bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential vulnerability determines the diet of a slow‐moving predatory stream insect
Authors: MUOTKA TIMO , JUNTUNEN ANTTI , MEISSNER KRISTIAN 
Published: July 2006

Summary1. We investigated the diet and prey electivity of Rhyacophila obliterata, a slow‐moving invertebrate predator capable of hunting in high‐flow microhabitats, and quantified the components of the predation sequence of fifth‐instar larvae foraging on mobile (Baetis mayflies, Amphinemura stoneflies) versus semi‐sessile (larval blackflies) prey.2. In the field, fifth‐instar Rhyacophila consistently took more larval blackflies than more mobile prey. In behavioural trials, the number of attacks by Rhyacophila differed significantly between prey types, mobile prey being attacked more often than blackflies. Capture success, by contrast, was highest for blackflies, whereas Amphinemura and Baetis were rarely captured. In mixed‐prey feeding trials, Rhyacophila showed strong preference for blackflies and equally strong avoidance of Amphinemura and Baetis.3. For mobile prey, the risk of being captured by this sluggish predator is very low, so they can afford to be in close contact with it. Rhyacophila was almost unable to capture any other prey but blackflies, resulting in strong passive selection for blackflies.4. Therefore, the diet of fifth‐instar Rhyacophila can be predicted from laboratory observations and prey behaviour is the major determinant of the diet of this invertebrate predator.
Pediatric bipolar disease: current and future perspectives for study of its long‐term course and treatment
Authors: Strober Michael , Birmaher Boris , Ryan Neal , Axelson David , Valeri Sylvia , Leonard Henrietta , Iyengar Satish , Gill Mary Kay , Hunt Jeffrey , Keller Martin 
Published: July 2006

Aim and methods:  Findings from recent long‐term, prospective longitudinal studies of the course, outcome and naturalistic treatment of adults with bipolar illness are highlighted as background for long‐term developmental study of pediatric bipolar illness.Results:  Accumulating knowledge of bipolar illness in adults underscores a high risk for multiple recurrences through the lifespan, significant medical morbidity, high rates of self‐harm, economic and social burden and frequent treatment resistance with residual symptoms between major episodes. At present, there is no empirical foundation to support any assumption about the long‐term course or outcome of bipolar illness when it arises in childhood or adolescence, or the effects of conventional pharmacotherapies in altering its course and limiting potentially adverse outcomes. The proposed research articulates specific descriptive aims that draw on adult findings and outlines core methodological requirements for such an endeavor.Conclusions:  Innovations in the description and quantitative analysis of prospective longitudinal clinical data must now be extended to large, systematically ascertained pediatric cohorts recruited through multicenter studies if there is to be a meaningful scientific advance in our knowledge of the enduring effects of bipolar illness and the potential value of contemporary approaches to its management.
Treatment of aggression with risperidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder: a case series
Authors: Saxena Kirti , Chang Kiki , Steiner Hans 
Published: July 2006

Objectives:  To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of risperidone in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder characterized by aggression and mania, despite treatment with mood stabilizers.Methods:  A retrospective chart review of patients seen in an outpatient pediatric mood disorders clinic over an 18‐month period was performed. Data were extracted from charts of patients who had a diagnosis of bipolar disorder with aggression that was uncontrolled on a mood stabilizer; as a result, these patients had risperidone added to their regimen.Results:  Four boys (aged 7–15 years) and two girls (aged 8 and 14 years) were treated with risperidone (mean dosage, 0.85 mg/day) for 3–16 months. Aggressive behavior improved in all patients after risperidone was started and remained improved for the duration of follow‐up. Other symptoms of mania also improved. Risperidone was generally well tolerated. Sedation and akathisia were reported in one patient.Conclusions:  The addition of risperidone to a mood stabilizer may improve aggression and other symptoms of mania in pediatric patients with bipolar disorder who do not respond adequately to a mood stabilizer alone. The long‐term efficacy and safety of this regimen should be evaluated in a controlled clinical trial.
A cautionary note on the use of antidepressants in postpartum depression
Authors: Sharma Verinder 
Published: July 2006

Objectives:  This paper discusses the effect of antidepressant use on the illness course in three women who were treated for first‐onset postpartum depression (PPD) following childbirth.Methods:  A report of three cases of early‐onset PPD in which bipolarity manifested following antidepressant treatment.Results:  There was no past history of psychiatric disturbance but in each case there was a family history of bipolar (BP) disorder. Treatment with antidepressants resulted in a highly unstable illness course characterized by a mixed episode, cycle acceleration, and a postpartum psychosis. However, discontinuation of antidepressants and institution of treatment with mood stabilizers and atypical neuroleptics resulted in sustained improvement and symptom remission.Conclusions:  Caution is urged in the use of antidepressants to treat early‐onset PPD in women at risk for developing BP disorder due to a family history of bipolar illness.
Isoyield Analysis of Barley Cultivar Trials in the Canadian Prairies
Authors: Yang R.‐C. , Stanton D. , Blade S. F. , Helm J. , Spaner D. , Wright S. , Domitruk D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractClassification of test sites used for cultivar trials into groups with similar within‐group site performance and response (isoyield groups) is an important step towards identification of appropriate cultivars that are best suited for different productivity levels in farm fields. The objective of this study was to determine isoyield environments in the Canadian prairies based on the analysis of cultivar trials consolidated from individual provinces for barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Yield data for the analysis were taken from 324 replicated trials at 84 sites across the prairies during 1995–2003. The combined use of regression and cluster analyses of the data normalized for averaging the multi‐year unbalanced data led to a stratification of the 84 sites into 13 isoyield groups. A comparison was made of the distributions of the variability among and within groups according to three modes of grouping: isoyield groups, soil zones and agroecoregions. There was more variability among isoyield groups and correspondingly less within the groups than that among and within soil zones or agroecoreions. Similar contrasting pattern existed for the variance components involving genotype–environment interaction (GEI), although the GEI variability was generally small under all three modes of grouping. Relationships of site sensitivity (regression coefficient) and stability (coefficient of determination) with site productivity were shown to be a useful aid for selecting a subset of test sites in an effort to improve efficiency and quality of future cultivar testing. Thus, isoyield analysis should be a valuable tool for subsetting heterogeneous environments and for reducing GEI impact in cultivar testing and recommendation.
Hybrid and N Fertilization Affect Corn Silage Yield and Quality
Authors: Sheaffer C. C. , Halgerson J. L. , Jung H. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe determined the effect of N fertilization on dry matter (DM) yield, predicted milk yield, and forage quality of fresh (green chopped) and ensiled forage of two brown midrib (BMR) hybrids, a leafy hybrid, and a conventional silage hybrid. Increasing N rates from 0 to 200 kg ha−1 increased corn grain, stover and whole plant DM yield and milk yield. The forage yield and quality response to N was similar for all hybrids. Nitrogen fertilization increased forage crude protein (CP) concentration but had little effect on other forage quality components. BMR hybrids, F377 and F657, had the lowest grain, stover and whole plant yield but had the highest digestibility and predicted milk yield Mg−1 of forage. Predicted milk yield ha−1 was similar for the BMR, leafy and conventional hybrids. Ensiling reduced starch concentration compared with green chopped forage, but effects on other forage quality variables were less consistent. Hybrid and N fertilization affects were similar for green chopped and ensiled corn forage.
Using Digital Image Analysis to Describe Canopies of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) during Vegetative Developmental Stages
Authors: Behrens T. , Diepenbrock W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn our experiment digital image processing is used to predict characteristics in a winter oilseed rape canopy. A large series of images was taken in 2002–2003 in close intervals from a measuring area of 1 m2. These images were automatically evaluated by a self‐written computer program analysing the red/green/blue colour channels of each pixel. The number of determined green pixels was then related to the total pixel count of the image. Image evaluation helped to determine canopy structure by digital image analysis subjected to several applications, i.e. soil coverage, leaf area index (LAI), dynamics of plant number during vegetative developmental stages including entire winter season. Furthermore, number of plants per m2 and position of each plant were determined by image analysis. Results show that all parameters are dynamic during the vegetative developmental stages (germination–beginning of flowering) mainly depending on temperature. During the vegetative developmental stages number of plants varied. Emergence lasted 30 days resulting in large differences in growth and development of individual plants. During winter number of plants decreased due to longer phases of frost. Plant growth indicated by dynamics of LAI alternated with phases of cessation due to low temperatures above zero or frost. Reductions in soil coverage and LAI clearly started at daily mean temperatures below 5 °C. After the analysis, differences in LAI as well as changes in number of plants during the early phase crop development can serve (i) as input parameters to growth models, (ii) to improve canopy reflectance measurements by separating spectral signatures of soil and canopy and (iii) to determine and explain heterogeneities within the canopy.
Seedling Growth of Agronomic Crops in Crude Oil Contaminated Soil
Authors: Issoufi I. , Rhykerd R. L. , Smiciklas K. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPhytoremediation of hydrocarbon‐contaminated soil shows promise as a low‐cost alternative to most remediation methods. This study evaluated seedling growth of six crop species in crude oil contaminated soils. The experiments were conducted in a greenhouse. Weathered crude oil was added to an Ipava silt loam soil at the rate of 0 (control), 10, 50 and 100 g of crude oil kg−1 of soil, which was then placed into pots. Irrigation was used to maintain soil moisture at approximately field capacity. Five seeds of Zea mays, Meticago sativa, Lolium perenne, Triticum aestivum, Glycine max or Vicia villosa were sown per pot. The experimental design was completely randomized with five replications per treatment. Germination and seedling height data were recorded on day 7, 14, 21 and 28. Plants were harvested on day 28, separated into shoots and roots and dried to measure biomass. Analysis of variance was used to determine treatment significance. Significant treatment mean values were separated using Tukey's Honestly Significant Difference Test. Based upon percent emergence and plant biomass production in contaminated soil, Z. mays and G. max seedlings show the greatest potential to enhance remediation.
Durum Wheat under Mediterranean Conditions as Affected by Seed Size
Authors: Royo C. , Ramdani A. , Moragues M. , Villegas D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study was carried out in order to determine the effect of seed size on the growth and yield of durum wheat. Four field experiments, composed of six durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum) varieties and three seeding sizes were conducted in north‐east Spain in 2000 and 2001 in randomized complete block designs. The growth of seedlings was dramatically affected by seed size. Large seeds produced greater plot stands, but the plants had fewer tillers, leaves and spikes and less green area and dry weight than plots from small seeds. Grain yield was 16 % greater in plots from large seeds, which resulted in greater biomass, green area index, spikes per m2 and heavier kernels than in plots from small seeds. Kernel weight was the yield component most related to grain yield in the three seed sizes. The percentage of yield variation explained by kernel weight increased as the weight of kernels increased. This was a consequence of the use of larger seeds, the same effect being observed when the comparison was made between varieties with different kernel weights. Selection for heavy kernel varieties may help to improve the yield of durum wheat in Mediterranean environments similar to that prevailing in north‐east Spain.
Efficiency of 35‐pFractional Factorial Designs Determined Using Additional Information on the Spatial Variability of the Experimental Field
Authors: Załuski D. , Gołaszewski J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paper presents estimates of the relative efficiency (RE) of the 35‐1(V) and 35‐2(III) fractional factorial designs. Three variants of each fractional design were generated from a one‐replicated 35full factorial design applied in field experiments with pea (Pisum sativumL.). Plant height and seed yield were determined in the study. Additional measurements of soil properties (pH, P, K, Mg) and plant traits determined on the alleys between experimental strips, sown with a single cultivar, were performed in regular nets of sampling points. Geostatistical methods were used to estimate the spatial variation of the experimental field. Information on spatial variation was included in the statistical analysis. It was found that in the 35‐1(V) fractional designs most of the significant effects were the same as in the 35full factorial design. Information from these two types of design was similar, although there was a distinct tendency to higher values of the coefficient of determination R2for linear models of the 35‐1(V) designs. The 35‐2(III) fractional designs were more variable in detecting significant effects. Generally, mean RE was higher in the 35‐2(III) design than in the 35‐1(V) design, but at the same time the standard error of the latter one was distinctly lower. It was also demonstrated that in agricultural field experiments factorial fractional designs are a very good alternative to full factorial designs as concerns the estimation of main and two‐factor interaction effects in the case of the 35‐1(V) designs and main effects in that of the 35‐2(III) designs. Even if the designs have a highly reduced number of treatments to be tested they are equally or more effective than the original 35design from which they were generated, provided that the generator is chosen very carefully and the spatial variation of the experimental field is considered in statistical analysis of the experimental data.
Estimating the digestibility of Sahelian roughages from faecal crude protein concentration of cattle and small ruminants
Authors: Schlecht E. , Susenbeth A. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryStudies on diet selection and feed intake of ruminants in extensive grazing systems often require the use of simple approaches to determine the organic matter digestibility (OMD) of the ingested feed. Therefore, we evaluated the validity of the one‐factorial exponential regression established by Lukas et al. [Journal of Animal Science 83 (2005) 1332], which estimates OMD from the faecal crude protein (FCP) concentration. The equation was applied to two sets of data obtained with free grazing and pen‐fed cattle, sheep and goats ingesting low and high amounts of green and dry vegetation of Sahelian pastures as well as millet leaves and cowpea hay. Data analysis showed that the livestock species did not influence the precision of estimation of OMD from FCP. For the linear regression between measured and estimated OMD (%) across n = 431 individual observations, a regression coefficient of r2 = 0.65 and a residual standard deviation (RSD) of 5.87 were obtained. The precision of estimation was influenced by the data set (p = 0.033), the type of feed (p < 0.001) and the feeding level (p = 0.009), and interactions occurred between type of feed and feeding level (p = 0.021). Adjusting the intercept and the slope of the established exponential function to the present data resulted in a compression of the curve; while r2 remained unchanged, the RSD of the regression between measured and estimated OMD was reduced, when compared with the results obtained from the equation of Lukas et al. (2005). Estimating OMD from treatment means of FCP greatly improved the correlation between measured and estimated OMD for both the established function and the newly fit equation. However, if anti‐nutritional dietary factors increase the concentration of faecal nitrogen from feed or endogenous origin, the approach might considerably overestimate diet digestibility.
Genetically manipulated pineapple: transgene stability, gene expression and herbicide tolerance under field conditions
Authors: Sripaoraya S. , Keawsompong S. , Insupa P. , Power J. B. , Davey M. R. , Srinives P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPineapple plants transformed with the bar gene for bialaphos resistance were evaluated for transgene stability, gene expression and tolerance to glufosinate ammonium, the active ingredient of the herbicide Basta® X, under field conditions. Genetically modified plants of the cv. Phuket were micropropagated, rooted and established in a shade house before transfer to an experimental plot. Seven months after transfer to the field, plants were tolerant to 1600 ml/rai of the herbicide Basta® X (stock concentration 15% w/v glufosinate ammonium), this being twice the dose recommended for field application of the herbicide. Genetically modified plants remained green and healthy following spraying with the herbicide. In contrast, non‐transformed pineapple plants of the same cv. became necrotic and died within 21 days of spraying with the herbicide at a reduced concentration of 800 ml/rai. Bar gene stability and expression in clonally‐derived plants were assessed by PCR, RT‐PCR and Southern analyses at 120, 210, 240, 270 and 380 days following transfer of the plants to the field. The bar gene was stable and expressed in transgenic plants throughout the duration of the trial. Fruit characteristics and yield were not affected by transgene introduction and expression. Transgenic plants tolerant to glufosinate ammonium should facilitate more effective weed control in pineapple plantations without damage to the crop.
Use of image cytometry for the early screening of induced autopolyploids
Authors: Muñoz M. , Riegel R. , Seemann P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe rapid and early detection of autotetraploid individuals is a fundamental requirement in genetic improvement programmes based on chromosome duplication. Counting chromosomes provides certainty of the ploidy level of an individual, however, it is very laborious. In this work, image cytometry is proposed as an easy alternative method to detect tetraploid individuals. Plantlets of the species Rhodophiala montana treated with colchicine were karyomorphologically analysed. Based on the Feulgen stain, chromosomes were counted and the integrated density value of interphase nuclei was determined. The average DNA content measured with image cytometry for the polyploid individuals was 1.88 times more than that for the diploid individuals. With this methodology, 100% effectiveness in the selection was achieved, rapidly identifying all autotetraploid individuals.
Mapping polygenes for tuber resistance to late blight in a diploid Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum hybrid population
Authors: Simko I. , Costanzo S. , Ramanjulu V. , Christ B. J. , Haynes K. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPotato tuber blight is a disease caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary. Due to the significant economic impact of this disease, introgression of durable resistance into the cultivated potato is one of the top priorities of breeding programmes worldwide. Though numerous resistance loci against this devastating disease have already been mapped, most of the detected loci are contributing towards foliar resistance while specific information on tuber resistance is limited. To identify the genetic components of tuber resistance and its relationship to foliar resistance and plant maturity we have investigated the host‐pathogen interaction in a segregating diploid hybrid Solanum phureja × S. stenotomum family. Mature tubers from this mapping family were inoculated with a sporangial suspension of P. infestans (US‐8 clonal lineage) and evaluated for lesion expansion. No significant correlation was detected between late blight resistance in foliage and tubers, and between plant maturity and tuber resistance. Four chromosomal regions were significantly associated with tuber resistance to the disease. The largest effect was detected near the marker locus PSC (LOD 10.7) located on chromosome 10. This locus explained about 63% of the total phenotypic variation of the trait. The other three resistance‐related loci were mapped on chromosomes 8 (GP1282, LOD 4.4), 6 (CP18, LOD 4.0) and 2 (CP157, LOD 3.8). None of the four tuber resistance loci coincides with the foliage resistance loci detected in this same family. Tuber blight resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) on chromosomes 2, 8 and 10 are distinct from the maturity QTLs and have an additive effect on tuber resistance. These results indicate that different genes are involved in foliar and tuber resistance to P. infestans in the present family and that some of the resistance genes might be associated with late maturity.
New interspecific rice genome constructions obtained by symmetric cell fusion
Authors: Feng Y. Y. , Takahashi H. , Akagi H. , Mori K. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNewly released rice varieties are mostly progenies of common commercial cultivars and so most gene sources for rice breeding have closely related genotypes. Protoplast fusion technique is a method that can produce hybrid plants in one‐step within a desired cultivar. To introduce new genetic diversity into rice‐breeding materials, hybrids between Oryza sativa L. (AA) and Oryza punctata Kotschy ex Steud. (BBCC) were generated by symmetric protoplast fusion. The genomic distribution in interspecific somatic hybrids was investigated by multi‐colour genomic in situ hybridization. Differences in chromosome numbers were observed not only between different somatic hybrid plants but also within individual hybrid plants. Chromosomal reduction of the A genome was found in two somatic hybrids. These results suggest that it is possible to reconstruct new interspecific rice genomes. Chromosomal reduction in interspecific somatic hybrids may be used to generate breeding lines with novel chromosomal constitutions.