bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nanocrystalline CaZrTi2O7 Photocatalyst Prepared by a Polymerizable Complex Method in the Presence of Cs2CO3 Flux for Water Splitting
Authors: Miseki Yugo , Saito Kenji , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Photocatalytic and photophysical properties of CaZrTi2O7 were investigated. When the CaZrTi2O7 powder was prepared by a polymerizable complex method in the presence of Cs2CO3 flux, powder with high crystallinity and 100–300 nm of a primary particle size was obtained. The band gap of the CaZrTi2O7 powder was 3.6 eV. It showed a broad photoluminescence band around 580 nm at 77 K. Activated NiO/CaZrTi2O7 showed photocatalytic activity for water splitting into H2 and O2 under UV irradiation.
Clear Evidence Showing the Robustness of a Highly Active Oxygen-evolving Mononuclear Ruthenium Complex with an Aqua Ligand
Authors: Masaoka Shigeyuki , Sakai Ken 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Experiments show that [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ is highly active as a catalyst toward oxidation of water into molecular oxygen in spite of the mononuclear character of the complex, while [Ru(terpy)(bpy)Cl]+ shows no activity at all. It is also confirmed that [Ru(terpy)(bpy)(OH2)]2+ is fairly stable under strongly oxidizing conditions in the presence of cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate, Ce(NH4)2(NO3)6, which was evidenced by spectrophotometric, mass spectrometric, and gas chromatographic analysis.
Cationic and Anionic Dinuclear Nickel Complexes [Ni(N2S2)Ni(dtc)]n (n=−1, +1) Modeling the Active Site of Acetyl-CoA Synthase
Authors: Song Yumei , Ito Mikinao , Kotera Mai , Matsumoto Tsuyoshi , Tatsumi Kazuyuki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Two dinuclear nickel complexes (Et4N)[Ni(mbpa)-Ni(dtcEt)] (1) (dtcEt = diethyldithiocarbamate) and [Ni(dadtEt)Ni(dtcMe)](BPh4) (2) (dtcMe = dimethyldithiocarbamate) have been synthesized as models for the active site of acetyl-CoA synthase (ACS). Cyclic voltammograms show that each complex exhibits a reduction wave, in which the reduction potential of the anion 1 exhibits a significant negative shift from that of the cation 2.
Arylation of Allylsilanes through Rhodium Catalysis
Authors: Omachi Haruka , Itami Kenichiro 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The arylation of allylsilanes catalyzed by a rhodium complex is described. In the presence of a catalytic amount of RhCl(CO){P[OCH(CF3)2]3}2 and Ag2CO3, allyltriisopropylsilane reacts with iodoarenes in m-xylene at 120 °C to furnish the corresponding C–H bond arylation products in moderate yields.
Dehydrative Allylation of Alcohols and Deallylation of Allyl Ethers Catalyzed by [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6 and 2-Pyridinecarboxylic Acid Derivatives. Effect of π-Accepting Ability and COOH Acidity of Ligand on Reactivity
Authors: Tanaka Shinji , Saburi Hajime , Hirakawa Takuya , Seki Tomoaki , Kitamura Masato 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
2-Quinolinecarboxylic acid efficiently promotes both the dehydrative allylation of alcohols and the deallylation of allyl ethers and esters in the presence of [CpRu(CH3CN)3]PF6. Comparison of the relative reactivity of various 4-substituted 2-pyridinecarboxylic acids has revealed two linear relations with different ρ values in the Hammett plots. These phenomena can be rationalized by the balance between the π-accepting ability of the pyridine moiety and the acidity of the carboxylic acid of the 2-pyridinecarboxylic acid derivative.
Sonication-assisted Fabrication of Hierarchical Microspheres of Mg–Al Layered Double Hydroxide
Authors: Ni Xiaomin , Zheng Huagui , Shan Yanlong , Jin Xiang , Xiao Xiukun , Liao Guangxuan 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Hierarchical microspheres of Mg–Al layered double hydroxide (LDH) assembled by nanosheets were fabricated in large scale through a simple sonication-assisted method in a mixed solvent of ethylene glycol and water. The MgAl-LDHs nanostructures showed much higher efficiency in decoloring the dye of Eriochrome Blue Black K than that of the conventional platelet and particulate counterparts, which could be ascribed to their relatively large surface area.
A Facile Pathway to Synthesize One-dimensional Selenium (Se) with Controllable Morphology
Authors: Yang Zhiqiang , Cingarapu Sreeram , Klabunde Kenneth J 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
One-dimensional selenium (Se) structures (submicro/nano rods and nanowires) were fabricated via a facile recrystallization process by dissolving bulk Se in ethylenediamine, precipitating it with ethanol, water, or ethylene glycol, then aging at room temperature. By choosing suitable precipitating solvents and adjusting the Se concentration, the morphology of the final products could be controlled.
Depolymerization of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) to Terephthalic Acid and Ethylene Glycol in High-temperature Liquid Water
Authors: Sato Osamu , Mine Eiichi , Osada Mitsumasa , Hiyoshi Norihito , Yamaguchi Aritomo , Bando Kyoko K , Masuda Yoshio , Shirai Masayuki 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) was depolymerized to ethylene glycol and terephthalic acid in high-temperature liquid water at temperature higher than 493 K and the depolymerization of PET was enhanced by the addition of terephthalic acid in the reaction system.
Superoxide dismutase, copper and zinc concentrations in platelet-rich plasma of pneumonia patients
Authors: Laškaj R , Dodig S , Čepelak I , Kuzman I 
Published: February 2009

Background The aim of this study was to analyse platelet superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (total SOD, manganese SOD and copper zinc SOD) and copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) concentrations during the course of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), and to compare them between patients with normal platelet count and those who have developed reactive thrombocytosis (RT). Methods Platelet count, SOD activities and Cu and Zn concentrations in platelet-rich plasma were measured in patients with CAP on admission and at discharge. Results Post-therapeutic platelet count increased significantly from the value recorded on admission. By the end of treatment, 42% of patients developed RT. All platelet SOD activities as well as Cu concentration were significantly lower in CAP patients than in control subjects. The initial Zn concentration was greater in CAP patients compared with controls and showed a decrease at discharge. On admission, there was no difference in all SOD activities between either subgroup with normal platelet count or subgroup with RT. At discharge all SOD activities were significantly lower in patients with RT. Also, catalytic activities of those enzymes were significantly lower in both subgroups in comparison with the initial values. Post-therapeutic Cu value was lower in patients with RT in comparison with patients having normal platelet count. Zn concentration decreased significantly at discharge when compared with the initial values only in patients with RT. Conclusion The pattern of changes might be indicative of a certain role of platelets in antioxidant response during treatment in CAP patients.
Simultaneous measurement of urinary metanephrines and catecholamines by liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometric detection
Authors: Whiting M J 
Published: February 2009

Background The measurement of catecholamines and metanephrines in urine is an important diagnostic test in biochemical screening for phaeochromocytoma. Tandem mass spectrometry (MSMS) has the potential to be used in a profiling method for simultaneous assay of these analytes. Methods Optimal conditions were established for the MSMS detection of catecholamines (noradrenalin, adrenalin and dopamine) and metanephrines (normetanephrine and metanephrine), including commercially available isotopically labelled compounds for use as internal standards. Chromatographic separation of all five polar biogenic amines was achieved under solvent conditions that were compatible with MSMS and multiple reaction monitoring. Several types of solid-phase extraction cartridge were used to investigate clean-up conditions for urine, and acid-hydrolysates of urine, prior to LC-MSMS. Results Total catecholamines and metanephrines from acid-hydrolysed urines, or free catecholamines and free metanephrines from native urines, were complexed with diphenyl-boronate and recovered in high yield from polymer cartridges after elution with formic acid. Direct injection of eluates into the LC-MSMS system allowed quantitation of catecholamines and metanephrines with a run time of 6 min per sample. Biogenic amine concentrations for patient urines and quality assurance programme samples, and assay imprecision, were similar to values obtained with high-performance liquid chromatography methods, which used electrochemical detection. In normal urines, the ratio of free to total catecholamines was around three-fold higher than the ratio of free to total metanephrines. Conclusion The assay of urinary catecholamines and metanephrines can be achieved simultaneously using one LC-MSMS method, which is rapid and reduces labour and consumable costs for routine application.
Stability of chemical and immunochemical analytes in uncentrifuged plasma samples
Authors: Leino Aila , Koivula M K 
Published: February 2009

Background The stability of analyte concentrations in plasma after prolonged contact with blood cells in uncentrifuged lithium-heparin gel tubes was studied. Methods To investigate the stability of concentrations of 26 chemistry and 15 immunochemistry analytes, the simultaneously drawn samples ( n = 50) were measured after 6 h storage at +8°C and +22°C in whole blood and after immediate separation of plasma. The analyte concentrations were measured with a Roche Modular PPEE analyser using reagents from Roche Diagnostics. Results After prolonged contact with cells a clinically significant change was only observed for potassium where the mean value increased from 4.0 mmol/L to 4.8 mmol/L ( P < 0.001) when stored at +8°C. Conclusion Immediate separation of plasma from cells is recommended. However, when prolonged contact of plasma with cell is unavoidable, samples can be kept uncentrifuged for up to 6 h at +8°C or at +22°C. The stability of potassium, however, is temperature-dependent and cannot be measured from refrigerated blood samples.
Modern Nanotemplates Based on Graphene and Single Layer h-BN
Authors: Goriachko A. , Over H. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This mini-review focuses on the recently discovered nanomeshes and nanotemplates made from carbon, boron nitride and their mixtures with a thickness of just a single atomic layer. Typically they exist on some transition metal or semiconductor substrate, the interaction with it playing a crucial role in nanopattern formation. We review systems such as graphene/SiC(0001), graphene/Ru(0001), h-BN/Ru(0001), and h-BN/Rh(111), their atomistic models, synthesis routes, as well as possible applications as templates for nanoperiodic arrays of clusters and molecules. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), a technique with ultimate resolution in real space, is stressed as an indispensable tool for a comprehensive characterization of the given systems.
On the CO-Oxidation over Oxygenated Ruthenium
Authors: Rosenthal Dirk , Girgsdies Frank , Timpe Olaf , Blume Raoul , Weinberg Gisela , Teschner Detre , Schlögl Robert 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The oxidation of carbon monoxide over polycrystalline ruthenium dioxide (RuO2) powder was studied in a packed-bed reactor and by bulk and surface analytical methods. Activity data were correlated with bulk phases in an in-situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) setup at atmospheric pressure. Ruthenium dioxide was pre-calcined in pure oxygen at 1073 K. At this stage RuO2 is completely inactive in the oxidation of CO. After a long induction period in the feed at 503 K RuO2 becomes active with 100% conversion, while in-situ XRD reveals no changes in the RuO2 diffraction pattern. At this stage selective roughening of apical RuO2 facets was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Seldom also single lateral facets are roughened. EDX indicated higher oxygen content in the following order: flat lateral facets > rough lateral facets > rough apical facets. Further, experiments in the packed bed reactor indicated oscillations in the CO2 formation rate. At even higher temperatures in reducing feed (533–543 K) the sample reduces to ruthenium metal according to XRD. The reduced particles exhibiting lower ignition temperature are very rough with cracks and deep star-shaped holes. An Arrhenius plot of the CO2 formation rate below the ignition temperature reveals the reduced samples to be significantly more active based on mass unit and shows lower apparent activation energy than the activated oxidized sample. Micro-spot X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and XPS microscopy experiments were carried out on a Ru(0001) single crystal exposed to oxygen at different temperature. Although low energy electron diffraction (LEED) images show a strong 1×1 pattern, the XPS data indicated a wide lateral inhomogeneity with different degree of oxygen dissolved in the subsurface layers. All these and the literature data are discussed in the context of different active states and transport issues, and the metastable nature of a phase mixture under conditions of high catalytic activity.
Beethoven in B♭: Op. 130 and the Hammerklavier
Authors: Lambert Sterling 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Commentators have sometimes remarked on similarities between contemporaneous piano sonatas and quartets by Beethoven, as if the composer were developing ideas at the keyboard before transferring them to other genres. A particularly close connection can be seen, however, between two works in B♭ major that are separated by a greater distance in time: the Piano Sonata in B♭, op. 106 (Hammerklavier) and the String Quartet in B♭, op. 130. Correspondences between the respective first movements are particularly strong, and they suggest that the sonata may have served as something of model for the quartet.
Yet the same elements that contribute to a highly integrated structure in the sonata seem to serve quite different purposes in a quartet characterized by a pointed disintegration of normative procedures. A comparison of the two works shows not only how Beethoven's style underwent significant change in the intervening time, but also how the quartet may serve as a critique of the sonata in an act of deliberate stylistic distancing. This brings into question the well established concept of a unified “late” or “third-period” style.
Lead Toxicity: Does the Critical Level of Lead Resulting in Adverse Effects Differ between Adults and Children?
Authors: Murata Katsuyuki , Iwata Toyoto , Dakeishi Miwako , Karita Kanae 
Published: February 2009

Lead Toxicity: Does the Critical Level of Lead Resulting in Adverse Effects Differ between Adults and Children?: Katsuyuki Murata, et al. Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Akita University School of MedicineObjectivesThe Scientific Committee on Neurotoxicology and Psychophysiology and the Scientific Committee on the Toxicology of Metals of the International Commission on Occupational Health in 2006 recommended that the standard for blood lead (BPb) levels be reduced to 30 µg/dl for industrial workers and 5 µg/dl for children. To examine whether the critical level of lead producing adverse effects truly differs between workers and children, we provided an overview of studies addressing the critical level of lead in workers, together with a perspective on lead toxicity in children.Data sources and extractionIn 25 reports published in English with keywords of “benchmark dose (BMD),” “lead” and “humans,” only five studies proved to be relevant to lead toxicity. Four more studies with figures illustrating significant relationships between lead and neurotoxic outcomes were selected.Data synthesisBased on data from previous reports using a BMD approach, the critical organ of lead in workers was thought to be the nervous system and the critical BPb level (number‐weighted mean) was between 10.7 and 17.5 µg/dl. The neurotoxic effects of lead exposure at such levels seemed reversible. The BPb level at which lead‐associated intellectual deficits occurred in children was as low as the critical level of BPb (below 5 µg/dl) for inhibited heme synthesis in workers.ConclusionsThe neurotoxic effects of lead in workers appear to be initiated at BPb levels below 18 µg/dl, which are somewhat higher than the critical level of lead neurotoxicity in children. Each national institute for risk management should take evidence‐based preventive action against subclinical lead poisoning in workers, as well as in children.
The Effect of Smoking Prevalence at Worksites on Individual Cessation Behavior
Authors: Nishiura Chihiro , Narai Rie , Ohguri Takayuki , Funahashi Atsushi , Yarita Keiichirou , Hashimoto Hideki 
Published: February 2009

The Effect of Smoking Prevalence at Worksites on Individual Cessation Behavior: Chihiro Nishiura, et al. Department of Safety and Health, Tokyo Gas Co., Ltd.ObjectivesTo identify the effect of worksite smoking prevalence on individual cessation behavior.MethodsWe conducted a cohort study at a Japanese worksite without a total ban on smoking, but with designated smoking areas. Baseline data were obtained in 2005 through a self‐administered questionnaire from 15,229 workers in 322 work units as part of annual health checkups, and followed up in 2006. Data on smoking status, time to first cigarette after waking up, desire to quit, number of cigarettes smoked per day, and respiratory symptoms were obtained. Details like workers' demographics, blue/ white‐collar workers, night shift duties, administrative position, and work unit codes were obtained from the firm's administrative records. Smoking prevalence in work units was calculated as a ratio, standardized by age, and categorized into quartiles. Multiple logistic regression was used to predict cessation by smoking prevalence, adjusting for individual level variables.ResultsIn the lowest smoking prevalence quartile compared with the highest, odds ratios (95% CI) of cessation among those who smoked their first cigarette more than 30 min after waking up were 2.32 (1.06, 5.09) in white‐collar units and 1.86 (0.98, 3.55) in blue‐collar units, and that among those with a moderate desire to quit was 2.05 (0.94, 4.49) in white‐collar units.ConclusionWorksite smoking prevalence affects the likelihood of successful cessation, especially among those with less nicotine dependence and who are in the early stage of behavioral change. This suggests that serious consideration should be placed not only on individual behavior modification but also on modification of worksite conditions.
Oral Lead Exposure Induces Dysbacteriosis in Rats
Authors: Sadykov Rustam , Digel Ilya , Artmann Aysegül Temiz , Porst Dariusz , Linder Peter , Kayser Peter , Artmann Gerhard , Savitskaya Irina , Zhubanova Azhar 
Published: February 2009

Oral Lead Exposure Induces Dysbacteriosis in Rats: Rustam Sadykov,et al. Laboratory of Cellular Biophysics, Aachen University of Applied Sciences, GermanyObjectivesLead's (Pb(II)) possible role in intestinal pathologies of microbial etiology remains mostly unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of lead on the gut microbial community and its interactions with rat intestinal epithelium.MethodsThe lead‐induced changes in different intestinal microbial groups (lactose‐positive lac(+) and ‐negative lac(–)E.colistrains, lactobacilli and yeasts) were followed separately by the colony‐forming unit (CFU) method. Samples were taken from outbred white rats subjected to different exposure schedules. Additionally, the impact of different lead doses on microbial adhesion to cultured intestinal cells (IEC‐6) was investigated. Finally, the lead accumulation and distribution were measured by means of atomic absorption spectrometry.ResultsFor the first time it was shown that oral lead exposure causes drastic changes in the gut microbial community. Proportional to the lead dose received, the relative number of lactose‐negativeE.colicells increased dramatically (up to 1,000‐fold) in comparison to the other microbial groups during 2 wk of exposure. Considering the number of microbes in the intestine, such a shift in intestinal microflora (dysbacteriosis) is very significant. Adhesion studies showed certain stimulating effects of lead onE.coliattachment to rat intestinal epithelium as compared toLactobacillusattachment.ConclusionsThe mechanisms providing the apparent competitive success of the lac(–) group are unclear but could be related to changes in surface interactions between microbial and host cells. This study may provide important clues for understanding the pathological effects of metal dietary toxins in human beings.
Recent Progress on GaN HEMTs
Authors: Nakajima Shigeru , Tateno Yasunori , Sano Seigo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper is overviewed the recent progress on GaN HEMTs. High power, high frequency and high efficiency performance are reported. In addition, the results about long-term reliabilities and good manufacturability demonstrate that GaN HEMTs are ready for mass production.
Optimization of GaN Barriers During the Growth of InGaN/GaN Quantum Wells at Low Temperature
Authors: Kasarla Kalyan R , Chiang Wenyu , Rahimi Ronak , Korakakis D. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractInGaN/GaN MQWs are grown on c-plane sapphire substrates using a low pressure metal organic vapor phase epitaxy (MOVPE) system. Trimethylgallium (TMGa), Triethylgallium (TEGa), Trimethylindium (TMIn) and ammonia were used as precursors for Ga, In and N, respectively and the growths were carried out at low temperature. Structural properties of grown MQWs are characterized using atomic force microscopy (AFM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x-ray diffraction technique (XRD) is used to calculate the Indium incorporation in these MQWs. Surface morphologies over large areas of InGaN/GaN MQWs are observed using the tapping mode AFM; results indicate the surface roughness depends on the barrier thickness. Density of V- defects, effect of barrier width on the surface morphology and also on V-defect density will be presented and discussed.
Fabrication and Electrical Properties of Metal/Double-Insulator/Metal Diode
Authors: Choi Kwang Nam , Park Jun Woo , Lee Hosun , Chung Kwan Soo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe have fabricated two metal/double insulator/metal diodes using a sputtering system and atomic layer deposition. Here, we show metal/double insulator/metal diode applied as a switch element. The diode exhibits good rectifying characteristics at room temperature. We used the electrode material with Pt and insulators were HfO2/ZrO2 and NiO/ZnO each. The devices were fabricated using the lithographic system and top electrode sizes were 30 µm x 30 µ;m. The double insulator diode produces an enhanced nonlinearity by incorporating two adjacent oxides instead of the single oxide layer of the MIM diode. In the double insulator diode the mode of tunneling under positive applied biases can be made different from that under negative applied biases resulting in improved asymmetry.