bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
URSS : avant la crise finale
Authors: Alexandrova Olga 
Published: November 2007

USSR : before the Final Crisis, by Olga Alexandrova
From mid-1990 to mid-1991, the Soviet Union witnessed increasing clashes between democrats and conservatives inside the Party and the rising pressure of daims for independence from ail the Soviet Republics. The USSR, which had previously played off concessions — in terms of its security policy and economie reforms — against real political support and massive économie aid from the West, imposed a turning point through the « 9 + 1 » treaty in order to save the cohesion of the Fédération. Negotiations with the republics then differed from the methods used during the winter of 1990-1991. Although the existing System was challenged, no clear indication was given of the way things could swing. A definitive transformation perhaps, but one whose consequences on international stability are unknown.
La réglementation des armements après la guerre du Golfe
Authors: Klein Jean 
Published: November 2007

Attempts at Arms Control Following the Gulf War, by Jean Klein
The Gulf War demonstrated the dangers of the build-up of stocks of conventional weapons and ballistic missiles in the Third World. Steps have since been taken in an attempt to stem the flow. UN Security Council resolution number 687 aims to disarm Iraq, France and the United States are working to create a Middle Eastern peace zone free of weapons of mass destruction, and towards regulation of the arms trade. However, the success of these endeavours is not assured in view of Iraq's extreme reluctance to reveal the nature and extent of its nuclear programme, and of the many hurdles to be crossed before a peaceful solution to the conflicts of the région can be achieved.
L'Est de l'Europe et l'Allemagne : des rapports complexes
Authors: Stark Hans 
Published: November 2007

The Complex Relationships between Eastern Europe and Germany, by Hans Stark
Since the opening up of East European countries, their democratisation and change over to market economies, dialogue has naturally increased between the Eastern and Western halves of Europe. Germany is the principal beneficiary of the new situation and Ostpolitik has gained a new lease of life. Initiatives in this respect have not failed to arouse certain reservations and suspicions on the part of Western neighbours, who alas have a tendency to underestimate Germany's difficulties with regard to its East European relations. It has to overcome distrust based on memories of the war and anti-German propaganda used by communist regimes as well as fear of German economie domination. All these factors bring great complexity to its dealings in the East.
Les Etats-Unis et la crise yougoslave
Authors: Brenner Michael 
Published: November 2007

The United States and the Yugoslav Crisis, by Michael Brenner
The United States' role in the Yugoslav crisis was most noteworthy for its insignificance. The decision of the Bush administration to yield leadership to the Community Twelve marks a transition, though not an entirely smooth one, in the division of responsibility among the Atlantic partners. It indicates that Washington has become more selective, and cautious, in judging which politico-strategie questions in Europe directly affect American interests and require American initiative. This new-found reticence has been obscured by the sharp debate over European security architecture.
Les rapports franco-algériens, 1962-1992. Réconciliation ou conciliation permanente ?
Authors: Daguzan Jean-François 
Published: November 2007

French-Algerian Relations 1962-1992. Reconciliation or Conciliation ?, by Jean-François Daguzan
Franco-Algerian relations have always been exceptional. Unable to achieve integration, the French instead embraced a quest for decolonisation, which indelibly marked relations between the two countries. As a resuit of that quest, there was never any risk of irredeemable clash during the various cycles of crisis and reconciliation. Certainly, however, there were problems. Algeria always sought to weaken French presence which it found oppressive, and France, during Giscard d'Estaing's presidency, began to place greater emphasis on Tunisia and Morocco, both countries long ignored. During François Mitterrand's first mandate, Franco-Algerian relations became an excellent example of mutual cooperation ; although the relationship was ultimately unable to withstand the tests of economie and political realities. Today, Franco-Algerian relations are at a tuming point. Their future dépends on Algeria's ability to resolve the Islamic question and France willingness to maintain close links. However, a fundamental question remains : will France maintain close ties with Algeria only if the type of government in Algeria is compatible with French interests, or will France continue to maintain links no matter what of Algerian government is in power ?
La réforme de l'ONU
Authors: Bertrand Maurice 
Published: November 2007

Reform of the UN, by Maurice Bertrand
The 1993 General Assembly will very likely debate the possibility of enlarging the Security Council to include Germany and Japan. Traditional concepts of UN reform are not favourable towards Charter revision. However the fact that the United States has declared itself in favour of an expansion of the Council and that the other permanent members are not fundamentally opposed could lead to the adoption of a limited amendment creating, for example, five new permanent members. However the more or less total failure of Council initiatives in Yugoslavia, Somalia and Angola show that serious questions must be posed concerning the functions and strategies of the organi zation, the value of collective security system and peacekeeping forces. The relation between global economic integration and social disintegration and the adaptation of the structure of the United Nations system to deal with world-wide problems must also be examined. A revision of the Charter could be an opportunity to reflect upon these problems.
Le rôle du Secrétariat des Nations unies dans le domaine économique et social : portrait d'une réorganisation
Authors: Milleron Jean-Claude 
Published: November 2007

The Role of the United Nations Secretariat in the Economie and Social Domain Portrait of Reorganization by Jean-Claude Milleron
The Secretary-General of the United Nations in office since the beginning of 1992, has undertaken an important economic and social reorganization. This concerns taking into account the growing role of economic and social information assuring better integration between the two domains and coping with the system's considerable development of political and humanitarian action. This calls for a reorganization of centralization-decentralization of decisions taken by the Secretariat and bodies close to it as well as a better coordination within the system. At the end of the article an outline of the prevailing distribution of responsibilities is given.
Une crise en gestation ? La Macédoine et ses voisins
Authors: Perry Duncan M. 
Published: November 2007

A Crisis in the Making ? Macedonia and its Neighbours, by Duncan M. Perry
Macedonian foreign policy is inextricably mixed up with internal political, économie and social problems which force it to search for international security guarantees. Macedonia thus follows a pragmatic foreign policy, aiming to protect its frontiers and to favour its economie prosperity. It seeks wider international recognition not only to increase its security but also to affirm its new existence as state and nation thereby reinforcing internai national cohesion. Finally however, Greek intransigence over its name, added to the UN embargo of rump Yugoslavia and internal ethnie tensions in Macedonia, could get the better of the new State.
La Russie et l'Occident
Authors: Blackwill Robert D. 
Published: November 2007

Russia and the West, by Robert D. Blackwill
The author discusses two broad areas that are souring relations between Russia and the West. The Russian domestic landscape is characterized by four negative trends that together will infect Russian external policies : worsening economie conditions, the end of democratie breakthroughs, the growth of crime and corruption, and increasing anti-Western sentiment. The second area encompasses differences arising from the conflicting national interests and foreign policies of Russia and the West, particularly regarding the future of Ukraine, the Baltic States, and Eastern Europe. While these internal factors and conflicting interests do not bode well for partnership between Russia and the industrialized democracies, neither will they produce another Cold War. Rather, the West should engage more actively with Russia to manage this increasingly troubled relationship.
La normalisation de la politique étrangère de l'Allemagne
Authors: Gordon Philip H. 
Published: November 2007

The « Normalization » of German Foreign Policy, by Philip H. Gordon
The national interests of the Federal Republic of Germany bave been transformed by the manifold geopolitical changes of the past several years. This transformation raises the possibility of wbat is sometimes called the « normalization » of German policy —the attenuation of the particular restrictions that have influenced and constrained Germany's international actions since, and because of, World War II. Normalization is a controversial topic both in Germany and abroad, and some fear it would mean a return to the past. But it is difficult to argue that the Federal Republic, after more than four decades of responsible behavior in Europe, should not be allowed to pursue its interests in the same way as other states. Efforts by Germany's allies to prevent it from assuming a say and role in international affairs proportionate to its weight and interests not only display unwarranted mistrust of a close ally, but also seem bound to fail.
« Nous » et « eux » : l'Europe et les Etats-Unis face à l'immigration
Authors: Livi-Bacci Massimo 
Published: November 2007

« Us » and « Them » : European and North American Attitudes to Immigration, by Massimo Livi-Bacci
North America and what used to be known as « Western » Europe are two régions with comparable economie and demographie potential but whose immigration policies are very different. The article analyses historical reasons for this divergence which has lead in the last twenty-five years to a closed-door policy within the European Union and a progressive opening-up of the immigration regime in North America. The reason for this evolution lies in the differences between the simplistic European conception of immigration as a short-term solution to labour market problems and the American approach which treats immigrants as full members of the society.
Les élections américaines et les changements de la société
Authors: Bell Daniel 
Published: November 2007

The American Elections and the Changing Society, by Daniel Bell
The results of the November élection reflect the frustrations and « anti-political » mood which bas been characteristic of voters in many democracies, as governments increasingly are unable to provide effective policies or be responsive to the frustrations. But in the US, this reflects as welt as number of structural changes which have taken place in the society in the last dozen years. These include the « nationalisation » of politics, in which the Presidency becomes the subject of a regular « referendum »; the « unravelling » of the middle class, and the fear of « downward mobility » among large sections of the white-collar and managerial class; the geographical segregation of the society where only one-fourth of the whites live in central cities and three-fourths of the whites live in the suburbs and non-metropolitan areas; and the « sotto voce » backlash against blacks that the issues of crime and welfare reveal. The Republican agenda focuses primarily on domestic issues and there may be a retreat from foreign policy interventions, particularly in Europe.
Les mines terrestres, un désastre humanitaire
Authors: Boutros-Ghali Boutros 
Published: November 2007

The Land Mine Crisis, a Humanitarian Disaster, by Boutros Boutros-Ghali
The United Nations estimâtes thaty in the course of recent civil and international strife, more than 100 million mines have been laid in 62 countries. These mines have been placed not only in combat zones, but also in areas of purely civilian and commercial activity. A US government report estimates that the Worldwide total of deployed land mines increases by 500,000 to 1 million each year. The proliferation of mines has created a triple crisis: individuals are the victims of inhumane weapons, developing nations are unable to go forward with économie and social programs, and families, localities, and nations are compelled to bear an increasingly heavy médical and social burden. The United Nations has taken the lead in demining efforts Worldwide through programs of direct clearance, technical assistance, mobilizing public opinion, and aiding victims. Increased funding and stronger political support for this UN effort are now urgently needed.
Désastres naturels et diplomatie
Authors: Lepointe Eric 
Published: November 2007

Natural Disasters and Diplomacy, by Eric Lepointe
Projected by the mass media in the international news, some major disasters are utilized for economical or political purposes. For the most disadvantaged countries, it is a mean to rouse the compassion of those countries that can support them. For the rich countries, it is an opportunity to spread their generous strength, and when they are themselves in a situation of weakness, to exalt national values. Disasters can also strike in crisis situations and serve as an excuse to diplomatical initiatives, in order to modify the events. In particular, two strong earthquakes, one in the Soviet Union in 1988, and the other one in Iran, in 1990, have illustrated this « diplomacy of disaster ». This way of reading international relations is an usefull part of classical analysis.
1996 et la défense commune : encore une occasion manquée ?
Authors: Gnesotto Nicole 
Published: November 2007

1996 and Common Defense: Yet Another Missed Opportunity?, by Nicole Gnesotto
The 1996 intergovemmental conference intended to revise the European Union treaty should debate the adoption of a common defence policy. There are three remaining dilemmas to be solved. The first concerns the decision-making structure for defence matters within the Union, in other words the link between national sovereignty and collective efficacity. The second deals with the sharing of NATO's operational me ans for military interventions under European command, in other words the relation between the Atlantic Alliance and the autonomy of European defence. The third problem is the compatibility of the enlargement of NATO with that of the Union/WEO. Major Euro-American negotiations will be necessary in order to restructure Euro-Atlantic security relations. Unfortunately it is to be feared that the 1996 meeting will be yet another missed opportunity.
Bosnie : la guerre sans fin
Authors: Stark Hans 
Published: November 2007

Bosnia: the Never-Ending War, by Hans Stark
After three years of war, there is no seulement in sight to end the tragedy of Bosnia-Herzegovina. The different peace projects have ail failed in the face of the determination of the Bosnian Serhs to maintain control over at least two thirds of Bosnian territory and to obtain recognition for their self-proclaimed republic. Confronted by this steadiness of purpose and the international community's décision to avoid military intervention, the Bosnian Musulmans have decided to continue the war and to endow themselves with an economically and politically viable state. The Croats displeased to see the territorial conquest of the Serbs of Krajina frozen also decided to find relief in reopening hostilities. There is therefore a risk, in the following months, that the conflict will intensify in Croatia and Bosnia-Herzegovina and even expand further into other regions of ex-Yugoslavia.
Drogues à l'Est : logique de guerres et de marché
Authors: Koutouzis Michel 
Published: November 2007

The Drug Problem in the East: Warfare and Market Logic, by Michel Koutouzis
Russia, an empire, is interspersed with ethnie minorities, varions diasporas, political refugees, traditional autonomies and secret ancestral routes. Races, cultures and civilisations exist side-by-side forming relays from the Atlantic to the Pacific, from Siberia to Central Asia. In addition inter-ethnic wars, frontier disputes, fundamentalism, historic grudges and slights, create new networks enabling the drug problem to exacerbate these conflicts. The weakness of the State, political manoeuvring, the expansion of the private sector, market logic and the opening-up of the empire to the rest of the world make the drug problem and its means of communication particularly complex. It has moreover become a global problem independent of nationality and frontiers, subject to the rules of supply and demand, dumping, and exchange like any other successful product of the nineties. However the fact that it brings into contact radically different civilisations, attitudes and principles and that it undergoes a variety of transformations, means that it is a product very different from any other. It is simultaneously modem, traditional, universal and local and may be considered as a provocative reflection of our world.
L'Europe à géométrie variable : une analyse économique
Authors: Pisani-Ferry Jean 
Published: November 2007

An Economie Analysis of a Europe of Variable Geometry, by Jean Pisani-Ferry
A Europe of variable geometry is already a legal, political and monetary reality, while it is admitted that Monetary Union will only cover a subset of European countries initially. The perspective of Union membership by the CEECs will also require differentiated integration. But, integration à la carte is not feasible. A number of different levels of integration could constante a Europe of variable geometry, namely : a customs union, a single market and a monetary union. It may thus be concluded that the varions policies brought together by history may not necessarily be logically associated. Yet, the dynamics of variable geometry raise very complex problems. The possibilities for opting-out of a particular level of integration would necessarily become a constituent principle of integration, while the opting-in should entail conditionality, given the problems it may cause. The solution to such problems lies in fixing objective entry criteria. Overall, variable geometry may be conducive to integration. In the case of monetary union, the structural disparities between the 15 Member States of the Union justify a differentiated approach. It is likely that the constitution of a hard core would lead many other countries to be drawn into this core.
Le TNP et son extension illimitée : une perspective pakistanaise
Authors: Mazari Shireen 
Published: November 2007

The NPT and its Indefinite Extension : a Pakistani Perspective, by Shireen M. Mazari
The NPT is a product of traditional power politics, and most of all of the coercive policy of the United States. Hence the unlimited extension of the Treaty without a vote under unrelenting American pressure, and thus without genuine consensus, which Islamabad has paradoxically approved while remaining outside the NPT. The latter remains irrelevant to reality, notably in the case of a threshold country like Pakistan. It also remains a discriminatory agreement. NNWS, and especially Islamic states, bereft of security assurances from the NWS and confronted with threats (such as the conventional Indian threat to Pakistan), have access neither to nuclear weapons nor to the assistance of developed countries in pursuit of civilian nuclear energy. Rather than the NPT, a regional non-proliferation agreement would contrihute to strategie stability in South Asia.
Au-delà de la conférence du TNP : une perspective japonaise
Authors: Kurosawa Mitsuru 
Published: November 2007

Beyond the 1995 NPT Conference : a Japanese View, by Mitsuru Kurosawa
Nuclear weapons evoke a profound hostility in Japan. Although the Japanese have been the only victims of nuclear weapons in history, Japan has long since been under the American nuclear umbrella. Japan is thus in favour of the complete elimination of nuclear weapons, and of the abolition of discrimination bet-ween NWS and NNWS. Japan's energy security, however, requires full access to the peaceful uses of nuclear technology. Japan thus supported the unlimited extension of the NPT, and intends to put to rest any suspicions as to its own nuclear intentions. Japan, which also aspires to a permanent seat on the UN Security Council, should put it to good use in playing a major role in disarmament affairs, along with such NNWS as Canada and Australia, and by seeking the dénucléarisation of North East Asia.
Une victoire éclatante et fragile
Authors: Delpech Thérèse 
Published: November 2007

A Brilliant and Brittle Success, by Thérèse Delpech
Against ail expedations, the NPT Conference has led to its indefinite extension without resort to voting. This unhoped-for success clearly reinforces the NPT, and attests to the breadth of international consensus on stemming the proliferation of nuclear weapons after the cold war. This result owes much to the intense diplomatie activity of numerous countries, he they endowed with nuclear weapons (as are the Unites States, Great Britain or France), or not (such as Germany, Japan, Australia or Canada). Yet other decisive factors in this consensus were the South African proposai to reinforce the Treaty review mechanism, as well as the remarkable performance of ambassador Jayantha Dhanapala of Sri Lanka. However, the Conference's success should not obscure the importance of issues left in abeyance. These include threshold countries (India, Pakistan, and Israël), whose security concerns wiïl need to be addressed, as will the problem of non-compliance with Treaty obligations (which raises the central question of the role of the UN Security Council), and the manner in which the five nuclear weapon states, which have special duties in matters of world peace and security will ful-fill these tasks in the future.
L'Eglise orthodoxe serbe
Authors: Miletitch Nicolas 
Published: November 2007

The Serbian Orthodox Church, by Nicolas Miletitch
After having cohabited with communism for 45 difficult years, the Serbian Orthodox Church has become a respected institution with political ambitions, openly supporting the Bosnian and Croatian Serbs and becoming increasingly opposed to President Milosevic. After a brief honeymoon period with the latter, the Church broke off relations, accusing him of betraying the Serbian cause. Since the beginning of the war in ex-Yugoslavia, the Church has increasingly considered the Vatican and Islam as enemies active in the 'satanisation' of the Serbs and the Orthodox Church. The Serbian church dreams of solidarity with other Orthodox nations in the face of the 'New World Order' imposed by the occidental powers.
Le triangle stratégique Paris-Bonn-Washington
Authors: Haftendorn Helga 
Published: November 2007

The Strategie Triangle of Paris-Bonn-Washington, by Helga Haftendorn
Germany is faced with considérable challenges : lacking the capacity and the désire to support politically or even militarily American policy, it bas lost strategie importance for the Americans. Nevertheless, the existence of a close and confidential relationship between Washington and Bonn remains one of the underlying principles of German policy. As for France, it has perfected its strategy anchored in Europe, by choosing a policy of rapprochement with the Atlantic Alliance and the US, thus becoming their privileged partner. As a consequence Germany has lost its function of 'interpret' between the two countries. The Federal Republic therefore risks finding itself between the devil and the deep blue sea if it opposes the global strategy of France and the US or if it becomes marginalised by leading an overly passive international policy.