bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF SPECIES OF UNCERTAIN TAXONOMIC POSITION WITHIN THE ACROCHAETIALES‐PALMARIALES COMPLEX (RHODOPHYTA): INFERENCES FROM PHENOTYPIC AND 18S rDNA SEQUENCE DATA1
Authors: Saunders Gary W. , Bird Carolyn J. , Ragan Mark A. , Rice Ellen L. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTNucleotide sequences of the small‐subunit ribosomal RNA gene(18S rDNA)were newly determined for four members of the related rhodophyte orders Palmariales and Acrochaetiales and were compared by neighbor‐joining and parsimony analyses with four previously published sequences from these orders. A published rDNA sequence fromNemalion helminthoides (VelleyinWithering)Batters(Nemaliales)and a gene sequence determined herein forNothocladus nodosusSkuja(Batrachospermales)were used as outgroups. Sequences were very similar within the Palmariales with a maximum difference of 13 nucleotides out of 1772 between members of the families Palmariaceae and Rhodophysemataceae. Despite similarities in life history, the acrochaetioid algaeRhodo‐chorton purpureum (Lightfoot) Rosenvinge and Rhodothamniella floridula (Dillwyn)J. FeldmanninChristensen were phylogenetically separated withR. purpureum affiliated weakly with Acrochaetiales, and R. floridulaforming a sister branch unequivocally to palmarialean algae of the families Rhodophysemataceae and Palmariaceae. Rhodothamniella floridulais postulated on both molecular and phenotypic grounds(encompassing biochemical and anatomical characters, and life history features)to represent an early lineage, Rhodothamniellaceae fam. nov., in the Palmariales. The family Rhodophysemataceae appeared paraphyletic in the sequence analyses, but a monophyletic Rhodophysemataceae could not be rejected by Templeton‐Felsenstein or Kishino‐Husegawa tests, and the family was clearly monophyletic in analysis of the phenotypic data. The earlier tentative placement of Rhodophysemataceae in the Palmariales rather than Acrochaetiales was confirmed.
BIOCHEMICAL, PHYSIOLOGICAL, AND MOLECULAR ANALYSIS OF SEXUAL ISOLATION IN THE SPECIES COMPLEX CLOSTERIUM PERACEROSUM‐STRIGOSUM‐LITTORALE (CHLOROPHYTA)1
Authors: Sekimoto Hiroyuki , Sone Yutaka , Fujii Tadashi 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTClosterium strains obtained from Japan (NIES‐64 and ‐65)and Nepal (NIES‐67 and ‐68)have been classified as the same taxonomic species; however, they are sexually isolated from each other. When NIES‐64 and ‐65 cells were separately incubated in a medium in which both strains had previously been cultured together, release of protoplasts from both strains was observed. We suggest that factors responsible for the release of protoplasts from cells of both NIES‐64 and ‐65 are produced in a mixed culture of these cells and function during conjugation. These factors, however, had no effect on the release of protoplasts from cells of strains NIFS‐67 or ‐68. Alternatively, a protein that is responsible for the release of protoplasts from cells of NIES‐68, called the protoplast‐release‐inducing protein (PR‐IP),had no effect on the release of protoplasts from cells of strains NIES‐64 or ‐65. When the media obtained from the culture of NIES‐64 and ‐65 cells at various mixing ratios were analyzed by western blotting with antiserum to a 42‐kDa subunit of PR‐IP, no cross reaction was detected. In Southern hybridization analysis, no hybridizing band was observed when genomic DNAs of NIES‐64 and ‐65 cells were probed with cDNAs encoding the two subunits of PR‐IP. We suggest from these results that the factors responsible for the release of protoplasts from NIES‐64 and ‐65 cells are not structurally similar to PR‐IP. It is known that the release of PR‐IP from NIES‐67 cells can be induced by the action of another sex pheromone (PR‐IP inducer)which is released by NIES‐68 cells. In contrast, no protoplast‐release‐inducing activity was observed from either NIES‐64 or ‐65 in a culture medium conditioned by opposite strains. We suggest that the conjugation systems employed by strains NIES‐64/ NIES‐65 and strains NIES‐67 /NIES‐68 differ, and we propose a possible mechanism of sexual isolation between these biological species.
A MOLECULAR PHYLOGENY OF THE GELIDIALES (RHODOPHYTA) BASED ON ANALYSIS OF PLASTID rbcL NUCLEOTIDE SEQUENCES1
Authors: Freshwater D. Wilson , Fredericq Suzanne , Hommersand Max H. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Parsimony analyses of rbcL nucleotide. sequences were used to develop hypotheses of relationships among taxa in the taxonomically difficult order Celidiales including species from seven currently recognized genera: Capreolia, Gelidiella, Gelidium, Onikusa, Pterocladia, Ptilophora, and Suhria. Nucleotide. sequences of rbcL from red algae are variable and provide a large number of informative characters for phylogenetic analysis, yet the absence of insertion/deletion mutations allows for the unambiguous alignment of sequences. Species were resolved into 10 well‐.supported major clades representing genera and species complexes. The topological positions of these 10 clades within trees are also well supported and indicate that Gelidium and Pterocladia as currently circumscribed are not monophyletic. These results call for a revision of the classification of the Gelidiales.
INFERRING TAXONOMIC POSITIONS AND TESTING GENUS LEVEL ASSIGNMENTS IN COCCOID GREEN LICHEN ALGAE: A PHYLOGENETIC ANALYSIS OF 18S RIBOSOMAL RNA SEQUENCES FROM DICTYOCHLOROPSIS RETICULATA AND FROM MEMBERS OF THE GENUS MYRMECIA (CHLOROPHYTA, TREBOUXIOPHYCEAE CL. NOV.)1
Authors: Friedl Thomas 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT Complete nuclear‐encoded small‐subunit ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) coding sequences were determined for the coccoid green algae Dictyochloropsis reticulata (Tschermak‐Woess) Tschermak‐Woess, Myrmecia astigmatica Vinatzer, and M. bisecta Reisigl, to investigate the taxonomic position of Dictyochloropsis Geitler and of the genus Myrmecia Printz. Phylogenies inferred from these data revealed a sister‐group relationship between D. reticulata and certain coccoid green algae that lack motile stages (autosporic coccoids) within the order Microthamniales. The monophyletic origin of the Microthamniales, including autosporic coccoids previously classified in the Chlorophyceae, is clearly resolved by the rRNA sequence data. This finding. shows the considerable taxonomic breadth of that order, whose taxonomic position has been unclear so far. A new class, Trebouxiophyceae, is proposed for this group of green algae. Phylogenetic inferences from the rRNA sequences show paraphyly of the genus Myrmecia. The 18S rRNA sequence data suggest that, among taxa that share similar vegetative cell morphologies, the zoospore characters resolve better the actual genus and species boundaries. Within identical zoospore types, the rRNA data allow further resolution of taxonomic relationships. On the basis of the.se findings, I propose that the genus Friedmannia Chantanachat ± Bold be merged into Myrmecia and that only those species be left in the genus Myrmecia that are identical in particular zoospore characters (i.e. those described in detail for M. israeliensis (Chantanachat ± Bold) comb, nov.), namely M. astigmatica, M. biatorellae (Tschermak‐Woess ± Ptesst) Petersen, and M. israeliensis. Myrmecia bisecta has to be excluded from Myrmecia; its taxonomic position within the Trebouxiophyceae is unclear.
A CLADISTIC ANALYSIS OF THE EVOLUTION AND BIOGEOGRAPHY OF DURVILLAEA (PHAEOPHYTA)1
Authors: Cheshire Anthony C. , Conran John G. , Hallam Neil D. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT The genus Durvillaea currently has four recognized species found along many exposed, rocky coastlines of the temperate to sub‐Antarctic regions in the Southern Hemisphere. We propose that the current species distributions are related primarily to vicariance events and subsequent speciation associated with the breakup of Gondwana between 40 and 100 Ma. From an ancestral species, a stipitate species developed in the Tasman basin, with separation and speciation resulting in the D. potatorum/ D. willana complex in southeastern Australia and New Zealand. A second line of evolution led to D. chathamensis and D. antarctica characterized by a honeycombed medulla. The extensive distribution of D. antarctica throughout the Southern Hemisphere is related to both vicariance and dispersal events. The status of D. chathamensis as a species distinct from D. antarctica is questioned. The affinities of an as yet undescribed taxon from the Antipodes Islands are thought to be with the D. potatorum complex but require further study before they can be defined more precisely.
Impact of heat shock on heat shock proteins expression, biological and commercial traits of Bombyx mori
Authors: CHAVADI VASUDHA B. , SOSALEGOWDA APARNA H. , BOREGOWDA MANJUNATHA H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe report the thermotolerance of new bivoltine silkworm, Bombyx mori strains NB4D2, KSO1, NP2, CSR2 and CSR4and differential expression of heat shock proteins at different instars. Different instars of silkworm larva were subjected to heat shock at 35°C, 40°C and 45°C for 2 hours followed by 2 hours recovery. Heat shock proteins were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. The impact of heat shock on commercial traits of cocoons was analyzed by following different strategies in terms of acquired thermotolerance over control. Comparatively NP2 exhibited better survivability than other strains. Resistance to heat shock was increased as larval development proceeds in the order of first instar > second instar > third instar > fourth instar > fifth instar in all silkworm strains. Expression of heat shock proteins varies in different instars. 90 kDa in the first, second and third instars, 84 kDa in the fourth instar and 84, 62, 60, 47 and 33 kDa heat shock proteins in fifth instar was observed in response to heat shock. Relative influence of heat shock on commercial traits that correspond to different stages was significant in all strains. In NB4D2, cocoon and shell weight significantly increased to 17.52% and 19.44% over control respectively. Heat shock proteins as molecular markers for evaluation and evolution of thermotolerant silkworm strains for tropics was discussed.
Inducing and isolation of antibacterial peptides from oriental fruit fly, Bactrocera dorsalis Hendel
Authors: DANG XIANG‐LI , TIAN JIN‐HUAN , YI HUI‐YU , WANG WEN‐XIAN , ZHENG MIN , LI YI‐FENG , CAO YANG , WEN SHUO‐YANG 
Published: August 2006

AbstractOne antibacterial activity fraction from an immunized dipteran insect, Bactrocera dorsalis, was isolated and purified by prepurification, ion‐exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and reverse‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The final purified fraction was checked on the Smart system HPLC and was judged as a pure fraction. The results of physical and biological analysis revealed that this fraction is heat stable and showed strong activities against Gram‐positive bacterial growth. It possesses antibicrobial peptide properties and is worth further investigation.
Storage of osmotically treated entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae
Authors: FENG SHI‐PENG , HAN RI‐CHOU , QIU XUE‐HONG , CAO LI , CHEN JING‐HUA , WANG GUO‐HONG 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe infective juveniles (IJs) of Steinernema carpocapsae‘All’ were osmotically stressed by a mixture of ionic (fortified artificial seawater) and non‐ionic (3.2 mol/L glycerol) solutions to establish a method for osmotic storage of entomopathogenic nematodes. Seven combinations (termed solution A to G) with different proportions of these two solutions were tested, with sterile extra pure water (sepH2O, termed solution H) as a control. The mortality of the IJs at a concentration of 5 × 105 IJ/mL in the solutions A to G, and H were 13.2%, 16.2%, 16.7%, 13.5%, 25.2%, 31.6%, 44.6%, and 1.0%, respectively, after 21 days storage at 25°C. Most of the IJs shrunk and stopped motility after 6–9 hours incubation at 25°C in solutions A to D. Based on the results, solutions A to D and H were chosen to further test the osmotic survival of the IJs at different IJ concentrations (5 × 105, 2.5 × 105, 2 000 IJ/mL) and incubation temperature (30°C, 25°C, 10°C). The resulting IJs were exposed to a high temperature assay (45°C for 4 h, HTA). Osmotically stressed IJs showed improved heat tolerance. The mortality of the IJs increased with the increasing concentrations of the test IJs and the storage temperatures after exposing to the HTA. More than 88.4%, 62.3% or 2.4% of the treated IJs died at the above three IJ concentrations, respectively. At the three IJ concentrations (2 000 IJs/mL, 2.5 × 105 IJs/mL or 5 × 105 IJs/mL), the highest mortality was recorded in solution D (11.6%, 85.9% or 98.0%, respectively), and the lowest mortality in solution B (2. 4%, 62.3% or 86.6%, respectively). No untreated IJs survived after the heat treatment. During 42 days storage at 10°C, the IJs mortality in the solutions A to D and H were 7.19%, 5.97%, 4.41%, 4.34%, and 4.34% respectively, and showed no significant differences. In conclusion, osmotic treatment of the IJs of S. carpocapsae‘All’ in a mixture of ionic and non‐ionic solutions enhances the heat tolerance. The mortality of the IJs after HTA increased with the increasing concentrations of the test IJs and the storage temperatures after exposure to the HTA. The result is promising for the osmotic storage of the entomopathogenic nematodes.
Sublethal effects of malathion on boll weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) fecundity when maintained on cotton squares or artificial diet
Authors: ARMSTRONG JOHN SCOTT , SHOWLER ALLAN T. , SÉTAMOU MAMOUDOU , GREENBERG SHOIL 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMated 3‐day‐old female boll weevils, Anthonomus grandis grandis Boheman, reared from field‐infested cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) squares were topically treated with an estimated LD50 of malathion (2 μg) to assess its effects on fecundity, oviposition, and body fat condition. Two different food sources, cotton squares and artificial diet, were assessed in malathion‐treated and nontreated (control) weevils. The LD50 caused ∼50% mortality in the square‐fed malathion treatment, but the artificial diet‐fed malathion‐treated weevils were less susceptible. LD50 survivors fed on the squares produced ≥ 9 times more chorionated eggs in the ovaries and oviposited ≥ 19‐fold more than survivors fed artificial diet, regardless of the malathion treatment. Boll weevils that survived a 2 μg LD50 malathion and also fed squares were ∼4.5‐fold leaner than diet‐fed weevils. Our findings demonstrate that non‐resistant boll weevils surviving a sublethal dose of malathion will reproduce without any delay or significant loss in fecundity, and the food source for which boll weevils are maintained when conducting these assays will directly affect the results. The significance of these findings and how they are related to the final stages of eradicating the boll weevil from the US are discussed.
Effect of age on reproductive attributes of an aphidophagous ladybird, Cheilomenes sexmaculata
Authors: OMKAR  , SINGH SATYENDRA K. , SINGH KALPANA 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe effect of both male and female age was investigated on certain reproductive attributes, viz. mating incidence, mating duration, fecundity, percent egg viability, ratio of reproductive and non‐reproductive periods and reproductive rate, of an aphidophagous ladybird, Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fabricius). Females started mating at the age of 8 hours post‐emergence (PE) and males at the age of 2 days PE. Mating in the laboratory was a male‐dominated phenomenon. The mating duration and reproductive rate of 10‐day‐old females when mated with males of varying ages increased up to the male age of 60 days, and thereafter decreased, whereas, fecundity, egg viability and ratio of reproductive and non‐reproductive periods increased up to the male age of 50 days, and thereafter declined. However, when females of varying ages were mated with 10‐day‐old males, fecundity and reproductive rate increased up to 40 days of female age, respectively, then decreased. The ratio of reproductive and non‐reproductive periods increased with increasing age of females. Mating age for optimal reproductive output was 10J50‐day‐old males and NE to 40‐day‐old females. Reproductive cessation in males was recorded after 50 days PE, whereas in females at the age of 40 days PE. Higher mating durations lead to elevated reproductive rates. Delay in the reproductive phase was positively correlated with longevity. The results of this study may aid mass multiplication of this ladybird by identifying and promoting usage of adults of optimal age. Our results also enhance our understanding of the effect of age on reproductive attributes in ladybirds.
Programmed Transcription of the
var
Gene Family, but Not of
stevor
, in
Plasmodium falciparum
Gametocytes
Authors: Sharp Sarah , Lavstsen Thomas , Fivelman Quinton L. , Saeed Maha , McRobert Louisa , Templeton Thomas J. , Jensen Anja T. R. , Baker David A. , Theander Thor G. , Sutherland Colin J. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

The
var
genes encode
Plasmodium falciparum
erythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1) proteins, a set of highly diverse surface-expressed proteins that mediate adhesion of erythrocytes infected with asexual blood-stage parasites to host endothelium. Switching among expressed PfEMP1 variants in the course of a blood-stage infection is a key component of antigenic variation, and thus immune evasion, by the parasite. The majority of
var
loci are found in the subtelomeric regions of
P. falciparum
chromosomes associated with members of other multigene families, including
stevor
. Both PfEMP1 and STEVOR are expressed in gametocytes, the transmissible parasite stage, but the role of these proteins in the biology of sexual-stage parasites remains unknown. PfEMP1 may continue to mediate antigenic variation in gametocytes, which need to persist in the host for many days before reaching maturity. Using quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Northern hybridization, we demonstrate that transcription of a defined subset of type C
var
loci occurs during gametocyte development in vitro. This transcriptional program occurs in gametocytes regardless of the
var
expression phenotype of their asexual progenitors and therefore is subject to regulatory processes distinct from those that manage antigenic variation in the asexual parasite. In contrast, the same
stevor
variants are transcribed in both gametocytes and their asexual progenitors. We also provide evidence that for both asexual parasites and gametocytes,
var
and
stevor
transcription patterns are not linked to each other.
The
vtc4
Gene Influences Polyphosphate Storage, Morphogenesis, and Virulence in the Maize Pathogen
Ustilago maydis
Authors: Boyce Kylie J. , Kretschmer Matthias , Kronstad James W. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

The maize pathogen
Ustilago maydis
switches from budding to filamentous, dikaryotic growth in response to environmental signals including nutrient status, growth in the host, and the presence of mating pheromones. The filamentous dikaryon is capable of proliferating within host tissue to cause disease symptoms including tumors. The transition from yeast cells to hyphal filaments is regulated by a mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade and a cyclic-AMP-protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. Serial analysis of gene expression with PKA mutants identified orthologs of components of the PHO phosphate acquisition pathway as transcriptional targets of the PKA pathway, and these included genes for Pho84, an acid phosphatase, and the vacuolar transport chaperones Vtc1 and Vtc4. In
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, Vtc4p is required during the fusion of inorganic-phosphate-containing vesicles to the vacuolar membrane and the consequent accumulation of phosphate stored as polyphosphate (polyP) in the vacuole. We found that deletion of
vtc4
in
U. maydis
also reduced polyP stored in vacuoles. Intriguingly, Δ
vtc4
mutants possessed a filamentous cellular morphology, in contrast to the budding, yeast-like growth of the wild-type parent. The Δ
vtc4
mutants also displayed decreased symptom development and reduced proliferation in planta. The interaction with PKA signaling was further investigated by the generation of Δ
vtc4 ubc1
double mutants. Deletion of
vtc4
completely suppressed the multiple-budded phenotype of a Δ
ubc1
mutant, indicating that polyP stores are essential for this PKA-induced trait. Overall, this study reveals a novel role for PKA-regulated polyP accumulation in the control of fungal morphogenesis and virulence.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of an
SNF2
/
brahma
-Related Gene in
Tetrahymena thermophila
Suggests Roles in Growth and Nuclear Development
Authors: Fillingham Jeffrey S. , Garg Jyoti , Tsao Nora , Vythilingum Nama , Nishikawa Takamitsu , Pearlman Ronald E. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

We used a reverse genetic approach to identify three members of the
SNF2
superfamily of chromatin remodeling genes in the ciliated protozoan
Tetrahymena thermophila
in order to investigate possible functions of ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling factors in growth and nuclear development. Comparative sequence analysis of the gene product of the
Tetrahymena brahma-
related gene (Tt
BRG1
) indicates it is a member of the SNF2/BRM subgroup of the SNF2 superfamily. Northern analysis suggests that Tt
BRG1
has roles in growth and nuclear development in
Tetrahymena
. Indirect immunofluorescence analysis during nuclear development indicates that TtBrg1p localizes to both the parental and developing macronucleus of
Tetrahymena
during the time period corresponding to genome rearrangements. We generated germ line knockout heterokaryons for Tt
BRG1
and demonstrated that expression of the gene is required to complete nuclear development of
Tetrahymena
. In addition, the formation of distinct Pdd1p-containing structures is disturbed during the late stages of conjugation in Tt
BRG1
germ line knockout heterokaryons. We discuss these results in light of possible roles of SNF2-related proteins in growth and nuclear development of
Tetrahymena
.
Transcript Profiles of
Candida albicans
Cortical Actin Patch Mutants Reflect Their Cellular Defects: Contribution of the Hog1p and Mkc1p Signaling Pathways
Authors: Oberholzer Ursula , Nantel André , Berman Judith , Whiteway Malcolm 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACT

In
Candida albicans
, Myo5p and Sla2p are required for the polarized localization and function of cortical actin patches, for hyphal formation, and for endocytosis. Deletion of either the
MYO5
or the
SLA2
gene generated a common transcriptional response that involved changes in the transcript levels of cell wall protein- and membrane protein-encoding genes. However, these profiles were distinct from those observed for a mutant with specific deletions of the actin-organizing domains of Myo5p or for wild-type cells treated with cytochalasin A, both of which also generate defects in the organization of cortical actin patches. The profiles observed for the
myo5
Δ and
sla2
Δ mutants had similarities to those of wild-type cells subjected to an osmotic shock, and the defects in cortical patch function found with
myo5
Δ and
sla2
Δ mutants, but not cortical actin patch distribution per se, affected sensitivity to various stresses, including heat and osmotic shocks and cell wall damage. Secondary effects coupled with defective endocytosis, such as lack of polarized lipid rafts and associated protein Rvs167-GFP (where GFP is green fluorescent protein) and lack of polarized wall remodeling protein GFP-Gsc1, were also observed for the
myo5
Δ and
sla2
Δ mutants. The mitogen-activated protein kinases Hog1p and Mkc1p, which mediate signaling in response to osmotic stress and cell wall damage, do not play a major role in regulating the transcript level changes in the
myo5
Δ and
sla2
Δ mutants. Hog1p was not hyperphosphorylated in the
myo5
Δ and
sla2
Δ mutants, and the transcript levels of only a subset of genes affected in the
myo5
Δ mutant were dependent upon the presence of Hog1p and Mkc1p. However, it appears that Hog1p and Mkc1p play important roles in the
myo5
Δ mutant cells because double deletion of myosin I and either Hog1p or Mkc1p resulted in very-slow-growing cells.