bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE FOREMAN STORY–CLOSURE OF IDAHO FLOWING WELL AFFECTS GROUND WATER IN ENTIRE AREA
Authors: Chapman Sherl L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract In 1962, a 2,980‐foot deep well was drilled for D. I. Foreman in Middle Castle Creek Valley, Owyhee County, Idaho. This well, which flowed approximately 3,600 gpm, yielded water of 170°F from basalt and silicic volcanic formations; original shut‐in pressure was 105 psi. However, leakage began to occur around the casing, and in 1967, a suit was filed on behalf of the Idaho Department of Water Administration to have the well repaired.The Andrew Well Drilling Company, of Idaho Falls, was hired to repair the well, and was on the site in November 1968. Additional casing, packers, and pressure grouting sealed the well adequately. The effect of closure of the foreman well on ground water of the entire area was dramatic. As an example, within 8 hours of closure, water in an observation well 5.7 miles away, rose more than a tenth of a foot. Net increase in this observation well since closure has been 26 feet.
Ground‐Water Basin Management on the High Plains of Texasa
Authors: Rayner Frank A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe present popularity for the discussion of the merits of ground‐water management has resulted in a dirth of papers espousing the theoretical principles for such management. The vast majority of the authors of such papers favor the control of ground‐water pumpage based upon “appropriated” (permitted by State government) water rights. In Texas, the private ownership of ground water is guaranteed by the Texas Constitution. This right of private ownership has been reaffirmed many times by court case, and embodied in House Bill 162, 51st Legislature, 1949, and recodified as Chapter 52 by House Bill 343, 62nd Legislature, 1971. Under this law, local ground‐water conservation districts were created, whereunder ground‐water basin management has been practiced in Texas for over two decades.Chapter 52 gives broad powers to ground‐water districts created thereunder, and specifically delegates authority to such districts to promulgate and enforce rules “… to provide for conserving, preserving, protecting, recharging and preventing waste of the underground water…” The Texas Legislature, the Texas Water Rights Commission, and county commissioner's courts may create underground water conservation districts, with the Water Rights Commission delineating the underground reservoir or subdivisions thereof.The first ground‐water district created pursuant to Chapter 52, and the largest district in Texas, covering 8,149 square miles in the Texas High Plains, is the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1. This District is governed by a five‐member Board of Directors elected for two‐year terms by qualified voters residing within the District. Each of the 15 counties in the District also has an elected five‐member County Committee and, in most cases, an office and a County Secretary.This report outlines the procedures for the creation of ground‐water conservation districts, and summarizes the structure, powers, and functions of the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1.Although ground water in Texas is recognized as private property, and therefore, is subject to the “absolute ownership” doctrine, the residents and landowners of the High Plains Underground Water Conservation District No. 1 recognized over 21 years ago that ground water is held in public trust, and thereby provided for its management by this District under the “reasonable use” doctrine.
Design of Analog Model for Aquifer Response Studies, Using a Digital Model
Authors: Verge Murray‐James 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe design and construction of a resistor‐capacitor analog model for aquifer response analysis is often a trial‐and‐error process which involves selecting a compatible set of components, assembling, testing and frequently replacing some components until a reasonable match is obtained between the model response and field observations. This process may be time‐consuming and costly. A simple digital computer programme based on the finite difference approximation method has been developed which uses as input transmissibility, leakance, storage coefficient and boundaries and will reduce, with given conversion constants, the aquifer parameters to commercially available electrical components, and then test the grid for compatibility with excitation‐response apparatus. From this stage, simulation can be done to find the hydrogeologic parameters that will produce the best fit to the response observed in the field. The output consists of a list of the electrical components, their relative position in the model and the potential drop at every node of the grid for different time intervals. The analog model can then be built directly, thereby avoiding time and cost due to replacement of components.Data from the dewatering project for the realignment of the Welland Canal between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario were chosen to test and demonstrate the usefulness of the digital computer programme.
GOOD COFFEE WATER NEEDS BODY
Authors: Pettyjohn Wayne A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract. Some recent ground‐water contamination problems have been caused by inadequate waste disposal during years long past and forgotten. Effluent from a livery stable abandoned during the late 1930's contaminated a well in North Dakota; wastes from a gas works plant that operated during the period 1815 to 1830, contaminated a well in Norwich, England; and a well, drilled through a 17th century Black Plague burial pit along England's southern coast, produced hydrogen sulfide. Other examples include wastes from an outdoor privy and the effects of using cavernous limestone terrain for waste disposal.
Hydraulics of Sheetlike Solution Cavitiesa
Authors: Moore Gerald K. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe sheetlike solution cavities that supply water to most wells in central Tennessee are 100 to 2,500 feet wide and less than 0.2 inch high. These dimensions have a scale similar to those in Hele‐Shaw models. Both logical and mathematical evidence indicate laminar ground‐water flow, except close to pumping wells. The Theis nonequilibrium formula may be used to analyze aquifer‐test data and to calculate significant values for transmissivity and storage. The Navier‐Stokes equation and the Darcy equation for steady‐state conditions may be used to estimate cavity dimensions.
Ground‐Water Implications of Recent Federal Law
Authors: Cox William E. , Walker William R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFederal legislative enactments for water quality control have traditionally emphasized surface‐water quality because of the more intense demands placed on such water and the earlier occurrence of acute quality problems. However, ground‐water quality problems are becoming serious, and the value of this resource requires that adequate protective measures be adopted.The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 provide a substantial basis for federal involvement in ground‐water quality control. Although the federal permit program established by the Amendments is not explicitly made applicable to waste discharges to ground water, EPA interpretation of the law extends the federal permit requirement to the disposal of wastes into wells where this technique is used in combination with or as a replacement for facilities for discharge into navigable waters. Federal influence is also extended to state control over disposal well operations by provisions specifying conditions under which state level programs can be approved to replace the federal program. Another provision extending federal influence into the area of ground‐water quality control concerns preparation of areawide waste treatment management plans for areas designated as having substantial water quality control problems. The required plan for such areas must encompass both surface and ground‐water quality problems and are subject to the approval of the Administrator of EPA. Thus, the 1972 law provides a basis for considerable federal involvement in ground‐water quality control in spite of the fact that its primary applicability is in the area of surface water.
Unsteady Drawdown at a Partially Penetrating Well in a Transversely Isotropic Artesian Aquifer
Authors: Rao D. Babu , Karadi Gabor M. , Krizek Raymond J. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe work described in this paper investigates the effect of aquifer anisotropy on the unsteady drawdown at the face of a partially penetrating well, which is pumped at a constant rate. The aquifer is confined between two parallel aquicludes, and its hydraulic conductivity is assumed to be transversely isotropic. Based on a parametric study of the drawdown equation, it is concluded that the variation in drawdown depends on which of the principal permeabilities is held constant, as well as the ratio between them. For constant radial permeability, the rate of increase of drawdown with time is independent of the permeability ratio; furthermore, unless the well penetration is very small, aquifer anisotropy is of little consequence for permeability ratios close to unity. For constant vertical permeability, well penetration has practically no influence on the drawdown for lower permeability ratios. The effect of aquifer anisotropy increases from a negligible value for a fully penetrating well to a maximum for wells which just tap the aquifer.
Water Quality Cycle — Reflection of Activities of Nature and Mana
Authors: Hassan Ahmad Amin 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAs water travels along the path of the hydrologic cycle, it changes from pure salt‐free water suspended in the troposphere to ocean brines. Along the way, it progressively picks up salts in the atmosphere, on the earth's surface, through the soil medium and the unsaturated zone, and the saturated zone. Percolation of waste discharges and recycling of ground water through man's use add other complex factors. The process is indeed a water quality cycle. Thus, although water may be abundant, it may not all be fit for use. Understanding of the intricate processes that cause the change in the chemical composition of water is necessary to implement sound water quality management.(KEY TERMS: evapotranspiration; concentration; solution of minerals; carbon dioxide; ion exchange; biochemical reactions; dynamic cycle.)
Exploration for a Buried Valley by Resistivity and Thermal Probe Surveys
Authors: Smith Edgar M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTElectrical resistivity and thermal probe surveys were conducted in the vicinity of Morning Sun, Ohio, in an attempt to locate a buried glacial valley.The resistivity survey along six roughly parallel traverse lines was able to distinguish buried valley gravel from glacial till and Upper Ordovician limestone bedrock. A relative depth to bedrock contour map drawn from the resistivity data reveals two buried valleys east of Morning Sun, which coalesce under Morning Sun, then continue as one valley to its junction with the Four Mile Creek buried valley at the northeast corner of Acton Lake. The field data yield only a proposed location of the buried valley since test holes were not drilled for confirmation.The thermal probe, an electronic thermometer utilizing a thermistor at the end of an aluminum‐tipped probe and a transistor‐amplified bridge circuit, was employed in measuring near‐surface temperatures at 4‐foot depths along the same 6 traverse lines made in the resistivity survey. The thermal probe survey was unable to distinguish a summer low‐temperature anomaly trend, indicative of a buried valley. The depth of the buried valley under the till overburden is 90 to 150 feet which is too deep to contact the summer segment of the annual wave; therefore, a near‐surface low‐temperature anomaly is not produced.
Aquifer Tests in Large‐Diameter Wells in Indiaa
Authors: Sammel Edward A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn areas of crystalline and basaltic rocks in India dug wells of large diameter may offer the only opportunity to test for the hydrologic characteristics of the shallow aquifers. Analysis of aquifer tests in these wells is difficult, however, if the volume of water stored in the wells contributes significantly to their discharge during the tests. In most dug wells, the time rate and spatial distribution of drawdowns in the aquifer, and the rate of change of head in the dug well are not predictable by the Theis equation or its semilog modifications. High rates of pumping result in difficulties due to the insensitivity of head distributions to drawdowns in the well.A review of current methods of analysis of aquifer tests in large‐diameter wells indicates that most have serious theoretical and practical deficiencies. It is concluded that the methods of Papadopulos and Cooper (1967) and Papadopulos (1967) are the best available approaches, providing measurements of well volume can be made with sufficient accuracy. A consideration of aquifer tests in fractured rocks suggests that these tests can probably best be handled by treating the aquifer as an anisotropic porous medium on a macroscopic scale and utilizing observation wells.
Ground‐Water Modelling Using Interactive Analogue and Digital Computers
Authors: Rushton K. R. , Ash J. E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWhen modelling the long‐term behaviour of an aquifer, a resistance‐capacitance model controlled by a mini digital computer can be used with advantage. A typical aquifer in eastern England, which is partly confined and partly unconfined is used as an example. The representation of recharge, river flow and pumpage is considered. A period of 100 years is modelled and typical results include the long‐term behaviour over a number of years and the short‐term response over a few days.
Hydrological Problems Associated with Developing Geothermal Energy Systemsa
Authors: Pearl Richard Howard 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGeothermal energy–the naturally occurring heat of the earth's crust–has been used since earliest time by man for a variety of purposes. In recent times, wells have been drilled in close proximity to surface indicators of geothermal heat in an attempt to utilize this resource. The steam or hot water obtained from these wells has been used for agricultural and recreational purposes, to heat buildings, and to generate electricity. It has been estimated that by the year 2,000 between 30,000 Mw and 395,000 Mw of electricity can be generated in the United States with naturally occurring steam.Most geothermal systems of the world are located either in volcanic districts or at the margins of continental plates above subduction zones or spreading ridges. In addition, large quantities of heated ground water under pressure are found throughout the world in many large artesian basins.The various geothermal systems of the world can be divided into three major types based on the occurrence of associated ground waters: hydrothermal, geopressured and hot dry rock masses. In a hydrothermal system most of the heat energy is transferred by convective circulation of ground water and/or steam. Hydrothermal systems can be divided into three general types: vapor dominated, in which only dry steam is produced; wet steam, in which steam and hot water are produced; and hot‐water systems in which only hot water is produced.In the United States the most optimum location for the existence of a commercial geothermal deposit is either in the Gulf of Mexico artesian basin or in the mountainous States of the West where hydrothermal systems are found.At present, and probably for years to come, the primary geothermal exploration efforts will be aimed at discovering and developing high‐temperature hydrothermal systems to be used for generation of electricity. Typical problems that will be encountered in the exploration and development of such systems are: (1) Defining the type of hydrothermal system under investigation; (2) ground‐water flow direction, whether it is vertical or horizontal; (3) recharge rates and areas; (4) porosity and permeability determination; (5) water needs and consumptive usage; (6) disposal of waste fluids; and (7) legal and institutional considerations. A discussion of each problem area is presented. In order to solve many of these problems at the outset, it is believed that the geohydrologist should be an essential member of the exploration team.
Subsurface Brine Disposal – Be Reasonablea
Authors: Fryberger John S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA classical battle between landowners desiring to protect their fresh ground water from pollution and oil companies needing a disposal zone for injection of oil‐field brines developed in Texas County, Oklahoma.Initial studies showed that the disposal zone (Glorieta Formation) was in places only 500 feet below the bottom of the fresh‐water aquifer (Ogallala Formation). Furthermore, solution/collapse features in the intervening formations plus numerous poorly plugged wells and exploration holes provided potential avenues of brine migration. The potential for pollution appeared very real. The landowners not only wanted to halt construction of new brine disposal wells, but also wanted all 33 existing disposal wells abandoned and plugged. Tempers flared and intermittent litigation continued for over two years.A more complete hydrogeologic analysis led to the following observations: (a) the potentiometric surface in the Glorieta is 100 to 400 feet below the water table in the Ogallala in areas where brine disposal is taking place; and (b) the transmissivities of the Glorieta and disposal rates are such that even pressure gradients around disposal wells are below the water level in the Ogallala. These hydrologic facts led to the conclusion that, even with a perfectly open conduit connecting the two formations, migration of disposal brine from the Glorieta into the fresh‐water Ogallala would be impossible in the critical area because of pressure relationships.Techniques using “pressure bombs” and test injection data are presented by which transmissivity values in the Glorieta were estimated. Disposal well design and completion methods used by the oil companies were found to be inefficient and contributed to operational problems. Specific regulations were adopted regarding disposal wells to further assure that pollution of the Ogallala would not occur.As a result of all parties understanding the hydro‐geologic factors, the oil companies are continuing to use the Glorieta as a disposal zone and the fearful landowners are assured that no real pollution hazard exists. This outcome assures full use of all natural resources–which is true conservationism. Ground‐water technicians not only have a responsibility to use and protect ground‐water resources, but also to assure that unnecessary cost burdens are not placed on other industries in the name of pollution prevention.
Ground‐Water Quality Variation in Phelps County, Missouri
Authors: Tryon Charles P. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTInformation from 675 water wells in and around Phelps County, Missouri shows that discrete areas of differing ground‐water quality can be identified and mapped. The best quality ground water, as judged by its low nitrate content and coliform bacteria density, is found in areas of relatively little agricultural (pasture and livestock) land use. The poorest quality is found in areas of intensely developed karst and greater agricultural land use. The adverse effect of agricultural land use on ground‐water quality is more severe in the intensely developed karst than in the less intensely developed. Rural population density and soil association variations have no readily discernible effects on ground‐water quality. Nitrate content varies seasonally and in response to rainfall, and decreases with increasing well depth. Coliform bacteria density is positively correlated with nitrate content.
STEP BEYOND THEORY ‐ AQUIFER STORAGE OF ENERGYa
Authors: Warman J. C. , Molz F.J. , Jones T. E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe technical feasibility of storing energy in an aquifer is being investigated by Auburn University in a field experiment. Waste hot water from Alabama Power Company's Barry Steam Plant will be pumped into an artesian aquifer, stored, and recovered. The field data will be used by the U.S. Geological Survey to verify numerical models for the analysis of the transport of heat in an artesian aquifer system.
An Electric Analog Approach to Bog Hydrology
Authors: Sander John E. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn electrical analog model of a small northern peat bog and its watershed was constructed from available hydrologic and geologic data. Initial experimentation involving comparison of modeling results with historical data resulted in modification of model construction. Modeling results are successful in supplying information on the hydrologic interaction of the bog with the surrounding region. Significant among these findings is the fact that the bog exerts no stabilizing effect on regional hydrology. The bog rather magnifies seasonal variations through rapid surface discharge during wet periods and removes water through evapotranspiration during dry intervals.
A Simplified Approach for the Analysis of Unsteady Flow to a Cavity Well
Authors: Kanwar R. S. , Khepar S. D. , Chauhan H. S. , Das G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn analytical solution obtained for unsteady flow to a cavity well has been simplified for finding the aquifer characteristics, i.e. coefficient of storage and transmissivity. In the analysis presented here the relationships become fairly simple for the close approximation of the unsteady state solution.
Ground‐Water Chemical Quality Management by Artificial Rechargea
Authors: Nightingale Harry I. , Bianchi William C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe effectiveness of basin ground‐water recharge at the Leaky Acres Recharge Facility in Fresno, California for improving the regional ground‐water quality was studied as 65,815,000 m3 of high‐quality surface water was recharged from 1971 through 1975. Observation wells at the facility showed some variability in chemical parameters associated with each recharge period. The long‐term decreases in salinity could be described by a power law decay curve fitted by regression analysis.Without a special network of observation wells outside the facility, scientific evaluation of the enclave of recharged water is not possible. A practical evaluation of water‐quality changes is possible from producing water wells around the facility. However, the pumping well discharge‐time variations, well depth, aquifer sequence, and prior use of surrounding land must be considered, since all of these factors affect the pumped‐water quality and its seasonal variability. Recharge at Leaky Acres had noticeably decreased the ground‐water salinity for a distance of up to 1.6 km in the direction of the regional ground‐water movement.