bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is the Multiracial Congregation an Answer to the Problem of Race? Comparative Perspectives from South Africa and the USA
Authors: Ganiel Gladys 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis paper uses a comparative perspective to analyze how multiracial congregations may contribute to racial reconciliation in South Africa. Drawing on the large-scale study of multiracial congregations in the USA by Emerson et al., it examines how they help transform antagonistic identities and make religious contributions to wider reconciliation processes. It compares the American research to an ethnographic study of a congregation in Cape Town, identifying cross-national patterns and South African distinctives, such as discourses about restitution, AIDS, inequality and women. The extent that multiracial congregations can contribute to reconciliation in South Africa is linked to the content of their worship and discourses, but especially to their ability to dismantle racially aligned power structures.
A New Christianity for a New South Africa: Charismatic Christians and the Post-Apartheid Order
Authors: Czeglédy André 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe international growth of Pentecostalism has seen a rush of congregations in Africa, many of which have tapped into a range of both local and global trends ranging from neo-liberal capitalism to tele-evangelism to youth music. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, this discussion focuses on the main Johannesburg congregation of a grouping of churches that have successfully engaged with aspects of socio-economic transformation in post-apartheid South Africa. Such engagement has involved conspicuous alignment with aspects of contemporary South African society, including an acceptance of broader policy projects of the nation state. I argue that the use of a variety of symbolic and thematic elements of a secular nature in the Sunday services of this church reminds and inspires congregants to consider wider social perspectives without challenging the sacred realm of faith.
A Sun that Lost its Shine: The Reformation in Dutch Protestant Memory Culture, 1817-1917
Authors: Wallet Bart , Paul Herman 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis essay is a first exploration of nineteenth-century Dutch Protestant memory culture. Using Reformation commemorations as our case study, we show that the appropriation of Luther and Calvin for group identity purposes underwent a twofold transition in the century between 1817 and 1917. Whereas the unity of Dutch Protestantism was a dominant theme during the first decades of the nineteenth century, the Reformation became increasingly used as an instrument for justifying subgroup identities. Simultaneously, a past-oriented discourse (the Reformation as “origin”) was gradually abandoned in favour of a future-oriented discourse (Reformation “principles” that ought to be obeyed and applied). This, we argue, distinguished Dutch Protestant memory culture both from national commemorative discourse and from Protestant memory cultures abroad.
Origin of Convectively Coupled Kelvin Waves over South America
Authors: Liebmann Brant , Kiladis George N. , Carvalho Leila M. V. , Jones Charles , Vera Carolina S. , Bladé Ileana , Allured Dave 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Convectively coupled Kelvin waves over the South American continent are examined through the use of temporal and spatial filtering of reanalysis, satellite, and gridded rainfall data. They are most prominent from November to April, the season analyzed herein. The following two types of events are isolated: those that result from preexisting Kelvin waves over the eastern Pacific Ocean propagating into the continent, and those that apparently originate over Amazonia, forced by disturbances propagating equatorward from central and southern South America.
The events with precursors in the Pacific are mainly upper-level disturbances, with almost no signal at the surface. Those events with precursors over South America, on the other hand, originate as upper-level synoptic wave trains that pass over the continent and resemble the “cold surges” documented by Garreaud and Wallace. As the wave train propagates over the Andes, it induces a southerly low-level wind that advects cold air to the north. Precipitation associated with a cold front reaches the equator a few days later and subsequently propagates eastward with the characteristics of a Kelvin wave. The structures of those waves originating over the Pacific are quite similar to those originating over South America as they propagate to eastern South America and into the Atlantic.
South America Kelvin waves that originate over neither the Pacific nor the midlatitudes of South America can also be identified. In a composite sense, these form over the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains, close to the equator. There are also cases of cold surges that reach the equator yet do not form Kelvin waves.
The interannual variability of the Pacific-originating events is related to sea surface temperatures in the central–eastern Pacific Ocean. When equatorial oceanic conditions are warm, there tends to be an increase in the number of disturbances that reach South America from the Pacific.
Gravity Waves in a Horizontal Shear Flow. Part II: Interaction between Gravity Waves and Potential Vorticity Perturbations
Authors: Bakas Nikolaos A. , Farrell Brian F. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Interaction among potential vorticity perturbations and propagating internal gravity waves in a horizontally sheared zonal flow is investigated. In the strong stratification limit, an initial vorticity perturbation weakly excites two propagating gravity waves while the density component of the potential vorticity perturbation is significantly amplified, potentially leading to convective collapse. If stratification is sufficiently weak, a strong coupling between vorticity perturbations and gravity waves is found and spontaneous gravity wave generation occurs. This coupling can be traced to the nonnormal interaction between the potential vorticity and gravity wave manifolds in the weak stratification limit. Vorticity perturbations amplify in energy due to downgradient Reynolds stress when their phase lines tilt against the shear and the large growth attained is transferred to propagating gravity waves. When the flow geometry is such that the excited gravity waves are confined in the vicinity of the vorticity perturbation by their trapping levels, an overall convective collapse of this region can be anticipated. On the other hand, when the flow geometry permits wave propagation, significant gravity wave emission occurs.
Source of the 70-Day Mesoscale Eddy Variability in the Coral Sea and the North Fiji Basin*
Authors: Qiu Bo , Chen Shuiming , Kessler William S. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Large-amplitude sea surface height (SSH) variations with a wave period of 70 days and a wavelength of about 700 km are detected in the Coral Sea centered along ∼16°S and in the North Fiji Basin along ∼18°S. These mesoscale eddy signals have a well-defined annual cycle with a maximum in December/January and a minimum in May/June. As the southeasterly trades intercept the island mountains of Vanuatu and Fiji, they generate localized wind stress curl dipoles, which in turn induce the eastward-flowing Coral Sea Countercurrent (CSCC) and Fiji Basin Countercurrent (FBCC) in the Coral Sea and the North Fiji Basin, respectively. The high eddy variability band along 16°S is hypothesized in this study as resulting from barotropic instability due to the lateral shear between the eastward-flowing CSCC and its neighboring westward-flowing North Caledonian and North Vanuatu jets (NCJ and NVJ). Based on stability analyses on the background NCJ–CSCC–NVJ system, it is found that the most unstable mode of the system has an equivalent barotropic structure and is insensitive to the specification of the background flow’s vertical shear. This barotropic instability hypothesis is also supported by observations; specifically, the Reynolds stresses inferred from the observed SSH data are tilted against the meridional shear of the background NCJ–CSCC–NVJ flow. As the intensity of the NCJ–CSCC–NVJ shear fluctuates with the season, the growth rate of instability changes, resulting in seasonal amplitude modulations in the observed 70-day eddy signals.
Evaluation of the Flow Distortion around the Campbell Scientific CSAT3 Sonic Anemometer Relative to Incident Wind Direction
Authors: Friebel Harry C. , Herrington Thomas O. , Benilov Alexander Y. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
In June 2002, a high-frequency air–sea momentum system was deployed in the surf zone for 3 days as part of an experiment to quantify air–sea momentum transfer when the wind and wave direction were at angles. The system obtained measurements in the nearshore via a high-resolution Campbell Scientific CSAT3 3D sonic anemometer and five high-frequency saltwater wave staffs. An advantage of the air–sea momentum system is that direct measurements of the atmospheric turbulent fluctuations can be obtained and applied to the calculation of momentum transfer at the air–sea interface. The Campbell Scientific CSAT3 sonic anemometer was postcalibrated under turbulent wind conditions to determine incident wind direction measurements influenced by the geometry of the instrument. Measurement results are compared to a pre-established benchmark, constant tow speed; and the mean wind speed, incident wind direction, and spectral density characteristics are evaluated to resolve specific instrument orientations in which the measurements are corrupted by the head and probe supports of the sonic anemometer.
Calibration testing of the sonic anemometer determined that the mean wind speeds are reduced by 16% over a 40° range for incident wind angles of 160°–200° relative to the head of the anemometer. Tilting the anemometer is found to decrease mean wind speed reduction influenced by the geometry of the anemometer. Variations in the measured wind directions were found to be greater than 1° for incident wind angles between 160° and 200° for 0° and 10° of tilt. Spectral characteristics were highly repeatable for all wind angles except for incident wind angles of 180° for 0° and 10° of tilt.
Modeling Emotional Dynamics: Currency Versus Field
Authors: Sallach David L. 
Published: July 2008

Randall Collins has introduced a simplified model of emotional dynamics in which emotional energy, heightened and focused by interaction rituals, serves as a common denominator for social exchange: a generic form of currency, except that it is active in a far broader range of social transactions. While the scope of this theory is attractive, the specifics of the model remain unconvincing. After a critical assessment of the currency theory of emotion, a field model of emotion is introduced that adds expressiveness by locating emotional valence within its cognitive context, thereby creating an integrated orientation field. The result is a model which claims less in the way of motivational specificity, but is more satisfactory in modeling the dynamic interaction between cognitive and emotional orientations at both individual and social levels.
A Novel Semi-active Magnetorheological Bushing Design for Variable Displacement Engines
Authors: Arzanpour S. , Golnaraghi M.F. 
Published: July 2008

This study introduces the concept of smart materials, namely magnetorheological (MR) fluids, to the design of automotive engine isolation systems. Hydraulic bushings and mounts are widely used in the automobile industry to isolate the engine and chassis from each other. The simplicity and low cost associated with these types of bushing, in addition to their dual frequency response characteristics, are the main reasons for their industrial popularity. Recently with the introduction of variable displacement engines (VDE), the conventional bushings have reached their performance limits. A more versatile isolator is therefore required to handle the additional vibration and disturbances in VDE, associated with the change in the engine displacement whenever the automobile does not use its full displacement capacity for maintaining the desired speed. The realization is that the appropriate isolator should be half as stiff in the operating frequency range of the three cylinder mode of the engine. In addition, in the full cylinder mode the isolator must maintain the performance levels comparable to existing conventional products. This study introduces a cost-effective semi-active bushing for the VDE isolation problem. After a study of the VDE systems, different modes of engine performances in those systems are discussed, and the ideal isolator features for this type of engine are identified. The hydraulic bushing frequency response is then obtained experimentally. Based on the experimental results, a simple semi-active bushing proof-of-concept design is developed and tested, which utilizes a short inertia track to satisfy the soft isolator requirement in VDE mode. A mathematical model of the semi-active system is generated, and its validity is verified experimentally. The damping requirement of this semi-active isolator is produced by utilizing a MR compliance chamber. This innovative solution reduces the amount of expensive MR fluid requirements of the bushing. The experimental results on the semi-active bushing system, using a magnetic shaker, show the merit of the system for the VDE application.
Lipopolysaccharide associates with pro-atherogenic lipoproteins in periodontitis patients
Authors: Kallio K.A. Elisa , Buhlin Kåre , Jauhiainen Matti , Keva Ritva , Tuomainen Anita M. , Klinge Björn , Gustafsson Anders , Pussinen Pirkko J. 
Published: July 2008

Introduction: Periodontitis patients are known to suffer from endotoxemia, which may be among the major risk factors for atherosclerosis. In health, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is mainly carried with high density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Shift of LPS toward lipoproteins with lower densities may result in less effective endotoxin scavenging. Our aim was to determine plasma LPS activity and lipoprotein-distribution before and after treatment in periodontitis patients. Patients and Methods: Very low and intermediate density (VLDL-IDL), low density (LDL), HDL 2, HDL3, and lipoprotein-deficient plasma (LPDP) were isolated by sequential ultracentrifugation. Patients included 34 subjects aged 53.5 ± 8.3 years, before and 6 months after periodontal treatment. Results: The mean LPS distribution decreased among lipoprotein classes as follows: VLDL-IDL 41.3 ± 12.1%, LPDP 25.0 ± 7.0%, HDL3 13.1 ± 5.2%, LDL 11.5 ± 3.7%, and HDL2 9.2 ± 2.8%. Plasma and VLDL-IDL-associated LPS correlated positively, and LDL- and HDL-associated LPS negatively with clinical periodontal parameters and plasma cytokine concentrations. Mean plasma LPS activity increased after periodontal treatment from 44.0 ± 17.0 to 55.7 ± 24.2 EU/ml ( P = 0.006). No significant changes were found in LPS lipoprotein distribution and lipoprotein compositions after the treatment. Conclusions: Endotoxemia increases with severity of periodontitis. In periodontitis, LPS associates preferentially with the pro-atherogenic VLDL-IDL fraction. Periodontal treatment has only minor effects on plasma LPS activity or distribution, which reflects persistence of the disease.
Dendritic cells mediate the induction of polyfunctional human IL17-producing cells (Th17-1 cells) enriched in the bone marrow of patients with myeloma
Authors: Dhodapkar Kavita M. , Barbuto Scott , Matthews Phillip , Kukreja Anjli , Mazumder Amitabha , Vesole David , Jagannath Sundar , Dhodapkar Madhav V. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
IL17-producing (Th17) cells are a distinct lineage of T helper cells that regulate immunity and inflammation. The role of antigen-presenting cells in the induction of Th17 cells in humans remains to be fully defined. Here, we show that human dendritic cells (DCs) are efficient inducers of Th17 cells in culture, including antigen-specific Th17 cells. Although most freshly isolated circulating human Th17 cells secrete IL17 alone or with IL2, those induced by DCs are polyfunctional and coexpress IL17 and IFNγ (Th17-1 cells). The capacity of DCs to expand Th17-1 cells is enhanced upon DC maturation, and mature DCs are superior to monocytes for the expansion of autologous Th17 cells. In myeloma, where tumors are infiltrated by DCs, Th17 cells are enriched in the bone marrow relative to circulation. Bone marrow from patients with myeloma contains a higher proportion of Th17-1 cells compared with the marrow in preneoplastic gammopathy (monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance [MGUS]). Uptake of apoptotic but not necrotic myeloma tumor cells by DCs leads to enhanced induction of Th17-1 cells. These data demonstrate the capacity of DCs to induce expansion of polyfunctional IL17-producing T cells in humans, and suggest a role for DCs in the enrichment of Th17-1 cells in the tumor bed.
Hepatic microenvironment programs hematopoietic progenitor differentiation into regulatory dendritic cells, maintaining liver tolerance
Authors: Xia Sheng , Guo Zhenhong , Xu Xiongfei , Yi Hai , Wang Quanxing , Cao Xuetao 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe liver has been generally considered an organ prone to tolerance induction and maintenance. However, whether and how the unique liver microenvironment contributes to tolerance maintenance is largely unknown. Here, we used liver fibroblastic stromal cells to mimic the liver microenvironment and found that liver stroma could induce Lin−CD117+ progenitors to differentiate into dendritic cells (DCs) with low CD11c, MHC II but high CD11b expression, high IL-10, but low IL-12 secretion. Such regulatory DCs could inhibit T-cell proliferation in vitro and in vivo, induce apoptosis of the activated T cells, and alleviate the damage of autoimmune hepatitis. Furthermore, liver stroma–derived macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) was found to contribute to the generation of such regulatory DCs. Regulatory DC–derived PGE2 and T cell–derived IFN-gamma were responsible for the regulatory function. The natural counterpart of regulatory DCs was phenotypically and functionally identified in the liver. Importantly, Lin−CD117+ progenitors could be differentiated into regulatory DCs in the liver once transferred into the liver. Infusion with liver regulatory DCs alleviated experimental autoimmune hepatitis. Therefore, we demonstrate that the liver microenvironment is highly important to program progenitors to differentiate into regulatory DCs in situ, which contributes to the maintenance of liver tolerance.
Comparison of two humidification systems for long-term noninvasive mechanical ventilation
Authors: Nava S. , Cirio S. , Fanfulla F. , Carlucci A. , Navarra A. , Negri A. , Ceriana P. 
Published: July 2008

There is no consensus concerning the best system of humidification during long-term noninvasive mechanical ventilation (NIMV).In a technical pilot randomised crossover 12-month study, 16 patients with stable chronic hypercapnic respiratory failure received either heated humidification or heat and moisture exchanger. Compliance with long-term NIMV, airway symptoms, side-effects and number of severe acute pulmonary exacerbations requiring hospitalisation were recorded.Two patients died. Intention-to-treat statistical analysis was performed on 14 patients. No significant differences were observed in compliance with long-term NIMV, but 10 out of 14 patients decided to continue long-term NIMV with heated humidification at the end of the trial. The incidence of side-effects, except for dry throat (significantly more often present using heat and moisture exchanger), hospitalisations and pneumonia were not significantly different.In the present pilot study, the use heated humidification and heat and moisture exchanger showed similar tolerance and side-effects, but a higher number of patients decided to continue long-term noninvasive mechanical ventilation with heated humidification. Further larger studies are required in order to confirm these findings.
Pulmonary arterial hypertension masquerading as severe refractory asthma
Authors: Achouh L. , Montani D. , Garcia G. , Jaïs X. , Hamid A. M. , Mercier O. , Simonneau G. , Humbert M. 
Published: July 2008

Once the diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension is established, wheezing and chronic cough are rarely described during the course of the disease.The present study reports on two nonsmoking patients with severe pulmonary arterial hypertension, confirmed by right-heart catheterisation, who developed chronic cough, wheezing and irreversible obstructive lung disease masquerading as adult-onset severe refractory asthma.In both cases, extrinsic proximal airway obstruction by dilated pulmonary arteries was demonstrated by fibreoptic bronchoscopy and computed tomography of the chest.The present observations add dilatation of the central pulmonary arteries with compression of the mainstem bronchi to the list of masqueraders of asthma in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
Airway hyperresponsiveness in asthma: lessons fromin vitromodel systems and animal models: Fig. 1—
Authors: Meurs H. , Gosens R. , Zaagsma J. 
Published: July 2008

Airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) is a hallmark clinical symptom of asthma. At least two components of AHR have been identified: 1) baseline AHR, which is persistent and presumably caused by airway remodelling due to chronic recurrent airway inflammation; and 2) acute and variable AHR, which is associated with an episodic increase in airway inflammation due to environmental factors such as allergen exposure.Despite intensive research, the mechanisms underlying acute and chronic AHR are poorly understood. Owing to the complex variety of interactive processes that may be involved,in vitromodel systems and animal models are indispensable to the unravelling of these mechanisms at the cellular and molecular level.The present paper focuses on a number of translational studies addressing the emerging central role of the airway smooth muscle cell, as a multicompetent cell involved in acute airway constriction as well as structural changes in the airways, in the pathophysiology of airway hyperresponsiveness.
Corticosteroids in severe pneumonia: Table 1—
Authors: Sibila O. , Agustí C. , Torres A. 
Published: July 2008

The mortality rate in severe community- or hospital-acquired pneumonia is very high, ranging 20–50%. Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and supportive measures, this rate has not changed in recent years, suggesting that other factors are also responsible for the poor outcome. An abnormal increase in the local and systemic inflammatory response is associated with poor outcome, and this occurs despite adequate antibiotic therapy.There is evidence that acute administration of corticosteroids decreases the inflammatory response and might decrease mortality in severe pneumonia. This has been shown in one small randomised controlled study, terminated prematurely due to 0% mortality in the intervention arm. In addition, an experimental study showed that glucocorticosteroids decrease lung inflammatory response and lung bacterial burden, confirming the results obtained throughin vitroinvestigations.Although these results are promising and suggest a novel role of glucocorticosteroids in pneumonia, the inherent risks and potential side-effects of these drugs require further controlled clinical trials in order to better define the target population before their general use in clinical practice. Specifically, dosage, period of administration, titration, tapering and side-effects are some of the key questions that need to be investigated.