bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quaternary pyridinium salts from olefins, pyridine and chlorine or bromine
Authors: Wheeler D. H. , Gross J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe reaction of olefins with a halogen and pyridine (or pyridine derivative) to form ॅ‐haloalkypyridinium quaternary halides has been previously reported only for the halogens bromine and iodine monochloride. In the present study, this reaction has been extended to the use of chlorine as halogen, and to the internal double bonds of unsaturated acids and derivatives. Oleic acid, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, oleic amide and octadecene were used as olefins. Pyridine, quinoline and े‐picoline were used as the amines. Formation of the quaternaries was shown by chemical and infrared analyses.The reaction occurred rapidly at 蜢20C in excess pyridine as solvent and reagent. The probable mechanism is addition of X+ to the double bond to give an ॅ‐halo‐cation plus halogen anion, followed by attack of the cation by the pyridine to form the quateruary pyridinium cation.The competing reaction of the ॅ‐balo‐cation with the halo‐anion to give the dihalide of the olefin is repressed by the large excess of pyridine used. The quaternary is not formed by reaction of the dihalide with pyridine, since methyl dichlorostearate did not react readily with pyridine. The fatty pyridinium quaternaries show biocidal activity againstE. coli andM. pyogenes.
Separation by dielectric distribution: Application to the isolation and purification of soybean phosphatides and bacterial spores
Authors: Black B. C. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe redistribution of particle suspensions which occurs in a nonuniform electric field was used to separate soybean phosphatide micells from crude soybean miscella. Two arrangements of the nonuniform field were used. This method provides a convenient laboratory method for isolating and concentrating polar lipids. At present the method is too slow for commercial application but this may become feasible with improvements in apparatus design.A simple apparatus was described that gave efficient separation of bacterial spores from vegetative cells.
Analysis of triglycerides by consecutive chromatographic techniques. II. Ucuhuba kernel fat
Authors: Culp T. W. , Harlow R. D. , Litchfield Carter , Reiser Raymond 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe triglycerides from ucuhuba kernel fat (Virola surinamensis) were analyzed using thinlayer adsorption chromatography (TLC) followed by gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC). The triglycerides were first separated into three fractions containing 0, 1, and 2 or more double bonds per molecule on silica gel TLC plates impregnated with AgNO3. The total triglycerides and each individual TLC fraction were then analyzed by GLC for the molecular weights of their component triglycerides and for their fatty acid composition. Quantitation of the TLC fractions was achieved by GLC analysis of their fatty acids using an added internal standard and confirmed by solving simultaneous equations derived from GLC analysis of their triglycerides and fatty acids.Application of these combined chromatographic techniques separated the ucuhuba kernel fat into 23 triglyceride components. Trimyristin and laurodimyristin comprised over half the total triglycerides, which was expected since the fat contained 20.0 mole % laurie and 71.3% myristic acids.
Functional properties of oilseed proteins
Authors: Johnson Dale W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe functional and physical properties, rather than the nutritional value, of protein in protein‐containing products will largely determine their acceptability as ingredients in prepared foods. The nature of the protein per se, the presence of other constituents naturally present in protein‐containing products, the degree to which the protein product is refined, the presence of other ingredients in a food system to which protein products are added, manufacturing conditions and a number of other factors, working singly or together, will influence the way proteins (as well as other ingredients) exert their functional characteristics. Differences in these characteristics are presented with examples of the manner in which various factors can influence functionality. Nonfunctional properties may be of interest for certain applications.
The new toilet soaps
Authors: Herrick A. B. , Jungermann Eric 
Published: May 2007

AbstractToilet soap bars have undergone few major technical changes in the last century. Noteworthy improvements were floating soap, the development of effective deodorant and antibacterial soaps, the so‐called “hard water” bars, and advances in packaging technology. The trends in these areas toward product and process improvement will accelerate in the 1970's. New raw materials are becoming available which will give greater formulation flexibility, with emphasis towards greater mildness and effectiveness. Among these products are the synthetic fatty acids which could partially replace coconut acids, more effective broad spectrum antibacterial agents for better control of skin microorganisms, and mild detergent additives with good physical properties and less defatting tendency. In processing, the move is toward continuous soap‐making equipment in place of the old kettle processes which are still widely used. More powerful and specialized plodders are available; these will facilitate the development of new product types.
Isolation of ricin, ricinine, and the allergenic fraction from castor seed pomace from two different sources
Authors: Waller George R. , Negi S. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA scheme of separation is described for the extraction of ricin, ricinine, and the allergenic fractions from the same lot of castor seeds, thereby considerably curtailing the hazard associated with the handling of the material.The yield of ricin from the commercially prepared pomace was only one‐tenth of that from the laboratory‐prepared pomace, which contained approximately 1% of this toxic protein. Likewise the amount of dialyzed allergenic fraction present in commercial pomace is only about one‐third of that present in the laboratory sample, which contained 0.22% of this constituent. The laboratory pomace contained five times as much (0.10%) of the alkaloid ricinine as did the commercial pomace. It appears that commercial processing of the pomace is effective in destroying a considerable portion of the toxic and allergenic activity in castor seeds. The pomace remaining from the extraction is nontoxic and may be used to provide a source of protein for feeding stuffs.
Preparation of esters and anhydrides from long chain fatty acid chlorides
Authors: Youngs C. G. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe use of reduced pressure to remove the HCl formed in the reaction of acid chlorides with alcohols and acids appears to be generally applicable to reactants of low volatility. The lowest yield of recrystallized product obtained was 85.0%, and in most cases tested the yield was more than 90%. Any side reactions occurring are apparently minor as a single crystallization gave products of high purity.
Solubilization—A micellar phenomenon
Authors: Harris Jay C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe ability of dilute surfactant solutions to solubilize water‐insoluble substances to form stable systems is termed solubilization. Reviewed are the mechanism, methods for measurement, and temperature effect. Discussed in detail are surfactant structure and solubilizates, and the principles of solubilization involved. The application of solubilization to detergency operations is discussed broadly.It is concluded that solubilization is a minor, difficultly measurable factor in the large majority of aqueous cleaning operations.
Cost of producing linoleic acid from safflower oil
Authors: Sohns V. E. , Beal R. E. , Griffin E. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLinoleic acid of 97% purity can be made from safflower oil by liquid‐liquid extraction at a 舠cost to make舡 of about 21 cents a 1b. Calculations for the cost estimate were based on pilot‐plant investigations. Fixed capital investment for a plant with an annual capacity of 20 million 1b has been estimated at approximately $1,800,000. Such a plant could be converted readily to the production of a variety of other fatty acids.
Hydrogenation of fats and oils. Isomerization during hydrogenation
Authors: Cousins Edwin R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis presentation includes a survey of the development of the presently accepted theory for the formation of isomers based on a half hydrogenation‐dehydrogenation mechanism with atomic hydrogen, an appraisal of the relevant work of recent years for its significance when applied to the problem of isomerization, and certain experimental evidence from other fields of heterogeneous catalysis of interest in the hydrogenation of fats and oils. Effects of temperature, pressure, catalyst concentration, and degree of agitation used in commercial plants on the degree of isomerization are discussed. In addition the conditions necessary for the proper application of the term 舠selective舡 to a hydrogenation are examined. An interpretation of recent work to reduce isomerization while retaining selectivity by extending the normal range of the variables and by the use of solvents is covered. Selected works on catalysis from related fields are used to indicate possible modifications of the isomerization mechanism and, perhaps, to reveal fruitful avenues of research.
Methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside drying oils
Authors: Gibbons John P. , Janke Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryDrying oils have been prepared by the direct esterification of methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside and linseed fatty acids. Litharge is an effective catalyst for this reaction. These methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside oils possess more rapid bodying characteristics at 310°C. (590°F.) than similar synthetic glycerol or pentaerythritol oils.With Bakelite BR‐254 resin the methyl alpha‐D‐glucoside oils cook rapidly into 25‐gallon oil length varnishes that dry quickly to hard films with good alkali and water resistance and excellent adhesive properties.
Characterization of the carbonyl compounds in reverted soybean oil1,2,3
Authors: Mookherjee B. D. , Chang S. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwenty‐one mono‐carbonyl compounds were identified in a reverted but not rancid soybean oil with a peroxide number of 2.7 meq/kg and a flavor score of 6.0. Six of the carbonyl compounds were saturated methyl ketones, ten were saturated aldehydes and five were 2‐enals. The amount of 2,4‐dienals in the reverted soybean oil was too small to be fractionated and identified. One fraction of the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of mono‐carbonyl compounds obtained was different in chemical properties from those of the four known classes of compounds; viz. saturated aldehydes, saturated ketones, 2‐enals, and 2,4‐dienals. The chemical identity of this fraction has not been completely established.The technique used for the identification of the mono‐carbonyl compounds consisted of essentially five steps: (a) passing a hexane solution of the soybean oil through a celite column, which was homogeneously impregnated with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine and phosphoric acid, in order to convert quantitatively all the carbonyl compounds in the oil into their 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones; (b) removing the soybean oil from the solution with a Seasorb‐Celite Column; (c) removing decomposition products and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of ketoglycerides with an Alumnia Column; (d) separating, by adsorption chromatography, the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of mono‐carbonyl compounds into four classes; viz. saturated ketones, saturated aldehydes, 2‐enals, and 2,4‐dienals; and (e) identifying the individual components in each class of compounds by the Rf values of liquid‐liquid partition chromatography.
New developments in synthetic fatty acids
Authors: Sonntag Norman O. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew developments in synthetic fatty acids have occurred in the last few years in Russia, Japan, the United States and Canada. In 1959 Russia decided to replace 40% of natural fatty acids in soaps with synthetic fatty acids. In 1966, 548 million pounds of C5–C30 synthetic fatty acids were produced including 288 million pounds of C10–C20 fatty acids. Forty million pounds of fatty acids are converted directly to the fatty alcohols for detergent use. A conservative estimate predicts that one billion pounds of synthetic fatty acids will be produced in Russia by the end of the current five‐year program. Reports say that the Japanese have been interested in the oxidation of not only paraffin hydrocarbons but naphthenic petroleum hydrocarbons as well. Production of lower homology fatty acids up to butyric acid is being seriously considered in Japan. In America the most likely syntheses aside from “oxo” syntheses being considered for the manufacture of products like lauric acid is the carboxylation of the Ziegler intermediates prepared from ethylene polymerization. Some data on the current and future coconut oil consumption by major end‐use for Canada and the United States are presented. Synthetic lauric acid is predicted for 1970 in the United States.
Determination and application in GLC of semilog function of retention time and chain length: Effect of temperature variation on function
Authors: Crowe P. F. , Spicer D. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe equation relating the log of the reaction time to chain length is extended to include equivalent chain lengths, relative retention times and separation factors. The temperature dependence of the slope and the dependence of the constant on the slope is shown.
Chromatographic analysis of sorbitan fatty acid esters
Authors: Sahasrabudhe Madhu R. , Chadha R. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA procedure is described for the separation, identification and quantitative estimation of mono‐, di‐ and tri‐fatty acid esters of sorbitol and of its anhydrides. Stearic, palmitic and oleic acid esters of sorbitol, 1,4‐sorbitan and isosorbide were synthesized in the laboratory. Lipid classes were separated by liquid partition column chromatography and TLC. The individual mono‐and di‐fatty acid esters and the polyols were analyzed by GLC as trimethylsilyl ethers. Recoveries of known compounds in mixtures were in a range of 92% to 100%.
Application of high vacuum fractional distillation to complex mixtures of methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Privett O. S. , Nadenicek J. D. , Pusch F. J. , Nickell E. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA technique for the high vacuum fractional distillation, with a spinning band column, of methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids employing a carrier of long chain acetates is described. The carrier is used to facilitate the fractionation of minor components and minimize artifact formation in mixtures of methyl esters containing up to six double bonds. The technique is demonstrated on a standard mixture of methyl esters and applied to a concentrate of unsaturated methyl esters containing a large number of minor components as well as methyl docosahexaenoate.
Non‐interference of seed coat constituents of cotton seeds using the pons and goldblatt aflatoxin procedure
Authors: Campbell T. C. , Snider J. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe normal constituents of seed coats and fibers of fuzzy cotton seeds were not found to interfere with aflatoxin analyses of embryos (meats). Several technique modifications of the Pons and Goldblatt (6) procedure for aflatoxin analyses in cottonseed are presented which aid not only in making better defined spots but also improve TLC resolution. Having assayed over 2,000 samples, we have found that the so‐called blue spot of Ashworth et al. (2) was not found to either partially or totally obscure aflatoxin B1 on the plates, as claimed by these workers. An improved method of aflatoxin estimation on TLC plates is presented.
Study on the fatty acid composition during germination of peanuts treated with growth regulators
Authors: Vyas D. N. , Patel K. C. , Patel R. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe fatty acid metabolism during germination of a special variety of peanuts treated with growth regulators, viz., GA, AA, Suc, Sul, MH and DW have been studied in sterile media for 1, 3, 6, 10, 14 and 18 days. No marked variation in the oil content of the control and the treated seeds is found during the initial period of germination. Initial growth is explained on the basis of energy supplied by the FFA and carbohydrates (as they are found decreasing during the 24 hr of germination). Practically no accumulation of FFA is observed throughout the complete period of germination. The mode of utilization of neutral oil with the period of germination is correlated with growth. The varied effect of growth regulators on the fat metabolism is explained assuming their various effects on mitochondria, the enzyme center, and on the process of photosynthesis. Active metabolism is marked from the sixth day of germination for both treated and control seeds. From the beginning of germination, interconversion of fatty acids is marked. Metabolism of fatty acids during germination is reported with the preferential utilization of 18:2 acid.
Plant response to pesticides and environment: Sicklepod (Cassia tora L.) fatty acid separation by gas chromatography
Authors: Wilkinson R. E. , Worthington R. E. , Hardcastle W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFatty acid content of sicklepod (Cassia tora L.) leaves and stems was determined by GLC. Major constituents were identified as palmitate, stearate, oleate, linoleate and linolenate at 20.8%, 6.4%, 5.7%, 13.1% and 26.0%, respectively, of the total fatty acids present. The remainder of the fatty acids occurred in shorter or longer homologues and branched chain compounds. Chain lengths up to C34 were found.
Special methods of purifying fatty acids
Authors: Pelick Nicholas , Henly R. S. , Sweeny R. F. , Miller Melvin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPreparative gas chromatography and thin‐layer chromatography have been used successfully in several purification applications. Both methods are very good when small (10 mg or less) samples are involved. In fact, the low capacity of the methods is actually an advantage in such cases and is a major reason for using the methods. When larger samples are to be prepared by gas chromatography, the low capacity becomes a problem. However, by the use of conventional purification procedures to concentrate the desired component as much as possible, and the use of large columns (up to 1 in. diameter) gram quantities of rare fatty acids have been successfully prepared. Gas Liquid Chromatography has been an invaluable tool where other purification methods have failed.
Preparation of dodecylamine and 6‐aminohexanoic acid from petroselinic acid
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Moreau J. P. , O'Connor R. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA procedure is given for the ozonization of petroselinic acid, chemical reduction of the ozonides to aldehydes, formation of oximes, and catalytic hydrogenation of the oximes using Raney nickel in the presence of ammonia, to yield 48% dodecylamine and 44% 6‐aminohexanoic acid calculated on the amounts theoretically available from the wt of petroselinic acid. The ultimate analyses, melting points, and distribution coefficients between ethyl ether and water of lauraldehyde and adipaldehydic acid oximes were determined. The infrared spectra of lauraldehyde oxime, adipaldehydic acid oxime, and 6‐aminohexanoic acid are given and interpreted.
Laser raman spectra of long chain sulfur derivatives
Authors: Mcmanis George E. , Gast Lyle E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLaser Raman spectroscopy is proving to be an important complement to IR absorption spectroscopy in the analysis of derivatives of fatty acids and esters containing sulfur in their structure. Selected esters are being evaluated as extreme pressure lubricants, and information upon the nature of the sulfur linkages in these derivatives should be useful in preparing products with satisfactory performance characteristics. The techniques of laser excited Raman spectroscopy have been applied to elucidate the molecular structure of a series of mercaptans, sulfides, and disulfides, as well as sulfur containing derivatives of long chain fatty acids and esters.
Study of binary systems of long chain alcohols and acids
Authors: Al‐Mamun M. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeveral binary phase diagrams of primary alcohol‐secondary alcohol, secondary alcohol‐secondary alcohol, odd‐even fatty acids, and fatty acid‐alcohol systems have been worked out. In many of these systems, freezing point curves give rise to eutectics. In some cases, molecular compound formation was detected; and in one system, dodecanoic acid‐tridecanoic acid, the freezing points show solid solution type of curve with a minimum temperature. The solid state transition points of the pure compounds are found, invariably, to become lower when the second component is added. The freezing and transition point behaviors have been explained in terms of miscibility of the components in the solid state.
Effect of triundecanoin upon lipid metabolism in the cow
Authors: Dryden L. P. , Bitman J. , Wrenn T. R. , Weyant J. R. , Miller R. W. , Edmondson L. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effect of feeding an odd‐numbered carbon triglyceride, triundecanoin, upon lactation in the cow was studied. This fat appeared to be subject to considerable degradation in the rumen. There was no indication, however, that it yielded any increase in relative propionate concentration. A large amount of the odd‐numbered carbon triglyceride was rejected by the animals, with a general decrease in feed consumption and consequent reduced milk yield. Fat production was unchanged. Some undecanoate passed into the milk but only at a low rate. There was a large difference in animal response. Feeding triundecanoin protected from rumen degradation led to a much greater transfer of undecanoate to the milk, prevented a significant decline in feed consumption and milk yield, but did not affect the milk composition appreciably. Smaller increases were observed in the amounts of other odd‐numbered carbon fatty acids in the milk.
Laboratory separation of crystals from plastic fats using detergent solution
Authors: Poot C. , Dijkshoorn W. , Haighton A. J. , Verburg C. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn improved laboratory technique for isolating the solid‐fat fraction from plastic fats is described. The fat first is dispersed in an aqueous detergent solution; then the oil and solid fat fractions are separated by high speed centrifugation. To facilitate the separation, a 25% ammonia solution is added to adjust the density of the water phase to between those of the oil and the solid‐fat phase. After rinsing with cold ethanol, a solid‐fat fraction is obtained‐contaminated with only ca. 5% oil‐which can directly be used for differential thermal and X‐ray analyses. The method also can be applied for a quick determination of the solid‐fat content according to the dye dilution principle and for obtaining oil‐free fat crystals for electron microscopy.
Comparison of three atomic absorption techniques for determining metals in soybean oil
Authors: Black L. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree different atomic absorption techniques were used to analyze metals contained in three different crude soybean oils. In the first, oil was decomposed by charring followed by high‐temperature dry ashing. The ash then was dissolved in a dilute acidic aqueous medium. In the second, oil diluted with methyl isobutyl ketone as the solvent was aspirated directly. In the third, the original oil sample was ashed and the metal atomized in a sequential process by a carbon rod furnace. This third technique required only μliter quantities of an oil. The analysis for many metals was similar regardless of the technique. However, values obtained for zinc, cadmium, chromium, lead, and calcium were extremely dependent upon the technique used.