bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Life Detection within Planetary Exploration: Context for Biosensor and Related Bioanalytical Technologies
Authors: Cullen David C. , Sims Mark R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Is there life on Mars? This is a major question within the scientific community and one that also has broad appeal within the general community. To date, only three missions have attempted to look for life on Mars—the two NASA Viking missions in the mid‐1970s and the recent UK‐led Beagle 2 mission. In all cases no life was detected—in the case of Beagle 2 due to a nonnominal landing event. Our current view of Mars is that historically there was the potential for life to have existed in the Maritain environment and even the possibility of there being current life on Mars. New analytical techniques are therefore being considered for the next generation of Mars rovers and landers to search for evidence of such life. Biosensors in the form of antibody microarray devices are being considered by a number of groups as potential instruments to detect evidence of life in situ in the form of molecular biomarkers within the Martian surface and near subsurface. Such research is at an early stage of development within the context of development of flight‐qualified instrumentation. Given the extreme environments that will be encountered during various phases of a typical Mars mission, careful consideration of the effect of radiation exposure, instrument sterilization, minimization of instrument contamination, long‐term storage, and various thermal environments will be required in instrument development programmes. It is hoped that pushing the development of biosensor technology for life detection in a planetary exploration context will allow both the eventual answer of a fundamental question within society and also provide new developments and approaches that will benefit existing biosensor developments in other areas of application.
Picoscopes, New Label‐Free Biosensors
Authors: Nikitin Petr I. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNew true direct methods of sensitive detection of bio‐ and chemical reactions on a surface have been developed. The methods are based on measuring changes of a sensor layer thickness due to binding reactions. A transparent plate or a gap between two surfaces of optical materials is used as the sensor layers. The methods allow either employment of microscopic glass slips as biochips without deposition of any metal or dielectric films or direct pumping liquids under test through the sensing gap with recognition layers. For label‐free biosensing, different optical schemes were realized to record receptor‐ligand thickness changes with picometer scale resolution averaged over sensor channels or recognition spots. Biosensors namedPicoscope™ andAffinoscope™ were developed for real‐time detection of several biological agents by different recognition spots or wells with specific receptors on the biochip surface. The biosensors were also tested as efficient tools for optimization of label‐based biosensors, in particular, those based on using of magnetic nanoparticles. Several other biosensing and biomedical applications of the technology are discussed. Application of the devices can be as wide as that of optical microscopes as they provide standard lateral resolution and, in addition, offer much more comprehensive information with outstanding real‐time resolution in depth, for example, for measuring molecular binding kinetics, monitoring of assembling in molecular structures, and so on.
Remembering and retelling stories in individual and collaborative contexts
Authors: Gagnon Lisa M. , Dixon Roger A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCollaborative cognition, in which two or more people work together on a cognitive task, may be typical of everyday life, and may even represent an important aspect of everyday cognitive adaptation for older adults. We examined collaborative memory for stories by comparing younger (n = 64) and older (n = 66) individuals and dyads with collaborative performance produced by married spouses and stranger dyads. Overall, across four collaborative recall products (two positive and two negative performance indicators), some evidence for our hypothesis of general or selective collaborative effectiveness was observed. Moreover, such evidence was obtained at both an immediate and delayed recall episode. Discussion includes applications, limitations and suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who can judge the accuracy of eyewitness statements? A comparison of professionals and lay‐persons
Authors: Lindholm Torun 
Published: February 2008

AbstractResearch suggests that people have difficulty estimating eyewitness accuracy. It is not known whether groups with professional experience of judging eyewitness memory are better at making such judgements than lay‐persons. In the current study, police detectives, judges and lay‐persons judged accuracy of responses to cued recall questions from ethnic in‐ and out‐group witnesses who genuinely tried to remember a crime. Responses were presented in videotape or as transcripts. Detectives outperformed the other groups in discrimination accuracy, and participants performed better when statements were presented in transcribed than in videotaped format. Judges used a liberal response criterion overall, whereas detectives and lay‐persons were more liberal when judging out‐group than in‐group witnesses. Findings indicate that there are observable cues to witnesses' accuracy, that specific professional groups have more knowledge of these cues than others, and that judgements of accuracy based on transcripts rather than live testimony would increase quality of legal decisions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Genetic and environmental influences on pubertal timing assessed by height growth
Authors: Wehkalampi Karoliina , Silventoinen Karri , Kaprio Jaakko , Dick Danielle M. , Rose Richard J. , Pulkkinen Lea , Dunkel Leo 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSecular trends towards earlier puberty, possibly caused by new environmental triggers, provide a basis for periodic evaluation of the influence and interaction of genetic and environmental effects on pubertal timing. In such studies, a practical marker that reflects timing of puberty in both genders needs to be used. We investigated genetic and environmental influences on pubertal timing by using change in the relative height between early and late adolescence (HD:SDS, height difference in standard deviations) as a new marker of pubertal timing. HD:SDS correlated well with age at peak height velocity in a population of men and women with longitudinal growth data. In 2,309 twin girls and 1,828 twin boys, HD:SDS was calculated between height SDs at age 11.5 and 17.5, and 14.0 and 17.5 years, respectively. Quantitative genetic models for twin data were fitted to estimate the genetic contribution to HD:SDS. We also investigated whether the same genetic factors influenced individual differences between HD:SDS and development of secondary sex characteristics prospectively collected by pubertal development scale (PDS). Genetic effects contributed to 86 and 82% of the variance in HD:SDS in girls and boys, respectively, when using the same model including additive genetic and specific environmental factors. In girls, 30% and in boys, 49% of the genetic factors affecting PDS and HD:SDS were the same. Future comparison of the results of periodic evaluations allows estimation of possible changes in the effects of environment on timing of puberty. In such studies, HD:SDS can be used as a practical marker of pubertal timing. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Influence of residual peroxide on the degradation of peroxide‐crosslinked ethylene–propylene–diene rubber
Authors: Nakayama Kazumi , Watanabe Tomoko , Ohtake Yoshito , Furukawa Mutsuhisa 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe influence of residual peroxide on the degradation of ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) and detection methods for undercrosslinking were investigated. The undercrosslinking of peroxide‐crosslinked EPDM could be detected by the measurement of the heat generated by the crosslinking reaction due to residual crosslinking agent with differential scanning calorimetry, not by the determination of its amount, the reaction of which was found to correlate with the amounts of remaining dicumyl peroxide (DCP) and triallyl isocyanurate. As to the DCP‐crosslinked EPDM in the undercrosslinking state, softening degradation occurred more remarkably than hardening degradation, whereas the crosslinking agent remained in the rubber. By surface analysis of the aged DCP‐crosslinked EPDM with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, we discovered that the oxidative degradation of the undercrosslinked EPDM occurred faster than in the EPDM without crosslinking agent remaining. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of saline degradation on the mechanical properties of vinyl ester matrix composites reinforced with glass and natural fibers
Authors: Nicolai F. N. P. , Botaro V. R. , Lins V. F. Cunha 
Published: February 2008

AbstractOne important application of polymeric composites reinforced with natural fibers is in the area of naval engineering design. The objective of this work was to study the influence of saline degradation on the mechanical properties of vinyl ester matrix composites reinforced with glass, sisal, and coconut fibers and natural fibers modified with bitumen. All samples presented mass loss after exposure in a salt spray chamber. All materials, except the composite reinforced with coconut–bitumen, showed a decrease in toughness after a salt spray test. The fracture of the vinyl ester resin with sisal and sisal–bitumen fibers showed a fiber bridging mechanism. These materials showed the highest value of toughness among the materials studied. The presence of fiber pullout was observed in the samples of vinyl ester resin reinforced with glass, coconut, and coconut fibers covered with bitumen. In these samples, poor adhesion between the fiber and matrix was observed. The treatment of fibers with bitumen increased the mass loss and decreased the stability of samples in a saline atmosphere. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
The facial expression musculature in primates and its evolutionary significance
Authors: Burrows Anne M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractFacial expression is a mode of close‐proximity non‐vocal communication used by primates and is produced by mimetic/facial musculature. Arguably, primates make the most‐intricate facial displays and have some of the most‐complex facial musculature of all mammals. Most of the earlier ideas of primate mimetic musculature, involving its function in facial displays and its evolution, were essentially linear “scala natural” models of increasing complexity. More‐recent work has challenged these ideas, suggesting that ecological factors and social systems have played a much larger role in explaining the diversity of structures than previously believed. The present review synthesizes the evidence from gross muscular, microanatomical, behavioral and neurobiological studies in order to provide a preliminary analysis of the factors responsible for the evolution of primate facial musculature with comparisons to general mammals. In addition, the unique structure, function and evolution of human mimetic musculature are discussed, along with the potential influential roles of human speech and eye gaze. BioEssays 30:212–225, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gene und Allele. Zwei Begriffe – viele Definitionen
Authors: Paulsen Martina , Nellen Wolfgang 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDie rasante Entwicklung von Genetik und Molekularbiologie hat eine unerwartet komplexe Organisation des Genoms aufgedeckt. Es zeigt sich, dass die Funktionen des Genoms nicht mehr ausschließlich durch proteincodierende Gene beschrieben werden können. Der Genbegriff umfasst heute auch Nukleotidsequenzen, die für eine Vielfalt verschiedener RNAs mit völlig unterschiedlichen Funktionen codieren. Ebenso beschränkt sich der Allelbegriff heute nicht ausschließlich auf Genvarianten, die Veränderungen in proteincodierenden Sequenzen aufweisen, sondern umfasst ein weites Spektrum an genetischen und epigenetischen Variationen. Gene und Allele sind also offensichtlich sehr komplexe Einheiten und entsprechend breit fallen heute die Definitionen dieser Begriffe aus. Weil dies zu sprachlichen Missverständnissen führen kann, muss man sich der zwangsläufigen Unschärfen des Gen‐ und Allelbegriffs bewusst sein.
Coenraad Jacob Temminck
Authors: Irsch Wilhelm 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDie Freude am Sammeln von Naturalien stand am Anfang der Bemühungen, den Lebewesen der Erde ein gewisses Ordnungsprinzip zu geben. Sie war nirgendwo sonst so verbreitet wie in den Niederlanden seit den Jahren der ersten “Indianischen Schifffahrten”. Coenraad Jacob Temminck, einer der Pioniere und Wegbereiter moderner Naturhistorischer Sammlungen und Museen, starb vor 150 Jahren.
Anatomy of thoracic splanchnic nerves for surgical resection
Authors: Yang Hee‐Jun , Gil Young‐Chun , Lee Woo‐Jung , Kim Tae‐Jong , Lee Hye‐Yeon 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThoracic splanchnic nerves conduct pain sensation from the abdominal organs around the celiac ganglion. Splanchnicectomy is the procedure used mainly for the control of intractable visceral pain. Forty‐six human posterior thoracic walls were dissected. The formation pattern, course, and incidence of communication of the thoracic splanchnic nerves were investigated. The greater splanchnic nerves (GSNs) were formed by nerve branches from the T4–T11 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the most common type was formed by T5–T9 (21.7%). The uppermost branches originated from T4–T9 while the lowermost branches emanated from the T7–T11. Two to seven ganglia contributed to the GSNs. In 54.3% of the specimens, at least one ganglion in the GSN‐tributary ganglionic array did not branch to the GSN. The lesser splanchnic nerves (LSNs) were formed by the nerve branches of the T8–T12 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the most common type was formed by T10 and T11 (32.6%). One to five ganglia were involved in the LSNs. The least splanchnic nerves (lSNs) were composed of branches from the T10–L1 thoracic sympathetic ganglia and the most common type was composed of nerve branches from T11 and T12 or from T12 only (each 30.4%). One to three ganglia were involved in the lSNs. In 54.3% of the specimens, interconnection between the GSNs and the LSNs existed, bringing the possible bypass around the transection of the GSNs. The splanchnic nerves that appear in textbooks occurred in a minority of our specimens. We provided expanded anatomical data for splanchnicectomy in this report. Clin. Anat. 21:171–177, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Anatomical basis of central venous catheter fracture
Authors: Jensen Mark O. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractCentral venous catheter fracture is a rare complication of long‐term indwelling subclavian venous access. Subclavian vein access has been the recommended approach for placing central venous catheters. The anatomical landmark method for subclavian access remains a highly successful and nonequipment‐dependent method for rapid central access. More recently, the internal jugular vein approach has emerged as the preferred route for long‐term central venous access. However, variations in internal jugular vein anatomy make the landmark method less reliable. Use of two‐dimensional real‐time ultrasound during internal jugular vein access is associated with better success, a lower complication rate, and faster access. A case of central venous catheter fracture initiated an internal review of long‐term central venous access procedures. We have converted to a predominantly internal jugular vein approach. This case report and literature review may assist other physicians and institutions in re‐evaluating long‐term central venous access protocols. Clin. Anat. 21:106–110, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assembly and Heterologous Expression of the Coumermycin A1 Gene Cluster and Production of New Derivatives by Genetic Engineering
Authors: Wolpert Manuel , Heide Lutz , Kammerer Bernd , Gust Bertolt 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMany secondary metabolites of clinical importance have been isolated from different Streptomyces species. As most of the natural producers remain difficult to handle genetically, heterologous expression of an entire biosynthetic gene cluster in a well characterised host allows improved possibilities for modifications of the desired compound by manipulation of the biosynthetic genes. However, the large size of a functional gene cluster often prevents its direct cloning into a single cosmid clone. Here we describe a successful strategy to assemble the entire coumermycin A1 biosynthetic gene cluster (38.6 kb) into a single cosmid clone by λ RED recombination technology. Heterologous expression of the reconstituted gene cluster in Streptomyces coelicolor M512 resulted in the heterologous production of coumermycin A1. Inactivation of the methyltransferase gene couO—responsible for the C‐methylation at the 8‐positions of the aminocoumarin moieties in coumermycin A1—and heterologous expression of the modified cluster resulted in an accumulation of a C‐8‐unsubstituted coumermycin A1 derivative. Subsequent expression of the halogenase gene clo‐hal from the clorobiocin gene cluster in the heterologous producer strain led to the formation of two new hybrid antibiotics, containing either one or two chlorine atoms. The identities of the new compounds were verified by LC‐MS, and their antibacterial activities were tested against Bacillus subtilis in an agar diffusion assay.
Evolving strategies for the treatment of valvular heart disease: Preclinical and clinical pathways for percutaneous aortic valve replacement
Authors: Fann James I. , Chronos Nicolas , Rowe Stanton J. , Michiels Rob , Lyons Bernard E. , Leon Martin B. , Kaplan Aaron V. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractTo decrease the morbidity associated with conventional surgery for calcific aortic stenosis, there has been increasing interest in catheter‐based treatment using a stent or frame mounted bioprosthetic valve. Critical to its success is knowledge of pathoanatomy, risk of embolization of calcific debris, and issues associated with device anchoring and paravalvular leaks. In the absence of a chronic animal model of aortic stenosis, development of a catheter‐based device has been an iterative process based on experimental and early clinical data gathered abroad, where marketing may be permitted with less clinical data than required in the United States. This process has persuaded many companies to circumvent the time delays occasioned by the FDA regulatory validation of iterative design changes by performing initial studies outside the United States. Because percutaneous aortic valve replacement is considered a Class III device, premarket approval, including defining the patient population, inclusion and exclusion criteria, control population, and interpretable clinical endpoints, is required. In the early clinical experience, percutaneous aortic valve replacement has been directed at high‐risk patients who were considered “very poor” or “non‐surgical” candidates. Defining and identifying patients for the clinical trial may be challenging, in part because of the difficult selection of an appropriate control group, e.g., conventional aortic valve replacement, best medical management, and/or balloon valvuloplasty. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insights into Sonogashira Cross‐Coupling by High‐Throughput Kinetics and Descriptor Modeling
Authors: an der Heiden Markus R. , Plenio Herbert , Immel Stefan , Burello Enrico , Rothenberg Gadi , Hoefsloot Huub C. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA method is presented for the high‐throughput monitoring of reaction kinetics in homogeneous catalysis, running up to 25 coupling reactions in a single reaction vessel. This method is demonstrated and validated on the Sonogashira reaction, analyzing the kinetics for almost 500 coupling reactions. First, one‐pot reactions of phenylacetylene with a set of 20 different meta‐ and para‐substituted aryl bromides were analyzed in the presence of 17 different Pd–phosphine complexes. In addition, the temperature‐dependent Sonogashira reactions were examined for 21 different ArX (X=Cl, Br, I) substrates, and the corresponding activation enthalpies and entropies were determined by means of Eyring plots: ArI (ΔH≠=48–62 kJ mol−1; ΔS≠=−71–−39 J mol−1 K; NO2→OMe), ArBr (ΔH≠=54–82 kJ mol−1, ΔS≠=−55–11 J mol−1 K), and ArCl (ΔH≠=95–144 kJ mol−1, ΔS≠=−6–100 J mol−1 K). DFT calculations established a linear correlation of ΔH≠ and the Kohn–Sham HOMO energies of ArX (X=Cl, Br, I) and confirmed their involvement in the rate‐limiting step. However, despite different CX bond energies, aryl iodides and electron‐deficient aryl bromides showed similar activation parameters.
Heteropoly Acid Encapsulated SBA‐15/TiO2 Nanocomposites and Their Unusual Performance in Acid‐Catalysed Organic Transformations
Authors: Sawant Dhanashri P. , Justus Josena , Balasubramanian Veerappan V. , Ariga Katsuhiko , Srinivasu Pavuluri , Velmathi Sivan , Halligudi Shivappa B. , Vinu Ajayan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe preparation of SBA‐15/TiO2 nanocomposites with different loadings of Keggin‐type 12‐tungstophosphoric acid (TPA) nanocrystals in their mesochannels through a simple and effective vacuum impregnation method is reported for the first time. The catalysts have been characterised by various sophisticated techniques, including XRD, HRSEM, and TEM. It has been found that the acidity and the textural parameters of the nanocomposites can be controlled by simply changing the loadings of TPA and TiO2 or the calcination temperature. TPA and TiO2 loadings of 15 and 22.4 wt %, respectively, and a calcination temperature of 1123 K have proved to be optimal for obtaining mesoporous nanocomposite materials with the highest acidity. Moreover, the activities of these catalysts in promoting hydroamination as well as Mannich and Claisen rearrangement reactions have been extensively investigated. The results show that the amount of TPA has a great influence on the activity of the nanocomposites in all of the reactions studied. The effects of other reaction parameters, such as temperature and reaction time, on the conversion and product selectivity have also been studied in detail. A kinetic analysis of the formation of the products under various reaction conditions is presented. It has been found that the activity of the nanocomposite composed of 15 wt % TPA deposited on 22.4 wt of TiO2 on SBA‐15 in promoting the studied reaction is remarkably higher than the catalytic activities shown by pure TPA, TiO2‐loaded SBA‐15, or TPA‐loaded SBA‐15. The results obtained have indicated that the acidity and the structural control of the nanocomposite materials are highly critical for obtaining excellent catalytic activity, and the presented highly acidic nanocomposites are considered to show great potential for use as catalysts in promoting many acid‐catalysed organic transformations.