bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Sensitivity of Variance Component Estimates to Underreporting: Method and Application to Substance Abuse Data
Authors: Andrews Paul W. , Kendler Kenneth S. , Gillespie Nathan , Neale Michael C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMany studies of human behavior and psychological constructs rely on subjects' willingness to disclose information about themselves. This is problematic for phenotypes that require the disclosure of sensitive information, such as sexual behavior or illicit drug use, which are likely to be underreported. We describe a method for evaluating how sensitive variance component estimates are to underreporting. The method involves estimating, by maximum likelihood, the original population proportions of the response classes, and adjusting them for a set of hypothesized underreporting parameters. If the true values of the underreporting parameters were known, the researcher could estimate the variance components based on these values. Usually, underreporting levels are not known with certainty. However, it is possible to assume a specific value for the underreporting rate, obtain response pattern proportions adjusted for this rate, and then to conduct the analyses on these revised estimates. By repeating the procedure across the range of plausible underreporting values, the researcher can assess how sensitive the variance component estimates are to variation in underreporting. We apply this method to a sample of male-male twin pairs who reported on themselves and their co-twins for illicit drug abuse and dependence (DAD). We show how underreporting influences estimates of additive genetic, common environment, and specific environment variance components (A, C, and E) obtained for DAD in a classical twin design.
Dietary Patterns and Heritability of Food Choice in a UK Female Twin Cohort
Authors: Teucher Birgit , Skinner Jane , Skidmore Paula M. L. , Cassidy Aedin , Fairweather-Tait Susan J. , Hooper Lee , Roe Mark A. , Foxall Robert , Oyston Sarah L. , Cherkas Lynn F. , Perks Ursula C. , Spector Tim D. , MacGregor Alex J. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo examine the contribution of genetic factors to food choice, we determined dietary patterns from food frequency questionnaires in 3262 UK female twins aged 18 to 79 years. Five distinct dietary patterns were identified (fruit and vegetable, high alcohol, traditional English, dieting, low meat) that accounted for 22% of the total variance. These patterns are similar to those found in other singleton Western populations, and were related to body mass index, smoking status, physical activity and deprivation scores. Older subjects had higher scores on the fruit and vegetable and traditional English patterns, while lower social deprivation was associated with higher scores for fruit and vegetable, and lower scores for traditional English patterns. All 5 patterns were heritable, with estimates ranging from 41% to 48%. Among individual dietary components, a strongly heritable component was identified for garlic (46%), coffee (41%), fruit and vegetable sources (49%), and red meat (39%). Our results indicate that genetic factors have an important influence in determining food choice and dietary habits in Western populations. The relatively high heritability of specific dietary components implicates taste perception as a possible target for future genetic studies.
Heritability of Body Mass Index: A Comparison Between The Netherlands and Spain
Authors: Ordoñana J. R. , Rebollo-Mesa I. , González-Javier F. , Pérez-Riquelme F. , Martínez-Selva J. M. , Willemsen G. , Boomsma Dorret I. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAhigh body mass index (BMI) is commonly used as an index of overweight and obesity. There is persistent evidence of high heritability for variation in BMI, but the effects of common environment appear inconsistent across different European countries. Our objective was to compare genetic and environmental effects on BMI in a sample of twins from two different European countries with distinct population and cultural backgrounds. We analysed data of adult female twins from the Netherlands Twin Register (222 monozygotic [MZ] and 103 dizygotic [DZ] pairs) and the Murcia Twin Register (Spain; 202 MZ and 235 DZ pairs). BMI was based on self-reported weight and height. Dutch women were taller and heavier, but Spanish women had a significantly higher mean BMI. The age related weight increase was significantly stronger in the Spanish sample. Genetic analyses showed that genetic factors are the main contributors to variation in height, weight, and BMI, within both countries. For height and weight, estimates of genetic variances did not differ, but for height, the estimate for the environmental variance was significantly larger in Spanish women. For BMI, both the genetic and the environmental variance components were larger in Spanish than in Dutch women.
Effects of the Chorion Type on Prosocial Behavior in Young South Korean Twins
Authors: Hur Yoon-Mi. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe present study examined the possible effects of chorionicity of twins on variation of prosocial behavior in the classical twin design. Mothers of 56 pairs of monochorionic monozygotic (MCMZ) twins, 34 pairs of dichorionic monozygotic (DCMZ) twins, and 316 pairs of dizygotic (DZ) twins rated their children's prosocial behavior. The MCMZ correlation for prosocial behavior was similar to the DCMZ correlation (.63 vs. 61), but both correlations were higher than the DZ correlation (.33). Models incorporating the chorion effects were fit to the data. Genetic, shared and nonshared environmental, and chorion effects in the full model were, respectively, 53% (95% CI: 1–70%), 7% (95% CI: 0–37%) , 40% (95% CI: 29–54%), and 0% (95% CI: 0–27%), with the effects of chorion and shared environment being nonsignificant. These findings indicate that genetic and environmental factors in prosocial behavior estimated from twin studies are not significantly influenced by the chorion type of MZ twins.
Studies of Corrosion of Cladding Materials in Simulated BWR Environment using Impedance Measurements
Authors: Forsberg S. , Ahlberg E. , Limbäck M. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In the present work, the corrosion of three Zircaloy-2 cladding materials have been studied in-situ in an autoclave using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Measurements were conducted in simulated boiling water reactor environment at temperatures up to 288°C, both in the pre-transition and the post-transition stage. In addition, impedance measurements were performed at room temperature on samples previously exposed to irradiation. This work clearly demonstrates that impedance spectroscopy can be used for in-situ studies of the corrosion of Zircaloy cladding materials in the pre-transition region at high temperatures. Oxide thickness, oxide conductivity, and effective donor density were successfully evaluated from the impedance data. Less information has been able to be gained from the impedance measurements in the post-transition region compared to the measurements in the pre-transition region. However, the thickness of the inner oxide layer, oxide conductivity, and oxide porosity were successfully evaluated from the impedance data. The measurements on irradiated samples of the same materials as investigated in autoclaves indicate that irradiation introduces defects in the oxide structure, resulting in a higher number of charge carriers and a more inhomogeneous oxide than produced under autoclave exposure.
Do Adolescent Inpatient Wards Make a Difference? Findings From a National Young Patient Survey
Authors: Viner Russell M. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES. There is little evidence to support the effectiveness of adolescent inpatient wards. These analyses test the hypotheses that nursing young people in adolescent wards improves aspects of quality of care and patient satisfaction compared with child or adult wards.PATIENTS AND METHODS. Secondary analyses of the national English Young Patient Survey 2004 were weighted to take account of variations in hospital size and response rate. Participants included 8855 subjects aged 12 to 17 years. Ward types (adolescent, child, and adult) were compared. Patient-reported quality-of-care indicators included rating by young people of overall care, respect, safety, confidentiality, communication, team-working, noise, and leisure facilities. Logistic regression models were adjusted for gender, disability, and previous hospital admissions.RESULTS. Ten percent of 12- to 14-year-olds and 18% of 15- to 17-year-olds were nursed in an adolescent ward, 0.4% of 12- to 15-year-olds and 16% of 15- to 17-year-olds in an adult ward, with the remainder in a child ward. Compared with being in an adolescent ward, 15- to 17-year-olds were less likely to report excellent overall care in an adult ward and less likely to report feeling secure, having confidentiality maintained, feeling treated with respect, confidence in staff, appropriate information transmission, appropriate involvement in own care, and appropriate leisure facilities. Compared with being in an adolescent ward, 12- to 14-year-olds were less likely to report excellent overall care in a child ward and less likely to report feeling involved in their own care.CONCLUSIONS. Dedicated adolescent inpatient wards improve aspects of quality of care for young people compared with child or adult wards, particularly for older adolescents. These data support the continued development of adolescent wards in larger general hospitals and children's hospitals.
Family History of Asthma and Atopy: In-depth Analyses of the Impact on Asthma and Wheeze in 7- to 8-Year-Old Children
Authors: Bjerg Anders , Hedman Linnea , Perzanowski Matthew S. , Platts-Mills Thomas , Lundbäck Bo , Rönmark Eva 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES. Development of asthma in children is influenced by interactions between genetic and environmental factors. It is unclear whether paternal or maternal histories of disease confer different risks. Previous population-based studies have not stratified analyses by child gender and sensitization status. Our aim was to study in detail the hereditary component of childhood asthma.METHODS. A population-based cohort of 3430 (97% of invited) 7- to 8-year-old school children participated in an expanded International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood survey, and two thirds were skin-prick tested. Heredity was defined as a family history of (1) asthma and (2) atopy (allergic rhinitis or eczema). Multivariate analyses corrected for known risk factors for asthma.RESULTS. At ages 7 to 8, prevalence of asthma was 5.3% among the children and 9.0% among the parents. In children without parental asthma or parental atopy, the prevalence of asthma was 2.8%. Corrected for parental asthma, parental atopy was a weak but significant risk factor. There were minor differences in the impact of parental disease between sensitized and nonsensitized children and between boys and girls.CONCLUSIONS. As risk factors for childhood asthma, there were major differences between parental asthma and parental atopy. Sibling asthma was only a marker of parental disease. Interactions between parental disease and the child's allergic sensitization or gender were not statistically significant. Asthma in both parents conferred a multiplicative risk, whereas the effect of parental atopy was additive, however limited. Asthma and atopy, despite their causal relationship, are separate entities and could be inherited differently. This large, population-based, and well-characterized cohort study does not confirm parent-of-origin effects found in previous studies.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Distribution of Ibuprofen After Intravenous Administration in Children
Authors: Kokki Hannu , Kumpulainen Elina , Lehtonen Marko , Laisalmi Merja , Heikkinen Marja , Savolainen Jouko , Rautio Jarkko 
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND. Ibuprofen is the most commonly used nonsteroidal, antipyretic, antiinflammatory analgesic in children. Nonsteroidal, antipyretic, antiinflammatory analgesics act in both the peripheral tissues and the central nervous system. The central nervous system penetration of ibuprofen has been described in adults but not in children.OBJECTIVES. Our goals were to investigate the cerebrospinal fluid penetration of ibuprofen in children and evaluate the analgesic plasma concentration of ibuprofen after inguinal surgery in children.MATERIALS AND METHODS. A total 36 healthy children (25 boys) aged 3 months to 12 years received a single intravenous injection of ibuprofen (10 mg/kg). A paired cerebrospinal fluid and blood sample was obtained 10 minutes to 8 hours after the injection. In children having inguinal surgery, a second blood sample was obtained at the time that the child first had wound pain.RESULTS. The ibuprofen level was determined in all cerebrospinal fluid and plasma samples. Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations ranged between 15 and 541 μg/L, and the highest concentrations were measured 30 to 38 minutes after dosing. In all cerebrospinal fluid samples collected after 30 minutes, ibuprofen concentration exceeded that of unbound plasma. The plasma analgesic concentrations after inguinal surgery ranged between 10 and 25 mg/L.CONCLUSIONS. Ibuprofen penetrates the cerebrospinal fluid readily, with peak concentrations attained 30 to 40 minutes after intravenous injection of a 10 mg/kg dose. The plasma analgesic concentration after inguinal surgery with spinal anesthesia is 10 to 25 mg/L.
Dopamine Receptor D2 GeneTaq1A(C32806T) Polymorphism Modifies the Relationship Between Birth Weight and Educational Attainment in Adulthood: 21-Year Follow-up of the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns Study
Authors: Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa , Elovainio Marko , Kivimäki Mika , Raitakari Olli T. , Viikari Jorma S.A. , Lehtimäki Terho 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. Low birth weight is suggested to be a risk factor for a wide variety of negative outcomes, including low educational attainment, but the role of cognition-related genetic influences on this association remains unclear. The objective of this study was to study whether variation in the dopamine receptor gene (dopamine receptor D2 polymorphism, rs1800497) modifies the association between birth weight and educational attainment in adulthood.METHODS. We studied the association between birth weight (range: 1440–4980 g) and educational attainment in 659 men and 832 women aged 27 to 39. Birth weight, gestational age, and parental education were assessed at ages 6 to 18. The genotyping was performed using TaqMan 5′ nuclease assay.RESULTS. After adjustment for age, parental education, and gestational age, birth weight was associated with educational attainment in men with A1/A1 or A1/A2 (n = 245) genotype but not in men carrying A2/A2 (n = 414) genotype. In women, no moderating effect of dopamine receptor D2 polymorphism was found.CONCLUSIONS. Dopamine receptor D2 genotype is suggested to modify the association between birth weight and adulthood educational attainment over the whole birth weight range so that carriers of A1 allele capitalize on optimal birth weight, whereas a low birth weight seems to be a risk among them. These data support the hypothesis that the effect of birth weight on educational attainment depends on genetic influences. Gender-related difference may refer to an environmental effect (ie, to a better goodness-of-fit between girls' school behaving and expectations of school) that may mask a genetic effect.
Assessing Procedural Skills Training in Pediatric Residency Programs
Authors: Gaies Michael G. , Landrigan Christopher P. , Hafler Janet P. , Sandora Thomas J. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to assess the opinions of pediatric program directors regarding procedural skills training of pediatric residents.METHODS. We developed a survey based on the Residency Review Committee's guidelines for procedural training. It included items about the importance of 29 procedures encountered in pediatric training, estimates of residents' competence in performing them, and the teaching of procedural skills. The survey was sent to members of the Association of Pediatric Program Directors. The primary outcome was the perceived importance for residents to achieve competence in these procedures, rated on a 10-point Likert scale. Secondary outcomes included perception of resident competence to perform procedures and educational methods used by respondents for teaching procedural skills. Associations between demographic characteristics and perceived importance or competence were also assessed.RESULTS. Surveys were sent to 139 programs, and 112 responded. Thirteen procedures were rated 8 or higher by &gt;75% of program directors. Seven skills that were prioritized by the Residency Review Committee did not achieve this level of consensus. Respondents reported that many residents failed to achieve competence by the end of training in 9 of 13 procedures that they rated as very important, including venipuncture, neonatal intubation, and administering injections. Residents who perform the majority of venipunctures and intravenous catheter placements at their institutions were more likely to be judged competent in performing these skills than residents who do not.CONCLUSIONS. The Residency Review Committee's list of procedures does not necessarily reflect the opinions of pediatric program directors on the most essential skills for trainees. Many residents may not develop competence in several important procedures by the end of residency, most notably vascular access and life-saving skills. A more robust and standardized method is needed for teaching procedural skills and for documenting competence.
Ten Important Words Plus: A Strategy for Building Word Knowledge
Authors: Yopp Ruth Helen , Yopp Hallie Kay 
Published: October 2007

In this strategy, students individually select and record 10 important words on self‐adhesive notes as they read a text. Then students build a group bar graph displaying their choices, write a sentence that summarizes the content, and then respond to prompts that ask them to think about words in powerful ways. Several prompts are suggested, each emphasizing the meaning, manipulation, or application of selected words in various contexts. This strategy is based on principles of effective vocabulary instruction as it involves
repeated exposure to words
active engagement with words
study of words with instructional potential
This strategy fosters word knowledge as well as comprehension of text with its focus on word meanings and important ideas in text.This article is also the source for a Class Acts podcast. Download “Teaching key vocabulary” from
www.reading.orgresourcespodcastsindex.html
Use of Real-Time Rig-Sensor Data To Improve Daily Drilling Reporting, Benchmarking, and Planning—A Case Study
Authors: Thonhauser G. , Wallnoefer G. , Mathis W. , Ettl J. 
Published: October 2007

Summary
State-of-the-art drilling-operations analysis is mostly dependent on existing daily-activity reporting. However, these activity reports are based on human observations and judgment. This fact implies a number of limitations such as the coarse level of detail and subjective coding systems. To overcome these problems, a rule-based system has been applied to analyze real-time surface-sensor data autonomously. The system evaluates the sensor data stream and acquires crucial process information as a basis for further analysis.
The scope of the system is the recognition of drilling operations, such as tripping, making connections, reaming, and washing, to extend and enhance standard reporting. In this way, a standardized and objective categorization of the drilling process can be achieved at a level of accuracy and detail yet to be reached.
Another benefit is the automated reporting feature. Through the recognition of the rigs, current state, the system is able to propose an impartial process description. This leads to a reduction of the time spent on reporting and leaves more time to focus on unexpected events and lessons learned.
Analysis of field data allowed the introduction of new key performance indicators (e.g., wellbore treatment time per depth interval) for benchmarking, which are determined automatically during the evaluation process. This type of benchmarking does not rely on company-specific activity coding systems. In this way, costly and time-consuming data management effort (e.g., to compare operated and nonoperated wells) is eliminated.
The new system was applied to wells drilled in the Vienna basin during the past year. The Vienna basin covers large parts of eastern Austria (lower Austria, Vienna, and Burgenland) and reaches into the territories of the Czech Republic in the north and the Slovak Republic in the east. It is approximately 200 km long and 55 km wide, striking roughly southwest to northeast from Gloggnitz (lower Austria) in the south to southwest to Napajedla (Czech Republic) in the north to northeast.
As a conclusion, it can be stated that the application of this system significantly improves the accuracy and resolution of the drilling-process description, reducing data-management efforts. The objective categorization of process information is a key enabler for benchmarking, specifically when identifying hidden lost time.
The effects of tesaglitazar as add-on treatment to metformin in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes
Authors: Göke Burkhard , Gause-Nilsson Ingrid , Persson Anders 
Published: October 2007

This study assessed the effects of tesaglitazar (0.5 or 1 mg/day), a dual peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α/γ agonist, when added to maximally tolerated metformin (2–2.5 g/day) in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes. The primary end point of this 24-week, randomised, placebo-controlled study was the absolute change from baseline in glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1C). Tesaglitazar significantly reduced HbA1C, fasting plasma glucose and insulin levels compared with placebo (p<0.0001 for all) when added to metformin. Triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and non-HDL-C levels also improved with tesaglitazar treatment (p<0.0001 for all). Adverse events were generally similar across treatments, except for higher frequencies of peripheral oedema and weight gain in the tesaglitazar 1 mg group. Although reversibility was not fully evaluated, dose-dependent changes in mean serum crea-tinine levels and haematology measures tended to return towards baseline at follow-up. Despite the clinical discontinuation of tesaglitazar, this study has demonstrated the potential benefits of dual PPAR agonism as add-on therapy to metformin, in patients with poorly controlled type 2 diabetes.
Metastatic Model of Colon Carcinoma in Mice: Utility in the Study of Tumor Growth and Progression
Authors: Jones‐Bolin Susan , Ruggeri Bruce 
Published: October 2007

AbstractColorectal cancer is the second leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States with an estimated 150,000 diagnosed cases and over 56,000 fatalities annually (Jemal et al., 2006). Approximately one‐third to one‐half of cases are localized to the colon and rectum and have a favorable prognosis, while one‐third to one‐half present with regional lymph node metastases at diagnosis and generally are refractory to various chemotherapeutic regimens. Treatment options (surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy) are limited and the disease carries a grave prognosis for many patients. An orthotopic model of colon carcinoma in mice provides a way to evaluate the pathogenesis of tumor growth and metastasis as an aid in developing effective therapies and to better understand the underlying biology of colon tumor growth and metastasis. The protocol described in this unit details the development and characterization of an orthotopic model of murine colon carcinoma in BALB/c mice with diffuse lymphatic and hepatic metastatic spread, closely mimicking the course of the human disease. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 38:14.5.1‐14.5.13. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.