bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Musculoskeletal scapular correlates of plantigrade and acrobatic positional activities in Papio cynocephalus anubis and Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Kimes Kyle R. , Siegel Michael I. , Sadler Deborah L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study investigates several musculoskeletal scapular correlates of quadrupedal behavior in predominantly plantigrade, Papio cynocephalus anubis and acrobatic, less plantigrade, Macaca fascicularis. Positional behaviors differ in these two primates reflecting the amount of time spent emphasizing one or the other of these captive behavioral regimes. Stresses associated with particular patterns of behavior result in different scapular morphologies. Papio exhibits a significantly broader scapula with a more dorsoventrally curved blade accompanying an enlarged teres major muscle. The supraspinous fossa is wider in Papio, while the infraspinous/teres major attachment is wider in Macaca. Angular measurements reflect the breadth dimension of the various fossae. These results utilize two species of primates to extend a methodology developed in previous studies and to suggest that a predictable interdependence occurs between scapular dimensions and certain behavioral activities.
Movement patterns of yellow baboons (Papio cynocephalus): Sex differences in juvenile development toward adult patterns
Authors: Rhine Ramon J. , Forthman Debra L. , Stillwell‐Barnes Robin , Westlund Bruce J. , Westlund Heather D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAge‐sex differences in the sociospatial positioning of progressing baboon troops have been postulated as an important, protective aspect of baboon adaptation to a terrestrial existence. The protection theory is an ultimate hypothesis which can be disproven by showing that the postulated age‐sex positioning fails to occur. Alternatively, confidence in the protection theory can be increased if the postulated positioning persists across several troops despite significant opportunities for variation, and if progression order is shown to be linked to biological phenomena such as sex differences in physical maturation. Data from 73 individually identified, free‐ranging juveniles of both sexes were compared with previous findings. Small juveniles of several troops were more centrally located than large juveniles. Large juveniles males were more toward the front than were large juvenile females. As male walking infants and juveniles aged, a change in positioning (i.e., location) occurred: males were located increasingly toward the front of progressions. Comparable data from females suggest that the adult female pattern had begun to form among large juveniles. Data are consistent with an ultimate protection theory.
Trauma and trephination in a Peruvian mummy
Authors: Zimmerman Michael R. , Trinkaus Erik , Lemay Marjorie , Aufderheide Arthur C. , Reyman Theodore A. , Marrocco Guy R. , Shultes Richard E. , Coughlin Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA multidisciplinary team participated in the examination of a colonial era Peruvian mummy. This young adult male had suffered multiple cranial and facial wounds and fractures and he died soon after trephination. Other pathologic findings were limited to the lungs, which showed anthracosilicosis and possible fibrosis. The observed pathology is linked to the two major health hazards of the early colonial era, physical trauma and silver mining. There was no evidence of any benign or malignant tumor, consistent with previous studies of ancient human remains. Such comparisons of ancient and modern mortality are intended to provide a historial perspective on the evolution and etiology of human disease, eventually on a population basis.
Dermatoglyphic features of myocardial infarction patients
Authors: Anderson Milton W. , Haug Peter J. , Critchfield Greg 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn association reported between certain dermatoglyphic features and myocardial infarction (MI) in Japanese males is investigated using a sample of Caucasian males. The frequencies of each of the four Galtonian pattern types (arch, ulnar loop, radial loop, whorl) defined on each of the ten primary digital pattern areas, as well as several synthetic fields for the MI and control groups, are compared. Total and absolute finger ridge count for the same pattern areas in the two samples are similarly studied. No differences in the distributions of these features significant at the 0.01 level or less could be demonstrated between the MI and control samples. A search for combinations of features to correctly classify the individuals into the two groups was similarly inconclusive. Differences in sample size and racial homogeneity that may account for this failure to reproduce the results of the study of Japanese males are discussed. Finally, statistics describing the distributions of the dermatoglyphic features in the test and control samples are presented for comparison with future investigations.
Environmental noise and human prenatal growth
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTo determine whether chronic exposure to relatively loud noise has demonstrable biological effects in humans, a study was conducted on the effect of mother's exposure to airport noise while pregnant, and of social and biological characteristics of the family upon birthweight and gestation length. The sample of births was drawn from a community located adjacent to an international airport in the U.S., where noise levels had been measured previously. Mother's noise exposure was based upon noise levels near her residence in the community while she was pregnant. Data from 115 births were used, these being from mothers whose noise exposure history was most complete throughtout the pregnancy. Using multivariate analysis to correct for family characteristics, the partial correlation coefficient for noise exposure and gestation length was negative, large, and significant in girls (r = −0.49, p < 0.001). In boys the partial correlation coefficient was also negative but was smaller and did not quite reach statistical significance. Partial correlations with birthweight were smaller in both boys and girls and not significant. These results agree best with previous studies that suggest that noise may be reduce prenatal growth. The size of the observed effects may be related to a conservative research design biased towards underestimation, as well as to the real effects of noise upon human prenatal growth.
Brain weight‐body weight relationships in 12 species of nonhuman primates
Authors: Bronson Roderick T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNecropsy data from a Primate Center were used in a study of the brain weight‐body weight relationships of 12 species of nonhuman primates. The sample sizes ranged from six Cercopithecus aethiops to 163 Macaca mulatta. By plotting mean brain‐mean body weight of each species on log‐log paper, it was shown that the straight line fitting the plots of all species had a slope of 0.72. Slopes for three species of the genus Macaca, and for six species of the family Cebidae, were 0.61 and 0.81 respectively. Coefficients of determination of the three lines were greater than 0.90. Two species of the family Cebiade, Saimiri sciureus and Aotus trivirgatus, had equivalent body weights, but the former had a 30% larger brain than the latter. The results suggest that brain‐body weight scaling characteristics of primate species can be studied effectively using necropsy data. Some statistically significant discrepancies between these and published data, however, show that more data are required to describe these characteristics with greater certainty.
The epidemiologic transition in a frontier town — Manti, Utah: 1849–1977
Authors: Levison Catherine Hofer , Hastings Donald W. , Harrison Jerry N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCensus reports and information in burial records of Manti, Utah from 1849 to July 1977 are examined in order to (1)document mortality trends and differentials by age, sex, cause‐of‐death, and seasonality as Manti passed from a frontier settlement to a rural agricultural community; and (2) ascertain whether the shifts in the cause‐of‐death structure follow those patterns outlined by Omran (1971, 1974, 1977) in his theory of the epidemiologic transition. Findings parallel patterns suggested by Omran. Major factors accounting for mortality reductions are (1) elimination of the population's dependence upon a contaminated water supply, and (2) adoption of medical advances as they became available.
On error due to graduation of scaling for anthropometry
Authors: Bairagi R. , Chowdhury M. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is shown that the measurement error due to graduation of scaling for anthropometric variables usually follows a uniform distribution. The result is used to investigate to what extent graduation in anthropometric scales affects the short‐term intrasubject variance. It is seen that for commonly used graduations the effect is not to be considered substantial.
Reported versus measured adult statures
Authors: Himes John H. , Roche Alex F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReported and measured statures were obtained for 100 husband‐wife pairs. In addition, wives were asked to specify whether their husbands were tall, medium, or short. Correlations between reported and measured statures are high (0.84–0.97) and wives tend to overestimate their own measured stature by about 1 cm, and that of their husbands by about 1.3 cm. Wives correctly classify their husbands as tall, medium, or short in about 70% of the cases, using terciles of the stature distribution of American men as the standard. Reported statures may be useful proxies for measured statures for certain purposes. In the absence of measured or reported statures, a wife's categorization of her husband as tall, medium, or short may be satisfactory for some group studies.
Inheritance of digital arches in humans: Is the major gene fully penetrant?
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Majumder Partha P. , Mathew Susan , Satyanarayana M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrom the fingertip pattern analysis of 125 families with 376 children from Velanadu Brahmin and 100 families with 286 children from Telaganya Brahmin caste sects of Andhra Pradesh, India, the occurrence of an arch on at least one of the ten finger tips is shown to be aggregated in families. The mode of aggregation is in conformity with a major dominant gene with 0.28 chance of penetrance. This is to some extent contradictory to the result published from the analysis of a single Habbanite Jewish pedigree. Some implications of this discordant result are also discussed.
Basicranial anatomy of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids from East and South Africa
Authors: Dean M. C. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe results of a metrical analysis of the basicranium of 19 Plio‐Pleistocene fossil hominid crania are presented. The sample includes crania attributed to Australopithecus africanus, Australopithecus boisei, and robustus, and Homo erectus as well as crania whose attribution is still under discussion. These results confirm significant differences between the cranial base patterns of the “gracile” and “robust” australopithecines and the three crania attributed to Homo erectus have a pattern which resembles that of modern humans. None of the crania examined from East Africa sites have base patterns which resemble that of the “gracile” australopithecines. The crania KNM‐ER 407 and 732 have patterns which are compatible with them being smaller‐bodied females of Australopithecus boisei; KNM‐ER 1470 and 1813 have base patterns which most closely resemble that of Homo erectus. The cranial base pattern of KNM‐ER 1805 is compatible with its inclusion in either Australopithecus boisei or Homo. When account is taken of the immaturity of Taung, the evidence of its cranial base pattern suggests that if it had reached adulthood it would have resembled the “gracile” australopithecine crania from Sterkfontein and Makapansgat.
A study of microwear on chimpanzee molars: Implications for dental microwear analysis
Authors: Gordon Kathleen D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent investigations of dental microwear have shown that such analyses may ultimately provide valuable information about the diets of fossil species. However, no background information about intraspecific variability of microwear patterns has been available until now. This study presents the results of an SEM survey of microwear patterns found on occlusal enamel of chimpanzee molars. Methods of pattern analysis are described. Selected sites on the occlusal surface included shearing, grinding, and puncture‐crushing surfaces formed by both phases of the power stroke of mastication. The microwear patterns found in this sample of chimpanzees showed a high degree of regularity. However, certain parameters such as relative pit‐to‐striation frequencies, feature density, striation length, and pit diameter were significantly affected by facet type and molar position. Sex and age of individuals also influenced some microwear parameters, but due to the small sample size these findings are considered to be preliminary. These results show that microwear within a single species may vary because of factors that are due more to biomechanics than to diet. The study also supplies some metrical estimates of “normal” pattern variability due to functional and morphological influences. These estimates should provide a useful baseline for assessing the significance of microwear pattern differences that may be found between species of differing diets.
Dermatoglyphics of hyperactive males
Authors: Morgan Leslie Y. , Juberg Richard C. , Juberg Daland R. , Hardman Robert P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn investigating the dermatoglyphics of hyperactive subjects, it was proposed that if similar hyperactives were sampled and significant differences were found from suitable controls, a genetic effect could be responsible. From two clinical populations, we ascertained 26 subjects in 24 sibships comprising the hyperactive study group. The control subjects came from an earlier study. Tables 2–9 contain summaries of the dermatoglyphic analyses of both subjects and controls. Data were grouped following a dermatoglyphic principle of complexity of pattern, specifically, and the number of triradii present. The scheme for reporting the results is: selection of the characteristic (pattern, ridge count); determination of the areas (digit, palm, sole); and comparison of the frequencies or counts in the two populations (hyperactives, controls). Among the 45 statistical tests, four achieved a 5% level of significance. Thus, with a seemingly homogeneous sample of hyperactive males and with criteria for comparisons, no characteristic dermatoglyphic features emerged. Considering the highly characteristic effects of chromosomal abnormality on dermatoglyphics as well as the features associated with an early intrauterine developmental disturbance, the lack of dermatoglyphic similarities in these hyperactive males reduces the likelihood of such a profound factor as a causal mechanism.
A comparative study of the chemical analysis of ribs and femurs in woodland populations
Authors: Lambert Joseph B. , Vlasak Sharon M. , Thometz Anne C. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractParallel chemical analyses of ribs and femurs from the Middle Woodland Gibson site and the Late Woodland Ledders site show that the elements most closely related to diet (strontium, zinc, magnesium) are found in identical proportions in the two bones. Elements associated with soil contamination (iron, aluminum, potassium, manganese) are found in a significantly higher proportion in the rib. The major elements calcium and sodium are found in lower levels in the ribs. Thus the rib is more sensitive to diagenetic processes that alter elemental proportions than is the femur. Conclusions concerning subgroupings by sex or site, derived from the diet‐related elements (Sr, Zn, Mg), were found to be essentially the same for the rib and the femur.
On Bennett's measure of sex dimorphism
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Majumder Partha P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA modified measure of sex dimorphism for quantitative traits is suggested considering the regions of nonoverlap of the distributions of the trait in the two sex groups. Some inadequacies of an earlier measure that disregards the presence of members of the opposite sex group beyond the threshold value discriminating the two distributions are indicated.
Japanese tooth size: Past and present
Authors: Brace C. L. , Nagai Masafumi 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMesial‐distal and buccal‐lingual crown measurements were made on male and female samples of recent Japanese teeth from three locations, Fukuoka, Kyoto, and Tokyo, and for Hokkaido Ainu and Koreans. Similar data were collected for prehistoric Middle‐to‐Late Jomon Japanese and from Yayoi specimens representing the first agriculturalists to appear in Japan. From a tooth‐by‐tooth comparison of cross‐sectional areas, it was shown that the modern Japanese samples did not differ from one part of Japan to another. Korean tooth size also is not significantly different from Japanese, while Ainu have the smallest teeth recorded in Asia. The Yayoi who brought rice to Japan about 300 B.C. came in with teeth that were the same size as Chinese Neolithic teeth. They encountered a resident Jomon population whose teeth were 10% smaller. From tooth size measures alone, it is most economical to suggest that, if the rates of reduction observed elsewhere in the world applied in Japan, the recent Ainu would best be regarded as the direct descendants of the Jomon, while the modern Japanese are the results of in situ reduction from the incoming Yayoi. Other aspects of craniofacial morphology suggest that some Jomon was incorporated by the Yayoi. The modern Japanese, then, while predominantly derived from the Yayoi, would include a Jomon component.
Osteology of a slave burial population from Barbados, West Indies
Authors: Corruccini Robert S. , Handler Jerome S. , Mutaw Robert J. , Lange Frederick W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA unique seventeenth–nineteenth century slave cemetery population from Newton plantation, Barbados, allows examination of craniodental characters in relation to ethnohistorical data. Age‐at‐death estimates suggest life expectancy at birth of 29 years and low infant mortality; historical demography, however, suggests life expectancy of 20 years and very high infant mortality. Tooth decay, bilateral tooth loss, periodontal disease, root hypercementosis, and severe enamel hypoplasia are high in frequency. The teeth yield evidence of such cultural practices as pipe‐smoking and incisor mutilation. Several skeletal features reflect periodic near‐starvation. Directional and fluctuating dental asymmetry, relative tooth size, and hypoplasia distribution suggest slaves experienced considerable weaning trauma; metabolic stress at this time exceeded that of prenatal and immediate postnatal periods. Odontometrics and dental and cranial nonmetric traits indicate that modern Blacks are intermediate between the ancestral slaves and modern Whites but more similar to the latter, suggesting effects of environmental covariance exceed those of genetic admixture. Nonmetric trait distributions show nonrandom patterns according to area of burial in the cemetery, a possible result of family segregation.
Compilation and comparison of averages for standing height at late childhood ages on United States boys of several ethnic groups studied between 1875 and 1980
Authors: Meredith Howard V. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAverages for standing height are brought together at late childhood ages on boys of different ethnic groups studied in the United States during the last 100 years. More than 80 averages are assembed at each of two ages (9 years and 11 years). Among the groups represented are boys having the following ancestries: Afro‐Black, Amerind, Chinese, Japanese, Eskimo, Mexican, Spanish, Portuguese, Polish, Finnish, German, Italian, British, and Dutch. Suffice to cite examples of findings on boys age 11 years. United States Black boys studied during the period 1967–1978 were taller than those studied during 1886–1898 by 11.4 cm, or 8.6%. Average standing heights in the 1930s were near 134 cm for Pueblo boys; near 139 cm for boys whose progenitors were Navajo, Mexican, or Polish; and near 142 cm for boys of Finnish ancestry. In the 1950s, average standing heights were near 140 cm, 144 cm, and 146 cm, respectively, on United States boys of Japanese, Italian, and Dutch ancestries. Afro‐Black and Amerind similarities and dissimilarities in the 1960s are illustrated by averages near 140 cm on Black and Chippewa groups in Pennsylvania and Minnesota, and near 144 cm on Black and Blackfeet groups in Ohio and Montana. In some instances, averages are compared for upper and lower socioeconomic subgroups, and for urban and rural subgroups.
The relationship between organ weights and body weights, facial dimensions, and dental dimensions in a population of olive baboons (Papio cynocephalus anubis)
Authors: Gest T. R. , Siegel M. I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractQuestions concerned with the relationship between organ weights and body weight on an intraspecific level are best answered by using a sample of animals collected in the wild from a single locale during a single season. The organ weights and body weights for this study were obtained from the necropsy reports prepared in the field (Athi Plain, Kenya) by H. C. McGill, Jr. on 36 adult animals (18 males and 18 females). Dental and facial measurements were taken by M.I. Siegel.In order to avoid erroneous results produced by statistical treatment of combined sex samples of sexually dimorphic species, data on the sexes were analyzed separately. Means and standard deviations are reported for selected organ weights and body dimensions (heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, adrenal, brain, and pancreas weights, crown–rump length, crown–heel length, head circumference, chest circumference, and body weight). All of the above measures were significantly (p<0.05) different between the sexes. Logarithms of these measures were significantly correlated with the logarithm of body weight in males for heart, lung, liver, spleen, kidney, and adrenal weights, crown–heel length, and head and chest circumference, and in females for crown–heel length, heart, liver, and kidney weights. Partial correlational analysis, removing the effects of body size (weight), showed mostly negative correlational relationships between dental and visceral dimensions. Most of the correlations between facial and visceral dimensions were negative. Allometric equations were calculated for the dental, facial, and visceral dimensions versus body weight, and are compared with prior published results.
Lack of prominent compensatory polycythemia in traditional native andeans living at 4,200 meters
Authors: Garruto R. M. , Dutt J. S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRed blood cell count (RBC), hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]) and hematocrit (Hct) were measured in 303 male Quechua children and adults, aged 6 to 57 years, living a lifestyle as traditional pastoralists and horticulturalists at a mean altitude of 4,200 m in the Southern Peruvian Andes. Values for RBC, [Hb], and Hct increased with age from middle childhood to young adulthood. However, among adults there was no significant association between age and any of these three parameters. Overall, there was approximately a 10–12% increase in the RBC, [Hb], and Hct above sea‐level norms for all age groups. Mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH) showed a slight but significant increase with age in children and adolescents, but the mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) did not. We conclude that the study of highland Quechua Indians, living a traditional lifestyle as pastoralists and horticulturalists, does not support the long‐held belief that altitude hypoxia provokes a dramatic compensatory polycythemia in healthy Andeans.