bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmaceutical Care in Community Pharmacies: Practice and Research in Sweden
Authors: Westerlund LO Tommy , Björk H Thony 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To describe the organization and delivery of community pharmacy and medical care, as well as pharmaceutical care practice and research, in Sweden. Findings: The Swedish retail pharmacy system of 800 community pharmacies and nearly 80 hospital pharmacies is unique in that it is organized into one single, government-owned chain, known as Apoteket AB. The pharmacy staff consists of pharmacists, prescriptionists, and pharmacy technicians. Some activities related to pharmaceutical care have been directed toward specific patient groups during annual theme campaigns. In the past few years, there has been a growing emphasis on the identification, resolution, and documentation of drug-related problems (DRPs) in Swedish pharmacy practice. A classification system for documenting DRPs and pharmacy interventions was developed in 1995 and incorporated into the software of all community pharmacies in 2001. A national DRP database (SWE-DRP) was established in 2004 to collect and analyze DRPs and interventions on a nationwide basis. Recently, a new counseling technique composed of key questions to facilitate the detection of DRPs has been tested successfully. Patient medication profiles are kept in 160 pharmacies, and a new national register of drugs dispensed to patients became available in 2006. Most pharmaceutical care studies in Sweden have focused on DRPs and resulting pharmacy interventions. Discussion: Swedish community pharmacy DRP work is in the international forefront but there is a potential for further developing cognitive services, given the beneficial organization of the country's pharmacies into one single pharmacy chain. The introduction of patient medication profiles has been both late and slow and has only had a marginal effect on pharmaceutical care practice so far. The universities do not appear to have any desire to influence the practice of pharmacy and could potentially take on a more active role in preparing pharmacy students for patient-oriented services. Current threats to pharmaceutical care practice and research include organizational changes, budget cuts, and reduced manpower of Apoteket AB. Conclusions: The identification, resolution, and documentation of DRPs are central to community pharmacy practice in Sweden, resulting in a number of research studies. A national DRP database, patient medication profiles, and a new national register of drugs dispensed to patients provide opportunities for growth in pharmaceutical care practice and research in the country.
A Case of Streptococcus intermedius Empyema
Authors: Wargo Kurt A , McConnell Victoria J , Higginbotham Steven A 
Published: May 2006

Objective: To report a case of empyema caused by Streptococcus intermedius as a complication of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). Case Summary: An 85-year-old woman with a history of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma, heart failure, and hypothyroidism developed empyema as a result of 2 episodes of CAP and an acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis within the past 2 months. Therapy with intravenous levofloxacin 750 mg every 48 hours was initiated. Culture results of the empyema fluid yielded pure growth of a rarely encountered microorganism, S. intermedius. Intravenous piperacillin/tazobactam 3.375 g every 6 hours was added to the antimicrobial therapy at that time. However, cultures continued to show S. intermedius. Surgical decortication was unsuccessful, and the patient died after a 30 day hospital stay. Discussion: Early, appropriate antimicrobial therapy is the mainstay of CAP treatment. Although rare, empyema or thoracic abscess can occur despite this therapy, due to mucosal changes caused by CAP. Historically, antimicrobial therapy used to treat organisms that typically cause CAP also has activity against S. intermedius. However, growth of this microorganism and failure to respond to therapy should alert clinicians to the possibility of empyema or abscess formation. Conclusions: Despite historical in vitro susceptibility data of S. intermedius, antimicrobial therapy may be ineffective, and more extreme measures may be needed to achieve a successful outcome. Early, appropriate antimicrobial therapy needs to remain the mainstay of the treatment of CAP in an attempt to prevent fatal complications such as this from occurring.
Characterizing the Asphalt-Aggregate Mixtures Using Rheological Properties of Asphalt Binders
Authors: Zeng M , Huang S-C 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Modeling techniques were employed to establish the relationship between the rheological properties (G* and δ) of asphalt binders and asphalt-aggregate mixtures. Results of this study indicate that the complex modulus and phase angle of the mixture can be represented by the same parameters obtained from the binder under the conditions of material linearity. This relationship is independent of frequency (or loading time) and temperature. For typical dense graded asphalt mixtures, the relationship is not significantly affected by the characteristics of both the asphalt binder and the aggregate. The relationship between the complex moduli of the asphalt binder and mixture can be mathematically modeled by the generalized power function. This function is more precise than the Heukelom and Klomp model (HK expression) and bilogarithm linear model (BL approximation), particularly at low and high modulus values. The generalized power function can differentiate asphalt binder as a viscoelastic liquid and asphalt mixture as a viscoelastic solid under the action of shear loading. The relationship of the phase angles, as an integrated part of rheological property of a viscoelastic material, between asphalt binders and mixtures can be modeled by a modified haversine function. This function completes the modeling of rheological properties as a whole for the first time and also reflects the fundamental material difference between the binder and the mixture in viscoelastic theory. Characterizing the asphalt mixture properties through the binder properties not only can save tremendous efforts in testing an asphalt mixture, but also can simplify the pavement performance prediction.
A Revised Alverson and Carney Model for Estimating the Instantaneous Rate of Natural Mortality
Authors: Zhang Chang‐Ik , Megrey Bernard A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe Alverson and Carney (AC) model for estimating the instantaneous rate of natural mortality (M) was reformulated to include β andt0parameters. The revised Zhang and Megrey (ZM) model could be used for the estimation ofMinstead of the AC model since von Bertalanffy and allometric growth parameters are readily available for most exploited fish stocks. It was determined from the new formulation that the ratios of the age at maximum biomass (tmb) to the maximum age (tmax) for pelagic and demersal species were significantly different from 0.38, the value originally proposed by Alverson and Carney. The ratios for these two ecological groups were 0.302 and 0.440, respectively, and were significantly different. We examined the sensitivity and bias inMfrom the new formulation relative to those from the AC model, which assumed that β = 3.0 andt0= 0. Estimates ofMfrom the AC model are most sensitive to the assumption that growth starts att0= 0 when growth rates are high as well as to the β andtmbassumptions. The performance of the revised ZM model was evaluated by comparing calculatedMvalues from the two models based on a paired‐samplet‐test. The results of the two statistical analyses showed that the ZM model produced values ofMcloser to published estimates than did the AC model. Thus, the ratiotmb/tmaxfor specific ecological groups should be used rather than Alverson and Carney's constant 0.38. Analyses of exploited stock dynamics might be conducted using the possible range ofMinstead of the constant value. The range could be estimated from the ZM model using the mean ratiotmb/tmax± SD to get thetmbfor each subgroup or by explicit variance calculations.
Do Brown Trout Choose Locations with Reduced Turbulence?
Authors: Cotel Aline J. , Webb Paul W. , Tritico Hans 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe physical habitat requirements of cover, depth, and current speed for brown trout Salmo trutta are associated with high shear zones in stream flows, which in turn result in high turbulence. Observations were made on current speeds and turbulence intensity (TI) in a sand‐bed trout stream. Exemplary transects showed that current speeds ranged from 0 to 60 cm/s and that TI ranged from 0 to 0.7. Turbulence intensity was inversely related to current speed. Brown trout were usually found in the lower 5 cm of the stream, where shear forces result in high turbulence. Locations occupied by brown trout had lower TI than similar locations without brown trout but higher TI than is typical of an average stream.
Admixture Analysis of Florida Largemouth Bass and Northern Largemouth Bass using Microsatellite Loci
Authors: Lutz‐Carrillo Dijar J. , Nice Chris C. , Bonner Timothy H. , Forstner Michael R. J. , Fries Loraine T. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMicrosatellite DNA variation was examined at 11 loci in five populations of Florida largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides floridanus (N = 175) and eight populations of northern largemouth bass M. s. salmoides (N = 249). Distinct allele frequencies with 33 private alleles between subspecies (threshold frequency, ≥0.05) and 19 private alleles among three geographic regions distinguished between Florida largemouth bass and northern largemouth bass as well as between northern largemouth bass from northern and southern latitudes in North America. Variation at microsatellite loci also provided sufficient resolution to discriminate among some populations within regions. Allele frequencies indicated that of 37 trophy bass (defined here as fish weighing 5.90 kg or more) donated to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department (TPWD) between 2004 and 2005, all had more than 50% Florida largemouth bass influence with ancestry genetically similar to that of populations sampled in western Florida. Some fish (N = 24) were direct descendents of Florida largemouth bass (either remnants or direct descendants from introductions), whereas others (N = 13) were admixed with northern largemouth bass. Of the 13 admixed fish, 11 had ancestry in lineages of southern‐latitude northern largemouth bass. Genetic variation within northern largemouth bass populations was depressed at northern latitudes (mean heterozygosity, 0.37; SD, 0.26; mean number of alleles per locus, 2.91; SD, 1.51) relative to southern latitudes (mean heterozygosity, 0.52; SD, 0.25; mean number of alleles per locus, 4.57; SD, 2.88); Florida largemouth bass exhibited intermediate heterozygosity (mean, 0.41; SD, 0.32) and an allelic richness (mean, 4.51; SD, 4.58) similar to that of southern‐latitude northern largemouth bass. Overall, the variation observed at these loci is greater than that at other codominant markers explored in this species, providing additional power to detect admixture in populations and individuals.
Spawning Habitat Associations and Selection by Fishes in a Flow‐Regulated Prairie River
Authors: Brewer Shannon K. , Papoulias Diana M. , Rabeni Charles F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe used histological features to identify the spawning chronologies of river‐dwelling populations of slenderhead darter Percina phoxocephala, suckermouth minnow Phenacobius mirabilis, stonecat Noturus flavus, and red shiner Cyprinella lutrensis and to relate their reproductive status to microhabitat associations. We identified spawning and nonspawning differences in habitat associations resulting from 1 year of field data via logistic regression modeling and identified shifts in microhabitat selection via frequency‐of‐use and availability histograms. Each species demonstrated different habitat associations between spawning and nonspawning periods. The peak spawning period for slenderhead darters was April to May in high‐velocity microhabitats containing cobble. Individuals were associated with similar microhabitats during the postspawn summer and began migrating to deeper habitats in the fall. Most suckermouth minnow spawned from late March through early May in shallow microhabitats. The probability of the presence of these fish in shallow habitats declined postspawn, as fish apparently shifted to deeper habitats. Stonecats conducted prespawn activities in nearshore microhabitats containing large substrates but probably moved to deeper habitats during summer to spawn. Microhabitats with shallow depths containing cobble were associated with the presence of spawning red shiners during the summer. Prespawn fish selected low‐velocity microhabitats during the spring, whereas postspawn fish selected habitats similar to the spawning habitat but added a shallow depth component. Hydraulic variables had the most influence on microhabitat models for all of these species, emphasizing the importance of flow in habitat selection by river‐dwelling fishes. Histological analyses allowed us to more precisely document the time periods when habitat use is critical to species success. Without evidence demonstrating the functional mechanisms behind habitat associations, protective flows implemented for habitat protection are unlikely to be effective.
Effects of River Discharge, Temperature, and Future Climates on Energetics and Mortality of Adult Migrating Fraser River Sockeye Salmon
Authors: Rand P. S. , Hinch S. G. , Morrison J. , Foreman M. G. G. , MacNutt M. J. , Macdonald J. S. , Healey M. C. , Farrell A. P. , Higgs D. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of past and future trends in temperature and discharge in the Fraser River on the migratory performance of the early Stuart population of sockeye salmon Oncorhynchus nerka. Fish of lower condition exhibited disproportionately higher mortality during the spawning run, elucidating a critical link between energetic condition and a fish's ability to reach the spawning grounds. We simulated spawning migrations by accounting for energetic demands for an average individual in the population from the time of entry into the Fraser River estuary to arrival on the spawning grounds (about 1,200 km upstream) and estimated energy expenditures for the average migrant during 1950–2001. The model output indicates relatively high interannual variability in migration energy use and a marked increase in energy demands in recent years related to unusually high discharges (e.g., 1997) and warmer than average water temperature (e.g., 1998). We examined how global climate change might effect discharge, water temperature, and the energy used by sockeye salmon during their spawning migration. Expected future reductions in peak flows during freshets markedly reduced transit time to the spawning ground, representing a substantial energy savings that compensated for the effect of the increased metabolic rate resulting from exposure to warmer river temperatures. We suggest that such watershed‐scale compensatory mechanisms may be critical to the long‐term sustainability of Pacific salmon, given expected changes in climate. However, such compensation will probably only be applicable to some stocks and may be limited under extremely high temperatures where nonenergetic factors such as disease and stress may play a more dominant role in defining mortality. Our results further indicate that a long‐term decline in the mean mass of adult sockeye salmon completing their marine residency could erode their migratory fitness during the river migration and hence jeopardize the sustainability of sockeye salmon and the fishery that targets them.
Change in the Upper Extent of Fish Distribution in Eastern Washington Streams between 2001 and 2002
Authors: Cole Michael B. , Price David M. , Fransen Brian R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe upper extent of fish distribution in streams has received increasing attention in recent years because fish‐bearing streams in the Pacific Northwest receive greater protection from timber harvest than do non‐fish‐bearing waters. Significant amounts of time and funding have been spent surveying streams for the upper extent of fish distribution and, more recently, in developing models that predict where fish use ends in streams. The reliability of each approach rests in part on the assumption that the upper extent of fish distribution can be accurately determined by a single survey and that fish distribution boundaries (FDBs) do not shift appreciably through time. To examine changes in the upper extent of fish distribution, streams were surveyed throughout 10 forested watersheds in eastern Washington in the summers of 2001 and 2002. In 2002, 308 FDBs were resurveyed. Resurveys resulted in the establishment of 172 terminal boundaries (occurring mid‐channel or at the confluence of two non‐fish‐bearing streams) and 136 lateral boundaries (occurring where a non‐fish‐bearing channel laterally intersects a fish‐bearing channel). The number of terminal boundary changes was approximately evenly distributed among upstream shifts, no change, and downstream shifts. Excluding two relatively large downstream shifts, the mean distance between 2002 and 2001 terminal boundaries was −2.5 m, which is not statistically or biologically significant. Terminal boundaries most often occurred immediately below small impasses created by large woody debris. Of the 136 streams occurring above lateral boundaries in 2001, 134 were again found to support no fish. The upper extent of fish distribution was similar between these 2 years, perhaps because of similar streamflows during the two sampling sessions. The number of terminal‐to‐lateral boundary shifts equaled the estimated number of lateral‐to‐terminal boundary shifts, indicating that no net change in the use of small tributaries occurred between the 2 years.
Juvenile Pallid Sturgeon are Piscivorous: A Call for Conserving Native Cyprinids
Authors: Gerrity Paul C. , Guy Christopher S. , Gardner William M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe examined the diets of age‐6 and age‐7 hatchery‐reared juvenile pallid sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus (mean fork length [FL] = 538 ± 13 mm [90% confidence interval]; mean weight = 518 ± 49 g) and indigenous shovelnose sturgeon S. platorynchus (mean FL = 525 ± 12 mm; mean weight = 683 ± 41 g) sampled in 2003 and 2004 from the Missouri River above Fort Peck Reservoir, Montana. Diet overlap between juvenile pallid sturgeon and shovelnose sturgeon was low. Fish were the primary prey of juvenile pallid sturgeon, and aquatic insects were the primary prey of shovelnose sturgeon. Sturgeon chub Macrhybopsis gelida and sicklefin chub M. meeki, two species that have declined throughout much of the Missouri River, comprised 79% of the number of identifiable fish in juvenile pallid sturgeon stomachs. The prevalence of sicklefin chub and sturgeon chub as a food resource of juvenile pallid sturgeon indicates that recovery and management of native cyprinids is a potentially important step in the recovery of pallid sturgeon.
Evaluation of Methods to Estimate Lake Herring Spawner Abundance in Lake Superior
Authors: Yule Daniel L. , Stockwell Jason D. , Cholwek Gary A. , Evrard Lori M. , Schram Steven , Seider Michael , Symbal Matthew 
Published: May 2006

AbstractHistorically, commercial fishers harvested Lake Superior lake herring Coregonus artedi for their flesh, but recently operators have targeted lake herring for roe. Because no surveys have estimated spawning female abundance, direct estimates of fishing mortality are lacking. The primary objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of using acoustic techniques in combination with midwater trawling to estimate spawning female lake herring densities in a Lake Superior statistical grid (i.e., a 10′ latitude × 10′ longitude area over which annual commercial harvest statistics are compiled). Midwater trawling showed that mature female lake herring were largely pelagic during the night in late November, accounting for 94.5% of all fish caught exceeding 250 mm total length. When calculating acoustic estimates of mature female lake herring, we excluded backscattering from smaller pelagic fishes like immature lake herring and rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax by applying an empirically derived threshold of −35.6 dB. We estimated the average density of mature females in statistical grid 1409 at 13.3 fish/ha and the total number of spawning females at 227,600 (95% confidence interval = 172,500–282,700). Using information on mature female densities, size structure, and fecundity, we estimate that females deposited 3.027 billion (109) eggs in grid 1409 (95% confidence interval = 2.356–3.778 billion). The relative estimation error of the mature female density estimate derived using a geostatistical model—based approach was low (12.3%), suggesting that the employed method was robust. Fishing mortality rates of all mature females and their eggs were estimated at 2.3% and 3.8%, respectively. The techniques described for enumerating spawning female lake herring could be used to develop a more accurate stock–recruitment model for Lake Superior lake herring.
Influence of Combinations of Bacteria on the Levels of Prostaglandin E2, Interleukin‐1β, and Granulocyte Elastase in Gingival Crevicular Fluid and on the Severity of Periodontal Disease
Authors: Airila‐Månsson Stella , Söder Birgitta , Kari Kirsti , Meurman Jukka H. 
Published: May 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous presence of periodontal microbiota on inflammatory markers in gingival crevicular fluid from individuals with periodontal diseases.Methods: A total of 82 individuals with periodontal disease (mean age: 54.3 ± 3.0 years) and 31 periodontally healthy individuals (mean age: 53.2 ± 3.0 years) were randomly chosen and underwent clinical oral examinations in 2003 with the determination of the dental plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and periodontal probing depth (PD). The simultaneous presence of polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐assessed periodontal bacteria, levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), granulocyte elastase, interleukin 1‐beta (IL‐1β), and total protein concentration were determined from the pockets. Marginal bone height percent was measured on x‐rays. Analysis of variance and χ2 tests were used to analyze the results.Results: In sites with Tannerella forsythensis, levels of PGE2 (pg/site), granulocyte elastase (monoclonal antibodies (mAbs)/site), and total protein (mg/ml) were significantly higher than in sites without T. forsythensis (P <0.05, P <0.01, and P <0.05, respectively). Those with periodontal disease with simultaneous presence of T. forsythensis and Porphyromonas gingivalis, or T. forsythensis and Prevotella nigrescens, showed significantly higher PI and GI, deeper PD, more loss of attachment, and more release of PGE2 and granulocyte elastase than did periodontitis patients without these bacteria.Conclusion: The simultaneous presence of T. forsythensis and P. gingivalis, or T. forsythensis and P. nigrescens, seemed to promote the release of subgingival inflammatory mediators and seemed to be associated with more severe periodontal disease.