bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinal ganglion cell inputs to the koniocellular pathway
Authors: Szmajda Brett A. , Grünert Ulrike , Martin Paul R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo understand the transmission of sensory signals in visual pathways we studied the morphology and central projection of ganglion cell populations in marmoset monkeys. Retinal ganglion cells were labeled by photofilling following injections of retrograde tracer in the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN), or by intracellular injection with neurobiotin. Ganglion cell morphology was analyzed using hierarchical cluster analysis. In addition to midget and parasol ganglion cells, this method distinguished three main clusters of wide‐field cells that correspond to small bistratified, sparse, and broad thorny cells identified previously. The small bistratified and sparse cells occupy neighboring positions on the hierarchical (linkage distance) tree. These cell types are presumed to carry signals originating in short‐wavelength sensitive (S or “blue”) cones in the retina. The linkage distance from these putative S‐cone pathway ganglion cells to other wide‐field cells is similar to the linkage distance from midget cells to parasol cells, suggesting that S‐cone cells form a distinct functional subgroup of ganglion cells. Small bistratified cells and large sparse cells were the most commonly labeled wide‐field cells following LGN injections in koniocellular layer K3. This is consistent with physiological evidence that the role of this layer includes transmission of S‐cone signals to the visual cortex. Other wide‐field cell types were also labeled following injections including K3, and other koniocellular LGN layers; these cell types may correspond to “non‐blue koniocellular” receptive fields recorded in physiological studies. J. Comp. Neurol. 510:251–268, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simulating closed regimes with agent based models
Authors: Bhavnani R. , Backer D. , Riolo R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis article describes efforts to develop an exploratory agent‐based model as a tool for studying decision making in political regimes such as Iraq, North Korea, and Syria. Our hybrid of the landscape metaphor and the rule‐based system approach captures the trade‐offs leaders face in balancing components of a utility function, plus risk profiles that allow departures from conventional utility maximization. Two simple experiments concerning succession demonstrate the surprising compromises both leaders and elites are willing to make, as well as the instability of these bargains. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008
The revolution in military affairs: Its driving forces, elements, and complexity
Authors: Neuneck Götz 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe current concept of a “revolution in military affairs” (RMA) mainly characterizes the transformation of the US military to smaller, more lethal forces. It is driven by structural changes in the international system, the high investment in R&D and military expenditures by the US government, the dramatic advancements in information and communication technologies, and the integration of these military, doctrinal, and technological factors into new military structures and tactics. This current revolution in American affairs has been a capital‐intensive evolution, and while these innovations have lead to tactical victories over opposing forces on the battlefield, it is not yet clear that they have contributed to stability in the larger strategic context. Indeed, even the tactical advantages are eroding as potential and existing opponents retool their own military doctrines. The strategic response runs the length of technological spectrum, from the development of countermeasures such as in the proliferation of WMD to the development of effective low‐tech warfare strategies and tactics like IEDs detonated by cell phone. The proliferation of conventional weapons combines with the adaptation of new asymmetric tactics to offer a particularly grim forecast of the future. The Iraqi war demonstrates that the fog of war is not overcome, nor are wars fought with precision‐guided munitions necessarily “clean.” In short, the sophisticated weapons and communications platforms of RMA are no panacea for the ills of the modern world. The key task for the globalized world is first and foremost to develop strategies to win the “hearts and minds” of people in zones of violent conflict. The inclusion of civil society is a basic element, and armed forces should seek the dialogue with the civil society before it comes to war. Moreover, efforts must be redoubled to develop new methods for effective arms control. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Complexity, 2008
Sulfur‐Assisted Approach for the Low‐Temperature Synthesis of β‐SiC Nanowires
Authors: Ju Zhicheng , Xing Zheng , Guo Chunli , Yang Lishan , Xu Liqiang , Qian Yitai 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) nanowires coexisting with amorphous graphite particles were initially produced by using silicon powder, tetrachlorethylene, metallic Na, and sulfur powder as reactants in an autoclave at 130 °C. Pure β‐SiC could be finally obtained after heating the sample in concentrated H2SO4 by refluxing at 180 °C, which was proved by the X‐ray powder diffraction patterns. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images and scanning electron microscope (SEM) images show that the product is mainly composed of SiC nanowires (over 75 %) with an average diameter of about of 30 nm and lengths up to tens of micrometers. High‐resolution TEM shows that the nanowires have preferential growth along the [111] direction. It was found that when sulfur was absent, crystalline β‐SiC powders could not be obtained unless the target temperature was raised higher than 270 °C. In the mean time, the ratio of the nanowires also dropped dramatically (≈20 %). The effects of sulfur, reaction time, and temperature on the morphologies of the final products, together with the properties of the final products, were also discussed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Ferromagnetism in CuII4 and CoII4 Complexes Derived from Metal‐Assisted Solvolysis of Di‐2,6‐(2‐pyridylcarbonyl)pyridine: Syntheses, Structures, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Boudalis Athanassios K. , Raptopoulou Catherine P. , Psycharis Vassilis , Abarca Belén , Ballesteros Rafael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMetal‐assisted solvolysis of di‐2,6‐(2‐pyridylcarbonyl)pyridine (pyCOpyCOpy, dpcp) by M(O2CMe)2·xH2O (MII = CuII, CoII) led to complex [Cu4{pyC(O)2pyC(O)(OEt)py}(O2CMe)5(EtOH)2] (1), when the reaction was carried out in EtOH, and to complex [Co4{pyC(O)(OMe)pyC(O)(OMe)py}2(O2CMe)2(N3)2] (2), when the reaction was carried out in MeOH in the presence of azide anions. Complex 1 consists of four CuII ions bridged by the hemiacetal‐gem‐diol form of the ligand, which is found in a μ4‐η2:η2:η2:η1:η1:η1 coordination mode. It exhibits ferromagnetic couplings among all nearest neighbors and antiferromagnetic next‐nearest‐neighbor interactions (J12 = J1 = 48.0 cm–1, J23 = J2 = 20.4 cm–1, J34 = J3 = 16.9 cm–1, J24 = J4 = –10.0 cm–1, H = –2ΣJiJj spin Hamiltonian formalism), which stabilize an S = 1 ground state and an S = 2 state lying closely above it. Complex 2 consists of four CoII ions bridged by the bis(hemiacetal) form of the ligand, which is found in a μ3‐η2:η2:η1:η1:η1 coordination mode, and by μ3‐azido ligands. It also exhibits ferromagnetic interactions due to the μ3–1,1,1 bridging mode of the azido ligands, which is known to promote ferromagnetic interactions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthetic Approaches to Spiroaminals
Authors: Sinibaldi Marie‐Eve , Canet Isabelle 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe 1‐oxa‐7‐azaspiro[5.5]undecane, 1‐oxa‐6‐azaspiro[4.5]decane, 1‐oxa‐7‐azaspiro[5.4]decane and 1‐oxa‐6‐azaspiro[4.4]nonane ring systems are found as the cores of natural or synthetic products that possess significant biological activities. Because of their potential applications, together with the novelty of their skeletons, these compounds represent challenging targets for chemical synthesis. In this review we summarize the different strategies developed for the synthesis of these spiroaminals.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Induced Cycloaddition Reactions of Indazoles with Acetylenes To Form a New Ring System
Authors: Schmidt Andreas , Snovydovych Bohdan , Hemmen Sascha 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThermal decarboxylation of the mesomeric betaine 1,2‐dimethylindazolium‐3‐carboxylate resulted in the formation of the N‐heterocyclic carbene indazol‐3‐ylidene which deprotonated a second molecule of the betaine to give an azomethine ylide. This 1,3‐dipole underwent a cycloaddition/decarboxylation sequence on treatment with ethyl or methyl 3‐phenylpropiolate to give the new ring system 3,5‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐b]indazole. By contrast, dimethyl or diethyl but‐2‐ynedioate (DMAD, DEAD) as the activated triple bond yielded this ring system with an ester group at the 9b‐position, which originates from the acetylene derivative. Model reactions were carried out to elucidate the mechanisms of these reactions, and some trapping products of the N‐heterocyclic carbene have been characterized. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Hydrosilanes Are Not Always Reducing Agents for Carbonyl Compounds but Can Also Induce Dehydration: A Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Conversion of Primary Amides to Nitriles
Authors: Hanada Shiori , Motoyama Yukihiro , Nagashima Hideo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA practical procedure for production of nitriles is offered by the triruthenium carbonyl cluster catalyzed dehydration of primary carboxamides with hydrosilanes under neutral conditions. This is the first example that a transition‐metal‐catalyzed activation of Si–H bonds does not lead to the reduction of carbonyl compounds but to dehydration. Possible mechanisms for the dehydration is discussed on the basis of NMR spectroscopic detection of intermediary species. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Faulty spindle checkpoint and cohesion protein activities predispose oocytes to premature chromosome separation and aneuploidy
Authors: Mailhes John B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAneuploidy accounts for a major proportion of human reproductive failures, mental and physical anomalies, and neoplasms. To heighten our understanding of normal and abnormal chromosome segregation, additional information is needed about the underlying molecular mechanisms of chromosome segregation. Although many hypotheses have been proposed for the etiology of human aneuploidy, there has not been general acceptance of any specific hypothesis. Moreover, it is important to recognize that many potential mechanisms exist whereby chromosome missegregation may occur. One area for investigating aneuploidy centers on the biochemical changes that take place during oocyte maturation. In this regard, recent results have shown that faulty mRNA of spindle‐assembly checkpoint proteins and chromosome cohesion proteins may lead to aneuploidy. Also, postovulatory and in vitro aging of mouse oocytes has been shown to lead to decreased levels of Mad2 transcripts and elevated frequencies of premature centromere separation. The intent of this review is to highlight the major events surrounding chromosome segregation and to present the published results that support the premise that faulty chromosome cohesion proteins and spindle checkpoint proteins compromise accurate chromosome segregation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of an in vivo gene mutation assay using the endogenous Pig‐A gene: II. Selection of Pig‐A mutant rat spleen T‐cells with proaerolysin and sequencing Pig‐A cDNA from the mutants
Authors: Miura Daishiro , Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Mittelstaedt Roberta A. , Kasahara Yoshinori , Katsuura Yasuhiro , Heflich Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe previously reported that rat spleen T‐cells and peripheral red blood cells that are deficient in glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) synthesis [presumed mutants for the phosphatidylinositol glycan complementation group A gene (Pig‐A)] could be detected by flow cytometry (FCM) as cells negative for GPI‐linked markers (CD48 and CD59, respectively). To establish this procedure as a rapid in vivo gene mutation assay, we have examined the Pig‐A gene of GPI‐deficient rat spleen T‐cells for DNA sequence alterations. Splenocytes were isolated from male F344 rats, primed with ionomycin and phorbol‐12‐myristate‐13‐acetate, and seeded at limiting‐dilution into 96‐well plates. To select for GPI‐deficient T‐cells, the cells were cultured for 10 days in a medium containing rat T‐STIM® and 2 nM proaerolysin (ProAER). The frequency of ProAER‐resistant (ProAERr) spleen T‐cells from control rats ranged from 1.3 × 10−6 to 4.8 × 10−6, while administration of three doses of 40 mg/kg N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea increased the frequency of ProAERr T‐cells 100‐fold at 4 weeks after dosing. FCM analysis of the cells in ProAERr clones revealed that they were CD48‐negative, and thus presumably GPI‐deficient. Sequencing of Pig‐A cDNA from six ProAERr clones indicated that they all contained alterations in the Pig‐A protein coding sequence; five had base pair substitutions and one had multiple exons deleted. These results indicate that GPI‐deficient spleen T‐cells are Pig‐A gene mutants and support the use of FCM analysis of GPI‐deficient cells as a rapid assay for measuring in vivo gene mutation. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Development of an in vivo gene mutation assay using the endogenous Pig‐A gene: I. Flow cytometric detection of CD59‐negative peripheral red blood cells and CD48‐negative spleen T‐cells from the rat
Authors: Miura Daishiro , Dobrovolsky Vasily N. , Kasahara Yoshinori , Katsuura Yasuhiro , Heflich Robert H. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe product of the phosphatidylinositol glycan complementation group A gene (Pig‐A) is involved in the synthesis of glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchors that link various protein markers to the surface of several types of mammalian cells, including hematopoietic cells. Previous observations indicate that Pig‐A mutation results in the lack of GPI synthesis and the absence of GPI‐anchored proteins on the cell surface. As a first step in designing a rapid assay for measuring Pig‐A mutation in the rat, we developed flow cytometry (FCM) strategies for detecting GPI‐negative cells in rat peripheral blood and spleen. Anti‐CD59 was used to detect GPI‐anchored proteins on red blood cells (RBCs), and anti‐CD48 was used to detect GPI‐anchored proteins on spleen T‐cells. The spontaneous frequency of CD59‐negative RBCs in five male F344 rats ranged from 1 × 10−6 to 27 × 10−6. In contrast, treatment of five rats with three doses of 40 mg/kg N‐ethyl‐N‐nitrosourea (ENU) increased the frequency of CD59‐negative RBCs to 183 × 10−6 to 249 × 10−6 at 2 weeks and to 329 × 10−6 to 413 × 10−6 at 4 weeks after dosing. In the same 4‐week posttreatment rats, the frequency of CD48‐negative T‐cells was 11 × 10−6 to 16 × 10−6 in control rats and 194 × 10−6 to 473 × 10−6 in ENU‐treated rats. The frequencies of GPI‐deficient cells were similar for RBCs and spleen T‐cells. These results indicate that FCM detection of GPI‐linked markers may form the basis for a rapid in vivo mutation assay. Although RBCs may be useful for a minimally invasive assay, T‐cells are a promising tissue for both detecting GPI‐deficient cells and confirming that Pig‐A gene mutation is the cause of the phenotype. Environ. Mol. Mutagen., Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Group analytic therapy for eating disorders: Preliminary results in a single‐group study
Authors: Prestano Claudia , Coco Gianluca Lo , Gullo Salvatore , Verso Girolamo Lo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectivesThere is a lack of empirical data on the effectiveness and process of group‐analytic therapy in eating disorders. This single‐group study aimed to explore the effectiveness of such treatment for anorexic and bulimic individuals.MethodEight patients (three anorexic and five bulimic women) entered group‐analytic treatment, meeting weekly for 2 years. Eating behaviours, overall psychological distress and group process variables were regularly assessed using quantitative and qualitative measures, with comparisons made at the beginning and end of the therapy.ResultsTreatment was discontinued in two cases. When outcome was classified on the basis of reliable change and clinical significance for the remaining patients at the end of treatment, four were recovered in terms of overall psychological distress, while one was unchanged and one had deteriorated. In terms of eating disorder symptoms, three patients were recovered, two were unchanged and one had deteriorated. Patients experienced an overall positive group climate and a positive group alliance. Perception of being understood by the therapist appeared to play an important role in the therapeutic process.ConclusionsThese preliminary results suggest that group‐analytic therapy may be effective in helping patients with eating disorders. However, more work is needed before firm conclusions can be drawn. Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Weighted essential non‐oscillatory schemes for tidal bore on unstructured meshes
Authors: Lu Changna , Qiu Jianxian , Wang Ruyun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this paper, the third‐order weighted essential non‐oscillatory (WENO) schemes are used to simulate the two‐dimensional shallow water equations with the source terms on unstructured meshes. The balance of the flux and the source terms makes the shallow water equations fit to non‐flat bottom questions. The simulation of a tidal bore on an estuary with trumpet shape and Qiantang river is performed; the results show that the schemes can be used to simulate the current flow accurately and catch the stronger discontinuous in water wave, such as dam break and tidal bore effectively. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical study of concentrated fluid–particle suspension flow in a wavy channel
Authors: Mukhopadhyay S. , Usha R. , Tulapurkara E. G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe particle migration effects and fluid–particle interactions occurring in the flow of highly concentrated fluid–particle suspension in a spatially modulated channel have been investigated numerically using a finite volume method. The mathematical model is based on the momentum and continuity equations for the suspension flow and a constitutive equation accounting for the effects of shear‐induced particle migration in concentrated suspensions. The model couples a Newtonian stress/shear rate relationship with a shear‐induced migration model of the suspended particles in which the local effective viscosity is dependent on the local volume fraction of solids. The numerical procedure employs finite volume method and the formulation is based on diffuse‐flux model. Semi‐implicit method for pressure linked equations has been used to solve the resulting governing equations along with appropriate boundary conditions. The numerical results are validated with the analytical expressions for concentrated suspension flow in a plane channel. The results demonstrate strong particle migration towards the centre of the channel and an increasing blunting of velocity profiles with increase in initial particle concentration. In the case of a stenosed channel, the particle concentration is lowest at the site of maximum constriction, whereas a strong accumulation of particles is observed in the recirculation zone downstream of the stenosis. The numerical procedure applied to investigate the effects of concentrated suspension flow in a wavy passage shows that the solid particles migrate from regions of high shear rate to low shear rate with low velocities and this phenomenon is strongly influenced by Reynolds numbers and initial particle concentration. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
3D numerical simulation of compressible swirling flow induced by means of tangential inlets
Authors: Guo Hui‐Fen , Chen Zhi‐Yong , Yu Chong‐Wen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe objective of the present work is to predict compressible swirl flow in the nozzle of air‐jet spinning using the realizable k–ε turbulence model and discuss the effect of the nozzle pressure. The periodic change of flow patterns can be observed. The recirculation zone near the wall of the injectors upstream increases in size and moves gradually upstream, whereas the vortex breakdown in the injector downstream shifts slowly towards the nozzle outlet during the whole period. A low axial velocity in the core region moves gradually away from the centerline, and the magnitude of the center reverse flow and the area occupied by it increase with axial distance due to the vortex breakdown. From the tangential velocity profile, there is a very small free‐vortex zone. With increasing nozzle pressure, the velocity increases and the location of vortex breakdown is moved slightly downward. However, the increase in the velocity tends to decline at nozzle pressure up to a high level. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A high‐order element‐based Galerkin method for the barotropic vorticity equation
Authors: Levy Michael N. , Nair Ramachandran D. , Tufo Henry M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA high‐order element‐based Galerkin method is developed to solve the non‐divergent barotropic vorticity equation (BVE). The solution process involves solving a conservative transport equation for the vorticity fields and a Poisson equation for the stream function fields. The discontinuous Galerkin method is employed for solving the transport equation and a spectral element method (continuous Galerkin) is used for the Poisson equation. A third‐order strong stability preserving explicit Runge–Kutta scheme is used for time integration.A series of tests have been performed to validate the model, which include the evolution of an idealized tropical cyclone and interaction of dual vortices in close proximity. The numerical convergence study is performed by solving the BVE on the sphere where the analytic solution is known. The test results are consistent with physical observations, and the model exhibits exponential convergence. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pentachlorophenol decreases ATP levels in human natural killer cells
Authors: Nnodu Ugochukwu , Whalen Margaret M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPentachlorophenol (PCP) is used as a wood preservative and is found in human blood and urine. PCP causes significant decreases in the tumor‐killing (lytic) function of human natural killer (NK) cells, a critical immune defense. The current study examined the association between decreased lytic function and decreased ATP levels, as well as the ability of antioxidants (vitamin E and reduced glutathione) to prevent PCP‐induced decreases in either ATP levels or lytic function. Exposure of NK cells to 10 µm PCP decreased ATP levels by 15% at 24 h, and exposure to 5 µm PCP decreased ATP levels by 32% at 48 h. No effects were seen with 0.5 µm at 48 h or with 5 µm at 24 h. However, 10 µm PCP decreased lytic function by 69% at 24 h and 5 µm decreased it by 90% at 48 h. Even 0.5 µm PCP decreased lytic function by 46% at 48 h. None of these effects were prevented by pretreatment with 1 mm vitamin E or reduced glutathione. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.