bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nervous control of ciliary beating by Cl-, Ca2+ and calmodulin inTritonia diomedea
Authors: Woodward Owen M. , Willows A. O. Dennis 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYIn vertebrates, motile cilia line airways, oviducts and ventricles. Invertebrate cilia often control feeding, swimming and crawling, or gliding. Yet control and coordination of ciliary beating remains poorly understood. Evidence from the nudibranch mollusc, Tritonia diomedea, suggests that locomotory ciliated epithelial cells may be under direct electrical control. Here we report that depolarization of ciliated pedal epithelial (CPE)cells increases ciliary beating frequency (CBF), and elicits CBF increases similar to those caused by dopamine and the neuropeptide, TPep-NLS. Further,four CBF stimulants (zero external Cl-, depolarization, dopamine and TPep-NLS) depend on a common mode of action, viz. Ca2+influx, possibly through voltage-gated Ca2+ channels, and can be blocked by nifedipine. Ca2+ influx alone, however, does not provide all the internal Ca2+ necessary for CBF change. Ryanodine receptor(RyR) channel-gated internal stores are also necessary for CBF excitation. Caffeine can stimulate CBF and is sensitive to the presence of the RyR blocker dantrolene. Dantrolene also reduces CBF excitation induced by dopamine and TPep-NLS. Finally, W-7 and calmidazolium both block CBF excitation by caffeine and dopamine, and W-7 is effective at blocking TPep-NLS excitation. The effects of calmidazolium and W-7 suggest a role for Ca2+-calmodulin in regulating CBF, either directly or via Ca2+-calmodulin dependent kinases or phosphodiesterases. From these results we hypothesize dopamine and TPep-NLS induce depolarization-driven Ca2+ influx and Ca2+ release from internal stores that activates Ca2+-calmodulin, thereby increasing CBF.
Fabrication Error Sensitivity Analysis of Three-Degree-Of-Freedom Parallel Submicron Positioning Stage
Authors: Chen S-L , Huang Y-C , Tomizuka M 
Published: June 2006

A new type of six-degree-of-freedom (DOF) precision positioning stage is designed and investigated in this study. This stage may be applied to couple and align an array waveguide grating (AWG) with a fibre array. It has an X-Y horizontal motion stage which consists of an X-Y horizontal motion mechanism and wedge-shaped mechanism for reducing positioning error. In addition, a rotational servo stage which provides the vertical γ-axis rotational DOF is arranged on the horizontal X-Y motion stage. The precision positioning stage is complete with three degrees of freedom parallel kinematic mechanism (α, β, and Z axes) on the rotational servo stage. To control this positioning stage precisely, an error model is obviously necessary and it is established in this paper. Because the assembly technology of three-DOF serial positioning stage is well developed, only the fabricating error parameters of the three-DOF parallel kinematic positioning stage are considered and investigated. The inverse and forward kinematics of the stage including error correction will be developed. The error sensitivity is analysed and the results will be used to improve the performance of the developed system. According to the analysis results, the positioning accuracy of Y0-axis is affected insignificantly by fabricating errors. Therefore, the optical axis of AWG or fibre array on the loading flat-top should be parallel to the X0-axis if this positioning stage is applied to couple an AWG with a fibre array.
The Effect of Cyclic Loading on the Stiffness and Damping Factors in the Midsoles of Running Shoes
Authors: Walker C 
Published: June 2006

McMahon and Greene showed, in 1979, that it is possible to design a running track with a compliance that will reduce the shock loading on the legs of the athletes, and yet will enable them to return fast times. Since then, attempts have been made to find a combination of properties in a running shoe that would achieve the same ends. The extent to which the stiffness of the midsole may be reduced is limited by the need for the athlete's ankle to maintain a high degree of stability. On the other hand, it has been predicted from modelling studies that the damping properties of running shoe midsoles may be controlled to reduce the impact shock that is imparted to each leg of a runner, as the heel strikes the ground at the initiation of the contact phase. A method has been developed for deriving the damping parameters (logarithmic decrement and damping factor) from an analysis of the complete load deformation curve, both for a single cycle and after several thousand load cycles. The stiffness and damping properties of five types of running shoes have been measured under low frequency loading, and also at 1 Hz - close to the frequency of heelstrike. It was found that although the damping factors range from 0.02 to 0.04 at low frequency, they are reduced to a range between 0.013 and 0.03 when the load is cycled at 1 Hz. In a similar fashion, the stiffness values increased under cyclic loading, so that the energy absorbed by the midsole was reduced by about a factor of two. These findings were found to be repeated across all the types of shoes that were tested, and related to the basic deformation mechanisms in the polymers used in the midsoles.
The Absorption Spectra of pH Indicator Dyes Doped in Silica Thin Films Prepared by the Method of Liquid Phase Deposition and the Spectroscopic Estimation of Effective Acidity of Internal Hydroxyl Groups of Silica
Authors: Suzuki Satoshi , Tokou Naoaki , Mabuchi Toshiaki , Nakajima Tsuyoshi , Ino Juichi , Takemura Kazuo , Kawahara Hideo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The method of liquid phase deposition (LPD) is a wet process forming hard and transparent silica thin films on glass surfaces and has interesting features, such as some organic molecules can be directly doped inside silica phases. The pH indicator dyes methyl yellow and methyl orange were doped in silica thin films by the LPD method and the absorption spectra of the samples were observed. The comparison with the corresponding spectra of the pH indicator dyes in pH-controlled buffer solutions leads to the conclusion that the doped organic dye molecules in the LPD silica solid phase are in an acidic environment equivalent to pH = 3.7. The acidity of the interior of LPD silica is high compared with surface acidity of other silicas such as silica gel. The origin of the high acidity of LPD silica has been attributed to the existence of Si–F bonds inducing an electron-attracting tendency.
Identification of the Absolute Configuration of 1-[4-(Nitrophenylthio)ethyl]ferrocene, -ruthenocene, and -osmocene
Authors: Goto Midori , Yamazaki Yoshimitsu , Honda Kazumasa , Masaki Atsushi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
(−)-1-[4-(Nitrophenylthio)ethyl]ferrocene, (+)-1-[4-(nitrophenyl)thioethyl]ruthenocene, and (+)-1-[4-(nitrophenylthio)ethyl]osmocene all have the absolute configuration of R. These compounds were prepared by substitution of (R)-(−)-1-(hydroxyethyl)ferrocene, -ruthenocene, and -osmocene with 4-nitrobenzenethiol, showing that the substitution proceeded with retention of configuration.
The Crystal Structures of 2-Aminoperimidine
Authors: Yokoyama Takashi , Masuo Tohru , Akashi Haruo , Zenki Michio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The structures of both 2-perimidinylammonium ethyl sulfate (PDAEtSO4) and 2-perimidinylammonium bromide (PDABr) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. PDAEtSO4 crystallized in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, with a = 7.229(2), b = 8.329(1), c = 22.404(1) Å, β = 91.94(1)°, V = 1348.1(3) Å3, Z = 4. PDABr crystallized in the orthorhombic system, space group Pbca with a = 15.441(1), b = 23.877(1), c = 7.468(1) Å, V = 2754.9(4) Å3, Z = 8. The dimer of PDA was observed in both of the crystals. Also, four hydrogen bonds between the PDA ions and the ethyl sulfate ions for PDAEtSO4 were observed. The ions pack in the crystal held together by the dimer of PDA and strong hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the ethyl sulfate ion and the hydrogen atoms of the amino groups of the PDA ions. The results are discussed along with giving a reason why PDA is an excellent precipitant for the sulfate ion.
The Rhodium(II) Acetate-Catalyzed Reaction of Alkenyl and Alkynyl α-Diazoacetates with Thioketene
Authors: Nakano Hirofumi , Ibata Toshikazu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of allyl α-diazoacetates with di-t-butylthioketene catalyzed by Rh2(OAc)4 gave 4-allyl-2-methylene-1,3-oxathiolan-5-ones through the 1,5-cyclization of a thiocarbonyl ylide intermediate followed by Claisen rearrangement with allene episulfide through the 1,3-cyclization of the intermediate. Other alkenyl and alkynyl diazoacetates also gave similar products through the thiocarbonyl ylide without affording its intramolecular 1,3-dipolar cycloadduct.
Preparation of New Nitrogen-Bridged Heterocycles. 38. Synthesis and Reaction of Dimethyl 6-Thia-3-azatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undeca-4,9-diene-7,11-dicarboxylates
Authors: Kakehi Akikazu , Ito Suketaka , Fujita Shuichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title compounds, dimethyl 6-thia-3-azatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undeca-4,9-diene-7,11-dicarboxylates, were smoothly prepared in variable yields by the reactions of some (1-pyridinio)thiocarbonylmethylides with dimethyl acetylenedicarboxylate (DMAD) in chloroform, including various alcohols at room temperature. The mechanistic consideration for these reactions clarified the intervention of primary 1 : 1 zwitterionic intermediates between the ylides and DMAD, which were previously proposed by us, and their traps by alcohol molecules. Some of these dimethyl 6-thia-3-azatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undeca-4,9-diene-7,11-dicarboxylates were hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid to afford dimethyl 7-formyl-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-4H-benzo-1,4-thiazine-8,8a-dicarboxylates or tetramethyl 2,2′-oxydi(6-thia-3-azatricyclo[5.3.1.03,8]undeca-4,9-dien-7,11-dicarboxylate)s.
Reactivities of Stable Rotamers. XXXV. Diazotization of 2-(1,4-Dimethyl-9-triptycyl)-2-methylpropylamine Rotamers
Authors: Oki Michinori , Taguchi Yasushi , Miyasaka Tsutomu , Kitano Mika , Toyota Shinji , Tanaka Toshimasa , Yonemoto Katsumi , Yamamoto Gaku 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title amine rotamers were prepared from the corresponding carboxylic acids and were diazotized with isopentyl nitrite in the presence of acetic acid in benzene. The ap rotamer affords, as main products, olefins that are derived by deprotonation after rearrangement of the intervening carbocation and small amounts each of the corresponding acetate and a cyclized product, both of which are derived from the unrearranged cation. By contrast, the olefins are minor products and a cyclized product, which is formally derived by insertion of the intervening cation to a C–H bond of the 1-methyl group before rearrangement, is main in the case of the sc isomer. This cyclic product was synthesized independently. The yield of the corresponding acetate is increased to a considerable extent in the case of the sc relative to the ap. These results in the reaction of the sc are discussed in terms of stabilization of the intervening cation by the C–H bond.
Synthesis of 2-Fluoro Sugar and Its Condensation Reaction with Silylated Thymine
Authors: Niihata Shigeo , Ebata Takashi , Kawakami Hiroshi , Matsushita Hajime 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2,3-Dideoxy-2-fluoro-d-erythro-pentofuranose was easily prepared from 3-DPA lactone. The condensation reaction between 1-O-acetyl derivative of this sugar and silylated thymine in the presence of TMSOTf proceeded in a poorly stereoselective manner.
Effect of Prone and Supine Position on Sleep, Apneas, and Arousal in Preterm Infants
Authors: Bhat Ravindra Y. , Hannam Simon , Pressler Ronit , Rafferty Gerrard F. , Peacock Janet L. , Greenough Anne 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Prematurely born compared with term born infants are at increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome, particularly if slept prone. The purpose of this work was to test the hypothesis that preterm infants with or without bronchopulmonary dysplasia being prepared for neonatal unit discharge would sleep longer and have less arousals and more central apneas in the prone position.METHODS. This was a prospective observational study in a tertiary NICU. Twenty-four infants (14 with bronchopulmonary dysplasia) with a median gestational age of 27 weeks were studied at a median postconceptional age of 37 weeks. Video polysomnographic recordings of 2-channel electroencephalogram, 2-channel electro-oculogram, nasal airflow, chest and abdominal wall movements, limb movements, electrocardiogram, and oxygen saturation were made in the supine and prone positions, each position maintained for 3 hours. The duration of sleep, sleep efficiency (total sleep time/total recording time), and number and type of apneas, arousals, and awakenings were recorded.RESULTS. Overall, in the prone position, infants slept longer, had greater sleep efficiency (89.5% vs 72.5%), and had more central apneas (median: 5.6 vs 2.2), but fewer obstructive apneas (0.5 vs 0.9). The infants had more awakenings (9.7 vs 3.5) and arousals per hour (13.6 vs 9.0) when supine. There were similar findings in the bronchopulmonary dysplasia infants.CONCLUSIONS. Very prematurely born infants studied before neonatal unit discharge sleep more efficiently with fewer arousals and more central apneas in the prone position, emphasizing the importance of recommending supine sleeping after neonatal unit discharge for prematurely born infants.
The Contribution of Hemolysis to Early Jaundice in Normal Newborns
Authors: Maisels M. Jeffrey , Kring Elizabeth 
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Neonatal jaundice is the result of an imbalance between bilirubin production and elimination, and our objective was to clarify the contribution of an increase in bilirubin production to hyperbilirubinemia in newborns.METHODS. We measured the end-tidal carbon monoxide concentration corrected for ambient carbon monoxide concentration in 108 jaundiced newborns (total serum bilirubin level &gt;75th percentile) and 164 control newborns in our well-infant nursery, for the first 4 days after birth.RESULTS. Mean end-tidal carbon monoxide levels decreased in the control infants in the first 4 days but increased in the hyperbilirubinemic group. The differences between the jaundiced and nonjaundiced infants were statistically significant on all days.CONCLUSIONS. Before hospital discharge, most infants with bilirubin levels &gt;75th percentile are producing significantly more bilirubin than those with lower bilirubin levels. Because the ability of newborns to conjugate bilirubin is significantly impaired in the first few days, even a small increase in the rate of production can contribute to the development of hyperbilirubinemia. These data suggest that increased heme catabolism is an important mechanism responsible for hyperbilirubinemia in the first 4 days after birth.
Interstitial Fluorescence Spectroscopy in the Human Prostate During Motexafin Lutetium‐Mediated Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Finlay Jarod C. , Zhu Timothy C. , Dimofte Andreea , Stripp Diana , Malkowicz S. Bruce , Busch Theresa M. , Hahn Stephen M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe in vivo fluorescence emission from human prostates was measured before and after motexafin lutetium (MLu)‐mediated photodynamic therapy (PDT). A single side‐firing optical fiber was used for both the delivery of 465 nm light‐emitting diode excitation light and the collection of emitted fluorescence. It was placed interstitially within the prostate via a closed transparent plastic catheter. Fitting of the collected fluorescence emission spectra using the known fluorescence spectrum of 1 mg/kg MLu in an intralipid phantom yields a quantitative measure of the local MLu concentration. We found that an additional correction factor is needed to account for the reduction of the MLu fluorescence intensity measured in vivo due to strong optical absorption in the prostate. We have adopted an empirical correction formula given by C = (3.1 cm−1/μ′s) exp (μeff· 0.97 cm), which ranges from approximately 3 to 16, with a mean of 9.3 ± 4.8. Using a computer‐controlled step motor to move the probe incrementally along parallel tracks within the prostate we can determine one‐dimensional profiles of the MLu concentration. The absolute MLu concentration and the shape of its distribution are confirmed by ex vivo assay and by diffuse absorption measurements, respectively. We find significant heterogeneity in photosensitizer concentration within and among five patients. These variations occur over large enough spatial scales compared with the sampling volume of the fluorescence emission that mapping the distribution in three dimensions is possible.
Organization and Financing of Alcohol and Substance Abuse Programs for American Indians and Alaska Natives
Authors: McFarland Bentson H. , Gabriel Roy M. , Bigelow Douglas A. , Walker R. Dale 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. Although American Indians and Alaska Natives have high rates of substance abuse, few data about treatment services for this population are available. We used national data from 1997–2002 to describe recent trends in organizational and financial arrangements. Methods. Using data from the Indian Health Service (IHS), the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, and the Census Bureau, we estimated the number of American Indians served by substance abuse treatment programs that apparently are unaffiliated with either the IHS or tribal governments. We compared expected and observed IHS expenditures. Results. Half of the American Indians and Alaska Natives treated for substance abuse were served by programs (chiefly in urban areas) apparently unaffiliated with the IHS or tribal governments. IHS substance abuse expenditures were roughly what we expected. Medicaid participation by tribal programs was not universal. Conclusions. Many Native people with substance abuse problems are served by programs unaffiliated with the IHS. Medicaid may be key to expanding needed resources.
Educational Inequalities in Initiation, Cessation, and Prevalence of Smoking Among 3 Italian Birth Cohorts
Authors: Federico Bruno , Costa Giuseppe , Kunst Anton E. 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. We examined socioeconomic inequalities in initiation and cessation rates of smoking and the resultant inequality in smoking prevalence among 3 consecutive Italian birth cohorts. Methods. We used data from the 1999–2000 Italian National Health Interview Survey, which included 28958 men and 29769 women who were born between 1940 and 1969. The association between smoking variables and level of education was assessed with logistic regression and life table analyses. Results. Inequalities in the lifetime prevalence of smoking increased across the 3 birth cohorts in Italy. At age 40, lower-educated persons in the youngest cohort reported on average 1 to 5 years of additional exposure to regular smoking compared with higher-educated persons. Inequalities in smoking prevalence increased among both men and women because of widening inequalities in initiation rates. Among women, growing inequalities in cessation rates also played a role. Conclusions. The relative contribution of initiation and cessation to socioeconomic inequalities in smoking rates varied by both gender and birth cohort. For the youngest birth cohort, policies that address inequalities in smoking should focus on both initiation and cessation.
A Comparison of the Health and Mental Health Status of Homeless Mothers in Worcester, Mass: 1993 and 2003
Authors: Weinreb Linda F. , Buckner John C. , Williams Valerie , Nicholson Joanne 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. We assessed background characteristics, health status, and prevalence rates of mental health disorders in 2 studies of homeless mothers conducted in Worcester, Mass, one in 1993 and the other in 2003. Methods. We compared the women taking part in the 2 studies, which involved similar methodologies, on the key variables of interest over time. Results. Homeless families taking part in the 2003 study were poorer than those taking part in the 1993 study, and female heads of household in that study reported more physical health limitations, major depressive illness, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Conclusion. Data from 2003 suggest that the characteristics of homeless mothers changed over the 10-year period assessed. Service providers and shelter staff may need to refine services so that they are responsive to these changing needs.
Cessation Among Smokers of “Light” Cigarettes: Results From the 2000 National Health Interview Survey
Authors: Tindle Hilary A. , Rigotti Nancy A. , Davis Roger B. , Barbeau Elizabeth M. , Kawachi Ichiro , Shiffman Saul 
Published: June 2006

Objectives. A large proportion of smokers erroneously believe that low-nicotine/low-tar cigarettes, also called “light cigarettes” or “lights,” reduce health risks and are a rational alternative to smoking cessation. However, the availability of light cigarettes may deter smoking cessation.Methods. We analyzed the 32374 responses to the US 2000 National Health Interview Survey. Current and former smokers (“ever-smokers”) were asked if they had ever used a lower tar and nicotine cigarette to reduce health risks. Multivariable logistic regression identified determinants of lights use and smoking cessation. Results were weighted to reflect the national population.Results. Of 12285 ever-smokers, 37% (N=4414) reported having used light cigarettes to reduce health risks. Current abstinence was less often reported by ever-smokers who had previously used light cigarettes than by ever-smokers who had never used lights (37% vs 53%, P<.01). Adjusted odds of cessation among ever-smokers who had used light cigarettes relative to those who had never used lights were reduced by 54% (adjusted odds ratio=0.46, 95% confidence interval=0.41, 0.51).Conclusions. Use of light cigarettes was common and was associated with lower odds of current smoking cessation, validating the concern that smokers may use lights as an alternative to cessation.
Evaluation of cats fed vegetarian diets and attitudes of their caregivers
Authors: Wakefield Lorelei A. , Shofer Frances S. , Michel Kathryn E. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine motivation and feeding practices of people who feed their cats vegetarian diets as well as taurine and cobalamin status of cats consuming vegetarian diets.
Design—Cross-sectional study.
Animals—34 cats that had been exclusively fed a commercial or homemade vegetarian diet and 52 cats that had been fed a conventional diet for ≥ 1 year.
Procedures—Participants were recruited through a Web site and from attendees of a national animal welfare conference. Caregivers of cats in both groups answered a telephone questionnaire regarding feeding practices for their cats. Blood was obtained from a subset of cats that had been fed vegetarian diets. Blood and plasma taurine and serum cobalamin concentrations were measured.
Results—People who fed vegetarian diets to their cats did so largely for ethical considerations and were more likely than people who fed conventional diets to believe that there are health benefits associated with a vegetarian diet and that conventional commercial cat foods are unwholesome. Both groups were aware of the potential health problems that could arise from improperly formulated vegetarian diets. All cats evaluated had serum cobalamin concentrations within reference range, and 14 of 17 had blood taurine concentrations within reference range.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Vegetarian diets are fed to cats primarily for ethical considerations. Results of this study should aid practitioners in communicating with and providing advice to such clients.