bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Harlot's Art: Metaphor and Literary Criticism
Authors: Leidl Christoph G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores some major issues in developing a model for the study of metaphor as a literary category. Purely structural categorization should be supplemented with sensitivity to context in the operation of metaphor. Central to the purpose of metaphor are the judgements they imply, and their use to create vocabulary for new fields of thought thus throws useful light on how those fields are viewed. Ancient personifications of rhetoric as a woman are used as a case study.
Metaphor and Metonymy: Aristotle, Jakobson, Ricoeur, and Others
Authors: Silk Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues in favour of Roman Jakobson’s privileging of metonymy alongside metaphor as primary linguistic tropes (‘trope’ is to be understood here, in a significant modification of Aristotle’s understanding of metaphor, as deviation from usage perceived or felt as normal). But Jakobson shares with Aristotle, as also with Paul Ricoeur and philosophical theorists at large, the fault of paying too little respect to actual literary practice. The result is that they identify metaphor as the defining characteristic of poetic language, mistakenly ignoring the importance of metonymy as well.
The Rhetoric of the Homeric Problems
Authors: Russell Donald 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Heraclitus Homericus operates as grammarian, philosopher, and ‘rhetor’, and it is the latter aspect on which this chapter focuses. It shows how the rhetorical case in Homer’s defence is built against Plato, especially through establishing allegory as stock-in-trade of the former, and degeneracy the distinguishing feature of the latter.
Is Co-operation Habit-Forming?
Authors: Seabright Paul 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Common sense would suggest people who have cooperated in the past would find it easier to cooperate in the future. This chapter examines a number of issues related to cooperation and trust with regard to individual rationality and formation of collective action institutions, both (game-) theoretically and empirically. A cooperative outcome is one of many equilibria possible in a repeated game (i.e., while each game is unique, players can remember each other's strategies in previous rounds). A player's decision on whether or not to cooperate depends on pay-offs from that cooperation and the degree of trust. Repetition seems to do two things: first, by allowing the possibility of retaliation it transforms the game such that cooperation is rational, and second, because both players now know this, it increases the likelihood that other players will cooperate, and thus, making cooperation individually rational. Some of the conjectures identified from the theoretical model are also examined with data from milk-producers' cooperative societies in the South Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Some policy implications are discussed.
CO2 and the Greenhouse Effect: A Game-Theoretic Explorathion
Authors: Hoel Michael 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter uses game theoretic models to examine scope for international cooperation for reducing CO2 emissions. Though the collective benefits of reduced emissions may be significant, it is in no country's self-interest to make significant sacrifices through a reduction in emissions. In the absence of cooperation, the total quantity of emissions will be in excess of the social optimum, that allocation of emissions which maximizes the total income of all countries minus the environmental costs. However, not all kinds of international agreements lead to a social optimum. A more common type of agreement is one where all countries are required to make uniform percentage reduction in emissions. The cost difference between these two types of agreements may be quite large. This chapter explores two other types of environmental agreements, namely, an international CO2 tax and tradable CO2 permits. Disregarding the size of a country, it is seen that both of these systems are equivalent. With a CO2 tax, setting the tax level can be an issue and it may take a few iterations to reach the desired level of tax.
Management of Wildlife and Habitat in Developing Countries
Authors: Brown Gardner 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter attempts to explain why and in what circumstances a precipitous rate of decline in the stocks of natural capital is not, by itself, a cause for concern. Many problems related to optimal use of wildlife and habitat can be addressed by better design of property rights systems so that ‘owners’ have an incentive to exclude others. Such property right systems can gradually lead to tradable quotas whereby price can generate revenue for conservation efforts. The chapter uses examples of African wildlife areas and the scope for using mixed strategies where ‘owners’ keep both cattle and game. From an economic analysis vantage point, it is argued that game and cattle interact on both demand and supply sides. Some of the benefits of wildlife viewing are illustrated with the cases of Lumpinee Park in Thailand and Korup National Park in Cameroon.
Researching Japanese Subsidiaries: The Strategy of Multiple Case-study Research
Authors: Elger Tony , Smith Chris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter outlines the logic of the research design and the research methods used to study the operations of five Japanese subsidiaries in Britain. It reviews the different limitations of survey-based research and single case research, and advocates theoretically informed multiple case studies to illuminate both the processual dynamics of subsidiary operations and the importance of evolving social contexts. It explains the basis for the selection of the case-study enterprises and outlines the role of extensive interviews with managers and workers, combined with observation and documentary sources, in developing a cumulative understanding of patterns of social relations in each case-study establishment. Finally, it considers the strengths and weaknesses of a particular focus on non-unionized Japanese enterprises in Britain as a basis for contributing to the analysis of the overseas operations of multinational firms more generally.
6 Ciceronian Consensus
Authors: Bell Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter uses the oratory of Cicero to show the intricate dynamics of the late Republic, which Caesarism dooms. Cicero did not much like noisy crowds nor the liberalities which invited them. Yet in the summer of 44 AD, he excitedly recorded the ‘testimony and judgement’ of the populus delivered upon the assassins of Caesar. He had been impressed by the roar of the crowd at the ludi Apollinares. He thought this bespoke a future for his res publica but he was wrong. In his own complicated and uncertain fashion, Caesar had shown himself willing and more than able to offer easily better aspects of civic life. Caesarian autocracy had established itself through food and jobs and cash, monuments and memories in Rome.
4 Some Evaluative Terms in Aristophanes
Authors: Dover Kenneth 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter establishes the range of evaluative strategies found in Greek comedy and then concentrates on an explicit lexical evaluation in comedy. It argues that it would be easy to understand why the language of Aristophanes abstains from the use of the ‘basic’ obscene metaphor in reproaching stupidity and unpleasantness if it also abstained from (1) the metaphorical use of ‘deviant’ obscenity and (2) the use of both basic and deviant obscene words in their literal meanings. However, those conditions are not fulfilled, leaving something that resembles an ecological niche inexplicably unoccupied.
10 Speech within Speech in Menander
Authors: Nünlist René 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes the dramatic use of speech within speech in Menander's comedies. It begins with a historical review that stretches from Homer down to Hellenistic literature, then considers the specific role ‘speech within speech’ takes on in New Comedy. By distinguishing factual and imagined quoted speech, it shows that Menander's usage is closer to that of Euripides than to that of Aristophanes even though the absolute frequency of quoted speech is comparable in all three authors.
From Conservatism to Revolution: British Stock Exchanges 1965–2005
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBritain is treated separately because it had a different institutional starting point in the securities sector, reformed earlier and then influenced the other three countries, and followed a specific ‘British reform path’. Between the mid-1960s and the early 1980s, despite pressures from transnational technological and economic developments, traditionalists in the London Stock Exchange successfully fought to retain their inheritance. However, the position changed greatly after the early 1980s. The LSE was transformed from a private British club into a listed company open to takeover. Reversing decades of self-regulation, powers were delegated to new independent financial regulatory authorities. Reforms were led by British state actors. They were triggered for domestic reasons, but thereafter, international factors became important, as British policy makers became concerned about regulatory competition from the US, and selectively used US reforms to justify changes. The chapter therefore shows the importance of US policies in the strategies of domestic policy makers and their legitimation of reforms.
Transformation and Convergence: Stock Exchanges in France, Germany, and Italy 1986–2005
Authors: Thatcher Mark 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Between 1986 and 2005, rapid and sweeping changes broke with long-standing sectoral institutions for securities trading in France, Germany, and Italy. Stock exchanges were privatised, legal monopolies ended, and regulatory powers transferred to independent regulatory authorities. Policy forms of internationalisation were crucial in these changes. Policymakers feared regulatory competition due to new institutional arrangements in Britain, while also looking to Britain as a successful example of reform. But a second, more important factor was detailed sectoral EU regulation which increased fears of securities trading moving elsewhere and provided occasions and arguments for change. The two forms of internationalisation aided the formation of strong reform coalitions between governments and the managements of incumbent suppliers, and provided arguments to legitimate changes. By 2005, the three countries had adopted similar institutional outcomes to Britain, but following a different route, showing that policy forms of internationalisation can lead to similar outcomes through nationally-specific routes.
Malaria and Rome
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book is the first comprehensive study of malaria in ancient Italy since the research of the distinguished Italian malariologist, Angelo Celli, in the early 20th century. It demonstrates the importance of disease patterns in understanding ancient human demography. It argues that malaria became prevalent in Roman times in central Italy as a result of environmental changes, such as deforestation and the spread of certain types of mosquitoes. Using contemporary sources and comparative material from other periods, it is suggested that malaria had a significant effect on mortality rates in certain regions of Roman Italy. All the important advances made in many relevant fields since Celli’s time are incorporated. These include geomorphological research on the development of the coastal environments of Italy that were notorious for malaria in the past; biomolecular research on the evolution of malaria; ancient biomolecules as a new source of evidence for palaeodisease; the differentiation of mosquito species that permits understanding of the phenomenon of anophelism without malaria; and recent medical research on the interactions between malaria and other diseases. In addition to its medical and demographic effects, the social and economic effects of malaria are also considered, for example on settlement patterns and agricultural systems. The varied human responses to and interpretations of malaria in antiquity, ranging from the attempts at rational understanding made by the Hippocratic authors and Galen to the demons described in the magical papyri, are also examined.
3 Evolution and prehistory of malaria
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the timing of the introduction of falciparum malaria to southern Europe in antiquity. It moves backwards in time to discuss the earlier coevolution of malaria and modern humans and earlier species of hominids, and then returns towards the present to discuss theories about the spread of malaria in Europe during the Neolithic period. The significance of differences between the ancient European and modern tropical strains of Plasmodium falciparum, the most dangerous species of human malaria, is emphasized.
5 The demography of malaria
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe first section of this chapter focuses on direct and indirect approaches to the demography of malaria. The problems associated with using cause of death statistics to assess mortality due to malaria are discussed, with particular emphasis on the towns of Sermoneta and Grosseto. The second section considers the interactions of malaria with other diseases, such as syphilis, smallpox, gastro-intestinal diseases, tuberculosis, and pneumonia. This section also includes a detailed discussion of quartan fever (caused by Plasmodium malariae) in antiquity. The third section studies the relationship between malaria and human nutrition. The fourth section compares the historical mortality patterns in certain parts of two different countries which had endemic malaria, namely central Italy, East Anglia, and southeast England. The demographic effects of the interaction in central Italy between Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax are analysed as well as the role played by Plasmodium vivax on its own in the mortality patterns of the early modern English marshlands.
6 The Pontine Marshes
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter studies the history of the Pontine Marshes in the south of Rome in relation to malaria, for which the region was notorious until the bonifications of Mussolini. The accounts given by early modern travellers are discussed, including ancient evidence for the development of the marshes in antiquity and for the history of the Roman occupation of the area. The evidence of archaeological field surveys is also considered.
8 The city of Rome
Authors: Sallares Robert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews the history of the city of Rome in relation to malaria, starting with the sack of Rome by the Gauls c.386 BC. Emphasis is placed on the importance of a detailed study of the topography of the city of Rome. The hills of Rome were much healthier than the intervening valleys and the areas adjoining the river Tiber (since mosquitoes rarely fly up hills) as described by Doni, who wrote a pioneering work on the medical geography of the area around Rome in the 17th century. The reasons for the absence of malaria from the Jewish Ghetto of Rome are discussed. The phenomenon in Rome of mixed infections of Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium malariae also receives attention. Important ancient evidence for malaria in the city of Rome provided by Asclepiades of Bithynia and Galen, and mediaeval accounts of malaria epidemics in Rome, are discussed.
3 Operations, Productivity, and Technological Change
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the various aspects of British Rail's operations. Topics covered include passenger pricing and marketing, freight pricing and marketing, operating costs and productivity, trade unions, search for cost savings, railway investment, and the challenge of new technologies. Significant progress was made during the period 1974-9 from a technical and operational perspective, with the appearance of high-speed trains, main-line electrification, and the launching of the Speedlink wagon service. However, insufficient investment in British Rail left managers frustrated.
5 The Serpell Report
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The Serpell Report, Review of Railway Finances, published in January 1983 was the most important policy document of the decade to affect the railway industry. The ramifications of the report spread far beyond a narrow definition of finance to encompass planning and long-term strategic objectives, government-railway relations, management structures, and costs. This chapter examines the antecedents to the appointment of the review committee in May 1982, and the implications of the report for future railway management.
8 Business Performance, Pricing, and Productivity
Authors: Gourvish Terry 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the British Railways Board's management changes and the political climate in which the board operated during the early 1990s. It then discusses the challenges of the 1989-93 recession, efforts to maintain the quality of passenger services, passenger marketing and pricing, increased pressures on the Freight and Parcels business, productivity, and industrial relations in the early 1990s.
4 The Identity of Marcellinus: Can Procopius and the Other Sources be Reconciled?
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter makes a reconstruction of Marcellinus' career and compares it with that construed from material from Procopius. It is argued that the portrayal of Marcellinus, based on Procopius, as a western army officer in command of troops in Dalmatia seems at odds with evidence from other sources.
7 Syagrius and the Kingdom of Soissons
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of the kingdom of Soissons as appears in conventional scholarship and as redefined by Edward James. It then discusses evidence for Syagrius, Soissons, and northern Gaul; the reliability of Gregory of Tours; and titles attributed to Aegidius and Syagrius.
11 Alternative Models for Northern Gaul in the Late Fifth Century
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents some conclusions regarding comparison in the preceding chapters: the conventional view of a kingdom of Soissons and James's alternative. It is argued that James's view of the kingdom of Soissons as a modern construct is a negative argument, difficult to disprove, and the existence of a ‘Roman’ kingdom in North Gaul can no longer be taken for granted. However, this must not be summarily abandoned without further study.
Conclusion
Authors: MacGeorge Penny 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents some conclusions based on the various studies of individual warlords in this book, and provides suggestions for further research. It is argued that a vital element in the course of events in the 5th century was a split between the eastern and western parts of the Roman Empire. The power of late 5th-century warlords was also hampered by military and financial inadequacies. There is also no satisfying explanation for the disintegration of the West's military superiority in the 5th century.
1 INTRODUCTION
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter introduces the late 3rd-century Greek rhetorician Menander of Laodicea (Menander Rhetor), and explains the questions about Menander and the nature of rhetoric in late antiquity. The contents of the succeeding chapters are briefly explained. A key theme of the book — the continuing practical relevance of rhetoric in this period — is highlighted. It is suggested that Philostratus’ influential but one-sided account of the teachers of rhetoric known as ‘sophists’ has produced a distorted image of the so-called ‘Second Sophistic’. An accurate picture must be based on a much wider range of evidence.
The Third Century: Fruition
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the evidence for the history of rhetoric after the completion of Philostratus’ Lives of the Sophists. It shows that the movement generally known as the ‘Second Sophistic’ continued to flourish in this period, and that rhetoric was taught by many sophists and philosophers, including (for example) Apsines, Longinus, Porphyry, and Metrophanes, as well as Menander himself. This period also saw the beginning of commentaries on technical works of rhetorical theory; the subsequent history of this genre is briefly summarized. Along with evidence for continuing creativity in literary scholarship, philosophy, law and theology, this shows that the political and military crisis of the 3rd century did not lead to an eclipse of intellectual culture.
4 Menander: Testimonia and Fragments
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter assembles all the testimonia and fragments in which Menander is explicitly named; the Greek text is accompanied by an English translation and commentary. The collection is overwhelmingly dominated by the fragments of Menander’s commentary on Demosthenes. He may also have written commentaries on Aeschines and Aelius Aristides. Commentaries on works of rhetorical theory by Minucianus and Hermogenes are also attested. Two works on epideictic oratory have been transmitted under his name, and it is argued that only the second of the two was actually written by Menander.
6 Menander's Commentary
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter investigates the nature of Menander’s commentary on Demosthenes by examining selected material from the Demosthenes scholia. It is shown that the commentary was primarily didactic and practical in its orientation, and appears to be based on lectures to advanced students of rhetoric. Menander’s main interest was in analysing Demosthenes’ rhetorical techniques, especially his techniques of argument, and he repeatedly draws attention to features which his pupils can imitate in their own practice. A more detailed examination of Menander’s treatment of three of Demosthenes’ speeches (On the False Embassy, Against Meidias, and Fourth Philippic) shows that his rhetorical analysis was sophisticated, though sometimes based on questionable interpretations, and that his manner of exposition was sometimes unnecessarily confusing.
7 Teaching
Authors: Heath Malcolm 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the practice of rhetorical education in the Greek-speaking parts of the Roman Empire as well as Menander’s commentary on Demosthenes, drawing on the evidence of Quintilian and Libanius, and technical writers such as Theon and Hermogenes of Tarsus. The structure of the rhetorical curriculum is discussed, and it is shown that the developments of rhetorical theory in the 2nd century AD had consequences for the shape of the curriculum. The relationship between practical exercises (such as progymnasmata and declamation), the study of classical models, and the study of theory is examined.