number of marine applications require a compliant link for the transfer of cryogenic fluids between two units that experience relative movement such as the offloading of LNG from a FSRU to a tanker, ship to ship transfer of LNG from an FPSO to a shuttle tanker in an exposed location and ship to shore LNG transfer. This is a challenging requirement as the low temperatures involved (e.g. 77 K associated with LN2 testing) severely restrict the range of materials available that can be used for this service in bulk form. Austenitic stainless steel 316L and fluoropolymer PTFE are respective examples of suitable metals and polymers for cryogenic service. There are two main methods for providing a conduit for conveying cryogenic fluid between two moving bodies. These are (a) linkage mechanisms incorporating "hard" stainless steel pipe work with articulated joints (swivels) and (b) flexible hoses. The use of linkage mechanisms is a geometric solution where relative motion between two linking elements is restricted to planar rotation by the swivel. The length and orientation of the links are designed to accommodate the required motion envelope. The complexity of the linkage mechanism reflects the number of individual fluid paths and the extent of the relative motions. The key component of such a system is the swivel. A number of swivel designs have been proposed and in one of its simplest manifestations consists of a stainless steel spring energised U-shaped ring made from PTFE resin between the metallic male and female cylinders undergoing relative rotation about their common longitudinal axis where the male cylinder passes through a set of bearings housed within the female receptacle. As with any cryogenic equipment including flexible hoses due account needs to be taken of the common and differential contraction of the components as a result of the change in temperature from ambient to cryogenic conditions. Large bore (16" ID) cryogenic loading arms are examples of linkage mechanisms that have been in service for a number of years.
The alternative technical solution is to use a flexible hose for the cryogenic fluid transfer and this is the subject of this paper. The main types of flexible hose for cryogenic service are presented with a discussion of their performance characteristics.
Design and Analysis of West Seno Floating Structures
Authors: Korloo Jafar , Black Jared , Wu Chunfa , Treu Hans 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This paper describes the metocaen data, design and analysis of the West Seno TLP, the mooring system design for the Floating Production Unit, and the coupled TLP and the drilling tender assist vessel.
The paper is divided into the following sections:The collection of metocean data, extrapolation, and application to design. Particular emphasis is given to current data.The model test program in a deep water basin facility with capability of generating steady current, with all the risers and tendons modeled. Application of test results to design.Method of analysis and validation of analytical tools and procedures. The analysis was based on fully coupled time domain simulations with all the risers and tendons modeled.FPU mooring system design and analysis.Fully coupled drilling tender vessel and TLP mooring system design and simulations.

Metocean
Wind design criteria was developed from 16 years of wind data recorded at the Sepinggan airport, site measurements carried out by the Institute of Technology Bandung, wind measurements by the Navy in the Makassar Strait, and wind and wave measurements from the drilling vessels and fixed installation.
There were no specific wave measurements, the wave data were determined from the wind by hindcasting. The wave growth in each direction was determined by the water depth, the wind speed, the duration of an event and the directional spreading. The hindcast modeling was verified by applying the same procedure to one of the wind and wave measurements from an offshore platform in the area.
The current conditions in the strait were of prime concern, both for their effect on the floating facilities as well as on the sub-surface elements such as tendons, well conductors and the steel catenary risers for intrafield and export oil and gas pipelines. To determine the design current data, a long term current measurement program was initiated lasting 13 months with data collection intervals in four phases. The data were obtained from six instruments mounted on a subsurface buoy mooring. These consisted of a near surface ADCP, three current meters, temperature/depth recorder, and a pressure sensor.
There is a persistent southward flow through the strait from the Pacific Ocean on the sorth through the Java Sea to the Indian Ocean on the south, which are referred to as the Indonesian Through Flow (ITF) (Figure 1). The flow, however, is complicated by the geometry of the strait, which at the Seno site produces an eddy and a flow that is intermittently counter to the southward flow. The strongest currents in the region flow northward, parallel to the bathymetric (depth) contours. Bottom currents were oriented perpendicular to the depth contours, running back-and-forth through the slope canyon. Most of the current variability was identified as currents that change slowly over periods of weeks or months, which appear to be linked to larger scale of the ITF. The extreme current measured during the campaign is presented in Figure 2.
A Nonlinear Analysis of a Soil Supported Frame
Authors: Hays Clifford O. , Matlock Hudson O. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A discrete element method for the nonlinear analysis of plane frames has been developed which considers nonlinear supports, material properties, and geometric effects. The associated computer program can analyze frames supported by battered piles which have axial and lateral restraints. The solution of a plane frame in an offshore drilling platform is presented and the nonlinear effects of supports, material properties, and changes in geometry are demonstrated.

Introduction
The analysis of offshore structures for the effects of gravity, wind and wave forces is one of the most complex problems facing the structural engineer today. A three-dimensional space frame is supported on piles which are driven into a non-homogeneous and highly nonlinear soil medium. The material from which the frame is constructed is nonlinear or at best bilinear. The change in geometry of the structure during loading causes additional nonlinearities. The dynamic and cyclic nature of the loading makes inelastic unloading of the frame material and soil important.
The development of a closed-form or "exact" analysis for such frames does not seem likely in the foreseeable future. However advances in computer technology and matrix methods of structural analysis make possible the numerical solution of the problem using finite and discrete element techniques.
As a step in the development of a complete analysis package, a static analysis of plane frames supported on nonlinear Winkler-type springs was developed which considers both material and geometric nonlinearities. The discrete element solution allows the entire structure, including the piles, to be solved internally in the computer and requires no costly and time consuming external iterations.

Sources of Nonlinear Behavior
A plane frame on batter piles such as might occur in an offshore structure is shown in Fig. 1. The solution of a single pile as a member in a non-homogeneous and nonlinear half space is such a complex and costly problem (Ref. 16) that it does not appear feasible to solve a complete frame supported by a number of such members. However, it was shown in Ref. 12 that the soils' restraint on the pile could be modeled using distributed nonlinear Winkler type springs. That is to say, the soil is assumed to be composed of independent layers in providing lateral and axial resistance to the movement of the pile.
The properties of the springs are described by curves of distributed force (q) versus displacement (w) as shown in Fig. 1. These curves are almost always highly nonlinear, particularly for soft clays. Criteria for determining the lateral q-w curves for clays subjected to static and cyclic loads are available (Ref. 12). Criteria are also available for determining static nonlinear q-w curves for the axial response of clayey soils (Ref. 2) and the axial and lateral response of sandy soils (Ref. 15).
Axial end-bearing forces Q are developed which are a function of the pile end displacement was shown in Fig. 1. Criteria for the development of such curves are available (Ref. 18).
Ultrashort Laser Pulse Uses In Environmental Monitoring
Authors: Phillips Ronald L. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Recent advances in laser technology have led to the production of coherent optical pulses having duration in the picosecond (10− 12 second) regime. These time intervals are comparable to or shorter than the phase memory times associated with many atomic systems. This allows the pulse to propagate through a medium such as the atmosphere unattenuated. Ultrashort pulses of particular wavelengths might propagate through clouds unattenuated. Hence ultrashort light pulses might be used to "see" through clouds. The reflection of ultrashort laser pulses might also be used to sense sea state from very high altitudes. Since light travels only 0.03mm in one picosecond these pulses could also be used to measure distances of many miles to a thousandth-of-an-inch.

I. Introduction
Laser sensing techniques have been developed that allow monitoring at very great distances. Recent advances in the development of ultrashort laser pulses have now greatly expanded the possible uses of lasers in environmental monitoring. Laser systems have now generated pulses in the picosecond (10− 12 seconds) regime. Analytical studies based on experimental evidence show that these ultrashort pulses might propagate through most atmospheric conditions with no or very low loss. This phenomena is called self-induced transparency. Also, since light travels only 12 one-thousandth of an inch in one picosecond, these laser pulses can be used to resolve distances to 6 one-thousandth of an inch over a range of many miles. This would allow monitoring of movement--fast or slow--accurately. Also, using range gating techniques atmospheric monitoring could be done at desired altitudes very accurately. The power reqUirements for such systems would be significant but such laser systems have been built with power outputs in the terawatt (10−12) regime.
In this paper the propagating phenomena of ultrashort, called self-induced transparency will be discussed as applied to " seeing " through clouds. The pulse shape and time of flight measurements as applied to reflections from surfaces will also be discussed. Finally, atmospheric monitoring using Raman backscattering and range gating techniques will be considered.

II. Self-Induced Transparency
Recent advances in laser technology have led to the production of coherent optical pulses haying durations in the picosecond (1012 seconds) regime. Such time intervals are comparable to or shorter than the phase memory times associated with many atomic systems. The high frequency polarization induced in a medium by such a pulse can therefore retain a definite phase relationship with the incident pulse. The novelty of the effects that may occur as a result of the coherent response of a medium to an optical pulse has been brought out quite strikingly by the recent discovery covery of self-induced transparency.
A National System for Oceanic Monitoring, Assessment, and Prediction to Support the Trans-Alaska Pipel ine System (Marine Leg)
Authors: Landis Robert C. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
A concept for a national program for oceanic monitoring, assessment, and prediction (OMAP) is described. Initial emphasis is placed on services to support the marine leg of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline system (TAPS) in the form of warnings of hazardous phenomena, forecasts of marine weather and the physical ocean, and prediction and assessment of marine pollution. Monitoring, services, research and development are described as the four major elements of OMAP.

INTRODUCTION
For more than a century, man has felt the need to predict changes in the ocean and marine atmosphere. This need has evolved out of the increased use of the ocean as a major transportation medium and as a source of food. More recently man has turned to the ocean bottom as a source of oil and other minerals. In the future we will, to an even greater degree, rely on many other ocean resources.
Until now, the major thrusts in oceanography and marine meteorology have been almost exclusively in the area of research. As a result, an embryonic understanding of these sciences is available for providing operational services to the vast and rapidly growing community of users in the marine environment. This is not to say that research and development efforts are completed, but instead can now be better directed along a mutually supportive parallel effort of operational oceanic applications.
The concern of increased "operational"oceanic science was reflected by the Commission on Marine Science, Engineering and Resources (Stratton Commission) in 1969 when it noted that, "The Nation must have a comprehensive system for monitoring and predicting the state of the oceans and atmosphere."
The Stratton Commission pointed out that increased monitoring and improved predictions and information services are needed so that the oceans can be used more safely, productively and enjoyably.
The concept of a national integrated program for oceanic, monitoring, assessment and prediction in response to recognized user needs is needed to provide the following:warnings of oceanic environmental hazards,routine predictions of the physical ocean and marine atmosphere,assessment of trends in the ocean's environmental quality andenvironmental information for national security, coastal zone and ocean dumping management, port and ship design, and other users of the marine environment.
Individual and separate programs to predict and assess specific aspects of the ocean environment for coastal population, marine industrialization, marine recreation, fishing, marine pollution, and other national programs within presently available national resources would appear to be extremely costly. However, with a total integrated program drawing together the capability of governmental agencies, private industry, and the academic community, an OMAP concept could be made tractable as well as cost beneficial.