bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Historians and the Decline of the Liberal Party
Authors: Thompson J. A. 
Published: November 2007

The dramatic collapse of the Liberal party during the second decade of the twentieth century has long fascinated academic historians, but only in the past twenty years has it become one of their major preoccupations. Every history of modern Britain now has a discussion of the causes and course of the Liberal collapse, and the specialized literature on the subject is voluminous, much of it highly technical and sophisticated.It is easy to see why the Liberal decline appeals to historians. It has personal drama: the contest between Herbert Asquith, “the last of the Romans,” and David Lloyd George, “the Welsh Wizard.” There is the larger drama associated with the collapse of a great party and the rise of another. There are the large silent “revolutions” historians have found behind the political changes: the rise to maturity of the working classes, the evolution of British capitalism, and a vast cultural shift ushered in with the First World War.
The Thomason Collection: A Reply to Stephen J. Greenberg
Authors: Mendle Michael 
Published: November 2007

Stephen J. Greenberg's recent article in these pages, “Dating Civil War Pamphlets, 1641–1644,” commendably calls attention to the two nearly identical manuscript catalogues that George Thomason had drawn up to catalogue his collection. Quite properly, Greenberg emphasizes the manuscript catalogues' difference from (and for some purposes, superiority to) the printed catalogue of the collection edited by G. K. Fortescue. A generation ago Lois Spencer did the same thing in two important articles on Thomason and his collection, but for lack of a follow-up, her insights have been largely ignored. Greenberg also attempted some statistical comparisons of dates of Fortescue's catalogue, Thomason's catalogue, and the Stationers' Registers.Greenberg's study of the Thomason collection grew out of his project of discovering the time lag between the occurrence of an event and its publication in the press. While Greenberg's interest in the collection is welcome, his efforts are misleading, and in some respects, seriously flawed. My purpose here is to clarify the nature of the Thomason collection, which is still surprisingly misunderstood, and to assist other researchers in its most profitable use.
Speech, Text, and Time: The Sense of Hearing and the Sense of the Past in Renaissance England
Authors: Woolf D. R. 
Published: November 2007

Midway through his account of the reign of King Edward III, John Speed paused to remind his readers of what had gone before, an account of Edward's wars in France, by way of leading into his next subject, the king's godliness. “You have heard a part of great king Edward's victorious fortunes in battle, both by land and sea; be not ignorant of his pietie.” Speed's choice of language is striking: “You have heard.” Many early modern authors employed this same peculiar device. In 1600, Thomas Danett commenced a chapter of hisA continuation of the history of Francewith the sentence, “You have heard how a truce for five years was concluded betweene the kings of Fraunce and Spaine.” Thomas James, translating a French work on the Stoics, wrote, “You have heard discoursed unto you the principall lawes which the Stoickes thincke expedient….” To justify the printing of a quotation from a medieval manuscript, William Camden urged his reader to “heare the verie words out of that private historic” Richard Verstegan directed the reader to “heer the testimony of sundry ancient and approved authors.” The anonymous author ofThe historie of Mervine(1612), a chivalric romance, reminded the reader of an earlier event with the remark: “the childe (as you have heard) was baptized….”As historians, we have all had occasion to refer the reader back to earlier points in our articles, theses, and books. As a rule, such passages begin with a phrase like “we have seen,” or “it has been shown,” not “you have heard.”
Episcopacy and Reform in Mid-Tudor England
Authors: Beer Barrett L. 
Published: November 2007

InTudor PrelatesandPolitics, Lacey Baldwin Smith wrote sympathetically of the dilemma faced by the conservative bishops who saw control over the Church of England slip from their grasp after the accession of Edward VI in 1547, but he gave less attention to the reforming bishops who worked to advance the Protestant cause. At the beginning of the new reign the episcopal bench, according to Smith's calculations, included twelve conservatives, seven reformers, and seven whose religious orientation could not be determined (see Table 1). The ranks of the conservatives were thinned as a consequence of the deprivation of Stephen Gardiner of Winchester, Edmund Bonner of London, Nicholas Heath of Worcester, George Day of Chichester, and Cuthbert Tunstall of Durham. On the other hand, eight new bishops were appointed between 1547 and 1553. These new men together with the Henrician reformers, of whom Thomas Cranmer, Archbishop of Canterbury, was most important, had responsibility for leading the church during the period which saw the most extensive changes of the Reformation era. This essay examines the careers of the newly-appointed reforming bishops and attempts to assess their achievements and failures as they worked to create a reformed church in England.The first of the eight new bishops appointed during the reign of Edward VI was Nicholas Ridley, who was named Bishop of Rochester in 1547 and translated to London in 1550. In 1548 Robert Ferrar became Bishop of St. David's in Wales. No new episcopal appointments occurred in 1549, but during the following year John Ponet succeeded Ridley at Rochester while John Hooper took the see of Gloucester.
The Buccleuch Marriage Contract: An Unknown Episode in Scottish Politics
Authors: Lee Maurice 
Published: November 2007

On October 5, 1663, the Scottish Parliament took an action unique in its long and variegated history. It ratified a marriage contract between two of the king's subjects. Not ordinary subjects, to be sure—they were the duke of Monmouth, Charles II’s eldest bastard, a lad of fourteen, and Anna Scott, countess of Buccleuch, aged twelve, who had been married the previous April. Persuading Parliament to ratify this contract was potentially a very tricky business; the king entrusted the handling of it to the earl of Lauderdale, the secretary of state, normally resident in Whitehall, who had been sent to Scotland to manage this session of Parliament. The ratification was a private act, one of a large number passed at each session of the Scottish Parliament in favor of private individuals and corporations: towns, universities, etc. Because it was a private act Osmund Airy, the editor of the Lauderdale papers, our principal source for the day-to-day doings of this Parliament, ignored it in making his selection from the vast Lauderdale correspondence. So the episode has gone completely unnoticed by historians. This is a pity, not only because the story of the marriage contract and its ratification is fascinating in itself, but also because it was important for Lauderdale's political future. Lauderdale's success in getting the ratification passed without backlash helped to convince King Charles that he was the man to manage Scottish business from now on.The political history of Restoration Scotland has been largely neglected by historians. Lauderdale was the dominant figure for most of Charles's reign, but it was some years before he achieved that eminence. Lord Chancellor Clarendon, until his fall in 1667, was Charles's principal adviser for all of his three kingdoms, a fact that Lauderdale resented but had to live with. Clarendon did not like Lauderdale, who, he wrote, had been a leader of the Covenanters' rebellion “when he was scarce of age, and prosecuted it to the end with the most eminent fierceness and animosity.”
Parnassus Restored, Saints Confounded: The Secular Challenge to the Age of the Godly, 1560–1660
Authors: George C. H. 
Published: November 2007

The conception of English culture in the century that was brought to a climax in Cromwellian triumph and tragedy has suffered from a flatness of historical perception, one major cause of which has been insufficient recognition of the thought and esthetic creativity of nominal Christian and emphatically non-Puritan intellectuals and artists. We have concentrated too much on defining the novelties, indeed often inappreciable differences, that characterized pre-revolutionary and revolutionary Christian factionalism in England: Anglicanism, Puritanism, Sectarianism, Laudianism, and now Arminianism. I want instead to make a case for the neglected power, pervasiveness, and perdurability of varieties of secularism in the age of the Godly.Although a growing number of scholars are aware of the importance of literature to the dynamics of this astonishing epoch, the redoubtable spirit of William Haller prevails still in historical efforts to reconstitute the cultural context of that literature. The pagan bedrock laid down by a century of humanist imports is obscured by the flood of ephemeral sermons and miscellaneous religious discourse. Recent literary scholarship, on the other hand, having shaken the incubus of F. R. Leavis and not yet succumbed to post-structuralism, has given us models with which to illuminate prerevolutionary English culture: the monographs of Stephen Greenblatt, Jonathan Dollimore, and Stephen Orgel investigate the penetration of secular humanism into literature, historical writing,and popular and court theatre. They could lead us out of the fog created by the supersaturated climate of Protestant culture.
John Tucker, M.P., and Mid-Eighteenth-Century British Politics
Authors: Harris Bob , Black Jeremy 
Published: November 2007

John Tucker was a member of Parliament for the borough of Weymouth between 1735–47 and again between 1754–78. The relevant entries for him in the volumes of the History of Parliament are exiguous. He appears to have made only two interventions in Commons debates, on 27 February 1771 and 30 April 1772. In John Brooke's words, both were “slight and short.” According to the History of Parliament, Tucker's political stance was determined largely by his relationship with George Bubb Dodington, although the evidence is capable, as we shall see, of being read in a different way. Romney Sedgwick quotes from a letter Dodington wrote to Sir Robert Walpole in 1737, following the famous division on the Prince of Wales's allowance, that “the connexion between these gentlemen [those identified with his interest, including Tucker] and me was such that we should not have differed in opinion” even had he decided to vote for the motion. Tucker emerges from the History of Parliament volumes as a man without political views of his own and as an individual tightly caught up in a politics shaped principally by interest and management.This article exploits a hitherto neglected source to reconstruct more fully John Tucker's political world and views, to present a different account of his political stance and importance, and thus to throw considerable light on politics in the mid-eighteenth century. This source is a manuscript collection that the Bodleian Library acquired in 1969 and 1970. The collection mostly comprises the papers of John Tucker's father, Edward, his brother, Richard, and John himself.
How Socially Conservative Were the Elizabethan Religious Radicals?
Authors: Kaufman Peter Iver 
Published: November 2007

Social historians have long suspected that religious convictions made a difference in the sixteenth century, and historians of the late Tudor religious and political settlements have recently emphasized the differences that advanced forms of Calvinism are alleged to have made. They say that religious radicals—puritans and precisianists, to their contemporary critics—were social conservatives who thought wealth was a blessing and poverty a curse. According to Keith Wrightson and David Levine, the “firmly committed Puritans among the yeomen of the parish” promoted a “sense of social distance” between themselves (“the better sort”) and the less respectable. The 1995 republication of Wrightson's and Levine's study of social discontinuity, Poverty and Piety in an English Village, seemed a splendid occasion to revisit the intersection of religious conviction and social practice and to ponder the precision with which puritanism's supposed contributions to social stratification—and the stratification itself—have been, and can be, measured.Measurements of a vastly different kind preoccupied Elizabethan religious theorists interested in gauging the effects of election and thus discovering whether they and their parishioners had been elected or chosen by God and redeemed. Assurances of election and of eternal reward were difficult to identify, because everything that Christians did or dreamed up was so deplorably flawed. “There remain relickes of syn” in the most righteous persons on earth, William Fulke preached in 1574; Christians desperate for assurance invariably experienced (and measured) those “relickes” as tokens of divine displeasure.
State Versus Private Ownership: The Conservative
Governments and British Civil Aviation
1951–62
Authors: Devereux David R. 
Published: November 2007

Studies of post-1945 Britain have often
concentrated upon political and foreign policy
history and are only just now beginning to address
the question of the restructuring of the British
economy and domestic policy. Civil aviation, a
subject of considerable interest to historians of
interwar Britain, has not been given a similar
degree of attention in the post-1945 era. Civil
aviation policy was, however, given a very high
priority by both the 1945-51 Labour government and
its Conservative successors. Civil aviation
represented part of the effort to return Britain
to a peacetime economy by transferring resources
from the military into the civil aircraft
industry, while at the same time holding for
Britain a position of pre-eminence in the postwar
expansion of civil flying. As such, aviation was a
matter of great interest to reconstruction
planners during World War Two, and was an
important part of the Attlee government's plans
for nationalization.
Civil aviation was expected to grow rapidly
into a major global economic force, which
accounted for the great attention paid it in the
1940s and 1950s. Its importance to Britain in the
postwar era lay in the value of air connections to
North America, Europe, and the Empire and
Commonwealth, and also in the economic importance
of Britain's aircraft industry. In a period when
the United States was by far the largest producer
of commercial aircraft, the task of Labour and
Conservative governments was to maintain a viable
British position against strong American
competition. What is particularly interesting is
the wide degree of consensus that existed in both
parties on the role the state should play in the
maintenance and enhancement of this
position.
“George II and All That Stuff”: On the Value of the Neglected
Authors: Black Jeremy 
Published: November 2007

A valedictory article is a piece of sadness, but it is also an opportunity to shout at the wind. This piece is doubly written in that sense, first because it focuses on a king, and secondly because it discusses sources and emphasizes the need for archival research. Readers who are enthralled in modishness, and in the multiple mirrors of post-modernism, will proceed no further, but that simply reflects the peculiar and self-serving nature of the dominant approach to eighteenth-century British political history, with its fascination for the rhetorical strategies of discourse and its lack of interest in the contents and contours of politics, and in the hard work required to re-create them.In part this reflects a sense that somehow all this high politics has been done, but that is deeply misleading. It is particularly so for the reign of George II (1727–60), for that monarch, a king in deed as well as name, still lacks a scholarly biography. This is an important omission, for, without such a study, the monarch appears as a figure of episodic importance, distinctly secondary to his ministers, and as a restraint on them, rather than as an initiator of issues. To understand the king and his role, it is necessary to consider him not thus from the outside but rather on the basis of a thorough study that makes full use of the surviving sources. Secondly, without a focus on the king, it is difficult to understand the Anglo-Hanoverian monarchy, and the problems this created for British ministers. Thirdly, the failure to give due weight to George II ensures that Britain appears more different from Continental states than it should, and certainly removes a possible way to offer a comparative study.
Combien y a-t-il de cœur(s) en français ?
Authors: Picoche Jacqueline 
Published: November 2007

J. Picoche
In this paper, the author studies the polysemic word cœur (heart) in the French lexicon. The author discusses various synchronic definitions given by Jean Dubois and Igor Melc'uk and presents her own lexicographic treatment within the approach of Gustave Guillaume. She concludes on unavoidable complexity for such polysémie words. The structure of a noun such as cœur cannot be reproduced for other items. There are two types of descriptions of these "semantic archetypes" : the analytical one which leads to formal treatments and the synthetic one which leads to systematic teaching of the vocabulary of languages.
Part 148 in the Series “Studies on Novel Synthetic Methodologies:” Selective Acetylation of Alcohols, Phenols and Amines and Selective Deprotection of Aromatic Acetates using Silica‐Supported Phosphomolybdic Acid
Authors: Das Biswanath , Thirupathi Ponnaboina , Kumar Rathod Aravind , Laxminarayana Keetha 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn environmentally friendly silica‐supported phosphomolybdic acid was found to be a highly efficient catalyst for the selective acetylation of alcohols, phenols and amines in the absence of any solvent and also for the chemoselective deprotection of aromatic acetates under very mild conditions. This method has been used for the protection of the hydroxy groups as well as for the deprotection of the acetates of several naturally occurring bioactive phenolic compounds. The catalyst can be easily recovered and reused.
Lamotrigine‐loaded polyacrylate nanoparticles synthesized through emulsion polymerization
Authors: Shah Sunil , Pal Angshuman , Rajyaguru Tushar , Murthy R. S. R. , Devi Surekha 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA series of copolymeric nanoparticles of the partially water‐soluble monomer ethyl methacrylate and the water‐soluble monomer 2‐hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate were synthesized from emulsions containing sodium dodecyl sulfate via free‐radical polymerization. Lamotrigine, as a model drug, was loaded in nanoparticles during in situ polymerization. A stable and transparent poly(ethyl methacrylate‐co‐hydroxyl ethyl methacrylate) nanolatex was produced for all compositions and characterized for particle size by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Particles were found to be smaller than 50 nm in size. Structural characterization of copolymers was done by infrared spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography, and NMR spectroscopy. Drug encapsulation efficiency was determined by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectrometry and was found to be 26–62% for copolymers with different compositions. UV data suggest molecular‐level dispersion of the drug in the nanoparticles. In vitro drug‐release studies showed the controlled release of lamotrigine. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Structure and properties for conterminously linked polymer of copoly(amic acid) with triallyl isocyanurate and bismaleimide
Authors: Huang Chien‐Lin , Wang Chun‐Shan , Leu Tsu‐Shang 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe copoly(amic acid)s were prepared from two various diamines 2,2′‐bis (4‐aminophenoxy phenyl) hexafluoropropane or 2,2′‐bis (4‐aminophenoxy phenyl) propane and amine‐terminated oligosiloxane, respectively, with aromatic tetracarboxylic dianhydride (3,3′,4,4′‐benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride). The resulted copoly(amic acid) with various mole ratio of triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC)/4,4′‐bismaleimidophenylmethane (BMI) were subsequently thermally imidized to the corresponding copolyimides. These polymers were characterized using viscometer, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), dielectric analyzer, and scanning electron microscope. The dielectric constant (DK) and dissipation factor (Df) of copolyimides with TAIC/BMI were much lower than that of copolyimides without TAIC/BMI. Furthermore, the formation of copolyimides also would enhance their thermal stability and solubility. DMA of copolymers showed only a glass transition temperature (Tg), indicating a random structure and an amorphous state. The morphology of copolyimides revealed no phase separation. This indicates that the homogeneous state has been achieved in this coreaction system. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Relating static shifts in the ESR spectra of a nitroxide radical in solution to second order perturbation theory
Authors: Hwang Jimmy S. , Oweimreen Ghassan A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUsing perturbation theory, expressions were derived for the six energy levels resulting from the interaction between the spin (1/2 or −1/2) of the unpaired electron and the nuclear spin (1, 0, or −1) of the nitrogen nucleus in a nitroxide radical in solution. Allowed transitions between these energy levels led to expressions for the dependence of the positions of the three EPR lines and in turn the ratio, r, of the high‐field splitting to the low‐field splitting on the applied magnetic field H. An r slightly greater than 1 that decreases, initially drastically then gradually, to approach unity as H increases is predicted. Experimental r values for the nitroxide spin probe, perdeuterated 4‐oxo‐2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidene‐1‐oxy (PD‐Tempone) in toluene at 295 K were obtained at four microwave frequencies; 1.12 (L‐band), 3.98 (S‐band), 9.54 (X‐band), and 34.2 (Q‐band) GHz. The experimental r values were found to be higher than the theoretical r values (all greater than 1) but followed the same trend. The higher experimental r values are possibly a consequence of the dynamic frequency shift. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A 30A: 349–357, 2007.