bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 neutralising and immunoprecipitating antibodies in relation to paget disease
Authors: Pringle C. R. , Wilkie M. L. , Elliott R. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aetiology of Paget disease of bone has not been established but certain features have suggested involvement of a parainfluenzalike virus. To seek further evidence of the possible role of paramyxoviruses in Paget disease we have surveyed the presence of neutralising and immunoprecipitating antibodies to both respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus type 3 in the sera of patients attending a bone disease clinic. These two viruses were implicated by the sporadic observation of viral antigen in individual nuclei of osteoclasts in Paget disease bone lesions. A total of 315 samples were obtained from 177 patients attending the clinic during 1 year. Thirty‐six of the patients had confirmed Paget disease and the remainder other conditions. All sera possessed neutralising activity to both viruses. The mean titres for each virus were similar in patients with Paget disease and those with other conditions whether matched or not. In the case of respiratory syncytial virus the neutralising titres were distributed closer to the mean in the Paget group and showed little variation in repeat samples taken over periods of up to 1 year in contrast to the greater variability of the control group.The antigenic specificity of 20 age‐ and sex‐matched sera from each group was examined by immunoprecipitation. No significant differences were observed between Paget and non‐Paget patients. These results do not provide confirmation of involvement of either virus in Paget disease, but the serological data suggest that persistent infection with respiratory syncytial virus can occur.
Molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections in Uppsala, Sweden, 1981: Disappearance of a predominant electropherotype
Authors: Svensson Lennart , Uhnoo Ingrid , Grandien Monica , Wadell Göran 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe molecular epidemiology of rotavirus infections was studied in children with acute gastroenteritis in Uppsala, Sweden, during 1981. Altogether 118 virus strains were investigated by analysis of the RNA migration pattern in silver‐stained polyacrylamide gels. Six different electropherotypes were seen: two with “short” and four with “long” RNA migration patterns. Forty‐two strains (36%) exhibited “short” patterns. The seasonal distribution showed that strains with “long” and “short” RNA patterns cocirculated in equal frequency during the first seven months of the year, until the predominant “short” RNA electropherotype suddenly disappeared. More than 11 RNA segments were seen in two stool specimens. A complete correlation was found between the electrophoretic migration of segments 10 and 11 and the serological defined subgroup specificity.
Detection by ELISA of immunoglobulin G subclass‐specific antibody responses in rotavirus infections in children
Authors: Grauballe Per C. , Hornsleth Allan , Hjelt Karsten , Krasilnikoff Peter Andreas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIgG subclass‐specific antibody responses to a human subgroup 2 rotavirus were studied in 26 children by ELISA by use of monoclonal antibodies specific to the four human IgG subclasses. One hundred twenty‐nine serum samples were obtained before, during, and after an episode of rotavirus‐induced diarrhoea in these patients. When these sera were investigated, an increase in IgG1 and IgG3 subclass‐specific antibodies was detected in all 26 patients. IgG3 antibodies reached a peak concentration 1 week after rotavirus was detected in faecal samples and then progressively declined over the following months, whereas the peak concentration of IgG1 subclass antibodies was found 2 months later and seemed to persist thereafter. IgG2 rotavirus‐specific subclass antibodies were never found and IgG4 subclass antibodies were detected only in sera from seven of the 26 patients.
Involvement of infants, children, and adults in a rotavirus gastroenteritis outbreak in a kibbutz in southern Israel
Authors: Galil A. , Antverg R. , Katzir G. , Zentner B. , Margalith M. , Friedman M. G. , Sarov B. , Sarov I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of acute gastroenteritis in a kibbutz in southern Israel, characterized by diarrhea, fever, vomiting, and abdominal pain, involved 32 kibbutz members of all ages. Nineteen percent of the children and 3.5% of the adults were ill. Transmission of the illness occurred in direct proportion to the degree of close contact, involving first infants, then mothers and nursery staff, and only later youngsters, adolescents, and fathers. Stool samples obtained from 32 kibbutz members with clinical illness and from 44 asymptomatic close contacts were examined for the presence of rotavirus antigen. Fifty‐six percent of symptomatic members were positive for rotavirus antigen as compared with 4.5% of asymptomatic close contacts. Positivity of stool samples correlated inversely with the number of days elapsed after onset of illness until the sample was obtained. Serologic studies carried out on acute and convalescent sera of symptomatic and asymptomatic subjects further supported a rotavirus etiology for the outbreak. RNA profiles of stool sample extracts obtained by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and silver staining indicate that one electropherotype may have been responsible for the outbreak.
Response to hepatitis B vaccine in family members of HBsAg carriers
Authors: Lok Anna Suk‐Fong , Ng Matthew Mai‐Tai , Lal Ching‐Lung , Wu Pul‐Chee 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe family members of HBsAg carriers have an increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. 214 subjects from 98 families with no HBV markers were randomized to receive hepatitis B vaccine: HEVAC B (Institute Pasteur) or GCC VAC (Green Cross Corporation) at 0, 1, and 5 months. Of those who completed the course, 87.8% had an anti‐HBs response of > 10 mIU/ml at 6 months. The response rate was similar for both sexes. There was a decrease in response rate and anti‐HBs titre with age. The response rate for HEVAC B was 92.5% and GCC VAC 84.3%. The offspring had comparable response to the spouses who were not blood relatives of the index carriers, but this could be related to their younger age. Discriminant analysis showed that a higher anti‐HBs titre was associated with HEVAC B, younger age, and less direct relationship with the index carrier.
Identification of a dominant immunogenic epitope of the nucleocapsid (HBc) of the hepatitis B virus
Authors: Waters J. A. , Jowett T. P. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour monoclonal antibodies to hepatitis B core antigen are described. The antibodies bind to the same or a very closely related epitope. Antibodies to this dominant epitope are present in the sera of patients with either acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. A high percentage of inhibition of the binding of these antibodies to the core antigen by these four monoclonal antibodies suggests that the core antigen has a restricted antigenicity in man. Radiolabeled or peroxidase labeled forms of these monoclonal antibodies can be used to assay IgM and total anticore in serum.
Serum HBsAg, HBeAg, anti‐HBe, and hepatitis B viral DNA in asymptomatic carriers in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Ding‐Shinn , Lai Ming‐Yang , Lee Sheng‐Chung , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Yang Pel‐Ming , Sung Juei‐Low 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPlasma samples from 89 asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive volunteer blood donors were titrated for HBsAg by radioimmunoassay using the parallel line method. HBsAg titers ranged widely from 0.01 to 325 μg/ml. The titers correlated well with hepatitis B viral DNA (HBV DNA) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) in the serum. The HBsAg titers in 55 HBV DNA positive carriers were 90.7 ± 61.7 μg/ml (Mean ± SD) vs. 6.3 ± 12.2 μg/ml in the 34 carriers without HBV DNA in the serum. The titers were 93.9 ± 59.1 μg/ml in 56 carriers with HBeAg, 6.4 ± 10.1 μg/ml in 24 anti‐HBe‐positive carriers, and 4.9 ± 4.6 μg/ml in 9 HBeAg/anti‐HBe‐negative carriers. 50 (89.3%) of the 56 HBeAg‐positive carriers had HBV DNA, in contrast to four (16.7%) of 24 anti‐HBe‐positive carriers. The study indicated that high‐titered HBsAg carriers were much more likely to be infectious, and confirmed that HBeAg is a practical marker of infectivity. Absence of HBeAg, however, did not exclude infectivity in asymptomatic HBsAg carriers, inasmuch as one‐sixth of the carriers had HBV DNA.
Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus in Kenya: Its relation to the presence of serum HBV‐DNA and Anti‐HBe in the mother
Authors: Greenfield C. , Osidiana V. , Karayiannis P. , Galpin S. , Musoke R. , Jowett T. P. , Mati P. , Tukei P. M. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn Kenya hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and its sequelae are common. We followed up 49 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)‐ positive mothers and their newborn infants for 9 months to determine the importance of perinatal transmission in the African and to relate this to the HBe and HBV‐DNA status of the mother. Our study shows that perinatal transmission is relatively unimportant in Kenya and that this may be a consequence of the low levels of circulating HBVDNA in the maternal plasma. These results imply that vaccination without hyperimmune globulin may be adequate to control HBV infection in Kenya.
The association of rhinoviruses with lower respiratory tract disease in hospitalized patients
Authors: Krilov Leonard , Pierik Lauren , Keller Evelyn , Mahan Kevin , Watson David , Hirsch Martin , Hamparian Vincent , McIntosh Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn analysis of 32 hospitalized infants and children from whom rhinoviruses were isolated in our diagnostic laboratories in 1982–83 suggests that these agents are associated with lower respiratory tract disease with focal findings in susceptible patients. In 23 cases, an acute lower respiratory disease was the cause for admission, while nine patients were cultured after new respiratory symptoms developed during hospitalization. Presenting signs and symptoms included cough (23), fever (19), rhinorrhea (19), respiratory distress (14), and decreased feeding (15). Seventeen of 25 chest x‐rays showed new focal abnormalities. Twenty‐five patients had a significant underlying disease including seven with malignancies, six with respiratory tract abnormalities, and four with congenital heart lesions. Six of the remaining seven patients were less than 2% months of age. In no cases were significant bacterial or fungal pathogens isolated; two did have concomitant viral isolates. Rhinoviruses in the appropriate clinical setting are associated with significant pulmonary disease.
An immunoglobulin G capture assay (GACRIA) for anti‐HTLV III/LAV and its use as a confirmatory test
Authors: Parry John V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody capture assay (GACRIA) methodologically distinct from other assays for the detection of antibodies to human T‐lymphotropic virus type III/lymphadenopathy‐associated virus (anti‐HTLV III/LAV) was developed and used to test 1,055 serum samples previously screened by a competitive assay (COMPRIA). Eight hundred and twenty‐three (78%) sera were positive and 129 (12.2%) negative in both assays. The coefficient of correlation between the two assays was 0.87, and COMPRIA appeared more sensitive than GACRIA. On retesting 103 sera that gave initially conflicting results, 81 discrepancies were resolved, 77 because of a change in the COMPRIA result. The 22 persistently discrepant samples gave an equivocal or positive result by COMPRIA and were negative by GACRIA. Thirteen of these 22 were positive in a commercial ELISA (ELAVIA). Twenty of them were also tested by Western blot; all were reactive with at least two HTLV III/LAV protein bands. The persistently discrepant samples were of four types: 1) laboratory control sera (n = 2); 2) naturally occurring weakly reactive samples (n = 5); 3) samples that were anti‐HTLV IU/ LAV IgG negative but IgM positive (n = 5; all five individuals from whom these samples were drawn were symptomatic); 4) samples from one laboratory that were probably accidentally contaminated with anti‐HTLV III/LAV‐positive serum (n = 10).It was concluded that GACRZA for anti‐HTLV III/LAV is specific and adequately sensitive and, in conjunction with other assays, is a useful confirmatory test whose format could readily be changed to ELISA.
Seasonal Variations in Maternal Serum and Mammary Immunity to RS Virus
Authors: Nandapalan N. , Taylor C. E. , Greenwell J. , Scott M. , Scott R. , Hey E. N. , Toms G. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have recorded the systemic and mammary/mucosal immune responses of women following natural infection with RS virus during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. Anti‐RS virus IgG antibody levels in the sera of women collected in the first trimester of pregnancy showed a bimodal distribution with high and low antibody groups. Antibody levels increased after exposure to the winter RS virus epidemic in the second trimester of pregnancy, probably as a result of infection but only for women in the low antibody group. Despite the increases, antibody levels for these women remained well below those of the high antibody group. There was no rise in mean antibody levels after exposure in the third trimester, even among women with low antibody, suggesting a degree of immunosuppression in late pregnancy. There was no evidence that infection during pregnancy was associated with adverse consequences for the infant.Exposure to RS virus in the first two trimesters, but not the third, was associated with high colostral IgA antibody levels that were maintained in the milk throughout the first 7 weeks of lactation. There was a significant correlation between colostral and maternal nasal IgA antibody levels at delivery. Levels of blood or colostral lymphocyte transformation responses at delivery were unaffected by exposure to RS virus in pregnancy.These observations upon natural infection suggest that vaccination during pregnancy is likely to achieve only marginal effects upon serum antibody levels but boost maternal mammary/nucosal immunity.
Comparative Trial of Acyclovir and Vidarabine in Disseminated Varicella‐Zoster Virus Infections in Immunocompromised Patients
Authors: Vildé J. L. , Bricaire F. , Leport C. , Renaudie M. , Brun‐Vézinet F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA comparative assessment of vidarabine and acyclovir in the treatment of varicella and disseminated zoster in immunosuppressed patients was undertaken. Thirty‐eight immunosuppressed patients with varicella (N = 18) or disseminated zoster (N = 20) were treated intravenously with 10 mg/kg/day of vidarabine or 30 mg/kg/day of acyclovir for 5 days according to a preestablished code within each diagnosis group–varicella and disseminated zoster. Two deaths, although not directly related to VZV infection, were observed in the vidarabine‐treated varicella group. The times to cessation of formation of new lesions and to the disappearance of fever were similar for vidarabine and acyclovir in each group. In the varicella group, VZV was isolated on day 5 in four out of five vidarabine patients versus one out of five acyclovir patients. No severe adverse effects were observed with either drug. Neutropenia present in patients of both drug groups was transitory and most often related to previous cytolytic chemotherapy.These data suggest that either vidarabine or acyclovir could be used in the treatment of severe VZV infections in immunosuppressed patients, although a larger number of patients would be required for definitive conclusion. Because of the large amount of solute required for vidarabine administration, acyclovir may be preferred when the risk of cardiorespiratory failure is high.
New Findings in Live, Attenuated Hepatitis A Vaccine Development
Authors: Provost P. J. , Gerety R. J. , Hilleman M. R. , McAleer W. J. , Scolnick E. M. , Bishop R. P. , Stevens C. E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractStrain CR326F of hepatitis A virus, derived from a fecal specimen of Costa Rican patient 033–03, was passed 15 times in fetal rhesus monkey kidney (FRhK6) cell cultures plus eight times in human diploid lung (MRCS) cell cultures to yield variant F and 16 times in MRCS cell cultures to yield variant F'. Both variants were purified by limit dilution passages. Virulence for marmosets was assessed at six different passage levels, including variants F and F'. There was a gradual loss of virulence with in vitro passage. Variant F retained slight virulence for marmosets; variant F' showed no evidence of virulence. Both variants induced hepatitis A antibody in most marmosets that received them, and the animals were immune to infection when challenged. Variants F and F' were also assessed in chimpanzees. As in marmosets, F retained slight virulence but F' did not. Experimental vaccines made from variants F and F' were then inoculated parenterally into adult human volunteers. A portion of recipients of variant F showed brief, low‐order enzyme elevations; none was seen in recipients of F', although their occurrence could not be totally ruled out. As in the animal models, F' appeared more attenuated than F. Most persons developed hepatitis A antibody, indicating the feasibility of developing a live, attenuated hepatitis A vaccine for human beings.
Antibody Determination in an Ongoing Hepatitis B Vaccination Program
Authors: Burckhardt Johann J. , Born Pius , Pletscher Walter 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn an interim analysis of our ongoing immunization program against hepatitis B (HB), started in early 1982, we tested 283 serum samples from 77 female and 110 male vaccinees for antibody to HB surface antigen (anti‐HBs). We compared two methods, Anti‐HBs EIA (ROCHE) (method 1), which is a neutralization test, and AUSABR EIA (method 2), which is a double‐antigen‐sandwich test.The nonresponder rate (after the 12‐month booster dose of Hevac B Pasteur) was 4% in females with both methods, in males 15% measured with method 1 and 11% measured with method 2. Five healthy HBsAg carriers were detected only by method 1.When the samples were grouped according to their anti‐HBs titers, method 1 measured higher in samples taken after three vaccine doses and method 2 did so in samples collected after the 12‐month booster dose. This tendency was confirmed with samples from slow responders who received a 4th vaccine dose soon after the initial three doses. We therefore confirm the efficacy of the plasma‐derived HBsAg vaccine and validate the assay systems used to measure anti‐HBs, one parameter of immunity to HB virus infection.
Detection of Human Papillomavirus DNA by the Nucleic Acid Sandwich Hybridization Method From Cervical Scraping
Authors: Parkkinen Sinikka , Mantyjarvi Rauno , Syrjanen Kari , Ranki Marjut 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCervical scrapes collected from 100 consecutive patients participating in a prospective follow‐up study for cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) infections were tested for the presence of HPV 11 DNA by the nucleic acid sandwich hybridization method, which allows testing the specimens in a crude form. Part of each specimen was processed through phenol extraction and DNA purification to a dot blot hybridization assay. The dot blots were serially hybridized with HPV 6, 11, 16, and 18 probes as well as with an Alu‐repeat probe to estimate the number of cells in the specimen. In PAP smears, HPV‐infection was suspected in 63 patients whereas in 37 patients the smear was negative. In the first group, the dot blot assay revealed three cases of HPV 11, two of HPV 16, and one of HPV 18 infection. In the second group with normal PAP smear, one additional HPV 18 infection was found. The sandwich hybridization assay detected 5 HPV 11 infections, including the three mentioned above. All HPV DNA‐positive samples contained at least 1.6 × 106 cells. Since we considered this a prerequisite for successful diagnosis, only 25 specimens in the first group and 15 in the second were adequate specimens. Thus the HPV‐DNA detection rate was 32% (8/25) in the first group and 1115 in the second. This study demonstrates that sandwich hybridization, detecting 1–3 × 105 HPV 11 molecules is a reliable diagnostic method. Cervical scrape is a valuable altenative to punch biopsy, but the number of cells collected is critical for the outcome of the assay.
Detection of Human Rhinoviruses and Their Molecular Relationship Using cDNA Probes
Authors: Ai‐Nakib W. , Stanway G. , Forsyth M. , Hughes P. J. , Almond J. W. , Tyrrell D. A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe here a cDNA: RNA hybridization system for the study of human rhinoviruses. We have constructed an M13 probe from the 5′ end of the genome of rhinovirus 14 (HRV‐14) and used this to detect directly viral RNA. Of the 56 human rhinoviruses so far investigated 54 or 96.4% gave clearly positive hybridization signals. However, the strength of this signal depended very much on the molecular relationship of these viruses. Thus, HRV‐3, 4, 17, 72, and, to a slightly lesser extent, HRV‐2, 6, 9, 13, 19, 31, 42, 49, 64, and 69 appear to be closely related to HRV‐14 whereas HRV‐5, 7, 8, 16, 32, 40, 45, 55, 56, 63, 80, 82, and 85 appear to be relatively divergent. Further, evidence is provided in this study that indicates that it would be feasible to use cDNA probes to detect human rhinoviruses in nasal washings. However, the sensitivity of detection was clearly affected by both the inclusion of inhibitors of endogenous RNase activity in the RNA extraction mixture and also in the method of extracting the viral RNA. From reconstruction experiments in nasal washings and under optimal conditions, we can detect virus at 102.8 TCID50/ml.
Rotavirus Fecal IgA Antibody Response in Adults Challenged With Human Rotavirus
Authors: Bernstein David I. , Ziegler John M. , Ward Richard L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOur studies of rotavirus challenge in adult volunteers enabled us to evaluate the relationship of pre‐existing antirotavirus fecal IgA antibody to infection and illness and to investigate the local response to this infection. No relationship could be found between the pre‐existing levels of fecal antirotavirus IgA antibody and protection from infection or illness. A greater than six‐fold increase in the level of antibody was seen in 16/19 infected volunteers with determinable increases but in 0115 controls who received less than the minimal infectious dose of rotavirus. Antibody levels increased rapidly in infected volunteers and were consistent with an anamnestic response. Two of seven volunteers who received an infectious dose of rotavirus but were considered uninfected on the basis of other laboratory methods had greater than or equal to six‐fold increases of fecal antibody and one of these experienced symptoms compatible with a rotavirus infection. This finding indicates that an increase in fecal antibody may be a reliable indicator of rotavirus infection even in the absence of detectable shedding or seroconversion.