bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Refinement for user interface designs
Authors: Bowen Judy , Reeves Steve 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Formal approaches to software development require that we correctly describe (or specify) systems in order to prove properties about our proposed solution prior to building it. We must then follow a rigorous process to transform our specification into an implementation to ensure that the properties we have proved are retained. Different transformation, or refinement, methods exist for different formal methods, but they all seek to ensure that we can guide the transformation in a way which preserves the desired properties of the system. Refinement methods also allow us to subsequently compare two systems to see if a refinement relation exists between the two. When we design and build the user interfaces of our systems we are similarly keen to ensure that they have certain properties before we build them. For example, do they satisfy the requirements of the user? Are they designed with known good design principles and usability considerations in mind? Are they correct in terms of the overall system specification? However, when we come to implement our interface designs we do not have a defined process to follow which ensures that we maintain these properties as we transform the design into code. Instead, we rely on our judgement and belief that we are doing the right thing and subsequent user testing to ensure that our final solution remains useable and satisfactory. We suggest an alternative approach, which is to define a refinement process for user interfaces which will allow us to maintain the same rigorous standards we apply to the rest of the system when we implement our user interface designs.
Scale dependency in seagrass dynamics: how does the neighboring effect vary with grain of observation?
Authors: Yamakita Takehisa , Nakaoka Masahiro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAlthough the importance of spatial scale in ecology has been increasingly recognized, the effects on ecological processes of changing the grain size of the observation have rarely been tested for empirical populations. A seagrass bed is an ideal system to study scale‐dependency because it occurs in two‐dimensional shallow soft‐bottoms and can be monitored on a broader scale by using remote‐sensing techniques. To investigate the grain dependency of seagrass spatial dynamics, we analyzed the effect of neighboring vegetation on the annual transition between vegetated and unvegetated states in a seagrass meadow in Futtsu, Tokyo Bay. The presence or absence of seagrass vegetation was observed at different grains from aerial photographs taken annually over 17 years. We detected the presence of a neighboring effect both in the increasing process (transition from the unvegetated to the vegetated state) and the decreasing process (vice versa) of vegetation. In the increasing process, the intensity of the neighboring effect was positive with the small grain, but the effect decreased to 0 with grain of ca. 20 m. In the decreasing process, the neighboring effect was negative with the small grain and increased to 0 with grain of ca. 30 m. The observed grain dependency in the neighboring effects also varied among different positions of the bed and among different years. The grain dependency in the increasing process cannot solely be explained by shoot elongation of the seagrass, which can cause positive neighboring effects only at small grain (≤6 m). The neighboring effect at the greater grain can be regarded as an emergent property.
Complexity, dynamics and diversity of sociality in group‐living mammals
Authors: Kutsukake Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNumerous studies in group‐living animals with stable compositions have demonstrated the complex and dynamic nature of social behaviour. Empirical studies occasionally provide principles that cannot be applied directly to other group‐living species. Because of this, researchers are required to address fine‐scaled conceptual questions and to incorporate species‐specific characteristics of the study species. In this paper, I raise three key topics that will promote our understanding of animal sociality: the effects of heterogeneous social relationships on the pattern, distribution, and function of social interactions; conflict management for maintaining group living; and meta‐dyad‐level perspectives for understanding dyadic social relationships and behaviours. Through the discussion of these topics together with examples of group‐living mammals, I emphasise the importance of direct behavioural observations and functional analyses in studies of species‐ or taxonomic‐group‐specific characteristics of social behaviour in a wide range of taxonomic groups. In addition to approaches focusing on specificity, another approach that examines the general principles or common characteristics found across different taxonomic groups could provide synthetic and reductive frameworks to understand divergent sociality. The complementary use of these two approaches will offer a comprehensive understanding of social evolution in group‐living animals.
Risk factors for acute and chronic postoperative pain in patients with benign and malignant renal disease after nephrectomy
Authors: Gerbershagen Hans J. , Dagtekin Oguzhan , Rothe Tim , Heidenreich Axel , Gerbershagen Kathrin , Sabatowski Rainer , Petzke Frank , Özgür Enver 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAims: This longitudinal study was performed in order to analyze the incidence of and perioperative risk factors for the development of chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) in patients after nephrectomy.Methods: For baseline data acquisition, valid instruments were used for scoring sociodemographic, psychological, psychosocial, pain, pain treatment, and comorbidity factors: the Mainz Pain Staging System (MPSS) for pain chronicity, the Chronic Pain Grading Questionnaire (CPGQ), the Neuropathic Pain Scale (NPS), the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), the Short Form 12 (SF‐12) for health‐related quality of life, the Habitual Well‐Being Questionnaire (HWBQ), the Symptom Check List (SCL‐8) for detecting psychosomatic dysfunction, and the Weighted Illness Check List (WICL) for evaluation of comorbidities and their impact on activities of daily living. Pain intensities were recorded over the first 6 postoperative days after nephrectomy. A sample of 35 patients was followed up for 3 and 6 months.Results: Patients with more intense postoperative pain during the first 6 days had significantly higher preoperative anxiety scores. The incidence of CPSP 3 and 6 months after nephrectomy was 28.6% and 8.6%, respectively. Preoperatively increased anxiety scores, reduced physical health‐related quality of life (SF‐12), multiple comorbid conditions, and increased comorbidity‐related disability were significantly associated with the occurrence of CPSP after 3 months. These patients also reported more severe pain during the first week after surgery. Preoperative “current pain intensity” was significantly increased in CPSP patients.Conclusions: Our results demonstrate a multifactorial development of CPSP. This process may contribute not only to the occurrence of chronic postsurgical pain but also to the biopsychosocial impairment in these patients as often seen in other chronic pain populations.
Late Riphean Borisikha ophiolite (Yenisei Ridge): U-Pb zircon age and tectonic setting
Authors: Kuzmichev A.B. , Paderin I.P. , Antonov A.V. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Borisikha ophiolite, composed of serpentinites and amphibolites, is an extension of the Isakovka ophiolite belt in the near-Yenisei part of the Yenisei Ridge. It is a slightly disturbed ∼3.5 km thick fragment of the ophiolite association; its crustal part is composed of metamorphosed wehrlite, troctolite, and gabbro cumulates. The cumulate composition and the geochemical features, which do not show any suprasubductional overprinting, indicate that the ophiolite is a normal oceanic lithosphere. Zircons extracted from pegmatoid amphibolite show sectorial magmatic zoning, low U contents, and magmatic Th/U values. The zircon age determined on a SHRIMP-II mass spectrometer is 682±13 Ma, which corresponds to the time of formation of oceanic crust. In the second half of the Late Riphean, the oceanic lithosphere that included the Borisikha ophiolite was subducted beneath the margin of the Siberian continent. At the same time, rifting, formation of half-grabens, and alkaline magmatism took place at the rear of the Yenisei Ridge. Similar events took place in southeastern East Sayan. Correlation between the coeval Late Baikalian structures along the southern and western margins of the Siberian Platform calls for special study.
Soil-to-dwelling radon isotope ratio in the Baikal region
Authors: Chernyago B.P. , Nepomnyashchikh A.I. , Kalinovskii G.I. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Relations between indoor and soil gas radon were experimentally studied in villages of the Baikal region. On the basis of the obtained data, the soil-to-indoor radon ratio was calculated, which can be used for prediction of radon pollution in buildings of the same kind.
A section of Vendian in the east of West Siberian Plate (based on data from the Borehole Vostok 3)
Authors: Kontorovich A.E. , Varlamov A.I. , Grazhdankin D.V. , Karlova G.A. , Klets A.G. , Kontorovich V.A. , Saraev S.V. , Terleev A.A. , Belyaev S.Yu. , Varaksina I.V. , Efimov A.S. , Kochnev B.B. , Nagovitsin K.E. , Postnikov A.A. , Filippov Yu.F. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The Borehole Vostok 3 drilled in the east of the West Siberian Plate (Tomsk Region) revealed a Vendian section in the depth range 5002–3870 m, which was subdivided into the Poiga, Kotodzha, and Raiga Formations based on geological, geophysical, and paleontological data. In the Kotodzha and Raiga Formations, typical Upper Vendian fossils of Cloudina hartmanae and Namacalathus sp. were found along with diverse Platysolenites, which are commonly considered to be of zonal significance in Lower Cambrian strata. Hence, the stratigraphic interval with abundant diverse Platysolenites has a wider stratigraphic range than it was believed earlier and seems to cover the Upper Vendian and Lower Cambrian deposits. The Borehole Vostok 3 is the first Siberian occurrence of the fossils Namacalathus, the world’s fourth occurrence of the Cloudina-Namacalathus association, and the first site where coexisting Platysolenites and typical Vendian organisms have been found. Therefore, the borehole provides one of the most informative (in paleontological context) Upper Vendian sections.
THE GOD OF THOMAS HOBBES
Authors: CROMARTIE ALAN 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTHobbes seems to have believed in ‘God’; he certainly disapproved of most ‘religion’, including virtually all forms of Christianity. This article disentangles the link between his ‘God’ and his ‘religion’; and in so doing illuminates what Stuart writers meant by ‘atheism’. Hobbes agreed with Sir Francis Bacon that ‘atheism’ was typically caused by bad religion (that is, by ‘superstitions’ designed to serve the interests of the clergy). The Hobbesian theory of language rules out the possibility of proving God's existence, but Hobbes seems to have believed in a Designer to whom a prudent man would offer worship. He also thought that commonwealths require revealed ‘religions’, which are shared systems of belief that rest on ‘faith’ in those who first proclaim them. Religions decay when ‘faith’ is undermined by the misconduct of ‘unpleasing priests’, especially if they enjoin ‘belief of contradictories’.Leviathanis anti-atheistic in seeking to undermine priestcraft and eliminate such flaws by reinterpretation of the Bible. Hobbes probably lacked ‘faith’. But he defended liturgy and ceremony even in the circumstances of the early 1650s; the religion that he favoured was a de-clericalized Anglicanism.
GIFT AND DIPLOMACY IN SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY SPANISH ITALY
Authors: CARRIÓ-INVERNIZZI DIANA 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis article explains how the concept and the practice of gift-making evolved in Spanish Italy in connection with power. Contemporary chronicles, avvisi (newsletters), and letters enable us to reflect upon how gifts were seen, given, and received in the period at the Spanish embassy in Rome and in the viceroyalty of Naples. It aims to establish how the exchange of presents affected the wielding of power and how it contributed to shaping the political culture of the Spanish in Italy. The seventeenth century and Italy were the time and place that witnessed the greatest experimentation in gift-making practices. This experimentation and the polysemic nature of gifts can also be explained as a result of the low level of professionalization that still characterized diplomacy in seventeenth-century Europe.
URBAN SOCIAL MOVEMENTS AND THE TRANSITION TO DEMOCRACY IN PORTUGAL, 1974–1976
Authors: PINTO PEDRO RAMOS 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis article examines the impact of the urban social movement active in Lisbon on the Portuguese transition to democracy (1974–6). Academic and public discourse over the last three decades has tended to characterize the movement either as an embryonic form of a participatory society, or an illusion created by the manipulation of a minority of activists. Conversely, this article argues that the movement was largely autonomous and powerful enough to win valuable concessions for the urban poor, in the context of increasing competition between political elites, although more moderate than many have assumed. As the contending political forces fought for supremacy, the urban movement became a coveted ally and potential source of legitimacy. With the political arena becoming increasingly polarized during the course of 1975, movement supporters were faced with a stark alternative between revolution and moderation. It is suggested that their choices were instrumental in making the victory of the moderates possible, revealing the contradiction between the street and the ballot box as a false dichotomy.
EARLY HISTORY OF AL-QA'IDA
Authors: CRAGIN R. KIM 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough the broad outlines of al-Qa'ida's story are well known, less attention has been paid to its early development and evolution. How and why did al-Qa'ida leaders latch on to the United States as a primary adversary? What motivated Usama bin Laden to form al-Qa'ida in the first place? Did this motivation change over time? This article utilizes a series of recently discovered al-Qa'ida documents – such as al-Jihad magazine financed by Usama bin Laden during the 1980s, internal memos written in the early 1990s and captured by the US military in Afghanistan, and autobiographical accounts written since 2001 by former Afghan Arab fighters – to deepen our understanding of a clandestine organization that has caused havoc for the past two decades.
Modeling emotional action for social characters
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Pan Zhigeng , Zhang Mingmin , Ju Chunhua 
Published: November 2008

AbstractEmotion is an important aspect of human intelligence and has been shown to play a significant role in the human decision-making process. This paper proposes a comprehensive computational model of emotions that can be incorporated into the physiological and social components of the emotions. Since interaction between characters can have a major impact on emotional dynamics, the model presents a social learning component for learning associations among characters, which in turn affects the character’s decision-making and social interactions. The model also designs a set of personality progression functions to enhance individual differences. In addition, we demonstrate this empirically through a computer simulation of a dynamic environment inhabited by a few characters to test our emotional model. The experiments show the effectiveness of our emotional model to build believable characters during interaction with the virtual environment.
On virtual environments and agents in next-generation computer games
Authors: Torres Daniel 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper holds the material presented at our keynote at the Intelligent Virtual Environments and Virtual Agents Conference, where we analyzed future trends in virtual agent and environment technologies, as applied to the fields of videogames and interactive multimedia. We begin by observing current tendencies in game development projects, both in the market and in the academia, outlining their respective strengths and weaknesses. We follow by describing the aspects of game development that will come to shape the next generation of games, and discuss the requirements for academic projects to achieve the level of quality required to be competitive in this field. In the rest of the paper we analyze the roles, importance, challenges, and research opportunities that a new generation of virtual characters and environments will bring to the world of interactive entertainment.
Simulating socially intelligent agents in semantic virtual environments
Authors: Grimaldo Francisco , Lozano Miguel , Barber Fernando , Vigueras Guillermo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe simulation of synthetic humans inhabiting virtual environments is a current research topic with a great number of behavioral problems to be tackled. Semantical virtual environments (SVEs) have recently been proposed not only to ease world modeling but also to enhance the agent–object and agent–agent interaction. Thus, we propose the use of ontologies to define the world’s knowledge base and to introduce semantic levels of detail that help the sensorization of complex scenes—containing lots of interactive objects. The object taxonomy also helps to create general and reusable operativity for autonomous characters—for example, liquids can be poured from containers such as bottles. On the other hand, we use the ontology to define social relations among agents within an artificial society. These relations must be taken into account in order to display socially acceptable decisions. Therefore, we have implemented a market-based social model that reaches coordination and sociability by means of task exchanges. This paper presents a multi-agent framework oriented to simulate socially intelligent characters in SVEs. The framework has been successfully tested in three-dimensional (3D) dynamic scenarios while simulating a virtual university bar, where groups of waiters and customers interact with both the objects in the scene and the other virtual agents, finally displaying complex social behaviors.
Accommodating the outcast: common lodging houses and the limits of urban governance in Victorian and Edwardian London
Authors: CROOK TOM 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis article examines a neglected aspect of British urban history: the governance of common lodging houses in Victorian and Edwardian London. The aim of the article is to detail the multiple ways they exercised the limits of urban governance. Providing cheap, nightly accommodation for the outcasts of urban society, common lodging houses were neither easily conceived, nor easily regulated. It is argued that their governance attests to an abundant metropolitan modernity characterized by ongoing antagonism and multiple points of tension and instability.
INTERNATIONAL HUMANITARIAN LAW FROM A FIELD PERSPECTIVE – CASE STUDY: NEPAL
Authors: van der Oije P.J.C. Schimmelpenninck 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhat is it like to be working in the field with international humanitarian law during an armed conflict? In the article ‘International Humanitarian Law from a field perspective - case study: Nepal‘, the promotion of international humanitarian law is described through the eyes of a humanitarian aid worker. The author worked as a delegate for the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) during the civil war in Nepal. International humanitarian law forms the legal basis of the ICRC's presence in Nepal, it's humanitarian activities and confidential interventions. Nepal and its conflict are introduced, as well as the warring parties and the Red Cross in Nepal. Various humanitarian activities and dilemma's are described. Through this article the YIHL seeks to link theory and practice, and focus on international humanitarian law from an operational perspective.
Characterization of MYG1 gene and protein: subcellular distribution and function
Authors: Philips Mari‐Anne , Vikeså Jonas , Luuk Hendrik , Jønson Lars , Lilleväli Kersti , Rehfeld Jens F. , Vasar Eero , Kõks Sulev , Nielsen Finn C. 
Published: November 2008

Background information. MYG1 [Melanocyte proliferating gene 1, also known as Gamm1 (NM_021640)] is a recently described gene of unknown function. MYG1 orthologues are found in simple as well as complex eukaryotes. According to sequence homology, MYG1 is considered to have a metal‐dependent protein hydrolase (UPF0160) domain. The purpose of the present study was to determine the expression and subcellular localization of MYG1 protein and to identify physiological processes connected to MYG1 function.Results. Human and mouse MYG1 is ubiquitously expressed, with the highest level in the testis. Analysis of mouse embryos moreover revealed a uniform Myg1 expression at E (embryonic day) 8.5, but at E11.75 expression becomes restricted predominantly to the developing brain and eye, limb buds and tail region. MYG1 exhibits a mitochondrial targeting signal in the N‐terminal region and a Pat7‐type nuclear localization signal in the region between amino acids 33–39 and localizes to these compartments. No active shuttling of MYG1 between the nucleus and the mitochondria was detected and the distribution of MYG1 was not dependent on the phase of the cell cycle. Immunoprecipitation of C‐terminally FLAG‐tagged MYG1 from HeLa cells did not identify any co‐precipitated proteins. siRNA (short interfering RNA)‐mediated knockdown of MYG1 mRNA was mainly followed by changes in the level of transcripts encoding factors involved in developmental tissue patterning and growth as well as immune‐related processes.Conclusions. Taken together, we infer that MYG1 is a ubiquitous nucleo‐mitochondrial protein, with differential pattern and level of expression during embryonic development. MYG1 expression in normal adult tissues is stable and our data suggest MYG1 involvement in early developmental processes and also in adult stress/illness conditions.