bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the effects of structural joints on sound scattering.
Authors: Guo Yue-Ping 
Published: October 2005

By examining scattering from a joint connecting two perpendicularly attached plates, this paper addresses the acoustic effects of different structural joints, ranging from clamped connection, which transmits both forces (normal and tangential) and bending moment, to various pinned connections that allow free motions in one or two dimensions at the attachment point. It is shown that the normal force and the bending moment dominate the scattering process, respectively, in the low- and high-frequency domains. For low frequencies well below the plate coincidence frequency, the scattered field is dominantly given by the contribution from the normal force so that joints which support normal forces of equal value, but are otherwise different, lead to identical scattered fields. In the high-frequency region well above the coincidence frequency, the bending moment yields the dominant contribution.
Thus, joints such as rotation-free hinges scatter much less sound at high frequencies than those that transmit bending moment. It is shown that the amplitude ratio of the bending moment contribution to that due to the normal force closely follows a power law of frequency (normalized by the coincidence frequency) with the power index being 1.25, which results both from the respective dipole and quadrupole characteristics of the equivalent acoustic sources due to the force and the bending moment, and from the frequency-dependent strengths of these sources that are determined by the dynamic balance of the overall coupled problem. The predominance of the normal force and the bending moment in different frequency domains is shown to also govern the energy flow into the structure. At low frequencies, this energy is in the form of longitudinal motions associated with the normal force, while at high frequencies, transverse vibrations in the structure are most energetic because most of the energy is then transmitted to the structure through the bending moment. [Work supported by ONR.]
Perceptual separation of simultaneous vowels: Within and across-formant grouping by F
Authors: Culling John F. , Darwin C. J. 
Published: October 2005

Six experiments explored why the identification of the two members of a pair of diotic, simultaneous, steady-state vowels improves with a difference in fundamental frequency (ΔF0). Experiment 1 confirmed earlier reports that a ΔF0 improves identification of 200-ms but not 50-ms duration ‘‘double vowels’’; identification improves up to 1 semitone ΔF0 and then asymptotes. In such stimuli, all the formants of a given vowel are excited by the same F0, providing listeners with a potential grouping cue. Subsequent experiments asked whether the improvement in identification with ΔF0 for the longer vowels was due to listeners using the consistent F0 within each vowel of a pair to group formants appropriately. Individual vowels were synthesized with a different F0 in the region of the first formant peak from in the region of the higher formant peaks. Such vowels were then paired so that the first formant of one vowel bore the same F0 as the higher formants of the other vowel. These across-formant inconsistencies in F0 did not substantially reduce the previous improvement in identification rates with increasing ΔF0’s of up to 4 semitones (experiment 2). The subjects’ improvement with increasing ΔF0 in the inconsistent condition was not produced by identifying vowels on the basis of information in the first-formant or higher-formant regions alone, since stimuli which contained either of these regions in isolation were difficult for subjects to identify.
In addition, the inconsistent condition did produce poorer identification for larger ΔF0’s (experiment 3). The improvement in identification with ΔF0 found for the inconsistent stimuli persisted when the ΔF0 between vowel pairs was confined to the first formant region (experiment 4) but not when it was confined to the higher formants (experiment 6). The results replicate at different overall presentation levels (experiment 5). The experiments show that at small ΔF0’s only the first-formant region contributes to improvements in identification accuracy, whereas with larger ΔF0’s the higher formant region may also contribute. This difference may be related to other results that demonstrate the superiority of resolved rather than unresolved harmonics in coding pitch.
Periodicity extraction in the anuran auditory nerve. II: Phase and temporal fine structure
Authors: Simmons Andrea Megela , Reese Gita , Ferragamo Michael 
Published: October 2005

Discharge patterns of single eighth nerve fibers in the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana, were analyzed in response to signals consisting of multiple harmonics of a common, low-amplitude fundamental frequency. The signals were chosen to reflect the frequency and amplitude spectrum of the bullfrog’s species-specific advertisement call. The phase spectrum of the signals was manipulated to produce envelopes that varied in their shapes from impulselike (sharp) to noiselike (flattened). Peripheral responses to these signals were analyzed by computing the autocorrelation functions of the spike trains and their power spectra, as well as by constructing period histograms over the time intervals of the low-frequency harmonics. In response to a phase aligned signal with an impulsive envelope, most fibers, regardless of their characteristic frequencies or place of origin within the inner ear, synchronize to the fundamental frequency of the signal. The temporal patterns of fiber discharge to these stimuli are not typically captured by that stimulus harmonic closest to the fiber characteristic frequency, as would be expected from a spectral coding mechanism for periodicity extraction, but instead directly reflect the periodicity of the stimulus envelope.
Changing the phase relations between the individual harmonics constituting the signal produces changes in temporal discharge patterns of some fibers by shifting predominant synchronization away from the fundamental frequency to the low-frequency spectral peak in the complex stimuli. The proportion of fibers whose firing is captured by the fundamental frequency decreases as the waveform envelope becomes less impulselike. Fiber characteristic frequency is not highly correlated with the harmonic number to which synchronization is strongest. The higher-harmonic spectral fine structure of the signals is not reflected in fiber temporal response, regardless of the shape of the stimulus envelope, even for those harmonics within the range of phase locking to simple sinusoids. Increasing stimulus intensity also shifts the synchronized responses of some fibers away from the fundamental frequency to one of the low-frequency harmonics in the stimuli. These data suggest that the synchronized firing of bullfrog eighth nerve fibers operates to extract the waveform periodicity of complex, multiple-harmonic stimuli, and this periodicity extraction is influenced by the phase spectrum and temporal fine structure of the stimuli. The similarity in response patterns of amphibian papilla and basilar papilla fibers argues that the frog auditory system employs primarily a temporal mechanism for extraction of first harmonic periodicity.
Experimental investigation of sediment effect on acoustic wave propagation in the shallow ocean
Authors: Rogers Andrew K. , Yamamoto Tokuo , Carey William 
Published: October 2005

In shallow water the sediment layers have very strong effects on the propagation of acoustic waves. An effort to study the effects of the sediment has been made using 50- to 600-Hz continuous wave acoustic propagation data taken by Carey [‘‘Experimental verification and application of bottom shear modulus profile (BSMP) method,’’ Oceans ’91 Proceedings (1991)] at the Atlantic margin coring project (AMCOR) borehole 6010 off the coast of New Jersey combined with sediment properties measured at that site by Yamamoto et al. of the University of Miami Geoacoustic Laboratory using the bottom shear modulus profiler (BSMP) method. Excellent agreement was found between the model and data indicating the acceptability of BSMP sediment values as input for acoustic propagation studies. The introduction of shear or tangential stresses in the model was found to have no effect upon which modes propagated but only on their modal intensity. The higher the order of the mode the greater the penetration in the seafloor and the stronger the shear effect on the intensity. A sub-seafloor acoustic waveguide was investigated for the site and found to give possible explanation for enhanced intensity of modes that propagate strongly within that region. The intrinsic attenuation was determined using a method of matching modal intensity from model calculations with measured data. Biot theory was utilized and depth-dependent intrinsic sediment attenuation profiles were found for seven frequencies between 50 and 600 Hz.
The depth-averaged attenuation for the first mode at each frequency and the first mode that penetrates to 100 m was found. The frequency dependence of the mode attenuation was determined. The attenuation values agreed well with previous experimental acoustic reflection data taken by Mitchell and Focke [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 67, 1582–1589 (1980)] but were much lower than values for attenuation in this frequency range determined by Hamilton’s [Geophysics 36, 266–284 (1971)] extrapolation of high-frequency laboratory and field measurements to the ≤1-kHz range. The effect of interface and volume scattering on transmission loss was determined using the acoustic model and a thin layer representation of the scattering interface. The result showed scattering to significantly contribute to energy loss beyond a kilometer or so and to have increased significance as frequency is increased.
Analyses of Mössbauer mechanical measurements indicate that the cochlea is mechanically active
Authors: Brass David , Kemp D. T. 
Published: October 2005

Using the results of Mössbauer measurements, mechanical activity in the cochlea was tested for by comparing the measured basilar membrane (BM) transverse velocity amplitude with that calculated for a lossless mechanically passive system, derived from the measured BM velocity phase. If the cochlea is considered to be a lossless mechanically passive system, then the transverse velocity amplitude can be calculated from the group velocity and the relative variation of stiffness along the BM. The group velocity can be derived from the Mössbauer phase measurements, and the relative variation of stiffness along the BM can be derived from the frequency map of the cochlea. Making some general assumptions, the actual transverse velocity amplitudes are then compared from the Mössbauer amplitude data with those derived from the Mössbauer phase data, to determine if there is a significant transverse velocity gain. This operation was performed on several sets of Mössbauer data. From Mössbauer data showing sharp tuning, differences were found of up to 40 dB between the actual transverse velocity amplitude and the calculated lossless passive transverse velocity amplitude derived from the phase data.
Examination of the assumptions made during the calculation of the lossless passive transverse velocity amplitude showed that none could account for a 40-dB transverse velocity gain. Thus, it is concluded that this transverse velocity gain can only be accounted for by the contribution to the amplitude of the transverse BM velocity by mechanically active elements along the cochlear duct. From Mössbauer data showing much less sharp tuning, it was found that the actual transverse velocity amplitude was approximately equal to the calculated lossless passive transverse velocity amplitude, basal to the characteristic place. This result is attributed to the disabling of the mechanically active elements along the cochlear duct. Apical to the characteristic place, the actual transverse velocity amplitude is shown to behave in a manner that suggests that the effective damping increases markedly in this region. This increase in effective damping is not necessarily due to an increase in viscous damping but could be due to any mechanism removing energy from the BM traveling wave. As an example, this paper discusses how this effective damping could be accounted for the transfer of energy to another mode of vibration at the characteristic place.
Antimicrobial Stewardship Programs in Health Care Systems
Authors: MacDougall Conan , Polk Ron E. 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARYAntimicrobial stewardship programs in hospitals seek to optimize antimicrobial prescribing in order to improve individual patient care as well as reduce hospital costs and slow the spread of antimicrobial resistance. With antimicrobial resistance on the rise worldwide and few new agents in development, antimicrobial stewardship programs are more important than ever in ensuring the continued efficacy of available antimicrobials. The design of antimicrobial management programs should be based on the best current understanding of the relationship between antimicrobial use and resistance. Such programs should be administered by multidisciplinary teams composed of infectious diseases physicians, clinical pharmacists, clinical microbiologists, and infection control practitioners and should be actively supported by hospital administrators. Strategies for changing antimicrobial prescribing behavior include education of prescribers regarding proper antimicrobial usage, creation of an antimicrobial formulary with restricted prescribing of targeted agents, and review of antimicrobial prescribing with feedback to prescribers. Clinical computer systems can aid in the implementation of each of these strategies, especially as expert systems able to provide patient-specific data and suggestions at the point of care. Antibiotic rotation strategies control the prescribing process by scheduled changes of antimicrobial classes used for empirical therapy. When instituting an antimicrobial stewardship program, a hospital should tailor its choice of strategies to its needs and available resources.
Vaccines for Tuberculosis: Novel Concepts and Recent Progress
Authors: Doherty T. Mark , Andersen Peter 
Published: October 2005

SUMMARYThree-quarters of a century after the introduction ofMycobacterium bovisBCG, the first tuberculosis vaccine, new vaccines for tuberculosis are finally entering clinical trials. This breakthrough is based not only on advances in proteomics and genomics which have made the construction of new vaccines possible, but also on a greatly expanded knowledge of the immunology of tuberculosis. Here we review our current understanding of howMycobacterium tuberculosissubverts or survives the host's immune response to cause disease and why the current vaccination strategy, which relies on BCG, is only partially successful in countering the pathogen. This provides a background for describing the new generation of vaccines designed to supplement or replace the current vaccine and the different approaches they take to stimulate immunity againstM. tuberculosis.
The Artist as Reader of the Bible. Visual Exegesis and the Adoration of the Magi
Authors: O'Kane Martin 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe article explores the processes at work in a painting's engagement of its viewer in biblical subject matter. It accentuates the role of the artist as an active reader of the Bible and not merely an illustrator of biblical scenes, the dynamic that occurs in the text-reader process as paradigmatic for the image-viewer relationship and the important role of the developing tradition that felt the need to change or rewrite the biblical story. The processes are explored in terms of hermeneutics and exegesis: hermeneutics defined as 'the interweaving of language and life within the horizon of the text and within the horizons of traditions and the modern reader' (Gadamer) and exegesis as 'the dialectic between textual meaning and the reader's existence' (Berdini). Applied to the visualization of biblical subject matter, the approaches of Gadamer and Berdini illumine the key role given to the viewer in the visual hermeneutical process. The biblical story of the adoration of the Magi (Matt. 2: 1-12), the first public and universal seeing of Christ and one of the most frequently depicted themes in the entire history of biblical art, is used to illustrate their approach. The emphasis in the biblical narrative on revealing the Christ child to the reader parallels a key concept in Gadamer's hermeneutical aesthetics, namely Darstellung, the way in which a painting facilitates its subject matter in coming forth, in becoming an existential event in the life of the viewer.
SPdb – a signal peptide database
Authors: Choo Khar Heng , Tan Tin Wee , Ranganathan Shoba 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Background
The signal peptide plays an important role in protein targeting and protein translocation in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This transient, short peptide sequence functions like a postal address on an envelope by targeting proteins for secretion or for transfer to specific organelles for further processing. Understanding how signal peptides function is crucial in predicting where proteins are translocated. To support this understanding, we present SPdb signal peptide database http://proline.bic.nus.edu.sg/spdb, a repository of experimentally determined and computationally predicted signal peptides.

Results
SPdb integrates information from two sources (a) Swiss-Prot protein sequence database which is now part of UniProt and (b) EMBL nucleotide sequence database. The database update is semi-automated with human checking and verification of the data to ensure the correctness of the data stored. The latest release SPdb release 3.2 contains 18,146 entries of which 2,584 entries are experimentally verified signal sequences; the remaining 15,562 entries are either signal sequences that fail to meet our filtering criteria or entries that contain unverified signal sequences.

Conclusion
SPdb is a manually curated database constructed to support the understanding and analysis of signal peptides. SPdb tracks the major updates of the two underlying primary databases thereby ensuring that its information remains up-to-date.
Mammalian BEX, WEX and GASP genes: Coding and non-coding chimaerism sustained by gene conversion events
Authors: Winter Eitan E , Ponting Chris P 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
The identification of sequence innovations in the genomes of mammals facilitates understanding of human gene function, as well as sheds light on the molecular mechanisms which underlie these changes. Although gene duplication plays a major role in genome evolution, studies regarding concerted evolution events among gene family members have been limited in scope and restricted to protein-coding regions, where high sequence similarity is easily detectable.

Results
We describe a mammalian-specific expansion of more than 20 rapidly-evolving genes on human chromosome Xq22.1. Many of these are highly divergent in their protein-coding regions yet contain a conserved sequence motif in their 5' UTRs which appears to have been maintained by multiple events of concerted evolution. These events have led to the generation of chimaeric genes, each with a 5' UTR and a protein-coding region that possess independent evolutionary histories. We suggest that concerted evolution has occurred via gene conversion independently in different mammalian lineages, and these events have resulted in elevated G+C levels in the encompassing genomic regions. These concerted evolution events occurred within and between genes from three separate protein families ('b rain-e xpressed X-linked' [BEX], WWbp5-like X-linked [WEX] and G-protein-coupled receptor-a ssociated s orting p rotein [GASP]), which often are expressed in mammalian brains and associated with receptor mediated signalling and apoptosis.

Conclusion
Despite high protein-coding divergence among mammalian-specific genes, we identified a DNA motif common to these genes' 5' UTR exons. The motif has undergone concerted evolution events independently of its neighbouring protein-coding regions, leading to formation of evolutionary chimaeric genes. These findings have implications for the identification of non protein-coding regulatory elements and their lineage-specific evolution in mammals.
Frequent attenders in general practice: problem solving treatment provided by nurses [ISRCTN51021015]
Authors: Schreuders B , van Oppen P , van Marwijk HWJ , Smit JH , Stalman WAB 
Published: October 2005

Abstract

Background
There is a need for assistance from primary care mental health workers in general practice in the Netherlands. General practitioners (GPs) experience an overload of frequent attenders suffering from psychological problems. Problem Solving Treatment (PST) is a brief psychological treatment tailored for use in a primary care setting. PST is provided by nurses, and earlier research has shown that it is a treatment at least as effective as usual care. However, research outcomes are not totally satisfying. This protocol describes a randomized clinical trial on the effectiveness of PST provided by nurses for patients in general practice. The results of this study, which currently being carried out, will be presented as soon as they are available.

Methods/design
This study protocol describes the design of a randomized controlled trial to investigate the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of PST and usual care compared to usual care only.
Patients, 18 years and older, who present psychological problems and are frequent attenders in general practice are recruited by the research assistant. The participants receive questionnaires at baseline, after the intervention, and again after 3 months and 9 months. Primary outcome is the reduction of symptoms, and other outcomes measured are improvement in problem solving skills, psychological and physical well being, daily functioning, social support, coping styles, problem evaluation and health care utilization.

Discussion
Our results may either confirm that PST in primary care is an effective way of dealing with emotional disorders and a promising addition to the primary care in the UK and USA, or may question this assumption. This trial will allow an evaluation of the effects of PST in practical circumstances and in a rather heterogeneous group of primary care patients. This study delivers scientific support for this use and therefore indications for optimal treatment and referral.