bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cytolytic T cell clones derived from liver tissue of patients with chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Hoffmann Robert M. , Pape Gerd R. , Richer Peter , Eisenburg Josef , Dohrmann Jutta , Zachoval Reinhart , Paumgartnei Gustav , Riethmüller Gert 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo study the role of cell‐mediated immunity in chronic hepatitis B (cHB) we have cloned T cells from liver biopsies of 14 patients with cHB. As a first step, T cell lines were established from lymphocytes infiltrating the liver by culturing the biopsied specimens with autologous feeder cells and interleukin 2 (IL2). Fifty‐eight clones obtained by limiting dilution showed phenotypic stability over periods of 2–26 weeks. Of the 58 clones 50 were of the “cytotoxic/suppressor” T cell subset (CD8) as defined by the monoclonal antibody T811. Only 8 of 58 clones were of the “helper/inducer” phenotype (CD4) as defined by the monoclonal antibody T151. Functional studies on 9 clones (7 of CD8+ phenotype, 2 of CD4+ phenotype) revealed high cytotoxic activity of all of these clones in a lectin‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity assay reflecting the killing capacity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes. All 9 clones lacked significant natural killer activity, while two additional CD8+ clones that also expressed the VEP13 antigen showed significant natural killer activity. For none of the clones tested could killer cell activity (ADCC) be demonstrated.The studies demonstrate that the clonal expansion of T lymphocytes from liver biopsies of patients with cHB in the absence of detectable antigen is possible. The propagation of in vivo activated cytolytic T lymphocytes points to an active role of these cells in the pathogenesis of this disease.
Signal transducing mechanisms involved in human T cell activation via surface T44 molecules. Comparison with signals transduced via the T cell receptor complex
Authors: Pantaleo Giuseppe , Olive Daniel , Harris David , Poggi Alessandro , Moretta Lorenzo , Moretta Alessandro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntibodies against the T44 surface molecule have been shown to activate human T cells to produce interleukin 2. The role of Ca2+ in the triggering of the interleukin 2‐producing Jurkat T cell line by anti‐T44 monoclonal antibody has been investigated. We show that activation is initiated by an increase in the concentration of free cytoplasmic calcium ions [Ca2+]i. Subsequently, we have investigated the mechanism by which perturbation of T44 molecules induces increases of [Ca2+]i in Jurkat cells. We show that the anti‐T44‐mediated increase in [Ca2+]i can occur only in presence of extracellular Ca2+, since no increment is detectable when extracellular Ca2+ is depleted by EGTA. Thus, it appears that perturbation of T44 molecules, unlike that of T3‐Ti antigen receptor complex, fails to mobilize Ca2+ from intracellular stores. As inositol triphosphate is considered the putative mobilizer of Ca2+ from internal stores, we measured the levels of inositol triphosphate and of the other inositol phosphate compounds in Jurkat cells after stimulation with anti‐T44 antibodies. In contrast to the stimulation via the T3‐Ti antigen receptor complex, stimulation via T44 molecule does not induce increments of all three inositol phosphates. Taken together, these data indicate that stimulation mediated by the T44 molecule proceeds via a mechanism independent from the typical inositol lipid metabolism which does not involve mobilization of Ca2+ from internal stores.
Monoclonal BALB/c anti‐progesterone antibodies use family IX variable region heavy chain genes
Authors: Deverson Edward , Berek Claudia , Taussig Michael , Feinstein Arnold 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVariable region nucleotide sequences and respective translated amino acid sequences for three heavy chains (DB3, 11/32 and 10/8) and two light chains (DB3 and 11/32) of monoclonal mouse IgG1 anti‐progesterone antibodies have been determined by primer extension mRNA sequencing. The three VH regions exhibit the same rarely observed VH IX gene family and have > 88% homology between them. Two associated light chain sequences are 95% homologous and belong to the VxI group. The N‐terminal twenty two amino acids of the x light chain of the third antibody 10/8 have been determined by automated protein sequencing and are identical to those of 11/32. Thus, these three monoclonal anti‐progesterones derived from separate fusions all use VHIX‐Vx1 gene combinations.
Purification and N‐terminal amino acid sequence of the human T lymphocyte CD2 (T11) surface antigen
Authors: Brown Marion H. , Krissansen Geoffrey W. , Totty Nicholas F. , Sewell William A. , Crumpton Michael J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCD2 (the sheep erythrocyte receptor) is a surface antigen of human T lymphocytes. A role for CD2 in T cell function has been implicated from the observation that antibodies against CD2 are capable of transmitting both positive and negative signals for cell growth. Biochemically, the molecule has been identified as a broad band on sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐polyacrylamide gels of about 50–58 kDa. This communication demonstrates that CD2 contains N‐linked carbohydrate as endo‐β‐N‐acetylglucosaminidase F digestion reduced its apparent mol. mass to a compact band of 40 kDa. CD2 was purified from the T leukemia cell line J6 by immunoaffinity chromatography and preparative SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). Four bands of 52, 54, 56 and 58 kDa could be distinguished in the immunoaffinity‐purified protein which formed a broad zone on SDS‐PAGE extending from about 45 to 58 kDa. Preparative SDS‐PAGE yielded a product suitable for determining the N‐terminal amino acid sequence. Assignments were made for the first 26 (excluding the 23rd) residues and the sequence identified a novel polypeptide.
Carrier‐specific T cells sufficient for the expression of multiple isotypes in B cell cultures
Authors: Kotloff Debra B. , Zitron Ian M. , Cebra John J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA modified splenic fragment assay was used to assess the role of antigen‐specific helper T cells in B cell isotype expression. Limiting numbers of carrier‐specific helper T cells from lines or clones were injected along with a source of B cells into lethally irradiated unprimed recipients. The incidence of lodging of the T cell lines in recipient spleens at 18 h was determined by autoradiography to be 1.5 to 4.3% of the injected cells. These T cells were necessary and sufficient for the generation of T‐dependent B cell responses within splenic fragments cultured in vitro with specific antigen. A comparison of isotypic responses from splenic and Peyer's patch B cells generated with the same T cell population revealed that a high proportion of the response from Peyer's patch B cells consisted of IgA antibody exclusively (46–57%) while the percentage of such responses from splenic B cells was much lower (7–10%). Thus, the isotype pattern of the response reflected the B cell source. Experiments in which cloned hemocyanin‐specific T cells provided help to T‐depleted spleen cells within splenic fragments from athymic recipients indicated that a single specificity of helper T cell is both necessary and sufficient to support the generation of antibody responses consisting of multiple isotypes. Isotype‐specific T cells do not appear to be required in this system.
Human large granular lymphocytes induce immunoglobulin synthesis after bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Brenner Malcolm K. , Vyakarnam Anna , Reittie Joyce E. , Wimperis Jennifer Z. , Grob Jean Philippe , Hoffbrand A. Victor , Prentice H. Grant 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFollowing T cell‐depleted bone marrow transplantation, helper T cell numbers remain depressed for some months. Nonetheless, functional B cells can be adoptively transferred to the recipients of such grafts, where they continue to secrete antibody. We now show that immunoglobulin production by these transferred B cells is induced by activated large granular lymphocytes (LGL) which circulate in the recipients in substantial numbers during the immediate post‐transplant period. The LGL are CD3 negative and therefore provide help in an antigen‐unlinked manner. Helper effects for autologous (donor) B cells are augmented by the addition of anti‐LFA‐2 (anti‐CD2) which appears to act by blocking recruitment of LGL inhibitory to developing B cells. In contrast antibody to the β chain of LFA‐1, which effectively reduces natural killer activity of LGL, does not influence their helper function. The peripheral blood LGL fraction thus contains both helper and cytotoxic activity, which can be distinguished by appropriate monoclonal antibodies.
Repertoire of the human T cell gamma genes: high frequency of nonfunctional transcripts in thymus and mature T cells
Authors: Yoshikai Yasunobu , Toyonaga Barry , Koga Yasuhiro , Kimura Nobuhiro , Griesser Henrik , Mak Tak W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo further understand the structural diversity and function of the human T cell‐specific γ gene, 20 human γ gene cDNA from both thymocyte and peripheral blood T lymphocyte libraries were sequenced and analyzed. Evidence of greater germ‐line multiplicity and more extensive use of junctional flexibility, N‐region diversity and perhaps Dγ gene segment incorporation was observed. In spite of the larger γ gene repertoire found in humans compared to mice, the potential of the human γ gene message to encode a functional product appears to be severely limited. In addition to the extremely low levels of γ gene expression observed, each of the 20 γ gene cDNA exhibit some form of deleterious mutation defect. This is in sharp contrast to the finding that human and mouse T cell antigen receptor α and β messages isolated from various sources have functional coding potential in most cases. Thus, the role of the human T cell γ gene becomes even more uncertain than before.
A single amino acid substitution in influenza hemagglutinin abrogates recognition by monoclonal antibody and a spectrum of subtype‐specific L3T4+ T cell clones
Authors: Brian Thomas D. , Skehel John J. , Mills Kingston H. G. , Graham Christine M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA fine specificity analysis of influenza hemagglutinin‐specific IAk‐restricted T cell clones using natural virus variants of the H3N2 subtype, monoclonal antibody‐selected variants and a synthetic peptide corresponding to a variable region of the HA1 polypeptide has provided insight on the structural basis for T cell recognition. A glycine to argine substitution at HA1 135 abrogates recognition by a panel of T cell clones which, according to their reactivity for natural virus variants, have different antigenic specificities: three clones recognize a synthetic peptide (HA1 residues 118–138) but fail to recognize the monoclonal antibody‐selected mutant (Gly135/Arg). There is no correlation, however, between differences in T cell specificity for the natural virus variants and HA1 amino acid sequences in this region. Two further clones have a reduced proliferative response to mutant recognize a completely different spectrum of natural variants, and only one of these clones recognizes the synthetic peptide. We speculate that influenza hemagglutinin employs a common strategy during antigenic drift to evade antibody recognition and effective processing/presentation to subtype‐specific T cell clones.
A meso‐scale analysis of lipid bilayers with the dissipative particle dynamics method: Thermally fluctuating interfaces
Authors: Sugii Taisuke , Takagi Shu , Matsumoto Yoichiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe present a meso‐scale simulation of lipid bilayers with the dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) method. The spectrums of the thermal undulation are analysed and the bending rigidity of the lipid bilayers is calculated. In order to define the position of the membrane, we apply a definition of the interface which has been newly proposed by Kikugawa et al. (Comput. Fluids 2007; 36:69–76). We show the applicability of this method to the lipid bilayer system. By means of this definition, the roughness of the extracted interface can be varied and this effect is investigated. The spectral intensity is shown as a function of the undulatory wavenumber q. The spectral intensity in large‐q regions is affected by the roughness of the interface. However, we find that the spectral intensity in small‐q regions, where the bending rigidity can be calculated, is hardly affected. Moreover, the undulation spectrums show q−4 behaviour in small‐q regions, which agrees with the theoretical prediction. The effects of the size of the computational cell are also investigated. All spectrums obtained in the differently sized cells agree well, although the observable range of the wavenumber depends on the cell size. The bending rigidity calculated by spectral intensity from the largest cell is in good agreement with experiments and molecular dynamics simulations in the literature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of a hybrid finite volume/element solver for incompressible flows
Authors: Tu Shuangzhang , Aliabadi Shahrouz 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we report our development of an implicit hybrid flow solver for the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. The methodology is based on the pressure correction or projection method. A fractional step approach is used to obtain an intermediate velocity field by solving the original momentum equations with the matrix‐free implicit cell‐centred finite volume method. The Poisson equation derived from the fractional step approach is solved by the node‐based Galerkin finite element method for an auxiliary variable. The auxiliary variable is closely related to the real pressure and is used to update the velocity field and the pressure field. We store the velocity components at cell centres and the auxiliary variable at cell vertices, making the current solver a staggered‐mesh scheme. Numerical examples demonstrate the performance of the resulting hybrid scheme, such as the correct temporal convergence rates for both velocity and pressure, absence of unphysical pressure boundary layer, good convergence in steady‐state simulations and capability in predicting accurate drag, lift and Strouhal number in the flow around a circular cylinder. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antiangiogenic therapy enhances the efficacy of transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatocellular carcinomas
Authors: Jiang Hongchi , Meng Qinghui , Tan Hongtao , Pan Shangha , Sun Bei , Xu Ruian , Sun Xueying 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTranscatheter arterial embolization (TAE) is a well‐established technique for unresectable hepatic malignancies. However, TAE can temporally halt the growth of hepatic tumors by blocking their arterial supply, but often tumors rapidly develop collateral blood vessels via angiogenesis. We have previously demonstrated that intraportal delivery of adeno‐associated viral particles expressing angiostatin leads to long‐term expression of angiostatin capable of inhibiting angiogenesis and suppressing the outgrowth of tumors in the liver. Thus, we hypothesize that adeno‐associated virus (AAV)‐mediated antiangiogenic therapy could enhance the efficacy of TAE to combat liver cancers. To achieve this objective, we engineered a recombinant AAV vector encoding rat angiostatin. Intraportal delivery of this vector led to long term and stable transgenic expression of angiostatin locally in rat hepatocytes and suppressed the growth of CBRH7919 hepatocellular carcinomas established in rat livers by inhibiting formation of neovessels. Although TAE therapy led to necrosis of liver tumors and suppressed their growth, the neovessels of tumors were rapidly reformed 3 weeks after TAE. However, intraportal injection of AAV‐angiostatin inhibited the angiogenesis stimulated by TAE, synergized with TAE in suppressing growth of tumors established in livers and prolonged the survival of rats. In conclusion, these encouraging results warrant future investigation of the use of antiangiogenic therapy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of TAE to treat unresectable liver cancers. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Gray scale transrectal ultrasonography of the prostate
Authors: Harada Kazuya , Igari Dairoku , Tanahashi Yoshikatsu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGray scale transrectal ultrasonography provides refined visualization of the texture of the prostate and other intrapelvic organs. Diagnostic accuracy of the transrectal scan has been successfully registered at 91% in benign prostatic hyperplasia, 85% in cancer, 89% in prostatitis, and 88% in total prostatic scans. Furthermore, prostatic calculi were visible in the tomograms of both normal and abnormal prostates at a higher frequency than generally considered. Other applications of ultrasonic control, such as during transurethral resection or cryosurgery of the prostate and staging of bladder tumors, are profitable using the gray scale technique.
Lutembacher's syndrome: Recognition by echocardiography
Authors: Forman H. R. , Kotler M. N. , Segal B. L. , Parry W. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe typical echocardiographic features of mitral stenosis in association with an enlarged right ventricle and abnormal septal motion are generally consistent with pulmonary hypertension and functional tricuspid regurgitation. In the absence of clinical and echocardiographic features of pulmonary hypertension, the combination of mitral stenosis and “volume overload” of the right ventricle should alert the clinician to the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome. This report discusses a patient with these echocardiographic findings in whom the diagnosis of Lutembacher's syndrome was confirmed by cardiac catheterization.
Looking back
Authors: Holmes Joseph H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe following contribution from Dr. Holmes, founding editor of JCU, is the first of a series of short articles that will be published on the history of ultrasound technique. It is the firm belief of the present editor that a thorough appreciation of our roots is essential for understanding where we are going. How fortunate we are to have many of the real pioneers with us to relate their experiences.
An analysis of pancreatic sonography in suspected pancreatic disease
Authors: Arger Peter H. , Mulhern Charles B. , Bonavita John A. , Stauffer Dorothy M. , Hale John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo assess the value of pancreatic sonography in patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, our first 500 pancreatic examinations using gray scale imaging were reviewed in a prospective manner without clinical information. Various parameters of each examination were recorded. The pancreas was localized by its relationships to surrounding vessels and the duodenum. The ability to define the head, body, and tail of the pancreas as well as anterior‐posterior size measurements were noted and recorded. A retrospective clinical pathologic follow‐up was then carried out and correlated with the1 ultrasonic findings. Four categories of patients were identified. The features seen in pancreatic ultrasonography of the entire group, as well as those seen in the individual categories, were analyzed. This analysis indicates that pancreatic sonography can be used in patients suspected of having pancreatic disease, defining both normal and abnormal pancreas. A high index of suspicion for the type of abnormality present can be achieved.
Applications of real‐time ultrasound in obstetrics: The linear and dynamically focused phased arrays
Authors: Morgan Carlisle L. , Trought William S. , Haney Arthur , Clark William M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReal‐time ultrasound is a dynamic imaging technique that allows in utero orientation to the fetus. It permits rapid and efficient examination of fetal anatomy and provides a dynamic assessment of fetal well‐being. The energy dissipation can be comparable to that in conventional ultrasonic B‐mode scanning. We have used both linear and dynamically focused phased arrays for fetal examinations in conjunction with conventional gray scale B‐mode scanners. The sophisticated phased‐array real‐time systems have demonstrated higher resolution and an improved gray scale as compared with the linear arrays. Applications of real‐time ultrasound in obstetrics are discussed, and appropriate clinical examples are cited that illustrate the value of the technique for study of both normal and abnormal fetal development. We believe that this technique is the most sensitive method of detecting intrauterine fetal demise. The relative advantages and disadvantages of linear and dynamically focused phased arrays in obstetric evaluation are considered.
Hepatic arteries and the parallel‐channel sign
Authors: Willi Ulrich V. , Teele Rita Littlewood 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe sonographic parallel‐channel sign is not pathognomonic of dilatation of the biliary tree. Often, the so‐called parallel channel is a hepatic artery. The differentiation between a bile duct and a hepatic artery is usually possible with good sonographic technique.
Intrauterine pseudogestational sac in ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Mueller Charles E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUltrasonic diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy has been thought to depend on exclusion of intrauterine pregnancy on the basis of absence of an intrauterine gestational sac. Two cases illustrating intrauterine echoes suggesting a gestational sac associated with ectopic pregnancy and a plausible explanation for this phenomenon are presented. Because of this and the rare possibility of coexisting intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancies, the ultrasonographer must be wary of dismissing the possibility of an ectopic pregnancy because of an intrauterine gestational sac, whether real or apparent.
Genetic amniocentesis in multiple pregnancy
Authors: Wolf Deborah A. , Scheible F. William , Young Philip E. , Matson Melinda R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEleven cases of twin pregnancy presenting for genetic diagnosis in the second trimester are reported. In all 11 cases, a correct chromosomal diagnosis was made on each of the twins. The technique used required only ultrasound and Evan's blue dye for direction of the amniocentesis. Amniography was not performed. The technique used is described in detail, and its advantages over more standard techniques are described.
The quadratus lumborum muscle: A possible source of confusion in sonographic evaluation of the retroperitoneum
Authors: Callen Peter W. , Filly Roy A. , Marks William M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe quadratus lumborum muscle has been noted to appear as a hypoechoic structure on sonograms of the abdomen. On occasion its appearance may simulate a pathologic fluid collection such as an abscess or retroperitoneal hematoma. Illustrative examples of this confusing appearance, as well as ways of avoiding this potential pitfall, are presented.
Upright exercise echocardiography
Authors: Amon K. Wray , Crawford Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA simple technique for obtaining high‐quality echocardiograms of the left ventricle during upright bicycle exercise is described. The use of this method has resulted in left ventricular dimension data that are consistent with the results of studies in conscious, previously instrumented dogs during running. Careful subject selection is important, however, as only 1 of 5 normal subjects was found suitable for these studies. Therefore, we believe that upright exercise echocardiography is feasible in selected subjects and provides useful physiologic information about left ventricular performance during exercise.