bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking enhances absorption of insulin but reduces glucodynamic effects in individuals using the Lilly‐Dura inhaled insulin system
Authors: Wise S. , Chien J. , Yeo K. , Richardson C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim  To quantify the pharmacokinetic (PK) and glucodynamic (GD) impact of smoking on inhaled and subcutaneous (SC) insulin administration in healthy subjects.Methods  This study employed the euglycemic clamp procedure in a four‐period, four‐way randomized crossover design. Eight smoking and eight non‐smoking healthy males were given SC insulin on two occasions and human insulin inhalation powder (HIIP) on two other occasions.Results  Smokers exhibited greater insulin exposure (AUC0‐t′) than non‐smokers, following both routes of insulin administration (HIIP, P = 0.003, 58% increase; SC, P = 0.006, 24% increase). The maximum insulin concentration (Cmax) following HIIP was greater in smokers by 172% (P = 0.001) compared with non‐smokers. The glucodynamic effects were greater in smokers following HIIP, consistent with the insulin concentration difference observed. However, maximum glucose response (Rmax) following SC was decreased by 36% (P = 0.001) and obtained later [time of maximum glucose response (TRmax); P < 0.001] in smokers than in non‐smokers. Smokers appeared less sensitive to insulin [total glucose infused during the clamp procedure normalised by total insulin exposure (Gtot)/AUC0‐t′] than non‐smokers following both SC (P = 0.001) and inhaled (P = 0.011) routes of administration.Conclusion  Smokers had substantially increased peak HIIP insulin concentration, but the glucodynamic effect was partially offset, most likely because of increased insulin resistance.
Comparison of international and New Zealand guidelines for the care of pregnant women with diabetes
Authors: Cutchie W. A. , Cheung N. W. , Simmons D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective  To compare international guidelines for the care of women with diabetes and pregnancy with reported current practice among New Zealand tertiary centres.Research design and methods  A literature review of national and international guidelines for the care of women with diabetes in pregnancy was undertaken. Guideline activities were placed within nine facets of care, from preconception advice, through pregnancy from screening to follow‐up. New Zealand tertiary centres guidelines were obtained and placed in the same framework.Results  International guideline consensus was inconsistent across most facets of care. Those for the detection and diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) were particularly discordant internationally, although intranational agreement has occurred.Conclusions  International guidelines for the care of women with diabetes in pregnancy remain fragmented. The development of one set of guidelines based on the consensus of international best practice could overcome many of the misconceptions associated with diabetes in pregnancy.
Bayesian Palaeoclimate Reconstruction
Authors: Haslett J. , Whiley M. , Bhattacharya S. , Salter-Townshend M. , Wilson Simon P. , Allen J. R. M. , Huntley B. , Mitchell F. J. G. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryWe consider the problem of reconstructing prehistoric climates by using fossil data that have been extracted from lake sediment cores. Such reconstructions promise to provide one of the few ways to validate modern models of climate change. A hierarchical Bayesian modelling approach is presented and its use, inversely, is demonstrated in a relatively small but statistically challenging exercise: the reconstruction of prehistoric climate at Glendalough in Ireland from fossil pollen. This computationally intensive method extends current approaches by explicitly modelling uncertainty and reconstructing entire climate histories. The statistical issues that are raised relate to the use of compositional data (pollen) with covariates (climate) which are available at many modern sites but are missing for the fossil data. The compositional data arise as mixtures and the missing covariates have a temporal structure. Novel aspects of the analysis include a spatial process model for compositional data, local modelling of lattice data, the use, as a prior, of a random walk with long-tailed increments, a two-stage implementation of the Markov chain Monte Carlo approach and a fast approximate procedure for cross-validation in inverse problems. We present some details, contrasting its reconstructions with those which have been generated by a method in use in the palaeoclimatology literature. We suggest that the method provides a basis for resolving important challenging issues in palaeoclimate research. We draw attention to several challenging statistical issues that need to be overcome.
Sex and population variation in ultraviolet reflectance of colour patches in Gallotia galloti (Fam. Lacertidae) from Tenerife (Canary Islands)
Authors: Molina‐Borja M. , Font E. , Mesa Avila G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSex and population differences in the ultraviolet (UV) reflectance patterns of two phenotypically divergent lacertids from Tenerife, Gallotia galloti eisentrauti and G. g. galloti, are described. Adults in both populations have rows of lateral and ventro‐lateral blue patches on either side of the trunk that show a single peak of reflectance in the near UV. The lateral patches of males are more intensely reflective than those of females, but females have more chromatic and UV‐shifted lateral patches than males. Most G. g. eisentrauti and some G. g. galloti also have blue cheek patches on either side of the gular area. Male cheek patches have reflectance peaks in the near UV, whereas those of females peak in the visible part of the spectrum. The lateral patches of males from the two populations differ in hue but not in intensity, those of G. g. galloti being more UV‐shifted than those of G. g. eisentrauti. Female G. g. galloti have more intensely reflective lateral patches than female G. g. eisentrauti. Interindividual variation in peak wavelength and/or UV chroma is present in both sexes and populations. This is the first demonstration of sexual dichromatism in the UV reflectance of colour patches in a lacertid.
Natal dispersal and breeding dispersal of a subsocial spitting spider (Scytodes pallida) (Araneae: Scytodidae), from Singapore
Authors: Li D. , Kuan J. Y. X. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSocial spiders are thought to have evolved from subsocial ancestors, species in which siblings have an extended association with their parent, but disperse from the natal nests before reaching reproductive maturity. Therefore, natal dispersal is a factor that may constrain permanent socialization. Understanding the natal dispersal behaviour of subsocial species may provide insights into the sociality of spiders. In this study, we investigated the natal dispersal and breeding dispersal patterns in a subsocial spitting spider Scytodes pallida in Singapore. Spiderlings stayed in their natal nest for 2–3 weeks and then dispersed more or less in clusters, with a short mean travel distance of 218.9 cm. Those from natal nests that contained more spiderlings dispersed earlier and at a smaller body size. The mean distance dispersed significantly increased with the clutch size (the number of spiderlings in a nest). This suggests that competition for nest sites in the vicinity of the natal nest may affect dispersal distance. The results from observations of the breeding dispersal (nest relocation) show that significantly more juveniles than adults, more males than females and more non‐brooding (egg free) than brooding (egg carrying) females were likely to relocate their nests. Based on the results of the breeding dispersal, mate competition and inbreeding avoidance do influence the natal dispersal of spitting spiders.
A novel approach to studying the effects of temperature on soil biogeochemistry using a thermal gradient bar
Authors: Fenner N. , Dowrick D. J. , Lock M. A. , Rafarel C. R. , Freeman C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe temperature dependence of chemical reaction rates and microbial metabolism mean that temperature is a key factor regulating soil trace gas emissions and hydrochemistry. Here we evaluated a novel approach for studying the thermal response of soils, by examining the effects of temperature on gas emissions and hydrochemistry in (a) peat and (b) soil from a Sitka spruce plantation. A thermal gradient was applied along an aluminium bar, allowing soil to be incubated contemporaneously from 2 to 18 °C. The approach demonstrated clear differences in the biogeochemical responses of the two soil types to warming. The peat showed no significant emission of CH4 at temperatures below 6 °C, while above 6 °C, a marked increase in the rate of release was apparent up to 15 °C (Q10 = 2.5) with emissions being similar between 15 and 18 °C. Conversely, CH4 emissions from the forest soil did not respond to warming. Nitrate availability in the peat decreased by 90% between 2 and 18 °C (P < 0.01), whereas concentrations in the forest soil did not respond. Sulphate availability in the peat decreased significantly with warming (60%, P < 0.01), while the forest soil showed the opposite response (a 30% increase, P < 0.01). Conventionally, thermal responses are studied by incubating individual soil samples at different temperatures, involving lengthy preparation and facilities to incubate samples at different temperatures simultaneously. Data collected on a given thermal response is usually limited and thus interpolated or extrapolated. The thermal gradient method overcomes these problems, is simple and flexible, and can be adapted for a wide range of sample types (not confined to soil). Such apparatus may prove useful in the optimization of management practices to mitigate the effects of climate change, as thermal responses will differ depending on land use and soil type.
Serum concentrations of risperidone and 9‐OH risperidone following intramuscular injection of long‐acting risperidone compared with oral risperidone medication
Authors: Nesvåg R. , Hendset M. , Refsum H. , Tanum L. 
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To compare serum concentrations of risperidone, 9‐hydroxy (OH) risperidone and risperidone plus 9‐OH risperidone, as well as the 9‐OH risperidone/risperidone ratio in patients receiving depot and oral risperidone.Method:  Serum concentrations from 78 patients receiving three different doses of risperidone depot were measured and compared with serum concentrations from 82 patients taking three different doses of oral risperidone.Results:  Patients receiving risperidone depot had significantly lower serum concentrations of risperidone plus 9‐OH risperidone than patients taking oral risperidone. More interestingly, the 9‐OH risperidone/risperidone ratio was also significantly lower in patients receiving risperidone depot than in patients taking oral risperidone.Conclusion:  Serum concentrations of risperidone plus 9‐OH risperidone may be a rather poor indication of the antipsychotic efficacy of risperidone unless their ratio is also considered.
GENEGEN TECHNOLOGY FOR DETECTION OF SALMONELLA SPP. AND GENUS LISTERIA/LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN CHICKEN SAMPLES
Authors: VOLLENHOFER‐SCHRUMPF SABINE , BURESCH RONALD , UNGER GABRIELE , STAHL NICOLE , FRÄNZL GERT , SCHINKINGER MANFRED 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT Performances of two commercial test systems for the detection of Salmonella spp. and genus Listeria/Listeria monocytogenes (GeneGen Salmonella Detection Kit and GeneGen Listeria Detection Kit, respectively) were tested. The technology combines multiplex polymerase chain reaction with a shortened, simplified hybridization protocol using test strips. In specificity tests using a collection of over 80 bacterial strains representing 22 genera, no false positive or false negative results were observed. The limit of detection was 100 and 10 genome copies for the Salmonella and Listeria assays, respectively. The kits were used for both analyses of spiked and naturally contaminated chicken samples, and their performances were compared with standard methods. An amount of 1–10 cfu/25 g of the respective pathogen added could be detected. Results achieved with the GeneGen Salmonella Detection Kit were in 100% concordance with the microbiological protocol. The GeneGen Listeria Detection Kit proved to be more sensitive than the standard method in the spiking experiments, as well as for chicken samples naturally contaminated with both Listeria innocua and L. monocytogenes. The kits provided a time saving of several days compared to conventional methods (30‐h detection time for Salmonella, 30–54 h for Listeria). The protocol is simple and does not require any high‐tech equipment for evaluation or documentation after DNA amplification. Hybridization can be carried out at ambient temperature, and results are evaluated with the unaided eye. Thus, these kits could be a valuable tool for the screening of food samples and confirmation of suspect colonies, especially in modestly equipped laboratories.
BIPHASIC MICROTITER METHOD FOR CAMPYLOBACTER RECOVERY AND ENUMERATION
Authors: ERIC LINE J. , SIRAGUSA GREGORY R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT We developed a biphasic method for recovery and enumeration of campylobacters. The biphasic system was composed of 96‐well microtiter plates containing Campy–Line agar prepared 2× for all ingredients except for 1× agar (0.1 mL per well). Samples were prepared in either twofold or fivefold dilution series across separate 96‐well plates and directly transferred (0.1 mL) to the agar‐containing microtiter plates to create the biphasic system. Biphasic plates were incubated for up to 48 h at 42C either aerobically or microaerobically in a gas mixture of 5% O2, 10% CO2 and 85% N2. Campylobacter was recovered in the aerobically incubated biphasic plates; however, significantly greater Campylobacter recovery was obtained in the biphasic plates incubated microaerobically (P < 0.05). Significantly higher numbers of injured campylobacters from chicken carcass rinse samples were recovered by the biphasic method compared with conventional direct plating techniques (P < 0.05).
The Role of Scales in the Dynamics of Parameterization Uncertainties
Authors: Vannitsem S. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The dynamics of model error due to parameterization uncertainties are investigated in the context of two spatially distributed systems: the one-dimensional convection system known as the extended Kuramoto–Sivashinsky equation and a quasigeostrophic atmospheric model. In addition to the different phases of error growth already reported for low-order systems, unexpected behaviors associated with the spectral characteristics of the model perturbation sources have been brought out. Notably, the predictability of the system is less affected by model uncertainties acting at small scales than at larger ones. An interpretation in terms of the spectral properties of the Lyapunov vectors is advanced.
A new approach to treatment of resistant gram-positive infections: potential impact of targeted IV to oral switch on length of stay
Authors: Desai Mohammed , Franklin Bryony Dean , Holmes Alison H , Trust Sarah , Richards Mike , Jacklin Ann , Bamford Kathleen B 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Patients prescribed intravenous (IV) glycopeptides usually remain in hospital until completion of this treatment. Some of these patients could be discharged earlier if a switch to an oral antibiotic was made. This study was designed to identify the percentage of inpatients currently prescribed IV glycopeptides who could be discharged earlier if a switch to an oral agent was used, and to estimate the number of bed days that could be saved. We also aimed to identify the patient group(s) most likely to benefit, and to estimate the number of days of IV therapy that could be prevented in patients who remained in hospital.

Methods
Patients were included if they were prescribed an IV glycopeptide for 5 days or more. Predetermined IV to oral antibiotic switch criteria and discharge criteria were applied. A multiple logistic regression model was used to identify the characteristics of the patients most likely to be suitable for earlier discharge.

Results
Of 211 patients, 62 (29%) could have had a reduced length of stay if they were treated with a suitable oral antibiotic. This would have saved a total of 649 inpatient days (median 5 per patient; range 1–54). A further 31 patients (15%) could have switched to oral therapy as an inpatient thus avoiding IV line use. The patients most likely to be suitable for early discharge were those with skin and soft tissue infection, under the cardiology, cardiothoracic surgery, orthopaedics, general medical, plastic surgery and vascular specialities, with no high risk comorbidity and less than five other regularly prescribed drugs.

Conclusion
The need for glycopeptide therapy has a significant impact on length of stay. Effective targeting of oral antimicrobials could reduce the need for IV access, allow outpatient treatment and thus reduce the length of stay in patients with infections caused by antibiotic resistant gram-positive bacteria.
Association between disruption of CD4 receptor dimerization and increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 entry
Authors: Bourgeois Rachel , Mercier Johanne , Paquette-Brooks Isabelle , Cohen Éric A 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) enters target cells by a membrane fusion process that involves a series of sequential interactions between its envelope glycoproteins, the CD4 receptor and CXCR4/CCR5 coreceptors. CD4 molecules are expressed at the cell surface of lymphocytes and monocytes mainly as monomers, but basal levels of CD4 dimers are also present at the cell surface of these cells. Previous evidence indicates that the membrane distal and proximal extracellular domains of CD4, respectively D1 and D4, are involved in receptor dimerization.ResultsHere, we have used A201 cell lines expressing two CD4 mutants, CD4-E91K, E92K (D1 mutant) and CD4-Q344E (D4 mutant), harboring dimerization defects to analyze the role of CD4 dimerization in HIV-1 entry. Using entry assays based on β-lactamase-Vpr or luciferase reporter activities, as well as virus encoding envelope glycoproteins derived from primary or laboratory-adapted strains, we obtained evidence suggesting an association between disruption of CD4 dimerization and increased viral entry efficiency.ConclusionTaken together, our results suggest that monomeric forms of CD4 are preferentially used by HIV-1 to gain entry into target cells, thus implying that the dimer/monomer ratio at the cell surface of HIV-1 target cells may modulate the efficiency of HIV-1 entry.
Conference Reports
Authors: Chesterman Andrew , Mullamaa Kristina , Orenstein Jill , Pavlovic Nataša 
Published: June 2006

“The Study of Language
and Translation”, Hogeschool Gent, School of Translation Studies-Belgium, Gent, 12-14 January 2006; “New Research
in Translation and Interpreting Studies”, Intercultural Studies Group,
Universitat Rovira i Virgili-
Spain Tarragona, 7-8 October 2005
Book Reviews
Authors: Marzocchi Carlo , Dróth Júlia , Heltai Pál , Hutterer Michael 
Published: June 2006

Jesus Baigorri Jalón: De Paris à Nuremberg: Naissance de
l'interprétation de conférence;
Dorothy Kelly: A Handbook for
Translator Trainers;
Lukasz Bogucki: A Relevance Framework for Constraints of Cinema
Subtitling; Heidrun
Gerzymisch-Arbogast et al.(eds.):
Textologie und Translation
Physically Based Capillary Pressure Correlation for Mixed-Wet Reservoirs From a Bundle-of-Tubes Model
Authors: Helland J. O. , Skjæveland S. M. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
It is shown that the main characteristics of mixed-wet capillary pressure curves with hysteretic scanning loops can be reproduced by a bundle-of-triangular-tubes model. Accurate expressions for the entry pressures are employed, truly accounting for the mixed wettability and the diverse fluid configurations that arise from contact-angle hysteresis and pore shape. The simulated curves are compared with published correlations that have been suggested by inspection of laboratory data from core plug experiments.
A Laboratory Investigation of Temperature-Induced Sand Consolidation
Authors: Ross C. M. , Rangel-German E. R. , Castanier L. M. , Hara P. S. , Kovscek A. R. 
Published: June 2006

Summary
Current gravel-packed, slotted-liner completion techniques for wells in unconsolidated and weakly consolidated sandstone are relatively expensive and result in greatly reduced operational flexibility. On the other hand, empirical field evidence (Wilmington, California) demonstrates that sand grains surrounding the wellbore are cemented and consolidated following injection of high-pressure (1,600-psi) steam. Effective sand control results without adverse changes to formation permeability and producibility. Here, sand consolidation mechanisms are exposed by duplicating, in the laboratory, the governing geochemical processes. Sandpacks contain typical per-volume concentrations of concrete resulting from perforating a cased and cemented well. The evolution of sandpack pore and grain struture is determined using scanning electron microscope imaging and compositional analyses. Results show that hot alkaline water injected at rates comparable to field rates indeed results in grain-cementing precipitates. Casing cement plays a crucial role in that it is the source of calcium silicates appearing in various pore-lining precipitates. Conditions for effective sand consolidation are not necessarily formation-specific, and the process can be altered to improve cost-effectiveness, flexibility, and longevity of the completion technique.
Three Methods to Calculate the Probability of Ruin
Authors: Dufresne François , Gerber Hans U. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe first method, essentially due to GOOVAERTS and DE VYLDER, uses the connection between the probability of ruin and the maximal aggregate loss random variable, and the fact that the latter has a compound geometric distribution. For the second method, the claim amount distribution is supposed to be a combination of exponential or translated exponential distributions. Then the probability of ruin can be calculated in a transparent fashion; the main problem is to determine the nontrivial roots of the equation that defines the adjustment coefficient. For the third method one observes that the probability, of ruin is related to the stationary distribution of a certain associated process. Thus it can be determined by a single simulation of the latter. For the second and third methods the assumption of only proper (positive) claims is not needed.
Use of Spline Functions for Premium Rating by Geographic Area
Authors: Taylor G. C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe paper gives details of a case study in the premium rating of a Householders Contents insurance portfolio. The rating is performed by the fitting of bivariate spline functions to a version of operating ratio described in Section 3.The use of bivariate splines requires a small amount of mathematical equipment, which is developed in Section 4. The fitting of splines, using regression is carried out in Sections 5 and 6, where the numerical results are given, including some assessment of goodness-of-fit.Contour maps of the spline surfaces are also given, and used for the selection of geographic areas used for premium rating purposes. These are compared with the areas, past and present, actually used by the insurer concerned.