bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rate of deformation and redundant shears in the combined rotary piercing-elongating process
Authors: Blazynski T Z 
Published: June 2007

The ultimate success of the new combined rotary piercing-elongating process for tube making will depend on the possibility of lessening the inherent severity of the operation. The reduction in the incidence and magnitude of redundant shearing strains will be therefore of primary importance. The present work examines, experimentally, the influence of the predetermined rate of deformation on the redundant shear in the pass. It is shown that there exists a well defined relation between these strains and the geometry of the pass, and, hence, the rate of deformation. It is concluded that a range of low feed angles should be used, and that a feed angle of 8°, combined with the decelerated rate in the piercing zone of the pass and a uniform rate in the elongating zone, is likely to provide a satisfactory compromise between the velocity requirement and the quality of the finished product.
Effect of strain rate on low-endurance torsional fatigue in commercially pure aluminium
Authors: Miller K J , Rizk M N 
Published: June 2007

Commercially pure (99 per cent) aluminium has been subjected to high-strain low-endurance torsional fatigue under conditions of constant strain rate. (In this paper ‘strain’ and ‘strain rate’ refer to conditions at the surface of the specimen and therefore apply to the zones in which cracks are initiated.) Tests were performed at 20°C (0.315TM) and were controlled between constant torque limits of equal but reversed magnitudes. Below a critical strain rate, ·λcrit, the fatigue life obeys the law Nf = A·λm for a constant torque range. When ·λ exceeds ·λcrit, there is no significant strain-rate effect on fatigue endurance. It is suggested that cyclically activated creep mechanisms cause significant damage at strain rates less than 2Tcrit. A relaxation behaviour was observed after the first quarter cycle when torque ranges were greater than a critical level of 2 Tcrit. A similar phenomenon was observed at ranges less than 2 Tcrit with straining rates less than 2Tcrit but only when the specimens were close to failure and the initial cyclic hardening had been removed by cyclic softening. In consequence fatigue endurances were found to be less sensitive to torque at ranges greater than 2 Tcrit. Cumulative strain (cyclically induced creep) occurred at all torque ranges and straining rates. Minimum cumulative strains occurred at a torque range of 2 Tcrit with the value of Tcrit having a minimal dependence on the straining rate. The ratio of time to cyclic-dependent processes that contribute to failure is itself dependent on both the torque range and the straining rate. However, a single curve suffices to represent all results if a total strain path to failure criterion is adopted.
Axial stresses in cylindrical tube-plates
Authors: Fessler H 
Published: June 2007

Photoelastic frozen-stress tests were carried out on two identical vessels, one subjected to pure bending, the other to axial tension simulating pressure end-load only. The arrays of holes were designed for maximum ‘eccentricity’. The pressure end load causes stress variations of the type assumed in B.S. 1113:1958 calculations. The measured eccentricities from the bending test show that the eccentricity, which is ignored by the A.S.M.E. and I.S.O. codes, is real but not as great as predicted by B.S. 1113:1958. A proposed method of calculation gives the best agreement with the observed eccentricities but the B.S. method predicts the mean axial stresses well. The usual method of averaging the diameters of adjacent unequal holes for stress calculations is satisfactory.
Strain concentration in beams under cyclic plastic straining
Authors: White D J , Radomski M 
Published: June 2007

Cyclic plastic-straining tests with controlled deflections have been conducted on beams subject to uniform bending, three-point bending, and a cosine distribution of bending moment; the second and third beams represent cases of strain concentration. Three different materials were used, namely mild steel, stainless steel, and aluminium. The strain-concentration tests show stainless steel and aluminium to be more resistant to deflection cycling than mild steel. A similar difference is not found in the uniform bending tests to anything like the same extent. Stainless steel shows a more pronounced strain-hardening characteristic in the cyclic stress-strain curve than does mild steel and it is concluded that this produces a more favourable strain distribution along the length of the beam, so that the maximum strain is less and the endurance is correspondingly greater. For materials which show settled cyclic stress-strain relations, reasonable predictions may be made of life in deflection cycling of beams under strain-concentration conditions if the strains are calculated from the cyciic relations and the corresponding endurance is obtained from uniform bending tests. If, for design purposes, the strains determining the life are calculated from monotonic stress-strain relations, the design will be safe, provided the material does not soften with cyclic straining.
Some aspects of the physiology of the anaesthetised marmoset
Authors: Davies J. A. 
Published: June 2007

Some normal values of blood pressure, heart rate, and respiration rate obtained from 37 anaesthetised marmosets, are reported together with results of the electrocardiograms of 6 marmosets. The effects of a variety of pharmacological agents are also reported. The suitability of the anaesthetised marmoset as a representative of the primate order for the pharmacological evaluation of drugs that affect the cardiovascular and respiratory systems is discussed.
Body weight ratio of male and female rats reared on various diets in relation to food efficiency ratio and longevity
Authors: Dalderup L. M. 
Published: June 2007

The ratio of the bodyweights of male and female rats, together with the weight of the females, seems to give valuable information as to the biological value of an experimental food as a whole and to the lifespan expectancy. Extremes of the bodyweight ratios are 0.9 and 2.0, the lower ratios applying to younger age groups and to old animals, the higher ratios to the ages in between. There is evidence that diets which are most favourable with regard to longevity give rise to maximum ratios between 1.5 and 1.6, which are maintained during later life. The females give always less response to dietary measures and are less disturbed by very bad quality rations than the males. Their lifespan is often longer than that of the males. The bodyweight ratio has within reasonable limits the same numerical value as the ratio of food efficiencies of male and female animals; the weight ratio is always very simple to obtain, whereas measurement of food-efficiency ratio requires much more work.
A mobile shelving unit for laboratory animal cages
Authors: Coid C. R. 
Published: June 2007

The rack is 73 in high x 36 in wide x 27 in deep overall (185 x 90 x 70 cm). It is constructed in 2 sections, of approximately equal size, from steel tubing coated with nylon after manufacture. The shelves, which may be located easily in different positions, are made from aluminium sheeting. This type of free-standing unit provides a very satisfactory degree of the adaptability which is frequently required to accommodate laboratory animal cages of various sizes.
A strain of Pasteurella multocida associated with infections in rabbit colonies
Authors: Mushin Rose , Schoenbaum M. 
Published: June 2007

Pasteurella multocida was isolated from 4 conventional rabbit colonies. Amongst 51 isolates, 48 (94%) belonged to a group of strains with similar morphological, cultural, biochemical and antigenic characteristics; they were named for convenience Lo strains and gave rise to local or ascending infections. All Lo strains were found to be a new serotype, but 8 of them had additional antigenic factors characteristic of known serotypes. The other 3 isolates (6%) were identified as serotype 3, known to have a wide host range: 2 strains were associated with septicaemia and haemotogenic spread, and 1 with snuffles. Diagnostic agglutinating antibodies were present in the sera of adult rabbits. Maternal antibodies were in the sera of rabbits of 3 and 4 weeks old, but by the age of 8 weeks the titres had fallen to an undetectable level.
Effect of steam temperature in the pelleting process of chicken food on the viability of contaminating bacteria
Authors: Furuta Kenji , Oku Iwao , Morimoto Shigeichi 
Published: June 2007

Pellet feeds were prepared at 70, 80, 83 and 90°C under constant steam pressure of 4·0 kg/cm2. Under these conditions, the food received 10 seconds of heat treatment, but treatment at 90°C was found inappropriate since the food became slushy. Pelleting conditions examined in this study did not eliminate all contaminating bacteria, but coliforms from ingredients were killed when pelleting was conducted at over 80°C. Concentrations of vitamins were not decreased during pelleting. The optimum temperature for pelleting food is considered to be 83°C under the conditions investigated in this study.
A survey of the pathology of marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) derived from a marmoset breeding unit
Authors: Chalmers D. T. , Murgatroyd L. B. , Wadsworth P. F. 
Published: June 2007

The results of a survey of the major pathological conditions encountered in an established breeding colony of common cotton-eared marmosets ( Callithrix jacchus) is presented. 265 home-bred and 70 imported wild-caught marmosets were examined. A Heinz body haemolytic anaemia and skeletal muscle myopathy were the most common pathological findings and were considered to be a result of a complex nutritional deficiency involving vitamin E, selenium and protein. Inflammatory disease of the intestinal tract was also a major feature. Chronic colitis was particularly common in older marmosets. Pneumonia, otitis media, meningitis and brain abscesses were important pathological findings in home-bred marmosets and were commonly associated with bacterial infections, particularly Bordetella bronchiseptica and Klebsiella species. Trichospirura leptostoma within pancreatic ducts of wild-caught marmosets was the only significant parasitic disease encountered. Mycotic infections of the upper alimentary tract with Candida species were occasional findings in debilitated animals. No pathological features suggesting viral diseases were found.
The effect of repeated reproduction on the incidence of pituitary tumours in Wistar rats
Authors: Pickering C. Elizabeth , Pickering R. G. 
Published: June 2007

Weanling female litter mates were equally proportioned at the start of the study between a breeding and a non-breeding group. At 10 weeks of age, each rat of the breeding group was housed individually with a male until 5 litters were produced (or exceptionally for a maximum of 42 weeks) before the male was removed. Females of the non-breeding group were kept singly in similar cages. 2 years after the start of the study all the surviving rats of both groups were killed. Comprehensive necropsies were performed on the decedents and survivors and the pituitary gland of each rat was examined histologically. The 48% survival of the female rats which were allowed to breed was better, but not significantly so, than the 38% of those not allowed to breed. Overall fewer, 70% (35 of 50) of the mated female rats had pituitary tumours compared with 80% (40 of 50) of the non-mated group. Fewer of the decedents, 69% (18 of 26), of the mated females had pituitary tumours compared with 94% (29 of 31) in the decedents of the non-mated group. More survivors, 71% (17 of 24), of the mated females had pituitary tumours compared with 58% (11 of 19) of the surviving non-mated rats. A tumour was first observed at day 328 in the non-mated group, whilst in the mated group the first tumour was identified at day 450. It is suggested that breeding delays the appearance of pituitary tumours in the female rat.
Microsurgery in the clinic and laboratory
Authors: Green C. J. 
Published: June 2007

Laboratory animals have been crucial to the development of modern microsurgical techniques which are now routinely used in many clinical departments worldwide. In return, microsurgical techniques are important in biomedical research as they allow many surgical procedures to be performed on rodents instead of dogs, pigs or primates. This has obvious advantages in terms of low cost, the use of statistically valid numbers for comparison and the availability of genetically defined animals which are more likely to give valid answers to immunological questions. Microsurgical reconstruction is important in plastic, orthopaedic, urogenital, vascular and peripheral nerve surgery in man and it is likely that it will become part of every surgeon's training in the near future. In this review, the instrumentation essential to any microsurgical enterprise and the sutures available are described. Basic microsurgical techniques for end-to-end and end-to-side anastomosis of small vessels and for joining peripheral nerves, oviducts and other tubular structures are given in outline. Techniques for transplanting kidney, heart, heart and lung, liver, spleen, pancreas, small bowel, stomach, testicle, ovary and whole joint are only outlined but key references are given. Finally, some of the clinical indications for microsurgical reconstruction are reviewed.
Theory, testing, and mechanization of the ABC retrieval system
Authors: Altmann Berthold , Riessler Walter A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA test collection of documents on solid state physics was indexed by creating highly controlled ABC descriptors which were categorized and weighted. Overlapping categories were used deliberately. Subject experts judged the relatedness of each paper to each category. Test queries were answered by vector‐like calculations of query‐document correlations. A new quantitative attribute, Deficiency, was devised and used for evaluating and comparing the retrieval results of different indexing systems. An improved matrix worksheet was designed for indexers. The progressive automation of most of the operational steps in using the ABC method is emphasized.
On understanding user choices: Textual correlates of relevance judgments
Authors: Gifford Carolyn , Baumanis George J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn empirical investigation of the role of documents in relevance judgments is reported. Abstracts previously judged relevant, partially relevant, and nonrelevant to each of 61 questions were compared to see whether textual differences could be found which might reasonably account for the rating differences. The results of this comparison were fairly clear‐cut characterizations in each case of relevant and partially relevant abstracts. These characterizations were found to be expressible largely as meaningful co‐occurrences of terms closely related to the question. It is suggested that the textual bases of user choices may be more understandable than has been supposed.
Word‐word associations in document retrieval systems
Authors: Lesk M. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe SMART automatic document retrieval system is used to study association procedures for automatic content analysis. The effect of word frequency and other parameters on the association process is investigated through examination of related pairs and through retrieval experiments. Associated pairs of words usually reflect localized word meanings, and true synonyms cannot readily be found from first or second order relationships in our document collections. There is little overlap between word relationships found through associations and those used in thesaurus construction, and the effects of word associations and a thesaurus in retrieval are independent. The use of associations in retrieval experiments improves not only recall, by permitting new matches between requests and documents, but also precision, by reinforcing existing matches. In our experiments, the precision effect is responsible for most of the improvement possible with associations. A properly constructed thesaurus, however, offers better performance than statistical association methods.
Effectiveness of information retrieval methods
Authors: Swets John A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults of some 50 different retrieval methods applied in three experimental retrieval systems were subjected to the analysis suggested by statistical decision theory. The analysis validates a previously‐proposed measure of effectiveness and demonstrates its several desirable properties. The examination of a wide range of data in relation to this one metric provides a clear and general assessment of the current state of the retrieval art.
Iterative strategy design
Authors: Wilde Daniel U. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a retrieval procedure and a strategy design philosophy which permit the strategy designer (SD) to focus in on his final results. The retrieval procedure allows SD to iteratively partition his data base into sub‐files and to quickly examine sub‐file content. The design philosophy suggests that SD should first use a very general partition and then iteratively repartition until he is satisfied with his retrieval results.
History of the american documentation institute—a sketch
Authors: Schultz Claire K. , Garwig Paul L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractHighlights of the history of the American Documentation Institute (ADI) (1937‐1967) are sketched, giving background on the concepts and aspirations of Watson Davis (1896‐1967), founder of ADI and one of the first Americans to become interested in documentation as a separate field of endeavor. Davis organized ADI as a service organization, concentrating primarily on offering microfilming services. Since 1952 ADI has grown in importance as a professional organization, gradually developing to a state of financial self‐sufficiency, intellectual influence, and benefaction to its members. These developments are traced for the most part in chronologial order, sometimes with the use of footnotes to bring up to date matters introduced in the text at the time of their earliest importance.
The effectiveness of automatically generated weights and links in mechanical indexing
Authors: Artandi Susan , Wolf Edward H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWork concerned with the statistical evaluation of the output of the MEDICO automatic indexing method is described. The statistical tests were designed primarily to examine the validity of the assumptions which formed the bases of the algorithms developed for the automatic computation of weights and for the automatic generation of links between index terms and modifiers. This evaluation also includes a comparison of the output generated from full text and from the processing of the abstracts or summaries of the same articles.
Optimal user search sequences and implications for information systems operation
Authors: Baker Norman R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPersons with information needs are faced with determining which potential sources of need satisfaction should be accessed and the order of accession. A reward‐cost theory of behavior provides the structure necessary for postulating various user evaluation functions. Applications of techniques of sequential optimization in search theory yield criteria for determining optimal sequences relative to both the many sources‐one need and many sources‐many needs problems. These criteria are then analyzed relative to the operation of an information storage and retrieval system. It is shown that the information storage and retrieval system has control over the factors which interact to determine the optimal sequences, and the specific role played by each of these factors is investigated. The decision criteria can also be used to optimally order items, services, or search zones.
Herman hollerith: data processing pioneer
Authors: Blodgett John H. , Schultz Claire K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA chronological sketch of Herman Hollerith's (1860–1929) personal life, inventions and business activities has been abstracted from a Drexel Institute Master's thesis which covers these subjects comprehensively. Two of the more important contentions supported by the thesis and mentioned here are that Dr. John Shaw Billings had little to do with the invention of the Hollerith system, and that, contrary to rumor, Hollerith was a successful business man who pioneered in the marketing of punched card systems in the United States and abroad before he sold his business to Computer‐Tabulating‐Recording Company, which later became International Business Machines Company (IBM). Hollerith is a pioneer in information science because he invented the first machine for automated selective sorting; he developed a means of translating English words and census‐takers' checkmarks into machine‐readable language; he used the two now‐classic means of organizing machine‐readable files, for random (direct) access and serial access; and he developed some still‐used methods for checking errors within card decks. His machine techniques were easily understood, highly effective, efficient, and enduring.
An analytical survey of virology literature reported in two announcement journals
Authors: Carroll Kathleen H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe growing science of virology has witnessed a parallel expansion of its literature. This study was undertaken to demonstrate that this specialty literature can be efficiently extracted from the broader data base of general biology in which it is contained. The scope and coverage of virology literature by BIOSIS was reviewed in the study which was based on manual and computer‐supported identification of more than 2300 virology papers announced in Biological Abstracts (BA) and its sister publication over a five‐month period. Papers announced had been drawn from 495 different sources representing 44 different countries and eight fields of science other than microbiology and were printed in 20 sections of BA other than those dealing directly with virology. Nearly two‐thirds of the virology abstracts in BA originally appeared in journals published outside the United States; approximately half of these foreign abstracts were taken from Russian sources. The techniques of retrieval and further results of the study are presented.
A graphic catalog card index
Authors: Lewis Elizabeth M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo improve accessibility and maintenance of art slides in the United States Military Academy Library at West Point, a model card with a graphic image of the slide was designed with pertinent identifying information displayed directly above a black‐and‐white opaque photo and also key‐punched into it. The card serves for ample comparison reference previous to handling the slides and can produce a subject‐arranged permuted index in book form. The latter permits access from the approach of form, geographic area, name, time of origin, artist, school, or style, etc. Some added advantages, common to other kinds of graphic collections, are detailed. Estimated costs of photo‐reproduction of original cards, various kinds of copies, and computer time and materials are listed. Future benefits from a consistent, unified cataloging system for graphic objects and the dissemination of this kind of information in a network structure are indicated as major goals.
Bibliographic dimensions in information contol
Authors: Lubetzky Seymour , Hayes R. M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe materials of a library, exemplified by books, have traditionally been viewed as presenting two aspects involving two distinct problems: their description and control as unique items and their treatment as sources of information on various subjects. But this view has tended to overlook a third fundamental aspect: that of the works which are embodied in the materials and in turn embody the information. The paper discusses the meaning of this aspect and its implications in the control of information.