bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stream temperature and the potential growth and survival of juvenile Oncorhynchus mykiss in a southern California creek
Authors: BOUGHTON DAVID A. , GIBSON MICHAEL , YEDOR ROBERT , KELLEY ELISE 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. We asked whether an increase in food supply in the field would increase the ability of fish populations to withstand climate warming, as predicted by certain bioenergetic models and aquarium experiments.2. We subsidised the in situ food supply of wild juvenile steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss) in a small stream near the species’ southern limit. High‐quality food (10% of fish biomass per day) was added to the drift in eight in‐stream enclosures along a naturally‐occurring thermal gradient.3. The temperatures during the experiment were well below the upper thermal limit for the species (means of enclosures ranged from 15.1 to 16.5 °C). Food supplements had no discernible effect on survival, but raised mean (± SD) specific growth rate substantially, from 0.038 ± 0.135 in controls to 2.28 ± 0.51 in feeding treatments. Food supplements doubled the variation in growth among fish.4. The mean and variance of water temperature were correlated across the enclosures, and were therefore transformed into principal component scores T1 (which expressed the stream‐wide correlation pattern) and T2 (which expressed local departures from the pattern). Even though T1 accounted for 96% of the variation in temperature mean and variance, it was not a significant predictor of fish growth. T2 was a significant predictor of growth. The predicted time to double body mass in an enclosure with a large T2 score (cool‐variable) was half that in an enclosure with a low T2 score (warm‐stable).5. Contrary to expectation, temperature effects were neutral, at least with respect to the main axis of variation among enclosures (cool‐stable versus warm‐variable). Along the orthogonal axis (cool‐variable versus warm‐stable), the effect was opposite from expectations, probably because of temperature variation. Subtle patterns of temperature heterogeneity in streams can be important to potential growth of O. mykiss.
Fault slip in the 1997 Manyi, Tibet earthquake from linear elastic modelling of InSAR displacements
Authors: Funning Gareth J. , Parsons Barry , Wright Tim J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe Mw 7.6 1997 Manyi earthquake occurred in an area of central northern Tibet where sparse vegetation coverage and a lack of human habitation provide excellent conditions for Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) studies. We use coseismic pairs of radar images acquired by the ESA ERS-2 satellite to construct interferograms of the surface displacement field due to the earthquake. The location and extent of the coseismic fault rupture are mapped using a combination of optical satellite imagery, high-resolution digital topography, interferometric correlation and azimuth offset measurements; in so doing, we are able to relate prominent geomorphic features in the fault zone to bends in the fault.Using elastic dislocation models consistent with this mapped fault trace, we then test a range of fault geometries and slip conditions to find the combination which best explains the InSAR displacements. Our favoured model contains a reversal in fault dip, approximately halfway along its length, occurring at the location of a restraining bend. Slip on this model fault is heterogeneous, with two areas of peak slip of 7 m or greater, and components of dip-slip displacement which vary significantly along-strike. The success of this model in fitting the data implies that an observed asymmetry in the coseismic interferograms can be explained in terms of the local fault geometry, rather than by using non-linear elastic rheologies as suggested by earlier authors.
A sensitive mutation‐specific screening technique for GNAS1 mutations in cases of fibrous dysplasia: the first report of a codon 227 mutation in bone
Authors: Idowu B D , Al‐Adnani M , O'Donnell P , Yu L , Odell E , Diss T , Gale R E , Flanagan A M 
Published: May 2007

Aims:  To report on the mutation‐specific restriction enzyme digest (MSRED) method using paraffin‐embedded tissue as a means of detecting GNAS1 mutations in fibrous dysplasia (FD), and to determine if any of the reported GNAS1 mutations in endocrine neoplasms, not previously documented in FD, can be found in FD.Methods and results:  Sixty‐seven cases of extragnathic FD were analysed as two groups, 1997–2002 and 2003–06, chosen because tissue fixation and decalcification methods were more accurately recorded in the latter. MSRED revealed that between 2003 and 2006, 93% of 28 ‘in house’ extragnathic cases harboured a GNAS1 mutation, compared with 75% of 32 cases before 2003. Fixation times of no more than 48 h and decalcification in ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid gave the best results. Of the 56 mutations detected (five gnathic, 51 extragnathic), 32 (57%) were R201H, 21 (38%) were R201C and three (5%) were Q227L. Two Q227L extragnathic cases had unusual clinical/radiological findings. No mutations were detected in osteofibrous dysplasia.Conclusion:  Detection of GNAS1 mutations by MSRED is a valuable adjunct to the histopathological diagnosis of FD. This is the first report of a Q227L mutation in FD, although it has been previously documented in pituitary adenoma.
Prognostic significance of histopathological parameters in sentinel nodes of melanoma patients
Authors: Satzger I , Völker B , Al Ghazal M , Meier A , Kapp A , Gutzmer R 
Published: May 2007

Aims:  The presence of micrometastases in the sentinel lymph node (SLN) is an important prognostic parameter for melanoma patients. The aim was to determine the prognostic relevance of histopathological characteristics of micrometastases in the SLN, which has not been adequately addressed thus far.Methods and results:  In 169 melanoma patients with positive SLN, histopathological features of the SLN were correlated with overall survival (OS) and relapse‐free survival (RFS). Tumour burden, expansion of melanoma cells in the periphery (infiltration of capsule) and towards the centre of the SLN [tumour penetrative depth (TPN)] were of prognostic significance for OS and RFS on univariate analysis. Multivariate analysis revealed three independent significant parameters which predict a poor prognosis: presence of infiltration of the SLN capsule, TPN ≥ 2 mm and size of the largest tumour deposit ≥ 30 cells.Conclusions:  Histopathological analysis of SLN allows the identification of patients with a poor prognosis depending on the location of melanoma cells and tumour burden.
DNA mismatch repair protein expression and microsatellite instability in primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck
Authors: Marani C , Alvino E , Caporali S , Vigili M G , Mancini G , Rahimi S 
Published: May 2007

Aims:  To examine the expression of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) proteins and the presence of microsatellite instability (MSI) in seven primary mucosal melanomas of the head and neck (MMHN).Methods and results:  Haematoxylin and eosin staining and immunohistochemical analysis for routine diagnostic markers and for MMR proteins were performed. Six cases were examined for MSI. Four cases were monomorphous and three cases were pleomorphic type MMHN. Melanocytic markers were positive in all cases. Immunoreactivity for MMR proteins was weak in normal epithelium. The neoplastic tissue in six cases showed positivity for all MMR proteins with different percentages. One case showed weak positivity for hMSH2 and hMSH6 and no immunoreactivity for hMLH1 or hPMS2. Staining intensity was higher in tumour cells than in matched normal mucosa in three cases for hMSH2 and hMLH1 and in two cases for hPMS2. None of the examined cases showed MSI.Conclusions:  Expression of hMSH2 and hMLH1 proteins was up‐regulated in three cases, whereas in two cases that of hPMS2 was increased. hMSH6 expression was comparable to that of normal cells in all cases. The percentage of positive neoplastic cells and the intensity of staining seemed to be greater in pleomorphic melanomas. Six cases were MMR‐proficient and microsatellite stable.
Respiratory syncytial virus differentially activates murine myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells
Authors: Boogaard Ivette , Van Oosten Marijke , Van Rijt Leonie S. , Muskens Femke , Kimman Tjeerd G. , Lambrecht Bart N. , Buisman Anne‐Marie 
Published: May 2007

SummaryRespiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the primary cause of bronchiolitis in young children. Upon infection both T helper 1 (Th1) and Th2 cytokines are produced. Because RSV‐induced Th2 responses have been associated with severe immunopathology and aggravation of allergic reactions, the regulation of the immune response following RSV infection is crucial. In this study we examined the influence of RSV on the activation and function of murine bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells (DCs). RSV induced the expression of maturation markers on myeloid DCs (mDCs) in vitro. The mDCs stimulated with RSV and ovalbumin (OVA) enhanced proliferation of OVA‐specific T cells, which produced both Th1 and Th2 cytokines. In contrast to mDCs, RSV did not induce the expression of maturation markers on plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs), not did it enhance the proliferation of OVA‐specific T cells that were cocultured with pDCs. However, RSV stimulated the production of interferon‐α (IFN‐α) by pDCs. Our findings indicate a clear difference in the functional activation of DC subsets. RSV‐stimulated mDCs may have immunostimulatory effects on both Th1 and Th2 responses, while RSV‐stimulated pDCs have direct antiviral activity through the release of IFN‐α.
A p38 MAP kinase regulates the expression of the Aedes aegypti defensin gene in mosquito cells
Authors: Chen‐Chih Wu R. , Shaio M.‐F. , Cho W.‐L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn Aedes aegypti p38 (Aap38) mitogen‐activated protein kinase was isolated and characterized in this study. The 1761 bp long full‐length Aap38 cDNA encodes an open reading frame of 358 amino acids, exhibiting characteristics of Thr/Tyr dual kinase specificities. We showed that bacteria activate both the kinase activity of Aap38 and the expression of the Aedes aegypti defensin A (AaDefA) gene, which is inhibited by a p38 kinase inhibitor SB203580 and dsRNA interference of Aap38. A similar result was obtained by a reporter construct containing the AaDefA regulatory region linked to Ds‐Red. The lipopolysaccharide‐activated reporter gene was inhibited by SB203580. In addition, Aap38 translocated to the nucleus after lipopolysaccharide induction. Our findings suggest that the p38 protein kinase pathway is involved in the antibacterial peptide synthesis in mosquitoes.
Affordable assays for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms in insects
Authors: Black IV W. C. , Vontas J. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInsect genome projects and DNA sequence databases are providing unprecedented amounts of information about variation at specific nucleotides in protein‐ and RNA‐coding genes. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are abundant in all insect species so far examined and are proving useful in population genetics, linkage mapping and marker‐assisted selection. A number of studies has already identified SNPs associated with insecticide resistance, especially mutations conferring reduced target site sensitivity. Unfortunately, most modern, high‐throughput, automated SNP detection technologies are expensive or require the use of expensive equipment and are therefore not accessible to laboratories on a limited budget or to our colleagues in developing countries. In this review, we provide a chronological and comprehensive list of all SNP methods. We emphasize and explain those techniques in which genotypes can be identified by eye or that only require agarose gel electrophoresis. We provide examples where these techniques have or are currently being applied to insects.
Investigation of intratumoural and peritumoural lymphatics expressed by podoplanin and LYVE‐1 in the hybridoma‐induced tumours
Authors: Ji R.C. , Eshita Y. , Kato S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryTumour‐associated lymphatics contribute to a key component of metastatic spread, however, the biological interaction of tumour cells with intratumoural and peritumoural lymphatics (ITLs and PTLs) has remained unclear. To address this important issue, we have focused on the morphological and molecular aspects of newly formed lymphatics (lymphangiogenesis) and pre‐existing lymphatics in the intratumoural and peritumoural tissues by using a hybridoma‐induced tumour model. In the present study, ITLs with very high vessel density within the tumour mass showed small and flattened contours that varied from non‐solid‐to‐solid tumours, whereas PTLs were relatively disorganized and tortuous, and packed with a cluster of tumour cells at the tumour periphery. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) both in ITLs and PTLs were expressed with LYVE‐1 and podoplanin in various tumour tissues, in which initial lymphatics were extremely extended and dilated. The tumour cells were frequently detected adhering to or penetrating lymphatic walls, especially near the open junctions. In the metastatic tissues, lymphangiogenic vasculatures occurred within the tumour matrix, and collecting PTLs represented abnormal twisty valve leaflets. The Western blot and RT‐PCR analysis showed local variations of LEC proliferating potentials and lymphatic involvement in metastasis by a distinct profile of the protein and mRNA expression by LYVE‐1, podoplanin, Prox‐1 and vascular endothelial growth factor‐3 (VEGFR‐3). These findings indicated that both ITLs and PTLs, including enlarged pre‐existing and newly formed lymphatics, may play a crucial role in metastasis with an active tumour cell adhesion, invasion, migration and implantation.
Development of an experimental model of brain tissue heterotopia in the lung
Authors: Quemelo Paulo Roberto Veiga , Sbragia Lourenço , Peres Luiz Cesar 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe presence of heterotopic brain tissue in the lung is a rare abnormality. The cases reported thus far are usually associated with neural tube defects (NTD). As there are no reports of experimental models of NTD that present this abnormality, the objective of the present study was to develop a surgical method of brain tissue heterotopia in the lung. We used 24 pregnant Swiss mice divided into two groups of 12 animals each, denoted 17GD and 18GD according to the gestational day (GD) when caesarean section was performed to collect the fetuses. Surgery was performed on the 15th GD, one fetus was removed by hysterectomy and its brain tissue was cut into small fragments and implanted in the lung of its litter mates. Thirty‐four live fetuses were obtained from the 17GD group. Of these, eight (23.5%) were used as control (C), eight (23.5%) were sham operated (S) and 18 (52.9%) were used for pulmonary brain tissue implantation (PBI). Thirty live fetuses were obtained from the females of the 18GD group. Of these, eight (26.6%) were C, eight (26.6%) S and 14 (46.6%) were used for PBI. Histological examination of the fetal trunks showed implantation of GFAP‐positive brain tissue in 85% of the fetuses of the 17GD group and in 100% of those of the 18GD group, with no significant difference between groups for any of the parameters analysed. The experimental model proved to be efficient and of relatively simple execution, showing complete integration of the brain tissue with pulmonary and pleural tissue and thus representing a model that will permit the study of different aspects of cell implantation and interaction.
Impacts of land use change on South‐east Asian forest butterflies: a review
Authors: KOH LIAN PIN 
Published: May 2007

Summary

South‐east Asia has the highest relative rate of habitat loss and degradation in the humid tropics. The responses of less ‘charismatic’ groups, including butterflies, to habitat disturbance remain relatively poorly understood. Many South‐east Asian butterflies are endemic to the region and face global extinction if current levels of deforestation were to continue.
Here, I highlight South‐east Asia as a region urgently in need of butterfly conservation research and review empirical studies of the responses of South‐east Asian butterflies to land use change. Additionally, I discuss some methodological pitfalls for such studies. Furthermore, I argue for the importance of identifying the ecological correlates of sensitivity of butterfly species to forest modification and the potential biological mechanisms underlying their responses to land use change.
There has been no consensus among previous studies on the effects of land use change on butterfly communities in South‐east Asia. Of the 20 studies I reviewed, seven reported higher species richness/diversity in undisturbed (or the least disturbed) forest than in disturbed habitats, nine reported the opposite trend, three reported no difference and one reported a strong influence of seasonality on the impacts of logging.
Some of these studies may contain inherent methodological biases resulting from the failure to control for sampling effects, the lack of consideration for the spatial scale of analysis and incomplete sampling of the vertical strata in tropical rainforests.
Synthesis and applications. Empirical studies of the effects of land use change on tropical forest insects are sorely lacking from South‐east Asia. Butterflies are an ideal taxonomic group for such investigations. Future studies should be designed carefully to avoid the methodological pitfalls highlighted here. Determining the ecological correlates of sensitivity of butterflies to forest modification is important for the pre‐emptive identification of species of conservation concern and for generating testable hypotheses on the differential responses of species to forest modification. Experimental studies are needed to determine the mechanisms underlying the responses of species to land use change in order to develop effective strategies for the conservation of butterflies in human disturbed landscapes.
Comparative phylogeography of five sympatric Hypseleotris species (Teleostei: Eleotridae) in south‐eastern Australia reveals a complex pattern of drainage basin exchanges with little congruence across species
Authors: Thacker Christine E. , Unmack Peter J. , Matsui Lauren , Rifenbark Neil 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAim  To determine biogeographical patterns in five closely related species in the fish genus Hypseleotris, and to investigate the relative roles of drainage divide crossings and movement during lowered sea levels between drainage basins and biogeographical provinces based on the phylogeographical patterns within the group. The high degree of overlap in the distributions and ecology of these species makes them ideal candidates for comparative phylogeographical study.Location  Eastern, central and south‐eastern Australia.Methods  A total of 179 Hypseleotris individuals were sequenced from 45 localities for the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene and the first 30 base pairs of the threonine transfer RNA for a total of 1170 bp. Phylogenetic relationships were hypothesized using parsimony and Bayesian analyses.Results  Phylogenetic analysis resolves the five species into three clades. The first corresponds to the species Hypseleotris klunzingeri (Ogilby, 1898); within it two clades are resolved, one consisting of individuals from the Eastern Province (EP), plus two eastern Murray‐Darling Province (MDP) localities, and the other including the remainder of the MDP localities, along with the Lake Eyre Basin (Central Australian Province, CAP) individuals. The other two clades include a mixed Hypseleotris galii (Ogilby, 1898)/Hypseleotris sp. 3 Murray‐Darling clade, with EP and MDP lineages mostly segregated and differentiations in populations spread along the EP, and a mixed Hypseleotris sp. 4 Lake's and Hypseleotris sp. 5 Midgley's clade, with two groups of MDP localities and two CAP lineages indicated, interspersed with EP lineages as well as those from the Northern Province.Main conclusions  This study is broadly congruent with a previous analysis of Hypseleotris phylogeny, but the previously observed overall relationship of south‐eastern Australian provinces [EP(MDP+CAP)] was not confirmed and is more complicated than hitherto thought. This highlights the necessity of obtaining a sufficient number of sampling localities to identify potential connectivity between populations in order to demonstrate congruent biogeographical patterns. We identified many instances of drainage divide crossings, which were the major means of movement between provinces. Despite the commonness of movement across drainage divides, very few of these were found to be exactly congruent among the species. Most occurred in different places, or if in the same location, apparently at different times, or in at least one case, in opposite directions. Patterns of movement between adjacent coastal drainages were also found to be largely incongruent; when congruence was found the populations involved had quite different genetic divergences.
Early virologic response after peginterferon alpha‐2a plus ribavirin or peginterferon alpha‐2b plus ribavirin treatment in patients with chronic hepatitis C*
Authors: Di Bisceglie A. M. , Ghalib R. H. , Hamzeh F. M. , Rustgi V. K. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract  Patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1 and with serum HCV RNA concentrations over 800 000 IU/mL have relatively low rates of virologic response to pegylated interferons. The 2 forms of pegylated interferon have different pharmacokinetic profiles, and pilot studies comparing them have yielded varying results. We compared the virologic response to 12 weeks of treatment with peginterferon alpha‐2a plus ribavirin vs peginterferon alpha‐2b plus ribavirin in 380 patients who were infected with HCV genotype 1 and had high viral loads.We observed no between‐group differences in viral load reduction over time and no differences in the percentage of patients treated with peginterferon alpha‐2a or peginterferon alpha‐2b plus ribavirin who achieved early virologic response (EVR), defined as ≥2‐log reduction in HCV RNA concentration or undetectable HCV RNA at 12 weeks (66%vs 63%). Serum levels of interferon were more frequently below the level of quantitation in patients treated with peginterferon alpha‐2b plus ribavirin (58–68%) than in those treated with peginterferon alpha‐2a plus ribavirin (1–2%). Patients treated with peginterferon alpha‐2b plus ribavirin had higher rates of discontinuation for safety reasons (6%vs 1%).In conclusion, a substantial percentage of patients infected with HCV genotype 1 and high viral load can achieve EVR when treated with peginterferon and ribavirin. The 2 pegylated interferons showed comparable anti‐HCV activity during the first 12 weeks of treatment when combined with the same doses of ribavirin (1000–1200 mg/day), but discontinuations for safety reasons were higher in the patients treated with peginterferon alpha‐2b plus ribavirin.