bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Killing and the Principle of Double Effect
Authors: Van Den Beld A. 
Published: February 2009

When we raise the question of whether the pleasures of the human body are as valuable as those of the human mind — whether, for example, pushpin is as good as poetry — it is quite possible that people will disagree on their answers. But we would also expect most people to agree with the assertion that the death of a human being would generally be a bad thing; whilst his continuing to live would be a good thing. Furthermore, we would expect most people to concede immediately that the death of five human beings is a worse evil than the death of one single individual: all other things being equal, I hasten to add. It seems to follow now, on the basis of this commonly held view, that saving the lives of five people, who would be doomed to a certain death without an intervention on the part of another, would be morally right, if not praiseworthy, even if the action which is necessary to save those five lives would also entail the death of another person. To liven up the proceedings, if you will pardon the expression in this context, let me put to you this specific case:organs distributed. In that case, there would be one dead but five saved.’
The Function of the Immanent Trinity in the Theology of Karl Barth: Implications for Today
Authors: Molnar Paul D. 
Published: February 2009

Many modern theologians, including Jürgen Moltmann, Wolfhart Pannenberg and Eberhard Jüngel have been influenced by Karl Barth; they also accept Karl Rahner's axiom that the immanent and economic trinity is identical. By accepting this axiom, however, they actually stand opposed to Barth's most basic theological insight, namely, that ‘a deliberate and sharp distinction between the Trinity of God as we may know it in the Word of God revealed, written and proclaimed, and God's immanent Trinity, i.e., between “God in Himself” and “God for us,” between the “eternal history of God and His temporal acts,”’ must be maintained in order to avoid confusing and reversing the role of Creator in relation to creature both theoretically and practically. This article will explore Barth's reasons for neither identifying, separating nor synthesizing the immanent and economic trinity; and will contrast his method with more recent theological approaches. We hope to show that the contemporary tendency to identify the immanent and economic trinity uncritically compromises God's freedom. Barth was concerned that Moltmann had subsumed ‘all theology in eschatology’:To put it pointedly, does your theology of hope really differ at all from the baptizedprincipleof hope of Mr Bloch? What disturbs me is that for you theology becomes so much a matter of principle (an eschatological principle).…Would it not be wise to accept the doctrine of the immanent trinity of God? Barth hoped that Moltmann would ‘outgrow’ this ‘onesidedness’.
The Importance of Theology for Church and Society
Authors: Lochman Jan Milič 
Published: February 2009

The times seem to have passed when one could give without JL hesitation a positive answer to the question concerning the meaning of theology for church and society. The traditionally privileged status of theology in European culture had become problematical. In Eastern Europe this has occurred in a direct and frontal ideologically intensified way. However, in Western Europe it has been rather indirect and concealed, but of perhaps even greater consequence in light of the discrepancy between the still existing privileges of ecclesiastical institutions and the in reality largely secularised cultural climate. For many contemporaries theology has become a curious, if not dubious, matter. One is somewhat justified in speaking of the ‘end ofthe protected season for theologians’.But is this ‘end of the protected season’ simply to be identified with the ‘end of theology’? Some tend to this conclusion—even among theologians. I would reject this conclusion, however, and not as the result of a dogmatic prejudice, but out of the personally felt and ecumenically reflected experience of an Eastern European theologian. The hour when the church and its theology lost some of their privileges has proved in no way to be the end, but rather the beginning of a new, certainly narrow, but more credible path, which in the long run might be perhaps even more efficient in view of our role in church and society. We should not overlook this experience—it is valid, mutatis mutandis, also for other situations. The end of the ‘protected season’ need not be only troublesome, but can at the same time be an opportunity: an opportunity for a new credibility.
The Creeds of A.D. 325 Antioch, Caesarea, Nicaea
Authors: Pollard T. Evan 
Published: February 2009

The Letter of the Synod of Antioch contained in a Syriac MS. of the eighth or ninth century (Codex Parisinus Syriacus 62), to which Edward Schwartz first drew attention in 1905, has thrown light on the period immediately preceding the Council of Nicaea and on the proceedings of the Council itself. After much initial controversy, mainly between Schwartz and von Harnack, this document is now generally accepted as authentic.The Synod of Antioch, of which nothing was hitherto known, appears to have assembled in order to settle the difficulties which had arisen in the Church at Antioch after the death of Bishop Philogonius (ca. A.D. 322), one of three Bishops whom Arius described as ‘unlearned heretics’; Eustathius, Bishop of Beroea, was appointed to fill the vacancy. The Synod was attended by at least fifty-nine bishops from Syria and Palestine, forty-nine of whom also attended the Council of Nicaea a few months later.
Laymanship
Authors: Mole John 
Published: February 2009

The following sketch on the role of the laity (a) in the Church (b) in the world is the result of study by a group of laymen. During the course of the study four questions arose: (1) what is the meaning of ‘laity’? (2) what is the place of the laity in the Church? (3) what is the meaning of Ministry? (4) what is the ministry of the laity? In seeking to formulate a lay self-consciousness, especially vis-à-vis the Ministry, we answered these questions as summarised here and came to the general conclusion that laity and ministry are correlative and polar forces in the life of the whole people of God. The laity is ministered to in the Church by the clergy, and then becomes the ministry to the world. Let us examine these four questions.(a) I Peter 2.9 (‘But you are a chosen race, a royal priesthood, a holy nation, God's own people …’) affords the most pregnant description of the term laity. Admittedly there is a note of lyricism in the turn of phrase, yet the sense of what the laos is gains rather than loses thereby. The meaning is enriched if one approaches the sentence liturgically rather than homiletically. No doubt the laos is a ‘chosen race’ by election and covenant, a ‘royal priesthood’ through its mediatorial position, a ‘holy nation’ set among the nations of this sinful world (a meaty text indeed for any preacher!).
Divine Revelation and Human Imagination: Must we Choose Between the Two?
Authors: McCormack Bruce L. 
Published: February 2009

Gazing about himself at the theological landscape in 1967, Gordon Kaufman observed,… the historical situation has changed and with it the theological task. The great critical questions posed by liberalism and humanism …—questions which could be more or less ignored or overlooked during the crises of recent decades — have come into view once again and are demanding attention. Most notable of all in this respect is the central conception on which the whole theological program rests, the problem of ‘God’, What do we mean by ‘God’? Is this notion intelligible at all to ‘modern man’ or does it depend on outgrown mythological patterns of thought?Kaufman was not alone in the 1960's in sensing a change in the theological situation. Schubert Ogden saw it as symptomatic of an overall, cultural change. Langdon Gilkey pointed to the rise of the radical ‘God is dead’ theologies as indicative of the truly new element in the present situation: ‘This upheaval, this radical questioning of the foundations of religious affirmation and so of the theological language reflective of it, is now taking place within and not outside of the Church.’ In other words, the meaningfulness of religious language, so long taken for granted while neo-orthodoxy held sway, was now problematic, not just outside the Church, but within as well.
New Testament Eschatology
Authors: Barrett C. K. 
Published: February 2009

The ministry of Jesus is represented by the evangelists as itself an eschatological event. This presentation involved them (writing as they did from thirty to seventy years after the event) in paradox, but the paradox is of the essence of their faith.It is a primary feature of the gospels that the story of Jesus is set forth as the fulfilment of OT prophecy. This is sometimes done in the crudest and most artificial manner, as for example when Jeremiah's picture of Rachel weeping for her children (Jer. 31.14 (38.15)) is applied to the massacre of the innocents (Matt. 2.17 f). Sometimes again the appeal to the OT is made in general terms without citation of a particular passage (e.g. Mark 14.21 ). The passion narratives in particular are marked by OT references and allusions, but the whole ministry is introduced by Mark (1.15) with the proclamation, πεπλ⋯ρωται ⋯ καιρóς, and the καιρóς in question is evidently the time foretold (or currently believed to have been foretold) by the prophets. That which in the past they had longed to see and hear, and had not seen and heard, was now before men, visible and audible: blessed indeed were those who could see and hear (Matt. 13.16 f; Luke 10.23 f).
Political Theology and Social Ethics: The Socialist Humanism of Karl Barth
Authors: Bettis Joseph 
Published: February 2009

Thirteen years ago Will Herberg described the work and influence of Karl Barth in the following way:Karl Barth is, beyond all doubt, the master theologian of our age. Wherever, in the past generation, men have reflected deeply on the ultimate problems of life and faith, they have done so in a way that bears the unmistakable mark of the intellectual revolution let loose by this Swiss thinker in the years immediately following the first world war…. If any man has ever put his sign on the thinking of his time, it is Karl Barth, the father of the ‘dialectical theology’.
The Human Perspective
Authors: Clifford Paul Rowntree 
Published: February 2009

How far can we claim to know anything for what it actually is? Or, to put the question another way, how far is our so-called knowledge relative to the specifically human perspective? The problem was succinctly put by Fr Paul Verghese in an essay he contributed to the symposium on Technology and Social Justice:Our present universe is constituted by our sense-equipment, and by the ancillary equipment which we have been able to make for ourselves by technology. Change our sense-equipment and brain-structure, and we will have a different universe. Look at the paranoid or the psychedelic. Is the universe of his experience the same as ours? And which is the true one? For our equipment ours is true, for his, his is true. And if all were paranoid or psychedelic, we would have a totally different universe. … The bee has its world, the spider and the bat have each its own, depending upon die particular perception system of each. Change our sense-equipment—this world disappears and another one takes its place.
Data envelopment analysis approaches for solving the multiresponse problem in the Taguchi method
Authors: Al-Refaie Abbas , Wu Tai-Hsi , Li Ming-Hsien 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis research proposes a procedure for solving the multiresponse problem in the Taguchi method utilizing two data envelopment analysis (DEA) approaches, including comparisons of efficiency between different systems (CEBDS) and bilateral comparisons. In this procedure, each experiment in Taguchi's orthogonal array (OA) is treated as a decision-making unit (DMU) with the multiresponses as the inputs and outputs for all DMUs. For each factor of OA, the DMUs are divided into groups, each at the same factor level. Then, DMU's efficiency is separately evaluated by the CEBDS approach and the bilateral comparisons approach for each factor. The level efficiency, or the average of the efficiencies obtained by the CEBDS and the bilateral comparisons approaches for that factor level, is then used to determine the optimal factor levels for multiresponses. Three case studies are provided for illustration; in all, the proposed procedure provides the largest total anticipated improvements. Hence, it should be considered the most effective among all approaches applied in the case studies, including principal component analysis, DEA-based ranking approach, and others. In addition, the proposed procedure is more effective and requires less computational effort when the DMU's efficiency is evaluated by the bilateral comparisons approach instead of the CEBDS approach. In conclusion, the proposed procedure will provide great assistance to practitioners for solving the multiresponse problems in manufacturing applications on the Taguchi method.
A web-based software system for dynamic gene cluster comparison across multiple genomes
Authors: Revanna Kashi Vishwanath , Krishnakumar Vivek , Dong Qunfeng 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Summary: Investigating the conservation of gene clusters across multiple genomes has become a standard practice in the era of comparative genomics. However, all existing software and databases rely heavily on pre-computation to identify homologous genes by genome-wide comparisons. Such pre-computing strategies lack accuracy and updating the data is computationally intensive. Since most molecular biologists are often interested only in a small cluster of genes, catering to this need, we have developed a web-based software system that allows users to upload a list of genes, perform dynamic search against the genomes of their choices and interactively visualize the gene cluster conservation using a novel multi-genome browser. Our approach avoids expensive genome-wide pre-computing and allows users to dynamically change the search criteria to fit their genes of interest. Our system can be customized for any genome sequences. We have applied it to both prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes to illustrate its usability.
Availability: Our software is freely available at http://cgcv.cgb.indiana.edu/cgi-bin/index.cgi.
Contact: dongq@indiana.edu
Phytochrome A Mediates Rapid Red Light–Induced Phosphorylation ofArabidopsisFAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 in a Low Fluence Response
Authors: Shen Yunping , Zhou Zhenzhen , Feng Suhua , Li Jigang , Tan-Wilson Anna , Qu Li-Jia , Wang Haiyang , Deng Xing Wang 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPhytochrome A (phyA) is the primary photoreceptor for mediating the far-red high irradiance response in Arabidopsis thaliana. FAR-RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYL1 (FHY1) and its homolog FHY1-LIKE (FHL) define two positive regulators in the phyA signaling pathway. These two proteins have been reported to be essential for light-regulated phyA nuclear accumulation through direct physical interaction with phyA. Here, we report that FHY1 protein is phosphorylated rapidly after exposure to red light. Subsequent exposure to far-red light after the red light pulse reverses FHY1 phosphorylation. Such a phenomenon represents a classical red/far-red reversible low fluence response. The phosphorylation of FHY1 depends on functioning phyA but not on other phytochromes and cryptochromes. Furthermore, we demonstrate that FHY1 and FHL directly interact with phyA by bimolecular fluorescence complementation and that both FHY1 and FHL interact more stably with the Pr form of phyA in Arabidopsis seedlings by coimmunoprecipitation. Finally, in vitro kinase assays confirmed that a recombinant phyA is able to robustly phosphorylate FHY1. Together, our results suggest that phyA may differentially regulate FHY1 and FHL activity through direct physical interaction and red/far-red light reversible phosphorylation to fine-tune their degradation rates and resulting light responses.
Effects of moderate acute isovolaemic haemodilution on myocardial function in patients undergoing coronary surgery under volatile inhalational anaesthesia
Authors: De Hert S. G. , Cromheecke S. , Lorsomradee S. , Van der Linden P. J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryWhen myocardial oxygen demand is increased by elevated heart rate in patients undergoing coronary artery surgery under total intravenous anaesthesia, acute isovolaemic haemodilution may be associated with a deterioration of cardiac function. We investigated the effects of acute isovolaemic haemodilution during volatile inhalational anaesthesia. Forty patients undergoing coronary surgery were randomly assigned to two groups according to the rate of atrioventricular pacing (Group 70 at 70.min−1 and Group 90 at 90.min−1). While paced at the fixed heart rate, acute isovolaemic haemodilution was performed before the start of cardiopulmonary bypass. In both groups mean (SD) stroke volume increased with haemodilution (from 65 (9) to 83 (10) ml.min−1 (p < 0.01) in Group 70 and from 65 (9) to 81 (9) ml.min−1 (p < 0.01) in Group 90) as a result of a decrease in systemic vascular resistance (from 1175 (231) to 869 (164) dynes.s.cm−5 (p < 0.01) and from 1060 (185) to 849 (146) dynes.s.cm−5 (p < 0.01), respectively) and an increase in end‐diastolic volume (from 1049 (234) to 1405 (211) ml (p < 0.01) and from 1078 (106) to 1438 (246) ml (p < 0.01), respectively). Left ventricular pressure‐derived data remained unchanged with acute isovolaemic haemodilution in both groups.
A retrospective study of anaesthetic caseload of Specialist Registrars following the introduction of new working patterns in the Wessex region*
Authors: Al‐Rawi S. , Spargo P. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThe impact of implementing the European Working Time Directive (EWTD) and the consequent reduction in hours of work has led to concerns about training. This retrospective study compared total caseload, obstetric caseload, out‐of‐hours caseload and supervision levels of trainee anaesthetists in one region of the UK (Wessex) before and after the implementation of EWTD compliant rotas. Anaesthetic trainee logbooks submitted at the annual Record of In‐Training Assessment were compared between the years 1999 and 2006. The logbook data was divided into two groups, group A (13‐h shift) and group B (24‐h on‐call rota). There was no difference in total caseload, obstetric caseload or supervision. Out‐of‐hours caseload was greater in group A (p < 0.01).
Caseinolytic protease: a protein vaccine which could elicit serotype-independent protection against invasive pneumococcal infection
Authors: Cao J , Li D , Gong Y , Yin N , Chen T , Wong C K , Xu W , Luo J , Zhang X , Lam C W K , Yin Y 
Published: February 2009

Summary
Invasive pneumococcal diseases incur significant mortality, morbidity and economic costs. The most effective strategy currently available to reduce the burden of these diseases is vaccination. In this study, we evaluated the protective efficacy of immunizing mice with caseinolytic protease (ClpP) protein antigen whose gene sequences were shown to be highly conserved in different strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae in an invasive-disease model (intraperitoneal infection model), and protection against invasive challenge with 12 different serotypes of S. pneumoniae was assessed in two murine strains. Our findings demonstrated that active immunization with ClpP and passive immunization with antibodies specific for ClpP could elicit serotype-independent protection effectively against invasive pneumococcal infection. Therefore, to our knowledge, this study is the first report that immunization with single pneumococcal ClpP protein antigen could protect against such broad-range pneumococal strains, which thus supports the development of ClpP as a human penumococcal vaccine.
Local ecological impacts of regional biodiversity on reef fish assemblages
Authors: González‐Cabello Alonso , Bellwood David R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAim  We examined comparative data for cryptobenthic reef fishes to determine how variation in regional species richness relates to local species richness, abundance, and taxonomic and trophic composition, and to test whether systems with higher species richness exhibit finer habitat partitioning.Locations  Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef (GBR), Australia; Bahía de Loreto, Gulf of California (GoC), Mexico.Methods  Cryptobenthic reef fish assemblages from four habitats (coral heads, rubble, and horizontal and vertical surfaces of boulders) were collected using clove oil. Differences in density, species richness and biomass were examined between regions and among habitats. Habitat associations were identified for each habitat/location based on multivariate ordination, and the statistical significance of patterns was tested using analysis of similarity (ANOSIM). In addition, the trophic group composition of the assemblages for both regions was examined.Results  A total of 91 species in 20 families were recorded (GBR, 66 species; GoC, 25 species). Total and habitat species richness were higher on the GBR, whereas biomass was higher in the GoC. No difference in fish density between regions was found. Habitat division among assemblages was greater in the depauperate GoC. Only coral head associations proved to be distinctive on the GBR, whereas three sample groups were found in the GoC (coral heads, horizontal boulders and vertical boulders/rubble). Trophic composition in the two regions was markedly different, with omnivores dominating the GBR fauna and planktivores the GoC.Main conclusions  A positive regional–local relationship in fish diversity was found between regions, but fish abundance in both regions remained similar. Contrary to expectations, habitat partitioning, at a community level, was greater in the depauperate GoC. Differences in trophic composition and patterns of habitat use appear to reflect the disparate history of the regions, whereas patterns of abundance may reflect the influence of fundamental relationships between size and abundance in communities. This study highlights the potential of reef faunas to conform to universal numerical trends while maintaining an ability to respond ecologically to local/evolutionary influences. The GoC fauna appears to be exceptionally vulnerable to natural and anthropogenic disturbance owing to the high numerical dominance of habitat‐specific species and to the limited potential for functional redundancy within the system.