bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting the potential distribution of plant species in an alpine environment
Authors: Guisan Antoine , Theurillat Jean‐Paul , Kienast Felix 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The relationships between the distribution of alpine species and selected environmental variables are investigated by using two types of generalized linear models (GLMs) in a limited study area in the Valais region (Switzerland). The empirical relationships are used in a predictive sense to mimic the potential abundances of alpine species over a regular grid. Here, we present the results for the alpine sedge Carex curvula ssp. curvula. The modelling approach consists of (1) a binomial GLM, including only the mean annual temperature as explanatory variable, which is adjusted to species presence/absence data in the entire study area; (2) a logistic model restricted to stands occurring within the a priori defined temperature range for the species ‐ which allows ordinal abundance data to be adjusted; (3) the two species‐response functions combined in a GIS to generate a map of the species' potential abundance in the study area; (4) model predictions filtered by the classes of the qualitative variables under which the species never occur.Such a stratified approach used to better fit the variability within the optimal altitudinal zone for the species. Removing stand descriptions from altitudes too high or too low, where the species is unlikely to occur, enhances the global modelling performance by allowing the identification of important environmental variables only retained in the second model.The model evaluation is finally carried out with the γ‐measure of association in an ordinal contingency table. It shows that abundance is satisfactorily predicted for C. curvula.
Long‐term growth dynamics of natural forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan
Authors: Umeki Kiyoshi , Kikuzawa Kihachiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The long‐term growth dynamics of natural forest stands on the island of Hokkaido were described on the basis of an analysis of data from 38 permanent plots spanning 15–22 yr. Stand structure was characterized by basal area, stem density and tree size variability. To detect trends in stand structure, regression models for recruitment rate (per ha per yr), mortality rate and the rate of change in stem density and tree size variability were developed by a stepwise method using initial basal area, stem density, tree size variability, species composition summarized by LNMDS ordination, altitude, annual mean temperature, annual precipitation, type of understorey vegetation, topography and slope aspect as candidates for predictor variables. The same analyses were conducted for basal area increment (net growth) and its components: survivor growth = basal area gain by growth of surviving individuals and mortality = basal area loss by death of individuals.Stem density remained generally unchanged; recruitment was relatively low even in very sparse stands. Stand basal area generally increased as survivor growth was approximately double the mortality.Recruitment rate was strongly affected by the presence of dwarf bamboo (Sasa spp.) vegetation on the forest floor which inhibited tree regeneration. Mortality rate was density‐dependent; dense stands had higher mortality than sparse stands. Density change rate (recruitment rate ‐ mortality rate) was, therefore, determined by both the type of understorey vegetation and stem density. Survivor growth was high in stands with high stem density and basal area. Mortality was dependent on basal area and altitude. Net basal area increment (net growth) was dependent only on stem density with other factors that influenced survivor growth and mortality omitted. Tree size variability decreased in stands with high tree size variability whereas it increased in stands with low size variability. Based on the obtained models for density change rate and net basal area increment, trajectories of stands were illustrated on a log‐log diagram of stem density and basal area. The predicted differences in trajectories as affected by the understorey vegetation type indicated the importance of dwarf bamboo vegetation for forest dynamics on Hokkaido.
Long‐term control of species abundances in a dry grassland: a spatially explicit model
Authors: Winkler Eckart , Klotz Stefan 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The long‐term spatio‐temporal dynamics of a sparse dry‐grassland community (Thymo‐Festucetum) is investigated by a spatially explicit individual‐based simulation model and by analytical model equations. The community (investigated over 15 yr in permanent plots) is characterized by a permanently low cover (30–50 %), mainly of the perennial tuft grass Festuca cinerea. Seedling establishment and the fate of juveniles are strongly dependent on weather conditions. The simulation programme focuses on the mechanism of clonal growth of grasses and the reproduction of tufts by fragmentation. Questions answered by the modelling approach were (1) which life‐history features of the species are responsible for their persistence and for the low vegetation cover of the community and (2) what are the main mechanisms of species interactions.Different sets of simulation runs, together with the evaluation of the analytical models, show: (1) long‐term persistence of the main species is possible only by a combination of sexual and clonal reproduction; the low cover is due to low germination rate, low mortality and limited growth of tufts; (2) the intra and interspecific control of the community is performed mainly via a reduction by already established individuals; (3) persistence of uncommon species relies on a diaspore buffer in, or around, the community (‘spatial mass effect’).
Plant species as indicators of ancient woodland in northwestern Germany
Authors: Wulf Monika 
Published: May 2006

Abstract. 315 isolated semi‐natural and natural stands in NW Germany were investigated floristically, 285 stands of ancient woodlands and 30 recent ones. In the study area nearly all semi‐natural and natural ancient woodlands are found on mesotrophic or eutrophic sites and can be assigned to the Fagetalia. 54 selected herbaceous and five woody Fagetalia‐species have been tested in their association to ancient woodlands. 21 of the 59 selected plant species show a highly significant association to ancient woodlands and seven species show a weak significance. 31 plant species are not significantly correlated with ancient woodland sites, but 25 of them have a low frequency. The result shows that investigations of the historical ecology can help to understand floristic composition of present‐day woodlands.Restriction of many woodland species to ancient woodlands, especially rare species, emphasizes the importance of woodlands with a long continuous history for the preservation of endangered species. Irrespective of ecological conditions, the restriction of plant species to ancient woodlands seems to be mainly caused by their low ability to colonize recent woodlands, especially isolated stands. Differences in the association to ancient woodlands between European countries are assumed to be a function of both time and degree of isolation of woodlands, of the dispersal mode of the plant species and of the availability of suitable habitats.
Implicating the demos: a reading of Thucydides on the rise of the Four Hundred
Authors: Taylor Martha C. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn the midst of his account of the events, Thucydides says that it was difficult to switch Athens from democracy to the oligarchic rule of the Four Hundred (8.68.4). Most modern scholars have agreed, viewing the rise of the Four Hundred primarily as a coup effected by violence, terror and deceit. This interpretation does not conform to Thucydides' narrative (8.47-70), however, which shows that it was not very hard to end the Athenian democracy. Although terror, violence and propaganda have their place in Thucydides' account, modern treatments overemphasize them and so ignore or gloss over Thucydides' charge that the Athenian people did not resist oligarchy very strenuously and so bear a large share of responsibility for it. In Thucydides' narrative Peisander et al. are open about plans for oligarchy (if not for the extremely limited oligarchy that they eventually put in place at Kolonos) both on Samos and in Athens, and meet little resistance from democratic supporters. In addition, Thucydides' rhetoric repeatedly mutes what resistance there is, as if to underscore its weakness. Thucydides' Athenians for the most part quickly and easily abandon their democracy. There was a ‘terror’ campaign, but its scope, effect and need has been exaggerated. In particular, there is no reason to think that the location of the Kolonos meeting – where the Athenians voted the limited oligarchy of the Four Hundred into power – terrified them into doing so. Thucydides' comment on the difficulty of the task of the Four Hundred is ironic. There is a jarring contrast between Thucydides' judgement and his narrative which, when recognized, compels readers to re-examine their own assumptions and expectations. The attention modern commentators have given to Thucydides' words about intimidation and propaganda have left them deaf to the other interesting story Thucydides has to tell about the role the Athenian demos played in the move to oligarchy.
Mycenaean centaurs at Ugarit
Authors: Shear Ione Mylonas 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe identification of two Mycenaean terracotta centaurs from the excavations at Ras Shamra-Ugarit suggests a Bronze Age origin for the centaurs known from the historic periods of Greece. The Mycenaean centaurs from Ras Shamra-Ugarit are compared to the later examples from the Greek mainland. No continuous artistic tradition can be identified among the preserved examples. Since writing ceased to be used in Greece in the Iron Age and no artistic trend connecting the different representations of centaurs can be seen, it is suggested here that the concept of centaurs was transmitted by way of the oral tradition.
The Impact of the Lambda Calculus in Logic and Computer Science
Authors: Barendregt Henk 
Published: May 2006

AbstractOne of the most important contributions of A. Church to logic is his invention of the lambda calculus. We present the genesis of this theory and its two major areas of application: the representation of computations and the resulting functional programming languages on the one hand and the representation of reasoning and the resulting systems of computer mathematics on the other hand.
A Basis Theorem for Perfect Sets
Authors: Groszek Marcia J. , Slaman Theodore A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe show that if there is a nonconstructible real, then every perfect set has a nonconstructible element, answering a question of K. Prikry. This is a specific instance of a more general theorem giving a sufficient condition on a pair M ⊂ N of models of set theory implying that every perfect set in N has an element in N which is not in M.
Combinatorics with Definable Sets: Euler Characteristics and Grothendieck Rings
Authors: Krajíček Jan , Scanlon Thomas 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe recall the notions of weak and strong Euler characteristics on a first order structure and make explicit the notion of a Grothendieck ring of a structure. We define partially ordered Euler characteristic and Grothendieck ring and give a characterization of structures that have non-trivial partially ordered Grothendieck ring. We give a generalization of counting functions to locally finite structures, and use the construction to show that the Grothendieck ring of the complex numbers contains as a subring the ring of integer polynomials in continuum many variables. We prove the existence of a universal strong Euler characteristic on a structure. We investigate the dependence of the Grothendieck ring on the theory of the structure and give a few counter-examples. Finally, we relate some open problems and independence results in bounded arithmetic to properties of particular Grothendieck rings.
The Logic of Bunched Implications
Authors: O'Hearn Peter W. , Pym David J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe introduce a logicBIin which a multiplicative (or linear) and an additive (or intuitionistic) implication live side-by-side. The propositional version ofBIarises from an analysis of the proof-theoretic relationship between conjunction and implication; it can be viewed as a merging of intuitionistic logic and multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic. The naturality ofBIcan be seen categorically: models of propositionalBI's proofs are given by bicartesian doubly closed categories, i.e., categories which freely combine the semantics of propositional intuitionistic logic and propositional multiplicative intuitionistic linear logic. The predicate version ofBIincludes, in addition to standard additive quantifiers, multiplicative (or intensional) quantifiersandwhich arise from observing restrictions on structural rules on the level of terms as well as propositions. We discuss computational interpretations, based on sharing, at both the propositional and predicate levels.
Singular Cardinals and the PCF Theory
Authors: Jech Thomas 
Published: May 2006

§1. Introduction. Among the most remarkable discoveries in set theory in the last quarter century is the rich structure of the arithmetic of singular cardinals, and its deep relationship to large cardinals. The problem of finding a complete set of rules describing the behavior of the continuum function 2ℵαfor singular ℵα's, known as theSingular Cardinals Problem, has been attacked by many different techniques, involving forcing, large cardinals, inner models, and various combinatorial methods. The work on the singular cardinals problem has led to many often surprising results, culminating in a beautiful theory of Saharon Shelah called the pcf theory (“pcf” stands for “possible cofinalities”). The most striking result to date states that if 2ℵn< ℵωfor everyn= 0, 1, 2, …, then 2ℵω< ℵω4.In this paper we present a brief history of the singular cardinals problem, the present knowledge, and an introduction into Shelah's pcf theory. In Sections 2, 3 and 4 we introduce the reader to cardinal arithmetic and to the singular cardinals problems. Sections 5, 6, 7 and 8 describe the main results and methods of the last 25 years and explain the role of large cardinals in the singular cardinals problem. In Section 9 we present an outline of the pcf theory.§2. The arithmetic of cardinal numbers. Cardinal numbers were introduced by Cantor in the late 19th century and problems arising from investigations of rules of arithmetic of cardinal numbers led to the birth of set theory. The operations of addition, multiplication and exponentiation of infinite cardinal numbers are a natural generalization of such operations on integers. Addition and multiplication of infinite cardinals turns out to be simple: when at least one of the numbersκ,λis infinite then bothκ+λandκ·λare equal to max {κ,λ}. In contrast with + and ·, exponentiation presents fundamental problems. In the simplest nontrivial case, 2κrepresents the cardinal number of the power setP(κ), the set of all subsets ofκ. (Here we adopt the usual convention of set theory that the numberκis identified with a set of cardinalityκ, namely the set of all ordinal numbers smaller thanκ.
Almost Everywhere Equivalence of Logics in Finite Model Theory
Authors: Hella Lauri , Kolaitis Phokion G. , Luosto Kerkko 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe introduce a new framework for classifying logics on finite structures and studying their expressive power. This framework is based on the concept ofalmost everywhere equivalence of logics, that is to say, two logics having the same expressive power on a class of asymptotic measure 1. More precisely, ifL, L′are two logics andμis an asymptotic measure on finite structures, thenL≡a.e.L′(μ) means that there is a classCof finite structures withμ(C)= 1 and such thatLandL′define the same queries onC. We carry out a systematic investigation of ≡a.e.with respect to the uniform measure and analyze the ≡a.e.-equivalence classes of several logics that have been studied extensively in finite model theory. Moreover, we explore connections with descriptive complexity theory and examine the status of certain classical results of model theory in the context of this new framework.
Remarks on Aeschylus Agam. 1172
Authors: Paley F. A. 
Published: May 2006

In the last number of the Journal of Hellenic Studies (p. 175) Mr. John B. Bury advocates the emended reading of the corrupt verse 1172 of the Agamemnon,ἐγὼ δὲ θϵρμὸν οὖς τάχ' ἐν πέδῳ βαλῶ.He does not exactly explain this (in my opinion it is inexplicable), but he says θϵρμῷ in 1278 seems to prove that θϵρμὸν is right in 1172. But θϵρμῷ refers to shedding the warm lifeblood, while θϵρμὸν οὖς, if I understand Mr. Bury aright, means an inspired or prophetic ear—‘an ear that used to listen to the utterances of the victims.’ Between the literal and the figurative senses there is no resemblance at all.
Notes on a Tour in Asia Minor
Authors: Smith A. H. 
Published: May 2006

In the summer of 1884 I was permitted to accompany Professor Ramsay on his journey in Asia Minor, assisted by the Senate of the University of Cambridge with a grant from the Worts Fund. To my great regret, however, a fever compelled me to return home after spending only two months in the country, during which time I had been a novice in the various arts required for scientific travel. Hence, therefore, so far as my personal share in the expedition is concerned, the results obtained are limited both in number and in value. Such as they are, they are embodied in the following pages, and in the accompanying map; I have also introduced matter, as will be seen by the references, of which the credit belongs entirely to Professor Ramsay.It will be seen from a study of the map, that our route during the part of the journey to be discussed in these pages, lay in the upper valley of the Maeander, with its tributary the Karasu (Morsynus); in the upper valley of the Gerenis Tchai (Indus); in the valleys of the Gebren Tchai and of the Istanoz Tchai, and in the district west of the Lake of Buldur. As regards the political divisions, it lay in the border lands of Caria, Phrygia, and Pisidia. The whole journey occupied about five weeks, as we left the railway at Kuyujak on May 28, and rejoined it near Denisli on July 5.
Vases Representing the Judgment of Paris
Authors: Harrison Jane E. 
Published: May 2006

With reference to the plate and the amphora with representations of the Judgment of Paris, published in the last number of the Journal, Professor Milani, Director of the Museo Greco Etrusco at Florence, kindly sends me the following note:—‘Il piatto fu di me acquistato pel Museo di Firenze insieme con tutta la collezione Spannochio Sergardi di Cortona e so esattemente di esso proviene dagli scavi fatti presso l' ipogeo di Camucie. Riguardo all'anfora, essa entrò nel Museo insieme con molti altri vasi a f. n. (corinzi ed attici arcaici) e vasi di bucchero trovati dieci o dodeci anni or sono alle Pescie Romana.’
On an Archaic Earring
Authors: Edwards Amelia B. 
Published: May 2006

The ornament here engraved is said to have been found at Athens in 1874, and to have come from a site then in course of excavation at the back of the Parthenon. Whatever the circumstances of its discovery—and they are confessedly somewhat obscure—the object is in itself not only very interesting from an archaeological point of view, but (I add this on the authority of Mr. C. T. Newton) it is also unique.Wrought of pure gold very rich in colour, the earring measures, from the wire which passed through the lobe of the ear to the bottom of the pendant, two inches and a quarter. It consists of two parts; namely, the earring proper, which is shaped after an antique pattern much in favour for fibulæ, and an oblong plate, or pendant, on which is represented, side by side, a pair of female figures beaten out in relief.
Early Greek Vases and African Colonies
Authors: Gardner Ernest Arthur 
Published: May 2006

Under the above title are included a few remarks upon certain classes of early Greek vases which have been, rightly or wrongly, associated with Naucratis or other Greek colonies in the north-west of Africa. If some parts of the discussions which follow are somewhat controversial in tone, I can only plead the nature of the subject in excuse.A familiarity with the vase-fragments from Naucratis such as could only be gained by handling them and examining them repeatedly has induced me to distinguish with some confidence classes of vases that were made at Naucratis from those that were not: and I therefore wish to correct or confirm certain views that have been expressed upon this question before they pass into handbooks as accepted facts.
A Sepulchral Relief from Tarentum
Authors: Gardner Percy 
Published: May 2006

The tablet which is the primary subject of the present paper, and which is depicted on the accompanying plate, has been for forty years in the British Museum, having been presented in 1845 by Mr. W. R. Hamilton, the secretary of Lord Elgin. It consists of a slab of close-grained white marble of oblong form 2 feet 9 inches in length and 1 foot 10½ inches in height in the middle where it is broadest. The right upper corner is restored. The tablet was evidently made to let into a wall; the back is rough-hewn, and at the top is a small oblong hole for a peg.The inscription beneath the relief is obviously modern. It reads Aesculapio Tarentino Salenius Arcas, in letters which seem to date from the early part of the present century; apparently it was inserted by some person who considered the relief to represent Aesculapius, wrongly, beyond a doubt. But it is yet of some value as suggesting that the monument was found at Tarentum, and this is on all accounts probable.
Illustrations to Bacchylides
Authors: Smith A. H. 
Published: May 2006

The Editors of this Journal have reason to think that a considerable body of its readers will be glad to be furnished with reproductions of the monuments, mainly vase paintings, that are discussed in connexion with Bacchylides. Even those to whom the published illustrations are readily accessible will probably find it convenient to have them brought together for reference, in a collection made from this point of view.III. The story of Croesus.—In the story as told by Bacchylides, Croesus voluntarily ascends his pyre, with wife and daughters; he invokes the gods, and more especially Apollo; he orders the pyre to be kindled; Zeus extinguishes the flames, and Apollo takes Croesus and his children to the land of the Hyperboreans. According to Herodotus, Croesus with his companions is placed on the pyre by order of Cyrus. After Cyrus has changed his mind, and his servants have made ineffectual attempts to extinguish the pyre, Croesus invokes Apollo, who extinguishes the flames. Fig. 1 shows the well-known vase in the Louvre, representing the subject. It had already been interpreted, before the discovery of Bacchylides, as evidence of an alternative version of the story, in which the sacrifice was voluntary. Croesus sits enthroned, and makes a solemn libation, while an attendant Euthymos is busy with the pyre. Some of the commentators interpret the objects that he holds as torches, but they are quite unlike torches, as usually represented (cf. J.H.S. xi. Pl. 6), and resemble more nearly the whisks for sprinkling lustral water. If this is the correct interpretation their use further emphasises the ceremonial character of the scene.