bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal Disciplinary Style with Preschool Children: Associations with Children's and Mothers' Trait Anxiety
Authors: Robinson Rebecca , Cartwright-Hatton Sam 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study explored associations between maternal discipline, maternal trait anxiety and anxiety in preschool-aged children. The sample comprised 47 mothers and their children, aged 2–3 years. Maternal discipline was assessed by maternal self-report; and child anxiety by maternal and play leader report. Positive associations were found between self-reported, ineffective, maternal discipline and symptoms of anxiety in preschool-aged children. Associations were not found between self-reported “verbose” discipline (long reprimands or reliance on talking) and preschoolers' anxiety. There were also no associations between play leaders' reports of preschoolers' anxiety and any of the mothers' self-reported discipline measures. Positive associations were found between maternal trait anxiety and the use of self-reported ineffective disciplinary behaviours. Over-reactive discipline was shown to be a stronger predictor of preschoolers' anxiety symptoms than maternal anxiety or lax discipline. It was concluded that children's internalizing symptoms (according to mother report) may be associated with use of ineffective disciplinary strategies. Increased use of these strategies was also associated with anxiety in mothers, and it is suggested that use of ineffective discipline strategies might partially account for the association between maternal and child anxiety.
Stimulation of rat erythrocyte P2X7receptor induces the release of epoxyeicosatrienoic acids
Authors: Jiang H , Zhu A G , Mamczur M , Falck J R , Lerea K M , McGiff J C 
Published: June 2007

Background and purpose:Red blood cells (RBCs) are reservoirs of vasodilatory, antiaggregatory, and antiinflammatory lipid mediators—epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs). This study addresses the formation and release of erythrocyte‐derived EETs in response to ATP receptor stimulation that may represent an important mechanism regarding circulatory regulation.Experimental approach:Erythrocyte EET formation and release were investigated by incubating rat RBCs in physiological salt solution with agents that effected ATP release via P2 receptor stimulation of phospholipase A2 and epoxygenase‐like activities with activation of the ATP secretory mechanism. EETs were analyzed by gas and liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry.Key results:EETs were released from rat RBCs: 14,15‐, 11,12‐, 8,9‐ and 5,6‐EETs in a ratio of 1.2:1.0:0.9:0.8. EETs were produced by epoxidation of arachidonic acid catalyzed by hemoglobin. Spontaneous release of EETs, 0.66±0.14 ng per 109RBCs, was dose‐dependently increased by an ATP analog, BzATP, and inhibited by P2X7receptor antagonists. 5 μM ATP increased release of EETs over 20% to 0.83±0.15 ng per 109RBCs; 10 μM BzATP tripled the amount of EET release to 1.87±0.20 ng per 109RBCs. EET release by ATP or BzATP was not associated with hemolysis. Carbenoxolone, a gap junction inhibitor that inhibits ATP release, and glibenclamide, an inhibitor of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), which is required for ATP release, inhibited the spontaneous and stimulated EET release from RBCs.Conclusions and implications:EETs are produced and released from RBCs via a mechanism that is mediated by ATP stimulation of P2X7receptors coupled to ATP transporters, pannexin‐1 and CFTR.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 1033–1040; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707311
Cardiovascular gene therapy: current status and therapeutic potential
Authors: Gaffney M M , Hynes S O , Barry F , O'Brien T 
Published: June 2007

Gene therapy is emerging as a potential treatment option in patients suffering from a wide spectrum of cardiovascular diseases including coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, vein graft failure and in‐stent restenosis. Thus far preclinical studies have shown promise for a wide variety of genes, in particular the delivery of genes encoding growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) to treat ischaemic vascular disease both peripherally and in coronary artery disease. VEGF as well as other genes such as TIMPs have been used to target the development of neointimal hyperplasia to successfully prevent vein graft failure and in‐stent restenosis in animal models. Subsequent phase I trials to examine safety of these therapies have been successful with low levels of serious adverse effects, and albeit in the absence of a placebo group some suggestion of efficacy. Phase 2 studies, which have incorporated a placebo group, have not confirmed this early promise of efficacy. In the next generation of clinical gene therapy trials for cardiovascular disease, many parameters will need to be adjusted in the search for an effective therapy, including the identification of a suitable vector, appropriate gene or genes and an effective vector delivery system for a specific disease target. Here we review the current status of cardiovascular gene therapy and the potential for this approach to become a viable treatment option.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 175–188; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707315
Modulation by simvastatin of iberiotoxin‐sensitive, Ca2+‐activated K+ channels of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells
Authors: Seto S W , Au A L S , Lam T Y , Chim S S C , Lee S M Y , Wan S , Tjiu D C S , Shigemura N , Yim A P C , Chan S W , Tsui S K W , Leung G P H , Kwan Y W 
Published: June 2007

Background and Purpose:Statins (3‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐glutaryl coenzyme A (HMG CoA) reductase inhibitors) have been demonstrated to reduce cardiovascular mortality. It is unclear how the expression level of HMG CoA reductase in cardiovascular tissues compares with that in cells derived from the liver. We hypothesized that this enzyme exists in different cardiovascular tissues, and simvastatin modulates the vascular iberiotoxin‐sensitive Ca2+‐activated K+ (BKCa) channels.Experimental Approaches:Expression of HMG CoA reductase in different cardiovascular preparations was measured. Effects of simvastatin on BKCa channel gatings of porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells were evaluated.Key Results:Western immunoblots revealed the biochemical existence of HMG CoA reductase in human cardiovascular tissues and porcine coronary artery. In porcine coronary artery smooth muscle cells, extracellular simvastatin (1, 3 and 10 μM) (hydrophobic), but not simvastatin Na+ (hydrophilic), inhibited the BKCa channels with a minimal recovery upon washout. Isopimaric acid (10 μM)‐mediated enhancement of the BKCa amplitude was reversed by external simvastatin. Simvastatin Na+ (10 μM, applied internally), markedly attenuated isopimaric acid (10 μM)‐induced enhancement of the BKCa amplitude. Reduced glutathione (5 mM; in the pipette solution) abolished simvastatin ‐elicited inhibition. Mevalonolactone (500 μM) and geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate (20 μM) only prevented simvastatin (1 and 3 μM)‐induced responses. simvastatin (10 μM) caused a rottlerin (1 μM)‐sensitive (cycloheximide (10 μM)‐insensitive) increase of PKC‐δ protein expression.Conclusions and Implications:Our results demonstrated the biochemical presence of HMG CoA reductase in different cardiovascular tissues, and that simvastatin inhibited the BKCa channels of the arterial smooth muscle cells through multiple intracellular pathways.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 987–997; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707327
Quantitative and Qualitative Follow-Up Outcomes From a Preschool Audiologic Screening Program: Perspectives Over a Decade
Authors: Serpanos Yula C. , Jarmel Fredi 
Published: June 2007

PurposeThis investigation reports on quantitative and qualitative follow-up information obtained from a preschool audiologic screening program covering a 10-year period (1995 to 2004).MethodThe audiologic screening consisted of a hearing (pure tone) and tympanometry screening. A total of 34,979 children, 3 to 5 years of age, were screened.ResultsEighteen percent (6,337) of the children were referred for further hearing and/or medical ear evaluation. Of 1,421 follow-up responses received, 93% complied with the follow-up recommendations while 7% did not. Of 1,316 children in the follow-up group, outer and/or middle ear disorder in one or both ears was medically confirmed for 37%. Unilateral or bilateral hearing loss was diagnosed in 18% as conductive (12%), sensorineural (1%), mixed (0.4%), or unspecified (5%). Overall, hearing loss and/or otologic disorder was confirmed in 49% of the follow-up group, suggesting a prevalence of 1.8% in a preschool-age population. A small (n= 32) sample of unsolicited comments indicated that physicians most influenced noncompliance with hearing evaluation follow-up.ConclusionsThe quantitative hearing and otologic follow-up outcome data affirm the importance of audiologic screening in the preschool population. Qualitative data suggest that some physicians may not be advocating appropriate screening follow-up services.
Cochlear Implants in Young Children: Informed Consent as a Process and Current Practices
Authors: Berg Abbey L. , Ip Suzie Catherine , Hurst Marsha , Herb Alice 
Published: June 2007

Purpose
This study examined the types of information that pediatric cochlear implant (PCI) centers and teams provide to parents of deaf children and the extent to which the informed consent process extends beyond medical issues to include social and cultural aspects. A second purpose was to determine the extent to which centers are applying selected new practices in cochlear implantation: younger age at implantation and bilateral implantation.

Method
A 23-question survey was sent to 445 cochlear implant centers in the United States. Of the 445 centers contacted, 188 (42%) were excluded as ineligible (nonpediatric), 257 (58%) were determined eligible, and 121 (47%) of these completed the survey. Survey topics included characteristics of PCI centers and teams; the role and importance of professionals/consultants; types of medical, educational, Deaf culture, and identity information and perspectives provided to parents; and current practices regarding age of implantation and bilateral implantation.

Results
All of the PCI teams completing the survey presented medical/surgical risks, audiologic information, and variability of communication/educational options; fewer than half (45%) presented Deaf culture and emerging autonomy/identity issues to parents. Most PCI centers felt the optimal age to implant a child was 10–15 months. The majority of PCI centers, regardless of affiliation with a teaching hospital, responded that they rarely or never implanted bilaterally, and few discussed bilateral implants with parents.

Conclusions
Audiologists are the only nonsurgical professionals always represented on the cochlear implant team. In order to best prepare audiologists for this role, graduate audiology programs need to address more extensively the Deaf culture and perspective, as well as genetics of hearing loss. Increased attention to educational audiology and evidence-based research regarding best age to implant and bilateral implantation needs to be included in the discussion with parents. Audiologists play a crucial role in informing parents and coordinating care, and should therefore carefully consider their role in the informed consent process.
Evaluating Families' Satisfaction With Early Hearing Detection and Intervention Services in Massachusetts
Authors: MacNeil Jessica R. , Liu Chia-ling , Stone Sarah , Farrell Janet 
Published: June 2007

PurposeTo determine levels of families' satisfaction and anxiety associated with the early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) process in Massachusetts, and to assess the relationship between a child’s hearing status and levels of family satisfaction.MethodSurveys were mailed to families whose infants (a) passed their initial hearing screening (Group 1), (b) did not pass their initial screening but subsequently passed an outpatient rescreen or diagnostic evaluation (Group 2), or (c) were identified with permanent hearing loss (Group 3). Survey instruments measured families' satisfaction and anxiety associated with each stage of the EHDI process.ResultsOf the 4,138 families surveyed, 1,106 (27%) responded. Families reported satisfaction with screening services (Group 1 = 88%; Group 2 = 86%; Group 3 = 75%), and few reported anxiety prior to the hearing screening (Group 1= 4%; Group 2 = 15%; Group 3 = 19%). Among families requiring retesting services, 97% of Group 2 and 87% of Group 3 families were satisfied. Among Group 3 families, 94% reported satisfaction with the care their audiologist was providing, and 79% were satisfied with their early intervention services overall.ConclusionsFamilies reported satisfaction with the EHDI services they received in Massachusetts and expressed strong support for the universal newborn hearing screening initiative.
Parental Narratives of Genetic Testing for Hearing Loss: Audiologic Implications for Clinical Work With Children and Families
Authors: Steinberg Annie , Kaimal Girija , Ewing Rachel , Soslow Lisa P. , Lewis Kathleen M. , Krantz Ian , Li Yuelin 
Published: June 2007

Purpose
Few studies have examined how parents personalize the possibility of genetic hearing loss in their children and whether they actually intend to pursue testing for their child. This article addresses the audiologist’s important role in the genetic testing referral and follow-up processes.

Method
Twenty-four parents whose children were referred to genetic testing for hearing loss were interviewed in depth. Parents were selected to include a diverse range of races, ethnicities, and socioeconomic levels. Interviews were coded and analyzed using qualitative methods.

Results
Parental associations with genetic testing included feeling personally responsible, feeling relief, and considering metaphysical attributions for their child’s hearing loss. Parental attitudes were related to perceptions and experiences with deafness. Many misconceptions about genetics were also found.

Conclusions
Audiologists need to be sensitized to parents' personal and sociocultural contexts when discussing genetic testing and should tailor informational and emotional support to parents' requirements when confronting the possibility of their child having a genetic hearing loss.
Analysis of Independent Risk Factors for Death Among Pediatric Patients With Candidemia and a Central Venous Catheter in Place
Authors: Pasqualotto Alessandro C. , de Moraes Anaelena B. , Zanini Roselaine R. , Severo Luiz Carlos 
Published: June 2007

Objective.To use multivariate analysis to determine risk factors for death among pediatric patients with candidemia and a central venous catheter in place.Design.Retrospective cohort study conducted at Santa Casa Complexo Hospitalar, a 1,200-bed teaching hospital in southern Brazil.Methods.All cases of candidemia in pediatric patients (age, ≤ 13 years) at our medical center over a 9-year period were reviewed. A diagnosis of sepsis was required for inclusion in the study. Severity of illness was confirmed by the presence of hypotension requiring inotropes and according to the following scores: the Pediatric Risk of Mortality (PRISM) II score, the PRISM III score, and the Pediatric Logistic Organic Dysfunction score. The following 2 outcomes were evaluated: early death, defined as death occurring within 7 days after candidemia was diagnosed, and late death, defined as death 8-30 days after candidemia was diagnosed.Results.A total of 61 patients were included in the study, including 14 neonates. Most (63.9%) of these patients were girls, and the median age was 0.3 years. A total of 80.3% of candidemia cases were due to species other than Candida albicans, primarily Candida parapsilosis (32.8% of cases) and Candida tropicalis (24.6% of cases). Using multivariate analysis, we demonstrated that failure to remove the central venous catheter was an independent risk factor for early death among pediatric patients with candidemia. However, patients whose catheters were retained were sicker than patients whose catheters were removed, and catheter removal had no impact on late death. Instead, severity of illness determined using the PRISM III score was also an independent predictor of late death.Conclusions.Results from this study suggest that systematic removal of catheters from pediatric patients with candidemia does not reduce the occurrence of late death.
Validation of Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgical Site Infection Surveillance Data From a Statewide Surveillance System in Australia
Authors: Friedman N. Deborah , Russo Philip L. , Bull Ann L. , Richards Michael J. , Kelly Heath 
Published: June 2007

Objective.To measure the accuracy and determine the positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of data submitted to a statewide surveillance system for identifying surgical site infection (SSI) complicating coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery.Design.Retrospective review of hospital medical records comparing SSI data with surveillance data submitted by infection control consultants (ICCs).Setting.Victorian Hospital Acquired Infection Surveillance System (VICNISS) Coordinating Centre in Victoria, Australia.Patients.All patients reported to have an SSI following CABG surgery and a random sample of approximately 10% of patients reported not to have an SSI following CABG surgery.Results.The VICNISS ascertainment rate for CABG procedures in Victoria was 95%. One hundred sixty-nine medical records were reviewed, and reviewers agreed with ICCs about 46 (96%) of the patients reported as infected by the ICCs and 31 (91%) of the patients identified with a sternal SSI by the ICCs. In one-third of SSIs, the depth of SSI documented by ICCs was discordant with that documented by the reviewers. Disagreement about patients with donor site SSI was frequent. When the review findings were used as the reference standard, the PPV for ICC-reported SSI was 96% (95% confidence interval [CI], 86%-99%), and the NPV was 97% (95% CI, 92%-99%). For ICC-reported sternal SSI, the PPV was 91% (95% CI, 76%-98%) and the NPV was 98% (95% CI, 94%-100%).Conclusions.There was broad agreement on the number of infected patients and the number of patients with sternal SSI. However, discordance was frequent with respect to the depth of sternal SSI and the identification of donor site SSI. We recommend modifications to the methodology for National Noscomial Infection Surveillance System-based surveillance for SSI following CABG surgery.
Microbiology of Ventilator–Associated Pneumonia Compared With That of Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Weber David J. , Rutala William A. , Sickbert-Bennett Emily E. , Samsa Gregory P. , Brown Vickie , Niederman Michael S. 
Published: June 2007

Objective.Nosocomial pneumonia is the leading cause of mortality attributed to nosocomial infection. Appropriate empirical therapy has been associated with improved survival, but data are limited regarding the etiologic agents of hospital-acquired pneumonia in non-ventilated patients (HAP). This evaluation assessed whether the currently recommended empirical therapy is appropriate for both ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) and HAP by evaluating the infecting flora.Design.Prospectively collected hospitalwide surveillance data was obtained by infection control professionals using standard Centers for Disease Control and Prevention definitions.Setting.A tertiary care academic hospital.Patients.All patients admitted from 2000 through 2003.Results.A total of 588 episodes of pneumonia were reported in 556 patients: 327 episodes of VAP in 309 patients, and 261 episodes of HAP in 247 Patients. The infecting flora in ventilated patients included gram-positive cocci (32.0% [oxacillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus {OSSA}, 9.25%; oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus {ORSA}, 17.75%]), gram-negative bacilli (59.0% {Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 17.50%; Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, 6.75%; Acinetobacter species, 7.75%), and miscellaneous pathogens (9.0%). The infecting flora in nonventilated patients included gram-positive cocci (42.59% [OSSA, 13.33%; ORSA, 20.37%]), gram-negative bacilli (39.63% [P. aeruginosa, 9.26%; S. maltophilia, 1.11%; Acinetobacter species, 3.33%), and miscellaneous pathogens (17.78%).Conclusions.Our data demonstrated that patients with HAP, compared with those with VAP, had a similar frequency of infection with ORSA but less commonly had infections due to P. aeruginosa, Acinetobacter species, and S. maltophilia. However, the overall frequency of infection with these pathogens was sufficiently high to warrant the use of empirical therapy likely to be active against them. Our data supports using the currently recommended empirical therapy for both HAP and VAP.
Controlling a Multicenter Outbreak Involving the New York/Japan Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusClone
Authors: Coombs G. W. , Van Gessel H. , Pearson J. C. , Godsell M.-R. , O'Brien F. G. , Christiansen K. J. 
Published: June 2007

Objective.To describe the control of an outbreak of infection and colonization with the New York/Japan methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) clone in multiple healthcare facilities, and to demonstrate the importance of making an MRSA management policy involving molecular typing of MRSA into a statewide public health responsibility.Setting.A range of healthcare facilities, including 2 metropolitan teaching hospitals and a regional hospital, as well as several community hospitals and long-term care facilities in a nonmetropolitan healthcare region.Interventions.A comprehensive, statewide MRSA epidemiological investigation and management policy.Results.In May 2005, there were 3 isolates referred to the Western Australian Gram-Positive Bacteria Typing and Research Unit that were identified as the New York/Japan MRSA clone, a pandemic MRSA clone with the ability to spread and replace existing clones in a region. Subsequent investigation identified 28 additional cases of infection and/or colonization dating from 2002 onward, including 1 involving a colonized healthcare worker (HCW) who had previously been hospitalized overseas. Of the 31 isolates detected, 25 were linked epidemiologically and via molecular typing to the isolate recovered from the colonized HCW. Four isolates appeared to have been introduced separately from overseas. Although the isolate from the single remaining case patient was genetically indistinct from the isolates that spread within Western Australia, no specific epidemiological link could be established. The application of standard outbreak management strategies reduced further spread.Conclusions.The elimination of the New/York Japan MRSA clone in a healthcare region demonstrates the importance of incorporating MRSA management policy into statewide public health programs. The mainstays of such programs should include a comprehensive and effective outbreak identification and management policy (including pre-employment screening of HCWs, where applicable) and MRSA clone identification by multilocus sequence typing.