bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth Rate, Feed Conversion, and Body Composition of Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala Fry Fed Diets of Various Carbohydrate‐to‐Lipid Ratios
Authors: Erfanullah  , Jafri A. K. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Effects of dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid (CHO : L) ratios on the growth rate, conversion efficiencies, and body composition were studied in the Indian major carp fry Catla catla, Labeo rohita, and Cirrhinus mrigala. Six isonitrogenous (40% crude protein) and isocaloric (3.46 kcal metabolizable energy/g) semi‐purified diets, with CHO: L ratios of 0.02, 0.60, 1.54, 3.38, 8.93, and 43.00 were fed to triplicate groups of fish in 70‐L flow‐through (1.5–2.0 L/min) indoor circular troughs. Fish were fed to apparent satiation (about 10% body weight), 6 d/wk, twice daily at 0800 and 1600 h for 6 wk. Fish growth rates differed significantly (P < 0.05) with CHO: L ratio in the diets. Maximum weight gain (%) and specific growth rate (SGR %) were observed in C. catla and L. rohita fed a diet with 36% carbohydrate and 4% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 8.93. In C. mrigala, highest weight gain (%) and SGR (%) were noted in fish fed 27% carbohydrate and 8% lipid, corresponding to a CHO: L ratio of 3.38. In all the species, fish fed either diet with the lowest (0.02) or the highest (43.00) CHO: L ratio tended to have significantly lower (P < 0.05) growth and conversion efficiencies. Percentage of dry matter and whole‐body lipid of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO: L ratio decreased. However, whole‐body crude protein content of fish significantly (P < 0.05) increased as CHO : L ratio increased. The results of this study indicate that the Indian major carp fry efficiently utilize carbohydrate for energy, and excess dietary lipid resulted in increased lipid accumulation in the body.
Utilization of Transgenic Fish in Developing Countries: Potential Benefits and Risks
Authors: Dunham Rex A. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Recombinant DNA and gene transfer technology now allow the transfer, inheritance and expression of specific DNA or gene sequences into fish. Preliminary results on the performance of the resulting transgenic fish have been quite dramatic in some cases, especially when growth hormone genes are transferred. Utilization of high performance transgenic fish has the potential to greatly increase aquaculture production in developing countries and increase the income of poor farmers. Growth of some transgenic fish has been increased more than 10‐fold in laboratory conditions. Response appears to be greatest in unimproved fish, which in most cases would benefit developing countries the most. The potential increase in production and production efficiency from successful transgenic fish application could relieve pressure on habitat destruction for food production, relieve pressure on overfished natural stocks and discourage introduction of exotic species. Application of transgenic fish in aquaculture has just begun and could expand within a few years. However, prior to commercialization of transgenic fish, public education, environmental risks and food safety issues should be addressed. Genetically improved fish generated by recombinant DNA technology probably do not pose any greater risk to the environment than fish genetically improved through traditional selective breeding, but environmental risk data is lacking to verify this hypothesis. Environmental risk data will be needed in a case‐by‐case basis until more is known concerning the aquaculture potential and ecological risk of transgenic fish. Research institutions need to address the lack of environmental risk data to help ensure that any future application of transgenic fish in developing (and developed) countries be done in an environmentally and socioeconomically sound manner. Socioeconomic study is lacking for detailed cost‐benefit analysis, and policy research is needed for proper application or regulation of transgenic fish in these countries.
The Potential Use of Mangrove Forests as Nitrogen Sinks of Shrimp Aquaculture Pond Effluents: The Role of Denitrification
Authors: Rivera‐Monroy Victor H. , Torres Luis A. , Bahamon Nixon , Newmark Federico , Twilley Robert R. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.A generalized nitrogen budget was constructed to evaluate the potential role of mangrove sediments as a sink for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in shrimp pond effluents. DIN concentrations were measured in pond effluents from three semi‐intensive shrimp ponds along the Caribbean coast of Colombia between 1994–1995. Mean NH4+ concentrations in the discharge water for all farms were significantly higher (67 × 12 μg/L) than in the adjacent estuaries (33 × 8 μg/L). Average NH4+ concentrations in the pond discharge over all growout cycles were similar, representing an approximate doubling in relation to estuarine water concentrations. In contrast, NO2‐+ NO3‐ concentrations were similar in both pond effluent and estuarine waters. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen loading of the ponds was similar. The estimated reduction of DIN in pond effluents by preliminary diversion of outflow to mangrove wetlands rather than directly to estuarine waters would be × 190 mg N/m2 per d. Based on this nitrogen loss and depending upon the enrichment rate, between 0.04 to 0.12 ha of mangrove forest is required to completely remove the DIN load from effluents produced by a 1‐ha pond.
Amino Acid Availability of Four Practical Feed Ingredients Fed to Striped Bass Morone saxatilis
Authors: Small Brian C. , Austic Richard E. , Soares, Jr. Joseph H. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.Four dietary protein sources were bio‐assayed for amino acid availability, as estimated by true digestibility, when fed to striped bass Morone saxatilis. Diets were formulated to contain either herring fish meal, soybean meal, corn gluten meal or peanut meal as the sole source of dietary protein. A fifth diet, containing no protein, was fed to estimate the level of endogenous amino acids for calculation of true digestibility. The five dietary treatments were randomly assigned to ten tanks of striped bass having an average weight of 150 g per fish. All fish received the assigned diet fed at a rate 1.5% of the biomass per day for a period of 10 d. Fecal samples were collected from anesthetized fish by gentle, manual stripping of the lower digestive tract. Diets and feces were analyzed for dry matter, chromium, nitrogen and amino acid concentrations. There were no statistical differences (P > 0.05) among the protein sources for apparent dry matter digestibility or availability of arginine, threonine, valine and nonessential amino acids with the exception of cysteine. Corn gluten meal had a significantly lower availability coefficient for lysine, and peanut meal had significantly lower availability coefficients for histidine, isoleucine, leucine, and lysine when compared to herring fish meal and soybean meal. Statistically there were no differences between soybean meal and herring fish meal for any nutrient tested. These data suggest that in terms of amino acid availability and overall protein quality, soybean meal could be used to spare herring fish meal in striped bass diets, with corn gluten meal being equally as useful when supplemented with lysine or complemented with other proteins.
Effect of Genistein on the Growth and Reproductive Function of Male and Female Yellow Perch Perca flavescens
Authors: And Kinarm Ko , Malison Jeffrey A. , Reed Jess D. 
Published: April 2007

Abstract.We studied the effect of genistein, a weak estrogenic compound found in soybean products, on the growth and reproductive development of yellow perch Perca flavescens. Four diets were prepared: control, estradiol‐17β (E2) at 10 μg/g diet (E10), and genistein at 7.5 and 0.75 mg/g diet (G7.5 and G0.75). Fish (initial weight = 13–15.5 g and initial total length = 105–111 mm) were fed to excess for 63 d. The E10 diet promoted weight gain in yellow perch of both sexes, whereas the G7.5 diet decreased weight gain in females. The growth of the G0.75 group was not different from either the E10 group or the control group. Among females, fish fed the E10 diet had the lowest plasma concentration of E2 36 h after the last feeding of the study. The plasma concentration of E2 did not differ among the males from the four treatments. The E10‐treated fish of both sexes had increased plasma concentration of alkali‐labile phosphoprotein phosphorous (ALPP) in both sexes, indicating that vitellogenesis had been induced. Neither genistein diet increased plasma (ALPP) concentration. Male but not female yellow perch fed the E10 diet had significantly lower gonadosomatic indices compared to control and genistein groups. These results suggest that genistein may have a positive effect on growth in yellow perch, but no apparent estrogenic effects on reproductive function.
Quantitative Dietary Threonine Requirement of Juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis
Authors: Small Brian C. , Soares Joseph H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 10‐wk feeding trial was conducted to quantify the dietary threonine requirement of juvenile striped bass Morone saxatilis. The basal diet was analyzed to contain 42% crude protein with a calculated digestible energy (DE) level of 3,200 kcal/kg. L‐threonine was added to the basal diet to yield five dietary treatments of 0.61, 0.81, 1.00, 1.18, and 1.40% available threonine on a dry‐matter basis. Weight gain, specific growth rate (SGR), feed conversion ratio (FCR) and apparent nitrogen utilization (ANU) were significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary threonine concentrations. Least‐squares regression analysis of weight gain, SGR, FCR, and ANU indicated dietary threonine requirements (±SE) of 1.00 ± 0.19, 0.91 ± 0.11, 1.06 ± 0.09 and 1.13 ± 0.22% of dry diet, respectively. From these results, the average recommended dietary threonine requirement of juvenile striped bass is 1.03% of dry diet, 2.45% of dietary protein or 3.22 mg/kcal DE.
The Effects of Tidal and Bottom Placement on the Growth, Survival and Fouling of the Eastern Oyster Crassostrea virginica
Authors: Moroney Deborah A. , Walker Randal L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOysters Crassostrea virginica in Georgia are naturally small and grow in clusters; however, it is more profitable to harvest large, single oysters. This study attempts to identify favorable tidal and bottom placements for the grow‐out of large, single oysters in Georgia. Three bags, each containing 50 single oysters, were placed in four different tidal positions (subtidal on‐bottom, subtidal off‐bottom, intertidal on‐bottom and intertidal off‐bottom) at five sites in House Creek, Georgia. Measurements of oyster growth, survival and degree of oyster spat fouling were taken seasonally (every 3 mo). Oysters from on‐bottom treatments exhibited significantly lower growth (P = 0.0364 intertidal only), survival (P = 0.0044) and degree of fouling (P= 0.0154) than oysters from the intertidal off‐bottom treatment. However, the oysters placed intertidally off‐bottom were heavily fouled during the recruitment period. It may be necessary to sacrifice some growth and survival by culturing oysters intertidally on‐bottom during the recruitment period in order to reduce the degree of fouling. During the non‐recruitment period, placing oyster culture bags intertidally off‐bottom maximizes growth and survival.
The Effects of Exogenous Bovine Growth Hormone and Placental Lactogen on Juvenile Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Feed and Growth Efficiency
Authors: Hunt Amy S. , Soares Joseph H. , Byatt John C. , Dahl Geoffrey E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStriped bass Morone saxatilis under normal pond‐reared conditions usually requires 14–18 mo to grow out to market weight. This includes a winter of comparatively slower growth which could possibly be overcome through hormonally induced acceleration of growth. Thus, the objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that bovine growth hormone and bovine placental lactogen increase growth in striped bass in a dose dependent manner. A secondary objective was to determine the effect of these hormones on body composition. Variables tested were weight gain, length gain, condition factor, feed conversion, and body composition. Fish injected biweekly with 10 μg/g body weight, bovine placental lactogen (P < 0.09) or bovine growth hormone (P < 0.11) increased body weight. Fish injected with 1 or 10 μg/g body weight bovine placental lactogen (P < 0.10) or bovine growth hormone (P < 0.10) increased body length during the 12‐wk study period. Proximate analysis indicated that bovine growth hormone increased protein content (10 μg/g; P < 0.10) and decreased fat content (1 and 10 μg/g; P < 0.10). No significant differences occurred in feed conversions. We conclude that bovine growth hormone and bovine placental lactogen are effective in increasing body growth in striped bass.
Evaluation of Meat and Bone Meal in Practical Diets Fed to Juvenile Hybrid Striped Bass Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis
Authors: Bharadwaj Anant S. , Brignon William R. , Gould Nathan L. , Brown Paul B. , Wu Y. Victor 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops×M. saxatilis) were fed one of eight diets to evaluate meat and bone meal as a source of crude protein and essential amino acids. Diets contained either 0, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40 or 45% meat and bone meal substituted for an isonitrogenous amount of soybean meal and fish meal. All diets were fed for 7 wk, followed by a 2‐wk digestibility trial. Mean consumption, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by addition of meat and bone meal into diets. Intraperitoneal and liver lipid concentrations were not significantly affected by meat and bone meal. Fillet proximate composition was not significantly different among treatments. Apparent crude protein, phosphorus, and amino acid availabilities were significantly lower in fish fed 45% meat and bone meal compared to fish fed 30% and lower concentrations and generally lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal. Based on these data, it appears meat and bone meal can be used as the primary source of crude protein and essential amino acids in practical growout diets for hybrid striped bass, comprising as much as 45% of the diet. Nutrient availability values were lower in fish fed greater than 30% meat and bone meal and may restrict usage in some applications.
Enhancement of Stress Resistance of the Guppy Poecilia reticulata through Feeding with Vitamin C Supplement
Authors: Lim Lian Chuan , Dhert Philippe , Chew Wei Yen , Dermaux Veerle , Nelis Hans , Sorgeloos Patrick 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the use of vitamin C supplement in formulated diets and live Artemia juveniles to enhance the stress resistance of the guppy Poecilia reticulata. To evaluate the stress resistance, fish were subjected to osmotic shock in pre‐aerated water containing 35 ppt sodium chloride. Ascorbyl acid‐polyphosphate and ascorbyl palmitate were used as vitamin C sources for formulated diets and live Artemia juveniles, respectively. Results showed that guppies fed moist formulated diets supplemented with ascorbic acid at 1,000 mg/kg or 2,000 mg/kg diet displayed significantly higher levels of stress resistance than fish fed control formulated diet for 13 d. The stress resistance of fish fed a lower dose (200 mg/kg diet), however, did not differ significantly from that of the control. On the other hand, the stress resistance of guppies fed Artemia juveniles bio‐encapsulated with 10% or 20% ascorbyl palmitate did not show significant difference from that of fish fed control Artemia after 20 d. The stress resistance of these three groups of Artemia‐fed fish, however, was significantly higher than that of fish fed the control formulated diet. Biochemical analyses showed that raising the ascorbic acid level in feeds resulted in a concomitant increase in the incorporated ascorbic acid level in the whole‐body tissue of the guppy. The increased stress resistance of the guppy fed a vitamin C supplemented diet has also been demonstrated in four commercial farms. The potential application of the improved stress resistance in the ornamental fish industry was discussed.
The Effect of Dietary Carotenoids on Gonad Production and Carotenoid Profiles in the Sea Urchin Lytechinus variegatus
Authors: Plank Larry R. , Lawrence John M. , Lawrence Addison L. , Olvera Ricardo Montoya 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAlthough dietary carotenoids are generally considered important in sea urchin aquaculture only for their effect on gonad color, they also have important biological roles. The effects of dietary carotenoids on gonad production and organ carotenoid profiles of Lytechinus variegatus were examined. Individuals were collected in January 1999 and fed a replete diet with a level of 0.60 mg carotenoids/kg for 4 wk, followed by one of four prepared diets for 8 wk: one without supplemental carotenoids, one with β‐carotene (16.92 mg carotenoids/kg feed), and two carotenoid mixtures, one high in zeaxanthin (5.28 mg carotenoids/kg feed) and another high in capsanthin (9.63 mg carotenoids/kg feed). The carotenoid profiles of the body compartments differed. The primary carotenoid in gonads of males and females was echi‐nenone. The carotenoid profile of the test was similar to that of the gonad. The carotenoid profile of the gut varied with diet, but was not identical to composition of the diet. The gut profiles included echinenone but at lower concentrations than in the gonad and test. The carotenoid profile in the gut probably results from the presence of the carotenoids absorbed and those metabolized. The results suggest that several pathways exist to metabolize dietary carotenoids and that some of them are in the gut. The concentration of carotenoids in the gut (g wet weight) was higher than that of the gonad, which was higher than that of the test. The gonads increased significantly in size regardless of diet, indicating carotenoids are not required for gonad production under the conditions of this experiment. Although the concentration of carotenoids in the gonad decreased over time, the absolute amount of carotenoids increased with the increase in gonad size. Either gonad growth was more rapid than carotenoid deposition or differential deposition in nutritive cells and gametogenic cells occurred, or the amount of carotenoids used in the diets was too low to have an effect.
Phototrophic Bacteria as Feed Supplement for Rearing Penaeus monodon Larvae
Authors: Azad Sujjat Al , Chong Ving C. , Vikineswary S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLarvae of the giant tiger prawn Penaeus monodon were reared from the naupliar to pos‐tlarval stage, based on a diet of waste‐grown phototrophic bacterium Rhodovulum sulfido‐philum, the marine diatom Skeletonema costatum, and brine shrimp Artemia The experimental design consisted of feeding the protozoea with diatoms and varying proportions of bacterial biomass as diet D0 (0%), D1 (1%), D2 (2%), D3 (3%), and D5 (5%), while mysis and postlarvae were fed the above diet supplemented with Artemia nauplii. Controls were not fed with bacteria biomass (diet D0). The addition of R. sulfidophilum biomass in the diet had significant effects on the growth and survival of P. monodon larvae. In the first experiment, the larvae fed with diet D1 (Skeletonema+ 1%R. sulfidophilum) reached the first postlarval stage (PL1) on the ninth day of feeding and had a mean total length (TL) of 6.13 ± 0.05 mm, which was significantly higher (P < 0.001) than TL of larvae fed with the other three diets. In another experiment, prawn larvae fed with diet D2 had the highest overall survival of 46% and a significantly larger mean TL of 6.88 ± 0.18 mm at PL1 compared to larvae fed with diet D0 and D3 (P > 0.05). However, in both experiments prawn larvae fed with the various diets showed significant differences in their length‐at‐stage (P > 0.05), and the lowest growth and survival were obtained from diets comprising 3% and 5% bacterial biomass, which also gave the highest levels of ammonia‐nitrogen in the culture water. Addition of more than 2% R. sulfidophilum biomass apparently deteriorates the quality of the culture water.
Changes in the Concentration of Nutrients and Other Chemical Properties of Shrimp Pond Soils as a Function of Pond Use
Authors: Ritvo Gad , Shitumbanuma Victor , Samocha Tzachi M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral soil nutrients, pH, organic carbon, and total soluble salts from the upper 10 cm of soil samples from 72 shrimp ponds in Texas were analyzed. Large increases in sediment concentrations of C, N, Mg, K, Na, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, B, nitrate, and water‐soluble salts was observed after one production cycle, followed by an asymptotic increase in older ponds. An approximately linear increase in soil concentration of S and P with pond age was observed. The pH showed a marked decrease in ponds that had been used for one production cycle, but stabilized in older ponds. No correlation between Ca and growing cycle was observed. Calculated recovery rates for elements supplied in feed were less than 10% in several cases and 15% for P. No measurable negative effect on shrimp production by the increase of elemental concentrations was measured.
Effect of Fish Density During Transportation on Stress and Mortality of Juvenile Tambaqui Colossoma macropomum
Authors: Gomes Levy C. , Roubach Rodrigo , Araujo‐Lima Carlos A. R. M. , Chippari‐Gomes Adriana R. , Lopes Nívia P. , Urbinati Elisabeth C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe increased demand for juvenile tambaqui Colossoma macropomum for grow‐out ponds and stocking programs in the Amazon state of Brazil has increased the transportation of this species. This study was designed to determine the optimum density of juvenile tambaqui during transportation in closed containers. Fish (51.9 ± 3.3 g and 14.9 ± 0.4 cm) were packed in sealed plastic bags and transported for 10 h at four densities: 78, 156, 234, and 312 kg/m3. After transportation, fish from each density were kept in separate 500‐L tanks for 96 h. Mortality, 96‐h cumulative mortality, water quality, and blood parameters (hematocrit, plasma cortisol, and glucose) were monitored. Fish mortality after transportation was significantly lower at densities of 78 and 156 kg/m3 than at 234 and 312 kg/m3. Cumulative mortality was significantly lower at a density of 78 kg/m3. Dissolved oxygen after 10 h of transportation remained high at a density of 78 kg/m3, but reached critically low values at all other densities. Ammonia concentration was highest at the lowest density and was lower at higher densities. Carbon dioxide concentration was lowest at the density of 78 kg/m3 but higher in the other treatments. Plasma glucose and cortisol increased significantly immediately after transportation at densities of 156, 234, and 312 kg/m3, returning to control values by 24 h. The best density for juvenile tambaqui during a 10‐h transportation haul in a closed container was 78 kg/m3. At this density there was no fish mortality, water quality was kept within acceptable values, and fish were not stressed.