bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface displacements due to batter piles driven in cross‐anisotropic media
Authors: Wang Cheng‐Der , Chen Ming‐Tang , Lee Tzen‐Chin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article derives the closed‐form solutions for estimating the vertical surface displacements of cross‐anisotropic media due to various loading types of batter piles. The loading types include an embedded point load for an end‐bearing pile, uniform skin friction, and linear variation of skin friction for a friction pile. The planes of cross‐anisotropy are assumed to be parallel to the horizontal ground surface. The proposed solutions are never mentioned in literature and can be developed from Wang and Liao's solutions for a horizontal and vertical point load embedded in the cross‐anisotropic half‐space. The present solutions are identical with Wang's solutions when batter angle equals to 0°. In addition, the solutions indicate that the surface displacements in cross‐anisotropic media are influenced by the type and degree of material anisotropy, angle of inclination, and loading types. An illustrative example is given at the end of this article to investigate the effect of the type and degree of soil anisotropy (E/E′, G′/E′, and ν/ν′), pile inclination (α), and different loading types (a point load, a uniform skin friction, and a linear variation of skin friction) on vertical surface displacements. Results show that the displacements accounted for pile batter are quite different from those estimated from plumb piles, both driven in cross‐anisotropic media. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Building and valuing global brands in the nonprofit sector
Authors: Laidler‐Kylander Nathalie , Quelch John A. , Simonin Bernard L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGlobal nonprofit brands are the world's new “super brands” (Wootliff and Deri, 2001). Nonprofit organizations command unprecedented levels of trust, and nonprofit brand valuations are on par with major international corporations. Leaders and managers of nonprofits face new challenges in the stewardship of their brands. Based on current thinking in nonprofit management and detailed interviews with close to one hundred executives of ten international nonprofit organizations, this article draws strategic lessons on brand building and brand valuation activities of international nonprofits. The multiple roles and stakeholders that global nonprofit brands must address make nonprofit brand building complex and challenging. In particular, differences between advocacy and relief organizations must be explained. Despite the complexity, international nonprofit organizations may have an advantage over for‐profits in leveraging public trust and brand communication. Advocacy organizations in particular successfully link brand and cause to good effect. The valuation of nonprofit brands is a new strategic challenge with significant appeal, but also significant concerns for international nonprofits. In addition to providing nonprofit leaders and managers with a better understanding of brandbuilding activities, imperatives, and best practices in the field, this article outlines the opportunities and threats associated with the valuation of nonprofit brands.
Board development practices and competent board members: Implications for performance
Authors: Brown William A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study explores underlying assumptions about board development practices in nonprofit governance. Specifically, a model was developed to determine if using recommended recruitment, board member orientation, and evaluation practices resulted in more competent board members and if the presence of these board members led to better board performance. The sample consisted of 1,051 survey responses from CEOs and board chairs representing 713 credit unions. As member‐benefit nonprofit organizations, credit unions rely almost exclusively on voluntary board members in an oversight capacity. Results support the contention that board development practices lead to more capable board members, and the presence of these board members tends to explain board performance. The study advances the understanding of nonprofit board development practices by further defining the concept and proposing an empirically tested assessment strategy. Furthermore, the findings support using specific recruitment practices that should strengthen nonprofit boards.
Interactions of polyvinyl alcohol and vinyl acetate monomer in aqueous solution in relation to emulsion polymerisation of vinyl acetate
Authors: Shiraishi M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPolyvinyl acetate (PV‐OAc) emulsions made from vinylacetate (V‐OAc), using polyvinylalcohol(PV‐OH) as the protective colloid, have different viscosities depending on the degree of interaction between the aqueous solution of V‐OAc and PV‐OH. This interaction increased when the PV‐OH samples, prepared by addition of various amounts of benzene to a methanolic solution of PV‐OAc, had a higher content of residual acetyl groups with a more blocklike distribution. The mechanism of heterogeneous distribution of residual acetyl groups in PV‐OH and effect of branching of PV‐OH on the PV‐OAc emulsion are also discussed.
Ethylene—vinyl acetate copolymers for packaging applications
Authors: Evans F. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEthylene‐vinyl acetate (E‐VA) copolymers consist of a range of materials beginning with polyethylene and possessing a gradation of properties with increasingly higher concentrations of vinyl acetate (V‐OAc). The major property differences between E‐VA copolymers and polyethylenes which incorporation of V‐OAc confers are discussed with reference to processing and packaging applications.
Synthesis and properties of some polyamides containing the sulphonyl diphenylene unit
Authors: Jarrett G. , Jones M. E. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHomopolyamides of two isomeric di(aminophenyl) sulphones with α,ω‐polymethylene dicarboxylic acids have been prepared by low‐temperature solution polycondensation and by a high‐temperature melt procedure.The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of these polymers are strongly dependent on the positions of the amine residues in the aromatic ring, and they fall progressively as the length of the methylene sequence in the dicarboxylic acid residue increases. The polymers are not crystallised by thermal treatment although in certain cases some crystallinity can be induced by treatment with an organic liquid. The presence of the bulky, polar sulphone group plays an important part in the success of the high‐temperature polymerisation and makes a significant contribution to the high level of mechanical and thermal properties of the resulting polymers.
Synthesis and properties of poly α‐esters containing fluorine: I. introduction and precursor preparation
Authors: Evans B. W. , Tighe B. J. , Whittingham A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPresent knowledge relating to the effect of fluoroaromatic residues on the properties of polymers and the limited literature on the synthesis and properties of fluorine‐containing polyesters are briefly discussed. The use of α‐hydroxy carboxylic acid anhydrosulphites in the preparation of poly α‐esters is described, together with the potential use of this route in the evaluation of the effect of fluoroaromatic substituents on the properties of these polymers. Details of a series of new Grignard syntheses of α‐pentafluorophenyl‐α‐hydroxy carboxylic acids from the commercially available bromopentafluorobenzene and of the conversion of these acids to the anhydrosulphites via the reaction of thionyl chloride on the anhydrous cupric salts of the acids are presented. In this way a series of intermediates has been synthesised from which new fluorine‐containing polymers may be prepared.
Ionic conduction in polymer films: II. Inhomogeneous structure of varnish films
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. , Scantlebury J. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIonic conduction in polymer films is of two types. Inverse conduction, I, occurs when the resistance runs counter to that of the external solution, and Direct conduction, D, when the resistance follows that of the external solution.The distribution of areas having D properties has been established for films of a pentaerythritol alkyd, a phenol‐formaldehyde tung oil and a polyamide‐cured expoxide varnish, and it is shown that D conduction cannot be ascribed to capillaries, unless they are of molecular dimensions. It is concluded that these films have a very heterogeneous structure and that I and D areas are brought about by differences in crosslinking density within the film.
Estimation of degree of cyclisation from polymer segment densities
Authors: Dušek K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCyclisation is known to compete with intermolecular crosslinking of polymer chains, particularly in solution. This paper attempts to show the dependence of these competing reactions on perturbations caused by polymer‐solvent interactions. The Segment Density Model (S.D.M.) is discussed; this is based on the spatial distribution of segment densities. The effects of approximations in the S.D.M. are assessed by comparing the results with those obtained from the probabilities of meeting of specified pairs of segments (Conformational Model, C.M.).
Polyphenylene resin and its composites
Authors: Ensor G. R. , Long F. , Roberts R. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA brief outline of various methods of polyphenylene preparation is given, but the products obtained are often either impure or impossible to process. A synthesis based on an arylation reaction has been developed which can be carried out in two stages, thus allowing a processing stage to be introduced. The reaction involves the thermal decomposition of a difunctional sulphonyl chloride and can be interrupted at the prepolymer stage. The final composites obtained have good mechanical properties and corrosion resistance which means that they have great potential for bearings, chemical plant and aerospace applications.
Macrocyclic polymers and related products derived from aromatic nitriles
Authors: Packham D. I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method of obtaining macrocyclic compounds by stepwise condensation of aromatic and heterocyclic nitriles with amines is described. The technique was extended to give polymers containing repeating macrocyclic units, and to show the optimum reaction conditions. The properties of these polymers and possible applications are discussed. Related polymer systems such as the polybenzobis(aminoiminopyrrolenines), the polybenzimidazoles and the polybenziminobenzimidazoles were also obtained by an adaptation of the method.
Ionic conduction in polymer films. III Influence of temperature on water absorption
Authors: Kinsella E. M. , Mayne J. E. O. , Scantlebury J. D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe variation of water absorption with temperature of three varnish films, a pentaerythritol alkyd, an epoxy‐polyamide and a phenol‐formaldehyde tung oil, has been measured. In the case of the first two, minima were observed the temperatures of which corresponded to glass transition temperatures of the polymers. In contrast, films of the phenol‐formaldehyde tung oil varnish showed neither a minimum in the water absorption‐temperature curve nor a glass transition temperature over the range 5–34°C. Further work is necessary to establish whether this relationship has general application.
Identification of specific reachable molecular targets in human breast cancer using a versatile ex vivo proteomic method
Authors: Castronovo Vincent , Kischel Philippe , Guillonneau François , de Leval Laurence , Deféchereux Thierry , De Pauw Edwin , Neri Dario , Waltregny David 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTargeting of tumoral tissues is one of the most promising approaches to improve both the efficacy and safety of anticancer treatments. The identification of valid targets, including proteins specifically and abundantly expressed in cancer lesions, is of utmost importance. Despite state‐of‐the‐art technologies, the discovery of cancer‐associated target proteins still faces the limitation, in human tissues, of antigen accessibility to suitable high‐affinity ligands such as human mAb bound to bioactive molecules. Terminal perfusion of tumor‐bearing mice or ex vivo perfusion of human cancer‐bearing organs with a reactive biotin ester solution has successfully led to the identification of novel accessible biomarkers. This methodology is however restricted to perfusable organs, and excludes most of the tissues of interest to targeted therapies, e.g. primary breast cancer and metastases. Herein, we report on the development of a new chemical proteomic method that bypasses the perfusion step and thus offers the potential to identify accessible molecular targets in virtually all types of animal and human tissues. We have validated our new procedure by identifying biomarkers selectively expressed in human breast carcinoma. Overall, this powerful technology may lay the ground not only for custom‐made therapies in cancer, but also for the development of therapies that need to be selectively delivered in a specific tissue.
Nonisothermal crystallization behavior and crystalline structure of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate)/layered double hydroxide nanocomposites
Authors: Hsu Sung‐Fu , Wu Tzong‐Ming , Liao Chien‐Shiun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractX‐ray diffraction method and differential scanning calorimetry analysis have been used to investigate the nonisothermal crystallization of poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB)/poly(ethylene glycol) phosphonates (PEOPAs)‐modified layered double hydroxide (PMLDH) nanocomposites. Effects of cooling rates and PMLDH contents on the nonisothermal crystallization behavior of PHB were explored. These results show that the addition of 2 wt % PMLDH into PHB caused heterogeneous nucleation increasing the crystallization rate and reducing the activation energy. By adding PMLDH into the PHB probably hinder the transport ability of the molecule chains and result in a decreasing crystallity of PHB, thus increasing the activation energy. The correlation among melting behavior, apparent crystallite size, and paracrystalline distortion of PHB/PMLDH nanocomposites has been also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 995–1002, 2007
Suggestive genetic linkage to chromosome 11p11.2‐q12.2 in hereditary prostate cancer families with primary kidney cancer
Authors: Johanneson Bo , Deutsch Kerry , McIntosh Laura , Friedrichsen‐Karyadi Danielle M. , Janer Marta , Kwon Erika M. , Iwasaki Lori , Hood Leroy , Ostrander Elaine A. , Stanford Janet L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe Seattle‐based PROGRESS study was started in 1995 to ascertain hereditary prostate cancer (HPC) families for studies of genetic susceptibility. Subsequent studies by several research groups, including our own, suggest that HPC is a genetically heterogeneous disease. To be successful in mapping loci for such a complex disease, one must consider ways of grouping families into subsets that likely share the same genetic origin. Towards that end, we analyzed a genome‐wide scan of HPC families with primary kidney cancer.METHODSAn 8.1 cM genome‐wide scan including 441 microsatellite markers was analyzed by both parametric and non‐parametric linkage approaches in fifteen HPC families with the co‐occurrence of kidney cancer.RESULTSThere was no evidence for significant linkage in the initial findings. However, two regions of suggestive linkage were observed at 11q12 and 4q21, with HLOD scores of 2.59 and 2.10, respectively. The primary result on chromosome 11 was strengthened after excluding two families with members who had rare transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Specifically, we observed a non‐parametric Kong and Cox P‐value of 0.004 for marker D11S1290 at 11p11.2. The 8 cM region between 11p11.2 and 11q12.2 was refined by the addition of 16 new markers. The subset of HPC families with a median age of diagnosis >65 years demonstrated the strongest evidence for linkage, with an HLOD = 2.50. The P‐values associated with non‐parametric analysis ranged from 0.004 to 0.05 across five contiguous markers.CONCLUSIONSAnalysis of HPC families with members diagnosed with primary renal cell carcinoma demonstrates suggestive linkage to chromosome 11p11.2‐q12.2. Prostate 67: 732–742, 2007. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in dendritic morphology of the prefrontal cortical and striatum neurons in the unilateral 6‐OHDA‐rat model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Solis Oscar , Limón Daniel I. , Flores‐Hernández Jorge , Flores Gonzalo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have studied the morphological changes of the dendrites of the pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the medium spiny neurons of the caudate‐putamen (CPu) and nucleus accumbens (NAcc) induced by the injection of 6‐hydroxydopamine (6‐OHDA) into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc). The unilateral 6‐OHDA‐induced lesion of the SNc was made in Wistar rats to produce the Parkinson model lesion. Two weeks after the injection, the testing of rotational behavior caused by amphetamine injection was done to assess the animals with lesions. Four weeks after the 6‐OHDA injection, the morphology of the pyramidal cells of Layer 5 of the PFC and the medium spiny neurons of the CPu and NAcc were quantified by modified Golgi‐Cox staining. The results showed that the length of dendrites, the branching, and the density of dendritic spines on the medium spiny neurons of the same side of the caudate‐putamen lesion were significantly decreased in rats with the unilateral 6‐OHDA‐induced lesion of the SNc. The pyramidal neurons of the PFC and medium spiny neurons of the NAcc showed a decrease in the density of dendritic spines without significant changes in dendritic length or arborization. Our data suggest that the SNc lesion with the 6‐OHDA, Hemiparkinsonism animal model may lead to altered neuronal plasticity in the CPu, NAcc, and PFC that may have participated in the emergence of the behavioral changes observed in these animals. Synapse 61:450‐458, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect on [11C]DASB binding after tranylcypromine‐induced increase in serotonin concentration: Positron emission tomography studies in monkeys and rats
Authors: Lundquist Pinelopi , Roman Magnus , Syvänen Stina , Hartvig Per , Blomquist Gunnar , Hammarlund‐Udenaes Margareta , Långström Bengt 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeveral research groups have demonstrated that under specific conditions, in vivo neuroreceptor binding techniques can be used to measure acute changes in the concentrations of endogenous transmitters in the vicinity of neuroreceptors. The aim of this study was to investigate whether [11C]‐3‐amino‐4‐(2‐dimethylaminomethyl‐phenylsulfanyl)‐benzonitrile ([11C]DASB) binding to the plasma membrane serotonin transporter (SERT) in the rhesus monkey and rat brain decreased after a pharmacologically‐induced increase in the interstitial serotonin (5HT) concentration. Three rhesus monkeys were given repeated single boluses of [11C]DASB in sequential positron emission tomography (PET) experiments. Rats were given the tracer as a bolus dose plus a constant infusion. In vivo binding in both models was studied before and after presumably having increased interstitial 5HT concentrations using tranylcypromine (TCP), which inhibits the enzyme (monoamine oxidase, MAO), that degrades 5HT. The rat brain tissue was analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the proportion of the PET signal comprising unchanged [11C]DASB. The binding of [11C]DASB in the thalamus decreased in both rhesus monkeys and rats after TCP administration. The possibility of using [11C]DASB as a tool for monitoring changes in endogenous serotonin concentrations merits further investigation. Synapse 61:440‐449, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of prefrontal cortex inactivation on behavioral and neurochemical abnormalities in rats with excitotoxic lesions of the entorhinal cortex
Authors: Uehara Takashi , Sumiyoshi Tomiki , Matsuoka Tadasu , Itoh Hiroko , Kurachi Masayoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMorphological studies report reductions in the volume of medial temporal lobe structures and the prefrontal cortex in subjects with schizophrenia. The present study was performed to clarify the role of prefrontal–temporo–limbic system in the manifestation of psychosis, using entorhinal cortical lesion rats as a vulnerability animal model. Quinolinic acid (lesion group) or phosphate buffer (sham group) was infused into the left entorhinal cortex (EC) of male Wistar rats. On the 28th postoperative day, methamphetamine (MAP; 1 mg/kg, i.p.)‐induced dopamine (DA) release in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and the basolateral amygdala (BLA), as well as locomotor activity and prepulse inhibition (PPI), was measured following microinfusion of lidocaine or the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) into the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Lesions of the EC resulted in enhancement of MAP‐induced DA release in the NAC and BLA. Further analysis revealed that the enhancement by EC lesions of MAP‐induce DA release in the NAC was particularly evident in the lidocaine‐infused rats. EC lesions also enhanced MAP‐induced locomotor activity, especially in the lidocaine‐treated animals. By contrast, infusion of lidocaine into mPFC attenuated MAP‐induced DA release in the BLA, irrespective of the lesion status. Both EC lesions and lidocaine infusion disrupted PPI. These results indicate that inactivation of the mPFC, as well as structural abnormalities in the EC, leads to dysregulation of DAergic neurotransmissions in the limbic regions. The implications of these findings in relation to the neural basis for psychosis vulnerability are discussed. Synapse 61:391‐400, © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of Homer 1 gene by acute and chronic administration of antipsychotics and dopamine transporter inhibitors in the rat forebrain
Authors: Ambesi‐Impiombato Alberto , Panariello Fabio , Dell'aversano Carmela , Tomasetti Carmine , Muscettola Giovanni , de Bartolomeis Andrea 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeuronal expression of immediate‐early genes in response to a drug is a powerful screening tool for dissecting anatomical and functional brain circuitry affected by psychoactive compounds. We examined the effect of dopaminergic perturbation on two Homer 1 gene splice variants, Homer 1a and ania‐3, in rat forebrain. Rats were treated with the “typical” antipsychotic haloperidol, the “atypical” quetiapine, or the selective dopamine transporter (DAT) inhibitor GBR 12909 in acute and chronic paradigms. Our results show that the high affinity dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol strongly induces Homer 1 gene expression in the caudate‐putamen, whereas quetiapine, a fast D2R dissociating antagonist, does not. This confirms that Homer 1 may be considered a predictor of “atypicality” of antipsychotic compounds in acute and also chronic regimens. Chronic treatment with GBR 12909 showed a strong induction in the parietal cortex, resembling the activation of “sensitization” circuitry by stimulants. Finally, we describe a differential spatial induction pattern of Homer 1 gene within the caudate‐putamen by typical antipsychotics and DAT blockers, and propose a novel method to quantitate it. Synapse 61:429–439, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.