bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies on the Silk-Rhodium Catalyst
Authors: Akamatsu Akira , Izumi Yoshiharu , Akabori Shiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1) The most active catalyst was obtained when 400 mg. of silk-fibroin was boiled with 30 ml. of 0.5% aqueous solution of rhodium chloride for ca. 30 min., and the resulting chelate was then reduced.
2) The activity of this catalyst was not influenced significantly by the conditions for its preparation and was maintained or even increased greatly on storage for a long period. Benzyl mercaptan, ferric and cupric ions poisoned the catalyst, but the inhibition by the metal ions could be restored by ethylene-diaminetetraacetic acid.
3) This catalyst was extremely active for the hydrogenation of the types C=C double bonds C=CHCH2OH and C=HCOOH but inactive for carbonyl groups. For the hydrogenation of other types of C=C double bonds and of nitro groups, the catalyst seems to be less active.
Electrolytically Regenerated Ceric Sulfate for the Oxidation of Organic Compounds. I. Oxidation of p-Xylene to p-Tolualdehyde
Authors: Ramaswamy R , Venkatachalapathy M S , Udupa H V K 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. The current efficiency for the oxidation of cerous sulfate in sulfuric acid at a lead dioxide in an undivided cell was generally found to be 70%.
2. By using a paste of cerous sulfate in sulfuric acid, ceric sulfate reagent is obtained in a concentrated form.
3. A kinetic study of the oxidation of p-xylene by ceric sulfate is described and apparent energy of activation is calculated.
4. The process of oxidation of p-xylene to p-tolualdehyde is made cyclic and continuous by regeneration of ceric sulfate at a lead dioxide anode.
Effect of the pH Value on the Rate of the Photoreduction of Methylene Blue by N-Phenylglycines
Authors: Matsumoto Shiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of the pH value on the rate of the photoreduction of methylene blue by N-phenylglycines was studied in detail in the range between 5.9 and 10.5, attention being paid to the effects of buffer solutions and to a possible change in the ionic species of N-phenylglycines with the change in pH value. N-Phenylglycine behaved as a monobasic acid of pKa 4.3 to base titration, so that it existed solely as a univalent anion C6H5NH·CH2COO-in this pH value range. The pKa of several other N-phenylglycines was given also. The concentration and ionic strength of the buffer solutions had some effect; they must be kept constant and as small as possible.
With these precautions, the pH value dependences of Φ∞ , 1/b and B=1/(Φ∞·b), which characterize the quantum yield of the photoreduction, were determined for several electron donors. They were similar in all cases. Semicarbazide was found to be effective as an electron donor for this photoreduction. Log B varied linearly with the pH value in the pH range between 7.0 and 9.0. The slopes were nearly 0.5 for all the N-phenylglycines studied. This means that, if the excited metastable state of the dye formed a complex before the oxidation-reduction reaction, the rate constant of its formation must vary as the root of the hydroxide ion concentration.
Photosensitized Oxidation of Leuco-uranine. I. Qualitative Studies of the Nature of the Reaction in the Deaerated Solution
Authors: Uchida Kengo , Koizumi Masao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The nature of the photosensitized oxidation of leuco-uranine (in the deaerated condition), using uranine or acridine as a sensitizer, was investigated from various viewpoints. The possibility of either an oxidizing or a reducing impurity taking part in the reaction was definitely ruled out. The uranine (Remark: Graphics omitted.) leucouranine reaction could be repeatedly carried out in the presence of palladium asbestos. When uranine was used as a sensitizer (alkaline solution), an appreciable quantity of semiquinone could be detected as an intermediate. Reexamination of the spectra of acridine (when acridine was used as a sensitizer) showed that in some cases acridine takes part in the eventual reaction.
It is concluded from various pieces of indirect evidence that the overall reaction is the evolution of hydrogen gas from the leuco dyealthough the direct detection of hydrogen formation has yet been successful.
Electrochemical Fluorination of Aldehydes
Authors: Nagase Shunji , Baba Hajime , Kojima Rimpei 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Aldehydes were fluorinated electrochemically to prepare prefluorocarboxylic acids. The results were compared with those obtained from the fluorination of alcohols, esters, ketones and unsaturated compounds.
Generally, the yield of perfluorocarboxylic acids was considerably lower in aldehydes because of a great fragmentation or polymerization in the fluorination reaction. No evidence could be obtained for the formation of a detectable amount of partially fluorinated aldehydes or perfluoroaldehydes in the reaction. The mechanism for the formation of perfluorocarboxylic acid fluorides from aldehydes was discussed.
Studies of 2-Oxazolidinones. III. Kinetics of the Pyrolytic Decarboxylation of 2-Oxazolidinones
Authors: Oda Ryohei , Miyanoki Masahiko , Okano Masaya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The kinetics of the pyrolytic decarboxylation of 3-substituted 2-oxazolidinones have been studied and the following results obtained. (1) This decomposition is an autocatalytic reaction, in which the amine formed acts as a catalyst. (2) In the decarboxylation of 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones, the electronic effect of the substituent on the benzene ring indicates that the fission of the N–C bond of the urethane group in the 2-oxazolidinone ring is rate-determining. (3) The initial rate of the aliphatic amine-catalyzed decarboxylation of 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones is of the pseudo-first-order; it also depends on the concentration and structure of the amine. A mechanism has been proposed which involves a nucleophilic attack of amine on the carbonyl-carbon atom. An amine having an hydroxyl or amino group on the β-carbon shows a large rate-acceleration; this suggests the simultaneous electrophilic participation by the active hydrogen of these groups. (4) The initial rate of the decarboxylation of 2-oxazolidinone itself, catalyzed by aliphatic amine, is of the second-order in oxazolidinone and of the first-order in amine. From this a concerted mechanism has been inferred, in which the amine acts as a nucleophile and the other oxazolidinone acts as an electrophile.
The Behavior of Heat-treated Graphitizing Carbons in Wet Oxidation
Authors: Tagawa Hiroaki , Nakajima Hitoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The wet oxidation of three kinds of heattreated graphitizing carbons, petroleum coke, anthracite and coal coke, in a solution of potassium dichromate in phosphoric acid has been studied in order to clarify the relationship between the chemical reactivity and the carbon structure.
Changes in the interlayer spacing and crystallite size, which are used as a measure of graphitization, have been examined by X-ray diffraction method for each specimen over the range of heat treatment temperatures from 1100 to 2800°C.
The oxidation velocity increases with the degree of graphitization. The quantity of carbon dioxide evolved, V, is generally expressed by the following equation, V=atb. The b-value depends on only the degree of graphitization and varies from 0.8 to 1.5 according to the increase of graphitization, but it does not depend on the oxidation temperatures.
The Mechanism of the Gelation of a Lead Aldose-cysteinate Solution
Authors: Takahashi Fujio , Mizuguchi Jun 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The mechanism of the gelation of a solution containing aldose-cysteine and lead salt was studied by measuring various developments such as the pH value, the conductivity, the optical density, and the gelation time. From these results, it was suggested that the gelation occurred when the complex ion of hydrated lead glucose-cysteinate was transformed into an “ol” structure with dehydration. The process of this olation was found to follow the laws of ordinary chemical reaction. The reaction was of the second order.
Synthesis of Histidyl Peptides. II. Synthesis and Properties of Dicarbobenzyloxyhistidylamino Acid Esters
Authors: Sakiyama Fumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three different methods for the synthesis of dicarbobenzyloxy-l-histidylamino acid esters were studied. The general procedure of the hydrolysis of dicarbobenzyloxyhistidylamino acid esters were reported and the mechanism of this hydrolysis reaction was also discussed.
The Behavior of Various Inorganic Ions in the Separation of Calcium Carbonate from a Bicarbonate Solution
Authors: Kitano Yasushi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The author has shown the effect of various inorganic ions on the polymorphic crystallization of calcium carbonate from a bicarbonate solution. No definite conclusion regarding the mechanism to give calcite, aragonite or vaterite can yet be made, but these data help to give a pattern of the influence of inorganic ionic species and the concentration of the mother solution on the polymorphic crystallization of calcium carbonate.
(1) Alkali chlorides in the mother solution inhibited aragonite formation and favored calcite formation. The extent of the inhibition of the aragonite formation decreases in the sequence: ammonium chloride&gt;lithium chloride, sodium chloride&gt;potassium chloride &gt;rubidium chloride, &gt;cesium chloride (sodium nitrate).
(2) (a) Sodium chloride and sodium nitrate in the mother solution inhibited aragonite formation, sodium chloride more strongly than sodium nitrate, (b) With a moderate increase in the amount of sodium bicarbonate (sodium carbonate) added to the mother solution, the percentage of aragonite formation increased to a maximum. With a further increase in the amount, however, the percentage began to decrease and reached zero, (c) When sodium hydroxide was added to the mother solution, only calcite was formed. Aragonite was never formed from the solution which had made alkaline with sodium hydroxide, (d) The presence of sulfate ions favored aragonite formation.
(3) (a) Magnesium ions in the mother solution favored aragonite formation very strongly. The presence of magnesium chloride in the mother solution was more favorable to aragonite formation than that of magnesium bicarbonate or magnesium sulfate. Magnesium was not co-precipitated with calcium carbonate, (b) The presence of calcium chloride in the mother solution had no effect on the crystallization. (c) With an increase in the strontium concentration in the original solution, the percentage of aragonite formation increased to a maximum (optimum strontium content: approximately 2 mg./l). The percentage began to decrease with a further increase in strontium concentration. The strontium was always entrained in calcium carbonate precipitates, even when the strontium concentration was very low. (d) The presence of a small number of barium ions in the mother solution favored calcite formation. The presence of a large number of barium ions favored vaterite formation. Even at a low concentration in the mother solution, barium was always entrapped in the precipitates.
The Chemical Reaction in Silent Electric Discharge. II. The Frequency Effect on Ozone Formation
Authors: Morinaga Kihei , Suzuki Momotaro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1. The ozone formation in the silent electric discharge was investigated with a current of higher frequency. The rate is independent of the electric source frequency but dependent solely upon the value of the pulse current, and the rate per pulse current is linear in relation to the electrode area divided by the gap length. The above findings are similar to those in the case of 50 c/sec.
2. At a higher value of pulse current, the ozone formation rate is no longer linear to the pulse current and shows a type of saturation curve.
3. Some relations at a high frequency discharge among pulse current, electrode area and gap length have been discussed.
Studies on Solvent Extraction using Radioactive Isotopes. IX. Solvent Extraction of Carrier-free Cerium-144 with Acetylacetone
Authors: Suzuki Nobuo , Oki Shohachiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
144Ce was extracted with acetylacetone in a benzene or in a carbon tetrachloride solution by shaking for 3 min. at a pH range of 4∼9. Though an oxidizing agent such as bromate was not always necessary, the presence of bromate makes the time for extraction shorter. Decontamination from other fission products, 90Sr (90Y), 106Ru, 137Cs, and rere earths (e.g.,152,154Eu), expect 95Zr (95Nb), was found to be negligible. The contamination of 95Zr (95Nb)) was reduced to a negligible amount by repeating the cycle of extraction and stripping or by masking 144Ce with thiocyanate. The separation of 144Ce from fission products with acetylacetone was attempted. 144Pr with a radio-chemical purity of more than 99% was easily obtained by washing the organic phase with an acetate buffer solution of pH 5∼8.
On the Mode of Interaction of Surface Active Agents with Gelatin
Authors: Isemura Toshizo , Tokiwa Fumikatsu , Ikeda Shoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The mode of the binding of detergents, SDBS, CPC and DPB, by gelatin in the region of low detergent-gelatin ratios, where solutions are stable without precipitation, was investigated by determining the bound detergents by means of equilibrium dialysis.
Detergents bind with gelatin in accordance with the isotherm r=Kcn, where K and n (&gt;1) are constants which measure an affinity for the binding and an extent of cooperative interaction respectively. The value of K, which is dependent on pH and temperature, decreases with increasing pH for the binding of SDBS and vice versa for CPC. The value of n is characteristic of a given detergent. The value of n for SDBS is significantly greater than that for CPC. Thus the extent of the cooperative stabilization of a bound detergent is higher for SDBS than for CPC.
Both anionic SDBS and cationic CPC combine with gelatin, but cationic DPB scarcely combines with it. Further, it was inferred that a detergent, especially SDBS, binds with gelatin, forming aggregates on it in such a manner as the micelle formation.
The sign of charge of the detergent is of essential importance for the binding of the detergent by gelatin, and the length of the alkyl chain of detergent also has additional effects on the binding. The effect of chain length was examined with cationic detergents.
Electron Spin Resonance Hyperfine Spectra of Diphenyl Nitric Oxide
Authors: Deguchi Yasuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Liquid solutions of diphenyl nitric oxide reveal well-resolved proton hyperfine spectra either in mixed solvents of glycerine and ethyl alcohol in a suitable mixed ratio or in vacuum-sealed, degassed solvents.
Assuming odd electron spin densities at the ring carbon atoms and applying Kivelson’s theory, one can explain the experimental results. Moreover, the effect on the ESR spectra of the addition of a methyl group to a benzene ring has been reported on.
Finally, the solvent effect on the ESR spectra has been discussed.
The Systematic Analysis of Silicate Rocks using Ion Exchange Resin
Authors: Ôki Yasue , Ôki Shôhachirô , Shibata Hidekata 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An accurate and rapid systematic analysis of ordinary silicate rocks was studied with a column of an ion exchange resin (Amberlite IR-120). A powdered rock sample was decomposed by the usual method of Berzelius. Iron was extracted from 6 n hydrochloric acid solution into ether before chromatographic separation Metal ions absorbed on the column are eluted as follows : With 0.4 n HC1 Na and K, with 0.8 n H2SO4 Ti(IV), with 0.8 n HCl Mg, Mn(II), and Ca, and with 4 n HCl Al are eluted successively. A complete analysis of an ordinary rock sample can be carried out in only 3 days by this method.
De-localization of Bond Eigenfunctions in π-Electronic Systems. I. Proposal of an Approximate Method for the Calculation of the π-Electronic States of Molecules
Authors: Takekiyo Shozaburo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The influence of the multiple exchange integrals in the HLSP method for the π-elec-tronic systems has been investigated by means of the illustrations of trans-butadiene and cyclobutadiene molecules. Their importance for the theory, including ionic structures, has been emphasized. For avoiding difficulties in calculations due to the presence of many resonance structures in complex compounds, an approximate method has been proposed. In that method, the degree of energy determinants is diminished.
Studies on the Micro-paraffins. V. X-Ray Investigation of Various Paraffin Waxes
Authors: Negoro Kazuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
From the X-ray diffraction of n-dotriacontane, various paraffin waxes, micro-paraffin, and each fraction of micro-paraffin separated by the urea method and chromatography, the chain length and the spacings (110) and (200) of each crystal have been computed. Furthermore, the carbon number of the chain, the lengths of the a- and b-axes, the cross-sectional area occupied by one molecule, and the molecular volume have been calculated. They have been calculated on the assumption that thay were in normal crystal form, but in order to make it exact, it is necessary to work with a single crystal. The author would like to try further experiments.
σ-Electronic Structure in Conjugated Systems
Authors: Fukui Kenichi , Kato Hiroshi , Yonezawa Teijiro , Morokuma Keiji , Imamura Akira , Nagata Chikayoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The σ-electronic structures and σ-electron densities of σ skeletons in some conjugated compounds are calculated by a simple LCAOMO method developed by the present authors.
The inductive and hyperconjugative effects, dipole moment, proton shift, and so on, are briefly discussed. Agreements of the results with experiments seem to be almost entirely satisfactory.
A part of the calculation has been carried out with the KDC–I digital computer of Kyoto University.
The Infrared Absorption Spectra of 1,3,5-Trichlorobenzene, 1,2,4,5-Tetrachlorobenzene and their Deuterated Derivatives
Authors: Saëki Shinnosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The infrared absorption spectra of 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene, 1,3,5-trichlorobenzene-d3, 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene and 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene-d2 were observed in a gaseous state from 700 to 300 cm−1 with a cesium bromide prism and in a solid state from 300 to 100 cm−1 using a grating spectrometer. Furthermore, the spectra in the sodium chloride region were carefully observed in the ranges where the main absorption bands appear, using a long path (720 cm.) high temperature cell. The obtained accurate frequencies and envelopes of the absorption bands have been reported on.
On the basis of these results, the assignments of the infrared active normal vibrations of these substances have been determined and checked by the product rule.
The assignments of the overtone and combination bands have also been determined using the assigned frequencies and species of infrared active and Raman active fundamental vibrations.
Studies on Solid Carbons. II. The Gas-phase Oxidation of Solid Carbons
Authors: Sakaguchi Masakazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The gas-phase oxidation of five sorts of carbons with nitrogen dioxide has been measured under a pressure range from 2.4 to 9.0 cmHg at 150°C by a static method, in order to determine, primarily, the relation between the reaction rate and the physical properties of carbons (B. E. T. area, degree of graphitization, particle shape, micro-pore volume and mean micro-pore radius).
The rate of consumption of nitrogen dioxide has been determined photometrically.
The well-graphitized carbons did not react with nitrogen dioxide, while the rate curves obtained on the amorphous carbons showed as bent straight lines, the inclination of which is steep at the initial stage, followed by a slow second stage. The activation energy in the reaction is very small (&lt;3 kcal.).
The explanation of the results is as follows: the consumption of nitrogen dioxide in the initial stage relates mainly to chemical reaction on the free surface of the carbon, and the rate is controlled by the free surface area and the concentration of the edge atoms of the surface. The rate of the second stage relates to the diffusion process the micro-pore of carbon particles, and it is controlled by the physical fine structure of the surface.
Condensed Vanadate-Phosphates
Authors: Ohashi Shigeru , Matsumura Tadashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Glasses of sodium vanadate-phosphates with P/V ratios of 1∼200 were prepared from mixtures of sodium metaphosphate, vanadium (V) oxide and sodium carbonate. Crystals of sodium vanadate-phosphates with P/V ratios of 7, 10 and 50 were also prepared.
During the preparation of the glasses and the crystals, a part of the vanadium(V) is reduced to vanadium(IV). The percentages of vanadium(IV) in relation to the total vanadium increase with an increasing P/V ratio.
From the paper chromatographic analyses of the aqueous solutions of the glasses and the crystals, it may be presumed that the glasses are mainly composed of chain structures such as
……O–P–O–P–O–V–O–P–O–……
and that the crystals contain considerable amounts of a vanadate-phosphate ring as follows:
(Remark: Graphics omitted.)
A Study of the Adsorption of Detergents at a Solution-Air Interface by the Radiotracer Method. V. The Effect of Inorganic Salts on the Surface Behavior of the Dodecyl Sulfate Ion
Authors: Matuura Ryohei , Kimizuka Hideo , Matsubara Akira , Matsunobu Kenji , Matsuda Tadashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The adsorption of 35S-labeled dodecyl sulfate ion in the presence of excess sodium salts with anions of various valencies was measured directly by the radiotracer method. The anions of the excess salts were chloride, nitrate, carbonate, ferricyanide and ferrocyanide ions, and the concentrations of the excess salts were all 0.1 n. It was found that the adsorption of dodecyl sulfate ion increased remarkably due to the presence of the excess salt and that the surface tension curves and the adsorption isotherms were almost independent of the type of anions.
The behavior of dodecyl sulfate ion was discussed by using the result of the present study together with the previous one, in which the effect of cationic valency and the salt concentration was studied. The logarithmic value of CMC was found to be linear against the logarithmic concentration of excess sodiumchloride and against the valency of cation when the concentrations were all 0.1 n.
The reduced surface pressure and the reduced concentration referred to CMC were proposed, and it was found that the surface tension data of the solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate containing various kinds of salts and varying concentration of sodium salts were correlated approximately to one curve regardless both of the types and the concentrations of the excess salts. The curve was well expressed by the reduced equation for the surface pressure as a function of the reduced concentration. By combining the reduced equation with the Gibbs equation of n=1, the reduced adsorption isotherm was derived.
It was shown that these reduced equations enable us to reproduce the surface tension and adsorption data of the solutions of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the presence of sodium salts with varying valencies of anions.
Colloid Chemical Studies on Starching Materials. IV. Viscoelasticity and Structure Change of Starch Solutions
Authors: Nakagaki Masayuki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Modified Rouse’s equations were applied to solutions consisting of a mixture of highly aggregated and less aggregated polymer molecules. The fraction of higher aggregates, x1, was calculated for 3 and 5% potato starch solutions, a 5% sweet potato starch solution, and a 5% rice starch solution. The value of x1 decreased linearly with the increase of log ω, except for the rice starch. The x1 value of the latter increased rapidly when the log ω became very large.