bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retirement Incentives and Couples' Retirement Decisions
Authors: Coile Courtney 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The typical family in the US is now a dual-earner couple, yet there are relatively few studies that examine the retirement decision in a household framework, particularly outside the context of a structural model. This paper explores how husbands’ and wives’ retirement behavior is influenced by their own financial incentives from Social Security and private pensions and by “spillover effects” from their spouses’ incentives. Spillover effects are possible due to income effects and complementarity of leisure; if significant, their omission will bias estimates of the effect of changing Social Security policy on retirement. I estimate reduced-form retirement models and find that men and women are similarly responsive to their own incentives: an increase of $1,000 in the return to additional work is associated with a reduction of 0.9% of baseline retirement for men and 1.3% of baseline retirement for women. I find that men are very responsive to their wives’ financial incentives but that women are not responsive to their husbands’ incentives and present evidence to suggest that this may be due to asymmetric complementarities of leisure. Policy simulations indicate that estimates of the effect of a policy change on the probability of men working at age 65 are biased by 13% to 20% if spillover effects are omitted.
Economic Voting in U.S. Presidential Elections: Who Blames Whom for What
Authors: Eisenberg Daniel , Ketcham Jonathan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
In United States presidential elections, the incumbent party’s fortunes depend significantly on recent economic conditions, as numerous studies have shown. Many details of how economic voting takes place, however, are still not well understood. Here we present evidence on four issues. 1) Which is more important for determining people’s votes, national or local economic conditions? 2) What time frame do people consider in economic voting? 3) Which demographic groups are most sensitive to the economy in their voting behavior? 4) How does economic voting depend on the political context—in particular, whether a candidate is running for re-election, and whether the incumbent party also controls Congress? Our study includes the first county-level analysis of economic voting in presidential elections. We find the answers to our four questions are: 1) national conditions, by far; 2) the most recent year; 3) blacks, females, and the non-elderly; and 4) no.
Global Health Warnings on Tobacco Packaging: Evidence from the Canadian Experiment
Authors: Gospodinov Nikolay , Irvine Ian J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
New health warnings on tobacco packaging in Canada became mandatory in January 2001. As of that time producers were required to print large-font warning text and graphic images describing the health consequences of using tobacco. This study uses micro data from two waves of Health Canada's Canadian Tobacco Use Monitoring Surveys bordering the legislation to investigate if the introduction of the warnings had any significant impacts on smokers. The recently drafted Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, under the sponsorship of the World Health Assembly, assigns a central role for this type of message. Our findings indicate that the warnings have not had a discernible impact on smoking prevalence. The evidence of their impact on quantity smoked is positive, though only at a relatively low level of confidence.
eBay's Buy-It-Now Function: Who, When, and How
Authors: Durham Yvonne , Roelofs Matthew R , Standifird Stephen S 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This paper utilizes field experiment methodology and market data to study the "Buy-it-Now" (BIN) function in a series of eBay coin auctions. BIN auctions are typically listed by sellers with higher reputations. The probability an auction will end BIN increases with seller reputation and is not significantly affected by negative comments. Auctions listed by new sellers average lower prices and are less likely to end BIN. Buyer use of the BIN option increases as the BIN price decreases. We find that price is directly related to seller reputation, though not affected by negative comments, and is negatively related to buyer reputation. This result is driven by those auctions that start with a BIN price.
Public Venture Capital, Occupational Choice, and Entrepreneurship
Authors: Secrieru Oana , Vigneault Marianne 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
New businesses face constraints in the form of limited access to capital and managerial expertise. Many governments have developed public venture capital programs for the purpose of easing these constraints and assisting young firms in generating growth in output and employment. The paper develops a model that incorporates occupational choice and informational asymmetries with regard to the ability of entrepreneurs and supply of effort, and determines the optimal supply of entrepreneurship, financial assistance, and managerial advice provided by a public venture capital program.
Statistical Analysis of Adsorption Models for Oligonucleotide Microarrays
Authors: Burden Conrad J , Pittelkow Yvonne E , Wilson Susan R 
Published: December 2005

Recent analyses have shown that the relationship between intensity measurements from high density oligonucleotide microarrays and known concentration is non linear. Thus many measurements of so-called gene expression are neither measures of transcript nor mRNA concentration as might be expected.Intensity as measured in such microarrays is a measurement of fluorescent dye attached to probe-target duplexes formed during hybridization of a sample to the probes on the microarray. We develop several dynamic adsorption models relating fluorescent dye intensity to target RNA concentration, the simplest of which is the equilibrium Langmuir isotherm, or hyperbolic response function. Using data from the Affymerix HG-U95A Latin Square experiment, we evaluate various physical models, including equilibrium and non-equilibrium models, by applying maximum likelihood methods. We show that for these data, equilibrium Langmuir isotherms with probe dependent parameters are appropriate. We describe how probe sequence information may then be used to estimate the parameters of the Langmuir isotherm in order to provide an improved measure of absolute target concentration.
Nonlinear Monetary Policy Rules: Some New Evidence for the U.S.
Authors: Dolado Juan , Pedrero Ramón María-Dolores , Ruge-Murcia Francisco J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This paper derives optimal monetary policy rules in setups where certainty equivalence does not hold because either central bank preferences are not quadratic, and/or the aggregate supply relation is nonlinear. Analytical results show that these features lead to sign and size asymmetries, and nonlinearities in the policy rule. Reduced-form estimates indicate that US monetary policy can be characterized by a nonlinear policy rule after 1983, but not before 1979. This finding is consistent with the view that the Fed's inflation preferences during the Volcker-Greenspan regime differ considerably from the ones during the Burns-Miller regime.
Immunologic analysis of blood samples obtained from horses and stored for twenty-four hours
Authors: Witonsky Sharon , Gogal Robert M. , Buechner-Maxwell Virginia , Ahmed S. Ansar 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether immune function
can be accurately assessed in blood samples obtained
from horses and refrigerated overnight and whether a
nonradioactive lymphocyte proliferation assay can be
used to evaluate samples obtained from horses.

Sample Population—224 blood samples from 28
clinically normal adult horses.

Procedure—Heparinized blood samples were collected.
Each sample was divided into 2 equal aliquots.
One aliquot was refrigerated overnight to simulate
overnight shipping of blood samples, and the other
aliquot was evaluated on the day of blood collection.
Lymphocytes were isolated and enumerated by use
of a modified single-gradient procedure. Cell viability
and function were assessed by use of cytologic
examination, flow cytometry, and mitogen-induced
proliferation assays. Lymphocyte proliferation in
response to T- and B-cell mitogens was measured by
use of [3H]-thymidine incorporation and a nonradioactive
lymphocyte proliferation assay.

Results—Lymphocytes refrigerated for up to 24 hours
continued to be acceptable for use in immunologic
analysis on the basis that they maintained viability and
did not have significant alterations in lymphocyte subsets,
except for CD8, when compared with freshly isolated
lymphocytes. Furthermore, results for mitogeninduced
lymphocyte proliferation assays were also
comparable between fresh and refrigerated aliquots.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The nonradioactive
lymphocyte proliferation assay is a reliable alternative
to [3H]-thymidine assay for assessing proliferation of
equine lymphocytes. Collectively, our results imply that
blood samples refrigerated and shipped overnight to a
laboratory can be used to perform cellular-immune
assays; results of those assays would enhance a clinician's
diagnostic abilities to monitor the efficacy of treatment.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1003–1009)
Evaluation of fenbendazole for treatment of Giardia infection in cats concurrently infected with Cryptosporidium parvum
Authors: Keith Carey L. , Radecki Steven V. , Lappin Michael R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether fenbendazole effectively eliminatesGiardiaorganisms from chronically infected cats that have a concurrentCryptosporidium parvuminfection.Animals—16 clinically normal cats.Procedure—Eight cats with chronic concurrentGiardiaandC parvuminfections received fenbendazole (50 mg/kg, PO, q 24 h) for 5 days (treatmentgroup cats). Feces from each cat were collected and processed 3 days weekly for 23 days after treatment. By use of an immunofluorescent assay for detection ofGiardia lambliacysts andC parvumoocysts, organism numbers were counted and scored. Fecal results from treatment-group cats were compared with those of 8 untreated cats withGiardiainfection but noC parvuminfection (control-group cats).Results—Four of 8 treatment-group cats had consistently negative results forGiardiainfection after treatment. These 4 cats had consistently positive results forC parvumoocysts prior to treatment and consistently negative results after treatment. One treatment -group cat had positive results for cysts on all fecal samples, and 3 treatment-group cats had 1 to 3 negative results and then resumed shedding large numbers of cysts; each of these cats had consistently positive results forC parvumoocysts. When compared with control-group cats, treatment-group cats shed lessGiardiacysts during week 1 after treatment but not during week 2.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of fenbendazole decreasesGiardiacyst shedding to less than detectable numbers in some cats. In our study, persistentC parvuminfection may have been associated with failure of fenbendazole to eliminateGiardiainfection. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1027–1029)
Effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride on struvite crystal formation in urine of clinically normal cats
Authors: Funaba Masayuki , Yamate Takayo , Hashida Yuka , Maki Kodenta , Gotoh Ken , Kaneko Masahiro , Yamamoto Hiromi , Iriki Tsunenori , Hatano Yoshikazu , Abe Matanobu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the effects of a high-protein diet versus dietary supplementation with ammonium chloride (NH4Cl) on struvite crystal formation in the urine of clinically normal cats by measuring the urine concentration of hydrochloric acid (HCl)-insoluble sediment, urine pH, struvite activity product (SAP), number of struvite crystals in urine, and urine volume.Animals—23 healthy adult cats.Procedure—Urine was fractionated by centrifugation with subsequent extraction of the sediment with 1 N HCl (study 1). Diets containing either 29% crude protein or 55% crude protein were fed to cats in a crossover trial of 3 weeks/period (study 2). Diets supplemented with either sodium chloride (NaCl) or NH4Cl were fed, by use of a 3 X 3 Latin-square design with 3 wk/period (study 3). In studies 2 and 3, urine samples were collected for the last 7 days of each period.Results—The HCl-insoluble sediment contained Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein (THP; study 1). The highprotein diet (study 2) and dietary supplementation with NH4Cl (study 3) resulted in a decrease in urine pH, SAP, and the number of struvite crystals in urine. However, the high-protein diet decreased urine concentrations of HCl-insoluble sediment containing THP (study 2), in contrast to the NH4Cl supplementation that increased urine volume without a significant effect on the urine concentration of the HCl-insoluble sediment (study 3).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results indicate that compared with dietary supplementation with NH4Cl, the high-protein diet is preferable as a urine acidifier for the prevention of struvite crystal formation in clinically normal cats. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1059–1064)
Macroscopic changes in the distal ends of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones of Thoroughbred racehorses with condylar fractures
Authors: Radtke Catherine L. , Danova Nichole A. , Scollay Mary C. , Santschi Elizabeth M. , Markel Mark D. , Gómez Támara Da Costa , Muir Peter 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine changes in the distal ends of the third metacarpal and metatarsal bones (MCIII and MTIII) of Thoroughbred racehorses that had sustained a catastrophic condylar fracture during highspeed exercise.Sample Population—Fractured and contralateral MCIIIs and MTIIIs from 11 Thoroughbred racehorses that sustained a displaced condylar fracture during racing, both MCIIIs from 5 Thoroughbred racehorses euthanatized because of a catastrophic injury other than a condylar fracture, and both MCIIIs from 5 horses of other breeds that had not been professionally trained or raced.Procedure—Macroscopic observations were made of the distal ends of the bones before and after digestion of the articular cartilage with NaOH.Results—In all 11 racehorses with a displaced condylar fracture, the fracture was associated with a branching array of cracks in the condylar groove. In this region, fracture margins were smooth, and there was loss of subchondral bone. Comminution of the dorsal cortex was also seen. Parasagittal linear wear lines in the articular cartilage, erosions in the articular cartilage of the condyles, loss of the underlying subchondral bone, and cracking of condylar grooves were all more severe in the Thoroughbred racehorses than in the horses that had not been professionally trained or raced.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that condylar fractures in horses are pathologic fatigue or stress fractures that arise from a preexisting, branching array of cracks in the condylar groove of the distal end of MCIII or MTIII. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:1110–1116)
Influence of familiarity and relatedness on proximity and allogrooming in domestic cats (Felis catus)
Authors: Curtis Terry Marie , Knowles Rebecca J. , Crowell-Davis Sharon L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate associations between relatedness
and familiarity with the affiliative behaviors of
maintaining proximity and allogrooming in cats.

Animals—28 privately owned cats in 1 colony.

Procedure—15 of the cats had 1 or more relatives present
representing 5 genealogies. Each cat was observed
in 15-minute intervals for 3.5 hours during the study. All
occurrences of allogrooming behavior were recorded. At
the onset of each 15-minute observation period and at 2-
minute intervals thereafter, the identity and location of all
cats within 1 m of the observed cat were recorded.

Results—Relatedness and familiarity was significantly
associated with the number of times a cat was within
1 m of another cat and how often a cat was groomed.
For relatives and nonrelatives that were equally familiar
to a given cat, relatives were significantly more likely to
be within 1 m and to be groomed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Familiarity
and relatedness are significantly associated with
allogrooming and proximity of another cat. This may
be important when considering adoption of 1 or more
kittens and when adding a new cat to a household in
which other cats are present. Adopting small family
groups may result in higher rates of affiliative behavior,
stronger bonding, and lower incidence of conflict
than periodically adopting single unrelated adult cats.
(Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1151–1154)
Serum concentrations of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol and 25-hydroxycholecalciferol in clinically normal dogs and dogs with acute and chronic renal failure
Authors: Gerber Bernhard , Hässig Michael , Reusch Claudia E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare serum concentrations of
1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25-[OH]2D3) and
25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25-[OH]D3) in healthy
control dogs and dogs with naturally occurring
acute renal failure (ARF) and chronic renal failure
(CRF).

Animals—24 control dogs, 10 dogs with ARF, and 40
dogs with CRF.

Procedure—Serum concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3
were measured by use of a quantitative radioimmunoassay,
and serum concentrations of 25-
(OH)D3 were measured by use of a protein-binding
assay.

Results—Mean ± SD serum concentration of 1,25-
(OH)2D3 was 153 ± 50 pmol/L in control dogs, 75 ± 25
pmol/L in dogs with ARF, and 93 ± 67 pmol/L in dogs
with CRF. The concentration of 1,25-(OH)2D3 did not
differ significantly between dogs with ARF and those
with CRF and was in the reference range in most
dogs; however, the concentration was significantly
lower in dogs with ARF or CRF, compared with the
concentration in control dogs. Mean ± SD concentration
of 25-(OH)D3 was 267 ± 97 nmol/L in control
dogs, 130 ± 82 nmol/L in dogs with ARF, and 84 ± 60
nmol/L in dogs with CRF. The concentration of 25-
(OH)D3 was significantly lower in dogs with ARF or
CRF, compared with the concentration in control
dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The concentration
of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was within the reference
range in most dogs with renal failure. Increased
serum concentrations of parathyroid hormone indicated
a relative deficiency of 1,25-(OH)2D3. A
decrease in the serum concentration of 25-(OH)D3 in
dogs with CRF appeared to be attributable to
reduced intake and increased urinary loss. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1161–1166)
Changes in heart rate variability in horses during immersion in warm springwater
Authors: Kato Tomohiro , Ohmura Hajime , Hiraga Atsushi , Wada Shinya , Kuwahara Masayoshi , Tsubone Hirokazu 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effects of immersion in
warm springwater (38° to 40°C) on autonomic nervous
activity in horses.

Animals—10 male Thoroughbreds.

Procedure—Electrocardiograms were recorded from
horses for 15 minutes during a warm springwater bath
after being recorded for 15 minutes during stall rest.
Variations in heart rate (HR) were evaluated from the
power spectrum in terms of low frequency (LF, 0.01 to
0.07 Hz) power and high frequency (HF, 0.07 to 0.6 Hz)
power as indices of autonomic nervous activity.

Results—Mean (±SE) HR during stall rest and immersion
in warm springwater was 31.1 ± 1.7 and 30.3 ±
1.0 beat/min, respectively. No significant difference
was found between the HR recorded during stall rest
and that recorded during immersion in warm springwater.
The HF power significantly increased from
1,361 ± 466 milliseconds2 during stall rest to 2,344 ±
720 milliseconds2 during immersion in warm springwater.
The LF power during stall rest and immersion
in warm springwater was 3,847 ± 663 and 5,120 ±
1,094 milliseconds2, respectively, and were not significantly
different from each other. Similarly, the LF:HF
ratio did not change during immersion in warm springwater.
The frequency of second-degree atrioventricular
block, which was observed in 2 horses, increased
during immersion in warm springwater, compared
with during stall rest.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increases in
HF power indicates that the parasympathetic nervous
activity in horses increases during immersion in warm
springwater. Thus, immersion in warm springwater
may provide a means of relaxation for horses. ( Am J
Vet Res 2003;64:1482–1485)
Use of the bispectral index as a monitor of anesthetic depth in cats anesthetized with isoflurane
Authors: March Philip A. , Muir III William W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether the prestimulation
bispectral index (BIS) value or relative change in BIS
after noxious stimulation can be used to assess the
depth of isoflurane anesthesia in cats.

Animals—17 healthy female cats.

Procedure—Electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns
and BIS values were examined in cats that received
increasing end-tidal (ET) isoflurane concentrations.
Subsequently, BIS values were determined before
and after either a noxious somatic or visceral stimulus
in cats that received ET isoflurane concentrations
ranging from 1.8% to 2.4%. Electrical stimuli of the
tail base and bladder distension to 50 cm of water
were the somatic and visceral stimuli, respectively.

Results—The resting BIS at ET isoflurane concentrations
from 1.4% to 1.9% steadily decreased concurrently
with increasing degrees of EEG suppression.
Prestimulation BIS values, however, were not related
to 1.8% to 2.4% ET isoflurane concentrations and not
useful for prediction of BIS values or hemodynamic
and movement responses after a noxious stimulus.
The poststimulation BIS value and the difference
between mean BIS values before and after stimulation
were inversely correlated with increasing ET
isoflurane concentrations. Poststimulation BIS values
> 60 were observed at ET isoflurane concentrations
greater than those associated with a movement
response after a stimulus.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prestimulation
BIS value has limited use in assessing anesthetic
depth in cats during isoflurane anesthesia. The
change in BIS values after a noxious somatic or visceral
stimulus was a reliable measure of anesthetic
depth and may be a useful measure of early arousal
from the hypnotic state. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:1534–1541)
Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide in the treatment of sheep experimentally infected with Ehrlichia ruminantium
Authors: Tutt Cedric L. C. , Van Amstel Sarel R. , van der Linde Michael J. , Reyers Fred , Jacobson Linda S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the clinical response of sheep experimentally infected withEhrlichia ruminantiumto treatment with dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO).Animals—32 Merino crossbred sheep.Procedure—16 sheep were infected withE ruminantium; 8 of these were treated twice daily with a 10% solution of DMSO (1 g/kg, IV) in polyionic fluid for 3 consecutive days. Treatment was initiated 2 days after the onset of clinical disease. Eight uninfected control sheep were similarly treated with DMSO. Placebo treatments (polyionic fluid administrations) were given to 8 infected and 8 uninfected sheep. Arterial and venous blood samples for blood gas and total plasma protein concentration measurements were collected daily (data from 5 days before until 6 days after onset of clinical disease were analyzed); physiologic variables and food consumption were also monitored. Gross pathologic findings and cytologic confirmation of the disease were recorded for the 16 infected sheep.Results—Infected sheep treated with DMSO were able to maintain pulmonary gas exchange and had reduced pleural effusion and plasma protein loss, compared with infected untreated sheep that became hypoxic. Infected treated sheep developed an uncompensated metabolic acidosis. Uninfected treated sheep had reduced appetite, whereas uninfected untreated sheep maintained normal food intake.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of DMSO treatment in sheep with experimentally induced heartwater disease indicated that administration of this agent, in combination with specific antimicrobial treatment, may be of some benefit in treatment of naturally occurring disease. (Am J Vet Res2003;64;1542–1548)