bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do church-sponsored projects assist development ?
Authors: Dickinson R.D.N. 
Published: March 2007

L'étude a porté sur les initiatives prises par les Eglises protestantes pour la plupart en Asie, Afrique et Amérique latine et qui ont fait l'objet d'une recommandation pour financement de la part du Conseil Oecumé nique des Eglises. L'ensemble de ces initiatives ne représente qu'environ 3% du total et 10% des sommes canalisées par les Eglises protestantes dans ces régions. Les années choisies ont été 1963, 1965 et 1967 et l'étude a porté sur 476 projets. L'Afrique subsaharienne vient en tête avec 41% des projets, puis l'Asie (30%), l'Amerique latine (15%) et enfin l'Afrique du Nord et le Moyen-Orient (14%). Les types de projet varient: éducation, 53%, dont seulement 8% pour des écoles; santé, 22%, dont 1/5 seulement pour hôpitaux ou dispensaires. L'auteur estime que les initiatives se situent dans une perspective assez traditionnelle. Seuls 4% des projets concernent des initiatives de travail social ou sanitaire préventif, recherche, changement social, etc. L'étude analyse aussi les montants financiers par région et par type d'initiatives, la proportion des projets qui ont été financés: 14% ne l'ont pas été et 38% l'ont été complètement. Il note aussi l'origine géographique du financement. L'étude fut complétée par une enquête auprès des responsables régionaux des projets d'aide, à propos de l'obtention des buts décrits, de la nationa lité des resporasables des initiatives: 43% occidentaux pour l'ensemble; 62% en Afrique, 34% en Asie, 20% en Amérique latine. Très peu de relations avec les plans nationaux ou régionaux (2% seulement); 41 % des initiatives mettent l'accent sur la formation de la communauté chrétienne, mais 2% seulement sont destinés uniquement à des chrétiens. L'auteur conclut à la nécessité d'affiner les instruments de recherche d'une part et d'autre part au besoin d'une stratégie, liée à une philosophie de la coopération au développement.
Myth and Symbol Analysis of Claude Lévi-Strauss and Victor Turner (*)
Authors: Wieting Stephen G. 
Published: March 2007

L'analyse du mythe et du symbole en sociologie et en anthropologie de la religion pose un problème fondamental: comment disposer d'un système d'analyse qui soit 1°) suffi samment normalisé pour permettre des usages successifs; 2°) suffisamment précis pour permettre, des tests empiriques et pour être sensible aux nuances transculturelles dans le matériel ethnographique ; 3°) suffisamment abstrait et com préhensif pour permettre des comparaisons entre cultures. Cet article présente les oeuvres de Claude Lévi-Strauss et Victor Turner, et analyse là solution qu'elles donnent à ce problème. Les travaux de ces deux auteurs, invitent; en effet, à cette analyse, car, tout en étant centrés sur des cultures spécifiques, ils prétendent généraliser leur théorie et leur méthode. Les deux œuvres sont comparées sur trois plans : sources intellectuelles, volonté commune de fournir une alternative aux approches purement psychologiques ou sociologiques du mythe et du symbole; sensi-bilité aux relations délicates qui lient le sujet et l'objet (ou le chercheur et l'objet de recherche) dans le travail sociologique scientifique.
Anglo - Catholic Socialism : A Study of a Protest Movement within a Church
Authors: Bocock Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

Cet article est une étude sociologique d'un mouvement protestant : le socialisme anglo-catholique, à l'intérieur d'une Eglise établie (l'Eglise d'Angleterre) durant la fin du XIXe et le XXe siècles. La grille d'interprétation utilisée est celle de J. Wach, qui fournit une typologie de la protestation dans l'Eglise (ecclesiola in ecclesia) . Ont été analysés les croyances, les valeurs et les rituels du mouvement en relation avec la situation historique et sociale de celui-ci. En particulier, l'auteur affirme que le mouvement a contribué à la légitimation de l'émergence du Parti Travailliste et du mouvement des Trade Union sur la scène politique anglaise.
Properties of Cotton Fabrics Treated with Fluorocarbon Combinations with Water Repellents
Authors: Goldstein Herman B. 
Published: March 2007

This paper shows some of the effects which can be obtained on cotton through the combined use of a fluorochemical textile finish and conventional water-repellent products. The types of water repellents included in this study are quaternaries, stearamide-resin dispersions, silicones, aluminum salt-wax emulsions, zirconium salt-wax emulsions, and a cationic thermosetting compound. The effects studied, and for which data are presented, include dynamic absorbency, spray ratings, soil resistance, whiteness, and mildew resistance. The properties obtained are also evaluated for their resistance toward laundering, dry cleaning, weathering, and abrasion.
Retention of Swelling Ability in Cotton Cross-Linked with High-Temperature Curing
Authors: Pierce A.G. , Frick J.G. , Reid J. David 
Published: March 2007

The cross-linking of cotton fabric with several N-methylol finishing agents in combi nation with an additive, the dimethyl ether of tetraethylene glycol, was investigated in an effort to obtain wrinkle-resistant and wash-wear cotton fabrics that retain an ability to swell with water. By proper adjustment of the concentration of this additive in the pad bath, it is possible to obtain finished fabrics with moisture regains equal to or even greater than untreated cotton, while maintaining good wrinkle resistance and wash-wear appearance. Wet crease recovery is slightly increased and dry crease recovery is slightly decreased by the use of the additive. Chlorine resistance and the relationship of breaking strength to crease recovery are unaffected. The inclusion of this additive in the treating bath formulation appears to alter hoth the length and distribution of the cross-links formed.
Felting and Ratchet Action of Wool Fibers
Authors: Flanagan G.F. 
Published: March 2007

Frictional contacts between crossing fibers consist of a true frictional component and a ratchet component that causes fiber migration. The saw-tooth shaped profile of a Merino wool fiber operates as a ratchet on the curved surface of crossing fibers up to a radius of curvature of the crossing fiber of about 50 microns: ' An apparatus and method for the measurement of the longitudinal rubbing force between a mounted glass fiber and a wool fiber is described that gives a reproducible record showing each scale edge traversed. A convenient method is described for the analysis of these records to show the effectiveness of the fiber scales for different ampli tudes of fiber-to-fiber movement during felting processes. The results obtained agree with the theory developed for ratchet-action, of particular interest being the decrease to zero of the directional frictional effect as the amplitude of movement is reduced from a distance equal to that between neighboripg scale edges to zero. To limit the extent of against-scale slippage of resilient fibers under strain during felt formation, it is desirable to have some energy loss, i.e., a true frictional component, in the ratchet system.
TE 1/2, An Index for Relating Fiber Tenacity and Elongation
Authors: Rosenthal Arnold J. 
Published: March 2007

The drawing of a fiber generally inereases its tenacity and decreases its elongation. Attempts to describe this tenacity elongation exchange relationship have led to the useful set of functions : T × E |Breaking energy| ; T (1 + E 100) |True stress at failure] ; and T× E1 |Emptrical function|. The TE relationship describes the tenacity-elongation exchange relationship for a large number of man-made fiber systems. This TE1/2 factor also appears useful in the development of fiber processes, where it can serve as an index of spinning process optimization or of polymer quality. In cases where the tensile factor TE1/2 does not appear appropriate. examination of the other functions provides additional insight into what may be occurring during a fiber orienting process, e.g., elimination of stress concentration flaws, action of elastic cross links, etc. Attempts to explain the empirical TE1/2 relationship show that it is a simple approximation to more complex mathematical relationships derived from mechanistic assumptions.
Inorganic Fibers—Formation and Properties
Authors: Gloor W.H. 
Published: March 2007

Inorganic fibers offer unique combinations of mechanical properties and thermal stability, making them leading candidates for both flexible fibrous materials and reinforcement for structural and ablative composites. Research on development of new and improved inorganic fiber systems is directed toward both these utilization areas. Effort is being expended on improved flexibility, primarily through fiber-diameter reduction, for flexible materials, and on increased levels of mechanical properties for reinforcement. Development of improved glasses for advanced systems is being actively pursued. Recently, considerable emphasis has been placed on research leading to superior carbon and graphite fibers and yarns. Other inorganic fibers of current interest include metallies, both superalloy and refractory, and polycrystalline ceramic fibers.
A General Energy Analysis of Fabric Mechanics Using Optimal Control Theory
Authors: De Jong S. , Postle R. 
Published: March 2007

A general energy analysis has been formulated and applied to the study of fabric mechanics with the aid of computer programs. The analysis is chiefly concerned with the elastic or recoverable mechanisms of fabric rheology. The com puter programs can be readily adapted to provide a solution for various fabric structures and deformations simply changing the boundary conditions. The energy analysis is based on the fundamental principle that elastic structures alway s assume a confguration of minimum strain energy, regardless of the deformation applied. The resulting minimization problem is solved with the use of a specific optimization technique -i.e., it is treated as an optimal control problem. In particular, the total yarn strain encrgy (consisting of the sum of the individual yarn bending. torsion, lateral compression, and longitudinal extension strain energies) is minimized, subject to certain constraints which give rise to internal forces and couples acting within the fabric structure itself. The constraints lead to the necessity of optimizing the "total" energy, or the sum of the potential energy due to the internal forces of constraint, and the yarn strain energy comprising the bending, torsion, and extension energies.
Modified Polyetheramines in RIM
Authors: Grigsby R.A. , Rice D.M. 
Published: March 2007

Polyurea RIM, because of its production speed, internal release characteristics, high temperature dimensional stability, and increased resis tance to water absorption is finally coming to the forefront as a better route to producing automotive body panels and fascia. One of the barriers that held back the rapid replacement of polyurethane-urea RIM by this new technology has been the increased reaction rate typically exhibited by polyurea RIM. The throughputs of existing RIM equipment were not high enough to produce some of the larger fascia and body panel parts. To address this need of some molders to process polyurea RIM in lower throughput RIM machines, we have investigated various modifications of our polyetheramines. Among the modifications investigated were the recently in troduced ketimine technology, N-alkyl substituted polyetheramines and polyether amines having aromatic amine termination. The processing charac teristics and physical properties of some of these slower polyether amines in polyurea RIM formulations will be discussed.
Thermoplastic Polyurethane Elastomers Made from High Molecular Weight POLY-L® Polyols
Authors: Smith C.P. , Reisch J.W. , O'Connor J.M. 
Published: March 2007

High molecular weight polyether polyols formed by the poly merization of epoxides, especially propylene oxide, using conventional KOH catalysis contain high levels of unsaturation. This unsaturation is in the form of allyl and isopropenyl end groups and results in a loss of functionality. A diol that ideally has a functionality of 2.0 can be as low as 1.70 for a conventional 4000 molecular weight polyol. As the molecular weight increases the func tionality decreases. Since the unsaturation is a function of molecular weight, a limiting molecular weight will be reached where further propylene oxide fails to add to the chain and to increase molecular weight. High molecular weight polyether diols containing low unsaturation were pre pared using double metal cyanide catalysts. With these catalysts ultra high molecular weight polyols can be made without a concomitant increase in the rate of formation of unsaturated end groups. A 4000 molecular weight diol was made that had unsaturation levels five times lower than a comparable polyol prepared by conventional KOH catalysis. Additionally, 5500 and 6600 molec ular weight diols containing very low unsaturation levels were also made. All of the polyols were capped with ethylene oxide to give high levels of primary hydroxyl groups. These polyols were evaluated in thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer formulations. The thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers were based on MDI and chain ex tended with butanediol. Those prepared from polyols with low unsaturation levels had significantly higher physical properties than thermoplastic polyurethane elastomers prepared with conventionally made polyols. Soft ther moplastic polyurethane elastomers were made from high molecular weight polyols containing low unsaturation levels. These soft thermoplastic polyure thane elastomers are softer than any currently commercially available. They exhibited good tensile strength, excellent elongation and high resilience prop erties.
100% Solids Aliphatic Spray Polyurea Elastomer Systems
Authors: Primeaux Dudley J. 
Published: March 2007

Regulations are continually being passed that limit the volatile organic content (VOC) of elastomer coating systems. Because of this restriction, high solids, two-component spray elastomers and coatings are attaining in creases in market interest and sales volume. As this interest grows, the research and development effort focuses on newer and better polymer materials. The development of 100% solids aromatic polyurethane elastomer systems has shown promise with respect to the VOC issues. Recently, a further refined 100% solids spray elastomer system, based on polyurea RIM technol ogy, has also been demonstrated. These systems, like polyurea RIM materials, are based on aromatic isocyanates, aromatic amine chain extenders and amine- terminated polyether resins. In order to take full advantage of the leading edge polyurea elastomer technology, 100% solids aliphatic polyurea elastomer systems have been developed. Amine-terminated polyether resins along with aliphatic isocyanates are incorporated into this next generation of spray elastomer materials. Aliphatic spray polyurea elastomer systems, like the aromatic polyurea elastomer systems, require no catalysts and are extremely fast in reactivity and cure. Due to this fast reactivity and cure, these systems are virtually unaf fected by moisture during processing. Application of the aliphatic polyurea systems is also possible in a variety of temperature ranges with little effect on the reaction profile and cure. Any VOC standards or regulations are easily com plied with due to the 100% solids characteristic. Excellent elastomer physical properties are also noted at varied temperature ranges. Obviously, spray elastomer systems based on this aliphatic polyurea technology are good candi dates for both coating and noncoating-type applications. Recent advances in the aliphatic spray polyurea elastomer technology will be discussed in this paper.
Tailoring Thermoplastic Olefin Elastomers for Automotive Applications through Intensive Mixing
Authors: Lau Edmund , Goodman John 
Published: March 2007

Use of thermoplastic olefin elastomers (TPO) is expected to enjoy a 12% annual growth worldwide through 1996. The majority of growth is in au tomotive applications such as bumper fascia, claddings, exterior panels, airbag covers and instrument panels, etc. This healthy forecast is fueled by the overall cost/performance, the wide range of properties available, the ease of processing and the recyclability of this class of material. The current TPO business is dominated by compounded grades which offer: freedom in formulation to meet specific customer needs, good balance of physical properties, minimal dimen sional change during processing, and flexibility to incorporate colors and other additives for tailored applications. In compounding, the dispersion and distribution of polymer phases as well as fillers and additives can be controlled through mixing. This article discusses the methodology involved in studying the effect of mixing on the performance of TPO formulations with different filler levels in a laboratory scale intensive batch mixer. Variables studied are mix time and batch size. Properties ana lyzed include heat elongation, tear strength, mold shrinkage, melt flow rate, density and cold temperature impact. The behavior of these compounds is graphically illustrated using a statistical software package. The results, in gen eral, suggest an optimal mix time of around three minutes for most of the
Assessing the Dimensionality of a Set of Test Items
Authors: Hambleton Ronald K. , Rovinelli Richard J. 
Published: March 2007

This study compared four methods of determining the dimensionality of a set of test items: linear factor analysis, nonlinear factor analysis, residual analysis, and a method developed by Bejar (1980). Five artifi cial test datasets (for 40 items and 1,500 examinees) were generated to be consistent with the three-parame ter logistic model and the assumption of either a one- or a two-dimensional latent space. Two variables were manipulated: (1) the correlation between the traits (r = .10 or r = .60) and (2) the percent of test items measuring each trait (50% measuring each trait, or 75% measuring the first trait and 25% measuring the second trait). While linear factor analysis in all instances over estimated the number of underlying dimensions in the data, nonlinear factor analysis with linear and quad ratic terms led to correct determination of the item di mensionality in the three datasets where it was used. Both the residual analysis method and Bejar's method proved disappointing. These results suggest the need for extreme caution in using linear factor analysis, re sidual analysis, and Bejar's method until more investi gations of these methods can confirm their adequacy. Nonlinear factor analysis appears to be the most prom ising of the four methods, but more experience in ap plying the method seems necessary before wide-scale use can be recommended.
Information science and scientists in 2001
Authors: Meadow Charles T. 
Published: March 2007

Technological innovations will lead to changes in the ways we acquire, transmit and use information, and thence to behavioral changes in individuals. Future changes will be marked by complex interactions among basic technologies, new communications media and new distribution concepts. These will affect the ways people are educated, perform their jobs, and carry out day-to-day activities. By the beginning of the next century we can expect: (1) a diminution of the importance of the printed word in favour of electronically distributed magnetic recordings; (2) a lessen ing of human effort in deciding what information to record and how; rather we will tend to record nearly everything and postpone until retrieval time the intellectual work of decid ing what is important; (3) a smaller number of information depositories and a larger number of service institutions; (4) the disappearance of the scholarly journal as a bound, tang ible entity, in favour of the 'journal' as a collection of inde pendently published articles, individually distributed to con sumers on demand; (5) electronic conferencing replacing many of today's face-to-face meetings. As to the information science profession, we must recog nize that most of the great information developments until now have not been accomplished by people who call them selves information scientists. We have, in history, largely been a profession that responded rather than led. However, infor mation science will, in the future, adopt a broader definition of itself, attract more adherents from other sciences and emerge as a mature and respected science.
Drug promotion — A source of information about drugs?
Authors: Hibberd Patricia L. , Meadows A.J. 
Published: March 2007

In this paper we attempt to assess whether, or not, drug promotion is an acceptable source of drug information. Both National Health Service hospital doctors and general practi tioners are exposed to an average of $ 1000 of pharmaceuti cal prbmotion (per doctor) each year. Representatives account for 44% of this cost, and the average general practi tioner sees at least one representative per week. Very little is known about the information that representatives provide to doctors, although there are guidelines concerning conduct in the Medicines Act of 1968, and in the Voluntary Code of Practice of the Association of the British Pharmaceutical Industry (ABPI). Surveys show that doctors consider inform ation provided by representatives to be important for learn ing about both product existence and efficacy. Surveys also suggest that journal advertisements are a poor source of information, and are not used extensively to learn about product efficacy. The importance of drug promotion as a source of drug information can be attributed to its easy availability. However, there is a lack of any alternative source which pro vides all the drug information that doctors would like to have easily available. Drug promotion does not appear to fulfil the information needs of the prescribing doctor.
A microcomputer based terminal for assisting on-line information retrieval
Authors: Petrie J.H. , Cowie J. 
Published: March 2007

The development of computer software to assist the searcher when carrying out on-line information retrieval procedures using a microcomputer in place of a normal ter minal is described. Criteria for selection of a microcomputer for this purpose are given. A Cifer 2684 microcomputer ter minal which is Z-80 based with CP/M was chosen. The software allows the storage of user IDs, passwords and search data on floppy disc files which can then be sent to a host computer using simple commands. Data coming from the host can also be stored on disc. The system cuts down the time to enter a search, simplifies logging-on, and the accuracy of data can be checked before going on-line. Library staff have adapted easily to the terminal.
Linguistic and political barriers in the international transfer of information in science and technology: A reinterpretation
Authors: Davies Jim 
Published: March 2007

The arguments of J. Michel are summarised and challenged. Linguistic and political barriers in science and technology are held to be more dependent on group dynamics and mores than on the arguments, traditional to information scientists, mar shalled in the original paper. This paper concludes with a plea for a proper awareness of the cultural, historical background and local 'common sense" knowledge base of the group's initiates, with a perception of current group problems, before adequate information transfer can be effected.
The Haitun dichotomy and the relevance of Bradford's law
Authors: Brookes B.C. 
Published: March 2007

In a critical review of all the empirical laws of bibliometrics and scientometrics, the Russian statistician S.D. Haitun has shown that the application of modern statistical theory to social science data is 'inadmissible', i.e. it 'does not work'. Haitun thus points to the need to develop a wholly new statistical theory for the social sciences in general and for informetrics in particular. This paper discusses the implications of Haitun's work and explains why the older Bradford law still has an important role to play in the development of a new theory.