bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and characterization of tris(2,2′‐bipyridine)ruthenium‐cored star‐shaped polymers via RAFT polymerization
Authors: Zhou Guangchang , He Jibao , Harruna Issifu I. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new bipyridine‐functionalized dithioester was synthesized and further used as a RAFT agent in RAFT polymerization of styrene and N‐isopropylacrylamide. Kinetics analysis indicates that it is an efficient chain transfer agent for RAFT polymerization of the two monomers which produce polystyrene and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) polymers with predetermined molecular weights and low polydispersities in addition to the end functionality of bipyridine. The bipyridine end‐functionalized polymers were further used as macroligands for the preparation of star‐shaped metallopolymers. Hydrophobic polystyrene macroligand combined with hydrophiphilic poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) was complexed with ruthenium ions to produce amphiphilic ruthenium‐cored star‐shaped metallopolymers. The structures of these synthesized metallopolymers were further elucidated by UV–vis, fluorescence, size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) as well as NMR techniques. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 4225–4239, 2007
Measurement of gas solubility in linear/branched PP melts
Authors: Li G. , Wang J. , Park C. B. , Simha R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA magnetic suspension balance was employed in experiments to measure gas solubility in the polymer melts. The gas solubilities of CO2and N2in both linear and branched Polypropylene (PP) were investigated. The swollen volumes predicted by the Sanchez–Lacombe equation of state (EOS) and Simha–Somcynsky EOS were applied to incorporate the buoyancy effect, which is essential for the accurate measurement of solubility data. The effects of the branched structure on the swollen volume and gas solubility were discussed. It was observed that the long chain branched PP exhibited less expandability than the linear PP, due to the entangled molecular chain structure. Therefore, the total amount of gas that was able to dissolve into the long chain branched PP turned out to be less. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2497–2508, 2007
Molecular orientation study of uniaxially drawn nafion polymer electrolyte membranes utilizing polarized UV–Raman spectra
Authors: Chourdakis N. , Voyiatzis G. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNafion® perfluorosulfonic acid polymer electrolyte membranes were uniaxially drawn at a temperature where the α‐relaxation is active. Polarized UV–Raman spectra revealed the anisotropy developed. They strongly suggest that, upon uniaxial drawing, Nafion macromolecular chains are oriented parallel to the drawing axis, while the perfluorinated side chains exhibit a tendency to be oriented perpendicular to the draw axis. The drawing process resulted in the reduction of the membrane thickness in addition to an enhanced mechanical strength along the draw direction, measured with dynamic mechanical analysis. In a parallel study, a preliminary molecular orientation study of uniaxially drawn Teflon samples allowed a better assignment of the Raman bands of Nafion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2509–2517, 2007
Design and power management of a solar‐powered “Cool Robot” for polar instrument networks
Authors: Ray Laura E. , Lever James H. , Streeter Alexander D. , Price Alexander D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTheCool Robotis a four‐wheel‐drive, solar‐powered, autonomous robot designed to support summertime science campaigns in Antarctica and Greenland over distances exceeding 500 km. This paper provides an overview of key features of the robot, including design for good mobility, high efficiency, and long‐term deployment under solar power in harsh polar environments. TheCool Robot's solar panel box, comprising panels on four sides and a top panel, encounters insolation variations with a bandwidth of up to 1 Hz due to sastrugi. The paper details a unique photovoltaic control algorithm to accommodate these variations. We deployed the robot at Summit Camp, Greenland to validate its mobility and power budget and to assess the photovoltaic control system. The 61 kg robot drove continuously at 0.78 m/s on soft snow, its 160 W average power demand met by solar power alone under clear skies above 16° sun elevation. The power‐control system reliably matched input with demand as insolation varied during testing. A simple GPS waypoint‐following algorithm provides low‐bandwidth path planning and course correction and demonstrated reliable autonomous navigation during testing over periods of 5–8 h. Field data validate theCool Robotdesign models and indicate that it will exceed its design goal of carrying a 15 kg payload 500 km across Antarctica in 2 weeks. A brief description of instrument payloads and scientific studies aided by networks of such autonomous solar robots is provided. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Active ensemble learning: Application to data mining and bioinformatics
Authors: Mamitsuka Hiroshi , Abe Naoki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a new set of learning procedures which have been proposed by the authors. The method combines active learning and the accuracy enhancement techniques of bagging and boosting, and may be called active ensemble learning. Any of these procedures achieves highly accurate learning by iteratively selecting (querying) a small amount of data with large information content from a data space or database. This paper describes not only the technical aspect of the method, but also the results of application to two real problems, namely, active planning of biochemical or molecular biological experiments in immunology, and customer segmentation from a large‐scale body of data in the CRM (customer relationship management) field. It is demonstrated that the proposed methods can achieve greater data efficiency and prediction accuracy than conventional methods. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 100–108, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10355
Recognition and tracking of object positions in image sequences using multiple‐viewpoint television broadcast images
Authors: Sakaki Kazunori , Yokota Kenichiro , Ohno Keiji , Suzuki Kohei , Arisawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper we examine whether semantic information can be extracted automatically from the type of multichannel images currently broadcast in Japan and whether such information can be used in practical applications as a forerunner of next‐generation broadcasting systems. We propose a method for extracting objects from multiple‐viewpoint broadcast television images that is based on analyzing a core wide‐view image; we then apply this method to a real multiple‐viewpoint television broadcast of a soccer match. Specifically, we extract information regarding the location of each player based on the relations between the wide‐view image and other local‐view images using both of these to extract the location of players and perform tracking. We show that each player can be tracked over a long period of time using this method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 64–79, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20195
Development of security functions for a medical information sharing platform
Authors: Kiyomoto Shinsaku , Tanaka Toshiaki , Miyake Yutaka , Mitamura Yoshinori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt is considered important in the medical care sector to share medical information such as case information. There have been positive moves toward electronic storage and sharing of various data. There have been many studies of systems to realize such services, but the usual approach is to construct a network system of client–server type with concentrated information management at one site. In contrast, we are promoting the development of a medical information sharing platform in which information distributed among peers (hospitals) is shared. The P2P configuration has the advantage that the processing load is distributed and a relatively low‐cost system can be created. The keys to creating this platform include the development of a secure information sharing mechanism, and also an efficient retrieval mechanism. This paper presents a security mechanism which was constructed for verification experiments on such a platform. In the design of the security mechanism, the above characteristics of the platform are considered, and an attempt is made to provide content in a practical processing time. The implemented security mechanism is evaluated assuming the processing loads that occur in actual operation, and its effectiveness is demonstrated. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 49–63, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20466
Discrimination of similar characters with a nonlinear compound discriminant function
Authors: Suzuki Hitoshi , Waizumi Yuji , Kato Nei , Nemoto Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn studies of similar character recognition, the quadratic compound discriminant function has been proposed, in which a quadratic nonlinear transformation is applied to the compound discriminant function. It has been shown that the method can achieve high discrimination power. It may be true that a better decision boundary is estimated by raising the order of the nonlinear transformation, but the realization of third‐ or higher‐order nonlinear compound discriminant functions is difficult due to the explosive increase of the amount of computation. On the other hand, the nonlinear transformation using kernel functions has recently been attracting attention. The high‐order nonlinear transformation can be realized by this approach with a small amount of computation. It is expected that the above problem will be solved by performing a nonlinear transformation of the compound discriminant function by this method. This paper shows that the nonlinear transformation of the compound discriminant function can be formulated by using a kernel function, and proposes the nonlinear compound discriminant function. A recognition experiment shows that greater discrimination power than the quadratic compound discriminant function can be acquired by the proposed method with almost the same amount of computation as that using the compound discriminant function. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 36– 48, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20530
A virtual type for a multiple‐type object and its implementation
Authors: Sato Hideki , Aritsugi Masayoshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTo deal with the evolution of data and applications and with the existence of multiple views for the same data, the object data model needs to be extended with the object extension functionality to allow an object to dynamically change its type, and the object viewing functionality to allow an object to be seen as if it had a different structure and behavior. This paper proposes the virtual type facility which provides a persistent object of ?, an enhanced C++ persistent programming language compliant with the ?standard, with a different structure and behavior from those of its base types. Additionally, it presents the implementation details of the facility. The virtual type facility gives a different interface of an object to redefine its structure and behavior without affecting the behavior of a base type, while the multiple‐type object of ?allows an object to be dynamically extended to model an entity which changes its behavior with time. The virtual type facility integrates the object extension functionality and the object viewing functionality for dealing with the database evolution. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 25–35, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20781
A statistical error model for image sensors and its testing
Authors: Ichihara Hideyuki , Kuchii Toshimasa , Yamadate Masaaki , Sakaguchi Hideaki , Uemura Hiroshi , Kinoshita Kozo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince images obtained from image sensor devices are commonly tested by performing a manual inspection or by means of procedures that involve large amounts of image processing, the growth in testing costs as the size of such devices increases poses a significant problem. Several approaches to automating the testing process have been proposed with a view to reducing testing costs but trial and error is needed to set the parameters required by such test procedures. In this paper we propose an error model for images taken by image sensor devices that can perform a quantitative evaluation with a small number of free parameters. Image quality testing can be performed relatively easily using this model since it replaces a previously ambiguous error model by one that can be determined uniquely. In addition, since the proposed error model is defined statistically in terms of the brightness levels of pixels in each of the individual images, even if there are individual differences between the image sensor devices, these have no influence on the testing procedure. Experimental results demonstrate that an image quality testing based on the proposed error model has the same level of accuracy as manual inspections performed by an experienced technician. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 1– 11, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20804
Brain metabolic changes following 4‐week citalopram infusion: Increased 18FDG uptake and γ‐amino butyric acid levels
Authors: Marsteller Douglas A. , Barbarich‐Marsteller Nicole C. , Patel Vinal D. , Dewey Stephen L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe used 2‐week and 4‐week citalopram infusion (10 mg/kg/day) to determine how this selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) would alter 2‐deoxy‐2‐[18F]‐fluoro‐D‐glucose (18FDG) uptake and neurotransmitter tissue levels in male Sprague‐Dawley rodents. A weekly time course of 18FDG uptake altered by chronic citalopram treatment was determined in vivo with small animal positron emission tomography (microPET®). Additionally, end of study monoamine levels were measured ex vivo using high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and amino acid levels were determined ex vivo with proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H‐NMRS). We found increased striatal 18FDG uptake, reduced tissue levels of noradrenaline and serotonin in the striatum and prefrontal cortex, and increased striatal γ‐amino‐butyric acid following 4‐week citalopram infusion. Synapse 61:877–881, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fostering conceptual change and critical reasoning about HIV and AIDS
Authors: Keselman Alla , Kaufman David R. , Kramer Sharon , Patel Vimla L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne of the challenges of science education is for students to develop scientific knowledge that is personally meaningful and applicable to real‐life issues. This article describes a middle‐school science intervention fostering adolescents' critical reasoning in the context of HIV by strengthening their conceptual understanding of HIV biology. The intervention included two components: critical reasoning activities that fostered knowledge integration and application to real‐world problem solving, and science writing activities that promoted argument building. Two seventh‐grade classes participated in the study. One class participated in the critical reasoning and writing activities (CR&W); the other class participated in critical reasoning activities only (CR group). Results demonstrate significant pre‐ and posttest improvements on measures of students' HIV knowledge, HIV understanding, and critical reasoning about realistic scenarios in the context of HIV, with the improvements being greater in the CR&W group. The discussion focuses on the role of conceptual knowledge in health reasoning, the role of science writing in fostering knowledge integration, and the benefits of a “thinking curriculum” approach to integrated health and science education. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 844–863, 2007
Genetics of the kunitz trypsin inhibitor: An antinutritional factor in soybeans
Authors: Orf J. H. , Hymowitz T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe major trypsin inhibitor present in soybean seed [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is the Kunitz trypsin inhibitor or soybean trypsin inhibitor A2 (SBTI‐A2). Four types of SBTI‐A29 have been identified in the U.S. soybean germplasm collection. Three of the types designated Tia, Tib, and Tic are electrophoretically distinguishable from one another by their different Rf values of 0.79, 0.75, and 0.83, respectively. The three types are inherited as codominant alleles in a multiple allelic system at a single locus. The fourth type which is the absence of SBTI‐A2 is found in P.I. 157440 and P.I. 196168. The gene for the lack of SBTI‐A2 is designated ti and is inherited as a recessive allele to the other three SBTI‐A2 9 types. Tia is the most common SBTI‐A2 type in the germplasm collection. Linkage studies revealed that the SBTI‐A2 protein is inherited independently of certain morphological characters and chemical components of seed. Potential applications of the SBTI‐A2 types are discussed.
Gossypol and some other terpenoids, flavonoids, and phenols that affect quality of cottonseed protein
Authors: Jones Lynn A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent interest in gossypol, the biologically active phenol characteristic of the cotton genusGossypium, has been generated by concerns beyond its physiological effects on animals. These concerns are primarily investigations into possible natural pest resistance factors in cotton and were prompted by differences noted in glanded and glandless varieties. This work has led to the characterization of gossypol‐like compounds in other parts of the plant as well as in the seed. Likewise, work on the investigation of color and flavor components of cottonseed, carried out in an effort to characterize the product for food flavonoids. Phenolic acid fractions have also been indicated in flour preparations of both glandless and glanded cottonseed.
Effect of sugars and sugar alcohols on autoxidation of safflower oil in emulsions
Authors: Sims R. J. , Fioriti J. A. , Trumbetas J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOxygen absorption rates were measured on liquid emulsions containing safflower oil and glycerol, sugars or sugar alcohols. Stability to oxidation improved as the level of added compound was increased. Emulsion viscosities were higher, and resistance to creaming was better at the higher concentrations of additives. It is suggested that diffusion of oxygen through the oil‐water interface is the rate determining step which is probably slower at high viscosity and in the absence of creaming. Freezedried emulsions containing safflower oil, protein, polyols and anionic surfactant oxidized more rapidly than did those samples in which either polyol or surfactant was omitted. The differences in oxidation rate could be accounted for on the basis of degree of oil dispersion and porosity of the dried particles. No evidence has been found for any true antioxidant or pro‐oxidant effect of these compounds.
The DSC thermal analysis of crystallization behavior in palm oil
Authors: Kawamura K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPolymorphic behavior of palm oil crystals was studied by DSC isothermal analysis and microscopic observation. Different crystal forms developed specific spherulites depending on the degree of super‐cooling from the melt. The A‐form crystal was capable of forming a dotted spherulite and the B‐form crystal of forming a dendritic spherulite. Experimental results of B form crystallization studied by the DSC and a microscope under kinetic conditions were evaluated using Avarami's theory, since the behavior of the oil during crystallization related well to that of high polymers. The crystallization process was divided into nucleation and crystal‐growth phases to facilitate a theoretical treatment similar to that of high polymers, providing crystals possessing overall structural regularity.
Soap—Based detergent formulations: XXV. Synthesis and surface active properties of higher molecular weight betaine lime soap dispersants
Authors: Kaminski Joan M. , Linfield Warner M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA series of surface active betaines have been prepared via the quaternization of a tertiary amine with drolysis. The betaines possessed a hydrophobic (C12‐C16) alkyl side chain, and the anionic and cationic sites were separated by one, two, or three methylene groups or a benzyl group. The betaines were more water soluble and were poorer lime soap dispersants than analogous sulfobetaines. Detergency of most soap‐based detergent formulations containing the betaine lime soap dispersants was good and generally close to that of a commercial control detergent containing 50% sodium tripolyphosphate in screening tests conducted in water of 300 ppm hardness.
Effect of polyoxyethylated materials on the interaction of surfactants with skin
Authors: Faucher J. A. , Goddard E. D. , Kulkarni R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of surfactants on skin has been investigated by means of two experimental techniques, viz., by permeability studies using isolated neonatal rat stratum corneum membranes, and by studies on the reduction of the electrophysiological potential across freshly excised frog skin membranes. Permeability studies indicate that typical cationic and nonionic surfactants are weak penetrants, unlike anionic surfactants, as exemplified by sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), which readily penetrates and tends to destroy the integrity of stratum corneum membranes in a matter of hours. The addition of polyethylene glycols (PEG) or nonionic surfactants to solutions of SLS results in a considerable reduction in the last mentioned effects, the reduction tending to increase as the molecular weight and ethylene oxide content of the additive increase. By contrast with permeability, the electrophysiological measurements show that cationic surfactants can be extremely active: the typical surfactant, cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB), at a level of 0.5% in Ringer solution, destroys the potential across frog skin in minutes, and, indeed, is comparable in this respect to SLS. Nonionic surfactants are comparatively inactive, and factant reduces the effect of the latter significantly. Preapplication of a solution of PEG to the membrane, rather than incorporation in the solution of the surfactant, affords better protection against the latter as judged by both permeability and potential criteria.
Linoleic acid isomers in heat treated sunflower oils
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , Grandgirard A. , Prevost J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHeat treatment of sunflower oil resulted in the formation of linoleic geometrical and positional isomers. These isomers were isolated using a combination of column chromatography, urea fractionation, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) on a C18 reverse phase column and silver nitrate thin layer chromatography (TLC). Each component was submitted to hydrazine reduction and the resulting monoenes to AgNO3‐TLC. The resultingcis andtrans fractions were submitted to ozonolysis in BF3‐MeOH in order to determine the position of the ethylenic bonds. The major isomers were thecis, trans andtrans, cis 18∶2 Δ9, 12, thetrans, trans 18∶2 Δ9, 12 and somecis, trans, trans, cis andtrans, trans 18∶2 conjugated dienes. Thecis, trans andtrans, cis conjugated dienes were the Δ9, 11, Δ10, 12, Δ11, 13 and Δ12, 14 while thetrans, trans isomers were the Δ9, 11, Δ10, 12 and Δ11, 13. These C18∶2 isomers also were detected in oils collected from restaurants and market vendors.