bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the
Transient Analysis of a V-Shaped Microgrooved Heat
Pipe
Authors: Suman Balram , Hoda Nazish 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In this paper, we present a transient mathematical model for a V-shaped microgrooved heat pipe considering the temporal variations in the fluid flow, and heat and mass transfer, and utilizing a macroscopic approach. Unlike other heat pipe models, the shear stress at the liquid-vapor interface and the disjoining pressure have been used in the momentum balance equation of the model. The sensible heat used by the substrate is also taken into account using a pseudo-lump capacity model. The coupled nonlinear partial differential equations governing the transient fluid flow, heat and mass transfer have been solved numerically. The transient and steady-state profiles for the radius of curvature, liquid and vapor velocity, liquid pressure, and substrate temperature have been obtained. The mathematical model is capable of predicting the time required for the onset of dry out at the hot end, and for a micro heat pipe to reach steady state. The time required to reach steady state is independent of heat input, heat pipe inclination, groove angle, and Qss profile. However, the time required for the onset of dry out at the hot end decreases with increasing heat input, inclination, and groove angle. The model predicted results have been successfully compared to the results from the literature. The general nature of this model and the associated study can be useful for many practical applications in the microscale heat exchange.
Pharmacokinetics of Antiretroviral Regimens Containing Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate and Atazanavir-Ritonavir in Adolescents and Young Adults with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Kiser Jennifer J. , Fletcher Courtney V. , Flynn Patricia M. , Cunningham Coleen K. , Wilson Craig M. , Kapogiannis Bill G. , Major-Wilson Hanna , Viani Rolando M. , Liu Nancy X. , Muenz Larry R. , Harris D. Robert , Havens Peter L. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThe primary objective of this study was to measure atazanavir-ritonavir and tenofovir pharmacokinetics when the drugs were used in combination in young adults with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). HIV-infected subjects ≥18 to <25 years old receiving (≥28 days) 300/100 mg atazanavir-ritonavir plus 300 mg tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) plus one or more other nucleoside analogs underwent intensive 24-h pharmacokinetic studies following a light meal. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained at 1, 4, and 24 h postdose for quantification of intracellular tenofovir diphosphate (TFV-DP) concentrations. Twenty-two subjects were eligible for analyses. The geometric mean (95% confidence interval [CI]) atazanavir area under the concentration-time curve from 0 to 24 h (AUC0-24), maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax), concentration at 24 h postdose (C24), and total apparent oral clearance (CL/F) values were 35,971 ng·hr/ml (30,853 to 41,898), 3,504 ng/ml (2,978 to 4,105), 578 ng/ml (474 to 704), and 8.3 liter/hr (7.2 to 9.7), respectively. The geometric mean (95% CI) tenofovir AUC0-24,Cmax,C24, and CL/Fvalues were 2,762 ng·hr/ml (2,392 to 3,041), 254 ng/ml (221 to 292), 60 ng/ml (52 to 68), and 49.2 liter/hr (43.8 to 55.3), respectively. Body weight was significantly predictive of CL/Ffor all three drugs. For every 10-kg increase in weight, there was a 10%, 14.8%, and 6.8% increase in the atazanavir, ritonavir, and tenofovir CL/F, respectively (P≤ 0.01). Renal function was predictive of tenofovir CL/F. For every 10 ml/min increase in creatinine clearance, there was a 4.6% increase in tenofovir CL/F(P< 0.0001). The geometric mean (95% CI) TFV-DP concentrations at 1, 4, and 24 h postdose were 96.4 (71.5 to 130), 93.3 (68 to 130), and 92.7 (70 to 123) fmol/million cells. There was an association between renal function, tenofovir AUC, and tenofovirCmaxand intracellular TFV-DP concentrations, although none of these associations reached statistical significance. In these HIV-infected young adults treated with atazanavir-ritonavir plus TDF, the atazanavir AUC was similar to those of older adults treated with the combination. Based on data for healthy volunteers, a higher tenofovir AUC may have been expected, but was not seen in these subjects. This might be due to faster tenofovir CL/Fbecause of higher creatinine clearance in this age group. Additional studies of the exposure-response relationships of this regimen in children, adolescents, and adults would advance our knowledge of its pharmacodynamic properties.
Salmonella
Genomic Island 1 (SGI1), Variant SGI1-I, and New Variant SGI1-O in
Proteus mirabilis
Clinical and Food Isolates from China
Authors: Boyd David A. , Shi Xiaolu , Hu Qing-hua , Ng Lai King , Doublet Benoit , Cloeckaert Axel , Mulvey Michael R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Salmonella
genomic island 1 (SGI1) and variants (SGI1-I and the new variant SGI1-O) were mapped in five strains of
Proteus mirabilis
isolated from humans and food in China. Sequencing showed that SGI1 and variants were integrated at the 3′ end of the chromosomal
thdF
gene as previously described for
Salmonella
strains.
Nationwide Study of the Prevalence, Characteristics, and Molecular Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase-Producing
Enterobacteriaceae
in France
Authors: Galas Muriel , Decousser Jean-Winoc , Breton Nelly , Godard Thierry , Allouch Pierre Yves , Pina Patrick 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Among 10,872 isolates of
Enterobacteriaceae
from a nationwide study of 88 French hospitals in 2005, 169 (1.7%) expressed an extended-spectrum β-lactamase. The most prevalent species were
Escherichia coli
(48.5%),
Enterobacter aerogenes
(23.7%), and
Klebsiella pneumoniae
(14.8%). Molecular analysis underlined the polyclonal spread of CTX-M-expressing
E. coli
, primarily isolates of the CTX-M-1 subgroup.
Effect of Calcineurin Inhibitors on Posaconazole Blood Levels as Measured by the MVista Microbiological Assay
Authors: Zhuang David , Smedema Melinda , LeMonte Ann , Book Benita K. , Pescovitz Mark D. , Wheat L. Joseph 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
Calcineurin inhibitors may augment the effects of antifungal drugs in microbiological assays. We examined this interaction in a microbiological assay for posaconazole. No effect was observed. However, concurrent or recently discontinued treatment with other antifungal drugs caused false-positive results, emphasizing a limitation of microbiological assays for antifungal drug level measurement.
Contribution of the SitABCD, MntH, and FeoB Metal Transporters to the Virulence of Avian Pathogenic
Escherichia coli
O78 Strain χ7122
Authors: Sabri Mourad , Caza Mélissa , Proulx Julie , Lymberopoulos Maria H. , Brée Annie , Moulin-Schouleur Maryvonne , Curtiss Roy , Dozois Charles M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The roles of SitABCD, MntH, and FeoB metal transporters in the virulence of avian pathogenic
Escherichia coli
(APEC) O78 strain χ7122 were assessed using isogenic mutants in chicken infection models. In a single-strain infection model, compared to χ7122, the Δ
sit
strain demonstrated reduced colonization of the lungs, liver, and spleen. Complementation of the Δ
sit
strain restored virulence. In a coinfection model, compared to the virulent APEC strain, the Δ
sit
strain demonstrated mean 50-fold, 126-fold, and 25-fold decreases in colonization of the lungs, liver, and spleen, respectively. A Δ
mntH
Δ
sit
strain was further attenuated, demonstrating reduced persistence in blood and mean 1,400-fold, 954-fold, and 83-fold reduced colonization in the lungs, liver, and spleen, respectively. In coinfections, the Δ
feoB
Δ
sit
strain demonstrated reduced persistence in blood but increased colonization of the liver. The Δ
mntH
, Δ
feoB
, and Δ
feoB
Δ
mntH
strains were as virulent as the wild type in either of the infection models. Strains were also tested for sensitivity to oxidative stress-generating agents. The Δ
mntH
Δ
sit
strain was the most sensitive strain and was significantly more sensitive than the other strains to hydrogen peroxide, plumbagin, and paraquat.
sit
sequences were highly associated with APEC and human extraintestinal pathogenic
E. coli
compared to commensal isolates and diarrheagenic
E. coli
. Comparative genomic analyses also demonstrated that
sit
sequences are carried on conjugative plasmids or associated with phage elements and were likely acquired by distinct genetic events among pathogenic
E. coli
and
Shigella
sp. strains. Overall, the results demonstrate that SitABCD contributes to virulence and, together with MntH, to increased resistance to oxidative stress.
Influence of Gastric Acid on Susceptibility to Infection with Ingested Bacterial Pathogens
Authors: Tennant Sharon M. , Hartland Elizabeth L. , Phumoonna Tongted , Lyras Dena , Rood Julian I. , Robins-Browne Roy M. , van Driel Ian R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTDespite the widely held belief that gastric acid serves as a barrier to bacterial pathogens, there are almost no experimental data to support this hypothesis. We have developed a mouse model to quantify the effectiveness of gastric acid in mediating resistance to infection with ingested bacteria. Mice that were constitutively hypochlorhydric due to a mutation in a gastric H+/K+-ATPase (proton pump) gene were infected withYersinia enterocolitica, Salmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium,Citrobacter rodentium, orClostridium perfringenscells or spores. Significantly greater numbers ofYersinia, Salmonella, andCitrobactercells (P≤ 0.006) andClostridiumspores (P= 0.02) survived in hypochlorhydric mice, resulting in reduced median infectious doses. Experiments involving intraperitoneal infection or infection of mice treated with antacids indicated that the increased sensitivity of hypochlorhydric mice to infection was entirely due to the absence of stomach acid. Apart from establishing the role of gastric acid in nonspecific immunity to ingested bacterial pathogens, our model provides an excellent system with which to investigate the effects of hypochlorhydria on susceptibility to infection and to evaluate the in vivo susceptibility to gastric acid of orally administered therapies, such as vaccines and probiotics.
The Algodones dunes, Imperial Valley, southern California
Authors: Rossbacher Lisa A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Algodones dunes are located along the eastern edge of the Imperial Valley, south and east of the Salton Sea (Fig. 1). This area is covered by U.S. Geological Survey 1:250,000 topographic maps of El Centro and Salton Sea, California.
The northwestern end of the dune field can be reached easily by passenger car via California 78 east from Brawley or southwest from Blythe. Just west of the town of Glamis, California 78 crosses the dunes. South of the highway, Hugh Osborn County Park offers ample parking, although on weekends itmay be filled by trailers carrying off-road vehicles or film crews shootingSaharan scenes. An unpaved desert road (Ted Kipf Road) parallels the easternedge of the entire dune field; this is generally passable with a passengercar, but changing conditions, including drifting sand, may make four-wheel-drive vehicles advisable or necessary. I-8 crosses the southeastern end of the dune field. The dunes are accessible by foot or dune buggy.
Structure section in Painted Canyon, Mecca Hills, southern California
Authors: Sylvester Arthur G. , Smith Robert R. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Mecca Hills lie on the northeast margin of the Salton Sea astride the San Andreas fault zone near its southern terminus (Fig. 1). Painted Canyon bisects the Mecca Hills and isreached by driving 5 mi (8 km) eastward from Mecca on State Highway 195, and 0.2 mi (500 m) across and beyond the Coachella Canal, to a graded dirt road which follows a powerline northwestward 2 mi (3 km) to the mouth of the canyon (Fig. 1).
A few logistical remarks are worth emphasizing. Visitors should be awareof the hazards associated with flash floods, washed out roads, soft sand, off-road vehicles, and shooters, Temperatures soar to more than 104° (40° C)in late spring, summer, and early fall. Two plants, the smoke tree and desert holly, are protected by law and should not be disturbed. Rattlesnakes and scorpions are among the endemic fauna. Nearly all aspects of the general geology can be seen adequately from the canyon floor or can be reached by short treks up side canyons. Due caution should be exercised when climbing the friable rocks of the canyon walls. In the courses of many little canyonsare abrupt, vertical dry falls, around most of which are no detours.
Blackhawk landslide, southwestern San Bernardino County, California
Authors: Shreve Ronald L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Blackhawk landslide is located in southeastern Lucerne Valley at thesouthern edge of the Mojave Desert 85 mi (135 km) east of the Los Angeles, California, civic center. It lies across the eastern half of the line separating the Cougar Buttes and Big Bear City, California, U.S. Geological Survey7½-minute Topographic Quadrangles. Its distal (lower) end is readily apparent on both the map and the ground near 34°25'N, 116°47'W.
The easiest way to reach the landslide is to take I-15 to Victorville, then California 18 east through Apple Valley, approximately 25 mi (40 km) tothe center of the town of Lucerne Valley, and finally County Highway 247 (CH247, Fig. 1) east 8.7 mi (13.9km) to its intersection with Santa Fe Road (SFR, Fig. 1). The steep, gray, 50-ft (15-m) scarp approximately 2,000 ft (600 m) to the southeast is the distal edge of the landslide. It can most conveniently be visited on foot either from the prospectors' road (moderate clearance or four-wheel drive advisable) that enters the highway at Santa Fe Road or from the highway itself about 0.6 mi (1.0 km) farther east. Features along the west side of the landslide can be reached along Blackhawk Canyon Road (BCR, Fig. 1; moderate clearance or four-wheel drive advisable), which crosses the highway 1.05 mi (1.7 km) west of the Santa Fe Road intersection. Features within the landslide lobe can be reached by taking Blackhawk Canyon Road south from the highway 1.05 mi (1.7 km) to the remains of a jeep trail that goes eastward, following it (four-wheel drive strongly advisable) to the dry wash nearest the landslide, and driving up the wash. Alternatively, these features can be visited on foot by hiking from the roads to the west and south. Features of the proximal (upper) part of the landslide can best be reached by taking County Highway 247 east from the Santa Fe Road intersection 3.25 mi (5.2 km) to a well-graded mine road marked by a large white marble boulder, then taking the mine road (low hill on right 4.4 mi (7. 1 km) from highway is eastern lateral ridge of Silver Reef landslide) southwest 5.3 mi (8.5 km) to a prospectors' road (intersection about 1,400 ft (425 m) northeastof Round Mountain), next taking the prospectors' road (moderate clearance or four-wheel drive advisable) west approximately 0.25 mi (0.4 km) to where it crosses another similar road, and finally taking the other road northwest 1.6 mi (2.6 km) to the mouth of Blackhawk Canyon (BCM, Fig. 2). Features in the vicinity can be visited either on foot or, in most cases if road conditions permit, by vehicle (moderate to high clearance and low gear or four-wheel drive advisable). Good views of the landslide lobe on the alluvial slope and of its source area on Blackhawk Mountain can be obtained from the mine road (high clearance and low gear or four-wheel drive strongly advisable) that climbs the ridge just east of Blackhawk Canyon (VP, Fig. 2).
Haleakala Crater, Maui, Hawaii
Authors: Hackett William R 
Published: November 2007

Abstracr
Haleakala Crater occupies the summit region of east Maui, Hawaii (Fig, 1). The crater is the center piece of Haleakala National Park and access is via Hawaii 378, a well-marked paved road. The highway parallels the crater rim for 3 mi (5 km), and has several overlooks with parking areas. The crater itself is a Wilderness Area; access is restricted to travel on foot. An extensive system of hiking trails traverses the crater, with access at two points: Sliding Sands Trail leaves Hawaii 378 about 660 ft (200 m) south of the Visitor Center, and Halemauu Trail leaves Ha-waii 378 about 3,2 mi (5.1 km) south of Haleakala National Park Headquarters. As no brief excursions to the crater floor are possible, two options are recommended: (1) a half-day trip, which involves a stop at the Visitor Center for orientation, short walks along trails near the Visitor Center or at Red Hill, and then stops at several crater overlooks on the return drive; and (2) a full-day excursion (8 to 10 hours), which enters the crater via Sliding Sands Trail, travels across the crater floor, and departs via the Halemauu Trail. No drinking water is available in the crater. Park Headquarters should be contacted to obtain trail maps and up-to-date weather information.
Accommodation in Haleakala National Park is geared to camping only; no restaurants or food concessions are available. Hosmer Grove Campground is accessible from Hawaii 378, in the northwest corner of the Park. Holua Campground is within the crater and accessible only on foot; users must have a camping permit from the park. Cabins are available within the crater, but these must be reserved by written request (several months in advance, since cabins are allocated by a monthly lottery). It is recommended that persons, especially those planning on overnight trip, write well in advance for more detailed information and maps to the Superintendent, Haleakala National Park, P.O. Box 537, Makawao, Maui, Hawaii 96768.
Relationship of the Jurassic volcanic arc to backarc stratigraphy, Cowhole Mountains, San Bernardino County, California
Authors: Marzolf John E. , Cole Robert D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Geologic relationships observable at this site are displayed Paleozoic sedimentary and Mesozoic sedimentary and rocks preserved beneath a cap of Jurassic rhyolite on a herein referred to as Rhyolite Ridge. Rhyolite Ridge liesat northeastern corner of the Cowhole Mountains approximately 13 mi (21 km)south of Baker, California, comprising portions sections 12 and 13 of T12N, R9E and 7 and 18 of T12N, R1OE, San Bernardino Principle Point. Rhyolite Ridge (not labeled) be found in the southwest corner of the Seventeenmile Quadrangle, 7 1/2-minute Topographic Series of the U.S. Geologi cal Survey. The ridge may be reached by taking the paved baker Road south from the four-way stop in central Baker or turning south from either of the central Baker off-ramps 1–15. Figure 1 indicates mileage between points mentioned in following text.
Tertiary extensional features, Death Valley region, eastern California
Authors: Troxel Bennie W. , Wright Lauren A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The southeastern part of the Death Valley region (Fig. 1 displays two remarkable structural features: turtleback 1938), and the Amargosa chaos (Noble, 1941). The changing ideas during the past half-century about the origin of these tures reflect the growth of understanding of the major aspects Basin and Range tectonics.
Although these features were initially believed to be to thrust faulting, a consensus now exists that they are different aspects of widespread Tertiary extension associated with the velopment of the Basin and Range province. The evidence which this historical debate is based is discussed in the site scriptions presented herein.
Quaternary fault-line features of the central Garlock fault, Kern County, California
Authors: Carter Bruce A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The part of the Garlock fault near the town of Garlock can be reached by turning east on the Randsburg road from Califor-nia 14 about 20 mi (32 km) north of Mojave or by turning west from U.S. 395 about 6 mi (10 km) north of Johannesburg (Fig. 1C). From California 14, it is about 10 mi (16 km) east to the offset gravel bar, 1 mi (1.6 km) farther to the Mesquite Canyon Road, and then 4.5 mi (7.2 km) to the Goler area. The Goler area is about 4.5 mi (7.2 km) west of US. 395.
Red Cinder Mountain and Fossil Falls, California
Authors: Saint-Amand Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Turn right (east) on Cinder Road, 3 mi (4.8 km) north of Little Lake Hotel on U.S. 395 in Rose Valley, Inyo County, California (Fig. 1). Red Cinder Mountain lies just north of Cinder Road. After 0.5 mi (0.8 km), the road bifurcates. Turn south (right) and continue for 0.6 mi (1 km) over the asperate surface of a lava flow, passing hydrolaccoliths 50 ft (15 m) high and several hundred feet (&gt; 100 m) across, their upper surfaces domed and broken like crusts of over-risen bread. The road ends in a parking area. A trail to the southeast leads to the dry bed of the Owens River and Fossil Falls. These sites tell of interplay between climate change and volcanic activity.
Owens Lake, an ionic soap opera staged on a natric playa
Authors: Saint-Amand P. , Gaines C. , Saint-Amand D. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Owens Lake, 17 mi (27 km) south of Lone Pine in Inyo County, California, is reached via U.S. 395, (Fig. 1). This 110-mi2 (285-km2) lake bed, once part of a chain of Pleistocene lakes, was full of saline water until the 1920s. Now dry, it shows the processes at work in a wet, natric playa and tells of climatic change and of the effect of man on the desert.
The Silver Strand; A unique tombolo, San Diego, California
Authors: Elliott William J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The Silver Strand tombolo is located in southwestern most California, in the city of Coronado, approximately 115 mi(185 km) south of Los Angeles. It can bereached from the city ofSan Diego by crossing over San Diego Bay on the Coronado TollBridge (California 75), or from the city of Imperial Beach, to thesouth, via the same highway. A standard road map of San Diegoand vicinity will provide a ready guide to the geology and physiography of the area as shown conceptually in Figure 1. From thetip of Point Loma, at The Old Point Loma Lighthouse, one canenjoy a world-class view of the Silver Strand, Coronado, NorthIsland, San Diego Bay, and the city of San Diego. Figure 1. Conceptual geologic map of the San Diego area, southwesternmost California. Standard map symbols have been used.
The Cristianitos fault and Quaternary geology, San Onofre State Beach, California
Authors: Shlemon Roy J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The site is on the San Onofre Bluff Quadrangle 7½-minuteSeries, California, in San Diego County (SE¼, sec.30, T.9S., R.6W., SB). The site, located within the San Onofre State Beach, is bounded on the east and the southeast by the Camp PendletonMarine Corps Base and on the northwest by the City of SanClemente. The Cristianitos fault and adjacent wave-cut platformsare best exposed in the sea cliffs (San Onofre Bluff area, approximately 0.8 mi [1.3 km] downcoast [southeast] from the San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station [SONGS; Fig. 1]).
The site is readily reached by passenger vehicle from eitherLos Angeles or San Diego, Exit I–5 (San Diego Freeway) at theBasilone Road Interchange (approximately 1 mi [1.6 km] south of the San Diego County-Orange County line) and follow thefrontage road southeastward (parallel to the coast), past SONGS,3.2 mi (5. 1 km) to the entrance of the San OnofreState Beach.
From the parking lot, follow a well-marked trail from thetop of the San Onofre Bluffs to the beach (approximately 15-minute walk). Partially down the bluffs, the trail merges into agraded access road and, at the Echo Arch Trail camping area, isgravel covered (private vehicles not permitted).
At the beach, follow the sea cliffs about 330 ft (100 m) tothe north. The Cristianitos fault is clearly visible in the bluffswhere it juxtaposes light-colored, massive silts and sands of thePliocene San Mateo Formation on the northwest and darkcolored, laminated siltstones and claystone of the late MioceneMonterey Formation on the southeast (Fig. 2).