bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Coupled Regional Model and Its Application to the Study of Interactions between the West African Monsoon and the Eastern Tropical Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Hagos Samson M. , Cook Kerry H. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A regional ocean–atmosphere coupled model is developed for climate variability and change studies. The model allows dynamic and thermodynamic interactions between the atmospheric boundary layer and an ocean mixed layer with spatially and seasonally varying depth prescribed from observations. The model reproduces the West African monsoon circulation as well as aspects of observed seasonal SST variations in the tropical Atlantic. The model is used to identify various mechanisms that couple the West African monsoon circulation with eastern Atlantic SSTs. By reducing wind speeds and suppressing evaporation, the northward migration of the ITCZ off the west coast of Africa contributes to the modeled spring SST increases. During this period, the westerly monsoon flow is expanded farther westward and moisture transport on to the continent is enhanced. Near the end of the summer, upwelling associated with this enhanced westerly flow as well as the solar cycle lead to the seasonal cooling of the SSTs. Over the Gulf of Guinea, the acceleration of the southerly West African monsoon surface winds contributes to cooling of the Gulf of Guinea between April and July by increasing the entrainment of cool underlying water and enhancing evaporation.
Effects of Precipitation Uncertainty on Discharge Calculations for Main River Basins
Authors: Biemans H. , Hutjes R. W. A. , Kabat P. , Strengers B. J. , Gerten D. , Rost S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This study quantifies the uncertainty in discharge calculations caused by uncertainty in precipitation input for 294 river basins worldwide. Seven global gridded precipitation datasets are compared at river basin scale in terms of mean annual and seasonal precipitation. The representation of seasonality is similar in all datasets, but the uncertainty in mean annual precipitation is large, especially in mountainous, arctic, and small basins. The average precipitation uncertainty in a basin is 30%, but there are strong differences between basins. The effect of this precipitation uncertainty on mean annual and seasonal discharge was assessed using the uncalibrated dynamic global vegetation and hydrology model Lund–Potsdam–Jena managed land (LPJmL), yielding even larger uncertainties in discharge (average 90%). For 95 basins (out of 213 basins for which measurements were available) calibration of model parameters is problematic because the observed discharge falls within the uncertainty of the simulated discharge. A method is presented to account for precipitation uncertainty in discharge simulations.
Revealing the Connection between the Gospel and History: The Definition of “Economics at the Service of Humankind” in the Analysis of Francesco Vito
Authors: Parisi Daniela 
Published: December 2008

This essay focuses on Francesco Vito (1902–1968), one of the most important Italian economists and a contributor to an extensive, thorough debate in Catholic social thinking, a debate at times accompanied and followed by exacting and solid experience in the real world, in an effort to turn into action the mediation between the Gospel and history proposed by Catholic social thinking. Economists made that effort under the influence of what could be regarded as the last stage of a tradition that was already present in the culture of economic matters and behavior and had previously been expressed as the preoccupation of Catholic intellectuals and politicians with the novelty of “modern” phenomena. It was a continuation but, of course, a renewed one.This essay—mainly dealing with Vito; Giuseppe Toniolo (1845–1918), one of Vito's key mentors; and Luigi L. Pasinetti (b. 1930), one of Vito's most important students—emphasizes the basic difference that Vito conceives between faith and religion, on the one hand, and between the importance of the documents of the authoritative official social Magisterium of the Catholic Church, on the other—which cannot be disregarded or underestimated—and the historical relevance of the debates and the intellectual and factual work preceding and following those debates. This cross-analysis, which takes into account both sides of the question, that is, both the solid faith of people who see themselves as belonging to the cultural framework of Catholic moral teaching and their secular nature as people engaged in temporal affairs who order these according to the plan of God and live in the ordinary circumstances of family and social life—in our case, economists by profession—is a challenging subject for a historian of economic thought.
Bivariate Genome-Wide Linkage Analysis of Femoral Bone Traits and Leg Lean Mass: Framingham Study
Authors: Karasik David , Zhou Yanhua , Cupples L Adrienne , Hannan Marian T , Kiel Douglas P , Demissie Serkalem 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The risk of osteoporotic fracture is a function of both applied muscle mass and bone tissue distribution. Leg lean mass (LLM) and femoral bone geometry are both known to have substantial genetic components. Therefore, we estimated shared heritability (h2) and performed linkage analysis to identify chromosomal regions governing both LLM and bone geometry. A genome-wide scan (using 636 microsatellite markers) for linkage analyses was performed on 1346 adults from 327 extended families of the Framingham study. DXA measures were LLM, femoral neck length, neck-shaft angle (NSA), subperiosteal width, cross-sectional area (CSA), and section modulus (Z) at the femoral narrow neck and shaft (S) regions. Variance component linkage analysis was performed on normalized residuals (adjusted for age, height, BMI, and estrogen status in women). The results indicated substantial h2 for LLM (0.42 ± 0.07) that was comparable to bone geometry traits. Phenotypic correlations between LLM and bone geometry phenotypes ranged from 0.033 with NSA (p &gt; 0.05) to 0.251 with S_Z (p &lt; 0.001); genetic correlations ranged from 0.087 (NSA, p &gt; 0.05) to 0.454 (S_Z, p &lt; 0.001). Univariate linkage analysis of covariate-adjusted LLM identified no chromosomal regions with LOD scores ≥2.0; however, bivariate analysis identified two loci with LOD scores &gt;3.0, shared by LLM with S_CSA on chromosome 12p12.3–12p13.2, and with NSA, on 14q21.3–22.1. In conclusion, we identified chromosomal regions potentially linked to both LLM and femoral bone geometry. Identification and subsequent characterization of these shared loci may further elucidate the genetic contributions to both osteoporosis and sarcopenia.
Large Osteoclasts in Pediatric Osteogenesis Imperfecta Patients Receiving Intravenous Pamidronate
Authors: Cheung Moira S , Glorieux Francis H , Rauch Frank 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Intravenous pamidronate is widely used to treat children with moderate to severe osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). Changes in the appearance of osteoclasts have previously been noted in children receiving pamidronate and have been interpreted as signs of toxicity. In this study, we analyzed osteoclast parameters in paired iliac bone specimens before and after 2–4 yr of cyclical intravenous pamidronate therapy in 44 pediatric OI patients (age range: 1.4–17.5 yr; 21 girls). During pamidronate treatment, average osteoclast diameter and the mean number of nuclei present per osteoclast increased by 18% (p = 0.02) and 43% (p &lt; 0.001), respectively. The number of samples containing large osteoclasts (LOcs, diameter &gt; 50 μm) increased from 6 (14%) before treatment to 23 (52%) after pamidronate therapy (p &lt; 0.001 by χ2 test). Post-treatment samples containing LOcs had a greater core width (p = 0.04) and a higher cancellous bone volume per tissue volume (p &lt; 0.001), because cancellous bone volume had increased more during pamidronate treatment (p &lt; 0.001). Osteoclast number and surface were higher in samples with LOcs, but there was no difference in cancellous bone formation parameters. The presence of LOcs was independent of OI type, type of collagen type I mutation, lumbar spine BMD, and other clinical or biochemical measures. In conclusion, this study did not show any indication that LOcs during pamidronate treatment are indicative of toxicity. It seems more likely that the observed abnormalities in osteoclast morphology are part of the mechanism of action of this drug.
Respiratory Function as a Marker of Bone Health and Fracture Risk in an Older Population
Authors: Moayyeri Alireza , Bingham Sheila A , Luben Robert N , Wareham Nicholas J , Khaw Kay-Tee 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Identification of those at high risk of osteoporosis and fractures using clinically available tests beyond BMD measures is a major clinical challenge. We examined forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), an easily obtainable measure of respiratory function, as a clinical measure for fracture prediction. In the context of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer-Norfolk Study, 8304 women and 6496 men 42–81 yr of age underwent a health check including spirometry and heel quantitative ultrasonography between 1997 and 2000 and were followed up for incident hip fractures until 2007. The main outcome measures were broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA) of the heel (cross-sectional analysis) and hip fracture risk (prospective analysis). In multivariate regression models, a 1-liter increase in FEV1 was associated with a statistically significant 2.2-dB/MHz increase in BUA, independent of age, smoking, height, body mass index, history of fracture, and use of corticosteroids. Mean FEV1 was significantly lower among 84 women and 36 men with hip fracture compared with other participants. In multivariate proportional-hazard regression models, the relative risk (RR) of hip fracture associated with a 1-liter increase in FEV1 was 0.5 (95% CI, 0.3–0.9; p &lt; 0.001) for both men and women. RR of hip fracture for a 1 SD increase in FEV1 was approximately equivalent to a 0.5 SD increase in BUA among women (1 SD among men) and an ∼5-yr decrease in age among both men and women. Middle-aged and older people with low respiratory function are at increased risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture. FEV1, an easy, low-cost, and feasible clinical measure, may help improve the identification of high-risk groups.
Cellulose supramolecular structure changes during chemical activation and sulfation 2nd ICC 2007, Tokyo, Japan, October 25–29, 2007
Authors: Normakhamatov Nodirali Sokhobatalievich , Turaev Abbaskhan Sabirkhanovich , Burkhanova Neyla Djalalovna 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Cotton cellulose has been sulfated in the presence of organic solvents (methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol and via chlorosulfonic acid-pyridine complex, and a mixture of concentrated sulfuric acid and ethanol) and the effects were studied by polarized light microscopy, electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction. Sorption-desorption behavior of the sulfonated cellulose was also observed. These processes enhance interfibrillar swelling, weaken intermolecular hydrogen bonds, and loosen the packing density of microfibrils. As a result, the accessibility of esterification reagents was improved depending on the activation method. Microscopic studies showed that the surface of the initial cotton cellulose is wrinkled. The fibrillar structure of the primary fiber wall was not observed. In the case of cotton cellulose, sulfation changed its crimped fibers with different thicknesses, length and defects which were visible in a polarized light as bright luminescence. Fibers become short, thick, and straightened. Moreover, degree of anisotropy and crystallinity of the modified fibers decreased. Their size and degree of crimping are dependent on condition of modification. All pre-activation processes were successful. Thickness of fibers was increased up to 20% and the length was decreased to one-third or one-fourth. The sorption capability of cellulose was increased 2.1–3.4-fold in pre-activated samples, which is due to the increasing specific surface area (45.0–109.1 m2 g-1). Volume and radius of the pores increased up to 0.1164–0.410 m3 g-1 and 36.2–133.3 Å, respectively.
Impact of dissolved sodium salts on kraft cooking reactions
Authors: Bogren Johannes , Brelid Harald , Bialik Marta , Theliander Hans 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This study examined the effects of inactive ions – ions not reacting with wood – during kraft cooking, which thus far have received modest attention. Six different sodium salts were added to kraft cooking liquors at two different levels of alkalinities. Delignification as well as the formation and degradation of hexenuronic acid (HexA) were observed of Scots pine sapwood meal.
The delignification rate was greatly affected by the presence of additional anions. Chloride ions had the greatest retarding effect, while the addition of polyacrylate ions had almost no effect. When carbonate, sulphate and lactate ions were added to the liquors, the delignification rates were in-between the series with chloride and polyacrylates ions. We suggest that the anions affect the solubility of lignin fragments in analogy to the Hofmeister effect observed in various macromolecular systems in the presence of dissolved salts. When the reactions involving HexA were examined, the opposite results were obtained. In that case, the highest reaction rates were in the presence of chloride ions, and the lowest rates were obtained when no extra ions were added, and the second lowest rates were obtained in the presence of polyacrylate ions. As for delignification, the cooking series containing carbonate, sulphate and lactate ions had a reaction rate in-between the series with the highest and lowest rates. The differences obtained with various inorganic ions can be qualitatively explained by the Donnan equilibrium theory and by the variation in activity coefficients of hydroxide ions.
Findings imply that knowledge of kraft cooking is far from complete. The effects of inactive ions on reaction kinetics should also receive more attention.
Visualization of interfacial zones in lyocell fiber-reinforced polypropylene composite by AFM contrast imaging based on phase and thermal conductivity measurements
Authors: Lee Seung-Hwan , Wang Siqun , Endo Takashi , Kim Nam-Hun 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The performance of a fiber-reinforced polymer composite depends not only on the properties of the fiber and matrix polymer but also on the interfacial properties. Nanoindentation and numerical simulation in our previous study revealed that the transition zone of the interfacial region between the regenerated cellulose fiber (lyocell fiber) and polypropylene (PP) was less than 1 μm. Interfacial zone was modified with maleic anhydride-grafted PP (MA-g-PP) and γ-amino propyl trimethoxy silane (γ-APS). In the present study, the interfacial zone is investigated by means of contrast imaging techniques based on phase and thermal conductivity in the context of atomic force microscopy. According to the obtained images, the widths of the interfacial zone modified with MA-g-PP were approximately 113–128 nm and modification with MA-g-PP and γ-APS led to an interfacial zone of 109–173 nm.
Metallographic and Materialographic Specimen Preparation, Light Microscopy, Image Analysis and Hardness Testing
Authors: Geels K , Fowler DB , Kopp W-U , Rückert M 
Published: December 2008

Description
Twenty-seven comprehensive chapters cover all important aspects of the metallographic and materialographic specimen preparation process, light microscopy, image analysis, hardness testing, and directions for establishing and maintaining a modern metallographic/materialographic laboratory.
Part I is description of sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching of specimens for examination in reflected light, enabling the reader to understand the mechanisms of the entire preparation process.
Part II is a "hands-on" manual guiding the metallographer and materialographer to the correct preparation method, based on the material to be prepared and on the purpose of examination. More than 150 methods are indicated covering practically all types of materials, describing the preparation process from sectioning to etching. This part also includes a section on trouble shooting, covering all stages in the preparation process and artifacts developed during the preparation.
Part III is a description of the optical reflected-light microscope with photomicroscopy giving the reader both an introduction to the subject and a manual for the daily work.
Part IV is an introduction to quantitative microstructural analysis and automatic image analysis, both theoretically and practically with emphasis on the examinations based on ASTM standards and other types of commonly used analyses.
Part V is a description of the most used hardness methods based on ASTM standards. Also other methods like instrumented indentation testing are described.
Part VI gives directions on how to establish and maintain a modern metallographic/materialographic laboratory. The important rules and regulations covering occupational safety are described and commented on.
Use of Infrared Spectroscopy in Permeation Tests
Authors: Perkins JL , Ridge MC 
Published: December 2008

The use of infrared (IR) analysis for permeation work has both advantages and disadvantages. Most advantageous is its ability to monitor a permeation test constantly without taking samples, as is necessary for most gas chromatography (GC) systems. Infrared detection also requires little attendance, and breakthrough time is very easy to discern.
Disadvantages include a longer delay in detected breakthrough time (because of the volume of the system) than with GC systems. However, the relative error introduced is quite small. Another problem is the necessity to purge the IR gas cell during calibration or before adding a different sample. This makes simultaneous testing of several cells difficult if not impossible. Last, a high static pressure [12.5 to 25 cm (5 to 10 in.) of H2O] on the polymer membrane in the ASTM cell is created by the usual high flow rate (5 to 10 L/min) in commonly used IR systems. Although this pressure does not seem to affect permeation, these high flow rates are not necessary, and indeed, lower flow rates will reduce the error in detection of breakthrough time. The calculations and data to support these statements are reported.
Testing of Candidate Glove Materials Against Metal Cutting Fluids
Authors: Forsberg K , Olsson KG , Carlmark B 
Published: December 2008

This materials study demonstrates a testing program based on the requirements of protective glove material against metal cutting fluids in workshops and steel industries.
Permeation testing using various cutting fluids, puncture testing using a standardized penetrometer needle, and tensile strength testing indicated that nitrile rubber is the most protective material. By X-ray fluorescence analysis it was demonstrated that chromium and nickel, which act as allergens, can permeate glove materials when the metals are present in cutting fluids. The results of the permeation test showed a breakthrough time of less than 2 to 3 h for natural rubber and neoprene. Nitrile without additives showed a breakthrough time of &gt;5 h and resistance to puncturing by a force of more than 25 N. The tensile strength test showed a strength of approximately 6 N/mm2 for nitrile and 12 N/mm2 for neoprene, measured at the breakthrough limit.
The primary requirements were resistance to cutting fluids and to puncture from work pieces. The secondary requirements were that the glove material should be able to break apart when drawn into moving machine parts and that the glove should be thin and elastic from the functional point of view (grip comfort and tactility).
The authors conclude that nitrile rubber latex best performs the requirements.
Protective Clothing Permeation Testing: Calculations and Presentation of Data
Authors: Winter JE 
Published: December 2008

Data from protective clothing permeation testing are used to determine which specific protective clothing material will protect a worker better than other similar clothing materials. Currently, data are presented in a graphical form, showing the concentration of challenge chemical in a collection medium versus the elapsed time of chemical contact. The results obtained when using a closed or recirculated collection medium cannot be compared directly with the results when using an open or dynamic collection medium. The relationship between these results and methods for converting to a uniform system of permeation rate versus chemical contact time are presented.
Once in a uniform system, the permeation data are entered into a computer data base with graphical output, thus providing the health professional rapid access to this information.
Effects of Barrier Finishes on Aerosol Spray Penetration and Comfort of Woven and Disposable Nonwoven Fabrics for Protective Clothing
Authors: Hobbs NE , Oakland BG , Hurwitz MD 
Published: December 2008

Woven and nonwoven fabrics with and without barrier finishes were tested for resistance to aerosol spray penetration and physical factors which contribute to comfort desirable for protective clothing for pesticide applicators. An aerosol spray test procedure was developed to test the following spray carriers: (1) water, (2) water/surfactant (48:1), and (3) unrefined cottonseed oil/surfactant (4:1). All the carriers contained 0.1% methylene blue dye as an indicator. Physical properties (for example, density, weight, thickness, water vapor, and air permeability) were examined as indicators of fabric comfort.
The presence of fluorocarbon-based finishes increased the resistance to aerosol spray penetration. Based on the physical test results and the aerosol penetration test, the spunlace nonwoven fabrics ranked highest for disposable protective garments.
Effect of Laundering Procedures and Functional Finishes on Removal of Insecticides Selected from Three Chemical Classes
Authors: Keaschall JL , Laughlin JM , Gold RE 
Published: December 2008

Eleven pesticides from three chemical classes were chosen for comparison of residues after laundering. Pesticide was introduced to the fabric surface of one of three fabrics—unfinished (UN), renewable consumer applied fluorocarbon finished (RF), and commercially applied fluorocarbon finished (CM) fabric. The fabrics were laundered using one of three laundry treatments—a heavy-duty liquid detergent (HDL) alone, an HDL with a prewash spray, and an HDL with an agriculturally marketed pretreatment.
Gas chromatographic analysis showed that the fluorocarbon-finished fabrics absorbed only 10% of the pesticide absorbed by the UN fabrics. Residues after laundering were significantly different both among and within classes. Although both fluorocarbon finishes reduced absorption of pesticide, they did not facilitate removal of the contaminant through laundering. Laundry additives significantly aided residue reduction.