bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liturgical Theology
Authors: Kepnes Steven 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
God is the central figure in the text of the prayer book, or Siddur; but God also presents a significant semiotic challenge. Indeed, God is a challenge to all linguistic and semiotic systems. How does one express and name the inexpressible? The argument in this chapter is that the prayer book is very aware of these issues and that it presents a series of sophisticated semiotic strategies to express and approach God. The analysis begins with an explication of C. S. Peirce's semiotics. The chapter then undertakes a semiotic analysis of the opening part of the daily morning service, the Birkhot Ha‐shahar. This includes analysis of scriptural verses, prayers, liturgical poems, Tallit, and Tefillin. The chapter ends with a semiosis of the Kaddish prayer for the dead.
1 The Haunting of American Literature
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the way in which Emerson has exerted tremendous imaginative influence over 20th-century literary critics, causing them to place his “American Scholar” at the center of their intellectual and cultural projects to remake America by redirecting the way it considered its past. Emerson's little-known involvement with the 1834 New York elections reveals how he assimilates political language so as to trope it. This innovative troping resists coercive and conventional modes of thought and discourse, but has also led to critical misreadings as to the social efficacy of Emerson's writing.
5 Perry Miller’s Errand into the Wilderness
Authors: Fuller Randall 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter traces the process by which Perry Miller came to view Emerson as the molten center in the Ptolemaic universe of American literary history. Accordingly, some of his most important utterances about American culture gather around Emerson and seek to establish a “usable” version of the author as someone who wished above all else to make ideas a force in a world hopelessly immured in an inert materialism. In 1939-40, for instance, as the Harvard campus erupted in a bitterly politicized debate over US intervention in World War II, Miller wrote “From Edwards to Emerson”, a dazzling piece of scholarly synthesis that covertly rebuked campus communists and isolationists while at the same time suggesting the basis for more effective intellectual activism. And as Cold War anxiety coalesced with his own sense that the study of America had been co-opted by an imperial project that in turn led to intellectual constriction and repression, he found himself describing with increasing frequency the Emersonian scholar as a “lone wolf”, an outsider fiercely protective of independent thought while at the same time fated to obscurity, misappropriation, and bitter alienation.
THE SUBJECT OF MORAL PHILOSOPHY, WITH POSTSCRIPT 2007
Authors: Urban Walker Margaret 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter claims that the subject matter of moral theory is morality, and that morality is a socially embodied medium of understanding and negotiation over responsibility for things open to human care and effort. Morality is found in practices of responsibility that are not modular with respect to the rest of social life, and that are apt to reflect social differences, including gender, race, and class differences typical in human communities. Feminist ethics, drawing on the work of Carol Gilligan, alleges bias in moral theory and challenges moral reflection and its basis in intuitions when the social perspectives of moral philosophers go unexamined. Contemporary Anglo-American ethics follows a theoretical-juridical model of morality. The chapter introduces an expressive-collaborative model that combines critical and normative reflection on claims to moral knowledge with a significant empirical burden in ethics. It concludes with a new Postscript on recent developments in moral theory.
The Special Composition Problem
Authors: Thomasson Amie L. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Peter van Inwagen, Terence Horgan, and Matjaž Potrč argue against ordinary inanimate objects on grounds that no view that accepts them can provide a satisfactory answer to the special composition question: the question of when a plurality of things composes some other thing. That question involves the existence question of when there is some thing composed (by other things). If “thing” is used in a sortal or covering sense, however, the argument against ordinary objects does not go through. But if “thing” is used generically in asking the question, then (given the results of chapter 6) this is an ill-formed question to which we can expect no uniform answer. However we understand it, then, the special composition question cannot be used to argue against ordinary objects.
4 Out of America
Authors: Sidbury James 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter follows the story of the Loyalists — who came to call themselves “Nova Scotians” — in their exodus to an African promised land. It traces their efforts to put into practice the transformative project that Gustavus Vassa had outlined at the conclusion of his Interesting Narrative. In these settlers' struggles with the Sierra Leone Company, which governed the colony, and their efforts to forge relationships with the Koya Temne people who surrounded the colony, the Nova Scotians confronted some of the inherent complexities in the emerging diasporic vision of African identity. In the process they, and some black New Englanders who hoped to follow them, began to forge an alternate way to think about the links connecting “Africans” to one another.
Landscapes and Cities
Authors: Patterson John R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe first two centuries AD are conventionally thought of as the ‘golden age’ of the Roman Empire, yet Italy in this period has often been seen as being in a state of decline and even crisis. This book investigates the relationships between city and countryside in Italy in the early Empire, using evidence from archaeology, literary texts, and inscriptions; it stresses the diversity of situations across Italy, with a focus on individual towns and regions as well as on the broader picture. Reviewing the wealth of data derived from archaeological field survey over recent years, it highlights the changing patterns of rural settlement in different regions of Italy, and in particular the growth of large estates. These are then related to contemporary developments in the cities, where the patterns of public building and benefaction revealed by urban excavation and by honorific inscriptions were influenced by changing conceptions of urban life at the local level as well as by the influence of contemporary building in Rome itself. The advancement of the Italian elites into the equestrian and senatorial orders under the early Empire brought challenges as well as benefits to the communities from which they came; the book underlines the resourcefulness of the cities, both large and small, in seeking to maintain and develop their civic traditions by drawing on new sources of support.
Romulus' Asylum: the Character of the Roman Citizenship
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Citizenship was the primary means of defining what it was to be specifically Roman, and the peculiar permeability of the citizenship was worked out as an essential and permanent feature of Roman identity through the medium of myths of Rome's beginnings. In addition, the incorporation of individuals and peoples within the citizenship, and even the broader idea of migration to the city of Rome, came to serve as an important metaphor for the incorporative character of Roman culture, for religion, and for language. At the end of the Republic and in the imperial period, the Roman citizenship became an increasingly extraordinary conceit within the classical world. For citizenship was traditionally imagined to be first and foremost all about the active participation in the obligations and privileges of one relatively small community, rather than a marker of social and juridical privilege wherever the citizen might travel within the Roman world.
Languages and Literatures
Authors: Dench Emma 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Key passages of the De Oratore and the Brutus, in which Cicero sets up models of ‘correct’ Latin particularly by reference to what he claims to be in some sense ‘inferior’ Latin, are interesting for the study of the language and literature of the ancients. Cicero acknowledges both a plurality of Latins and, variously, the learning and eloquence of some non-Roman speakers in a catalogue much mined by modern scholars of ancient Italy that takes us among the Marsi, to Sora, Bononia, Asculum, and Fregellae, moving between past and present time. Cicero's suggestion that ‘Brutus’ is about to experience the lack of ‘urbane colouring’ at first hand in his governorship of Cisalpine Gaul is an acknowledgement of a large and expanding educated Latin elite that was potentially part of the community of Roman society. In the late Republican context within which these works were written, Cicero's hierarchical formulation and restrictive definition of ‘good’ Latin represents one approach to an increasingly destabilized and potentially decentralized Roman political and social world.
1 Introduction
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe period after the reign of Alexander the Great is generally regarded as a depressing anticlimax. It was characterized by destabilisation and virtual anarchy, as the great king's marshals fought for the empire which he had allegedly left to the strongest of them. The army which he had led into Asia was dissipated in a sequence of futile civil wars, and the elite Macedonian troops were progressively reduced by combat, much of it against fellow Macedonians. Out of the conflict emerged a number of kingdoms, created by the ambitions of individual satraps, which gradually coalesced into hereditary dynasties.
3 Macedonian Numbers at the Death of Alexander the Great
Authors: Bosworth A. B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Few events are as important and contentious as the demographic effect resulting from Alexander's conquests. It is accepted that Macedonia was far weaker by the end of the 3rd century than had been the case under Philip and Alexander, but what caused the debilitation has been intensely disputed. One theory is that Alexander's demands for reinforcements, in particular the demands he made between 334 BC and 330 BC, drained the military resources of Macedonia and were ultimately responsible for her decline over the following century. This chapter explores the question concerning the strength of Alexander's army at the time of his death, along with the military situation between 323 BC and 319 BC, when Macedonian reserves were stretched to the full. The impact of the campaigns of those years, which were arguably more destructive — for Macedon — than the entire reign of Alexander, is discussed.
Women and Latin Verse in the High Middle Ages
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise of the vernaculars and changing role of Latin in medieval Europe. It presents the evidence for nuns and other religious women as poets in Latin. It also examines different varieties of religious life for medieval women, and the implications of these different lifestyles for access to Latin literacy. It discusses women and the exercise of authority in medieval Europe (notably by Norman royal ladies): early arguments for the Latin education of noblewomen. The chapter includes specific sections on surviving anonymous Latin verse in women's voices, rotuli (memorial rolls) as evidence for convent literacy, Baudri of Bourgeuil's circle of educated women, particularly Constantia, women Latinists in northern Europe, especially Hildegard of Bingen, the nuns of Helfta, the love-verses from Regensburg, and Willetrudis's Versus de Susanna: it is argued that this last may have been written at Wilton.
Women Latinists in Sixteenth-Century England
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on English pride in learned women by 1550: learned women at the early Tudor court. It discusses Erasmus and the household of Sir Thomas More; the development of companionate marriage in both Catholic and Protestant families; and the Seymour sisters and the political implications of humanist education for girls. It also considers the learning and culture of Elizabeth I, and of women associated with her court, in particularly the four Cooke sisters, who included Mildred Cecil, Lady Burghley. Elizabeth's desire to impress foreign humanists is examined. Sixteenth-century Protestant women humanists outside the court, notably Anne Lok, women recusants, women and Latin culture in Ireland and Scotland are presented.
Italian Women Poets of the Sixteenth Century and After
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter deals with the expansion of possibilities for women writers in 16th-century Italy, particularly in the vernacular, with unusually extensive access to print compared with other countries. However, women continued to write in Latin and translate from Latin. Olimpia Morata, educator and poet in Latin and Greek, is an example, and another is Tarquinia Molza, a professional musician at the D'Este court and student of Plato. Counter-Reformation convents harbored a number of women scholars, including Laurentia Strozzi, and there is extensive evidence for convent drama and convent music. In the 17th century, Elena Piscopia gained international renown by taking a PhD, and Martha Marchina became one of the few working-class women to write Latin verse. The increasing popularity of academies opened up a new public space for Italian women, particularly the Ricovrati of Padua, as a little later, did the salons of the 18th century. Eighteenth-century Bologna became the first University to recruit women faculty members.
Anna Maria van Schurman and Other Women Scholars of Northern and Central Europe
Authors: Stevenson Jane 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines poor survival rate of early modern German books. It emphasizes an increasing interest in women's capabilities and education, and discusses pietism as a movement that encouraged women's learning. It also considers educating fathers: German professors who taught their daughters Latin, and a continued use of Latin in court contexts, particularly among the Wittelsbachs, the Braunschweig-Lüneburgs, and in the Palatinate. Women published in Latin, such as Euphrosine Aue, are presented. In the Low Countries, Anna Maria van Schurman was the outstanding, but not the only example, of a multilingual woman scholar, and probably the first woman permitted to attend university (Utrecht) as a student. There were Latinate women among the Dutch petit bourgeosie, notably Elizabeth Koolaart. In the 17th century, princesses and professors' and pastors' daughters in Scandinavia began to study Latin, notably Queen Christina, Sophia Brenner, and Maria Aurora van Königsmarck. Women in the court of Luisa Maria Gonzaga, Queen of Poland, continued to cultivate Latin, notably Sophia Corbiniana, and another outstanding figure is the poet Anna Memorata.
Introduction
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces the book by considering the implications of the way letters figure throughout Bowen's work, foregrounding the act of writing itself. It also examines those essays in which Bowen writes about the acts of reading and writing, and suggests what she means when she says that writing is ‘the enforced return’. Finally, the chapter sets Bowen in the context both of international literary Modernism and of her critical reception, while also explaining why the writer of this book has been so interested in Bowen throughout his life.
Mother and Child: The House in Paris (1935)
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a reading of Bowen's novel, The House in Paris, as her major statement about maternity and orphanhood — subjects that preoccupied her all her life, having strong autobiographical roots. It understands the novel as self-consciously both aligning itself with, and divorcing itself from, the work of Henry James and the 19th-century novel of adultery (Flaubert, Tolstoy), placing unique emphasis on the figure of the child. It interprets the novel's arrestingly unique structure as both a response to Modernist forms and a necessity of the subject matter. It also explores the novel's fairy tale elements and considers its view of its Jewish characters in the light of the rise of European fascism in the 1930s.
War's Stories:The Heat of the Day(1948) and its Contexts
Authors: Corcoran Neil 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter offers a lengthy reading of Bowen's wartime novel, The Heat of the Day, considering it in tandem with various of its contexts, notably Bowen's wartime reports from neutral Ireland to Churchill's government — which some considered a form of espionage — and the diaries of her wartime love, Charles Ritchie, a high-ranking Canadian diplomat. These contexts establish a frame for interpreting the novel's notoriously slippery preoccupations with personal and political treachery, fascism, Ireland, stories themselves, parallelism of various kinds, names and confused identities, espionage, and Irish neutrality. In relation to all of these, the novel's predominant mood is one of anxiety and guilt. The chapter attempts to chart the inscription within the novel, in various modes of concealment, of Bowen's own wartime activities. In addition, extensive treatment is given to forms of theatricality in the novel and to Bowen's sense of what a postwar Ireland might become.
The Influences of climate Variability on North Atlantic Zooplankton Populations
Authors: Pershing Andrew J. , Greene Charles H. , Planque Benjamin , Fromentin Jean-Marc 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Variations in zooplankton populations in regions throughout the North Atlantic have been tied to changes in the Atlantic atmosphere-ocean system. Recent work has tended to focus on the impact on zooplankton of one particular climate mode, the NAO. However, it is important to remember that the NAO is only one measure of climatic conditions in this region. This chapter examines two particularly well-known regions, the North Sea and the Gulf of Maine, to characterize the range of mechanisms by which climate may influence zooplankton. Climate influences zooplankton populations in two main ways. Through its effect on ecosystem properties, such as the timing or magnitude of the spring bloom, climate variability can cause changes in zooplankton populations. Climate variability can have a significant effect on ocean circulation patterns, and thus, the distribution of zooplankton.
STATISTICAL INDUCTION—WHEN AND HOW?
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn statistical induction, the evidence is represented by observations on characters with definite domains but uncertain potential values. In the objective approach, the observational procedure is conceptually repeatable and the uncertainty about the potential observations is expressible in terms of an objective or frequency probability model, which generally involves some unknown parameters representing our inductive concern. Idea about the trustworthiness of the conclusion is given in terms of objective or subjective probability, depending on the nature of the parameters assumed. In the subjective approach, the observations may be non-repeatable and the uncertainty about them is expressed in terms of a fully known subjective probability model; future observations constitute our inductive concern. Uncertainty about the conclusion is always expressed subjectively. Often, there is scope for designing the observational procedure in both the approaches.
BREAKING THE BARRIER: OUT INTO A BROADER DOMAIN
Authors: Chatterjee Shoutir Kishore 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
By the 1830s, as large volumes of official data were compiled and tabulated, frequential regularity exhibited by them inspired some mathematicians (Venn, C. S. Peirce) to develop the frequency theory of probability and some others (Poisson, Quetelet) to apply the statistical tools of the ‘theory of errors’ to new fields. Among them, Quetelet extensively used the binomial and normal models to study demographic, judicial, and anthropometric data, but he was interested mainly in studying ‘true values’. Later, Galton, in course of studying heredity on the basis of biometric data, recognized the importance of variability and developed empirically bivariate regression, correlation, and the bivariate normal model. Edgeworth, Karl Pearson, and Yule extended Galton’s results and methods to the multivariate case. Empirical studies also led to the formulation of new problems of inference relating to correlation.
Problems in nonlinear electromagnetism
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents some nonlinear constitutive models and develops wave propagation problems in nonlinear electromagnetism. Nonlinear models arise from nonlinear functions or functionals, which describe the polarization and the magnetization. Various perturbation approaches to the generation of harmonics are outlined. Exact results are provided in connection with wavefronts associated with hyperbolic systems of equations, and the classical Bernoulli equation for the amplitude is obtained. Shock wave solutions in nonlinear dielectrics are investigated.
Nonlocal electromagnetism and superconductivity
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter provides a scheme of nonlocal electromagnetism and develops a scheme of superconductivity. In essence, nonlocality is meant as a description of constitutive properties through appropriate spatial gradients. This is allowed by generalizing the expressions of the energy and the entropy fluxes while keeping the possible dependence on the history. Superconductivity is developed by starting from an improvement of the London theory and the thermodynamic analysis is performed. The Ginzburg-Landau theory is improved through an evolution model.
Magnetic hysteresis
Authors: Fabrizio Mauro , Angelo Morro 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Hysteresis is a phenomenon where nonlinearity and memory effects occur at the same time. This chapter describes a few models of magnetic hysteresis with particular emphasis on these two features. After a brief review of approaches within micromagnetics (Landau-Lifshitz equation) and domain wall motion (Langevin function), the general requirements for a model are established. Two rate-type bilinear models are examined in detail, which generalize a class of models named after Duhem. The connection with the models by Bouc and Preisach is also presented.
PHASE-TYPE QUEUES
Authors: Bini D. A. , Latouche G. , Meini B. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In this chapter a series of processes with a variety of transition structures are considered and their analysis is presented in a unifying manner. These processes are grouped under the generic name of Phase-type queues, they include G/M/1-type Markov chains, QBD processes, Markov chains with Toeplitz-like transitions and limited displacements (non-skip-free), and tree-like processes. A duality property between M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains is described and a reduction of M/G/1 and G/M/1 Markov chains to QBD is analysed.