bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The pectase activity of apples
Authors: Pollard A. , Kieser Margaret E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the pectin‐demethylating enzyme system in apple tissue and the level of activity compared with that in some other fruits. The apple varieties tested show considerable differences in their pectase content. The enzyme shows a maximum activity at pH 6–6: over the pH range of the fruit the activity is much lower, but the enzyme can still produce appreciable effects. Methods for the extraction and concentration of the enzyme are described. The concentrated enzyme preparations are readily inactivated by normal pasteurizing temperatures (68–70°c.), but in juices the enzyme shows a much greater stability. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the production of apple juice and pectin.
Liver meal as a riboflavin supplement for breeding hens
Authors: Brown W. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe present communication draws attention to the commercial significance of an adequate supply of riboflavin in the diet of the breeding hen. The results of an experiment carried out on a commercial breeding farm are reported, in which the basal ration contained 10% of herring meal. The replacement of half the herring meal by dried liver meal is shown to increase hatchability by 16·5%, and reduce the incidence of the specific riboflavin deficiency symptom of ‘clubbed’ down in dead embryos from 5·9 to 0·8%. These results are discussed in relation to recent experiments on factors, other than riboflavin, found to be essential for hatchability. Reference is made to the riboflavin supplements used in commercial breeders' rations available in Northern Ireland at the present time.
The constitution of karakin
Authors: Carter C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe formula of the glycoside karakin, which occurs in karaka nuts (Corynocarpus laevigata), was previously reported as C20H30O19N4. It has now been corrected to C15H21O15N3, confirming the analysis of Carrie. Diacetylkarakin, C19H25O17N3, has been prepared in a crystalline form, confirming the revised formula for karakin. It is now shown that the probable formula for the glycoside is 1:4: 6‐tris‐(β‐nitropropionyl) D‐glucopyranose.
Smoke generators for the dispersion of pesticides
Authors: Marke D. J. B. , Lilly C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of self‐sustained gas‐producing reactions of such materials as ammonium nitrate, guanidine nitrate, and nitroguanidine, with various sensitizers, for the dispersion of benzene hexachloride and other pesticides is described. The optimum mixtures of gas‐producing component, sensitizer, and pesticide to give easy initiation, complete propagation, and high volatilization‐efficiency have been investigated.A laboratory method for the biological assessment of the smoke deposits is given. The particle size, persistence, and settling time of these deposits, their distribution over horizontal, inverted horizontal, and vertical surfaces, and the relative toxicity of different types of surface have been studied.The design for manufacture of smoke generators based on these principles is discussed.
The amino‐acids present in the protein of the apple fruit
Authors: Hulme A. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo protein‐containing fractions are obtained from an alkaline phosphate extract of the pulp of young Bramley's Seedling apple fruits and their amino‐acid constitution determined, after hydrolysis, by means of filter‐paper chromatography.It is shown that the two protein fractions contain the same twelve amino‐acids but that aspartic acid is absent from one of the fractions. This fraction does, however, contain an additional acid which has not been identified but which appears, from its position on a two‐dimensional chromatogram, to be a basic acid.
The fatty acids and glycerides of castor oil
Authors: Gupta S. S. , Hilditch T. P. , Riley J. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oils from 19 specimens of castor seed grown in widely different parts of Africa, America and Asia have been studied in detail‥. The seeds from different locations varied greatly in size (individual seeds weighing on the average from 0.13 to 0.74 g.), but the ratio of shell to kernel and the oil contents of the seeds did not, for the most part, differ materially. The component acids of nearly all the oils were remarkably similar. Of the total fatty acids, ricinoleic formed from 91.4 to 94.9%; of the minor component acids, linoleic was the most abundant (4.5–5%) and saturated acids (made up of about 40% palmitic and 60% stearic) amounted to somewhat over 1% as a rule. Oleic acid was present in extremely small proportions. The natural 9: 10‐dihydroxystearic acid (m.p. 141° c.) formed 0.7–1.0% of the total acids. The glyceride structure of a typical castor oil was studied. No mono‐ricinoleo‐glycerides could be detected, the oil being a mixture of triricinolein and glycerides with two ricinoleic and one other acyl group. The triricinolein content of a castor oil, on this basis, might, however, be anywhere between 73 and 85% according to the proportion (91–95%) of ricinoleic acid in the total fatty acids of the oil.
Studies on commercial octamethylpyrophosphoramide (Schradan). I.—Composition and analysis
Authors: Hartley G. S. , Heath D. F. , Hulme J. M. , Pound D. W. , Whittaker Mary 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method has been worked out for determining the full composition of commercial octamethylpyrophosphoramide. It is shown that perdimethylamides of higher polyphosphoric acids are present, principally triphosphoric acid penta(dimethylamide), which is a valuable insecticide, in addition to the pyroamide and the trisdimethylamide of orthophosphoric acid. The properties of the various compounds as far as they affect analysis and stability are described, and some facts about their interconversion on heating are recorded.
Chromogenesis in stored carrots
Authors: Booth V. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFreshly harvested carrots were stored at about 6°c. in a closed tin box. Loss of weight and mould growth were negligible. From time to time tiny cylinders were removed from each carrot and total fat‐soluble pigment was extracted and estimated colorimetrically. This pigment increased during storage. The increase, which was unrelated to variety, age or initial pigmentation, reached a maximum of 11% ±3.3 in about 60 days and declined thereafter. The carotenol (‘xanthophyll’) fraction increased much more than the carotene fraction. No evidence was found for the conversion of any carotenoid pigment into a deeper one and the conclusion is reached that a colourless substance is converted into a coloured one.
Karaya gum: Physico‐chemical properties with particular reference to the effect of dry grinding
Authors: Money R. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAnalytical, viscometric and pH data were determined for two samples of karaya gum (Indian and West African), and the effect of dry grinding on the viscometric properties and on particle size was studied. The analytical data were in agreement with those published previously and were not affected by grinding; the pH changes on the addition of alkali indicated either the presence of free acidic groups, or of esterified acidic groups. The pH value had a marked effect on the degree of dispersion of the gums in water, and the viscosity‐pH curves showed pronounced maxima, but at different pH values for the two gums. The electro‐viscous effect became significant only at extreme dilution, and it was possible to apply the concentration‐viscosity equations of Wissler to the aqueous solutions of the gums; these showed that the effect of grinding for various periods was to produce a series analogous to a homologous series. The changes in particle size produced by grinding are presented.
The enzymic production of acid in honey
Authors: Cocker L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn enzyme system producing acid in honey has been demonstrated. Examination of the acids removed by an anion‐exchange resin supports the findings of Nelson & Mottern (1931) that citric and malic acids are not responsible for the greater part of the acidity of honey, and evidence of the presence of keto‐acids has been obtained.A field test in which sugar syrup was fed to bees having no other food supply indicates that acid‐producing enzymes are introduced into the syrup by the bees.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. II.—‐Esterification of the chrysanthemic acids
Authors: Harper S. H. , Reed H. W. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEsterification of (±)‐cis‐ and (±)trans‐chrysanthemic acids in methanolic sulphuric acid gives the expected methyl chrysanthemates together with methyl δ‐methoxydihydro‐chrysanthemates. Normal esterification of the carboxyl group is accompanied, in part, by acid‐catalysed addition of methanol to the ethylenic bond of the isobutenyl group. Methyl (±)‐cis‐δ‐methoxydihydrochrysanthemate is also formed on methanolysis of (±)‐cis‐dihydro‐chrysanthemo‐δ‐lactone.Ozonization of the methyl chrysanthemates, followed by hydrogenolysis of the ozonides, gives methyl (±)‐cis‐ and (±)‐trans‐3‐formyl‐2: 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐I‐carboxylates in low yield. The (±)‐trans‐aldehydo‐ester is also obtained, though also in low yield, by Rosenmund reduction of (±)‐trans‐3‐carbomethoxy‐2: 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐I‐carbonyl chloride and by Raney‐nickel hydrogenolysis of ethyl (±)‐trans‐3‐carbomethoxy‐2: 2‐dimethylcyclopropane‐I‐carbothiolate, both prepared from (±)trans‐caronic acid.
Studies on linseed oil. I.—The unsaturated fatty acids of some New Zealand linseed oils
Authors: Edwards W. G. H. , Robb A. J. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the oils from three varieties of New Zealand‐grown linseed have been determined and compared with that of a sample of Indian linseed oil. Some observations on the separation of the component fatty acids are reported.
Contamination caused to sacked decorticated groundnuts by direct spraying with aqueous suspensions of BHC and DDT
Authors: Hayward L. A. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSacked decorticated groundnuts stored in open‐air commercial stacks at Kano, N. Nigeria, were sprayed with aqueous suspensions of BHC and DDT at dosages more than twice those used in practice. Six months later surface bags were removed and oil was pressed from the nuts in a local mill. The amount of insecticide retained by the oil and by the cake was determined. From these figures the net contamination for whole 750‐ton stacks was calculated and shown to be within the limits permitted in the U.K.
South african fish products. XXXII.—The rock lobster: A study of chitin production from processing wastes
Authors: Blumberg R. , Southall C. L. , Van Rensburg N. J. , Volckman O. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe possibility of producing chitin from the large quantity of rock‐lobster waste which is available in South Africa has been investigated. A study of the distribution of chitin in the rock lobster has shown that over 80% of the total chitin present is concentrated in the tail shell, dorsal body shell and legs. Tail shell has been found to be the most suitable starting‐material for chitin production, and the details of a satisfactory procedure, involving successive extractions with sodium hydroxide solution and hydrochloric acid, have been worked out. Alkali and acid liquors are recycled for further use. A high‐quality chitin product containing 92–96% chitin on a dry basis and less than 2% ash has been obtained by this method.
The value of whale‐liver meal and whale‐meat meal as sources of the vitamin‐B complex in the ration of farm animals
Authors: Pritchard H. , Wraige D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhale‐meat and ‐liver meals, long used in animal feeding‐stuffs as protein‐source, also contain B vitamins.Samples representing 1950–51 season's production of two British whaling companies operating from Great Britain have been examined for six members of the vitamin‐B complex by microbiological methods. The results, compared with those obtained on other feeding stuffs and with published figures, indicate that whale‐meat meal is similar to ordinary meat meal, but whale‐liver meal is very rich in these factors.Examination of animal requirements indicates that both products would make a substantial contribution to the daily vitamin‐B needs of farm stock.
Manufacture of algal chemicals. IV—Laboratory‐scale isolation of fucoidin from brown marine algae
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Dewar E. T. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMethods for the extraction and isolation of fucoidin from the common brown algae indigenous to Great Britain have been worked out on the laboratory scale, with a view to the ultimate development of a process suitable for large‐scale production. Extraction involves treatment of the weed with hydrochloric acid at 70° for one hour at pH 2.0–2.5. The crude fucoidin is isolated by fractional precipitation with alcohol, and purified by treatment with formaldehyde.
The occurrence of methylated carbohydrates and rhamnose as components of soil polysaccharides
Authors: Duff Robert B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA complex of polysaccharides and humic substances has been extracted from various soils.Somewhat impure syrupy fractions have been obtained by partition chromatography of the hydrolysate on a cellulose column, and the methoxyl content of these fractions approximated to that required for a monomethyl hexose.Demethylation and examination of the products on the paper chromatogram indicated that the products were hexoses, probably galactose and glucose.A rich soil contained a total of about 0.006% of the syrupy methylated fraction. The demonstration of the presence of methylated sugars in soil indicates a wider distribution of these substances than hitherto supposed.The soil polysaccharide hydrolysate also appeared to contain L‐rhamnose, and a rich soil contained about 0.006% of this fraction.
The changes occurring in whalemeat during storage in the frozen state
Authors: Sharp J. G. , Smith G. Howard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was made of the changes that occurred in frozen whalemeat during storage at — 10%. A rancid flavour developed in meat which was exposed to air. The taint was found to be restricted to a thin surface‐layer and to be caused by oxidation of the highly unsaturated fat. No rancidity was detectable in meat from the interior of blocks after storage for 22 months or in the surface of meat which had been encased in ice for 10 months. Of several wrapping materials tested, only polyvinylidene chloride film gave any marked protection to the meat. The results indicated that the rate and extent of oxidation were dependent on the degree to which the exposed surfaces of the frozen meat had become dehydrated through sublimation of the constituent ice.
The nutritional evaluation of protein concentrates obtained from the alkali digestion of herrings
Authors: Carpenter K. J. , Duckworth J. , Ellinger G. M. , Shrimpton D. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProtein concentrates obtained as by‐products from the alkali‐reduction treatment of herrings have been analysed for some important vitamins and amino‐acids, and also tested as supplements to basic cereal rations for poultry. All the products showed considerable destruction of riboflavin and pantothenic acid in the process, but those prepared by the ‘mild’ treatment have a gross protein value of 75% of that for conventional fish meals. This may be explained by the destruction of much of the cystine in the herrings during the reduction process. When a ‘mild process’ alkali‐reduction meal replaced white‐fish meal in growing and laying rations of the ‘regulation’ type used in the U.K. there was no decline in growth or egg‐production. The meal had no tainting effect on either the meat or the eggs produced in these experiments.
The mode of action of 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxy‐acetic acid and 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid
Authors: Woodford E. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen used as a herbicide 2 : 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) is more toxic than 2‐methyl‐4‐chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) to many plant species. In bio‐assay tests based on the stimulation of cell elongation MCPA is often more active than 2,4‐D.The way in which these chemicals cause the death of whole plants is not understood. An examination of existing information concerning retention, penetration, transport and toxicity at site of action suggests that the different effects of 2,4‐D and MCPA may be associated with differences in transport and persistence within the plant.The physiological and biochemical effects of 2,4‐D have been studied in more detail than those of MCPA, but as yet there is insufficient information on either substance to indicate the nature or the magnitude of the differences in toxicity at the site of action.
Connective tissue of meat: I.—separation and determination
Authors: Lampitt L. H. , Baker L. C. , Brown K. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe principles of the available methods for determining collagen and elastin (as a measure of the connective tissue) in meat have been examined. It has been shown that O‐IN‐NaOH is a more satisfactory reagent than either O‐IN‐ or O‐OIN‐HCl for leaching muscle tissue from connective tissue. When preparations of connective tissue dissected from shin of beef were treated in a blender or macerator with the extracting liquid o‐OIN‐HCl tended to dissolve collagen. Furthermore, the dissolution of muscle tissue by O‐IN‐ and O‐OIN‐HCl was less complete than by O‐IN‐NaOH. When the method of Lowry, Gilligan & Katersky (1941) was modified by disintegrating a 10‐g. sample of chopped meat in a blender, replicate determinations of collagen in one sample of meat generally agreed to within ± 10%.
A rapid copper acetate method for the determination of the base‐exchange capacity of soils
Authors: Cornfield A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid method for determining the base‐exchange capacity of soils is described, using a cupric acetate‐acetic acid reagent. The method is applicable to unsaturated and calcareous soils; it gives results very similar to those obtained by the ammonium acetate method, and takes only a fraction of the time.
Determination of fumigants. XXII—photometric determination of brominated‐hydrocarbon fumigants as inorganic bromide
Authors: Wade Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA photometric procedure based on the reaction between bromides and sodium gold chloride has been developed as another means of determining the bromide formed in the determination of fumigants, such as methyl bromide, and ethylene dibromide, by catalytic oxidation of the gas and its subsequent absorption in an alkaline solution containing hydrogen peroxide. The method is applicable to solutions containing 0.1–4.0 mg. of inorganic bromide in a volume of 8 ml. Extinctions are measured by means of a Spekker photoelectric absorptiometer. Results obtained in a series of experiments with ethylene dibromide are given, and compared with a similar series in which the bromide formed was determined by potentiometric titration with silver nitrate.
Nitrogenous extractives from fresh haddock muscle: Fractionation with ion‐exchange resins
Authors: Shewan J. M. , Fletcher L. I. , Partridge S. M. , Brimley R. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn aqueous‐alcoholic extract of fresh haddock muscle has been fractionated by displacement chromatography using ion‐exchange resins. Twenty‐five amino‐acids and nitrogenous bases have been identified and two of them, trimethylamine oxide and anserine, have been isolated in 5–10 g. quantity.
Chromatographic separation of the pyrethrins
Authors: Lord K. A. , Ward J. , Cornelius J. A. , Jarvis Mary W. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract‘Pyrethrins’ I and II have been separated on both alumina and silica columns. On alumina columns there is some evidence of the separation of the cinerins from the pyrethrins.Material separated in this way has been used to elucidate separations obtained by chromatography of pyrethrum extracts on paper impregnated with alumina and by paper chromatography of 2: 4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine derivatives of the ‘pyrethrins.’.
Some effects of procaine penicillin and of certain vitamin supplements on food consumption and live‐weight gain of pigs
Authors: Robinson K. L. , Coey W. E. , Burnett G. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments are described in which condensed fish solubles, vitamin B12 concentrates, a riboflavin concentrate and procaine penicillin were fed to pigs. No responses were obtained which could be attributed to vitamin B12 or to riboflavin, but live‐weight gains, food consumption and efficiency of food utilization were increased by procaine penicillin. The effect of the antibiotic on live‐weight increase was highly significant both with all‐vegetable diets and with diets containing animal protein, over the range 40‐100 lb. live weight, when fed to pigs which had a pre‐experimental all‐vegetable ration and which were scouring at the outset.
Search for organic fungicides : Chemical constitution and fungicidal activity
Authors: Sen A. B. , Joshi K. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a number of compounds likely to possess fungicidal activity has been described by the authors in the earlier papers of this series (Sen & Joshi, 1948, 1949, 1951a, b). This paper incorporates the results of an investigation of the fungicidal action of 55 of those compounds on the fungus Aspergillus niger employing the agar‐growth technique. The results have been reviewed with the idea of correlating chemical constitution and fungicidal activity in the light of theories put forward by various authors from time to time. As expected, most of the compounds tested have been found to be considerably toxic to the fungus. Interesting results have been obtained with aryloxy‐fatty acids, which stimulate growth at lower concentrations.
The properties of some urea‐formaldehyde materials in relation to their possible use as nitrogenous fertilizers
Authors: Owen O. , Winsor G. W. , Long M. I. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSamples of urea‐formaldehyde materials, prepared by various methods, have been tested in the laboratory with reference to their possible use as nitrogenous fertilizers. In particular the rate and extent of mineralization of the nitrogen of urea‐formaldehyde products in soil has been investigated in relation to the ratio of urea to formaldehyde initially present in the reaction mixture. The product from equal molar quantities of urea and formaldehyde is almost insoluble and inert in the soil, but the proportion of soluble and available nitrogenous constituents in these substances increases markedly with the urea/formaldehyde ratio of the reactants. Soil tests show that urea‐formaldehyde samples can be prepared which closely resemble natural products such as hoof and horn in their rate of decomposition in the soil. The high degree of availability of the nitrogen of these materials expected in view of their low carbon/nitrogen ratios has not, however, been observed in the present work, unless the water‐soluble nitrogen in the products was high. The form of the curves for mineralization of nitrogen in the soil is discussed in relation to the contents of free urea and water‐soluble nitrogenous constituents, and to the conditions of preparation of the samples.
The component acids and glycerides of refined neem (Melia Indica) oil
Authors: Gupta S. S. , Mitra C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe refined oil obtained after the successful removal of the bitter and odoriferous constituents of neem oil has been studied for its component acids and glycerides. Palmitic (16.2%), stearic (14.6%) and oleic (56.6%) acids were found to be the major component acids, with subordinate proportions of linoleic (9.0%) and arachidic (3.4%) and probable traces of myristic acid. The glyceride composition is in fair accordance with the ‘rule of even distribution’. The utility of the refined oil for soap‐making purposes and as a good source of technical oleine and stearine has been pointed out.