bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Site Designation in the Americas
Authors: Rowe John Howland 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSome systems of site designation are designed primarily for filing site records; it is possible to design systems which can be used to mark specimens also. In 1953, the author devised a system of the second type for the whole New World; it was published in Peru by Duccio Bonavía in 1966. A comparison with the River Basin Surveys system illustrates some of the problems involved in uniform site designation.
An Estimate of Size and Population for Middle Horizon Tiahuanaco, Bolivia
Authors: Parsons Jeffrey R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent opinions as to the size and character of ancient Tiahuanaco, Bolivia, vary greatly. On the basis of published information, it is impossible to assess these important aspects of the site. A two-day survey during November, 1966, strongly suggests a true urban character for Middle horizon Tiahuanaco. At that time the urban core covered approximately 2.4 km2. A range of population between 5,200 and 10,500, and possibly up to 20,000 people, is suggested. Tiahuanaco’s strategic location with respect to three major environmental zones is regarded as a crucial factor in the site’s economic and political importance.
The Shoup Rockshelters: A Reply
Authors: Swanson Earl H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a review of the report on the Shoup Rockshelters in East Central Idaho, Richard Forbis used typology to question stratigraphy and early dates for side-notched points. The points are parallel, obliquely flaked, and have an age comparable to those at a number of sites in the West. Correlation of natural deposits was based on the character and origin of the sediments, fluorine analysis of bone, rock-fall counts, and radiocarbon dates.
Technological Analysis of Prehistoric Lower Mississippi Ceramic Materials: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Weaver Elizabeth C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTechnological analysis of ceramic materials from the early phases of the Lower Mississippi area indicates that Tchula pottery is untempered, and this throws doubt upon the concept of a fiber-tempered horizon in the Southeast. Certain recommendations are made for technological studies which include the use of close-up photography during the study and in the final report.
Geologic Notes on the Idolo de Coatlichán
Authors: Heizer Robert F. , Williams Howel 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe largest sculptured monument in Mexico is the unfinished Idolo de Coatlichán, which weighs 197 metric tons and lies in the bottom of a barranco near Texcoco, where it was abandoned by its makers. The Idolo is made of a huge boulder of andesite, which is the same material from which the Diosa de Agua (also stylistically related), found at Teotihuacán, was carved. A tentative attempt is made to compute the number of workers required to transport the finished monument.
An Early Burial from Gordon Creek, Colorado
Authors: Breternitz David A. , Swedlund Alan C. , Anderson Duane C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn isolated burial was excavated from the bank of a tributary of Gordon Creek, Roosevelt National Forest, northern Colorado. A preliminary report was prepared (D. Anderson 1966, 1967) but further analysis of the skeletal material and newly obtained cultural information add significantly to the documentation of the burial.The body of a woman, aged 25-30 years, was given primary interment in a pit coated with red ocher. The body was placed on its left side with the head to the north, was tightly flexed, and was also coated with red ocher. Burial accompaniments include a large precussion flaked biface or preform, a small biface used as a scraping tool, a hammerstone, an end scraper, a preform with fire pocks, cut and incised animal ribs, and a perforated elk incisor. A radiocarbon assay of bone material from the left ilium produced an age of 9700± 250 radiocarbon years: 7750 B.C. (GX-0530).No indications of habitation which might be associated with the burial were located in its immediate vicinity.A reconstruction of the burial ritual is attempted, and the skeletal remains are compared to other early human remains from North America.A summary of this paper was given at the 34th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, May 3, 1969, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Muskeeta Cove 2: A Stratified Woodland Site on Long Island
Authors: Salwen Bert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMuskeeta Cove 2 is a stratified, two-component Woodland site on the north shore of Long Island in Glen Cove, Nassau County, New York. The earlier occupation, in the upper 6 in. of a glacial sand zone, is attributed, on the evidence of its ceramic content, to the earlier segment of the Windsor tradition, most probably its North Beach focus. The second occupation, in a thin layer of black midden earth and shell overlying the sand, is more difficult to identify culturally. By many criteria, most of its pottery can be assigned to the Bowmans Brook focus of the East River tradition, but this assemblage is most distinctive for the disconcerting way in which it blends Bowmans Brook ceramic traits with those of the contemporary Sebonac (Windsor) and Canandaigua (Owasco) foci—often on the same sherds. This mixture of traits has prompted the suggestion that, in this boundary region at least, the generally accepted invasion-replacement relationship between East River and Windsor must be reexamined. After analysis of the pottery from this site, in which the distributions of individual modes as well as their combinations into whole types are considered, a new hypothesis is tentatively advanced: Early East River pottery is seen as the result of the blending of Sebonac, Canandaigua, and central New Jersey decorative modes on vessels with the constricted necks and elongateglobular bodies that were the dominant formal horizon markers throughout the entire region at this time level. Diffusion, rather than invasion, would appear to be the central process here.
The Council Circles of Central Kansas: Were They Solstice Registers?
Authors: Wedel Waldo R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAt five Little River focus village sites in Rice and McPherson counties, Kansas, so-called council circles are probably the most notable features present. Each consists of a low central mound surrounded by a ditch or a series of depressions (borrow pits) or both. No village site has more than a single circle. At the only one yet excavated (Tobias site), elongate house pits arranged around a patio within the ditched zone formed a structural complex which is apparently unique in Plains archaeology. The houses were built of poles and grass, earth-covered wholly or in part, and had evidently been destroyed by fire. The covering fill contained numerous large boulders and scattered human bones, some fire-blackened. From their plan and contents, it is suggested that these house complexes were special-purpose structures; from their demonstrated orientation, it is further suggested that one of their functions may have been to record solstitial sunrise (and sunset?) points on the horizon.
A Copper Ornament and a Stone Mask from Middle America
Authors: Thompson J. Eric S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA small mask cast in copper with the features of a Maya merchant god supplies the first incontrovertible evidence that the Maya cast copper. As it has been in the British Museum for nearly a century, its authenticity cannot be doubted. One detail makes it virtually certain that the piece was cast in the lowlands. A large stone mask, collected in Mexico over 50 years ago, can be assigned with some confidence (despite previous doubts as to its authenticity) to southern Veracruz. It reveals attenuated Olmec influence and also has attributes of a merchant god.
An Antler Artifact from the Late Pleistocene of Northeastern Texas
Authors: Slaughter Bob H. , Hoover B. Reed 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1962 a perforated, picklike antler object was found in a deposit with late Pleistocene fauna in Delta County, northeastern Texas. Charcoal from a burned area in the same deposit yielded a radiocarbon date of 9550±375 B.P. Two possible quartzite artifacts were also found in the same deposit.
Variation in Protohistoric Maya Settlement Pattern
Authors: McVicker Donald E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractE. Z. Vogt has proposed a reconstruction of ancient lowland Maya social organization based on the settlement pattern and organization of modern central Chiapas highland Indian municipios. The occurrence and persistence of Vogt's "typical" Maya pattern is examined. Archaeological, ethnohistorical, and ethnological data from central Chiapas are used to demonstrate the presence of at least two patterns of settlement in the region at the time of Spanish conquest. These are discussed as imprints of two systems: (1) internally exploitive and (2) externally exploitive. The first represents primary adaptation to natural features of the landscape. The second represents an expansive adaptation to changing social environments. It is suggested that both these systems were in operation at various times in the southern Maya lowlands as well as in the central Chiapas highlands.
Archaeological Evidence for Occupational Specialization Among the Classic Period Maya at Tikal, Guatemala
Authors: Becker Marshall Joseph 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent models for the organization of Classic period Maya in the Guatemala lowlands suggest a complex system of stratified social classes. Much of the basic data supporting such theoretical models is derived from the evidence for the existence of numerous occupational specializations. Previously, the data have been largely inferential, but extensive and comprehensive excavations at Tikal over a period of 13 yr have provided significant information suggesting that the occupations of residents of specific buildings or house groups can be determined. This evidence also suggests techniques by which future excavations might be directed in order to augment existing information.
Spatial Analysis of Occupation Floors II: The Application of Nearest Neighbor Analysis
Authors: Whallon Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe statistical method of nearest neighbor analysis is presented for the study of distributional patterns of artifacts over occupation floors. It is compared with the previously presented method of dimensional analysis of variance. Nearest neighbor analysis is found to be much more sensitive in its detection of non-random spatial clustering. It has the advantage of not being particularly limited in application by problems of size or shape of the area under study, although it does require coordinates for each artifact and cannot be applied when only counts per grid unit are known. On the other hand, nearest neighbor analysis encounters considerable problems in defining the artifact clusters on an area and in comparing the distributions of several artifact types. These problems severely limit the utility of nearest neighbor analysis at the moment. Dimensional analysis of variance handles them better.
A Method for Estimation of Live Weight of Fish from the Size of Skeletal Elements
Authors: Casteel Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a quantitative method for estimating the total live weight of fish based upon linear measurement of various skeletal elements. The method has the advantage of being both highly accurate and indicating the confidence limits of the estimates. The method is based upon Sir D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson's concept of “… weigh[ing] the animal with a measuring-rod…” (Thompson 1917, in Bonner 1966:16).
The Key Marco, Florida Collection: Experiment and Reflection
Authors: Purdy Barbara A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe organic material, especially the wooden objects, from the Key Marco, Florida collection are badly warped and are in an advanced stage of disintegration. An experiment was conducted to preserve a wooden stool from this collection in order to prevent further degradation. The specimen was treated with polyethylene glycol (Carbowax 1000). The loss of the specimens for study from this famous site is lamentable and should cause archaeologists to reflect upon their obligations.
Early Domesticated Cottons from Archaeological Sites in Central Coastal Peru
Authors: Stephens S. G. , Moseley M. Edward 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSeeds, fiber samples, and boll parts recovered from 4 pre-ceramic sites in the Ancon-Chillon area of Peru were compared with those of living forms, both wild and cultivated, collected from the coastal areas of Ecuador and Peru. All the living forms belong to the species, Gossypium barbadense L., and it was concluded that the archaeological cotton belonged to this same species. Chocolate and reddish-brown colored fibers recovered from 4 sites (Tank, Punta Grande, Pampa, and Camino) and encompassing a time sequence from approximately 2500 B.C. to approximately 1750 B.C. resembled closely those still to be found in present-day cultivars in coastal Peru and Ecuador. On the other hand, certain characteristics exhibited by the archaeological material (small beaked bolls, fuzzy seeds, narrow fiber diameter) resemble more closely those of present-day wild forms. Seed size and fiber diameter show progressive increases from the older to the more recent levels. The finding of (1) chocolate colored fibers and (2) a single boll with a fringeless nectary (both characteristic of G. barbadense) among the archaeological samples suggests that they represent a very early stage in the domestication of that species.
Late Holocene Sea-Level Oscillations in Mobile Bay
Authors: Holmes Nicholas H. , Trickey E. Bruce 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn archeological chronology for the region of Mobile Bay, Alabama was first worked out by Trickey in 1958 (Trickey 1958). Systematic excavations and radiocarbon dating now suggest that Indian sites, marked by shell middens and artifacts, were periodically overwhelmed by rise in water level and then re-occupied during each succeeding state of low sea level. Middens are dated at 4100, 3090, 2040 and 1080 B.P.
A Functional Analysis of “Clear Fork” Artifacts From the Rio Grande Plain, Texas
Authors: Hester Thomas Roy , Gilbow Delbert , Albee Alan D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of "Clear Fork" tools from the Rio Grande Plain of southern Texas have been subjected to a functional analysis. Macroscopic, microscopic, and edge angle studies were conducted. A high frequency of nibbling wear was recorded on steeply-angled working edges. Comparisons of these data with several published studies indicate that this tool form was used in the working of wood or other tough materials.
An Empirical Test for Steward's Model of Great Basin Settlement Patterns
Authors: Thomas David Hurst 
Published: April 2006

AbstractJulian Steward's theory of Great Basin cultural ecology and settlement patterns has been subjected to empirical validation. Since the only data available to test this hypothesis are archaeological, it was first necessary to determine the artifactual correlates for the posited ethnographic system. These deductive propositions were determined by the BASIN I computer simulation model. On the basis of data obtained in a regional random sampling project in the Reese Valley of central Nevada, over 75% of the nearly 130 deductive predictions were statistically verified. The rejected propositions probably reflect failure of the computer model rather than shortcomings in Steward's theory. The archaeological manifestation of the Shoshonean pattern is defined as the Reese River Subsistence-Settlement System which operated in the central Great Basin from about 2500 B.C. to historic times.
Arrow Points or Knives? Comments on the Proposed Function of “Stockton Points”
Authors: Hester Thomas R. , Heizer Robert F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn a recent paper, Nance has proposed that the serrated "Stockton Points" of central California were used as cutting implements rather than as arrow points. His sample comprised 10 specimens. Functional analyses of 87 additional examples (plus the examination of 2 specimens imbedded in human bone) are reported here and indicate that Nance’s hypothesis is incorrect. We argue the obvious point that very limited artifact samples are inadequate for generalizing on functional use.
Testing Contemporaneity and Averaging Radiocarbon Dates
Authors: Long Austin , Rippeteau Bruce 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTechniques for pragmatically interpreting arrays of radiocarbon dates are given. These include weighted averaging, statistical rejection of data, and the evaluation of contemporaneity. Commonly encountered situations are discussed with several actual examples to illustrate these procedures. This paper is Contribution No. 70, Department of Geosciences, University of Arizona.
Alta Vista (Chalchihuites), Astronomical Implications of a Mesoamerican Ceremonial Outpost at the Tropic of Cancer
Authors: Aveni Anthony F. , Hartung Horst , Kelley J. Charles 
Published: April 2006

We have empirically tested and evaluated several astronomically related hypotheses about the ruins of Alta Vista near the modern town of Chalchihuites, Zacatecas, in Northwest Mexico. We conclude that the site was deliberately located and oriented astronomically by people of the Teotihuacan civilization.As supporting evidence we analyze (a) a double solar alignment incorporating a labyrinthine hallway at the ruins, and (b) a pair of circle-shaped markers, of a type found at Teotihuacan, pecked into a flat stone on a hilltop to the south. The former can be correlated with an equinoctial sunrise observation and the latter with a summer solstice sunrise, each over the same distant peak. Furthermore, a detailed examination of the pecked petroglyphs reveals that they may have served as time-marking devices.
Theoretical Directions in European Archaeology
Authors: Bogucki Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBogucki's review deals with theoretical directions in current archaeological research in Europe, and Kohl's covers recent fieldwork and analysis in central Asia. It should be emphasized that these reviews are written specifically for the readers of this journal. Their purpose is to provide brief overviews of the topics and to introduce the readers to some of the literature in the field. The authors emphasize issues most likely to be of direct interest to readers working in the Americas and in literature published in English. PSW
Regional Archaeological Conferences
Authors: Woodbury Richard B. 
Published: April 2006

For nearly six decades the small, or originally small, conference on the archaeology of a particular region has been of growing importance in the North American archaeological community's system of communication. By 1952, Erik K. Reed could state that,In addition to national meetings, such as that of the Society [for American Archaeology] . . . regional conferences are continuing to develop and gain in importance. Five such gatherings are mentioned in this issue [of American Antiquity]: the Northwest Conference, Seattle . . . ; the Ninth Plains Conference, Lincoln . . .; the Caddoan Workshop, Norman . . .; the Southeastern Conference, to be at Macon . . . ; the 1952 Pecos Conference . . . to be at Santa Fe . .. . These have become more productive and better attended than Divison meetings of the A.A.A.S., or many of the larger or national conventions [Reed 1952:89].
Obsidian Hydration Dating Update
Authors: Friedman Irving , Trembour Fred 
Published: April 2006

The obsidian hydration dating technique has been refined since its invention in 1960. The hydration process slows down as it proceeds and appears to follow the relation: hydration thickness is proportional to the square root of time. The variables that influence the hydration rate are mainly the temperature experienced by the object to be dated and its chemical composition.Methods of estimating effective integrated field temperatures and composition variables of obsidians are discussed.
The Optimal Design of Hunting Weapons: Maintainability or Reliability
Authors: Bleed Peter 
Published: April 2006

Design engineers share archaeologists' interest in material culture, but unlike archaeologists, engineers have developed concepts for determining the suitability of technical systems to perform specific tasks. Given the difficulty archaeologists face in developing theories of material culture, I suggest that guiding principles of engineering design offer potentially useful insights.In this article I discuss two design alternatives for optimizing the availability of any technical system - reliability and maintainability. Reliable systems are made so that they can be counted on to work when needed. Maintainable ones can easily be made to function if they are broken or not appropriate to the task at hand. Because these design alternatives have markedly different optimal applications and observably different physical characteristics, archaeologists can link the design of prehistoric weapons to environmental constraints and to specific hunting strategies. Ethnographic examples indicate that primitive hunters do use both reliable and maintainable systems in optimal situations.
I. Nuer
Authors: Crazzolara J. P. 
Published: April 2006

Làjɔɔ̀k myεεló dìe wóòr mà daánó ònëë̀nö̀(1). Ɛεn dooŋ cΐkó daakonε(2)The Lajɔɔk dances by night when people sleep. He then informs hisní: ‘eènòbaa, aan abècíʈó myεεl—daánô’. Dòoŋ daákónε dòoŋwife ‘look here, I am going to dance—to dance at man‘. His wife nowkwányó túʈù, dòoŋ ryébó dók túʈù piiny; dòoŋ kwányó tɔ̀bì ɔɔ̀nyɔ̀ ΐtakes a filter-pot(3), then turns it upside down; then she takes leaven corn, and puts itàgwaʈa megï, mà gïïn tiío gí tíìc dìe wóòr, gïïn ki cwáàrὲ gïïn aryεlóεló.in their bowl with which they work at night, she and her husband, these two.
The Native Railway Worker in Nigeria
Authors: Oldfield Genevieve Ambrose 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphA Survey of the Nigerian Railway workers would constitute a record of every tribe living in the southern and northern provinces, inasmuch as the government-owned and controlled railway, extending over 1,892½ miles of territory, employs natives of the various tribes in each of its four departments. As these native workers show ability they are gradually permitted to fill posts when they become vacant that were formerly held by Europeans. During the year ending March 31st, 1934, despite drastic measures of economy to meet financial conditions and the lessening of the European staff by twenty-three officials, the number of Africans employed has increased by slightly over 900, mostly in the labouring class.