bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jaw muscle function and wishboning of the mandible during mastication in macaques and baboons
Authors: Hylander William L. , Johnson Kirk R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn analysis of in vivo bone strain indicates that the mandibular symphysis of macaques experiences lateral transverse bending or “wishboning” during the power stroke of mastication, and this loading regime results in relatively intense concentrations of stress along the lingual aspect of the symphysis (Hylander 1984, 1985). It has been hypothesized that peak wishboning of the macaque mandible, which probably occurs at the very end of the power stroke, that is, after the initial occurrence of maximum intercuspation, is associated with the late peak activity of the balancing‐side deep masseter muscle coupled with the rapid decline in the activity of the balancing‐side medial pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles (Hylander et al., 1987).The main purpose of this study is to do a detailed analysis of the electromyographic (EMG) activity of the deep and superficial masseter and medial pterygoid muscles so as to provide a better understanding of the external forces associated with wishboning. This was done by recording and analyzing EMG activity from the superficial masseter, deep masseter, and medial pterygoid muscles in macaques and baboons. EMG activity was recorded from bipolar fine‐wire electrodes, and the data were quantified and analyzed using digital techniques.The EMG data clearly support our original observation that the balancing‐side posterior deep masseter exhibits peak EMG activity relatively late in the power stroke at a time when activity is rapidly decreasing in the balancing‐side medial pterygoid and superficial masseter muscles. Moreover, peak activity of the balancing‐side deep masseter occurs at a time when the activity of the working‐side deep and superficial masseter and medial pterygoid muscles are also decreasing. Thus, these data are consistent with the hypothesis that wishboning of the mandible is influenced significantly by the late occurrence of force from the balancing‐side deep masseter. The EMG data also indicate that residual force from the relaxing superficial masseter may contribute significantly to wishboning. Finally, patterns of wishboning are not fully accounted for by our EMG analysis of the deep and superficial masseter and medial pterygoid muscles. This is probably because the lateral ptergyoids, which can either counter increased wishboning or actually cause reverse wishboning, were not included in our EMG analysis.The EMG data demonstrate that jaw‐closing muscle recruitment patterns for macaques and baboons differ from those of humans. Nevertheless, in spite of these differences, it appears, based on previously published EMG data, that the human symphysis may also experience wishboning. Finally, the data suggest that unloading patterns of jaw muscles during mastication are influenced by occlusal contacts, which in turn are influenced by the mechanical and geometrical properties of foods. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
EMG of the digastric muscle in gibbon and orangutan: Functional consequences of the loss of the anterior digastric in orangutans
Authors: Wall Christine E. , Larson Susan G. , Stern Jack T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUnlike all other primates, the digastric muscle of the orangutan lacks an anterior belly; the posterior belly, while present, inserts directly onto the mandible. To understand the functional consequences of this morphologic novelty, the EMG activity patterns of the digastric muscle and other potential mandibular depressors were studied in a gibbon and an orangutan. The results suggest a significant degree of functional differentiation between the two digastric bellies. In the gibbon, the recruitment pattern of the posterior digastric during mastication is typically biphasic. It is an important mandibular depressor, active in this role during mastication and wide opening. It also acts with the anterior suprahyoid muscles to move the hyoid prior to jaw opening during mastication. The recruitment patterns of the anterior digastric suggest that it is functionally allied to the geniohyoid and mylohyoid. For example, although it transmits the force of the posterior digastric during mandibular depression, it functions independent of the posterior digastric during swallowing. Of the muscles studied, the posterior digastric was the only muscle to exhibit major differences in recruitment pattern between the two species. The posterior digastric retains its function as a mandibular depressor in orangutans, but is never recruited biphasically, and is not active prior to opening. The unique anatomy of the digastric muscle in orangutans results in decoupling of the mechanisms for hyoid movement and mandibular depression, and during unilateral activity it potentially contributes to substantial transverse movements of the mandible. Hypotheses to explain the loss of the anterior digastric should incorporate these functional conclusions. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of ingestive behavior and anterior tooth use differences in sympatric anthropoid primates
Authors: Ungar Peter S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLittle research has been directed towards the examination of ingestive behaviors in wild primates. This paper describes a naturalistic study of anterior tooth use in four sympatric anthropoid species: Hylobates lar, Macaca fascicularis, Pongo pygmaeus, and Presbytis thomasi. Instantaneous group scan data were collected during nearly 1,800 hours of observation between August 1990 and July 1991 at the Ketambe Research Station in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra, Indonesia. Ingestive behaviors are documented for specific food items and compared among the primate taxa. Results indicate significant differences among the species in preferred methods of food ingestion. These differences are related in part to dietary differences, and in part to other aspects of each primate's biology and ecology. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Major gene for percent of oxygen saturation of arterial hemoglobin in Tibetan highlanders
Authors: Beall Cynthia M. , Blangero John , Williams‐Blangero Sarah , Goldstein Melvyn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis report employs a statistical genetic approach to analyze quantitative oxygen transport variables in a high‐altitude (4,850–5,450 m) native Tibetan population and demonstrates the presence of a major gene influencing % O2 saturation of arterial hemoglobin. This result suggests the hypothesis that individuals with the dominant allele for higher % O2 saturation have a selective advantage at high altitude. Studies of the biologically distinctive Himalayan and Andean populations have greatly influenced thinking about ongoing human evolution and adaptation; this is the first statistical evidence for a major gene enhancing oxygen transport in a highaltitude native population. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detecting clinal and balanced selection using spatial autocorrelation analysis under kin‐structured migration
Authors: Fix Alan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecently spatial autocorrelation has been employed to infer microevolutionary processes from patterns of genetic variation. In theory, different processes should show characteristic signature correlograms; e. g., clinal selection should produce correlograms decreasing from positive to negative autocorrelation, whereas uniform balanced selection should lead to no spatial autocorrelation.The ability of a statistical method such as spatial autocorrelation analysis to distinguish between these selective regimes or even to detect departures from neutrality is dependent on the strength of the evolutionary force and the population structure. Weak selection or migration will not be apparent against the expected background of stochastic noise. Moreover, the population structure may generate sufficient stochastic variation such that even strong evolutionary forces may fail to be detected.This study uses computer simulation to examine the effects of kin‐structured migration and three different selective regimes on the shape of spatial correlograms to assess the ability of this technique to detect different microevolutionary processes. Genetic variation among 8 loci is simulated in a linear set of 25 artificial populations. Kin‐structured stepping‐stone migration among adjacent populations is modeled; directional, balanced, and clinal selection, as well as neutral loci are considered.These experiments show that strong selection produces correlograms of the predicted shape. However, with an anthropologically reasonable population structure, considerable stochastic variation among correlograms for different alleles may still exist. This suggests the need for caution in inferring genetic process from spatial patterns. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantifying phalangeal curvature: An empirical comparison of alternative methods
Authors: Stern Jack T. , Jungers William L. , Susman Randall L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt has been generally assumed and theoretically argued that the curvature of finger and toe bones seen in some nonhuman primates is associated with cheiridial use in an arboreal setting. Assessment of such curvature in fossil primates has been used to infer the positional behavior of these animals. Several methods of quantifying curvature of bones have been proposed. The measure most commonly applied to phalanges is that of in cluded angle, but this has come under some criticism. We consider various other approaches for quantifying phalangeal curvature, demonstrating that some are equivalent to use of included angle, but that one—normalized curva ture moment arm (NCMA)—represents a true alternative. A comparison of NCMA to included angle, both calculated on manual and pedal proximal phalanges of humans, apes, some monkeys, and the Hadar fossils, revealed that these two different measures of curvature are highly correlated and result in very similar distributional patterns. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic reorganization and disrupted chromosomal synteny in the siamang (Hylobates syndactylus) revealed by fluorescence in situ hybridization
Authors: Koehler Udo , Arnold Norbert , Wienberg Johannes , Tofanelli Sergio , Stanyon Roscoe 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe employed in situ hybridization (“chromosome painting”) of chromosome‐specific DNA libraries of all human chromosomes to establish homologies between the human and siamang karyotypes (Hylobates syndactylus, 2n = 50). Numerous intra‐ and interchromosomal rearrangements have led to a massive reorganization of the siamang karyotype. There have been a minimum of 33 translocations. The 24 siamang autosomes are composed of 60 recognizable segments that show DNA homology to regions of the 22 human autosomes. Only two autosomes have not been involved in translocations. The siamang presents a case, in a primate closely related to humans, in which chromosome morphology and synteny are highly disturbed in a manner similar to that encountered among rodents. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex estimation using the first cervical vertebra
Authors: Marino Eugene A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe articular surfaces and vertebral foramen area of the first cervical vertebra are sexually dimorphic and can be used to sex complete or fragmentary specimens. Eight measurements were taken from the articular regions (superior and inferior) of 100 first cervical vertebrae from Terry collection specimens housed at the Smithsonian Institution. Seven regression and seven discriminant function equations were created that predict sex with 77–85% and 75–85% accuracy, respectively. In separate control tests, measurements from 100 first cervical vertebrae from Hamann‐Todd collection individuals (Cleveland Museum of Natural History) and from 34 archaeological specimens were used with the Terry equations. The control samples were sexed with 60—85% accuracy. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Age determination from dental microstructure in juveniles
Authors: Huda Tushar F. J. , Bowman J. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe crypts outside St Bride's Church, London, contain a documented collection of skeletal remains dating from the mid‐18th century. Some of these remains became mixed during post‐war restoration work on the church. The worst example of such mixing involves ten infants that were boxed all together with their corresponding coffin plates. All the infants were aged between 1 and 4 years at death. Recognized skeletal aging criteria proved unsuccessful in identifying the bodies. A more precise method of age estimation was utilized in order to separate these individuals. Age was determined using the incremental markers found in dental microstructure which are thought to be formed in circadian and circaseptan rhythms. The resulting age estimates were compared with the real ages obtained from the coffin plates and death certificates. Confident identification was achieved in eight out of ten cases. This study illustrates the potential value of a little‐known aging method in circumstances where commonly used methods have proved unsuccessful. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A case of congenital syphilis during the colonial period in Mexico City
Authors: Mansilla Josefina , Pijoan Carmen M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCongenital syphilis has been diagnosed very seldom in ancient populations. The case that we examined comes from San Jeronimo's Church (17th and 18th centuries AD; Mexico City). Coffin 43 contained an incomplete skeleton of an approximately 2‐year‐old infant. The pathological lesions of this skeleton include bilateral osteochondritis, diaphyseal osteomyelitis, and osteitis and/or periostitis on the long bones. The radiographic appearance depicts symmetrical osteomyelitic foci, particularly at the proximal extremity of both tibiae (Wimberger's sign). The skull exhibits hydroceph‐aly and periosteal changes on the vault, and the unerupted upper incisors evince dental hypoplasia and other pathological alterations reminiscent of Hutchinson's incisors. All these features strongly suggest a case of early Congenital syphilis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postcranial estimates of body weight in Proconsul, with a note on a distal tibia of P. major from Napak, Uganda
Authors: Rafferty Katherine L. , Walker Alan , Ruff Christopher B. , Rose Michael D. , Andrews Peter J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA distal tibia of Proconsul major from Napak, Uganda, is described. It is morphologically similar to other Proconsul tibiae, only much larger in size. This specimen and others are used to estimate the body weight ofP. major from postcrania for the first time. Body weight is predicted from articular and diaphyseal dimensions using regression equations derived from a modern comparative sample of catarrhine primates. The estimated body weight of P. major based on the Napak tibia is 86.7 kg, whereas two other P. major specimens are smaller, giving a total range of 63.4–86.7 kg and an average of 75.1 kg. The regression equations are also used to predict the body weight of specimens from Rusinga/Mfangano belonging to P. nyanzae and P. heseloni. As the body weight estimates generated here are consistent with previous postcranial‐based estimates for Proconsul species, the two sets of estimates are pooled to give means of 10.9 kg for P. heseloni (n = 6) and 35.6 kg for P. nyanzae (n = 12). These findings support the traditional assignment of two species at Rusinga/Mfangano. The postcranial body weight estimates for the three species of Proconsul are compared to body weights estimated from M1 area in order to investigate possible differences in scaling between the teeth and limbs in these species. Despite being based on a smaller sample size, the postcranial estimates clearly differentiate the three taxa, whereas the dental estimates form a more continuous distribution. Molar area overestimates body weight in P. heseloni, indicating that it is megadont compared to a large sample of modern anthropoid primates. In contrast, molar area underestimates body weight in P. nyanzae and especially P. major, suggesting relative microdonty in these taxa. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New characters for the functional interpretation of primate scapulae and proximal humeri
Authors: Larson Susan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe study of muscle function in nonhuman primates through the technique of electromyography (EMG) has facilitated the identification of specific functional roles for muscles in particular behaviors. This has led to a more complete understanding of the biomechanics of certain regions of the musculoskeletal system, and should facilitate our ability to identify morphological features useful in the functional interpretation of fossil material. The current paper represents one such investigation of a new set of morphometric characters of the scapula and proximal humerus suggested by EMG analyses of shoulder muscle function.A set of new metric variables were examined on the scapulae and proximal humeri of 25 species of extant anthropoid primates, as well as on casts of scapulae and humeri of three fossil primate taxa. The variables are primarily related to the line of action and attachments of the rotator cuff muscles. The position of the scapular spine, the degree of lateral expansion of the subscapular fossa, the size and shape of the subscapularis insertion facet on the lesser tubercle, and the orientation of the infraspinatus insertion facet on the greater tubercle all appear to successfully sort the extant taxa into locomotor groups. Their appearance on the fossil specimens generally supports previous functional interpretations of each taxon's locomotor abilities based on a variety of other characters, suggesting that these traits are equally applicable to fossil material. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐Columbian tuberculosis in Northern Chile: Molecular and skeletal evidence
Authors: Arriaza Bernardo T. , Salo Wilmar , Aufderheide Arthur C. , Holcomb Todd A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of 483 skeletons from Arica (Chile) and review of mummy dissection records demonstrates an overall 1% prevalence rate for tuberculosis between 2000 B.C. and A.D. 1500. Tuberculosis cases cluster in the period A.D. 500–1000 which correlates with fully agropastoral societies. Considering only these agropastoral societies, about 2% of their members show tuberculosis lesions. A segment of DNA unique to Mycobacterium tuberculosis was identified in an extract from the vertebral lesion of a 12‐year‐old girl with Pott's disease from about A.D. 1000, establishing the pre‐Columbian presence of tuberculosis with the most specific evidence currently available. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A genetic study of 2,000‐year‐old human remains from Japan using mitochondrial DNA sequences
Authors: Oota Hiroki , Saitou Naruya , Matsushita Takayuki , Ueda Shintaroh 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe present nucleotide sequence data for mitochondrial DNA extracted from ancient human skeletons of the Yayoi era (ca. 2,000 BP) excavated from the Takuta‐Nishibun site in northern Kyushu of Japan. Nucleotide sequence diversity showed that the Yayoi people of the Takuta‐Nishibun site were not a genetically homogeneous population. This site shows a diversity in the burial style. Phylogenetic analysis indicated a statistically significant correlation between burial style and the genetic background of the Takuta‐Nishibun individuals, and revealed no discrete clustering patterns for the Yayoi individuals, for early modern Ainu, or for the Jomon people. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asymmetric vault modification in Hopi crania
Authors: Kohn Luci Ann P. , Leigh Steven R. , Cheverud James M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCradleboarding was practiced by numerous prehistoric and historic populations, including the Hopi. In this group, one result of cra‐dleboarding was bilateral or asymmetric flattening of the posterior occipital. We test whether cradleboarding had significant effects on the morphology of the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Additionally, we examine associations between direction of flattening and asymmetric craniofacial growth.A skeletal sample of Hopi from the Old Walpi site includes both nonmodified (N = 43) and modified individuals (N = 39). Three‐dimensional coordinates of 53 landmarks were obtained using a diagraph. Thirty‐six landmarks were used to define nine finite elements in the cranial vault, cranial base, and face. Finite element scaling was used to compare average nonmodified individuals, with averages of bilaterally, right, and left modified individuals. The significance of variation among “treatment” groups was evaluated using a bootstrap test. Pearson product‐moment correlations test the association of asymmetry with direction of modification.Hopi cradleboarding has a significant effect on growth of the cranial vault, but does not affect morphology of the cranial base or face. Bilateral flattening of the cranial vault leads to decreased length and increased width of the cranial vault. Flattening of the right or left cranial vault results in ipsilaterally decreased length and width coupled with a corresponding increased length and width on the contralateral side of the cranial vault. There is a significant correlation of size asymmetry with direction of modification in the cranial vault, but not with size or shape change in the cranial base or face. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrilineal distribution of louse egg‐handling techniques during grooming in free‐ranging Japanese macaques
Authors: Tanaka Ichirou 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGrooming behavior of which the primary function appears to be the removal of lice on others (Tanaka and Takefushi [1993] Anthropological Science 101:187–193) was studied in Japanese macaques at Jigokudani Monkey Park, Japan, June 1990–July 1993. Several louse egg‐handling techniques used during grooming were identified (with differences in efficiency) in a freeranging group. In the low‐ranking maternal lineages, the distribution of these techniques is quite homogeneous, suggesting social transmission with goal emulation (one form of social learning) based on maternal kin. However, there is considerable variation in the high‐ranking matriline. The social system of dominance—the tendency of subordinates to groom more often than to be groomed—may result in oblique transmission of more effective techniques from low‐ranking monkeys to some offspring of high‐ranking females. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Earliest cranial surgery in North America
Authors: Richards Gary D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe archaeological evidence of ancient cranial surgery is limited to cases of trepanation and cauterization. I report here on the only known case of cranial surgery in direct association with the osseous image of a nontrauma‐induced soft tissue lesion (sinus pericranii). This case, from Alameda County, California (Late Middle Period, ca. 300–500 AD), is the earliest and only definitive evidence of invasive surgery from prehistoric North America.Throughout this work, all reference to North American evidence excludes cases from south of the border between the United States and Mexico.
Because this individual presents the only bony evidence of cranial surgery other than trepanation or cauterization, it contributes substantially to our extremely limited understanding of medical practices in preliterate societies. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.