bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditioned Head Rotation Reflexes in Infants in the First: Months of Life
Authors: PAPOUŠEK HANUŠ 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA new experimental system for study of higher nervous function has been tested with 23 normal fullterm infants. This method employs conditioned rotation of the head recorded electro‐mechanically. As compared with conditioned sucking studies, this method has been found advantageous from several points of view. New data on the development and coordination of motor responses in young infants have been obtained. A sufficiently stable conditioned reflex may be achieved at 66 weeks of age, differentiation of two positive stimuli at 3 months and double reversal of this differentiation in the 4th month. The experimental approach described permits study and comparison of two analogous symmetrical heterolateral reflexes and simple analysis of intensity and latency of response as sensitive indicators of cortical functions. It also opens new possibilities for the study of early purposive motor reactions. Since rotation of the head may take on various meaning —food‐seeking, orientation, defense—it is particularly well suited to the study of ontogenetic change of one simple motor act into a complex adaptative mechanism.
Studies of the Immunological Relationship between the Antigens from Different Organs in Human Ulcerative Colitis1
Authors: BROBERGER OVE 
Published: January 2008

SummarySera from children with ulcerative colitis haemagglutinate sheep red blood cells coated with phenol‐water extracts of human colon, liver or kidney. It was found that the haemagglutination of colon‐coated cells could be completely or partially inhibited by previous absorption of the sera with extracts of colon, liver or kidney. Likewise, the haemagglutination of liver‐coated cells could be inhibited by means of extract from colon or liver. The results indicate that liver and colon contain at least one immunologically identical or similar antigen. In addition, certain preliminary results suggest that the sera contain antibodies against several distinct antigens, some of which are present only in the extracts of colon and not in those of liver or kidney.
Concentration of Fibrinogen in the Plasma of Healthy and of Erythro‐hlastotic and Hyperbilirubinemic Newborn Infants
Authors: ENGSTRÖM LARS , KAGER LARS 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma of 39 infants during the neonatal period was determined by Morrison's syneresis method as modified by Blom‐back. The samples were drawn from the umbilical vein by catheterization. The results, expressed in mean and standard error of the mean, were as follows:A. Healthy full‐term infants at birth: 225 ± 10.0 mg/100 ml.B. Healthy full‐term infants during third to sixth day of life: 322 ± 21.2 mg/100 ml.C. Erythroblastotic infants at birth: 271 ± 14.7 mg/100 ml.D. Hyperbilirubinemic infants without blood‐group incompatibility during third to sixth day of life: 297 ± 30.0 mg/100 ml.No statistically significant difference was found between healthy and erythroblastotic or hyperbilirubinemic infants as regards concentration of fibrinogen in the plasma.
Renal Aspects of Acid‐Base Control in the Newly Born III. Response to Acidifying Drugs
Authors: HATEMI N. , McCANCE R. A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. When a solution of sodium and potassium phosphates at pH 7.4 were administered to normal breast‐fed infants aged 5, 6 and 7 days, they excreted considerably more H ions (in the form of titratable acid).2. After the administration of a single dose of an acidifying drug normal breastfed infants 7 days old (a) raised the [H+] × 10‐7 of their urine less rapidly and completely than adults, (b) excreted less of the H ions generated by the drugs but (c) excreted almost as much ammonia/kg of body weight.3. The administration of neutral phosphates to adults (a) made no difference to the rate and extent of the rise of [H+] × 10‐7 after ammonium chloride, (b) increased the excretion of H ions in the form of titratable acid without reducing the excretion of ammonium ions. After giving phosphates to the infants they (a) maintained the [H+] × 10‐7 of the urine at a lower level, (b) increased the excretion of free H ions but (c) reduced the excretion of ammonia and consequently (d) did not increase the excretion of free H ions + ammonia so much as adults.4. The normal breast‐fed infant appears to be handicapped in dealing with a sudden acidosis by (a) an inability to raise the [H+] × 10‐7 of the urine rapidly and completely, (b) an absence of urinary buffers, (c) an overall failure to excrete H ions so rapidly as adults. This may amount to a general deficiency on the part of the kidney to produce the necessary H ions to be excreted.
The Iron and Copper Concentration of the Liver in Intrauterine Life and in Haemolytic Disease
Authors: EMERY JOHN L. , HILTON DOROTHY J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA study of the iron and copper concentration of livers from 75 apparently normal stillborns and 11 infants dying with haemolytic disease, show that in normal circumstances there is no increase in the iron and copper concentration with increasing intrauterine maturity.There is no difference between the concentration of copper in the left and right lobes but there is a significant difference in the amount of iron, the left containing more than the right.In children with haemolytic disease there is a gross increase in the iron concentration of the liver and this is more marked in the right than in the left lobe.In children with Rh disease there is possibly some diminution in the copper concentration of the liver in those cases that survive to full term.
Respiratory Studies in Children: 11. Functional Residual Capacity in Healthy Children
Authors: GEUBELLE F. , RUDDER P. DE 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe functional residual capacity (VFRC) was measured in ten normal adults and 23 normal children (11 girls and 12 boys), ranging in age from 6–15 years by a closed circuit method with helium as the test gas. Three assays, with some hours' to several days' interval, have shown a day‐to‐day variation of about ± 6% in the three groups (± 7.5% for the adults, ± 3.7% for the boys and ± 5.8% for the girls).
Peptic Ulcer in Children
Authors: FÄLLSTRÖM S. P. , REINAND T. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA study has been made of 36 children with the established diagnosis peptic ulcer. All patients, with one exception, were children of school age. The following aspects of the disease have come to light.1. The incidence of peptic ulcer among older children appears to be increasing.2. These patients often present a strik ingly typical history. Delayed pains and/or relief of pain by food were noted in 26 patients. Other typical ulcer symptoms occur commonly.3. Macroscopic bleeding was discovered in 5 cases, obstructive vomiting in 2. There was no case of perforated ulcer.4. Recurrence was common. Of 14 children observed for a minimum period of 5 years, only 2 had been symptom‐free.5. Constitutional factors are important in the causation of peptic ulcer in childhood. A high proportion of patients have a family history of the disease. Boys are affected more than girls. Patients of blood group O are present in abnormally high proportion. Psycho‐asthenic constitution is common among these patients.Environmental factors appear to be less obvious. Neuroses or emotional disturbances were not found to any great extent.
A Follow‐Up Study of Hyperbilirubinaemia in Full‐term Infants without Iso‐immunisation
Authors: BJURE J. , LIDÉN G. , REINAND T. , VESTBY A. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryOne hundred and thirteen full‐term infants with bilirubin values of 18 mg% or more during the neonatal period, have been followed‐up at the age of 2–3 years, and compared with 51 full‐term, non‐icteric infants, born during the same period. Exchange transfusion was carried out in 30 of the children with jaundice. No cases of kernicterus could be demonstrated. Play audiometry was carried out in 125 children (86 with jaundice, 39 controls). No deafness of central type was revealed. At the paediatric follow‐up examination no relevant abnormalities were found. Merrill‐Palmer testing produced evidence of a similar I.Q. distribution among the icteric as among the non‐icteric children. A cerebral lesion was diagnosed in 3 cases, but in all these another aetiology (disturbance at the time of birth) occurred in addition to hyper‐bilirubinaemia. Hyperbilirubinaemia alone did not give rise to any cerebral lesion.
Catecholamine Excretion in the Newborn Period: Effect of Short Periods of Induced Hypoxial
Authors: STERN LEO , GREENBERG ROBERT E. , LIND JOHN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIt has previously been demonstrated that newborn infants are capable of responding to change of posture and insulin hypoglycemia with. an increase in catecholamine excretion. Similarly, previous studies by other workers have shown that severe anoxia, at least, evokes a marked release of catecholamines in animals. When newborn infants were exposed for 15 minutes to a gas mixture containing 15.5% oxygen and 84.5% nitrogen, no significant change in the urinary excretion of noradrenaline and adrenaline ensued. This would suggest that either the newborn is incapable of responding to this stimulus with an increase in catecholamine excretion or the stimulus itself is not of sufficient severity to produce such a response. In either case, any physiologic response in newborns following exposure to a hypoxic mixture of this degree, would then be mediated by mechanisms other than catecholamine release.The study also suggests, however, that increasing postnatal age exhibits a positive correlation with the response to the hypoxic stimulus used, in terms of increases in noradrenaline excretion. The validity of these findings as well as their significance must await confirmatory studies.Dopamine was found to be present in the urine of newborn infants in amounts roughly nine times that of noradrenaline, a ratio parallel to that observed by others for adults. No correlation between the hypoxic stimulus and dopamine excretion was found. The present confusion concerning the significance of dopamine, in both urine and tissues, is briefly reviewed.
The Treatment of Aplastic Anaemia with Anabolic Steroids
Authors: KHALIL MOSTAFA , IBRAHIM ABDEL‐HADl 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA combination of Millicorten and Ul‐tandren (Ciba) was tried in two cases of primary aplastic anaemia with success in one case. The value of Ultandren was found to start early in the course of therapy, while a maintenance course of Millicorten was found necessary. The effect of therapy was most marked on the haemoglobin level and red cell count. The platelets responded less favourably. Regeneration of the white cells was only found to a small extent. Studies with radioactive iron showed that after treatment the patient demonstrated normal ferrokinetics.
A Bacteriological Comparison between Two Methods of Exchange Transfusion
Authors: ANDERSEN HANS JÖRGEN , HOLM STIG E. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐three cases of hyperbilirubinemia in newborn babies were treated with exchange transfusions according to the method of Sanchez. Bacteriological samples were examined from the inner surface of the fresh cut end of the umbilical stump and from the part of the umbilical vein used in Sanchez's method. Growth was obtained in 16 cases from the stump and in three cases from the vein.
Susceptibility to Infectious Disease, the Response to Active Immunization and the Antibody Titres in Diabetic Schoolchildren
Authors: STERKY GÖRAN 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYIn a group of 145 diabetic schoolchildren, 7–20 years old, and 126 matched non‐diabetic controls, certain factors relevant to immunity and diabetes were investigated.The diabetics of all ages were found to have a higher school absenteeism and also, in the prepuberal ages, a higher incidence of acute infectious disease than corresponding non‐diabetics. No major differences in the distribution of common bacterial antibody titers were observed and the formation of agglutinins to tyhoid/paratyphoid vaccine was found to be the same in both groups. The diabetics were carriers of common bacteria somewhat more often than the non‐diabetics. Most results could not be correlated with the degree of diabetic control.It is suggested that the explanation of the differences between the two groups might be a longer voluntary phase of recuperation after acute infectious disease in the diabetics.
Infantile Chronic Necrotizing Encephalopathy1
Authors: CHRISTENSEN ERNA , MELCHIOR J. C. , PLUM P. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYThe clinical history and brain autopsy are presented of a girl who from the age of 2–3 years showed progressing neurological symptoms lasting 10 years with short periods of improvement. The clinical picture was one of mixed pyramidal and extrapyramidal signs, of speech difficulties, but well preserved mental abilities. At autopsy symmetrical lesions were found, involving the putamina and the caudate nuclei, also affecting the pons and medulla oblongata and spinal cord, being of younger age caudally in the central nervous system.The close resemblance of a case previously reported by us in 1956 is striking.Our two cases give no conclusive information with regard to the etiology and pathogenesis. Regarding classification, it is possible that we are dealing with a disorder representing a chronic form of infantile necrotizing encephalopathy comparable to a subacute form described by Richter. among others, and perhaps it is also comparable to an acute form described by Verhaart.
Niemann‐Pick Disease in Infancy
Authors: IVEMARK BIÖRN I. , SVENNERHOLM LARS , THORÉN CLAES , TUNELL RAGNAR 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYClinical and histologic findings in two siblings with the infantile type of Nie‐mann‐Pick disease are reported. The clinical course was fulminant with early jaundice, marked enlargement of the spleen and liver, and death at 5 and 8 months. Vacuolated lymphocytes were found in the peripheral blood; a small percentage of such cells were also found in the peripheral blood from the parents. The clinical picture may be ascribed to severe liver cell damage with Niemann‐Pick cells, giant‐cell transformation, fibrosis and bile stasis. The evidence suggests that the hepatic changes constituted the neonatal liver's non‐specific reaction to injury. In one case an accumulation of lipo‐pigment ‐probably ceroid‐was noted in the lymph nodes; this was considered a secondary feature, due probably to the liver cell damage and the disturbance of lipid metabolism.Chemical analyses performed in one case showed increased concentration of sphingomyelins in the spleen, liver, lymph nodes and kidneys, normal concentration in the cerebral grey matter and decreased in the white matter. In both cases the spleen showed a tenfold increase in weight, and in one case there was a hundredfold increase in the sphingomyelin content. Abnormally high levels of cholesterol and glycero‐phospholipids were noted in the visceral organs; only a small proportion of the cholesterol was esterified and the triglyceride content of the affected organs was low. These facts provide some support for the view that the sphingomyelins in Niemann‐Pick disease is stored in the form of lipoprotein.
Use of Fluoxymesterone in the Treatment of Growth Retardation
Authors: LARON ZVI 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYFluoxymesterone (9 alpha‐fluoro‐11 beta hydroxy‐17 alpha methyltestosterone) was administered for 6 months to 21 prepu‐beral and 32 puberal children suffering from growth retardation. Four children received two courses of treatment. Fluoxy‐mesterone induced a gain in body weight in all but two children and stimulated linear growth rate in all but seven children. In prepuberal children with a daily dose of over 0.15 mg/kg body weight, signs of virilization and/or increased stimulation of skeletal maturation were observed; in puberal children the virilizing dose was 0.10 mg/kg.
Foetal Respiration
Authors: ROOTH GÖSTA 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn 32 cases the oxygen and carbon dioxide content of the umbilical vessels was analysed. In 17 of these cases pH, Pco2 and non‐respiratory acid base balance was also studied. The results show that the placenta, even at the final stage of delivery, is effective as regards O2 and CO2 diffusion. The umbilical artery oxygen content is a measure of the foetal placental rate of blood flow. The first signs of asphyxia is a slowing of the foetal placental rate of blood flow. By a simultaneous study of the values for the blood gases in the umbilical vein and in the umbilical artery an integrated analysis may be obtained which permits an understanding of the otherwise apparently random variation of the results. In cases with high rate of blood flow the foetal respiratory quotient is low, about 0.5, indicating that the foetal intermediate metabolism differ from the adult. In fetuses with an insufficient oxygen supply the R.Q. is higher, usually more than 1.0. Approximate figures are given for the placental oxygen and carbon dioxide diffusion coefficients.
Studies in Oligophrenia II. Amino‐Aciduria in Mentally Deficient Children
Authors: GELDEREN H. H. VAN , DOOREN L. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryHyperaminoaciduria was found to be frequent in mentally deficient children in an institution for mental defects. Most of the cases with hyperaminoaciduria belonged to the group with imbecility and idiocy with familial incidence of mental retardation (genetic defects). In these patients mean amino‐acid excretion was significantly higher than in other patients and than normal. In the group of children with mental defects associated with multiple congenital malformations the incidence of hyperaminoaciduria is also increased. Possibly the cases with hyperaminoaciduria in this group are also caused by genetic disturbances, though familial incidence was not always found. In mild oligophrenics and children with perinatal or postnatal brain damage aminoacid excretion was within the normal range.The index αAmN × 100/tot.N was the most constant way of expressing aminoaciduria and obviated the necessity to collect 24‐hr samples of urine.This study indicates a much higher frequency of metabolic disorders in oligophrenia than the incidence of rare syndromes described up till now would suggest. The search for metabolic causes of mental deficiency can be restricted to the above‐mentioned groups.
Erythroblastosis Foetalis A Survey of 491 Consecutive Cases of Rh‐Immunization in Pregnancy Part II. Liveborn Affected by Erythroblastosis Foetalis1
Authors: SUNDAL ALFRED 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn the 10‐year period 1951–1961 the offspring of 491 consecutive Rh‐immunized pregnancies representative of a region of West Norway were born in one Maternity Hospital and the liveborn were cared for in one Children's Hospital. The stillbirth rate was 6.3% and the neonatal mortality 4.3%. The nperinatal mortality is thus 10.6%. Details concerning the stillbirths have been published in Part I [5].All the liveborn have been studied as regards the maternal incomplete antibody titre in pregnancy, the cord bilirubin, haemoglobin at birth and need for treatment (single or multiple exchange transfusions).A special study has been made of the newborns who died of haemolytic disease. Severe anaemia with circulatory failure was the most important cause of death. Unexplainable deaths in connection with exchange transfusion in severely ill in fants with haemolytic disease also play a major role. All deaths occurred in the first 48 hours of life.Late anaemia and the necessity for simple blood transfusions very rarely occurred. No complications with kernicterus were seen.Adequate supervision in pregnancy, reference of selected Rh‐immunized women to a Maternity Hospital in due time, delivery in a special unit and immediate supervision and treatment of the affected newborn in a hospital with adequate facilities and experienced staff are of definitive importance in the management of erythroblastosis foetalis.
Prognosis after Puberty for 442 Asthmatic Children Examined and Treated on Specific Allergologic Principles
Authors: RYSSING E. , FLENSBORG E. WINGE 
Published: January 2008

SummaryBy means of questionnaires and/or personal inquiry information has been procured on the 503 asthmatic patients seen in the Clinic who were over 15 years of age in 1960. Useful data were obtained for 98,4 % of the series under review.Four hundred and forty‐two of these patients had been treated in the clinic on the lines stated. At the follow‐up 36.8% had been quite symptom‐free the past year or more. Nine point four per cent had occasionally experienced dyspnoea, and some of these also a cough, while 53.8% continued to have asthmatic symptoms. None had died from asthma.The fairly poor result was due partly to the relatively great number of severe cases (42 %) in the series, and partly to the fact that far too many had not been submitted to treatment till after a long period of illness; 37 % after not less than 5 years of illness and 16 % after at least 10 years of illness. It is shown that the chance of obtaining freedom from symptoms is greatest for the patients submitted to early treatment.The prognosis is, moreover, poorest in cases of severe asthma and a familial predisposition to atopic illness; further, in cases with other associated atopic illness and with increasing numbers of manifest allergies, as well as in cases with complicating pollen and/or mold fungus allergy.Finally, a markedly increased tendency towards freedom from symptoms has been demonstrated during the years of puberty.A final evaluation of specific allergologic treatment of asthma in childhood will probably require prolonged experiments of treatment, using the double‐blind technique.
III. Somatosexual Maturation in Mentally Deficient Children
Authors: GELDEREN H. H. VAN , DOOREN L. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFour hundred and sixty‐seven patients 9–17 years old in an institution for mentally deficient children have been examined for external signs of puberty. It was found that the majority of these children mature at the normal time. Late maturing is also frequent and is usually associated with mental defect of genetic and prenatal origin.Early maturing and precocious puberty occurred only in children with brain damage dating from birth or later. These patients as a group also matured significantly earlier than children with mental defects from genetic and prenatal origin. Menstruation proved to be less reliable as a sign of maturation in institutionalized mentally defectives.
Results of the Treatment of 191 Children with Tuberculous Meningitis in the Years 1949–54
Authors: WASZ‐HÖCKERT OLE , DONNER MÄRTA 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe primary series of 191 children treated for tuberculous meningitis at the Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki, in 1949–54 is analysed to provide a background for the 103 recoveries who were given a thorough follow‐up examination. The incidence of patients under 12 months of age was 12.5 per cent, and of those under 2 years of age 44.6 per cent. The youngest patient to recover was 7 weeks of age when tuberculous meningitis was diagnosed. The treatment schedules followed were mainly those used in the centres of Debré and Cocchi, although some personal modifications were introduced and new trends adopted.The primary mortality rate dropped to 11 per cent in the last years from the high figure of 75 per cent in the first year of the streptomycin era. However, late mortality up to 3 1/2 years after discontinuing the treatment increased the final, total mortality rate of the series to 44.5 per cent. This emphasizes the importance of long‐term treatment, which is now the generally accepted method in the treatment of tuberculous meningitis.