bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preimplantation testing for chromosome aneuploidy
Authors: Ogilvie Caroline Mackie 
Published: April 2008

Around 50% of cleavage stage human embryos obtained by in vitro fertilisation (IVF) have an abnormal number of chromosomes.
Aneuploidy testing has been introduced at some IVF centres with the aim of identifying and removing abnormal embryos and increasing pregnancy success rates.
Randomised controlled trials have indicated that pregnancy and live birth rates are lower for women undergoing aneuploidy testing.

Learning objectives:

To understand the nature and frequency of chromosome abnormalities in cleavage stage human embryos.
To understand the rationale underlying aneuploidy testing.
To understand the results of research on aneuploidy testing.

Ethical issues:

Should aneuploidy testing be offered, when randomised trials indicate either that it has no effect or that it results in fewer ongoing pregnancies and live births?

Please cite this article as: Ogilvie CM. Preimplantation testing for chromosome aneuploidy. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:88–92.
Putting the principles of good governance into clinical practice
Authors: Churchill David 
Published: April 2008

An understanding of the principles of good governance will enable doctors to construct more effective and robust departments.
Healthcare organisations are best suited to a task culture where expert power and team working are respected.
A holistic approach should be applied to governing a department.
Monitoring the effectiveness of a department is crucial.

Learning objectives:

How to apply the principles of governance to departmental structures.
How organisational culture can influence the effectiveness of an organisation

Ethical issues:

Has the bureaucracy surrounding clinical governance diverted attention away from its real intent of improving quality of care?

Please cite this article as: Churchill D. Putting the principles of good governance into clinical practice. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:93–98.
A view on why immediate cord clamping must cease in routine obstetric delivery
Authors: Hutchon David 
Published: April 2008

There is good evidence that immediate cord clamping can harm the newborn baby.
Delaying cord clamping for at least 30 seconds is possible in all deliveries.

Learning objectives:

To increase awareness of the need for routine delayed clamping by obstetricians and midwives.
To explore the practice in the presence of fetal distress and nuchal cord.

Ethical issues:

How can a balance be struck between the legal drive for cord blood measurements at birth, which requires immediate cord clamping, and the therapeutically driven delay in cord clamping?

Please cite this article as: Hutchon D. A view on why immediate cord clamping must cease in routine obstetric delivery. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2008;10:112–116.
SARC-CTOS Imaging Symposium: Introduction to the Problem from a Clinical Perspective
Authors: Benjamin Robert S. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Failure to correctly design clinical trials precludes effective evaluation of yield data. For instance, the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors were developed using unidimensional measurements, while the World Health Organization criteria were based on bidimensional measurements. Attempts to compare data from the two response criteria have been problematic. There is an ongoing debate regarding the definition of what constitutes response, and there is a need to update the existing criteria. Advances in imaging techniques need to be evaluated and added into new response criteria. As sarcoma patients can derive clinical benefit from therapy without sizable tumor shrinkage, identifying other qualitative changes, such as ossification of osteosarcomas, should also be incorporated into new response criteria. This article reviews existing approaches to assess response criteria in sarcomas, and explores the role of modern imaging in the evaluation of clinical benefit.
Response Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Choi Haesun 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Clinical management of patients with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) has dramatically changed with the introduction of novel therapeutics, such as imatinib mesylate. This has created a need to re-evaluate the existing criteria used to assess treatment response. The current Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors are based on unidimensional tumor size, and do not take into account changes in responding GISTs such as a decrease in tumor density and decrease in the number of intratumoral vessels with computed tomography (CT). Positron emission tomography (PET) has been found to be highly sensitive in detecting early response, and to be useful in predicting long-term response to imatinib in patients with metastatic GIST; however, widespread use of PET is limited because of a lack of scanner availability and cost constraints. Modified CT criteria using a combination of tumor density and tumor size are promising in early response evaluation, and have excellent prognostic value. Identifying appropriate treatment response criteria is essential to optimize treatment for patients with GIST.
Well Service: Impact of New Technology on Economics, Standards, Performance and Culture
Authors: Newman Fred M. , Dillingham Don , Ivanhoe K. D. "Karl" 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study produced a quantifiable dataset that provided analysis and interpretation of field activities over more than 20,000 rig-hours during a 14-month period. The data was obtained by sealed independent electronic measurement from selected well service providers performing assorted jobs during a variety of conditions. This work was begun because there are no known published or accredited standards or guidelines for well service performance. Primary focus of the study was overall job quality, rod and tubing make-up (measuring sequences in time increments of seconds), time studies, crew efficiency, and safety. Information stored on the rig recording unit was retrieved with remote electronics. Archived data was analyzed graphically and reported to well service and oil companies to develop and maintain well histories and crew efficiency, identify optimum procedures, safety, and time studies. Current industry quality-assurance practice is the occasional overview of well service crews by a field engineer or foreman. Those positions rely on visual perception and experience to judge service quality and procedures. Existing methods still result in extraordinary repeat failure rates and unresolved service problems. This new technology documents and resolves deficient intrinsic field cultural practices. Our empirical data and analysis conclusively show that repeat failure rates and downtime are reduced. Service crew awareness about their work and efficiency is raised to a higher level. Productivity increases, artificial lift costs decline, and fair accountability is maintained with permanent records. Oil companies are using this new technology to establish and monitor their alliances. Service companies are using the results to train crews in proper techniques. Credible reporting now enables and mandates performance over personalities when making long-term economic decisions. This technology will push evolution of the well service industry with the establishment of quality and performance standards. Quality standards rather than perceptions will be the basis for decisions.
Ultra-Deepwater Hydraulics and Well Control Tests with Extensive Instrumentation: Field Tests and Data Analysis
Authors: Rommetveit Rolv , Bjørkevoll Knut S. , Gravdal Jan Einar , Goncalves Clemente J.C. , Lage Antonio Carlos V.M. , Campos Jose E.A. , Aragão Átila F.L. , Arcelloni Alberto , Ohara Shiniti 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Detailed measurements of downhole pressures and temperatures during simulated drilling operations at ultra deep water offshore Brazil have been performed. Sensors were placed at six different positions along the drillstring, and these made high frequency recordings of pressure and temperature during surges and swabs at different depths,gel breaking tests,circulation sweeps, andmigration of gas in the riser.
A remote operated vehicle (ROV) recorded temperature outside the riser during experiments to give input to a detailed study of heat transfer from drilling fluid inside riser to the seawater outside.
The paper presents a detailed analysis of the recorded data, including comparison with advanced transient computer models for pressure and temperature during drilling, circulation, and surge/swab. In addition, the gas migration is simulated with an advanced kick simulator.
Microvascular Architecture and Exchange in Teeth
Authors: Matthews B. , Andrew D. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTDental pulp is a low‐compliance tissue surrounded by an avascular hard tissue case. Resin casts of the microvasculature in teeth of limited growth show arterioles and venules arranged axially in the pulp with capillary loops extending out toward the dentine. The capillary density is high. There is ultrastructural evidence for lymphatics in pulp. Pulpal blood flow has been estimated in intact teeth using radiolabeled microspheres and found to be in the range 20–60 ml/min per 100 g tissue. One of the difficulties of studying this tissue is that a cavity has to be cut into the tooth with the inherent risks that this may affect the parameters under study. Measurements from exposed pulp indicate that the tissue fluid pressure is high and pulsatile. Furthermore, micropuncture studies have shown that the arteriolar pressure is lower and the venular pressure higher than in other tissues. When dentine is exposed in vivo, fluid moves out through the dentinal tubules and this appears to be formed by a process of ultrafiltration from the pulpal interstitial fluid. The flow is sufficient to retard significantly the diffusion of chemicals into dentine from the oral cavity.
Plasma Skimming in Vascular Trees: Numerical Estimates of Symmetry Recovery Lengths
Authors: Carr Russell T. , Xiao Jewen 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA new model of plasma skimming in vascular trees that includes the history of disturbances at previous bifurcations is developed. The model calculates the shift in the red blood cell concentration profile by mapping streamlines through the junction; it then computes the dissipation of that disturbance through random collisions among the cells. A numerical solution of this model is compared to experimental data on plasma skimming in serial bifurcations. Numerical values of symmetry recovery lengths downstream of the bifurcation are calculated using the model. Comparison of the computed symmetry recovery lengths with anatomical measurements in hamster cremaster muscle indicate that asymmetries in red blood cell concentration profiles are important in vessels with diameters below 55 μm.
Responses of Cremasteric Arterioles of Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats to Changes in Extracellular K+ Concentration
Authors: Lombard Julian H. , Stekiel William J. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: The goal of this study was to determine the effect of changes in extracellular K+ concentration ([K+]0) on active tone in cremasteric arterioles of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) and their normotensive Wistar‐Kyoto (WKY) and Wistar controls.Methods: Diameters of third‐ and fourth‐order arterioles were measured in the cremaster muscle of hypertensive and normotensive rats during abrupt changes in superfusate K+ concentration from 4.7 mM to 0 mM to 15 mM K+.Results: Arterioles constricted in response to superfusion with 0 mM K+ and exhibited a large, transient dilation in response to an abrupt change from 0 mM to 15 mM [K+]o. Arteriolar dilation in response to 15 mM K+ was significantly larger in 12–15‐week‐old SHR than in WKY or Wistar controls. Arteriolar responses to 15 mM K+ were not significantly different in 4–6‐week‐old SHR and WKY. Dilator responses to 15 mM K+ were generally inhibited by 1 mM ouabain, although ouabain was less effective in inhibiting 15 mM K+‐induced dilation in arterioles of SHR and WKY than in Wistar rats.Conclusions: Dilation of cremasteric arterioles in response to 15 mM [K+]0, is mediated, at least in part, via stimulation of the electrogenic Na+/K+ pump, although Na+/K+‐pump‐independent components may also contribute to the response. Arterioles of SHR with established hypertension exhibit an altered response to elevated [K+]0 which is not present in SHR in the early stage of hypertension.
Reactive Oxygen Species and Vascular Signal Transduction Mechanisms
Authors: WOLIN MICHAEL S. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTSources of reactive O2 species in the vessel wall that potentially contribute to the control of vascular tone include NADPH oxidases, arachidonic acid metabolizing enzymes, xanthine oxidase, nitric oxide synthase and mitochondria. Specific physiological stimuli (such as changes in PO2) as well as pathophysiological stimuli control the production of reactive O2 species by many of these sources. Certain key reactive O2 species activate specific signalling mechanisms that control vascular tone, often through processes involving the metabolism of these species. The production of prostaglandins and cyclic GMP are some of the most sensitive systems regulated by hydrogen peroxide; whereas the conversion of nitric oxide (NO) to peroxynitrite (ONOO−) and inhibition of the stimulation of the cytosolic form of guanylate cyclase are processes that are very sensitive to superoxide anion (O2·−). High levels of NO production readily result in the formation of significant amounts of ONOO−, because NO competes with superoxide dismutase for the metabolism of cellular O2·− and thereby activates additional signalling mechanisms such as regulation through thiol nitrosation. As the levels of individual reactive O2 species increase, other signalling mechanisms likely to participate in vascular responses to oxidant injury seem to become activated. Thus, evidence is developing to support the concept that reactive O2 species are important contributors to the control of vascular tone.
Cultured Murine Cerebral Microvascular Endothelial Cells Contain von Willebrand Factor‐Positive Weibel‐Palade Bodies and Support Rapid Cytokine‐Induced Neutrophil Adhesion
Authors: BARKALOW FERN J. , GOODMAN MICHAEL J. , MAYADAS TANYA N. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: To obtain cultures of rodent brain microvascular endothelium (BMEC) that retain endothelial cell‐specific markers and functions for two purposes: investigating whether these cultures contain endothelial cell‐specific storage granules or Weibel‐Palade bodies and have the ability to rapidly bind neutrophils upon cytokine induction; and setting the groundwork for future studies examining endothelium derived from mice strains with targeted deficiencies in endothelial adhesion molecules.Methods: Capillaries were obtained by collagenase/dispase digestion and subsequent density centrifugation of either rodent brain or meninges. The yield was then plated onto fibronectin‐coated dishes. For some studies, pure murine endothelial cultures were obtained by flow‐cytometric sorting, using uptake of fluorescently labeled diI‐acetylated low‐density lipoprotein as a marker for endothelium. Endothelial cell‐specific markers were analyzed via immunofluorescence, immunoprecipitation and light microscopy. Cytokine‐induced neutrophil adhesion and associated upregulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules were measured as described previously for human umbilical vein endothelial cells.Results: BMEC possess numerous von Willebrand factor–containing Weibel‐Palade bodies and synthesize and secrete all multimeric forms of von Willebrand factor. They take up diI‐acetylated low‐density lipoproteins, contain platelet‐endothelial cell adhesion molecules and form capillary‐like structures on three‐dimensional extracellular matrix substrates. Sorted murine brain microvascular endothelial cells treated with IL‐1β or TNF‐α for 4 h show an increase in surface expression of the cytokine‐inducible leukocyte adhesion molecules E‐selectin, VCAM‐1, and ICAM‐1, and they support rapid neutrophil adhesion, which is, on average, three times greater than that of nonstimulated cells.Conclusions: The brain microvascular endothelial cultures described here exhibit many of the markers of endothelial cells including the presence of Weibel‐Palade bodies. The localization of von Willebrand factor almost exclusively to Weibel‐Palade bodies indicates that murine cerebral endothelium has evolved an efficient mechanism for storage of this platelet adhesion protein, which plays an important role in hemostasis. In addition, this is the first demonstration of rapid neutrophil adhesion to murine brain microvascular endothelial cells. Finally, the reproducible culture and the characterization of murine BMEC makes feasible future studies on endothelium isolated from gene‐targeted mice.
Peptides Derived from the Lectin Domain of Selectin Adhesion Molecules Inhibit Leukocyte Rolling In Vivo
Authors: NORMAN K. E. , SCHEDING C. , KUNKEL E. J. , HEAVNER G. A. , Ley K. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTObjective: The selectins are a family of adhesion molecules that mediate leukocyte rolling, a prerequisite for their later firm adhesion and migration to sites of inflammation. The N‐terminal lectin domain of selectins is important for Ca2+‐dependent binding to oligosaccharide ligands. We set out to study the effect of peptides corresponding to residues 11–20, 23–30, 36–50, 54–63, 70–79 and 109–118 (counting from the N‐terminus of the mature proteins) of the lectin domain of human L‐, P‐ and E‐selectins on leukocyte rolling in vivo.Methods: Peptides were applied by local intravascular microinfusion via a glass micropipette into rat mesenteric venules. Visibly rolling cells were counted off‐line and compared with rolling cells counted during control periods.Results: Peptides corresponding to residues 70–79 of P‐selectin and 11–20 of L‐selectin reduced leukocyte rolling flux in rat mesenteric venules to less than 30% of that measured during control infusion. Peptides corresponding to residues 109–118 of P‐selectin, 54–63 of L‐selectin and 23–30 of E‐selectin also reduced leukocyte rolling flux, although to a lesser degree.Conclusions: We have shown that small peptides based on the lectin domain of all three selectins can be effective inhibitors of leukocyte rolling in vivo.
The trilobite from Ohio with preserved legs: 1Mickelborough 1883 and Walcott 1884
Authors: Yochelson Ellis L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACT: Part and counterpart of a trilobite collected from Upper Ordovician strata near Cincinnati, Ohio, USA, provided additional information on the legs of trilobites. These appendages had only been certainly known for less than a decade. The specimen was described by a local paleontologist in the local natural history journal, but part of the text was repeated in a leading American biological journal, and repeated in full in the Geological magazine. This trilobite was subsequently redescribed by C. D. Walcott in Science, following a speech in which he discussed it before the Biological Society of Washington. The specimen is now in the collection of the National Museum of Natural History in Washington.
Excavation of a Possible Neolithic Structure, Lithic Finds and Later Ditch Features at Kingarth Quarry, Isle of Bute
Authors: MUDIE GEORGE 
Published: April 2008

SummaryTopsoil stripping in advance of an extension to sand and gravel quarrying operations at Kingarth, Isle of Bute, revealed a series of ditches, the remains of a small oval structure and discrete concentrations of worked stone artefacts. The site is situated on a raised beach deposit on the east-facing Kilchattan Bay. The ditches formed a discrete grouping on the higher, gravel deposits in the westernmost part of the site whilst the oval structure, defined by a shallow slot trench and enclosing an area measuring 7m by 3.5m, lay in the eastern part of the site on fine sand deposits. Despite the absence of reliable dating material, the ditch features are probably relatively modern features and correspond closely to field boundaries shown on the Ordnance Survey 1st edition map (1863) whilst the oval structure is thought to be a habitation site of possible Neolithic date. Neolithic stone tool working debitage was recorded from a scatter 200m away. If correct, then the discoveries at Kingarth potentially add to the limited corpus of information on Neolithic settlement structures in the West of Scotland and Britain in general.
Excavations at Northton, Isle of Harris By Derek D.A. Simpson, Eileen M. Murphy and Richard A. Gregory. Pp. 282. Black and white illustrations. ISBN 1 84171 936 6 Oxford: BAR British Series 408. 2006. £38 (pb). ann macsween
Authors: MacSween Ann 
Published: April 2008

The site of Northton in Harris is known to most of those familiar with Scottish prehistory for the excavations which produced Scotland's largest domestic assemblage of Beaker pottery. This often-quoted fact, along with previous glimpses of what publication of the 1965–6 excavations would offer, such as those in the excavator's preliminary report in Settlement and Economy in the Third and Second Millennia BC ( Simpson 1976 ), has had many eagerly awaiting the publication of this important site. The site was discovered in 1963 by James McEwen of Aberdeen University, and rescue excavations were undertaken by Derek Simpson of the University of Leicester a couple of years later. Excavations revealed a multi-period site which could be divided into two Neolithic, two Beaker and two Iron Age/Historic phases. The Northton project was one of the first multi-disciplinary studies in the Western Isles with the excavation complemented by topographic and geological survey, and palaeoenvironmental analysis.
Tokyo, the Proud
Authors: Guattari Félix 
Published: April 2008

Félix Guattari visited Japan on a number of occasions during the 1980s. These visits consisted of invited lectures and a series of conversations and collaborations with Japanese intellectuals, artists, and architects. His collaborative writings with Deleuze, particularly the Kafka and Rhizome books, began to appear in Japanese translation in the late 1970s. By the mid-eighties, however, Anti-Oedipus was available for Japanese readers. The year 1985 saw the publication of Guattari's conversations and co-authored papers with Japanese dancer Min Tanaka collected under the title of Velocity of Light, Fire of Zen: Assemblage 1985. This was followed in 1986 with the translation of Guattari's jointly authored volume with Antonio Negri, Les nouveaux espaces de liberté. In the same year, the colourful volume Tokyo Theatre: Guattari in Tokyo appeared. This volume includes the present translation. It also contains multiple contributions by leading Japanese intellectuals, especially ‘neo-academicist’ types like Akira Asada who were inspired by Deleuze and Guattari's philosophy in the first two volumes of Capitalism and Schizophrenia.