bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Occurrence of a monophasic strain of Salmonella group B isolated from cetaceans in England and Wales between 1990 and 2002
Authors: Valderrama Vasquez Carlos A. , Macgregor Shaheed K. , Rowcliffe J. Marcus , Jepson Paul D. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBetween September 1990 and December 2002, 511 cetacean carcasses stranded or caught in commercial fisheries in England and Wales were examined post mortem. Salmonella group B was isolated from 60 of 279 (21.51%) harbour porpoises (Phocoena phocoena), predominantly from lung tissue. Forty‐three of the Salmonella group B isolates were subsequently serotyped and all found to have the antigenic structure O4,12:a:‐. The annual proportion of harbour porpoises testing positive for Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ increased significantly from 6% in the early 1990s to 27% after 1999. The cause(s) of the increasing prevalence of Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ are not known, but may reflect natural variation in the epidemiological cycle of Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ in harbour porpoises. The probability of isolating Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ from harbour porpoises increased with age, suggesting that the mode of transmission is principally horizontal. There appeared to be a weak degree of seasonality in the probability of isolating Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ with a low proportion of cases in the months of April and May. Based on pathological findings from infected carcasses, Salmonella O4,12:a:‐ may be part of the normal commensal flora of the lungs of cetaceans with the potential to act as an opportunistic pathogen.
Embryonic keratinization in vertebrates in relation to land colonization
Authors: Alibardi L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe embryogenesis and cytology of the epidermis in different vertebrates is variable in relation to the formation of a stratum corneum of different complexity. The latter process was essential for land colonization during vertebrate evolution and produced an efficient barrier in amniotes. Keratinocytes are made of cross‐linked keratins associated with specific proteins and lipids that are produced at advanced stages of embryogenesis when the epidermis becomes stratified. In these stages the epidermis changes from an aquatic to a terrestrial type, preadapted in preparation for the impact with the dry terrestrial environment that occurs at hatching or parturition. The epidermal barrier against water‐loss, mechanical and chemical stress, and microbe penetration is completely formed shortly before birth. Beneath the outer periderm, variably stratified embryonic layers containing glycine‐rich alpha‐keratins are formed in preparation for adult life. The following layers of the epidermis produce proteins for the formation of the cornified cell membrane and of the cornified material present in keratinocytes of the adult epidermis in reptiles, birds and mammals. The general features of the process of soft cornification in the embryonic epidermis of vertebrates are presented. Cornification in developing scales in reptiles, avian feathers and mammalian hairs is mainly related to the evolution of keratin‐associated proteins. The latter proteins form the resistant matrix of hard skin derivatives such as claws, beaks, nails and horns.
Appendicular skeleton in Bachia bicolor (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae): osteology, limb reduction and postnatal skeletal ontogeny
Authors: Jerez Adriana , Tarazona Oscar A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe osteology of the appendicular skeleton and its postnatal development are described in Bachia bicolor, a serpentiform lizard with reduced limbs. The pectoral girdle is well developed and the forelimb consists of a humerus, ulna, radius, five carpal elements (ulnare, radiale, distal carpals 4–3, centrale), four metacarpals (II, III, IV, V) and phalanges (phalangeal formula X‐2‐2‐2‐2). In the hindlimb, the femur is small and slender, and articulates distally with a series of ossified amorphous and extremely reduced elements that correspond to a fibula, tibia and proximal and distal tarsals 4 and 3. The pelvic girdle consists of ischium, pubis and ilium, but its two halves are widely separated; the ilium is the least reduced element. We describe the ossification and development during postnatal skeletal ontogeny, especially of epiphyseal secondary centres, ossifications of carpal elements, apophyseal ossifications and sesamoids. Compared to other squamates, B. bicolor shows an overall reduction in limb size, an absence of skeletal elements, a fusion of carpal elements, an early differentiation of apophyseal centres, and a low number of sesamoids and apophyseal centres. These observations suggest that the reductions are produced by heterochronic changes during postnatal development and probably during embryonic development; therefore the appendicular skeleton exhibits a pattern of paedomorphic features.
MuSK‐positive myasthenia gravis is rare in the Polish population
Authors: Kostera‐Pruszczyk A. , Kamińska A. , Dutkiewicz M. , Emeryk‐Szajewska B. , Strugalska‐Cynowska M. H. , Vincent A. , Kwieciński H. 
Published: May 2008

Background and purpose:  MuSK‐positive myasthenia gravis (MG) is diagnosed in 0–48% of cases with generalized seronegative MG in different populations. The presence of anti‐MuSK antibodies generally relates to a severe course and lack of response to thymectomy. We analyzed for the first time the serology and clinical characteristics of MuSK‐positive MG in the Polish population.Methods:  One hundred and fifty‐one patients were tested for the presence of anti‐AChR and anti‐MuSK antibodies: 62 with seronegative MG, including 14 with ocular seronegative MG, 48 age‐matched patients with seropositive MG and 41 controls.Results: All patients with seropositive MG and the disease controls were MuSK‐negative. Anti‐MuSK antibodies were detected only in four patients with seronegative MG (8.7% of generalized seronegative cases): three women and one man. All four had predominantly bulbar involvement, and underwent thymectomy, with no apparent benefit. All of them improved clinically after immunosuppressive treatment with remissions lasting up to 7 years.Conclusion: MuSK‐positive MG is rare in Polish population accounting for only 8.7% of seronegative cases with generalized MG. This is consistent with emerging evidence for lower MuSK antibodies at more northerly latitudes.
Interpersonal psychotherapy with pregnant adolescents: two pilot studies
Authors: Miller Lisa , Gur Merav , Shanok Arielle , Weissman Myrna 
Published: May 2008

Objective:  To test the feasibility, acceptability and helpfulness of group Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT‐PA) for depression in pregnant adolescents.Method:  Two open clinical trials were conducted of IPT‐PA delivered in group format in a New York City public school for pregnant girls. Study 1 tests IPT‐PA for management of depressive symptoms by delivery during health class to pregnant girls with varying levels of depressive symptoms (N = 14; 10 Hispanic, 3 African‐American and 1 bi‐racial). Study 2 tests IPT‐PA for treatment of depression by delivery after school for self‐nominating pregnant girls with DSM‐IVR diagnoses of depressive disorder or an adjustment disorder (N = 11; 8 African‐American, 1 girl Hispanic and 2 bi‐racial). Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and the Edinburgh Depression Scale (for its sensitivity to severe symptoms, the Hamilton Depression Scale was added in Study 2). Clinical diagnosis was assessed using the Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for Children (K‐SADS).Study 1 Results:  At 12‐week termination, level of depressive symptoms had decreased by 50%; 13/14 girls showed a decrease in level of symptoms.Study 2 Results:  At 12‐week termination, level of depressive symptoms had decreased by 40%; 10/11 girls showed decrease in level of symptoms and in DSM‐IVR clinical diagnosis; treatment gains were maintained at 20‐week post‐partum follow‐up.Conclusion:  IPT‐PA appears feasible and helpful in managing and treating depression in pregnant girls.
STOCK MARKET REACTION TO GOOD AND BAD INFLATION NEWS
Authors: Knif Johan , Kolari James , Pynnönen Seppo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article shows that differentiating between good and bad inflation news is important to understanding how inflation affects stock market returns. Summing positive and negative inflation shocks as in previous studies tends to wash out or mute the effects of inflation news on stock returns. More specifically, we find that, depending on the economic state, positive and negative inflation shocks can produce a variety of stock market reactions. We conclude that the effect of inflation on stock returns is conditional on whether investors perceive inflation shocks as good or bad news in different economic states.
LEGAL ENVIRONMENT, INTERNALIZATION, AND U.S. ACQUIRER GAINS IN FOREIGN TAKEOVERS
Authors: Pantzalis Christos , Park Jung Chul , Sutton Ninon K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn examining takeovers of foreign targets by U.S. firms, we investigate the effect of the target country's legal environment on acquiring firm value. Our results indicate that acquirers of target firms located in civil law countries experience significant positive abnormal returns, especially when the acquirer possesses a high level of intangibles. Furthermore, we find that acquirers with high levels of intangibles are more likely to acquire target firms in civil law countries. These findings suggest that the transfer of intangibles overseas provides relatively larger efficiency benefits for multinational corporations in cases where the alternative, contracting in external markets, is more difficult.
Parasocial relationships and self‐discrepancies: Faux relationships have benefits for low self‐esteem individuals
Authors: DERRICK JAYE L. , GABRIEL SHIRA , TIPPIN BROOKE 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe current research proposes that low self‐esteem people can use parasocial relationships to experience movement toward the ideal self, a benefit they may miss in real relationships. In Study 1, low self‐esteem undergraduate psychology students at a public university in the United States felt closest to celebrities who were similar to their ideal self. In Study 2, low self‐esteem college students primed with their favorite celebrity became more similar to their ideal selves. In Study 3, low self‐esteem college students primed with their favorite celebrity, but not a close relationship partner, became more similar to their ideal selves. Results are discussed in terms of the implications for parasocial relationships, self‐esteem, and the flexibility of the need to belong.
The Russian Revolution: Broadening Understandings of 1917
Authors: Badcock Sarah 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe rich historiography of the revolution has tended to focus around urban and political elites, labour history and events in Petrograd and to a lesser extent Moscow. The collapse of the Soviet Union opened previously inaccessible archives and shifted the ideological battlegrounds ranged over by scholars of the Russian revolution. New archivally based research is shifting its focus away from the capitals and political elites, and draws together social and political approaches to the revolution. By investigating revolutionary events outside the capitals, and lived experiences of revolution for Russia's ordinary people, most of whom were rural, not urban dwellers, current research draws a complex and multifaceted picture of revolutionary events. Explanations for the failure of democratic politics in Russia can now be found not only in the ineptitudes of Nicholas II, the failings of Kerensky, or the machinations of Lenin and his cohort. Instead, ordinary people, outside the capitals and in the countryside, defined and determined revolutionary events.
Practice of Historical Linguistics and Language Codification in Africa
Authors: Agwuele Augustine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe sheer number of languages in Africa is remarkable; more than 2000 languages are believed to be alive in the continent. Today one can read a newspaper in Swahili, a novel in Gikuyu, or surf the Web in Yoruba. This article offers a diachronic perspective on the scholarly activities that have contributed to the codification, documentation, classification, and description of African languages. It discusses the ideology and methods underlying the practice of historical linguistics in Africa prior to the 1960s when modern scientific linguistics began. It contrasts the methods and works of the early practitioners of historical linguistics with the works of modern language scholars. It provides a sample of contemporary linguistic works implicated in language description and codification.
Victorian Museums and Victorian Society
Authors: Woodson‐Boulton Amy 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis article explores how the study of museums intersects with key aspects of Victorian historiography. A large scholarship on museums has developed as part of the larger, multidisciplinary effort to understand modernity in general, and Victorian society in particular, in terms of power, culture, and imperialism. Deeply influenced by the works of Michel Foucault and Pierre Bourdieu, Museum Studies has tended to emphasize the cultural and social power of ‘the museum’. However, more recent works have shown that when viewed in their particular historical contexts, museums seem far less powerful, and the class whose interests they apparently serve seems far less unified, than scholars originally imagined. Proliferating during a period of intense social transformation, Victorian museums ultimately both celebrated the new dogma of progress and hoped to mitigate the worst effects of urbanization, industrialization, and capitalism. A close study of the interconnections between Victorian museums and Victorian society thus illuminates two essential Victorian contradictions: the optimistic, imperial, industrial, capitalist society that contained its own critique, and the search for the transcendent in the material.
Botany Bay Cargo: Church, State and the Shaping of European Australia1
Authors: Gascoigne John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDrawing on the work of Hartz on the character of settler societies the article demonstrates the continuing impact on Australian political culture and the relations between church and state of the circumstances of the nation's foundation. For, while the tradition of an Established Church was discarded, there remained, as in Britain, a residue of an acceptance of a partnership between the state and religious bodies. This pragmatism in the relations between church and state is contrasted with the different heritage of the United States and the way in which there a much sharper divide is maintained between church and state than applies in Australia.
The Historiography and Source Materials in the Study of Internal Security in Modern Britain (1885–1956)
Authors: Thurlow Richard Colin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe passing of the Freedom of Information Act, and the decision to declassify selected historical documents from the MI5 archive in 1997, has significantly increased the documentary evidence for historians about the evolution and operation of the Security Service during the first half of the twentieth century. Although the MI6 archive remains closed, and Special Branch have released little material, historical briefings and the declassification of some intelligence files by the Foreign Office have provided important material which helps to illuminate some of the gaps in the documentary record. Historians have still to assimilate much of the new information, but already there are important debates developing and significant differences appearing about the value of such censored sources. At the very least, however, they provide intriguing information about state policies over the development of political surveillance of the Communist Party of Great Britain and the British Union of Fascists, internal security, counter espionage against the Soviet Union and Nazi Germany, the evolution of public order policies, and counter subversion in British society, and the debate among the state authorities about national security and civil liberties particularly during the first and second world wars.
The Products of Consumption: Housework in Latin American Political Economies and Cultures
Authors: Francois Marie Eileen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractExploring links between housework and larger political economies and cultures, this article surveys discussions of paid and unpaid domestic labor in mostly urban settings in Latin American historiography. The focus is on inter‐related questions: Who does housekeeping work? What is the nature of the work? What do those who do housework produce? Age, class, ethnicity, and gender intersect in housework, as it constructs identities drawn on specific cultural landscapes in diverse colonial and postcolonial settings. Bridging literature on unpaid work done in the home by wives, other female family members, and male and female slaves and literature on the paid work of domestic male and female servants of multiple ethnicities, this article argues that housework is not ‘naturally’ women's work, but has been constructed as such unevenly over time. The simultaneous legal, economic, and cultural subordination of women and non‐whites under patriarchal colonial and liberal regimes that devalued housework – despite depending on it – left arduous, labor‐intensive, skilled, and creative consumption work to these subordinated groups. This article also argues that while housework is part of social reproduction, it must also be understood as a productive process in multiple ways. While who did paid housework changed over time, wives and mothers did unpaid work continuously. The nature of the work changed with different contexts. Consumption work produced tangibles such as tortillas, clean clothes, elegantly served tables, and well‐turned‐out individuals, as well as intangibles such as status, prejudice, gendered labor markets, and gendered politics.
Sustained (rh)VEGF165release from a sprayed fibrin biomatrix induces angiogenesis, up‐regulation of endogenous VEGF‐R2, and reduces ischemic flap necrosis
Authors: Mittermayr Rainer , Morton Tatjana , Hofmann Martina , Helgerson Sam , Van Griensven Martijn , Redl Heinz 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis study investigated (1) the release of recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor ([rh]VEGF165) from an in vitro fibrin matrix, (2) the effects of (rh)VEGF165released from an in vivo fibrin matrix on ischemic flap necrosis in the rat dorsal skin flap model, and (3) the effects of (rh)VEGF165released from an in vivo fibrin matrix on VEGF‐R2 expression in transgenic VEGF‐R2/luc mice. In vitro fibrin matrices were spiked with (rh)VEGF165and demonstrated (rh)VEGF165release over 88 hours with 66% recovery. Ischemic dorsal flaps were treated with a fibrin sealant (FS), FS spiked with (rh)VEGF165, or left untreated. Flaps treated with FS spiked with (rh)VEGF165showed greater viability than controls as measured by planimetric analysis. Immunohistochemical analyses revealed stronger neovascularization than that exhibited by controls. Transgenic mice implanted with FS spiked with (rh)VEGF165had significant increases in VEGF‐R2 expression relative to controls at days 5–13 after implantation. Conclusions drawn from this work are that (1) (rh)VEGF165is released from an in vitro fibrin matrix at clinically appropriate times, (2) (rh)VEGF165increases the viability of tissue flaps in vivo, and (3) (rh)VEGF165induces the expression of VEGF‐R2 expression. This work demonstrates the clinical ability of sprayed FS to locally deliver growth factors to ischemic tissue of patients.
Insights into the sequence of structural consequences  of convulsive status epilepticus: A longitudinal MRI study
Authors: Gong Gaolang , Shi Feng , Concha Luis , Beaulieu Christian , Gross Donald W. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryWhile acute hippocampal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) changes have been demonstrated, the long‐term structural consequence of status epilepticus remains unclear. Also the timing of previously reported fornix abnormalities in patients with mesial temporal sclerosis (MTS) is unknown. We report longitudinal volumetic MRI and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) findings of the hippocampus and fornix in a patient following status epilepticus. Left hippocampal atrophy demonstrated progression beyond 6 months poststatus epilepticus while the right hippocampus and bilateral fornices demonstrated stable volumetric and diffusion abnormalities throughout the study. Our findings provide evidence that status epilepticus can induce permanent hippocampal damage with the delayed timing of the structural changes being consistent with programmed cell death.
Extracorporeal photopheresis in graft‐versus‐host disease
Authors: Carcagnì Maria Rosaria , De Aloe Giovambattista , D'Ascenzo Giuseppina , Rubegni Pietro , Fimiani Michele 
Published: May 2008

SummaryGraft‐versus‐host disease (GvHD) is a common and often serious complication of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. There are two major forms of GvHD: an acute form which develops in the first 100days after HSCT, and a chronic form which develops later. Chronic GvHD is a multiorgan syndrome with many features of autoimmune diseases, such as sclerodermatous skin changes, cholestasis, pulmonary fibrosis, xerostomia, oral ulcerations, myositis and fasci‐itis. Unlike acute GvHD which is characterized by acute alloreactivity,the etiology of chronic GvHD is controversial and is believed to be either an extension of acute GvHD and/or a result of dysfunctional immune reconstitution with generation of autoantibodies and autoreactive T‐cell clones. GvHD is usually treated with corticosteroids and other immunosuppressants which do not always succeed in arresting its evolution. Extracorporeal photochemotherapy has been used in patients with both acute and chronic GvHD.
Drug reactions – New observations
Authors: Wolf Ingrid H. , Wolf Peter , Cerroni Lorenzo , Holzer Herwig , Kerl Helmut 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThis Macro‐Micro‐Dermatology‐contribution with the theme innovative drugs and drug reactions illustrates two new observations of practical interest: 1. Follicular eruption after Everolimus and 2. Atrophy of sebaceous glands after Sirolimus.
Management of Inborn Errors of Metabolism during Pregnancy
Authors: CLARK BRENDA J. , COCKBURN F. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT.An increasing number of women with inherited metabolic disorders survive, conceive and have children. In order to safeguard the health of the mother and the developing embryo, fetus, and newborn during pregnancy, delivery, and the neonatal period it is necessary to be aware of the range of metabolic disorders, the risks to mothers and children, and appropriate management strategies. The roles of the Paediatrician, Obstetrician and Dietitian in the management of Maternal Hyperphenylalaninaemia and phenylketonuria are reviewed.