bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How the development of magma chambers affects collapse calderas: insights from an overview
Authors: Aizawa K. , Acocella V. , Yoshida T. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Here we review the studies of pluton emplacement and caldera collapse, proposing a model linking the two processes. The shallow rise of magma occurs by dyking, and its emplacement occurs along major anisotropies. Many plutons are emplaced at subhorizontal discontinuities, forming sills. These will eventually grow, forming laccoliths, the most common mechanism to store shallow magma. Calderas are a surface expression of these reservoirs, and can be approximated by a piston cylinder, which sinks due to: (1) underpressure in the reservoir, producing outward-dipping reverse faults; (2) overpressure within a sill-like chamber undergoing doming; and (3) overpressure within a laccolith generating apical tensile stresses; in the latter two cases, inward-dipping normal faults form. We suggest that collapse calderas are the surface expression of pressure variations within laccoliths or tabular intrusions, Their geometric relationships depend on the shape and aspect ratio of the intrusion and its pressure conditions. Tabular intrusions, generating ring-faults mainly at their tips, form calderas with a similar width to the intrusion; laccoliths may generate ring-faults along the intrusion roof, forming calderas narrower than the intrusion. The outward or inward dip of the caldera faults results from the underpressure or overpressure conditions within the reservoir.
Ring-faults in composite volcanoes: structures, models and stress fields associated with their formation
Authors: Gudmundsson Agust , Nilsen Kristine 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Most ring-faults of collapse calderas are either circular or slightly elliptical in plan view, vertical or steeply dipping, and have vertical displacements from several hundred metres to a few kilometres. Most ring-faults are dip slip. Many, however, are partly dip-slip faults and thus shear fractures, and partly ring-dykes and thus extension fractures. Ring-faults have been modelled using analytical, analogue and numerical methods. While analytical models throw light on some aspects of the conditions for ring-fault initiation, they are too general for detailed analysis of ring-fault development. By contrast, analogue and numerical models, combined with rigorous testing on field data, have in recent years provided many new ideas and improved understanding of ring-fault initiation and development. Here we present numerical models for ring-fault formation in isotropic (non-layered) and anisotropic (layered) host rocks. Magmatic underpressure (below lithostatic) or excess pressure (above lithostatic) as the only loading normally favours dyke injections rather than ring-fault formation. A spherical (circular) chamber in a volcanic field subject to (centimetre-scale) doming, tension, or both, is unlikely to trigger ring-fault formation unless the chamber is located in a very soft (low Young’s modulus) layer or has recently injected dykes. The numerical models indicate that a ring-fault (and a ring-dyke) is most likely to form, in layered as well as non-layered host rocks, in a local stress field generated by a shallow sill-like chamber in a volcanic field subject to doming, tension, or both. The diameter of the chamber must be much smaller than the diameter of the volcanic field subject to doming; in many of the numerical models the volcanic field diameter is three to five times that of the chamber diameter. For a 20-km-wide layered volcanic field, either tension or tension combined with doming may result in ring-fault formation. For a 40-km-wide layered volcanic field, tension is not necessary; doming alone is sufficient to trigger ring-fault formation.
On the mechanics of caldera resurgence of Ischia Island (southern Italy)
Authors: Carlino S. , Cubellis E. , Luongo G. , Obrizzo F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A model of caldera resurgence was applied to the Island of Ischia to explain uplift, volcanic activity and tectonics on Mount Epomeo, as well as historical seismicity and slow ground movements recorded for the past 2000 years. A two-dimensional mechanical model was utilized for the crust, which was considered to be an elastic plate overlying a laccolith. Geometric dimensions and mechanical parameters were constrained using geological, geophysical and geochemical data.

We propose that a laccolith, with a diameter
L
of
c.
10 km, and a depth of up to 1 km in the centre of the island, triggered the caldera resurgence after the Mount Epomeo Green Tuff eruption forming the caldera (55 000 a
bp
). A bending phase and a punched laccolith phase are thought to have caused the observed deformations in the caldera. These processes control the tectonics at the boundary of the Mount Epomeo resurgent structure, volcanic activity and dynamics of the island.
Stable isotopes in aqueous sulphate as tracers of natural and contaminant sulphate sources: a reconnaissance study of the Xingwen karst aquifer, Sichuan, China
Authors: Bottrell S. H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Isotopic compositions of sulphate (δ
18
O and δ
34
S) have been analysed in groundwaters from a karst aquifer in Xingwen, China to assess their use as indigenous tracers of different pollutant sulphate sources. Sulphate δ
18
O is highly effective at distinguishing sulphate from atmospheric ‘acid rain’ sources (higher δ
18
O values) from sulphate produced by aqueous pyrite oxidation (natural or acid mine drainage), which always has lower δ
18
O. The range of sulphate δ
34
S produced by aqueous oxidation of different pyrite sources is sufficiently wide to enable different natural and pollutant sulphate sources to be distinguished. Despite the fact that streams containing processing fines and pyrite mine drainage both derive sulphate from oxidation of ore materials, there is still a clear distinction in their sulphate δ
34
S. A combination of sulphur and oxygen isotopic measurements is thus highly effective at discriminating between all the sulphate sources to the karst aquifer and this indigenous tracer provides a powerful tool for assessing the impact of acid mine drainage on karst groundwater.
Natural and anthropogenic hazards in the karst of Jamaica
Authors: Day M. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
About two thirds of Jamaica is karst landscape, and karstic hazards affect much of the country and about half of the population, mostly in rural areas. The karst includes extensive areas of dolines and dry valleys, together with poljes and classical tropical tower and cockpit karst. With population and urbanization increases, and as infrastructure is developed, karstic hazards are becoming more prevalent and risks are increasing. One major natural hazard is seasonal drought, which disrupts water supplies, particularly in rural areas where groundwater resources are poorly developed and residents depend on rainwater and springs. Conversely, seasonal flooding, particularly that associated with tropical storms, causes property damage and human death, injury and displacement. Ground surface subsidence and collapse threatens developing infrastructure, dwellings and livestock, but the potential for catastrophic karstic failure of industrial facilities such as dams and retention ponds, including the storage facilities associated with bauxite mining and processing, appears to be relatively limited. Slope failure also occurs, but is not often recognized as a hazard and has not been studied in detail. Human impacts include quarrying, bauxite mining, groundwater abstraction, urbanization, agricultural development and tourism. Groundwater contamination is a serious anthropogenic hazard, particularly associated with the bauxite industry. Less than 10% of the karst area is within protected areas.
Sinkhole distribution based on pre-development mapping in urbanized Pinellas County, Florida, USA
Authors: Brinkmann R. , Wilson K. , Elko N. , Seale L. D. , Florea L. , Vacher H. L. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Locating sinkholes in Pinellas County, Florida, is confounded by the presence of a cover of Quaternary sediments that mute the surface appearance of these sinkholes. As a first step in addressing the sinkhole hazard in the county, we analysed aerial photographs from 1926 and 1995 that covered the entire county. We digitized all identifiable sinkholes in each set of photographs in a GIS (Geographical Information System) using a set of criteria established to differentiate between karst depressions and depressions resulting from other geological processes. The 1926 photographs, although of low quality, helped to establish a baseline prior to urbanization. The 1995 photographs provided a post-urbanization distribution of natural sinkholes and man-made depression features (e.g. retention ponds). From these two data sets, we are able to assess natural and anthropogenic changes in the karst landscape of the study area. In particular, we discovered that 87% of the sinkhole features identified in the 1926 photographs are no longer present in the photographs from 1995. Many of the lost depressions have been incorporated into retention ponds.
Assessment of cover-collapse sinkholes in SW Sardinia (Italy)
Authors: Ardau F. , Balia R. , Bianco M. , De Waele J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The SW part of Sardinia has been afflicted, in recent years, by several cover-collapse sinkholes mostly occurring in low-density population areas. The study area, that lies in the Iglesiente–Sulcis region, is characterized by the cropping out of the Palaeozoic basement related to the South European Hercynian chain, covered with Tertiary–Quaternary sediments. The main rock types that crop out are Palaeozoic metasandstones, metadolostones, metalimestones, shales and metaconglomerates, and Tertiary–Quaternary fluvial–lacustrine continental sediments. The combined application of several geophysical techniques, integrated with boreholes and geotechnical as well as hydrogeological measurements, proved to be very useful and promising in defining in detail the geological context in which each sinkhole has formed. Moreover, the gravity method, even when used alone, proved to be very effective in detecting the regional geological structures to which sinkholes are related.
Eventually, the historical analysis of phenomena, the geological knowledge of the Iglesiente–Sulcis area and the results of properly designed geophysical surveys allows the most probable areas for cover-collapse sinkholes to occur in the future to be determined. In fact, this research pointed out that the depth of the sediment-covered Palaeozoic bedrock is one of the major constraints in delimiting hazardous areas, leading to the construction of a preliminary hazard map. This map shows a belt of high risk, and also suggests the areas in which further geophysical and geotechnical investigations should be carried out to estimate the depth of the bedrock.
Control of Electrical Properties of RuO2 Thick Film Resistors
Authors: Inokuma Toshio , Taketa Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2008

Oxides of various elements have been added to RuO2 thick film resistors and the electrical properties of the
resultant resistors have been examined.It is found that almost all the oxides of transition metals, rare earths, and antimony used as additivies can
closely control the resistivity and TCR of the resistors to obtain a required value. In addition, it is found that the
principle of superposition applies to the additives.Erratumdx.doi.org/10.1155/1987/73636
A Comparison Between GaAs Mesfet and Si NMOS ESD Behaviour
Authors: Franklin A. J. , Amerasekera E. A. , Campbell D. S. 
Published: April 2008

Work is in hand at Loughborough University to investigate and compare the ESD sensitivity of GaAs
D‐MESFETs and unprotected enhancement mode NMOS structures.The work to date has shown that GaAs MESFET structures can be severely degraded with ESD pulses above
600V as compared with 200V for Si NMOS. It has also been shown that both GaAs and NMOS structures are
polarity sensitive.The behaviour of the Schottky barrier is used to explain the polarity behaviour in GaAs MESFETs. The
breakdown of the oxide in the NMOS devices can be explained by impact ionisation.
Correlation of Switching Overvoltages Over Transposed and Untransposed Transmission Lines
Authors: Hamed M. , Ismail D. 
Published: April 2008

This paper presents a computational analysis of the difference between the values of the self parameters (resistance, inductance and potential coefficient) of some typical transmission lines. The earth return effect is included. A new coefficient of unsymmetry for the untransposed transmission line parameters is proposed. The wave mode parameters as a function of the given coefficient of unsymmetry are deduced.The balancing of the parameters of both transposed and untransposed lines is applied. The percentage error in the calculated voltage at any point of the untransposed line, if considered as transposed, is formulated.
Evaporation of Adherent Al‐Films on Single Crystalline LiNbO3 Substrates
Authors: Schippel E. 
Published: April 2008

LiNbO3 is used as a single crystalline substrate material for the manufacturing of surface acoustic wave
devices as frequency selective components. On the polished substrate wafer, Al with a film thickness
of about 400 nm is evaporated in a high vacuum.The difficulties of the inadequate adhesion of the structured Al‐film were eliminated by systematical
investigations. Films that were adherent to the total surface could be prepared by evaporating an
intermediate film of Cr or SiOx or, otherwise, a mixed film of Al with Si.An ultrasonic test for adhesion strength was developed that results in an assessment of local and
also large‐area film adhesion.
Improved grading and survival prediction of human astrocytic brain tumors by artificial neural network analysis of gene expression microarray data
Authors: Petalidis Lawrence P. , Oulas Anastasis , Backlund Magnus , Wayland Matthew T. , Liu Lu , Plant Karen , Happerfield Lisa , Freeman Tom C. , Poirazi Panayiota , Collins V. Peter 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHistopathologic grading of astrocytic tumors based on current WHO criteria offers a valuable but simplified representation of oncologic reality and is often insufficient to predict clinical outcome. In this study, we report a new astrocytic tumor microarray gene expression data set (n = 65). We have used a simple artificial neural network algorithm to address grading of human astrocytic tumors, derive specific transcriptional signatures from histopathologic subtypes of astrocytic tumors, and asses whether these molecular signatures define survival prognostic subclasses. Fifty-nine classifier genes were identified and found to fall within three distinct functional classes, that is, angiogenesis, cell differentiation, and lower-grade astrocytic tumor discrimination. These gene classes were found to characterize three molecular tumor subtypes denoted ANGIO, INTER, and LOWER. Grading of samples using these subtypes agreed with prior histopathologic grading for both our data set (96.15%) and an independent data set. Six tumors were particularly challenging to diagnose histopathologically. We present an artificial neural network grading for these samples and offer an evidence-based interpretation of grading results using clinical metadata to substantiate findings. The prognostic value of the three identified tumor subtypes was found to outperform histopathologic grading as well as tumor subtypes reported in other studies, indicating a high survival prognostic potential for the 59 gene classifiers. Finally, 11 gene classifiers that differentiate between primary and secondary glioblastomas were also identified. [Mol Cancer Ther 2008;7(5):1013–24]
On Positionality and Its Comparability in the Legal Context
Authors: Kozin Alexander 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis essay examines comparability of criminal defense casework in three different legal contexts on the basis of the phenomenological concept "positionality." Originally introduced by Helmuth Plessner for the study of how the body relates to its environment, positionality has evolved into a sociological resource called on to explain various political, ideological, and ethical phenomena. In this essay, positionality is employed to compare and contrast criminal defense practices in the USA, Germany, and the UK.
Determinants of hospital costs in community-acquired pneumonia
Authors: Reyes S. , Martinez R. , Vallés J. M. , Cases E. , Menendez R. 
Published: April 2008

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) has a high incidence and involves an important consumption of healthcare resources. The present authors analysed the influence of comorbidity, initial severity and complications upon the direct costs associated with hospitalised CAP patients.Direct hospitalisation costs (room cost, treatment, laboratory and diagnostic tests) were assessed in a prospective, observational study of 271 patients admitted to a hospital ward due to CAP.The mean±sdpatient age was 70±15 yrs. The mortality rate was 11.1%. Complications were found in 72.3% and comorbidities in 74.9%. The median (interquartile range) total cost was \#8364;1,683 (\#8364;1,291–2,471) and the component costs were: room cost \#8364;1,286 (\#8364;857–1,714); laboratory tests \#8364;212 (\#8364;171–272); treatment \#8364;187 (\#8364;114–304); and diagnostic procedures \#8364;58 (\#8364;29–122). Complications and higher Pneumonia Severity Index increased the costs, but age and comorbidity did not. A logistic regression analysis to predict high cost (>\#8364;1,683) showed that infectious (odds ratio 6.8, 95% confidence interval 1.3–36), digestive (5.9 (1.5–22.8)), pulmonary (2.6 (1.4–4.7)) and other complications (3.9 (1.8–8.4)) were independent risk factors, as were previous hospitalisation (2.3 (1.2–4.3)) and hypoalbuminaemia (2 (1.1–3.6)).Complications, hypoalbuminaemia and previous hospitalisation were the main determinants of high direct costs of hospitalisation due to community-acquired pneumonia. Neither age nor comorbidities were independently associated with cost.
Rapid diagnosis of pulmonary TB by BAL enzyme-linked immunospot assay in an immunocompromised host
Authors: Strassburg A. , Jafari C. , Ernst M. , Lotz W. , Lange C. 
Published: April 2008

Immunocompromised patients with acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear-negative active pulmonary tuberculosis (pTB) often present with nonspecific clinical symptoms and findings. T-cell interferon-γ release assays (TIGRA) performed on whole blood (using ELISA) or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (using enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT)) are more sensitive for the diagnosis ofMycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB) infection than the tuberculin skin test (TST), but cannot distinguish active from latent MTB infection.The present authors report a 38-yr-old female presenting with a 3-week history of malaise, dyspnoea, fevers and coughing, who had received immunosuppressive therapies over 8 months for mixed connective tissue disease. Chest radiograph and thoracic computed tomography showed ground glass opacities in both lower lobes. The TST-induration was 0 mm and AFBs or MTB nucleic acid was not detected on sputum and bronchial secretions. However, TIGRAs performed on peripheral blood cells were reactive. A high frequency of MTB-specific T-cells compatible with the immunodiagnosis of active pTB was detected among bronchoalveolar lavage cells using ELISPOT. Antituberculous therapy was initiated 18 days before MTB was discovered on sputum cultures.Detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosis-specific T-cells in the bronchoalveolar lavage using enzyme-linked immunospot assay is a promising tool for the diagnosis of active pulmonary tuberculosis in immunocompromised patients with negative acid-fast bacilli smears.
Cupin: A candidate molecular structure for the Nep1-like protein family
Authors: Cechin Adelmo L , Sinigaglia Marialva , Lemke Ney , Echeverrigaray Sérgio , Cabrera Odalys G , Pereira Gonçalo AG , Mombach José CM 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
NEP1-like proteins (NLPs) are a novel family of microbial elicitors of plant necrosis. Some NLPs induce a hypersensitive-like response in dicot plants though the basis for this response remains unclear. In addition, the spatial structure and the role of these highly conserved proteins are not known.

Results
We predict a 3d-structure for the β-rich section of the NLPs based on alignments, prediction tools and molecular dynamics. We calculated a consensus sequence from 42 NLPs proteins, predicted its secondary structure and obtained a high quality alignment of this structure and conserved residues with the two Cupin superfamily motifs. The conserved sequence GHRHDWE and several common residues, especially some conserved histidines, in NLPs match closely the two cupin motifs. Besides other common residues shared by dicot Auxin-Binding Proteins (ABPs) and NLPs, an additional conserved histidine found in all dicot ABPs was also found in all NLPs at the same position.

Conclusion
We propose that the necrosis inducing protein class belongs to the Cupin superfamily. Based on the 3d-structure, we are proposing some possible functions for the NLPs.
PCR-based gene synthesis to produce recombinant proteins for crystallization
Authors: Marsic Damien , Hughes Ronny C , Byrne-Steele Miranda L , Ng Joseph D 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Gene synthesis technologies are an important tool for structural biology projects, allowing increased protein expression through codon optimization and facilitating sequence alterations. Existing methods, however, can be complex and not always reproducible, prompting researchers to use commercial suppliers rather than synthesize genes themselves.

Results
A PCR-based gene synthesis method, referred to as SeqTBIO, is described to efficiently assemble the coding regions of two novel hyperthermophilic proteins, PAZ (Piwi/Argonaute/Zwille) domain, a siRNA-binding domain of an Argonaute protein homologue and a deletion mutant of a family A DNA polymerase (PolA). The gene synthesis procedure is based on sequential assembly such that homogeneous DNA products can be obtained after each synthesis step without extensive manipulation or purification requirements. Coupling the gene synthesis procedure to in vivo homologous recombination techniques allows efficient subcloning and site-directed mutagenesis for error correction. The recombinant proteins of PAZ and PolA were subsequently overexpressed in E. coli and used for protein crystallization. Crystals of both proteins were obtained and they were suitable for X-ray analysis.

Conclusion
We demonstrate, by using PAZ and PolA as examples, the feasibility of integrating the gene synthesis, error correction and subcloning techniques into a non-automated gene to crystal pipeline such that genes can be designed, synthesized and implemented for recombinant expression and protein crystallization.