bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism and page tables
Authors: Jones Mark P. 
Published: September 2008

With features that include lightweight syntax, expressive type systems, and deep semantic foundations, functional languages are now being used to develop an increasingly broad range of complex, real-world applications. In the area of systems software, however, where performance and interaction with low-level aspects of hardware are central concerns, many practitioners still eschew the advantages of higher-level languages for the potentially unsafe but predictable behavior of traditional imperative languages like C. It is ironic that critical applications such as operating systems kernels, device drivers, and VMMs - where a single bug could compromise the reliability or security of a whole system - are among the least likely to benefit from the abstractions and safety guarantees of modern language designs.
Over the last few years, our group has been investigating the potential for using Haskell to develop realistic operating systems that can boot and run on bare metal. The House system, developed primarily by Thomas Hallgren and Andrew Tolmach, demonstrates that it is indeed possible to construct systems software in a functional language. But House still relies on a layer of runtime support primitives - some written using unsafe Haskell primitives and others written in C - to provide services ranging from garbage collection to control of the page table structures used by the hardware memory management unit. We would like to replace as much of this layer as possible with code written in a functional language without compromising on type or memory safety.
Our experiences with House have led us to believe that a new functional language is required to reflect the needs of the systems domain more directly. Interestingly, however, we have concluded that this does not require fundamental new language design. In this invited talk, I will give an update on the current status of our project and I will describe how we are leveraging familiar components of the Haskell type system - including polymorphism, kinds, qualified types and improvement - to capture more precise details of effect usage, data representation, and termination. I will also discuss the challenges of writing and compiling performance-sensitive code written in a functional style. It was once considered radical to use C in place of assembly language to construct systems software. Is it possible that functional languages might one day become as commonplace in this application domain as C is today?
Space profiling for parallel functional programs
Authors: Spoonhower Daniel , Blelloch Guy E. , Harper Robert , Gibbons Phillip B. 
Published: September 2008

This paper presents a semantic space profiler for parallel functional programs. Building on previous work in sequential profiling, our tools help programmers to relate runtime resource use back to program source code. Unlike many profiling tools, our profiler is based on a cost semantics. This provides a means to reason about performance without requiring a detailed understanding of the compiler or runtime system. It also provides a specification for language implementers. This is critical in that it enables us to separate cleanly the performance of the application from that of the language implementation.
Some aspects of the implementation can have significant effects on performance. Our cost semantics enables programmers to understand the impact of different scheduling policies while hiding many of the details of their implementations. We show applications where the choice of scheduling policy has asymptotic effects on space use. We explain these use patterns through a demonstration of our tools. We also validate our methodology by observing similar performance in our implementation of a parallel extension of Standard ML.
Flask
Authors: Mainland Geoffrey , Morrisett Greg , Welsh Matt 
Published: September 2008

Severely resource-constrained devices present a confounding challenge to the functional programmer: we are used to having powerful abstraction facilities at our fingertips, but how can we make use of these tools on a device with an 8- or 16-bit CPU and at most tens of kilobytes of RAM? Motivated by this challenge, we have developed Flask, a domain specific language embedded in Haskell that brings the power of functional programming to sensor networks, collections of highly resource-constrained devices. Flask consists of a staging mechanism that cleanly separates node-level code from the meta-language used to generate node-level code fragments; syntactic support for embedding standard sensor network code; a restricted subset of Haskell that runs on sensor networks and constrains program space and time consumption; a higher-level "data stream" combinator library for quickly constructing sensor network programs; and an extensible runtime that provides commonly-used services.
We demonstrate Flask through several small code examples as well as a compiler that generates node-level code to execute a network-wide query specified in a SQL-like language. We show how using Flask ensures constraints on space and time behavior. Through microbenchmarks and measurements on physical hardware, we demonstrate that Flask produces programs that are efficient in terms of CPU and memory usage and that can run effectively on existing sensor network hardware.
Quotient lenses
Authors: Foster J. Nathan , Pilkiewicz Alexandre , Pierce Benjamin C. 
Published: September 2008

There are now a number of BIDIRECTIONAL PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, where every program can be read both as a forward transformation mapping one data structure to another and as a reverse transformation mapping an edited output back to a correspondingly edited input. Besides parsimony - the two related transformations are described by just one expression - such languages are attractive because they promise strong behavioral laws about how the two transformations fit together - e.g., their composition is the identity function. It has repeatedly been observed, however, that such laws are actually a bit too strong: in practice, we do not want them "on the nose," but only up to some equivalence, allowing inessential details, such as whitespace, to be modified after a round trip. Some bidirectional languages loosen their laws in this way, but only for specific, baked-in equivalences.
In this work, we propose a general theory of QUOTIENT LENSES - bidirectional transformations that are well behaved modulo equivalence relations controlled by the programmer. Semantically, quotient lenses are a natural refinement of LENSES, which we have studied in previous work. At the level of syntax, we present a rich set of constructs for programming with CANONIZERS and for quotienting lenses by canonizers. We track equivalences explicitly, with the type of every quotient lens specifying the equivalences it respects.
We have implemented quotient lenses as a refinement of the bidirectional string processing language Boomerang. We present a number of useful primitive canonizers for strings, and give a simple extension of Boomerang's regular-expression-based type system to statically typecheck quotient lenses. The resulting language is an expressive tool for transforming real-world, ad-hoc data formats. We demonstrate the power of our notation by developing an extended example based on the UniProt genome database format and illustrate the generality of our approach by showing how uses of quotienting in other bidirectional languages can be translated into our notation.
Computational complexity
Authors: Goldreich Oded 
Published: September 2008

This book is rooted in the thesis that complexity theory is extremely rich in conceptual content, and that this contents should be explicitly communicated in expositions and courses on the subject. The desire to provide a corresponding textbook is indeed the motivation for writing the current book and its main governing principle.
The book offers a conceptual perspective on complexity theory, and the presentation is designed to highlight this perspective. It is intended mainly for students that wish to learn complexity theory and for educators that intend to teach a course on complexity theory. The book is also intended to promote interest in complexity theory and make it acccessible to general readers with adequate background (which is mainly being comfortable with abstract discussions, definitions and proofs). We expect most readers to have a basic knowledge of algorithms, or at least be fairly comfortable with the notion of an algorithm.
The book focuses on several sub-areas of complexity theory (including, e.g., pseudorandomness and probabilistic proof systems). In each case, the exposition starts from the intuitive questions addresses by the sub-area, as embodied in the concepts that it studies. The exposition discusses the fundamental importance of these questions, the choices made in the actual formulation of these questions and notions, the approaches that underly the answers, and the ideas that are embedded in these answers. Our view is that these (\non-technical") aspects are the core of the field, and the presentation attempts to re ect this view.
Higher order mining
Authors: Roddick John F. , Spiliopoulou Myra , Lister Daniel , Ceglar Aaron 
Published: September 2008

The value of knowledge obtainable by analysing large quantities of data is widely acknowledged. However, so-calledprimaryorraw datamay not always be available for knowledge discovery for several reasons. First, cooperating institutions that are interested in sharing knowledge may not be willing (or allowed) to disclose their primary data. Second, data in the form of streams are only temporarily available for processing. If stored at all, stream data are maintained in the form of synopses or derived, abstract representations of the original data. Finally, even for non-stream data, there are limits on the computation speed to be achieved -- such limits are set by hardware and firmware technologies. This problem can only be partially solved through parallelization and increased processing power. Ultimately, in many cases data must be summarized to be processed efficiently.In the light of these observations, we anticipate the need for defining and practising data mining without the luxury of primary data. To that end, we formally introduce the paradigm ofHigher Order Miningas a form of data mining that is applied over non-primary, derived data or patterns. Although Higher Order Mining is a new paradigm, there are already research advances on knowledge discovery methods from patterns rather than data. We discuss them and organize them under the light of the new paradigm. We show that the HOM paradigm reveals further potential for knowledge discovery, including the delivery of rules and patterns with semantics that are closer to human intuition and are thus more appropriate for human inspection.
Expression of Heparanase in Renal Cell Carcinomas: Implications for Tumor Invasion and Prognosis
Authors: Mikami Shuji , Oya Mototsugu , Shimoda Masayuki , Mizuno Ryuichi , Ishida Masaru , Kosaka Takeo , Mukai Makio , Nakajima Motowo , Okada Yasunori 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Purpose: Heparanase activity has been detected in many malignant tumors, showing a correlation with the metastatic potential. The present study was undertaken to investigate the expression of heparanase and its prognostic significance in renal cell carcinomas (RCC).
Experimental Design: Nineteen RCCs and 6 nonneoplastic renal tissues were analyzed for heparanase mRNA expression by real-time PCR. Heparanase protein expression was semiquantitatively investigated by immunohistochemistry in 70 RCCs. Involvement of heparanase in the invasiveness of RCC cell lines, 786-O and Caki-2 cells, was examined by down-regulating the gene expression with small interfering RNA (siRNA) using the Matrigel invasion assay.
Results: The expression level of heparanase mRNA was significantly higher in clear cell RCCs than in papillary RCCs, chromophobe RCCs, and nonneoplastic renal tissues. Heparanase was predominantly immunolocalized to cell surface and cytoplasm of clear cell RCCs and mean expression levels of heparanase were significantly higher in clear cell RCCs than in papillary and chromophobe RCCs. The protein expression levels were positively correlated with primary tumor stage, distant metastasis, and histologic grade. Targeting of heparanase mRNA expression in 786-O and Caki-2 cells with siRNA down-regulated the mRNA expression and inhibited the Matrigel invasion by these cells, whereas nonsilencing siRNA showed no effect. Multivariate Cox analysis revealed that elevated heparanase expression was a significant and an independent predictor of disease-specific survival (odds ratio, 8.814; P = 0.019).
Conclusions: These data suggest that heparanase plays an important role in invasion and metastasis and silencing of the gene might be a potential therapeutic target in clear cell RCCs.
Potent Anticarcinoma Activity of the Humanized Anti-CD70 Antibody h1F6 Conjugated to the Tubulin Inhibitor Auristatin via an Uncleavable Linker
Authors: Oflazoglu Ezogelin , Stone Ivan J. , Gordon Kristine , Wood Christopher G. , Repasky Elizabeth A. , Grewal Iqbal S. , Law Che-Leung , Gerber Hans-Peter 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPurpose: The antitubulin agent monomethyl auristatin F (MMAF) induces potent antitumor effects when conjugated via protease cleavable linkers to antibodies targeting internalizing, tumor-specific cell surface antigens. Humanized 1F6 (h1F6) is a humanized monoclonal antibody targeting CD70, a member of the tumor necrosis factor family that is expressed on hematologic malignancies and carcinomas. Here, we tested h1F6–maleimidocaproyl (mc) MMAF conjugates, consisting of an uncleavable mc linker, for their ability to interfere with the growth of CD70-positive carcinomas.Experimental Design: To evaluate the optimal drug per antibody ratio, we conjugated either four or eight MMAF molecules to the cysteines that comprise the interchain disulfides of h1F6 and determined antitumor activities in vitro and in xenografted mice. The tumor types tested included glioblastoma, patient-derived renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cell isolates, and standard RCC tumor cell lines.Results: All h1F6-mcMMAF conjugates potently interfered with the growth of all carcinomas in vitro and resulted in complete responses of RCC tumors implanted orthotopically or s.c. in mice. In vitro, h1F6-mcMMAF(8) was generally more potent than h1F6-mcMMAF(4). However, h1F6-mcMMAF(4) displayed equal or better efficacy than h1F6-mcMMAF(8) when administered to tumor-bearing mice.Conclusions: We showed that h1F6-mcMMAF conjugates inhibited the growth of human carcinomas and that increased drug loading, while improving potency in vitro, did not substantially affect the pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties in vivo. Based on these findings, h1F6-mcMMAF(4), designated SGN-75, has been identified as a potential antibody-drug conjugate for clinical development.
Ibn Khaldun's Concept of Assabiyya: An Alternative Tool for Understanding Long-Term Politics
Authors: Kayapınar M. Akif 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis essay considers Ibn Khaldun's concept of assabiyya with respect to the generation of the collective political action, particularly, directed to state formation. Special attention is paid to the nature and genesis of assabiyya as a technical term developed cumulatively throughout the Muqaddimah. It asks whether assabiyya, as Ibn Khaldun defined it, can be reformulated and applied in understanding and explaining current political developments. It concludes with the assertion that, considering its holistic and interdisciplinary nature, its moral implications, and, most importantly, its spatio-temporal dimension, assabiyya can emerge as an alternative conceptual tool in overcoming the impasse currently facing political theory in general and the liberal democratic paradigm in particular.
Beyond 'Science as a Vocation': Civilisational Epistemology in Weber and Ibn Khaldun
Authors: Ardıç Nurullah 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBoth Ibn Khaldun and Weber discuss science as a vocation, but their epistemologies go beyond it by incorporating the civilisational dimension. Commonly used as a unit of analysis by classical theorists, the term 'civilisation' has recently been rediscovered in social sciences. It has been argued that the 'epistemological paradigms of civilisations' produced by the mainstream intellectual traditions are fundamental factors shaping the minds of key intellectuals. This article tests this argument by analysing to what extent Ibn Khaldun and Weber's views of knowledge and science are influenced by Islamic and Western epistemological paradigms, respectively. Based on a close and critical reading of their relevant work, it argues that there are some resemblances, but also significant differences, between Ibn Khaldun and Weber, which can indeed be explained with reference to civilisational epistemological paradigms.
The Perception of Rational Sciences in the Muqaddimah: Ibn Khaldun's Individual Aptitudes Theory
Authors: Türker ÖMer 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIbn Khaldun utilises a web of terminology comprised of an intertwining of the Peripatetic and Asharî traditions, and establishes the discipline of umrân, after having espoused Asharî metaphysics and the Peripatetic mode of thinking. Besides accepting the Peripatetic theory of the soul, he converts it into a new theoretical structure which could be labelled as the individual characteristics or aptitudes theory, and assesses the attainment and administering of this knowledge within the magnitude of his self-developed theory. Data acquired about a given being, keeping with Ibn Khaldun, has cropped up as an outcome of "individual characteristics or aptitudes unique to persons" and precludes the creation from it a discipline, hence the perennial unfeasibility of converting metaphysical data into an objective discipline.
Ibn Khaldun's Perception of Sufis and Sufism: The Discipline of Tasawwuf in Umran
Authors: Ceyhan Semih 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to analyse, against the backdrop of historical, social and political philosophy, Ibn Khaldun's perception of tasawwuf, a discipline he enumerates among the sharia sciences to emerge in umran, and notwithstanding his commending of the first phases of the incipience of tasawwuf rooted in ascetic ethics, his general criticisms of the Sufi thought of muhaqqiqs, i.e., investigative post-Ghazzalian Sufis, lead by Ibn al-Arabi. The analysis will seek to accentuate two determining problems of Ibn Khaldun's connected outlook: first, the identity of the religious-political authority; and second, how tasawwuf ought to be in umran. Historical experience illustrates, Ibn Khaldun holds, that the attempts of saints in seizing religious-worldly authority have been futile, as attested by the upheavals of Ibn al-Qasi and other Sufis, a failure which accordingly is occasioned by their deprivation of the support of tribalism, more precisely, their inefficiency in garnering social agreement on their ideas. Proceeding from this sociohistorical perspective, Ibn Khaldun has urged tasawwuf to abide by interpreting the spiritual states of pre-Ghazzalian Sufis, at the detriment of ruing the notion of tasawwuf espoused by muhaqqiq Sufis.
Ibn Khaldun's Critique of the Theory of al-Siyâsah al-Madaniyyah
Authors: Korkut Şenol 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn this paper the method proposed by Ibn Khaldun in the political and social fields, will be examined in its original dimensions. The political philosophy that started with al-Farabi as a systematic style of thought in Islamic thought used deduction as a mandatory part of the tradition belonging to the philosopher. In one sense, this is a journey from 'description' to 'depiction'. Ibn Khaldun stated that this method remains insufficient in order to explain social phenomena and events, and widening this perspective indicated that political philosophy, in one sense, is compelled to present a utopian social model, and departing from this point criticised al-Farabi as not being a philosophical realist. At this point, the accusations made against the philosophers and his approach to the criticism of al-Siyasah al-Madaniyyah are investigated as to whether or not Ibn Khaldun approached political philosophy from a universal point of view, and if, while making these accusations, the theories of the philosophers were taken into account. Accordingly, Ibn Khaldun's theory of prophethood and happiness and the falasifa's influences on Ibn Khaldun are investigated.
The Forgotten Concept of Human Nature in Khaldunian Studies
Authors: Dhaouadi Mahmoud 
Published: September 2008

AbstractOn the sixth centenary commemoration (2006) of Ibn Khaldun, the focus in this essay is on the forgotten concept of 'human nature' in the studies of those who have dealt with his 'new social science' (ilmu al-umrani al-bashari). Though the concept is essential for the study of Ibn Khaldun's interdisciplinary thought; it has hardly been studied by those who have focused their scholarly work on the author of the Muqaddimmah's thought heritage. This essay attempts to shed light on Ibn Khaldun's concept of human nature. Here, three different types of the latter are identified in Ibn Khaldun's vision of humans. These types of human nature do not only affect the behaviours of single members of human societies, but they do also influence the rise and fall of the entire human societies and civilisations.
Television News in Singapore: Mediating Conflict and Consent
Authors: Rai Mugdha , Cottle Simon 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSingapore's television media, notwithstanding the island's economic successes, is widely considered to be tightly controlled and regulated by the government. The role of Singapore's television news in enabling or curtailing democratic processes, however, remains largely unnoticed and under-theorised. This article reports on recent research which secures added empirical purchase on Singapore's TV journalism today and does so by identifying, mapping and pursuing into the production domain the repertoire of communicative frames that differentially characterise contemporary TV news in Singapore. Our findings document that there is considerably more complexity in the ecology and communicative frames of TV news than has so far been acknowledged or explored and these complexities have direct bearing on debates about the mediation of conflict and consent in Singapore's brand of 'democracy'.
Filial Piety and Intergenerational Co-residence: The Case of Chinese Singaporeans
Authors: Phua Voon Chin , Loh Jason 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe concept of filial piety is not static and is subject to interpretations. The concept of filial piety also has evolved over time and adapted to local cultures. In this paper, we examine the practices of filial piety among Chinese Singaporeans. Using in-depth interviews collected in 2006 and 2007, we find that the idea of filial piety still resonates among Chinese Singaporeans, though in some cases it may merely be symbolic. While intergenerational co-residence is not the only way for children to demonstrate their filial piety, most participants view it as the epitome. However, filial piety, as demonstrated through intergenerational co-residence, may be hiding other issues that are detrimental to the quality of life for all parties. Nonetheless, positive intergenerational relationships bind the family together.