bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Training in Controlled Drinking for Early‐stage Problem Drinkers
Authors: SKUTLE ARVID , BERG GEIR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryForty‐eight early‐stage problem drinkers were recruited through a newspaper announcement and randomly assigned to one of four outpatient treatment groups: (1) Bibliotherapy‐ Behavioral Self‐Control Training (BSCT), (2) BSCT‐therapist directed, (3) Training in Coping Skills and (4) a combination of BSCT and Coping Skill Training. The weekly alcohol consumption in all groups decreased significantly from intake to 3, 6 and 12 month follow‐up. There were no significant differences among the groups. At the same time the number of life problems decreased significantly. The majority of the clients reduced their alcohol consumption during the assessment period, before treatment started. The absence of a non‐treatment control group means that we cannot be sure about the reasons for this early change. Theoretical implications of these results are discussed.
When a Placebo is not a Placebo: the value of effect size measures in assessing the validity of deception used in the balanced placebo design
Authors: COLE JON A. , BURKHART BARRY R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough the use of the balanced placebo design has been invaluable in untangling alcohol's pharmacological and expectancy effects, only recently has the validity of the design been evaluated. The critical importance of checking the effectiveness of the expectancy manipulation has been singled out as a key methodological issue in assessing the validity of the balanced placebo design. It has been suggested by other researchers that a variety of credibility checks be used for this purpose. In this article it is recommended that a measure of effect size, such as omega squared, be utilized for each of the credibility checks as a measure of the strength of the experimental manipulation. The value of this information is illustrated by presentation of the data from a study utilizing the balanced placebo design.
Benzodiazepine Withdrawal: outcome in 50 patients
Authors: ASHTON HEATHER 
Published: January 2006

SummaryClinical outcome was assessed in SO consecutive patients who completed a course of supervized benzodiazepine withdrawal following referral to a Clinical Pharmacology Unit. The patients had been taking prescribed benzodiazepines regularly for 1–22 years and all wished to stop. On presentation, all had many symptoms which they attributed to benzodiazepines. The outcome 10 months to 3.S years later was judged as excellent (fully recovered) in 48%, good (much better) in 22%, moderate (better) in 16% and poor (no better) in 6%. One patient failed to withdraw and three relapsed onto benzodiazepine use after withdrawal. Younger age was significantly associated with a favourable outcome, but outcome was not related to duration or dosage of benzodiazepines, type of benzodiazepine, rate of withdrawal, symptom severity, psychiatric history, marital status, or sex.
A Study of Voluntary Drug Agencies: their roles in the treatment and rehabilitation field*
Authors: ETTORRE BETSY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAs the first in a series reporting on DAIGE (Drug Agencies Information Gathering Exercise), this paper looks at voluntary agencies direct service provision, the extent of partnership with other agencies and service areas where gaps exist. The paper offers a detailed description of agencies work in relation to clients, while providing a clear idea of agencies degree of success in meeting their clients special needs both ‘drug’ and ‘non‐drug’. The overall position voluntary agencies have in the network of treatment and rehabilitation services for problem drug takers is illustrated through specific discussions of the specialist role, the assessment and onward referral role and the innovator and campaigning role.
Exercise Dependence
Authors: DE COVERLEY VEALE D. M. W. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryExercise can become a compulsive behaviour and harmful to an individual. This review proposes diagnostic criteria for ‘exercise dependence’ to facilitate recognition in Sports clinics and further research. The importance of diagnosing exercise dependence lies in the prevention of morbidity and rarely mortality if exercise is continued in the presence of illness or injury. There is insufficient evidence to postulate opioid peptides as a physiological basis of dependence. A distinction is made between a primary form of exercise dependence and that which is secondary to an eating disorder.
Research Laboratories of the Finnish State Alcohol Company, Alko Ltd (Biomedical Department)
Authors: KIIANMAA KALERVO 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe Finnish State Alcohol Company, Alko Ltd, is a state alcohol monopoly, i.e. it has the responsibility for both the alcohol trade and the alcohol policy in Finland. The Biomedical Department of Alko is one of the first laboratories in the world specialising in basic research on the biological and medical effects of alcohol. This research is connected to the company's role in alcohol policy, and its purpose is to obtain reliable information in the prevention and treatment of alcohol‐related health problems that can be used, in collaboration with the Information Department, for public education. The Biomedical Department has an active program of cooperation internationally, with ISBRA and various laboratories around the world in the alcohol field, and, locally, with several Finnish universities, e.g. providing training opportunities, for their undergraduate and graduate students.
Trends in Alcohol Consumption and Deaths from Diseases
Authors: SKOG OLE‐JØRGEN 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMale excess mortality, particularly from diseases, has increased quite dramatically since World War II. In this article the impact of increasing alcohol consumption on male excess mortality from diseases in Norway is studied. Modem statistical tools for analysing temporal data are used to test if the highly correlated trends in the two Variables are spurious or signal a significant causal relationship. It is concluded that although increasing alcohol consumption has had significant effects on mortality rates in a restricted class of alcohol‐related diseases, its effect on general mortality appears to have been marginal and not statistically significant.
The Development of an Opiate Withdrawal Scale (OWS)
Authors: BRADLEY BRENDAN P. , GOSSOP MICHAEL , PHILLIPS GRANIA T. , LEGARDA JUAN J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWithdrawal symptoms are feared by many addicts and, according to behavioural models, provide negative reinforcement for continued drug taking. Furthermore, conditioning models emphasize the role of conditioned withdrawal in precipitating relapse. A satisfactory scale for measuring withdrawal symptoms would aid the evaluation of these models and it would provide practical benefits in allowing more precise and economical use of drugs during drug withdrawal procedures. The development of such a scale, the OWS, is described. A principal components analysis showed that a single factor (severity) adequately accounted for the results. The scale has good discriminative efficiency in showing clear differences between withdrawal and post‐withdrawal phases of treatment. It also discriminates clearly between those undergoing withdrawal and controls. Concurrent validity is shown by agreement with observers' ratings of withdrawal severity at high levels of severity. At lower levels, the OWS appears to be more sensitive than observers' ratings.
Seeking Help for Drinking Problems from a Community‐based Voluntary Agency. Patterns of compliance amongst men and women
Authors: ALLAN CAROLE 
Published: January 2006

Summary A consecutive series of Problem drinkers (n = 112) attending a community‐based voluntary agency were followed up over a 6‐month period, in order to measure their compliance with treatment. This was assessed by recording time in treatment, number of sessions attended and method of leaving the agency. Particular attention was focussed on source of referral, and women's use of services in a facility which provided female counsellors for women in a non‐stigmatized setting.In common with many other treatment agencies attrition rates were high. This was especially true for self‐referrals. However, those coming through the usual referral channels attended more frequently. Clients attending from the Courts, hostels and from employers attained the highest rates of compliance. Women were poorly represented amongst these coercive type referrals, perhaps explaining their lower rates of attendance.
Drug Addiction in the Federal Republic of Germany: problems and responses
Authors: WILLE ROLF 
Published: January 2006

SummaryDrug addiction started to become a serious problem in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) around 1970. The number of heavy users of illicit drugs, predominantly young people and mainly opiate dependants, increased continually up to the years 1979–80 to an estimated 50,000 people. Since then it has stayed at that plateau. Today there is a strong trend towards polydrug abuse including legal drugs and alcohol. The abuse of cocaine shows an increase, especially among first users of ‘hard’ illicit drugs. At present the most threatening problem is the development of the disease Aids: at least a third of those intravenous drug abusers who underwent the test are HIV positive. The treatment system for drug abusers is predominantly psychosocially orientated and does not include substitute (methadone) programmes. Today there are 580 out‐patient and 154 residential drug treatment centres in the FRG. Outcome evaluation studies of the current treatment approach show that about 25 to 35% of the drug addicts are abstaining. The new Narcotics Law of 1982 with its outstanding principle of ‘therapy instead of punishment’ still causes considerable problems in practice. The experience that treatment programmes alone cannot solve the drug problem has led to a large extension of drug abuse prevention during the last years. However, without changes in the organization of research and more participation and research orientation of practitioners we cannot expect marked progress.
An Evaluation of Three Treatment Programmes for Alcoholism: an experimental study with 6‐and 18‐month follow‐ups
Authors: CHAPMAN PHILIPPA L. HOWDEN , HUYGENS INGRID 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe comparative effects of alcoholism treatment programmes were examined by randomly assigning 113 male and female detoxified alcoholics to either: a 6‐week inpatient programme, a 6‐week outpatient programme or a single confrontational interview. On a variety of outcome measures, that included both levels of drinking and general functioning taken 6 and 18 months after intake, no treatment appeared to be consistently more effective than another. Furthermore, those who stayed in treatment did not show significantly more long‐term improvement than those who refused or dropped out of treatment.Abstinent subjects felt more often than drinkers that they had achieved the goals they had set themselves and by the final follow‐up there were many positive differences in apparent lifestyle.Although individual drinking patterns were unstable, on average, almost half the subjects located had either abstained or were drinking moderately. Patient and treatment variables combined explained up to 57% of the variance in amount drunk after treatment, with patient variables providing the strongest associations.
Methadone and Public Policy
Authors: SENAY EDWARD 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper is written for the public health official of a city, state, county, municipality or other political entity faced with a heroin addiction problem which calls for a policy response. It identifies countries, cities or states which have a substantial experience with methadone. In some instances. New York City, for example, this experience spans more than 20 years and in others a much shorter period of time1. The paper also describes the current dilemmas in the field and the new significance and urgency given to the problem of heroin addiction treatment by the spread of AIDS2. The aim of the paper is to give the reader a profile of what can be accomplished with methadone and what problems one may expect. Finally, it refers the reader to the considerable literature on the clinical use of methadone in maintenance and detoxification.
Comparison of Some Dietary Habits of Smokers and Non‐smokers
Authors: WHICHELOW MARGARET J. , GOLDING J. F. , TREASURE E. P. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySome aspects of the dietary habits of smokers and non‐smokers have been compared in a random sample of 9003 British adults. Comparisons were made of those consuming breakfast with those not taking breakfast, of those usually eating ‘brown’ with those usually eating white bread, of those ‘frequently’ with those ‘infrequently’ eating fresh fruit and of those ‘frequently’ with those ‘infrequently’ eating fried foods. Smokers were less likely to eat breakfast (p<0.001), ‘brown’ bread (p<0.001), and fresh fruit ‘frequently’ (p<0.001) and more likely to consume fried foods ‘frequently’ (p<0.001). Smoking remained a highly significant predictor of dietary habits even after the effects of social class, age and sex had been accounted for. Dietary habits were related to the amount smoked with the heavy smokers (more than 15 cigarettes per day) less likely than the light smokers to eat breakfast or ‘brown’ bread and consume fresh fruit ‘frequently’ or fried foods ‘infrequently’.
Impact of Cigarette Advertising on Aggregate Demand for Cigarettes in New Zealand
Authors: CHETWYND JANE , COOPE PAT , BRODIE RODERICK J. , WELLS ELISABETH 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe relationship between cigarette consumption and cigarette advertising was studied over the period 1973 to 1985. The data on cigarette consumption were drawn from government statistics. Expenditure on cigarette advertising included only that on print media advertising. Both quarterly and annual time series were examined and two different models were estimated. Results from the quarterly analysis suggested that advertising did effect overall consumption, with an elasticity of +0.07. The carry‐over effect of advertising lasted for approximately four quarters. Analysis of the annual series produced few meaningful results suggesting that use of the longer time period may mask significant relationships.
Parkinsonism and Dyskinesias during Ethanol Withdrawal
Authors: NEIMAN J. , BORG S. , WAHLUND L‐O. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA 55‐year‐old alcoholic man developed transient Parkinsonism, followed by facial dyskinesias shortly after ethanol withdrawal. It is suggested that ethanol‐induced lipid peroxidation in the nigrostriatal area might contribute to the development of these complications.
Depressive Affect in School‐aged Children of Alcoholics
Authors: ROLF JON E. , JOHNSON JEANNETTE L. , ISRAEL ELIZABETH , BALDWIN JULIE , CHANDRA ANJANI 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis paper presents evidence documenting risks for affective problems and disorders among minor children of alcoholics. Subjects studied were 98 youths from alcoholic‐headed and control families participating in a risk for alcoholism research project (Johnson & Rolf, see next paper in this issue). Depressive affect questionnaires were completed by the mothers of the youths as well as the youths themselves. ANOVA's and ANCOVA's (co‐varying for age) indicated significant group differences on both maternal and youth ratings with more affective problems shown for the offspring of alcoholics. Outliers with extreme depressive affect scores occurred most frequently for the youths in the high risk for alcoholism group. Findings are discussed with regard to risk group membership, gender, source of information, and the data's implications for further analyses as well as for the design of future studies.
Co‐ordinating Drugs Research in Britain
Authors: BERRIDGE VIRGINIA 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn 1986 three government agencies and two research councils put £50,000 towards an exploratory study of research into illicit drugs. The Home Office, Department of Health, Scottish Home and Health Department, Medical Research Council and Economic and Social Research Council funded an exercise designed to point to where more research was needed and to propose a practical programme. In June 1987, the funding partners decided not to fund a co‐ordinated programme of research. I was consultant scientific secretary on this aborted Drug Addiction Research Initiative. This article will survey what the initiative was; its findings and proposals for future development; and the problems inherent in this type of exercise, in particular for illicit drugs. I am grateful to the members of the Initiative funding consortium for allowing me to express my views and to draw on the report which was prepared; the views expressed here are, of course, my own.
An Experimental Investigation of the Influence of Aftercare on Alcoholic Relapse
Authors: MCLATCHIE BRIAN H. , LOMP KENNETH G. E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryOne hundred and fifty‐five subjects who had completed a 4‐week residential treatment programme for alcoholism were assigned to one of three aftercare groups: (1) mandatory aftercare in which subjects were contracted to attend four aftercare sessions during the initial 3 months following discharge; (2) voluntary aftercare in which aftercare participation was entirely at the clients' discretion; and (3) no aftercare in which clients were dissuaded from attending aftercare until their fourth month following discharge from inpatient treatment. No differences between groups were found with respect to relapse rate, satisfaction with lifestyle and trait anxiety. In addition, subjects who did not attend aftercare at the treatment centre were not found to make greater use of alternate sources of aftercare (i.e. Alcoholics Anonymous (AA), physicians and other treatment resources). Despite the fact that aftercare participation was not found to be related to outcome, an apparent demand for aftercare was evidenced. In that regard, 66% of the subjects in the Voluntary Group requested aftercare.It is suggested that the results of this study are consistent with the body of literature which contends that there is no advantage to extended therapy in the treatment of alcoholism. Furthermore, the possibility is raised that previous research efforts that have found a positive relationship between aftercare and outcome may have been confounded ty the issue of ‘patient compliance’ with the terms of treatment. That is, subjects who comply with the terms of treatment tend towards better outcomes irrespective of whether the terms of treatment call for aftercare or not. In conclusion, the authors recommend greater individualized aftercare planning for alcoholics and suggest a greater emphasis on ‘processing relapses’.
Clonidine in Heroin Withdrawal Syndrome: a controlled study in India
Authors: GUPTA A. K. , JHA B. K. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe efficacy of clonidine in controlling heroin withdrawal symptoms has been compared to that of a chlordiazepoxide and chlorpromazine combination in 120 male Indian patients in a single blind controlled design. Rhinorrhoea, nausea, vomitting, diarrhoea, confusion, disorientation and delirium were observed to occur significantly less often in patients receiving clonidine. Only 6.67%patients on clonidine developed severe hypotension. Clonidine was observed to be relatively safe and effective as a single drug for inpatients in the detoxification programme as compared to tranquillizers alone. The therapeutic effects and side effects observed were similar to those reported in European and American studies.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books Reviewed in this Article: Epidemiological Studies on the Relationship between a Decline in Alcohol Consumption, Social factors and Alcohol‐Related Disabilities in Stockholm County and the Whole of Sweden ANDERS ROMELSJØ And the Band Played On: politics, people and the AIDS epidemic RANDY SHILTS Alcohol and the Cell EMANUEL RUBIN (Ed.) Drug Dependence and Emotional Behaviour: Neurophysiological and Neurochemical Approaches A. V. VALDMAN (Ed.) The Benzodiazepines in Current Clinical Practice H. FREEMAN & Y. RUE (Eds) Maier's Cocaine Addiction [Der Kokaiaismus] Translated and Edited by ORIANA JOSSEAU KALANT Kids, Drugs and Crime CHERYL CARPENTER, BARRY GLASSNER, BRUCE D. JOHNSON & JULIA LOUGHLIN Kick it! Stop smoking in 5 days JUDY PERLMUTTER The Easy Way to Stop Smoking ALLEN CARR
Trends in the Use and Misuse of Alcohol and Other Psychoactive Drugs in the United Kingdom: some perplexing connections
Authors: PLANT MARTIN A. , PECK DAVID F. , DUFFY JOHN C. 
Published: January 2006

SummarySome of the initial results are presented of a continuing study. This is designed to review the patterns of association between the use and misuse of alcohol and other drugs, together with indicators of health, crime, social and economic trends. It is suggested that conventional correlational analysis is of little value in indicating the ‘real’ connection between variables measured on the basis of time series data. The use of ‘differencing’ and time lag correlations are briefly examined but it is concluded that some relationships remain very difficult to determine.
Reactions to Drug Education: a comparison of two videos produced for schools
Authors: EISER CHRISTINE , EISER J. RICHARD , PRITCHARD MARY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA total of 518 pupils (aged 14 years), drawn from seven comprehensive schools and who had had no previous drugs education were divided into three groups. The first group was shown a video which was an entertaining story about how some teenagers became involved with drugs. The second group was shown a video which was more didactic and informational. The third group saw no video. All three groups then completed a questionnaire about knowledge and attitudes to drugs. Those who viewed the didactic video were more knowledgeable, while those who viewed the entertaining video endorsed statements expressing more negative attitudes.
Delinquency and Regular Solvent Abuse: an unfavourable combination?
Authors: JACOBS ALLAN M. , GHODSE A. HAMID 
Published: January 2006

SummaryForty‐seven consecutive admissions of male adolescent delinquents to the secure unit of a regional assessment centre were assessed using 2 self‐report questionnaires (Great Ormond Street (GOS) Mood Questionnaire and General Health 28‐item (GHQ‐28) Questionnaire), and a semi‐structured interview schedule covering the following areas–demographic data, family characteristics, educational history, solvent abuse data, criminal history and other drug use.Twenty of the 47 delinquents were regular solvent abusers. The solvent‐abusing delinquents differed significantly from those that did not abuse solvents in that more of them were depressed, their age at first arrest was younger and more misused certain drugs.Many from both groups had a history of adverse environmental circumstances (e.g. family, educational, social class) with a tendency for the regular solvent‐abusing delinquents to be worse off.The possible interactions and relevance of all of these factors and findings are discussed, and it is concluded that delinquents who regularly abuse solvents might comprise an especially vulnerable group.