bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drop‐size distributions of raindrops by polarization radar and simultaneous measurements with disdrometer, windprofiler and PMS probes
Authors: Richter Carolin , Hagen Martin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMultiparameter polarimetric weather radars offer the possibility of estimating raindrop size distribution directly. the retrieved parameters of exponential drop‐size distributions are compared with discrete drop‐size spectra obtained from a vertical‐pointing radar (windprofiler type), airborne particle measuring systems (PMS) probes and a disdrometer. the windprofiler and PMS probes allow simultaneous measurements at almost the same location. This unique data set shows that radar‐estimated drop‐size distributions can be retrieved with the same quality as distributions from other standard instruments. Results obtained with a C‐band radar during the CLEOPATRA (Cloud Experiment Oberpfaffenhofen and Transports) campaign in southern Germany are confirmed by measurements with an S‐band radar in southern England. the quality of the estimated rain rate is high, but differences in quantity can be caused not only by differences in the instrumental set‐up but also by deviation from an exponential shape of the drop‐size distribution.
Sensitivity analysis of atmospheric low‐frequency variability
Authors: Corti S. , Palmer T. N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe sensitivity of the Pacific‐North‐American (PNA) pattern and the North‐Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) pattern to small perturbations is investigated using adjoint techniques. Analysis is perfomed on integrations of a quasi‐geostrophic (QG) model whose internal low‐frequency variability is realistic. Specifically, the sensitivity of the QG‐model PNA and NAO patterns have been made from a large set of five‐day integrations of the adjoint of the QG‐model, linearized about time‐varying basic‐state solutions of the model. the sensitivity perturbations are initially located well upstream of the pattern of low‐frequency variability and propagate downstream by wave dynamics, gaining energy through both barotropic and baroclinic processes. For the PNA pattern, it was found that variations in sensitivity were associated with fluctuations in the strength of the jet across the North Pacific. For the NAO pattern, it was found that fluctuations in sensitivity were correlated with the strength of the PNA pattern, the more sensitive NAO basic states having negative PNA index. This analysis has identified fairly distinct paths in phase space associated with predictable and unpredictable transitions, qualitatively similar to that found in the three‐component Lorenz model.Predictability of climate‐change problems is also investigated. the results from four different climate integrations in which an additional time‐invariant forcing is added to the model equations are presented. QG simulations show that the influence of a forcing proportional to the mean sensitivity pattern induces a stronger change in the probability distribution of the PNA pattern than an equivalent amplitude forcing which directly projects onto the PNA pattern itself.
A general semi‐lagrangian advection scheme employing forward trajectories
Authors: Sun Wen‐Yih , Yeh Kao‐San 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe propose a semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme using forward trajectories, and a general interpolation procedure from the irregularly distributed Lagrangian grid to the regularly distributed Eulerian grid. the general interpolation procedure has virtually no restrictions, and the advection scheme is absolutely stable due to the direct calculation of forward trajectories. They are, therefore, applicable to problems of any extent of deformation with arbitrary Courant numbers. the scheme is also quite efficient, because this interpolation procedure converts a two‐dimensional problem into a sequence of one‐dimensional problems by employing an intermediate grid. the slotted cylinder of Zalesak under the motion of solid‐body rotation is tested to assess the accuracy of this ‘internet interpolation method’. the idealized cyclogenesis of Doswell is simulated to demonstrate the ability of the advection scheme to accommodate strong deformation flows. Both tests indicate satisfactory accuracy.
Estimation of potential‐temperature gradient in turbulent stable layers using acoustic sounder measurements
Authors: Helmis C. G. , Kalogiros J. A. , Asimakopoulos D. N. , Soilemes A. T. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe intensity of acoustic backscatter from a monostatic acoustic sounder is used to compute the profile of the temperature structure parameter C. The average value of C in low‐height turbulent stable layers (temperature inversions) is used to infer the local potential‐temperature gradient. The estimates of temperature jump in the first height inversion at the top of the unstable atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) are compared with the direct measurements of the temperature profile by a tethered balloon, and the indirect estimation from the wave period of the waves present on the inversion. The agreement of the estimations with the direct measurements is satisfactory (at least a 0.4 degC accuracy). Also, the‐4/3 similarity law of the C profile in the unstable ABL is used to obtain estimates of the surface heat flux, Qo. The comparison of these estimates of Qo with eddy correlation measurements shows the high accuracy of this method. This direct connection of the C profile with Qo can also be used to calibrate the backscatter intensity.
Convective destabilization by upper‐level troughs
Authors: Juckes Martin , Smith Roger K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe approach of an upper‐level trough is accompanied by a local ascent of the isentropic surfaces in the troposphere. The associated cooling and moistening destabilizes the atmosphere to convection. In this paper we attempt to quantify the maximum amount of destabilization as a function of the amplitude and horizontal scale of the trough. The trough is represented by an elongated potential‐temperature perturbation on the tropopause. Its structure, including the isentrope displacement it produces, is calculated from the balanced shear‐line solutions of Juckes. These solutions are used to estimate the amount by which mid‐ and lower‐tropospheric air masses are lifted when an upper‐tropospheric trough passes overhead on the assumption that isentropic potential‐vorticity anomalies are localized in the upper troposphere. The amount of destabilization is characterized by the maximum change in convective available potential energy (CAPE) and convective inhibition (CIN) brought about by the passage of the trough. The calculations seek to isolate one aspect of the interaction between an upper‐level trough and a tropical cyclone. We show that the changes in CAPE are significant in the Tropics (up to 83% for the soundings examined) and even more so in the middle latitudes (up to 130%) and that the CIN may be completely removed.
The oceanic mesoscale convective system and associated mesovortex observed 12 December 1992 during TOGA‐COARE
Authors: Bousquet Olivier , Chong Michel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study documents the precipitation and kinematic structure of a mature/mature‐to‐decaying, westward propagating, near‐equatorial oceanic mesoscale convective system (MCS) observed by airborne Doppler radars during TOGA‐COARE, the Tropical Ocean/Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean‐Atmosphere Response Experiment. This system occurred on 12 December 1992 during the convectively active phase of an intraseasonal oscillation, and was followed, at its dissipating stage, by a redevelopment of convection that led to the MCS observed on 13 December 1992. These two successive MCSs were associated with a two‐day atmospheric disturbance. Radar‐deduced airflows at two time periods reveal many similarities with other tropical oceanic cloud clusters. In particular, a marked rear inflow jet associated with a midlevel cyclonic mesovortex was observed within the rear of the stratiform region.The mesovortex was better defined both in size and depth during the mature‐to‐decaying stage and was located more inside the system within a region of convergence, due to the westward propagation of the rear inflow. Countergradient transports of momentum normal to the mean orientation of the system at midlevels, and downgradient transports at lower and higher levels helped to intensify this rear inflow. These transports were mostly accomplished by eddy structures. Cyclonic vorticity was concentrated at the rear of the MCS and peaked at the centre of the observed closed wind circulation. As previously observed, stretching of the pre‐existing vertical vorticity was the dominant dynamical mechanism which helped to amplify the mesovortex at mid‐to‐upper levels, while tilting of the horizontal vorticity into the vertical was a lesser mechanism and had an opposite effect. In most respects, advective processes were negatively correlated with the stretching and tilting mechanisms, but not sufficiently to be balanced. The resulting tendency was an increase of cyclonic vorticity at low‐to‐mid levels and a net decrease above.
Direct Observation of the Transition Point Between Quasi‐Spherical and Cubic Nanoparticles in a Two‐Step Seed‐Mediated Growth Method
Authors: Dovgolevsky Ekaterina , Haick Hossam 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAn aqueous seed‐mediated growth method is adapted to explore the shape transformation of quasi‐spherical Au seeds to nanocubes in a direct and continuous manner. Quenching the growth process at varied reaction‐duration times and exploring the intermediate products by high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and UV/vis spectroscopy shows an abrupt cuboctahedral‐to‐nanocube transition at 25–27 nm without any change in the nanoparticle size. The size of the obtained nanocubes remains constant (25–27 nm) until most (>90%) of the cuboctahedral nanoparticles are transformed to nanocubes. At this point, the (25–27 nm) nanocubes initiate further continuous and homogeneous growth until they reach 50‐nm Au cubes. These observations are ascribed to a scenario in which the kinetically controlled growth mode of the nanoparticle is significantly affected by the surface self‐diffusion of metal adatoms, especially when the adatom's self‐diffusion distance is comparable with the nanoparticle's size.
Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) modulation of striatal dopamine measured with [11C]‐raclopride and positron emission tomography
Authors: Smith Gwenn S. , Ma Yilong , Dhawan Vijay , Chaly Thomas , Eidelberg David 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effect of a pharmacologic increase in serotonin concentrations on striatal dopamine (D2) receptor availability has been measured in several studies using positron emission tomography (PET) and the radiotracer [11C]‐raclopride as a method for the in vivo imaging of serotonin modulation of striatal dopamine in human subjects. These studies have shown that an acute increase in serotonin concentrations produced a decrease in striatal D2 receptor availability. The current study was undertaken to measure the effects of a more pharmacologically selective serotonergic agent compared to previous studies, the serotonin reuptake inhibitor, citalopram, on striatal D2 receptor availability. Twelve healthy control subjects underwent two PET scans performed on the same day following i.v. administration of saline (Scan 1) and citalopram (Scan 2, 40 mg, i.v.). The [11C]‐raclopride data were analyzed with a graphical analysis method using the cerebellum as the input function. Plasma levels of citalopram, cortisol, and prolactin were measured. The citalopram concentrations peaked at the end of infusion (EOI) and remained relatively consistent from 30 min to 3 h postinfusion. An increase in cortisol and prolactin concentrations was observed from the EOI until 60 min after the EOI. A significant decrease in striatal D2 receptor availability was observed after citalopram infusion (−5%), presumably due to an increase in endogenous dopamine concentrations. In summary, i.v. administration of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, citalopram, produced modest reductions in striatal D2 receptor availability, consistent with other human [11C]‐raclopride studies using less pharmacologically selective serotonergic agents. Synapse 63:1–6, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of prefrontal dopaminergic neurotransmission in glucocorticoid receptor‐mediated modulation of methamphetamine‐induced hyperactivity
Authors: Ago Yukio , Arikawa Shinsuke , Yata Miyuki , Yano Koji , Abe Michikazu , Takuma Kazuhiro , Matsuda Toshio 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGlucocorticoids are involved in psychostimulant‐induced hyperactivity, but the exact mechanism is not known. This study used the selective glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU‐43044, to determine whether prefrontal neurotransmission is involved in glucocorticoid‐mediated modulation of methamphetamine (METH)‐induced hyperactivity in mice. Pretreatment with RU‐43044 (10–30 mg/kg) attenuated the increased spontaneous locomotor activity induced by METH (1–2 mg/kg). The psychostimulant effect of METH was also attenuated by adrenalectomy. RU‐43044 inhibited METH‐induced increases in extracellular dopamine (DA), but not serotonin (5‐HT), levels in the prefrontal cortex, but did not affect METH‐induced increases in extracellular DA levels in the nucleus accumbens shell, although it inhibited increases in extracellular 5‐HT levels. Adrenalectomy also attenuated the METH‐induced increases in extracellular DA levels in the prefrontal cortex. RU‐43044 did not affect METH‐induced increases in plasma corticosterone levels. These findings suggest that glucocorticoid receptors are involved in METH‐induced hyperactivity, and that prefrontal dopaminergic neurotransmission plays a role in glucocorticoid‐mediated modulation of METH‐induced behavioral changes. Synapse 63:7–14, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clozapine inhibits development and expression of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization in rats
Authors: Kayir Hakan , Goktalay Gokhan , Yildirim Murat , Uzbay Tayfun I. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt has been shown that clozapine, the prototype of atypical antipsychotics, significantly reduces daily cigarette use and alcohol consumption in schizophrenic patients. However, our knowledge about the effect of clozapine on nicotine abuse is limited. Aim of this study was to determine whether clozapine would inhibit the development and expression of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization in rats. To investigate the effect of clozapine on the development of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization, rats were pretreated with clozapine (2.5–10 mg/kg) 30 min before the nicotine (0.5 mg/kg), and locomotor activity was recorded for 15 min. This procedure was repeated every day for eight sessions. After a 3‐day drug‐free period, rats were challenged with nicotine (0.5 mg/kg). To reveal effect of clozapine on the expression of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization, rats were injected with nicotine for eight sessions. After a 3‐day drug‐free period, rats were pretreated with clozapine (2.5–10 mg/kg) or vehicle 30 min before the nicotine (0.5 mg/kg) challenge injection. Repeated administration of nicotine generated robust locomotor sensitization in rats. Clozapine pretreatment (2.5–10 mg/kg) blocked the development and the expression of nicotine‐induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Our results suggest that atypical antipsychotic clozapine can prevent the effects of nicotine in an animal model of dependence, which represents early adaptations in initiation and continuation of addictive behavior. Synapse 63:15–21, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Controversies surrounding the causes of brachial plexus injury
Authors: Sandmire Herbert F. , DeMott Robert K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn the past decades, obstetric personnel have attempted to reduce the frequency of brachial plexus injury (BPI) by attempting to use less traction during the delivery of the fetal anterior shoulder. Clearly, these attempts have been unsuccessful in preventing or reducing the frequency of BPI. We conducted a nonsystematic literature review of the reported controversies regarding the mechanisms of BPI causation and why this complication is not decreasing in frequency. The review indicates that maternal labor forces are the most likely cause of BPI.
Randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, clinical trial of ozone therapy as treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss
Authors: Ragab A , Shreef E , Behiry E , Zalat S , Noaman M 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjective:To investigate the safety and efficacy of ozone therapy in adult patients with sudden sensorineural hearing loss.Design:Prospective, randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled, parallel group, clinical trial.Subjects:Forty-five adult patients presented with sudden sensorineural hearing loss, and were randomly allocated to receive either placebo (15 patients) or ozone therapy (auto-haemotherapy; 30 patients). For the latter treatment, 100 ml of the patient's blood was treated immediately with a 1:1 volume, gaseous mixture of oxygen and ozone (from an ozone generator) and re-injected into the patient by intravenous infusion. Treatments were administered twice weekly for 10 sessions. The following data were recorded: pre- and post-treatment mean hearing gains; air and bone pure tone averages; speech reception thresholds; speech discrimination scores; and subjective recovery rates.Results:Significant recovery was observed in 23 patients (77 per cent) receiving ozone treatment, compared with six (40 per cent) patients receiving placebo (p < 0.05). Mean hearing gains, pure tone averages, speech reception thresholds and subjective recovery rates were significantly better in ozone-treated patients compared with placebo-treated patients (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Ozone therapy is a significant modality for treatment of sudden sensorineural hearing loss; no complications were observed.
Rapid RhinoTM nasal packs: demonstration of depressurisation but not deflation
Authors: Smyth C , Hanna B , Scally C 
Published: October 2008

AbstractObjectives:Following a suggestion by ward patients that Rapid Rhino™ nasal packs may deflate over time, allowing recurrence of epistaxis, we aimed to demonstrate deflation of 7.5 cm Rapid Rhino packs when used in vivo for post-operative nasal packing.Materials and methods:The volume of air insufflated and retrieved from Rapid Rhino nasal packs used for post-operative nasal packing was recorded, as was the pressure following inflation and prior to removal. The time taken for the initial inflation pressure to stabilise was monitored in a number of packs. Similar pressure and volume measurements were repeated in a series of in vitro packs for comparison.Results:Fourteen consecutive patients undergoing septoplasty were recruited. High but unsteady pressure values were obtained in the first patient's packs. In the subsequent five patients, continuous pressure monitoring demonstrated that gradual depressurisation occurred over the first 16 to 22 minutes following inflation. A typical pressure was 35 cmH2O after inflating with 8 ml of air. Only one Rapid Rhino pack was demonstrated to leak air in vivo.Conclusion:When used in vivo, Rapid Rhino nasal packs initially depressurise over a period of about 20 minutes. Actual leakage (deflation) was not demonstrated to be an expected feature of Rapid Rhino packs in this study.
Microbiological study of role of fungi in primary atrophic rhinitis
Authors: Effat K G , Madany N M 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBackground:Fungal rhinosinusitis has gained much attention in recent years. To our knowledge, no previous studies have addressed the role of fungus in primary atrophic rhinitis.Study design:Prospective case study.Patients and methods:All cases of primary atrophic rhinitis presenting to the out-patient department at El-Sahel Teaching Hospital over a five-month period were included in the study. Crusts and purulent secretions removed from patients' nasal cavities underwent microbiological analysis at the Medical Microbiology and Immunology department of the Cairo University Faculty of Medicine. Special emphasis was placed on fungal isolation.Results:Fourteen consecutive cases of primary atrophic rhinitis were studied in the five-month period starting 26 November 2007. Patients comprised eight females and six males, with an age range of 12 to 65 years (mean 37 years). Microscopy of the crusts and purulent secretions showed pus cells in most of the samples. Klebsiella species were isolated from nine patients (65 per cent), and other bacterial species were isolated in most of the remainder. Fungal elements, most commonly aspergillus species, were isolated in 13 patients (93 per cent).Conclusion:It is proposed that the initial trigger for primary atrophic rhinitis is a virulent bacterial infection of the nasal lining, which leads to damage of the ciliated epithelium. This initiates the cascade of events leading to inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa, with secondary pyogenic osteomyelitis of the turbinate bone. The persistence of purulent secretion, within the setting of impaired mucociliary clearance, leads to saprophytic fungal colonisation which contributes greatly to the clinical picture.
WAS-guided cooperation in water: the grand coalition and sub-coalitions
Authors: FISHER FRANKLIN M. , HUBER-LEE ANNETTE 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper builds on the earlier development of WAS – a method of dealing with water issues that focuses on water values rather than water quantities and takes into account public values that are not simply private ones (see Fisheret al., 2005). WAS can be used for infrastructure or policy planning, but it can also assist in the resolution of water disputes. Indeed, WAS-guided cooperation in water can turn what appears to be a zero-sum gain into a win-win situation. It is shown that if WAS sets the rules for cooperation, then, when all claimants use those rules, the coalition of all of them together is stable. Results for possible coalitions of Israel, Jordan, and Palestine are given for varying assumptions as to water ownership. The gains from cooperation are compared and analyzed. WAS-guided cooperation is seen to make the value of ownership shifts relatively trivial.
An uncultivated crenarchaeota contains functional bacteriochlorophyll a synthase
Authors: Meng Jun , Wang Fengping , Wang Feng , Zheng Yanping , Peng Xiaotong , Zhou Huaiyang , Xiao Xiang 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A fosmid clone 37F10 containing an archaeal 16S rRNA gene was screened out from a metagenomic library of Pearl River sediment, southern China. Sequence analysis of the 35 kb inserted fragment of 37F10 found that it contains a single 16S rRNA gene belonging to Miscellaneous Crenarchaeotal Group (MCG) and 36 open reading frames (ORFs). One ORF (orf11) encodes putative bacteriochlorophyll a synthase (bchG) gene. Bacteriochlorophyll a synthase gene has never been reported in a member of the domain Archaea, in accordance with the fact that no (bacterio)-chlorophyll has ever been detected in any cultivated archaea. The putative archaeal bchG (named as ar-bchG) was cloned and heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli. The protein was found to be capable of synthesizing bacteriochlorophyll a by esterification of bacteriochlorophyllide a with phytyl diphosphate or geranylgeranyl diphosphate. Furthermore, phylogenetic analysis clearly indicates that the ar-bchG diverges before the bacterial bchGs. Our results for the first time demonstrate that a key and functional enzyme for bacteriochlorophyll a biosynthesis does exist in Archaea.