bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparative study of two heating procedures in the physical refining of edible oils
Authors: Prieto González M. M. , Bada J. C. , Graciani E. , Lombardía I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwo mixtures of refined sunflower seed oil, one with oleic acid and the other with olive oil distillates from a laboratory plant, were physically refined using nitrogen as stripping gas in a discontinuous deodorization pilot‐plant scale installation (30‐L capacity). Two heating procedures were tested: one using independent electrical heating for the oil and the gas distillates so as to maintain the same temperature in both, and another in which only the oil was heated and controlled, resulting in a difference in temperatures in the oil and the gas distillates. Two different oil temperature values and three nitrogen flow rates were also assayed. The statistical technique of blocking with paired comparisons was used to analyze the results. These results showed that maintaining the same temperature in the oil and gas distillates had a positive effect on free fatty acid distillation rate and vaporization efficiency. Oil temperature and nitrogen flow rate also influenced some of the aforementioned responses.
Lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of isoamyl butyrate: Optimization by response surface methodology
Authors: Krishna S. Hari , Manohar B. , Divakar S. , Karanth N. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractImmobilized lipase from Mucor miehei (Lipozyme IM‐20) was employed in the esterification of butyric acid and isoamyl alcohol to synthesize isoamyl butyrate in n‐hexane. Response surface methodology based on five‐level, five‐variable central composite rotatable design was used to evaluate the effects of important variables—enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio (5–25 g/mol), acid concentration (0.2–1.0 M), alcohol concentration (0.25–1.25 M), incubation period (12–60 h), and temperature (30–50°C)—on esterification yield of isoamyl butyrate. In the range of parameters studied, the extent of esterification decreased with temperature, lower E/S ratios, and incubation periods. Excess acid and alcohol concentrations (i.e., acid/alcohol >1.4 or alcohol/acid >1.4) were found to decrease yield probably owing to inhibition of the enzyme by acid or alcohol, the former being more severe. The optimal conditions achieved are as follows: E/S ratio, 17 g/mol; acid concentration, 1.0 M; incubation period, 60 h; alcohol concentration, 1.25 M; and temperature, 30°C. With these conditions, the predicted value was 1.0 M ester, and the actual experimental value was 0.98 M.
Continuous lipase‐catalyzed production of wax ester using silicone tubing
Authors: Wehtje E. , Costes D. , Adlercreutz P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of cetyl palmitate was performed in a solvent‐free system at 65°C using immobilized Candida antarctica lipase. Batch reactions at controlled water activity showed that the yield could be increased from 88.8 to 99.1% by decreasing the water activity from 1 to 0.05. A continuous reactor configuration was constructed, where two tubular reactors were run in sequence with a separation container in between, in which the water phase was separated from the wax ester phase. The reactor was run for 1 wk at low flow rate (0.005 g/min) with very good operational stability and a productivity of 7.2 g d−1 using 0.4 g of biocatalyst. The activity of the individual preparations decreased during operation. The first reactor had only 30% activity left after 1 wk of operation whereas the second reactor showed only a 10% decrease. This difference in enzyme stability is a direct result of the different water activity in the two reactors.
Increased rate of lipase‐catalyzed saccharide‐fatty acid esterification by control of reaction medium
Authors: Zhang Xun , Hayes Douglas G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThrough proper selection of initial conditions and control of the reaction medium composition, a productivity rate over 10‐fold higher than that previously reported was achieved for lipase‐catalyzed fructose‐oleic acid esterification. From a screening process, tert‐butanol (t‐BuOH) was selected as the most effective solvent for cosolubilizing fructose and oleic acid during the initial stage of the reaction. A t‐BuOH concentration of 0.35–0.55 w/w produced the highest rate and extent of reaction at 60°C. Neither water addition nor removal applied to initial reaction materials improved the rate. Since both fructose‐oleic acid mono‐ and diester promoted higher fructose solubility than either oleic acid or oleic acid/t‐BuOH mixtures, t‐BuOH was not needed during the latter stage of the reaction. Also, the presence of t‐BuOH hindered the removal of water by free evaporation. Thus, complete removal of t‐BuOH during the middle‐to‐latter stage of reaction was found to enhance the reaction rate. In addition, the introduction of fructose to the reactor in small batchwise increments accelerated the reaction. The monoester to diester ratio decreased during the initial and middle stages of the reaction owing to the disappearance of t‐BuOH, but increased slightly during the later stages presumably because of the ester formation.
Relapse rates following staged surgery in the treatment of recalcitrant talipes equinovarus: 9- to 16-year outcome study
Authors: Uglow Michael G. , Senbaga Needhirajan , Pickard Richard , Clarke Nicholas M. P. 
Published: June 2007

Purpose We aimed to identify the long-term rate of relapse of deformity in a cohort of children with talipes equinovarus and to correlate it with pre-operative grading. Methods Between 1988 and 1995, 120 club feet in 86 patients were surgically treated. A review at an average follow-up of 11.5 years (range 9–16 years) was performed. Of 59 of the children, 69 feet were assessed clinically and data for the remaining 20 children (30 feet) were obtained from the records. The patients were assessed using the method of Bensahel and Dimeglio but radiological analysis was omitted. Functional and morphological evaluation was recorded. Results Initial grades were grade 2 in 26 feet (26%), grade 3 in 48 feet (49%) and grade 4 in 25 feet (25%). Relapse occurred in one case in grade 2 (3.8%), 13 feet in grade 3 (27%) and in 19 in grade 4 (76%). Since an initial review in 1997, a further 12.5% of grade 3 and 25% of grade 4 feet have relapsed. Overall function did not correlate with severity of deformity. Conclusion Relapse continues to occur after surgery during the first decade. There is a high rate of relapse (76%) in grade 4 feet.
Depletion of noradrenaline inhibits electrically‐evoked pain in the skin of the human forearm
Authors: Drummond Peter D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGuanethidine displaces noradrenaline from sympathetic varicosities, and blocks sympathetic noradrenergic neurotransmission by inhibiting the release of noradrenaline from depleted neural stores. The aim of this study was to determine whether depletion of noradrenaline with guanethidine would oppose thermal hyperalgesia and/or electrically‐evoked pain in mildly‐burnt skin. Guanethidine was transferred by iontophoresis into a small patch of skin on the forearm of 35 healthy human subjects. The heat‐pain threshold to a temperature gradient that increased at 0.5°C/s was then measured at the guanethidine site, a nearby saline‐control iontophoresis site, and in untreated skin. In addition, participants rated pain intensity to a 47°C stimulus that was applied to each site for 7s. Shortly after the iontophoreses, sensitivity to heat was greater at the guanethidine site than the two control sites, suggesting that ejection of noradrenaline from sympathetic varicosities increased sensitivity to heat. One day later, when neural stores of noradrenaline were depleted, sensitivity to heat did not differ between the guanethidine and control sites. The guanethidine pretreatment did not influence thermal hyperalgesia induced by a mild burn, but inhibited pain evoked by electrical stimulation of the skin (0.2mA direct current for 4min). These findings indicate that ongoing sympathetic neural discharge does not normally influence thermal hyperalgesia in inflamed skin, because depleting noradrenergic stores had no effect. However, electrically‐evoked release of noradrenaline may increase nociceptive sensations. Further clarification of this human pain model could provide insights into the mechanism of adrenergic hyperalgesia in certain neuropathic pain syndromes.
PREVALENCE AND SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC CORRELATES OF CONSANGUINEOUS MARRIAGES IN TURKEY
Authors: KOC ISMET 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and sociodemographic correlates of consanguineous marriages in Turkey using data derived from the 2003 Turkey Demographic and Health Survey (TDHS-2003). Demographic surveys conducted in the last 40 years consistently show that Turkey is a country with a high level of consanguinity. In the latest demographic survey (TDHS-2003), a nationally representative sample of 8075 ever-married women, consanguineous marriages accounted for 22% of the total, which is equivalent to a mean coefficient of inbreeding (α) of 0·011. There are changing secular profiles in the rates of consanguinity in general and of the specific sub-types of cousin marriages in particular in Turkey. The prevalence of first cousin marriages among all consanguineous marriages presents a steady decline from one marriage cohort to the next. The changes observed over time may be attributable to several factors such as the increase in educational level of women, the nuclearization of the family system, the mobility from rural to urban settings, a better socioeconomic status of families, an increase in women’s labour force participation in formal sectors, lower fertility rates resulting in a smaller number of cousins available for marriage, and an increased awareness of the effects of consanguineous unions on child health in cases where there is an inherited recessive disease in the family. Any attempts to discourage consanguinity at the population level appear to be inappropriate and undesirable, especially when the consanguineous union remains an integral part of the cultural and social life of Turkey. Nevertheless the WHO-recommended approach to minimizing the negative effects of consanguinity on child health should be followed, i.e. the identification of families with a high risk of a genetic disease and the provision of prospective genetic counselling.
Otoprotective Effects of Dexamethasone in the Management of Pneumococcal Meningitis: an Animal Study
Authors: Kim Harold H. , Addison John , Suh Eul , Trune Dennis R. , Richter Claus‐Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective: To determine whether treating pneumococcal meningitis with a combined antibiotic and steroid regime will prevent cochlear damage, a common pneumococcal meningitis side effect.Study Design: Prospective animal study.Methods: Gerbils were randomly assigned to three experimental groups. Animals in group 1 received intrathecal saline injections. Animals in groups 2 and 3 received intrathecal injections of Streptococcus pneumoniae to induce meningitis. Group 2 was treated for 7 days with intraperitoneal penicillin injections (48,000 units). Animals from group 3 received intraperitoneal dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg) injections for 4 days in addition to 7 days of intraperitoneal penicillin. Three months after the meningitis was induced, the animals' cochlear functions were determined using auditory brainstem responses (ABRs). After measuring cochlear function, the animals were sacrificed for cochlear histopathology. Spiral ganglion cell densities at Rosenthal's canal were determined.Results: ABR thresholds were significantly elevated in animals from group 2 when compared with the animals in groups 1 and 3 (P < .05). ABR thresholds for animals from group 3 and group 1 were similar (P > .05). Damage of cochlear structures was detected in animals from group 2. The degree of the damage varied: one animal in group 2 had no identifiable hair cells and pillarcells and showed damage of the tectorial membrane. Spiral ganglion density in the basal turn was significantly less inanimals from group 2 when compared withcontrols (P < .05). Although spiral ganglion cell density was less in the dexamethasone‐treated group (group 3) whencompared with group 1 (control group), but greater than observed in animals treated with antibiotics only (group 2), the differences were statistically not significant (P > .5). Nuclear diameters of the spiral ganglion cells decreased on average from 7.24 ± 0.48 μm (group 1) to 6.28 ± 0.76 μm (group 3, animals that received dexamethasone) to 5.57 ± 0.82 μm (group 2, animals that received antibiotics only). Differences were significant (P < .05). Differences in stria vascularis thickness were not significant among the animals.Conclusion: Dexamethasone has a protective effect on the cochlea when given together with antibiotics in the treatment of pneumococcal meningitis.
A Feasible Approach for Extraction of Dental Prostheses From the Airway by Flexible Bronchoscopy in Concert With Wire Loop Snares
Authors: Tu Chih‐Yen , Chen Hung‐Jen , Chen Wei , Liu Yi‐Heng , Chen Chia‐Hung 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTracheobronchial foreign body (FB) aspiration is a common problem worldwide, and the aspired objects can be very difficult to remove. Bronchoscopic removal of airway FBs can be safely accomplished with both rigid as well as flexible bronchoscopes. It is well known that a rigid bronchoscope more easily removes large FBs located in the central bronchi. A wide variety of instruments, such as biopsy forceps, Fogarty balloon catheters, alligator forceps, or wire baskets, are commonly available for removal. Herein, we report the case of a 75‐year‐old man with an airway dental prosthesis, the shape and composition of which complicated its extraction from the nearly totally occluded left main bronchus, using biopsy forceps and wire baskets. We describe the successful extraction of the challenging FB with a flexible bronchoscope in concert with wire loop snares and the avoidance of rigid bronchoscopy or thoracotomy.
Eliminating the Limitations of Manual Crimping in Stapes Surgery: Mid‐Term Results of 90 Patients in the Nitinol Stapes Piston Multicenter Trial
Authors: Rajan Gunesh P. , Diaz Jason , Blackham Ruth , Eikelboom Robert H. , Atlas Marcus D. , Shelton Clough , Huber Alexander M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective: To present our mid‐term results of our multicenter study using the Nitinol self‐crimping stapes piston, focusing on the interindividual variations of postoperative air‐bone gap closures (ABGC), postoperative hearing results, and postoperative recurrences of conductive hearing loss and to compare these findings with our pilot group of patients.Study Design: Prospective, multicenter cohort study involving three academic tertiary care referral centers from Australia, Switzerland, and the United States.Methods: Ninety patients with otosclerosis undergoing laser‐stapedotomy with the Nitinol stapes piston were matched to reference patients from our titanium piston database. The effects of the self‐crimping Nitinol piston on the postoperative ABGC, the postoperative interindividual air‐bone gap (ABG) variations, and the postoperative hearing results were investigated 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months postoperatively. These data were statistically compared with the results of the control patients in our titanium stapes piston database and the results of our previously published pilot study.Results: The mean postoperative ABG and the interindividual variations of the postoperative ABG continue to be significantly smaller in the Nitinol group; the extent of ABGC now is significantly larger in the Nitinol piston group. The postoperative mid‐term stability of ABGC was similar in both groups. No adverse reactions occurred during follow‐up.Conclusion: Our mid‐term results continue to show that the self‐crimping shape memory alloy Nitinol stapes piston overcomes the limitations of manual malcrimping in stapedotomy, thus simplifying and optimizing the surgical procedure. This so far has allowed reliable, safe, and consistent ABGC in patients with otosclerosis.
Confocal Scanning Laser Microscopy Evidence of Biofilms in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Psaltis Alkis J. , Ha Kien R. , Beule Achim G. , Tan Lor Wai , Wormald Peter‐John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives: The recent detection of bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has implicated biofilms in the pathogenesis of this condition. Electron microscopy has been the main modality used to document the presence of biofilms on sinus tissue, however, it has inherent problems associated with tissue preparation and sampling. Recently, Confocal Scanning Laser Micrsocopy (CSLM) has emerged as a noninvasive, nondestructive technique for the analysis of biofilms. This study used CSLM as the means of investigating biofilm presence in CRS patients.Study Design and Methods: A prospective study comparing the presence of bacterial biofilms on the sinus mucosa of CRS and control patients was conducted using CSLM. Thirty eight CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery and nine control patients were enrolled in this study. Demographic and clinical information was recorded from each patient and intraoperatively, sinus culture specimens and mucosal samples were obtained for microbiologic and microscopic examination.Results: Using previously documented CSLM criteria, bacterial biofilms were found in 17 (44%) of the 38 CRS patients. No biofilm structures were evident in any of the controls. Patients having undergone previous sinus surgery seemed to have a higher incidence of biofilms compared with the incidence for those undergoing their first procedure. The difference however was not statistically significant. No correlation between positive bacterial cultures and biofilm presence was observed.Conclusions: The CSLM detection of biofilms in CRS patients and their absence in controls further supports the hypothesis that biofilms may play a role in the pathogenesis of CRS. This study's lower reported incidence of biofilms compared with that of previous studies might reflect the increased accuracy of biofilm detection with CSLM.
Chronic Ear Surgery in Irradiated Temporal Bones
Authors: Bennett Marc , Kaylie David , Warren Frank , Jackson C Gary 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective: To analyze outcomes of chronic ear surgery in patients with irradiated temporal bones.Study Design: Retrospective case review.Methods: Fifteen patients who received radiation involving the temporal bone underwent 21 surgical procedures from 1977 to 1997. Intraoperative findings, long‐term complications, and hearing outcomes were analyzed.Results: Over 50% of cases involved abnormal intraoperative findings including facial nerve dehiscence, labyrinthine fistulas, or dural exposure. Audiologic data revealed that these patients suffered from conductive, mixed, and sensorineural hearing loss. Long‐term complications included tympanic membrane perforation and recurrent cholesteatoma. All patients had dry, non‐draining ears at the end of the study.Conclusions: Irradiated temporal bones present difficult intraoperative anatomy and often require multiple procedures to cure otologic disease. Although radiation significantly reduces vascularity and hampers healing, vascularized reconstruction flaps are not necessary for good outcomes.
Measuring the Effects of Nutritional Counseling on Total Infant Diet in a Randomized Controlled Intervention Trial
Authors: Koehler Susanne , Sichert‐Hellert Wolfgang , Kersting Mathilde 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTObjectives:To examine the effects of nutritional counseling for the infant diet focused on complementary feeding and total diet by use of dietary scores.Patients and Methods:In a randomized controlled intervention trial, 183 mothers of full‐term infants were allocated to 4 intervention groups (IG0–IG3). Intervention consisted of dietary counseling based on the food‐based guidelines for infant nutrition in Germany. Counseling was done in 3 different forms: a telephone hotline (IG1), then written information (IG2), followed by additional personal telephone counseling (IG3). The IG0 group was not counseled at all. The actual diet of the infants was assessed by telephone interviews when the infants were 2, 4, 6, 9, and 12 months old and evaluated by food‐based and meal‐based dietary scores.Results:Plausible, although often not statistically significant, effects of counseling were found for several single scores at various age points. Total diet during the first year of life was significantly closer to the recommendations in the most intensively counseled group than in the noncounseled and lowest‐counseled groups. Telephone counseling proved to be more effective than distribution of written material.Conclusions:The measured effects of the innovative approach of personal telephone counseling point to the advantages of giving dietary advice to mothers of infants by means of personal contacts and suggest that positive effects on dietary habits may even be greater by face‐to‐face talks between mothers and experts.
Infliximab Use in Children and Adolescents With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: de Ridder Lissy , Benninga Marc A , Taminiau Jan AJM , Hommes Daan W , van Deventer Sander JH 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTInfliximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody (75% human, 25% murine) against tumor necrosis factor‐α, a cytokine with a central role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease. Large randomized controlled trials have shown the efficacy and safety of infliximab for the induction and maintenance of remission in adult patients with active Crohn disease (CD). In children and adolescents, mostly small, nonrandomized, non–placebo‐controlled studies have supported the notion that infliximab is a potent drug in a population that does not respond to standard therapies. The safety of infliximab is of major concern, and the most frequent severe adverse events are related to severe infections and reactivation of tuberculosis. Non–life‐threatening infusion reactions occur rather frequently and seem to be related to the formation of antibodies. The indications for infliximab treatment are therapy‐resistant luminal CD (no efficacy or insufficient efficacy of conventional treatment) and therapy‐resistant fistulas. An efficient remission induction strategy consists of 3 initial infliximab infusions at 0, 2, and 6 weeks in a dosage of 5 mg/kg to sustain remission. Patients needing maintenance therapy are subsequently treated with an infliximab infusion every 8 weeks. There are indications that the early stages of CD may be more susceptible to immunomodulation, and the natural history of CD may be altered by the introduction of infliximab early in the disease process instead of waiting until conventional therapy has failed. Major points of discussion are whether infliximab maintenance treatment should be episodic (on demand) or scheduled and when infliximab therapy can be discontinued.