bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can the Weak Defeat the Strong? Mao's Evolving Approach to Asymmetric Warfare in Yan'an
Authors: Bingham Kennedy Andrew 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMao's confidence in military confrontations with more powerful adversaries continues to inspire Chinese strategists more than half a century later. This article explores the origins and development of Mao's thinking in this regard, focusing particularly on his years in Yan'an. Drawing on newly available sources, the analysis stresses the importance of experience, as opposed to ideology, in the development of Mao's martial confidence. For much of his time in Yan'an Mao was relatively circumspect in his military ambitions. Yet towards the end of this period his confidence rose considerably after successes against the KMT offensive in 1946. In short, Mao's martial confidence did not spring fully formed from his ideological convictions but emerged over time.
Bloodstream yeast infections: a 15-month survey
Authors: SWINNE D. , NOLARD N. , VAN ROOIJ P. , DETANDT M. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYA 15-month survey of 412 bloodstream yeast isolates from 54 Belgian hospitals was undertaken. Candida albicans was the most common species (47·3%) followed by C. glabrata (25·7%), C. parapsilosis (8·0%), C. tropicalis (6·8%) and Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5·1%). Common predisposing factors were antibacterial therapy (45%), hospitalization in intensive care units (34%), presence of in-dwelling catheters (32%), underlying cancer (23%) and major surgery (11%). Most patients had more than one predisposing factor. Fluconazole alone or in combination with another antifungal agent was the treatment of choice for 86·6% of the cases. Susceptibility testing revealed that 93·5% were susceptible to amphotericin B, 39·6% to itraconazole, 42·8% to fluconazole and 87% to voriconazole. Resistance to azoles was more common among C. glabrata isolates.
Markov modelling of HIV infection evolution in the HAART era
Authors: BINQUET C. , Le TEUFF G. , ABRAHAMOVICZ M. , MAHBOUBI A. , YAZDANPANAH Y. , REY D. , RABAUD C. , CHIROUZE C. , BERGER J. L. , FALLER J. P. , CHAVANET P. , QUANTIN C. , PIROTH L. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThe aim was to investigate the impact of the main prognostic factors on HIV evolution. A multi-state Markov model was applied in a cohort of 2126 patients to estimate impact of these factors on patients' clinical and immunological evolutions. Clinical progression and immunological deterioration shared most of their prognostic factors: male gender, intravenous drug use, weight loss, low haemoglobin level (<110 g/l), CD8 cell count (<500/mm3) and HIV viral load (>5 log10copies/ml). Highly active retroviral therapy reduced the risks of clinical progression and immune deterioration whatever patients' CD4 cell count. Risk reductions were 41–60% for protease inhibitor-based and 27–68% for non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor-based regimens. Three-year transition probabilities showed that only patients with a CD4 cell count ⩾350 CD4/mm3could in most cases maintain their immunity. This model provides ‘real life’ transition probabilities from one immunological stage to another, allowing decision analyses that could help determine the beneficial therapeutic strategies for HIV-infected patients.
Impact of insecticide interventions on the abundance and resistance profile of Aedes aegypti
Authors: LUZ P. M. , CODEÇO C. T. , MEDLOCK J. , STRUCHINER C. J. , VALLE D. , GALVANI A. P. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYInsecticide-based vector control is the primary strategy for curtailing dengue transmission. We used a mathematical model of the seasonal population dynamics of the dengue mosquito vector, Aedes aegypti, both to assess the effectiveness of insecticide interventions on reducing adult mosquito abundance and to predict evolutionary trajectories of insecticide resistance. We evaluated interventions that target larvae, adults, or both. We found that larval control and adult control using ultra-low-volume insecticide applications can reduce adult mosquito abundance with effectiveness that depends on the frequency of applications. We also found that year-long continuous larval control and adult control, using either insecticide treatment of surfaces and materials or lethal ovitraps, imposed the greatest selection for resistance. We demonstrated that combined targeting of larvae and adults at the start of the dengue season is optimal. This intervention contrasts with year-long continuous larval control policies adopted in settings in which dengue transmission occurs.
Human bocavirus respiratory infections in children
Authors: GAGLIARDI T. B. , IWAMOTO M. A. , PAULA F. E. , PROENÇA-MODENA J. L. , SARANZO A. M. , CRIADO M. F. , ACRANI G. O. , CAMARA A. A. , CINTRA O. A. L. , ARRUDA E. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYHuman bocavirus (HBoV) was recently identified in respiratory samples from patients with acute respiratory infections and has been reported in different regions of the world. To the best of our knowledge, HBoV has never been reported in respiratory infections in Brazil. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were collected from patients aged <5 years hospitalized in 2005 with respiratory infections in Ribeirão Preto, southeast Brazil, and tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for HBoV. HBoV-positive samples were further tested by PCR for human respiratory syncytial virus, human metapneumovirus, human coronaviruses 229E and OC43, human influenza viruses A and B, human parainfluenza viruses 1, 2 and 3, human rhinovirus and human adenovirus. HBoV was detected in 26/248 (10·5%) children of which 21 (81%) also tested positive for other respiratory viruses. Despite the high rates of co-infections, no significant differences were found between HBoV-positive patients with and without co-infections with regard to symptoms.
Dietary patterns among a national sample of British children aged 1½ – 4½; years
Authors: Pryer Jane A , Rogers Stephen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjectiveUsing a nationally representative sample, to identify groups among British children aged 1½; – 4½; years who report similar patterns of diet.DesignNationally representative dietary survey, using 4 d weighed dietary records, of girls and boys aged 1½; – 4½; years living in private households in Great Britain in 1992–1993. Cluster analysis was used to aggregate individuals into diet groups.SettingGreat Britain.ParticipantsEight hundred and forty-eight boys and 827 girls.ResultsThree clusters were identified for girls and three for boys. Among boys the most prevalent cluster was ‘Healthy Diet’ (52·3 %), the second was ‘Convenience Diet’ (38·3 %) and the third was ‘Traditional Diet’ (9·3 %). Among girls, the most prevalent dietary cluster was ‘Healthy Diet’ (58·7 %), followed by a ‘Convenience Diet’ (36·6 %) and ‘Traditional Diet’ (4·3 %). There were important differences in nutrient profile, sociodemographic and behavioural characteristics between clusters.ConclusionsCluster analysis identified three groups among both girls and boys which differed not only in terms of reported dietary intake, but also with respect to nutrient intake, social and behavioural characteristics. The groups identified could provide a useful basis for the development, monitoring and targeting of public health nutrition policy for pre-school children in the UK. Further research is needed on the consequences for chronic disease in the future for these children.
Justification Not by Faith Alone: Clergy Generating Trust and Certainty by Revealing Thought
Authors: Djupe Paul A. , Calfano Brian R. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWhile our intuition is that religious elites influence the political behavior of their audiences, just how that influence takes place is essentially unknown. Among many possible mechanisms, we investigate a new one: the effects of the decision-making process information that is included in elite statements. We believe that “process cues” paralleling those preferred by respondents bolster trust in the source and augment the ability to form determined attitudes. We test this proposition in the context of a survey experiment that focuses on environmental racism. We present competing arguments provided by a reverend and a professor, variably assigning the arguments and presence of elite process cues. We find that process cues do affect trust and attitudinal ambivalence, but in ways that challenge some pervasive assumptions about the integrity and importance of religious groups in politics.
Structure-based design of novel pyrazoles as aurora kinase A inhibitors.
Authors: Coumar Mohane , Shukla Paritosh , Kumar Dixit Ajay , Leou Jiun-Shyang , Hsu John , Wu Su-Ying , Hsieh Hsing-Pang 
Published: January 2009

AbstractInhibition of Aurora kinase, a member of serine/threonine kinase involved in the regulation of cell division is emerging as a new molecular targeted cancer treatment option. Three isoforms of Aurora kinase, A, B and C are known. Both Aurora A and B are over expressed in many human cancers and are linked to chromosome instability, oncogenic transformation, tumour progression and development of chemoresistance. Inhibitors of Aurora kinase, regardless of their kinase specificity spectrum have shown to promote cancer cell death by induction of apoptosis and mitotic catastrophe. Based on the current success of Aurora kinase inhibitors in the development of kinase-based cancer therapy, we have initiated a structure-based virtual screening for the identification of Aurora kinase inhibitors by using published aurora protein structure (PDB code:1MQ4). Small molecule and natural product compound libraries were docked into the active site/ATP binding site using the programs Gold 3.0 and Glide 4.5. A total of six compounds were identified with high priority scores through this method to possess Aurora A inhibition. One of the virtual screen (VS) hit, BPR1K0025S0 was synthesised in 3 steps and found to have Aurora A IC50~15 M and x-ray co-crystal structure in complex with the aurora protein was solved for this compound. Based on the binding mode of this compound to Aurora A protein, further modification in the ester part was envisaged and a total of around 40 compounds were synthesised. Many of them possessed enhanced activity level compared to the original hit. Of particular interest is the aniline series of compounds, which showed submicromolar activity in the enzyme based Aurora inhibition assay. Thus a forty-fold improvement in activity for BPR1K0269S0 was achieved from the initial virtual screen hit BPR1K0025S0.
The ABC transporter MsbA interacts with lipid A and amphipathic drugs at different sites
Authors: Siarheyeva Alena , Sharom Frances J. 
Published: January 2009

MsbA is an essential ABC (ATP-binding cassette) transporter involved in lipid A transport across the cytoplasmic membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. The protein has also been linked to efflux of amphipathic drugs. Purified wild-type MsbA was labelled stoichiometrically with the fluorescent probe MIANS [2-(4′-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid] on C315, which is located within the intracellular domain connecting transmembrane helix 6 and the nucleotide-binding domain. MsbA–MIANS displayed high ATPase activity, and its folding and stability were unchanged. The initial rate of MsbA labelling by MIANS was reduced in the presence of amphipathic drugs, suggesting that binding of these compounds alters the protein conformation. The fluorescence of MsbA–MIANS was saturably quenched by nucleotides, lipid A and various drugs, and estimates of the Kd values for binding fell in the range of 0.35–10 μM. Lipid A and daunorubicin were able to bind to MsbA–MIANS simultaneously, implying that they occupy different binding sites. The effects of nucleotide and lipid A/daunorubicin binding were additive, and binding was not ordered. The Kd of MsbA for binding lipid A was substantially decreased when the daunorubicin binding site was occupied first, and prior binding of nucleotide also modulated lipid A binding affinity. These results indicate that MsbA contains two substrate-binding sites that communicate with both the nucleotide-binding domain and with each other. One is a high affinity binding site for the physiological substrate, lipid A, and the other site interacts with drugs with comparable affinity. Thus MsbA may function as both a lipid flippase and a multidrug transporter.
The recruitment of Atlantic salmon in Europe
Authors: Friedland Kevin D. , MacLean Julian C. , Hansen Lars P. , Peyronnet Arnaud J. , Karlsson Lars , Reddin David G. , Ó Maoiléidigh Niall , McCarthy Jennifer L. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
Friedland, K. D., MacLean, J. C., Hansen, L. P., Peyronnet, A. J., Karlsson, L., Reddin, D. G., Ó Maoiléidigh, N., and McCarthy, J. L. 2009. The recruitment of Atlantic salmon in Europe. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 289–304. The stock complex of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in Europe has experienced a multidecadal decline in recruitment, resulting in the lowest stock abundances observed since 1970. Here, physical forcing, biological interactions, and the resultant growth response of post-smolt salmon are examined with a view to understanding the mechanism controlling recruitment. Sea surface temperature (SST) has increased in the Northeast Atlantic, with the pattern and seasonal change in SST negatively correlated with post-smolt survival during summer and in a region that spatially matches the post-smolt nursery. Constituents of the pelagic foodweb, including potential post-smolt food and plankton that may affect post-smolt forage, have changed on a decadal scale and correlate with salmon survival. Retrospective growth analyses of eight stock/sea age components show that post-smolt growth during summer is positively correlated with salmon survival and recruitment. The Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation appears to be a more closely aligned climate forcing index than the North Atlantic Oscillation with respect to salmon recruitment. European Atlantic salmon recruitment appears to be governed by factors that affect the growth of post-smolts during their first summer at sea, including SST and forage abundances; growth appears to mediate survival by the functional relationship between post-smolts and their predators.
Features of basal and race‐specific defences in photosynthetic Arabidopsis thaliana suspension cultured cells
Authors: CECCHINI NICOLÁS MIGUEL , MONTEOLIVA MARIELA INÉS , BLANCO FRANCISCA , HOLUIGUE LORETO , ÁLVAREZ MARÍA ELENA 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYPlant suspension cell cultures display many features of the innate immune responses observed in planta and have been extensively applied to the study of basal and race‐specific defences. However, no single model including photosynthetic cultured cells has been used for the exhaustive characterization of both basal and race‐specific defences to date. In this article, we report the activation of basal and race‐specific defences in green cultured cells from Arabidopsis thaliana. Inoculation of cultured cells with isogenic virulent or avirulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst) was used to evaluate race‐specific defences. The proliferation of avirulent Pst was found to be lower than that of virulent Pst in the inoculated cultures. Extracellular pH changes, sustained oxidative burst (5–13 h post‐inoculation), enhancement of salicylic acid, and massive cell death were specifically stimulated by the avirulent bacterium. Neither avirulent nor virulent Pst induced markers of basal resistance, such as callose deposition or early oxidative burst (1–5 h post‐inoculation). However, both basal defences were activated when cells were exposed to Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola or to the Pst mutant defective in the type III secretion system (TTSS), Pst‐hrpL−. Thus, in these cells, basal defences may be inhibited by Pst in a TTSS‐dependent manner. Recapitulation of classical defence features demonstrates the usefulness of this system for the fine characterization of plant innate immune components.
Effect‐site concentration of remifentanil for laryngeal mask airway insertion during target‐controlled infusion of propofol
Authors: Kim M. K. , Lee J. W. , Jang D. J. , Shin O. Y. , Nam S. B. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect‐site concentration of remifentanil that would provide optimal conditions for successful laryngeal mask airway insertion during a target‐controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol at 3.5 μg.ml−1 without the use of neuromuscular blockade. Five minutes after propofol infusion, remifentanil was infused at a dose determined by a modified Dixon’s up‐and‐down method. Five minutes after remifentanil infusion, the laryngeal mask was inserted. The effect‐site concentration of remifentanil for successful laryngeal mask insertion in 50% of adults (EC50) was 3.04 (SD 0.49) ng.ml−1 during a TCI of 3.5 μg.ml−1 propofol without neuromuscular blockade. From the probit analysis, the EC50 and EC95 of remifentanil were 2.84 ng.ml−1 (95% CI 2.09–3.57 ng.ml−1) and 3.79 ng.ml−1 (95% CI 3.26–9.25 ng.ml−1), respectively.
The effect of grade of anaesthetist on outcome after day surgery*
Authors: Hanousek J. , Stocker M. E. , Montgomery J. E. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWe conducted a retrospective survey to investigate if the grade of anaesthetist was a significant factor in determining outcome after day surgery in a district general hospital. All day surgery procedures performed between 1996 and 2006 were included except those under surgically administered local anaesthetic. The outcome measures assessed were unplanned admissions and symptoms reported after discharge. The overall admission rate was 2.6%, the admission rate for anaesthetic‐related reasons was 1.5%, and 49% of patients reported some symptoms after discharge. Over the period studied the admission rate fell from 4.2% to 2.0%, admissions for anaesthetic‐related reasons fell from 3.0% to 0.7% and reported symptoms fell from 67% to 37%. Consultants anaesthetists were associated with the lowest unplanned admission rate (consultants 2.3%, staff grade and associate specialists 3.1%, and trainees 3.3%), the lowest admission rate for anaesthetic reasons (consultants 1.2%, staff and associate specialists 2.0%, and trainees 1.8%), lower than expected specialty‐weighted admissions and the lowest number of reported symptoms (consultants 47.3%, staff grade and associate specialists 52.6%, trainees 49.0%) (p < 0.001). We conclude that there was an improvement in outcome over the period of study and that the grade of anaesthetist is associated with outcome after day surgery.
Pumpless extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide combined with ventilation using low tidal volume and high positive end‐expiratory pressure in a patient with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Bein T. , Zimmermann M. , Hergeth K. , Ramming M. , Rupprecht L. , Schlitt H. J. , Slutsky A. S. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe effects of the combination of a ‘lowest’ lung ventilation with extracorporeal elimination of carbon dioxide by interventional lung assist are described in a patient presenting with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome due to fulminant pneumonia. Reducing tidal volume to 3 ml.kg−1 together with interventional lung assist resulted in a decrease in severe hypercapnia without alveolar collapse or hypoxaemia but with a decrease in serum levels of interleukin‐6. This approach was applied for 12 days with recovery of the patient, without complications. Extracorporeal removal of carbon dioxide by interventional lung assist may be a useful tool to enable ‘ultraprotective’ ventilation in severe acute respiratory distress syndrome.
Triggering of systolic arterial pressure alarms using statistics‐based versus threshold alarms*
Authors: Connor C. W. , Gohil B. , Harrison M. J. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThreshold systolic arterial pressure alarms often use pre‐operative values as a guide for intra‐operative values. Recently, two systems (normalisation and principal component analysis) have been described that use the ‘current’ systolic arterial pressure and the change in systolic arterial pressure over a preceding time interval to generate an alarm based on units of standard deviation. Normalisation and principal component analysis techniques should prioritise alarms for clinically significant changes and hence reduce overall activation of alarms. Our aim was to measure the change in alarm activation using these techniques compared with standard threshold alarms. Systolic blood pressure data, collected from 10 patients (a total of 2177 min at 100 Hz), were cleaned and submitted to analysis using threshold alarms, normalisation and principal component analysis. With the threshold alarms set at 100 mmHg (low) and 140 mmHg (high), and a 5‐min window, the alarms were activated for 557 min; using statistics‐based thresholds the alarms were activated for 169 min (normalisation) and 155 min (principal component analysis), a reduction of approximately 70–72%.
Early treatment of a quetiapine and sertraline overdose with Intralipid®*
Authors: Finn S. D. H. , Uncles D. R. , Willers J. , Sable N. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWe describe the initial management and subsequent recovery of a 61 year‐old male patient following attempted suicide by oral ingestion of a potentially fatal overdose of quetiapine and sertraline. Intravenous Intralipid® was given soon after initiation of basic resuscitation. There was a rapid improvement in the patient’s level of consciousness. No other clinical signs of drug toxicity were observed. Intralipid may have reversed the deep coma associated with ingestion and prevented other manifestations of drug toxicity occurring, thus expediting this patient's recovery.
The TEG® vs the ROTEM® thromboelastography/thromboelastometry systems
Authors: Jackson G. N. B. , Ashpole K. J. , Yentis S. M. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWe have evaluated the TEG® thromboelastograph and the ROTEM® thromboelastometer, two point‐of‐care devices that measure blood coagulation. During a one‐week period, seven consultant anaesthetists, one consultant haematologist, one associate specialist anaesthetist and two senior trainee anaesthetists were trained by the manufacturers and set up, calibrated and used both systems, after which their views were obtained and specific technical/support information was sought from the manufacturers using a questionnaire. Although the devices shared common features, they differed in complexity and aspects of ease of use, and in their purchase and running costs.
Ease of intubation with the GlideScope or Airway Scope by novice operators in simulated easy and difficult airways – a manikin study*
Authors: Tan B. H. , Liu E. H. C. , Lim R. T. C. , Liow L. M. H. , Goy R. W. L. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryThe GlideScope and Airway Scope are video laryngoscopes that have been found to be useful in difficult airway situations. With the GlideScope, there are frequently problems associated with insertion of the tracheal tube despite the ability to view the glottis. The Airway Scope’s imaging system and disposable PBlade aid alignment of the PBlade with the glottis and guide insertion of the tracheal tube. We performed a randomised crossover study of 20 medical students using both videolaryngoscopes in a manikin, with simulated normal and difficult airway scenarios. We found that the students required less time for tracheal intubation with the Airway Scope and reported greater ease of intubation with the Airway Scope in both scenarios. A greater number of students chose the Airway Scope as their device of choice. Our results suggest that the Airway Scope’s features may improve the ease of tracheal intubation compared with the GlideScope.