bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of harmony
Authors: Moore Allan 
Published: November 2008

There are two seemingly self-evident truths concerning the harmonic practices of popular music. The first, which finds clear expression in Adorno, is that such music's harmonic language is both detrimentally limited and static. The harmonic repertoire is considered to consist of a few formulae (Adorno deals with them in terms of standardisation: see Middleton 1990, p. 45ff.), by means of which song-writers string together their songs, uninfluenced by the song's content. For the expert listener, therefore, popular music should be uninteresting: it is only its psycho-economic dimension which makes it worthy of study. This tends also to be the conclusion of established musicology, except that there it is felt such ‘extra-musical’ speculation is best left to the sociologist. The second truth is that the differences between Afro-American-derived styles are material, since our identities are so strongly incorporated in the styles we use:We mark out the differences between genres and styles partly by reference to contrasts in the way this stock of techniques and sounds is used. (Middleton 1990, p. 88)Since harmony is not only at the forefront of traditional analytical investigation, but also forms an important initial focus for songwriters, it may well be assumed that it is therefore an important factor in enabling us to distinguish, for example, ‘rock’ from ‘pop’ from ‘soul’. However, the material reality behind these differences of style has rarely been subject to systematic investigation.
The aesthetic of radicalism: the relationship between punk and the patriotic nationalist movement of the Basque country
Authors: Lahusen Christian 
Published: November 2008

Our time has come Tio/ I'm Basque and I'm proud/ That's enough Tio, say it loud/I'm Basque and I'm proud! (Negu Gorriak, 1989)The relationship between popular music and social movements does not in itself constitute an exceptional phenomenon. However, Basque Radical Rock (as Basque punk has come to be called) has emerged as a peculiar phenomenon of the history of political mobilisation in Euskadi (the Basque name for Basque country). This peculiarity is due to the fusion of an eminently anti-establishment music of anglo-saxon origin with a nationalist patriotic movement. The ‘alliance’ between these two such diverse spheres is the theme of this article. Such an alliance is of interest because it reveals how the discursive and organisational linkages which formed Basque radical rock defined a common struggle shared by punks and nationalist activists.
Wit and popular music: the calypso and the blues
Authors: Mahabir Cynthia 
Published: November 2008

Calypso is an art form that laughs at pain. That's the way we deal with our blues. We begin to heal ourselves immediately, through our culture and our music.' (David Rudder, Trinidad, New York Times, 31 March 1991)When you see me laughin', I'm laughin' to keep from cryin', but the laughter of these songs, implicit or overt, as often as not absorbs the tears.' (Langston Hughes 1966, p. 97)
Game theory and the development of resource management policy: the case of international fisheries
Authors: MUNRO GORDON R. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper is not concerned with advances in game theory. Rather, the paper is concerned with the relevance, if any, of game theory to a major resource management issue, namely the management of internationally shared fishery resources. It is argued that the economics of the management of such resources cannot, in fact, be understood, other than through the lens of game theory. The paper discusses several elementary game theory concepts that are of utmost policy relevance, but which are, as of yet, poorly understood by most policy makers. The paper does, in addition, discuss a key policy problem in the management of shared fishery resources that demands a game-theoretic analysis. The required analysis, however, has yet to be developed.
Effect of gravitational deposition on biofilm formation and development
Authors: Yang Y. 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough gravitational deposition is generally regarded to be important during biofilm development because it provides a mechanism by which bacteria can come into contact with a surface, this process is usually neglected in most biofilm studies. The purpose of this study was to develop a better understanding of the effect of gravitational deposition by comparing the development of biofilms on the upper and lower surfaces of a capillary glass tube biofilm reactor under various hydrodynamic conditions. Pure cultures ofPseudomonas fluorescensandShewanella oneidensisMR-1 were used for the test. Results demonstrated that gravitational deposition significantly influences biofilm development under slow laminar flow conditions, which may be attributable to the effect of gravity on both attachment and detachment during the initial reversible attachment phase and the later development phase. Additionally, it was shown that hydrodynamic conditions have the potential to reduce the impact of gravitational deposition on biofilm development, and that this became less significant with an increase in flow rate. These results will be useful for comparing biofilm development in different biofilm systems.
Why Leaves Turn Red in Autumn. The Role of Anthocyanins in Senescing Leaves of Red-Osier Dogwood
Authors: Feild Taylor S. , Lee David W. , Holbrook N. Michele 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWhy the leaves of many woody species accumulate anthocyanins prior to being shed has long puzzled biologists because it is unclear what effects anthocyanins may have on leaf function. Here, we provide evidence for red-osier dogwood (Cornus stolonifera) that anthocyanins form a pigment layer in the palisade mesophyll layer that decreases light capture by chloroplasts. Measurements of leaf absorbance demonstrated that red-senescing leaves absorbed more light of blue-green to orange wavelengths (495–644 nm) compared with yellow-senescing leaves. Using chlorophyll afluorescence measurements, we observed that maximum photosystem II (PSII) photon yield of red-senescing leaves recovered from a high-light stress treatment, whereas yellow-senescing leaves failed to recover after 6 h of dark adaptation, which suggests photo-oxidative damage. Because no differences were observed in light response curves of effective PSII photon yield for red- and yellow-senescing leaves, differences between red- and yellow-senescing cannot be explained by differences in the capacities for photochemical and non-photochemical light energy dissipation. A role of anthocyanins as screening pigments was explored further by measuring the responses PSII photon yield to blue light, which is preferentially absorbed by anthocyanins, versus red light, which is poorly absorbed. We found that dark-adapted PSII photon yield of red-senescing leaves recovered rapidly following illumination with blue light. However, red light induced a similar, prolonged decrease in PSII photon yield in both red- and yellow-senescing leaves. We suggest that optical masking of chlorophyll by anthocyanins reduces risk of photo-oxidative damage to leaf cells as they senesce, which otherwise may lower the efficiency of nutrient retrieval from senescing autumn leaves.
Low Ascorbic Acid in the vtc-1 Mutant of Arabidopsis Is Associated with Decreased Growth and Intracellular Redistribution of the Antioxidant System
Authors: Veljovic-Jovanovic Sonja D. , Pignocchi Cristina , Noctor Graham , Foyer Christine H. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Ascorbic acid has numerous and diverse roles in plant metabolism. We have used the vtc-1 mutant of Arabidopsis, which is deficient in ascorbate biosynthesis, to investigate the role of ascorbate concentration in growth, regulation of photosynthesis, and control of the partitioning of antioxidative enyzmes. The mutant possessed 70% less ascorbate in the leaves compared with the wild type. This lesion was associated with a slight increase in total glutathione but no change in the redox state of either ascorbate or glutathione. In vtc-1, total ascorbate in the apoplast was decreased to 23% of the wild-type value. The mutant displayed much slower shoot growth than the wild type when grown in air or at high CO2 (3 mL L−1), where oxidative stress is diminished. Leaves were smaller, and shoot fresh weight and dry weight were lower in the mutant. No significant differences in the light saturation curves for CO2 assimilation were found in air or at high CO2, suggesting that the effect on growth was not due to decreased photosynthetic capacity in the mutant. Analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence quenching revealed only a slight effect on non-photochemical energy dissipation. Hydrogen peroxide contents were similar in the leaves of thevtc-1 mutant and the wild type. Total leaf peroxidase activity was increased in the mutant and compartment-specific differences in ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity were observed. In agreement with the measurements of enzyme activity, the expression of cytosolic APX was increased, whereas that for chloroplast APX isoforms was either unchanged or slightly decreased. These data implicate ascorbate concentration in the regulation of the compartmentalization of the antioxidant system in Arabidopsis.
Control of Specific Gene Expression by Gibberellin and Brassinosteroid
Authors: Bouquin Thomas , Meier Carsten , Foster Randy , Nielsen Mads Eggert , Mundy John 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We identified a recessive, brassinolide-insensitive mutant caused by a deletion allele (bri1-201) of the brassinosteroid (BR) receptor BRI1. The bri1-201 mutant displayed altered expression levels of genes differentially regulated by gibberellin (GA). RNA-blot analysis revealed that BR and GA antagonistically regulate the accumulation of mRNAs of the GA-responsive GASA1 gene, as well as the GA-repressibleGA5 gene. Expression studies with cycloheximide indicated that the antagonistic effects of GA and BR onGA5 require de novo protein synthesis. Reporter transgene analyses and RNA-blot analysis showed that BR and GA modulateGA5 expression, at least in part, at the transcriptional level, and that the signals are independent and subtractive.
Brachypodium distachyon. A New Model System for Functional Genomics in Grasses
Authors: Draper John , Mur Luis A.J. , Jenkins Glyn , Ghosh-Biswas Gadab C. , Bablak Pauline , Hasterok Robert , Routledge Andrew P.M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA new model for grass functional genomics is described based on Brachypodium distachyon, which in the evolution of the Pooideae diverged just prior to the clade of “core pooid” genera that contain the majority of important temperate cereals and forage grasses. Diploid ecotypes of B.distachyon (2n = 10) have five easily distinguishable chromosomes that display high levels of chiasma formation at meiosis. The B. distachyonnuclear genome was indistinguishable in size from that of Arabidopsis, making it the simplest genome described in grasses to date.B. distachyon is a self-fertile, inbreeding annual with a life cycle of less than 4 months. These features, coupled with its small size (approximately 20 cm at maturity), lack of seed-head shatter, and undemanding growth requirements should make it amenable to high-throughput genetics and mutant screens. Immature embryos exhibited a high capacity for plant regeneration via somatic embryogenesis. Regenerated plants display very low levels of albinism and have normal fertility. A simple transformation system has been developed based on microprojectile bombardment of embryogenic callus and hygromycin selection. SelectedB. distachyon ecotypes were resistant to all tested cereal-adapted Blumeria graminis species and cereal brown rusts (Puccinia reconditia). In contrast, different ecotypes displayed resistance or disease symptoms following challenge with the rice blast pathogen (Magnaporthe grisea) and wheat/barley yellow stripe rusts (Puccinia striformis). Despite its small stature, B.distachyon has large seeds that should prove useful for studies on grain filling. Such biological characteristics represent important traits for study in temperate cereals.
Native and Artificial Reticuloplasmins Co-Accumulate in Distinct Domains of the Endoplasmic Reticulum and in Post-Endoplasmic Reticulum Compartments
Authors: Torres Esperanza , Gonzalez-Melendi Pablo , Stöger Eva , Shaw Peter , Twyman Richard M. , Nicholson Liz , Vaquero Carmen , Fischer Rainer , Christou Paul , Perrin Yolande 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe compared the subcellular distribution of native and artificial reticuloplasmins in endosperm, callus, and leaf tissues of transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) to determine the distribution of these proteins among endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and post-ER compartments. The native reticuloplasmin was calreticulin. The artificial reticuloplasmin was a recombinant single-chain antibody (scFv), expressed with an N-terminal signal peptide and the C-terminal KDEL sequence for retrieval to the ER (scFvT84.66-KDEL). We found that both molecules were distributed in the same manner. In endosperm, each accumulated in ER-derived prolamine protein bodies, but also in glutelin protein storage vacuoles, even though glutelins are known to pass through the Golgi apparatus en route to these organelles. This finding may suggest that similar mechanisms are involved in the sorting of reticuloplasmins and rice seed storage proteins. However, the presence of reticuloplasmins in protein storage vacuoles could also be due to simple dispersal into these compartments during protein storage vacuole biogenesis, before glutelin deposition. In callus and leaf mesophyll cells, both reticuloplasmins accumulated in ribosome-coated vesicles probably derived directly from the rough ER.
Inhibition of Plastocyanin to P700 +Electron Transfer inChlamydomonas reinhardtiiby Hyperosmotic Stress
Authors: Cruz Jeffrey A. , Salbilla Brian A. , Kanazawa Atsuko , Kramer David M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractOxygen electrode and fluorescence studies demonstrate that linear electron transport in the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii can be completely abolished by abrupt hyperosmotic shock. We show that the most likely primary site of inhibition of electron transfer by hyperosmotic shock is a blockage of electron transfer between plastocyanin (PC) or cytochromec6 and P700. The effects on this reaction were reversible upon dilution of the osmolytes and the stability of plastocyanin or photosystem (PS) I was unaffected. Electron micrographs of osmotically shocked cells showed a significant decrease in the thylakoid lumen volume. Comparison of estimated lumenal width with the x-ray structures of plastocyanin and PS I suggest that lumenal space contracts during HOS so as to hinder the movement of docking to PS I of plastocyanin or cytochromec 6.
Different Myrosinase and Idioblast Distribution in Arabidopsis and Brassica napus
Authors: Andréasson Erik , Jørgensen Lise Bolt , Höglund Anna-Stina , Rask Lars , Meijer Johan 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Myrosinase (EC 3.2.3.1) is a glucosinolate-degrading enzyme mainly found in special idioblasts, myrosin cells, in Brassicaceae. This two-component system of secondary products and degradative enzymes is important in plant-insect interactions. Immunocytochemical analysis of Arabidopsis localized myrosinase exclusively to myrosin cells in the phloem parenchyma, whereas no myrosin cells were detected in the ground tissue. In Brassica napus, myrosinase could be detected in myrosin cells both in the phloem parenchyma and in the ground tissue. The myrosin cells were similar in Arabidopsis and B. napus and were found to be different from the companion cells and the glucosinolate-containing S-cells present in Arabidopsis. Confocal laser scanning immunomicroscopy analysis of myrosin cells inB. napus embryos showed that the myrosin grains constitute a continuous reticular system in the cell. These findings indicate that in the two species studied, initial cells creating the ground tissue have different potential for making idioblasts and suggest that the myrosinase-glucosinolate system has at least partly different functions. Several myrosinases in B. napusextracts are recovered in complex together with myrosinase-binding protein (MBP), and the localization of MBP was therefore studied in situ. The expression of MBP was highest in germinating seedlings ofB. napus and was found in every cell except the myrosin cells of the ground tissue. Rapid disappearance of the MBP from the non-myrosin cells and emergence of MBP in the myrosin cells resulted in an apparent colocalization of MBP and myrosinase in 7-d-old seedlings.
Expression of β-Expansins Is Correlated with Internodal Elongation in Deepwater Rice
Authors: Lee Yi , Kende Hans 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Fourteen putative rice (Oryza sativa) β-expansin genes, Os-EXPB1 through Os-EXPB14, were identified in the expressed sequence tag and genomic databases. The DNA and deduced amino acid sequences are highly conserved in all 14 β-expansins. They have a series of conserved C (cysteine) residues in the N-terminal half of the protein, an HFD (histidine-phenylalanine-aspartate) motif in the central region, and a series of W (tryptophan) residues near the carboxyl terminus. Five β-expansin genes are expressed in deepwater rice internodes, with especially high transcript levels in the growing region. Expression of four β-expansin genes in the internode was induced by treatment with gibberellin and by wounding. The wound response resulted from excising stem sections or from piercing pinholes into the stem of intact plants. The level of wound-induced β-expansin transcripts declined rapidly 5 h after cutting of stem sections. We conclude that the expression of β-expansin genes is correlated with rapid elongation of deepwater rice internodes, it is induced by gibberellin and wounding, and wound-induced β-expansin mRNA appears to turn over rapidly.
The Glyoxylate Cycle in an Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus. Carbon Flux and Gene Expression
Authors: Lammers Peter J. , Jun Jeongwon , Abubaker Jehad , Arreola Raul , Gopalan Anjali , Bago Berta , Hernandez-Sebastia Cinta , Allen James W. , Douds David D. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Shachar-Hill Yair 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is responsible for huge fluxes of photosynthetically fixed carbon from plants to the soil. Lipid, which is the dominant form of stored carbon in the fungal partner and which fuels spore germination, is made by the fungus within the root and is exported to the extraradical mycelium. We tested the hypothesis that the glyoxylate cycle is central to the flow of carbon in the AM symbiosis. The results of 13C labeling of germinating spores and extraradical mycelium with13C2-acetate and13C2-glycerol and analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy indicate that there are very substantial fluxes through the glyoxylate cycle in the fungal partner. Full-length sequences obtained by polymerase chain reaction from a cDNA library from germinating spores of the AM fungus Glomus intraradices showed strong homology to gene sequences for isocitrate lyase and malate synthase from plants and other fungal species. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction measurements show that these genes are expressed at significant levels during the symbiosis. Glyoxysome-like bodies were observed by electron microscopy in fungal structures where the glyoxylate cycle is expected to be active, which is consistent with the presence in both enzyme sequences of motifs associated with glyoxysomal targeting. We also identified among several hundred expressed sequence tags several enzymes of primary metabolism whose expression during spore germination is consistent with previous labeling studies and with fluxes into and out of the glyoxylate cycle.
Overexpression of Malate Dehydrogenase in Transgenic Alfalfa Enhances Organic Acid Synthesis and Confers Tolerance to Aluminum
Authors: Tesfaye Mesfin , Temple Stephen J. , Allan Deborah L. , Vance Carroll P. , Samac Deborah A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Al toxicity is a severe impediment to production of many crops in acid soil. Toxicity can be reduced through lime application to raise soil pH, however this amendment does not remedy subsoil acidity, and liming may not always be practical or cost-effective. Addition of organic acids to plant nutrient solutions alleviates phytotoxic Al effects, presumably by chelating Al and rendering it less toxic. In an effort to increase organic acid secretion and thereby enhance Al tolerance in alfalfa (Medicago sativa), we produced transgenic plants using nodule-enhanced forms of malate dehydrogenase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase cDNAs under the control of the constitutive cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. We report that a 1.6-fold increase in malate dehydrogenase enzyme specific activity in root tips of selected transgenic alfalfa led to a 4.2-fold increase in root concentration as well as a 7.1-fold increase in root exudation of citrate, oxalate, malate, succinate, and acetate compared with untransformed control alfalfa plants. Overexpression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase enzyme specific activity in transgenic alfalfa did not result in increased root exudation of organic acids. The degree of Al tolerance by transformed plants in hydroponic solutions and in naturally acid soil corresponded with their patterns of organic acid exudation and supports the concept that enhancing organic acid synthesis in plants may be an effective strategy to cope with soil acidity and Al toxicity.
A Chloroplast Protein Homologous to the Eubacterial Topological Specificity Factor MinE Plays a Role in Chloroplast Division
Authors: Itoh Ryuuichi , Fujiwara Makoto , Nagata Noriko , Yoshida Shigeo 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
We report the identification of a nucleus-encodedminE gene, designated AtMinE1, of Arabidopsis. The encoded AtMinE1 protein possesses both N- and C-terminal extensions, relative to the eubacterial and algal chloroplast-encoded MinE proteins. The N-terminal extension functioned as a chloroplast-targeting transit peptide, as revealed by a transient expression assay using an N terminus:green fluorescent protein fusion. Histochemical β-glucuronidase staining of transgenic Arabidopsis lines harboring an AtMinE1promoter::uidA reporter fusion unveiled specific activation of the promoter in green tissues, especially at the shoot apex, which suggests a requirement for cell division-associatedAtMinE1 expression for proplastid division in green tissues. In addition, we generated transgenic plants overexpressing a full-length AtMinE1 cDNA and examined the subcellular structures of those plants. Giant heteromorphic chloroplasts were observed in transgenic plants, with a reduced number per cell, whereas mitochondrial morphology remained similar to that of wild-type plants. Taken together, these observations suggest that MinE is the third conserved component involved in chloroplast division.
Differential Regulation of Transcripts Encoding Cytosolic NADP-Malic Enzyme in C3 and C4 FlaveriaSpecies
Authors: Lai Lien B. , Tausta S. Lorraine , Nelson Timothy M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA cytosolic NADP-malic enzyme (CYTME) has been described previously in several plants, all C3 species. CYTME is distinct from the chloroplastic NADP-malic enzyme (CHLME) that is highly active in C4 species. We show that at least oneCytMe gene is present in all Flaveriaspp., including C3, C4, and C3-C4 intermediate types. Based on theCytMe expression patterns in Flaveria pringlei (C3) and Flaveria trinervia(C4), we suggest CYTME has several distinct roles, including the supplying of NADPH for cytosolic metabolism, the supporting of wound response or repair, and the balancing of cellular pH in illuminated leaves. These three roles are likely correlated withCytMe mRNAs of apparent sizes 2.0, 2.2, and 2.4 kb, respectively, which differ in the length of the 5′ untranslated regions. Various regulatory mechanisms involving RNA processing and translational efficiency are discussed.