bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burden of Acute Gastroenteritis Hospitalizations and Emergency Department Visits in US Children That Is Potentially Preventable by Rotavirus Vaccination: A Probe Study Using the Now-Withdrawn RotaShield Vaccine
Authors: Tate Jacqueline E. , Curns Aaron T. , Cortese Margaret M. , Weintraub Eric S. , Hambidge Simon , Zangwill Kenneth M. , Patel Manish M. , Baggs James M. , Parashar Umesh D. 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND. With the implementation of a new rotavirus immunization program in the United States in 2006, determining the potential health benefits of rotavirus vaccination is important. We estimated the burden of acute gastroenteritis hospitalizations and emergency department visits in US children that are potentially preventable by rotavirus vaccination.
METHODS. We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of children who in 1998–1999 were eligible to receive a now-withdrawn rotavirus vaccine (RotaShield) and were continuously enrolled in 1 of 6 managed care organizations in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Estimates of vaccine effectiveness against all-cause gastroenteritis hospitalizations and emergency department visits adjusted according to month of birth, gender, and managed care organizations were calculated as 1 minus the risk ratio of outcomes among children in different dose groups. The burden of acute gastroenteritis prevented by vaccination was compared with the rotavirus burden estimated by 2 previously used indirect methods.
RESULTS. The effectiveness of a full 3-dose RotaShield series over a 1-year follow-up period was 83% against all-cause gastroenteritis hospitalizations and 43% against all-cause gastroenteritis emergency department visits. An increasing number of doses improved the effectiveness in preventing gastroenteritis hospitalizations, but no clear trend was observed between number of doses and effectiveness in prevention of gastroenteritis emergency department visits. The proportion of gastroenteritis hospitalizations and emergency department visits prevented by vaccination was substantially greater than the 48% to 53% of year-round hospitalizations and 33% of emergency department visits estimated to result from rotavirus by indirect methods.
CONCLUSIONS. The withdrawn rotavirus vaccine was highly effective in preventing hospitalizations and emergency department visits for all-cause acute gastroenteritis and the health benefits of vaccination against rotavirus may be greater than previously estimated.
Association Between Bullying and Psychosomatic Problems: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Gini Gianluca , Pozzoli Tiziana 
Published: March 2009

CONTEXT. In the last few years, there has been an increasing amount of research showing the concurrent and long-term consequences of bullying and being bullied by peers.OBJECTIVE. We performed a meta-analysis to quantify the association between involvement in bullying and psychosomatic complaints in the school-aged population.METHODS. We searched online databases (Embase, Medline, PsychInfo, Scopus) up to March 2008, bibliographies of existing studies, and qualitative reviews for studies that examined the association between involvement in bullying and psychosomatic complaints in children and adolescents. The original search identified 19 studies, of which 11 satisfied prestated inclusion criteria.RESULTS. Three random-effects meta-analyses were performed for the following 3 groups of children aged between 7 and 16 years: victims, bullies, and bully-victims. Bully-victims, victims, and bullies had a significantly higher risk for psychosomatic problems compared with uninvolved peers.CONCLUSIONS. The association between involvement in bullying and psychosomatic problems was demonstrated. Given that school bullying is a widespread phenomenon in many countries around the world, the present results suggest that bullying be considered a significant international public health issue.
Risk Factors and Adult Body Mass Index Among Overweight Children: The Bogalusa Heart Study
Authors: Freedman David S. , Dietz William H. , Srinivasan Sathanur R. , Berenson Gerald S. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Compared with thinner children, overweight children (BMI for age between the 85th and 94th Centers for Disease Control and Prevention percentiles) have moderately elevated levels of lipids and blood pressure and are at increased risk for becoming obese adults. We examined the ability of BMI for age, the skinfold sum (subscapular + triceps), and the waist/height ratio to identify which overweight children are at greatest risk.
METHODS. Cross-sectional (n = 2501) and longitudinal (n = 2124) analyses were performed among subjects who participated in the Bogalusa Heart Study.
RESULTS. Levels of risk factors and adult BMI (median: 32 kg/m2) among overweight children were midway between those of thinner children and obese children (BMI for age ≥ 95th percentile). Although there was a wide range of skinfold sums among the overweight children, levels of BMI for age and the skinfold sum provided relatively little information on adverse risk-factor levels and adult BMI. Overweight children with a relatively high (upper tertile) waist/height ratio, however, were ∼2 to 3 times more likely to have adverse levels of most risk factors than were those with a low waist/height ratio.
CONCLUSIONS. Overweight children vary substantially in terms of body fatness and risk-factor levels. Among these overweight children, levels of waist/height ratio are more strongly associated with adverse risk-factor levels than are levels of BMI for age or skinfold thickness. Additional information is needed on the relation of childhood waist/height ratio to adult complications.
Longitudinal Study of Exposure to Entertainment Media and Alcohol Use Among German Adolescents
Authors: Hanewinkel Reiner , Sargent James D. 
Published: March 2009

BACKGROUND. Entertainment media exposure may predict teenager alcohol use, but few longitudinal studies have been reported.
METHODS. A longitudinal study was conducted of 2708 German adolescents aged 10 to 16 years who had never drunk alcohol. Each adolescent was surveyed at school about daily television use, whether they had a television in their bedroom, and their exposure to movie alcohol depictions. Adolescents were resurveyed 12 to 13 months later (retention rate: 85%) to determine onset of drinking alcohol without parental knowledge and binge drinking (≥5 consecutive drinks).
RESULTS. Overall, 885 (33%) students initiated alcohol use without parental knowledge (17% in quartile 1 movie alcohol exposure), and 387 (14%) initiated binge drinking during follow-up. After controlling for baseline covariates, exposure to movie alcohol use significantly increased percent initiating alcohol use (to 24% in exposure quartile 2, 33% in quartile 3 and 34% in quartile 4) and percent initiating binge drinking (to 8.6% in exposure quartile 2, 12% in quartile 3 and 13% in quartile 4). Having a television in the bedroom also predicted both outcomes, but daily television use did not.
CONCLUSIONS. Movie exposure and having a television in the bedroom are both independent predictors of onset of problematic alcohol use among German teenagers. Media restrictions could play a role in prevention.
Acute Pediatric Monoarticular Arthritis: Distinguishing Lyme Arthritis From Other Etiologies
Authors: Thompson Amy , Mannix Rebekah , Bachur Richard 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Identify clinical predictors of Lyme arthritis among patients with acute monoarticular arthritis.
METHODS. A medical chart review was conducted of children ≤18 years of age with monoarticular arthritis who underwent arthrocentesis in a pediatric emergency department located in the northeast United States. Patients were classified into 3 categories of arthritis: septic, Lyme, or nonseptic non-Lyme arthritis. Historical, clinical, and laboratory data were compared to identify distinguishing features of Lyme arthritis.
RESULTS. One hundred seventy-nine patients were studied: 46 (26%) patients with septic arthritis, 55 (31%) patients with Lyme arthritis, and 78 (43%) patients with nonseptic non-Lyme arthritis. Compared with those with septic arthritis, patients with Lyme disease were more likely to have a tick-bite history, knee involvement, and less likely to have a history of fever or elevated temperature at triage. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, joint white blood cell count, and joint neutrophil percentage were also statistically lower. In comparison to nonseptic non-Lyme arthritis, knee involvement and tick-bite history were predictors of Lyme. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate, joint white blood cell count, and joint neutrophil percentage were also statistically different. Multivariate analysis comparing Lyme to septic arthritis demonstrated fever history and elevated C-reactive protein level to be negative predictors of Lyme arthritis and knee involvement to be a positive predictor (model sensitivity: 88%; specificity: 82%).
CONCLUSIONS. Lyme arthritis shares features with both septic and nonseptic non-Lyme arthritis. This overlap prevents the creation of a clinically useful predictive model for Lyme arthritis. In endemic areas, Lyme testing should be performed on all patients presenting with acute monoarticular arthritis.
Validity and Stability of Self-reported Health Among Adolescents in a Longitudinal, Nationally Representative Survey
Authors: Fosse Nathan E. , Haas Steven A. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. The goals of this study to assess (1) the stability of self-reported health among a nationally representative sample of youth in adolescence over a period of 6 years, (2) the concordance of self-reported health between parents and children, and (3) the validity of self-reported health across a range of physical and emotional indicators of adolescent well-being.METHODS. This study uses data from rounds 1 to 7 (1997–2003) of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, 1997 Cohort (NLSY97). The sample consists of 6748 youth born between January 1, 1980, and December 31, 1984. Data on one of the youths’ parents were also included in the baseline of the survey. Analyses were conducted using polychoric correlations and ordinal logistic regression.RESULTS. Self-reported health of adolescents over a 7-year period indicated moderate stability (40% agreement after 7 years for girls and 41% for boys). Concordance was also present between parents and their children, although the association was higher among same-gender pairings (mother-daughter and father-son concordances). Adolescents’ self-reported health was also linked with the presence or absence of chronic health conditions, emotional problems, and with being overweight or obese but not with sensory conditions or physical deformity.CONCLUSIONS. Self-reported health is stable from early and middle adolescence to young adulthood. Self-reported health is also a valid measure of a variety of physical and emotional dimensions of adolescent well-being. The stability and validity of self-reported health do not differ by the gender of the child, although there is slightly greater concordance when the reporting parent is the same gender as the child.
Does Head Cooling With Mild Systemic Hypothermia Affect Requirement for Blood Pressure Support?
Authors: Battin Malcolm R. , Thoresen Marianne , Robinson Elizabeth , Polin Richard A. , Edwards A. David , Gunn Alistair Jan ,   on behalf of the Cool Cap Trial Group
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to evaluate whether head cooling with mild systemic hypothermia for neonatal encephalopathy is associated with greater requirement for volume or inotrope support.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. We studied term infants (≥36 weeks) with moderate-to-severe neonatal encephalopathy plus abnormal amplitude integrated electroencephalography, randomly assigned to head cooling for 72 hours starting within 6 hours of birth, with the rectal temperature maintained at 34.5°C ± 0.5°C (n = 112), or conventional care (n = 118).
DESIGN. This was a multicenter randomized, controlled study (the CoolCap trial). The primary outcome was the time relationship between mean arterial blood pressure and subsequent administration of inotropes or volume administration.
RESULTS. Pooled data from 0 to 76 hours after randomization revealed no difference in mean arterial blood pressure between groups and significantly lower mean heart rate during cooling. The use of inotropes or volume was related to preceding mean arterial blood pressure and not to treatment group in the first 24 hours. In contrast, from 24 to 76 hours, there was no effect of mean arterial blood pressure, but there was an overall reduction in pressure support over time and significantly more frequent pressure support in the cooled group than in controls.
CONCLUSIONS. Mild systemic hypothermia did not affect arterial blood pressure or initial treatment with inotropes or volume in infants with moderate-to-severe encephalopathy but was associated with an apparent change in physician behavior, with slower withdrawal of therapy in cooled infants.
The Effects of Varying Periods of Uninsurance on Children's Access to Health Care
Authors: Cummings Janet R. , Lavarreda Shana Alex , Rice Thomas , Brown E. Richard 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. Many studies have documented the adverse consequences of uninsurance for children, but less is known about the differential effects of varying periods of uninsurance. This study examines the relative effects of varying periods of uninsurance (uninsured for 1–4 months, 5–11 months, or all year) on children's access to care.
METHODS. Using data from the 2005 California Health Interview Survey Children's File (ages 0–11), we estimated logistic regressions to examine the effect of insurance status on 6 measures of health care access, controlling for child demographics, child health status, family characteristics, and urban residence. Indicators for insurance status included the following categories: (1) privately insured all year (reference); (2) Medicaid all year; (3) State Children's Health Insurance Program all year; (4) uninsured for 1 to 4 months; (5) uninsured for 5 to 11 months; (6) uninsured all year; and (7) other insurance all year.
RESULTS. We found that children who experience short spells of uninsurance (1–4 months) are less likely to have a usual source of care and are more likely to experience delays in needed care than those with continuous private or public insurance. The consequences are even worse for children who experience more substantial periods of uninsurance, because they are also less likely to receive preventive care (well-child visits and flu shots) or visit the doctor during the year and are more likely to experience delays in receiving needed medical care and prescriptions than those with continuous coverage. The Medicaid program and State Children's Health Insurance Program in California both seem to have ensured levels of health care access similar to that obtained by children with year-round private coverage.
CONCLUSIONS. These findings highlight the benefits gained through continuous health insurance, whether public or private. Public policies should be adopted to ensure continuity of coverage and retention in public insurance programs.
Hospital-Based Surveillance to Estimate the Burden of Rotavirus Gastroenteritis Among European Children Younger Than 5 Years of Age
Authors: Forster Johannes , Guarino Alfredo , Parez Nathalie , Moraga Fernando , Román Enriqueta , Mory Olivier , Tozzi Alberto E. , de Aguileta Ana López , Wahn Ulrich , Graham Clive , Berner Reinhard , Ninan Titus , Barberousse Celia , Meyer Nadia , Soriano-Gabarró Montse ,   and the Rotavirus Study Group
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVES. Rotavirus is the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis requiring hospitalization in young children. Data on the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis are needed to guide recommendations for rotavirus vaccine use. This study was undertaken to estimate the burden of rotavirus gastroenteritis in European children &lt;5 years of age.
METHODS. This prospective, study was conducted in 12 hospitals in France, Germany, Italy, Spain, and the United Kingdom. A sample of all children aged &lt;5 years presenting to emergency departments or hospitalized because of community-acquired acute gastroenteritis was enrolled for parental interview and stool collection. Acute gastroenteritis was defined as diarrhea (≥3 loose stools per 24 hours) for &lt;14 days. Rotavirus was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and typed by reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.
RESULTS. Between February 2005 and August 2006, 3734 children with community-acquired acute gastroenteritis were recruited and retained for analysis (55.9% via the emergency department, 41.8% hospitalized). Of the 2928 community-acquired acute gastroenteritis cases for which stool samples were available, 43.4% were rotavirus-positive by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (32.8% emergency department, 56.2% hospitalized). Of these rotavirus gastroenteritis cases 80.9% occurred in children aged &lt;2 years and 15.9% among infants aged &lt;6 months. Acute gastroenteritis was more severe in rotavirus-positive subjects (Vesikari score ≥ 11 in 53.3% compared with 31.0% of rotavirus-negative subjects). All 1271 rotavirus-positive strains were genotyped (G1P[8]: 40.3%; G9P[8]: 31.2%; G4P[8]: 13.5%; G3P[8]: 7.1%).
CONCLUSIONS. Rotavirus gastroenteritis places high demands on European health care systems, accounting for 56.2% of hospitalizations and 32.8% of emergency department visits because of community-acquired acute gastroenteritis in children aged &lt;5 years. Most community-acquired rotavirus gastroenteritis occurs in children aged &lt;2 years, and a high proportion occurs in infants aged &lt;6 months. Cases were also observed among very young infants &lt;2 months of age. Rotavirus vaccination is expected to have a major impact in reducing morbidity and the pressure on hospital services in Europe.
Efficacy of Inhaled Corticosteroids in Infants and Preschoolers With Recurrent Wheezing and Asthma: A Systematic Review With Meta-analysis
Authors: Castro-Rodriguez Jose A. , Rodrigo Gustavo J. 
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE. To compare the efficacy of inhaled corticosteroids in infants and preschoolers with recurrent wheezing or asthma.
METHODS. Randomized, prospective, controlled trials published January 1996 to March 2008 with a minimum of 4 weeks of inhaled corticosteroids versus placebo were retrieved through Medline, Embase, and Central databases. The primary outcome was wheezing/asthma exacerbations; secondary outcomes were withdrawal caused by wheezing/asthma exacerbations, changes in symptoms score, pulmonary function (peak expiratory flow and forced expiratory volume in 1 second), or albuterol use.
RESULTS. Of eighty-nine studies identified, 29 (N = 3592 subjects) met the criteria for inclusion. Patients who received inhaled corticosteroids had significantly less wheezing/asthma exacerbations than those on placebo (18.0% vs 32.1%); posthoc subgroup analysis suggests that this effect was higher in those with a diagnosis of asthma than wheeze but was independent of age (infants versus preschoolers), atopic condition, type of inhaled corticosteroid (budesonide metered-dose inhaler versus fluticasone metered-dose inhaler), mode of delivery (metered-dose inhaler versus nebulizer), and study quality (Jadad score: &lt;4 vs ≥4) and duration (&lt;12 vs ≥12 weeks). In addition, children treated with inhaled corticosteroids had significantly fewer withdrawals caused by wheezing/asthma exacerbations, less albuterol use, and more clinical and functional improvement than those on placebo.
CONCLUSIONS. Infants and preschoolers with recurrent wheezing or asthma had less wheezing/asthma exacerbations and improve their symptoms and lung function during treatment with inhaled corticosteroids.
Maturation of Little Skate and Winter Skate in the Western Atlantic from Cape Hatteras to Georges Bank
Authors: Frisk Michael G. , Miller Thomas J. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We estimated the length and age of maturation in little skate Leucoraja erinacea and winter skate L. ocellata based on samples of 1,884 little skate and 1,153 winter skate ovaries collected from Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, to Georges Bank. Two levels of maturity were recognized: onset maturity, which marks the onset of the allocation of energy from somatic growth to reproduction; and “functional” maturity, which marks the point when mature oocytes are released. Size at maturation increased with latitude in little skate, 50% onset maturity occurring at 42.5, 43.0, and 46.5 cm (total length) and 50% functional maturity at 43, 44, and 46 cm for the mid-Atlantic, southern New England–Georges Bank, and Gulf of Maine regions, respectively. Based on age estimates from previously published work, the age at which little skate achieve functional maturation ranged between 7.0 and 7.5 years for the U.S. northeast coast. In winter skate, no statistically significant regional differences in maturation rates were found. Size at 50% onset maturity was estimated to be 66 cm and at 50% functional maturity 76 cm for the U.S. northeast coast. In winter skate, onset maturity occurred at 9.5 years and functional maturity at 12.5 years. Thus, functional maturity in this species occurred 3 years after the onset of maturation, indicating that the species has a long adolescence before contributing offspring to the population.
Relationships between Larval and Juvenile Abundance of Winter-Spawned Fishes in North Carolina, USA
Authors: Taylor J. Christopher , Mitchell Warren A. , Buckel Jeffrey A. , Walsh Harvey J. , Shertzer Kyle W. , Martin Gretchen Bath , Hare Jonathan A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
We analyzed the relationships between the larval and juvenile abundances of selected estuarine-dependent fishes that spawn during the winter in continental shelf waters of the U.S. Atlantic coast. Six species were included in the analysis based on their ecological and economic importance and relative abundance in available surveys: spot Leiostomus xanthurus, pinfish Lagodon rhomboides, southern flounder Paralichthys lethostigma, summer flounder Paralichthys dentatus, Atlantic croaker Micropogonias undulatus, and Atlantic menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus. Cross-correlation analysis was used to examine the relationships between the larval and juvenile abundances within species. Tests of synchrony across species were used to find similarities in recruitment dynamics for species with similar winter shelf-spawning life-history strategies. Positive correlations were found between the larval and juvenile abundances for three of the six selected species (spot, pinfish, and southern flounder). These three species have similar geographic ranges that primarily lie south of Cape Hatteras. There were no significant correlations between the larval and juvenile abundances for the other three species (summer flounder, Atlantic croaker, and Atlantic menhaden); we suggest several factors that could account for the lack of a relationship. Synchrony was found among the three southern species within both the larval and juvenile abundance time series. These results provide support for using larval ingress measures as indices of abundance for these and other species with similar geographic ranges and winter shelf-spawning life-history strategies.