bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CANCELLATIVE AND MALCEV PRESENTATIONS FOR FINITE REES INDEX SUBSEMIGROUPS AND EXTENSIONS
Authors: CAIN ALAN J. , ROBERTSON EDMUND F. , RUŠKUC NIK 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIt is known that, for semigroups, the property of admitting a finite presentation is preserved on passing to subsemigroups and extensions of finite Rees index. The present paper shows that the same holds true for Malcev, cancellative, left-cancellative and right-cancellative presentations. (A Malcev (respectively, cancellative, left-cancellative, right-cancellative) presentation is a presentation of a special type that can be used to define any group-embeddable (respectively, cancellative, left-cancellative, right-cancellative) semigroup.)
ON 2-ADJACENCY RELATION OF TWO-BRIDGE KNOTS AND LINKS
Authors: TORISU ICHIRO 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe give a necessary condition for a two-bridge knot or link S(p,q) to be 2-adjacent to another two-bridge knot or link S(r,s). In particular, we show that if the trivial knot or link is 2-adjacent to S(p,q), then S(p,q) is trivial, that if S(p,q) is 2-adjacent to its mirror image, then S(p,q) is amphicheiral, and that for a prime integer p, if S(p,q) is 2-adjacent to S(r,s), then S(p,q)=S(r,s) or S(r,s)=S(1,0).
Ocean Monitoring Collaborations Between Europe and China: DRAGONESS Project Kickoff Meeting; Beijing, China, 11–12 October 2007
Authors: Johannessen Johnny A. , He Ming‐Xia , Hu Chuanmin 
Published: May 2008

A coordinated, concerted action between Europe and China in ocean monitoring kicked off with its first meeting, held in Beijing.The project, named DRAGONESS (DRAGON in support of harmonizing European and Chinese marine monitoring for Environment and Security System), is funded by the European Union's (EU) Framework Programme for 3 years. Researchers from the two continents will establish an inventory of Chinese and European capacities in marine monitoring for environment and security in the framework of challenges identified within international programs such as Global Ocean Observing System, Global Earth Observing System of Systems, and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security. In particular, the DRAGONESS aims to (1) assess existing Chinese and European information products and services arising from integrated use of remote‐sensing, in situ observations, models, and data assimilation methods; (2) identify monitoring gaps and barriers (e.g., restrictive data availability); and (3) stimulate exchange and initiation of a new European‐Chinese partnership in Earth observation science and technology in support of global environmental monitoring.
Is Parent–Child Interaction Therapy Effective in Reducing Stuttering?
Authors: Millard Sharon K. , Nicholas Alison , Cook Frances M. 
Published: May 2008

Purpose
To investigate the efficacy of parent–child interaction therapy (PCIT) with young children who stutter.

Method
This is a longitudinal, multiple single-subject study. The participants were 6 children aged 3;3–4;10 [years;months] who had been stuttering for longer than 12 months. Therapy consisted of 6 sessions of clinic-based therapy and 6 weeks of home consolidation. Speech samples were videorecorded during free play with parents at home and analyzed to obtain stuttering data for each child before therapy, during therapy, and up to 12 months posttherapy.

Results
Stuttering frequency data obtained during therapy and posttherapy were compared with the frequency and variability of stuttering in the baseline phase. Four of the 6 children significantly reduced stuttering with both parents by the end of the therapy phase.

Conclusions
PCIT can reduce stuttering in preschool children with 6 sessions of clinic-based therapy and 6 weeks of parent-led, home-based therapy. The study highlights the individual response to therapy. Suggestions for future research directions are made.
Late Childhood Stuttering
Authors: Howell Peter , Davis Stephen , Williams Roberta 
Published: May 2008

Purpose
A study was conducted that examined factors that lead children who stutter at around age 8 years to persist in the disorder when they reach age 12 years.

Method
Seventy-six children were verified to be stuttering at initial assessment. When they reached 12 years of age, they were classified as persistent or recovered. A range of measures was taken at the 2 age points, and measures were examined by recovery group.

Results
Although the tendency for more males than females to stutter was confirmed, the reasons for this tendency are not apparent for these speakers. Different patterns in speech were observed: Severity ratings of the recovered speakers dropped by age 12+. The severity ratings for the persistent speakers remained high at 12+, and dysfluency types tended to change from whole words to part words. Persistent and recovered speakers differed on temperamental performance at around age 8 years and performed differently on sensory and motor tasks at age 12+ years.

Conclusions
Stuttering in late childhood affects mainly males. The later a child attends clinic, the longer he or she will stutter. Speech patterns of children who persist diverge from those who recover or who are fluent. As speakers persist, there are temperamental, sensory, and motor changes.
Fluorescent Detection of Rat Parathyroid Glands via 5‐Aminolevulinic Acid
Authors: Asher Scott A. , Peters Glenn E. , Pehler Stephen F. , Zinn Kurt , Newman J Robert , Rosenthal Eben L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective:Anatomic identification of parathyroid glands during surgery is challenging and time consuming. We sought to determine whether 5‐aminolevulinic acid (5‐ALA) could produce parathyroid gland fluorescence to improve their detection in a preclinical model.Methods:Thirty‐two rats were administered 0 to 700 mg/kg of 5‐ALA by intraperitoneal injection prior to neck exploration under the illumination of a blue light (380–440 nm). Tissue fluorescence was assessed at 1, 2, or 4 hours postinjection and then removed for histologic confirmation of parathyroid tissue.Results:Rat parathyroid glands could not be visualized under ambient light. At dosages of 300 mg/kg or greater, bilateral parathyroid glands were visualized in 18 of 19 rats using blue light illumination. At dosages less than 300 mg/kg, parathyroid gland fluorescence was detected in only 1 of 13 rats. At 2 hours after 5‐ALA administration, the net mean intensity of parathyroid gland fluorescence was optimal with a dose of 500 mg/kg. At both 1 and 4 hours after 5‐ALA injection, the net mean intensity of parathyroid gland fluorescence was optimal at the highest dose (700 mg/kg) and positively correlated with dosage increases.Conclusion:5‐ALA can be used to selectively detect parathyroid tissue from surrounding tissue in a preclinical model. Our data support the use of this technique in the clinical setting.
Developing a Rabbit Model of Rhinogenic Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Liang Kai‐Li , Jiang Rong‐San , Wang John , Shiao Jiun‐Yih , Su Mao‐Chang , Hsin Chung‐Han , Lin Jen‐Fu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to develop a rabbit model of rhinogenic chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Methods: New Zealand white rabbits were used and divided into two groups. In group A rabbits, a piece of Merocel (Medtronic‐Xomed, Jacksonville, FL) was inserted into one nasal cavity and the other was left undisturbed as control. In group B rabbits, 1 μg phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA) was injected into bilateral nasal lateral walls and then a piece of Merocel (Medtronic‐Xomed) was inserted into one nasal cavity. At week 2, the Merocel (Medtronic‐Xomed) was removed, and computed tomography (CT), nasoendoscopy, and cultures were performed. All examinations were repeated at week 12. Rabbits that had purulent discharge in nasal cavities and sinuses opacification shown in CT scans were diagnosed as having rhinosinusitis. Rabbits with CRS were randomly allocated to receive intravenous ceftriaxone (50 mg/kg/day) for 28 days or nothing. All rabbits with CRS received CT scans, nasoendoscopy, and cultures at week 16.Results: At week 12, CRS had developed in two controlled nasal cavities, six nasal cavities inserted with Merocel (Medtronic‐Xomed), six nasal cavities injected with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate (PMA), and seven both PMA‐injected and Merocel‐ (Medtronic‐Xomed) inserted nasal cavities. Seven of nine treated CRS sides were clear of opacification after treatment. All non‐treated CRS sides had persistent diseases at week 16. There was a significant difference in the CRS incidence (P = .00043) and culture rates (P = .027) between treated and non‐treated CRS nasal cavities.Conclusions: Our study developed a rabbit model of rhinogenic CRS. This model is easily performed and is reversible by treatment.
Clinical Validation of Percutaneous Cochlear Implant Surgery: Initial Report
Authors: Labadie Robert Frederick , Noble Jack H. , Dawant Benoit M. , Balachandran Ramya , Majdani Omid , Fitzpatrick J Michael 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective: Percutaneous cochlear implant surgery consists of a single drill path from the lateral mastoid cortex to the cochlea via the facial recess. We sought to clinically validate this technique in patients undergoing traditional cochlear implant surgery.Study Design: Prospective clinical trial.Methods: After institutional regulatory board‐approved protocols, five ears were studied via the following steps. 1) In the clinic under local anesthesia, bone‐implanted anchors were placed surrounding each mastoid. 2) Temporal‐bone computed tomography (CT) scans were obtained. 3) On the CT scans, paths were planned from the lateral mastoid cortex, through the facial recess, to the basal turn of the cochlea both “manually” and “automatically” using computer software. 4) Customized microstereotactic frames were rapid‐prototyped to serve as drill guides constraining the drill to follow the appropriate path. 5) During cochlear implant surgery, after drilling of the facial recess, drill guides were mounted on the bone‐implanted anchors. 6) Accuracy of paths was assessed via intraoperative photodocumentation.Results: All surgical paths successfully traversed the facial recess and hit the basal turn of the cochlea. Distance in millimeters (average ± SD) from the midpoint of the drill to the facial nerve was 1.18 ± 0.68 for the “manual” path and 1.24 ± 0.44 mm for the “automatic” path and for the chorda tympani 0.986 ± 0.48 for the “manual” path and 1.22 ± 0.62 for the “automatic” path.Conclusions: Percutaneous cochlear implant access using customized drill guides based on preoperative CT scans and image‐guided surgery technology can be safely accomplished.
Long‐Term Hearing Results in Gamma Knife Radiosurgery for Acoustic Neuromas
Authors: Bush Matthew L. , Shinn Jennifer B. , Young A Byron , Jones Raleigh O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectives: There are many studies that have examined functional outcomes following Gamma Knife treatment; however, few have reported long‐term audiometric data. This study analyzed the long‐term hearing results of Gamma Knife radiosurgery in the treatment of acoustic neuromas.Study Design: Retrospective cohort study.Methods: Seventeen patients were selected from our acoustic neuroma Gamma Knife registry of 113 patients treated from 1991 to 2005. Pretreatment audiograms were analyzed for pure‐tone average and word recognition scores and assigned a Gardner‐Robertson classification score (GRC). Either a current audiogram was obtained or the most recent audiogram (if the patient was lost to follow‐up) was reviewed from clinic charts and these were compared with the preoperative results. Audiometric data of the pre‐ and posttreatment normal ear were obtained and used as the patient's own control.Results: The tumor size ranged from 0.5 to 2.8 cm (mean, 1.33 cm) and patients received a range of 12.5–16 Gy (mean, 13.82 Gy) to 50% isodose line. Patient follow‐up ranged from 3 to 82 months with a mean of 33.6 months. Pretreatment pure‐tone average for the involved side group was 30.6 dB HL with a word recognition score of 74%. Pretreatment mean GRC was 1.76. posttreatment pure‐tone average for the group was 59.7 dB HL with a word recognition score of 37%. posttreatment mean GRC was 3.29. Comparing pre‐ versus post‐Gamma Knife radiosurgery results on the treatment ear, means were statistically significantly different for both pure‐tone average and word recognition scores, based on a paired‐samples t test (P < .001 for both). The group “normal” ear pure‐tone average was 14 dB HL and 17.75 dB HL pre‐ and posttreat‐ment, respectively. Normal ear pre‐ and posttreatment word recognition score and GRC were 93% and 98%, and 1.13 and 1.31, respectively.Conclusion: Gamma Knife radiosurgery remains a noninvasive treatment option for patients with acoustic neuromas; however, they may experience a delayed hearing loss. Of those patients with useful audition pretreatment, 42% maintained useful hearing posttreatment.
On the modelling of semi-insulating GaAs including surface tension and bulk stresses
Authors: Dreyer Wolfgang , Duderstadt Frank 
Published: May 2008

The necessary heat treatment of single-crystal semi-insulating gallium arsenide (GaAs), which is deployed in micro- and optoelectronic devices, generates undesirable liquid precipitates in the solid phase. The appearance of precipitates is influenced by surface tension at the liquid–solid interface and deviatoric stresses in the solid.The central quantity for the description of the various aspects of phase transitions is the chemical potential, which can be additively decomposed into a chemical and a mechanical part. In particular, the calculation of the mechanical part of the chemical potential is of crucial importance. We determine the chemical potential in the framework of the St. Venant–Kirchhoff law, which gives an appropriate stress–strain relation for many solids in the small-strain regime. We establish criteria that allow the correct replacement of the St. Venant–Kirchhoff law by the simpler Hooke law.The main objectives of this study are the following: (i) we develop a thermo-mechanical model that describes diffusion and interface motions, which are both strongly influenced by surface tension effects and deviatoric stresses, (ii) we give an overview and outlook on problems that can be posed and solved within the framework of the model, and (iii) we calculate non-standard phase diagrams for GaAs above 1059 K, i.e. those that take into account surface tension and deviatoric stresses, and we compare the results with classical phase diagrams without these phenomena.
Crystal structure and mutagenic analysis of GDOsp, a gentisate 1,2‐dioxygenase from Silicibacter Pomeroyi
Authors: Chen Jia , Li Wei , Wang Mingzhu , Zhu Guangyu , Liu Dongqi , Sun Fei , Hao Ning , Li Xuemei , Rao Zihe , Zhang Xuejun C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDioxygenases catalyze dioxygen incorporation into various organic compounds and play a key role in the complex degradation pathway of mono‐ and polycyclic aromatic and hetero‐aromatic compounds. Here we report the crystal structure of gentisate 1,2‐dioxygenase from Silicibacter pomeroyi (GDOsp) at a 2.8 Å resolution. The enzyme possessed a conserved three‐dimensional structure of the bicupin family, forming a homotetramerization. However, each subunit of GDOsp unusually contained two ferrous centers that were located in its two homologous cupin domains, respectively. Further mutagenic analysis indicated that the enzyme activity of GDOsp depends on the microenvironment in both metal‐binding sites. Moreover, homologous structural comparison and functional study on GDOsp variants unveiled a group of functionally essential residues and suggested that the active site of the enzyme is located in the amino‐terminal domain, but could be influenced by changes in the carboxyl domain. Therefore, GDOsp may provide a working model for studying long‐distance communication within a protein (or its complex).
Linkage disequilibrium structures in cattle and their application to breed identification testing
Authors: Watanabe T. , Hirano T. , Takano A. , Mizoguchi Y. , Sugimoto Y. , Takasuga A. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryWe examined the extent of linkage disequilibrium (LD) block lengths in four breed populations: Japanese Black, Angus, Hereford and Holstein. Three chromosomal regions in which QTL were previously mapped in Japanese Black populations were scanned with 84 microsatellite markers. The estimated LD lengths in these four purebred populations varied from 535 to 683 kb, which is much shorter than the values reported previously. Our findings suggest that QTL can be mapped in sub‐centimorgan regions in these populations using an LD‐mapping method. We also developed breed identification methods to distinguish Japanese Black from Angus, Hereford, Holstein and F1animals (Japanese Black × Holstein) respectively using the haplotypic frequencies of a pair of markers in the breed populations. After assessing the distributions of posterior probabilities to be Japanese Black, we obtained several pairs of markers that completely distinguished Japanese Black from the other breeds. We also obtained several combinations of six markers that completely distinguished Japanese Black animals from F1animals.
Measuring learning from the TRC pharmacology E‐Learning program
Authors: Franson Kari L. , Dubois Eline A. , De Kam Marieke L. , Cohen Adam F. 
Published: May 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • E‐Learning is increasingly used to provide medical education• Visualizing mechanisms appears to be a handy method for students to learn pharmacology WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS • E‐learning tools seem to improve individual grades in pharmacology courses. The statistical information provided by the E‐learning tools gives precise insight into the relationship between effort and learningAIMClinical pharmacology at the Leiden University Medical Centre is primarily taught by the Teaching Resource Centre's (TRC) Pharmacology database. The TRC program contains schematic graphics using a unique icon language, explanation texts and feedback questions to explain pharmacology as it pertains to pathophysiology. Nearly each course of the curriculum has a chapter in the TRC database offered for self‐study. Since using the TRC program is not compulsory, the question remains whether students benefit from using it.METHODSWe compared the parameters of log‐in attempts and time spent at each topic with students' final exam grades. Instead of looking at the regression of time spent on TRC on grade for one course, we looked at the individual student regression of time spent on TRC for different courses on grades. Spending more time using the TRC being associated with higher grades within an individual is a more powerful result than between students within a course, as better students are likely to spend more time using the TRC.RESULTSStudents increasingly used the program throughout the curriculum. More importantly, the time spent using the program showed that increased TRC use by an individual student is associated with a (small) increase in grade. As expected for a noncompulsory activity, better students (those with higher than average exam scores) logged in to the TRC more frequently, but poorer students appeared to have a larger benefit.CONCLUSIONSAn increase in TRC use by an individual student correlates with an increase in course grades.
Non‐morph specific predation of peppered moths (Biston betularia) by bats
Authors: MAJERUS MICHAEL E. N. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract1. Industrial melanism in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, is one of the foremost examples of natural selection in action.2. Differential bird predation was suggested as the main agent for the evolution of melanism in the peppered moth by Tutt in the 1890s, with empirical support being published by Kettlewell in the 1950s.3. Some recent critiques that have attempted to undermine Kettlewell’s work have lacked objectivity, and have been answered previously.4. One criticism that has not previously been addressed is that of the role of bat predation in the case.5. The difficulty of using non‐visual differential predation by bats to explain the increase and decrease in melanism in the peppered moth, correlated as it is to pollution levels, is outlined.6. Predation experiments, in which moths of thetypicaandcarbonariaforms of the peppered moth were released and observed at night, were used to determine whether bats differentially predate these forms.7. Results of experiments at three sites showed no significant differences in the level of bat predation of the two forms of peppered moth.
Food limitation in the fungus‐gardening ant, Trachymyrmex septentrionalis
Authors: SEAL JON N. , TSCHINKEL WALTER R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract 1. Most ants are more like plants and marine invertebrates than other insects because the adults are sessile and the immature stages are motile.2. This paper reported the results from a field experiment that increased food levels on the fungus gardening ant, Trachymyrmex septentrionalis, which has served as a model system for understanding the complexities of these obligate mutualisms.3. Food supplementation increased the growth of the symbiotic fungus and this led to an increase in the amount of fungal biomass. The amount of fungal biomass was generally more important in determining the amount of ant offspring than colony size.4. The results indicate that the population is food limited and colonies may compete for relatively rare fungal substrate. However, competition in this species is not obvious.