bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Silver Empire
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The book examines how the Holy Roman Empire created a common currency in the sixteenth century. It analyses the problems that gave rise to the widespread desire to introduce a common currency, showing that while trade was able to cope with the parallel circulation of many different types of coin, common people and political authorities were harmed. Authorities in particular suffered from the effects of Gresham’s Law. Debasing their own coinage was no solution: It triggered rounds of competitive debasements until all realized that a common currency was the only answer that addressed the core of the problem. The book examines the conditions that shaped the monetary policy-outlook of the members of the Empire. In following the negotiations that prepared the common currency, it shows which interest groups were formed, who pushed which agenda with which ulterior motives in mind, how alliances were forged, and how it was eventually possible to form a majority that agreed on a specific type of currency. The book analyses how this silver-based currency was introduced in 1559–66 and which rules the members of the Empire implemented to make sure that it became a success.
The age of silver
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the silver rush that gripped parts of the Empire from the late fifteenth to the mid-sixteenth century. The chapter analyses the emergence of the first stock markets and joint stock companies, which dominated mining in the Alps, the Ore Mountain range, and further north in Lower Saxony in the Harz. It traces the increase in the output of silver and examines how the arrival of silver from the New World from the mid-1540s onwards affected European mining. The central issue that the chapter examines is the question of how the uneven availability of silver—some princes controlled mines of their own, whereas the majority of them did not—influenced their stance in monetary policies. It also analyses why attempts to harmonize silver prices as a precondition of harmonizing the currency lost importance after c.1547: First, Emperor Charles V won a war against a coalition of Protestant princes, which gave him the chance to dominate the Empire militarily and to inject new vigour into the monetary policy-talks; second, new ideas about how monetary standards affected the price of silver developed. It was these ideas that came to dominate the discussions from 1549 onwards and that allowed the members of the Empire finally to agree on a range of common coins.
Institutions and the Future of Indian National Security
Authors: Vaishnav Milan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
While many have gained public trust and forged a reputation for operational excellence, nearly all of India’s security institutions face governance challenges that—if left unaddressed—could undermine their long-term effectiveness. These challenges vary, but even a cursory glance at news headlines lays bare their importance in guaranteeing India’s ability to safeguard its territory at home and secure its foreign policy objectives abroad. This introductory chapter introduces the volume, its objectives, and analytical framework. This framework consists of four pillars: (1) raison d’état, or the institution’s core objectives and the environment in which it operates; (2) organizational structure; (3) personnel issues; and (4) performance and reform. The chapter highlights several common themes which characterize the functioning of institutions in the national security domain and highlight the urgency of administrative reform. These include endemic personnel shortcomings, fierce institutional rivalries, the impact of critical historic junctures, questions of legal and constitutional status, and the absence of civilian oversight.
The Indian Army
Authors: Ray Ayesha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter probes the ability of the Indian Army to fulfil its core objectives as India’s premier land-based military service and reviews key themes such as civil–military relations, oversight, and reorganization of the Indian army. It begins with an overview of the army’s core objectives, which have evolved over time in line with with advances in military doctrine and developments on India’s periphery. The army’s objectives can be categorized into three domains: external security, internal security, and nuclear policy. The next section looks at innovations within the army over the past seven decades, particularly pertaining to its organizational structure. The chapter then evaluates the success of the continuous training and skill development on which the army prides itself. An important element of this army’s evolution has involved a debate about the role of women, an understudied subject that this chapter delves into. Finally, it closes with reflections on the human and financial resource challenges the army faces as it navigates the complex domestic and external environment in the twenty-first century.
The Indo-Tibetan Border Police and the Sashastra Seema Bal
Authors: Jacob Jabin T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews the Indo-Tibetan Border Police (ITBP) and Sashastra Seema Bal (SSB), both of which came into being following the 1962 China-India War. This history subsequently shaped the role of both organizations in significant ways. More recently, while the ITBP has remained largely committed to the border with China, the SSB’s focus has shifted specifically to India’s borders with Nepal and Bhutan. This chapter examines the control and the structure of these two paramilitary organizations—including their origins, current roles, personnel recruitment, and working conditions—while also examining how and where they fit into India’s overall security policy-making calculus.
The Border Security Force
Authors: Deshpande Anirudh 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an assessment of the Border Security Force (BSF), dating back to its founding after the 1962 China–India conflict. Drawing on materials previously collected for the official history of the BSF, this chapter sets out to do four things: provide a historical discussion of the BSF’s founding and its relationship to both internal and external borders; describe the structure, funding, and personnel of the BSF; critically analyse key capacity gaps that pertain to the BSF; and discuss the ways in which the BSF intersects, interacts, and overlaps with other police and paramilitary forces. The chapter concludes that, although some aspects of the BSF are in need of reform, it has more than lived up to the vision of its founders. Looking to the future, the force must grapple with multiple challenges as it seeks to align its operational philosophy, organization, and training with a security environment that has significantly changed since its inception.
Immigration and Discrimination
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Prompted by both past policies and recent developments about immigration around the world that center on race, ethnicity, religion, and other identities, this book explores what states are morally permitted to base their admission decisions and policies on, and why. Many scholars appeal to the terminology and ideas of wrongful discrimination when discussing identity-based immigration decisions, but there has been little to no effort to examine whether the idea of wrongful discrimination—traditionally applied to interactions among people within the same state—is applicable at the global level or to interactions among people in different states. Employing economic and empirical research where available, this book tries to fill this gap by demonstrating why the idea of wrongful discrimination can be applied to states’ admission decisions, and what this means in terms of states’ rights concerning immigration. Rather than rejecting any connection between immigration decisions and identity, it argues that it is often morally permissible to exclude people based on their identity, especially, but not only, when it is done by disadvantaged groups. Despite this finding, however, a major implication of the arguments and analysis of the book is a rejection of the “right to exclude.” Thus, this book concludes by demonstrating why states are not unilaterally entitled to make decisions about whom to admit into their borders.
Race, Ethnicity, and Religion under States’ Choice
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter critically examines the conventional position that states have extensive moral rights to make admission decisions as they choose or even to close their borders altogether (“states’ choice”). The central justifications for states’ choice are generally based in the value of preserving either a state’s culture or its members’ collective freedom to decide the terms of their political association. This chapter will demonstrate that neither type of general rationale, nor the particular views under each type, can adequately explain why central cases involving racial and ethnic criteria are wrong while others may be permissible. Moreover, though the particular states’-choice views explored have much in their favor, their shortcomings—some of which are revealed by recent economic analysis—will illustrate the need for something like the global antidiscrimination approach. This chapter will also discuss why and how this approach will be used in this book rather than closely related ideas, such as views that broadly stress concerns about subordination or domination but that do not invoke antidiscrimination principles.
Core Elements of Antidiscrimination
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes the fundamental ideas and principles of normative discrimination theory. The goal is not to specify a reason why discrimination might be wrong or to say specifically when it is wrong. Instead, the goal is to motivate a major approach to understanding when and why discrimination is wrong—the antidiscrimination approach—for application to the ethics of immigration criteria. This chapter will then provide several reasons in favor of the antidiscrimination approach while highlighting some of the shortcomings of the major alternative approach—anticlassification—in order to establish groundwork for applying antidiscrimination principles to states’ admission decisions. These principles stress that the social status of a group, or its comparative (dis)advantages in material, political, way-of-life, and/or self-respect terms, matters for determining when and why discrimination is wrong. Broadly speaking, antidiscrimination is concerned with not contributing to a vulnerable group’s disadvantages in order to avoid creating, sustaining, or perpetuating a group’s subordinate status. A second aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that this approach is rooted in general concerns associated with relational equality—the idea that people should relate to and interact with one another as equals in social, political, and economic life.
Rejecting the Right to Exclude
Authors: Akhtar Sahar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the implications of the book’s analysis for the idea that states have a claim-right to exclude. This right is distinct from the idea of states’ choice examined in previous chapters and amounts to the position that states have a right against interference to make even wrongful immigration decisions. Focusing on criteria such as race, ethnicity, and religion, and, relatedly, the exclusion of people with urgent admission needs, including refugees and asylum seekers, it argues that this position is implausible. Mainly, this is because the defense for the right turns on states having poor character—a morally absurd result. A major implication of this last chapter is that states are not unilaterally entitled to make their immigration decisions. This result is significant not only for the use of identity criteria but also, more importantly, for addressing the admission needs of people around the world experiencing significant and urgent threats to their basic human rights. As an alternative to unilateral control by each individual state, this chapter suggests that the morally appropriate way for states’ membership decisions to be made is similar to the way in which membership decisions are made for a variety of domestic associations, including businesses and large social clubs—namely, through the collective establishment of rules governing admission, with violations subject to economic or political penalties and sanctions.
Maṭhs, Quotidian Conflicts, and Urban Property: Perspectives from Colonial Legal Archives in Banaras
Authors: Kasturi Malavika 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Maths (monastic institutions) and their members and networks were and remain important nodes of religiosity and finance. Through a case study of land and legal records pertaining to British Banaras, this chapter foregrounds the significance of maths as financiers who invested in real estate and shaped colonial markets and cities. It investigates the myriad quotidian conflicts occurring over rights and access to property in which Daśānāmī monastic institutions were involved, focusing specifically on land transactions such as sale, mortgage, credit, acquisition, and ‘encroachment’. By placing the tense and competitive relationship between maṭhs, property, and finance at the centre of its narrative, the chapter underlines the fissures shaping the urban pasts of Banaras, largely represented as a unique pilgrimage city embodying a homogenous ‘Hindu’ identity. Equally, its cache of civil cases dominated by monastic protagonists questions the assumed disconnection of religion from economic life and reinforces the ‘everyday’ materiality of religion.
Abhimanyus in Exile: Entanglements and Bonds among Migrant Workers in Delhi
Authors: Ramaswami Shankar 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the life of religion—in epic imageries and Hindu–Muslim relations—among migrant workers in Delhi. Varmaji, a migrant from eastern Uttar Pradesh, invokes the image of the cakravyuh (circular maze), a military formation in the Mahabharata, to describe his experiences of tensions, duties, and attachments in the sphere of the family, but with modifications. Unlike in the epic, migrants are not alone in the cakravyuh and are not seeking escape. They find allies in one another, in their struggles within the city, amid domestic discord and the insularities and divisiveness of caste and religious identities. In empathetic dealings with his wife and relations of fellowship with his Muslim neighbours, one sees the weaving of integrative filaments in the social fabric, in which migrants forge fragile dwellings during their prolonged exile in the city.
Bovine Sifters: Cows, Indigeneity, and Environmentalism among an Urban Middle-Class Guru Following
Authors: Verma Benu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the cultural expressions of a popular guru’s middle-class devotees manifest via popular tropes of Indigeneity (organic food and lifestyle), Hindu science, and nostalgic nationalism. These expressions are interpellated through their caste-class and religious habitus; they resonate—and are often conflated with—the cultural expressions of Hindutva political ideology, which is also expressed in the language and trope of seva towards the guru. The identification between the devotees and the politics of Hindutva is materialized in the discursive space of the everyday through seva activities, which make the devotees and the mission dissonant members of the Hindu right-wing’s proselytizing politics. Seemingly secular seva such as activities for environment protection—a religo-cultural concern—is one example of such dissonant belonging. A state-orchestrated political agency and their caste-class habitus that echoes with the mission’s ethos make devotees’ secular seva efforts for environment conservation micro-political interventions for the propagation and proliferation of religious, spatial, and social divisions, systematically glossing over the diversity and heterogeneity of human and extra-human relationships.
Everyday Religiosity among the Hindu Sindhis of India: Sindhi Identity and the Religious Market in the Era of Social Networks
Authors: Boivin Michel , Lalchandani Trisha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on a minority that migrated from Sindh, in present-day Pakistan, after the 1947 Partition: the Hindu Sindhis. About one million Hindu Sindhis settled in India, especially in the western part of the country. They had to face hardship when most of them were settled in refugee camps built for the British army. Year after year, they were able to contribute to the economic development of India, thanks to their skills in different areas, especially in civil service and trade. While the Hindu Sindhis’ religion is usually depicted as syncretic and heterodox, the chapter explores the impact resulting from the use of smartphones on the everyday Sindhi religiosity as well as their relationship with their Sindhi identity. Following Stig Hjarvard’s mediatization theory arguing that religion is increasingly being subsumed under the logic of the media, the chapter indicates that the omnipresence of the smartphone is giving rise to a new phase in the development of digital religiosities that began with the use of the Internet on more traditional media such as computers.
Religion and Employment in India
Authors: Bahal Girish , Chandra Ujaan , Iyer Sriya , Shrivastava Anand 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Over the last couple of decades, the Indian economy has experienced substantial growth rates, and India aims to be an economic superpower of the future. However, the translation of this growth into improved employment and incomes for Indians has been highly uneven across various social categories of gender, caste, and religion. While there has been considerable work on inequalities on gender and caste lines, in keeping with broader interest in the economics of religion, the study of differences in outcomes across religious groups seems to be comparatively less developed. Specifically, this chapter aims to redress that gap by understanding how religious identities affect the labour market outcomes of individuals in India today, a topic which garnered attention in the Sachar Committee Report in 2007. The data indicate that overall, India’s Hindus have better employment prospects than India’s Muslims. Although Muslim men are more likely to be employed than Hindu men, the order is the reverse for women. The resulting picture that the chapter paints is of concern to those interested in the economic well-being of Indian communities as well as those who are interested in the economics of social inclusion.
The Sounds of Everyday Christianity: Listening to the Protestant Mission in Nineteenth-Century Madras
Authors: Balachandran Aparna 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the soundscape of the Protestant missionary enterprise in the Tamil region of South India in the first half of the nineteenth century. It examines descriptions of ‘heathen’ religious practices in the missionary archive in the colonial city of Madras in the early nineteenth century, which contain tropes and themes that underline the centrality of sound and the missionary’s listening ear to the Protestant enterprise. While these narratives are often couched in sentiments of bewilderment and shock, they clearly involved quotidian encounters that were not unfamiliar to the authors of the texts. It is argued that the rhetorical act of distancing from native sound was key to fashioning oneself as a Christian in a fraught political context marked by multiple claims to religious truth, and political power. The creation of a Christian aural environment was thus a necessary condition for the salvation of the native convert. The presence of Roman Catholic churches and worshippers in Madras complicated this issue, and the realm of the aural became the key site to assert Protestantism as the only true Christian faith.
Sources of English Legal History
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This is a companion to Baker & Milsom, Sources of English Legal History: Private Law to 1750. Like that volume it is a collection of illustrative original materials, many of which have not been printed before. Unlike private law, however, the history of public law has until recently been neglected by legal historians. There has consequently been no previous collection of this kind. Whereas older books of constitutional documents focused on statutes and formal records, the present book concentrates more on forensic arguments and judicial decisions which illuminate the establishment of the rule of law and the emergence of legal principles in the field of public law. Public law is here taken in a broad sense to include not only the respective powers of the crown and parliament but also jurisdictional disputes, the protection of personal liberty, judicial review of administrative action, and criminal law. Texts in French or Latin have been translated or retranslated from the original sources. All the texts have new apparatus, including (for reported cases) references to the record.
The monarchy
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the nature of monarchical government and constitutional monarchy in England, beginning with commentaries by ‘Bracton’, Sir John Fortescue, James Morice, and William Fleetwood. To these are added the coronation oaths of 1308 and 1689, and a judicial exposition in 1562 of the notion of ‘the king’s two bodies’. The chapter ends with discussions by Sir Edward Coke and others of the difference between the king’s absolute prerogatives, which could not be examined in any court, and the ordinary prerogatives. These discussions include enumerations of the absolute prerogatives, and an argument by Heneage Finch that even these were not ‘mysteries of faith’ but were subject to definition and limitation by the law. Several of these themes are returned to in later chapters.
Devolution of the crown
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter is concerned with the devolution of the English crown. The regular demise of the crown by inheritance was automatic, because the king in his politic capacity was immortal, though it put an end to patents of office and unreturned writs. Most of the chapter focuses on interruptions in the course of descent. The depositions of Edward II and Richard II were presented as abdications. The dynastic conflicts between the houses of Lancaster and York raised legal issues upon the accessions of Edward IV and Richard III, and the accession of Henry VII raised the question whether the king (having been attainted by parliament) could lawfully summon a parliament. Parliamentary legislation empowered Henry VIII to alter the succession by will, but there was a debate over whether his will complied with the statute. There are extracts from the reported proceedings against Charles I, and a legal account by Thomas Siderfin of the Restoration of Charles II. The accession of William III and Mary II, following the abdication of James II, was followed by the Act of Settlement 1701.
Charters and confirmations of liberties
Authors: Baker John 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter begins with the texts of charters of liberties, from Æthelred to the fourteenth-century statutes of due process, followed by the Petition of Right 1628 and the Bill of Rights 1689. Most of the chapter is concerned with chapter 29 of Magna Carta 1225 (‘No free person shall be taken …’), and its interpretation over four centuries. The commentaries on chapter 29 include the ‘ordinary gloss’ of c. 1420, which probably originated in readings (lectures) in the fourteenth-century inns of court, later readings, including those of Robert Snagge (1581) and Francis Ashley (1616), and Sir Edward Coke’s manuscript treatise (1604) which linked it with habeas corpus.