bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitude polarization, familiarization and group process
Authors: Paicheler Genevieve , Bouchet Jean 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOur purpose was to gain insight into the processes linking interaction and attitude polarization. We wished to determine whether polarization might occur in an individual situation, during the task of familiarization with the object. Two experiments were undertaken, one relating to an individual situation and the other involving a group situation. No polarization took place in the individual situation. In addition as a result of the coercive normative pressure induced in the course of the group discussion, we were able to observe unwilling agreement by individuals, provoking in turn a noticeable regression during the post‐consensus.
Frustration and instrumentality of aggression
Authors: Lange Alfred , Van De Nes Ad 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe influence of two different reinforcers of aggression was investigated: Frustration (intrinsic primary reinforcement) and instrumental value of aggression (extrinsic primary reinforcement). In the first part of the experiment frustration was manipulated on two levels by having the stooge interfere very often or seldom in the ‚building a village' task of the subject. In the second part of the study the stooge had to judge distances in traffic while the subject was allowed to give him electrical shocks in order to startle and hinder the stooge in his estimation task. The aggression score of the subject was formed by the number and the intensity of the shocks delivered. Instrumentality of aggression was manipulated on two levels by indicating or not that the subjects could earn more money the more and stronger they shocked their partner. Confirming the predictions, significantly more aggression was expressed when this could lead to earning more money than in those conditions where this was not the case. Also confirming predictions, the impact of instrumentality on aggression was stronger than the influence of frustration. Frustration did not lead to a significant increase in the level of aggression.
Dogmatism in relation to sub‐types of conservatism: Some Australian data
Authors: Ray John J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn examination of the relation between authoritarianism and conservatism is made using newly developed balanced forms of the ‘D’ and ‘F’ scales together with scales to measure political, social, moral and economic conservatism. Neither ‘BD’ nor ‘BF’ scales predicted voting preference. The ‘BD’ scale was significantly, positively related to the political, social and moral conservatism scales but was non‐significantly, negatively related to economic conservatism. It was concluded that both the ‘BD’ and ‘BF’ scales are equally good measures of general authoritarianism among supporters of Australian political parties and that while it is in general true that dogmatic people tend to be ideologically conservative, an exception must be made for economic conservatism. This exception is seen to be inferable from the theory of ‘working class authoritarianism’ advanced by Lipset (1960).
British semantic differential responses on world powers
Authors: Lawson E. D. , Giles Howard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigating stereotypes associated with world powers, 28 men and 28 women at a British university rated 24 world powers using the semantic differential. Significance tests show the relationship of the powers to concepts assumed to measure the Evaluative, Potency, and Activity factors. Three‐dimensional models show the relative positioning by men and by women. Results indicate (1) general agreement between men and women; (2) superpowers close to BAD and STRONG; (3) countries associated with war and strife closer to BAD, WEAK, and PASSIVE. Comparisons were made with an American sample. The need for doing further stereotype studies over time was stressed.
Person perception and scientific objectivity
Authors: Glouberman Dina 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe perception of other people is shown to require a different set of scientific assumptions than that used in traditional psychology. Mind‐body dualism, subject‐object dichotomy and traditional notions of scientific causality are shown to be inapplicable to the perception of people, except where people are being seen as objects. The ‚predict and control' model of psychology, and the ‚medical model' of psychiatry both involve the perception of people as objects. The ‚participant observer' model is seen to be the optimal one for the study of human beings.
Small‐group effectiveness on an administrative task as influenced by knowledge of results and sex composition of the group
Authors: Spoelders‐Claes Rita , Coetsier P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were designed to investigate some possible extensions to Locke's theory of task motivation and incentives. In experiment 1 (192 Ss) the effect of KR on small‐group effectiveness (SGE) was analyzed. The SGE‐measurements (productivity and group atmosphere) were based on a subjective operationalization of the concept ‚small‐group effectiveness'. Five one‐way analyses of variance revealed no significant influence of KR on SGE thus supporting Locke's findings. In experiment 2 (64 Ss) homogeneous male groups were compared to homogeneous female groups to find out whether sex composition of the group would have a significant influence on SGE. Five Fisher t‐tests revealed no differences between the means of male and female groups. In this case, too, Locke's theory was supported. Limitations and implications of these results are discussed.
Language as a determinant of Welsh identity
Authors: Bourhis Richard Y. , Giles Howard , Tajfel Henri 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe study was designed, using the ‚matched‐guise' technique, to determine how different groups of Welshmen perceive members of their own national group who use various linguistic codes. Three matched groups of adult Welsh Ss were used: Bilinguals, those who were learning Welsh and those who could not speak Welsh and were not learning it either. These Ss were asked to evaluate on 22 scales the personalities of various Welsh speakers they heard reading the same passage of prose on tape. Essentially, the stimulus tape consisted of two male bilinguals reading the passage once each in Welsh, in English with a Welsh accent and in English with an RP accent. It was found, despite the fact that the groups differed in their language skills and self‐perceived Welshness, that Ss as a whole upgraded the bilingual speakers on most traits. Indeed, the RP speakers were evaluated most favourably on only one trait ‐ self‐confidence. It was suggested that language to a large extent serves as a symbol of Welsh identity, and the results were discussed in relation to how other ethnic groups appear to view their own linguistic codes.
The importance of status congruency in interaction processes
Authors: van Kreveld David , Willigers Ferd J. M. , Gloudemans Theo , Rancuret Frans , van der Wiel Kiek , Poot Ruud 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe literature on status congruency is summarized in two statements: 1) Individuals strive after status congruency, and 2) status congruency involves favorable state for individuals, groups and the society. The two reported experiments throw serious doubts on the generality of these statements.Experiment I is a variation of Burnstein and Zajonc's (1965) experiment. It is hypothesized and shown that the striving after congruency is weakened under condition of a competitive reward structure, the Ss giving incongruent self‐rankings. Moreover it is found that nominations for a different task are not congruent at all.Experiment II was designed to replicate and extend Exline and Ziller's (1959) experiment, in which it was shown that status congruency in small groups causes interpersonal conflict. On none of the several measures was clear support obtained.In the discussion it is argued that there is hardly any experimental evidence for the two statements formulated above. It is pointed out that the correlational relationships between status congruency and other variables may be attributed to some internal cognitive link in the person, serving as an intermediate variable, the forces of it perhaps being self‐interest (as supported by Experiment I), a need for clarity and a need for justice.
The cognitive structure of choice dilemma decisions
Authors: Witte Erich H. , Arez Antonio J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe tried to find out why Ss chose a specific risk level. We, therefore, constructed a questionnaire with 30 statements about aspects of the contents of the choice dilemmas. A factor analysis of the 30 statements over ten choice dilemmas and 61 field‐officers led to a structure of four cognitive elements. With these four factors as predictors we could explain a main part of the variance of the individual risk level of each choice dilemma. This regression analysis was done with normal product‐moment‐correlations and with scalar‐products. Both analyses show great similarity, although it seemed to be better to use scalar‐products because one can use the information of the means. The four cognitive elements could be interpreted as: (1) Decision‐making strategy; (2) Responsibility for others; (3) Reputation; (4) Socially valued riskiness.
On the system of representations in a group situation
Authors: Codol Jean Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRelations between the representations of group members with respect to different elements in the group set‐up: The task, the others, the self and the group as a whole are analyzed from data collected in four experiments. Results show that the interrelations between these representations in the subjects' cognitive universe are determined by a combination of three separate principles which deal respectively with: 1) the degree of generality, complexity or semantic ‘globality’ of each element of the situation in the subjects' representation thereof; 2) the functional importance (particularly in determining behaviours in the situation) of each representation, as well as its centrality within the subjects' representational system. The functional importance and centrality of a given representation seem to be directly related in turn to the perceived normative character of the represented objects in terms of the group's objectives; 3) a process of social comparison between the self and others, according to which each group member tends to perceive himself as being more in harmony than the others with the norms and requirements of the situation as he perceives them. The discussion deals with the generality of the above results.
Checkmate? The role of gender stereotypes in the ultimate intellectual sport
Authors: Maass Anne , D'Ettole Claudio , Cadinu Mara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWomen are surprisingly underrepresented in the chess world, representing less that 5% of registered tournament players worldwide and only 1% of the world's grand masters. In this paper it is argued that gender stereotypes are mainly responsible for the underperformance of women in chess. Forty‐two male–female pairs, matched for ability, played two chess games via Internet. When players were unaware of the sex of opponent (control condition), females played approximately as well as males. When the gender stereotype was activated (experimental condition), women showed a drastic performance drop, but only when they were aware that they were playing against a male opponent. When they (falsely) believed to be playing against a woman, they performed as well as their male opponents. In addition, our findings suggest that women show lower chess‐specific self‐esteem and a weaker promotion focus, which are predictive of poorer chess performance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ammonia uptake by natural zeolite in municipal solid waste compost
Authors: Gamze Turan N. , Nuri Ergun Osman 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to investigate the ammonia uptake by natural zeolite when used as an ingredient during the composting process. The amounts of 5 and 10% of natural zeolite were applied to organic fraction of municipal solid waste as volume and compared with the system of nonadded. The results clearly showed that the ammonia releases during the composting processes reached to higher levels in the nonadded composting system of the organic debris derived from municipal solid waste of Samsun. The natural zeolite readily trapped excess nitrogen during the processes and reduced ammonia odors. It was found that the ammonia concentration in the final compost decreases with increasing the amount of natural zeolite used. Ammonia uptake efficiencies were 74.94 and 87.98% for end product containing 5 and 10% natural zeolite, respectively. Significantly, the addition of natural zeolite to municipal solid waste compost was found to have a beneficial effect on the characteristics of the end product. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2007
The organophosphate‐induced acute‐phase response is characterized by synthesis of α1‐acid glycoprotein that exhibits an immunomodulatory effect
Authors: Ivanović‐Matić Svetlana , Poznanović Goran , Grigorov Ilijana , Dinić Svetlana , Mihailović Mirjana , Grdović Nevena , Uskoković Aleksandra , Martinović Vesna , Arambašić Jelena , Petrović Miodrag , Bogojević Desanka 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe organophosphorus compounds soman and paraoxon induce the acute‐phase (AP) response. All phases of the AP response, from macrophage activation and stimulation of glucocorticoid secretion to AP protein expression appear to be under the control of similar molecular mechanisms to those during the turpentine‐induced AP response. The AP protein content in the circulation 24 h after either soman, paraoxon or turpentine administration was injury‐specific. Both soman and paraoxon poisoning were characterized by significantly increased synthesis of α1‐acid glycoprotein (AGP) that displayed an immunomodulatory effect in vitro. This result suggests that after organophosphate poisoning AGP participates in vivo in a negative feedback mechanism that prevents over‐activity of the immune system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Renal gangliosides are involved in lead intoxication
Authors: Aguilar Rossana Pérez , Genta Susana , Sánchez Sara 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe biological effects of lead are well defined; however, neither the risk exposure level nor the subcellular mechanism of its action is completely clear. The present work was undertaken to investigate the effects of low level and long term lead exposure on the composition and expression of rat renal gangliosides. In order to identify ganglioside expression, frozen sections of kidneys were stained with monoclonal antibodies GMB16 (GM1 specific), GM28 (GM2 specific), AMR‐10 (GM4 specific) and CDW 60 (9‐O‐Ac‐GD3 specific). Strong reactivity was observed for GMB28, AMR‐10 and CDW 60, while GMB16 developed only weak labelling in treated kidney compared with the control. The alterations in the expression of renal gangliosides observed by immunohistochemistry were accompanied by quantitative and qualitative changes in the thin layer chromatography of total gangliosides isolated from kidney tissues. Lead treatment produced a significant increase in 9‐O‐Ac GD3, a ganglioside involved in apoptotic processes. In agreement with this result, a significant decrease in the number of apoptotic glomerular cells was observed with the TUNEL assay. These findings lead us to suggest that alterations in renal gangliosides produced by low level lead exposure are associated with the apoptotic processes that take place in the kidney. These findings provide evidence that low level and long term lead exposure produces renal ganglioside alterations with urinary microalbumin excretion. The results suggest that lead levels within the limits of biological tolerance already cause molecular renal damage without clinical signs of toxicity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of adrenomedullin on rats exposed to lead
Authors: Dogru Mehmet Ilker , Dogru Arzu Kocagun , Gul Mehmet , Esrefoglu Mukaddes , Yurekli Muhittin , Erdogan Selim , Ates Burhan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdrenomedullin (AdM) was originally discovered as a vasorelaxant peptide. The antioxidative properties of AdM have been reported recently. Through its antioxidative effect, adrenomedullin can protect organs from damage induced by stressors. Lead, commonly detected in air, soil, water and food, is a major source of oxidative stress. The effect of AdM in the liver of rats exposed to lead was investigated. Twenty‐four female Wistar rats were divided into four groups: a control group (C), adrenomedullin group (AdM), lead (Pb) group and lead + adrenomedullin (Pb + AdM) group. In the Pb‐treated groups, the animals were exposed to lead in drinking water containing 250 ppm PbCl2 for 4 weeks. In the AdM‐treated group, the animals received an i.p. injection of AdM (3000 ng kg−1 body weight) in the third week of lead treatment for 1 week. The activities of catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) were determined in the liver of rats. Histological changes in the liver were examined by light and electron microscopy as well. The MDA levels were increased significantly in the Pb‐treated groups, but in the Pb + AdM group the MDA levels were decreased significantly when compared with the Pb group. AdM reduced hepatic damage in the Pb + AdM group, but the difference in the total histopathological scores between the Pb and Pb + AdM groups was not significant. When the results are taken together, it can be concluded that AdM may have protective or compensating effects in lead toxicity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RGDS peptides immobilized on titanium alloy stimulate bone cell attachment, differentiation and confer resistance to apoptosis
Authors: Secchi A.G. , Grigoriou V. , Shapiro I.M. , Cavalcanti‐Adam E.A. , Composto R.J. , Ducheyne P. , Adams C.S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA major cause of implant failure in skeletal tissues is failure of osseointegration, often due to lack of adhesion of cells to the titanium (Ti) alloy interface. Since arginine‐glycine‐aspartic acid (RGD)‐containing peptides have been shown to regulate osteoblast adhesion, we tested the hypothesis that, bound to a Ti surface, these peptides would promote osteoblasts differentiation, while at the same time inhibit apoptosis. RGDS and RGES (control) peptides were covalently linked to Ti discs using an APTS linker. While the grafting of both RGDS and RGES significantly increased Ti surface roughness, contact angle analysis showed that APTS significantly increased the surface hydrophobicity; when the peptides were tethered to Ti, this was reduced. To evaluate attachment, MC3T3‐E1 osteoblast cells were grown on these discs. Significantly more cells attached to the Ti‐grafted RGDS then the Ti‐grafted RGES control. Furthermore, expression of the osteoblasts phenotype was significantly enhanced on the Ti‐grafted RGDS surface. When cells attached to the Ti‐grafted RGDS were challenged with staurosporine, an apoptogen, there was significant inhibition of apoptosis; in contrast, osteoblasts adherent to the Ti‐grafted RGES were killed. It is concluded that RGD‐containing peptides covalently bonded to Ti promotes osteoblasts attachment and survival with minimal changes to the surface of the alloy. Therefore, such modifications to Ti would have the potential to promote osseointegration in vivo. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Proteomic analysis and quantification of cytokines and chemokines from biomaterial surface‐adherent macrophages and foreign body giant cells
Authors: Jones Jacqueline A. , Chang David T. , Meyerson Howard , Colton Erica , Kwon Il Keun , Matsuda Takehisa , Anderson James M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractImplantation of biomaterial devices results in the well‐known foreign body reaction consisting of monocytes, macrophages, and foreign body giant cells (FBGCs) at the material/tissue interface. We continue to address the hypothesis that material surface chemistry modulates the phenotypic expression of these cells. Utilizing our human monocyte culture system, we have used surface‐modified polymers displaying hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and/or ionic chemistries to determine the cytokines/chemokines released from biomaterial‐adherent macrophages/FBGCs. This study broadens our approach by using proteomic analysis to identify important factors expressed by these cells and further quantifies these molecules with ELISAs. Proteomic profiles changed over time suggesting that the adherent macrophages underwent a phenotypic switch. Macrophage/FBGC‐derived proinflammatory cytokines, IL‐1β and IL‐6, decreased with time, while the anti‐inflammatory cytokine, IL‐10, gradually increased with time. Resolution of the inflammatory response was also demonstrated by a decrease in chemoattractant IL‐8 and MIP‐1β production with time. Material‐dependent macrophage/FBGC activation was analyzed using cytokine/chemokine production and cellular adhesion. Monocyte/macrophage adhesion was similar on all surfaces, except for the hydrophilic/neutral surfaces that showed a significant decrease in cellular density and minimal FBGC formation. Normalizing the ELISA data based on the adherent cell population provided cytokine/chemokine concentrations produced per cell. This analysis showed that although there were fewer cells on the hydrophilic/neutral surface, these adherent cells were further activated to produce significantly greater amounts of each cytokine/chemokine tested than the other surfaces. This study clearly presents evidence that material surface chemistry can differentially affect monocyte/macrophage/FBGC adhesion and cytokine/chemokine profiles derived from activated macrophages/FBGCs adherent to biomaterial surfaces. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007
Chondrogenic differentiation of human mesenchymal stem cells in collagen type I hydrogels
Authors: Nöth Ulrich , Rackwitz Lars , Heymer Andrea , Weber Meike , Baumann Bernd , Steinert Andre , Schütze Norbert , Jakob Franz , Eulert Jochen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe chondrogenic differentiation of bone marrow‐derived human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in a collagen type I hydrogel, which is in clinical use for matrix‐based autologous chondrocyte transplantation (ACT), was investigated. Collagen hydrogels with 2.5 × 105 MSCs/mL were fabricated and cultured for 3 weeks in a serum‐free, defined, chondrogenic differentiation medium containing 10 ng/mL TGF‐β1 or 100 ng/mL BMP‐2. Histochemistry revealed morphologically distinct, chondrocyte‐like cells, surrounded by a sulfated proteoglycan‐rich extracellular matrix in the TGF‐β1 and BMP‐2 treated group, with more elongated cells seen in the BMP‐2 treated group. Immunohistochemistry detected collagen type II (Col II) in the TGF‐β1 and BMP‐2 treated group. Collagen type X (Col X) staining was positive in the TGF‐β1 but only very weak in the BMP‐2 treated group. RT‐PCR analyses revealed a specific chondrogenic differentiation with the expression of the cartilage specific marker genes Col II, Col X, and aggrecan (AGN) in the TGF‐β1 and the BMP‐2 treated group, with earlier expression of these marker genes in the TGF‐β1 treated group. Interestingly, MSC‐gels cultured in DMEM with 10% FBS (control) indicated few isolated chondrocyte‐like cells but no expression of Col II or Col X could be detected. The results show, that MSCs cultured in a collagen type I hydrogel are able to undergo a distinct chondrogenic differentiation pathway, similar to that described for MSCs cultured in high‐density pellet cultures. These findings are valuable in terms of ex vivo predifferentiation or in situ differentiation of MSCs in collagen hydrogels for articular cartilage repair. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res 2007