bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Petrographic and engineering properties of sandstones from the Sneinton Formation, Nottinghamshire, England
Authors: Bell F. G. , Culshaw M. G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The Sneinton Formation occurs at the base of the Mercia Mudstone Group and consists of sandstones with interbedded siltstones and mudstones. The sample material was obtained from core from a 63 m deep borehole sunk near Epperstone some 10 km north of Nottingham. The petrographic characteristics, namely quartz content, clay size content, packing density and particle size distribution of the sandstones, were determined for a series of depths. In addition, the density, porosity, compressive and indirect tensile strengths, hardness, modulus of deformation, Poisson's ratio and slake durability index were determined for the same depth intervals. The petrographic characteristics then were correlated with the physical and mechanical properties and the significance of the relationships assessed by Student's
t
value. The individual physical and mechanical properties also were the correlated with each other and the significance of the relationships similarly assessed.
Joint monitoring on a rock face bearing an historical bas-relief
Authors: Košták B. , Dobrev N. , Zika P. , Ivanov P. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Preservation of a historical bas-relief on a high rock face in a seismically active area in NE Bulgaria called for stability investigations including joint monitoring. Engineering geological investigations revealed structures liable to creep within the bedrock including joint deformations registered in spatial three components and angular deviations between joint faces. A distinct relationship between joint movement and individual earthquakes has been found and changes in deformation character have occurred in periods of increased seismicity. Temperature variations, and notably frost effects have been found to affect shallow joints. The paper describes a case in which relatively inexpensive monitoring has been successful in terms of interpretation of results.
Assessing the significant factors in a rock weathering system
Authors: Hill S. E. , Rosenbaum M. S. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The processes operating within a rock weathering system may be described qualitatively in the form of an interaction matrix, comprising those factors which are considered significant in the system and the mechanisms operating between them. A method of assigning site-specific values to the significant factors is developed, enabling a quantitative analysis of the effects of weathering on the rock mass. Applying an integer code to the interactions enables the individual factors' influence within the system to be assessed. An index for weathering may be derived from this analysis and used, in conjunction with an index for engineering geological properties, to characterize and zone a weathered rock mass.
Dewatering the Thanet Beds in SE London: three case histories
Authors: Linney L. F. , Withers A. D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The construction of the Jubilee Line Extension in southeast London required the construction of a number of deep excavations extending into the Thanet Beds. These Lower Tertiary strata are predominantly silty fine sands, and in order for the excavations to be carried out in the dry, dewatering was necessary. Three examples of excavations in the Thanet Beds are described in this paper, in each of which dewatering was attempted by pumping from the underlying Chalk to induce drainage of the Thanets. Although the three sites were only approximately 1 km apart, the performance of the dewatering schemes was different at each site. One excavation proved impossible to dewater by this method, whilst the other two, although successfully completed, demonstrate very clearly the extreme variations in the permeability of the Chalk and the difficulties that may arise therefrom.
Dewatering and environmental monitoring for the extractive industry
Authors: Streetly M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In the current climate of environmental protection, environmental monitoring data often play a crucial role in the planning process leading to the extraction of minerals from open excavations. Yet often the relatively modest capital and human resource commitments required to operate an effective monitoring network in the early stages of development are allowed to obscure the real long-term benefits of collecting high-quality data. In this paper the pressures facing those responsible for commissioning environmental monitoring networks are set out. Common problems faced are described, along with the consequences of inadequate monitoring. The economic value of good data is emphasized and ways in which this can be achieved are summarized with particular emphasis on the need for regular reviews of incoming data.
The use of recharge trenches to maintain groundwater levels
Authors: Cliff M. I. , Smart P. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Dewatering mineral workings may have an adverse impact on the water table in the surrounding area. Although dewatering for mineral extraction purposes is exempt from licensing under the Water Resources Act 1991, it may be controlled by conditions included in planning consents. Two sites are described where the planning authority has imposed conditions relating to groundwater control and recharge trenches have been constructed. The first is a site in the Midlands adjacent to a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) where the flora and fauna are dependent on a high water table. The second is a site close to a wetland area in West Yorkshire.
The hydrogeological effect of quarrying karstified limestone: options for prediction and mitigation
Authors: Hobbs S. L. , Gunn J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The hydrogeological effect of limestone extraction from open pits (quarries) depends on the location of the site in the landscape, the vertical and horizontal extent of the excavation, the methods used to excavate the stone, and the extent of karstification. Groundwater quality is commonly affected by quarrying through increased fine sediment concentrations and accidental spillages. Removal of any soil cover allows direct access for pollutants into the aquifer, a problem which may be exacerbated by licensed or illegal tipping of waste following cessation of stone extraction. Quarrying also removes the entire subcutaneous (epikarstic) zone which is an important ground-water store, together with part or all of the unsaturated zone. Pumping of water from the excavation will change the ground-water balance and can alter the direction and amounts of conduit flow, particularly if the quarry extends beneath the water table. Prediction of such impacts is difficult, especially when the limestone is karstified, such that there will always be a degree of uncertainty associated with the impact of the workings. Hence, it is essential that for new quarries monitoring is undertaken prior to, throughout, and following mineral working, with options for mitigation if mineral working causes an unacceptable impact. When a quarry ceases to be worked, the direct impacts on groundwater quality may rapidly decrease but there are important implications for after-use of the site. Impacts on groundwater quantity are likely to be more long-term.
A study on the accuracy of sand and gravel reserve estimates
Authors: Wardrop D. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Little work has been published that compares actual yields from sand and gravel excavations with reserve calculations based on drilling. To do so sites must meet criteria of clear identification; in-house site investigation; full drilling; and properly recorded production. There are several potential sources of difference between calculated and actual figures.
Twenty-six sites were investigated, yielding from 63.64% to 152.400f calculated reserves. The mean of the results is 104.37%, the median 104.31% and the mode group 107.0–109%. This analysis confirms that, in a majority of cases, the measurement of reserves using conventional techniques is accurately carried out. A variance of ± 5 0s suggested as the geologist's target.
Decrease in the CBR of a gypsiferous soil due to long-term soaking
Authors: Razouki S. S. , El-Janabi O. A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The effect of long-term soaking on the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) of compacted gypsiferous soil containing about 64 0ypsum was studied. Sixteen CBR samples compacted at optimum moisture content and 950f the modified AASHTO dry density were prepared in accordance with ASTM (D 1883-87). Two samples each were soaked for periods of 0, 4, 7, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 180 days with a 20 lb (89 N) surcharge load. The water in the soaking tank was changed continuously to avoid full saturation with gypsum. The tests revealed a sharp drop in CBR with soaking period, especially within the first week. Thereafter, the loss in CBR took place at a smaller rate so that the soil strength became constant after about six months. The decrease of total soluble salt and gypsum content in soil with increasing soaking period is in full agreement with the loss in CBR with soaking period. The paper reveals that a soaking period of four days can lead to serious overestimation of soil strength for these soils.
Core density scanning, degree of induration and dynamic elastic moduli of Palaeogene limestone in the Copenhagen area
Authors: Henriksen Anton D. , Fabricius Ida L. , Borre Mai K. , Korsbech Uffe , Theilgaard Anja T. , Zandbergen Julie B. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Density scanning by gamma transmission measurements on whole cores is here demonstrated to be valuable both as a sampling guide in the core laboratory, and for assessing the degree of induration of Palaeogene limestones in Denmark. Fracture intensity is also indicated. Moduli of elasticity calculated from acoustic velocities are systematically related to density (and thus porosity), so we have attempted to relate the degree of induration to the dynamic moduli of elasticity. The dynamic moduli of elasticity fall, as is commonly observed, above those measured from uniaxial compression tests. P-wave as well as S-wave velocities are anisotropic in the entire porosity interval (12%–44%). This is reflected in a significant anisotropy of the dynamic shear modulus at high densities, whereas the anisotropy for lower densities and for the dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic bulk modulus remain below the level of significance. The anisotropy probably reflects minor horizontal fractures formed during exhumation of the limestone and unloading of the cores. The density scanning tool thus proves a useful method for determination of geophysical and geotechnical parameters.
Geophysical investigation of unsaturated zone transport in the Chalk in Yorkshire
Authors: Zaidman M. D. , Middleton R. T. , West L. J. , Binley A. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Electrical resistivity imaging of field-scale solute transport in the unsaturated zone of the Chalk in East Yorkshire is described. The study involved application of an electrically conductive tracer to the surface of an 18 m
2
plot at a rate of 49 mmd
-1
for two days (representative of very heavy rainfall). The resistivity response of the upper 25 m over the following ten months is reported. These results are interpreted together with geological and hydrological data. The hydrogeological interpretation is that rapid bypass flow occurs along steeply inclined joints during high intensity rainfall in autumn and winter, but not usually during the summer. Joint saturation occurs locally, progressing upwards from horizons rich in thin marl layers.
Characteristics of some rainfall-induced landslides on natural slopes, Lantau Island, Hong Kong
Authors: Franks C. A. M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The north part of Lantau Island is undergoing rapid development following construction of the new airport at Chek Lap Kok. This development, primarily on reclaimed land, is adjacent to a range of steeply sloping hills that experience levels of annual rain in excess of 2500 mm. Rainfall induced landslides on this steeply sloping natural terrain are potential hazards to developments down slope. Landslides on these natural slopes resulting from two major rainstorms in 1992 and 1993 were studied to determine their characteristics and define the geomorphological factors influencing their debris trails. These data were compared with the aerial photographic record of landslide scars within the same catchment over the period 1945-1995 to determine the potential hazard from natural terrain landslides to downslope development.
The limited data set indicates that channelized debris flows which produce long debris trails pose the greatest hazard potential to downslope development. Factors influencing debris flow paths and deposition zones were assessed from a geomorphological study of the catchment to define criteria for preliminary hazard zoning of downslope developments.
Competency assessment of two clay soils from South Wales for landfill liner contaminant attenuation
Authors: Yong R. N. , Tan B. K. , Bentley S. P. , Thomas H. R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

This study focuses on the basic test and evaluation requirements necessary for a successful competency assessment of the contaminant attenuation capability of clay soils. Two clay soils from South Wales were chosen for study. Of particular interest is the problem of specification of ‘
necessary and sufficient tests
’ for proper assessments of competency. The tests and evaluation protocols leading towards confident competency assessment of the candidate clay soils are developed. Soil column leaching studies, together with results from analyses of the physicochemical and mineralogical characteristics of the soils, are used to determine clay soil contaminant attenuation capability. The results demonstrate that reliance on a limited amount of information can lead to some inappropriate premature interpretations that can prove to be harmful. In a situation where attenuation of dissolved metals is important, only one of the soils tested is considered to be an adequate clay soil for a clay engineered barrier.
Weathering and regolith properties at an earthflow site
Authors: Trotter Craig M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The influence of weathering on the physical, chemical and geotechnical characteristics of soils has been examined for both unstable and adjacent stable ground at a site in North Island New Zealand where earthflows have developed in regolith overlying Tertiary calcareous mudrock of marine origin. The same sequence of weathering zones was visually identified during sample extrusion for both the unstable and stable ground, although the earthflow sites were characterized by extension of weathering to greater depths. Both the characteristics of the weathering zones and the relationships between calcite content and geotechnical index properties show significant similarities to those reported for the Fuller's Earth in the UK. Variations in density and moisture content throughout the profiles are attributed to variations in the extent of stress relief fissuring, augmented by a calcite content which varies with depth and position on the slope. If the variation in dry density (and moisture content) due to calcite content alone is removed, the depth at which stress relief fissuring becomes prominent can be readily discerned and appears to be associated with the zone of basal shear in the earthflows. Physico-chemical swelling appears to be absent, even though the soil mineralogy is dominated by Casmectites. Post-failure weathering, clay mineral alteration and calcite removal are expected to provide a mechanism for promoting gradually increasing earthflow instability.
Defining a borehole capture zone in a complex sandstone aquifer: a modelling case study from Shropshire, UK
Authors: Papatolios K. T. , Lerner D. N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

The sandstone aquifer in eastern Shropshire in central England is being extensively used for public water supply. However, rising nitrate concentrations in boreholes in the unconfined parts of the aquifer are a cause for concern. Edgmond Bridge, a new major abstraction, has recently been put into service. This study examines the hydrogeology of the sandstone aquifer in the area and uses a three-dimensional numerical groundwater flow model to represent the aquifer and to define the Edgmond Bridge borehole catchment and distribution of flows within it. For an abstraction rate of 12 500m
3
/d the catchment occupies an area of 18.7km
2
and is fed by direct and valley side recharge, induced river infiltration and lateral groundwater inflow.
Editorial
Authors: West Graham 
Published: November 2007

With this number of the Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology we have a change of Editor. Dr Brian Hawkins of Bristol University, who has been the Scientific Editor of the Journal since 1987, is standing down and I will undertake this responsibility until Dr John Cripps of Sheffield University can take over the Editorship in June 1994.
During his period of office, Dr Hawkins maintained the high standards of the Journal and was responsible for a number of successful initiatives, among which were the Young Authors' Awards and the policy of encouraging papers from abroad. On behalf of the Society and the readership I would like to thank Dr Hawkins for his fine service as QJEG Editor.
The scope of the QJEG is well set out on the inside front cover of every number, but I would like to say a few words here of a more philosophical nature about the purpose of the Journal. This is to provide engineering geologists and hydrogeologists with the very best scientific papers on all aspects of engineering geology and hydrogeology, be they the results of field or laboratory research, case history studies, state-of-the-art reviews, Working Party reports or technical notes. Because the Journal sets out to be an international journal, care will continue to be taken to include papers from overseas authors and on overseas topics as well as from those in the UK. In this way, the pages of the QJEG will record the most recent advances in both the theory and
Crown hole development in the sandstone caves of Nottingham
Authors: Waltham A. C. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Nottingham caves have been artificially excavated in the Triassic sandstone. Some of their unsupported roofs, spanning up to 5 m, exhibit progressive collapse which can develop into crown holes. Nearly all recorded roof failures have occurred where and when the rock has become saturated by water from rainfall or pipe leakages. Saturation causes the sandstone to lose rapidly about half its strength as a consequence of the breakdown of clay bridges between the sand grains.
Mining-induced seismicity in the Nottinghamshire Coalfield
Authors: Bishop I. , Styles P. , Allen M. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Between July 1989 and August 1990 over 130 earth tremors were felt and reported by people living in the Edwinstowe district of Nottinghamshire. In order to determine whether the tremors were caused by mining activity, a small aperture array of eight temporary surface seismometer stations was established around the area of coal extraction from Thoresby Colliery. Over the following l 1-month period, 785 micro seismic events were detected. The spatial and temporal patterns of this seismicity can clearly be seen to be associated with the commencement, the continuing extraction and the closure of faces. Activity is at a minimum at weekends, holidays and during periods of enforced closure due to the weather, rising to a maximum on the Wednesday of each week. Events occur within days of a face going into full production and cease at the end of the production, with good correlation between face advancement and hypocentral position. While the location of events outside of the array is inferior to those within the Thoresby take, it is clear that there are very strong indications that the majority of these events originate from the adjacent collieries, especially Welbeck, Ollerton and Clipstone. While the results establish a definite causal relationship between coal production and the local microseismicity, frequency magnitude studies suggest that the seismic hazard and risk of damage to properties is low, as the maximum magnitude recorded during this period was less than 2.5.
Estimation of soil compaction parameters by means of Atterberg limits
Authors: Al-Khafaji A. N. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

This Technical Note examines the relationship between the Atterberg limits and soil compaction as measured by use of the standard proctor compaction test. The relations of liquid limit,
W
L
, and plastic limit,
W
p
, to proctor maximum dry density,
P
d
, and optimum moisture content,
W
opt
, are determined quantitatively for soils from Iraq and USA. Using curve fitting techniques, empirical equations are derived and charts are prepared. From these it is possible to estimate the potential optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for standard proctor compaction from the knowledge of Atterberg limits only. The accuracy of these charts is considered in relation to the basic data. The compaction parameters of the Iraqi and the United States soils are also compared.
Some hydrogeophysical properties of the Chalk of Humberside and Lincolnshire
Authors: Barker R. D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The results of laboratory measurements of various hydrological and physical properties of the Chalk of Lincolnshire and Humberside are presented. The measured parameters include density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity and formation factor. The equations governing their inter-relationships have been determined. Examination of the manner in which these properties vary with stratigraphic level shows that porosity increases upwards from the stratigraphic base of the Chalk while density and formation factor decrease.
Groundwater modelling with limited data: a case study in a semi-arid dunefield of northeast Nigeria
Authors: Carter R. C. , Morgulis E. D. , Dottridge J. , Agbo J. U. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Groundwater and other hydrological models are usually used only in situations where large amounts of historical and spatially distributed data are available. There are however good arguments for using models (a) to test conceptual models and assess the controls on system behaviour, and (b) to assist in planning data collection. The paper describes the application of a finite difference groundwater model to an area of dune fields and oases in northeast Nigeria. Limited field data provided inputs and the basis for calibration of the model, and model output gave useful insights into the functioning of the hydrological system. Conclusions are drawn on overall system behaviour, the relative merits of different recharge hypotheses (specifically addressing the controversy over whether present groundwater levels are the result of current recharge or fossil gradients), and the requirements for future data collection and monitoring.