bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thinning as an Orderly Discipline: A Graphic Spacing Schedule for Red Pine
Authors: Wilson Frederick G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The key correlation of stem count to height has been applied to define and to regulate the density of the residual stand after periodic thinning of a red pine plantation at Star Lake, Wisconsin. A chosen value of added height growth has determined the length of each thinning interval. Graphic evaluation of data from European yield tables for Scotch pine has served to guard against discordant treatment.
Status of Metric Teaching in Forestry Education
Authors: Robinson David W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In an informal survey, 40 teachers at 38 schools (out of 55 schools receiving a questionnaire) strongly favored use of Canadian metric standards in the absence of U.S. standards, and also urged that the Society of American Foresters take steps to facilitate U.S. conversion to metric. Twenty-four of the respondents were teaching metric as part of their basic mensuration course.
Roadsides--Corridors with High Fire Hazard and Risk
Authors: Wilson Carl C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Roadside fires comprise a high percentage of all man-caused fires and frequently spread to grassland and forestland. Fuel hazard reduction should be concentrated on the first 10 feet of roadsides; methods include machine- and hand-clearing, chemical treatment, and prescribed burning. Risk reduction (controlling behavior of road-users) is more difficult. In critical fire weather, closing of roads may be necessary but use of symbolic signs urging motorists to help prevent fires may also be effective. Results of fuel reduction projects on two national forests show that treatment of roadsides can greatly reduce fire incidence.
The Changing Environmental Message of Forest Industry
Authors: Schoenfeld A. Clay , Broom Glen M. , Bavec Nancy 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A content analysis of forest industry's corporate-image advertising messages in representative national periodicals, 1958-1977, reveals that such messages have moved from promoting consumption to promoting conservation and from ignoring environmental issues to responding to them. The study does not examine the actual environmental practices of the forest industry; yet land managers may draw insights from the apparent change in strategy.
Full-Restoration Method for Closing Spur Roads
Authors: Eubanks Steven T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
When a temporary forest road is being closed, it may be desirable to restore its takeoff to something approaching undisturbed conditions. A full-restoration method has proven effective in central Washington State, particularly when appearance of the site or elimination of vehicular traffic is a critical concern. Although relatively simple, full restoration requires better planning and higher cost allowances than other restoration methods.
Log Export Restrictions: Some Findings
Authors: Sedjo Roger A. , Wiseman A. Clark 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Economic efficiency and income distributional consequences of a ban on log exports from the United States were studied under alternative assumptions about Japanese response. The study predicts modestly lower log prices and a decreased cut. Lumber prices, however, may rise or fall. The redistributional effect largely favors log processors at the expense of log producers, and effects on lumber consumers are small.
Simulation of Forest Dynamics and Deer Browse Production
Authors: Cooperrider Allen Y. , Behrend Donald F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A computer model was designed to provide accurate browse production estimates for specific areas. Model parameters were obtained by sampling and from the literature, and were used to simulate forest dynamics and browse production in the central Adirondack Mountains of northern New York. Results of such simulations appear to be both realistic and reasonably precise and could be applied in northern forests where numbers and growth of understory, stems show a good correlation with overstory basal area.
Technology Transfer and Human Behavior
Authors: Muth Robert M. , Hendee John C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fifty years of social science research, including thousands of studies, have identified standard behavior patterns that occur during adoption of innovations. Speed of adoption varies with the characteristics of the innovation. Mass media are required, but personal contacts with opinion leaders are also necessary and may often be lacking in forestry. Opinion leaders (credible practitioners) must be induced to try an innovation. After they have successfully applied it, the innovation will spread to their peers.
Proposed Curriculum for Fire Management Specialists
Authors: Gemmer Thomas V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Increasing need for fire managers prompted the National Wildfire Coordinating Group in 1978 to prepare an analysis of the tasks performed by a journeyman fire specialist and to sponsor a curriculum study based on the analysis. To train fire managers, the study report proposes a series of university courses that an undergraduate forestry student might take for a minor or concentration, and a series of interagency courses that would provide postgraduation training and agency-specific expertise. In the university curriculum, courses proposed as required are Introduction to Fire Management, Forest Ecology and Fire Effects, Fuels Science, and Fire Use Planning and Techniques. Also required would be one session of a fire management internship, during which a student would be a paid agency employee.
Lodgepole Pine Management in the Central Rocky Mountains
Authors: Alexander Robert R. , Edminster Carleton B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Estimates obtained by simulation are given for potential production of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) in the central Rocky Mountains under various combinations of stand density, site quality, ages, and thinning schedules. Such estimates are needed to project future development of stands managed for various uses.
Total-Forest Concept in Multi-Resource Management
Authors: McMinn James W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Management for multiple resources requires consideration of the entire forest rather than individual stands. In a fully regulated forest, changes in rotation age can compensate for stocking changes that affect product output. Hence, analysis of the interaction between rotation and stocking forestwide is necessary to identify management options for efficient production of conflicting benefits. An illustration is provided by an analysis of the production of grass and slash pine (Pinus elliottii Engelm.) in the southeastern Coastal Plain.
Stand-Oriented Inventory and Growth Projection Methods Improve Harvest Scheduling on Bitterroot National Forest
Authors: Stage Albert R. , Babcock Richard K. , Wykoff William R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
New stand-oriented inventory and growth projection methods are helping to improve long-range timber harvesting plans on the Bitterroot National Forest in Montana. Condition of each sample stand and its neighbors, together with productivity of these stands for nontimber uses, influences the array of silvicultural schemes available for each stand. For each of the alternatives, yields for every sample stand are calculated by use of an individual-tree growth model. Prospective yields are then combined into groups for processing by linear programming to select the optimum mix of treatments and calculate the harvest schedule for the entire forest. Because growth is estimated for each sample stand before any aggregation of data, errors of aggregation are avoided and the treatments selected agree fully with plans for nontimber uses.
World Forestry: Forestry in the German Democratic Republic
Authors: Gowdy James T. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forestry in the German Democratic Republic is almost entirely government controlled and operated. Management is intensive, and even-aged systems and artificial regeneration prevail. Coniferous species predominate, with Scotch pine making up more than half of the country's forest acreage. The need for steadily increased productivity is the foremost challenge.
Strategy for Building a Location-Specific, Multi-Purpose Information System for Wildland Management
Authors: Davis Lawrence S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Contemporary legal, political, and economic considerations mandate improved and sophisticated use of land-management information. An analytical, location-specific, multi-purpose information system at the local level can be based on the application of explicit models, or "rules," to a set of objectively defined biological, physical, and human-use descriptors of the land. Practical requirements for implementing the system include conducting an information needs assessment, setting an agenda for system elements, establishing a computer system, organizationally taking a shared rather than purely functional approach, and, most importantly, making some high-level strategic decisions to initiate the system.
World Forestry: Forest Administration in Japan
Authors: Matsui Mitsuma 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
National forests, totaling 7.9 million hectares, are managed through regional and district offices and ranger stations. Other public forests, controlled by prefectures and municipalities, aggregate some 2.5 million hectares. Private forests total 14.8 million hectares, about 59 percent of the total forest area. They are managed largely under regional plans drafted by prefectural governments in accordance with the national Forest Law. Owners' associations make it possible for landholders to undertake planting and other activities that would be difficult for them to accomplish individually. The nation has designated 7 million hectares as protection forests and 4 million as national parks; the areas overlap some-what. About half of the area in these two classes is privately held, with the owners receiving some indemnification.
Forest Fire History in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Arno Stephen F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recent fire-scar studies in the northern Rocky Mountains have documented forest fire history over the past few centuries. They reveal that in some forest types fire maintained many-aged open stands of seral trees. In other types, major fires caused replacement of the stands. Often, however, fires burned at variable intensities, creating a mosaic of stands differing in composition and structure.
Ancient Peoples of the Columbia Plateau
Authors: Knudson Ruthann 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Archaeological evidence of human habitation in the Columbia Plateau of the Pacific Northwest extends to 13,000 B.C., earlier records having been destroyed when glacial ice caused flooding of major drainages. With the passing of the ice sheets, changes in climate influenced the development of various cultural patterns that ultimately evolved into a tradition which endured until the modern era. Features of this tradition were reliance on salmon and root crops for food, drying and storage of food for winter use, permanent winter villages, and secondary reliance on game animals and shellfish.
Forestry in the Inland Empire
Authors: Chapman Roger C. , Le Master Dennis C. , Weatherhead Donald J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The Inland Empire is comprised mainly of eastern Washington, the panhandle of Idaho, and northeastern Oregon. Timber production is important in the region, but future success in forestry will require positive, vigorous management in which equal consideration of all values is blended with sensitivity to the interests of the various users.
Income and Employment of SAF Members, 1979
Authors: Thompson Emmett F. , Sullivan Alfred D. , Robie Edward F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The 1979 median income for the members of the Society of American Foresters was $22,900, up 5.7 percent per year from 1977. Over the same period, however, the Consumer Price Index increased 11.1 percent per year. As in earlier surveys, federal agencies and private industry paid the most attractive salaries. There was a positive relationship between income and education.
Maximum Cubic Volume Production Through Easily Derived Optimum Thinning Schedules
Authors: Rose Dietmar W. , Leary Rolfe A. , Chen Chung M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A step-by-step method for finding an optimum thinning schedule for red pine (Pinus resinosa) is described for use by practicing foresters. Knowledge of the complex procedure leading to the optimial solution is not required. For species other than red pine, a basal area growth model in the form of a Richards' function must be fitted.
Hypovirulence and Chestnut Blight Research: Fighting Disease with Disease
Authors: Elliston John E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the first half of this century, the chestnut blight fungus, Endothia parasitica, destroyed stands of the American chestnut, Castanea dentata, throughout the tree's natural range. Conventional methods of controlling plant diseases have been ineffective. An approach being studied is the use of viruslike cytoplasmic hypovirulence agents to reduce the ability of the fungus to cause blight. Individual cankers have been controlled by treating them with strains containing these agents, but neither the agents nor the strains containing them appear to have spread naturally. Persistent cankers containing these agents may be required to provide long-term sources of inoculum for spread.
Blaine House Conference on Maine's Forest Outlook
Authors: Irland Lloyd C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A conference in Augusta, Maine, during January 1981 considered the ability of the forests to sustain increased demands created by industrial expansion. Damage by the spruce budworm, together with decades of nonmanagement and diameter-limit harvesting, has left both spruce-fir and northern hardwood stands yielding far below potential but still capable of responding to good forestry. Participants were concerned that government regulations had a dampening effect on investment in forestry, and they regretted cutbacks in the state's forestry programs.
Insurance Silviculture in the Black Cherry-Maple Type
Authors: Bennett Arthur L. , Armstrong Malcolm M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
On the Allegheny Plateau in Pennsylvania, large areas of the black cherry-maple type are nearing an age when they should be regenerated. Largely because of browsing by white-tailed deer, clearcutting in these even-aged, second-growth stands often fails to secure regeneration. An industrial landowner leaves 20 to 40 pole-sized trees per acre, usually sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and red maple (A. rubrum L.). They are a hedge against failure of regeneration and will provide a high rate of financial return while a new stand develops.
Comment on: "Wilderness Costs in New England"
Authors: Gamble Hays B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The methodology proposed by R.W. Guldin (Journal of Forestry 78:548-552, 1980) to calculate wilderness costs contains a basic flaw in economic logic, resulting in overestimates of such costs and a misallocation of resources. The value of timber foregone on wilderness areas is not an appropriate cost variable. The additional resources that society must use and pay for to replace the timber and other goods and services not now available on a wilderness tract are, among others, the relevant variables.
Classifying Nonindustrial Private Forestland by Tract Size
Authors: Thompson Richard P. , Jones J. Greg 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Nonindustrial privately owned forests in eastern Oklahoma were categorized by tract size into three groups within which management objectives were similar. These were: 10 to 50 acres--timberland essentially not managed commercially; 51 to 700 acres--significant amount of commercial management, but with some size-related problems; and 700 or more acres--rather extensive commercial management. The 51- to 700-acre group seems to be the most receptive to assistance programs aimed at improving management. Similar groups can probably be developed in other parts of the country.
Biomass Prediction for Young Southern Pines--An Addendum
Authors: Edwards M. Boyd , McNab W. Henry 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Equations are presented for using diameter at breast height to estimate diameter at groundline of sapling-size southern pines. In previously published equations (Journal of Forestry 77:291-292) diameter at groundline, a difficult measure to obtain, was used, with total tree height, to predict total aboveground biomass of individual trees.
Statewide Natural-Resource Information Systems--A Status Report
Authors: Mead Douglas A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Statewide natural-resource information systems (NRIS) are a relatively new approach to the acquisition and coordination of natural-resource information. New York's Land Use and Natural Resources Inventory, created in 1966, started a slow, although accelerating, move toward comprehensive and integrated collection and use of natural-resource data. NRISs have been developed or are being carefully examined in 32 states. Of the 32, however, only a handful are fully operational.
World Forestry: Forestry in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Plochmann Richard 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With a long history of forest management that includes many contributions to the science of silviculture, the Federal Republic of Germany is intensively and realistically practicing multiple use. The small kind base and heavy population admit no other choice. Recreation is a leading use, but protection of water supplies, preservation of natural areas, and amelioration of climate are also important. Diversity in stands, age classes, and treatment is the key to achieving these purposes while also providing timber for industry.
Productivity in Florida's Third Forest
Authors: Fisher Richard F. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the late 1960s foresters in the South set out to apply intensive practices and high technology to create and manage a very productive domesticated forest. This Third Forest was to succeed the second-growth stands which became established on abandoned fields and cut over sites that had once supported old-growth pine. During more than a decade, management has intensified and many new technologies have been developed. The South is producing more wood than ever before, but if the future demands are to be met the technologies must be further refined and management must become even more intense.
RARE II: A Personal Account
Authors: Gale Richard P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The USDA Forest Service contracted with a university sociologist to develop a social impact assessment system to be used in examining alternatives in the second Roadless Area Review and Evaluation (RARE II). Time limitations, communication difficulties, and logistical problems limited development and implementation of the system. The personal report of the author has implications both for the way in which the Forest Service deals with social scientists and for social scientists under contract with natural resource agencies.
Oak-Pine Conversion and Bird Populations in the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Briggs James I. , Garrett Harold E. , Evans Keith E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Two replicate 25-acre plots were established in each of three forest types in the Missouri Ozarks--oak, oak-pine, and pine--to determine the stands' relationships with bird populations. Forty bird species were observed on the plots during the course of a year (1976-77). The oak and oak-pine stands supported the greatest number of bird species during the winter; the oak-pine had the greatest during the summer. Each forest type provided habitat for some bird species that were not present in the other types. The bird population would not be devastated by conversion of hardwood stands to pine in the region, but would change in composition to one more typical of the earlier successional pine stage.
Pocket Gophers and Reforestation on Western Forests
Authors: Crouch Glenn L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Pocket gophers (Geomyidae) damage conifer regeneration after logging or wildfires on western forests. Poisoning is the usual control method, but nonlethal techniques are currently being tested. Silvicultural practices that minimize habitat conditions favorable to gophers may be the most practical solution for avoiding damage.
Identifying Suitable National Forest Timberlands: A Case Study
Authors: Dennis Nicholas , Teeguarden Dennis E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
About 15 percent of a 624,200-acre land unit on the Shasta-Trinity National Forest in northern California is both capable of and suitable for timber production under screening criteria required by the National Forest Management Act of 1976. Economic submarginality is not the principal cause of unsuitability: only about 3 percent of the unit's capable timberlands are economically inefficient. Instead, capability screens and the timber production goals are the primary determinants of suitability. Productivity and regenerability standards alone disqualify two-fifths of the area; and another two-fifths would not be needed to meet current programmed harvest.
Strategies for Corporate Timberland Ownership and Management
Authors: O'Laughlin Jay , Ellefson Paul V. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Of the U.S. commercial forestland in forest industry ownership, 80 percent is owned by 40 companies. Corporate timberland strategies changed between 1969 and 1978. Financial returns were deemphasized in favor of a more long-range perspective toward productivity and fiber supply security. A surveyed sample of wood-based subsidiaries of large diversified companies with a different main line of business managed their timberlands no differently than did a sample of similarly sized companies dependent on wood for their basic business.
World Forestry: Harvesting Research and Development in Sweden
Authors: Brown George W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Research and development have been important in helping Sweden maintain its leadership in worm forest-product markets. A highly coordinated program, whose central organization is supported by industrial cooperators, landowners, and government, has increased productivity of woods workers by 750 percent over a 25-year period. Opportunities abound in the United States for a similar cooperative research and development program with a high potential payoff.
Prebunching? Results from Simulation
Authors: LeDoux Chris B. , Butler David A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Productivity of cable thinnings of young stands can be improved by first prebunching the wood along the skyline corridor and then swinging it to the landing. Data from field studies, as used in a new simulation model, show that logging managers deciding whether to prebunch must consider the number and distribution of logs, log size and diameter class, deck spacing, lead angle, and equipment configuration.
Gypsy Moth in New Jersey Pine-Oak
Authors: Campbell Robert W. , Garlo Albert S. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Several pine-oak stands in southern New Jersey were defoliated by the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.). during both 1972 and 1973. Oaks were much more heavily defoliated than pines. Pinus rigida Mill. and P. echinata Mill. Radial growth among the oaks was sharply reduced during and immediately following the outbreak. Pine growth did not appear to be affected during the outbreak, and it increased sharply during the immediate three-year postoutbreak period.
Forest Technician School Enrollment and Employment of Graduates, 1980-1981
Authors: Coufal James E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A survey located 75 two-year forest technician schools in 28 states during 1980-1981. Total enrollment was 4,200 to 5,000 students, with 1,450 to 1,750 graduates expected in 1981. Of 1980 graduates, 71 percent had found jobs in forest technology by early 1981, and 8 percent had other employment. Industry was the main employer but took a smaller percentage of the graduates than in 1978, 1979, and 1980, when similar surveys were made. Starting salaries averaged higher than in 1979.