bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capture–recapture estimation of underreporting of legionellosis cases to the National Legionellosis Register: Italy 2002
Authors: ROTA M. C. , CAWTHORNE A. , BELLA A. , CAPORALI M. G. , FILIA A. , D'ANCONA F. ,   on behalf of the Legionellosis Working Group
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe objective of this study was to evaluate the degree of underreporting to the Italian National Legionellosis Register (NLR). For the year 2002, all cases of Legionellosis notified to the NLR were compared with cases recorded in the hospital discharge record (HDR) database. The number of unreported cases and the total number of cases in the population were estimated using the capture–recapture method with two independent data sources. Seventeen out of 21 Italian regions participated in the study. Overall, underreporting was estimated to be 21·4% and was found to be significantly greater in the Centre-South (28·2%) than in the North (20·0%). However, even after taking into account the higher degree of underreporting, a significantly lower incidence of the disease is registered in central-southern Italy. The hypothesis, which needs to be verified, is that, in addition to underreporting, under-diagnosis of legionellosis is more widespread in this geographical area.
Beyond the Galaxy Luminosity Function
Authors: Driver Simon 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWith the advent of large-scale surveys (i.e. Legacy Surveys) it is now possible to start looking beyond the galaxy luminosity function (LF) to more detailed statistical representations of the galaxy population, i.e multivariate distributions. In this review I first summarise the current state-of-play of the B-band global and cluster LFs and then briefly present two promising bivariate distributions: the luminosity–surface brightness plane (LSP) and the colour–luminosity plane (CLP). In both planes galaxy bulges and galaxy disks form marginally overlapping but distinct distributions, indicating two key formation/evolutionary processes (presumably merger and accretion). Forward progress in this subject now requires the routine application of reliable bulge–disk decomposition codes to allow independent investigation of these two key components.
Substructure in Dwarf Galaxies
Authors: Coleman Matthew 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRecent years have seen a series of large-scale photometric surveys with the aim of detecting substructure in nearby dwarf galaxies. Some of these objects display a varying distribution of each stellar population, reflecting their star formation histories. Also, dwarf galaxies are dominated by dark matter, therefore luminous substructure may represent a perturbation in the underlying dark material. Substructure can also be the effect of tidal interaction, such as the disruption of the Sagittarius dSph by the Milky Way. Therefore, substructure in dwarf galaxies manifests the stellar, structural, and kinematic evolution of these objects.
The Stellar Populations of dE Galaxies in Nearby Groups
Authors: Da Costa G. S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn this contribution Gemini-North NIRI J,K-observations are used to investigate the upper-Asymptotic Giant Branch (AGB) intermediate-age population in the M81 Group dwarf elliptical (dE) F8D1. Hubble Space Telescope (HST) ‘snapshot’ V,I-observations are also analysed to investigate the upper-AGB populations in two other M81 Group dEs, DDO 71 and kk077. In all three dEs, significant intermediate-age populations are found. Further, there are sizeable dE-to-dE differences in these populations: F8D1 contains relatively more, and relatively more luminous, upper-AGB stars. These results are compared with existing information for Local Group and Sculptor group dwarfs. It is suggested that ‘environmental harrassment’ plays an important role in governing dwarf galaxy evolution.
Large Scale Structure in the Local Universe — The 2MASS Galaxy Catalog
Authors: Jarrett Thomas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUsing twin ground-based telescopes, the Two-Micron All Sky Survey (2MASS) scanned both equatorial hemispheres, detecting more than 500 million stars and resolving more than 1.5 million galaxies in the near-infrared (1–2.2 μm) bands. The Extended Source Catalog (XSC) embodies both photometric and astrometric whole sky uniformity, revealing large scale structures in the local Universe and extending our view into the Milky Way's dust-obscured ‘Zone of Avoidance’. The XSC represents a uniquely unbiased sample of nearby galaxies, particularly sensitive to the underlying, dominant, stellar mass component of galaxies. The basic properties of the XSC, including photometric sensitivity, source counts, and spatial distribution, are presented here. Finally, we employ a photometric redshift technique to add depth to the spatial maps, reconstructing the cosmic web of superclusters spanning the sky.
The 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey as a Cosmological Laboratory
Authors: Lahav Ofer 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe 2dF Galaxy Redshift Survey (2dFGRS) of 230 000 redshifts of nearby (z ~ 0.1) galaxies is now complete. It has allowed the 2dFGRS Team and others to estimate fundamental cosmological parameters and to study galaxy intrinsic properties. Here we highlight three recent key results from the survey: (a) an upper limit of about 2 eV on the total mass of the three neutrino flavours, and an intriguing reasonable fitting of the 2dFGRS power spectrum to a Mixed Dark Matter model without a Cosmological Constant but with a low Hubble constant; (b) the bimodality of the galaxy population in both spectral parameterisation and in colour; and (c) the clustering of different galaxy types and evidence for relative stochastic biasing.
A skein-like multiplication algorithm for unipotent Hecke algebras
Authors: Thiem Nathaniel 
Published: December 2006

Let

G
G

be a finite group of Lie type (e.g.

G

L
n

(

F

q

)

GL_n(\mathbb {F}_q)

) and

U
U

a maximal unipotent subgroup of

G
G

. If

ψ
\psi

is a linear character of

U
U

, then the unipotent Hecke algebra is

H

ψ

=

E
n
d

C

G

(

I
n
d

U
G

(
ψ
)
)

\mathcal {H}_\psi =\mathrm {End}_{\mathbb {C}G} (\mathrm {Ind}_U^G(\psi ))

. Unipotent Hecke algebras have a natural basis coming from double cosets of

U
U

in

G
G

. This paper describes relations for reducing products of basis elements, and gives a detailed description of the implications in the case

G
=
G

L
n

(

F

q

)

G=GL_n(\mathbb {F}_q)

.
Lusternik-Schnirelmann category of 𝐒𝐩𝐢𝐧(9)
Authors: Iwase Norio , Kono Akira 
Published: December 2006

First we give an upper bound of

c
a
t

(
E
)

\mathrm {cat}{(E)}

, the L-S category of a principal

G
G

-bundle

E
E

for a connected compact group

G
G

with a characteristic map

α
:

Σ

V
→
G

\alpha : {\Sigma }V \to G

. Assume that there is a cone-decomposition

{

F

i

|

0
≤
i
≤
m
}

\{F_{i}\,\vert \,0 \leq i\leq m\}

of

G
G

in the sense of Ganea that is compatible with multiplication. Then we have

c
a
t

(
E
)

≤

M
a
x

(
m

+

n
,
m

+

2
)

\mathrm {cat}{(E)} \leq \mathrm {Max}(m{+}n,m{+}2)

for

n
≥
1

n \geq 1

, if

α
\alpha

is compressible into

F

n

⊆

F

m

≃
G

F_{n} \subseteq F_{m}\simeq G

with trivial higher Hopf invariant

H
n

(
α
)

H_n(\alpha )

. Second, we introduce a new computable lower bound,

M
w
g
t

(
X
;

F

2

)

\mathrm {Mwgt} {(X; {\mathbb {F}_2}})

for

c
a
t

(

X

)

\mathrm {cat}({X})

. The two new estimates imply

c
a
t

(

S
p
i
n

(
9
)
)

=

M
w
g
t

(

S
p
i
n

(
9
)

;

F

2

)
=
8
>
6
=

w
g
t

(

S
p
i
n

(
9
)

;

F

2

)

\mathrm {cat}({\mathbf {Spin}{(9))}}=\mathrm {Mwgt} ({\mathbf {Spin}{(9)};{\mathbb {F}_2}}) = 8 > 6 =\mathrm {wgt}({\mathbf {Spin}{(9)};{\mathbb {F}_2}})

, where

(

w
g
t

−
;
R

)

(\mathrm {wgt}{-;R})

is a category weight due to Rudyak and Strom.
All 𝑝-local finite groups of rank two for odd prime 𝑝
Authors: Díaz Antonio , Ruiz Albert , Viruel Antonio 
Published: December 2006

In this paper we give a classification of the rank two

p
p

-local finite groups for odd

p
p

. This study requires the analysis of the possible saturated fusion systems in terms of the outer automorphism group of the possible

F

\mathcal {F}

-radical subgroups. Also, for each case in the classification, either we give a finite group with the corresponding fusion system or we check that it corresponds to an exotic

p
p

-local finite group, getting some new examples of these for

p
=
3

p=3

.
Maurice Stacey, C. B. E. 8 April 1907—9 October 1994
Authors: Overend W. G. 
Published: December 2006

Maurice Stacey was a remarkable man who had a fulfilling and varied life. His contributions to chemistry were substantial and brought him international renown. Throughout his career he had an abiding passion to unravel the intricate processes of nature and to strengthen the scientific basis of medicine and agriculture. He succeeded in bridging the areas of organic and biological chemistry at a time when the latter was a relatively young science. But his influence on British science extended well beyond his own research, as he participated in the management of science through his service on governmental committees and the Councils of the Scientific Societies.
Stacey was not a scientist whose success is achieved by a single-mindedness of purpose to the exclusion of all else. He was a polymath, and, besides science, was involved in many other pursuits, which led to him being well-known and respected beyond the chemical fraternity. He inspired his students, both the high-flyers and the less gifted, and imparted to them his broad understanding of science. The first and lasting impression of Maurice Stacey was of someone who had a warmth of spirit and who caught the imagination.
Quintin Mcgarel Hogg, Lord Hailsham of St Marylebone. 9 October 1907 – 12 October 2001
Authors: Lewis Geoffrey 
Published: December 2006

Of those Fellows elected under Statute 12 for services and achievements outside the range of the natural sciences, Quintin Hogg had special claims to be chosen.
The missionary strain to educate ran deep in his family. When his grandfather, the first Quintin Hogg, left Eton he immediately began bible classes for ragged boys under the arches at the Adelphi near Charing Cross. This embryonic educational enterprise grew rapidly. In 1882, when he was not yet 40, he started the first Polytechnic, from which all others took their name, in Regent Street just north of Oxford Circus. The idea was to provide a place where underprivileged men could find an outlet for ‘any healthy desire, physical, spiritual, social, or intellectual, which he possessed’. It was the first university for the underprivileged. Within seven years some 70 000 young men had enrolled. The Polytechnic was in the bloodstream of the Hogg family.
Stewart Crichton Miller, C.B.E. 2 July 1934 – 7 August 1999
Authors: Ruffles Philip Charles 
Published: December 2006

Stewart Crichton Miller, a mechanical engineer of great distinction, was the former Director of Engineering and Technology for Rolls-Royce plc, where he worked for over 40 years. Stewart was a foremost contributor to several of the company's most important development projects, chief among them being the RB211-535 engine project, which is used on Boeing 757 aircraft.
Stewart was born on 2 July 1934 to William and Grace Miller in Kirkcaldy, Fife, where he spent his childhood. His primary school education at Kirkcaldy Fife High Primary School started on 4 September 1939, the day after war was declared. A contemporary, with whom he was a close friend during school years, is Archie Howie (F.R.S. 1978), a distinguished physicist and former Head of the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge. Professor Howie recalls that he and Stewart vied with each other for school prizes, etc., with Stewart emerging as the Dux of the primary school.
On leaving primary school, Stewart attended Kirkcaldy High School from 1945 to 1951. It was there that he received the Scottish Higher Learning Certificate in 1950 and an award in the Edinburgh University Bursary Competition. He continued his education at the University of Edinburgh from 1951 to 1954, enrolling as an engineering degree candidate. His choice of engineering as a career was considered unusual by others for someone of his high academic abilities. However, this doubt only increased his determination. His research emphasis while studying was on mechanical vibration, which served as useful background for his later work at Rolls-Royce on turbo-machinery. He graduated in 1954 from Edinburgh with a BSc (firstclass honours) in mechanical engineering.
After leaving university, Stewart spent two years completing a graduate apprenticeship with Rolls-Royce that marked the beginning of his extensive career. Spending his first year gaining workshop experience and his second in all the major technical offices, Stewart subsequently qualified to receive the status of Chartered Engineer.
Martin Rivers Pollock. 10 December 1914 – 21 December 1999
Authors: Ambler Richard P. , Murray Kenneth 
Published: December 2006

Martin Rivers Pollock was born in Liverpool on 10 December 1914. He came from an old legal family, being the great-great-grandson of Sir Jonathan Frederick Pollock, Bt. (1783–1870), a Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge, barrister, MP for Huntingdon, Attorney General in Peel's first administration and Chief Baron of the Exchequer from 1844 to 1866. His father, Hamilton Rivers Pollock, also went to Trinity College, qualified as a barrister but never practised, and in 1914 was with the Cunard Steam Ship Company, before spending World War I with the Liverpool Regiment and the Royal Air Force. His mother was Eveline Morton Bell, daughter of Thomas Bell, of Newcastle-upon-Tyne. After the war his father inherited a fortune from an uncle, and the family moved to Wessex, where they lived first at splendid Anderson Manor, Dorset, and then Urchfont Manor, Wiltshire, his father living as a country squire and JP.
Pollock had a conventional upper-class education, beginning with a nanny, followed by West Downs School (1923–28) and then Winchester College (1928–33). His first scientific enthusiasm was for astronomy, but he decided he was insufficiently mathematical to pursue it further (his mathematics master was Clement Durrell, author of some famous texts including Advanced algebra), so he then decided to study medicine. His Wessex schooldays were influenced by the nearby Powys brothers, the youngest (Llewelyn1) having been a Cambridge friend and contemporary of his father. Through Sylvia Townsend Warner2 he met her cousin Janet, daughter of Arthur Llewelyn Machen3, who eventually, in 1979, became his second wife.
He went up to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1933, having done his first MB and the first part of his second MB while still at school, and opting to do the two new half-subjects (Pathology and Biochemistry) that had just been instituted—he remembered thinking at the time that biochemistry was going to be the key subject for medicine in the future. Already while at school he had become a theoretical Communist, and as an undergraduate worked very hard, both at his medical studies and in political activity (such as selling the Daily Worker) for the Party—and knew most of the soon-to-be notorious Cambridge Communists of the time, including Guy Burgess4 and Donald Maclean5. He was now a Senior Scholar, and graduated BA first class in 1936; he started to spend a fourth year reading Part II Biochemistry. He decided in April 1937 that he had spent too long at Cambridge, so moved on to his clinical studies at University College Hospital. He also felt he should try to become qualified before what he saw as the inevitable war started, although he was nearly distracted into joining the International Brigade and going off to Spain—he had been a friend of John Cornford6, who did go to Spain and wrote and died there, and of Norman John (but widely known as James) Klugmann.
Stanley Keith Runcorn. 19 November 1922 – 5 December 1995
Authors: Collinson D.W. 
Published: December 2006

Stanley Keith Runcorn was born in 1922 in Southport, Lancashire, the son of a monumentalmason of staunch Congregationalist persuasion. He was educated at the King George VGrammar School, where his strongest subjects were history and mathematics. When in thesixth form his headmaster persuaded him to take science subjects, and he was subsequentlyawarded a State Scholarship to study at Cambridge University. At an early age his father hadtaken him to a small local observatory, encouraging his interest in astronomy. On the sportingside, in spite of his later interest in rugby he refused to play the game at school and insteadconcentrated on swimming. Under his captaincy his house regularly won the swimming trophy.
Runcorn showed an early interest in religious and cultural matters, which was to stay with him throughout his life. He attended a Methodist Sunday school and for some time provided a Sunday evening service for his sister and grandmother while his parents attended church. He read extensively and went to London on his own, visiting museums and architectural landmarks. Later, while at Cambridge, he developed a love of music.
In 1940 he entered Gonville and Caius College at Cambridge to read electrical engineering. After graduating in 1943 he commenced research at the Royal Radar Establishment (RRE), remaining there until the end of the war. During his time at the RRE he was confirmed into the Church of England.
Dorothy Mary Moyle Needham. 22 September 1896 – 22 December 1987
Authors: Teich Mikuláš 
Published: December 2006

In July 1994 I was approached by The Royal Society asking whether I would be willing to help in putting together a biographical memoir for Dr Dorothy Moyle Needham, who died in December 1987. For a variety of reasons, the Fellow of The Royal Society who originally undertook to write the memoir had been unable to deliver it before his death. After responding that I would be happy to assist, I was informed that I would, no doubt, be contacted by the writer who undertook to complete the task. As it turned out, I heard nothing more and, while occasionally wondering at the unusual delay in the publication of the memoir, I left it at that. That is, until in the spring of 2000 when I noticed that there was still no memoir on ‘Dophi’, as she was known to friends and colleagues. I found this very strange in view of the fact that almost 111/2 years had elapsed since her death and that she was among the first 10 elected female Fellows of The Royal Society.
After some hesitation, I wrote on 7 May 2000 to The Lord Lewis of Newnham FRS (then Warden of Robinson College, Cambridge), alerting him to the situation. He was more than surprised and, following his enquiries, in July 2000 I became the third author invited to prepare Dr D.M. Needhams biographical memoir.
As in private duty bound, I accepted the invitation, although not without anxiety over predicaments perceived beforehand. For one thing, though I had been collaborating with Dorothy Needham since 1972, the subject was history of biochemistry. Usually a biographical memoir is prepared by a person acquainted at first hand with the experimental/theoretical features of the work of the deceased Fellow. For another thing, I realized that I would be able to work on the memoir only intermittently because of other commitments, including prolonged stays abroad. All this has something to do with the delay in preparing this memoir, including the format.
Reconstitution of the Escherichia coli macrolide transporter: the periplasmic membrane fusion protein MacA stimulates the ATPase activity of MacB
Authors: Tikhonova Elena B. , Devroy Vishakha K. , Lau Sze Yi , Zgurskaya Helen I. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryPeriplasmic membrane fusion proteins (MFPs) are essential components of the type I protein secretion systems and drug efflux pumps in Gram‐negative bacteria. Previous studies suggested that MFPs connect the inner and outer membrane components of the transport systems and by this means co‐ordinate the transfer of substrates across the two membranes. In this study, we purified and reconstituted the macrolide transporter MacAB from Escherichia coli. Here, MacA is a periplasmic MFP and MacB is an ABC‐type transporter. Similar to other MFP‐dependent transporters from E. coli, the in vivo function of MacAB requires the outer membrane channel TolC. The purified MacB displayed a basal ATPase activity in detergent micelles. This activity conformed to Michaelis‐Menten kinetics but was unresponsive to substrates or accessory proteins. Upon reconstitution into proteoliposomes, the ATPase activity of MacB was strictly dependent on MacA. The catalytic efficiency of MacAB ATPase was more than 45‐fold higher than the activity of MacB alone. Both the N‐ and C‐terminal regions of MacA were essential for this activity. MacA stimulated MacB ATPase only in phospholipid bilayers and did not need the presence of macrolides. Our results suggest that MacA is a functional subunit of the MacB transporter.
Use of selamectin for the treatment of psoroptic and sarcoptic mite infestation in rabbits
Authors: Kurtdede Arif , Karaer Zafer , Acar Abuzer , Guzel Murat , Cingi C. Cagri , Ural Kerem , Ica Anil 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSelamectin, a novel avermectin compound, was evaluated for its efficacy against naturally occurring infestations ofPsoroptes cuniculiandSarcoptes scabiei.A total of 42 New Zealand rabbits with psoroptic mange and 37 Angora rabbits with sarcoptic mange were used in the present study. On day 0, infested rabbits were treated topically with either selamectin at minimum dose of 6 mg kg−1(6–18 mg kg−1for New Zealand rabbits,n = 31 and 10–12 mg kg−1for Angora rabbits,n = 23) or vehicle only (control groups,n = 11 for New Zealand rabbits,n = 14 for Angora rabbits).The efficacy of selamectin was assessed both clinically and parasitologically by the presence or absence of viable mites. Rabbits were scraped for sarcoptic mites on days 7, 14, 28, 42 and 56 and had otoscopeic and/or microscopic examination for the detection ofPsoroptesmites on days 7, 14, 42 and 56. Fisher's exact test was used to assess differences between the vehicle and selamectin treatment in the number of rabbits without mites (cure rates) on each assessment date.It was found that significantly fewer selamectin‐treated rabbits had mites detected on skin scrapings (forS. scabiei) or otoscopeic and/or microscopic examination (forP. cuniculi) (P < 0.01) than the vehicle group. Results of the present study suggest that selamectin is effective against naturally infestations of P. cuniculiandS. scabieiin rabbits.
Biochemical characterization of human glutamate carboxypeptidase III
Authors: Hlouchová Klára , Bařinka Cyril , Klusák Vojtěch , Šácha Pavel , Mlčochová Petra , Majer Pavel , Rulíšek Lubomír , Konvalinka Jan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHuman glutamate carboxypeptidase II (GCPII) is a transmembrane metallopeptidase found mainly in the brain, small intestine, and prostate. In the brain, it cleaves N‐acetyl‐l‐aspartyl‐glutamate, liberating free glutamate. Inhibition of GCPII has been shown to be neuroprotective in models of stroke and other neurodegenerations. In prostate, it is known as prostate‐specific membrane antigen, a cancer marker. Recently, human glutamate carboxypeptidase III (GCPIII), a GCPII homolog with 67% amino acid identity, was cloned. While GCPII is recognized as an important pharmaceutical target, no biochemical study of human GCPIII is available at present. Here, we report the cloning, expression, and characterization of recombinant human GCPIII. We show that GCPIII lacks dipeptidylpeptidase IV‐like activity, its activity is dependent on N‐glycosylation, and it is effectively inhibited by several known inhibitors of GCPII. In comparison to GCPII, GCPIII has lower N‐acetyl‐l‐aspartyl‐glutamate‐hydrolyzing activity, different pH and salt concentration dependence, and distinct substrate specificity, indicating that these homologs might play different biological roles. Based on a molecular model, we provide interpretation of the distinct substrate specificity of both enzymes, and examine the amino acid residues responsible for the differences by site‐directed mutagenesis. These results may help to design potent and selective inhibitors of both enzymes.