bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispositional optimism and health behaviour in community‐dwelling older people: Associations with healthy ageing
Authors: Steptoe Andrew* , Wright Caroline , Kunz‐Ebrecht Sabine R. , Iliffe Steve 
Published: January 2006

Objective Dispositional optimism measured with the Life Orientation Test has been associated with a variety of health outcomes. We assessed whether optimism was related to indices of healthy ageing, and if effects were mediated through health behaviours.Method A community sample of 128 men and women aged 65 to 80 years was recruited from general practice lists. Optimism and health behaviours were assessed by questionnaire, and healthy ageing indexed by physical health summary scores from the Short Form 36, and by self‐rated health.Results Optimism was associated with not smoking, moderate alcohol consumption, brisk walking, and vigorous physical activities (women only), independently of socio‐demographic factors and clinical condition. Physical health status was associated with optimism, independently of socio‐demographic factors, clinical condition, negative affectivity, and body mass. This effect was attenuated when health behaviours were taken into account. Self‐rated health was also positively related to optimism, and this association was not mediated by health behaviours. Neither the optimism nor pessimism subscales of the Life Orientation Test showed as consistent effects as the full scale.Conclusions We conclude that dispositional optimism is associated with healthy ageing. The relationship between optimism and healthy ageing was only partly mediated by the health behaviours assessed in this sample.
Action plans and coping plans for physical exercise: A longitudinal intervention study in cardiac rehabilitation
Authors: Sniehotta Falko F. , Scholz Urte , Schwarzer Ralf 
Published: January 2006

Objectives The aim of the present study was to test two brief planning interventions designed to encourage cardiac patients to engage in regular physical exercise following discharge from rehabilitation. The interventions comprised action plans on (a) when, where, and how to act, and (b) coping plans on how to deal with anticipated barriers.Design and method An experimental longitudinal trial was conducted to test two interventions that either focused on action planning alone, or on a combination of action planning and coping planning. A total of 211 participants completed assessments at baseline and 2 months after discharge. Participants were randomly assigned to either one of the intervention groups or a standard‐care control group.Results Participants in the combined planning group did significantly more physical exercise 2 months post‐discharge than those in the other groups.Conclusions The theoretical distinction between action planning and coping planning as introduced in the present study has proven useful in explaining changes in health‐related behaviour. The combined planning intervention can be applied in the context of cardiac rehabilitation programmes.
Multimodale Gerätekooperation basierend auf expliziten Zielen: Konzepte & Potentiale (Multimodal Appliance Cooperation based on Explicit Goals: Concepts & Potentials)
Authors: Giersich Martin , Heider Thomas , Kirste Thomas 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
Smart Environments werden sich zunehmend aus individuellen Komponenten (Smart Appliances) zusammensetzen, die sich selbst in ein schlüssig agierendes Ensemble einbetten müssen. Das erfordert Softwaretechnologien, die es den Geräten ermöglichen, mit Blick auf die Nutzerbedürfnisse spontan zu kooperieren. In diesem Beitrag werden wir erläutern, warum ein zielbasierter Ansatz sinnvoll ist, wie explizite Ziele genutzt werden können, systemweite Strategien zu finden und wie explizit deklarative Ziele als Maßstab für die Bewertung des Systemdesigns dienen können.
Ontologiebasiertes Engineering kontextadaptiver Webanwendungen (Ontology-based Engineering of Context-adaptive Web Applications)
Authors: Kaltz J. Wolfgang , Lohmann Steffen , Lang Eike , Hussein Tim , Ziegler Jürgen 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
Angesichts des zunehmenden Leistungsumfangs moderner Informations- und Kommunikationstechnologien und einer wachsenden Informationsflut in globalen Netzen werden Methoden und Mechanismen benötigt, die den Nutzern dem jeweiligen Nutzungskontext angepasste Informationen und Dienste liefern. In diesem Beitrag wird eine ontologiebasierte Methodik vorgestellt, die die Integration von Context Engineering-Mechanismen in den Entwicklungsprozess von Webanwendungen zum Ziel hat. Anschließend wird anhand einer Architektur für kontextadaptive Webanwendungen erläutert, wie sich durch diese Vorgehensweise Kontextanpassungen auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen bewirken lassen.
Strukturierte verankerte Diskussion als Form kooperativen Lernens mit eLectures (Structured Anchored Discussion as a Means of Collaborative Learning with eLectures)
Authors: Trahasch Stephan , Lauer Tobias 
Published: January 2006

Zusammenfassung
Vorlesungsaufzeichnungen als Lerninhalte bieten relativ eingeschränkte Möglichkeiten für kooperatives Lernen. Dieser Beitrag beschreibt das Konzept der skriptgesteuerten verankerten Diskussion, um netzbasierte Gruppendiskussion auf der Basis von eLectures zu unterstützen. Bei diesem Ansatz werden die Diskussionsbeiträge räumlich und zeitlich an den für den Beitrag relevanten Teilen von eLectures verankert, so dass für jeden Beitrag der inhaltliche Kontext ersichtlich ist. Zudem unterstützen Beitragstypisierung und Prompts eine strukturierte Diskussion gemäß einem vorgegebenen Kooperationsskript.
A Multistate Model for the Fluorescence Response of R‐Phycoerythrin
Authors: Gaigalas A. , Gallagher T. , Cole K. D. , Singh T. , Wang Lili , Zhang Yu‐Zhong 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough strong fluorescence makes the R‐phycoerythrin (R‐PE) proteins increasingly useful in biological and clinical assays, they are subject to nonlinear effects including transitions to collective dark states and photodegradation, which complicate quantitative applications. We report measurements of R‐PE fluorescence intensity as a function of incident power, duration of illumination and temperature. Emission intensity in the band at 570 nm is proportional to incident power for low power levels. At higher incident power, the emission at 570 nm is smaller than expected from a linear dependence on power. We propose that R‐PE undergoes both reversible emission cessation on a millisecond time scale attributed to transitions to a collective dark state, and irreversible photodegradation on a time scale of minutes. Singlet oxygen scavengers such as dithiothreitol and n‐propyl gallate have protective effects against the latter effect but not the former. Electrophoretic analysis of irradiated solutions of R‐PE indicates that significant noncovalent aggregation is correlated with photodegradation. A multistate model based on fluorescence measurements and geometric analysis is proposed for the fluorophores in R‐PE. The phycobilin fluorophores are partitioned into three groups: the phycourobilins (PUB) absorbing at 490 nm, one group of phycoerythobilins (PEB) absorbing at 530 nm (PEB‐530) and another group of PEB absorbing at 560 nm (PEB‐560). The two processes that result in the loss of fluorescence intensity are most likely associated with the PEB‐560 group.
Determination of the Minimum Temperature Required for Selective Photothermal Destruction of Cancer Cells with the Use of Immunotargeted Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Huang Xiaohua , Jain Prashant K. , El‐Sayed Ivan H. , El‐Sayed Mostafa A. 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACTLaser photothermal therapy of cancer with the use of gold nanoparticles immunotargeted to molecular markers on the cell surface has been shown to he an effective modality to selectively kill cancer cells at much lower laser powers than those needed for healthy cells. To elucidate the minimum light dosimetry required to induce cell death, photothermal destruction of two cancerous cell lines and a noncancerous cell line treated with antiepidermal growth factor receptor (anti‐EGFR) antibody‐conjugated gold nanoparticles is studied, and a numerical heat transport model is used to estimate the local temperature rise within the cells as a result of the laser heating of the gold nanoparticles. It is found that cell samples with higher nanoparticle loading require a lower incident laser power to achieve a certain temperature rise. Numerically estimated temperatures of 70–80°C achieved by heating the gold particles agree well with the measured threshold temperature for destruction of the cell lines by oven heating and those measured in an earlier nanoshell method. Specific binding of anti‐EGFR antibody to cancerous cells overexpressing EGFR selectively increases the gold nanoparticle loading within cancerous cells, thus allowing the cancerous cells to be destroyed at lower laser power thresholds than needed for the noncancerous cells. in addition, photothermal therapy using gold nanoparticles requires lower laser power thresholds than therapies using conventional dyes due to the much higher absorption coefficient of the gold nanoparticles.
Microsatellites Reveal Population Substructure of Klickitat River Native Steelhead and Genetic Divergence from an Introduced Stock
Authors: Narum Shawn R. , Powell Madison S. , Evenson Rolf , Sharp Bill , Talbot AndréJ. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Determining fine-scale genetic diversity and structure is critical for the conservation and management of populations, especially those under heavy anthropogenic influence. We analyzed 446 individuals at nine microsatellite loci to determine the local population structure of naturally produced steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss and genetic differentiation from introduced hatchery strain steelhead in the Klickitat River of the Pacific Northwest. We detected significant genetic structure among steelhead in various tributaries to the Klickitat River; the most divergent population was located above a waterfall that acts as a partial upstream migration barrier (average pairwise FST = 0.13; P &lt; 0.0001). Analysis of mixtures indicated an estimate of six to seven genetically distinct populations of naturally reproducing steelhead in this river system. The hatchery strain appears to remain genetically distinguishable from native stocks (average pairwise FST of 0.078 with P &lt; 0.0001), as only 4.0% of naturally produced steelhead had their most likely assignment to the hatchery strain. These results indicate that the genetic integrity and variation of native Klickitat River steelhead have been maintained despite repeated hatchery introductions and that the potential is high for restoring this threatened population. Further, this study suggests that hierarchical analyses of mixtures to identify distinct populations in a watershed are a valuable method for directing management of reproductively isolated populations.
Effects of Sediment Cover on Survival and Development of White Sturgeon Embryos
Authors: Kock Tobias J. , Congleton James L. , Anders Paul J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
A simple, inexpensive apparatus (embryo incubation unit (EIU)) was developed and used to assess the relationship between sediment cover (Kootenai River sediments, 97% by weight in the 0.83-mm- to 1.0-mm-diameter range) and survival of white sturgeon Acipenser transmontanus embryos in the laboratory. An apparatus-testing trial assessed the effects of two sediment depths (5 and 20 mm), three EIU ventilation hole sizes (4.8, 6.8, and 9.5 mm) providing three levels of intrasediment flow, and EIU location (upstream or downstream in laboratory troughs) on embryo survival at two above-substrate flow velocities (0.05 and 0.15 m/s). A second trial assessed the effects of sediment cover duration (5-mm sediment cover for 4, 7, 9, 11, or 14 d, with a ventilation hole size of 9.5 mm and a flow velocity of 0.17 m/s) on mean embryo survival and larval length and weight. In the apparatus-testing trial, embryo survival was reduced (P &lt; 0.0001) to 0–5% under sediment covers of either 5 or 20 mm in both the higher-flow and lower-flow troughs; survival in control EIUs without sediments exceeded 80%. Survival was not significantly affected by ventilation hole size but was weakly affected by EIU location. In the second trial, embryo survival was negatively correlated (P = 0.001) with increasing duration of sediment cover and was significantly higher for embryos covered for 4 d (50% survival) or 7 d (30% survival) than for those covered for 9, 11, or 14 d (15–20% survival). Sediment cover also delayed hatch timing (P &lt; 0.0001) and decreased mean larval length (P &lt; 0.0001). Our results suggest that sediment cover may be an important early life stage mortality factor in rivers where white sturgeon spawn over fine-sediment substrates.
The importance of plankton and nekton distributions in Ordovician palaeogeographical reconstructions
Authors: Servais Thomas , Blieck Alain , Caridroit Martial , Chen Xu , Paris Florentin , Tortello M. Franco 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTrilobites and brachiopods are the two main fossil groups that allowed construction of the first palaeogeographical maps for the early Palaeozoic. Together with the bivalves and ostracodes, the benthic elements of these fossil groups have proved to be of great palaeobiogeographical importance. For this reason, these groups are usually considered to be ‘better’ fossils for inferring Ordovician palaeogeography. The present study indicates that planktic and nektic fossil groups should not be neglected in such palaeobiogeographical studies. The plotting on a palaeogeographical reconstruction for the Arenig (Lower Ordovician, – 480 Ma) of some planktic (acritarchs, chitinozoans) and nektic (vertebrates, pelagic trilobites) fossil groups indicates that their distribution appears in part surprisingly similar to that of the benthic trilobite faunas that are considered to display the greatest provincialism. For example, the distribution of the ‘peri-Gondwanan’ acritarch province including Arbusculidium filamentosum, Coryphidium and Striatotheca, and the distribution of the Eremochitina brevis chitinozoan assemblage are almost identical to the palaeogeographical distribution of the Calymenacean-Dalmanitacean trilobite fauna. A review of the different planktic and nektic fossil groups also indicates that it is very important to carefully select ‘good’ palaeogeographical indicators, in most cases from a large number of taxa. It appears that almost all fossil groups include some ‘good’ palaeobiogeographical ‘markers’. Therefore it is important to search for ‘better’ taxa within each fossil group, instead of looking only for the ‘better’ fossil groups as a whole.
MXene‐Based Energy Devices: From Progressive to Prospective
Authors: Kazim Samrana , Huang Chun , Hemasiri Naveen Harindu , Kulkarni Ashish , Mathur Sanjay , Ahmad Shahzada 
Published: February 2024

AbstractEvery once in a while, a revolutionary technological development arises, which leads to a significant change in the way to approach research and push development efforts. The appetite for new technology compels society to look for game‐changing materials, that can transform the industry and make advances. Sustainable energy production is paramount to addressing the climate crisis, and energy generation and storage play an important role in the development of self‐powered microelectronic devices. The 2D materials, MXenes have emerged as promising candidates for energy and other applications owing to their inherent electrical merits, high specific surface area, and tunable properties. Particularly, in the context of additive and interfacial materials for perovskite solar cell fabrication and utilization as additives in secondary batteries, this review delves into the application of MXenes in such devices. The protocols of MXenes and their nanostructures tailoring toward such applications and, the underlying mechanism is uncovered. Further, the existing challenges and direction for future in MXene‐based energy harvesters are discussed.
Recent Advances in Nanomedicine for Ocular Fundus Neovascularization Disease Management
Authors: Zhou Yifan , Xu Mingyu , Shen Wenyue , Xu Yufeng , Shao An , Xu Peifang , Yao Ke , Han Haijie , Ye Juan 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAs an indispensable part of the human sensory system, visual acuity may be impaired and even develop into irreversible blindness due to various ocular pathologies. Among ocular diseases, fundus neovascularization diseases (FNDs) are prominent etiologies of visual impairment worldwide. Intravitreal injection of anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor drugs remains the primary therapy but is hurdled by common complications and incomplete potency. To renovate the current therapeutic modalities, nanomedicine emerged as the times required, which is endowed with advanced capabilities, able to fulfill the effective ocular fundus drug delivery and achieve precise drug release control, thus further improving the therapeutic effect. This review provides a comprehensive summary of advances in nanomedicine for FND management from state‐of‐the‐art studies. First, the current therapeutic modalities for FNDs are thoroughly introduced, focusing on the key challenges of ocular fundus drug delivery. Second, nanocarriers are comprehensively reviewed for ocular posterior drug delivery based on the nanostructures: polymer‐based nanocarriers, lipid‐based nanocarriers, and inorganic nanoparticles. Thirdly, the characteristics of the fundus microenvironment, their pathological changes during FNDs, and corresponding strategies for constructing smart nanocarriers are elaborated. Furthermore, the challenges and prospects of nanomedicine for FND management are thoroughly discussed.
Octadecyl Gallate and Lipid‐Modified MnSe2 Nanoparticles Enhance Radiosensitivity in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Promote Radioprotection in Normal Tissues
Authors: Li Xinyue , Liu He , Gao Wenyan , Yang Qi , Li Xin , Zhou Xuantong , Wang Longwei , Lu Zhihao , Liu Jing , Luo Aiping , Chen Chunying , Liu Zhihua , Zhao YuLiang 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRadiotherapy, a widely used therapeutic strategy for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), is always limited by radioresistance of tumor tissues and side‐effects on normal tissues. Herein, a signature based on four core genes of cyclic GMP‐AMP synthase‐stimulator of interferon genes (cGAS‐STING) pathway, is developed to predict prognosis and assess immune cell infiltration, indicating that the cGAS‐STING pathway and radiotherapy efficacy are closely intertwined in ESCC. A novel lipid‐modified manganese diselenide nanoparticle (MnSe2‐lipid) with extraordinarily uniform sphere morphology and tumor microenvironment (TME) responsiveness is developed to simultaneously overcome radioresistance and reduce side‐effects of radiation. The uniform MnSe2 encapsulated lipid effectively achieves tumor accumulation. Octadecyl gallate on surface of MnSe2 forming pH‐responsive metal–phenolic covalent realizes rapid degradation in TME. The released Mn2+ promotes radiosensitivity by generating reactive oxygen species induced by Fenton‐like reaction and activating cGAS‐STING pathway. Spontaneously, selenium strengthens immune response by promoting secretion of cytokines and increasing white blood cells, and performs antioxidant activity to reduce side‐effects of radiotherapy. Overall, this multifunctional remedy which is responsive to TME is capable of providing radiosensitivity by cGAS‐STING pathway‐mediated immunostimulation and chemodynamic therapy, and radioprotection of normal tissues, is highlighted here to optimize ESCC treatment.
Extreme Thermal Insulation and Tradeoff of Thermal Transport Mechanisms between Graphene and WS2 Monolayers
Authors: Zhang Ruiling , Gan Lin , Zhang Danyang , Sun Hao , Li Yongzhuo , Ning Cun‐Zheng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractControlling and understanding the heat flow at a nanometer scale are challenging, but important for fundamental science and applications. Two‐dimensional (2D) layered materials provide perhaps the ultimate solution for meeting these challenges. While there have been reports of low thermal conductivities (several mW m−1 K−1) across the 2D heterostructures, phonon‐dominant thermal transport remains strong due to the nearly‐ideal contact between the layers. Here, this work experimentally explores the heat transport mechanisms by increasing the interlayer distance from perfect contact to a few nanometers and demonstrates that the phonon‐dominated thermal conductivity across the WS2/graphene interface decreases further with the increasing interlayer distance until the air‐dominated thermal conductivity increases again. This work finds that the resulting tradeoff of the two heat conduction mechanisms leads to the existence of a minimum thermal conductivity at 2.11 nm of 1.41 × 10−5 W m−1 K−1, which is two thousandths of the smallest value reported previously. This work provides an effective methodology for engineering thermal insulation structures and understanding heat transport at the ultimate small scales.
Rational Design of New Conjugated Polymers with Main Chain Chirality for Efficient Optoelectronic Devices: Carbo[6]Helicene and Indacenodithiophene Copolymers as Model Compounds
Authors: Gedeon Clement , Del Rio Natalia , Furlan Francesco , Taddeucci Andrea , Vanthuyne Nicolas , Gregoriou Vasilis G. , Fuchter Matthew J. , Siligardi Giuliano , Gasparini Nicola , Crassous Jeanne , Chochos Christos L. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe unique properties of conjugated polymers (CPs) in various optoelectronic applications are mainly attributed to their different self‐assembly processes and superstructures. Various methods are utilized to tune and control CP structure and properties with less attention paid to the use of chirality. CPs with main chain chirality are rare and their microscopic and macroscopic properties are still unknown. In this work, the first experimental results are provided along these lines by synthesizing a series of racemic and enantiopure CPs containing statistical and alternating carbo[6]helicene and indacenodithiophene moieties and evaluating their microscopic (optical, energy levels) and macroscopic properties (hole mobilities, photovoltaic performance). It is demonstrated that a small statistical insertion of either the racemic or enantiopure helicene into the polymer backbone finely tunes the microscopic and macroscopic properties as a function of the statistical content. The microscopic properties of the enantiopure versus the racemic polymers with the same helicene loading remain similar. On the contrary, the macroscopic properties, and more interestingly those between the two enantiomeric forms, are altered as a function of the statistical content. Once incorporated into a solar cell device, these chiral CPs display better performance in their enantiopure versus racemic forms.