bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does a high‐sugar diet promote overweight in children and lead to nutrient deficiencies?
Authors: Naismith Donald J. , Nelson Michael , Burley Victoria , Gatenby Sue 
Published: March 2008

The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a high consumption of sugars promotes obesity in children and has adverse effects on diet composition. Children aged between 11 and 12 years (76 boys and 67 girls) completed a 7‐day weighed and recorded inventory of all food and drinks consumed. Energy and nutrient intakes were calculated using standard food composition tables, and heights and weights were measured.We found that: (i) sugars did not contribute disproportionately to high energy intakes; (ii) body mass index (kg/m2) was unrelated to total energy intake, but fell as the proportion of energy derived from sugars rose–this trend was statistically significant in boys (P<0.02); (iii) a striking inverse relationship was found between the percentage of food energy provided by sugars and fat (P<0.001); (iv) as sugars accounted for an increasing proportion of energy intake, no decline was observed in the intake of dietary fibre or, with the exception of niacin, in the intakes of vitamins and minerals. Niacin intakes, however, exceeded those recommended. Calcium and vitamin C both tended to rise with increasing sugar consumption.Our findings do not support the contention that sugars favour the excessive consumption of energy, thus causing obesity, or that high intakes of sugar deplete the diet of fibre or micronutrients. Note should be taken of the strong reciprocal relationship found between the energy contributed by sugars and fat when advocating a restriction of sugar consumption by children.
Dietary advice, nutritional knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition in primary health care
Authors: Hopper D. , Barker M. E. 
Published: March 2008

The high priority of health promotion within primary health care in the UK is evidenced through the acceptance, by the primary health care team (PHCT), of a contractual responsibility for health promotion, including the provision of dietary advice. This study sought to investigate the level of advice given on dietary matters, the methods used to give this advice and the nutritional knowledge and attitudes towards nutrition of Sheffield PHCTs; general practitioners (GPs) and practice nurses (PNs) were compared. All active practices (n= 100) on Sheffield Health Authority's GP practice lists were invited to participate. A total of 58 interviews in 46 practices were completed, representing a response rate of 46%. Information was collected using an interviewer‐administered questionnaire. Data analysis was carried out using MINITAB (Minitab Inc., Pennsylvania, USA); differences between groups were tested using the x2 test.It was found that PNs gave dietary advice more frequently than GPs (P<0.05). GPs were more likely (P<0.05) to give verbal advice only, whereas PNs tended to take a dietary history and to give both written and verbal advice. GPs were less likely than PNs to give comprehensive advice for type II (maturity onset) diabetes, hypercholesterolaemia and obesity. There were appreciable gaps in the nutritional knowledge of both groups. The majority of GPs and PNs believed nutrition to be important in disease prevention and expressed a desire for nutritional teaching as part of their medical training. The primary health care team is in a prime position to give dietary advice, however, it is evident that there is a need for improved nutrition education and training in dietary counselling.
Menu changes and their effects on the nutritional content of menus and nutritional status of elderly, hospitalized, mental health patients
Authors: Fenton J. , Eves A. , Kipps M. , O'Donnell C. C. 
Published: March 2008

As part of the competitive tendering process for a National Health Service catering contract in a UK psychiatric hospital, new menus were devised. The theoretical nutritional content of the pre‐ and post‐tender menus was assessed, and the nutritional status of elderly, mental health patients determined before and after the introduction of the new menus.Results indicated that the pre‐tender menu did not provide recommended intakes for vitamin D, and that theoretical intakes of sodium exceeded recommendations by 100%. Fat comprised 47% of total energy and carbohydrate 36% of energy. Total energy intakes were theoretically above the estimated average requirement, despite the wasted appearance of some patients. Clinical assessments of patients' nutritional status showed notable proportions of patients with low levels of serum folate, serum vitamin D and plasma vitamin C, evidence of low body weights and depleted protein stores.The new menus supplied less energy overall, owing to a reduction in fat content. Intakes of vitamin D and folate theoretically increased, although vitamin D intakes still failed to meet recommendations. The proportion of fat as total energy fell to 34%, and the proportion of carbohydrate rose to 47%. The increase in carbohydrate was the result of an increased starch content. After 1 year consuming the new menu, the fat stores of the elderly mental health patients fell (probably as a result of the decreased energy intake). In addition, levels of serum and red cell folate, and vitamin D fell. Whilst acknowledging that nutritional status is affected by many factors this study shows the importance of considering all aspects of the diet, and all causes of nutritional losses when devising new menus to attempt to counter nutritional deficiencies.
AGB variables and the Mira period–luminosity relation
Authors: Whitelock Patricia A. , Feast Michael W. , Van Leeuwen Floor 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Published data for large-amplitude asymptotic giant branch variables in the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) are re-analysed to establish the constants for an infrared (K) period–luminosity relation of the form MK=ρ[log P− 2.38]+δ. A slope of ρ=−3.51 ± 0.20 and a zero-point of δ=−7.15 ± 0.06 are found for oxygen-rich Miras (if a distance modulus of 18.39 ± 0.05 is used for the LMC). Assuming this slope is applicable to Galactic Miras we discuss the zero-point for these stars using the revised Hipparcos parallaxes together with published very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) parallaxes for OH masers and Miras in globular clusters. These result in a mean zero-point of δ=−7.25 ± 0.07 for O-rich Galactic Miras. The zero-point for Miras in the Galactic bulge is not significantly different from this value.
Carbon-rich stars are also discussed and provide results that are consistent with the above numbers, but with higher uncertainties. Within the uncertainties there is no evidence for a significant difference between the period–luminosity relation zero-points for systems with different metallicity.
False Positive Radiological Evidence of Gastric Malignancy Associated with Cirrhosis of the Liver and Ascites
Authors: Burns R. J. , Matz L. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAlthough many cases of false positive radiological evidence of gastric malignancy are listed in the medical literature, we have been unable to find references to false positive findings occurring in cases of cirrhosis of the liver with ascites. On account of this, four such cases are reported. A conclusive explanation of these findings is not apparent, but oedema of the gastric wall may have been a factor in one of the cases.
Radiological Findings in Choledochal Cysts: With Report of Two Cases
Authors: Masel J. P. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYCholedochal cyst is a rare condition but is important in view of the good results of early and correct treatment. The correct diagnosis can now be made in the majority of patients by clinical methods with the assistance of appropriate radiological procedures. Two cases which illustrate some of the features of the radiological diagnosis are presented.
The Pathology of Ulcerative Colitis
Authors: McGovern V. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe initial lesion in ulcerative colitis, whether in the large bowel or small, seems to be congestion and oedema of the submucosa followed by ulceration in a characteristic pattern. Deep ulceration is characteristic of the acute form, while in chronic ulcerative colitis the ulcers are superficial to the muscularis mucosae. While the patterns are characteristic, there is often some degree of overlap and, indeed, one variety can be converted into the other.
The Acute Radiation Syndrome
Authors: Gurner Colonel C. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWhole body radiation in doses greater than 100 rem produces the acute radiation syndrome, i which may be fatal.The final assessment of the degree of radiation damage sustained by a casualty will be made on the clinical findings, supported by serial blood examinations, and perhaps by biochemical and physical estimations, but the early assessment can only be made by knowledge of the physical circumstances of the accident and by the rapidity of appearance of the symptoms and their severity.
Avian life‐history determinants of local extinction risk in a hyper‐fragmented neotropical forest landscape
Authors: Lees A. C. , Peres C. A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe fact that species vary in their vulnerability to extinction is well documented, but the reasons for these differences remain poorly understood. Why should some species/families/guilds decline rapidly with increasing anthropogenic disturbance, while others either tolerate or proliferate in disturbed habitats? We investigated the bird species composition in 31 primary forest patches of varying size in a region of the Amazonian ‘Arc of Deforestation’ and assessed which species life‐history traits predisposed individual species to extinction. Medium‐sized non‐flocking canopy frugivores/ominvores of low primary forest dependence were least likely to go extinct in small patches, while small‐bodied flock‐following primary‐forest‐dependent terrestrial insectivores were most fragmentation sensitive. We found highly idiosyncratic relationships between the minimum size of forest patches occupied by different species and their territory size requirements estimated based on other Amazonian studies. This suggests that avian assemblages in forest fragments primarily comprise species that either have good dispersal abilities or are highly tolerant to the non‐forest matrix, rather than those whose minimum spatial requirements can be met by the size of available forest fragments.
Translocating lions into an inbred lion population in the Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park, South Africa
Authors: Trinkel M. , Ferguson N. , Reid A. , Reid C. , Somers M. , Turelli L. , Graf J. , Szykman M. , Cooper D. , Haverman P. , Kastberger G. , Packer C. , Slotow R. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA fundamental problem in conservation biology is the risk of inbreeding in fragmented and declining populations. In the Hluhluwe‐iMfolozi Park (HiP), a small, enclosed reserve in South Africa, a large lion Panthera leo population arose from a founder group of five individuals in the 1960s. The HiP lion population went through a persistent decline and showed indications of inbreeding depression. To restore the genetic variation of the inbred HiP lion population, new lions were translocated into the existing population. Translocated females formed stable associations and established enduring pride areas with other translocated lionesses, but did not bond into native female prides. The translocated male coalition was more successful in gaining and maintaining residence in a pride than the translocated lone male that split off on his own from the male coalition. Litter size and cub survival was about twice as high for pairings involving at least one translocated parent than for pairings of two native lions. It is therefore possible to infuse new genes rapidly and successfully into a small, isolated lion population. Such translocations may become an important adaptive management tool as lion populations become increasingly fragmented.
Loss of genetic variation and effective population size of Kirikuchi charr: implications for the management of small, isolated salmonid populations
Authors: Sato T. , Harada Y. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSmall, isolated populations may face extinction due to a combination of inbreeding depression and other threats. Effective population size (Ne) is one comprehensive measure that allows us to evaluate the genetic status of a population, and to make management decisions regarding genetic viability. We simulated loss of genetic variation and estimated Ne for two small, isolated populations of Kirikuchi charr Salvelinus leucomaenis japonicus, the endangered, southernmost local populations of the genus Salvelinus in the world, using VORTEX, an individual‐based stochastic PVA model. Approximately half of the genetic variation was lost over 200 years regardless of census population size and demographic parameters, and Ne estimates were roughly 50 in each of the two populations, suggesting the possibility of inbreeding depression. The target population size of Ne>500, by securing long‐term viability, is several times that of the present size of each of the populations studied, and no local habitats maintaining such a target number are considered to exist. The results strongly indicate a need for recovering natural connections and potential gene flow among local populations. However, the impending threat to these populations from non‐native charr widely distributed throughout the drainage has prevented the recovery of the connections. Given the small Ne of the two populations, it would be necessary to retain gene flow artificially within or across local populations. This will be true of many other salmonid populations that have been isolated or fragmented recently.
Translocation and early post‐release demography of endangered Laysan teal
Authors: Reynolds M. H. , Seavy N. E. , Vekasy M.S. , Klavitter J. L. , Laniawe L. P. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn an attempt to reduce the high extinction risk inherent to small island populations, we translocated wild Laysan teal Anas laysanensis to a portion of its presumed prehistoric range. Most avian translocations lack the strategic post‐release monitoring needed to assess early population establishment or failure. Therefore, we monitored the survival and reproduction of all founders, and their first‐generation offspring using radio telemetry for 2 years after the first release. Forty‐two Laysan teal were sourced directly from the only extant population on Laysan Island and transported 2 days by ship to Midway Atoll. All birds survived the translocation with nutritional and veterinary support, and spent between 4 and 14 days in captivity. Post‐release survival of 42 founders was 0.857 (95% CI 0.86–0.99) during 2004–2006 or annualized 0.92 (95% CI 0.83–0.98). Seventeen of 18 founding hens attempted nesting in the first two breeding seasons. Fledgling success was 0.57 (95% CI 0.55–0.60) in 2005 and 0.63 (95% CI 0.62–0.64) in 2006. The effective founding female population (Ne) was 13. We applied these initial demographic rates to model population growth. The nascent population size increased to >100 after only 2 years post‐release (λ=1.73). If this growth rate continues, the size of the Midway population could surpass the source population before 2010.
The sleeping policeman: understanding issues of enforcement and compliance in conservation
Authors: Keane A. , Jones J. P. G. , Edwards‐Jones G. , Milner‐Gulland E. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractRules governing human behaviour are at the heart of every system of natural resource management. Without compliance, however, rules are meaningless so effective enforcement is essential if conservation is to be successful. There is a large body of theory concerning enforcement and compliance with rules spread over several disciplines, including psychology, economics and sociology. However, there have been few attempts to extend this theory to conservation applications and there is little practical guidance for managers and conservation planners on the optimal design of enforcement programmes. We review approaches to understanding why individuals break rules and how optimal policy choices can reduce rule‐breaking, highlighting research which has specifically dealt with natural resources. Because of the difficulty of studying rule‐breaking behaviour directly, modelling approaches have been particularly important and have been used to explore behaviour at the individual, group and institutional levels. We illustrate the application of models of enforcement and compliance to conservation using the African elephantLoxodonta africanaas a case study. Further work is needed to create practical tools which can be applied to the design of enforcement measures in conservation. Particular challenges include understanding the importance of violations of rationality assumptions and incorporating intertemporal choice in models of decision making. In conclusion, we argue that a new field of robust theory and practice is urgently needed to ensure that issues of enforcement and compliance do not undermine conservation initiatives.
The Trans‐Tasman Cable, the Australasian Bridgehead and Imperial History
Authors: Smithies James 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe extension of the ‘All Red’ telegraph network to Australia and New Zealand during the 1870s greatly enhanced communication between the centre and periphery, consolidating British imperial expansion and offering the Australasian colonies the opportunity to engage more fully in imperial affairs. For contemporaries, the Trans‐Tasman cable between Australia and New Zealand provided the final link in a grand imperial chain of communications, which promised to bolster their significance in world affairs and offset the cultural isolation which appeared to be stifling their development. The cable represented an essential bond between the furthest‐flung imperial ‘bridgehead’ (John Darwin) and the cultural and strategic centre of London. In real terms, however, the promises of the new technology of submarine telegraphy failed to live up to expectations. Although quickly integrated into New Zealanders’ dawning cultural nationalist myth, the cable was expensive and underused for many years. Its real significance lies in its symbolic power as a symbol of imperial expansion, and as a case study in the vagaries of technology transfer.
Disaster: A Useful Category of Historical Analysis
Authors: Bergman Jonathan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDisaster is one of those extraordinary phenomena that is ubiquitous yet indescribable. From supernatural occurrence to earthly force finally yielding to its present day configuration as a social event, disaster offers a unique lens with which to examine history. Beginning in the mid‐twentieth century, scholars set out to examine urban life, race, class, and politics through a variety of socially dislocating events. The historical literature is varied and deep. Conceptions of disaster are seldom the same, and often highlight the strained relationship between social and natural configurations. But historians examining disaster have not advocated a common creed of catastrophe, so much as sharing a familiar lexicon. That language is informed by social scientific literature, environmental studies, and topics such as urban life, race, class and politics. To be sure, the discourse of disaster has been quite supple, bridging disparate units of historical manufacture and blurring familiar categories of analysis. This article surveys the evolution of the term, its usage in American historiography and major scholarly trends. The article concludes with a cri de couer to bring greater visibility to disaster studies.
Victorian Psychology and the Novel
Authors: Stiles Anne 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOver the last three decades, literary critics have evinced growing interest in nineteenth‐century psychology and its reciprocal relationship with the Victorian novel. The resulting body of interdisciplinary scholarship has yielded insight into how early and mid‐Victorian psychological movements (moral management, associationism, evolutionary psychology, and so forth) left their mark on realist authors like George Eliot and writers of sensation fiction such as Wilkie Collins or Mary Elizabeth Braddon. But these scholarly works have dealt less comprehensively with the psychological significance of late Victorian genres like the romance and neo‐Gothic novel. Moreover, literary critics are only beginning to explore the ways in which psychology subtly shaded into physiology during the late Victorian era. This materialist shift was felt most strongly after 1870, when cerebral localization experiments by David Ferrier, John Hughlings Jackson, and other neurologists linked specific emotions, faculties, and movements to discrete areas of the brain. These experiments suggested that human behavior amounted to the sum of various neurochemical impulses, a conclusion that raised hackles because it threatened cherished notions of the soul, will, and individual identity. Literary scholars have only recently discussed the ways in which late Victorian novels engaged with these unsettling neurological discoveries. Based on the early promise of these discussions, we might expect to see more work on Victorian brains than Victorian psyches in future literary criticism.
The Static Clock and the Old Manchild: Temporality in Twentieth‐Century African Literature
Authors: Barrows Adam 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis essay provides an overview of critical trends in the study of time in twentieth‐century African and Diasporic African fiction. The pervasive tendency in Western historiography to treat Africa as occupying a space outside the narrative of historical progress and development has produced a critical counter‐reaction which celebrates the unique cultural rhythms and incommensurable experiences of African temporality. According to this influential critical model, most notably expressed by Bonnie J. Barthold in her 1981 study, Black Time, the project of African fiction is to attack the telos‐driven linearity of Western time, and to explore culturally indigenous temporal models of cyclicality, myth, and ritual which are fundamentally incomprehensible to the Western worldview. This critical model has been surprisingly inattentive, however, to competing tendencies in Diasporic African fiction which have insisted upon the pitfalls of temporal difference. Beginning with a survey of the ways in which theories of a uniquely African temporality have been both inherited and interrogated by contemporary critics, I turn to criticism of Ayi Kwei Armah's 1968 novel, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born, as a case study of a text that is particularly disserved by the prevailing critical paradigm.
Shakespeare's Books: Reading Dumb Eloquence and Speaking Breasts
Authors: Scott Charlotte 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper is about the book in Shakespeare's plays; the book as an object, wherein the article may disclose narratives, corroborate stories, expose versions of reality and perspectives of presence; and the semiotic of the book, wherein the language of the book, of holding, touching, turning leaves, opening pages, reading, revealing and closing may simulate an idea of the body or mind in motion. This article is about how the metaphorical and material book appears on Shakespeare's stage, and how the physical and figurative presence of the book challenge the imaginative and representational conditions of Elizabethan theatre.