bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity Modulates the Association among APOE Genotype, Insulin, and Glucose in Men
Authors: Elosua Roberto , Demissie Serkalem , Cupples L. Adrienne , Meigs James B. , Wilson Peter W.F. , Schaefer Ernst J. , Corella Dolores , Ordovas Jose M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity, insulin resistance, and apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype have all been associated with coronary heart disease. We examined the interaction between obesity and APOE genotype in determining fasting insulin and glucose levels.Research Methods and Procedures: From 1991 to 1995, 3799 subjects underwent a clinical examination and fasting insulin and glucose measurement. APOE genotypes were determined on 3500 participants. Participants taking oral hypoglycemic drugs or insulin preparations or with the rare APOE2/4 genotype were excluded. Finally, 2929 individuals were included in the present analysis.Results: In men, we observed a statistically significant interaction between obesity and APOE genotype on insulin and glucose level (p = 0.003 and 0.008, respectively). Obese men with the APOE4 genotype presented with higher levels of insulin and glucose than obese men in the other genotype groups. No association between genotype and insulin or glucose in nonobese men was observed. Obesity was associated with higher insulin levels in the three APOE genotypes groups, whereas obesity was directly associated with glucose in those with the APOE4 genotype. In women, the effect of interaction between APOE genotype and obesity on fasting insulin and glucose was not statistically significant. Obesity was associated with higher levels of fasting insulin and glucose. APOE genotype was not associated with insulin or glucose.Discussion: Obesity modulates the association between the APOE genotype and fasting insulin and glucose levels in men. Although weight control is important in all people, it may be especially important in APOE4 men to modify potentially elevated fasting insulin and glucose levels.
Prior Exercise Increases Dietary Oleate, but Not Palmitate Oxidation
Authors: Votruba Susanne B. , Atkinson Richard L. , Schoeller Dale A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Higher levels of physical activity have been associated with body weight maintenance, but previous work in our laboratory suggests that this is not purely related to energy balance. We hypothesize that this may be related to the partitioning of dietary fat between oxidation and storage.Research Methods and Procedures: Healthy women (age 24 ± 1 years, BMI = 21.2 ± 0.4 kg/m2) were recruited to participate in rest (n = 10) or exercise sessions of light (n = 11), moderate (n = 10), and heavy (n = 7) exercise. All exercises (1250 kJ above rest) were performed on a stationary cycle inside of a whole‐body calorimeter. [1‐13C]oleate and [d31]palmitate were given in a liquid meal 30 minutes post‐exercise. An additional study was done with identical exercise sessions, but with administration of an oral dose of [1‐13C]acetate and [d3]acetate 30 minutes post‐exercise to determine label sequestration.Results: Cumulative oxidation of [1‐13C]oleate was significantly greater after light (45 ± 3%), moderate (54 ± 4%), and heavy (51 ± 4%) exercise than that with rest (33 ± 3%) (p = 0.0008). Cumulative oxidation of [d31]palmitate did not differ among trials (12 ± 2%, 14 ± 1%, 17 ± 2%, and 14 ± 2% for rest, light, moderate, and heavy, respectively; p = 0.30).Discussion: Exercise standardized for energy expenditure increases monounsaturated fat oxidation more than saturated fat oxidation and that the increase occurs regardless of intensity. Recommendations for physical activity for the purposes of weight control may be specific for dietary fat composition.
Cross‐sectional Relationship of Pedometer‐Determined Ambulatory Activity to Indicators of Health
Authors: Chan Catherine B. , Spangler Elizabeth , Valcour James , Tudor‐Locke Catrine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To describe the cross‐sectional relationship between an objective measure of walking (pedometer‐determined steps/day) and general indicators of health, a prior diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome, and self‐reported occupational activity in a generally sedentary working population.Research Methods and Procedures: Steps/day were compared with previous diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome (by self‐administered questionnaire) and with general health indicators including BMI, waist circumference, resting heart rate, and blood pressure in 182 subjects in Prince Edward Island, Canada. Study participants were volunteer employees recruited from five workplaces where, in general, the job types were moderately or highly sedentary.Results: Steps/day were 7230 ± SD 3447 for women (n = 153) and 8265 ± 2849 (n = 21) for men. Pedometer‐determined steps/day were associated inversely with BMI (r = −0.4005, p < 0.0001) in all participants and waist circumference in females only (r = −0.4303, p < 0.0001). There was a low correlation between steps/day and diastolic blood pressure in the whole sample (r = −0.2140, p = 0.0383). Participants who reported a prior diagnosis of one or more components of the metabolic syndrome (hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, heart disease, or type 2 diabetes) took fewer steps/day than healthy participants (p = 0.0254). Pedometer‐determined steps/day were positively associated with self‐reported occupational activity (p = 0.0002).Discussion: Fewer steps/day are associated with increased BMI, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, and components of the metabolic syndrome. Low occupational activity is a contributing factor to low total ambulatory activity.
Parental Weight Status and Girls’ Television Viewing, Snacking, and Body Mass Indexes
Authors: Francis Lori A. , Lee Yoonna , Birch Leann L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine whether television viewing (TVV) provides a context for patterns of snacking fostering overweight in young girls from overweight and non‐overweight families.Research Methods and Procedures: Participants were 173 non‐Hispanic white girls and their parents from central Pennsylvania, assessed longitudinally when girls were 5, 7, and 9 years old. Path analysis was used to test patterns of relationships among girls’ TVV, snacking while watching television, snacking frequency, fat intake from energy‐dense snack food, and girls’ increase in body mass index (BMI) from age 5 to 9.Results: In both overweight and non‐overweight families, girls who watched more television consumed more snacks in front of the television. In families where neither parent was overweight, television viewing was the only significant predictor of girls’ increase in BMI. In families where one or both parents were overweight, girls who watched more television snacked more frequently, and girls who snacked more frequently had higher intakes of fat from energy‐dense snacks, which predicted their increase in BMI from age 5 to 9. TVV did not directly predict girls’ increase in BMI in girls from overweight families.Discussion: The results of this study support and extend previous findings that have shown that excessive television viewing and snacking patterns are risk factors for the development of overweight in children; however, patterns of relationships may differ based on parental weight status. For overweight families, TVV may provide a context for excessive snack consumption, in addition to inactivity.
DNA Microarray Analysis of Genes Differentially Expressed in Diet‐Induced (Cafeteria) Obese Rats
Authors: López Iciar P. , Marti Amelia , Milagro Fermin I. , Zulet Maria de los Angeles , Moreno‐Aliaga Maria Jesus , Martinez J. Alfredo , De Miguel Carlos 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To better understand the molecular basis of dietary obesity, we examined adipose tissue genes differentially expressed in an obesity model using DNA microarray analysis.Research Methods and Procedures: We assessed the expression level of over 12, 500 transcripts in epididymal fat pads from (cafeteria) obese and control rats with the aid of the array technology.Results: Cafeteria (obese) rats weighed 50% more and had 2.5‐fold higher levels of epididymal fat and elevated levels of circulating leptin. Adipose genes differentially expressed in obese and control rats were categorized into five groups: macronutrient metabolism, transcription factors, hormone receptor and signal transduction, redox and stress proteins, and cellular cytoskeleton. Interestingly, the expression levels of a number of genes involved in lipid metabolism such as glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase, stearoyl coenzyme A desaturase, together with the transcription factors implicated in adipocyte differentiation (CAAT/enhancer binding protein‐α and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐γ), were significantly increased in obese animals compared with control. The most up‐regulated transcripts were the ob (49.2‐fold change) and the fatty acid‐binding protein genes (15.7‐ fold change). In contrast, genes related to redox and stress protein were generally down‐regulated in obese animals compared with the control.Discussion: Our study showed that in diet‐induced obesity, the expression levels of some important genes implicated in lipid metabolism were up‐regulated, whereas those related to redox and stress protein were down‐regulated in obese animals compared with control. This pattern of gene expression may occur in human obesity cases after high‐fat intake.
Leptin Response to Glucocorticoid Occurs at Physiological Doses and Is Abolished by Fasting
Authors: Dagogo‐Jack Samuel , Umamaheswaran Indira , Askari Hasan , Tykodi Gunjan 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the effects of graded doses of hydrocortisone (HC) on leptin secretion, and determine the effect of fasting.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a randomized, placebo‐controlled, crossover study, with a 1‐week “washout” period between interventions. Eight healthy subjects [age = 36 ± 2.3 years (±SE), body mass index = 31.5 ± 1.6 kg/m2] completed the dose‐response study in which an intravenous infusion of saline (placebo) or HC (30 or 100 mg) was administered for 24 hours. Four healthy subjects (age = 35.2 ± 3.0 years, body mass index = 27.1 ± 2.1 kg/m2) completed the fasting study, which entailed continuous infusion of saline, HC (300 mg/24 hours) in the fed state, or HC (300 mg/24 hours) with total caloric deprivation for 24 hours. Blood sampling was performed every 1 to 2 hours for measurement of leptin, cortisol, insulin, and glucose levels.Results: Peak hyperleptinemia occurred after 16 hours of HC infusion; peak/baseline leptin levels were 129% (placebo), 140% (30 mg of HC for 24 hours, p = 0.05), and 185% (100 mg of HC for 24 hours, p < 0.01). During infusion of HC (300 mg/24 hours or placebo), the peak/baseline plasma leptin levels were 16.1 ± 5.8/12.8 ± 5.9 ng/mL (placebo with food, 126%), 14.6 ± 6.0/12.5 ± 6.5 ng/mL (HC fasting, 117%), and 32.5 ± 12.5/12.0 ± 8.4 ng/mL (HC with food, 271%, p < 0.001).Discussion: Leptin secretory responses occur at physiological doses of HC, are obliterated by fasting, and thus may be of metabolic significance.
Overweight Children's Barriers to and Support for Physical Activity
Authors: Zabinski Marion F. , Saelens Brian E. , Stein Richard I. , Hayden‐Wade Helen A. , Wilfley Denise E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: As the epidemic of overweight increases among youth, research needs to examine factors that may influence children's participation in weight‐related health behaviors. This study examined overweight children's perceived barriers to and support for physical activity compared with nonoverweight children.Research Methods and Procedures: Barriers to and support for physical activity were examined among 84 overweight children attending a summer fitness camp or a university‐based weight loss clinic. Barriers and support levels were then compared with those of 80 nonoverweight children of a similar age range.Results: Body‐related barriers were the most predominant barrier type among overweight youth, especially among overweight girls. Overweight children, particularly girls, reported significantly higher body‐related, resource, and social barriers to physical activity compared with nonoverweight children and lower levels of adult support for physical activity.Discussion: Overweight children may be particularly vulnerable to body‐related barriers to physical activity, and reducing such barriers may serve as physical activity intervention points most relevant for overweight youth. Future interventions may also benefit from enhancing support for physical activity from adults and peers.
Ethnicity, Insurance Type, and Follow‐up in a Pediatric Weight Management Program
Authors: Tershakovec Andrew M. , Kuppler Kerri 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the characteristics of children and adolescents who drop out of a clinical weight management program.Research Methods and Procedures: A retrospective survey of children and adolescents attending a pediatric weight management program [n = 518; mean ± SEM: age 10.4 ± 0.2 years, BMI z‐score 4.9 ± 0.1, 62% female, 41% African American and 57% white] was undertaken. Characteristics of children (age, relative weight, gender, and ethnicity) who dropped out of the program were compared with characteristics of those who continued beyond the initial assessment as a function of type of insurance.Results: The children who dropped out of the program after the initial assessment differed by ethnicity from those who continued in the program: 63% of white children returned for more than one visit, whereas only 35% of the African‐American children continued in the program. Indemnity insurance coverage was associated with more clinic visits, as compared with managed care insurance. The association between insurance type and clinic visit number was of borderline significance (p = 0.06), when ethnic group was added to this analysis.Discussion: Ethnicity is associated with attendance in a Pediatric Weight Management Program. Given the epidemic of obesity in children and adolescents, issues related to program compliance must be assessed to improve overall outcome. This is especially important given the high rate of obesity among African Americans and the low rate of ongoing attendance observed among African Americans in the Weight Management Program.
Increased Adiposity in Female Rhesus Monkeys Exposed to Androgen Excess During Early Gestation
Authors: Eisner Joel R. , Dumesic Daniel A. , Kemnitz Joseph W. , Colman Ricki J. , Abbott David H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of early‐gestational androgen excess on adult body fat distribution in female rhesus monkeys.Research Methods and Procedures: Six midreproductive‐aged, adult female rhesus monkeys that were exposed to androgen excess started during the first one‐third of gestation were pair‐matched to control females by age, body weight, and body mass index. Body composition was determined using somatometrics, DXA, and computed tomography.Results: Total abdominal and intra‐abdominal fat depots are increased in adult female rhesus monkeys exposed to prenatal androgen excess.Discussion: Early gestational androgen excess in female rhesus monkeys causes a preferential accumulation of total abdominal and intra‐abdominal fat during adulthood. Fat accumulation in these regions is independent of total body adiposity, occurring throughout the spectrum of body mass index in these animals. This study establishes alterations in abdominal adiposity as another consequence of prenatal androgen excess in female rhesus monkeys that may contribute to the impaired insulin secretion observed in these animals during adulthood.
Prescribed “Breaks” as a Means to Disrupt Weight Control Efforts
Authors: Wing Rena R. , Jeffery Robert W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Research on long‐term maintenance of weight loss is hampered by the fact that relapse typically does not occur until after 6 months. We sought to determine whether relapses could be induced earlier by intentionally interrupting the momentum of weight loss during a treatment program and thus provide a model for weight maintenance research.Research Methods and Procedures: Subjects (N = 142) were recruited at two centers and randomly assigned to a control group, a long break group (LB), or a short break group (SB). The control group received a standard behavioral weight loss program with 14 weekly sessions; the LB and SB groups received the same. However, the LB group took a 6‐week break after lesson 7, and the SB group took a 2‐week break after lessons 3, 6, and 9. Participants were instructed to stop all weight loss efforts during breaks.Results: Participants seemed to take breaks as prescribed, with interruptions in self‐monitoring, dietary adherence, and self‐weighing (but not in exercise). However, participants quickly resumed these behaviors after the break. Breaks produced a slowing of weight loss or slight regain, but weight losses during the breaks were not significantly different from the control group. Importantly, overall weight losses (0 to 5 months or 0 to 11 months) did not differ between conditions.Discussion: This study was not successful in developing a method to experimentally produce weight loss relapses. However, the finding that prescribed breaks do not have adverse effects may have clinical application.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2002 Update
Authors: Chagnon Yvon C. , Rankinen Tuomo , Snyder Eric E. , Weisnagel S. John , Pérusse Louis , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis is the ninth update of the human obesity gene map, incorporating published results through October 2002 and continuing the previous format. Evidence from single‐gene mutation obesity cases, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci (QTLs) from human genome‐wide scans and various animal crossbreeding experiments, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers is reviewed. For the first time, transgenic and knockout murine models exhibiting obesity as a phenotype are incorporated (N = 38). As of October 2002, 33 Mendelian syndromes relevant to human obesity have been mapped to a genomic region, and the causal genes or strong candidates have been identified for 23 of these syndromes. QTLs reported from animal models currently number 168; there are 68 human QTLs for obesity phenotypes from genome‐wide scans. Additionally, significant linkage peaks with candidate genes have been identified in targeted studies. Seven genomic regions harbor QTLs replicated among two to five studies. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 222 studies reporting positive associations with 71 candidate genes. Fifteen such candidate genes are supported by at least five positive studies. The obesity gene map shows putative loci on all chromosomes except Y. More than 300 genes, markers, and chromosomal regions have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes. The electronic version of the map with links to useful sites can be found at http:obesitygene.pbrc.edu.
Medium‐Chain Triglycerides Increase Energy Expenditure and Decrease Adiposity in Overweight Men
Authors: St‐Onge Marie‐Pierre , Ross Robert , Parsons William D. , Jones Peter J.H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The objectives of this study were to compare the effects of diets rich in medium‐chain triglycerides (MCTs) or long‐chain triglycerides (LCTs) on body composition, energy expenditure, substrate oxidation, subjective appetite, and ad libitum energy intake in overweight men.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐four healthy, overweight men with body mass indexes between 25 and 31 kg/m2 consumed diets rich in MCT or LCT for 28 days each in a crossover randomized controlled trial. At baseline and after 4 weeks of each dietary intervention, energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry, and body composition was analyzed using magnetic resonance imaging.Results: Upper body adipose tissue (AT) decreased to a greater extent (p < 0.05) with functional oil (FctO) compared with olive oil (OL) consumption (−0.67 ± 0.26 kg and −0.02 ± 0.19 kg, respectively). There was a trend toward greater loss of whole‐body subcutaneous AT volume (p = 0.087) with FctO compared with OL consumption. Average energy expenditure was 0.04 ± 0.02 kcal/min greater (p < 0.05) on day 2 and 0.03 ± 0.02 kcal/min (not significant) on day 28 with FctO compared with OL consumption. Similarly, average fat oxidation was greater (p = 0.052) with FctO compared with OL intake on day 2 but not day 28.Discussion: Consumption of a diet rich in MCTs results in greater loss of AT compared with LCTs, perhaps due to increased energy expenditure and fat oxidation observed with MCT intake. Thus, MCTs may be considered as agents that aid in the prevention of obesity or potentially stimulate weight loss.
Enhanced Erythrocyte Adhesiveness/Aggregation in Obesity Corresponds to Low‐Grade Inflammation
Authors: Samocha‐Bonet Dorit , Lichtenberg Dov , Tomer Aaron , Deutsch Varda , Mardi Tamar , Goldin Yelena , Abu‐Abeid Subchi , Shenkerman Galina , Patshornik Hana , Shapira Itzhak , Berliner Shlomo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous studies have suggested that obesity enhances the inflammatory response, producing macromolecules involved in the induction and/or maintenance of increased erythrocyte aggregation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the correlation between inflammation markers, erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation, and the degree of obesity and to assess phosphatidylserine expression on erythrocyte surface membrane of obese vs. nonobese individuals.Research Methods and Procedures: Erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation in the peripheral venous blood was evaluated by using a new biomarker, phosphatidylserine expression was assessed by means of flow cytometry, and markers of inflammation were measured in 65 subjects: 30 obese [body mass index (BMI) = 41 ± 7.7 kg/m2] and 35 nonobese (BMI = 24 ± 2.7 kg/m2) individuals. Pearson correlations and Student's t test were performed.Results: A highly significant difference was noted in the degree of erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation and markers of inflammation between the study groups. BMI correlated with erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation (r = 0.42, p = 0.001), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.42, p = 0.001), high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (r = 0.55, p < 10−4), fibrinogen (r = 0.37, p = 0.004), and white blood cell count (r = 0.45, p < 10−4). The degree of erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation correlated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate (r = 0.5, p < 10−4), high‐sensitive C‐reactive protein (r = 0.56, p < 10−4), fibrinogen (r = 0.54, p < 10−4), and white blood cell count (r = 0.32, p = 0.01).Discussion: Our results suggest that obesity‐related erythrocyte adhesiveness/aggregation is probably mediated through increased concentrations of adhesive macromolecules in the circulation and not necessarily through hyperlipidemia or phosphatidylserine exposure on erythrocyte's membrane.