bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex‐specific variability and a ‘cage effect’ independently mask a neuropathic pain quantitative trait locus detected in a whole genome scan
Authors: Devor Marshall , Gilad Amit , Arbilly Michal , Nissenbaum Jonathan , Yakir Benjamin , Raber Pnina , Minert Anne , Pisanté Anne , Darvasi Ariel 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSex and environment may dramatically affect genetic studies, and thus should be carefully considered. Beginning with two inbred mouse strains with contrasting phenotype in the neuroma model of neuropathic pain (autotomy), we established a backcross population on which we conducted a genome‐wide scan. The backcross population was partially maintained in small social groups and partially in isolation. The genome scan detected one previously reported quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 15 (pain1), but no additional QTLs were found. Interestingly, group caging introduced phenotypic noise large enough to completely mask the genetic effect of the chromosome 15 QTL. The reason appears to be that group‐caging animals from the low‐autotomy strain together with animals from the high‐autotomy strain dramatically increases autotomy in the otherwise low‐autotomy mice (males or females). The converse, suppression of pain behaviour in the high‐autotomy strain when caged with the low‐autotomy strain was also observed, but only in females. Even in isolated mice, the genetic effect of the chromosome 15 QTL was significant only in females. To determine why, we evaluated autotomy levels of females in 12 different inbred stains of mice and compared them to previously reported levels for males. Strikingly larger environmental variation was observed in males than in females for this pain phenotype. The high baseline variance in males can explain the difficulty in detecting the genetic effect, which was readily seen in females. Our study emphasizes the importance of sex and environment in the genetic analysis of pain.
The temporal sequence of evoked and induced cortical responses to implied‐motion processing in human motion area V5/MT+
Authors: Fawcett Ian P. , Hillebrand Arjan , Singh Krish D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPrevious functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have demonstrated that the human visual motion area V5/MT+ is differentially activated by stimuli in which the presence of motion is implied by the content of static photographs, compared with similar static scenes in which no motion is implied. Here, using a group magnetoencephalography study, we confirm the role of V5/MT+ in the perception of implied motion (IM) by the measurement and localization of task‐related evoked and induced oscillatory responses, and demonstrate the temporal sequence of these responses. Within the lateral occipital complex, including V5/MT+, statistically significant differential oscillatory responses to IM and implied‐static (IS) stimuli were only found in the beta band (15–20 Hz). An early, evoked, beta power increase (IM > IS) occurred at about 150 ms, whilst a power decrease (IM < IS) occurred at approximately 700 ms. We additionally show that the difference between the early evoked beta responses for the IM and IS conditions only occurs when participants are able to ascertain whether an IM or IS photograph is expected. We therefore hypothesize that the enhanced early response represents covert priming of V5/MT+ for the arrival of a motion stimuli, whilst the late‐induced beta power increase for IS stimuli indicates suppression of activity within V5/MT+.
Effects of iron limitation on the expression of metabolic genes in the marine cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101
Authors: Shi Tuo , Sun Yi , Falkowski Paul G. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryIron deficiency in axenic cultures of Trichodesmium erythraeum IMS101 led to significant declines in both nitrogen fixation rates and photochemical energy conversion efficiency, accompanied by downregulation of genes encoding the major iron‐binding proteins, including psbA and psbE of photosystem II, psaA and psaC of photosystem I, petB and petC of the cytochrome b6f complex, and nifH. However, the iron‐starved cultures remained viable and expression of the metalloprotein genes was partially or fully restored within 3 days following the addition of iron. Both physiological and molecular responses revealed that expression and synthesis of the nitrogen fixation and photosynthetic machinery follow the hierarchy of iron demand; that is, nitrogen fixation was far more susceptible to iron limitation than photosynthesis. Consequently, the nifH transcript exhibited a 1–2  day shorter half‐life and two to three times faster degradation rate than that of the photosynthetic genes. Our results suggest that the changes in gene expression are related to the redox state in the shared photosynthetic/respiratory pathway which, when faced with short‐term iron deficiency, signals Trichodesmium to selectively sacrifice nitrogen fixation to conserve iron for photosynthetic and respiratory electron transport. The observed functional and compositional alterations represent the compromises in gene expression and acclimation capacity between two basic metabolic pathways competing for iron when it is limiting.
Exclusionary Reasons and the Explanation of Behaviour
Authors: SHINER ROGER A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract.Legal philosophy must consider the way in which laws function as reasons for action. “Simple positivism” considers laws as merely reasons in the balance of reasons. Joseph Raz, as a representative of “sophisticated positivism,” argues that laws are exclusionary reasons for action, not merely reasons in the balance of reasons. This paper discusses Raz's arguments for his view. The Functional Argument provides no more reason for positivism than against it. The Phenomenological Argument is best supported by an account of how character traits function in explaining behaviour. But then the distinction between exclusionary reasons and expressive reasons is obliterated. Legal positivism cannot absorb laws as expressive reasons for action. Raz's positivism implies the correctness of an anti‐positivistic legal theory.
Human Rights and Popular Sovereignty: The Liberal and Republican Versions*
Authors: HABERMAS JÜRGEN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPopular sovereignty and human rights are the modern pillars of legal legitimacy and political power. Liberal and republican thought, however, tend to interpret the two notions from different perspectives: either as moral principles, emphasizing the self‐legislation and autonomy of individuals, or as ethical values, stressing the self‐realization of the political community. Adhering to his theory of communicative action, the author brings the two principles together in a non‐competitive relation. Here the connection between popular sovereignty and human rights is given by the procedures of a discursive process of opinion‐ and will‐formation. Theoretically, the institutionalization of this process through law leads to a normative model of contemporary democracy, which is based on the substance of human rights as a formal condition for deliberative politics.**
Differential kinetic features by tumour topography in cutaneous small‐cell neuroendocrine (Merkel cell) carcinomas
Authors: Pozo L , Sanchez‐Carrillo JJ , Martinez A , Blanes A , Diaz‐Cano SJ 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground/Objectives  Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC) reveal epithelial and neuroendocrine differentiation, but its topographic cell kinetics remains unknown. This study analyses proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA ploidy by topography, features that can help planning therapeutic protocols. This study topographically analyses proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA ploidy.Methods  We selected 27 small‐cell MCCs (expressing one epithelial and two neural markers, with consistent ultrastructural findings) to evaluate mitotic figure counting, Ki‐67 index, apoptosis index based on the in situ end labelling of fragmented DNA (using Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I, Klenow fragment), DNA ploidy, and BCL2 and TP53 immuno‐expression. At least 50 high‐power fields were screened per topographic compartment (superficial or papillary dermis, and deep or reticular dermis), recording average and standard deviation for each variable. Variables were statistically compared in each tumour compartment using analysis of variance and Student's t‐test (significant if P < 0.05).Results  MCCs revealed superficial aneuploid DNA content, and no topographic differences for proliferation markers. Apoptosis showed significantly lower values in the deep compartment (average, P = 0.0050, and standard deviation, P = 0.0074), correlating with increased BCL2 and TP53 immuno‐expressions.Conclusions  High homogeneously distributed proliferation and superficial aneuploid DNA content defines MCCs. Apoptosis follows proliferation in superficial compartments, being less variable and proliferation independent in deep compartments, where it is inversely correlated with BCL2/TP53 expression.
Tumor necrosis factor receptor‐1‐induced neuronal death by TRADD contributes to the pathogenesis of Japanese encephalitis
Authors: Swarup Vivek , Das Sulagna , Ghosh Soumya , Basu Anirban 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhile a number of studies have documented the neurotropism of Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), little is known regarding the molecular mechanism of neuronal death following viral infection. The tumor necrosis factor receptor (TNFR)‐associated death domain (TRADD) has been suggested to be the crucial signal adaptor that mediates all intracellular responses from TNFR‐1. Using mouse (Neuro2a) and human (SK‐N‐SH) neuroblastoma cell lines, we have shown that the altered expression of TNFR‐1 and TRADD following JEV infection regulates the downstream apoptotic cascades. Activation of TRADD led to mitochondria‐mediated neuronal apoptosis. As TRADD‐knockout animals or deficient cell lines are unavailable, it has been difficult to definitively address the physiological role of TRADD in diseases pathology following JEV infection. We circumvented this problem by silencing TRADD expression with small‐interfering RNA (siRNA) and have found that TRADD is required for TNFR‐1‐initiated neuronal apoptosis following in vitro infection with JEV. Interestingly, siRNA against TRADD also decreased the viral load in Neuro2a cells. Furthermore, siRNA against TRADD increased the survival of JEV‐infected mice by altering the expression of pro apoptotic versus antiapoptotic molecules. These studies show that the engagement of TNFR‐1 and TRADD following JEV infection plays a crucial role in neuronal apoptosis.
Strain differences in basal and post‐citalopram extracellular 5‐HT in the mouse medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus: relation with tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 activity
Authors: Calcagno E. , Canetta A. , Guzzetti S. , Cervo L. , Invernizzi R. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe used the microdialysis technique to compare basal extracellular serotonin (5‐HT) and the response to citalopram in different strains of mice with functionally different allelic forms of tryptophan hydroxylase‐2 (TPH‐2), the rate‐limiting enzyme in brain 5‐HT synthesis. DBA/2J, DBA/2N and BALB/c mice carrying the 1473G allele of TPH‐2 had less dialysate 5‐HT in the medial prefrontal cortex and dorsal hippocampus (DH) (20–40% reduction) than C57BL/6J and C57BL/6N mice carrying the 1473C allele. Extracellular 5‐HT estimated by the zero‐net flux method confirmed the result of conventional microdialysis. Citalopram, 1.25, 5 and 20 mg/kg, dose‐dependently raised extracellular 5‐HT in the medial prefrontal cortex of C57BL/6J mice, with maximum effect at 5 mg/kg, but had significantly less effect in DBA/2J and BALB/c mice and in the DH of DBA/2J mice. A tryptophan (TRP) load enhanced basal extracellular 5‐HT in the medial prefrontal cortex of DBA/2J mice but did not affect citalopram’s ability to raise cortical and hippocampal extracellular 5‐HT. The impairment of 5‐HT synthesis quite likely accounts for the reduction of basal 5‐HT and the citalopram‐induced rise in mice carrying the mutated enzyme. These findings might explain why DBA/2 and BALB/c mice do not respond to citalopram in the forced swimming test. Although TRP could be a useful strategy to improve the antidepressant effect of citalopram (Cervoet al.2005), particularly in subjects with low 5‐HT synthesis, the contribution of serotonergic and non‐serotonergic mechanisms to TRP’s effect remains to be elucidated.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in the western tarnished plant bug, Lygus hesperus Knight (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: SHRESTHA R. B. , PARAJULEE M. N. , PERERA O. P. , SCHEFFLER B. E. , DENSMORE L. D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA microsatellite‐enriched partial genomic DNA library of Lygus hesperus was generated and screened by sequencing. Ten polymorphic microsatellite marker loci were characterized by genotyping 92 insect samples. The observed number of alleles ranged from three to seven with an average of 4.5 (SE ± 0.45), while the effective number of alleles ranged from 1.21 to 3.02 with an average of 2.14 (SE ± 0.20). Significant deviations from Hardy–Weinberg expectations were detected at three loci. Significant linkage disequilibrium was also detected between the loci LhMS2‐54 and LhMS3‐32. Seven of the L. hesperus markers could be transferred to Lygus lineolaris.
Development and characterization of 12 microsatellite markers from the deep‐sea hydrothermal vent siboglinid Riftia pachyptila
Authors: FUSARO A. J. , BACO A. R. , GERLACH G. , SHANK T. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractEcological processes at deep‐sea hydrothermal vents on fast‐spreading mid‐ocean ridges are punctuated by frequent physical disturbance, often accompanied by a high occurrence of population turnover. To persist through local extinction events, sessile invertebrate species living in these geologically and chemically dynamic habitats depend on larval dispersal. We characterized 12 polymorphic microsatellite loci from one such species, the siboglinid tubeworm Riftia pachyptila. All loci conformed to Hardy–Weinberg expectations without linkage (mean HE = 0.9405, mean NA = 20.25). These microsatellites are being employed in the investigation of spatial and temporal population genetic structure in the eastern Pacific Ocean.
Retromolar Ridge in Edentulous Patients: Clinical Considerations
Authors: Pietrokovski Jaime , Kaffe Israel , Arensburg Baruch 
Published: August 2007

Purpose:
A removable denture base should cover the mandibular retromolar regions to provide proper basal seal and denture function in edentulous patients. The bony residual ridge form, attached muscles, and covering mucosa provide support, stability, and retention of the planned prosthesis. There is insufficient information regarding bone anatomy, mucosal tissues, and muscles in the retromolar region after tooth loss. The purpose of this study was to examine the tissue morphology in the mandibular retromolar area of edentulous subjects and report on the clinical inferences in prosthetic and implant dentistry.
Materials and Methods:
Specimens included 75 edentulous and eight dentate dry mandibles examined by macroscopic observations and linear measurements for size determinants in the left and right retromolar regions. Buccolingual histological sections of the mandibular retromolar region from seven edentulous subjects were also examined. The specimens were from the Department of Anatomy and Anthropology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University.
Results:
The specimens evaluated in this study revealed that a bony retromolar ridge can be large, with adjacent muscles attached several millimeters below its edentulous bone crest, or small, with muscles attached to the buccal and lingual bone crests. In all examined jaws, bony mylohyoid ridges (MR) and buccal shelves with affixed muscle fibers were present regardless of the remaining mandibular bone form and size.
Conclusions:
The mylohyoid muscles attached to MRs and the buccinator muscles affixed to buccal bony shelves are some of the barriers to the chronic but limited bone resorption, following tooth loss, time of edentulism, systemic factors, and denture wear.
Development of a new probe for specific and sensitive detection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’ in inoculated apple trees
Authors: Aldaghi M. , Massart S. , Roussel S. , Jijakli M.H. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new TaqMan minor groove binding (MGB) probe and new PCR conditions were designed for quick, specific and sensitive detection of ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma mali’. The new probe can distinguish a single mismatch between ‘Ca. P. mali’ and ‘Candidatus Phytoplasma prunorum’, this constituting an improvement over a previously published method. In our study, the relative position of the mismatch in the MGB probe influenced greatly the specificity of detection. Our new real‐time PCR protocol was able to detect one plasmid copy in water and 100 copies in healthy plant DNA extracts. The sensitivity of this new real‐time PCR method, three other real‐time PCR protocols and a conventional PCR with fU5/rU3 primers was compared. Periwinkles and MM106 rootstocks were grafted with infected material and surveyed over time by symptom observation, conventional PCR and real‐time PCR. Phytoplasma infection was detected by symptom observation in all periwinkles within 4 months and in 75% of the MM106 rootstocks by the end of 7 months. Conventional PCR detected phytoplasma infection in all periwinkles within 4 months and in all MM106 rootstocks within 7 months. Best results were obtained by our real‐time PCR, which detected phytoplasma infection in all grafted plants within 3 months after inoculation.
The Phenolic Diterpene Totarol Inhibits Multidrug Efflux Pump Activity in
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Smith Eileen C. J. , Kaatz Glenn W. , Seo Susan M. , Wareham Neale , Williamson Elizabeth M. , Gibbons Simon 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

The phenolic diterpene totarol had good antimicrobial activity against effluxing strains of
Staphylococcus aureus
. Subinhibitory concentrations reduced the MICs of selected antibiotics, suggesting that it may also be an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI). A totarol-resistant mutant that overexpressed
norA
was created to separate antimicrobial from efflux inhibitory activity. Totarol reduced ethidium efflux from this strain by 50% at 15 μM (1/4× MIC), and combination studies revealed marked reductions in ethidium MICs. These data suggest that totarol is a NorA EPI as well as an antistaphylococcal antimicrobial agent.
High-Throughput Screens for Small-Molecule Inhibitors ofPseudomonas aeruginosaBiofilm Development
Authors: Junker Lauren M. , Clardy Jon 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTPseudomonas aeruginosais both a model biofilm-forming organism and an opportunistic pathogen responsible for chronic lung infections in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and infections in burn patients, among other maladies. Here we describe the development of an efficient high-throughput screen to identify small-molecule modulators of biofilm formation. This screen has been run with 66,095 compounds to identify those that prevent biofilm formation without affecting planktonic bacterial growth. The screen is a luminescence-based attachment assay that has been validated with several strains ofP. aeruginosaand compared to a well-established but low-throughput crystal violet staining biofilm assay.P. aeruginosastrain PAO1 was selected for use in the screen both because it forms robust biofilms and because genetic information and tools are available for the organism. The attachment-inhibited mutant, strain PAO1 ΔfliC, was used as a screening-positive control. We have also developed and validated a complementary biofilm detachment assay that can be used as an alternative primary screen or secondary screen for the attachment screening-positive compounds. We have determined the potencies of 61 compounds against biofilm attachment and have identified 30 compounds that fall into different structural classes as biofilm attachment inhibitors with 50% effective concentrations of less than 20 μM. These small-molecule inhibitors could lead to the identification of their relevant biofilm targets or potential therapeutics forP. aeruginosainfections.
Seroincidence of Recent Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infections in China
Authors: Xiao Yao , Jiang Yan , Feng Jigang , Xu Wenyan , Wang Minjie , Funkhouser Ellen , Vermund Sten H. , Jia Yujiang 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
A subtype B, E, and D immunoglobulin G capture immunoassay shows promise as a tool for estimating human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroincidence from cross-sectional surveys, but the test-specific limitations suggest that an adjustment is necessary, and further validation of the assay with populations with divergent subtypes is needed.
Polymorphisms in
gyrA
and
gyrB
Genes among
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
Type I, II, and III Isolates
Authors: Castellanos E. , Aranaz A. , Romero B. , de Juan L. , Alvarez J. , Bezos J. , Rodríguez S. , Stevenson K. , Mateos A. , Domínguez L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The analysis of the
gyrA
and
gyrB
genes of a panel of
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
isolates from types I, II, and III detected type-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms. Based on these results, we developed a PCR and restriction enzyme analysis to discriminate type I and III isolates. The application of this technique would be the unique strategy to characterize these strains when there is not enough bacterial growth to perform pulsed-field gel electrophoresis and IS
900
restriction fragment length polymorphism.
Induction of Autophagy Does Not Affect Human Rhinovirus Type 2 Production
Authors: Brabec-Zaruba Marianne , Berka Ursula , Blaas Dieter , Fuchs Renate 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Induction of autophagy has been shown to be beneficial for the replication of poliovirus, a phenomenon that might also apply for other picornaviruses. We demonstrate that de novo synthesis of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2), an HRV of the minor receptor group, is unaffected by tamoxifen, rapamycin, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA), drugs either stimulating (tamoxifen and rapamycin) or inhibiting (3-MA) autophagic processes. Furthermore, LC3-positive vesicles (i.e., autophagosomes) are not induced upon infection. Therefore, multiplication of this particular picornavirus is not dependent on autophagy.