bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Islamism, State, and Ideology
Authors: Kenney Jeffrey T. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the modern context in which Egyptians began to introduce the Kharijites into their political discourse. It argues that Muslims in different historical and political circumstances have engaged in rhetorical accusations of Kharijism, with the early rhetorical context considerably obscured by the shadow of the orthodox tradition. The modern context stands more clearly in view; it covers the process of political and economic modernization begun by the Ottoman governor Muhammad ’Ali in the 19th century, the centralized planning and authoritarian style of President Gamal Abdul Nasser's regime, and the development of Egyptian Islamism.
Simulating Minds
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHow people assign mental states to others and how they represent or conceptualize such states in the first place are topics of interest to philosophy of mind, developmental psychology, and cognitive neuroscience. Three competing answers to the question of how people impute mental states to others have been offered: by rationalizing, by theorizing, or by simulating. Simulation theory says that mindreaders produce mental states in their own minds that resemble, or aim to resemble, those of their targets; these states are then imputed to, or projected onto, the targets. In low-level mindreading, such as reading emotions from faces, simulation is mediated by automatic mirror systems. More controlled processes of simulation, here called “enactment imagination”, are used in high-level mindreading. Just as visual and motor imagery are attempts to replicate acts of seeing and doing, mindreading is characteristically an attempt to replicate the mental processes of a target, followed by projection of the imagination-generated state onto the target. Projection errors are symptomatic of simulation, because one’s own genuine states readily intrude into the simulational process. A nuanced form of introspection is introduced to explain self-attribution and also to address the question of how mental concepts are represented. A distinctive cognitive code involving introspective representations figures prominently in our concepts of mental states. The book concludes with an overview of the pervasive effects on social life of simulation, imitation, and empathy, and charts their possible roles in moral experience and the fictive arts.
The Rationality Theory
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDaniel Dennett’s “intentional stance” theory is a leading specimen of the rationality theory, though Dennett vacillates in offering stronger and weaker variants. In the strong formulations, the theory is quite implausible; in its weak formulations, its content is too thin to have predictive implications. It also suffers from an inability to handle attributions over the entire range of mental states, including sensations like thirst, hunger, or itchiness. Finally, it offers no satisfactory story of how mental concepts are understood. An ostensibly related theory, the “teleological stance” theory, doesn’t really claim to explain mental state attribution.
The Modularity Theory
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractModularists claim that folk psychology is mediated by an innate modularized database, the structures of which support inferences concerning representational relations like belief, desire, and pretense. It is doubtful, however, that mindreading really qualifies as modular, specifically, that it satisfies Fodor’s chief criteria of modularity: domain specificity and informational encapsulation. Alan Leslie postulates a core module called the “theory of mind mechanism”, but most of the work in assigning mental states is done by the “selection processor”, which is a non-modular mechanism. Finally, no real evidence is provided that propositional attitudes are ascribed via theoretical inference rather than simulation.
Ontogeny, Autism, Empathy, and Evolution
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA wide variety of well-studied phenomena associated with mindreading are surveyed to probe the consistency of what is known about them with our version of simulation theory. These phenomena include key ontogenetic stages such as gaze following, early intention tracking, and role play, as well as the psychopathology of autism. A link between mirror-neuron dysfunction and autism provides suggestive support for the simulation approach. Our distinction between low-level and high-level simulation fits comfortably with dual-process theories in cognitive science that draw a fundamental distinction between automatic and controlled processes. A tentative conjecture is offered about the evolution of simulation and mindreading, at least for more primitive kinds of simulation.
Self‐Attribution
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMost cognitive scientists and many philosophers of mind resist the traditional notion that the mind has a special method of monitoring or accessing its own current mental states. We review the critiques of both philosophers (Wittgenstein, Burge, Shoemaker) and cognitive scientists (Gazzaniga, Nisbett and Wilson, Gopnik), based on confabulation or self/other parallelism, and find all to be wanting. We then examine the more congenial monitoring account of Nichols and Stich, but find it incapable of handling the problem of attitude-type identification. A nuanced special-method approach is presented that combines introspection (inner recognition) for self-attributing state-types and redeployment for self-attributing attitude contents. The question of what the input-properties are for introspection is addressed at length.
Concepts of Mental States
Authors: Goldman Alvin I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA concept in the psychological sense is the mental representation of a category, and a mental concept is the mental representation of a mental category or type, such as belief, desire, fear, or hunger. What are the vehicles of mental concepts and what are their contents? There is a proprietary internal code, the introspective code, which employs introspection-derived mental vehicles to represent mental categories. Introspection-based concepts bear some similarity to the notion of self-directed recognitional concepts, articulated by Loar. This approach contrasts with the functional-role approach to mental concepts that is naturally associated with theory theory.
Bioethics
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBIOETHICS: A Systematic Approach is an extensive revision of Bioethics: A Return to Fundamentals. The subtitle has changed in order to emphasize that what distinguishes the authors’ approach to bioethics from almost all others is that it is systematic. It applies the account of morality and rationality presented in COMMON MORALITY: Deciding What To Do (2004) and MORALITY: Its Nature and Justification, Revised Edition (2005) to the moral problems that arise in the practice of medicine. The concept of rationality used to justify morality is the same concept that is used to define the concept of malady or disease. The book offers an account of the concept of death, and provides an account of euthanasia that fits within the systematic account of morality and rationality that have been provided. It also shows that this systematic account explains the controversy about the morality of abortion. There are new chapters on moral disagreements, abortion, and on “what doctors must know”, and significant improvements have been made in the treatment of the concepts of consent and malady. An entire chapter is devoted to the concept of mental maladies. Arguments are also developed against principlism and shows how principlism’s authors’ misunderstanding of this view undermines their criticisms.
Particular Moral Rules and Special Duties
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter shows how different societies and professions generate particular moral rules and special duties from the general moral rules and moral ideals. The role that particular moral rules and special duties play in professional ethics is explained, and it is shown that there cannot be any incompatibility between common morality and professional ethics.
Paternalism and Its Justification
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the four features of paternalism: (1) benefits the patient, (2) needs moral justification, (3) does not have patient’s consent, and (4) the patient believes he can make his own decision, showing why accounts that leave out any of these features is inadequate. It then contrasts the accounts of the justification of paternalism offered by act consequentialism and strict deontology with the justification procedure offered by common morality, and discusses several cases of paternalism.
Death
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter provides a definition of “death” that accurately describes the way “death” and “dead” are used in both medicine and in everyday conversation. It discusses the characteristics of optimum criteria and tests, and shows how acceptance of the definition provided supports the use of the whole brain criterion for determining death and for using the tests that show that this criterion has been satisfied. A legal definition of death that is believed to be superior to the UDDA statute is provided.
Euthanasia
Authors: Gert Bernard , Culver Charles M. , Clouser K. Danner 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses why euthanasia presents a moral dilemma for physicians. It shows that trying to distinguish between active and passive euthanasia in any of the following four ways: (1) acts versus omissions, (2) withholding versus withdrawing, (3) ordinary care versus extraordinary care, or (4) whether death is due to natural causes, does not work. It then shows that using the distinction between patient requests and patient refusals does provide an adequate way to make this distinction. It provides an analysis of killing and discusses the Supreme Court decision concerning assisted suicide.
RATIONAL IMAGINING, RESPONSIBLE KNOWING
Authors: Code Lorraine 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlthough knowing other people often seems to offer better exemplars of the complexity of knowing than does knowing medium-sized physical objects, the scope and limits of such knowledge need to be examined. It is unclear how well anyone can imagine/claim to know another person’s experiences, circumstances, situation, feelings; and expressions of empathy are often imperialistic, insensitive, coercive, intrusive. Considering Mark Johnson’s The Moral Imagination, and Marguerite La Caze’s work on the arrogance of the analytic imaginary according to which anyone can, with a little effort, imagine being in someone else’s shoes, this chapter addresses the difficulties of knowing well enough to think responsibly, beyond one’s “own” situation. How might such thinking be possible, and who, specifically, is in a position to claim such knowledge? Issues of vulnerability, both as exposed in the Oxford Amnesty Lectures 1992, and in Susan Brison’s accounts of the aftermath of a brutal rape inform the analysis.
On Female Body Experience
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
These essays describe diverse aspects of women’s lived body experience in modern Western societies. They combine theoretical description of experience with normative evaluation of the unjust constraints on freedom and opportunity that continue to burden many women. The lead essay rethinks the purpose of the category of “gender” for feminist theory, after important debates have questioned its usefulness. Other essays include reflection on the meaning of being at home and the need for privacy in old age residencies. Aspects of the experience of women and girls that have received little attention even in feminist theory are analyzed, such as the sexuality of breasts, or menstruation as punctuation in a woman’s life story. The phenomenology of moving in a pregnant body and the tactile pleasures of clothing are also considered.
Lived Body vs. Gender
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay evaluates Toril Moi’s arguments for abandoning the concept of gender for feminist theory and replacing it with the concept of lived body derived from existential phenomenology. It agrees with Moi that lived body is a better concept than gender as a category theorizing subjectivity. However, it argues that we need to retain and reposition a concept of gender for theorizing social structure. This essay serves as a theoretical introduction to some of the concepts applied in the succeeding essays.
Pregnant Embodiment
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay considers some of the experiences of pregnancy from the pregnant woman’s viewpoint. Drawing on diaries and literature as well as phenomenological reflection on the pregnant experience, it seeks to let women speak in their own voices. Section I describes some aspects of bodily existence unique to pregnancy. The pregnant subject is shown as decentered, split, or doubled in several ways. Section II reflects on the encounter of the pregnant subject with the institutions and practices of medicine. It argues that within the present organization of these institutions and practices, women usually find such an encounter alienating in several respects.
Menstrual Meditations
Authors: Young Iris Marion 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This essay examines the social oppression of women as menstruators in two major forms: the shame associated with menstruation that compels girls and women to conceal their menstrual events, and the misfit between women and public places such as schools and workplaces, which often refuse to accommodate women’s social and physical needs. Imagining away these injustices reveals not a glorious experience but a personal bodily process that causes many women some discomfort or annoyance some of the time. The process nevertheless carries emotional meaning for many women. The unfairness associated with the social response to menstruation is analyzed based on the accounts of women’s experience of menstruation derived from Simone de Beauvoir and contemporary feminist research. Mood and memory as menstrual events that mark a woman’s self-narrative are explored.
Teaching in the Contact Zone
Authors: Jones Carolyn M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In a course like African American religion, the classroom is a “contact zone”, a term used by Mary Louise Pratt. To illustrate the difficulties in dealing with the contact zone, this chapter describes an African American Religion course recently taught by the author of this book. It then looks at the issues involved when a classroom becomes a contact zone. The chapter then discusses the use of David Remnick's biography of Muhammed Ali, King of the World, and America in the Civil Rights era for understanding the significance of the Nation of Islam. Finally, building on the spiritual journey of Muhammed Ali, the central issue in teaching religion, transformation, whether it is African American Religion or not, is considered.
On the Plantation
Authors: Hardesty Nancy A. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter describes the teaching of a basic-level course called “African American Religion”. The course, taught by the author of the book, is open to anybody with an interest in the subject. In 1999, there were only seven students who completed the course: five black, two white. In 2001, there were twenty-eight: twenty-three black and five white. The course will continue to be offered.
“Testifying” and “Testimony”
Authors: Moore, Jr. Moses N. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Autobiographical narratives and related materials such as journals and diaries have proved to be valuable, but often problematic, resources for the studying and teaching of African American religious experiences. This chapter identifies a number of these resources and illustrates some of the historiographical and pedagogical issues related to their use. In this chapter, “testifying” alludes to the confessional tradition within the black religious experience and is used in reference to the “subjective” self-representations, interpretations, and experiences found in autobiographical narratives and related materials. “Testimony”, meanwhile, has more “factual” connotations and refers to resources and interpretations that are ostensibly more “objective” and hence subject to critical historical assessment. Both types of material are presented as valid, valuable, and complementary resources for studying the African American religious experience. This chapter also includes pedagogical reflections on varied classroom experiences that incorporate both types of resources in courses situated in two university departments of religious studies.
“Making a Way Out of No Way”
Authors: Wiggins Daphne C. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
African American Christianity can be used to engage the questions of social practice and theology. From a variety of sources, the Black Church has constructed practices that counter and subdue oppressive forces felt by African Americans while simultaneously establishing a context for a more abundant life. This chapter presents a model for teaching those contexts. It presents the rationale and several of the strategies used in the course, “The Social Contexts of the Black Church”. The course requires students to ground their ministerial vision in a dialectical understanding of the Black Church. Moving between the contemporary interdisciplinary interpretation of the sociocultural contexts of African Americans and the history and established theological teachings of the Black Church, an approach is presented that equips theological students to construct a ministerial direction and praxis.
Transforming the 20th Century
Authors: Smil Vaclav 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTechnical progress in the 20th century was based on the unprecedented technical advances that took place during the two pre-WWI generations (1867-1914). All of these fundamental and lasting inventions — most notably electricity generation, internal combustion engines, new materials, and new means of communication — had undergone major technical transformations that improved their performance, reliability, durability, and ease of use while lowering their cost. In addition, the century saw its share of new inventions and innovations, ranging from plastics to solid state electronics.
Care of the Elderly and End‐of‐Life Care
Authors: Mahowald Mary Briody 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Cases illustrating variables that arise in the health care of elderly women and their caregivers, and care of the dying are presented. These include questions about ageism, competence to perform ordinary functions such as driving, possible loss of capacity for moral agency, advance directives, and decisions about forgoing or terminating life-support. For each topic, empirical and theoretical factors are discussed from an “egalitarian perspective” that imputes privileged status to the standpoint of women.
Introduction: The Historical Context
Authors: Bulman Raymond F. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This introductory chapter presents a brief historical background of Trent. It is argued that Trent offered a doctrinal response to the challenges of the Protestant Reformation, as well as a reform council, marking the zenith of a long and often frustrating process of inner Church reform dating back at least two centuries. The Catholic reform movement is described, and Trent and the Second Vatican Council (1962-1965) are compared. An overview of the chapters in this volume is presented.
Responding to Religious Difference: Conciliar Perspectives
Authors: Fletcher Jeannine Hill 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter explores the shift in the Catholic response to religious difference. The Council of Tent Trent declared that that the Catholic response to religious difference was simply “extra ecclesiam nulla salus”. Outside the Church, there is no salvation. The Second Vatican Council voiced the matter differently. In the lines of their dogmatic constitutions they declared: “There are those who without any fault do not know anything about Christ or his church...these too can obtain eternal salvation”.
“Beset on Every Side”: Reimagining the Ideology of the Roman Catechism (1566)
Authors: Brancatelli Robert J. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This chapter examines the Roman Catechism. First, it reviews the historical development of the catechism and critique portions of its text according to Ricoeur's understanding of ideology and distanciation. Second, it shows how the catechism conveys an ideology in which the Church's primary role is to defend itself against threats to its survival and internal structure. Finally, it suggests possibilities for appropriating or reimagining the catechism's defensive posture of Tridentinism in the context of the contemporary Church.
Economic Reforms and Investment Under Japan
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter examines the economic reforms for capital formation and economic transformation, as well as the estimation of aggregate investment in Korea under Japanese rule between 1905 and 1945. The reform measures examined are those that removed economic and political obstacles, and those that established a new infrastructure to accommodate the workings of a government-controlled but market-oriented economy aimed at promoting capital formation and economic development. The estimation of investment considered not only the aggregate sum, but also the different nationalities (namely, Japanese, foreigners, and Koreans). The chapter also evaluates the impact of foreign investment, especially that of the Japanese, on Korean investment in terms of catalytic, linkage, oppression effects, as well as the benefits derived from external economies. Investment in human capital is assessed in terms of the overall expansion of the school system, student enrollments, and educational opportunities for Japanese and Koreans. The analysis includes private education, particularly that of the Christian missionaries, which played an important role in educating future Korean leaders.
Sectoral Investment
Authors: Chung Young‐Iob 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter investigates the magnitude, features, and attributes of investment in various segments of the economy based on (i) ownership (e.g., public or private sectors); (ii) the nature of industries (e.g., industry, agriculture, trade, and service); (iii) the type of industry (e.g., social overhead capital and manufacturing); (iv) the capital-, technology-, and labor-intensities of industry; (v) the scale of investment; and (vi) the goals of investment by various economic entities, e.g., organizations and nationals. The analysis of investments in social overhead capital is further broken down according to transportation, communications, and electric power industries, while manufacturing is examined based on the types of goods produced, namely, light and heavy, and chemical industries. These not only reflected the transformation of Korean economy, but also showed the goals of investment. The volume, investors, and the nature of investment underscored the contributions made by different economic entities, such as the government, and different nationalities, namely, the Japanese, non-Japanese “foreigners”, and Koreans, in forging the country's capital formation, which reveal the underlying forces for the structural changes in the economy over time.