bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation of Epicardium‐Derived Progenitor Cells (EPDCs) from Adult Epicardium
Authors: Smart Nicola , Riley Paul R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe epicardium has, like the other cell lineages of the terminally differentiated adult heart, long been regarded as quiescent, incapable of migration or differentiation. In contrast, the embryonic epicardium possesses an innate ability to proliferate, migrate, and differentiate into a number of mature cardiovascular cell types, including vascular smooth muscle cells, fibroblasts, cardiomyocytes, and, arguably, some endothelial cells. In recapitulating its essential developmental role, we recognized the ability of the actin‐binding peptide thymosin β4 (Tβ4) to induce epicardium‐derived progenitor cell (EPDC) migration from adult heart and noted the derivation of cell types originating from embryonic epicardium. This protocol provides a means of enabling adult EPDC outgrowth and culture. We establish a model system in which to study the ability of factors to influence the migration of vascular precursors and their differentiation and to move towards screening of small molecules ex vivo prior to clinical trials of therapeutic cardiac repair. Curr. Protoc. Stem Cell Biol. 8:2C.2.1‐2C.2.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fungal Transmission of Plant Viruses
Authors: Rochon D'Ann 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFungal zoospores of Olpidium species transmit several viruses in the family Tombusviridae as well as in the Ophio‐ and Varicosavirus genera. This unit describes procedures for virus transmission by Olpidium sp. The method is useful for assessing fungal transmissibility of a given virus as well as for further studies on molecular and biological aspects of virus/vector interaction. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 12:16B.4.1‐16B.4.17. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Structure‐Based Approaches to Antibiotic Drug Discovery
Authors: Nicola George , Abagyan Ruben 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe development of antimicrobials has advanced tremendously over the past century. However, as our production capacity increases, the threat of resistance is ever‐present. To combat this resistance, two main avenues of drug discovery are being pursued: identifying new microbial proteins for which to direct drug discovery efforts, and designing innovative drugs that target existing proteins. The advent of structural genomics research has advanced to the point of rapidly discovering novel microbial protein targets. In addition, modern tools of computational biology greatly enhance the speed and reliability of antimicrobial discovery. The various steps of this process are outlined and discussed, including virtual ligand screening, pocket identification, and compound optimization. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 12:17.2.1‐17.2.10. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Anaerobic Cell Culture
Authors: Speers Allison M. , Cologgi Dena L. , Reguera Gemma 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlthough the ability of some microorganisms to grow without O2 has long been recognized, the application of new methodologies has greatly expanded the known diversity and potential of anaerobic microorganisms and processes. In particular, anaerobic techniques that permit the successful cultivation of microorganisms on solid media have opened new avenues for the study of the physiology and metabolic potential of many new microorganisms using molecular, genomic, and proteomic tools. One technique above all has proven instrumental for anaerobic studies over the years: the use of the anaerobic chamber. This unit gives a brief description of the methods used for the cultivation of anaerobic microorganisms, and describes in detail the principles and applications of anaerobic chambers, with special emphasis on vinyl glove boxes. The methodologies described in this unit should provide the interested but inexperienced investigator with the basic tools to successfully cultivate anaerobic microorganisms and study anaerobic processes. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 12:A.4F.1‐A.4F.16. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication and Optical Characteristics of Position‐Controlled ZnO Nanotubes and ZnO/Zn0.8Mg0.2O Coaxial Nanotube Quantum Structure Arrays
Authors: Yoo Jinkyoung , Hong Young Joon , Jung Hye Seong , Kim Yong‐Jin , Lee Chul‐Ho , Cho Jeonghui , Doh Yong‐Joo , Dang Le Si , Park Kyung Ho , Yi Gyu‐Chul 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe position‐controlled growth and structural and optical characteristics of ZnO nanotubes and their coaxial heterostructures are reported. To control both the shape and position of ZnO nanotubes, hole‐patterned SiO2 growth‐mask layers on Si(111) substrates with GaN/AlN intermediate layers using conventional lithography are prepared. ZnO nanotubes are grown only on the hole patterns at 600 °C by catalyst‐free metal–organic vapor‐phase epitaxy. Furthermore, the position‐controlled nanotube growth method allows the fabrication of artificial arrays of ZnO‐based coaxial nanotube single‐quantum‐well structures (SQWs) on Si substrates. In situ heteroepitaxial growth of ZnO and Zn0.8Mg0.2O layers along the circumference of the ZnO nanotube enable an artificial formation of quantum‐well arrays in a designed fashion. The structural and optical characteristics of the ZnO nanotubes and SQW arrays are also investigated using synchrotron radiation X‐ray diffractometry and photoluminescence and cathodoluminescence spectroscopy.
Multifunctional Composites of Ceramics and Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Padture Nitin P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPolycrystalline ceramic/single‐walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) composites possess unique grain boundaries, containing 1D tortuous SWNTs bundles that form 2D tangled embedded nets. This unprecedented grain‐boundary structure allows tailoring of multifunctional ceramic/SWNTs composites with unique combinations of desirable mechanical (toughness, strength, creep) and transport (electrical, thermal) properties. A brief discussion and analysis of recent developments in these composites are presented.
Characteristics of occupational burns in Oregon, 2001–2006
Authors: Walters Jaime K. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackgroundOccupational burns are known to be a serious public health concern. This article describes work‐related burns in Oregon between 2001 and 2006.MethodsOregon Workers' Compensation (WC) burn claims were analyzed; data from a commercial insurance carrier (CIC) was used to characterize non‐disabling burn claims. To ensure that our primary data source (WC) captures as many burn cases as possible, we compared hospitalized cases to a regional burn center (RBC) and Oregon hospital discharge index (HDI) data.ResultsThe WC burn injury rate ranged from a high of 1.8 per 10,000 workers in 2001 to a low of 1.4 per 10,000 in 2004. We identified 2,165 accepted burn claims in CIC data, of which 85% were non‐disabling. We matched data from a regional burn center to a subset of hospitalized claims from WC data and found an additional 44 cases of occupational hospitalized burns representing a 3% increase in total cases captured.ConclusionsOccupational burns continue to be a problem for working Oregonians, and the use of additional data sources outside of WC augments our surveillance system. Am. J. Ind. Med. 52:380–390, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effects of infant births on male–female relationships in Cebus capucinus
Authors: Sheller Claire R. , King Zdanna , Jack Katharine 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMost primates are characterized by cohesive male–female bonds that are maintained year round. While recent studies have addressed the selective pressures influencing the evolution of male–female relationships in primates, we know relatively little about the proximate mechanisms affecting them. It has been demonstrated that newborn white‐faced capuchins (Cebus capucinus) attract the attention of other group members and this may be an important mechanism influencing male–female relationships. We studied two groups of C. capucinus in the Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica, between February and July 2007. A total of 348 hr of focal data were collected on all adult males (n=6) residing in each of the study groups. During our study, 13 of the 14 group females were either pregnant or lactating, and 9 infants were born. We calculated an average daily affiliation rate between all group males combined and each adult female four weeks before and four weeks after the birth of her infant. Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed no significant changes in affiliation following infant births (F=2.262, df=1, P<0.176). Results remained nonsignificant for rank (F=1.550, df=1, P<0.260) and group membership (F=0.729, df=1, P<0.429). Infant sex was the only variable with a significant effect on affiliation rates between males and females (F=10.020, df=1, P<0.019). Adult males increased their affiliation with all adult females that gave birth to male infants (n=4), while their rates decreased with all but one of the adult females with female infants (n=4). While preliminary, these results indicate that the adult males may cultivate relationships with other males at a young age. Am. J. Primatol. 71:380–383, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Seasonality of LH, testosterone and sperm parameters in spider monkey males (Ateles geoffroyi)
Authors: Cerda‐Molina Ana Lilia , Hernández‐López Leonor , Chavira‐Ramírez Roberto , Cárdenas Mario , Mondragón‐Ceballos Ricardo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThere are no reported data on hormonal fluctuations in black‐handed spider monkey males. On previous research about the reproductive physiology of this monkey we have found that during the dry season females show ovulatory estrogen peaks and males present the best quality semen. As part of an ongoing research, in this study we assessed seasonal variations in the concentration of serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and testosterone (T) in three adult spider monkey males to corroborate the seasonal reproductive synchrony. At the same time sperm count and motility were evaluated to search for any correlation between those sperm parameters and hormonal concentrations. We took blood and semen samples (by electroejaculation) of anesthetized males throughout the rainy (June–September) and dry (October–May) months. Our results revealed that T and LH were higher throughout the dry season and there was a significant correlation between T concentration and sperm count. Although higher during the dry season, sperm motility tended to correlate with testosterone and LH levels. These results demonstrated that black‐handed spider monkeys have a tendency to show a seasonal pattern of reproduction being the dry season the most likely time to achieve fertilization. Am. J. Primatol. 71:427–431, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Estimating chimpanzee population size with nest counts: validating methods in Taï National Park
Authors: Kouakou Célestin Yao , Boesch Christophe , Kuehl Hjalmar 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSuccessful conservation and management of wild animals require reliable estimates of their population size. Ape surveys almost always rely on counts of sleeping nests, as the animals occur at low densities and visibility is low in tropical forests. The reliability of standing‐crop nest counts and marked‐nest counts, the most widely used methods, has not been tested on populations of known size. Therefore, the answer to the question of which method is more appropriate for surveying chimpanzee population remains problematic and comparisons among sites are difficult.This study aimed to test the validity of these two methods by comparing their estimates to the known population size of three habituated chimpanzee communities in Taï National Park [Boesch et al., Am J Phys Anthropol 130:103–115, 2006; Boesch et al., Am J Primatol 70:519–532, 2008]. In addition to transect surveys, we made observations on nest production rate and nest lifetime. Taï chimpanzees built 1.143 nests per day. The mean nest lifetime of 141 fresh nests was 91.22 days. Estimate precision for the two methods did not differ considerably (difference of coefficient of variation <5%). The estimate of mean nest decay time was more precise (CV=6.46%) when we used covariates (tree species, rainfall, nest height and age) to model nest decay rate, than when we took a simple mean of nest decay times (CV=9.17%). The two survey methods produced point estimates of chimpanzee abundance that were similar and reliable: i.e. for both methods the true chimpanzee abundance was included within the 95% estimate confidence interval. We recommend further research on covariate modeling of nest decay times as one way to improve the precision and to reduce the costs of conducting nest surveys. Am. J. Primatol. 71:447–457, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Coalescent simulations of Yakut mtDNA variation suggest small founding population
Authors: Zlojutro Mark , Tarskaia Larissa A. , Sorensen Mark , Snodgrass J. Josh , Leonard William R. , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe Yakuts are a Turkic‐speaking population from northeastern Siberia who are believed to have originated from ancient Turkic populations in South Siberia, based on archaeological and ethnohistorical evidence. In order to better understand Yakut origins, we modeled 25 demographic scenarios and tested by coalescent simulation whether any are consistent with the patterns of mtDNA diversity observed in present‐day Yakuts. The models consist of either two simulated demes that represent Yakuts and a South Siberian ancestral population, or three demes that also include a regional Northeast Siberian population that served as a source of local gene flow into the Yakut deme. The model that produced the best fit to the observed data defined a founder group with an effective female population size of only 150 individuals that migrated northwards approximately 1,000 years BP and who experienced significant admixture with neighboring populations in Northeastern Siberia. These simulation results indicate a pronounced founder effect that was primarily kin‐structured and reconcile reported discrepancies between Yakut mtDNA and Y chromosome diversity levels. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Socioecological correlates of facial mobility in nonhuman anthropoids
Authors: Dobson Seth D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFacial mobility, or the variety of facial movements a species can produce, is likely influenced by selection for facial expression in diurnal anthropoids. The purpose of this study is to examine socioecological correlates of facial mobility independent of body size, focusing on social group size and arboreality as possible evolutionary agents. Group size was chosen because facial expressions are important for group cohesion, while arboreality may limit the utility of facial expressions. Data for 12 nonhuman anthropoid species were taken from previous studies and analyzed using a phylogenetic generalized least‐squares approach. Regression results indicate that group size is a good predictor of facial mobility independent of body size. No statistical support was found for the hypothesis that arboreality constrains the evolution of facial mobility. The correlation between facial mobility and group size may be a consequence of selection for more effective facial expression to help manage conflicts and facilitate bonding in larger groups. These findings support the hypothesis that the ultimate function of facial expression is related to group cohesion. Am J Phys Anthropol 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary and physiological controls on the hydrogen and oxygen isotope ratios of hair from mid‐20th century indigenous populations
Authors: Bowen Gabriel J. , Ehleringer James R. , Chesson Lesley A. , Thompson Alexandra H. , Podlesak David W. , Cerling Thure E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA semimechanistic model has recently been proposed to explain observed correlations between the H and O isotopic composition of hair from modern residents of the USA and the isotopic composition of drinking water, but the applicability of this model to hair from non‐USA and preglobalization populations is unknown. Here we test the model against data from hair samples collected during the 1930s–1950s from populations of five continents. Although C and N isotopes confirm that the samples represent a much larger range of dietary “space” than the modern USA residents, the model is able to reproduce the observed δ2H and δ18O values given reasonable adjustments to 2 model parameters: the fraction of dietary intake derived from locally produced foods and the fraction of keratin H fixed during the in vivo synthesis of amino acids. The model is most sensitive to the local dietary intake, which appears to constitute between 60% and 80% of diet among the groups sampled. The isotopic data are consistent with a trophic‐level effect on protein H isotopes, which we suggest primarily reflects mixing of 2H‐enriched water and 2H‐depleted food H in the body rather than fractionation during biosynthesis. Samples from Inuit groups suggest that humans with marine‐dominated diets can be identified on the basis of coupled δ2H and δ18O values of hair. These results indicate a dual role for H and O isotopic measurements of keratin, including both biological (diet, physiology) and environmental (geographic movement, paleoclimate) reconstruction. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselektive Katalyse mit kationischen Oxazaborolidinen
Authors: Corey E. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChirale Oxazaborolidine können mit starken Protonensäuren oder durch Koordination von AlBr3 am Stickstoffatom aktiviert werden und bilden dabei sehr starke chirale Lewis‐Säuren. Die entstehenden chiralen Bor‐Elektrophile (siehe Struktur) sind leistungsfähige chirale Katalysatoren, die [4+2]‐, [3+2]‐ und [2+2]‐Cycloadditionen mit hoher Enantioselektivität vermitteln.magnified imageIn den letzten Jahrzehnten hat in der Chemie eine Revolution stattgefunden, die außerhalb unserer Disziplin – und selbst in anderen Wissenschaften – praktisch unbemerkt geblieben ist. Grundlegend gewandelt hat sich: 1) unser Verständnis davon, wie chemische Reaktionen ablaufen, 2) unsere Fähigkeit, neue Reaktionen zu entwickeln, 3) unsere Fähigkeit, Reaktionen nutzbar zu machen, die zur Synthese einer riesigen Vielfalt an nützlichen oder komplexen Molekülen geführt haben, und 4) unsere Fähigkeit, chemische Prinzipien und chemisches Wissen zum Verständnis biologischer und medizinischer Fragestellungen anzuwenden. Im Bereich der Synthesechemie ist eine ganz neue Art von Wissenschaft herangewachsen, die eine nahezu perfekte Kontrolle der absoluten und relativen Stereochemie ermöglicht und mit der gezielten Entwicklung von Katalysatoren einhergeht, deren Funktionsweisen vor Jahren noch unvorstellbar schienen. Dieser Aufsatz befasst sich mit einem speziellen Aspekt dieser Chemie, der erst in den letzten Jahren aufgetaucht ist: der Erzeugung und Anwendung der supersauren chiralen Oxazaborolidiniumionen in der enantioselektiven Katalyse. Die Fortschritte in diesem Bereich sind vielschichtiger Natur und betreffen 1) die Bildung der Katalysatoren, 2) die Aufklärung der detaillierten Mechanismen, über die sich Reaktionen steuern und beschleunigen lassen, 3) Erkenntnisse über die katalysierten Reaktionen und 4) die Entwicklung und Optimierung von Syntheseverfahren.
A Quantitative Universal Detection System for Organic Compounds in Gas Chromatography with Isotopically Enriched 13CO2
Authors: Cueto Díaz Sergio , Ruiz Encinar Jorge , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo , García Alonso J. Ignacio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGut und günstig: Die Verdünnung von Kohlenstoffisotopen mit 13CO2 nach dem Säulvorgang zusammen mit gekoppelter Gaschromatographie, Verbrennung und EI‐MS (Ventil in Position B; siehe Bild) ist eine allgemein anwendbare Methode zur Quantifizierung organischer Verbindungen ohne Einsatz spezifischer Standards. Ein GC/MS‐Apparat lässt sich kostengünstig aufrüsten, ohne dass dabei massenspektrometrische Strukturinformationen verloren gehen.magnified image
Total Synthesis and Absolute Configuration of the Bisanthraquinone Antibiotic BE‐43472B
Authors: Nicolaou K. C. , Lim Yee Hwee , Becker Jochen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEinladung zum T: Erstmals wurde der T‐förmige Bisanthrachinon‐Naturstoff BE‐43472B durch Totalsynthese hergestellt und seine Absolutkonfiguration aufgeklärt. Wesentliche Schritte der zentralen Kaskadensequenz sind eine Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion, die Bildung eines Halbketals und eine nucleophile aromatische ipso‐Substitution. TBS=tert‐Butyldimethylsilyl.magnified image
Innentitelbild: Cognitive‐Performance Recovery of Alzheimer's Disease Model Mice by Modulation of Early Soluble Amyloidal Assemblies (Angew. Chem. 11/2009)
Authors: Frydman‐Marom Anat , Rechter Meirav , Shefler Irit , Bram Yaron , Shalev Deborah E. , Gazit Ehud 
Published: February 2009

AbstractDie Akkumulation von β‐Amyloid (Aβ) in Form von Amyloidfibrillenablagerungen spielt eine wesentliche Rolle in der Pathogenese der Alzheimer‐Demenz, einer der häufigsten Erkrankungen des 21. Jahrhunderts. E. Gazit et al. beschreiben in ihrer Zuschrift auf S. 2015 ff. einen neuartigen Inhibitor der Aβ‐Fibrillierung, dessen Wirkmechanismus auf dem Angriff auf aromatische Erkennungsmodule und einer einzigartigen Strategie aus Cα‐Methylierung und β‐Spaltung beruht. Graphik: Tal Mazor.magnified image
Detection and Analysis of Low‐Abundance Cell‐Surface Biomarkers Using Enzymatic Amplification in Microfluidic Droplets
Authors: Joensson Haakan N. , Samuels Michael L. , Brouzes Eric R. , Medkova Martina , Uhlén Mathias , Link Darren R. , Andersson‐Svahn Helene 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFinding the few: Cell‐surface proteins are useful disease biomarkers, but current high‐throughput methods are limited to detecting cells expressing more than several hundred proteins. Enzymatic amplification in microfluidic droplets (see picture) is a high‐throughput method for detection and analysis of cell‐surface biomarkers expressed at very low levels on individual human cells. Droplet optical labels allow concurrent analysis of several samples.magnified image
A Quantitative Universal Detection System for Organic Compounds in Gas Chromatography with Isotopically Enriched 13CO2
Authors: Cueto Díaz Sergio , Ruiz Encinar Jorge , Sanz‐Medel Alfredo , García Alonso J. Ignacio 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCheap and cheerful: Postcolumn carbon‐isotope dilution with 13CO2 in combination with the coupling of gas chromatography, combustion, and EIMS (valve in position B in the picture) provides a generic quantitative approach for every organic compound without the need for specific standards. A GC–MS instrument can be upgraded by a simple low‐cost modification without any loss of the structural information provided by electron ionization sources.magnified image
Total Synthesis of Cribrostatin 6
Authors: Knueppel Daniel , Martin Stephen F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFast and furious: Cribrostatin 6, an antimicrobial and antineoplastic agent, was the target of a total synthesis where the longest linear sequence was only four steps. The key step involves a tandem 4π electrocyclic ring opening, radical cyclization, and homolytic aromatic substitution sequence to afford the tricyclic core of the natural product.magnified image
Cover Picture: SERS Labels for Red Laser Excitation: Silica‐Encapsulated SAMs on Tunable Gold/Silver Nanoshells (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 11/2009)
Authors: Küstner Bernd , Gellner Magdalena , Schütz Max , Schöppler Friedrich , Marx Alexander , Ströbel Philipp , Adam Patrick , Schmuck Carsten , Schlücker Sebastian 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSilica‐encapsulated SAMs …︁ (self‐assembled monolayers) on tunable Au/Ag nanoshells are described by S. Schlücker et al. in their Communication on page 1950 ff. These systems show great potential as labels for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) in bioanalytical and biomedical applications with red laser excitation, for example, in assays and microscopy. This method combines the spectroscopic advantages of SAMs with the stability of glass shells.magnified image