bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending Survival with Chemotherapy in Metastatic Breast Cancer
Authors: O'Shaughnessy Joyce 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify trials that have demonstrated a survival benefit with a modern chemotherapeutic agent or regimen in MBC.Summarize recent findings of randomized trials showing survival benefits with targeted therapy–chemotherapy combinations in MBC.Discuss quality-of-life findings and their implications in clinical practice.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Metastatic breast cancer (MBC) remains essentially incurable, and goals of therapy include the palliation of symptoms, delay of disease progression, and prolongation of overall survival time without negatively impacting quality of life. Anthracycline and taxane-based therapies have traditionally shown the highest degree of activity in MBC. Though numerous randomized clinical trials have shown improvements in overall response rates, few have found clear survival benefits. In recent years, however, there has been a small but growing series of clinical trials demonstrating modest, but meaningful survival advantages in metastatic disease. A common feature in many of these trials has been the use of a taxane, and more recently, a taxane combined with an antimetabolite. In addition, the development of targeted biologic agents active against MBC, such as trastuzumab and bevacizumab, has demonstrated great potential for enhancing the effects of chemotherapy and producing meaningful survival improvements. The role of the taxanes, antimetabolites, and biologics in extending survival in MBC is discussed.
Achieving Treatment Goals for Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer with Chemotherapy
Authors: Berry William , Eisenberger Mario 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Describe the efficacy and toxicity results of two phase III trials that evaluated a docetaxel-based regimen for the treatment of HRPC.Discuss the utility of PSA as a survival marker in HRPC trials.List agents under investigation for the second-line treatment of HRPC.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The belief that hormone-refractory prostate cancer (HRPC) is a chemotherapy-resistant disease has been effectively refuted by the results of two recent randomized phase III trials. The TAX327 trial compared weekly docetaxel, every-3-weeks (Q3W) docetaxel, and Q3W mitoxantrone plus prednisone in 1,006 patients with HRPC, and results demonstrated that survival was significantly longer with a docetaxel-based regimen than with mitoxantrone. That trial demonstrated that only Q3W docetaxel was significantly superior to mitoxantrone with respect to overall survival. Quality of life was also superior in the docetaxel groups. In the Southwest Oncology Group (SWOG) 9916 trial, 674 men with progressive HRPC were randomized to 3-week cycles of docetaxel plus estramustine or mitoxantrone plus prednisone. Overall and disease-free survival times were significantly longer in the docetaxel arm. Collectively, the results of these trials demonstrate that survival can be significantly improved with chemotherapy in patients with HRPC to an extent that is comparable with the survival benefits seen in other cancers considered sensitive to chemotherapy such as breast cancer. Among various research tasks in HRPC is the definition of potential surrogate end points for survival, which will facilitate the conduct of pivotal trials. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) response rate and changes in PSA constructs (i.e., PSA doubling time and PSA velocity) are promising potential surrogate end points for future trials and are being actively evaluated at the present time. Until there is clear demonstration of a surrogate role for these alternative end points, survival remains the appropriate end point for phase III trials in HRPC. There is a need for safe and effective second- and third-line regimens for patients progressing after docetaxel, and these patients should enter clinical trials designed for this population. Mitoxantrone, vinorelbine, the platinum analogue satraplatin, and epothilone are among compounds that require careful testing in this setting. The addition of targeted therapies, such as the endothelin receptor antagonist, atrasentan, and angiogenesis inhibitors, such as thalidomide and bevacizumab, to docetaxel-based therapy is being evaluated. High-dose calcitriol may also be an effective addition to docetaxel. The extensive effort devoted to the evaluation of chemotherapy and other systemic modalities of treatment of HRPC is likely to yield additional clinical benefit for patients, making HRPC a more manageable, less lethal, and less debilitating disease.
Advances in the Treatment of Metastatic Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Goldberg Richard M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the advantages and disadvantages of the various chemotherapeutic regimens used to treat metastatic colorectal cancer.Discuss the emerging role of new agents for the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.Discuss the current status of trials of new combination therapies in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.Describe quality of life data for combination chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer and the influence of quality of life on treatment decisions.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
The overall 5-year survival rate for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (CRC) is less than 10%. Median survival with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU)/leucovorin (LV) therapy is approximately 12 months. Recent additions to the chemotherapy armamentarium for this disease have begun to prolong median survival times. In trials in which patients are exposed to all three approved chemotherapy agents, oxaliplatin, irinotecan, and 5-FU/LV, or capecitabine during the course of their disease, median survival has reached 20 months. The addition of oxaliplatin and irinotecan to 5-FU/LV regimens has also led to the maintenance of quality of life for longer intervals than were traditionally observed with 5-FU/LV alone. Current standard first-line regimens for metastatic CRC are FOLFOX (infusional 5-FU/LV with oxaliplatin) and FOLFIRI (infusional 5-FU/LV with irinotecan). The addition of bevacizumab to a two-drug regimen (irinotecan with 5-FU/LV) prolongs median survival to 20 months, with a modest amount of additional toxicity. Improvements in this median survival have not yet been realized with modifications to the current standard regimens; however, the oral agent capecitabine appears to be a reasonable substitute for infusional 5-FU/LV in combination regimens or as a single agent, with the advantage of reducing the inconvenience of the long infusion time. Ongoing investigations will identify a place for capecitabine, epidermal growth factor inhibitors, and new cytotoxics in the treatment of metastatic CRC.
Evolving Chemotherapy for Advanced Gastric Cancer
Authors: Ajani Jaffer A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Identify the current standard of care and new chemotherapy options for patients with advanced gastric cancer.Discuss recently reported results of phase II and phase III randomized trials of chemotherapy for the treatment of advanced gastric cancer.Outline the clinical implications of recent clinical trial findings and future treatment strategies.Describe regimens that have quality-of-life benefits for patients with advanced gastric cancer and how patients should be selected and managed appropriately.
Access and take the CME test online and receive 1 AMA PRA category 1 credit at CME.TheOncologist.com
Gastric cancer is the fourth most commonly diagnosed cancer and is the second leading cause of cancer death worldwide. More than 50% of patients undergo surgery, but even after a curative resection, 60% of patients relapse locally or with distant metastases. Despite the fact that many advances have occurred in the management of gastric cancer, it continues to carry a poor prognosis, amplifying the importance of palliative chemotherapy. When compared with best supportive care alone, combination chemotherapy yields a significant advantage in the management of advanced gastric cancer. However, no single regimen has emerged or been accepted as clearly superior over another. Numerous phase II studies have demonstrated promising results with newer agents including irinotecan, docetaxel, capecitabine, S-1, and oxaliplatin. Recently reported phase III results with these agents now demonstrate positive developments in the treatment options for patients with advanced gastric cancer.
Conservation biology of malagasy strepsirhines: A phylogenetic approach
Authors: Lehman Shawn M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe phylogenetic diversity of extant lemurs represents one of the most important but least studied aspects of the conservation biology of primates. The phylogenetic diversity of a species is inversely proportional to the relative number and closeness of its phylogenetic relatives. Phylogenetic diversity can then be used to determine conservation priorities for specific biogeographic regions. Although Malagasy strepsirhines represent the highest phylogenetic diversity among primates at the global level, there are few phylogenetic data on species‐specific and regional conservation plans for lemurs in Madagascar. Therefore, in this paper the following questions are addressed for extant lemurs: 1) how does the measure of taxonomic uniqueness used by Mittermeier et al. (1992Lemurs of Madagascar; Gland, Switzerland: IUCN) equate with an index of phylogenetic diversity, 2) what are the regional conservation priorities based on analyses of phylogenetic diversity in extant lemurs, and 3) what conservation recommendations can be made based on analyses of phylogenetic diversity in lemurs? Taxonomic endemicity standardized weight (TESW) indices of phylogenetic diversity were used to determine the evolutionary component of biodiversity and to prioritize regions for conserving lemur taxa. TESW refers to the standardization of phylogenetic diversity indices for widespread taxa and endemicity of species. The phylogenetic data came from recent genetic studies of Malagasy strepsirhines at the species level. Lemur species were assigned as being either present or absent in six biogeographic regions. TESW indices were combined with data on lemur complementarity and protected areas to assign conservation priorities at the regional level. Although there were no overall differences between taxonomic ranks and phylogenetic rankings, there were significant differences for the top‐ranked taxa. The phylogenetic component of lemur diversity is greatest forDaubentonia madagascariensis,Allocebus trichotis,Lepilemur septentrionalis,Indri indri, andMirza coquereli. Regional conservation priorities are highest for lemurs that range into northeast humid forests and western dry forests. Expansion of existing protected areas in these regions may provide the most rapid method for preserving lemurs. In the long term, new protected areas must be created because there are lemur species that: 1) are not found in existing protected areas, 2) exist only in one or two protected areas, and 3) are still being discovered outside the current network of protected areas. Data on the population dynamics and feeding ecology of phylogenetically important species are needed to ensure that protected areas adequately conserve lemur populations in Madagascar. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractures in late medieval skeletal populations from Serbia
Authors: Djurić Marija P. , Roberts Charlotte A. , Rakočević Zoran B. , Djonić Danijela D. , Lešić Aleksandar R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBone fractures were analyzed from skeletal remains of 861 adult individuals from six cemeteries dating to the Late Medieval period in Serbia. Results of the study were compared to other cemetery populations (635 individual skeletons) of the same date and region in an attempt to understand fracture patterns. The association of types of fractures and their prevalence with sex, age at death, cemetery site, and information deriving from historical sources are discussed. Results showed that the long bone fracture frequency was 0.7%, and the majority of the fractures were the result of direct force. This rate is similar to some studies of contemporary British skeletal samples. However, it is much lower than for some other Old World sites. Cranial vault fractures had a rate of 6.7%, and of the facial skeleton, 1.3%; the frontal bone was the most affected of bones of the cranial vault. Injuries were more common on the upper extremities (0.8%) compared to the lower (0.6%). However, the fibula was the most fractured bone (2.8%), followed by the ulna (2.4%). This pattern is similar to three of six Late Medieval urban sites in Britain. These findings suggest that this rural community was exposed to a low risk of trauma, probably related mostly to accidents sustained during farming, and rarely to interpersonal violence. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Health of infants in an Imperial Roman skeletal sample: Perspective from dental microstructure
Authors: FitzGerald Charles , Saunders Shelley , Bondioli Luca , Macchiarelli Roberto 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis study examines general health in the first year of life of a population of 127 subadults from the Imperial Roman necropolis of Isola Sacra (2nd–3rd century ACE). Health status was determined by analyzing 274 deciduous teeth from these children for Wilson bands (also known as accentuated striae), microscopic defects caused by a disruption to normal enamel development arising from some generalized external stressor. While macroscopic enamel defects, or hypoplasias, have long been used as proxies of general population health, we believe that this is the first population‐wide study of microscopic defects in deciduous teeth. We used microstructural markers of enamel to attach very precise chronologies to Wilson band formation that allowed us to calculate maximum prevalence (MAP) and smoothed maximum prevalence (SMAP) distributions to portray what we believe to be a realistic risk profile for a past population of children. There appear to be two periods of high prevalence, the first beginning around age 2 months and continuing through month 5, and the second higher period beginning around month 6 and continuing through month 9. These results are discussed in light of historical records of Roman childhood rearing practices. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of mobility on femur midshaft external shape and robusticity
Authors: Wescott Daniel J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis study investigates differences in femur midshaft shape, robusticity, and sexual dimorphism derived from external measurements between a broad range of prehistoric and historic North American populations with different subsistence strategies and inferred levels of mobility. The sample was divided into six groups to test whether observed femur midshaft variables follow the patterns predicted based on archaeologically and historically determined subsistence and mobility data. The results suggest significant variation in femur midshaft shape and robusticity in all populations, and that inferred mobility levels do not correspond consistently with femur midshaft structure in either males or females. Results do, however, support the prediction that sexual dimorphism is generally greater in more mobile populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population demography of Northern muriquis (Brachyteles hypoxanthus) at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Strier Karen B. , Boubli Jean P. , Possamai Carla B. , Mendes Sérgio L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe 957‐ha forest at the Estação Biológica de Caratinga/Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural‐Felìciano Miguel Abdala, in Minas Gerais, Brazil, supports one of the largest known populations of the critically endangered northern muriqui (Brachyteles hypoxanthus). We combine long‐term data on one group that has been monitored since 1982 with new data obtained on the other three groups since 2002 and 2003 to describe the demographic structure of this population, evaluate its potential for future growth, and predict how dispersal and competitive regimes may change in response to current demographic conditions. As of January 2005, the 226 individuals in the population were divided into four mixed‐sex groups with 37–77 members, and an all‐male unit whose eight males maintained transient associations with two of the mixed‐sex groups. Although 51.77% of the population was female, the sex ratio among adults and subadults was female‐biased (0.75), while that among immatures was male‐biased (1.47). Consistent with expectations from mean interbirth intervals, 64.18% of adult females gave birth in 2003 and 2004. However, by January 2005, only 52.31% of adult females were still carrying infants <24 months of age due to unusually high infant mortality. First‐year survivorship among the 25 infants born in the population in 2003 was only 76%, considerably lower than previously documented in the longest‐studied group. High female fecundity is indicative of a healthy population, but the current male bias in births will result in a decline in the population growth rate within two decades, and may increase levels of male reproductive competition and alter dispersal patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cerebral folate deficiency and leukoencephalopathy caused by a mitochondrial DNA deletion
Authors: Pineda Merce , Ormazabal Aida , López‐Gallardo Esther , Nascimento Andres , Solano Abelardo , Herrero Maria D. , Vilaseca Maria A. , Briones Paz , Ibáñez Lourdes , Montoya Julio , Artuch Rafael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveOur aim was to describe a child with an incomplete form of Kearns–Sayre syndrome who presented profound cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) folate deficiency and his response to folinic acid supplementationMethodsCSF 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate was analyzed by HPLC with fluorescence detection and mitochondrial DNA deletions by southern blot hybridization.ResultsCranial magnetic resonance imaging showed a leukoencephalopathy. Profound CSF 5‐methyltetrahydrofolate deficiency was observed with normal blood folate values and decreased CSF/serum folate ratio, suggesting a transport defect across the blood–brain barrier. Folinic acid treatment was established, and after 1 year clinical response to folinic supplementation was remarkable, with almost normal white matter image.InterpretationThe clinical response after folinic therapy highlights the need for the study of cerebral folate deficiency in patients with mitochondrial disorders and white matter lesions. Ann Neurol 2006
Migraine and MTHFR C677T genotype in a population‐based sample
Authors: Scher Ann I. , Terwindt Gisela M. , Verschuren W. M. Monique , Kruit Mark C. , Blom Henk J. , Kowa Hisanori , Frants Rune R. , van den Maagdenberg Arn M. J. M. , van Buchem Mark , Ferrari Michel D. , Launer Lenore J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveMigraine with aura is associated with increased risk of stroke. The MTHFR C677T genotype has been associated with increased risk of migraine in selected clinical samples and with elevated homocysteine, a risk factor for stroke. We assessed the association of the MTHFR C677T variant with migraine and the mediating effect of cardiovascular risk factors and metabolic markers of genotype status.MethodsWe compared adult migraineurs with aura (MA; n = 187), without aura (MO; n = 226), and nonmigraineurs (n = 1,212) from the population‐based Genetic Epidemiology of Migraine study.ResultsCompared with the wild‐type genotype, the T/T genotype was associated with increased odds of MA (odds ratio [OR], 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.2–3.4; p < 0.006), with a trend of increasing numbers of T alleles (OR, 1.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.1–1.8; p < 0.007). ORs were slightly attenuated after adjusting for homocysteine.InterpretationRisk of MA is associated with MTHFR C674T homozygosity, independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. Ann Neurol 2006
Chemie superschwerer Elemente
Authors: Schädel Matthias 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn den letzten Jahrzehnten sind immer mehr neue chemische Elemente entdeckt worden. Dass die schwersten, künstlich erzeugten Elemente am Ende des Periodensystems im Gebiet der lang erwarteten superschweren Elemente liegen, macht dies besonders spannend. Derzeit kommen bei diesen Entdeckungen noch hauptsächlich rein physikalische Techniken zum Einsatz, chemische Methoden haben allerdings stark aufgeholt. Fortgeschrittene, hochempfindliche Techniken ermöglichen es, die chemischen Eigenschaften dieser schwer fassbaren Elemente zu untersuchen. Oft sind es insgesamt weniger als zehn kurzlebige Atome – jedes einzelne individuell chemisch abgetrennt (“one atom at a time”) –, die entscheidende Informationen über grundlegende chemische Eigenschaften liefern. Diese Ergebnisse ermöglichen es, den Aufbau des Periodensystems der Elemente an seinem Ende zu bestimmen und den Einfluss der zunehmend starken relativistischen Effekte auf die chemischen Eigenschaften zu untersuchen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt schwerpunktmäßig die experimentellen Arbeiten zur Chemie superschwerer Elemente. Er enthält einen kurzen Abriss der relativistischen Theorie und behandelt einige wichtige historische und nukleare Aspekte.
Chemistry of Superheavy Elements
Authors: Schädel Matthias 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe number of chemical elements has increased considerably in the last few decades. Most excitingly, these heaviest, man‐made elements at the far‐end of the Periodic Table are located in the area of the long‐awaited superheavy elements. While physical techniques currently play a leading role in these discoveries, the chemistry of superheavy elements is now beginning to be developed. Advanced and very sensitive techniques allow the chemical properties of these elusive elements to be probed. Often, less than ten short‐lived atoms, chemically separated one‐atom‐at‐a‐time, provide crucial information on basic chemical properties. These results place the architecture of the far‐end of the Periodic Table on the test bench and probe the increasingly strong relativistic effects that influence the chemical properties there. This review is focused mainly on the experimental work on superheavy element chemistry. It contains a short contribution on relativistic theory, and some important historical and nuclear aspects.
New polynuclear carbonyl ruthenium (II) complexes derived from 1,8‐naphthyridine
Authors: Gajardo Juana , Araya Juan C. , Moya Sergio A. , Pardey Alvaro J. , Guerchais Veroniqué , Bozec Hubert Le , Aguirre Pedro 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis work shows the synthesis and characterization of new carbonyl complexes derived of 1,8‐naphthyridine. Covalently bonded complex can be successfully employed in building of supramolecular structures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.