bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Transfer
Authors: Finklea Harry O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Self‐assembled Monolayers (
SAMs
)

Blocking
SAMs
, Pinholes, and Defects

Electroactive
SAMs

Theoretical Model for Electron Transfer

Measurements of Kinetic Parameters

Electronic Coupling versus Distance

Electronic Coupling versus Other Factors

Reorganization Energies

Future Directions
Electrochemical Formation of Organic Thin Films
Authors: Saji Tetsuo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Formation of Organic Thin Films Using Surfactants with a Ferrocene Group

Formation of Organic Thin Films Using Surfactants with an Azobenzene Group

Scope of Film‐forming Compounds

Rate of Film Growth

Properties of Film

Applications
Recent Trends in Chemically Modified sp
2
and sp
3
Bonded Carbon Electrodes
Authors: Knigge Doug , Kaur Pushwinder , Swain Greg M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemically Modified
sp
2
Bonded Carbon Electrodes

Hydrogen‐terminated Surfaces

Surfaces Modified by Chemisorbed Molecules

Effect of Surface Modification on the Electrochemical Properties

Chemically Modified
sp
3
Bonded Carbon Electrodes

CVD
Diamond Thin‐film Growth

Surface Termination

Oxygen‐terminated Surfaces

Surfaces Modified by Chemisorbed Molecules

Effect of Surface Modification on the Electrochemical Properties

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Chemically Modified Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Ganzorig Chimed , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electrode Preparation

General: Transparent Conducting Oxide Films

Cleaning of Substrate Surfaces

Cleaning with Solvents

Cleaning by Heating and Irradiation

Cleaning by Stripping Lacquer Coatings

Cleaning in an Electrical Discharge

Cleaning Cycles

Cleaning of Organic Glass

Chemical Methods of Film Deposition

Spraying Pyrolysis

Chemical Vapor Deposition

Sol‐gel Process

Physical Methods of Film Deposition

Evaporation

Sputtering

Reactive Ion Plating

Pulsed Laser Deposition

Other Techniques

The Properties of Transparent Conducting Oxide Electrode Surfaces

Electrode Modification

General

SnO
2

ITO

ZnO

TiO
2
and ZrO
2

Polypyridyl
Ru
Complexes and Organic Dyes as Sensitizers

Short‐chain Alkanoic and Benzoic Acids

Long‐chain Organic Acids

Other Oxides

Organosilanization

General

Wide Bandgap Transparent Conducting Oxide Electrodes

SnO
2

TiO
2
and ZrO
2

ZnO

ITO

Large Bandgap Oxide Electrodes

Potential Applications

Tuning the Work Function of Electrodes

Correlation of Device Performance with Changes in the Work Function

Other Possible Applications

SnO
2

ITO

ZnO

TiO
2

Other Oxides

Summary

Acknowledgement
SAMs
on
Hg
Electrodes
Authors: Guidelli Rolando 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction and Scope

Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Preparation Methodology and Procedures

Structure and Physical Properties of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Differential Capacity of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Inhibitive Properties of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Modeling of Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Incorporation of Lipophilic Molecules in Phospholipid
SAMs
on
Hg

Electroinactive Compounds

Electroactive Compounds

Thiol
SAMs
on
Hg

Preparation Methodology and Procedures

Structure and Physical Properties of Thiol
SAMs
on Mercury

Surface‐sensitive Techniques

Electrochemical Properties

Total and Free Charge Density on Mercury Coated with Thiol
SAMs

Electron Transfer across Thiol
SAMs
on Mercury

Tethered Bilayer Lipid Membranes on
Hg
Microporous Inorganic Molecular Materials
Authors: Williams Mary Elizabeth , Hupp Joseph T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction to Microporous Inorganic Molecular Materials

Materials Design and Synthesis

Transport Models and Electrochemical Characterization Methods

Size‐selective Transport of Redox‐active Species through Thin Films of Molecular Squares

Size‐selective Transport of Redox‐active Species through Thin Films of Porphyrinic Molecular Squares Featuring Adjustable Cavity Sizes and Tailored Channel Interiors

Size‐selective Transport of Redox‐inactive Species through Thin Films of Molecular Squares

Shape‐selective Transport of Redox‐active Species through Thin Films of Molecular Rectangles

Permeation through Single Microcrystallites of Molecular Rectangles

Acknowledgments
Scanning Probe Microscopies as Chemical Force microscopy for Self‐assembled Monolayers
Authors: Fujihira Masamichi , Okui Hiroki , Sato Fuminobu 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemical Modification of
AFM
Tips

Sample Surfaces with Various Patterns

FFM
and
PFM
‐
AFM
Measurements

Friction and Adhesive Force Imaging as
CFM

CFM
of Patterned Surface Prepared by the
LB
Method

Friction Force Map in Phase‐separated
HC
‐
FC
Mixed
LB
Films with
Ca
2+
Counterions

CFM
of Patterned Surfaces Prepared by µ‐
CP

Effect of Experimental Environments and Surface Roughness

Other Approaches for
CFM

Concluding Remarks
Occupation and breast cancer risk among Shanghai women in a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Ji Bu‐Tian , Blair Aaron , Shu Xiao‐Ou , Chow Wong‐Ho , Hauptmann Michael , Dosemeci Mustafa , Yang Gong , Lubin Jay , Gao Yu‐Tang , Rothman Nathaniel , Zheng Wei 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIntroductionA total of 74,942 female subjects were recruited in a population‐based cohort study in Shanghai, China between 1997 and 2000. We examined the relationship between occupation and breast cancer risk.MethodsCases were 586 women previously diagnosed with breast cancer at baseline and 438 women newly diagnosed with breast cancer during follow‐up through December 2004. Eight controls were randomly selected for each case from cancer‐free cohort members and frequency‐matched to the cases by year of birth and age at diagnosis. Logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of breast cancer risk associated with occupations, adjusting for established breast cancer risk factors.ResultsIn the prevalent breast cancer data analysis, increased risks of breast cancer were associated with technicians in engineering/agriculture/forestry (OR = 1.6, CI: 1.0–2.4), teaching personnel (OR = 1.5, CI:1.1–2.0), tailoring/sewing workers (OR = 1.6, CI:1.0–2.7), and examiners/measurers/testers (OR = 1.5, CI:1.1–2.1) among those who started the jobs at least 20 years ago. Among incident breast cancer cases, significantly increased risks were associated with medical/health care workers (OR = 1.4, CI:1.0–2.0), administrative clerical workers (OR = 1.5, CI:1.0–2.4), postal/telecommunication workers (OR = 2.2, CI:1.0–5.5), and odd‐job workers (OR = 1.7, CI:1.1–2.8) among those who started the jobs at least 20 years ago. The excess risks were found in both prevalent and incident cases for postal/telecommunication workers and purchasing/marketing personnel, although ORs reached only marginal significance.Conclusions:This study suggests that white‐collar professionals and several production occupations may be associated with an increased risk of breast cancer. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:100–110, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of the photodegradation behaviors of an ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer solar cell encapsulant and effects of antioxidants on the photostability of the material
Authors: Ayutthaya S. Isarankura Na , Wootthikanokkhan J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis study concerns the photodegradation and stabilization of a solar cell encapsulating material made from ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA). EVA was compounded with various additives in a twin‐screw extruder. After that, the extruded film was cured in a hydraulic compression mold before being exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation at an ambient temperature for 800 h. The thermal stability of the material was also studied through the aging of the sample at 90°C for 2000 h. The tensile strength of the unstabilized EVA decreased only slightly after the thermal aging. On the other hand, the strength of the material decreased noticeably after the UV irradiation. Fourier transform infrared spectra of various EVA films revealed that there was no deacetylation occurring after the UV irradiation. However, results from the swelling test and swollen‐state NMR suggested that the polymer degraded via a chain‐scission mechanism. After compounding with some antioxidants, most of the EVA films scarcely degraded after the UV irradiation, with the exception of the EVA compounded with a combination of the aromatic phosphate compound (0.1 phr) and hindered amine light stabilizer (0.1 phr). The results are discussed in light of an antagonism effect that occurred because of the aforementioned combination. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preferred foraging areas of Heard Island albatrosses during chick raising and implications for the management of incidental mortality in fisheries
Authors: Lawton Kieran , Kirkwood Roger , Robertson Graham , Raymond Ben 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Incidental mortality in fisheries is causing declines in many albatross populations around the world. To assess potential interactions with regional fisheries satellite tags were used to track black‐browed albatrosses (Thalassarche melanophrys) and light‐mantled sooty albatrosses (Phoebetria palpebrata) breeding on Heard Island during the chick‐rearing periods of 2003/04. This was the first time individuals from either population had been tracked.
Black‐browed albatrosses foraged largely within the Heard and McDonald Islands Economic Exclusion Zone (EEZ) north‐east of the island, although 20% of foraging trips were to areas north of the EEZ into Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) areas 58.5.1 and 58.5.2 and into the Îles Kerguelen EEZ.
In contrast, the light‐mantled sooty albatrosses foraged well south of Heard Island along the southern boundary of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Both species appear to face minimal risk of incidental mortality during the chick‐rearing period in the regulated, legal fisheries, but are threatened by illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing vessels operating in the southern Indian Ocean.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Status of freshwater fish around the Korean Demilitarized Zone and its implications for conservation
Authors: Jang Min‐Ho , Yoon Ju‐Duk , Shin Joon‐Hwan , Joo Gea‐Jae 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ), which divides the Korean peninsula, currently serves as a sanctuary for diverse biological resources, owing to limited development and human activities. The fish fauna of the DMZ areas, including the Civilian Control Zone (CCZ) and Military Facility Protection Area (MFPA), was investigated by quarterly sampling at 53 sites from August 2001 to May 2004.
In total, 10 946 fish were collected and classified into 99 species and 26 families. Zacco platypus (relative abundance, RA 18.6%) was the dominant species, while other key species were Rhynchocypris steindachneri (16.0%), Pungitius sinensis (12.5%) and Zacco temmincki (8.5%).
Thirty species were found to be Korean endemics, representing seven families. Eight Korean vulnerable species and two Korean natural monument species were recorded. Three exotic fish species (Carassius cuvieri, Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus) were collected at 13 study sites, all but one of which are outside the CCZ. There were significant relationships between altitude and fish species richness (r2=0.448, P<0.001) and the number of endemic fish species (r2=0.487, P<0.001).
Owing to very limited human interference, the DMZ could provide good benchmark sites to enable ecological restoration on other rivers and streams for maintenance of natural freshwater fish biodiversity. It is suggested that a natural park is instituted around the DMZ areas for ecological protection and as a symbol of peaceful coexistence between South and North Korea.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of prior interpretation on situation assessment in crime analysis
Authors: Kerstholt José H. , Eikelboom Aletta R. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA main threat to objective information processing in crime investigation teams is the tendency to focus on one particular interpretation only. To prevent such tunnel vision or ‘groupthink’, an investigation team can call in a crime analyst, and ask him or her to give a fresh and independent account of the evidence at hand. However, before they examine the case, crime analysts are often already aware of the scenario currently favoured by the team. In our experiment, we investigated whether such prior knowledge can jeopardise the independence of the analyst's advice. Thirty‐eight professional crime analysts were asked to generate causal scenarios for two different cases and to indicate how the team should continue their investigation. Before beginning their analysis, half of the crime analysts received a realistic prior interpretation, such as might have been constructed by an investigation team. The results show that when given a prior interpretation, both experienced and inexperienced analysts considered the scenario suggested therein as more likely, and made recommendations for further investigation accordingly. We explain these findings by suggesting that analysts temporarily adopted the perspective of the investigation team, and that such temporary commitment by itself increased confidence in the hypothesis at hand (Koehler, 1991). This research supports previous research on the impact of prior theory on judgement, and extends it to an important real world domain where mistakes can have serious consequences. We recommend that in cases where the crime analyst is asked to give an objective assessment, he or she should not be informed about the interpretation of the investigation team until after the analysis has been conducted. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The psychology and law of voluntary manslaughter: what can psychology research teach us about the “heat of passion” defense?
Authors: Sherman Steven J. , Hoffmann Joseph L. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe doctrine of voluntary manslaughter mitigates a defendant's crime and punishment when the defendant kills in the “heat of passion” generated by an extremely provoking event, such as witnessing a spouse's adultery. The doctrine relies on empirical assumptions about the effects of emotion, especially anger, on decision‐making, and about the time course of emotion. Modern psychology research questions at least some of these assumptions, but the law adheres to its traditional approach. The law's resistance to change may stem partly from its dependency on language and analogic reasoning; the words we use to describe emotions like anger, revenge, and fear may shape people's perceptions concerning these emotions and thus may constrain the law's ability to respond to new psychological insights about emotion. At the same time, the law must serve normative goals that transcend the quest for empirical knowledge. For this reason and others, psychology can only inform the law, but cannot force changes in the law. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conformational change from antiparallel β‐sheet to α‐helix in a series of depsipeptide, ‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐: Syntheses, spectroscopic studies, and crystal structures of Boc‐Leu‐Lac‐OEt and Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐OEt (n = 1, 2)
Authors: Oku Hiroyuki , Yamada Keiichi , Katakai Ryoichi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe depsipeptides Boc‐Leu‐Lac‐OEt (1) and Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐OEt (n = 1, 2) (2 and 3, respectively) (Boc = tert‐butyloxycarbonyl, Lac = L‐lactic acid residue) has been synthesized and studied by crystallographic, CD spectroscopic, and ESI‐MS analyses. In the packing cells, those three compounds adopt β‐strand conformations. Each molecule is linked into a dimer (1) or an infinite assembly (2 and 3) by tight hydrogen bonds of the type NH···OC. Interestingly, the hexamer, 3 shows the first example of antiparallel pleated β‐sheet crystal structure for a depsipeptide molecule. In the packing cells, especially for 3, the ester groups OCO are perpendicularly oriented to the amide groups NHCO and β‐sheet planes to avoid the interaction between O(ester) and OC. Therefore, when the chain length become longer, the O···OC repulsion interaction works as a β‐sheet breaker and hence promotes an α‐helical structure as observed for Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)3‐Leu‐Leu‐OEt (4) (Oku et al. Biopolymers 2004, 75, 242–254) and Boc‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐OEt (n = 4–6) (5–7) (Katakai et al., Biopolymers 1996, 38, 285–290), in which the O···OC repulsion does not cause significant structural changes in α‐helical main chains. Therefore from the structural and spectroscopic analyses, we have found governing factors for the specificity in the β‐sheet and α‐helix decision in this series of depsipeptides, ‐(Leu‐Leu‐Lac)n‐. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 270–283, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Conformational transition and liquid crystalline state of regenerated silk fibroin in water
Authors: Li Xin‐Gui , Wu Li‐Ya , Huang Mei‐Rong , Shao Hui‐Li , Hu Xue‐Chao 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe conformational transition of molecular chains of regenerated silk fibroin (SF) aqueous solution is systematically investigated by circular dichroism, Raman, IR, and UV–vis spectroscopies. It is found that an initial random coil conformation of the SF can be readily changed into an ordered β‐sheet structure by optimizing the solution conditions, such as the SF concentration, pH, temperature, or metal‐ion content. Circular dichroic spectra quantitatively confirm a steadily decreased content of the random coil conformation but a significantly increased β‐sheet content after an ultrasonic or extruding treatment. Furthermore, the extrusion is more powerful to achieve high β‐sheet content than the ultrasonic. It is interesting that the polarized optical micrographs of the SF aqueous solution extruded by injection illustrate the formation and existence of liquid crystalline state. A study of extrusion in vitro could be used as a model system to understand the natural silk spinning process in silkworm. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 497–505, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Carnosine attenuates mast cell degranulation and histamine release induced by oxygen–glucose deprivation
Authors: Shen Yao , Zhang Shihong , Fu Lin , Hu Weiwei , Chen Zhong 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCarnosine (β‐alanyl‐histidine) is a naturally occurring dipeptide that has been characterized as a putative hydrophilic antioxidant. The protective function of carnosine has been demonstrated in neuronal cells under ischemic injury. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of carnosine on oxygen–glucose deprivation (OGD)‐induced degranulation and histamine release from mast cells. Cultured mast cells were exposed to OGD for 4 h, and then the degranulation was observed immediately by microscopy. Histamine release was analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). OGD caused degranulation of mast cells, and increased histamine and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Carnosine (at a concentration of 5 mM) alone did not produce any appreciable effect on degranulation, histamine, and LDH release from mast cells under normal condition, but significantly inhibited the degranulation, histamine, and LDH release of mast cells induced by OGD. These results indicate that carnosine can protect mast cells from degranulation and histamine release and it may be an endogenous mast cell stabilizer in the pathological processes induced by ischemia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrolysis of various bioactive peptides by goat brain dipeptidylpeptidase‐III homologue
Authors: Dhanda Suman , Singh Jasbir , Singh Hari 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDPP‐III from goat brain was purified to apparent electrophoretic homogeneity which showed several characteristics similar to other reported DPP‐IIIs although it possesses dissimilar molecular weight and different inhibition behavior. Thin layer chromatographic studies with goat brain DPP‐III revealed that it hydrolyses Leu‐enkephalin (TyrGlyGlyPheLeu) at the GlyGly bond producing TyrGly and GlyPheLeu with no further degradation of liberated tripeptide. (Ala)4 is hydrolyzed to dialanine whereas trialanine is not cleaved. ACTH, angiotensin II and III were also hydrolyzed whereas angiotensin I was not. It was concluded that the enzyme requires at least a tetrapeptide to act and that it removes a dipeptidyl moiety from the NH2‐terminus of the studied peptides. Goat brain DPP‐III may be involved in the metabolism of very important bioactive peptides such as enkephalins and angiotensins. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of oxidative stress on rat thyrocyte iodide metabolism
Authors: Nadolnik L. I. , Niatsetskaya Z. V. , Lupachyk S. V. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThyroid cells fall into the type of cells functioning during continuous production of high H2O2 concentrations. We studied the effect of H2O2‐induced oxidative stress (0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mM) on the activities of the key steps of iodide metabolism (uptake, oxidation and organification) in thyrocytes cultivated in an organ culture. After 60 min cultivation of cells in a medium containing H2O2 at concentrations of 1.0 and 10.0 mM iodide (I−) uptake, thyroperoxidase (TPO) activity and I− organification were completely inhibited. No restoration of the parameters studied was observed within the subsequent 24 h of cultivation. The inhibitory effect of 0.1 mM H2O2 was reversible. Activation of I− uptake in the cultivated tissue and a 520–880% increase of the total I− content were observed after 8 and 24 h. The concentration of I− protein‐bound fraction was raised by 220% after 24 h. A biphasic effect of 0.1 mM H2O2 on TPO was observed: 76.2% and 72.2% inhibitions were seen after 2 and 8 h, respectively, whereas 40.0% enzyme activation was after 5 h. TPO activity was partially restored after 24 h and amounted to 65% of the initial value. The significant increase in the concentration of iodide protein‐bound fraction, which was observed simultaneously with TPO inhibition, could be due to thyroglobulin non‐enzymic iodination under H2O2‐generated oxidative stress. The data obtained indicate that iodide oxidation, as a step in the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones, was most sensitive to oxidative stress activation. The impaired iodide uptake and its organification during oxidative stress can play a pathogenetic role in disturbed functions of thyroid cells. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.