bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Dothichiza caroliniana Causing Double Spot on Highbush Blueberry in South America
Authors: Baino O. , Ramallo A. C. , Hongn S. , Ramallo J. C. 
Published: November 2007

A foliar disease affecting Jewell, Emerald, and O'Neal cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corymbosum L.) was observed in commercial plantings in Tucuman, Argentina during February 2007. Typical symptoms were circular leaf spots that were 10 to 15 mm in diameter, light to dark brown with dark reddish borders, and frequently exhibiting a secondary necrotic area around the original spot. The final appearance was a large necrotic area surrounding a pale, smaller spot. On the abaxial leaf surfaces, white mycelia grew from the border of the initial or enlarged spots toward the healthy tissues. Frequently, black pycnidia bearing an amber rubbery cirrhi were observed. Fewer pycnidia were observed on the adaxial leaf lesions. The fungus was isolated by transferring cirrhi from affected leaves onto petri plates containing potato dextrose agar (PDA). Plates were incubated in darkness at 27°C and light brown concentric colonies with an aerial, effuse, white mycelium developed. After 5 days, dark brown cirrhi emerged from pycnidia in culture. Pycnidiospores were obtuse, hyaline, 1-celled (7 × 2 μm), and grew from the base of pycnidia on short conidiophores. Pycnidia were black, conical, obovoid, averaged 110 × 70 μm wide, and were lightly immersed in the mycelium. Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a 106 conidia/ml suspension on leaves of nine blueberry plants (cv. Jewell). Plants were incubated in a moist chamber at 25 to 29°C with a 12-h photoperiod. After 5 weeks, all inoculated leaves had foliar symptoms similar to the lesions previously observed in the field. Reisolation of the fungus completed Koch's postulates. Noninoculated leaves did not develop foliar symptoms. Morphological and cultural characteristics of the fungus conformed to the descriptions of Dothichiza caroliniana (Demaree & M.S. Wilcox) reported to cause “double spot” in blueberry (1,2). Symptoms were consistent with those described for double spot disease (2). To our knowledge, this is the first report of D. caroliniana on blueberry in South America. References: (1) J. B. Demaree and M. Wilcox. Phytopathology, 37:490, 1947. (2) R. D. Milholland. Double spot. Page 17 in: Compendium of Blueberry and Cranberry Diseases. F. L. Caruso and D. C. Ramsdell, eds. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN 1995.
First Report of Five Sooty Blotch and Flyspeck Fungi on Prunus americana in the United States
Authors: Latinović J. , Batzer J. C. , Duttweiler K. B. , Gleason M. L. , Sun G. 
Published: November 2007

The sooty blotch and flyspeck (SBFS) complex includes more than 30 fungi that blemish the cuticle of apple fruit, causing economic losses in humid regions worldwide (1). In August 2005, we sampled SBFS-infested wild plum (Prunus americana) fruit growing in hedgerows in Iowa. Colonies were categorized according to mycelial type (1), and isolates were made from representative colonies onto acidified water agar (AWA). Plum skins with SBFS signs were excised, pressed, and photographed. DNA was obtained from purified isolates and also from mycelium and fruiting bodies scraped directly from plum fruit skins. Extracted DNA was amplified using primer pair ITS1-F/Myc1-R (ACTCGTCGAAGGAGCTACG) and PCR products were sequenced using primer pair ITS-1F/ITS4. Six sequences were obtained from pure cultures and seven from colonies on plum fruit skin. BLAST analysis of the 470-bp sequences showed 100% homology to five known species in the SBFS complex: Zygophiala cryptogama, Zygophiala wisconsinensis, Pseudocercosporella sp. RH1, and Stomiopeltis spp. RS1 and RS2 (GenBank Accession Nos. AY598854, AY598853, AY5988645, AY598882, and AY598883, respectively). Observations of colony and fruiting structure morphology from cultures on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and colonies on plums confirmed species identity. A modified version of Koch's postulates was conducted to verify that these fungi caused the signs observed on plum and could also infest apple fruit. In June 2006, 1-month-old cultures on PDA were pulverized in a blender with sterile distilled water, passed through four layers of sterile cheesecloth, and transferred to sterile jars. Each isolate was inoculated onto 20 fruit on plum trees (P. americana) on the Iowa State University (ISU) campus and 20 fruit on cv. Golden Delicious apple trees at the ISU Research Station, Gilbert, IA. Each fruit was disinfested with 70% ethanol, air dried, swabbed with inoculum, and covered with a Fuji bag. At harvest, fungal colonies on fruit were reisolated onto AWA. DNA was extracted from pure cultures; when isolations on agar were unsuccessful, DNA was extracted directly from colonies on fruit. PCR was conducted using ITS1-F/Myc1-R, and PCR products were sequenced using ITS1-F/ITS4. All five species were reisolated and sequenced from apple. Pseudocercosporella sp. RH1 and Stomiopeltis sp. RS1 were sequenced from inoculated plums. Although flyspeck, presumably caused by Schizothyrium pomi, was reported on Japanese plum (P. salicina) in Japan (2) and black cherry (P. serotina) in the United States (3), to our knowledge this is the first report of SBFS fungi on plum in the United States and the first confirmation that fungi from plum can produce SBFS signs on apple fruit. Wild plum may therefore act as a reservoir host, providing inoculum for SBFS infestations on apple. References: (1) J. Batzer et al. Mycologia 97:1268, 2005. (2) H. Nasu and H. Kunoh. Plant Dis. 71:361, 1987. (3) T. B. Sutton. Plant Dis. 72:801, 1988.
First Report of Dolabra nepheliae on Rambutan and Litchi in Hawaii and Puerto Rico
Authors: Rossman A. Y. , Goenaga R. , Keith L. 
Published: November 2007

A stem canker disease on rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) and litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn. (Sapindaceae) was found in plants in Hawaii and Puerto Rico. A fungus associated with cankers was identified as Dolabra nepheliae C. Booth & Ting (1). Numerous black, stipitate, elongate ascomata were produced within cracks of cankers. These ascomata contain elongate, bitunicate asci amid unbranched, interthecial elements and thin, cylindrical, hyaline ascospores measuring 96 to 136 × 2.5 to 3.5 μm. This fungus was originally described from Malaysia on N. lappaceum (1) and is also known on pulasan (N. mutabile Blume) in Australia (2). Classified by the Food and Agriculture Organization as a ‘minor disease’, the canker appears to be relatively common in Hawaii and was most likely introduced into Puerto Rico on imported germplasm. Nevertheless, efforts are underway to study the potential damage of this disease as well as mechanisms of control, including introduction of disease resistant clones. Specimens have been deposited at the U.S. National Fungus Collections (Hawaii on Nephelium BPI 878189, Puerto Rico (PR) on Nephelium BPI 878188, and PR on Litchi BPI 878190). Although a specimen of D. nepheliae on L. chinensis was collected from Hawaii in 1984 by G. Wong and C. Hodges and deposited as BPI 626373, this fungus was not known on Nephelium spp. in Hawaii and was not previously known from Puerto Rico on either host. References: (1) C. Booth and W. P. Ting. Trans. Brit. Mycol. Soc. 47:235, 1964. (2) T. K. Lim and Y. Diczbalis. Rambutan. Page 306 in: The New Rural Industries. Online publication. Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation, Australia, 1997.
First Report in Myanmar of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae Causing Mango Bacterial Canker on Mangifera indica
Authors: Ah-You N. , Gagnevin L. , Pruvost O. , Myint N. T. , Johnson G. I. 
Published: November 2007

Bacterial canker of mango (or bacterial black spot) caused by Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae (1) is a disease of economic importance in tropical and subtropical producing areas. X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae can cause severe infection in a wide range of mango cultivars and induces raised, angular, black leaf lesions, sometimes with a chlorotic halo. Several months after infection, leaf lesions dry and turn light brown or ash gray. Severe leaf infection may result in abscission. Fruit symptoms appear as small, water-soaked spots on the lenticels. These spots later become star shaped, erumpent, and exude an infectious gum. Often, a “tear stain” infection pattern is observed on the fruit. Severe fruit infections will cause premature fruit drop. Twig cankers are potential sources of inoculum and weaken branch resistance to winds (2). Suspected leaf lesions of bacterial canker were collected from mango nursery stock cv. Yin Kwe at a nursery in Yangon, Myanmar during March 2007. Nonpigmented Xanthomonas-like bacterial colonies were isolated on KC and NCTM3 semiselective agar media (4). Amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis was performed on three isolates from Myanmar and additional reference isolates of xanthomonads originating from Anacardiaceae (X. axonopodis pv. anacardii, X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae, X. axonopodis pv. spondiae, and X. translucens strains from pistachio) using SacI/MspI and four primer pairs (unlabeled MspI + 1 [A, C, T, or G] primers and 5′-labeled - SacI + C primer for the selective amplification step) (1). On the basis of multidimensional scaling (1), the Myanmar isolates were identified as X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae and were most closely related to group B strains that were isolated from mango in India and Eastern Asia (2). Mango cv. Maison Rouge leaves, inoculated as previously reported (1) with the Myanmar isolates, showed typical symptoms of bacterial canker 1 week after inoculation. One month after inoculation, mean X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae population sizes ranging from 5 × 106 to 8 × 106 CFU per lesion were recovered from leaf lesions, typical of a compatible interaction (1). Mangifera indica L. probably evolved in the area that includes northwestern Myanmar (3) and to our knowledge, this is the first confirmed detection of X. axonopodis pv. mangiferaeindicae from Myanmar. Further surveys and strain collection will be necessary to evaluate its geographic distribution and prevalence in the country. References: (1) N. Ah-You et al. Phytopathology 97:1568, 2007. (2) L. Gagnevin and O. Pruvost. Plant Dis. 85:928, 2001. (3) S. K. Mukherjee. Page 1 in: The Mango, Botany, Production and Uses. R. E. Litz, ed. CAB International, Wallingford, UK, 1997. (4) O. Pruvost et al. J. Appl. Microbiol. 99:803, 2005.
First Report of Sweet potato virus G and Sweet potato virus 2 Infecting Sweet Potato in Spain
Authors: Trenado H. P. , Lozano G. , Valverde R. A. , Navas-Castillo J. 
Published: November 2007

Sweet potato feathery mottle virus (SPFMV), Sweet potato virus G (SPVG), and Sweet potato virus 2 (SPV2) (also known as Ipomoea vein mosaic virus (2) and Sweet potato virus Y) are members of the genus Potyvirus (family Potyviridae), which can synergistically interact with Sweet potato chlorotic stunt virus (SPCSV; genus Crinivirus, family Closteroviridae), increasing symptom severity on sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.) (1,2,3). During 2002, 2006, and 2007, vine cuttings from sweet potato plants were collected in Malaga (southern Spain), Tenerife, and Lanzarote (Canary Islands, Spain) to be tested for the presence of viruses. Sampled plants ranged from asymptomatic to severely affected by symptoms of sweet potato virus disease (SPVD), caused by dual infection with SPFMV or other potyviruses with SPCSV. Scions collected during 2002 were grafted to the indicator host I. setosa. Foliar samples from I. setosa were used for nitrocellulose membrane (NCM)-ELISA testing with antisera specific to SPVG or SPV2 (provided by C. A. Clark, Louisiana State University) following described procedures (2). NCM-ELISA testing indicated that SPVG was present in samples from Malaga, Tenerife, and Lanzarote, whereas SPV2 was only found in samples from Malaga. Reverse-transcription (RT)-PCR was performed on RNA extracts from sweet potato or I. setosa leaves using primer pairs MA541 (5′-AACAATTCCAGATAGTAGAGGGGTTG-3′)/MA542(5′-TGTGGGGACAGCATGATCCAATAG-3′) and MA540 (5′-AACCCCAACACCAGCAAAATCAGTTAAG-3′)/MA542 corresponding to the capsid protein (CP) genes of SPVG and SPV2, respectively. Thirteen of 47 samples from Malaga and 4 of 30 from the Canary Islands yielded the expected 483-bp DNA fragment with the primers for SPVG. Fifteen of 47 samples from Malaga yielded the expected 627-bp DNA fragment with primers for SPV2. Two RT-PCR amplicons of SPVG, one from Malaga and one from Tenerife, were sequenced. Their nucleotide sequences (GenBank Accession Nos. EF577438 and EF577439, respectively) showed 98% identity to SPVG isolates from Louisiana (2) and China. Sequencing of one RT-PCR amplicon of SPV2 from Malaga resulted in a nucleotide sequence (GenBank Accession No. EF577437) with 99% identity to SPV2 from Lousiana and Australia (3). The presence of SPVG and SPV2 increases the already existing risk of SPVD, since the main viruses involved in the synergism, SPFMV and SPCSV, are present in Spain (4). SPCSV was also detected in some of the plants infected with SPVG or SPV2, in some cases, in coinfection with SPFMV. References: (1) C. D. Kokkinos and C. A. Clark. Plant Dis. 90:1347, 2006. (2) E. R. Souto et al. Plant Dis. 87:1226, 2003. (3) F. Tairo et al. Plant Dis. 90:1120, 2006. (4) R. A. Valverde et al. Plant Dis. 88:428, 2004.
The effective elastic thickness of the lithosphere and the evolution of foreland basins
Authors: Watts A. B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe elastic thickness of the continental lithosphere is strongly ‘bi‐modal’. Foreland basins reflect this bi‐modality with narrow, deep basins (e.g. Apennines) and wide, shallow ones (e.g. Ganges). The bi‐modal distribution cannot be explained by thermal models which describe the relationship between elastic thickness and plate age in the oceans, suggesting the involvement of factors other than secular cooling. The high values (80–90 km) are consistent with present‐day temperature gradients of the cratons and the scatter within cratons may be explained by changes in the radiogenic heat production. The low values (10–20 km), however, are more difficult to explain. Foreland basins develop by flexure in front of thrust/fold loads as they advance over former passive margins and onto the cratons. Recent studies suggest that passive margins are underlain by highly attenuated crust and lithosphere which has a low elastic thickness that remains low for long periods (> 108 yr) of time. Foreland basins may inherit these low values as they migrate over a passive margin. Stratigraphic modelling suggests that the low elastic thicknesses would have a profound effect on the development of foreland basins predicting as they do the asymmetry, the pattern of onlap and, the transition from the ‘underfilled’ to ‘overfilled’ phase. Why stretched crust and lithosphere is so weak on long time‐scales is enigmatic. Rifting, however, seems to proceed in such a way that the strong uppermost part of the crust is effectively ‘de‐coupled’ from any support that it might otherwise receive from the strong underlying mantle.
Geomorphic controls on sediment accumulation at margins of foreland basins
Authors: Fraser GORDON S. , DeCelles PETER G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of cyclic patterns of sedimentation on a large scale, or abrupt changes in lithology or facies patterns in foreland basins, are most commonly attributed to tectonism. Climatic controls are invoked much less often, and geomorphic controls are rarely considered except for small‐scale features. Tectonism is the first‐order control on sedimentation at mountain fronts by providing accommodation space for sediment accumulation, and the requisite energy for the system to operate. However, geomorphic controls on sediment yield from source areas, transformation of sediment yield in transfer systems, and feedback mechanisms between source areas and depositional basins may be the secondary controls on sediment dispersal and accumulation near mountain fronts.Drainage basins pass through a series of stages during their evolution. Sediment flux is large during initial stages of basin evolution, allowing fans to prograde rapidly. But as drainage nets in the source area expand, and valleys increase their capacity to store sediment eroded from interfluves, the quantity and caliber of the sediment load at the outlet diminishes, and fan sequences begin to fine upward. Eventually the source area drainage network will expand to its maximum size. Relief is greatest in the source area at this time, and the quantity and calibre of the sediment eroded from valley walls reaches a maximum. Dynamic equilibrium between fan and source area is attained and a period during which spontaneous incision of source area valleys, fanhead entrenchment, and depositional lobe progradation occurs The amount and size of sediment supplied to the fan reaches a maximum at this time, and fan deposits coarsen upward through this period. However, feedback relationships between fan and depositional basin limit the ability of fans to prograde basinward. Fans begin to retrograde as relief in the source area declines and storage capacity increases. Fining‐upward sequences arc deposited and basinal facies encroach on the fan during this final phase.Ancient alluvial fans commonly consist of coarsening‐ then fining‐upward stratigraphic sequences consistent with this evolutionary model, and cross‐sections of alluvial fan deposits normally show that fan facies stack vertically near their upland sources. A typical first‐order fan deposit ranges in thickness between 100 m and 250 m, but those in foreland basins near thrust margins are considerably thicker, possibly in response to increased accommodation space provided by basin subsidence, extended periods of downcutting caused by continued movement on the thrust, and to basinward translation of the source area.
Timing and record of foreland sedimentation during the initiation of the Sevier orogenic belt in central Utah
Authors: Yingling VIRGINIA L. , Heller PAUL L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe stratigraphic record in the San Rafael Swell region of central Utah suggests that thrust loading and attendant foreland sedimentation began in adjacent parts of the Sevier orogenic belt during Albian time. Regional stratigraphy, isopachs, gravel composition and grain‐size trends suggest that the Morrison Formation of Late Jurassic age and Buckhorn Conglomerate Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of Early Cretaceous age were not derived from the adjacent thrust belt as they neither thicken nor coarsen significantly towards the west. In contrast, the upper member of the Cedar Mountain Formation of Albian age and Dakota Sandstone of early Cenomanian age rapidly coarsen and thicken westward towards the thrust belt, suggesting that these units were deposited during a time of rapid flexural subsidence early in the history of thrust loading by the Sevier belt. Hence, in the case of the foreland basin in central Utah, basin subsidence rates and asymmetry provides the strongest evidence of the initiation of thrust‐belt loading by the adjacent Sevier orogenic belt.
Non‐marine sedimentation in the overfilled part of the Jurassic‐Cretaceous Cordilleran foreland basin: Morrison and Cloverly Formations, central Wyoming, USA
Authors: DeCelles PETER G. , Burden ELLIOTT T. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLithostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic, sedimentological and penological data from the Upper Jurassic‐Lower Cretaceous Morrison and Cloverly Formations in central Wyoming allow detailed characterization of the early history of the central part of the Cordilleran foreland basin. The Morrison is divisible into three informal members: (1) a lower sandstone, deposited by a complex coastal dune‐foreshore–fluvial system during retreat of the Sundance sea; (2) a middle mudstone, deposited by muddy fluvial and ephemeral lacustrine systems during a period of regional, seasonal aridity; and (3) an upper sandstone, deposited by a sandy fluvial system of variable sinuosity. The overlying Cloverly Formation is divisible into two informal members: (1) a lower mudstone (previously considered as part of the Morrison Formation), deposited by muddy fluvial and lacustrine systems; and (2) an upper chert‐pebble conglomerate and sandstone, deposited primarily by gravel‐dominant braided rivers. Palynological data and a single fission‐track date indicate that the lower part of the middle Morrison mudstone is early to middle Oxfordian and the upper part of the lower Cloverly mudstone is Valanginian.Morrison sandstones are subarkosic, with average %QFL = 91,6, 3 and %QmFLt = 83, 6, 11. Cloverly sandstones are cherty litharenites and sublitharenites, with average %QFL = 99.6, 0,0.4 and %QmFLt = 82,0,18 (Gazzi‐Dickinson point‐counting method). Palaeocurrent data and sandstone compositions indicate a complex provenance including exirrabasinal sources in lower Mesozoic and upper Palaeozoic sedimentary and volcanic rocks of the Cordillera and intrabasinal sources of Proterozoic clasts in south‐central Wyoming. Cloverly sandstone compositions in the eastern part of the study area were influenced by short‐term fluvial reworking within the basin.The thickness of the composite Morrison‐Cloverly succession is practically constant over a distance of several hundred km east of the Idaho‐Wyoming thrust belt, and its internal chronostratigraphic zones are subparallel. On the other hand, equivalent strata in the Gannett Group of the thrust belt are at least three times thicker. This indicates that the Morrison and Cloverly in central Wyoming were deposited within the overfilled part of the foreland basin. Preliminary regional correlation indicates that coarse‐grained lithofacies in these rocks are significantly time‐transgressive, generally becoming younger toward the E and NE. Overfilling of the early Cordilleran foreland basin in central Wyoming was accomplished by progradation from the W and S. In spite of their three‐dimensional (3D) complexity, the Morrison and Cloverly Formations generally confirm theoretical model predictions for overfilled foreland basins.