bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of intranasal inoculation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, Bordetella bronchiseptica, or a combination of both organisms in pigs
Authors: Brockmeier Susan L. , Palmer Mitchell V. , Bolin Steven R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To examine effects of co-infection with porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) andBordetella bronchisepticain pigs.Animals—Forty 3-week-old pigs.Procedure—30 pigs (10 pigs/group) were inoculated with PRRSV,B bronchiseptica, or both. Ten noninoculated pigs were control animals.Results—Clinical signs, febrile response, and decreased weight gain were most severe in the group inoculated with both organisms. The PRRSV was isolated from all pigs in both groups inoculated with virus. All pigs in both groups that received PRRSV had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with interstitial pneumonia.Bordetella bronchisepticawas cultured from all pigs in both groups inoculated with that bacterium. Colonization of anatomic sites byB bronchisepticawas comparable between both groups. Pigs in the group that received onlyB bronchisepticalacked gross or microscopic lung lesions, andB bronchisepticawas not isolated from lung tissue. In the group inoculated withB bronchisepticaand PRRSV, 3 of 5 pigs 10 days after inoculation and 5 of 5 pigs 21 days after inoculation had gross and microscopic lesions consistent with bacterial bronchopneumonia, andB bronchisepticawas isolated from the lungs of 7 of those 10 pigs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Clinical disease was exacerbated in co-infected pigs, including an increased febrile response, decreased weight gain, andB bronchiseptica-induced pneumonia.Bordetella bronchisepticaand PRRSV may circulate in a herd and cause subclinical infections. Therefore, co-infection with these organisms may cause clinical respiratory tract disease and leave pigs more susceptible to subsequent infection with opportunistic bacteria. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:892–899)
Comparison of Northern blot hybridization and a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction technique for measurement of mRNA expression of metalloproteinases and matrix components in articular cartilage and synovial membrane from horses with osteoarthritis
Authors: Fehr Joanne E. , Trotter Gayle W. , Oxford Julia T. , Hart David A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine relative amounts of mRNA expression of aggrecan, type-II collagen, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 1, and MMP3 in articular cartilage and synovial membrane samples from healthy equine joints and joints with osteoarthritis (OA) and to compare results of Northern blot hybridization with results of a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay.Sample Population—Articular cartilage samples from 8 pairs of joints (1 with OA and 1 healthy) from 6 horses and synovial membrane samples from 6 pairs of joints from 5 horses.Procedure—RNA was extracted from samples by use of a modified Trizol procedure. Northern blot hybridization and the RT-PCR assay were performed; results were quantitated by use of glyceraldehyde 3- phosphate dehydrogenase as an internal standard.Results—Articular cartilage samples from joints with mild or moderate OA yielded less total RNA than samples from joints with severe OA. Northern blot hybridization indicated that type-II collagen mRNA expression in articular cartilage samples from joints with OA was significantly greater than expression in samples from healthy joints. The RT-PCR assay identified low levels of MMP3 mRNA expression in 4 of 8 sets of articular cartilage samples and 4 of 6 sets of synovial membrane samples, whereas Northern blot hybridization identified MMP3 mRNA expression in only 1 of 6 sets of articular cartilage samples and 1 of 6 sets of synovial membrane samples.Conclusions—A RT-PCR assay is more sensitive than Northern blot hybridization for detection of MMP3 mRNA expression in articular cartilage and synovial membrane and requires smaller samples. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:900–905)
Comparison of the in vitro antiproliferative effects of five immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes in whole blood from cats
Authors: Kyles Andrew E. , Gregory Clare R. , Craigmill Arthur L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare the in vitro imMunosuppressive effects of cyclosporine and 4 novel immunosuppressive drugs on lymphocytes in whole blood collected from healthy cats.Sample Population—Whole blood samples collected from 10 healthy adult domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation in whole blood incubated with and without various concentrations of cyclosporine, tacrolimus, sirolimus, mycophenolic acid (MPA), or A771726 was measured by use of [3H]thymidine incorporation. Drug concentrations that resulted in a 50% inhibition of mitogen-induced proliferation (IC50) were calculated. Lymphocyte viability was determined by use of the trypan blue dye exclusion method.Results—An obvious dose-response relationship for the antiproliferative effects of each drug was detected. Mean IC50 determined with concanavalin A was 46 nMfor cyclosporine, 9 nMfor tacrolimus, 12 nMfor sirolimus, 16 nMfor MPA, and 30 mMfor A771726, whereas with pokeweed mitogen, mean IC50was 33 nMfor cyclosporine, 5 nMfor tacrolimus, 15 nMfor sirolimus, 14 nMfor mycophenolic acid, and 25 mMfor A771726. Mitogen-stimulated and nonstimulated lymphocytes remained viable, regardless of drug evaluated.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tacrolimus, sirolimus, MPA, and A771726 inhibited in vitro mitogen- stimulated proliferation of feline lymphocytes in a dose-dependent manner. These novel immunosuppressive drugs may be useful for management of immune-mediated inflamMatory diseases and prevention and treatment of rejection in cats that undergo organ transplantation. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 906–909)
Phagocytosis and killing of Staphylococcus aureus by bovine neutrophils after priming by tumor necrosis factor-α and the des-arginine derivative of C5a
Authors: Rainard Pascal , Riollet Céline , Poutrel Bernard , Paape Max J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To evaluate effects of proinflammatory mediators on phagocytosis and killing ofStaphylococcus aureus, the oxidative burst (OB), and expression of receptors for opsonins by bovine neutrophils.Sample Population—Neutrophils from 10 cattle.Procedure—Neutrophils were primed with recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) or the des-arginine derivative of bovine C5a (C5adesArg) and mixed withS aureus. Phagocytosis and OB were measured by use of flow cytometry. Rate of phagocytosis and intracellular killing were evaluated. Expression of receptors for immunoglobulins and the C3bi fragment of complement were estimated by use of flow cytometry.Results—Priming of neutrophils by TNF-α improved phagocytosis ofS aureuswith a concentrationdependent effect. Phagocytosis of preopsonized washed bacteria was increased by activation of neutrophils with C5adesArg. Phagocytosis was optimal when neutrophils primed with TNF-α were activated with C5adesArg. The OB of phagocytizing neutrophils was highest when TNF-α and C5adesArgwere used in combination. Bactericidal activity of neutrophils was stimulated by priming with TNF-α or C5adesArg. Binding of bovine IgM or IgG2to bovine neutrophils was not stimulated by TNF-α, C5adesArg, or both, and aggregated IgG1 did not bind to neutrophils regardless of their activation state. Both TNF-α and C5adesArgincreased expression of β2 integrins (CD18), with the highest expression when they were used in combination.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The mediators TNF-α and C5adesArgstimulated phagocytic killing by neutrophils and potentiated each other when used at suboptimal concentrations. Bovine neutrophils have enhanced bactericidal activities at inflammatory sites when TNF-α, C5adesArg, or both are produced locally. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:951–959)
Effects of exercise intensity and duration on plasma β-endorphin concentrations in horses
Authors: Mehl Margo L. , Schott Harold C. , Sarkar Dipak K. , Bayly Warwick M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the relationship between
plasma β-endorphin (EN) concentrations and exercise
intensity and duration in horses.

Animals—8 mares with a mean age of 6 years
(range, 3 to 13 years) and mean body weight of 450 kg.

Procedure—Horses were exercised for 20 minutes
at 60% of maximal oxygen consumption (O2max)
and to fatigue at 95% O2max. Plasma EN concentrations
were determined before exercise, after a 10-
minute warmup period, after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes
at 60% O2max or at the point of fatigue (95%
O2max), and at regular intervals after exercise.
Glucose concentrations were determined at the
same times EN concentrations were measured.
Plasma lactate concentration was measured 5 minutes
after exercise.

Results—Maximum EN values were recorded 0 to
45 minutes after horses completed each test.
Significant time and intensity effects on EN concentrations
were detected. Concentrations were significantly
higher following exercise at 95% O2max,
compared with those after 20 minutes of exercise at
60% O2max (605.2 ± 140.6 vs 312.3 ± 53.1 pg/ml).
Plasma EN concentration was not related to lactate
concentration and was significantly but weakly correlated
with glucose concentration for exercise at
both intensities (r = 0.21 and 0.30 for 60 and 95%
O2max, respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A critical
exercise threshold exists for EN concentration in
horses, which is 60% O2max or less and is related
to exercise intensity and duration. Even under conditions
of controlled exercise there may be considerable
differences in EN concentrations between
horses. This makes the value of comparing horses
on the basis of their EN concentration questionable.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:969–973)
Additional kinematic variables to describe differences in the trot between clinically normal dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia
Authors: Poy Nancy S. J. , DeCamp Charles E. , Bennett Russell L. , Hauptman Joe G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To describe the abnormal gait of dogs with hip dysplasia by use of kinematic gait analysis.Animals—19 large-breed dogs with moderate to severe clinical and radiographic evidence of hip dysplasia and 10 clinically normal dogs (controls).Procedure—Kinematic and force plate data were collected, and degree of coxofemoral joint abductionadduction, mediolateral foot movement, distance between hind feet, maximum hind foot elevation, mediolateral pelvic movement, and coxofemoral joint angular acceleration were calculated. Essential Fourier coefficients were determined and used to reconstruct mean angular acceleration curves. Fourier coefficients and foot and pelvic movement data were compared between groups.Results—Dogs with hip dysplasia had a greater degree of coxofemoral joint adduction and range of abduction-adduction and greater lateral pelvic movement, compared with controls. Foot movement variables did not differ significantly between groups. Coxofemoral joint angular acceleration was greater in the middle to end of the stance phase, whereas deceleration was greater in the late stance to early swing phase and middle to end of the swing phase in dogs with hip dysplasia, compared with controls.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences in degree of coxofemoral joint abduction-adduction, amount of mediolateral pelvic movement, and coxofemoral joint angular acceleration between clinically normal dogs and dogs with hip dysplasia may indicate a compensation in gait of affected dogs as a result of discomfort or biomechanical effects attributable to hip dysplasia and degenerative joint disease. Information gained from kinematic and kinetic gait analyses may be useful in evaluating treatments for hip dysplasia in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:974–978)
Effects of subclinical pregnancy toxemia on immune responses in sheep
Authors: Lacetera Nicola , Bernabucci Umberto , Ronchi Bruno , Nardone Alessandro 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effects of moderate
feed restriction, single or twin pregnancy, and subclinical
pregnancy toxemia (PT) on immune responses
of ewes.

Animals—16 Sardinian ewes.

Procedure—Six weeks before lambing, ewes were
assigned to 1 of 2 groups (n = 8/group) matched for
number of fetuses, body condition score, and plasma
glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and β-
hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) concentrations, and feed
intake was restricted for 1 of the groups. Cell-mediated
immunity was evaluated in vivo and in vitro.
Humoral immunity was evaluated in vivo by determining
production of IgG antibodies against keyhole
limpet hemocyanin (KLH).

Results—Four ewes developed subclinical PT (plasma
BHBA concentration > 0.86 mmol/L without any
clinical signs of disease). Whether feed was restricted
and type of pregnancy (single vs twin) did not have
any significant effects on cell-mediated and humoral
immune responses. Ewes with subclinical PT had significantly
lower in vitro proliferation of phytohemagglutinin-
stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear
cells and significantly lower values for KLH-specific
IgG than did healthy ewes. Plasma BHBA and NEFA
concentrations were negatively correlated with in
vitro proliferation of peripheral blood mononuclear
cells; plasma NEFA concentration was negatively correlated
with values for KLH-specific IgG.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that subclinical PT may be associated with impairments
in cell-mediated and humoral immune responses
in sheep. Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1020–1024)
Effects of ring diameter and wire tension on the axial biomechanics of four-ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs
Authors: Cross Alan R. , Lewis Daniel D. , Murphy Scott T. , Rigaud Steve , Madison John B. , Kehoe Martha M. , Rapoff Andrew J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine relative effects of ring diameter and wire tension on axial biomechanical properties of 4-ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs.Sample Population—4-ring circular external skeletal fixator constructs and artificial bone models.Procedure—4-ring constructs were assembled, using 50-, 66-, 84-, or 118-mm-diameter rings. Two 1.6-mm-diameter fixation wires were attached to opposing surfaces of each ring at intersection angles of 90o and placed through a gap-fracture bone model. Three examples of each construct were loaded in axial compression at 7 N/s to a maximum load of 400 N at each of 4 wire tensions (0, 30, 60, and 90 kg). Response variables were determined from resulting load-displacement curves (construct stiffness, load at 1 mm of displacement, displacement at 400 N).Results—Ring diameter and wire tension had a significant effect on all response variables and had a significant interaction for construct stiffness and displacement at 400 N. Significant differences within all response variables were seen among all 4 ring diameters and all 4 wire tensions. As ring diameter increased, effect of increasing wire tension on gap stiffness and gap displacement at 400 N decreased. Ring diameter had a greater effect than wire tension on all response variables.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although effects of wire tension decrease as ring diameter increases, placing tension on wires in larger ring constructs is important because these constructs are inherently less stiff. The differential contribution of ring diameter, wire tension, and their interactions must be considered when using circular external skeletal fixators. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1025–1030)
Evaluation of phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor-α in Kupffer cells of neonatal pigs
Authors: Akunda J. Kinyamu , Ahrens Franklin A. , Kramer Theodore T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the activity of Kupffer cells (KC) of control neonatal pigs and neonatal pigs treated with endotoxin and to compare activity of KC with that of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM).Sample Population—Kupffer cells and PAM obtained from 24 neonatal pigs (7 to 10 days old).Procedure—Pairs (n = 7) of littermates served as treated (lipopolysaccharide [LPS]) or untreated pigs. Pigs were euthanatized 24 hours after treatment, and cells were isolated. Cells were obtained from 10 other neonatal pigs for other assays. Functional activity of cells was evaluated by use of in vitro assays to evaluate bactericidal activity, phagocytosis, and production of superoxide anion (SOA), nitric oxide (NO), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Each assay was repeated on cells obtained from 4 to 6 pigs.Results—Phagocytic activity was similar in KC and PAM, but bactericidal activity and production of SOA and TNF-α was lower in KC. Neither KC nor PAM produced NO in response to LPS stimulation. Phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and production of SOA were enhanced for KC obtained from neonatal pigs treated with LPS. The PAM from LPS-treated neonatal pigs had similar bactericidal activity to PAM obtained from untreated pigs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Functional capacity of KC is affected by endotoxin. This provides additional information of the role the liver plays in immune surveillance. In addition, the response of KC in neonatal pigs exposed to endotoxin is of value for understanding gram-negative bacterial sepsis, which is a major cause of mortality in neonatal pigs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1040–1045)
Metabolic changes and induction of hepatic lipidosis during feed restriction in llamas
Authors: Tornquist Susan J. , Cebra Christopher K. , Van Saun Robert J. , Smith Bradford B. , Mattoon John S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine whether feed restriction induces hepatic lipidosis (HL) in llamas and to evaluate the metabolic changes that develop during feed restriction.Animals—8 healthy adult female llamas.Procedure—Llamas were fed grass hay at a rate of 0.25% of their body weight per day for 13 to 28 days. Llamas were monitored by use of clinical observation, serum biochemical analyses, and ultrasound-guided liver biopsies.Results—All 8 llamas lost weight and mobilized fat. Five llamas developed HL, including 4 that were nursing crias. During the period of feed restriction, mean serum concentration of bile acids and activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH), and γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) were significantly higher in llamas that developed HL, compared with llamas that did not. Mean insulin-to-cortisol concentration ratios were lower in llamas with HL before and up to 7 days of feed restriction, compared with those that did not develop HL.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—HL in llamas may be induced by severe feed restriction, particularly in the face of increased energy demand. Llamas with weight loss attributable to inadequate dietary intake may develop biochemical evidence of hepatopathy and HL. Increases in serum concentration of bile acids and activities of GGT, AST, and SDH may indicate the development of HL in llamas and identify affected animals for aggressive therapeutic intervention. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1081–1087)
Direct and indirect contact rates among beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds in three California counties, with reference to control of potential foot-and-mouth disease transmission
Authors: Bates Thomas W. , Thurmond Mark C. , Carpenter Tim E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To estimate direct and indirect contact rates on livestock facilities and distance traveled between herd contacts.Sample Population—320 beef, dairy, goat, sheep, and swine herds, 7 artificial insemination technicians, 6 hoof trimmers, 15 veterinarians, 4 sales yard owners, and 7 managers of livestock-related companies within a 3-county region of California.Procedure—A questionnaire was mailed to livestock producers, and personal and telephone interviews were conducted with individuals.Results—Mean monthly direct contact rates were 2.6, 1.6, and 2.0 for dairies with < 1,000, 1,000 to 1,999, and ≥ 2,000 cattle, respectively. Mean indirect contact rates on dairies ranged from 234 to 743 contacts/ mo and increased by 1 contact/mo as herd size increased by 4.3. Mean direct monthly contact rate for beef herds was 0.4. Distance traveled by personnel and vehicles during a 3-day period ranged from 58.4 to 210.4 km. Of livestock arriving at sales yards, 7% (500/7,072) came from ≥ 60 km away, and of those sold, 32% (1,180/3,721) were destined for a location ≥ 60 km away. Fifty-five percent (16/29) of owners of large beef herds observed deer or elk within 150 m of livestock at least once per month.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Direct and indirect contacts occur on livestock facilities located over a wide geographic area and at a higher frequency on larger facilities. Knowledge of contact rates may be useful for planning biosecurity programs at the herd, state, and national levels and for modeling transmission potential for foot-and-mouth disease virus. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1121–1129)
Effects of a bioactive glass on healing of closed skin wounds in dogs
Authors: Gillette Robert L. , Swaim Steven F. , Sartin Eva A. , Bradley Dino M. , Coolman Shindok L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of intraincisional bioactive glass on healing of sutured skin wounds in dogs.Animals—9 purpose-bred mature female Beagles.Procedure—3 small matched bilateral (treated vs control) full-thickness truncal skin incisions were made and sutured. Treated wounds received intraincisional particulate bioactive glass prior to closure. Laser Doppler perfusion imaging was used to assess percentage change in tissue perfusion 3 and 5 days after incision on 1 set of 2 matched wounds, and skin and subcutaneous tissue-cutaneous trunci breaking strength were assessed at 5 days. The other 2 sets of wounds were used for histologic evaluation at 5 and 21 days, respectively.Results—Subjective signs of gross inflammatory reaction were not detected in treated or control wounds. At 5 days, median subcutaneous tissuecutaneous trunci breaking strength was significantly higher in treated wounds than in control wounds (188.75 vs 75.00 g). At 5 days, median scores were significantly higher for neutrophils (1 vs 0), macrophages (2 vs 1), and necrosis (1 vs 0) for treated wounds than for control wounds. At 21 days, median macrophage scores were significantly higher for treated wounds than for control wounds (2 vs1).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Bioactive glass in soft tissues does not cause a gross inflammatory reaction but causes an increase in histologic signs of inflammation, which decreases with time. Bioactive glass has potential for increasing tissue strength. Increased subcutaneous breaking strength could be beneficial in treating wounds in which early healing strength is needed. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1149–1153)