bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple determinants influence root colonization and induction of induced systemic resistance by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6
Authors: HAN SONG HEE , ANDERSON ANNE J. , YANG KWANG YEOL , CHO BAIK HO , KIM KIL YONG , LEE MYUNG CHUL , KIM YONG HWAN , KIM YOUNG CHEOL 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARYColonization of the roots of tobacco by Pseudomonas chlororaphis O6 induces systemic resistance to the soft‐rot pathogen, Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovara SCC1. A screen of the transposon mutants of P. chlororaphis O6 showed mutants with about a fivefold reduction in ability to induce systemic resistance to the soft‐rot disease. These mutations disrupted genes involved in diverse functions: a methyl‐accepting chemotaxis protein, biosynthesis of purines, phospholipase C, transport of branched‐chain amino acids and an ABC transporter. Additional mutations were detected in the intergenic spacer regions between genes encoding a GGDEF protein and fumarate dehydratase, and in genes of unknown function. The mutants in the ABC transporters did not display reduced root colonization. However, the other mutants had up to 100‐fold reduced colonization levels. Generally the production of metabolites important for interactions in the rhizosphere, phenazines and siderophores, was not altered by the mutations. A reduced induction of systemic resistance by a purine biosynthesis mutant with a disrupted purM gene correlated with poor growth rate, lesser production of phenazines and siderophore and low levels of root colonization. These studies showed that multiple determinants are involved in the induction of systemic resistance, with there being a requirement for strong root colonization.
Transgenic Arabidopsis plants expressing Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD2 protein are less susceptible to Agrobacterium transformation
Authors: HWANG HAU‐HSUAN , MYSORE KIRANKUMAR S. , GELVIN STANTON B. 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARY Agrobacterium tumefaciens causes crown gall disease on many plant species and can result in considerable economic losses. Here we report a new strategy to control crown gall disease by over‐expressing Agrobacterium tumefaciens VirD2 protein in plants. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants over‐expressing virD2 from constitutive or wound‐inducible promoters are less susceptible to Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. Additionally, the transient introduction of an A. tumefaciens virD2 gene in tobacco BY‐2 cells reduces subsequent Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation.
Review article: management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus infection and ‘normal’ alanine aminotransferase activity
Authors: ZEUZEM S. , ALBERTI A. , ROSENBERG W. , MARCELLIN P. , DIAGO M. , NEGRO F. , PRATI D. , PUOTI C. , ROBERTS S. K. , SHIFFMAN M. L. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundHepatitis C virus infection, a major cause of chronic liver disease, occurs with normal serum alanine aminotransferase activity in approximately 25% of patients. These patients have historically remained untreated but substantial evidence indicates liver damage, progression of disease and impaired quality of life in some individuals.AimTo review the current management of patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal alanine aminotransferase activity.MethodsThis review represents the summary of discussions at a Clinical Workshop with a comprehensive literature searching of available databases (PubMed and Embase).ResultsCurrent limits defining normal serum alanine aminotransferase activity are not representative of a ‘healthy’ status. Most patients with hepatitis C and normal alanine aminotransferase levels have histologically proven liver damage that, although generally mild, may be significant (≥F2) in up to 20% of patients and progresses at approximately 50% of the rate in patients with elevated alanine aminotransferase levels. Some patients have persistently normal alanine aminotransferase activity and may have a more benign outcome, but a significant proportion (≥20%) experience periods of increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity which may be associated with enhanced disease progression.ConclusionsA treatment approach that considers host and virus‐related variables and optimizes patient and cost benefits may therefore provide more effective management of patients with chronic hepatitis C and normal alanine aminotransferase activity.
Impact on adherence and sustained virological response of psychiatric side effects during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy for chronic hepatitis C
Authors: CASTERA L. , CONSTANT A. , HENRY C. , CHAMPBENOIT P. , BERNARD P.‐H. , DE LEDINGHEN V. , DEMOTES‐MAINARD J. , COUZIGOU P. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundThe psychiatric side effects of interferon, often responsible for dose reduction or treatment discontinuation, represent a major limitation in the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (CHC).AimTo prospectively assess the impact on adherence and sustained virological response (SVR) of the occurrence of psychiatric side effects during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy for CHC.MethodsNinety‐eight consecutive treatment‐naïve CHC patients receiving a standard course of peginterferon plus ribavirin were systematically screened for psychiatric side effects, using DSM‐IV, at baseline and both during and after treatment.ResultsPsychiatric side effects occurred in 38 patients (39%), mostly within the first 12 weeks (87%), and always consisted of mood disorders. Overall, 68% of patients achieved an SVR (71% of patients with mood disorders and 68% of those without;P = N.S.). Peginterferon and ribavirin dose reductions did not differ between patients with mood disorders and those without (46% vs. 37%, respectively;P = N.S. and 13% vs. 22%, respectively;P = N.S.). Anti‐viral therapy had to be discontinued in four patients (nonresponse: two, hyperthyroidism: one, psychiatric event: one).ConclusionEarly detection and appropriate management of psychiatric side effects during peginterferon and ribavirin therapy for CHC allow optimizing adherence and virological efficacy.
A prospective 1‐year follow‐up study in patients with functional or organic dyspepsia: changes in gastrointestinal symptoms, mental distress and fear of serious illness
Authors: PAJALA M. , HEIKKINEN M. , HINTIKKA J. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundPsychosocial factors are common among patients with functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs). Whether they affect the course of the disease remains unresolved.AimTo evaluate whether reassuring investigations of primary care patients with functional dyspepsia (FD) and organic dyspepsia (OD) influence gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms and psychological factors, and to assess whether these changes are correlated.MethodsFour hundred consecutive patients with dyspepsia were referred for thorough examinations. Patients completed questionnaires screening symptoms at baseline and on 1‐year follow‐up.ResultsAt baseline, there was no difference in GI symptoms, prevalence of mental distress or fear of serious illness between patients with FD or OD. On follow‐up, the patients with FD had more GI symptoms, but there was no difference in mental distress or fear of serious illness. Relevant GI symptom reduction related to alleviation of mental distress (53.4% vs. 20.5%, P < 0.001) and fear of serious illness (56.5% vs. 23.7%, P = 0.002), but reached statistical significance only in patients with OD.ConclusionsGastrointestinal symptoms in FD patients are long lasting compared with those with organic diseases. Reassuring investigations could lower mental distress and fear of serious illness in these patients. Psychological factor change correlates with the change in GI symptom severity and is not specific to FGIDs.
Persistent elevation of serum alanine aminotransferase levels leads to poor survival and hepatocellular carcinoma development in type 1 autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: MIYAKE Y. , IWASAKI Y. , TERADA R. , OKAMAOTO R. , IKEDA H. , MAKINO Y. , KOBASHI H. , TAKAGUCHI K. , SAKAGUCHI K. , SHIRATORI Y. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundAlthough the prognosis of type 1 autoimmune hepatitis is generally good with immunosuppressive treatment, the disease progresses in some patients despite the treatment. The prognosis may be determined by the clinical course.AimTo evaluate the long‐term prognosis and assess the predictive factors for a serious event, including the development of hepatocellular carcinoma or death.MethodsSixty‐nine patients with type 1 autoimmune hepatitis were prospectively followed up regularly, with a median follow‐up period of 96 months (49–201 months).ResultsDuring the follow‐up period, three patients (4%) developed hepatocellular carcinoma, and two of these three patients died. Another patient died of liver failure. The 10‐year survival rate was 98%, and the 10‐year hepatocellular carcinoma‐free rate was 93%. The four patients experiencing a serious event received higher maintenance doses of corticosteroid during their follow‐up periods than those did not. However, serum alanine aminotransferase levels during the follow‐up period were higher in these four patients than in the others.ConclusionsPersistent elevation of serum alanine amniotransferase levels during the follow‐up period, rather than factors existing prior to medical treatment is considered to be an important prognostic factor, and it is indicated that poor outcomes may result from the resistance to immunosuppressive treatment.
Pre‐endoscopic proton pump inhibitor therapy reduces recurrent adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients with acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding
Authors: KEYVANI L. , MURTHY S. , LEESON S. , TARGOWNIK L. E. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryBackgroundProton pump inhibitors (PPIs) following endoscopic haemostasis reduce rebleeding rates in patients with high‐risk acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Many advocate the use of PPIs prior to endoscopy, although its incremental benefit is unproven.AimTo determine if providing PPIs before endoscopy reduces adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding patients.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review to identify patients presenting to two tertiary care centres with acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding between 1999 and 2004. Subjects receiving PPI therapy before endoscopy were compared with those not receiving pre‐endoscopic PPI therapy. The primary outcome measure was the development of any adverse bleeding outcome (rebleeding, surgery for control of bleeding, in‐hospital mortality, readmission within 30 days for acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding).Results385 patients were included in our study [132 (12 intravenous/120 po) pre‐endoscopic PPI vs. 253 no pre‐endoscopic PPI]. Patients receiving pre‐endoscopic PPI therapy were significantly less likely to develop adverse outcomes compared with those not given pre‐endoscopic PPIs (25% vs. 13%, P = 0.005). Rebleeding, upper gastrointestinal surgery, mortality and length of hospital stay were also significantly lower in patients receiving pre‐endoscopic PPI.ConclusionsThe use of PPIs before endoscopy significantly reduces the risk of developing adverse gastrointestinal outcomes in patients with acute non‐variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Future studies are required to better characterize this relationship.
Tolerability and pharmacokinetics of inhaled bimosiamose disodium in healthy males
Authors: Meyer Michael , Beeh Kai‐Michael , Beier Jutta , Beyer Diana , Aydt Ewald , Zahlten Rainer , Jilma Bernd , Wolff Gerhard 
Published: September 2006

AimsThe aim of these first‐in‐human studies was to investigate the tolerability and the pharmacokinetics of bimosiamose disodium (TBC1269Z) administered by inhalation.MethodsTwo randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled Phase I trials were performed in healthy males. In a single‐dose escalating study 48 subjects received doses of 2–140 mg bimosiamose disodium by inhalation and in a multiple‐dose study 32 subjects received 8–70 mg bimosiamose disodium twice daily. In both studies 4 ml of the drug solution was administered via nebulizer over 15 min. Adverse events, vital signs, ECG, clinical laboratory parameters and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) data were recorded and nasopharyngeal examinations were performed to address the safety and tolerability. Blood was collected for the determination of plasma concentrations of bimosiamose.ResultsAll subjects completed the study. No deaths or severe adverse events occurred. Eleven mild adverse events occurred in the dose‐escalation study and 34 in the multiple‐dose study after inhalation of bimosiamose disodium. Adverse events were more frequent at the highest dose (140 mg) of the dose‐escalation study. For placebo treatment one moderate adverse event was observed in the dose‐escalation study after placebo treatment, eight mild and three moderate adverse events occurred in the multiple‐dose study. Bimosiamose was detected in plasma (maximum concentration 64 ng ml−1) only at doses ≥50 mg given twice daily and 105 mg once daily. For the highest dose a median value of 5746 h ng ml−1 was determined for the AUC over the entire period of treatment of the multiple‐dose study.ConclusionThe results suggest that single and multiple inhalation of bimosiamose disodium up to 70 mg is well tolerated in healthy males. Systemic bioavailability after inhalation is low.
Intestinal crypt properties fit a model that incorporates replicative ageing and deep and proximate stem cells
Authors: Lobachevsky P. N. , Radford I. R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.  A model of intestinal crypt organization is suggested based on the assumption that stem cells have a finite replicative life span. The model assumes the existence in a crypt of a quiescent (‘deep’) stem cell and a few more actively cycling (‘proximate’) stem cells. Monte Carlo computer simulation of published intestinal crypt mutagenesis data is used to test the model. The results of the simulation indicate that stabilization of the crypt mutant phenotype following treatment with external mutagen is consistent with a stem cell replicative life span of about 40 divisions for mouse colon and 90–100 divisions for mouse small intestine, corresponding to a deep stem cell cycle time of about 3.9 and 8.5 weeks for colon and small intestine, respectively. Simulation of the data obtained for human colorectal crypts suggests that the proximate stem cell cycle time is about 80 h, assuming a replicative life span of 50–150 divisions, and that the deep stem cell divides approximately every 30 weeks.
The reversion to diploid cells from established triploid V79 cells
Authors: Miyagoshi M. , Fujikawa‐Yamamoto K. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract.  The triploid V79 cells are stable under usual culture conditions, and do not revert to being diploid. Here, the triploid–diploid transition of triploid V79 cells has been successfully induced in suspension culture in culture dishes with untreated surfaces. The diploid cells began to appear in a population of triploid V79 cells cultured under these conditions for 4 weeks. All of the triploid cells were transformed to diploid through subsequent monolayer culture for 5 weeks. It was confirmed that the revertant diploid cells had the same characteristics as original diploid V79 cells, with respect to DNA histograms, cell volume and chromosome number. Thus, it seems that suspension culturing is an important factor that induces the triploid–diploid transition.
Mutational analysis of the PTH 3′‐untranslated region in parathyroid disorders
Authors: Costa‐Guda Jessica , Lauter Kelly , Naveh‐Many Tally , Silver Justin , Arnold Andrew 
Published: September 2006

SummaryObjective  Sequence alterations in untranslated regions (UTRs) of genes are important contributors to human diseases, including hereditary thrombophilia, hereditary hyperferritinaemia‐cataract and fragile X mental retardation syndromes. Recently, functional studies of the 3′‐UTR of the PTH gene, encoding parathyroid hormone, have highlighted it as a potential target for pathogenic mutations in patients with parathyroid dysfunction. Regulation of PTH gene expression occurs in part through protein binding to a specific 26 nucleotide instability element in the 3′‐UTR of PTH mRNA, in a sequence‐dependent manner. Thus, the PTH 3′‐UTR has emerged as an important potential contributor to parathyroid dysfunction. Therefore, we sought to rigorously examine the PTH 3′‐UTR in patients with primary and secondary parathyroid disorders, including primary parathyroid hyperplasia, secondary parathyroid hyperplasia, sporadic parathyroid adenoma and familial hypoparathyroidism of unknown genetic basis.Patients and design  Twenty‐one parathyroid glands from 14 patients with primary parathyroid hyperplasia, 40 sporadic parathyroid adenomas from 40 patients, 42 parathyroid glands from 29 patients with secondary parathyroid hyperplasia and peripheral blood leucocytes from 24 affected members of eight kindreds with familial hypoparathyroidism of unknown genetic basis were examined for mutations in the 3′‐UTR of the PTH gene.Results  No alterations from the normal sequence were detected in any of the 127 samples examined.Conclusions  Based on the absence of identifiable DNA sequence alterations in these forms of parathyroid dysfunction, it is unlikely that mutation of the PTH 3′‐UTR contributes frequently to their pathogenesis.
Trends in residential policies and services for people with intellectual disabilities in Taiwan
Authors: Chou Y. C. , Schalock R. L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground  In Taiwan, 92–95% of people with an intellectual disability (ID) live with their families, with the remaining residing in residential facilities. Instead of funding community‐living alternatives, the Taiwanese Government funds only registered facilities as part of its residential policies and services. The purpose of this study was to evaluate current policies and services trends regarding people with an ID in Taiwan.Methods  Both documentary research, such as an analysis of policies, services programmes, official statistics, surveys, reports and funding provision reports, and a mail survey, were conducted to examine current trends and characteristics of the 96 residential settings available for people with an ID in Taiwan.Results  During the 1990s in Taiwan, residential programmes for people with an ID showed the biggest growth since 1952. Since the first ‘Community Home’ was launched in 1990, the number of smaller scale residential settings with a unit size of less than 30 has grown significantly, particularly since 2000. However, the rate of institutionalization of people with an ID and who live in the institutions has also risen.Conclusions  In Taiwan, unlike in Western societies, residential services for people with an ID provided by formal care systems are tending to grow in number, and these include both large and smaller residential settings.
Co‐cladogenesis spanning three phyla: leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and their dual bacterial symbionts
Authors: TAKIYA DANIELA M. , TRAN PHAT L. , DIETRICH CHRISTOPHER H. , MORAN NANCY A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEndosymbioses are a major form of biological complexity affecting the ecological and evolutionary diversification of many eukaryotic groups. These associations are exemplified by nutritional symbioses of insects for which phylogenetic studies have demonstrated numerous cases of long‐term codiversification between a bacterial and a host lineage. Some insects, including most leafhoppers (Insecta: Hemiptera: Cicadellidae), have more than one bacterial symbiont within specialized host cells, raising questions regarding the patterns of codiversification of these multiple partners and the evolutionary persistence of complex symbiotic systems. Previous studies reported the presence of two dominant symbiont types in a member of the leafhopper subfamily Cicadellinae (sharpshooters). In this study, 16S rRNA sequences were obtained and used to examine the occurrence and evolutionary relationships of the two dominant symbiont types across 29 leafhopper species. Candidatus Sulcia muelleri (Bacteroidetes) was detected in all leafhopper species examined, a finding that is consistent with a previous report of its ancient association with the Auchenorrhyncha (a grouping that includes leafhoppers, treehoppers, cicadas, planthoppers, and spittlebugs). Baumannia cicadellinicola (Proteobacteria), previously known from only five sharpshooter species, was found only in the sharpshooter tribes Cicadellini and Proconiini, as well as in the subfamily Phereurhininae. Mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences were obtained and used to reconstruct host phylogenies. Analyses of host and symbiont data sets support a congruent evolutionary history between sharpshooters, Sulcia and Baumannia and thus provide the first strong evidence for long‐term co‐inheritance of multiple symbionts during the diversification of a eukaryotic host. Sulcia shows a fivefold lower rate of 16S rDNA sequence divergence than does Baumannia for the same host pairs. The term ‘coprimary’ symbiont is proposed for such cases.
Brooding crustaceans in a highly fragmented habitat: the genetic structure of Mediterranean marine cave‐dwelling mysid populations
Authors: LEJEUSNE C. , CHEVALDONNÉ P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHabitat fragmentation and climate change are two major threats on biodiversity. Fragmentation limits the number of patches and their decreased connectivity cannot always maintain populations at dynamic equilibrium. The natural extreme fragmentation of marine cave habitats represents an opportunity to understand how these processes interact. The hypothesis of a low gene flow among populations due to a high level of fragmentation was tested by analysing sequence variation in a fragment of the mitochondrial gene of the cytochrome oxidase subunit I in 170 individuals (23 localities across the NW Mediterranean) of two marine cave‐dwelling mysids of the genus Hemimysis. The species Hemimysis margalefi recently replaced its congener Hemimysis speluncola, a species shift that could be related to the warming of the Mediterranean Sea and to differences in their thermal tolerances. There were too few H. speluncola samples to further discuss their genetic structuring, but for H. margalefi, the present study revealed high levels of genetic diversity and genetic structuring, as shown by the eight genetically distinct groups identified. The Croatian group might constitute a sibling species due to a strong divergence (15%). Nevertheless, these groups present reduced but orientated gene flow according to the general circulation in the Mediterranean, and fit a stepping‐stone model. At local scale (Marseille area, France), gene flow among caves is dependent on unexpected local hydrodynamic barriers, that determine metapopulation sizes. Through the example of mysid species inhabiting marine caves, the present work confirms the strong influence of habitat disjunction (natural fragmentation) on population structure, and stresses the importance of coastal geomorphological features in inducing complex interactions between the circulation of water masses and the circulation of genes.