bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary note on an attempt to detect the general magnetic field of the Sun
Authors: Hale George E. 
Published: February 2008

In 1908, shortly after magnetic fields had been found in Sunspots, an attempt was made to observe the Zeeman effect due to the general magnetic field of the Sun with the 60‐foot tower telescope and 30‐foot spectrograph of the Mount Wilson Solar Observatory. Although slight shifts of certain solar lines, such as might be caused by. a magnetic field, were found on measuring the photographs, the quantities. were too small to command confidence, and the work was postponed until more perfect polarizing apparatus could be provided.The investigation was resumed in October, 1911, but no certain evidences of the Zeeman effect were detected. On the completion of the 150‐foot tower telescope and 75‐foot spectrograph, observations were begun with .this instrument in January of the present year, The objective of 150 feet focal length now used with this telescope was not then ready, and, accordingly, the 12‐inch objective of 60 feet focal length, belonging to the 60‐foot tower telescope, was temporarily transferred to the new tower. This forms. an image of the Sun 6.7 inches in diameter on the slit of the spectrograph. After passing through the slit the light descends vertically into a well, excavated in the earth beneath the tower, to a depth of 75 feet, where it falls upon the objective which serves for both collimator and camera of the auto‐collimating spectrograph. We were fortunate in having a large grating of the finest quality, ruled by Michelson, which gives almost theoretical resolution in the third order spectrum. Here the scale is 4.9 mm to the Ängström unit, corresponding to a distance of 29 mm between the D lines.
Report on the C. I. W. Marine Earth Inductor
Authors: Hewlett C. W. 
Published: February 2008

The apparatus was installed on board the Carnegie at Papeete, Tahiti, in October, 1912, as follows: The inductor was mounted on the new gimbal stand (Plate I, Fig. 1) in the after observatory, C1; the galvanometer, in order to eliminate any possible magnetic effect, was fastened by a bolt passing through the hard rubber base of the instrument to a substantial shelf against a wood wall about thirty feet aft of the inductor; communication between the observers at the earth inductor and the galvanometer was established by means of a simple signaling device. The writer, after having taken part in the experimental work at Washington, was assigned as observer on board the Carnegie and was placed in charge of the earth‐inductor work by Mr. Peters, in command of the vessel, who afforded him every possible facility.The chief difficulty at sea has been the maintenance of the adjustment of the galvanometer, owing to some minor imperfections which can easily be remedied.2 It has been found possible to adjust readily the system at shore stations so that a tip of 20° in .any direction, with a scale distance of 58 cm., causes a change of not more than 1 mm. in the galvanometer zero. The failure to maintain balance at sea is also partly due to the temperature and humidity changes. Fortunately, after some practice, it has been found possible to make the adjustment for balance on board, even when the sea is moderately rough, within three to fifteen minutes, depending upon how badly the coil was out of balance and upon the character of the ship's motion. In moderately rough seas, the wandering of the zero is reduced to a range of 5 to 10 mm. when the galvanometer is used with a 100‐ohm shunt. Owing to the lack of symmetry in the balancing arrangements, it is difficult to throw the center of gravity of the coil into the line of suspension. By manipulation, it has been found easier to place the center of gravity in a plane at right angles to the coil than in the plane of the coil; for this reason the galvanometer has been mounted with the plane of its coil fore and aft.
A new universal magnetic theodolite for determining the declination, and the horizontal and vertical intensities
Authors: Ogloblinsky N. 
Published: February 2008

Ten years ago it occurred to me to apply some of the principles underlying the determination of the magnetic forces on board, adopted in the Russian Imperial Navy, to the direct measurement of the horizontal intensity H and the vertical intensity Z, with land instruments. Accordingly, in 1909 there were prepared the designs of a new theodolite for the determination of H and Z as well as of the declination, D, and for astronomical work. During the years 1910 and 1911 the instrument was constructed in the workshops of the General Hydrographic Office under the supervision of the chief of the shops, Mr. Heinrich Freiberg, the well‐known mechanician and collaborator of the late Heinrich Wild.The first tests of the new theodolite in Pavlovsk at the Constantin Observatory in 1911 and especially in a magnetic survey along the shores of the Bay of Finland, near Cronstadt in 1912, under severe conditions, gave satisfactory results. I was thus led to think that the proposed method might be applied to advantage in land magnetic survey work and even in observatory work.
Practical processes for producing the best permanent magnets
Authors: Thompson Silvanus P. 
Published: February 2008

To produce permanent magnets, which are both powerful and constant in their power, a tungsten steel should be used having from 5 to 8 per cent of tungsten, and from 0.4 to 0.6 of carbon. Chromium up to 2 or 2.5 per cent may be present, but the presence of the following elements should be avoided: manganese, titanium, copper, sulphur, and phosphorus.For bar magnets there is an advantage in having the dimension‐ratio as large as possible, as this gives not only a higher remanence, but a lower coefficient of temperature variation. For horse‐shoe magnets, and for all those which are to be used in instruments where extreme constancy is required, the gap between the poles should be as short as possible, and the polar areas should be as large as possible. From the, point of view of constancy there is an advantage in having a considerable stray flux (through a magnetic shunt or otherwise) in addition to the useful flux.
Reduction of the magnetic observatory work of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition, 1912–1913
Authors: Webb Eric N. 
Published: February 2008

At the request of Sir Douglas Mawson, the undersigned has undertaken the reduction of the magnetograms obtained during the occupation of Adelie Land by the Australasian Antarctic Expedition in 1912–1913. The work is now well in hand at the address below, and it is hoped to have final values tabulated, and most material ready for discussion at the end of the current year.Various observatories were requested to cooperate with the Expedition in the taking of “quick run” records at prearranged times. In order that the intercomparison of these curves may be as complete as possible, it is desired to collect copies of at least the most promising of them, and any details of the others that may be worth consideration. We should therefore be under considerable obligation for the forwarding, at the earliest convenience, of copies of “quick runs” at the following Greenwich mean times, wherever possible giving particulars of baselines and of scale values: G.M.T. G.M.T.April 16, 1912 8–10 A. M. April 18, 1912 5–7 P. M.May 14, 1912 8–10 A. M. October 10, 1912 5–7 P. M.June 11, 1912 8–10 A. M. January 2, 1913 5–7 P. M.July 16, 1912 8–10 A. M.October 8, 1912 8–10 A. M.
Preliminary report on the results of the aurora borealis expedition to Bossekop in the spring of 1913—Third communication
Authors: Störmer Carl 
Published: February 2008

1. In this Journal for September 1913 and March 1915, preliminary accounts were published by me of some results of the aurora borealis expedition to Bossekop, which I undertook in the spring of 1913. The present communication concerns the very extensive material of the nights, March 14, 15, and 15, 16, 1913, comprising about 100 auroral photograms.The main conclusions of the second report are confirmed, especially in regard to the lower limit of the altitude of the aurora, as will be seen in Fig. 1, representing graphically the height above the Earth's surface of all the points of the aurora, which have been calculated.
Meteorologische und luftelektrische Messungen während der totalen Sonnenfinsternis am 10, Oktober 1912 auf der Facenda Boã Vista bei Christina (Prov. Minas Geraes‐Brasilien). I.—meteorologische Beobachtungen
Authors: Knoche Von W. , Laub J. 
Published: February 2008

Vorwort.Der Unterzeichnete erhielt kurz vor der Sonnenfinsternis vom 10. Oktober 1912 eine Einladung seitens des Direktors des Department of Terrestrial Magnetism der Carnegie Institution of Washington, Herrn Dr. L. A. Bauer, während der Finsternis in Brasilien vorzüglich luftelektrische Messungen auszuführen. Die Kosten der Expedition wurden zum Teil von der genannten Institution gedeckt. Der Expedition schloss sich Herr Dr. J. Laub, Professor an der Universität La Plata, an, durch deren Präsident, Senator Dr. J. V. Gonzalez, ihm dankenswerter Weise die Mittel hierzu zur Verfügung gestellt wurden.
Proposed magnetic and allied observations during the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919
Authors: Bauer L. A. 
Published: February 2008

Special magnetic and allied observations will be made at certain stations inside and outside the shadow belt of the total solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, and by various magnetic observatories, institutions and individuals who have offered their cooperation. The stations of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism will be probably: 1. La Paz, Bolivia; 2. Huancayo (north of belt of totality); 3. Near Sobral, Brazil; 4. Île Principe or Libreville, French Congo; 5. Stations outside belt of totality by field parties as found possible. At station 3 complete magnetic and electric observations will be attempted.The general scheme of work proposed by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism is as follows:
Additional magnetic observations obtained by the Cinco de Outubro off the coast of Portugal
Authors: de Serra Guedes Raúl Mário 
Published: February 2008

Besides the data given in the Reports of the Missão Hidrográfica da Costa de Portugal the following additional values, all referred to the year 1915, were determined:Latitude 39° 52′ N, longitude 9° 18′ W: Declination 16° 15′ W; inclination 58° 26′ N; total intensity 0.4396 C. G. S.; horizontal intensity 0.2302 C. G. S.
Procedure at the magnetic observatories of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
Authors: Hazard Daniel L. 
Published: February 2008

In Nature for March 20, 1919, Dr. Charles Chree, under the title of “New Procedure at American Magnetic Observatories,” reviewed the publications of the results of observations made at the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey magnetic observatories at Sitka and Honolulu for 1915 and 1916 and called attention to some changes in procedure and to the need of more information regarding certain details of the methods employed. As the questions raised must be settled before there can be that uniformity in the methods of reduction and publication which is essential to the most advantageous, use of magnetic observatory results, it is well to give in some detail the considerations which led the Coast and Geodetic Survey to adopt at its five observatories the practices now in use.Up to the end of 1914 each hourly value of declination (D), horizontal intensity (H), and vertical intensity (Z) in the monthly tabulations represented the momentary value of the quantity for the specified hour, local mean time. This was in accordance with the general practice at the time the observatories were established, a practice adopted before continuous photographic registration came into use, when eye readings were made once an hour, and when attention was paid mainly to the local features of the variations of the Earth's magnetism. This method has the disadvantages that only a very small portion of the observational data is utilized, undue weight is given to the portion which happens to occur at the arbitrarily selected time, and the results at one station cannot be compared in detail with those at another, particularly at the time of a disturbance, because the use of local mean time renders the tabulated values non‐simultaneous.
Description of glass magnetogram scale used by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

To facilitate obtaining the mean ordinate of a 60‐minute interval on the magnetograms obtained at the magnetic observatories of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism, scales have been constructed in the Department's shops somewhat similar to the type introduced by the Potsdam Magnetic Observatory and as used by the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. The only difference in our glass scale from the Potsdam one arises from the fact that the Potsdam type makes use of a double scale, the actual mean ordinate in millimeters being obtained from the sum of two readings, whereas we scale the mean ordinate in millimeters direct.The scale is a piece of plate glass 12.5 cm. wide by 20 cm. long, on which are ruled two sets of lines at right angles to each other. The vertical lines parallel to the long sides are 20 mm. apart, corresponding to the distance between hour‐breaks on the Eschenhagen magnetograms, there being however for direct scaling of ordinates an extra vertical line half‐way between the vertical lines inclosing the right‐hand 20 mm. of the scale. The horizontal lines parallel to the short sides are 10 mm. apart. The first space at the bottom is subdivided to millimeters by short horizontal lines midway between the vertical lines.
Remarks on magnetogram‐scalings and international magnetic data
Authors: Schmidt Adolf 
Published: February 2008

I note that in recently published results of the magnetic observatories under the direction of the United States Coast and Geodetic Survey the procedure has been adopted to tabulate the mean ordinate for Greenwich hourly intervals, centering around the half hour, the same as at Potsdam. The non‐cyclic effect may be determined from the adopted procedure just as satisfactorily as from that advanced by Dr. Chree, namely, by obtaining the value at the beginning and end of the day from the two adjacent hourly means. There is no ground for assuming that it is necessary for this purpose to adopt simply the mean of one hourly interval.As to the adoption of the Greenwich day for the daily tabulations, I put less weight upon this matter. To prefer not to use the Greenwich day but instead some day corresponding to the nearest 15‐degree meridian time, is natural from practical considerations. If anyone prefers to use, nevertheless, the Greenwich day (not simply the Greenwich hours which is the matter of chief importance), this may always be done; it will only be necessary to divide up the hourly series at some other point. However, I would suggest that at the observatories where the Greenwich day is not generally adopted, those data for which strict simultaneity over the Earth is actually requisite be also computed for the Greenwich day and published along with the other results; this suggestion would entail only a small amount of additional work. Such desired data are:
Magnetic character figures for Kew Observatory, May 23–30, 1919
Authors: Chree Charles 
Published: February 2008

In allotting magnetic “character” figures for De Bilt I have at no time taken much cognizance of the V (vertical force) curves; because here these almost never show serious disturbance unless the two other elements D and H are highly disturbed. Occasionally, when in doubt as between a 1 and a 2, I may have let the V‐trace decide. Now the artificial disturbance in V renders it all the less useful for help in fixing “characters”.My normal procedure is to go first through the D‐curves (taking 2 or 3 months' curves at a time to assist in uniformity of standard) and assign to each day the following “character” figures in ascending order of disturbance:
Having completed the D‐curves and put them aside I similarly deal with the H‐curves.
The construction and equipment of the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory in Western Australia
Authors: Fleming J. A. , Wallis W. F. 
Published: February 2008

The general magnetic survey of the Earth nearing completion, the next step in the program of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism of the Carnegie Institution of Washington is the establishment of additional observatories for the study of the variations of the Earth's magnetism, and investigations in atmospheric electricity and earth currents. The paucity of magnetic observatories in the Southern Hemisphere led first to consideration of the region between Mauritius and Melbourne, Australia. Dr. Bauer, the Director of the Department, in 1911 visited Australia and conferred with those interested in geophysical investigations; as the result of these conferences Western Australia was chosen as the site of the Department's first observatory.SITE OF THE WATHEROO OBSERVATORY.
Ueber die Fortpflanzungs‐Geschwindigkeit erdmagnetischer Stoerungen und Pulsationen
Authors: Angenheister G. 
Published: February 2008

(Auszug aus den Berichten über die erdmagnetische Schnell und Feinregistrierung in Apia, Batavia, Cheltenham und Tsingtau im September 1911 und Oktober 1912.)Die Aufgabe der erdmagnetischen Beobachtung ist eine zweifache: Erstens die Ermittelung der geographischen Verteilung des erdmagnetischen Feldes durch eine magnetische Vermessung der Länder und Meere. Landesvermessungen und besonders die zahlreichen Expeditionen und Seereisen dienen diesem Zwecke. Die zweite Aufgabe ist die Verfolgung der zeitlichen Veränderungen dieses erdmagnetischen Feldes durch fortlaufende photographische Registrierungen der erdmagnetischen Elemente, die durch absolute Messungen kontrolliert werden. Ein Netz von erdmagnetischen Observatorien, verbreitet über die ganze Erde, sucht dies zu erfüllen.
Concerning magnetogram‐scalings at the Batavia‐Buitenzorg Magnetic and Meteorological Observatory
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

With great interest I have looked over the articles concerning the procedure with regard to magnetogram‐scalings, published in the December, 1919, issue of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity.Carefully examining the advantages and disadvantages of the three methods in question, I came to the conclusion that for Batavia should be adopted:
Concerning glass magnetogram‐scales
Authors: Baker Thos. Y. 
Published: February 2008

In the December, 1919, number of Terrestrial Magnetism and Atmospheric Electricity, an article appears describing a glass magnetogram‐scale used in the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism. I do not know how the glass slides are prepared but in case anyone has not seen the “graticules” prepared by the Rheinberg process, may I suggest the possibility of having them done in that way rather than by direct ruling on the glass.The process is described in the Transactions of the Optical Society, May, 1919. It consists of a photographic transference of the diagram or pattern required, onto the surface of the glass and a subsequent deposit of platinum which is burnt into the surface of the glass.
Magnetic observations at Dehra Dun, May 28–30, 1919
Authors: Bond Captain E. C. T. 
Published: February 2008

In response to the co‐operation requested by the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism for special simultaneous magnetic observations during the solar eclipse of May 29, 1919, I have the honor to forward abstracts of the declination, horizontal force, vertical force, and dip observations taken at the Dehra Dun Observatory, India, on the 28th, 29th, and 30th, May, 1919, in accordance with the published program. It will be observed that no unusual changes occurred in the magnetic elements during the observations; I hope, however, that these observations will be of use in the investigation of the effects of the eclipse on the Earth's magnetism.The geographic position of the Observatory is: Latitude, 30° 19′.3:N.; longitude, 78° 03′.3 or 5h 12m.2 E.
Magnetic observations at Tortosa, May 29, 1919
Authors: Cirera Rev. R. 
Published: February 2008

J'ai le plaisir de vous envoyer une copie de deux courbes magnétiques: l'une, le jour de l'éclipse; du 29 mai 1919, et l'autre un jour calme (8–9 Mai) du même mois. En outre, je vous remets la Mémoire No. 3, La Section Magnétique, quoiqu' elle se trouve sans doute dans votre bibliothèque, afin que vous puissiez plus aisément l'utiliser pour l'étude de nos courbes.Vous trouverez dans chaque copie les valeurs des lignes de repére de la déclinaison D, composante horizontale H, et composante verticale Z.
Magnetic disturbances of December 4–5, 1920, at Cheltenham Observatory, Maryland
Authors: Hartnell George 
Published: February 2008

A magnetic disturbance with a sudden beginning in H, and a fairly well pronounced beginning in D and Z, began December 4, 1920, at 0h 03m, 75th meridian standard time, hence on December 4, at 5h 03m, G.M.T. H increased from the beginning of the disturbance until 0h 30m, the maximum for the day, and returned to its original value at about lh 54m, the increase being 54γ. D and Z were only slightly disturbed.The period of the largest disturbances extended from 18h to 19h, there being a decrease in D of some 26′, a decrease of 70γ in H, and an increase of 17γ in Z. The minimum in D occurred at 18h 22m; the minimum in H at 18h 18m; and the maximum in Z at 18h 18m. H was again rather violently disturbed from 14h on December 5, to 17h 30m, with a range of some 60γ. Except during the intervals stated, the curves were only slightly disturbed. The magnetic disturbance appears to have ended at about 24h on December 5th.
Imperial Marine Observatory at Kobe, Japan
Authors: Okada T. 
Published: February 2008

I have great pleasure in stating that this new government observatory was opened on August 26, 1920. The principal aims of the observatory are to make researches on meteorological, oceanographic, and magnetic subjects. We have to repair and test marine chronometers, magnetic compasses, and other measuring instruments for navigation. Funds for the buildings have been contributed by various shipowners at Kobe.As far as magnetic work is concerned, we make a complete set of absolute measurements of the three elements by means of a magnetometer of the Indian survey pattern and an inclinatorium in the middle of each month. We further have a project to build a variation‐house in the neighborhood of this port.
Earthquake records on the Eschenhagen magnetograms at the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, western Australia, August 13 and 23, 1921
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

All the times given below are referred to G.M.T.In horizontal intensity the first impulse is shown at 13h 02m 40s August 13, 1921, gradually subsiding by 13h 04m 30s; at 13h 05m 00s there is another impulse. There are some small undulations in the trace after this time, but the seismic effect gradually dies away by 13h 12m 00s, when there is another distinct broadening of the trace, lasting for about 90 seconds, after which the trace resumes its normal character. The amplitude of the movements is about 0.6 mm.
Auroral observations at High River, Alberta, Canada, December 28, 1921
Authors: Bryant Owen 
Published: February 2008

lh A. M.—Two curtains observed; largest runs from N.W. to E., another below it extends from nearly North to N.E., latter is very bright at the W. end i. e. N., which appears to be bright because the curtain is running nearly away from the observer and hence more light is observed looking along the curtain than in looking through it. I have observed the same effect before, but I think it was the E. end that seemed to be in line with the eye. It was narrower on the E. end.7h45m P.M.—Faint curtain observed, center nearly N. 9h00m P.M.—Faint arch low down, center N.E.