bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Abyssal Circulation in the Glacial Atlantic
Authors: Marchal Olivier , Curry William B. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
An inverse method is used to evaluate the information contained in sediment data for the Atlantic basin during the Last Glacial Maximum (defined here as the time interval 18–21 kyr before present). The data being considered are an updated compilation of the isotopic ratios 18O/16O (δ18O) and 13C/12C (δ13C) of fossil shells of benthic foraminifera (bottom-dwelling organisms). First, an estimate of the abyssal circulation in the modern Atlantic is obtained, which is consistent with (i) climatologies of temperature and salinity of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment, (ii) observational estimates of volume transport at specific locations, and (iii) the statements of a finite-difference geostrophic model. Second, estimates of water properties (δ18O of equilibrium calcite or δ18Oc and δ13C of dissolved inorganic carbon or δ13CDIC) derived from sediment data are combined with this circulation estimate to test their consistency with the modern flow. It is found that more than approximately 80% of water property estimates (δ18Oc or δ13CDIC) are compatible with the modern flow given their uncertainties. The consistency of glacial δ13CDIC estimates with the modern flow could be rejected after two assumptions are made: (i) the uncertainty in these estimates is ±0.1‰ (this uncertainty includes errors in sediment core chronology and oceanic representativity of benthic δ13C, which alone appears better than this value on average); and (ii) δ13CDIC in the glacial deep Atlantic was dominated by a balance between water advection and organic C remineralization. Measurements of δ13C on benthic foraminifera are clearly useful, but the current uncertainties in the distribution and budget of δ13CDIC in the glacial Atlantic must be reduced to increase the power of the test.
A 10-Step Guide to Teaching Carbohydrate Counting
Authors: Buethe Marie 
Published: February 2008

C-O-U-N-T C-A-R-B-S: A 10-Step Guide to Teaching Carbohydrate Counting describes a performance-based approach staff nurses can use to reinforce carbohydrate-counting learning in patients newly diagnosed with diabetes. A pilot of this strategy, which emphasizes practical, interactive exercises designed to improve transference of learning after discharge, was implemented in the Patient Learning Center at the University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis. Based on feedback offered by 8 patient participants, guidelines were developed to help nurses apply evidenced-based adult learning principles to their diabetes education practice. Many nurses lack confidence in their ability to provide diabetes diet education. This article offers nurses practical guidelines for providing patients with opportunities for successful performance experiences in diet education, a method shown to produce better behavioral outcomes than the didactic strategies commonly used in hospitals at present.
Influence of Mica Content on Time Domain Reflectometry and Soil Water Characteristic Curve of Coarse Granular Materials
Authors: Ekblad Jonas , Isacsson Ulf 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Elevated fractions of free mica particles in unbound granular materials, used in road constructions, are believed to reduce bearing capacity and influence the hydraulic behavior of the road structure. The objective of this investigation was to study the influence of mica content on the soil water characteristic curve and the dielectric response measured by time domain reflectometry, for coarse granular (maximum particle size 63 mm) materials. Increased fraction of mica was achieved by partly replacing the base crushed rock material smaller than 4 mm, by pure muscovite mica of similar grading, thereby keeping the overall particle size distribution unchanged. Acquired results indicated that, given equal matric suction, the water retention capacity increased with increased amount of mica. Concerning the time domain reflectometry measurements, no influence of mica content could be detected. Determined water contents required adjustment because of the nonlinear distribution of water in the sample.
Prospective, Randomized Trial Comparing Short and Long Intravenous Antibiotic Treatment of Acute Pyelonephritis in Children: Dimercaptosuccinic Acid Scintigraphic Evaluation at 9 Months
Authors: Bouissou François , Munzer Caroline , Decramer Stéphane , Roussel Bernard , Novo Robert , Morin Denis , Lavocat Marie Pierre , Guyot Claude , Taque Sophie , Fischbach Michel , Ouhayoun Eric ,   on behalf of the French Society of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Loirat Chantal ,   on behalf of the French Society of Pediatric Nephrology
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE. We report a prospective, randomized, multicenter trial that compared the effect of 3 vs 8 days of intravenous ceftriaxone treatment on the incidence of renal scarring at 6 to 9 months of follow-up in 383 children with a first episode of acute pyelonephritis.
METHODS. After initial treatment with intravenous netilmicin and ceftriaxone, patients were randomly assigned to either 5 days of oral antibiotics (short intravenous treatment) or 5 days of intravenous ceftriaxone (long intravenous treatment). Inclusion criteria were age 3 months to 16 years and first acute pyelonephritis episode, defined by fever of &gt;38.5°C, C-reactive protein level of &gt;20 mg/L, and bacteriuria at &gt;105/mL. All patients underwent 99m technetium-dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy 6 to 9 months after inclusion. A total of 548 children were included, 48 of whom were secondarily excluded and 117 of whom were lost to follow-up or had incomplete data; therefore, 383 children were eligible, 205 of them in the short intravenous treatment group and 178 in the long intravenous treatment group.
RESULTS. At inclusion, median age was 15 months, median duration of fever was 43 hours, and median C-reactive protein level was 122 mg/L. A total of 37% (143 of 383) of patients had a vesicoureteral reflux grades 1 to 3. Patient characteristics at inclusion were similar in both groups, except for a significantly higher proportion of girls in the short intravenous treatment group. The frequency of renal scars at scintigraphy was similar in both groups. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that renal scars were significantly associated with increased renal height at initial ultrasound and with the presence of grade 3 vesicoureteric reflux.
CONCLUSIONS. The incidence of renal scars was similar in patients who received 3 days compared 8 days of intravenous ceftriaxone. Increased renal height at initial ultrasound examination and grade 3 vesicoureteric reflux were significant risk factors for renal scars.
Nitrogen Excretion in Fed and Fasted Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Bharadwaj Anant S , Pangle Kevin L , Sutton Trent M , Brown Paul B 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens are imperiled throughout their native range, and hatchery-reared fish are often stocked to facilitate population restoration. However, the rearing of hatchery fish requires knowledge of nitrogenous excretion rates for efficient culture system design and maintenance. Total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) and urea nitrogen (UN) excretion rates were quantified in age-0 lake sturgeon that were either fasted or fed brine shrimp Artemia spp. In the first experiment, fish of three different size-classes (small [10–20 g], medium [50–65 g], and large [100–120 g]) were fasted for 5 d, and their nitrogenous excretions were measured at the end of this period. In the second experiment, lake sturgeon from different size-classes were fed low (0.5% of body weight [BW] on a dry-matter basis, 4.2% BW on a wet-weight basis), and high (1% BW on a dry-matter basis, 8.3% BW on a wet-weight basis) rations of Artemia. No UN was detected in fasted lake sturgeon. Endogenous TAN excretion rates varied inversely with fish size. The mean endogenous TAN excretion rate in fasted small lake sturgeon (37.42 mg·kg−1·d−1) was significantly higher than the TAN excretion rates in medium (13.72 mg·kg−1·d−1) and large (6.02 mg·kg−1·d−1) fish. The mean TAN excretion rate in fed small fish (117.34 mg·kg−1·d−1) was significantly higher than the rates in medium (33.69 mg·kg−1·d−1) and large (26.29 mg·kg−1·d−1) fish. Ration size did not significantly affect TAN excretion rates, and mean UN excretion rates in fed fish were not significantly affected by either fish size or ration size. These results suggest that lake sturgeon, like most teleost fishes, predominantly excrete ammonia. The estimates for nitrogen excretion from this study will aid in determining rearing densities for juvenile lake sturgeon in culture systems.
Influences of Body Size and Environmental Factors on Autumn Downstream Migration of Bull Trout in the Boise River, Idaho
Authors: Monnot Lauri , Dunham Jason B. , Hoem Tammy , Koetsier Peter 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Many fishes migrate extensively through stream networks, yet patterns are commonly described only in terms of the origin and destination of migration (e.g., between natal and feeding habitats). To better understand patterns of migration in bull trout, Salvelinus confluentus we studied the influences of body size (total length (TL)) and environmental factors (stream temperature and discharge) on migrations in the Boise River basin, Idaho. During the autumns of 2001–2003, we tracked the downstream migrations of 174 radio-tagged bull trout ranging in size from 21 to 73 cm TL. The results indicated that large bull trout (&gt;30 cm) were more likely than small fish to migrate rapidly downstream after spawning in headwater streams in early autumn. Large bull trout also had a higher probability of arriving at the current terminus of migration in the system, Arrowrock Reservoir. The rate of migration by small bull trout was more variable and individuals were less likely to move into Arrowrock Reservoir. The rate of downstream migration by all fish was slower when stream discharge was greater. Temperature was not associated with the rate of migration. These findings indicate that fish size and environmentally related changes in behavior have important influences on patterns of migration. In a broader context, these results and other recent work suggest, at least in some cases, that commonly used classifications of migratory behavior may not accurately reflect the full range of behaviors and variability among individuals (or life stages) and environmental conditions.
Efficacy of Oxytetracycline Marking of Fingerling Palmetto Bass in Hard Water
Authors: Mauk Robert 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
An oxytetracycline hydrochloride (OTC) marking study was used to determine an OTC concentration that would successfully mark palmetto bass (male white bass Morone chrysops × female striped bass M. saxatilis) in hard hatchery water (hardness as CaCO3 = 500 mg/L). Outcomes for juvenile palmetto bass immersed for 6 h in 500- and 700-mg/L concentrations of OTC mixed with hard water were compared to determine whether 14-d marking mortality and mark intensity at 14 and 344 d postimmersion differed between immersion concentrations. Sagittal otoliths were examined for marks at 14 d; lapillus otoliths were examined for marks at 344 d. Marking mortality was not detectable after 14 d, but identification and intensity of sagittal otolith marks at 14 d postimmersion were poor for both OTC concentrations. Oxytetracycline marks were identified in 63% (500 mg/L) and 74% (700 mg/L) of the sagittae examined at 14-d postimmersion, whereas marks were found in 87% (500 mg/L) and 95% (700 mg/L) of lapilli examined at 344 d postimmersion. The 700-mg/L OTC concentration yielded better mark intensity results than the 500-mg/L concentration in lapilli at 344 d postimmersion.
Validation of Daily Ring Deposition in the Otoliths of Age-0 Channel Catfish
Authors: Sakaris Peter C. , Irwin Elise R. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We developed and validated methods for estimating the daily age of age-0 channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. Two clutches of channel catfish eggs were hatched in the laboratory; subsequently, one was stocked in a 186-m2 earthen nursery pond and the other in a 757-L outdoor circular tank. Before stocking, subsamples of fish were collected at swim-up and 3 d after swim-up to evaluate early ring formation. Fish were sampled from the pond and tank on eight occasions ranging from 30 to 119 d posthatch. Distinct differences in early ring formation were found between yolk sac and free-swimming larval stages. Mean ring count and known age were closely related for tank- and pond-raised fish, indicating that daily ring deposition occurred in the otoliths of age-0 channel catfish up to 119 d posthatch. The accuracy of daily age estimation was similar between tank and pond samples, and daily ring counts were considerably accurate up to 60 d posthatch. Pond-raised fish were more difficult to age than tank-raised fish, which we attributed to ring compression resulting from slower growth among pond-raised fish after 30 d. The total length of tank- and pond-raised fish was positively related to otolith size; however, the slopes of the relationships between fish length and otolith radius were different between treatments. Therefore, we could not confirm that the relationship between fish length and otolith size was directly proportional for age-0 channel catfish. We encourage researchers to use this aging technique to determine how abiotic and biotic factors influence early life history characteristics and ultimately the population dynamics of catfishes (Ictaluridae).
An Inexpensive Image Analysis System for Fish Otoliths
Authors: Rypel Andrew L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
This paper evaluates the feasibility of using flatbed scanners and free computer software for image analysis of fish otoliths. Scanned images of whole and cross-sectioned otoliths from bluegill Lepomis macrochirus, freshwater drum Aplodinotus grunniens, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides, warmouth L. gulosus, and white crappie Pomoxis annularis provided adequate resolution for visualizing and counting annuli as well as for measuring interannual growth increments. I found concordant relationships between interannual growth measurements taken with a microscope-based image analysis system and those taken with the scanning technique. The use of flatbed scanners for age and growth analyses could substantially reduce costs, and such scanners may already be available for many persons interested in otolith image analysis. This could widen the access to otolith research for those who previously could not afford imaging equipment. Depending on user experience and computer and scanner speeds, 25–40 already cross-sectioned or whole otoliths can be digitized per hour into high-quality photographs, a process rate that is comparable with that of contemporary image analysis systems.
An Ecosystem Approach for Assessment Advice and Biological Reference Points for the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank Atlantic Herring Complex
Authors: Overholtz W. J. , Jacobson L. D. , Link J. S. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The biomass of Atlantic herring Clupea harengus in the Gulf of Maine–Georges Bank (GOM–GB) region declined sharply in the mid- to late 1970s, when fishery harvests ranged from 300 to 400 kilo–metric tons (kt) per year. During this same period, the consumption of Atlantic herring by fish and marine mammal predators was very large. Consumption has greatly exceeded landings from 1985 to the present. Previous research showed that four groups of predators (demersal fishes, marine mammals, large pelagic fishes, and seabirds) together annually consumed over 200 kt of Atlantic herring during the 1970s and over 300 kt during the late 1990s and early 2000s. Our analyses indicate that Atlantic herring predation mortality rates are related to the abundance of both Atlantic herring and predators. Predation mortality rates were relatively low during the 1960s, when Atlantic herring were abundant, but increased in the late 1970s and early 1980s, when Atlantic herring declined. Predation mortality rates declined in the 1990s as Atlantic herring abundance increased. Biological reference points for the Atlantic herring complex (composed of two stocks) are significantly different when predation mortality is included. Several methods were used to assess the available fishery yield given that predator requirements have first been satisfied. In general, all of the approaches indicated that the maximum sustainable yield harvest level for the GOM–GB Atlantic herring complex is lower than that estimated from the single-species assessment in which predation effects are not explicitly accounted for.
Evaluation of Sampling Designs for Red Sea Urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus in British Columbia
Authors: Skibo Karen M. , Schwarz Carl J. , Peterman Randall M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Estimates of the total stock biomass of marine invertebrates that aggregate, such as red sea urchins Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, are often highly uncertain, partly because it is difficult to estimate their density. To improve estimates, we used 200 simulated red sea urchin populations with spatial and numerical properties based on field data to evaluate various simulated survey designs for a given number of transects in terms of the precision, bias, and efficiency (relative variance) of their estimates. We considered a random transect sampling method that is currently used in British Columbia for red sea urchins, which samples every other quadrat within each transect, as well as a complete version of that transect method, which samples every quadrat. We also evaluated more complex random transect sampling designs, including restricted adaptive cluster sampling and a design stratified by type of substrate within each transect. The complete transect method produced essentially unbiased estimates of red sea urchin density (as did the currently used sampling design) and had lower variance than the current method, but the complete method used twice as many quadrat samples per transect to do so (incurring higher costs of sampling by divers). In contrast, the design stratified by substrate required 33% fewer sampled quadrats per transect than the current sampling method to achieve the same variance as that method, but it had a median bias of 10%. Finally, the restricted adaptive cluster sampling design gave estimates that had lower variance than the current method and used 18% fewer sampled quadrats, but the median urchin density estimate was biased downward by 8%. Choosing among sampling designs thus involves making trade-offs among bias, precision, and sampling cost as well as considering practical constraints on scuba divers who attempt to implement complex designs in field situations.
Shrimp Loss Associated with Turtle Excluder Devices: Are the Historical Estimates Statistically Biased
Authors: Gallaway Benny J. , Cole John G. , Nance James M. , Hart Rick A. , Graham Gary L. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Estimates of penaeid shrimp losses associated with the use of turtle excluder devices (TEDs) in offshore waters of the southeastern USA are derived from a single study conducted from 1988 to 1990. The estimates were based on paired tows in which the inboard and outboard nets on one side of the vessel were equipped with TEDs while the nets on the other side were not. Comparison of the mean catch rates from the TED and control nets provided an estimate of shrimp loss. However, the net positions were not rotated by trip, the try net (i.e., a small shrimp trawl fished off one side of the vessel in front of the trailing inboard net) was fished in front of the inner standard net 70% of the time, and the data show that catches in the standard net trailing the try net were significantly reduced by operation of the try net. These findings warranted a new analysis excluding data from inner net pairs, as is done in the modern gear testing protocol. The reanalysis suggests that the shrimp loss rates for Georgia TEDs with and without accelerator funnels were 5.5% and 7.5%, respectively, and that the highest level of shrimp loss (15%) was associated with the “Super Shooter” TED with an accelerator funnel. The results of the historical study indicated that the shrimp loss rate associated with the Super Shooter design was only 1% and that the shrimp loss rates associated with the Georgia TED with and without accelerator funnels were 3.6% and 13.6%, respectively. Overall, we conclude that the historical estimates are biased. A reanalysis suggests that the shrimp loss rate associated with TED use in offshore waters of the southeastern USA is on the order of 6%. We also conclude that a new, well-designed National Marine Fisheries Service-approved study is needed.
Variation between Electrofishing and Otter Trawling for Sampling Black Crappies in Two Florida Lakes
Authors: Bonvechio Timothy F. , Pouder William F. , Hale Marty M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
We compared trawling with electrofishing for assessing populations of black crappie Pomoxis nigromaculatus in two shallow central Florida lakes. Lakes Jackson and Weohyakapka were sampled with both gears from November 2005 through March 2006. Size-selective biases were apparent, the trawl nets consistently collecting small individuals less than 100 mm in total length (TL), whereas electrofishing collected significantly larger, more adult fish exceeding 200 mm TL. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov two-sample test indicated that the size structure of the fish captured in the two types of gear differed significantly. The total annual mortality estimates were 28% and 72% for electrofishing on both lakes, 55% for otter trawls on Lake Jackson. The age ranges for catch curves derived from the two gears also displayed large differences in mortality estimates or gave no mortality estimate at all. Trawls tended to collect younger age-classes, whereas electrofishing tended to collect larger age-classes; thus, data collected with the two gears may represent different aspects of mortality in the population. When aquatic macrophyte cover is low so that both gears can be used, we recommend that otter trawl sampling be used to assess the recruitment of juvenile crappies and that simultaneous electrofishing be conducted to collect larger fish for the determination of age and growth. Fisheries biologists should be careful when using just one gear to evaluate crappie populations given that the size-selective biases associated with both trawling and electrofishing can influence basic mortality and length-frequency assessments.
Auto‐Tandem Catalysis: Synthesis of Substituted 11H‐Indolo[3,2‐c]quinolines via Palladium‐Catalyzed Intermolecular CN and Intramolecular CC Bond Formation
Authors: Meyers Caroline , Rombouts Geert , Loones Kristof T. J. , Coelho Alberto , Maes Bert U. W. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractD‐Ring substituted 11H‐indolo[3,2‐c]quinolines (4) have been prepared via auto‐tandem consecutive intermolecular Buchwald‐Hartwig reaction and intramolecular palladium‐catalyzed arylation on 4‐chloroquinoline (1) with N‐unsubstituted 2‐chloroanilines (2). The reported 11H‐indolo[3,2‐c]quinolines (4) represent the first examples in which tandem catalysis has been used to construct N‐unsubstituted carbolines.
Preparation the Key Intermediate of Angiotensin‐Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors: High Enantioselective Production of Ethyl (R)‐2‐Hydroxy‐4‐Phenylbutyrate with Candida boidinii CIOC21
Authors: Chen Yongzheng , Lin Hui , Xu Xiaoying , Xia Shiwen , Wang Lixin 
Published: February 2008

AbstractForty microorganisms belonging to different taxonomical groups were used to catalyze the enantioselective reduction of ethyl 2‐oxophenylbutyrate to afford the corresponding ethyl 2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyrate. Several microorganisms led to over 99% ee of ethyl (S)‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyrate. Especially, we firstly found that the Candida boidinii CIOC21 could be effectively used for the enantioselective preparation the ethyl (R)‐2‐hydroxy‐4‐phenylbutyrate in pure aqueous medium with 99% ee, a key intermediate in the production of angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.