bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity and the Common Cold in Undergraduate University Students: Implications for Health Professionals
Authors: Vossen Deborah P , McArel Heather , Vossen Jeffery F , Thompson Angela M 
Published: March 2007

Objective The common cold, known as upper respiratory tract infection (URTI), is the world's most prevalent illness. The purpose of this study was to determine if physical activity is linked to the incidence and/or duration of the common cold. Method Undergraduate university students (n=200) were asked to complete two questionnaires. The Paffenbarger Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) estimated physical activity levels of participants in the previous year. The second questionnaire required participants to record the number and length of URTIs experienced over the previous year. Pearson product-moment correlation coefficients were used to analyse the relationships between physical activity (kcal/week) and the incidence and duration of URTIs. Results There was no relationship between the number of kilocalories expended per week through physical activity and the incidence ( r=-0.042, p=0.304) or duration (r=-0.014, p=0.434) of URTIs. Conclusion In the specific population of undergraduate university students, physical activity was not significantly related to the incidence or duration of the common cold.
Child sexual abuse reporting behaviour by school counsellors and their need for further education
Authors: Goldman Juliette D G , Padayachi Usha K 
Published: March 2007

Objective To examine a statewide sample of school counsellors' reporting behaviour of suspected cases of child sexual abuse, and their need for further education in this area. Design A questionnaire using four hypothetical vignettes on child sexual abuse requested information on the degree of suspicion, reporting behaviour and familiarity with the reporting procedures for child sexual abuse in state schools in particular, and the state in general. Setting Although school counsellors in Queensland, Australia have been delegated with responsibilities regarding child sexual abuse, little is known about whether or not they have the appropriate reporting behaviours to fulfil these roles, and their training needs. Metliod Some 283 questionnaires were mailed to all school counsellors employed by the Department of Education across Queensland. The final sample of 122 counsellors consisted of 52 males (43 per cent) and 70 females (57 per cent); a ratio comparable to the membership of the state Counselling Association. Results There was a tendency for school counsellors to under-report their suspicions of child sexual abuse. School counsellors were more likely to suspect abuse than report cases to the appropriate authorities. A considerable proportion of school counsellors in Queensland also believe they have little knowledge of the symptoms that identify cases of child sexual abuse, lack counselling skills and procedures to work with sexually abused children, and do not have the necessary training and knowledge to act as resource persons. All school counsellors expressed interest in attending in-service education programmes addressing knowledge, detection, intervention, prevention and treatment of child sexual abuse and other forms of child abuse. Conclusion School counsellors are in a unique position to aid in the battle against child sexual abuse. However, the results of the present study suggest that they lack confidence in their ability to identify and work with children who have been sexually abused. Consequently, the develop ment and implementation of training programmes to increase school counsellors'skills and knowledge of child sexual abuse seem to be crucial in fighting this crime against children. Because of the significant deficits found here in counsellors' professional responses to child sexual abuse, it seems necessary, then, for future research to address the type, nature and duration of support school counsellors need in this area, including emotional factors, which may well intervene in the process. Research could also address the range of policies that could identify quality of relationships and inter-professional partnerships with other helping professionals and government organisations such as the Department of Families, Department of Health, Children's Commission, police, social workers, private counsellors, and, of course, school teachers, in order to promote whole school approaches to enhancing the welfare of all children.
Health education and the smoking habit
Authors: Baric Leo 
Published: March 2007

THE effects on health of smoking are generally known in Britain. This knowledge is based on a great number of research projects carried out during the past few decades and needs no further elabora tion. Cigarette smoking is associated with an increased risk from a number of diseases, most of which are serious and even lethal. At tempts are constantly being made to eliminate this habit and stop people from smoking, which have so far met with very little success. This fact has attracted the attention of researchers. In trying to find out why these attempts have in most cases failed, the researchers have examined several factors: some believed that the answer lies in finding the difference between smokers and non- smokers ; some have looked at the reasons for starting to smoke; others have looked at the physiological aspects of smoking, and so on. In general, one can say that most research so far has con centrated on smoking, that is on the problem, whereas very little has been done to study the solution, or attempts to solve the problem, and why they have so often been failures. This paper is con cerned mainly with the various aspects of the solutions to the problem of smoking, and outlines several new ap proaches which, if followed up, could provide us with a better insight into some more successful solutions. In the first place a dis tinction is drawn between the prevention of an illness and of a behavioural habit. Ciga rette smoking is considered to be a habit, with most of the smokers in need of behavioural treatment. Pre vention, by means of health education, however, needs to concentrate on the non- smokers in the first place, and only secondly on smokers. Consequently the target population for health educa tion in smoking consists of the healthy population who as yet have not acquired this habit. The methods to be used are based on a Social Interven tion Model (SIM) which I have been developing, design ed to emphasise preventive aspects and concentrate on a positive approach, stressing the rights of the non-smoker instead of the duties of smokers. This new concep tualisation of the smoking problem will require health education of two kinds: those skilled in influencing social norms and using the societal approach; and those who have a recognised profes sional status and have the skills of helping individuals to give up this habit and who will be involved in behav ioural treatment on an indi vidual basis, under approp riate contractual arrange ments. In some cases the two categories may overlap. In summary, the paper stresses the consequences of such an approach for the health education services as well as the need for changes in research policy with greater emphasis on studies con cerned with various solutions instead of the problem of smoking; changes will be required in the conceptua lisation of the whole problem area, and in the evaluation of new methods and the training of a new type of health educator, be it a health educa tion officer or any other pro fessional active in this field.
Planning the curriculum
Authors: Balding John 
Published: March 2007

DURING the past five years, the HEC Schools Health Education Unit has processed health-related behaviour data from over 300 secondary schools in the UK, involving more than 50,000 pupils. These data have been collected using a well-researched enquiry instrument, the Health-Related Behaviour Questionnaire, now in its 10th version. By studying the health-related behaviour 'profile' of its pupils, a school is able to make more informed judgements about curriculum content than are possible by relying on intuition or hearsay.
What primary school teachers think of drugs education in their school
Authors: Dawson Nona 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines teachers' views of drugs education in primary schools as indicated by the findings of a survey of primary schools (including through primary schools, junior schools and infant schools) in the former County of Avon. Teachers responding to this survey wanted good in-service support, and publications that can be easily understood and used in the classroom. Teachers expressed the need for support in teaching children at Key Stage 1, that is, for children aged 5 to 7 years. Older children currently receive the bulk of attention. Respondents were divided over the need for teaching infant-school children specifically about illegal drugs. Over half felt that such children were too young. However, over 90 per cent felt that drugs education should begin before secondary school. Schools were generally optimistic about the potential impact of drugs education on young people's drug use. However they overwhelmingly stated that schools should not be seen as the sole source of drugs education for young people.
Child Mental Health Problems in Arab Children: Application of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire
Authors: Thabet A.A. , Stretch D. , Vostanis P. 
Published: March 2007

Aim: This study aimed at establishing the mental health profile among 322 Arab children living in the Gaza strip. Method: Children were selected in four age bands, i.e. 3,6,11 and 16 years of age. The relevant forms of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) was completed by parents, teachers and 16-year-olds. Results: Factor analyses of the parent-related questionnaires identified similar general factors as in the UK-based studies of validating the SDQ. Certain items did not load as highly on the general factors, i.e. distractability, feeling scared, feeling unhappy, stealing, and being picked or bullied. Emotional problems items were rated differently in the pre-school group (aches, nervousness-clinging, worries) than in previous studies. Using previous optimal cut-off scores, parent SDQs revealed higher rates of children with emotional and conduct problems falling above the 90th centile established in the UK sample, but lower rates according to self-report SDQs by 16-year-olds. Conclusions: Western categories of mental health problems did not clearly emerge from the factor analysis. The main difference from western epidemiological studies appeared to operate in parents' perceptions of emotional problems in pre school children. The SDQ is very promising as a screening measure or rating scale in different cultural populations. However, future research should identify and establish indigenously meaningful constructs within this population and culture, and subsequently revise measures of child mental health problems.
Psychiatric Service Utilization Differences By Sex and Locale
Authors: Gift Thomas E. , Zastowny Thomas R. 
Published: March 2007

Underutilization of psychiatric services by men relative to women may reflect discrepancies between the male sex role in Western societies and the patient role. We hypothesize that this will be more important in a rural than a nonrural setting for two reasons. First, the relative lack of anonymity in a rural setting makes more evident incongruities between sex role conventions and actual behaviour. Second, because of the increased cultural heterogeneity of urban areas, traditional sex roles are less clearly delineated. These considerations suggest that the ratio of males to females receiving treat ment in a rural setting should be lower than in a nonrural setting. It was found that for treated incidence the ratio of males to females was significantly lower in a rural than in a non-rural setting (p<.01); for treated prevalence a lower male to female ratio was found in the rural than the nonrural setting, although this did not achieve statistical significance.
Evaluation of Psychiatric Morbidity Following an Earthquake
Authors: Papadatos Yiannis , Nikou Kostas , Potamianos Grigoris 
Published: March 2007

Greece has been characterized by high earthquake in comparison not only with Mediterranean countries, but also with many parts of Eurasia. In the present study an assessment of the psychiatric morbidity was carried out in the city of Kalamata, Greece, two weeks after the earthquake in September, 1986. A random sample of residents divided into three categories was assessed. The participating groups consisted of 205 adults, 172 high school students and 69 adult outpatients who suffered from minor pathological problems or proceeded for a check up without being necessarily ill. The Langner and CES-D scales were administered for the population assessment. Detailed statistical analysis revealed that the earthquake had significant psychological effects and caused a considerable degree of depression in all groups. According to the Langner Scale, 31.3% of the general population, 11.6% of the students and 40.6% of the patients exhibited 10 or more symptoms on the Langner scale indicating severe disturbance. Also 50.9% of the whole sample exhibited 6 or more symptoms indicating serious disturbance. In the CES-D scale, 79% of the general population, 69.2% of students and 75% of the outpatients exhibited 16 or more symptoms, or 74,6% of the whole sample. The observed difference between general population and students is significant on Langner scale (p<0.001) and on CES-D scale (p<0.025). The major symptoms in all groups were prevalence of severe psychiatric symptomatology, anxiety, psychosomatic disorders and depression.
Millenium, Messianism and Medicine Among the Lubavitch of Stamford Hill, London
Authors: Dein Simon 
Published: March 2007

The Lubavitch are a group of Hasidic Jews living in Stamford Hill, London N16. After a description of their lifestyle and the importance of the Rebbe in the community, this paper examines their concepts of the body, health and healing based on Kabbalistic teachings. For this group healing involves both control of sickness and the correction of spiritual disorder associated with it: the Rebbe plays a key role in the latter. The paper ends by discussing the extent to which conversion of religious groups results in any form of healing. (See Glossary for translation of Jewish words.)
A Study of a Public Sector Wage Structure: A Revised Approach to Wage Structure Analysis
Authors: Macdonald Duncan 
Published: March 2007

Although it is a topic which has been almost totally ignored in Australia, public sector wage determination has received considerable attention overseas; particularly in North America. However, there have been very few attempts to analyse public sector wage determination via the medium of the wage structure concept. Several approaches to wage structure analysis have been developed but none seem to be readily applicable to the Australian environment. Thus in studying wage determination in the New South Wales Public Service it was necessary to develop a somewhat different approach to wage structure analysis; an approach that may have more general application than those approaches from which it originated.
Sexual Bias in the Nenko System of Employment
Authors: Matsuura Nanshi F. 
Published: March 2007

The nenko system, a lifetime employment and seniority-based wage system, has been considered one of the major contributing factors to the high labour productivity and loyalty in the industrial expansion of Japan during the past three decades. During this period, the female labour force has comprised a large proportion of the total labour force. Women's wages and working con ditions, however, have been consistently and substantially inferior to those of men. The nenko system has provided periodical promotions and lifetime em ployment security to employees while assuring employers of a long-term supply of skilled workers and a dependable labour force. It has, on the other hand, been the most fundamental cause of discrimination against women. It has virtually excluded women from permanent, high-paying, highly skilled and high- responsibility positions in the labour market. Women have been utilised as a buffer and stabiliser to maintain a stable economy and employment for permanent employees, most of whom have traditionally been males.
The Importance of the Interpersonal Relationship between First-Line Supervisor and Subordinate
Authors: Reeder Robert R. 
Published: March 2007

This study involves a first attempt at answering the question, 'Should the sub ordinate whose personality is similar to that of the supervisor be managed differently from the employee whose personality is different from that of the supervisor?' The study compares the similarities and dissimilarities of supervisors and subordinates in tendencies to be authoritarian. The assumption is that people with different personalities tend to interact differently and have different interpersonal relation ships. If this is true, such different interpersonal relationships might well call for different leadership styles or behaviour. The results of this study reveal such personality differences and indicate that where certain of them exist, supervisors should handle subordinates differently. In addition, suggestions are given for additional research needed to substantiate or repudiate these findings.
Total Factor Productivity and Wages Policy
Authors: Covick Owen 
Published: March 2007

What role should estimates of growth in total factor productivity play in Australian national wage cases? There currently seem to be two schools of thought on this issue. The Business Council of Australia (and certain others) argue that total factor productivity data should displace the role traditionally filled by estimates of average labour productivity growth. The Australian Council of Trade Unions (ACTU) and the Commonwealth government have argued that total factor productivity data have no substantive role to play in the wage fixing context. The first section of this paper begins by outlining the traditional rationale for seeking to gear wages to average labour productivity growth. This rationale rests crucially on: (a) a competing income claims view of wage and price setting behaviour in the economy; and (b) the assumption, within that approach, that claims are determined in terms of aggregate factor shares, or by reference to the proportionate price mark- up factor implicit in those shares. It is then demonstrated that if this same model is modified so that price mark-ups are computed to secure a particular rate of return on capital employed, and competing income claims are determined by reference to the rate of return on capital, rather than capital's aggregate factor share, then it becomes appropriate to gear wages to total factor productivity growth rather than to average labour productivity growth. The appropriate formula is, however, a multiple of total factor productivity growth rather than 'straight' total factor productivity growth. The multiple is the reciprocal of labour's factor share. The paper then goes on to examine some key design features of the total factor productivity series recently developed and published by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). This examination is carried out to assess the suitability of the ABS series for use in the defined wages policy context. It is concluded that the methodology adopted in the compilation of the ABS figures is not the most appropriate for this context. The upshot is that were a total factor productivity wages policy rule based directly on the ABS estimates of total factor productivity growth to be implemented, it is uncertain whether it would have the advantages over an average labourproductivity rule, of the types discussed earlier in the paper. The paper concludes by suggesting certain modifications to the ABS series that, it is argued, would provide a total factor productivity indicator with features more appropriate for wages policy debate purposes.
Public Opinion and Foreign Policy Decisions
Authors: Laulicht Jerome 
Published: March 2007

The data analysed here came from a comprehensive survey of Canadian voters' and leaders' opinions regarding war and peace. The data reported here relate only to foreign policy issues, specifically, attitudes towards nuclear weapons, conventional forces, co existence policy, the United Nations and foreign aid. The paper argues that public opinion can and does affect government policy, but that the 'public' is not a unity, nor are all segments equally influential. Thus, the subjects of the study comprised the following groups: highly influential leaders, 48 businessmen, 48 labour leaders, and 48 Members of Parliament; national sample of 1,000 adults, divided into English-Canadians, French-Canadians, and 'Informed Public' (those most educated and most knowledgeable about foreign affairs). The attitudes of the groups are compared and are analysed from the perspective of pressures and cross-pressures exerted upon government. The attitudes are also related to actual government policy in the same areas and an attempt is made to assess the role public opinion may have played in decisions.
Two Approaches To Disarmament : the Legalist and the Structuralist
Authors: Galtung Johan 
Published: March 2007

The thesis of the paper is that disarmament thinking and particularly disarmament negotiations are governed by a legalist frame of reference patterned after domestic law, based on the ideas of establishment of a set of norms (a treaty), a detection machinery to discover deviance, an adjudication machinery concerned with verification, con viction, and sentences, a system of sanctions, and a validation system (Supreme Courts in domestic law). To the extent this kind of thinking prevails, we are unlikely ever to get disarmament, since distrustful legalists will always find loopholes in the control mechanisms. Besides, it is also probable that many control mechanisms are counter- productive and produce rather than eliminate cheating, and sanctions are almost certainly counter-productive when they are based on the principle of collective guilt in the nation breaking the treaty. Equally dangerous is the tendency that legalistically thinking negotiators will dis regard factors that may stimulate disarmament, because they cannot be accommodated within their paradigm. Such factors are the idea of morality, positive exchange and cooperation between antagonists, positive sanctions to nations that keep the treaty and not only punishment to those who do not, efforts to punish individuals rather than nations if somebody should be punished, inspection by the people of their own govern ment, unilateral steps, tacit agreements, and a dilution of the legalistically dominated environment for disarmament negotiations with people of all other kinds of background. Finally, the thesis is that legal language and legal paradigms provide the parties with a false sense of being able to communicate, when in reality what they do is to understand each other too well, so well that they disregard major possibilities and are led in the direction of major difficulties. Some models for the cooperation between legalists and structuralists are then outlined.