bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tackle Injuries in Professional Rugby Union
Authors: Quarrie Kenneth L , Hopkins Will G. 
Published: May 2008

Background The tackle is the most dangerous facet of play in rugby union, but little is known about risk factors for tackle injuries. Purpose To estimate the injury risk associated with various characteristics of tackles in professional rugby union matches. Study Design Descriptive epidemiology study. Method All 140 249 tackles in 434 professional matches were coded from video recordings for height and direction of tackle on the ball carrier, speed of tackier, and speed of ball carrier; injuries were coded for various characteristics, including whether the tackier or ball carrier required replacement or only on-field assessment. Results There were 1348 injury assessments requiring only on-field treatment and 211 requiring player replacement. The inciting event and medical outcomes were matched to video records for 281 injuries. Injuries were most frequently the result of high or middle tackles from the front or side, but rate of injury per tackle was higher for tackles from behind than from the front or side. Ball carriers were at highest risk from tackles to the head-neck region, whereas tacklers were most at risk when making low tackles. The impact of the tackle was the most common cause of injury, and the head was the most common site, but an important mechanism of lower limb injuries was loading with the weight of another player. Rates of replacement increased with increasing player speed. Conclusion Strategies for reducing tackle injuries without radically changing the contact nature of the sport include further education of players about safe tackling and minor changes to laws for the height of the tackle.
Trans-Rotator Cuff Portal is Safe for Arthroscopic Superior Labral Anterior and Posterior Lesion Repair
Authors: Oh Joo Han , Kim Sae Hoon , Lee Ho Kyoo , Jo Ki Hyun , Bae Kee Jeong 
Published: May 2008

Background There are numerous accessory portals for the arthroscopic repair of superior labral anterior and posterior lesions. Many surgeons are reluctant to make a portal through the cuff because of concern about iatrogenic injury to the cuff. Hypothesis An arthroscopic superior labral anterior and posterior lesion repair procedure using the trans-rotator cuff portal may yield favorable clinical and radiological outcomes, and cuffs may heal properly. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Fifty-eight consecutive patients undergoing superior labral anterior and posterior lesion repair using the trans-rotator cuff portal, who had available both functional and radiological outcomes after 1 year of the operation, were enrolled. We evaluated the structural outcomes for the labrum and cuff using computed tomographic arthrography and measured various clinical outcomes (the supraspinatus power, visual analog scale for pain and satisfaction, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons shoulder evaluation form, University of California-Los Angeles shoulder score, Constant score, and Simple Shoulder Test) at the final visit. Results All functional outcomes were improved significantly ( P < .001). On computed tomographic arthrography, labral healing to the bony glenoid was achieved in all patients. Subacromial leakage of contrast media was observed in 3 patients (5.2%) through the muscular portion without any retraction or gap of the tendon. Two of 3 had preoperative cuff pathologic changes, and they were older than 45 years of age. Partial articular cuff tears were observed in 6 patients (10.3%), and 4 had the lesion preoperatively. There were no statistical differences in functional scores according to the presence of preoperative lesion, postoperative leakage, or partial cuff tear. Conclusion The data demonstrate favorable outcomes for arthroscopic superior labral anterior and posterior lesion repair using the trans-rotator cuff portal. We suggest that the trans-rotator cuff portal is an efficient and safe portal for superior labral anterior and posterior lesion repair, although there are some valid concerns of damaging the cuff in patients with a superior labral anterior and posterior lesion with concurrent cuff disorders, as well as in older patients.
Significant Effect of Gender on Hamstring-to-Quadriceps Strength Ratio and Static Balance in Prepubescent Children from 7 to 12 Years of Age
Authors: Holm Inger , Vøllestad Nina 
Published: May 2008

Background A number of studies have reported lower muscular strength of the hamstring and the quadriceps and better postural control in female compared with male athletes. Whether those differences are innate and also exist in children and adolescents or are caused by training and participation in different sports is unknown. Hypothesis Gender differences in hamstring and quadriceps muscular strength and static balance exist even before maturity. Study Design Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 4. Methods A total of 368 children between 7 and 12 years of age participated in the study. They performed isokinetic concentric hamstring and quadriceps muscle strength measurements at 60 and 240 deg/s and a static balance test using the KAT 2000. Data analysis consisted of independent-samples t tests and multiple regression analysis. Results Gender had a significant effect on both the hamstring/quadriceps (HQ) ratios and static balance in children between 7 and 12 years of age. Except for the 7-year-old participants, boys showed significantly higher HQ ratios than the girls in every age group, indicating that the hamstring muscles in girls were relatively weak when compared with the quadriceps muscles. There was also a gender effect on the balance index with better balance in girls than boys. Conclusion There is a significant gender difference in HQ ratios and static balance in children between 8 and 12 years of age. Because many children start their handball careers before the age of 10 years, the present findings indicate that prevention programs including hamstring strength training should be prescribed at an earlier age than recommended in previously published studies.
Residual vein thrombosis to establish duration of anticoagulation after a first episode of deep vein thrombosis: the Duration of Anticoagulation based on Compression UltraSonography (DACUS) study
Authors: Siragusa Sergio , Malato Alessandra , Anastasio Raffaela , Cigna Valeria , Milio Glauco , Amato Corrado , Bellisi Mario , Attanzio Maria Teresa , Cormaci Oreste , Pellegrino Massimo , Dolce Alberto , Casuccio Alessandra , Bajardi Guido , Mariani Guglielmo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Residual vein thrombosis (RVT) indicates a prothrombotic state and is useful for evaluating the optimal duration of oral anticoagulant treatment (OAT). Patients with a first episode of deep vein thrombosis, treated with OAT for 3 months, were managed according to RVT findings. Those with RVT were randomized to either stop or continue anticoagulants for 9 additional months, whereas in those without RVT, OAT was stopped. Outcomes were recurrent venous thromboembolism and/or major bleeding. Residual thrombosis was detected in 180 (69.8%) of 258 patients; recurrent events occurred in 27.2% of those who discontinued (25/92; 15.2% person-years) and 19.3% of those who continued OAT (17/88; 10.1% person-years). The relative adjusted hazard ratio (HR) was 1.58 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85-2.93; P = .145). Of the 78 (30.2%) patients without RVT, only 1 (1.3%; 0.63% person-years) had a recurrence. The adjusted HR of patients with RVT versus those without was 24.9 (95% CI, 3.4-183.6; P = .002). One major bleeding event (1.1%; 0.53% person-years) occurred in patients who stopped and 2 occurred (2.3%; 1.1% person-years) in those who continued OAT. Absence of RVT identifies a group of patients at very low risk for recurrent thrombosis who can safely stop OAT. This trial was registered at http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov as no. NCT00438230.
Lymphoma depletion during CD20 immunotherapy in mice is mediated by macrophage FcγRI, FcγRIII, and FcγRIV
Authors: Minard-Colin Veronique , Xiu Yan , Poe Jonathan C. , Horikawa Mayuka , Magro Cynthia M. , Hamaguchi Yasuhito , Haas Karen M. , Tedder Thomas F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractDespite the demonstrated clinical efficacy of CD20 monoclonal antibody (mAb) for lymphoma therapy, the in vivo mechanisms of tumor depletion remain controversial and variable. To identify the molecular mechanisms responsible for lymphoma killing by CD20 mAb in a homologous system amenable to mechanistic studies and genetic manipulation, a mouse lymphoma model was developed using primary tumor cells from a C57BL/6 Eμ-cMyc transgenic mouse and mouse antimouse CD20 mAbs. CD20 mAb treatment of syngeneic mice with adoptively transferred lymphomas prevented tumor development or significantly prolonged mouse survival depending on tumor volume, mAb dose, and treatment timing. Cooperative FcγRIV, FcγRIII, and FcγRI interactions mediated optimal lymphoma depletion by CD20 mAb in vivo, whereas clodronate-mediated depletion of macrophages eliminated the therapeutic benefit of CD20 mAb. Although CD20 mAbs activated complement in vitro and in vivo, normal and malignant B-cell depletion was induced through C1q- and C3-independent mechanisms. Thus, the ability of CD20 mAbs to deplete malignant B cells in vivo required FcγR-dependent use of the innate mononuclear cell immune system. These findings allow for mechanism-based predictions of the biologic outcome of CD20 mAb therapy and treatment optimization.
Syngeneic transplantation of hematopoietic stem cells that are genetically modified to express factor VIII in platelets restores hemostasis to hemophilia A mice with preexisting FVIII immunity
Authors: Shi Qizhen , Fahs Scot A. , Wilcox David A. , Kuether Erin L. , Morateck Patricia A. , Mareno Nicole , Weiler Hartmut , Montgomery Robert R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractAlthough genetic induction of factor VIII (FVIII) expression in platelets can restore hemostasis in hemophilia A mice, this approach has not been studied in the clinical setting of preexisting FVIII inhibitory antibodies to determine whether such antibodies would affect therapeutic engraftment. We generated a line of transgenic mice (2bF8) that express FVIII only in platelets using the platelet-specific αIIb promoter and bred this 2bF8 transgene into a FVIIInull background. Bone marrow (BM) from heterozygous 2bF8 transgenic (2bF8tg+/−) mice was transplanted into immunized FVIIInull mice after lethal or sublethal irradiation. After BM reconstitution, 85% of recipients survived tail clipping when the 1100-cGy (myeloablative) regimen was used, 85.7% of recipients survived when 660-cGy (nonmyeloablative) regimens were used, and 60% of recipients survived when the recipients were conditioned with 440 cGy. Our further studies showed that transplantation with 1% to 5% 2bF8tg+/− BM cells still improved hemostasis in hemophilia A mice with inhibitors. These results demonstrate that the presence of FVIII-specific immunity in recipients does not negate engraftment of 2bF8 genetically modified hematopoietic stem cells, and transplantation of these hematopoietic stem cells can efficiently restore hemostasis to hemophilic mice with preexisting inhibitory antibodies under either myeloablative or nonmyeloablative regimens.
Isolation, characterization and molecular cloning of Duplex-Specific Nuclease from the hepatopancreas of the Kamchatka crab
Authors: Anisimova Veronika E , Rebrikov Denis V , Shagin Dmitry A , Kozhemyako Valery B , Menzorova Natalia I , Staroverov Dmitry B , Ziganshin Rustam , Vagner Laura L , Rasskazov Valery A , Lukyanov Sergey A , Shcheglov Alex S 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Nucleases, which are key components of biologically diverse processes such as DNA replication, repair and recombination, antiviral defense, apoptosis and digestion, have revolutionized the field of molecular biology. Indeed many standard molecular strategies, including molecular cloning, studies of DNA-protein interactions, and analysis of nucleic acid structures, would be virtually impossible without these versatile enzymes. The discovery of nucleases with unique properties has often served as the basis for the development of modern molecular biology methods. Thus, the search for novel nucleases with potentially exploitable functions remains an important scientific undertaking.

Results
Using degenerative primers and the rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedure, we cloned the Duplex-Specific Nuclease (DSN) gene from the hepatopancreas of the Kamchatka crab and determined its full primary structure. We also developed an effective method for purifying functional DSN from the crab hepatopancreas. The isolated enzyme was highly thermostable, exhibited a broad pH optimum (5.5 – 7.5) and required divalent cations for activity, with manganese and cobalt being especially effective. The enzyme was highly specific, cleaving double-stranded DNA or DNA in DNA-RNA hybrids, but not single-stranded DNA or single- or double-stranded RNA. Moreover, only DNA duplexes containing at least 9 base pairs were effectively cleaved by DSN; shorter DNA duplexes were left intact.

Conclusion
We describe a new DSN from Kamchatka crab hepatopancreas, determining its primary structure and developing a preparative method for its purification. We found that DSN had unique substrate specificity, cleaving only DNA duplexes longer than 8 base pairs, or DNA in DNA-RNA hybrids. Interestingly, the DSN primary structure is homologous to well-known Serratia-like non-specific nucleases structures, but the properties of DSN are distinct. The unique substrate specificity of DSN should prove valuable in certain molecular biology applications.
The metazoan history of the COE transcription factors. Selection of a variant HLH motif by mandatory inclusion of a duplicated exon in vertebrates
Authors: Daburon Virginie , Mella Sébastien , Plouhinec Jean-Louis , Mazan Sylvie , Crozatier Michèle , Vincent Alain 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
The increasing number of available genomic sequences makes it now possible to study the evolutionary history of specific genes or gene families. Transcription factors (TFs) involved in regulation of gene-specific expression are key players in the evolution of metazoan development. The low complexity COE (Collier/Olfactory-1/Early B-Cell Factor) family of transcription factors constitutes a well-suited paradigm for studying evolution of TF structure and function, including the specific question of protein modularity. Here, we compare the structure of coe genes within the metazoan kingdom and report on the mechanism behind a vertebrate-specific exon duplication.

Results
COE proteins display a modular organisation, with three highly conserved domains : a COE-specific DNA-binding domain (DBD), an Immunoglobulin/Plexin/transcription (IPT) domain and an atypical Helix-Loop-Helix (HLH) motif. Comparison of the splice structure of coe genes between cnidariae and bilateriae shows that the ancestral COE DBD was built from 7 separate exons, with no evidence for exon shuffling with other metazoan gene families. It also confirms the presence of an ancestral H1LH2 motif present in all COE proteins which partly overlaps the repeated H2d-H2a motif first identified in rodent EBF. Electrophoretic Mobility Shift Assays show that formation of COE dimers is mediated by this ancestral motif. The H2d-H2a α-helical repetition appears to be a vertebrate characteristic that originated from a tandem exon duplication having taken place prior to the splitting between gnathostomes and cyclostomes. We put-forward a two-step model for the inclusion of this exon in the vertebrate transcripts.

Conclusion
Three main features in the history of the coe gene family can be inferred from these analyses: (i) each conserved domain of the ancestral coe gene was built from multiple exons and the same scattered structure has been maintained throughout metazoan evolution. (ii) There exists a single coe gene copy per metazoan genome except in vertebrates. The H2a-H2d duplication that is specific to vertebrate proteins provides an example of a novel vertebrate characteristic, which may have been fixed early in the gnathostome lineage. (iii) This duplication provides an interesting example of counter-selection of alternative splicing.
Predicting prognosis using molecular profiling in estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer treated with tamoxifen
Authors: Loi Sherene , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Desmedt Christine , Wirapati Pratyaksha , Lallemand Françoise , Tutt Andrew M , Gillet Cheryl , Ellis Paul , Ryder Kenneth , Reid James F , Daidone Maria G , Pierotti Marco A , Berns Els MJJ , Jansen Maurice PHM , Foekens John A , Delorenzi Mauro , Bontempi Gianluca , Piccart Martine J , Sotiriou Christos 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundEstrogen receptor positive (ER+) breast cancers (BC) are heterogeneous with regard to their clinical behavior and response to therapies. The ER is currently the best predictor of response to the anti-estrogen agent tamoxifen, yet up to 30–40% of ER+BC will relapse despite tamoxifen treatment. New prognostic biomarkers and further biological understanding of tamoxifen resistance are required. We used gene expression profiling to develop an outcome-based predictor using a training set of 255 ER+ BC samples from women treated with adjuvant tamoxifen monotherapy. We used clusters of highly correlated genes to develop our predictor to facilitate both signature stability and biological interpretation. Independent validation was performed using 362 tamoxifen-treated ER+ BC samples obtained from multiple institutions and treated with tamoxifen only in the adjuvant and metastatic settings.ResultsWe developed a gene classifier consisting of 181 genes belonging to 13 biological clusters. In the independent set of adjuvantly-treated samples, it was able to define two distinct prognostic groups (HR 2.01 95%CI: 1.29–3.13; p = 0.002). Six of the 13 gene clusters represented pathways involved in cell cycle and proliferation. In 112 metastatic breast cancer patients treated with tamoxifen, one of the classifier components suggesting a cellular inflammatory mechanism was significantly predictive of response.ConclusionWe have developed a gene classifier that can predict clinical outcome in tamoxifen-treated ER+ BC patients. Whilst our study emphasizes the important role of proliferation genes in prognosis, our approach proposes other genes and pathways that may elucidate further mechanisms that influence clinical outcome and prediction of response to tamoxifen.
Gene expression analysis of embryonic stem cells expressing VE-cadherin (CD144) during endothelial differentiation
Authors: Nikolova-Krstevski Vesna , Bhasin Manoj , Otu Hasan H , Libermann Towia , Oettgen Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
Endothelial differentiation occurs during normal vascular development in the developing embryo. This process is recapitulated in the adult when endothelial progenitor cells are generated in the bone marrow and can contribute to vascular repair or angiogenesis at sites of vascular injury or ischemia. The molecular mechanisms of endothelial differentiation remain incompletely understood. Novel approaches are needed to identify the factors that regulate endothelial differentiation.

Methods
Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells were used to further define the molecular mechanisms of endothelial differentiation. By flow cytometry a population of VEGF-R2 positive cells was identified as early as 2.5 days after differentiation of ES cells, and a subset of VEGF-R2+ cells, that were CD41 positive at 3.5 days. A separate population of VEGF-R2+ stem cells expressing the endothelial-specific marker CD144 (VE-cadherin) was also identified at this same time point. Channels lined by VE-cadherin positive cells developed within the embryoid bodies (EBs) formed by differentiating ES cells. VE-cadherin and CD41 expressing cells differentiate in close proximity to each other within the EBs, supporting the concept of a common origin for cells of hematopoietic and endothelial lineages.

Results
Microarray analysis of >45,000 transcripts was performed on RNA obtained from cells expressing VEGF-R2+, CD41+, and CD144+ and VEGF-R2-, CD41-, and CD144-. All microarray experiments were performed in duplicate using RNA obtained from independent experiments, for each subset of cells. Expression profiling confirmed the role of several genes involved in hematopoiesis, and identified several putative genes involved in endothelial differentiation.

Conclusion
The isolation of CD144+ cells during ES cell differentiation from embryoid bodies provides an excellent model system and method for identifying genes that are expressed during endothelial differentiation and that are distinct from hematopoiesis.
The role of Toll-like receptor-4 in pertussis vaccine-induced immunity
Authors: Banus Sander , Stenger Rachel M , Gremmer Eric R , Dormans Jan AMA , Mooi Frits R , Kimman Tjeerd G , Vandebriel Rob J 
Published: May 2008

Abstract

Background
The gram-negative bacterium Bordetella pertussis is an important causative agent of pertussis, an infectious disease of the respiratory tract. After introduction of whole-cell vaccines (wP) in the 1950's, pertussis incidence has decreased significantly. Because wP were found to be reactogenic, in most developed countries they have been replaced by acellular vaccines (aP). We have previously shown a role for Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) in pertussis-infected mice and the pertussis toxin (Ptx)-IgG response in wP-vaccinated children, raising the issue of the relative importance of Tlr4 in wP vaccination of mice. Here we analyze the effects of wP and aP vaccination and B. pertussis challenge, in Tlr4-deficient C3H/HeJ and wild-type C3H/HeOuJ mice. aP consists of Ptx, filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), and pertactin (Prn).

Results
We show an important role of Tlr4 in wP and (to a lesser extent) aP vaccination, induction of Th1 and Th17 cells by wP but not aP vaccination, and induction of Th17 cells by infection, confirming data by Higgins et al. (J Immunol 2006, 177: 7980–9). Furthermore, in Tlr4-deficient mice, compared to wild-type controls (i) after vaccination only, Ptx-IgG (that was induced by aP but not wP vaccination), FHA-IgG, and Prn-IgG levels were similar, (ii) after infection (only), lung IL-1α and IL-1β expression were lower, (iii) after wP vaccination and challenge, Prn-IgG level and lung IL-5 expression were higher, while lung IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, and IL-23 expression were lower, and lung pathology was absent, and (iv) after aP vaccination and challenge, Prn-IgG level and lung IL-5 expression were higher, while Ptx-IgG level was lower.

Conclusion
Tlr4 does not influence the humoral response to vaccination (without challenge), plays an important role in natural immunity, wP and aP efficacy, and induction of Th1 and Th17 responses, is critical for lung pathology and enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine production after wP vaccination and challenge, and diminishes Th2 responses after both wP and aP vaccination and challenge. wP vaccination does not induce Ptx-IgG. A role for LPS in the efficacy of wP underlines the usefulness of LPS analogs to improve bacterial subunit vaccines such as aP.