bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revegetation process on a subalpine mudflow
Authors: Kimura Wakio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe process of revegetation on a subalpine mudflow was analyzed on the basis of the vegetation‐soil relationship of the revegetated stands, and of the age structure and height growth process of the trees. Based on evidence derived from five independent sources, it was concluded that this mudflow was caused by a typhoon in 1959. The revegetated stands were classified into three vegetation types. An Alnus maximowiczii stand was established where the surface soil was unstable; a Betula ermanii stand was established where the degree of disturbance by the mudflow was small; an Alnus‐Betula stand was the intermediate type and occupied most of the area on the mudflow. Alnus had colonized concentrically 4–6 yr after the mudflow, and Betula and conifers had followed 1–2 yr later. As revegetation proceeded, the trees became differentiated into two populations, a canopy population and a suppressed one. The former was dominated mainly by Alnus and the latter by Betula and conifers. This differentiation was caused by the faster growth of Alnus during the initial years of colonization. Some Betula trees have recently grown faster than Alnus, suggesting future replacement in dominance. Conifers have grown slowly even during recent years; the highly oligotrophic condition of the soil appears to have been responsible for this delayed growth.
Inhibition of photosynthesis of Populus euramericana and Helianthus annuus by SO2, NO2 and O3
Authors: Furukawa Akio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPopulus euramericana cv. I‐214 and Helianthus annuus L. cv. Russian Mammoth were exposed to various concentrations of O3 SO2 or NO2 for 2 h in a cylindrical assimilation chamber. The threshold concentrations of air pollutants for inhibition of net photosynthesis differed between the two species and also between the pollutants tested. Furthermore, the lethal concentrations where the net photosynthetic rates were completely inhibited, also differed between species and between pollutants. For SO2 and NO2, P. euramericana was more tolerant photosynthetically than H. annuus when related to the concentration of pollutants used during the experiment. However, when related to the cumulative uptake rate of each pollutant, the photosynthetic tolerance of the two species was similar. In contrast to the effects of SO2 or NO2, the influence of O3 on net photosynthesis was quite different. The relative rates of net photosynthesis in both species showed the same linear relationship with O3 concentration. However, the relationship between the relative rate of net photosynthesis and the cumulative uptake rate of O3 differed between the two species, although it was linear in both cases.
Climate and vegetation in China V. Effect of climatic factors on the upper limit of distribution of evergreen broadleaf forest
Authors: Fang Jing‐yun , Yoda Kyoji 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn order to clarify correlations between the upper limit of distribution of evergreen broadleaf forest and climatic factors, 62 stands distributed at the upper limit of the forest were collected from various parts of China, and their thermal and precipitation factors were estimated. Among six thermal climatic indices, i.e., warmth index (WI), coldness index (CI) and annual mean (AMT), January mean (JMT), mean minimum (MMT) and minimum (MT) temperatures, the CI at the stands showed the smallest range of variance, and it was therefore considered to be the most significant for interpreting the upward distribution of the forest. However, the distribution of the forest in mountain areas in southwestern China could not be explained by lower temperatures in winter such as CI but by a cumulative temperature such as WI. The continentality and precipitation factors were also important for delimiting the distribution of the forest. In addition, the relation between the distribution of the forest and the MMT was noted, and it was concluded that the MMT was an effective thermal index for explaining the upper limit of distribution of evergreen broadleaf forest in China.
Multiple effects of precipitation on Salix lasiolepis and populations of the stem‐galling sawfly, Euura lasiolepis
Authors: Price Peter W. , Clancy Karen M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRelatively low winter precipitation (e.g., 18–28 cm from October to May compared to 45 to 65 cm) caused reduced growth of the arroyo willow, Salix lasiolepis, with number of shoots per stem initiated and shoot length reduced. Resources were reduced for the stem‐galling sawfly, Euura lasiolepis, which declined in numbers after the relatively dry winter of 1980–81. Sawfly phenology was advanced relative to willow phenology in the 1981 generation, causing an additional reduction in resource availability. These direct effects of precipitation on the sawfly were increased by indirect effects on survivorship of the 1981 generation. Egg death in galls increased on water‐stressed willow plants, forming the major mortality in the generation. This resulted in very low survival in the generation and an even lower population in the 1982 generation, even though resources recovered after high precipitation during the 1981–82 winter (46.7 cm). An experiment using high, medium, and low water treatments on potted willow plants demonstrated that the effects on willows and sawflies could be reproduced using only water as a variable.
The feeding ecology of the pit‐making ant lion larva, Myrmeleon bore: Feeding rate and species composition of prey in a habitat
Authors: Matsura Toshiaki 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe prey species composition and feeding rate of the pit‐making ant lion larva, Myrmeleon bore Tjeder, which inhabits open sandy areas, were examined. Not less than 30 prey species, most of which were ants, were collected during a research period of 1.5 years. First instar larvae most often (81.1%) captured ants. Although 3rd instar larvae captured larger‐sized prey than individuals of any other instar, they also captured small prey. The feeding rate of 3rd instar larvae was estimated by using the frequency of observed predation (FOP; (no. of ant lions handling a prey)/(total no. of pits observed)), the prey‐handling time and the rhythm of daily foraging activity. FOP of M. bore larvae was constant on the whole from spring to autumn. It was estimated that each captured 1.25 prey per day on average during this period. This estimate, however, was the feeding rate for days on which there was no rain. Assuming that the larvae cannot capture prey due to pit destruction when there is more than 10 mm of rainfall per day, the figure was reduced to 1.03 prey/day. The estimated feeding rate was evaluated with reference to larval foraging behavior.
Distribution of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a moss community‐soil system developed on a cold desert in Antarctica
Authors: Ino Yoshio , Nakatsubo Takayuki 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe distributions of carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in a moss community‐soil system developed on a naked region in Rundvågskollane (69050'S, 39009'E), East Antarctica, were investigated in order to analyze the flow of matter in an Antarctic terrestrial ecosystem.

The moss community was formed from many moss blocks of different sizes and was composed of Bryum pseudotriquetrum (Hedw.) Gaertn., Meyer et Scherb., Ceratodon purpureus (Hedw.) Brid. and Grimmia lawiana J. H. Willis. The surface of the community was covered with cyanobacteria.

It was estimated that nitrogen fixed by cyanobacteria flowed from these organisms to the moss and that little nitrogen was transported within the moss body.

A large amount of phosphorus existed in the soil. The moss community had a high phosphorus content although the amount itself was relatively little due to the small phytomass.

It seems that absorption of phosphorus from soil is difficult for moss, because of the paucity of water necessary for the movement of phosphorus and the suppressed growth of moss due to the arid conditions.
‘Safe sites’ for the seed germination of Rhus javanica: A characterization by responses to temperature and light
Authors: Washitani Izumi , Takenaka Akio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGermination responses of Rhus javanica L. seeds to temperature and light were investigated with special reference to their gap‐detecting mechanisms in germination, i.e., responses to elevated and/or fluctuating temperatures and sensitivity to leaf‐canopy transmitted light. The seeds, which have water‐impermeable coats to prevent imbibition, were shown to become permeable and germinable after exposure to higher temperatures of 48–74°C for a brief period depending on the temperature. Once the coat impermeability had been removed by such heat treatment, the seeds became readily germinable over a wide range of temperature and light conditions. The lower and higher temperature limits for germination were around 8° and 36°C, respectively, with an optimal temperature of around 25°C. Simple linear relationships were observed between the temperature and germination rates, i.e., the reciprocals of the time taken by the seed subpopulations to show 10–70% germination in the sub‐optimal temperature range, where the required ‘thermal time’ for germination was 2300–3600 Kh. The presence or absence of light or a simulated ‘canopy light’ had little effect on the germination of this species. It was concluded that the seeds of R. javanica are furnished with a gap‐detecting mechanism in the form of a heat requirement for the breakage of water‐impermeable seed dormancy, which may be fulfilled by either daytime elevation of the surface temperature of exposed soil, or more effectively by fire.
Great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Nelson Alan R. , Kelsey Harvey M. , Witter Robert C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractComparison of histories of great earthquakes and accompanying tsunamis at eight coastal sites suggests plate-boundary ruptures of varying length, implying great earthquakes of variable magnitude at the Cascadia subduction zone. Inference of rupture length relies on degree of overlap on radiocarbon age ranges for earthquakes and tsunamis, and relative amounts of coseismic subsidence and heights of tsunamis. Written records of a tsunami in Japan provide the most conclusive evidence for rupture of much of the plate boundary during the earthquake of 26 January 1700. Cascadia stratigraphic evidence dating from about 1600 cal yr B.P., similar to that for the 1700 earthquake, implies a similarly long rupture with substantial subsidence and a high tsunami. Correlations are consistent with other long ruptures about 1350 cal yr B.P., 2500 cal yr B.P., 3400 cal yr B.P., 3800 cal yr B.P., 4400 cal yr B.P., and 4900 cal yr B.P. A rupture about 700–1100 cal yr B.P. was limited to the northern and central parts of the subduction zone, and a northern rupture about 2900 cal yr B.P. may have been similarly limited. Times of probable short ruptures in southern Cascadia include about 1100 cal yr B.P., 1700 cal yr B.P., 3200 cal yr B.P., 4200 cal yr B.P., 4600 cal yr B.P., and 4700 cal yr B.P. Rupture patterns suggest that the plate boundary in northern Cascadia usually breaks in long ruptures during the greatest earthquakes. Ruptures in southernmost Cascadia vary in length and recurrence intervals more than ruptures in northern Cascadia.
Scaling law of shear viscosity in atomic liquid and liquid mixtures
Authors: Musharaf Ali Sk. 
Published: April 2006

A scaling law relating the shear viscosity of one and two component liquid mixtures to their excess thermodynamic entropies defined through pair correlation functions is derived by approximating the mode coupling theory expressions of frictions and then combining with the Stokes-Einstein relation. Molecular dynamics simulation has been performed to generate the data of shear viscosity for one and two component liquid mixtures to test the derived scaling law. The derived scaling laws yield numerical results of shear viscosity for one component and two component liquid mixtures, which are in excellent agreement with the molecular dynamics simulation results for a wide range of density and interaction potential.
At the request of the authors and editor, this article is being retracted 5 July 2006.
Postulated Vasoactive Neuropeptide Autoimmunity in Fatigue‐Related Conditions: A Brief Review and Hypothesis
Authors: Staines Donald R. 
Published: April 2006

Disorders such as chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and gulf war syndrome (GWS) are characterised by prolonged fatigue and a range of debilitating symptoms of pain, intellectual and emotional impairment, chemical sensitivities and immunological dysfunction. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) surprisingly may have certain features in common with these conditions. Post‐infection sequelae may be possible contributing factors although ongoing infection is unproven. Immunological aberration may prove to be associated with certain vasoactive neuropeptides (VN) in the context of molecular mimicry, inappropriate immunological memory and autoimmunity.Adenylate cyclase‐activating VNs including pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP), vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) act as hormones, neurotransmitters, neuroregulators, immune modulators and neurotrophic substances. They and their receptors are potentially immunogenic. VNs are widely distributed in the body particularly in the central and peripheral nervous systems and have been identified in the gut, adrenal gland, blood cells, reproductive system, lung, heart and other tissues. They have a vital role in maintaining cardio‐respiratory function, thermoregulation, memory, concentration and executive functions such as emotional responses including social cues and appropriate behaviour. They are co‐transmitters for a number of neurotransmitters including acetylcholine and gaseous transmitters, are potent immune regulators with primarily anti‐inflammatory activity, and have a significant role in protection of the nervous system against toxic assault as well as being important in the maintenance of homeostasis.This paper describes a biologically plausible mechanism for the development of certain fatigue‐related syndromes based on loss of immunological tolerance to these VNs or their receptors following infection, other events or de novo resulting in significant pathophysiology possibly mediated via CpG fragments and heat shock (stress) proteins. These conditions extend the public health context of autoimmunity and VN dysregulation and have implications for military medicine where radiological, biological and chemical agents may have a role in pathogenesis. Possible treatment and prevention options are considered.
Analysing the ability to retain sidechain hydrogen-bonds in mutant proteins
Authors: Cuff Alison L. , Janes Robert W. , Martin Andrew C.R. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Hydrogen bonds are one of the most important inter-atomic interactions in biology. Previous experimental, theoretical and bioinformatics analyses have shown that the hydrogen bonding potential of amino acids is generally satisfied and that buried unsatisfied hydrogen-bond-capable residues are destabilizing. When studying mutant proteins, or introducing mutations to residues involved in hydrogen bonding, one needs to know whether a hydrogen bond can be maintained. Our aim, therefore, was to develop a rapid method to evaluate whether a sidechain can form a hydrogen-bond.
Results: A novel knowledge-based approach was developed in which the conformations accessible to the residues involved are taken into account. Residues involved in hydrogen bonds in a set of high resolution crystal structures were analyzed and this analysis is then applied to a given protein. The program was applied to assess mutations in the tumour-suppressor protein, p53. This raised the number of distinct mutations identified as disrupting sidechain–sidechain hydrogen bonding from 181 in our previous analysis to 202 in this analysis.
Availability:
Contact: andrew@bioinf.org.uk
SNAP: Combine and Map modules for multilocus population genetic analysis
Authors: Aylor David L. , Price Eric W. , Carbone Ignazio 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Summary: We have added two software tools to our Suite of Nucleotide Analysis Programs (SNAP) for working with DNA sequences sampled from populations. SNAP Map collapses DNA sequence data into unique haplotypes, extracts variable sites and manipulates output into multiple formats for input into existing software packages for evolutionary analyses. Map collapses DNA sequence data into unique haplotypes, extracts variable sites and manipulates output into multiple formats for input into existing software packages for evolutionary analyses. Map includes novel features such as recoding insertions or deletions, including or excluding variable sites that violate an infinite-sites model and the option of collapsing sequences with corresponding phenotypic information, important in testing for significant haplotype–phenotype associations. SNAP Combine merges multiple DNA sequence alignments into a single multiple alignment file. The resulting file can be the union or intersection of the input files. SNAP Combine currently reads from and writes to several sequence alignment file formats including both sequential and interleaved formats. Combine also keeps track of the start and end positions of each separate alignment file allowing the user to exclude variable sites or taxa, important in creating input files for multilocus analyses.
Availability: SNAP Combine and Map are freely available at . These programs can be downloaded separately for Mac, Windows and Unix operating systems or bundled in SNAP Workbench. Each program includes online documentation and a sample dataset.
Contact: ignazio_carbone@ncsu.edu
Supplementary information: A description of system requirements and installation instructions can be found at
Gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease in ‘difficult‐to‐control’ asthma: prevalence and response to treatment with acid suppressive therapy
Authors: WONG C. H. , CHUA C. J. , LIAM C. K. , GOH K. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackgroundThe causal association between gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and difficult‐to‐control asthma is unclear.AimTo determine the prevalence of GERD and response to proton pump inhibitor therapy in patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma.MethodsConsecutive patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma as defined by persistent and recurrent symptoms despite on optimal asthmatic medications were recruited for the study. GERD was diagnosed by symptoms, gastroscopy and 24‐h oesophageal pH monitoring. All patients were prescribed a course of lansoprazole 30 mg daily for 8 weeks. Improvement to treatment was assessed by a change in pulmonary symptom score and also by patient's subjective assessment of improvement.ResultsSeventeen of 30 (56.7%) patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma were diagnosed with GERD. Pulmonary symptom score improved significantly only in patients with GERD (35.0 to 21.0; P = 0.002). Twelve of 16 (75%) patients with GERD reported an improvement in asthma symptoms; 1 of 11 (9.1%) without GERD reported mild symptom improvement. There was no significant change in peak expiratory flow rate and forced expiratory volume.ConclusionsMore than half of patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma were diagnosed with GERD. In these patients the severity of asthma improved significantly with potent acid suppression therapy. This underlines the critical role of acid reflux in this subset of patients with difficult‐to‐control asthma.
On differences in skin tumours of Pacific and Atlantic Flatfish
Authors: PETERS NICOLAUS , PETERS GABRIELE , STICH HANS F. , ACTON ALF B. , BRESCHING GISELA 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Pacific flatfish from North American and Japanese coastal waters regularly manifest skin tumours. Those are generally papillomas, which develop from primary inflammatory nodules (vascularized nodules) on fish of a few months's age. Inside the epidermal part of the tumour slightly dedifferentiated malpighian cells change to rounded enlarged cells showing evidence of considerable degeneration (vacuolization and destruction of the cell organelles). These ‘X‐cells’, which compose the major part of the mature tumour, always remain characteristically separated from the surface, from the basal lamina, and from each other, by non‐enlarged ‘enyelope cells’.Oval, similarly degenerate cells also occur in the tumour stroma, especially in the nodule‐like pre‐papillomatous stages and here they originate apparently from fibroblasts.In the Atlantic, on the other hand, skin papillomas and other neoplastic skin growths occur relatively infrequently. The skin papillomas of Atlantic flatfish are considerably less complex. They belong to the relatively simple type which predominates in fishes in general–hyperplastic epidermal papillae which are supported and natured by branched folds of the dermal tissue (stroma).Considering the close relationship between the Pacific and Atlantic flatfishes, the distinctive structure of the skin tumours of Pacific fish is considered to be due probably to the influence of a specific virus.
Exophiala salmonis infection in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.
Authors: RICHARDS R. H. , HOLLIMAN A. , HELGASON S. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Infection of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in seawater with Exophiala salmonis is described. Histological effects consisted principally of granuloma formation, especially in the posterior kidney and spread appeared to occur both by extension and by the liaematogenous route. The nature of the outbreak suggested that the original infection occurred via contaminated food.A comparison is made between this condition and systemic mycoses in other species.
Electron microscopy of an ulcerative dermal necrosis (UDN)‐like salmon disease in Finland
Authors: LOUNATMAA K. , JANATUINEN J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. An ulcerative dermal necrosis‐like salmon disease appeared in Laukaa Central Fish Culture Station in Middle‐Finland in autumn 1976 showing lesions in different sites on diseased landlocked salmon Salmo salar L., sea trout Salmo trutta trutta L. and brown trout Salmo trutta lacustris L. Lesions from the diseased landlocked salmon were studied by transmission and scanning electron microscopy.Both aquatic bacteria and fungi grew in abundance in the lesions, changing the fine structure of the epidermis.In all of the lesions studied virus‐like particles 30–33 nm in diameter were found. The relationship of these particles to the disease is still unresolved.
Humoral antibody production by New Zealand eels, against the intestinal trematode Telogaster opisthorchis Macfarlane, 1945
Authors: McARTHUR C. P. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract. It was shown by agar‐gel diffusion and passive haemagglutination that serum from the New Zealand eel Anguilla australis schmidtii Phillips and gut mucus from Anguilla dieffenbachii Gray contained precipitating antibody against antigen prepared from the intestinal trematode Telogaster opisthorchis MacFarlane, 1945. The estimated molecular weight determined by gel‐filtration on Sephadex G‐200 was 670,000 daltons. The 2‐mercaptoethanol sensitivity of this antibody suggested it was a macroglobulin analagous to γ M.Eel sera also contained naturally occurring agglutinins and lysins against sheep RBC's. Agglutinins had an approximate molecular weight of 142,000, were sensitive to 2‐mercaptoethanol and occurred more frequently among larger eels. It was suggested that the appearance of agglutinins was an immunological phenomenon and that these antibodies were directed against the ABO system.