bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms Identify the Highest-Risk Diabetes HLA Genotype
Authors: Barker Jennifer M. , Triolo Taylor M. , Aly Theresa A. , Baschal Erin E. , Babu Sunanda R. , Kretowski Adam , Rewers Marian J. , Eisenbarth George S. 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—People with the HLA genotype DRB1*0301-DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201/DRB1*04-DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 (DR3/4-DQ8) are at the highest risk of developing type 1 diabetes. We sought to find an inexpensive, rapid test to identify DR3/4-DQ8 subjects using two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—SNPs rs2040410 and rs7454108 were associated with DR3-DQB1*0201 and DR4-DQB1*0302. We correlated these SNPs with HLA genotypes and with publicly available data on 5,019 subjects from the Type 1 Diabetes Genetic Consortium (T1DGC). Additionally, we analyzed these SNPs in samples from 143 HLA-typed children who participated in the Diabetes Autoimmunity Study of the Young (DAISY) using Taqman probes (rs7454108) and restriction digest analysis (rs2040410).
RESULTS—With a simple combinatorial rule, the SNPs of interest identified the presence or absence of the DR3/4-DQ8 genotype. A wide variety of genotypes were tested for both SNPs. In T1DGC samples, the two SNPs were 98.5% (1,173 of 1,191) sensitive and 99.7% (3,815 of 3,828) specific for DR3/4-DQ8. In the DAISY population, the test was 100% (69 of 69) sensitive and 100% (74 of 74) specific. Overall, the sensitivity and specificity for the test were 98.57 and 99.67%, respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—A two-SNP screening test can identify the highest risk heterozygous genotype for type 1 diabetes in a time- and cost-effective manner.
Baseline Quality-of-Care Data From a Quality-Improvement Program Implemented by a Network of Diabetes Outpatient Clinics
Authors: Rossi Maria C.E. , Nicolucci Antonio , Arcangeli Adolfo , Cimino Antonino , De Bigontina Gualtiero , Giorda Carlo , Meloncelli Illidio , Pellegrini Fabio , Valentini Umberto , Vespasiani Giacomo ,   on behalf of the Associazione Medici Diabetologi (AMD) Annals Study Group
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—To describe patterns of diabetes care and implement benchmarking activities at the national level.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A total of 86 clinics participated, all using electronic medical records. Quality indicators were identified, and software was developed, enabling the extraction of the information needed for quality-of-care profiling.
RESULTS—Overall, 114,249 patients with type 2 diabetes were seen during 2004. A1C was measured at least once in 88.0% of the patients, lipid profile in 64.6%, blood pressure in 77.2%, and microalbuminuria in 48.1%. Overall, 43.1% of individuals had A1C ≤7.0%, 36.6% had blood pressure ≤130/85 mmHg, and 29.8% had LDL cholesterol &lt;100 mg/dl. Only 5.5% of the patients had achieved all the favorable outcomes. Wide between-center variation was documented for all indicators.
CONCLUSIONS—This study is the first step of a nationwide quality-improvement effort and documents the possibility of obtaining standardized information to be used for diabetes care profiling and benchmarking activities.
Association Between Maternal Diabetes in Utero and Age at Offspring's Diagnosis of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Pettitt David J. , Lawrence Jean M. , Beyer Jennifer , Hillier Teresa A. , Liese Angela D. , Mayer-Davis Beth , Loots Beth , Imperatore Giuseppina , Liu Lenna , Dolan Lawrence M. , Linder Barbara , Dabelea Dana 
Published: August 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to examine age of diabetes diagnosis in youth who have a parent with diabetes by diabetes type and whether the parent's diabetes was diagnosed before or after the youth's birth.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The cohort comprised SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study participants (diabetes diagnosis 2001–2005) with a diabetic parent. SEARCH is a multicenter survey of youth with diabetes diagnosed before age 20 years.
RESULTS—Youth with type 2 diabetes were more likely to have a parent with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes (mother 39.3%; father 21.2%) than youth with type 1 diabetes (5.3 and 6.7%, respectively, P &lt; 0.001 for each). Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed 1.68 years earlier among those exposed to diabetes in utero (n = 174) than among those whose mothers’ diabetes was diagnosed later (P = 0.018, controlled for maternal diagnosis age, paternal diabetes, sex, and race/ethnicity). Age at diagnosis of type 1 diabetes for 269 youth with and without in utero exposure did not differ significantly (difference 0.96 year, P = 0.403 after adjustment). Controlled for the father's age of diagnosis, father's diabetes before the child's birth was not associated with age at diagnosis (P = 0.078 for type 1 diabetes; P = 0.140 for type 2 diabetes).
CONCLUSIONS—Type 2 diabetes was diagnosed at younger ages among those exposed to hyperglycemia in utero. Among youth with type 1 diabetes, the effect of the intrauterine exposure was not significant when controlled for mother's age of diagnosis. This study helps explain why other studies have found higher age-specific rates of type 2 diabetes among offspring of women with diabetes.
The influence of the austenite dispersion on phase transformation during the austempering of ductile cast iron having a dual matrix structure
Authors: Erdogan Mehmet , Kilicli Volkan , Demir Bilge 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
In the present work, an unalloyed ductile cast iron containing 3.50 C wt.%, 2.63 Si wt.%, 0.318 Mn wt.% and 0.047 Mg wt.% was austempered for various times at both the conventional austenitizing temperature (single phase austenitic region) and the different intercritical austenitizing (partially austenitizing) temperature ranges to investigate the effect of parent austenite dispersion at the austenitizing temperature on the nature of austenite decomposition during austempering. A microstructure map was created to illustrate the transformation of products quantitatively as a function of austempering time for a particular austenitizing temperature and austempering time. It was concluded that in addition to proeutectoid and bainitic ferrite, the new ferrite (also called epitaxial ferrite) introduced into the partially austenitized structure during austempering and new ferrite formation and its content was dependent on the scale of the parent austenite dispersion at the austenitizing temperature, variation in austenitizing temperature and austempering time. The new ferrite formed only in the structure with coarse parent austenite dispersion.
Investigation of the relationship between work done during indentation and the hardness and Young's modulus obtained by indentation testing
Authors: Chen J. , Bull S. J. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
Existing indentation models (both analytical models and numerical analysis) show a linear relation between δr/δm and H/E
r, where δr and δm are the residual depth and maximum depth, and E
r and H are the reduced Young's modulus and hardness of the test material, respectively. However, in this paper it is shown that the relationship between δr/δm and H/E
r is actually nonlinear. Based on the analysis by Oliver and Pharr, a new relationship between δr/δm and H/E
r has been derived in different ways without any additional assumptions and verified by finite element analysis for a range of bulk materials. Further, with the aid of finite element simulations a new relationship between the irreversible work over total work and hardness over Young's modulus for materials with different work hardening behaviour has been derived which shows excellent agreement with experimental observations.
Influence of grain refinement and modification on dry sliding wear behavior of Al-12Si and Al-12Si-3Cu cast alloys
Authors: Basavakumar K. G. , Mukunda P. G. , Chakraborty M. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
The microstructures and dry sliding wear behavior of Al-12Si and Al-12Si-3Cu cast alloys were studied after various melt treatments such as grain refinement and modification. Results indicate that combined grain refined and modified Al-12Si-3Cu cast alloys have microstructures consisting of uniformly distributed α-Al grains, eutectic Al–Si and fine CuAl2 particles in the interdendritic region. These alloys exhibited better wear resistance in the cast condition compared with the same alloy subjected to only grain refinement or modification. The improved wear resistances of Al-12Si-3Cu cast alloys are related to the refinement of the aluminum grain size, uniform distribution of eutectic Al–Si and fine CuAl2 particles in the interdendritic region resulting from combined refinement and modification. This paper attempts to investigate the influence of the microstructural changes in the Al-12Si and Al-12Si-3Cu cast alloys by grain refinement, modification and combined action of both on the dry sliding wear behavior.
Evidence of Interfacial Charge Transfer upon UV‐Light Irradiation in Novel Titanium Oxide Gel
Authors: Cottineau Thomas , Brohan Luc , Pregelj Matej , Cevc Pavel , Richard‐Plouet Mireille , Arčon Denis 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report on the combined magnetization and electron paramagnetic resonance characterization of a novel Ti‐O organic–inorganic gel hybrid and the related electron–hole generation process upon UV illumination. We find that electrons are injected into the conduction band of the Ti‐O framework, photoreducing TiIV to TiIII. TiIII sites are mainly located on the surface, owing to the nanometric dimensions of the inorganic component. Surprisingly, the symmetry of the TiO6 octahedra depends on the level of illumination: in the lightly UV‐exposed samples TiIII is sited in the weakly distorted TiO6 octahedra to which methanoate groups are bonded, as suggested by electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) experiments. Extensive illumination causes structural rearrangements, leading to enhanced tetragonal TiO6 distortion and shifting the TiIII interaction towards the hydroxide groups or water. The results provide clear evidence for an interfacial charge transfer between the quantum‐size TiO lattice and coordinated species upon in situ and ex situ UV illumination at temperatures from room temperature to 5 K.
Wasserstoffspeicherung in mikroporösen metall‐organischen Gerüsten mit koordinativ ungesättigten Metallzentren
Authors: Dincă Mircea , Long Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMetall‐organische Gerüste sind wegen ihrer hohen Aufnahmekapazität bei tiefer Temperatur und der ausgezeichneten Reversibilitätskinetik interessant als mögliche Feststoffmaterialien zur Wasserstoffspeicherung. In den vergangenen Jahren hat man mehrere Methoden erforscht, um die Affinität dieser Materialien für Wasserstoff zu erhöhen, und die Bindung von H2 an ungesättigte Metallzentren ist eine der vielversprechendsten. Wir geben hier eine Übersicht über bisher entwickelte Synthesemethoden für Gerüste mit zugänglichen Metallzentren sowie über die entsprechenden Aufnahmekapazitäten für Wasserstoff und Bindungsenergien. Weiterhin werden die Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen zur Metall‐Wasserstoff‐Wechselwirkung in ausgewählten Materialien diskutiert.
Hydrogen Storage in Microporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Exposed Metal Sites
Authors: Dincă Mircea , Long Jeffrey R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractOwing to their high uptake capacity at low temperature and excellent reversibility kinetics, metal–organic frameworks have attracted considerable attention as potential solid‐state hydrogen storage materials. In the last few years, researchers have also identified several strategies for increasing the affinity of these materials towards hydrogen, among which the binding of H2 to unsaturated metal centers is one of the most promising. Herein, we review the synthetic approaches employed thus far for producing frameworks with exposed metal sites, and summarize the hydrogen uptake capacities and binding energies in these materials. In addition, results from experiments that were used to probe independently the metal–hydrogen interaction in selected materials will be discussed.
Raman study of in vivo synthesized Zn(II)‐metallothionein complexes: Structural insight into metal clusters and protein folding
Authors: Torreggiani Armida , Domènech Jordi , Atrian Sílvia , Capdevila Mercè , Tinti Anna 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMetallothioneins (MTs) are metal‐chelating peptides that play an active role in zinc homeostasis. The participation of metal ligands other than cysteines and the presence of secondary structure elements in metal‐MT complexes are fairly unknown, especially in nonvertebrate MTs. Here, four Zn(II) complexes of invertebrate MTs (mollusc, insect, nematode, and echinoderm) and the Zn(II)‐MT complex of the mammalian MT1 isoform, heterologously synthesized in E. coli, were studied by analytic and spectroscopic techniques. By Raman and circular dichroism spectroscopy, new structural informations were obtained. The five analyzed MT isoforms consist largely of β‐turns with the near exclusion of α‐helical segments. Raman spectroscopy was revealed as an useful tool, providing information about the state of the cysteine sulfur atoms (metal coordinated and oxidized), the participation of histidine in metal coordination, and the molecular environment of tyrosine residues. In all the five Zn(II)‐MT studied samples, acid‐labile sulfide anions were found as nonproteic ligands, since sulfide‐containing and sulfide‐devoid species coexisted in the corresponding preparations. Significantly, Raman bands useful as markers of sulfide bridging ligands were identified. Overall, this work illustrates how the combination of analytical and spectroscopic techniques can be a very informative approach for the analysis of in vivo‐synthesized metal‐MT complexes, providing new data on the metal binding behavior of MTs from the most diverse organisms. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 1114–1124, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
In vivo real‐time bioimaging of hyaluronic acid derivatives using quantum dots
Authors: Kim Jiseok , Kim Ki Su , Jiang Ge , Kang Hyungu , Kim Sungjee , Kim Byung‐Soo , Park Moon Hyang , Hahn Sei Kwang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe effect of chemical modification of hyaluronic acid (HA) on its distribution throughout the body was successfully visualized in nude mice through real‐time bioimaging using quantum dots (QDots). Adipic acid dihydrazide modified HA (HA‐ADH) was synthesized and conjugated with QDots having carboxyl terminal ligands activated with 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide and N‐hydroxysulfosuccinimide. The formation of HA‐QDot conjugates could be confirmed by gel permeation chromatography, fluorometry, transmission electron microscopy, and ζ‐size analysis. According to the real‐time bioimaging of HA‐QDot conjugates after subcutaneous injection to nude mice, the fluorescence of HA‐QDot conjugates with a near infrared wavelength of 800 nm could be detected up to 2 months, whereas that with an emission wavelength of 655 nm disappeared almost completely within 5 days. The results can be ascribed to the fact that near‐infrared light has a high penetration depth of about 5–6 cm in the body compared to that of about 7–10 mm for visible light. Thereby, using QDots with a near‐infrared emission wavelength of 800 nm, the distribution of HA‐QDot conjugates throughout the body was bioimaged in real‐time after their tail‐vein injection into nude mice. HA‐QDot conjugates with 35 mol% ADH content maintaining enough binding sites for HA receptors were mainly accumulated in the liver, while those with 68 mol% ADH content losing much of HA characteristics were evenly distributed to the tissues in the body. The results are well matched with the fact that HA receptors are abundantly present in the liver with a high specificity to HA molecules. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 1144–1153, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Polymorphism of the SOD1‐DNA aggregation species can be modulated by DNA
Authors: Jiang Wei , Zhang Bo , Yin Jun , Liu Liang , Wang Li , Liu Changlin 
Published: August 2008

AbstractProteinaceous aggregates rich in copper, zinc superoxide dismutase (SOD1) have been found in both in vivo and in vitro models. We have shown that double‐stranded DNA that acts as a template accelerates the in vitro formation of wild‐type SOD1 aggregates. Here, we examined the polymorphism of templated‐SOD1 aggregates generated in vitro upon association with DNA under different conditions. Electron microscopy imaging indicates that this polymorphism is capable of being manipulated by the shapes, structures, and doses of the DNAs tested. The nanometer‐ and micrometer‐scale aggregates formed under acidic conditions and under neutral conditions containing ascorbate fall into three classes: aggregate monomers, oligomeric aggregates, and macroaggregates. The aggregate monomers observed at given DNA doses exhibit a polymorphism that is markedly corresponded to the coiled shapes of linear DNA and structures of plasmid DNA. On the other hand, the regularly branched structures observed under both atomic force microscopy and optical microscope indicate that the DNAs tested are simultaneously condensed into a nanoparticle with a specific morphology during SOD1 aggregation, revealing that SOD1 aggregation and DNA condensation are two concurrent phenomena. The results might provide the basis of therapeutic approaches to suppress the formation of toxic protein oligomers or aggregates by screening the toxicity of the protein aggregates with various sizes and morphologies. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 89: 1154–1169, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Biomining with bacteriophage: Selectivity of displayed peptides for naturally occurring sphalerite and chalcopyrite
Authors: Curtis Susan B. , Hewitt Jeff , MacGillivray Ross T.A. , Dunbar W. Scott 
Published: August 2008

AbstractDuring mineral processing, concentrates of sulfide minerals of economic interest are formed by froth flotation of fine ore particles. The method works well but recovery and selectivity can be poor for ores with complex mineralogy. There is considerable interest in methods that improve the selectivity of this process while avoiding the high costs of using flotation chemicals. Here we show the first application of phage biotechnology to the processing of economically important minerals in ore slurries. A random heptapeptide library was screened for peptide sequences that bind selectively to the minerals sphalerite (ZnS) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2). After several rounds of enrichment, cloned phage containing the surface peptide loops KPLLMGS and QPKGPKQ bound specifically to sphalerite. Phage containing the peptide loop TPTTYKV bound to both sphalerite and chalcopyrite. By using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA), the phage was characterized as strong binders compared to wild‐type phage. Specificity of binding was confirmed by immunochemical visualization of phage bound to mineral particles but not to silica (a waste mineral) or pyrite. The current study focused primarily on the isolation of ZnS‐specific phage that could be utilized in the separation of sphalerite from silica. At mining sites where sphalerite and chalcopyrite are not found together in natural ores, the separation of sphalerite from silica would be an appropriate enrichment step. At mining sites where sphalerite and chalcopyrite do occur together, more specific phage would be required. This bacteriophage has the potential to be used in a more selective method of mineral separation and to be the basis for advanced methods of mineral processing. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 644–650. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neurite growth in 3D collagen gels with gradients of mechanical properties
Authors: Sundararaghavan Harini G. , Monteiro Gary A. , Firestein Bonnie L. , Shreiber David I. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe have designed and developed a microfluidic system to study the response of cells to controlled gradients of mechanical stiffness in 3D collagen gels. An ‘H’‐shaped, source–sink network was filled with a type I collagen solution, which self‐assembled into a fibrillar gel. A 1D gradient of genipin—a natural crosslinker that also causes collagen to fluoresce upon crosslinking—was generated in the cross‐channel through the 3D collagen gel to create a gradient of crosslinks and stiffness. The gradient of stiffness was observed via fluorescence. A separate, underlying channel in the microfluidic construct allowed the introduction of cells into the gradient. Neurites from chick dorsal root ganglia explants grew significantly longer down the gradient of stiffness than up the gradient and than in control gels not treated with genipin. No changes in cell adhesion, collagen fiber size, or density were observed following crosslinking with genipin, indicating that the primary effect of genipin was on the mechanical properties of the gel. These results demonstrate that (1) the microfluidic system can be used to study durotactic behavior of cells and (2) neurite growth can be directed and enhanced by a gradient of mechanical properties, with the goal of incorporating mechanical gradients into nerve and spinal cord regenerative therapies. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 632–643. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
AI‐2 biosynthesis module in a magnetic nanofactory alters bacterial response via localized synthesis and delivery
Authors: Fernandes Rohan , Bentley William E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractNanofactories are nano‐dimensioned and comprised of modules serving various functions that alter the response of targeted cells when deployed by locally synthesizing and delivering cargo to the surfaces of the targeted cells. In its basic form, a nanofactory consists of a minimum of two functional modules: a cell capture module and a synthesis module. In this work, magnetic nanofactories that alter the response of targeted bacteria by the localized synthesis and delivery of the “universal” bacterial quorum sensing signal molecule autoinducer AI‐2 are demonstrated. The magnetic nanofactories consist of a cell capture module (chitosan‐mag nanoparticles) and an AI‐2 biosynthesis module that contains both AI‐2 biosynthetic enzymes Pfs and LuxS on a fusion protein (His‐LuxS‐Pfs‐Tyr, HLPT) assembled together. HLPT is hypothesized to be more efficient than its constituent enzymes (used separately) at conversion of the substrate SAH to product AI‐2 on account of the proximity of the two enzymes within the fusion protein. HLPT is demonstrated to be more active than the constituent enzymes, Pfs and LuxS, over a wide range of experimental conditions. The magnetic nanofactories (containing bound HLPT) are also demonstrated to be more active than free, unbound HLPT. They are also shown to elicit an increased response in targeted Escherichia coli cells, due to the localized synthesis and delivery of AI‐2, when compared to the response produced by the addition of AI‐2 directly to the cells. Studies investigating the universality of AI‐2 and unraveling AI‐2 based quorum sensing in bacteria using magnetic nanofactories are envisioned. The prospects of using such multi‐modular nanofactories in developing the next generation of antimicrobials based on intercepting and interrupting quorum sensing based signaling are discussed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;102: 390–399. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.