bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of imidacloprid resistance and cross‐resistance in the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens
Authors: Wang Yan Hua , Wu Sheng Gan , Zhu Yu Cheng , Chen Jin , Liu Feng Yi , Zhao Xue Ping , Wang Qiang , Li Zhen , Bo Xian Ping , Shen Jin Liang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractExtensive use of imidacloprid for suppressing the brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) (Homoptera: Delphacidae), has placed heavy selection pressure on the target insect. A systematic study was carried out to determine imidacloprid resistance dynamics and cross‐resistance. Data collected from a 3‐year study (2005–2007) showed that in 2005, the resistance levels in Nanning (Guangxi), Haiyan (Zhejiang), and Nanjing and Tongzhou (Jiangsu) populations ranged from 200‐ to 799‐fold compared with the susceptible strain. However, the resistance levels decreased to 135‐ to 233‐fold in 2007, after reduced application of the chemical. A laboratory population was challenged with imidacloprid in successive generations. After 23 generations, the resistance ratio had increased from 200‐ to 1 298‐fold. Continuous selection with imidacloprid could increase the resistance level even more than has already been developed in the population. Stopping selection with imidacloprid led to a rapid decrease of resistance from 759‐ to 114‐fold after 17 generations. Resistance levels then became stable without decreasing any further. A similar result was also obtained from a study involving a field population (resistance ratio = 625‐fold) collected from Tongzhou. At first, the population showed a rapid decrease in resistance right after imidacloprid selection was stopped, and then the resistance stabilized at a level of 105–129‐fold. More interestingly, resistance increased again when selection was resumed. In addition, the resistant strain selected with imidacloprid showed substantial cross‐resistance to imidaclothiz, thiacloprid, and acetamiprid, and slight levels of cross‐resistance to dinotefuran and thiamethoxam, but no obvious cross‐resistance to nitenpyram, buprofezin, and fipronil. The information from this study is valuable for formulating resistance‐management strategies against N. lugens.
How psychiatrists inform themselves and their patients about risks and benefits of antipsychotic treatment
Authors: Mendel R. , Hamann J. , Traut‐Mattausch E. , Jonas E. , Heres S. , Frey D. , Kissling W. 
Published: February 2009

Objective:  In order to choose the best treatment option, physicians have to inform themselves and their patients about both the benefits and risks of available treatment options equally. Our study aims to investigate whether psychiatrists actually do conduct such a balanced information search and presentation.Method:  Psychiatrists’ information search and information presentation to a patient with schizophrenia were studied using two separate experiments. In both, participants were presented with hypothetical case vignettes and descriptions of fictitious antipsychotics.Results:  When searching for information, psychiatrists looked more for risks than benefits of antipsychotic treatment options (t = −3.4, df = 74, P = 0.001). However, when informing a patient, they named more benefits than risks (t = 17.1, df = 224, P < 0.001).Conclusion:  The risk‐biased information search presumably follows the principle of ‘primum non nocere’. The benefit‐biased information presentation might be motivated by the wish to persuade patients to accept the proposed therapy.
A multidisciplinary audit of clinical coding accuracy in otolaryngology: financial, managerial and clinical governance considerations under payment‐by‐results
Authors: Nouraei S.A.R. , O’Hanlon S. , Butler C.R. , Hadovsky A. , Donald E. , Benjamin E. , Sandhu G.S. 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  To audit the accuracy of otolaryngology clinical coding and identify ways of improving it.Design:  Prospective multidisciplinary audit, using the ‘national standard clinical coding audit’ methodology supplemented by ‘double‐reading and arbitration’.Settings:  Teaching‐hospital otolaryngology and clinical coding departments.Participants:  Otolaryngology inpatient and day‐surgery cases.Main outcome measures:  Concordance between initial coding performed by a coder (first cycle) and final coding by a clinician‐coder multidisciplinary team (MDT; second cycle) for primary and secondary diagnoses and procedures, and Health Resource Groupings (HRG) assignment.Results:  1250 randomly‐selected cases were studied. Coding errors occurred in 24.1% of cases (301/1250). The clinician‐coder MDT reassigned 48 primary diagnoses and 186 primary procedures and identified a further 209 initially‐missed secondary diagnoses and procedures. In 203 cases, patient’s initial HRG changed. Incorrect coding caused an average revenue loss of £174.90 per patient (14.7%) of which 60% of the total income variance was due to miscoding of a eight highly‐complex head and neck cancer cases. The ‘HRG drift’ created the appearance of disproportionate resource utilisation when treating ‘simple’ cases. At our institution the total cost of maintaining a clinician‐coder MDT was 4.8 times lower than the income regained through the double‐reading process.Conclusions:  This large audit of otolaryngology practice identifies a large degree of error in coding on discharge. This leads to significant loss of departmental revenue, and given that the same data is used for benchmarking and for making decisions about resource allocation, it distorts the picture of clinical practice. These can be rectified through implementing a cost‐effective clinician‐coder double‐reading multidisciplinary team as part of a data‐assurance clinical governance framework which we recommend should be established in hospitals.
Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellite loci for the Skyros wall lizard Podarcis gaigeae (Squamata: Lacertidae)
Authors: WELLENREUTHER M. , RUNEMARK A. , SVENSSON E. I. , HANSSON B. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFifteen polymorphic markers were developed from a microsatellite‐enriched library for the lizard Podarcis gaigeae. The loci were checked for variability in 68 individuals from a population on the island of Skyros, Greece. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 23 per locus and expected heterozygosity from 0.29 and 0.94. Most markers were also polymorphic in three closely related Podarcis species, namely P. erhardi, P. taurica and P. milensis. The markers will be used to examine gene flow and differentiation of island and mainland populations of P. gaigeae.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for the critically endangered Balearic shearwater, Puffinus mauretanicus
Authors: GONZALEZ E. G. , GENOVART M. , ORO D. , ZARDOYA R. , JUSTE J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTen novel polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from the Balearic shearwater (Puffinus mauretanicus), a critically endangered seabird. The developed loci revealed a relatively low number of alleles per locus, as well as low levels of polymorphism (HO = 0.377 ± 0.241). One of the loci appeared to be W‐linked. All polymorphic loci were successfully amplified in its closely related species, the Yelkouan shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan). These microsatellite markers would be useful for assessing population structure in the Balearic shearwater and the possible hybridization process between both shearwaters species.
Isolation and characterization of nine polymorphic microsatellite loci in the endangered shrub Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes (Hamamelidaceae)
Authors: GAO PUXIN , YANG AIHONG , YAO XIAOHONG , HUANG HONGWEN 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNine polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated and characterized from an AC‐enriched genomic library of Disanthus cercidifolius var. longipes. Microsatellite polymorphism was investigated using 24 individuals from one natural population. The observed number of alleles per locus ranged from two to four. Observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.17 to 0.92 and from 0.16 to 0.72, respectively. These polymorphic microsatellite loci provide useful tools for the ongoing population genetic studies of D. cercidifolius var. longipes.
Diagenesis and Evolution of the Holocene Coquinite from the Haishan Island, Eastern Guangdong, China
Authors: SUN Jinlong , XU Huilong , QIU Xuelin , ZHAN Wenhuan , LI Yamin 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:The coastal hard rock with a thickness of over 5 m and a distribution area of nearly 200 ha in the Haishan Island, south China, has long drawn researchers’attention. However, there were controversies over its formation and classification, and these controversies in turn lead to the dispute of sea level changes and coastal uplift‐subsidence of this area. To investigate its diagenesis and evolution, petrographic analysis, elemental geochemistry, isotopic analysis, and radiocarbon dating were used in the present study. Radiocarbon dating indicates that the deposition of the Haishan Coquinite commenced in the mid Holocene and lasted to ∼600 a B.P. Petrographic analysis shows that the Haishan Coquinite is cemented by low‐Mg calcite, indicating that the cementation occurred in a meteoric environment. The elemental geochemistry and isotopic values demonstrate that the coquinite suffered strong leaching, which was thought to be responsible for the meteoric cementation of the coquinite. According to these results, the diagenesis of the coquinite is revealed: deposition of the Haishan Coquinite commenced in the mid Holocene in a shoal environment, initial cementation occurred and cement may be high‐Mg calcite or aragonite; latterly the coquinite exposed to meteoric environment as a result of lowering of relative sea level, and the cement altered to low‐Mg, which took the morphologies of bladed calcite rim and equant spar. A four‐stage evolution model is proposed: (1) deposition stage, (2) initial cementation, (3) exposure to and cementation in meteoric environment, and (4) erosion stage. The published reports indicate that the hard rock should be designated as coquinite. Based on these studies, mid‐Holocene sea level in this area was discussed, and the Haishan Island was proposed to uplift with a rate of ∼5 mm/a in the last ∼600 a.
Abfraction: separating fact from fiction
Authors: Michael JA , Townsend GC , Greenwood LF , Kaidonis JA 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNon‐carious cervical lesions involve loss of hard tissue and, in some instances, restorative material at the cervical third of the crown and subjacent root surface, through processes unrelated to caries. These non‐carious processes may include abrasion, corrosion and possibly abfraction, acting alone or in combination. Abfraction is thought to take place when excessive cyclic, non‐axial tooth loading leads to cusp flexure and stress concentration in the vulnerable cervical region of teeth. Such stress is then believed to directly or indirectly contribute to the loss of cervical tooth substance. This article critically reviews the literature for and against the concept of abfraction.Although there is theoretical evidence in support of abfraction, predominantly from finite element analysis studies, caution is advised when interpreting results of these studies because of their limitations. In fact, there is only a small amount of experimental evidence for abfraction. Clinical studies have shown associations between abfraction lesions, bruxism and occlusal factors, such as premature contacts and wear facets, but these investigations do not confirm causal relationships. Importantly, abfraction lesions have not been reported in pre‐contemporary populations.It is important that oral health professionals understand that abfraction is still a theoretical concept, as it is not backed up by appropriate clinical evidence. It is recommended that destructive, irreversible treatments aimed at treating so‐called abfraction lesions, such as occlusal adjustment, be avoided.
Tate–Shafarevich groups in anticyclotomic ℤp-extensions at supersingular primes
Authors: Çiperiani Mirela 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLet E/ℚ be an elliptic curve and p a prime of supersingular reduction for E. Denote by $\mathrm {K}_\infty $ the anticyclotomic ℤp-extension of an imaginary quadratic field K which satisfies the Heegner hypothesis. Assuming that p splits in K/ℚ, we prove that ${\mbox {\textcyr {Sh}}} (\mathrm {K}_\infty , \mathrm {E})_{p^\infty }$ has trivial Λ-corank and, in the process, also show that $\mathrm {H^1_{Sel}}(\mathrm {K}_\infty , \mathrm {E}_{p^\infty })$ and $\mathrm {E}(\mathrm {K}_\infty )\otimes \mathbb {Q}_p/\mathbb {Z}_p$ both have Λ-corank two.
p-units in ray class fields of real quadratic number fields
Authors: Chapdelaine Hugo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractLet K be a real quadratic number field and let p be a prime number which is inert in K. We denote the completion of K at the place p by Kp. We propose a p-adic construction of special elements in Kp× and formulate the conjecture that they should be p-units lying in narrow ray class fields of K. The truth of this conjecture would entail an explicit class field theory for real quadratic number fields. This construction can be viewed as a natural generalization of a construction obtained by Darmon and Dasgupta who proposed a p-adic construction of p-units lying in narrow ring class fields of K.
A Plancherel formula for Sp2n/Spn×Spn and its application
Authors: Mao Zhengyu , Rallis Stephen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe compute the spherical functions on the symmetric space Sp2n/Spn×Spn and derive a Plancherel formula for functions on the symmetric space. As an application of the Plancherel formula, we prove an identity which amounts to the fundamental lemma of a relative trace identity between Sp2n and $\widetilde {{\rm Sp}}_n$.
Robustness Analysis of Mistuned Bladed Disk Using the Upper Bound of Structured Singular Value
Authors: Yao Jianyao , Wang Jianjun , Li Qihan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper presents a method for the robustness analysis of the bladed disk with bounded random mistuning. The robust stability and performance are evaluated by the upper bound of the structured singular value. The robust control model of the bladed disk is established in virtue of linear fractional transformation. The influences of intentional stiffness mistuning in harmonic patterns on the robustness of the mistuned bladed disk are investigated. The numerical results indicate that the robust performance of the mistuned bladed disk could be effectively enhanced by appropriate harmonic intentional mistuning. The proposed method can help us design a bladed disk, which is insensitive to dangerous random mistuning.
Secondary Air System Component Modeling for Engine Performance Simulations
Authors: Alexiou A. , Mathioudakis K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the modeling of typical secondary air system elements such as rotating orifices, seals, and flow passages with heat and work transfer from the surrounding surfaces. The modeling is carried out in an object-oriented simulation environment that allows the creation of different configurations in a simple and flexible manner. This makes possible to compare the performance between different designs of individual components or complete secondary air systems as well as integrate them directly in whole engine performance models. The modeling is validated against published experimental data and computational results. An example of implementation in an engine model is also presented.
Swirling Annular Flow in a Steam Separator
Authors: Kataoka Hironobu , Shinkai Yusuke , Hosokawa Shigeo , Tomiyama Akio 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Effects of pick-off ring configuration on the separator performance of a downscaled model of a steam separator for a boiling water nuclear reactor are examined using various types of pick-off rings. The experiments are conducted using air and water. Pressure drops in a barrel and a diffuser and diameters and velocities of droplets at the exit of the barrel are measured using differential pressure transducers and particle Doppler anemometry, respectively. The separator performance does not depend on the shape of the pick-off ring but strongly depends on the width of the gap between the pick-off ring and the barrel wall. The pressure drop in the barrel is well evaluated using the interfacial friction factor for unstable film flows. Carry-under can be estimated using a droplet velocity distribution at the exit of the separator.
Qualification of the Hemagglutination Inhibition Assay in Support of Pandemic Influenza Vaccine Licensure
Authors: Noah Diana L. , Hill Heather , Hines David , White E. Lucile , Wolff Mark C. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
Continued outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza over the past decade have spurred global efforts to develop antivirals and vaccines. As part of vaccine development, standard methods are needed for determining serum antibody titers in response to vaccination. Hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assays are appropriate for assessing the immunogenicity of pandemic influenza vaccines in support of license approval. We demonstrate that a rigorous qualification of the HAI assay for H5N1 influenza virus, evaluating for precision, intermediate precision, linearity, range, specificity, and robustness, satisfies the intent of regulatory guidance for assay validation despite the lack of availability of specific reference standard antigens and antisera.
Differences in Tuberculin Reactivity as Determined in a Veterans Administration Employee Health Screening Program
Authors: Mehta Sanjay R. , MacGruder Cathy , Looney David , Johns Scott , Smith Davey M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT
In response to a difference in pricing, the San Diego Veterans Administration Medical Center changed its tuberculin preparation from Tubersol to Aplisol in the fall of 2006. Following the change, an increased number of employee skin test conversions was noted. Employee tuberculin skin test converters from 2006 were screened with the QuantiFERON Gold (QFT-G) gamma interferon release assay. Those employees who tested negative by QFT-G were asked to repeat their skin test with both Tubersol and Aplisol tuberculin preparations. Of the new purified protein derivative converters, 12 of 14 returned for repeat testing with QFT-G, and the assay was negative for 83% (10/12), positive for 8% (1/12), and indeterminate for 8% (1/12) of the individuals. Nine of the individuals who were QFT-G negative agreed to repeat skin testing with both tuberculin preparations, and 7/8 (87.5%) demonstrated reactivity with the Aplisol preparation, while 0/8 (0%) reacted to the Tubersol preparation. A change from Tubersol to Aplisol resulted in elevated tuberculin skin test conversion rates that may be due to false-positive reactions. The differences in skin test reactivity between preparations support CDC guidelines that recommend that institutions should not change tuberculin preparations, as doing so may falsely increase the number of positive reactions.
Mucosal Adjuvanticity of a
Shigella
Invasin Complex with DNA-Based Vaccines
Authors: Kaminski Robert W. , Turbyfill K. Ross , Chao C. , Ching W. M. , Oaks Edwin V. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

Protection against many infectious diseases may require the induction of cell-mediated and mucosal immunity. Immunization with plasmid DNA-based vaccines has successfully induced cell-mediated immune responses in small animals but is less potent in humans. Therefore, several methods are under investigation to augment DNA vaccine immunogenicity. In the current study, a mucosal adjuvant consisting of an invasin protein-lipopolysaccharide complex (Invaplex) isolated from
Shigella
spp. was evaluated as an adjuvant for DNA-based vaccines. Coadministration of plasmid DNA encoding the
Orientia tsutsugamushi
r56Karp protein with Invaplex resulted in enhanced cellular and humoral responses in intranasally immunized mice compared to immunization with DNA without adjuvant. Mucosal immunoglobulin A, directed to plasmid-encoded antigen, was detected in lung and intestinal compartments after Invaplex-DNA immunization followed by a protein booster. Moreover, immunization with Invaplex elicited
Shigella
-specific immune responses, highlighting its potential use in a combination vaccine strategy. The capacity of Invaplex to enhance the immunogenicity of plasmid-encoded genes suggested that Invaplex promoted the uptake and expression of the delivered genes. To better understand the native biological activities of Invaplex related to its adjuvanticity, interactions between Invaplex and mammalian cells were characterized. Invaplex rapidly bound to and was internalized by nonphagocytic, eukaryotic cells in an endocytic process dependent on actin polymerization and independent of microtubule formation. Invaplex also mediated transfection with several plasmid DNA constructs, which could be inhibited with monoclonal antibodies specific for IpaB and IpaC or Invaplex-specific polyclonal sera. The cellular binding and transport capabilities of Invaplex likely contribute to the adjuvanticity and immunogenicity of Invaplex.
Prevalence of Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Goodrich Jennifer S. , Sutton-Shields Tameaka N. , Kerr Alan , Wedd Joel P. , Miller Melissa B. , Gilligan Peter H. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

We prospectively determined the prevalence of community-associated
Staphylococcus aureus
in a large cystic fibrosis (CF) center between October 2005 and October 2007. We found that 2.7% (19/707) of the CF patients who had cultures during the study period were infected with this organism, representing 14% of the total methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
strains (
n
= 140) recovered from the patient population during the study period.
Diagnosis of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Infections in Adults with Bacteremia and Community-Acquired Pneumonia: Clinical Comparison of Pneumococcal PCR and Urinary Antigen Detection
Authors: Smith Michael D. , Sheppard Carmen L. , Hogan Angela , Harrison Timothy G. , Dance David A. B. , Derrington Petra , George Robert C. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACT

The diagnosis of severe
Streptococcus pneumoniae
infection relies heavily on insensitive culture techniques. To improve the usefulness of PCR assays, we developed a dual-PCR protocol (targeted at pneumolysin and autolysin) for EDTA blood samples. This was compared to the Binax NOW
S. pneumoniae
urine antigen test in patients with bacteremic pneumococcal infections. Patients with nonbacteremic community-acquired pneumonia also were tested by these methods to determine what proportion could be confirmed as pneumococcal infections. A direct comparison was made in a group of patients who each had both tests performed. The Binax NOW
S. pneumoniae
urine antigen test was positive in 51 of 58 bacteremic pneumococcal cases (sensitivity, 88%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 77 to 95%), whereas the dual PCR was positive in 31 cases (sensitivity, 53.5%; 95% CI, 40 to 67%;
P
< 0.0001), and all of these had detectable urinary antigens. Both tests gave positive results in 2 of 51 control patients (referred to as other-organism septicemia), giving a specificity of 96% (95% CI, 86.5 to 99.5%). In 77 patients with nonbacteremic community-acquired pneumonia, urinary antigen was detected significantly more often (in 21 patients [27%]) than a positive result by the dual-PCR protocol (6 [8%]) (
P
= 0.002). The development of a dual-PCR protocol enhanced the sensitivity compared to that of the individual assays, but it is still significantly less sensitive than the Binax NOW urine antigen test, as well as being more time-consuming and expensive. Urinary antigen detection is the nonculture diagnostic method of choice for patients with possible severe pneumococcal infection.