bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microsatellite markers for the pest fruit fly, Bactrocera papayae (Diptera: Tephritidae) and other Bactrocera species
Authors: SHEARMAN D. C. A. , GILCHRIST A. S. , CRISAFULLI D. , GRAHAM G. , LANGE C. , FROMMER M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe dorsalis complex contains some of the most economically important fruit fly pests of the Asia–Pacific regions, including Bactrocera dorsalis, Bactrocera papayae and Bactrocera carambolae. These species are morphologically indistinct and genetically very similar. We describe the development of 12 microsatellite markers isolated from a representative of the dorsalis complex, B. papayae. We show the potential utility of the B. papayae microsatellites and a set of microsatellites isolated from Bactrocera tryoni as population and species markers for the dorsalis complex.
Queenship: Politics and Gender in Tudor England
Authors: Warnicke Retha 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn the Tudor century both queens consort and queens regnant presided at court. The role of consorts reflected that of noblewomen, who were expected to produce a male heir to continue their husband's line, to oversee some household functions, to supervise their female attendants, and to support religious enterprises deemed appropriate to women. In addition, their royal status offered consorts opportunities to engage in court politics and to influence patronage. Because giving birth to a male heir defined the success of their reign, their inability to reproduce or to protect their honor sometimes endangered their position as consort, as Henry VIII's wives discovered. By contrast, in addition to marrying and securing the succession, Mary and Elizabeth Tudor were expected to rule as monarchs. The perceived inability of women to govern led to demands that they heed their male councilors’ advice. Concerns about whether her husband would dominate royal decision‐making raised questions about Philip II's role in Mary's reign. Elizabeth compensated for her singleness by devising strategies for dealing with her male councilors and through representations of her public persona as male.
Black Freedom Studies: Re‐imagining and Redefining the Fundamentals1
Authors: Theoharis Jeanne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA burgeoning body of scholarship over the past decade has begun to reshape popular understandings of the civil rights movement. They have challenged the dominant civil rights story of a nonviolent movement born in the South during the 1950s that emerged triumphant in the early 1960s led by the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr. but then was derailed by the twin forces of Black Power and white backlash when it sought to move North after 1965. By returning and re‐asking the fundamental questions of origin, direction, and ideology of the movement, this new scholarship has questioned the most basic aspects of the story: who led and undertook these movements, what the movement was actually about, where it took place, when it happened, and why people engaged in a movement (or what they hoped to change). Their answers – if taken together – begin to show us a different movement: a national black freedom movement populated, shaped, and led by local people in communities across the country that began in the 1940s and 1950s and extended through the 1970s, that married self‐defense with nonviolent direct action, radical economic critiques with desegregation protest with international solidarity, that relied on organizing and ground‐level theorizing of local problems as well as charisma and national organizations.
Finding the Middle‐Ground: The Middling Sort in the Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gauci Perry 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSince the 1980s the debate on the impact of the middle classes in eighteenth‐century Britain has helped to transform current interest and thinking on the period. No consensus has been reached on the degree of social and political change at this time, but our understanding of middling experience has been enhanced by a range of new themes and approaches, the resonance of which continues to enliven the field.
Alterations in Long‐term Seizure Susceptibility and the Complex of PSD‐95 with NMDA Receptor from Animals Previously Exposed to Perinatal Hypoxia
Authors: Chen Wu‐Fu , Chang Hong , Huang Li‐Tung , Lai Ming‐Chi , Yang Chun‐Hwa , Wan Tz‐Hisung , Yang San‐Nan 
Published: February 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Perinatal hypoxia is an important cause of brain injury in the newborn and has consequences that are potentially devastating and life‐long, such as an increased risk of epilepsy in later life. The postsynaptic density (PSD) is a cytoskeletal specialization involved in the anchoring of neurotransmitter receptors and in regulating the response of postsynaptic neurons to synaptic stimulation. The postsynaptic protein PSD‐95 binds to the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor (NMDAR) subunit, and hence activates cascades of NMDAR‐mediated events, such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐responsive element binding protein phosphorylation at serine‐133 (pCREBSerine‐133). Here we studied the effect of perinatal hypoxia on protein interactions involving PSD‐95 and the NMDAR, as well as pCREBSer‐133 expression at an age when the animals show increased seizure susceptibility. Methods: Rats were assigned randomly to the control rats or the rats exposed to transient global hypoxia at postnatal day 10 (P10). At P45, some rats from both groups were treated with pentylenetetrazol (PTZ) intraperitoneally to test the seizure threshold, and others were studied for neuronal loss, pCREBSerine‐133, PSD‐95, and NMDAR expressions in the midbrain, temporal cortex, and hippocampal CA1 subfield by using immunohistochemistry, co‐immunoprecipitation, and immunoblotting techniques, respectively. Results: The rats with prior exposure to perinatal hypoxia exhibited increased seizure susceptibility to PTZ, compared with the control rats. Associated with this long‐term change in seizure susceptibility, selective neuronal loss was observed in the midbrain region while pCREBSer‐133 expression was reduced in the midbrain, temporal cortex, and hippocampal CA1 subfield. Perinatal hypoxia led to a decrease in PSD‐95 expression in the both midbrain and hippocampal CA1 subfield, with the exception of temporal cortex. Furthermore, the association between PSD‐95 and NMDAR subunits (NR1, NR2A, and NR2B) in the hippocampal CA1 was also markedly altered by perinatal hypoxia. Conclusions: This study demonstrates that the decrease in several protein complexes that are essential components of the postsynaptic apparatus is associated with the observed increase in seizure susceptibility in adult rats with prior exposure to perinatal hypoxia. The results indicate that reductions in PSD‐95 expression, PSD‐95 binding of NMDAR subunits, and subsequent NMDAR‐mediated CREB phosphorylation, particularly in hippocampal CA1, are long‐term consequences of perinatal hypoxia and may, at least in part, contribute to perinatal hypoxia‐induced reduction in seizure threshold.
Vigabatrin Retinopathy in an Irish Cohort: Lack of Correlation with Dose
Authors: Kinirons Peter , Cavalleri Gianpiero L. , O'Rourke Dierdre , Doherty Colin P. , Reid Irene , Logan Patricia , Liggan Brenda , Delanty Norman 
Published: February 2006

Summary:  Purpose: The anticonvulsant vigabatrin (VGB) causes irreversible visual‐field constriction in 19–92% of patients. It is unclear whether this correlates with dosing, and the natural history of the retinopathy remains obscure. We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients receiving long‐term VGB to examine whether toxicity is related to the daily dose, duration of therapy, or cumulative dose. Methods
: Information from 93 patients taking long‐term, stable VGB therapy was analyzed. We recorded data on patient demographics, VGB dosing, and all visual‐field assessments. We used the mean redial degrees (MRD) from the right eye to compare the amount of constriction with the dose of VGB. Results
: The mean number of assessments was two (range, 1–6). Of patients having more than one assessment (n = 65), the mean follow‐up time was 2.4 years (range, 0.7–5.6 years); in 52.7%, visual‐field constriction developed. Male and female patients were affected equally. We found no correlation between the average MRD and either the maximum dose of VGB taken, the duration of exposure, or the cumulative dose. The shortest exposure time to development of constriction was 1.1 years. All patients with normal fields on initial assessment continued to have normal fields on follow‐up. Most patients who had evidence of constriction on initial assessment and remained taking VGB showed no progression on follow‐up. One patient had a substantial recovery of vision after discontinuation of VGB. Conclusions: Development of visual constriction in patients receiving prolonged, standard doses of VGB does not depend on the daily dose, duration of exposure, or cumulative dose. Other contributing factors were not identified. Our data suggest that field defects may develop within the first few years of therapy and possibly remain stable thereafter.
A Controlled Clinical Trial of Cathodal DC Polarization in Patients with Refractory Epilepsy
Authors: Fregni Felipe , Thome‐Souza Sigride , Nitsche Michael A. , Freedman Steven D. , Valente Kette D. , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro 
Published: February 2006

Summary:  Purpose: To study the effects of cathodal DC polarization in patients with refractory epilepsy and malformations of cortical development (MCDs) as indexed by seizure frequency and epileptiform EEG discharges. Methods: Nineteen patients with MCDs and refractory epilepsy underwent one session of DC polarization (20 min, 1 mA) targeting the epileptogenic focus. The number of epileptiform discharges (EDs) in the EEG and seizures were measured before (baseline), immediately after, and 15 and 30 days after either sham or active DC polarization. Seizure frequency after the treatment was compared with baseline. Results: Active compared with sham DC polarization was associated with a significant reduction in the number of epileptiform discharges [mean ED reduction of −64.3% (95% CI, −122.5% to −6.0%) for the active treatment group and −5.8% (95% CI, −26.8% to 15.2%) for the sham treatment group]. A trend (p = 0.06) was noted for decrease in seizure frequency after active compared with sham treatment [mean seizure frequency decrease of −44.0% (95% CI, −95.0% to 7.1%) for the active treatment group and −11.1% (95% CI, −22.2% to 44.4%) for the sham treatment group]. Conclusions: This randomized, controlled study shows that cathodal DC polarization does not induce seizures and is well tolerated in patients with refractory epilepsy and MCDs. Furthermore, the results suggest that this technique might have an antiepileptic effect based on clinical and electrophysiological criteria.
Thalamic Atrophy in Childhood Absence Epilepsy
Authors: Chan Chow Huat (Patrick) , Briellmann Regula S. , Pell Gaby S. , Scheffer Ingrid E. , Abbott David F. , Jackson Graeme D. 
Published: February 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Patients with childhood absence epilepsy (CAE) have normal clinical magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies. The presence of abnormalities in corticothalamic networks has been suggested to be the functional basis of absence seizure generation. We assessed whether structural grey and white matter volume changes of these areas occurred in patients with absence seizures by using optimized voxel‐based morphometry (VBM). Methods: We recruited 13 patients with a clinical and EEG diagnosis of CAE (mean age at examination, 17 ± 8 years) and compared them with a consecutive series of 109 controls (mean age, 29 ± 9 years). The 3 tesla MRI examination included a 3D T1‐weighted sequence, which was analyzed with an optimized VBM protocol using the SPM2 package. The threshold was set at p < 0.05, corrected for multiple comparisons. Results: Compared with controls, CAE patients showed areas of grey matter decrease in both thalami and in the subcallosal gyrus. White matter decrease was found in the extranuclear subcortical area and in the white matter of the basal forebrain. Grey and white matter increase was restricted to small clusters of cortical and subcortical areas. Conclusions: Evidence exists of subcortical grey and white matter volume reduction in CAE patients. Bilateral thalamic atrophy may be either a result of damage from seizures (as in hippocampal sclerosis) or a reflection of a primary underlying pathology as the cause of absence seizures.
Defining Intractability: Comparisons among Published Definitions
Authors: Berg Anne T. , Kelly Molly M. 
Published: February 2006

Summary:  Purpose: Intractable epilepsy is the focus of much research; however, this concept is defined in no single way. Individual studies use different definitions, creating difficulties for comparisons of results across studies. A head‐to‐head comparison of definitions could highlight these differences and motivate the development of consensus guidelines. Methods: Within a single prospective study of 613 children in Connecticut with newly diagnosed epilepsy (1993–1997), six different published definitions or indicators for intractability were applied and compared. All definitions were assessed at various times within the first 5 years after diagnosis, with the exact timing reflecting how they were used in their initial reports. Observed and chance‐adjusted agreement (kappa) were computed. The associations of each definition with remission status 7–10 years after diagnosis were quantified with a relative risk. Results: Depending on the specific definition, the epilepsy of 9–24% of children was considered intractable. Observed agreements among the definitions ranged from a low of 0.83 to a high of 0.96. Kappas ranged from low of 0.45 to 0.79. More similar definitions had higher levels of agreement. All definitions were strongly associated with remission status as of last follow‐up. Conclusions: Agreement among the different definitions is strong but imperfect. All definitions were significantly associated with longer‐term outcome. No single preferred definition of intractable epilepsy exists. Some discussion within the field of epilepsy and a consensus process should be considered as a future step for enhancing comparability of research efforts and clinical guidelines. Consideration should be given to whether a single definition will suit all purposes or whether different types of definitions are needed for different purposes.
Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders in Children Residing in Russian Orphanages: A Phenotypic Survey
Authors: Miller Laurie C. , Chan Wilma , Litvinova Aina , Rubin Arkady , Comfort Kathleen , Tirella Linda , Cermak Sharon , Morse Barbara , Kovalev Igor ,   the Boston‐Murmansk Orphanage Research Team
Published: February 2006

Background: Alcohol use in Russia is among the highest in the world. Over 600,000 children reside in institutional care in Russia, most of them in baby homes and orphanages. The actual prevalence of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) among these children is unknown. Therefore, we performed a systematic survey of phenotypic features associated with prenatal alcohol exposure among institutionalized Russian children and related these findings to their growth, development, medical, and social histories.Methods: Phenotypic screening was conducted of all 234 baby home residents in the Murmansk region of Russia (mean age 21+12.6 months). Phenotypic expression scores were devised based on facial dysmorphology and other readily observable physical findings. Growth measurements from birth, time of placement in the baby home, and at present were analyzed. In addition, the charts of 64% of the children were randomly selected for retrospective review. Information collected included maternal, medical, developmental, and social histories.Results: Thirteen percent of children had facial phenotype scores highly compatible with prenatal alcohol exposure and 45% had intermediate facial phenotype scores. These scores correlated with maternal gravidity and age. At least 40% of mothers in whom history was available ingested alcohol during pregnancy; some also used illicit drugs and tobacco. Z scores for growth measurements corresponded to phenotypic score, as did the degree of developmental delay. Children with no or mild delay had significantly lower phenotypic scores than those with moderate or severe delay (p=0.04); more than 70% of children with high phenotypic scores were moderately or severely delayed.Conclusions: More than half of residents of the baby homes in Murmansk, Russia, have intermediate (45%) or high (13%) phenotypic expression scores suggesting prenatal exposure to alcohol. Despite good physical care, stable daily routine, availability of well‐trained specialists, and access to medical care, these vulnerable children show significant growth and developmental delays compared with their institutionalized peers.
A Reexamination of the Corporate Demand for Reinsurance
Authors: Cole Cassandra R. , McCullough Kathleen A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study examines the effect of the state of the international reinsurance market on the demand for reinsurance by U.S. insurers using data from the years 1993 through 2000. Both the overall demand for reinsurance and the utilization of foreign reinsurance by U.S. insurers are explored. In addition to supporting the findings of prior literature related to the traditional motives for the corporate demand for insurance, evidence indicates that the state of the U.S. reinsurance industry impacts the amount of reinsurance demanded by U.S. insurers. The study also investigates reasons why U.S. insurers utilize a reinsurance program composed of both U.S. and foreign reinsurers. The results indicate that the decision to utilize some percentage of foreign reinsurance is driven primarily by the financial and operational characteristics of the ceding company such as firm size, group affiliation, and organizational form. However, no support is found for the hypothesis that possible differences between the foreign and U.S. reinsurance markets impact the decision to utilize foreign reinsurance.
Thirty‐One Years of Clinical Experience with “Nuclear‐Powered” Pacemakers
Authors: PARSONNET VICTOR , DRILLER JACK , COOK DEBRA , RIZVI SYED A. 
Published: February 2006

From 1973 through 1987, 164 radioisotope powered (“nuclear”) pacemakers were implanted in 139 patients at the Newark Beth Israel Medical Center. Patient survival was much as might be expected from an age group as selected for this program. At 31 years (January 2005), 12 of the 139 patients (9%) were still alive. The experience reported here encompassed a span of 16 years of implantation with a follow‐up of slightly more than 31 years. The problems encountered along the way were not remarkably different from those encountered in general clinical experience with pacemakers, except that the number of reoperations was fewer. In fact, most patients died with the initial implant in place. Deaths most commonly were due to cardiac causes (54%). The frequency of malignancies was similar to that of the age‐matched population; primary tumor sites were randomly distributed. These results show that nuclear pacemakers were safe and reliable. Their longevity and the resulting decrease in reoperations offset their greater initial cost.
Brain Sex—Testosterone Role in Personality Evolution; Females and Males are Different?
Authors: Yassin Aksam A. 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT
The genders are different because their brains are different. The brain is differently constructed in men and in women; it processes information in a different way, which results in different perceptions, priorities and behaviour. Men and women are equal only in their common membership to the same species, humankind.
The influence of testosterone on the prenatal brain is producing differences in personalities and social behaviours of this humankind.
The extraordinary journey from the sexual differentiation from the prenatal brain to the gender differences inherent in kindergarten play styles, classroom abilities and adult attitudes towards love, sex and marriage and social life in general have been analysed within the last 20 years.
Testosterone Restores Diabetes-Induced Erectile Dysfunction and Sildenafil Responsiveness in Two Distinct Animal Models of Chemical Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Xin-Hua , Filippi Sandra , Morelli Annamaria , Vignozzi Linda , Luconi Michaela , Donati Silvia , Forti Gianni , Maggi Mario 
Published: February 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Hypogonadism is often associated with diabetes and both conditions represent major risk factors for erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim
To investigate the role of hypogonadism on phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) expression and sildenafil responsiveness in diabetes.

Methods
Two different models of experimental diabetes were used: (i) alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit; and (ii) streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rat. In both experimental models, animals were separated into three groups: control, diabetic, diabetic supplemented with testosterone (T) enanthate. Rabbits were used for “in vitro” experiments. Conversely, each rats group was further subdivided: no further treatment or acute sildenafil dosing (25 mg/kg, 1 hour before “in vivo” electrical stimulation [ES]).

Main Outcome Measure
Erectile capacity was evaluated either by “in vitro” contractility study (alloxan-induced diabetic rabbit) and “in vivo” evaluation of erectile response elicited by ES of cavernous nerve (STZ-induced diabetic rats). Also endothelial nitric oxide synthase, neural nitric oxide synthase (nNOS), and PDE5 protein (Western blot) and mRNA (quantitative real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction [RT-PCR]) expression were measured in rat penile samples of each group.

Results
In both models, hypogonadism was observed, characterized by reduced T and atrophy of androgen-dependent accessory glands. T substitution completely reverted hypogonadism and diabetes-induced penile hyposensitivity to “in vitro” (acetylcholine, rabbit) or “in vivo” (ES, rat) relaxant stimuli, along with nNOS expression, which was reduced (P &lt; 0.05) in STZ rats. In diabetic animals, T substitution reinstated sildenafil-induced enhancement of both “in vitro” nitric oxide donor (NCX 4040) relaxant effect (rabbit) and “in vivo” ES-induced erection (rat). PDE5 was reduced in diabetic STZ rats (P &lt; 0.05) and normalized by T. In STZ rats, sodium nitroprusside (SNP) intracavernous injection induced a more sustained erection than in control rats, which was no further enhanced by sildenafil. T substitution normalized both hyper-responsiveness to SNP and sildenafil efficacy.

Results
In two models of diabetes T deficiency underlies biochemical alterations leading to ED. Normalizing T in diabetes restores nNOS and PDE5, and reinstates sensitivity to relaxant stimuli and responsiveness to sildenafil.
Substance, Attribute, and Mode in Spinoza
Authors: Lin Martin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSome of Spinoza's most well‐known doctrines concern what kinds of beings there are and how they are related to each other. For example, he claims that: (1) there is only one substance; (2) this substance has infinitely many attributes; (3) this substance is God or nature; (4) each of these attributes express the divine essence; and (5) all else is a mode of the one substance. These claims have so astonished many of his readers that some of them have surely concluded that they must not know what Spinoza means by “substance,”“attribute,” and “mode.” In this article I shall try to explain how Spinoza understands the basic ontological categories denoted by these expressions.