bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lifestyle Intervention in Obese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: Impact of the Patient's Educational Background
Authors: Gurka Matthew J. , Wolf Anne M. , Conaway Mark R. , Crowther Jayne Q. , Nadler Jerry L. , Bovbjerg Viktor E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine whether people with different educational backgrounds respond differently to a lifestyle intervention program for obese patients with type 2 diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: The study consisted of a 12‐month randomized controlled trial of 147 health plan members with type 2 diabetes who were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 27 kg/m2). Participants were randomized to lifestyle case management or usual care. Case management (CM) involved group and individual education, support, and referral by registered dietitians. Usual care (UC) participants received educational material. Both groups received ongoing primary care. A post hoc analysis was performed, evaluating the impact of education level on intervention group differences with respect to change in weight and waist circumference.Results: There was a significant education by group interaction for both changes in weight (p = 0.02) and waist circumference (p = 0.01) during the study period. Contrary to expectations, CM participants with less formal education had greater risk reductions compared with more educated participants. Models predicted that, by 12 months, those with less education in the UC group gained 1.71 kg more in weight and 3.67 cm more in waist circumference than those with greater education. However, by 12 months, those in the CM group with less education lost a model‐predicted 3.30 kg more in weight and 4.95 cm more in waist circumference than those with more formal education.Discussion: People with varied educational backgrounds may respond differently to a lifestyle intervention for weight management and diabetes control.
Energy Restriction with Different Protein Quantities and Source: Implications for Innate Immunity
Authors: McFarlin Brian K. , Flynn Michael G. , Mahon Anne K. , Stewart Laura K. , Timmerman Kyle L. , Lyle Roseann M. , Campbell Wayne W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Physical age, energy restriction (ER), and weight loss have been reported to suppress indices of innate immunity, which may increase the risk of illness. To evaluate these interactions, we recruited older, postmenopausal women (50 to 80 years) to fill one of the following 9‐week ER (1250 kcal/d) groups: beef [n = 14; reported intakes 46% carbohydrate (CHO):24% protein (PRO):30% fat], chicken (n = 15; 51% CHO:25% PRO:24% fat), or CHO (n = 14; 59% CHO:17% PRO:24% fat), or a non‐intervention control (n = 11).Research Methods and Procedures: Fasting blood was collected before and after ER to determine leukocyte phenotype, neutrophil oxidative burst capacity, natural killer cell activity, stimulated interleukin‐2 and interferon‐γ production, and blood zinc and iron concentrations.Results: No significant effects of ER (8.6% weight loss) or PRO quantity and source were found for the majority of indices of innate immunity. Small but significant (p < 0.05) declines in interleukin‐2 production were found in the chicken and CHO groups only; however, the clinical significance of this finding is not known.Discussion: In the present study, 9 weeks of moderate ER did not suppress immunity in postmenopausal women. Also, contrary to our hypothesis, differential zinc and iron intakes did not significantly alter immunity.
Changes in Food Cravings during Low‐Calorie and Very‐Low‐Calorie Diets
Authors: Martin Corby K. , O'Neil Patrick M. , Pawlow Laura 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study examined food cravings during a primarily food‐based low‐calorie diet (LCD) and a supplement‐based very‐LCD (VLCD).Research Methods and Procedures: The Food Craving Inventory (FCI) was used to measure general cravings and cravings for specific types of foods (sweets, high fats, carbohydrates/starches, and fast food fats). The FCI was completed by participants in the LCD and VLCD programs at baseline and after 11 weeks of dieting. The VLCD group also completed the FCI at Week 6 and after 5 weeks of a refeeding phase, when their diet consisted primarily of solid food.Results: From baseline to Week 12, craving decreases were greater for the VLCD group than for the LCD group on all measures. All craving measures decreased significantly for the VLCD group. The LCD group experienced a marginally significant decrease in sweet cravings. Within the VLCD group, all craving measures decreased significantly by Week 6 and did not change thereafter, including after resumption of solid food intake, and craving scores during all dieting points were lower than baseline. Changes in cravings were not related to weight loss.Discussion: Cravings did not increase during either diet; all changes represented decreases. Compared with a primarily food‐based diet (LCD), a more restrictive supplement‐based diet (VLCD) resulted in significantly larger decreases in food cravings that occurred by the end of the 5th week of supplement use and did not rebound with resumption of solid food intake. The results of this study suggest that food cravings diminish with calorie restriction.
Two‐Year Internet‐Based Randomized Controlled Trial for Weight Loss in African‐American Girls
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Walden Heather M. , White Marney A. , York‐Crowe Emily , Newton Robert L. , Alfonso Anthony , Gordon Stewart , Ryan Donna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: A randomized controlled trial tested the efficacy of an internet‐based lifestyle behavior modification program for African‐American girls over a 2‐year period of intervention.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐seven overweight (mean BMI percentile, 98.3) African‐American girls (mean age, 13.2 years) were randomly assigned to an interactive behavioral internet program or an internet health education program, the control condition. Overweight parents were also participants in the study. Forty adolescent‐parent dyads (70%) completed the 2‐year trial. Outcome data including BMI, body weight, body composition, and weight loss behaviors were collected at baseline and at 6‐month intervals. A computer server tracked use of the web sites.Results: An intention‐to‐treat statistical approach was used, with the last observation carried forward. In comparison with the control condition, adolescents in the behavioral program lost more mean body fat (BF) (−1.12 ± 0.47% vs. 0.43 ± 0.47% BF, p < 0.05), and parents in the behavioral program lost significantly more mean body weight (−2.43 ± 0.66 vs. −0.35 ± 0.64 kg, p < 0.05) during the first 6 months. This weight loss was regained over the next 18 months. After 2 years, differences in fat for adolescents (−0.08 ± 0.71% vs. 0.84 ± 0.72% BF) and weight for parents (−1.1 ± 0.91 vs. −0.60 ± 0.89 kg) did not differ between the behavioral and control programs.Discussion: An internet‐based weight management program for African‐American adolescent girls and their parents resulted in weight loss during the first 6 months but did not yield long‐term loss due to reduced use of the web site over time.
Fasting‐based Estimates of Insulin Sensitivity in Overweight and Obesity: A Critical Appraisal
Authors: Ruige Johannes B. , Mertens Ilse L. , Bartholomeeusen Ellen , Dirinck Eveline , Ferrannini Ele , Van Gaal Luc F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To identify simple methods to estimate the degree of insulin resistance.Research Methods and Procedures: The performance of a wide range of fasting‐based index estimates of insulin sensitivity was compared by receiver operating characteristic analysis (area under curves and their 95% confidence intervals) against the M value from euglycemic insulin clamp studies collected in the San Antonio (non‐Hispanic whites and Hispanic residents of San Antonio, TX) and European Group for the Study of Insulin Resistance (non‐diabetic white Europeans) databases (n = 638).Results: Insulin resistance differed substantially between lean (BMI < 25 kg/m2), overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2), and type 2 diabetic individuals. Estimates of insulin resistance were, therefore, assessed in each group separately. In the overweight and obese subgroup (n = 302), the receiver operating characteristic performance of fasting‐based indices varied from 0.72 (0.62 to 0.82), in the case of the insulin/glucose ratio, to 0.80 (0.72 to 0.88) in the case of Belfiore free fatty acids. One superior method could not be identified; the confidence intervals overlapped, and no statistically significant differences emerged. All indices performed better when using the whole study population, with fasting plasma insulin, homeostatic model assessment, insulin/glucose ratio, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, glucose/insulin ratio, Belfiore glycemia, revised quantitative insulin sensitivity check index, McAuley index, and Belfiore free fatty acids showing area under curves of 0.83, 0.90, 0.66, 0.90, 0.66, 0.90, 0.85, 0.83, and 0.86, respectively, because of the inclusion of very insulin sensitive (lean) and very insulin resistant cases (diabetic subjects).Discussion: In conclusion, a superior fasting‐based index estimate to distinguish between the presence and absence of insulin resistance in overweight and obesity could not be identified despite the use of the large datasets.
BMI Modifies Associations of IL‐6 Genotypes with Insulin Resistance: The Framingham Study
Authors: Herbert Alan , Liu Chunyu , Karamohamed Samer , Liu Jun , Manning Alisa , Fox Caroline S. , Meigs James B. , Cupples L. Adrienne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The −174 interleukin (IL)‐6 gene polymorphism has been proposed as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes, but data are conflicting. Because white fat is a major source of IL‐6 in resting individuals, we tested the hypothesis that BMI modifies the association among the IL‐6 genotype, insulin resistance (IR) (measured using the homeostasis model), and risk of diabetes.Research Methods and Procedures: Outcomes were assessed in a community‐based cohort study of 1525 adults (mean age, 55.6 years; 753 men), who participated in the Framingham Offspring Study during the 1991 to 1995 examinations.Results: We found a significant interaction between IL‐6 genotype and BMI on levels of IR in men (p < 0.0001), with obese homozygotes for the minor C allele being most resistant. The IL‐6‐BMI interaction was not significant (p = 0.46) in women. Among men with the CC genotype, increasing BMI was associated with increased prevalence of diabetes [odds ratio (OR) per unit increase in BMI, 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.11 to 1.50] but not among those with the GG (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.22) or GC genotype (OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.14).Discussion: The −174 IL‐6 promoter polymorphism modifies the association of obesity with IR and diabetes risk in men. Weight loss regimens targeted at reducing the risk of diabetes may be of particular benefit for men with a −174 IL‐6 CC genotype.
Midlife Obesity and Long‐Term Risk of Nursing Home Admission
Authors: Elkins Jacob S. , Whitmer Rachel A. , Sidney Stephen , Sorel Mike , Yaffe Kristine , Johnston S. Claiborne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is a growing problem among middle‐aged individuals. We investigated whether obesity in middle‐aged individuals influences the need for future nursing home care and whether the risk of nursing home admission associated with obesity is greater in whites than in blacks.Research Methods and Procedures: The study population (N = 8804) consisted of long‐term members of the Kaiser Permanente Medical Care Plan ages 75 to 85 years in 1995 who had completed a standardized, multiphasic health checkup while in their 50s. The multiphasic health checkup examinations were performed as part of routine medical care between the years 1964 and 1973 and included standardized measurements of BMI. We used health plan records to assess incident nursing home admissions from 1995 to 2002. The risk of nursing home admission associated with standard categories of midlife BMI was estimated using Cox proportional hazard analysis.Results: During an average follow‐up of 5.1 years, the nursing home admission rate was 6.8 per 100 person‐years of observation. After adjustment for comorbidities, midlife obesity predicted incident nursing home admission ∼25 years later [hazard ratio (HR), 1.30; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15 to 1.46; p < 0.001]. Overweight BMI at midlife was not associated with future nursing home admission (HR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.97 to 1.14; p = 0.23). The risk of nursing home admission associated with midlife obesity was higher in whites (HR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.17 to 1.54; p < 0.001) than in blacks (HR 1.15; 95% CI, 0.87 to 1.52; p = 0.32), but the difference between races was not significant (p for interaction = 0.65).Discussion: Obesity among middle‐aged individuals is associated with an increased risk of nursing home admission in late life and may be an important target for reducing the future societal burden of nursing home care.
Night Eating: Prevalence and Demographic Correlates
Authors: Striegel‐Moore Ruth H. , Franko Debra L. , Thompson Douglas , Affenito Sandra , Kraemer Helena C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the prevalence and correlates of night eating, the core behavioral symptom of night eating syndrome among adolescents and adults, using two public access survey databases of nationally representative samples.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were extracted for individuals age 13 years or older who completed food diary data for the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey III (N = 18, 407) or the Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (N = 10, 741). Prevalence estimates were calculated for three commonly used definitions of night eating. Logistic regression was used to examine correlates of night eating: type of day, season, gender, age, race/ethnicity, and BMI or obesity.Results: With few exceptions, findings were similar in the two surveys. Night eating is most common during the weekend; prevalence is greatest among young adults (18 to 30 years of age) and least common among individuals age 65 years or older; and is not associated with BMI or obesity. Gender or ethnicity effects were not found to be stable across surveys.Discussion: Experts need to consider type of day, age group, and possibly gender and race/ethnicity when examining population differences in night eating. Longitudinal studies are needed to further examine the link between night eating and obesity.
The Promoter Region of the Adiponectin Gene Is a Determinant in Modulating Insulin Sensitivity in Childhood Obesity
Authors: Petrone Antonio , Zavarella Sara , Caiazzo Assunta , Leto Gaetano , Spoletini Marialuisa , Potenziani Stella , Osborn John , Vania Andrea , Buzzetti Raffaella 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe investigated the association of the −11,391G>A, −11,377G>C, +45T>G, and +276G>T adiponectin single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and expected haplotypes with the insulin resistance (IR) state in overweight/obese children; by using the haplotype background analysis, we also assessed the effect of each SNP independently. GG genotype at the −11,391 locus was associated with higher fasting insulin levels and homeostasis model assessment‐IR index and lower adiponectin levels compared with GA + AA genotypes (p = 0.01, 0.002, and 0.03, respectively). Those heterozygous and homozygous for G allele at the −11,377 locus showed higher fasting glucose (p = 0.001 for both), fasting insulin (p = 0.001 for both), homeostasis model assessment‐IR index (p < 0.001 for both), and triglyceride levels (p = 0.02 and 0.03, respectively) and lower adiponectin levels (p = 0.002 and 0.02, respectively) compared with C homozygotes. The +45G carriers showed higher fasting and 2‐hour glucose levels (p = 0.01 for both) and lower adiponectin levels (p = 0.02) compared with non‐carriers. Haplotype analysis suggested that, considering the same haplotypic background, each of the three polymorphisms exerted an independent effect on investigated parameters. The −11,391G>A, −11,377C>G, and +45T>G SNPs are associated with IR syndrome in overweight/obese children; they independently influence the investigated variables. The effect of +45T>G SNP seems to be marginal compared with the promoter SNPs. The GGT haplotype is associated with the highest degree of IR.
11β‐Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 in Adipose Tissue and Prospective Changes in Body Weight and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Koska Juraj , De Courten Barbora , Wake Deborah J. , Nair Saraswathy , Walker Brian R. , Bunt Joy C. , Permana Paska A. , Lindsay Robert S. , Tataranni P. Antonio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Increased mRNA and activity levels of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11βHSD1) in human adipose tissue (AT) are associated with obesity and insulin resistance. The aim of our study was to investigate whether 11βHSD1 expression or activity in abdominal subcutaneous AT of non‐diabetic subjects are associated with subsequent changes in body weight and insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR)].Research Methods and Procedures: Prospective analyses were performed in 20 subjects (two whites and 18 Pima Indians) who had baseline measurements of 11βHSD1 mRNA and activity in whole AT (follow‐up, 0.3 to 4.9 years) and in 47 Pima Indians who had baseline assessments of 11βHSD1 mRNA in isolated adipocytes (follow‐up, 0.8 to 5.3 years).Results: In whole AT, although 11βHSD1 mRNA levels showed positive associations with changes in weight and HOMA‐IR, 11βHSD1 activity was associated with changes in HOMA‐IR but not in body weight. 11βHSD1 mRNA levels in isolated adipocytes were not associated with follow‐up changes in any of the anthropometric or metabolic variables.Discussion: Our results indicate that increased expression of 11βHSD1 in subcutaneous abdominal AT may contribute to risk of worsening obesity and insulin resistance. This prospective relationship does not seem to be mediated by increased 11βHSD1 expression in adipocytes.
Thermoregulatory Control of Feeding and Sleep in Premature Infants
Authors: Chardon Karen , Cardot Virginie , Léké André , Delanaud Stéphane , Bach Véronique , Dewasmes Gérard , Telliez Frédéric 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of the present study was to test the thermoregulatory feeding control hypothesis in sleeping, premature infants.Research Methods and Procedures: In premature infants, the energy supply from food intake is crucial for (in order of importance): organ operation, body homeothermia, and optimal growth. The Himms‐Hagen model of thermoregulatory feeding control involving activation of heat production by brown adipose tissue (BAT) was formulated on the basis of work in (awake) rats. This hypothesis has also been put forward for the human neonate, which can also use BAT to produce metabolic heat. According to the model, feeding episodes occur during a transient increase in body temperature. Feeding is initiated by a dip in blood glucose concentration after sugar uptake by activated BAT.Results: In 14 neonates (bottle‐fed on demand), food intake always took place during an increase in skin temperature (+0.19 ± 0.21 °C). Awakening occurred 18 ± 17 minutes after the minimum skin temperature level had been reached. When feeding time was imposed, feeding was not necessarily situated during an increase in skin temperature, and the sleep duration after food intake increased significantly (+43%). This could be considered as an adaptive response to the short‐term sleep deprivation and/or stress elicited by an imposed feeding rhythm.Discussion: The validity of the model supports the use of on‐demand feeding in neonatal care units, in accordance with the infant's physiological body temperature oscillations.
Hip‐Hop to Health Jr. for Latino Preschool Children
Authors: Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Stolley Melinda R. , Schiffer Linda , Van Horn Linda , KauferChristoffel Katherine , Dyer Alan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Hip‐Hop to Health Jr. was a diet/physical activity intervention designed to reduce gains in BMI (kilograms per meter squared) in preschool minority children.Research Methods and Procedures: Twelve predominantly Latino Head Start centers participated in a group‐randomized trial conducted between Fall 2001 and Winter 2003. Six centers were randomized to a culturally proficient 14‐week (three times weekly) diet/physical activity intervention. Parents participated by completing weekly homework assignments. The children in the other six centers received a general health intervention that did not address either diet or physical activity. The primary outcome was change in BMI, and secondary outcomes were changes in dietary intake and physical activity. Measures were collected at baseline, post‐intervention, and at Years 1 and 2 follow‐up.Results: There were no significant differences between intervention and control schools in either primary or secondary outcomes at post‐intervention, Year 1, or Year 2 follow‐ups.Discussion: When Hip‐Hop to Health Jr. was conducted in predominantly black Head Start centers, it was effective in reducing subsequent increases in BMI in preschool children. In contrast, when the program was conducted in Latino centers, it was not effective. Although the intervention did not prevent excessive weight gain in Latino children, it was very well received. Future interventions with this population may require further cultural tailoring and a more robust parent intervention.
Maternal Corticotropin‐Releasing Hormone Levels during Pregnancy and Offspring Adiposity
Authors: Gillman Matthew W. , Rich‐Edwards Janet W. , Huh Susanna , Majzoub Joseph A. , Oken Emily , Taveras Elsie M. , Rifas‐Shiman Sheryl L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Animal models suggest that fetal exposure to glucocorticoids can program adiposity, especially central adiposity, later in life. We examined associations of maternal corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) levels in the late 2nd trimester of pregnancy, a marker of fetal glucocorticoid exposure, with child adiposity at age 3 years.Research Methods and Procedures: We analyzed data from 199 participants in Project Viva, a prospective cohort study of pregnant women and their children, At age 3 years, the main outcomes were age‐sex‐specific BMI z score and the sum of subscapular (SS) and triceps (TR) skinfold thicknesses to represent overall adiposity, and ratio of SS to TR (SS:TR) to represent central adiposity.Results: Mean (standard deviation) maternal 2nd trimester log CRH was 4.94 (0.56) pg/mL. At age 3, mean (standard deviation) for BMI z score was 0.52 (1.02); for SS + TR, 16.51 (3.94) mm; and for SS:TR, 0.67 (0.17). Log CRH was mildly inversely correlated with birth weight (r = −0.08), chiefly because of its association with length of gestation (r = −0.21) rather than fetal growth (r = −0.004). After adjustment for sociodemographic factors, maternal smoking, BMI, and gestational weight gain, fetal growth, length of gestation, breastfeeding duration, and (for SS:TR only) child's 3‐year BMI, each increment of 1 unit of log CRH was associated with a reduction in BMI z score [−0.43; 95% confidence interval (CI), −0.73, −0.14; p = 0.004] and possible reduction in SS + TR (−1.10; 95% CI, −2.33, 0.14; p = 0.08). In contrast, log CRH was associated with higher SS:TR (0.07; 95% CI, 0.02, 0.13; p = 0.007).Discussion: Fetal exposure to glucocorticoids, although associated with an overall decrease in body size, may cause an increase in central adiposity.