bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Submental sEMG and Hyoid Movement During Mendelsohn Maneuver, Effortful Swallow, and Expiratory Muscle Strength Training
Authors: Wheeler-Hegland Karen M. , Rosenbek John C. , Sapienza Christine M. 
Published: August 2008

Purpose
This study investigated the concurrent biomechanical and electromyographic properties of 2 swallow-specific tasks (effortful swallow and Mendelsohn maneuver) and 1 swallow-nonspecific (expiratory muscle strength training [EMST]) swallow therapy task in order to examine the differential effects of each on hyoid motion and associated submental activation in healthy adults, with the overall goal of characterizing task-specific and overload properties of each task.

Method

Twenty-five healthy male and female adults (
M
= 25 years of age) participated in this prospective, experimental study with 1 participant group. Each participant completed all study tasks (including normal swallow, Mendelsohn maneuver swallow, effortful swallow, and EMST task) in random order during concurrent videofluoroscopy and surface electromyography recording.

Results
Results revealed significant differences in the trajectory of hyoid motion as measured by overall displacement and angle of elevation of the hyoid bone. As well, timing of hyoid movement and amplitude differences existed between tasks with regard to the activation of the submental musculature.

Conclusions
Study results demonstrated differential effects of the 3 experimental tasks on the principles of task specificity and overload. These principles are important in the development of effective rehabilitative programs. Subsequent direction for future research is suggested.
Nasofacial Reconstruction with Calvarial Bone Grafts in Compromised Defects
Authors: Emerick Kevin S. , Hadlock Tessa A. , Cheney Mack L. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To determine the utility of calvarial bone grafting in multiple reconstructive settings. In particular to examine the success of calvarial bone grafting of the nasofacial skeleton in a compromised wound bed.Study Design: Case series.Methods: A retrospective review was performed to identify patients undergoing calvarial bone graft reconstruction of the nasofacial skeleton. Patients were identified from operative records and the medical record was reviewed to identify age, gender, site of defect, indication for the operation, size of bone graft harvested, postoperative and delayed complications, radiation exposure, need for additional soft tissue, and graft loss.Results: Eighty‐seven patients who underwent split calvarial bone grafts were identified and had a complete medical record available for review. Ninety grafts were harvested. Five subsites in the nasofacial skeleton were identified as sites for reconstruction. Forty cases were performed for revision of a previous complication, including 13 who had a previous alloplastic implant. Twenty‐four additional cases were performed in a compromised wound bed and 64% of all cases were performed in either a revision or compromised setting. There was an 11% incidence of early postoperative complications, but there were no major complications at the donor site and only two major complications at the recipient site.Conclusion: Calvarial bone is a very useful material in the primary, revision, and compromised settings. This series suggests that split calvarial bone grafts is an adaptable, durable, and reliable material. It can be reliably used in the setting of radiation, infection, and inflammation.
Perilymph Osmolality Modulates Cochlear Function
Authors: Choi Chul‐Hee , Oghalai John S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The cochlear amplifier is required for the exquisite sensitivity of mammalian hearing. Outer hair cells underlie the cochlear amplifier and they are unique in that they maintain an intracellular turgor pressure. Changing the turgor pressure of an isolated outer hair cells through osmotic challenge modulates its ability to produce electromotile force. We sought to determine the effect of osmotic challenge on cochlear function.Study Design: In vivo animal study.Methods: Hypotonic and hypertonic artificial perilymph was perfused through the scala tympani of anesthetized guinea pigs. Cochlear function was assessed by measuring the compound action potential, distortion product otoacoustic emissions, the cochlear microphonic, and the endocochlear potential.Results: Hypotonic perilymph decreased and hypertonic perilymph increased compound action potential and distortion product otoacoustic emission thresholds in a dose‐dependent and reversible manner. The cochlear microphonic quadratic distortion product magnitude increased after hypotonic perfusion and decreased with hypertonic perfusion. There were no changes in the stimulus intensity growth curve of the low‐frequency cochlear microphonic. The endocochlear potential was not affected by perilymph osmolality.Conclusions: These data demonstrate that perilymph osmolality can modulate cochlear function and are consistent with what would be expected if outer hair cells turgor pressure changes the gain of the cochlear amplifier in vivo.
Adult Subglottic Stenosis: Management With Laser Incisions and Mitomycin‐C
Authors: Roediger Frederick C. , Orloff Lisa A. , Courey Mark S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: To assess the efficacy of endoscopic laser radial incisions with mitomycin‐C application (ELRM) in managing adult subglottic stenosis (SGS).Study Design: Retrospective case series review.Methods: Fifteen consecutive cases of adult SGS treated with ELRM at a single tertiary referral center over three years were reviewed. Subjects with SGS secondary to Wegener's granulomatosis (WG) and idiopathic SGS were included. Patients with cartilaginous SGS were excluded. The primary outcome measure was postoperative reduction in symptoms. Secondary outcome measures included total number of procedures required to relieve symptoms, interval between procedures, and improvement in pulmonary function tests when available. In addition to surgery, 14 of 15 patients were treated medically for reflux.Results: Ten women and five men with average age 48 years were identified. Ten patients had idiopathic SGS and five had WG. The predominant presenting symptom was dyspnea on exertion in all patients. All subjects reported at least a temporary postoperative reduction in symptoms. Six patients (40%) required only one ELRM and nine patients (60%) required repeat ELRM at an average interval of 9 months. The average interval for the six patients with idiopathic etiology requiring a second procedure was 9 months. One subject with WG required four procedures. His interval improved from 2.5 to 7 months between procedures. Evidence of extrathoracic airway obstruction resolved in three of four patients with pre and postoperative pulmonary function tests.Conclusions: ELRM is an effective method of managing SGS associated with idiopathic causes. In patients with WG, ELRM reduced airway associated symptoms and avoided need for tracheotomy.
Multiple Analyses of Factors Related to Intraoperative Blood Loss and the Role of Reverse Trendelenburg Position in Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Ko Ming‐Tse , Chuang Kuan‐Chih , Su Chih‐Ying 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: To find out the factors related to the volume of intraoperative blood loss during endoscopic sinus surgery and to validate the role of reverse Trendelenburg position (RTP) in controlling blood loss.Study Design: Prospective, controlled, single‐blind study.Methods: Endoscopic sinus surgeries for chronic rhinosinusitis with or without polyposis were performed in 60 patients, which were randomly categorized into two groups. The study group (RTP group) consisted of 30 patients laid on operation table with the RTP of 10° during the whole surgery, and the control group with 30 patients completely laid supine. All operations were performed by the same operator (the first author) without using hemostatic agents during the operation. Intraoperative blood loss was estimated by total volume of blood loss, blood loss per minute, and surgical field scale. Multiple factors related to blood loss, such as computed tomography scores, operation time, mean arterial pressure, polyposis, fungal sinusitis, and anesthetic agents were compared.Results: There existed significant differences in total blood loss, blood loss per minute, and surgical field between the RTP group and supine group. In multiple analyses within the two groups, presence of polyp, non‐fungal sinusitis and use of microdebrider exhibited a significant higher blood loss rate in the RTP group.Conclusion: RTP may reduce intraoperative blood loss. Besides, fungal sinusitis and rhinosinusitis without polyposis may contribute to a lesser intraoperative blood loss.
The Role of Allergy and Smoking in Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Polyposis
Authors: Houser Steven M. , Keen Kevin J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The article considers the interrelatedness of allergic rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The negative impact of perennial allergy and tobacco use on polyposis in sinus surgery patients is explored.Study Design: A retrospective chart review, performed by the first author over a 6‐year period, of patients who underwent functional endoscopic sinus surgery for CRS.Methods: The subjects' allergy status and smoking history are scrutinized by summary statistics and a multiple linear logistic model for predicting the presence of polyps.Results: High prevalence of perennial allergic rhinitis (PAR) is seen in the subject population (56.4%). Both PAR and tobacco use are associated with nasal polyposis (P = .0073 and P = .0114, respectively).Conclusions: The close association of PAR and CRS suggests a possible causal link. Management of allergic rhinitis and tobacco cessation may provide greater control of chronic hyperplastic rhinosinusitis.
Short‐term larval food stress and associated compensatory growth reduce adult immune function in a damselfly
Authors: DeBLOCK MARJAN , STOKS ROBBY 
Published: August 2008

Abstract 1. In animals with a complex life cycle, larval stressors may carry over to the adult stage. Carry‐over effects not mediated through age and size at metamorphosis have rarely been studied. The present study focuses on the poorly documented immune costs of short‐term food stress both in the larval stage and after metamorphosis in the adult stage.2. The present study quantified immune function [number of haemocytes, activity of prophenoloxidase (proPO) and phenoloxidase (PO)] in an experiment where larvae of the damselfly Lestes viridis were exposed to a transient starvation period.3. Directly after starvation, immune variables were reduced in starved larvae. Levels of proPO and PO remained low after starvation, even after metamorphosis. In contrast, haemocyte numbers were fully compensated by the end of the larval stage, yet were lower in previously starved animals after metamorphosis. This can be explained as a cost of the observed compensatory growth after starvation. Focusing only on potential costs of larval stressors within the larval stage may therefore be misleading.4. The here‐identified immunological cost in the adult stage of larval short‐term food stress and associated compensatory growth strongly indicates that physiological costs may explain hidden carry‐over effects bridging metamorphosis. This adds to the increasing awareness that the larval and adult stages in animals with a complex life cycle should be jointly studied, as trade‐offs may span metamorphosis.
Climate change, diapause termination and zooplankton population dynamics: an experimental and modelling approach
Authors: DUPUIS ALAIN P. , HANN BRENDA J. 
Published: August 2008

Summary1. Earlier spring warming as predicted for climate change will alter combinations of water temperature and photoperiod that act as emergence cues for zooplankton resting stages. As a result, water temperature cue thresholds will be experienced at shorter photoperiods, a variable independent of weather variations. Also, light intensity, another potentially important cue for zooplankton emergence, could decrease in many lakes if symptoms of climate change resemble those of eutrophication.2. We designed a laboratory experiment to test the effects of three factors, temperature (6, 9 and 12 °C), photoperiod (13L : 11D and 16L : 8D) and light intensity (20 and 35 μE m−2 s−1) on hatchling abundance and timing of hatching of daphniids (Daphnia ambigua) and rotifers (Keratella spp. and Synchaeta pectinata) from resting eggs. Further, we investigated the implications of potential changes in hatching dynamics, following variations in hatching cues, on zooplankton spring population development using predator–prey simulation models.3. For hatchling abundance and timing of hatching, photoperiod had a significant effect for D. ambigua but not rotifers. Daphnia ambigua hatchling abundance decreased by 50% when incubated at conditions mimicking early spring (12 °C + 13‐h photoperiod) compared to a later spring (12 °C + 16‐h photoperiod). Light intensity has a significant effect only for S. pectinata, producing greater hatchling abundance at lower light intensity.4. Simulation models suggest that in contrast to a later spring, an early warming produces a shift in spring zooplankton community composition, from daphniid to rotifer dominance. These patterns are primarily driven by differential zooplankton emergence response with variations in temperature–photoperiod cues.5. Overall, our laboratory experiments and simulation models suggest that lakes with strong dependence on the ‘resting egg‐bank’, characteristic of many shallow north‐temperate lakes or in years with low winter survivorship of adult zooplankton, may be most susceptible to climate change. Further, fewer large grazers such as daphniids with an earlier spring may result in less control of cyanobacterial blooms in eutrophic lakes.
The cloning and expression of α‐tubulin in Monochamus alternatus
Authors: Song L. , Liu X.‐X. , Zhang Y.‐A. , Zhang Q.‐W. , Zhao Z.‐W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Japanese pine sawyer Monochamus alternatus is one of the major forest pests. It damages pine directly and transfers the nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus to pine wood; resulting in serious economic losses around the world every year. α‐tubulin is one of most important proteins in most species. We cloned a ubiquitously expressed M. alternatusα‐tubulin gene and analysed its nucleotides and protein structure; its sequence characters are consistent with what have been reported in other insects. The alignment of proteins showed that there is high homology of α‐tubulin between M. alternatus and other species. Western blot and immunocytochemistry analyses suggested a common epitope of α‐tubulin between M. alternatus and Strongylcentrotus purpuratus. We also expressed the protein in Escherichia coli for further functional studies.
Specific insulin sensitivity and leptin responses to a nutritional treatment of obesity via a combination of energy restriction and fatty fish intake
Authors: Abete I. , Parra D. , Crujeiras A. B. , Goyenechea E. , Martinez J. A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackground Nutritional strategies to treat obesity often influence neuroendocrine factors related to body weight control. The present study aimed to investigate whether the inclusion of three fatty fish servings per week within a hypocaloric diet may have specific healthy effects on insulin and leptin functions.Methods Thirty‐two subjects (body mass index = 31.6 ± 3.5 kg m−2) aged 36 ± 7 years, were assigned to a control or fish‐based energy‐restricted diet over an 8‐week period. Anthropometry, body composition, lipid profile, leptin and insulin values were measured at the start and at the end of the dietary intervention.Results Both experimental diets resulted in a similar mean weight loss (control = 5.3 ± 2.6% versus fish‐based = 5.5 ± 2.5%;P = 0.783). A significant reduction in insulin resistance, as determined by the homeostatic model assessment index (HOMA‐IR = insulin × glucose/22.5), was observed after the fish‐based intervention. The change in circulating leptin was higher in the fish‐based diet compared to the control group. Sixteen percent of the variability in the change of adjusted‐leptin could be explained (P = 0.034) by the HOMA index change and the type of diet.Conclusions Three servings a week of fatty fish included in an energy‐restricted diet appears to be a valid strategy for specifically improving insulin sensitivity and leptin levels in obese subjects, which could involve a better body weight regulation after a nutritional intervention period.
Post‐translational control of vegetative cell separation enzymes through a direct interaction with specific inhibitor IseA in Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Yamamoto Hiroki , Hashimoto Masayuki , Higashitsuji Yuhei , Harada Hiroyuki , Hariyama Nozomi , Takahashi Lisa , Iwashita Tomoaki , Ooiwa Seika , Sekiguchi Junichi 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree d,l‐endopeptidases, LytE, LytF and CwlS, are involved in the vegetative cell separation in Bacillus subtilis. A novel cell surface protein, IseA, inhibits the cell wall lytic activities of these d,l‐endopeptidases in vitro, and IseA negatively regulates the cell separation enzymes at the post‐translational level. Immunofluorescence microscopy indicated that the IseA−3xFLAG fusion protein was specifically localized at cell separation sites and poles on the vegetative cell surface in a similar manner of the d,l‐endopeptidases. Furthermore, pull‐down assay showed that IseA binds to the catalytic domain of LytF, indicating that IseA is localized on the cell surface through the catalytic domain of LytF. Overexpression of IseA caused a long‐chained cell morphology in the exponential growth phase, indicating that IseA inhibits the cell separation d,l‐endopeptidases in vivo. Besides, overexpression of IseA in a cwlO disruptant affected cell growth, implying that IseA is also involved in the cell elongation event. However, although IseA inhibits the activities of LytE, LytF, CwlS and CwlO in vitro, it is unlikely to inhibit CwlS and CwlO in vivo. This is the first demonstration that the cell separation event is post‐translationally controlled through a direct interaction between cell separation enzymes and a specific novel inhibitor in bacteria.
Functional analysis of key nuclear trafficking components reveals an atypical Ran network required for parasite pathogenesis
Authors: Frankel Matthew B. , Knoll Laura J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryProtozoan parasites represent major public health challenges. Many aspects of their cell biology are distinct from their animal hosts, providing potential therapeutic targets. Toxoplasma gondii is a protozoan parasite that contains a divergent regulator of chromosome condensation 1 (TgRCC1) that is required for virulence and efficient nuclear trafficking. RCC1 proteins function as a guanine exchange factor for Ras‐related nuclear protein (Ran), an abundant GTPase responsible for the majority of nucleocytoplasmic transport. Here we show that while there are dramatic differences from well‐conserved RCC1 proteins, TgRCC1 associates with chromatin, interacts with Ran and complements a mammalian temperature‐sensitive RCC1 mutant cell line. During the investigation of TgRCC1, we observed several unprecedented phenotypes for TgRan, despite a high level of sequence conservation. The cellular distribution of TgRan is found throughout the parasite cell, whereas Ran in late branching eukaryotes is predominantly nuclear. Additionally, T. gondii tolerates at least low‐level expression of dominant lethal Ran mutants. Wild type parasites expressing dominant negative TgRan grew similarly to wild type in standard tissue culture conditions, but were attenuated in serum‐starved host cells and mice. These growth characteristics paralleled the TgRCC1 mutant and highlight the importance of the nuclear transport pathway for virulence of eukaryotic pathogens.
Clinically relevant mutations that cause derepression of the Neisseria gonorrhoeae MtrC‐MtrD‐MtrE Efflux pump system confer different levels of antimicrobial resistance and in vivo fitness
Authors: Warner Douglas M. , Shafer William M. , Jerse Ann E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe MtrC‐MtrD‐MtrE efflux pump system confers resistance to macrolide antibiotics and antimicrobial substances of the host innate defence. Clinical isolates with increased resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin frequently harbour mutations in the mtrR structural gene, which encodes a repressor of the mtrCDE operon, or the mtrR promoter region. The MtrC‐MtrD‐MtrE system is important for gonococcal survival in the murine genital tract, and derepression of the mtrCDE operon via deletion of mtrR confers increased fitness in vivo. Here we compared isogenic strains with naturally occurring mtrR locus mutations for differences in mtrCDE expression and pump‐related phenotypes. Mutations upstream of mtrC, including those within the MtrR binding region and a novel mutation that increases mtrC RNA stability conferred the highest levels of derepression as measured by mtrCDE transcription and resistance to antibiotics, progesterone and antimicrobial peptides. In contrast, mutations within the mtrR coding sequence conferred low to intermediate levels of derepression. In vivo, the mtr mutants were more fit than the wild‐type strain, the degree to which paralleled in vitro resistance gradients. These studies establish a hierarchy of mtrR locus mutations with regard to regulation of pump efflux, and suggest selection for more derepressed mutants may occur during mixed infections.
Resistance of peas to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in the Pisum core collection
Authors: Porter L. D. , Hoheisel G. , Coffman V. A. 
Published: August 2008

In this study, 497 pea accessions from the Pisum core collection located at the USDA‐ARS, Western Regional Plant Introduction Station (WRPIS), Pullman, WA and seven woody‐stem pea lines from a private collection in the UK, were screened for resistance to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the cause of white mould. All of the Pisum genotypes screened were susceptible to infection, and 237 of the 504 genotypes were highly susceptible since these did not survive 2 weeks post‐inoculation. However, 22 pea accessions and one woody‐stem line were identified with quantitative partial resistance to white mould. Pea accessions 103709, 166084, 169603, 240515 and 270536 from the core collection demonstrated the greatest quantitative partial resistance to S. sclerotiorum based on nodal resistance and plant survival in replicated greenhouse and laboratory tests. Only five of the 504 genotypes screened had a mean lesion length of between 0 and 1 cm when assessed 3 days post‐inoculation. Pea stem diameter was significantly (P ≤ 0·03) negatively correlated with stem lesion length in replicated greenhouse and laboratory experiments, and was determined to be the best predictor of quantitative partial resistance to S. sclerotiorum based on lesion length.