bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distal Degenerative Sensory Neuropathy in a Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes Rat Model
Authors: Brussee Valentine , Guo GuiFang , Dong YingYing , Cheng Chu , Martinez José A. , Smith Darrell , Glazner Gordon W. , Fernyhough Paul , Zochodne Douglas W. 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVE—Peripheral neuropathy associated with type 2 diabetes (DPN) is not widely modeled. We describe unique features of DPN in type 2 diabetic Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We evaluated the structural, electrophysiological, behavioral, and molecular features of DPN in ZDF rats and littermates over 4 months of hyperglycemia. The status of insulin signaling transduction molecules that might be interrupted in type 2 diabetes and selected survival-, stress-, and pain-related molecules was emphasized in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) sensory neurons.
RESULTS—ZDF rats developed slowing of motor sciatic-tibial and sensory sciatic digital conduction velocity and selective mechanical allodynia with preserved thermal algesia. Diabetic sural axons, preserved in number, developed atrophy, but there was loss of large-calibre dermal and small-calibre epidermal axons. In diabetic rats, insulin signal transduction pathways in lumbar DRGs were preserved or had trends toward upregulation: mRNA levels of insulin receptor β-subunit (IRβ), insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, and IRS-2. The numbers of neurons expressing IRβ protein were also preserved. There were trends toward early rises of mRNA levels of heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), the α2δ1 calcium channel subunit, and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase in diabetes. Others were unchanged, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB; p50/p105) and receptor for advanced glycosylation endproducts (RAGE) as was the proportion of neurons expressing HSP27, NF-κB, and RAGE protein.
CONCLUSIONS—ZDF type 2 diabetic rats develop a distal degenerative sensory neuropathy accompanied by a selective long-term pain syndrome. Neuronal insulin signal transduction molecules are preserved.
Thermophysical properties of Nd-, Er-, YNi-alloys
Authors: Plevachuk Yuriy , Sklyarchuk Vasyl , Hermann Regina , Gerbeth Gunter 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Nd – Fe – B alloys are widely used in many technical applications due to their excellent permanent magnetic properties. YNi2B2C intermetallic compounds receive much attention because of the coexistence of superconductivity and magnetic ordering phenomena. Er2PdSi3 alloys with hexagonal AlB2-type crystallographic structure are of special interest because of their complex magnetic ordering, Kondo and heavy fermion behavior. The thermophysical properties (electrical conductivity, thermoelectric power, thermal conductivity and viscosity) of these liquid multicomponent intermetallic alloys have been measured in order to supply necessary information for crystal growth and casting processes. Good reproducibility of the results has been obtained.
Thermodynamic modeling of the Cu–Se system
Authors: Du Zhenmin , Guo Cuiping , Tao Mei , Li Changrong 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe Cu – Se system was modeled by means of the CALPHAD technique. Considering two miscibility gaps of the liquid existed on each side of the compound Cu2Se, the associate model with the associate species “Cu2Se” was adopted to describe the Gibbs energy for the liquid and compared to the random solution model. The optimizing results showed that the thermodynamic model describing the liquid phase as a solution of Cu, Se and a “Cu2Se” associate fits well with the experimental data. The intermetallic compounds, Cu3Se2, α-CuSe, β-CuSe, γ-CuSe and CuSe2were treated as stoichiometric compounds. The com-pounds α-Cu2Se and β-Cu2Se, which have a homogeneity range, were treated as the formulae α-(Cu, Se)2Se and β-(Cu, Se)2Se by a two-sublattice model. A set of self-consistent thermodynamic parameters of the Cu – Se system was obtained.
Isothermal section at 773 K of the Gd–Er–Co ternary system
Authors: Zhou K. W. , Zhuang Y. H. , Zhang X. Y. , Li J. Q. , Zhu A. W. , Xia X. W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
An investigation of the isothermal section at 773 K of the Gd – Er – Co ternary system has been carried out by means of X-ray powder diffraction, metallographic analysis and differential thermal analysis techniques. At this temperature, a series of continuous solid solutions forming from the binary compounds in the Gd – Co and Er – Co systems characterized the phase diagram. The Curie temperatures of Gd1 – xEr
x
Co2 (x = 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8) alloys have also been determined.
Influence of carbides and of the dendritic orientation on the thermal expansion of Ni-base, Co-base and Fe-base simple cast alloys
Authors: Berthod Patrice 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Knowing how chemical composition and microstructure can influence the thermal expansion of high temperature alloys is of great importance. The behaviour of pure Ni, Co or Fe and of simple 30 wt.% Cr-containing cast alloys based on these elements, carbide-free or containing 0.8 wt.% C, were studied between 500°C and 1200°C. Special attention was given to the possible effect of the carbide and of the dendrite orientation. Thermal expansion coefficients are provided and compared with regard to the microstructure. The presence of Cr in the alloys leads to higher thermal expansions than for pure elements. The interdendritic carbides tend to reduce the alloys' thermal expansion behaviour by obstructing the allotropic dimensional phenomena or by plastically deforming the matrix in compression. The dendritic orientation seems to influence the thermal expansion of carbide-containing alloys.
Climate‐growth relationships of relict Pinus tabulaeformis at the northern limit of its natural distribution in northern China
Authors: Liang Eryuan , Eckstein Dieter , Liu Hongyan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractQuestions:Sand storms from east Inner Mongolia are a major threat to the ecological safety of North China and actions are desirable to control further desertification. Small patches of relict Pinus tabulaeformis could play a major role in this. The climate signal recorded in the tree‐ring widths and the dates of past regeneration episodes of these trees growing at the northern border of their natural distribution are considered here.Location:Ortindag Sand Land in North China.Methods:We collected increment cores from relict P. tabulaeformis trees at five sites, built a standard tree‐ring chronology for each site and a regional tree‐ring chronology from the three longest site chronologies, analysed the tree growth/climate relationships and determined the germination years of the trees to recognize past regeneration dynamics.Results:Monthly precipitation and relative air humidity in the previous and current growing seasons are the major limiting factors for the radial growth of P. tabulaeformis. Years with a high frequency of absent tree rings are characterized by particularly extreme dry conditions. These results are supported by negative correlations between radial growth and monthly maximum temperature and evaporation during the growing season. In a 163‐year time series of precipitation from previous July to current June reconstructed from the tree rings, cycles with wave lengths of 2‐3, 17.4 and 20.5 years are significant.Conclusion:P. tabulaeformis trees are reliable recorders of high and low frequency variations of dry/wet environmental conditions in the Ortindag Sand Land. Their age structures within the forest patches prove that they regenerate preferentially in less dry periods.
Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Yousufuddin Muhammed , Bau Robert 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe following article reviews the technique of neutron diffraction and its effectiveness in probing materials of chemical interest. The main advantage of neutrons is their ability to detect hydrogen atoms. We describe in this article several examples where neutrons offered additional information that was otherwise unavailable from X‐rays. We have summarized a number of structures studied using neutron diffraction. Most of these structures showed the precise location of chemically interesting hydrogen atoms. We have also summarized structures where neutron diffraction allowed for the assignment of absolute stereochemistry in deuterated systems. Lastly, we have discussed the usefulness of neutron diffraction in protein crystallography.One of the major disadvantages of neutron diffraction is the immensely low number of neutron sources available as compared to X‐ray sources. We have detailed the neutron sources around the world capable of neutron diffraction experiments, including sources that are currently under construction such as the Spallation Neutron Source in Oak Ridge, TN and J‐PARC in Tokyo, Japan. In addition, a number of neutron diffraction instruments and their sample requirements are illustrated.In the past, neutron diffraction has been overlooked by most practicing chemists as an efficient analytical tool. However, with the newer more powerful facilities and instrumentation in development, chemical systems studied with neutrons should become more common.
Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Dyer R. Brian , Woodruff William H. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The application of vibrational spectroscopy to the study of inorganic and bioinorganic structures and dynamics has a rich history. Recent advances in vibrational spectroscopic techniques have increased the utility of these methods. Time‐resolved methods in particular have benefited from advances in lasers and other enabling technologies. In this chapter we describe the application of both Raman and infrared methods to problems in inorganic chemistry, with a focus on bioinorganic systems. We also describe difference vibrational spectroscopy methods for the analysis of metal active sites within complex protein structures. We develop quantitative rules for the relationships between force constants and bond distances. Such relationships are useful for predicting bond distances for cases where it is difficult to measure them otherwise, such as for excited states of molecules. Finally, we review time‐resolved Raman and IR methods and their application to the study of the structures and dynamics of excited states and chemical reactions of inorganic systems.
Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (
EPR
) Spectroscopy
Authors: Hales Brian J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Electron‐Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, also know as Electron‐Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, monitors the energy levels of paramagnetic molecules. The major energy interaction (Zeeman Interaction) is between the magnetic moment of the electron and the field of a large uniform magnet. This interaction splits the normally degenerate spin levels of the electron and the electron‐paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer measures the energy of this interaction. The EPR spectrometer is described along with a discussion of spectral optimization techniques. Additionally, energy interaction terms are described and include hyperfine coupling (the interaction of the magnetic moments of the unpaired electron and magnetic nuclei) and spin‐orbit coupling, which influences the magnitude of the spectroscopic
g
‐factor and the energy levels of
S
> 1/2 systems. The general features of half‐integer and integer high‐spin systems are further described, including examples.
Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation (ESEEM) Spectroscopy
Authors: McCracken John 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn the 46 years since its discovery in Ce(III)‐doped CaWO4single crystals, electron spin echo envelope modulation (ESEEM) spectroscopy has developed into an important method for the characterization of paramagnetic centers. The capability of ESEEM to resolve ligand hyperfine couplings to paramagnetic transition metal ions in powder or frozen solution samples, and its sensitivity to the orientation and number of coupled nuclei, make it a valuable tool for structural biology and materials chemistry. This article presents a brief history of the method from its discovery to the development of commercial instrumentation that has provided an opportunity for scientists to address difficult questions regarding coordination chemistry in paramagnetic systems. The technical background section presents the three most basic ESEEM experiments: the one‐dimensional primary echo (two‐pulse) and stimulated echo (three‐pulse) experiments and the two‐dimensional, four‐pulse hyperfine sublevel correlation (HYSCORE) experiment. The mathematical expressions developed for these experiments and the simpleS = 1/2,I = 1/2 coupled spin system, will be used together with sample ESEEM data from Cu(II) centers in a model complex and an enzyme to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of these pulse schemes. The article will conclude with a case study of the nonheme Fe(II) site in taurine/α‐ketoglutarate dioxygenase (TauD) that will feature some of the strengths of one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional ESEEM spectroscopy and show that the method has matured into a powerful technique for elucidating the coordination chemistry of this important class of enzymes as well as many other systems.
Prediction of the development of reading comprehension: a longitudinal study
Authors: Verhoeven Ludo , van Leeuwe Jan 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSpecific effects of word decoding, vocabulary and listening comprehension abilities on the development of reading comprehension were longitudinally examined for a representative sample of 2143 Dutch children throughout the elementary school period. An attempt was made to test two theoretical frameworks for the prediction of the development of reading comprehension: the lexical quality hypothesis in which word decoding and vocabulary are assumed to be critical determinants of reading comprehension and the simple reading view in which reading comprehension is assumed to be the product of word decoding and listening comprehension. The results showed significant progress across grades on all of the predictor and criterion measures. The stability of the measures was also high across time, which shows the individual differences between students to remain across grades. Word decoding exerted a substantial effect on early reading comprehension and a small effect on later sixth grade reading comprehension. The data provide empirical support for the lexical quality hypothesis as they show knowledge of word forms and word meanings (i.e. vocabulary) to predict the development of reading comprehension. Support for the simple reading view was also found in that word decoding and listening comprehension significantly predicted reading comprehension as well. A combined structural model with word decoding, vocabulary and listening comprehension as predictors of reading comprehension showed a substantial impact of the three predictors on reading comprehension at first grade. In subsequent grades, vocabulary is still predicting reading comprehension directly whereas listening comprehension shows a reciprocal relationship with vocabulary. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advances in text comprehension: commentary and final perspective
Authors: Graesser Arthur C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe articles in this special issue present data, theory and applications of the field of Discourse Processes. This commentary identifies some of the challenges this field has faced in its attempt to understand the mechanisms of discourse comprehension and production to scale up the research to applications. The prevailing models emphasize the interaction between data‐driven and conceptually driven processes and the importance of representational constraints in guiding discourse processing. The field embraces a wide range of methodologies that are illustrated in this special issue, including brain imaging, eye tracking, thing aloud protocols, reading times, recall, summarization and question answering. The tasks include text comprehension, search through large repositories of electronic texts and learning from advanced multimedia environments. The major claim in the commentary is that researchers need to conduct deeper analyses of the information in the materials (texts, tasks) and world knowledge before they can offer defensible generalizations about cognitive processes and real world applications. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comprehension skill and word‐to‐text integration processes
Authors: Perfetti Charles , Yang Chin‐Lung , Schmalhofer Franz 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWe examine comprehension skill differences in the processes of word‐to‐text integration, the connection of the meaning of a word, as it is read, to a representation of the text. We review two ‘on‐line’ integration studies using event related potentials (ERPs) to provide fine‐grain temporal data on the word‐to‐text processes of adult readers. The studies demonstrate indicators for word‐to‐text integration and show differences in these indicators as a function of adult reading comprehension skill. For skilled comprehenders, integration processes were reflected in N400 indicators when a critical word had an explicit link to a word in the prior text and by both N400 and P300 indicators when its meaning was a paraphrase of a prior word. When forward inferences were required for subsequent word‐to‐text integration, effects for skilled comprehenders were not reliable. Less skilled comprehenders showed delayed and less robust ERP effects, especially when meaning paraphrase was the basis of the integration. We discuss the significance of skill differences in integration processes with a focus on the use of context‐dependent word meaning as a possible source of these differences. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An internet database for the classification and dissemination of information about hazardous chemicals and occupational diseases
Authors: Brown J.A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe amount of information about hazardous agents in the workplace exceeds the capacity of human memory. There is a need to accurately represent or map this scientific knowledge for digital storage and retrieval.MethodsA relational database of hazardous chemicals and occupational diseases was constructed by first collecting and sifting through the large volume of information. The information was indexed with a controlled vocabulary and documented with references to the scientific literature.ResultsThe evolving database is available on the website of the National Library of Medicine. It enables users to browse categories and query by pick lists. Users can drill down to find specific information that may be useful for intervention and prevention.ConclusionsThe large amount of information needed to support decisions concerning occupational exposures and diseases can be distilled, classified, and summarized in a relational database and disseminated by means of the World Wide Web to assist in the prevention of work‐related diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 51:428–435, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Update: Despite mediation‐related incarceration, Girls Gone Wild founder is headed for more ADR
Authors: Bleemer Russ 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA Florida federal court judge rejects a recusal motion from the Girls Gone Wild founder, dismissing contentions–including some from a 2007 Alternatives article–that the judge's mediation rulings stepped over the line. Also, a New York state case is sounding alarms about a potential loss of mediation confidentiality.
Methane production in an UASB reactor operated under periodic mesophilic–thermophilic conditions
Authors: Bourque J.‐S. , Guiot S.R. , Tartakovsky B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractMethane production was studied in a laboratory‐scale 10 L anaerobic upflow sludge bed (UASB) reactor with periodic variations of the reactor temperature. On a daily basis the temperature was varied between 35 and 45°C or 35 and 55°C with a heating period of 6 h. Each temperature increase was accompanied by an increase in methane production and a decrease in the concentration of soluble organic matter in the effluent. In comparison to a reactor operated at 35°C, a net increase in methane production of up to 22% was observed. Batch activity tests demonstrated a tolerance of mesophilic methanogenic populations to short‐term, 2–6 h, temperature increases, although activity of acetoclastic methanogens decreased after 6 h exposure to a temperature of 55°C. 16S sequencing of DGGE bands revealed proliferation of temperature‐tolerant Methanospirillum hungatii sp. in the reactor. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;100: 1115–1121. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A dual CT‐MR dendrimer contrast agent as a surrogate marker for convection‐enhanced delivery of intracerebral macromolecular therapeutic agents
Authors: Regino Celeste Aida S. , Walbridge Stuart , Bernardo Marcelino , Wong Karen J. , Johnson Dennis , Lonser Russell , Oldfield Edward H. , Choyke Peter L. , Brechbiel Martin W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe feasibility of using Gd dendrimer‐based macromolecules (Gd‐G8 dendrimer) as a dual CT and MR contrast agent for monitoring convection‐enhanced delivery of therapy in the brain is evaluated both in vitro and in vivo with optimal dosing established. In vitro CT attenuation values of the Gd‐based agents (∼6.0 HU mM−1) were ∼1.6 times greater than iodine‐based agents and the attenuation of the Gd‐DTPA was comparable to Gd‐G8 dendrimer. Visible enhancement was observed on both CT and MR using Gd‐G8 dendrimer over a range of 23–78 mM; however, a concentration of at least 47 mM in Gd was required for adequate delineation of the injection site on both CT and MR. MR offers greater sensitivity than CT in estimating the volume of distribution (Vd) and effectively quantified the agent's concentration and diffusion using T1 mapping at much lower concentrations of Gd (<10 mM in [Gd]). Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.