bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Obesity‐related Attitudes in Women Seeking Weight Reduction
Authors: Crerand Canice E. , Wadden Thomas A. , Foster Gary D. , Sarwer David B. , Paster Lauren M. , Berkowitz Robert I. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine changes in obesity‐related attitudes in a sample of obese women who participated in either dieting or non‐dieting interventions.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 123 obese women were randomly assigned to one of three weight control programs: meal replacement diet, balanced deficit diet, or a non‐dieting program. (The first two groups were combined as a single dieting condition.) Participants completed questionnaires (at baseline, Week 20, and Week 40) to assess beliefs and attitudes about obesity, along with measures of self‐esteem, depression, and body image.Results: At Weeks 20 and 40, participants in the non‐dieting condition reported significantly less negativity about obesity than those in the dieting group. Women in the dieting condition did not report an increase in negative attitudes toward obesity, despite losing significantly more weight than non‐dieting participants. Both groups experienced improvements in self‐esteem, body image, and depressive symptoms. Improvement in self‐esteem was associated with a reduction in negativity about obesity and with improvements in body image.Discussion: The non‐dieting program produced greater reductions in negative attitudes toward obesity than the dieting intervention. Dieting (with successful weight loss), however, did not result in greater negativity toward obesity. Non‐dieting programs seem to be useful in obese women for improving self‐esteem, body image, and internalized negative attitudes about obesity.
Differential Lipolytic Regulation in Human Embryonic Stem Cell–derived Adipocytes
Authors: van Harmelen Vanessa , Åström Gaby , Strömberg Amy , Sjölin Eva , Dicker Andrea , Hovatta Outi , Rydén Mikael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have raised great hopes for future clinical applications. Several groups have succeeded in differentiating hESCs into adipocytes, as determined by morphology, mRNA expression, and protein secretion. However, determination of lipolytic response, the most important characteristic of adipocytes, has not been performed. This work was intended to study adipogenic conversion of hESCs by functional assessment of differentiation.Research Methods and Procedures: Single undifferentiated colonies were allowed to transform into embryonic bodies. mRNA expression for a set of adipocyte‐specific genes and leptin/adiponectin secretion and lipolysis were assessed at different time‐points after differentiation.Results: In contrast to primary human adipocytes, hESC‐derived adipocytes showed a very small response to classical β‐adrenergic agonists, although they expressed the major genes in the lipolytic cascade. In contrast, there was a significant lipolytic response to atrial natriuretic peptide.Discussion: Although hESC‐derived adipocytes seem to be morphologically and expressionally similar to mature adipocytes, there are important functional differences that could depend on their early developmental origin. We conclude that, in contrast to mature adipocytes, hESC‐derived adipocytes display a differential response to atrial natriuretic peptide and catecholamines.
Wise Mind Project: A School‐based Environmental Approach for Preventing Weight Gain in Children
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Copeland Amy L. , Anton Stephen D. , Champagne Catherine , Han Hongmei , Lewis Leslie , Martin Corby , Newton Robert L. , Sothern Melinda , Stewart Tiffany , Ryan Donna 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The Wise Mind pilot study compared the efficacy of an environmental approach for prevention of inappropriate weight gain in children with an active control condition that used an environmental approach for modifying expectancies related to the use of alcohol, tobacco, and drugs.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 670 second to sixth grade students from four schools were enrolled in the study. The study spanned 2 academic years, and 586 students were available for evaluation at the end of the study. Two schools were randomly assigned to each treatment arm. The environmental approach for weight gain prevention focused on modification of eating habits and physical activity, and the active control group focused on modification of expectancies related to substance use.Results: Using an intention to treat design, the study found no differences in weight gain prevention between the two interventions. The weight gain prevention program was associated with reduction of total caloric intake, reduction of dietary fat intake, reduction of protein intake, and increased physical activity in comparison with the active control group and relative to baseline. These changes in food intake were attributed to changes in food selections that resulted from modification of school cafeteria menus and food preparation.Discussion: The Wise Mind school‐based weight gain prevention program induced behavioral changes in healthy eating and physical activity but did not induce significant changes in body weight in comparison with the control arm. Recommendations for future research are provided.
Weight Cycling and 6‐Year Weight Change in Healthy Adults: The Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study
Authors: Van Wye Gretchen , Dubin Joel A. , Blair Steven N. , Di Pietro Loretta 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the longitudinal relationship between a reported history of weight cycling and the trajectory of weight in a group of normal‐weight to obese women and men.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a clinic‐based cohort study conducted over 6 years. Subjects were healthy women (n = 141) and men (n = 797) age 20 to 78 years who completed at least four comprehensive medical exams at the Cooper Clinic (Dallas, TX) between 1987 and 2003. Weight loss history was reported, and body weight was measured at all examinations. Weight cycling status was derived from weight loss history and defined as ≥five episodes of weight loss of ≥2.3 kg/episode. Using linear mixed effects models, weight at each examination was regressed on weight cycling status separately for women and men while controlling for selected covariables.Results: Baseline BMI was 23 and 21 kg/m2 among cycling and non‐cycling women and was 27 and 25 kg/m2 among cycling and non‐cycling men, respectively. We observed a non‐significant difference (p = 0.09) in women by cycling status (average weight gain = 0.5 and 0.2 kg/yr among cyclers and non‐cyclers, respectively) and no difference in weight gain over time among men by cycling status (average weight gain = 0.2 kg/yr among both groups, p = 0.99). Higher baseline cardiorespiratory fitness level and increased fitness over the follow‐up were associated with attenuated weight gain in both women and men.Discussion: In healthy, middle‐aged individuals, a history of weight cycling does not seem to increase the risk of long‐term weight gain in men; however, this relation needs to be studied further in women.
Glucose Dysregulation in Obese Children: Predictive, Risk, and Potential Protective Factors
Authors: Xekouki Paraskevi , Nikolakopoulou Nikoleta M. , Papageorgiou Anna , Livadas Sarantis , Voutetakis Antonis , Magiakou Maria‐Alexandra , Chrousos George P. , Spiliotis Bessie E. , Dacou‐Voutetakis Catherine 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of our study was to determine the prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and type 2 diabetes (DM2) in obese children and adolescents of Greek origin and compare our data with pertinent literature findings in an attempt to uncover predictive, risk, and preventive factors.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 117 obese children and adolescents 12.1 ± 2.7 years old underwent a 2‐hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Insulin resistance (IR) and β‐cell function were estimated using the homeostasis model assessment (HOMA)‐IR and the insulinogenic index, respectively.Results: A total of 17 patients (14.5%) had IGT, and none had DM2. The overall prevalence rates of both IGT and DM2 in our subjects were lower than those reported in a recent multiethnic U.S. study. Nevertheless, the difference between our IGT data and those of the U.S. study was due mostly to the prepubertal subjects (9% vs. 25.4%), whereas no difference was observed in the pubertal population (18% vs. 21%). Fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA‐IR values were not predictive of IGT. The absolute value of insulin at 2 hours of the OGTT combined with the time‐integrated glycemia (AUCG) can strongly predict IGT, whereas higher area under the curve for insulin (AUCI) values were found to be protective.Discussion: In ethnic groups less prone to diabetes development, IGT or DM2 in obese subjects is more likely to develop at puberty than at the prepubertal stage. It is advisable that physicians caring for obese adolescents perform an OGTT for early detection of IGT because HOMA‐IR values, although higher in IGT subjects and indicative of IR, cannot predict IGT.
Waist‐to‐Height Ratio is an Accurate and Easier Index for Evaluating Obesity in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Yan Weili , Bingxian He , Hua Yao , Jianghong Dai , Jun Cui , Dongliang Ge , Yujian Zheng , Ling Li , Yanying Guo , Kaiti Xiao , Xiaohai Fu , Da Ma 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: The present study aims to evaluate the accuracy of the index of waist‐to‐height ratio (WHTR), and proposed the optimal thresholds of WHTR in the definition of childhood overweight and obesity in a bi‐ethnic Chinese school‐aged population.Research Methods and Procedures: Overweight and obese were identified by BMI for age and gender in a random sample including 2055 Han and 2132 Uygur ethnic school‐aged children (8 to 18 years old). WHTR was calculated by waist circumference divided by height on the basis of standard anthropometric measurements. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were performed to assess the accuracy of WHTR as a diagnostic test for childhood overweight and obesity, compared with waist circumference. The optimal thresholds of WHTR for defining overweight and obesity were recommended respectively by gender. The correlation between WHTR and age was analyzed and compared with BMI.Results: A‐values (area under curve) of WHTR for diagnosing overweight and obesity were both over 0.90 in both genders and better than those of waist circumference. A threshold of 0.445 was identified for overweight in both genders, with the sensitivity and specificity >0.80. The thresholds for defining obesity was 0.485 in boys and 0.475 in girls, both having the sensitivity and specificity >0.90. WHTR showed less association with age than BMI.Conclusions: WHTR is a simple, easy, accurate, and non‐age‐dependent index with high applicability to screening overweight and obesity in children and adolescents. The use of WHTR in the general childhood population has been justified by this study.
Secular Trends in Childhood Obesity in Denmark During 50 Years in Relation to Economic Growth
Authors: Bua Jenny , Olsen Lina W. , Sørensen Thorkild I. A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: Our aim was to examine whether secular trends in childhood overweight and obesity during five decades could be explained by economic growth.Research Methods and Procedures: Annual measurements of height and weight were available for all children born between 1930 and 1983 attending primary school in the Copenhagen Municipality: 165,389 boys and 163,609 girls from the age of 7 through 13 years. After computerization, we calculated BMI (kg/m2) and estimated the prevalence of overweight and obesity, according to international age‐ and gender‐specific criteria, by year of birth and of measurement, and separately by each age group and gender. Economic growth was indicated by the Gross National Product and the overall consumption per capita, adjusted for inflation.Results: The prevalence of overweight occurred in phases: an increase from 1930 until the 1950s, followed by a plateau period between the 1950s and the 1960s and a steep increase thereafter. This pattern was apparent across all age groups and in both genders. Obesity trends showed a similar phase pattern; the prevalence remained relatively stable from 1930 until the 1940s, increased until the mid‐1950s, followed by a plateau until 1965, and thereafter a second steep increase. Obesity trends were similar among boys across all age groups, although only among girls from 11 to 13 years of age. In both genders, increments were most pronounced in the upper BMI percentiles. After stagnation until 1947, the economic growth indicators showed a steady increase; i.e., after the first increase started in overweight and obesity, whether analyzed by year of birth or year of measurement, there were no indications of phases in the rise thereafter.Discussion: Prevalence of overweight and obesity among Danish children rose in phases, which were not paralleled by trends in economic growth. The macroeconomic growth indicators seem inappropriate as proxies for the environmental exposures that have elicited the obesity epidemic.
Abdominal Obesity and Coronary Heart Disease in Thai Men
Authors: Aekplakorn Wichai , Pakpeankitwatana Varapat , Lee Crystal M.Y. , Woodward Mark , Barzi Federica , Yamwong Sukit , Unkurapinun Nongnuj , Sritara Piyamitr 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the association of four simple anthropometric indices with coronary heart disease (CHD) in Thai men, and to determine the optimal cut‐off points for each index in the prediction of CHD.Research Methods and Procedures: This is a cohort study with 17 years of follow‐up. A total of 2536 male employees from the Electricity Generating Authority of Thailand 35 to 59 years of age at baseline were included in the study. Height, weight, waist circumference, and hip circumference were measured to generate BMI, waist circumference (WC), waist‐to‐hip ratio (WHR), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR). Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios by thirds of each index. Receiver operating characteristic curves were used to assess discrimination of CHD.Results: WHtR was most strongly associated with CHD events in Thai men. The age‐adjusted hazard ratio for those in the highest, compared with the lowest, third was 2.89 (1.37, 6.11). Although WHtR had the largest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) with the optimal cut‐off estimated to be 0.51 (sensitivity, 55%; specificity, 61%), no statistically significant difference (p > 0.10) was found between the AUC for WHtR and that for the other three indices.Conclusion: WHtR is, marginally, the best of the four indices considered to predict CHD events in Thai men.
Impaired Fat‐induced Thermogenesis in Obese Subjects: The NUGENOB Study
Authors: Blaak Ellen E. , Hul Gabby , Verdich Camilla , Stich Vladimir , Martinez J. Alfredo , Petersen Martin , Feskens Edith F. M. , Patel Kishor , Oppert Jean Michel , Barbe Pierre , Toubro Søren , Polak Jan , Anderson Ingalena , Astrup Arne , Macdonald Ian , Langin Dominique , Sørensen Thorkild , Saris Wim H. ,   The NUGENOB Consortium
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjectives: To study energy expenditure before and 3 hours after a high‐fat load in a large cohort of obese subjects (n = 701) and a lean reference group (n = 113).Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects from seven European countries underwent a 1‐day clinical study with a liquid test meal challenge containing 95% fat (energy content was 50% of estimated resting energy expenditure). Fasting and 3‐hour postprandial energy expenditures, as well as metabolites and hormones, were determined.Results: Obese subjects had a reduced postprandial energy expenditure after the high‐fat load, independent of body composition, age, sex, research center, and resting energy expenditure, whereas within the obese group, thermogenesis increased again with increasing BMI category. Additionally, insulin resistance, habitual physical activity, postprandial plasma triacylglycerols, and insulin were all independently positively related to the postprandial energy expenditure. Resting energy expenditure, adjusted for fat‐free mass, increased with degree of obesity, a difference that disappeared after adjustment for fat mass. Furthermore, insulin resistance, fasting plasma free fatty acids, and cortisol were positively associated, whereas fasting plasma leptin and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 were negatively associated, with resting energy expenditure.Discussion: The 3‐hour fat‐induced thermogenic response is reduced in obesity. It remains to be determined whether this blunted thermogenic response is a contributory factor or an adaptive response to the obese state.
Effect of Weight Loss on Free Insulin‐Like Growth Factor‐I in Obese Women With Hyposomatotropism
Authors: Rasmussen Michael H. , Juul Anders , Hilsted Jannik 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: It has been hypothesized that increased free insulin‐like growth factor (IGF)‐I levels generated from an increase in IGF‐binding protein (IGFBP) protease activity could be the inhibitory mechanism for the decreased growth hormone (GH) secretion observed in obese subjects.Research Methods and Procedures: In this study, we determined basal and 24‐hour levels of free IGF‐I and ‐II, total IGF‐I and ‐II, IGFBP‐1, as well as basal IGFBP‐2, −3, and −4, acid‐labile subunit (ALS), IGFBP‐1, −2, and −3 protease activity, and 24‐hour GH release in obese women before and after a diet‐induced weight loss. Sixteen obese women (age, 29.5 ± 1.4 years) participated in a weight loss program and 16 age‐matched non‐obese women served as controls.Results: Circulating free IGF‐I and 24‐hour GH release were significantly decreased in obese women at before weight loss compared with non‐obese women (1.29 ± 0.12 vs. 0.60 ± 0.09 μg/L; p < 0.001 and 862 ± 90 vs. 404 ± 77 mU/24 hours; p < 0.001, respectively). Free IGF‐I and 24‐hour GH release were not inversely correlated to each other. IGFBP‐1 and −2 levels were decreased, whereas ALS, IGFBP‐3 and −4, and IGFBP‐1, −2, and −3 protease activity were similar in obese and non‐obese women. Eight of the 16 obese women achieved an average weight loss of 30 ± 5 kg during 26 to 60 weeks of dieting. After the considerable weight loss, significant differences in free IGF‐I, GH release, and IGFBP‐1 and −2 levels were no longer present between previously obese and non‐obese women.Discussion: We showed that circulating free IGF‐I is markedly decreased in severely obese women and does not per se mediate the concomitant hyposomatotropism. The decreased levels of free IGF‐I seem to be transient and restored to normal levels after weight loss.
Association of Neuropeptide Y Receptor Y5 Polymorphisms with Dyslipidemia in Mexican Americans
Authors: Coletta Dawn K. , Schneider Jennifer , Stern Michael P. , Blangero John , DeFronzo Ralph A. , Duggirala Ravindranath , Jenkinson Christopher P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe examined the genetic association of neuropeptide Y receptor Y5 (NPY5R) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with measures of the insulin resistance (metabolic) syndrome. We genotyped 10 NPY5R SNPs in 439 Mexican American individuals (age = 43.3 ± 17.3 years and BMI = 30.0 ± 6.7 kg/m2) distributed across 27 pedigrees from the San Antonio Family Diabetes Study and performed association analyses using the measured genotype approach as implemented in Sequential Oligogenic Linkage Analysis Routines (SOLAR). Minor alleles for five (rs11100493, rs12501691, P1, rs11100494, rs12512687) of the NPY5R SNPs were found to be significantly (p < 0.05) associated with fasting plasma triglyceride concentrations and decreased high‐density lipoprotein concentrations. In addition, the minor allele for SNP P2 was significantly associated (p = 0.031) with a decreased homeostasis model assessment of β‐cell function (HOMA‐%β). Linkage disequilibrium between SNP pairs indicated one haplotype block of five SNPs (rs11100493, rs12501691, P1, rs11100494, rs12512687) that were highly correlated (r2 > 0.98). These preliminary results provide evidence for association of SNPs in the NPY5R gene with dyslipidemia (elevated triglyceride concentrations and reduced high‐density lipoprotein levels) in our Mexican American population.
Randomized Trial of a Multifaceted Commercial Weight Loss Program
Authors: Rock Cheryl L. , Pakiz Bilge , Flatt Shirley W. , Quintana Elizabeth L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractObjective: To test whether a commercial weight loss program promotes greater weight loss in overweight or obese women compared with control conditions and to describe the effect on plasma lipids, carotenoids, hormones, and fitness.Research Methods and Procedures: Overweight or obese women were randomized to commercial weight loss program or control conditions (n = 35 each).Results: At randomization, participants were 41.1 (11.4) (mean [standard deviation]) years, BMI 34.0 (3.5) kg/m2, and weight 92.0 (11.1) kg. At 6 months, change in weight by intent‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis was −7.2 (6.7) kg and −7.8% (7.2%) in the intervention group vs. −0.3 (3.9) kg and −0.3% (4.5%) in the control group (n = 35 for each; p < 0.01). One‐year ITT analysis revealed significantly greater change in weight, percent weight, BMI, and waist and hip circumferences in the intervention vs. control group. Completers at 1 year exhibited change in weight of −7.3 (10.4) kg for the intervention group (n = 32) vs. −0.7 (5.6) kg for controls (n = 33) (p < 0.01), and −7.8% (11.1%) weight change for the intervention group vs. −0.7% (6.2%) for controls (p < 0.01). High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol concentration increased significantly in the intervention group. Fasting serum insulin decreased in the intervention but increased in the control group at 6 months (p < 0.01), remaining different at 1 year (p = 0.05).Discussion: The commercial program successfully facilitated weight loss, which was notably maintained at 1 year, and promoted favorable changes in plasma lipid and hormone concentrations.