bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Administration of inactivated and detergent‐treated influenza virus to mice before virus challenge reduces mortality
Authors: Arora D. J. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFormalin‐inactivated virus (FIV) and the detergent‐treated virus (DTV) preparations were tested for their ability to enhance the resistance of mice to experimental influenza infection. FIV (100 μg) was administered intravenously to mice. After 24 hr, animals were challenged with 5 LD50 dose intranasally. FIV‐treated and nontreated (control) mice had 10% and 100% mortality, respectively. Similar results were obtained with the DTV (40 μg) preparation. The pulmonary virus titer of FIV‐treated mice was lower when compared with the control. Mechanisms other than acquired immunity may have conferred the early resistance to virus infection in mice.
Demonstration of hepatitis C virus genome in saliva and urine of patients with type C hepatitis: Usefulness of the single round polymerase chain reaction method for detection of the HCV genome
Authors: Numata Noboru , Ohori Hitoshi , Hayakawa Yasuhiko , Saitoh Yukie , Tsunoda Akira , Kanno Atsushi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe possible transmission routes of hepatitis C virus (HCV) in patients without overt parenteral exposure (sporadic or community acquired form) were examined. Saliva and urine specimens obtained from type C hepatitis patients, whose sera were positive for the HCV genome, were examined by reverse transcription and polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). By analyzing the factors that influenced the detection of the HCV genome by PCR, we developed a single round method which enabled semiquantitative detection with higher sensitivity than that obtained with nested PCR. Single round PCR revealed that 34.8% (8 of 23) of saliva and 56.5% (13 of 23) of urine specimens from patients with type C hepatitis contained the HCV genome. The amounts of HCV genome in saliva and urine specimens correlated with those in serum. The relative amounts of HCV genome in serum, saliva, and urine from a chronic type C hepatitis patient were determined by comparing the reciprocal of the smallest volume of the specimens in which the PCR products were visualized in agarose gels (PCR units/ml), and the values were 1 ×105, ×101, and 3 ×101 PCR units/ml for serum, saliva, and urine specimens, respectively.
Quantitative analysis of herpes simplex virus DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of children with herpes simplex encephalitis
Authors: Ando Yoshihiro , Kimura Hiroshi , Miwata Hiroyuki , Kudo Toyoichiro , Shibata Motohiro , Morishima Tsuneo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children with herpes simplex encephalitis (HSE) was quantified and typed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. During the acute phase, HSV‐DNA was detected in the CSF of 13 patients with HSE, including 5 neonates. A restriction profile of the PCR products cleaved with the restriction enzymes Xhol and Bglll showed that 2 neonatal samples were HSV‐2, and the remainder were HSV‐1. The amount of HSV‐DNA in the initial CSF ranged from 102105 copies/ml. A significantly greater number of HSV‐DNA copies was detected in neonates than in older children (mean 3.9 vs. 2.5, log10 copies/ml p < .05). Except for one patient, the amount of HSV‐DNA decreased gradually with acyclovir therapy. These results show that a quantitative PCR assay is applicable not only to the diagnosis of HSE but also for monitoring the response to antiviral drugs.
Confirmation of hepatitis C virus antibody in blood donors
Authors: Dow B. C. , Coote I. , Munro H. , McOmish F. , Yap P. L. , Simmonds P. , Follett E. A. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOf 103,203 donations collected in Scotland and Northern Ireland over a 3‐month period and screened for HCV antibody by Ortho or Abbott second‐generation ELISAs, 340 were found repeatedly reactive. Supplementary testing with RIBA‐2 resulted in 77 being classified as positive, 130 as indeterminate, and 133 as negative. PCR analysis of the positives and indeterminates indicated viraemia in 65 (84%) of the positives and 7 (5.5%) of the indeterminates. To determine if PCR analysis could be eliminated or reduced by further serological testing, all RIBA‐2 positives and indeterminates were tested by UBI and Wellcozyme ELISAs and Innolia and RIBA‐3 immunoblots. All RIBA‐2 positives with bands to more than 1 gene product were detected in all 4 systems, but >60% of RIBA‐2 indeterminates were negative in those tests that contain either recombinant antigens or synthetic peptides derived independently from those used by Ortho/Abbott tests. A comparison of data from the 79 reactive with the core (c22) region revealed only 16 samples reactive in all 4 systems as well as Ortho and Abbott. These 16 included all 6 of the PCR positives in the 79 c22 indeterminate samples. ELISAs and immunoblots using independently derived antigens can offer a useful method of screening out nonspecific reactions in Ortho or Abbott ELISAs, hence reducing the need for PCR testing. Some caution is required as all such tests do not contain identical mixes of antigenic material.
Characterization of minor and major antigenic regions within the hepatitis B virus nucleocapsid
Authors: Tordjeman Marc , Fontan Gilles , Rabillon Véronique , Martin Jacques , Trepo Christian , Hoffenbach Agnés , Mabrouk Kamel , Sabatier Jean Marc , van Rietschoten Jurphaas , Somme Gérard 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B core antibodies (anti‐HBc) appear very early during the course of the hepatitis B virus infection and often persist years after viral clearance. In order to characterize the immunodominant domain of the HBcAg, the human immune response against the HBV nucleocapsid (HBcAg) was analyzed by using 14 synthetic peptides. Anti‐HBc antibodies were detected by an indirect enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with HBc peptides. Results suggest that the anti‐HBc response is heterogeneous and directed against the whole primary structure of the HBc protein. Results also indicate that the epitopes recognized by anti‐HBc antibodies can vary with the stages of the disease. In most sera from patients with serological evidence of acute HBV infection, anti‐HBc antibodies recognized all the HBc peptides; conversely, after the acute phase, anti‐HBc antibodies recognized predominantly epitopes located within the central region of the HBc protein from residue 74 to 123. Our results suggest that the HBV core protein is made up of two antigenic regions: a major one expressing a family of immunodominant epitopes from residue 74 to 123, whereas the minor encompasses the rest of the protein. The concept of the conformational nature of the unique HBcAg determinant is discussed, suggesting numerous families of linear epitopes.
Partial sequence comparison of eight new Chinese strains of hepatitis E virus suggests the genome sequence is relatively stable
Authors: Yin Shurong , Tsarev Sergei A. , Purcell Robert H. , Emerson Suzanne U. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPartial genomic sequences representing 420 nucleotides of a nonstructional region, 480 nucleotides of the putative RNA polymerase region, and 540 nucleotides of the structural region of epidemic‐associated Chinese strains of hepatitis E virus (HEV) were obtained by direct sequencing of PCR‐amplified DNA. Comparison with previously published HEV sequences showed a clear relatedness of all Chinese strains to each other and to a Pakistani strain (Sar‐55). All eight Chinese strains examined had very similar sequences (98.5‐99.8% homology) in the regions examined and were much closer to the Pakistani strain (Sar‐55) (97.9‐98.4% homology) than to the Burmese strain (92.5‐93.3% homology). Sequence comparisons of the three genomic regions in the Chinese strains indicated that the RNA polymerase region was much more conserved than the other nonstructural region or the structural region. HEV isolates from three remote geographic regions of China had sequences closely related to each other.
Characterization of Epstein‐Barr viral strains in parotid gland saliva and peripheral blood of patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome and healthy EBV carriers
Authors: Oosterveer M. A. P. , Markusse H. M. , Lennette E. T. , Zou J. Z. , Bolhuis R. L. H. , Gratama J. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIncreased Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) replication has been reported in the salivary and lacrimal glands in Sjögren's syndrome (SS). We studied whether or not certain EBV strains would occur preferentially in the peripheral blood and parotid gland saliva of 18 EBV‐seropositive patients with primary Sjögren's syndrome (pSS) and 12 EBV‐seropositive control persons. Transforming EBV was detected in the blood of 11 of 18 (61%) pSS patients and 9 of 12 controls (75%). Unexpectedly, neither transforming nor Raji‐superinfecting EBV strains were detected in SS parotid saliva, whereas these EBV types were detected in control saliva in 7 and 8 cases, respectively (P <0.001). Transforming EBV strains were further characterized by ‘Ebnotyping,’ i.e., analysis of the size spectrum of the viral antigens EBNA 1, 2, 3, and 6 in immunoblots of lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL). Previous work has shown that a single EBV strain (Ebnotype) dominates the blood and oropharynx of healthy carriers and that unrelated individuals carry different EBV strains, reflecting the vast polymorphism of Ebnotypes in the general population. Two unexpected observations were made. First, an identical Ebnotype was detected in 4 unrelated individuals, i.e., in the blood of 1 pSS patient and in the saliva of 3 control persons. Second, carriage of 2 to 4 different Ebnotypes by a single individual was observed in 4 cases, i.e., in the blood of 1 pSS patient, and in the blood and saliva of 3 control persons. As only 1 control person had received a blood transfusion, it is suggested that (super)infection with exogenous EBV strains via salivary transmission and/or recombination of endogenous virions may have contributed to this situation.
BK virus infection of the human urinary tract
Authors: Shinohara Toshiya , Matsuda Michiyuki , Cheng Seng H. , Marshall John , Fujita Miri , Nagashima Kazuo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBy screening consecutive autopsy cases with an antibody that recognizes human polyomaviruses, we found a case of malignant lymphoma in which the virus infection was confined to epithelia of the renal calyces, renal pelvis, ureter, and urinary bladder. The virus was confirmed as BK virus by a specific monoclonal antibody against BK virus T antigen, and numerous virus particles were identified by electron microscopy. The results showed that BK virus is a human urotheliotrophic virus.
Outbreak of adenovirus type 4 conjunctivitis in South Australia
Authors: Schepetiuk Sonia K. , Norton Robert , Kok Tuckweng , Irving Louise G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn outbreak of adenovirus type 4 conjunctivitis occurred in South Australia between April and November 1992. Eye swabs were submitted by general practitioners and ophthalmologists who had seen patients with clinical conjunctivitis or keratitis. Apart from interfamilial spread, there were no other common epidemiological factors. Adenovirus was isolated from the eye swabs of 38 patients. Isolates were typed by neutralisation tests and restriction endonuclease cleavage patterns and found to be adenovirus type 4. This report serves to illustrate an infrequent cause of epidemic conjunctivitis, namely adenovirus type 4. There was no demonstrable focus of the outbreak.
Immune recognition of linear antigenic regions within the hepatitis B pre‐C and c‐gene translation products using synthetic peptides
Authors: Sällberg Matti , Rudén Ulla , Wahren Britta , Magnius Lars O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe antibody recognition of linear regions within the amino acid (aa) sequence of hepatitis B (HB) core antigen (HBcAg), e antigen (HBeAg), and pre‐C region was investigated in 46 patients infected with hepatitis B virus (HBV), and one immunized rabbit. Peptide analogues were synthesized to cover the complete product of the C‐gene, including the pre‐C region using various synthetic methods. Two carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) with anti‐HBe, recognized pin‐bound decapeptides covereing amino acid (aa) 76‐83 of HBc/eAg, and the most essential residues were found to be Asp78, Pro79, Arg82, and Asp83. Pre‐C peptides were recognized by lgG1 or lgG3 in sera from two out of ten cases with acute HB, in four out of twelve sera from HBeAg‐positive carriers of HBsAg, and in two out of twelve sera from anti‐HBe‐positive carriers of HBsAg. Two sera from the cases of acute HB showed strong reactivity of the IgG3 isotype with HBc/eAg peptides 61–85. Five of the sera from HBeAg‐positive carriers of HBsAg were weakly reactive with peptides 41–60, 61–85, 121–140, and/or 141–160. Eight of the sera from anti‐HBe‐positive carriers of HBsAg recognized aa 121‐140 of HBc/e with lgG1, lgG3, and/or lgG4 iso‐types. IgG from one immunized rabbit recognized peptides 1–20, 61–85, and 71–90, and the T‐cells recognized peptides 1–20 and 71–90. Thus, human and rabbit antibodies recognize linear antigenic regions within the pre‐C, and within regions 1–20, 41–60, 61–85, 121–140, and 141–160 of HBcAg. Thus, the major HBc site is likely to comprise more than one part of the HBcAg sequence, of which a sequence within residues 61–85 might be a linear component. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Genome type analysis of chilean adenovirus strains isolated in a children's hospital between 1988 and 1990
Authors: Kajon Adriana E. , Larrañaga Carmen , Suárez Mónica , Wadell Göran , Avendaño Luis F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn a study designed to evaluate the genetic variability of adenovirus strains associated with infantile cases of respiratory disease requiring hospitalization, a collection of 136 adenovirus isolates obtained in the Roberto del Rio Children's Hospital of Santiago, Chile between June 1988 and November 1990 was studied by restriction enzyme analysis. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained on admission from children under 2 years. During the study period a total of 227 adenovirus respiratory infections (ARI) were diagnosed at the ward for ARI by immunofluorescence, representing 23% of all admissions. Fifty percent of the 136 typed strains were found to belong to subgenus B, and the other 50% corresponded to subgenus C. Digestion with a set of seven enzymes allowed the identification of nine different genome types of subgenus C, three of which had not been previously described, exhibiting novel restriction patterns with either Bgl II or BstEII. Ad7h, identified in 66 isolates, was the predominant genome type and was associated with the nine cases requiring mechanical respiratory assistance and with the two fatalities recorded during the 29 months. No differences were found between the age and sex distribution of subgenus B and C genomic variants, but the mean length of hospital stay (X ± 2 SE) recorded among patients infected with subgenus B types was significantly higher (17.72 + 4.52 days (n = 55) vs. 7.54 + 1.70 days (n = 53); F = 17.22; P < 0.0001) © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
High titers of anti‐epstein‐barr virus DNA polymerase are found in patients with severe fatiguing illness
Authors: Natelson Benjamin H. , Ye Ning , Moul Douglas E. , Jenkins Frank J. , Oren Dan A. , Tapp Walter N. , Cheng Yung‐Chi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForty‐one patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), 76 healthy controls matched with the patient group for age range, sex, race, and socioeconomic class, and 22 symptomatic patients with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) had serum sampled for antibodies against 2 Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) replicating enzymes. Abnormal liters of antibodies were found twice as often in CFS patients as controls (34.1% vs. 17.1%), with SAD patients having an intermediate frequency (27.3%). Stratifying for disease severity sharpened the differences considerably, with the sicker CFS and SAD patients having 52% and 50% abnormal tests, respectively; more mildly afflicted CFS and SAD patients had a frequency of abnormal tests in the normal range. Antibodies to EBV DNA polymerase (DNAP) were the more sensitive of the two tests in that they were positive in all cases but one. These findings suggest that antibodies against EBV DNAP may be a useful marker in delineating a subset of patients with severe fatiguing illness for appropriate treatment trials and for monitoring their outcomes. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Consistent selection of mutations in the 5′‐untranslated region of oral poliovirus vaccine upon passaging in vitro
Authors: Chumakov Konstantin M. , Dragunsky Eugenia M. , Norwood Laurie P. , Douthitt Monica P. , Ran Yuxin , Taffs Rolf E. , Ridge Jeanette , Levenbook Inessa S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have previously found that upon passaging type 3 oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV) in cell cultures the proportion of revertants at nucleotide 472 rapidly increases [Chumakov et al.: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 88:199–203 1991]. Systematic study on the accumulation of these revertants showed that it was dependent on the multiplicity of infection and the temperature at which virus was grown. Revertants at position 472 of type 3 OPV accumulated faster in vaccines derived from Sabin Original (SO) substrain than from RNA‐plaque purified (RSO) substrain. The rate of accumulation of 472‐C revertants differed among cell lines and was higher in overgrown cell cultures suggesting that host factors are involved in the selection of mutants. We also found that accumulation of mutants occurred in vitro at position 480 in type 1 and position 481 in type 2 OPV, making the selection for revertants in domain F of the 5′‐noncoding region a general phenomenon for all three Sabin strains. Assessment of the abundance of these mutants may be used for evaluation of the quality of OPV lots. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Factors associated with viremia and elevated transaminase levels in asymptomatic hepatitis D virus‐infected risk groups
Authors: Wu Jaw‐Ching , Li Chin‐Shien , Chen Chih‐Li , Sheng Wen‐Yung , Lee Shou‐Dong , Lo Kwang‐Juei 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo detect hepatitis D virus (HDV) RNA in asymptomatic HDV‐infected risk groups, Northern blot hybridization was carried out using a strand‐specific riboprobe. Univariate and multivariate analyses were carried out to evaluate factors associated with HDV viremia and elevated transaminase levels in these subjects. Two (15%) of 13 antibody to HDV (anti‐HDV) ‐positive intravenous drug addicts, 15 (33%) of 45 anti‐HDV positive prostitutes, and 6 (40%) of 15 anti‐HDV positive brothel goers had detectable serum HDV RNA. Older age (>31 years old) was negatively associated with HDV RNA (P < 0.04), while hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) was positively associated with it (P < 0.002) in univariate analysis. Only HBeAg was still significant in multivariate analysis (P < .05). Of the 76 asymptomatic anti‐HDV positive case, 28 (37%) had mildly elevated serum ALT levels and only 5 (7%) had ALT levels more than twice normal (>80 U/L). HBeAg (P < .05) and HDV RNA (P < .02) were two factors associated with ALT elevation in univariate analysis, and HDV RNA was the only significant factor in multivariate analysis (P < .005). In summary, active replication of HBV seemed to be of help for the assembly of HDV and viremia. However, active replication of HDV was associated mostly with mildly elevated ALT levels in these subjects. These cases may represent a particular group in the disease spectrum of HDV infection. © 1994 Wiiey‐Liss, Inc.
Prevalence of antibodies against hepatitis e virus among urban and rural populations in Venezuela
Authors: Pujol Flor H. , Favorov Michael O. , Marcano Teodardo , Esté José A. , Magris Magda , Liprandi Ferdinando , Khudyakov Yury E. , Khudyakova Natasha S. , Fields Howard A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibodies against hepatitis E virus (HEV) were detected in sera by a synthetic peptide‐based enzyme immunoassay (EIA) from different populations in Venezuela. Antibodies against HEV were found in 1.6% (3/184) of urban pregnant woman (Caracas), in 3.9% (8/204) of rural populations (San Camilo, Edo Apure), and in 5.4% (12/223) of rural Amerindians (Padamo, Edo Amazonas). Positivity was confirmed by a neutralization EIA based on the use of competing soluble free pep‐tides. The prevalence of antibodies in the Amerindian group was significantly higher than in urban pregnant women. No relation was found between age and HEV prevalence in rural populations. Three of 21 positive sera were also weakly positive by Western blot for IgM antibodies. This result, together with the low optical density values observed by EIA, suggested that the presence of antibodies in these sera reflects past infections. Based on these results, Venezuela does not seem to be highly endemic for hepatitis E. This is the first report of serological evidence of infection by HEV in South America. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Inhibition of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication by nonionic block polymer surfactants
Authors: Hirschman Shalom Z. , Zucker Marcia L. , Garfinkel Esther 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEight block copolymers of hydrophilic polyoxy‐ethylene and hydrophobic polyoxypropylene were examined for their effects on the replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) in H9 cells. Although the polymers decreased cellular replication, they did not appear to be toxic to the cells; rather, they seemed to arrest cellular growth. Three triblock copolymers were found to inhibit HIV replication at low concentrations. Maximum inhibition was achieved at concentrations of 50 μUg/ml by day 5 following infection. The combination of azidothymidine with both HIV‐1‐inhibitory and noninhibitory copolymers resulted in antagonistic effects, with an increase in viral replication, compared to treatment with copolymers or azidothymidine alone. These copolymers should be useful in the study of the mechanism of HIV replication in cell cultures and may yield clinically useful compounds in combination therapies for HIV infection. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences in human blood and bone marrow cells
Authors: Cantin Edouard , Chen Jian , Gaidulis Laima , Valo Zuzana , McLaughlin‐Taylor Elizabeth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) establishes latent infections in neural tissues of humans and experimental animals. Utilizing a sensitive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay we detected HSV DNA sequences in blood ceils of healthy prospective bone marrow transplant (BMT) donors and patients. In three healthy individuals studied, HSV DNA sequences were found in all blood cell types and also in bone marrow cells as well as in stem cell progenitor colonies isolated from in vitro cultures. Studies of BMT donor‐recipient pairs suggested that HSV reactivation may occur in hematopoietic cells after transplantation, as the PCR signal intensity increased over time simultaneous with an increased antibody liter to HSV. In a mouse model for HSV infection, HSV DNA sequences were found in blood and bone marrow cells at the latent stage of infection, after intravenous (IV) inoculation, but not after ocular inoculation. These studies suggest that bone marrow cells may be an additional site of HSV latency capable of reactivation after BMT. These studies have broad implications for understanding pathogenesis of HSV disease and are of particular significance in situations where allo‐geneic bone marrow cells are given therapeutically. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.