bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and slow‐release property of a poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite/sodium humate superabsorbent composite
Authors: Li An , Zhang Junping , Wang Aiqin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA novel poly(acrylic acid)/attapulgite (APT)/sodium humate (SH) superabsorbent composite was synthesized through the graft copolymerization reaction of acrylic acid on APT micropowder and SH with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide as a crosslinker and ammonium persulfate as an initiator in an aqueous solution. Various effects on the water absorbency, including the amounts of the crosslinker, initiator, APT, and SH, were investigated. The superabsorbent composite was characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The superabsorbent composite synthesized under optimal synthesis conditions with an APT concentration of 20% and an SH concentration of 20% exhibited absorption of 583 g of H2O/g of sample and 63 g of H2O/g of sample in distilled water and in a 0.9 wt % NaCl solution, respectively. The slow‐release property of SH from the superabsorbent composite into water was measured, and a test of the water retention of the superabsorbent composite in soil was also carried out experimentally with and without the superabsorbent composite. The results showed that the superabsorbent composite had not only good water retention but also an additional slow‐release property of SH. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 37–45, 2007
Polyaniline matrix containing nickel ferromagnet
Authors: Chowdhury Al‐Nakib , Islam M. Saiful , Azam M. Shafiul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMetallic nickel (Ni) was successfully dispersed onto a polyaniline (PANI) matrix by a simple one‐step electrochemical method. Ni particles as deposited onto the polymer seemed to be much smaller compared to those deposited onto bare Pt. The size of the Ni deposits was found to be influenced by the electrolytic bath composition and potential sweep rate. The PANI matrix thus dispersed with Ni particles exhibited ferromagnetic behavior and a lower electrical conductance. The decrease in conductivity may be attributed to the partial blockage of the conductive path by the Ni particles thus embedded in the polymer matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 321–327, 2006
Inline monitoring of styrene/butyl acrylate miniemulsion polymerization with attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Roberge Stéphane , Dubé Marc A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe copolymerization of styrene/butyl acrylate in a miniemulsion was monitored inline with an attenuated total reflectance/Fourier transform infrared (ATR–FTIR) probe. ATR–FTIR spectroscopy was used to track the concentration of the monomers, thereby providing conversion and polymer composition data. Offline gravimetry and 1H‐NMR spectroscopy were used to provide a comparison with the ATR–FTIR data. Because of inconsistent results with a univariate method, a multivariate or partial least squares calibration method using the full spectra of the reactions was selected and gave excellent results. No statistically significant differences were found between the offline and ATR–FTIR spectroscopy data coupled with multivariate statistics, and this confirmed that ATR–FTIR spectroscopy is a reliable tool for monitoring the conversion and polymer composition in miniemulsion polymerizations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 46–52, 2007
Computer simulation of the damage evolution of fiber‐reinforced polypropylene‐matrix composites with matrix defects
Authors: Li Hongzhou , Jia Yuxi , Mamtimin Geni , Jiang Wei , An Lijia 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe damage evolution of fiber‐reinforced polypropylene‐matrix composites with matrix defects was studied via a Monte Carlo technique combined with a finite element method. A finite element model was constructed to predict the effects of various matrix defect shapes on the stress distributions. The results indicated that a small matrix defect had almost no effect on fiber stress distributions other than interfacial shear stress distributions. Then, a finite element model with a statistical distribution of the fiber strength was constructed to investigate the influences of the spatial distribution and the volume fraction of matrix defects on composite failure. The results showed that it was accurate to use the shear‐lag models and Green's function methods to predict the tensile strength of composites even though the axial stresses in the matrix were neglected. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 64–71, 2007
Synthesis and characteristics of an amphoteric semi‐IPN hydrogel composed of acrylic acid and poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride)
Authors: Wei Jia , Xu Shimei , Wu Ronglan , Wang Jide , Gao Yi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSemi‐interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) hydrogels, with acrylic acid (AA) and poly(diallydimethylammonium chloride) (PDMDAAC), were constructed by a sequential IPN method. The characterizations of the IPN hydrogels were investigated by FTIR, DTA, and swelling tests under various conditions. The prepared semi‐IPN hydrogels exhibited relatively high swelling capacity, in the range of 477–630 g/g at 25°C. The results show that the swelling capacity of AA/PDMDAAC semi‐IPN hydrogels was pH and temperature dependent. Swelling behaviors were also studied in the different salt solutions. Swelling kinetic parameters are given. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 345–350, 2007
Preparation and applications of novel fluoroalkyl end‐capped sulfonic acid oligomers–silica gel polymer hybrids
Authors: Sasazawa Kazuo , Kurachi Jun , Narumi Tamikazu , Nishi Hajime , Yamamoto Yasuaki , Sawada Hideo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFluoroalkyl end‐capped 2‐methacryloxyethanesulfonic acid homo‐oligomer [RF–(MES)n–RF] and 2‐methacryloxyethanesulfonic acid–N,N‐dimethylacrylamide co‐oligomers [RF–(MES)x–(DMAA)y–RF] reacted with tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) under acidic conditions to afford RF–(MES)n–RF homo‐oligomer–SiO2 polymer hybrid and RF–(MES)x–(DMAA)y–RF co‐oligomer–SiO2 polymer hybrid, respectively. Thermogravimetric–mass spectra showed that the thermal stability of RF–(MES)n–RF homo‐oligomer–SiO2 polymer hybrid was superior to that of traditionally well‐known perfluorinated ion exchange polymers such as Nafion 112 (TR). The sol solutions of the fluorinated co‐oligomer–SiO2 polymer hybrid were applied to the surface modification of glass to exhibit not only a strong oleophobicity imparted by fluorine but also a good hydrophilicity on the glass surface. On the other hand, RF–(MES)x–(DMAA)y–RF co‐oligomer reacted with TEOS in the presence of a variety of silica nanoparticles (mean diameters: 11–95 nm) under alkaline conditions to afford fluoroalkyl end‐capped oligomers–silica nanoparticles (mean diameters: 32–173 nm) with a good dispersibility and stability in methanol. Similarly, a variety of fluorinated oligomers containing sulfo groups–silica nanoparticles were prepared by the homo‐ and co‐oligomerizations of fluoroalkanoyl peroxides with 2‐methacryloxyethane sulfonic acid (MES) and comonomers such as N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAA) and acryloylmorpholine (ACMO) in the presence of silica nanoparticles. Interestingly, these isolated fluorinated particle powders were found to afford nanometer size‐controlled colloidal particles with a good redispersibility and stability in aqueous and organic media such as methanol. These fluorinated nanoparticles containing sulfo groups were also applied to an excellent heterogeneous catalyst for Bronsted acid‐catalyzed transformations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 110–117, 2007
Preparation and antibacterial effects of PVA‐PVP hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles
Authors: Yu Haijun , Xu Xiaoyi , Chen Xuesi , Lu Tiancheng , Zhang Peibiao , Jing Xiabin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe poly(vinyl alcohol)/poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVA–PVP) hydrogels containing silver nanoparticles were prepared by repeated freezing–thawing treatment. The silver content in the solid composition was in the range of 0.1–1.0 wt %, the silver particle size was from 20 to 100 nm, and the weight ratio of PVA to PVP was 70 : 30. The influence of silver nanoparticles on the properties of PVA–PVP matrix was investigated by differential scanning calorimeter, infrared spectroscopy and UV–vis spectroscopy, using PVA–PVP films containing silver particles as a model. The morphology of freeze‐dried PVA–PVP hydrogel matrix and dispersion of the silver nanoparticles in the matrix was examined by scanning electron microscopy. It was found that a three‐dimensional structure was formed during the process of freezing–thawing treatment and no serious aggregation of the silver nanoparticles occurred. Water absorption properties, release of silver ions from the hydrogels and the antibacterial effects of the hydrogels against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus were examined too. It was proved that the nanosilver‐containing hydrogels had an excellent antibacterial ability. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 125–133, 2007
Structure and properties of composites of polyethylene or maleated polyethylene and cellulose or cellulose esters
Authors: Kosaka P. M. , Kawano Y. , Petri H. M. , Fantini M. C. A. , Petri D. F. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractComposites of linear low‐density poly(ethylene‐co‐butene) (PE) or maleated linear low‐density poly (ethylene‐co‐butene) (M‐PE) and cellulose (CEL), cellulose acetate (CA), cellulose acetate propionate (CAP), or cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) were prepared in an internal laboratory mixer with 20 wt % polysaccharide. The structure and properties of the composites were studied with tensile testing, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, extraction with a selective solvent, Raman spectroscopy, and X‐ray diffraction. Composites prepared with M‐PE presented yield stress and elongation values higher than those of composites prepared with PE, showing the compatibilizer effect of maleic anhydride. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis performed for M‐PE–CEL, M‐PE–CA, M‐PE–CAP, and M‐PE–CAB composites showed one glass‐transition temperature (Tg) close to that observed for pure M‐PE, and for M‐PE–CAP, another Tg lower than that measured for the polysaccharide was observed, indicating partial mutual solubility. These findings were confirmed by the extraction of one phase with a selective solvent, gravimetry, and Raman spectroscopy. X‐ray diffraction showed that the addition of CEL, CA, CAP, or CAB had no influence on the lattice constants of PE or M‐PE, but the introduction of the reinforcing material increased the amorphous region. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:402–411, 2007
Improvement of autohesive and adhesive properties of polyethylene plates by photografting with glycidyl methacrylate
Authors: Yamada Kazunori , Takeda Shigeki , Hirata Mitsuo 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGlycidyl methacrylate (GMA) was photografted with the low‐ and high‐density polyethylene (LDPE and HDPE) plates to provide their surfaces with autohesive and adhesive properties. The chemical composition and wettability of the GMA‐grafted LDPE and HDPE (LDPE‐g‐PGMA and HDPE‐g‐PGMA) plates remained constant above full coverage of the surfaces with grafted PGMA chains. Autohesive strength obtained with 1,4‐dioxane as a good solvent of PGMA increased with an increase in the grafted amount and substrate breaking was observed at the grafted amount of 117 μmol/cm2. The grafted amount at substrate breaking was decreased by increasing the temperature and load during heat pressing. Adhesive strength was effectively enhanced by use of multi‐functional amine compounds because of the increase in the reaction between primary or secondary amine groups and epoxy groups appended to the grafted PGMA chains. In addition, the decrease in the amine compound concentration and the increase in the number of amino groups in the amine compounds used led to the decrease in the grafted amounts at substrate breaking. Substrate breaking occurred at lower grafted amounts for the HDPE‐g‐PGMA plates than for the LDPE‐g‐PGMA plates because the location of the photografting was restricted to the outer surface region for the HDPE plate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 493–500, 2007
Synthesis, structure, and properties of syndiotactic polystyrene catalyzed by Cp*Ti(OBz)3/MAO/TIBA
Authors: Huang Qigu , Sheng Yaping , Yang Wantai 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) catalyzed with Cp*Ti(OBz)3/MAO/TIBA and toluene as the solvent and the effects of polymerization temperature and the external addition of TIBA on polymerization behavior were investigated. The study revealed that catalytic activity increased with polymerization temperature. The greatest activity, 619 kg sPS mol−1 Ti h−1, was exhibited up to 90°C. TIBA also improved catalytic activity. The molecular weight of the polymer obtained decreased with polymerization temperature and the amount of TIBA. The structure and properties of syndiotactic polystyrene were characterized by 13C‐NMR, FTIR, DSC, and GPC methods. It was confirmed that the sPS obtained featured all‐trans planar zigzag conformation and higher syndiotacticity, molecular weight, and melting point. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 501–505, 2007
Nucleating agent for poly(L‐lactic acid)—An optimization of chemical structure of hydrazide compound for advanced nucleation ability
Authors: Kawamoto N. , Sakai A. , Horikoshi T. , Urushihara T. , Tobita E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA series of compounds having hydrazide groups was prepared and evaluated as nucleating agent for poly(L‐lactic acid) by differential scanning calorimetry. Hydrazide compounds derived from benzoic acid, 2‐hydroxybenzoic acid, 3‐tert‐butylbenzoic acid, and 2‐aminobenzoic acid, where two of hydrazide compounds connected by four methylene chain were evaluated in series. Benzoylhydrazide type was found to be more effective on the enhancement of crystallization of poly(L‐lactic acid). Effects of connecting length of methylene chain numbers between two of benzoylhydrazide on the nucleation ability were also evaluated. Benzoylhydrazide‐type compound having 10 methylenes, that is, decamethylenedicarboxylic dibenzoylhydrazide demonstrated excellent nucleation ability, and the resulted crystallization temperature and enthalpy of PLA with the compound of 1 wt % loading were 131°C and 46 J g−1. The achieved crystallization temperature and enthalpy were over 10°C and over 10 J g−1 higher than PLA with conventional nucleating agents, such as talc and ethylenebis (12‐hydroxystearylamide). Thus, the improvement in processability, productivity, and heat resistance of PLA is suggested to be achieved by using decamethylenedicarboxylic dibenzoylhydrazide as a nucleating agent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 198–203, 2007
Interfacial synthesis of long polyindole fibers
Authors: Koiry S. P. , Saxena Vibha , Sutar Dayanand , Bhattacharya S. , Aswal D. K. , Gupta S. K. , Yakhmi J. V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyindole fibers upto a length of 1000 μm and ∼ 25 μm in diameter have been reproducibly synthesized by interfacial polymerization, which was performed at a stationary interface of aqueous (FeCl3 solution)/organic (indole in dichloromethane) biphasic system. On the other hand, disturbing the aqueous/organic interface by constant stirring of solution—termed as bulk polymerization—resulted in globular (average size ∼ 2 μm) polyindole. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed that polymerization takes place at carbon atoms located at positions 2 and 3 in indole monomer, and this has explained origin of different polyindole morphology obtained in interfacial and bulk polymerization. Cyclic voltammograms recorded as a function of scan rate indicated a high electroactivity of the synthesized polyindole. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 595–599, 2007
Flourescent probe and ESEM morphologies of a acrylamide‐based terpolymer in aqueous solution
Authors: Zhong Chuanrong , Ye Lin , Dai Hua , Huang Ronghua 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe terpolymer (PASA) of acrylamide with butyl styrene and sodium 2‐acrylamido‐2‐methylpropane sulfonate was synthesized. The composition and molecular structure were characterized by elemental analysis, UV, FTIR, and 1H NMR. The aggregation behaviors of PASA were studied by means of the fluorescent probe analysis and environmental scanning electron microscope (ESEM). The flourescent probe analysis indicates that the PASA molecules form excellent hydrophobically associating structures in pure water and with the increase in PASA concentration at low concentrations, the nonpolarity of hydrophobic microdomains and the degree of intermolecular hydrophobic association increase in aqueous and brine solution. ESEM measurements show that gigantic aggregates have been formed in the PASA aqueous solution at the polymer concentration of 0.05 g dL−1, which is the critical association concentration of the polymer, and excellent solution properties of PASA are attributed to integrated network‐structures formed by PASA in aqueous solution, which are collapsed by the addition of salt, resulting in the decrease in apparent viscosity of PASA in brine solution. However, with the increase in the NaCl concentration or the PASA concentration, the number and size of aggregates increase, leading to the remarkable increase in the apparent viscosity of PASA in brine solution. These results are consistent with the AFM and viscosity study results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103:277–286, 2007
Distribution of hydrophilic monomer units and its effect on the property of the water dispersion of polyurethaneurea anionomer
Authors: Dang Xiaorong , Wang Guiyou , Wang Dening , Pan Tieying , Zhou Lifang , Shi Xinmei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWater dispersion of polyurethaneurea anionomer based on polyurethane synthesized by using “one‐step process” and water dispersion of polyurethaneurea anionomer based on polyurethane synthesized by using “two‐step process” were prepared. Spectra of 13C‐NMR proved that the distribution of the hydrophilic monomer units along the macromolecular chain resulted from the latter process was more uniform than that by the former process. Uniform distribution of hydrophilic monomer units led to smaller average size and polydispersity of the polyurethaneurea particles dispersed in water, as well as higher stability of the water dispersion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 634–640, 2007
African‐American race is associated with a poorer overall survival rate for breast cancer patients treated with mastectomy and doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy
Authors: Woodward Wendy A. , Huang Eugene H. , McNeese Marsha D. , Perkins George H. , Tucker Susan L. , Strom Eric A. , Middleton Lavinia , Hahn Karin , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Buchholz Thomas A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.African‐American (AA) race has been associated with a worse outcome in breast cancer. It is unclear whether this is due to biological factors, socioeconomic factors, or both.METHODS.The records from 2 independent cohorts of breast cancer patients treated on institutional protocols with mastectomy and adjuvant (n = 1456) or neoadjuvant (n = 684) doxorubicin‐based chemotherapy were retrospectively reviewed.RESULTS.The adjuvant (Adj) chemotherapy cohort included 1142 Caucasian (CA), 186 Hispanic (HI), and 128 (AA) patients. The neoadjuvant (Neo) chemotherapy protocols included 448 CA, 114 HI, and 122 AA patients. In both groups, AA patients had later‐stage tumors (Adj P = .017; Neo P = .051), a higher rate of estrogen receptor (ER)‐negative disease (Adj P = .054; Neo P = .039), and a worse 10‐year actuarial overall survival rate than CA or HI patients (Adj, 52%, 62%, and 62%, respectively, P = .009; Neo, 40%, 50%, and 56%, respectively, P = .015). In multivariate analyses, AA race remained independently associated with a poorer overall survival rate in both cohorts (Adj, hazard ratio = 1.39, P = .018; Neo, hazard ratio = 1.37, P = .02).CONCLUSIONS.The data suggest that AA race is associated with less favorable biological tumor features, such as an increased likelihood of ER‐negative disease, than those found in CA and HI patients. Such differences in tumor biology, as well as previously described socioeconomic factors, likely contribute to the lower rate of survival in the AA breast cancer population. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Spherulocytes in the echinoderm Holothuria glaberrima and their involvement in intestinal regeneration
Authors: García‐Arrarás José E. , Schenk Christian , Rodrígues‐Ramírez Roxanna , Torres Irma I. , Valentín Griselle , Candelaria Ann Ginette 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe holothuroid echinoderm Holothuria glaberrima can regenerate its intestine after a process of evisceration. Spherule‐containing cells, the spherulocytes, appear to be associated with intestinal regeneration. We have used histochemistry and immunocytochemistry to characterize these cells and their role in the regeneration process. Spherulocytes are 10–20 μm in diameter with an acrocentric nucleus and spherule‐like structures within their cytoplasm. They are found in the connective tissue of the intestine and mesentery of noneviscerated and regenerating animals. During the second week of regeneration, the number of spherulocytes in the regenerating intestine increases and a dramatic change in their morphology occurs. Together with the morphological change, the immunohistochemical labeling of the cells also changes; the antibodies not only recognize the spherule structures but also label the cellular cytoplasm in a more homogeneous pattern. Moreover, immunohistochemical labeling also appears to be dispersed within the extracellular matrix, suggesting that the cells are liberating their vesicular contents. Spherulocytes are found in other tissues of H. glaberrima, always associated with the connective tissue component. Our data strongly suggest that spherulocytes are involved in intestinal regeneration but their specific role remains undetermined. In summary, our data expand our knowledge of the cellular events associated with regeneration processes in echinoderms and provide for comparisons with similar processes in vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 235:3259–3267, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three types of cilia including a novel 9+4 axoneme on the notochordal plate of the rabbit embryo
Authors: Feistel Kerstin , Blum Martin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMotile monocilia play a pivotal role in left‐right axis determination in mouse and zebrafish embryos. Cilia with 9+0 axonemes localize to the distal indentation of the mouse egg cylinder (“node”), while Kupffer's vesicle cilia in zebrafish show 9+2 arrangements. Here we studied cilia in a prototype mammalian embryo, the rabbit, which develops via a flat blastodisc. Transcription of ciliary marker genes Foxj1, Rfx3, lrd, polaris, and Kif3a initiated in Hensen's node and persisted in the nascent notochord. Cilia emerged on cells leaving Hensen's node anteriorly to form the notochordal plate. Cilia lengthened to about 5 μm and polarized from an initially central position to the posterior pole of cells. Electron‐microscopic analysis revealed 9+0 and 9+2 cilia and a novel 9+4 axoneme intermingled in a salt‐and‐pepper‐like fashion. Our data suggest that despite a highly conserved ciliogenic program, which initiates in the organizer, axonemal structures may vary widely within the vertebrates. Developmental Dynamics 235:3348–3358, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.