bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Archives in Niger
Authors: Baier Stephen 
Published: April 2006

To researchers thinking of using the extremely decentralized archives of the Republic of Niger the task of locating documents may seem formidable indeed. As of 1972 little effort had been made to collect important documents in one location, so that the bulk of the records of Niger's colonial government–and a few valuable assessment reports and ethnographic studies as well–are scattered among the préfectures, sous-préfectures, government offices, and small libraries of the country. This decentralization necessitates travel but it also has advantages, expecially for those who combine archival and field research. By being able to do both at the same time it is possible to let one kind of data inform the other, with the result that the questions being asked of all of the various sources can continually be rethought.Permission for all research to be undertaken in Niger must be obtained through the Centre Nigérien de Recherches en Sciences Humaines, B.P. 318, Niamey. The C.N.R.S.H. asks researchers to submit a detailed description of their project, a summary of their preparation in the languages in which the research is to be conducted, and a projected budget showing the sources and amounts of funding. In addition researchers are asked to agree to send a copy of any thesis or publication which results from their research in Niger and to contribute time to the training of Nigerian historians and social scientists.
Reflections on Praxis and Nexus
Authors: Jentleson Bruce W. 
Published: April 2006

It's one thing to actually work in Congress or in an administration. That's “policy work,” and we political scientists are reasonably comfortable with the ways in which our particular substantive expertises can lead us to take on policy positions. But to get involved in “politics” itself, and in a presidential campaign no less?There is no question that it takes some adjusting. Memos by 5:00, rather than a manuscript by next year. Speeches with lots of tag lines, and not a single footnote. In-depth analyses, but in a page, please. Journalists and politicos as peer reviewers. Debate prep, not lecture notes. Meetings with interest groups, not seminars with interested students.It's definitely a different experience. But it can be a very valuable one.It's not basic research. But it is involvement.It's an altogether crazy way to lead one's life. But it's exciting, and it actually can be fun.
Cobalt Recovery from Sulfate Media Applying a Liquid Membrane Containing Cyanex 302
Authors: Dimitrov K. , Rollet V. , Saboni A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCobalt recovery from sulfate solutions was studied by using a liquid membrane containing Cyanex 302. The influence of the pH and the concentrations of cobalt and the extractant on the metal equilibrium distribution was established. Kinetic investigations of the cobalt transfer across a liquid membrane containing Cyanex 302 were performed in a rotating film contactor. Sulfuric acid was used as a stripping agent. The results obtained show that cobalt can be successfully recovered from neutral and weakly acidic sulfate solutions. A mathematical model describing the transport of cobalt ions across the liquid membrane was proposed. The local mass transfer coefficients of cobalt ions in the aqueous phases and cobalt‐carrier complex in the organic phase were evaluated on the basis of the experimental data obtained at various conditions as well as on the proposed model.
Thermo‐Responsive Gating Characteristics of Poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide)‐Grafted Membranes
Authors: Yang M. , Chu L.‐Y. , Li Y. , Zhao X.‐J. , Song H. , Chen W.‐M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBoth hydrophilic Nylon‐6 membranes and hydrophobic poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes, with a wide range of grafting yields of poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM), were prepared using the plasma‐graft pore‐filling polymerization method. The effect of the physical and chemical properties of the substrates on the thermo‐responsive gating characteristics of the PNIPAM‐grafted membranes was investigated experimentally. For both the PVDF and Nylon‐6 membranes, the grafted PNIPAM polymers were found not only on the membranes outer surface, but also on the inner surfaces of the pores throughout the entire thickness of the membrane. The thermo‐responsive gating characteristics of the PNIPAM‐grafted membranes were heavily affected by the physical and chemical properties of the porous membrane substrates. The PNIPAM‐g‐Nylon‐6 membranes exhibited a much larger thermo‐responsive gating coefficient than the PNIPAM‐g‐PVDF membranes. Furthermore, to achieve the largest thermo‐responsive gating coefficient, the corresponding optimum grafting yield of PNIPAM for the PNIPAM‐g‐Nylon‐6 membranes was also larger than that for the PNIPAM‐g‐PVDF membranes.
Effect of Oxygen on Methane Steam Reforming in a Sliding Discharge Reactor
Authors: Ouni F. , Khacef A. , Cormier J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHydrogen‐rich gas can be efficiently produced in compact plasma reformers by the conversion of a variety of hydrocarbon fuels, including natural gas and gasoline. This article describes experimental and modeling progress in plasma reforming of methane using a sliding discharge reactor (SDR). Experiments have been carried out in a compact device operating at low consumed power (1–2 kW). Previous studies of methane steam reforming using a SDR at atmospheric pressure show promising results (H2 concentration higher than 55 %). In order to study the effect of oxygen on the methane conversion and thus hydrogen production, a small amount of oxygen in the range of 7–20 % was added to the CH4‐H2O mixture. An unexpected result was that under our experimental conditions in the SDR oxygen did not have any influence on the methane conversion. Almost the totality of added oxygen is recovered intact. Moreover, part of the H2 produced was transformed into water by reaction with O2. A model describing the chemical processes based on classical thermodynamics is also proposed. The results indicate that the reactor design has to be improved in order to increase conversion and hydrogen production.
Comparison of Concentration Profiles for Boundary Layers in Absorption with Chemical Reaction Processes
Authors: Hace I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn analysis of five different systems of absorption‐with‐chemical‐reaction in gas‐liquid reactors, commonly encountered in various industrial processes, is presented. To analyze the interphase mass transfer from gas to liquid, the rate limiting parameters and the concentrations at the gas‐liquid interface were determined on the basis of pertinent theories. The calculations presented, are based on the Whitman theory for gas and liquid phase mass transfer coefficients and Henry equilibrium constants. The necessary diffusion coefficients were calculated from existing correlations, and the corresponding chemical reaction rate constants were obtained from the literature, assuming pseudo first order chemical reaction. The process parameters required (pressure, temperature, and the gas‐liquid contact time) were within the values that occur in industrial processes. The results presented, are the concentration profiles in the boundary layers for the systems studied, calculated and graphically presented, together with the gas and liquid film thicknesses and Hatta numbers, obtained from calculations for the liquid phase mass transfer. The results may contribute to a better understanding of the absorption‐with‐chemical‐reaction processes in industrial plants, thus lowering the operational costs of these processes and alleviating the ecological problems of existing technologies.
Syntheses of Sterically Hindered Pyridinium Phenoxides as Model Compounds in Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Diemer Vincent , Chaumeil Hélène , Defoin Albert , Fort Alain , Boeglin Alex , Carré Christiane 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNoncentrosymmetric molecules with a π‐conjugated system and, among them, push–pull molecules such as pyridinium phenoxide, are a promising new class of materials for applications in optoelectronics due to their nonlinear optical (NLO) properties. Modelling studies have indicated that an increase in the twist angle between the two aromatic rings leads to an enhancement of the NLO properties. In order to confirm this feature experimentally, it was necessary to prepare a series of new hindered pyridinium phenoxides. Their efficient syntheses by Suzuki cross‐coupling reactions are described herein.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Atomistic Simulation of Bulk Mechanics and Local Dynamics of Amorphous Polymers
Authors: Lyulin Alexey V. , Li J. , Mulder Tim , Vorselaars Bart , Michels M.A.J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSummary: In order to have better insight into the polymer specifics of the dynamic glass transition molecular dynamics (MD) computer simulations of three glass‐formers have been carried out: low‐molecular‐weight isopropylbenzene (iPB), brittle atactic polystyrene (PS) and tough bisphenol A polycarbonate (PC). Simulation of the uniaxial deformation of these mechanically different types of amorphous polymers shows that the mechanical experimental data could be realistically reproduced. Now the objective is to study the local orientational mobility in the non‐deformed isotropic state and to find the possible connection of the segmental dynamics with the different bulk mechanical properties. Local orientational mobility has been studied via Legendre polynomials of the second order and CONTIN analysis. Insight into local orientational dynamics on a range of length‐ and time scales is acquired. The fast transient ballistic process describing the very initial part of the relaxation has been observed for all temperatures. For all three simulated materials the slowing down of cage escape (α‐relaxation) follows mode‐coupling theory above Tg, with non‐universal, material‐specific exponents. Below Tg universal activated segmental motion has been found. At high temperature the α process is merged with the β process. The β process which corresponds to the motions within cage continues below Tg and can be described by an activation law.
Production and assembly of atomic clusters
Authors: Partridge J. G. , Reichel R. , Ayesh A. , Mackenzie D. M. A. , Brown S. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the production of atomic clusters and their subsequent assembly into conducting films and wires on insulating substrates. An Ultra‐High‐Vacuum compatible Inert Gas Aggregation cluster deposition system which allows in‐situ electrical measurements to be performed on deposited cluster films has been developed. Accurate placement and dimensional control of cluster‐assembled films has been achieved in this system using soft‐landed Bi and Sb clusters and templated substrates prepared using standard optical and electron‐beam lithography. Self‐contacting cluster‐assembled films produced on planar Six Ny and SiO2 passivated Si substrates have provided a means to study conduction through percolating networks. Cluster‐assembled wires with sub‐100 nm widths have been positioned on templated Six Ny and SiO2 passivated Si substrates. The reported assembly techniques rely upon controlling cluster reflection from substrates and factors which affect the probability of cluster‐reflection are discussed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Effects of mycelial culture of Phellinus linteus on ethanol‐induced gastric ulcer in rats
Authors: Lee Jun Hyuk , Lee Soo Jin , Choi Yung Hyun , Chung Kyung Tae , Jeong Young Kee , Choi Byung Tae 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe gastroprotective effects of a mycelial culture of Phellinus linteus (MCPL) were evaluated by determining the ulcer index, gastric mucus content, histopathological observation and histochemical properties of mucin in an ethanol‐induced ulcer model of rats. Preadministration with MCPL at doses of 20 and 60 mg/kg, showed a significant decrease of bleeding and ulcer index and alleviated the histopathological changes induced by ethanol such as hemorrhage and necrosis. Ethanol treatment decreased the gastric adhesion mucus content, but a higher level of gastric mucus persisted after preadministration of MCPL. As for the histochemical properties of mucins, marked changes were observed in both the surface and gland mucous cells in ethanol‐treated rats, but these changes were detected only in the surface mucous cells in rat preadministered with MCPL. Using conventional methods for mucins, ethanol‐treated rats revealed a decrease of neutral and acid mucin in the surface epithelium and mucous neck cells compared with normal rats. A marked decrease of BSL‐1 by lectin histochemistry was also revealed in the ethanol‐treated rats. But the MCPL preadministered rats showed similar stainabilities and lectin affinity patterns for mucins as the normal rats. These results indicate that pretreatment with MCPL provided protection of the gastric mucosa from ethanol‐induced injury by maintaining the mucus barrier in rats. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Ginkgo biloba extract, EGb 761, fails to reduce brain infarct size in rats after transient, middle cerebral artery occlusion in conditions of unprevented, ischemia‐induced fever
Authors: de Lima Keli Carina Miltus , Schilichting Carmen Lúcia Ruiz , Junior Lourival Augusto Cestari , da Silva Flávia Munhoz , Benetoli Arcélio , Milani Humberto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThere is much biochemical evidence, but very few studies in animal models of stroke in vivo, to suggest that Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) may offer neuroprotection against regional, ischemic brain damage; additional investigations are needed to ensure future clinical trials. This study reports the effects of EGb 761 given acutely or chronically before ischemia. Rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 2 h and the brain infarct size was assessed 24 h later. Dipyrone (100 mg/kg, i.p.) was injected 30 min before ischemia, and 2.5 and 5.5 h after ischemia, to reduce ischemia‐induced fever. EGb 761 (Tebonin®) was given acutely (200 mg/kg, p.o., 60 min before ischemia) or chronically (100 mg/kg, p.o., once daily, for 14 days before ischemia). Acute or chronic treatment with EGb 761, either alone or in combination with dipyrone, did not reduce the infarct size compared with saline alone (p > 0.05). Dipyrone failed to prevent ischemia‐induced fever during the intra‐ischemic period (p > 0.05 vs saline; p < 0.001 vs sham). In the reperfusion phase, dipyrone reduced fever to normothermic levels in the group treated acutely with EGb 761 (p < 0.01 vs saline, p > 0.05 vs sham) but not after chronic EGb 761 (p < 0.01 vs sham), indicating possible pharmacokinetic interaction. In conclusion, within the context of unprevented, ischemia‐induced fever, the present results demonstrate that EGb 761 has no significant effect on brain infarct size. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Sixth View
Authors: Khan Linda M. 
Published: April 2006

The forum participants have described their procedures for evaluating Bobby's speech. Each has a specific flavor to it. Bleile strives for "balancing thoroughness against efficiency" and is concerned about keeping both Bobby and his parents comfortable during the evaluation. Hodson et al. seem to center their evaluation around "readiness for literacy," which requires a strong phonological system and metaphonological awareness. Hoffman & Norris use no standardized tests, preferring to derive all data from a "naturalistic" interaction with Bobby. Miccio is sensitive to cultural differences and the influence of the "unnatural" clinical setting on such a young child. Her evaluation is also the most thorough in its focus on the phonological system at multiple levels. Tyler & Tolbert emphasize the "multidimensional" nature of the assessment: standardized and nonstandardized evaluation, adjusting to Bobby's personality and preferences.
What is my view of the elephant? Because of time constraints and eligibility requirements, I focus on obtaining the information required for determining eligibility: "Quick and Dirty." For Bobby, this means a standardized articulation/phonology score, oral peripheral screening, and hearing screening. The additional information can be obtained later. Determining initial treatment goals can be accomplished at my desk after school.

This is the sixth view: from the trenches
. In attempting to "balance thoroughness against efficiency," efficiency wins. If the referral is for articulation/phonology, then that will be the focus of the evaluation. Caseload size and time constraints determine that establishing eligibility is the highest priority, followed by the development of initial treatment goals. If I haven't completed Bobby's language testing during the evaluation session, at the very least I will have gathered preliminary evidence to suggest the presence or absence of a language impairment. Further evaluation of the communication system may be completed during the first few therapy sessions. As additional information is gathered, IEP goals are revised or augmented as needed. Bobby is on his way to intelligibility.
The adenoma carcinoma sequence: an indoctrinated model for tumorigenesis, but is it always a clinical reality?
Authors: Smith D. , Ballal M. , Hodder R. , Selvachandran S. N. , Cade D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjective  Evidence exists to support alternative pathways to the adenoma carcinoma sequence. Some mutations in key onco‐suppressor genes relate to the anatomical site of the tumour. This link is typified by microsatellite instability and proximal neoplasia. However, rectal tumours are rarely considered separately. We hypothesized that tumour behaviour in the rectum may differ in terms of pathogenesis and malignant propensity. Therefore, we aimed to look for an association between the histopathological features of adenomas and their anatomical location as compared with the distribution of cancers.Methods  A single centre prospective study was undertaken over a four‐year period. Patients referred to a colorectal assessment clinic with bowel symptoms underwent a minimum investigation of flexible sigmiodoscopy. Neoplastic lesions were either biopsied or removed after noting distance from the anal margin. Adenomas, differentiated by size, villous architecture and degree of dysplasia were compared to both early and advanced carcinomas.Results  Of 4089 patients, polyps were identified in 8.0% and cancer in 4.2%. There was a clear difference between the distribution of cancer and adenomas > 1 cm, P < 0.001. All degrees of dysplasia in large adenomas were more prevalent in the sigmoid colon as compared to cancer, P < 0.001. Seventy‐five percent of high risk diminutive adenomas were rectal in origin.Conclusion  Our data provides indirect evidence to support the concept that a significant proportion of rectal cancers may arise via an alternative pathway to the Vogelstein model. Polyp behaviour along with malignant propensity may actually be site dependent, with rectal polyps harbouring a more aggressive phenotype.
MARTYRDOM: SELF‐DENIAL OR SELF‐EXALTATION? MOTIVES FOR SELF‐SACRIFICE FROM HOMER TO POLYCARP A THEOLOGICAL REFLECTION1
Authors: SMITH J. WARREN 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article explores the theological understandings of martyrdom in the second century and how they might serve as a response to Nietzsche's critique that Christian martyrdom is not self‐abnegation but a self‐deluded assertion of the will to power. In reply to this objection, the article focuses on the early church's self‐conscious concern for the proper and improper forms of martyrdom as depicted in the Martyrdom of Polycarp. By contrasting the depiction of Polycarp's martyrdom “according to the gospel” with classical views of self‐sacrifice in Homer's Iliad and Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, it will show how martyrdom, contra Nietzsche, can be an act of true self‐denial.
Partial Reconstitution of the CD4+-T-Cell Compartment in CD4 Gene Knockout Mice Restores Responses to Tuberculosis DNA Vaccines
Authors: D'Souza Sushila , Romano Marta , Korf Johanna , Wang Xiao-Ming , Adnet Pierre-Yves , Huygen Kris 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTReactivation tuberculosis (TB) is a serious problem in immunocompromised individuals, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) coinfection. The adaptive immune response mediated by CD4+and CD8+T cells is known to confer protection against TB. Hence, vaccines against TB are designed to activate these two components of the immune system. Anti-TB DNA vaccines encoding the immunodominant proteins Ag85A, Ag85B, and PstS-3 fromMycobacterium tuberculosisare ineffective in mice lacking CD4+T cells (CD4−/−mice). In this study, we demonstrate that reconstitution of the T-cell compartment in CD4−/−mice restores vaccine-specific antibody and gamma interferon (IFN-γ) responses to these DNA vaccines. The magnitude of the immune responses correlated with the extent of reconstitution of the CD4+-T-cell compartment. Reconstituted mice vaccinated with DNA encoding PstS-3, known to encode a dominant Db-restricted CD8+-T-cell epitope, displayed CD8+-T-cell responses not observed in CD4−/−mice.M. tuberculosischallenge in reconstituted mice led to the extravasation of IFN-γ-producing CD4+and CD8+T cells into lungs, the primary site of bacterial replication. Importantly, a reconstitution of 12 to 15% of the CD4+-T-cell compartment resulted in Ag85B plasmid DNA-mediated protection against a challengeM. tuberculosisinfection. Our findings provide evidence that anti-TB DNA vaccines could be effective in immunodeficient individuals after CD4+-T-lymphocyte reconstitution, as may occur following antiretroviral therapy in HIV+patients.
Characterization of MspA, an Immunogenic Autotransporter Protein That Mediates Adhesion to Epithelial and Endothelial Cells in
Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Turner D. P. J. , Marietou A. G. , Johnston L. , Ho K. K. L. , Rogers A. J. , Wooldridge K. G. , Ala'Aldeen D. A. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

A novel putative autotransporter protein (NMB1998) was identified in the available genomic sequence of meningococcal strain MC58 (ET-5; ST-32). The
mspA
gene is absent from the genomic sequences of meningococcal strain Z2491 (ET-IV; ST-4) and the gonococcal strain FA1090. An orthologue is present in the meningococcal strain FAM18 (ET-37; ST-11), but the sequence contains a premature stop codon, suggesting that the protein may not be expressed in this strain. MspA is predicted to be a 157-kDa protein with low cysteine content, and it exhibits 36 and 33% identity to the meningococcal autotransporter proteins immunoglobulin A1 (IgA1) protease and App, respectively. Search of the Pfam database predicts the presence of IgA1 protease and autotransporter β-barrel domains. MspA was cloned, and a recombinant protein of the expected size was expressed and after being affinity purified was used to raise rabbit polyclonal monospecific antiserum. Immunoblot studies showed that ca. 125- and 95-kDa fragments of MspA are secreted in meningococcal strain MC58, which are absent from the isogenic mutant. Secretion of MspA was shown to be modified in an AspA isogenic mutant. A strain survey showed that MspA is expressed by all ST-32 and ST-41/44 (lineage 3) strains, but none of the ST-8 (A4) strains examined. Sera from patients convalescing from meningococcal disease were shown to contain MspA-specific antibodies. In bactericidal assays, anti-MspA serum was shown to kill the homologous strain (MC58) and another ST-32 strain.
Escherichia coli
-expressing recombinant MspA was shown to adhere to both human bronchial epithelial cells and brain microvascular endothelial cells.