bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Totem and Taboo in Sociology: The Politics of Affirmative Action Research*
Authors: Lynch Frederick R. 
Published: January 2007

The thesis is advanced that sociology's strong links with welfare‐state liberalism have also led to the widespread acquiescence to “liberal taboos” regarding some topics of social research such as affirmative action. The relationship between sociology and liberalism is examined. Radical and neoconservative influences are also noted. Adverse encounters with affirmative action taboos by intellectuals and social scientists are discussed as is the “fashionable” consensus on affirmative action in sociology. That this consensus may sometimes be shallow and relatively uninformed is suggested by reactions by the author's Southern California colleagues regarding his proposed studies of (1) the extent of widespread public discussion of affirmative action in the 1970s. and (2) the social psychological impact of such policies upon white males. The paper concludes with a discussion of related taboos in sociology and other fields and the dangers involved in ideological allegiances.I'm not saying that cities are doomed places, but I will say that the hard core of the welfare society is doomed. There are no prospects for these people. Nobody ever took the trouble to teach them anything. They live in a kind of perpetual chaos, in a great noise. And, you know, they really are startled souls. They cannot be reasoned with or talked to about anything.Isn't it time for us to admit this? For a long time, the subject lay under a taboo. Nobody was going to talk about it. Now people are beginning to do so. Though I consider myself a kind of liberal, I have to admit that the taboos were partly of liberal origin. It was supposed to be wrong to speak with candor. But lying in a good cause only aggravates disorder. –Saul Bellow (1982)We had best remember that socìology and ideology are competitors …–Alvin Gouldner (1976)
Critical Theory and the Hermeneutical Circle*
Authors: Colburn Kenneth 
Published: January 2007

This paper examines the debate between Gadamer and Habermas concerning the relationship between hermeneutics and critical theory. Formulating the hermeneutical circle in terms of relationship between understanding and interpretation, this paper examines three positions on the circle held by positivism, critical theory and hermeneutics, respectively. A commitment to method and procedure on the part of Habermas is offered as the basis for critical theory's limited acceptance of the hermeneutical circle. This is shown through an analysis of Knowledge and Human Interests as indicative of Habermas's implicit objectivism and his methodical, as opposed to hermeneutical, model of reasoning for social inquiry.The best definition for hermeneutics is: to let what is alienated by the character of the written word or by the character of being distantiated by cultural or historical distances speak again. This is hermeneutics: to let what seems to be far and alienated speak again (Gadamer, 1980a:83).
Fitting In: Socio‐Economic Attainment Patterns of Foreign‐Born Egyptians in the United States
Authors: El‐Badry Samia , Poston Dudley L. 
Published: January 2007

This paper analyzes socio‐economic attainment patterns of foreign‐born Egyptians in the United States, as tabulated in the 1980 U. S. Census. This is achieved first through an examination of their earnings, followed by an analysis of the rate at which their human capital characteristics are converted into wages.The findings suggest that this more recent immigrant group has likely attained higher earnings largely because of their skills and educational levels. Thus, while assimilation theory posits the crucial importance of time as a linkage to higher socio‐economic attainment, this may not necessarily be the case for these immigrant men and women.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Folse Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2007

Book reviewed in this article: Artificial Experts: Social Knowledge and Intelligent Machines, by H. M. Collins. Cambrige, MA and London, England: MIT Press, 1990, 266 + XIII pages, $19.95, hardback. Images of Issues: Typifying Contemporary Social Problems, edited by Joel Best. New York: Aldine de Gruyter, 1989, 258 pages, $34.95, hardback, $16.95, paper. An End to Shame: Shaping Our Next Sexual Revolution, by Ira L. Reiss with Harriet M. Reiss. Buffalo, NY: Prometheus Books, 1990, 287 pages, $21.95, hardback. Structures of Power and Constraint: Papers in Honor of Peter M. Blau, edited by Craig Calhoun, Marshall W. Meyer, and W. Richard Scott. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 495 pages, $65.00, hardback. Social Entropy Theory, by Kenneth D. Bailey. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1990, 310 pages, $54.50, cloth, $17.95, paper. Sociological Theories in Progress: New Formulations, by Joseph Berger, Morris Zelditch and Bo Anderson (eds.). Newbury Park: Sage Publications, 1989, 416 pages, $42.00.
The Kyana Corroboree: Cultural Production of Indigenous Ethnogenesis
Authors: Neuenfeldt Karl W. 
Published: January 2007

This article analyzes the 1993 Kyana Corroboree of the Noongah Aborigines of Western Australia as a case study of the cultural production and cultural politics of ethnogenesis and indigeneity through public celebration. Kyana is a local example of how indigenous peoples globally experience “ethnic reorganization,” an often inchoate, mutable process of social reproduction that encourages the survival of an ethnic group, albeit in an altered form. This article demonstrates how Noongah and Aboriginal ethnogenesis is composed of a mercurial mixture of conflict and concordance, especially in regard to aspirations toward some level of influence over the self‐definition of Aboriginality and its symbolic representations.The organization of contemporary ethnicity and the nature of current ethnic relations reflect contemporary adaptations and continually evolving identities and institutions.—Nagel and Snipp 1993, p. 225Celebration is a “text,” a vivid aesthetic creation that reflexively depicts, interprets and informs its social context. [Celebration] articulates and modifies power relations.—Manning 1983, p. 6
Lack of Support for a Role for RLIP76 (RALBP1) in Response to Treatment or Predisposition to Epilepsy
Authors: Soranzo Nicole , Kelly Libusha , Martinian Lillian , Burley Mari‐Wyn , Thom Maria , Sali Andrej , Kroetz Deanna L. , Goldstein David B. , Sisodiya Sanjay M. 
Published: January 2007

Summary:  Background: Multidrug transporters are postulated to contribute to antiepileptic drug (AED) resistance. The transporter best studied is P‐glycoprotein, an ATP‐Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter superfamily member. RLIP76 is suggested to be an energy‐dependent non‐ABC transporter, reducing AED blood–brain barrier penetration, with a more important role than P‐glycoprotein. Knowledge of which transporters may be critical in drug resistance is important for design of potential therapies. We tested the hypothesis that RLIP76 mediates AED resistance using methods complementary to those in the original report. Methods: Double‐labeling fluorescent immunohistochemistry localized RLIP76 expression. Population genetics was used to explore association of variation in the RLIP76‐encoding gene with drug‐response and epilepsy phenotypes. Comparative protein structure modeling and bioinformatic annotation were used to predict RLIP76 structure and features. Results: In normal and epileptogenic brain tissue, immunoreactivity for RLIP76 was cytoplasmic, with colocalization with a neuronal, but not an endothelial, marker. Genotyping of six tagging SNPs, representing common genetic variation in RLIP76, in patients with epilepsy responsive (n = 262) or resistant (n = 107) to AEDs showed no association with phenotype at any level. RLIP76 genotypic and haplotypic frequencies in 783 patients with epilepsy and 359 healthy controls showed no association with epilepsy susceptibility. RLIP76 is not predicted to have transmembrane localization or ATPase activity. Conclusions: No support for RLIP76 itself in directly mediating resistance to AEDs nor in increasing susceptibility to epilepsy was found. More evidence is required before either a role for RLIP76 in drug resistance can be accepted or focus directed away from other transporters, such as P‐glycoprotein.
Functional Variants in TAS2R38 and TAS2R16 Influence Alcohol Consumption in High‐Risk Families of African‐American Origin
Authors: Wang Jen C. , Hinrichs Anthony L. , Bertelsen Sarah , Stock Heather , Budde John P. , Dick Danielle M. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Rice John , Saccone Nancy , Edenberg Howard J. , Hesselbrock Victor , Kuperman Samuel , Schuckit Marc A. , Bierut Laura J. , Goate Alison M. 
Published: January 2007

Background: A novel family of G protein‐coupled receptors, TAS2Rs, has recently been characterized and linked to sensitivity to bitter taste compounds. We have previously reported that a missense mutation in the TAS2R16 gene reduces the sensitivity of the receptor to bitter‐taste stimuli and that it is associated with risk for alcohol dependence. Other family‐based studies on the genetic transmittance of taste perception have previously demonstrated a correlation between genetic variation in TAS2R38 and sensitivity to bitter‐taste compounds such as phenylthiocarbamide (PTC) and 6‐n‐propylthiouracil (PROP). Haplotypes resulting from 3 common nonsynonymous coding single‐nucleotide polymorphisms in the TAS2R38 gene have been shown to alter receptor functions and taste sensitivity to PTC and PROP. The perceived bitterness of PROP has also been associated with oral sensation and drinking behaviors.Methods: We used family‐based association methods to test for association between TAS2R38 haplotypes and alcohol dependence as well as a measure of alcohol consumption (Maxdrinks) and age of onset of drinking behaviors in a sample of families densely affected with alcoholism. We have also extended our analysis of TAS2R16 to include the Maxdrinks phenotype.Results: A positive correlation was observed between TAS2R38 haplotypes and Maxdrinks in Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA) high‐risk women of African‐American origin. The common taster haplotype is significantly associated with a lower mean Maxdrinks compared with the other haplotypes. Similarly, the allele of TAS2R16 that is associated with a lower risk for alcohol dependence is also associated with lower mean Maxdrinks scores in African‐American families. In contrast to the previously reported significant association between TAS2R16 and alcohol dependence, we found no evidence that TAS2R38 haplotypes influence alcohol dependence in the COGA dataset.Conclusion: Functional variants in both TAS2R16 and TAS2R38 correlate with alcohol consumption in African‐American families.
Association of the ADHIB*3 Allele With Alcohol‐Related Phenotypes in Trinidad
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Montane‐Jaime Karelia , Moore Shelly , Shafe Samuel , Joseph Roma , Carr Lucinda G. 
Published: January 2007

Background: Two of the class I alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) genes located on chromosome 4 (ADH1B and ADH1C) encode for multiple isozymes that differ in their kinetic properties. At the ADH1B locus, 3 polymorphisms are present (ADH1B*1, ADH1B*2, ADH1B*3). ADH1B*2 (found mostly in individuals of East Asian and Jewish descent) and ADH1B*3 (found mostly in individuals of African decent) alleles encode for a more active enzyme variants than ADH1B*1 and the presence of these alleles has been associated with protection from alcohol dependence. The relationship between these alleles and alcohol‐associated phenotypes has not been previously investigated in individuals living in the Caribbean.Methods: One hundred thirty‐three alcohol‐dependent individuals of either East Indian or African ancestry and 98 controls matched by age, sex, education, and ethnicity participated in the study. A structured interview [the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA)] was used to gather information on demographics, psychiatric diagnoses, personal drinking, and drug use history. Leukocyte DNA extracted from a blood sample obtained from each participant was genotyped at the ADH1B locus. Serum levels of the liver enzymes alanine and aspartate aminotransferase (ALT, AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and γ‐glutamyl transferase (GGT) as well as the presence of HIV, hepatitis B surface antigen, and antihepatitis C virus antibody were also assayed. The specific aim of the study was to investigate the associations between ADH1B alleles and alcohol dependence, drinking history, and liver function in individuals from the 2 major ethnic groups of Trinidad (individuals of African and East Indian ancestry).Results: Twenty‐eight of the Afro‐Trinidadian (Afro‐TT) participants (41%) and 1 Indo‐Trinidadian (Indo‐TT) (>1%) had at least 1 ADH1B*3 allele and 3 Afro‐TT were homozygous for the allele. African participants with at least 1 ADH1B*3 allele were found to be significantly less likely to be alcohol dependent (p<0.018), and to have lower alcohol consumption levels (p<0.05). Among those participants who were alcohol dependent, ADH1B*3 was associated with significantly higher levels of ALT (p<0.05).Conclusions: This study suggests, in this sample of Trinidadians, that the ADH1B*3 allele is associated with protection from the development of alcoholism but is also associated with enhanced risk for elevated serum ALT levels in those individuals who do become alcohol dependent.
Effects of Pacing Rate on Mechanical Restitution Within the In vivo Canine Heart: Study of the Force–Frequency Relationship
Authors: AHLBERG SARAH E. , RIPPLINGER CRYSTAL M. , SKADSBERG NICHOLAS D. , IAIZZO PAUL A. , MULLIGAN LAWRENCE J 
Published: January 2007

Introduction: It is known that as stimulation frequency is increased in a healthy heart, a corresponding increase in LV contractile function (dP/dtmax) is observed, i.e., force–frequency relationship. The impact of this relationship on systolic and diastolic mechanical restitution in an ejecting, in vivo preparation has yet to be explored. Understanding this relationship may lead to further insight on the cellular processes that govern the contraction and relaxation of the heart, in addition to providing a safer, more feasible clinical diagnostic tool. Methods and Results: Anesthetized canines (n = 8) were paced from the RA at rates of 130, 150, and 180 bpm. At each rate, extrasystoles were delivered at varying intervals. The LV dP/dtmax and dP/dtmin associated with the extrasystolic beat were expressed as a percentage of steady‐state levels and plotted as a function of the extrasystolic interval to obtain mechanical restitution curves. The systolic restitution time constant length decreased significantly with all increases in heart rate, P < 0.05. In the diastolic case, significant decreases in restitution time constants were seen when heart rate was increased from 130 bpm to 180 bpm, and from 150 bpm to 180 bpm, P < 0.05. Conclusion: This study was the first to quantify the finding that the time constant of restitution significantly and consistently decreased with a consistent increase in heart rate. The identification of such behavior may be employed to develop stimulation protocols and chronic diagnostic tools to more safely and sensitively identify and optimize the clinical status of patients receiving pacing therapy.
Mental Health Screening in Schools
Authors: Weist Mark D. , Rubin Marcia , Moore Elizabeth , Adelsheim Steven , Wrobel Gordon 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  This article discusses the importance of screening students in schools for emotional/behavioral problems.Methods:  Elements relevant to planning and implementing effective mental health screening in schools are considered. Screening in schools is linked to a broader national agenda to improve the mental health of children and adolescents. Strategies for systematic planning for mental health screening in schools are presented.Results:  Mental health screening in schools is a very important, yet sensitive, agenda that is in its very early stages. Careful planning and implementation of mental health screening in schools offers a number of benefits including enhancing outreach and help to youth in need, and mobilizing school and community efforts to promote student mental health while reducing barriers to their learning.Conclusions:  When implemented with appropriate family, school, and community involvement, mental health screening in schools has the potential to be a cornerstone of a transformed mental health system. Screening, as part of a coordinated and comprehensive school mental health program, complements the mission of schools, identifies youth in need, links them to effective services, and contributes to positive educational outcomes valued by families, schools, and communities.
Availability of High School Extracurricular Sports Programs and High‐Risk Behaviors
Authors: Cohen Deborah A. , Taylor Stephanie L. , Zonta Michela , Vestal Katherine D. , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  The Surgeon General has called for an expansion of school‐based extracurricular sports programs to address the obesity epidemic. However, little is known about the availability of and participation in high school extracurricular sports and how participation in these sports is related to high‐risk behaviors.Methods:  We surveyed Los Angeles County public high schools in 2002 to determine the number of extracurricular sports programs offered and the percentage of students participating in those programs. We used community data on rates of arrests, births, and sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) among youth to examine associations between risk behaviors and participation in sports programs.Results:  The average school offered 14 sports programs, and the average participation rate was 39% for boys and 30% for girls. Smaller schools and schools with higher percentages of disadvantaged students offered fewer programs. The average school offering 13 or fewer programs had 14% of its students participating, while the average school offering 16 or more programs had 31% of its students participating in sports. Controlling for area‐level demographics, juvenile arrest rates and teen birth rates, but not STD rates, were lower in areas where schools offered more extracurricular sports.Conclusions:  Opportunities for participation in high school extracurricular sports are limited. Future studies should test whether increased opportunities will increase physical activity and impact the increasing overweight problem in youths.
Assessment of Health Issues and Concerns of Israeli Seventh Graders During School Physician Examinations: A Pilot Study
Authors: Knishkowy Barry , Amitai Yona , Hardoff Daniel , Levy Yehoshua , Kiro Amnon ,   The Israel School Physicians Study Group
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTBackground:  The AMA Guidelines for Adolescent Preventive Services (GAPS) recommends annual medical evaluations during adolescence, emphasizing screening and counseling regarding psychosocial issues. In Israel, seventh graders undergo medical examinations within the school health services, focusing on the detection of physical conditions. We addressed the psychosocial issues of these students by introducing an expanded school physician evaluation.Methods:  Twelve school physicians performed structured expanded health evaluations for seventh graders in 11 schools. Each student completed a questionnaire (checklist) with 22 health topics “about which s/he may want to receive information.” The physician then carried out a biomedical and psychosocial evaluation, physical examination, and offered counseling to the student.Results:  Two hundred and seventy‐eight students were examined. The questionnaire required 1‐2 minutes, and the physician’s evaluation 20‐25 minutes. Health behaviors revealed included: currently dieting (28%), no physical activity after school (35%), ever smoked cigarettes (3%), ever smoked a water pipe (9%), used alcoholic beverages (6%), and does not always use front (22%) or rear (55%) seat belt. Nine percent rated their mood as being less than 7 (on a scale from 1 to 10). The leading topics about which the students requested information were height (50%), acne (42%), weight (38%), nutrition/diet (37%), physical activity (35%), and menstrual period (29% of the girls). The physicians counseled the students on an average of 3.6 topics per visit.Conclusions:  An expanded school physician examination identifies students with psychosocial problems otherwise undetected during standard physical examinations, and provides the opportunity to address their personal concerns.
Redrawing the Map of Europe: Spatial Formation of the EU's Eastern Dimension
Authors: Moisio Sami 
Published: January 2007

AbstractHow to write about the many, diverse, politically contested and often highly contradictory meanings of Eastern Europe in a short text? In this article, I approach Eastern Europe from the perspective of the recent (2004) expansion of the European Union (EU) by introducing two among the many geographical themes that have appeared in research within the past few years. I examine the recent EU expansion first from the constructionist viewpoint by introducing the political geography of the ‘return to Europe’ discourse championed by the drivers of the enlargement. Second, I discuss the possible boundary regimes in the eastern part of the EU. These two phenomena are inescapably interlinked and form what might be called the EU's eastern dimension. Finally, I introduce some themes that merit scholarly attention as the EU is preparing for future expansion.
Posaconazole Plasma Concentrations in Juvenile Patients with Invasive Fungal Infection
Authors: Krishna Gopal , Sansone-Parsons Angela , Martinho Monika , Kantesaria Bhavna , Pedicone Lisa 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTPosaconazole is an orally bioavailable triazole antifungal agent for the treatment and prophylaxis of invasive fungal infection. We evaluated plasma posaconazole concentration data from juvenile (younger than 18 years;n= 12) and adult (18 to 64 years;n= 194) patients who participated in a multicenter, phase 3, open-label study that assessed the efficacy and safety of posaconazole treatment for persons who were intolerant of or had invasive fungal infection refractory to standard antifungal therapies. With the exception of one juvenile patient who received 400 mg/day as a divided dose on the day of sample collection, all patients received posaconazole at 800 mg/day as an oral suspension in divided doses. Plasma samples were analyzed through a validated liquid chromatographic-tandem mass spectrometric method with a lower limit of quantitation of 1 ng/ml. Because plasma posaconazole concentrations are relatively constant at steady state, the average of all plasma concentrations (Cav) for each patient was calculated to provide a single steady-state plasma posaconazole concentration. A blinded data review committee reviewed all treatment outcomes. Variable posaconazole plasma concentrations were observed within both the juvenile and adult populations. Mean (median [range])Cavvalues for juvenile and adult patients were 776 ng/ml (579 ng/ml [85.3 to 2,891 ng/ml]) and 817 ng/ml (626 ng/ml [0 to 3,710 ng/ml]), respectively. Overall success rates and adverse event profiles were comparable. In conclusion, posaconazole concentrations in plasma were similar for juvenile and adult patients, suggesting that clinical outcomes are expected to be similar in adults and children with refractory invasive fungal infection.