bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rome and the Nations
Authors: Syme Ronald 
Published: March 2007

The coming year introduces a notable name for commemoration-Simon Bolivar. Since his birth only two centuries have elapsed, it is true. Yet I propose to go back two millennia or more, to Rome: imperial Republic and world empire.The past is too much with us, so it may be objected anywhere, and not least in the New World. Why bring up “portions and parcels of the dreadful past” (I adopt the phrase of an English poet)? The lessons of history, it will pertinently be observed, are either obvious or fallacious. That maxim need not deter rational enquiry. The experience of antiquity offers valid comparisons, if and when the social and political setting is similar. On that count, human history becomes real, alive, intelligible.
The History of Art: Its Methods and Their Limits
Authors: von Haumeder Ulrika 
Published: March 2007

Tracing the broad outline of European art history means presenting the different methods considered essential to the formation of this discipline. Historiographical research arrives quite naturally at a criticism of the methods themselves and at a search for a broader horizon.To the extent that the historian is involved with the thinking and the problems of his age, his methods reveal personal and conjunctural concepts and ideas which will guide the reflections of his successors ; these successors will modify and correct the concepts received in order to adapt them to new experiences and questions. Or they will add others which are more apt to supply the answers sought. The means of analysing art history today are the fruit of four centuries of discussion during which certain normative criteria, traditional theories and underlying concepts were called into question while at the same time, though being sometimes exported to other areas of the world, they have demonstrated a tenacious degree of longevity. But perhaps a brief recapitulation might be helpful here.
Deconstruction as Symbolic Play
Authors: Weinstein Deena , Weinstein Michael A. 
Published: March 2007

At the end of his writing, “La Différance,” Jacques Derrida deconstructs his text by taking on an authoritative rhetorical tone. Reflecting back on his discussion of metaphysics, Derrida announces that “(t)here will be no unique name, even if it were the name of Being”. And then he takes a surprising phenomeno-logical turn and advocates a privileged attitude or disposition towards his reflection:And we must think this without nostalgia, that is, outside the myth of a purely maternal or paternal language, a lost native country of thought. On the contrary, we must affirm this, in the sense in which Nietzsche puts affirmation into play, in a certain laughter and a certain step of the dance.
History and Historical Anthropology
Authors: Gourevitch Aron I. 
Published: March 2007

“A foreign culture is not revealed in its entirety and its depth except by its view of another culture […] A meaning is revealed in its depth for having encountered and come into contact with another meaning, a foreign meaning: between the two something like a dialogue is installed which because of the closed and onesided nature, inherent in the meaning and culture taken alone […]The dialogue of the meeting of two cultures does not bring about their fusion, their confusion—each of them keeps its own unity and open totality, but they are mutually enriched.”Mikhail M. BakhtiniThe dialogue that we contemporary historians try to have with past cultures is at the same time imperceptibly the beginning of a dialogue with coming generations. The historian of culture in fact has a double and heavy responsibility. On the one hand, his mission is to “resuscitate” the past. His period requires him to do justice to the culture of vanished peoples, to bring life to their thoughts and feelings, even though he knows that a complete and adequate reconstruction of their spiritual universe is only an ideal, a utopia of the scholar. It is in this sense that each scientific reconstruction can only be a modern reconstruction.
Travel, Surrealism and the Science of Mankind
Authors: Richardson Michael 
Published: March 2007

There is a mental geography that may find its explorers, but never its cartographers.Annie Le BrunThe nature of the relationship between surrealism and anthropology has been a focus of recent anthropological debate. This relation has not been considered at the level of methodology and the aim of this article is to consider surrealism in specific methodological relation with anthropology, particularly about how the idea of travel has been conceptualized.
The Head of the Crafty Serpent
Authors: Woodward Servanne 
Published: March 2007

A comparison of African grammars written in French, and bilingual Franco-African or Franco-Caribbean dictionaries, allows us to discern a common myth concerning “family” ties between French and African Languages.Missionaries consider two means of conversion: by the introduction of the God-Word to his children, which predetermines the foreign society to be encountered; the other demands an ethno- graphic study (to discover the meaning of language) in oral societies (African, Caribbean) to whom an alphabetical language is superimposed (with Latin characters). This effort of transcription presupposes the harmonious compatibility of all oral languages with French. Thus the missionaries breathe the Word and transcendence into the colonies in order to recover in “Word incarnate”, instrument and symbol for the conversion process. (The theologian would speak here of the “verticality of transcendence”.) But the missionary enterprise meets with the resistances of written language and of foreign societies endowed with complex structures and syntaxes. Thus, the so-called “verticality” crumbles along with missionary hopes, resulting in a trite approximate translation which could be characterized as “horizontal”.
Varieties of Amazonian Shamanism
Authors: Chaumeil Jean-Pierre 
Published: March 2007

The penetration of the Amazon region by the great religious movements of Europe and Africa began with the first phases of colonial domination, in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The initial influence to be felt was Iberian Catholicism (the religion of the conquerors), which spread along the rivers as missions sprang up here and there. This period of missionary activity continued for over a century, bringing with it a host of consequences, most notably waves of epidemics that killed millions of natives. Nevertheless, an initial “syncretic alliance” was forged in the missions between shamanism and Catholicism.From another quarter came legions of black slaves, exiled to the New World during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to replace the decimated native workforce; with them they brought their own religions and religious practices, which they transplanted, in a more or less transformed state, to all corners of the South American continent. The resulting Afro-American religions were practiced secretly by broad masses and in this way were fused with Amerindian religions (the case of pagelano in Brazil) and with “official” forms of Catholicism (tcmbanda and candomblé, among others).
Toornarsuk, or Shamanism Upside Down
Authors: Matarasso Michel 
Published: March 2007

In our time “spirits” have been reduced to mythical beings often objectified in the form of masks.The mask-figure of Toornarsuk, this cunning and mischievous Eskimo shamanistic spirit-figure’, seems to offer us both a mirror image of the various ways shamanism has been observed and a reflection of the complex picture shamanism presents to contemporary researchers. Shamanism, like Toornarsuk, seems both to mimic and to make sport of people and their moral and social orders. This is why shamanism, for a long period of time now, has constituted a kind of counterculture for minority communities.
Paths of Faith: Following the Blessed Footsteps of Adam to Ceylon
Authors: Abeydeera Ananda 
Published: March 2007

“Adam was hurled into Hindustan. In this land there is a mountain called Serandib, and it is reported that there is no higher mountain in all the universe. Adam landed on this mountain.” The subject of Serendib plays an important role in both the geographical and travel literature of the Arabs. Serendib, or Sarandib, is the transcription of the Singhalese name Sinhaladîpa, which means “island of the descendants of lions” (singha, “lions,” in Singhaly). Already, in the Middle Ages, in the year 949, Arab merchants, who were well acquainted with the island of Ceylon, set up a branch in Colombo. The natural beauty and wealth of the island so touched the imagination of Arab voyagers that it appeared in the sixth voyage of Sinbad the Sailor, and it was also believed that Adam lived on the island after having been driven from Paradise: “The island of Serendib is located directly under the equinoctial line…. Men fish for pearls along its banks and at the mouths of its rivers, and some of its valleys are rich in diamonds. As an act of faith I myself took a trip to the mountain, to the very spot where Adam was banished after being exiled from Paradise. I even climbed to its summit.”This excerpt, from The Thousand and One Nights, well summarizes the feelings of those Arab merchants whose accounts of their travels, in large measure, contributed to the spread of myths and legends about Ceylon.
Imagining America
Authors: Fuentes Carlos 
Published: March 2007

We are approaching two dates in our personal and collective calendars that oblige us to pause and reflect on our place in time and on our task in history.We share the first date with all of humanity. We are coming closer to a new century and a new millenium, leaving behind the epoch of grandeur and servitude that we call “the twentieth century,” even though we live our time, like all times, accompanied by its multiple pasts.
Imagined Peripheries
Authors: Sato Masayuki 
Published: March 2007

… because the thing-in-itself has no abnormality. Anything unusual will appear, after I myself see it: Abnormality belongs not to the thing-in-itself, but to myself.Kuo P'u (276-324), Shan-hai ching (Scriptures of the Mountains and the Seas)On my first visit to England, nearly twenty years ago, I experienced a poignant moment of realization, understanding finally why Europeans called Japan a “Far Eastern country,” for it was then that I first saw a Europe-centered world map: Japan really was a small fringe of islands off at the far right edge of the map, in the “Far Eastern” region, from a European point of view.
A History of Misunderstandings
Authors: de Saint-Loup Aude 
Published: March 2007

Sarah is a young deaf woman in revolt, refusing to speak. She marries James, an orthophonist who works in a special school for the deaf. However, what gradually emerges in the course of their relationship is the latent suffering caused by what each of the partners isn't getting. James, tired of acting as Sarah's interpreter, frustrated by the limits of what they can share, shouts out:You want to be independent of me, you want to be a person in your own right, you want people not to pity you … then you [must] learn to read my lips and you [must] learn to use that little mouth of yours for something besides eating and showing me you're better than hearing girls in bed! Come on! Read my lips? What am I saying? Say what I'm saying … You always have to be dependent on someone, and you always will for the rest of your life until you learn to speak. Now come on! I want you to speak to me. Let me hear it. Speak! Speak! Speak! …
Greek Philosophy and Encyclopedic Knowledge
Authors: Hadot Ilsetraut 
Published: March 2007

What does “encyclopedic knowledge” mean to us today? I believe that, as in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, what we mean by this term is a knowledge that strives to embrace in detail the greatest possible number of sciences and bodies of knowledge. As Sainte-Beuve said in 1850 regarding Madame de Genlis:All these tastes, all these diverse talents, all these pleasurable arts, all these trades (for she didn't even omit the trades), made her a living Encyclopedia that prided itself upon being the rival and the antagonist of the other Encyclopedia.
Heuristic Mysteries – Invention, Language, Chance
Authors: Durand-Sendrail Béatrice 
Published: March 2007

To be able to make “change” happen in the lives of patients entrusted to his care, Watzlawick says he tried to produce a theory about it. He was forced to acknowledge that the mechanisms of change resist systematization and, therefore, all wishes to elicit them as well.Well-being is to therapy what discovery is to thought and the event is to History: the position – unforeseen, unforeseeable – in reality of what did not hitherto exist. And heuristics would be, if not a science, since there could be no science of change, then at least the name given to reflection on its mystery.
Preparation and Characterization of Carbon Microcoils (CMCs)
Authors: Motojima Seiji , Chen Xiuqin 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Carbon micro-coils (CMCs) with 3D-helical/spiral structures and coil diameters on the order of micrometer were obtained by metal-catalyzed pyrolysis of acetylene at 700–800 °C. The preparation conditions, morphology, growth mechanism, microstructure, and some properties of the CMCs were examined in detail. Two pieces of vapor grown carbon fibers grown from a metal catalyst grain curl and entwine each other due to the anisotropic catalytic activity between different crystal faces of the catalyst grain and thus form double-helix CMCs. CMCs have an almost amorphous structure but could be graphitized by high-temperature heat treatment with full preservation of the coiling morphology. The CMCs could effectively generate inductive electromotive force, inductive current and thus Joul’s heat under microwave irradiation. The CMCs/elastic polymer composite elements showed high tactile sensing properties which are comparable to that of human skin. The CMCs are a possible candidate for electromagnetic wave absorbers, remote heating materials, visualization elements of microwaves, tactile sensor elements, micro-antennae, chiral catalysts, bio-activators or bio-deactivators, energy converters, etc.
Synthesis and Luminescence of Four-Coordinate Mononuclear Gold(I) Complex: [Au(biphep)2]PF6
Authors: Saito Ken , Tsukuda Toshiaki , Matsumoto Kenji , Tsubomura Taro 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A tetrahedral four-coordinate bis-diphosphine gold(I) complex, [Au(biphep)2]PF6 (biphep = 2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-biphenyl), was prepared, and the structure was determined by X-ray structure analysis. The complex showed photoluminescence at room temperature in the solid state and in CH2Cl2.
Stable Diaxial Chair Cyclohexanes due to the Adjacent and Bulky trans-Siloxy Groups
Authors: Yamada Hidetoshi , Okajima Kotaro , Imagawa Hiroshi , Mukae Tatsuya , Kawamura Yoshiaki , Nishizawa Mugio 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The rings of the (±)-trans-1,2-bis(tert-butyldiphenylsiloxy)-, (triisopropylsiloxy)-, and (tert-butyldimethylsiloxy)cyclohexanes prefer a diaxial chair conformation in the crystal state. The ring of the tert-butyldimethylsiloxy derivative switched its chair conformation between the diaxial and a diequatorial conformations in the crystal and in solution, respectively.
Photoisomerization and Fluorescence Properties of para-Substituted Benzyl Ether-Type Stilbene Dendrimers
Authors: Watanabe Shinko , Ikegami Masashi , Nagahata Ritsuko , Arai Tatsuo 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Stilbene dendrimers were prepared by coupling 4,4′-dihydroxystilbene with first, second, third, or fouth generation benzyl ether-type dendrons. Despite a short lifetime of the core structure (&lt; 1 ns), all the generations of stilbene dendrimers underwent photoisomerization with the same efficiency as that of 4,4′-dimethoxystilbene.
Light Energy Conversion and Storage with Soft Carbonaceous Materials that Solidify Mesoscopic Electrochemical Interfaces
Authors: Miyasaka Tsutomu , Ikeda Nobuyuki , Murakami Takurou N , Teshima Kenjiro 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Photoactive interfaces created by mesoscopic materials realize high-efficiency light to electric conversion as achieved by dye-sensitized photoelectrodes. Combinaiton of soft carbon composite materials with the mesoscopic interfaces enables solidification of the electrochemical charge-transfer interfaces and incorporation of energy storage function. New approaches for solid-state photoelectrochemistry are described.
Gemini Surfactant Directed Preparation and Photocatalysis of m-BiVO4 Hierarchical Frameworks
Authors: Zheng Yan , Wu Ju , Duan Fang , Xie Yi 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The m-BiVO4 hierarchical frameworks were synthesized using a novel Gemini surfactant-monoalkylated disulfonated diphenyl oxide surfactant (C12-MADS) as the structure-directing reagent and as-obtained m-BiVO4 nanomaterials exhibited good photocatalysis for degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light.
New Synthesis of 3-Bromoflavones via Bromination of 1-(2-Hydroxyphenyl)-3-arylpropane-1,3-dione by CuBr2, and Conversion into 3-Aminoflavones
Authors: Miyake Hideyoshi , Nishino Shouko , Nishimura Akinori , Sasaki Mitsuru 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A new synthesis of 3-bromoflavones from 1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)-3-arylpropane-1,3-dione using CuBr2 is described. The usefulness of 3-bromoflavone as a precursor of 3-aminoflavone is also described.
Palladium-catalyzed Nucleophilic Substitution of Diarylmethyl Carbonates with Malonate Carbanions
Authors: Kuwano Ryoichi , Kusano Hiroki 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The nucleophilic substitution of diarylmethyl carbonates with malonate carbanions proceeded in the presence of [Pd(π-C3H5)(cod)]BF4–Cy-Xantphos, giving the desired (diarylmethyl)malonates in up to 90% yield. The yield was extremely affected by choice of the phosphine ligand.
Mukaiyama Aldol Reaction of Ester Acceptors: Organoaluminums Catalyze Nucleophilic Addition of Ketene Silyl Acetals
Authors: Iwata Shin , Hamura Toshiyuki , Matsumoto Takashi , Suzuki Keisuke 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Organoaluminum reagents catalyze the addition of ketene silyl acetals to esters, affording the β-keto ester derivatives in good to excellent yields.
5H,13H-5,13a-[1′,2′]Benzenocyclopenta[rst]pentaphen-13-one: A New Triptycene Derivative with a Strained Structure
Authors: Kurata Hiroyuki , Kyusho Masahiro , Nishimae Yuichi , Matsumoto Kouzou , Kawase Takeshi , Oda Masaji 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The title compound, a new anthracene-containing triptycene derivative, was synthesized. The crystal structure shows its strained configuration and intermolecular π–π stacking arrangement. Photochemical [4 + 4] dimerization occurs easily in solution and in the solid state, even under visible-light irradiation.
MEK/ERK Signaling Controls Osmoregulation of Nucleus Pulposus Cells of the Intervertebral Disc by Transactivation of TonEBP/OREBP
Authors: Tsai Tsung-Ting , Guttapalli Asha , Agrawal Amit , Albert Todd J , Shapiro Irving M , Risbud Makarand V 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Earlier studies have shown that intervertebral disc cells express TonEBP, a transcription factor that permits adaptation to osmotic stress and regulates aggrecan gene expression. However, the mechanism of hyperosmotic activation of TonEBP in disc cells is not known. Results of this study show that hypertonic activation of ERK signaling regulates transactivation activity of TonEBP, modulating its function.
Introduction: In an earlier report, we showed that tonicity enhancer binding protein (TonEBP) positively regulates aggrecan gene expression in disc cells, thereby autoregulating its osmotic environment. Although these studies indicated that the cells of the nucleus pulposus were optimally adapted to a hyperosmotic state, the mechanism by which the cells transduce the osmotic stress was not delineated. The primary goal of this study was to test the hypothesis that, in a hyperosmotic medium, the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway regulated TonEBP activity.
Materials and Methods: Nucleus pulposus cells were maintained in isotonic or hypertonic media, and MAPK activation and TonEBP expression were analyzed. To study the role of MAPK in regulation of TonEBP function, gel shift and luciferase reporter assays were performed. ERK expression in cells was modulated by using expression plasmids or siRNA, and transactivation domain (TAD)-TonEBP activity was studied.
Results: We found that hypertonicity resulted in phosphorylation and activation of ERK1/2 proteins and concomitant activation of C terminus TAD activity of ELK-1, a downstream transcription factor. In hypertonic media, treatment with ERK and p38 inhibitors resulted in downregulation of TonE promoter activity of TauT and HSP-70 and decreased binding of TonEBP to TonE motif. Similarly, forced expression of DN-ERK and DN-p38 in nucleus pulposus cells suppressed TauT and HSP-70 reporter gene activity. Finally, we noted that ERK was needed for transactivation of TonEBP. Expression of DN-ERK significantly suppressed, whereas, WT-ERK and CA-MEK1 enhanced, TAD activity of TonEBP. Experiments performed with HeLa cells indicated that the ERK signaling pathway also served a major role in regulating the osmotic response in nondiscal cells.
Conclusions: Together, these studies showed that adaptation of the nucleus pulposus cells to their hyperosmotic milieu is dependent on activation of the ERK and p38- MAPK pathways acting through TonEBP and its target genes.