bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limited but specific engagement of the mature language network during linguistic statistical learning
Authors: Schneider Julie M , Scott Terri L , Legault Jennifer , Qi Zhenghan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Statistical learning (SL) is the ability to detect and learn regularities from input and is foundational to language acquisition. Despite the dominant role of SL as a theoretical construct for language development, there is a lack of direct evidence supporting the shared neural substrates underlying language processing and SL. It is also not clear whether the similarities, if any, are related to linguistic processing, or statistical regularities in general. The current study tests whether the brain regions involved in natural language processing are similarly recruited during auditory, linguistic SL. Twenty-two adults performed an auditory linguistic SL task, an auditory nonlinguistic SL task, and a passive story listening task as their neural activation was monitored. Within the language network, the left posterior temporal gyrus showed sensitivity to embedded speech regularities during auditory, linguistic SL, but not auditory, nonlinguistic SL. Using a multivoxel pattern similarity analysis, we uncovered similarities between the neural representation of auditory, linguistic SL, and language processing within the left posterior temporal gyrus. No other brain regions showed similarities between linguistic SL and language comprehension, suggesting that a shared neurocomputational process for auditory SL and natural language processing within the left posterior temporal gyrus is specific to linguistic stimuli.
Neural alignment during outgroup intervention predicts future change of affect towards outgroup
Authors: Kluge Annika , Somila Niko , Lankinen Kaisu , Levy Jonathan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWhile social psychology studies have shown that paradoxical thinking intervention has a moderating effect on negative attitudes toward members from rival social groups (i.e. outgroup), the neural underpinnings of the intervention have not been studied. Here, we investigate this by examining neural alignment across individuals at different phases during the intervention regarding Covid-19 vaccine-supporters’ attitudes against vaccine-opposers. We raise two questions: Whether neural alignment varies during the intervention, and whether it predicts a change in outgroup attitudes measured via a survey 2 days after the intervention and compared to baseline. We test the neural alignment using magnetoencephalography-recorded neural oscillations and multiset canonical correlation analysis. We find a build-up of neural alignment which emerges at the final phase of the paradoxical thinking intervention in the precuneus—a hub of mentalizing; there was no such effect in the control conditions. In parallel, we find a behavioral build-up of dissent to the interventional stimuli. These neural and behavioral patterns predict a prosocial future change in affect and actions toward the outgroup. Together, these findings reveal a new operational pattern of mentalizing on the outgroup, which can change the way individuals may feel and behave toward members of that outgroup.
Tuberculosis Disease in Immunocompromised Children and Adolescents: A Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group Multicenter Case-control Study
Authors: Rodríguez-Molino Paula , Tebruegge Marc , Noguera-Julian Antoni , Neth Olaf , Fidler Katy , Brinkmann Folke , Sainz Talia , Ivaskeviciene Inga , Ritz Nicole , Brito Maria Joao , Milheiro Silva Tiago , Chechenieva Vira , Serdiuk Maryna , Lancella Laura , Russo Cristina , Soler-García Aleix , Navarro Maria Luisa , Krueger Renate , Feiterna-Sperling Cornelia , Starshinova Anna , Hiteva Antonina , Hoffmann Anna , Kalibatas Paulius , Lo Vecchio Andrea , Scarano Sara Maria , Bustillo Matilde , Blázquez Gamero Daniel , Espiau María , Buonsenso Danilo , Falcón Lola , Turnbull Louise , Colino Elena , Rueda Santiago , Buxbaum Charlotte , Carazo Begoña , Alvarez Cristina , Dapena Marta , Piqueras Anabel , Velizarova Svetlana , Ozere Iveta , Götzinger Florian , Pareja Marta , Garrote Llanos Maria Isabel , Soto Beatriz , Rodríguez Martín Sonia , Korta Jose Javier , Pérez-Gorricho Beatriz , Herranz Mercedes , Hernández-Bartolomé Ángel , Díaz-Almirón Mariana , Kohns Vasconcelos Malte , Ferreras-Antolín Laura , Santiago-García Begoña 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
In high-resource settings, the survival of children with immunocompromise (IC) has increased and immunosuppressive therapies are increasingly being used. This study aimed to determine the clinical characteristics, performance of diagnostic tools, and outcome of IC children with tuberculosis (TB) in Europe.

Methods
Multicenter, matched case-control study within the Pediatric Tuberculosis Network European Trials Group, capturing TB cases &lt;18 years diagnosed 2000–2020.

Results
A total of 417 TB cases were included, comprising 139 children who are IC (human immunodeficiency virus, inborn errors of immunity, drug-induced immunosuppression, and other immunocompromising conditions) and 278 non-IC children as controls. Nonrespiratory TB was more frequent among cases than controls (32.4% vs 21.2%; P = .013). Patients with IC had an increased likelihood of presenting with severe disease (57.6% vs 38.5%; P &lt; .001; odds ratio [95% confidence interval], 2.073 [1.37–3.13]). Children with IC had higher rates of false-negative tuberculin skin test (31.9% vs 6.0%; P &lt; .001) and QuantiFERON-TB Gold assay (30.0% vs 7.3%; P &lt; .001) results at diagnosis. Overall, the microbiological confirmation rate was similar in IC and non-IC cases (58.3% vs 49.3%; P = .083). Although the mortality in children with IC was &lt;1%, the rate of long-term sequelae was significantly higher than in non-IC cases (14.8% vs 6.1%; P = .004).

Conclusions
Children with IC and TB in Europe have increased rates of nonrespiratory TB, severe disease, and long-term sequelae. Immune-based TB tests have poor sensitivity in those children. Future research should focus on developing improved immunological TB tests that perform better in patients with IC, and determining the reasons for the increased risk of long-term sequelae, with the aim to design preventive management strategies.
Incidence of Influenza-related Medical Encounters and the Associated Healthcare Resource Use and Complications Across Adult Age Groups in the United States During the 2015–2020 Influenza Seasons
Authors: McGovern Ian , Cappell Katherine , Bogdanov Alina N , Haag Mendel D M 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Research on influenza burden in adults has focused on crude subgroups with cut-points at 65 years, limiting insight into how burden varies with increasing age. This study describes the incidence of influenza-related outpatient visits, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations, along with healthcare resource use and complications in the aging adult population.

Methods
Individuals aged ≥18 years in the United States were evaluated retrospectively in 5 seasonal cohorts (2015–2020 seasons) in strata of age with 5-year increments. Person-level electronic medical records linked to pharmacy and medical claims were used to ascertain patient characteristics and outcomes. Influenza-related medical encounters were identified based on diagnostic codes (International Classification of Diseases, 10th Edition, codes J09*–J11*).

Results
Incidence of influenza-related outpatient visits was highest among people aged 18–34 years and declined with increasing age. For emergency room visits, incidence tended to be elevated for people aged 18–34 years, relatively stable from 35 through 60, and increased rapidly after age 60 years. Hospitalization incidence remained relatively stable until about 50 years of age and then increased with age. One in 3 patients was diagnosed with pneumonia after hospitalization, regardless of age. Across seasons, age groups, and clinical settings, on average, 40.8% of individuals were prescribed antivirals and 17.2% antibiotics.

Conclusions
Incidence of influenza-related hospitalizations begins to increase around age 50 years rather than the more common cut-point of 65, whereas incidence of outpatient visits was highest among younger adults. Influenza infections frequently led to antiviral and antibiotic prescriptions, underscoring the role influenza vaccination can play in combating antimicrobial resistance.
Investigation of an Mpox Outbreak Affecting Many Vaccinated Persons in Chicago, Illinois—March 2023–June 2023
Authors: Faherty Emily A G , Holly Taylor , Ogale Yasmin P , Spencer Hillary , Becht Ashley M , Crisler Gordon , Wasz Michael , Stonehouse Patrick , Barbian Hannah J , Zelinski Christy , Kittner Alyse , Foulkes Dorothy , Anderson Kendall W , Evans Tiffany , Nicolae Lavinia , Staton Amber , Hardnett Carla , Townsend Michael B , Carson William C , Satheshkumar Panayampalli S , Hutson Christina L , Gigante Crystal M , Quilter Laura A S , Gorman Susan , Borah Brian , Black Stephanie R , Pacilli Massimo , Kern David , Kerins Janna , McCollum Andrea M , Rao Agam K , Tabidze Irina 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
After months of few mpox cases, an increase in cases was reported in Chicago during May 2023, predominantly among fully vaccinated (FV) patients. We investigated the outbreak scope, differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, and hypotheses for monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection after vaccination.

Methods
We interviewed patients and reviewed medical records to assess demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics; mpox vaccine status; and vaccine administration routes. We evaluated serum antibody levels after infection and compared patient viral genomes with MPXV sequences in available databases. We discussed potential vaccine compromise with partners who manufactured, handled, and administered the vaccine associated with breakthrough infections.

Results
During 18 March–27 June 2023, we identified 49 mpox cases; 57% of these mpox patients were FV. FV patients received both JYNNEOS doses subcutaneously (57%), intradermally (7%), or via heterologous administration (36%). FV patients had more median sex partners (3; interquartile range [IQR] = 1–4) versus not fully vaccinated patients (1; IQR = 1–2). Thirty-six of 37 sequenced specimens belonged to lineage B.1.20 of clade IIb MPXV, which did not demonstrate any amino acid changes relative to B.1, the predominant lineage from May 2022. Vaccinated patients demonstrated expected humoral antibody responses; none were hospitalized. No vaccine storage excursions were identified. Approximately 63% of people at risk for mpox in Chicago were FV during this period.

Conclusions
Our investigation indicated that cases were likely due to frequent behaviors associated with mpox transmission, even with relatively high vaccine effectiveness and vaccine coverage. Cases after vaccination might occur in similar populations.
Twice-Daily Dolutegravir–Based Antiretroviral Therapy With 1 Month of Daily Rifapentine and Isoniazid for Tuberculosis Prevention
Authors: Podany Anthony T , Cramer Yoninah , Imperial Marjorie , Rosenkranz Susan L , Avihingsanon Anchalee , Arduino Roberto , Samaneka Wadzanai , Gelmanova Irina , Savic Rada , Swindells Susan , Dawson Rodney , Luetkemeyer Anne F 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
One month of daily rifapentine + isoniazid (1HP) is an effective, ultrashort option for tuberculosis prevention in people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). However, rifapentine may decrease antiretroviral drug concentrations and increase the risk of virologic failure. AIDS Clinical Trials Group A5372 evaluated the effect of 1HP on the pharmacokinetics of twice-daily dolutegravir.

Methods
A5372 was a multicenter, pharmacokinetic study in people with HIV (≥18 years) already on dolutegravir-containing antiretroviral therapy with HIV RNA &lt;50 copies/mL. Participants received daily rifapentine/isoniazid (600 mg/300 mg) for 28 days as part of 1HP. Dolutegravir was increased to 50 mg twice daily during 1HP, and intensive pharmacokinetic sampling was performed on day 0 (before 1HP) and on the final day of 1HP treatment.

Results
Thirty-two participants (41% female; 66% Black/African; median [Q1, Q3] age, 42 [34, 49] years) were included in the pharmacokinetic analysis; 31 had HIV RNA &lt;50 copies/mL at the end of 1HP dosing. One participant had an HIV RNA of 160 copies/mL at day 28, with HIV RNA &lt;50 copies/mL upon repeat testing on day 42. The median (Q1, Q3) dolutegravir trough concentration was 1751 ng/mL (1195, 2542) on day 0 versus 1987 ng/mL (1331, 2278) on day 28 (day 28:day 0 geometric mean ratio, 1.05 [90% confidence interval, .93–1.2]; P = .43). No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusions
Dolutegravir trough concentrations with 50 mg twice-daily dosing during 1HP treatment were greater than those with standard-dose dolutegravir once daily without 1HP. These pharmacokinetic, virologic, and safety data provide support for twice-daily dolutegravir use in combination with 1HP for tuberculosis prevention.

Clinical Trials Registration
NCT04272242.
Differentiation of radicular cysts and radicular granulomas via texture analysis of multi-slice computed tomography images
Authors: Yomtako Supasith , Watanabe Hiroshi , Kuribayashi Ami , Sakamoto Junichiro , Miura Masahiko 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This study aimed to establish a method for differentiating radicular cysts from granulomas via texture analysis (TA) of multi-slice computed tomography (CT) images.

Methods
A total of 222 lesions with multi-slice computed tomography images acquired at our hospital between 2013 and 2022 that were pathologically diagnosed were included in this study. Cases of contrast-enhanced images, severe metallic artefacts, and lesions that were not sufficiently large to be analysed were excluded. The images were chronologically divided into a training group and a validation group. The radiological characteristics were determined. Subsequently, a TA was performed. Pyradiomics software was used for the TA of three-dimensionally segmented volumes extracted from 2 mm slice thickness images with a soft-tissue algorithm. Features that differed significantly between the two lesions in the training group were extracted and used to create machine-learning models. The discriminative ability of these models was evaluated in the validation group using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis.

Results
A total of 131 lesions, comprising 28 radicular cysts and 103 granulomas, were analysed. Forty-three texture features that exhibited significant variations were extracted. A support vector machine and decision tree model, with areas under the curves of 0.829 and 0.803, respectively, were created. These models showed high discriminative abilities, even for the validation group, with areas under the curve of 0.727 and 0.701, respectively. Both models showed superior performance compared with that of the models based on radiographic findings.

Conclusion
Discriminatory models were established for the TA of radicular cysts and granulomas using CT images.
Faecal Microbiota Transplantation Engraftment After Budesonide or Placebo in Patients With Active Ulcerative Colitis Using Pre-selected Donors: A Randomized Pilot Study
Authors: van Lingen Emilie , Nooij Sam , Terveer Elisabeth M , Crossette Emily , Prince Amanda L , Bhattarai Shakti K , Watson Andrea , Galazzo Gianluca , Menon Rajita , Szabady Rose L , Bucci Vanni , Norman Jason M , van der Woude C Janneke , van der Marel Sander , Verspaget Hein W , van der Meulen-de Jong Andrea E , Keller Josbert J 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Background
Faecal microbiota transplantation [FMT] shows some efficacy in treating patients with ulcerative colitis [UC], although variability has been observed among donors and treatment regimens. We investigated the effect of FMT using rationally selected donors after pretreatment with budesonide or placebo in active UC.

Methods
Patients ≥18 years old with mild to moderate active UC were randomly assigned to 3 weeks of budesonide [9 mg] or placebo followed by 4-weekly infusions of a donor faeces suspension. Two donors were selected based on microbiota composition, regulatory T cell induction and short-chain fatty acid production in mice. The primary endpoint was engraftment of donor microbiota after FMT. In addition, clinical efficacy was assessed.

Results
In total, 24 patients were enrolled. Pretreatment with budesonide did not increase donor microbiota engraftment [p = 0.56] nor clinical response, and engraftment was not associated with clinical response. At week 14, 10/24 [42%] patients achieved [partial] remission. Remarkably, patients treated with FMT suspensions from one donor were associated with clinical response [80% of responders, p &lt; 0.05] but had lower overall engraftment of donor microbiota. Furthermore, differences in the taxonomic composition of the donors and the engraftment of certain taxa were associated with clinical response.

Conclusion
In this small study, pretreatment with budesonide did not significantly influence engraftment or clinical response after FMT. However, clinical response appeared to be donor-dependent. Response to FMT may be related to transfer of specific strains instead of overall engraftment, demonstrating the need to characterize mechanisms of actions of strains that maximize therapeutic benefit in UC.
Statistical primer: individual patient data meta-analysis and meta-analytic approaches in case of non-proportional hazards
Authors: An Kevin R , Di Franco Antonino , Rahouma Mohamed , Biondi-Zoccai Giuseppe , Redfors Björn , Gaudino Mario 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIndividual patient data (IPD) meta-analyses build upon traditional (aggregate data) meta-analyses by collecting IPD from the individual studies rather than using aggregated summary data. Although both traditional and IPD meta-analyses produce a summary effect estimate, IPD meta-analyses allow for the analysis of data to be performed as a single dataset. This allows for standardization of exposure, outcomes, and analytic methods across individual studies. IPD meta-analyses also allow the utilization of statistical methods typically used in cohort studies, such as multivariable regression, survival analysis, propensity score matching, uniform subgroup and sensitivity analyses, better management of missing data, and incorporation of unpublished data. However, they are more time-intensive, costly, and subject to participation bias. A separate issue relates to the meta-analytic challenges when the proportional hazards assumption is violated. In these instances, alternative methods of reporting time-to-event estimates, such as restricted mean survival time should be used. This statistical primer summarizes key concepts in both scenarios and provides pertinent examples.
Geophysical modelling of the Bjerkreim–Lobe, southern Norway
Authors: Lee Madeline Dana , Pastore Zeudia , McEnroe Suzanne A 
Published: April 2024

SUMMARY
The Bjerkreim–Sokndal (BKS) intrusion in southern Norway has been studied for decades due to the presence of magnetic remanence creating anomalies 12 000 nT below background as measured by airborne magnetic surveys. The strong magnetic remanence also makes the BKS intrusion a good Earth analogue for remote studies of planets that have prominent magnetic signatures, such as Martian geological environments. Although numerous geophysical surveys and samples have been collected in the area, there are limited 3-D geological interpretations of the subsurface. Here, we used existing geophysical data to conduct forward and inversion modelling of the Bjerkreim lobe to investigate the subsurface geometry of the BKS intrusion. An extensive petrophysical property compilation was used as input data for the models, in combination with airborne magnetics and digital elevation models. This petrophysical compilation was initially analysed using principal component analysis to understand which variables would have the greatest impact on the models. Forward and inversion modelling show that cross-cutting jotunite bodies, and small anorthosite blocks within the Bjerkreim lobe have a limited depth extent of 1 km. Massive and foliated anorthosites to the west of the Bjerkreim lobe extend to depths greater than 4 km indicating that the BKS intruded into these anorthosites. Complications in magnetic field fitting during the forward modelling of megacyclic units with strong magnetic remanence and the results from a new ground magnetic survey support the need to revisit mapped contacts of the cyclical units.
Climate crisis risks to elderly health: strategies for effective promotion and response
Authors: Madani Hosseini Mahsa , Zargoush Manaf , Ghazalbash Somayeh 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The climate crisis significantly impacts the health and well-being of older adults, both directly and indirectly. This issue is of growing concern in Canada due to the country’s rapidly accelerating warming trend and expanding elderly population. This article serves a threefold purpose: (i) outlining the impacts of the climate crisis on older adults, (ii) providing a descriptive review of existing policies with a specific focus on the Canadian context, and (iii) promoting actionable recommendations. Our review reveals the application of current strategies, including early warning systems, enhanced infrastructure, sustainable urban planning, healthcare access, social support systems, and community engagement, in enhancing resilience and reducing health consequences among older adults. Within the Canadian context, we then emphasize the importance of establishing robust risk metrics and evaluation methods to prepare for and manage the impacts of the climate crisis efficiently. We underscore the value of vulnerability mapping, utilizing geographic information to identify regions where older adults are most at risk. This allows for targeted interventions and resource allocation. We recommend employing a root cause analysis approach to tailor risk response strategies, along with a focus on promoting awareness, readiness, physician training, and fostering collaboration and benchmarking. These suggestions aim to enhance disaster risk management for the well-being and resilience of older adults in the face of the climate crisis.
‘You are making it sound like you are talking to a child’: exploring community sentiment on developing and disseminating tailored sexual health education resources for migrants
Authors: Gray Corie , Crawford Gemma , Roberts Meagan , Vujcich Daniel 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Health communication is a critical component of public health, which includes health education resources. Resource effectiveness is improved where health literacy demands, including the cultural appropriateness of resources, match the intended audience. International guidelines support the tailoring of resources for migrants from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds (CaLD). Five focus groups (n = 18) and interviews (n = 9) with people from CaLD migrant backgrounds explored community perspectives on sexual health resources developed by a state department of health, specifically clarity, comprehensiveness, cultural appropriateness and strategies for dissemination. We identified three major thematic areas relating to simplicity, cultural norms and beliefs and dissemination. Participants recommended resource delivery in different formats as part of a broader intervention. Generally, sexual health information was deemed appropriate and easily understood. However, the resources used simplified language that participants reported was vague and inaccurate at times, potentially contributing to misinformation and reinforcing stigma relating both to the status of being a migrant and sexual health. Findings suggest the need for more nuanced health resource development beyond translation and language simplification. Resources developed in different formats, including different health literacy demands, using approaches that engage the target group in design and dissemination and contextualized within a comprehensive health promotion project, are likely to be more effective.