bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Celebration of Another Nation?: Australia's Bicentenary in Britain
Authors: Crawford Robert 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHistorians and contemporary critics have generally taken a dim view of Australia's Bicentennial celebrations in 1988, labelling them a wasted opportunity to redress the nation's previous wrongs. While these claims certainly have a point, they have nevertheless tended to adopt a simplified image of the Bicentenary and its significance. This article re‐visits the Bicentenary by undertaking a more nuanced reading of the events and discourse surrounding the celebrations and commemorations by different groups in the United Kingdom during 1987 and 1988. These Bicentennial events were more than mere celebrations; they were an opportunity for both Britons and Australians to reflect on their history, their place in the world, and their sense of identity. By examining the different meanings associated with the Bicentenary, this article will suggest that the Bicentennial events provided an important opportunity for reflection that also revealed the state of Australian nationhood in the post‐imperial age.
The Effects of Probiotics on PPI‐Triple Therapy for Helicobacter pylori Eradication
Authors: Kim Mi Na , Kim Nayoung , Lee Sang Hyup , Park Young Soo , Hwang Jin‐Hyeok , Kim Jin‐Wook , Jeong Sook‐Hyang , Lee Dong Ho , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground: This study was performed to evaluate whether the addition of probiotics to proton pump inhibitor (PPI)‐based triple therapy increases the likelihood of successful Helicobacter pylori eradication.Materials and Methods: Three hundred and forty‐seven H. pylori‐infected patients were randomized into a triple‐plus‐yogurt group (yogurt group, n = 168) or a triple‐only group (control group, n = 179). Triple therapy consisted of PPI b.i.d., clarithromycin 500 mg b.i.d., and amoxicillin 1 g b.i.d. for 7 days. Yogurt group received triple therapy for 1 week and one bottle of Will yogurt per day for at 3 weeks, starting on the first day of triple therapy. Will yogurt (a Korean brand) contains Lactobacillus acidophilus HY2177, Lactobacillus casei HY2743, Bifidobacterium longum HY8001, and Streptococcus thermophilus B‐1. 13C‐urea breath test was performed at least 4 weeks after completion of triple therapy. Eradication rates, compliances, and adverse events were compared.Results: By intention‐to treat analysis the H. pylori eradication rates in the yogurt group 79.2% (133 of 168) was similar to that in the control group 72.1% (129 of 179) (p = .124). However, by per‐protocol (PP) analysis, the eradication rate in the yogurt group, 87.5% (133 of 152) was higher than that in the control group, 78.7% (129 of 164) (p = .037). Common adverse events were metallic taste (11.8%) and diarrhea (8.6%). The frequency of adverse effects in the yogurt group 41.1% (69/168) were higher than in the control group, 26.3% (47 of 179) (p = .003). However, most adverse events were mild to moderate in intensity, and the severities of adverse effects were similar in both groups (p = .401).Conclusions: The addition of Will yogurt to triple therapy did not reduce the side‐effects of triple therapy. But it increased the H. pylori eradication rate by PP analysis, encouraging more research in this field.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Atrophic Gastritis and Intestinal Metaplasia in a Korean Population Without Significant Gastroduodenal Disease
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Park Young Soo , Cho Sung‐Il , Lee Hye Seung , Choe Gheeyoung , Kim In Wook , Won Yoo‐Deok , Park Ji Hyun , Kim Joo Sung , Jung Hyun Chae , Song In Sung 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground and Aim: The prevalence of gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori infection is unacceptably high in Korea. This study was performed to evaluate the prevalence of atrophic gastritis (AG) and intestinal metaplasia (IM) and to identify their risk factors with respect to H. pylori virulence factors, and environmental and host factors, in Korean population without significant gastroduodenal disease.Methods: The study cohort consisted of 389 subjects (≥ 16 years). AG and IM were scored histologically using the Sydney classification in the antrum and body, respectively. Prevalences and bacterial factors (i.e. cagA, vacA m1, and oipA), environmental factors (i.e. smoking and alcohol), and host factors (i.e. genetic polymorphisms of IL‐1B‐511, IL‐1RN, TNF‐A‐308, IL‐10‐592, IL‐10‐819, IL‐10‐1082, IL‐8‐251, IL‐6‐572, GSTP1, p53 codon 72, and ALDH2) were evaluated.Results: Prevalences of AG in the antrum and body were 42.5% and 20.1%, and those of IM were 28.6% and 21.2%, respectively. The presences of AG and IM were significantly higher in H. pylori‐positive than in the H. pylori‐negative subjects. Multivariate analysis showed that the risk factors for AG were H. pylori infection, age ≥ 61 years, and cagA and vacA m1 positivity. For IM the risk factors were H. pylori infection, age ≥ 61 years, a smoking history (rather than current smoking), strong spicy food, occupation (unemployed or nonprofessional vs. professional), and the presence of IL10‐592 C/A as opposed to A/A. In addition, IL6‐572 G carrier was found to have a protective effect against IM development as compared with C/C.Conclusion: H. pylori infection was most important risk factor of AG and IM. Bacterial factors were found to be important risk factor for AG but environmental and host factors were more important for IM.
High Prevalence of Cag‐A Positive H. pylori Strains in Ischemic Stroke: A Primary Care Multicenter Study
Authors: De Bastiani Rudy , Gabrielli Maurizio , Ubaldi Enzo , Benedetto Edoardo , Sanna Guido , Cottone Carmelo , Candelli Marcello , Zocco Maria Assunta , Saulnier Nathalie , Santoliquido Angelo , Papaleo Pierangelo , Gasbarrini Giovanni , Gasbarrini Antonio 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground: Previous studies suggested an association between CagA‐positive H. pylori strains and ischemic stroke. The aim of the present study was to assess the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and CagA status in patients with atherosclerotic stroke in the primary care setting.Materials and methods: A total of 106 consecutive patients (age 76.6 ± 8 years; males 52%) with well‐documented history of atherosclerotic stroke and 106 sex–age‐ (age 76.5 ± 9 years; males 52%) and social background‐matched controls without relevant vascular diseases. Risk factors for ischemic stroke were recorded in all subjects. H. pylori infection was assessed by[13]C‐urea breath test. A serologic assay for specific IgG against CagA was performed in infected subjects.Results: A trend toward a higher prevalence of H. pylori was observed in cases (63%) with respect to controls (54%) without reaching a statistical significance. CagA positivity was associated to a higher risk of atherosclerotic stroke (adjusted odds ratio 2.69, 95% confidence interval 1.37–5.30).Conclusions: Our findings suggest that CagA‐positive strains of H. pylori are significantly associated to atherosclerotic stroke. This is not a merely confirmative study since it has been performed for the first time in the primary care setting and included only subjects with an active infection.
Naturally Occurring Regulatory T cells (CD4+, CD25high, FOXP3+) in the Antrum and Cardia are Associated with Higher H. pylori Colonization and Increased Gene Expression of TGF‐β1
Authors: Kandulski Arne , Wex Thomas , Kuester Doerthe , Peitz Ulrich , Gebert Ingrid , Roessner Albert , Malfertheiner Peter 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBackground: Helicobacter pylori causes gastric inflammation. Despite the induction of H. pylori‐specific B‐ and T cells, the immune response is not sufficient to clear the infection. Regulatory T cells (Treg cells) suppress the activation and proliferation of antigen‐specific T cells and mediate immunologic tolerance. FOXP3 was shown to be expressed in a subset of Treg cells known as ‘naturally occurring Treg cells’. These cells have not been sufficiently studied in context to H. pylori‐induced inflammation in human gastric mucosa.Materials and methods: The study included 76 patients stratified according to the presence of H. pylori. Gene expression levels of FOXP3, transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1, and interleukin‐10 were analyzed by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction in biopsies from gastric antrum, corpus, and cardia. FOXP3 expression was also analyzed by immunohistochemistry. Differences in expression levels were analyzed by comprehensive statistical analyses and correlated with clinical and histomorphologic parameters.Results: H. pylori‐positive patients revealed a 19‐ to 25‐fold induction of FOXP3 transcript levels in antrum and cardia (p < .02). FOXP3 transcript levels correlated positively with inflammation (p < .04) and TGF‐β1 transcript levels (p < .001). Furthermore, a positive correlation between FOXP3+ Treg cells and H. pylori colonization was demonstrated.Conclusion: This study demonstrates that H. pylori‐induced gastritis is associated with a recruitment of naturally occurring FOXP3+ Treg cells that correlates with the degree of bacterial colonization and mucosal TGF‐β1 expression. Together, these data support the hypothesis that naturally FOXP3+ Treg cells play a role in the lifelong persistence of H. pylori infection in humans.
Ambient Air Pollution and Daily Emergency Department Visits for Headache in Ottawa, Canada
Authors: Szyszkowicz Mieczyslaw 
Published: July 2008

Background.—No extensive studies exist on the relation between ambient air pollution and health outcomes such as migraine or headache. From other side, existing publications indicated that air pollutants can trigger migraine or headache.Objective.—To examine associations between emergency department (ED) visits for headache and environmental conditions: ambient air pollution concentrations adjusted for weather factors (atmospheric pressure, temperature, and relative humidity).Design and Methods.—This is a time‐series study of 8012 ED visits for headache (International Classification for Diseases ninth revision: 784) recorded at an Ottawa hospital between 1992 and 2000. The generalized linear mixed models technique is used to model relation between daily counts of ED visits for headache and ambient air pollutants (gases: sulphur dioxide [SO2], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], carbon monoxide [CO]). The counts of visits for all patients, male and female patients, are analyzed separately.Results.—The percentage increase in daily ED visits for headache was 4.2% (95% CI: 0.2, 6.4) and 4.9% (95% CI: 1.2, 8.8) for 1‐day and 2‐day lagged exposure to SO2for an increase in the interquartile range (IQR, IQR = 3.9 ppb). The positive statistically significant associations were also observed for exposure to NO2and CO for all and male ED visits for headache.Conclusions.—Presented findings provide support for the hypothesis that ED visits for headache are related to ambient air pollution.
Past, Present, and Future Prospects of Medication‐Overuse Headache Classification
Authors: Ferrari Anna , Coccia Ciro , Sternieri Emilio 
Published: July 2008

The 1988 classification by the International Headache Society (IHS) first defined drug‐induced headache as a specific disorder, belonging to secondary headaches, subtype 8.2 (headache induced by chronic substance use or exposure). In 2004 ICHD‐II, this definition was replaced by medication‐overuse headache (MOH). It was established that a definite diagnosis of MOH required the improvement of the disorder after cessation of medication overuse. The specific characteristics of the various subforms were also indicated. Later revisions have first eliminated these headache characteristics and then the diagnosis of probable MOH. The diagnosis of MOH has therefore become more useful to clinical aims. However, the last revision has eliminated the need to prove that the disorder is caused by drugs, that is, the headache improves after cessation of medication overuse. The classification of MOH as a secondary headache has therefore been modified, too. Clinical trials can consequently include in the same group patients with primary headache and drug overuse and patients with MOH.We therefore propose to continue to use the diagnosis of probable MOH to research aims. We also propose to modify the classification of MOH subforms according to the presence or absence of a dependence‐producing property of overused drugs. This will allow to better analyze the role of the various medications in inducing chronic headache and the outcomes of treatments.
Lack of Association of Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Polymorphisms and Migraine
Authors: Toriello María , Oterino Agustín , Pascual Julio , Castillo Jesús , Colás Rafael , Alonso‐Arranz Ana , Ruiz‐Alegría Carlos , Quintela Estrella , Montón Fernando , Ruiz‐Lavilla Nuria 
Published: July 2008

Objective.— The aim of this study was to evaluate if 2 functional endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) gene polymorphisms might be risk factors for migraine.Background.— Nitric oxide synthase promotes the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO). NO is a potent vasodilator and mediates several processes involved in migraine pathophysiology. Only one study has suggested an association with migraine with aura.Methods.— We performed a sex‐ and age‐matched case‐control study using 2 eNOS polymorphisms (rs1800779 and rs1799983), which are in linkage disequilibrium. Genotypes were obtained with allele‐specific probes in a real‐time polymerase chain reaction assay. Genotypic and allelic distributions were compared with χ2 method. We also estimated the reconstructed haplotypes and calculated ORs for individual haplotypes.Results.— A total of 337 migraine patients (188 with aura) and 341 healthy controls were recruited. We found no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles for either polymorphism among clinical subgroups. Neither rs1800779 nor rs1799983 polymorphisms increased the risk for suffering from migraine aura.Conclusions.— As others have previously reported, we failed to demonstrate genetic association of the eNOS gene with migraine.
Human herpes virus 6B: A possible role in epilepsy?
Authors: Theodore William H. , Epstein Leon , Gaillard William D. , Shinnar Shlomo , Wainwright Mark S. , Jacobson Steven 
Published: July 2008

SummaryHuman herpes virus 6 (HHV6) infection is nearly ubiquitous in childhood and may include central nervous system invasion. There are two variants, HHV6A and HHV6B. Usually asymptomatic, it is associated with the common, self‐limited childhood illness roseola infantum and rarely with more severe syndromes. In patients with immune compromise, subsequent reactivation of viral activity may lead to severe limbic encephalitis. HHV6 has been identified as a possible etiologic agent in multiple sclerosis, myocarditis, and encephalitis. A preponderance of evidence supports an association between HHV6 and febrile seizures. An ongoing multicenter study is investigating possible links between HHV6 infection, febrile status epilepticus, and development of mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS). Investigation of temporal lobectomy specimens showed evidence of active HHV6B but not HHV6A replication in hippocampal astrocytes in about two‐thirds of patients with MTS but not other causes of epilepsy. It has been suggested that HHV6B may cause “excitotoxicity” by interfering with astrocyte excitatory amino acid transport. Although conventional inflammatory changes are not found in most MTS specimens, inflammatory modulators may play a role in neuronal injury leading to MTS as well. If the link between early viral infection, complex or prolonged febrile seizures, and later development of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy is confirmed, new therapeutic approaches to a common intractable epilepsy syndrome may be possible.
NIRS‐measured oxy‐ and deoxyhemoglobin changes associated with EEG spike‐and‐wave discharges in children
Authors: Roche‐Labarbe Nadège , Zaaimi Boubker , Berquin Patrick , Nehlig Astrid , Grebe Reinhard , Wallois Fabrice 
Published: July 2008

SummaryPurpose: Absence epilepsy is characterized by 3‐Hz generalized spike‐and‐wave discharges (GSWD) on the electroencephalogram, associated with behavioral arrest. It may be severe, and even in childhood benign absence epilepsy cognitive delay is frequent, yet the metabolic/hemodynamic aspects of this kind of epilepsy have not been established. We aimed to determine if the GSWD were related to hemodynamic changes by using a new technique with high temporal resolution: near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS).Methods: NIRS is gaining acceptance as a technique particularly suitable for routine follow‐up in children, using the specific absorption properties of living tissues in the near infrared range to measure changes in the concentrations of oxy‐, deoxy‐ and total hemoglobin (HbO2, HHb, and HbT, respectively). We performed simultaneous electroencephalography (EEG) and left frontal NIRS recordings in six children with GSWD. We also tested if the discharges were related to changes in cardiac or respiratory rates.Results: GSWD were associated in the frontal area with an oxygenation (beginning 10 s before the GSWD) followed by strong deoxygenation, then oxygenation again with [HbT] increase, and a return to baseline. We did not identify any relationship between the onset of the GSWD and heart or respiratory rates.Discussion: Our results partially differ from previous studies on GSWD hemodynamic aspects (many of which described a simple deactivation), probably due to differences in temporal resolution and data processing. Simultaneous acquisition of EEG and NIRS can optimize the use of both techniques and help shed light on the mechanisms underlying spike‐and‐wave discharges.
Decision Making in Alcohol Dependence: Insensitivity to Future Consequences and Comorbid Disinhibitory Psychopathology
Authors: Cantrell Hope , Finn Peter R. , Rickert Martin E. , Lucas Jesolyn 
Published: July 2008

Background:  Alcohol dependence (AD) is often comorbid with other disinhibitory disorders that are characterized by poor decision making and evidenced by disadvantageous strategies on laboratory tasks such as the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT). In this study, a variant of the IGT is used to examine specific mechanisms that may account for poor decision making on the task in AD both with and without comorbid psychopathology.Methods:  The community sample (n = 428) included 134 young adult subjects with AD and a history of childhood conduct disorder (CCD), 129 with AD and no history of CCD, 60 with a history of CCD and no AD, and 105 controls. Lifetime histories of other disinhibitory problems (adult antisocial behavior, marijuana, and other drugs) and major depression also were assessed. A modified version of the IGT was used to estimate (i) insensitivity to future consequences (IFC), and (ii) preference for large versus small immediate reward decks (PLvS).Results:  Both AD and CCD were associated with greater IFC but not greater PLvS. Structural equation models (SEMs) indicated that IFC was associated with higher scores on a latent dimensional “disinhibitory disorders” factor representing the covariance among all lifetime measures of disinhibitory psychopathology, but was not directly related to any one disinhibitory disorder. SEMs also suggested that adult antisocial behavior was uniquely associated with a greater PLvS.Conclusions:  Disadvantageous decision making on the IGT in those with AD and related disinhibitory disorders may reflect an IFC that is common to the covariance among these disorders but not unique to any one disorder.
Inhibition of 5α‐Reduced Steroid Biosynthesis Impedes Acquisition of Ethanol Drinking in Male C57BL/6J Mice
Authors: Ford Matthew M. , Yoneyama Naomi , Strong Moriah N. , Fretwell Andrea , Tanchuck Michelle , Finn Deborah A. 
Published: July 2008

Background: Allopregnanolone (ALLO) is a physiologically relevant neurosteroid modulator of GABAAreceptors, and it exhibits a psychopharmacological profile that closely resembles the post‐ingestive effects of ethanol. The 5α‐reductase inhibitor finasteride (FIN), which inhibits biosynthesis of ALLO and structurally related neurosteroids, was previously demonstrated to reduce the maintenance of limited‐access ethanol consumption. The primary aim of the current work was to determine whether FIN would reduce the acquisition of drinking in ethanol‐naïve mice.Methods: Male C57BL/6J (B6) mice were acclimated to a reverse light/dark schedule, and were provided ad libitum access to chow and water. Following habituation to vehicle injections (VEH; 20% w/v β‐cyclodextrin; i.p.) administered 22‐hour prior to drinking sessions with water only, mice were divided into 3 treatment groups: vehicle control (VEH), 50 mg/kg FIN (FIN‐50), and 100 mg/kg FIN (FIN‐100). Twenty‐two hours after the first treatment, mice were permitted the inaugural 2‐hour limited access to a 10% v/v ethanol solution (10E) and water. The acquisition of 10E consumption and underlying drinking patterns were assessed during FIN treatment (7 days) and subsequent FIN withdrawal (13 days) phases.Results: FIN dose‐dependently blocked the acquisition of 10E drinking and prevented the development of ethanol preference, thereby suggesting that the GABAergic neurosteroids may be important in the establishment of stable drinking patterns. FIN‐elicited reductions in 10E intake were primarily attributable to selective and marked reductions in bout frequency, as no changes were observed in bout size, duration, or lick rates following FIN treatment. FIN‐treated mice continued to exhibit attenuated ethanol consumption after 2 weeks post‐treatment, despite a full recovery in brain ALLO levels. A second study confirmed the rightward and downward shift in the acquisition of ethanol intake following 7 daily FIN injections. While there were no significant group differences in brain ALLO levels following the seventh day of ethanol drinking, ALLO levels were decreased by 28% in the FIN‐50 group.Conclusions: Although the exact mechanism is unclear, FIN and other pharmacological interventions that modulate the GABAergic system may prove useful in curbing ethanol intake acquisition in at‐risk individuals.
Effects of CRF1‐Receptor and Opioid‐Receptor Antagonists on Dependence‐Induced Increases in Alcohol Drinking by Alcohol‐Preferring (P) Rats
Authors: Gilpin Nicholas W. , Richardson Heather N. , Koob George F. 
Published: July 2008

Background:  Selective breeding of rats over generations and induction of alcohol dependence via chronic vapor inhalation both enhance alcohol consumption in animal models. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dependence‐induced increases in alcohol consumption by P rats is sensitive to naltrexone, a general opioid receptor antagonist (but with highest affinity at the μ‐opioid receptor at low doses), and the recently characterized small molecule CRF1‐receptor antagonist MPZP (N,N‐bis(2‐methoxyethyl)‐3‐(4‐methoxy‐2‐methylphenyl)‐2,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidin‐7‐amine).Methods:  P rats (n = 20) were trained to respond for alcohol and water in a 2‐lever operant situation during daily 30‐minute sessions. P rats were then matched for alcohol intake and exposed to chronic intermittent alcohol vapor (n = 10) or ambient air (n = 10) for approximately 10 weeks. All rats were then administered MPZP and naltrexone in 2 separate and consecutive Latin‐square designs.Results:  MPZP attenuated dependence‐induced increases in alcohol intake by P rats while having no effect on alcohol consumption by nondependent controls. Conversely, operant alcohol responding was reduced similarly in dependent and nondependent P rats by naltrexone.Conclusions:  These results confirm a role for brain CRF1‐receptor systems in dependence‐induced changes in the reinforcing properties of alcohol, and CRF1‐receptor blockade appears to suppress dependence‐induced drinking at lower doses in P rats relative to other rat lines. Therefore, brain CRF1‐receptor systems are important in the regulation of dependence‐induced alcohol consumption, whereas brain opioid systems are important in the regulation of basal alcohol consumption by rats.