bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Perspective on Southern Hemisphere Storm Tracks
Authors: Hoskins B. J. , Hodges K. I. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
A detailed view of Southern Hemisphere storm tracks is obtained based on the application of filtered variance and modern feature-tracking techniques to a wide range of 45-yr European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) Re-Analysis (ERA-40) data. It has been checked that the conclusions drawn in this study are valid even if data from only the satellite era are used. The emphasis of the paper is on the winter season, but results for the four seasons are also discussed. Both upper- and lower-tropospheric fields are used. The tracking analysis focuses on systems that last longer than 2 days and are mobile (move more than 1000 km). Many of the results support previous ideas about the storm tracks, but some new insights are also obtained. In the summer there is a rather circular, strong, deep high-latitude storm track. In winter the high-latitude storm track is more asymmetric with a spiral from the Atlantic and Indian Oceans in toward Antarctica and a subtropical jet–related lower-latitude storm track over the Pacific, again tending to spiral poleward. At all times of the year, maximum storm activity in the higher-latitude storm track is in the Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions. In the winter upper troposphere, the relative importance of, and interplay between, the subtropical and subpolar storm tracks is discussed. The genesis, lysis, and growth rate of lower-tropospheric winter cyclones together lead to a vivid picture of their behavior that is summarized as a set of overlapping plates, each composed of cyclone life cycles. Systems in each plate appear to feed the genesis in the next plate through downstream development in the upper-troposphere spiral storm track. In the lee of the Andes in South America, there is cyclogenesis associated with the subtropical jet and also, poleward of this, cyclogenesis largely associated with system decay on the upslope and regeneration on the downslope. The genesis and lysis of cyclones and anticyclones have a definite spatial relationship with each other and with the Andes. At 500 hPa, their relative longitudinal positions are consistent with vortex-stretching ideas for simple flow over a large-scale mountain. Cyclonic systems near Antarctica have generally spiraled in from lower latitudes. However, cyclogenesis associated with mobile cyclones occurs around the Antarctic coast with an interesting genesis maximum over the sea ice near 150°E. The South Pacific storm track emerges clearly from the tracking as a coherent deep feature spiraling from Australia to southern South America. A feature of the summer season is the genesis of eastward-moving cyclonic systems near the tropic of Capricorn off Brazil, in the central Pacific and, to a lesser extent, off Madagascar, followed by movement along the southwest flanks of the subtropical anticyclones and contribution to the “convergence zone” cloud bands seen in these regions.
The Contrasting Social Logics of Socialit and Survival
Authors: Hey Valerie 
Published: November 2005

Late modernity has been characterized as a space, place and ‘series of flows’, marking conditions of complexity, contradiction and diversity as the global economics of capital restructuring reach down into the local/e to radically disorganize prior social forms of collective and political identity and allegiance (Giddens, 1998). Individualization implies a de-coupling of self from the weight of group, community and tradition, thus more local, idiosyncratic and syncretic trajectories are now said to structure ‘biographies of choice’. My starting points for reflecting on this are Bourdieu’s conceptualization of the ‘social logics of the individual’ conceived as a thoroughly social subject. I use this idea to frame how two contrasting locales shape the subject within their respective interpersonal relations. Gender and class are central terms of the following discussion examining the newly improvized identities of the digitally enhanced and networked middle class, alongside the survival identities impelled by those ‘muddling through’ within disconnected locales.
Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of a Cyclopent[fg]acenaphthylene-1,2-bis(p-quinone methide)s Derivative. An Extended Pyracyloquinone
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Takehara Yuko , Matsumoto Kouzou , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The extended-quinone derivative of cyclopent[fg]acenaphthylene-1,2-dione (pyracyloquinone) is first synthesized and characterized. An X-ray analysis exhibits the non-planar structure involving bent of two 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-oxo-cyclohexadienylidene units, and bond alternation along the molecular periphery. The facile formation of trianion radical on cyclic voltammetry reflects high-electron affinity enhanced by antiaromatic character of the formed pyracylene moiety on the dianion state.
Huntingtin is localized in the nucleus during preimplanatation embryo development in mice
Authors: Jeong Sung‐Jin , Kim Manho , Chang Keun‐A. , Kim Hye‐Sun , Park Cheol‐Hyoung , Suh Yoo‐Hun 
Published: November 2005

AbstractHuntington's disease (HD) is a dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by the expansion of a CAG repeat in the gene encoding huntingtin. Moreover, the nuclear targeting of mutant huntingtin increases cellular toxicity, whereas normal huntingtin resides mainly in the cytoplasm, and is associated with membranes or microtubules. Huntingtin is enriched in neurons and its expression is increased during neural development. The inactivation of the HD gene results in embryonic lethality before nervous system development. Thus, huntingtin is critical during early embryonic development. Nevertheless, the function of huntingtin at this stage is unknown, even the distribution of the protein has not been described.The present study was undertaken to elucidate the distribution of huntingtin during the early developmental period in the mouse embryo. At the preimplantation stage, huntingtin was detected in nuclei up to 2.5 days post coitum (dpc), but disappeared from nuclei during the blastocyst stage (3.5 dpc). Following this stage, huntingtin was mainly localized in the cytoplasm and co‐localized with mitotic spindles. These data suggest that the nuclear targeting of normal huntingtin is required during early embryo development in mice.
Nothing but Lost Opportunities? The History of the Italian Left, 1980–2000: A View from the Future
Authors: ROMANO ANDREA 
Published: November 2005

Iginio Ariemma, La casa brucia. I Democratici di Sinistra dal PCI ai giorni nostri (Venice: Marsilio, 2000), 225 pp., €12.39 (pb), ISBN 8831773798.Nicola Rossi, Riformisti per forza. La sinistra italiana tra 1996 e 2006 (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2002), 168 pp., €10.50 (pb), ISBN 8815084312.Antonio Tatò, Caro Berlinguer, Note e appunti riservati di Antonio Tatò a Enrico Berlinguer. 1969–1984 (Turin: Einaudi, 2003), 336 pp., €14.50 (pb), ISBN 880616595X.Michele Salvati, Il partito democratico. Alle origini di un'idea politica (Bologna: Il Mulino, 2003), 138 pp., €8.00 (pb), ISBN 8815096647.
Therapie bakterieller Infektionen in der pädiatrischen Onkologie
Authors: Simon A , Beutel K , Marklein G , Fleischhack G 
Published: November 2005

ZusammenfassungOhne den sachkundigen Einsatz von Antibiotika kann das Ziel einer intensiveren Chemotherapie und letztlich eines verbesserten Langzeitüberlebens in der pädiatrischen Onkologie nicht erreicht werden. Während der Granulozytopenie und auch zwischen den intensiven Chemotherapien können bakterielle Infektionen die Lebensqualität des Patienten beeinträchtigen, das Leben des Patienten akut gefährden und den Ressourcenverbrauch im Rahmen der erforderlichen supportiven Behandlung massiv erhöhen. Der unkritische und nicht standardisierte Umgang mit Antibiotika kann den Patienten unnötigerweise mit Nebenwirkungen belasten und zur Selektion resistenter Bakterienspezies führen. Die vorliegende Arbeit enthält Empfehlungen der Arbeitsgruppe „Infektionen bei immunsupprimierten Kindern” der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie (DGPI) und der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Onkologie und Hämatologie (GPOH) zur gezielten Therapie mit Antibiotika, insoweit sie für die Behandlung pädiatrisch-onkologischer Patienten von Interesse sind.
Evolution of skeletal type e–c coupling
Authors: Di Biase Valentina , Franzini-Armstrong Clara 
Published: November 2005

The functional separation between skeletal and cardiac muscles, which occurs at the threshold between vertebrates and invertebrates, involves the evolution of separate contractile and control proteins for the two types of striated muscles, as well as separate mechanisms of contractile activation. The functional link between electrical excitation of the surface membrane and activation of the contractile material (known as excitation–contraction [e–c] coupling) requires the interaction between a voltage sensor in the surface membrane, the dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR), and a calcium release channel in the sarcoplasmic reticulum, the ryanodine receptor (RyR). Skeletal and cardiac muscles have different isoforms of the two proteins and present two structurally and functionally distinct modes of interaction.
We use structural clues to trace the evolution of the dichotomy from a single, generic type of e–c coupling to a diversified system involving a novel mechanism for skeletal muscle activation. Our results show that a significant structural transition marks the protochordate to the Craniate evolutionary step, with the appearance of skeletal muscle–specific RyR and DHPR isoforms.
NKp46 and NKG2D receptor expression in NK cells with CD56dim and CD56bright phenotype: regulation by histamine and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Romero Ana I. , Thorén Fredrik B. , Brune Mats , Hellstrand Kristoffer 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe cytotoxicity of natural killer (NK) cells is dependent on the interaction between target cell ligands and a series of stimulatory receptors on NK cells. Two of these triggering receptors, the NKp46 natural cytotoxicity receptor (NKp46) and the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I‐interactive NKG2D receptor, are deficiently expressed by NK cells recovered from patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), but little is known regarding the regulation of NKp46 and NKG2D expression. Here we report that mononuclear and polymorphonuclear phagocytes downregulate the cell surface density of NKp46 and NKG2D on NK cells with CD56dim phenotype in vitro by a mechanism that is dependent on the availability of phagocyte‐derived reactive oxygen species (ROS). Histamine maintained NKp46 and NKG2D expression despite the presence of inhibitory phagocytes by targeting an H2 receptor on phagocytes. By contrast, NKp46 and NKG2D expression by the CD56bright subset of NK cells was resistant to inhibition by phagocytes. Our findings are suggestive of a novel mechanism of relevance to the regulation of NKp46/NKG2D receptor expression. Moreover, our findings suggest that the previously reported action of histamine on NK cell‐mediated killing of leukaemic cells may be related to the preservation of activatory NK‐cell receptors.
Non‐lethal predator effects on the performance of a native and an exotic crayfish species
Authors: NYSTRÖM PER 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. I tested the hypothesis that the potential for non‐lethal effects of predators are more important for overall performance of the fast‐growing exotic signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus Dana) than for the slower growing native noble crayfish (Astacus astacus L.). I further tested if omnivorous crayfish switched to feed on less risky food sources in the presence of predators, a behaviour that could reduce the feeding costs associated with predator avoidance.2. In a 2 month long outdoor pool experiment, I measured behaviour, survival, cheliped loss, growth, and food consumption in juvenile noble or signal crayfish in pools with either a caged predatory dragonfly larvae (Aeshna sp.), a planktivorous fish that do not feed on crayfish (sunbleak, Leucaspius delineatus Heckel), or predator‐free controls. Crayfish had access to multiple food sources: live zooplankton, detritus and periphyton. Frozen chironomid larvae were also supplied ad libitum outside crayfish refuges, simulating food in a risky habitat.3. Crayfish were mainly active during hours of darkness, with signal crayfish spending significantly more time outside refuges than noble crayfish. The proportion of crayfish outside refuges varied between crayfish species, time and predator treatment, with signal crayfish spending more time in refuges at night in the presence of fish.4. Survival in noble crayfish was higher than in signal crayfish, and signal crayfish had a higher frequency of lost chelipeds, indicating a high level of intraspecific interactions. Crayfish survival was not affected by the presence of predators.5. Gut‐contents analysis and stable isotope values of carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) indicated that the two crayfish species had similar food preferences, and that crayfish received most of their energy from feeding on invertebrates (e.g. chironomid larvae), although detritus was the most frequent food item in their guts. Signal crayfish guts were more full than those of noble crayfish, but signal crayfish in pools with fish contained significantly less food and fewer had consumed chironomids compared with predator‐free controls. Length increase of signal crayfish (35%) was significantly higher than of noble crayfish (20%), but signal crayfish in pools with fish grew less than in control pools.6. This short‐term study indicates that fish species that do not pose a lethal threat to an organism may indirectly cause reductions in growth by affecting behaviour and feeding. This may occur even though prey are omnivorous and have access to and consume multiple food sources. These non‐lethal effects of predators are expected to be particularly important in exotic crayfish species that show a general response to fish, have high individual growth rates, and when their feeding on the most profitable food source is reduced.
Changing nutrient levels in Grasmere, English Lake District, during recent centuries
Authors: BARKER P. A. , PATES J. M. , PAYNE R. J. , HEALEY R. M. 
Published: November 2005

Summary1. Historical nutrient changes in Grasmere were investigated using a 300‐year record derived from six sediment cores. One core was investigated at high resolution for diatoms, total sedimentary phosphorus, and loss‐on‐ignition (LOI), and was dated using 210Pb and 137Cs. Six other cores were scanned for magnetic susceptibility, diatoms and LOI to confirm the stratigraphic integrity of the primary record.2. A rise in nutrient levels occurred after 1855 AD. This event was marked by a shift away from benthic diatom assemblages and a rise in Asterionella formosa. The onset of eutrophication from 1855 corresponds to the expansion of the local and tourist population in the area.3. The replacement of A. formosa with Cyclotella spp. ca 1945–65 indicates reduced nutrient loads, possibly because of enhanced flushing brought about by the seasonal rainfall distribution.4. After 1965 a step‐wise increase in both absolute and relative amounts of Asterionella was found. High sedimentary P and diatom inferred TP confirmed the high nutrient loading of the lake. Nutrient increase is attributable to problems with the Grasmere village sewage system and the installation of a wastewater treatment works (WwTW) on the River Rothay in 1971. Modifications to the WwTW in 1982 caused an initial improvement, but have not led to a full recovery to pre‐1965 ecological conditions.5. The diatom record indicates a further improvement after 1990 by a return toward Achnanthes minutissima.6. The sedimentary archive of sensitive sites provides important benchmarks against which to judge the attainment of water quality targets.
Empowerment in parents of school‐aged children with and without developmental disabilities
Authors: Nachshen J. S. , Minnes P. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  Despite the widespread use of the term ‘empowerment’ in clinical literature to describe both a desirable process and the outcome of service delivery, the term remains more of a theoretical than practical construct. This study examined the factors that contribute to empowerment in parents of school‐aged children with and without developmental disabilities (DD) using the Double ABCX model of family adaptation contrasted with the linear ACBX model.Methods  Parents of children with (n = 100, 97% mothers) and without (n = 100, 98% mothers) DD completed questionnaires relating to child behaviour problems, parent stress and well‐being, and formal and informal support. Structural equation modelling was usedResults  Parents of children with DD reported more child behaviour problems, more stress, less well‐being and more social support than parents of children without DD. Structural equation modelling supported the ACBX model for both groups. A linear relationship was found in which parent well‐being and resources mediated the relationship between the stressor (child behaviour problems) and the outcome (empowerment).Conclusions  The results of the current study support Hastings and Taunt's assertion in 2002, in that empowerment was adequately explained using a traditional model of family functioning. The significant prediction offered by the parent's resources points to the need to deliver services in a manner that is more family‐centred. In the education system, this means providing parents with clear messages regarding the schools goals, clarifying the parent's rights and responsibilities, including the parent in planning and decision making, respecting their knowledge as caregivers and supporting their hopes for their child.
Stability and change in cognitive ability over the life span: a comparison of populations with and without Down's syndrome
Authors: Carr J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackground  Longitudinal studies show that in the general population IQ declines with age: early and rapidly in the case of performance IQ, later and more slowly in the case of verbal IQ. These populations have not apparently included people with intellectual disabilities (ID).Method  A literature search identified 11 studies, some cross‐sectional and others longitudinal, which provided data on a variety of verbal and performance tests, over periods from 3 to 19 years, on older people with ID. Following statistical advice the results from the different tests were converted into the equivalent of, for verbal scores, British Picture Vocabulary Scale, and for performance scores, Leiter International Performance Scale, raw scores. Percentage change between earlier and later scores was then calculated.Results  With one exception the studies considered tend to show verbal ability declining relatively more, and performance ability declining relatively less, than has been shown to occur in the general population. Potential confounding factors, such as population attrition, cohort effects, etc., are thought not to have affected these results.Conclusions  The pattern of change with age in verbal and performance ability appears different in people with ID from that seen in the general population. Some possible reasons for this difference are discussed.
Anti‐phagocytic mechanisms of Streptococcus pyogenes: binding of fibrinogen to M‐related protein
Authors: Courtney Harry S. , Hasty David L. , Dale James B. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryA key attribute of invasive Streptococcus pyogenes is their ability to resist phagocytosis and multiply in human blood. M‐related protein (Mrp) is a major anti‐phagocytic factor but the mechanism whereby it helps streptococci to evade phagocytosis has not been demonstrated. We investigated phagocytosis resistance in a strain of serotype M4 by inactivating the mrp gene and also the emm, enn, sof and sfbX genes and by analysing the effect on streptococcal growth in blood and on complement deposition on the bacterial surface. Inactivation of enn4 and sfbX4 had little impact on growth in blood, but ablation of mrp4, emm4 or sof4 reduced streptococcal growth in human blood, confirming that Mrp and Emm are required for optimal resistance to phagocytosis and providing the first indication that Sof may be an anti‐phagocytic factor. Moreover, antisera against Mrp4, Emm4 and Sof4 promoted the killing of S. pyogenes, but anti‐SfbX serum had no effect. Growth of S. pyogenes in blood was dependent on the presence of fibrinogen and in the absence of fibrinogen there was a twofold increase in complement deposition. Inactivation of mrp4 resulted in a loss of fibrinogen‐binding and caused a twofold increase in the binding of C3b that was inhibited by Mg‐EGTA. Mrp contained two fibrinogen‐binding sites, one of which is within a highly conserved region. These findings indicate that Mrp–fibrinogen interactions prevent surface deposition of complement via the classical pathway, thereby contributing to the ability of these streptococci to resist phagocytosis. This may be a common mechanism for evasion of phagocytosis because Mrp is expressed by approximately half of the clinical isolates of S. pyogenes.
The cuff method: a pilot study of a new method of monitoring neuromuscular function
Authors: Rodiera J. , Serradell A. , Álvarez‐Gómez J. A. , Aliaga L. 
Published: November 2005

Background:  A new method of monitoring neuromuscular blockade based on a modified blood pressure cuff that incorporates stimulating electrodes was compared with mechanomyography (MMG) (‘gold standard’).Methods:  Forty adults and 20 children (ASA I–II) underwent neuromuscular blockade monitoring on the contralateral arms and on the same arm using the new cuff method and MMG. Only train‐of‐four (TOF) ratios > 0.1 and T1 heights > 0 were studied. Supramaximal stimulation was also assessed. A device based on a PC with an analogue‐to‐digital conversion card was used to control and synchronize MMG and the cuff method. The agreement between both methods was assessed using the statistical method of Bland and Altman.Results:  When TOF ratios were >0.7, the bias between the two methods was −0.04 with the limits of agreement ranging from −0.21 to −0.12 (95% CI −0.06 to −0.02). The T1 > 0 heights bias was −0.01 with the limits of agreement ranging from −0.26 to 0.24 (95% CI −0.02 to −0.003). The sensitivity of the cuff method was 88%, with a specificity of 85% and an accuracy of 86%.Conclusion:  This pilot study indicates that the cuff method could be useful to monitor neuromuscular blockade according to the bias and limits of agreement compared with MMG, particularly when the degree of blockade was evaluated by TOF ratios > 0.7. The new cuff method is easy and simple to use. However, further studies in a larger number of patients are necessary to confirm these favourable preliminary results.