bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of the etiologic heterogeneity of the oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (Hemifacial Microsomia)*
Authors: Hartsfield JK 
Published: July 2007

Structured AbstractAuthor –  James K. HartsfieldHemifacial microsomia is a congenital asymmetry of the lower face that may be associated with other cranial and extracranial anomalies. The variability of its severity, and wide range of anomalies that have been reported with it in some cases has resulted in these composite manifestations being given a number of names, including oculo‐auriculo‐vertebral spectrum (OAVS). Etiology is often stated to be a perturbation of embryonic blood flow in the developing region, although other factors may also play a role in some cases. Depending on what is considered to be minimum criteria for affected classification, what is often to be presumed to be a sporadic event in a family may be the more severe manifestation of a familial condition. Etiological factors are clearly heterogeneous, the investigation of which is confounded by not only the lack of a refined affected phenotype, but also the apparent influence of genetic factors in some instances that directly influence phenotype perhaps through alteration of mesodermal development, or indirectly through increased susceptibility to vascular disruption. Future studies likely to advance knowledge in this area will need to incorporate an analysis of who may be minimally affected in families, so that advances in genotyping will have greater power to distinguish genetic factors that may influence OVAS through interaction with environmental factors in particular families. The same genetic‐environmental factors and or etiological mechanisms may then be investigated in apparently sporadic cases.
A developmental approach to mental health for children and adolescents with orofacial clefts
Authors: Collett BR , Speltz ML 
Published: July 2007

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Brent R. Collett, Matthew L. SpeltzThe mental health of children, adolescents, and adults with orofacial clefts has been studied extensively. Outcomes of interest have included parental adaptation, parent–child attachment, child development, intellectual and academic outcomes, behavioral adaptation, and quality of life. The literature sheds light on mental health needs and opportunities in each of these domains at various stages of development. However, this research has been limited in several respects and methodologically rigorous studies are needed to clarify the role of mental health in craniofacial team care. In particular, randomized controlled trials investigating the efficacy of psychosocial interventions tailored for this population are long overdue. Such studies have the potential to advance routine mental health care for individuals with orofacial clefts to the level of ‘evidence‐based care.’
Genes affecting tooth morphogenesis
Authors: Kapadia H , Mues G , D'Souza R 
Published: July 2007

Structured AbstractAuthor –  Hitesh Kapadia, Gabriele Mues, Rena D’SouzaThe development of dentition is a fascinating process that encompasses a complex series of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions involving growth factors, transcription factors, signal receptors and other soluble morphogens. It is not surprising that such a complex process is prone to disturbances and may result in tooth agenesis. Initial discoveries indicating that the homeo‐domain protein MSX1 and the paired‐domain transcription factor PAX9 are causative genes in tooth morphogenesis were made in mice. Both genes are co‐expressed in dental mesenchyme and either one, when homozygously deleted, results in an arrest at an early developmental stage. Heterozygous Pax9 or Msx1 mice have normal teeth, however, double heterozygous Pax9/Msx1 mice show a phenotype of arrested tooth development which can be rescued by transgenic expression of Bmp4, a very influential signaling factor in many developmental processes. We have obtained mounting evidence for a partnership between PAX9 and MSX1 within the tooth‐specific Bmp4 signaling pathway. In humans, unlike in mice, a heterozygous mutation in either PAX9 or MSX1 suffices to cause tooth agenesis of a predominantly molar or more premolar pattern, respectively. Our laboratory and others have identified several PAX9 and MSX1 mutations in families with non‐syndromic forms of autosomal dominant posterior tooth agenesis. We have also identified families with tooth agenesis in whom PAX9 and MSX1 mutations have been excluded opening up the possibilities for the discovery of other genes that contribute to human tooth agenesis.
Isolation and characterization of multipotent human periodontal ligament stem cells
Authors: Gay IC , Chen S , MacDougall M 
Published: July 2007

Structured AbstractAuthors –  Gay IC, Chen S, MacDougall MBackround –  Periodontal ligament (PDL) repair is thought to involve mesenchymal progenitor cells capable of forming fibroblasts, osteoblasts and cementoblasts. However, full characterization of PDL stem cell (SC) populations has not been achieved.Objective –  To isolate and characterize PDLSC and assess their capability to differentiate into bone, cartilage and adipose tissue.Methods –  Human PDL cells were stained for STRO‐1, FACS sorted and expanded in culture. Human bone marrow SC (BMSC) served as a positive control. PDLSC and BMSC were cultured using standard conditions conducive for osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation. Osteogenic induction was assayed using alizarine red S staining and expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and bone sialoprotein (BSP). Adipogenic induction was assayed using Oil Red O staining and the expression of PPARγ 2 (early) and LPL (late) adipogenic markers. Chondrogenic induction was assayed by collagen type II expression and toluidine blue staining.Results –  Human PDL tissue contains about 27% STRO‐1 positive cells with 3% strongly positive. In osteogenic cultures ALP was observed by day‐7 in BMSC and day‐14 in PDLSC. BSP expression was detectable by day‐7; with more intense staining in PDLSC cultures. In adipogenic cultures both cell populations showed positive Oil Red O staining by day‐25 with PPARγ 2 and LPL expression. By day‐21, both BMSC and PDLSC chondrogenic induced cultures expressed collagen type II and glycosaminoglycans.Conclusions –  The PDL contains SC that have the potential to differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes and adipocytes, comparable with previously characterized BMSC. This adult PDLSC population can be utilized for potential therapeutic procedures related to PDL regeneration.
Antimicrobial activity of silver‐containing dressings on wound microorganisms using an in vitro biofilm model
Authors: Percival Steven L , Bowler Phillip G , Dolman Jayne 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAntimicrobial dressings such as those containing silver are now being used widely to control wound bioburden, and tests to demonstrate their efficacy predominantly involve in vitro models using free‐living or planktonic bacteria. In this present study a wide range of antibiotic‐sensitive and resistant bacteria were tested in their quasi‐sessile state using a standard agar assay and a second method used a poloxamer gel (true biofilm state – poloxamer encourages microorganisms to exhibit a more clinically relevant biofilm phenotype) technique. The antimicrobial activity of two silver dressings, a silver‐containing Hydrofiber® (SCH) dressing and a nanocrystalline silver‐containing dressing (NCS), were evaluated on a variety of microorganisms, using a zone‐of‐inhibition (ZOI) test. When grown on agar (presenting a quasi‐sessile state of each organism), the antibiotic‐susceptible microorganisms were generally more susceptible to the SCH dressing compared with the NCS. ZOIs associated with SCH dressing ranged between 5·7 and 17·5 mm; those for the NCS against the same group of organisms ranged between 1·9 and 8·6 mm. When grown on poloxamer gel, (presenting the biofilm state of each organism) the same group of microorganisms were less susceptible to both dressings. The SCH dressing was most effective against strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus (ZOI range: 2·6–6 mm); the NCS was most effective against strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae, Enterococcus faecalis and Escherichia coli (i.e. ZOI range: 1–2·8 mm). Similarly to the antibiotic‐susceptible microorganisms, nine of ten antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains when grown on agar were more susceptible to the SCH dressing compared with the NCS. Although the microorganisms tested were universally less susceptible to the silver dressings when in their biofilm state, in the majority of cases, the SCH dressing demonstrated greater biofilm‐inhibiting activity than the NCS.
Iodine revisited
Authors: Cooper Rose A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIodine is an antiseptic that has been used in wound care for more than 150 years. Traditional formulations of iodine had serious limitations that were reduced in later products. Much has been written about iodine and opinions on its clinical efficacy are divided. There have been reviews of the chemical properties of iodine, its antimicrobial activity, human physiology, cytotoxicity and its clinical effectiveness, but few have addressed all these aspects. With the recent development of iodine‐containing wound care products and the continued publication of laboratory and clinical studies, it seems timely to reassess the evidence relating to the effectiveness of iodine for treating wounds. This literature review attempts to provide an appropriate chemical and physiological background of the characteristics of iodine in order to provide a sound basis for understanding the available microbiological and clinical data. It will show that understanding the factors that contribute to the activity and potential cytotoxicity of iodine are important in evaluating the clinical evidence. Although definitive studies are needed, the sustained delivery of low doses of free iodine offers the potential to inhibit a broad range of microbial species without selecting for resistant strains or inducing cytotoxic effects.
Comparative evaluation of silver‐containing antimicrobial dressings and drugs
Authors: Castellano Joseph J , Shafii Susan M , Ko Francis , Donate Guillermo , Wright Terry E , Mannari Rudolph J , Payne Wyatt G , Smith David J , Robson Martin C 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWound dressings containing silver as antimicrobial agents are available in various forms and formulations; however, little is understood concerning their comparative efficacy as antimicrobial agents. Eight commercially available silver‐containing dressings, Acticoat® 7, Acticoat® Moisture Control, Acticoat® Absorbent, Silvercel™, Aquacel® Ag, Contreet® F, Urgotol® SSD and Actisorb®, were tested to determine their comparative antimicrobial effectiveness in vitro and compared against three commercially available topical antimicrobial creams, a non treatment control, and a topical silver‐containing antimicrobial gel, Silvasorb®. Zone of inhibition and quantitative testing was performed by standard methods using Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus faecalis and Staphylococcus aureus. Results showed all silver dressings and topical antimicrobials displayed antimicrobial activity. Silver‐containing dressings with the highest concentrations of silver exhibited the strongest bacterial inhibitive properties. Concreet® F and the Acticoat® dressings tended to have greater antimicrobial activity than did the others. Topical antimicrobial creams, including silver sulfadiazine, Sulfamylon and gentamicin sulfate, and the topical antimicrobial gel Silvasorb® exhibited superior bacterial inhibition and bactericidal properties, essentially eliminating all bacterial growth at 24 hours. Silver‐containing dressings are likely to provide a barrier to and treatment for infection; however, their bactericidal and bacteriostatic properties are inferior to commonly used topical antimicrobial agents.
How precise is the evaluation of chronic wounds by health care professionals?
Authors: Stremitzer Stefan , Wild Thomas , Hoelzenbein Thomas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChronic wounds are a growing challenge for physicians and health insurance agencies. The burden of affected patients is enormous, because of pain but also because of long‐lasting therapies and dependence on nursing services. In other areas of medicine, computer‐based diagnostics is established, yet, accurate wound documentation is rarely conducted and is often limited to size measurement with a ruler and a rough photo documentation. Objective assessment of lesions by evaluation of granulation tissue, fibrin coverage and necrosis is not performed. The aim of this study was to investigate the spread and variety in judgement of a chronic wound. A diabetic ulcer was described by 16 wound therapists (eight physicians and eight nurses). Granulation tissue, fibrin coverage, necrosis, size and depth of the lesion, wound exudate and wound edges were judged, and the therapeutical consequences were determined. Study data show an extensive inhomogeneity and a wide spread of the results, like in no other field of medical diagnostics. This could be shown in the group of physicians, as well as in the group of nursing personnel. As the choice of treatment by a specialist is based upon the assessment of the wound, it is possible that in practice it can lead to suboptimal therapy. This is a consequence of varying treating physicians and subsequent changes in treatment regimens. This results in a prolongation of treatment and burden for the patient. Circumstances like this contribute to rising of costs in this area of the health care system. The goal is to apply objective wound diagnostic technologies in the field of chronic wounds to catch up with other diagnostic procedures.
Venous leg ulcers – the search for a prognostic indicator
Authors: Moore Keith , Huddleston Elizabeth , Stacey Michael C , Harding Keith G 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDisordered cell function within chronic wounds generates many parameters that can be measured to differentiate between healing and non healing status. Theoretically, these may form the basis of a wound assessment system to define disease severity and response to treatment. In a review of tissue, wound exudate and microbiology studies of venous leg ulcers, we identify many such parameters that are associated with healing status. These include cytokines, proteases and their inhibitors, senescence markers, oxidative stress markers and microbiological status defined by culture. Some of these, such as protease level in wound exudate, have been proposed as prognostic indicators of healing status and many more could be considered potential markers to incorporate into a wound assessment system. However, no published data are available that validate known wound components to accurately reflect wound progression on a single patient basis. Rather than further characterisation of the expression of known wound biomarkers, the development of an accurate and objective test for prediction of chronic wound outcome requires identification of an appropriate combination of novel molecules that vary coordinately with healing status.
The cost of wound care for a local population in England
Authors: Drew Philip , Posnett John , Rusling Louise ,   Wound Care Audit Team
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe objective of this study is to estimate the cost of wound care in a local population of approximately 590 000 using results from a wound care audit carried out in Hull and the East Riding of Yorkshire as a basis. Full results of the audit will be published separately. An audit in June 2005 provided information on patients with wounds and on their treatment. This was combined with representative National Health Service unit costs to produce an estimate of the total cost of wound care in 2005–2006. In all, 1644 patients had a total of 2300 wounds (1·44 per patient). Most (74·1%) were treated in the community by district nurses, 21·2% were treated in hospital and 4·8% were treated in residential or hospice care. More than one in four hospital inpatients (26·8%) had a wound. Median duration was 6–12 weeks. Twenty‐four per cent had their wound for 6 months or more, and almost 16% of patients had remained unhealed for a year or longer. One in eight wounds (12·8%) were reported as showing signs of infection. The estimated cost of wound care in 2005–2006 was £15 million to £18 million (£2·5 million to £3·1 million per 100 000 population). Caring for patients with wounds required the equivalent of 88·5 full‐time nurses and up to 87 hospital beds. Wounds are a significant source of cost to patients as well as the health care system. The most important determinant of cost appears to be wound complications which require hospitalisation or which delay hospital discharge. Reducing costs requires a systematic focus on effective and timely diagnosis, on ensuring treatment is appropriate to the cause and condition of the wound and on active measures to prevent complications and wound‐related hospitalisation. These results should be generalisable to other similar populations in the UK and elsewhere.
The safety and efficacy of dressings with silver – addressing clinical concerns
Authors: Cutting Keith , White Richard , Edmonds Mike 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith the increasing use of silver as a topical application in wound care, concerns focussing on its role are bound to arise. These concerns, which centre on issues such as resistance and toxicity, clinical efficacy and cost‐effectiveness, need to be addressed and openly discussed so that they are viewed from a rational perspective. While clinical efficacy and safety, along with cost–benefit, are of obvious interest, the origin of some of these concerns is a matter of debate. The silver‐containing dressing segment of the medical device market is of huge commercial importance, and, consequently, marketing and promotional issues occasionally obscure the evidence that clinicians need to have in order that they may provide appropriate treatment for their patients. The impact of silver application on the wound bioburden needs to be examined carefully to heighten our awareness of any deleterious effects on the healing process, without inducing any unfounded anxieties.
Trifluralin Toxicity in a Chagas Disease Mouse Model
Authors: Zaidenberg Aníbal , Marra Carlos , Luong Tai , Gómez Pedro , Milani Laura , Villagra Sergio , Drut Ricardo 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  Even though trifluralin (α,α,α‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) is effective for the treatment of experimental Chagas disease, more preclinical toxicity studies need to be performed. Cell toxicity of trifluralin was studied in Hep‐G2 and Vero C76 cells treated with 50 and 150 µM trifluralin. The results show that duplication time, amount of cellular protein and cell protein/DNA values were normal. Histological, haematological and chemical parameters were measured in CF1 mice after oral trifluralin administration. Acute toxic effects were assayed by administration of 50 or 200 mg/kg body weight daily for 30 days, and chronic effects by administration of 200 mg/kg body weight once a week for 90 days (n = 20). In the acute scheme treatment, hepatic (glutamic‐pyruvic, glutamic‐oxalacetic and alkaline phosphatase activities; proteins and albumin plasma concentrations) and pancreatic (amylase, glycaemia) functions were normal. Mean corpuscular volume, haemoglobin and haematocrit decreased. Creatine phosphokinase, lactate dehydrogenase and glutamic‐oxalacetic activity increased, suggesting lesion in myocardial tissue. Histology was normal, excepting for the heart (mild myocarditis). Similar results were observed in acutely treated animals. There were no differences in body weight gain for treated mice compared to controls. In view of the published therapeutic effects of trifluralin on CF1 Chagas disease model and considering the present results, trifluralin seems to be a moderately toxic drug with a potential selective effect on the myocardium.
The Novel Mechanism of Recombinant Human Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor on the Anti‐diabetes Activity
Authors: Liu Qing‐Shan , Gao Mei , Zhu Shen‐Yin , Li Shao‐Jing , Zhang Li , Wang Qiu‐Juan , Du Guan‐Hua 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:  In a previous study, the ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF) were demonstrated to lead to weight‐loss partly by up‐regulating the energy metabolism and the expression of uncoupling protein‐1, mitochondrial transcription factor A and nuclear respiratory factor‐1 in adipose tissues or muscle. To investigate the up‐stream regulators of the expression, recombinant human CNTF (rhCNTF) (0.1, 0.3 and 0.9 mg/kg/day subcutaneously) were administered to KK‐Ay mice for 30 days, resulting in reduction of perirenal fat mass, serum free fatty acids and islet triacylglycerol; furthermore, the values of oral glucose tolerance test were found improved. In brown adipose tissues, the gene expressions of peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor coactivator‐1 α (PGC‐1α) were found to be up‐regulated by rhCNTF. To the best of our knowledge, the changes of gene expression of PPARα and PGC‐1α represent new insights into the mechanisms of anti‐diabetes by rhCNTF. In addition, the activity of mitochondrial complexII was found to be increased by rhCNTF. Stimulation of PPARα, PGC‐1α, uncoupling protein‐1 and enhanced activity of mitochondrial complex II may be associated with the effects of anti‐diabetes. The present study indicates new mechanisms of the activity and mechanisms on anti‐diabetes of rhCNTF, which may be a novel anti‐diabetes reagent partly acting by enhancing energy metabolism.
The Role of Penile Color-Duplex Ultrasound for the Evaluation of Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Aversa Antonio , Sarteschi Lelio Mario 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
In the era of orally active agents, dynamic penile color-duplex ultrasound (D-PCDU) is not considered a necessary first screening for all patients with erectile dysfunction (ED). Various parameters, such as peak systolic flow velocity, end diastolic velocity, resistance index, acceleration time, and degree of arterial dilatation, have been suggested for the diagnosis of vascular ED by D-PCDU.

Aim
To highlight the clinical utility and evidence-based interpretation of D-PCDU criteria.

Methods
Extensive, unsystematic PubMed literature search reviewing relevant data on D-PCDU in the evaluation of male ED.

Results
The advantage of ultrasound is the minimally invasive nature of the procedure and the ability to screen patients to identify a normal arterial response of cavernous arteries. Men with sexual dysfunctions above 55 years of age and comorbidities are more likely to have multi-organ vascular dysfunction and may necessitate further testing because erectile failure may be the first presenting symptom requiring investigation and treatment even in the absence of cardiovascular risk factors. All patients affected with Peyronie's disease and younger men with persistent ED, a history of pelvic traumas, or fractures of the penile shaft should be offered ultrasonographic penile blood flow studies before referral to surgery or more invasive vascular investigations.

Conclusions
In the near future, D-PCDU may be used in preference to patients presenting with or without vascular risk factors, particularly those not responding to first-line orally active drugs and seeking an explanation as to why these agents failed.