bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of lung volumes and pulmonary mechanics during weaning of newborn infants with intractable respiratory failure from extracorporeal membrane oxygenation
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Saiki Kevin , Platzker Arnold C. G. , Garg Meena 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNewborn infants with intractable respiratory failure who require extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) experience diffuse pulmonary atelectasis shortly after initiation of ECMO. Atelectasis is likely due to the primary lung injury and the reduction of applied inspiratory ventilator pressure when the respirator settings are changed to the “rest settings.” These pathophysiologic changes result in a decrease in lung compliance and lung volumes. We hypothesized that improving lung functions observed during ECMO and indicated by an increase in lung volumes will predict successful weaning from ECMO. Sixteen infants (mean SEM: gestational age, 40.3 ± 0.3 weeks; birth weight, 3.5 ± 0.1 kg) with meconium aspiration syndrome (n = 13), sepsis (n = 2), and persistent pulmonary hypertension (n = 1) were studied. We measured passive respiratory system mechanics and lung volumes initially during full ECMO support (115 ± 18 h on ECMO, Study I), and then within 24 h prior to weaning from ECMO (Study 11). Respiratory system compliance (Crs), respiratory system resistance (Rrs), functional residual capacity (FRC), and tidal volume (VT) were measured. Prior to Study I lung volumes were too small to be detected. C, increased between Study I and Study II (0.41±0.05 to 0.63±0.05 mL/cmH2O/kg, P < 0.05), and VT, increased between Study I and Study II (5.6 ± 0.6 to 10.4 ± 0.8mL/kg, P = 0.0005). FRC increased from 3.6 ± 1.0 to 7.9 ± 0.9mL/kg(P = 0.0001). There was no change in Rrs (88±8 to 89 ± 6 cm H2O/Us, P = 0.9). The combination of Crs > 0.5 mL/cmH2O/kg and FRC > 5 mL/kg was a better predictor (P = 0.0002) of readiness to wean from ECMO than either C (>0.5 mL/cmH2O/kg, P = 0.057) or FRC (>5 mL/kg, P = 0.007) alone. The combination of FRC and Crs had a sensitivity of 73.3% and specificity of 100% for successful decannulation. We conclude that repeated measurements of FRC and Crs can assess lung recovery and may assist in establishing criteria for successful weaning from ECMO. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:145–151. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biochemical lung maturity, static respiratory compliance, and pulmonary gas transfer in intubated preterm infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: De Winter J. Peter , Egberts Johannes , Merth Istvan T. , Peerdeman Anne , van Bel Frank , Bakker Gerard C. , Quanjer Philip H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe investigated the relationship between tests of biochemical lung maturity [lecithin/ sphingomyelin ratio (L/S ratio)], static compliance of the respiratory system (Crs), and estimates of pulmonary gas transfer [venous admixture and arterial/alveolar (a/A) ratio] in a group of intubated preterm infants with and without respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).Thirty infants were studied once (n = 26) or twice (n = 4). The L/S ratio was obtained by means of high‐performance thin‐layer chromatography and determination of the phosphorus content. Crs was obtained by the multiple occlusion technique. Transcutaneous blood gases and the percentage of oxygen in the inspired gas were recorded and estimates of pulmonary gas transfer were calculated using algorithms. L/S ratio and Crs correlated well (r = 0.73), indicating a higher compliance in biochemically more mature lungs. Both the a/A ratio and venous admixture correlated significantly with the L/S ratio and Crs (P < 0.001). Crs L/S ratio, and a/A ratio decreased with increasing severity of radiological RDS, and the percentage venous admixture increased (P < 0.001). Sequential measurements in four infants during the acute phase and after RDS resolved indicated that clinical improvement coincided with improvements in biochemical lung maturity, Crs, and estimates of pulmonary gas transfer. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:152–159. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prolonged recovery from exercise‐induced asthma with increasing age in childhood
Authors: Hofstra W. B. , Sterk P. J. , Neijens H. J. , Kouwenberg J. M. , Duiverman E. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that children with asthma recover more quickly from exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction than adults. On the basis of clinical observation we hypothesized that recovery rate from exercise‐induced asthma (EIA) in childhood also decreases with age. In 14 children (aged 7–12 years) with a history of EIA, we measured spontaneous recovery from bronchoconstriction induced by two different stimuli: exercise and histamine. The children visited the laboratory three times. After a screening exercise test on the first visit, standardized bronchoprovocation tests with either exercise or histamine were performed on the following two visits in random order. The degree of bronchoconstriction induced by histamine was matched for that observed after exercise. During recovery, forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1,) was measured repeatedly up to 2 hours postchallenge. The recovery rate (% increase in FEV1/min) was calculated from the linear slope of the time‐response curve. Differences in recovery rate between the two stimuli were analyzed by paired t‐test, and age‐related differences were analyzed using multiple regression analysis. For the group as a whole, recovery rate was not different between the two stimuli (mean ± SD: 1.22±0.91 for exercise, and 1.46±0.65, for histamine, P = 0.31). However, the recovery rate for exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction decreased significantly with age (r = −0.74, P = 0.003), in contrast to the recovery rate for histamine (r = −0.15, P = 0.60). Consequently, in the oldest age group (11–12 years, n = 5) recovery rate from exercise challenge was significantly slower than in the younger age group (7–10 years, n = 9), i.e., 0.54 2 0.17 and 1.60 f 0.93, respectively, P = 0.009, and slower than the recovery rate from histamine challenge: 0.54±0.17 and 1.33±0.54, respectively, P = 0.03. In the younger age group the recovery rates from exercise and histamine were not different (1.60 ± 0.93 and 1.54 ± 0.73, respectively, P = 0.83). We conclude that recovery from EIA in childhood decreases with increasing age. These data suggest that the mechanism of exercise‐induced asthma in childhood changes with age. This might be due to changes in mediator production or response to mediator release. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:177–183. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Short‐term and long‐term effects of albuterol aerosol therapy in cystic fibrosis: A preliminary report
Authors: König Peter , Gayer Debra , Barbero Giulio J. , Shaffer Jeanette 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of maintenance albuterol aerosol therapy in cystic fibrosis (CF) was assessed by comparing spirometric measurements at the beginning and end of 1 year. Peak expiratory flow rates (PEFR) were measured twice daily to determine bronchodilator responsiveness and spontaneous diurnal variation (SDV), and results were compared with groups of normal and asthmatic children. CF patients not receiving regular albuterol therapy served as a control group. In the treatment group, forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1) were significantly increased (12.2% and 18.4%, respectively) over the course of the treatment year, as contrasted with a significant decrease during the preceding year. During the study year the CF control group had a significant decrease in FEV1 and FEF25–75% and the difference between treatment and control groups was significant for FVC, FEV1, and FEF25–75% PEFR increased from the first to the last week of the year‐long observation period (from 71.8% to 78.7% of predicted values, P < 0.01). Spontaneous diurnal variations were significantly greater in the CF study group than a group of normal children; SDV decreased significantly in the treatment group during the year of study. A bronchodilator response of > 15% was present in 25.8% of CF patient days, but there was considerable interpatient variability. Frequent bronchodilator responders were accurately predicted by their baseline bronchodilator responsiveness, but not by age or personal or family history of asthma or atopy. No difference in long‐term pulmonary function improvements were noted between frequent and infrequent responders. The results suggest that maintenance albuterol aerosol treatments reversed the progressive downward course in lung function in the CF treatment group. A double‐blind placebo‐controlled study is required to confirm these preliminary findings. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:205–214. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Congenital stridor
Authors: Lis Grzegorz , Szczerbinski Tomasz , Cichocka‐Jarosz Ewa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFifty‐two infants and children with stridor were examined. The median age was 5 months and the boy/girl ratio was 2:1. Fiberoptic bronchoscopy was performed when other diagnostic methods had failed to establish the origin of stridor. The most common cause of stridor was laryngornalacia, which was found in 34 children (65%). The most common form of laryngomalacia was due to large, floppy atytenoid cartilages; this was observed twice as often as other forms of laryngomalacia and boys suffered from this abnormality more than twice as often as girls. Children with laryngomalacia had significant weight (24%) and height (8%) deficits in comparison with the normal healthy population (P < 0.001). In all but four patients with laryngomalacia, blood gases were within normal limits. In 18 children (35%) stridor was not caused by laryngomalacia. This group showed significant etiologic heterogeneity. However, identification of the cause of stridor in these patients is important because specific treatment can be offered and prognosis depends on the type and cause of the anatomical and functional abnormality present. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:220–224. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparison of dynamic and passive measurements of respiratory mechanics in ventilated newborn infants
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Keens Thomas G. , deLemos Robert , Durand Manuel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPulmonary mechanics may differ in intubated and ventilated infants depending on whether they are measured by a dynamic or passive method. The objective of this study was to compare respiratory mechanics measured by a dynamic technique with those obtained by a single‐breath occlusion technique in ventilated newborn infants. Thirty‐one preterm and 15 term infants (mean ± SD: gestational age, 29.3 ± 2.3 and 39.5 ± 1.4 weeks; birth weight, 1.2 ± 0.5 and 3.4 ± 0.4 kg; postnatal age, 12 ± 13 and 5 ± 4 days, respectively) were studied. Flows were measured through a pneumotachometer placed between the endotracheal tube and the ventilator circuit: tidal volume by integration of flow, and airway pressure directly with a pressure transducer. Airway occlusion was performed with a Neonatal Occlusion Valve (Bicore pulmonary monitor) at the end of inspiration, and the following relaxed exhalation was analyzed to give passive respiratory system compliance (Crs) and resistance (Rrs). These values were compared with dynamic respiratory system compliance (Cdyn) and dynamic expiratory resistance (Re) obtained with the PEDS system (P) within 1 hour, without an esophageal balloon and on the same ventilator settings. Dynamic respiratory system compliance and resistance measured with the PEDS and the Bicore systems did not differ significantly and were well correlated. Mean Cdyn(P) values in preterm and term infants were 77% and 77% of Crs the equation of the regression line was cdyn = 0.75 crs + 0.02 and Cdyn = 0.78 cdyn − 0.02; and standard error of the estimate (SEE) was 0.2 and 0.3 mL/cmH2O with a correlation coefficient (r) of 0.89 and 0.89 (P < 0.0001), respectively. The mean Re (P) values in preterm and term infants were 68% and 64% of Rrs and the equation of the regression line was Re = 0.3 Rrs + 63 and Re = 0.5 Rrs + 20, with SEE of 25 and 20 cmH2O/Lsec, and r of 0.65 and 0.69 (P < 0.0001, P < 0.005). respectively. The two methods are non‐invasive and were well tolerated. We conclude that passive and dynamic respiratory compliance and resistance measured in intubated infants are highly correlated, although the values measured by the passive technique are higher than those obtained by the dynamic technique. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1995; 20:258–264. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
External beam radiotherapy (EBRT) suppressed prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA) mRNA expression in clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Zhigang Zhao , Wenlu Shen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate stem cell antigen (PSCA), a recently identified glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)‐anchored cell surface protein belonging to the Thy‐1/Ly‐6 family of cell surface antigens, is overexpressed in human prostate cancer (PCa). Our recent data indicated that complete androgen ablation could significantly suppress PSCA mRNA expression in primarily organ‐confined PCa. The effect of external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), one of the curative treatment options for localized PCa, on tumor PSCA mRNA expression has not been elucidated. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the variations in the expression levels of PSCA mRNA before and after EBRT, and further evaluate the prognostic value of PSCA in this disease.MATERIALS AND METHODSBetween January 1999 and June 2005, 87 men with clinically localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate received only EBRT with a total dose of 65–70 Gy for 6.5–7 weeks. PSCA in situ hybridization (ISH) was performed on the cancerous pretreatment biopsy or transurethral resection of prostate (TURP) tissue and post‐treatment biopsy tissue of all 87 men, respectively. Tumor cytoplasmic staining of PSCA mRNA was evaluated by two independent pathologists and the differences of PSCA mRNA expression levels between the samples before and after EBRT were analyzed using the Student's t‐test. Twenty‐four to seventy months continuous follow‐up studies after treatment were performed and aimed at assessing the correlation of PSCA mRNA expression level with biochemical relapse and/or distant metastases from the cancer.RESULTSThe percent of cells positive for PSCA mRNA by ISH labeling declined from 71.2% (0–93%) ± 9.7% before EBRT to 30.7% (0–90%) ± 5.3% after EBRT (P < 0.001). Before EBRT, 81 of 87 cases (93.1%) were positive for PSCA mRNA labeling, however, after EBRT the percentage of positive reactivity of PSCA mRNA was decreased to 62 of 81 cases (76.5%), in which 59 men (95.2%) were found without biochemical relapse or distant metastases on follow‐up. This decline in PSCA mRNA labeling was directly proportional to higher pretreatment serum PSA level, higher tumor grade (Gleason score), and higher clinical T stage. The rest 19 cases had the increased percentage of cells positive for PSCA mRNA after EBRT, in which 15 cases developed biochemical relapse and/or distant metastases from tumor on follow‐up.CONCLUSIONSWe found that EBRT for PCa can significantly suppress PSCA mRNA expression and the elevated PSCA mRNA level after EBRT may be a clinically adverse predictor for tumor progression. Prostate 67: 653–660, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Control of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum on gerberas by systemic application of acephate
Authors: Cresswell Geoff C. , MacDonald John A. , Allender William J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA linear relationship (r2 = 0.99) was found between the concentration of acephate in the nutrient solution applied to gerberas (Gerbera jamesonii H. Bollus ex Hook. f) grown in perlite and the mortality of nymphs of greenhouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood. The LD50 for this method of application was 84 mg litre−1. A single irrigation with 180 mg litre−1 acephate killed all nymphs in 10 days without apparent damage to plants. At 120 mg litre−1, acephate accumulated readily in leaves, reaching a maximum concentration of 11 mg kg−1 dry matter on the third day of treatment. Concentrations in leaves then fell gradually, reaching 50% of the maximum concentration seven days later. Methamidophos was first detected in leaves approximately a day later than acephate. A maximum concentration of 9 mg kg−1 dry matter was recorded on day 5 after which the concentration slowly fell. The half‐life of methamidophos was estimated to be 11 days. The systemic use of acephate for the control of greenhouse whitefly and its relevance to Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programmes for pests of ornamental plants are discussed.
Observations on the accumulation of five xenobiotic chemicals in phloem versus parenchyma tissues of celery
Authors: Wright Kathryn M. , Prior Denton A. M. , Oparka Karl J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe uptake of five xenobiotic chemicals (cinmethylin, cyanazine, hyformal, oxamyl and phenylurea) by isolated phloem strands and storage‐parenchyma tissues of celery (Apium graveolens L var. dulce) has been assessed with respect to time, substrate concentration, pH and efflux characteristics. Absorption by phloem tissue was by a diffusion‐like process which did not become saturated within the time investigated. In contrast, uptake by parenchyma tissue approached saturation within 6 h. Uptake of the various chemicals demonstrates different responses to the pH of the incubation solutions and the chemicals showed different retention characteristics within the phloem and parenchyma tissues. The use of physico‐chemical properties (log Kow and pKa) to predict the behaviour of these xenobiotic chemicals within celery tissue is discussed.
Chlorpyrifos degradation in soil at termiticidal application rates
Authors: Racke Kenneth D. , Fontaine Donald D. , Yoder Robin N. , Miller Jack R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChlorpyrifos [O,O‐diethyl O‐(3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl) phosphorothioate] is an organophosphorus insecticide applied to soil to control pests both in agricultural and in urban developments. Typical agricultural soil applications (0.56 to 5.6 kg ha−1) result in initial soil surface residues of 0.3 to 32 μg g−1. In contrast, termiticidal soil barrier treatments, a common urban use pattern, often result in initial soil residues of 1000 μg g−1 or greater. The purpose of the present investigation was to understand better the degradation of chlorpyrifos in soil at termiticidal application rates and factors affecting its behaviour. Therefore, studies with [14C]chlorpyrifos were conducted under a variety of conditions in the laboratory. Initially, the degradation of chlorpyrifos at 1000 μg g−1 initial concentration was examined in five different soils from termite‐infested regions (Arizona, Florida, Hawaii, Texas) under standard conditions (25°C, field moisture capacity, darkness). Degradation half‐lives in these soils ranged from 175 to 1576 days. The major metabolite formed in chlorpyrifos‐treated soils was 3,5,6‐trichloro‐2‐pyrid‐inol, which represented up to 61% of applied radiocarbon after 13 months of incubation. Minor quantities of [14C]carbon dioxide (< 5%) and soil‐bound residues (⩽ 12%) were also present at that time. Subsequently, a factorial experiment examining chlorpyrifos degradation as affected by initial concentration (10, 100, 1000 μg g−1), soil moisture (field moisture capacity, 1.5 MPa, air dry), and temperature 15, 25, 35°C) was conducted in the two soils which had displayed the most (Texas) and least (Florida) rapid rates of degradation. Chlorpyrifos degradation was significantly retarded at the 1000 μg g−1 rate as compared to the 10 μg g−1 rate. Temperature also had a dramatic effect on degradation rate, which approximately doubled with each 10°C increase in temperature. Results suggest that the extended (3–24 + years) termiticidal efficacy of chlorpyrifos observed in the field may be due both to the high initial concentrations employed (termite LC 50 = 0.2– 2 μg g−1) and the extended persistence which results from employment of these rates. The study also highlights the importance of investigating the behaviour of a pesticide under the diversity of agricultural and urban use scenarios in which it is employed.
Intercropping in field vegetable crops: Pest management by agrosystem diversification—an overview
Authors: Theunissen Jan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIntercropping field vegetables with other species such as clovers shows insect pest suppression which may make chemical control unnecessary. Examples are given to illustrate these effects and the underlying mechanisms are discussed. Intercropping fits into environmentally acceptable and sustainable vegetable‐producing practices. Both economic and ecological conditions must be fulfilled before intercropping‐based commercial production methods can be developed.
Extended summary SCI agriculture & environment and pesticides groups symposium farming for the environment
Authors: Finney John R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe following is an extended summary based on a paper presented at a meeting organised by the SCI Agriculture & Environment and Pesticides Groups, held on 15 March 1994 at 14/15 Belgrave Square, London. The summary published here is entirely the responsibility of the author and does not necessarily reflect the views of the Editorial Board of Pesticide Science.
Innovation and control in the multinational firm: A comparison of political and contingency approaches
Authors: Ambos Björn , Schlegelmilch Bodo B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study focuses on control mechanisms used by multinational corporations (MNCs) to manage their extra‐national R&D units. Drawing on both the literature on organizational power and contingency theory, this study develops and empirically tests a set of hypotheses aimed at explaining how headquarters control their overseas R&D units. Data collected from 134 R&D units of German MNCs serve to test the hypotheses. Results highlight the importance of the units' R&D mandate and its interdependence in explaining control mechanisms. Moreover, they indicate a relatively weak predictive power of political approaches compared to contingency approaches. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interfacial Assembly of Partially Hydrophobic Silica Nanoparticles Induced by Ultrasonic Treatment
Authors: Grigoriev Dmitry , Miller Reinhard , Shchukin Dmitry , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA sonochemical approach has effectively been applied to prepare aqueous dispersions of air‐filled nanostructured quartz silica shells from surface‐engineered amorphous silica nanoparticles. The non‐equilibrium nature of the cavitation process and high temperature and pressure in the cavitation microbubble can lead to partial crystallization of the amorphous silica nanoparticles producing the quartz phase and a high degree of interconnection between the silica nanoparticles in the microsphere shells. The very high stability of the silica shells against collapse and aggregation is determined by the hydrophobic nature of the silica nanoparticles. Because of the shell thickness and its high density caused by sintering of the silica nanoparticles, the gas (liquid) permeability through the shell is limited thus prolonging the life time of the air‐filled nanostructured silica shells.
Two New Monogalactosyl Diacylglycerols from Brown Alga Sargassum thunbergii
Authors: Kim Young Hwan , Kim Eun‐Hee , Lee Chulhyun , Kim Mi‐Hee , Rho Jung‐Rae 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo new monogalactosyl diacylglycerols (MGDGs) along with two known glycolipids were isolated from the moderate polar fraction of the methanolic extract of the brown alga Sargassum thunbergii by using reversed silica flash chromatography. Two new MGDGs were identified as (2S)‐1‐O‐(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z‐eicosapentaenoyl)‐2‐O‐(9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatrienoyl)‐3‐O‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐sn‐glycerol (1) and (2S)‐1‐O‐(9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatrienoyl)‐2‐O‐(6Z,9Z,12Z,15Z‐octadecatetraenoyl)‐3‐O‐β‐d‐galactopyranosyl‐sn‐glycerol (2) by FAB tandem mass spectrometry, NMR techniques, and specific enzyme‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the sn‐1 fatty acyl linkage. The regiochemical attachment of the acyl chains in the glycerol moiety was established by 2D NMR correlations and confirmed by enzymatic hydrolysis.