bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclodextrin‐enhanced remediation of organic and metal contaminants in porous media and groundwater
Authors: Boving Thomas B. , McCray John E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeavy metals and toxic organic contaminants are found at numerous industrial and military sites. The generally poor performance of conventional pump‐and‐treat schemes has made the development of improved methods for contaminated site remediation a significant environmental priority. One such innovative method is cyclodextrin‐enhanced flushing of the contaminated porous media and groundwater. Cyclodextrin is a glucose‐based molecule that is produced on industrial scales by microorganisms. Over the last years, several cyclodextrin derivatives have received extensive research interest. It was shown that cyclodextrins can significantly enhance the solubility of toxic organics, and in some cases, heavy metals and radioactive isotopes. As a sugar, cyclodextrin is considered relatively non‐toxic to humans, plants, and soil microbes. Thus, there are minimal health‐related concerns associated with the injection of cyclodextrin into the subsurface, which is an inherent advantage for use of cyclodextrins as a remediation agent. This paper provides a review of the available literature concerning use of cyclodextrin for remediation of groundwater and soil.
Evaluation of a vertical frozen soil barrier at oak ridge national laboratory
Authors: Lynn Stanley W. , Rock Steven , Rhodes Carl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractArctic Foundations, Inc. (AFI), of Anchorage, Alaska, has developed a freeze barrier system designed to hydraulically isolate a contaminant source area. The system can be used for long‐term or temporary containment of groundwater until appropriate remediation techniques can be applied. The technology was evaluated under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) Superfund Innovative Technology Evaluation (SITE) program at the United States Department of Energy's (DOE's) Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) facility in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. For the demonstration, an array of freeze pipes called “thermoprobes” was installed to a depth of 30 feet below ground surface around a former waste collection pond and keyed into bedrock. The system was used to establish an impermeable frozen soil barrier to hydraulically isolate the pond. Demonstration personnel collected independent data to evaluate the technology's performance. A variety of evaluation tools were used—including a groundwater dye tracing investigation, groundwater elevation measurements, and subsurface soil temperature data—to determine the effectiveness of the freeze barrier system in preventing horizontal groundwater flow beyond the limits of the frozen soil barrier. Data collected during the demonstration provided evidence that the frozen soil barrier was effective in hydraulically isolating the pond.
Simultaneous determination of volatile and semivolatile organic compounds in soil
Authors: Mauro David M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA microscale solvent extraction (MSE) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in soil. Tests of precision, recovery, and comparability to other Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) methods have been completed, and the MSE method compares well to Soxhlet and sonication extraction. Based on these validation data, EPA has assigned number 3570 to this method. Method 3570 has several advantages, including reduced use of solvent and soil sample, generating much less laboratory waste. Laboratory space and labor requirements are reduced as compared to many other sample preparation methods. Consequently, Method 3570 can provide comparable chemical data at less cost or environmental impact.
Aerobic Cometabolism of Halogenated Aliphatic Hydrocarbons: A Technology Overview
Authors: Saul Michael T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBioremediation of chlorinated solvents has been moving from an innovative to mainstream technology for environmental applications. Cometablism of chlorinated solvents by monooxygenase has been demonstrated for trichloroethylene (TCE). Cl‐out microbes combine the dehalogenation of PCE with the monooxygenase destruction of TCE to complete the PCE breakdown pathway. Underthe right conditions, cometabolic bioremediation can be cost effective, fast, and complete. Aerobic bioremediation can augment mass transfer technologies such as pump and treat or sparging/vapor extraction to improve their efficiency.
Understanding and Managing Indoor Air Exposure Assessments at RCRA Sites
Authors: Brown Michael J. , Phillips William H. , Vondracek James E. , Ogilvie Kenneth G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe 2000 RCRA National Conference was conducted August 15‐17, 2000, in Washington, D.C., to allow state and federal authorities to review regulatory issues associated with the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) program. One of the RCRA reform issues discussed at the conference included the Government Performance and Results Act (GPRA) Environmental Indicators (EI). EIs have been designed to provide clarity in cleanup objectives and spur progress towards meeting the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA's) national RCRA cleanup goals. This article focuses on the human exposure indicator and, more specifically, on indoor air exposures and how to assess whether such exposure is actually occurring. While indoor air exposure can be a critical component of the human exposure scenarios, realistic predictions of the exposures are difficult to produce. This article provides an overview of the regulatory issues related to the indoor air exposure pathway. It also discusses the use of modeling in criteria development and risk evaluation and presents a case study of how the USEPA wants the modeling to occur, and an opinion of where this RCRA reform issue is heading and how to evaluate indoor air exposures.
A quantitative method for dual‐pass electrostatic force microscopy phase measurements
Authors: Yan Minjun , Bernstein Gary H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectrostatic force microscopy (EFM) has become a powerful tool for investigating charges on surfaces. The use of phase measurement in EFM is a direct and fast way to detect electrostatic force gradients, but only qualitatively. With the dual‐pass scheme, the phase signal at lifted height is often assumed to exclude any influences from the topography, but it does not. We report the collection of both topography and phase data by EFM on charged, micron‐sized metal wires. In order to quantify the electrostatic force, a cone model and finite element analysis are provided to integrate the force gradient from the phase signal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multiple imputation: review of theory, implementation and software
Authors: Harel Ofer , Zhou Xiao‐Hua 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMissing data is a common complication in data analysis. In many medical settings missing data can cause difficulties in estimation, precision and inference. Multiple imputation (MI) (Multiple Imputation for Nonresponse in Surveys. Wiley: New York, 1987) is a simulation‐based approach to deal with incomplete data. Although there are many different methods to deal with incomplete data, MI has become one of the leading methods. Since the late 1980s we observed a constant increase in the use and publication of MI‐related research. This tutorial does not attempt to cover all the material concerning MI, but rather provides an overview and combines together the theory behind MI, the implementation of MI, and discusses increasing possibilities of the use of MI using commercial and free software. We illustrate some of the major points using an example from an Alzheimer disease (AD) study. In this AD study, while clinical data are available for all subjects, postmortem data are only available for the subset of those who died and underwent an autopsy. Analysis of incomplete data requires making unverifiable assumptions. These assumptions are discussed in detail in the text. Relevant S‐Plus code is provided. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sampling an unknown universe: problems of researching mass casualty incidents (a history of ECRU's field research)
Authors: Scanlon Joseph 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper reviews how the Emergency Communications Research Unit (ECRU) at Carleton University in Ottawa, Canada, developed its field research techniques with emphasis on some of its approaches to sampling. Then based on ECRU's experience, it discusses the problems that would arise if an attempt were made to research an incident involving not only mass casualties, but also chemically contaminated mass casualties. While ECRU's findings have been published in scores of book chapters, monographs and academic and other articles, this is only the second time since 1977 that its methods have been described [The Development of a Standby Research Capacity at Carleton University. Emergency Planning: Ottawa, Canada; Int. J. Mass Emergencies and Disasters 1977; 2(1):35–41; Methods of Disaster Research. Xlibris Corporation, 26–302], and the very first time its approaches to sampling have been discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Customer‐driven environmental information management systems
Authors: FitzGerald Chris 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe most successful corporate environmental programs regard environmental compliance as an opportunity to improve productivity and profits and seek to integrate environmental information management systems (EIMS) into line information functions. Integrated EIMS should provide timely, accurate data to support all three types of environmental management responsibilities: results and comparison reports for source management; material and waste transaction and emission reports for materials management; and compliance, summary, exception, and trend data for risk managers at every level.
EPA and business: Who is the customer, who is the supplier?
Authors: Morris Alvin R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBy focusing on regulated businesses as “customers,” the EPA is bringing a new way of thinking to the negotiating table that is producing creative, workable solutions. The author, who was instrumental in initiating the adoption of TQM in the Environmental Protection Agency, discusses how it can be used in negotiation to resolve impasses between EPA and business and meet the needs of both.
Maintaining quality focus with critical data
Authors: Rubin Michael P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTotal Quality Management measurement tools are often the very tools necessary to ensure compliance with the rapidly growing regulatory demand for data. At the same time, interest in the environment by average citizens, environmental groups, and regulatory agencies has put increasing pressure on environmental managers for “zero defects.” Violations and exceedances are actively pursued and are, at a minimum, made public to produce incentive for companies to comply. Even companies in compliance face pressure to further improve their performance. No business can afford the lost legal, operational, and public relations costs of noncompliance. There is no room for error. This article discusses the basic tools used at IBM Rochester to better manage and control some key environmental operations and shows how these basic control steps work in an actual wastewater treatment process at the facility.
A team approach to implementing MACT standards
Authors: Davis Bruce C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe requirements of the MACT Standards for Emissions from Leaking Equipment and the requirements of the amended Clean Air Act will change how environmental control programs are administered within plants. No longer will the programs be the responsibility solely of the separate environmental function. The programs will need to be administered via a team of personnel that involves maintenance, computer systems, environmental, emissions measurement specialists, and planning personnel as well as management. Compliance with the rules will be based on an inspection of paper records and computer databases. The enforcement penalties will not be trivial. The ability of the plant to grow and be modified will need to be balanced against the potential benefits from early reduction programs, which will allow for delayed implementation of some programs.
Questions and Answers. From waste to improved production?
Authors: Johannson Lynn 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPlease send me your comments and questions on TQEM. Address it to me: TQEM Questions & Answers Editor, 22 West 21st Street, New York, NY 10010. I will credit you with the question and send out an extra copy of TQEM. My thanks to James, Jack, and Sheila for sharing in the quality revolution this issue.
Breaking the reactive paradigm: A proactive approach to risk assessment management
Authors: Belluck David A. , Benjamin Sally L. , Kiamos Maria A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRisk assessments are fast becoming an indispensable tool for both government and industry. Unfortunately, organizations required to perform risk assessments often lack the ability to either generate or critically evaluate the quality of risk assessment reports and must rely on contractors to tell them what they need and whether they have received it. The authors advocate a proactive approach to contractual risk assessment management in which a client team directs the production of the report and maintains quality control at each step in the process.
From a culture of fixing to a culture of preventing at arm & hammer brand
Authors: Thomlison Bryan M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCompanies with a total quality management program in place are beginning to understand the need for of a fuller integration of environmental and health and safety functions within their overall quality framework. Intense international competition, a flat global economy, and an increasingly stringent environmental and health and safety regulatory climate are forcing management to consolidate whatever gains they have made on the compliance side.At the same time, a total quality approach demands flattening of hierarchies, increased empowerment in divisions and plant floors, and much greater integration through a team approach of most management functions. Making all of this work puts a heavy premium on communication and individual responsibility. As companies that are going through the process now understand, this calls for major changes in corporate culture and a deep commitment from top management. This article describes the quality improvement process at Church & Dwight, makers of the Arm & Hammer line of products, where the TQEM challenge is orchestrated by a triumvirate representing three management functions: engineering, quality, and marketing/public relations.
Environmental marketing's new relationship with corporate environmental management
Authors: Coddington Walter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIssues of environmental marketing track back to issues of environmental management—i.e., to issues of overall corporate environmental commitment and responsibility. It is absolutely essential that a commitment to corporate environmental improvement be in place before an environmental marketing program is launched. Additionally, marketers can and should play a central role in the greening of the corporation. The marketer brings at least two important skills or strengths to the environmental improvement process—strengths of perspective and strengths of skill set.
Supporting environmental quality: Developing an infrastructure for design
Authors: Allenby Braden 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTen years ago, environmental problems were easy to define: The Hudson and Potomac were polluted; Los Angeles had lousy air; some waste dumps were highly toxic. Solutions were also relatively straightforward: the Clean Air Act for dirty airsheds; the Clean Water Act for dirty rivers; the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA, better known as Superfund) for hazardous waste sites. Unfortunately, reality is not quite so neat. We now know that we were seeing—and treating—symptoms, not the disease itself.
Environmentally conscious product design through total quality management
Authors: Paton Bruce 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe actions of governments, customers, and competitors are influencing corporate environmental management in unprecedented ways. Market requirements are affecting both revenues and costs in ways that individual firms cannot control. The uncertainty that these new requirements create underscores the critical importance of planning and implementing a systematic approach to the design of products and the processes used to build, ship, support, and recover them. In this article the author shows how Total Quality Management offers a useful framework for aligning a company'S market focus, its business plans, and its management of critical business processes. This alignment is critical, if companies are to create environmentally conscious products while remaining competitive in a global marketplace.
Quality metrics in design for environment
Authors: Fiksel Joseph 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThere is a growing commitment by manufacturers, both in the United States and abroad, to assure environmental responsibility for all of their operations. This trend is driven partly by market demands for “green” products and partly by changes in international standards and regulations. In response, leading companies are demonstrating that environmental improvement can actually increase profitability, and design for environment (DFE) is emerging as an important business practice.The ability to evaluate environmental quality in objective, measurable terms is a key component of an effective DFE capability. In particular, environmental quality metrics are essential to support goal setting, monitoring, and continuous improvement in the design of products and processes. This article describes environmental quality measurement tools and procedures, particularly as they relate to DFE. One of the challenges of performance measurement is to incorporate a life‐cycle view of environmental performance into measurement tools that can be easily computed and tracked.
A design for environment methodology for evaluating materials
Authors: Allenby Braden R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndustrial ecology is a new multidisciplinary field of study requiring that economic activity be integrated with, and have minimal impact on, surrounding natural systems. This systems‐based approach is beginning to be implemented in private firms through the development of Design for Environment (DFE) methodologies and tools which support the integration of technological and environmental considerations in all economic activities. As part of this development process, a matrix system is proposed by the author by which the environmental and energy costs embedded in materials as used in generic applications may be identified, facilitating environmentally and economically efficient selection of materials. This Material Environmental Evaluation Matrix is supported by checklists which inform the evaluation process. A set of completed matrices for major materials in common applications forms the basis for an Environmentally Efficient Materials Database (EEMD). Once completed, the EEMD would inform consumers, product and process designers, business planners and managers, regulators and government purchasers, public interest groups, and others in their choice of optimal, environmentally and economically efficient, material options.
The audit orientation tour: Ten steps for improving productivity
Authors: Cahill Lawrence B. , Woltjen Deborah 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt seems like a simple enough exercise. After the opening meeting, the audit team embarks on an orientation tour to familiarize itself with the layout of the facility. A simple „walk about”︁ as the Australians would say. If the site is bigenough, maybe the team climbs into a vehicle for the tour. Although the orientation tour typically represents only one hour, this hour is as important as any other for the audit team. This article discusses ten steps audit teams can take to maximize the effectiveness of the tour. The ten steps came about as a result of observing audit teams during many training audits and seeing persistent problems arise.
Business‐oriented environmental performance metrics: Building consensus for environmental management systems
Authors: Russell William G. , Sacchi Guido F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractToday, environmental managers are learning new ways of adding value to their organizations. Before, the environmental department was an overhead expense—an indirect support group required for complying with burdensome regulations. Now, such departments add insights and value during strategic planning sessions, identify efficiency improvement opportunities, provide a superior return on investment, and—bottom line—improve profits. The primary approach to meeting the challenge is a new environmental management system (EMS) that identifies, measures, and manages a diverse set of internal and external customer needs. These needs include environmental cleanups, regulatory compliance, pollution prevention, and design for the environment—and each represents a potential improvement opportunity. Unfortunately, most organizations have so many such needs that all cannot be addressed at once, given the resource constraints of a competitive business climate. Thus, priority is a key concept of an effective EMS. This article describes an innovative application of consensus‐building tools that quickly identify and set priorities for diverse environmental programs. The article also shows how appropriate performance measures will align these programs with corporate goals and objectives.