bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two‐dimensional reverse phase‐reverse phase chromatography: A simple and robust platform for sensitive quantitative analysis of peptides by LC/MS. Hardware design
Authors: Rogatsky Eduard , Stein Daniel T. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe have revised current two‐dimensional RP‐RP approaches and developed a new robust 2‐D RP‐RP platform. This platform was implemented on an Agilent 1100 2‐D liquid chromatography system and is based on high pressure switching between two high‐resolution RP columns. An independent binary gradient was implemented for each dimension. The powerful combination of dual analytical columns with independent gradient elution achieves high analyte purity, effectively eliminates matrix effects, and maximizes MS sensitivity in Q1 SIM comparable to the sensitivity enhancements of MS/MS‐based methods. Implementation of dual simultaneous gradient profiles (overlapped gradients) reduces 2‐D method run‐time to the scale of 1‐D method run‐times. This robust and sensitive approach is particularly suitable for hydrophobic peptides and small proteins and can be used as a routine standard technique for enhanced on‐line peptide purification coupled with mass spectrometric detection.
Effect of Temperature on the Mobility of Core‐Shell‐Type Nanoparticles Composed of Poly(γ‐benzyl‐L‐glutamate) and Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)
Authors: Yoo Mi Kyong , Jang Mi Kyeong , Nah Jae Woon , Park Mi Ran , Cho Chong Su 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary:Core‐shell‐type nanoparticles composed of PBLG and PNIPAAm were prepared in an attempt to study the effects of temperature on the dynamic behavior of temperature‐sensitive polymeric shell, PNIPAAm, in the nanoparticles by1H NMR spectroscopy. Spin‐lattice relaxation time (T1) and line halfwidth in D2O and CDCl3were measured to monitor the change of the chain mobility of PNIPAAm in the GN nanoparticles within the temperature range encompassing its LCST. The molecular motion of PBLG segment in GN nanoparticles in CDCl3was also examined and compared with that of the PNIPAAm. The morphology, size distribution, and effect of temperature on the sizes of the GN nanoparticles were also investigated. The temperature dependence ofT1and line halfwidth suggests that theN‐isopropyl group turns gradually into the solid‐like aggregates at temperatures higher than the LCST of PNIPAAm due to the collapsed coil‐globule transition.T1values ofN‐isopropyl groups decreased with increasing PBLG content in GN diblock copolymer, suggesting the mobility of PNIPAAm chain, as the shell, becomes more restricted at higher PBLG core content.Changes in the mobility of PNIPAAm shell in the core‐shell‐type nanoparticles composed of PBLG and PNIPAAm.magnified imageChanges in the mobility of PNIPAAm shell in the core‐shell‐type nanoparticles composed of PBLG and PNIPAAm.
Novel Random Low‐Band‐Gap Fluorene‐Based Copolymers for Deep Red/Near Infrared Light‐Emitting Diodes and Bulk Heterojunction Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Xia Yangjun , Luo Jie , Deng Xianyu , Li Xianzhen , Li Dongyun , Zhu Xuhui , Yang Wei , Cao Yong 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Novel readily soluble random low‐band‐gap conjugated copolymers (PFO–DTTP, Eg ≈ 1.77–2.00 eV) derived from 9,9‐dioctylfluorene (DOF) and 2,3‐dimethyl‐5,7‐dithien‐2‐yl‐thieno[3,4‐b]pyrazine (DTTP) were prepared. The solutions and the solid thin films of the copolymers absorbed light from 300–690 nm. Prototype photovoltaic cells from solid state composite films with the copolymer PFO–DTTP30 and [6,6]‐phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) showed power conversion efficiencies up to 0.83% under an AM1.5 solar simulator (100 mW · cm−2). For electroluminescent devices, the emission peaks were around 734–780 nm. This indicates that the low band gap copolymers are promising materials for polymeric solar cells and deep red/near infrared light‐emitting diodes.Synthesis of novel low‐band‐gap fluorene‐based copolymer.magnified imageSynthesis of novel low‐band‐gap fluorene‐based copolymer.
Synthesis, Sequential Crystallization and Morphological Evolution of Well‐Defined Star‐Shaped Poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(L‐lactide) Block Copolymer
Authors: Wang Jing‐Liang , Dong Chang‐Ming 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: Well‐defined star‐shaped poly(ε‐caprolactone)‐b‐poly(L‐lactide) copolymers (PCL‐b‐PLLA) were synthesized via sequential block copolymerization, and their molecular weights and arm length ratio could be accurately controlled. Both differential scanning calorimetry and wide angle X‐ray diffraction analysis indicated that the crystallization of both the PLLA and PCL blocks within the star‐shaped PCL‐b‐PLLA copolymer could be adjusted from the arm length of each block, and both blocks mutually influenced each other. The sequential isothermal crystallization process of both the PLLA and PCL blocks within the PCL‐b‐PLLA copolymers was directly observed with a polarized optical microscope, and the isothermal crystallization of the PCL segments was mainly templated by the existing spherulites of PLLA. Moreover, the PLLA blocks within the star‐shaped PCL‐b‐PLLA copolymer progressively changed from ordinary spherulites to banded spherulites when the arm length ratio of PCL to PLLA was increased while concentric spherulites were observed for the linear analog. Significantly, these novel spherulites with concentric or banded textures and the morphological evolution of the spherulites have been observed for the first time in the PCL‐b‐PLLA block copolymers.
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Measuring sensation in the feet of patients with rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Wilson Oonagh , Kirwan John R 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectives: (1) To determine the test–retest reliability of monofilaments pressed against the skin as a method of assessing sensation in the feet of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in controls using two grades of monofilaments; (2) to determine the stability of findings over 6 weeks; and (3) to calculate initial estimates of frequency of loss of sensation and to investigate its association with disease status.Method: Clinical examination of the feet was undertaken in 51 patients with RA and 20 normal controls. Six sites on each foot were tested twice with both 10 g and 3 g research grade monofilaments and this was repeated after 6 weeks. Disease status was measured using the Disease Activity Score, the Health Assessment Questionnaire, visual analogue scales of pain, and the acute phase response using erythrocyte sedimentation rate and plasma viscosity.Results: Reproducibility was high for 3 g (kappa = 0.73) and 10 g (kappa = 0.75) monofilaments. The best balance between sensitivity (58.8%) and specificity (87.5%) for distinguishing the feet of patients from the feet of controls was using the 3 g filament and defining reduced protective sensation as being sensitive to less than 11 of 12 applications. Using this definition, the prevalence of reduced protective sensation is 59% in the patient group and 12.5% in the feet of controls. There was some variation in sensation over 6 weeks in the patient group, but this was not related to measures of clinical status.Conclusion: The use of monofilaments in assessing sensation levels in the RA foot is repeatable and reproducible over a six‐week period and requires only a short time to perform. The frequency of reduced sensation in the feet of patients with RA was greater than previously reported. Future studies should assess relationships with disease duration and inflammatory status. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled radical copolymerization of β‐pinene and acrylonitrile
Authors: Li An‐Long , Wang Yi , Liang Hui , Lu Jiang 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe feasibility of the radical copolymerization of β‐pinene and acrylonitrile was clarified for the first time. The monomer reactivity ratios evaluated by the Fineman–Ross method were rβ‐pinene = 0 and racrylonitrile = 0.66 in dichloroethane at 60 °C with AIBN, which indicated that the copolymerization was a simple alternating copolymerization. The addition of the Lewis acid Et2AlCl increased the copolymerization rate and enhanced the incorporation of β‐pinene. The first example for the synthesis of an almost perfectly alternating copolymer of β‐pinene and acrylonitrile was achieved in the presence of Et2AlCl. Furthermore, the possible controlled copolymerization of β‐pinene and acrylonitrile was then attempted via the reversible addition–fragmentation transfer (RAFT) technique. At a low β‐pinene/acrylonitrile feed ratio of 10/90 or 25/75, the copolymerization with 2‐cyanopropyl‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate as the transfer agent displayed the typical features of living polymerization. However, the living character could be observed only within certain monomer conversions. At higher monomer conversions, the copolymerizations deviated from the living behavior, probably because of the competitive degradative chain transfer of β‐pinene. The β‐pinene/acrylonitrile copolymers with a high alternation degree and controlled molecular weight were also obtained by the combination of the RAFT agent cumyl dithiobenzoate and Lewis acid Et2AlCl. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2376–2387, 2006
Synthesis of PVC‐g‐PS through stereoselective nucleophilic substitution on PVC
Authors: Martínez Gerardo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe substitution reaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with sodium azide was performed in cyclohexanone. The evolution of unreacted iso‐, hetero‐ and syndiotactic triad contents with the degree of substitution has been followed by 13C NMR spectroscopy. By quantitatively comparing the microstructure changes with degree of substitution, taking into account that the reaction is of SN2 type, only the mechanisms of substitution through the mm triad of mmr tetrad and the rm of rrmr pentads are shown to react. This conclusion was confirmed by FT‐IR. From this stereospecific chemical modification of PVC, the thermal decomposition of azide‐modified PVC and the consequent reaction with styrene offer a method for the preparation of stereoselective graft copolymers. After grafting, no variation of the microstructure of the chain has been demonstrated. These results have been used to study the effect of the aforementioned structures on the evolution of density as a function of free‐volume of the graft copolymers, and thus provide new approaches to a better understanding of the structure‐properties relationships at the molecular level. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 2476–2486, 2006
The influence of thermoelastomers on the crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene under shear
Authors: Li Liangbin , Zhang Ling 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe crystallization behaviors of isotactic polypropylene (iPP) and its blends with thermoelastomers have been investigated with in situ X‐ray scattering and optic microscopy. At quiescent condition, the crystallization kinetics of iPP is not affected by the presence of elastomers; while determined by the viscosity, the differences are observed on sheared samples. With a fixed shear strain, the crystallization rate increases with increasing the shear rate. The fraction of oriented lamellar crystals in blends is higher than that in pure iPP sample, while the percentage of β phase is reduced by the presence of the elastomers. On the basis of experimental results, no direct correlation among the fraction of oriented lamellae, the percentage of β phase, and growth rate can be deduced. The evolution of the fraction of oriented lamellae supports that shear field promotes nucleation rather than growth process. Shear flow induces the formation of nuclei not only with preferring orientation but also with random orientation. The total density of nuclei, which determines the crystallization kinetics, does not control the ratio between nuclei with and without preferring orientation, which determines the fraction of oriented lamellae. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1188–1198, 2006
Who are the visitors? characteristics of temporary movers in Australia
Authors: Bell Martin , Brown Dominic 
Published: March 2006

AbstractComparison of place of enumeration at the Census with place of usual residence provides a unique window on the geography and characteristics of temporary population movements. This paper uses microdata from the 2001 Australian Census in a logistic regression framework to examine the characteristics of temporary movers classified according to distance of travel and purpose of move. We show that the age composition of temporary movers varies according to distance of move. For non‐local work‐related travel, the most significant predictors are being male, maritally unattached and working either in extractive industries or government and defence. Travel for consumption shows more balanced sex ratios but is selective of older age groups, and of those who are unemployed or outside the labour force. Both types of move are strongly associated with income. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Young caregivers in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Robson E. , Ansell N. , Huber U. S. , Gould W. T. S. , van Blerk L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAgainst a background of rising adult mortality and morbidity in the context of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub‐Saharan Africa, this paper provides both quantitative and qualitative evidence for the existence of a largely neglected group of young people with increased responsibility for caregiving. Using questionnaire surveys, focus groups, storyboards and in‐depth interviews in three studies across Southern and Eastern Africa some young people in Lesotho, Tanzania and Zimbabwe are found to devote considerable time and energy to caring for sick members of their households. Examination of the tasks carried out by these youngsters finds them to be burdened beyond usual familial and societal expectations of children's ‘normal’ contributions to the reproduction of households via domestic chores and suchlike. It is concluded that these young people can be described as ‘young carers’. The three studies are presented to illuminate different socio‐spatial aspects of caregiving by young people. First, using qualitative data from Lesotho the range of caring tasks young caregivers perform for care recipients – usually a grandmother, parent, or sibling – is identified. Second, the impact caregiving responsibilities have on children's primary school attendance is examined using survey data from Tanzania. Third, the wider negative and positive impacts of caregiving including loss of friends and gaining of emotional maturity for young carers and their households is explored with in‐depth individual interviews from Zimbabwe. Finally, suggestions are made for further research to deepen understanding of the geographies of caring within the context of the population geographies of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub‐Saharan Africa and beyond. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of PBE0 for evaluating the absorption spectra of carbonyl molecules
Authors: Wathelet Valérie , Preat Julien , Bouhy Michaël , Fontaine Michèle , Perpète Eric A. , André Jean‐Marie , Jacquemin Denis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUsing the parameter‐free PBE0 hybrid functional, we compute the UV/Vis spectra of a series of solvated compounds presenting a carbonyl chromophoric unit linked to a carbon–carbon double bond. It turns out that PBE0 is extremely efficient for accurately reproducing experimental values, with a mean unsigned error of 7 nm for an extended set of compounds, although no fitting or statistical treatments are performed. PBE0 has a predictive efficiency comparable to the well‐known Woodward–Fieser empirical formula, and can therefore be used to extend these rules without requiring additional experimental results. Consequently, the UV/Vis spectra of several compounds that have not yet been synthesized are predicted. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Acquisition of learning processing in a navigation task using a functional parts combination model
Authors: Ogawa Akitoshi , Omori Takashi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn past studies of intelligent systems for problem solving, the internal structure of the system that determines the output for problem solving, that is, the computation process, is confined to the process built in by the designer. Thus, the program must be rewritten manually, even for a problem of similar type which can be handled by modifications. To deal with this point, we propose the functional parts combination (FPC) model, which can acquire different computation processes according to the individual problem. With the navigation of a mobile agent as a sample problem, the search power of the FPC model for the computation process is demonstrated by computer simulation for the case in which systems with different structures are applied to the same problem, and for the case in which a system with the same structure is applied to multiple problems. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(4): 64–76, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20272
Intraoperative 3D visualization for surgical field deformation with geometric pattern projection
Authors: Hayashibe Mitsuhiro , Suzuki Naoki , Kobayashi Susumu , Nakata Norio , Hattori Asaki , Suzuki Shigeyuki , Otake Yoshito , Nakamura Yoshihiko 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRecently there have been many efforts to investigate navigation technology and apply it in various clinical fields in which the target position in the surgical region is indicated during surgery. The objective is to facilitate an intuitive understanding of the surgical region by the surgeon, so that the accuracy of the surgery can be improved. Currently, the position of the surgical area is usually measured by a magnetic sensor or a marker‐type optical 3D position sensor. In navigation of hard tissue such as bone, the target is rigid, and the position of the target can be measured from several discrete point markers. In navigation of soft tissue such as the body surface and the liver, where the shape and the position can change easily, a position sensor which can measure the state of modification in the form of time‐series surface data is required. In the method proposed here in order to deal with this problem, a geometrical pattern is projected on the target by a PC projector and is captured in real time from various directions with using DV cameras. This biological deformation measurement system can be easily installed in an operating room and can simultaneously measure and visualize the 3D shape and the textural information of the target. An animal experiment was performed. Surface shape time‐series data were used and were updated from time to time during the surgery, and registration of the target organ model was performed before the surgery. Data‐fusion processing was performed, displaying the measured surface data of the surgical region together with an internal structure model of the organ. The results are reported. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(4): 45–54, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20449
Superhigh‐definition digital cinema distribution system with 8‐million‐pixel resolution
Authors: Yamaguchi Takahiro , Fujii Tatsuya , Nomura Mitsuru , Shirai Daisuke , Shirakawa Kazuhiro , Fujii Tetsuro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe developed a prototype superhigh‐definition (SHD) digital cinema system that can store, transmit, and display extrahigh‐quality movies with a resolution of 8 million pixels, using JPEG2000 coding algorithm. The spatial resolution on image quality is four times better than HDTV, and surpasses that of 35‐mm cinefilm. The system is comprised of three principal apparatus designed for SHD movies: a video server, a real‐time decoder, and a projector. The movie data digitized by scanning the cinefilm is compressed using JPEG2000 coding algorithm and stored in the video server in advance. Using Gigabit Ethernet (GbE) links and TCP/IP protocols, the server transmits the compressed digital movie data stream of 300 to 450 Mbps to a real‐time decoder. The decoder receives the compressed data stream, and outputs a raw, uncompressed, 10‐bit R/G/B digital video signal using a parallel‐processor mechanism in real time. The projector reproduces the SHD movie using three reflective LCD panels (D‐ILA), one for each 10‐bit R/G/B color, while receiving the raw digital video signal through the special video interfaces. This system enables us to distribute digital cinema of original 35‐mm cinefilm quality via the GbE network. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(4): 35–44, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20465
Discrimination of old/young persons from acceleration data during walking based on neural networks
Authors: Morita Yoshifumi , Kakami Hironori , Ukai Hiroyuki , Kando Hisashi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn analytical algorithm based on neural networks is proposed for the problem of discrimination of seven subjects into the two groups of old persons and young persons on the basis of acceleration data during walking. An old person model and a young person model are constructed using neural networks, and subjects are discriminated by comparison of the degree to which the subject data match the models. To improve discrimination accuracy, a method is further proposed in which data that clearly manifest a difference in the degree of matching are added to learning data, and model reconstruction is iterated. Frequency analysis is also used to extract and quantify a feature from data on old persons and young persons and to discriminate this characteristic quantity by comparison of the degree of similarity between subjects and old persons/young persons. Validity of the discrimination results based on neural networks is examined by comparison with the results of frequency analysis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(4): 1–10, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20499
Surface Nanopatterning by Organic/Inorganic Self‐Assembly and Selective Local Functionalization
Authors: Fisher Anna , Kuemmel Monika , Järn Michael , Linden Mika , Boissière Cédric , Nicole Lionel , Sanchez Clément , Grosso David 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPatterning silicon surfaces by well‐ordered nanoperforated TiO2 layers is achieved through a simple block copolymer‐assisted liquid deposition technique followed by direct thermal treatment. The crater diameters are tuned between 10 and 50 nm, depending on the molecular weight of the surfactant patterning agent. The formation mechanism of such systems is discussed. The present nanopatterned heterogeneous surfaces (nanoholes with SiO2 bottom surfaces and TiO2 walls) are selectively functionalized with two different perfluorinated organic groups. The accessibility to the substrate surface through such nanoholes and the selective distribution of both functions on the surface is evidenced by water‐contact‐angle measurements, which satisfactorily verify the Cassie relationship. Such systems have wide application prospects in varied fields such as nanotechnology and engineering.
Conversion of a Bi Nanowire Array to an Array of Bi–Bi2O3 Core–Shell Nanowires and Bi2O3 Nanotubes
Authors: Li Liang , Yang You‐Wen , Li Guang‐Hai , Zhang Li‐De 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA template‐based heat‐treatment method has been developed to convert metal nanowire arrays into arrays of metal–metal oxide core–shell nanowires and single‐crystalline metal oxide nanotubes. This process is demonstrated by kinetically controlling the conversion of single‐crystalline Bi nanowires to Bi–Bi2O3 core–shell nanowires via a multistep, slow oxidation method, and then controlling their further conversion to a single‐crystalline Bi2O3 nanotube array via fast oxidation. This process can conveniently be extended to fabricate a free‐standing, easily oxidized metal–metal oxide nanowire and metal oxide nanotube array, which may have future applications in nanoscale optics, electronics, and magnetics.