bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic Recording of Vibrational Properties of Foodstuffs
Authors: DRAKE BIRGER 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYAn apparatus is described for automatic recording of mechanical resonance curves for test specimens of foodstuffs with the approximate size of 6 × 12 × 50 mm. The simple evaluation procedure described gives information on the modulus of elasticity (divided by the density) and degree of mechanical damping.
Effect of Radiation Environment on the Thermal Resistance of Irradiated Spores of Clostridium Sporogenes P.A. 3679
Authors: LICCIARDELLO J. J. , NICKERSON J. T. R. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYThe thermal resistance at 100°C of Clostridiun sporogenes P.A. 3679 was determined after the spores had been irradiated with gamma rays or cathode rays under various environmental conditions.The pre‐irradiation treatment sensitized the spores to heat, and spores irradiated either in air or under vacuum were heat‐sensitized to the same extent. The heat sensitization induced was slightly greater when the spores were irradiated at a pH near neutrality, than at an acid pH. Spores suspended in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) were heat‐sensitized to a greater degree than spores suspended in nutrient broth or pureed ham. The thermal resistance of the irradiated spores was not influenced by the concentration of viable spores in the suspension (phosphate buffer), but as the proportion of dead cells and dead spores increased with increasing doses of irradiation, the thermal resistance also increased.Spores irradiated with 660,000 rep at 66–68°C were more heat‐sensitive than spores irradiated at room temperature or in the frozen state. Below this irradiation level this effect was not evident.
Protein‐Bound Sodium and Potassium in Some Grains
Authors: ROYCHOWDHURY S. P. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYEight grain species were examined for sodium and potassium contents in protein and non‐protein fractions before and after soaking. Most of sodium is protein bound, and potassium appears less strongly bound. Soaking does not seem to change these constituents in two fractions. Hardly any salt appears to leach out in soaking.
Inositol and Free Sugars in Chicken Muscle Post‐Mortem
Authors: LILYBLADE A. L. , PETERSON D. W. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYChicken muscle was analyzed for free sugars using separations by paper chromatography. Inositol, glucose, sedoheptulose, mannose, fructose, rihose, and rihulose were identified. Two other unknown compounds appeared to he arabinose and xylose. Five minor components detected were not identified.The principal free sugars present in chicken muscle immediately postmortem were glucose and fructose. Ribose occurred only in trace amounts. During a 6‐day storage period at ice temperature, glucose levels increased in white muscle from 13‐week‐old pullets and also in both red and white muscle from old hens, but decreased in red muscle from pullets. Red muscle contained more than twice as much free iuositol as white muscle. Inositol, fructose, and ribose increased during storage in the two kinds of muscle in both older and younger birds.
Application of Activation Analysis to the Determination of Trace‐Element Concentrations in Meata
Authors: KOCH R. C. , ROESMER J. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYThe concentrations of 27 trace elements were determined in four meats: beef, pork, ham, and chicken. Because the concentrations of most of these elements were expected to be very small, the extremely sensitive method of neutron activation analysis was used in this study. Qualitative analyses were performed for 8 of the elements, and the concentrations of 19 elements were determined quantitatively. The quantitatively measured concentrations varied from ∼0.1% for phosphorus to ∼10−5 ppm for cerium. Most data are estimated to be accurate to ±10%. The results demonstrate the applicability of this analytical method to determination of the inorganic constituents in foods and related substances at a constant level of accuracy throughout the concentration ranges of practical interest.
Variety and Location Effects on Ascorbic Acid in Potatoesa
Authors: HYDE R. B. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYThe data from analyses of six potato varieties grown at nine widely different locations over two years showed that varietal comparisons for ascorbic acid content are relatively unaffected by location. Thus, in ascertaining the potential value of potato varieties as a source of ascorbic acid, widespread testing appears to offer no advantage over the determination of varietal differences for this factor in a more confined area.
Repeatability Estimates in Sensory‐Panel Selection
Authors: SAWYER F. M. , STONE H. , ABPLANALP H. , STEWART G. F. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYRepeatability estimates applied to panel selection enable the experimenter to predict the proportion of judges whose sensitivity can satisfy established specifications. Repeatability estimates of different test designs indicated paired comparison to be more sensitive than the 3‐sample binomial design. Studies on sessions of extended length indicate that protracted testing may provide a more reliable basis of panel selection than short‐period testing does.
All‐Vegetable Protein Mixtures for Human Feeding
Authors: BRESSANI RICARDO , VALIENTE ANA TERESA 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYStudies were carried out to determine the best combination of rice and cooked black beans when one partially replaced the other isonitrogenously. Experiments with young and with adult protein‐depleted rats indicate that the best combination was one in which about 60% of the protein of the diet is from rice and 40% from black beans. The range of values was from 70 to 50% rice and from 30 to 50% cooked black beans. The median figures correspond to 80 g of rice and 20 g of beans. On an isoproteic basis, rice protein is superior to black bean protein, and supplementation of either protein source with known limiting amino acids improved the protein value. Cooked black beans supplemented with methionine and valine still did not induce as good growth as rice supplemented with lysine and threonine. When rice‐black bean diets containing 50% protein from each source were supplemented stepwise with the limiting amino acids methionine, lysine, and leucine, the growth and feed and protein efficiencies of the rats improved; serum protein and liver fat tended to increase.
Infrared Spectra of Some Pectic Substancesa
Authors: REINTJES MARTEN , MUSCO DAMIAN D. , JOSEPH GLENN H. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYInfrared spectra for a number of commercial types of pectic substances were determined with a film technique used elsewhere on gums and pectin. It is possible to distinguish between pectins with high methoxyl and with low methoxyl and polygalacturonic acid. Although the spectrum for the only apple pectin examined differed in some respects, particularly at longer wavelengths, from citrus peetin spectra, additional samples should be examined with higher resolution before conclusions are made about fruit sources. Results now reported should be of use in general qualitative identification of pectic substances. Improvements in equipment and techniques are suggested.
The Monoterpene Hydrocarbon Composition of Some Essential Oils
Authors: IKEDA ROBERT M. , STANLEY WILLIAM L. , VANNIER SADIE H. , SPITLER ELIZABETH M. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYThe monoterpene hydrocarbon composition of 29 non‐citrus essential oils was determined with silicic acid chromatostrips and gas‐liquid chromatography. Data arc presented showing the total monoterpene hydrocarbon content and the relative proportions of 19 of these compounds in each oil.
Studies on the Composition of Egg Lipida
Authors: PRIVETT O. S. , BLANK M. L. , SCHMIT J. A. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYStudies were carried out on the fractionation and analysis of egg lipid by several new techniques employing thin‐layer chromatography. The fatty acid composition of the major lipid classes and subfractions thereof was determined by a combination of alkali‐isomerization and gas‐liquid chromatography. The positional arrangements of the fatty acids in the glycerides and lecithin fraction were determined. The fatty acids in lecithin were distributed mainly in one type, the α‐saturated β‐unsaturated type, in contrast to the fatty acids of triglycerides.
Tenderness of Beef.
Authors: COVER SYLVIA , HOSTETLER ROBERT L. , RITCHEY S. J. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYShear‐force values were markedly and significantly higher at meat temperatures of 80°C (well‐done) than at 61 °C (rare) in longissimus dorsi (LD) steaks, but only slightly higher in biceps femoris (BF) steaks from 180 animals. Neither muscle showed significant differences between shear‐force values at 80 and 100°C. The two muscles had similar shear‐force values at 61 °C, although the connective tissue scored much tougher in BF than in LD steaks. Correlations were low between shear‐force values and panel scores for tenderness of connective tissue. The highest coefficients between shear‐force values and panel scores were in LD cooked to 80 and 100°C—for softness to. tooth pressure, ease of fragmentation, and adhesion. These indicate that low scores (tough meat) were associated with high shear‐force values. Correlations for all possible combinations of shear‐force values for the two muscles and the three conditions of cooking were made. Within LD all coefficients were significant and high, which indicated that ranking of the animals for shear‐force value was similar at all temperatures within this muscle. Within BF the only high coefficient was for 80 vs. 100°C. Those involving the two muscles together were not high and not always significant. Thus, shear‐force values of one muscle would not be satisfactory for indicating the tenderness of another muscle in the same carcass. Variation was found among the various core positions within a steak.Extensibility of muscle fibers was greater at 100 than at 61 °C. This was significant in LD but frequently not significant among the lots in BF. Extensibility was rather closely related to shear‐force values at both temperatures in LD, but only at 100°C in BF. Availability of muscle fibers long enough for these determinations (5 mm) varied widely in BF. This availability in the BF steaks cooked to 100°C appeared to be related to scores for mealiness.
Amino Acids in Fermented Bread Doughsa
Authors: HORVAT ROBERT J. , NG HAWKINS , PENCE JAMES 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYNineteen free amino acids were identified and quantified in the dialyzable fraction from fermented bread doughs ready for baking. Amino acids account for the majority of the dialyzable nonvolatile amino compounds in this fraction. Nine of the amino acids found in bread doughs were also identified in a preferment brew. peptides did not appear in the dialyzable extracts, and are assumed to be absent, or present in very low concentrations, in the doughs. Most of the amino nitrogen of fermented doughs remains in the nondialyzable fraction. The amino acid fraction, soluble‐protein fraction, and volatile nitrogen compounds, measured as ammonia, make minor contributions to the total amino content of bread doughs.
Kinetics and Energetics of Thermal Inactivation and the Regeneration Rates of a Peroxidase Systema,b
Authors: JOFFE FREDERICK M. , BALL C. OLIN 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYThe kinetics of thermal inactivation of peroxidase were found to he first‐order for the range of temperatures 85–100°C. The experimental activation energy was 25.1 kilocalories per mole; free energy change, 27.0–27.5 kilocalories per mole; and entropy change, a negative 7.39–7.89 calories per mole degree. This indicated that the transfer of energy was extremely slow or the activated molecule was actually more rigid than the native molecule, the latter being more likely than the former. No regeneration occurred when peroxidase had been completely inactivated.Regeneration was found to involve a lag period of approximately 20 hr, a rapid rate period of l‐2 days, a point of maximum regeneration at 2–10 days, and finally a decrease in activity after inactivation.The thermal destruction time (z value) of 49.8°F indicated that in high‐temperature short‐time processes the criterion for sufficiency might necessarily be based on the time required to inactivate peroxidase rather than on the time required to sterilize the product.
Changes in Carbohydrate and Phosphorus Content of Potato Tubers during Storage in Nitrogen
Authors: SAMOTUS BOGUSLAW , SCHWIMMER SIGMUND 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYWhen potatoes are stored in nitrogen at low temperatures, starch decomposition, release of starch‐bound phosphorus, and accumulation of inorganic phosphorus are less than during storage in air. Although there is a complete suppression of sugar accumulation, evidence is presented that the starch removed appears as substances, probably end‐products of anaerobic glycolysis, that are volatile at the temperatures used to determine percent dry weight. The decreases in starch‐bound phosphorus are balanced by a corresponding increase in inorganic phosphorus in both air‐stored and nitrogen‐stored potatoes. The decrease in the phytic acid phosphorus in air‐stored tubers can be accounted for largely as an increase in the fraction containing phosphoproteins, nucleic acids, and phospholipids, whereas the corresponding loss of phytic acid phosphorus in nitrogen‐stored tubers appears largely in the fraction containing nucleotide coenzymes and hexose phosphates. The significance of these findings is discussed in terms of the requirements for high‐energy phosphate derived from the respiratory process and needed for biosynthesis.
The Chemical Composition of Maple Sugar Sanda
Authors: DAVIS D. ROBERT , GALLANDER JAMES F. , HACSKAYLO JOHN , GOULD W. A. , WILLITS C. O. 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYThe gritty material obtained by filtering commercial maple sirup was analyzed to determine its composition and to relate its composition to the amount of sugar sand deposited to determine the factors responsible for the formation of sugar sand. The samples, taken over a two‐year period, contained calcium, malic acid, and undetermined material (probably silica) as the major constituents. The calcium, malic acid, and calcium malate content gave highly significant positive correlations with the amount of sugar sand formed, whereas the percentage of undetermined material gave a negative correlation. There was also evidence that the malic acid content was more critical in the formation of sugar sand than the calcium content. Highly significant negative correlations were obtained between the percent sugar sand deposited and the iron, copper, and boron content. Further, these constituents also gave highly significant negative correlations when compared with the calcium content of the sugar sand. The presence of potassium, magnesium, and molybdenum appeared to have little effect on the formation of sugar sand. The nonvolatile organic acids present in sugar sand were determined by paper chromatography. Results showed that sugar sand contains malic, citric, succinic, fumaric, and three unidentified organic acids.
Effect of Freezing on Autoxidation of Oxymyoglobin Solutionsa
Authors: BROWN W. DUANE , DOLEV AMI 
Published: August 2006

SUMMARYRates of oxidation of solutions of highly purified and “crude” tuna and beef oxymyoglobins were measured at 0, −5, −10, −15, and −18°C. The results show that the oxidation rate decreases with lower temperatures until solutions actually solidify; at that time the autoxidation rate increases sharply. There are variations in rates of oxidation between tuna and beef myoglohins, as well as between myoglobin solutions at different buffer concentrations; however, these are secondary to the changes noted due to freezing.
Nuclear HBcAg and histology activity index as independent predictors of the expression of singly spliced HBV‐RNA
Authors: Sheen I.‐S. , Tsou Y.‐K. , Lin S.‐M. , Lin C.‐J. , Lin C.‐C. , Hsu C.‐W. , Chen Y.‐C. , Chang M.‐L. , Yeh C.‐T. 
Published: August 2006

Summary.  Although hepatitis B virus (HBV) RNA splicing has been reported by many researchers, the clinical significance of this event remains illusive. The present study was designed to investigate the clinical roles of singly spliced HBV‐RNA. Liver biopsy tissues obtained from 32 consecutive patients were subjected to reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction for the detection of singly spliced and unspliced HBV‐RNA. Stepwise linear regression model was used to estimate the ratio of singly spliced to unspliced (S/US) HBV‐RNA in the presence of the following variables: age, gender, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin, alpha‐foetoprotein, status of HBV e antigen (HBeAg), status of antibody to HBeAg, HBV‐DNA, histology activity index (HAI), fibrotic score, grade of cytoplasmic HBV core antigen (HBcAg), grade of nuclear HBcAg, genotype, status of precore‐stop‐mutation, basal core promoter mutation, previous lamivudine therapy and superinfection by other hepatitis viruses. The results showed that HAI (β = −0.2616; P = 0.011) and grade of nuclear HBcAg expression (β = 0.5599; P =0.0067) were two independent predictors for the expression of singly spliced HBV‐RNA. Further categorical analysis showed that patients with HAI score ≤6 and grading of nuclear HBcAg ≥2 have significantly higher S/US ratios. In conclusion, nuclear HBcAg and HAI are two independent predictors for the expression of singly spliced HBV‐RNA.
Divergence in mating signals correlates with ecological variation in the migratory songbird, Swainson's thrush (Catharus ustulatus)
Authors: RUEGG K. , SLABBEKOORN H. , CLEGG S. , SMITH T. B. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSong divergence among populations of passerine birds is recognized as a potentially important premating isolation mechanism and may represent the first step in speciation. Because song divergence may be influenced by an array of acoustic, ecological, and genetic factors, the study of its origin requires a multifaceted approach. Here we describe the relationship between acoustic, neutral genetic and ecological variation in five populations of the Swainson's thrush: two from coastal temperate rainforest habitat representing the ‘russet‐backed’ subspecies group, two from inland coniferous forest habitat representing the ‘olive‐backed’ subspecies group, and one mixed locality that resides within a contact zone between the two groups. Song in the five populations is analysed using a multivariate analysis of spectral and temporal measurements, population genetic structure is assessed using an analysis of five microsatellite loci and ecological differences between populations are quantified using an analysis of climatic parameters. Matrix correspondence tests are used to distinguish between the potential for drift and selection in driving song divergence. No significant correlation was found between acoustic and genetic distance suggesting that song divergence cannot be explained by drift alone. A significant correlation between ecological and acoustic distance after accounting for genetic distance, suggests a potential role for ecological selection on divergence in spectral and temporal components of Swainson's thrush song.
Effects of acoustic distortion and semantic context on event‐related potentials to spoken words
Authors: Aydelott Jennifer , Dick Frederic , Mills Debra L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study examined the neurophysiological effects of acoustic degradation on auditory semantic processing. Event‐related potentials were recorded to target words presented in a sentence context. Targets were semantically congruent or incongruent with the context, which was acoustically intact or low‐pass filtered. In unaltered contexts, N400 amplitude was significantly greater for incongruent than congruent words. Filtering significantly reduced this effect, even though participants were highly accurate in interpreting the degraded stimuli, as shown by an anomaly detection task. This reduction in the N400 effect appeared to be driven by decreased N400 amplitudes over posterior electrode sites for incongruent targets. These results demonstrate that acoustic degradation influences the neural response to words in context by reducing the availability of semantic information in on‐line sentence comprehension.
Factors associated with the awareness and practice of evidence‐based obstetric care in an African setting
Authors: Tita ATN , Selwyn BJ , Waller DK , Kapadia AS , Dongmo S 
Published: August 2006

Objective  To identify the factors associated with important (≥50%) variation in awareness and practice of evidence‐based obstetric interventions in an African setting where we have previously reported poor awareness and use of evidence‐based reproductive interventions.Design  Cross‐sectional analysis of data from our Reproductive Health Interventions Study.Setting  North‐west province, Cameroon, Africa.Population  Health workers including obstetricians, other physicians, midwives, nurses and other staff providing reproductive care.Main outcome measures  Prevalence ratios (PR) of uniform awareness and practice of four key evidence‐based obstetric interventions from the World Health Organization Reproductive Health Library (WHO RHL): antiretrovirals to prevent mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV/AIDS, antenatal corticosteroids for prematurity, uterotonics to prevent postpartum haemorrhage and magnesium sulphate for seizure prophylaxis.Methods  Comparisons of descriptive covariates, applying logistic regression to estimate independent relationships with awareness and use of evidence‐based interventions.Results  A total of 15.5% (50/322) of health workers were aware of all the four interventions while only 3.8% (12/312) reported optimal practice. Evidence‐based awareness was strongly associated with practice (PR = 15.4; 96% CI: 4.3–55.0). Factors significantly associated with awareness were: attending continuing education, access to the WHO RHL, employment as an obstetrician/gynaecologist and working in autonomous military or National Insurance Fund facilities. Controlling for potential confounding, working as an obstetrician was associated with increased awareness (adjusted prevalence odds ratio [aPOR] = 8.3; 95% CI: 1.3–53.8) as was median work experience of 5–15 years (aPOR = 2.0; 95% CI: 1.0–3.8). Internet access was associated with increased practice (aPOR = 3.4; 95% CI: 1.0–11.8). Other potentially important variations were observed, although they did not attain statistical significance.Conclusions  Several factors including obstetric training and continuous education positively influence evidence‐based awareness and practice of key obstetric interventions. Confirmation and application of this information may enhance the effectiveness of programmes to improve maternal and perinatal outcomes.