bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Microscopic Approach to the Microstructure of Paving Asphalts
Authors: Sontowski DP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Asphalts are colloidal solutions consisting of micelles (asphaltene plus adsorbed resins) of the dispersed phase and petrolenes (resins plus oils) of the continuous phase. Depending on the type of asphalt the micelles may flocculate to form a network of small or large structures measuring about 0.005 and 0.050 mm respectively. In the case of an oxidized roofing asphalt the microstructure observed measured about 0.150 mm. Thus, the microstructure can be conveniently observed with a suitable microscope utilizing high intensity reflected light. It is possible in this way to measure the size of individual micellar clusters and thus distinguish between various sol-gel and gel type asphalts.
The small microstructure is the result of good peptizing power of the resins and good solvency power of the petrolene fraction. The large microstructure on the other hand results from poor peptizing power of the resins and poor solvency power of petrolene phase.
Metallurgical Aspects of the Failure of the Point Pleasant Bridge
Authors: Bennett JA , Mindlin H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Examination of the fractured eyebar which caused the collapse of the bridge led to the conclusion that a stress-corrosion crack had penetrated to a depth of ⅛ in. during the 40 years that the bridge was in service. This flaw was sufficient to initiate fracture across the remainder of the 16 in.2 area of the lower limb of the eye due to the high local stress and the low fracture toughness of the steel.
Heat Treatment Effects on the Mechanical Properties in Ti-6A1-6V-2Sn
Authors: Hickey CF , Fopiano PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effect of heat treatment on the mechanical properties (including fracture toughness) of the titanium alloy Ti-6Al-6V-2Sn has been investigated. Based upon a preliminary hardness survey of solution temperatures from 1300 to 1800°F, solution treatment temperatures of 1400, 1550, and 1700°F were selected for further aging heat treatments ranging from 700 to 1100°F for times up to 32 h. X-ray and electron microscopic observations and elastic modulus determinations were employed and correlated with the mechanical property data. A detailed discussion of the results and observations is contained in this paper.
Development of a Novel Specimen Geometry for Fatigue Testing of Fine Wire
Authors: Schmidt PA , Blair RR , Earthman JC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Despite a critical need to predict component life based on wire fatigue data, a survey of the literature indicates that no standard specimen exists for fatigue testing of fine wires. This article describes a plastically formed, precurved loop specimen developed to meet this need. The loop geometry localizes damage, permitting the use of in-situ, automated crack detection systems. The loop specimen is appropriate for wire diameters between a few hundred micrometres to a few millimetres, and for materials with a high elastic modulus. Material properties are presented for a cobalt-chromium-based alloy (Elgiloy) wire used as a practical example. Analytical and finite element stress analyses are presented which quantify the maximum stress at the loop apex. Fatigue life results using the present specimen are given for Elgiloy wire. Post-test SEM examinations are presented to show that fracture initiation takes place at the maximum stress location as predicted by the analyses. A fracture path and morphology characterization is also shown to be consistent with the anticipated stress regimes.
Deformation and Fatigue Behavior of Vanadium-Based Microalloyed Forging Steel in the As-Forged and Q&T Conditions
Authors: Yang L , Fatemi A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The use of microalloyed (MA) forging steels in the asforged condition can result in the elimination of the costly post-forging quenching and tempering (Q&T) processes. MA steels can therefore serve as economical alternatives to the traditional Q&T steels if equivalent mechanical properties can be obtained. In this study, monotonic and cyclic behaviors of a vanadium-based MA forging steel, one of the most commonly produced MA steels, were investigated under both the as-forged and Q&T conditions. The mechanical properties evaluated and compared include monotonic tensile behavior, cyclic deformation response, and low and high cycle fatigue resistance. Experimental results are presented and the differences in the behaviors under the two processing conditions are discussed.
A Full Field DC Potential Drop Calibration for an Asymmetrically Cracked M(T) Specimen
Authors: McKeighan PC , Zhu W-X , Smith DJ 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA direct current (DC) potential drop (PD) calibration tool, in the form of a computer program, is provided that can determine the PD response at any point in an M(T) specimen containing either a symmetric or asymmetric crack. Results from the program were verified using data in the literature and results from an analog simulation. If a standard PD calibration is applied to the PD response for an asymmetric crack, the total crack length will be underestimated which leads to significant stress intensity factor errors for even small amounts of asymmetry. Using the PD response of an asymmetric crack from an analog simulation, three methods to predict individual crack lengths are evaluated. The methods use a two-dimensional (2-D) iterative procedure to solve for crack length given voltages from at least two sets of probes located at different positions on the specimen. Any of the different methods, which use different probe locations as the calibration inputs, yield good crack length predictions for crack length to specimen width ratios a/W greater than 0.25. However, the most numerically robust method resulting in the least error over a large crack length range uses the PD from a centerline probe and the PD difference from two offset probes to predict the crack length. These predictions result in a crack length error that does not exceed ±0.004 W and consequently result in insignificant stress intensity factor errors.
A Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Analyzing Sedimentary Rocks and Soils
Authors: Burnett AD 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMineralogical studies of sedimentary rocks or sedimentary deposits are often required for engineering geological projects. X-ray diffraction analytical techniques are usually employed for this purpose but these methods are often complex and involved. Several different X-ray diffraction methods are described and a single suitable procedure is chosen and described in detail. The chosen method includes analysis of both clay and non-clay minerals and qualitative and quantitative interpretation.
TOFSIMS Studies of Cleaning Procedures and Silane Surface Treatments of Steels
Authors: Sabata A , Knueppel BA , van Ooij WJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Surface contaminants can affect properties such as wet-tability and reactivity in subsequent surface preparation processes. Cleaning of metal substrates has usually been studied by techniques such as AES and XPS. These techniques do not give any information on the molecular structure of the contaminants; however, Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOFSIMS) with its monolayer sensitivity, has been effective in providing structural, molecular information of organic contaminants which may be useful in identifying the source of the contamination.
Industrial alkaline cleaning and degreasing processes leave mainly a siloxane-type of contaminant that deteriorates the adhesion of metals to epoxies. Phosphating leaves the surface clean and microrough, which improves the adhesion of adhesives to cold-rolled steel (CRS). Epoxies when cured at high temperatures give better adhesion values as compared to room temperature epoxies.
Organofunctional silanes such as styrylamino aminopropyltrimeth-oxysilane (SAAPS) were found to have a specific orientation on the metal substrate as a function of cleanliness and mode of application. The orientation of the vinylbenzyl group towards the epoxy adhesive is shown to improve adhesion. A combined silicate and silane post-rinse of phosphate coatings is shown to be effective in giving the silanes the required orientation for bonding to epoxies, thus improving the adhesion.
A New Method forIn SituCompliance Measurements for Fatigue Crack Growth Testing in Autoclaves
Authors: James LA , Ceschini LJ 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA new method has been developed for in situ compliance measurements on fatigue crack growth specimens. Crack lengths may then be inferred from the compliance measurements. The method is particularly well suited for autoclave testing where direct observation of the specimens is impossible. The new method uses the change in induced eddy current fields with specimen loading as a measure of specimen compliance. Calibration of the device in various environments and temperatures is discussed.
Design and Use of a Load Monitoring Environmental Test Chamber for Stress Corrosion Testing
Authors: Shaw BJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper gives the construction details and materials used to make an environmental test chamber for stress corrosion cracking tests in which the load on the specimen can be continuously monitored. The design is such that 1T, 0.75T, and 0.5T CT and WOL specimens can be tested in most environments up to pressures of 0.8 MPa (100 psig) and in the temperature range of 0 to 100°C. The apparatus can be used to measure the stress intensity K and the crack length in a test specimen at any time. Consequently crack growth rate as a function of applied stress intensity and the threshold stress intensity KIscc can be obtained. A conceptual compromise in the design stemmed from the requirement of (1) a highly rigid loading system to simulate a bolt load test, and (2) the inclusion of a reasonably sensitive, low rigidity load cell in the loading train. In order to optimize the design, the load cells manufactured at the Westinghouse R&D Center were carefully evaluated. It was concluded that conventional strain gages are sensitive to the local environment (temperature and humidity) and that considerable care is required to limit errors in long term measurements.
Austenitic Iron-Aluminum-Manganese Alloys As Possible Substitutes for Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Heger JJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Alloys of iron-aluminum-manganese containing over 8% aluminum can be made completely austenitic and have good ductility and toughness. Oxidation resistance is good at temperatures up to 982°C (1800°F), but embrittlement occurs following heating in the range 538 to 760°C (1000 to 1400°F). Resistance to corrosion by aqueous environments is poor.
An Experimental Sieving Machine
Authors: Carter AC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Sieving by hand is tedious but can be the most consistent of the available methods of sieve analysis. Segregation, particularly of materials having irregularly shaped particles, produced by generally available machines is seldom completely in agreement with hand sieving results. Moreover, gradings produced by different machines often differ significantly from one another.
Sieving machines, generally, are vibratory at low amplitude, with overdamped action at a frequency in the sonic range. An alternative mechanical system is described that is vibratory at infrasonic frequency, with minimal damping and high amplitude. By a suitable choice of component values a resonant simple harmonic motion causes a tossing action at a frequency of 6 to 8 Hz. This action produces results not less consistent than those obtained with hand sieving.
A number of benefits accrue from the system described herein.
Interlaboratory Evaluation of ASTM Practice for X-Ray Determination of Retained Austenite in Steel with Near-Random Crystallographic Orientation (E 975)
Authors: Hinton RW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A standard practice (ASTM E 975) was developed by Task Group E04.0602 for the X-ray diffraction determination of retained austenite in steel. Results of interlaboratory studies of retained austenite samples performed before and after the practice was developed are described. The final interlaboratory study using ASTM E 975 and ASTM E 173 as a guide to the study resulted in an estimate of repeatability within the same laboratory of 3% retained austenite for a 95% confidence limit, and an estimate of reproducibility between laboratories of 4% retained austenite for a 95% confidence limit.
Improved Impulse-Frequency Response Techniques for Measurement of Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Composite Materials
Authors: Suarez SA , Gibson RF 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The dynamic mechanical properties of composite material specimens are rapidly determined by using two new computer-aided impulse techniques. Small beam specimens are excited in either flexural or extensional vibration by an electromagnetic hammer with a force transducer in its tip, while specimen response is measured with an eddy current probe or accelerometer. A desktop computer/Fast Fourier Transform analyzer system is then used for rapid data acquisition and computation of the complex modulus by curve-fitting to the frequency response function.
An Operational Procedure for Guarded Hot Box Testing
Authors: Gerace RR , Derderian GD , Cirignano PC , Orlandi RD , Shu LS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An operational procedure for guarded hot box (GHB) testing has been developed in the Thermal Measurements Laboratory (TML) of the Construction Products Division of W. R. Grace and Co. The GHB operational procedures consisting of specimen preparation, “calibration”, testing, data analysis, and reporting are presented in this report. These procedures follow the general guidelines given in ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Guarded Hot Box (C 236). In the specimen preparation procedure, material handling, specimen construction, specimen mounting into the specimen frame, and instrumentation placement and method of attachment are discussed in detail. The “calibration” procedure developed accounts for any variations in the thermal conductance of the metering box walls caused by design or construction. The experimentally determined setting for the thermopile electromotive force is controlled during testing so that the net heat flow through the metering box walls is negligible. The “calibration” procedure does not require knowledge of the thermal conductance of the specimen. A testing procedure is discussed that provides steady-state operation as defined by six steady 4-h periods of temperature and heat flow data within 1% of each other. The test data are analyzed and a GHB test report is generated by a computer software package. Examples of a typical GHB test report and a testing procedure data sheet are presented.
Measuring Thermal Performance of Wall Assemblies under Dynamic Temperature Conditions
Authors: Van Geem MG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The calibrated hot box (ASTM Test for Thermal Performance of Building Assemblies by Means of a Calibrated Hot Box [C 976]) is used to measure thermal performance of wall assemblies under dynamic temperature conditions. ASTM C 976 does not specify procedures for dynamic testing, or analysis and presentation of results. Dynamic testing procedures used by Construction Technology Laboratories (CTL), including instrumentation of test specimens, derivation of dynamic temperature cycles, acquisition of test data, and presentation of results, are described in this paper. Since 1979, CTL has applied dynamic temperature cycles to 25 wall assemblies using the calibrated hot box.
Thermal lag, reduction in amplitude, and the total heat flow ratio are three coefficients used by CTL to describe test specimen behavior under dynamic temperature conditions. These coefficients are derived from comparisons of measured results to values predicted by a steady-state analysis. Thermal lag, reduction in amplitude, and the total heat flow ratio characterize effects of thermal storage capacity. Derivation, usefulness, and limitations of these dynamic heat transmission coefficients are discussed.
A Proposed Test Procedure for the Evaluation of Air Barrier Systems
Authors: Timusk J , Seskus AL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method for evaluating the performance of air barrier systems for building enclosures is described. It is proposed that two identical enclosure elements be placed back-to-back and, for airtightness purposes, be joined to each other by the same techniques which join the element to the structure itself. This way, by taking advantage of symmetry, virtually all joints not found in actual applications can be eliminated, barring easy-to-seal joints associated with air supply or exhaust and pressure tap lines. Three applications of the approach with associated test results are presented. It is suggested that the proposed test procedure has the following advantages over single-specimen tests in conjunction with a test chamber: specimen size and shape are not restricted, samples can be saved for future testing after suitable aging procedures, specimens can be tested outdoors or in a controlled environment chamber, and virtually all extraneous joints can be eliminated. A disadvantage is that two specimens may have to be prepared.
A Method for Determining the Tensile Properties and Anisotropy of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Srivatsan TS , Meyers CW , Berry JT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Current industrial design practices place emphasis on properties in order to ensure that a product provides structural integrity. Mechanical properties are largely influenced by the direction of testing with respect to the wrought microstructure. In aluminum alloys the properties sensitive to direction are strength, ductility, and fracture toughness. In this study, the Double Ligament Tensile (DLT) test was used to evaluate the tensile properties and anisotropy of premium quality cast hypoeutectic and hypereutectic aluminum-silicon alloys of cylindrical cross section, and age-hardened commercial wrought aluminum-magnesium-silicon and aluminum-zinc-magnesium plates of limited section thickness. Comparisons reveal that the DLT test results accord well with standard conventional test data. The difference in tensile properties observed with direction of testing is attributed to the well-developed mechanical fibering that exists in the wrought alloys examined. The transverse brittleness observed in these alloys is due to the presence of particle stringers, grain boundary precipitates, and unhealed porosity.
Thermoelectric Differences Used for Metal Sorting
Authors: Stuart CM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermoelectric or Seebeck effect devices are beginning to see wide-spread use in metal and alloy sorting and verification processes, prompting the recent approval of ASTM Practice for Thermo-electric Sorting of Electrically Conductive Materials (E 977). This paper briefly explores the history of its use and discusses the theory of the method, while focusing deeper attention on practical applications of the devices and areas of its limitations. Testing requirements, specific material separations and examples, variables, advantages, disadvantages, and traceability are highlighted.
Evaluation of Intergranular Fracture Initiation in Transition Region of Retired Steam Turbine Rotor Steel Using Small Specimens and the Acoustic Emission Technique
Authors: Shimomura K , Shoji T , Takahashi H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFracture toughness tests were performed at 150°C in the transition region for a Cr-Mo-V steel using four different sizes of compact tension specimens and with the use of the acoustic emission (AE) technique. Two fracture toughness parameters were obtained to evaluate the intergranular mode fracture toughness: one is the critical fracture toughness of KJC calculated from Jc, the other is a fracture toughness of KJAE characterized by the onset of microscopic pop-in cracking determined by AE. The values of KJC and KJAE of the smaller specimens show a great deal of scatter. Combining the fractographic studies, the source of toughness scatter is discussed in terms of the loss of plastic constraint. The results show that the lower bound values of KJAE in the smaller specimen sizes are coincident with a valid fracture toughness, KIC(AE), of the large specimen. An accurate evaluation of the intergranular mode fracture toughness is also discussed.
Computerization of the NBS Smoke Chamber with a Microcomputer and an A/D Converter
Authors: Eichhorn RM , Barrow WL , Davis DA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The most common and popular way to determine the amount of smoke generated during combustion of materials, including electrical insulations, is to measure the decrease in light transmission due to the accumulation of smoke in a closed chamber. The test equipment most used for this purpose today is the commercially available NBS Smoke Density Chamber.
Since the first published description of this apparatus in 1967 [1] several modifications to the chamber have been suggested and alternative methods for analysis of the data obtained have been proposed. Some have been evaluated and a few adopted, but in general they have tended to make the operation and analysis more time consuming and complex.
In order to (1) simplify operation, (2) improve precision, and (3) automate data reduction, the complete procedure has been computerized. This includes operation of the chamber, range changing of the photometer, insertion and withdrawal of the optical filter, accumulation of light transmission values as a function of time, and subsequent calculation and printing of smoke parameters. Replicate specimens are used and corrected specific optical density results can be previewed, truncated if necessary, and averaged. The final data are stored on disk in the Data Interchange Format (DIF) for subsequent use in graphics plotting programs.
An APPLE II Plus computer with an ISAAC interface (Integrated System for Automated Acquisition and Control) manufactured by Cyborg Corporation is used for data collection, reduction to optical density, and analysis. Software is written in BASIC. A specially designed electromechanical system which contains relays for photometer range changing and a small motor for moving the filter operates upon signals from the computer. The standard NBS parameters (Ds after various times, Dm (corr), and times to reach specified values of Ds) are printed as well as SOI, SI, and MOD [1–4].
An estimate of overall test precision and a few typical test results are presented, although they are not intended to reflect or predict possible or relative hazards of any material under actual fire conditions.
Stress Analysis of the Cracked-Lap-Shear Specimen: An ASTM Round-Robin
Authors: Johnson WS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An ASTM round-robin was conducted to evaluate the state of the art in stress analysis of adhesively bonded joint specimens. Specifically, the participants were asked to calculate the strain-energy-release rate for two different geometry cracked-lap-shear (CLS) specimens at four different debond lengths. The various analytical techniques consisted of two- and three-dimensional finite element analysis, beam theory, plate theory, and a combination of beam theory and finite element analysis. The results were examined in terms of the total strain-energy-release rate and the Mode I to Mode II ratio as a function of debond length for each specimen geometry. These results basically clustered into two groups: geometric linear or geometric nonlinear analysis. The geometric nonlinear analysis is required to properly analyze the CLS specimens. The three-dimensional finite element analysis gave indications of edge closure plus some Mode III loading. Each participant described their analytical technique and results. Nine laboratories participated.