bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Varieties of Semantic Externalism in Duns Scotus's Cognitive Psychology
Authors: Cross Richard 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAccording to Scotus, an intelligible species with universal content, inherent in the mind, is a partial cause of an occurrent cognition whose immediate object is the self-same species. I attempt to explain how Scotus defends the possibility of this causal activity. Scotus claims, generally, that forms are causes, and that inherence makes no difference to the capacity of a form to cause an effect. He illustrates this by examining a case in which an accident is an instrument of a substance in the production of a certain sort of effect. All that is required is that the accident is relevantly joined to the substance, whether or not it inheres in the substance. Since intelligible species are bearers of semantic content, it follows that non-inherent objects of thought can also be the bearers of such content. Such objects are included in the mind without inherence, and the boundary between the mind and external reality is to this extent broken down.
Diversité des fonctions et unité de l'âme dans la psychologie péripatéticienne (XIVe-XVIe siècle)
Authors: Biard Joël 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe question of the unity of the soul is posed in the Midle Ages, at the crossing point of the Aristotelician theory, which distinguishes several potencies, even several parts in the soul, and the Augustinian doctrine, which underlines the unity of the mind using corporeal powers. John Buridan, when commenting the Treatise on the Soul of Aristotle, emphasizes the unity, probably in reaction against John of Jandun's position. From the middle of 14th century till the end of 17th, this problem goes on being debated through the two questions of the substantial unity of the soul and of the the relation between the soul and its potencies. This article studies some stages of this development, some of them immediately after Buridan, in Nicole Oresme's and Peter of Ailly's positions, another more distant, in Antoine Rubio's work. It suggests that we find still the same problematics, reelaborated and transformed, in Descartes.
Cartesian Scientia and the Human Soul
Authors: Alanen Lilli 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDescartes's conception of matter changed the account of physical nature in terms of extension and related quantitative terms. Plants and animals were turned into species of machines, whose natural functions can be explained mechanistically. This article reflects on the consequences of this transformation for the psychology of human soul. In so far the soul is rational it lacks extension, yet it is also united with the body and affected by it, and so it is able to act on extended matter. The article examines Descartes's concept of scientia and his different uses of nature, and argues that there is much more continuity between Aristotelian and Cartesian psychology than is usually recognized when it comes to an explanation of the functions of the embodied human soul. If this makes psychology unfit for inclusion in the new science of nature, its object is still a natural phenomenon and has an important place within scientia as Descartes conceived of it.
Between Change and Continuity: Age and Marriage Trends in Gaza
Authors: Shehada Nahda 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn Gaza, one finds both an impressive rate of early marriage and the highest rate of fertility in the world. 42 percent of women marry at 18 years or less whereas half the population is under 15. This phenomenon begs the following question: why is early marriage ever more frequent in Gaza but on the decline in the West Bank? This article proposes to develop an historical and sociological analysis of marriage trends in Gaza based on a diachronic examination of local Islamic court archives and interviews with people practicing this type of marriage today, while taking into account changing economic and political circumstances.
On the Wings of Love
Authors: van der Sluijs Marinus 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA single passage in Hesiod's Theogony describes Aphrodite's abduction of Phaethon. At first glance, this Phaethon appears to have little in common with his namesake, who famously rode the chariot of the sun god for a day. Accordingly, various reputable scholars have treated them as two unrelated characters. This article argues that the underlying theme of apotheosis through catasterism—reinforced through comparison with ancient Near Eastern traditions—forges a link that allows for the ultimate unity of these divergent traditions concerning Phaethon.
The Uruk List of Kings and Sages and Late Mesopotamian Scholarship
Authors: Lenzi Alan 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Uruk List of Kings and Sages is best known for its genealogy connecting human scholars to antediluvian sages. Since its publication in 1962, however, questions pertaining to the text's specific purpose within the context of Hellenistic Uruk have been neglected. This study seeks to understand two such questions: why is the most explicit scholarly genealogy written in the Hellenistic period?; and who is the last named person in the text? Seeking answers to these questions sheds new light on the text's purpose: it is an attempt by scholars to gain support for themselves and their novel cultic agenda. La réputation de la liste des Uruk de les rois et les sages est due à sa généalogie, qui crée un lien entre les savants humains et les sages antédiluviens. Par contre, depuis sa publication en 1962 on a négligé les questions qui ont affaire au but spécifique du texte dans le contexte de l'Uruk hellénistique. Cette étude cherche à comprendre deux questions dans ce domaine: pourquoi la généalogie la plus explicitement savante est-elle écrite pendant l'époque hellénistique?; et qui est la dernière personne nommée dans le texte? Chercher des réponses à ces questions illumine d'une nouvelle façon le but du texte; c'est une tentative par des savants de gagner du soutien pour leur programme original de culte ainsi que pour eux-mêmes.
A New Occurrence of the Seven Aurae in a Sumerian Literary Passage Featuring Nergal
Authors: Peterson Jeremiah 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA brief and fragmentary newly reconstructed Sumerian literary passage contains a portion of a hymn to Nergal or a hymnic passage centered around Nergal. Most notably, it contains a rare reference to seven aurae (ni2 imin), which is attested elsewhere only in conjunction with Huwawa.
Essaying the Mechanical Hypothesis: Descartes, La Forge, and Malebranche on the Formation of Birthmarks
Authors: Wilkin Rebecca 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis essay examines the determination by Cartesians to explain the maternal imagination's alleged role in the formation of birthmarks and the changing notion of monstrosity. Cartesians saw the formation of birthmarks as a challenge through which to demonstrate the heuristic capacity of mechanism. Descartes claimed to be able to explain the transmission of a perception from the mother's imagination to the fetus' skin without having recourse to the little pictures postulated by his contemporaries. La Forge offered a detailed account stating that the failure to explain the maternal imagination's impressions would cast doubt on mechanism. Whereas both characterized the birthmark as a deformation or monstrosity in miniature, Malebranche attributed a role to the maternal imagination in fashioning family likenesses. However, he also charged the mother's imagination with the transmission of original sin.
Chemical-genetic profile analysis in yeast suggests that a previously uncharacterized open reading frame, YBR261C, affects protein synthesis
Authors: Alamgir Md , Eroukova Veronika , Jessulat Matthew , Xu Jianhua , Golshani Ashkan 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Background
Functional genomics has received considerable attention in the post-genomic era, as it aims to identify function(s) for different genes. One way to study gene function is to investigate the alterations in the responses of deletion mutants to different stimuli. Here we investigate the genetic profile of yeast non-essential gene deletion array (yGDA, ~4700 strains) for increased sensitivity to paromomycin, which targets the process of protein synthesis.

Results
As expected, our analysis indicated that the majority of deletion strains (134) with increased sensitivity to paromomycin, are involved in protein biosynthesis. The remaining strains can be divided into smaller functional categories: metabolism (45), cellular component biogenesis and organization (28), DNA maintenance (21), transport (20), others (38) and unknown (39). These may represent minor cellular target sites (side-effects) for paromomycin. They may also represent novel links to protein synthesis. One of these strains carries a deletion for a previously uncharacterized ORF, YBR261C, that we term TAE1 for Translation Associated Element 1. Our focused follow-up experiments indicated that deletion of TAE1 alters the ribosomal profile of the mutant cells. Also, gene deletion strain for TAE1 has defects in both translation efficiency and fidelity. Miniaturized synthetic genetic array analysis further indicates that TAE1 genetically interacts with 16 ribosomal protein genes. Phenotypic suppression analysis using TAE1 overexpression also links TAE1 to protein synthesis.

Conclusion
We show that a previously uncharacterized ORF, YBR261C, affects the process of protein synthesis and reaffirm that large-scale genetic profile analysis can be a useful tool to study novel gene function(s).
The p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase as a central nervous system drug discovery target
Authors: Borders Aaron S , de Almeida Lucia , Van Eldik Linda J , Watterson D Martin 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProtein kinases are critical modulators of a variety of cellular signal transduction pathways, and abnormal phosphorylation events can be a cause or contributor to disease progression in a variety of disorders. This has led to the emergence of protein kinases as an important new class of drug targets for small molecule therapeutics. A serine/threonine protein kinase, p38α mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), is an established therapeutic target for peripheral inflammatory disorders because of its critical role in regulation of proinflammatory cytokine production. There is increasing evidence that p38α MAPK is also an important regulator of proinflammatory cytokine levels in the central nervous system, raising the possibility that the kinase may be a drug discovery target for central nervous system disorders where cytokine overproduction contributes to disease progression. Development of bioavailable, central nervous system-penetrant p38α MAPK inhibitors provides the required foundation for drug discovery campaigns targeting p38α MAPK in neurodegenerative disorders.
Afghanistan: A Legacy of Violence? Internal and External Factors of the Enduring Violent Conflict
Authors: Mishali-Ram Meirav 
Published: December 2008

Afghanistan has been the scene of enduring violent conflict for three decades, yet the sources of its conflict date back to the establishment of the Afghan state in the eighteenth century. The American-led military intervention in October 2001 ended the extremist Taliban rule in the torn country and facilitated democratic elections but did not terminate the Afghan turmoil and the threat of its regional spillover effects. Six years after the invasion, hopes for renovation, peace, and stability are entwined with great challenges and fears of continuing insecurity. Alongside efforts to advance social, economic, and security reforms, the Afghan government, assisted by international forces, faces escalating insurgency by Taliban and al-Qaeda militants. This complex and dangerous situation questions the possibility of imminent peace and stable democracy in a country where violence and enduring conflict have been instrumental throughout its history.
The central thesis of this essay is that to understand the Afghan conflict we must take into account a variety of interrelated factors from the global, regional, and internal cycles of analysis, none of which can be isolated or seen as satisfactory in itself. More specifically, it is contended here that efforts made by external powers to manage ethnic conflicts and establish a nation-building process in foreign countries should be based on broad consent of the parties involved.
Overexpression of Pygopus2 protects HeLa cells from vinblastine-induced apoptosis
Authors: De Degejing , Chen Apeng , Wu Zhiqiang , Lv Songya , He Guoqing , Qi Yipeng 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPygopus, a very important component of the Wnt signaling transcriptional complex, has multiple functions in both Wnt-dependent and -independent pathways. Human Pygopus2 (Pygo2) is expressed in many cancers and plays an important role in tumor growth. In the present study, we generated human carcinoma (HeLa) cell lines stably expressing Pygo2, which counteracts vinblastine-induced apoptosis. The anti-apoptotic function was determined by DNA fragmentation, sub-G1 appearance, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm) and the activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3. In addition, we found that Pygo2 effectively blocks vinblastine-induced c-Jun and AP-1 activation, maintains the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2 in an unphosphorylated state, and thus can render cells resistant to apoptosis. However, Pygo2 does not alter the vinblastine-induced cell cycle changes. Here, we describe an anti-apoptotic activity exerted by Pygo2 through blocking activation of the JNK/AP-1 signaling pathway induced by vinblastine.
Functional genetic mouse models: promising tools for investigation of the proteolytic internet
Authors: Krüger Achim 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Knockout mice are the gold standard to probe for the role of a specific protease within the interacting network of proteases, substrates, and inhibitors. This proteolytic network, or protease web, determines cell signaling and organ homeostasis. Therefore, protease deficiency or inhibition is intrinsically tied to alterations within this network, always leading to new molecular phenotypes, which define susceptibility of an organ to disease. Furthermore, recent hints, mainly from research on matrix metalloproteinases, about the impact of the protease web on inter-organ signaling molecules suggest the existence of a proteolytic internet of communicating local organ- or molecular polymorphism-specific networks, thereby defining homeostasis and disease susceptibility in the whole organism.
Mercury and cadmium trigger expression of the copper importer Ctr1B, which enables Drosophila to thrive on heavy metal-loaded food
Authors: Balamurugan Kuppusamy , Hua Haiqing , Georgiev Oleg , Schaffner Walter 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Organisms from insects to mammals respond to heavy metal load (copper, zinc, cadmium, and mercury) by activating the metal-responsive transcription factor 1 (MTF-1). MTF-1 binds to short DNA sequence motifs, termed metal response elements, and boosts transcription of a number of genes, notably those for metallothioneins. In Drosophila, MTF-1 somewhat counter-intuitively also activates transcription of a copper importer gene (Ctr1B) in response to copper starvation. Here, we report that mutant flies lacking Ctr1B are extremely sensitive to cadmium and mercury treatment, but can be rescued by excess copper in the food. We thus propose that copper, by competing for binding sites on cellular proteins, alleviates the toxic effects of mercury and cadmium. Such a scenario also explains a seemingly fortuitous metal response, namely, that cadmium and mercury strongly induce the expression of a Ctr1B reporter gene. Thus, the transcription enhancer/promoter region of the Ctr1B copper importer gene is subject to three modes of regulation. All of them depend on MTF-1 and all make biological sense, namely, (i) induction by copper starvation, (ii) repression by copper abundance, and (iii), as shown here, induction by cadmium or mercury at normal copper supply.
Aptamers selected against the unglycosylated EGFRvIII ectodomain and delivered intracellularly reduce membrane-bound EGFRvIII and induce apoptosis
Authors: Liu Yingmiao , Kuan Chien-Tsun , Mi Jing , Zhang Xiuwu , Clary Bryan M. , Bigner Darell D. , Sullenger Bruce A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor variant III (EGFRvIII) is a glycoprotein uniquely expressed in glioblastoma, but not in normal brain tissues. To develop targeted therapies for brain tumors, we selected RNA aptamers against the histidine-tagged EGFRvIII ectodomain, using an Escherichia coli system for protein expression and purification. Representative aptamer E21 has a dissociation constant (K
d) of 33×10-9 m, and exhibits high affinity and specificity for EGFRvIII in ELISA and surface plasmon resonance assays. However, selected aptamers cannot bind the same protein expressed from eukaryotic cells because glycosylation, a post-translational modification present only in eukaryotic systems, significantly alters the structure of the target protein. By transfecting EGFRvIII aptamers into cells, we find that membrane-bound, glycosylated EGFRvIII is reduced and the percentage of cells undergoing apoptosis is increased. We postulate that transfected aptamers can interact with newly synthesized EGFRvIII, disrupt proper glycosylation, and reduce the amount of mature EGFRvIII reaching the cell surface. Our work establishes the feasibility of disrupting protein post-translational modifications in situ with aptamers. This finding is useful for elucidating the function of proteins of interest with various modifications, as well as dissecting signal transduction pathways.
Water Vapor Transmission and Moisture Accumulation in Polyurethane and Polyisocyanurate Foams
Authors: Schwartz NV , Bomberg M , Kumaran MK 
Published: December 2008

Water vapor transport through rigid polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams was investigated using three test methods—two under isothermal conditions and one in the presence of a thermal gradient. All three methods yielded water vapor transmission coefficients of the materials. It is observed that the magnitude of the coefficients increases rapidly with temperature above 20°C. In one of the isothermal methods called a modified cup method, developed at the Institute for Research in Construction, only the temperature has to be controlled and this is considered a definite advantage over the other method, ASTM Test Methods of Water Vapor Transmission of Materials, (E 96-80) dry cup method, in which both temperature and relative humidity are to be controlled. Further, the modified cup method also allows the determination of moisture accumulated in the test specimen during moisture transport. It was conclusively shown that during isothermal transport processes no moisture accumulates in either the polyurethane or the polyisocyanurate specimens.
The accumulation and distribution of moisture in the presence of a thermal gradient was also investigated. Contrary to the isothermal process, the moisture transport in the presence of a thermal gradient acting in the same direction as the vapor pressure gradient results in the accumulation of large quantities of water in the foams. This phenomenon may be partly attributed to the temperature dependence of the water vapor transmission coefficients.
Pressurized Flammability Limits of Metals
Authors: Zabrenski JS , Werley BL , Slusser JW 
Published: December 2008

The combustion of seventeen metals was studied using a pressurized oxygen index apparatus. The procedure measures the metal's flammability limits (minimum concentration or minimum pressure that enables equilibrium combustion). Metals tested included 201, 304, and 430 stainless steels, copper, brass 360, Monel® 400, carbon steel, 9% nickel steel, Incoloy® 800, Inconel® 600, Stellite® 6, and to a lesser extent, 316 and 410 stainless steels, zinc, titanium, and Ti-6A1-4V. Vertical rods 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) in diameter were principally studied, although some 3.18-mm (0.125-in.) rods and 6.4-mm (0.25-in.) diameter, 0.89-mm (0.035-in.) wall tubes were also tested. Tests of 304 rods were also conducted with specimens at up to 90° to the vertical to assess the effect of melt drainage patterns. In all cases, the tests explored upward propagation against a small downward gas flow at gage pressures to 10.34 MPa (1500 psig).
Metals were ranked in the following order of lowest to highest compatibility: aluminum, carbon steel, 9% nickel steel, 10.5% aluminum bronze, zinc, 201, 304, 430, and Incoloy® 800, which exhibited propagations at pressures below the 10.34 MPa (1500 psig) limit of the apparatus. Stellite® 6, brass 360, Inconel® 600, copper, and Monel® 400 all resisted propagation at the maximum gage pressure of 10.34 MPa (1500 psig).
Stainless steel 304 rods exhibited much greater thresholds than did tubes; whereas carbon steel rods and tubes produced more nearly equal thresholds. Alloy 304 also exhibited much lower thresholds after annealing and exhibited the lowest threshold with a vertical orientation. An approach to using these and other data to support increased usage of 304 is reviewed.
Microstructural Effects on the Irradiation Growth of Zr-2.5Nb
Authors: Parker JD , Perovic V , Leger M , Fleck RG 
Published: December 2008

Irradiation growth tests at 553 K and a fast (E &gt; 1.6 × 10−13 J) neutron flux of about 6.5 × 1017 n m−2s−1 were performed on specimens of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes to a neutron fluence of 3.5 × 1025 n m−2. The tubes were produced by different routes designed to change texture, grain shape, and dislocation density, but X-ray diffraction studies showed only minor changes in texture and dislocation density. However, electron microscopy revealed marked differences in dislocation substructure and second-phase distribution.All transverse specimens exhibited similar negative growth behavior. However, the longitudinal specimens showed different growth characteristics. Generally a three-stage growth curve was observed showing an initial offset, a low growth rate regime, and a region of apparent steady-state growth. This behavior does not fit with the normal texture, grain shape, and dislocation density dependencies which have previously been reported. An explanation is presented based on partitioning of irradiation-induced point defects, with interstitials attracted to &lt;a&gt;-type dislocations or second-phase boundaries and vacancies migrating to both grain and sub-grain boundaries.
Indentation of Brittle Materials
Authors: Marshall DB , Lawn BR 
Published: December 2008

The use of indentation testing as a method for investigating the deformation and fracture properties of intrinsically brittle materials, glasses, and ceramics is examined. It is argued that the traditional plasticity models of hardness phenomena can be deficient in some important respects, notably in the underlying assumptions of homogeneity and volume conservation. The penetrating indenter is accommodated by an intermittent “shear faulting” mode, plus (to a greater or lesser extent, depending on the material) some structural compaction or expansion. These faults provide the sources for initiation of the indentation cracks. Once generated, the cracks can grow under the action of subsequent external tensile stresses, thereby taking the specimen to failure.
In this presentation the mechanical basis for describing these phenomena will be out-lined, with particular emphasis on the interrelations between hardness and other characteristic material parameters, such as elastic modulus and fracture toughness. Procedures for quantitative determination of these parameters will be discussed. Extension of the procedures to the measurement of surface residual stresses in brittle materials will be made to illustrate the power of the indentation method as an analytical tool for materials evaluation.