bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IL-21 enhances SOCS gene expression and inhibits LPS-induced cytokine production in human monocyte-derived dendritic cells
Authors: Strengell Mari , Lehtonen Anne , Matikainen Sampsa , Julkunen Ilkka 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses. In addition to their phagocytic activity, DCs present foreign antigens to naïve T cells and regulate the development of adaptive immune responses. Upon contact with DCs, activated T cells produce large quantities of cytokines such as interferon-γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-21, which have important immunoregulatory functions. Here, we have analyzed the effect of IL-21 and IFN-γ on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced maturation and cytokine production of human monocyte-derived DCs. IL-21 and IFN-γ receptor genes were expressed in high levels in immature DCs. Pretreatment of immature DCs with IL-21 inhibited LPS-stimulated DC maturation and expression of CD86 and human leukocyte antigen class II (HLAII). IL-21 pretreatment also dramatically reduced LPS-stimulated production of tumor necrosis factor α, IL-12, CC chemokine ligand 5 (CCL5), and CXC chemokine ligand 10 (CXCL10) but not that of CXCL8. In contrast, IFN-γ had a positive feedback effect on immature DCs, and it enhanced LPS-induced DC maturation and the production of cytokines. IL-21 weakly induced the expression Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and translation initiation region (TIR) domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP) genes, whereas the expression of TIR domain-containing adaptor-inducing IFN-β (TRIF), myeloid differentiation (MyD88) 88 factor, or TRIF-related adaptor molecule (TRAM) genes remained unchanged. However, IL-21 strongly stimulated the expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 and SOCS-3 genes. SOCS are known to suppress DC functions and interfere with TLR4 signaling. Our results demonstrate that IL-21, a cytokine produced by activated T cells, can directly inhibit the activation and cytokine production of myeloid DCs, providing a negative feedback loop between DCs and T lymphocytes.
CD31 promotes β1 integrin-dependent engulfment of apoptotic Jurkat T lymphocytes opsonized for phagocytosis by fibronectin
Authors: Vernon-Wilson Elizabeth F , Auradé Frédéric , Brown Simon B 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Phagocyte integrins, by binding “bridging” molecules, mediate the ingestion of late apoptotic cells and apoptotic bodies by mechanisms that remain obscure. We recently reported that human monocyte-derived macrophages capture viable and apoptotic human leukocytes through homophilic interactions involving CD31 and that CD31 then promotes the engulfment of apoptotic cells or the detachment of viable cells. We now report that CD31 homophilic interactions between phagocyte and target cells lead to activation of phagocyte α5β1 integrin and the engulfment of apoptotic Jurkat T lymphocytes via a fibronectin (Fn) “bridge.” Although Fn and serum served as an opsonin for β1 integrin-dependent phagocytosis of apoptotic leukemic T cells, they failed to do so for neutrophils. Given the complexities and inherent variability of working with primary cells, we have refined our model to show that ligation of CD31 on THP-1 macrophages also regulates β1 integrin-dependent phagocytosis of Fn-coated Latex beads. Thus, selective “tethering” of apoptotic leukocytes by phagocyte CD31 not only discriminates dying from viable cells but also selectively activates phagocyte integrins for the engulfment of apoptotic cells.
Charlson Index Is Associated with One‐year Mortality in Emergency Department Patients with Suspected Infection
Authors: Murray Scott B. , Bates David W. , Ngo Long , Ufberg Jacob W. , Shapiro Nathan I. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Objectives:
A patient's baseline health status may affect the ability to survive an acute illness. Emergency medicine research requires tools to adjust for confounders such as comorbid illnesses. The Charlson Comorbidity Index has been validated in many settings but not extensively in the emergency department (ED). The purpose of this study was to examine the utility of the Charlson Index as a predictor of one‐year mortality in a population of ED patients with suspected infection.
Methods:
The comorbid illness components of the Charlson Index were prospectively abstracted from the medical records of adult (age older than 18 years) ED patients at risk for infection (indicated by the clinical decision to obtain a blood culture) and weighted. Charlson scores were grouped into four previously established indices: 0 points (none), 1–2 points (low), 3–4 points (moderate), and ≥5 points (high). The primary outcome was one‐year mortality assessed using the National Death Index and medical records. Cox proportional‐hazards ratios were calculated, adjusting for age, gender, and markers of 28‐day in‐hospital mortality.
Results:
Between February 1, 2000, and February 1, 2001, 3,102 unique patients (96% of eligible patients) were enrolled at an urban teaching hospital. Overall one‐year mortality was 22% (667/3,102). Mortality rates increased with increasing Charlson scores: none, 7% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.4% to 8.5%); low, 22% (95% CI = 19% to 24%); moderate, 31% (95% CI = 27% to 35%); and high, 40% (95% CI = 36% to 44%). Controlling for age, gender, and factors associated with 28‐day mortality, and using the “none” group as a reference group, the Charlson Index predicted mortality as follows: low, odds ratio of 2.0; moderate, odds ratio of 2.5; and high, odds ratio of 4.7.
Conclusions:
This study suggests that the Charlson Index predicts one‐year mortality among ED patients with suspected infection.
Preparation of Poly(3,4-dibutoxy-2,5-thienylene-vinylene) via Titanium-Induced Dicarbonyl-Coupling Reaction of 3,4-Dibutoxythiophene-2,5-dicarbaldehyde
Authors: Iwatsuki Shouji , Kubo Masataka , Itoh Yoshiaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
3,4-Dibutoxythiophene-2,5-dicarbaldehyde was found to be readily subject to the titanium-induced dicarbonyl-coupling reaction to give poly(3,4-dibutoxy-2,5-thienylene-vinylene) with molecular weight of 35000 and high solubility in organic solvent like chloroform. In addition electroconductivity and third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility for its polymer film were measured.
Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer in Free Radical Styrene Polymerization in the Presence of 2,4-Diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene
Authors: Watanabe Yasumasa , Ishigaki Hideyo , Okada Hiroshi , Suyama Shuji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Thermal polymerization of styrene in the presence of 2,4-diphenyl-4-methyl-1-pentene (α-MSD) gave a low molecular weight polymer having a terminal double bond and a cumyl moiety without lowering the polymerization rate. A chain transfer mechanism through addition-fragmentation reaction is presented.
Regioselective Mono-2-C-iodination of Fully Methylated Cyclodextrins through Interconversions between Cyclic and Acyclic Structures
Authors: Sakairi Nobuo , Kuzuhara Hiroyoshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
An efficient procedure for modification at C-2 position of fully methylated α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins was achieved by thiolytic fission of one of their glycosidic bonds, followed by conversion of the resulting 1-thioglycosides into glycals and addition of iodonium ion accompanied intramolecular glycosidation, giving novel methylated cyclooligosaccharides containing 2-deoxy-2-iodo-α-d-mannopyranosyl moiety as one of the constituents.
Inhomogeneous Aggregation of a Merocyanine Dye at the Solid/Liquid Interface Layer. A Picosecond Time-Resolved Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Study
Authors: Hamai Sanyo , Tamai Naoto , Masuhara Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Fluorescence spectra and their rise and decay dynamics of a merocyanine dye in the interface layer have been studied as a function of penetration depth of the evanescent wave intensity by total internal reflection fluorescence spectroscopy. The aggregation of the dye was enhanced in the interface layer of up to ≈ 100 nm thickness compared to the bulk solution.
Molecular Resolution Image of Lignoceric Acid Monolayer with Atomic Force Microscope
Authors: Kajiyama Tisato , Oishi Yushi , Hirose Fuminobu , Shuto Kenshiro , Kuri Taishi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A molecular resolution image of lignoceric acid monolayer, which was prepared on the water surface at a subphase temperature of 293 K and transferred onto a mica substrate, was successfully observed with an atomic force microscope(AFM) for the first time. The AFM image of the monolayer showed two-dimensional regular array with locally disordered molecular arrangements.
Silica-Containing Mixed-Oxide Gels Prepared by a Coprecipitation Method as Novel Packing Materials for Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Kaneko Shoji , Mitsuzawa Tadatoshi , Ohmori Satoshi , Nakamura Motoshi , Nobuhara Kazunori , Masatani Mitsuhiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The separation characteristics of silica-zirconia. silica-alumina, Silica-titania, and silica-magnesia gels for benzene, dimethyl phthalate, and pyridine have been evaluated as column packing materials for liquid chromatography. Of these mixed-oxide gels, silica-magnesia had the best separation ability particularly for a basic compound, pyridine depending presumably on the reduction of the activity of silanol group on silica surface.
Preparation of a Self-Supporting, Multilayered Film of Montmorillonite
Authors: Isayama Munetoshi , Sakata Kanji , Kunitake Toyoki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A self-supporting, multilayered film which was prepared from an aqueous dispersion of montmorillonite and orthophosphoric acid (H3PO4) remained intact even in hot water and maintained the ion exchange capacity similar to that of the original montmorillonite powder. An ammonium surfactant (CTAB) was intercalated into this film readily to give a highly oriented composite film.
One-Pot Synthesis of Selenothioic Acid S-Alkyl Esters by the Reaction of Lithium Alkyneselenolates with Thiols
Authors: Murai Toshiaki , Hayashi Akihiro , Kanda Takahiro , Kato Shinzi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The reaction of lithium alkyneselenolates generated from lithium alkynides and selenium powder with a variety of thiols afforded selenothioic acid S-alkyl esters in moderate to high yields. The product yields were highly dependent on the substituents of the starting acetylenes. The formation of unstable S-aryl ester was confirmed by the enolization followed by alkylation.
Oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) Species During the Thermal Decomposition Process of Zn/Cr-layered Double Hydroxide Carbonate
Authors: Fuda Kiyoshi , Suda Kazuhito , Matsunaga Toshiaki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The intermediates obtained from thermal decomposition of Zn/Cr-layered double hydroxide carbonates (Zr/Cr-LDH; Zn0.66Cr0.34(OH)2(CO3)0.170.57H2O) were studied by XRD, TPD, FT-IR, ESCA and chemical analyses. It was found that Cr(III) ions embedded originally in the hydroxide layers were oxidized to Cr(VI) species in the temperature range between 473 and 773 K where the layer structure was lost, and reduced again to Cr(III) in the spinel phase over 773 K.
3-Arylcyclohex-2-en-1-ones and 3,6-Diarylcyclohex-2-en-1-ones. New Liquid Crystalline Compounds
Authors: Brettle Roger , Dunmur David A , Farrand Louise D , Hindley Nigel J , Marson Charles M 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The cyclohex-2-en-1-one unit flanked by one or more aryl rings is shown to provide a new system which can exhibit liquid crystal properties; these new mesogens contain a chiral centre which is both adjacent to a lateral dipolar carbonyl group and is also located in the central core.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of Propyzamide Using TiO2 Supported on Activated Carbon
Authors: Uchida Hiroyuki , Itoh Shigeyoshi , Yoneyama Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Utility of activated carbon adsorbate as a support for TiO2 photocatalysts was demonstrated for photomineralization of propyzamide, a typical herbicide, in dilute aqueous solution. High adsorptive activity of the activated carbon support enables the organic pollutant to concentrate around the loaded TiO2, resulting in a high photocatalytic degradation rate.
Redox-Mediated Decarboxylative Photo-Phenylselenenylation of N-Acyloxyphthalimides
Authors: Okada Keiji , Okubo Katsura , Morita Naoto , Oda Masaji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Decarboxylative phenylselenenylation of N-acyloxyphthalimides by visible light irradiation in aqueous solvents using catalytic amount of Ru(bpy)3Cl2 as a sensitizer in the presence of one equivalent of BNAH and 0.5 equivalent of diphenyl diselenide efficiently proceeds via redox-mediated radical chain mechanism. The AIBN-induced thermal reaction is also described.
Design and Synthesis of Cyclic Fibronectin Related Peptides, RGDSPASS Containing Cystine Peptides
Authors: Yamamoto Yasuo , Katow Hideki , Sofuku Shosuke 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser (RGDS) is an active site in the cell binding domain of fibronectin (FN). Three types of RGDSPASS containing cystine peptides were designed on the basis of the position of Pro in β turn and synthesized.
Enhanced Quantum Yield in Porphyrin Heterodimer Solar Cells
Authors: Takahashi Kohshin , Nanbu Hideki , Komura Teruhisa , Murata Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The Al/porphyrin/Au sandwich-type photovoltaic cell with a heterodimer solid of 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinatozinc (Zntpp) and 5,10,15-triphenyl-20-(3-pyridyl)porphyrin (H2pyp3p) exhibits a remarkably large photocurrent quantum yield, compared with the cell with a pure Zntpp or an H2pyp3p solid.
Preparation and Properties of Polyaniline Nitrile-Rubber Copolymers
Authors: Oka Osamu , Kiyohara Osamu , Morita Shigenori , Yoshino Katsumi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Graft copolymers of polyaniline and telechelic nitrile rubber have been synthesized. They were soluble in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone(NMP) and flexible self-supporting films were obtained by casting the solutions. Upon protonic doping, their conductivities rised from 10−8 to 10−2 S/cm. Spectroscopic, electrochemical and mechanical studies demonstrated that the electronic states of copolymer are fundamentally the same as those of the original polyaniline, i.e., they are not much influenced by the grafting, however, the mechanical properties are affected by rubber.
Catalytic Stereoselective Synthesis of α- or β-Ribofuranosides by Combined Use of Silver Salts and Lithium Perchlorate or Diphenyltin Sulfide
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Shimomura Naoyuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Catalytic stereoselective synthesis of 1,2-cis- or 1,2-trans-ribofuranosides from 1-O-iodoacetylribofuranose and alkyl trimethylsilyl ethers is efficiently promoted by combined use of silver salts and lithium perchlorate or diphenyltin sulfide (Ph2Sn=S) under mild conditions.
One-Pot Preparation of Alcohols from Aromatic Olefins and Acrylic Acid Derivatives by Cobalt(II) Porphyrin-Catalyzed Reductive Oxygenation Followed by Reduction with Trimethyl Phosphite
Authors: Matsusita Yoh-ichi , Sugamoto Kazuhiro , Matsui Takanao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Various aromatic olefins and acrylic acid derivatives were converted to benzyl alcohols and α-hydroxyalkanoic acid derivatives in good yields by the reductive oxygenation with oxygen and triethylsilane in the presence of a catalytic amount of cobalt(II) porphyrin followed by treating the reaction mixture with trimethyl phosphite.
Development and Validation of an Instrument to Determine Patient Knowledge: The Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge Test
Authors: Zeolla Mario M , Brodeur Michael R , Dominelli Angela , Haines Stuart T , Allie Nicole D 
Published: March 2006

Background: Studies examining the relationship between patient knowledge regarding warfarin therapy and its safe and effective use are limited by the lack of validated knowledge assessment tools. Objective: To develop and validate an instrument to assess patient knowledge regarding oral anticoagulation therapy. Methods: Four nationally recognized anticoagulation experts participated in the instrument development process to ensure content validity. The Oral Anticoagulation Knowledge (OAK) test was administered to subjects on warfarin and a group of age-matched subjects not on warfarin to assess construct validity. A subgroup of warfarin subjects were retested approximately 2–3 months after initial testing to assess test–retest reliability. Internal consistency reliability was assessed by calculating a Kuder-Richardson 20 value. Item analysis was used to assess performance of individual questions. Results: An initial 23 item instrument was pilot tested for readability and comprehension. The OAK test was administered to 74 subjects taking warfarin and 27 age-matched subjects not on warfarin. Thirty-two subjects on warfarin repeated the OAK test an average of 75 days following initial administration. Subjects taking warfarin scored significantly higher than those not on warfarin (72% vs 52%, respectively; p < 0.001), supporting the construct validity of the instrument. Test–retest reliability was acceptable, with a Pearson's correlation coefficient of 0.81. Internal consistency reliability was confirmed by a calculated Kuder–Richardson 20 value of 0.76. Conclusions: The OAK test is a brief, valid, and reliable knowledge assessment instrument that may be a useful tool for research and clinical practice to augment patient education programs.
Transfer of Probenecid and Cephalexin into Breast Milk
Authors: Ilett Kenneth F , Hackett L Peter , Ingle Bridget , Bretz Paul J 
Published: March 2006

Objective: To report a case of the transfer of probenecid and cephalexin into human milk. Case Summary: A breast-fed infant of a 30-year-old woman being treated with oral probenecid and cephalexin for a breast infection developed severe diarrhea and associated symptoms. To investigate whether the maternal drug treatment was causative, milk was collected over a dose interval at steady-state, and concentrations of probenecid and cephalexin were measured by HPLC. The average concentrations of probenecid and cephalexin in milk were 964 and 745 μg/L, respectively, corresponding to absolute and relative infant doses of 145 μg/kg/day and 0.7% for probenecid and 112 μg/kg/day and 0.5% for cephalexin. The infant's adverse effects were rated as possible for probenecid and probable for cephalexin based on the Naranjo probability scale. Discussion: On the basis of the calculated relative infant doses for both probenecid and cephalexin in milk and the notional 10% level of concern for infant exposure, neither drug would be expected to cause significant systemic effects. However, local adverse effects, notably diarrhea, were observed. The Naranjo probability scale rating suggested that cephalexin was more likely than probenecid to be the cause of the infant's diarrhea. Conclusions: When using cephalexin/probenecid to treat breast infections in lactating women, clinicians should anticipate the possibility of adverse gastrointestinal effects in the breast-fed infant.
Friends' Influence on Adolescents' First Sexual Intercourse
Authors: Sieving Renee E. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Pettingell Sandra , Skay Carol 
Published: March 2006

CONTEXT: Social‐psychological theories of health behavior suggest that adolescents' sexual behaviors are influenced by the sexual attitudes and behaviors of their friends.METHODS: Data on 2,436 participants in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health) who were sexually inexperienced at Wave 1 (1994–1995) were analyzed to examine whether friend‐related variables predicted initiation of vaginal intercourse by Wave 2 (1996). Analyses also assessed whether predictive relationships varied by level of involvement with friends. Odds ratios were generated by logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: In the 9–18 months between Waves 1 and 2, 18% of participants initiated intercourse. In analyses controlling for gender, family structure and romantic relationships, the higher the proportion of a youth's friends who were sexually experienced, the greater the odds of sexual debut (odds ratio, 1.01); the odds also were elevated among youth who believed that they would gain their friends' respect by having sex (1.2). Relationships between friend variables and sexual initiation did not vary by level of involvement with friends.CONCLUSIONS: To maximize the likelihood of success, programs focused on delaying teenage sexual intercourse should address norms for sexual behavior among adolescents' close friends as well as the perceptions, skills and behaviors of individual youth.
Nonallelic Interactions Betweenhet-cand a Polymorphic Locus,pin-c, Are Essential for Nonself Recognition and Programmed Cell Death inNeurospora crassa
Authors: Kaneko Isao , Dementhon Karine , Xiang Qijun , Glass N Louise 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNonself recognition in filamentous fungi is conferred by genetic differences at het (heterokaryon incompatibility) loci. When individuals that differ in het specificity undergo hyphal fusion, the heterokaryon undergoes a programmed cell death reaction or is highly unstable. In Neurospora crassa, three allelic specificities at the het-c locus are conferred by a highly polymorphic domain. This domain shows trans-species polymorphisms indicative of balancing selection, consistent with the role of het loci in nonself recognition. We determined that a locus closely linked to het-c, called pin-c (partner for incompatibility with het-c) was required for het-c nonself recognition and heterokaryon incompatibility (HI). The pin-c alleles in isolates that differ in het-c specificity were extremely polymorphic. Heterokaryon and transformation tests showed that nonself recognition was mediated by synergistic nonallelic interactions between het-c and pin-c, while allelic interactions at het-c increased the severity of the HI phenotype. The pin-c locus encodes a protein containing a HET domain; predicted proteins containing HET domains are frequent in filamentous ascomycete genomes. These data suggest that nonallelic interactions may be important in nonself recognition in filamentous fungi and that proteins containing a HET domain may be a key factor in these interactions.
Challenges and Opportunities in Finfish Nutrition
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T. , Kasper Craig S. , Kohler Christopher C. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMuch of the criticism leveled at aquaculture (e.g., dependency on animal‐derived feedstuffs, nutrient‐laden effluent discharges, and increased organic contamination in edible products) can be traced to the feeds in use. Accordingly, finfish nutritionists are being challenged to formulate feeds that not only meet the nutritional requirements of livestock but also minimize production costs, limit environmental impacts, and enhance product quality. These challenges not only add considerable complexity to finfish nutrition but also afford opportunities to avoid some of the mistakes made by other industries in the past. From a review of the current status of finfish nutrition with respect to major nutrient classes, we comment on future opportunities and promising avenues of research. Alternative protein sources, specifically those derived from marine bycatch, plants, and microbes, are discussed, as well as methods to facilitate their implementation in finfish feeds. Dietary lipid, its role in fish bioenergetics and physiology, and quality of aquaculture products is reviewed with special emphasis on alternative lipid sources and finishing diets. Carbohydrates and fiber are discussed in terms of nutrient‐sparing, least‐cost diet formulation and digestive physiology. Micronutrients are reviewed in terms of current knowledge of requirements and, along with other dietary immunostimulants, are given further consideration in a review of nutriceuticals and application in finfish feeds. The status of nutritional research in new aquaculture species is also outlined. By integrating classical approaches with emerging technologies, dietary formulations, and species, finfish nutritionists may identify means to increase production efficiency and sustainability and provide for the continued success of aquaculture.