bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
North Dakota's Lodgepole Play: A Look at the Reservoir and Producing Characteristics
Authors: Young Susan W. , Caamano Edward , Jackson Darron B. , Morgan Wiliam A. , Sheedlo Mark K. , Ahr Wayne M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1993, Conoco discovered the first commercial hydrocarbon reservoir in Lodgepole Waulsortian mounds in North Dakota, Delineation, based on 2D seismic and proximity to successful wells, and then unitization of the Dickinson Lodgepole Unit (DLU), quickly followed. Conoco and other operators acquired several 3D seismic surveys in and around the Dickinson area following the discovery. However, the play did not expand until almost two years later, when Duncan Oil completed a second Lodgepole discovery just three miles from the DLU.
The Dickinson area now has nine productive Lodgepole fields. This has been a highly competitive play, because the lP of a Lodgepole well can exceed 1000 BOPD, usually water-free, and individual wells can produce more than 1 million barrels of oil.
Production is from low porosity (5%) Waulsortian mounds, which range between 250 to 320 ft. thick and have oil columns up to 180 ft. These reservoirs have a heterogeneous internal architecture, related both to original depositional geometry and facies, as well as diagenetic alteration. The mounds in the Dickinson subsurface have been through multi-stage diagenesis and fracturing, which has created an excellent dual porosity system. The mounds' internal architecture is therefore difficult to predict. However, the location and gross morphology of the mounds can be determined fairly well from 3D seismic, which is a very good tool for both exploration and development.
These reservoirs are excellent candidates for secondary recovery. All of the Dickinson area Lodgepole reservoirs are either currently under waterflood, or are in the process of being unitized so that water injection can begin in the near future, Primary recovery has been estimated at approximately 28%, and secondary recovery is likely to be 13% or higher. With total original oil-in-place estimates of 70 to 100 million barrels for the Dickinson area mounds, the Lodgepole presents a very attractive exploration target.
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West Welch CO2 Flood Simulation with an Equation of State and Mixed Wettability
Authors: Taylor A.R. , Hinterlong G.H. , Kumar K.H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the reservoir engineering aspects of the CO feasibility study for Department of Energy Class II project, at the West Welch San Anders Unit. The DOE Class II demonstration simulation effort for the CO feasibility study uses an 11 component equation of state (EOS) for surface facility design. Relative permeability data measured in the laboratory indicated two different waterflood residual oil saturations. The low reservoir temperature causes the fluid phase behavior to exhibit a two liquid hydrocarbon phase region with CO present Fluid characterization steps taken to virtually eliminate the two liquid hydrocarbon phase region is described. The problems these changes created and adjustments made to the EOS to improve the simulation are reviewed. We show that the EOS needs to predict slim tube recovery compositions as well as the total slim tube recovery to adequately predict field scale oil recovery. The fluid characterization procedure, described here, made the full field simulations more closely match field CO recovery.
Two types of wettability were identified from relative permeability curves at the project in the Welch field. The intervals of different wettability were identified from resistivity logs to aid in placing these intervals in the proper model layers. The geologic model with both relative permeability rock types led to overpredicting oil recovery. However, the low waterflood residual oil saturation appears more significant in the higher permeability rock. Thus, the relative permeability tests from core samples with higher permeability led to significant differences in model results. Subsequent history matching efforts, incorporating 3D seismic, showed that the relative permeability rock type with low residual oil saturation to water was not volumetrically significant. A separate paper, SPE 39809, describes the incorporation of 3Dseismic into the geologic model.
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Enhanced Reservoir Characterization Using NMR Core and Well-Log Derived Data
Authors: Elgagah Shedid A. , Tiab Djebbar , Osisanya Samuel O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to develop new models capable of providing better description of the reservoir through the use of the concept of Reservoir Quality Index (RQI) combined with the available permeability models appearing in the literature.
Six enhanced reservoir characterization models have been developed that incorporate core and/or conventional well-logging derived-data to identify hydraulic (flow) units. Two models are developed based on equation of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) to identify flow units using core data. In addition, three flow unit models are developed based on Timur, Wyllie and Rose, and a generalized permeability equations. The sixth model is developed using Jorgensen permeability equation. It is found that each flow unit can be represented by a straight line on a log-log plot of the RQI versus porosity,, or versus the parameter()depending upon the permeability equation used.
The straight line (representing the flow unit) yields various unique slopes for the different models. This depends upon the porosity exponent that appeared in the permeability equation. In addition, each flow unit model possesses a characteristic intercept on the NMR Decay time- # log-log plot, or on the RQI- # log-log plot, or on RQI() log- log plot. The new flow unit models are validated by using actual and simulated data. Use of the new models in combination with the systematic technique developed,
2. Is correlative and mappable at the interwell scale; represents effctive tools for enhancing reservoir characterization.
P. 505
A New Empirical Correlation to Predict Apparent Viscosity of Borate-Crosslinked Guar
Authors: Goel Naval , Subhash Subhash N. , Asadi Mahmoud 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Successful design and completion of the hydraulic fracturing treatments depend on accurate estimation of fracturing fluid viscosity under in-situ conditions. However, the viscosity of the widely used borate-crosslinked guar gel is extremely difficult to measure due to its dependence on temperature, wellbore shear pre-conditioning, fracture shear rate, and pH. Furthermore, these properties require that the fluid mixing, pumping, and characterization to be performed under representative field conditions. Because of these complexities, there is no reliable correlation available in the literature to relate borate-crosslinked guar gel viscosity with its dependent properties. Therefore, in the present study, borate-crosslinked guar gel rheology measurements, obtained with a field scale High Pressure Simulator (HPS), are used to develop a correlation.
The empirical correlation is developed on the basis of method of reduced variables, whereby shear stress-shear rate data at different temperatures are combined into one curve at a reference temperature T. Present study extends this method to include the effect of shear history on the rheology of guar polymer crosslinked with borate ions In the paper, this technique is used to generate master curves of reduced apparent viscosity-shear rate for borate-crosslinked guar at each pH. Furthermore, the developed empirical equations relate apparent viscosity of crosslinked guar to fluid temperature, shear history and shear rate.
The developed correlation is presented in a simple form. The correlation will be helpful for comparison of model calculated values with the laboratory measured viscosities, as the laboratory values are not supported by a field scale fluid characterization equipment.
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Fluid Sampling from Damaged Formations
Authors: Lee Jaedong , Kasap Ekrem 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A high quality formation fluid sample is essential to identify the composition of formation fluids which is required in designing expensive production facilities. Formation fluid samples are also needed to assess hydrocarbon reserves and reservoir recovery efficiency.
Minimal contaminant is desired in formation fluid samples for proper composition and PVT analyses. The contaminant is the drilling fluid filtrate that invaded near wellbore formations during and after the drilling process. The filtrate in the sample compromises sample quality by reducing usable sample volume and altering its composition and PVT properties. To sample clean enough formation fluid, a certain volume of fluid must be pumped out prior to sampling. Although initially a mixture of invading filtrate and formation fluid is produced, generally clean enough formation fluid is sampled after a certain fluid volume is pumped out.
The objective of this study is to identify the controlling parameters in determining the optimum pump out volume. After a certain pump out, a minute increase in sample quality requires long pump out times. Therefore, pre-job planning to obtain pump out volume and duration of pump out required, based on the sample quality, is important for the tool and hole safety.
Finite element simulations with realistic wellbore, formation geometry and mud cake characteristics are run to study the effects of pumping rate, invaded zone thickness, damaged zone permeability, formation anisotropy, and mud cake quality. The simulation results indicate that pump out volume, not pumping rate, controls sample quality. Formation damage and anisotropy improve sample quality by limiting the production from the invaded zone. Poor mud cake quality and deeper invaded zones have adverse effects on sample quality and require more careful planning.
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Scaling Parameters for Characterizing Waterflood Recovery from Anisotropic Matrix Blocks in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs
Authors: Bujanos Jose Luis Sanchez , Miller Mark A. , Sepehrnoori Kamy 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A study was conducted to simplify the modeling of countercurrent imbibition matrix-fracture transfer flow for dual porosity modeling of naturally fractured reservoirs. Through both analytical work and detailed numerical simulations, scaling studies were conducted of two-phase countercurrent imbibition problem in 3D anisotropic matrix blocks. The ninin result of the work was to identify four key parametric groups which control countercurrent imbibition. This result would not only lead to additional insight into how parameters interact to govern countercurrent imbibition during waterflooding, but would also simplify and aid simulations involved in sensitivity studies, history matching, and stochastic studies. Application of the parametric groups to field-scale dual porosity modeling is also shown.
P. 61
Automatic Synchronization of Electric Generators Based on PLC's
Authors: Rivera Abelardo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pemex Exploracion y Produccion offshore marine platforms are located in the Gulf of Mexico. Inhabited platforms need electric energy to operate their processes and motors. This energy is supplied by motor generators and turbo generators. Typically, a marine platform has 2, 3 or more generators to always have electric energy available. The motor generators and turbo generators have a control system where operating personnel can start, stop and parallel them. Parallel generators mean to connect 2 or 3 generators to the same bus. The energy supplied to the bus is divided among the paralleled generators and each generator supplies energy proportional to its maximum capacity. The greater the capacity, the greater the energy it supplies. Most electric generator systems are stoped, started, and paralleled manually, but some systems have changed to automatic control systems based on Programable Logic Controllers (PLC).
P. 109
The Rejuvenation of Two Gas Basins in Mexico: Burgos and Veracruz
Authors: Guzman A.E. , Yanez-Mondragon M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Demand for natural gas in Mexico is expanding. This increase in the use of gas is due to a rapidly developing household market and to substitution with gas of heavy fuel oils for industrial uses. Increasingly stringent environmental standards are incentivating this demand. Pemex Exploration and Production, as the government agency responsible for finding, developing and producing Mexico's oil and gas resources has implemented strategic projects to fulfill the growing need for gas supplies. This presentation gives an overview of the actions that Pemex E & P has and is taking in the Burgos and Veracruz basins to help satisfy the nation's need for gas.
Both Burgos and Veracruz are tertiary siliciclastic basins located in the western margin of the Gulf of Mexico proper, and both are producers of dry sweet gas. Burgos is located in northeastern Mexico, it covers 49,800 km2. It is limited to the west and south by east diping mesozoic marls and limestones, to the east by the continental slope and to the north by the Rio Bravo del Norte (Rio Grande River), although the basin itself continues into South Texas, where it is known as the Rio Grande Embayment (Texas Railroad Commission, District IV). The Veracruz basin with an areal extent of 18,000 Km2 is located on east central Mexico and is limited to the west by a laramide thrusted foldbelt (producer of sour wet gas, condensates and some oils), to the north by recent volcanic rocks, to the east by the continental slope and to the south it becomes the Isthmus Saline basin. Dry gas production reached a maximum of 620 MMcfd in 1970 for Burgos and 45 MMcfd in 1971 for Veracruz.
P. 115
Design of a Two Piece Lifted jacket for 630 Foot Water Depth
Authors: Dorgant Paul L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new type of jacket design was developed for a Gulf of Mexico platform in 630 feet of water. The jacket was designed for installation in two sections that were joined underwater with a grouted connection. Both jacket sections were lifted from transport barges and installed on location with a Semi-Submersible Construction Vessel. This installation method was used to avoid the typical launch framing required for jackets in this water depth. This launch framing accounts for approximately 20% of a typical launched jacket weight. The jacket fabrication schedule is also reduced due to less steel tonnage. This paper describes the unique features and important aspects of the design, including the design approach, the underwater mating and the splice details. The development of this design concept has added an alternative to conventional single piece launched jackets designs for water depths from 500 to 700 feet. Information provided in this paper will allow designers and planners to evaluate this alternative design concept. Results are presented showing the steel weight savings.
P. 195
Analysis of Two-Phase Flow in Horizontal and Inclined Pipes With Mechanistic Models
Authors: Granados-C Jaime , Camacho-V Rodolfo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A computer program has been developed for simulating twophase flow in horizontal and inclined pipes. This program is based on the mechanistic model of Xiao et al., extending the inclination angle from + 150 to the range + 45 using the works of Barnea and Hasan and Kabir.
With this hybrid model it is determined the flow pattern, under stationary conditions, and hydrodynamic characteristics of the flow pattern, mainly hold-up and pressure gradients.
An analysis of synthetic information, generated with the computer program, has been done. Based on statistical parameters, the mechanistic model performance has been compared with that of Beggs and Brill correlation, observing similar trends, with both procedures for the whole range of pipe inclination angles.
Finally, through 3-D graphs, performance of principal hydrodynamic parameters has been presented.
P. 221
BARBOX: A Technical and Economical Viable Alternative Concept for FPSO System
Authors: Ho Rong-Tai , Bayazitouglu Yildirim 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Brown & Root's BARBOX concept is an alternative, purpose-built, deep-draft monohull system for floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO). This FPSO system concept has been designed for worldwide applications including West Africa, the North Sea and the Gulf of Mexico environments. The BARBOX's stiffened flat plate construction gives it a low capital investment cost compared to systems with minimum water plane hull types (e.g.. semi-submersible, SPAR, TLP) and ship-shaped FPSO. The BARBOX's dynamic motion characteristics are similar or better than those of comparable ship-shaped FPSO configurations. This paper also considers construction of the BARBOX hull in the Gulf of Mexico region. A recent Brown & Root study indicated that the Gulf coast fabrication yards were technically capable to fabricate the BARBOX hull and they could be cost competitive against worldwide shipyards.
P. 249
Design and Application of Passive Fire Protection for the Decks of Deepwater Tension Leg Platforms
Authors: Hunt R.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As an integral part of the platform's emergency response procedures, passivefire protection (pfp) has been designed for the decks of the Mars, Ram/Powell& Ursa Tension Leg Platforms which lie in the deepwater Gulf of Mexico.
The area and thickness requirements for the pfp coating are developed for the primary deck steel on each of the platforms. The design process is described in detail, from the defmition of the fire scenario to the treatment of the fire's heat flow characteristics and the application of data representmgsteel properties at elevated temperatures. Optimization of the area of primarysteel requiring protection is discussed with reference to ultimate strengthanalysis which is used to ensure that the pfp coating is applied for maximum effect.
The quality of the application process at the fabrication facility has been identified as a fundamental component in achieving the specified level of protection. Key issues concerning the application of the pfp material have been identified and are presented as criteria established to aid in the selection of a fire proofmg material.
The application of the pfp coating represents a substantial amount of work in the fabrication process and as such has the potential to significantly affect the fabrication schedule. Details of experience gained from the successful application of the fireproofing material on three major projects are presented.
P. 257
Integrating Modern Open Hole Logs, Core Data And Old Electric Logs: A Study Of The San Andres Field, Veracruz, Mexico
Authors: Pursell David A. , Hunt Ercill R. , Trevino Alfredo 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes methods and results of integrating modern openhole well logs and core data with old electric survey logs (ES) to determine porosity, water saturation, and net pay thickness for more than 240 wells in the San Andres Field, Veracruz, Mexico. A majority of the wells were logged with the old ES logs. As field development continued, modern resistivity logs and porosity logs were run. Several relationships were developed which allowed the old ES logs to be analyzed and the results incorporated into the reservoir description. Specifically, relationships were developed to determine porosity from the old neutron logs (GNT - both count rate and API scales), and to determine true formation resistivity (Rt) using the 64" normal logs. Log calculated porosity and water saturation were verified with available core results.
P. 267
Evaluating and Monitoring Reservoirs Behind Casing With a Modern Pulsed Neutron Tool
Authors: Simpson G. , Jacobson L. , Salazar F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pulsed neutron capture logs have long provided a means of determining water saturation and estimating porosity of formations behind casing. Recent technological advances in pulsed neutron logging have resulted not only in improvements in saturation and porosity data, but also in the capability to provide information regarding water entry and flow, lithology, and improved differentiation of gas-filled zones from tight formations. These advances provide greater accuracy in reservoir evaluation and monitoring as well as improved completion and production diagnostics.
Inelastic, capture, borehole, and background spectra are now utilized to enhance porosity estimates, identify water flow, and help determine lithology. Modular tool design allows the pulsed neutron tool to be combined with production logging tools for more reliable production diagnostics. Simple tool modifications permit quantitative measurements of water velocity and borehole oil holdup. The modular design also allows additional detectors to be placed in the toolstring for lithology identification and gravel pack evaluation.
This paper discusses this new pulsed neutron capture technology and gives an overview of the expanded range of pulsed neutron applications. Field examples of waterflow detection, gravel pack evaluation, oil/gas discrimination, and conventional analysis are presented from offshore wells in the Gulf of Mexico and from onshore wells in Mexico and the U.S.
Identifying and Analysis of Key Variables at the "Terminal Maritima de Dos Bocas", Using Statistical Process Control.
Authors: Vazquez-Martinez A. , Melo-Gonzalez R. , Rodriguez-Chiquito V.M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A case of identifying and analysis of key variables into a crude-oil reception, conditioning and distribution station using Statistical Process Control Techniques (SPC), is presented. The station identified as "Terminal Maritima de Dos Bocas" (TMDB), situated near the town of Paraiso in the SouthEast Mexican state of Tabasco, receives eight crude lines from Campeche offshore plataforms and some South land-reservoirs, moreover it conditioning and distributes crude-oil for international and domestic commerce.
Owing the high international markets crude-oil competition and its respective demand of more strict conditions of quality for it commerce, it is neccesary to incorporate new technologies to the terminal looking for satisfying present and future needs. To do this, it was primary important to make a review of the process and proceedings in the terminal driven, with the objetive of identify those variables with high influence on its products quality and which determines it (i.e. Key Variables). We follow the methodology of Statistical Process Control to find out this key-variables and to quantify the benefits we should have for the implementation of such tehcniques as first step to the general application of the methodology in real time.
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