bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phase behavior of aqueous systems of monoglycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMonoglyceride‐H2O systems in the range above about 5% H2O exhibit a varied phase behavior with a number of mesomorphic states reminiscent of those found for soap‐H2O systems. There are fluid neat, stiff and 舠short舡 viscous isotropic, and plastic or stringy middle states.In the case of saturated monoglycerides, neat states prevail at low molecular weight as with monolaurin, but viscous isotropic and finally middle states appear at higher chain length as with monoarchidin and monobehenin.The phase diagrams for systems of unsaturated compounds resemble those for systems of saturated compounds, with corresponding phase regions occurring at lower temperatures. The monoelaidin‐H2O system closely resembles a shifted monostearin‐H2O system, neither system showing middle. Middle phase appears in a small island for monoolein and monolinolein near 90C and 20% water.Water dissolves negligible amounts of monoglycerides so that phases which are nearly 100% H2O exist for substantially all systems and conditions when H2O content is 60% or more.
Salts of alkyl esters ofa‐sulfopalmitic anda‐sulfostearic acids
Authors: Stirton A. J. , Bistline R. G. , Barr Elizabeth A. , Nunez‐Ponzoa M. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLithium, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium salts of methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl and secondary butyl esters ofa‐sulfopalmitic anda‐sulfostearic acids were prepared for a study of structureproperty relations. The esters are easily biodegradable, have good foaming, detergent and lime soap dispersing properties and resist acid and alkaline hydrolysis. Thea‐sulfopalmitates are more soluble.Differences in the cation and the alcohol influence melting point, aqueous solubility, solubility in organic solvents, surface and interfacial tension, critical micelle concentration and emulsifying properties.
Production of cyclic fatty acids: Water as the reaction solvent
Authors: Beal R. E. , Eisenhauer R. A. , Sohns V. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn an attempt to lower processing costs of producing cyclic fatty acids by a high‐temperature alkali treatment, water was tested as the reaction solvent instead of ethylene glycol, previously used. Based on extensive tests in a high‐pressure autoclave, saturated cyclic (cyclohexanoic) fatty acids were produced under economic reaction conditions, including a temperature of about 300C; a 4:1 solvent ratio and 50% excess sodium hydroxide catalyst. The lower yield of saturated cyclic fatty acids by the water process is more than offset by the fewer steps and reduced evaporation costs.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. XII. Effect of solvents on selectivity
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSelectivity of heterogeneous catalysts for hydrogenation of linolenate over linoleate is increased by the presence of certain polar solvents. A ratio of specific reaction rate constants for linolenate to linoleate of 4 was obtained with a 5% palladium‐on‐alumina catalyst when dimethyl formamide (DMF) was used as the solvent. This high selectivity of DMF was independent of temperature and catalyst concentration. Other solvents that improved selectivity include furfural, acetonitrile, tetramethyl urea and trimethyl phosphate.
The glyceride structure of natural fats. II. The rule of glyceride type distribution of natural fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt has been shown that the glyceride‐type composition of a natural fat can be calculated from the total mol per cent of saturated acids and the total mol per cent of trisaturated glycerides, in accord with a new rule of glyceride‐type distribution, which is stated as follows:The glyceride‐type composition of any natural fat is that obtained by interchange, according to chance, of one‐third of the saturated acids represented by the difference between the GS2 content required by chance and that actually present with the unsaturated acids in the fat, without allowing the formation of any further GS3.
The chemical utilization of fats and oils. I. Preparation of aralkyl ketones and hydrocarbons
Authors: Englert R. D. , Silverstein R. M. , Richards L. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA number of straight chain aralkyl detergent intermediates were prepared from fatty acids. The most satisfactory method of preparation involved a Friedel and Craft condensation of the acyl chlorides with the aromatic followed by catalytic hydrogenation.
Influence of dietary fat and protein on serum cholesterol of cholesterol‐fed chicks
Authors: Mone P. E. , Warner W. D. , Poling C. E. , Rice E. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCottonseed oil, partially hydrogenated cottonseed oil and corn oil, were fed at 4% and 10% of the diets with two levels of protein, 19% and 25%, and with 0.5% cholesterol to cockerels 21 days of age for a period of 38 days. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 14, 24, and 38 daysvia heart puncture.The data indicate that the serum cholesterol value, irrespective of the level or type of fat, was significantly lower in those groups of birds which were fed the higher level of protein. Excluding the combination of 19% protein and 10% cottonseed oil, the degree of saturation did not have any apparent effect upon serum cholesterol because the mean differences among the oils and between the fat levels were not statistically significant.
Castor polyols for urethane foams
Authors: Ehrlich A. , Smith M. K. , Patton T. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA systematic investigation of some 21 castor polyols as base materials for preparing urethane foams was carried out. Prepolymers were prepared both from individual castor polyols and from mixtures of them with an anhydrous castor oil. Foams formed from these prepolymers were checked for shrinkage on cure, density, and modulus.From the wide range of results obtained it is evident that castor polyols can serve as effective urethane components. Aside from serving as major polyols for reaction with di‐isocyanates, they can also be used as modifying polyols a) to speed up prepolymer preparation, b) to adjust prepolymer viscosity to any required degree, c) to minimize loss of modulus on humid aging, and as cross‐linking centers with negligible loss of foam modulus. Details covering the preparation of a nonshrinking, semi‐rigid, light‐weight urethane foam based on an 85% anhydrous castor oil/15% epoxidized castor oil mix are outlined in the article.
Monomer and amino resin modified tall oil fatty acid alkyds
Authors: Kraft William M. , Forschirm Alex 
Published: May 2007

SummaryMonomer modified tall oil fatty acid trimethylolethane medium type of phthalic alkyds made by the High Polymer Alkyd Technique show improved properties in dry time, mar resistance, and flexibility as compared with monomer modified conventional prepared systems.Greater hardness, less color degradation, greater resistance to extended periods at high temperature, and alkali and detergent resistances result from the urea and melamine resin modifications of tall oil fatty acid High Polymer alkyds than is obtained with similarly modified conventional alkyds.
Polyunsaturated fatty acids inhibit hepatic stearoyl‐CoA desaturase‐1 gene in diabetic mice
Authors: Waters Katrina M. , Ntambi James M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInsulin and dietary fructose independently induce stearoyl‐CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1) gene expression in diabetic mouse liver. In the present study, we again used diabetic mice and supplemented a high fructose diet with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to determine the selective repression of SCD1 gene expression by dietary PUFA, as previously shown in normal mice. We saw dramatic repression of SCD1 mRNA expression, with trilinolenin at 3% and triarachidonin at 1% supplementation. We also observed significant repression of insulin‐induced SCD1 mRNA upon supplementation of the noninducing starch diet with PUFA. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that PUFA negatively regulate hepatic gene expression through an insulin‐independent mechanism.
Effects of different polunsaturated fatty acids on growth‐related early gene expression and cell growth
Authors: Sellmayer A. , Danesch U. , Weber P. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEffects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on expression of early‐response genesc‐fos and Egr‐1 and induction of cell growth were assessed in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Stimulation with arachidonic acid increased mRNA levels ofc‐fos and Egr‐1. This effect was inhibited by preincubation with cyclooxygenase inhibitors and restored by addition of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the predominant eicosanoid produced in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts. Further signaling of PGE2 was mediated by a protein kinase C‐dependent pathway, since downregulation, or inhibition, of protein kinase C reduced increases in mRNA levels. Parallel to the stimulatory effects on mRNA levels, AA and PGE2 also increased cell growth, as determined by uptake of [3H]‐thymidine. In contrast to arachidonic acid, n‐3 fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) did not increasec‐fos and Egr‐1 mRNA levels or cell growth. Furthermore, preliminary data indicate that EPA and DHA even reduce the stimulatory effect of AA, which is associated with reduced formation of PGE2. In conclusion, our data indicate that AA increases expression of growth‐related early genesc‐fos and Egr‐1 in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts by its conversion to PGE2 and subsequent activation of protein kinase C, whereas n‐3 fatty acids do not activate this signaling cascade.
A new relationship between total/high density lipoprotein cholesterol and polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Siguel Edward 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDietary and plasma fatty acids have been linked to total cholesterol but not to the ratio of total/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDLC). To evaluate the relationship between dietary and plasma levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and TC/HDLC, we analyzed cross‐sectional and longitudinal data using 519 plasma samples (50% men, 50% women) from subjects participating in the Framingham Heart Study and results from a study feeding diets rich in either n‐6 linoleic acid or n‐3 α‐linolenic acid with or without fish oil supplements (n‐3 derivatives). Values of TC/HDLC are inversely related to the percent of plasma PUFA when both variables are measured at the same time in different subjects,R=0.82,P<0.000001. PUFA in phospholipids increase in response to increased dietary intake of different PUFA, either n‐3 or n‐6 or fish oils. There was a highly significant inverse relationship between TC/HDLC and the percent of PUFA in phospholipids,R=0.97,P<0.001. The relationship was similar regardless of the source and type of dietary fatty acids. A similar relationship existed when only the baseline points were considered. When plasma PUFA % increases, either in response to a diet high in PUFA or across different subjects, TC/HDLC ratios decline. Evaluation of plasma fatty acid profiles and increased balanced dietary intake of PUFA to bring fatty acid profiles of subjects with low PUFA plasma levels closer to the profile of a healthy reference group is an effective approach to reduce high TC/HDLC. Reductions of more than 50% in TC/HDLC appear feasible with dietary modification alone. Further research into fatty acid metabolic activity may determine the biochemical basis of common dysplipidemias.
Synthesis of fat in response to alterations in diet: Insights from new stable isotope methodologies
Authors: Hellerstein Marc K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSynthesis of fatty acids, orde novo lipogenesis (DNL), is an intensively researched metabolic pathway whose functional significance and metabolic role have nevertheless remained uncertain. Methodologic problems that limited previous investigations of DNLin vivo and recent methodologic advances that address these problems are discussed here. In particular, deuterated water incorporation and mass isotopomer distribution analysis techniques are described. Recent experimental results in humans based on these techniques are reviewed, emphasizing dietary and hormonal factors that modulate DNL and quantitative significance of DNL under various conditions, including carbohydrate overfeeding. The somewhat surprising finding that DNL appears not to be a quantitatively major pathway even under conditions of surplus carbohydrate energy intake, at least in normal adults on typical Western diets, is discussed in depth. Nutritional and metabolic implications of these results are also noted, and some speculations on possible functional roles of DNL in normal physiology and disease states are presented in this context. In summary, methodologic advances have added to our understanding of DNL and its regulation, but many questions concerning quantitation and function remain unanswered.
Skeletal muscle membrane lipids and insulin resistance
Authors: Storlien L. H. , Pan D. A. , Kriketos A. D. , O'Connor J. , Caterson I. D. , Cooney G. J. , Jenkins A. B. , Baur L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSkeletal muscle plays a major role in insulin‐stimulated glucose disposal. This paper reviews the range of evidence in humans and experimental animals demonstrating close associations between insulin action and two major aspects of muscle morphology: fatty acid composition of the major structural lipid (phospholipid) in muscle cell membranes and relative proportions of major muscle fiber types. Workin vitro andin vivo in both rats and humans has shown that incorporation of more unsaturated fatty acids into muscle membrane phospholipid is associated with improved insulin action. As the corollary, a higher proportion of saturated fats is linked to impairment of insulin action (insulin resistance). Studiesin vitro suggest a causal relationship. Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) there is some, but not conclusive, evidence that ω‐3 (n−3) PUFA may play a particular role in improving insulin action; certainly a high n−6/n−3 ratio appears deleterious. In relation to fiber type, the more highly oxidative, insulin‐sensitive type 1 and type 2a fibers have a higher percentage of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly n−3, in their membrane phospholipid, compared to the insulin‐resistant, glycolytic, type 2b fibers. These variables, however, can be separated and may act in synergy to modulate insulin action. It remains to establish whether lifestyle (e.g., dietary fatty acid profile and physical activity), genetic predisposition, or a combination are the prime determinants of muscle morphology (particularly membrane lipid profile) and hence insulin action.
Fats in indian diets and their nutritional and health implications
Authors: Ghafoorunissa  
Published: May 2007

AbstractTo arrive at fat requirements for Indians; the contribution of invisible fat should be determined. Total lipids were extracted from common Indian foods, and their fatty acid compositions were determined. This data and information on intake of various foods were used to estimate the contents of “invisible” fat and fatty acids in Indian diets. Taking into account World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines and the invisible‐fat intake of Indians, recommendations were made for lower and upper limits of visible fats. In the rural poor, the “visible”‐fat intakes are much lower than estimated minimum requirements. Therefore, to meet the energy needs of low‐income groups, particularly young children, visible‐fat intakes must be increased to recommended levels. The urban high‐income group, however, should reduce dietary fat. Data on intake of various fatty acids in total diet shows that even the recommended lower limit of oil can meet linoleic acid requirements. Intake of α‐linolenic acid is low, however. Increase in dietary n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produces hypolipidemic, anti‐inflammatory, and antithrombotic effects. Effects of n‐3 PUFA on blood lipids, platelet fatty acid composition, and platelet aggregation were therefore investigated in Indian subjects consuming cereal‐based diets. Supplementation of fish oils (long‐chain n‐3 PUFA) as well as the use of rapeseed oil (α‐linolenic acid) produced beneficial effects. Since the requirements of α‐linolenic acid and/or long‐chain n‐3 PUFA are related to linoleic acid intake, use of more than one oil (correct choice) is recommended for providing a balanced intake of various fatty acids. Analysis of Indian food showed that some foods are good sources of α‐linolenic acid. Regular consumption of these foods can also improve the quality of fat in Indian diets. Nonvegetarians, however, have the choice of eating fish to accomplish this.
Blood pressure, serum lipids, and fatty acids in populations on a lake‐fish diet or on a vegetarian diet in Tanzania
Authors: Pauletto P. , Puato M. , Angeli M. T. , Pessina A. C. , Munhambo A. , Bittolo‐Bon G. , Galli C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMajor risk factors for coronary heart disease were assessed in two populations of Tanzania, one on a fish diet (FD) living along the coast of Lake Nyasa, and the other, mainly on a vegetarian diet (VD), living in a farming area. Lower blood pressure values were found in the FD subjects (n=618) vs. VD (n=618) (systolic blood pressure, SBP, 120±15 vs. 135±20,P<0.01; diastolic blood pressure, DBP, 70±9 vs. 78±11,P<0.01, respectively). In an FD subgroup (n=61), total cholesterol (TC) (122 vs. 136 mg/dL,P<0.01); triglycerides (TG) (82 vs. 105 mg/dL,P<0.01); and lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)] (19.9±18.4 vs. 32.3±22.4,P<0.001) were lower than in a VD subgroup (n=55). Serum fatty acids (FA) in the FD subgroup were as follows: eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) (20∶5) 2.48 vs. 0.72%, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (22∶6) 5.93 vs. 1.49%, vs. the VD, respectively. Arachidonic acid (AA) (20∶4n‐6) also was higher in the FD vs. the VD group (9.85 vs. 8.30%,P<0.05), whereas 18∶2n‐6 was about double (23.97 and 14.85%) in VD vs. FD. The peculiar serum FA pattern in FD reflected the FA of dietary fish. In fact, in four main species of lake fish, DHA was 8–19%, higher than EPA (1.8–4.2%), in contrast with the situation in cold‐water fish, and AA was 5.8–8%, higher than in cold‐water fish. The data, obtained in populations strictly on natural, unprocessed, low‐fat diets, show that a diet based on freshwater fish results in lower BP, serum TC, TG, and Lp(a), and suggests that serum AA is not reduced when the major dietary n‐3 is DHA rather than EPA.
Phase behavior of the dimethyldodecyl amine oxide‐H2O system
Authors: Lutton E. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn exploratory study of the aqueous system of dimethyldodecyl amine oxide (DDAO) revealed it to be an interesting and instructive surfactant system showing the unusual occurrence of at least 5 stable phases at room temperature舒crystal (100‐about 80% DDAO), neat (about 80–70%), viscous isotropic (70–65%), middle (65–35%) and fluid isotropic or nigre (35–0%) in order of decreasing DDAO content. In many respects the system resembles anionic detergent systems such as that of sodium palmitate, in which, however, viscous isotropic is not observed. The maximum temperatures of existence for crystal, neat and middle are, respectively, 116, 145 and 110C. Neat phase is soft and anisotropic, viscous isotropic is somewhat brittle and isotropic, middle is plastic and anisotropic. The mesomorphic phases are particularly well shown microscopically in 舠dried‐down舡 samples under circular cover glasses. Middle and neat textures under the microscope are typical. At least four crystalline phases were recognized at various degrees of hydration.
The lipid composition of wheat flours varying widely in bread‐making potentialities
Authors: Pomeranz Y. , Chung Okkyung , Robinson R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLipids were extracted with petroleum ether (average 0.93%) and with water‐saturated n‐butanol (average 1.20%) from flours milled from composite 8 hard red winter, 5 hard red spring, and each from red soft, durum, and club wheat varieties. The butanol‐extracted lipids were fractionated into nonpolar and polar lipids by silicic acid column chromatography, and the two major fractions were subfractionated by thin‐layer chromatography. The extracted, washed, lipids contained about 52% nonpolar, and 48% polar lipids. Flours milled from durum wheat contained substantially less polar lipids, than flours milled from hard red winter or hard red spring wheats. The triglycerides constituted about 50% of the nonpolar lipids. Among the polar lipids, digalactosyl glyceride was the major component (about 40%); an unidentified compound, and a mixture of monogalactosyl glyceride with phosphatidic acid were about 20% each; and phosphatidyl ethanol amine, phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl serine comprised about 4, 7, and 4.5% of the polar lipids, respectively.
Rapid densitometric determination of triglyceride groups by argentation thin layer chromatography
Authors: Chobanov D. , Tarandjiska R. , Chobanova R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA method has been developed for the quantitative thin layer chromatographic determination of the triglyceride groups, differing in unsaturation, based on densitometry of the charred bands. Complete separation was achieved by continuous development in an open glass jar. The need for correction coefficients was avoided through addition of bromine to the double bonds prior to charring in the presence of sulphuryl chloride. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated on a standard mixture and on sunflower oil, olive oil, lard, cocoa butter, and beef tallow. The method is applicable for triglyceride group analysis of the most common fats and oils which contain saturated, monoene, and diene acids.
Quantitative and qualitative characteristics of jojoba seed
Authors: Yermanos D. M. , Duncan C. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractData are presented on the composition of jojoba seed harvested from randomly selected individual plants (175 in 1973, 139 in 1974) of the native population at Aguanga, CA. Except for seed yield per plant, which was 2.7 times higher in 1974, wax, protein, and hull content of the seed, as well as fatty acid and alcohol composition of the wax, were not very different in the 2 years. A significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was found between seed wt and wax content of the seed. Highly significant (P<0.01) correlations were found in pairs of fatty acids and alcohols except where fatty acid 20∶1 was included. Comparison of data from 22 plants of known identity for the 2 years also showed no significant change in wax content and composition of the seed. By contrast, correlations for seed wt, protein, hull percent, and yield per plant for the same period were all nonsignificant.
Semi‐micro analysis of soap. II. Semi‐micro determination of borax
Authors: Blank E. W. , Griffin Margaret R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA semi‐micro procedure for the determination of borax in soap has been develped based on the fact that strontium metaborate is soluble in an excess of strontium chloride solution, whereas both strontium orthophosphate and silicate are quantitatively precipitated. The strontium metaborate is acidified and the liberated boric acid titrated to α‐Naphtholphathaleint in the presence of mannitol.
Aminimides: II. Antimicrobial effect of short chain fatty acid derivatives
Authors: Kabara J. J. , Haitsma G. V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new family of surfactants, aminimides, has been screened forin vitro antimicrobial activity. These compounds are active against both bacteria and yeast, activity being a function of chain length. Maximum activity for acetimide and acrylimide amine derivatives was extablished with chain lengths of C14–C16. Homologous compounds with lower or higher chain lengths were less active. While showing low antimicrobial activity against gram negative bacteria, mixtures containing C12 and C16 gave good activity against gram negative strains without losing gram positive activity. Aminimides gave low acute LD50’s (200–400 mg/kg) when tested in mice by intraperitoneal injection.