bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical reactions involved in the deep‐fat frying of foods. VII. Identification of volatile decomposition products of trilinolein1
Authors: Thompson J. A. , May W. A. , Paulose M. M. , Peterson R. J. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe acidic and nonacidic volatile decomposition products (VDP) produced by pure trilinolein maintained at 185 C with periodic injection of steam were collected, fractionated, and identified. One hundred thirty‐three volatile compounds were positively or tentatively identified. The compounds identified included a number of new and interesting compounds, some with valuable organoleptic properties, such as the unsaturated lactones.
Indian stillingia oil and tallow
Authors: Narang S. A. , Sadgopal  
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe stillingia oil and tallow from the seeds ofSapium sebiferum Roxb., have been studied for their component fatty acids and component glycerides. The fatty acids composition was determined by Twitchell's lead‐salt‐alcohol method followed by systematic fractionation of the methyl esters under high vacuum. The glyceridic composition of the stillingia oil has been examined by permanganate‐oxidation and bromination methods whereas the composition of the glycerides of the stillingia tallow was arrived at by using the low‐temperature crystallization technique.The component fatty acids of the stillingia oil have been found to consist of caprylic (1.5%), capric (1.0%), myristic (0.97%), palmitic (2.8%), stearic (1.0%), oleic (9.4%), linoleic (53.4%), and linolenic (30.0%); the latter two are the major constituents.The glycerides of the oil were found to consist of disaturated‐mono‐linolein (7.9%), mono‐saturated‐dilinolein (7.9%), mono‐oleo‐di‐linolein (6.1%), monolinoleno‐di‐linolein (45.7%), mono‐linoleo‐di‐linolenin (10.7%), mono‐oleo‐di‐linolenin (3.3%), and oleo‐linoleo‐linolenin (18.4%).The fatty acids composition of the stillingia tallow was found to be lauric (0.3%), myristic (4.2%), palmitic (62.3%), stearic (5.9%), and oleic (27.4%). The component glycerides were found to be trisaturated (31.2%), disaturated monounsaturated (64.0%) and monsaturated, diunsaturated (4.8%).
3‐amino‐1‐propanol as a complexing agent in the determination of total gossypol
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Pittman Robert A. , Hoffpauir Carroll L. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA method is proposed for the determination of total gossypol in cottonseed meals, crude oils, and soapstocks based on a rapid extraction of gossypol by neutralized 3‐amino‐1‐propanol in dimethylformamide to form a stable complex, followed by colorimetric analysis of an aliquot of the extract by means of an aniline reaction. A determination can be completed in about 2 hrs. and with minor modification in 1 hr. compared to about 7 hrs. for current methods. Results obtained by the proposed procedure on meals, oils, and soapstocks are in essential agreement with those found by use of other accepted methods. Desirable features, such as stability of reagents and extracts and a high degree of reproducibility, suggest that the procedure will satisfy the requirements for a rapid and simplified method for the analysis of all cottonseed products for total gossypol.
Changes in lipid components of seeds during growth and ripening of cacao fruit
Authors: Lehrian D. W. , Keeney P. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe biosynthesis of lipid in maturing cacao seeds was studied over two cropping seasons (1975\s‐1976) in Brazil using hybrids produced by cross pollination of Catongo with Amelonado cultivars. Seeds were collected at intervals between seed solidification (110\s‐120 days postpollination) and harvesting of ripe fruits at 175\s‐180 days. Lipid accumulated in seeds at a rapid, linear rate after the seeds solidified until near the beginning of ripening, when lipid build up proceeded at a greatly reduced rate. Triglyceride was the major lipid component at all stages of maturity, increasing from 69% to 96% of the total lipid over the period studied. The contributions of other lipid components to total lipids became less prominent as fat accumulated in seeds. However, on an individual seed basis their mass increased throughout development, except for phospholipids and diglycerides, which decreased on a mass/seed basis in the latter stages of fruit maturation. Since the rate of triglyceride production slowed at about the same time, the reduced amounts of phospholipids and diglycerides indicate the classical Kennedy pathway for triglyceride synthesis is operative in seeds of cacao. Fat present early in seed development was more unsaturated than typical cocoa butter of commerce. However, as lipid deposited during the period of active lipid synthesis, starting at about 130 days postpollination, a normal fatty acid composition was quickly established and did not change materially thereafter.
The fatty acid composition of seed oils from ten plant families with particular reference to cyclopropene and dihydrosterculic acids
Authors: Vickery J. R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOil contents and fatty acid compositions of 40 seed oils of the plant families Elaecarpaceae, Thymelaeceae, Malvaceae, Sterculiaceae (order Malvales); Anacardiaceae, Celestraceae, Sapindaceae (Sapindales); Ebenaceae, Sapotaceae (Ebenales) and Rhamnaceae (Rhamnales) are presented. Cyclopropene fatty acids (CPFA) occur in two families in the order malvales not hitherto assayed. CPFA contents of seed oils of 12 Australian and Pacific species of Malvaceae and Sterculiaceae are given. CPFA occur randomly in small amounts in at least six families not in the order Malvales. Dehydrosterculic acid (DHS) occurs in small amounts in many species of Anacardiaceae, Celestraceae, Elaeocarpaceae, Malvaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae and Sterculiaceae. Linoleic acid was predominant in 28 of 40 seed oils, being as high as 63.9% in two species. The sum of 18:1 and 18:2 esters exceeded 70% in 20 oils.
Growth and body composition in children with classical phenylketonuria: Results in 34 patients and review of the literature
Authors: Huemer M. , Huemer C. , Möslinger D. , Huter D. , Stöckler‐Ipsiroglu S. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTreatment of phenylketonuria (PKU, OMIM 261600) means a diet restricted in natural protein and supplemented with phenylalanine (Phe)‐free l‐amino acid mixtures. Growth impairment has been described even in patients with a total protein intake at or above the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). In the present study, growth and body composition (fat‐free mass (FFM) and fat) were recorded over 12 months in 34 treated PKU patients (mean age 8.7 years at baseline). Measurements were compared with those of healthy peers and with general population standard (Z‐) scores calculated using the LMS method. In 28 PKU patients, data on birth weight and birth length were available and related to measurements at baseline of the study. Mean total protein intake in PKU patients was 124% (range 77–193%) of the RDA (DACH 2000). No significant differences in growth and body composition were present between PKU patients and healthy populations either at birth or during the study period. The significant correlation of FFM (representing muscle mass) with intake of natural protein—rather than total protein—indicates that the enhancement of tolerance to natural protein may be of value in PKU patients.
Predicting the surface tension of biodiesel fuels from their fatty acid composition
Authors: Allen Cecil A. W. , Watts K. Chris , Ackman Robert G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe emergence of biodiesel fuels as diesel fuel substitutes has led to several studies on their properties. Surface tension, which plays a role in atomization, has lacked attention compared to other properties. This paper presents a method to predict the surface tension of biodiesel fuels based on the fatty acid composition. Several binary, ternary, and quaternary mixtures of fatty acid ethyl ester gas chromatographic (GC) standards were prepared, and we found that a mass‐average equation predicted the surface tension of these mixtures within ±3.5% of their measured values. Six complex mixtures of fatty acid methyl ester GC standards that simulated typical oils used as biodiesel fuels were also prepared. For these complex mixtures the predicted surface tensions of the mixtures, calculated from a mass‐average equation, were 2–6% higher than the measured values. A mass‐average equation was developed in which we used a weighted surface tension for the individual components, and we found that this method predicted the surface tension of the simulated oils within ±4.5% of their measured values. Five natural vegetable oils were used to produce biodiesel fuels by the transesterification process. The predicted surface tensions of these fuels were all within ±3.5% of their measured values. The surface tensions of 15 biodiesel types were then predicted, based on their fatty acid composition as published in the literature. These results show that the differences in surface tension between biodiesel types are not the main cause of the reported differences in engine tests.
Tocopherols in breeding lines and effects of planting location, fatty acid composition, and temperature during development
Authors: Dolde David , Vlahakis Chris , Hazebroek Jan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs the use of tocopherols as natural antioxidants increases, it is economically and agronomically important to determine the range, composition, and factors that affect their levels in oilseed crops, a major commercial source. In this study, tocopherols were quantified from seeds of wheat, sunflower, canola, and soybean. The breeding lines analyzed possessed a broad range of economically important phenotypic traits such as disease or herbicide resistance, improved yield and agronomic characteristics, and altered storage oil fatty acid composition. Complete separation of all four native tocopherols was achieved using normal‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection. Total tocopherol concentration among wheat germ oil samples ranged from 1947 to 4082 µg g−1. Total tocopherol concentration ranges varied from 534 to 1858 µg g−1 in sunflower, 504 to 687 µg g−1 in canola, and 1205 to 2195 µg g−1 among the soybean oils surveyed. Although the composition of tocopherols varied substantially among crops, composition was stable within each crop. Total tocopherol concentration and the percentage linolenic acid were correlated positively in soybean oils with modified and unmodified fatty acid compositions. Tocopherol concentration and degree of unsaturation were not correlated in sunflower or canola seeds with genetically altered fatty acid composition. These findings suggest that breeding for altered storage oil fatty acid composition did not negatively impact tocopherol concentrations in sunflower and canola as they apparently did in soybeans. When 12 soybean breeding lines were grown at each of five locations, significant correlations were observed among planting location, breeding line, tocopherol concentration, and fatty acid composition. Analysis of seeds that matured under three different controlled temperature regimes suggests that the relationship between tocopherol concentration level and unsaturated fatty acids in commodity (not genetically modified for fatty acid composition) oil types is due to temperature effects on the biosynthesis of both compounds.
Clientelism and Ethiopia's post-1991 decentralisation
Authors: Chanie Paulos 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThis article addresses the question of why Ethiopia's post-1991 decentralisation reform is not taking the desired direction of matching diverse needs with available resources and creating accountable, responsive and autonomous regional governments. Given regional governments' relatively diverse socio-economic positions, the intention of the reform to create autonomous regions with devolved administrative, fiscal and political power is appropriate. Nonetheless, the implementation of the elements of the reform – expenditure assignment, revenue assignment, intergovernmental fiscal transfer and sub-national borrowing – is flawed. Existing studies that question the effectiveness of Ethiopia's devolution focus on political or fiscal aspects, and fail to link the de facto centre-region political power relationship with intergovernmental fiscal relations. This article, based on detailed field research in three regional governments, argues that the flawed intergovernmental fiscal relations reform is best explained by the clientelistic relationship between central and regional political parties.
Religion and politics: taking African epistemologies seriously
Authors: Ellis Stephen , Haar Gerrie ter 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTReligious modes of thinking about the world are widespread in Africa, and have a pervasive influence on politics in the broadest sense. We have published elsewhere a theoretical model as to how the relationship between politics and religion may be understood, with potential benefits for observers not just of Africa, but also of other parts of the world where new combinations of religion and politics are emerging. Application of this theoretical model requires researchers to rethink some familiar categories of social science.
Police commissioners, presidents and the governance of security
Authors: Hills Alice 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAfrica's police are usually assessed in terms of their adherence to democratic criteria. This results in inaccurate analysis because the police are actually governed according to presidential preference. This article uses the role of Africa's chief police officers to explore the relationship between presidents and their police, and the location of influence within the police. It identifies the significant variables shaping police governance in four countries with comparable institutional structures – Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Zimbabwe – and confirms the negligible role played by public accountability.
Heparin and dermatan sulphate induced capacitation of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa measured by merocyanine-540
Authors: Bergqvist A.-S. , Ballester J. , Johannisson A. , Lundeheim N. , Rodríguez-Martínez H. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryGlycosaminoglycans (GAGs) are present in the oviduct in which the major part of sperm capacitation occurs. In this study we have tested how capacitation of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoa is effected by exposure to different GAGs detectable or possibly present in oviductal fluid; i.e. heparin, hyaluronan, heparan sulphate, dermatan sulphate and chondroitin sulphate. Following exposure of different duration, the spermatozoa were stained with either Chlortetracycline (CTC) or merocyanine-540 and evaluated with epifluorescent light microscopy or flow cytometry, respectively. Heparin elicited a significant increase in the number of alive, capacitated spermatozoa, either expressed as higher merocyanine-540 fluorescence (p< 0.0001) or as B-pattern (p= 0.0021) in the CTC assay, during 4 h of incubation. When comparing the different GAG treatments one by one to the negative control in the flow cytometric study, only heparin and dermatan sulphate were significant (p< 0.0001) higher than the control at 0–30 min of incubation. Duration of incubation did not affect the proportion of capacitated spermatozoa when measured as merocyanine-540 fluorescence or CTC B-pattern, but the length of the incubation did affect the number of dead (Yo-PRO 1 positive) spermatozoa (p< 0.0001). Exposure to zona pellucida proteins significantly increased the proportion of acrosome reacted spermatozoa (p= 0.016). Both heparin and dermatan sulphate induce capacitation of frozen-thawed bull spermatozoain vitro.
Supplementation of fructose in chemically defined protein-free medium enhances the in vitro development of bovine transgenic cloned embryos
Authors: Uddin Bhuiyan M.M. , Kang S-K. , Lee B-C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe present study evaluated the possible embryotrophic role of fructose supplementation in chemically defined protein-free KSOM on in vitro development of bovine transgenic cloned embryos. Bovine fetal fibroblasts transfected with expression plasmids for bovine prion protein (PrP) mutant gene with GFP marker gene were used as donor nuclei for reconstruction of slaughterhouse-derived in vitro matured oocytes. The reconstructed oocytes were cultured in KSOM supplemented with 0.01% PVA (KSOM–PVA) at 39 °C in a humidified atmosphere of 5% CO2, 5% O2 and 90% N2 for 192 h. In Experiment 1, when reconstructed oocytes were cultured in KSOM–PVA supplemented with glucose (0.2 mM), fructose (1.5 mM) or combined glucose and fructose (0.2 and 1.5 mM, respectively), significantly (p < 0.05) higher blastocyst (19.2%) and hatching/hatched blastocyst (13.1%) formation rates were obtained in combined fructose and glucose supplemented medium than glucose supplemented counterpart (10.0% and 5.7%, respectively). In Experiment 2, when reconstructed oocytes were cultured in KSOM–PVA supplemented with 0.0, 0.2, 1.5, 3.0 and 5.6 mM fructose in combination with 0.2 mM glucose, the blastocyst formation rate was significantly higher (17.6%) in 1.5 mM fructose supplemented group than that of no fructose supplemented counterpart (9.7%; p > 0.05). In conclusion, supplementation of combined fructose (1.5 mM) and glucose (0.2 mM) in chemically defined protein-free KSOM enhances the in vitro development of bovine transgenic cloned embryos.
Identification of sperm morphometric subpopulations in the canine ejaculate: do they reflect different subpopulations in sperm chromatin integrity?
Authors: Núñez-Martinez I. , Moran J.M. , Peña F.J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA statistical approach using sequentially principal component analysis (PCA) clustering and discriminant analysis was developed to disclose morphometric sperm subpopulations. In addition, we used a similar approach to disclose subpopulations of spermatozoa with different degrees of DNA fragmentation. It is widely accepted that sperm morphology is a strong indicator of semen quality and since the sperm head mainly comprises the sperm DNA, it has been proposed that subtle changes in sperm head morphology may be related to abnormal DNA content. Semen from four mongrel dogs (five replicates per dog) were used to investigate DNA quality by means of the sperm chromatin structure assay (SCSA), and for computerized sperm morphometry (ASMA). Each sperm head was measured for nine primary parameters: head area (A), head perimeter (P), head length (L), head width (W), acrosome area (%), midpiece width (w), midpiece area (a), distance (d) between the major axes of the head and midpiece, angle (θ) of divergence of the midpiece from the head axis; and four parameters of head shape: FUN1 (L/W), FUN2 (4π A/P2), FUN3 ((L – W)/(L + W)) and FUN 4 (π LW/4A). The data matrix consisted of 2361 observations, (morphometric analysis on individual spermatozoa) and 63 815 observations for the DNA integrity. The PCA analysis revealed five variables with Eigen values over 1, representing more than 79% of the cumulative variance. The morphometric data revealed five sperm subpopulations, while the DNA data gave six subpopulations of spermatozoa with different DNA integrity. Significant differences were found in the percentage of spermatozoa falling in each cluster among dogs (p< 0.05). Linear regression models including sperm head shape factors 2, 3 and 4 predicted the amount of denatured DNA within each individual spermatozoon (p< 0.001). We conclude that the ASMA analysis can be considered a powerful tool to improve the spermiogram.
Assembly of ovarian follicles in the caeciliansIchthyophis tricolorandGegeneophis ramaswamii:light and transmission electron microscopic study
Authors: Beyo R.S. , Sreejith P. , Divya L. , Oommen O.V. , Akbarsha M.A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThough much is known about various aspects of reproductive biology of amphibia, there is little information on the cellular and mechanistic basis of assembly of ovarian follicles in this group. This is especially true of the caecilians. Therefore, taking advantage of the abundant distribution of caecilians in the Western Ghats of India, two species of caecilians,Ichthyophis tricolorandGegeneophis ramaswamii, were subjected to light and transmission electron microscopic analysis to trace the sequential changes during the assembly of ovarian follicles. The paired ovaries of these caecilians are elongated sac-like structures each including numerous vitellogenic follicles. The follicles are connected by a connective tissue stroma. This stroma contains nests of oogonia, primary oocytes and pregranulosa cells as spatially separated nests. During assembly of follicles the oocytes increase in size and enter the meiotic prophase when the number of nucleoli in the nucleus increases. The mitochondrial cloud or Balbiani vitelline body, initially localized at one pole of the nucleus, disperses through out the cytoplasm subsequently. Synaptonemal complexes are prominent in the pachytene stage oocytes. The pregranulosa cells migrate through the connective tissue fibrils of the stroma and arrive at the vicinity of the meiotic prophase oocytes. On contacting the oocyte, the pregranulosa cells become cuboidal in shape, wrap the diplotene stage oocyte as a discontinuous layer and increase the content of cytoplasmic organelles and inclusions. The oocytes increase in size and are arrested in diplotene when the granulosa cells become flat and form a continuous layer. Soon a perivitelline space appears between the oolemma and granulosa cells, completing the process of assembly of follicles. Thus, the events in the establishment of follicles in the caecilian ovary are described.
The mammalian oxysterol-binding protein-related proteins (ORPs) bind 25-hydroxycholesterol in an evolutionarily conserved pocket
Authors: Suchanek Monika , Hynynen Riikka , Wohlfahrt Gerd , Lehto Markku , Johansson Marie , Saarinen Hannu , Radzikowska Anna , Thiele Christoph , Olkkonen Vesa M. 
Published: July 2007

OSBP (oxysterol-binding protein) homologues, ORPs (OSBP-related proteins), constitute a 12-member family in mammals. We employed an in vitro [3H]25OH (25-hydroxycholesterol)-binding assay with purified recombinant proteins as well as live cell photo-cross-linking with [3H]photo-25OH and [3H]photoCH (photo-cholesterol), to investigate sterol binding by the mammalian ORPs. ORP1 and ORP2 [a short ORP consisting of an ORD (OSBP-related ligand-binding domain) only] were in vitro shown to bind 25OH. GST (glutathione S-transferase) fusions of the ORP1L [long variant with an N-terminal extension that carries ankyrin repeats and a PH domain (pleckstrin homology domain)] and ORP1S (short variant consisting of an ORD only) variants bound 25OH with similar affinity (ORP1L, Kd=9.7×10−8 M; ORP1S, Kd=8.4 ×10−8 M), while the affinity of GST–ORP2 for 25OH was lower (Kd=3.9×10−6 M). Molecular modelling suggested that ORP2 has a sterol-binding pocket similar to that of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Osh4p. This was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis of residues in proximity of the bound sterol in the structural model. Substitution of Ile249 by tryptophan or Lys150 by alanine markedly inhibited 25OH binding by ORP2. In agreement with the in vitro data, ORP1L, ORP1S, and ORP2 were cross-linked with photo-25OH in live COS7 cells. Furthermore, in experiments with either truncated cDNAs encoding the OSBP-related ligand-binding domains of the ORPs or the full-length proteins, photo-25OH was bound to OSBP, ORP3, ORP4, ORP5, ORP6, ORP7, ORP8, ORP10 and ORP11. In addition, the ORP1L variant and ORP3, ORP5, and ORP8 were cross-linked with photoCH. The present study identifies ORP1 and ORP2 as OSBPs and suggests that most of the mammalian ORPs are able to bind sterols.