bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of relative humidity on the permeability of toluene vapour through a multi‐layer coextruded film containing hydrophilic layers
Authors: Liu K. J. , Giacin J. R. , Hernandez R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of relative humidity on the diffusion of toluene vapour through a multi‐layer coextrusion film structure containing moisture sensitive hydrophilic barrier layers (nylon and EVAL) was evaluated. Two experimental test methods were employed. In Method I, the effect of relative humidity on the diffusion of toluene vapour was evaluated, where the test film was preconditioned to a fixed water activity prior to test. In Method II, the effect of water vapour as a co‐permeant was evaluated. Studies carried out by Method I showed the concentration dependency of the diffusion process and the importance of relative humidity on the diffusion of organic vapour through barrier structures. Water vapour was found to exhibit strong interactive effects with the moisture sensitive polymer layers of the laminate, which resulted in an increase in the diffusion of toluene vapour through the barrier structure. When the effect of water vapour as a co‐permeant was evaluated (Method II), the direction of permeation (i.e. surface exposed to high relative humidity and vapour concentration) markedly influenced the resultant barrier properties.
Assuring successful bonding to carton boards
Authors: Shires D. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper considers the factors that will influence successful adhesive bonding to carton‐boards. Although the paper assumes the use of carton‐board within the packaging industry, the majority of the arguments may be applied to other bonding applications.The commonest adhesive types used within the packaging industry for carton‐boards are PVA‐type emulsion and hot‐melts. Other adhesives used will include animal glues, starches and dextrines, acrylics etc. Although these adhesives vary considerably in properties they share the majority of requirements for successful bonding.The paper firstly considers bond structure and the basic modes of bond failure. It is surprising how often these are misunderstood or ignored when bonding problems occur. An inspection of the precise nature of a bond failure often suggests the cause of the problem, and at least eliminates a number of possible causes.The paper then discusses the properties required of boards, board surfaces (be they printed, varnished, coated or otherwise) and adhesives for the successful manufacture of bonds. Techniques for evaluating trial bond performance and, finally, the need for good 'housekeeping' are considered.
The unique convertibility of paperboard
Authors: Cavlin S. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough the tensile strength or bending stiffness of paperboard is high, in general the material possesses good fold, creasing or scoring properties. Both crease and fold resistance are surprisingly low, as is the rate of crack propagation along the deformation lines. The background to this characteristic is explained.It is shown experimentally that the folding resistance before and after creasing, MB and M' respectively, are strongly correlated with the (in plane) compression strength of the material, approximately according to MB ˜τBC · τ2 and M'/MB ˜ ϵBc, where t is the board thickness, τBC and ϵBc are the compression breaking stress and strain respectively.The strength in compression is several times lower than in tension, both in terms of stress and strain. Consequently, the manner in which the material yields, both in folding and in creasing fracture, originates from the compression regions, i.e. the concave parts of the deformation zone. The tension level at this time may only be 30–50% of its maximum. The breaking limit in tension is reached far later than in compression, and can effectively be ignored.Combined shear stresses (out of plane) of various magnitudes, applied during folding, do not change the relationships found. The material is insensitive to shear stress at least up to folding angles of 90°.Crack propagation along the cut, folded or creased lines is directly related to the in‐plane compression strength of the material, approximately according to l˜Lc−1(τBC/T87‐)2, where /is the crack length, τer is the tension breaking stress and τc‐1 is the brittleness characterized by the critical tensile span of the material, Lc.The rate of crack propagation is greatly reduced in comparison to materials with more equal compression and tension strength and can be as little as 75 or 90%, due to the actual strength ratio. Additionally, paperboard has a relatively high critical span length, Lc, of the same order as that of various synthetic fibre composites, which reduces crack propagation even further.It is necessary to keep the compression strength as low as possible in the development of paperboard; if compression strength needs to be raised, e.g. for end‐usability, tensile strength also needs to be increased, or brittleness reduced, at least in the outer layers of the material. If these adjustments are not made, the properties that make for good convertibility are degraded, according to the results presented.
Release of components from a plastic container during microwave heating
Authors: Dixon‐Anderson L , Hernandez R. J. , Gray I. , Harte B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA thermoformed, microwavable container made from a polypropylene/Saran®/polypropylene coextruded material was selected as the test container. Samples of the specimen were microwaved in sealed glass vials for periods ranging from 3 to 7 min. After heating, the head space of the vials was sampled and analysed.The microwaving process was carried out in an Amana Radarange® microwave oven on full power. Sample surface temperature as a function of microwaving time and the quantitative identification of volatile compounds released by the polymer during microwaving were determined. Five major components were detected and quantified in the head space of the vial using gas chromatography. The quantity of each component increased with increased microwaving time. Using mass spectrometry, the five components were identified; four were hydrocarbons and the fifth was butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT). Release of organic components during brief microwaving of polymers may be a near‐the‐surface phenomenon.
Browning and crisping theory: Could microwaves brown food?
Authors: Sheppard R. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is well known that the microwave oven has the ability to cook food quickly but unfortunately it tends not to produce the crisp and brown surface often required by the consumer. The present paper describes some of the scientific principles behind browning and crisping. The way in which microwaves cook food is explained and compared with the behaviour of the conventional oven.The paper concludes by considering the possibility that future microwave ovens could cook food with a brown and crisp surface similar to that achieved in the conventional oven.
Mechanical stresses on cargo during ground operations in air transport
Authors: Trost Thomas 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMechanical stresses from the shocks and vibrations to which air cargo is exposed during transport and handling at airports have been investigated. Field trials were carried out at Arlanda Airport, Stockholm, and John F. Kennedy Airport, New York.It was found that when products are transported in the airport area, they are exposed to much higher stresses than during actual flight. Especially severe conditions were registered during transport at John F. Kennedy Airport.Measured stresses are related to the ground and mode of driving within the airport area, as well as to location on the pallet wagon.Guidelines as regards design of realistic, simulating test programs for product and package design are reported.Future development possibilities and suggestions for further research within the area are discussed.
Folding ratio and erection of folding boxes under production conditions
Authors: Hohmann H. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bending ratio describes the technical quality of creased cartons. In comparison with the fold‐ratio of Grebe and Grohmann it has practical advantages, moreover it is physically clearly defined. The applicability of the bending ratio under production conditions has been tested by erecting experiments in a Rovema cartoning machine. The frequency of failure during the machine erecting tests and the bowing of the side walls of the boxes were compared with the bending ratio for different creased cartons. An optimum condition during the tests could be realized for a ratio of 0.6. It could be proved that the bending ratio is useful to describe the technical quality of crease of folding boxes.
The importance of the compression test procedure for plastic drums for dangerous goods
Authors: Andre P. , Veaux M. , Victor J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPackagings for the transport of dangerous goods are tested by four tests:‐ free fall, leakproofness, hydraulic pressure and stacking. However, the test procedures can be interpreted in different ways, particularly the stacking test. Some test authorities apply a guided load to the top of the package and others, including the LNE in France, use non‐guided loads.The objective of recent research carried out at LNE was to evaluate the risk (in terms of stack stability for dangerous goods packagings) if the stacking tests are performed with guided loads rather than non‐guided loads.The stacking tests were carried out on a limited number of plastic drums (200 of four types) submitted for qualification testing using the above four tests, with either guided or non‐guided loads. From the results we conclude that:

for the transport of dangerous goods of Danger Group I, the field of use is not altered when tested by either procedure.
with goods of Danger Groups II and III, the use of either procedure does not alter the position as far as transport is concerned. However, there is a risk in warehousing: the non‐guided procedure being preferred.
Stability criteria for column stacks
Authors: Löschau Gerhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractToday, column stacks in the warehouse usually consists of unit loads and are regarded generally as being sufficiently stable. But the stability of such stacks may vary according to the compression resistance of an individual unit or by the toppling stability of the complete column. To evaluate the stability of a given column, or to calculate the critical stack dimensions, different methods are described and compared on the basis of the elastic modulus in compression, the inclination angle of an individual unit under a central test load, or the natural frequency of a freely oscillating complete stack after a previous lateral deviation. This results in a variety of useful procedures to give an approximate estimate of the toppling stability of stacked unit loads and packages.
Knife‐edge life in packaging machinery for cross‐cutting plastic films
Authors: Hülsmann Th. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the cross‐cutting of plastic films, the edge life of knives ends when the cutting‐edge geometry in the transition zones is deformed to such an extent that a complete separation of the packaging material web is no longer possible. In nine long‐term tests under almost field conditions, those knife and machine parameters were investigated that determine the development of these zones. It is shown that longer knife‐edge lives can be obtained with high contact pressures, high angles of mesh, low dihedral angles and low cutting speeds. Lateral relative movements of the packaging material web proved to be a distinct improvement. The knife‐edge life criterion was determined by the presence of transitional zones of ‘wear’ at the extremes of the cutting zone. The quality of cutting edge and value of cutting pressures do not provide reliable information on the wearing condition of the knives.
Vibration simulation of transportation environment to predict failure in portable tanks
Authors: Singh S. Paul , Larson W. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to simulate transport vibrations and to develop a technique to evaluate the performance of chemical tanks that had been approved by existing US Department of Transportation test methods. The containers tested were six different types of portable tanks used to ship chemicals. The tanks had a capacity of 250–300 gallons (USA) and contained liquids with a specific gravity of 1.1–1.2. Fractures were seen in some of these tanks as a result of transportation. These were attributed to high vibration magnification factors developed during transport by truck. The bottom panels were stiffened by providing added thickness to the plate and also by welding the elbow to the bottom plate. This reduced the magnification factors and increased trip life.
Interaction between packaging materials and foods
Authors: Mannheim Chaim H. , Passy Nehama 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMost food products can interact to some degree with their packaging. Migration, permeation and absorption are the mechanisms that determine the extent of this interaction, which is affected by temperature, storage time and other environmental parameters.The major challenge facing food and packaging manufacturers is to ensure the wholesomeness and safety of their products, so that the package‐related factors, including chemical and physical integrity, will be controlled, ensuring that a safe product reaches the consumer in optimal condition.
Evaluations of abrasion resistance in transport packagings
Authors: Teshima Tadashi , Kawachi Yoshiteru , Kobayashi Kanehiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to examine the equivalency of package abrasion caused by loading and vibration during actual transport and that generated by laboratory vibration testing, the results of transport trials were compared with horizontal vibration tests in the laboratory using sample packages made of white corrugated f ibreboard printed with checkered patterns. The following results were obtained.(i) The relationship between the abrasion occurring in the transport trials and that generated in the horizontal vibration tests at an acceleration of 1 G is that the average transport trial is equivalent to a 5 min laboratory vibration test. The maximum abrasion found in the transport trials was almost equivalent to a vibration test performed for 20 min. Thus we conclude that a 20 min laboratory vibration test can be used as a reference for package abrasion in transport.(ii) The vibration variables of frequency and contact surface pressure were also analysed at a low horizontal vibration frequency, and an acceleration of 0.5 G (i.e. a high speed of rubbing). An abnormally high abrasion ratio was found with the high contact surface pressure.(iii) The average height and number of drops caused by handling during transport were: flat drops from 6 cm on nine occasions; edge drops from 20 cm on 12 occasions; and corner drops from 29 cm on three occasions. At heights over 30 cm, where damage to packages can be anticipated, three drops occurred, from 40 cm including a maximum drop of 72 cm. These levels can be considered as equivalent to Level III, a standard load, of the JIS X 0200 Distribution Classification.
Aseptic integrity and microhole determination of packages by gas leakage detection
Authors: Axelson Lena , Cavlin Sören 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn principle, an aseptic package should protect against any type of microbe penetration. It means that each microhole must be less than about 0.5μm in diameter. In practice this critical limit may be much higher, owing to various factors, and consequently a controlling system does not necessarily have to have such a sensitivity.Controlling systems based on gas leakage detection have been suggested. In this report the basic validity range of such systems, including either mass spectrometer detection or an infra‐red spectrometer, is analysed and various crucial factors are clarified as a basis for technical development.The actual control principle assumes that transmission of gases through the package originates only from microholes and cracks and that gas permeation through the packaging material is negligible.However, in practice the gas permeation may be considerable. For example, a package having a polyethylene (LDPE) barrier layer of 50μm in thickness has a gas permeation comparable to what is coming out through a pinhole of 10μm in diameter, and accordingly only much bigger microholes can be determined, with reference to calculations presented. If the barrier is improved by a Saran® layer (PVDC) of 25μm the gas permeation is still disturbing and only holes bigger than about 5μm in diameter may be detected. If instead the barrier is improved by an aluminium layer, gas permeation is negligible in most cases, and the basic principle of the gas leak detection systems is valid.Infra‐red spectrometer based systems theoretically need at least a test time of 0.5 min and in practice much more to detect a microhole of 10μm in diameter‐to collect a sufficient quantity of trace gas. Mass spectrometer based systems are in principle not testing time limited assuming a rapid enough vacuum pump can be arranged and that moisture interferences do not arise from the packaging material or from the packaged contents.Further, some aspects on the necessity of introduction a 100% control system, vis‐a‐ vis a statistical control system, are given in terms of producer's and consumer's risks. About 100 packagings/h must be tested at ordinary production speed (1000–3000 packagingslh−1) to check accepted quality levels of 0.1% defectives. At higher quality levels, i.e. less than 0.1% defectives, the sample size needed increases rapidly towards 100% of the total production.
Measurement of permeability for packaging films to d‐limonene vapour at low levels
Authors: Apostolopoulos Dimitrios , Winters Nick 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method that utilizes permeation cells in conjunction with gas chromatography was developed to measure permeation of d‐limonene vapour through packaging materials at very low gradient concentrations. The same method, when properly adjusted, can be used to determine the effect of temperature and relative humidity on permeation.The suitability of the method for its intended use was demonstrated by generating permeation data for polyester (Mylar) and oriented polypropylene (OPP) films at d‐limonene vapour concentration gradients as low as 0.54 ppm. The ability to measure permeability at such low concentration levels, where the permeability coefficient approaches a virtually constant value, is of considerable importance. The permeation behaviour of packaging materials at even lower concentrations, most typical of foods, can be obtained by extrapolation. Thus, flavour loss through the package and shelf‐life can be estimated in a more reliable manner.
Study of static cushioning properties and construction of a database for static cushioning properties
Authors: Teragishi Yoshiharu , Takada Toshio , Nogami Ryosuke 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rapid advance of computerization in industrial package design has led to a strong tendency toward CAD/CAM systems using personal computers for quick design and trial manufacturing.New tools based on a database of the cushioning properties of packaging materials will be needed for the design of package cushioning.Using a compression testing machine with computer control, an attempt has been made to construct such a database with registered characteristics for 47 samples of foamed polyethylene, foamed polypropylene and foamed polyethylene‐polystyrene.This database offers the following functions and is recorded on floppy disk:(i) calculation of static cushioning properties (value);(ii) print‐out of the computed results;(iii) drawing characteristic figures for designing package cushioning;(iv) indicating optimum value of static cushioning properties;(v) additional registration of new samples.
Effect of sampling method on the level of styrene monomer migrated from polystyrene packaging material
Authors: Linssen J. P. H. , Reitsma J. C. E. , Roozen J. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDifferent types of polystyrene packaging material were tested for styrene monomer migration into corn oil using three sampling methods: immersion sampling, vapour phase sampling and utilization of sampling cells. For high‐impact‐grade polystyrene, immersion sampling resulted in the highest level of migrated styrene monomer. Vapour phase sampling was of considerable interest, because migration was only slightly lower than with immersion sampling. Sampling cells gave the lowest levels of styrene monomer in oil. However, when clear crystal polystyrene was tested, little difference was found between the three sampling methods.
Microbiological quality of aseptic packaging and the effect of pin‐holes on sterility of aseptic products
Authors: Kamei Toshiro , Sato Jun , Nakai Yoshie , Natsume Akemi , Noda Katsuhiko 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe microbiological quality of aseptic packaging (the board for long‐life milk) was good and viable counts were under 50cfu per package. The percentage of defective samples that had viable microorganisms after 7–14 days of pre‐incubation was 54% (one pin‐hole) and 54% (ten pin‐holes) for coffee beverage packed in board B and 17% (one pin‐hole) and 17% (10 pin‐holes) for milk packed in board A. The differences in the percentage of defective samples between milk and coffee beverage and between board A and board B were significant, but no difference was observed between one and ten pin‐holes. An increase in fat content or a decrease in protein content increased the permeation of milk components through the pin‐holes. The microorganisms isolated from the products with artificial pin‐holes were f actobacillus sp. (52%), Streptococcus sp. (48 %) and Enterobacteriaceae (34%).
System for cushion design and testing
Authors: Chapman Ray , Trost Thomas , Cavlin SöRen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA computerized system for cushion design, including material testing is presented. The system attempts to expand on the shortfalls of other cushion design programs available at present by allowing the input of data on protrusions (small parts protruding from the major surface) and more latitude on the design of cushion systems.The system is most useful when the product is a regular six‐sided polygon, but it can be used also with non‐symmetrical products. It can be used to specify cushioning based on encapsulation, end caps, corner pads or face pads.
Comment—a note on expert systems packaging expertise on a disk
Authors: Twede Diana , Helferich Omar Keith , Young Steve 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany packaging decisions are routine, but require a high level of expertise. The research described in this paper explores the use of expert systems for automating routine package development tasks. It begins with a general discussion of expert systems and outlines some feasible packaging applications in design, prediction, problem diagnosis, and management control. A PC‐based prototype system is described, which is composed of six modules related to the following tasks: performance requirements, packaging solutions, testing specifications, testing results analysis, vendor specifications and procurement.