bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feline Hemoperitoneum 16 Cases (1986‐1993)
Authors: Mandell Deborah C. , Drobatz Kenneth 
Published: July 2007

SummarySixteen cases of feline, non‐traumatic hemoperitoneum were evaluated retrospectively. The median age was 5.75 years (range 1.5 ‐ 16 years). There were eight male and eight female cats. Common presenting complaints (n=13) were anorexia (37%), lethargy (31%), and recumbency (31%). Physical examination findings (n=11) included depressed mentation (100%), hypothermia (89%), pale mucous membranes (82%), and poor quality pulses (80%). The median initial peripheral packed cell volume (n=11) was 24% (range 17‐55%). In four out of six cases where abdominocentesis was performed, the packed cell volume of the abdominal fluid ranged from 18% to 24%, and matched the peripheral packed cell volume (range 15 ‐ 26%). Some common abnormalities in the serum chemistry screens 9n=6) were elevated alanine aminotransferase in 83% (5/6) of the cats (range 55‐5828 U/l) and elevated alkaline phosphatase in 50% (3/6) of the cats (range 18‐402 U/l). Ten cats (63%) were euthanized, three (19%) were presented dead on arrival, two (12%) are still alive, and one (6%) were euthanized, three (19%) were presented dead on arrival, two 912%) are still alive, and one (6%) died. The causes of hemoperitoneum were hepatic neoplasia (31%), hepatic necrosis (19%), hepatic amyloidosis (13%), non hepatic neoplasia (13%), hepatopathy (6%), hepatic rupture (6%), necrotic/hemorrhagic cystitis (6%), and ruptured bladder (6%).
Neuromuscular Blocking Drugs and the Critical Care Patient
Authors: Lukasik Victoria M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAs the management of critically ill and emergency patients intensifies and veterinary surgical procedures become more complex, more sophisticated methods of support are becoming necessary. Emergency and critical care patients are excellent candidates for the use of neuromuscular blocking drugs. The main advantage of the current generation of neuromuscular blocking drugs compared to earlier agents is that they provide muscle relaxation with little or no cardiovascular effects. The pharmacology and physiology of neuromuscular blocking drugs are discussed, and their use is described with specific references to critical care patients. Monitoring techniques are described and reversal of neuromuscular blockade as well as potential side effects and adverse reactions arediscussed.
Central Venous Pressure Measurements in the Caudal Vena Cava of Sedated Cats
Authors: Machon Roslyn G. , D.V.M. Marc R. Raffe , Robinson Elaine P. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe caudla vena cava (CVA) was evaluated as an laternative site for the measurement of central venous pressure (CPV) in six healthy, sedated (ketamine 10 mg/km, midazolam 0.1 mg/kg, and atropine 0.04 mg/kg IM) cats. The CVC was cathererized via medial saphenous puncture, and estimates of CPV from this site compared to those obtained via a jugular catheter. Simulataneous CPV values were recorded electronically (mmgh), via calibrated pressure transducer positioned at the level of the manubrium in cats in lateral recumbency. Five readings, performed at 1 minute intervals, were collected from the jugular and CVC catheters at rest (baseline) and following a rapid fluid bolus. Twenty‐four hours later, cats were resedated, baseline measurements repeated, and CVPs recorded following a rapid, 25% whole‐blood volume bleed. CVP measurements from the jugular and CVC were statistically compared using repeated measures ANOVA (p<0.05). There were no significant differences between the two sites in the baseline and bleed trials. Significant defferences between jugular and CVC CVPs were noted at 1 and 2 minutes following the fluid bolus. It was concluded that CVC is an alternative site for measurement of CPV in sedated cats.
GI PiCO2: Tissue Specific Monitoring For Improving Patient Outcomes
Authors: Wall Piper L 
Published: July 2007

SummaryImprovements in human patient monitoring despite their development in animals, do not always find their way into veterinary clinical use due to financial constraints. Gastrointestinal intraluminal CO2 partial pressure (Gip1CO2) monitoring, however, is not only proving very beneficial in human trauma and critical patient care but is also very likely to become relatively inexpensive. By providing information on the perfusion adequacy of a high risk, critically important tissue, the GI mucosa, GI P1CO2 monitoring offers an easily accesible indicator of the efficacy and adequacy of resuscitative interventions. The potential for decreasing morbidity and mortality is enormous. Therefore, the practicing veterinarian should become familiar with GI P1CO2 monitoring theory and technology so he or she can be better prepared to incorporate it into practice when in becomes available.
Acute Hepatic Necrosis And Liver Failure Associated With Benzodiazepine Therapy In Six Cats, 1986–1995.
Authors: BVSc Dez Hughes , Moreau R. E. , Overall K. L. , Winkle T. J. Van 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA retrospective analysis was conducted of all feline necropsies performed during a nine year period to identify cases of sever, acute, centrilobular (periacinar), hepatic necrosis (ACHN). After exclusion of cats with anemia, a series of seven cases of ACHN was identified. In addition, two similar cases were identified from tissue submitted for histopathology following, and eight had bile duct hyperplasia. Seven of the nine cats received diazepam prior to dath, and one received zolazepam. Of the seven cats that received diazepam, five were healthy prior to treatment and received oral diazepam for the treatment of inappropriate urination, intercat aggression, or skin disease. Two cats which received diazepam exhibited other clinical signs: one had chronic vomiting, and the other received diazepam after biochemical evidence of hepatocellular necrosis was present. Onset of clinical sings in cats receiving oral diazepam occurred 7–13 days following the initiation of treatment. Clinical signs and clinical biochemical analysis were compatible with severe hepatocellular necrosis and acute liver failure. All cats had lesions in other organs: five had pancreatic disease, five had cardiac disease, and five had renal disease. All cats died, or were euthanized, within 4 dyas of the onset of clinical signs and 2 days after presentation to a veterinarian. Fatal, acute, centrilobular hepatic necrosis appears to be a serious adverse reaction to diazepam therapy in certain cats.
Lactate Kinetics in veterinary Critical Care: A Review
Authors: Lagutchik Michael S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Wingfield Wayne E. , Hackett Timothy B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryElevation in blood lactate concentration, with or without accompanying metabolic acidosis, is a hallmark finding in patients with circulatory compromise, and is also consistently noted in other conditions affecting critically ill or injured individuals. Little is reported in a veterinary literature regarding lactate measurement in the emergency and critical care setting, despite impressive reports of the clinical usefulness of lactate measurement in people. The purpose of this article is to review lactate kinetics and the clinical utility of lactate measurement. Limitations to lactate evaluation will also be discussed.
Volvulus of the colon in a Cat
Authors: Drobatz Kenneth J. , Hughes Dez , Hill Chris , Walker Lynn 
Published: July 2007

SummaryWe report the first case of colonic volvulus in a cat. A 12‐year old spayed, female domestic shorthair cat with chronic bowel disease presentated with one‐day history of lethargy and anorexia. Physical examination abnormalities included cachexia, poor perfusion, and poor skin turgor. A large, non painful, gas‐filled, tubular structure, occupying the majority of the abdominal cavity was noted by palpation. Abdominal radiographs revealed a gas‐filled displaced colon. Exploratory laparotomy confirmed a volvulus at the root of the colonic mysetery, along with a partial torsion of the distal colon. The majority of the colon was determined to be necrotic and was surgically resected. Due to persistent hypotension and perceived poor prognosis, the cat was euthanized.
Suspected Tension Pneumomediastinum In A Dog: A Case Report
Authors: Rudloff Elke , Crowe Dennis T. , Kirby Rebecca , Mammato Bobbie 
Published: July 2007

SummarySuccessful resuscitation of a trauma‐induced, suspected tension pneumomediastinum in a dog is presented. The cause was a caudal cervical penetration wound which acted as a one‐way valve allowing air to enter, but not exit, the cranial mediastium. Early in the course of hospitalization, respiratory and cardiovascular collapse occurred; an emergent parasternotomy allowed decompression of the mediastinum, and the cradiovascular system immediately responded. The dog made a complete recovery following surgical exploration and removal of contaminated mediastinal tissue. Nine days of intensive care included 24‐hour monitoring, oxygen therapy, intravenous crystalloids and colloids, continuous pleural suctioning, nutritional support, antibiotics, and pain control.
Exertional Rhabdomyolysis in an Adult Siberian Husky
Authors: Porzio P. , Render J. A. , Baptiste K. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe clinical features of severe exertional rhabdomyolysis in an athletic dog are reported. Many of the findings were similar to exertional myopathy in humans and horses. Clinical signs included hindlimb myalgia, hypovolemic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Serum enzyme concentrations including creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotrans‐ ferase were elevated as a component of the syndrome. Aggressive management and continuous supportive care produced resolution of this life threatening condition.
Arterial Blood Gases in Dogs with Bacterial Pneumonia
Authors: Wingfield Wayne E. , Matteson Vicki L. , Hackett Timothy , Walton Ronald , Lagutchik Michael 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe purpose of this study is to report the aterial blood gas findings in dogs with bacterial pneumonia. Arterial blood gas samples were collected from 62 dogs with culture‐confirmed bacterial pneumonia. These results were compared with 46 normal dog arterial blood gas samples. Results demonstrated that respiratory acidosis was not a problem in dogs with pneumonia in this study. Significant evidence of hypoxemia was noted with abnormal mean values in PaO2 (P<0.001) and the Alveolar‐arterial (A‐α) gradient (P<0.001).
Transcutaneous Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Monitoring in Normal Cats
Authors: Mann F. A. , Wagner‐Mann Colette C. , Branson Keith R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFeasibility of noninvasive oxygenation and ventilation monitoring using continuous transcutaneous oxygen (PO2‐TC) and carbon dioxide (PCO2‐TC) measurements was investigated in six healthy adult male cats anesthetized with isoflurane. Concurrent arterial blood gases, inspired oxygen concentration (FIO2), end‐tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2), PO2‐TCwere recorded during hyperoxia/normocapnia, normoxia/normocapnia, hypoxia/normocapnia, hypocapnia/hyperoxia, and hypercapnia/hyperoxia. Dorsolateral thorax and dorsal pelvis probe sites were evaluated. Probe site did not significantly affect the parameters. During normoxia and hypoxia, mean PO2‐TCwas insignificantly greater than mean PaO2(p > 0.154), but during hyperoxia PO2‐TCwas less than Pao2(p < 0.002). At each assessment (except hypercapnia for the dorsal pelvis probe site) PCO2‐TCwas greater than PaCO2. Correlations between PO2‐TCand FIO2(p < 0.05), and PaO2(p <0.001), and between PCO2‐TCand ETCO2(p < 0.001), and PaCO2(p < 0.05) were good; however, the measured values of PO2‐TCand PCO2‐TCwere not directly comparable to the measured values of PaO2and PaCO2, respectively. Clinical utility of transcutaneous monitoring in cats will require development of the appropriate conversion equation for carbon dioxide and modifications for practical application.
A Simple Apparatus for Frequent Measurement of Gastrointestinal Intraluminal PCO2
Authors: Wall Piper L. , Chendrasekhar Akella , Timberlake Gregory A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe accuracy and precision of an end‐tidal infrared CO2 monitor and customized capnography tubing system designed to measure gastrointestinal intraluminal CO2 partial pressure (PiCO2) were tested in vitro. Samples were taken from the customized capnography tubing placed in either 5% or 10% CO2 gas at discrete intervals ranging from one minute to twelve minutes. For a given time interval, the tubing PCO2 measurement was a constant fraction of the actual PCO2 (all standard errors < 0.02). For increasing time intervals, the ratio of the tubing PCO2 to actual PCO2 increased logarithmically. In the 5% and 10% CO2, the regression coefficients were 0.89 and 0.85 for 8 French tubing and 0.99 and 0.91 for 6 French tubing. Beacuase of its accuracy and precision, this system may provide automated gastrointestinal CO2 partial pressure monitoring at short intervals (e.g. 5 minutes), facilitating testing of the role of gastrointestinal PiCO2 information in treatment algorithms. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 109–116)
Increased Lactate Concentrations in III and Injured Dogs
Authors: Lagutchik Michael S. , Ogilvie Gregory K. , Hackett Timothy B. , Wingfield Wayne E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVenous blood lactate concentrations were measured on 109 ill dogs and 20 clinically normal dogs. Ill dogs were grouped into survivor and nonsurvivor groups, and categorized based on their primary problem. Ninety‐five percent of ill dogs had lactate concentrations higher than clinically normal dogs and published normal values. Seventy‐six percent of ill dogs with increased lactate concentrations survived to be discharged. Lactate concentrations were significantly higher in nonsurvivors than in survivors and clinically normal dogs. Lactate concentrations in dogs with major trauma and intoxications, and with cardiopulmonary, gastrointestinal, and neurologic problems were significantly higher than in clinically normal dogs and dogs with other problems. (Vet Emerg & Crit Care, 1998; 8: 117–127)
Use of Total Parenteral Nutrition in Dogs: 209 Cases (1988‐1995)
Authors: Reuter Jon D. , Marks Stanley L. , Rogers Quinton R. , Farver Thomas B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe medical records of 209 dogs receivingtotal parenteral nutrition (TPN) over a 84‐month period were examined retrospectively to determine patient profiles, frequency and type of complications, and prognostic factors affecting clinical outcome. TPN administration accounted for 895 patient days. Dogs with diarrhea or vomiting associated with gastrointestinal disease, pancreatitis, or renal failure constituted the largest proportion of patient receiving TPN. The median duration of TPN administration was 3.5 days (range 0.05 to 25 days). The median length of hospitalization before initiation of TPN was 1.5 days (range 0.05 days to 15 days). and this durationwas not associated with survival. Metabolic complications were frequent (329 of 473 complications observed) and were due predominantly to hyperglycemia. Mechanical (118 of 473) and septic (26 of 473) complications occurred less commonly. The overall mortality rate for dogs receiving TPN was 48.8%. Our conclusion: TPN can be a beneficial mode of therapy for carefully selected dogs that have impaired gastrointestinal function (parvovirus, pancreatitis, or inflammatory bowel disease) and are expected to be anorectic for morethan 5 days.
Evalution of Age as a Risk Factor For Perianesthetic Morbidity and Mortality in the Dog
Authors: BVSC Giselle Hosgood , DVM Daniel T. Scholl 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis study was intended to determine if age is a risk factor for perianesthetic morbidity/mortality in dogs and to identify other factors that may be important. A prospectivecohort study compiled data from 942 dogs (477 females; 465 males) ≥6 months undergoing inhalation anesthesia for≥30 minutes. were included. Serious perianesthetic complications occurred in 79 dogs. Logistic regression used a final model contanining age and ASA grade and showed a significant estimated odds ratio (OR̂) for old vs young or middle‐aged dogs of 1·89 (95% CI: 1·05,3·38). The OR̂for ASA grade increased significantly with grade — ASA grade 3:1or2 = 3.4, ASA grade 4:1or2 = 7·1, and ASA grade 5:1or2 =18·8. Thus, old dogs were nearly twice as likely to develop serious perianesthetic complications, even when accounting for ASA grade. However, conditions that increased ASA assessment by one grade had more impact on increasing the likelihood of serious perianesthetic complete.
Defining and Dealin with Emergencies
Authors: Dooley Donald R. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryOver the years the meaning and definition of what constitutes an emergency have evolved but still an emergency is very much in the eye of the beholder. Certainly, clients view clinical emergencies in various ways and their expectation of care for their pets has risen with advancements in emergency and critical care medicine. The emergency clinic practitioner has the challenge of satisfying their customers, both client and referring veterinarian while striving to provide the appropriate care to their ultimate customer, the patient.
A Retrospective Study of Pemoline Toxicosis in Dogs: 101 Cases (1987–1997)
Authors: Hautekeete Larissa A. , Khan Safdar A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryPemoline is a central nervous system stimulant commonly used for Attension Deficit Disorder in humans. This study describes the clinical syndrome associated with pemoline ingestion as well as its treatment. Ten years worth (1987–1997) of records from the ASPCa National Animal Poison Control Center involving pemoline ingestion in dogs were reviewed. The data suggests that most dogs ingesting pemoline show signs of central nervous system and cardiovascular stimulation including hyperactivity, tremors, ataxia, seizure, tachycardia, hyperthermia, and mydriasis. Blood chemistry alterations included electrolyte imbalances in some dogs. The minimum dose reported to cause clinical signs was 2.8 mg/kg and the minimum dose reported to have caused death was 10 mg/kg. Dogs generally showed clinical signs within 30 minutes to 24 hours of ingestion. The duration of clinical signs ranged from 15 hours to four days. Ninety‐four percent of the dogs recovered with supportive treatment. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9:203–207, 1999)
Disorders of Serum Potassium, Sodium, Magnesium and Chloride
Authors: Schaer Michael 
Published: July 2007

SummaryFluid and electrolyte imbalances are frequently encountered in a variety of medical and surgical disorders therefore requiring the clinician's astute evaluation of his/her patient's fluid and electrolyte status. Disorders involving the gastrointestinal tract, kidneys, and endocrine organs will frequently cause abnormalities in sodium, potassium, magnesium, and chloride balance. An accurate initial assessment of serum electrolyte concentrations and monitoring during the treatment is essential in order to maintain electrolyte homeostasis. Failure to do so can lead to severe clinical consequences for the patient and change a diagnostic triumph into a therapeutic failure. This presentation provides an overview of the etiologies, clinical signs, and therapeutic approaches to electrolyte disorders in the critically ill animal. (Vet. Emerg. & Crit. Care, 9:209–217, 1999)
Comparison of Axillary And Heating Block Methods of Activated Clotting Time (ACT) in Dogs
Authors: Bateman Shane W. , Mathews Karol A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe activated clotting time (ACT) is commonly used in veterinary medicine as an assessment of dysfunction within the intrinsic clotting cascade. Performing the test requires little techincal expertise and no special equipment except for a heating block or constant temperature waterbath, neither of which is routinely found in veterinary practices. The purpose of this study was to determine whether performing the test using a human axilla as the heat source was accurate for both normal dogs and clinically ill dogs (with prolonged ACT's) when compared to using a heating block as the head source. The results of this study reveal that the axillary method of ACT determination has acceptable clinical agreement with the heating block method. Thus, the axillary method of ACT determination is an acceptable alternative when no constant temperature heating source is available.
A Rertrospective Analysis of Pulmonary Contusion Secondary to Motor Vehicular Accidents in 143 Dogs: 1994 ‐ 1997
Authors: Powell Lisa L. , Rozanski Elizarbeth A. , Tidwell Amy S. , Rush John E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMedical records of 143 dogs with pulmonary contusion secondary to motor vehicular trauma were evaluated retrospectively to determine length of hospitalization, oxygen supplementation, and associated injuries. Therapeutic interventions, including the dose of intravenous fluid administration, the use of antibiotics, and the use of glucocorticoids were recorded. Initial thoracicradiographs were reviewed, and pulmonary contusion was graded as mild, moderate or severe. Pulmonary contusion severity was compared to use of supplemental oxygen, oxygen administration time, hospitalization time, and the presence or absence of fractures. The length of hospital stay and the survival rate was calculated.The mean respiratory rate at admission was 55 ± 22 breaths per minute. Concurrent thoracicinjuries were common, and included pneumothorax and pleural effusion. Fifty‐two percent ofdogs received oxygen supplementation for a median of 35 hours. The median hospitalization time was 48 hours. Forty (28%) dogs were treated with antibiotics for a minimum of 5 days, and forty‐ five (31%) were administered glucocorticoids. Two (1%) dogs developed pulmonary infection. Dogs with more severe thoracic radiographic changes on presentation were more likely to receiveoxygen, received oxygen for longer periods of time, and had a longer hospitalization time. Eighty‐two percent of dogs survived to hospital discharge.
Bypassing The Oral Cavity: The Use of Tube Esophagostomy For Long‐Term Enteral Nutritional Support In A Foal
Authors: Masan Melissa R. , Paradis Mary Rose 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA premature foal developed severe aspiration pneumonia secondary to persistent dorsal displacement of the soft palate associated with marked edema of the larynx and nasopharynx. Tube esophagostomy was used successfully for long‐term nutritional supplementation. There were no complications, and bypass of the larynx and pharynx allowed resolution of the palatal abnormality and subsequent resolution of the aspiration pneumonia. (Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, 10:7–12, 2000)
Multi‐systemic Trauma in a Ferret
Authors: Kaelble Monika K. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA 5‐year old, neutered, male, domestic sable ferret presented 24 hours after escaping outside and sustaining unknown trauma. Physical examination findings included tachycardia, tachypnea, and hind limb paresis in a laterally recumbent patient. Radiographs, laboratory evaluation, and abdominocentesis revealed the presence of hemoperitoneum, blunt hepatic trauma, pneumothorax, and a small abdominal hernia. The ferret was treated with resuscitative fluids, thoracocentesis, abdominal counterpressure, and blood transfusion. This is the first case report of multi‐systemic trauma in a ferret. The ferret made a complete recovery and was discharged to the referring veterinarian three days after presentation. (Vet. Emerg. Crit. Care, 10:13–18, 2000)