bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Of “Old” and “New” Housewives: Everyday Housework and the Limits of Household Rationalization in the Urban Working-Class Milieu of the Weimar Republic
Authors: Hagemann Karen 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe paper centers on the question of how widespread was the impact of the lively discussion of housing and household reform during the Weimar Republic. Therefore the focus is on the experiences of working-class women. Against the background of material conditions in proletarian households, it analyzes which norms and standards concretely shaped working women's everyday housework in the urban working-class milieu in the 1920s, and how these norms and standards arose. The paper demonstrates the substantial reservations and resistance with which even better-off working women approached all efforts at rationalizing their housework in the 1920s. They wanted better living conditions and new household appliances, but the vast majority could not afford both. The specific norms and standards against which a “good” housewife was measured, norms and standards which corresponded more to the “old” model of the “economical, clean and tidy” housewife, also blocked acceptance, however.
In the Name of Socialism: Zionism and European Social Democracy in the Inter-War Years
Authors: Kelemen Paul 
Published: February 2009

SummarySince 1917, the European social democratic movement has given fulsome support to Zionism. The article examines the ideological basis on which Zionism and, in particular, Labour Zionism gained, from 1917, the backing of social democratic parties and prominent socialists. It argues that Labour Zionism's appeal to socialists derived from the notion of “positive colonialism”. In the 1930s, as the number of Jewish refugees from Nazi persecution increased considerably, social democratic pro-Zionism also came to be sustained by the fear that the resettlement of Jews in Europe would strengthen anti-Semitism and the extreme right.
Introduction
Authors: Amin Shahid , van der Linden Mareel 
Published: February 2009

The proletarians have lost their innocence. A conservative sociologist once described wage labourers as follows:The worker ispersonally free, i.e. his physical and spiritual-moral powers are completely at his own disposal. […] Hehas no property, i.e. he has no exclusive material power over capital as a secure basis with relative permanency. […] He has neither a stock of consumer goods that enable him to live, nor permanent interests of capital. […] He lives in economic circumstances in which means of subsistence can be obtained only througheconomic returns. […] He is forced to offer personal capacities with an economic exchange value in return for means of subsistence.
Social Penetration and Police Action: Collaboration Structures in the Repertory of Gestapo Activities
Authors: Mallmann Klaus-Michael 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe twentieth century was “short”, running only from 1914 to 1990/1991. Even so, it will doubtless enter history as an unprecedented era of dictatorships. The question of how these totalitarian regimes functioned in practice, how and to what extent they were able to realize their power aspirations, has until now been answered empirically at most highly selectively. Extensive comparative research efforts will be required over the coming decades. The police as the key organization in the state monopoly of power is particularly important in this context, since like no other institution it operates at the interface of state and society. Using the example of the Gestapo's activities in the Third Reich, this article analyses collaboration structures between these two spheres, which made possible (either on a voluntary or coercive basis) a penetration of social contexts and hence police action even in shielded areas. It is my thesis that such exchange processes through unsolicited denunciation and informers with double identities will also have been decisive outside Germany in the tracking of dissident behaviour and the detection of conspiratorial practices.
Productive Clerks: White-Collar Productivism and State-Building in Palestine's Jewish Community, 1920–1950
Authors: De Vries David 
Published: February 2009

SummaryJewish clerks during the Zionist state-building period were intensively engaged in the social construction of productivity, and in turning the latter into a mechanism of social restraint. The clerks' productivism and concern with social utility was manifested in thereproductionof accepted Zionist physiocratic and constructivist notions of productivity, as a strategy in the politics of status; in the modernisttransformationof the understanding of productivity to suit their own occupational terminology; in theprescriptionof the necessary qualities of the productive clerk; and in realization of these discursive campaigns in thepracticeof labor relations. These manifestations challenge a simplistic approach to the dissemination of the language of productivity as either a one-sided nationalist socialization, or a straightforward managerial strategy of control. Based on primary archival sources of the clerks and their union this paper argues instead that they reflected the intertwining of national attitudes with from-below advancement of group interests.
Labour Market, Work Mentality and Syndicalism: Dock Labour in the United States and Hamburg, 1900–1950s
Authors: Weinhauer Klaus 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis international comparison firstly examines labour market organization, casual labour and work mentality in North American seaports and in Hamburg. By contrast to British ports, these ports finally dispensed with casual labour between the world economic crisis and the Second World War, and labour markets there were centralized. Secondly, the industrial militancy of mobile dockworkers without permanent jobs is examined through a consideration of syndicalist organizations (1919–1921), and interpreted as an interplay of experiences with power in the network of labour market, workplace and docklands. The study refers repeatedly to the decisive dividing line between regularly and irregularly employed dockworkers. National differences in trade union representation and dispute behaviour are analysed by reference to dockworkers' direct actions.
Effects of TBT on the imposex development, reproduction and mortality in Hexaplex trunculus (Gastropoda: Muricidae)
Authors: Abidli Sami , Lahbib Youssef , El Menif Najoua Trigui 
Published: February 2009

Tributyltin (TBT) exposure experiments at 5 and 50 ng l−1 concentrations were carried out in the laboratory on female Hexaplex trunculus collected during the reproductive season from a site weakly-affected by imposex (12.1%). The imposex intensity estimated by the imposex incidence or frequency (I%), the average length of the vas deferens (VDL), the average length of female penis (FPL) and the vas deferens sequence index (VDSI) showed significant variation with TBT concentration. The number of spawning females decreased with TBT concentration. TBT had no effect on the number of egg-capsules laid per female nor on the number of eggs per capsule. The egg-capsules laid in the control and 5 ng TBT l−1 aquaria showed harder texture of the wall compared to those exposed to 50 ng TBT l−1. The mortality rate increased proportionally with TBT concentration and duration of exposure.
Climate change and cetaceans: concerns and recent developments
Authors: Simmonds Mark P. , Eliott Wendy J. 
Published: February 2009

At least a quarter of the world's cetaceans were recently confirmed as endangered and the situation may be worse as the status of many others remains unclear. Climate change is affecting the oceans and a number of studies have recently highlighted its potential impact on cetacean species - for example, there are important linkages between sea ice and krill, the primary prey for baleen whales in Antarctica. This paper provides a synthesis of new information available on this theme and considers its implications for the future conservation and management of cetacean populations and species.The more mobile (or otherwise adaptable) cetaceans may be able to respond to climate related changes, although the extent of this adaptability is largely unknown. However, there is broad agreement that certain species and populations are likely to be especially vulnerable to climate related changes, including those with a limited habitat range, or those for which sea ice provides an important habitat for the cetacean population and/or that of their prey. International conservation bodies, such as the Convention for Migratory Species and the International Whaling Commission, are striving to address these issues. The challenges presented by climate change require an innovative, large scale, long term and multinational response from scientists, conservation managers and decision makers. This response that should encompass a precautionary approach, including addressing the detrimental effects of other factors negatively impacting populations and species.
Representation of Sounds in Auditory Cortex of Awake Rats (Dissertation)
Authors: Hromádka Tomáš 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis thesis is divided into six chapters (following Introduction). Each chapter was intended to be self-contained, so they do not have to be read in the order they are presented. Second chapter (Sec. 2) contains a detailed description of experimental techniques: surgery, recording, and training techniques we used in awake head-fixed rats. We have also included a detailed description of all sets of stimuli we used to probe neurons, analytical methods used to analyze data, and description of computational models used in other parts of the thesis.Third chapter (Sec. 3) focuses on description of single-neuron responses in primary auditory cortex of awake head-fixed rats. The primary emphasis of this part is on the sparse representation of various auditory stimuli we used to probe neurons, and the heterogeneity of responses of single neurons. To characterize population responses to sound in the auditory cortex we asked the question "What is the typical response to acoustic stimuli?" instead of what is usually asked "What is the stimulus that evokes a response?" We found that the population response was sparse, with many unresponsive neurons. In addition, the responsive neurons showed a great variety of responses. This heterogeneity of neuronal responses ("response zoo," courtesy of Anthony M. Zádor) was, however, surprisingly well characterized by lognormal distribution of firing rates. The observation that firing rates in awake auditory cortex were lognormally distributed was even more interesting given the observation of lognormal distribution of synaptic weights in the cerebral cortex.The fourth chapter (Sec. 4) focuses on mechanisms which could give rise to lognormal distribution of firing rates, as well as synaptic weights. We proposed specific types of correlations among synaptic connections, and formulated a multiplicative learning rule which led to the observed distributions. We were also able to characterize intracellular activity of neurons in awake auditory cortex. The fifth chapter (Sec. 5) contains analysis of so-called up and down states in awake auditory cortex. We show that up and down states—the "signature" subthreshold dynamics so often described in various cortical areas of anesthetized animals—were rare in the primary auditory cortex of awake rats, instead, subthreshold dynamics was consisted of brief, infrequent fluctuations of membrane potential.The experiments described and analyzed in chapters 2—-4 were conducted in naïve awake rats. As behavior or attention can influence neuronal activity even in primary sensory areas, we developed a setup for head-fixed behavior. In the sixth chapter (Sec. 6) we describe the sound discrimination task we have used to study behavior in head-fixed rats. We present a comparison of basic behavioral parameters between restrained and unrestrained rats, as well as evidence of nonauditory modulations of single neuron activity in auditory cortex.
The regulation of intestinal mucin MUC2 expression by short-chain fatty acids: implications for epithelial protection
Authors: Burger-van Paassen Nanda , Vincent Audrey , Puiman Patrycja J. , van der Sluis Maria , Bouma Janneke , Boehm Günther , van Goudoever Johannes B. , van Seuningen Isabelle , Renes Ingrid B. 
Published: February 2009

SCFAs (short-chain fatty acids), fermentation products of bacteria, influence epithelial-specific gene expression. We hypothesize that SCFAs affect goblet-cell-specific mucin MUC2 expression and thereby alter epithelial protection. In the present study, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms that regulate butyrate-mediated effects on MUC2 synthesis. Human goblet cell-like LS174T cells were treated with SCFAs, after which MUC2 mRNA levels and stability, and MUC2 protein expression were analysed. SCFA-responsive regions and cis-elements within the MUC2 promoter were identified by transfection and gel-shift assays. The effects of butyrate on histone H3/H4 status at the MUC2 promoter were established by chromatin immunoprecipitation. Butyrate (at 1 mM), as well as propionate, induced an increase in MUC2 mRNA levels. MUC2 mRNA levels returned to basal levels after incubation with 5–15 mM butyrate. Interestingly, this decrease was not due to loss of RNA stability. In contrast, at concentrations of 5–15 mM propionate, MUC2 mRNA levels remained increased. Promoter-regulation studies revealed an active butyrate-responsive region at −947/−371 within the MUC2 promoter. In this region we identified an active AP1 (c-Fos/c-Jun) cis-element at −818/−808 that mediates butyrate-induced activation of the promoter. Finally, MUC2 regulation by butyrate at 10–15 mM was associated with increased acetylation of histone H3 and H4 and methylation of H3 at the MUC2 promoter. In conclusion, 1 mM butyrate and 1–15 mM propionate increase MUC2 expression. The effects of butyrate on MUC2 mRNA are mediated via AP-1 and acetylation/methylation of histones at the MUC2 promoter.
FKBP12.6 binding of ryanodine receptors carrying mutations associated with arrhythmogenic cardiac disease
Authors: Zissimopoulos Spyros , Thomas N. Lowri , Jamaluddin Wan W. , Lai F. Anthony 
Published: February 2009

In the present paper we show that distinct human RyR2 (ryanodine receptor type 2) inherited mutations expressed in mammalian cells exhibit either unaltered or increased FKBP12.6 (12.6 kDa FK506-binding protein) binding compared with the wild-type. Oxidizing conditions result in decreased FKBP12.6 binding, but to the same extent as for the wild-type. Our findings suggest that FKBP12.6 regulation of RyR2 is unlikely to be the primary defect in inherited arrhythmogenic cardiac disease.
Low dose simvastatin induces compositional, structural and dynamic changes in rat skeletal extensor digitorum longus muscle tissue
Authors: Ozek Simsek Nihal , Sara Yildirim , Onur Rustu , Severcan Feride 
Published: February 2009

Statins are commonly used drugs in the treatment of hypercholesterolaemia. There are many adverse effects of statins on skeletal muscle, but the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, the effects of low dose (20 mg/kg) simvastatin, a lipophilic statin, on rat EDL muscle (extensor digitorum longus muscle) were investigated at the molecular level using FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared) spectroscopy. FTIR spectroscopy allows us rapid and sensitive determination of functional groups belonging to proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids simultaneously. The results revealed that simvastatin treatment induces a significant decrease in lipid, nucleic acid, protein and glycogen content. A significant increase in the lipid/protein and nucleic acid/protein ratios was also obtained with simvastatin treatment. Furthermore, an increase in lipid order and membrane fluidity was detected. A decrease in the bandwidth of the amide I band and shifting of the position of this band to higher frequency values in treated muscle indicates structural changes in proteins. Detailed secondary structure analysis of the amide I band revealed a significant increase in antiparallel and aggregated β-sheet, random coil structure and a significant decrease in β-sheet structure, which indicates protein denaturation.
Ultrasome: efficient aberration caller for copy number studies of ultra-high resolution
Authors: Nilsson Björn , Johansson Mikael , Al-Shahrour Fatima , Carpenter Anne E. , Ebert Benjamin L. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Motivation: Multimillion-probe microarrays allow detection of gains and losses of chromosomal material at unprecedented resolution. However, the data generated by these arrays are several-fold larger than data from earlier platforms, creating a need for efficient analysis tools that scale robustly with data size.
Results: We developed a new aberration caller, Ultrasome, that delineates genomic changes-of-interest with dramatically improved efficiency. Ultrasome shows near-linear computational complexity and processes latest generation copy number arrays about 10 000 times faster than standard methods with preserved analytic accuracy.
Availability: www.broad.mit.edu/ultrasome.
Contact: bnilsson@broad.mit.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cystatin C and NT‐proBNP, a powerful combination of biomarkers for predicting cardiovascular mortality in elderly patients with heart failure: results from a 10‐year study in primary care
Authors: Alehagen Urban , Dahlström Ulf , Lindahl Tomas L. 
Published: February 2009

AimsHeart failure (HF) is common among the elderly patients. It is essential to identify those at high risk in order to optimize the use of resources. We aimed to evaluate whether a combination of two biomarkers might give better prognostic information about the risk of cardiovascular (CV) mortality in patients with symptoms associated with HF, compared with only one biomarker.Methods and resultsFour hundred and sixty‐four primary health‐care patients (mean age 73 years, range 65–87) with symptoms of HF were examined. All patients were evaluated using Doppler echocardiography and blood samples, including measurement of cystatin C and NT‐proBNP. The patients were followed over a 10‐year period. Patients with serum cystatin C levels within the highest quartile had almost three times the risk (HR: 2.92; 95% CI: 1.23–4.90) of CV mortality compared with those patients who had levels within the first, second, or third quartiles. If, at the same time, the patient had a plasma concentration of NT‐proBNP within the highest quartile, the risk increased to >13 times (HR: 13.61; 95% CI: 2.56–72.24) during 10 years of follow‐up or >17 times (HR: 17.04; 95% CI: 1.80–163.39) after 5 years of follow‐up.ConclusionCombined analysis of cystatin C and NT‐proBNP could provide important prognostic information among elderly patients in the community with symptoms of HF.
The effects of trawling on the physical condition of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus in relation to seasonal cycles in the Clyde Sea area
Authors: Milligan R. J. , Albalat A. , Atkinson R. J. A. , Neil D. M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Milligan, R. J., Albalat, A., Atkinson, R. J. A., and Neil, D. M. 2009. The effects of trawling on the physical condition of the Norway lobster Nephrops norvegicus in relation to seasonal cycles in the Clyde Sea area. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 488–494. The fishery for Norway lobster, Nephrops norvegicus, is the most valuable in Scotland, but few studies have examined the physical condition of the animals trawled. This study aimed to determine the extent of physical damage caused by trawling to Nephrops in the Clyde Sea area in relation to trawl duration, sex, size, and moult stage. Longer trawls (2.5–4 h) corresponded to increased damage in “hard” (intermoult) Nephrops compared with short (1 h) or very short (15 min) trawls, but there was no correlation in “soft” (late intermoult or recently moulted) or “jelly” (immediate post-moult) Nephrops. This effect appeared to be limited to Nephrops with a carapace length (CL) of 20.0–29.9 mm. Seasonal effects were also observed, with numbers of jelly Nephrops highest in May 2006, corresponding to a peak in female prevalence in the catches, an increase in the mean CL of females, and greater damage in females. The proportion of females was higher than males from May to September 2006, and it is suggested that this corresponds to female emergence patterns. As quality will be low, it may be pertinent to avoid fishing during the peak emergence period to maximize the quality and profitability of catches.
Assessment of Postischemic Neurogenesis in Rats with Cerebral Ischemia and Propofol Anesthesia
Authors: Lasarzik Irina , Winkelheide Uta , Stallmann Sonja , Orth Christian , Schneider Astrid , Tresch Achim , Werner Christian , Engelhard Kristin 
Published: February 2009

Background
Postischemic endogenous neurogenesis can be dose-dependently modulated by volatile anesthetics. The intravenous anesthetic propofol is used during operations with a risk of cerebral ischemia, such as neurosurgery, cardiac surgery, and vascular surgery. The effects of propofol on neurogenesis are unknown and, therefore, the object of this study.

Methods
Eighty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to treatment groups with propofol administration for 3 h: 36 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) propofol with or without cerebral ischemia and 72 mg x kg(-1) x h(-1) propofol with or without cerebral ischemia. In addition, 7 rats with propofol administration for 6 h and 14 treatment-naive rats were investigated. Forebrain ischemia was induced by bilateral carotid artery occlusion and hemorrhagic hypotension. Animals received 5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine for 7 days. 5-Bromo-2-deoxyuridine-positive neurons were counted in the dentate gyrus after 9 and 28 days. Spatial learning in the Barnes maze and histopathologic damage of the hippocampus were analyzed.

Results
Propofol revealed no impact on basal neurogenesis. Cerebral ischemia increased the amount of new neurons. After 28 days, neurogenesis significantly increased in animals with low-dose propofol administered during cerebral ischemia compared with naive animals, whereas no significant difference was observed in animals with high-dose propofol during ischemia. Neuronal damage in the CA3 region was increased at 28 days with high-dose propofol. Postischemic deficits in spatial learning were not affected by propofol.

Conclusions
Independent effects of propofol are difficult to ascertain. Peri-ischemic propofol administration may exert secondary effects on neurogenesis by modulating the severity of histopathologic injury and thereby regenerative capacity of the hippocampus.