bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Note on Dynamic Growth of Catch‐up Capitalism in Japan: Enterprise Networking and its Relevance
Authors: Inukai Ichiro 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This note discusses the factors behind the rapid economic development of Japan this century. Japan's experience as a latecomer in industrialisation has attracted considerable interest in both developed and developing countries, especially after the recent dynamic waves of industrial development in East and South East Asia. While Japan initially adopted a strategy of borrowing knowledge from the backlog of that accumulated among industrialised predecessors, it did not remain an imitator for long, but made a variety of institutional and organisational innovative changes to the original capitalist model. In this note, we argue that one of the most critical innovations has been the creation of enterprise networking which is a system of inter‐firm linkages through which market transactions are internalised within a web of enterprises based on division of production processes. We also suggest that these enterprise networks are not, as is sometimes argued, unique to Japanese culture, but that they should be an indispensable part of institutional capacity building in any country. Many developing countries could, therefore, benefit from organising their small formal and informal sector firms into networks of production activities.Résumé: Dans cet article, l'auteur analyse les facteurs sous‐jacents à la rapide expansion économique que le Japon a connue au cours de ce sièecle. L'expérience du Japon, tard‐venu à l'industrialisation, a suscité un intérèt considerable tant dans les pays développés que dans les pays en développement, notamment aprés les récentes et puissantes vagues de développement industriel en Asie de l'est et du sud‐est. Certes, la stratégie initialement adoptée par le Japon a consistéà“emprunter” la somme de connaissances accumulée par ses devanciers dans le processus d'industrialisation, mais il n'a pas conservé longtemps le statut d'imitateur, apportant au contraire diverses innovations institutionnelles et organisationnelles au modéle capitaliste d'origine. L'auteur fait valoir que l'une des innovations les plus fondamentales a été la création des réseaux d'entreprises, système de liaisons permettant d'internaliser les transactions de marché‘ au sein d'un réseau d'entreprises sur la base d'une division des processus de production. Par cette analyse, l'auteur fait valoir que ces réseaux d'entreprises ne dénotent pas, comme on le prétend parfois, une caractéristique particuliére de la culture japonaise, mais qu'ils devraient constituer une composante indispensable du processus de renforcement des capacités institutionnelles dans tous les pays. Par conséquent, de nombreux pays en développement pourraient, avec profit, organiser les petites entreprises de leur secteur structuré et de leur secteur informel en des réseaux d'activités de production.
The Internet in Africa: Global Forces, African Challenges
Authors: Akhtar Shahid , Song Steve 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The popular images of the high‐tech world with its cellular phones, computers, modems and web pages appear in stark contrast with the image of rural African life. While many African communities face critical battles with illiteracy, poverty, health care and sanitation, among others, why should ever‐diminishing development aid be spent on assisting the growth of information and communication technologies (ICTs) in Africa. The answer lies in understanding the global impact of the growth of ICTs and also in understanding their potential to act as a catalyst to increase the effectiveness of any development initiative. This article explores the current global impact of ICTs and their relevance for the African continent.RÉSUMÉLes images populaires du monde de la haute technologie fait de téléphones cellulaires, d'ordinateurs, de modems et de pages Web contrastent nettement avec l'image de la vie rurale. Pourquoi doit‐on affecter l'aide au développement dont le volume se rétrécit comme une peau de chagrin pour favoriser la croissance des technologies de l'information et de la communication en Afrique, alors que bon nombre de communautés africaines mènent une lutte acharnée contre l'analphabétisme, la pauvreté, l'absence de soins de santé et d'hygiène, pour ne citer que ces maux. La réponse se trouve dans la compréhension de l'incidence mondiale de la croissance des technologies de l'information et de la communication et aussi dans la compréhension de leur rôle potentiel de catalyseur dans l'amélioration de l'efficacité de toute initiative de développement Le présent article fait le tour de l'incidence globale actuelle des technologies de l'informationetde la communication et de leur importance pour le continent africain.
The Emerging Global Electronic Messaging and Networking Technologies: An Analysis of their Potential Developmental Impact in Africa
Authors: Dzidonu Clement K. , Rodrigues Tony , Okot‐Uma Rogers 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Global communications facilitated by the emerging sophisticated globally based technologies are changing the way we interact both at the individual level as well as the organizational and institutional level. These emerging electronic messaging and networking technologies are rapidly removing the traditional barriers of time and distance that until now hindered the transfer of information, skill and expertise from one place to another. In this paper, we focus on identifying and analyzing in broad terms the potential developmental implications, namely: the opportunities, challenges and threats of these emerging technologies, within the African context. We examine the opportunities that African establishments in both the private and the public sector can derive from these emerging globally based electronic messaging technologies. Moreover, we identify the inherent threats and challenges that African countries need to overcome in order to fully take advantage of these technological opportunities, using electronic distance education (EDE) as a case study.RÉSUMÉLes communications globales, facilitées par les technologies mondiales nouvelles et complexes sont en train de changer nos modes d'interaction tant à l‘échelon individuel qu’à l‘échelon organisationnel et institutionnel. Ces technologies nouvelles de messagerie électronique et de constitution de réseaux sont en train de faire sauter rapidement les barrières traditionnelles qu’éaient le temps et la distance qui, jusqu'ici, entravaient le transfert de l'information, des compétences et de l'expertise d'un lieu à un autre. Le présent article est axé“sur l'identification et l'analyse dans les grandes lignes des incidences éventuelles de ces technologies sur le développement notamment: les opportunités, les défis et les risques de ces technologies nouvelles dans le contexte africain. Les auteurs de l'article examinent les possibilités que ces technologies mondiales nouvelles de messagerie électronique offrent aux établissements africains privés et publics. En outre, ils identifient les risques et défis que les pays africains doivent surmonter pour tirer pleinement parti des possibilités offertes par ces technologies nouvelles, en utilisant comme étude de cas l'enseignement électronique à distance.
A Review of Macroeconomic Impediments to Technology Adoption in African Agriculture
Authors: Kayizzi‐Mugerwa Steve 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The goals of science and technology in Africa are often defined in broad socio‐economic terms: increasing agricultural productivity in order to eradicate hunger and rural poverty; raising rural health standards via improved nutrition and sanitation etc. However, the paper argues that few of these goals can be achieved, let alone sustained, in die absence of a sound macroeconomic environment. Policies have not been supportive of market‐based initiatives and a high degree of uncertainty persists. It is argued, for example, that rural dwellers resist adoption of high‐yielding varieties, not for lack of education, but because it is not profitable or markets are difficult to reach. There is also need to complement reform measures with non‐market initiatives, especially in the areas of property rights, and infrastructure provision.RÉSUMÉLes objectives de la science et de la technologie en Afrique sont souvent définis en termes socio‐économiques généraux tels que l'acroissement de la productivité agricole en vue de vaincre la faim et la pauvreté rurale, d'ameliorer les conditions de santé rurale par l'amélioration de la nutrition et de l'hygiene, etc. Cependant, l'article fait observer que, faute d'un environment macroéconomique solide, quelque‐uns seulement de ces objectifs peuvent être atteints dans le meilleur des cas. Les politiques n'ont pas soutenu les initiatives fondées sur le marché et une grande incertitude persiste. Par exemple, les habitants des zones rurales résitent à l'adoption de variétés à haut rendement, non pas par manque d'éducation nécessaire, mais parceque ces variétés ne sont pas rémunératices ou les marchés sont difficiles d'accés. Il y a également lieu de compléter les réformes par des initiatives non fondées sur le marché, en particulier dans les domaines des droits de propriêté et des infrastructures.
Les Technologies du 21 ème Siècle applicables au Secteur Agricole et Agro‐alimentaire: Opportunites ou Menaces pour L'Afrique
Authors: KANE Ousmane 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The advent of frontier technology, which has led to profound socioeconomic changes in the new world order, is a major challenge for Africa at the dawn of the 21stcentury. With both hopes and threats for the development of Africa, these new technologies require special attention. After defining the main features and overall challenges, the author lays emphasis on the need to make technological choices which adequately meet the specific requirements of each country. In this respect, he chooses, for the agricultural and agro‐food sector, examples of biotechnologies, remote sensing and lyophilization to determine the principles and applications, as well as the specific challenges, opportunities and threats. In conclusion, the need for a solid strategy of technological innovation based on the various development sectors is recommended.RÉSUMÉL'avènement des Technologies de Pointe, à l'origine de profondes mutations socio‐économiques caractérisa le nouvel ordre mondial, constitue pour l'Afrique un enjeu majeur, à l'orée du 21 ème siècle. A la fois porteuses d'espoirs comme de menaces pour le développement africain, ces nouvelles technologies doivent dès lors faire l'objet d'une attention particulière. Après en avoir défini les principals caractéristiques et les enjeux globaux, l'auteur met l'accent sur la nécessité d'opérer des choix technologiques répondant adéquatement aux besoins spécifiques de chaque pays. A cet égard, il a, pour le secteur agricole et agro‐alimentaire, choisi l'exemple des biotechnologies, de la télédétection et de la lyophilisation pour en situer tant les principes et applications que les enjeux, opportunités et menaces spécifiques. En conclusion, la nécessité d'une stratégie vigoureuse d'innovation technologique, articulée aux différents secteurs de développement a été recommandée.
Adding an expert to the team: The expert flight plan critic*
Authors: Gibbons Andrew , Waki Randy , Fairweather Peter 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper reports the development of a practical tool that provides expert feedback to students following an extended simulation exercise in cross‐country flight planning. In contrast to development for laboratory settings, the development of an expert instructional product for everyday use posed some interesting challenges, including dealing with a larger content scope, less ideal and controllable content structure, greater emphasis on the completeness and continuity of the student experience, and more stringent limits on time and money. Moreover, the transition from laboratory to real world caused the developers to think more critically of the principles of instruction embodied in the product and to place less emphasis on computer tool and technique questions. The product, which will be used in the context of routine ab initio pilot training, is described in terms of how these problems were solved and what lessons were learned that can be applied to the development of future instructional systems involving expertise.
The Department for Employment and Open and Flexible Learning 1980–2000
Authors: May Keith 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis is a personal account of the work of the Manpower Services Commission (MSC) in the 1980s and early 1990s. The contribution of the MSC, The Department of Employment and the Learning Technology Unit is not widely understood and appreciated. During that period, it was one of the major agencies for encouraging and funding the use of technology‐based learning—not only in the training area but also in education.
The application of artificial intelligence principles to teaching and training*
Authors: Shaw Keith 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper compares and contrasts the use of AI principles in industrial training with more normal computer‐based training (CBT) approaches. A number of applications of CBT are illustrated (for example simulations, tutorial presentations, fault diagnosis, management games, industrial relations exercises) and compared with an alternative approach using AI. An evaluation of the relative merits of the two approaches will be given. Existing CBT packages are used to illustrate the points raised and the emphasis of the arguments will be on the effectiveness of AI and CBT in terms of both cost and learning. The position of AI applications within CBT is discussed, as is the task of getting started in applying these techniques.
Mutual Fund Compliance Officer Independence and Corporate Governance
Authors: Hoffman W. Michael , Neill John D. , Stovall O. Scott 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTManuscript Type:EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue:We examine recent SEC regulations that are intended to increase the independence of mutual fund compliance officers.Research Findings/Insights:The new SEC regulations require mutual fund compliance officers to report directly to the board of directors. The board is also now responsible for hiring/firing, and for approving the compliance officer's compensation. After a literature review and a survey of compliance officers and mutual fund board members, we conclude that SEC Rule 38a‐1 represents a positive step toward increasing compliance officer independence in the mutual fund industry in the United States.Theoretical/Academic Implications:The direct reporting relationship established by Rule 38a‐1 between mutual fund compliance officers and boards of directors sets the industry apart from corporate America, in general, where compliance/ethics officers typically report to management. We assert that the increased board involvement in ethics and compliance‐related matters that results from the new SEC regulations allows mutual fund boards to govern more effectively.Practitioner/Policy Implications:We contend that the SEC and other international regulators could improve independence and corporate governance even further if they required mutual fund compliance officers to be totally independent of management, by not allowing them to be employees of investment adviser companies.
The Effect of Audit Committees on Earnings–Return Association: Evidence from Foreign Registrants in the United States
Authors: Chen Jengfang , Duh Rong‐Ruey , Shiue Fujiing N. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTManuscript Type: EmpiricalResearch Question/Issue: This study examines whether foreign registrants that choose not to establish audit committees in the US have generally lower earnings–return associations.Research Findings/Insights: Our empirical results indicate that earnings–return associations for foreign registrants without audit committees are significantly lower compared with those of their US‐matched firms which are required to establish audit committees. This result is even more pronounced after the introduction of new audit committee rules in 1999 aimed at increasing the responsibilities of audit committees. In addition, earnings–return associations of foreign registrants are found to increase following the establishment of audit committees. Overall, our results are consistent with the idea that the establishment of audit committees may be related to higher earnings–return associations.Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our empirical results suggest that foreign registrants that have chosen to establish audit committees have better earnings–return associations. This implies that the effectiveness of the audit committee in resolving agency problems is applicable to foreign companies, even though their home countries adopt non‐Anglo‐American corporate governance systems.Practitioner/Policy Implications: This study offers important insights to foreign firms listed in the US. As the choice not to form an audit committee may increase the cost of capital in the US, but save the cost of establishment in home market, the managers of foreign registrants should weigh the costs and benefit of the options and make a choice accordingly.
Sovereign Risk, FDI Spillovers, and Growth
Authors: Maliar Lilia , Maliar Serguei , Sebastián Fidel Pérez 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper studies the effect of sovereign risk on capital flows from rich to poor nations in the context of a two‐country model, where Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) creates positive externalities in domestic production. We show that if externalities are large, a developing country never expropriates foreign assets, and behaves as under perfect enforcement of foreigners' property rights, jumping to the steady state in one period. If externalities are absent, a developing country always expropriates foreign assets and, then, there are no capital flows in equilibrium, as occurs in autarky. If externalities are of a medium size, our model can account for scarce capital flows from rich to poor nations, as well as other key features of the data, such as rising‐over‐time patterns of foreign capital and FDI in developing countries. In addition, the model offers an economic rationale for the FDI restrictions observed across nations.
International and Intergenerational Aspects of Capital Income Taxation in an Endogenously Growing World Economy
Authors: Iwamoto Yasushi , Shibata Akihisa 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper discusses how capital income taxation affects economic growth and welfare in an endogenously growing world economy with perfect capital mobility and worldwide externalities. Worldwide externalities provide a mechanism for equalizing national growth rates even with different capital income tax rates. The welfare of future generations is more influenced by a change in the growth rate than by the international spillover effect, which has been the primary concern of the previous studies. Moreover, our model finds intergenerational conflicts arising from the change in the growth rate caused by a change in the source tax rate of the foreign country.
Cooperative R&D and Strategic Trade Policy with Bertrand Competition
Authors: Carlson Julie 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper uses a strategic trade policy model to analyze the welfare effects from allowing cooperation in R&D when firms compete in a price‐setting game in the product market. A policy game between two governments is analyzed, where each government chooses a particular cooperative R&D policy in order to maximize national welfare. At the Nash equilibrium to this game only one government allows cooperation in R&D. This equilibrium is both individually and jointly optimal. International cooperation in R&D is superior to no cooperation in R&D but is inferior to the Nash equilibrium of the government policy game.
THINKING COMPARATIVELY ABOUT RELIGION AND WAR
Authors: Johnson James Turner 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn contrast to the period when the Journal of Religious Ethics began publishing, the study of religion in relation to war and connected issues has prospered in recent years. This article examines three collections of essays providing comparative perspectives on these topics, two recently authored studies of Buddhism and Islam in relation to war, and a compendious collection of texts on Western moral tradition concerning war, peace, and related issues from classical Greece and Rome to the present.
‘There Ought not to be One Law for the Rich and Another for the Poor which Is the Case To‐day’: The Labour Party, Lotteries, Gaming, Gambling and Bingo, c.1900–c.1960s
Authors: LAYBOURN KEITH 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article examines the way in which the Labour Party moved from a position of outright opposition to gambling and gaming towards one of relative toleration and acceptance. This sea change began seriously in 1931 when many of the early Labour MPs, who were influenced by the anti‐gambling sentiments of the Nonconformists and the Free Churches, lost their seats in the general election. The changing attitude to gambling was further fuelled by a sense of outrage at the evident bias of the existing gaming and gambling legislation against the working classes but also by the increasing dependence of the Constituency Labour Parties on lotteries and gaming as a vital source of income for paying for their full‐time agents. In the end, the Labour Party had to accept that gambling was both a political expedient for the financial well‐being of the Labour Party political machine and also an endemic feature of the life of its working‐class supporters.
The Islamic View and the Christian View of the Crusades: A New Synthesis
Authors: CHEVEDDEN PAUL E. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractConventional wisdom maintains that the Islamic world and western Christendom held two very different views of the crusades. The image of warfare between Islam and Christendom has promoted the idea that the combative instincts aroused by this conflict somehow produced discordant views of the crusades. Yet the direct evidence from Islamic and Christian sources indicates otherwise. The self‐view of the crusades presented by contemporary Muslim authors and the self‐view of the crusades presented by crusading popes are not in opposition to each other but are in agreement with each other. Both interpretations place the onset of the crusades ahead of their accepted historical debut in 1095. Both interpretations point to the Norman conquest of Islamic Sicily (1060–91) as the start of the crusades. And both interpretations contend that by the end of the eleventh century the crusading enterprise was Mediterranean‐wide in its scope. The Islamic view of the crusades is in fact the enantiomorph (mirror‐image) of the Christian view of the crusades. This article makes a radical departure from contemporary scholarship on the early crusading enterprise because it is based on the direct evidence from Islamic and Christian sources. The direct evidence offers a way out of the impasse into which crusade history has fallen, and any attempt at determining the origin and nature of crusading without the support of the direct evidence is doomed to failure.