bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Evolution of Trioctahedral Chlorite/Berthierine/Smectite in Coeval Metabasites and Metapelites from Diagenetic to Epizonal Grades
Authors: Mata M. P. , Giorgetti G. , Árkai P. , Peacor D. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe evolution of texture, structure and chemical composition of chloritic clays in coeval pairs of metabasites and metapelites of a prograde sequence from the Bükk Mountains has been investigated using electron microscopy techniques. Samples are from the Bükkium (innermost Western Carpathians, Hungary) that underwent Alpine metamorphism, ranging from late diagenesis to epizone for pelites and from prehnite-pumpellyite to greenschist facies for the metabasites.Although bulk-rock compositions, textures and primary minerals are different, chlorite evolved at similar rates in coeval metabasites and metasediments, but along different paths. The principal similarities in the prograde sequence are a decrease in the percentage of interstratified material in both dioctahedral and trioctahedral phyllosilicates and increase in thicknesses of chlorite and illite crystallites. The principal difference is in the type of interstratification in chlorite, with berthierine in metapelites, and smectite (saponite) in metabasites, although smectitic mixed layers also occur in the former. The evolution of trioctahedral phyllosilicates is marked by a decrease in the number of mineral species with increasing grade, chlorite, sensu stricto, being the only trioctahedral mineral at higher grades. This is consistent with the trend in reaction progress where both metastable systems (metabasites and metapelites) tend toward the same end-member, thermodynamically stable chlorite, as well as texture (crystal size), and where all intermediate states are metastable, and determined by the Ostwald step rule.
Diagenesis of Dioctahedral and Trioctahedral Smectites from Alternating Beds in Miocene to Pleistocene Rocks of the Niigata Basin, Japan
Authors: Son Byeong-Kook , Yoshimura Takahisa , Fukasawa Hikaru 
Published: June 2006

AbstractClay mineral diagenesis in the Niigata basin is documented by mineralogical and chemical analysis of clay minerals from cuttings from the Shinkumoide SK-1D (SSK-1D) well which is characterized by alternating beds containing dioctahedral and trioctahedral smectite minerals with increasing depth. Dioctahedral smectite shows a progressive increase in illite interstratification with increasing depth. The transition of dioctahedral smectite to interstratified illite-smectite (I-S) is supported chemically by an increase in K and Al and a decrease in Si with increasing depth. In contrast, trioctahedral smectite (saponite) reacts to form a 1:1 interstratified chlorite-smectite (C-S) with increasing burial depth and temperature. Considering the geology and the occurrence of smectite, the SSK-1D smectites probably altered diagenetically from two different parent materials: dioctahedral smectite is derived from clastic sediments and transforms to interstratified illite-smectite, whereas trioctahedral smectite is derived from andesitic pyroclastic rocks and transforms to interstratified chlorite-smectite.The C-S occurs at the same depth of ~3200 m as the conversion of randomly interstratified (R = 0) I-S to (R = 1) I-S. Furthermore, the depth is compatible with a Tmax temperature of 430-435°C, which indicates the starting temperature for oil generation from organic matter. The temperature of the conversion of (R = 0) I-S to (R = 1) I-S and the start of corrensite formation is estimated at 110-120°C based on the time-temperature model suggested by others. The clay-mineral diagenesis in the SSK-1D further suggests that I-S and C-S can act as geothermometers in clastic and pyroclastic sediments provided that the effect of time is considered.
Hydroxyl-Stretching Bands in Curve-Fitted Micro-Raman, Photoacoustic and Transmission Infrared Spectra of Dickite from St. Claire, Pennsylvania
Authors: Shoval S. , Yariv S. , Michaelian K. H. , Boudeulle M. , Panczer G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe OH-stretching region in curve-fitted micro-Raman, photoacoustic and transmission IR spectra of St. Claire dickite was investigated. Polarized Raman spectra recorded from th. (001) an. (010) faces of the dickite crystal displayed six prominent OH bands. The relative intensities depend strongly on both the orientation of the crystallographic axes and the direction of the electric vector of the laser beam. Four out-of-plane vibrations, AA, Az, CA and Cz, at ~3710, 3706, 3654 and 3643 cm-1 respectively, predominate when the electric vector is perpendicular to the dickite plates. Two in-plane vibrations, Dz and DA at 3627 and 3623 cm-1, intensify when the electric vector is parallel to the plane. The relationship between band intensity and crystal orientation was interpreted in terms of longitudinal optic (LO) and transverse optic (TO) crystal vibration modes. These LO and TO crystal modes were also observed in curve-fitted photoacoustic and transmission IR spectra of coarse, non-oriented crystals of the dickite.
Mineralogy, Geochemistry and Utilization Study of the Madayi Kaolin Deposit, North Kerala, India
Authors: Manju C. S. , Narayanan Nair V. , Lalithambika M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Madayi clay deposit consists of a thick sequence of residual white kaolinitic clay underlying the sedimentary Warkallai Formation, which includes gray carbonaceous kaolinitic clays, lignite, ferruginous kaolinitic clays, laterite and bauxite with ferricretes. The conditions of clay genesis and the economic significance of the major residual kaolin seam have been investigated. The raw clay and <2 μm fractions were subjected to X-ray diffraction (XRD), chemical analysis, differential thermal analysis (DTA), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) studies. The firing behavior of the <45 μm fraction of the major residual clay sequence (L), was investigated systematically to determine the potential industrial use of this kaolin.Geochemical and morphological studies of different strata indicate the following conditions for clay formation. (1) intense lateritized weathering conditions for kaolinization of the residual white clay from parent quartzo-felspathic mica-gneiss. (2) reducing environment for the gray carbonaceous layers; an. (3) oxidizing environment for the uppermost hematite-rich ferruginous clay. Pyrite/marcasite enriched detrital gray carbonaceous clay shows two distinct environments forin situkaolinite crystallization. (1) within plant fossils influenced by the high organic content and FeS2leaching; and (2) precipitation from solution.Incomplete kaolinization of white residual clay is evident from the presence of pyrophyllite, muscovite with lenticular cleavage void and a lower percentage of fines (<2 μm). The plant fossils from the uppermost portion of residual clay show pyrite mineralization. The Hinckley Index, FTIR and rare earth analysis point towards diverse geochemical environments of deposition and technological evaluation indicates its suitability for application in the ceramics industry.
Proteinase-mediated cell signalling: targeting proteinase-activated receptors (PARs) by kallikreins and more
Authors: Oikonomopoulou Katerina , Hansen Kristina K. , Saifeddine Mahmoud , Vergnolle Nathalie , Tea Illa , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Hollenberg Morley D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSerine proteinases, like trypsin, can play a hormone-like role by triggering signal transduction pathways in target cells. In many respects these hormone-like actions of proteinases can now be understood in terms of the pharmacodynamics of the G protein-coupled ‘receptor’ responsible for the cellular actions of thrombin (proteinase-activated receptor-1, or PAR1). PAR1, like the other three members of this receptor family (PAR2, PAR3and PAR4), has a unique mechanism of activation involving the proteolytic unmasking of an N-terminally tethered sequence that can activate the receptor. The selective activation of each PAR by short synthetic peptides representing these sequences has demonstrated that PAR1, PAR2and PAR4play important roles in regulating physiological responses ranging from vasoregulation and cell growth to inflammation and nociception. We hypothesise that the tissue kallikreins may regulate signal transduction via the PARs. Although PARs can account for many of their biological actions, kallikreins may also cause effects by mechanisms not involving the PARs. For instance, trypsin activates the insulin receptor and thrombin can act via a mechanism involving its non-catalytic domains. Based on the data we summarise, we propose that the kallikreins, like thrombin and trypsin, must now be considered as important ‘hormonal’ regulators of tissue function.
Human kallikrein 4: enzymatic activity, inhibition, and degradation of extracellular matrix proteins
Authors: Obiezu Chistina V. , Michael Iacovos P. , Levesque Michael A. , Diamandis Eleftherios P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHuman kallikrein 4 (hK4) is a member of the expanded family of human kallikreins, a group of 15 secreted proteases. While this protein has been associated with ovarian and prostate cancer prognosis, only limited functional information exists. Therefore, we have undertaken an investigation of its enzymatic properties regarding substrate preference, degradation of extracellular matrix proteins, and its inhibition by various inhibitors. We successfully expressed and purified active recombinant hK4 from supernatants of thePichia pastorisexpression system. This enzyme seems to cleave more efficiently after Arg compared to Lys at the P1 position and exhibits modest specificity for amino acids at positions P2 and P3. hK4 forms complexes with α1-antitrypsin, α2-antiplasmin and α2-macroglobulin. The protease mediates limited degradation of extracellular matrix proteins such as collagen I and IV, and more efficient degradation of the α-chain of fibrinogen. The cleavage of extracellular matrix proteins by hK4 suggests that this enzyme may play a role in tissue remodeling and cancer metastasis.
mRNA expression analysis of human kallikrein 11 (KLK11) may be useful in the discrimination of benign prostatic hyperplasia from prostate cancer after needle prostate biopsy
Authors: Scorilas Andreas , Gregorakis Alkiviades K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractKallikrein 11 (KLK11,TLSP, hippostatin) is a member of the human kallikrein gene family, which includes PSA,KLK2and 12 other members, all localized on chromosome 19q13.4. The aim of this study was to investigate whetherKLK11expression could be used to discriminate prostate cancer (CaP) from benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in needle prostate biopsies. We analyzed the expression of the prostate-type variant of theKLK11gene in 64 CaP and BPH tissues obtained by transrectal ultrasound-guided needle biopsy. Reverse transcription (RT), PCR and image analysis methodologies were developed and used. Of the 42 BPH tissues examined, only 10 (23.8%) were positive for prostate-typeKLK11expression, while of the 22 CaP patients, 12 (54.5%) wereKLK11-positive (p=0.025). Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses demonstrated thatKLK11expression has a significant discriminatory value (crude odds ratio=3.84,p=0.016; area under the curve, 0.65, 95% CI 0.51–0.80) between CaP and BPH in needle prostate biopsies.
Overexpression of the human tissue kallikrein genes KLK4, 5, 6, and 7 increases the malignant phenotype of ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Prezas Panagiotis , Arlt Matthias J.E. , Viktorov Petar , Soosaipillai Antoninus , Holzscheiter Leon , Schmitt Manfred , Talieri Maroulio , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Krüger Achim , Magdolen Viktor 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe human tissue kallikrein family of serine proteases (hK1–hK15 encoded by the genesKLK1–KLK15) is involved in several cancer-related processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that certain tissue kallikreins are part of an enzymatic cascade pathway that is activated in ovarian cancer and other malignant diseases. In the present study, OV-MZ-6 ovarian cancer cells were stably co-transfected with plasmids expressing hK4, hK5, hK6, and hK7. These cells displayed similar proliferative capacity as the vector-transfected control cells (which do not express any of the four tissue kallikreins), but showed significantly increased invasive behavior in anin vitroMatrigel invasion assay (p<0.01; Mann-Whitney U-test). Forin vivoanalysis, the cancer cells were inoculated into the peritoneum of nude mice. Simultaneous expression of hK4, hK5, hK6, and hK7 resulted in a remarkable 92% mean increase in tumor burden compared to the vector-control cell line. Five out of 14 mice in the ‘tissue kallikrein overexpressing’ group displayed a tumor/situs ratio greater than 0.198, while this weight limit was not exceeded at all in the vector control group consisting of 13 mice (p=0.017; χ2test). Our results strongly support the view that tumor-associated overexpression of tissue kallikreins contributes to ovarian cancer progression.
Perchlorate Accumulation and Potential Exposure from Durum Wheat Irrigated with Colorado River Water
Authors: Sanchez CA , Krieger RI , Valentin-Blasini L , Blount BC , Khandaker NR 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The Colorado River is contaminated with low levels of perchlorate derived from aerospace-and defense-related fuel industries once located near the Las Vegas Wash. At sufficiently high doses, perchlorate can disrupt thyroid function by inhibiting uptake of iodide. Researchers have reported on the presence of perchlorate in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown in the lower Colorado River region. Recent work has demonstrated the potential for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to accumulate perchlorate when irrigated with perchlorate contaminated irrigation water in Texas. Over 45 000 ha of durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) are irrigated with Colorado River water in Arizona and California for the national and international pasta industries. Studies were conducted to determine perchlorate accumulation of wheat irrigated with Colorado River water. Perchlorate did accumulate in the above-ground plant components (982 to 3924 µg/kg dry weight (dw)) and roots (96 to 650 µg/kg dw) of immature durum wheat. For mature wheat, concentrations were greater in the stalk (490 µg/kg dw) compared to the spike (80 µ/kg dw). Most of the detectable perchlorate in the spike was in the rachis (125 µ/kg dw) and glumes (236 µ/kg dw). A majority of grain samples collected had perchlorate concentrations below levels of quantification by ion chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (IC/MS/MS) (25&lt;25 µg/kg dw. These results indicate potential exposure from the consumption of pasta products derived from durum wheat irrigated with Colorado River water are low relative to the reference dose adopted by USEPA.
Probing the Elastic-Plastic, Time-Dependent Stress Response of Test Fasteners Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Renauld ML , Lien H , Wilkening WW 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The evolution of global and local stress/strain conditions in test fasteners under test conditions is investigated using elastic-plastic, time-dependent finite element analyses (FEA). For elastic-plastic response, tensile data from multiple specimens, material heats and test temperatures are integrated into a single, normalized flow curve from which temperature dependency is extracted. A primary creep model is calibrated with specimen- and fastener-based thermal relaxation data generated under a range of times, temperatures, stress levels, and environments. These material inputs are used in analytical simulations of experimental test conditions for several types of fasteners. These fastener models are constructed with automated routines and contact conditions prescribed at all potentially mating surfaces. Thermal or mechanical room temperature preloading, as appropriate for a given fastener, is followed by a temperature ramp and a dwell time at constant temperature. While the amount of thermal stress relaxation is limited for the conditions modeled, local stress states are highly dependent upon geometry (thread root radius, for example), preloading history and thermal expansion differences between the test fastener and test fixture. Benefits of this FE approach over an elastic methodology for stress calculation will be illustrated with correlations of stress corrosion cracking (SCC) initiation time and crack orientations in stress concentrations.
Mechanistic Studies of High-Temperature Crack Initiation in Single Crystal Materials
Authors: Busso EP , O'Dowd NP , Nikbin K 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this work, the results of mechanistic studies of surface crack initiation due to the coalescence of microcracks from casting defects are presented. Two approaches are considered; namely, a continuum damage (CD) one and another where a microvoid is explicitly introduced in the vicinity of a notch. In both cases, a rate-dependent crystallographic theory is relied upon to describe the visco-plastic behavior of the single crystal. The numerical studies are conducted on a notched compact tension (CT) specimen with and without a single casting defect, idealized as a cylindrical void close to the notch surface. CD predictions of the formation of surface cracks under constant far-field loading, linked to the nucleation and coalescence of microcracks from internal porosities, are obtained from a recently proposed mechanistic anisotropic void growth model. In the explicit-void modeling approach, the time to crack initiation under constant load has been predicted using a strain-based failure criterion. Finite element analysis of the CT specimen revealed that, due to the strong localization of inelastic strain at the void, a microcrack will initiate in the vicinity of the void rather than at the notch surface. The numerical results have also shown that the time to crack initiation depends strongly on the applied load level and the void location. These results and those obtained from the CD predictions are compared and discussed. The applicability of a failure assessment approach, based on the linear elastic stress intensity factor to predict the crack initiation time under creep loading, is also considered.
Can Habitat Alteration and Spring Angling Explain Largemouth Bass Nest Success?
Authors: Wagner Tyler , Jubar Aaron K. , Bremigan Mary T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLargemouth bass Micropterus salmoides nest in shallow littoral areas, making them vulnerable to negative effects of habitat alteration due to development of lake shorelines and fishing during the spring nesting period. For instance, alteration of shorelines may reduce the quality and abundance of nesting habitat, and the high visibility of nests and the aggressive guarding behavior of nesting males increase their vulnerability to fishing. In 2004, we monitored nest distribution and success and quantified local nest habitat features, lakewide angler effort, and lakeshore development patterns in five Michigan lakes to determine the extent to which habitat alteration and fishing limit the number of nests that produce swim‐up fry. Lakes spanned a range of lakeshore dwelling densities (8–22 dwellings/km), allowing us to determine the extent to which nest success varies within and among lakes due to local (e.g., substrate and cover) and lakewide (e.g., dwellings/km and fishing effort) factors. Surprisingly, local habitat characteristics were not important determinants of the probability that a nest would produce swim‐up fry (P > 0.05). At the whole‐lake scale, however, nest success was negatively related to dwelling density; the probability of producing swim‐up fry declined from 0.77 in the lake with the lowest dwelling density to 0.45 in the lake with the highest dwelling density (P = 0.018). Lakewide estimates of angling effort could not explain the difference among lakes, indicating the likely importance of quantifying angling at finer spatial scales. Knowledge of the magnitude of anthropogenic effects and the spatial scale at which they operate is integral for the management of black bass Micropterus spp.
Promoting Physical Activity in a Low-Income Multiethnic District: Effects of a Community Intervention Study to Reduce Risk Factors for Type 2 Diabetes and Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Jenum Anne Karen , Anderssen Sigmund A. , Birkeland Kåre I. , Holme Ingar , Graff-Iversen Sidsel , Lorentzen Catherine , Ommundsen Yngvar , Raastad Truls , Ødegaard Ann Kristin , Bahr Roald 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVE—The aim was to assess the net effects on risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease of a community-based 3-year intervention to increase physical activity.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A pseudo-experimental cohort design was used to compare changes in risk factors from an intervention and a control district with similar socioeconomic status in Oslo, Norway, using a baseline investigation of 2,950 30- to 67-year-old participants and a follow-up investigation of 1,776 (67% of those eligible, 56% women, 18% non-Western immigrants) participants. A set of theory-based activities to promote physical activity were implemented and tailored toward groups with different psychosocial readiness for change. All results reported are net changes (the difference between changes in the intervention and control districts). At both surveys, the nonfasting serum levels of lipids and glucose were adjusted for time since last meal.RESULTS—The increase in physical activity measured by two self-reported questionnaires was 9.5% (P = 0.008) and 8.1% (P = 0.02), respectively. The proportion who increased their body mass was 14.2% lower in the intervention district (P &lt; 0.001), implying a 50% relative reduction compared with the control district, and was lower across subgroups. Beneficial effects were seen for triglyceride levels (0.16 mmol/l [95% CI 0.06–0.25], P = 0.002), cholesterol–to–HDL cholesterol ratio (0.12 [0.03–0.20], P = 0.007), systolic blood pressure (3.6 mmHg [2.2–4.8], P &lt; 0.001), and for men also in glucose levels (0.35 mmol/l [0.03–0.67], P = 0.03). The net proportion who were quitting smoking was 2.9% (0.1–5.7, P = 0.043).CONCLUSIONS—Through a theory-driven, low-cost, population-based intervention program, we observed an increase in physical activity levels, reduced weight gain, and beneficial changes in other risk factors for type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease.