bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out-patient appointments: a necessary evil? a literature review and survey of patient attendance records
Authors: Magnes Reuven Manfred 
Published: December 2008

Aims and MethodTo describe the effect of a postal reminder system on UK adult psychiatry clinic attendance. A literature review was completed and a serial cross-sectional survey of patient attendance records in an inner-city psychiatric hospital during 2006 and 2007 was undertaken.ResultsA simple postal prompt reduces non-attendance by up to 50% and data from the serial cross-sectional survey of attendance records (n=36) powered at 77% supported this finding. Postal prompts in the survey accounted for 30% improvement in the variance (r2).Clinical ImplicationsA simple postal prompt that takes less than 30 s to read, sent up to 2 weeks prior to the appointment improves attendance by up to 50% and is useful for maintaining standards of excellence.
Metal Ion Sensing by Luminescence from an Ion-exchange Adduct of Clay and Cationic Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complex
Authors: Sato Hisako , Tamura Kenji , Taniguchi Masahiro , Yamagishi Akihiko 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A cationic iridium(III) complex, [Ir(ppy)2dmbpy]+ (ppy = 2-phenylpyridine and dmbpy = 4,4′-dimethylbipyridine), was adsorbed by colloidally dispersed montmorillonite clay. The emission quantum yield (Φ) decreased from 0.06 to 0.01 on adsorption, while Φ recovered to ca. 0.12 by adding alkali or alkaline earth metal ions to the concentration of ca. 2×10−2 or 2×10−5 M, respectively.
Surface Modification of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Insulator for Printable Organic Field-effect Transistors
Authors: Watanabe Mitsuru , Muro Koji , Hamada Takashi , Tamai Toshiyuki , Masuyama Araki , Naito Hiroyoshi , Matsukawa Kimihiro 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
To improve the performance of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) composed of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) semiconductor and polymethylsilsesquioxane (PMSQ)-based insulator, surface modification of PMSQ insulator has been carried out. The modified PMSQ were synthesized by a sol–gel co-condensation of methyltrimethoxysilane and hydrophobic alkoxysilane. The thin films from these PMSQ had smooth and hydrophobic surface. Resulting OFET fabricated on the modified PMSQ insulator showed enhanced mobility. A clear relation could be seen between the mobility and the surface free energy of insulator.
Opening the pathway: Plot management and the pivotal seventh character in Daphne du Maurier's “Don't Look Now”
Authors: Murphy Terence Patrick 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
How do writers of narrative fiction integrate local instances of situational discrepancy with the more global concerns that arise from the attempt to create engaging and ultimately satisfying plots? If tendentious situation monitoring is used as a local strategy to enable the correct reading of potentially ambiguous conversational exchange, third-person narrators use plot management to steer the reader through situational discrepancies that are crucial to the outcome of the plot. The link between these two narrative tasks is provided by the concept of the skeleton Propp structure, which serves to constrain the number of possible arrangements and re-arrangements of the character functions within the narrative fiction. By linking the function of situational discrepancy in narrative fiction to the overall management of the plot, this essay will examine how Daphne du Maurier's short story of shock and surprise, “Don't Look Now” works.
‘Activity types’ and ‘discourse types’: Mediating ‘advice’ in interactions between foreign language assistants and their supervisors in schools in France and England
Authors: Culpeper Jonathan , Crawshaw Robert , Harrison Julia 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper aims to enhance our understanding of interactions between French/English Foreign Language Assistants (FLAs) and their school mentors (MEs), and, more specifically, of how ‘advice’ is sought, given and received. More generally, it will articulate a pragmatic approach (employing the notion of ‘activity type’) that can help achieve this aim. The paper draws on a sub-set of the data produced for the Pragmatics and Intercultural Communication (PIC) project, a project which deployed multiple and different methodologies, including, for example, not only transcriptions of live interactions, but also retrospective reflections on those interactions. We focus on the first non-casual meetings between FLAs and their MEs, a crucial part of which concerns ‘advice’. We argue that advice can be viewed as a ‘discourse type’, and show how it is deployed in the context of the activity types constituted by those meetings. We conduct a detailed qualitative analysis of one audio-recording of a meeting based in England, and then compare it with one based in France, our interpretations being informed by the participants' reflections, especially those of the FLA. We also deploy quantitative analysis and explore whether the patterns identified in our case studies can be generalised. Finally, we reflect on the implications of activity types and discourse types for pragmatics research, particularly politeness theory and cross-cultural pragmatics.
Passing greetings and interactional style: A cross-cultural study of American English and Peninsular Spanish
Authors: Pinto Derrin 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Although it may seem contradictory, when Spaniards ‘greet’ each other in passing they often employ formulas associated with farewells such as adiós (‘bye’) or hasta luego (‘see you later’). This common practice contrasts with other languages like American English in which speakers use greeting formulas, including ‘hi, hello’ or ‘how are you?’. This study explores this source of cross-cultural variation and explains how the conventional speech behavior in both language communities is consistent with their respective interactional styles. The passing greeting in English is in line with speakers who invest their verbal energy in showing good intentions, maintaining an image of social harmony, and using strategies of negative politeness to avoid imposing on the hearer. The passing farewell in Spain, on the other hand, is consistent with a culture that values positive politeness, establishing solidarity and being direct.
Be Articulate: A pragmatic theory of presupposition projection
Authors: Schlenker Philippe 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
In the 1980's, the analysis of presupposition projection contributed to a ‘dynamic turn’ in semantics: the classical notion of meanings as truth conditions was replaced with a dynamic notion of meanings as Context Change Potentials (Heim 1983). We explore an alternative in which presupposition projection follows from the combination of a fully classical semantics with two pragmatic principles of manner, Be Articulate and Be Brief. Be Articulate is a violable constraint which requires that a meaning
pp′, conceptualized as involving a pre-condition
p
(its ‘presupposition’), should be articulated as … (p and pp′) … (e.g. … it is raining and John knows it …) rather than as …
pp′ …. Be Brief, which is more highly ranked than Be Articulate, disallows a full conjunction whose first element is semantically idle. In particular, … (p and pp′) … is ruled out by Be Brief – and hence …
pp′ … is acceptable despite Be Articulate – if one can determine as soon as p and is uttered that no matter how the sentence ends these words could be eliminated without affecting its contextual meaning. Two equivalence theorems guarantee that these principles derive Heim's results in almost all cases. Unlike dynamic semantics, our analysis does not encode in the meaning of connectives the left-right asymmetry which is often found in presupposition projection; instead, we give a flexible analysis of this incremental bias, which allows us to account for some ‘symmetric readings’ in which the bias is overridden (e.g. If the bathroom is not hidden, this house has no bathroom).
Skiing Behavior of Alpine Recreational Skiers
Authors: Ekeland A , Holtmoen Å , Lystad H 
Published: December 2008

Alpine skiers on Norwegian slopes were studied during the winter of 1985/1986. A total of 789 skiers were selected randomly from lift lines in 7 ski resorts and surveyed for injury-related behavior.
The median age of the skiers was 20 years (range 3–61 years). Thirty-eight percent were females; sixty-two percent were males. Sixteen percent had suffered previous skiing injuries. Forty-five percent of the population was classified as experts and advanced skiers, and males had a higher ability level and were more experienced skiers than females. Only 38% of the skiers had received any skiing instruction. This percentage was three times as high for experts as for beginners.
Most of the bindings (63%) were adjusted in a ski shop, but 29% had never been tested for release. The frequency of binding tests increased with increasing skiing ability and was higher for males than for females. One quarter of the skiers enjoyed powder skiing, and they were more skilled skiers than the others.
In conclusion, more than half of the skiers had never attended skiing classes, but the percentage of attendance and the execution of binding tests increased with increasing skiing skill.
Leaching Characteristics of Construction Materials and Stabilization Products Containing Waste Materials
Authors: van der Sloot HA , de Groot GJ , Wijkstra J 
Published: December 2008

In this work, several construction materials prepared with an admixture of waste material and various stabilized waste products have been subjected to leaching studies in order for the leaching behavior of trace elements from these materials to be characterized. Static and dynamic leach tests have been applied, in which the specimen to be studied is fully immersed in demineralized water. Often the leaching process is governed by outward diffusion of constituents dissolved in the pore water. In some cases, dissolution from the surface of the product is most prominent, and in some materials short-term surface release has been observed. Groups of materials can be distinguished with similarities in the leaching behavior of trace elements.
The alkalinity of the material, the open porosity of the product, and the surface-to-volume ratio prove to be important factors in controlling the release of potential hazardous elements from materials containing waste products. In these studies, leach parameters of trace elements are related to those of sodium. Since the interaction of sodium with the solid phase is usually small, sodium can be used as an indicator for the tortuosity of the product. Elements leached from cement-based waste products are mainly anionic species, like MoO42-, BO33-, VO43-, F-, and SO42-, whereas leaching of metals such as copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead is limited due to the high pH in the pore solution. The leaching experiments have been verified by scanning electron microscopy for major components on field samples and by measuring depth profiles in waste products for trace constituents using an apparatus developed for this purpose.
Effects of Body-Checking in the Pee-Wee (12 and 13 Years Old) Division in the Province of Quebec
Authors: Régnier G , Boileau R , Marcotte G , Desharnais R , Larouche R , Bernard D , Roy M-A , Trudel P , Boulanger D 
Published: December 2008

This paper documents the effects related to the introduction of body-checking in ice hockey for players of 12 and 13 years old (Pee-Wee Division). Four different studies were conducted on 49 teams of Pee-Wee hockey players: 28 teams played in a league allowing body-checking, and 21 teams played in a league banning body-checking. The topics studied were (1) the attitudes and beliefs of coaches, parents, and players about body-checking; (2) the morphological and biomechanical differences among Pee-Wee players; (3) the numbers and types of penalties within Pee-Wee leagues playing with and without body-checking; and (4) the injury rate within Pee-Wee leagues playing with and without body-checking. Among the most interesting results were the facts that, in that age category, some players were found to be twice as heavy and twice as strong as others. Larger players could exert an impact force 70% greater than those exerted by smaller players. Contrary to popular belief, playing without body-checking resulted in fewer “hostile aggression penalties.” Finally, the rate of fractures was twelve times greater for the league allowing body-checking.
The results are discussed in the light of regulating actions taken in Quebec and the Canadian provinces toward body-checking in the Pee-Wee Division.
ΔK-Dependency of Fatigue Growth of Single and Mixed Mode Cracks Under Biaxial Stress
Authors: Kitagawa H , Yuuki R , Tohgo K , Tanabe M 
Published: December 2008

A comprehensive fracture mechanics study has been carried out on the fatigue crack growth under various biaxial stress conditions. Fatigue tests have been conducted on a high-cycle biaxial fatigue test facility and a cruciform flat specimen of a weldable structural steel with a center crack parallel to one load axis or a slant crack.
The effects of biaxial stresses have been investigated on the fatigue crack growth properties ΔKI-da/dN, the threshold conditions ΔKIth, and the crack closure behavior.
If a crack is large and stress level is low, no effect of biaxial stress appears. However significant effects of biaxial stress appear where a crack is small and stress level is high.
The mixed mode cracks were realized by a series of fatigue tests started from a slant crack in a cruciform specimen, where a longer bent crack or a branched crack appeared. It is found that such a nonstraight crack follows along the direction where ΔKII = 0 and the ΔKI-da/dN relations coincide with those for a straight crack under single KI mode.
Low Cycle Fatigue Properties of a 1045 Steel in Torsion
Authors: Leese GE , Morrow J 
Published: December 2008

A method of performing torsional low cycle fatigue tests on thin-walled tubular specimens is described. Shear strains are measured and controlled using an internally mounted rotary variable differential transducer (RVDT). Test results for a 1045 hot-rolled and normalized steel are discussed.
As in the case of uniaxial fatigue analysis, power law relationships are assumed in the elastic strain-life, plastic strain-life, and stress-plastic strain functions. From this analysis, the fatigue strength and ductility exponents and coefficients in torsion are determined, as well as the cyclic strain hardening exponent and strength coefficient in torsion. These properties are compared to those obtained in uniaxial fatigue tests of the same steel. The question of whether the cyclic strain hardening, fatigue strength, and fatigue ductility exponents are stress state dependent is specifically addressed. This is one of the fundamental issues that must be resolved if uniaxial fatigue properties are to be used to analytically predict multiaxial fatigue behavior.
InvasiveKingella kingaeInfections in Children: Clinical and Laboratory Characteristics
Authors: Dubnov-Raz Gal , Scheuerman Oded , Chodick Gabriel , Finkelstein Yaron , Samra Zmira , Garty Ben-Zion 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Kingella kingae, a Gram-negative coccobacillus, is being increasingly recognized as an invasive pathogen in children, causing mainly bacteremia and arthritis; however, there have been only a few studies on K kingae infections to date, mostly small-scale series. The aim of this study was to report our experience with invasive K kingae infections in children who were hospitalized at a major tertiary medical center in Israel.METHODS. The medical charts of 62 children with proven invasive K kingae infections were reviewed: 42 with positive blood culture results and 20 with positive synovial fluid culture results.RESULTS. Most infections occurred among previously healthy children aged 5 to 22 months. Eighty percent had a mild concurrent illness of the respiratory or gastrointestinal tract. A chronic underlying disease was documented in 19% of the 1- to 15-year-old children with bacteremia. Three patients had persistent bacteremia, identified by 2 positive blood cultures drawn 1 to 4 days apart. Four (10%) patients from the bacteremia group had endocarditis, and 2 required emergency cardiac surgery. Only a mild-to-moderate elevation of serum inflammatory markers was noted except for patients with endocarditis or a prolonged course of arthritis. Patients with bacteremia received a diagnosis significantly later than those with arthritis, with no other between-group differences in age, month of disease onset, and inflammatory marker levels. All K kingae isolates were resistant to vancomycin and clindamycin.CONCLUSIONS. Our large series indicates that invasive K kingae infections occur in previously healthy children, mostly during the first 2 years of life; affected older children usually have an underlying medical condition. The infection generally elicits only a mild inflammatory response unless accompanied by endocarditis. Despite its low virulence, K kingae might cause a life-threatening heart disease that requires emergent, aggressive treatment.
Elevated Blood Pressure, Race/Ethnicity, and C-Reactive Protein Levels in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lande Marc B. , Pearson Thomas A. , Vermilion Roger P. , Auinger Peggy , Fernandez Isabel D. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVE. Adult hypertension is independently associated with elevated C-reactive protein levels, after controlling for obesity and other cardiovascular risk factors. The objective of this study was to determine, with a nationally representative sample of children, whether the relationship between elevated blood pressure and C-reactive protein levels may be evident before adulthood.
METHODS. Cross-sectional data for children 8 to 17 years of age who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 1999 and 2004 were analyzed. Bivariate analyses compared children with C-reactive protein levels of &gt;3 mg/L versus ≤3 mg/L with respect to blood pressure and other cardiovascular risk factors. Multivariate linear regression was used to evaluate the relationship between elevated blood pressure and C-reactive protein levels.
RESULTS. Among 6112 children, 3% had systolic blood pressure of ≥95th percentile and 1.3% had diastolic blood pressure of ≥95th percentile. Children with C-reactive protein levels of &gt;3 mg/L had higher systolic blood pressure, compared with children with C-reactive protein levels of ≤3 mg/L (109 vs 105 mm Hg). Obesity, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels of &lt;40 mg/dL, and Hispanic ethnicity were independent predictors of elevated C-reactive protein levels. Diastolic blood pressure did not differ between groups. Linear regression analyses showed that systolic blood pressure of ≥95th percentile was independently associated with C-reactive protein levels in boys but not girls. Subset analyses according to race/ethnicity demonstrated that the independent association of elevated systolic blood pressure with C-reactive protein levels was largely limited to black boys.
CONCLUSIONS. These data indicate that there is interplay between race/ethnicity, elevated systolic blood pressure, obesity, and inflammation in children, a finding that has potential implications for disparities in cardiovascular disease later in life.
Disagreement in Parent and Primary Care Provider Reports of Mental Health Counseling
Authors: Brown Jonathan D. , Wissow Lawrence S. 
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to examine disagreement in primary care provider and parent reports of mental health counseling and to determine whether disagreement was associated with provider, parent, youth, and visit characteristics.METHODS. Directly after 749 visits to 54 pediatric primary care providers in 16 practices, the parents of youths 5 to 16 years of age and the providers independently reported whether mental health counseling was provided. The parent also reported child mental health symptoms, the reason for the visit, and his or her attitudes about receiving treatment for child mental health problems in primary care. The provider reported confidence in his or her mental health treatment skills, burden and beliefs associated with treating mental health problems, and the accessibility of mental health specialists.RESULTS. Providers reported delivering counseling during 31.9% of visits (n = 239), whereas parents reported receiving counseling during only 11.4% of visits (n = 86). Parents did not report receiving counseling during 74.8% of the visits in which the provider reported delivering counseling; this was more common when the parent was seeking help for a mental health problem, when the provider reported greater burden associated with treating mental health problems, and when the youth had more mental health symptoms or was of other race/Hispanic. Provider report of counseling in the absence of parent report of counseling was less common when the provider had greater access to mental health specialists.CONCLUSIONS. Parents often did not report that the counseling delivered in primary care was mental health treatment. Counseling that is not perceived as mental health treatment may fail to meet parent expectations for care or fail to help parents identify mental health problems.
“You Get What You Get”: Unexpected Findings About Low-Income Parents' Negative Experiences With Community Resources
Authors: Silverstein Michael , Lamberto Jacqueline , DePeau Kristina , Grossman David C. 
Published: December 2008

CONTEXT. Community-based resources are considered a critical part of the American health care system. However, studies evaluating the effectiveness of such resources have not been accompanied by rigorous explorations of the perceptions or experiences of those who use them.
OBJECTIVES. We aimed to understand and classify types of negative perceptions that low-income parents have of community resources. This objective originated from a series of unexpected findings that emerged during the analysis of qualitative data that were initially collected for other purposes.
METHODS. We conducted in-depth qualitative interviews with urban low-income parents. Themes emerged through a grounded theory analysis of coded interview transcripts. Interviews took place in 2 different cities as part of 2 studies with distinct objectives.
RESULTS. We completed 41 interviews. Informants often perceived their interactions with people and organizations as a series of trade-offs, and often perceived important choices as decisions between 2 suboptimal options. Seeking help from community resources was seen in that context. The following specific themes emerged: (1) engaging with services sometimes meant subjecting oneself to requirements perceived as unnecessary and, in the extreme, having to adopt the value systems of others; (2) accepting services was sometimes perceived as a loss of control over one's surroundings, which, in turn, was associated with feelings of sadness, helplessness, or stress; (3) individuals staffing community agencies were sometimes seen as judgmental or intrusive, and when many services were accessed concurrently, information sometimes became overbearing or a source of additional stress; and (4) some services or advice received as part of such services were perceived as unhelpful because they were too generic or formulaic.
CONCLUSIONS. Our data suggest that definable patterns of negative perceptions of community resources may exist among low-income parents. Quantifying these perceptions may help improve the client-centeredness of such organizations and may ultimately help reduce barriers to engagement.