bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A description model of video content and its application for video structuring
Authors: Shibata Masahiro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method has been investigated in which the video content description is handled by a computer and is applied to the video database, as a means of desktop video production. In the course of video production, it often happens that the description of the interpretation of the video content by the video producer is retained in the form of a document. Such a description is considered most important to describe the video, but there have been only a few efforts at handling the description by electronic means. This paper proposes a method to analyze the description style of the scenario or the raw memorandum by the on‐site producer, and the corresponding video component scene description model is constructed. The application to the video database is discussed, in order to demonstrate the usefulness of the model. An experiment to extract the layered structure is presented using the video in the actual broadcast program. The effectiveness of the structurization technique and the feasibility of the application of the descriptive model to the video database are demonstrated. An experimentally constructed video browser is also discussed.
Analysis of lengthy sentences using an english comparative structure model
Authors: Masui Fumito , Tsunashima Tadayuki , Sugio Toshiyuki , Tazoe Takehiro , Shiino Tsutomu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractToday, technological expertise gained from studies on natural languages is applied to various practical systems, including machine translation systems. English‐Japanese machine translation, however, still remains difficult in the translation of lengthy sentences that contain multiple complicated expressions. Due to limited information volume installed in current machine translation systems, such systems cannot handle the complicated sentences actually used in English. This paper discusses comparative structures, which frequently appear in long English sentences, clarifies characteristics of such structures through grammatical studies and the statistical analysis of the sentences contained in Corpus, and explains the development of comparative structure models and a new analysis method using such models. Having more flexibility than the conventional machine translation method, the new method proposed in this paper has been proved suitable for long sentences for which the grammatical rules and vocabulary installed in conventional machine translation systems are insufficient. English newspaper articles were analyzed with a commercial machine translation system and the new method. The result showed that the new method provided translations that were 41.6 percent more accurate than the conventional system translations.
Timing verification of asynchronous sequential circuits with specifications—A method of reducing state transitions to be verified in detail
Authors: Ohnishi Atsuchi , Sugiyama Yuji , Okamoto Takuji 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOne of the important issues in the asynchronous sequential circuit is to verify that the state transitions as stated in the specification occur even if there is a delay variation in the element. When the exiting timing verification method is applied to this problem, however, the transient and other states must be examined, which requires an exponentially long time in the verification. This paper presents a formal procedure based on the circuit structure and the relation between the specification and the circuit, where the state transition to induce the transition in the specification is determined and the state transition to be verified in detail is restricted without generating the transient and other states.First, the time‐invariant input values and state variable values are considered, and a sufficient condition is given for the above restriction. The sufficient condition ensures that the state transition occurs as is stated in the specification, independently of the element delay. A decision procedure for the sufficient condition is presented, and the time complexity is examined. It is shown that the proposed method is useful in reducing the verification time compared to the existing verification method. The sufficient condition is applied to sample circuits, and it is shown that the detailed verification can be omitted by the factor of 16/17 for the ring arbiter, and 20,24 for the D flip‐flop. Thus, it is expected that the time for the verification can be reduced greatly by the proposed method.
Humanitarian & development actors as peacebuilders?
Authors: Cain Allan 
Published: July 2007

The article argues that despite ample justification for donor fatigue, the international community has, in fact, stayed engaged in Angola during the last decade. Investment in humanitarian and development/rehabilitation programming can be understood as a donor strategy for influencing regional stability and building peace. The war raises risks for the major powers who have progressively increased their stake in the lucrative Angolan petroleum economy. The Community Rehabilitation Programme (CRP) launched in Brussels in 1995 had a clear agenda to help consolidate the peace process launched in Lusaka in 1994 and the donor financial support necessary to make the plan viable.
The author argues that the CRP programme incorporated some of the essential elements for effective peace building. These fundamentals included: institutional reform, rural‐urban economic equilibration, social and infrastructural rehabilitation and community buy‐in. The opportunity to have a real impact on the peace process was missed due to the failure of key implementing actors to put an effective operational programme in place in a timely manner. Donor's and more importantly communities, lost patience and the CRP was effectively sidelined. When a belated extension of state administration was attempted in 1998, the CRP mechanism was already moribund. A strategic opportunity to involve communities in the process of civic reconstruction paid for by international donors was wasted. Lessons from these failures can be drawn and the analysis applied to develop improved strategies for engaging communities, local government and other actors such as donors. A renewed programme for alleviating the Angolan humanitarian crisis and at the same time contributing to the peace process is proposed through strengthening communities’ capacities and investing in civic institutions.
The proletarianization of women in Tanzania
Authors: Bryceson Deborah 
                      Fahy 
Published: July 2007

Roughly 87% of all Tanzanian women live in the countryside. The bulk of Tanzania women's economic activity, therefore is related to peasant agricultural production and domestic rural household reproduction. Tanzanian women's position has not however, remained static over time. Peasant women have experienced and have themselves acted to effect profound changes in the nature of rural production and reproduction. One consequence of these changes has been a slow but pronounced process of proletarianization.
In this article, it is argued that Tanzania peasant women have increasingly become directly involved in the process of proletarianization. Moreover, female proletarianization has taken a voluntary form which represents a significant step in Tanzanian women's struggles. The first section of this paper elaborates some key concepts in an attempt to construct schematically the theoretical context for section two analysis of Tanzanian women's proletarianization.
The state and revolution in Ethiopia
Authors: Clapham Christopher 
Published: July 2007

The sustained restructuring of the military regime which has taken place in the 1980s is an essentially ‘leninist’ project with three components: new and enhanced structures of institutional and centralised control, down to the grass roots level kebellesand peasant associations but one that has not succeeded in many regions; a drastic, state‐controlled restructuring of the economic base; plus a limited but significant expansion of political representation essentially through the new Workers' Party.
Some of its institutional forms and the economic and social changes (e.g. land reform) are probably irreversible but there has been over‐reliance on the use of state power as the solution to all problems.
Cato Manor: cruel past, pivotal future
Authors: Edwards Iain 
Published: July 2007

Sophiatown in Johannesburg, District Six in Cape Town, and Cato Manor in Durban have become political metaphors for urban dispossession and resistance. Cato Manor has the most complex and violently contested history of land ownership and occupation of any area in Durban. In the early 1960s, the Durban Corporation began to expropriate the land from Indian owners and cleared the area of African shack dwellers and of most Indian residents. Despite the development of some Indian housing during the mid‐1980s, the land still remains largely vacant. Africans are re‐establishing themselves in shack settlements in the area.
The future of Cato Manor is now a major political controversy. The entrenched segregation of South Africa cities makes it extremely difficult to redress the legacy of past policies: all require massive investment in urban infrastructural amenities and low‐income housing. Cato Manor and District Six are the only two large areas of urban land available for planned development of new housing within any South African city. Planning for the best use of Cato Manor is highly complex and has to take account of competing and contradictory claims to the land. The current state of negotiations over the future of the land is hardly a promising beginning. Cato Manor remains a highly contested urban space.
Liberal democracy vs. popular democracy in Southern Africa
Authors: Saul John S 
Published: July 2007

This article accompanies an essay reviewing recent literature on ‘transitions to democracy’, which we publish in our next issue. There Saul contrasts two approaches to the understanding of democratisation. Both see transition as part of a larger political and economic process; for one this limits the possible scope and sustainability of democratisation, while for the other it threatens but also enhances its scope and strength. The latter approach, older and currently less fashionable, sees democratisation (and its analysis) as rooted in processes of imperialism, class struggle and state‐society relations. This ‘political economy of democratisation’ approach, characteristic of the work of Shivji and Saul, contrasts with a larger, more pessimistic body of work, which Saul labels the ‘political science of democratisation’. While sometimes used in suggestive ways, it can narrow debate disastrously when detached from any self‐conscious mooring in the critical traditions of political economy. This literature stresses the necessity of democratic institutions and values, but argues that only highly attenuated versions are currently feasible: ‘if reform is to be adopted without provoking a crisis’, then it must be reform consistent with the demands of capital and the neo‐liberalism of the IFIs.
This companion article analyses two highly significant cases of transition in southern Africa; each seems to epitomise the ‘political science’ approach, yet to contain the longer term possibility of ‘popular democracy’. Thus in South Africa the left accepted the necessity of a carefully negotiated transition to obviate the risk of civil war. However, the ANC, to retain the ‘confidence’ of local and external capital and of foreign governments, has had to demobilise its (non‐electoral) popular support, and to abandon a social redistributive strategy in favour of a one dominated by neo‐liberal ‘market solutions’. What keeps a progressive agenda alive in these conditions are the pressures from trade unions, civics, women's organisations etc, where there are growing signs, at least at grassroots level, of resistance to the ANC's new project. In Mozambique, the transition has been less euphoric, more perhaps a matter of transition from authoritarian rule and from war than to a democratic regime. As in South Africa, the transition would seem to disempower popular forces ‐ but outside the electoral arena, there are instances of resistance and struggle within civil society, which may carry with them the longer‐term potential for the growth of popular democracy.
Warfare, endemic violence & state collapse in Africa
Authors: Allen Chris 
Published: July 2007

African politics in the nineties have been marked by a series of violent breakdowns of order, and in some cases the disappearance of the central state, in a large number of states. Attempts at the analysis of this phenomenon have involved several different but complementary approaches, notably those invoking globalisation, the economics of ‘new’ war, the crisis of the neopatrimonial state, or social and cultural factors as keys to explanation. These either confine themselves to case studies, or treat all instances of endemic violence as open to the same analysis, in part because they treat violence or warfare as themselves the central objects of analysis. An alternative approach does not see ‘war’ as the problem, but is instead concerned with the historical circumstances within which endemic violence occurs and which can be seen as possible causes of that violence.
This approach allows for the simultaneous existence of several different historical sequences involving war and violence, and identifies one key category of cases of endemic violence which covers the great majority of those cases in the nineties: violence associated with the process of state collapse in Africa. It attributes the origins of violence in these cases to the degeneration of their ‘spoils politics’ systems under the impact of their internal dynamics, accelerated by economic decline since 1980 and the end of the Cold War. As spoils systems develop into ‘terminal spoils’, so violence intensifies and takes on new but necessary forms, and a process of state collapse begins, interacting with the growth of violence in ways that accelerate both.
Awareness of Beyondblue: The National Depression Initiative in Australian Young People
Authors: Morgan Amy , Jorm Anthony 
Published: July 2007

Objective: To measure awareness of beyondblue: the national depression initiative and Ybblue (the youth program of beyondblue) in Australian young people and associations between awareness and measures of mental health literacy. Method: A national telephone survey of mental health literacy was conducted with 3746 young people aged 12–25 years. Participants were asked to spontaneously recall organizations related to mental health problems, as well as whether they recognized beyondblue. Results: Overall, 44% of young people were aware of beyondblue, including 12.1% who spontaneously recalled beyondblue as an organization related to mental health problems. Awareness was lower in males and generally increased with age. Awareness of beyondblue was associated with better recognition of depression and greater exposure to depression in self or family and friends. Participants aware of beyondblue were more likely to rate antidepressants and some professional interventions as helpful for depression, and were less likely to rate dealing with the problem alone or using alcohol as helpful. Awareness was not associated with social distance scores or psychological distress. Conclusions: beyondblue: the national depression initiative has reached a good proportion of Australian young people, and awareness is associated with better mental health literacy. Males and younger adolescents could be targeted for improvements in awareness.
Expanded Practice Roles for Community Mental Health Nurses: A Qualitative Exploration of Psychiatrists’ Views
Authors: Elsom Stephen , Happell Brenda , Manias Elizabeth , Lambert Tim 
Published: July 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper was to explore the perspectives of psychiatrists regarding the potential impact of expanded nursing practice roles on mental health care delivery. Method: In-depth interviews and a focus group were conducted with psychiatrists from metropolitan and rural Victoria, Australia, using a qualitative exploratory design. Results: Four main themes emerged: nurses’ preparation to undertake expanded practice; power and autonomy of nurses; final responsibility rests with psychiatrists; and, the future of expanded nursing practice. Participant responses to these themes were varied and diverse. Conclusions: Participant responses elucidate the complexity of the issues and suggest that a number of factors influence psychiatrists’ opinions of the expanded practice role.
Overview of Psychiatric Ethics III: Principles-Based Ethics
Authors: Robertson Michael , Ryan Christopher , Walter Garry 
Published: July 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to consider the application of principle-based medical ethics to psychiatry. Conclusions: Principles-based medical ethics is a useful tool for resolving ethical dilemmas in psychiatryin that clinical aspects of ethical dilemmas can be better articulated then in other methods. The ethical dilemmas unique to psychiatry, such as those related to impairment of autonomy, present a challenge to the method. After considering a case example, we conclude that psychiatrists can best utilise a principles based approach to ethical dilemmas when they combine this with a level of critical reflection in the light of other ethical theories, such as virtue ethics, as well as close consideration of the clinical and social context of the ethical dilemma.
Clinical Supervision in Advanced Training in Child and Adolescent Psychiatry: A Reflective Practice Model
Authors: Senediak Christine , Bowden Michael 
Published: July 2007

Objective: This paper aims to provide a model for supervision in advanced training in child and adolescent psychiatry that is in keeping with adult learning principles and that gives supervisors a framework that allows fulfilment of their multiple roles. Guidelines to develop reflective practice in trainees, thus enhancing clinical competence and life-long learning, are presented. Conclusions: Reflective practice in supervision encourages the development of competence in trainees. This model is especially relevant for training in child and adolescent psychiatry, but can also be applied to other subspecialty training areas.
Tankyrase-1 mRNA expression in bladder cancer and paired urine sediment: preliminary experience
Authors: Gelmini Stefania , Quattrone Silvia , Malentacchi Francesca , Villari Donata , Travaglini Fabrizio , Giannarini Gianluca , Della Melina Alessandro , Pazzagli Mario , Nicita Giulio , Selli Cesare , Orlando Claudio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:862–6.
Tumor necrosis factor-α and oxidant status are essential participating factors in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortions
Authors: El-Far Mohamed , El-Sayed Ibrahim H. , El-Motwally Abd El-Gawad , Hashem Ikbal Abou , Bakry Nadia 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:879–83.
Impact of genetic polymorphisms on the risk of lipid disorders in patients on anti-HIV therapy
Authors: Bonnet Eric , Genoux Annelise , Bernard Jacques , Fauvel Josette , Massip Patrice , Perret Bertrand 
Published: July 2007

AbstractActive anti-HIV therapy can induce hypertriglyceridemia, low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and insulin resistance, eventually accompanied by clinical lipodystrophy, associated loss of subcutaneous adipose tissue and an increase in abdominal adiposity. The frequency of these metabolic disorders is approximately 50% and host genetic factors might confer particular susceptibility. Variants of apolipoproteins (apo) A5 and C3, interacting withClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:815–21.
Comparison of the Roche COBAS Amplicor™ Monitor, Roche COBAS Ampliprep™/COBAS Taqman™ and Abbott RealTime™ Test assays for quantification of hepatitis C virus and HIV RNA
Authors: Wolff Dietmar , Gerritzen Andreas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:917–22.
Über die Züchtung strukturreiner Zinksulfid‐Einkristalle
Authors: Hartmann Horst 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBei der Züchtung von Zinksulfid‐Einkristallen aus der Dampfphase erwiesen s°Ch Polytypie und eindimensionale Lagenfehlordnung als Wachstumserscheinungen. Eine während der Abkühlung mögliche Strukturumwandlung Wurtzit → Zink blende blieb ohne Einfluß. Als Folge einer Abhängigkeit des röntgenographisch bestimmten Fehlordnungsgrades von der Wachstumstemperatur traten in den Gebieten der Phasentransformation um 1020 und 1240 °C bei Zunahme der entsprechenden Fehlerwahrscheinlichkeiten häufig höherstufige Polytype auf. Kristalle im Anfangsstadium, also Whisker, Nadeln und dünne Tafeln waren immer strukturrein.— Die Herausbildung der Fehlordnung wurde begünstigt durch: Wachstumstemperaturen in Nähe der Transformationsgebiete Zinkblende — Wurtzit, schlechte Temperaturkonstanz und steile Temperaturgradienten, Überlagerung der Diffusion durch Konvektion beim Materialtransport, spontanes Wachstum bei hohen Übersättigungen, Anreicherung von Kristallbaufehlern im Aufwachsbereich des Kristalls auf der Quarzwand sowie Fremdverunreinigungen.Durch Einhaltung definierter Züchtungsbedingungen gelang es bei besonderer Berücksichtigung von Wachstumstemperaturen unterhalb 1000 °C oder zwischen 1100 und 1200 °C, relativ große ZnS‐Kristalle mit reiner Zinkblende‐ oder Wurtzitstruktur herzustellen. Höherstufige Polytype bildeten sich nicht strukturrein aus. Mit Hilfe von Temperungen in charakteristischen Temperaturgebieten konnten fehlgeordnete Kristalle nachträglich in kubische oder hexagonale umgewandelt werden. — Die durchgeführten Versuche weisen auf die Möglichkeit hin, die Entstehung von Polytypie und Lagenfehlordnung durch eine Modifizierung der Keimbildungsarbeiten zu erklären.
Die Natriumbikarbonat‐Kristallisation im Ammoniak‐Soda‐Prozeß
Authors: Felbinger Adolf , Neels Hermann 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIm System NaCl‐NH3‐H2O wurde die durch die Karbonisierung bewirkte Kristallisation von NaHCO3 untersucht.Es konnte die Abhängigkeit der Keimzahl von der Übersättigung und der Temperatur ermittelt werden. Die Zunahme der Keimzahl mit steigender Übersättigung folgt einer exponentiellen Abhängigkeit. Für die Zunahme der Keime bei fallender Temperatur wird eine Reaktionshemmung an der Phasengrenzfläche erwogen. Die gefundene Abhängigkeit von der Intensität des Rührens entspricht der bekannten Tatsache, daß mit steigender Turbulenz die Zahl der Kristalle zu‐ und ihre Größe abnimmt.Die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit der NaHCO3‐Kristalle wurde zunächst mit einer Genauigkeit bestimmt, die für praktische Rechnungen ausreicht.Die freie Grenzflächenenergie σ wurde für 45 und 60 °C ermittelt.
Verneuil‐Züchtung von Einkristallen mit dem Hochfrequenz‐Plasmabrenner
Authors: Ardenne H. C. Manfred V. , Knebel Ernst Dieter , Wachtel H. , Wiese Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDas klassische Verneuil‐Verfahren verwendet als Energiequelle für die Züchtung von Einkristallen eine chemische Flamme, und zwar Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff im wechselnden Mengenverhältnis. Nach diesem Verfahren lassen sich alle Verbindungen als Einkristalle herstellen, die bis ca. 2600 °C kongruent schmelzen und gegenüber den Brenngasen unempfindlich sind, d. h. sich nicht leicht oxydieren oder reduzieren lassen. Diese Einschränkung der Anwendung des bekannten Verneuil‐Verfahrens wird durch den Hochfrequenz‐Induktions‐Plasmabrenner aufgehoben. Es lassen sich mit seiner Hilfe auf relativ einfache Art und Weise Temperaturen von 15000 °K und mehr erzeugen, wobei die Arbeitsatmosphäre willkürlich gewählt werden kann. Diese Eigenschaften der HF‐Plasmaflamme erschließen neue Verbindungen zur tiegelfreien Züchtung von Einkristallen. Der Aufbau einer Kristallziehanlage mit Hochfrequenz‐Induktions‐Plasmabrenner und einige erzielte Ergebnisse werden kurz beschrieben.