bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Too Few Cooks Spoil the Broth: Division of Labor and Directed Production
Authors: Ratto Marisa , Schnedler Wendelin 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
How can a manager influence workers' activity, while knowing little about it? This paper examines a situation where production requires several tasks, and the manager wants to direct production to achieve a preferred allocation of effort across tasks. However, the effort that is required for each task cannot be observed, and the production result is the only indicator of worker activity. This paper illustrates that in this situation, the manager cannot implement the preferred allocation with a single worker. On the other hand, the manager is able to implement the preferred allocation by inducing a game among several workers. Gains to workers from collusion may be eliminated by an ability-dependent, but potentially inefficient, task assignment. These findings provide a new explanation for the division of labor, and bureaucratic features such as ``over"-specialization and ``wrong" task allocation.
The Internet and the Market for Daily Newspapers
Authors: George Lisa M 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A growing literature documents that electronic media draw consumers from traditional media markets. Less work examines how the internet has altered the audience for traditional media. Using zipcode-level newspaper circulation and market-level internet penetration, this paper provides evidence that the internet differentially attracts younger, educated, urban individuals away from daily newspapers. Greater internet penetration is associated with higher newspaper circulation among blacks and Hispanics, who thus far are less likely to connect. Evidence suggests the spread of the internet is also associated with changes in newspaper coverage, with greater emphasis on minorities, education, crime and investigative reporting.
The Employment Effects of Mergers in a Declining Industry: The Case of South African Gold Mining
Authors: Behar Alberto , Hodge James 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
With data from the South African gold mining industry, we find evidence consistent with theories that mergers and acquisitions allow for the shedding of excess labor. Mergers are arguably exogenous in our sample, while an industry in decline can provide a good setting for testing the theories. The data clearly portray rises in real wages and falling employment after the end of apartheid. We find evidence of a significant negative effect of mergers/acquisitions on employment. The magnitude is similar to the effect in Continental Europe and larger than the effect in the United States. This supports the view that negative employment impacts are more likely in rigid labor markets.
Environmental Policy and Uncertain Arrival of Future Abatement Technology
Authors: von Döllen Andreas , Requate Till 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
We study long-term incentives for regulated polluting firms to invest in advanced abatement technologies when some new technology is available but even better technology is expected for the future. Firms can invest only once. We find that, depending on the cost of adoption, all possible investment patterns can occur in social optimum. Further, a regulator who anticipates the arrival of the new technology can decentralize the socially optimal allocations by announcing either a Pigouvian tax or tradable permits and by setting ex post optimal policy levels after firms have invested.
Discrimination as a Competitive Device: The Case of Local Television News
Authors: Myers Caitlin Knowles 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Previous studies of discrimination have explored the role that customer prejudice may play in lowering the marginal revenue product of minority employees and, hence, lowering their equilibrium wages. I observe that variation in these types of customer preferences creates an incentive for firms to respond strategically by engaging in product differentiation via the characteristics of their employees. Analysis of data collected for local television news stations supports the predictions of this model of "competitive discrimination." There is a negative correlation between the racial, gender, and age compositions of competing news stations. Moreover, Nielsen ratings for station broadcasts indicate that viewers of stations with more black employees are less discriminatory than viewers of stations with fewer blacks. A similar result is found when examining the age and gender composition of employees.
Predicting Resource Policy Outcomes via Meta-Regression: Data Space, Model Space, and the Quest for 'Optimal Scope'
Authors: Moeltner Klaus , Rosenberger Randall S 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Resource-managing agencies are increasingly relying on secondary data to predict economic benefits for planned policy interventions. This `transfer of benefits' is often based on a quantitative synthesis of aggregate results for similar past interventions via Meta-Regression Models. However, this approach is generally plagued by the paucity of available studies and related small sample problems. A broadening of scope of the Meta-Regression Model by adding data from ``related, yet different" contexts or activities may circumvent these issues, but may not necessarily enhance the efficiency of transfer functions if the different contexts do not share policy-relevant parameters. We illustrate how different combinations of contexts can be interpreted as `data spaces' which can then be explored for the most promising transfer function using Bayesian Model Search techniques. Our results indicate that model-averaged benefit predictions for scope-augmented data spaces can be more robust and efficient than those flowing from the baseline context and data.
Young children's detection and decoding of ironic intonation
Authors: Rattray Catherine , Tolmie Andrew 
Published: August 2008

Young children's detection and decoding of ironic intonation
Two studies examined 3- and 4-year-olds' ability to follow the mental ‘sub-text’ of conversations employing ironic intonation. In Study 1, children were asked what a confederate thought was inside a tin, following an exchange in which she saw (joke conditions) or did not see (lie conditions) the contents (a stone) and heard these referred to in neutral or ironic tone as a cake. Study 2 repeated the joke conditions, with the confederate touching the stone. Amongst 4-year-olds, intonation was found to trigger complex assessment of the information available to the confederate, whilst 3-year-olds appeared confused. The data suggest that ability to track the belief implications of conversations is underpinned by substantial improvements in working memory between 3 and 4 years.
Nonsupercritical synthesis of microporous gels
Authors: Pollini M. , Sannino A. , Maffezzoli A. , Licciulli A. , Nicolais L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this work, the development of microporous gels using a novel degradation process not involving supercritical fluids is proposed. Photosensitive organic–inorganic hybrid sols in an alcoholic solution based on TEOS and an organic modified alcoxysilane were gelled by photopolymerization, and then dried at ambient pressure before sintering at 550°C. The result was a microporous gel with porosity higher than 90%. Chemical, physical, thermal, and mechanical characterizations were carried out on the microporous gel obtained by the nonsupercritical drying procedure. These results demonstrated the physical properties comparable with those of aerogels obtained by supercritical drying can be obtained. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and morphology of carboxylated polyether‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane and the supermolecule self‐assembled from it
Authors: An Qiufeng , Yang Gang , Wang Qianjin , Huang Liangxian 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn this research, hydroxyl‐terminated polyether‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane (PESO) was synthesized as an intermediate through the hydrosilylation of SiH‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane with allyl polyoxyethylene polyoxypropylene ether. Then, carboxylated polyether‐block‐polydimethylsiloxane (CPES) was prepared through the reaction of maleic anhydride with PESO. First, the chemical structures of the synthesized polysiloxanes were characterized with IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy, and then the film morphology of CPES and the supermolecule self‐assembled from CPES and N‐β‐aminoethyl‐γ‐aminopropyl polydimethylsiloxane (ASO‐1) was investigated by atomic force microscopy in detail. Experimental results indicated that the superpolysiloxane that self‐assembled from CPES and ASO‐1 showed a film morphology very different from those of CPES and ASO‐1. There were not only many small, bright dots but also some big and marvelous dots circled by dots on the film surface. The morphology of dots circled by dots was estimated to result from aggregates of CPES micelles adsorbed onto the curled ASO‐1 molecule interface. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation, structural elucidation, molecular weight determination, and molecular recognition of first‐ and second‐tier dendrimer molecules
Authors: Singh Man , Yadav Dolly , Yadav Rajesh K. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract1,3,5‐Triglyceratetriazine [first tier (G1)] and tri(1,3,5‐triglycerate) triazine [second tier (G2)] dendrimers were prepared with 1,3,5‐trichlorotriazine and sodium glycerate in a 1 : 3 mass ratio in an ethanolic medium.G1 and G2 were amorphous, white, solid substances. Their structures were elucidated with IR, 1H‐NMR, and 13C‐NMR, and their thermal stability was studied with thermogravimetric analysis. The activation energy was calculated with the Freeman–Carroll model. Densities, viscosities, and surface tensions for 0.01–0.08 mol/kg aqueous solutions increased at 0.01 mol/kg for sodium glycerate, 1,3,5‐trichlorotriazine, 1,3,5‐triazine triglycerate chloride, G1, and G2. These values were measured at 298.15 K. The apparent molal volume, reduced viscosity, and inherent viscosity were calculated from the densities and viscosities, respectively. The data were regressed for the limiting densities, limiting apparent molal volumes, intrinsic viscosities, limiting inherent viscosities, and limiting surface tensions for solute–solvent interactions. The positive limiting apparent molal volume values were noted in the order of G2 > 1,3,5‐triazine triglycerate chloride > G1 > 1,3,5‐trichlorotriazine > sodium glycerate, with weaker hydrophilic intermolecular interactions of G2. The higher intrinsic viscosity and limiting inherent viscosity values for G2 implied stronger G2–H2O hydrophilic interactions, and the higher limiting apparent molal volume of G2 indicated slightly higher dynamic conformational changes in comparison with G1, with stronger structural activities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Group phantasy: its place in the psychology of genocide
Authors: Glass James M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper explores the leading role that ideas and beliefs can play in the formation of groups and their political action, with particular reference to the psychology of groups and movements involved in genocide. The paper asserts the notion of the Idea as leader; thus moving away from Freud's more limited notion in “Group Psychology and the Analysis of the Ego” of the leader as a person, a charismatic figure generating feelings of love and attachment. Alluding to the work of Bion, Neri and Anzieu, the paper examines the political and psychological significance – the willed quality – of group phantasy in group‐initiated mass murder, from Nazi genocide to the ideology of radical Islamic terrorism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The “strong leadership” of George W. Bush
Authors: Greenstein Fred I. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper further explores the phenomenon of the “strong leader” by presenting an account of President George W. Bush, whose early conduct in the White House seemed far from strong, but who rose to the challenge of the terrorist attacks on the US of September 11, 2001 and began to preside with authority and assertiveness over an administration that went to great lengths to put its stamp on the national and international policy agendas, but was intensely controversial in the policies it advanced. The paper provides a three dimensional account of Bush, reviewing his early years, political rise and presidential performance, and then analyzes his leadership style in terms of six criteria that have proven useful for characterizing and assessing earlier chief executives – emotional intelligence, cognitive style, effectiveness as a public communicator, organizational capacity, political skill, and the extent to which the president is guided by a realistic policy vision. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Political leaders and their publics
Authors: Walter James 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the psychological elements driving leaders and followers and the dynamic of their relationship to each other – with particular reference to recent Australian political leadership and experience. Building upon the work of Lasswell, Barber and Little, the paper analyses how political affect connects leaders and followers in the formation and mobilization of publics. The paper provides case studies of the leadership styles of three recent Australian Prime Ministers – Whitlam, Keating and Howard – and explores the resonance between the leader's world‐view and emotional signature and the salient beliefs and passions of their followers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Luminescence Resonance Energy Transfer Sensors Based on the Assemblies of Oppositely Charged Lanthanide/Gold Nanoparticles in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Gu Jian‐Qin , Sun Ling‐Dong , Yan Zheng‐Guang , Yan Chun‐Hua 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThis work demonstrates luminescence resonance energy transfer (LRET) sensors based on lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles as donors (D) and gold nanoparticles as acceptors (A), combined through electrostatic interactions between the oppositely charged nanoparticles. Negatively charged lanthanide‐doped nanoparticles, YVO4:Eu and LaPO4:Ce,Tb, with high luminescence quantum yield and good water‐solubility, are synthesized through a polymer‐assisted hydrothermal method. Positively charged polyhedral and spherical gold nanoparticles exhibit surface plasmon resonance (SPR) bands centered at 623 and 535 nm, respectively. These bands overlap well with the emission of the Eu3+ and Tb3+ ions within the lanthanide nanoparticles. Herein, the gold nanoparticles are synthesized through a seed‐mediated cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB)‐assisted method. The assemblies of the oppositely charged donors and acceptors are developed into LRET‐based sensors exhibiting a donor quenching efficiency close to 100 %.
Kameralismus als paradoxe Konzeption der gleichzeitigen Stärkung von Markt und Staat. Komplexe Theorielagen im deutschen 18. Jahrhundert
Authors: Priddat Birger P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCameralism as the paradox concept of simultaneous strengthening of market and state. Complex theoretical constellations in Eighteenth Century's Germany. Cameralism is an early theory of political economy of the 17th and 18th century in Germany and Austria, defining markets as a mode of political order of the absolutistic state. Men are incomplete actors; the state has to arrange a secure life and well being. But all regulation and order is the basement for individual action and a certain kind of early liberty. To regulate men's actions is to protect them against any arbitrariness of the governor. In the shadow of strong regulation of the economy and the society we see the development of the liberal market society.
Implementing an energetic life cycle analysis to prove the benefits of lignocellulosic feedstocks with protein separation for the chemical industry from the existing bioethanol industry
Authors: Brehmer Ben , Sanders Johan 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe biofuel ethanol is currently being produced in large quantities from corn in the US and from wheat in the EU and further capacity expansion is expected. Relying on the so‐called 1st generation technology, only the starch contained in the edible portion of the crops (ears/grains) is subjected to fermentation. Following life cycle calculations reveals minute levels of fossil fuel replacement placing doubt on its renewability and an imbalance on the domestic animal feed markets are immerging due to the by‐product distiller grains. Additional utilization of the lignocellulosic and protein components of the by‐product through new developments has the potential to alleviate both setbacks. A cradle‐to‐factory gate analysis was performed on a variety of bioethanol production layouts incorporating the newest technological developments to determine the maximum fossil fuel reduction potential. Expanding to include lignocellulose pretreatment for ethanol production with protein separation for amine‐based chemical production can increase the fossil fuel mitigation potential by seven‐ to ninefold for US‐corn and five‐ to eightfold for EU‐wheat bioethanol facilities. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009; 102: 767–777. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Genetic analysis of G protein‐coupled receptor expression in Escherichia coli: Inhibitory role of DnaJ on the membrane integration of the human central cannabinoid receptor
Authors: Skretas Georgios , Georgiou George 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe overexpression of G protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) and of many other heterologous membrane proteins in simple microbial hosts, such as the bacterium Escherichia coli, often results in protein mistargeting, aggregation into inclusion bodies or cytoplasmic degradation. Furthermore, membrane protein production is very frequently accompanied by severe cell toxicity. In this work, we have employed a genetic strategy to isolate E. coli mutants that produce markedly increased amounts of the human central cannabinoid receptor (CB1), a pharmacologically significant GPCR that expresses very poorly in wild‐type E. coli. By utilizing a CB1 fusion with the green fluorescent protein (GFP) and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS), we screened an E. coli transposon library and identified an insertion in dnaJ that resulted in a large increase in CB1‐GFP fluorescence and a dramatic enhancement in bacterial production of membrane‐integrated CB1. Furthermore, the dnaJ::Tn5 inactivation suppressed the severe cytotoxicity associated with CB1 production. This revealed an unexpected inhibitory role of the chaperone/ co‐chaperone DnaJ in the protein folding or membrane insertion of bacterially produced CB1. Our strategy can be easily adapted to identify expression bottlenecks for different GPCRs or any other integral membrane protein, provide useful and unanticipated mechanistic insights, and assist in the construction of genetically engineered E. coli strains for efficient heterologous membrane protein production. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 357–367. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of Ultrasonic Waves on the Saccharification Processes of Lignocellulose
Authors: Zhang Y. Q. , Fu E. H. , Liang J. H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe pretreatment and saccharification process of lignocellulose were subjected to ultrasonic waves to enhance the saccharification rate. The morphology, structure and crystal performance of the original and treated lignocellulose samples were characterized by SEM and FTIR. Moreover, the effect of different pretreatment methods on the structure of the raw materials and the influence of ultrasonic waves on the saccharification rate, were studied. SEM photographs show that the surface conformation of the granulated raw material is not changed, because the energy of the ultrasonic vibration is too low to cause changes to its structure. A FTIR spectrum shows that the ultrasonically assisted alkali pretreatment effectively destroys the intermolecular hydrogen bonding of lignocellulose and decreases its crystallinity. The catalytic efficiency of cellulase was increased by 70 % under ultrasonic treatment. Therefore, the ultrasonically assisted alkali pretreatment can improves the degradation rate of lignin and the saccharification rate of zymohydrolysis. The mechanism of the effect of ultrasonic waves on the enzymatic catalysis process is also discussed in detail.
Reduction of Energy Consumption and Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Plant for the Separation of Amines
Authors: Jantes‐Jaramillo D. , Segovia‐Hernández J. G. , Hernández S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe chemical industry comprises of the companies that produce industrial chemicals. It is central to the modern world economy, converting raw materials into more than 70 000 different products. However, environmental regulations and the risk of climate change are putting pressure on the chemical industry to minimize greenhouse gas emissions. In this work, we use the concept of process intensification (using thermally coupled distillation) to reduce energy consumption and CO2 emissions in a plant for the separation of amines. The results show that the use of thermally coupled distillation sequences can be related to a reduction in energy consumption, greenhouse gas emissions, and good theoretical control properties in the re‐designed plant.
Configurationally driven folding of model tetrapeptides containing L‐ or D‐morpholine‐3‐carboxylic acids as β‐turn nucleators
Authors: Trabocchi Andrea , Sladojevich Filippo , Guarna Antonio 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe conformational analysis by NMR, IR, and molecular modeling of tetrapeptides containing morpholine‐3‐carboxylic acid (Mor) as a proline surrogate is presented. The relationship between the chirality of the cyclic amino acid at position i+1 and the turn propensity is maintained with respect to the reference proline‐containing peptides, although marked differences in the type of folded structures were observed. The conformational profile of morpholine‐containing turn peptides as a function of the chirality of the cyclic amino acid indicated that the heterochiral tetrapeptide containing the D‐isomer of the cyclic amino acid is more prone to nucleate compact folded structures, although with no resemblance to the β‐turn structures of D‐proline‐containing peptides. Also, the solvation system proved to influence the organization of folded structures, as in the more interactive CD3CN the model peptides showed more compact conformations. The L‐Mor‐containing peptide displayed two rotamers at the Val‐Mor amide bond. The trans isomer did not experience any turn structures, nor any intramolecular hydrogen‐bonds, whereas the cis isomer showed a strong preference for a type VI β‐turn structure, thus providing a different conformational asset with respect to the β‐turn structure as reported for the reference L‐proline model peptide. Chirality, 2008. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.