bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Studies of the adsorption of paraquat on soluble humic fractions by gel filtration and ultrafiltration techniques
Authors: Burns Ian G. , Hayes Michael H. B. , Stacey Maurice 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adsorption of paraquat dichloride (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium dichloride) on a soluble sodium humate fraction of a Fenland soil was studied by gel filtration (on Sephadex G10 and G100) and by ultrafiltration (through an Amicon Diaflo UM‐2 ultrafilter). Both methods depend upon the separation, on a molecular weight basis, of the unadsorbed molecules of herbicide from the adsorption complex (consisting of polymeric organic materials and the adsorbed paraquat). Separations were obtained on columns of Sephadex G10 (Method I) and in the ultrafiltration experiments (Method II), and isotherms were prepared from data for adsorption in water (by Method II) and in sodium chloride (by Methods I and II) solutions. Results from the two methods were comparable over the concentration range examined. The increased adsorption of paraquat by Na+‐compared with Ca2+‐humate is explained on the basis of the selectivity sequence of humate for exchangeable cations. Attempts to prepare isotherms from gel filtration data, for the adsorption of paraquat on two soluble model humic polymers (polyacrylic acid and a polymer prepared by the oxidative coupling of benzoquinone and ammonium chloride) were unsuccessful because binding to the gel matrix did not permit quantitative recoveries of the adsorption complexes.Paraquat was adsorbed to the same extent on each of four fractions of Na+‐humate separated on Sephadex G100.
Effects of the herbicide methabenzthiazuron on the physiology of wheat plants
Authors: Fedtke Carl 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSpring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. “Caribo”) was grown in vermiculite containing methabenzthiazuron (N‐(benzothiazol‐2yl)‐NN′‐dimethylurea) presowing. Effects of the herbicide on plant development and plant composition were analysed up to an age of 4 weeks.Inhibition of photosynthetic oxygen evolution represented the primary effect induced by the herbicidal treatment and led to a decreased concentration of soluble reducing sugars. Photosynthetic activity however recovered after 3 weeks and even increased above control values. Secondary effects following methabenzthiazuron treatment included a delayed chlorophyll breakdown, a decreased chlorophyll a/b ratio, enlarged chloroplasts, an increased concentration of soluble amino acids and of soluble protein, and an increased in vitro nitrate reductase activity. These responses are taken to indicate an increased photosynthetic and metabolic capacity in methabenzthiazuron treated wheat plants.Comparable results can be obtained with plants grown at low light intensities. It is concluded that the “physiological effects” observed in wheat plants after treatment with methabenzthiazuron are similar to a natural adaptation reaction to low light intensities. It is assumed that this adaptation reaction is caused by a low concentration of soluble reducing sugars.Experiments with plants growing at different light intensities indicated that effects due to herbicidal action were more pronounced at high light intensities.Measurements on daily fluctuations revealed a peak around noon for the sugar content and the nitrate reductase activities measured in vivo as well as in vitro. In vivo nitrate reductase activity in plants treated with 5 parts/million methabenzthiazuron was very low, presumably because of lack of sugars for the production of NADH. The protein concentration was increasing and the amino acids were decreasing during the day in herbicide treated plants, possibly indicating increased protein synthesis in the light in plants treated with methabenzthiazuron.
Effect of time of irrigation on the distribution of 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloropropane in soil after shallow injection
Authors: Hodges L. R. , Lear Bert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of irrigation time on the dispersion of 1,2‐dibromo‐3‐chloroproparie (DBCP) in soil after a shallow injection treatment was determined for Yolo fine sandy loam. When injections equivalent to 23.5 litres of DBCP/ha at a depth of 7 to 8 cm were subsequently followed by 15 cm of irrigation water, adequate distribution of DBCP was obtained if the soil was irrigated within 5 days. However, the most rapid and deepest penetration of fumigant was obtained by irrigating 2 to 5 days after application. There was insufficient downward movement of DBCP in non‐irrigated soil.
Insecticide trials for the control of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; subfamily olethreutinae)
Authors: Nyiira Zerubabel M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractParathion‐methyl and monocrotophos at 1.12 kg active material/ha at intervals of 10 and 5 days, respectively, suppressed larval populations of the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) in cotton bolls. The use of parathion‐methyl is not recommended in Uganda because of its high oral and dermal LD50 of 12 to 16 mg/kg and 67 mg/kg, respectively, on rats. Although comparatively, monocrotophos has a high oral LD50 of 20 mg/kg, it has a reasonable dermal LD50 of 342 mg/kg and can, in practice, be handled by peasant farmers if well instructed.
Bromine residues in potato and wheat crops grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide
Authors: Brown George , Corbett Donald C. M. , Hide Geoffrey A. , Webb Robin M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe bromine content of potato tubers grown in soil fumigated with methyl bromide at 487 and 975 kg/ha (1 lb and 2 lb/100 ft2) averaged 170 and 280 mg/kg of dry weight. Most of the bromine was in the outer layers of the tubers; peeled tubers has less than 100 mg/kg, which remained after boiling. Potato haulm contained 4000 or 6700 mg/kg bromine respectively for the two rates of application. The bromine content of wheat grain grown after potatoes depended on the rate of application of methyl bromide and the time interval between treatment and wheat crop. Wheat grain harvested 31/2 21/2 and 11/2 years after fumigation with methyl bromide at 975 kg/ha had mean bromine contents of 4.5, 15 and 44 mg/kg. but the amounts in grain from plots having the same treatments varied more than two‐fold; wheat grain harvested 11/2 years after fumigation at 487 kg/ha contained 23 mg bromine/kg. Wheat yields were unaffected by fumigation.
Insect problems in crops for processing
Authors: Wheatley G. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe differing motives of growers, processors and the public for controlling pests are discussed, and effects of changes in crop production systems are noted.For each crop/pest/market problem, damage by particular pests has a unique importance and can be expressed as the frequency of occurrence of damaged crop produce (‘units’) and the amount of damage done to each. By reference to pests of vegetables, damage is classified according to whether it prevents the plant reaching maturity, or affects the unmarketed or the marketed part of the plant.A distinction is made between the efficiency and the effectiveness of control measures. Their limitations and associated problems are also discussed.
Synthesis and structural studies of 9‐Anti‐hydroxy HEOD
Authors: Baldwin Michael K. , Porter Albert , Hayes William P. , Burns Duncan Thorburn 
Published: November 2006

Abstract9‐Syn‐hydroxy HEOD, a major mammalian metabolite of HEOD was oxidised to the ketone which, on reduction with sodium borohydride, gave a product identified by spectrometric methods as 9‐anti‐hydroxy HEOD. This product was not converted to the pentachloroketone metabolite of HEOD, either by photolysis or metabolically by a rat.
The fate of some organophosphorus compounds applied topically to peach‐potato aphids (Myzus persicae (Sulz.)) resistant and susceptible to insecticides
Authors: Devonshire A. L. , Needham P. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fate of [14C]‐dimethoate and [14C]‐parathion after topical application to strains of Myzus persicae resistant and susceptible to organophosphorus compounds was investigated. In 4 h approximately 65% of the dimethoate or para‐thion applied was lost from the aphids by evaporation, and this limited the amount available for penetration into the insect. Only approximately 25% of the dose applied penetrated, of which a very small proportion was excreted as metabolites. There was no difference in the amounts penetrating into the resistant and susceptible strains, indicating that penetration was not a factor contributing to the observed resistance. These findings emphasise that evaporation from the cuticle can greatly influence results when insecticides are applied topically.
The metabolism of carboxin in growing barley
Authors: Briggs Dennis E. , Waring Rosemary H. , Hackett Andrew M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe major soluble metabolite of carboxin (2,3‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐5‐phenylcarbamoyi‐1,4‐oxathiin) in barley seedlings and mature plants was identified as the‐hydroxy phenyl derivative. This phenol was also bound to the lignin fraction. The distribution of carboxin and its metabolites in seedlings and mature plants grown from treated seed was studied; maximum residues were found in the three oldest internodes, with traces in the roots and flowering heads. Treated plants had altered chlorophyll/carotenoid ratios, and raised levels of some free amino acids.
Dissipation of 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in a rice field
Authors: Soderquist Charles J. , Crosby Donald G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe dissipation of the herbicide 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) in a California rice field was investigated. Samples of water, rice plants and mud were collected at intervals for 20 days and analysed for MCPA by established methods for plants and mud, and by a novel method utilising XAD‐2 macro‐reticular resin for water. Water residues declined to less than 0.01 parts/106 of MCPA within 14 days after application; plant residues declined from 20 parts/106 to 1 part/106 within 20 days; mud residues remained constant at about 0.1 parts/106. Photolysis of dilute aqueous MCPA solutions with either sunlight or an indoor photoreactor yielded 4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenol as the major product; o‐cresol and 4‐chloro‐2‐formylphenol also were identified. While photosensitisation was observed with water taken from the rice field, microbial degradation proceeded at an even faster rate. All environmental compartments except air contained measurable amounts (>0.01 parts/106) at some time, but water contained the bulk of the applied MCPA whose eventual disappearance was shown to be due to biological and chemical degradation and not dilution.
Two improved methods for the determination of dinocap in fruits and vegetables
Authors: Johansson Carl E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGas chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods are described for the determination of dinocap extracted from apples, strawberries and cucumbers with organic solvents. The spectrophotometric method is based on the rapid hydrolysis of dinocap by means of ethanolamine. Qualitative confirmation of the presence of dinocap is performed by thin‐layer chromatography.
Effects of mode of testing on susceptibility to various insecticides of adults or larvae of Lucilia sericata, Chrysomya putoria and Musca domestica L
Authors: Busvine James R. , Iwuala Moses O. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRelative potency of eight compounds (four pairs of similar types) to adults and old larvae of three species of cyclorhaphous diptera was determined by injection, oral or topical application. The following points emerged from comparisons of equitoxic doses: (a) C. putoria was consistently more susceptible than L. sericata. M. domestica was more susceptible to organochlorines than either of the blowflies, but less susceptible to organophosphorus, carbamate or pyrethroid insecticides; (b) the most potent insecticides (bioresmethrin, diazinon) were about equally toxic to adults and larvae of all species; but some compounds (especially DDT, gamma‐BHC and propoxur) were relatively much less effective against larvae; (c) LD50 values for oral treatments were higher than by injection, and those for contact treatments higher still. These “penetration factors” were highly correlated within each of the stages. This could be due to similarity in the cuticular barrier and (or) detoxication; (d) experiments with various synergistic compounds showed higher synergistic factors for larvae than adults (with DDT, bioresmethrin and propoxur). This probably indicates a more efficient detoxication system in the larvae, which is consistent with findings (b) and (c).
Synthesis of potential organophosphorus fungicides. I. Diaryl dichloromethyl phosphonodithioates
Authors: Roy Nripendra K. , Mukerjee Sunil K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of five diaryl dichloromethyl phosphonodithioates and a novel substitution reaction of the trichloromethyl phosphonates is described. The new compounds prepared show only moderate activity in vitro against Pyricularia oryzae and poorer control of Helminthosporium oryzae.
Mechanism of transfer of insecticides in Musca domestica
Authors: Gerolt Philip 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe onset of symptoms of toxicity in houseflies treated with poisons of the central nervous system (CNS) is shown to be delayed by measures which block metabolic activity such as depriving the insects of oxygen or decreasing the temperature. The indications from this work are that these measures also delay the penetration of the insecticide into the CNS. This suggests that the movement of the insecticide is mediated by a process which requires the expenditure of metabolic energy in a living tissue. The tissue most likely to be involved in insecticide transport is the epidermis.
A survey of sheep dip usage in Scotland, 1973
Authors: Cutler James R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA survey of sheep dipping and spraying in Scotland during 1973 has shown that about 40 tonnes of organophosphorus, 8 tonnes of organochlorine and 2 tonnes of carbamate insecticides were used to control ectoparasites. Substances used to combat headfly (Hydrotaea irritans) and the main areas of Scotland affected by this pest are noted. Information about the pattern of dipping in relation to geographical area, season and flock size and about the disposal of surplus dip and empty containers is presented. Though a small potential for environmental damage still exists no evidence of such came to light.
Formulations for the control of dutch elm disease
Authors: Clifford Derek R. , Gendle Peter , Fribbins Edward A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSolutions of methyl benzimidazol‐2‐ylcarbamate (carbendazim, formerly MBC) in dilute hydrochloric, orthophosphoric or hypophosphorous acid and in dilute hydrochloric acid containing methanol (“Lignasan”) and aqueous solutions of 2‐(thiazol‐4‐yl) benzimidazole (thiabendazole) hypophosphite, 8‐hydroxyquinoline (oxine)hydro‐chloride and dodecylguanidine acetate (dodine), were tested in the field for their efficacy in controlling Dutch elm disease caused by Ceratocystis ulmi. All gave some degree of control although some were phytotoxic, the benzimidazoles being the most active compounds tested. The anion and the concentration of acid present in the formulation may have some effect on retention of active material within the crown of the tree.
Residues of organochlorine insecticides in some fishes and birds in the gezira of Sudan
Authors: El‐Zorgani Gaafer A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐eight specimens representing five types of fish and five types of birds from the Gezira Research Farm, Wad Medani, Sudan, were analysed for residues of organochlorine insecticides. All fish muscle samples were found to contain pp′‐DDE, pp′‐TDE and pp′‐DDT in total concentrations ranging from 0.27 to 16.0 mg/kg. In addition to DDT‐type residues, dieldrin (HEOD) was also found in the majority of bird samples. Concentrations in bird breast muscle ranged from 0.07 to 5.5 mg/kg. When bird liver samples were examined they were found to contain higher residues than the breast muscle in nearly all cases.
German cockroach resistance: Propoxur selection induces the same resistance spectrum as diazinon selection
Authors: Collins William J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA resistant laboratory strain of the German cockroach, Blattella germanica, was developed from a normal laboratory strain by selection with propoxur. Resistance to all insecticides except chlordane began increasing after 15 generations of selection and reached a plateau for most insecticides by generation 27. The resistant colony, designated B‐strain, developed significant resistance to carbamates, organophosphorus compounds, pyrethrins and DDT, developed low resistance to gamma‐BHC and no resistance to chlordane. The resistance spectrum, effect of synergists and inheritance of resistance of this propoxur resistant strain are similar to a diazinon resistant strain. Therefore, diazinon and propoxur may select for the same resistance mechanism(s) in this species. The practical implications of this research are discussed.
Poisoning of wild geese by carbophenothion‐treated winter wheat
Authors: Hamilton George A. , Hunter Kenneth , Ritchie Alexander S. , Ruthven Alexander D. , Brown Peter M. , Stanley Peter I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of incidents involving greylag goose (Anser anser) casualties in Angus and Perthshire and a single incident involving pink‐footed goose (Anser brachyrhynchus) casualties on Humberside occurred during the winter of 1974/75. The results of post‐mortem examinations and brain esterase studies were consistent with the deaths having resulted from organophosphorus poisoning. Chemical analysis revealed the presence of carbophenothion (S‐4‐chlorophenylthiomethyl OO‐diethyl phosphoro‐dithioate) residues in the gut contents and internal tissues of the casualties. It was concluded that the geese had died from carbophenothion poisoning following the ingestion of treated winter wheat seed and the factors that led to the incidents are discussed.
Benomyl residues in bananas
Authors: Cox John , Pinegar John A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn ultraviolet spsctrophotometric and a microbiological assay were used to determine residues of benomyl and its derivative carbendazim on banana skin and pulp. Two alternative procedures for the purification of pulp extracts are described and recovery values from laboratory‐treated bananas are compared. The average residue determined in the pulp was 6.4 % of the total for the whole fruit.
Quantitative structure‐activity correlation of pyrethroids againstMusca domesticaandBlattella germanica
Authors: Lee Hung‐Hee H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructure‐activity correlations of pyrethroids toMusca domesticaandBlattella germanicawere studied in terms of partition coefficient, electronic effect and conformation. RelativeRfvalues of 12 pyrethroids measured by thin‐layer chromatography were related to the relative partition coefficients and electronic effect. The relative size and shape of six pyrethroids were determined by probabilistic automatic pattern analysis using Corey‐Paulings' molecular models. There is no correlation of knockdown ofM. domesticaand partitioning. The simple correlation, with 0.10<P<0.01 of partitioning, electronic effect and size and shape of pyrethroids to toxicity were 0, 0.2–0.3, 0.7–0.8 respectively while thermodynamic treatment gave corresponding correlations of 0, 0.4, 0.6.
Development of resistance to pyrethroids in field populations of danish houseflies
Authors: Keiding Johannes 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHouseflies (Musca domestica) on Danish farms have developed high multiresistance to organophosphorus compounds, after successive use of several OPs, mainly dimethoate, in recent years. Topical application tests 1971–73 with flies from many farms showed that the high OP‐resistance did not involve resistance to pyrethroids (± the synergist piperonyl butoxide (pb)) above a level of 3–7 x, unless field pressure with synergised pyrethrum (py/pb) or other pyrethroids was applied. In 1971–72 moderate to high, often heterogeneous, pyrethroid resistance was found on a few trial farms treated frequently with pyrethroid aerosols (mainly py/pb) and in 1973 on most of 23 trial farms treated intensively with aerosols (or space spray) containing py/pb, bioresmethrin ± pb, tetramethrin/pb or tetramethrin/resmethrin. The effect of field pressure with these different pyrethroids on development of pyrethroid resistance is summarised and discussed. Maximum resistance ratios, R/S at LD50‐LD95, were: py/pb (1:5), 40‐>100; bioresmethrin, 191–770; bioresmethrin/pb (1:5), 55–133; tetramethrin/pb (1:5), 171‐>200; tetramethrin/resmethrin (1:5), 78‐>370. The intensity of selection pressure with pyrethroids is believed to be an important factor. Although py/pb has been widely used as a supplementary fly control on Danish non‐trial farms, pyrethroid resistance has only been found on a few of them.
Metabolism and fate of triazophos in rats
Authors: Bock Rudolf , Thier Werner 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe excretion patterns and tissue residues were determined after single and repeated oral dosing of rats with triazophos‐14C Within 4 days after a single oral dose 76.3 % of the 14C was excreted in the urine and 21.0% in the faeces. After daily application for 12 days 69.5–83.4% of the label was eliminated in urine and 30.9–18.1 % in the faeces. Following prolonged application, however, elimination is distinctly slower. Distribution of radioactive residues in organs and tissue in both test series showed no appreciable or critical concentrations of radioactivity, with the exception of the gastrointestinal tract (contents and walls). Unchanged triazophos and l‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ol‐3‐14C were excreted in the faeces. Renewed release of other metabolites into the gastrointestinal tract apparently does not take place. The following metabolites are detected in the urine: urea‐14C (approx. 85% of the radioactivity excreted with the urine); and three compounds as conjugates with glucuronic acid, i.e. 1‐phenyl‐l,2,4‐triazol‐3‐ol‐3‐14C (approx. 3%), l‐phenylsemicarbazide‐3‐14C (approx. 5%), and semicarbazide‐14C (approx. 5%). Two further metabolites, so far unidentified, occurred in small quantities.
The degradation of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐dichloropropenes and 1,2‐dichloropropane in soil
Authors: Roberts Terry R. , Stoydin George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe degradation in soil of the major constituents of a 1,3‐dichloropropene‐1,2‐dich‐loropropane nematicide has been studied under laboratory and outdoor conditions. In sealed glass containers, ( Z)‐ and ( E)‐1,3‐dichloropene‐ 2‐14C were converted in soil into the corresponding 3‐chloroallyl alcohols and these alcohols were in part strongly bound to the soil. The ( Z)‐ and ( E)‐3‐chloroacrylic acids were also found as minor products. More polar products were detected and these released the chloroacrylic acids in 20–30% yield upon hydrolysis. Although the 1,3‐dichloropropenes were lost by volatilisation from soil stored in open glass jars outdoors, they also underwent degradation to the same products that were detected in sealed containers. There was evidence of only slight degradation of 1,2‐dichloropropane‐ 2‐14C (4 % or less of the applied radioactivity remained unextracted from a loam soil after 5 months). When soil treated with the 1,2‐dichloropropane was stored outdoors in an open glass container, less than 1 % of the original radiolabel remained in the soil after 10 days under these conditions due to volatilisation of the applied material. In a separate experiment potatoes were grown in soil 6 months after treatment with a mixture of both ( Z)‐ and ( E)‐1,3‐dichloropropene‐ 2‐14C and 1,2‐dichloropropane‐ 2‐14C. Although 5 % of the applied radiolabel remained in the soil at potato harvest the potato tubers contained only a very small residue (0.007 mg/kg).