bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Franciscan Hermit: Seeker, Prisoner, Refugee
Authors: Roest Bert 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article claims that the initial religious aspirations of the Friars Minor were heavily indebted to eremitical ideals, and that these ideals were never totally forgotten, notwithstanding the quick transformation of the Franciscan movement into an order of professional priests and theologians. The article sketches first of all the eremitical roots of the early Franciscan life. Then it covers the representation of early Franciscan hermitages and the eremitical life in the Vitae of Francis, pointing out specific parallels with Athanasius's Life of Antony. Subsequently, it analyses Francis's conception of the eremitical life according to his Regula pro eremitoriis data. It closes with a review of the ways in which eremitical traditions were retained, both as formative elements in the Franciscan handbooks of religious instruction, and as statements of protest and escape from dominant developments within the Order.
Ex vita patrum formatur vita fratrum: The Appropriation of the Desert Fathers in the Augustinian Monasticism of the Later Middle Ages
Authors: Saak Eric 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article traces the role of the desert fathers in the creation of the late medieval Augustinian Myth. It argues that the major problem facing members of the Order of Hermits of Saint Augustine (OESA) was how to appropriate the tradition of the desert fathers and that of Augustine's monasticism for the tradition of the Order. In this light, special attention is given to the Pseudo-Augustinian Sermones ad fratres in eremo and the central importance of John Cassian and Paul of Thebes. Of particular importance are the works of Jordan of Quedlinburg, which shaped the identity of the OESA from the mid-fourteenth to the early sixteenth century. The desert fathers provided the model of the eremitical life, and thus Jordan "mythified" the desert fathers as he had Augustine himself. This was not an issue of historical identification, but of mythic creation in an attempt to provide the foundation of the late medieval OESA.
Bringing Home the Homeless: Landscape and History in Egyptian Hagiography
Authors: van der Vliet Jacques 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis essay evaluates Egyptian hagiography as a historical source by defining its function in the construction of a Christian landscape. To this purpose, it discusses the Bohairic Martyrdom of Saint James the Persian, shifting attitudes towards the burial of monastic saints, Coptic stories about temple conversions, and contending Christian and Muslim traditions concerning the Holy Family in Egypt.
Time Scales of Land Surface Hydrology
Authors: Wang Aihui , Zeng Xubin , Shen Samuel S. P. , Zeng Qing-Cun , Dickinson Robert E. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper intends to investigate the time scales of land surface hydrology and enhance the understanding of the hydrological cycle between the atmosphere, vegetation, and soil. A three-layer model for land surface hydrology is developed to study the temporal variation and vertical structure of water reservoirs in the vegetation–soil system in response to precipitation forcing. The model is an extension of the existing one-layer bucket model. A new time scale is derived, and it better represents the response time scale of soil moisture in the root zone than the previously derived inherent time scale (i.e., the ratio of the field capacity to the potential evaporation). It is found that different water reservoirs of the vegetation–soil system have different time scales. Precipitation forcing is mainly concentrated on short time scales with small low-frequency components, but it can cause long time-scale disturbances in the soil moisture of root zone. This time scale increases with soil depth, but it can be reduced significantly under wetter conditions. Although the time scale of total water content in the vertical column in the three-layer model is similar to that of the one-layer bucket model, the time scale of evapotranspiration is very different. This suggests the need to consider the vertical structure in land surface hydrology reservoirs and in climate study.
On the Uncertainties of Flash Flood Guidance: Toward Probabilistic Forecasting of Flash Floods
Authors: Ntelekos Alexandros A. , Georgakakos Konstantine P. , Krajewski Witold F. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Quantifying uncertainty associated with flash flood warning or forecast systems is required to enable informed decision making by those responsible for operation and management of natural hazard protection systems. The current system used by the U.S. National Weather Service (NWS) to issue flash-flood warnings and watches over the Unites States is a purely deterministic system. The authors propose a simple approach to augment the Flash Flood Guidance System (FFGS) with uncertainty propagation components. The authors briefly discuss the main components of the system, propose changes to improve it, and allow accounting for several sources of uncertainty. They illustrate their discussion with examples of uncertainty quantification procedures for several small basins of the Illinois River basin in Oklahoma. As the current FFGS is tightly coupled with two technologies, that is, threshold-runoff mapping and the Sacramento Soil Moisture Accounting Hydrologic Model, the authors discuss both as sources of uncertainty. To quantify and propagate those sources of uncertainty throughout the system, they develop a simple version of the Sacramento model and use Monte Carlo simulation to study several uncertainty scenarios. The results point out the significance of the stream characteristics such as top width and the hydraulic depth on the overall uncertainty of the Flash Flood Guidance System. They also show that the overall flash flood guidance uncertainty is higher under drier initial soil moisture conditions. The results presented herein, although limited, are a necessary first step toward the development of probabilistic operational flash flood guidance forecast-response systems.
Soil Moisture Memory in AGCM Simulations: Analysis of Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment (GLACE) Data
Authors: Seneviratne Sonia I. , Koster Randal D. , Guo Zhichang , Dirmeyer Paul A. , Kowalczyk Eva , Lawrence David , Liu Ping , Mocko David , Lu Cheng-Hsuan , Oleson Keith W. , Verseghy Diana 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Soil moisture memory is a key aspect of land–atmosphere interaction and has major implications for seasonal forecasting. Because of a severe lack of soil moisture observations on most continents, existing analyses of global-scale soil moisture memory have relied previously on atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) experiments, with derived conclusions that are probably model dependent. The present study is the first survey examining and contrasting global-scale (near) monthly soil moisture memory characteristics across a broad range of AGCMs. The investigated simulations, performed with eight different AGCMs, were generated as part of the Global Land–Atmosphere Coupling Experiment.
Overall, the AGCMs present relatively similar global patterns of soil moisture memory. Outliers are generally characterized by anomalous water-holding capacity or biases in radiation forcing. Water-holding capacity is highly variable among the analyzed AGCMs and is the main factor responsible for intermodel differences in soil moisture memory. Therefore, further studies on this topic should focus on the accurate characterization of this parameter for present AGCMs. Despite the range in the AGCMs’ behavior, the average soil moisture memory characteristics of the models appear realistic when compared to available in situ soil moisture observations. An analysis of the processes controlling soil moisture memory in the AGCMs demonstrates that it is mostly controlled by two effects: evaporation’s sensitivity to soil moisture, which increases with decreasing soil moisture content, and runoff’s sensitivity to soil moisture, which increases with increasing soil moisture content. Soil moisture memory is highest in regions of medium soil moisture content, where both effects are small.
The Impact of Direct Aerosol Radiative Forcing on Surface Insolation and Spring Snowmelt in the Southern Sierra Nevada
Authors: Kim Jinwon , Gu Yu , Liou K. N. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
To understand the regional impact of the atmospheric aerosols on the surface energy and water cycle in the southern Sierra Nevada characterized by extreme variations in terrain elevation, the authors examine the aerosol radiative forcing on surface insolation and snowmelt for the spring of 1998 in a regional climate model experiment. With a prescribed aerosol optical thickness of 0.2, it is found that direct aerosol radiative forcing influences spring snowmelt primarily by reducing surface insolation and that these forcings on surface insolation and snowmelt vary strongly following terrain elevation. The direct aerosol radiative forcing on surface insolation is negative in all elevations. It is nearly uniform in the regions below 2000 m and decreases with increasing elevation in the region above 2000 m. This elevation dependency in the direct aerosol radiative forcing on surface insolation is related to the fact that the amount of cloud water and the frequency of cloud formation are nearly uniform in the lower elevation region, but increase with increasing elevation in the higher elevation region. This also suggests that clouds can effectively mask the direct aerosol radiative forcing on surface insolation. The direct aerosol radiative forcing on snowmelt is notable only in the regions above 2000 m and is primarily via the reduction in the surface insolation by aerosols. The effect of this forcing on low-level air temperature is as large as −0.3°C, but its impact on snowmelt is small because the sensible heat flux change is much smaller than the insolation change. The direct aerosol radiative forcing on snowmelt is significant only when low-level temperature is near the freezing point, between −3° and 5°C. When low-level temperature is outside this range, the direct aerosol radiative forcing on surface insolation has only a weak influence on snowmelt. The elevation dependency of the direct aerosol radiative forcing on snowmelt is related with this low-level temperature effect as the occurrence of the favored temperature range is most frequent in high elevation regions.
Catch Characteristics of Precipitation Gauges in High-Latitude Regions with High Winds
Authors: Sugiura Konosuke , Ohata Tetsuo , Yang Daqing 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Intercomparison of solid precipitation measurement at Barrow, Alaska, has been carried out to examine the catch characteristics of various precipitation gauges in high-latitude regions with high winds and to evaluate the applicability of the WMO precipitation correction procedures. Five manual precipitation gauges (Canadian Nipher, Hellmann, Russian Tretyakov, U.S. 8-in., and Wyoming gauges) and a double fence intercomparison reference (DFIR) as an international reference standard have been installed. The data collected in the last three winters indicates that the amount of solid precipitation is characteristically low, and the zero-catch frequency of the nonshielded gauges is considerably high, 60%–80% of precipitation occurrences. The zero catch in high-latitude high-wind regions becomes a significant fraction of the total precipitation. At low wind speeds, the catch characteristics of the gauges are roughly similar to the DFIR, although it is noteworthy that the daily catch ratios decreased more rapidly with increasing wind speed compared to the WMO correction equations. The dependency of the daily catch ratios on air temperature was confirmed, and the rapid decrease in the daily catch ratios is due to small snow particles caused by the cold climate. The daily catch ratio of the Wyoming gauge clearly shows wind-induced losses. In addition, the daily catch ratios are considerably scattered under strong wind conditions due to the influence of blowing snow. This result suggests that it is not appropriate to extrapolate the WMO correction equations for the shielded gauges in high-latitude regions for high wind speed of over 6 m s−1.
Response of Water Vapor and CO2 Fluxes in Semiarid Lands to Seasonal and Intermittent Precipitation Pulses
Authors: Ivans Sasha , Hipps Lawrence , Leffler A. Joshua , Ivans Carolyn Y. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Precipitation pulses are important in controlling ecological processes in semiarid ecosystems. The effects of seasonal and intermittent precipitation events on net water vapor and CO2 fluxes were determined for crested wheatgrass (Agropyron desertorum), juniper (Juniperus osteosperma), and sagebrush (Artemisia tridentata) ecosystems using eddy covariance measurements. The measurements were made at Rush Valley, Utah, in the northern Great Basin of the United States. Data were evaluated during the growing seasons of 2002 and 2003. Each of these communities responds to precipitation pulses in all seasons, but these responses vary among season and ecosystem, and differ for water vapor and CO2. The degree and direction of response (i.e., net uptake or efflux) depended upon the timing and amount of precipitation. In early spring, both evapotranspiration (ET) and CO2 fluxes responded only slightly to precipitation pulses because soils were already moist from snowmelt and spring rains. As soils dried later in the spring, ET response to rainfall increased. The summer season was very warm and dry in both years, and both water and CO2 fluxes were generally reduced as compared to fluxes in the spring. Water vapor fluxes increased during and immediately after periodic summer rain events at all sites, especially at juniper, followed by the sagebrush and crested wheatgrass sites. Net CO2 exchange changed significantly at the juniper and sagebrush sites but changed very little at the crested wheatgrass site due to senescence of this grass. However, in the wetter summer of 2003, the grass species maintained physiological activity and responded to rain events. In the fall of both years, responses of ET and CO2 fluxes to precipitation were very similar for all three communities, with only small changes, presumably due to significantly lower temperatures in the fall. This research documents the importance of the temporal distribution of rainfall on patterns of ET and CO2 fluxes and suggests that soil moisture and stand-level leaf area index (LAI) are critical factors governing ET and CO2 responses to precipitation in these communities.
Photosensitivity in lupus
Authors: Millard T P , Hawk J L M , Mcgregor J M 
Published: November 2006

A wide variety of skin conditions may present in patients with lupus erythematosus (LE). These can be broadly divided into three main groups: cutaneous forms of LE (`LE-specific skin disease'), nonspecific cutaneous manifestations of SLE (`LE non-specific skin disease') and cutaneous complications of drug treatments for LE. This review examines clinical photosensitivity in LE, a trait most commonly associated with cutaneous forms of LE but which may also manifest in SLE. All humans are photosensitive, developing reddening of the skin if exposed to sufficient ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Therefore we define photosensitivity in clinical practice as an abnormal cutaneous response to UVR. Abnormal photosensitivity in LE may manifest in a number of different forms. The lesions of LE-specific skin disease may be induced or exacerbated by UVR. Patients with LE who are prescribed photosensitizing medications such as thiazide diuretics, neuroleptics and tetracyclines may also develop phototoxic reactions which usually present as easy sunburn. Photosensitivity may also, rarely, manifest as fragile skin and blistering in patients with both LE and porphyria cutanea tarda. Several other photosensitive disorders have been reported in association with LE, including solar urticaria and erythropoetic protoporphyria (EPP), but these appear to be chance associations. Assessment of patients with LE and photosensitivity requires a careful history and examination. Phototesting and photoprovocation tests may be used to demonstrate photosensitivity in some cases, but these are rarely required for diagnosis. Photosensitive patients should be advised about sun avoidance, photoprotection and sunscreen use as a first line treatment.
Intestinal pseudo-obstruction in systemic lupus erythematosus: an uncommon but important clinical manifestation
Authors: Mok M , Wong R W S , Lau C S 
Published: November 2006

Objectives: To document intestinal pseudo-obstruction (IpsO) as a recognised clinical manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and a possible new clinical entity with its apparent association with ureterohydronephrosis.Methodology: We report six lupus patients who presented with IpsO and review 12 other cases from an English literature search. IpsO is defined as the presence of clinical features suggestive of intestinal obstruction but without organic obstruction, namely absence of bowel sounds, presence of multiple fluid levels on plain abdominal X-rays and exclusion of organic obstruction by imaging or surgical procedure. Other clinical characteristics related to the underlying lupus, serological and histological findings, treatment modalities and outcomes of these patients were reviewed.Results: All 18 patients fulfilled the ACR revised classification criteria for SLE. None showed any clinical features of scleroderma or overlap syndrome. The mean age of onset of IpsO was 29.0 (15-47) y. The female to male ratio was 16: 2. Nine patients had IpsO as the initial presentation of their underlying lupus. Coexisting lupus involvement of other organ systems included glomerulonephritis (n = 7), thrombocytopenia (n = 5) and cerebral lupus (n = 3). The serology data and autoantibody profile of some of the previously reported patients were incomplete. In our series, anti-Ro antibody was positive in 5=6 while anti-RNP was found in 1=6 patients only. All our patients had active lupus serology at presentation. 17=18 patients required the use of high dose systemic corticosteroid therapy while one patient responded to topical adrenocorticotrophin hormone treatment. Response was good and was observed early after commencement. Azathioprine was used as maintenance therapy in 6=18 patients with good effects. An apparent association with the presence of bilateral ureterohydronephrosis was found in 12=18 patients. These patients presented with dysuria without positive bacterial culture though features of chronic interstitial cystitis were not invariably found in these patients.Conclusion: IpsO is an uncommon but important manifestation of SLE. The underlying pathology is not fully understood but it may be related to immune complex deposition. The finding of coexisting ureterohydronephrosis suggests that there may also be a central smooth muscle motility problem of neuropathic or myogenic pathophysiology which may or may not be secondary to vasculitis. Early recognition and treatment of IpsO in SLE is important.
Primary Sjoögren's syndrome in men: clinical and immunological characteristics
Authors: Cervera Ricard , Font Josep , Ramos-Casals Manuel , García-Carrasco Mario , Rosas Joseé , Morlà Rosa , Munóz Francisco J , Artigues Antonia , Pallarés Lucio , Ingelmo Miguel 
Published: November 2006

Objective: To determine the clinical and immunological characteristics of primary Sjögren' syndrome (SS) in men from a large series of unselected patients with this condition. Methods: We studied 223 consecutive patients (204 women and 19 men; mean age at onset 53 y, range 15-87 y, mean disease duration 77 months) with primary SS visited in our units. All these patients fulfilled 4 or more of the diagnostic criteria for SS proposed by the European Community Study Group in 1993. Results: Nineteen (9%) patients were men and they represent the male group described in this paper. Extraglandular manifestations during the course of their disease were present in 10 (53%) of our male patients with primary SS: articular involvement in 4 (21%) patients, interstitial pneumopathy in 3 (16%) and peripheral neuropathy in 2 (11%). ANA were positive in 13 (68%) patients, RF in 5 (31%), anti-Ro/SS-A in 3 (16%) and cryoglobulins in 1/14 (7%). When compared with women, men with primary SS presented a lower prevalence of articular involvement (21% vs 46%, P=0.03, OR 0.32, CI 0.07-0.97). Conclusion: Although primary SS is typically a disease of middle-aged women, clinicians should note that it may be diagnosed in male patients. Except for a lower prevalence of articular involvement, we could no find any notable differences in clinical and immunological characteristics between male and female patients with primary SS.
Illness intrusiveness explains race-related quality-of-life differences among women with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Devins G M , Edworthy S M ,   the ARAMIS Lupus State Models Research Group
Published: November 2006

Our objective was to investigate whether quality of life in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) differs across ethnoracial groups and to identify factors that may explain race-related differences. Self-administered questionnaire data from 335 White, 40 Black, and 30 Asian women with SLE were obtained from a multi-center database. Measures assessed illness intrusiveness, psychological well-being, depressive symptoms, musculoskeletal pain, and learned helplessness. Extent of SLE disease activity was indexed by self-reported functional-system involvement. Educational attainment was indicated by number of years in school. Principal-components analysis reduced the four psychosocial measures to a single factor score. This represented psychosocial well-being in path analysis. Psychosocial well-being differed significantly across the three groups, with Whites reporting the highest, and Blacks the lowest, levels. Path analysis indicated that illness intrusiveness accounted for this race-related difference. Although disease activity was significantly associated with psychosocial well-being, it did not differ across ethnoracial groups. Illness intrusiveness and educational attainment emerged as independent mediators of the race-related difference in psychosocial well-being. We conclude that race-related quality-of-life differences exist among women with SLE and are mediated independently by illness intrusiveness and educational attainment.
Gender differences in some host defense mechanisms
Authors: Spitzer J A 
Published: November 2006

Sexual dimorphism exists in the immune response. Both humoral and cell-mediated immunity are more active in females than in males, and steroid gonadal hormones may play an important role in regulating this response. We have documented gender differences in several aspects of neutrophil and macrophage functions elicited by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (endotoxin) treatment and/or acute ethanol intoxication. In LPS-treated female rats, circulating neutrophils and alveolar macrophages are resistant to the deleterious effects of surgery and anesthesia on phagocytosis observed in male rats. The generation of cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC) by hepatocytes and Kupffer cells of LPS-treated rats, as well as TNF-a secretion by Kupffer cells and alveolar macrophages of acutely ethanol intoxicated rats are also gender dependent. The effects of alcohol on the immune response are expressed differently in males and females. In LPS plus ethanol-treated rats gender differences were noted in terms of adhesion molecule (CD11b/c) expression on circulating neutrophils, and cytoskeletal reorganization in blood-recruited neutrophils and Kupffer cells. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in inflammatory processes. We found gender differences in NO production by alveolar macrophages of LPS-treated rats; this difference was abrogated by ethanol treatment. LPS tolerance and ethanol treatment modulate hepatic NO production in rats in a cell and gender-dependent fashion, which may exert a protective influence against oxidative injury in the female liver.