bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Representation of Clytemnestra and Cassandra in Taneyev's Oresteia
Authors: Belina Anastasia 
Published: June 2008

Sergei Taneyev (18561915) was a Muscovite, a piano virtuoso, music theorist, composer, and pedagogue. He was a pupil and later a close friend of Tchaikovsky, and a teacher of Rachmaninov, Scriabin, Medtner, Glier and Gretchaninov, among a host of other Russian composers. Taneyev was also known for his passionate interest in Greek antiquity, in the early music of the Netherlands, and in counterpoint. The choice for the subject of his one and only opera Oresteia (1894),<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1">1</xref> based on the eponymous tragedy by Aeschylus, perplexed its critics and audiences.<xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn2">2</xref> While Aeschylus made a number of changes in his The Oresteia that challenged the established perception of its characters, Taneyev's changes and additions were necessary in order to combat his listeners' lack of familiarity with the tragedy and its storyline. This article concentrates on Taneyev's treatment of women's roles and explores the ways in which Taneyev's Clytemnestra and Cassandra are similar to, and different from their counterparts in the original source. The important changes and additions made by Taneyev are analysed and set in the context of the nineteenth-century Russian operatic scene. <fn-group> <fn id="fn1">1The title of Aeschylus'The Oresteiaappears in Russian asOresteia, because the definite article does not exist in Russian. This article will therefore refer to Taneyev's opera asOresteia, and the original work of Aeschylus asThe Oresteia.</fn> <fn id="fn2">2For a detailed discussion of antiquity in Russian literature, music and art, see Korabelnikova 1986: 101109, and Korabelnikova 1979: 8392.</fn> </fn-group>
The Anomalous Effects of Biased Mutation Revisited: Mean–Optimum Deviation and Apparent Directional Selection Under Stabilizing Selection
Authors: Zhang Xu-Sheng , Hill William G 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Empirical evidence indicates that the distribution of the effects of mutations on quantitative traits is not symmetric about zero. Under stabilizing selection in infinite populations with normally distributed mutant effects having a nonzero mean, Waxman and Peck showed that the deviation of the population mean from the optimum is expected to be small. We show by simulation that genetic drift, leptokurtosis of mutational effects, and pleiotropy can increase the mean–optimum deviation greatly, however, and that the apparent directional selection thereby caused can be substantial.
Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen and ASF1 Modulate Silent Chromatin inSaccharomyces cerevisiaevia Lysine 56 on Histone H3
Authors: Miller Andrew , Yang Bo , Foster Tiaunn , Kirchmaier Ann L 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe formation and stability of epigenetically regulated chromatin is influenced by DNA replication and factors that modulate post-translational modifications on histones. Here we describe evidence that PCNA can affect silencing in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by facilitating deposition of H3 K56ac onto chromosomes. We propose that PCNA participates in this process through a pathway that includes replication factor C, the chromatin assembly factor Asf1p, and the K56-specific acetyltransferase Rtt109p. We show that mutation of POL30 or loss of K56-acetylation in rtt109 and histone H3 mutants enhances silencing at the crippled HMR locus HMRae** via restoring Sir binding and that pol30 mutants with silencing phenotypes have reduced levels of H3 K56ac. Although loss of acetylation on H3 K56 was generally compatible with silencing, mutations at this residue also led to defects in silencing an ADE2 reporter at HMR and abolished silencing when combined with cac1 or pol30-8. These silencing phenotypes are analogous to those in asf1 mutants or pol30-6 and pol30-79 mutants with defects in ASF1-dependent pathways. On the basis of these findings, we propose that mutations in DNA replication factors alter acetylation of H3 K56. We show that this defect, in turn, contributes to misregulation of epigenetic processes as well as of cellular responses to DNA damage.
Kernel-Based Association Test
Authors: Yang Hsin-Chou , Hsieh Hsin-Yi , Fann Cathy S J 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAssociation mapping (i.e., linkage disequilibrium mapping) is a powerful tool for positional cloning of disease genes. We propose a kernel-based association test (KBAT), which is a composite function of “P-values of single-locus association tests” and “kernel weights related to intermarker distances and/or linkage disequilibria.” The KBAT is a general form of some current test statistics. This method can be applied to the study of candidate genes and can scan each chromosome using a moving average procedure. We evaluated the performance of the KBAT through simulation studies that considered evolutionary parameters, disease models, sample sizes, kernel functions, test statistics, window attributes, empirical P-value estimations, and genetic/physical maps. The results showed that the KBAT had a well-controlled false positive rate and high power compared to existing methods. In addition, the KBAT was also applied to analyze a genomewide data set from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Important genes associated with alcoholism dependence were identified. In summary, the merits of the KBAT are multifold: the KBAT is robust against the inclusion of nuisance markers, is invariant to the map scale, and accommodates different types of genomic data, study designs, and study purposes. The proposed methods are packaged in the user-friendly software, KBAT, available at http://www.stat.sinica.edu.tw/hsinchou/genetics/association/KBAT.htm.
Independent Origin of Sex Chromosomes in Two Species of the Genus Silene
Authors: Mrackova Martina , Nicolas Michael , Hobza Roman , Negrutiu Ioan , Monéger Françoise , Widmer Alexander , Vyskot Boris , Janousek Bohuslav 
Published: June 2008

AbstractHere we introduce a new model species, Silene colpophylla, that could facilitate research of sex chromosome evolution and sex-determining systems. This species is related to the well-established dioecious plant model Silene latifolia. Our results show that S. colpophylla is, similarly to S. latifolia, a male heterogametic species, but its sex chromosomes have evolved from a different pair of autosomes than in S. latifolia. The results of our phylogenetic study and mapping of homologs of S. latifolia X-linked genes indicate that the sex determination system in S. colpophylla evolved independently from that in S. latifolia. We assert that this model species pair will make it possible to study two independent patterns of sex chromosome evolution in related species.
Phylogeographic Evidence of Crop Neodiversity in Sorghum
Authors: de Alencar Figueiredo L F , Calatayud C , Dupuits C , Billot C , Rami J-F , Brunel D , Perrier X , Courtois B , Deu M , Glaszmann J-C 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Sorghum has shown the adaptability necessary to sustain its improvement during time and geographical extension despite a genetic foundation constricted by domestication bottlenecks. Initially domesticated in the northeastern part of sub-Saharan Africa several millenia ago, sorghum quickly spread throughout Africa, and to Asia. We performed phylogeographic analysis of sequence diversity for six candidate genes for grain quality (Shrunken2, Brittle2, Soluble starch synthaseI, Waxy, Amylose extender1, and Opaque2) in a representative sample of sorghum cultivars. Haplotypes along 1-kb segments appeared little affected by recombination. Sequence similarity enabled clustering of closely related alleles and discrimination of two or three distantly related groups depending on the gene. This scheme indicated that sorghum domestication involved structured founder populations, while confirming a specific status for the guinea margaritiferum subrace. Allele rooted genealogy revealed derivation relationships by mutation or, less frequently, by recombination. Comparison of germplasm compartments revealed contrasts between genes. Sh2, Bt2, and SssI displayed a loss of diversity outside the area of origin of sorghum, whereas O2 and, to some extent, Wx and Ae1 displayed novel variation, derived from postdomestication mutations. These are likely to have been conserved under the effect of human selection, thus releasing valuable neodiversity whose extent will influence germplasm management strategies.
Cooperative Interactions Between Pairs of Homologous Chromatids During Meiosis in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Mell Joshua Chang , Komachi Kelly , Hughes Owen , Burgess Sean 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We report a novel instance of negative interference during Saccharomyces cerevisiae meiosis, where Cre-mediated recombination between pairs of allelic loxP sites is more frequent than expected. We suggest that endogenous crossover recombination mediates cooperative pairing interactions between all four chromatids of a meiotic bivalent.
Aneuploidy: Cells Losing Their Balance
Authors: Torres Eduardo M , Williams Bret R , Amon Angelika 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA change in chromosome number that is not the exact multiple of the haploid karyotype is known as aneuploidy. This condition interferes with growth and development of an organism and is a common characteristic of solid tumors. Here, we review the history of studies on aneuploidy and summarize some of its major characteristics. We will then discuss the molecular basis for the defects caused by aneuploidy and end with speculations as to whether and how aneuploidy, despite its deleterious effects on organismal and cellular fitness, contributes to tumorigenesis.
Early Induction of Spawning of Tautogs and Comparison of Growth Rates of Larvae from Early and Normally Spawned Broodstocks
Authors: Perry Dean M , Klein-MacPhee Grace , Keller Aimee 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
A reliable broodstock of spawning fish must be available year-round for finfish aquaculture to be a commercially viable venture. Two independent laboratory trials were conducted at Milford, Connecticut, and Narragansett, Rhode Island, to investigate spawning adult tautogs Tautoga onitis outside their normal spawning season by manipulating temperature and photoperiod. The spawning date for adult tautogs was successfully advanced by 2 months in each trial. Egg production rates were similar between the two trials, the peak numbers of eggs produced per day occurring between 5 and 8 d after spawning began. Although the methods used were slightly different at each laboratory, the results were similar, viable embryos being successfully hatched and cultured in each trial. Larval growth from the Rhode Island early-spawned fish was similar to that of larvae from fish spawned during the normal spawning season. The results of both trials indicate the possibility of maintaining multiple broodstocks and inducing them to breed at different times throughout the year.
Field Collection, Handling, and Refrigerated Storage of Sperm of Red Snapper and Gray Snapper
Authors: Riley Kenneth L , Chesney Edward J , Tiersch Terrence R 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Red snapper Lutjanus campechanus and gray snapper L. griseus support valuable sport and commercial fisheries. Because of their high market value and limited commercial harvests, these species are prime candidates for aquaculture and stock enhancement. Development of culture techniques for snapper species has been attempted over the past 30 years, but use of gonadotropic hormones with mature, wild-caught red snapper remains the most reliable method for inducing ovulation and producing eggs that can be fertilized. In this study, procedures for sperm collection, handling, and refrigerated storage were developed to improve strip-spawning techniques for these snapper species. Use of refrigerated sperm allows efforts to be focused on maintaining female broodstock, monitoring of ovarian development, and increasing efficiency during the strip-spawning process. Sperm were collected from male red snapper (n = 199) and gray snapper (n = 83) captured in the recreational fishery during the summers of 2000 and 2001. Sperm were diluted 1:4 with calcium-free Hanks' balanced salt solution (HBSS), placed in 4-L plastic bags, and transported to the laboratory on ice. Osmotic pressure (mean ± SE) of seminal plasma was 428 ± 15 milliosmoles (mOsm) per kilogram for red snapper (n = 19) and 411 ± 5 mOsm/kg for gray snapper (n = 13). Blood plasma osmolality was 440 ± 7 mOsm/kg for red snapper and 421 ± 7 mOsm/kg for gray snapper. Activation studies of red and gray snapper sperm indicated that sperm motility was suppressed by decreasing the osmotic pressure of artificial seawater to a level less than 400 mOsm/kg. Refrigerated storage experiments demonstrated that sperm samples suspended in 200-mOsm/kg HBSS retained motility for 10 d when refrigerated at 4°C. These results show that red snapper and gray snapper sperm can be stored for short-term repeated use in a hatchery.
Effects of Freezing, Drying, Ultraviolet Irradiation, Chlorine, and Quaternary Ammonium Treatments on the Infectivity of Myxospores of Myxobolus cerebralis for Tubifex tubifex
Authors: Hedrick Ronald P. , McDowell Terry S. , Mukkatira Kaveramma , MacConnell Elizabeth , Petri Brian 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
The effects of freezing, drying, ultraviolet irradiation (UV), chlorine, and a quaternary ammonium compound on the infectivity of the myxospore stage of Myxobolus cerebralis (the causative agent of whirling disease) for Tubifex tubifex were examined in a series of laboratory trials. Freezing at either −20°C or −80°C for a period of 7 d or 2 months eliminated infectivity as assessed by the absence of production of the actinospore stage (triactinomyxons (TAMs)) from T. tubifex cultures inoculated with treated myxospores over a 4–5-month period. Myxospores retained infectivity when held in well water at 5°C or 22°C for 7 d and when held at 4°C or 10°C d for 2 months. In contrast, no TAMs were produced from T. tubifex cultures inoculated with myxospores held at 20°C for 2 months. Drying of myxospores eliminated any evidence of infectivity for T. tubifex. Doses of UV from 40 to 480 mJ/cm2 were all effective for inactivating myxospores of M. cerebralis, although a few TAMs were detected in one replicate T. tubifex culture at 240 mJ/cm2 and in one replicate culture at 480 mJ/cm2. Treatments of myxospores with chlorine bleach at active concentrations of at least 500 mg/L for 15 min largely inactivated myxospore infectivity for T. tubifex. Likewise, there was no evidence of TAMs produced by T. tubifex inoculated with myxospores treated with alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC) at 1,500 mg/L for 10 min. Treatments of myxospores with 1,000-mg/L ADBAC for 10 min reduced TAM production in T. tubifex cultures sevenfold relative to that in cultures inoculated with an equal number of untreated myxospores. These results indicate that myxospores of M. cerebralis demonstrate a selective rather than broad resistance to selected physical and chemical treatments, and this selective resistance is consistent with conditions that myxospores are likely to experience in nature.
Detecting the Response of Fish Assemblages to Stream Restoration: Effects of Different Sampling Designs
Authors: Baldigo B. P. , Warren D. R. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Increased trout production within limited stream reaches is a popular goal for restoration projects, yet investigators seldom monitor, assess, or publish the associated effects on fish assemblages. Fish community data from a total of 40 surveys at restored and reference reaches in three streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York, were analyzed a posteriori to determine how the ability to detect significant changes in biomass of brown trout Salmo trutta, all salmonids, or the entire fish community differs with effect size, number of streams assessed, process used to quantify the index response, and number of replicates collected before and after restoration. Analyses of statistical power (probability of detecting a meaningful difference or effect) and integrated power (average power over all possible α-values) were combined with before–after, control–impact analyses to assess the effectiveness of alternate sampling and analysis designs. In general, the more robust analyses indicated that biomass of brown trout and salmonid populations increased significantly in restored reaches but that the net increases (relative to the reference reach) were significant only at two of four restored reaches. Restoration alone could not account for the net increases in total biomass of fish communities. Power analyses generally showed that integrated power was greater than 0.95 when (1) biomass increases were larger than 5.0 g/m2, (2) the total number of replicates ranged from 4 to 8, and (3) coefficients of variation (CVs) for responses were less than 40%. Integrated power was often greater than 0.95 for responses as low as 1.0 g/m2 if the response CVs were less than 30%. Considering that brown trout, salmonid, and community biomass increased by 2.99 g/m2 on average (SD = 1.17 g/m2) in the four restored reaches, use of two to three replicates both before and after restoration would have an integrated power of about 0.95 and would help detect significant changes in fish biomass under similar situations.
Setting River Restoration Priorities: A Review of Approaches and a General Protocol for Identifying and Prioritizing Actions
Authors: Beechie T. , Pess G. , Roni P. , Giannico G. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Implicit in the question, “How should I prioritize restoration actions?” is often the unstated question, “What should I restore?” Distinguishing between these questions helps clarify the restoration planning process, which has four distinct steps: (1) identify the restoration goal, (2) select a project prioritization approach that is consistent with the goal, (3) use watershed assessments to identify restoration actions, and (4) prioritize the list of actions. A well-crafted restoration goal identifies the biological objective of restoration, addresses underlying causes of habitat change, and recognizes that social, economic, and land use objectives may constrain restoration options. Once restoration goals are identified, one of six general approaches can be selected for prioritizing restoration actions: project type, refugia, decision support systems, single-species analysis, multispecies analysis, and cost effectiveness. Prioritizing by project type, refugia, or a decision support system requires the least quantitative information, and each approach is relatively easy to use. Single-species, multispecies, and cost effectiveness approaches require more information and effort but often most directly address legal requirements. Watershed assessments provide most of the information used to identify and prioritize actions and should be explicitly and carefully designed to support the goals and prioritization scheme. Watershed assessments identify causes of habitat degradation, habitat losses with the greatest effect on biota and ecosystems, and local land and water uses that may limit restoration opportunities. Results of assessments are translated into suites of restoration options, and analysis of land use and economic constraints helps to evaluate the feasibility of various options. Finally, actions are prioritized based on assessment results and the selected prioritization scheme. In general, we recommend the use of simple decision support systems for cases in which watershed assessments provide incomplete information; the cost effectiveness approach is recommended for cases in which watershed assessments identify (1) restoration actions needed to restore riverine habitats, (2) biological benefits associated with each action, and (3) costs of restoration actions.
More Sites or More Years? Optimal Study Design for Monitoring Fish Response to Watershed Restoration
Authors: Liermann Martin , Roni Phil 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Every year in the Pacific Northwest, hundreds of stream restoration projects are implemented at great expense in the hope that they will increase salmonid abundance. Our understanding of how salmonids interact with their freshwater habitat has steadily improved, but we are still a long way from being able to reliably predict population-level effects of individual projects. To determine whether these projects are in fact increasing salmonid abundance, we will need to implement restoration at the watershed scale, monitor the populations after the freshwater portion of their life history is completed, and replicate the experiment across multiple watersheds to produce results that can be generalized. Although there has been some progress in this direction, it has largely consisted of independent efforts at a relatively small scale. In this paper, we use smolt counts of coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch from streams in western Washington and Oregon, along with approximate restoration and monitoring costs, to estimate the most cost-effective way of allocating monitoring effort between years and watersheds to allow detection of an average response to watershed-scale restoration. We show that it is generally preferable to spread the available effort across more watershed pairs, unless the one-time cost of adding a watershed pair is very high (e.g., when the cost of restoration is included). These results are sensitive to plausible changes in temporal and spatial variability and may change with different assumptions about response type, but they are derived using a logical, transparent process that incorporates available information.
Response of Fish Populations to Natural Channel Design Restoration in Streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York
Authors: Baldigo Barry P. , Warren Dana R. , Ernst Anne G. , Mulvihill Christiane I. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Many streams and rivers throughout North America have been extensively straightened, widened, and hardened since the middle 1800s, but related effects on aquatic ecosystems have seldom been monitored, described, or published. Beginning in the early 1990s, reach-level restoration efforts began to base projects on natural channel design (NCD) techniques and Rosgen's (1994b, 1996) river classification system in an effort to duplicate or mimic stable reference reach geomorphology. Four reaches in three streams of the Catskill Mountains, New York, were restored from 2000 to 2002 using NCD techniques to decrease bed and bank erosion rates, decrease sediment loads, and improve water quality. The effects of restoration on the health of fish assemblages were assessed through a before–after, control–impact (BACI) study design to quantify the net changes in population and community indices at treatment reaches relative to index changes at unaltered reference reaches from 1999 to 2004. After restoration, community richness and biomass at treatment reaches increased by more than one-third. Changes in fish communities were caused mainly by shifts in dominant species populations; fish community biomass and total fish abundance were generally dominated by daces or daces and sculpins before restoration and by one or more salmonid species after restoration. Density and biomass of eastern blacknose dace Rhinichthys atratulus, longnose dace R. cataractae, and slimy sculpin Cottus cognatus did not change appreciably, whereas net salmonid density and biomass increased substantially after restoration. These changes were driven primarily by large increases in populations of brown trout Salmo trutta. The findings demonstrate that the structure, function, and ultimately the health of resident fish populations and communities can be improved, at least over the short term, through NCD restoration in perturbed streams of the Catskill Mountains.