bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Berdyaev and Origen: A Comparison
Authors: Spinka Matthew 
Published: April 2006

Canon Raven of the University of Cambridge, in his recently published book, expressed a significant, if somewhat startling, judgment regarding the historical trend of Western theology:The first adequate theology, still perhaps the noblest ever formulated, [was] the Logos theology of the Greek Apologists, which had its fullest expression in the Christian Platonism of Clement of Alexandria and Origen. … It is one of the tragedies of history that the work of this brilliant succession of Christian thinkers was allowed not merely to come to an end, but to fall into neglect, oblivion and condemnation. If we are to handle effectively the task of elucidating a Christian theology for the twentieth century, we must, I think, ignore all the elaborate structures of later orthodoxy, Catholic and Protestant, which for today are literally irrelevant, and return to the point at which Origen was removed.
Covenant and Assurance in Early English Puritanism
Authors: von Rohr John 
Published: April 2006

This paper deals with the nature of the idea of “covenant” in English Puritan writings of the first half of the seventeenth century, and particularly as this bears upon the question of the assurance of salvation.That this assurance could be obtained was a commonly accepted axiom and, indeed, the actual striving for such awareness was a commonly recognized obligation. When William Ames wrote, “The assurance of our calling and election is a thing greatly to be desired”, he also added the statement that this certainty “is not only possible for us to attaine unto, but also … it belongs to our duty to make this our calling and election sure”. There may well be many difficulties along the way, with serious agonies and doubtings. But excessive fearfulness is as great a sin as presumption, denying as it does the power of God's mercy. And so William Perkins could say, “we doe not teach that all and every man living within the precincts of the Church, professing the name of Christ is certen of his salvation, … but that he ought so to be, and must indeavor to attaine thereto”.
Anna Maria Van Schurman: From Feminism to Pietism
Authors: Irwin Joyce 
Published: April 2006

Thus far we have considered all the learned ladies of whom we have any knowledge. But as the light of the sun shines above all the stars and with its bright splendor dulls the sparkling starlight, so the learned light of these other ladies stands, as it were, in the shadow because of the great luster of the incomparable young lady Anna Maria van Schurman.Joh. van Beverwijck, Van deUitnementheyt des Vrouwelichen Geslachts (1643)
‘Austin's Labour’: Patterns of Governance in Medieval Augustinian Monasticism
Authors: Reinke Darrel R. 
Published: April 2006

In Chaucer's portrait of the monk, we are given the image of a lord prior who took the “modern way,” especially in regard to monastic rules.The rule of good Saint Benet or Saint Maur,As old and strict, he tended to ignore;…he let go by the things of yesterday,and took the modern world's more spacious way…Must he toil, as Austin bade and till the very soil?Was he to leave the world upon the shelf?Let Austin have his labour to himself.
Analysis of zone and pump configurations in simulated moving bed purification of insulin
Authors: Chin Chim Yong , Xie Yi , Alford Joseph S. , Wang Nien‐Hwa Linda 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of pump failures in nine zone and pump configurations for the size‐exclusion simulated moving bed purification of insulin are analyzed. Simulations based on verified intrinsic parameters are used to understand the dynamic wave phenomena. This understanding helps determine the best zone and pump configuration, determine the time window to recover from the degraded state, and formulate contingency responses to failures. The results show that the open‐loop three‐zone simulated moving bed is the best. It is more reliable, and has higher productivity and reduced residence time of the high molecular weight impurities. A disadvantage of the three‐zone is the higher solvent consumption. In the recommended configuration: desorbent pump failure is critical and dual redundant pumps are recommended; feed pump failure is marginal and results in diluted product; and zone II pump failure is critical—the time window for corrective action is half a step‐time. Zone pumps are recommended instead of outlet pumps because they do not result in stationary phase collapse from high pressure drop and allow higher productivity in pressure‐limited systems. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Variation of inhibited oxidation parameters in polyethylene melting
Authors: Shlyapnikov Yury A. , Kolesnikova Natalya N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe oxidation of low‐density polyethylene by molecular oxygen was studied in the temperature range 80–210°C. In the curves of temperature dependence of several parameters of inhibited oxidation, breaks were observed at the melting temperature, near 110°C. At this temperature, the preexponential factor calculated from the temperature dependence of the rate constant of inhibitor consumption changed 105 times, sharply increasing at the transition from the polymer melt to the solid polymer. This indicated that an essential difference existed between the properties of the intercrystalline amorphous polymeric substance and the completely molten one. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 978–981, 2006
Crystallization behavior of PA66/SiO2 organic‐inorganic hybrid material
Authors: Wang Hua‐Lin , Shi Tie‐Jun , Yang Shan‐Zhong , Zhai Lin‐Feng , Hang Guo‐Pei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe poly 2‐hydroxy propylmethacrylate‐methyl methacrylate (PHPMA‐MMA)/SiO2 composite, derived from 2‐hydroxy propylmethacrylate (HPMA), methyl methacrylate (MMA), and tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), was used to synthesize polyamide 66(PA66)/SiO2 organic‐inorganic hybrid material. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the lattice spacing change of the PA66/SiO2 hybrid material. It was found that the addition of PHPMA‐MMA/SiO2 composite nearly did not change the crystal form of PA66. The nonisothermal crystallization kinetics of PA66 and PA66/SiO2 hybrid material was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with various cooling rates. At every given cooling rate, the start crystallization temperature of the PA66/SiO2 hybrid material was higher than that of PA66, while the crystallization temperature range was narrower than that of PA66. Avrami analysis modified by the Jeziorny method, the Ozawa method, and a method developed by Liu were employed to describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of the samples. The results showed that the Jeziorny method and the Ozawa method were not suitable to describe the nonisothermal crystallization process of PA66/SiO2 hybrid material; however, when the relative degree of crystallinity X (t) was less than 1 − 1/e, ln [− ln (1 − X (t))] was still linear to lnt. The Liu method was successful to describe the nonisothermal crystallization processes for both PA66 and the PA66/SiO2 hybrid material. It was confirmed that the presence of PHPMA‐MMA/SiO2 composite could increase the crystallization rate and had a hetero phase nucleation effect on the PA66 matrix. Moreover, the introduction of PHPMA‐MMA/SiO2 could improve the crystallization active energy ▵E calculated by the Kissinger equation, attributing to the strong interaction between the polyamide chains and the PHPMA‐MMA/SiO2 composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 810–817, 2006
Effect of type of substitution in 4,4′‐bis‐(diaminodiphenyl) methane hardener on cure kinetics, mechanical, and flame retardant properties of tetrafunctional epoxy resins
Authors: Jagadeesh K. S. , Rao J. Gururaja 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe nature of the substituent in 4,4′‐bis‐(diaminodiphenyl) methane (DDM) hardener on the cure kinetics, mechanical, and flame retardant properties of N,N,N′,N′‐tetraglycidyl diaminodiphenyl methane (TGDDM) resin is investigated in comparison with unsubstituted DDM and widely used 4,4′‐bis‐(diaminodiphenyl) sulfone hardeners. Dynamic differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and cure rheology studies showed that the substitution decreased the reactivity of the amine. An electron‐withdrawing chlorine substituent was found to be more effective than an electron‐releasing methyl group in reducing the amine reactivity. Substituted and unsubstituted DDM hardeners showed two peaks in their DSC thermograms that were due to steric hindrance in the former and deficiency of amine in the latter. Substitution showed its effect on the mechanical properties and glass‐transition temperature. The flexural modulus was increased; however, the Izod impact and glass‐transition temperature were decreased in substituted amine systems. The limiting oxygen index results showed higher flame retardancy in the chlorine substituted hardener system compared to other hardener systems that were studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 480–491, 2006
Influence of copolymer's end groups and molecular weights on the rheological and thermomechanical properties of blends of novel thermoplastic copolymers and epoxy resins
Authors: Cicala G. , La Spina R. , Recca A. , Sturiale S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we present a study on the properties of epoxy resins blended with copolyethersulfones. Several copolyethersulphones were synthesized by varying the molecular weights and the end groups. The obtained thermoplastics were then mixed with diglycidyl ether of biphenol A (DGBEA) (15% wt ratio), cured with methylene bis(2,6‐diethylanine) (MDEA), and the resulting blends characterized by the use of dynamic thermal mechanical analysis (DMTA), rheometry, and fracture mechanics tests. The morphology of the blends was studied by the use of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The different molecular weights of the copolymers had a significant effect on the rheological and thermomechanical properties of the resins, as well as the different end groups on the reaction rate and on the thermomechanical properties of the blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 250–257, 2006
Melt index prediction by weighted least squares support vector machines
Authors: Shi Jian , Liu Xinggao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMelt index is considered an important quality variable determining product specifications. Reliable prediction of melt index (MI) is crucial in quality control of practical propylene polymerization processes. In this paper a least squares support vector machines (LS‐SVM) soft‐sensor model of propylene polymerization process is developed to infer the MI of polypropylene from other process variables. Considering the use of a SSE cost function without regularization might lead to less robust estimates; the weighted least squares support vector machines (weighted LS‐SVM) approach of propylene polymerization process is further proposed to obtain a robust estimation of melt index. The performance of standard SVM model is taken as a basis of comparison. A detailed comparison research among the standard SVM, LS‐SVM, and weighted LS‐SVM models is carried out. The research results confirm the effectiveness of the presented methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 285–289, 2006
Waterborne polyurethanes: Spectroscopy and stability of emulsions
Authors: Zhang Subiao , Lv Hongtao , Zhang Han , Wang Bing , Xu Yingmei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe prepared waterborne polyurethanes based on isophorone diisocyanate, dimethylolpropionic acid, polyhexane neopentyl adipate glycol, or polyethylene–butylene adipate glycol through self‐emulsion (a prepolymerization process). Their IR and NMR spectroscopic properties were investigated, and the peaks of these spectra were assigned. The stability of the emulsions was studied on the basis of the shelf life and particle size distribution of emulsions. The effects of solvents, hard‐segment content, carboxylic group content, extenders, and feeding methods on the stability of the emulsions were determined to show that N‐methylpyrrolidone was a good solvent for retaining the stability of emulsions; particle sizes decreased with increasing COOH content and decreasing hard‐segment content, whereas the extenders and feeding methods studied had little effect on the stability of the emulsions. The causes of the stability of the emulsions are discussed according to the analysis of the molecular and particulate structures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 597–602, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of the environmental‐sensitive hyperbranched polymers as novel carriers for controlled drug release
Authors: Hu Hui , Fan Xiao‐Dong , Cao Zhong‐Lin , Cheng Wei‐Xing , Liu Yu‐Yang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNovel hyperbranched polymers, which contain a hydrophobic branched poly(p‐(chloromethy)styrene) (PCMS) core and poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMA) shell that exhibited environmental sensitivity, have been synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). At first, a hyperbranched polymer (PCMS) core is obtained via ATRP of p‐(chloromethy)styrene (CMS), which may act as an “inimer”‐monomer and initiator. Then the modified hyperbranched polymers having different average arm length consisting of PCMS and PDMA are synthesized by ATRP using anterior PCMS as macroinitiators. Their macromolecular structures are characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR. Using chlorambucil as a model drug, the behaviors of the controlled drug release from the environmental‐sensitive hyperbranched polymers with different average chain length of PDMA and degree of branching are studied. The data demonstrate that the rate of the drug release can be effectively controlled by pH value, and these environmental‐sensitive hyperbranched polymers have the potential to be used as novel carriers in some controlled drug release systems in the future. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 311–316, 2006
Bismaleimide monomers with amide units: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Sava M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of bismaleimide monomers with amide groups were prepared and characterized. Structurally different bismaleimides (with amide units) were synthesized by a reaction between 4‐maleimidobenzoyl chloride and various diamines. The monomers were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. The thermal characterization of the bismaleimides was accomplished with differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic thermogravimetric analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 567–572, 2006
Preparation of hyperbranched polymers through ATRP of in situ formed AB* monomer
Authors: Gong Fanghond , Tang Honglan , Liu Chunlin , Jiang Bibiao , Ren Qiang , Yang Yang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe self‐condensing vinyl polymerization of an AB* monomer formed in situ by atom transfer radical addition from divinylbenzene (DVB) and (1‐bromoethyl)benzene (BEB) using atom transfer radical polymerization technique was studied. The catalyst concentration has a dramatic effect on polymerization. To study the polymerization mechanism and to achieve high molecular weight polymer, the polymerization was carried out in bulk with a catalyst to monomer ratio, 2,2′‐bipyridine to DVB, of 0.2 at 90°C. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy and size‐exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle laser light scattering were used to analyze the polymerization aliquots and the obtained polymer. The intrinsic viscosities of the prepared polymers were also measured. Experimental results, from the comparison of the apparent molecular weights measured by size‐exclusion chromatography with the absolute values measured by multiangle laser light scattering as well as viscosity measurements, indicate the existence of hyperbranched structures in the prepared polymers. In sharp contrast to hyperbranched polymers from AB* monomer preprepared, hyperbranched ploy(divinylbenzene) prepared at equimolar amount of DVB and BEB has numerous residual pendant vinyl groups rather than only one double bond at its focal point. The hyperbranched polymers show relatively narrow molecular weight distribution (2.13–3.77) and exhibit excellent solubility in common organic solvents such as acetone. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 850–856, 2006
BIMS/filler interactions. II. Effects of filler concentration and BIMS structure
Authors: Tse M. F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBrominated isobutylene para‐methylstyrene (BIMS) elastomer is a terpolymer of isobutylene, para‐methylstyrene (PMS), and para‐bromomethylstyrene (BrPMS). Viscoelastic measurements have been used to characterize the blends of this BIMS elastomer with different concentrations of a carbon black (CB) filler, N234. Data in the low temperature/high frequency region suggest that N234 at a concentration less than or equal to 15 vol % in BIMS appears not to affect the Tg of BIMS although a slight increase in relaxation time in the transition zone is observed. Also, the effects of BrPMS and PMS contents in BIMS on BIMS/N234 CB interactions have been qualitatively investigated by using the bound rubber measurements. To assess BIMS/CB interactions with reference to diene rubber/CB interactions, mixing of BIMS with various amounts of a polybutadiene rubber in the presence of CB has been performed. Atomic force microscopy and image processing have been employed to quantify filler phase distributions in these blends for a practical ranking of polymer/CB interactions. Preferential partition of CB in the BIMS or BR phase depends on the BrPMS content in BIMS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 659–667, 2006
Graft copolymerization of methacrylonitrile on caesarweed fibers by ceric ion/isopropanol redox pair
Authors: Eromosele C. O. , Oloye M. , Eromosele I. C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of methacrylonitrile to caesarweed fiber and its sodium derivative by ceric ions in the presence of isopropanol was investigated in aqueous media. The percentage graft yield decreased initially and then increased with the concentration of isopropanol, but the graft levels of sodium caesarweed fibers were much lower. The graft reaction in the presence of isopropanol was characterized by the high frequency of grafting, up to 2.81 × 102 Ng/104 anhydroglucose units, and the low molecular weight of the grafted polymer, not higher than 0.94 × 103. The molecular weight of the grafted polymer showed a negative dependence on the concentration of isopropanol, suggesting the involvement of the latter in the transfer reactions with growing grafted polymer chains, which permitted calculation of the transfer constant, kA/kp, for the process: 7.91 × 10−2. The graft yield percent was found to be negatively dependent on the concentration of ceric ions for grafting of methacrylonitrile on sodium caesarweed fibers, but the molecular weight of the grafted polymer showed no clear‐cut trend with ceric ion concentration. The graft yield percent increased with temperature in the range of 30°C–50°C and decreased markedly at 70°C. The calculated activation energy of the graft reaction was 10.5 kcal/mol. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 353–358, 2006
Synthesis and properties of polystyrene‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide)‐b‐polystyrene triblock copolymers
Authors: Xu Dong‐Mei , Zhang Ke‐Da , Wu Jian‐Feng 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of well‐defined and property‐controlled polystyrene (PS)‐b‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐b‐polystyrene (PS) triblock copolymers were synthesized by atom‐transfer radical polymerization, using 2‐bromo‐propionate‐end‐group PEO 2000 as macroinitiatators. The structure of triblock copolymers was confirmed by1H‐NMR and GPC. The relationship between some properties and molecular weight of copolymers was studied. It was found that glass‐transition temperature (Tg) of copolymers gradually rose and crystallinity of copolymers regularly dropped when molecular weight of copolymers increased. The copolymers showed to be amphiphilic. Stable emulsions could form in water layer of copolymer–toluene–water system and the emulsifying abilities of copolymers slightly decreased when molecular weight of copolymers increased. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 727–730, 2006
Effect of screw rotation speed on the properties of polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites prepared by a twin‐screw extruder
Authors: Tanoue Shuichi , Hasook Aniwat , Itoh Takumi , Yanou Masaharu , Iemoto Yoshiyuki , Unryu Tsunemune 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe discuss the effect of screw rotation speed on the mechanical and rheological properties and clay dispersion state of polystyrene (PS)/organoclay (clay) nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding with a counterrotating‐type twin‐screw extruder. Poly(styrene‐co‐vinyloxazolin) (OPS) was used as an additional material. The Young's modulus of the PS/OPS/clay nanocomposites showed the maximum value at a screw rotation speed of 70 rpm in this study. This implied the existence of an optimized screw rotation speed for the melt compounding of the polymer/clay nanocomposites. For PS/clay systems without the addition of OPS, the peak intensity from clay increased and the distance between clay platelets in the nanocomposites decreased with the screw rotation speed. On the other hand, inverse results were obtained for PS/OPS/clay systems. According to the transmission electron microscopy photographs, the PS/OPS/clay nanocomposite at 70 and 100 rpm had fully exfoliated clay platelets. The dynamic rheological properties of the PS/clay nanocomposites were almost the same as those of neat PS. On the other hand, the storage and loss moduli of the PS/OPS/clay nanocomposites at the same frequency were larger than those of the PS/clay system. On the whole, the bonding between clay platelets and PS was important for increasing the viscosity and elasticity in the melts of the PS/clay system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1165–1173, 2006
Superabsorbent hydrogel of acrylic acid/potassium acrylate copolymers by ultraviolet photopolymerization: Synthesis and properties
Authors: Weiqing Ruan , Xiaogong Wang , Yanqing Lian , Yuli Huang , Aijie Niu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynthesis of superabsorbent hydrogel (SAHG) of acrylic acid‐potassium acrylate copolymer by direct Ultraviolet (UV) photopolymerization is a new method. The effects of degree of neutralization of acrylic acid (AA), photoinitiators, crosslinking agents, and exposure time of UV light on water absorbent properties were investigated. The results showed that the water absorbency (Q) and the salt solution (NaCl, 0.9%) absorbency (Qs) of SAHG, based on Irgacure 651, are high, reaching about 1400 and 130 mL/g, respectively. UV absorption spectrum proved that peak of UV absorption of Irgacure 651 matched the UV light source we used. Among the crosslinking agents, N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide is more efficient than others, because of its very small content and high Q. 13C NMR spectrometry was used to identify the mechanism of crosslinking reaction through esterification of hydroxyethyl acrylate (HEA) and 2‐hydroxypropyl acrylate (HPA) with carboxylic acid group in acrylic acid‐ammonium acrylate copolymerization, but efficiency of crosslinking reaction by esterification was lower than that of copolymerization of vinyl group in crosslinking agent. The Q of acrylic acid‐potassium acrylate copolymer of SAHG reaches 1592 mL/g under the following conditions: degree of neutralization of acrylic acid is 80%, content of Irgacure 651 is 0.25 wt %, content of HEA is 0.2 wt %, and exposure time is 10 min. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1181–1187, 2006