bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of bound and free phenolic acids in oranges (Citrus sinensis) and Grapefruits (Citrus paradisi)
Authors: Peleg Hanna , Naim Michael , Rouseff Russell L , Zehavi Uri 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFree phenolic acids may be the precursors for vinyl phenols and off‐flavours formed in citrus products during storage. Quantitative determination of free and bound phenolic acids in fruit parts of grapefruit (Citrus paradisi Macfadyen) and oranges (Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck) was performed by extraction with ethyl acetate, silica gel column chromatography and HPLC analyses of samples before and after alkaline hydrolysis. The content of free and bound phenolic acids was further determined in juice derived from fruit harvested early, mid and late in season. As found previously for ferulic acid, phenolic acids occur mainly in bound forms in grapefruits and oranges. In both fruits the peels contained the major portion of cinnamic acids compared with the endocarp, and the flavedo was richer in hydroxycinnamic acids than the albedo. In most cases, hydroxycinnamic acid content was in the following order: ferulic acid>sinapic acid>coumaric acid>caffeic acid. Results showed that the content of bound cinnamic acids was unchanged or slightly elevated from early to late season. However, the content of free acids was reduced during that period.
Mulching an ultisol in southern Nigeria: Effects on physical properties and maize and cowpea yields
Authors: Mbagwu Joe S C 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA study carried out for two cropping seasons at Nsukka, southeastern Nigeria, to determine the minimum rate of straw mulch for optimising the physical conditions of the topsoil (0–20 cm depth) of a fragile ultisol and maize (Zea mays L) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L Walp) yields, found that soil water sorptivity, transmissivity, steady state infiltration rate, cumulative infiltration after 90 min and time to attain steady state infiltration were optimal at the 2.0 t ha−1 mulch rate. Also, at this rate of mulching, water retention and per cent water‐stable aggregates > 0.5 mm were maximal whereas soil compaction (measured by dry bulk density) was minimal. Between 2 and 10 days after saturation the surface soil had reductions of 11, 6, 6 and 6% in volumetric water content, respectively, on the control (0), 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0 t ha−1 mulched plots, mainly due to evaporation. Supra‐optimal soil temperatures (> 30°) were observed only on the bare plots whereas no significant differences in maximum soil temperature among the mulched plots were noticed. Maize and cowpea yields were optimal at the 4.0 t ha−1 rate with respective increases over the bare plots of 80 and 67% at this rate.
Evaluation of cotton seed cake as a feed ingredient for fattening sheep
Authors: Kandylis Kostas , Nikokyris Panayiotis , Liamadis Dimitrios , Deligiannis Kostas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe value of cotton seed cake as a source of crude protein in sheep diets was studied. The cotton seed cake was incorporated into diets at levels of 0, 15 and 30% after replacement of soya bean meal and was fed ad libitum to growing lambs. The diets were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isocaloric. Sixteen lambs (8 male and 8 female) having an average liveweight of approximately 13.6 kg were used in each treatment.After being fed for 62 days and having reached a liveweight of approximately 26.7 kg, five male lambs from each treatment were slaughtered and carcass data were collected. Results of the growth trial showed that there were no significant differences in feedlot performance or carcass analysis among the lambs fed these diets. The dressing percentage was slightly higher (P > 0.05) for lambs fed the 15% cotton seed cake compared with the 30% cotton seed cake and control diets. However, the final weights were substantially higher (P < 0.001) and live average daily gains and feed intakes were all higher (P < 0.10) for male animals. It was concluded that cotton seed cake is an acceptable feed ingredient for growing sheep and can satisfactorily replace soya bean meal as a source of protein in ruminant diets, a feedstuff locally produced in Greece and substantially cheaper than the imported soya bean meal.
Determination of extractable and bound condensed tannin concentrations in forage plants, protein concentrate meals and cereal grains
Authors: Terrill T H , Rowan A M , Douglas G B , Barry T N 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA procedure was developed for extraction of ‘free’ condensed tannins (CT) using a mixture of acetone/water/diethyl ether (4.7:2.0:3.3), followed by extraction of protein‐bound and fibre‐bound CT using boiling sodium dodecyl sulphate containing 2‐mercaptoethanol (SDS). CT concentrations in all three fractions were determined by a modified butanol‐HCI procedure. Separate standard curves using purified CT in water or SDS solution were utilised for analysis of extractable CT (water standards) and protein‐bound and fibre‐bound CT (SDS standards). The method accurately predicted the concentration of CT added to forage extracts. CT extractable in acetone/water/diethyl ether comprised, on average. 68% of total CT in a range of freeze dried forage legume samples, with most of the remainder being bound to protein. When total CT concentration was low (0.6‐3.0% DM), a lower proportion was extractable (33‐35%). In protein concentrate meals containing CT, the extractable, protein‐bound and fibre‐bound components comprised 15, 60 and 25% respectively of total CT. Total CT concentration in the forages Lotus corniculatus and Coronilla varia was considered appropriate for ruminant nutrition (2.1 and 3.0% DM). whilst CT concentration in the forage of Dorycnium spp (13–19% DM) was more suitable for soil conservation purposes. The substantial CT concentration in cottonseed meal (1.6% DM) may be involved in the high resistance of proteins in this product to ruminal degradation. CT concentration was indistinguishable from zero in perennial ryegrass forage, in barley and triticale grains and in soya bean meal (0.1% DM).
Antimutagenicity and mutagen‐binding activation of mutagenic pyrolyzates by microorganisms isolated from japanese miso
Authors: Asahara Naomi , Zhang Xue Bin , Ohta Yoshiyuki 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe microbiological flora of miso, a traditional fermented food in Japan, were investigated. Bacteria, a yeast and a mould were isolated and identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides, Micrococcus halobius, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Aspergillus sp. P acidilactici strains were dominant bacteria in miso.The binding and antimutagenic activities of all microbial strains towards mutagenic pyrolysates were investigated. The lyophilised cells of strains of the bacteria and yeast showed the largest antimutagenic effect on 3‐amino‐l‐methyl‐[5H]pyrido[4,3‐b]indole (Trp‐P‐2), but the mould was less antimutagenic than the bacteria and yeast. Most strains tested had no effective antimutagenic activity against 2‐amino‐3‐methyl imidazo[4,5‐f] quinoline (IQ).Trp‐P‐2 was effectively bound by all non‐mould strains but binding of IQ to cells was much less effective. Among the strains tested, Leuconostoc paramesenteroides No 28 indicated the highest binding activity, not only to Trp‐P‐2 but also to IQ (30% binding capacity). As the concentration of Trp‐P‐2 was increased, the limits of binding ability of P acidilactici No 23, Z rouxii No 6 and Aspergillus sp 1 were 650, 500 and 400μg per 5 mg respectively.The binding ability and antimutagenicity for Trp‐P‐2 of all strains was reduced by autoclaving at 100°C for 5 min or 121°C for 15 min, by 6–20% and 7–28%, respectively. Aspergillus sp 1 was unaffected by autoclaving.The binding ability and antimutagenicity of cell walls towards Trp‐P‐2 was very high, being more than 85 YO effective, but it was lower than that of cytoplasm.
Contribution of starch and non‐starch parameters to the eating quality of japanese white salted noodles
Authors: Konik Christine M , Miskelly Diane M , Gras Peter W 
Published: October 2006

AbstractViscograph paste viscosity parameters of starches isolated from 42 wheat varieties were highly correlated with each other and with measures of the quality of the derived Japanese white salted noodles. Better correlations with noodle quality were obtained when measurements of wheat protein and grain hardness (PSI) as well as a starch viscosity parameter were included in the regression equations.
Distribution of chemical constituents in the plant parts of six tropical‐origin forage grasses at early anthesis
Authors: Esechie Humphrey A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe distribution of chemical constituents in the plant parts of six tropical forage grasses at early anthesis was studied. The forage grasses were guinea grass Panicum maximum (Jacq.); angleton grass Dichanthium aristatum (Poir.); gamba grass Andropogon gayanus (Kunth); buffel grass Cenchrus ciliaris (L.); birdwood grass Cenchrus setigerus (Vahl.); and rhodes grass Chloris gayana (Kunth.). Apart from ether extract, which generally decreased from the inflorescence down to the basal culm, and crude fibre, which increased from the inflorescence down to the basal culm, no clear gradient of constituents within the plants could be established for any of the forage grass species.
Preparation and composition of chhana whey powders using membrane processing techniques
Authors: Jindal Anita R , Grandison Alistair S 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChhana is a traditional Indian product used widely in the confectionery industry. It is produced from cow's milk by a combination of heat and acid coagulation. Chhana whey contains about 6% milk solids yet the vast majority is wasted which leads to pollution problems. This study describes the chemical composition and various options for utilisation of chhana whey using membrane processes. Chhana whey powder containing 956 g kg−1 total solids, 750 g kg−1 lactose, 21 g kg−1 protein. 60 g kg−1 fat, 65 g kg−1 ash was produced following concentration of chhana whey by reverse osmosis. Chhana whey protein concentrate powders containing 270, 350, 400 and 580 g kg−1 protein were produced following ultrafiltration or diafiltration of chhana whey.
Nutritive composition of broth from selected bean varieties cooked for various periods
Authors: Lyimo Monica , Mugula Jovin , Elias Theresia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTen bean varieties with white, yellow, red and black seed coats were subjected to cooking regimes of 60, 90 and 120 min on a hot plate. The cooking broth was analysed for total soluble solids, dry matter, protein, tannin, calcium, magnesium, iron and available L‐tyrosine during in‐vitro protein digestion. The results indicated that tannin levels were high in cooking broth from bean varieties with red seed coats compared with broth from those with white and yellow seed coats. Digestibility was higher in white and yellow varieties than in red seed coat bean varieties, suggesting that tannins have a negative effect on bean protein digestibility. All parameters evaluated showed a significant increase with cooking time. Iron occurred in trace amounts and its concentration was not affected by cooking time.
Changes in pigments and phenolics and their relationship with black tea quality
Authors: Mahanta Pradip Kr , Baruah Sabitri 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe pigmentation pattern of tea leaf shoots grown under a canopy and without shade were analysed in order to investigate the effects of some cultural practices on North East Indian made tea quality. The chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents of tea shoots grown in the shade of trees were significantly higher than those from unshaded plots. On the other hand, the lower accumulation of catechins and/or higher pigment contents in shaded plants makes tea less astringent and with better colour and appearance. Furthermore, all the pigment contents, except chlorophyll, were found to be higher in pruned tea leaf than unpruned tea, thus enhancing the quality of made tea.
Dietary fibre: The use of in‐vitro and rat models to predict action on stool output in man
Authors: Edwards Christine A , Adiotomre Joseph , Eastwood Martin A 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn in‐vitro model (fermentation and water holding capacity measurement) and a rat model were compared for their ability to predict the action of dietary fibre on stool output in man. A range of different purified or semipurified fibres were studied: wheat bran, pectin, carboxymethylcellulose, xanthan, guar, karaya, tragacanth and gellan. Using equations derived from previous studies, prediction indices from in‐vitro studies were compared with the effects of these fibres on stool output in rat and man. The rat model was better as a predictor for stool output (r = 0.94, P < 0.005) in man but the log in‐vitro predictive index was significantly correlated with stool output in both rat (r = 0.87, P < 0.02) and man (r = 0.84, P < 0.04).Since in‐vitro methods are less expensive and time consuming than animal studies, the log in‐vitro predictive index may provide a useful pre‐screening device for new dietary fibre sources or detecting changes in the action of dietary fibres during the manufacturing process.
Chemical composition of the shell of apricot seeds
Authors: Cañellas Jaime , Femenia Antoni , Rosselló Carmen , Soler Lourdes 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition of the seed shell of the apricot (Prunus armeniaca) were investigated. Acid and neutral detergent fibres (ADF and NDF) and their fractions—hemicellulose, cellulose and lignin—were determined. The NDF content was about 920 g kg−1 DM. The concentrations of oils, soluble sugars, pectins, polyphenolic compounds, proteins and mineral elements were also determined. None of these fractions was present at levels higher than 25 g kg−1 DM. Essential amino acids comprised 38‐41% of the total amino acids. Potassium (2.44 g kg−1) was the most abundant element, followed by calcium (1.15 g kg−1). Some possible applications for apricot seed shell are considered.
Bimodal distribution of the muscle glycolytic potential in French and Swedish populations of hampshire crossbred pigs
Authors: Fernandez X , Tornberg Eva , Naveau J , Talmant A , Monin G 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe distribution of m longissimus dorsi glycolytic potential (an estimator of resting glycogen content) was studied in two pig populations containing Hampshire blood, one in France and one in Sweden. The glycolytic potential was determined on biopsy samples taken using a shot biopsy technique. Napole yield measurements (NY, an indicator of the technological yield of cured cooked ham processing) were available for a part of the French population. The mean values of glycolytic potential were high in both populations (268 ± 61 and 226 ± 60 μmol g−1 for the Swedish population and the French population, respectively). In both populations, glycolytic potential distribution was markedly bimodal, suggesting that this trait is affected by a major gene. Pigs considered as RN carriers on the basis of the NY value (NY < 91%) had higher glycolytic potential values than those considered as rn+ homozygotes (NY ≥ 91%). The results suggest that the gene affecting the muscle glycolytic potential and the major gene rn+/RN− known to influence meat quality are identical, the dominant allele RN− increasing muscle glycogen content.
Determination of galactomannan (gum) in guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus) by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Hansen Ross W , Byrnes Scott M , Johnson Alan D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method is described for analysis by HPLC of galactomannan (gum) in seed of guar (Cyamopsis tetragonolobus (L) Taub). The dry seed is ground in 950 ml litre−1 ethanol, and free sugars are removed by ethanol extract; the seed residue is hydrolysed with 2 M trifluoracetic acid in a pressure cooker (1 h at ˜ 105 kPa). Hydrolysing the gum in situ avoids the problems common with other techniques of extracting different fractions of gum, each having different mannose: galactose ratios. The method serves as a simple measure of gum contents in guar, and up to 20 samples per day can be processed.
Variations in proanthocyanidins of japanese‐type plums during maturation and storage
Authors: Senter Samuel D. , Forbus William R. , Okie William R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractProanthocyanidins in epicarp and mesocarp tissue of dark‐red‐fleshed (Rubysweet) and yellow‐fleshed (Byrongold) plums remained unchanged during the third stage of fruit development and storage of green and midripe fruit for 6 days at 18 °C, 80% RH. Differences were significant by cultivar and tissue type. Red‐fleshed plums and epicarps of both cultivars contained greater quantities of proanthocyanidins. Degree of polymerization, indicated by vanillin/proanthocyanidin ratios, did not increase in either cultivar with maturity or storage time.
Effect of fermentation and bacterial inoculation on lucerne cell walls
Authors: Jones Beth A. , Hatfield Ronald D. , Muck Richard E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractChanges were found in the cell wall composition of lucerne after ensiling at three different dry matter (DM) contents. The amount of protein associated with cell walls was reduced during ensiling, regardless of inoculation level, by 46–68%, whereas protein associated with the lignin residue was reduced to a lesser extent (< 40%). The effect ofensiling on individual sugars of the cell wall varied. Uronics of the cell wall were decreased by 12% with wilted silages (290 g DM kg–1) but were unchanged in a higher dry matter silage (401 g DM kg–1) and silages with a limited pH change during ensilage. The arabinose and galactose contents, as a fraction of cell walls, decreased (15–24%), increasing glucose and xylose contents proportionally. Inoculation decreased arabinose and galactose contents early in the fermentation when the pH decline was enhanced but final values were not significantly different (P > 0.32). Removal of the sugars from the cell wall appears to be related to pH because silages with little pH change had no change in the cell wall sugars and inoculation reduced the cell wall sugars only after silage pH declined.
Effect of short‐term storage on phenolic content, o‐diphenolase and peroxidase activities of cut yam tubers (Dioscorea sp)
Authors: Asemota Helen N. , Wellington Max A. , Odutuga Adewale A. , Ahmad Mohammed H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of short‐term storage on the protein, phosphorus and phenolic content as well as peroxidase and o‐diphenolase activities of cut, harvested Jamaican yam (Dioscorea sp) tubers (D rotundata. D alata and D cayenensis) was studied. There was an initial increase in the total phenolic content up to the third week of storage followed by a gradual decrease to the sixth week. Phenolic content was found to be highest in D cayenensis followed by D rotundata and D alata. The activities of peroxidase (EC 1. 11. 1. 7) and o‐diphenolase (EC 1. 10.3.1) increased steadily up to the third week of storage and thereafter decreased to the fifth week. The intensity and rapidity of browning in tubers when cut, correlated very closely with the tuber o‐diphenolase and phenolic content levels while the onset of rotting correlated with the peroxidase activity levels in the species studied.
Physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of Japanese‐type plums grown in Georgia and Alabama
Authors: Robertson James A. , Meredith Filmore I. , Senter Samuel D. , Okie William R. , Norton Joseph D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of 15 plum cultivars and selections grown at Byron, GA and Clanton, AL in 1989 and 1990 were investigated. Selection BY68‐1262 produced significantly larger fruit than the other plum cultivars and selections evaluated followed by ‘AU‐Rubrum’ and ‘Rubysweet’. ‘Methley’ fruit was the smallest. Hue angle (0) values ranged from 105° for ‘Byrongold’, a yellow‐skin cultivar, to 6° for BY68‐1262, a deep‐purple skin selection. Average firmness of the maturity 2 plums was 25 N. Mean chemical compositions for all cultivars were as follows: soluble solids—127g kg−1; acidity—174.4 g kg−1; soluble solids to acidity ratio—7.4, and total sugar content—96 g kg−1. Hedonic scores and ‘just right’ percentages showed that panelists preferred ‘Rubysweet’ and ‘Segundo’ plums harvested in 1989 and BY7407–6, ‘AU‐Amber’ and BY68‐98 plums harvested in 1990. ‘AU‐Producer’ had the lowest hedonic score. ‘Robusto’ and ‘AU‐Rosa’ had the highest mean peel bitterness rating.
Effects of pH and sodium ions on NaHCO3 extractable phosphate in calcareous/sodic soils
Authors: Rimmer David L. , Hamad Muawia E. , Keith Syers J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOne calcareous and one sodic soil were treated with solutions of either sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) or sodium perchlorate (NaCIO4) to increase their sodium (Na) saturation before extracting with sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) to measure the recovery of native plus added phosphate (P). The Na2CO3 additions also increased pH, and by comparing with the NaCIO4 treatments, it was possible to separate the effects of added Na and pH on extractable P. For the calcareous soil both added Na and increased pH led to increases in the amount of NaHCO3‐extractable P. For the sodic soil the amount of extractable P was mainly affected by pH, with little, if any, effect of the added Na. The suitability of the Olsen test for soil P for Na‐affected soils is discussed.
Effect of cysteine and ribose on the volatile thermal degradation products of a triglyceride and three phospholipids
Authors: Farmer Linda J. , Mottram Donald S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of the Maillard reaction on the volatile products of the degradation of lipids was investigated using an aqueous model system. This paper reports the changes in amounts of selected aliphatic oxidation products formed when beef triglyceride, beef phospholipid, egg phosphatidylcholine and egg phosphatidylethanolamine were heated with cysteine and ribose. The thermal degradation products of these lipids were modified considerably in the presence of cysteine and ribose. The most pronounced alteration was a reduction in the amounts of aldehydes detected, especially unsaturated aldehydes. However, this does not appear to constitute an overall antioxidative effect as ketones. also derived from the oxidation of lipid, showed little change. The 1‐alcohols and 2‐alkylfurans were increased when cysteine and ribose were heated with phosphatidylcholine, but not with the other lipids. While the effect on alcohols and furans is not fully understood, the depletion of aldehydes is thought to be caused by reactions with the amino or thiol groups of the amino acid. Reactions with amino groups are also believed responsible for the lower levels of unsaturated aldehydes formed from phospholipids containing the ethanolamine moiety.
Effects of catecholamines and of tetanic contraction in perfused isolated rabbit muscle on the rate of metabolism after the cessation of perfusion
Authors: Monin G. , Miri A. , Rodet Laurence , Talmant A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe respective influences of tetanic contractions and of high levels of circulating catecholamines on per‐mortem and post‐mortem muscle metabolism were investigated using perfused isolated muscles of rabbits. In this model, death was simulated by cutting off the oxygen supply to the muscle (end of perfusion). The pH and ATP and phosphocreatine contents of muscle tissue were measured at time intervals before and after perfusion. The pH values were affected by catecholamine treatment. Neither ATP nor phosphocreatine level was significantly affected by any treatment.