bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influences of species, latitudes and methodologies on estimates of phenological response to global warming
Authors: PARMESAN CAMILLE 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNew analyses are presented addressing the global impacts of recent climate change on phenology of plant and animal species. A meta‐analysis spanning 203 species was conducted on published datasets from the northern hemisphere. Phenological response was examined with respect to two factors: distribution of species across latitudes and taxonomic affiliation or functional grouping of target species. Amphibians had a significantly stronger shift toward earlier breeding than all other taxonomic/functional groups, advancing more than twice as fast as trees, birds and butterflies. In turn, butterfly emergence or migratory arrival showed three times stronger advancement than the first flowering of herbs, perhaps portending increasing asynchrony in insect–plant interactions. Response was significantly stronger at higher latitudes where warming has been stronger, but latitude explained < 4% of the variation. Despite expectation, latitude was not yet an important predictor of climate change impacts on phenology. The only two previously published estimates of the magnitude of global response are quite different: 2.3 and 5.1 days decade−1 advancement. The scientific community has assumed this difference to be real and has attempted to explain it in terms of biologically relevant phenomena: specifically, differences in distribution of data across latitudes, taxa or time periods. Here, these and other possibilities are explored. All analyses indicate that the difference in estimated response is primarily due to differences between the studies in criteria for incorporating data. It is a clear and automatic consequence of the exclusion by one study of data on ‘stable’ (nonresponsive) species. Once this is accounted for, the two studies support each other, generating similar conclusions despite analyzing substantially nonoverlapping datasets. Analyses here on a new expanded dataset estimate an overall spring advancement across the northern hemisphere of 2.8 days decade−1. This is the first quantitative analysis showing that data‐sampling methodologies significantly impact global (synthetic) estimates of magnitude of global warming response.
Can warm climate‐related structure of littoral predator assemblies weaken the clear water state in shallow lakes?
Authors: MEERHOFF MARIANA , CLEMENTE JUAN M. , De MELLO FRANCO TEIXEIRA , IGLESIAS CARLOS , PEDERSEN ASGER R. , JEPPESEN ERIK 
Published: August 2007

AbstractShallow lakes, the most abundant lake type in the world, are very sensitive to climatic changes. The structure and functioning of shallow lakes are greatly impacted by submerged plants, and these may be affected by climate warming in various, contrasting, ways.Following a space‐for‐time substitution approach, we aimed to analyse the role of aquatic (submerged and free‐floating) plants in shallow lakes under warm climates. We introduced artificial submerged and free‐floating plant beds in five comparable lakes located in the temperate zone (Denmark, 55–57 °N) and in the subtropical zone (Uruguay, 30–35 °S), with the aim to study the structure and dynamics of the main associated communities.Regardless of differences in environmental variables, such as area, water transparency and nutrient status, we found consistent patterns in littoral community dynamics and structure (i.e. densities and composition of fish, zooplankton, macroinvertebrates, and periphyton) within, but substantial differences between, the two regions. Subtropical fish communities within the macrophyte beds exhibited higher diversity, higher density, smaller size, lower relative abundance of potentially piscivores, and a preference for submerged plants, compared with otherwise similar temperate lakes. By contrast, macroinvertebrates and cladocerans had higher taxon richness and densities, and periphyton higher biomass, in the temperate lakes. Several indicators suggest that the fish predation pressure was much stronger among the plants in the subtropical lakes. The antipredator behaviour of cladocerans also differed significantly between climate zones. Submerged and free‐floating plants exerted different effects on the spatial distribution of the main communities, the effects differing between the climate zones. In the temperate lakes, submerged plants promoted trophic interactions with potentially positive cascading effects on water transparency, in contrast to the free‐floating plants, and in strong contrast to the findings in the subtropical lakes.The higher impact of fish may result in higher sensitivity of warm lakes to external changes (e.g. increase in nutrient loading or water level changes). The current process of warming, particularly in temperate lakes, may entail an increased sensitivity to eutrophication, and a threat to the high diversity, clear water state.
Parallel post‐space preparation in different tooth types ex vivo: deviation from the canal centre and remaining dentine thickness
Authors: Huysmans M. C. D. N. J. M. , Klein M. H. J. , Kok G. F. , Whitworth J. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractAim  To determine the deviation of parallel‐sided twist‐drills during post‐channel preparation and relate this to tooth type and position.Methodology  Human teeth with single root canals were selected: maxillary second premolars (group i); maxillary lateral incisors (group ii); mandibular canines (group iii); mandibular first premolars (group iv; all groups n = 16). The teeth were reduced to 17 mm length by sectioning the crown, and the root canals prepared and filled. Microradiographs were made in two directions. The teeth were individually embedded in a gypsum jaw and placed in a phantom head. Two operators performed parallel post‐space preparation (12 mm length, 1.25 mm diameter) to the following protocol: gutta‐percha removal with Gates Glidden drills numbers 2 and 3 and post‐space enlargement with parallel drills numbers 3, 4 and 5, consecutively. Subsequently, microradiographs were re‐exposed. The original and post‐operative microradiographs were digitized and superimposed, and deviation of the post‐space from the filled canal and remaining dentine thickness measured.Results  Overall, the mean deviation was 0.07 mm to the mesial (95% CI: 0.01–0.12), and 0.27 mm to the buccal (95% CI: 0.18–0.35). Group ii had significantly more buccal deviation than other groups (P = 0.004–0.008). A remaining dentine thickness of <0.5 mm occurred 16 times in 14 teeth, and of <1 mm occurred 97 times in 52 teeth.Conclusions  Deviation during parallel post‐preparation was common, predominantly in mesial and buccal directions, especially in maxillary incisors. This deviation increased the risk of perforation considerably.
Variation in assessing the need for change of snacking habits in schoolchildren's oral health counselling
Authors: KASILA KIRSTI , POSKIPARTA MARITA , KETTUNEN TARJA , PIETILÄ ILPO 
Published: August 2007

Objectives.  This study examined counselling communication activities that were used for assessing schoolchildren's need for change of snacking habits. In addition, the schoolchildren's assessment of their need for change was explored after a follow‐up year (2002–2003).Material and methods.  The follow‐up research data included 66 counselling sessions in 2002 and 31 counselling sessions in 2003, with 31 schoolchildren. The sessions were conducted by four dental hygienists. The audio‐taped data were analysed qualitatively by using content analysis.Results.  In 2002, the needs assessment was realized in three ways. Infrequently, the schoolchildren either disclosed their need for change or the counsellor explicitly determined the schoolchildren's need for change. Usually, however, the schoolchildren's needs assessment for change occurred through the counsellors’ communication activities of assessment, advice, and change‐inducing questions. In one‐third of the cases, the schoolchildren's need for change remained ambiguous during the sessions in 2002. With respect to positive changes in 2003, the schoolchildren themselves were aware of the need for change. Alternatively, the sessions included change discussion that addressed readiness for change and making changes during the counselling in 2002.Conclusion.  Our results revealed that a thorough needs assessment of schoolchildren's snacking habits provides a foundation for behaviourally focused counselling.
Stream flow, salmon and beaver dams: roles in the structuring of stream fish communities within an anadromous salmon dominated stream
Authors: MITCHELL SEAN C. , CUNJAK RICHARD A. 
Published: August 2007

Summary

The current paradigm of fish community distribution is one of a downstream increase in species richness by addition, but this concept is based on a small number of streams from the mid‐west and southern United States, which are dominated by cyprinids. Further, the measure of species richness traditionally used, without including evenness, may not be providing an accurate reflection of the fish community. We hypothesize that in streams dominated by anadromous salmonids, fish community diversity will be affected by the presence of the anadromous species, and therefore be influenced by those factors affecting the salmonid population.
Catamaran Brook, New Brunswick, Canada, provides a long‐term data set to evaluate fish community diversity upstream and downstream of an obstruction (North American beaver Castor canadensis dam complex), which affects distribution of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar.
The Shannon Weiner diversity index and community evenness were calculated for sample sites distributed throughout the brook and over 15 years. Fish community diversity was greatest upstream of the beaver dams and in the absence of Atlantic salmon. The salmon appear to depress the evenness of the community but do not affect species richness. The community upstream of the beaver dams changes due to replacement of slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus by salmon, rather than addition, when access is provided.
Within Catamaran Brook, location of beaver dams and autumn streamflow interact to govern adult Atlantic salmon spawner distribution, which then dictates juvenile production and effects on fish community. These communities in an anadromous Atlantic salmon dominated stream do not follow the species richness gradient pattern shown in cyprinid‐dominated streams and an alternative model for stream fish community distribution in streams dominated by anadromous salmonids is presented. This alternative model suggests that community distribution may be a function of semipermeable obstructions, streamflow and the distribution of the anadromous species affecting resident stream fish species richness, evenness, biomass and production.
Does operational diagnosis of schizophrenia significantly impact intellectual deficits in psychotic disorders?
Authors: Kitamura H. , Shioiri T. , Itoh M. , Sato Y. , Shichiri K. , Someya T. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground  Evidence suggests that, as a group, patients with schizophrenia have intellectual deficits that may precede the manifestation of psychotic symptoms; however, how successfully intelligence tests are able to discriminate schizophrenia from other psychotic disorders has yet to be investigated in detail.Methods  Using Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale – Revised (WAIS‐R) data for 55 inpatients with schizophrenia and 28 inpatients with non‐schizophrenic psychotic disorders (NSPD) (schizophreniform disorder, brief psychotic disorder, delusional disorder, psychotic disorder due to a general medical condition, and psychotic disorders not otherwise specified), intelligence performance was compared between schizophrenia and NSPD and among different subtypes of schizophrenia.Results  There were no significant differences in intelligence quotient (IQ), verbal IQ (VIQ) and performance IQ (PIQ) discrepancy, and subtest scores of WAIS‐R between the patients with schizophrenia and those with NSPD. These diagnostic groups were not discriminated well by any WAIS‐R variables. Schizophrenia patients with prominent negative symptoms, on the other hand, had a significantly larger IQ discrepancy (VIQ > PIQ) than those without prominent negative symptoms and NSPD patients. Intelligence performance in schizophrenia did not differ with respect to diagnostic subtypes and longitudinal courses.Conclusions  The current study failed to show diagnostic usefulness of WAIS‐R in discriminating schizophrenia and other psychoses. A diagnosis of schizophrenia does not significantly impact intellectual deficits in psychotic disorders.
The prevalence and incidence of mental ill‐health in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Mantry D. , Cooper S.‐A. , Smiley E. , Morrison J. , Allan L. , Williamson A. , Finlayson J. , Jackson A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackground  While there is considerable literature on adults with Down syndrome who have dementia, there is little published on the epidemiology of other types of mental ill‐health in this population.Method  Longitudinal cohort study of adults with Down syndrome who received detailed psychiatric assessment (n = 186 at the first time point; n = 134 at the second time point, 2 years later).Results  The prevalence of Down syndrome for the 16 years and over population was 5.9 per 10 000 general population. Point prevalence of mental ill‐health of any type, excluding specific phobias, was 23.7% by clinical, 19.9% by Diagnostic Criteria for Psychiatric Disorders for use with Adults with Learning Disabilities/Mental Retardation (DC‐LD), 11.3% by ICD‐10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders: Diagnostic Criteria for Research (DCR‐ICD‐10) and 10.8% by Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition Revised (DSM‐IV‐TR) criteria. Two‐year incidence of mental ill‐health of any type was 14.9% by clinical and DC‐LD, 9.0% by DCR‐ICD‐10 and 3.7% by DSM‐IV‐TR criteria. The highest incidence was for depressive episode (5.2%) and dementia/delirium (5.2%). Compared with persons with intellectual disabilities (ID) of all causes, the standardized rate for prevalence of mental ill‐health was 0.6 (0.4–0.8), or 0.4 (0.3–0.6) if organic disorders are excluded, and the standardized incidence ratio for mental ill‐health was 0.9 (0.6–1.4), or 0.7 (0.4–1.2) if organic disorders are excluded. Urinary incontinence was independently associated with mental ill‐health, whereas other personal factors, lifestyle and supports, and other types of health needs and disabilities were not.Conclusions  Mental ill‐health is less prevalent in adults with Down syndrome than for other adults with ID. The pattern of associated factors differs from that is found for other adults with ID, with few associations found. This suggests that the protection against mental ill‐health is biologically determined in this population, or that there are other factors protective for mental ill‐health yet to be identified for the population with Down syndrome.
Structure and function of archaeal RNA polymerases
Authors: Werner Finn 
Published: August 2007

SummaryRNA polymerases (RNAPs) are essential to all life forms and therefore deserve our special attention. The archaeal RNAP is closely related to eukaryotic RNAPII in terms of subunit composition and architecture, promoter elements and basal transcription factors required for the initiation and elongation phase of transcription. RNAPs of this class are large and sophisticated enzymes that interact in a complex manner with DNA/RNA scaffolds, substrates NTPs and a plethora of transcription factors – interactions that often result in an allosteric regulation of RNAP activity. The 12 subunits of RNAP play distinct roles including RNAP assembly and stability, catalysis and functional contacts with exogenous factors. Due to the availability of structural information of RNAPs at high‐resolution and wholly recombinant archaeal transcription systems, we are beginning to understand the molecular mechanisms of archaeal RNAPs and transcription in great detail.
Outcomes of preterm children according to type of delivery onset: a nationwide population‐based study
Authors: Morken Nils‐Halvdan , Källen Karin , Jacobsson Bo 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe objective of the study was to investigate whether spontaneous and iatrogenic preterm births are associated with different paediatric outcomes. A nationwide population‐based study comprising 1 010 487 singletons used data from 1991 to 2001 from the Swedish Medical Birth Register and the Swedish Hospital Discharge Register. Intrauterine fetal deaths, unknown type of delivery onset and congenital malformations were excluded. Neonatal, perinatal and long‐term neurological outcomes were studied. Spontaneous preterm births were compared with iatrogenic preterm births. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) for outcome variables were obtained using the Mantel–Haenszel technique and Cox analyses respectively. Adjustments were made for gestational age at birth, maternal age, parity and smoking. The preterm population consisted of 34 215 (73.2%) spontaneous preterm infants and 12 511 (26.8%) iatrogenic preterm infants.Spontaneous preterm infants were at increased risk of cerebral palsy at gestational age 28–31 weeks (HR: 1.86 [95% CI: 1.12, 3.10]), and of sepsis at gestational age 32–33 weeks (HR: 1.58 [95% CI: 1.28, 1.96]). Other outcome variables were associated with iatrogenic preterm birth, especially respiratory and gastrointestinal diagnoses. In conclusion, spontaneous preterm birth and iatrogenic preterm birth are associated with different paediatric outcomes.
Risks and causes of mortality among low‐birthweight infants in childhood and adolescence
Authors: Lin Chih‐Ming , Chen Chi‐Wen , Chen Pei‐Tau , Lu Tsung‐Hsueh , Li Chung‐Yi 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe purpose of the study was to estimate the risks of mortality among infants with low birthweight (LBW, <2500 g) during their childhood and adolescence using a prospective cohort design. A total of 341 249 livebirths were registered in the 1985 Taiwan Birth Registry. We identified the 11 701 LBW singletons and randomly selected the same number of normal‐birthweight (NBW) singletons. Study subjects of both LBW and NBW groups were linked, through the individual's unique personal identification number, to the Taiwan Death Registry to identify those who died between 1985 and 2003. Using the life‐table method, we calculated the age‐specific and cumulative survival rate for both LBW and NBW groups. We used Cox's proportional hazard model with adjustment for potential confounders to estimate the age‐specific hazard ratio (HR) of mortality. Age‐specific causes of mortality were presented for both groups.The result showed that the cumulative survival rate over an 18‐year period for the LBW and NBW subjects was estimated at 95.83% and 99.37%, respectively. Significantly increased adjusted HR of mortality associated with LBW was limited to ages <1 year (boys: 8.99; girls: 8.29) and 1–4 years (boys: 2.19; girls: 2.25). Conditions originating in the perinatal period and congenital anomalies were the most prevalent cause of death among LBW and NBW, respectively. Between ages 1 and 18 years, injury and poisoning became the top ranked causes of death irrespective of birthweight and gender. Although there were small numbers of congenital anomalies, they were still a leading cause of death for LBW subjects, but not for NBW subjects, at ages 5–18 years. The LBW subjects were also likely to suffer from respiratory causes at 5–18 years. This study suggested, therefore, that LBW infants tended to have significantly elevated mortality rates under the age of 5 years, and were vulnerable to more non‐injury deaths in their childhood and adolescence.
Internal anatomy of a mixed siliciclastic–carbonate platform: the Late Cenomanian–Mid Turonian at the southern margin of the Spanish Central System
Authors: GARCÍA‐HIDALGO JOSÉ F. , GIL JAVIER , SEGURA MANVEL , DOMÍNGUEZ CARMEN 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Late Cenomanian–Mid Turonian succession in central Spain is composed of siliciclastic and carbonate rocks deposited in a variety of coastal and marine shelf environments (alluvial plain–estuarine, lagoon, shoreface, offshore‐hemipelagic and carbonate ramp). Three depositional sequences (third order) are recognized: the Atienza, Patones and El Molar sequences. The Patones sequence contains five fourth‐order parasequence sets, while a single parasequence set is recognized in the Atienza and El Molar sequences. Systems tracts can be recognized both in the sequences and parasequence sets. The lowstand systems tracts (only recognized for Atienza and Patones sequences) are related to erosion and sequence boundary formation. Transgressive systems tracts are related to marine transgression and shoreface retreat. The highstand systems tracts are related to shoreface extension and progradation, and to carbonate production and ramp progradation. Sequences are bounded by erosion or emergence surfaces, whose locations are supported by mineralogical analyses and suggest source area reactivation probably due to a fall in relative sea‐level. Transgressive surfaces are subordinate erosion and/or omission surfaces with a landward facies shift, interpreted as parasequence set boundaries. The co‐existence of siliciclastic and carbonate sediments and environments occurred as facies mixing or as distinct facies belts along the basin. Mixed facies of coastal areas are composed of detrital quartz and clays derived from the hinterland, and dolomite probably derived from bioclastic material. Siliciclastic flux to coastal areas is highly variable, the maximum flux postdates relative sea‐level falls. Carbonate production in these areas may be constant, but the final content is a function of changing inputs in terrigenous sediments and carbonate content diminishes through a dilution effect. Carbonate ramps were detached from the coastal system and separated by a fringe of offshore, fine‐grained muds and silts as distinct facies belts. The growth of carbonate ramp deposits was related to the highstand systems tracts of the fourth‐order parasequence sets. During the growth of these ramps, some sediment starvation occurred basinwards. Progradation and retrogradation of the different belts occur simultaneously, suggesting a sea‐level control on sedimentation. In the study area, the co‐existence of carbonate and siliciclastic facies belts depended on the superimposition of different orders of relative sea‐level cycles, and occurred mainly when the second‐order, third‐order and fourth‐order cycles showed highstand conditions.