bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Análisis del desnivel salarial entre hombres y mujeres con un modelo de equilibrio
Authors: CHICHILNISKY Graciela , HERMANN FREDERIKSEN Elisabeth 
Published: January 2009

Resumen.Según un modelo de equilibrio generalde dos esferas (hogary mercado), la productividad de la mujer en el trabajo remunerado disminuye cuantas más tareas desempeña en el hogar. Partiendo del supuesto de que las aportaciones de hombres y mujeres a las labores domésticas son complementarias, las autoras comprueban que hay múltiples equilibrios posibles. En algunos, ellosy ellas asumen estas tareas por igualy ganan salarios iguales; en otros, se las reparten de manera dispar y ganan salarios diferentes. Por otraparte, los estereotipos acerca de la productividad de las mujeres perpetúan la desigualdad. Las autoras, valiéndose de ejemplos numéricos, demuestran que hay mayor bienestar cuando los cónyuges se reparten el trabajo a partes iguales. Para terminar, exponen algunas conclusiones.
Early prediction of neurological outcome by term neurological examination and cranial ultrasound in very preterm infants
Authors: Amess P , McFerran C , Khan Y , Rabe H 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim: To assess the value of term neurological examination and cranial ultrasound in the early prediction of neurological outcome at 12 months corrected age in a cohort of very preterm infants.Methods: A cohort of 102 preterm infants born at <32 weeks gestation or with a birth weight of <1500 g were assessed using the Hammersmith Term Neurological Examination. They underwent cranial ultrasound examinations according to local guidelines. The Hammersmith Infant Neurological Examination was performed at 12 months corrected age. Scores for the term examinations were compared with scores derived from healthy infants born at term and with scores from low‐risk preterm infants at term equivalent age. Term neurological scores and cranial ultrasound findings were compared in the prediction of 12‐month neurological outcome.Results: Seventy‐eight (76.5%) preterm infants had suboptimal total neurological scores at term when compared to healthy infants born at term. However, most went on to have optimal neurological scores at 12 months corrected age. When our cohort was compared with low‐risk preterm infants at term equivalent age only 14 (13.7%) scored outside the normal range. Neither system of scoring predicted neurological outcome at 12 months corrected age as reliably as cranial ultrasound (sensitivity 0.83, specificity 0.87).Conclusion: Neurological examination of preterm babies at term may be unreliable in the prediction of neurological outcome at 12 months corrected age. For early prediction of neurological outcome cranial ultrasound examination was found to be more reliable.
Self‐esteem in children and adolescents with mobility impairment: impact on well‐being and coping strategies
Authors: Jemtå L , Fugl‐Meyer K S , Öberg K , Dahl M 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim: The first aim was to investigate dimension‐specific and global self‐esteem in children and adolescents with mobility impairment and to analyse the relation between self‐esteem and demographic data and disability characteristics. The second aim was to identify the impact of five self‐esteem dimensions on well‐being and coping strategies.Methods: A total of 138 children and adolescents aged 7–18 years with mobility impairment took part in a semi‐structured interview. Demographic and disability characteristics were recorded and motor function was assessed. Self‐esteem was measured by the ‘I think I am’ inventory. Perceived overall well‐being was measured by a nine‐grade visual scale, the Snoopy scale, and coping strategies by the Children's Coping Strategies Checklist.Results: Although a majority estimated a relatively high level of dimension‐specific and global self‐esteem, several demographic and disability factors for lower self‐esteem were identified. Those who estimated their ‘physical characteristics’ lower used the coping strategy ‘distraction’ more often. Three out of five dimensions of self‐esteem were positively associated with perceived overall well‐being: ‘physical characteristics’, ‘psychological well‐being’ and ‘relationships with others’.Conclusion: Awareness of vulnerability factors for lower self‐esteem in children and adolescents with mobility impairment offer health care professionals specific opportunities to enhance self‐esteem in this group.
Imaging patterns of brain injury in term‐birth asphyxia
Authors: Swarte Renate , Lequin Maarten , Cherian Perumpillichira , Zecic Alexandra , Van Goudoever Johannes , Govaert Paul 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAim: To develop an extended asphyxia‐score based on cerebral ultrasound (US) and MRI in order to gain further insight into the pathophysiology of asphyxia.Patients and Methods: First week cerebral US and MRI of 80 asphyxiated term infants were scored according to a new scoring system based on separate grading of injury to deep grey matter and to (sub)cortical/white matter. Our findings were compared with published scoring systems.Results: Six patterns of brain injury were derived: deep grey matter injury with either limited or extensive cortical involvement, damage to deep grey matter with watershed injury, isolated watershed injury, isolated white matter injury (leukomalacia) and isolated cortical necrosis. The mortality rate was considerable in patterns with extensive cortical injury.Conclusion: Six patterns of brain injury, following term‐birth asphyxia were found using a new imaging score.
School Injury Among Ottawa‐Area Children: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Josse Jonathan M. , MacKay Morag , Osmond Martin H. , MacPherson Alison K. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  Injuries are the leading cause of death among Canadian children and are responsible for a substantial proportion of hospitalizations and emergency department visits. This investigation sought to identify the factors associated with the likelihood of sustaining an injury at school among Ottawa‐area children.METHODS:  Children presenting to Ottawa‐area hospitals and urgent care clinics from January to December 2002 (n = 24,074) were included for analysis. The frequency of school injuries by sex, age group, type of injury, and hospitalization was analyzed. Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the factors associated with sustaining an injury at school. The school activities most associated with injury and the most frequent types of school injuries were assessed.RESULTS:  A total of 4287 Ottawa‐area children were injured at school in 2002, representing 18% of all injuries. Children aged 5‐9 years and 10‐14 years were more likely to have school injuries than older children (aged 15‐19 years) (OR = 3.07, 95% CI = 2.77‐3.40 and OR = 3.10, 95% CI = 2.83‐3.37, respectively). The most frequently encountered school injuries were fractures (n = 1132) and musculoskeletal injury (n = 907). The most frequent mechanisms of school injuries were “playing” (n = 1004) and “informal sports” (n = 1503).CONCLUSIONS:  Many children get hurt at school, particularly during informal recreation activities. Environmental modification and increased supervision are strategies that may reduce school injuries.
A Study of Smoking Disparity and Factors Associated With Children Smoking Behavior in the Mountain and City Schools in Taiwan
Authors: Huang Hsiao‐Ling , Chen Ted , Chen Fu‐Li , Magnus Jeanette , Rice Janet , Yen Yea‐Yin , Hsu Chih‐Cheng 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  While higher smoking prevalences have been better described for adults and adolescents in the mountainous areas than in the plain area in Taiwan, no studies have previously examined whether this disparity begins with children in elementary schools. The purpose of this study was thus designed to explore clustering in smoking behavior among elementary school children attending mountain schools compared to those attending city schools.METHODS:  This study analyzed data obtained by a survey on smoking behavior collected during the School Smoking Survey Project performed in 13 elementary schools of Taoyuan County, Taiwan. Overall, 1585 third and fourth graders (mean age 8.9 years) participated in the study. A multilevel logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the effects of school location on individual smoking behavior among elementary school children while controlling for individual‐level characteristics.RESULTS:  Overall, 34.9% of the elementary school students in the mountain schools reported having tried cigarette smoking compared to only 9.6% of students from city schools. Students attending mountain schools had a greater likelihood of reporting smoking than students attending city schools after controlling for individual‐level characteristics (OR = 2.57, 95% CI = 1.10‐5.99).CONCLUSIONS:  A significant individual clustering in smoking behavior was found among third‐ and fourth‐grade children attending mountain schools. The new findings suggest that the adult geographic smoking disparity begins in elementary school. Interventions aimed at reducing smoking disparity in adults need to target elementary schools in high‐risk locations.
Racial, Ethnic, and Sex Differences in the Associations Between Violence and Self‐Reported Health Among US High School Students
Authors: Bossarte Robert M. , Swahn Monica H. , Breiding Matt 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND:  Involvement in interpersonal violence or suicidal behaviors can have a significant impact on an adolescent’s physical health. Similarly, previous research has suggested that lived experiences, more than the presence or absence of physical ailments, can significantly influence self‐assessed health status among adolescents. The purpose of this study was to examine the cross‐sectional associations between involvement in violence and poor or fair self‐reported health among US high school students.METHODS:  Data were obtained from the 2005 national Youth Risk Behavior Survey (n = 13,953). Logistic regression analyses were conducted to determine the associations between violence‐related measures and self‐reported health while controlling for demographic characteristics and potential confounders. Analyses are presented for students overall and stratified by sex and race/ethnicity.RESULTS:  Overall, 7.2% of students reported fair or poor self‐rated health. Having been in a physical fight, having been injured in a physical fight, having attempted suicide, and having not gone to school because of safety concerns were significantly associated with fair or poor self‐rated health after controlling for demographic characteristics and other potential confounders. Differences associated with race/ethnicity and sex are identified.CONCLUSIONS:  Four of the 5 violence‐related measures included in these analyses were significantly associated with fair or poor self‐rated health. Future studies should consider the impact of involvement in violent behaviors and perceptions of both physical and mental well‐being.
Emotional/Behavioral Difficulties and Mental Health Service Contacts of Students in Special Education for Non–Mental Health Problems
Authors: Pastor Patricia N. , Reuben Cynthia A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND: Emotional/behavioral difficulties and mental health (MH) service contacts of 3 groups of youth were compared: students in special education for non‐MH problems, students in special education for MH problems, and youth not in special education.METHODS: Parents reported the characteristics, special education placement, emotional/behavioral difficulties, and MH service contacts of 25,122 youth aged 6‐17 years in the National Health Interview Survey.RESULTS: Two thirds of students in special education received special education services for non‐MH problems. Among students in special education for non‐MH problems, 17% had serious emotional/behavioral difficulties compared with 51% of students in special education for MH problems and 4% of youth not in special education. MH service contacts were examined only for youth whose difficulties significantly interfered with their ability to function in or out of school. Among youth with serious difficulties, the percentage of youth without a recent MH service contact was greater for students in special education for non‐MH problems (40%) and youth not in special education (47%) compared with students in special education for MH problems (13%).CONCLUSIONS: Compared with youth not in special education, students in special education for non‐MH problems were 4 times more likely to have serious emotional/behavioral difficulties but were just as likely as youth not in special education to lack a recent MH service contact. Study findings provide a national context for considering the MH screening/evaluation needs of students receiving special education for non‐MH problems.
The Case for Stabilizing China's Exchange Rate: Setting the Stage for Fiscal Expansion
Authors: McKinnon Ronald , Schnabl Gunther 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChina's financial conundrum arises from two sources. First, its large saving (trade) surplus results in a currency mismatch because it is an immature creditor that cannot lend in its own currency. Instead, foreign currency claims (largely US dollars) build up within domestic financial institutions. Second, economists, both American and Chinese, mistakenly attribute the surpluses to an undervalued RMB. To placate the USA, the result was a gradual and predictable appreciation of the RMB against the dollar of 6 percent or more per year from July 2005 to July 2008. Together with the fall in US interest rates since mid‐2007, this oneway bet in the foreign exchanges markets not only attracted hot money inflows but inhibited private capital outflows from financing China's huge trade surplus. Therefore, the People's Bank of China had to intervene heavily to prevent the RMB from ratcheting upwards, and so became the country's sole international financial intermediary as official exchange reserves exploded. Because of the currency mismatch, floating the RMB is neither feasible nor desirable, and a higher RMB would not reduce China's trade surplus. Instead, monetary control and normal private‐sector finance for the trade surplus require a return to a credibly fixed nominal RMB/USD rate similar to that which existed between 1995 and 2004. However, for any newly reset RMB/USD rate to be credible as a monetary anchor, foreign “China bashing” to get the RMB up must end. Then the stage would be set for fiscal expansion to both stimulate the economy and reduce its trade surplus.
Why Are Chinese Exports Not So Special?
Authors: Yao Shunli 
Published: January 2009

AbstractApplying a commonly used index for export sophistication in a cross‐country study, Rodrik finds that the technological content of Chinese exports over the past decade has been so high that it cannot be explained simply by the economic fundamentals of a low‐income country abundant with unskilled labor. Question has been raised for the empirical robustness of the index. I am also doubtful with Rodrik's analysis but develop my argument from a different perspective. This paper briefly reviews Rodrik's methodology and identifies other factors his empirical results potentially hinge on. Based on this, it elaborates on China's unique processing trade regime, the uneven distribution of its exports across Chinese regions and the limitation of HS codes in terms of identifying differentiated products, in an attempt to show that these factors also contribute to higher estimations of China's export sophistication level. Finally, it organizes trade data to reveal the trade patterns that are indeed consistent with the country's comparative advantage.
Trading Land Development Rights under a Planned Land Use System: The “Zhejiang Model”
Authors: Wang Hui , Tao Ran , Tong Juer 
Published: January 2009

AbstractChina's state planned land use system, including regulations such as setting planned quotas for land use, basic cropland preservation, and pursuing a balance between the conversion of arable land into non‐agricultural use and the supplement of new agricultural land, has substantially constrained the economic growth of industrial provinces in China. This article explores the innovative reforms adopted by Zhejiang Province through land development rights (LDR) transfer within a locality and LDR trading across localities. We argue that there is a “Zhejiang model of LDR transferring and trading,” which, we believe, has significant implications not only for fostering an efficiency‐enhancing market for land development rights and agricultural land preservation, but also for optimal use of land and a more balanced regional development. One important policy issue relating to China's rural land system is that under China's land requisition system, farmers are usually under compensated for urban land‐taking.
China's Sovereign Wealth Fund: Weakness and Challenges
Authors: Zhang Ming , He Fan 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe establishment of sovereign wealth funds in large developing countries has generated hot debate among participants in the international financial market. When accumulated foreign exchange reserves surpass a sufficient and an appropriate level, the costs, risks and impacts of holding reserves on the macroeconomy of a country need to be considered. The Chinese Government established China Investment Corporation (CIC) in 2007 to diversify its investment of foreign reserves and to raise investment income. However, because of certain conflicts of interest and institution‐design caveats, CIC possesses some internal weakness, including a vague orientation, mixed investment strategies and an inefficient bureaucratic style. Although the subprime crisis has softened certain regulations and lessened rejection by the USA of CIC potential investments, the increased volatility and uncertainty of the market means that CIC is facing some new challenges in terms of its investment decisions. Moreover, CIC is competing with other Chinese investment institutions for injections of funds from the Chinese Government.
Active‐Constructive‐Interactive: A Conceptual Framework for Differentiating Learning Activities
Authors: Chi Michelene T. H. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Active, constructive, and interactive are terms that are commonly used in the cognitive and learning sciences. They describe activities that can be undertaken by learners. However, the literature is actually not explicit about how these terms can be defined; whether they are distinct; and whether they refer to overt manifestations, learning processes, or learning outcomes. Thus, a framework is provided here that offers a way to differentiate active, constructive, and interactive in terms of observable overt activities and underlying learning processes. The framework generates a testable hypothesis for learning: that interactive activities are most likely to be better than constructive activities, which in turn might be better than active activities, which are better than being passive. Studies from the literature are cited to provide evidence in support of this hypothesis. Moreover, postulating underlying learning processes allows us to interpret evidence in the literature more accurately. Specifying distinct overt activities for active, constructive, and interactive also offers suggestions for how learning activities can be coded and how each kind of activity might be elicited.
Children’s Grammars Grow More Abstract with Age—Evidence from an Automatic Procedure for Identifying the Productive Units of Language
Authors: Borensztajn Gideon , Zuidema Willem , Bod Rens 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe develop an approach to automatically identify the most probable multiword constructions used in children’s utterances, given syntactically annotated utterances from the Brown corpus of CHILDES. The found constructions cover many interesting linguistic phenomena from the language acquisition literature and show a progression from very concrete toward abstract constructions. We show quantitatively that for all children of the Brown corpus grammatical abstraction, defined as the relative number of variable slots in the productive units of their grammar, increases globally with age.
The CsgA and Lpp Proteins of an
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 Strain Affect HEp-2 Cell Invasion, Motility, and Biofilm Formation
Authors: Uhlich Gaylen A. , Gunther Nereus W. , Bayles Darrell O. , Mosier Derek A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

In
Escherichia coli
O157:H7 strain ATCC 43895, a guanine-to-thymine transversion in the
csgD
promoter created strain 43895OR. Strain 43895OR produces an abundant extracellular matrix rich in curli fibers, forms biofilms on solid surfaces, invades cultured epithelial cells, and is more virulent in mice than strain 43895. In this study we compared the formic acid-soluble proteins expressed by strains 43895OR and 43895 using one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and identified two differentially expressed proteins. A 17-kDa protein unique to strain 43895OR was identified from matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight analysis combined with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem MS (MS/MS) as the curli subunit encoded by
csgA
. A <10-kDa protein, more highly expressed in strain 43895, was identified as the Lpp lipoprotein. Mutants of strain 43895OR with disruption of
lpp
,
csgA
, or both
lpp
and
csgA
were created and tested for changes in phenotype and function. The results of this study show that both Lpp and CsgA contribute to the observed colony morphology, Congo red binding, motility, and biofilm formation. We also show that both CsgA and Lpp are required by strain 43895OR for the invasion of cultured HEp-2 cells. These studies suggest that in strain 43895OR, the murein lipoprotein Lpp indirectly regulates CsgA expression through the CpxAR system by a posttranscriptional mechanism.
Multiple Mechanisms Contribute to the Robust Rapid Gamma Interferon Response by CD8+T Cells duringListeria monocytogenesInfection
Authors: Bou Ghanem Elsa N. , McElroy Denise S. , D'Orazio Sarah E. F. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTA subset of CD8+T cells can rapidly secrete gamma interferon (IFN-γ) in an antigen-independent and interleukin-12 (IL-12)- and IL-18-dependent manner within 16 h of infection with the intracellular bacterial pathogenListeria monocytogenes. This rapid IFN-γ response is robust enough to be detected directly ex vivo and is not observed following infection with intracellular bacterial pathogens that remain sequestered within host cell vacuoles. We demonstrate here that three distinct pathways can lead to rapid secretion of IFN-γ by CD8+T cells duringL. monocytogenesinfection: (i) a direct cytokine-inducing activity encoded by the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) listeriolysin O (LLO) acts within the infected cell, (ii) the pore-forming activity of LLO promotes cytosolic localization of bacterial products that trigger cytosol-specific signaling pathways, and (iii) the sustained presence of high concentrations of bacterial products can exogenously trigger cytokine production. Although it has been suggested that CDC protein toxins may act as Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonists to trigger proinflammatory cytokine secretion, we show in this report that TLR4 signaling is not required to induce a maximal rapid IFN-γ response by CD8+T cells. The results presented here indicate that multiple mechanisms contribute to the induction of rapid IFN-γ secretion by CD8+T cells duringListeriainfection and that care must be taken when interpreting the results of in vitro assays, since the contribution of each pathway can vary depending on how the assay is performed.