bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical Efficacy of Intravenous Hypertonic Saline Solution or Hypertonic Bicarbonate Solution in the Treatment of Inappetent Calves with Neonatal Diarrhea
Authors: Koch A. , Kaske M. 
Published: December 2008

Background:The clinical efficacy of IV administered hypertonic saline solution and hypertonic bicarbonate solution (HBS) in the treatment of inappetent diarrheic calves has not been compared yet.Hypothesis:HBS is more advantageous than hypertonic saline in the treatment of calves with severe metabolic acidosis.Animals:Twenty‐eight dehydrated, inappetent calves with neonatal diarrhea.Methods:In 2 consecutive clinical studies, calves were initially treated with saline (5.85%; 5 mL/kg body weight [BW] over 4 minutes; study I: N = 16) or bicarbonate solution (8.4%; 10 mL/kg BW over 8 minutes; study II: N = 12), respectively, followed by oral administration of 3 L isotonic electrolyte solution 5 minutes after injection. Clinical and laboratory variables were monitored for 72 hours.Results:Treatment failed in 6 calves of study I and in 1 calf of study II as indicated by a deterioration of the general condition. All treatment failures had more severe metabolic acidosis compared with successfully treated calves before treatment. In the latter, rehydration was completed within 18 hours after injection; metabolic acidosis was corrected within 24 hours (study I) and 6 hours (study II) after injection.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Diarrheic calves with slight metabolic acidosis (base excess [BE] >−10 mM) can be treated successfully with hypertonic saline. HBS is appropriate in calves without respiratory problems with more severe metabolic acidosis (BE up to −20 mM). Intensive care of the calves is required to ensure a sufficient oral fluid intake after the initial IV treatment.
Efficacy and Toxicosis of VELCAP‐C Treatment of Lymphoma in Cats
Authors: Hadden A.G. , Cotter S.M. , Rand W. , Moore A.S. , Davis R.M. , Morrissey P. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Lymphoma is the most common malignancy affecting cats. A protocol employing vincristine, l‐asparaginase, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, and prednisone (VELCAP‐S) is effective and well tolerated in dogs with lymphoma. A 24‐week variation of this protocol (VELCAP‐C) was developed for treatment of cats.Hypothesis: That VELCAP‐C will result in survival times for cats with lymphoma that are similar to those obtained when cats are treated with a protocol that includes fewer chemotherapy agents.Animals: Sixty‐one cats with lymphoma.Methods: Retrospective study. Outcomes evaluated were response to VELCAP‐C therapy, toxicosis, and survival time. The effect of signalment, staging, CBC, and serum chemistry profile and dosage on these outcomes was examined.Results: Six cats (10%) completed the protocol with a median survival of 1189 days. Forty‐three percent (23 of 61) of the cats achieved complete response (CR) with a median survival time of 62 days. Cats that required a dose reduction of any drug during induction were more likely to achieve CR. Weight loss and hepatomegaly at diagnosis were negatively associated with response to treatment. Increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) serum activity at the time of initial treatment correlated with decreased survival times.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: This multi agent protocol did not provide improved survival over historical data using protocols with fewer agents. Serum LDH activity levels might provide useful prognostic information for cats with lymphoma.
The Effects of Hydrocortisone on Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure and Urinary Protein Excretion in Dogs
Authors: Schellenberg S. , Mettler M. , Gentilini F. , Portmann R. , Glaus T.M. , Reusch C.E. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Hypertension and proteinuria are commonly recognized in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism. There is, however, little information regarding the effect of exogenous glucocorticoids on blood pressure (BP) and proteinuria and whether these changes are reversible.Hypothesis:Hydrocortisone administration increases systemic BP and urinary protein excretion, and these effects are reversible after hydrocortisone withdrawal.Animals:Six control dogs and 6 dogs treated with hydrocortisone.Methods:BP, urine protein : creatinine ratio (UPC), microalbuminuria (MALB), urine albumin : creatinine ratio (UAC), and urine gel electrophoresis were evaluated before, during, and after administration of hydrocortisone (8 mg/kg PO q12h for 12 weeks) or placebo.Results:BP and UPC increased substantially during hydrocortisone administration from 123 mmHg (range 114–136 mmHg) and 0.17 (0.15–0.28) to a maximum of 143 mmHg (128–148 mmHg) and 0.38 (0.18–1.78), respectively, on day 28. MALB developed in 4 dogs and UAC significantly increased in all dogs during hydrocortisone administration with the maximum on day 84. Both increases in BP and proteinuria were reversible and completely resolved within 1 month after stopping hydrocortisone administration. SDS‐AGE revealed the proteinuria to be primarily albuminuria with a pronounced increase during hydrocortisone treatment. Furthermore, a protein of 25–30 kDa was found in male dogs, identified by mass spectrometry to be arginine esterase, the major secretory prostatic protein.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Long‐term hydrocortisone treatment results in significant but only mild increases in systemic BP and urinary protein excretion, which are both reversible within 1 month after discontinuation of hydrocortisone.
Feline Visceral Hemangiosarcoma
Authors: Culp W.T.N. , Drobatz K.J. , Glassman M.M. , Baez J.L. , Aronson L.R. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Feline visceral hemangiosarcoma (HSA) is an uncommon tumor, and the clinical progression and outcome are rarely reported.Hypothesis:The prognosis of feline visceral HSA is poor because of severe clinical signs, anemia, and a high rate of metastasis.Animals:The medical records of 26 client‐owned cats with visceral HSA were reviewed.Methods:Multi‐institutional retrospective study.Results:The most common historical findings and clinical signs included lethargy, anorexia, respiratory difficulty, collapse, and vocalizing. Eighty‐two percent of cats were anemic, and aspartate transaminase was increased in 53% of the study population. Metastatic lung disease was noted in 33% of affected cats. In 75% of the cats, abdominal ultrasonography identified a specific location of HSA. However, ultrasound identification of all multifocal lesions was successful only in 3/9 cats (33%). Tumor location was identified in the following organs: liver (35%), small intestine (31%), large intestine (31%), abdominal lymph node (31%), mesentery (27%), spleen (23%), lung (19%), omentum (12%), brain (8%), pancreas (8%), and diaphragm (8%). Multifocal HSA was noted in 77% of cats. Three cats received adjuvant chemotherapy (doxorubicin). Seventy‐one percent of euthanized cats were euthanized within 1 day of diagnosis. The median survival time of the remaining cats (n = 6) was 77 days (range, 23–296 days).Conclusion and Clinical Importance:Feline visceral HSA is most often multifocal at the time of diagnosis. The prognosis appears poor, and the number of cats receiving chemotherapy is low.
Portal Vein Thrombosis in Cats: 6 Cases (2001–2006)
Authors: Rogers C.L. , O'Toole T.E. , Keating J.H. , Penninck D.G. , Webster C.R.L. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Portal vein thrombosis (PVT) in cats is sparsely reported.Purpose of Study: To evaluate the clinical signs and diseases associated with PVT in cats.Animals: 6 client‐owned cats.Methods: Medical records for cats with a portal vein thrombus diagnosed on abdominal ultrasound or at necropsy were reviewed. Signalment, historical data, underlying disorders, clinical findings, clinicopathologic and histopathologic data, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome were recorded.Results: All 6 cats identified with PVT also had hepatic disease. Evidence of a congenital portosystemic shunt was present in 3/6 cats. Two cats had primary or metastatic hepatic neoplasia. One cat had acute cholangitis, acute pancreatitis, and locally extensive acute centrilobular hepatic necrosis. Two cats were suspected to have acute thrombi and 4 cats had chronic thrombi.Conclusion and Clinical Significance: PVT might be an important concurrent finding in cats with hepatic disease.
Thromboelastographic Tracings in Retired Racing Greyhounds and in Non‐Greyhound Dogs
Authors: Vilar P. , Couto C.G. , Westendorf N. , Iazbik C. , Charske J. , Marín L. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Bleeding disorders in patients with normal coagulation test results are frequently reported in Greyhounds. The purpose of this study was to compare Greyhounds to non‐Greyhounds by thromboelastography (TEG).Hypothesis:TEG parameters in Greyhounds are different from those in non‐Greyhounds.Animals:Forty‐three healthy dogs (28 Greyhounds and 15 non‐Greyhounds) based on the results of physical examination, CBC, activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, fibrinogen, and platelet count.Materials and Methods:Recalcified citrated native TEGs were performed in both groups; data were compared using Student's, Mann‐Whitney, and Pearson's statistical tests.Results:In Greyhounds, mean ± SD were as follows: R‐time 4.3 ± 1.7 minutes, K‐time 3.8 ± 1.4 minutes, angle (α) 50.0 ± 8.0°, maximum amplitude (MA) 47.6 ± 5.6 mm, clot strength (G) 4,647 ± 1,097 dyn/cm2, and percent lysis at 60 minutes (LY60) 2.8 ± 5.0%. In the non‐Greyhounds they were R‐time 3.7 ± 1.6 minutes, K‐time 2.5 ± 0.9 minutes, angle 59.8 ± 7.0°, MA 53.1 ± 5.6 mm, G 5,811 ± 1,256 dyn/cm2, and LY60 3.1 ± 2.5%. All parameters were significantly different between the groups, except for R‐time and LY60.Conclusion:In Greyhounds, clotting kinetics are slower and clot strength are weaker than in non‐Greyhounds, supporting the increased tendency to bleed observed after minor trauma or surgical procedures in the breed. The findings may also be attributed to blood viscosity or to the concentration of citrate in the sample (ie, Greyhounds have higher hematocrit and less plasma per unit volume).
Association of Body Weight and Body Condition with Survival in Dogs with Heart Failure
Authors: Slupe J.L. , Freeman L.M. , Rush J.E. 
Published: December 2008

Background:Obesity is a risk factor for cardiovascular disease in people, but overweight and obese human heart failure patients have improved survival compared with normal‐ or underweight controls—the obesity paradox. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is an association of body weight and body condition with survival in dogs with heart failure.Hypothesis:That body condition and changes in body weight are predictors of survival in dogs with heart failure.Animals:One hundred and eight dogs with heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council stages 2, 3a, or 3b) secondary to dilated cardiomyopathy or chronic valvular disease.Methods:Medical records were reviewed, and data regarding initial body weight and body condition score (BCS), subsequent changes in body weight, and treatment were collected. Survival times were determined for dogs that were discharged from the hospital and lived >24 hours.Results:Survival was significantly different between dogs that gained, lost, or maintained body weight over the course of their disease (P= .04), with dogs that gained weight surviving the longest. BCS and medications were not significantly associated with survival time; however, n‐3 fatty acid intake was associated with longer survival time (P= .009).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:These results suggest that changes in body weight might be an important consideration in the survival of dogs with heart failure.
Mutation in β1‐Tubulin Correlates with Macrothrombocytopenia in Cavalier King Charles Spaniels
Authors: Davis B. , Toivio‐Kinnucan M. , Schuller S. , Boudreaux M.K. 
Published: December 2008

Background: Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) have a high prevalence of inherited macrothrombocytopenia. The purpose of this study was to determine if a mutation in β1‐tubulin correlated with presumptive inherited macrothrombocytopenia.Hypothesis: A mutation in β1‐tubulin results in synthesis of an altered β1‐tubulin monomer. α‐β tubulin dimers within microtubule protofilaments are unstable, resulting in altered megakaryocyte proplatelet formation.Animals: Blood samples were obtained from CKCS and non‐CKCS dogs.Methods: DNA was used in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays to evaluate β1‐tubulin. Platelet numbers and mean platelet volume (MPV) were evaluated for a correlation with the presence or absence of a mutation identified in β1‐tubulin. Platelets obtained from homozygous, heterozygous, and clear CKCS were further evaluated using electron microscopy and immunofluorescence.Results: A mutation in the gene encoding β1‐tubulin correlated with macrothrombocytopenia in CKCS. Electron microscopy and immunofluorescence studies suggest that platelet microtubules are present but most likely are unstable and decreased in number.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: The macrothrombocytopenia of CKCS correlated with a mutation in β1‐tubulin. α–β tubulin dimers within protofilaments most likely are unstable, leading to altered proplatelet formation by megakaryocytes. This information will aid in distinguishing inherited from acquired thrombocytopenia. It also provides insight into the mechanism of platelet production by megakaryocytes, and also may prove useful in understanding heart‐related changes in macrothrombocytopenic CKCS with concurrent mitral valve regurgitation.
Effective and Reduced-Cost Modified Selective Medium for Isolation of
Clostridium difficile
Authors: Nerandzic Michelle M. , Donskey Curtis J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

Both for epidemiologic studies and for diagnostic testing, there is a need for effective, economical, and readily available selective media for the culture of
Clostridium difficile
. We have developed a reduced-cost substitute for cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose agar (CCFA), which is an effective but expensive selective medium for
C. difficile
. The modified medium, called
C. difficile
brucella agar (CDBA), includes an enriched brucella base as a substitute for proteose peptone no. 2, and the concentration of sodium taurocholate has been reduced from 0.1% to 0.05%. To compare the sensitivities and selectivities of CDBA and CCFA, cultures for
C. difficile
were performed using stool samples from patients with C.
difficile
-associated disease. CDBA was as sensitive as CCFA for the recovery of
C. difficile
, with a similar frequency of breakthrough growth of stool microflora (25% versus 31%, respectively). A liquid formulation of the modified medium, termed
C. difficile
brucella broth (CDBB), stimulated rapid germination and outgrowth of
C. difficile
spores, at a rate comparable to that in cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose broth. Our results suggest that CDBA and CDBB are sensitive, selective, and reduced-cost media for the recovery of
C. difficile
from stool samples.
Rapid Emergence of
emm84
among Invasive
Streptococcus pyogenes
Infections in Finland
Authors: Siljander Tuula , Lyytikäinen Outi , Vähäkuopus Susanna , Säilä Petrus , Jalava Jari , Vuopio-Varkila Jaana 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT

From 2005 to 2007, in Finland, the incidence of invasive
Streptococcus pyogenes
disease increased sharply, partly due to the uncommon
emm84
gene becoming more prevalent from 2006 onwards. The overall case fatality rate of infections caused by strains carrying
emm84
was not significantly different than that of infections caused by other types (7% versus 10%, respectively;
P
= 0.50).
Herpes Simplex Virus Replication: Roles of Viral Proteins and Nucleoporins in Capsid-Nucleus Attachment
Authors: Copeland Anna Maria , Newcomb William W. , Brown Jay C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) involves a step in which a parental capsid docks onto a host nuclear pore complex (NPC). The viral genome then translocates through the nuclear pore into the nucleoplasm, where it is transcribed and replicated to propagate infection. We investigated the roles of viral and cellular proteins in the process of capsid-nucleus attachment. Vero cells were preloaded with antibodies specific for proteins of interest and infected with HSV-1 containing a green fluorescent protein-labeled capsid, and capsids bound to the nuclear surface were quantified by fluorescence microscopy. Results showed that nuclear capsid attachment was attenuated by antibodies specific for the viral tegument protein VP1/2 (UL36 gene) but not by similar antibodies specific for UL37 (a tegument protein), the major capsid protein (VP5), or VP23 (a minor capsid protein). Similar studies with antibodies specific for nucleoporins demonstrated attenuation by antibodies specific for Nup358 but not Nup214. The role of nucleoporins was further investigated with the use of small interfering RNA (siRNA). Capsid attachment to the nucleus was attenuated in cells treated with siRNA specific for either Nup214 or Nup358 but not TPR. The results are interpreted to suggest that VP1/2 is involved in specific attachment to the NPC and/or in migration of capsids to the nuclear surface. Capsids are suggested to attach to the NPC by way of the complex of Nup358 and Nup214, with high-resolution immunofluorescence studies favoring binding to Nup358.
Lower Levels of Gamma Interferon Expressed by a Pseudotyped Single-Cycle Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Enhance Immunogenicity in Rats
Authors: Peng Yue , Lin Fan-ching , Verardi Paulo H. , Jones Leslie A. , Yilma Tilahun D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTA vaccine for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is desperately needed to control the AIDS pandemic. To address this problem, we constructed single-cycle simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIVs) pseudotyped with the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus and expressing different levels of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) as a potential vaccine strategy. We previously showed that IFN-γ expression by pseudotyped SIVs does not alter viral single-cycle infectivity. T cells primed with dendritic cells transduced by pseudotyped SIVs expressing high levels of IFN-γ had stronger T-cell responses than those primed with dendritic cells transduced by constructs lacking IFN-γ. In the present study, we tested the immunogenicities of these pseudotyped SIVs in a rat model. The construct expressing low levels of rat IFN-γ (dSIVLRγ) induced higher levels of cell-mediated and humoral immune responses than the construct lacking IFN-γ (dSIVR). Rats vaccinated with dSIVLRγalso had lower viral loads than those vaccinated with dSIVRwhen inoculated with a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing SIV Gag-Pol as a surrogate challenge. The construct expressing high levels of IFN-γ (dSIVHRγ) did not further enhance immunity and was less protective than dSIVLRγ. In conclusion, the data indicated that IFN-γ functioned as an adjuvant to augment antigen-specific immune responses in a dose- and cell type-related manner in vivo. Thus, fine-tuning of the cytokine expression appears to be essential in designing vaccine vectors expressing adjuvant genes such as the gene for IFN-γ. Furthermore, we provide evidence of the utility of the rat model to evaluate the immunogenicities of single-cycle HIV/SIV recombinant vaccines before initiating studies with nonhuman primate models.
Role for Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in the Immune Control of Recurrent Human Herpes Simplex Virus Infection
Authors: Donaghy Heather , Bosnjak Lidija , Harman Andrew N. , Marsden Valerie , Tyring Stephen K. , Meng Tze-Chiang , Cunningham Anthony L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPlasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) are an important component of the innate immune response, producing large amounts of alpha interferon in response to viral stimulation in vitro. Under noninflammatory conditions, pDC are not found in the skin and are restricted in location to the blood and lymph nodes. Therefore, their role in mucosal and cutaneous herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection has not been well-defined. In this study we show a role for human pDC in the immune response to HSV infection. First, by confocal microscopy we showed that pDC infiltrate the dermis of recurrent genital herpes simplex lesions at early and late phases, often at the dermo-epidermal junction. We then showed that pDC in vitro are resistant to HSV infection despite expressing the entry receptors CD111, CD112, and HVE-A. Within the lesions, pDC were found closely associated with CD3+lymphocytes and NK cells, especially those which were activated (CD69+). Furthermore, these HSV-exposed pDC were able to stimulate virus-specific autologous T-lymphocyte proliferation. We conclude from this work that pDC may contribute to the immune control of recurrent herpes virus infection in vivo.
Reevaluating the CD8 T-Cell Response to Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1: Involvement of CD8 T Cells Reactive to Subdominant Epitopes
Authors: Sheridan Brian S. , Cherpes Thomas L. , Urban Julie , Kalinski Pawel , Hendricks Robert L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn C57BL/6 (B6) mice, most herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific CD8 T cells recognize a strongly immunodominant epitope on glycoprotein B (gB498) and can inhibit HSV type 1 (HSV-1) reactivation from latency in trigeminal ganglia (TG). However, half of the CD8 T cells retained in latently infected TG of B6 mice are not gB498specific and have been largely ignored. The following observations from our current study indicate that these gB498-nonspecific CD8 T cells are HSV specific and may contribute to the control of HSV-1 latency. First, following corneal infection, OVA257-specific OT-1 CD8 T cells do not infiltrate the infected TG unless mice are simultaneously immunized with OVA257peptide, and then they are not retained. Second, 30% of CD8 T cells in acutely infected TG that produce gamma interferon in response to HSV-1 stimulation directly ex vivo are gB498nonspecific, and these cells maintain an activation phenotype during viral latency. Finally, gB498-nonspecific CD8 T cells are expanded in ex vivo cultures of latently infected TG and inhibit HSV-1 reactivation from latency in the absence of gB498-specific CD8 T cells. We conclude that many of the CD8 T cells that infiltrate and are retained in infected TG are HSV specific and potentially contribute to maintenance of HSV-1 latency. Identification of the viral proteins recognized by these cells will contribute to a better understanding of the dynamics of HSV-1 latency.