bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cantando la cama vacía: love, sexuality and gender relationships in Dominican bachata
Authors: Hernandez Deborah Pacini 
Published: November 2008

Several patterns emerge in bachata's discussions of love, sex and relationships with women. There is little sense of place in the songs – rarely is a specific place name mentioned or invoked, in marked contrast to other Caribbean musical genres associated with listeners of rural origins, in which place names are constantly invoked for affective purposes. The people in bachata songs do not seem to exist anywhere – except the bar, which, I suggest, is a metaphor for the urban shantytown itself. Neither is there a sense of movement, of going anywhere. There is no imagery of journey, or travel, unlike other musics, such as Brazilian popular music or US country music, in which the road and trucks figure prominently. People are neither being pulled or pushed anywhere – out of home, into home, out of work, into work.Life, as expressed in bachata songs, seems fragmentary and lacks coherence – and in that sense, these songs are thoroughly modern. The songs as texts are vignettes, brief snapshots – bites, to use contemporary jargon – that evoke salient parts of events or situations, rather than descriptive narratives that carefully develop a story over time and place. (The only exceptions are the double entendre songs, in which narrative is more a necessity as a framework for the word play than an end in itself.)Bachata songs focus on the pain of losing a woman, but the difficulties of city life are implicitly to blame. Given that both men and women experience this pain, it seems odd that bachateros express no sense of solidarity with women, of shared social and economic trouble, as can sometimes be found in rock songs, for example, where singers invoke the power of love to overcome economic hardship or social prejudice. Bachata expresses a strong sense of vulnerability, betrayal, alienation and despair; yet the songs' anger is directed not at those above – the middle and upper classes – who have indeed betrayed and abandoned the poor as a class: instead, men's wrath is directed below, to a group of people – women – even more vulnerable to exploitation than men themselves. As we have seen, in bachata women are often portrayed as the aggressors and men as victims. Yet men certainly know that even if they can no longer control women as they once may have, in the modern world men clearly exercise more power over their lives than women. Men can, in fact, afford the luxury of expressing vulnerability to emotional pain. Women are the silent ones; their voices are not heard, although their presence can nevertheless be felt intensely. These unresolved tensions, between owner and property, aggressor and victim, voice and silence, freedom and control, order and chaos, are all symbolically explored in bachata.
Looking to the USA: the politics of male close-harmony song style in South Africa during the 1940s and 1950s
Authors: Ballantine Christopher 
Published: November 2008

In South Africa of the 1950s, night-clubs frequented by blacks were dangerous places. Fights, shootings and stabbings were commonplace, and some shows even ended in riots. Gangsters were an important catalyst for such events: they terrorised musicians and patrons alike. Miriam Makeba, whose singing career began in the 1950s, remembers what it was like:[T]hese men come in, sit in front, and pull out their bottles. They put these before them on the table. Then they take out their guns and put these in front of them on the table, too. We are all supposed to look, and we can't help ourselves: We do. They are like actors, these gangsters, although they do not play. In South Africa, movies are taken very seriously, and there is a movie in the cinemas now in which Richard Widmark plays a hoodlum. They call him Styles, and he dresses up in a hat, a belted jacket, and those Florsheim shoes. The black gangsters go out and dress just like him. In the movie, Richard Widmark eats an apple after each of his crimes. So, all the African hoodlums have gone and gotten apples, too. I see them right there on the tables between the bottles and the guns. (Makeba 1988, p. 49)
The embodiment of salsa: musicians, instruments and the performance of a Latin style and identity
Authors: Román-Velázquez Patria 
Published: November 2008

I have attempted to contribute to debates about the body and music through a discussion of how the performance of salsa constructs a particular sense of Latin identity through the bodies of musicians. The embodiment of salsa is proposed as a way of theorising about how body and music are articulated to communicate a particular Latin cultural identity. In considering the relationship between body and music, I have stressed the cultural construction of bodies in the sense in which bodies are not neutral biological essences.Salsa clubs in London have provided a focus for studying the construction of Latin identities as embodied and communicated by performing salsa musicians and how this is informed by specific codes of gender, sexuality and ethnicity. Throughout this essay I have argued that the embodiment of salsa develops through specific practices whereby instruments, performance techniques, vocal sounds, bodily movements and ways of dressing are encoded and experienced as part of a particular Latin identity.I also explained how the existence of essentialist beliefs about a natural Latin body and musical abilities, although a constraint, were challenged by musicians who are making ‘Latin’ music. First, by the involvement of non-Latin musicians in playing salsa, whose practices challenged assumptions about a ‘natural’ relationship between bodies, places and music. Second, through the participation of Latin American musicians and the new styles developing from the interaction between musicians and from having to adapt to different local circumstances. Finally, I mentioned how technological devices, sometimes used to solve practical economic problems, were contributing to the re-making of a Latin music performance and identity in London. I also indicated how the use of both Spanish and English language and the involvement of women in salsa music making were also contributing to a type of salsa and Latin performance.However, whilst musicians have been challenging the idea of essential links between ethnicity, bodies and instruments, the practices through which salsa is embodied have continued to present limitations and expectations for women according to their sexed bodies. Particular expectations about the practices of gender and sexuality became an issue for women in relation to body movements, the use of the voice and instrumental performance. In this paper, focusing on the performance and participation of musicians in the micro setting of a club, I have suggested that women's place in salsa clubs has to be negotiated in relation to what is expected from sexed bodies. This leads me to conclude that unequal relations of power are directly experienced and embodied through gender relations and practices of sexuality and in turn operate as a micro politics of the body.
Regulating Agents, Functional Interactions, and Stimulus-Reaction-Schemes: The Concept of “Organism” in the Organic System Theories of Stahl, Bordeu, and Barthez
Authors: Cheung Tobias 
Published: November 2008

ArgumentIn this essay, I sketch a problem-based framework within which I locate the concept of “organism” in the system theories of Georg Ernst Stahl, Théophile Bordeu, and Paul-Joseph Barthez. Around 1700, Stahl coins the word “organism” for a certain concept of order. For him, the concept explains the form of order of living bodies that is categorically different from the order of other (dead) bodies or composites. At the end of the century, the “organism” as a specific form of order becomes a major topos in many discourses. I will not so much focus on experiments and objects as on basic problems that contribute to the general framework of the concept of organism as a key concept of the vitalist movement between 1700 and 1800. For this purpose, I will investigate the combination of three explanatory tools. These tools refer to regulating agents, functional interactions, and stimulus-reactions-schemes within individual organic systems of forces. They are related to various themes – especially to energy, sensibility, and sympathy. I will retrace some aspects of these relations.
Can Matter Mark the Hours? Eighteenth-Century Vitalist Materialism and Functional Properties
Authors: Kaitaro Timo 
Published: November 2008

ArgumentEighteenth-century Montpellerian vitalism and contemporaneous French “vitalist” materialism, exemplified by the medical and biological materialism of La Mettrie and Diderot, differ in some essential aspects from some later forms of vitalism that tended to postulate immaterial vital principles or forces. This article examines the arguments defending the existence of vital properties in living organisms presented in the context of eighteenth-century French materialism. These arguments had recourse to technological metaphors and analogies, mainly clockworks, in order to claim that just as machines can have functional properties which its parts do not possess (e.g., showing time), so living organisms can, as material entities, also have organic or vital properties which its material parts do not possess. Such arguments, with the help of a healthy dose of epistemological scepticism, tend to strike a balance between two positions concerning the ontology of life which we now tend to label “vitalism” and “emergentism.” Although there is nothing inconsistent in viewing vital properties as emergent, some ambiguity results if one does not draw a clear distinction between properties and functions. The philosophical problems related to these ambiguities are revealed in Diderot's apparent hesitation concerning sentience as “a general property of matter or the product of organization.”
Montpellier Vitalism and the Emergence of Alienism in France (1750–1800): The Case of the Passions
Authors: Huneman Philippe 
Published: November 2008

ArgumentThis paper considers how certain ideas elaborated by the Montpellier vitalists influenced the rise of French alienism, and how those ideas framed the changing view of passions during the eighteenth century. Various kinds of evidence attest that the passions progressively became the focus of medical attention, rather than a theme specific to moralists and philosophers. Vitalism conceived of organisms as animal economies understandable through the transformations of the various modes of their sensibility. This allowed some physicians to define a kind of anthropological program, which viewed human beings as a whole, with no distinction betweenle physiqueandle moral. The passions in this context became a specific alteration of the animal economy. Such an anthropological program was the framework within which Pinel understood the various classes of madness as disease – those troubles being general disturbances of the animal economy, which presupposed a knowledge of the latter, to be addressed and cured. In this view, and departing from the vitalist writers with regard to the specificity of mental illness as such, Pinel proposed another conception of the relations between passions and madness, and elaborated a general view of their status in etiology and therapeutics; those views were taken up and systematized by Esquirol, who finally defined a new kind of continuity between passion and madness, demonstrated by the idea that some kinds of madness that he called “monomania” had as a principle a “ruling passion” that the alienist, this novel medical specialist, had to unveil and address.
Demographic determinants forCampylobacterinfection in England and Wales: implications for future epidemiological studies
Authors: GILLESPIE I. A. , O'BRIEN S. J. , PENMAN C. , TOMPKINS D. , COWDEN J. , HUMPHREY T. J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYDespite a significant public health burden the epidemiology of humanCampylobacterinfection remains blurred. The identification of demographic determinants forCampylobacterinfection is therefore essential for identifying potential areas for intervention. Demographic data from an active, population-based sentinel surveillance system forCampylobacterinfection (from 2000 until 2003,n=15 907) were compared with appropriate denominator data from the 2001 United Kingdom Census. Incidence was higher in males from birth until the late teens and in females from 20 to 36 years. Age- and gender-specific differences inCampylobacterincidence were observed in different ethnic and socioeconomic groups and hence are all major drivers forCampylobacterinfection. Epidemiological studies onCampylobacterinfection need to take these factors into consideration during design and analysis. The collation of detailed epidemiological data and its comparison with appropriate denominator data provides a valuable epidemiological tool for studying infection.
EDTA treatment diminishes the antibacterial and anti-adherence effect of calcium hydroxide on Enterococcus faecalis: an in vitro study
Authors: George S. , Kishen A. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis study sought to understand the cell surface characteristics, viability and biofilm-forming potential ofEnterococcus faecaliscells sequentially exposed to EDTA and calcium hydroxide, as in endodontic treatment. Bacterial cells exposed to EDTA and calcium hydroxide were assayed for cell viability, membrane integrity, cell surface hydrophobicity and surface charge, while alteration in the surface topography ofE. faecaliscells was examined using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The bacterial adherence potential to type I collagen was also examined to assess the biofilm-forming capacity ofE. faecaliscells exposed to EDTA and calcium hydroxide. It was found that calcium hydroxide treatment reduced the viability ofE. faecalis. However, prior exposure to EDTA significantly reduced the antibacterial effect of calcium hydroxide (P&lt; 0.05). Calcium hydroxide treatment resulted in impaired cell wall morphology, observed as increased surface roughness and pore formation under AFM. However, these topographical changes induced by calcium hydroxide were significantly reduced in EDTA pretreated cells (P&lt; 0.05). Calcium hydroxide treatment caused reduction in hydrophobicity and adherence ofE. faecalisto type I collagen. These effects due to calcium hydroxide were also significantly altered in EDTA-pretreated cells (P&lt; 0.001). The findings from this study showed that the antibacterial and anti-adherence effect of calcium hydroxide was diminished by prior exposure ofE. faecaliscells to EDTA.
The Regional Climate Change Hyper‐Matrix Framework
Authors: Giorgi Filippo , Diffenbaugh Noah S. , Gao Xue J. , Coppola Erika , Dash Sushil K. , Frumento Oscar , Rauscher Sara A. , Remedio Armelle , Sanda Ibrah Seidou , Steiner Allison , Sylla Bamba , Zakey Ashraf S. 
Published: November 2008

The accurate assessment of the potential impacts of climate change on societies and ecosystems requires regional and local‐scale climate change information. This assessment is critical for the development of local, national, and international policies to mitigate and adapt to the threat of climate change. Characterizing uncertainties in regional climate change projections (RCCPs) is therefore crucial for making informed decisions based on quantitative risk analysis.However, information about fine‐scale climate change and associated uncertainties is lacking due to the absence of a coordinating framework to improve the characterization of such uncertainties. Here we propose the inception of such a framework.
Hot target on nociceptors: perspectives, caveats and unique features
Authors: Szolcsányi J 
Published: November 2008

Identification of C‐polymodal nociceptors and the selective action of capsaicin on them by acting on a putative receptor, which has been cloned 11 years ago, initiated a burst of interest in pharmacology of nociceptors. Capsaicin receptor transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1) being a noxious heat‐gated cation channel gated also by several exogenous and endogenous substances serves as a nocisensor to generate graded receptor potentials in these sense organs. Impressive data on pathways involved in sensitization/desensitization of the channel revealed in isolated cells should also validate at the level of nerve endings and lipid raft around TRPV1 could modify the channel gating. Capsaicin‐sensitive nociceptors subserve dual sensory‐efferent functions: tachykinins and calcitonin gene‐related peptide released from them elicit local tissue responses as neurogenic inflammation and release of somatostatin evokes systemic anti‐inflammatory and antihyperalgesic effects. TRPV1 gene‐deleted mice show subtle changes in physiological regulations, therefore TRPV1 is a promising but challenging target for drug research.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 155, 1142–1144; doi:fn1; published online 10 November 2008
The Role ofNDR1in Avirulence Gene-Directed Signaling and Control of Programmed Cell Death in Arabidopsis
Authors: Shapiro Allan D. , Zhang Chu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractArabidopsis plants containing the ndr1-1 mutation are incapable of mounting a hypersensitive response to bacteria carrying avrRpt2, but show an exaggerated cell death response to bacteria carrying avrB (Century et al., 1995). We show here that ndr1-1 plants are severely impaired in induction of systemic acquired resistance andPR1-driven transcription of a reporter gene in response to Pseudomonas syringae strains carryingavrRpt2 but not in response to P. syringae carrying avrB. Thendr1-1 mutation also impaired salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in response to treatments that produced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and impaired induction of systemic acquired resistance in response to in situ production of ROS. Hydrogen peroxide accumulated in wild-type Arabidopsis leaves beginning 4 to 7 h postinoculation with P. syringae carrying either avrRpt2or avrB. In ndr1-1 plants, P. syringae carrying avrRpt2 elicited no detectable hydrogen peroxide production. Hydrogen peroxide production in response to bacteria carrying avrB was similar to that of Columbia in kinetics but of lesser intensity at early time points. These data are interpreted to indicate that NDR1 links ROS generation to SA production and that the phenotypic consequences of the ndr1-1 mutation are caused by a reduced ability to accumulate SA upon pathogen infection.
Growth in Elevated CO2 Can Both Increase and Decrease Photochemistry and Photoinhibition of Photosynthesis in a Predictable Manner. Dactylis glomerata Grown in Two Levels of Nitrogen Nutrition
Authors: Hymus Graham J. , Baker Neil R. , Long Stephen P. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Biochemically based models of C3 photosynthesis can be used to predict that when photosynthesis is limited by the amount of Rubisco, increasing atmospheric CO2 partial pressure (pCO2) will increase light-saturated linear electron flow through photosystem II (J t). This is because the stimulation of electron flow to the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (J c) will be greater than the competitive suppression of electron flow to the photorespiratory carbon oxidation cycle (J o). Where elevatedpCO2 increasesJ t, then the ratio of absorbed energy dissipated photochemically to that dissipated non-photochemically will rise. These predictions were tested on Dactylis glomerata grown in fully controlled environments, at either ambient (35 Pa) or elevated (65 Pa) pCO2, and at two levels of nitrogen nutrition. As was predicted, forD. glomerata grown in high nitrogen,J t was significantly higher in plants grown and measured at elevated pCO2 than for plants grown and measured at ambient pCO2. This was due to a significant increase inJ c exceeding any suppression ofJ o. This increase in photochemistry at elevated pCO2 protected against photoinhibition at high light. For plants grown at low nitrogen,J t was significantly lower in plants grown and measured at elevated pCO2 than for plants grown and measured at ambient pCO2. Elevated pCO2 again suppressedJ o; however growth in elevatedpCO2 resulted in an acclimatory decrease in leaf Rubisco content that removed any stimulation ofJ c. Consistent with decreased photochemistry, for leaves grown at low nitrogen, the recovery from a 3-h photoinhibitory treatment was slower at elevatedpCO2.
Sulfur Economy and Cell Wall Biosynthesis during Sulfur Limitation of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Takahashi Hideki , Braby Caren E. , Grossman Arthur R. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We have identified two novel periplasmic/cell wall polypeptides that specifically accumulate during sulfur limitation ofChlamydomonas reinhardtii. These polypeptides, present at high levels in the extracellular polypeptide fraction from a sulfur-deprived, cell wall-minus C. reinhardtii strain, have apparent molecular masses of 76 and 88 kD and are designated Ecp76 and Ecp88. N-terminal sequences of these polypeptides facilitated the isolation of full-length Ecp76 and Ecp88cDNAs. Ecp76 and Ecp88 polypeptides are deduced to be 583 and 595 amino acids, respectively. Their amino acid sequences are similar to each other, with features characteristic of cell wall-localized hydroxyproline-rich glycoproteins; the N terminus of each polypeptide contains a predicted signal sequence, whereas the C terminus is rich in proline, alanine, and serine. Ecp76 and Ecp88 have either no (Ecp88) or one (Ecp76) sulfur-containing amino acid and transcripts encoding these polypeptides are not detected in cultures maintained on complete medium, but accumulate when cells are deprived of sulfur. This accumulation is temporally delayed relative to the accumulation of sulfur stress-induced arylsulfatase and ATP sulfurylase transcripts. The addition of sulfate back to sulfur-starved cultures caused a rapid decline in Ecp76 and Ecp88 mRNAs (half lives &lt; 10 min). Furthermore, the C. reinhardtii sac1 mutant, which lacks a regulatory protein critical for acclimation to sulfur limitation, does not accumulate Ecp76 or Ecp88 transcripts. These results suggest that the Ecp76 and Ecp88 genes are underSacI control, and that restructuring of the C. reinhardtii cell wall during sulfur limitation may be important for redistribution of internal and efficient utilization of environmental sulfur-containing molecules.