bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of visual and tactile stimulation on growth and metamorphosis in anuran larvae
Authors: ROT‐NIKCEVIC I. , DENVER R. J. , WASSERSUG R. J. 
Published: December 2005

Summary

Sensory modalities that allow tadpoles to assess their environment, and subsequently mediate their development, are not well understood.
By putting clay model tadpoles into the tanks with live tadpoles we have enhanced tactile and visual stimuli for tadpoles of three species (Rana sylvatica, Bufo americanus and Xenopus laevis) in a controlled fashion. The goal was to determine whether visual and tactile cues in the absence of chemical signals influenced tadpole growth and development.
The response to enhanced visual and tactile stimuli was strong in Rana, intermediate in Xenopus, but absent in Bufo tadpoles. Rana tadpoles that experienced both stimuli enhanced developed the fastest and metamorphosed at the smallest body size. Development was slower in the treatments with only one stimulus enhanced, and slowest in the controls.
Our results suggest that tadpoles use both vision and mechanoreception for environment assessment, and that they are able to modify their growth and developmental rates in response to sensory enrichment.
Tadpoles exposed to the combination of visual and tactile stimulation showed the highest whole‐body content of the stress hormone corticosterone, suggesting that the enhanced stimuli were experienced as stressful. Corticosterone is known to synergize with thyroid hormone to promote metamorphosis.
Orange peel degradation and enzyme recovery in the enzymatic peeling process
Authors: Pagán Axel , Conde Josep , Ibarz Albert , Pagán Jordi 
Published: December 2005

SummaryA detailed study was carried out on enzymatic peeling of oranges in a reactor using an enzyme preparation. This work was focused on determining the changes that happen in the peel albedo of Navelina oranges. Thus, the conditions of temperature and concentration of the enzymatic preparation were optimized in order to produce the maximum weight loss, which indicates good peeling efficiency. Experiments to study the efficiency of the reactor effluents by reusing them for successive enzymatic peelings were also carried out with the aim of diminishing the cost of the process. Finally, the recovery of the enzymes after use in multiple enzymatic peelings by means of ultrafiltration was tested and an increment in their enzymatic activity was observed.
Kavut, a traditional Turkish cereal product: production method and some chemical and sensorial properties
Authors: Karaoǧlu Mehmet Murat , Kotancilar Halis Gürbüz 
Published: December 2005

SummaryKavut is a cereal‐based product made from wholemeal wheat and barley flour, milk or milk powder, fat and sugar. In this study, the best processing method and formulation were investigated by analysing different formulations and processing methods for the kavut. Four different flour combinations (100% wheat without barley, 75% wheat + 25% barley, 50% wheat + 50% barley, 25% wheat + 75% barley), two shortening (butter and margarine) and three different roasting periods (1, 1.5, 2 min) at 250 °C were used in the study. Significant changes were observed in the physical and chemical properties of the cereal by heat treatment in the kavut production. Increase of barley flour in the mixture decreased protein content, softness, altered L colour values, appearance, texture, mouth‐feel, and general acceptance and increased ash content, +a and the absorbance value of kavut. While the longer roasting period resulted in reduced softness and colour (L‐value) of kavut, roasting period did not significantly affect the general acceptance of kavut. Kavut made from only whole wheatflour was most preferred by the panellists.
Effect of black tea, garlic and onion on corn oil stability and fatty acid composition under accelerated oxidation
Authors: Navas Petra Beatriz , Carrasquero‐Durán Armando , Flores Iraima 
Published: December 2005

SummaryFresh black tea, garlic bulbs and onion skin were macerated in refined corn oil to evaluate their antioxidant properties and the effect of heat on oil stability and fatty acid composition in accelerated oxidation experiments at 55 ° and 140 °C. At the lowest temperature control and onion treatments showed an induction time of 3 days with maximum peroxide values of 62 and 45 meq kg−1, respectively. Addition of black tea and garlic increased oil stability with peroxide values of 5 meq kg−1, without appreciable changes in the fatty acid composition. Heating at 140 °C for 48 h produced an accelerated deterioration of corn oil in all treatments. A reduction of polyunsaturated fatty acids of about 40% was observed, with high concentrations of non‐eluted materials which contained thermo‐oxidized substances. It was found that natural extract of black tea and garlic were effective to preserve corn oil under accelerated oxidation at 55 °C which simulates oil behaviour during storage, but cannot reduce the rate of oxidation at frying temperatures.
Relationship between gluten strength and pasta firmness in Indian durum wheats
Authors: Oak Manoj D. , Sissons Mike , Egan Narelle , Tamhankar Shubhada A. , Rao V. Suryaprakasa , Bhosale Suresh B. 
Published: December 2005

SummarySelected Indian durum wheats including five newly released varieties and seven landraces were studied for their grain quality, gluten strength (sodium dodecyl sulphate‐sedimentation and mixograph) and pasta making properties. Landraces were found to have good grain size, protein content, and gluten strength but they had lower test weight and semolina yield than released varieties. As protein composition affects gluten strength, landraces having combination of low molecular weight (LMW‐GS) with 5, 12, 15 and 19 linked to Gli‐B1 43.5 and high molecular weight (HMW‐GS) 2*, 14 + 15 provide a dough strength comparable with the 7 + 8 and LMW‐GS 2, 4, 6, 12, 15 and 19 (caa) allelic pattern, typically associated with good gluten strength. Landraces have rare combinations of glutenins and gliadins, which are not seen in commercial Indian durums, and in some cases, these rare alleles seem to favour good gluten strength and pasta firmness. Introduction of these alleles through breeding should improve the gluten strength and pasta making properties of Indian durum cultivars.
A study on the acceptability and consumer attitude towards parboiled rice
Authors: Heinemann Riana Jordão Barrozo , Behrens Jorge Herman , Lanfer‐Marquez Ursula Maria 
Published: December 2005

SummaryDespite nutritional claims and other advantages that parboiled rice possesses, its consumption is still low in Brazil mainly because of the local preference for milled rice. In the first part of this study, the acceptability of five commercial brands of parboiled and milled rice was assessed by 100 consumers and similar acceptance levels were observed, evidencing that consumers might not reject parboiled rice for its sensory properties. In the second part, 286 consumers were surveyed about their eating habits and attitude towards rice, focusing especially the nutritional value, sensory and convenience aspects of parboiled rice. In the survey 35% of the respondents were unaware of parboiled rice. Cluster analysis performed on data grouped consumers in one segment with positive attitude and in two other segments with negative attitude towards parboiled rice. Segmentation was mainly because of negative beliefs about the sensory characteristics of the product, although its nutritional claims were unknown to most respondents, revealing the need of marketing efforts focused on informing consumers the health benefits and convenience of eating parboiled rice.
The effect of drying conditions on the development of the hard‐to‐cook defect in steam‐treated cowpeas
Authors: Affrifah Nicole S. , Chinnan Manjeet S. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryA three‐factor–three‐level Box–Behnken design was used to evaluate the effect of drying time, temperature and humidity on textural and physicochemical characteristics during storage of steamed cowpeas. The treatment significantly improved cooked texture and prevented hardening during storage under severe conditions (42 °C/80% relative humidity, RH). Before storage, the cooked texture of treated samples was between 535–628 and 602 N for the untreated control, and between 516–649 and 1394 N after storage at 42 °C/80% RH. The peak force of stored cowpeas significantly decreased as the drying temperature increased. Steaming and drying reduced phytase activity to 59–64% of the original activity and decreased phytate content from 0.133% to 0.074–0.105%. Drying time had a significant effect on phytase activity whereas all drying parameters significantly affected phytate concentration and water absorption. The drying conditions applied after steaming significantly influences seed characteristics; therefore, selection of optimum drying conditions may be used to control seed quality, especially texture.
Effects of lipoxygenase and of chemical oxidising agent potassium iodate on rheological properties of durum dough
Authors: Borrelli Grazia M. , Ficco Donatella B. M. , Di Fonzo Natale , Fares Clara 
Published: December 2005

SummaryTo study the involvement of lipoxygenase (LOX) and oxidising agent potassium iodate (KIO3) in rheological behaviour of dough, mixograph and alveograph tests were performed using durum cultivars differing for quality and endogenous levels of LOX. Both tests were done in standard condition and with the adding of KIO3 and of LOX and/or its substrate, utilised singly or in different combinations. The effects of these treatments were related to change of ‐SH and S–S content in relative mixograph dough. The mixograph and alveograph responses showed that the KIO3 had an improving effect on dough tenacity and that the adding of LOX system enhanced this trend; on the contrary, the LOX system alone seemed not affect mixing stability. No relation was found between rheological responses and ‐SH and S–S content in the mixograph doughs. The results obtained could suggest that in durum wheat the main effect of LOX could be ascribable to bleaching action because of the co‐oxidation of carotenoid pigments.
A model‐based reconstruction of Holocene treeline dynamics in the Central Swiss Alps
Authors: HEIRI C. , BUGMANN H. , TINNER W. , HEIRI O. , LISCHKE H. 
Published: December 2005

Summary

We used the forest succession model ForClim to simulate Holocene treeline dynamics along an elevational transect in the Central European Alps, in order to explore the extent and cause of changes in treeline altitude and composition.
A temperature reconstruction independent of vegetation proxies was used to drive the model, and the simulation results were compared with Holocene pollen and macrofossil records from a nearby site close to the present‐day treeline.
The simulation results yielded treeline fluctuations of about ± 100 m (2375–2600 m a.s.l.), confirming earlier palaeoecological studies and quantitatively corroborating the interpretation of most palaeoecologists that decadal‐ to centennial‐scale Holocene fluctuations of pollen and plant macrofossil frequencies reflect treeline shifts rather than productivity changes alone.
The simulated changes in species composition and treeline position show general agreement with palaeobotanical data between 11 000 and 4500 calibrated radiocarbon years BP. In the late Holocene, however, palaeobotanical evidence indicates a distinct lowering of the treeline, while simulation projected continuous forest cover up to an altitude of 2400 m a.s.l.
Our results indicate that changes in temperature alone can account for changes in treeline elevation for the first half of the Holocene. The discrepancy between simulation results and palaeobotanical records since 4500 cal. BP supports the hypothesis of a strong human influence on the Alpine treeline during the late Holocene.
Combining palaeoecological methods with vegetation modelling can disentangle climatic effects and early human impacts on long‐term vegetation dynamics. Forest succession models may not only help palaeoecologists to achieve a better understanding of the factors driving past vegetation changes, but their validation with long‐term empirical data is also an important step towards applying these models to the assessment of future vegetation dynamics in a changing climate.
A biotic agent promotes large‐scale catastrophic change in the coastal marshes of Hudson Bay
Authors: JEFFERIES ROBERT L. , JANO ANDREW P. , ABRAHAM KENNETH F. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryHerbivores may initiate small changes to plant–soil systems that trigger positive feedbacks leading to rapid catastrophic shifts in vegetative states, including irreversible changes in soil properties. In the coastal marshes of Hudson and James bays, foraging by increasing numbers of lesser snow geese (Chen caerulescens caerulescensA.O.U.) has led to loss of vegetation, and exposure and partial erosion of sediment.Multi‐temporal analysis of LANDSAT data has been carried out to detect vegetation change from 1973 to 1999 or later at nine sites in the coastal marshes of these bays where staging and/or breeding geese are present annually.Images were co‐registered, and for each image NDVI (Normalized Differential Vegetation Index) channels were generated. For each location, pairwise normalized differences were calculated between these NDVI images for each successive period defined by the imagery acquisition dates. The resulting secondary NDVI difference images expressed changes in NDVI values for each time interval and yielded three well‐defined classes: water, vegetation decline and no detectable change in vegetation.At the nine widely separated study sites, the intertidal saltmarsh (an ecological sere) has been lost (to a total of 35 000 ha) and an alternative stable state (exposed sediment) established. Similar changes have occurred elsewhere along the 2000‐km coastline where the geese breed or stage.Re‐vegetation of these coastal marshes will take decades because of near‐irreversible changes in soil properties that require erosion and re‐deposition of unconsolidated sediment before large‐scale plant colonization can occur, and because large numbers of geese continue to forage annually producing this dramatic top‐down effect.
The effects of inbreeding, outbreeding and long‐distance gene flow on survivorship in North American populations of Silene vulgaris
Authors: BAILEY MAIA F. , McCAULEY DAVID E. 
Published: December 2005

Summary

Silene vulgaris was introduced from Europe to North America prior to 1800. We evaluated the influence of the resulting population structure on traits related to fitness in a two generation series of glasshouse crosses. Plants were either self‐fertilized, outcrossed within local populations, outcrossed between local populations or outcrossed between three geographical regions separated by > 150 km.
Inbreeding depression following self‐fertilization occurred in nearly every maternal lineage studied but its magnitude varied among geographical regions, especially when the fitness component compared was seed germination.
The consequences of long‐distance gene flow varied among geographical regions: crosses between some pairs of regions resulted in fitter offspring than within region outcrosses (i.e. heterosis), whereas other pairs of regions showed outbreeding depression (offspring of more distant crosses were less fit).
Individuals derived from self‐fertilization of F1 individuals were fitter if the first crosses had been made between populations or regions rather than within populations, both in terms of seed germination and seedling survivorship. The benefits of gene flow therefore persist for at least one generation beyond that created by the gene flow event.
The fitness of offspring of crosses between F1 individuals and their maternal population did not depend on the relatedness of the parents of the F1. Thus, there was no evidence of outbreeding depression following recombination within F1 individuals whose creation involved gene flow.
Our results imply that alteration of the rate of self‐fertilization or the rate of gene flow between populations of S. vulgaris could affect the demographic characters that influence population establishment and persistence in this species.
Inferring differential evolutionary processes of plant persistence traits in Northern Hemisphere Mediterranean fire‐prone ecosystems
Authors: PAUSAS J. G. , KEELEY J. E. , VERDÚ M. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryResprouting capacity (R) and propagule‐persistence (P) are traits that are often considered to have evolved where there are predictable crown fires. Because several indicators suggest a stronger selective pressure for such traits in California than in the Mediterranean Basin, we hypothesize that plant species should have evolved to become R+ and P+ more frequently in California than in the Mediterranean Basin.To test this hypothesis we studied the phylogenetic association between R and P states in both California and the Mediterranean Basin using published molecular phylogenies.The results suggest that R and P evolved differently in the two regions. The occurrence of the states differs significantly between regions for trait P, but not for trait R. The different patterns (towards R+ and P+ in California and towards R+ and P– in the Mediterranean Basin) are reflected in the higher abundance and the wider taxonomic distribution of species with both persistence traits (R+P+ species) in California.The differential acquisition of fire persistence mechanisms at the propagule level (P+) supports the idea that fire selective pressures has been higher in California than in the Mediterranean Basin.Our comparative phylogenetic‐informed analysis contributes to an understanding of the differential role of the Quaternary climate in determining fire persistence traits in different Mediterranean‐type ecosystems and, thus, to the debate on the evolutionary convergence of traits.
Near‐field scanning optical microscopy and near‐field induced photocurrent investigations of buried heterostructure multiquantum well lasers
Authors: ACKLAND M. P. , DUNSTAN P. R. , REES P. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryBuried heterostructure multiquantum well laser devices are investigated utilizing a near‐field scanning optical microscope to characterize and correlate the surface topography, optical output and electronic properties of the device. Near‐field photocurrent imaging has been used to accurately measure the unbiased buried heterostructure multiquantum well device in cross‐section, successfully revealing the distribution of pn‐junctions and their associated fields. Moreover, this has been accurately correlated with the physical structure of the device determined by simultaneous shear‐force imaging of the surface. Topographic structure is manifested as a result of strain relaxation (∼10−10 m) of the cleaved cross‐section. These imaging modes are similarly correlated with the optical output of the operational device mapped with 50 nm lateral resolution. The collection‐mode measurements detected electroluminescence external to the active region, highlighting the existence of carrier recombination away from the multiquantum well device region. The combination and correlation of different near‐field scanning optical microscope imaging modes proved powerful in the analysis of the buried heterostructure multiquantum well device, and was shown to assist in the identification of current leakage pathways within the structure.
Segmentation of intestinal gland images with iterative region growing
Authors: WU H.‐S. , XU R. , HARPAZ N. , BURSTEIN D. , GIL J. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryA region growing algorithm for segmentation of human intestinal gland images is presented. The initial seeding regions are identified based on the large vacant regions (lumen) inside the intestinal glands by fitting with a very large moving window. The seeding regions are then expanded by repetitive application of a morphological dilate operation with a much smaller round window structure set. False gland regions (nongland regions initially misclassified as gland regions) are removed based on either their excessive ages of active growth or inadequate thickness of dams formed by the strings of goblet cell nuclei sitting immediately outside the grown regions. The goblet cell nuclei are then identified and retained in the image. The gland contours are detected by applying a large moving round window fitting to the enormous empty exterior of the goblet cell nucleus chains in the image. The assumptions based on real intestinal gland images include the closed chain structured goblet cell nuclei that sit side‐by‐side with only small gaps between the neighbouring nuclei and that the lumens enclosed by the goblet cell nucleus chains are most vacant with only occasional run‐away nuclei. The method performs well for most normal and abnormal intestinal gland images although it is less applicable to cancer cases. The experimental results show that the segmentations of the real microscopic intestinal gland images are satisfactorily accurate based on the visual evaluations.
Apparent versus true density for the volume‐to‐weight transformation in coal blends
Authors: ALVAREZ D. , BORREGO A. G. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThis work reviews the procedures involved in the conversion of the petrographic characterization data of blended coals into weight percentages of the single coals in the blends, the selection of the most suitable parameter for describing the density of the coals being critical. First, the fundamentals of the volume‐to‐weight transformation of the petrographic data were developed by means of mathematical formulae. This part of the procedure highlighted the need to use a density value adapted to the resolving power of the optical microscope. It was found that mercury penetration at 5 MPa, as determined by mercury porosimetry, was best suited for this purpose. A literature survey of published coal density data revealed that the use of correlations between coal density and rank was not an accurate enough procedure to deal with the relatively low corrections involved in the transformation of petrographic data. In the end, three binary blends were prepared from six carefully selected coals and polished particulate blocks of these blends were petrographically analysed to determine their compositions on a volume per cent basis. The best fit of these volume percentages with the weight percentages used in the formulation of the blends was found for a density correction based on mercury penetration at 5 MPa, in agreement with the empirical analysis.