bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The synchrotron foreground and the cosmic microwave background temperature-polarization cross-correlation power spectrum from the first-year WMAP data
Authors: Bernardi G. , Carretti E. , Fabbri R. , Sbarra C. , Cortiglioni S. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
We analyse the temperature–polarization cross-correlation in the Galactic synchrotron template that we have recently developed, and between the template and cosmic microwave background (CMB) temperature maps derived from WMAP data. Since the polarized synchrotron template itself uses WMAP data, we can estimate residual synchrotron contamination in the CMB CTEℓ angular spectrum. While CTE2 appears to be contaminated by synchrotron, no evidence for contamination is found in the multipole range which is most relevant for the fit of the cosmological optical depth.
SENSORY AND INSTRUMENTAL TEXTURE MEASUREMENT OF THERMALLY PROCESSED RICE
Authors: PRAKASH M. , RAVI R. , SATHISH H.S. , SHYAMALA J.C. , SHWETHA M.A. , RANGARAO G.C.P. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT Rice is the staple food of many countries and its sensory quality is of great concern to the consumers. Its preservation through thermal processing in retort pouches for ready‐to‐eat purposes was carried out by different time–temperature schedules with and without oil to achieve a minimum Foof 3 min. The sensory analysis of the cooked rice carried out using quantitative descriptive analysis showed that a process schedule of 118C, 8 min was optimum to have the optimal sensory characteristics. The same rice samples were subjected to instrumental texture measurements by texture analyzer using a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/s with 90% compression for hardness and stickiness parameters. The instrumental hardness showed high correlation with sensory hardness, chewiness and overall quality (r = 0.72; r = 0.73; r = 0.79) and a negative correlation with sensory stickiness (r = −0.75). Applying principal component analysis, thermally processed rice samples were further classified based on the sensory and instrumental texture attributes.
INSTRUMENTAL AND SENSORY EVALUATION OF TEXTURAL ATTRIBUTES IN CHEESE ANALOGS: A CORRELATION STUDY
Authors: PEREIRA R.B. , BENNETT R.J. , LUCKMAN M.S. 
Published: October 2005

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to investigate the usefulness of an array of statistical techniques to describe relationships between instrumental data and non‐oral sensory texture profiling scores by using a range of model processed cheese analogs as example. Pairwise correlation, used as an exploratory tool, showed no significant correlation for flexibility and greasiness with any individual instrumental parameter. Stepwise regression, principal component regression and partial least squares regression were used to generate models for firmness, stickiness and curdiness of the analogs studied. No models could be generated for flexibility and greasiness, and models for rubberiness had poor quality of fit compared with the other sensory attributes. In general, firmness, stickiness and curdiness were satisfactorily modeled by using chemical data and small deformation rheological parameters. Compression data (large deformation), often used in correlation studies regarding the texture of cheese, did not necessarily lead to better correlation results in comparison with other instrumental parameters used in this research.
Dynamic Spherical Cavity Expansion in an Elastoplastic Compressible Mises Solid
Authors: Masri Rami , Durban David 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe elastoplastic field induced by a self-similar dynamic expansion of a pressurized spherical cavity is investigated for the compressible Mises solid. The governing system consists of two ordinary differential equations for two stress components where radial velocity and density are known functions of these stresses. Numerical illustrations of radial profiles of field variables are presented for several metals. We introduce a new solution based on expansion in powers of the nondimensionalized cavity expansion velocity, for both elastic/perfectly plastic response and strain-hardening behavior. A Bernoulli-type solution for the dynamic cavitation pressure is obtained from the second-order expansion along with a more accurate third-order solution. These solutions are mathematically closed and do not need any best fit procedure to numerical data, like previous solutions widely used in the literature. The simple solution for elastic/perfectly plastic materials reveals the effects of elastic-compressibility and yield stress on dynamic response. Also, an elegant procedure is suggested to include strain-hardening in the simple elastic/perfectly plastic solution. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the validity of the approximate solutions. Applying the present cavitation model to penetration problems reveals good agreement between analytical predictions and penetration depth tests.
Stochastic Dynamics of
Impact Oscillators
Authors: Namachchivaya N.
Sri , Park Jun
H. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to develop an averaging approach to study the dynamics of a vibro-impact system excited by random perturbations. As a prototype, we consider a noisy single-degree-of-freedom equation with both positive and negative stiffness and achieve a model reduction, i.e., the development of rigorous methods to replace, in some asymptotic regime, a complicated system by a simpler one. To this end, we study the equations as a random perturbation of a two-dimensional weakly dissipative Hamiltonian system with either center type or saddle type fixed points. We achieve the model-reduction through stochastic averaging. Examination of the reduced Markov process on a graph yields mean exit times, probability density functions, and stochastic bifurcations.
Spectral differences in the ability of temporal gaps to reset the mechanisms underlying overshoot
Authors: McFadden Dennis 
Published: October 2005

When very brief tonal signals are presented immediately after the onset of a gated noise masker, detectability can be 10–20 dB worse than when the signal is delayed by several hundred milliseconds, an effect known as the overshoot. It has long been known that, when an ‘‘onset’’ is created in an otherwise continuous, broadband masker by briefly turning it off and on again, the detectability of a brief signal presented soon after this temporal gap will decline gradually as the gap is increased from a few milliseconds to a few hundred milliseconds. In other words, the auditory system recovers to its quiescent, resting state following an adequate silent interval. Here, the broadband maskers consisted of three adjacent spectral bands—one centered on the frequency of the tonal signal, one low passed below the lower edge of the center band, and one high passed above the upper edge of the center band. The signal was a 2500-Hz tone having a total duration of 6 ms. In different blocks of trials, either all three bands, only the center band, or only the two flanking bands were temporally gapped by a duration ranging from 10–300 ms.
When the center band was about 750 Hz wide (about 2.5 critical bandwidths), this differential gapping process resulted in typical recovery functions when all three bands (the entire spectrum) or when just the two flanking bands were gapped. However, when only the center band was gapped, there was no evident recovery—rather, detectability remained near the signal level required with a continuous masker, even for a gap duration of 300 ms. That is, the process of recovery required that spectral regions adjacent to the 750 Hz centered on the signal frequency be temporally gapped; gapping the frequency components actually doing the masking was neither sufficient nor necessary. Once the center band was made 3000 Hz wide, and the flanking bands were made correspondingly narrower, gapping the center band did yield a typical recovery function—presumably because the relevant, adjacent spectral regions were now being affected by the gapping process—and gapping the relatively narrow, and remote, flanking bands did not produce a recovery function. These outcomes reveal that the standard neurophysiological explanation of the overshoot effect needs to be extended to include the contributions of adjacent frequency regions.
An effective method for solving the hyper-singular integral equations in 3-D acoustics
Authors: Chien C. C. , Rajiyah H. , Atluri S. N. 
Published: October 2005

The application of the boundary integral methods to the problem of acoustics, exterior to a three-dimensional surface, suffers, in general, from the nonexistence of nonuniqueness of its solutions at frequencies that are characteristic of the associated interior problem. The formulation that is most suitable for numerical implementation still appears to be that proposed by Burton and Miller [Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. A 323, 201–210 (1971)]. However, the hypersingular kernels present in such a formulation render it computationally unattractive. Previous attempts to regularize such hypersingular kernels involved the use of double surface integrals, or implicit use of tangential operators, or closed-form evaluations of hypersingular integrals. The method of double surface integrals is computationally highly inefficient, even though it allows higher-order interpolation schemes on the surface. The other two approaches are more conducive to the assumption of a constant value for each of the variables (pressure and its normal gradient) over each of the descretized surface subdomains.
The present work is concerned with the development of a procedure to regularize the hypersingular integral found in the Burton and Miller formulation, through a novel method by employing certain identities for the hypersingular integrals arising in an associated integral equation for the Laplace equation in the interior domain. It is feasible to use arbitrary-order C0 interpolations for pressure and its normal derivative on the three-dimensional surface in the present approach. Even in such a case, the contribution to the hypersingular integrals over a small patch near the source point can be evaluated indirectly without using any special quadrature schemes, through a consideration of simple solutions to the associated Laplace equation in the interior domain. It should be noted here that there is no extra effort required in computing the potential kernels since they are a subset of the kernels found in the acoustic problem. In order to demonstrate the simplicity, robustness, and efficiency of the proposed method, numerical results with quadratic isoparametric C0 surface elements are presented for both radiation and scattering problems. Comparisons are made with close-form solutions and other existing formulations.
Flaw sizing from pulse-echo ultrasonics: A model based approach.
Authors: Cook Bill D. , Johansen Michael 
Published: October 2005

Inversion of pulse-echo ultrasonic signals for flaw characteristics requires accounting for the excitation signal of the transducer, transducer characteristics, and diffraction of sound. The approach most often taken is to remove the influence of these factors by deconvolution using a signal obtained by reflecting the ultrasound from a flat surface. This flat surface needs to be located at the same distance from the transducer as the flaw which is a great disadvantage for an arbitrarily located flaw.
This paper suggests an alternate technique in which rather simple time models account for the above influences. The goal is to describe the flaw from its scattering response. Instead of choosing the impulse response, there is a definite advantage of seeking the ‘‘ramp’’ response. The ramp response is defined such that two time derivatives of the ramp response yields the impulse response. The ramp response approximates the ‘‘area profile’’ function of the scatterer. An integral of the area profile function yields the volume of the flaw scatter. The findings show the output (echo) signal from the transducer can be expressed as the sixth time derivative of the convolution of the desired ramp response with the transducer function twice, the radiation function twice, plus the smoothing function due to attenuation, and the excitation pulse. The convolution of the transducer, radiation, and attenuation functions is ‘‘Gaussian’’ in shape. The experimenter has some control over the time width of these discontinuous functions: by choice of thickness of the piezoelectric in the transducer; and, by choosing a transducer so that the scatterer is in the farfield of the transducer. The functions describing radiation and the transducer enter twice as they are involved in transmission of the sound pulse and its reception after being scattered by a flaw. Assuming that the ‘‘Gaussian’’ shaped function is designed to be insignificant, the output contains the sixth derivative of the convolution of the area profile function and the exciting function to the transducer. By exciting the transducer with a well-behaved, narrow Gaussian function of time, the output signal can be deconvolved using the sixth derivative of this Gaussian yielding the desired output, an approximation to the area profile function. In cases where the ‘‘Gaussian’’ shaped function is not insignificant, it can be deconvolved from the above answer, within limits. In this case, the length of the area profile function should not be significantly shorter than the ‘‘Gaussian’’ shaped function.
The acoustical background for a submerged elastic shell
Authors: Werby M. F. 
Published: October 2005

The resonance process can be viewed as a superposition of an acoustical background (a rigid scatterer for elastic solids) and the resonance response. [H. Überall, ‘‘Modal and surface-wave resonances in acoustic-wave scattering from elastic objects and in elastic-wave scattering from cavities’’ in Proceedings of the IUTAM Symposium: Modern Problems in Elastic Wave Propagation, Northwestern Univ., Evanston, IL, 12–15 Sept. 1977, edited by J. Miklowitz and J. D. Achenbach (Wiley, New York, 1978), pp. 239–263; L. Flax, L. R. Dragonette, and H. Überall, ‘‘Theory of elastic resonance excitation by sound scattering,’’ J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 63, 723–731 (1978)]. The subtraction of an appropriate acoustical background proved valuable for isolating the lower-frequency resonances as well as understanding the nature of resonances excited by acoustical signals impinging on elastic solids.
In particular, the rigid background could be subtracted mode by mode in partial wave space to isolate the resonances. An analogous background for elastic shells has been elusive to find over the years, although for very thin shells a soft background has proven adequate for the lower-frequency region; for thicker shells and at appropriately higher frequencies, a rigid background has in some cases proven useful. In this work a new model is proposed that describes the background of an elastic shell for a suitable thickness region over the entire frequency range. Further, in the limit of thin shells at the lower frequency end, it is shown to equal a soft background, while for thicker shells and at higher frequencies it goes into a rigid background. The appropriate mass dependence for the new background is also observed. The usefulness of the new background is demonstrated for several examples, where it is shown that by subtracting the new background, resonances can be better isolated than for the elastic soft/rigid analogs.
A scattering model for nondifferentiable periodic surface roughness
Authors: Bishop Garner C. , Smith Judy 
Published: October 2005

Ice dendrites that form when seawater freezes produce a surface with periodic roughness. This surface may be modeled by joining a concave upward semiellipse to a concave downward semiellipse and replicating this fundamental surface element to form a surface that is everywhere continuous, but is not differentiable at the points where the two ellipses are joined (i.e., the derivative is infinite). This surface is regarded as realization of the class of periodic rough surfaces that are not differentiable at a finite number of points within a period and includes surfaces that are piecewise and nonpiecewise smooth. A model is described to calculate plane-wave scattering from one-dimensional realizations of these types of surfaces. To calculate scattering from these types of surfaces for the physical parameters of interest, the integral equation formalism of Holford [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 70, 1116–1128 (1980)] is used and the surface roughness profile is approximated by truncating its Fourier series representation. This approximation provides a continuous and differentiable representation of the surface roughness profile and is necessary to guarantee a convergent solution for the surface field that is obtained as a solution to a Fredholm integral equation of the second kind. The scattering theory of DeSanto [Radio Sci. 16, 1315–1326 (1981)] that uses Green’s theorem and a modified physical optics representation of the surface field is used to determine the effect of the approximation on the surface field and scattering amplitudes in the domain in which the theory is numerically stable (This theory is not numerically stable for the physical parameters of interest.)
Since this technique may be applied to any nondifferentiable surface that may be represented by a Fourier series, several nondifferentiable periodic surfaces are constructed. Numerical calculations show that the amplitudes of the plane-wave modes scattered from a continuous and nondifferentiable surface and from its truncated Fourier series representation are essentially identical over a wide range of incident grazing angles, acoustic frequencies, surface roughness, and surface types. Additionally, it is shown that when an integral equation is used to calculate scattering from a truncated Fourier series representation of a continuous and nondifferentiable surface, scattering may be calculated from surfaces considerably rougher than those considered previously.
Influence of spectral locus and  F0 changes on the pitch and timbre of complex tones
Authors: Singh Punita G. , Hirsh Ira J. 
Published: October 2005

Harmonic complex tones comprising components in different spectral regions may differ considerably in timbre. While the pitch of ‘‘residue’’ tones of this type has been studied extensively, their timbral properties have received little attention. Discrimination of F0 for such tones is typically poorer than for complex tones with ‘‘corresponding’’ harmonics [A. Faulkner, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 78, 1993–2004 (1985)]. The F0 DLs may be higher because timbre differences impair pitch discrimination. The present experiment explores effects of changes in spectral locus and F0 of harmonic complex tones on both pitch and timbre. Six normally hearing listeners indicated if the second tone of a two-tone sequence was: (1) same, (2) higher in pitch, (3) lower in pitch, (4) same in pitch but different in ‘‘something else,’’ (5) higher in pitch and different in ‘‘something else,’’ or (6) lower in pitch and different in ‘‘something else’’ than the first. (‘‘Something else’’ is assumed to represent timbre.) The tones varied in spectral loci of four equal-amplitude harmonics m, m+1, m+2, and m+3 (m=1,2,3,4,5,6) and ranged in F0 from 200 to 200±2n Hz (n=0,1,2,4,8,16,32). Results show that changes in F0 primarily affect pitch, and changes in spectral locus primarily affect timbre.
However, a change in spectral locus can also influence pitch. The direction of locus change was reported as the direction of pitch change, despite no change in F0 or changes in F0 in the opposite direction for ΔF0≤0−2%. This implies that listeners may be attending to the ‘‘spectral pitch’’ of components, or to changes in a timbral attribute like ‘‘sharpness,’’ which are construed as changes in overall pitch in the absence of strong F0 cues. For ΔF0≥2%, the direction of reported pitch change accorded with the direction of F0 change, but the locus change continued to be reported as a timbre change. Rather than spectral-pitch matching of corresponding components, a context-dependent spectral evaluation process is thus implied in discernment of changes in pitch and timbre. Relative magnitudes of change in derived features of the spectrum such as harmonic number and F0, and absolute features such as spectral frequencies are compared. What is called ‘‘spectral pitch,’’ contributes to the overall pitch, but also appears to be an important dimension of the multidimensional percept, timbre.
Predicting sound-pressure levels in the near field and far field from radiating partitions and building elements
Authors: Sharp Ben H. , Hessler George F. 
Published: October 2005

One of the most common tasks of the noise control engineer is predicting sound transmission and noise reduction through structures and the sound radiation from the structures to the near and far fields. Concerning transmission loss, a large database of test data (at least from 100 to 5000 Hz), verified transmission loss theory, and practical equations for relatively simple constructions are all readily available to the noise control engineer. On the other hand, the topics of noise reduction from space to space as a function of transmission loss, and radiation patterns from partitions and building elements are rarely found in the literature or acoustical texts. A large variety of noise reduction situations arise in practice. Sound may transmit from diffuse spaces, semireverberant, or highly absorbent spaces to similar or dissimilar spaces including the outdoors. The transmission path is likely to be through the primary surface as well as windows, ventilation openings, or a combination of different wall and roof constructions. At times, the transmission from outdoors to interior spaces is the primary consideration. Often, in industrial situations, the level close to the structure is of interest for hearing conservation considerations, as is the level in the far field for community impact assessments. This paper reviews noise reduction equations as a function of transmission loss drawn from many sources for predicting sound-pressure levels in the situations discussed above. The radiation pattern from a plane wall or opening to the near and far fields is discussed.
The material is presented in an orderly fashion to serve as a guide for the noise control engineer. Recommendations are given for situations in which current analytical prediction methods appear inadequate.