bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Black and White Unite or Flight? The racialised dimension of schooling and parental choice
Authors: Bagley Carl 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn the late 1980s UK education witnessed a few highly publicised, controversial and contentious cases of white parents successfully campaigning to have their children educated in predominantly white schools. Since then educational reforms have sought to give parents even greater choice of school, while discussion around white parental choice and ‘race’ has remained largely silent. This paper reopens that debate by examining the extent to which ‘race’ is a factor in white parents' choice of school. It draws on the quantitative and qualitative findings of the Parental and School Choice Interaction (PASCI) Study, a 3‐year longitudinal investigation into the interaction between parental choice of school and school decision‐making, funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council. The paper concludes by discussing the complex picture arising from the data and the implications of the findings for education policy.
What Do We Know about Breaktime? Results from a National Survey of Breaktime and Lunchtime in Primary and Secondary Schools[1]
Authors: Blatchford Peter , Sumpner Clare 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAlmost every school has a morning break and a lunchbreak, and sometimes an afternoon break. Breaktimes are often seen as a problem, and there are signs that time allocated to them is being reduced and more closely supervised. Research suggests, however, that breaktimes may have a social value for pupils, not easily recognised by staff. Information on even basic characteristics of breaktimes, such as their duration and supervision arrangements, was lacking and so a national survey, examining the current situation and changes over the past 5 years, was conducted. The sample comprised 1245 primary and 300 secondary schools, which represents 6% of schools in England. The response rate was 61%. Results showed a tendency for changes to involve a reduction in the lunchbreak and abolition of the afternoon break. Staff reasons given for this were demands of teaching and behavioural problems. At primary level, lunchtime supervision was largely in the hands of ancillary staff but teachers had concerns about supervision provided at breaktime. Results are discussed in the context of current developments in education and it is argued that the possible value of breaktime to pupils needs to be considered more seriously.
The Tutoring Process and its Manifestation in the Classroom Behaviour of Tutors and Tutees
Authors: Bar‐Eli Nurith , Bar‐Eli Michael , Tenenbaum Gershon , Forlin Chris 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree case studies were conducted of seventh graders teaching mathematics to third graders, in place of their classroom teacher, applying the Learning Through Teaching (LTT) method. Audio and video recording provided information on tutoring sessions. Trained observers coded the behaviours of the tutors and tutees during the tutoring sessions and in their respective classes during mathematics and other lessons. The results show that when tutors are appropriately prepared to teach their younger counterparts, substantial academic task‐related activities are later enhanced in their regular class. Furthermore, both tutors and tutees become better achievers and more socially accepted by their peers. These results are restricted to successful interactions between the tutor and tutee. The present investigation suggests that tutoring seems to benefit more the tutor than the tutee on both academic and social aspects.
Theories of Inclusion, Theories of Schools: deconstructing and reconstructing the ‘inclusive school’
Authors: Clark Catherine , Dyson Alan , Millward Alan , Robson Sue 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Government's recent commitment to inclusive education aligns English policy in special needs education with the international inclusion movement. One of the founding assumptions of that movement is that mainstream schools can and should develop structures and practices which will allow them to respond more fully to the diversity of their pupil populations. This article reports a study of four comprehensive schools seeking to develop in this more inclusive direction. It finds, however, that their attempts were beset by difficulties and ambiguities which call for an explanation. It considers, and finds inadequate, accounts within the literature in terms of theories of educational change, theories of inclusive schools and micro‐political theories. These accounts, it argues, need to be supplemented by a perspective which sees responses to diversity as being beset by dilemmas arising from contradictory imperatives within mass education systems. Such a dilemmatic perspective suggests that movement towards inclusive schooling is likely to be more problematic and more complex than we have supposed.
The Educational Researcher as a Public Intellectual*
Authors: Goodson Ivor 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs education and schooling are themselves repositioned and restratified in the new global work order, so research on education is itself repositioned. In such a situation, even if people go on researching as they researched before, their work may have been repositioned: sometimes so as to substantially shift, or even invert, the relevance and effect of that work. A crisis of positionality arises at this point because of the reconstitution and repositioning of the social relations of production. The importance of this for educational researchers, as public intellectuals, is clearly of great concern. Through a case study, some of the implications of this repositioning are assessed. In the final section, new strategies for rejuvenating public intellectual work are assessed. Certain aspects of New Right overreach are explored. Firstly, the attack on professional groups in general; secondly, the general attack on public life and the disinvestment in local communities, and thirdly, the ‘dumbing down’ of public media. These struggles are seen as central arenas in which public intellectual life can be repositioned and rejuvenated.
Measurement and distribution of runoff and soil losses from selected watersheds in the Hindu-Kush Himalayan region
Authors: Zokaib Suhail , Jehangir Mohammad , Shah Hakim , Merz Juerg , White Roger 
Published: June 2007

The sediment loads of Himalayan Rivers are amongst the highest in the world, resulting in problems such as siltation of reservoirs, blockage of river channels and poor quality of water supplies. The aim of the study was to develop total sediment calculation and distribution on different land uses and thus to provide information for planning the quantification of sediment loads to rivers and reservoirs. Hydrological, meteorological and soil erosion data were collected from four watersheds, the Jhikhu Khola, the Hilkot, the Bhetagad and the Xizhuang, all of which featured several types of land use. Runoff and sediment losses were monitored. Total annual rainfall in the region ranged between 972 to 2400 mm. About 44 to 66 percent of rainfall occurred from June to August, which is mostly the Monsoon season in the region. Results show that runoff and soil losses were higher in the months of May to September, when rainfall duration and intensity were higher in all the watersheds. Large rainfall events contributed most of annual runoff and soil loss in the area. The highest annual runoff was generated in the Jhikhu Khola watershed under all conditions of land use while it was very low in the Bhetagan and Hilkot watersheds.
The highest runoff and soil loss was recorded from degraded land plots because there less vegetation was available and the soil was loose and susceptible to erosion. In agricultural plots runoff and soil erosion was higher during the periods when there was no crop canopy and soil was not compacted after ploughing. During the months when crop cover was good there was less runoff and soil erosion. In pasture and forest plots runoff and soil loss was minimal throughout because of good vegetation and higher concentrations of organic matter that increased water infiltration and reduced runoff and soil loss.
Does drug education work?
Authors: MDFORD RICHARD 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent research indicates that certain drug education programmes do stop or delay the onset of drug use under optimum conditions. Social inoculation programmes have generally enjoyed the greaterst degree of success, but the behaviour changes have been confined to a small number of students; have not been uniform across all drugs and have diminished over time. Research on the cost effectiveness of drug education progammes indicates that they compare favourably with the cost effectiveness of most law enforcement approaches, but are not as cost effective as treatment. While there are some methodological qualifications, the drug education literature does indicate that soundly conceptualized and rigorously implemented programmes can influence drug using behaviour and that comprehensive provision of such programmes is likely to produce a net social cost saving to society. This does not mean that proven drug education programs will necessarily be implemented. The most powerful factor in the implementation process is selection of programmes on the basis of ideal outcomes, rather than on the evidence of what can realistically be achieved. Ultimately, this is self‐defeating, because programme failures will again discredit the whole drug education approach. Drug education programmes must be selected because they have demonstrated the ability to have a beneficial impact on youth drug use and youth drug problems.
Abdominal Wagging in the Social Paper WaspPolistes dominulus: Behavior and Substrate Vibrations
Authors: Brennan Bernard J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe abdominal wagging behavior ofPolistes dominulusfoundresses is highly conspicuous and frequently performed, but comprehensive descriptions are lacking. It has been suggested that abdominal wagging is involved in vibratory signaling, but the wagging behavior has not been distinguished from the substrate‐borne signal, and nest vibrations have never been described. Here I provide a detailed description of the behavior and the first video‐linked accelerometer recordings of nest vibrations. These recordings indicate that an impulsive vibration is produced when the adult female repeatedly strikes its abdomen against cell rims as it swings it across the nest surface. These strong vibrations propagate throughout the nest. Scanning electron microscopy reveals no specialized structures for vibration production on the abdomen or nest. These results provide a foundation for the mechanical playback studies required to experimentally determine the function of abdominal wagging.
Water Turbidity Affects the Development of Sexual Morphology in the Palmate Newt
Authors: Secondi Jean , Aumjaud Aarélien , Pays Olivier , Boyer Stéphanie , Montembault David , Violleau David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn theory, animal signals are designed to optimize transmission across a specific habitat. However, sexual signals characteristics often reflect habitat quality, a feature that does not necessarily match habitat structure. Besides, many species exploit a particular habitat for breeding so that the growth of sexual signals can depend on the additive effects of breeding and non‐breeding habitats. We combined field and experimental data to investigate the relative effect of terrestrial and aquatic habitat on the development of sexual ornaments in the palmate newt, Triturus helveticus. This species exploits a large ecological range of habitats. Like many amphibians, it spends the breeding season in water and the rest of year on land. We tested the influence of terrestrial (forest cover) and aquatic habitat variables (turbidity, organic matter, pH, nitrate and chloride) on male sexual morphology. Neither terrestrial nor aquatic habitat variables accounted for body size variation. In contrast, the size of male sexual traits decreased with water turbidity, suggesting that the expression of visual signals matched the local conditions of signal transmission. We provide experimental evidence that this pattern is not caused by reduced foraging efficiency in turbid water. We propose alternative mechanisms to account for the relationship between turbidity and visual sexual signals, and discuss the consequences of small scale environmental variation on mate choice.
Reconfigurations of Caribbean History
Authors: Springer Jennifer Thorington 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
“Reconfigurations of Caribbean History: Michelle Cliff's Rebel Women” examines Cliff's re-visioning of Caribbean history in an effort to elucidate Caribbean women's active role in building Caribbean nations. In Abeng, Cliff reinvents what Honor Ford Smith calls a “rebel consciousness” through representations of female rebels who refuse to “know duh place.” Cliff's rebel women combat and resist traditional representations of womanhood, patriarchy, colonial culture, and homophobia. The genealogy of the “fighting spirit” of Caribbean women is registered in Abeng to ensure the longevity of their acts of resistance but more importantly to serve as an instructional guide for younger generations of Caribbean women.
Phenyl‐(2‐pyridyl)‐(3‐pyridyl)‐(4‐pyridyl)methane: Synthesis, Chiroptical Properties, and Theoretical Calculation of Its Absolute Configuration
Authors: Matsumoto Kouzou , Inagaki Takuya , Nehira Tatsuo , Kannami Masaki , Inokuchi Daisuke , Kurata Hiroyuki , Kawase Takeshi , Pescitelli Gennaro , Oda Masaji 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe title compound, a prototypical chiral molecule based on a tetraarylmethane framework, has been synthesized in five steps from (2‐pyridyl)‐(3‐pyridyl)ketone. X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed the tetraarylmethane framework of the molecule but did not determine the positions of the nitrogen atoms because the crystal is a racemic compound and the aryl groups are disordered in the crystal. The optical resolution of the title compound was achieved by chiral HPLC with a Chiralcel OD column. The CD spectra of the two fractions in acetonitrile exhibited opposite signs as expected for a pair of enantiomers. Their CD spectra are changed in 2 M HCl due to protonation. The calculated CD curve for the target molecule based on time‐dependent density functional theory (TDDFT) reproduces the experimental result very well, thus suggesting that the first eluted fraction is the R isomer in terms of absolute configuration.
Cleaning Using CO2‐Based Solvents
Authors: Zhang Xiaogang , Han Buxing 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCleaning with hierarchy of CO2‐based solvents is advantageous from an environmental point of view because CO2 is non‐flammable, virtually inert, and abundant. After cleaning, the only waste stuffs generated are the contaminants that are removed from the cleaned parts. The technology is especially well suited for precision cleaning applications in which parts have intricate geometries or for applications in which parts are sensitive to water or high temperature. This review will first introduce aqueous cleaning concepts and mechanism, which is helpful to understand how to design cleaning systems using high pressure CO2. Recent microelectronic processes for cleaning and rising of circuit wafers using CO2‐based solvents are the main focus of the review. Additional cleaning topics include dry cleaning, separation of dyestuffs, and extraction of contaminations from soils and regeneration of catalysts.
Reduction of Ammonia and Hydrogen Sulfide Emission from Swine Manure Using Aqueous Foams Amended with Microorganisms and Chemical Additives
Authors: Lee Seung‐Ryong , Han Joon Kyoung , Choi Yong Ju , Nam Kyoungphile 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAqueous foam, in combination with microorganisms and chemical additives, was tested for the reduction of the emissions of odorous compounds from swine manure. Ammonia and hydrogen sulfide were selected as test compounds. Aqueous foam decreased the ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions by about 33.2 and 66.2%, respectively, after application for 1,800 min. With the application of aqueous foam, amended with 1% of monocalcium phosphate or Yucca extracts, about 81.4 and 51.6%, respectively, of the ammonia emissions were suppressed over the same time period. However, the chemical additives were found to be ineffective in the suppression of hydrogen sulfide. Finally, the aqueous foam, containing microorganisms and the two chemical additives, attained about 88.3 and 70% ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions suppression, respectively. The data show that the aqueous foam was effective in the control ammonia and hydrogen sulfide emissions, and the suppression capacity can be markedly enhanced by the addition of appropriate microorganisms and chemical additives.
Tripodal Trimanganese(III) Complexes of New Unsymmetrical Pentadentate Ligands Derived from 2‐(Salicylideneamino)phenol: Syntheses, Crystal Structures and Properties
Authors: Muto Masahiro , Hatae Naoya , Tamekuni Yumi , Yamada Yasunori , Koikawa Masayuki , Tokii Tadashi 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTrinuclear manganese(III) complexes of new unsymmetrical pentadentate ligands, 6‐hydroxy‐2‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐(salicylideneamino)benzoxazole (H3L1) and 5‐(5,6‐benzosalicylideneamino)‐6‐hydroxy‐2‐(2‐hydroxynaphthyl)benzoxazole (H3L2), [Mn3(L1)3(CH3OH)3] (1) and [Mn3(L2)3(dmf)(CH3OH)(H2O)] (2) (dmf = N,N‐dimethylformamide), have been prepared. The structures of the ligands H3L1, H3L2 and complex 1 were determined by X‐ray crystallography, which revealed that the ligands have two distant chelating sites. The molecular structure of 1 is regarded as a tripodal pyramid with a cavity of about 3 Å diameter. Each MnIII ion is coordinated by ONO atoms from a tridentate Schiff base site and ON atoms from a benzoxazole site of two respective H3L1 ligands. The intramolecular Mn···Mn distances for 1 are in the range 8.0683–8.1791 Å, and the nearest intermolecular Mn···Mn distance, 5.7824(15) Å, is shorter than theintramolecular values. Magnetic measurements of 1 indicate that weak antiferromagnetic interactions (J = –0.2 cm–1, g = 2.0) are dominant in the trinuclear manganese(III) core. Cyclic voltammogram of 1 in dmf showed obscure redox couples assigned to two single‐electron transfer processes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The ten essential processes of facilitative leaders
Authors: Bens Ingrid 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAs more work is performed by knowledge workers in matrixed structures supported by technology, facilitative leadership is emerging as the most effective style for creating and sustaining high‐performing teams. It differs most significantly from command‐and‐control leadership in its ten essential core processes for managing relationships and building collaborative cultures. These processes, which are matched to specific stages in the life cycle of a project or team, structure productive dialogues for integrating a new leader, visioning, team launch, operational review, survey feedback, debriefing, negotiating, assessing peer performance, mediating conflict, and coaching. © 2006 John Wiley & Sons.
Neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease: Evidence from animal models to human in vivo studies with [11C]‐PK11195 PET
Authors: Bartels Anna L. , Leenders Klaus L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIncreasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammation is an active process in Parkinson's disease (PD) that contributes to ongoing neurodegeneration. PD brains and experimental PD models show elevated cytokine levels and up‐regulation of inflammatory‐associated factors as cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide oxidase. Antiinflammatory treatment reduced neuronal degeneration in experimental models. In this review, we summarize the place of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of PD. In vivo PET studies are discussed. These methods provide a means to monitor in vivo potential clinical relevance of antiinflammatory treatment strategies in PD. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Thyroid cancer: are molecular studies making any difference?
Authors: Kim D S 
Published: June 2007

‘Translational research’ encompasses all activities that apply basic scientific research findings to clinical practice. Although it has taken almost 20 years since the first scientific discoveries, the approval of new ‘drugs’ such as Herceptin and Avastin represents a successful example. There has also been successful translation of science into the clinic in the field of otolaryngology.In the last decade, we have seen major developments in molecular biology and genetics. Two notable achievements have been the completion of the human genome project and the parallel advances in high-throughput molecular genomic and proteomic technologies. Linked with these events has been the enormous accumulation of new data which offers the promise of important future clinical applications.This review aims to discuss these major scientific developments, to demonstrate successes in thyroid translational research, and to summarise more recent research findings in thyroid disease which provide hope for the development of future clinical tools.
Dimensions of Teacher Innovativeness
Authors: McGeown V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the development and validation of measures of teacher innovativeness and selected correlates. Teacher innovativeness is conceptualised as a multi‐dimensional construct, which may include teachers' attitudes towards the adoption of specific innovations, their general change‐related values, their adoption of innovations, their internalisation of adopted innovations, and their continual participation in change‐related professional activities. Innovativeness was found to comprise a number of dimensions which were significantly and differentially related to teachers' perceptions of innovation characteristics and the organisational context of innovation. Teachers' overt innovative behaviour and, to a lesser extent, their attitudinal commitment to innovation were significantly related to the schools' organisational climate for change, its openness to influence, its supportiveness and motivational climate and to the principal's innovation decision‐making behaviour. The instruments developed by the author were found to possess a high degree of reliability and validity. A total of 1757 principals and teachers participated in the study. Grateful acknowledgement is made to all participants in the study and in particular to a group of 34 principals who additionally administered questionnaires to the teaching staff in their schools.
The ‘Transition from School to Work’ in 1980/81: a dynamic account
Authors: Main Brian , Raffe David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the experiences of a sample of Scottish school leavers during their first year in the labour market in 1980 and 1981. The paper describes the absorption of summer term leavers into the labour market and their movements between employment, unemployment and the Youth Opportunities Programme (YOP). The summer months continued to be the main recruitment season for school leavers; after October few school leavers found employment without first going on YOP. Yet a majority of entrants to YOP did not find work at the end of their schemes, and YOP had become a major ingredient of a new pattern of instability in the youth labour market. School leavers' chances of employment varied with their school qualifications and with the area they lived in. The paper concludes with a discussion of the Youth Training Scheme, which comes into operation in September 1983.