bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Up‐regulation of dopamine D2L mRNA levels in the ventral tegmental area and dorsal striatum of amphetamine‐sensitized C57BL/6 mice: role of Cav1.3 L‐type Ca2+ channels
Authors: Giordano T. P. , Satpute S. S. , Striessnig J. , Kosofsky B. E. , Rajadhyaksha A. M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDopamine D2 long (D2L) and D2 short (D2S) isoforms of the D2 receptor play an important role in psychostimulant‐induced neuronal adaptations. In this study, we used quantitative real‐time PCR to specifically amplify these two splice variants to examine their mRNA expression in the dorsal striatum (dStr), nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of amphetamine‐sensitized C57BL/6 mice. We found a significant increase in D2L mRNA in the VTA and dStr of amphetamine‐treated mice that positively correlated with the sensitized locomotor response. We also found a significant increase in D2S mRNA in the VTA. We further examined the role of the Cav1.3 subtype of L‐type Ca2+ channels in up‐regulation of D2L and D2S mRNA in the VTA. Amphetamine‐pretreated Cav1.3 wild‐type (Cav1.3+/+) mice exhibited sensitized behavior and a significant increase in D2L and D2S mRNA compared with saline‐pretreated mice Amphetamine‐pretreated homozygous Cav1.3 knockout (Cav1.3–/–) mice did not exhibit sensitized behavior. There was a significant increase in D2S mRNA, but not D2L mRNA. In conclusion, our results find that amphetamine increases D2L mRNA expression in the dStr and the VTA, an adaptation that correlates with expression of sensitized behavior and dependence on Cav1.3 Ca2+ channels.
Significance of Enzymatically Catalyzed Exchange Reactions in Chemotherapy
Authors: Kaplan Nathan O. , Goldin Abraham , Humphreys Stewart R. , Ciotti Margaret M. , Venditti John M. 
Published: October 2006

1) 3-Acetyl pyridine has been found to be quite toxic when administered to mice. Simultaneous administration of nicotinamide or DPN protects against the toxicity of acetyl pyridine. Nicotinic acid and tryptophan do not protect animals from the lethal effects of the compound.
2) Nicotinamide inhibits the formation of the 3-acetyl pyridine analog of DPN from acetyl pyridine and DPN in mouse brain homogenates. Nicotinic acid has no inhibitory effect on analog synthesis.
3) Administration of acetyl pyridine results in a fourfold increase in the DPN level of the lever. No acetyl pyridine analog of DPN is found in the liver after injection of the antimetabolite.
4) Injection of acetyl pyridine into tumor mice results in the formation of the acetyl pyridine analog of DPN in the neoplastic tissues. A decrease in DPN concentration is associated with the analog synthesis. The DPN analog has been isolated from tumor tissue and identified.
5) The results are discussed with respect to the significance of enzymatically catalyzed exchange reactions in chemotherapy.
Russian Translation
Authors: O'Dette Ralph E. 
Published: October 2006

This discussion has described the status of the large United States program for translation from the Russian. A partial description of what is being done or planned, and by whom, has been provided as a guide for those who wish to follow the subject further. The urge to pass on useful information has necessarily restricted the space which might also have been profitably devoted to the philosophic aspects of the problem.
Although it is not said with any sense of pride in achievement—because much more remains to be done than has been done—it would seem fair to describe the current national translation activity, including all contributions to it, as a phenomenon. Phenomena in scientific communication are not common: a full appreciation of their significance requires more analysis than results from a simple listing of their outward characteristics. But a few observations might be made in conclusion.
Most United States scientists probably feel that, as a nation, we are and should be world leaders in science, even though this feeling is neither nurtured nor expressed in a spirit of violent competition. If this assumption is allowed, the point which seems to remain is that the United States will not retain its position casually. Our scientists expect to maintain an awareness of the scientific achievements and failures of the other nations of the world. But we must especially become more aware of the advances of Soviet science, both qualitatively and quantitatively. The evidence points toward this last conclusion, regardless of whether one is concerned with the production of ideas or things, increase in man's knowledge of himself and his environment, conflict between idealisms, or simply the national security.
Shape of the Nucleus
Authors: Wilets Lawrence 
Published: October 2006

The gross features of nuclear morphology can be summarized as follows. Nuclei have shapes similar to a diffuse-surfaced, liquid drop. The interior density is rather uniform, and also constant from nucleus to nucleus. The constancy of nuclear density implies an A
1/3
law for the mean nuclear radius, the proportionality constant being 1.07 × 10
–13
centimeter. The surface region is diffuse, the nuclear density falling from 90 to 10 percent of the central value in a distance of about 2.4 × 10
–13
centimeter, independently of nuclear mass number.

Nuclear shapes can vary rather widely, with doubly magic nuclei preferring spherical symmetry. Some nuclei execute volume-preserving oscillations about spherical shape, while others possess permanent spheroidal deformations. The values of the deformation parameter, ε, for such spheroids possibly attains 0.85 for some light nuclei and 0.4 for some intermediate weight nuclei.
There is some evidence, based on the occurrence of "inversion" spectra and asymmetrical fission, that pear-shaped nuclei may also exist.
Limitations on Space Flight due to Cosmic Radiations
Authors: Curtis Howard J. 
Published: October 2006

These conclusions may be summarized as follows:
1) Flight below the Van Allen belts seems reasonably safe without radiation shielding.
2) It is probably impractical to shield a rocket sufficiently to permit a man to remain in the inner Van Allen belt for more than about an hour, but it should be possible for him to go through it without serious harm.
3) Shielding for the outer Van Allen belt is possible but would have to be quite heavy if a stay of more than a few hours were contemplated.
4) The primary cosmic radiation is not intense enough to deliver a serious radiation dose, even for exposures of a few weeks, and the heavy cosmic ray primaries do not seem to present an unusual hazard.
The Humoral Regulation of Breathing
Authors: Blide Richard W. , Workman John M. , Armstrong Bruce W. , Hurt Holcombe H. 
Published: October 2006

The classic concept that breathing is regulated only by chemoreceptor mechanisms in the arterial blood stream— the respiratory center, the carotid and aortic bodies—has been modified in two ways. It has been expanded by postulating another chemoreceptor which reacts to the composition of mixed venous blood. It has been qualified by questioning the assumption that the respiratory center has physiologically significant chemosensitivity. (The respiratory center is considered to be, on the contrary, primarily a computing mechanism that integrates information received from chemoreceptors responding to both arterial and mixed venous blood.)
By postulating a chemoreceptor mechanism which reacts to the composition of mixed venous blood, a variety of ventilatory responses can be accounted for with a unified and semiquantitative concept based on the ventilatory response to exercise.

For the quantitative description of exercise, data obtained from normal men at rest and during exercise have been used to develop several equations which describe the ventilatory response to exercise in terms of P
CO
2
and H
+
of arterial and mixed venous blood. The simplest of these equations, yet a useful one, is the following:

V̇
= 1.1 H
+
a
+ 2.3
Pv̅
CO
2
- 135 (5
a
)

which states that the volume of breathing is determined by the algebraic summation of influences in arterial and mixed venous blood.

Ventilatory responses, as measured in several experimental and clinical situations characterized by acid-base imbalance and associated hyperpnea, have been compared with the ventilation predicted by this equation and by the equation which quantifies Gray's multiple-factor theory. Equation 5
a
estimated the various ventilatory responses as closely as the multiple-factor theory equation did. Equation 5
a
was also able to predict ventilation during exercise. It is concluded, therefore, that the hyperpnea of muscular exercise may be a generally applicable expression of the ventilatory response to alterations of the composition of both arterial and mixed venous blood.

When applied to the ventilatory responses of cross-perfused animals during exercise, the concept gives a satisfactory qualitative explanation of the various observations.
Although there is strong indirect evidence that a chemoreceptor mechanism exists which reacts to the composition of mixed venous blood and whose activity can be quantified, the equations that have been developed are not definitive expressions of the stimuli which regulate breathing. That the equations apply as well as they do, in view of the known errors of fact in their development, is probably the best evidence yet adduced for the essential validity of the present concept.
Poliomyelitis Immunization
Authors: Bodian David 
Published: October 2006

I would summarize the foregoing discussion by asserting, first, that the superiority of the live oral attenuated poliovirus vaccines over the inactivated vaccines now in use remains to be demonstrated, except for convenience of administration. Second, the proposal to introduce live oral poliovirus vaccine by means of country-wide mass immunization programs is irresponsible in the sense that such a procedure would eliminate the possibility of a definitive evaluation of either vaccine in this country, and moreover is unlikely to accomplish more than can be accomplished by a more conservative approach. Third, even after licensing, a new vaccine product must be considered to be on trial, since new variables enter the scene when large-scale manufacture and large-scale use begin. In this connection it is of importance that the margin of safety of live-attenuated-poliovirus lots now in production is not large, as measured by the only laboratory test available—neurovirulence in monkeys. In comparison with unacceptable trial strains, about which questions of safety have been raised after field use, the acceptable strains have measurably less neurovirulence, but the differences are not great, and approval of each lot will require careful scrutiny for evidence of even slight degrees of reversion in neurovirulence during production.
Finally, there is a place for both types of vaccine in the control of poliomyelitis throughout the world. How and where each type should be used is a scientific problem which can best be resolved with careful assessment of all the available evidence concerning vaccine characteristics in relation to the ecology of poliomyelitis. From the point of view of a scientific evaluation of the results of the present vaccination program in this country, it appears that a quip I made in 1960—we may now have too many poliomyelitis vaccines!—has come home to roost.
Efficiency of Energy Use in the United States
Authors: Hirst Eric , Moyers John C. 
Published: October 2006

We described three uses of energy for which greater efficiency is feasible: transportation, space heating, and air conditioning. Shifts to less energy-intensive transportation modes could substantially reduce energy consumption; the magnitude of such savings would, of course, depend on the extent of such shifts and possible load factor changes. The hypothetical transportation scenario described here results in a 22 percent savings in energy for transportation in 1970, a savings of 2800 trillion Btu.
To the homeowner, increasing the amount of building insulation and, in some cases, adding storm windows would reduce energy consumption and provide monetary savings. If all homes in 1970 had the "economic optimum" amount of insulation, energy consumption for residential heating would have been 42 percent less than if the homes were insulated to meet the pre-1971 FHA standards, a savings of 3100 trillion Btu.
Increased utilization of energy-efficient air conditioners and of building insulation would provide significant energy savings and help to reduce peak power demands during the summer. A 67 percent increase in energy efficiency for room air conditioners would have saved 15.8 billion kilowatt-hours in 1970.

In conclusion, it is possible—from an engineering point of view—to effect considerable energy savings in the United States. Increases in the efficiency of energy use would provide desired end results with smaller energy inputs. Such measures will not reduce the
level
of energy consumption, but they could slow energy growth
rates
.
Interstellar Hydrogen in Galaxies
Authors: Roberts Morton S. 
Published: October 2006

Measurement of the 21-cm line radiation originating from the interstellar neutral hydrogen in a galaxy yields information on the total mass and total hydrogen content of the galaxy. The ratio of these two quantities is correlated with structural type in the sense that the later type galaxies contain a higher fraction of their total mass in the form of interstellar hydrogen. This ratio is one of the few physical parameters known to correlate with structural type. It need not, however, reflect an evolutionary sequence, such as more hydrogen implying a younger galaxy. Efficiency of conversion of hydrogen to stars can just as easily explain the correlation.
Except for the very latest systems, the total mass of a spiral does not appear to be correlated with type.
Red shifts of galaxies measured at optical wavelengths and at 21 cm are in excellent agreement. The form of the Doppler expression has been shown to hold over a wavelength range of 5 × 105.
All spirals earlier than type Ir which have been studied with adequate resolution show a central minimum in their hydrogen distribution. The region of maximum projected HI surface density occurs at some distance from the center. In the earlier type spirals the optical arms are located in the region of this maximum surface density. In the later type spirals the maximum HI density and prominent optical arms are less well correlated and, at times, are anticorrelated.
Detailed studies of the HI distribution and motions within a galaxy require the high relative resolution of beam synthesis arrays. We may expect significant new information from such studies, which are now in progress. Filled-aperture telescopes will supply the necessary observations at zero spacing and vital statistical information on large numbers of galaxies, peculiar systems and groups and clusters of galaxies. The two types of telescope systems will complement one another. In the near future we should have a much better description of spiral galaxies and, we hope, a better understanding of these systems.
Status of Women Microbiologists
Authors: Kashket Eva Ruth , Robbins Mary Louise , Leive Loretta , Huang Alice S. 
Published: October 2006

The general picture that emerges from this study is that the woman microbiologist, upon entering the professional job market, faces (i) slower advancement; (ii) restricted extramural recognition; and (iii) fewer positions of a supervisory or administrative nature, when compared to men. Most striking is the salary differential, which increases with increasing educational level, with increasing rank, and with increasing seniority.
From the beginning of her professional training, the woman microbiologist feels handicapped by lack of encouragement and proper role models. She generally receives little advice regarding her professional future and rarely feels pushed to take the most challenging position. Should she be married, she feels that her mobility is severely restricted. Even though the subjective nature of these feelings may be interpreted as projections of failure, subtle inducements for women to stay at lower levels may well exist, in addition to more objective measurements, such as lower salary levels and slower professional advancement.
Despite these handicaps, professional women continue to work. As a group, they work for the same reasons that men do, they work as long and as hard as men do, and they remain at their positions as long as men do. Women and men rate themselves equally as to job performance, degree of independence, and publication rate.
On the basis of this study, it should not be surprising that women professionals are less visible than men and that only a small proportion of women become what is considered successful by the usual external criteria. If women were to receive continued encouragement, scientific contact, and professional recognition at each stage of their professional lives, they would undoubtedly become more visible.
The lack of encouragement and self-confidence leading to isolation, which then leads to lack of recognition, is a vicious circle that must be broken for the woman professional. This can be done most easily for the beginning student. For older women, there must be increased placement in positions of responsibility and visibility. Protective practices that discourage women from entering arenas of competition can only be viewed as discrimination on the basis of sex, since women professionals are rarely given the choice between being protected and being independent.
Unexpectedly, this study illustrates the lower status of another group of individuals who are considered deviants from the expected roles of the established society—single men with doctorates, who were found in the positions predominately filled by women.
In conclusion, this study of a select group of scientists probably has general applicability to all women professionals in their roles vis--vis men. Examination and documentation of discriminatory practices based on sex points to the areas in which women must direct their demands for equality.
Trilobites and the Origin of Arthropods
Authors: Cisne John L. 
Published: October 2006

While the question of whether the Arthropoda represent more than one phylum of animals is debatable, the jointed exoskeleton, a fundamental feature of arthropods, evolved independently in two groups that shared a worm-like common ancestor. The two major branches of Arthropoda, the primitively marine TCC and the primitively terrestrial (with one exception) Uniramia, independently arrived at arthropodization as the solution to the same problems of adaptation of the body mechanical system. New discoveries on trilobite anatomy show the unity of TCC as a group that shared a trilobite-like ancestor near the beginning of the Cambrian. With change in the constituency of Arthropoda through geologic time, the ways in which it would be categorized as a taxonomic group have also changed. The seeming isolation of the major modern arthropod groups is in large part an artifact of extinction of primitive intermediate forms such as trilobites which, in the Early Paleozoic, made the Arthropoda more diverse in basic modes of body organization than the group is at present.
The appearance of fossilizable hard parts in arthropods resulted from shift in supporting function from the body cavity, primitively a hydrostatic skeleton, to the cuticle, which came to be strengthened in becoming an exoskeleton. Energetic efficiency, more than protection from predators or evolutionary size increase in itself, was probably the impetus behind the transition. On the scale provided by the general evolutionary trend toward progressive specialization of segments, TCC became arthropodized at earlier stages than did Uniramia. Among TCC, the shift may have been driven by the evolution of locomotory and feeding mechanisms that were exclusively geared to an aqueous medium.
Science in Europe
/The Antinuclear Movement Takes Hold
Authors: Hawkes Nigel 
Published: October 2006

Five months after the announcement of President Carter's nonproliferation policy, the common wisdom in this country is that Europe has hardly wavered in its rush toward nuclear power. The cry that "Europe will do what it wants whether the United States builds a breeder or not" is often heard from American nuclear interests, with apparent justification as the State Department has shown little visible progress in negotiating new agreements and some signs of retreating from its original goals.
But popular protest against nuclear power has reached a pitch in Europe that would be barely imaginable today in this country, and the political strength of the antinuclear forces has become formidable, not only in Sweden where nuclear power was a pivotal issue last year, but across the continent. West Germany's research minister recently predicted that that country's two ruling coalition parties will vote for a complete moratorium on nuclear construction when they meet this fall, and some observers predict that any moratorium contingent on creation of a waste disposal site could last up to 12 years. Beyond public opposition, the plutonium breeder is running into trouble in Germany for many of the same reasons it has in the United States; program delays, safety concerns, and cost overruns threaten to undermine the claim that it can one day become an economically competitive energy source.
Nuclear opposition is far from being a single-issue movement in Europe, as groups of many political persuasions embrace it for their own reasons. But as the following report by Nigel Hawkes details, the Carter administration policy is not the only thing holding back nuclear power in Europe.—W.D.M.
The Triple Point of Water
Authors: Waring Worden 
Published: October 2006

(1) A common error in text-books on physical chemistry is pointed out. It is hoped that the correct value for the triple point temperature, +.0098°C, will be given in new books and in succeeding editions of the books surveyed above.
(2) Inconsistencies in the vapor pressure values for ice and for liquid water near 0°C are pointed out.
(3) The equilibrium vapor pressures for ice and liquid water under two different sets of equilibrium conditions are compared with the triple point pressure.
The Biochemistry of Anthocyanins
Authors: Bancroft Wilder D. 
Published: October 2006

1. An explanation has been given for the effect of subdued light on the development of anthocyanins. This effect was observed by von Sachs and by Sorby seventy years ago. Nobody has made an exhaustive study of the subject, although Askenasy, Hugo Fischer and others have done work along these lines.
2. When a flavone is reduced to an anthocyanin, as with the Japanese quince, cutting off ultra-violet light prevents the formation of the anthocyanin.
3. When the anthocyanin is formed by the hydrolysis of a leuco-anthocyanin, cutting off of ultraviolet light will not necessarily prevent the formation of the anthocyanin. This occurs with the geranium.
4. We do not know at all approximately how many or which flowers belong to what I call the flavone type and how many or which to the leuco-anthocyanin type.
5. After the biochemistry of the anthocyanins shall have been worked out the botanists and chemists should concentrate on the biochemistry of the carotenes, the lycopenes and chlorophyll.