bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The internal variability of the RegCM3 over South Africa
Authors: Kgatuke M. M. , Landman W. A. , Beraki A. , Mbedzi M. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study is to investigate the internal rainfall variability of a nested model system and of a regional climate model (RCM). Four solutions obtained through perturbing the wind fields at initialization for the ECHAM4.5 atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) are used to force the RegCM3 RCM over South Africa. To determine the amount of variability introduced by non‐linearities in an RCM, four additional RegCM3 simulations are made through initializing the RegCM3 on different days but using a single realization from the ECHAM4.5. The simulations are made for one dry and one wet, El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) associated summer season defined as December to February. The rainfall variability associated with non‐linearities in the nested system is high to an extent that ensemble members produce anomalies that have opposite signs in the same season. However, the sign of the ensemble average anomaly generally corresponds with the observed anomaly. The internal rainfall variability of the RCM is small when seasonal totals are analysed while with the daily rainfall totals the variability is larger. The number of events that fall into the three rainfall categories (i.e. below‐normal, normal and above‐normal) for the RegCM3 ensemble members are close to one another however the timing of the events is different. The results suggest that in seasonal operational forecasting making ensemble members associated with the internal variability of an RCM is not necessary because the information obtained from the ensemble members is almost similar. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Synthesis and Raman investigation of sol–gel‐derived relaxor ferroelectric thin films
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Katiyar R. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPb(Fe2/3W1/3)O3 (PFW) thin films were deposited on platinized silicon substrate by a chemical solution deposition technique. Room‐temperature X‐ray diffraction (XRD) revealed a pure cubic crystal structure of the investigated material. The microstructure indicated good homogeneity and density of the thin films. A Raman spectroscopic study was carried out on PFW to study the polar nano‐regions in the temperature range 85–300 K. The Raman spectra showed a change in the peak intensity and a shift towards the lower wavenumber side with temperature. The Raman spectra also revealed the transition from the relaxor to the paraelectric state of PFW. There was no evidence of a soft mode in the low‐temperature region, in contrast to the normal ferroelectric behavior. The polar nano‐regions tend to grow and join at low temperatures (∼85 K), which become smaller with increase in temperature. The presence of strong Raman spectra in the cubic phase of the material is due to the presence of distributed Fm3m(Z = 2) symmetry nano‐ordered regions in the Pm3m(Z = 1) cubic phase. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of Nd:YAG laser‐mediated thermal damage in rabbit nasal septal cartilage
Authors: Li Chao , Protsenko Dmitry E. , Zemek Allison , Chae Yong‐Seok , Wong Brian 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesLaser cartilage reshaping (LCR) involves the use of photo‐thermal heating to reshape cartilage. Its clinical relevance depends on the ability to minimize thermal injury in irradiated regions. The present study seeks to understand the safety of LCR by determining shape change and resultant tissue viability as a function of laser dosimetry.Study Design/Materials and MethodsRabbit nasal septal cartilage were irradiated using a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 1.32 µm, 5.4 mm spot diameter) with different exposure times of 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 16 seconds and powers of 4, 6, and 8 W. Temperature on the cartilage surface in the laser‐irradiated region was collected using infrared thermography, this data was then used to predict tissue damage via a rate process model. A Live/Dead viability assay combined with fluorescent confocal microscopy was used to measure the amount of thermal damage generated in the irradiated specimens.ResultsConsiderable thermal injury occurred at and below the laser‐reshaping parameters that produced clinically relevant shape change using the present Nd:YAG laser. Confocal microscopy identified dead cells spanning the entire cross‐sectional thickness of the cartilage specimen (about 500 µm thick) at laser power density and exposure times above 4 W and 6 seconds; damage increased with time and irradiance. The damage predictions made by the rate process model compared favorably with measured data.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that significant thermal damage is concurrent with clinically relevant shape change. This contradicts previous notions that there is a privileged laser dosimetry parameter where clinically relevant shape change and tissue viability coexist. Lasers Surg. Med. 39:451–457, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Orientation of uniaxially stretched poly(ethylene naphthalene 2,6‐dicarboxylate) films by polarized infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Hakme C. , Stevenson I. , Voice A. , Lespinasse G. , Seytre G. , David L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPoly(ethylene naphthalene‐2,6‐dicarboxylate) has been uniaxially stretched at different draw ratios and at two different temperatures below and above its glass transition (Tg ∼ 120 °C) respectively, at 100 and 160 °C. Crystallinity has been evaluated from calorimetric analyses and compared to the values deduced by FTIR spectroscopic data. As expected, the obtained results are quite similar and show that films stretched at lower temperature (100 °C) are more crystalline than those stretched at 160 °C. Optical anisotropy associated with orientation has been evaluated by birefringence and show that films stretched at 100 °C are more birefringent than those stretched at 160 °C as a result of a higher chain relaxation above Tg. Polarized FTIR was also performed to evaluate the individual orientation of amorphous and crystalline phases by calculating dichroic ratios R and orientation functions 〈P2(cos θ)〉 and also show that amorphous and crystalline phases are more oriented in the case of films stretched below Tg. Nevertheless, the orientation of the amorphous phase is always weaker than that of the crystalline phase. Films stretched at 100 °C show a rapid increase in orientation (and crystallinity) with draw ratio and 〈P2(cos θ)〉 reaches a limit value when draw ratio becomes higher than 3.5. Films drawn at 160 °C are less oriented and their orientation is increasing progressively with draw ratio without showing a plateau. A careful measurement of the IR absorbance was necessary to evaluate the structural angles of the transition moments to the molecular chain axis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1950–1958, 2007
Lamellar structural changes in miscible crystalline polymer blends during melting and crystallization processes, as studied by real‐time small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements
Authors: Kaito Akira , Shimomura Masaki , Akaba Michiaki , Nojima Shuichi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractReal‐time small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) measurement using synchrotron radiation was applied to study the lamellar structural changes in miscible crystalline polymer blends of poly(1,4‐butylene succinate) (PBSU) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) during melting and crystallization processes. The lamella of PBSU is either included in the interlamellar region of PVDF (interlamellar inclusion structure), or rejected from the interlamellar region of PVDF (interlamellar exclusion structure). The two lamellar structures coexists in the melt‐quenched samples of the PBSU/PVDF = 30/70 blend. Only the interlamellar exclusion structure exists in the drawn films of the PBSU/PVDF = 30/70 blend. The real‐time SAXS results show that the interlamellar exclusion structure in these samples is irreversibly transformed into the interlamellar inclusion structure by heating the sample above the melting temperature of PBSU and that the PBSU chains are crystallized between the lamellae of PVDF during the cooling process. The factors controlling the lamellar structural changes are possibly a balance of the miscibility and the chain exclusion by tie‐molecules and/or the chain diffusion under confinement by the lamellae of PVDF with higher melting temperature. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 1959–1969, 2007
Joseph M. Juran, a perspective on past contributions and future impact
Authors: Godfrey A. Blanton , Kenett Ron S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper combines presentations by the authors in a special session dedicated to the work of Joseph M. Juran at the sixth annual conference of the European Network for Business and Industrial Statistics in Wroclaw, Poland. The paper offers an historical perspective of the contributions of J. M. Juran to management science emphasizing aspects of cause and effect relationships and Integrated Models. Specifically, the paper presents the Juran concepts of Management Breakthrough, the Pareto Principle, the Juran Trilogy® and Six Sigma. The impact of these contributions, put in an historical perspective of key thinkers who investigated cause and effect relationships, is then discussed. The impact of these contributions to modern Integrated Models is then assessed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density and distribution of epiphytic invertebrates on emergent macrophytes in a floodplain billabong
Authors: Balcombe Stephen R. , Closs G. P. , Suter P. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe abundance of epiphytic invertebrates living on both submerged and emergent macrophytes in lentic systems is influenced by a range of environmental features at both spatial and temporal scales. Such features include water chemistry, habitat complexity, hydrology and external influences such as climatic cycles. Dugays 2 billabong is a floodplain lake on the highly regulated, mid‐upper Murray River in southeastern Australia. Giant rush (Juncus ingens N.A. Wakefield) is the dominant habitat feature in this billabong. This plant is a simple, single‐stemmed, densely packed emergent macrophyte that fringes the littoral margins. The macrophyte habitat available to epiphytic invertebrates in this billabong is highly variable through time largely due to the variable water levels imposed by the regulated river channel for downstream irrigation needs, particularly through summer. To investigate both spatial and temporal patterns in the epiphytic invertebrates of Dugays 2 billabong, invertebrates were sampled within giant rush stands on five occasions over one year. Spatial variability in epifaunal density was generally low, while temporal densities were highly variable through time. Spatial patterns of invertebrate abundance revealed few associations with habitat structure or water quality, apart from those associated with water depth, particularly when sampling had been preceded by fluctuating water levels. High temporal variability in assemblage structure of the epifauna reflects the high background environmental variation that occurs in this system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow of vegetable oil‐pesticide blank‐formulation mixtures through agricultural spray nozzles
Authors: Whitney R. W. , Roth L. O. , Underwood T. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractProperties of specific gravity, viscosity and flow rate were measured for cottonseed and soybean oil mixed with selected blank pesticide formulations without the active ingredient, i.e., blank‐formulations. Fluid temperature ranged from 5 to 70 C for the measurements. Specific gravity of soybean oil mixtures was found to vary approximately 5% inversely with temperature over the temperature range. Above 65 C the mixtures exhibited approximately the same viscosity. Cottonseed oil viscosity remained less than the soybean oil viscosity over the entire range of temperatures studied. Addition of blank‐formulation materials resulted in more reduction in viscosity at lower temperatures. Flow rates were measured over the temperature range for selected mixtures through different sizes and types of hydraulic spray nozzles. Fitted equations were derived to predict the necessary pressure correction for temperature for each nozzle and mixtures tested.
Mass transfer and scale‐up in fat hydrogenation
Authors: Bern L. , Lidefelt J. O. , Schöön H. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe mass transfer of hydrogen in fat hydrogenation was studied in two geometrically similar reactors of 30 and 500 liter capacity equipped for hydrogen recirculation. A scale‐up rule was formulated on the basis of the experiments and checked in industrial hydrogenations with a 24 m3 reactor. The scale‐up rule found was similar to the equal mixing time rule.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry as a quick method of determination of oil content in rapeseed
Authors: Madsen Erik 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison of results obtained by the traditional extraction method for determination of oil content in rapeseed and those achieved by a commercial nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer revealed a very high correlation (r=0.987) between the results. The advantage of the NMR method, in relation to the extraction method, is the shorter time needed for a test: the result will be available in the course of a few minutes. Moreover, no inflammable chemicals are needed for the test, and the apparatus does not take up much room. On the other hand the NMR spectrometer must be placed in a room with a constant temperature, the seed samples must have the same temperature as the adjustment samples, and the oil content must be determined on dry matter basis.
Rapid colorimetric determination of free fatty acids
Authors: Lowry Robert R. , Tinsley Ian J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn 1964, a method was described for the determination of free fatty acids (FFAs) in vegetable oil. This paper describes an expansion of that work, improving the sensitivity and reproducibility of the method, as well as examination of solubilities of the copper soaps as a function of chain length and unsaturation. Involvement of the micellar structure was reviewed. Finally, a procedure is described that permits very rapid determination of FFA at the 2.0–14.0 µmol (0.5–4.0 mg oleic acid) level, and the results with several oils are given. Particular attention was given to evaluation of solvent systems which would extract the copper complexes.
Stability of edible oils and fats to fluorescent light irradiation
Authors: Sattar Abdus , Deman J. M. , Alexander J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractButter, butterfat, and corn, coconut, rapeseed, and soybean oils were exposed to 500 ft‐c of fluorescent light at varying time‐temperature conditions. Oxidation rates were measured by the peroxide values. Vitamin A and β‐carotene content of butterfat were estimated. The effect of wavelength on the relative rates of oxidation was determined. The light transmitting properties of the samples at 15 and 30 C over a spectral range of 380–750 nm were measured. It was observed that there was no increase in oxidation rate when the light was switched off. The stability of the oils as shown by the oxidation rates did not correlate well with the ratios of C18:2 to C18:1 or C18:3 to C18:2 nor with the degree of unsaturation. Increase in temperature alone had minimal effect; however, in the presence of light the rate of oxidation increased considerably with a corresponding decrease in the content of Vitamin A and β‐carotene. β‐Carotene provided strong protective properties. After the photobleaching of β‐carotene in butterfat, there was a rapid increase in peroxide values. With coconut oil, the oxidation rate was greater at 15 C than at 30 C due to greater light absorption at 15 C over the entire spectrum. The rate of oxidation decreased at higher wavelengths, and this effect was more pronounced in the vegetable oils than in butterfat, where the β‐carotene was considered to serve as a filter for light of low wavelength.
Triglyceride composition ofAmoora rohituka seed oil
Authors: Sengupta A. , Mazumder U. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid composition ofAmoora rohituka seed oil was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. The mole percentages of individual acids were found to be palmitic, 24.8; stearic, 12.4; oleic, 20.9, linoleic, 28.5; and linolenic, 13.4. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid composition of the native oil and of the monoglyceride produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. This calculation gave 2.2, 28.6, 48.1, and 21.1% GS3, GS2U, GSU2, and GU3, respectively.
Determination of Fe, Cu, Ni, and Mn in fats and oils by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Olejko John T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe determination of Fe, Cu, Ni, and Mn is performed by flameless atomic absorption spectroscopy. The procedure is applicable to oils, including crudes, and also fats such as hydrogenated oils. A solution of the sample is analyzed directly, and absorbance values are compared to standards. Matrix‐matching is not required, and virtually any concentration of metal can be analyzed since both sample concentration and aliquot volume are variable. Solvent selection is based on the results of a stability study and includes methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK) for Cu and Mn determinations and MIBK with a small amount of HNO3 added for Fe and Ni. Sensitivity approximated 80 picograms for Fe, 100 pg for Cu, 525 pg for Ni, and 30 pg for Mn. Absorbance values of appropriate aliquots, each having the equivalent of 0.10 ppm Fe, are compared to determine the effect of variation of pipette size on response. Pipette size ranged from 5 µl to 50 µl. Responses using multiple 50 µl volumes are also recorded. Sources of error in procedure, error analyses, and proper pipetting technique are given.
Metal‐requiring and non‐metal ‐ requiring catalysts in the autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Morita M. , Tanaka M. , Takayama Y. , Yamamoto Y. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDuring the autoxidation of methyl linoleate, peroxide‐containing substances are formed which, when added to unoxidized methyl linoleate, will catalyze oxygen uptake. Materials active only in the presence of added metal ions (MCs) were not inactivated during aerobic thin‐layer chromatography on silicic acid or alumina but were selectively inactivated by treatment with triphenylphosphine. Catalysts not requiring added metal ions for activity (NCs) are not affected by triphenylphosphine, but the catalytic activity is lost during aerobic thin‐layer chromatography. Autoxidized methyl linoleate was separated into four peroxide‐containing fractions by elution from a silicic acid column with hexane‐diethyl ether mixtures. Each fraction was found to contain both MCs and NCs.
Lipid‐oxidation catalyses by substances in water on lipid‐water interface
Authors: Morita M. , Mukunoki M. , Okubo F. , Tadokoro S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMethyl linoleate and water containing heme, ferrous sulfate, cysteine, or ascorbic acid were shaken, and the oxidation was measured by means of a Warburg manometer. In spite of a small area of the interface between the lipid and water, oxidation was greatly accelerated by these catalysts. The catalyses occurred limitedly in the interface region, except for cysteine. Triphenylphosphine added to the lipid phase inhibited the catalyses completely. A small amount of Tween 20 (0.2%) almost completely inhibited these catalyses, with the exception of that by cysteine. It is suggested that trace amounts of some active peroxides react with the catalysts and supply radicals on the interface.
Substitutability of fractionated beef tallow for other fats and oils in the food and confectionery industries: An economic evaluation
Authors: Taylor Harold H. , Luddy F. E. , Hampson J. W. , Rothbart H. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe United States is the most important beef tallow producer in the world, supplying ca. 5.5 billion pounds annually. Approximately half of this beef tallow is exported at relatively low prices when compared to other fats and oils. Only ca. 10% of the total is used in domestic edible products. On the other hand, cocoa butter, coconut oil, palm oil, and palmkernel oil are imported oils whose demand for use in food and confectionery products has been increasing over the past few years. The first of these is the most expensive fat in the world. Beef tallow contains specific triglycerides which are also contained in these imported fats and oils. Through modern technology, beef tallow has been fractionated into products which are compatible with or superior to the imported fats and oils. It is visualized that products from fractionated beef tallow can be used as substitutes and extenders to cocoa butter, palm oil, and other fats and oils in the food and confectionery industries. The economic evaluation in this paper, analyzed through time series data and multiple regression techniques, established the past relationships between per capita consumption of confectionery food fat, beef tallow, cocoa butter, adjusted per capita disposable income, and adjusted costs of confectionery, beef tallow, and cocoa butter from 1956 to 1973. The substitutability of fats and oils was evaluated and the potential uses of fractionated beef tallow investigated.
Correlation of gas chromatographic profiles and organoleptic scores of different fats and oils after simulated deep fat frying
Authors: Blumenthal Michael M. , Trout J. Richard , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFive oils and a fat were subjected to simulated deep fat frying using moist cotton balls. The used oils were evaluated by an expert organoleptic panel. Statistically significant differences were found in the odors and flavors of the used oils. Volatile decomposition products of the used oils were quantitatively isolated by high vacuum cryogenic entrainment and then analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. The volatiles from each used oil yielded a gas chromatogram which was qualitatively and quantitatively different from the others. A statistical analysis was used to correlate the organoleptic scores with the profile gas chromatograms from the used oils. Excellent correlations between gas chromatographic peak areas and organoleptic scores were established. However, limitations in the number of samples tested and limitations in the statistical design do not permit drawing conclusions of cause and effect.
Variability associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Whitten M. E. , Monroe R. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance associated with testing cottonseed for aflatoxin were estimated by use of 4.54 kg samples, 100 g subsamples, and the Velasco method of analysis. Regression analysis indicated that each of the above variance components is a function of the concentration of aflatoxin in the populations tested. Functional relationships are presented to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance for any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses.
Nickel‐catalyzed hydrogenation: A study of the poisoning effect of halogen‐containing compounds
Authors: Mørk P. C. , Norgård D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe poisoning effect of various halogen compounds on a nickel‐based hydrogenation catalyst has been investigated. While alkyl monochlorides did not affect the catalyst activity, alkyl monobromide and‐iodide had a strong poisonous effect. Vicinal dichlorides, 1,1‐dichlorides, and HC1 also poisoned the catalyst. It is shown that with chlorine containing compounds, the poisoning mechanism involves a fission of the carbon‐chlorine bond with the formation of HC1, while bromine and iodine compounds adsorb to the catalyst surface as such in a simple equilibrium reaction. A mackerel oil previously shown to exhibit three kinetically distinguishable poisoning effects has been further examined, and it is shown that its content of halogens can probably account for the observed poisoning pattern.