bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Ten-year Retrospective Study of Tetanus at a Teaching Hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Feroz AHM , Rahman Hafizur 
Published: September 2007

Aims: To study the demographic, clinical features, treatment as well as outcomes of tetanus patients in the Bangladeshi population from 1994 to 2003.
Design: A retrospective descriptive study. Setting: A large public Medical college hospital with a regional as well as referral service. Materials and Methods: All cases of tetanus in adult patients from January 1994 to December 2003 were identified from the medical record at the hospital and these were then retrospectively reviewed.
Results: A total of 80 cases of tetanus were seen at the Faridpur Medical college hospital in the 10 years period with a mean of 8 cases per year. There were 55 male (68.75%) and 25 female (31.25%) patients. The mean age of the study population was 51.7±10.08 years. Most cases occurred in the age group of 60-69 years. Risk factor analysis revealed identifiable acute injury (puncture, prick/laceration) in 85%, CSOM (2.5%), surgery (2.5%), abortion (2.5%), skin ulcer (1.25%), burn (1.25%), child birth (1.25%), boil (1.25%). Thirty-two (40%) patients had medical wound care before hospital admission but none received tetanus immunoglobulin despite the absence of tetanus immunity. All the patients had the generalized type of disease. Body stiffness, trismus and dysphagia were the three commonest presenting complaints. All the patients with injury and wound (74/80) had their wound debrided. All the tetanus patients (80/80) received intravenous diazepam infusion as part of their management. Seventy two (90%) patients received intravenous crystalline penicillin. Sixty-five (81.25%) patients received intramuscular human antitetanus immunoglobulin and fourteen (17.5%) had tracheostomy performed. Inhospital complications were observed as respiratory (80%), cardiovascular (65%), gastrointestinal (57-5%), renal (33.37%), neurological (17.%) and others (22.5%).
There were eighteen deaths in hospital, accounting for overall mortality of 22.5% (18/80). Higher mortality were observed in age group above 50 years than the age group below 50 years (29.16% vs 12.5%, P<0.05), in female than the male (40% vs 14.54%, P<0.05), in farmer than nonfarmer (30.95% vs 13.15%, P<0.05), in patients who had short incubation period than those who had incubation period more than one week (53.33% vs 23.25%, P<0.05).
Conclusion: In general, tetanus remains in Bangladesh an important disease with substantial mortality that primarily affects unvaccinated or inadequately vaccinated individuals. Prevention during wound management of tetanus prone wounds was inappropriate in many patients. The elderly population may have the highest risk for tetanus since they may not have had tetanus toxoid immunization or regular booster injections. It is, however, highly preventable through both routine vaccination and appropriate wound management. Our case series show comparable pattern and outcome with other case series in the developing countries reported in the literatures.

(J Bangladesh Coll Phys Surg 2007; 25 : 62-69)
Jojoba oil analysis by high pressure liquid chromatography and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. , Plattner Ronald D. , Miwa Thomas 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwo analytical procedures for determining com‐positions of jojoba liquid wax esters are described and compared. One, the more tedious, involves separation of wax ester homologs by high pressure liquid chro‐matography followed by determination of the acid and alcohol moieties from each homolog. The second allows rapid determination of wax ester composition by gas Chromatographic separation of hydrogenated jojoba wax esters according to chain length, followed immediately by ancillary mass spectrometric identifi‐cation of the acid and alcohol moieties. Double bonds in the alkyl chains in jojoba liquid waxes were almost exclusively (98%) ω‐9, when examined by gas chro‐matography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and ozonolysis/GC/MS.
Rapid determination of residual hexane in oils by gas chromatography using pyrolyzer
Authors: Hirayama S. , Imai C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA simple, direct gas Chromatographic (GC) tech‐nique is described for the quantitative determination of residual hexane in extracted vegetable oils. The method is rapid and sensitive to one ppm hexane. A platinum boat, on which sample oil was placed, is inserted into a pyrolysis chamber in a pyrolyzer at‐tached to a GC, and heated at 150 C for 60 sec to carry the evaporated hexane into the GC with a carrier gas. In the method, the column of GC may be used without the possibility of contamination because the sample is not injected directly into the GC. The method should be useful for the quality con‐trol of solvent extracted oil products.
Changes in phospholipid levels during high moisture storage of soybeans
Authors: Chapman G. W. , Robertson J. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFungicide‐treated and untreated commercial soy‐beans were stored at high temperature and humidity (35 C and 85% RH) in separate environmental chambers. Crude oil was extracted from the beans periodically during a 23‐day storage period and its phospholipids separated by three‐solvent system, two‐dimensional thin layer chromatography. The amount of phospholipids was determined by spectro‐photometric assay of inorganic phosphate liberated after perchloric acid digestion. The level of phospho‐lipids increased substantially during storage in treated and untreated soybean samples. Phosphatidic acid, phosphatidyl inositol, phosphatidyl ethanolamine, and phosphatidyl choline were the major phospho‐lipids. Phosphatidyl choline was the principal phos‐pholipid in extracted crude oil from treated and untreated beans during storage. The major phospho‐lipid levels increased more rapidly during the first 6 days of storage than during the remainder of the period in both samples. The data indicated that increased phospholipid levels occurred independently of mold growth and could have been the result of water imbibition and germination of the beans during storage.
trans Fatty acid content of commercial margarine samples determined by gas liquid chromatography on OV‐ 275
Authors: Ottenstein D. M. , Wittings LA. , Walker G. , Mahadevan V. , Pelick N. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatography (GLC) of margarine methyl esters on a 20 ft × 1/8 in. column containing 15% OV‐275 on 100/120 mesh Chromosorb P AW‐DMCS at 220 C provided practical separations oftrans octadecamonoenoates from the correspondingcis‐isomers and oftrans, trans‐ andcis,trans‐ octa‐decadienoates from the correspondingcis.cis‐isomers.Trans content by GLC was in reasonable agreement (±1–2%) with totaltrans content by infrared analysis in six of seven commercial margarine samples.
Characterization of a monoterpenoid ether from the essential oil of sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata)
Authors: Buttkus H. , Bose R. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFrom the essential oil of sagebrush(Artemisia tridentata) a component of the general composition C10H16O was isolated. From its nuclear magnetic resonance, mass and infrared spectra an isoprenoid monoterpene, containing a substituted furanyl‐cyclopropane fused ring system, l,6,6‐trimethyl‐4‐ethenyl‐exo‐2‐oxabicyclo [3.1.0] hexane, is proposed as its structure.
Optimization of primer design for the detection of variable genomic lesions in cancer
Authors: Bashir Ali , Liu Yu-Tsueng , Raphael Benjamin J. , Carson Dennis , Bafna Vineet 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPrimer approximation multiplex PCR (PAMP) is a new experimental protocol for efficiently assaying structural variation in genomes. PAMP is particularly suited to cancer genomes where the precise breakpoints of alterations such as deletions or translocations vary between patients. The design of PCR primer sets for PAMP is challenging because a large number of primer pairs are required to detect alterations in the hundreds of kilobases range that can occur in cancer. These sets of primers must achieve high coverage of the region of interest, while avoiding primer dimers and satisfying the physico-chemical constraints of good PCR primers. We describe a natural formulation of these constraints as a combinatorial optimization problem. We show that the PAMP primer design problem is NP-hard, and design algorithms based on simulated annealing and integer programming, that provide good solutions to this problem in practice.The algorithms are applied to a test region around the known CDKN2A deletion, which show excellent results even in a 1:49 mixture of mutated:wild-type cells. We use these test results to help set design parameters for larger problems. We can achieve near-optimal designs for regions close to 1 Mb.Contact: abashir@ucsd.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Mining biological networks for unknown pathways
Authors: Cakmak Ali , Ozsoyoglu Gultekin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Biological pathways provide significant insights on the interaction mechanisms of molecules. Presently, many essential pathways still remain unknown or incomplete for newly sequenced organisms. Moreover, experimental validation of enormous numbers of possible pathway candidates in a wet-lab environment is time- and effort-extensive. Thus, there is a need for comparative genomics tools that help scientists predict pathways in an organism's biological network.Results: In this article, we propose a technique to discover unknown pathways in organisms. Our approach makes in-depth use of Gene Ontology (GO)-based functionalities of enzymes involved in metabolic pathways as follows: Model each pathway as a biological functionality graph of enzyme GO functions, which we call pathway functionality template.Locate frequent pathway functionality patterns so as to infer previously unknown pathways through pattern matching in metabolic networks of organisms.We have experimentally evaluated the accuracy of the presented technique for 30 bacterial organisms to predict around 1500 organism-specific versions of 50 reference pathways. Using cross-validation strategy on known pathways, we have been able to infer pathways with 86% precision and 72% recall for enzymes (i.e. nodes). The accuracy of the predicted enzyme relationships has been measured at 85% precision with 64% recall.Availability: Code upon request.Contact: ali.cakmak@case.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Life under pressure: insights from electronic data-storage tags into cod swimbladder function
Authors: van der Kooij Jeroen , Righton David , Strand Espen , Michalsen Kathrine , Thorsteinsson Vilhjalmur , Svedäng Henrik , Neat Francis C. , Neuenfeldt Stefan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
van der Kooij, J., Righton, D., Strand, E., Michalsen, K., Thorsteinsson, V., Svedäng, H., Neat, F. C., and Neuenfeldt, S. 2007. Life under pressure: insights from electronic data-storage tags into cod swimbladder function. – ICES Journal of Marine Science. 64: 1293–1301. The behavioural response of cod (Gadus morhua) to sudden pressure reductions was investigated in a large electronic-tagging experiment using data collected from 141 cod tagged in five different areas of the Northeast Atlantic. More than 40% of cod exhibited a characteristic equilibration behaviour after a rapid pressure reduction caused either by capture before tagging, or by pressure reduction during a rapid ascent from the seabed, or when migrating to deeper water. The equilibration allowed the cod to regain demersal residence. The rate of descent averaged 10 m d−1 (ranging from 2 to 23 m d−1) over periods of less than a day to 1 month. Descent rates for cod on the Icelandic shelf were inversely related to fish length, i.e. smaller fish descended more rapidly, findings consistent with results achieved in the past under laboratory conditions. Modelling of swimbladder volume during equilibration suggested that cod were negatively buoyant for most of the time. The results imply that swimbladder functionality is retained after the probable barotrauma that would follow a large and rapid ascent, and that rates of gas exchange into the swimbladder may be naturally variable. These findings have implications for assumptions on discard mortality, the interpretation of cod behaviour, and its impact on biomass estimates obtained from acoustic surveys.
When will the eel recover? A full life-cycle model
Authors: Åström Mårten , Dekker Willem 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Åström M., and Dekker W. 2007. When will the eel recover? A full life-cycle model. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 000–000: –. The European eel population has declined over the past decades in most of its distribution area, and the stock is outside safe biological limits. The EU has taken up the challenge to design a management system that ensures the escapement of 40% of spawning-stock biomass, relative to unexploited, unpolluted circumstances in unobstructed rivers. This ultimately aims to restore the spawning stock to a level at which glass eel production is not impaired, i.e. to restore to full historical glass eel recruitment. To explore the trajectory from the current depleted state to full recruitment recovery, we developed a simple model of stock dynamics, based on a simplified stock–recruitment relationship and the conventional dynamic pool assumptions. Recruitment trajectories under different future fishery regimes are explored, for the medium (one generation time) and long time-span (until full recruitment recovery). Reducing fisheries to zero, recovery is expected within ∼80 years, whereas under an ultimately sustainable fishing regime of just 10% of the current rate of fishing mortality, recovery may take more than 200 years. Moreover, management regimes, apparently leading to slight recovery of the stock in the coming 5–15 years, might still be unsustainable in the long run.
PDZ and LIM Domain-Encoding Genes: Molecular Interactions and their Role in Development
Authors: te Velthuis Aartjan J. W. , Bagowski Christoph P. 
Published: September 2007

PDZ/LIM genes encode a group of proteins that play very important, but diverse, biological roles. They have been implicated in numerous vital processes, e.g., cytoskeleton organization, neuronal signaling, cell lineage specification, organ development, and oncogenesis.In mammals, there are ten genes that encode for both a PDZ domain, and one or several LIM domains: four genes of the ALP subfamily (ALP, Elfin, Mystique, and RIL), three of the Enigma subfamily (Enigma, Enigma Homolog, and ZASP), the two LIM kinases (LIMK1 and LIMK2), and the LIM only protein 7 (LMO7). Functionally, all PDZ and LIM domain proteins share an important trait, i.e., they can associate with and/or influence the actin cytoskeleton.We review here the PDZ and LIM domain—encoding genes and their different gene structures, their binding partners, and their role in development and disease. Emphasis is laid on the important questions: why the combination of a PDZ domain with one or more LIM domains is found in such a diverse group of proteins, and what role the PDZ/LIM module could have in signaling complex assembly and localization.Furthermore, the current knowledge on splice form specific expression and the function of these alternative transcripts during vertebrate development will be discussed, since another source of complexity for the PDZ and LIM domain—encoding proteins is introduced by alternative splicing, which often creates different domain combinations.
Nonadditive Expression and Parent-of-Origin Effects Identified by Microarray and Allele-Specific Expression Profiling of Maize Endosperm
Authors: Stupar Robert M. , Hermanson Peter J. , Springer Nathan M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPlant endosperm cells have a nuclear ratio of two maternal genomes to one paternal genome. This 2 to 1 dosage relationship provides a unique system for studying the additivity of gene expression levels in reciprocal hybrids. A combination of microarray profiling and allele-specific expression analysis was performed using RNA isolated from endosperm tissues of maize (Zea mays) inbred lines B73 and Mo17 and their reciprocal hybrids at two developmental stages, 13 and 19 d after pollination. The majority of genes exhibited additive expression in reciprocal hybrids based on microarray analyses. However, a substantial number of genes exhibited nonadditive expression patterns, including maternal like, paternal like, high parent like, low parent like, and expression patterns outside the range of the parental inbreds. The frequency of hybrid expression patterns outside of the parental range in maize endosperm tissue is much higher than that observed for vegetative tissues. For a set of 90 genes, allele-specific expression assays were employed to monitor allelic bias and regulatory variation. Eight of these genes exhibited evidence for maternally or paternally biased expression at multiple stages of endosperm development and are potential examples of differential imprinting. Our data indicate that parental effects on gene expression are much stronger in endosperm than in vegetative tissues.
Expression of Aberrant Forms ofAUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8Stimulates Parthenocarpy in Arabidopsis and Tomato
Authors: Goetz Marc , Hooper Lauren C. , Johnson Susan D. , Rodrigues Julio Carlyle Macedo , Vivian-Smith Adam , Koltunow Anna M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFruit initiation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) is generally repressed until fertilization occurs. However, mutations in AUXIN RESPONSE FACTOR8 (ARF8) uncouple fruit initiation from fertilization, resulting in the formation of seedless, parthenocarpic fruit. Here we induced parthenocarpy in wild-type Arabidopsis by introducing either the mutant genomic (g) Atarf8-4 sequence or gAtARF8:β-glucuronidase translational fusion constructs by plant transformation. Silencing of endogenous AtARF8 transcription was not observed, indicating that the introduced, aberrant ARF8 transcripts were compromising the function of endogenous ARF8 and/or associated factors involved in suppressing fruit initiation. To analyze the role of ARF8 in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) we initially emasculated 23 tomato cultivars to test for background parthenocarpy. Surprisingly, all had a predisposition to initiate fertilization-independent fruit growth. Expression of gAtarf8-4 in transgenic tomato (‘Monalbo’) resulted in a significant increase in the number and size of parthenocarpic fruit. Isolation of tomato ARF8 cDNA indicated significant sequence conservation with AtARF8. SlARF8 may therefore control tomato fruit initiation in a similar manner as AtARF8 does in Arabidopsis. Two SlARF8 cDNAs differing in size by 5 bp were found, both arising from the same gene. The smaller cDNA is a splice variant and is also present in Arabidopsis. We propose that low endogenous levels of the splice variant products might interfere with efficient formation/function of a complex repressing fruit initiation, thereby providing an explanation for the observed ovary expansion in tomato and also Arabidopsis after emasculation. Increasing the levels of aberrant Atarf8-4 transcripts may further destabilize formation/function of the complex in a dosage-dependent manner enhancing tomato parthenocarpic fruit initiation frequency and size and mimicking the parthenocarpic dehiscent silique phenotype found in homozygous Atarf8-4 mutants. Collectively these data suggest that similar mechanisms involving auxin signaling exist to inhibit parthenocarpic fruit set in tomato and Arabidopsis.
The Import of S-Adenosylmethionine into the Golgi Apparatus Is Required for the Methylation of Homogalacturonan
Authors: Ibar Consuelo , Orellana Ariel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) is the substrate used in the methylation of homogalacturonan (HGA) in the Golgi apparatus. SAM is synthesized in the cytosol, but it is not currently known how it is then transported into the Golgi. In this study, we find that HGA methyltransferase is present in Golgi-enriched fractions and that its catalytic domain faces the lumen of this organelle. This suggests that SAM must be imported into the Golgi. We performed uptake experiments using [methyl-14C]SAM and found that SAM is incorporated into the Golgi vesicles, resulting in the methylation of polymers that are sensitive to pectinase and pectin methylesterase but not to proteases. To avoid detecting the transfer reaction, we also used [carboxyl-14C]SAM, the uptake of which into Golgi vesicles was found to be sensitive to temperature, detergents, and osmotic changes, and to be saturable with a K m of 33 μ m. Double-label uptake experiments using [methyl-3H]SAM and [carboxyl-14C]SAM also revealed a time-dependent increase in the 3H to 14C ratio, suggesting that upon transfer of the methyl group, the resulting S-adenosylhomocysteine is not accumulated in the Golgi. SAM incorporation was also found to be inhibited by S-adenosylhomocysteine, whereas UDP-GalA, UDP-GlcA, and acetyl-CoA had no effect. DIDS, a compound that inhibits nucleotide sugar transporters, also had little effect upon SAM incorporation. Interestingly, the combination of UDP-GalA + acetyl-CoA or UDP-GlcA + acetyl-CoA produced a slight increase in the uptake of SAM. These results support the idea that a SAM transporter is required for HGA biosynthesis.
pSAT RNA Interference Vectors: A Modular Series for Multiple Gene Down-Regulation in Plants
Authors: Dafny-Yelin Mery , Chung Sang-Min , Frankman Ellen L. , Tzfira Tzvi 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
RNA interference (RNAi) is a powerful tool for functional gene analysis, which has been successfully used to down-regulate the levels of specific target genes, enabling loss-of-function studies in living cells. Hairpin (hp) RNA expression cassettes are typically constructed on binary plasmids and delivered into plant cells by Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation. Realizing the importance of RNAi for basic plant research, various vectors have been developed for RNAi-mediated gene silencing, allowing the silencing of single target genes in plant cells. To further expand the collection of available tools for functional genomics in plant species, we constructed a set of modular vectors suitable for hpRNA expression under various constitutive promoters. Our system allows simple cloning of the target gene sequences into two distinct multicloning sites and its modular design provides a straightforward route for replacement of the expression cassette's regulatory elements. More importantly, our system was designed to facilitate the assembly of several hpRNA expression cassettes on a single plasmid, thereby enabling the simultaneous suppression of several target genes from a single vector. We tested the functionality of our new vector system by silencing overexpressed marker genes (green fluorescent protein, DsRed2, and nptII) in transgenic plants. Various combinations of hpRNA expression cassettes were assembled in binary plasmids; all showed strong down-regulation of the reporter genes in transgenic plants. Furthermore, assembly of all three hpRNA expression cassettes, combined with a fourth cassette for the expression of a selectable marker, resulted in down-regulation of all three different marker genes in transgenic plants. This vector system provides an important addition to the plant molecular biologist's toolbox, which will significantly facilitate the use of RNAi technology for analyses of multiple gene function in plant cells.