bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sending mixed messages: gender‐based analysis and the “status of women”
Authors: Grace Joan 
Published: March 2008

Sommaire: Adoptée en 1996 en tant qu'élément clé de la stratégie du gouvernement libéral fédéral visant à promouvoir l'égalité des femmes, strategie énoncée dans Ouvrant la voie au siècle prochain: le plan fédéral pour l'égalité des sexes, l'analyse basée sur le sexe a été conçue pour favoriser la formulation et l'évaluation des politiques selon une perspective qui tient compte du sexe. Ce processus est un début, mais cet article examine les limitations de l'analyse basée sur le sexe. Il soutient qu'en mélangeant les objectifs d'égalité des femmes à ceux de l'égalité entre les sexes, le Plan fédéral et l'analyse basée sur le sexe sèment la confusion chez ceux qui formulent les politiques lorsqu'il s'agit de savori comment incorporer des mesures qui tiennent compte des réalités sociales et économiques propres aux femmes. Cette confusion découle des contraintes conceptuelles et de l'étroitesse du terme «sexe», étant aggravée encore par la capacité organisationnelle limitée qu'a Srtatut de la femme canada pour mener et coordonner une solide analyse basée sur le sexe.Abstract: Unveiled in 1996 as one of the key components of the federal Liberal government's wider strategy to promote women's equality, outlined in Setting the Stage for the Next Century: The Federal Plan for Gender Equality, gender‐based analysis was devised to facilitate the development and assessment of policies from a gender perspective. While acknowledging that weaving gender into the policy process is a beginning, this paper examines the limitations of gender‐based analysis and argues that given the intermingling of women's equality goals with gender equality, the Federal Plan and gender‐based analysis are sending mixed messages to policy developers about how to incorporate into policy‐development measures that attend to women's specific social and economic realities. These mixed messages derive from the narrowness and conceptual constraints of the term gender and are exacerbated by the limited organizational capacity of Status of Women Canada to effectively lead and coordinate substantive gender analysis.
Not anonymous: ministerial responsibility and the British accounting officers
Authors: Franks C.E.S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The doctrine of ministerial responsibility has three components: the collective responsibility of the cabinet; the individual responsibility of ministers; and the anonymity of the public servants. This paper examines one important exception to the doctrine of anonymity, the British accounting officers. These officers, normally the permanent secretaries (equivalent to deputy ministers), are responsible for the financial administration of departments and are held accountable for this by the Public Accounts Committee. A similar practice was proposed for Canada by the Lambert Commission but was rejected by the government, especially by the Privy Council Office. This paper argues that the pco did not adequately represent the structure or importance of the British practice of assigning direct responsibility to accounting officers and in so doing has foreclosed serious consideration of an important area of reform to the machinery of government: identification of areas of government where public servants rather than ministers should hold responsibility and accountability. As a result, Canada has lagged behind other parliamentary democracies in moving into this important area of reform. At the same time, the theory that ministers should be responsible for administration has not led to effective accountability to Parliament in Canada.Sommaire: La doctrine de la responsabilité ministérielle a trois volets: la responsabilité collective du conseil des ministres; la responsabilité individuelle des ministres; enfin, l'anonymité des fonctionnaires. Dans cet article, on examine une exception importante à la doctrine de l'anonymité: les agents comptables britanniques. Ces agents, généralement des secrétaires permanents (équivalant aux sous‐ministres), sont chargés de l'administration financière des ministères et en sont tenus responsables par le Comité des comptes publics. Une pratique semblable, proposée pour le Canada par la Commission Lambert, a été rejetée par le gouvernement, et tout particulièrementpar le Bureau du Conseil Privé. Dans cet article, on affirme que le BCP n'a pas représenté de manière adéquate la structure ou l'importance de la pratique britannique qui revient à accorder la responsabilité directe aux agents comptables; ce faisant, il aurait empěché de considérer un élément important de la réforme du mécanisme gouvernemental, c'est‐à‐dire l'étude des domaines administratifs où la responsabilité devrait incomber aux fonctionnaires plut&#x006f;&#x030c;t qu'aux ministres. Par conséquent, le Canada a pris du retard par rapport aux autres démocraties pralementaires en ce qui concerne ce secteur de réforme très important. par contre, la théorie voulant que les ministres soient responsables de l'administration n'a pas créé, au Canada, une responsabilité de révision de comptes efficace au sein du Parlement.
SHORTNESS OF BREATH DURING DIALYSIS—A ROLE OF BICARBONATE IN DIALYSIS FLUID?
Authors: Latchford Karen , Cowperthwaite Jan 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYOccasionally dialysis patients show symptoms that indicate intolerance in the way dialysis is delivered. This paper describes two cases of transient shortness of breath during the initial treatments after starting online haemodiafiltration (HDF). Our actions to deal with these symptoms focused on reducing the bicarbonate gain during the first phase of the dialysis treatment. As the symptoms gradually disappeared we hypothesise that the bicarbonate concentration in the dialysis fluid may play an important role for the development of shortness of breath and hypoxemia during HDF treatments.
Mitochondrial DNA Content, an Inaccurate Biomarker of Mitochondrial Alteration in Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Related Lipodystrophy
Authors: Kim Min Ji , Jardel Claude , Barthélémy Cyrille , Jan Véronique , Bastard Jean Philippe , Fillaut-Chapin Sandrine , Houry Sydney , Capeau Jacqueline , Lombès Anne 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTLipoatrophy is a prevalent side effect of antiretroviral treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Its mechanisms are still disputed but include mitochondrial toxicity and, in particular, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion induced by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. To obtain an integrated evaluation of the mitochondrial alteration in lipoatrophy, we investigated the DNA, RNA, and protein levels in 15 samples of abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue from HIV-infected patients with peripheral lipoatrophy and compared the results with those for 15 samples from age- and body mass index-matched controls. The DNA and RNA analyses used PCR-based techniques, while proteins were quantified with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and measurement of activities with spectrophotometric assays. Depletion of mtDNA and mtDNA-encodedMT-CO2mRNA was present, but normal levels of mtDNA-dependent activity (cytochromecoxidase) and protein (MT-CO2p) showed that it was compensated for. An increase in nuclear-DNA-dependent mitochondrial activities (citrate synthase and malate dehydrogenase) and protein (COX4I1p), as well as transcriptional up-regulation of nuclear-DNA-encoded mitochondrial genes (COX4I1andUCP2), demonstrated increased mitochondrial biogenesis. However, the expression of the known transcription factors of mitochondrial biogenesis (TFAM,NRF1,GABPA,PPARGC1A,PPARGC1B, andPPRC1) was normal or decreased. Increased amounts of activated caspase 3 and ofDDIT3mRNA showed the induction of apoptosis and oxidative stress, respectively. The mtDNA content did not correlate with any other mitochondrial parameter. In conclusion, mtDNA content does not appear to be an accurate biomarker of mitochondrial alteration in lipoatrophic adipose tissue. The preservation of mtDNA-dependent mitochondrial functions occurred despite severe mtDNA depletion. The presence of significant oxidative stress and apoptosis did not correlate with the mtDNA content.
Activities of Daptomycin and Comparative Antimicrobials, Singly and in Combination, against Extracellular and Intracellular
Staphylococcus aureus
and Its Stable Small-Colony Variant in Human Monocyte-Derived Macrophages and in Broth
Authors: Baltch Aldona L. , Ritz William J. , Bopp Lawrence H. , Michelsen Phyllis , Smith Raymond P. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

We investigated the antistaphylococcal activities of daptomycin, gentamicin, and rifampin against two
Staphylococcus aureus
strains and their stable small-colony variants, singly and in combination, in human monocyte-derived macrophages and in broth. Intracellularly, the three-drug combination and two-drug combinations with rifampin were most effective. Extracellularly, daptomycin, daptomycin plus gentamicin, gentamicin plus rifampin, and the three-drug combination had similar activities.
Intravaginal Immunization of Mice with Recombinant
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Expressing Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Antigens as a Potential Route of Vaccination against Cervical Cancer
Authors: Echchannaoui Hakim , Bianchi Matteo , Baud David , Bobst Martine , Stehle Jean-Christophe , Nardelli-Haefliger Denise 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT

Cervical cancer, the second leading cause of cancer deaths in women, is the consequence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections. Toward the development of therapeutic vaccines that can induce both innate and adaptive mucosal immune responses, we analyzed intravaginal (ivag) vaccine delivery of live attenuated
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium expressing HPV16L1 as a model antigen. Innate immune responses were examined in cervicovaginal tissues by determining gene expression patterns by microarray analysis using nylon membranes imprinted with cDNA fragments coding for inflammation-associated genes. At 24 h, a wide range of genes, including those for chemokines and Th1- and Th2-type cytokine and chemokine receptors were up-regulated in mice ivag immunized with
Salmonella
compared to control mice. However, the majority of transcripts returned to their steady-state levels 1 week after immunization, suggesting a transient inflammatory response. Indeed, cervicovaginal histology of immunized mice showed a massive, but transient, infiltration of macrophages and neutrophils, while T cells were still increased after 7 days. Ivag immunization also induced humoral and antitumor immune responses, i.e., serum and vaginal anti-HPV16VLP antibody titers similar to those induced by oral immunization, and significant protection in tumor protection experiments using HPV16-expressing C3 tumor cells. These results show that ivag immunization with live attenuated
Salmonella
expressing HPV16 antigens modulates the local mucosal gene expression pattern into a transient proinflammatory profile, elicits strong systemic and mucosal immunity against HPV16, and confers protection against HPV16 tumor cells subcutaneously implanted in mice. Examination of the efficacy with which ivag HPV16E7E6
Salmonella
induces regression of tumors located in cervicovaginal tissue is warranted.
Containment and concentration of infestations of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae), using the aggregation pheromone exo-brevicomin
Authors: Stock Arthur J. , Borden J.H. , Pratt T.L. 
Published: March 2008

Containment and concentration of infestations of the western balsam bark beetle, Dryocoetes confusus Swaine, was demonstrated when (±)-exo-brevicomin released at 0.4 mg/24 h was applied to single subalpine firs, Abieslasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., on a 50-m grid over 9-ha blocks, or released at 0.8 mg (24 h/tree)−1 applied to two trees at 50-m centres over the central 4 ha of 16-ha blocks. Nearest-neighbour distance between red trees and newly mass-attacked trees was 24 m in the central 4 ha of baited 16-ha blocks, compared with 13.8 m in control blocks, suggesting a movement of beetles away from "normal" attack centres. Treatments with exo-brevicomin at two trees per spot concentrated 89% of newly mass-attacked trees within 10 m of baited trees, clearly indicating the potential for semiochemical-based management of D. confusus. Within-stand distribution of attacked trees was highly aggregated (Clark–Evans test), in both treated and control blocks. The highly aggregated pattern of attack in control blocks could have been a product of stand structure, and it is hypothesized that D. confusus plays a role in the regeneration of its host by initiating small gaps that favour subalpine fir reproduction. If so, there is potential for using semiochemicals to manipulate D. confusus populations within a patch or selection logging system to maintain cover in climax subalpine forests.
As a Matter of Feeling: Emotions and the Choice of Mediator Tactics in International Mediation
Authors: Smilovitz Joshua , Capelos Tereza 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis article examines the role of negative emotions in the process of international mediation. In particular, it investigates how perceptions of disputant negative emotions influence the tactics that mediators employ. Using the classification of mediator tactics into communicator, formulator or manipulator, the article argues that communicator- or formulator-oriented tactics are adopted more frequently when a mediator perceives negative emotions, such as anger or fear. The results of a web survey of North American mediators that classified mediation tactics are presented. The authors also interviewed international mediators and diplomats who have formally or informally, officially or unofficially, mediated intra-state and inter-state conflicts. Mediators are found to be more inclined to assume communicator- or formulator-oriented tactics when confronted with negative emotions. Our empirical analysis of negative emotions sheds light on the choice of mediation tactics in the field of international mediation, and offers valuable insights to scholars and practitioners of negotiation, diplomacy, international relations and political science.
On the Differences in Storm Rainfall from Hurricanes Isidore and Lili. Part II: Water Budget
Authors: Jiang Haiyan , Halverson Jeffrey B. , Simpson Joanne , Zipser Edward J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Part I of this two-part paper examined the satellite-derived rainfall accumulation and rain potential history of Hurricanes Isidore and Lili (2002). This paper (Part II) uses analyses from the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) to examine the water budget and environmental parameters and their relationship to the precipitation for these two storms. Factors other than storm size are found to account for large volumetric differences in storm total rainfall between Lili and Isidore. It is found that the horizontal moisture convergence was crucial to the initiation and maintenance of Isidore’s intense rainfall before and during its landfall. When the storm was over the ocean, the ocean moisture flux (evaporation) was the second dominant term among the moisture sources that contribute to precipitation. During Isidore’s life history, the strong horizontal moisture flux convergence corresponded to the large storm total precipitable water. The large difference in budget-derived stored cloud ice and liquid water between Isidore and Lili is corroborated from Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements. During Isidore’s landfall, the decrease in environmental water vapor contributed to rainfall in a very small amount. These results indicate the importance of the environmental precipitable water and moisture convergence and ocean surface moisture flux in generating Isidore’s large rainfall volume and inland flooding as compared with Lili’s water budget history. Both the moisture convergence and ocean flux were small for Lili.
Application of Oceanic Heat Content Estimation to Operational Forecasting of Recent Atlantic Category 5 Hurricanes
Authors: Mainelli Michelle , DeMaria Mark , Shay Lynn K. , Goni Gustavo 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Research investigating the importance of the subsurface ocean structure on tropical cyclone intensity change has been ongoing for several decades. While the emergence of altimetry-derived sea height observations from satellites dates back to the 1980s, it was difficult and uncertain as to how to utilize these measurements in operations as a result of the limited coverage. As the in situ measurement coverage expanded, it became possible to estimate the upper oceanic heat content (OHC) over most ocean regions. Beginning in 2002, daily OHC analyses have been generated at the National Hurricane Center (NHC). These analyses are used qualitatively for the official NHC intensity forecast, and quantitatively to adjust the Statistical Hurricane Intensity Prediction Scheme (SHIPS) forecasts. The primary purpose of this paper is to describe how upper-ocean structure information was transitioned from research to operations, and how it is being used to generate NHC’s hurricane intensity forecasts. Examples of the utility of this information for recent category 5 hurricanes (Isabel, Ivan, Emily, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma from the 2003–05 hurricane seasons) are also presented. Results show that for a large sample of Atlantic storms, the OHC variations have a small but positive impact on the intensity forecasts. However, for intense storms, the effect of the OHC is much more significant, suggestive of its importance on rapid intensification. The OHC input improved the average intensity errors of the SHIPS forecasts by up to 5% for all cases from the category 5 storms, and up to 20% for individual storms, with the maximum improvement for the 72–96-h forecasts. The qualitative use of the OHC information on the NHC intensity forecasts is also described. These results show that knowledge of the upper-ocean thermal structure is fundamental to accurately forecasting intensity changes of tropical cyclones, and that this knowledge is making its way into operations. The statistical results obtained here indicate that the OHC only becomes important when it has values much larger than that required to support a tropical cyclone. This result suggests that the OHC is providing a measure of the upper ocean’s influence on the storm and improving the forecast.
The Impact of Aircraft Dropsonde and Satellite Wind Data on Numerical Simulations of Two Landfalling Tropical Storms during the Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes Experiment
Authors: Pu Zhaoxia , Li Xuanli , Velden Christopher S. , Aberson Sim D. , Liu W. Timothy 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Dropwindsonde, Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-11 (GOES-11) rapid-scan atmospheric motion vectors, and NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) near-surface wind data collected during NASA’s Tropical Cloud Systems and Processes (TCSP) field experiment in July 2005 were assimilated into an advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model using its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system. The impacts of the mesoscale data assimilation on WRF numerical simulation of Tropical Storms Cindy and Gert (2005) near landfall are examined. Sensitivity of the forecasts to the assimilation of each single data type is investigated. Specifically, different 3DVAR strategies with different analysis update cycles and resolutions are compared in order to identify the better methodology for assimilating the data from research aircraft and satellite for tropical cyclone study.
The results presented herein indicate the following. 1) Assimilation of dropwindsonde and satellite wind data into the WRF model improves the forecasts of the two tropical storms up to the landfall time. The QuikSCAT wind information is very important for improving the storm track forecast, whereas the dropwindsonde and GOES-11 wind data are also necessary for improved forecasts of intensity and precipitation. 2) Data assimilation also improves the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) near landfall of the tropical storms. 3) A 1-h rapid-update analysis cycle at high resolution (9 km) provides more accurate tropical cyclone forecasts than a regular 6-h analysis cycle at coarse (27 km) resolution. The high-resolution rapidly updated 3DVAR analysis cycle might be a practical way to assimilate the data collected from tropical cyclone field experiments.
Computing the Low-Elevation Variant of the Haines Index for Fire Weather Forecasts
Authors: Potter Brian E. , Winkler Julie A. , Wilhelm Dwight F. , Shadbolt Ryan P. , Bian Xindi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The Haines index is used in wildfire forecasting and monitoring to evaluate the potential contributions of atmospheric stability and humidity to the behavior of plume-dominated wildfires. The index has three variants (“low,” “mid,” and “high”) that accommodate differences in surface elevation. As originally formulated, the low variant is calculated from temperature observations at the 950- and 850-hPa levels and humidity observations at 850 hPa. In the early 1990s the National Weather Service implemented a new mandatory level for radiosonde observations at 925 hPa. Following this change, measurements at 950 hPa became less frequent. An informal survey of several forecast offices found no formalized adjustment to the calculation of the low Haines index to take into account the nonavailability of 950-hPa measurements. Some sources continue to use 950-hPa temperature, usually interpolated from 925-hPa and surface temperatures, to calculate the low Haines index. Others directly substitute the 925-hPa temperature for the originally specified 950-hPa value. This study employs soundings from the central United States when both 950- and 925-hPa levels were available to investigate the impact of different calculation approaches on the resulting values of the low variant of the Haines index. Results show that direct substitution of 925-hPa temperature for the 950-hPa temperature can dramatically underestimate the potential wildfire severity compared with the original formulation of the Haines index. On the other hand, a low-elevation variant of the Haines index calculated from the interpolated 950-hPa temperature is usually in close agreement with the original formulation of the index.