bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detachment of sprayed colloidal copper oxychloride–metalaxyl fungicides by a shallow water flow
Authors: Pose‐Juan Eva , Paradelo‐Pérez Marcos , Rial‐Otero Raquel , Simal‐Gándara Jesus , López‐Periago José E 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: Flow shear stress induced by rainfall promotes the loss of the pesticides sprayed on crops. Some of the factors influencing the losses of colloidal‐size particulate fungicides are quantified by using a rotating shear system model. With this device it was possible to analyse the flow shear influencing washoff of a commercial fungicide formulation based on a copper oxychloride–metalaxyl mixture that was sprayed on a polypropylene surface. A factor plan with four variables, i.e. water speed and volume (both variables determining flow boundary stress in the shear device), formulation dosage and drying temperature, was set up to monitor colloid detachment.RESULTS: This experimental design, together with sorption experiments of metalaxyl on copper oxychloride, and the study of the dynamics of metalaxyl and copper oxychloride washoff, made it possible to prove that metalaxyl washoff from a polypropylene surface is controlled by transport in solution, whereas that of copper oxychloride occurs by particle detachment and transport of particles. Average losses for metalaxyl and copper oxychloride were, respectively, 29 and 50% of the quantity applied at the usual recommended dosage for crops.CONCLUSION: The key factors affecting losses were flow shear and the applied dosage. Empirical models using these factors provided good estimates of the percentage of fungicide loss. From the factor analysis, the main mechanism for metalaxyl loss induced by a shallow water flow is solubilisation, whereas copper loss is controlled by erosion of copper oxychloride particles. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Evaluation of radioprotective effects of propolis and its flavonoid constituents: in vitro study on human white blood cells
Authors: Benkovic Vesna , Knezevic Anica Horvat , Orsolic Nada , Basic Ivan , Ramic Snjezana , Viculin Tomislav , Knezevic Fabijan , Kopjar Nevenka 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis in vitro study aimed to evaluate the possible radioprotective effects of the natural substances WSDP, caffeic acid, chrysin and naringin on γ‐irradiated human white blood cells. The effectiveness of tested compounds was evaluated using the alkaline comet assay, the analysis of structural chromosome aberration and the cytokinesis‐block micronucleus assay. The results obtained by the alkaline comet study indicate favourable toxicity profiles of propolis and its polyphenolic components, and confirmed the radioprotective abilities comparable to the chemical radioprotector AET. WSDP and its polyphenolic components were able to reduce the number of necrotic cells. None of tested compounds induced significant genotoxicity, but all of them offered a quite measurable protection against DNA damage. WSDP was found to be the most effective in diminishing the levels of primary and more complex cytogenetic DNA damage in white blood cells. Considering its complex composition, to undoubtedly explain the underlying mechanisms of cyto/radioprotective effects, further studies are needed. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Concept of Reference Architectures
Authors: Cloutier Robert , Muller Gerrit , Verma Dinesh , Nilchiani Roshanak , Hole Eirik , Bone Mary 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe concept of Reference Architectures is novel in the business world. However, many architects active in the creation of complex systems frequently use the term Reference Architecture. Yet, these experienced architects do not collectively have a consistent notion of what constitutes a Reference Architecture, what is the value of maintaining the Reference Architecture, what is the best approach to visualizing a Reference Architecture, what is the most appropriate level of abstraction, and how should an architect make use of the Reference Architecture in their work? This paper examines current Reference Architectures and the driving forces behind development of them to come to a collective conclusion on what a Reference Architecture should truly be. It will be shown that a Reference Architecture captures the accumulated architectural knowledge of thousands man‐years of work. This knowledge ranges from why (market segmentation, value chain, customer key drivers, application), what (systems, key performance parameters, system interfaces, functionality, variability), to how (design views and diagrams, essential design patterns, main concepts). The purpose of the Reference Architecture is to provide guidance for future developments. The Reference Architecture incorporates the vision and strategy for the future. The Reference Architecture is a reference for the hundreds of teams related to ongoing developments. By providing this reference all these teams have a shared baseline of why, what and how. It is the authors' goal that this paper will facilitate further research in the concepts and ideas presented herein. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng
Seasonal succession of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum blooms with cylindrospermopsin occurrence in the volcanic Lake Albano, Central Italy
Authors: Messineo Valentina , Melchiorre Serena , Di Corcia Antonio , Gallo Pasquale , Bruno Milena 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe cyanobacterial toxin cylindrospermopsin is rapidly spreading in the European temperate Countries. Cylindrospermopsin was detected for the first time in Italy in 2004; in this study, the presence of this toxin in Albano Lake (Central Italy) has been correlated to the cyanobacterial species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon ovalisporum and their population dynamics. In 2004, these two species succeeded in the lake during spring, summer, and early autumn without overlapping, causing superficial blooms. Cylindrospermopsin was detected in lake samples by LC‐MS/MS and ELISA immunoassay, showing extracellular superficial values ranging from 2.6 to 126 μg/L, and water column values ranging from 0.41 to 18.4 μg/L. Twenty‐six of 30 positive water samples (86%) exceeded the recommended limit of 1 μg/L. Intracellular values up to 42.3 μg/g were measured. Moreover, cylindrospermopsin was detected in tissues from two Salmo trutta trouts (up to 2.7 ng/g) and in a well for drinking water supply (1.6 μg/L). For the first time, two cyanobacterial species producing cylindrospermopsin were detected in the same lake in Italy. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 2010.
Validation of a new yeast‐based reporter assay consisting of human estrogen receptors α/β and coactivator SRC‐1: Application for detection of estrogenic activity in environmental samples
Authors: Chu Wai‐Ling , Shiizaki Kazuhiro , Kawanishi Masanobu , Kondo Mami , Yagi Takashi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEndocrine disruptors are exogenous substances that act like hormones in the endocrine system and disrupt the physiologic function of endogenous hormones. In the present study, we established reporter yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing human estrogen receptors, ERα or ERβ. These strains contain a reporter plasmid carrying an estrogen responsive element (ERE) upstream of the β‐galactosidase gene, and a plasmid expressing a steroid receptor coactivator, SRC‐1e. Using these reporter strains, we demonstrated dose‐dependent estrogenic activities of different categories of ligands, a natural hormone, 17β‐estradiol (E2); a synthetic drug, diethylstilbestrol (DES); phytoestrogens, genistein, daizein and emodin; and an environmental endocrine disrupter, bisphenol A. EC50 values of E2 for ERα and ERβ are 5.31 × 10−10 and 5.85 × 10−10 M, respectively. We also demonstrated that these yeasts were applicable for measuring estrogenic activities of environmental water samples. Most downstream sites of a river showed similar activity in both ERα and ERβ assays. These yeast strains are useful and convenient for detecting and comparing the estrogenic ligand activities of environmental samples in response to ERα and ERβ. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2009.
Blood lead levels in children of Lucknow, India
Authors: Ahamed Maqusood , Verma Sanjeev , Kumar Archana , Siddiqui Mohd. K. J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAfter implementing measures to control lead pollution in many countries, blood lead levels (BLLs) in children have been declined. The phase‐out of leaded petrol began in Lucknow, the capital of most populated state, Uttar Pradesh in India on April 1, 2000. We evaluated the mean BLL and associated risk factors for lead exposure in Lucknow children (3–12 years) after petrol lead phase‐out activity. The mean BLL of the 200 children was 9.3 μg/dL (range: 1.0–27.9 μg/dL). Seventy‐four children (37%) had BLL above the Centre for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC) level of concern (10 μg/dL). When these data were compared with BLLs determined by the George Foundation among the children of Mumbai, Bangalore, Kolkata, Chennai, Hyderabad, and Delhi during the year 1997 when leaded petrol was in use, where 62%, 62%, 87%, 96%, 43%, and 95%, respectively, then exceeded the CDC intervention level. Further, BLL of present study was very close to Mumbai children (age ≤12 years) estimated following the introduction of unleaded petrol, and 33% children had BLL above the CDC concern level with an average 8.4 μg/dL. Low socioeconomic status, proximity of home to traffic density, and mother's illiteracy were the factors associated with elevated BLLs in Lucknow children (P < 0.05). Overall, results indicate a declining trend of BLL in Lucknow children when compared with those reported from other cities of India when leaded petrol was in practice. A national population‐based study is recommended to determine the prevalence of elevated BLLs after the phase‐out of leaded‐petrol. In addition, future studies on other sources of lead exposure in Lucknow are warranted for public health purposes. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol, 2010.
Joined in death: highlights of the Sixth International Meeting on Yeast Apoptosis in Leuven, Belgium, 30 April–4 May 2008
Authors: Thevissen Karin , Madeo Frank , Ludovico Paula , Cammue Bruno , Winderickx Joris 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhile yeast apoptosis was still a controversial issue less than 10 years ago, the efforts of many groups have revealed cell death mechanisms that resemble, in many aspects, those described for mammalian apoptosis. Here, we provide an overview of new insights on yeast apoptosis and the link with lifespan of yeast cells, based on data presented at the 6th International Meeting of Yeast Apoptosis (IMYA). Together, these data demonstrate the power and advantages of the yeast system to uncover novel cellular factors governing life and death, placing yeast at the forefront of apoptosis research. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Absence of See1p, a widely conserved Saccharomyces cerevisiae protein, confers both deficient heterologous protein production and endocytosis
Authors: Martín‐Granados Cristina , Riechers Sean‐Patrick , Stahl Ulf , Lang Christine 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe uncharacterized Saccharomyces cerevisiae open reading frame (ORF) YIL064w is predicted to encode a cytoplasmic 28 kDa protein, recognized by sequence similarity as a putative S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine methyltransferase. A micro‐scale screening performed in our laboratory with the EUROSCARF S. cerevisiae BY4741 deletion mutant collection identified YIL064w deletion as negatively affecting secretory production of reporter α‐amylase. The work presented here corroborates the later observations of the yil064w mutant in a larger‐scale assay and shows that Yil064p is necessary for the efficient secretory production of two reporter proteins, murine α‐amylase and fungal polygalacturonase. Further, we analysed endocytosis in the yil064w mutant strain and observed defects at both very early and later stages of endocytic transport in cells in the late logarithmic phase. The defects at very early stages may decisively account for the low transfection (DNA uptake by endocytosis) efficiency that we also observed in the yil064w mutant. These are the first in vivo data reporting a functional role for the protein encoded by ORF YIL064w and identify Yil064p, named here secretion and early endocytosis 1 protein (See1p), as a novel component of intracellular transport. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and Optical Properties of the Single Crystalline SnS Nanowire Arrays
Authors: Yue GH , Wang LS , Wang X , Chen YZ , Peng DL 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The SnS nanowire arrays have been successfully synthesized by the template-assisted pulsed electrochemical deposition in the porous anodized aluminum oxide template. The investigation results showed that the as-synthesized nanowires are single crystalline structures and they have a highly preferential orientation. The ordered SnS nanowire arrays are uniform with a diameter of 50 nm and a length up to several tens of micrometers. The synthesized SnS nanowires exhibit strong absorption in visible and near-infrared spectral region and the direct energy gapE
gof SnS nanowires is 1.59 eV.
Low birth weight and early weight gain in the metabolic syndrome: Consequences for infant nutrition
Authors: Vaag Allan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEmerging data indicate that being born small for gestational age (SGA) and rapid infant catch‐up growth may play a significant role in the risk of developing type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) many years later in life. The impact of these perinatal T2DM and MS risk factors may be more important than genetics in some parts of the world, including low‐income countries. Breastfeeding for 3–6 months is associated with reduced risk of developing insulin resistance and the metabolic syndrome. Promotion of fast growth in SGA infants by nutrient‐enriched formula increases risk of hypertension and the metabolic syndrome. While waiting for better knowledge of how to combat T2DM and MS with early‐life interventions, breastfeeding should be recommended and enforced whenever possible, keeping in mind the health and nutritional status of the mother. Furthermore, promotion of fast weight gain in SGA infants by nutrient‐enriched formula feeding should be used with caution. However, growth limitation by restriction of nutrition in SGA infants below general recommendations should not be recommended.
A quantitative analysis of Liberian colonization from 1820 to 1843 with special reference to mortality
Authors: Shick Tom W. 
Published: January 2009

It is well known that during the eighteenth century and most of the nineteenth century the problem of mortality limited the European presence in West Africa. Disease and death in appalling proportions plagued whites who settled along the coast. Phrases such as ‘the white man's grave’ popularized theories concerning survival in West Africa that were based mainly on race. The belief that black people by virtue of their race would fare better than whites in Africa affected certain historical events. Hence religious groups began to train blacks in the Caribbean for missionary work and then sent them to Africa, while other groups such as the American Colonization Society encouraged black people to emigrate back to Africa. The present study is a quantitative examination of the black population that emigrated to Liberia through the American Colonization Society from 1820 to 1843. Particular attention is given to their mortality experience.Although a total of 4,571 emigrants arrived in Liberia during the 1820 to 1843 period, by the year 1843 only 1,819 emigrants were still living in the settlements. The overwhelming reason for the Liberian population decline, despite constant additions throughout the period, was a high death rate after arrival in Liberia. By examining the various characteristics of the population such as age, sex, place of origin, place of arrival and the like, a clearer picture of mortality in West Africa emerges. A picture which seems to have little relationship to race per se, but rather to the ways in which disease environments in isolated areas affect incoming populations.
‘Scramble’ et ‘Course au Clocher’
Authors: Brunschwig Henri 
Published: January 2009

‘La course au clocher’, traduction du terme anglais de steeple-chase, fut introduite en France en 1834. D`s 1832 Alfred de Musset, dans ‘A quoi rêvent les jeunes filles’, Acte I, scène IV, donne une description précise de ce sport:Avez-vous jamais vu les courses d'Angleterre?On prend quatre coureurs—quatre chevaux sellés;On leur montre un clocher, puis on leur dit: Ailez!Il s'agit d'arriver, n'importe la manière.L'un choisit un ravin—l'autre un chemin battu.Celui-ci gagnera s'il ne rencontre un fleuve;Celui-là fera mieux, s'il n'a le cou rompu.
The Funj: a reconsideration
Authors: Spaulding Jay 
Published: January 2009

Three lines of evidence regarding the Funj prior to the rise of the Sinnār Sultanate about 1500 have been considered. Shilluk tradition remembers the Funj as the previous inhabitants of the present Shilluk homeland, while many of the eighteenth- and nineteenth-century visitors to Sinnār were told that the Funj came from the White Nile. While neither set of traditions should be accepted without question, the fact that they tend to confirm each other lends weight to both.In the Shilluk country, the early Funj seem to have lived on elevated settlement mounds, and perhaps the putative Funj homeland should be extended to include the region in which these mounds are found. That would suggest that the Funj culture centred primarily along the White Nile approximately between Renk and Malakal, but the possibility of a homeland even more broadly defined need not be excluded.Archaeological evidence derived from pottery finds on the White Nile mounds may be interpreted to imply that the Funj were a southern Nubian people, an hypothesis that must be weighed against alternatives that would suggest an unknown or even Meroitic cultural identity. The presence of red brick structures along the White Nile south of the generally accepted borders of the Sultanate, as well as in the capital itself, tends to support the ‘Nubian’ hypothesis. Further research concerning the Funj language and the archaeological cultures south of the latitude of Sinnār should help resolve these ambiguities; many aspects of government and society in the Sinnār Sultanate are clarified by considering the era a Nubian Renaissance.
The Protectorate Paragraph of the Wichalē Treaty
Authors: Rubenson Sven 
Published: January 2009

The problems connected with Article XVII of the Wic̣halē (Uccialli) treaty of 1889 form one of the most important issues in the history of Ethiopian-Italian relations. The Italian government claimed that this Article made Ethiopia an Italian protectorate. There was, however, a significant discrepancy between the Amharic and Italian versions of the Article. Minīlik refused to accept the ‘protection’ of Italy; diplomacy failed to solve the conflict, and the battle of Adwa followed. The absolute independence of Ethiopia was then recognized. But the idea that Ethiopia was an Italian protectorate from 1889 to 1896 has nevertheless been maintained by Italian authors and generally accepted by most writers on Ethiopian history to this day.A careful study of Italian-Ethiopian relations during the years preceding the Wic̣hale treaty, as well as of the immediate circumstances under which it was signed, reveals that the Italian negotiator Antonelli, and not Minīlik or his interpreter Yosēf, was guilty of creating the imbroglio. Antonelli was not ignorant of the Amharic language, and he had personally worded the Italian draft, which changed an earlier offer by the Italian government to act as the Emperor's ‘postman’ into an obligation for him to conduct his foreign affairs through Italian channels. Since this change was not introduced in the Amharic version, which had equal authority, the conclusion must be that the ‘protectorate paragraph’ never had any validity whatsoever. The Italian protectorate was not terminated by the battle of Adwa. It had never existed.
The Ounce in Eighteenth-Century West African Trade
Authors: Johnson Marion 
Published: January 2009

The Ounce as a unit in the West African trade was originally applied to the goods which could be exchanged on the Gold Coast for one ounce of gold; it was generally reckoned that such goods would cost about 40s. in Europe, or half the European value of the gold. Calculations based on actual transactions show that the prime cost of an Ounce of goods was sometimes lower than this, when a favourable assortment of goods had been chosen. In the 1760's and 1770's gold was no longer being exported from the Gold Coast, but was demanded as part of the price of slaves; an ounce of gold was then valued at two Ounces of trade goods. The price of gold had risen, partly owing to a local stoppage of trade, and perhaps also because of a permanent change in the direction of Ashanti gold exports.At Whydah, the Ounce was not in use in the first half of the eighteenth century; values of goods, including cowries, the local currency, were expressed in terms of the quantity equivalent to one slave. By 1772 the Ounce had come into use at a value similar to that on the Gold Coast. The French selling cheap brandy, and the Portuguese selling cheap Brazilian tobacco, were able to operate at very low costs per Ounce.The ‘slave-price’ rigsdaler of Christiansborg, with regular exchange rates both with gold and with cowries, forms a link between the Gold and Slave Coast systems.A table of slave prices at various dates during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries is given in terms of Ounces and other units.