bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The percentages of six immunoglobulin isotypes in human antibodies to tetanus toxoid: Standardization of isotype‐specific second antibodies in solid‐phase assay
Authors: Seppälä Ilkka J. T. , Routonen Nina , Sarnesto Annikki , Mattila Petri A. , Mäkelä Olli 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe solid‐phase radioimmunoassay for human antibodies was improved so that it gave the total concentration as well as the concentrations of IgM, IgA, IgG1, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 antibodies, all seven in the same “L units”/ml. This was accomplished by standardization of monoclonal antibodies with monoisotypic antibodies rather than myelomas; myelomas were found unsatisfactory for this purpose. For the first time it was possible to determine the isotype composition of an antibody population in percent terms. The weight equivalent of the L‐unit in one hyperimmune tetanus antitoxin preparation was approximately 7.4 ng.The new solid‐phase radioimmunoassay was applied to tetanus toxoid antibodies of the booster response. Total concentrations varied from 1700–26000 L units/ml (13–200 μg/ml). Concentrations of IgG1 antibodies were 1600–25000 units/ml (average 91% of the total) and concentrations of IgG4 antibodies 12–6900 units/ml (average 6.9% of the total). Antibodies of the other four isotypes were not detected in all sera and together they never exceeded 3% of the total.
Cloned helper T cells can kill B lymphoma cells in the presence of specific antigen: Ia restriction and cognate vs. noncognate interactions in cytolysis
Authors: Tite John P. , Janeway Charles A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCloned, Lyt‐1,2−, antigen‐specific, Ia‐restricted T cell lines can inhibit the growth of Ia‐bearing B lymphoma cells in the presence of specific antigen. This effect is due to cytolysis of the B lymphoma cells in an antigen‐specific, Ia‐restricted manner by the cloned T cell lines. These cloned T cell lines can also kill lipopolysaccharide‐activated normal B cells, while they activate resting B cells to divide and secrete immunoglobulin and are thus helper T cells as well as cytolytic T cells. The mechanism of cytolysis was examined in detail. Killing was mediated by a nonspecific mechanism after specific stimulation of the T cells with antigen presented in the context of the appropriate la glycoprotein complex, possibly implying a role for a soluble mediator. This simple system involving two clonal populations allows a detailed analysis of T‐B interactions. Our studies are consistent with the view that both cognate and noncognate interactions of Ia‐restricted T cells with B cells are mediated by nonspecific factors. Thus, the difference between interactions that appear to be cognate and those that appear to be noncognate may be quantitative rather than qualitative. That two cloned populations of cells can show either pattern of interaction depending on T‐B ratio provides strong support for this view. Finally, that cloned helper T cells can kill activated B cells in an antigen‐specific fashion may provide a new mechanism of immune regulation that would be especially important in responses to self antigens in vivo.
T cell competence to heterologous and homologous thyroglobulins during the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis
Authors: Romball Carole G. , Weigle William O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability of T cells to respond to homologous vs. heterologous thyroglobulins (Tg) has been evaluated using different models for the induction of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis. Substantial levels of T cell activation could be demonstrated to heterologous Tg following immunization with heterologous Tg in complete Freund's adjuvant, whereas only minimal levels of T cell activation to homologous Tg could be obtained following immunization with homologous Tg in complete Freund's adjuvant. Using this immunization protocol, heterologous and homologous Tg induced equivalent levels of serum antibody to the immunizing Tg. However, when injected in incomplete Freund's adjuvant, homologous Tg induced less antibody than heterologous Tg. Even greater differences in serum antibody levels to heterologous and homologous Tg were apparent following immunization with soluble Tg. These differences are attributed to the presence of only a minimal level of T cell competence for homologous Tg, which is capable of inducing experimental autoimmune thyroiditis with stringent immunization protocols, but not with weaker immunization regimens.
Suppression of IgE responses in inbred rats by repeated respiratory tract exposure to antigen: Responder phenotype influences isotype specificity of induced tolerance
Authors: Sedgwick Jon D. , Holt Patrick G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRepeated exposure of rats to an aerosol of ovalbumin (OVA) induced tolerance to subsequent parenteral challenge with the same antigen. In the low‐IgE responder WAG strain, responses in both the IgE and IgG classes were affected, whereas rats of the moderate (Lou/M) and high‐IgE responder BN strain developed high titers of anti‐OVA IgG in serum during exposure with concomitant tolerance in the IgE class. Repeated parenteral challenge, however, failed to elicit significant secondary anti‐OVA IgG responses in the Lou/M and BN strains, suggesting that the isotype specificity of induced tolerance in these strains was not absolute. Spleen and respiratory tract lymph node cells, but not serum from aerosol‐exposed BN rats, were capable of transferring IgE isotype‐ and antigen‐specific tolerance. Dose response experiments demonstrated that the low‐IgE responder WAG strain was exquisitely sensitive to tolerance induction in response to antigen inhalation, being susceptible to dosages in the nanogram range; at least 1000 times more antigen was required in the high‐IgE responder BN to induce comparable tolerance in the IgE class. It was also apparent that the IgE isotype was more readily suppressed than the IgG isotype in both high‐and low‐IgE responder strains.
Induction of human interleukin 1 mRNA measured by collagenase‐ and prostaglandin E2‐stimulating activity in rheumatoid synovial cells
Authors: Dayer Jean‐Michel , Zavadil‐Grob Carolyn , Ucla Catherine , Mach Bernard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman blood peripheral monocyte/macrophages release in culture a mononuclear cell factor (MCF) which stimulates the production of collagenase and prostaglandin E2 by human rheumatoid synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts. These two products play a role in connective tissue destruction. MCF has an apparent molecular weight of ∼15000 and is biologically and biochemically indistinguishable from interleukin 1. MCF therefore belongs to the well‐documented nonimmune biological activities attributed to interleukin 1. Studies on the mechanisms of production and action of such monokine(s) have been difficult in view of the minute quantities produced by freshly isolated cells or from human monocytic lines. Starting from lectin‐stimulated human blood mononuclear cells, we have isolated poly(A) RNA and studied its translation following microinjection into Xenopus laevis oocytes. The mRNA translation products stimulated collagenase and prostaglandin E2 production in human rheumatoid synovial cells and dermal fibroblasts. The size of MCF‐mRNA was estimated to be 10 S. The mRNA of a member of the interleukin 1 family can now be studied in a system based on a specific and direct relevant biological assay and eventually compared with those of other monokines.
Functional characteristics of murine macrophages responding to migration inhibitory factors
Authors: Michels Elmar , Stenzinger Werner , Sorg Clemens 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse bone marrow cells differentiate in culture in the presence of L cell‐conditioned medium to macrophages (MΦ). Proliferation, release of plasminogen activator, expression of transglutaminase, random motility and response to a standard preparation of purified MΦ migration inhibitory factor (MIF) was recorded daily up to 14 days. After an initial phase of proliferation, precursor cells differentiated into MΦ. In the course of maturation, plasminogen activator production was transiently expressed between day 4 and 12; beginning on day 5 the cells expressed intracellular transglutaminase. Random motility of cells was high at the beginning of culture but steadily declined thereafter. The response to MIF was only expressed between day 5 and 8. However, it was possible to induce MIF responsiveness in mature, unresponsive MΦ by the addition of L cell‐conditioned medium. To characterize the MIF‐responsive MΦ type further, bone marrow‐derived MΦ at day 6 of culture were separated on a hypotonic Percoll gradient into three distinct cell bands. While all densities of MΦ displayed random migration, only cells with a density between 1.060 and 1.065 were responsive to MIF. We conclude that the response of MΦ to MIF is a phenotypic trait transiently expressed in the course of maturation.
Induced latent allotypes within rabbit anti‐crossreactive idiotype reagents. Direct immunoelectron microscopic evidence
Authors: Roux Kenneth H. , Metzger Dennis W. , Kazdin Dori S. , Horng Wayne J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunization of rabbits with anti‐VHa allotype antibody leads to the production of an “anti‐cross‐reactive idiotype (IdX)” reagent which appears to recognize a highly conserved IdX on anti‐allotype antibodies. In many rabbits, a large percentage of this “anti‐IdX” reagent does not express the nominal VHa framework allotype of the rabbit from which it was derived and is otherwise serologically indistinguishable from the original antigen, i.e. al or a2 allotype. To determine whether these anti‐IdX molecules were in fact anti‐IdX (or internal images) or were induced immunoglobulins bearing latent VHa allotypes, immunoelectron microscopic analysis of the molecules in complex with Fab anti‐allotype antibody was conducted. The results show that the complexes do not resemble idiotype‐anti‐idiotype interactions but are essentially indistinguishable from allotype‐anti‐allotype complexes. We conclude that a major component of the “anti‐idiotype” response of these anti‐VHa‐immunized rabbits is the production of Ig molecules bearing latent VHa allotypes.
Immune response to the p‐azobenzenearsonate‐L‐glutamic acid60‐L‐alanine30‐L‐tyrosine10 (GAT) conjugate. III. Mechanisms of Ir gene‐controlled phenotype conversion
Authors: de Castaneda Maria Flores , Regnier Daniel , Hermier Brigitte , Dubert Jean‐Marie , Seman Michel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunization of GT (random copolymer of L‐glutamic acid51‐L‐tyrosine49) nonresponder animals with p‐azobenzenearsonate (ABA) GT conjugates elicits an antibody response to both ABA and GT epitopes which is induced by ABA‐specific T helper cells. Expression of these hapten‐specific helpers is under the control of an I region gene which also regulates the proliferative T cell response to ABA. Conversion of the unresponsive phenotype to GT is, therefore, dependent on the ABA Ir gene and escapes the influence of the GT‐specific I region‐controlled suppressive pathway. Studies on the influence of ABA/polymer coupling ratio on T and B cell responses suggest that ABA‐specific T cells, like conventional carrier‐specific helpers, require linked interactions with B lymphocytes to provide helper signals. GAT (terpolymer of L‐glutamic acid60‐L‐alanine30‐L‐tyrosine10) nonresponder animals immunized with ABA‐GAT conjugates also develop an antibody response to ABA which is induced by ABA‐specific T helper cells. Comparison of antibody affinity, specificity, isotypes and idiotypes in different mouse strains demonstrates that hapten‐specific helper cells stimulate antibody responses to ABA which are qualitatively similar to those induced by GAT‐specific helpers. However, ABA‐specific helper cells do not permit the conversion of the I region gene‐controlled nonresponder phenotype to GAT. The data suggests that high ABA density, which is required for optimal ABA help expression, extinguishes the immunogenicity of GAT determinants at both T and B cell levels.
Differentiation of murine B cell precursors in agar culture. Frequency, surface marker analysis and requirements for growth of clonable pre‐B cells
Authors: Paige Christopher J. , Gisler Roland H. , McKearn John P. , Iscove Norman N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA semi‐solid agar assay is described in which B cell progenitors, already present in day 12 fetal liver, generate colonies which contain antibody‐secreting cells. Panning experiments, in which cells which initiate colony formation are depleted on plates coated with monoclonal antibodies, suggest that by the 13th day of gestation they express the antigen recognized by the monoclonal antibody AA4.1 and by day 14 they also express the B220 form of Ly‐5 recognized by the monoclonal antibody 14.8. By similar criteria the precursor cells do not express μ, I‐A, I‐E or Lyb‐2. Growth of cells in this assay is dependent upon soluble products provided by either fetal liver adherent cells, bone marrow adherent cells or colony‐stimulating factor‐containing conditioned media derived from placenta cells, L929 cells, WEHI‐3 B(D−) cells, T helper cells or mouse lung cells. These experiments define two sets of growth conditions. In the first, when support is provided by fetal liver adherent cells, the limiting component appears to be the B cell precursor, allowing us to estimate the frequency of these cells during ontogeny. We find approximately 1 clonable pre‐B cell in 300000 fetal liver cells on day 12 of gestation and 1 in 6000 by day 16. Under the second set of growth conditions, when support is provided by bone marrow adherent cells or colony‐stimulating factor‐containing conditioned media, more than one cell, colony or cell product is limiting. Highly purified samples of granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, colony‐stimulating factor 1 and multilineage‐hematopoietic growth factor are effective in this assay suggesting that the colony‐stimulating factors are the active components under these conditions.
Thymic hormone‐containing cells. VI. Immunohistologic evidence for the simultaneous presence of thymulin, thymopoietin and thymosin α1 in normal and pathological human thymuses
Authors: Savino Wilson , Dardenne Mireille 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe localization of the three best‐defined thymic hormones, namely, thymulin, thymopoietin and thymosin α1 was studied by immunofluorescence using antibodies directed against these three molecules. With both human thymus frozen sections and cultured cells, thymic hormones were found exclusively in the epithelial component (recognized by its keratin content), in normal as well as pathological thymuses. The double‐labeling experiments using the different anti‐thymic hormone antibodies showed that the same epithelial cells contained the three hormones. These results suggest that the production of different hormones in the thymus is accomplished by the same epithelial cells.
Serological and partial molecular characterization of a Thy‐1 homolog in tunicates
Authors: Mansour Mohamed H. , Cooper Edwin L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe occurrence of a Thy‐1 homolog in the tissues of the advanced invertebrate group of tunicates has been investigated by using two monoclonal antibodies specific to rodent Thy‐1.1 determinants and a heterologous anti‐rat Thy‐1 antiserum. In cellular and soluble‐phase radioimmunoassays for Thy‐1 using intact hemocytes, tissue extracts and hemolymph, membrane‐bound and soluble Thy‐1.1 cross‐reacting determinants have been detected. Immunoprecipitation experiments with hemocyte deoxycholate extracts and hemolymph, labeled with 125I by lactoperoxidase/chloramine T and with NaB3H4 by galactose oxidase, established the association of the Thy‐1.1 cross‐reacting determinants with a single glycoprotein of apparent m.w. estimated at 27000 in hemocytes and 22 500 in hemolymph by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The significance of this finding is discussed in relation to the phylogenetic emergence of the Thy‐1 molecule during evolution.
Induction of cytolytic cells by pure recombinant human interleukin 2
Authors: Devos Rene , Plaetinck Geert , Fiers Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurified recombinant human interleukin 2, produced in Escherichia coli, was sufficient to generate cytolytic cells in concanavalin A‐stimulated, T helper cell‐depleted (Lyt‐1.1−) or accessory cell‐depleted (Ia−) murine spleen cell cultures. Moreover, recombinant interleukin 2 (rIL 2) was able (even at 0.5 ng/ml) to induce cytolytic cells in undepleted murine spleen cell cultures and undepleted human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures in the absence of a mitogen. Purified recombinant human interferon‐γ, produced in Chinese hamster ovary cells, did not induce either cytolytic activity or IL2 responsiveness in human peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. Possibly, the rIL2‐induced cytolytic cells are formed as a result of nonspecific secondary cytotoxic T lymphocyte activation.
Long‐term suppressor cell lines. I. Demonstration of suppressive function
Authors: Levich Judith D. , Weigle William O. , Parks D. Elliot 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSuppressor T cell (Ts) lines have been generated and maintained in culture for over one year. Cells from these lines suppress proliferation by primed lymph node cells and antibody production by primed spleen cells. Ts were originally obtained from either spleens of mice rendered tolerant to human gamma globulin (HGG) or short‐term cultures of normal spleen cells. Ts from these two sources have previously been shown to exhibit antigen specificity in that only HGG‐specific immune responses were suppressed. Prolonged culture of Ts, however, leads to 2 events: (a) an enrichment for suppressive activity in the cultures; and (b) a polyclonal activation of Ts which is demonstrated by the acquired ability of Ts cell lines to regulate responses to antigens other than HGG. Ts cell lines still contain HGG‐specific Ts which can be isolated by their capacity to bind to HGG‐coated plates. Only HGG‐specific immune responses are suppressed by the HGG‐binding Ts.
Long‐term suppressor cell lines. II. Suppressor‐target interactions
Authors: Levich Judith D. , Weigle William O. , Parks D. Elliot 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLong‐term nonhybridized murine suppressor T cell (Ts) lines, some of which have been in culture for over one year, are genetically restricted in their ability to suppress proliferation of primed lymph node cells (LNC). The genetic restriction maps to the I region of the major histocompatibility complex and resides in either the I‐A, I‐E or I‐J locus. Suppressive activity is only slightly decreased following irradiation of the Ts with 2000 rds. The target for suppressive activity expressed by Ts cell lines is the helper T cell as suggested by experiments in which LNC proliferation was maximally suppressed when Ts were present early in the assay culture. The identity of the target cell was confirmed by experiments in which Ts were shown to suppress the anti‐human gamma globulin plaque‐forming cell response resulting from co‐culture of primed B cells with cloned human gamma globulin‐specific helper T cells.
Anti‐DNA autoantibody activity and idiotypic relationships of human monoclonal proteins
Authors: Zouali Moncef , Fine Jean‐Marius , Eyquem André 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious studies showed that polyclonal anti‐DNA antibodies from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) share cross‐reactive idiotypes (CRI). In this report, we used human myeloma proteins (HMP), isolated from the serum of patients with multiple myeloma or Waldenström macroglobulinemia, as probes to further explore this idiotypic cross‐reactivity. Fourty‐four HMP were tested for DNA‐binding capacity and for expression of CRI associated with lupus anti‐DNA antibodies. Anti‐DNA IgG were immunoaffinity purified from the serum of patient TOF with severe SLE. A xenogeneic anti‐idiotype antibody to this IgG was raised in rabbit. This anti‐idiotype recognized CRI associated with the combining site of anti‐DNA IgG from unrelated SLE patients. Using inhibition competitive‐immunoassays, we found that these CRI were present on all but one of the DNA‐binding HMP. Furthermore, we observed that these CRI were detectable on an IgG2λ, a HMP devoid of anti‐DNA activity. These findings are in agreement with those previously obtained in similar studies using murine monoclonal anti‐DNA antibodies. These converging results suggest that antibodies expressing anti‐DNA‐related CRI and antibodies exhibiting anti‐DNA‐binding affinity constitute overlapping molecular subpopulations.
Myeloid‐associated antigen 3‐α‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine (FAL): location on various granulocyte membrane glycoproteins and masking upon monocytic differentiation
Authors: Tetteroo Pedro A. T. , Mulder Arend , Lansdorp Peter M. , Zola Heddy , Baker Don A. , Visser Frans J. , Kr. von Dem Borne Albert E. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeven different granulocyte‐reactive murine monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were studied. The antigens recognized by these mAb were immunoprecipitated from lysates of 125I‐labeled granulocytes of healthy donors. The isolated antigens were analyzed by electrophoresis on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel and autoradiography. All 7 antibodies precipitated the same 6 membrane polypeptides from membrane‐iodinated granulocyte lysates: 105 and 150‐kDa as most pronounced, together with 260‐, 230‐, 67‐ and 52‐kDa polypeptides.One of the antibodies studied, B4.3, is directed against 3‐α‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllac‐tosamine as shown by absorption with the synthesized carbohydrate molecule. Competition experiments with 125I‐labeled B4.3 demonstrated complete inhibition of binding by B4.3 and 3 of the other antibodies (VIM D5, UJ308, MI/N1) and partial inhibition by the 3 other antibodies (FMC 10, FMC 12, FMC 13), indicating binding to the same antigenic structure.None of the 7 mAb reacted with monocytes in the immunofluorescence technique, but after neuraminidase treatment of these cells, positive reactions were obtained with all mAb. Immunoprecipitation with lysates of both native and neuraminidase‐treated monocytes showed no polypeptide bands. Monocytic differentiation of the cell line HL60 by 12‐0‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA) and of cell line U 937 by dimethylsulfoxide and TPA was accompanied by a decrease in reactivity with these antibodies, which could be recovered by neuraminidase treatment. This indicates that 3‐α‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyllactosamine is masked for the detection of the antibody upon monocytic differentiation by sialylation.
Expression of cell surface determinant(s) on murine myeloma stem cells and hematopoietic stem cells
Authors: Daley Michael J. , Williams Thomas , Warner Noel L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMurine B cell lymphomas and myelomas were examined for the expression of a determinant previously found exclusively on normal pluripotent stem cells colony‐forming unit‐spleen (CFU‐s). This determinant(s), which is defined by a rabbit antimouse brain antiserum (RαMB), is present on the tumor stem cell population of some but not all B cell neoplasms examined. The determinant is not detected on tumor cells of the macrophage or T cell lineage. Absorption of the activity in RαMB with myeloma cells, concomitantly removed reactivity with the normal stem cell, CFU‐s, and the myeloma stem cell, plasmacytoma CFU‐s. Sorting analysis further showed that the antigen was diminished within a positive tumor population as cells acquired the capacity to secrete immunoglobulin. These studies suggest that this normal stem cell‐associated antigen may also be an early differentiation antigen for the B cell lineage, and is expressed on some stem cells of B cell tumors.