bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SERUM MUCOPROTEIN, PLASMA FIBRIN AND FIBRINOLYTIC ACTIVITY DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE IN BABOONS
Authors: GILLMAN T. , PILLAY R. A. , NAIDOO S. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Variations in serum mucoprotein (s.m.p.), plasma fibrin and fibrinolytic activity during the menstrual cycle of two female baboons were compared with the relatively stable levels in a normal male baboon.
It was found that s.m.p. and plasma fibrin levels rose progressively during turgescence of the perineum and fell with deturgescence. Plasma fibrinolytic activity in the female with regular menstrual cycles increased with the onset of deturgescence, remained elevated until the onset of menstruation, whereafter it dropped precipitously.
The modification by sex hormones of s.m.p., plasma fibrin and fibrinolytic activity is discussed in relation to the effects of other hormones on these plasma moieties and on connective tissue generally during growth. An explanation is suggested for the s.m.p. and other changes in the plasma during the baboon's cycle on the basis of hormonally mediated varying rates of urinary excretion and perineal and extraperineal synthesis of mucoproteins. Some implications of our data are outlined for investigating the effects of hormones on enzymes involved in the synthesis and degradation of connective tissue components.
STUDIES ON PRENATAL MORTALITY IN THE RABBIT, ORYCTOLAGUS CUNICULUS: THE AMOUNT AND DISTRIBUTION OF LOSS BEFORE AND AFTER IMPLANTATION
Authors: ADAMS C. E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The amount and distribution of prenatal mortality were studied in 126 first and second pregnancies in seventy-three rabbits, weighing 3·5–4 kg. The does were mated naturally, artificially inseminated to ensure against the failure of natural mating, and injected with 25 i.u. luteinizing hormone. The numbers of corpora lutea and implantation sites were counted at laparotomy 7–13 days post coitum (p.c.) and the number of live foetuses was recorded at autopsy 28 days p.c., or after parturition. The diameter of the uterine swellings was measured at laparotomy. In a further eight pregnancies only the litter size was recorded.
Ovulation occurred in every case, but in six (4·8%) of the 126 pregnancies all the ova (109, or 8·1%) were lost before implantation. In the remaining 120 pregnancies there was a total loss of 132 ova (or 154 if corrected for polyovuly), representing 9·7% of ovulations. In 64 out of the 120 pregnancies (53·3%) there was some loss of ova before implantation. The proportion of litters showing loss and the proportion of ova lost before implantation were significantly related to the number of ovulations.
After implantation, total resorption occurred in four pregnancies (3·3%) and in a further eighty-five pregnancies (70·8%) there was some loss of embryos, which altogether amounted to 18·3% of the ovulations. The proportion of litters suffering loss after implantation was significantly related to the number of implantations. It was concluded that 7% of the embryos died shortly after implantation, 66% died between days 8 and 17, and 27% were lost between days 17 and 23.
Data relating to the diameter of 1728 uterine swellings measured between days 7 and 20 p.c., counts of corpora lutea, the occurrence of corpora lutea atretica and polyovuly, the position of foetuses in utero, weights of placentae associated with resorbed embryos, foetal weights, birth weights, and the incidence of stillbirths are also presented.
DETECTION AND ESTIMATION OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: APOSTOLAKIS M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A method for the detection and estimation of gonadotrophins in the plasma of nonpregnant human subjects is described.
2. The end-point of the bioassay is the mouse uterus test, and results can be expressed in terms of a reference standard (HMG-20A) prepared from the urine of menopausal and postmenopausal women.
3. The method has been found satisfactory for estimations in postmenopausal women and in other conditions in which the concentration of gonadotrophins in plasma is relatively high.
4. The reliability criteria for the method are discussed under the headings of accuracy, precision, sensitivity and specificity.
5. Interstitial cell stimulating hormone activity, as determined by the hypophysectomized rat prostate test, and follicle stimulating hormone activity, as determined by the ' HCG augmentation' test, were both detected in human plasma.
6. A preliminary series of results in individual subjects is reported.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXCRETION OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND 17-KETOGENIC STEROIDS BY GUINEA-PIGS
Authors: BROOKS R. V. , CLAYTON BARBARA E. , HAMMANT JOYCE E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. 17-Ketosteroids (KS) and 17-ketogenic steroids (KG) may be determined in guinea-pig urine by the method of Norymberski, Stubbs & West [1953]. Studies on the fractionation of urinary steroids showed the method was applicable to the urine of pregnant guinea-pigs.
2. So little material in the faeces of guinea-pigs behaved as KS that excretion by this route may be ignored.
3. Daily vaginal lavages shortened the oestrous cycle in the guinea-pig and abolished the peak of KS excretion seen at oestrus in normal cycles. No consistent trend in the excretion of KG was seen during normal oestrous cycles. No cyclical change in KS excretion was seen after ovariectomy.
4. During pregnancy in the guinea-pig, there was a rise in the excretion of KG and KS. The increase was not abolished by ovariectomy. The rise did not occur in one adrenalectomized animal which went to term, though it continued to excrete significant amounts of KS. The contribution of the foetal adrenals to the excretion of steroids by the pregnant mother was probably small.
5. Non-specific adrenal stimulation caused a rise in the urinary excretion of KS and KG.
6. Fractionation of the KS released from the urine of an intact non-pregnant guinea-pig by a mild hydrolytic procedure gave five major compounds, one in the 11-deoxy and four in the 11-oxy fraction. All five compounds were excreted in increased amounts by a pregnant intact and by a pregnant adrenalectomized guinea-pig.
ORTHOTOPIC OVARIAN TRANSPLANTATION IN MICE
Authors: JONES ESTHER C. , KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A surgical technique for the orthotopic transplantation of the ovaries in mice is described and its immediate and long-term difficulties are discussed.
2. The shortened reproductive lifespan of mice which have received such grafts is due primarily to the loss of oocytes during the immediate postoperative period before a new blood supply has developed. Figures are given for the loss, which may extend to between a half and three-quarters of the total complement of oocytes.
THE MITOGENIC ACTION OF OESTROGENS IN THE VAGINAL EPITHELIUM OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED MOUSE
Authors: MARTIN L. , CLARINGBOLD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Following a single intravaginal injection of oestrogen, the number of mitoses and thickness of the vaginal epithelium of the mouse are increased. An assay utilizing such responses is of very short duration and is ten times as sensitive and four times as precise as the standard intravaginal assay under optimum conditions. Three natural and three synthetic oestrogens are of approximately equal potency when assayed by this method. Testosterone, progesterone, cortisol, cortisone and vitamin A were found to be without action on the response to oestrogens, except that the first three produced mitotic activity at very high doses.
THE INFLUENCE OF ORAL HYPOGLYCAEMIC AGENTS (CARBUTAMIDE AND TOLBUTAMIDE) ON THE SERUM PROTEINS OF NORMAL RATS
Authors: FIŠTER V. , BENAŠ A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of prolonged administration of carbutamide and tolbutamide on serum proteins of normal rats has been investigated. Carbutamide, already known to produce an increase of thyroid weight and of serum cholesterol, caused disproteinaemia characterized by increase of total proteins and α1-globulin. Tolbutamide exerted no thyrostatic action and caused no changes in serum proteins. It is of interest that prolonged administration of water alone also induced an increase in α1-globulin but, unlike carbutamide, a decrease in γ-globulin. The changes of the serum proteins are discussed in relation to possible endocrine factors involved.
THE BIOLOGY OF THE LEYDIG CELL: HISTOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES FOLLOWING HIGH EPIDIDYMAL OBSTRUCTION
Authors: BAILLIE A. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Fourteen albino male mice were subjected to bilateral section and ligation of the epididymis at a point just distal to the proximal lobules of the head, and were killed 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 weeks after operation. One testis was studied using the periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) technique, the other by frozen sections. The weight of the seminal vesicle was taken as an indicator of androgen output.
Testicular histology remained unchanged during the 6 months after operation, and there was no alteration in the weight or cytology of the seminal vesicles. An attempt is made to relate the findings to current views on Leydig cell biology.
The postoperative occurrence of abnormal Leydig cells is described: these cells contain abundant PAS-positive cytoplasmic material (? glycoprotein) and have not previously been noted. Their anatomical and physiological significance is not clear.
MODIFICATION BY RELAXIN OF THE RESPONSE OF THE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF MICE TO OESTRADIOL AND PROGESTERONE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A histological and histochemical study has been made of the effect of relaxin in modifying the action of oestradiol and progesterone on the reproductive tract of female mice. Special attention was paid to the cytoplasmic nucleic acids in relation to growth changes, and to alterations in glycogen and other polysaccharides, and in alkaline phosphatase activity.
In the uterine horn, relaxin augmented the action of oestradiol on myometrial glycogen and alkaline phosphatase activity and on oedematous transformation of the endometrial stroma. The histochemical reactions of the mucopolysaccharide deposited in the altered stroma are discussed. Progesterone partly or completely inhibited the synergistic action of the other two hormones on myometrial glycogenesis and on oedematous changes in the endometrium, but not on alkaline phosphatase activity in myometrium and endometrium. Relaxin + oestradiol (but not oestradiol alone) partly prevented the depressing effect of progesterone on alkaline phosphatase activity in the myometrium and luminal epithelium.
In the vagina, oestradiol and relaxin had a synergistic action on cellular hypertrophy and keratinization of the epithelium, and relaxin partly overcame the mucifying action of progesterone. Relaxin appeared to increase alkaline phosphatase activity in the lamina propria.
No hormonally controlled mucopolysaccharides were detected in the cervical tissues, and the techniques have not provided a satisfactory explanation of the relaxin-induced softening of the cervix.
THE CATABOLISM OF 131I-LABELLED HOMOLOGOUS γ-GLOBULIN IN NORMAL, HYPERTHYROID AND HYPOTHYROID RATS
Authors: FARTHING C. P. , GERWING JULIA , SHEWELL JENNIFER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The biological half-life of injected homologous 131I-γ-globulin was found to be 4·8 days in euthyroid, 5·8 days in thyroidectomized, and 3·8 days in thyroxine-treated rats.
The catabolic rate of homologous γ-globulin, expressed as a percentage of the intravascular protein broken down per day, was decreased from 25·5% in normal rats to 22·5% in thyroidectomized animals, and increased to 39·2% by thyroxine treatment.
Total serum protein levels were not affected by thyroxine treatment (0·02 mg/kg) in the rat, but increased after thyroidectomy. This increase was chiefly due to an increased γ-globulin level, and it is postulated that catabolism of γ-globulin in the thyroidectomized rat is decreased to a greater extent than is γ-globulin synthesis.
THE EFFECT OF ACTH INJECTIONS ON PLASMA CORTICOSTEROID LEVELS AND MILK YIELD IN THE COW
Authors: BRUSH M. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
In the cow, a single injection of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) was found to produce a rapid rise in plasma 17:21-dihydroxy-20-keto-corticosteroids, and then an equally rapid fall. This was followed by a more gradual fall to pre-injection levels which were reached within 24–48 hr of the start of the experiment. The presence of cortisol in the blood samples was confirmed by chromatographic examination. Detectable amounts of other corticosteroids were not found.
The ACTH injections produced a very definite fall in milk yield. Return to generally steady levels took 3 days in one case and more than 7 days in another.
THE EFFECTS OF VASOPRESSIN ON THE SHORTCIRCUIT CURRENT ACROSS THE WALL OF THE ISOLATED BLADDER OF THE TOAD, BUFO MARINUS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effects of metabolic inhibitors and ionic changes on the short-circuit current across the toad's bladder have been studied both in the presence and absence of vasopressin.
2. The effects of metabolic inhibitors indicate that the energy for short-circuit current is derived from both glycolysis and oxidative metabolism.
3. Divalent ions play an important part in the maintenance of the resting short-circuit current and of its response to vasopressin. Ca++ or Sr++ are necessary for the former and Ca++ for the latter.
4. Increased concentration of Ca++, Sr++, Mg++ or Ba++ did not inhibit the increment in short-circuit current produced by vasopressin, in contrast to the effect of these ions on water transport.
5. Increase and decrease in potassium concentration inhibited the short-circuit current whether vasopressin was present or not.
6. The correct concentration of sodium on the serosal side of the bladder was necessary to maintain the short-circuit current, but the increment seen when vasopressin was added was not affected by 50% substitution of choline for sodium.
THE VALVE-LIKE ACTION OF THE UTERO-TUBAL JUNCTION OF THE EWE
Authors: EDGAR D. G. , ASDELL S. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
At and for about 3 days after oestrus the utero-tubal junction of the ewe has a valve-like action which prevents fluid under pressure in the uterine (Fallopian) tube from entering the uterus.
This action appears to be the result of oestrogen-induced oedema and flexure of the wall of the utero-tubal junction.
SPERMATOZOA IN THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT
Authors: EDGAR D. G. , ASDELL S. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ram spermatozoa were found at the ovarian end of the uterine (Fallopian) tubes of ewes at about 3 hr after mating. No radiopaque medium passed from the vagina to the uterine horns of rabbits following vulval stimulation and copulation. Ram spermatozoa entered the tubes of ewes through a valve-like utero-tubal junction which prevented fluid from passing in the opposite direction. Almost all ram spermatozoa became immotile within 8 hr of their introduction into the tubes of ewes. The method of sperm transport in the female genital tract is discussed.
EVALUATION OF ANDROGENIC AND GONADOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN MALE TWIN CALVES BY ANALYSIS OF SEMINAL VESICLES AND SEMEN
Authors: MANN T. , ROWSON L. E. A. , HAY MARY F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A series of experiments is reported on the evaluation of the androgenic activity in the male by analysis of semen and accessory glands of reproduction.
In pubescent male twin calves the onset of the secretory function of seminal vesicles, as reflected in the appearance of fructose and citric acid in ejaculates, was advanced by injections of chorionic gonadotrophin. However, in much younger bull calves, gonadotrophin was incapable of evoking a similar response. On the other hand, testosterone injected into immature animals readily induced high secretory activity in the seminal vesicles.
When androstenedione was injected into castrated bull calves, its androgenic effect on the fructose and citric-acid formation in the seminal vesicles was negligible by comparison with the powerful stimulating influence of testosterone. This probably explains why in young bull calves fructose and citric acid are not secreted by the seminal vesicles until the testicular content of testosterone markedly exceeds that of androstenedione.
Underfeeding of young maturing bull calves not only delays the onset of secretory activity in the seminal vesicles as a result of decreased androgenic activity of the testes but also diminishes the responsiveness of the seminal vesicles to testosterone.
THE EFFECT OF PROGRESSIVE SODIUM DEPLETION ON CORTICOSTEROID SECRETION BY THE AUTOTRANSPLANTED ADRENAL GLAND OF CONSCIOUS SHEEP
Authors: REICH MAGDA , McDONALD I. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The characteristic response of the autotransplanted adrenal gland of the sheep to sodium depletion was an increase in aldosterone secretion rate, which reached the minimum detectable level of 1 μg/hr 6–12 hr after the Na balance became negative, when the Na deficit was approx. 200 m-equiv.
2. After its initial detection, aldosterone secretion altered in an irregular manner to maximum secretion rates of 5–9 μg/hr.
3. The initial detection of aldosterone secretion was not accompanied by any consistent changes in cortisol and corticosterone secretion.
4. Changes in cortisol and corticosterone secretion rates were usually in the same direction and of similar relative magnitude, and did not show any consistent correlation with the aldosterone secretion rates. The rates of cortisol and corticosterone secretion were extremely variable, but there was inconclusive evidence that there may have been a natural periodic variation of secretion rate, characteristic for individual sheep, which was modified by the experimental procedure.
5. The relationship between adrenal corticosteroid secretion and changes in blood plasma and urine electrolytes as well as haematocrit, plasma protein concentration and adrenal blood flow was examined.
6. Attention is drawn to the possible complexity of the relationship between adrenal corticosteroid secretion and the salivary Na/K ratio.
CHANGES IN THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE FERRET FOLLOWING STALK SECTION
Authors: HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The pituitary stalk was divided transpalatally in a series of female ferrets.
2. The lesion was followed by infarction of a variable amount of tissue in the antero-superior region of the pars distalis, up to a maximum of 30% of its volume. Later fibrosis and incomplete regeneration of glandular tissue occurred.
3. There was no significant hypertrophy of the pars intermedia, but its cells showed an increase in cytoplasmic ribonucleic acid after division of the stalk.
4. The neural process appeared normal for several days after operation, but after the 4th day atrophied rapidly.
CHANGES IN THYROID ACTIVITY DURING GROWTH IN THE SHEEP
Authors: FALCONER I. R. , ROBERTSON H. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The rate constants for thyroid uptake (K1) and release (K4) of 131I, the serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) level and the rate of secretion of thyroid hormone have been determined for sheep from 5 weeks to 7 years old.
The secretion rate of thyroid hormone has been shown to increase rapidly up to the age of 6–8 months, and then decline slightly with increasing age. The rate constant for 131I release from the thyroid (K4), showed an increase up to 1 year of age, and considerably lower values at 5 and 7 years old.
When the thyroid hormone secretion rate is expressed per unit body weight, the highest rate was observed at approx. 6 months of age or 20–40 kg. body weight. The significance of this initial increase in thyroid hormone secretion rate per unit body weight is discussed in conjunction with the results of other workers on the energy metabolism of immature animals.
Serum PBI levels decreased sharply during the 1st year of life and then remained relatively constant.
THE DETERMINATION OF SMALL QUANTITIES OF URINARY OESTRONE, OESTRADIOL-17β AND OESTRIOL USING ITTRICH'S EXTRACTION METHOD
Authors: SALOKANGAS R. A. A. , BULBROOK R. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The purification step described by Ittrich (1958) has been incorporated in the method of Brown, Bulbrook & Greenwood (1957b) for estimating urinary oestrogens.
2. When the Kober colours given by urinary oestrone, oestradiol-17β and oestriol are extracted with tetrachloroethane containing p-nitrophenol, the decrease in the absorption due to impurities is such that the Kober reaction can be scaled down and micro-cells used in the measurement of the final colours.
3. Amounts of urinary oestrogens as low as 0·5 μg./24 hr. specimen can be measured with a reasonable degree of accuracy and precision.
4. The results with the new method show that the method of Brown et al. (1957b) gives over-estimates of approx. 1 μg. oestrone and 1 μg. oestriol/24 hr. urine specimen when used for the estimation of urinary oestrogens of low titre.
CHROMAFFIN CELLS, MAST CELLS AND MELANIN
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. , HEATH I. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Sections of human skin obtained from a variety of sites and from subjects of different ages have been examined. Mast cells, melanocytes and melanophores have been identified by the use of various staining procedures, but the 'chromaffin cells' reported by Adams-Ray & Nordenstam (1956) and Burch & Phillips (1958) have not been observed. The staining reactions of pressor amine-containing chromaffin cells are reviewed and contrasted with those of the granular cells of the skin.
DIRECTIONAL DIFFERENCES IN THE PERMEABILITY TO WATER OF THE ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER OF THE TOAD, BUFO MARINUS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. If the osmotic gradient is favourable vasopressin increases the rate of water movement across the bladder of the toad from the serosal to the epithelial side, which is the opposite direction to that seen physiologically.
2. Water transfer down an osmotic gradient is 1·8 times more rapid towards the serosal than towards the epithelial side. Vasopressin increases this difference so that water is moving 4·9 times as rapidly to the serosal side. Iodoacetate reduces this effect of vasopressin.
3. If water is moving down an osmotic gradient towards the anode, a higher electric current increases the water movement in the presence, but not in the absence, of vasopressin. If water movement is taking place towards the cathode an increased current has no effect.
4. With vasopressin present, absence of sodium on the epithelial side of the bladder reduces water transfer down an osmotic gradient towards the serosal side, but has no effect on water movement down an osmotic gradient in the opposite direction.
INCREASE OF PLASMA 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS BY CEREBRAL CORTICAL AND AMYGDALOID STIMULATION IN THE CAT
Authors: SETEKLEIV J. , SKAUG O. E. , KAADA B. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Behavioural arousal and fear may be induced by electrical stimulation of the cingulate and the temporo-occipital cortex and the amygdala in the cat. The influence of these regions on the plasma level of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids (17-OHCS) has been studied. To eliminate the possibility that any increase observed was not secondary to arousal or fear caused by environmental factors or the blood sampling, the experiments were carried out under anaesthesia. Increase of the plasma level of the 17-OHCS was produced by stimulation of twenty-five points in the following three regions: (a) the anterior cingulate cortex; (b) the lower portion of the posterior ecto- and suprasylvian gyri of the temporo-occipital cortex, and (c) the amygdala. The increase amounted up to 560% of the control values. The response was obtained during light anaesthesia only. Stimulation of thirty-seven points in other cortical regions and in the internal capsule caused no significant change in the plasma steroid level.