bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virtually Boundless?: Youth Negotiating Tradition in Cyberspace
Authors: Lövheim Mia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSweden is often categorized as one of the most secularized and postmodern countries in the world. The Internet has been described as the “epitome” of transformations of traditional religion in late modern society. This chapter analyzes how youth negotiate religious conventions in discussions of religion on the Internet. If there is a “test case” for the breakdown of religious conventions based on the traditionalized beliefs and practices of institutionalized religion and traditional modes of religious socialization, this would be it. It is argued that despite these anticipations, the construction of religious identities, even in the transient sites of late modern society, is not only a question of individual choice in a “spiritual marketplace”, but also structured by religious authorities and conventions.
A Place on the Map: Communicating Religious Presence in Civic Life
Authors: Lichterman Paul 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHow, if at all, is religion present in local American civic groups? This chapter compares uses of religious language in a variety of religious community service groups in a midwestern U.S. city, focusing on one alliance of mostly white and middle-class congregants of mainline Protestant churches that sponsored volunteering and community development projects in a low-income, minority neighborhood. At its meetings, the alliance almost never used specific, religious language to talk about its issues or goals, but did articulate a religious identity, and understood its civic relationships inside a simple story of responsibility for a fictive “parish”. The other groups also attempted to build relationships across social inequalities, but had a hard time articulating valued civic relationships in religious terms, and interestingly, were more frustrated by their relationship-building efforts.
Connections and Contradictions: Exploring the Complex Linkages between Faith and Family
Authors: Bartkowski John P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter explores the strategies that Conservative Protestant (evangelical) men utilize to negotiate secular concerns and sacred convictions in the context of their marriage and family relationships. The narratives of domestic life, told by conservative religious husbands and fathers, reveal that these men do not conform to the authoritarian gender model of male household leadership that one would assume corresponds with a patriarchal faith. Rather, this study underscores the dynamism, flexibility, and negotiated character of conservative Protestant family relationships.
Brain, Body, and Self
Authors: Glannon Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes different regions of the brain and how they regulate different bodily functions. It describes how the brain regulates cognitive, affective, and conative capacities at the level of the mind. Seeing how dysfunction in certain brain regions results in various psychopathologies can yield insight into the normal and abnormal neural correlates of normal and abnormal states of mind. The chapter also presents an account of mind as a set of capacities that emerge from functions in the brain and body. These capacities play a role in maintaining internal systemic balance and ensuring the survival of the organism. The biological basis of the mind is not located in one region of the brain but is distributed through many brain regions. It is shown that the biological basis of the mind is not limited to the brain but involves immune and endocrine systems as well. Thus, the mind has more than just a neurobiological underpinning. Interactions between and among the central nervous, immune, and endocrine systems influence, and can be influenced by, our mental states.
The Faith at Work Era (c. 1985–Present)
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes and analyzes the third and current wave of the Faith at Work (FAW) movement. The FAW era emerged as social and ecclesiastical conditions in the mid-1980s sapped the Ministry of the Laity of its energy and purpose. The FAW era is evident as early as 1985, built momentum and size through the 1990s, and still continues today with no sign of receding.
Faith at Work as a Social Movement
Authors: Miller David W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the FAW movement, analyzing its member profiles and modes of expression, using theological and sociological categories. It draws on a wide range of primary sources, including the 2003 International Faith & Work Directory, media coverage, books, newsletters, magazines, Internet sites, conferences, interviews, firsthand experiences, and on the emerging body of research in the business academy.
Beyond the East Asian Miracle: Introducing the Market‐Enhancing View
Authors: Aoki Masahiko , Murdock Kevin , Okuno‐Fujiwara Masahiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relevant parts of the contributions included in this volume. A summary ofThe East Asian Miraclepublished by the World Bank in 1993 is presented. The potential role of government in resolving coordination failures; how government policy can complement decentralized coordination; the use of contingent rents versus the use of direct policies; a framework for analyzing the roles of the private sector and government in coordinating economic activity; the political-economy structures of East Asian economies; and the motivations of government and the bureaucracy are discussed.
The Role of Government in Economic Development: Some Observations from the Experience of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan
Authors: Lau Lawrence J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the policies adopted and implemented by the governments of China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan in the process of their economic development. It presents a comprehensive list of policy instruments the governments used in mobilizing resource inputs, allocating them more efficiently, and shifting the production frontier outwards. The issues involved in the use of each instrument are illustrated with rich facts from the greater Chinese economic zone.
The Government‐Firm Relationship in Postwar Japanese Economic Recovery: Resolving the Coordination Failure by Coordination in Industrial Rationalization
Authors: Okazaki Tetsuji 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the workings of a government-sponsored Council for Industrial Rationalization for resolving particular investment coordination problems facing Japan in the postwar economic recovery period. The newly formed market economy was faced with serious coordination failure due to complementarity among industries, economics of scale, and incomplete information. The Ministry of International Trade and Industry intended to coordinate the coordination failure by an industrial rationalization policy.
Institutions, State Activism, and Economic Development: A Comparison of State‐Owned and Township‐Village Enterprises in China
Authors: Qian Yingyi , Weingast Barry R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines why township-village enterprises (TVEs) are more efficient than state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in China. It is shown that China’s special form of decentralization — ‘market-preserving federalism, Chinese style’ — accounts for positive incentives at the lowest level of government. Local governments’ independent authority over their economies combines with the fiscal incentives, leading these governments to foster and maintain hospital economic environments. Governments at the lowest level in the hierarchy, townships and villages, do not have the means to insulate their firms from competition via trade barriers or to bail out ailing firms via macroeconomic tools. Given the structure of federalism, these governments can grow only if their economies grow.
4 The Influence of Athanasius' Polemic 339–46
Authors: Gwynn David M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the influence of Athanasius’ polemic upon the western Church in the period 339-46. This influence is particularly visible in two texts quoted by Athanasius in his Apologia Contra Arianos: the letter of Julius of Rome in 340/1, and the letters of the Western Council of Serdica in 343. All these letters endorse Athanasius’ construction of the ‘Eusebians’ and seek to impose this construct upon his eastern foes.
Musical Expressiveness as Hearability‐as‐Expression
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay defends the analysis that music is expressive of an emotion or other mental state insofar as it induces one to hear it as the personal or personlike expression of that mental state. Various competing theories of musical expressiveness, notably those of Malcolm Budd, Stephen Davies, Robert Stecker, and Roger Scruton, are submitted to critical examination.
Aesthetic Properties, Evaluative Force, and Differences of Sensibility
Authors: Levinson Jerrold 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This essay revisits a position on aesthetic attributions, a position rooted in some seminal essays of Frank Sibley, and which can be labelledaesthetic realism. It reflects on some challenges which have emerged on the viability of that position, and determines what accommodations, if any, are called for. This position is sketched, borrowing with modification from an earlier short essay. A number of worries about the position which have lately come into view are considered.
Volatility and Growth
Authors: Aghion Philippe , Banerjee Abhijit 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has long been recognized that productivity growth and the business cycle are closely interrelated. Yet, until recently, the two phenomena have been investigated separately in the economics literature. This book provides the first consistent attempt to analyze the effects of macroeconomic volatility on productivity growth, and also the reverse causality from growth to business cycles. It shows that by looking at the economy through the lens of private entrepreneurs, who invest under credit constraints, one can go some way towards explaining persistent macroeconomic volatility and the effects of volatility on growth. Beginning with an analysis of the effects of volatility on growth, it argues that the lower the level of financial development in a country, the more detrimental the effect of volatility on growth. This prediction is confirmed by cross-country panel regressions. The data also suggest that a fixed exchange rate regime or more countercyclical budgetary policies are growth-enhancing in countries with a lower level of financial development. The former reduce aggregate volatility whereas the latter reduce the negative effects of volatility on long-term productivity-enhancing investment by firms. The book concludes with an investigation into how the interplay between credit constraints and pecuniary externalities is sufficient to generate persistent business cycles and to explain the occurrence of currency crises.
Not A Full‐fledged Speech Act?
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers various arguments that sub-sentence use might not rise to the level of a ‘full-fledged speech act’. Suggested necessary conditions included being a grammatical usage of a linguistic item, expressing a proposition, bearing force, and being literal (in the sense of not being merely conveyed). It then argues that initial doubts notwithstanding, sub-sentence uses actually have all these features.
Extra‐Grammatical Maneuvers
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the idea that an ordinary sentence is spoken — either actually produced, or just intended/recovered — in seemingly sub-sentential speech. It discusses the idea that ‘shorthand’ in some sense is at work. What emerges is that it is very implausible to maintain that an ordinary sentence is produced in these cases, and that the only senses in which ‘shorthand’ might truly be at work are ones that restate, rather than reject, premise one outlined in chapter 1: namely, that speakers genuinely can utter ordinary words and phrases in isolation, and thereby perform full-fledged speech acts
A Divide‐and‐Conquer Strategy
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere are two obvious kinds of manoeuvres for rejecting the existence of full-fledged non-sentential speech acts, thereby avoiding the implications canvassed briefly in Chapter 1. The first is to deny that there are full-fledged speech acts performed at all. The second obvious kind of manoeuvre is to deny that the examples are truly non-sentential, alleging instead that every apparently sub-sentential speech act is actually an utterance of some kind of sentence. Jason Stanley points out that one must consider a ‘divide-and-conquer’ strategy, explaining away some cases as underlyingly sentential and other cases as not full-fledged speech acts. This chapter aims to rebut this ‘divide-and-conquer’ strategy.
Language–Thought Relations
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on language-thought relations. It argues that grasping a proposition does not require deploying internally a sentence of natural language that expresses it. This alone threatens the view that thought is inner speech. It then considers a specific subcase, viz. where the proposition so grasped is part of an argument. It points out that, if premises/conclusions can be conveyed sub-sententially, then there are things that are not items of natural language but which have logical form.
Sentences, Assertion, and the Semantics–Pragmatics Boundary
Authors: Stainton Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the speech act of assertion. In the first section, it considers whether what makes something an assertion is a matter of semantics — where, in this context, ‘semantic’ is used in the sense of being a matter of linguistic convention. In the second section, it considers the determinants of asserted content, and whether they are semantic (in a different, specialized sense, to be explained). Specifically, it asks, given that an action is an assertion, whether its specific content can be fixed solely on the basis of its form/content together with certain antecedently settled referents for context sensitive items. The answer is that whether we have an assertion at all, and if so what its content is, has rather more to do with pragmatics than has often been assumed.
Wandering Significance
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The book's discussion is divided into two parts. Chapters 1-5 trace the unnoticed yet occasionally harmful role that uncritical thinking about ‘concepts’ plays within our practical life, whether in guiding scientific progress or simply in the management of our everyday affairs. The motivations central to classical conceptual traditionalists (such as Bertrand Russell) and neo-pragmatic holists (such as W. V. Quine) are sympathetically presented, but it is nonetheless argued that some middle route between these philosophical centres needs to be found. The purpose of the survey of the initial chapters is to indicate the benchmarks that an improved conception of concept should accommodate. In Chapters 6 and 7, a simple non-classical pattern (called a ‘facade') is formulated, which allows a descriptive practice to encode useful physical information in unexpected ways. The pattern’s utilities are defended through a series of important scientific exemplars and shown to be silently incorporated within various forms of everyday usage as well. Many of the standard philosophical puzzles canvassed earlier in the book are shown to have arisen when a ‘facade’ (or allied descriptive structure) has become mistaken for a simpler form of linguistic arrangement. Awareness of these potential ‘semantic mimicries’ provides a guide to the moderated approach to conceptual evaluation that the book eventually defends. Its concluding chapters map out the allied caution with respect to ‘rigor’ and ‘rule following’ that also needs to be observed, lest a descriptive useful language be prevented from assuming its optimal contours. Because the book is rather long, the preface indicates several abbreviated courses of reading that may help a reader find the material of greatest personal salience.
Plural Predication
Authors: McKay Thomas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlural predication is a pervasive part of ordinary language. We can say that some people are fifty in number, are surrounding a building, come from many countries, and are classmates. These predicates can be true of some people without being true of any one of them; they are non-distributive predications. Yet the apparatus of predication and quantification in standard modern logic does not allow a place for such non-distributive predicates. This book explores the enrichment of modern logic with plural predication and quantification. We can have genuinely non-distributive predication without relying on singularizing procedures from set theory and mereology. The fundamental ‘among’ relation can be understood in a way that does not generate any hierarchy of plurals analogous to a hierarchy of types or a hierarchy of higher-order logics. Singular quantification can be understood as a special case, with the general type being quantifiers that allow both singular and plural quantification. The ‘among’ relation is formally similar to a ‘part of’ relation, but the relations are distinct, so that mass quantification and plural quantification cannot be united in the same way that plural and singular are united. Analysis of singular and plural definite descriptions follows, with a defence of a fundamentally Russellian analysis, but coupled with some new ideas about how to be sensitive to the role of context. This facilitates an analysis of some central features of the use of pronouns, both singular and plural.
Astrology: Arguments Pro and Contra
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArguments for and against the main principles of astrology have a continuous history from the second century bc up to the time of Augustine. This chapter focuses on three stages of a complex debate, which began with Stoics and Academics and continued into Neoplatonism and Christianity. Following some historical preliminaries, ‘the controversy according to Cicero’, which establishes the chief foundations of later argument, is analyzed. Ptolemy's defences of astrology, and his success in meeting sceptical criticism as represented by Cicero, Favorinus, and Sextus Empiricus are considered, glancing for comparison at Manilius. Some later developments are sketched: the positive arguments of Firmicus Maternus, the qualified criticisms of Plotinus, and the attacks of Augustine.
Zeno's Epistemology and Plato'sTheaetetus
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Stoic Zeno's most famous and most contested doctrine was thekatalepticor ‘cognitive’ impression (phantasia katalēptikē, hereafter KP). Arcesilaus attacked the KP by arguing that for any putative KP, an indistinguishable but false impressioncouldexist. This criticism is perfectly telling and intelligible without reference to any objections Arcesilaus may have had about Zeno's relationship to Plato or Socrates. It is proposed that this latter was probably a further stimulus for Arcesilaus, since he found Zeno recycling and meddling with material in Plato'sTheaetetus, and interpreting the dialogue's findings positively rather than sceptically. It is argued that Zeno, in formulating his doctrine of the KP, drew a good deal on theTheaetetus, putting some of its substantive suggestions to work for himself in quite un-Platonic ways. If there is force to this proposal, most details of which are novel, it should cast light not only on Zeno's encounter with Arcesilaus but also on some of the thinking that led up to the KP.
The Stoics on World‐Conflagration and Everlasting Recurrence
Authors: Long A. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn his bookOn providence, Chrysippus, the most learned and rigorous of Stoic philosophers, discussed the recurrence of the world. ‘Since this is so,’ he went on, ‘it is evidently not impossible that we too, after our death, will return to the shape we now are, when certain periods of time have elapsed.’ It is shown that certain aspects of Stoic cosmology are less foolish than they have often been judged to be. The everlasting recurrence of the world, together with the exact replication of ourselves, is an inevitable consequence of mainstream Stoic thinking on causation, time, physical process, and theology. So far from being baldly assumed, or defectively argued, the world-conflagration and everlasting recurrence appear to be over-determined by a convergence of considerations from Stoic philosophy.
Neoplatonist Philosophers in Time, Place, and Social Context
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter describes the range of philosophers discussed in this book, going from Plotinus and his school in Rome to the schools of Iamblichus in Syria (Apamea) and of his successors at Athens and Alexandria. The relations between these schools and the situation of the various philosophers in time, place, and social context are briefly sketched.
Ideals of Church and State in the Sixth Century
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter interprets the Christian ecclesiology of the Pseudo-Dionysius as an adaptation of Neoplatonic political philosophy. A text of the same period (the reign of Justinian), the anonymous dialogue On Political Science, is also shown in its conception of a political (or ‘kingly’) science to be an expression of this political philosophy, but nearer to Neoplatonism and opposed to Pseudo-Dionysius.
Platonopolis in Islam: Al‐Farabi's Perfect State
Authors: O’Meara Dominic J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the theory of the perfect state developed by the Islamic philosopher al-Farabi. It is shown that in many respects, al-Farabi’s perfect state corresponds to the political paradigm that is found in the Neoplatonist philosophers of Late Antiquity, a paradigm adapted to al-Farabi’s context and interests. This suggests that Islamic political philosophy has roots in Late Antique Neoplatonism.
Kant, Science, and Human Nature
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis book argues for the importance of Kant's theories of the epistemological, metaphysical, and practical foundations of the ‘exact sciences’ — relegated to the dustbin of the history of philosophy for most of the 20th century. It has two aims, one negative and one positive. Its negative aim is to develop a Kantian critique of scientific naturalism. Its positive and more fundamental aim is to work out the elements of a humane, realistic, and nonreductive Kantian account of the foundations of the exact sciences. According to this account, the essential properties of the natural world are directly knowable through human sense perception (empirical realism), and practical reason is both explanatorily and ontologically prior to theoretical reason (the primacy of the practical).
Manifest Realism II: Why Gold is Necessarily a Yellow Metal
Authors: Hanna Robert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis chapter aims to work out the positive theory behind Kant's surprising claim that gold is necessarily a yellow metal, using scientific essentialism only as a critical foil. It discusses Kant's theory of natural kind terms and scientific realism in the manifest image. It explains Kant's Other Joke, which vindicates both natural science in general and fundamental physics in particular in a way that would similarly flummox the noumenal scientific realist.