bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE NUMERICAL DISTRIBUTION OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS AT DIFFERENT AGES OF THE RAT
Authors: Hellman Bo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The mathematical relationships between the observed size distribution of the section surfaces and the actual distributions of different sized spherical and ellipsoidal bodies, postulated by Wicksell (1925, 1926) have been used to determine the numerical distributions of the islets of Langerhans in rats of different ages. Only those islets whose surface areas in the section were equal to or exceeded that of a standard circle 46.9 μ in diameter were included in the measurements.
New-born rats and rats 5, 21, 100 and 480 days old were studied. The numerical distribution curves at all ages appeared asymmetrical with the smallest islets predominating. With an increased number of islets the largest size classes in general showed the greatest proportional increase both when the comparison was made in the same and between different age groups.
A very high proportion of the islets studied could be arranged in the same regular pattern. In all the animals the relation between the logarithms of the islet numbers and their diameters was linear in those of the size classes studied, which contributed significantly to the total number of islets. Since the lines for any age group and the next were also approximately parallel the relative increase in the number of islets in any size class (except the very largest with only few islets) was thus nearly constant, i. e. independent of the particular size class.
In comparing rats within the same or between two succeeding age groups the nearly parallel lines allow both the islet number in each of the size classes mentioned above and the total number of islets to be characterized by a parameter Lm which is the value of the line at its intercept on the Y axis.
THE EFFECT OF AGEING ON THE NUMBER OF THE ISLETS OF LANGERHANS IN THE RAT
Authors: Hellman Bo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Information concerning the so called 'total number' of islets is inexact. The number of islets should instead be expressed as that number which exceeds a well defined and easily identifiable lower size boundary. Studies on the numerical distribution of the islets show, in a comparison between two animals, that while the same lower size limit must be set in each case, considerable latitude may be exercised in selecting its actual value without disturbing the results. In this investigation only those islets, whose diameter was equal to or exceeded 46.9 μ were counted.
The effect of ageing on the number of islets has been studied in a total of 75 male rats, which were nourished on a diet well defined calorically. The rats were killed on the 1st, 5th, 21st, 100th and 480th days of life. The following observations were made:
With increase in age there was a marked increase in the number of islets. The value in the oldest animals was on the average more than 13 times that in the new-born. If the number of islets is expressed in relation to the total body weight or the weights of liver or pancreas, the ratio is markedly reduced with increasing age. The 480 days old rats were, however, an exception, as the values for this age showed a statistically significant increase as compared with 100 days old rats. When plotted in a double logarithmic co-ordinate system the liver and pancreatic weights were linear functions of the body weight in all the age groups studied. The corresponding regression between the islet number and the body weight was, however, curvilinear, so that the rate of increase was initially slow (between 0–5 days) but between the two oldest groups (100 and 480 days) it approached that of the pancreatic and liver weights. In each age group there is a strongly positive correlation between the number of islets and the total islet volume. In most of the age groups there was statistical support for a positive correlation between body weight and number of islets. Within the different age groups a quantitative relation between the number of islets and the weight of the pancreas was not apparent after the common positive correlation with the body weight had been eliminated by calculating the partial correlations.
The regular mathematical arrangement of the islet tissue makes it possible to determine the actual number of islets by only counting the number of islet section surfaces which exceed a certain defined size.
ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF 16-OXOOESTRADIOL-17β IN HUMAN PLACENTAE
Authors: Diczfalusy E. , Münstermann Anne-Marie v. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
From the ethanol extract of 100 full term placentae approximately 200 μg of an α-ketolic Kober chromogen have been isolated in a »free« form.
The evidence obtained indicates that this α-ketolic Kober chromogen is identical with 16-oxooestradiol-17β.
TESTICULAR FEMINIZATION
Authors: Ikkos D. , Tillinger K.-G. , Westman A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Two cases of »testicular feminization« are described the first a typical case and the second an intermediate case between testicular feminization and gonadal dysgenesis. This second case had an unusual histological picture. A hormonal study including the estimation of urinary oestrone, 17β-oestradiol, oestriol, 17-ketosteroids and 17-hydroxy-corticosteroids before, during and after administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin was carried out in both cases, before and after bilateral gonadectomy. The results obtained indicate that in the first patient the abdominal testicles were the main source of the oestrogens found in the urine.
WIRKUNG VON SULFONYLHARNSTOFFVERBINDUNGEN AUF DIE MITOSENFREQUENZ DER INSULÄREN B-ZELLEN
Authors: Jores J. , Kracht J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It is shown that the sulphonylureas BZ 55 and D 860 are able to increase the number of mitoses of beta cells in the pancreatic islets which have previously been checked by colchicine. The effect of D 860 is 8 to 10 times larger and the effect of BZ 55 2 to 4 times larger than the normal one. These results are ascribed to the stimulated beta cell system. They are considered to be a further proof of the theory that these substances possess an increasing effect on the production and secretion of insulin. This corresponds to the fact that cortisone or glucose are also increasing the frequency of mitoses in beta cells.
ÜBER DIE LOKALE WIRKUNG VON DIHYDROTACHYSTERIN (AT 10) AUF DAS KNOCHENGEWEBE DER RATTE
Authors: Dirscherl Wilhelm , Glasmacher Helmuth 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The local effect of dihydrotachysterol on the bone-tissue of the rat was investigated by implanting a plug in the upper part of the thigh. To exclude an unspecific effect an analogous plug of cholesterol was implanted in the upper part of the other thigh.
By using X-rays, 3–5 weeks after the implantation of dihydrotachysterol a zone of decalcification was observed within the area of the AT 10 plug showing a lower dry weight after preparation. The residual mineral substance of these portions contained more soluble phosphates than corresponding pieces of normal bones.
The changes of the bone caused by implantation are transitory; animals killed after 8–10 weeks did not show any more signs of decalcification in the original plug zone.
No comparable change however at any time was to be seen in bones plugged with cholesterol. After having excluded a direct influence of dihydrotachysterol on the anorganic bone material it can be supposed that this substance as well as the parathormone induces a process leading to the elution of minerals of bone.
MEASUREMENT OF THE FREE GLUCOSE DIFFUSION SPACE IN MAN BY THE RAPID INTRAVENOUS GLUCOSE TOLERANCE TEST
Authors: Franckson J. R. M. , Conard V. , Bastenie P. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Under strictly basal conditions (fasting and resting state) a free glucose space can be measured by the analysis of the rapid intravenous glucose tolerance test. Under these conditions, excluding the interference of factors which might modify the cellular permeability to glucose, the clear cut difference between the speed of diffusion and that of cellular penetration allows of a calculation of a volume of glucose diffusion. The results obtained by this method are comparable to those of other estimations of the extracellular compartment.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TREATMENT OF YOUNG DIABETICS WITH AN ORAL DRUG (PHENETHYL-BIGUANIDE)
Authors: Walker Robert S. , Linton Adam L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A brief comparison of phenethyl-biguanide (D. B. I.) with other oral hypoglycaemic drugs is made. A series of 31 juvenile diabetics treated with D. B. I. is described, and the reasons for partial success or failure are considered. The advantages and dangers of the drug are discussed. It is concluded that the unique action of this drug may give it a place in the treatment of juvenile diabetes.
THE USE OF ION-EXCHANGE MATERIALS IN THE FRACTIONATION OF GONADOTROPHINS FROM URINE
Authors: Butt W. R. , Crooke A. C. , Cunningham F. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Extracts of male and postmenopausal urinary gonadotrophins prepared by the benzoic acid — tungstic acid method were fractionated on diethylamino ethyl cellulose (DEAE-C). The fractions prepared from human menopausal gonadotrophin (HMG) were up to 23 times as potent as the standard, HMG20A. The use of two assays, one for the combined effect of FSH and ICSH and the other for FSH, failed to show any differences in the relative amounts of FSH and ICSH compared with the standard in the fractions prepared from HMG, but showed considerable differences in the male fractions. The male fraction which was readily eluted from DEAE-C contained a high ratio of FSH to ICSH and the fraction which was more firmly adsorbed contained a high ratio of ICSH to FSH.
ÜBER EINEN FALL VON SOGENANNTEM »WEISSEM« M. ADDISON MIT CUSHING-ÄHNLICHEM HABITUS NACH SUBSTITUTION MIT PREDNISON
Authors: Jores A. , Tamm J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A case report of a patient with Addison's disease without pigmentation is given. During a two years' period of substitution with prednisone a Cushing-like habitus developed. This phenomenon could not be explained by a delayed metabolism of Δ1-steroids. The biological half life of free 17-hydroxycorticosteroids in plasma following the injection of prednisolone-hemisuccinate was considerably lower as in normal persons.
SOME EFFECTS OF SIMULTANEOUS ADMINISTRATION OF NORETHANDROLONE AND CORTISONE IN THE RAT
Authors: Llaurado J. G. , Trunnell J. B. , Claus J. L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
An investigation was undertaken in an attempt to determine whether norethandrolone (NEA) antagonizes all or some of the catabolic effects of 17-hydroxycorticoids. Fourteen groups of eight male young rats (intact, gonadectomized, adrenalectomized and adrenalectomized-gonadectomized) were given subcutaneously either the solvent, NEA (1 mg/day), cortisone (1 mg/day) or a combination of both for 21 days.
Results show that administration of NEA has a moderate but consistent effect in increasing body weight of rats receiving no other steroid as well as in preventing the delayed growth rate of those receiving cortisone. In both intact and gonadectomized animals, NEA largely prevented the intense atrophy of the adrenals induced by cortisone.
An increase in levator ani weight was promoted by NEA regardless of concurrent administration of cortisone. The latter induced a diminution in the size of seminal vesicles, coagulating glands and ventral prostate, whereas NEA had the opposite effect; when given together the effect of NEA was potentiated.
Treatment with NEA alone was shown to have a marked thymolytic effect and also to potentiate the thymolytic effect of cortisone when given together.
These results suggest that in some tissues NEA antagonizes, and in others augments, some of the catabolic actions of 17-hydroxycorticoids
INFLUENCE OF STRESS AND ENDOCRINE FACTORS ON PLASMA PROTEINS IN THE RAT
Authors: Enerbäck Lennart , Lundin Per M. , Mellgren Jan 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effects have been studied in albino rats of experimental stress, adrenalectomy, hypophysectomy and somatotrophin (STH) on the relative serum protein fractions, as determined from estimations of serum protein concentrations and the results of paper electrophoretic separation.
In addition, the absolute amounts of serum proteins obtained from concurrent electrophoretic separation, estimation of serum protein concentration and determination of plasma volume were studied.
It appeared inter alia that hypophysectomy gave rise to a reduction in the absolute amount of serum proteins, which was due to a reduction in the albumin + alpha1 globulin fraction while the other globulin fractions remained unaffected. STH administration caused an increase in both the albumin and globulin fractions in hypophysectomized rats.
Formalin stress was accompanied by changes in the electrophoretic spectrum suggesting an increased globulin synthesis.
Since stress is known to give rise to a proliferation of the lymphoid organs which, at least to some extent, is caused by STH we consider it justifiable to conclude that the probable enhancement of globulin synthesis accompanying stress is due to the action of STH.
LONG-TERM TREATMENT OF DWARFISM WITH ANDROGENS AND THYROID HORMONE
Authors: Hortling H. , Wahlfors K. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In 7 cases of dwarfism with markedly delayed closure of the epiphyses, methyltestosterone was administered sublingually in doses of 5–10 (25) mg daily in combination with thyroid hormone in doses of 25–120 mg daily for 2–7 years. At the institution of treatment the patients were 9, 11, 15, 15, 16, 17 and 20 years old and were 95, 125, 119, 124, 120, 135 and 125 cm in height respectively. The bone age was in all cases checked against Greulich & Pyle's radiographic tables (1950).
During the first two years of therapy, 5 patients exhibited a more rapid increase of the bone age than was to be expected considering their chronological age. In 5 cases where the therapy was continued over a longer period of time, such a tendency was not demonstrable later, although the dosage of methyltestosterone was often somewhat increased. On the contrary, a retardation of the bone age development occurred, as compared with the chronological age. In none of the present cases have the epiphyses become closed, notwithstanding a considerable height increase in all cases, i. e. 15–29 cm depending on the length of the period of treatment, and the relatively advanced age of the patients at the time of writing when they are still under androgen therapy with or without thyroid medication.
Provided that the bone age is continuously checked, it appears that methyltestosterone in small doses can safely be used in the treatment of dwarfism with delayed closure of the epiphyses. This trea[ill]ment proved to be of great importance from the point of view of the choice of a vocation as well as for the future life of the patients.
SOME STUDIES ON THE BIOSYNTHESIS OF ALDOSTERONE AND OTHER ADRENAL STEROIDS
Authors: Ayres P. J. , Eichhorn J. , Hechter O. , Saba N. , Tait J. F. , Tait S. A. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It has been established in bovine capsule strippings, consisting mainly of zona glomerulosa tissue, that labeled progesterone, deoxycorticosterone and corticosterone are all converted to radioactive aldosterone. Analysis of the data indicates that at least 50 % of the aldosterone produced is derived from corticosterone; under certain conditions, with the addition of high concentrations of corticosterone, the percentage pathway is at least 92 % Progesterone studied at varying concentrations under similar conditions of incubation is a major precursor of both aldosterone and corticosterone; there is some possibility that aldosterone may be formed, to a minor extent, via a pathway not involving progesterone. Labeled deoxycorticosterone is also converted to aldosterone, and it seems likely, though not established by the present studies, that it is the intermediate between progesterone and corticosterone; thus the major sequence appears to be progesterone → deoxycorticosterone → corticosterone → aldosterone. Although the precursors of progesterone have not been demonstrated in incubations with capsule strippings, it has been found that homogenates prepared mainly from zone glomerulosa tissue can convert cholesterol to corticosterone and hence presumably to aldosterone. The route between cholesterol and corticosterone probably involves progesterone but this has not been established. The significance of these findings in relation to in vivo results has been briefly discussed.
THE ADIPOKINETIC ACTIVITIES OF THE CORTICOTROPHINS AND MELANOCYTE STIMULATING HORMONES
Authors: Steelman Sanford L. , Smith William W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Pepsin degraded and non-degraded corticotrophin (ACTH) preparations all are highly adipokinetic and, in general, this parallels ACTH activity. a and β melanocyte stimulating hormones (MSH) are largely devoid of this activity. The structures necessary for fat mobilizing activity are similar but not identical to those for ACTH.
ON THE MECHANISM OF THE IN VITRO UPTAKE OF 131I LABELLED L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE BY HUMAN ERYTHROCYTES
Authors: Friis Thorkild 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In an attempt to elucidate the mechanism of the l-triiodothyronine uptake by human erythrocytes 4 sets of experiments were performed: (1) Criss-cross experiments using serum and erythrocytes from hyperthyroid patients and normal subjects, (2) experiments using dilution of the sera, (3) experiments using addition of varying quantities of stable l-triiodothyronine, and (4) addition of varying quantities of stable l-thyroxine.
It is demonstrated that the uptake by the erythrocytes is dependent on the binding of triiodothyronine to the serum proteins. Increased binding involves a decreased uptake by the erythrocytes.
BLOCKADE OF PITUITARY HORMONES AND REGULATION OF ENDOCRINE FUNCTIONS BY MEANS OF LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE
Authors: Kemper F. , Loeser A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The active principle of Lithospermum acts on certain pituitary hormones, particularly FSH, ICSH, TSH, prolactin as well as on PMS and HCG. It has been shown in in vitro experiments that the increase of the normal dose of extract (sufficient to suppress definite quantities of gonadotrophic hormones) will result in a decrease of Lithospermum activity. In in vivo experiments on the contrary a larger dose brought about an effect of an increase of activity. These observations may be of importance for a therapeutic use of Lithospermum in man. The Lithospermum effects are reversible.
OBSERVATIONS ON TISSUE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND GLYCOLYSIS IN RATS TREATED WITH ANABOLIC ANDROGEN
Authors: Kowalewski K. , Bekesi G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of the treatment of male rats with an anabolic androgen, 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone, on the oxygen consumption and anaerobic glycolysis of some tissue slices was studied.
Highly significant depression of the oxygen uptake of the diaphragm and liver slices was observed in animals treated with 17-ethyl-19-nortestosterone. This steroid had no significant effect on the anaerobic glycolysis of diaphragmatic slices in the rats.
IN VIVO OBSERVATIONS OF THE SEMINAL VESICLES OF CASTRATED RATS AND THE RESPONSES TO VARIOUS STEROIDS
Authors: Grunt Jerome A. , Walker Joseph E. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In a study of seminal vesicle reactivity to a number of steroids, young adults rats were castrated and 14 days later were started on 7 daily subcutaneous injections of 0.1 ml sesame oil, with or without an added steroid. Ten groups containing 7 to 12 animals each were established: 1) sesame oil; 2–4) 10 μg, 50 μg and 100 μg testosterone propionate; 5–6) 10 μg and 500 μg oestradiol benzoate; 7–8) 100 μ and 500 μg progesterone; 9–10) 100 μg and 500 μg corticosterone.
After the course of injections the seminal vesicles were studied by the quartz rod transillumination method of Knisely. The investigation was carried out as a »double-blind study«; one investigator recording his observations without knowledge of the treatment.
Following castration there was a marked decrease in the number of small vessels, a derangement of the vascular pattern and a slowing of the rate of blood flow. There were also changes in tissue transparency and granularity and an increase in spontaneous, rhythmic contractions of the vesicles.
Treatment with oestradiol benzoate, progesterone, corticosterone, and 10 μg testosterone propionate appeared to cause no alteration in the vesicle of the castrate. Vesicles of animals injected with 50 μg of testosterone propionate had essentially normal vasculature and parenchyma but continued to contract rhythmically, while those treated with 100 μg of testosterone propionate had vesicles restored to normal in every way but size.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS HORMONES ON THE KIDNEY RESPIRATION RATES IN THE CUTTHROAT TROUT (SALMO CLARKI CLARKI)
Authors: Holmes W. N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Relatively large doses of vasopressin administered intraperitoneally to the trout significantly enhanced the kidney respiration rate. In contrast to vasopressin a single dose of oxytocin depressed the kidney Qo2 value. This depression continued throughout the observed 24 hour period after injection.
Cortisol enhanced the kidney Qo2 values significantly and to a greater extent than vasopressin.
These results are discussed in relation to possible adaptive mechanism in euryhaline species of teleosts.
MECHANISM OF HYPOPHYSIAL RESPONSE TO PSYCHIC STRESS
Authors: Smelik P. G. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In neurohypophysectomized rats the effect of unilateral adrenalectomy under ether anaesthesia on the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion is equal to that in normal rats. In contrast, the effect of exposure to cold is partly inhibited, whereas the effect of emotional disturbances is completely abolished in rats, in which the posterior lobe of the hypophysis had been removed.
The adrenal ascorbic acid depletion following intramuscular infusion of a minute amount of adrenaline into intact rats is also entirely inhibited in neurohypophysectomized animals.
The interpretation is presented that psychic stress stimuli act on the corticotrophin present in the posterior lobe of the hypophysis by the mediation of endogenous adrenaline, whereas in the case of somatic stress neither the posterior lobe nor adrenaline is involved.
ÉTUDE DE L'ACTIVITÉ BIOLOGIQUE IN VITRO DES HORMONES GONADOTROPES
Authors: de la Luz Suarez Soto Maria , Démare Jean Legault 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Serum gonadotrophin (PMS) when added to the incubation medium of rat ovary slices increases the amount of Δ4-3-ketosteroids produced. This enhancement is proportional to the logarithm of dose. The ketosteroids were determined by their ultraviolet absorption; paper chromatography has shown that only androst-4-en-3,17-dione is present.
OPHTHALMOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN THYROIDECTOMIZED GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: Wegelius Otto 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The uptake of 35S-labelled sulphate by Harder's gland in guinea-pigs was studied under different endocrine conditions. It is concluded that a pituitary factor is able to stimulate the gland and that thyroxine somehow plays a role. This pituitary factor is neither the thyroid-stimulating factor nor growth hormone, but is present in thyrotrophic pituitary extracts. Most probably the sulphate uptake stimulating factor is identical with the ophthalmotrophic pituitary factor. The uptake of sulphate by Harder's gland has been used as an index of ophthalmotrophic activity in pituitary extracts as well as of endogenous ophthalmotrophic activity in thyroidectomized guinea-pigs. It is concluded that upon removal of the thyroid gland the pituitary response is rapid. A highly increased activity was shown within as little as 24 hours after thyroidectomy, which has been taken as a sign of increased secretion of ophthalmotrophin by the pituitary gland.