bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biochemical effects of dietary linoleic/α‐linolenic acid ratio in term infants
Authors: Jensen Craig L. , Chen Huiming , Kennard Fraley J. , Anderson Robert E. , Heird William C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent statements concerning linoleic (LA) and α‐linolenic acid (LNA) intakes for infants include a desirable range of LA/LNA ratios. To evaluate several dietary LA/LNA ratios, the fatty acid patterns of plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid fractions, as well as plasma total lipid fractions, were determined shortly after birth and at 21, 60, and 120 d of age in term infants fed formula with 16% of fat as LA and either 0.4, 0.95, 1.7, or 3.2% as LNA (LA/LNA ratios of approximately 44, 18, 10, and 5). The content of all n‐3 fatty acids in both plasma fractions was higher at all times in infants who received the highest LNA intake; however, the docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was only half that shortly after birth or reported in breast‐fed infants of comparable ages. The LA content of plasma lipids of all groups was higher at all times than shortly after birth but did not differ among groups. The arachidonic acid (AA) content was higher in infants who received the lowest LNA intake, but only half that at birth or reported in breast‐fed infants. In contrast, the DHA content of the erythrocyte phospholipid fraction did not differ among groups until 120 d of age when it was higher in those who received the highest LNA intake and the AA content of this fraction did not differ among groups at any time. These data demonstrate that dietary LA/LNA ratios between 5 and 44 do not result in plasma or erythrocyte lipid levels of DHA or plasma lipid levels of AA similar to those at birth or reported by others in breast‐fed infants. However, the data indicate that the LA/LNA ratio of the formula is an important determinant of the amounts of DHA and AA required to achieve plasma and erythrocyte levels of these fatty acids similar to those of breast‐fed infants.
Effectiveness of resistant starch, compared to guar gum, in depressing plasma cholesterol and enhancing fecal steroid excretion
Authors: Levrat Marie‐Anne , Moundras Corinne , Younes Hassan , Morand Christine , Demigné Christian , Rémésy Christian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmylase‐resistant starch (RS) represents a substrate that can be administered in substantial amounts in the diet, in contrast to gel‐forming polysaccharides, such as guar gum (GG). The aim of this work was thus to compare the effects of GG and RS on cholesterol metabolism in rats adapted to 0.4% cholesterol diets, using dietary GG or RS levels (8 or 20%, respectively) that led to a similar development of fermentations, as assessed by the degree of enlargement of the cecum. The RS diet elicited a marked rise in the cecal pool of short‐chain fatty acids, especially acetic and butyric acid, whereas the GG diet favored high‐propionic acid fermentations. Both polysaccharides markedly altered the cholesterol excretion, from 50% of ingested cholesterol in controls, up to about 70% in rats adapted to the RS or GG diets. With these diets, the fecal excretion of bile acids was enhanced (67 and 144% with the RS and GG diets, respectively). RS and GG diets were effective in lowering plasma cholesterol (about −40%) and triglycerides (−36%). There was practically no effect of the diets on cholesterol in d>1.040 lipoproteins (high density lipoproteins), whereas RS (and to a larger extent, GG) were very effective to depress cholesterol in d<1.040 lipoproteins (especially in triglyceride‐rich lipoproteins). Fermentable polysaccharides counteracted the accumulation of cholesterol in the liver, especially cholesterol esters. In parallel, liver acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase was depressed in rats fed the RS or GG diets, whereas only the GG diet counteracted the downregulation of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA by cholesterol. These data suggest that RS may be practically as effective as a gel‐forming gum, such as GG, on steroid excretion and on cholesterol metabolism.
Ultrasound‐assisted synthesis of santalbic acid and a study of triacylglycerol species inSantalum album (Linn.) seed oil
Authors: Lie Ken Jie Marcel S. F. , Pasha Mohammed Khysar , Ahmad Fasih 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethyl ricinoleate (1) was treated with bromine and the dibromo derivative (2) was reacted with ethanolic KOH under ultrasonic irradiation to give 12‐hydroxy‐octadec‐9‐ynoic acid upon acidification with dil. HCl. The latter compound was methylated with BF3/methanol to give methyl 12‐hydroxy‐octadec‐9‐ynoate (3). Compound3 was treated with methanesulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine in CH2Cl2 to give methyl 12‐mesyloxy‐octadec‐9‐ynoate (4). Reaction of methyl 12‐mesyloxy‐octadec‐9‐ynoate with aqueous KOH under ultrasonic irradiation (20 kHz) gave (11E)‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid (5, santalbic acid, 40%) and (11Z)‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid (6, 60%) on acidification with dil. HCl. These isomers were separated by urea fractionation. The13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopic properties of the methyl ester and the triacylglycerol (TAG) esters of these enynoic fatty acid isomers were studied. The carbon shifts of the unsaturated carbon nuclei of the methyl ester of theE‐isomer were unambiguously assigned as 88.547 (C‐9), 79.287 (C‐10), 109.760 (C‐11), and 143.450 (C‐12) ppm while the unsaturated carbon shifts of the (Z)‐enynoate isomer appeared at 94.277 (C‐9), 77.561 (C‐10), 109.297 (C‐11), and 142.668 (C‐12) ppm. In the13C NMR spectral analysis of the TAG molecules of type AAA containing either the (Z)‐or (E)‐enyne fatty acid, the C‐1 to C‐6 carbon atoms on the α‐ and β‐acyl positions were differentiated. The unsaturated carbon atoms in the α‐ and β‐acyl chains were also resolved into two signals except that of the C‐11 olefinic carbon. Sandal (Santalum album) wood seed oil (a source of santalbic acid) was separated by silica chromatography into three fractions. The least polar fraction (7.2 wt%) contained TAG which had a random distribution of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, of which oleic acid (69%) was the predominant component. The second fraction (3.8 wt%) contained santalbic acid (58%) and oleic acid (28%) together with some other normal fatty acids. Santalbic acid in this fraction was found in both the α‐ and β‐acyl positions of the glycerol “backbone”. The most polar fraction (89 wt%) consisted of TAG containing santalbic acid only. The distribution of the various fatty acids on the glycerol “backbone” was supported by the results from the13C NMR spectroscopic analysis.
Trans unsaturated fatty acids in bacteria
Authors: Keweloh Heribert , Heipieper Hermann J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe occurrence oftrans unsaturated fatty acids as by‐products of fatty acid transformations carried out by the obligate anaerobic ruminal microflora has been well known for a long time. In recent years, fatty acids withtrans configurations also have been detected in the membrane lipids of various aerobic bacteria. Besides several psychrophilic organisms, bacteria‐degrading pollutants, such asPseudomonas putida, are able to synthesize these compoundsde novo. In contrast to thetrans fatty acids formed by rumen bacteria, the membrane constituents of aerobic bacteria are synthesized by a direct isomerization of the complementarycis configuration of the double bond without a shift of the position. This system of isomerization is located in the cytoplasmic membrane. The conversion ofcis unsaturated fatty acids totrans changes the membrane fluidity in response to environmental stimuli, particularly where growth is inhibited due to the presence of high concentrations of toxic substances. Under these conditions, lipid synthesis also stops so that the cells are not able to modify their membrane fluidity by any other mechanism.
Influence of triacylglycerol structure and fatty acid profile of dietary fats on milk triacylglycerols in the rat. A two‐generation study
Authors: Jensen Merete Myrup , Sørensen Per Hvidkjær , Høy Carl‐Erik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the influence of dietary fatty acid profile and triacylglycerol structure on the fatty acid profile and triacylglycerol structure of milk lipids in two generations of rats. Three groups of rats received diets containing 20% fat of which approximately 20% was n‐3 fatty acids located in different positions of the triacylglycerol: a fish oil‐based diet [docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) predominantly in thesn‐2 position], a seal oil‐based diet (22:6n‐3) predominantly in thesn‐1/sn‐3 position or a plant oil‐based diet [α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3) distributed evenly between the three positions]. This design allowed us to investigate (i) the effect of the triacylglycerol structure of the dietary fat; (ii) the effect of receiving the n‐3 fatty acids as long‐chain derivatives or as the precursor, 18:3n‐3; and (iii) the long‐term effects over two generations. The fatty acid profiles of the milk lipids largely reflected the diets, but in the second generation, the level of medium‐chain fatty acids was higher (P<0.05) in the milk from rats fed the fish oil diet (24%) compared with the other dietary groups (15 and 18%). This suggests an increased endogenous synthesis of fatty acids in the mammary glands of the fish oil‐fed rats. The levels of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids in milk were higher (P<0.05) in rats fed maire n‐3 fatty acids in milk were higher (P<0.05) in rats fed marie oils (8–12%) compared with rats fed vegetable oil (1%) in both generations. The level of long‐chain n‐3 fatty acids was significantly higher in the milk from the fish oil‐fed rats (12.3%) compared to the seal‐oil fed rats (8.0%) in the first generation, but not in the second generation (8.9 vs. 9.1%). The general structure of milk triacylglycerols was maintained in the three experimental groups with 16:0 acylated in thesn‐2 position and 18:1 in thesn‐1/sn‐3 positions. The triacylglycerol structure of mammalian milk appears to be conserved even during extreme dietary manipulation over two generations and an extensive enrichment with long‐chain n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids requires their presence in the diet.
New unsaturated long‐chain fatty acids in the phospholipids from the axinellida spongesTrikentrion loeve andPseudaxinella cf.Lunaecharta
Authors: Barnathan Gilles , Korpnrobst Jean‐Michel , Doumenq Pierre , Miralles Joseph 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to identify new structures and especially those involved as biosynthetic intermediates, the fatty acid composition of whole phospholipids from two Senegalese marine sponges from the order Axinellida,Trikentrion loeve andPseudaxinella cf.lunaecharta, has been investigated by analytical gas chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Several new fatty acids were identified as methyl esters andN‐acyl pyrrolidies, namely 16‐eicosenoic, 11‐tetracosenoic, 5‐pentacosenoic, 11‐hexacosenoic, 11‐oxtacosenoic, 23‐triacontenoic, 17,21‐hexacosadienoic, 19,23‐octacosadienoic, 9,23‐triacontadienoic, 5,9,21‐hexacosatrienoic, and 5,9,25‐triacontatrienoic.Trikentrion loeve andP. cf.lunaecharta contain fifteen 25.7% of the total acid mixture) and thirteen (30.4%) °5,9 fatty acids, respectively. Based on gas chromatography/Fourier transform infrared experiments, the double bonds were assigned the (Z) configuration. Biosynthesis of dienoic and trienoic demospongic acids possessing an n‐5 or an n‐7 terminal double bond is discussed.
The use of nicotinates and sulfoquinovosyl monoacylglycerols in the analysis of monounsaturated n‐3 fatty acids by mass spectrometry
Authors: Keusgen Michael , Curtis Jonathan M. , Ayer Stephen W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatty acyl groups (16∶1 and 16∶0) liberated from purified sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerols produced by the unicellular marine microalga,Heterosigma carterae (formerlyH. akashiwo), were converted to either the corresponding alcohols or methyl esters. Nicotinate derivatives of the alcohols were examined by combined gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, and the methyl esters were examined by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy after separation by high‐performance liquid chromatography. Three different hexadecenoyl fatty acyl groups were identified, one of which wascis 13‐hexadecenoyl (16∶1n−3). Both the configuration and the n−3 position of the double bond in thecis 13‐hexadecenoyl moiety were unequivocally established by NMR analysis of the corresponding methyl ester. The nicotinate derived from the alcohol of the 16∶1n−3 fatty acyl moiety gave a characteristic fragmentation series in the electron impact msss spectrum which, by careful interpretation, was consistent with, but not unambiguous for, the assigned location of the double bond. Tandem mass spectrometry experiments on a sulfoquinovosyl monoacylglycerol containing thecis 13‐hexadecenoyl group in thesn‐2 position, using negative‐ion liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry, also gave a fragmentation pattern which was consistent with the positional assignment of the double bond.
Quantitative analysis of triglycerides using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Byrdwell Wm. Craig , Emken Edward A. , Neff William E. , Adlof Richard O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAtmospheric pressure chemical ionization‐mass spectrometry (APCI‐MS) was used for quantitative analysis of triglycerides (TG) separated by reverse‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography. APCI‐MS was used for analysis of mono‐acid TG standards containing deuterated internal standard, of a synthetic mixture of heterogeneous TG, of randomized and normal soybean oils and of randomized and normal lard samples. Quantitation of the TG by four approaches based on APCI‐MS were compared, and these were compared to quantitation obtained using liquid chromatography (LC) with flameionization detection (FID). The APCI‐MS methods were based on (i) calibration curves from data for mono‐acid TG standards, (ii) response factors obtained from a synthetic mixture of TG, (iii) response factors calculated from comparison of randomized samples to their statistically expected compositions, and (iv) response factors calculated from comparison of fatty acid (FA) compositions calculated from TG compositions to FA compositions obtained by calibrated gas chromatography (GC) with FID. Response factors derived from a synthetic mixture were not widely applicable to samples of disparate composition. The TG compositions obtained using APCI‐MS data without application of response factors had average relative errors very similar to those obtained using LC‐FID. Numerous TG species were identified using LC/APCI‐MS which were undetected using LC‐FID. Two quantitation methods, based on response factors calculated from randomized samples or on response factors calculated from FA compositions, both gave similar results for all samples. The TG compositions obtained using response factors calculated from FA compositions showed less average relative error than was obtained from LC‐FID data, and were in good agreement with predicted compositions for the synthetic mixture and for randomized soybean oil and lard samples.
Postparturition changes in the triacylglycerols of cow colostrum
Authors: Laakso P. , Manninen P. , Mäkinen J. , Kallio H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe changes in the triacylglycerol (TAG) composition of colostrum fat of three cows were studied. In addition to the determination of fatty acid composition by gas chromatography, the distribution of TAG according to the acyl carbon number (ACN) and molecular weight was analyzed utilizing both supercritical fluid chromatography (SFC) and ammonia negative‐ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry (MS). Colostrum TAG contained substantially less stearic and oleic acids and more myristic and palmitic acids than the normal Finnish milk fat. The major trends in the changes of fatty acids and TAG were similar for each cow, although clear differences between individuals were found. During the first week of parturition, the proportions of short‐chain fatty acids (C4–C10) typically increased as well as those of stearic and oleic acids, whereas the relative amounts of C12–C16 acids decreased, especially those of myristic and palmitic acids. Distinct changes occurred also in TAG distributions: the proportions of molecules with ACN 38–40 increased and those with ACN 44–48 decreased. Although there were distinct differences between individuals shortly after delivery, both the fatty acid compositions and TAG distributions of the milk samples of the cows started to resemble each other after one week. The theoretical profiles of colostrum TAG calculated based on the fatty acid compositions differed clearly from the ACN distributions analyzed by SFC and MS. Thus, the analysis of TAG is essential, because the changes in molecular species composition of colostrum TAG cannot be estimated according to the fatty acid analysis alone.
Prevention of cholesterol cholelithiasis by dietary unsaturated fats in hormone‐treated female hamsters
Authors: Ayyad Nariman , Cohen Bertram I. , Ohshima Akira , Mosbach Erwin H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe examined the effect of diet on gallstone incidence and the composition of biliary phosphatidylcholines in methyltestosterone‐treated female hamsters. These hamsters were fed a nutritionally adequate purified lithogenic diet containing 2% corn oil, 4% butterfat, 0.3% cholesterol, and 0.05% methyltestosterone, resulting in a cholesterol gallstone incidence of 86%. This incidence was lowered when mono‐and polyunsaturated fats or fatty acids were added to the diet: 2.5% oleic acid resulted in total prevention of cholesterol cholelithiasis, 2.5% linoleic acid, and 4% safflower oil (78% linoleic acid content) reduced gallstone incidence to 26 and 8%, respectively. An additional 4% butterfat (29% oleic acid content) produced gallstones in 50% of the animals. At the end of the 6‐wk feeding period, the bile of all hamsters was supersaturated with cholesterol. The major biliary phosphatidylcholine species in all groups were (sn‐1‐sn‐2): 16:0–18:2, 16:0–18:1, 18:0–18:2, 16:0–20:4, and 18:2–18:2. The safflower oil‐and linoleic acidfed hamsters exhibited an enrichment of 16:0–18:2 (16–18%); added butterfat or oleic acid increased the proportion of 16:0–18:1 (9 and 25%, respectively). We conclude that the phosphatidylcholine molecular species in female hamster bile can be altered by dietary fats/fatty acids and that mono‐and polyunsaturated fatty acids play a role in suppressing the induced cholelithiasis.
The high content of monoene fatty acids in the lipids of some midwater fishes: Family myctophidae
Authors: Saito Hiroaki , Murata Masakazu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total lipids of eleven species of Myctophids caught at depths between 20 and 700 m in the northern Pacific Ocean were analyzed using silicic acid column chromatography (lipid classes) and capillary gas chromatography (fatty acid and fatty alcohol composition). The major components in the lipid classes were triacylglycerols or wax esters; triacylglycerols were the dominant acyl neutral lipids (68.1–96.1%) in eight species, and wax esters were found as the dominant lipid (85.5–87.9%) in three species. The major fatty acids and alcohols contained in the was esters of the three fishes were 18:1n–9, 20:1n–9, 20:1n–11, and 22:1n–11 for fatty acids, and 16:0, 18:1, 20:1, and 22:1 for fatty alcohols. Fatty acids in the triacylglycerols ranging from C14 to C22 were predominantly of even chain length. The major components were 16:0, 16:1n–7, 18:1n–9, 20:1n–11, 22:1n–11, 20:5n–3 (icosapentaenoic acid), and 22:6n–3 (docosahexaenoic acid). In both the triacylglycerols and the wax esters, the major fatty components were monoenoic acids and alcohols. It is suggested from the lipid chemistry of the Myctophids that they may prey on the same organisms as the certain pelagic fishes such as saury and herring, because the large quantities of monoenoic fatty acids are similar to those of saury, herring, and sprats whose lipids originate from their prey organisms such as zooplanktons which are rich in monoenoic wax esters.
Sphingomyelin metabolism is linked to salt transport in the gills of euryhaline fish
Authors: El Babili Mohammed , Brichon Gérard , Zwingelstein Georges 
Published: November 2006

AbstractByin vivo andin vitro studies ofl‐(3‐3H)serine and [9,10(n)‐3H]palmitic acid incorporation into phospholipids, we show a change in the renewal of the ceramide moiety of sphingomyelin in the gills of euryhaline fish (sea bass and eels) when the animals were subjected to abrupt alterations in environmental salinity.In vivo, decrease of the salinity from sea water (salinity 3.7%) to diluted sea water (salinity 1%) induced an increase of label incorporation into gill sphingomyelin. The same was true when gills from sea water‐adapted sea bass or sea water‐adapted eels were incubated in diluted sea water. A decrease in free ceramides synthesis was also observed in the gills of sea water‐adapted sea bass when the salinity of the incubation medium was reduced. Direct inhibition of Na+/K+‐ATPase activity with ouabain decreased the sphingomyelin synthesis in the gills of sea bass duringin vitro incubation in diluted sea water, whereas treatment with furosemide stimulated sphingomyelin synthesis in the same gills incubated in sea water. These findings indicate that changes in Na+ fluxes modify the sphingomyelin turnover and control the production of free ceramides and sphingosine in gill cells of euryhaline fish. In view of the well‐known effects of these sphingomyelin degradation products on isolated tumor cell differentiation, we suggest that they play a very important role in modulating chloride cell distribution and metabolism of fish gills during abrupt changes in environmental salinity.
Postnatal changes in activation of polyunsaturated fatty acid, acylation of lysophosphoglyceride, and phosphorylation of diacylglycerol in cortical gray matter of rat cerebrum
Authors: Kanazawa Ayako , Watanabe Yukari , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: November 2006

AbstractActivation of polyunsaturated fatty acid, acylation of lysophosphoglyceride, and phosphorylation of diacylglycerol in postnatal developing rat cerebrum were studiedin vitro, using cortical gray matter homogenates. The rate of n‐3 and n‐6 fatty acid activation was maximal at ten days after birth and minimal at adulthood. Acylation of lysophosphoglyceride was most active at the neonatal stage and gradually decreased with age. In addition, the amount of phosphatidic acid formed from 1, 2‐dioleoyl‐glycerol was also maximum at the neonatal stage, and then gradually decreased. These results suggest that the specific activity of glycerolipid synthesis in cortical gray matter declines during postnatal development.