bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Publicity and Privacy in the History of the British Coffeehouse
Authors: Cowan Brian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe continuing debates amongst early modern historians about the supposed rise of a public sphere have invigorated the history of the British coffeehouse. This article interrogates one central aspect of many histories of the coffeehouse – the presumption that there was a ‘golden age’ of British coffeehouse society in the later seventeenth and earlier eighteenth centuries which entered into a state of decline during the later eighteenth and nineteenth centuries – and finds it wanting. The article suggests that the history of the coffeehouse public sphere is better understood in terms of a transformation from an early modern ‘performative publicity’ to a Romantic style of public life which reflected changing notions of the relationship between the self and society that have been identified by cultural historians of the Romantic age. Rather than trying to identify the moment of its decline, historians should try to explain the continuing vitality of the coffeehouse, and by extension the coffeehouse public sphere, as they have evolved over the course of the last three and a half centuries.
Dissertation sur la Poësie Angloise (1717) A Note on the Presentation of English Literature in France
Authors: Silberbrandt Henning 
Published: June 2007

The following note deals with an aspect of the growing French awareness of England as a culturaI factor at the beginning of the 18th century.It is virtually impossible (and perhaps not very important) to establish exact dates for the beginnings of cross‐cultural relations and influences. It is possible, however, to trace an 18th‐century French interest in English literature back to a particular article of some sixty pages published by the Journal litttéire in 1717.It is argued that the article is remarkable in that it manages despite its status as a first attempt in this field to lay down the main outlines of a characteristic and widespread French attitude to English literature in the 18th century.It is further argued that an even more interesting aspect of the article is its status as an example of Neoclassicalaesthetic doctrines in action. It is finally argued that although the article in question can certainly be clas‐sified asa forerunner of parts of Voltaire's Lettres philosophiques, it would be a mistake to consider it only in this perspective.
Positivismuskritik und Milieutheorie (als Vorstufe des materialistischen Verfahrens) in der Literaturwissenschaft der deutschen Aufklärung
Authors: Leibfried/Gießen Erwin 
Published: June 2007

Die Arbeit interpretiert einen für die Methodik der Literaturwissenschaft relevanten programmatischen Aufsatz aus einer preussisch‐deutschen Aufklärungszeitschrift (1783). Gezeigt wird, daß schon für die Aufklärer des 18. Jahrhunderts das Problem des als Verengung angesehenen positivistischen Ansatzes bestand; ein an humanistischen Prinzipien sich ausrichtendes literaturanalytisches Verfahren sah hier die wesentlichen inhaltlichen Momente von Literatur vernachlässigt.Diese Momente ergeben sich einmal aus einer bestimmten Auffassung von Geschichte, in der sich die Position des gegenüber dem Adel stärker werdenden bürgerlichen Bewußtseins zeigt: Geschichte wird als Gewaltzusammenhang begriffen, der zu ändern wäre. Dann aus der These, daß Literatur von ihrem gesellschaftlichen Kontext im weitesten Sinn abhängt (dem ‘Milieu', aus dem sie entstand). Literaturwissenschaft habe diese Kontextabhängigkeit von Literatur in ihrer Deskription aufzuzeigen.
Standpunkt ‐ point of view ‐ point de vue
Authors: Gnutzmann Rita 
Published: June 2007

Auch wenn erst mit Henry James die Frage nach dem »point of view«, dem Standort des Erzählers in den Mittelpunkt der Diskussion rückte, so muss in Deutschland der »Objektivismusstreit« (Spielhagen gegen Hamburger) schon als direkter Vorläufer dazu angesehen werden. Bestimmend für Frankreich wurde die Arbeit von Jean Pouillon.Dieser Aufsatz versucht, die einzelnen Beiträge der drei wichtigsten Länder (Deutschland, Frankreich und die angelsächsische Welt, der sich Spanien anschliesst) vorzuführen. Das Ziel ist, eine gewisse Entwicklung aufzuzeigen (vom gehaltlich bestimmten Objektivismusstreit zur formalen Darstellung) und schliesslich die wichtigsten Termini und Theorien der einzelnen Länder miteinander zu vergleichen und aufzuzeigen, in welchen Punkten sie sich einander annähem oder wo sie zu keiner Übereinstimmung gelangen (z. B. Wahrnehmungsorte gegenüber Erzählertypen; das Erzählpronomen als unterscheidendes Merkmal, bzw. seine Ablehnung etc.). Durch Hinweis auf linguistische Arbeiten, auf die Rezeptionsästhetik und auf Kommunikationsmodelle sollen eventuell noch zu erwartende Beiträge angedeutet werden.
Physical Descriptions in the International Tales of Henry James
Authors: Barry P. T. 
Published: June 2007

The subtleties of Henry James's art have been much examined, but one aspect of his technique, at least in the early stages of his career, was strikingly simple and conventional: his physical descriptions of his characters are unambiguous indications of the basic moral polarities of the tales. The Americans in the early tales all belong to the same physical type, and the Europeans also share a common physique, which is in marked contrast to that of the Americans. These contrasts are maintained systematically from tale to tale, and often a thematic analogy between characters in different tales is reflected by common details in their descriptions.These points are established in an examination of physical descriptions in several early tales: A Passionate Pilgrim, The Madonna of the Future, Madame de Mauves, Four Meetings. An International Episode, and A Bundle of Letters.In the final pages of the essay it is demonstrated that this system of physical types is closely linked to James's deepest (and perhaps not fully articulated) feelings about Europe and America, and the suggestion is made that his physical descriptions of American characters hint at their deepest flaw ‐ a profound unease in the face of life.
The Aesthetics of Imperferction: Friedrich Schlegel's Romantic Subversion of Comedy
Authors: Leneaux Grant F. 
Published: June 2007

This study is the attempt to elucidate the modern perception of comedy by means of an analysis of the impact of the notion of the sublime on Romantic aesthetics. The early essays of Friedrich Schlegel provide a model example of the transition from a neoclassical adulation of antiquity to a strictly Romantic perception of art and reality. A central contention of this paper is that the rejection of the traditional division of drama into two mutually exclusive genres occurred during the rise of Romanticism and was constitutive to its development.Schlegel begins one of his earliest essays on classical Greek culture by asserting that “pure” comedy is the true touchstone of all aesthetic judgements and by condemning his contemporary dramatists because they mix the two dramatic genres. Yet Schlegel's own first definition of comedy is permeated with ambivalence. He asserts that comedy must actually humanize by ridiculing, it must produce aesthetic harmony out of ugliness. Schlegel is concerned with how “pure” comedy is possible since it of necessity must live from the “impurity” of its subject matter. Schlegel concludes the essay with extreme scepticism as to the very possibility of such comic purity and admits that a mixture of the tragic and the comic may after all produce a viable work of art. In ensuing essays Schlegel not only approves of the “tragicomedy” as an admissible work of literature, but even defends the grotesque as an essential element in Romantic aesthetics. The grotesque and the sublime become the encompassing poles of Romantic art.A careful analysis of the Kantian notion of the sublime provides a valuable key to explain the rise of the grotesque tragicomedy. While Kant can still see the sublime as an affirmation of man's dignity in the face of the enormity of the cosmos, modern comedy (e.g. Beckett's Godot) can be seen as the inversion of Kant, as the grotesque underside of man's purported sublimity.
Heinrich Böll: the Aesthetic of Bread ‐ the Communion of the Meal
Authors: Eben Michael C. 
Published: June 2007

The point of departure for this article is Heinrich Boll's view of “eine Asthetik des Brotes” in his Frankfurter Vorlesungen of 1964. This “aesthetic” is a focal point for both earlier and later writings and also reveals a severely critical yet well‐advised directive for humanity in general.The breaking of bread is not necessarily a holy sacrament in Böll's estimation of the dubious integrity of the Roman Catholic Church, but, perhaps more emphatically, a human sacrament of communion for all. Although the author's invective against Catholicism is often bitter, he is able to transform the traditional breaking of the bread and sharing of the cup into a more secularized beauty, a vision of a new society.The works situated during the WWII years demonstrate a hunger for physical and spiritual survival. The characters of these texts find sustenance in their daily pittance of food and further strength in breaking the little bread they have with others. Hence, it is the community of man which is the only sustained nourishment for the ravaged survivors of Germany.From the novels concerning the post‐war social and economic ambience in the West German Republic, this article will emphasize Böll's anxiety about yet another hunger ‐ a hunger inspired by greed and selfishness. The remarkable material growth which took place during the fifties and sixties has produced a people who no longer are able to essen with grace but fressen without concern for others. Theirs is a quest for individual wealth and possessions, while memories of the war and their own behaviour are either clouded or consciously retired.
Die Beziehungen Jens Baggesens zu Fichte
Authors: Fauteck Heinrich 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMan hat dem Verhältnis Baggesens zu Fichte bisher nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Dabei kommt ihm schon deshalb eine besondere Bedeutung zu, weil Baggesen die Bekanntschaft Fichtes zu einem Zeitpunkt machte, als dieser sich mühte, die Philosophie auf eine völlig neue Grundlage zu stellen. Als fast einziger unmittelbarer Zeuge hat er die »Wissenschaftslehre« gleichsam in statu nascendi kennengelernt. Seine ‐ weitgehend bisher nicht veröffentlichten ‐ Briefe und Aufzeichnungen sind für die Erforschung der Genese der »Wissenschaftslehre« von großem Wert.Er war von der Persönlichkeit Fichtes bis zuletzt und zunächst auch von seinem Werk außerordentlich beeindruckt, doch nach einigem Schwanken betrachtete er diesen neuen Idealismus mit zunehmender Skepsis. Zeit seines Lebens hat er sich immer wieder mit der »Wissenschaftslehre« auseinandergesetzt, deren epochale Bedeutung er sehr wohl erkannte, in deren Subjektivismus er aber eine falsche, gefährliche Tendenz erblickte.Von Anfang an war das Verhältnis von einer Ambivalenz bestimmt, die durch das unterschiedliche Naturell begründet ist, aber auch durch eine unterschiedliche Denkungsart, ein unterschiedliches Interesse. Insofern kann eine Untersuchung dieses Verhältnisses nicht nur zur Erhellung der Anfänge der Fichteschen Philosophie beitragen, sondern auch zum Verständnis Baggesens, seiner Philosophie, die ihren Motiven nach als der berechtigte Protest des natürlichen Bewußtseins gegen einen spekulativen Idealismus bewertet werden kann.
Mario und der Zauberer: The Narration of Seduction or the Seduction of Narration?
Authors: Leneaux Grant F. 
Published: June 2007

This article is an attempt to interpret a work of the great ironist, Thomas Mann, in the light of recent concerns with alleged “authoritarian” writing. Such critics as the late Roland Barthes and many advocates of reader theory have called to question traditionally accepted methods of literary persuasion. Such anxiety about coercive rhetoric became acute after the debacle of European fascism when a heinously effective propaganda was able to persuade entire nations to commit outrageous crimes against humanity. Peitho, the once revered Goddess of Persuasion for the Greeks, has become a wicked seductress for many contemporary language sceptics. It is within the context of such concerns with the nature of the persuasive powers of fiction that this article undertakes to analyse Mann's work on and of seduction: Mario und der Zauberer. My major contention is that it is not merely a literary work about fascism but, perhaps more significantly, a disclosure of the latent fascism in literature and all persuasive art.“The sole temple to Peitho is Language” Euripides
Stunting, underweight and wasting among Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS) scheme children aged 3–5 years of Chapra, Nadia District, West Bengal, India
Authors: Bose Kaushik , Biswas Sadaruddin , Bisai Samiran , Ganguli Sanjib , Khatun Argina , Mukhopadhyay Ashish , Bhadra Mithu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study investigated age and sex variations in height and weight, levels of stunting, underweight and wasting among 533 (254 boys; 279 girls) 3‐ to 5‐year‐old rural children of Bengalee ethnicity at 11 Integrated Child Development Services centres of Nadia District, West Bengal, India. Height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height < −2 z‐scores were used to evaluate stunting, underweight and wasting, respectively, following the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Guidelines. Results revealed that boys were significantly heavier than girls at age 3 years. Significant age differences existed in mean height and weight in both sexes. Mean z‐scores of height‐for‐age, weight‐for‐age and weight‐for‐height were lower than those of NCHS for both sexes at all ages. The overall (age and sex combined) rates of stunting, underweight and wasting were 23.9%, 31.0% and 9.4%, respectively. The rate of underweight and wasting was higher among girls (underweight = 35.1%, wasting = 12.2%) compared with boys (underweight = 26.5%, wasting = 6.3%). In general, the frequency of stunting increased with increasing age in both sexes. Based on the World Health Organization classification of severity of malnutrition, the overall prevalence of underweight was very high (≥30%). The prevalence rates of stunting (20–29%) and wasting (5–9%) were medium. In conclusion, the nutritional status of the subjects is unsatisfactory. There is scope for improvement in the form of enhanced supplementary nutrition.
Capture‐Zone Type Curves: A Tool for Aquifer Cleanup
Authors: Javandel Iraj , Tsang Chin‐Fu 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCurrently a common method of aquifer cleanup is to extract the polluted ground water and, after reducing the concentration of contaminants in the water below a certain level, the treated water is either injected back into the aquifer, or if it is environmentally and economically feasible, released to a surface‐water body. The proper design of such an operation is very important, both economically and environmentally. In this paper a method is developed which can assist in the determination of the optimum number of pumping wells, their rates of discharge and locations, such that further degradation of the aquifer is avoided. The complex potential theory has been used to derive the equations for the streamlines separating the capture zone of one, two, or more pumping wells from the rest of the aquifer, A series of capture‐zone type curves are presented which can be used as tools for the design of aquifer cleanup projects. The use of these type curves is shown by an hypothetical field case example.
Incredible Tale of Texasgulf Well 7 and Fracture Permeability, Paradox Basin, Utah
Authors: Huntoon Peter W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTNormal faults and associated extended joints form an extremely permeable zone in Pennsylvanian and Permian limestones and arkoscs along the crest of the Cane Creek salt growth anticline of southeastern Utah. These same rocks in unfaulted states comprise an extensive regional confining layer sequence.Fluids in the fault zone are sodium chloride/hydrogen sulfide brines which have bleached all permeable flow paths within the units. Bleaching patterns in outcrops reveal that circulation in the fault zone is largely restricted to the fault planes and nearby extended joints. Orthogonal joints within the fault zone are also bleached but to a lesser extent. In contrast, bleaching of all joints a short distance from the faults is rare. The highly anisotropic permeability distribution observed is characterized by maximum principal permeability tensors oriented parallel to the strike of the faults and minimum principal tensors perpendicular to the fault planes.The productive zone has a transmissivity considerably in excess of 10s gallons/day‐foot parallel to the strike of the faults. Fracture permeability is attributed to minute separations developed along faults and joints as the rocks containing them underwent extension perpendicular to the strike of the anticline. The causative extensional stress regime was imposed on the rocks as they were bent and stretched over the growing core of the anticline.The general conclusion of this article is that extensional tectonic regimes are ideally suited for imprinting fracture permeability on brittle rock sequences. Such fractures include extensional joints and high angle normal faults. Small offsets appear to favor development of porosity because surface irregularities in the fracture planes are not ground off thereby forcing the facing surfaces to separate, and gouge development is minimized.
Physiological and haematological findings and clinical observations in a model of acute systemic anaphylaxis inDirofilaria immitis‐sensitised cats
Authors: LITSTER A. , ATWELL R. 
Published: June 2007

ObjectiveThis study aims to understand the pathophysiology of anaphylaxis inDirofilaria immitis‐sensitised cats by analysing objective physiological and haematological measurements after challenge.DesignNineteen healthyD immitis‐ naïve cats were sensitised using weekly injections of aluminium hydroxide‐adjuvantedD immitisantigen, administered subcutaneously over 6 weeks. After sensitisation, cats (n = 16) were anaesthetised and challenged with intravenousD immitisantigen. A control group (n = 3) was sham‐challenged using intravenous sterile 0.9% saline. Systolic blood pressure (measured non‐invasively/indirectly), respiratory rate, degree of dyspnoea, blood O2saturation, expired CO2, and heart rate and were measured immediately before and at 10 to 15 min intervals after challenge until terminal apnoea occurred or euthanasia at 140 mins post‐challenge. Blood was collected for complete blood count immediately before and at 10, 20 and 35 mins after challenge. Clinical observations were recorded as they occurred.ResultsAntigen‐challenged cats were divided into two groups: acute (apnoea occurred within 25 mins of challenge) and subacute (breathing at 25 mins after challenge). In both groups, the degree of dyspnoea increased and blood O2saturation and blood pressure decreased. Respiratory rate increased in the subacute group. Expired CO2decreased in both Ag‐challenged and control groups. Haematocrit increased in the subacute group. Neutrophil count decreased in the acute group and platelet count decreased in the subacute group. Eosinophil count decreased in the subacute and control groups. Sustained dyspnoea and gastrointestinal signs were the most common clinical manifestations of anaphylaxis in the antigen‐challenged cats.ConclusionsIntravenous challenge withD immitisantigen in sensitised cats results in dyspnoea, hypoxaemia and systemic hypotension accompanied by haemoconcentration.
Assessment of producer conducted antemortem inspection of market pigs in Australia
Authors: JACKOWIAK J. , KIERMEIER A. , KOLEGA V. , MISSEN G. , REISER D. , POINTON AM 
Published: June 2007

Objective A field trial was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of on‐farm antemortem inspection performed by Australian pig producers in terms of proficiency in detecting unhealthy animals (suspects), the impact on food safety and animal welfare outcomes. Animals A total of 64 trial groups of market pigs (n = 10,703) were dispatched from 20 herds to three abattoirs in three states. Procedure All producers and abattoir antemortem inspectors were trained in antemortem inspection prior to the trial, using a standardised set of antemortem criteria. Study 1 consisted of three comparisons: on‐farm versus abattoir antemortem inspections on the same pigs, transport effects in suspect and normal pigs, and meat rejection and carcase disposition in suspect and normal pigs. Study 2 compared Salmonella spp. status of suspect and normal pigs. Studies 3 and 4 were conducted to assist the interpretation of the results of on‐farm versus abattoir inspection. Antemortem inspection results of three producers and one abattoir antemortem inspector were compared with those of a reference inspector (Gold Standard). Results Of the pigs examined, 2.12% (95% CI: [1.84%, 2.42%]) were classified as suspect at on‐farm antemortem inspection compared to only 0.14% at abattoir antemortem inspection. Forty one percent of pigs classified as suspect on‐farm had locomotor problems (arthritis, lameness and foot abscess). Compared to normal pigs, suspect pigs had a relative risk of 67.7 (P < 0.0001) of suffering transport injuries. Meat rejection amounted to the equivalent of 9.68% of suspect carcases, compared to the equivalent of 0.35% of normal carcases. The isolation of Salmonella species from caecal content from 20.9% of 67 suspect pigs and 18.8% of 133 control pigs (two matched healthy pigs from the same batch for each suspect pig) were not significantly different. When compared with the reference inspector on‐farm, three producers classified abnormalities in 2,495 pigs with high specificity (0.98), acceptable sensitivity (0.82) and kappa (0.57). Conclusions With training, producer sensitivity in antemortem inspection may be high and more proficient than abattoir antemortem inspection. Use of producer inspections may have benefits for animal welfare and chain efficiency, but not food safety.