bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fourier transform infrared and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction studies of the thermal cyclization reactions of high‐molar‐mass poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐itaconic acid)
Authors: Devasia Renjith , Nair C. P. Reghunadhan , Sadhana R , Babu N. S. , Ninan K. N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe stabilization reactions of a high‐molar‐mass poly(acrylonitrile‐co‐itaconic acid) precursor in air at 200, 220, and 240°C were studied with Fourier transform infrared. Principally, the cyclization of nitrile groups leading to the ladder structures of tetrahydropyridine occurred. Evidence for oxidative reactions causing the conversion of the CC structure to CC and generating groups such as OH and CO was also obtained. As the temperature of stabilization was increased, the rate of the reaction increased without causing great changes in the Fourier transform infrared spectral patterns. The maximum nitrile conversion achievable was limited by the temperature of stabilization. Although the reaction stagnated at 40 and 80% at 200 and 220°C, it was practically complete in about an hour at 240°C. Higher temperatures also favored the formation of extended conjugated structures. Wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction studies of the polymer stabilized at 300 and 400°C in argon confirmed that the aromatization index value and the crystallinity of the polymer increased proportionally to the temperature of pyrolysis. An analysis of the wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction pattern and the elemental composition of the stabilized polymer implied the formation of the tetrahydropyridine structure at 400°C. The higher pyrolysis temperature favored the formation of the lattice constituted by this group. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3055–3062, 2006
Modification of the polarity and adhesive properties of polyolefins through blending with maleic anhydride grafted Fischer–Tropsch paraffin wax
Authors: Novák I. , Krupa I. , Luyt A. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe modification of the polarity and adhesive properties of linear low‐density polyethylene, low‐density polyethylene, and isotactic polypropylene through blending with paraffin wax (Fischer–Tropsch synthesis), grafted by maleic anhydride, was investigated. Maleic anhydride grafted paraffin wax significantly increased the polar component of the total surface free energy of polyolefins. Modified polyolefins also had significantly higher adhesion to the polar substrate, a crosslinked, epoxy‐based resin. The conservation of the good mechanical properties of the blends was observed up to 10 wt % wax, except for isotactic polypropylene blends, for which there was a reduction in the stress and strain at break at wax concentrations higher than 5%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3069–3074, 2006
Morphology–toughness correlation of polypropylene/ethylene–propylene rubber blends
Authors: Kotter Ines , Grellmann Wolfgang , Koch Thomas , Seidler Sabine 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA polypropylene homopolymer was blended with ethylene–propylene rubber in different mixing ratios. The influence of the ethylene–propylene rubber content on the toughness behavior was investigated. According to the results of instrumented impact tests, brittle‐to‐tough transition temperatures were found for different ethylene–propylene rubber contents. Critical transition temperatures could be determined not only in the region of predominantly unstable crack propagation but also in the region of stable crack initiation. In situ measurements provided information on the deformation processes on the crack tip. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3364–3371, 2006
Thermally stable and organosoluble cardo binaphthylene based poly(amide imide)s and poly(ester imide)s
Authors: Behniafar Hossein , Jafari Ashkan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new imide‐containing dicarboxylic acid based on a twisted binaphthylene unit, 2,2′‐bis(N‐trimellitoyl)‐1,1′‐binaphthyl (1), was synthesized from 1,1′‐binaphthyl‐2,2′‐diamine and trimellitic anhydride in glacial acetic acid. The structure of compound 1 was fully characterized with spectroscopic methods and elemental analysis. Series of thermally stable and organosoluble poly(amide imide)s (4a–4d) and poly(ester imide)s (5a–5d) with similar backbones were prepared by the triphenyl phosphite and diphenylchlorophosphate activated direct polycondensation of diimide dicarboxylic acid 1 with various aromatic diamines and diols, respectively. With due attention to the structural similarity of the resulting poly(amide imide)s and poly(ester imide)s, most of the differences between these two block copolyimides could be easily attributed to the presence of alternate amide or ester linkages accompanied by imide groups in the polymer backbone. The ultraviolet maximum wavelength values of the yellowish polymers were determined from their ultraviolet spectra. The crystallinity of these copolyimides was estimated by means of wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction, and the resultant polymers exhibited a nearly amorphous nature, except for the polymers derived from benzidine and 4,4′‐binaphthol. The poly(amide imide)s exhibited excellent solubility in a variety of highly polar aprotic solvents, whereas the poly(ester imide)s showed good solubility in less polar solvents. According to differential scanning calorimetry analyses, polymers 4a–4d and 5a–5d had glass‐transition temperatures between 331 and 357°C and between 318 and 342°C, respectively. The thermal behaviors of the obtained polymers were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, and the 10% weight loss temperatures of the poly(amide imide)s and poly(ester imide)s were between 579 and 604°C and between 566 and 577°C in nitrogen, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3203–3211, 2006
Mechanical properties and transparency of injection‐molded polyacetal with branched and linear structure: Influence of crystalline morphology
Authors: Kawaguchi Kuniaki 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBranched and linear polyacetals prepared by cationic bulk polymerization were molded under high‐injection rate and pressure, and the resultant 1‐mm‐thick specimens were investigated regarding the crystalline morphology, mechanical properties, and transparency. The branched polyacetal exhibited shear‐induced transformation of crystalline morphology, namely, the spherulites, the elongated spherulites, and shish‐kebab morphology parallel to the flow direction, with increasing shear viscosity. The degree of orientation of the branched polyacetal, calculated from the intensity distribution on the Debye ring of the (100) diffraction by WAXS, linearly and significantly increased with the increase of the logarithm of the shear viscosity. The difference of the crystalline morphology greatly influenced the mechanical properties and transparency of the branched and linear polyacetals. The branched polyacetal with the shish‐kebab morphology had approximately 20% higher tensile strength and modulus as compared with those with the spherulites morphology, and showed translucent with a higher light transmittance over a wide range of wavelength of incident light. The results indicate that a large number of fibrous crystals in the shish‐kebab morphology result in the self‐reinforcement of specimens parallel to the flow direction and diminishment of the scattering of incident light. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3182–3392, 2006
Improvement of bond strength of BPDA‐PDA‐type polyimide film by corona discharge treatment
Authors: Ogawa Toshio , Baba Shigenori , Fujii Yuichiro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAromatic polyimide film composed of biphenyl tetracarboxylic acid dianhydride (BPDA) and p‐phenylene diamine (PDA) is a very stable polymer at high temperatures and very useful for the electronics industry. Bonding properties were improved by corona discharge treatment of this film. The chemical modification method was applied for generated functional groups, that is, carboxylic, hydroxyl, and amino groups in the gas phase, and the quantity of these functional groups was determined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The functional groups increased with corona energy, leveling off at a specific corona energy. The bond strength of the copper foil/adhesive/polyimide film was determined. The relationship between bond strength and functional group content was analyzed by multivariate analysis. Bond strength could be sufficiently correlated with functional group quantity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 3403–3408, 2006
Detecting photoinduced electron transfer processes in the SERS spectrum of salicylate anion adsorbed on silver nanoparticles
Authors: Castro J. L. , Arenas J. F. , López‐Ramírez M. R. , Otero J. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of salicylic acid (S) adsorbed on a silver sol in H2O and D2O has been investigated. At pH 5 or greater, the adsorbed species is the salicylate anion (2‐hydroxybenzoate anion) (S−), which links to the metal nanoparticle (Agn) through the carboxylate group (S−–Agn). We demonstrate that the selective enhancement of the bands is due mainly to a resonant electron or charge transfer process (ET or CT) from the metallic nanoparticle to the adsorbate, yielding the transient formation of the respective radical dianion (S·2−–Agn+). It is found that the enhanced bands, and especially mode 8a;νring, are related to the differences between the equilibrium structures of the adsorbate in its ground (S−) and CT‐excited states (S·2−). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 379–383, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Chiral interaction in peptide molecules: Effects of chiral peptide species on helix‐sense induction in an N‐terminal‐free achiral peptide
Authors: Inai Yoshihito , Ousaka Naoki , Ookouchi Yasuhiro 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNoncovalent chiral domino effect (NCDE) has been proposed as terminal‐specific interaction upon a 310‐helical peptide chain, of which the helix sense is manipulated by an external chiral stimulus (mainly amino acid derivatives) operating on the N‐terminus (Inai, Y., et al. J Am Chem Soc 2000, 122, 11731–11732; ibid., 2002, 124, 2466–2473; ibid., 2003, 125, 8151–8162). We have investigated here a helix‐sense induction in an optically inactive N‐terminal‐free nonapeptide (1) through the screening of several peptide species that differ in chiral sequence, chain length, and C‐terminal group. Helix‐sense induction in peptide 1 depends largely on both the C‐terminal chirality and carboxyl group in the external peptide, in which N‐carbonyl‐blocked amino acids, “monopeptide acids,” should be the minimum requirement for effective induction. N‐Protected mono‐ to tetrapeptides of L‐Leu residue commonly induce a right‐handed helix. NMR study and theoretical computation reveal that the N‐terminal segment of peptide 1 binds the N‐protected dipeptide molecule through multipoint coordination to induce a right‐handed helix preferentially. The present findings not only will improve our understanding of the chiral roles in peptide or protein helical termini, but also might demonstrate potential applications to chirality‐responsive materials based on peptide helical fragments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 471–481, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Classification of malignant gliomas by infrared spectroscopy and linear discriminant analysis
Authors: Krafft Christoph , Thümmler Katja , Sobottka Stephan B. , Schackert Gabriele , Salzer Reiner 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGliomas are the most frequent primary brain tumors. Their malignancies are graded from 1 to 4. Malignant gliomas are astrocytoma grade 3 and glioblastoma grade 4. An IR spectroscopic approach is presented to diagnose brain tissue at the molecular level probing chemical and structural properties without external markers. IR spectroscopic maps were recorded in transmission mode by sequential acquisition of IR spectra. Training spectra of various tissue types are selected from IR spectroscopic maps in accordance with histological assessment of hematoxylin and eosin stained parallel tissue sections. A decrease of the lipid‐to‐protein ratio in IR spectra is correlated with the malignancy of gliomas. This chemical property is described by the band intensity ratio 2850 to 1655 cm–1. Two additional molecular descriptors are identified at 1545 cm–1/1655 cm–1 and (1231 + 1450) cm–1/1655 cm–1, which are associated with hemoglobin and collagen, respectively. This metric is used to train a classification model based on linear discriminant analysis. The model is applied to classify normal brain tissue, astrocytoma grade 2, astrocytoma grade 3, glioblastoma, hemorrhage, and leptomeninges in IR spectroscopic maps of cryosections from two glioma patients. As independent test samples, single IR spectra from cryosections of 51 patients are subjected to the classification model. Normal brain tissue is assigned with 100% accuracy; malignant gliomas are assigned with 93% accuracy. The high success rate demonstrates that IR spectroscopy can complement established methods such as histopathology or immunohistochemistry to characterize dried cryosections. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 301–305, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Visible Korean Human: Its techniques and applications
Authors: Park Jin Seo , Chung Min Suk , Hwang Sung Bae , Shin Byeong‐Seok , Park Hyung Seon 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree recent studies have offered an unprecedented view of the human body. The Visible Human Project, the Visible Korean Human (VKH), and the Chinese Visible Human have featured the serial sectioning of whole cadavers, producing cross‐sectional images that methodically catalogue gross human anatomy. By volumetric reconstruction, these cross‐sectional images can be transformed into three‐dimensional (3D) images of anatomic structures. Compiling these 3D images would create an invaluable library for medical education and research. The goal of this report is to promote the expansion of such a library of 3D anatomic images and to help users fully understand and utilize the serially sectioned images. To do this, we will discuss the fundamental techniques and equipment used in the VKH and its preliminary experiments. We will also address new applications of the VKH, including virtual brain surgery, virtual endoscopy, and virtual cardiopulmonary resuscitation via the development of virtual dissection software. Clin. Anat. 19:216–224, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Innervation of the sacroiliac joint in rats by calcitonin gene‐related peptide‐immunoreactive nerve fibers and dorsal root ganglion neurons
Authors: Murata Yasuaki , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Ohtori Seiji , Moriya Hideshige 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe sacroiliac joint (SIJ) can be a source of low back pain. Calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) has been reported to play a significant role in nociceptive processing. However, the occurrence of CGRP‐immunoreactive (CGRP‐ir) sensory nerve fibers in the SIJ has not been fully defined. The present study investigated CGRP‐ir nerve fibers supplying the SIJ. CGRP‐ir nerve fibers in the vicinity of the SIJ cartilage and CGRP‐ir neurons in the bilateral dorsal root ganglia (DRG) were examined immunohistochemically by administering anti‐CGRP antiserum to rats. The SIJ was decalcified and cut into sections, and the CGRP‐ir fibers around the SIJ cartilage were counted under microscopy. In another group, fluoro‐gold (F‐G), a neural tracer, was injected into the SIJ from the dorsal or ventral side with dorsal or ventral denervation. The number of F‐G‐labeled CGRP‐ir neurons was counted in individual DRG. CGRP‐ir fibers were observed more frequently in the tissues adjacent to the cranial part of the SIJ surface. In the case of dorsal denervation (ventral nerve supply), the CGRP‐ir neurons composed 18.2% of the F‐G‐labeled neurons. In the case of ventral denervation (dorsal nerve supply), the CGRP‐ir neurons composed 40.9% of the F‐G‐labeled neurons. There was a statistically significant difference in the number of CGRP‐ir neurons between the ventral and dorsal nerve supplies to the SIJ. The cranial part of the dorsal side could be the part most associated with pain in the SIJ. Clin. Anat. 20:82–88, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Absence of the medial sesamoid bone associated with metatarsophalangeal pain
Authors: Kanatli Ulunay , Ozturk Akif Muhtar , Ercan Nil Gulizar Tokgoz , Ozalay Metin , Daglar Bulent , Yetkin Haluk 
Published: February 2006

AbstractPain at the first metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint can result from inflammation, chondromalacia, flexor hallucis brevis tendinitis, osteochondritis dessecans, fracture of a sesamoid bone, avascular necrosis of sesamoids, inflamed bursae, intractable keratoses, infection, sesamoiditis, gout arthropathy, and rheumatoid arthritis. Congenital absence of a sesamoid bone is extremely rare. We present a 17‐year‐old male patient with pain at the plantar aspect of the right MTP joint associated with congenital absence of the medial sesamoid. There was tenderness and the range of motion was minimally restricted. He described the pain as necessitating changes in his social life. On radiographs, the medial hallucial sesamoid was absent on the right side. The MTP joint was also evaluated using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). A metatarsal pad was prescribed and the patient was satisfied with the treatment at the 2 months follow‐up period. MRI revealed no pathological tissue at the medial sesamoid site. Hallucial sesamoids absorb pressure, reduce friction, protect the tendons, act like a fulcrum to increase the mechanical force of the tendons, and provide a dynamic function to the great toe by elevating first metatarsal head. Congenital absence of these bones is very rare but we must consider it in a patient with MTP joint pain. Clin. Anat. 19:634–639, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical anatomy of the dorsal venous network in fingers with regard to replantation
Authors: Sukop A. , Naňka O. , Dušková M. , Tvrdek M. , Kufa R. , Měšt'ák O. , Hauschwitcová L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe arterial system of fingers is anatomically well described, and so, usually no difficulties arise during its preparation and the making of anastomoses in replantation surgery. Difficulties may occur, however, during manipulation in the dorsal vascular bed of fingers, known only as a random venous network. There are minimal references to its existence and the location of its valvular apparatus. Using a microscopic preparation, a contrast staining, and a histological assessment, topographic relations and the course of veins of the dorsal venous network, as well as the existence and location of their valvular apparatus, was investigated on 72 three‐phalanx fingers. The specimens were either harvested from fresh cadavers or traumatically amputated. We found that veins of rather significant caliber predominantly run along the dorsal aspect of the finger on both the radial and ulnar sides above the proximal phalanx of three‐phalanx fingers. Proximally, venous systems of respective neighboring fingers connect in the interdigital space. The valvular apparatus was found at all levels ranging from metacarpophalangeal joints to the distal phalanx. The valves were always located distally from the confluence of two veins. Aside from this confluence, the existence of valves was not observed. The exact description of architecture of this venous system, in practice, contributes to faster orientation, better preparation, and the creation of safer anastomoses of these structures, and thus, to an increased success of replantation. Clin. Anat. 20:77–81, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collaborative learning using Internet2 and remote collections of stereo dissection images
Authors: Dev Parvati , Srivastava Sakti , Senger Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe have investigated collaborative learning of anatomy over Internet2, using an application called remote stereo viewer (RSV). This application offers a unique method of teaching anatomy, using high‐resolution stereoscopic images, in a client–server architecture. Rotated sequences of stereo image pairs were produced by volumetric rendering of the Visible female and by dissecting and photographing a cadaveric hand. A client–server application (RSV) was created to provide access to these image sets, using a highly interactive interface. The RSV system was used to provide a “virtual anatomy” session for students in the Stanford Medical School Gross Anatomy course. The RSV application allows both independent and collaborative modes of viewing. The most appealing aspects of the RSV application were the capacity for stereoscopic viewing and the potential to access the content remotely within a flexible temporal framework. The RSV technology, used over Internet2, thus serves as an effective complement to traditional methods of teaching gross anatomy. Clin. Anat. 19:275–283, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypnosis treatment of sleeping problems in children experiencing loss
Authors: Hawkins Peter , Polemikos Nikitas 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere is considerable research and clinical evidence that children who experience loss become traumatized. The results of traumatization include sleeping problems, for example difficulties in initiating sleep and sleep terrors. Psychological intervention programmes, including hypnotherapy, have been shown to have some success in helping children to overcome their sleeping problems. In the present study, a new paradigm qualitative methodology was used in which a small group of children were taught self‐hypnosis to manage their sleep difficulties. Within the group, the children's experiences of utilizing self‐hypnosis at home were discussed, and a consensus reached concerning its effects. Complementary data were collected through interviews with caregivers and by completion of the Southampton Sleep Management Schedule (Bartlet and Beaumont, 1998). From the study it was concluded that young children can be taught self‐hypnosis in order to manage their sleeping problems effectively. Furthermore, the present study demonstrated that children can be involved in a collaborative research group. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis
Hypnosis in the treatment of a case of dissociative amnesia for a 12‐year period
Authors: Degun‐Mather Marcia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA 51‐year‐old woman presented with dissociative amnesia for a 12‐year period from the age of 37 to 49. The amnesia seemed to be triggered by a car accident at age 49. She sustained no serious physical injury, nor did she have symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). There was no evidence of organic factors causing her memory loss. A method of hypnotic uncovering was used to facilitate retrieval of significant personal memories, and to help her resolve traumatic events, which she related as having happened during that 12‐year period. She regained a meaningful autobiographical history, which enabled her to get on with her life. Copyright © 2002 British Society of Experimental and Clinical Hypnosis