bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The influence of soil factors on the growth of a grass/clover sward on a restored opencast site in Northumberland, UK
Authors: CHAPMAN R. , YOUNGER A. , DAVIES R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe growth of grass and clover components in mixed swards on a site restored after opencast coal mining and an undisturbed control site were compared. Soil nitrogen supply was reduced at the restored site. This inhibited grass growth but was beneficial for the clover component.Growth at the restored site was also inhibited by a compacted subsoil, which reduced available soil water content and impeded access to available soil water. This inhibited crop production from the middle of the second silage crop onwards. In 1989 this was associated with the soil at the restored site reaching permanent wilting point at 40cm. In 1990 this effect was associated with the restored site soil reaching permanent wilting point at 70cm. These drought effects reduced clover growing point population and stolon mass. Grass tiller populations were unaffected.
The effect of hydrogen cyanide potential (HCNp) and sward morphology on the relative acceptability to sheep of white clover and Caucasian clover herbage
Authors: HILL M. J. , HOCKNEY M. J. , MULCAHY C. A. , RAPP G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of cyanide concentration and plant morphology on the relative acceptability to sheep of fifteen cultivars of Trifolium repens and one cultivar one cultivar of Trifolium ambiguum were assessed in a field trial at Armidale, Australia (30°S). Preference was shown for the taller, larger leaved cultivars of white clover such as Lucky. Regal, Haifa, Aran, Olwen, and for Monaro Caucasian clover, when differences in leaf size and height were most accentuated. Dry matter consumption was a poor indicator of preference. Acceptability measures were not well‐correlated with HCNp. Cyanide contents increased from January to April, but were considerably lower in July and November. Aran and Olwen had consistently the highest HCNp while Lucky, Regal and Monaro had the lowest HCNp. Sulphur contents were always high (> 2%) and varied only slightly between cultivars. Sheep preferred clover cultivars that were easiest lo harvest; these were large leaved, tall types. However, once the obvious differences in ease of harvesting were removed, sheep grazed opportunistically. Since HCNp had no effect on acceptability, breeders should aim for cultivars with moderate to low HCNp to retain pest protection but minimize goitrogenic potential. Caucasian clover exhibited a different growth pattern to white clover but its acceptability was similar.
A non‐destructive method for estimating lucerne shoot weights
Authors: SIMONS R. G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEstimates of leaf and internode weight, leaf appearance rate and shoot number are not appropriate for non‐destructive determinations of lucerne (Medicago sativa) growth rates as they are too variable. In an experiment involving four cultivars of lucerne harvested on two dates, a good relationship was found between linear measurements and the dry weight of shoots. An equation of the form W1/3= a.(dl*d2*length)1/3, where W = dry weight; dl, d2 = two diameters of the basal end of the shoot; length = maximum length of the shoot; and a = constant, gave a good fit to the data. The value of a varied between cultivars and sampling dates, and in the proportion of shoot harvested. The product of estimated shoot weight and shoot number can be used to give an estimate of plot yield.
Independence of dry matter yield and leaf yield among perennial ryegrass varieties differing in seasonal yield distribution
Authors: WILKINS P. W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour varieties of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), (Ba11316, Merlinda, Morgana and Talbot), with similar ear emergence dates but differing in seasonal yield distribution were compared over two harvest years (1992 and 1993) in a small plot trial employing six levels of fertilizer N (100 to 600kg Nha−1 year−1 applied monthly as split dressings). In each year, a conservation cut in May was followed by five further harvests at monthly intervals. Herbage samples from each of the twelve harvests were separated into leaf lamina and other tissues, and the yield of leaf lamina calculated. The percentage of flowering tillers was determined in May and July of each year, Ba11316 produced significantly more dry matter (DM) than the other three varieties at six of the twelve harvests, but its total DM yield over all twelve harvests was 5% less than Merlinda and 3% less than Morgana, owing to lower yields of reproductive growth in May of both years. Varieties also varied in mean leaf content of the herbage over all harvests, Ba11316 being 69 g kg−1 higher than that of Merlinda. Differences among the varieties in leaf content were primarily because of difference in proportion of flowering tillers, Ba 11316 having a lower proportion of flowering tillers than the other three varieties. However, the mean leaf content of the tetraploid Merlinda was significantly lower than that of Morgana although these two varieties had a similar mean percentage of flowering tillers. Despite its lower total DM yield, Bal 1316 produced 16% and 14% more leaf over the two harvest years than Merlinda and Morgana respectively. Total leaf yield of Talbot was significantly higher than that of Merlinda and Morgana, although Talbot had been developed twelve years earlier than the other two varieties.
A mathematical model of the aerobic deterioration of big‐hale silage and its implications for the growth of Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: RUXTON G. D. , GIBSON G. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAerobically spoiled silage has often been shown to harbour dangerously high levels of Listeria monocytogenes. This paper investigates the dynamics of aerobic deterioration in a silage bale as it occurs close to a site of damage to the cover. The underlying aim was to enable prediction of the extent of the silage that may become suitable for Listeria growth during the course of storage. In order to meet these objectives, a model was formulated that represents the microbiology of the deterioration process and the transport of oxygen and heat through the silage. The geometry of the system was exploited to ensure that the model is computationally tractable. The model was used to evaluate the effect of silage pH and puncture size on the risk of Listeria contamination. Although the hazardous fraction was seen to be relatively insensitive to the initial pH of the silage, it increased rapidly with puncture size. However, a small puncture can result in the ‘loss’ of a considerable fraction of the bale because of the relatively long time scale over which bales are stored.
Effect of cow slurry N on herbage productivity, efficiency of N utilization and on white clover content in a natural sward in the Basque Country, Spain
Authors: ESTAVILLO J. M. , GONZALEZ‐MURUA C. , BESGA G. , RODRIGUEZ M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of cow slurry N on productivity and white clover content was compared with that of mineral fertilization in a natural grassland sward. Fertilizer was applied at two different N rates as split applications of ammonium nitrate, or as cow slurry (145 or 290 kg N ha−1 in the first year and 120 or 240 kg N ha−1 In the second year)‐ In the first year, fertilizer N produced higher dry matter (DM) yields than the slurry treatments. Nitrogen efficiency and clover content reduction were higher for the mineral treatments, the efficiency being lower for the higher rate of N application. In the second year, N supplied by the slurry gave the same productivity, N efficiency and white clover content reduction as that from the mineral N fertilization; higher efficiency in the second year being due to favourable weather conditions and low white clover contents. The high N efficiencies of the slurry compared with the fertilizer N treatments were attributed to the dilution of the slurry and to split applications over the year. Yield differences between treatments were due mainly to the grass component of the sward. Competition between grasses and other species, and white clover for mineral N resulted in a reduction in the white clover content in those treatments in which more N was supplied, whether it came from the mineralization of slurry or from the fertilizer N applied.
The influence of weather on the effectiveness of mechanical and chemical conditioning on drying rate of lucerne hay
Authors: AKKHARATH I. , GUPTA M. L. , TULLBERG J. N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractField drying experiments in summer and winter compared the drying rate of lucerne hay cut with a rotary disc mower and mower‐conditioner, with or without 300 1 ha−1 of 2% aqueous potassium carbonate solution sprayed at cutting. Local farm practice was followed in cutting, raking and drying. Statistical analysis showed significant treatment differences in both summer and winter experiments. Mechanical‐cum‐chemical conditioning treatment provided the greatest field drying rate, followed by chemical conditioning alone, mechanical conditioning alone and non‐conditioned luceme, respectively. The effectiveness of mechanical and chemical conditioning treatments was greater in summer than in winter. Under good S.E. Queensland summer conditions, mechanical‐cum‐chemical conditioning would allow hay to be cut and baled on the same day, but at least 4 days were required under cool winter weather conditions.
Interactions between seedlings of perennial ryegrass and white clover cultivars in establishing swards
Authors: COLLINS R. P. , FOTHERGILL M. , RHODES I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInteractions between perennial ryegrass (grass) and white clover (clover) cultivars were investigated at the seedling stage in two experiments: (a) a field experiment in which two clovers, AberHerald and Grasslands Huia, were grown in binary mixture with two grasses, Preference and Ba 10761; (b) a glasshouse experiment in which the same clover/grass combinations were grown in low‐N soil either with (+ N) or without (‐N) added N. In the field experiment both clovers produced larger and more complex seedlings with Preference, and this was particularly evident in Huia. In the glasshouse experiment grass dry‐matter yield was greater in the +N treatment, and this effect increased with time. Clover seedling density and development were suppressed in the +N treatment, and the development of AberHerald was affected more than Huia. Morphological measurements of the clovers showed interactions between clover, grass and N level. In the ‐N treatment Huia plants were larger and more complex than those of AberHerald, but in +N conditions there was little difference between them. Grass cultivar had an effect on clover via N‐level interactions: in +N plants there was no grass effect, but ‐N plants were significantly larger with Preference. Comparison of the root and shoot morphology of the two grasses revealed no obvious differences that would account for these effects.
Breeding and evaluation of new white clover varieties for persistency and higher yields under grazing
Authors: EVANS D. R. , WILLIAMS T. A. , EVANS S. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo experiments were established in 1989 and 1990 to evaluate the performance of white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties under grazing, using sheep and cattle, and also under a ‘cutting‐only’ regime. The three potential medium/large‐leaved varieties (AberVantage, AberCrown and AberDai) were selected and evaluated in a breeding programme that emphasized improving yield and persistency under grazing.In Experiment 1, the potential varieties were sown with two different grass companions, and evaluated under a continuous cattle‐grazing system, representative of their future role in actual farm practice, i.e. a set stocking system. Clover yield of the potential varieties in the second harvest year averaged 1–5 t ha−1 more than the control variety Olwen. Total sward production of AberVantage, AberCrown and AberDai was 2.0–1.4 t ha−1 higher than that of Olwen.In Experiment 2, clover yields of the three potential varieties averaged 2.1 t more than Olwen in the second harvest year under continuous sheep grazing, but all three were lower yielding than Olwen in the cutting regime.Both experiments illustrate how the use of grazing treatments during breeding and evaluation can improve the role of white clover varieties.
Chemical composition of Flourensia cernua at four growth stages
Authors: ESTELL R. E. , FREDRICKSON E. L. , HAVSTAD K. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTarbush (Flourensia cernua DC) is an abundant Chihuahuan Desert shrub but is used sparingly by livestock. Leaves were removed from forty tarbush plants harvested in each of 3 years during four growth stages: (1) early. (2) mid‐point, (3) late and (4) curtailed growth (ten plants per growth stage each year). Plants were air dried and all leaves were removed. In vitro dry‐matter (DM) disappearance was greater for the early growth stage than other stages (P<005). The fibrous fraction increased with maturity, with neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) arid acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents all less for the early growth stage (P<0 05) than other stages. The latter three growth stages did not differ in NDF or ADF content, but ADL content was lower for the mid‐point growth stage than for the two later stages (P<0–05). Calcium content increased with advancing season (P<0–05), whereas phosphorus concentration exhibited an inverse pattern (P<0–05). Nitrogen (N) content of tarbush was greatest in the early growth stage (P <0–05) and declined substantially thereafter. Soluble N content was greater and acid detergent insoluble N (ADIN) content was lower for early growth (P<005) than other stages. Insoluble N concentration followed a pattern similar to N, declining with advancing season (P<0–05). When expressed as a fraction of total N, insoluble N decreased and soluble N increased with maturity (P<005). Condensed tannin concentration tended (P<0–10) to increase with advancing season. Total phenolic content was lowest for early growth (P<005), and did not differ among the other stages. Chemical analysis revealed tarbush to be relatively high in N concentration. Fibre fractions, ADIN, ADL and condensed tannins were ail generally low whereas total phenolic content of tarbush was quite high. Early use by livestock would be most advantageous in terms of nutrient availability (N, P and in vitro digestibility) and lowest total phenolic concentration. Year‐to‐year variability in chemical composition of tarbush appears to be substantial. It remains to be seen whether overriding intake deterrents would be beneficial to livestock, given the high phenolic concentration in tarbush. Tarbush has several characteristics that make it a suitable model for studying plant‐animal interactions of desert shrubs.
The effects of temperature on the effluent production potential of grass silage
Authors: O'DONNELL C. , WILLIAMS A. G. , BIDDLESTONE A. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of temperature on silage effluent production were examined. In the first experiment, samples of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) underwent fermentation at 20°C for between 52 and 66 d. The samples were then transferred to rooms at temperatures between 5°C and 27°C. Effluent production during creep consolidation was measured. Increasing temperature resulted in a significant increase in effluent production. There was a strong linear relationship between the mechanical properties of the silage and the amount of effluent produced. In the second experiment, Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) samples were ensiled at temperatures between 5°C and 25°C. The higher temperature treatments had faster and more extensive fermentations, and produced more effluent than the cooler temperatures. Again, there was a strong linear relationship between the mechanical properties of the silage and the amount of effluent produced. Increasing the temperature at the end of the experiment resulted in no extra effluent production from any treatment except that at 5°C. This indicated that the effects of temperature were evident only while effluent was available for release. The effects of temperature will therefore be most evident in the early stages of ensilage. In both experiments, effluent was released from the higher temperature treatments earlier. This was probably due to the effects of temperature on the viscosity of the effluent and to fermentation effects in the second experiment. In both experiments, the increase in effluent production with temperature was equivalent to the effects to be expected from decreasing the herbage dry matter concentration by between 3% and 4%.
Differential red clover germplasm response to defoliation and fungicide application
Authors: VENUTO B. C. , JOOST R. E. , HINTZ R. W. , CHANEY C. R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA primary limitation to the use of red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) in the temperate zones is poor persistence. The objective of this research was to evaluate the effects of defoliation and fungicide application on the yield and persistence responses of twelve diverse red clover germplasms. Treatments consisted of reduced defoliation with the application of the systemic fungicide, propiconazole (RDF), reduced defoliation (RD) and a full‐season defoliation control. Dry‐matter yields were recorded for 3 years and stand density was determined during the third harvest year and again 2 years later. By the third harvest season, stand densities were 52% and 13·5% greater for treatments RDF and RD than the control. After 5 years, stand density on these two treatments was on average 68% greater than the control. RDF plots outyielded RD plots for the second and third harvest years, but both had lower forage yields than the control. Germplasm by treatment interactions were significant for stand density and yield by the third year. RD treatments out‐yielded the control by the third year for only two germplasms, the experimental lines FL‐MTC and FL6‐EF. The treatments affected yield and persistence and enabled the identification of significant differences in germplasm response.
Late‐onset eccrine angiomatous hamartoma on the forehead
Authors: Jeong Eugene , Park Hyun Jeong , Oh Sin Taik , Lee Jun Young , Cho Baik Kee 
Published: April 2006

A 71‐year‐old Korean man presented with a solitary erythematous plaque on his forehead (Fig. 1). It was first noticed by the patient 1 year previously and had slowly increased in size over that time. Physical examination revealed a slightly elevated, 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm erythematous plaque on the upper midline of the forehead. Sweating was not evoked by physical work or emotional stress. There was no pain or tenderness associated with the lesion. The patient had no history of trauma to the forehead. Histopathologic examination of the lesion showed increased numbers of eccrine glands, as well as dilated vascular channels in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue (Fig. 2). An immunohistochemical study showed that these eccrine glands stained positively for S‐100 and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and the vascular channels for the antifactor VIII‐related antigens. These findings are consistent with eccrine angiomatous hamartoma. There was no change in the lesion during the 1‐year follow‐up period.Asymptomatic erythematous plaque on the upper midline of the foreheadimageIncreased numbers of eccrine glands and dilated vascular channels in the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue (hematoxylin and eosin, ×40)image
Angiosarcoma arising in a lymphedematous abdominal pannus with histologic features reminiscent of Kaposi's sarcoma: report of a case and review of the literature
Authors: Shehan James M. , Ahmed Iftikhar 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground  Despite common endothelial origins, angiosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma are clinically and histologically distinct vascular proliferations. The development of angiosarcoma in a chronically edematous abdominal pannus is extremely uncommon. Similarly, tumors with the combined histologic features of angiosarcoma and Kaposi's sarcoma have rarely been described.Methods  We reviewed the literature on angiosarcoma arising in a lymphedematous abdominal pannus and evaluated an 81‐year‐old morbidly obese woman who had profound, long‐standing edema of the lower abdominal wall in which an aggressive vascular tumor developed.Results  Three clinically similar cases were identified in the literature. All patients were women who generally experienced rapid disease progression. In addition, in our patient, sequential cutaneous sampling from different lesional sites demonstrated disparate histologic changes, ranging from those of classic Kaposi's sarcoma to high‐grade angiosarcoma, to areas with combined features of the two tumors. A polymerase chain reaction performed on lesional tissue was negative for human herpesvirus‐8 DNA.Conclusion  It is important to note that angiosarcoma may develop in the abdomen in association with chronic lymphedema, as demonstrated by the cases noted in this report. In addition, our case highlights the difficulty in differentiating histologically angiosarcoma from Kaposi's sarcoma in some situations, and demonstrates the value of close clinicopathologic correlation and sequential tissue sampling in evaluating problematic cases.
Antimicrobial properties of Dead Sea black mineral mud
Authors: Ma’or Zeev , Henis Yigal , Alon Yaacov , Orlov Elina , Sørensen Ketil B. , Oren Aharon 
Published: April 2006

Background  The unique, black, hypersaline mud mined from the Dead Sea shores is extensively used in mud packs, masks, and topical body and facial treatments in spas surrounding the lake, and in cosmetic preparations marketed worldwide, but little is known about its antimicrobiological properties.Methods  We performed detailed microbial and chemical analysis of Dead Sea mineral mud compounded in dermatological and cosmetic preparations.Results  Using conventional bacteriological media (with or without salt augmentation), we found surprisingly low numbers of colony‐forming microorganisms in the mud. The highest counts (up to 20,000 colonies per gram, mostly consisting of endospore‐forming bacteria) were obtained on sheep blood agar. Test microorganisms (i.e. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans) rapidly lost their viability when added to the mud. Zones of growth inhibition were observed around discs of Dead Sea mud placed on agar plates inoculated with Candida or with Propionibacterium, but not with Staphylococcus or Escherichia. The effect was also found when the mud was sterilized by gamma irradiation. Using 35S‐labeled sulfate as a tracer, bacterial dissimilatory sulfate reduction could be demonstrated at a low rate (0.13 ± 0.03 nmol/cm3.d).Conclusion  The antibacterial properties of Dead Sea mud are probably owing to chemical and/or physical phenomena. Possible modes of antimicrobial action of the mud in relation to its therapeutic properties are discussed.
Surgical pearl: tissue forceps as a simple and effective instrument for treating skin tags
Authors: Mukhtar Muhammed 
Published: April 2006

Skin tags are one of the most common, benign, disfiguring tumors on the flexural aspects of the body of advanced aged and obese people, with higher incidences in females. Various treatment modalities have been advocated for the tags. Even a simple, noninvasive and fast cryotechnique requires approximately 1–3 min for a single skin tag. To hasten the treatment of the tags, tissue forceps have been used as an effective, fast, simple instrument. By utilizing the tissue forceps, 37 skin tags at different parts of body have been treated successfully without cosmetic defects or recurrences at the sites.