bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Traditional versus modern values, self‐perceived interpersonal factors, and posttraumatic stress in Chinese and German crime victims
Authors: Maercker Andreas , Mohiyeddini Changiz , Müller Mario , Xie Wei , Yang Zhi Hui , Wang Jiangping , Müller Julia 
Published: November 2008

Objectives The influence of cultural factors on mental health is not disputed in general – but elaborated research approaches are still lacking. We investigate cultural influences not only by nationality but also by value orientation (modern vs. traditional). A cross‐cultural comparison with Chinese and German crime victims included an assessment of value orientation according to Schwartz's theory (Schwartz, 1994) of personal values.Design Chinese and German adult crime victims were assessed. By means of structural equation multi‐sample analysis, data of the two groups were compared.Method Traditional (conformity, benevolence, customs orientation) and modern values (achievement, hedonism, stimulation), traumatic exposure, posttraumatic stress (PTS), and two self‐perceived interpersonal mediator processes (disclosure intentions, social acknowledgement as a victim) were assessed by self‐report measures in 130 Chinese and 151 German crime victims.Results The two patterns of prediction for PTS differed between the countries: In the German sample both value types but in the Chinese sample only traditional values were directly or indirectly predictive of PTS. Traditional values inhibited social acknowledgement as a victim in China and Germany. In Germany, traditional values were related to increased PTS severity. Modern values predicted social acknowledgement as well as lower symptoms in Germany, but not in China.Conclusions The study shows cultural and interpersonal factors that may contribute to the development of PTSD that are under‐researched in contemporary psychology and psychotherapy.
A comparative study of Cocconeis scutellum Ehrenberg and its varieties (Bacillariophyta)
Authors: De Stefano Mario , Romero Oscar E. , Totti Cecilia 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We present an ultrastructure-based revision (using light and electron microscopy) of the type species of the genus Cocconeis, C. scutellum var. scutellum, and four often-mentioned but poorly described, morphologically related varieties: C. scutellum var. baldjikiana, C. scutellum var. clinoraphis, C. scutellum var. parva, C. scutellum var. posidoniae. In addition, we introduce three new taxa, C. scutellum var. gorensis var. nov., C. scutellum var. posidoniae f. decussata f. nov. and C. scutellum var. sullivanensis var. nov. The taxonomic relationships between these varieties and the remaining validly described C. scutellum varieties are analyzed on the basis of their ultrastructural differences. We also provide additional information on the geographical distribution of all analyzed C. scutellum taxa.
Genetic Analysis of the Role of the Reprogramming Gene LIN-28 in Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Darr Henia , Benvenisty Nissim 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
LIN-28 is a gene recently shown to be involved in the conversion of somatic cells to induced pluripotent stem cells. We have previously shown that LIN-28 is highly expressed in human embryonic stem cells (HESCs); however, its role in these cells has not been investigated. We now show that, like OCT4, SOX2, and NANOG, LIN-28 is downregulated during differentiation of HESCs into embryoid bodies. In addition, we investigate the role of LIN-28 in HESCs by manipulation of its expression levels. LIN-28 overexpression impairs the ability of cells to grow at clonal densities, due to increased differentiation and decreased cell division. Analysis of cell differentiation under these conditions revealed that it is mostly towards the extraembryonic endoderm lineage. Moreover, we show that, during early mouse development, high levels of Lin-28 are also observed in the extraembryonic endoderm, and therefore it seems that, both in vitro and in vivo, high levels of LIN-28 may specify an extraembryonic endoderm fate. However, LIN-28 seems dispensable for self-renewal of HESCs; its downregulation neither impairs HESC proliferation nor leads to their differentiation. Thus, LIN-28 does not seem to be involved in the self-renewal of HESCs, but rather seems to be involved in their decision to switch from self-renewal to differentiation.
Diabetes Impairs the Vascular Recruitment of Normal Stem Cells by Oxidant Damage, Reversed by Increases in pAMPK, Heme Oxygenase-1, and Adiponectin
Authors: Sambuceti Gianmario , Morbelli Silvia , Vanella Luca , Kusmic Claudia , Marini Cecilia , Massollo Michela , Augeri Carla , Corselli Mirko , Ghersi Chiara , Chiavarina Barbara , Rodella Luigi F. , L'Abbate Antonio , Drummond George , Abraham Nader G. , Frassoni Francesco 
Published: November 2008

Abstract

Background
Atherosclerosis progression is accelerated in diabetes mellitus (DM) by either direct endothelial damage or reduced availability and function of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs). Both alterations are related to increased oxidant damage.

Aim
We examined if DM specifically impairs vascular signaling, thereby reducing the recruitment of normal EPCs, and if increases in antioxidant levels by induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) can reverse this condition.

Methods
Control and diabetic rats were treated with the HO-1 inducer cobalt protoporphyrin (CoPP) once a week for 3 weeks. Eight weeks after the development of diabetes, EPCs harvested from the aorta of syngenic inbred normal rats and labeled with technetium-99m-exametazime were infused via the femoral vein to estimate their blood clearance and aortic recruitment. Circulating endothelial cells (CECs) and the aortic expression of thrombomodulin (TM), CD31, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) were used to measure endothelial damage.

Results
DM reduced blood clearance and aortic recruitment of EPCs. Both parameters were returned to control levels by CoPP treatment without affecting EPC kinetics in normal animals. These abnormalities of EPCs in DM were paralleled by reduced serum adiponectin levels, increased numbers of CECs, reduced endothelial expression of phosphorylated eNOS, and reduced levels of TM, CD31, and phosphorylated AMP-activated protein kinase (pAMPK). CoPP treatment restored all of these parameters to normal levels.

Conclusion
Type II DM and its related oxidant damage hamper the interaction between the vascular wall and normal EPCs by mechanisms that are, at least partially, reversed by the induction of HO-1 gene expression, adiponectin, and pAMPK levels. STEM CELLS 2009;27:399–407
Side Effects of Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoid in Adults
Authors: Middaugh John P. 
Published: November 2008

During a mass diphtheria-tetanus immunization campaign in November 1975, more than 220,000 doses of diphtheria-tetanus toxoid, adult type were administered to adults throughout Alaska. In Anchorage, where more than 87,000 doses were given, a survey was conducted to determine the frequency of side effects. Postcard questionnaires were mailed to 2,000 randomly selected Anchorage residents; 467 questionnaires were returned by the post office as undeliverable, and 697 questionnaires were completed and returned. A follow-up survey was done of a random sample of the 836 non-responders. Of those responding, 57.8 per cent reported at least one reaction to the toxoids. The most frequent side effects were sore arm (42.7 per cent), swelling at the site of injection (34.8 per cent), and itching (24.2 per cent). Serious side effects occurred less frequently—swelling of the arm below the elbow (1.1 per cent) and abscess or infection (0.7 per cent). Of those vaccinated, 0.5 per cent saw a physician. There were no statistically significant differences in reaction rates by age group, except for sore arms. The jet injector produced more arm swelling at the site of injection, hives, and itching. More women than men reported adverse reactions, especially sore arm, swelling at the site of injection, and itching. Fear of adverse side effects should not preclude mass vaccination of adults. (Am. J. Public Health (69:246-249,1979.)
Characterizing englacial drainage in the ablation zone of the Greenland ice sheet
Authors: Catania Ginny A. , Neumann Thomas A. , Price Stephen F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRapid, local drainage of surface meltwater to the base of the Greenland ice sheet is thought to result in surface velocity variations as far inland as the equilibrium zone (Zwally and others, 2002). Ice-penetrating radar surveys throughout this region allow us to characterize englacial drainage features that appear as vertically stacked diffraction hyperbolae in common-offset profiles. These data are used with a radar-simulation model, which allows for variations in geometry, penetration depth and infill material, to understand the characteristics of these hyperbolae and the likelihood that they are produced by moulins. We find only a moderate correlation between the locations of these possible moulins and supraglacial lakes, indicating that many lakes drain over the surface of the ice sheet, or do not contain sufficient water to reach the bed through moulin formation. We find a strong correlation between moulin location in the ablation region and elevated along-flow tension (due to flow over rough bedrock), which generates surface crevassing and provides an entry point for meltwater. Although theory suggests that moulins may form anywhere on the ice sheet given sufficient meltwater input, our data suggest that they are far more common in the ablation zone than near, or inland from, the equilibrium line.
Tidal influence on Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica: observations of surface flow and basal processes from closely spaced GPS and passive seismic stations
Authors: Aðalgeirsdóttir G. , Smith A.M. , Murray T. , King M.A. , Makinson K. , Nicholls K.W. , Behar A.E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractHigh-resolution surface velocity measurements and passive seismic observations from Rutford Ice Stream, West Antarctica, 40 km upstream from the grounding line are presented. These measurements indicate a complex relationship between the ocean tides and currents, basal conditions and ice-stream flow. Both the mean basal seismicity and the velocity of the ice stream are modulated by the tides. Seismic activity increases twice during each semi-diurnal tidal cycle. The tidal analysis shows the largest velocity variation is at the fortnightly period, with smaller variations superimposed at diurnal and semi-diurnal frequencies. The general pattern of the observed velocity is two velocity peaks during each semi-diurnal tidal cycle, but sometimes three peaks are observed. This pattern of two or three peaks is more regular during spring tides, when the largest-amplitude velocity variations are observed, than during neap tides. This is the first time that velocity and level of seismicity are shown to correlate and respond to tidal forcing as far as 40 km upstream from the grounding line of a large ice stream.
Behavioral measures of impulsivity and the law
Authors: Mathias Charles W. , Marsh‐Richard Dawn M. , Dougherty Donald M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe General Theory of Crime proposes that crime is explained by the combination of situational opportunity and lack of self‐control. Impulsivity is one of the important components of self‐control. Because behavioral measures of impulsivity are becoming more commonly utilized to assess forensic populations, this manuscript provides an overview of three current behavioral measures. In doing so, an example of their application is provided using a group of individuals likely to come into contact with the legal system: adolescents with Conduct Disorder. Earlier age of onset of Conduct Disorder symptoms has been shown to be an important predictor of the persistence of poor outcomes into adulthood, including participation in criminal activities. This study found differential behavioral profiles across distinct measures of impulsivity by those with childhood‐ versus adolescent‐onset Conduct Disorder. Legal implications for defining behavioral deficits using behavioral measures of impulsivity and their current limitations are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of Internal Donors on the Performance and Structure of MgCl2 Supported Titanium Catalysts for Propylene Polymerization
Authors: Singh Gurmeet , Kaur Sukhdeep , Makwana Umesh , Patankar Rajendra B. , Gupta Virendra K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn insight on the influence of ethyl benzoate (EB) and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP) as internal donors, differing in coordination nature on the structural aspects of MgCl2 matrix in high‐performance MgCl2‐supported titanium catalysts was developed using FTIR spectroscopy and WAXD studies. The analysis of the >CO stretching IR band of internal donors showed their coordination to (104) and (110) lateral cuts of MgCl2 matrix. Transformation of magnesium ethoxide {Mg(OEt)2} to MgCl2 during catalyst preparation resulted in different MgCl2 phases, namely the α‐form, β‐form, and the disordered δ‐form, which were analyzed by WAXD studies. The results from WAXD showed the relative preference of α‐form over β‐form in case of DIBP‐based catalysts, which might be due to interlayer bridging between adjacent layers due to the bidendate nature of DIBP. This can be one of the reasons for the high productivity of dialkyl‐phthalate‐based catalysts in comparison to ethyl‐benzoate‐based catalyst systems.magnified image
Direct Preparation of Nanoscale Thin Films of Poly(vinylidene fluoride) Containing β‐Crystalline Phase by Heat‐Controlled Spin Coating
Authors: Ramasundaram Subramaniyan , Yoon Sun , Kim Kap Jin , Lee Jong Soon 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNanoscale thin films of PVDF containing the β‐crystalline phase were directly prepared by heat‐controlled spin coating without the influence of external stimuli either in the form of additives or post‐treatments. Sample preparation was carried out at different temperatures, ranging from 10 to 70 °C. At elevated temperatures (40, 50, 60 and 70 °C), PVDF was crystallized into the β‐phase, while at near‐ambient conditions (20 and 30 °C) it was crystallized into the α‐phase. Some samples exhibited a phase‐segregated morphology, with varying particle sizes depending on the preparation temperature. The ferroelectric nature of a typical sample, prepared at 40 °C, was visualized by piezoresponse imaging studies.magnified image
Improvement of the Long‐Term Performance of Impact‐Modified Polycarbonate by Selected Heat Treatments
Authors: Engels Tom A. P. , Schrauwen Bernard A. G. , Govaert Leon E. , Meijer Han E. H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNext to the intended increase of the impact toughness, impact modification of polycarbonate generally results in an unwanted decrease in yield stress and time‐to‐failure under constant stress. It is demonstrated that this loss in strength can be fully compensated for by an annealing treatment, or by increasing the mold temperature. The influence of impact modification on the short‐ and long‐term strengths of glassy polymers is predicted by the extension of existing models with a scaling rule based on the filler volume percentage. Introduction of this scaling rule in the evolution of yield stress during physical aging even allows for the direct prediction of yield stress on the basis of processing conditions.magnified image
An adaptive multiresolution method for parabolic PDEs with time‐step control
Authors: Domingues M. O. , Roussel O. , Schneider K. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe present an efficient adaptive numerical scheme for parabolic partial differential equations based on a finite volume (FV) discretization with explicit time discretization using embedded Runge–Kutta (RK) schemes. A multiresolution strategy allows local grid refinement while controlling the approximation error in space. The costly fluxes are evaluated on the adaptive grid only. Compact RK methods of second and third order are then used to choose automatically the new time step while controlling the approximation error in time. Non‐admissible choices of the time step are avoided by limiting its variation. The implementation of the multiresolution representation uses a dynamic tree data structure, which allows memory compression and CPU time reduction. This new numerical scheme is validated using different classical test problems in one, two and three space dimensions. The gain in memory and CPU time with respect to the FV scheme on a regular grid is reported, which demonstrates the efficiency of the new method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The controlled release behavior and pH‐ and thermo‐sensitivity of alginate/poly(vinyl alcohol) blended hydrogels
Authors: Jao Win‐Chun , Chen Hsin‐Chieh , Lin Chien‐Hong , Yang Ming‐Chien 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPoly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) was blended with sodium alginate (Alg) in various ratios and crosslinked with calcium chloride and made into hydrogel membranes. The dependence of the swelling behavior of these Alg‐Ca/PVA hydrogels on pH was investigated. The temperature‐dependent swelling behavior of the semi‐interpenetrating network (semi‐IPN) hydrogels was examined at temperatures from 2 to 45°C and the enthalpy of mixing (ΔHmix) was determined at various temperatures. The molecular structure of the hydrogels was studied by infrared spectroscopy and their water structure in the semi‐IPN hydrogels was measured by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The influence of Ca2+ content on the network structure of Alg‐Ca/PVA hydrogels was investigated in terms of the compressive elastic modulus, effective crosslinking density, and the polymer–solvent interaction parameter based on the Flory theory. The loading of alizarin red S (ARS) followed the Langmuir isotherm mechanism and the release kinetics of ARS from the Alg‐Ca/PVA hydrogels followed the Fickian diffusion mechanism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Isolation of serum nucleic acids for fetal DNA analysis: comparison of manual and automated extraction methods
Authors: Banzola Irina , Kaufmann Inès , Lapaire Olav , Hahn Sinuhe , Holzgreve Wolfgang , Rusterholz Corinne 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the performance of an automated system for the extraction of cell‐free DNA of maternal and fetal origin from stored serum samples for subsequent quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis.MethodsThirty‐two maternal blood samples between the early second trimester and term were obtained. Cell‐free DNA was extracted from replicate stored sera using a column‐based manual isolation procedure and with an automated system, the MagNA Pure™ LC Instrument. Real‐time quantitative PCR for the ubiquitous glyceraldehyde‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and male‐specific DYS14 loci was performed.ResultsThe extraction yields for both total and fetal DNA and the quality of the purified nucleic acids were similar for the automated system or the manual procedure. However, the number of false‐negative results in samples collected early in pregnancy was reduced with the automated extraction. Furthermore, the extraction rate by the automated system was highly reproducible over time.ConclusionsWe validated the use of an automated extraction system for the isolation of fetal DNA from stored serum. This procedure might be exploited in the future for high‐throughput non‐invasive fetal gene analysis of archived serum samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for the prenatal detection of chromosome anomalies by QF‐PCR and G‐banded analysis
Authors: Speevak M. D. , Dolling J. , Terespolsky D. , Blumenthal A. , Farrell S. A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study was to examine in theory the clinical utility of a prenatal algorithm that uses rapid aneuploidy detection in all cases and G‐banded analysis for selected cases (RAD/G algorithm).MethodsOver a 4‐year period, amniotic fluid samples were prospectively assigned into RAD (limited analysis) or RAD/G (intensive analysis) categories based upon the likelihood of the fetus having a chromosome anomaly. The samples were cultured and analyzed by standard cytogenetic methods. The rates of clinically significant chromosomal anomalies potentially undetectable by the RAD/G algorithm were calculated.ResultsThe karyotype was normal in 3861/4054 (95.24%) cases and abnormal in 193 (4.76%). From these data, the detection rate of the RAD/G algorithm was 87.6% if all abnormalities detected by G‐banding were taken into consideration and 97.6% if abnormalities having reduced predictive value were excluded (balanced rearrangements and most mosaic cases).ConclusionsCompared to G‐banding alone, the RAD/G algorithm has a reduction in sensitivity due to undetectable abnormalities and mosaicism in the RAD group. However, it provides a rapid and inexpensive alternative to traditional G‐banded analysis, and might be more appropriate for patients with uncomplicated, low risk pregnancies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dehydration of water‐plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol) systems: particular behavior of isothermal mass transfer
Authors: Zhang Hao , Wang Qi , Li Li 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Water‐plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol) has been obtained by thermal processing. Dehydration is the key process for controlling the structure and performance of the water‐soluble polymer, and mass transfer is an important part of dehydration.RESULTS: A simple new model of a hyperbolic‐type function was developed to understand the mass transfer process of water‐plasticized poly(vinyl alcohol) systems during isothermal dehydration. The model was verified by statistical tests. The physical parameters in the model were defined as the maximum weight loss fraction and characteristic time. The dehydration rate, the key physical parameter in mass transfer, was obtained from the differential equation of the model. By use of the model, the characteristics of dehydration of poly(vinyl alcohol) were determined: the complete mass transfer process can be divided into a fast mass transfer before a characteristic time (τ) and a slow mass transfer after τ, and dehydration temperatures can also be divided into two intervals by different activation energies. In addition, the dehydration rate is inversely proportional to the degree of crystallinity.CONCLUSION: The results of the new model agree reasonably well with experimental results obtained by thermogravimetry and weighing. Poly(vinyl alcohol), as a water‐soluble semicrystalline polymer, exhibits a particular mass transfer behavior during dehydration. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
To revitalise counterurbanisation research? Recognising an international and fuller picture
Authors: Halfacree Keith 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper seeks to (re)invigorate those engaged with or thinking of engaging with counterurbanisation research in the light of a feeling that the topic has become somewhat academically stagnant, and consequently too easily recuperated by strong popular culture stereotypes, not least that of the sophisticated middle‐class urbanite moving themselves and their family to start a ‘new life’ in what is perceived to be an idyllic rural setting. The paper argues, firstly, that even if we accept temporarily some understanding of counterurbanisation that is close to such portrayals, there is still much to find out and appreciate concerning the significance of the moves, both for those involved and for society and culture more generally. Secondly, though, and especially when acknowledging more fully an international migration dimension to counterurbanisation, the paper exposes this understanding as being far too narrow and easily stereotyped. In response to this perceived partiality, the paper proposes a general model, with counterurbanisation as a flexible three‐dimensional category, capable of embracing a broader range of people and experiences than is typically the case. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.