bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Different Modes of Exercise Training on Glucose Control and Risk Factors for Complications in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Snowling Neil J. , Hopkins Will G. 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—We sought to meta-analyze the effects of different modes of exercise training on measures of glucose control and other risk factors for complications of diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The 27 qualifying studies were controlled trials providing, for each measure, 4–18 estimates for the effect of aerobic training, 2–7 for resistance training, and 1–5 for combined training, with 1,003 type 2 diabetic patients (age 55 ± 7 years [mean ± between-study SD]) over 5–104 weeks. The meta-analytic mixed model included main-effect covariates to control for between-study differences in disease severity, sex, total training time, training intensity, and dietary cointervention (13 studies). To interpret magnitudes, effects were standardized after meta-analysis using composite baseline between-subject SD.
RESULTS—Differences among the effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined training on HbA1c (A1C) were trivial; for training lasting ≥12 weeks, the overall effect was a small beneficial reduction (A1C 0.8 ± 0.3% [mean ± 90% confidence limit]). There were generally small to moderate benefits for other measures of glucose control. For other risk factors, there were either small benefits or effects were trivial or unclear, although combined training was generally superior to aerobic and resistance training. Effects of covariates were generally trivial or unclear, but there were small additional benefits of exercise on glucose control with increased disease severity.
CONCLUSIONS—All forms of exercise training produce small benefits in the main measure of glucose control: A1C. The effects are similar to those of dietary, drug, and insulin treatments. The clinical importance of combining these treatments needs further research.
Age and Sex May Significantly Interact With Diabetes on the Risks of Lower-Extremity Amputation and Peripheral Revascularization Procedures
Authors: Chen Hua-Fen , Ho Ching-An , Li Chung-Yi 
Published: October 2006

OBJECTIVE—Using the National Health Insurance claim data, we prospectively investigated the age- and sex-specific incidence density and relative hazards of nontraumatic lower-extremity amputation (LEA) and peripheral revascularization procedure (PRP) of the diabetic population in Taiwan.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 500,868 diabetic patients and 500,248 age- and sex-matched control subjects, selected from the ambulatory care claim (1997) and the registry for beneficiaries, respectively, were linked to inpatient claims (1997–2002) to identify hospitalizations due to nontraumatic LEA and PRP. Incidence density was calculated under the Poisson assumption, and the Kaplan-Meier analysis was used to assess the cumulative event rates over a 6-year follow-up period. We also evaluated the age- and sex-specific relative hazards of nontraumatic LEA and PRP in relation to diabetes with Cox proportional hazard regression model adjusted for demographics and regional areas.
RESULTS—The estimated incidence density of nontraumatic LEA and PRP for diabetic men was 410.3 and 317.0 per 100,000 patient-years, respectively. The corresponding data for diabetic women were relatively low at 115.2 and 86.0 per 100,000 patient-years. Compared with control subjects with the same age and sex, diabetic patients consistently suffered from significantly elevated relative hazards of nontraumatic LEA. Young and female patients were especially vulnerable to experience increased risks of nontraumatic LEA, but such effect modification by age and sex was less apparent for PRP.
CONCLUSIONS—Multidisciplinary diabetes foot care systems, including the provision of revascularization procedures, should be further enforced to reduce subsequent risks of nontraumatic LEA, especially in young and female diabetic patients.
Screening for Coronary Disease in Diabetes: When and How
Authors: Ali Yasmine S. , Maron David J. 
Published: October 2006

IN BRIEF
Coronary atherosclerosis and silent ischemia are highly prevalent in patients with diabetes. Identification of subclinical atherosclerosis and ischemia in asymptomatic patients with diabetes is valuable for risk stratification and for guiding therapy. This article reviews methods of screening and proposes how to implement them in practice.
Sample Size Calculation for Comparing Proportions
Authors: Wang Hansheng , Chow Shein‐Chung 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In practice, the objective of sample size calculation is to select the minimum sample size in such a way that the desired power can be obtained for detection of a clinically meaningful difference at the prespecified significance level. Therefore, the selection of the sample size depends on the magnitude of the clinically meaningful difference, the desired power, the prespecified significance level, and the hypotheses of interest under the study of choice (e.g., a parallel design or a crossover design).
True Positives, True Negatives, False Positives, False Negatives
Authors: Schwenke Carsten , Schering AG 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
In the clinical development of diagnostic procedures, studies are performed to measure the efficacy of the new method in the target population. Those new methods could be new laboratory tests, which measure some tumor marker to evaluate the disease status of a patient. Other examples are imaging methods like ultrasound, where several raters are asked to assess the images.
Interval Censored
Authors: Gerds Thomas A , Meier‐Hirmer Carolina 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn survival or time‐to‐event analysis, interval censoring occurs if the time of an event is theendpointof interest that cannot be observed exactly for each patient but occurred chronologically between two follow‐ups. Information of the event status is typically collected by periodically performing clinical examinations or laboratory tests. Events of interest can be the onset of a disease, infection, the recurrence of a tumor, and other changes in the course of a disease. For example, in aclinical trial/study, the progression of a tumor can only be assessed at periodic examination times, e.g., every 6 months. The true time‐to‐progression is hidden somewhere between two adjacent examination times, e.g., between 12 and 18 months. Another typical example is the infection time, e.g., of HIV, when for the diagnosis the result oflaboratory testsis needed. The time‐to‐infection is included in an interval defined by the dates of acquisition. Two sources of censoring can be allocated. External censoring is due to the study design, which prohibits instantaneous access of the event of interest because the patient is not all the time medically supervised. An example for externally introduced censoring is the arrangement of yearly instead of monthly or daily examinations. On the other hand, the censoring can be due to the natural limits of the experiment. For instance, if the event of interest is the onset of a tumor, or anadverse drug reactionbecoming visible only after a certain limit of toxication is exceeded.
Propensity Score
Authors: Rosenbaum Paul R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe propensity score is the conditional probability of exposure to treatment rather than control given observed covariates, or more generally, the conditional probability of selection into a group given observed covariates. It is used in an effort to adjust for nonrandom treatment assignment or nonrandom selection. Propensity scores were proposed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1).
Using Internet in Community Intervention StudiesThe preparation of this manuscript was supported by grants from the National Cancer Institute (CA78206; CA81864; CA86199).
Authors: Buller David B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe Internet has several characteristics that make it an attractive medium for delivering health care and prevention services. It offers a dynamic, engaging, multimedia environment in which health care and prevention services can be delivered immediately, on demand, 24 hours per day 7 days a week, and for a lower per unit cost than by other delivery systems (e.g., human contact, U.S. mail). Web‐based interventions may reduce demands on other hospital services, such as general inquiries, routine examinations (asthma), or outpatient visits. It can span barriers created by distance, disability, and stigma.
Cluster Randomization
Authors: Klar Neil , Donner Allan 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to present a systematic and unified treatment of comparative trials that randomize intact social units, or clusters of individuals, to different intervention groups. Such trials have become particularly widespread in the evaluation of nontherapeutic interventions, including lifestyle modification, educational programs, and innovations in the provision of health care. Their increasing popularity over the last two decades has led to an extensive body of methodology and a growing, but somewhat scattered, literature that cuts across several disciplines in the statistical, social, and medical sciences.
The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (Caret)
Authors: Thornquist Mark D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The Carotene and Retinol Efficacy Trial (CARET) is a phase III chemoprevention trial sponsored by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI). The primary hypothesis tested in CARET was whether the daily combination of 30 mg beta‐carotene plus 25,000 International Units (IU) retinyl palmitate (an ester of retinol, also known as Vitamin A) would lower the incidence of lung cancer in individuals at high risk for the disease. Secondary hypotheses tested the effect of the study vitamins on the incidence of other cancers (with particular interest in prostate cancer), overall and cause‐specific mortality (with particular interest in mortality from cardiovascular disease), and symptoms, signs, and laboratory values potentially attributable to the study vitamins.
The Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT)
Authors: Green Sylvan B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT), funded by the U.S. National Cancer Institute (NCI), was a large‐scale study involving 11 pairs of communities in North America, matched on geographic location (state or province), size, and sociodemographic factors. Communities were randomized within pairs to active community‐based intervention versus comparison. Thus, COMMIT is an example of a group randomization design (also called a cluster randomization design), in which intact groups (clusters), rather than individuals, are randomly allocated to intervention condition. Randomization of communities was used in COMMIT to obtain an unbiased assessment of the intervention effect; randomization also provided the basis for the statistical analysis.
Assessment Bias
Authors: Gøtzsche Peter C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Assessment bias in a clinical trial occurs if bias in the assessment of the outcome exists. It is also called ascertainment bias, diagnostic bias, or detection bias. A major cause of assessment bias is lack of blinding. Other problems relate to differential identification of harmless or false‐positive cases of disease, bias in assessment of disease‐specific mortality, the use of composite outcomes, competing risks, timing of the assessments, and bias in assessment of harms.
The Cochrane Collaboration
Authors: Clarke Mike 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
For all but the last 100 years, decisions on how to treat patients were almost always based on personal experience, anecdotal case histories, and comparisons of a group of patients who received one treatment with an entirely separate group who did not. These processes, although subject to many biases, are still in use today, but ways to minimize these biases are now available, accepted, and more easily adopted. Among these methods is the use of the randomized trial as a means of providing more reliable estimates of the relative effects of interventions, as the only difference between the patients in the groups being compared in a randomized trial will be that of most interest: namely, the interventions under investigation. The Cochrane Collaboration, which is the subject of this article, was formed to research and assemble a database of relevant trials to fill this void.
Double‐Dummy
Authors: Schulz Kenneth F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Blinding embodies a rich history spanning several centuries. Double‐blinding usually reduces differential assessment of outcomes (information bias), but can also improve compliance and retention of trial participants while reducing biased supplemental care or treatment (sometimes called co‐intervention). With an active treatment control group, different options to double‐blinding present production obstacles, compliance impediments, and unblinding opportunities. To double‐blind in this situation, double‐dummy blinding nearly always becomes indispensable.
Update in Hyperlipidemia Clinical Trials
Authors: Chien Kuo‐Liong 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCurrent large‐scale clinical trial evidence clearly demonstrates that statins can reduce cardiovascular mortality and morbidity in hyperlipidemic patients. These clinical trial results clearly indicate that cholesterol reduction can reduce cardiovascular risks significantly. However, several issues are still under debate, such as subgroup benefits, lipid subtypes, and new outcome measures. Progress on study design, surrogate endpoints, outcomes measures, and new drugs improve the knowledge of hyperlipidemia treatment. In this review, the recent advances on clinical trials of hyperlipidemia will be discussed and some hints on recent updated information will be provided.
Stability Analysis
Authors: Tsong Yi , Chen Wen Jen 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Shelf life of a drug product is defined as the length of time under the specific conditions of storage that the product will remain within acceptance criteria established to ensure its identity, strength, quality, and purity. Regulatory agencies request that an adequate stability study be performed by an applicant to collect the chemical data of the batch at a prespecified time point in order to provide supporting evidence of product stability and establish a proposed shelf life (1–7).
Clinical Data Coordination
Authors: Kious Cheryl 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
This article provides an overview of the role of the Lead Data Manager, including best practices and considerations in the clinical data management process. The clinical data management process is responsible for taking the raw data provided by investigative sites and converting it into a high‐quality database “…enabling the data to be efficiently analysed and displayed.” The processes outlined are assumed for a regulatory study, and they are divided into the phases of study initiation, study conduct, and study closure.
Multiple Endpoints
Authors: Bretz Frank , Branson Michael 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The analysis of multiple endpoints is common practice in pharmaceutical research. A vast amount of literature exists on the design and the analysis of clinical trials with multiple endpoints. Related statistical approaches can roughly be classified into endpoint‐specific multiple testing methods and multivariate global tests. This article briefly summarizes the main approaches, describes their advantages and disadvantages, and provides some recommendations on practical issues.
An optimized anti‐lock braking system in the presence of multiple road surface types
Authors: Rattasiri W. , Wickramarachchi N. , K. Halgamuge S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the use of adaptive anti‐lock braking system (A‐ABS) comprising of a road surface identification (RSID) system and road surface information modules is presented. The proposed ABS system is capable of identifying and differentiating different types of road surfaces, and applying an amount of brake force appropriate to the road surface type being encountered in order to prevent wheel lockup as well as to minimize the braking distance. A discriminative hierarchical evolutionary fuzzy system learns and identifies on‐the‐fly the road surface characteristics, from a set of built‐in road surface information modules, in a closed‐loop adaptive configuration. The closed‐loop nature of RSID allows the system to adapt and respond very fast to a sudden change in surface condition. In order to verify the performance of the proposal, simulation results obtained from cars equipped with A‐ABS, a reference ABS, and a non‐ABS are provided and discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiscale planning and scheduling in the secondary pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Stefansson Hlynur , Shah Nilay , Jensson Pall 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMost sophisticated planning and scheduling approaches for the process industry consider a fixed time horizon and assume that all data is given at the time of application. Planning and scheduling approach for a continuous and dynamic decision process where decisions have to be made before all data are available is proposed. As an inspiration we have a real world problem originating from a complex pharmaceutical enterprise. The approach is based on a hierarchically structured moving horizon framework. On each level optimization models are proposed to provide support for the relevant decisions. The levels differ regarding the time scope, aggregation, update rate and availability of data at the time applied. The framework receives input data piece by piece and has to make decisions with only a partial knowledge of the required input. Solution procedures have been developed and the optimization models have been validated and tested with data from the real world problem. The solution procedures were able to obtain good solutions within acceptable computational times. It is believed that multiscale dynamic online procedures are more suitable than traditional offline procedures for many specific types of planning and scheduling problems found in the process industry and should be explored further. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Genetics of Parkinson's disease and parkinsonism
Authors: Hardy John , Cai Huaiban , Cookson Mark R. , Gwinn‐Hardy Katrina , Singleton Andrew 
Published: October 2006

AbstractUntil 10 years ago, conventional wisdom held that Parkinson's disease was not a genetic disorder. Since that time, there have been a plethora of genetic findings, culminating in the cloning of several genes that derive from the loci given the nomenclature PARK1‐PARK12 (OMIM 168600). Recently, these research findings have begun to impact clinical practice, and this impact is likely to increase. The primary purpose of this article is to outline these genetic advances, discuss their importance for current practice in clinical and related settings, and outline briefly how they are influencing research into the causes of and possible future treatments for this prevalent disorder. Ann Neurol 2006;60:389–398
Humidity sensing and electrical properties of polyaniline/cobalt oxide composites
Authors: Parvatikar Narsimha , Jain Shilpa , Kanamadi C. M. , Chougule B. K. , Bhoraskar S. V. , Prasad M. V. N. Ambika 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPolyaniline/cobalt oxide composites were synthesized by an in situ chemical polymerization method with ammonium persulfate as an oxidizing agent. This was a single‐step polymerization process for the direct synthesis of the emeraldine salt phase of the polymer. The polymers were characterized with X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The formation of mixed phases of the polymer together with the conducting emeraldine salt phase was confirmed by spectroscopic techniques. High‐temperature conductivity measurements showed thermally activated behavior. A change in the resistance was observed with respect to the relative humidity when the pellets were exposed to a wide humidity range of 10–95%. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 653–658, 2007
Easy preparation of crosslinked polymer films from polyoxyalkylene diamine and poly(styrene–maleic anhydride) for electrostatic dissipation
Authors: Wei Kuan‐Liang , Wu Jeng‐Yue , Chen Yu‐Min , Hsu Yen‐Chi , Lin Jiang‐Jen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe curing reaction of polyoxyalkylene diamine and poly(styrene–maleic anhydride) was able to produce polymer films that were hygroscopic in nature. The process involved the formation of an imine intermediate by dissolving the diamine monomers in a ketone solvent, followed by instant casting into films before the solution self‐cured into a gel product. Hydrophilic films were formed by the fast reaction of amine with anhydride while evaporating the solvent under vacuum. The resulting films exhibited dissipation of electrostatic charges over a wide range, from 109.4 to 104.1 Ω/sq surface resistivity. The low resistivity was attributed to the functionality of hydrophilic polyoxyethylene (POE), which was able to adsorb moisture and optionally to the added metal ion salts. Furthermore, the slightly crosslinked network prevented POE from having crystallinity and rendered the films solvent resistant, thermally stable, and suitable for applications as antistatic and polymeric electrolytes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 716–723, 2007
Radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(methylferrocenyl)amine
Authors: Monakov Y. B. , Puzin Y. I. , Zaikina A. V. , Yarmukhamedova E. I. , Fatykhov A. A. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe specific features of free‐radical polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of a new initiating system, benzoyl peroxide‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐(methylferrocenyl)amine, are studied. Mutual influence of ferrocenyl‐ and amine groups on kinetic parameters of polymerization and on the microstructure of the resulting polymers is found. It is shown that the polymer obtained in the presence of this initiating system has predominantly syndiotactic structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 724–727, 2007
Strategy for kinetic parameter estimation—Thermal degradation of polyurethane elastomers
Authors: Agić Ante , Bajsić Emi Govorĉin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the thermal degradation of polyurethane (PU) elastomers based on poly(ether polyol) soft segments and an aromatic type of diisocyanate were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under a nitrogen atmosphere employing four heating rates. The corresponding kinetic parameters of the two degradation stages were estimated by minimizing the output error functional and by the Kissinger method. In evaluating the kinetic parameters of the two‐step PU thermal decomposition, a differential thermogravimetry curve was applied as an objective functional in a regression procedure. Parameter estimation was obtained by minimizing the weighted quadratic output error functional with the modified Nelder–Mead simplex search algorithm. The confidence regions in the preexponential factor‐activation energy space were established for both the first and second stages of degradation. The effect of the molecular weight of the soft segment and the content of the hard segment on the activation energy of the degradation process was constructed by response surface methodology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 764–772, 2007