bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ONE‐YEAR STUDIES ON THE BIOLOGY OF THE HONEY‐BEE IN PALESTINE
Authors: BODENHEIMER F. S. , BEN‐NERYA A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The aim of the study and the seasonal history of the apiary on which the observations were made are expounded.
The seasonal development of the vegetation is described so far as it affects nectar or pollen production.
The frequency and duration of visits of bees to flowering fruit‐trees is studied with regard to type of activity (nectar or pollen collecting), hour of day and distance from the hive.
The total flight‐activity of two hives throughout the year is studied (daily and monthly activity). The flight‐activity is correlated with conditions of temperature and humidity.
The brood distribution within the hive and its temperature is followed throughout one year.
The monthly egg production and the seasonal trend of the total population of a normal hive are described.
The seasonal changes in the weight of the beehive are followed.
The further correlation of the data observed with environmental conditions, the analysis of swarming conditions, etc. are left for a later study.
THE INFLUENCE OF BORON ON THE SECOND YEAR'S GROWTH OF SUGAR BEET AFFECTED WITH HEART‐ROT
Authors: BRENCHLEY WINIFRED E. , WATSON D. J. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

Heart‐rot of sugar beet occurred on experimental plots at Rothamsted during 1935, the severity of the attack decreasing steadily with later sowing, but the effects of spacing of the rows and of treatment with sulphate of ammonia were not significant. Where the number of affected plants per row was high, a higher proportion of affected plants showed severe symptoms.
Unaffected sugar beets and others showing slight and severe symptoms of heart‐rot were transplanted to sand cultures and treated with light and heavy dressings of boric acid or with none.
In the absence of boric acid the characteristic signs of boron deficiency appeared in the shoots, the apices of the stems and the flower buds blackening and dying. This occurred even when no symptoms were present before transplanting.
In the presence of boric acid all plants produced healthy shoots, with no deficiency symptoms. Where heart‐rot was originally present and the main axis killed, a number of healthy, lateral shoots were produced.
A certain number of plants failed to survive transplanting, the proportion being greatest with the heavy dose of boric acid, with which one‐half of the plants died. This suggests a possible toxic action of the heavy dose which did not come into play if the plants were constitutionally able to withstand the initial poisoning and start away into growth.
The later addition of boron did not improve the condition of the roots of affected plants, as irremediable damage had been done before transplanting.
The possibility of producing healthy shoots in the second year from affected roots is important from the point of view of seed production, as considerable loss may be saved by the use of small amounts of boron compounds.
STUDIES OF THE BIOLOGY OF THE DEATH‐WATCH BEETLE,XESTOBIUM RUFOVILLOSUMDE G.: A SUMMARY OF PAST WORK AND A BRIEF ACCOUNT OF THE DEVELOPMENTAL STAGES
Authors: FISHER RONALD C. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe present paper is intended to form an introduction to a short series on studies of the biology of the death‐watch beetle,Xestobium rufovillosumDe G.The status of the insect as a pest in this country is discussed, and a review is given of the literature and past work on its life history and habits.A general description is given of the developmental stages (egg, larva, pupa, adult) and includes a short account of external sex characters in the pupa.Special attention is devoted to the morphology of the reproductive organs and to their state of development at the time of emergence of the adult.A brief account of the alimentary canal is also included.
THE INSECTICIDAL PROPERTIES OF SOME EAST AFRICAN PLANTS: MUNDULEA SUBEROSA BENTH. PART 3, VARIABILITY OF SAMPLES
Authors: WORSLEY R. R. le G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryTwo types of Mundulea suberosa exist: smooth and corky barked. The differences may be botanical or due to periodic burning of the latter type.Dry weather and calciferous soils appear to favour production of rotenone and other toxic principles in the plant.No correlation exists between toxicity and the amount of ether extractable material in the plant.A fair correlation was found between toxicity and rotenone content, the toxicity being about 1.6 times as great as for pure rotenone.A correlation was found for all nine samples which had any toxic action between the content of “optical” dehydrocompounds in the barks and their toxicity. The formula for the regression line is P= 5.03 + 1.98 (c̄ ‐ 1.30).To prepare solutions of equal toxicity for the various Mundulea samples it is therefore necessary to take weights inversely proportional to their “optical” dehydrocompound contents.No correlation existed between the content of “Takei” dehydrocompounds and toxicity.
THE ANTITHETIC VIRUS THEORY OF TULIP‐BREAKING1
Authors: McWHORTER FRANK P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe term antithetic is suggested for viruses which are usually associated and which are physiologically antagonistic.Tulip breaking results from the interaction of Tulip Virus I which inhibits flower and leaf colour and Tulip Virus II which adds flower colour but has no visible effect on chlorophyll distribution.The established commercial broken tulips contain physiologically balanced mixtures of these two viruses.
THE RELATION BETWEEN POTATO BLIGHT AND TOMATO BLIGHT
Authors: SMALL T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.1. In Jersey, potato and tomato crops are grown in close proximity in the open, and both suffer from severe attacks of blight (Phytophthora infestans). The disease appears first on the potatoes, and most growers assume that it passes from this crop to the tomatoes. To test this assumption, potato and tomato plants have been inoculated, using blight from either host plant.2. In four out of five experiments, ordinary blight lesions developed on tomatoes inoculated with blight from glasshouse potatoes in January, February and March. The result suggests that tomato plants for the outdoor crop are liable to contract blight, if, as is often done, they are raised in glasshouses where diseased potatoes have just been, or are being, grown.3. Blight from the early outdoor potato crop often failed to infect tomatoes. Where infection did occur typical symptoms of blight were not produced. When, under field conditions, early potatoes were interplanted with tomatoes, the former were quickly killed by blight while the latter remained almost healthy. The evidence indicates that early potato crops affected with blight are not so dangerous to neighbouring tomato crops as is commonly assumed.4. Successful infection was established on all tomatoes inoculated with blight taken from outdoor potatoes in autumn, but ordinary blight lesions were not produced except in one experiment.5. Blight taken from the leaves, stems, or fruits of the tomato infected the potato, and the disease so produced in the latter passed back readily to the tomato. This indicates that diseased tomato crops may be a serious menace to neighbouring potato crops.6. The results of numerous inoculation experiments support the view that more than one strain of Phytophthora infestans exists.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPOTTING OF TOMATO FRUITS BY BOTRYTIS GINERE A PERS.
Authors: AINSWORTH G. C. , OYLER ENID , READ W. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCharacteristic ring‐like spots caused by Botrytis cinerea on tomato fruits are described, with observations on certain factors which influence the spotting.Evidence is presented to show that, under conditions of high humidity, Botrytis spores lying on the surface of immature fruits germinate, penetrating the epidermis, and that the spots result from the pectinase enzyme secreted by the germ tubes. With the return of drier conditions the spore‐lings die and no fungus can be isolated from mature spots.It was found that similar spots could be produced experimentally by other species of Botrytis but not with various other fungi able to attack tomatoes.The Botrytis spots are compared with aphid injury and notes are given on control.We wish to thank Mr G. Cockerham, Mr E. E. Wallace, and Dr T. Small for material of blight, and Mr W. C. Moore for records of the disease.
EXPERIMENTAL SPAWN AND MUSHROOM CULTURE
Authors: CAYLEY DOROTHY M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYMethods for composting fermented and naturally rotted artificial composts consisting of straw, hay and dried lawn mowings for the growth of mushrooms are described.The results of the tests in large pots and boxes on twenty‐four different composts are set out and show that previous high temperature fermentation is not absolutely essential for the growth of the cultivated mushroom, although the best results have been obtained from high‐temperature composts containing both lime and soil.The effect of the addition of soil to both fermented and naturally rotted composts is described and discussed.In conclusion I wish to express my indebtedness to Dr A. C. Fabergé for all the pH estimations, to Miss F. M. Durham for testing high‐temperature Compost I in the open, and to the laboratory assistant, A. F. Emarton, for the photographs for the plates and for his invaluable help with the preparation and manipulation of the various composts and cultures without which such a number of tests would not have been possible.
APPENDIX: The information supplied by the sampling results
Authors: COCHRAS W. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn any field experiment which involves sampling of a laborious nature, it is important to know as soon as possible what degree of accuracy in the treatment mean values will be reached with a given amount of work, how much work must be done to reach a given standard of accuracy and how best to distribute one's resources between the amount of sampling and the amount of replication.The first sampling, whether it contains experimental treatments or is uniformly treated, can supply information on all these points if properly carried out. Ladell's fist wireworm sampling is taken as a simple numerical example of the way in which these questions can be answered with the help of an analysis of variance.The sampling and experimental errors of Ladell's experiments are discussed. The sampling error accounts for a large proportion of the experimental error in most cases, as it is always advisable where the labour. involved in sampling is high.Ladell's sampling errors agree well with those obtained under widely different conditions by Jones, and both may be recommended to other workers as an indication of the amount of variability to be expected in field sampling for wireworms.
INVESTIGATIONS INTO THE NUTRITION OF THE ASH‐BARK BEETLE, HYLESINUS FRAXINI PANZ.
Authors: HOPF H. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYFrom investigations into the enzymes of the alimentary canal and a comparative analysis of ash bark and the frass of Hylesinus fraxini it appears that the food relations of the ash‐bark beetle are as follows:

Proteins are derived directly from the bark. The adult after emergence excretes more nitrogen than it consumes; this excess excretion may be regarded as representing waste‐products of metamorphosis.

The carbohydrates are derived from the following bark constituents: (a) The simple sugars.
Disaccharides, simple oligoses etc., probably all with α‐linkagee.
The α‐glucans up to starch, but with a definite preference for sugars of smaller chain‐length. Starch as such has disappeared from the bark of attacked trees.
The hexosan parts of the hemicelluloses.

The protein‐hydrolysing enzymes are of the tryptase and pepti‐dase type, in accordance with the alkaline pH of the gut.
The carbohydrate‐hydrolysing enzymes are of the following types: saccharase, a weak lactase, maltase, amylase (dextrinase), galact‐anase.
Cellulose is clearly not attacked. The same applies to all pentoaana.
The breakdown of starch in the attacked bark may serve as an attractant to the bark beetles, and may help to explain their preference for trees suffering from physiological or pathological disturbance.
A way has been shown in which the hemicelluloses are utilized by the insect in question, and the probable fate of the breakdown products of these substances in the frass has been indicated.
THE STEM AND BULB EELWORM, ANGUILLULINA BIPSACI (KUHN), IN STRAWBERRV IN BRITAIN
Authors: HODSON W. E. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMAEY1. Attention is drawn to the occurrence of Anquillulina dipsaci on strawberry in Britain and referenoe is made to litereture relating to such occurrence in the United States of America.2. Recorded occurrencas in Britain are discussed in some detail and reference is made to the host range of the strains of nematode implicated.3. Symptoms of attack am described.4. Control measures are discussed, the principal suggestion being that on no account should runners be taken for propagation from infected plantationa.
COMPARATIVE EFFECTS OF COBALT, NICKEL AND COPPER ON PLANT GROWTH
Authors: BRENCHLEY WINIFRED E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY1. An account is given of the present position of our knowledge with regard to the distribution and the physiological importance of nickel and cobalt, in relation to plants and animals.2. Experiments on barley and broad beans were carried out in water cultures with the sulphates and chlorides of cobalt, nickel and copper.3. In every case a range of low concentrations did little or no damage, but toxic action occurred abruptly above a concentration which varied with the species and with the compound.4. With barley, copper was the most poisonous element in either compound, but the differences were not striking. Low concentrations of the sulphate were innocuous, but parallel low strengths of the chloride caused a slight, significant depression in growth.5. With broad beans, cobalt was much more poisonous than either nickel or copper, particularly with the sulphate. No slight depression with low concentrations of the chloride was noticeable with this species.6. The morphological response to toxicity varied with the element concerned. Copper, in poisonous strengths, caused shortening and “bunching” of barley roots, whereas nickel and cobalt permitted the growth of elongated roots of a very attenuated nature.7. The individuality of plant response to poison was frequently shown by the great variation in growth in the borderline concentrations just below those which caused marked depression of growth.
ROOT ROT, SHOOT ROT AND SHANKING OF TULIP CAUSED BYPHYTOPHTHORA CRYPTOGEAPETHYBR. & LAFF. ANDP. ERYTHRO‐SEPTICAPETHYBR.
Authors: BUDDIN WALTER 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPhytophthora erythrosepticaandP. cryptogeahave been isolated on numerous occasions from diseased tulip plants on commercial nurseries, and the isolates, both in pure culture and in their effect on the host, have been compared with authentic cultures of these fungi. Both species have been proved to be, either separately or in conjunction, the cause of a serious root rot, shoot rot and shanking of forced tulips.Infection, which takes place from contaminated soil through the roots, begins as soon as the first roots are produced from the basal plate of the bulb. The parasite passes directly through the basal plate to the base of the flowering stem, leaving the old bulb scales practically un‐attacked. According to the time, or rapidity, of infection an affected bulb may produce no visible shoot, or it may give a shoot bearing a flower bud that remains blind because the flower stem is rotted at the base (shanking). Sometimes a bulb with some of its roots attacked may produce a marketable flower of poor quality.A very similar disease has been induced in outdoor tulips by contaminating the soil.The disease, which may result in the total loss of a forced crop, has not yet been reported outside Great Britain, where it seems to be widely distributed.There is no evidence that the disease is carried with the planted bulb in ordinary commercial practice, and the rate of spread in the glasshouse from one or more inoculated bulbs planted in the midst of healthy ones is comparatively slow.The susceptibility of varieties of tulips to the two species ofPhytophthorais briefly discussed.A contaminated water supply is a possibility, but appears to be relatively unimportant.Partial sterilization of the contaminated soil by steam, or formaldehyde, combined with hygiene, is an effective method of controlling the disease, but soil treatment with Cheshunt Compound is unsatisfactory.Certain strains ofPhytophthora cryptogeavar.Richardiaeand P.parasiticawere tested, but appear to be of little, or no, consequence as parasites of forced tulips.A large proportion of the success of the present investigations has been due to the stimulus, and ever‐ready helpfulness, of Dr Geo. H. Pethybridge and Mr W. C. Moore. The credit for identifying the fungi concerned lies almost entirely with Mr S. F. Ashby. The writer also wishes to express his thanks to his Laboratory Attendant, Mr A. Sherval, for taking the photographs.
THE STERILIZATION OF LETTUCE SEED
Authors: WHITE H. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY1. Since severe damage has followed the application by growers to lettuce seed of standard methods of sterilization recommended for cereals, trials of different methods of sterilizing lettuce seed have been carried out. Satisfactory sterilization free from seed injury is not effected by copper sulphate or formalin, while preparations containing mercury such as organo‐mercurial dusts are highly toxic to lettuce seed. Sterilization with calcium hypochlorite is a safe and efficient method.2. Treatment with calcium hypochlorite prior to sowing has an accelerating effect, independent of germicidal action, upon the germination of lettuce seed. The viability of seed sown on filter paper or in soil is not appreciably affected but that of seed sown in contact with a film of agar, which shows exceptionally poor capacity to germinate, is notably increased. These effects are not attributable to germicidal activity and possibly result from increase of oxygen supply.3. Susceptibility of lettuce seed to injury from germicides is a varietal characteristic.4. Fresh seed with strong viability is more resistant to injury from germicides than older seed of less vigour.Grateful acknowledgement is due to Dr G. C. Ainsworth for taking the photographs in Plate XXIX and for reading and criticizing the MSS.
VEIN CLEARING AND VEIN BANDING INDUCED BY HYOSCYAMUS III DISEASE
Authors: SHEFFIELD F. M. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe first symptom of Hy. III disease in tobacco is a clearing of the veins. This is followed later by vein banding. During clearing no anatomical or cytological abnormalities occur. The yellow colour is due to a retardation of chlorophyll formation.When vein banding becomes apparent considerable hypertrophy is seen in the tissues near the veins and hypoplasia is apparent in the inter‐veinal areas. Intracellular inclusions are abundant in all tissues except the xylem.Cleared tissue contains 6–11 times as much virus per unit volume as does the banded tissue. The latter also contains less than do the yellower parts of banded leaves.I am indebted to Fraulein Lina Cunow who made most of the permanent preparations used in this study.
STUDIES ON EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD OF BEES
Authors: TARR H. L. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY B. pluton will not grow on the chorioallantoin membrane of the developing chicken embryo or on medium made from minced embryos.European foul brood is a purely intestinal infection of the bee larva, the causal organism being localized in the food mass within the peritrophic membrane.Young larvae are readily infected with European foul brood by mixing relatively small numbers of B. pluton organisms, obtained from recently affected larvae, with the brood food surrounding them.
OBSERVATIONS OF THE EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND POTASSIUM ON THE FRUITING OF THE TOMATO
Authors: WHITE H. L. 
Published: February 2008

Summary

The effect of nitrogen and potassium on the fruiting of the tomato under glass is studied by observations on plants grown on completely manured plots and plots from which nitrogen and potassium respectively have been omitted from the scheme of manuring over a period of years.
Nitrogen starvation reduces the number of blossom‐buds formed, the percentage of buds that open and the mean numbers of fruits per flower‐truss. Potassium starvation does not affect the number of blossom‐buds formed or the percentage of buds that open but reduces the mean numbers of fruits per flower‐truss.
An outstanding feature of nitrogen starvation is retardation of the rate of development of successive flower‐trusses. With potassium starvation the rate of development is accelerated. Growth, estimated from increase in height of plants trimmed to a single axis by continuous removal of incipient axillary shoots, is retarded by both nitrogen and potassium starvation.
The “maturation period” (between opening of the blossom and ripening of the fruit) is lengthened by potassium starvation, shortened by moderate nitrogen starvation and lengthened by severe nitrogen starvation. From the present results, in conjunction with data published previously, it is concluded that the “maturation period” is shortened by a high carbohydrate‐nitrogen balance and lengthened by a low carbohydrate‐nitrogen balance.
In mid‐season all plants suffer a check to growth and development demonstrated by (a) retardation of the rate of differentiation of leaves and flower‐trusses, (b) cessation of growth in height, and (c) the occurrence of a high proportion of fruit with arrested development. This “mid‐seasonal check” is accentuated by nitrogen and potassium starvation, especially the former, corresponds with the period of maximal weight of developing fruit, and is attributed to competition for nutrient supply between the fruits and vegetative parts of the plants, leading to apparent antagonism between these processes.
The fruiting and foliage symptoms of the potassium‐starved plants are attributed to the following effects:

(a) The potassium in starved plants is undergoing a continuous cycle, being translocated from older parts of the plant to the growing point, incorporated in young leaves and flower trusses and subsequently re‐translocated as these organs are approaching maturity.(b) The level of potassium supply regulates nitrogen metabolism, a moderately low potassium supply being associated with high protein level and a greater degree of seventy of potassium starvation with low protein level.

The results are discussed in relation to the problems of overbearing and potassium manuring. The observed effects of potassium deficiency on fruiting (acceleration of development of flower trusses, failure of pollination and prolongation of the “maturation period” of the fruit) are those also associated with carbohydrate deficiency relative to nitrogen supply.