bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New aspects of polymeric sheet punch deformation
Authors: Daukantiene V. , Bernotiene B. , Gutauskas M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo methods of punch deformation of flat polymeric materials have been studied and compared between themselves. The areas of the method application for the determination of fabric mechanical and exploitation stability and also the suitability of methods for the evaluation of effectiveness of technological treatment with liquid chemical softeners have been analyzed. The geometrical and mechanical behavior of flat polymeric materials (woven and knitted fabrics) during pulling of a disc‐shaped specimen through a central hole of KTU‐Griff‐Tester has been analyzed on the basis of pulling parameters. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 358–361, 2006
Controlling optical properties of a novel light‐modulation device consisting of colored N‐isopropylacrylamide gel particles dispersed in a poly(vinyl alcohol) solution
Authors: Tsutsui Hiroaki , Akashi Ryojiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe optical properties of a novel light modulator consisting of colored particles of N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) gel, a well‐known thermoresponsive gel, dispersed in an aqueous poly(vinyl alcohol) solution were examined. The performance of the light modulator was mainly defined by two factors: the NIPAM gel properties and device compositions. The NIPAM gel properties included the amount of the volume change, the volume‐change temperature, and the pigment concentration in the NIPAM gels. The larger the volume change was of the NIPAM gel particles, the wider the transmittance change became. The color‐change temperature was controlled by the manipulation of the volume‐change temperature of the NIPAM gels with the addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). The volume‐change temperature of the NIPAM gels became higher with an increasing concentration of SDS. The pigment concentration also had a significant effect. The higher the pigment concentration was in the NIPAM gels, the wider the breadth of the transmittance changes became. This occurred because, in the case of low pigment concentrations, absorbed water diluted the pigment, and this led to low absorption at each NIPAM gel particle. The properties of light modulation could also be controlled by the composition of the light‐modulation layer. The two main parameters were the concentration of the gel particles in the layer and the thickness of the layer. The transmittance of the light modulators decreased as the thickness and/or concentration of the gel particles increased. Light modulators with various colors were obtained with NIPAM gel particles containing pigments of different colors. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 362–368, 2006
Blends of poly(ethylene terephthalate) bottle waste with modified styrene butadiene rubber through reactive mixing
Authors: Jazani O. Moini , Azar A. Aref 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStyrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was modified by the grafting reaction of maleic anhydride (MAH) in the presence of the initiator benzoyl peroxide (BPO). This modified elastomer was then blended with poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) bottle waste, and the mechanical and morphological properties of the resulting blends were studied. The amount of grafted MAH was determined by chemical titration. The results revealed that the concentrations of MAH and BPO strongly affected the grafting process. The morphology of the dispersed phase for blends of PET waste and SBR‐g‐MAH was quite different from that of a simple blend of PET waste and SBR. Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis revealed suitable compatibility between PET waste and styrene butadiene rubber‐graft‐maleic anhydride (SBR‐g‐MAH). The enhanced compatibility resulted in better impact properties. The better compatibility was concluded to result from bond formation between the carbonyl group of SBR‐g‐MAH and the hydroxyl or carboxyl end groups of PET. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1615–1623, 2006
Effect of a coupling agent on the electromagnetic and mechanical properties of carbon black/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene composites
Authors: Duan Yuping , Liu Shunhua , Wang Guiqin , Guan Hongtao , Wen Bin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTitanate coupling agent (TCA) is widely used as a plasticizer in filled polymer processes. In this study, the effect of TCA with different contents (2 and 10 wt %) on the electrical conductivity, wave absorption, and mechanical properties of carbon black (CB)/acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene (ABS) composites were investigated. The results indicate that with the addition of 2 wt % TCA to the filled CB, the electrical conductivity of CB/ABS composites improved greatly, but its wave absorption performance was weakened. In contrast, the addition of 10 wt % TCA to the filled CB improved the microwave absorption performance of the CB/ABS composites but led to poor electrical conductivity. However, TCA, regardless of the contents of 2 or 10 wt %, greatly improved the mechanical properties of the composites. The probable reasons for this are discussed on the basis of the fracture morphology of the sample, a chemical band between the filling and resin, and the physical coating between the filling and TCA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1839–1843, 2006
Initiator‐fragment incorporation radical polymerization of diallyl phthalate: Kinetics, formation of hyperbranched polymer, and iridescent porous film thereof
Authors: Sato Tsuneyuki , Nomura Kazuki , Hirano Tomohiro , Seno Makiko 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDiallyl phthalate (DAP) was polymerized in toluene using dimethyl 2,2′‐azobisisobutyrate (MAIB) of high concentrations (0.1–0.9 mol/L) as initiator. The polymerization of DAP of 1.50 mol/L with MAIB of 0.50 mol/L proceeded homogeneously at 80°C without gelation to give soluble polymers in a high yield of 93%. Kinetic results of the homogeneous polymerization at 80°C suggest significant contributions of the degradative chain transfer and the primary radical termination as shown by the rate equation, Rp = k [MAIB]0.8[DAP]1.0 (Rp = polymerization rate). The polymer formed in the polymerization of DAP (1.30 mol/L) with MAIB (0.50 mol/L) at 80°C for 8 h consisted of the DAP units with (17 mol %) and without (47 mol %) double bond and the methoxycarbonylpropyl group (36 mol %) as MAIB‐fragment. The large fraction of the incorporated initiator‐fragment as terminal group indicates that the polymer has a hyperbranched structure. The film cast from a solution of the hyperbranched poly(DAP) in tetrahydrofuran showed an iridescent color. The confocal scanning laser microscope image of the film revealed that the iridescent film contained the pores of about 1 μm arranged in an ordered array. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 408–415, 2006
Properties of silk fibers modified with diethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Authors: Chen Guoqiang , Guan Jinping , Xing Tieling , Zhou Xiang 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA self‐prepared novel bifunctional vinyl monomer diethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA‐2) was graft copolymerized onto silk fibers initiated by potassium persulfate (KPS). The moisture regain and fiber fineness of grafted silk fibers increased linearly with graft yield. The enhancement of hygroscopicity can improve the comfort of silk fabrics. The grafting conditions caused a partial degradation of the tensile strength of silk fibers, as well as the whiteness. Elongation at break increased and initial modulus decreased, which indicated that the rigidity of silk fibers declined. Stress relaxation behavior shows that grafted silk fibers have better viscoelasticity than control silk fibers. Wrinkle recovery angle tests showed that grafted silk fabrics had better wrinkle resistance property. Laundering durability test showed that with increasing graft yield, the damage to the silk fibers during laundering decreased obviously. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 424–428, 2006
Microfabrication by X‐ray‐induced polymerization above the lower critical solution temperature
Authors: Tirumala Vijay R. , Caneba Gerard T. , Mancini Derrick C. , Wang H. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA polymer synthesis method is presented in which chain growth driven by exothermic reaction stimulates a gradual chain collapse. The globular precipitates in such systems can be restrained from coalescing by polymerizing in a quiescent environment. Time‐resolved small‐angle scattering study of the methacrylic acid polymerization kinetics in a quiescent system above its lower critical solution temperature (LCST) in water reveals the following features of this method: (a) growing oligomers remain as rigid chains until a critical chain length is reached, at which they undergo chain collapse, (b) radius of gyration increases linearly with time until a critical conversion is reached, and (c) radius of gyration remains constant after the critical conversion, even while conversion is gradually increasing. Following this self‐stabilizing growth mechanism, we show that nanoparticles can be directly synthesized by polymerizing N‐isopropylacrylamide above its LCST in water. The average size of nanoparticles obtained from a polymer–solvent system is expected to be the maximum extent of reaction spread at that monomer concentration. This hypothesis was then verified by polymerizing N‐isopropylacrylamide above their LCST in water, but by initiating the reaction with X‐rays shielded by a mask. The microfabricated patterns conform well to the size and shape of the mask used confirming that the growing chains do not propagate beyond the exposed regions as long as the reaction temperature is maintained above the LCST. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 429–425, 2006
Chitosan and chitosan–PEO blend membranes crosslinked by genipin for drug release
Authors: Jin J. , Song M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCrosslinked chitosan and chitosan/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) blend membranes were prepared using the solution casting technique for eleutherococcus sentisocus (ES) and vitamin B12 release. A naturally occurring and nontoxic crosslinking agent, genipin, was used to form the chitosan and chitosan/PEO blend networks. The permeability of vitamin B12 through the membranes was investigated. The effect of crosslink density of the membrane on the drug release behavior was assessed. The drug release rate decreased with increasing crosslink density, and was very sensitive to crosslink density at low crosslink densities. PEO was introduced into the membrane to adjust the mesh size of the membrane and to control the drug release rate by PEO molecular weight and amount used. The drug release rate was sensitive to medium pH. For ES release from crosslinked chitosan carriers, the release rate was controlled by both the mesh size of the membrane and the molecular interactions between chitosan and ES. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 436–444, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of brominated polyester composites
Authors: Mansour S. H. , Asaad J. N. , Abd‐El‐Messieh S. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTwo unsaturated polyesters containing a halogen (bromine) in the backbone of the polymer chain were synthesized and compared with a halogen‐free polyester. The bromine content was measured by elemental analysis. The chemical structures of the polyesters were characterized by means of IR and 1H‐NMR spectroscopies. Feldspar was used as the filler to form the polyester composites. The effects of the halogen substituents, filler concentration, and crosslinking monomers and comonomers on the electrical and mechanical properties of the polyester composites were studied. The flammability was also investigated. The styrenated polyesters and their composites achieved fire resistance and good mechanical and electrical properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1356–1365, 2006
Crystallization behavior of polyhydroxybutyrate in model composites with kenaf fibers
Authors: Buzarovska A. , Bogoeva‐Gaceva G. , Grozdanov A. , Avella M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the nonisothermal crystallization process of polyhydroxybutyrate in polyhydroxybutyrate/kenaf fiber model composites (with 80/20 and 70/30 w/w matrix/kenaf fibers) were investigated with differential scanning calorimetry. An analysis of the data was carried out with the Avrami, Ozawa, and modified Avrami and Ozawa models, as well as the Kissinger approach, for the determination of the crystallization activation energy. The Ozawa model was unsuitable for analyzing the nonisothermal data, whereas the other models described these systems very well. By the analysis of all the relevant parameters, the nucleation activity of the kenaf fibers was confirmed. The activation energies from the Kissinger method were evaluated to be 41.2, 32.6, and 26.3 kJ/mol for the pure polymer resin and 80/20 and 70/30 (w/w) polyhydroxybutyrate/kenaf fiber composites, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 804–809, 2006
Preparation of iodine containing quaternary amine methacrylate copolymers and their contact killing antimicrobial properties
Authors: Punyani Supriya , Singh Harpal 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA novel quaternary amine methacrylate monomer (QAMA) was synthesized by amination of dimethacrylate with piperazine followed by its quaternization using an alkyl iodide. Copolymerization of QAMA with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate was carried out by free radical bulk polymerization technique at room temperature using ammonium persulfate and N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethyl ethylenediamine as a redox initiator. The monomer as well as copolymers was characterized by FTIR and 1H NMR spectral studies. Thermal and physical characteristics of copolymers of varying compositions of QAMA were evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, differential calorimetry, contact angle and scanning electron microscopy. The antibacterial activity of the synthesized quaternary amine dimethacrylate copolymers against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus was studied by zone of inhibition and colony count method. QAMA copolymers showed broad‐spectrum contact killing antibacterial properties without releasing any active agent as checked by iodide‐selective ion meter. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1038–1044, 2006
Chitosan‐graft‐acrylamide polyelectrolytes: Synthesis, flocculation, and modeling
Authors: Laue C. , Hunkeler D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA series of chitosans have been grafted with quaternary ammonium cationic monomers, as well as acrylamide using Ce(IV) to induce macroradical formation on the polysaccharide backbone. The materials, which have long chain branches per molecule between 0.3 and 5.5, are shown to provide very high specific flocculation efficiency, at the very least equal to the entirely synthetic materials which have been previously documented in the literature. A charge ratio, determined from the polymer concentration at which flocculation takes place, the charge density of the polymer, and the surface charge of the suspended matter are proposed as metrics to evaluate the occurrence of charge neutralization and bridging or charge patch flocculation mechanism. Furthermore, a window of application (WA) for flocculants, which characterizes the region of concentration wherein the polyelectrolyte can remove 99% of the supernatant turbidity, has been defined. It was shown to depend on the square root of the ionic strength and varies inversely with the Debye length, providing a fundamental basis for the concept of the WA. A mathematical expression is presented which links the WA with the salt concentration and the number of branches of the grafted polymer. Grafted chitosans have been shown to be more robust than polyacrylamides in testing against model kaolin suspensions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 885–896, 2006
Numerical simulation of temperature distribution in melt spinning of PET monofilament
Authors: Oh Tae Hwan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNumerical simulation for calculating temperature distributions, including the axial and radial temperature gradients in the melt spinning of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) monofilament, was performed. The finite difference method was used to calculate the radial temperature distribution. Newtonian and the upper convected Maxwell models were adopted as a constitutive equation, respectively. There is little difference in the axial and radial temperature profiles between Newtonian and the upper convected Maxwell constitutive equations. The effect of spinning conditions on the temperature difference between the core and surface was investigated. Quench air velocity is the most effective process variable in controlling the temperature difference. Quench air velocity profiles were investigated to reduce the temperature difference between the core and surface. Lower quench air velocity profile at initial deformation zone leads to a decrease in temperature difference between the core and surface. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1045–1051, 2006
Zone‐drawing and zone‐annealing of poly(L‐lactic acid) microfiber prepared by CO2 laser‐thinning method
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Mizuochi Daisuke 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA zone‐drawing and zone‐annealing method was applied to the poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) microfiber obtained by using a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser‐thinning to develop its mechanical properties. The microfiber used for the zone‐drawing and zone‐annealing was prepared by winding at 800 m min−1 the microfiber that was obtained by irradiating the laser at 8.0 W cm−2 to an as‐spun fiber supplied at a speed of 0.5 m min−1 and had a diameter of 1.5 μm and a birefringence of 20.3 × 10−3. The zone‐drawing was carried out at a drawing temperature of 85°C under an applied tension of 150 MPa, and the zone‐annealing at an annealing temperature of 110°C under 181 MPa. The zone‐drawing and the zone‐annealing were carried out at a treating speed of 0.1 m min−1. The diameter of microfiber decreased, and its birefringence increased stepwise with processing. The zone‐annealed microfiber finally obtained had a diameter of 1.2 μm, a birefringence of 43.3 × 10−3, a tensile modulus of 14.0 GPa, and a tensile strength of 1.5 GPa. The wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction pattern of the zone‐annealed microfiber showed the existence of the highly oriented crystallites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 472–478, 2006
Influence of PS‐b‐PEO diblock copolymers on the compatibility of syndiotactic polystyrene modified epoxy blends
Authors: Tercjak A. , Serrano E. , Martin M. D. , Marieta C. , Mondragon I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHomogeneous solutions of syndiotactic polystyrene (sPS) in diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA), containing 2.5, 5 and 7.5 wt % of thermoplastic with or without 0.5 and 1 wt % of poly(styrene‐b‐ethylene oxide) (PS‐b‐PEO) block copolymer, were polymerized using a stoichiometric amount of an aromatic amine hardener, 4,4′‐methylene bis (3‐chloro‐2,6‐diethylaniline) (MCDEA). The dynamic‐mechanical properties and morphological changes of sPS‐(DGEBA/MCDEA) compatibilized with different amount of PS‐b‐PEO have been investigated in this paper. The addition of the block copolymer produced significant changes in the morphologies generated. The size of the dispersed spherical sPS spherulites does not change significantly, but less spherulites of sPS appeared upon network formation in the systems with compatibilizer, what means that addition of compatibilizer in this system delayed crystallization of sPS in sPS‐(DGEBA/MCDEA) systems and change phase separation mechanism from crystallization‐induced phase separation (CIPS) and reaction‐induced phase separation (RIPS) almost only to RIPS. Moreover, PS‐b‐PEO with higher molecular weight of PS block seems to be a more effective compatibilizer than one with lower molecular weight of PS block. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 479–488, 2006
Relationship between processing history and rheological properties during postprocessing annealing for anomalous polyethylene blends
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe effect of applied processing history and postprocessing annealing treatment on the rheological properties has been studied for a binary blend composed of linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and low‐density polyethylene produced by radical polymerization (LDPE). It has been found that intensive processing in an internal mixer depresses oscillatory modulus, especially storage modulus, at lower frequency region for LDPE and the blends with LLDPE, whereas the rheological properties of LLDPE are independent of both processing and annealing procedures. Further, the depression of the modulus is found to be more prominent for the blends with 20–40 wt % of LLDPE than that for the pure LDPE, although the phenomenon is ascribed to conformation change of long‐chain branches. Moreover, the blends show slower recovery of the modulus during the postprocessing annealing than do LDPE. The results demonstrate that processing and mixing conditions have to be considered seriously for LDPE/LLDPE blends showing enhanced melt elasticity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1078–1083, 2006
Relationship between thermal degradation behavior and flame retardancy on polycarbonate–polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer
Authors: Nodera Akio , Kanai Toshitaka 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article describes the thermal degradation behavior of polycarbonate–polydimethylsiloxane (PC–PDMS) block copolymer with dimethylsiloxane (DMS) block size 15 to 350 units, and the effects of the PDMS block size and the PDMS content on thermal degradation were studied. PC–PDMS block copolymer with DMS unit of 100 had the lowest value of maximum weight loss rate and the most residue containing silica in the other PC–PDMS block copolymers. The PDMS block size influenced PDMS dispersibility in PC and the moderate PDMS dispersion (˜ 50 nm) caused high flame retardancy for PC. The control of nanodispersion of PDMS caused the change of thermal degradation behavior and high flame retardancy in PC. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 1697–1705, 2006
Biodegradation and the dynamic mechanical properties of starch gelatinization in poly(ε‐caprolactone)/corn starch blends
Authors: dos Santos Rosa Derval , EduardoVolponi José , Fassina Guedes Cristina das Graças 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBiodegradable polymers have attracted considerable attention because of their use as substitutes for nonbiodegradable polymers in disposable commodity applications. Poly(ε‐caprolactone) (PCL) was blended with thermoplastic starch prepared from regular corn starch in PCL/starch ratios of 75/25, 50/50, and 25/75 wt %. The effect of corn starch gelatinization on the properties of these blends was assessed by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, enzymatic degradation, and biodegradation in simulated soil. Increasing the starch content in the blends, storage modulus (E″) increased and enhanced the rigidity of the blends compared to pure PCL. The presence of starch decreased the polymer chain mobility and the intensity of the tan δ peak. These results probably indicate that PCL/starch blends were thermodynamically immiscible. PCL showed no significant reduction in mass after incubation with α‐amylase, whereas blends containing corn starch were more susceptible to this enzyme. The biodegradation seen in simulated soil agreed with the findings for degradation by α‐amylase and indicated that the latter was a sensitive method for assessing the degradation of PCL/starch blends and the effect of starch gelatinization over a short period of time. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 102: 825–832, 2006