bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rules and resources: a structuration approach to understanding the coordination of children's inpatient health care
Authors: Beringer Antonia J. , Fletcher Margaret E. , Taket Ann R. 
Published: October 2006

Aim.  This paper presents findings from a multi‐method study exploring the process of care coordination in children's inpatient health care.Background.  Existing work on care coordination is typified by ‘black‐box’ type studies that measure inputs to and outcomes of care coordination roles and practices, without addressing the process of coordination.Method.  Using questionnaires, interviews and observation to collect data in multiple sites in the United Kingdom and Denmark between 1999 and 2005, the study gathered the perceptions of staff and compared these with observed practice. Giddens’ structuration theory was used to provide an analytical and explanatory framework.Findings.  Current care coordination practice is diverse and inconsistent. It involves a wide range of clinical and non‐clinical staff, many of whom perceive a lack of clarity about who should perform specific coordination activities. Staff draw upon a wide range of different material and non‐material resources in coordinating care, the use of which is governed by largely tacit and informal rules.Conclusions.  Care coordination can be usefully conceptualized as a ‘structurated’ process – one that is continually produced and reproduced by staff using rules and resources to ‘instantiate’ or bring about care coordination through action. Potentially negative implications of this are manifested in diversity and inconsistency in care coordination practice. However, positive aspects such as the opportunity this provides to tailor care to the needs of the individual patient can be realized.
Contrasting patterns of historical colonization in white oaks (Quercusspp.) in California and Europe
Authors: GRIVET DELPHINE , DEGUILLOUX MARIE‐FRANCE , PETIT REMY J. , SORK VICTORIA L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPhylogeography allows the inference of evolutionary processes that have shaped the current distribution of genealogical lineages across a landscape. In this perspective, comparative phylogeographical analyses are useful in detecting common historical patterns by either comparing different species within the same area within a continent or by comparing similar species in different areas. Here, we analyse one taxon (the white oak, genusQuercus, subgenusQuercus, sectionQuercus) that is widespread worldwide, and we evaluate its phylogeographical pattern on two different continents: western North America and Western Europe. The goals of the present study are: (i) to compare the chloroplast genetic diversity found in one California oak species vs. that found in the extensively studied European oak species (in France and the Iberian Peninsula); (ii) to contrast the geographical structure of haplotypes between these two taxa and test for a phylogeographical structure for the California species. For this purpose, we used the same six maternally inherited chloroplast microsatellite markers and a similar sampling strategy. The haplotype diversity within site as well as the differentiation among sites was alike in both taxa, but the Californian species has higher allelic richness with a greater number of haplotypes (39 vs. 11 in the European white oak complex). Furthermore, in California these 39 haplotypes are distributed locally in patches while in the European oaks haplotypes are distributed into lineages partitioned longitudinally. These contrasted patterns could indicate that gene movement in California oak populations have been more stable in response to past climatic and geological events, in contrast to their European counterparts.
Clonal diversity of the marine trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis within intermediate hosts: the molecular ecology of parasite life cycles
Authors: KEENEY DEVON B. , WATERS JONATHAN M. , POULIN ROBERT 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe quantified the clonal diversity of the New Zealand marine trematode Maritrema novaezealandensis (n = 1250) within Zeacumantus subcarinatus snail (n = 25) and Macrophthalmus hirtipes crab (n = 25) intermediate hosts using four to six microsatellite loci, and investigated the potential biological and physical factors responsible for the observed genetic patterns. Individual snails harboured one to five trematode genotypes and 48% of snails were infected by multiple parasite genotypes. Overall, the number of parasite genotypes did not increase with snail size, but was highest in intermediate‐sized snails. Significantly larger numbers of parasite genotypes were detected in crabs (relative to snails; P < 0.001), with 16–25 genotypes recovered from individual crabs. Although crabs are typically infected by small numbers of cercariae sourced from many snails, they are occasionally infected by large numbers of cercariae sourced from single snails. The latter cases explain the significant genetic differentiation of trematode populations detected among their crab hosts (FST = 0.009, P < 0.001). Our results suggest that the timing of infection and/or intraspecific competition among parasite clones within snails determine(s) the diversity of parasite clones that snails harbour. The presence of a large number of infected snails and tidal mixing of cercariae prior to infection results in crabs potentially harbouring hundreds of parasite genotypes despite the crabs’ territorial behaviour.
The MprF protein is required for lysinylation of phospholipids in listerial membranes and confers resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) on Listeria monocytogenes
Authors: Thedieck Kathrin , Hain Torsten , Mohamed Walid , Tindall Brian J. , Nimtz Manfred , Chakraborty Trinad , Wehland Jürgen , Jänsch Lothar 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPathogenic bacteria have to cope with defence mechanisms mediated by adaptive and innate immunity of the host cells. Cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs) represent one of the most effective components of the host innate immune response. Here we establish the function of Lmo1695, a member of the VirR‐dependent virulence regulon, recently identified in Listeria monocytogenes. Lmo1695 encodes a membrane protein of 98 kDa with strong homology to the multiple peptide resistance factor (MprF) of Staphylococcus aureus. Like staphylococcal MprF, we found that Lmo1695 is involved in the synthesis of the membrane phospholipid lysylphosphatidylglycerol (L‐PG). In addition, Lmo1695 is also essential for lysinylation of diphosphatidylglycerol (DPG), another phospholipid widely distributed in bacterial membranes. A Δlmo1695 mutant lacking the lysinylated phospholipids was particularly susceptible to CAMPs of human and bacterial origin. The mutant strain infected both epithelial cells and macrophages only poorly and was attenuated for virulence when tested in a mouse model of infection. Lmo1695 is a member of a growing list of survival factors which enable growth of L. monocytogenes in different environments.
Maternal health during pregnancy and perinatal mortality in Bangladesh: evidence from a large‐scale community‐based clinical trial
Authors: Mamun Abdullah Al , Padmadas Sabu S. , Khatun Mohsina 
Published: October 2006

SummaryPerinatal mortality is very high in Bangladesh. In this setting, few community‐level studies have assessed the influence of underlying maternal health factors on perinatal outcomes. We used the data from a community‐based clinical controlled trial conducted between 1994 and 1997 in the catchment areas of a large MCH/FP hospital located in Mirpur, a suburban area of Dhaka in Bangladesh, to investigate the levels of perinatal mortality and its associated maternal health factors during pregnancy.A total of 2007 women were followed after recruitment up to delivery, maternal death, or until they dropped out of the study. Of these, 1584 who gave birth formed our study subjects. The stillbirth rate was 39.1 per 1000 births [95% confidence interval (CI) 39.0, 39.3] and the perinatal mortality rate (up to 3 days) was 54.3 per 1000 births [95% CI 54.0, 54.6] among the study population. In the fully adjusted logistic regression model, the risk of perinatal mortality was as high as 2.7 times [95% CI 1.5, 4.9] more likely for women with hypertensive disorders, 5.0 times [95% CI 2.3, 10.8] as high for women who had antepartum haemorrhage and 2.6 times [95% CI 1.2, 5.8] as high for women who had higher haemoglobin levels in pregnancy when compared with their counterparts. The inclusion of potential confounding variables such as poor obstetric history, sociodemographic characteristics and preterm delivery influenced only marginally the net effect of important maternal health factors associated with perinatal mortality.Perinatal mortality in the study setting was significantly associated with poor maternal health conditions during pregnancy. The results of this study point towards the urgent need for monitoring complications in high‐risk pregnancies, calling for the specific components of the safe motherhood programme interventions that are designed to manage these complications of pregnancy.
Increased incidence of apparently life‐threatening events due to supine position
Authors: Maggio Albane B. R. , Schäppi Michela G. , Benkebil Faiza , Posfay‐Barbe Klara M. , Belli Dominique C. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryGastro‐oesophageal reflux (GOR) has a high prevalence in infancy. The supine position is among numerous aggravating factors. The exact relationship between GOR and apparently life‐threatening events (ALTE) is not clear, although it has been repeatedly investigated. In 1992 the worldwide Back to Sleep campaign was implemented, which had a dramatic effect on the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) with a drop of 50%. Although the vast majority of children now sleep on their back, the effect of this position on ALTE has not been studied. In this retrospective study, we aim to define the potential association between GOR and ALTE. We hypothesise that the incidence of ALTE has increased since the 1992 recommendation.No bias in the population’s selection was introduced, as our centre is the only one for paediatric emergencies in the county. A total of 107 children presenting with ALTE were identified during the study period (1987–99). A pH study was performed in the 75 patients presenting with ALTE in the last 6 years of the study (1994–99). Neither morbidity nor mortality was noted in a long‐term 4‐year follow‐up. Our present results show that the frequency of ALTE increased sevenfold (P < 0.005) between 1992 and 1999. The ALTE episodes took place significantly more often in the post‐prandial period. The prevalence of GOR was much higher in patients presenting with ALTE (nearly 75%) when compared with the general population. Furthermore, on medical treatment for GOR, very few patients presented with a second episode of ALTE. Consequently it is thought that GOR and ALTE are linked and that ALTE patients would benefit from GOR treatment. The worldwide marked decrease in SIDS since the implementation of the supine position possibly masks the negative effect of an increase in ALTE.
Correlates of suicide attempt history in bipolar disorder: a stress‐diathesis perspective
Authors: Grunebaum Michael F , Ramsay Sarah R , Galfalvy Hanga C , Ellis Steven P , Burke Ainsley K , Sher Leo , Printz David J , Kahn David A , John Mann J , Oquendo Maria A 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:  Distinguishing clinical characteristics of bipolar patients who have made a suicide attempt may help to identify at‐risk individuals. We sought to identify such factors and to consider them within a stress‐diathesis model of suicidal behavior.Methods:  Patients with bipolar disorder (N = 96) were compared with respect to the presence or absence at baseline evaluation of a history of suicide attempt. We used multiple logistic regression analysis to assess the unique associations of independent variables to history of a past suicide attempt.Results:  The regression analysis showed that a history of suicide attempt in bipolar disorder was associated with greater recent suicidal ideation, more psychiatric hospitalizations, lifetime aggressive traits and an earlier age at onset of a first mood episode.Conclusions:  Aggressive traits and early treatment of mood disorders, especially major depressive episodes, are potential targets for suicide prevention in bipolar disorder.
A prospective study of the association of cerebrospinal fluid monoamine metabolite levels with lethality of suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Sher Leo , Carballo Juan J , Grunebaum Michael F , Burke Ainsley K , Zalsman Gil , Huang Yung‐yu , John Mann J , Oquendo Maria A 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:  Bipolar disorder is a severe illness that is associated with suicidal behavior. A biological predictor of highly lethal suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder would be valuable. We hypothesized that cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) monoamine metabolite levels are related to lethality of suicide attempts in bipolar patients and examined the relation between CSF 5‐hydroxyindolacetic acid (5‐HIAA), homovanillic acid (HVA), and 3‐methoxy‐4‐hydroxyphenylglycol (MHPG) levels and maximum lethality of suicide attempts at baseline and during a 2‐year follow up.Methods:  Twenty‐seven bipolar depressed patients participated in the study. Demographic and clinical parameters were examined and recorded. Lumbar punctures were performed and CSF 5‐HIAA, HVA, and MHPG were assayed by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection. Following discharge, patients were evaluated after 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years. Each follow‐up interview included an in‐depth assessment of suicidal behavior during the intervening time period.Results:  Six subjects made suicide attempts during the 2‐year follow‐up. Bipolar patients who attempted suicide during the follow‐up period had higher aggression and hostility scale scores compared to bipolar subjects who did not make a suicide attempt during the follow‐up period. CSF 5‐HIAA, HVA, and MHPG levels were negatively correlated with the maximum lethality of suicide attempts during the 2‐year follow‐up period.Conclusions:  Our finding is the first observation that CSF monoamine metabolite levels may be predictors of lethality of suicide attempts in patients with bipolar disorder. Further studies are necessary to answer the question whether CSF monoamine metabolite levels are clinically useful biochemical predictors of highly lethal suicide attempts or completed suicides.
Prospective study of risk factors for attempted suicide among patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Valtonen Hanna M , Suominen Kirsi , Mantere Outi , Leppämäki Sami , Arvilommi Petri , Isometsä Erkki T 
Published: October 2006

Objective:There are few prospective studies on risk factors for attempted suicide among representative samples of psychiatric patients with bipolar I and II disorders. We conducted a prospective study to investigate risk for suicide attempts among a secondary‐level sample of psychiatric in‐ and outpatients with bipolar disorder (BD).Methods:  In the Jorvi Bipolar Study (JoBS), 1,630 psychiatric in‐ and outpatients from three Finnish cities were screened for BDs with the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Disorders (SCID)‐I and ‐II, 191 patients were diagnosed with BDs (90 bipolar I and 101 bipolar II). Information on suicide attempts during the follow‐up was obtained for 176 patients (92%) at the 6‐month follow‐up and for 160 patients (84%) at the 18‐month follow‐up.Results:  During the 18‐month follow‐up 20% of patients (35/176) attempted suicide. In a Cox regression model, baseline previous suicide attempts (OR 3.8, 95% CI 1.7–8.8; p = 0.001), hopelessness (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.1–1.3; p < 0.001), depressive phase at index episode (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.1–5.3; p = 0.03) and younger age at intake (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.91–0.97; p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for suicide attempts during follow‐up, whereas factors such as bipolar I or II, or comorbidity did not reach statistical significance.Conclusions:  During a medium‐term follow‐up, as many as one‐fifth of random psychiatric patients with BD attempted suicide, which highlights the public health importance of suicidal behavior in BD. Previous suicide attempts, hopelessness and depressive phase were the key indicators of risk.
Placebo‐level incidence of extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) with quetiapine in controlled studies of patients with bipolar mania
Authors: Nasrallah Henry A , Brecher Martin , Paulsson Björn 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:  To evaluate extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS), including akathisia, with quetiapine in patients with bipolar mania.Methods:  Data were analyzed from four similarly designed, randomized, double‐blind, 3‐ to 12‐week studies. Two studies evaluated quetiapine monotherapy (up to 800 mg/day) (n = 209) versus placebo (n = 198), with lithium or haloperidol monotherapy as respective active controls. Two studies evaluated quetiapine (up to 800 mg/day) in combination with a mood stabilizer (lithium or divalproex, QTP + Li/DVP) (n = 196) compared to placebo and mood stabilizer (PBO + Li/DVP) (n = 203). Extrapyramidal symptoms were evaluated using the Simpson–Angus Scale (SAS), the Barnes Akathisia Rating Scale (BARS), adverse event reports and anticholinergic drug usage.Results:  The incidence of EPS‐related adverse events, including akathisia, was no different with quetiapine monotherapy (12.9%) than with placebo (13.1%). Similarly, EPS‐related adverse events with QTP + Li/DVP (21.4%) were no different than with PBO + Li/DVP (19.2%). Adverse events related to EPS occurred in 59.6% of patients treated with haloperidol (n = 99) monotherapy, whereas 26.5% of patients treated with lithium (n = 98) monotherapy experienced adverse events related to EPS. The incidence of akathisia was low and similar with quetiapine monotherapy (3.3%) and placebo (6.1%), and with QTP + Li/DVP (3.6%) and PBO + Li/DVP (4.9%). Lithium was associated with a significantly higher incidence (p < 0.05) of tremor (18.4%) than quetiapine (5.6%); cerebellar tremor, which is a known adverse effect of lithium, may have contributed to the elevated rate of tremor in patients receiving lithium therapy. Haloperidol induced a significantly higher incidence (p < 0.001) of akathisia (33.3% versus 5.9%), tremor (30.3% versus 7.8%), and extrapyramidal syndrome (35.4% versus 5.9%) than quetiapine. No significant differences were observed between quetiapine and placebo on SAS and BARS scores. Anticholinergic use was low and similar with quetiapine or placebo.Conclusions:  In bipolar mania, the incidence of EPS, including akathisia, with quetiapine therapy is similar to that with placebo.
Cognitive‐behavioral therapy for bipolar disorders in adolescents: a pilot study
Authors: Feeny Norah C , Danielson Carla Kmett , Schwartz Lisa , Youngstrom Eric A , Findling Robert L 
Published: October 2006

Objectives:  To develop a cognitive behavioral intervention for adolescents with bipolar disorders, test its feasibility and preliminary efficacy.Methods:  Based on existing research, a manualized, individually delivered cognitive behavioral intervention was developed and tested with adolescents with bipolar disorders as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment. Using existing data, baseline characteristics and outcome were compared to a matched group of eight adolescents with bipolar disorders who did not receive any psychosocial intervention.Results:  Preliminary results support the feasibility and efficacy of this manualized cognitive behavioral intervention.Conclusions:  Individually delivered cognitive‐behavioral therapy (CBT) as an adjunct to pharmacological treatment is feasible and associated with symptom improvement in adolescents with bipolar disorders. Randomized controlled studies are needed.
PHENOTYPING THE LEVEL OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY TELEMETRY IN MICE
Authors: Van Vliet Bruce N , McGuire John , Chafe Linda , Leonard Allison , Joshi Anand , Montani Jean‐Pierre 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY

Using telemetry, arterial blood pressure (BP) can be measured directly over long periods in freely behaving animals without recent anaesthesia or surgery. In the present review, we discuss the strengths and limitations of this method and important considerations in using the method to characterize the BP level in mice.
A variety of informative statistics can be used to describe the BP level and we have made available a spreadsheet template for their calculation on a routine basis. The BP level is well summarized using the average value for an entire 24 h period or for the individual light and dark phases of the day. Such long‐term averages exhibit less statistical variation than those of short recording periods. In addition, averages of the dark and light phases of the day convey information concerning circadian variations of BP.
The frequency distribution of BP samples provides additional information concerning the range of BP values recorded over the course of the day and can be described in terms of percentiles of the distribution that correspond with the minimum and maximum BP values and their span.
In mice, BP can be markedly affected by locomotor activity cycles that occur frequently throughout both the light and dark phases of the day. In addition, BP is strongly affected by ambient temperature and food intake, as well as potentially by other determinants of energy balance. Consideration of these factors may help improve accuracy and precision when phenotyping the BP level in mice.
COMPARISON OF THE EFFECTS OF TULOBUTEROL PATCH AND SALMETEROL IN MODERATE TO SEVERE ASTHMA
Authors: Nishiyama Osamu , Taniguchi Hiroyuki , Kondoh Yasuhiro , Kimura Tomoki , Kato Keisuke , Kume Hiroaki , Shimokata Kaoru 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY

Although the clinical effects of the tulobuterol patch have been reported to include an increase in morning peak expiratory flow (PEF) values and a decrease of symptoms and the frequency of the rescue use of inhaled short‐acting b2‐adrenoceptor agonists, no trials comparing the efficacy of the tulobuterol patch to other standard inhaled long‐acting b2‐adrenoceptor agonists have yet been conducted. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effects of the patch formulation of tulobuterol with those of inhaled salmeterol in moderate to severe asthma.
Fifty‐four patients with moderate to severe asthma, whose conditions were suboptimally controlled despite receiving inhaled corticosteroids, were recruited. The study was a prospective, randomized trial of cross‐over design comparing the effects of 4 weeks treatment with tulobuterol patch, 2 mg once daily, and salmeterol, 50 mg twice daily. The mean prebronchodilator morning PEF during the last 14 days of each treatment period and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) were the primary outcome variables. The HRQoL was assessed using the St George's Respiratory Questionnaire.
Forty‐four patients (81.5%) completed the trial and were included in the analysis. The mean morning PEF and HRQoL score were significantly improved in both the salmeterol (P < 0.0001 and P < 0.05, respectively) and the tulobuterol patch (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively) treatment periods compared with the run‐in period. Although the mean morning PEF was significantly higher in the salmeterol‐treated group than in the tulobuterol‐treated group (P < 0.001), the HRQoL scores were comparable.
The tulobuterol patch may be useful as a controller medication in addition to inhaled corticosteroids in moderate to severe asthma.