bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Les trois Europes - Populations et comportements macro-économiques
Authors: Fouet Monique 
Published: October 2008

Three different Europes: population and macro-economic behaviour
The convergence criteria that were defined in the Maastricht Treaty apply to macro-economic data. But these data depend upon political, social and economic specificities: they can hardly be described as a unique goal, regardless of time and space. Demanding that they reach the same magnitude in all thejx>untries that want to partake in the single currency in a few years time assumes that all these countries will by then have adopted a single social and economic frame.
Implicitely, this means that some countries will not be able to join EMU in 1 997 nor in 1999. It is impossible for them to identify at such an early period with the virtuous behaviour of those other countries whose virtue is based upon wealth. This is obviously the case for Greece and Portugal, possibly for Spain. Other countries such as Italy have already reached the necessary level of development, but on quite different social and economic structures. Symetrically , some countries that are not members of the the EC could abide by the Maastricht criteria either easily (Austria) or with some structural changes (Sweden). The present article deals with one of the roots of macro-economic behaviour: the population that behaves in a specific way. Indicators describing demography, rates of employment, living standards and so on clearly point to three different zones in Europe: north, south, and the DM zone as it was before the Berlin Wall fell. The Maastricht criteria somehow set as a goal the macro-economic behaviour of that DM zone, which has since started to experience enormous changes.
Les valeurs dans la Communauté européenne : l'érosion des extrémismes
Authors: Chauvel Louis 
Published: October 2008

Values in the European Community: the erosion of extremisms
In spite of the importance of the stakes, the dynamics of opinions, attitudes and values in Europe are not well-known. Collecting comparable data over a sufficiently long duration is the main difficulty to observe tangible evolutions. This was the motivation forsettingupthe European Values System Study Group, a group of researchers in the sociology of opinions, which has conducted two surveys, in 1981 and 1990, in nine European countries.
Even today, the diversity of values is quite apparent: Some countries are profoundly rooted in the Christianism and others are laicized, some countries have a strong moral rigour and others have permissivity as a principle, some countries put their hope in family, and others ignore this value...
It would thus seem that EC countries have not much in common. Nevertheless, under such an appearance of diversity that would suggest the national autonomy of the systems of values, an unity can be revealed. The dimensions that organise values are common to the whole Europe, because each nation has its modernists and its conservatives, its extremists and its moderates. Moreover, the choice of values in Europe is linked to the same socio-demographic variables: the link between nationality and the choice of value exists, but is is no stronger than the determination by the socio- demographic category.
At last, the evolutions over the last ten years reveal the orientation of Europe towards the pole of moderation. A common structure of values is apparently emerging in Europe. Nevertheless, along the axe that separates moderates and extremists, the differences amongst European nation remains important, and point to the specificity of the German population.
Protection sociale et intégration économique européenne
Authors: Cazes Sandrine 
Published: October 2008

Social Protection and European Economic Integration
In fhe future, the problems faced by the European schemes of social protection will become more acute: the ageing of the population and the growing health expenditures will place increased pressure on national schemes. At the same time, the completion of the single European market after 1992, could have implications for the conduct of social policy in member countries of the European Community (EC): for example, the impact of significant differences beetween social benefits on the movement of people and firms within the EC — countries with the least social protection would attract more businesses and, in the opposite direction, workers would tend to leave them. At a macro-economic level, these tendencies could make the difficulties of financing increasing social transfers more acute particulary in the currently most generous countries. As the future of European social protection depends crucially on those effects, a clear distinction of both constraints is needed for interpreting the « principle of subsidiarity » and for achieving a Social Europe.
Chronique des tendances de la société française et comparaisons internationales
Authors: Dirn Louis , Duboys Fresney Laurence , Benoît-Guilbot Odile , Chauvel Louis , Mendras Henri , Forsé Michel , Galland Olivier 
Published: October 2008

On trouvera dans cette chronique trois analyses comparatives internationales et deux présentations de tendances françaises :
• La nouvelle baisse de la nuptialité et de la fécondité en Europe met en évidence une convergence ; après une forte baisse entre 1960 et 1985, selon des modalités différentes dans chaque pays, les évolution sont maintenant parallèles.
• Le dernier ouvrage d'Emmanuel Todd sur les immigrés montre que le pourcentage d'enfants naissant de femmes étrangères et de père français ne cesse d'augmenter, quelle que soit la nationalité de ces femmes. La comparaison avec l'Allemagne, les États-Unis et le Royaume-Uni met en évidence l'originalité du modèle français.
• Les taux d'emploi, de chômage, d'inactivité et de scolarisation en Europe font apparaître deux modèles de régulation du marché du travail ; un modèle anglo-germanique où les jeunes sont rapidement intégrés au monde du travail, où les gens âgés n'ont pas connu de baisse de leur activité, et un modèle des pays du Sud, dont la France, où les jeunes prolongent durablement leurs études, et où les gens âgés quittent précocement leur emploi. Visiblement il y a différentes formes d'institutionnalisation des marchés du travail en Europe.
• Les cinq dernières années ont été décisives pour l'évolution du système d'enseignement technique en France, grâce à des élèves de plus en plus nombreux à passer un baccalauréat technique et à s'inscrire dans les IUT.
• Une enquête récente de l'INSERM fait le point sur le bien-être et le mal-être des adolescents : les facteurs sont plutôt psychologiques et affectifs chez les filles, et de nature sociale chez les garçons qui réagissent souvent avec plus d'agressivité.
Le mystère de la consommation perdue
Authors: Cadiou Loïc 
Published: October 2008

The Puzzle of lost Consumption
Loic Cadiou
The procyclical movement of the household savings rate has reinfor-
ced the slowdown of the French economy from 1990 to 1993. This
movement was both substantial and unexpected, since households' beha-
viour usually smoothes domestic demand fluctuations : households cut
back their savings in periods of slowdowns, which they then reconstitute
when recoveries take place.
This study shows that this change of attitude as regards consumption
and savings is very likely due to variations of the unemployment rate
which represent households' precautionary savings behaviour.
The importance of financial income during this period also seems to
have influenced the savings rate because it has a lower consumption
propensity than other incomes.
Finally, financial deregulation, which increased competition between
credit institutions, may partly explain the fall of the savings rate in
the 80's. However, this is not a strong result, since it is based on the
introduction of an ad hoc variable representative of deregulation. The
latter could have increased the significance of interest rates on house-
holds' savings behaviour.
Chronique des tendances de la société française
Authors: Dirn Louis , Chauvel Louis , Forsé Michel , Jaslin Jean-Pierre , Mendras Henri , Rivière Carole , Fournier Irène 
Published: October 2008

Cette chronique porte sur des transformations au sein de la population active, sur la scolarisation régionale en France et la religion en Europe occidentale :
• Naguère les pères de famille étaient « protégés » du chômage. Depuis cinq ans, ils ne le sont plus et il s'en suit une inquiétude qui pourrait avoir une influence sur le taux de natalité ou l'accession au logement.
• L'analyse des écarts de rémunération des salariés selon le secteur d'emploi montre que les fonctionnaires ont une position intermédiaire entre les salariés des entreprises privées et ceux des entreprises publiques, qui sont plus favorisés, même si les écarts sont faibles.
• La mobilité professionnelle croissante s'accompagne paradoxalement d'une proportion accrue d'actifs qui sont présents dans leur entreprise depuis plus de 15 ans. Cette dualisation entre une population plus mobile et une autre plus fixe est sans doute l'effet du risque de chômage.
• Le dernier bilan de la négociation professionnelle confirme que les accords nationaux sont les moteurs du système. A la base, les salariés ont le sentiment que tout changement les met à contribution sans être consultés.
• Au XIXe siècle, le Nord-Est de la France a été alphabétisé plus tôt que le reste du pays. Au XXe siècle, le Sud était plus scolarisé que le Nord. Aujourd'hui les disparités régionales s'estompent.
• Dans toute l'Europe occidentale la pratique religieuse a baissé. En revanche les institutions ecclésiales restent inchangées et sont très différentes d'un pays à l'autre. Quelle sera l'influence de la tendance sur les institutions ?
Chronique des tendances de la société française
Authors: Dirn Louis 
Published: October 2008

Dans cette chronique quatre questions sont posées :
• Le rapport entre chômage et mobilité sociale : quelle est aujourd'hui l'influence de l'origine sociale et du diplôme sur la probabilité de chômage ?
• L'accès au statut « cadre » n'a pas été uniforme à travers les générations,
• L' influence des réseaux sociaux sur le façon de vivre V après-divorce,
• L' évolution des pratiques de loisir et de culture des hommes et des femmes : les différences s' atténuent et la culture devient de plus en plus féminine.
La Production des céramiques protohistoriques de Shortugaï (Afghanistan). Etude pétrographique
Authors: Echallier J. C. 
Published: October 2008

L'étude pétrographique des céramiques communes provenant de l'établissement protohistorique de Shortugaï permet de montrer, par comparaison avec les ressources minéralogiques locales, que la majorité d'entre elles ont été fabriquées dans cette région. Les secteurs de production déterminés à partir des analyses ne paraissent pas se situer sur le site même. Ils seraient placés essentiellement à l'amont sur la rivière Kokcha ou, pour certains, sur le cours supérieur de l'Amou Daria.
L'apport de la civilisation harappéenne paraît s'être manifesté ici par une influence sur la typologie des vases afghans plus que par un commerce de matériel fabriqué dans la vallée de l'Indus, sur l'autre versant de l'Hindu Kush. Il semble, d'autre part, exister une permanence des centres de fabrication d'un niveau archéologique à l'autre.
Ceramic Production and its Implications for the Sociopolitical Organization of the Suse Phase Susiana
Authors: Berman Judith C. 
Published: October 2008

The 'complex chiefdom' concept is reconsidered and used to evaluate the archaeological evidence for the
sociopolitical organization of the Suse Phase Susiana Plain in southwestern Iran. Several lines of evidence, including a neutron activation analysis (NAA) study of 103 black-on-buff Suse Phase ceramics from various sites on the Susiana Plain, support the notion that the plain was organized as a complex chiefdom. While the NAA data present some methodological problems, ceramics from many of the smaller sites are chemically homogeneous. However, the considerable chemical variability in the 32 samples from the Susa Necropole suggests that the vessels were imported to Susa from settlements on the plain. The significance of these results in terms of sociopolitical organization and ceramic production are explored.
Environment, Chronology and Lower-Middle Paleolithic Occupations of the Azraq Basin, Jordan
Authors: Copeland Lorraine 
Published: October 2008

The Late Acheulean and Mousterian cultures of the Middle and early Late Pleistocene in the Azraq Basin
desert-steppe are discussed in their environmental context. The presence of perennial springs, the variety of African and Eurasian fauna they attracted, the edible plants and trees available, seem to have made these humans climatically tolerant and able to adapt to changing climates in a marginal area.
Neolithic Chipped Stone Technology at 'Ain Ghazal, Jordan : The Status of the PPNC Phase
Authors: Rollefson G. O. 
Published: October 2008

Les fouilles effectuées en 1984 dans le secteur sud du gisement d'Ain Ghazal, en Jordanie, ont révélé artefacts et structures dans un contexte Néolithique acéramique. Stratigraphiquement, ceux-ci étaient situés sous des couches à poterie identifiées comme appartenant à la phase yarmoukienne du Néolithique céramique. Dans les couches acéramiques, de nombreux traits font toutefois supposer que l'ensemble acéramique était distinct de la phase culturelle PPNB, bien connue, et attestée sur de nombreux sites du Nord, Centre et Sud Levant. Ces différences conduisirent à suggérer qu'à 'Ain Ghazal existait une phase culturelle au début du 6e millénaire, jusqu'alors non reconnue, que nous avons appelée PPNC.
Récemment, les fouilles de 1984 ont fourni assez d'éléments pour autoriser une description de l'assemblage lithique et permettre de
caractériser certains aspects technologiques de plusieurs échantillons lithiques des niveaux Yarmoukien et PPNC. Les résultats de cette recherche confirment qu'en plus des autres aspects distinctifs de ces dépôts culturels, le PPNC représente une période de transition entre le PPNB acéramique et le début du Néolithique céramique, avec ses caractéristiques propres.
Les importations d'obsidienne sur les sites des IXe-VIIe millénaires B.P. du Djebel Sinjar
Authors: Bader Nikolaï O. , Merpert Nikolaï Ja. , Munchaev Rauf M. 
Published: October 2008

The problem of the origin of the obsidian found in Neolithic sites of North-East Iraq, in the Sinjar region, is addressed in four papers. These village sites have been excavated by a team of Russian archaeologists (R. Munchaev, N. Merpert and N. Bader). Obsidian artefacts were found, in great number in the first times of occupation, then in decreasing number during the 6th and 5th millennia.
Obsidian, however, is not found near the sites. The nearest sources are located to the North-West, in the Anatolian Taurus mountains, at a distance of more than 400 km.
Some technological and typological criteria (pressure debitage. so-called "Çayönü" tools), original in the Sinjar, are found with the same characteristics in older or contemporaneous sites in the Taurus. Following a sampling of obsidian sources of south-eastern Turkey, already analysed and, published in this journal, chemical analyses using different methods were undertaken in order to establish the source of the raw material used in the Sinjar. The results of these analyses raise the problem of the differentiation of two sources which could have been used by the Neolithic people (C. Chataigner). X-ray fluorescence analyses were made in Rome (V. Francaviglia) and neutronic activation analyses at Orléans (В. Gratuze). The study of an archaeological problem, i.e. the diffusion of obsidian in the Neolithic Near East and the intersite relations which it implies, leads to another problem, of a geochemical and. geological nature, that is the characterization of obsidian sources.
Key-words : Iraq, Sinjar, obsidian sources. X-ray fluorescence, neutronic activation.
The vertebrate fauna from the Natufian level at Jebel es-Saaïdé (Saaïdé II), Lebanon
Authors: Churcher Charles S. 
Published: October 2008

Les restes de vertébrés mis au jour dans les sondages préliminaires effectués sur le site naloufien de Saaïdé II, sur la pente orientale des Monts du Liban, représentent une faune de forêt mixte et de savane avec des zones humides. Les 22 taxons de vertébrés identifiés sont les suivants: Reptiles ( I ), tortue grecque, méditerranéenne (Testudo graeca); Oiseaux (7): aigle impérial ? ( Aquila cf ?heliaca), canard pilet (Anas acuta), sarcelle d'hiver (Anas crecca), nette rousse (Netta rufïna), oie rieuse (Anser anser ou A. albifrons), grande outarde (Otis tarda) et pigeon biset (Columba ?livia); Mammifères (14) : hérisson (Erinaceus europaeus), homme (Homo sapiens,), lièvre (Lepus capensis), spalax (Spalax ?kebarensis), chacal (Canis aureus syriacus), renard ? (Vulpes ?vulpes), blaireau (Mellivora capensis), marte (Martes ?foina), lynx ? (Lynx lynx ?), cerf (Cervus elaphus), chevreuil (Capreolus capreolus), gazelle (Gazella gazella), chèvre (Capra aegagrus) ou ibex (С. ibex), aurochs (Bos primigenius). Cet ensemble suggère que les Natoufiens de Jebel es-Saaïdé chassaient à la fois le cerf dans les forêts à feuilles caduques des Monts du Liban, la gazelle, le lièvre et des rongeurs dans les prairies du bassin du Litani et de l'Asi ainsi que les oiseaux d'eau le long des torrents, tandis que l'aurochs pouvait être traqué près de l'eau ou dans les forêts.
Mots clés : Néolithique, Naloufien, Vertébrés. Ecologie, Saaïdé II, Beqaa, Liban.
The Jamal cave is not empty : recent discoveries in the Mount Carmel caves, Israel
Authors: Weinstein-Evron Mina , Tsatskin Alexander 
Published: October 2008

La grotte de Jamal, dans le Mont Carmel, comprend peu de matériel lithique du Paléolithique ancien et moyen. L'élude géologique et les analyses micromorphologiques indiquent un mode de déposition complexe, ainsi que des processus post-dépositionnels intenses et de longue durée, essentiellement érosion et effondrement karstique. Les fluctuations du niveau édaphique semblent avoir joué un rôle majeur dans l'histoire géologique de la grotte. Toute discussion de la fonction du site et de son paléoenvironnement doit prendre en compte la proximité de la grotte de Tahoun. En effet, les deux sites faisaient probablement partie du même complexe culturel et dépendaient du même système hydrologique.
Mots clés : Mont Carmel, Grotte Jamal, Paléolithique ancien et moven.
Possibilité et nécessité de la calibration des datations C-14 de l'archéologie du Proche-Orient
Authors: Evin J. 
Published: October 2008

For several years there has been a certain amount of confusion as to the terminology of archaeological dates. Indeed, some archaeologists use radiocarbon dates B.C. or B.P. while others calibrate them into real years. In 1993 the appearance in Radiocarbon of a calibration curve covering the whole of the Holocene, and going even beyond, though without as much precision, allows one now to envisage a way of systematically converting to real time the dates for the whole of the recent archaeology of the Near East.
We recall that, fundamentaly, calibrating involved a new way of interpreting the dates. We can discern that for certain periods, the method provides a greater amount of precision, while for others it produces a largely indeterminate chronology, for example in the course of the 10th Millennium B.C. (for B.C. read "Cal. B.C."). This means that we must take into account the real length of the diverse cultural phases which have been defined in the Atlas of sites of the Near East. It is now established that certain of these phases are considerably longer than the radiocarbon calendar would have led us to believe. Thus, with the new possibilities for calibration, the entire chronology of the Holocene can be put into real years and one can also get quite a good idea as to the last millennia of the Late Glacial period. Furthermore, for the most recent periods, conversion to the historical calendar con now be made without difficulty.
Évolution de l'environnement en Anatolie de 20 000 à 6 000 BP.
Authors: Kuzucuoglu Catherine , Roberts Neil 
Published: October 2008

Anatolia is characterized by strong regional contrasts. Numerous sedimentary archives allow the reconstruction of its Quaternary environmental history. Formerly more extensive mountain glaciation is testimony to past changes in snow-line, although the glacial chronology remains to be established. In this review, we focus on two main palaeoclimatic archives ; firstly, pollen-based evidence of palaeo-vegetation, and secondly, fluctuations in the water level and salinity of closed lake basins.
At around the LGM, Anatolia experienced a substantial expansion of cold steppe vegetation at the expense of forest and woodland. Coinciding with this, closed lakes were far more extensive than at present, a combination best explained by a reduction in evaporation and evapotranspiration losses, accompanied by higher catchment runoff coefficients. Several large lakes appear to have undergone a major water level regression prior to the onset of warming, suggesting an intensification of climatic aridity, although lake levels rose once more during the Late-Glacial period. The impact of warming towards the end of the Pleistocene had a regionally-differented effect on vegetation. In South-West and North Turkey, forest re-advance was interrupted by a period of inferred colder, drier climate which may correspond to the Younger Dryas chronozone. In central and East Turkey, forests and woodland only began to return during the early Holocene, and maximum tree cover was not achieved until ca. 6,000 BP (conv. BP). While there exists evidence for Holocene climatic variations, they are as yet poorly defined and understood.
The major changes in climate which occurred from the Pleniglacial to the early Holocene radically changed the environmental resource base available to prehistoric societies, and seem certain to have had an important effect on human adaptations.
Feu et industrie osseuse. Un marqueur d'identité culturelle
Authors: Sidéra I. 
Published: October 2008

This article deals with heat treatment on bone artefacts, the effect of which was to add colour and shine. The subject is worthy of attention because of the widespread presence of this form of heat treatment in Natufian and neolithic material in the Near East (at least 12 % of an assemblage was treated in this manner).
With the limited evidence available, all aspects related to heating are examined : identification of heating, the technique employed and the possible origins of the different types of "patina". It is concluded that this was a stage in the manufacturing process that was deliberately applied to a selection of objects within certain assemblages. Rather than a necessity, it was related to the representation of objects and a cultural factor. Furthermore, its geographical distribution is coherent : the Near East, Mediterranean, south-east and central Europe. In the neolithic cultures of these regions, heat treatment is associated with a set of representative techniques. It is thus a reflection of cultural identity, and from this point of view it is a sign of the diffusion of the neolithic from a Near-Eastern source, just as later in western Europe it is one of the markers of the diffusion of the Mediterranean neolithic.
Trois lettres inédites de Diderot
Authors: Chouillet Anne-Marie 
Published: October 2008

Three Unpublished Letters from Diderot presented by Anne-Marie Chouillet.
Three unpublished letters at present in the Langres Library, the first two of which come from the Maupertuis-La Condamine archives. In the first letter, written to Maupertuis in June 1749, Diderot promises to send him and d'Argens (despite the hostility he shows towards the latter) the Lettre sur les aveugles; he also refers to his mother's death. The second, to La Condamine, in July 1751, concerns the latter's proposed collaboration on the Encyclopédie and in particular discusses an article on the pyramids; and the third, possibly addressed to Suard or to his wife, in around 1765, discusses ironically a Latin ode that Diderot had promised to translate.