bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variation analysis of β3‐adrenergic receptor and melanocortin‐4 receptor genes in childhood obesity
Authors: KINOSHITA TOMOE , HANAKI KEIICHI , NAGAISHI JUN‐ICHI , KAWASHIMA YUKI , ADACHI KAORI , NANBA EIJI , KANZAKI SUSUMU 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Decreased energy expenditure and increased food intake are principal causes for obesity. In the present study, genotypes of β3‐adrenergic receptor (β3AR) and of melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R), both of which are believed to have a close link to the cause of obesity, were analyzed and compared with phenotypes of childhood obesity.Methods: Thirty‐five obese children with moderate to severe obesity were enrolled. Direct sequencing of the MC4R coding region and pinpoint‐polymerase chain reaction were used to detect genomic variation in the β3AR gene using peripheral blood‐derived DNA.Results: Allele frequency of Trp64Arg variation in the β3AR gene in the obese subjects was 0.16, which is comparable with that in the healthy general population in eastern Asia. Comparison of phenotypical characteristics did not show a significant difference between Trp/Trp and Trp/Arg subjects. It was notable that body height SD was significantly higher in the Trp/Trp than the Trp/Arg subjects (0.93 ± 1.0 SD vs 0.07 ± 1.3 SD, P= 0.03). Annual weight gains were far beyond a hypothetical fat gain in an Arg64 heterozygote with decreased energy consumption, suggesting increased food intake in childhood obesity. There was, however, no variation in the MC4R gene despite thorough sequencing of the entire coding region.Conclusions: The Trp64Arg variation in the β3AR gene has no relationship to the degree or the incidence of childhood obesity. The majority of childhood obesity can be characterized as tall stature, more rapid weight gain than that expected by decreased energy expenditure. Further investigation is necessary in regard to the increased food intake as a major cause of childhood obesity.
Do acid and bile reflux into the esophagus simultaneously? Temporal relationship between duodenogastro‐esophageal reflux and esophageal pH
Authors: OREL ROK , VIDMAR GAJ 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackground: Duodenogastro‐esophageal reflux (DGER) is an important factor in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis. Animal studies have demonstrated that the injurious effect of duodenal juice components depends on pH. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the temporal relationship between DGER and esophageal pH.Methods: Seventy‐six children with symptoms of gastro‐esophageal reflux disease (27 without, 31 with mild, 18 with severe esophagitis) underwent 24 h simultaneous esophageal pH and bilirubin monitoring with Bilitec 2000. The recordings were analyzed for (i) pH at the beginning of DGER episodes; (ii) relative duration of DGER in eight defined pH intervals of 1 pH unit; and (iii) differences in relative duration of DGER between the three groups of children.Results: DGER episodes most frequently began at pH between 6 and 7. DGER was present in the esophagus across the spectrum of esophageal pH, with the biggest relative duration between pH 3 and 5. However, in children without esophagitis relative duration of DGER was longest between pH 5 and 6, in children with mild esophagitis between pH 4 and 5, while in those with severe esophagitis it was between pH 2 and 4 (P < 0.001).Conclusions: DGER appears across the whole esophageal pH spectrum. The more severe the esophagitis, the lower the pH at which DGER occurs, resulting in simultaneous damaging effects of acid and duodenal juice components.
Mother with post‐partum group B Streptococcus meningitis and cerebellar abscess
Authors: Ghani Nur Azurah Abdul , Jaafar Rohana , Ishak Shareena , Zainuddin Ani Amelia , Mukari Shahizon Azura Mohamed , Mahdy Zaleha Abdullah 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe report the case of a 25‐year‐old Malay woman, admitted for preterm delivery at 35 weeks' gestation. Vaginal swab did not isolate any organism. She delivered a baby girl who developed respiratory distress syndrome, requiring ventilation. Although chest radiograph showed hyaline membrane disease with pneumonia, septic workout was negative. The mother was discharged on the next day. Seven days postpartum, the mother presented with fever and fits and was diagnosed to have meningo‐encephalitis. Lumbar puncture isolated group B Streptococcus (GBS) and MRI revealed a superior cerebellar abscess. She was treated and survived the episode. This case illustrates the uncommon situation where GBS infection was confirmed via maternal septic workout rather than neonatal, although both presented with severe disease.
Increasing Social Mobility: An Effective Policy to Reduce Health Inequalities
Authors: Bartley Mel , Plewis Ian 
Published: April 2007

SummaryData from the Office for National Statistics Longitudinal Study are used to investigate the effect of mobility between occupationally defined social classes between 1991 and 2001 on health inequality in men and women. Logistic regression models related movement into more or less advantaged employment conditions to limiting long-term illness in 2001, controlling for social class in 1991 and 2001. When class in 1991 was controlled (‘class of origin’) those who moved into more advantaged social classes were least likely and those moving into less advantaged classes most likely to report a limiting illness. However, when social class in 2001 (‘class of destination’) was controlled, those moving from less to more advantaged positions were most likely to report limiting illness. The same patterns were seen in women. This means that social mobility did not increase the extent of health inequality over the time period that was observed, but rather served to constrain or dilute it. The results are interpreted in terms of an accumulation model of health inequality, and the policy implications are discussed.
Fourier Representation of Quadratic Friction
Authors: Inoue Ryuichiro , Garrett Chris 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
If a current is composed of a number of constituents with different frequencies, then quadratic friction may be analyzed at the same frequencies. The ratios of the constituents of the friction differ from the ratios for the current itself, with a classic result being that for unidirectional flow a very weak current constituent experiences proportionately 50% more friction than a strong constituent. Here, exact results for the magnitude of the friction constituents are derived and confirmed numerically. The results are applied to the tidal currents in Juan de Fuca Strait and the Strait of Georgia, showing that minor constituents experience proportionately more friction than the main constituent by an amount that varies spatially but is typically less than the classic result of 50%. For two-dimensional currents it is shown that, if there are two current constituents with the same ellipticity and major axis direction, the friction coefficients are separable functions of the current constituent ratio and the ellipticity. Some results are derived for two constituents with different ellipticity and major axis direction. For the case of two constituents with rectilinear but misaligned currents, each constituent experiences friction inclined at an angle to its current. Last, the effect of a tidal current on the bottom friction experienced by a steady flow is investigated for arbitrary relative magnitudes and directions of the tide and steady flow. In particular, the inclination of the mean friction to the mean flow is quantified.
Wind-Generated Power Input to the Deep Ocean: An Estimate Using a 1/10° General Circulation Model
Authors: von Storch Jin-Song , Sasaki Hideharu , Marotzke Jochem 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Recent studies on the wind-generated power input to the geostrophic and nongeostrophic ocean circulation components have used expressions derived from Ekman dynamics. The present work extends and unifies previous studies by deriving an expression from the kinetic energy budget of the upper layer based on the primitive equations. Using this expression, the wind-generated power available to the deep ocean is estimated from an integration with the 1/10° ocean general circulation model of the Earth Simulator Center. The result shows that the total power generated by the wind at the sea surface is about 3.8 TW. About 30% of this power (1.1 TW) is passed through a surface layer of about 110-m thickness to the ocean beneath. Approximating the wind-generated power to the deep ocean using Ekman dynamics produces two large errors of opposite signs, which cancel each other to a large extent.
Three-Dimensionally Ordered Macroporous (3DOM) Materials of Spinel-Type Mixed Iron Oxides. Synthesis, Structural Characterization, and Formation Mechanism of Inverse Opals with a Skeleton Structure
Authors: Sadakane Masahiro , Takahashi Chigusa , Kato Nobuyasu , Ogihara Hitoshi , Nodasaka Yoshinobu , Doi Yoshihiro , Hinatsu Yukio , Ueda Wataru 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
Three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3DOM) materials of spinel-type MFe2O4 (M = Zn, Ni, ZnxNi1−x (x = 0.2–0.8), and Co) mixed iron oxides were prepared in excellent yields by using a colloidal crystal templating method. Mixed metal nitrates were dissolved in an ethylene glycol (EG)–methanol mixed solvent and penetrated into the void of the colloidal crystal template of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) spheres. During the calcination process, the mixed metal nitrates reacted with ethylene glycol and converted into mixed metal glyoxylate derivatives in the voids of the colloidal crystals before the polymer sphere was removed. After removing the sphere template and converting the mixed metal glyoxylates into the mixed metal oxides, the well-ordered 3DOM materials of the desired spinel-type mixed metal oxides with a skeleton structure were obtained. The preparation procedure was analyzed on the basis of TG-DTA, XRD, SEM, TEM, elemental analysis, and BET surface area determination, and the formation mechanism was clarified. After the PMMA templates were removed, an amorphous 3DOM material with a shell structure was obtained. Crystallization of the amorphous material to the spinel-type mixed metal oxides by further calcination changed the morphology of the 3DOM material from the shell structure to a skeleton structure.
Ultrasonic Relaxation Associated with Inclusion Complex of Drugs and β-Cyclodextrin
Authors: Nishikawa Sadakatsu , Kondo Minako , Kamimura Eri , Xing Shaoyong 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The dynamic interactions between β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) (host) and salicylic acid (guest) at pH ≈6 and ≈3 and between β-CD and benzoic acid (guest) at pH ≈6 were investigated in aqueous solutions in terms of ultrasonic absorption in the frequency range from 0.8 to 95 MHz. A single relaxational absorption was found when the host and the guest were coexisting in water. Ultrasonic relaxation parameters were determined as a function of the guest concentration. From the concentration dependence of the parameters, the cause of the relaxation was attributed to a perturbation of an equilibrium associated with an inclusion complex formed by the host and the guest. The forward and backward rate constants, the equilibrium constants and the standard volume changes for the host–guest complexation reaction were determined from the acid concentration dependences of the relaxation frequency and the maximum absorption per wavelength. The results were compared with those in solution containing aspirin and β-CD. It was found that the substituent effect on the rate and thermodynamic parameters was not remarkable in the dissociated forms of the ortho-substituted benzoic acid. However, the charge effect on a carboxylic group on the parameters was determined to contribute significantly to stability of the complexes formed by the acids and β-CD and to the rate constants for the departure of the acids from β-CD cavity.
When the cables leave, the interfaces arrive: Immaterial networks and material interfaces
Authors: Beloff Laura 
Published: April 2007

The last decade has seen the dawn of a technological development towards a wireless-networked world. Various mobile interfaces have started to appear like laptop computer, PDA, mobile phone, Blueberry. The zenith of this development is the full distribution of computation and networks
into every aspect of our life. Everything will become an interface, from a cup to a shirt. Wireless networks and multifarious interfaces will blend invisibly into our everyday life and environment. This emerging infrastructure and its significant impact on our life provide new conditions for
artistic practice.
What kind of artworks and art forms are emerging from this situation? How does this technological development reflect on artistic practice? The ideas from the late 1960s and early 1970s art theory about immateriality seem to be a promising starting point. They are relevant
to contemporary artists working with digital technologies. These artists are employing a new set of forms and media, which are increasingly immaterial. The nature of art and objects, how we relate to and read them, has changed. This paper is an investigation into immateriality versus materiality
mainly focusing on mobile art. It looks at the situation from the viewpoint of an artist a maker and thinker of things and objects. The text is divided into four sections. The first section introduces few cases, which have been concerned about immateriality in art from the recent 40 years
of art history. The second section talks about artistic practices, which focus on mobile art and mobile technologies. The third section is about transformation of objects, and the text ends with an assumption about the role of the artist.
Tl-based superconducting films prepared by aerosol spray deposition and thallinated in an open system
Authors: Matkovičová Zuzana , Štrbík Vladimír , Plesch Gustav , Valeriánová Michaela , Dujavová Agáta 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSuperconducting Tl-based films were prepared on a LaAlO3 single crystal substrate. Spray pyrolysis of Ba, Ca and Cu nitrate solutions was used for deposition of the precursor films. They were subsequently ex-situ thallinated in flowing oxygen (open system). While the superconducting Tl-2212 phase formed at an annealing temperature of 880°C, thallination at 900°C led to the formation of a Tl-2223 /Tl-2212 mixture. The amount of Tl-2223 increased with prolonged thallination, whereas the Tl-2212 phase progressively disappeared. Films prepared in such a manner were c-oriented and contained only low amounts of non-superconducting impurities. The resulting samples were characterized by XRD and SEM and their T C values were determined by resistive four-point measurements. They showed critical temperatures in the range of T ON = 125–135 K, T C0 = 91–93 K. Differences between the composition and properties of the obtained films and those thallinated in closed systems under 50 kPa of oxygen are discussed in this paper. Results show that the Tl-2212 → Tl-2223 transformation proceeds at a slower rate under flowing oxygen than in a closed system.
Beliefs about the meaning and measurement of intelligence: a cross‐cultural comparison of American, British and Malaysian undergraduates
Authors: Swami Viren , Furnham Adrian , Maakip Ismail , Ahmad Mohd Sharani , Nawi Nurul Hudani Mohd , Voo Peter S. K. , Christopher Andrew N. , Garwood Jeanette 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examined lay beliefs about intelligence cross‐culturally using a questionnaire based on an expert summary of what is known about intelligence. Two hundred and thirty five university undergraduates in Malaysia, 347 undergraduates in Britain and 137 undergraduates in the US rated for agreement 30 items about the nature, measurement, between‐group differences and practical importance of intelligence. An exploratory factor analysis revealed three factors: (1) stability, reliability and validity of intelligence tests; (2) practical importance of intelligence and (3) source and stability of within‐group intelligence. While the overall factor structure did not vary a great deal between groups, there were significant cross‐cultural differences on the mean scores for Factors 1–3. Explanations for cross‐cultural differences in implicit theories of intelligences are considered, and limitations of the study discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Beyond Silica: Nonoxidic Mesostructured Materials
Authors: Kanatzidis M. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractRecent advances in the design and synthesis of mesostructured and mesoporous materials with nonoxide frameworks are reviewed. Chalcogenides comprise the most important class, and all possible pore arrangements known for silica can be achieved in these materials. The special molecular chemistry that leads to organized nonoxidic mesostructures that have a variety of compositions, pore sizes, and semiconductor bandgaps is presented. Also reviewed are recent developments in mesoporous elements, such as metals and germanium. The goal in research on mesoporous semiconductors is to create materials scaffolds with new physical phenomena that derive from the combined characteristics of long‐range porosity and electronic and optical properties.
Contiguous deletion of the NDP, MAOA, MAOB, and EFHC2 genes in a patient with Norrie disease, severe psychomotor retardation and myoclonic epilepsy
Authors: Rodriguez‐Revenga L. , Madrigal I. , Alkhalidi L.S. , Armengol L. , González E. , Badenas C. , Estivill X. , Milà M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNorrie disease (ND) is an X‐linked disorder, inherited as a recessive trait that, therefore, mostly affects males. The gene responsible for ND, called NDP, maps to the short arm of chromosome X (Xp11.4‐p11.3). We report here an atypical case of ND, consisting of a patient harboring a large submicroscopic deletion affecting not only the NDP gene but also the MAOA, MAOB, and EFHC2 genes. Microarray comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) analysis showed that 11 consecutive bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clones, mapping around the NDP gene, were deleted. These clones span a region of about 1 Mb on Xp11.3. The deletion was ascertained by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis with different BAC clones located within the region. Clinical features of the proband include bilateral retinal detachment, microcephaly, severe psychomotor retardation without verbal language skills acquired, and epilepsy. The identification and molecular characterization of this case reinforces the idea of a new contiguous gene syndrome that would explain the complex phenotype shared by atypical ND patients. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
On the spectrum of limb‐body wall complex, exstrophy of the cloaca, and urorectal septum malformation sequence
Authors: Heyroth‐Griffis Cristin A. , Weaver David D. , Faught Philip , Bellus Gary A. , Torres‐Martinez Wilfredo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe limb‐body wall complex (LBWC) is characterized by abdominal wall and limb defects, exstrophy of the cloaca (EC) by lack of closure of the lower abdominal wall and lack of cloacal septation, and the urorectal septum malformation sequence (URSMS) by absent perineal and anal openings, ambiguous genitalia, colonic, and renal anomalies. We report here on three fetuses whom have overlapping features of these disorders. Also we have reviewed the literature for cases with overlapping features of two or three of the above conditions. From the description of the cases reported on here and those in the literature, we propose that the overlap of features found among LBWC, EC, and URSMS represent a continuous spectrum of abnormalities, rather than three separate conditions. As such, we suggest that all three conditions may share a common etiology or pathogenetic mechanism. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Morphology and mechanical properties of ABS blends prepared from emulsion‐polymerized PB‐g‐SAN impact modifier with AIBN as initiator
Authors: Zhang N. , Bao X. X. , Tan Z. Y. , Sun S. L. , Zhou C. , Yang H. D. , Zhang H. X. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA series of PB‐g‐SAN impact modifiers (polybutadiene particles grafted by styrene and acrylonitrile) are synthesized by seed emulsion copolymerization initiated by oil‐soluble initiator, azobisiobutyronitrile (AIBN). The ABS blends are obtained by mixing SAN resin with PB‐g‐SAN impact modifiers. The mechanical behavior and the phase morphology of ABS blends are investigated. The graft degree (GD) and grafting efficiency (GE) are investigated, and the high GD shows that AIBN has a fine initiating ability in emulsion grafting of PB‐g‐SAN impact modifiers. The morphology of the rubber particles is observed by the transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The TEM photograph shows that the PB‐g‐SAN impact modifier initiated by AIBN is more likely to form subinclusion inside the rubber particles. The dynamic mechanical analysis on ABS blends shows that the subinclusion inside the rubber phase strongly influences the Tg, maximum tan δ, and the storage modulus of the rubber phase. The mechanical test indicates that the ABS blends, which have the small and uniform subinclusions dispersed in the rubber particles, have the maximum impact strength. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Age‐specific association of steroid hormone pathway gene polymorphisms with breast cancer risk
Authors: Ralph David A. , Zhao Lue Ping , Aston Christopher E. , Manjeshwar Sharmila , Pugh Thomas W. , DeFreese Daniele C. , Gramling Bobby A. , Shimasaki Craig D. , Jupe Eldon R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDBreast cancer (BC) is a complex disease, and the incidence rates for BC increase with age. Both environmental factors and genetics have an impact on the risk of BC. Although the effects of environmental factors may vary with age, it has been assumed generally that the penetrance of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) is constant throughout life. In the current study, the results demonstrated that certain SNPs exhibit BC risk associations that vary considerably with age.METHODSSNPs in 12 steroid hormone pathway genes were investigated for associations with BC risk in white women who were enrolled in an age‐matched, case‐control (1:2 for cases and controls, respectively) study that consisted of a discovery set (n = 5000 women) and an independent validation set (n = 1583 women).RESULTSSignificant age‐related trends were identified and confirmed for SNPs in 4 genes associated with BC risk. The cytosine/cytosine (C/C) genotype of cytochrome P450 XIB2 (CYP11B2) was associated with decreased risk at younger ages (ages 30–44 years) but an increased risk at older ages (ages 55–69 years). The homozygous cytosine‐guanine (CG/CG) genotype of uridine phosphorylase glycosyltransferase 1A7 (UGT1A7) was associated with increased risk at younger ages but decreased risk at older ages. Associations in cytochrome P450 19 (CYP19) and progesterone receptor (PGR) were confined to middle age (ages 45–54 years).CONCLUSIONSThe identification of age‐specific genetic associations may have profound implications for future etiologic studies of BC and for the use of SNP genotyping to accurately predict the risk of BC in women. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.