bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vorticity expulsion by turbulence: astrophysical implications of an Alka-Seltzer experiment
Authors: Gough D. O. , Lynden-Bell D. 
Published: March 2006

Arguments are given which suggest that the mean flow of a turbulent fluid is irrotational far from the boundaries. Mathematical difficulties precluded a detailed theory so a simple experiment was performed. This experiment qualitatively confirmed the suggestion. Other well-known experiments on the mean flow of turbulent fluid may also be interpreted in terms of vorticity expulsion, an idea closely related to Scorer's hypothesis on turbulent mixing.Theoretical papers on stellar rotation usually assume that convective regions rotate uniformly because of a high turbulent viscosity. However, if vorticity expulsion occurs, convective stellar cores will not rotate. The concept of a turbulent viscosity is criticized.
The degree of knottedness of tangled vortex lines
Authors: Moffatt H. K. 
Published: March 2006

Letu(x)be the velocity field in a fluid of infinite extent due to a vorticity distributionw(x)which is zero except in two closed vortex filaments of strengthsK1,K2. It is first shown that the integral\[ I=\int{\bf u}.{\boldmath \omega}\,dV \]is equal to αK1K2where α is an integer representing the degree of linkage of the two filaments; α = 0 if they are unlinked, ± 1 if they are singly linked. The invariance ofIfor a continuous localized vorticity distribution is then established for barotropic inviscid flow under conservative body forces. The result is interpreted in terms of the conservation of linkages of vortex lines which move with the fluid.Some examples of steady flows for whichI± 0 are briefly described; in particular, attention is drawn to a family of spherical vortices with swirl (which is closely analogous to a known family of solutions of the equations of magnetostatics); the vortex lines of these flows are both knotted and linked.Two related magnetohydrodynamic invariants discovered by Woltjer (1958a, b) are discussed in ±5.
Characterization of Escherichia coli
D-arabinose 5-phosphate isomerase encoded by kpsF: implications for group 2 capsule biosynthesis
Authors: Meredith Timothy C. , Woodard Ronald W. 
Published: March 2006

In Escherichia coli, there are multiple paralogous copies of the enzyme API [A5P (D-arabinose 5-phosphate) isomerase], which catalyses the conversion of the pentose pathway intermediate Ru5P (D-ribulose 5-phosphate) into A5P. A5P is a precursor of Kdo (3-deoxy-D-manno-octulosonate), an integral carbohydrate component of various glycolipids coating the surface of the OM (outer membrane) of Gram-negative bacteria, including LPS (lipopolysaccharide) and many group 2 K-antigen capsules. The K-antigen-specific API KpsF has been cloned from the uropathogenic E. coli strain CFT073 and its biochemical properties characterized. Purified recombinant KpsF [K-API (K-antigen API)] is tetrameric and has optimal activity at pH 7.8. The enzyme is specific for A5P and Ru5P, with Km (app) values of 0.57 mM for A5P and 0.3 mM for Ru5P. The apparent kcat in the A5P to Ru5P direction is 15 and 19 s−1 in the Ru5P to A5P direction. While most of the properties are quite similar to its LPS API counterpart KdsD, the catalytic constant is nearly 10-fold lower. K-API is now the second Kdo biosynthetic related gene that has been characterized from the kps group 2 capsule cluster.
Neonatal behavioural profile and crying in premature infants at term age
Authors: Ohgi Shohei , Gima Hirotaka , Akiyama Tomitaro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To analyse behavioural characteristics of infants who cried more versus those who cried less, in a sample of low‐risk premature infants. Methods: Participants were 63 low‐risk healthy premature infants. At term age, the Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) was administered, and a 1‐d diary for crying was recorded starting on the following day. Infants were categorized into two groups: those with “high level of crying” (≥75th percentile) and those with “less crying” (<75th percentile), based on the total amount of crying time. Results: Some individual NBAS scores and “habituation” and “regulation of state” cluster scores were lower in the high‐level‐of‐crying group. Infants in the group with a high level of crying had lower thresholds for response in the “peak of excitement”, “rapidity of build‐up”, “irritability” and “general irritability” items. Logistic regression analysis revealed that lower “habituation” and “regulation of state” cluster scores were significantly associated with lower thresholds for crying. Conclusion: These results suggest that neonatal behavioural characteristics, such as hyperresponsivity and poor state regulation, are associated with high levels of crying. Clinical assessments based on the NBAS may help parents elucidate their infant's level of tolerance for stimuli, and identify strategies to minimize their crying.
Immunogenicity of hepatitis A‐inactivated vaccine administered to seronegative infants, and serological follow‐up 12 months after second dose
Authors: DE SILVESTRI ANNALISA , ZARA FRANCESCA , TERULLA VIRGINIO , BRERRA ROBERTO , ZUCCA SILVANA , BELLONI CESARE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To evaluate a) the safety and immunogenicity of anti‐HAV‐inactivated vaccine administered during the first year of life to anti‐HAV seronegative babies, and b) the antibody persistence in a low/intermediate endemic area. Methods: After having obtained informed written consent from mothers, 92 babies were vaccinated at 4 and 10 mo of age. All babies were seronegative at birth and did not present HAV‐RNA shedding in three serial stool samples taken at 1, 2 and 3 mo of age. Results: No general side effects (fever>38°C) were observed. After the first dose of vaccine, 70/82 (85.4%) babies developed anti‐HAV>10 mIU/ml and 36/82 (43.9%)>20 mIU/ml. After the second dose of vaccine, all babies developed a titre>20 mIU/ml, and GMT was 877 mIU/ml. After 1 y of follow‐up, the decreasing rate was similar to that reported for adult populations. Furthermore, three babies doubled the titre observed 1 mo after the second dose, indicating the possible spread of HAV even in a low/intermediate endemic area. Conclusion: Anti‐HAV vaccine is safe, immunogenic and able to induce immune memory, and can be integrated into the routine infant immunization schedule during the first year of life.
Brainstem auditory evoked response at term in preterm infants after perinatal hypoxia‐ischaemia
Authors: Jiang Ze D. , Wilkinson Andrew R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Aim: To examine brainstem auditory function in preterm infants after perinatal hypoxia‐ischaemia (HI). Methods: Brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was studied at 37–42 wk postconceptional age in preterm infants who suffered perinatal HI, and were compared with those in preterm and term infants without any major perinatal problems. Results: None of the latencies of waves I, III and V in the BAER in preterm infants after perinatal HI differed significantly from those in preterm and term controls. There were also no significant differences in the I–V and I–III interpeak intervals between preterm infants after HI and the controls. However, III–V interval in infants after HI tended to increase, and was significantly longer than in term controls (p<0.01), although it did not differ significantly from that in preterm controls. Similarly, the III–V/I–III interval ratio was greater than in term controls (p<0.05), but was similar to that in preterm controls. All amplitude variables did not differ significantly from the controls. Conclusion: BAER in preterm infants after perinatal HI did not differ significantly from that in preterm infants without perinatal problems, but differed slightly from that in normal term infants. The prolonged III–V interval as compared with the term controls suggests a minor impairment in central auditory function.
Atlantoaxial subluxation with recurrent consciousness disturbance in a boy with Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome
Authors: Hou Jia‐Woei 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDeficiency of the purine salvage enzyme hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) may cause various clinical entities such as Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome (LNS). A 9.5‐y‐old boy with the phenotypic features of LNS, including hyperuricaemia, choreoathetosis, self‐mutilation and profound neurological dysfunction, was found to have HPRT deficiency. Normocytic anaemia, hyperuricaemia (uric acid 594.8 µmol/l) and microscopic haematuria with uric acid crystals were noted. Ultrasonography showed bilateral nephrocalcinosis and urinary bladder stones. In addition, he presented with three episodes of consciousness disturbance with limb paresis, possibly caused by atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS) with compression myelopathy. The diagnosis was made by the amount of residual enzyme activity and a single nucleotide substitution on the acceptor site region of intron 5 (IVS5–1 G→C) of the HPRT gene, inherited from his asymptomatic mother. Conclusion: Lesch‐Nyhan syndrome is a devastating sex‐linked recessive disorder resulting from almost complete deficiency of the activity of HPRT. This report highlights the unusual AAS in a boy with LNS presenting recurrent consciousness change. The mutation described herein is a hitherto unreported splicing error leading to exon 6 skipping of the HPRT gene.
Preliminary Results for a New Final Package Test to Assess the Quality of Sterile Package Systems
Authors: Dunkelberg Hartmut , Wedekind Silke 
Published: March 2006

AbstractObjectives:To develop a microbial test method to ascertain the passage of airborne bacteria through the medical device packaging System after sterilization, and to apply this test method to flexible packages under mechanical pressure changes.Methods:Petri dishes filled with nutrient agar were integrated into the packaging unit prior to sterilization. We examined paper packaging consisting of 1 (single-paper packaging [P]), 2 (double-paper packaging [PP] and textile and paper double packaging [TP]), and 3 (double packaging with transport packaging [TPP]) layers. After sterilization, the test packages were pressed five times per minute for 1 or 3 hours by a mechanical device weighing 1 kg. This exposure took place in rooms with an average airborne bacterial count of 35 (room 1) or 440 (room 2) CFU/m3. The packaging was opened following culture at 37° C for 48 hours to determine the number of colonies formed.Results:The proportion of contaminated packages rose with the duration of mechanical stress and increased airborne bacteria concentration. Thus, mechanical pressure change for 3 hours resulted in the contamination of 60% (P), 15% (PP), 0% (TP), and 0% (TPP) of the packages in room 1, whereas 100% (P), 65% (PP), 73% (TP), and 0% (TPP) of the packages in room 2 were contaminated.Conclusions:This test method allows sterile packaging Systems to be tested for contamination under practical conditions without extensive laboratory preparation. Contamination as a resuit of laboratory errors can be ruled out almost certainly.
Serial Nosocomial Transmission of Plasmodium falciparum Malaria From Patient to Nurse to Patient
Authors: Alweis Richard L. , DiRosario Kerrie , Conidi Giuseppe , Kain Kevin C. , Olans Richard , Tully John L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground:Nosocomial transmission of malaria is a rare phenomenon in the United States.Objective:To describe the probable transmission of Plasmodium falciparum malaria from a patient to a healthcare worker and then from the healthcare worker to another patient.Design:Case series.Setting:Two community hospitals in Massachusetts.Intervention:Routine medical and supportive care.Measurements:Clinical and laboratory evaluation.Results:A nurse developed falciparum malaria after a needlestick injury from a patient with documented falciparum malaria. Three days prior to her diagnosis, she cared for another patient, who subsequently developed falciparum malaria. That patient's parasite isolate genetically matched the nurse's isolate by two independent DNA fingerprinting techniques.Conclusion:After extensive evaluation, we believe that a nurse who had acquired falciparum malaria via needlestick subsequently transmitted malaria to another patient via a break in standard precautions. The implications of this mechanism of transmission are discussed.
Independent Prognostic Factors for Fatality in Patients With Urinary Tract Infection Caused by Serratia marcescens
Authors: Liu Jien-Wei , Hsu Yu-Mai , Huang Yen-Fen 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn a retrospective study of 329 cases of nosocomial urinary tract infection caused by Serratia marcescens, 16 (4.9%) were fatal. Female gender (OR, 3.9; CI95, 1.3-11.7; P = .014) and secondary S. marcescens bacteremia (OR, 6.5; CI95, 1.5-28.6; P = .013) were independent prognostic factors for fatality.
The Enforcement of Jurisdiction Agreements Within The Brussels Regime
Authors: Merrett Louise 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUntil relatively recently the question of whether it is possible to get damages for breach of an exclusive jurisdiction clause was very rarely considered by the courts and had attracted little academic interest. But when considered alongside recent developments in cases covered by the Brussels regime, the subject becomes of potentially much greater practical significance. The main purpose of this article is to consider how the newly developing common law principles might apply in that context.
Legal Implications Of Australia's Maritime Indentification System
Authors: Klein Natalie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractOn 14 December 2004, Australia announced the institution of a ‘Maritime Identification Zone’, extending 1000 nautical miles from its coast and involving the identification of vessels seeking to enter Australian ports, as well as vessels transiting Australia' Exclusive Economic Zone. This Article analyses the legality of these security measures under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, new developments through the International Maritime Organization and the Proliferation Security Initiative. The implications of prescribing and enforcing identification requirements on the high seas and in the EEZ, the impact on maritime boundaries and avenues for dispute settlement are all explored.
Titration of Propofol for Anesthetic Induction and Maintenance Guided by the Bispectral Index: Closed-loop versus Manual Control
Authors: Liu Ngai , Chazot Thierry , Genty Antoine , Landais Alain , Restoux Aymeric , McGee Kathleen , Laloë Pierre-Antoine , Trillat Bernard , Barvais Luc , Fischler Marc 
Published: March 2006

Background
This report describes a closed-loop titration of propofol target control infusion based on a proportional-differential algorithm guided by the Bispectral Index (BIS) allowing induction and maintenance of general anesthesia and compares this to manual propofol target control infusion.

Methods
One hundred sixty-four patients scheduled to undergo elective minor or major surgery were prospectively randomized in a multicenter study into the closed-loop (n = 83) or manual target control infusion group (n = 81). The goal was to reach a BIS target of 50 during induction and to maintain it between 40 and 60 during maintenance. For both groups, remifentanil target control infusion was adjusted manually, and ventilation was without nitrous oxide.

Results
Closed-loop control was able to provide anesthesia induction and maintenance for all patients. During induction, propofol consumption was lower in the closed-loop group (1.4 +/- 0.5 vs. 1.8 +/- 0.6 mg/kg; P < 0.0001), but the duration was longer (320 +/- 125 vs. 271 +/- 120 s; P < 0.0002). Adequate anesthesia maintenance, defined as the BIS in the range of 40-60, was significantly higher in the closed-loop group (89 +/- 9 vs. 70 +/- 21%; P < 0.0001), with a decrease of the occurrence of BIS less than 40 (8 +/- 8 vs. 26 +/- 22%; P < 0.0001). Time from discontinuation of propofol infusion to tracheal extubation was shorter in the closed-loop group (7 +/- 4 vs. 10 +/- 7 min; P < 0.017). Unwanted somatic events and hemodynamic instability were similar.

Conclusion
Automatic control of consciousness using the BIS is clinically feasible and outperforms manual control.
Spectral Entropy as a Measure of Hypnosis in Children
Authors: Klockars Jaakko G. M. , Hiller Arja , Ranta Seppo , Talja Pia , van Gils Mark J. , Taivainen Tomi 
Published: March 2006

Background
The Datex-Ohmeda S/5 Entropy Module (Datex-Ohmeda Division, Instrumentarium Corp., Helsinki, Finland), using time-frequency balanced Spectral Entropy, is a novel tool for monitoring the hypnotic state during anesthesia. The Entropy Module produces two values, State Entropy (SE) and Response Entropy (RE), and in adults, it has been shown to measure reliably the hypnotic effects of various drugs. In children, Spectral Entropy has been only preliminary studied. The authors' aim was to study Spectral Entropy as a marker of hypnotic state during general anesthesia in infants and children.

Methods
Twenty infants (aged 1 month-1 yr) and 40 children (aged 1-15 yr) were anesthetized for surgery using standardized sevoflurane-nitrous oxide-based anesthesia. The relationships between SE, RE, or Bispectral Index (BIS) and (1) a modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale, (2) non-steady state end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, (3) steady state end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane, and (4) hemodynamic values were calculated using prediction probability, nonlinear regression, and correlation coefficients, as appropriate. The performances of SE, RE, and BIS were compared.

Results
The prediction probability values (+/- SEM) of SE, RE, and BIS versus the modified Observer's Assessment of Alertness/Sedation Scale in the induction phase were 0.83 +/- 0.06, 0.88 +/- 0.06, and 0.87 +/- 0.08 for children and 0.76 +/- 0.08,0.79 +/- 0.08, and 0.73 +/- 0.10 for infants; values in the emergence phase were 0.68 +/- 0.05, 0.74 +/- 0.04, and 0.64 +/- 0.05 for children and 0.64 +/- 0.07, 0.69 +/- 0.06, and 0.72 +/- 0.06 for infants, respectively. SE, RE, and BIS values were inversely proportionally related to the end-tidal concentration of sevoflurane for children, but for infants, the correlation was much less clear. No significant correlations were found between SE, RE, or BIS values and the hemodynamic values.

Conclusions
Spectral Entropy may be a useful tool for measuring the level of hypnosis in anesthetized children and seems to perform as well as BIS. In infants, the clinical usefulness of both these electroencephalogram-derived methods must be evaluated in further controlled studies.
Propofol Increases Presynaptic Inhibition of Ia Afferents in the Intact Human Spinal Cord
Authors: Baars Jan H. , von Dincklage Falk , Reiche Josephine , Rehberg Benno 
Published: March 2006

Background
In vitro studies indicate that the primary molecular targets of propofol in the spinal cord are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) type A receptors. Because of the complexity of the central nervous system, specific GABA-mediated effects have not yet been isolated in humans. Here, the authors used heteronymous Ia facilitation of the soleus H-reflex from the femoral nerve as a specific pathway involving GABA to demonstrate a presynaptic GABA-mediated effect of propofol in humans.

Methods
The study was performed in 10 volunteers aged 23-32 yr. The soleus H-reflex was evoked by stimulation of the tibial nerve in the popliteal fossa. The stimulation current was adjusted to yield an unconditioned H-reflex of 15% of the maximal muscle response to electric stimulation of the tibial nerve. The soleus H-reflex was conditioned by stimulating Ia afferents from the quadriceps femoris in the femoral triangle. The stimulus was applied 0.3-0.4 ms after the onset of facilitation, to assure a purely monosynaptic excitatory postsynaptic potential from quadriceps Ia afferents to the soleus motoneuron. At least 45 conditioned (femoral and tibial) and unconditioned (only tibial) stimuli were applied in random order. The authors compared the amount of heteronymous H-reflex facilitation under a concentration of 2 microg/ml propofol with control values obtained before and after the propofol infusion.

Results
H-reflex facilitation due to the conditioning stimulus during propofol administration was significantly (P < 0.05, t test) decreased by an average of 43% in all patients in comparison with the control values.

Conclusions
Although alternative explanations such as supraspinal effects cannot be ruled out completely, the findings of this study are most likely explained by a specific presynaptic effect of propofol. Strong evidence form neurophysiologic studies indicates that this effect is mediated by the GABA type A receptors.
Wilms’ tumor gene WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform induces morphological changes and promotes cell migration and invasion in vitro
Authors: Jomgeow Tanyarat , Oji Yusuke , Tsuji Naoko , Ikeda Yoko , Ito Ken , Tsuda Asako , Nakazawa Tsutomu , Tatsumi Naoya , Sakaguchi Nao , Takashima Satoshi , Shirakata Toshiaki , Nishida Sumiyuki , Hosen Naoki , Kawakami Manabu , Tsuboi Akihiro , Oka Yoshihiro , Itoh Kazuyuki , Sugiyama Haruo 
Published: March 2006

The wild‐type Wilms’ tumor gene WT1 is overexpressed in human primary leukemia and in a wide variety of solid cancers. All of the four WT1 isoforms are expressed in primary cancers and each is considered to have a different function. However, the functions of each of the WT1 isoforms in cancer cells remain unclear. The present study demonstrated that constitutive expression of the WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform induces morphological changes characterized by a small‐sized cell shape in TYK‐nu.CP‐r (TYK) ovarian cancer cells. In the WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform‐transduced TYK cells, cell–substratum adhesion was suppressed, and cell migration and in vitro invasion were enhanced compared to that in mock vector‐transduced TYK cells. Constitutive expression of the WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform also induced morphological changes in five (one gastric, one esophageal, two breast and one fibrosarcoma) of eight cancer cell lines examined. No WT1 isoforms other than the WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform induced the phenotypic changes. A decrease in α‐actinin 1 and cofilin expression and an increase in gelsolin expression were observed in WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform‐transduced TYK cells. In contrast, co‐expression of α‐actinin 1 and cofilin or knockdown of gelsolin expression by small interfering RNA restored WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform‐transduced TYK cells to a phenotype that was comparable to that of the parent TYK cells. These results indicated that the WT1 17AA(–)/KTS(–) isoform exerted its oncogenic functions through modulation of cytoskeletal dynamics. The present results may provide a novel insight into the signaling pathway of the WT1 gene for its oncogenic functions. (Cancer Sci 2006; 97: 259–270)