bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rôle du mode de présentation (visuel, auditif, audio-visuel) dans la mémorisation d'instructions
Authors: Lieury Alain , Choukroun Joseph 
Published: November 2007

Summary : The role of modality of presentation (visual, auditory, audio-visual) in memorizing instructions.
The role of the modality of presentation (visual, auditory and audio-visual) was studied on a free-recall task of lists of instructions (exp. I : lists of 3, 5, 7 and 9 instructions with visual presentation ; exp. II : list of e instructions with the 3 modalities). Subvocalization was controlled by comparing normal reception with reception where subvocalization was suppressed (subfects repeated aloud la, la, la, la). Recall was always inferior with visual presentation and there was no difference between auditory and visual-auditory presentations. A seriai effects analysis of the subvocalization suppression showed (1) that recall was specifically worse with visual presentation for the last information (recency effect) and (2) that recall was generally worse with the three modalities for the first information (primacy effect). As the locus of rehearsal is on the first information, the hypothesis is proposed that the subvocalization would have two additional functions : produce rehearsal with ail presentation modalities and produce auditive recoding of visual information with visual presentation.
Key words : memorizing instructions, subvocalization, modality of presentation.
Vocalisation et mémoire séquentielle des dessins et des mots
Authors: Lieury Alain 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Vocalization and the sequential memory of pictures and words.
Pictures and words were compared in two sequential memory tasks with two vocalization conditions, with loud voice and with suppression of subvocalization. The verbal recall of order and the reconstruction of order were better for the pictures than for the words ; this confirms previous research (Lieury & Calvez, 1986) with lists of 3 to 8 items. Thus the image code can integrale, like the verbal code, some sequential information and the hypothesis of a non sequential processing system for pictures (Paivio & Csapo, 1969, 1971) seems to be invalidated. When the pictures and the words are compared, the lexical code (increased by vocalization aloud) seemed to get a special status. Lexical eues seemed to be necessary for the words in verbal recall and for the reconstruction of order, but optional or not used for the pictures because the suppression of subvocalization decrease the recall of words more and had no effect on the reconstruction of order of the pictures.
Key words : sequential memory, pictures-words, vocalization.
L'attention sélective : l'effet du critère de sélection
Authors: Paquet Lise , Appleby Karen 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Selective attention : effect of selection criterion.
We investigated how subjects ability to ignore the global and local aspects of a nonattended objet was affected by the criterion used to select the attended object. Two large letters (global aspect) constructed front small letters (local aspect) were presented ; one large letter was surrounded by a square while the other was enclosed in a circle. Subjects were required to attend either to the global or the local aspect of one of the compound stimuli (attended object) and to ignore a distractor located at the global or local aspect of the nonattended object. Three selection criteria were used to define the attended object : a) shape, b) brightness, or c) spatial location. The results show that when shape and brightness selection were required, the ease of ignoring the aspects of the nonattended object was dependent upon the direction of attention. When attention was global-directed, subjects could ignore the local, but not the global aspect of the nonattended object. On the other hand, under local-directed attention, subjects were unable to ignore the local aspect, while they could easily ignore the global aspect of the nonattended object. However, selectivity of attention was greatly improved when the relevant object was located on the basis of its spatial location and, regardless of the direction of attention, subjects were able to ignore both aspects of the nonattended object. The results are discussed in terms of the attentional spotlight metaphor.
Key words : selective attention, selection criterion, global/local aspects.
Le statut cognitif des marqueurs « devant, derrière » chez l'enfant français
Authors: Verjat Isabelle 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Cognitive status of markers « devant » and « derriere » in french children.
In a spatial locative comprehension task with « devant » (front, in front) and « derriere » (back, behind), Pierart (1977) distinguished « pro-post » situation with a fronted object, from « ante-post » situation with a non-fronted object. During a child's development, the first situation should be based on topological relations, while the second situation should be based on projective relationships.
This point of view is discussed with three experiments carried out on 4-to-6-year old children.
Results of the first study demonstrated that, as early as 4 years of age, a « pro-post » coding was available.
Results of the second study indicated that this coding was based on a projective relationship and not on a purely spatial proximity relationship.
The third study showed that « pro-post » coding and « ante-post » coding could be used at the same age, i.e. 4 years-old.
A new interpretation for these findings is discussed.
Key-words : spatial markers, cognitive development.
Effet de position sérielle en reconnaissance d'images : approche psychophysiologique des processus de récence et de primauté
Authors: N'Kaoua Bernard , Claverie B. 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
L'étude de l'effet de position sérielle à l'aide des potentiels cognitifs permet de proposer l'hypothèse d'une indépendance de l'effet de récence et de primauté. Ces deux effets semblent mettre en jeu, au moins deux types de processus centraux respectivement en relation avec les phénomènes N200 et P300. De plus, l'effet de récence semble apparaître plus précocement que l'effet de primauté au cours du traitement d'une information à reconnaître.
Mots clés : potentiels cognitifs, effet de position sérielle, mémoire, images.
La mémoire chez l'animal : évolution récente de quelques concepts utilisés en psychophysiologie
Authors: Schenk Françoise 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Recent trends in animal memory : Functional dissociations and the hippocampus.
This paper discusses brain-behavior relationships in animal memory and some methods which allow the use of experimental data for a more general understanding of brain processes underlying memory. In a first part, a brief overview reveals some critical developments which have occurred in the last 20 years. Included among these are the analysis of cognitive processes in animal behavior, the increasing amount of anatomical and physiological data showing that the limbic system is functionally associated with the neocortex, and the proposition by O'Keefe and Nadel (1978) of a neural substrate for cognitive maps in rats. In addition, two methodological trends are considered, the development of specifically spatial tasks for rats and monkeys, and, more generally, the tendency to use equivalent tasks in animais and humans.
In a second part, we discuss some current concepts used in experimental approaches to dissociate memory functions, and the conditions under which these concepts can be applied to dissociations observed in animals and humans. First, we consider the value of spatial memory as a specific hippocampal function. Subsequently, we analyze whether memory components such as working or declarative memory are specific enough to account for dissociations induced by hippocampal lesions.
Key-words : spatial memory, working memory, declarative memory, hippocampus.
Les manifestations du vieillissement normal dans le langage spontané oral et écrit
Authors: Nef François , Hupet Michel 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
La présente revue traite des études dont le but est d'évaluer les effets du vieillissement sur l'expression orale ou écrite spontanée par la comparaison d'échantillons de langage de sujets jeunes et âgés. Ces études consistent toutes en analyses fouillées d'échantillons de langage obtenus de sujets normaux à qui on demande de décrire des images, de rapporter un événement marquant de leur vie ou de raconter une histoire. La première partie de la présente revue est consacrée à un examen des aspects méthodologiques de ces travaux : les caractéristiques générales des jjopulations étudiées, les types de tâches utilisées pour susciter la production spontanée de langage, ainsi que les types de mesures utilisées pour caractériser le langage observé. La seconde partie de cette revue est consacrée à la présentation et à la discussion des observations selon qu'elles ont été récoltées dans un paradigme de description d'images, un paradigme de production d'histoires, ou un paradigme plus souple d'interview. Les conclusions générales de ces travaux sont les suivantes : 1) il n'y a aucun effet de l'âge sur la diversité lexicale de l'expression spontanée ; 2) il y a une baisse significative avec l'âge de la production de phrases complexes, particulièrement de constructions avec embranchement gauche ; 3) il y a une réduction significative de la cohésion du discours, en raison particulièrement d'une augmentation des références ambiguës ; et 4) les récits des personnes âgées témoignent d'une plus grande élaboration narrative : ces récits, tout en étant composés de phrases simples, présentent davantage d'épisodes et d'épisodes enchâssés.
Mots clés : vieillissement, production de langage, mémoire de travail.
La transmission sociale chez les primates
Authors: Chalmeau R. , Gallo Alain 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
La transmission sociale chez les primates peut apparaître à l'intérieur d'une même génération (transmission intra-génération), ou entre deux générations successives (transmission inter-générations, en général de la mère aux jeunes). Les processus cognitifs sous-jacents impliquent un apprentissage par observation et sont de deux types : soit une accentuation locale, soit une imitation. Des problèmes de définition ont conduit vraisemblablement à une surestimation de l'existence de capacités d'imitation chez les primates. Des données récentes laissent en effet penser que cette capacité serait très restreinte, voire inexistante chez les primates non humains ; en revanche, elle se manifesterait de façon très précoce chez le nouveau-né humain. Le problème de la continuité des capacités mentales chez les primates est abordé en discussion.
Mots clés : transmission sociale, imitation, accentuation locale, primates.
Effet des connecteurs sur le rappel de textes par des enfants de 8 et 10 ans bons et mauvais lecteurs et des adultes
Authors: Brassart D.-G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Effect of connectives on the recall of texts by good and poor reader children aged from 8 to 10 and adults.
Connectives are theoretically thought of as instructions given by the writer to the reader in order to process the semantic relations between sentences or packs of sentences. So, connectives should facilitate the comprehension and recall of the text to be read. The objective of the research is to consider the relevance of such a claim. Children of 8 to 10 years who were good or poor readers, and competent adults read four texts with or without connectives. The results show that there is no difference between thr written free recalls of these two versions, except, as expected but mar-ginaly so, by good readers of age 10. However, clear differences exist according to age and reading level in the picking out-process and relational inferring of connectives as reflected by connectives present in recalls.
Key-words : connectives, relational inferring, text recall.
Des processus de quantification à la cardinalité
Authors: Vilette B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary: From quantification processes to cardinality.
The respective role of subitizing and counting on the development of small number cardinality were studied. Forty 4-year-old children were equally assigned and trained in one of four conditions: I - Number sequence training: children simply learned to count up nine objects without feed-back on cardinal meaning to the last number-word said in counting; II - training putting in correspondence the subitizing result with the counting result: children learned that correct assignation of number words to small collections (two or three objects) of perceptual items is identical to the last number-word said in counting the same collection; III - a combination of two previous types of training; IV - control. Number sequence, subitizing and counting were evaluated before (pre-test) and after (post-test) three training sessions. Equivalent performance is found in each condition on three pre-test tasks. On the post-test, counting capacity of children from the third condition is largely better than the other conditions; performance on two others task (number sequence and subitizing) are equivalent among experimental conditions (I, II and III). The results support our hypothesis: counting a collection which has been already «subitized» can help children to understand the cardinal meaning of counting and so to count larger collections. Results are discussed in regard to topical theory interpretation.
Key words: Subitizing, counting, cardinality, cardinal principle
Capacités de rotation mentale dans un espace bi- et tri-dimensionnel chez des enfants de six à dix ans
Authors: Lejeune Marc , Decker C. 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Les capacités de rotation mentale dans un plan parallèle au fond et en profondeur ont été recherchées chez des enfants de six, sept et dix ans. Leurs performances étaient bonnes dans les deux cas avec toutefois plus d'erreurs pour les rotations en profondeur chez les plus jeunes sujets. Les stratégies cognitives utilisées pour résoudre les problèmes ne nous sont pas apparues clairement. Il est possible que les enfants n'aient pas utilisé de «rotations mentales» dans le cas où les stimuli subissaient des rotations dans un espace tri-dimensionnel. Dans ce cas, les temps de réponses n'étaient pas une fonction linéaire de l'angle de présentation des stimuli -fonction classiquement associée au processus de rotation mentale.
Mots clefs: rotation mentale, imagerie mentale, cognition spatiale.
La mémoire dans l'œuvre d'Alfred Binet (1857-1911)
Authors: Nicolas Serge 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Si Alfred Binet (1857-1911) est célèbre grâce au test d'intelligence qui porte son nom, on a presque totalement aujourd'hui oublié son apport à l'étude psychologique de la mémoire. Il a pourtant été, comme Hermann Ebbinghaus, un véritable novateur dans ce domaine. Cet article présente et analyse dans une perspective diachronique les plus importantes contributions de Binet sur le sujet de la mémoire: les mémoires prodigieuses, les mémoires visuelle et auditive, et les influences de la suggestion sur la mémoire. Le premier travail de Binet sur la mémoire vient de l'étude du rôle de cette faculté chez les calculateurs mentaux (Inaudi et Diamandi) et chez les joueurs d'échecs qui jouent sans voir. La seconde contribution originale fut l'examen par Binet de la mémoire visuelle des lignes et surtout de la mémoire auditive pour les mots et la prose (mémoire des idées). La troisième contribution originale de Binet fut les travaux publiés dans le domaine du témoignage oculaire. Si toutes ces recherches ne sont pas souvent citées dans la littérature psychologique actuelle, nous avons montré que les conclusions de Binet avancées il y a presque un siècle y sont souvent reprises et que les données qu'il a rassemblées sont encore informatives aujourd'hui.
Mots clefs: mémoire, Binet, histoire de la psychologie.
Effet du positionnement des connecteurs sur le traitement en temps réel de phrases
Authors: Ziti Abdenbi 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Effect of connectives positioning for on-line sentence processing
This research examines the effect of connectives' position on the representation and thematic integration of coupled clauses, one of which expresses the cause and the other the effect.
Two types of connectives were used : since and then, which indicate a cause — expected effect relation (causal type), and although and however, which indicate a cause — unexpected effect relation (concessive type).
Two experiments were conducted. Different measures were reading times for initial clause (RTIC) with a connective placed either at the beginning or at the end, recognition times for a word extracted from this clause (RTW) (experiment 1) or meaning judgment times (MJT) (experiment 2), and the reading times for the final clause (RTFC). Thirty-two students participated with 16 in each experiment.
The processing speed of clauses depends on the type of connective and on the task to be completed. The MJT are shorter when the connective is placed at the beginning of the initial clause. We propose that the connectives, devoid of virtual reference, provide the reader some processing instructions, which command and orient the cognitive processes necessary for comprehension. These instructions are reinforced by the identification of the connective at the beginning of the clause.
Key words : connectives, processing instructions, cause, effect.
Apprendre à mesurer la durée : étude chez des enfants âgés de 4 à 7 ans
Authors: Pouthas Viviane , Paindorge Béatrice , Jacquet Alain 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Learning to measure time: Studies with 4- to 7-year-old children.
Three studies investigated how young children use duration indicators (hour-glass or metronome) and employ counting to estimate brief durations. The first experiment showed that 4-5-year-old subjects were very accurate when trained to produce a response for a set duration (DRRD 10 s) in the presence of a luminous array composed of small diodes, that went from green to red to indicate the target duration. A rapid decline in performance after the suppression of the clock indicated that during training, subjects of this age only relied on the signal of the last diode turning red to give their response. In the second experiment, 4-5 and 6-year-olds were trained to space their responses using a critical duration (DRL 5 s) with an auditory-visual metronome, which produced a flash and a beep every 800 ms, then with the metronome beating every 1 200 ms. Efficiency of performance was comparable in the two age groups. However, waiting times were adjusted to the critical delay only for the 6-year-olds. Furthermore, accuracy was impaired when the metronome rate was changes. This suggested that 6-year-olds counted the number of beats, whereas 4-5-year-olds mode a global estimation. In the third experiment, 7-year-old children were asked to reproduce the durations (3 s, 5 s or 8 s) of the illumination of a bulb or the intervais (3 s, 5 s or 8 s) between twoflashes oflight. In both cases, estimations of « counter subjects » were more accurate than those of « non-counter subjects». A questionnaire, however, did not show any direct relationship between use of a counting strategy and comprehension of principles of time measurement (the necessary constancy of counting rhythm and of counted units during estimation and reproduction phases). The current results suggest the interest of further research associating the maturation of internal timing mechanisms (as assessed by mean and variance of preferred motor tempo or of counting rhythm) and development of concepts of time measurement.
Key words : temporal estimation, development, external clock, counting.
L'introduction du passé et du futur dans la description d'une situation présente : étude du développement de la tendance diachronique
Authors: Montangero Jacques , Pons Francisco 
Published: November 2007

Summary : Introduction of past and future events in the description of a current situation: Developmental study of the diachronic tendency.
The diachronic tendency is the disposition to evoke past or future stages of a current situation. Two experiments examined the frequency, nature and development of this tendency. Each experiment involved 60 subjects who were successively shown three pictures (one picture being common to the two experiments) that they were requested to describe. Subjects were assigned to one of five age groups from 8 to 12 years of age in experiment 1 and to one of four groups from 9 to 24 years in experiment 2. Results show that the frequency of diachronic responses (evocation of an event not present in the picture) slowly increased with age until a ceiling effect could be observed. For children, the content of the picture influenced the frequency of diachronic responses. A qualitative analysis of the answers revealed that non-present events were mentioned in order to explain unusual and unstable aspects of a situation. Children referred to the actions that produced these aspects whereas from the age of 15 subjects spontaneously mentioned the physical causes or the intentions at the origin of the situation Key words time time perspective cognitive development verbal description of images
Un examen critique des modèles mentaux de Johnson-Laird
Authors: Oléron Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Summary: A critical examination of Johnson-Laird's mental models.
The critical examination of Johnson-Laird's mental models presented here is a part of a more general assessment of the contemporary cognitive psychology of reasoning. Analyzing «mental models», Johnson-Laird seems satisfied by a « definition » of « mental » with a topological metaphor (internal vs external) and « model » as a product rather than a guide. The presentation and theory of mental models lack in precision, particularly in relation to images and abstract concepts. Several variables (explicitness, exhaustiveness, world knowledge...) are not clearly defined. Although mental models appear as a refutation of mental logic, Johnson-Laird uses, for experimentation and argumentation, materials issued from classical logic without mention of the alternative, ecological approach.
Key words : Johnson-Laird, reasoning, mental models.
Mémoire et vieillissement: effet du niveau de difficulté d'une tâche de production en situation de rappel libre
Authors: Taconnat Laurence , Isingrini Michel 
Published: November 2007

Résumé
Dans le but d'examiner l'hypothèse selon laquelle un effet du vieillissement sur l'effet production existerait lorsque la difficulté de la tâche de production est augmentée, deux expériences ont été réalisées. Dans chacune d'elle nous comparons des sujets jeunes et âgés dans trois conditions d'apprentissage : lecture, production «facile» et production «difficile». Les deux expériences se différencient par le fait que dans la première les mots cibles sont produits à partir d'un mot contexte fortement associé alors que celui-ci est faiblement associé au mot cible dans la seconde. Les résultats indiquent que les sujets âgés ne bénéficient pas autant que les jeunes de l'avantage qu'apporte la situation de production des mots cibles sur leur lecture uniquement dans la situation où sont combinées la condition de production « difficile » et d'association faible (expérience 2).
Mots-clés : mémoire, vieillissement, effet production.