bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Exposure to Potassium Permanganate on Stress Indicators in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Griffin Billy R. , Davis Kenneth B. , Darwish Ahmed , Straus David L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuvenile channel catfish Ictulurus punctatus were exposed to 1× (0.44 mg/L), 3× (1.32 mg/L), or 5× (2.19 mg/L) the recommended therapeutic concentrations of waterborne potassium permanganate (KMnO4) for 36 h to determine the toxicity of the chemical. The fish were observed for 14 d after exposure. Gill, liver, and blood samples were collected before exposure, at 12, 24, and 36 h of exposure, and at 48‐h intervals for 14 d thereafter. Analysis of homogenized gill tissue showed a transient increase in manganese content that quickly disappeared once exposure was discontinued. Fish exposed to the 3× and 5× concentrations of KMnO4 experienced 9 and 50.6% mortality, respectively. Plasma cortisol was elevated more than ten‐fold at the 5× concentration. Both plasma chloride and osmolality were significantly reduced at the 3× and 5× concentrations but were unchanged at the 1×. Packed cell volumes (PCV) of whole blood rose significantly in response to 3× and 5× concentrations of KMnO4 Mortality may have been the result of blood electrolyte depletion as indicated by increased PCVs, loss of chloride, and reduced osmolality. All stress indicators measured, except PCV at the 5× concentration, were indistinguishable from unexposed controls within 48 h after exposure was discontinued. At the l× concentration (the concentration most like that employed in a disease treatment) no changes were observed in any stress indicators measured suggesting that KMnO4 may be safely used as a disease therapeutant for channel catfish.
Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Blue Mussel Extract on Growth and Body Composition of Japanese Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus
Authors: Kikuchi Kotaro , Ueda Aiko , S Haruo , Takeda Shigenobu 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDietary inclusion of a water‐soluble fraction of blue mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis was examined as a feeding stimulant for juvenile Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. The control diet mainly consisted of fish meal, potato starch, and pollack liver oil. Five, 10, and 20% (weight/weight) of the control diet was exchanged with aqueous extracts of blue mussel meat in experimental groups. Fish of about 10 g in initial body weight were fed each diet to satiation, twice daily, 6 d per wk for 6 wk at 20 C. The final body weight, weight gain, and feed efficiency of fish fed the diets containing blue mussel extracts were significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. However, these parameters were not different among experimental groups containing blue mussel extract independent of the inclusion level of extract. A similar trend was shown in protein efficiency ratio as fish fed the control diet had a significantly lower protein efficiency ratio than the other dietary groups. Compared to the control diet, higher plasma protein and lower triglyceride were found in fish fed the diets with the extract, while other blood constituents were relatively similar for the dietary groups tested. On the other hand, whole‐body crude lipid content and lipid retention of fish fed the diets with the extract were generally significantly higher than those of fish fed the control diet. Whole body crude protein was identical regardless of the dietary composition; however, protein retention of fish showed a similar trend to lipid retention.
The Effect of Diet on the Biochemical Composition of Juvenile Artemia: Potential Formulations for Rock Lobster Aquaculture
Authors: Nelson Matthew M. , Mooney Ben D. , Nichols Peter D. , Phleger Charles E , Smith Greg G. , Hart Piers , Ritar Arthur J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe lipid class and fatty acid (FA) composition of juvenile Artemia fed continuously on four diets—the microalga Tetraselmis suecica, a mix of oat bran‐wheat germ‐lecithin (OWL), OwL‐eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and OWL‐EPA‐arachidonic acid (AA)—were examined over a 9‐d experiment in an attempt to approximate the FA profile of phyllosoma larvae of wild southern rock lobster Jasus edwardrii. The main difference in lipid class composition of Artemia fed the four diets was the relative level of polar lipid (PL) and triacylglycerol (TAG). By day 9, the algal‐fed Artemia were highest in PL (95% of total lipid) and lowest in TAG (2%), whereas the remaining diets resulted in Artemia with 16–30% PL and 41–82% TAG. After 2 d, the relative FA composition of all Artemia treatments closely reflected those of the diets, with no marked change after further feeding (to day 9). In terms of the content of essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), by day 5 Artemia fed: 1) with the algal diet contained 7 mg/g FA dry mass (0.3% DHA, 6.3% EPA, 3.4% AA of total FA); 2) with the OWL diet contained 3 mg/g (0.3% DHA, 0.9% EPA, 0.7% AA); 3) with the OWL‐EPA diet contained 55 mg/g (6.2% DHA, 11.6% EPA, 1.1% AA); and 4) with the OWL‐EPA‐AA contained 83 mg/g (3.8% DHA, 7.5% EPA, 17.4% AA). The PUFA profiles of Artemia using the OWL‐oil diets were similar to wild rock lobster phyllmmata, although levels of doco‐sahexaenoic acid (DHA) were lower (10% DHA) than in J. edwardsii larvae. On the basis of PUFA composition data alone, the results suggest the suitability of the OWL‐oil mixed diets for consideration for feeding to Artemia used in the culture of southern rock lobster larvae, particularly if the level of DHA can be further enhanced.
Evaluation of Yellow Lupin Lupinus luteus Meal as an Alternative Protein Resource in Diets for Sea‐Cage Reared Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Glencross Brett , Curnow John , Hawkins Wayne , Felsing Malene 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe performance of sea‐water reared rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss fed three isonitrogenous and iso‐energetic diets based on either fishmeal, solvent‐extracted soybean meal or yellow lupin (L luteus cv. Wodjil) kernel meal was evaluated. Over the course of a 10‐wk study, the fastest growing fish were those fed the diet containing 50% yellow lupin kernel meal (YLM), which grew from 83.6 ± 0.7 g to 322.8 ± 3.2 g (mean ± SEM). This was not significantly faster than growth of fish fed the diet based on 50% solvent‐extracted soybean meal (SBM), though it was significantly (P < 0.05) faster than the growth of fish fed the fishmeal based diet (FSM). Growth of fish fed the experimental diets was comparable to growth of fish fed a range of commercial diets as a reference. Survival of fish fed the FSM diet was poorest of all the treatments (47.4%), though this was only significantly poorer than that of fish fed the YLM diet (88.9%). Feed intake was highest by fish fed the YLM diet (5.58 g/d) and lowest for fish fed the FSM diet (336 g/d). Reasons for these differences in feed intake were not clear, though they may be related to different levels of buoyancy and palatability among the diets. Feed conversion rate (FCR) was consistent between treatments at about 1.6:1, though given that this study was a sea‐cage based experiment it is likely that considerable unaccounted feed losses occurred, thereby inflating the feed conversion value. Sensory evaluation of fish fed the three test treatments showed no overall difference in the acceptability of the fish, further supporting that solvent‐extracted soybean meal and yellow lupin kernel meal both have considerable potential to replace fishmeal as a protein resource in diets for rainbow trout.
Effects of Oral Administration of Specific Antibodies to Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss
Authors: Nielsen Michael Engelbrecht , Buchmann Kurt 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new product called oralized fish serum concentrate (OFSC) was evaluated for a possible effect against various bacterial pathogens in rainbow trout. The OFSC produced from immune trout sera was found to contain fully functional antibodies and complement component C3. The antibodies detected in the serum concentrate were specific to Vibrio anguillarum (O1 and O2) and Aeromonas salmonicida, which had been used for vaccination of the fish prior to serum collection. The functionality of the specific antibodies in OFSC was not reduced after 6 wk storage at ‐20 C, 5 C, and 20 C. The serum was mixed with commercial trout feed and used for feeding rainbow trout fry (first feed period). After oral delivery of OFSC to rainbow trout for 1 mo, samples of gut content and gut tissue contained functional antibodies. In gutted fish no functional antibodies were found. This suggests that antibodies from OFSC are unable to be transferred across the gut wall in a functional state. Oral administration of OFSC did not increase survival of rainbow trout in an immersion challenge with Vibrio anguillarum.
Influence of Hatchery Protocols on Mitochondrial DNA Variation in Japanese Flounder Juveniles
Authors: Asahida Takashi , Shinotsuka Yumi , Saitoh Unji , Yamashita Yoh , Ida Hitoshi , Hayashizaki Ken‐Ichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus is a commercially important fish that is stocked extensively from hatchery rearing programs in Japan. To examine the genetic variability of hatchery‐raised juveniles of the Japanese flounder that are used for stocking into natural waters, we analyzed a portion of the mitochondrial genome. The mtDNA region extending from the 3’half of the cytochrome b gene to the central domain of the control region was PCR amplified and analyzed using 11 restriction endonucleases. We identified 34 polymorphic cleavage sites out of a total of 61 sites, which resulted in 67 different haplotypes in a total of 265 offspring, examined from eight hatchery stocks. Haplotype diversity of offspring at each of the eight hatcheries ranged from 0.49 ± 0.09 (SE) to 0.94 ± 0.03 (SE). Also, we observed 40 polymorphic sites out of a total of 59 sites, which resulted in a total of 50 haplotypes in 60 wild flounder. Haplotype diversity of the wild population was 0.98 ± 0.01 (SE). The use of subcultured fishes as broodstock appears to be one of the most important causes of reduced genetic diversity in hatchery‐raised flounder juvenile. Our results suggest that the use of wild fish for broodstock is an effective way to maintain genetic variability in Japanese flounder offspring.
The Effects of Osmolality, Cryoprotectant and Equilibration Time on Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Sperm Motility
Authors: He Shuyang , Woods L. Curry 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour experiments were designed to evaluate the effects of osmolality, cryoprotectant, and equilibration time on striped bass sperm motility. In the first experiment, solutions of NaCI or KCI with osmolalities ranging from 0 to 700 mmol/kg were tested on sperm activation. Over 60% of the sperm were activated by isotonic NaCI and KCI solutions with a treatment osmolality of 350 mmol/kg. Sperm remained motile until osmolality increased to 600 mmol/ kg. In the second and third experiments, Extenders 1, 2 and 3 with osmolalities of 350, 500, and 600 mmol/kg, respectively, were tested. Sperm samples stored in Extender 2 showed significantly higher (P 0.01) sperm motility after 10 min of exposure as well as greater (P < 0.01) post‐thaw motility when compared to samples stored in Extenders 1 and 3. In the fourth experiment, two trials were carried out to evaluate the effects of cryoprotectant and equilibration time. In the first trial, methanol with a concentration of 5% and 10% yielded the highest (P < 0.05) sperm motility prior to freezing at all equilibration times examined. However, 5% DMSO yielded the highest (P < 0.01) post‐thaw motility (38 ± 3.6%). DMSO with concentrations of 10% and 15% resulted in 17 ± 2.3% and 6 ± 1.0% post‐thaw motility, respectively. Both methanol and DMA, at all concentrations tested, resulted in less than 10% post‐thaw motility. In the second trial, four DMSO concentrations with three different equilibration times were examined. We observed a significant (P < 0.001) interaction effect between DMSO concentration and equilibration time. Post‐thaw motility was significantly greater (P < 0.01) with a concentration of 5% DMSO at all equilibration times examined, compared to 1.25, 2.5, and 10% DMSO. An average post‐thaw motility of 40 ± 2.9% was achieved after 10 min equilibration using 5% DMSO.
Effects of Light Intensity and Salinity on Growth, Survival, and Whole‐Body Osmolality of Larval Southern Flounder Paralichthys lethostigma
Authors: Henne James P. , Watanabe Wade O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe southern flounder Paralichthys lethosligma is a high‐valued flatfish found in estuarine and shelf waters of the south Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States. Wide temperature and salinity tolerances exhibited by juveniles and adults make it a versatile new candidate for commercial culture, and studies are underway in the southeastern U.S. to develop hatchery methods for this species. The objectives of this study were to establish illumination and salinity conditions that optimize growth and survival of larval southern flounder reared through the yolk‐sac and first feeding stages to 15‐d post‐hatching (15 dph). Early embryos were stocked into black 15‐L tanks under light intensities of 5, 50, 100, and 1,000 Ix and at salinities of 24 and 34 ppt in a 4 ± 2 factorial design. Significant (P 0.05) effects of both light intensity and salinity on growth and survival were obtained, with no interaction between these effects. On 11 dph and 15 dph, growth was generally maximized at the intermediate light intensities (50 and 100 Ix) and minimized at the extremes (5 and 1,000 Ix). By 15 dph, growth was higher at 34 ppt than at 24 ppt. Survival to 15 dph showed trends similar to those of growth. Survival was higher at 100 Ix (avg. = 46%, range = 41–54%) than at 5 Ix (avg. = 11%, range = 6–17%) and higher at 34 ppt (avg. = 43%, range = 3145%) than at 24 ppt (avg. = 17%, range = 8–38%). Whole‐body osmolality (mOsmol/kg) was significantly lower in larvae reared at 24 ppt (avg. = 304, range = 285–325) through 11 dph than in larvae reared at 34 ppt (avg. = 343, range = 296–405). Larvae reared under the extreme light intensity treatments (5 and 1,000 Ix) at 34 ppt appeared to exhibit osmoregulatory stress, particularly on 11 dph, when a marked increase in whole‐body osmolality was observed. The mid‐intensity treatments (50 and 100 Ix) at 34 ppt optimized growth and survival of larval southern flounder in this study; and elicited the most stable osmotic response. These conditions appear to be consistent with those that southern flounder larvae encounter in nature during this early developmental period.
Diel Foraging Behavior of American White PelicansPelecanus erythrorhynchoson Experimental Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Werner Scott J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVideography and night vision equipment were used to observe the diurnal and nocturnal activities of American white pelicansPelecanus erythrorhynchos(N=6) foraging on three experimental (0.04 ha) channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) aquaculture ponds in March 2001. Captive pelicans spent most time foraging per hour from 1700 through 2300 h (CST). No foraging was observed from 0700 through 0800 h. Fish captures per hour were greatest from 1700 through 1900 h. On average, captive pelicans (N= 5) consumed 1.0 ± 0.2 kg of catfish per bird per day during the 10‐d foraging trial. This consumption corresponds with an average intake of over 60,000 kJ of energy per bird during the trial. Relative to morning hours, the average number of bill dips per min was greater during afternoon foraging bouts. Fish captures per bill dip, however, did not differ among trial hours. Thus, pelicans were observed to increase foraging effort subsequent to 1500 h and thereby consumed 224 to 532 catfish (average = 313 ± 74 fish;N =4) during the 10‐d foraging trial in ponds stocked with approximately 74,000 catfish/ha.
Food Habits of Lesser Scaup Aythya affinis Occupying Baitfish Aquaculture Facilities in Arkansas
Authors: Wooten David E. , Werner Scott J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractLesser scaup Aythya affinis, medium‐sized black and white diving ducks, were collected at Arkansas baitfish farms during November‐December 1999 (N= 33), January‐February 2000 (N= 39), and March‐April 2000 (N = 22) to determine seasonal differences in their diet and their relative impact to baitfish production. The mass of gastrointestinal contents was used to determine the proportion of each diet item relative to all items recovered during stomach analyses. Chironomids were the primary food item recovered. Ten of 94 (10.6%) scaup contained identifiable fish biomass. Fish bones and otoliths were found in an additional 14 scaup (14.9%). All fish remains were identified (via otoliths) as those commonly produced at Arkansas baitfish farms (Cyprinidae). Other diet items (ranked by proportional mass) were vegetative seeds, snails, insects, crayfish, and other aquatic worms (class Oligochaeta). Scaup diets were similar among collection periods, between males and females, and between juvenile and mature ducks. We estimated the economic impact of lesser scaup to baitfish production based upon estimated duration of ducks at farms, the proportion of ducks containing fish, and scaup energetic requirements. Provided estimates of scaup abundance and the cost of bird harassment at a particular farm, economic thresholds (i.e., fish replacement cost as a function of scaup predation) will facilitate cost‐effective decisions regarding bird damage management at Arkansas baitfish aquaculture facilities.
Parental Contributions in a Japanese Flounder Hatchery Inferred from Mitochondrial DNA Haplotypes
Authors: Asahida Takashi , Shinotsuka Yumi , Saitoh Kenji , Tsuzaki Tatsuo , Aritaki Masato , Yamashita Yoh 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe analyzed a portion of the mitochondrial genome of hatchery Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus to compare the genetic characteristics between maternal parents and their offspring. The maternal parents consisted of 11 subcultured fish (broodstock taken from hatchery‐raised fish) and 41 wild fish. A 1098 base pair region extending from the 3’half of the cytochrome b gene to the central domain of the control region of mtDNA was amplified by PCR and analyzed using 11 restriction endonucleases. We also analyzed the number of copies of tandem repeats in the control region from the sizes of the PCR products. Each female parent had a unique haplotype, but only 31 of them were observed among the 66 offspring examined. From these results, we estimated that about 60% of the maternal parents in the hatchery contributed to the offspring we surveyed. The distribution of the family sizes of the wild fish was Poisson, which is consistent with expectation from a randomly mating population. In contrast, the distribution of family sizes of the subcultured fish deviated from a Poisson distribution. One of the sources of the deviation was that none of the six oldest fishes contributed to offspring production, which is consistent with observation that the spawning peaks later in the spawning season for older fish in flounder hatcheries. Uneven contribution of the female flounders in the hatchery has the potential to reduce substantially the genetic diversity in the offspring. Our results suggest that the misuse of subcultured fish as broodstock is an important cause of reduced genetic diversity in hatchery‐raised flounder juvenile.
Determination of Dose Rate of Florfenicol in Feed for Control of Mortality in Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque) Infected with Edwardsiella ictaluri, Etiological Agent of Enteric Septicemia
Authors: Gaunt Patricia S. , Endris Richard G. , Khoo Lester , Howard Rebecca , McGinnis Anissa L. , Santucci Timothy D. , Katz Terry 
Published: April 2007

Abstract–A dose titration study was conducted to determine the appropriate dosage of florfenicol in feed to control mortality in channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus associated with enteric septicemia of catfish caused by Edwardsiella ictaluri. Six tanks (20 fish/ tank) were assigned to each of the following treatment: 1) not challenged with E. ictaluri and fed unmedicated feed; 2) challenged with E. ictaluri and fed unmedicated feed; 3) challenged and fed 5‐mg florfenicol/kg body weight (kg bw); 4) challenged and fed 10‐mg florfenicol/kg bw; or 5) challenged and fed 15‐mg florfenicol/kg bw. Treatment was initiated the day after inoculation, and feed was administered by hand at 2.5% body weight for 10 consecutive days. Feeding activity was scored for all groups and was noted to be significantly less than the challenged, unmedicated group. Cumulative mortality in the challenged untreated group was 60%. The mortality in the unchallenged untreated group was 0%, and in die 5‐, 10‐, 15‐mg florfenicol/kg bw group was 2.5%, 0.8%, and 2.5%, respectively. The mortality in each challenged, treated group and the non‐challenged control group was significantly less than the challenged, unmedicated controls (P < 0.0001 for each contrast). There were no pairwise statistically significant contrasts among the florfenicol treated groups and the non‐challenged control group. All 600 fish in the study were necropsied, cultured for bacteria, and examined by gross pathology. No specific lesions that could be associated with the antibiotic were observed. The efficacy of the 10 mg/kg dosage was confirmed in a separate dose confirmation study. In this study, fish in 30 tanks (20 fish/ tank) were infected with E. icraluri by immersion. Two days post‐inoculation, fish in 15 tanks were hand‐fed unmedicated feed, and 15 tanks were hand‐fed medicated feed at a dosage of 10‐mg florfenicol/kg bw at 2.5% body weight for 10 d. Feeding activity was scored and was noted to be significantly less than the challenged, unmedicated group. Cumulative mortality in the florfenicol group (14%) was significantly less than cumulative mortality in the untreated group (87.3%) (P < 0.0001). All 600 fish were submitted for bacterial culture, necropsied. and examined for gross pathology, and once again, no specific lesions that could be associated with the antibiotic were observed. The minimum inhibitory concentration of florfenicol against E. ictaluri in both studies was 0.25 ug/mL. Florfenicol was palatable, safe, and efficacious for control of mortality due to infection by E. ictaluri in catfish.
Effect of hypothermia on recovery from general anaesthesia in the dog
Authors: Pottie RG , Dart CM , Perkins NR , Hodgson DR 
Published: March 2007

Objective To discern the effects of anaesthesia protocols and decreasing core body temperature on time to recovery from general anaesthesia.Materials and methods Healthy adult dogs undergoing desexing surgery were enrolled. More excitable dogs were premedicated with intramuscular acepromazine and morphine; calmer dogs were not premedicated. Anaesthesia was induced using halothane, isoflurane or sevoflurane delivered by mask, or by intravenous propofol, and maintained in standard fashion using one of the three inhalant agents. Thermostat controlled heat mats were used during surgical preparation and surgery. Oesophageal temperature was recorded throughout surgery. The time from cessation of anaesthetic administration until the dog successfully raised itself to sternal recumbency was considered the time of recovery.Results Sixty‐nine dogs completed the study, 42 males anaesthetised for 60.4 ± 20.5 min, and 27 females anaesthetised for 85.4 ± 33.2 min. Oesophageal temperature at the end of surgery was 36.8 ± 0.80°C. Oesophageal temperature had a significant effect on recovery time, with lower temperatures contributing to slower recoveries. Premedication significantly lengthened recovery times. The choice of induction or maintenance anaesthetic agent had no effect on recovery time.Discussion Hypothermia is a common complication of general anaesthesia and surgery. Amongst other deleterious effects, it is associated with slower recovery from anaesthesia, likely due to a number of different mechanisms.