bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of the Rat Race
Authors: WALDEGRAVE CHARLES , STUART SHANE 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTAfter the social policy reforms of 1991 important changes in internal migration in New Zealand occurred. These resulted in changing housing costs and falling incomes which led to the movement of low income households, particularly beneficiaries and state house tenants, from urban to rural areas and small towns. A survey of 404 people who moved to the Southern Wairarapa towns of Carterton, Martinborough and Featherston from New Zealand urban areas since 1985 shows that a proportional increase in beneficiary movement occurred after 1991. Housing costs, relative to income, are important factors in the decision to move for a range of migrants. This pattern of migration has important regional development ramifications.
The Impact of Vegetation Changes on Evaporation and Runoff
Authors: MURRAY D.L , JACKSON R.M. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTResearch context and methodology are considered for the determination of the impact of vegetation changes on evaporation and runoff. The limitations of a purely empirical approach are contrasted with the benefits to be gained from development of theory and model building. Recent research questions and results are reviewed. Most of the important advances in understanding of the problem since 1948, have resulted from combining the theoretical and experimental approaches for hypothesis testing and generalisation.
Subsidy Removal and Farm‐Level Stewardship in Northland
Authors: BRADSHAW BEN , COCKLIN CHRIS , SMIT BARRY 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIllustrating one facet of farm‐level environmental management in post‐1984 New Zealand, this paper assesses changes in stewardship among Northland pastoralists. On‐farm activities which protect or enhance the environment continue to be undertaken without state support.However, the withdrawal of environmental grants, in tandem with the wider agricultural policy changes, has reduced the propensity and ability of farmers to undertake stewardship, especially during cyclical downturns.
From Code to Conduct. Professional Ethics in New Zealand Geography
Authors: HAY IAIN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThere has been a major resurgence of interest in ethical matters among geographers during the past 3–4 years, both in New Zealand and internationally. This paper outlines some of the important arguments for behaving ethically in geographical research. It then argues that, rather than adopting a Code of Ethics in isolation, serious consideration needs to be given to the business of teaching ethics. The paper proposes a two‐part teaching‐and‐learning strategy ‐ the first part provides students with written and lecture material on ethics, and the second section presents real life case studies of ethical dilemmas confronted by geographers, which are used for detailed discussion in tutorial meetings.
Growing Apples and the ‘Growing Pains' of Restructuring for New Zealand's Pipfruit Industry
Authors: McKENNA MEGAN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTNumerous urgent issues face New Zealand's pipfruit industry at the close of the decade. Oversupplied and competitive global markets, shifting policy environments, and industry ‘clawback’ place increasing pressures on pipfruit's single desk marketing system. This paper identifies the importance of interregional production dynamics and some policy challenges surrounding discourses of globalisation, sustainability and restructuring.
New Zealanders on the Population Geography of the Western Island
Authors: HUGO GRAEME 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTNew Zealand origin academics have played a key role in the academic study of Australia's population in the post‐war period. The paper argues that New Zealanders have contributed not only to the furthering of knowledge of the processes of change in the Australian population but have been important in the teaching of population geography in Australian universities, made inputs into policy relating to population and been influential in the development of the Australian Population Association. Major contributions have been made by New Zealanders not only in the traditionally strong areas of population geography such as internal and international migration but also in the areas of fertility, mortality and ageing.
In Pursuit of Moving Targets: New Zealand Population Geography in the South Pacific
Authors: CONNELL JOHN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTNew Zealand population geographers in the South Pacific islands early focused on resource issues, especially in Fiji and the smaller island states politically linked to New Zealand. This later extended into analysis of the structure of village level economic and social development, notably in Kiribati, Solomon Islands and Fiji. These analyses contributed to a clearer understanding of the substance of development at a key turning point in the region's history ‐ the transition to independence. Migration, or mobility, and urbanisation attracted enormous interest throughout the region, with lengthy debates ranging over migration models, urban permanence, the ideology of return and metaphors of mobility, establishing the most distinctive thrust of New Zealand research in the region. Practical research, involving censuses and consultancies, has directly contributed to development. Despite the valuable historical legacy the extent and significance of New Zealand work on the population geography of the Island Pacific has now dwindled.
The (Post)colonial Landscape of Cathedral Square: Urban Redevelopment and Representation in the “Cathedral City”1
Authors: McBRIDE BEN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTRecent urban redevelopments in central Christchurch draw on the city's colonial origins to develop a market for tourist consumption. This article introduces literature from both the ‘landscape school’ of cultural geography and (post)colonialism, combined with the grounded theory research method, to examine representation in the changing landscape of Cathedral Square. It finds that redevelopment plans, which articulate the traditional colonial representation of the city, are dominated by market and consumption activities such that participation in the central city has become contingent on the ability to consume.
Managing the Smart City‐State: Singapore Approaches the 21st Century1
Authors: NEVILLE WARWICK 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSingapore has a remarkable reputation for its successful deployment of limited resources and for its strength and stability even during Asia's current economic crisis. Widespread recognition and attempts by other countries and cities at emulation of some of the strategies it has adopted have confirmed that Singapore has achieved longstanding aspirations for excellence in many areas. As Singapore positions itself to enter the new millennium the government's distinctive and sometimes controversial corporate management style is evidenced in its approach to such matters as growing the economy, enhancing the physical infrastructure, constraining residential segregation, and encouraging increased family size to enhance domestic labour supply. Sometimes it is the means of achieving the desired ends which attracts criticism, at others it is the goals themselves which are questioned. This paper examines some of the features of Singapore's drive to enhance its regional and global role in vastly different circumstances from those which confronted the same government at internal independence in 1959 and full independence in 1965.
Maori Sustainability Concepts Applied to Tourism: a North Hokianga Study
Authors: URLICHCLOHER DOROTHY , JOHNSTON CHARLES 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe alternative tourism described in this paper has as its over‐riding theme sustainability as applied to the environment, social organization, economic considerations and cultural presentations as perceived by Maori in Tai Tokerau (Northland). The main instrument for collecting the data was a survey administered to the Maori of North Hokianga, one of the six regions that will be setting up Maori tourism packages in the next few years which will eventually be integrated as a Tai Tokerau Maori tourism.
Logging Out: Forestry, Transport and the Health of Hokianga Communities
Authors: COLLINS DAMIAN , KEARNS ROBIN A. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper reports on log transportation as a health‐related issue in the Hokianga district of Northland at a time when forestry activity in the area is expanding and radical reforms to New Zealand's roading network have been proposed. Drawing on technical information and key informant interviews, the potential impacts of logging trucks on Hokianga roads are considered, the costs associated with forestry traffic are estimated, and the routes most likely to be affected are identified. Possible responses to the log transport problem are discussed, and it is concluded that rural communities such as Hokianga are vulnerable to both logging truck activity and changes in government policy.
Local Government and Tourism Development: Issues and Constraints of Public Sector Entrepreneurship
Authors: ATELJEVIC IRENA , DOORNE STEPHEN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe process of government restructuring in New Zealand has seen the emergence of the free market and competition as prevailing ideologies in the policy environment. At the local government level, tourism development has become a key strategy through which a new entrepreneurial stance has been articulated. As a research topic, entrepreneurship has been the orised for the most part in the context of the private sector. This paper explores some important characteristics in the nature of entrepreneurship in local government drawing on recent examples from around New Zealand. The paper illustrates issues related to the agency of individuals and underlying value systems that underpin entrepreneurial activity in the public sector.
From Input Controls to Quota Management in the Tasmanian Rock Lobster Fishery
Authors: BRADSHAW MATT , WILLIAMSON SANDRA , WOOD LES 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIn an effort to control escalating fishing effort, a quota management system (QMS) of individual transferable quotas (ITQs) has recently been introduced in the Tasmanian rock lobster fishery. We outline and compare the input controls system in place before the introduction of a QMS, and we discuss the operation of the QMS to the end of its first full season in February 1999. We find cautiously for a successful introduction of a QMS as catch, effort and catch rate data tend towards what fishery managers believe to be bio economically sustainable levels.
Successfully Managing Auckland's Growth in the New Millennium ‐Issues of Governance and Implementation
Authors: TREMAINE KEN 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis was the Second Annual Lecture of the Auckland Branch of the New Zealand Geographical Society. It was delivered at the University of Auckland on 12 October 1999. The Annual Lecture is intended as a contribution to debate about significant issues or developments of immediate or potential interest to Aucklanders.
Working Together for Resource‐based Recreation and Tourism, Sustainable Management and Biodiversity
Authors: HUNTER GRANT 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThere are opportunities for more effectively integrating resource‐based recreation and tourism with goals for primary production and nature conservation across a range of landscapes and land tenure types. ‘Naturalness’ sought for recreation and tourism, like biodiversity, is not confined to the conservation estate, and the ‘recreation estate’ extends into private land. Although it may be argued that ongoing privatisation of land ownership reduces public opportunities for recreation, diversity in ownership, at least at the regional level, enhances the overall spectrum of recreational opportunities. Diversification into recreation and tourism on private land may also help protect biodiversity through such processes as ‘sympathetic management’, as well as by making production land‐use systems more economically robust.
Gendered Work: Female Labour in Pipfruit Production in New Zealand and Chile
Authors: MANZ BEATRIZ , SPOONLEY PAUL 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis article seeks to contribute to the literature on female labour in the pipfruit industry in New Zealand and Chile. As added workers seeking to supplement household incomes by casualised, seasonal employment, these female workers are significant contributors to what are often declining household incomes, given changes in production and the labour market of the 1990s. But this enhanced role continues to exist alongside normative expectations about domestic roles and responsibilities. This research reports on a survey that was completed by female workers in both Chile and New Zealand. While there are differences in the respective labour markets of the two countries concerned, the role of women in balancing employment and domestic responsibilities is characteristic of both situations. It is the intersection between normative expectations and participation in casual/seasonal labour in the two research sites that is the focus of this article.
Young Workers in a Deindustrialising Economy: The Case of Christchurch, 1976–1996
Authors: HIGGINS JANE 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the specificity of local labour markets is a more productive way of identifying employment dynamics in an era of de industrialisation than attending to universalist rhetorics on ‘the knowledge economy’. This article explores the employment destinations of young adults in the Christchurch labour market from the 1970s to recent times with a view to identifying how labour market opportunities facing them have changed, not only through the growth of part‐time work but also through the changing nature of access to full‐time work as sheltered ports of entry are replaced by requirements for tertiary education and training.
Kiwi Icons and the Re‐Settlement of New Zealand1 as Colonial Space
Authors: PICKLES KATIE 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis article offers a critical reading of the celebratory biographical and autobiographical texts for three ‘kiwi icons’. It argues that kiwi icons signal the enduring influence of British colonialism upon national imaginings – through a process that I term ‘re‐settlement’. I demonstrate how representations of Barry Crump, Sir Edmund Hillary and Dame Kiri Te Kanawa, prominent New Zealanders during the 1990s, are entwined with dominant constructions of New Zealand society. Further, I explore how these kiwi icons are constructed to serve the quest for nationhood; an endeavour, it is argued, that is about the reinvention of settlement mythology that involves the continuation of particular narratives of colonisation from the past.
Black Spot and Rain: A Markov Chain Model for Appleby, New Zealand
Authors: RICHARDS KATRINA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT Black spot (Venturia inaequalis) is a serious fungal disease of apples associated with rain. Control is by use of agrichemicals, but infection still occurs. A first‐order Markov chain probability model was applied to the distribution of spring wet spells for Appleby, for Sep–Dec, 1982–1990. Comparison with risk periods for primary black spot infection showed that, while 1‐day wet spells were the most frequent (41% probability of occurrence), the most frequent occurrence of risk periods was in association with 2‐day wet spells. Long wet spells (up to 18 days) were almost always associated with risk periods, but were infrequent.
Spatial Scale and the Geography of Tobacco Smoking in New Zealand: A Multilevel Perspective
Authors: MOON GRAHAM , BARNETT ROSS 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTSmoking in New Zealand is more common in deprived areas and in areas with a significant Maori population. Despite its status as a major health problem there has been little work investigating this apparent geography of smoking Data from the 1996 Census is used to construct a multilevel ‘proportions‐as‐responses’ model of smoking prevalence. This enables an exploration of the geography of smoking at different spatial scales. Levels within the model distinguish contextual variation between local authorities, census area units and meshblocks. Particular account is taken of the influence of deprivation and ethnicity on smoking. Results confirm the importance of ethnicity and deprivation and indicate that cross‐level interaction between meshblock and census area unit measures is significant. They also challenge crude stereotypes about the apparent geography of smoking and suggest that, while levels of smoking may be high in parts of North Island, they are less high than might be expected given the socio‐demographic composition of the areas concerned. Conversely, smoking is more prevalent than expected in parts of South Island. The paper notes the health policy implications of these emergent geographies.
An Interdisciplinary Combination of Qualitative and Quantitative Research on the ‘Skipper Effect’ in the Tasmanian Commercial Rock Lobster Fishery
Authors: BRADSHAW MATT , EATON LINDA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTIn this paper we report on a collaborative inquiry involving a human geographer and a mathematician‐cum‐data modeller. Our example is the existence and nature of a possible ‘skipper effect’ in the Tasmanian commercial rock lobster fishery. The term ‘skipper effect’ is used to describe the supposedly variable contribution of boats' skippers to catch. Following an introduction of the fishery and an outline of our research, we briefly introduce the skipper effect. We also discuss an approach to conceptualising knowledge before moving to our case study which we treat both qualitatively and quantitatively. Possible implications of the combination of qualitative and quantitative research for fishery management are also presented. In so doing, we relate a piece of work that is both multi‐method and multi‐disciplinary.
Sustainable Utilisation of Fisheries as Governmentality: Constraining the Potential for Ecosystems‐Based Management?
Authors: Massey Edwin , Rees Eugene 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines the constitution of ‘sustainable management’ within the context of the New Zealand marine environment. Firstly this paper examines the difference between ‘sustainable ecosystems’ and ‘sustainable utilisation’. The distinction is important if we are to make sense of the different ways in which various stakeholders (fishers, fisheries companies, scientists, fisheries managers and environmental groups) use ‘sustainability’ in the management of New Zealand's marine environment. We then examine how contestation results in sustainable management becoming a governmentality. We propose that such contestation transforms stakeholders into subjects whose everyday practices and relationships are influenced by seemingly incommensurable understandings of the lexicon that surrounds sustainable management. We conclude try considering how the potential revelation of new unknowns may be needed in order for disparate stakeholders to forge a unified approach to New Zealand's marine management.
Recreational Access to Privately Owned Rural Land: A Case Study in Canterbury Hill Country, New Zealand
Authors: Hunter Grant 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThere is public concern that private ownership restricts public access to land for such uses as recreation and amenity value. There is little systematically collected information about the extent of unfavourable attitudes to public access in New Zealand. This case study analyses the responses of 94 farmers/foresters to a request to operate a series of large‐scale sporting events that traversed privately owned rural land. Issues of concern to landowners included visitor health and safety, disturbance to farm or forest management, and spread of disease. Despite these concerns 90 percent of the landowners who were approached allowed access to their land for recreation. An approach for handling possible landowner requests to charge for access for large‐scale events is suggested.
Black, Hispanic, and White Girls’ Perceptions of Environmental and Social Support and Enjoyment of Physical Activity
Authors: Grieser Mira , Neumark‐Sztainer Dianne , Saksvig Brit I. , Lee Jung‐Sun , Felton Gwen M. , Kubik Martha Y. 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTBackground:  This study examines the differences among black, Hispanic, and white adolescent girls in their perceptions surrounding physical activity (PA), including support within the school climate, friend and family social support, and personal enjoyment.Methods:  Participants included 1466 sixth‐grade girls from 36 middle schools across the United States. Participants were 20% black, 21% Hispanic, 47% white, and 12% of other or mixed races. Multivariate analyses were performed on each scale, adjusting for body mass index and free and reduced‐price lunch status.Results:  Results showed racial differences on several variables. Black girls, compared with white girls, perceived significantly lower PA enjoyment (p < .001) and teacher support for PA (p = .004). Hispanic girls experienced less PA enjoyment (p = .003) and perceived less support for PA from boys (p = .001) and their families (p = .008) than white girls. Black girls reported significantly higher levels of physical education (PE) enjoyment than did white girls (p = .003).Conclusions:  Differences in perceived PA support and enjoyment across race raise questions about why these differences exist and how best to address disparities within interventions.
Modal Epistemology: Our Knowledge of Necessity and Possibility
Authors: Evnine Simon 
Published: May 2008

AbstractI survey a number of views about how we can obtain knowledge of modal propositions, propositions about necessity and possibility. One major approach is that whether a proposition or state of affairs is conceivable tells us something about whether it is possible. I examine two quite different positions that fall under this rubric, those of Yablo and Chalmers. One problem for this approach is the existence of necessarya posterioritruths and I deal with some of the ways in which these authors respond to the problem, including the use of two‐dimensional modal semantics. Conventionalism about modality offers a complementary approach to modal epistemology, prompting us to identify our knowledge of modal truths with our mastery of linguistic or conceptual conventions. Finally, I discuss an approach to modal epistemology deriving from David Lewis's work that seeks to identify structural features of the modal space over which necessity and possibility are defined.
Religious Diversity and its Challenges to Religious Belief
Authors: King Nathan L. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractContemporary Western culture is experiencing a heightened awareness of religious diversity. This article surveys a range of possible responses to such diversity, and distinguishes between responses that concern the salvation or moral transformation of persons (soteriologicalviews) and those that concern the alethic or epistemic status of religious beliefs (doctrinalviews). After providing a brief taxonomy of these positions and their possible relations to one another, the article focuses primarily on competing views about the truth and rationality of religious beliefs (e.g., pluralism, exclusivism, and skepticism). Here a heavy emphasis is placed on arguments for and against the rationality and moral propriety of retaining one's religious beliefs in the face of disagreement. The article surveys some of the more prominent arguments from the literature on this topic and closes with suggestions for further research.