bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diet and Growth of Northern Pike in the Absence of Prey Fishes: Initial Consequences for Persisting in Disturbance‐Prone Lakes
Authors: Venturelli Paul A. , Tonn William M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe northern pike Esox lucius is a renowned piscivore, but will prey opportunistically on invertebrates (e.g., in small lakes of boreal Alberta, where winterkill can unexpectedly reduce or eliminate prey fishes). We emulated such a disturbance by stocking a fishless lake with northern pike and then monitored their diet and growth over two summers. Stomach content analysis revealed that stocked adults responded to the sudden absence of prey fishes by specializing on energy‐rich leeches (families Glossiphoniidae and Erpobdellidae), whereas juvenile offspring consumed a broader mix of invertebrates. Stable isotope analysis supported these results and indicated a relatively rapid drop in the trophic position of stocked adults. Compared with growth of northern pike in regional lakes containing prey fishes, growth of adults in the experimental lake was apparently compromised by a diet of invertebrates but growth of juveniles was high. Although long‐term dynamics of northern pike in these disturbance‐prone lakes are undocumented, our results suggest that northern pike are capable of adapting rapidly to the absence of prey fishes; however, such a diet imposes a trophic bottleneck that can lead to stunting.
Post‐Hydropower System Delayed Mortality of Transported Snake River Stream‐Type Chinook Salmon: Unraveling the Mystery
Authors: Muir William D. , Marsh Douglas M. , Sandford Benjamin P. , Smith Steven G. , Williams John G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPast research indicates that on an annual basis, smolts of stream‐type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha collected at Snake River dams and transported by barge to below Bonneville Dam have greater post‐hydropower system mortality than smolts that migrate in‐river. To date, this difference has most commonly been attributed to stress from collection and transportation, leading to decreased disease resistance or predator avoidance ability. Using both hatchery and wild passive integrated transponder (PIT) tagged Chinook salmon, we explored two mechanisms that either separately or jointly contributed to an alternative explanation: Altered timing of ocean entry and lost growth opportunity leading to size‐selective predation. Based on weekly estimates of in‐river survival and adult return rates of smolts that were transported or that migrated in‐river between Lower Granite and Bonneville dams, we found greater post‐hydropower system mortality for smolts transported early in the season but greater mortality for in‐river migrating smolts later in the season. Migrants took 2–4 weeks to travel between the two dams, while transported fish took less than 2 d. Thus, fish leaving Lower Granite Dam under the two transit modes encountered different conditions downstream from Bonneville Dam. Further, wild and hatchery migrants grew 6–8 and 5–6 mm, respectively, while transported fish had no apparent growth in the less than 2‐d barge ride. Using length data and regression equations of size selectivity, we found that transported smolts were more vulnerable to predation by northern pikeminnow Ptychocheilus oregonensis (freshwater) and Pacific hake Merluccius productus (marine) than were migrants; this was particularly true for the smaller wild smolts transported early in the season. We concluded that the most parsimonious explanation for differential post‐hydropower system mortality of transported Chinook salmon smolts related not to effects of stress but to differential size and timing of ocean entry.
Use of cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads for treatment of cutaneous neoplasia in equidae: 59 cases (2000–2004)
Authors: Hewes Christina A. , Sullins Kenneth E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine outcome for equids with cutaneous neoplasms treated with cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads, alone or in conjunction with debulking.
Design—Retrospective case series.
Animals—56 horses, 1 zebra, 1 donkey, and 1 mule.
Procedures—Medical records were reviewed. Follow-up information was obtained through telephone conversations with owners and trainers of the animals.
Results—22 tumors were sarcoids, 6 were fibrosarcomas, 1 was a fibroma, 2 were peripheral nerve sheath tumors, 11 were squamous cell carcinomas, 14 were melanomas (13 gray horses and 1 bay horse), 1 was a lymphosarcoma, 1 was an adenocarcinoma, and 1 was a basal cell tumor. Forty-five (76%) animals underwent conventional or laser debulking of the tumor prior to bead implantation. Forty of 48 (83%) animals for which long-term follow-up information was available were relapse free 2 years after treatment. This included 20 of 22 animals with spindle cell tumors (including 11/13 horses with sarcoids), 6 of 10 animals with squamous cell carcinomas, 13 of 14 animals with melanomas, and 2 of 3 animals with other tumor types. Adverse effects were minimal.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that implantation of cisplatin-containing biodegradable beads, with or without tumor debulking, may be an effective treatment for equidae with various cutaneous neoplasms.
Cationic surfactant‐selective potentiometric sensors based on neutral ion‐pair carrier complexes
Authors: Mahajan Rakesh Kumar , Kaur Inderpreet , Bakshi Mandeep Singh 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) membrane electrodes to determine monomer concentrations of tetradecyltrimethylammonium ion (TTA+) and hexadecylpyridinium ion (HPy+) based on neutral ion‐pair carrier complexes of tetradecyltrimethylammonium dodecyl sulfate (TTA+‐DS−) and hexadecylpyridinium dodecyl sulfate (HPy+‐DS−), respectively, are reported here. The electrodes exhibit a Nernstian slope of 59 mV per decade for TTA+ and a sub‐Nernstian slope of 34.5 mV per decade for HPy+ ions. The TTA+ ion‐selective electrode (ISE) and the HPy+‐ISE can determine the monomer units down to concentrations as low as 4.0×10−4M and 1.66×10−5 M, respectively. The effect of various additives, such as the anionic polyelectrolyte sodium dextran sulfate and macrocyclic β‐cyclodextrin, on the surface activity exhibited by the cationic surfactants TTA+‐DS− and HPy+‐DS−, in the presence of background concentrations of NaCl was also examined with surfactant‐selective sensors. The Gibbs free energy of micelle formation (ΔGm) of both surfactants in the presence of various additives was calculated and found to be less favorable with respect to an increase in the amount of additives due to less availability of cationic surfactant monomer units. The ion‐pair complexes TTA+‐DS− and HPy+‐DS− were found to behave as selective carrier compounds in PVC membranes in determining the concentration of monomer units of both TTA+ and HPy+, respectively. The proposed sensors worked well at a fairly acidic pH of 1–6.5 with response time of 60 s. The sensors responded well to the surfactant ions even in the presence of additives at lower concentration. The lifetime of the sensors is 3 mon.
Primary aerobic biodegradation of cationic and amphoteric surfactants
Authors: Qin Yong , Zhang Gaoyong , Kang Baoan , Zhao Yumei 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe primary aerobic biodegradation of several cationic and amphoteric surfactants has been studied by using the shaking‐flask degradation test and orange II spectrophotometric analysis. The results show that cationic and amphoteric surfactants can be readily biodegraded, with their degradation exceeding 94%. The degradation kinetics can be accurately described by the Boltzmann model. The relationship between structure and biodegradability is discussed. The presence of hydrophobic groups has a strong effect on the biodegradability of these surfactants. Biodegradability decreases with increasing chain length. The presence of hydrophilic groups mainly affects the degradation rate of these surfactants, but not their ultimate biodegradeability. Bio‐degradability is deterred and degradation is slowed as steric hindrance increases. Degradation rates increase markedly when hydrophilic groups containing an amide bond are pres‐ent.
Synthesis of new extended surfactants containing a xylitol polar group
Authors: Fernández Alvaro , Scorzza Cesar , Usubillaga Alfredo , Salager Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new class of extended surfactants was prepared in which the spacer arm between the polar portion and the hydrophobic alkyl chain was a polymer of propylene glycol with an average length of six propylene oxide units. The polar head was a single or double xylitol moiety or a xylitol molecule with carboxylic acid functionality. Surfactants containing double xylitol polar head groups showed a much higher critical micelle concentration value than surfactants with a single polar head.
Glycerol esters from the reaction of glycerol with dicarboxylic acid esters
Authors: Cho Gladys H. P. , Yeong S. K. , Ooi T. L. , Chuah C. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMono‐ and di‐esterified glycerols were synthesized by the base catalyzed reaction of glycerol with aliphatic dicarboxylic acid esters (C2−C9): 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl oxalate (2), 1,3 dioxalyloxy propan‐2‐ol (3), 1,3‐dimethoxyoxalyloxy propan‐2‐ol (5), 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl malonate (6), 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl methyl malonate (7), 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl methyl succinate (8), 1,3‐dimethoxysuccinyloxy propan‐2‐ol (9), 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl methyl glutarate (10), 1,3‐dimethoxyglutaryloxy propan‐2‐ol (11), 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propyl methyl azelate (14), and 1,3‐dimethoxyazelyloxy propan‐2‐ol (15). Their structures were elucidated by spectrometric methods. Compounds 8, 10, 2,3‐dihydroxy‐propl methyl adipate (12) and 14 were found to possess surface active properties and the ability to reduce the interfacial tension between paraffin and water.
Mixed micelles of some anionic‐anionic, cationic‐cationic, and ionic‐nonionic surfactants in aqueous media
Authors: Vora Sambhav , George Alex , Desai Hemangi , Bahadur Pratap 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCritical micelle concentrations (CMC) were obtained from tensiometric studies on several binary surfactant mixtures (anionic‐anionic, cationic‐cationic, anionic‐nonionic, and cationic‐nonionic) in water at different mole fractions (0–1). The composition of mixed micelles and the interaction parameter β, evaluated from the CMC data for different systems using Rubingh's theory, are discussed. Marked interaction is observed for ionic‐nonionic systems, whereas it is weak in the case of similarly charged surfactants. The influence of counterion valence in the formation of mixed micelles was investigated, and results suggest that in similarly charged surfactant mixtures, the degree of counterion binding does have a major role in deciding the extent of interactions. Salt addition reveals a weakening of interactions in ionic‐nonionic systems, and this is attributed to head group charge neutralization and dehydration of the ethylene oxide units of the nonionic surfactants. Cloud point and viscosity data on these systems support the observation.
Distinction between esterases and lipases: A kinetic study with vinyl esters and TAG
Authors: Chahinian Henri , Nini Lylia , Boitard Elisabeth , Dubès Jean‐Paul , Comeau Louis‐Claude , Sarda Louis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe better to characterize enzymes hydrolyzing carboxyl ester bonds (carboxyl ester hydrolases), we have compared the kinetic behavior of various lipases and esterases against solutions and emulsions of vinyl esters and TAG. Shortchain vinyl esters are hydrolyzed at comparable rates by esterases and lipases and have higher limits of solubility in water than corresponding TAG. Therefore, they are suited to study the influence of the physical state of the substrate on carboxyl ester hydrolase activity within a large concentration range. Enzymes used in this study are TAG lipases from microorganisms, lipases from human and guinea pig pancreas, pig liver esterase, and acetylcholinesterase. This study also includes cutinase, a fungal enzyme that displays functional properties between esterases and lipases. Esterases display maximal activity against solutions of short‐chain vinyl esters (vinyl acetate, vinyl propionate, and vinyl butyrate) and TAG (triacetin, tripropionin, and tributyrin). Half‐maximal activity is reached at ester concentrations far below the solubility limit. The transition from solution to emulsion at substrate concentrations exceeding the solubility limit has no effect on esterase activity. Lipases are active on solutions of short‐chain vinyl esters and TAG but, in contrast to esterases, they all display maximal activity against emulsified substrates and half‐maximal activity is reached at substrate concentrations near the solubility limit of the esters. The kinetics of hydrolysis of soluble substrates by lipases are either hyperbolic or deviate from the Michaelis‐Menten model and show no or weak interfacial activation. The presence of molecular aggregates in solutions of short‐chain substrates, as evidenced by a spectral dye method, likely accounts for the activity of lipases against soluble esters. Unlike esterases, lipases hydrolyze emulsions of water‐insoluble medium‐ and long‐chain vinyl esters and IAG such as vinyl laurate, trioctanoin, and olive oil. In conclusion, comparisons of the kinetic behavior of carboxyl ester hydrolases against solutions and emulsions of vinyl esters and TAG allows the distinction between lipases and esterases. In this respect, it clearly appears that guinea pig pancreatic lipase and cutinase are unambiguously classified as lipases.
Dietary nucleotides do not alter erythrocyte long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in formula‐fed term infants
Authors: Gibson Robert A. , Hawkes Joanna S. , Makrides Maria 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere have been conflicting reports regarding the effectiveness of dietary nucleotides (NT) to regulate tissue desaturases and hence stimulate accumulation of both n−6 and n−3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA). The aim of this study was to examine the effect of NT‐supplemented cow's milk‐based formula on erythrocyte phospholipid FA status in a large randomized controlled trial involving a well‐nourished infant population born at term. Formula‐fed infants were allocated to control formula with an innate level of NT at 10 mg/L (n=102), or formula fortified with NT at 34 mg/L (n=98). A parallel group of breastfed infants was included as a reference. Peripheral blood samples were collected by venipuncture at 7 mon of age and erythrocyte phospholipid FA determined by capillary GC. Erythrocyte LCPUFA levels did not differe between the NT‐supplemented and control formula groups and were reduced in both groups compared with breastfed infants. We conclude that there is no induction of LCPUFa accumulation in erythrocyte phospholipids of term, formula‐fed infants following 7 mon of NT supplementation.
Intake of conjugated eicosapentaenoic acid suppresses lipid accumulation in liver and epididymal adipose tissue in rats
Authors: Tsuzuki Tsuyoshi , Kawakami Yuki , Suzuki Yoshihiro , Abe Renpei , Nakagawa Kiyotaka , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has been reported that consumption of CLA and EPA alters lipid metabolism. CLA contains conjugated double bonds, and EPA is an n−3 PUFA. Based on the possibility that a molecule with both of these structures might have interesting physiological effects, we prepared conjugated FA from EPA by alkaline isomerization and examined the effects of the conjugated EPA (CEPA) on lipid metabolism in rats. Rats were fed by oral gavage every day for 4 wk with 200 mg of FA including linoleic acid, EPA, CLA, or CEPA. Compared with other groups, rats fed CEPA showed a significant weight loss in epididymal adipose tissue and significant decreases in the levels of liver TAG and total cholesterol (TC), indicating reduced accumulation of lipid in the liver and adipose tissue. The plasma levels of TAG, TC, FFA, and tumor necrosis factor‐α in rats fed CEPA were reduced, as was the activity of the FA synthesis system in the liver, whereas the FA‐β‐oxidation system was activated by CEPA. These results suggest that intake of CEPA suppresses lipid accumulation in the liver and epididymal adipose tissue while increasing lipid catabolism in rats.
Perioperative Nursing Challenges for the Russian Émigré Nurse
Authors: Baj Pamela A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThree San Francisco organizations participated in an integration program that focused on the design, implementation, and evaluation of a unique training project that prepared Russian émigré nurses for employment in the US health care industry. The Russian Nurse Project is a unique program that affiliates émigré nurses with specific language and cultural skills and focuses on the increasing Russian immigrant patient population. The project's implementation and diversity strategies, as they pertain to the perioperative areas of nursing practice in this country, are described. AORN J (June 1997) 1081‐1086.
Toward a reconstruction of ‘creativity’ in music education
Authors: Humphreys Jere T. 
Published: November 2006

Creativity in human endeavours is being discussed and promoted in many fields and venues throughout the Western world. In this paper I discuss reasons for the current emphasis on creativity, especially in music education. I also describe some philosophical, psychological, cultural, and political/social/economic factors that have worked for and against the teaching of creativity in school music programmes, while recognising that technology also plays an important role.No poet shall compose anything in contravention of the public standards of law and right, honour and good…–Plato (Laws: VII: 28)
Increase in multidrug transport activity is associated with oocyte maturation in sea stars*
Authors: Roepke Troy A. , Hamdoun Amro M. , Cherr Gary N. 
Published: November 2006

In this study, we report on the presence of efflux transporter activity before oocyte maturation in sea stars and its upregulation after maturation. This activity is similar to the multidrug resistance (MDR) activity mediated by ATP binding cassette (ABC) efflux transporters. In sea star oocytes the efflux activity, as measured by exclusion of calcein‐am, increased two‐fold 3 h post‐maturation. Experiments using specific and non‐specific dyes and inhibitors demonstrated that the increase in transporter activity involves an ABCB protein, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), and an ABCC protein similar to the MDR‐associated protein (MRP)‐like transporters. Western blots using an antibody directed against mammalian P‐gp recognized a 45 kDa protein in sea star oocytes that increased in abundance during maturation. An antibody directed against sea urchin ABCC proteins (MRP) recognized three proteins in immature oocytes and two in mature oocytes. Experiments using inhibitors suggest that translation and microtubule function are both required for post‐maturation increases in transporter activity. Immunolabeling revealed translocation of stored ABCB proteins to the plasma cell membrane during maturation, and this translocation coincided with increased transport activity. These MDR transporters serve protective roles in oocytes and eggs, as demonstrated by sensitization of the oocytes to the maturation inhibitor, vinblastine, by MRP and PGP‐specific transporter inhibitors.
Improvement of stone comminution by slow delivery rate of shock waves in extracorporeal lithotripsy
Authors: KATO YUJI , YAMAGUCHI SATOSHI , HORI JUNICHI , OKUYAMA MITSUHIKO , KAKIZAKI HIDEHIRO 
Published: November 2006

Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of delivery rate of shockwaves (SW) on stone comminution and treatment outcomes in patients with renal and ureteral stones.Methods: Patients with radio‐opaque stones in the upper urinary tract that were treated by extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL) were divided into two groups according to delivery rate (120 or 60 SW/min). The effective fragmentation after one ESWL session and treatment success at 3 months after ESWL was compared between the two groups.Results: Of 134 patients (84 men and 50 women), 68 patients were treated at a fast rate and 66 were treated at a slow rate. Thirty and 38 patients in the fast rate group and 28 and 38 in the slow rate group had renal and ureteral stones, respectively. After one ESWL session, effective fragmentation was noted more often in the slow group (65.2%) than the fast group (47.1%) (P = 0.035), particularly for smaller stones (stone area <100 mm2) (P = 0.005) and renal stones (p = 0.005). However, there was no significant difference in treatment success at 3 months after ESWL between the two groups. In univariate logistic regression analysis, slow SW rate and smaller stones were significant factors for effective fragmentation after one ESWL session. In multivariate analysis, slow SW rate and smaller stones were also independent factors.Conclusions: Slow SW rate contributed to better stone comminution than fast rate, particularly for small stones and renal stones. ESWL treatment at a slow SW rate is recommended to obtain efficient stone fragmentation.
Sustained activation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase by nerve growth factor regulates c‐fos protein stabilization and transactivation in PC12 cells
Authors: Pellegrino Michael J. , Stork Philip J. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe duration of intracellular signaling is thought to be a critical component in effecting specific biological responses. This paradigm is demonstrated by growth factor activation of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12 cells). In this model, sustained ERK activation induced by nerve growth factor (NGF) results in differentiation, whereas transient ERK activation induced by epidermal growth factor (EGF) results in proliferation in these cells. Recently, the immediate early gene product c‐fos has been proposed to be a sensor for ERK signaling duration in fibroblasts. In this study, we ask whether this is true for NGF and EGF stimulation of PC12 cells. We show that NGF, but not EGF, can regulate both c‐fos stability and activation in an ERK‐dependent manner in PC12 cells. This is achieved through ERK‐dependent phosphorylation of c‐fos. Interestingly, distinct sites regulate enhanced stability and transactivation of c‐fos. Phosphorylation of Thr325 and Thr331 are required for maximal NGF‐dependent transactivation of c‐fos. In addition, a consensus ERK binding site (DEF domain) is also required for c‐fos transactivation. However, stability is controlled by ERK‐dependent phosphorylation of Ser374, while phosphorylation of Ser362 can induce conformational changes in protein structure. We also provide evidence that sustained ERK activation is required for proper post‐translational regulation of c‐fos following NGF treatment of PC12 cells. Because these ERK‐dependent phosphorylations are required for proper c‐fos function, and occur sequentially, we propose that c‐fos is a sensor for ERK signaling duration in the neuronal‐like cell line PC12.