bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of CD180 and IgM by B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells using mutated and unmutated immunoglobulin VH genes
Authors: Porakishvili N. , Kulikova N. , Jewell A. P. , Youinou P. Y. , Yong K. , Nathwani A. , Heelan B. , Duke V. , Hamblin T. J. , Wallace P. , Ely P. , Clark E. A. , Lydyard P. M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWe have studied the surface expression of the Toll‐like receptor family member CD180 on cells from 78 patients with B‐chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B‐CLL). B‐CLL cells had variable levels of CD180 expression, but this was always less than that expressed by normal blood B cells and was stable for 24 months. Significantly higher levels of CD180 were expressed by B‐CLL cells with mutated IGVH genes compared with those using unmutated IGVH genes. This was in contrast to the higher levels of expression of surface immunoglobulin M by B‐CLL cells using unmutated, rather than mutated IGVH genes. CD180 was functional on B‐CLL cells from some of the patients, as shown by the increased expression of CD86 following incubation in vitro with anti‐CD180. The differential expression of CD180 amongst B‐CLL patients is one more marker that may define more precisely the different biological properties of this heterogeneous disease.
Estimating detailed soil water profile records from point measurements
Authors: Fernández‐Gálvez J. , Simmonds L. P. , Barahona E. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryTemporal and spatial patterns of soil water content affect many soil processes including evaporation, infiltration, ground water recharge, erosion and vegetation distribution. This paper describes the analysis of a soil moisture dataset comprising a combination of continuous time series of measurements at a few depths and locations, and occasional roving measurements at a large number of depths and locations. The objectives of the paper are: (i) to develop a technique for combining continuous measurements of soil water contents at a limited number of depths within a soil profile with occasional measurements at a large number of depths, to enable accurate estimation of the soil moisture vertical pattern and the integrated profile water content; and (ii) to estimate time series of soil moisture content at locations where there are just occasional soil water measurements available and some continuous records from nearby locations. The vertical interpolation technique presented here can strongly reduce errors in the estimation of profile soil water and its changes with time. On the other hand, the temporal interpolation technique is tested for different sampling strategies in space and time, and the errors generated in each case are compared.
Experimental tail shortening in Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) affects haematocrit
Authors: CUERVO J. J. , DE AYALA R. M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryRecent studies in Scotland suggest that the outermost tail feathers of Barn Swallows (Hirundo rusticaLinnaeus) may be around 10–12 mm longer than the aerodynamic optimum, with sexual selection for long tails accounting for this extra length.To test this hypothesis, we shortened the outermost tail feathers in male and female Barn Swallows in southern Spain by cutting 1, 11 or 21 mm from the tips of the feathers, and checked for change in haematocrit 1 month later. Haematocrit levels were high when birds arrived at the breeding grounds due to an intense effort for flight during migration, but these levels decreased during the breeding season. We predicted that this decrease would be more pronounced when tail length was closer to the aerodynamic optimum (tails shortened by 11 mm), and less pronounced as tail length was displaced from that optimum (tails shortened by 1 or 21 mm).Contrary to expectations, we found that the smaller the experimental reduction in tail length, the more pronounced the decrease in haematocrit. Barn Swallows with little parental effort and originally long tail feathers experienced a more pronounced decrease in haematocrit than individuals with strong parental effort and originally short tail feathers, respectively, although only in the group of birds with tails shortened by 21 mm.These results do not support the hypothesis that outermost tail feathers in Barn Swallows have been elongated because of sexual selection, at least in the population studied, but are consistent with tail length being at an aerodynamic optimum, or very close to it. Differences in tail length among populations might help to understand the disagreement with previous studies.
Microscopic observation of bacteria: review highlighting the use of environmental SEM
Authors: Bergmans L. , Moisiadis P. , Van Meerbeek B. , Quirynen M. , Lambrechts P. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThroughout the years, various methods have been adopted to investigate bacteria involved in root canal infection and apical periodontitis. This paper reviews the most commonly used microscopic techniques and discusses their possibilities, limitations and sample preparation. In particular, a recently developed variant of scanning electron microscope (SEM), referred to as environmental SEM (ESEM), is highlighted due to its potential impact across the diverse field of biomaterials research. The performance of this ESEM technique for bacterial observation of endodontic pathogens was illustrated by a practical approach. The paper concludes with a discussion on the possible use of ESEM for testing endodontic treatment modalities under environmental conditionsin situ.
The use of an intra‐oral injection of ketorolac in the treatment of irreversible pulpitis
Authors: Mellor A. C. , Dorman M. L. , Girdler N. M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To examine whether an intra‐oral injection of a nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (ketorolac), in association with conventional local anaesthetic techniques, would improve the pulp extirpation rate in teeth with irreversible pulpitis.Methodology  A two group double‐blind clinical trial was undertaken in the Dental Casualty Department of the University of Manchester School of Dentistry. Patients were randomly allocated to either the test or control group. The test group received an intra‐oral injection of ketorolac (30 mg in 1 mL) in the buccal sulcus adjacent to the tooth being treated. After an interval of 15 min, they then received 2.2 mL of 2% lidocaine with 1 : 80 000 epinephrine by buccal infiltration in the maxilla or by inferior dental block in the mandible. The control group received an intra‐oral injection of normal saline (1 mL) in the buccal sulcus adjacent to the tooth being treated, followed by the same local anaesthetic regime as the test group after the 15 min interval. Fifteen minutes after the local anaesthetic injections, pulp extirpation was attempted.All patients completed the short‐form McGill pain questionnaire prior to treatment and completed identical questionnaires at 6 and 24 h after treatment.Results  The study protocol set the number of patients to be treated at twenty. However, as the study progressed it became apparent that the intra‐oral injection of ketorolac caused significant pain to four of the five patients who received it; therefore the study was terminated after ten patients had been treated. The results from the patients treated showed no significant difference in the pulp extirpation rate between the test and control groups. However, patients with higher pain scores at baseline were less likely to have the pulp completely extirpated, irrespective of whether they were in the test or control group. Pain scores for all patients decreased significantly from baseline to 24 h.Conclusion  An intra‐oral injection of ketorolac did not improve the pulp extirpation rate in a small group of patients with irreversible pulpitis compared with a placebo. In addition, it was associated with such significant pain on injection that it cannot be recommended as a treatment in this situation.
Physical and mechanical characterization and the influence of cyclic loading on the behaviour of nickel‐titanium wires employed in the manufacture of rotary endodontic instruments
Authors: Bahia M. G. A. , Martins R. C. , Gonzalez B. M. , Buono V. T. L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To analyse the influence of cyclic loading on the mechanical behaviour of nickel‐titanium (NiTi) wires employed in the manufacture of ProFile rotary endodontic instruments.Methodology  Nickel‐titanium wires, 1.2 mm in diameter, taken from the production line of ProFile rotary endodontic instruments before the final machining step, were tensile‐tested to rupture in the as‐received condition and after 100 load–unload cycles in the superelastic plateau (4% elongation). The wires were characterized by X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and by differential scanning calorimetry and compared with new size 30, .06 taper ProFile instruments. The fracture surfaces of the wires were observed by scanning electron microscopy.Results  The mechanical properties of the as‐received wires, their chemical composition, the phases present and their transformation temperatures were consistent with their final application. Only small changes, which decreased after the first few cycles, took place in the mechanical properties of the cycled wires. The stress at maximum load and the plastic strain at breakage remained the same, while the critical stress for inducing the superelastic behaviour, which is related to the restoring force of the endodontic instruments, decreased by approximately 27%.Conclusions  The mechanical behaviour of the NiTi wires was modified slightly by cyclic tensile loading in the superelastic plateau. As the changes tended towards stabilization, the clinical use of rotary NiTi ProFile instruments does not compromise their superelastic properties until they fracture by fatigue or torsional overload, or are otherwise discarded.
Neurological complications following extrusion of sodium hypochlorite solution during root canal treatment
Authors: Witton R. , Henthorn K. , Ethunandan M. , Harmer S. , Brennan P. A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To report the presentation and management of two cases with neurological complications secondary to the extrusion of sodium hypochlorite solution into the facial soft tissues during root canal treatment.Summary  The clinical features, with particular emphasis on nerve deficit following inadvertent extrusion of sodium hypochlorite, are discussed and its management highlighted. Early and aggressive treatment is advocated following such incidents in order to reduce potentially serious complications.Key learning points

Neurological sequelae can follow inadvertent hypochlorite extrusion.
Early recognition may avert a potentially more serious outcome.
Active hospital treatment including intravenous steroids and antibiotics is recommended.
Assessment of a gel‐type chelating preparation containing 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1, 1‐bisphosphonate
Authors: Girard S. , Paqué F. , Badertscher M. , Sener B. , Zehnder M. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To test an aqueous gel containing 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1, 1‐bisphosphonate (HEBP) regarding its interactions with sodium hypochlorite, its calcium binding capacity, and its potential in preventing the formation of a smear layer when used in conjunction with rotary root canal preparation.Methodology  The experimental aqueous gel consisted of (w/v) 2% alginate, 3% aerosil, 10% Tween 80 and 18% HEBP. Interactions of gel components with hypochlorite were assessed using iodometric titration and monochromatic ultraviolet spectrometry. Two commercial paste‐type chelators containing ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and peroxide (RC‐Prep and Glyde) served as controls. Calcium‐binding capacities were measured in mixtures with a Ca2+ standard solution buffered at pH 10 using a calcium‐selective measuring chain. Finally, root canals of 16 extracted single‐rooted premolars per group were instrumented using ProFile instruments dipped in the experimental gel, RC‐Prep, or nothing. Additionally, canals were rinsed with 10 mL of a 1% NaOCl solution during/after preparation. Smear scores in instrumented teeth were monitored using scanning electron microscopy.Results  None of the experimental gel components showed short‐term interactions with hypochlorite, whilst EDTA, peroxide, RC‐Prep and Glyde immediately reduced the hypochlorite in solution. The experimental gel chelated 30 mg Ca2+ g−1, compared with 16 mg Ca2+ g−1 and 11 mg Ca2+ g−1 chelated by RC‐Prep and Glyde respectively. Smear scores obtained with the experimental gel were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than with RC‐Prep in coronal and middle root thirds, whilst no differences were observed in apical root thirds.Conclusions  Under the conditions of this study, an HEBP gel appeared advantageous over currently available products.
Root morphology of mandibular premolars in 40 patients with Turner syndrome
Authors: Kusiak A. , Sadlak‐Nowicka J. , Limon J. , Kochańska B. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To analyse root morphology of mandibular premolars in 40 females with Turner syndrome.Methodology  All patients aged 18–50 years (mean ± SD: 26.2 ± 6.22) were clinically and cytogenetically diagnosed and divided into three groups according to karyotype: I – with 45,X (n = 19); II – with 46,X,i(Xq) and other structural changes of this chromosome (n = 8); III – with mos45,X/46,XX and other mosaic karyotype (n = 13). The control group consisted of 30 healthy women aged 20–50 years (mean ± SD: 31.52 ± 5.21) who underwent dental treatment at the Department of Conservative Dentistry and Department of Periodontology and Oral Mucosa Diseases, Medical University of Gdańsk, Poland. The root morphology of mandibular premolars was studied based on orthopantomogram X‐ray images. The results were analysed using chi‐square test with Yates's adjustment.Results  Separate mesial and distal root canals and separate root apices were noted on orthopantomograms in patients with Turner syndrome. Two‐rooted mandibular first premolars were observed in 34% of cases in group 45,X (group I), in 31% of cases in the group with structural aberrations of chromosome X (group II) and in 31% of cases with mosaic karyotypes (group III). Two‐rooted mandibular second premolars were observed in 39% cases in group 45,X and in 31% of cases in the group with structural aberrations of chromosome X and in 35% of cases with mosaic karyotypes. This type of root morphology was not observed in the control group. No significant difference was found between the three groups of Turner syndrome.Conclusion  Highly significant differences in root morphology of mandibular premolars between patients with Turner syndrome and a population control group were found.
Determining the apical terminus of root‐end resected teeth using three modern apex locators: a comparative ex vivo study
Authors: ElAyouti A. , Kimionis I. , Chu A.‐L. , Löst C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To assess ex vivo the accuracy of various electronic apex locators in locating the apical terminus of root‐end resected teeth.Methodology  Ninety extracted human posterior teeth (182 root canals) were prepared to a minimum size of 40 and filled with gutta‐percha and sealer. After resection of the apical 3 mm of the root, the root canal filling was removed using HERO rotary instruments. The size of the root canal at the apical terminus after removal of the filling ranged from size 50 to 90. The root canal length to the apical terminus was determined using 3 apex locators (Root ZX, Raypex®4 and Apex Pointer). A new mounting model that utilized a micrometer was used to perform the measurements and to visually determine the actual position of the apical terminus. The frequency of locating the apical terminus and the corresponding 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated. Additionally, the coefficient of repeatability of each apex locator and the limits of inter‐operator agreement were determined.Results  All apex locators showed an acceptable repeatability (0.02–0.03 mm coefficient of repeatability) and narrow limits of inter‐operator agreement (+0.07 and −0.07 mm). The accuracy of determining the apical terminus within 1 mm in the root canal was as follows: Root ZX 90% (164/182 root‐canals) [95%CI: 86–94%], Raypex®4 74% (135/182 root‐canals) [95%CI: 68–80%], and Apex Pointer 71% (129/182 root canals) [95%CI: 65–77%]. No over‐instrumentation resulted when the Root ZX device was used. In contrast, using the Raypex®4 or the Apex Pointer device resulted in over‐instrumentation in 8 of 182 root canals (4%).Conclusions  Under the conditions of this study all three apex locators were able to detect the apical terminus of root‐end resected teeth with an acceptable range. The Root ZX device was the most accurate without over‐instrumentation of the root canals.
The chemical constitution and biocompatibility of accelerated Portland cement for endodontic use
Authors: Camilleri J. , Montesin F. E. , Di Silvio L. , Pitt Ford T. R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractAim  To evaluate the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate and accelerated Portland cement and their eluants by assessing cell metabolic function and proliferation.Methodology  The chemical constitution of grey and white Portland cement, grey and white mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) and accelerated Portland cement produced by excluding gypsum from the manufacturing process (Aalborg White) was determined using both energy dispersive analysis with X‐ray and X‐ray diffraction analysis. Biocompatibility of the materials was assessed using a direct test method where cell proliferation was measured quantitatively using Alamar BlueTM dye and an indirect test method where cells were grown on material elutions and cell proliferation was assessed using methyltetrazolium assay as recommended by the International standard guidelines, ISO 10993‐Part 5 for in vitro testing.Results  The chemical constitution of all the materials tested was similar. Indirect studies of the eluants showed an increase in cell activity after 24 h compared with the control in culture medium (P < 0.05). Direct cell contact with the cements resulted in a fall in cell viability for all time points studied (P < 0.001).Conclusions  Biocompatibility testing of the cement eluants showed the presence of no toxic leachables from the grey or white MTA, and that the addition of bismuth oxide to the accelerated Portland cement did not interfere with biocompatibility. The new accelerated Portland cement showed similar results. Cell growth was poor when seeded in direct contact with the test cements. However, the elution made up of calcium hydroxide produced during the hydration reaction was shown to induce cell proliferation.
Taxonomic distinctness as a measure of diversity applied over a large scale: the benthos of the Norwegian continental shelf
Authors: ELLINGSEN K. E. , CLARKE K. R. , SOMERFIELD P. J. , WARWICK R. M. 
Published: October 2005

Summary

Data on soft‐sediment macrobenthos from the Norwegian continental shelf (56–71°N) was used to examine the use of average taxonomic distinctness (Δ+, a measure of the average degree to which species are related to each other) as a diversity measure.
Δ+ for all taxa combined decreased with both latitude and depth. In contrast Δ+ for annelids and crustaceans (71% of the fauna) was positively correlated to latitude and depth, whereas molluscs (20·1% of the fauna) were not related to latitude or depth. Depth explained most of the variance in Δ+ for annelids and crustaceans. Neither latitude nor grain size appeared to be important in explaining large‐scale patterns in the taxonomic breadth of the three dominant phyla. In contrast latitude rather than depth explained most of the variance in Δ+ of all taxa combined.
The finding that molluscs showed different patterns of Δ+ than the two other dominant phyla shows that the biodiversity of different phyla responded differently to environmental gradients and that one phylum cannot be used as a surrogate for others in such studies. The most likely explanation for the inconsistency in Δ+ is because the taxonomic classification system also varies between different phyla, and taxonomically related biodiversity measures might be more meaningfully applied to a single phylum than to all taxa combined.
Δ+ and species richness (S) displayed different patterns of biodiversity. Thus Δ+ is not a surrogate for species richness. Species richness of all taxa combined and annelids were highest in the middle depth range, and lowest in the shallowest and deepest parts of the shelf. Most of the variance in species richness is accounted for by depth, followed by latitude and grain size for all three dominant phyla and all taxa combined.
The natal dispersal of tree swallows in a continuous mainland environment
Authors: WINKLER DAVID W. , WREGE PETER H. , ALLEN PAUL E. , KAST TRACEY L. , SENESAC PIXIE , WASSON MATTHEW F. , SULLIVAN PATRICK J. 
Published: October 2005

Summary

To minimize study‐area artefacts in a study of natal dispersal distances in tree swallows, we intensively banded nestlings and adults in nest‐boxes in upstate New York and recruited and trained 70 volunteer banders within a 400 km radius of Ithaca. We banded 26 567 nestlings in the years 1985 through 1998, and captured 4774 adults at the nest, 630 of which had been banded as nestlings and were recaptured the year after fledging.
To correct for spatial variation in capture intensity, we resampled the distribution of all boxes where an adult capture was made under uniform, exponential and Cauchy null hypotheses. Compared to the null distributions, the frequency of observed dispersal events was significantly higher at 0–10 km and lower for all larger dispersal distances. The Cauchy distribution came closest to approximating the observed dispersal distance distribution.
Dispersal distances were sensitive to the distribution of nesting sites, and all measurements of dispersal distance distributions must be seen as being habitat‐specific. We could detect no effect of dispersal distance on the subsequent timing of breeding and no effect of the timing of fledging on dispersal distance. The sexual differences in raw mean dispersal distances (8·38 km for females, 2·44 km for males) are similar to those reported for other species.
While it is tempting to conclude that studies in smaller areas have not missed a great deal, even a study area of 10 km extent (substantially larger than most) would have missed 11% of the dispersing birds detected and 95% of the range of distances recorded. Despite this sizeable component that would have been missed with a smaller study area, the relatively low frequencies of long‐distance dispersal overall reinforce the conclusion that tree swallows, and probably most other migratory passerines, generally disperse much less far from their natal sites than the distances of their annual migrations might lead one to expect.