bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calculation of the Townsend Discharge Coefficients and the Paschen Curve Coefficients
Authors: Burm K. T. A. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe determination of Paschen curve coefficients A and B and the first and second Townsend coefficient are discussed for the creation of gas discharges from extraordinary gasses. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Plasma Profiles in a Cylindrical Helicon Discharge with Converging Magnetic Source Field
Authors: Grulke O. , Stark A. , Windisch T. , Zalach J. , Klinger T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDetailed Langmuir probe measurements of the plasma density, plasma potential, and electron temperature in the cylindrical helicon device VINETA [C. M. Franck et al., Phys. Plasmas 9(8), 2002] are presented. The probe measurements cover the entire radial‐axial plane including the helicon antenna region. Two magnetic field configurations are compared: homogeneous magnetic field in the helicon antenna region and magnetic field gradient at the transition between the antenna and the discharge chamber. It is demonstrated that the converging magnetic field leads to the formation of steep plasma density and potential increase, which is strongly correlated with the position of the maximum field gradient. No electron heating detached from the helicon source is observed. The measurements strongly suggest that the plasma profiles are the direct result of volume reduction due to magnetic field convergence, which leads to the formation of a single sheath‐like layer in front of the helicon source. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Double Sheath at the Plasma‐Wall Boundary
Authors: Alterkop B. , Dubinova I. D. , Dubinov A. E. , Boxman R. L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe relation between plasma parameters determining a steady‐state charged sheath at a plasma‐wall boundary was derived and analyzed using a fluid model, which accounted for inertia and partial pressure of both plasma components. The relation generalizes the well‐known Bohm criterion and, in particular, shows that a steadystate sheath may be formed in some cases where the Bohm criterion is not satisfied. Conditions allowing formation of a double sheath structure were formulated and analyzed. It was shown that the structure may be formed only if a) the generalized Bohm criterion is satisfied, and b) the Sagdeev potential has a minimum. The double sheath structure consists of two sub‐sheath of different polarity, which depends on the wall potential polarity and the relation between the plasma component temperatures and inertia. For positive wall potential, the sub‐sheath adjacent to the plasma (the sheath edge) is enriched by negative particles, and the sub‐sheath adjacent to the wall is enriched by positive particles, while the sub‐sheath polarities are reversed for negative wall potential. An analytical theory was formulated and illustrated by numerical solutions of the Poisson equation for special cases. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Progression to impaired glucose regulation, diabetes and metabolic syndrome in Chinese women with a past history of gestational diabetes
Authors: Tam Wing Hung , Yang Xi Lin , Chan Juliana C. N. , Ko Gary T. C. , Tong Peter C. Y. , Ma Ronald C. W. , Cockram Clive S. , Sahota Daljit , Rogers Michael S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBackgroundTo examine the risk of developing impaired glucose regulation (IGR), diabetes mellitus (DM) and metabolic syndrome (MetS) in Chinese women with history of gestational diabetes.Methods203 Chinese women enrolled in a previous study were followed up at a median of 8 (range 7–10) years of whom 136 had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 68 had gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and gestational impaired glucose tolerance (GIGT).ResultsIn women with a history of gestational diabetes (n = 4), GIGT (n = 63) and NGT (n = 136), 2 (50%), 19 (30.2%) and 21 (15.4%) developed IGR while 2 (50%), 4 (6.3%), 3 (2.2%) developed DM respectively. Most women developed IGR (86%, n = 36) or DM (78%, n = 7) were undiagnosed. MetS occurred in 16 (7.9%) women with similar rates between those with and those without a history of gestational diabetes (7.5% vs 8.1%; p = 0.85). History of gestational diabetes [OR: 3.8 (95% CI 1.9–7.8)] and body mass index (BMI) ≥ 23 kg/m2 [OR: 3.4 (95% CI 1.7–6.8)] at first antenatal visit were predictors for IGR or DM. Family history of DM [OR: 5.0 (95% CI 1.5–16.4)] and BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2 [OR: 28.3 (95% CI 3.6–223)] at first antenatal visit were predictors for MetS.ConclusionsChinese women with a history of gestational diabetes have a high risk of IGR or DM. Overweight at the first antenatal visit is a common risk factor for IGR, DM and MetS. A prior history of gestational diabetes was predictive of IGR and DM while a positive family history of DM was predictive of MetS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhibition of NKG2D receptor function by antibody therapy attenuates transfer‐induced colitis in SCID mice
Authors: Kjellev Stine , Haase Claus , Lundsgaard Dorthe , Ursø Birgitte , Tornehave Ditte , Markholst Helle 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA role for the activating NK‐receptor NKG2D has been indicated in several autoimmune diseases in humans and in animal models of type 1 diabetes and multiple sclerosis, and treatment with monoclonal antibodies to NKG2D attenuated disease severity in these models. In an adoptive transfer‐induced model of colitis, we found a significantly higher frequency of CD4+NKG2D+ cells in blood, mesenteric lymph nodes, colon, and spleen from colitic mice compared to BALB/c donor‐mice. We, therefore, wanted to study the effect of anti‐NKG2D antibody (CX5) treatment initiated either before onset of colitis, when the colitis was mild, or when severe colitis was established. CX5 treatment decreased the detectable levels of cell‐surface NKG2D and prophylactic administration of CX5 attenuated the development of colitis significantly, whereas a more moderate reduction in the severity of disease was observed after CX5 administration to mildly colitic animals. CX5 did not attenuate severe colitis. We conclude that the frequency of CD4+NKG2D+ cells increase during development of experimental colitis. NKG2D may play a role in the early stages of colitis in this model, since early administration of CX5 attenuated disease severity.
T1/ST2 expression on Th2 cells negatively regulates allergic pulmonary inflammation
Authors: Mangan Niamh E. , Dasvarma Ayan , McKenzie Andrew N. J. , Fallon Padraic G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe transmembrane form of T1/ST2 (ST2) is a specific marker on murine Th2 cells that have been generated in vitro, or isolated from sites of allergic type 2 inflammation. Despite the association of ST2 with Th2 cells, to date no obligate role for ST2 in type 2 responses in vivo has been described. We have specifically addressed the role of ST2 on T cells by generation of ST2–/– mice crossed with ovalbumin (OVA) T cell receptor‐transgenic mice. OVA‐specific ST2–/– cells had normal cytokine responses to T cell activation after in vitro Th2 differentiation, but OVA stimulation of IL‐5 was increased. Transfer of OVA‐specific ST2–/– Th2 cells into BALB/c mice caused exacerbated pulmonary inflammation with occluded airways, elevated airway hyper‐responsiveness and increased susceptibility to methacholine challenge that was associated with mortalities of recipient mice. The increased pulmonary inflammation in OVA‐specific ST2–/– Th2 cell recipients was associated with selective differences in pulmonary levels of Th2 cytokines compared with OVA‐specific ST2+ Th2 cell recipients. Recipients of OVA‐specific ST2–/– Th2 cells had a significant increase in eosinophils and a significant reduction in F4/80hi macrophages in the lungs. This is the first demonstration of a role for ST2 expression on Th2 cells down‐regulating pulmonary inflammation. These data have major implications for the targeting of ST2 as a therapy for allergic airway disorders.
Synthesis, Structures and Optical Power Limiting of Some Transition Metal and Lanthanide Monoporphyrinate Complexes Containing Electron‐Rich Diphenylamino Substituents
Authors: Fu Shitao , Zhu Xunjin , Zhou Guijiang , Wong Wai‐Yeung , Ye Cheng , Wong Wai‐Kwok , Li Zaoying 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTransition metal and lanthanide monoporphyrinate complexes based on 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis[p‐(diphenylamino)phenyl]‐21H,23H‐porphine (H2tdpapp) have been synthesized and characterized and the X‐ray crystal structures of the palladium and platinum analogues [M(tdpapp)] (M = Pd, Pt) determined. Experimental investigations of the nonlinear optical transmittance characteristics at 532 nm show that most of these new metalated porphyrinate complexes are excellent optical limiters with performances comparable or superior to those of the benchmark reverse saturable absorption dyes such as fullerene C60 and (phthalocyanine)metal complexes. The nonlinear optical measurements reveal that the optical‐limiting effects of porphyrins can be enhanced greatly by incorporation of lanthanide ions and covalent attachment of the electron‐donating diphenylamino moieties to the parent porphyrinate ring. The optical‐limiting thresholds for these lanthanide monoporphyrinate complexes range from 0.09 to 0.30 J cm–2 at 82 % linear transmittance, which makes them attractive candidates as optical‐limiting materials for the protection of various optical devices. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Effect of Protonation and Interaction with Anions on a Lead(II) Complex with a Lateral Macrobicycle Containing a Phenol Schiff‐Base Spacer (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 12/2007)
Authors: Esteban‐Gómez David , Platas‐Iglesias Carlos , Avecilla Fernando , de Blas Andrés , Rodríguez‐Blas Teresa 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe cover picture shows a crown‐based lateral macrobicycle designed by our research group as a potential ligand for PbII complexation. Lead is recognized worldwide as a serious environmental pollutant, and although it is a natural component of soil, water and vegetation, anthropogenic emissions have contributed to the dramatic increase in its level in the environment. The removal of lead from the environment and biological systems is the aim of many research groups. In particular, we are interested in the design of PbII‐complexing agents based on crown frameworks. In this picture, the complexed PbII ion has been replaced by our beautiful but polluted blue planet. The cover picture symbolizes the need for innovative ideas to solve the problem of environmental lead pollution – one solution includes the design of selective complexing agents. Details are discussed in the article by A. de Blas, T. Rodr�guez‐Blas et al. on p. 1635 ff.
Solid Contact Micropipette Ion Selective Electrode for Potentiometric SECM
Authors: Gyetvai Gergely , Sundblom Sören , Nagy Lívia , Ivaska Ari , Nagy Géza 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNew solid contact ammonium micropipette electrodes (ISE), well applicable in scanning electrochemical microscopy are reported. The solid contact was made of a PEDOT nanowire coated carbon fiber, lowered down close to the orifice, and dipped inside the cocktail being in the pipette tip. This configuration provided low electrical resistance and good potential stability. Submicron tip size, usual in case of micropipette ISE‐s easily can be fabricated in this way. The applicability of the electrode in SECM has been proved in SG/TC mode imaging urease enzyme active spots in urea solutions.
The generalized linear model and extensions: a review and some biological and environmental applications
Authors: Paul Sudhir , Saha Krishna K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe generalized linear model (GLM) encompasses many discrete and continuous models and it is particularly useful for analyzing discrete data. However, in many real life applications, the full distributional assumption of the GLM cannot be justified. Further, the GLM cannot accommodate over‐dispersion in the data. Since the inception of the GLM by Nelder and Wedderburn (1972) a number of its extensions have been proposed in the literature for robust analysis of discrete data. The purpose of this paper is to critically review these extensions. Applications to over‐dispersed Poisson and binomial models are shown. Some simulations are conducted to compare, in terms of bias and efficiency, the estimates of mean and the dispersion parameters by different methods. Applications to some biological and environmental data are given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear response spectrum method for three‐dimensional structures
Authors: Sutharshana Saravanapavananthan , McGuire William 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn approximate non‐linear response spectrum method for the analysis of three‐dimensional structures is presented. The non‐linear effects are taken into account by employing an equivalent linearization criterion along with inelastic spectra and geometric stiffness matrices. The linearization procedure replaces the inelastic system by an equivalent linear syste on a member‐by‐member basis and accounts for the frequency shift and change in damping. Rational procedures combining modal and spatial response maxima for three‐dimensional structures subject to multi‐component respone spectra are also discussed. The modal response spectrum predictions compare favourably with those obtained from die time‐history analyses.
The influence of highly stratified dissipative soil on ground motion
Authors: Xu P.‐C. , Mal A. K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe influence of the depth and material properties of a sedimentary deposit on earthquake ground motion is examie through theoretical modelling. The strong stratification of a typical deposit is represented by a number of homogene layers of dissipative viscoelastic material. The motion is assumed to be produced by a line source. The calculations carried out by means of a recently developed theoretical technique. The near surface low velocity layers are found to has a very strong amplification effect on the ground motion at some frequencies. The widely used one dimensional approae for site effect evaluation is shown to be valid for smaller epicentral distances only. The deamplification effect of mate dissipation is shown to be extremely important in most cases.
Analysis of continuous buried pipelines for seismic wave effects
Authors: O'Rourke Michael J. , Hmadi Kamel El 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn analysis procedure for seismic wave propagation effects on straight continuous buried pipelines is proposed. It shown that ground strain due to surface waves can be substantially larger than that due to body waves. An elastic model a buried pipeline surrounded by equivalent soil springs indicates that frictional slip between the pipeline and the surrounding soil springs is likely for high ground strains.A method for estimating ground strain due to surface waves, based on data from the 1971 San Fernando earthquake, reviewed. An analysis procedure, which utilizes frictional forces near the soil‐pipeline interface, is proposed for surfae wave effects on straight buried continuous pipelines. The proposed procedure is illustrated with an example.
A subspace modal superposition method for non‐classically damped systems
Authors: Mau S. T. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFor structures with non‐proportional damping, complex eigenvectors or mode shapes must be used in order to decoe the equations of motion. The resulting equations can then be solved in a systematic way. The necessity of solvie complex eigenvalue problem of a large system remains an obstacle for the practical application of the method. This stres utilizes the fact that in practice only a small number of the complex modes are needed. Therefore, these complex modes be approximated by a linear combination of a small number of the undamped modes, which can be obtained by established methods with less cost. An additional eigenvalue problem is then solved in a subspace with a much sm dimension to provide the best combination coefficient for each complex mode. The method of solution for the decoue equations is then carried over, using the approximate complex modes expressed in undamped mode shapes, to resue simple formulas for the time‐ and frequency‐domain solution. Thus, an efficient modal superposition method is develoe for non‐proportionally damped systems. The accuracy of this approximate method is studied through an example. Comparing the frequency response result using the approximate method with that using the exact complex modes, found that the error is negligible.
Horizontal impedances for radially inhomogeneous viscoelastic soil layers
Authors: Veletsos A. S. , Dotson K. W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study of the dynamic impedances of horizontally excited, radially inhomogeneous, infinite viscoelastic soil layers with a circular hole, and of piles embedded in a medium represented by such layers is made considering the shear modulus of the material to increase radially within a narrow annular boundary zone. Unlike a previous study in which the boundary zone was presumed to be massless, in the present study the inertia effects of this zone are taken into account. The impedances are evaluated over wide ranges of the parameters involved and the sensitivity of the results is assessed. The results are also compared with those obtained for similarly excited homogeneous layers and for vertically excited inhomogeneous layers. For purposes of analysis, the inhomogeneous boundary zone is represented by a series of concentric rings of constant properties, and the transfer matrix technique is used to evaluate the results. The analysis and the computer program used to implement it are applicable to layers of arbitrary radial variation of material properties.
Physical constraints in engineering seismic hazard analysis
Authors: Papastamatiou Dimitri , Sarma Sarada K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn engineering seismic hazard probabilistic analysis, physical constraints are generally overlooked. We formulate such constraints for the general case of a site within an annular seismogenic zone. This configuration provides a first approximation of seismic hazard analysis within a broad zone undergoing crustal deformation; such zones are a common expression of continental tectonics. Applications are restricted to medium size earthquakes (Ms < 7). The formulation is applied to two cases reflecting the mid‐plate (case I) and plate boundary (case II) seismotectonic environments. It is found that, for a given strain rate and for an upper bound magnitude of 6 3/4, the extreme hazard in both the environments is the same but of different character. In the plate boundary example, it is associated with widespread ground deformation while in the mid‐plate example, it involves more intense ground motion. On the other hand, if the upper bound magnitude is 5 3/4, the extreme hazard is likely to be an order of magnitude less in case I than in case II. Moreover, when the extreme hazard is associated with singular conditions generated by a single fault, the assumption of a Poissonian process may not be safe for earthquake resistant design decisions.
Earthquake‐induced ground displacements
Authors: Ambraseys N. N. , Menu J. M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe paper brings up to date and amplifies earlier work on earthquake‐induced ground displacements using near‐field strong‐motion records, improved processing procedures and a homogenizing treatment of the seismological parameters. A review of upper bound limits to seismic displacements is given and a predictive procedure is examined that allows the probabilistic assessment of the likelihood of exceedance of predicted displacements to be made in the near field of earthquakes in the magnitude range 6.6 to 7.3. Using a considerable number of unscaled ground motions obtained at source distances of less than half of the source dimensions, graphs and formulae are derived that allow the assessment of permanent displacements of foundations and slopes as a function of the critical acceleration ratio.
Simulation of risk‐consistent earthquake motion
Authors: Kameda Hiroyuki , Nojimaf Nobuoto 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA method to combine probabilistic seismic hazard analysis and stochastic earthquake motion models is presented. A set of parameters characterizing stochastic earthquake motion models is determined on a consistent probabilistic basis. The method proposed herein consists of two steps. First, the ground motion intensity is determined in the context of the conventional hazard curve technique. Next, other ground motion parameters such as duration, predominant frequency and spectral shape parameters are determined as conditional means corresponding to the annual probability of exceedance for the ground motion intensity. Some example applications are presented.
Experimental and finite element studies of the forced vibration response of morrow point dam
Authors: Duron Ziyad H. , Hall John F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMeasured accelerations and water pressures obtained during a recent forced vibration test on a large thin arch dam at high water are compared to predictions from a finite element model for which water compressibility is both included and neglected. The numerical model is calibrated using the antisymmetric response data because they are only slightly affected by water compressibility; good agreement is obtained. In the effort to reproduce the symmetric response data, for which water compressibility plays a strong role, the calibrated model shows better correlation when water compressibility is included, but the agreement is still inadequate. A successful isolation of the fundamental water resonance from the experimental data shows significantly different features from those of the numerical water model, indicating possible inaccuracy in the assumed geometry and/or boundary conditions for the reservoir. Some other results at low water level are also included.
Advanced application of bem to wave barriers in multi‐layered three‐dimensional soil media
Authors: Banerjee P. K. , Ahmad S. , Chen K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn advanced application of BEM to the problem of wave screening by barriers is described. The BEM formulation has been developed by utilizing advanced surface modelling, automatic (self‐adaptive) error control in the numerical integration. The soil is modelled as a layered, isotropic and linear elastic or viscoelastic medium. The results of the analysis have been compared with full scale test data.
Peak response of 2‐DOF uncoupled oscillator under two‐directional base motion
Authors: Slafak E. , Bendimerad M. F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates the peak response of a 2‐DOF uncoupled linear oscillator under arbitrarily oriented two‐component horizontal earthquake motion. Input data consist of 22 two‐component acceleration records from the magnitude 6.6, October 15, 1979 Imperial Valley earthquake. One‐directional response spectra for each principal direction of the oscillator, and two‐directional response spectra (amplitude of the peak resultant response and its direction with respect to principal directions) are calculated by considering all angles of incidence of the excitation. The results indicate that, for oscillators that are not too flexible (i.e. with natural frequencies greater than 0.8 Hz), the two‐directional peak response is controlled by the weaker direction of the oscillator. For flexible oscillators the two‐directional peak response is controlled by the direction whose natural frequency is closer to dominant ground motion frequencies. The results also show that when the two‐directional peak response is expressed as a weighted sum of one‐directional peak responses, the weighting factors are not constants, but functions of oscillator and dominant ground motion frequencies.