bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
LINNAEUS'S NOTES ON PLUMIER DRAWINGS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO MIMOSA LATISILIQUA
Authors: Polhill R. M. , Stearn W. T. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn 1961 de Wit typified Mimosa latisiliqua L., Sp. PL 1: 519 (1753), the basionym of Lysiloma latisiliquum (L.) Benth. and Leucaena latisiliqua (L.) Gillis, by a Plumier illustration published by Burman in 1755 but based on one among 500 Plumier drawings seen by Linnaeus in Holland in 1738. Gillis & Stearn (1974) rejected this typification, albeit reluctantly, on the ground that (1) this illustration was not available to Linnaeus when preparing the Species Plantarum (1753), that (2) there was no evidence of his making notes on these drawings in 1738 for later use and that (3) he must have had another source of evidence. The second two suppositions can now be proved incorrect. Linnaeus's notes are to be found in an interleaved copy of the first edition of his Genera Plantarum (1737). They include a reference to the Plumier plant which he later named Mimosa latisiliqua and also to many other West Indian species drawn by Plumier. The type of M. latisiliqua is accordingly a copy of a Plumier drawing now at Groningen, the typotype is Plumier's original drawing at Paris; it represents the species later named Lysiloma bahamense Benth., for which the name L. latisiliquum (L.) Benth. should be re‐instated; Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit remains the correct name for L. glauca Benth. The choice of Linnaean Herbarium 1228.19 to typify Mimosa latisiliqua as advocated by Gillis & Stearn (1974) is to be rejected because this specimen does not satisfactorily fit the Linnaean protologue.
POLLEN‐COLLECTING HAIRS OF CAMPANULA (CAMPANULACEAE), I: HISTORICAL REVIEW
Authors: Shetler Stanwyn G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe literature on the unique pollen‐collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae) is reviewed as background for new pollination studies, with particular reference to the nature and function of the collecting‐hair mechanism in the breeding system. The main features of the floral mechanism, including the pronounced dichogamy (protandry) and insect adaptation, were first described and depicted accurately by Sprengel in 1793, although pollination observations date back at least to Linnaeus in 1738. Numerous other workers have since added details but little that is basically new to our knowledge of the floral mechanism. Brief reference is made to some of the significant contributions to cytology, cytogenetics, and pollen morphology in recent years. Campanula is basically allogamous, although cases of limited autogamy are known. Experimental studies have shown that campanulas range from complete self‐sterility to complete self‐compatibility, but self‐fertilization usually is accomplished only with difficulty under experimental conditions, and there is little evidence of spontaneous self‐pollination in nature. The pollen is presented from the hairs on the style, which collect the pollen from the anthers while in the bud. The hairs have been known since 1839 to possess the unusual capacity to retract into the style, but the adaptive significance of this mechanism has yet to be explained satisfactorily. The collecting hairs, since before they were known to invaginate, have been interpreted by some investigators as part of a mechanism either to effect fertilization directly through the style without the stigmas or as a back‐up to insure autogamy when cross‐pollination breaks down. Although little evidence exists to support either view, there is still no definitive explanation of their function in the breeding system. Among campanulaceous families, the genera of the Campanulaceae s.str. are believed to have the least advanced (“naked”) form of stylar pollen presentation.
LINNAEUS AND BOTANISTS IN EIGHTEENTH‐CENTURY RUSSIA
Authors: Rowell Margery 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThere was a close interaction between Linnaeus and botanists in Russia. Linnaeus corresponded with many of them, both native Russians and foreign scholars working in Russia. Their letters illustrate the deep concern with identification which dominated botany in the eighteenth century. Through his contacts in Russia, Linnaeus acquired specimens from the earliest collections made in Russia and Siberia and was able to include them in the Species Plantarum. Linnaeus influenced the early development of modern botany in Russia through established scholars working there, and also through Russians who studied under him at Uppsala. Many dissertations reflect Linnaeus' interest in the Russian and Siberian flora. Linnaeus' published works were used in Russian medical schools and some were translated into Russian at the end of the century. Linnaeus had a high opinion of the achievements of Russian botany in the eighteenth century. Collections made throughout the Russian Empire greatly increased the knowledge of the world's flora.
ALGAE TERRAE NOVAE, EXSICCATA OF NEWFOUNDLAND BENTHIC MARINE ALGAE—II. DEPOSITION OF SETS
Authors: South G. Robin , Hooper Robert G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAlgae Terrae Novae, an exsiccata of nine sets of benthic marine algae from Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada, was distributed from 1968–1978 to more than 60 institutions and individual phycologists throughout the world. The exsiccata comprises 200 numbers of 162 species, with a total of about 12,000 specimens distributed. Approximately 64% of the Newfoundland and Labrador flora is represented.
THREE TAXA CONSTITUTE THE SEXES OF A SINGLE DIOECIOUS SPECIES OF SOLANUM
Authors: Anderson Gregory J. , Levine Deborah A. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySolanum appendiculatum H. et B. ex Dun., S. connatum Corr., and S. inscendens Rydb. constitute the single dioecious species, S. appendiculatum. These taxa are fully intercompatible and morphologically very similar. They were distinguished by differences in style length and in the degree of filament fusion; however, the first character is associated with the gender of the plants, and the latter shows variability and inheritance patterns not associated with species boundaries.
CHEMOSYSTEMATIC STUDIES IN THE GENUS ABIES. IV. INTROGRESSION IN ABIES LASIOCARPA AND ABIES BIFOLIA
Authors: Hunt Richard S. , von Rudloff Ernst 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe volatile oils of the leaves of alpine fir were analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography. In the Pacific Northwest, alpine fir separates into two types, Coastal and Rocky Mountain. They were distinguished by quantitative differences in santene, tricyclene, camphene, β‐pinene, myrcene, β‐phellandrene, borneol, and ∗∗∗bornyl acetate. Coastal populations had red colors in the periderm, whereas the Rocky Mountain populations had only brown colors. A literature search revealed additional differences between these populations which were originally described as Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt. and A. bifolia Murray, respectively, and more recently as only A. lasiocarpa or as a single variety of A. balsamea. However, our evidence suggests that the original designations more accurately describe these two populations, which have hybridized extensively.
VASCULAR PLANT TYPE SPECIMENS IN THE MOHR HERBARIUM, UNIVERSITY, ALABAMA
Authors: Davenport L. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Herbarium of the Geological Survey of Alabama (Mohr Herbarium) was founded in 1878 with the contacting of Charles Mohr by the Alabama State Geologist. The Herbarium remained active until the death of Mohr in 1901 and was directly utilized in two publications, most notably Plant Life of Alabama. An investigation of its contents reveals that the Herbarium contains 47 types, including four holotypes, six isotypes, two syntypes, and one paratype. A list of these type specimens is provided.
THE TYPIFICATION OF LINNAEAN PLANT NAMES: A PROJECT OF THE LINNEAN SOCIETY OF LONDON
Authors: Cannon J. F. M. , Jarvis C. E. , Robson N. K. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Linnean Society of London has undertaken a project on the typification of Linnaean plant names. Grant support from the Science and Engineering Research Council has enabled work to begin on the first phase—a survey of existing data relating to typifications and an assessment of the problems involved in completing the whole task. The end product is envisaged as a comprehensive catalogue of Linnaean plant species, their lectotypes, and appropriate supporting data.
FESTUCA VIRIDULA VASEY (POACEAE): RE‐ESTABLISHMENT OF ITS ORIGINAL LECTOTYPE
Authors: Pavlick Leon E. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVasey (1893b) was correct in selecting Suksdorf's Mt. Adams, Washington specimen as lectotype of Festuca viridula. Piper (1906) misinterpreted the protologue in Vasey (1893a) and his selection of a superseding lectotype (Bolander, California) does not stand.
RUBIACEAE TYPES IN THE TRIANA COLLECTIONS AT THE INSTITUTO DE CIENCIAS NATURALES, UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL, BOGOTA, COLOMBIA
Authors: Kirkbride Joseph H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryJosé Jerónimo Triana was one of the most important collectors in 19th Century Colombia. The history of his collection and its numbering after his active period of collecting are traced. He employed a dual numbering system and prepared two separate catalogues for his collection. The set now at the Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad Nacional, Bogotá (COL) is numbered systematically, and the sets deposited in European herbaria, particularly the British Museum (Natural History) (BM), are numbered serially from 1 to 4490. Consequently many important cited duplicates and types of Triana's collections at COL are not indicated as such; 26 previously unrecognized type collections of Triana Rubiaceae at COL are presented. Some collections in the Triana herbarium may actually be Linden duplicates.
CHROMOSOME BANDING AND SYNTHETIC SYSTEMATICS IN ANACYCLUS (Asteraceae‐Anthemideae)
Authors: Ehrendorfer Friedrich , Schweizer Dieter , Greger Harald , Humphries Christopher 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxa of the small genus Anacyclus, centered in N.W. Africa, have very similar karyotypes (2n = 18), but Giemsa C‐banding reveals striking differences. Chemosystematic information mainly come from distinct flavonol and diosmetin O‐glycosylation patterns. Furthermore, morphological analyses according to the principles of Hennig (1966) are presented in cladogram form. Comparison of results obtained by such different methods is facilitated by similarity diagrams, which show good (but not complete) correspondence of the data‐sets. Chromosome C‐banding therefore appears to be a powerful new tool for karyosystematics in plants. Potentials for a synthetic systematic treatment of Anacyclus and an evolutionary interpretation of the various data are discussed.
STUDIES ON MANGANESE‐ACCUMULATING ALYXIA SPECIES FROM NEW CALEDONIA
Authors: Brooks Robert R. , Trow Jennifer M. , Veillon Jean‐Marie , Jaffré Tanguy 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThirty‐one species of Alyxia from New Caledonia were analysed for their manganese content. Most of the species showed excessive uptake of manganese with a maximum of 1.15% Mn in dried leaves of A. rubricaulis. The manganese content alone was sufficient to distinguish a number of species from each other. Composite samples were in addition analysed for calcium, magnesium, potassium and sodium. Correlation analysis and calculation of the slopes of regression lines showed that manganese uptake was mainly at the expense of calcium, rather than magnesium. Similarly magnesium was preferred to potassium and potassium to sodium. It is possible that manganese may have some physiological role in Alyxia, compensating to some extent for reduced uptake of the nutrients calcium and potassium.
TYPIFICATION OF DIANELLA LAM. EX JUSS. (LILIACEAE)
Authors: Henderson R. J. F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA. L. de Jussieu in 1789 first validly published the generic name Dianella which has usually been attributed to Lamarck.D. ensata (Thunberg) R. J. Henderson comb. nov. is the correct name for the type species. Dracaena ensata Thunberg, Dracaena ensifolia Linnaeus and Dianella nemorosa Lamarck nom. illeg. are lectotypified.
THE LINNAEAN SPECIES OF ASCYRUM (GUTTIFERAE)
Authors: Robson N. K. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAscyrum L. is now regarded as a synonym of Hypericum L. Typification of all three Linnaean species of this genus has given rise to problems. In particular, Linnaeus's concept of A. cruxundreae was confused; and the present treatment of this species as a synonym of Hypericum mutilum L. is clearly unsatisfactory. Following a review of the nomenclatural history of the three species it is concluded that: (1) A. crux‐andreae L. should be lectotypified by Clayton 230 (LINN), i.e., it has priority over Ascyrum stans Michaux ex Willd., so that Hypericum crux‐andreae (L.) Crantz replaces H. stans (Michaux ex Willd.) Adams & Robson as the accepted name of a well‐known species from south‐eastern U.S.A.; (2) A. hypericoides L. should be lectotypified by Plumier, Nov. Pl. Amer. Gen: t.7 (1703), a procedure which preserves the current usage; (3) A. villosum L. should be lectotypified by Plukenet, Phytographia: t.245, f.6 (1691) and treated as a synonym of Hypericum setosum L., thus preserving the current usage. In addition A. multicaule is given a new rank: H. hypericoides subsp. multicaule (Michaux ex Willd.) N. Robson, stat. nov.
A NAME CHANGE FOR CENTRAL AMERICAN TEOSINTE
Authors: Bird Robert McK. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe differences between maize and annual teosinte are so numerous that individuals of the two species are never confused, and hybrids and backcrosses are easily distinguished. Mexican and Central American teosintes are similar, but differences in the male and female inflorescences, as well as cytogenetic and geographical separation, allow them to be delimited as two species of Zea Linnaeus (1753) (Gramineae).
PHENETIC TAXONOMY AT THE SPECIES LEVEL AND ABOVE
Authors: Sneath P.H. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhenetic analyses are valuable at all taxonomic ranks. A review of work at higher ranks is presented, and certain difficulties are discussed: these are just as serious for traditional studies, though often glossed over. Difficulties include determination of homologies, incompleteness of data and shortage of constant characters. It is also necessary to employ similarity coefficients and cluster methods that are not too sensitive, respectively, to effects of gross size and numbers of OTU's. The number of OTU's required to represent a homogeneous cluster is apt to be underestimated: even with a simplified model of phenetic variation this number should be at least 10 and preferably 25 or more. Some newer developments in numerical analysis of phytogeny are briefly reviewed.
WHAT IS LECYTHIS?
Authors: Prance Ghillean T. , Mori Scott A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTerminology of the androecium and fruit of the Lecythidaceae are reviewed and illustrated. The uncertainty of earlier workers (Miers, 1874; Knuth, 1939) as to the identity of the generic and familial type, Lecythis ollaria Loefling, is reviewed. The genuine identity of L. ollaria is established and the species is described and illustrated. The genus Lecythis is re‐defined and described, and comments on its relationship with Couroupita, Corythophora and Eschweilera are given. The reasons for placing Chytroma pro parte, Holopyxidium, Sapucaya and Pachylecythis in synonomy under Lecythis are discussed. A key to the New World genera of the family is provided.
1. INTRODUCTION AND FLORAL AND GENERAL ANATOMY
Authors: Philipson W. R. , Stone B. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe monotypic genus Aralidium Miq. of the West Malesian floristic region has been assigned by different authors to both the Araliaceae and the Cornaceae. A renewed investigation of floral, stem, and leaf anatomy, and some other features of the genus, confirmed the absence of secretory canals, the dorsal position of the raphe and the peripheral origin of the ventral bundles; these characters preclude the assignment of Aralidium to the Araliaceae. The genus also possesses some features discordant in the Cornaceae, having lobed palisade cells, multilacunar nodes, and fibre‐pits without borders. Additionally, the anisocytic stomata and glandular hairs of Aralidium are rarely found in either Araliaceae or Cornaceae. Of the possible relatives, only Griselinia, a genus of the Cornales found in South America and New Zealand, appears to be moderately close, but the two genera differ nonetheless sufficiently to favour the erection of a separate family Aralidiaceae, established herein.
SYSTEMATIC STATUS OF THE GENUS KLEINODENDRON (EUPHORBIACEAE)
Authors: Webster Grady L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe status of the Brazilian genus Kleinodendron Smith and Downs is reconsidered on the basis of studies of floral morphology, pollen characters, and wood anatomy. The plant does not belong to the tribe Clutieae but rather to the tribe Phyllantheae, and the genus cannot be separated from the genus Savia. Although there are some differences between the specimens of Kleinodendron from Santa Catarina and material of Savia dictyocarpa Muell. Arg. from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the Santa Catarina populations are not sharply separable, and both the genus Kleinodendron and the species Kleinodendron riosulense must pass into synonymy.
CONSENSUS TREES IN PHENETIC ANALYSES
Authors: Smith P. G. , Phipps J. B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryConsensus trees are graphical summarizations of the information shared between two or more classifications of the same set of elements. A new application of consensus tree methods, useful for those performing cluster analyses, is described. When more than one phenogram is produced during the course of a cluster analysis, consensus trees can be used to summarize the information about group structure shared by the different phenograms. This can lead to a clearer understanding of group relationships in the data. Application of consensus tree methods, specifically Adams‐II and durchschnitt consensus, in cluster analyses of Crataegus individuals, made a significant contribution to clarifying species relationships in a taxonomically difficult genus.
NATURAE NOVITATES, 1879‐1944: ITS PUBLICATION AND INTERCONTINENTAL TRANSIT TIMES MIRROR EUROPEAN HISTORY
Authors: Schmid Rudolf 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBibliographic details are given for the current awareness journal Naturae novitates, which listed new books, separates, and issues of journals in biology, paleontology, geology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and astronomy. Collation is given for the 66 volumes of the serial published between 1879 and 1944. Mail transit of the serial from Berlin to Berkeley, California, averaged 40.7 days (42.0 if abnormal times are included) per issue for 1903 to 1916 and 44.0 days (51.1 days) per issue for 1922 to 1941, with some issues in 1906 requiring only eleven or twelve days for intercontinental and transcontinental transit. Transit times of issues and the total number of pages and numbered references per volume are graphed; these varied directly with unfavorable economic and especially wartime conditions in Germany.
THE SPELLING OF PEHR FORSSKÅL'S FAMILY NAME
Authors: Friis I. , Thulin M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is recommended that the orthography of Forsskål's family name to be used in bibliography and when referred to in scientific papers is ‘Forsskål.’ The abbreviation recommended for citation in connection with Latin plant names is ‘Forssk.’ When used for the formation of Latin scientific names a number of the variant spellings proposed in the past can be accepted, e.g. with ‐s‐ or ‐ss‐, and with or without ‐h‐, depending upon the choice of the original author. The choice, however, should be restricted to the consonants alone; deviation from an orthography in which the first vowel is ‐o‐ and the second is ‐å‐ (transcribed according to Art. 73.6 as ‐ao‐ in Latin plant names) should be treated as an orthographic error and hence corrected. The history of the special Scandinavian letter ‐å‐ is briefly outlined.
HISTORY OF THE LCU HERBARIUM, 1895–1986
Authors: Tucker Arthur O. , Poston Muriel E. , Iltis Hugh H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe herbarium at the Catholic University of America, founded as early as 1895 and later known as the Langlois Herbarium at the Catholic University (LCU), Washington, D.C., was dispersed by sale in 1985 to 1986. The institutions which received portions of the LCU herbarium included CAN, CM, DOV, F, NA, TEX, US, WIS, and the Department of Botany, Howard University, Washington, D.C. (HUDC).
INCORPORATION OF INFORMATION FROM THE TAXONOMIC HIERARCHY IN COMPARING VEGETATION TYPES
Authors: Dale M. B. , Feoli E. , Ganis P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper reports on a method of extending species descriptions by incorporating information from the taxonomic hierarchy into a numerical classification of plant community types based on species. The basic species data are expanded to include information on higher taxonomic categories, such as genus, family, order, or class. Each stand is described by the presence, or abundance, of taxonomic categories but, unlike previous methods, only the necessary levels of the hierarchy are included. “Necessary” is here defined to be the highest level in the taxonomic hierarchy which uniquely identifies some specific taxon in the data set. If only a single member of an order is present in the data, then only taxonomic categories equal to or higher than, order are necessary to uniquely identify that taxon. Information on family, genus or species is simply redundant. Where several members of the same genus are present then all levels of the hierarchy will be recorded since they are all necessary for unique identification. Having obtained stand descriptions in terms of the taxonomic categories then classification can proceed normally using standard techniques. The method was applied to a small set of data, for which a variety of previous results was already available for comparison. The method appears to provide an effective means of extending species descriptions.
SPECIES—PATTERN OR PROCESS?
Authors: Lidén Magnus , Oxelman Bengt 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is emphasized that taxonomy concerns pattern and that attempts to apply temporal aspects to taxa, including species, are doomed to lead to unsolvable paradoxes. The temporal species concepts have serious impacts on biological theory as the recognition of taxa is confused with evolutionary processes. The choice of inclusiveness of any Linnean taxon is in principle arbitrary in each particular case.
A TECHNICALLY NEW LECTOTYPIFICATION OF HARPALEJEUNEA (HEPATICAE)
Authors: Grolle Riclef 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe European species of Harpalejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn. is H. molleri (Steph.) comb. nov. (=Lejeunnea molleri Steph., =H. ovata auct., (non (Dicks.) Schiffn. =Douinia ovata (Dicks.) Buch). Under Art. 8, H. ovata (Dicks.) Schiffn. is superseded by H. ancistrodes (Spruce) Schiffn. as the lectotype of Harpalejeunea (Spruce) Schiffn., preserving its traditional sense and also Douinia (C. Jens.) Buch.
GRIFFITHS' “CACTI GLASS NEGATIVES” COLLECTION
Authors: Funk V. A. , Tuccinardi Christian 
Published: April 2006

SummaryDr. David Griffiths studied Opuntia from 1905 until 1916. The glass negatives of his collections are housed at the Smithsonian Institution and have recently been catalogued. Two lists are given here, one by species and one by negative number. Additional information is available on request.
DE LA PRESENCIA DE IBERIS SAXATILIS L. EN LAS MONTAÑAS NORTEAFRICANAS (CRUCIFERAE)
Authors: Moreno M. , Velasco M. 
Published: April 2006

ResumenSe discuten las afinidades de I. sempervirens L. subsp. pseudosaxatilis Emberger con I. sempervirens L. y se justifica la nueva combinación: I. saxatilis L. subsp. pseudosaxatilis (Emberger) Moreno & Velasco, que supone la presencia de I. saxatilis L. en el norte de Africa.