bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Truth in Virtue of Meaning
Authors: Russell Gillian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe analytic/synthetic distinction looks simple. It is a distinction between two different kinds of sentence: synthetic sentences are true in part because of the way the world is, and in part because of what they mean, whereas analytic sentences — like all bachelors are unmarried and triangles have three sides — are different; they are true in virtue of meaning and so, no matter what the world is like, as long as the sentence means what it does, it will be true. The distinction seems powerful because analytic sentences seem to be knowable in a special way; one can know that all bachelors are unmarried, for example, just by thinking about what it means. But many 20th-century philosophers, with Quine in the lead, argued that there were no analytic sentences, that the idea of analyticity didn't even make sense and that the analytic/synthetic distinction was therefore an illusion. Others couldn't see how there could fail to be a distinction, however ingenious the arguments. But since the heyday of the debate, things have changed in the philosophy of language. Tools have been refined, confusions cleared up, and most significantly, many philosophers now accept a view of language — semantic externalism — on which it is possible to see how the distinction could fail. One might be tempted to think that ultimately the distinction has fallen for reasons other than those proposed in the original debate. This book argues that it hasn't. It uses the tools of contemporary philosophy of language to outline a view of analytic sentences which is compatible with semantic externalism, and defends that view against the old Quinean arguments. It then goes on to draw out some surprising epistemological consequences.
2 China's Telecommunications History and Policy Trajectory
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter begins by putting the Chinese case in the context of telecommunications development trajectories. It briefly considers policies in other countries where growth was in many cases slower, and where government intervention (except in the cases of Japan and South Korea) was less effective. It then examines historical development in the Chinese sector from the Qing dynasty to the beginning of the reform era, ones that set the stage for effective industrial policy beginning in the early 1980s. The chapter then turns to the post-1976 reform period in China, and chronicles the ways the government developed policies to foster the industry. It discusses policies employed that were strikingly similar to those seen in Japan during the 1950s and 1960s: favourable grants and loans, effective tax policies, shielding of the sector from international competition, and other strategies that encouraged the industry to rapidly expand.
7 The Digital Divide of Telephones and the Internet
Authors: Harwit Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter first puts the case of China's ‘digital divide’ in a comparative development context, and considers past studies of the importance of telecommunications spread to areas of low penetration. It then turns its attention to China, and examines the ways urban and rural communications systems have expanded over the past several decades. The chapter indicates that government leaders and institutions have goals for developing the industry that may not necessarily take into account the broader needs of all sectors of society. They have generally put revenue collection ahead of equitable access. Education officials, however, have made some progress in spreading availability of data networks. The chapter then considers newer technologies of data communication, and assesses problems related to equitable access to China's Internet. It concludes that government policies have brought somewhat mixed results, but that new technologies may help to bridge the digital divide.
Compound Democracies
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book compares the American and European political systems. By deploying a powerful new model to analyse the two systems, it draws some challenging conclusions about their increasing similarity. The book argues that the process of regional integration in Europe over the last sixty years has significantly reduced the historical differences between the democracies on either side of the Atlantic. The EU and the US are now similar because they represent two different species of the same political genus: the compound democracy. The defining feature of compound democracy is the union of states and their citizens. Through such union, the states agree to pool their sovereignty within a larger integrated supra-state or supranational framework. They do so because these unions are primarily pacts for avoiding war. Because the states which made those unions were, and continue to be, asymmetrically correlated, any attempt to create a unified polity — that is a political system where the decision-making power is monopolized by only one institution — is likely to fail. The book goes on to argue that the US and the EU are based on a multiple diffusion of powers which guarantees that any interest can have a voice in the decision-making process, and no majority will be able to control all the institutional levels of the polity. This type of system allows an inter-states organization to operate as a supra-state polity, but it does so at the expense of decision-making capacity and accountability.
Differentiation in authority structures: state, nation, and democracy in Europe and America
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter reconstructs the European and American patterns of state, nation, and democracy building to show the different authority structures that emerged in the 19th century — and thus the institutionalization of different modalities of partisan politics in the 20th century. The different processes of political development in Europe and America has brought into being two distinct political orders on the two shores of the Atlantic. In the European nation-states the political order was constructed around the experience and the idea of the state. In both early state-builders and late state-builders, the state has become the natural container of the nation. In America, on the other hand, nationality has been the product of the democratic process, not its precondition. Nation and democracy went together, the one defining the other. It was the democratic process which defined the boundaries of the nation.
Alternative paths to a modern social order: territoriality, market, and welfare in America and Europe
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes the development of a market economy and welfare system in both America and Europe. America and European nation-states have followed radically different paths of market-building. The institutionalizations of these different paths have constrained the strategies for dealing with the negative effects of the operation of the market. Since the turn of the 19th century, America has built a regulatory state, that is, an institutional apparatus designed to pursue market-correcting strategies. At the same time, even after World War II, the single European nation-states have continued to pursue market-substituting strategies, that is, they created institutional apparatuses for implementing some form of public control of the economy. It was within this different structuring of the relations between the market and the state that different types of welfare systems have developed on the two shores of the Atlantic.
Structural transformation of European politics: the growth of the supranational European Union
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter analyzes European politics during the period following World War II. A process of supranational integration has gradually aggregated into a common institutional framework, now called European Union, which combines confederal and federal, intergovernmental and Community institutional properties. The growth of European supranationalism, the institutional structure of the EU, the judicial order of supranational EU, and the supranatural EU as a democratic policy are discussed.
2 Measuring Food Security Using Respondents' Perception of Food Consumption Adequacy
Authors: Migotto Mauro , Davis Benjamin , Carletto Calogero , Beegle Kathleen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter compares information on self-perceived food consumption adequacy from the subjective modules of household surveys with standard quantitative indicators, namely calorie consumption, dietary diversity, and anthropometry. Datasets from four countries are analysed: Albania, Indonesia, Madagascar, and Nepal. The chapter concludes that while subjective food adequacy indicators may provide insight on the vulnerability or ‘relative’ dimension of food insecurity, they are too blunt an indicator for food insecurity targeting. An effort towards developing improved subjective food security modules that are contextually sensitive should go hand in hand with research into how to improve household survey data for food security measurement along other dimensions of the phenomenon, particularly calorie consumption.
5 Women's Status and Children's Food Security in Pakistan
Authors: Guha‐Khasnobis Basudeb , Hazarika Gautam 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the role of women's intra-household status relative to men's in children's food security in Pakistan. Data from the 1991 Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (PIHS) yield a measure of evidence of a positive relation between women's intra-household status and children's food security.
8 Measuring the Efficacy of Targeted Schemes: Public Works Programmes in India
Authors: Ghosh Nilabja , Guha‐Khasnobis Basudeb 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDuring liberalization in India, public works programmes are intended to be more targeted and integrated with other social objectives through innovative designing. In particular, the government is all set to use public works programmes, known for their self-selective properties, as a nationwide instrument to confer earning opportunity to rural people backed by legal reinforcement. This chapter considers targeting as the principal qualification of any welfare programme in today's context. Using NSSO data on four different states, it examines how far existing programmes have successfully targeted the food insecure in India.
12 International Trade, Food Security, and the Response to the WTO in South Asian Countries
Authors: Chand Ramesh 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Implementation of various provisions of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture causes serious concern with regard to the performance of the agriculture sector and food security, and South Asian countries have become quite sensitive to the consequences of future WTO agreements. The cautious approach towards the WTO is mainly caused by the increased dependence on food imports and deterioration in self-reliance in agriculture in the post-WTO period because of a much higher growth in food import as compared to exports. Decline in international prices and trade distortions are the underlying causes for an adverse impact on agriculture during the post-WTO period. South Asian countries should address these two issues in future negotiations.
The Macedonian Question
Authors: Livanios Dimitris 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Although the Macedonian Question and British foreign policy in the Balkans during the 1940s have attracted considerable interest, the relation between the two issues has not received much attention. This book explores the British connection of the Macedonian Question from the outbreak of the Second World War to the aftermath of the Tito-Stalin split. Its aim is two-fold: first, to investigate British views of and policy towards the Bulgar-Yugoslav controversy over Macedonia during that period, and to assess the impact of British actions and strategic plans within their historical context. Secondly, to discuss some salient dimensions of the Macedonian Question, including the emergence of the federal Macedonian unit within Tito's Yugoslavia and the functioning of the Macedonian national ideology, by offering a perspective based on British archival sources. It consists of three parts. The first part charts the background to the Macedonian Question, and includes an analysis of British foreign policy on Macedonia from 1878 to the outbreak of the Second World War. The second part focuses on developments during the Second World War, and examines British policy towards Bulgar-Yugoslav relations, their wartime planning concerning the future of Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, and their attempt to prevent a Balkan federation of the South Slavs. The third part covers the period from 1945 to 1949, and investigates British reactions to Tito's second attempt to absorb Bulgarian Macedonia and to create a federation.
Truly Understood
Authors: Peacocke Christopher 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis book argues that truth and reference have a much deeper role in the explanation of meaning and understanding than has hitherto been appreciated. Examination of specific concepts shows that a grasp of these concepts has to be characterized in terms of reference, identity, and relations to the world. The book develops a positive general theory of understanding based on the idea that concepts are individuated by their fundamental reference rules, which contrasts sharply with conceptual-role, inferentialist, and pragmatist approaches to meaning. It treats thought about the material world, about places and times, and about the self within the framework of this general account, and extends the theory to explain the normative dimensions of content, which the book theorizes are founded in the network of connections between concepts and the level of reference and truth. The second part of the book explores the application of this account to some problematic mental phenomena, including the conception of many subjects of experience, concepts of conscious states, mental action, and our ability to think about the contents of our own and others' mental states.
The Roots of Coptic Christology: Incarnation and Divine Participation in Late Antique Alexandrian Greek Theology
Authors: Davis Stephen J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a discussion of Alexandrian Christology from the 2nd to the 5th centuries. It then discusses the strong influence of Cyril of Alexandria, the Council of Chalcedon, and the reception of Alexandrian Greek Christology.
Christology in Coptic Eucharistic Liturgies
Authors: Davis Stephen J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines Egyptian liturgical rites and Christological elements in Coptic worship. While the primary focus will be on Eucharistic invocations, the chapter will also look at how the recitation of saints' names and stories functioned as crucial metaphors for christological participation within the Egyptian mass. It is argued that the intersecting ritual domains of Coptic liturgy and hagiography comprised a set of practices through which the doctrine of the Incarnation was not only communicated, but also re-enacted or performed.
War in England 1642-1649
Authors: Donagan Barbara 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This book focuses on answering a misleadingly simple question: in terms of ordinary lives what kind of a war was the English civil war? Eschewing descriptions of specific battles or analyses of political and religious developments, the book examines the ‘texture’ of war, addressing questions such as what did Englishmen and women believe about war and know about its practice before 1642? What were the conditions in which a soldier fought — for example, how efficient was his musket (not very), and how did he know where he was going (much depended on the reliability of scouts and spies)? What were the rules that were supposed to govern conduct in war, and how were they enforced (by a combination of professional peer pressure and severe but discretionary army discipline and courts martial)? What were the officers and men of the armies like, and how well did they fight? The book deals even-handedly with royalists and parliamentarians, examining how much they had in common, as well as discussing the points on which they differed. It looks at the intimacy of this often uncivil war, in which enemies fought at close quarters, spoke the same language, and had often been acquainted before the war began, just as they had often known the civilians who suffered their presence. A final section on two sieges illustrates these themes in practice over extended periods, and also demonstrates the integration of military and civilian experience in a civil war.
Time for thepolis: audiences and contexts
Authors: Clarke Katherine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the polis, and considers the value placed on its past, the importance of the proper telling of history, and its use in inter-polis diplomacy. It examines not only the comic theatre and public occasions such as the epitaphios, but also inscriptions, such as the Lindos Chronicle and the Parian Marble, which offer publicly displayed history and may reveal shared opinions and values. The chapter concludes by examining the striking honorific inscriptions for local historians, often itinerant rather than native, and considers issues of status, historiographical authority, and the implications of a semi-professional Mediterranean network of local historiography, recalling the Artists of Dionysus, for the close relationship between the polis and the telling of its past.
5 Formal Universals as Emergent Phenomena: The Origins of Structure Preservation
Authors: Bybee Joan L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter illustrates the relationship among synchronic universals, paths of change, and mechanisms of change with respect to the phonological changes that create the structural tendency known as Structure Preservation in Lexical Phonology. Topics discussed include substantive and formal universals, structure preservation, three unidirectional paths of change in phonology, sound change, and categorization of phonetic variants.
6 Paradigmatic Uniformity and Markedness
Authors: Garrett Andrew 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter surveys a set of levelings and extensions affecting verb paradigms in two languages: English and Ancient Greek. It shows that pure leveling does not exist and that the emergence of paradigm uniformity is always the imposition of an existing (uniform) pattern on a non-uniform paradigm. It identifies a systematic difference between English and Ancient Greek in the directionality of paradigmatic changes. In English (and other languages), present-tense verb forms influence preterites; in Ancient Greek, presents are influenced by non-presents (aorists). This finding is not readily accommodated by theories invoking frequency or form predictability as the major factors influencing paradigmatic directionality, and a more complex theory is needed that also takes account of the semantics of morphological categories.
7 Explaining Universal Tendencies and Language Particulars in Analogical Change
Authors: Albright Adam 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows that a confidence-based model can make correct predictions not only about individual cases, but also about the typology of analogical change. The chapter is organized as follows: first, it provides a brief overview of tendency-based vs. structurally-based approaches to analogical change, summarizing the major generalizations that have been uncovered, and situating the current work in an area that has been approached from radically different perspectives. It then presents an overview of the synchronic model developed by Albright (2002a). It shows how the synchronic confidence-based approach can explain the direction of analogy in individual cases, and then moves on to explore its typological implications. It considers first some apparent counter-examples to the confidence-based approach, showing that in at least some cases where analogy has seemingly favoured an uninformative member of the paradigm, that form is not nearly as uninformative as it might appear. An exploration of the parameter space of the model reveals that even without an explicit bias to select more frequent forms, they are nonetheless selected as bases under most conditions.
10 The Classification of Constituent Order Generalizations and Diachronic Explanation
Authors: Whitman John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter proposes a different classification of the Greenbergian constituent order universals, which extends naturally to larger compendia. Based on this classification, it suggests that the best-known generalizations of this type, cross-categorial universals, arise most plausibly through language change (and thus are usually statistical). Two other types — hierarchical and derivational universals — are true candidates for principles of synchronic grammar.
6 International Mobility of Researchers and Scientists: Policy Options for Turning a Drain into a Gain
Authors: Thorn Kristian , Holm‐Nielsen Lauritz B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractHigh demand for researchers and scientists has led to an increase in skilled migration in recent years. The chapter focuses on improving our understanding of the push and pull factors affecting the migration decisions of researchers and scientists from developing countries and discusses policy options for maximizing the potential gains associated with international mobility of advanced human capital. Evidence suggests that a reasonable salary level should be guaranteed but that return decisions of researchers and scientists are primarily shaped by factors such as the quality of the research environment, professional reward structures, and access to state-of-the-art equipment.
8 International Mobility of Health Professionals: Brain Drain or Brain Exchange?
Authors: Bach Stephen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe consequences of health professional mobility have become a prominent public policy concern. This chapter considers trends in mobility amongst doctors and nurses and the consequences for health systems. Policy responses are shifting from a reactive agenda that focuses on stemming migration towards a more active agenda of managed migration that benefits source and destination countries. Improved working conditions and effective human resource practice are required to encourage retention of health professionals in both source and destination countries.
2 A Short History of the Washington Consensus
Authors: Williamson John 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter traces the origin of the term ‘Washington Consensus’ to a paper written for a conference in 1989 that aimed to explore how the set of ideas accepted as a basis for policy in developing countries had changed. Ten policies — covering the areas of macroeconomic discipline, microeconomic liberalization, and opening up the economy (globalization) — were asserted to be widely believed in Washington as widely needed in Latin America, and the conference papers were intended to explore the extent of agreement with those propositions in the region. The term subsequently evolved: while some people continued to use it in the original sense, it has also been identified with IMF/World Bank policies (and thus used to embrace capital account convertibility and the bipolar exchange rate doctrine as well as institution-building and anti-corruption policy) and with a belief in market fundamentalism. The chapter argues that this is a very different usage with little support (and certainly not consensus support) in Washington. It concludes by emphasizing that the reforms listed in 1989 are not adequate for the present day, and outlines desirable directions in which to supplement them.