bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating prevalence by group testing using generalized linear models
Authors: Farrington C. P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method is described for estimating prevalence by group testing using generalized linear models. This provides a simple way of analysing such data using widely available software. Existing methodology to correct for overdispersion using quasi‐likelihoods is applied to the group testing model. The methods are illustrated by an estimation of salmonella contamination in eggs, and of yellow fever virus infection in a mosquito population.
Analysis of a clinical trial involving a combined mortality and adherence dependent interval censored endpoint
Authors: Moyé Lemuel A. , Davis Barry R. , Hawkins C. Morton 
Published: April 2007

AbstractClinical trials often involve a variety of clinical and laboratory measures that are used as endpoints and sometimes two of these measures are combined in one endpoint. When the individual components of such a combined endpoint are ‘time to event’ measurements, the analysis is straightforward if each of the components is measured frequently and regularly over time. However, the analysis of the combined endpoint is more difficult when one component of the endpoint is right censored and the other is interval censored. This paper describes a statistic, based on a rank ordering of events for such a combined measure. The power of the test statistic is explored.
The concept of residual confounding in regression models and some applications
Authors: Becher Heiko 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper the concept of residual confounding is generalized to various types of regression models such as logistic regression or Cox regression. Residual confounding and a newly suggested parameter, the relative residual confounding, are defined on the regression parameters of the models. The estimator gives the proportion of confounding which has been removed by incomplete adjustment. The concept quantifies the effects of categorizing continuous covariables and of model misspecification. These are investigated by a simulation study and with data from an epidemiological investigation. A case‐control study of laryngeal cancer is used to illustrate the residual confounding effect of arbitrary transformation of a continuous confounder, smoking, on the effect of alcohol consumption on laryngeal cancer risk. The data also showed that categorization into two levels can yield high residual confounding. The parameters described in this paper are of some use in quantifying the effect of inadequate adjustment for confounding variables.
Control sample size when cases are given in constant ratio stratum‐matched case‐control studies
Authors: Nam Jun‐Mo , Fears Thomas R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractStrata‐matched case‐control studies based on a given number of cases and k times as many controls are common. We obtain a necessary and sufficient condition for there to exist a numerical solution for k with a desired level of a power. We derive the maximum power of the Cochran test, which may be less than one, when the number of cases is fixed. We provide an approximate formula for the minimum number of cases required for a specified power. There exists a numerical solution (that is, convergence of an iterative method) for k if the number of cases given is greater than this minimum number and no such a solution otherwise. We also show that the incremental gain in relative efficiency of the test with respect to k is diminished as k gets large.
Self‐Repairing Coatings Containing Active Nanoreservoirs
Authors: Shchukin Dmitry G. , Möhwald Helmuth 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNanocontainers with the ability to release encapsulated active materials in a controlled way can be employed to develop a new family of self‐repairing multifunctional coatings, which possess not only passive functionality but also rapid feedback activity in response to changes in local environment. Several approaches to fabricate self‐repairing coatings on plastic and metal substrates were surveyed. The release of the active materials occurs only when triggered, which prevents leakage of the active component out of the coating and increases coating durability. This Review also covers some principles and recent developments in the fabrication of nanocontainers with good compatibility with the coating components, the possibility to encapsulate and upkeep active material, and permeability properties of the shell controlled by external stimuli. Depending on the nature of the sensitive components introduced into the container shell, reversible and irreversible changes of the shell permeability can be induced by various stimuli. Different responses can be then observed varying from fine effects like tunable permeability to more drastic ones like total rupture of the container shell.
Ground motion environment of the Los Angeles region
Authors: Somerville Paul G. , Graves Robert W. , Day Steven M. , Olsen Kim B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews aspects of fault geometry and geological structure that cause spatial variations in the level of ground motions expected from large‐scenario earthquakes. These conditions include style of faulting, differences between surface faulting and buried faulting earthquakes, rupture directivity effects, basin effects and basin edge effects. These effects are illustrated in large‐scale ground motion simulations of scenario earthquakes on the Puente Hills Blind Thrust and the Southern San Andreas fault. The impact of these effects on probabilistic seismic hazard is also explored by means of CyberShake calculations in which the ground motions at a given site from a very large number of earthquake scenarios are represented by simulated time histories in place of conventional ground motion attenuation equations used in probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. We find that the seismic hazard estimates are quite similar in some locations, such as downtown Los Angeles, but quite different at others, such as Whittier. These differences are attributable to the coupling of rupture directivity and basin effects that are present in the CyberShake and TeraShake calculations but not in the conventional attenuation relations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons. Ltd.
Poorly worded, ill‐conceived, and unnecessary code provisions
Authors: Searer Gary R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBoth the Uniform Building Code (UBC) and the International Building Code (IBC)—to some degree or another—have poorly worded provisions that are unnecessarily complex, are ambiguous, are not justifiable, and/or are overly restrictive. This paper presents just a few of these provisions, the reported justification for these provisions, and suggestions to simplify and improve the codes. Provisions discussed in this paper include the redundancy/reliability factor, the vertical earthquake, minimum base shear and drift limits, and accidental torsion. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nonlinear dynamic analysis capabilities and limitations
Authors: Powell Graham 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNonlinear dynamic analysis is feasible for tall buildings, and can be done for reasonable cost. This paper looks briefly at the following questions. How does nonlinear dynamic analysis differ from linear? What are the steps? How are the analysis results used to assess structural performance? What skills are needed? Does nonlinear analysis lead to better design? Is it necessary to use capacity design? Is it necessary to consider geometric nonlinearity (large displacement) effects? How much computer time does it take? What are some other limitations? Can static pushover analysis be used instead of dynamic analysis? Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Performance‐based design of tall reinforced concrete ductile core wall systems
Authors: Klemencic Ron , Fry J. Andrew , Hooper John D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe tenets of performance‐based design have been around for decades, yet are just recently being applied to the design of high‐rise superstructures. Successful projects using a ductile core wall structural system, following a performance‐based design methodology, have been implemented by Magnusson Klemencic Associates and can be seen in completed structures around the world. However, provisions often arbitrarily placed in the current prescriptive Building Code (regarding height limits and building response, for example) make it difficult for structural engineers to apply rational engineering methodologies in design of performance‐based structures. Instead, engineers must incorporate less‐than‐ideal design practices, such as requiring redundant dual frame systems on buildings more than 240 feet high or allowing construction compromises in the impractical regulations governing diagonal steel reinforcing of coupling beams. Additionally, the lack of peer review process standards often pit two well‐intended opinions against each other, with the building design usually changed per the reviewer's wishes and for the sake of being expeditious. To improve the design and construction process for performance‐based tall buildings, among other things, appropriate interpretations of the Building Code should be permitted, and even required, and the scope and authority of peer reviews should be standardized. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materials, effects and components for tunable micro‐optics
Authors: Friese Christoph , Werber Armin , Krogmann Florian , Mönch Wolfgang , Zappe Hans 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn overview of recent activities in the area of tunable micro‐optical components is given. These include polymer‐based deformable mirrors for adaptive optics, tunable microlenses and arrays using fluids and membranes, pneumatically actuated scanning micromirrors and tunable Bragg filters and mirrors using swelling polymers. For each device, the structure, essential fabrication technology and optical characteristics, as well as a discussion of application areas are presented. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication of densely arrayed Si needles with large height for transdermal drug delivery system application
Authors: Sasaki Hikaru , Shikida Mitsuhiro , Sato Kazuo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of varying etching conditions for microneedle fabrication were investigated in order to form densely arrayed, sharply angled Si needles with large height for application in transdermal drug delivery systems (DDSs). A sharply angled needle shape could be fabricated by using 34.0 wt% KOH (representing a typical etching‐rate diagram at a highly alkaline etching solution concentration). The needle height could be increased by 20% by adding a compensation mask pattern or by increasing the KOH concentration to 51.0 wt%. The trade‐off relationship between the maximum needle height and the needle density was calculated. These experiments provided useful parameters for designing densely arrayed, sharply angled Si needles for transdermal DDS application. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Design and modeling of compliant micromechanism for mechanical digital‐to‐analog conversion of displacement
Authors: Sarajlic Edin , Collard Dominique , Toshiyoshi Hiroshi , Fujita Hiroyuki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA microelectromechanical digital‐to‐analog converter (MEMDAC) converts digital motion of shuttle actuators operated by the corresponding bits of a binary code into an output displacement proportional to the analog value represented by the input code. In this paper a MEMDAC with improved kinematic design is devised that allows large travel range and high positioning resolution while making the microfabrication process less critical. A lumped‐parameter model of the compliant mechanism of anN‐bit MEMDAC is derived and used to determine the stiffness ratio of flexible members needed for proper mechanical digital‐to‐analog conversion. Furthermore, we analytically investigated the effect of nonuniformity in the device geometry due to the limitations of the microfabrication processes on the linearity of the output displacement. Successful fabrication and release of a 12‐bit MEMDAC demonstrated the manufacturability of the new mechanism, revealing opportunities for MEMS applications in which micropositioners with open‐loop operation, relatively large output range, fine positioning resolution and high repeatability are required. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Devices, structures, and processes for optical MEMS
Authors: Choo Hyuck , Muller Richard S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNew processes and devices in the area of optical microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) as researched in the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (BASC) are described. A technique and fabrication procedure is presented to produce high‐quality microlenses at selected locations in a micro‐optical system. Polarization beam splitters are produced by another process, and their performance is measured and described. A new, much simplified process to fabricate vertically offset comb actuating structures is applied in the design of high‐performance scanners, which are in turn used to control a laser ablation system. Very favorable performance comparisons are demonstrated between the researched system and a conventional commercial laser ablation system. A second system demonstration is a prototype Shack–Hartmann (SH) sensor, in which microlenses are mounted in carriages that can be individually addressed using the selectivity of their mechanically resonant mountings. This design is shown to increase markedly the dynamic range in wave aberration to which the SH sensor can be applied. A final application of optical MEMS design is to a reduced‐size, enhanced‐performance, phase shifting interferometer. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Pressure sensing by electrical admittance measurement of a comb‐drive actuator
Authors: Ayanos Kenjiro , Hashiguchim Gen 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a micromachined pressure sensor that senses pressure not by a diaphragm structure but by a resonantly vibrating comb‐drive actuator. The electrical admittance of the comb‐drive actuator was directly measured using a lock‐in amplifier, and its pressure dependence was examined. From the experiment, it was found that the resonant frequency of the comb‐drive actuator gradually drops as the pressure increases. The sensitivity of the comb‐drive actuator as a pressure sensor was 0.34 Hz/MPa at atmospheric pressure and 0.1 Hz/MPa at 0.4 MPa absolute pressure. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication of metallic nanopatterns using the vacuum type UV‐NIL equipment
Authors: Fukuhara Non‐member Makoto , Mizuno Jun , Saito Mikiko , Homma Takayuki , Shoji Shuichi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNanoscale dot patterns of cobalt alloy were formed on a silicon substrate using the ultra‐violet nanoimprint lithography (UV‐NIL) technology in combination with an electrodeposition process. We developed an improved UV‐NIL equipment that can evacuate the chamber during imprinting. Using this equipment, we successfully imprinted 240‐nm dot patterns with 500 nm pitch on a photocurable resin with high dimensional accuracy. Thickness control of the resin and imprinting under vacuum are important issues to obtain fine nanopatterns. Using these resin patterns as a mask layer, 300‐nm cobalt alloy patterns are successfully formed by the electrodeposition process. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan© 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Occurrence of gossypol in dried bract of the cotton plant
Authors: Loewenschuss Hana , Wakelyn P. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGossypol has been identified as a component of bract (FDB) from frost‐killed, field‐grown cotton by its chromatographic behavior on films of silica and cellulose (four eluents and five methods of detection). In addition, a derivative of gossypol was detected, and it was shown chromatographically that gossypol was removed from extracts of FDB by a divalent metal and by aniline. The total gossypol content, by spectrophotometric determination of gossypol‐aniline complex, of FDB was 0.93%, but for a sample of bract from a cotton plant that had been grown in a hothouse it was only 0.048%. However the free gossypol contents in both were similar (0.065% and 0.044%, respectively). Both bract samples were from glanded cotton varieties. It is worthwhile to investigate the effect of gossypol on lung tissue to see if it can contribute to the acute response of byssinosis. In addition, it is noted that the waste from ginned cotton which is sometimes used as livestock feed may contain gossypol.
Continuous miscella soapstock acidulation process
Authors: Crauer L. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA process is described for the continuous splitting of miscella soapstock in a pressurized two‐stage centrifugal system. Data collected from such a process, functioning at specified operational conditions, has yielded a recovery of 92% or more of the fatty acid from cottonseed miscella soap as a quality acid oil, analyzing 94% or better TFA content. The hexane in the soap feed is recovered for reuse from the vacuum stripper.
Effects of fresh and used hydrogenated soybean oil on reproduction and teratology in rats
Authors: Nolen Granville A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGroups of 25 pairs of two generations of male and female rats were fed diets containing 15% of either fresh hydrogenated soybean oil (iodine value, 107), a similar fat used 56 hr for deep frying or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils with a fatty acid composition similar to the hydrogenated soybean oil. The first two litters of each generation were permitted to be born naturally. During the third pregnancy of each generation, one‐half of the females were sacrificed on day 13 of gestation and inspected for early embryonic death. The remaining females were sacrificed on day 21 of gestation, and the fetuses were examined for either skeletal or softtissue abnormalities. There was no evidence of any deleterious effects on the reproductive parameters nor any teratogenic effects due to either hydrogenated soybean oil, a similar oil used for frying foods for 56 hr or an unhydrogenated mixture of fats and oils.
Isocyanates derived from fatty acids by the trimethylsilyl azide modification of the curtius rearrangement
Authors: Washburne S. S. , Peterson W. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFive fatty acid chlorides—myristoyl (14:0), palmitoyl (16:0), linoleoyl (18:2), oleyl (18:1) and stearoyl (18:0)—were smoothly converted in a one‐pot, one‐step reaction to the isocynates with one less carbon atom in the alkyl chain by treatment with trimethylsilyl azide in aromatic solvents at 100 C. The yields were consistently greater than 70%, and NMR and IR spectra of the products were consistent with the assigned isocyanate structures.
Determination of aflatoxin and aflatoxin‐producing cultures in recently ginned cottonseed in Central America
Authors: Schneider S. , de Leon R. , García‐Prendes M. , Rolz C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAflatoxins were found in four of the 99 samples of recently ginned cottonseed analyzed. From these same 99 samples, four cultures ofAspergillus and one ofPenicillium capable of producing aflatoxin were isolated. In only one case was an aflatoxin producer isolated from an aflatoxin contaminated sample.
Free radical addition of dialkyl phosphites to N,N‐disubstituted amides of unsaturated fatty acids and screening of the products for antimicrobial activity
Authors: Mod R. R. , Harris J. A. , Arthur J. C. , Magne F. C. , Sumrell G. , Novak Arthur F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFree radical addition of dibutyl phosphites to terminal and internal double bonds of monounsaturated amides was attained in high yield. The reaction was initiated by irradiation using Cobalt‐60. Attempts to add diphenyl phosphite to the unsaturated amides failed with the amides being recovered unchanged. Similar attempts to add dialkyl phosphites to N‐linoleoylmorpholine resulted in products that were deficient in phosphorus. Screening for antimicrobial activity againstEscherichia coli, Trichosporon capitatum, Trichoderma viride andCandida lipolytica indicated that terminal addition products may be more active than the internal addition products, with the former strongly inhibiting the growth of all four test organisms.
A micromethod to generate and collect odor constituents from heated cooking oils
Authors: Selke E. , Rohwedder W. K. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA small stainless steel reactor about one‐millionth the volume of a home kitchen, was built to generate odors from cooking oils heated to deep fat frying temperatures. This “microroom” was designed so that volatiles could be collected from 1–5 ml of heated oils (193 C) directly on a gas chromatographic column, cooled to ‐60 C and subsequently separated by temperature programing up to 250 C. Evaluations showed that heated oil odors from the microroom were similar to those room odors produced by heating to 193 C 300 ml of cooking oil in an open vessel; exposure to subambient conditions did not affect the separation efficiency of the gas chromatographic column. Provisions were made for three independent means of effluent monitoring: flame ionization detection, odor analyses and mass spectrometry.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: III. Surface activity of fatty derivatives of 3‐hydroxypropanesulfonic acid
Authors: Parris N. , Weil J. K. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPure 3‐sulfopropylesters, ethers and amides were prepared from fatty acids, alcohols and amides by reaction with 1,3‐propanesultone. Their solution properties, including Krafft point, critical micelle concentration, lime soap dispersing power and detergency, were compared with those of the analogous 2‐sulfoethyl esters. The N‐3‐sulfopropylamides exhibited superior lime soap dispersing power as well as detergency in soap‐based formulations at 300 ppm water hardness. The sulfopropyl ethers and amides displayed excellent stability to acid and alkaline hydrolysis. The sulfopropyl esters were much more stable to alkaline hydrolysis than the sulfoethyl esters, but only slightly more stable to acid hydrolysis.
Level and position of unsaturation in alpha olefin sulfonates
Authors: Kuemmel D. F. , Liggett S. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA comparison of the levels of unsaturation in α‐olefin sulfonates (AOS) and related derivatives determined by iodination, bromination and hydrogenation techniques showed that quantitative hydrogenation is the only method having wide applicatbility. Although halogenation methods frequently give results in agreement with hydrogenation data, they can show variations with reaction time and composition of the sample. Unsaturation in sulfonate methyl esters could not be determined by halogenation. The amount of †1‐isomer in alkene sulfonate sodium salts determined by oxidative cleavage with periodate‐permanganate was always low compared to that determined by NMR. Oxidative cleavage of the sulfonate methyl esters gave †1‐isomer levels in agreement with NMR results.
Castor meal antigen deactivation: Pilot plant lime process
Authors: Mottola A. C. , Mackey B. , Walker H. G. , Kohler G. O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCastor meals treated with Ca(OH)2 to reduce their allergen content have been re‐evaluated using a more sensitive biological assay procedure. Results indicate that treatment with 4% lime at 120 C for 15 min should produce optimal deallergenization. Amino acid analysis of treated products shows that steam and lime deallergenization procedures tend to destroy more labile amino acids than ammonia treatment does.