bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of insecticide resistance in a field population of houseflies, Musca domestica, by releasing susceptible flies
Authors: Imai Chobei 
Published: October 2006

SummarySusceptible houseflies, Musca domestica, were released at a waste disposal site to control insecticide resistance in a field housefly population. In the first experiment, a total of 163,000 pupae of the susceptible Takatsuki strain were released in October–November 1977. LD50 values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one‐sixth in April 1978, five months after the releases, of those before the releases. For the second experiment, a susceptible colony was derived by cross and backcross between a white‐eyed substrain of the Takatsuki and a field colony. This susceptible colony consisted of whiteeyed flies with low activity and normal‐eyed flies bearing no or one white eye gene. The results of large cage experiments suggested that the normal‐eyed males of the susceptible colony had half the mating competitiveness of wild males. Approximately 31,000–46,000 susceptible pupae were used in each of five releases from October to November 1980. The population number of each sex, estimated by a mark‐release‐recapture method, increased from 12,000 in late September to 35,000–43,000 in middle November and then decreased to 5,000–8,000 in early December. The frequency of field‐collected males bearing one white eye gene and those bearing one male determining factor, which were characteristics of the susceptible colony released, increased gradually during the period of releases. The susceptibility of the field population to fenitrothion and diazinon was examined five times in the period from September to December 1980. With time, the dosage‐mortality regression gradually shifted towards that of the susceptible colony after starting the releases. LD50 values to fenitrothion and diazinon decreased to about one‐sixth and one‐fifth, respectively, in June 1981, six months after the second series of susceptible fly releases, of those before the releases. Ratios of the wild flies to the released fiies were estimated to be between 4.7∶1 and 9.8∶1 in males and between 3.0∶1 and 3.9∶1 in females by taking the quality of the released colony and the population parameters of the field houseflies into consideration. Under several assumptions, the manner of resistant phenotype reduction was discussed, based on the dosage‐mortality regressions and the ratios of released flies. These results showed that the releases of susceptible flies were successful in suppression of insecticide resistance in the field housefly population.
Genetic variation of density responses in relation to wing polymorphism in the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus Okajima (Heteroptera: Lygaeidae)
Authors: Fujisaki Kenji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryResponses to nymphal density in the determination of wing form were compared between the offspring from brachypter x brachypter crosses and those from macropter x macropter crosses of the oriental chinch bug, Cavelerius saccharivorus.In the offspring from crosses between macropters, there was a strong tendency for macropters to increase to a rather high level with increasing nymphal density in both sexes. In contrast to this, in the offspring from crosses between brachypters, the appearance rate of macropters attained a maximum value in moderately crowded conditions and conversely decreased to a lower level in more crowded conditions in both sexes. Thus density response patterns concerning the determination of wing form were quite different between the offspring from different crosses in the wing form, indicating that there is a genetic basis underlying wing polymorphism in this species.As for the body size of emerged adults, macropters tended to be larger than brachypters in the same crowded condition. Moreover, the rate of decrease of body size with nymphal density was lower in the offspring from crosses between macropters than in the offspring from crosses between brachypters. This indicated that the former offspring are more tolerant of nymphal crowding than the latter. The difference in such a tolerance against nymphal crowding between the offspring from different crosses was considered to be related to the difference in the appearance of macropters in the crowded conditions between them.
Adult populations of the sugi bark borer, Semanotus japonicus Lacordaire (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), in Japanese cedar stands: Population parameters, dispersal, and spatial distribution
Authors: Shibata Ei'ichi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAdult populations of the sugi bark borer, Semanotus japonicusLacordaire, which attacks the trunks of Japanese cedar and cypress, were studied in two cedar stands in 1981 and 1984, using a band‐trapping method developed by the author.Adults began to emerge and fly earlier in 1981 than in 1984 because of the higher temperature after hibernation in 1981. Population size wasestimated by a markrelease‐recapture method. The daily survival rate ranged from 0.86 to 0.92 and the mean longevity from 7.0 to 11.9 days. Females were fewer than males throughout the season, especially early in the flight period, because males consistently emerged earlier. The mean distances traversed among the cedar trees were 9.2 m for males and 16.3 m for females; maximum dispersal was 79.5 m for males, 149.5 m for females. There are two different patterns in their dispersal movement: the small‐scale movement which consists of walking at cool temperatures and large‐scale flight at warm temperatures. Adults of this species are somewhat sluggish and between‐tree movement is infrequent. This lack of movement resulted in a contagious distribution pattern of adults.
Studies on the color variation in larvae of Ephestia kühniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Phycitidae) III. Fitness of different larval color strains
Authors: Imura Osamu 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe population fitness in terms of the intrinsic rate of increase rm was measured in eight pure (homogenic) strains of Ephestia kühniellaZeller with different larva color at an optimal temperature of 25°C, and in three strains at unfavorble temperatures of 15, 17, 28, and 30°C, to understand a mechanism of maintenance of a larval color variation found in wild populations. The survival rate, hatchability, and gross rate of reproduction were poorly correlated with the fitness but the mean generation time and net reproduction rate were correlated with the fitness significantly at 25°C. Intermediate color (pink) strain(s) grew faster, initiated reproduction earlier and had shorter longevities than other strain(s) under the range of 15 and 28°C; the fitness was highest in the intermediate larval color strains except at 30°C in which all strains had a negative rate of increase. The results were discussed with reference to the relationship between the larval color and fitness along with a maintenance mechanism of the variation.
The adaptive significance of leaf‐mining pattern as an anti‐parasitoid strategy: A theoretical study
Authors: Katô Makoto 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn adaptive significance of linear leaf mining patterns as the anti‐parasitoid strategy is theoretically analysed. In the model, a leaf‐miner is allowed to move in one of four ways; mining ahead in unexploited area of a leaf, backtracking, branching off from the backtracking mine, and crossing the previous mine. The model parasitoid searches for the leaf‐miner by tracing the mine by the tactile cue of mine surface after detecting the mine. The average duration from detecting the mine to finding the leaf‐miner host is calculated for various patterns of mining, changing numbers of branches and of crosses. This average duration becomes longer when the leaf‐miner stays near either end of the mine compared with when staying near its center. It is also prolonged as the numbers of branches and of crosses increase.
Further improvements to a method for analysing stage‐frequency data
Authors: Manly B. F. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryAn iterative procedure for correcting stage‐frequency data is described to allow for situations where the period during which a population is sampled begins after some individuals have entered stage 2 or ends before all individuals are dead. The reason for correcting data in this way is to enableKiritani andNakasuji's method for estimating stage‐specific survival rates, with extensions proposed byManly (1976, 1977), to be used to analyse the data.The proposed procedure is illustrated on data obtained by sampling a population of the grasshopper Chorthippus brunneus passing through four instar stages to reach the adult stage.
Reproductive compatibility between populations of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor) (Acarina: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Takafuji Akio , Fujimoto Hiroaki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryReproductive compatibility was studied among populations of different types of the citrus red mite, Panonychus citri (McGregor), i.e., the diapausing type from pear (DP), the non‐diapausing type from citrus (C) and that from pear (NP).Copulation was also observed between mates of different types (DP and C). Only in crosses between C ♀ and DP ♂, was copulation occasionally broken off prematurely; duration of copulation varied considerably between pairs and the average duration was much shorter than that between DP ♀ and C ♂ and than that in crosses between mates of the same types.No F1 adult females were produced at all from crosses between DP and C, showing that there was a complete reproductive isolation between the two types. There was a significant reciprocal difference in the egg hatchability and survival rate of immatures in the F1 progeny; mortality in the eggs and that in the immature stage were significantly higher in crosses between DP ♀ and C ♂, as compared to those in the reciprocal cross. This suggested that fertilization may have occurred in the former cross, whereas it seemed that eggs were not fertilized in crosses between the C ♀ and DP ♂.The NP was compatible with the C, whereas it was completely incompatible with the DP. Thus, there was a complete reproductive incompatibility between the diapausing and non‐diapausing type of P. citri.
Effects of host age and host availability on developmental period, adult size, sex ratio, longevity and fecundity in Lariophagus distinguendusFörster (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae)
Authors: Bellows T. S. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe effects of host age on parasitoid reproductive capacity are studied using the pteromalid parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendusFörster and its bruchid hosts, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and C. maculatus (F.). A series of experiments were performed to investigate relationships between age and size of host parasitized and the developmental period of pre‐imaginal progeny, sex ratio, female size, longevity, fecundity and oviposition rate. There was no effect of host size on preimaginal parasitoid developmental period. Sex ratio varied from less than 5% females from young (small) hosts to 60% females from mature (large) hosts. Adult size, female longevity, fecundity, and oviposition rate were also positively related to host age. Females provided mature hosts lived longer than those provided either young hosts or no hosts, possibly because of an increased ability to host‐feed from the larger hosts. The implications of these findings to parasitoid population reproductive capacity and host‐parasitoid synchrony are discussed.
Species diversity preserved in different numbers of nature reserves of the same total area
Authors: Kobayashi Shiro 
Published: October 2006

Conclusion and SummaryThe expected number of species occurring in different numbers of reserves of the same total area is examined on different assumptions of the spatial distribution and the probability of extinction. The advantage of one large reserve or several smaller ones of equal total area depends on the spatial distributions of species and the stage after the establishement of reserves. In general, several smaller reserves maintain more species immediately after the establishments unless the spatial distribution are uniform or random, whereas one large reserve excels several smaller ones after some rare species have gone extinct unless the spatial distributions are strongly contagious. Since the extinction of rare species must be facilitated as the size of each reserve reduces, the area of a reserve should be larger than the critical area that ensures the persistence of the species. Hence it is concluded that one or a few large reserves are a better strategy in order to maintain the species diversity.
Overwintering ecology of two social halictine bees, Lasioglossum duplex and L. problematicum
Authors: Sakagami Shôichi F. , Hoshikawa Kazuo , Fukuda Hiromi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryOverwintering of two social halictine bees, Lasioglossum duplex (Dalla Torre) and L. problematicum (Blüthgen), was studied. In L. duplex many females stay near the old nests, each female preparing a hibernaculum separated from the natal nest. In L. problematicum most females overwinter communally within the natal nest. This difference in overwintering habits relates to the social structure in the next spring. L. duplex is nearly always solitary in spring although later becoming eusocial, whereas many nests of L. problematicum are polygynous, beginning in early spring. L. duplex overwinters much deeper () in the soil than does L. problematicum (), but both species are safe from drops in soil temperature, which is above 0°C even in midwinter, and the bees' supercooling points are lower than −6°C. This cold resistance and the storage of sufficient food in the crop are reflected in the winter survival, which is much higher (79%) than the rate of successful nests in the spring active phase (25%).
Long adult life spain and polyphagy of a carabid beetle,Leptocarabus kumagaiiin relation to reproduction and survival
Authors: Sota Teiji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe reproductive patterns of two different age classes ofLeptocarabus kumagaiiadults, i.e. young beetles which were in the first year of adult stage and old ones which survived for more than two years, were studied in the field. The numbers of eggs laid were compared between young and old females and the effects of food quality and quantity were studied on egg production and maintenance in the laboratory.Both of the young and old beetles reproduced in the field population. The number of eggs laid did not significantly differ between the two.The number of eggs laid by female increased with an increase in the amount of miced beef eaten. Plant materials were ineffective for egg production but sufficient for the survival of both male and female beetles.The two life historical aspects, i.e. repeated reproduction and polyphagy were discussed in relation to environmental fluctuation and limitation of food resources.
Functional response and searching efficiency in Pseudogonatopus flavifemur Esaki and Hash. (Hymenoptera: Dryinidae), a parasite of rice planthoppers
Authors: Chua T. H. , Dyck V. A. , Pena N. B. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe functional response of Pseudogonatopus flavifemur E & H (Hym., Dryinidae) was investigated by offering hosts (brown planthopper) at densities ranging from 8 to 160 per cage. The response curve was found to be sigmoid, i. e.Holling's (1959) Type III curve. In experiments involving 310 hosts per cage distributed unevenly in 5 densities (10, 20, 40, 80 and 160 per hill), and a different female parasite density each time (viz. 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 per cage), the behavioral response was described well by the “random predator equation” ofRoyama (1971) andRoger (1972), which is a convex exponential curve. The area of discovery (a) decreased with an increase in female parasite density (P), and the relationship was described by the equation: log a=−1.0099−0.3638 log P. There was an apparent increase in handling time per host as the number of female parasites increased. Superparasitism, a rare phenomenon under natural conditions, was often observed in the laboratory. The potential of P. flavifemur as a biocontrol agent of the brown planthopper is discussed.
Spatial pattern changes of grazing cattle population I
Authors: Shiyomi Masae , Kubo Sachio 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA cattle population presents three spatial patterns according to their behaviour. These patterns are as follows: the random spatial pattern which occurs when the cattle move during grazing (feeding), the aggregated spatial pattern which occurs when they rest, and the regular or quasi‐regular spatial pattern which occurs when they separate into two or more subgroups. In this study, these three states of behaviour were represented by a mathematical model, and a method to test the pattern statistically was derived.
One host—one parasitoid system: Seasonal life cycles of Pryeria sinica (Ledipoptera) and Agrothereutes Minousubae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Shiotsu Yoshifumi , Arakawa Ryo 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe zygaenid Pryeria sinicaMoore and the ichneumonid Agrothereutes minousubaeNakanishi form a one host—one parasitoid system in nature. Their seasonal life cycles were investigated by laboratory experiments and field observations, and the life‐cycle adaptation of the parasitoid to its host was examined.The moth is univoltine. The larva hatches from mid‐February to mid‐March and feeds on leaf buds and young leaves of ever green Euonymus japonicusThunb. The thermal constants for completing the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th larval instars and prepupal stage were 85.6, 80.5, 85.2, 177,0 and 197.6 degree‐days, respectively. The prepupa and pupa vulnerable to the attack by the parasitoid occurred from mid‐April to early May and from mid‐ to late May, respectively.Diapause in the parasitoid is facultative and occurs in the eonymphal stage. The photoperiodic response for this diapause was a long‐day type with a critical photoperiod of 13 hr 40 min at 20°C, but it was not expressed at 25°C, most larvae entering diapause irrespective of photoperiod. About 19, 120, 82 and 112 degree‐days above 7°C were required to complete the egg, larval, prepupal and pupal development, respectively. These data were superimposed on the photothermograph of Fukuoka, and it is predicted that the 1st adult eclosion would occur in late April and the partial 2nd adult eclosion in early June. The prediction was supported by field observations.The adult eclosion of the parasitoid synchronized well with the apperance of prepupae and pupae of the moth. The parasitoid has two types of seasonal life cycle, one generation and two generations a year. Both types have an extremely long dormant period of 10–11 months due to aestivo‐hibernation. This seasonal life cycle enables the parasitoid to maintain its population when the host is in short supply.
Factors governing the evolution of eusociality through kin selection
Authors: Kasuya Eiiti 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe evolution of eusociality through kin selection was analyzed by simple population genetical models. Models were solved analytically with no approximation. The main results are
Sex ratio in reproductives in a colony of haplodiploid species does not affect the direction of evolution, contrary to the hypothesis ofTrivers andHare (1976). Female biased sex ratio increases the rate of evolution irrespective of its direction.
The only factor that determines the direction of evolution is the balance of benefit and cost of altruism of workers.
The value of ratio of benefit to cost of altruism of workers when the change of gene frequency of altruistic allele does not take place is unity in both haplodiploid and diploid species. There is no theoretical reason that the eusociality through kin selection evolves more easily in haplodiploidy than in diploidy, contrary to the hypotheses ofHamilton (1964) andTrivers andHare (1976).
The larger the colony size is, the lower the rate of evolution is irrespective of its direction.
It was concluded that discussion on the evolution of altruism which depended on only the values of the degrees of relatedness is misleading. The importance of life history structure, oviposition of workers and number of relating gene(s) in the evolution of eusociality were discussed.
Spatial distribution of greenhouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorumWestwood) and a suggested sampling plan for estimating its density in greenhouses
Authors: Yano Eizi 
Published: October 2006

SummarySpatial distribution of the greenhouse whitefly population infesting tomato plants in greenhouses was analyzed. A leaf of tomato consists of 7 leaflets, each being used as a basic sampling unit. Distribution patterns between plants, between leaves and between leaflets were analyzed by the analysis of variance and the method.It was found that populations of all the developmental stages were composed of contagiously distributed colonies or individuals between leaves and between leaflets. On the other hand, they showed random distribution of colonies between plants. On leaflets, egg populations were distributed as colonies, each consisting of several eggs, while in larval and adult populations, individuals were distributed rather independently of each other.A three‐stage sampling plan was developed to estimate the density at the assigned level of precision.
Relative importance of direct and indirect interaction among individual snails
Authors: Kawata Masakado 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIndividual organisms interact directly through behavior, and indirectly through resource consumption and environment modification. The effects of different kinds of interactions on individual growth and reproduction will differ. Freshwater snails may interact directly for food resources and indirectly through substances dissolved in water. I separated the effects of the direct behavioral interaction and indirect interaction through waters using laboratory experiments with freshwater snails Physa acuta. Behavioral direct interaction have negative effects on the growth, but indirect interaction through water environments has positive effect on the growth. The importance of distinction of different kinds of interactions were discussed.
Neurotrophic property of geniposide for inducing the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells
Authors: Liu Jianhui , Zheng Xuxu , Yin Fei , Hu Yinhe , Guo Lixia , Deng Xiaohong , Chen Gang , Jiajia Jing , Zhang Heng 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe emerging data show that the insulinotrophic hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐1(GLP‐1) and its agonist extendin‐4 have neurotrophic function to inducing neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells and prevent neurons damage challenged by oxidative stress. Here, with the model of high throughput screen for GLP‐1 receptor agonists, we screen and identify that geniposide is a novel agonist for GLP‐1 receptor. Furthermore, geniposide induces the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells with resulting neurites outgrowth; we also observe an increase in expression of growth‐associated protein‐43. U0126, a selective MEK inhibitor, prevents neurites out growth and phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated kinase proteins in PC12 cells induced by geniposide. All these results show that activation of GLP‐1 receptor by geniposide to induce the neuronal differentiation of PC12 cells involves in MAPK signaling cascade.