bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors associated with sclerema in infants with diarrhoeal disease: a matched case‐control study
Authors: Chisti Mohammod Jobayer , Ahmed Tahmeed , Faruque Abu Syed Golam , Saha Shuvra , Salam Mohammed Abdus , Islam Sufia 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim: To identify clinical and biochemical factors associated with sclerema in infants with diarrhoeal illness, and their outcome.Methods: In this case‐control study, we enrolled 30 infants with clinical sepsis with sclerema (cases) and another 60, age‐ and sex‐matched infants with clinical sepsis but without sclerema (controls) from among those admitted to the special care unit (SCU) and longer stay unit (LSU) of the Dhaka Hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (ICDDR,B) for their diarrhoeal illness from May 2005 through April 2006. Sclerema as the dependant variable while hypoxia, hypothermia, C‐reactive protein (CRP) level, serum total protein and prealbumin level were the major independent variables compared in the analysis. Differences in proportions were compared by the chi‐square test and differences of mean were compared by Student's t‐test or Mann–Whitney test, as appropriate.Results: The case‐fatality was significantly higher among the cases than the controls (30% vs. 2%, CI 2.9–565.5). After adjusting for confounders, infants with sclerema were more likely to be hypothermic (OR 11.6, 95% CI 1.1–126.5), and have lower serum total protein (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.04–1.21) and prealbumin (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.1–2.3).Conclusion: Diarrhoeal infants having clinical sepsis presenting with hypothermia, lower serum protein and prealbumin are prone to be associated with sclerema.
Comparative analysis of global gene expression profiles between diabetic rat wounds treated with vacuum‐assisted closure therapy, moist wound healing or gauze under suction
Authors: Derrick Kathleen L , Norbury Kenneth , Kieswetter Kris , Skaf Jihad , McNulty Amy K 
Published: January 2009

AbstractHow differential gene expression affects wound healing is not well understood. In this study, Zucker diabetic fatty (fa/fa) male inbred rats were used to investigate gene expression during wound healing in an impaired wound‐healing model. Whole genome microarray surveys were used to gain insight into the biological pathways and healing processes in acute excisional wounds treated with vacuum‐assisted closure (V.A.C.®) Therapy, moist wound healing (MWH) or gauze under suction (GUS). Global gene expression analyses after 2 days of healing indicated major differences with respect to both number of genes showing fold changes and pathway regulation between the three different wound treatments. Statistical analysis of expression profiles indicated that 5072 genes showed a >1·6‐fold change with V.A.C. Therapy compared with 3601 genes with MWH and 3952 genes with GUS. Pathways and related genes associated with the early phases of wound healing diverged between treatment groups. For example, pathways involving angiogenesis, cytoskeletal regulation and inflammation were associated with elevated gene expression following V.A.C. Therapy. This study is the first to assess wound healing by whole genome interrogation in a diabetic rat model treated with different healing modalities.
NISHIDA IN CONTEXT
Authors: McCarrhy Erin 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:ZEN AND PHILOSOPHY: AN INTELLECTUAL BIOGRAPHY OF NISHIDA KITARO By Michiko YusaPHILOSOPHERS OF NOTHINGNESS: AN ESSAY ON THE KYOTO SCHOOL By James W. HeisigBEYOND PERSONAL IDENTITY: DOGEN, NISHIDA AND A PHENOMENOLOGY OF NO‐SELF By Gereon Kopf
FROM THEOLOGICAL TO CINEMATIC CRITICISM: EXTRICATING THE STUDY OF RELIGION AND FILM FROM THEOLOGY
Authors: Kraemer Christine Hoff 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:RELIGION IN FILM Edited by John R. May and Michael S. Bird KnoxvilleNEW IMAGE OF RELIGIOUS FILM Edited by John R. MaySCREENING THE SACRED: RELIGION, MYTH, AND IDEOLOGY IN POPULAR AMERICAN FILM Edited by Joel W. Martin and Conrad Eugene Ostwalt, Jr.SEEING AND BELIEVING: RELIGION AND VALUES IN THE MOVIES By Margaret MilesREEL SPIRITUALITY: THEOLOGY AND FILM IN DIALOGUE By Robert K. Johnston GrandSCREENING SCRIPTURE: INTERTEXTUAL CONNECTIONS BETWEEN SCRIPTURE AND FILM Edited by George Aichele and Richard G. Walsh HarrisburgHOW HYSTERICAL: IDENTIFICATION AND RESISTANCE IN THE BIBLE AND FILM By Erin RunionsFILM AS RELIGION: MYTHS, MORALS, AND RITUALS By John C. Lyden
THE REDISCOVERY OF AMERICAN SACRED SPACES
Authors: Nelson Louis P. 
Published: January 2009

Book reviewed in this article:THE HERMENEUTICS OF SACRED ARCHITECTURE: EXPERIENCE, INTERPRETATION, COMPARISON (2 volumes) By Lindsay JonesTEMPLES OF GRACE: THE MATERIAL TRANSFORMATION OF CONNECTICUT'S CHURCHES, 1790–1840 By Gretchen BuggelnWHEN CHURCH BECAME THEATRE: THE TRANSFORMATION OF EVANGELICAL ARCHITECTURE AND WORSHIP IN THE NINETEENTH‐CENTURY AMERICA By Jeanne KildePRAYERS IN STONE: CHRISTIAN SCIENCE ARCHITECTURE IN THE UNITED STATES, 1894–1930 By Paul Eli IveySHUL WITH A POOL: THE “SYNAGOGUE‐CENTER” IN AMERICAN JEWISH HISTORY By David KaufmanMYTHS IN STONE: RELIGIOUS DIMENSIONS OF WASHINGTON, D.C. By Jeffrey F. MeyerUGLY AS SIN: WHY THEY CHANGED OUR CHURCHES FROM SACRED PLACES TO MEETING SPACES AND HOW WE CAN CHANGE THEM BACK AGAIN By Michael S. RoseBUILDING FROM BELIEF: ADVANCE, RETREAT, AND COMPROMISE IN THE REMAKING OF CATHOLIC CHURCH ARCHITECTURE By Michael E. DeSanctisARCHITECTURE IN COMMUNION: IMPLEMENTING THE SECOND VATICAN COUNCIL THROUGH LITURGY AND ARCHITECTURE By Steven J. Schloeder
Improvement of reading speed after providing of low vision aids in patients with age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: Nguyen Nhung Xuan , Weismann Malte , Trauzettel‐Klosinski Susanne 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  Age‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of severe visual impairment, including loss of reading ability, among elderly persons in developed countries. The aim of the present study was to evaluate reading ability before and after providing of appropriate low vision aids.Methods:  Five hundred and thirty patients with different stages of AMD (age 82 ± 8 years) were included in this retrospective study. All patients underwent a standardized ophthalmological examination including evaluation of magnification requirement and careful providing of low vision aids. Before and after the provision of low vision aids, reading speed [words per minute (wpm)] was evaluated using standardized reading texts.Results:  For the whole group, the average best‐corrected distance visual acuity of the better eye was 0.18 ± 0.15, with 69% of patients having visual acuity of 0.1 (20/200) or better. The mean magnification requirement was 7.4 ± 6.3‐fold (range 2–25). Visual rehabilitation was achieved with optical visual aids in 58% of patients, whereas 42% of patients needed electronically closed‐circuit TV systems. Mean reading speed was 20 ± 33 wpm before and increased significantly to 72 ± 35 (p < 0.0001) after the provision of low vision aids for the whole group. Between patients with visual acuity < 0.1 and patients with visual acuity of 0.1 or better, there are highly significant differences in reading speed before (0.4 ± 3.8 versus 20 ± 28 wpm, p ≤ 0.0001) and after providing of visual aids (40 ± 13 versus 84 ± 30 wpm, p ≤ 0.0001). Patients with severe visual impairment (visual acuity ≤ 0.1) showed significantly lower improvement of reading speed compared to patients with visual acuity of 0.1 or better following rehabilitation (p ≤ 0.0001). Before providing of low vision aids, only 16% of patients were able to read; in contrast, reading ability was achieved in 94% of patients after the provision of low vision aids for the whole group.Conclusion:  Our results indicate the great value of low vision rehabilitation through adequate providing of vision aids for the improvement of reading ability, with a highly significant increase of reading speed without training of eccentric viewing in patients with retained central fixation. The prompt implementation of low vision aids in patients with macular degeneration will help them to maintain and regain their reading ability, which can lead to an increase in independence, communication, mental agility and quality of life.
Optic nerve hypoplasia in North America: a re‐appraisal of perinatal risk factors
Authors: Garcia‐Filion Pamela , Fink Cassandra , Geffner Mitchell E. , Borchert Mark 
Published: January 2009

Abstract.Purpose:  The purpose of this study is to describe and clarify the birth and prenatal characteristics of a large cohort of children with optic nerve hypoplasia.Methods:  This is a descriptive report of 204 patients aged ≤ 36 months and enrolled in a prospective study at the Children’s Hospital Los Angeles. Birth characteristics, including complications, were abstracted from study files and medical records. Systematic maternal interviews were conducted to obtain detailed prenatal histories. National birth data were used for comparison with birth findings.Results:  Birth characteristics were unremarkable for birthweight and gestation, but significant for increased frequency of caesarean delivery and fetal and neonatal complications. Young maternal age and primaparity were dominating maternal features. Preterm labour, gestational vaginal bleeding, low maternal weight gain and weight loss during pregnancy were prevalent.Conclusions:  These findings confirm young maternal age and primaparity as associated risk factors, challenge many other suggested factors such as alcohol and drug abuse, and introduce potentially significant prenatal characteristics such as maternal weight loss and early gestational vaginal bleeding as aetiological correlates.
Neuropathogenesis of Congenital Cytomegalovirus Infection: Disease Mechanisms and Prospects for Intervention
Authors: Cheeran Maxim C.-J. , Lokensgard James R. , Schleiss Mark R. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYCongenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is the leading infectious cause of mental retardation and hearing loss in the developed world. In recent years, there has been an improved understanding of the epidemiology, pathogenesis, and long-term disabilities associated with CMV infection. In this review, current concepts regarding the pathogenesis of neurological injury caused by CMV infections acquired by the developing fetus are summarized. The pathogenesis of CMV-induced disabilities is considered in the context of the epidemiology of CMV infection in pregnant women and newborn infants, and the clinical manifestations of brain injury are reviewed. The prospects for intervention, including antiviral therapies and vaccines, are summarized. Priorities for future research are suggested to improve the understanding of this common and disabling illness of infancy.
Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Control of Trichinellosis
Authors: Gottstein Bruno , Pozio Edoardo , Nöckler Karsten 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThroughout much of the world,Trichinellaspp. are found to be the causative agents of human trichinellosis, a disease that not only is a public health hazard by affecting human patients but also represents an economic problem in porcine animal production and food safety. Due to the predominantly zoonotic importance of infection, the main efforts in many countries have focused on the control of Trichinella or the elimination ofTrichinellafrom the food chain. The most important source of human infection worldwide is the domestic pig, but, e.g., in Europe, meats of horses and wild boars have played a significant role during outbreaks within the past 3 decades. Infection of humans occurs with the ingestion ofTrichinellalarvae that are encysted in muscle tissue of domestic or wild animal meat. Early clinical diagnosis of trichinellosis is rather difficult because pathognomonic signs or symptoms are lacking. Subsequent chronic forms of the disease are not easy to diagnose, irrespective of parameters including clinical findings, laboratory findings (nonspecific laboratory parameters such as eosinophilia, muscle enzymes, and serology), and epidemiological investigations. New regulations laying down rules for official controls forTrichinellain meat in order to improve food safety for consumers have recently been released in Europe. The evidence that the disease can be monitored and to some extent controlled with a rigorous reporting and testing system in place should be motivation to expand appropriate programs worldwide.
Host-Microbe Interactions and Defense Mechanisms in the Development of Amoebic Liver Abscesses
Authors: Santi-Rocca Julien , Rigothier Marie-Christine , Guillén Nancy 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYAmoebiasis byEntamoeba histolyticais a major public health problem in developing countries and leads to several thousand deaths per year. The parasite invades the intestine (provoking diarrhea and dysentery) and the liver, where it forms abscesses (amoebic liver abscesses [ALAs]). The liver is the organ responsible for filtering blood coming from the intestinal tract, a task that implies a particular structure and immune features. Amoebae use the portal route and break through the sinusoidal endothelial barrier to reach the hepatic parenchyma. When faced with systemic and cell-mediated defenses, trophozoites adapt to their new environment and modulate host responses, leading to parasite survival and the formation of inflammatory foci. Cytopathogenic effects and the onset of inflammation may be caused by diffusible products originating from parasites and/or immune cells either by their secretion or by their release after cell death. Liver infection thus results from the interplay betweenE. histolyticaand hepatic cells. Despite its importance in terms of public health burden, the lack of integrated data on ALA genesis means that we have only an incomplete description of the initiation and development of hepatic amoebiasis. Here, we review the main steps of ALA development as well as the responses triggered in both the host and the parasite. Transcriptome studies highlighted parasite factors involved in adherence to human cells, cytopathogenic effects, and adaptative and stress responses. An understanding of their role in ALA development will help to unravel the host-pathogen interactions and their evolution throughout the infection.
Predicting smokers’ non-compliance with smoking restrictions in public places
Authors: Lazuras L , Eiser J R , Rodafinos A 
Published: January 2009

Objective:The present study aimed to identify the predictors of non-compliance with smoking restrictions among Greek college student smokers. Differences in attitudes to smoking bans and tobacco control policies between current smokers and non-smokers were also examined.Methods:Data were collected from college students (n = 229, mean (SD) age 21.27 (3.15) years). Measures included tobacco dependence, attitudes to tobacco control policies, outcome expectancy and normative beliefs.Results:The majority of current smokers reported non-compliance with existing restrictions. Logistic regression analysis showed that non-compliance was significantly predicted by (less) anticipated regret from tobacco-related health harm, tobacco dependence and perceived prevalence and social acceptability of smoking. Analysis of variance indicated that current non-smokers held significantly more positive attitudes to smoking bans and tobacco control policies than current smokers.Conclusions:Smoking was highly prevalent, and more than half of current smokers reported not complying with existing regulations in public places. Smokers’ attitudes to smoking bans and tobacco control policies did not have an effect on compliance behaviour. Future policies to promote compliance with smoking restrictions in Greece should target health-related anticipated regret, and perceived social norms.
Using a quitline plus low-cost nicotine replacement therapy to help disadvantaged smokers to quit
Authors: Miller C L , Sedivy V 
Published: January 2009

Objectives:To trial an intervention in a real-life setting to motivate low-income smokers to try to quit. The intervention under trial was the addition of subsidised nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) to a standard population quitline service.Design:Participants were low-income smokers, recruited “cold” via either a letter in the mail or a flyer inserted in a local newspaper. The intervention group received the usual service of multisession counselling from the quitline plus access to heavily subsidised NRT. A comparison group received the usual quitline service only. Participants were followed up at 3, 6, and 12 months. Trial participants were also compared with a sample of general callers to the quitline.Results:The offer of subsidised NRT recruited more than twice as many low-income smokers than the offer of the cessation service alone (intervention group n = 1000; comparison group n = 377). 63% were first-time callers to the quitline. Intervention respondents showed higher levels of nicotine dependence than comparison group respondents. Comparisons of quitting data were confounded by the differences in the respondents at baseline. 73.5% of smokers in the intervention group tried to quit compared to 61.0% in the comparison group. Unadjusted quit rates were higher in the intervention group than in the comparison group at 3 months and 6 months but not at 12 months.Conclusions:Disadvantaged smokers were easily engaged to call the quitline, particularly when offered subsidised NRT. Disadvantaged smokers using the quitline, with and without subsidised NRT, achieved cessation outcomes comparable to other studies of “mainstream” smokers.
Effects of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor on Osteoclast Induction during Tooth Movement in Mice
Authors: Kaku M. , Kohno S. , Kawata T. , Fujita T. , Tokimasa C. , Tsutsui K. , Tanne K. 
Published: January 2009

For orthodontic tooth movement, remodeling of the alveolar bone is maintained by a repeated process of bone resorption and new bone formation, controlled, respectively, by osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Recently, we have found that recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF) acts as a macrophage colony-stimulating factor in osteoclast induction in osteopetrotic (op/op) mice. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether rhVEGF stimulates osteoclast differentiation during experimental tooth movement. Purified rhVEGF was injected once into the buccal gingival groove around the incisors. An experimental appliance with a helical loop was bonded onto the upper incisors, and an initial force of 1.0 g was applied for three days. The number of osteoclasts appearing in the periodontal ligament space on the pressure side of the alveolar bone was increased markedly. These results suggest that local administration of rhVEGF enhances the number of osteoclasts, and may increase the rate of orthodontic tooth movement. Abbreviations: recombinant human vascular endothelial growth factor (rhVEGF), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), osteopetrotic mice (op/op mice), fms-like tyrosine kinase (Flt-1), periodontal ligament (PDL), phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and analysis of variance (ANOVA).
Antigen Specificity of Serum Antibody in A. actinomycetemcomitans-infected Periodontitis Patients
Authors: Ebersole J.L. , Cappelli D. , Sandoval M.-N. , Steffen M.J. 
Published: January 2009

We hypothesized that serum antibody with selected antigen specificities would relate to infection and disease in the patients and, thus, describe the characteristics of potential protective antibody. This study used serum samples from 24 periodontitis patients with subgingival infection and elevated serum IgG antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans to define the antigenic specificities of IgG, IgM, IgA, and IgGl-4 antibody to A. actinomycetemcomitans strain Y4 outer membrane antigens (OMA). Uniform IgG antibody (> 70% of the patients) was noted to antigens with Mr of 65, 38, 29, and 17 kDa. Both IgA and IgM specificities reflected those shown for IgG in each patient. IgGl and IgG2 antibody reacted with several OMA bands in each patient, while IgG3 antibodies were directed to numerous OMA bands in many patients and represented the most broad-based response. The IgG4 response patterns were limited to a few OMA bands. We noted a prominent occurrence of IgG reactions with OMA bands that were characteristic for individual patients. The frequency of responses to OMA of higher Mr ( i.e., > 80 kDa) and to the 34-, 31-, and 24-kDa antigens was positively related to the total IgG antibody levels. Antibody reactive with OMA bands at 65-, 38-, 29-, 17-, 15-, and 11-kDa antigens was detected in patients with few to many teeth infected with A. actinomycetemcomitans. Furthermore, patients with a high percentage of teeth with ≥ 6 mm pockets had a decreased frequency of responses to the high-Mr antigens ( i.e. > 90 kDa) as well as to the 58-kDa antigen. These findings indicate that human antibody reactivities with specific OMA bands of A. actinomycetemcomitans: (i) are positively correlated with the level of serum antibody, (ii) are associated with the number of teeth infected, and (iii) describe differences in the severity of the disease as measured by the frequency of teeth with deep pockets.
Variability in Microleakage Observed in a Total-etch Wet-bonding Technique under Different Handling Conditions
Authors: Tay F.R. , Gwinnett A.J. , Pang K.M. , Wei S.H.Y. 
Published: January 2009

Using a stereoscopic clearing protocol and scanning electron microscopy, we investigated the extent and nature of microleakage in a total-etch, current-generation dentin adhesive by a wet-bonding technique under different handling conditions. The hypotheses were that inadequate light curing of the primer or incomplete drying of the primer solvent might adversely affect the sealing ability of an acetone-containing adhesive system. The study consisted of three experimental groups: (I) a control group with an adequate light source and with the primer solvent completely dried; (II) an "inadequate-light" group; and (III) an "incomplete evaporation of primer solvent" group. The extent of microleakage after silver staining and clearing of the specimens was scored based on a modified five-point scale. Nonparametric statistical analysis (Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA) followed by a multiple comparison test (Dunn test) indicated significant differences among the three groups (p < 0.05). SEM examination of the restorative interface revealed that microleakage appeared to be initiated from the bonding resin-hybrid layer interface in all three groups, representing the weak link in the adhesive system. In addition, microleakage was characterized by 5 zones, each delineating a stage in a continuous array of progressively deleterious microleakage patterns variously distributed among the three groups. It was suggested that, while the bonding resin-hybrid layer interface represented the intrinsic weakness in an already much improved dentin adhesive, extrinsic factors such as the adequacy of the curing light and, more importantly, complete removal of the primer solvents can and should be avoided to preserve the structural integrity of the marginal seal.