bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Effectiveness of a Corporate Driving Safety Program by Studying the Correlation between Frequency and Severity of Motor Vehicle Accidents and Compliance with Corporate Policy
Authors: Silverstone Mark 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Our largest oilfield risk with respect to injury and loss of life is the motor vehicle accident. Consequently, some companies dedicate substantial resources to efforts to reduce these losses. Measuring the effectiveness of this use of resources is conventionally confined to analyzing the overall motor vehicle accident rate; however, this technique for monitoring effectiveness does not identify which specific parts of the driving risk management program might actually contribute to a reduction in accident rates, and how.
The objective of this work is to assess the efficacy of an oilfield service company's risk management strategies with respect to motor vehicle accidents. The strategies are summarized in the company's worldwide motor vehicle driving policy, which stipulates four principal requirements: use of seat belts, driver training, journey management and electronic driving performance monitors.
A total of 144 motor vehicle accidents in Venezuela were examined to determine compliance with these four policy requirements. The results indicate a reduction in the frequency and severity of "catastrophic," "major" and "serious" accidents with increasing compliance. No relationship seems to exist between compliance and "light" accidents. Furthermore, "catastrophic," "major" and "serious" accidents seem to be associated with particular noncompliance factors: lack of seat belt use in "catastrophic" accidents, lack of training and monitors in "major" accidents, and journey management of night driving in "serious" accidents.
Apparently, in order to reduce the frequency of "light" accidents and further reduce the rate of "catastrophic," "major" and "serious" accidents, implementing more policy features and increasing compliance with present policy may be necessary.
Public Health Tool Kits
Authors: Balge Marci Z. , Krieger Gary R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Exploration and Production projects can potentially create adverse health impacts for workers and surrounding communities unless appropriate public health control programs are designed, implemented and monitored on an ongoing basis. These infectious disease control programs can be grouped based on potential source etiologies: respiratory (person-to-person), vector related, animal (rodents, snakes, food sanitation, water borne, blood borne and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) or by preventive and protective measures: tsetse fly traps, chemoprophylaxis, impregnated bednets, universal precautions, immunizations, etc.
Incident and Accident Investigation – Methods and Lessons Learned in the Norwegian Oil and Gas Industry
Authors: Holmefjord Agathe , Nielsen Liv 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Preventing the next accident is a key issue in high risk industries such as the Norwegian offshore oil and gas industry. During the last five years of the positive results in HSE performance on the Norwegian continental shelf has declined. Indicators of this negative trend are: –incident and accidents occurring in the offshore oil and gas industry in Norway have become more frequent and severe–the operators ability to prevent the next accident could be questioned, since several of these incidents and accidents have been reoccurring events
In this paper, concepts, theories and methods relevant to accident investigation in the petroleum industry will be shortly described. Theories and methods used in accident investigation in the Nordic nuclear industry will be presented. We learned that these methods worked also in an offshore context.
First Field Implementation of the Short-Trip Module: A Coiled Tubing Fatigue Reduction System
Authors: Zhou Wei , Cassee Udo , Radovan Rolovic 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Prudhoe Bay Alaska is a mature oilfield where coiled tubing (CT) drilled sidetracks are the preferred method for gaining access to small reserves. For the CT drilling provider, and ultimately the client, the cost of the CT is a significant component of the overall operational cost and increasing the life of the working CT directly impacts operational economics.
A primary contributor to CT fatigue is plastic deformation. This occurs when the CT is spooled on and off the reel and also when it passes through the injector head. Both these events subject the CT to bending stress and any attempt to reduce the number of such cycles will increase the CT life. Particular operations such as window milling, stuck coil, drilling in open hole require the CT to be moved short distances in and out of the well which increase the number of CT fatigue cycles.
The Short-Trip Module (STM) has been developed to minimize fatigue peaks during these short movements. The system allows small (maximum 20 ft) CT movements in and out of the well without the need to turn the CT reel. This is done by keeping the CT reel stationary and letting the CT, between the reel and injector head, form a natural parabolic arch. Depending on the circulating pressure and CT movement schedule the fatigue can be reduced over 50% in CT fatigue life prediction model.
This paper will detail the theory and design of the STM as well as the issues of its integration onto a CT drilling unit.
Modified CT Limits Analysis for Practical Well Intervention Design
Authors: McSpadden A. , Newman K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An alternative to the standard graphical presentation of CT operating limits is proposed in this paper to facilitate design of CT well interventions and to guide operational decisions in critical, at-risk procedures. Typical issues in intervention design include maximum safe overpull and maximum safe circulating and annular fluid pressures and the interplay between these parameters. However, CT job designers are sometimes unfamiliar with the interrelation between tension and fluid pressures. In particular, the relationship between surface weight and actual tubing stress is often overlooked. This interrelation can be explained and interpreted via the concepts of effective and real force. Based on a presentation of effective and real force, this paper proposes a graphical presentation of CT limits which references effective force, specifically surface weight. Using this modified stress graph, safe operating limits can be more clearly inferred from actual job parameters such as surface weight and pressure.
Shallow Gas Pilot for Coiled Tubing Drilling: A Case History
Authors: Bass Arvell , Staal B. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coiled tubing drilling (CTD) has to date not yet evolved to be a worldwide, long lasting application, to be used on a daily basis, other than in places such like Alaska, Canada, and Venezuela. Locations with an extensive history and expertise of coiled tubing drilling. In these locations CTD has economical and technical advantages over conventional drilling operations.
However it seems that the drilling market in Argentina provided the right opportunities for another CTD operation. A plan was developed to drill thirty wells in the central part of Argentina, known as Golfo San Jorge.
This case history describes the set up of the project, drilling techniques used and difficulties experienced, lessons learned and the future of CTD in Argentina.
Improving the Performance of Coiled Tubing Underbalanced Horizontal Drilling Operations
Authors: Fraser R. G. , Ravensbergen J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The paper will address the specific issues associated with underbalance horizontal drilling using two phase flow. Firstly, the challenges that were overcome in devising a ";safe"; method of deploying a directional drilling BHA into a live well will be presented together with a review of the deployment performance results from over a 100 different horizontal drilling operations.
Secondly, BHA performance issues associated with two-phase flow will be reviewed and results presented. This will include such issues as un-constrained vibration (encountered when the hole is not liquid full) and such effects as explosive decompression and the consequent reduction of elastomer performance.
Perhaps most important will be a discussion of the issues associated with cuttings transport in two phase flow and the methodology devised to reduce (and in many cases eliminate) wiper trips by varying the circulating conditions using a circulating valve incorporated into the BHA. Data from actual jobs will be presented to demonstrate how effective the process has become in regular field operations.
Lost time statistics for coiled tubing underbalanced drilling operations will be summarised and performance improvements highlighted.
Control and Monitoring Techniques of Miscible Gas Injection Project in the Furrial Field, Venezuela
Authors: Barreto Miguel , Itriago Luis , Millan Norelia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Furrial field is the most important oil field in the East of Venezuela, with 6880 Millions Barrels of oil initial in place. The initial pressure is 11.000 psi at a depth of 13.800 ft and it has an average temperature of 298°F.
To prevent the pressure decline in the reservoir and avoid asphaltene precipitation problems, flank water injection (450 Mbwpd) project was implemented in 1992 and a miscible gas injection scheme initiated in 1998, in the crest of the Naricual Superior reservoir with seven wells injecting a total of 400 MMscfpd. The goal of these projects is to increase the final recovery from the field.
Due to the large thickness of the oil column (800 feet), considerable heterogeneity of the reservoir properties and large damage zones (high skin) observed in the producers and injectors wells, the gas-injectors exhibit channeling problems and decrease in injectivity. As a results premature breakthrough of gas in the producing wells is observed through sands of high permeability. This put risks to the oil production and the pressure maintenance program and limits the sweep efficiency of the displacement process.
In this paper, techniques and tools used to monitor and control the gas injection are presented. They are used to diagnostic and to correct the problems of injectivity losses and gas channeling problems. The techniques are: Control and monitoring at real time of main injection parameters such as heavy component (C3+) and water (H2O) content in the gas injection stream, pressure and temperature of injection stream, injection rates and opening size (%) of flow valve.Diagnostic: Flow logging tests, saturation logging tests, chromatographic analysis of produced gas and injection of chemical tracers.Preventive measures to eliminate channeling and low injectivity problems such as stepwise perforation, steam tube stimulation, improving gas conformance by applying Multigel, use of sand plugs, etc.
Finally, we will present the learned lessons and best practices of the miscible gas injection project in the hope it will serve as a world reference for similar projects.
Analytical Solutions for 1-D Countercurrent Imbibition in Water-Wet Media
Authors: Kashchiev Dimo , Firoozabadi Abbas 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Analytical solutions for the initial stage of one-dimensional countercurrent flow of water and oil in porous media are presented. Expressions are obtained for the time dependence of the water saturation profile and the oil recovered during spontaneous countercurrent imbibition in rod-like, cylindrical and spherical cores for which water is the wetting liquid. Some of the analytical solutions are found to be in good agreement with existing numerical solutions and available experimental data for oil recovery from cores with strong water wettability.
Ultra-low Concentration Surfactants for Sandstone and Limestone Floods
Authors: Berger P. D. , Lee C. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new type of surfactant has been developed that can be used at very low concentrations to produce ultra-low interfacial tensions (IFT) for sandstone and limestone formations. These surfactants can be used for Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) floods, surfactant floods and as an adjuvant for water floods. These new types of surfactants differ from traditional surfactants used in ASP and surfactant floods by offering the following advantages: Low concentration levels – They are effective at low concentration levels normally used for ASP but do not require alkali to produce low interfacial tensions in sandstone formations. For limestone formations, sodium carbonate is normally preferred to reduce adsorption however it is not needed to produce ultra-low IFTs.Salt tolerance – They are very salt tolerant. Case studies using this new type surfactant in brines with ~110,000 PPM total dissolved solids (TDS) and ~2500 PPM divalent cations show excellent interfacial tension lowering, even at 0.05% surfactant levels. The injection water does not need to be treated or softened, which can result in a tremendous cost saving for IOR applications.Emulsion, corrosion, and scale reduction – Problems such as emulsion formation, scale, corrosion, etc. are minimized because only low concentrations of surfactant are needed and alkali is not required to produce ultra-low interfacial tensions.
Examples and data using the new surfactants in both limestone and sandstone applications with various crude oils and brines are presented.
The Effect of Rock Surface Characteristics on Reservoir Wettability
Authors: Vijapurapu Chandra S. , Rao Dandina N. , Kun Lian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Significant strides have been made in recent years in gaining better understanding of the role of fluid compositions on reservoir wettability. However, our knowledge of the effects that the solid surface characteristics have on establishing and altering wettability is quite limited. This study examines the effect of rock mineralogy and surface roughness on wettability in rock-brine-hydrocarbon systems. The wettability is characterized by using two different techniques. The Wilhelmy plate technique has been used to obtain dynamic (advancing and receding) contact angles averaged over the surface area of the solid substrate used. These results are compared with point-values of dynamic contact angles measured using the dual-drop dual-crystal (DDDC) technique for both smooth and rough solid surfaces of different mineralogy and roughness. The surfaces have been characterized using an optical profilometer and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Fluids from the Yates reservoir in West Texas have been used. While the Wilhelmy Plate Technique displayed insensitivity, the DDDC Technique showed significant effects of mineralogy and roughness on dynamic contact angles.
Optimized Gas-Well Stimulating Using CO2-Miscible, Viscosified Hydrocarbon Fracturing Fluids
Authors: Taylor Robert , Khallad Abe , Cheng Alick , Barree Bob , Byrnes Jennifer , Kelly Karen , Conway Mike , Caufield Ray , Tourigny Sheri 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of CO2-miscible, viscosified hydrocarbon fracturing fluids has been proven to be a very effective gas-well stimulation technique in Canada and the United States. Fluid recovery is enhanced after stimulation by this process. Anderson and Gruber presented the original concepts used in paper CIM 95-45, entitled "Carbonated Hydrocarbons for Improved Gas Well Fracturing Results." 1
This paper provides results of wells recently stimulated. Simplifications to the fluid and job design processes, and additional design considerations are introduced. New CO2 solubility data generated at 50°C, 85°C, and 120°C with 30%, 40%, and 50% CO2 in four different fracturing fluids are presented to provide a wider range of design data. Compositional data for a number of specialty fracturing fluids are introduced to illustrate their enhanced fluid-recovery capability compared to heavier fluids such as kerosene and diesel.
Testing for CO2 Sequestration and Enhanced Methane Production from Coal
Authors: Mavor Matthew J. , Gunter William D. , Robinson John R. , Law David H-S. , Gale John 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The process of capturing CO2 from industrial point sources and storing it in geological formations is being evaluated to reduce the rate of accumulation of this greenhouse gas (GHG) in the atmosphere. Injection of CO2 into coal seams is one method of permanently storing CO2, which can accelerate coalbed methane production, offsetting the cost of sequestration. There is considerable risk both geologically and in the engineering design that can make the large investments required for sequestration uneconomic. This paper describes a program of successive pilots that can be used to determine the technical and economic feasibility of the process at a location of interest. The information is based upon experience gained by the Alberta Research Council during theoretical and field studies performed in Alberta Canada.
Estimating Gas Decline-Exponent Before Decline-Curve Analysis
Authors: Chen Her-Yuan , Teufel Lawrence W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents simple and practical equations to estimate a priori the decline-exponent for decline-curve analysis of gas wells. The proposed equations are applicable for gas wells with closed boundaries and constant rock properties. Data required includes initial reservoir pressure, bottomhole flowing pressure, and fluid properties. These data are that required in a typical decline-curve analysis (i.e., no extra data is required). A field example is presented to verify the developed concept and to demonstrate the utility.
Comparison of Dimensionless Inflow Performance Relationships for Gas Wells
Authors: Trick Mona D. , Palmai Frank J. , Chase Robert W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Dimensionless inflow performance relationships (IPRs) provide a method to model the sandface deliverability of gas wells when only data from a single drawdown or buildup test are available. This paper compares the predictions from 3 dimensionless IPRs (Mishra and Caudle1, Billiter and Lee2 and Chase and Alkandari3) with measured inflow performance coefficients from 4 point modified isochronal tests from 31 Alberta wells. The dimensionless IPRs from Mishra and Caudle1 and Chase and Alkandari3 closely match the predictions from measured inflow performance coefficients. Assuming that the n equals 1.0 overpredicts flow rate on average by 19%. The advantages of using the LIT equation (also known as laminar-inertial-turbulent, Houpert or Forchheimer equation) rather than the Rawlins- Schellhardt equation are discussed.
Use of Vogel Equation to Estimate Drainage-Area Static Pressure and Skin Factor
Authors: Parra Raul A. Medina 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A mathematical adaptation of the Vogel correlation was developed to obtain the drainage-area average pressure (P̄) and the skin factor (s) values from multi-stabilized-rate (flow-after-flow) tests data. A methodology is presented to smooth, validate and compute the data of these tests. The analysis of a theoretical example is presented to show the application of the methodology. The proposed graphic method Pwf vs. J contributes to verify the applicability of Vogel model to a specific data set.
Risk Management for Planning of Challenging Reservoir Sections
Authors: Nilsen T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Planning of reservoir sections of wells in faulted and stratified reservoirs is often complicated by the large uncertainties involved. Incomplete knowledge of geological factors and the performance of equipment and operators gives rise to uncertainty with respect to operational outcomes throughout the construction, installation and operation phases, which in turn influence the project cash flows and eventually the overall profitability of the well project. The aim for high production rates promotes technologically ambitious well designs, i.e. penetration of a high number of reservoir zones or an otherwise challenging section trajectory. Efforts for obtaining smooth and safe operations, on the other hand, motivate simpler concepts. Complicated causal relations and lack of methods for quantifying uncertainty makes risk-based optimisation in the well planning process difficult. This paper describes a modelling approach aiming at improving the basis for decision-making by analysis of the uncertainty involved. Risks identified in a review of experiences from a field on the Norwegian continental shelf are presented. Objectives for a risk-based decision tool are discussed and a modelling framework outlined. Examples of detailed modelling for analysis of selected phenomena, depending on proper pressure control in the well construction phase, are described.
High-Frequency Mud Pump Pressure Monitoring Enables Timely Wear Detection
Authors: Spoerker H. F. , Litzlbauer C. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Higher circulating pressures result in increased wear on mud pump parts, subsequently causing rig downtime for pump maintenance. The paper presents the field experience gained with mounting high-frequency mud pressure transducers and analyzing the pressure signatures of Triplex Mud Pumps to identify pump wear in time for running routine maintenance and service. By comparison with recorded drilling data, every operating condition can be allocated to pressure curves. The characteristics of typical pump wear as expressed in these signatures are discussed together with suggestions how to automate the monitoring system. In addition, mud pumps have been fitted with vibration sensors for supplemental information.
Gripping Without Slipping — The Safe Handling and Running of Chrome Pipe with Hard Surfaces
Authors: Kinzel Holger , Buettner Kurt , Jaensch Manfred 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In a corrosive downhole environment, the service life of a completion can be severely reduced if suitable precautions are not taken. Pipe made of corrosion resistant alloys (C.R.A.) is used to minimize corrosion. Recently, steel manufactures have developed modified corrosion resistant alloys (C.R.A.), specifically derivatives of Cr13, that are characterized by a black smooth scale surface on the outside of the pipe.
When these so called "Super" or "Hyper" alloys were first used, occasional slipping was reported by field personnel. Fortunately no string was lost and no injuries occurred, however, precious rig time was lost in resuming safe operations. These slippages occurred with various inserts and with all types of slip-type elevators or spiders.
An investigation carried out by the University of Hannover revealed that the surface scale on the pipe had a hardness of over 60 Rc. Even inserts specifically designed for C.R.A. pipe that use special gripping elements, such as the Micro-Grip™ system have a hardness that is only slightly higher than this surface scale. Using conventional wedge type spider and elevator systems can lead to slippage under certain load conditions, if no special precautions are taken.
Based on these results and on the operating principles of wedge type spiders and elevators, a new Compact Spider/Elevator was designed. This device can be either air or hydraulically operated and puts an additional downward force onto the slip, as much as 40 tons for the hydraulic version, so that a firm grip is assured. In addition to conventional steel inserts, the device can be equipped with so called MicroGrip ™ inserts, a gripping system that distributes the required load equally onto a large number of small peaks. This minimizes the indentation of each single peak and thus, as previous research and field experience has shown, preserves the surface integrity of the pipe with regard to corrosion [2, 3, 4]. The device can be run flush-mounted, further enhancing safety on the rig-floor.