bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modulation of food intake following deep brain stimulation of the ventromedial hypothalamus in the vervet monkey
Authors: Laćan Goran , De Salles Antonio A. F. , Gorgulho Alessandra A. , Krahl Scott E. , Frighetto Leonardo , Behnke Eric J. , Melega William P. 
Published: February 2008

Object
Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has become an effective therapy for an increasing number of brain disorders. Recently demonstrated DBS of the posterior hypothalamus as a safe treatment for chronic intractable cluster headaches has drawn attention to this target, which is involved in the regulation of diverse autonomic functions and feeding behavior through complex integrative mechanisms. In this study, the authors assessed the feasibility of ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) DBS in freely moving vervet monkeys to modulate food intake as a model for the potential treatment of eating disorders.

Methods
Deep brain stimulation electrodes were bilaterally implanted into the VMH of 2 adult male vervet monkeys by using the stereotactic techniques utilized in DBS in humans. Stimulators were implanted subcutaneously on the upper back, allowing ready access to program stimulation parameters while the animal remained conscious and freely moving. In anesthetized animals, intraoperatively and 6–10 weeks postsurgery, VMH DBS parameters were selected according to minimal cardiovascular and autonomic nervous system responses. Thereafter, conscious animals were subjected to 2 cycles of VMH DBS for periods of 8 and 3 days, and food intake and behavior were monitored. Animals were then killed for histological verification of probe placement.

Results
During VMH DBS, total food consumption increased. The 3-month bilateral implant of electrodes and subsequent periods of high-frequency VMH stimulation did not result in significant adverse behavioral effects.

Conclusions
This is the first study in which techniques of hypothalamic DBS in humans have been applied in freely moving nonhuman primates. Future studies can now be conducted to determine whether VMH DBS can change hypothalamic responsivity to endocrine signals associated with adiposity for long-term modulation of food intake.
Progressive and symmetric supraorbital hyperostosis with bony and soft tissue overgrowth in an Ethiopian female: A newly recognized overgrowth syndrome?
Authors: Adam Margaret P. , Kobori Joyce A. , Cusmano‐Ozog Kristina , Chen Kelly M. , Hoyme H. Eugene 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe report on an Ethiopian female with generalized overgrowth of postnatal onset accompanied by progressive and symmetric overgrowth of skeletal and soft tissues. Her phenotype consisted of progressive and symmetric overgrowth of the supraorbital ridges, glabella, occiput, cervical spine, and distal phalanges of all extremities, but particularly the 3rd and 4th digits. She also has overgrowth of soft tissues of the posterior neck (thought to be fatty in origin), alveolar hyperplasia, and overgrowth of the skin comprising the areola and umbilicus. Other clinical findings included obstructive sleep apnea and normal intelligence. A genetic workup of extended banding chromosome analysis and chromosomal microarray were normal, as were PTEN and FNLA mutation analyses. Histologic examination of the excised supraorbital ridges demonstrated normal bone. However, the bone began to regrow in a symmetric fashion within 3 months of removal. This patient's phenotype is at variance with any known overgrowth syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The first study of the effect of surfmer backbone structure on the stability and the course of emulsion polymerization of methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate monomers
Authors: Shaffei K. A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis is the first study of the effect of structure of the surfmer on the stability, morphology, and kinetics of the emulsion polymerization of butyl acrylate (BuA) and methyl methacrylate (MMA). Poly(ethylene glycol) behenyl ether methacrylate (PEGBEMA) was used as surfmer in the emulsion polymerization magnified imageof BuA and MMA and compared with the same type surfmer with different backbone structure (with four bulky phenyl groups in the backbone of the surfmer) poly(ethylene glycol) 2,4,6‐tris (1‐phenylethyl) phenyl ether methacrylate. magnified image It was found that the straight chain surfmer produces less stability, lower order reaction less particles size (Dmax) greater number of polymer particles Nt, worse morphology Dw/Dn, than the bulky surfmer. The order of polymerization reaction of BuA with respect to PEGBEMA was 0.8 compared with 2.6 in case of using PEGTPMA. The surface charge density was dramatically changed when using PEGBEMA from 39.8 to 204 μC in case of PEGTPMA at the same conditions of surfmer concentration, temperature, and other parameters. The Dv was found to be 897 nm for particles prepared in the presence of PEGTPMA surfmer while it was 159 nm for particles prepared in the presence of PEGBEMA at the same surfmer concentrations and other experimental conditions. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Control of vulcanizing/devulcanizing behavior of diphenyl disulfide with microwaves as the heating source
Authors: Vega B. , Montero L. , Lincoln S. , Agulló N. , Borrós S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractDiphenyl disulfide is a common agent used in the devulcanization of sulfur‐vulcanized goods. Its activity has been tested both in real rubber samples and in model molecules but, to the best of our knowledge, always under normal heating conditions. Moreover, there is a lack of information about how the vulcanizing potential of the molecule can affect the devulcanization yield. In this study, the diphenyl disulfide behavior has been studied in model compound vulcanization, with squalene used as a model molecule of natural rubber. Microwaves have been used as a heating source, and the vulcanization/devulcanization behavior of the molecules has been characterized. The results have shown that it is possible to tailor the diphenyl disulfide activity by controlling the reaction temperature and also through microwave power control. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Investigation of the surface properties of polymeric soaps obtained by ring‐opening polymerization of epoxidized soybean oil
Authors: Biresaw G. , Liu Z. S. , Erhan S. Z. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEpoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was converted to a polysoap (PESO) via a two‐step synthetic procedure of catalytic ring‐opening polymerization, followed by hydrolysis (HPESO) with a base. Various molecular weights of PESO and HPESO were prepared by varying the reaction temperature and/or catalyst concentration. In addition, the counter ion chemistry was varied by changing the base used for saponification. The PESO and HPESO products were carefully characterized and identified using a combination of FTIR, 1H‐NMR, solid state 13C‐NMR, and GPC. The effect of HPESO polysoaps on the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension of water‐hexadecane was investigated as a function of HPESO concentration, molecular weight, and counter ion chemistry. HPESO polysoaps were effective at lowering the surface tension of water and the interfacial tension of water‐hexadecane and displayed minimum values in the range of 20–24 and 12–17 dyn/cm, respectively, at concentration of 200–250 μM. Water‐hexadecane interfacial tension was also calculated from measured surface tension data using the Antonoff, harmonic mean (HM), and geometric mean (GM) methods. Measured values agreed well with those calculated using the HM and GM methods, but not the Antonoff method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Preparation and morphological evolution of heterophasic PP‐EP/EVA/organoclay nanocomposites: Effect of the nanoclay organic modifier
Authors: Valera‐Zaragoza M. , Ramírez‐Vargas E. , Medellín‐Rodríguez F. J. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA study is presented on the morphological effects caused by the nanoclay organic modifier and the nanoclay concentration. This was made under previously determined compatibility conditions of heterophasic polypropylene copolymers (PP‐EP)/poly(ethylene vinyl acetate) (EVA)/organoclay nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were prepared using the fluidity of the EVA phase to disperse the nanoclay platelets. Therefore, no additional compatibilizer was used to achieve the clay dispersion. Two organoclays were used with different characteristics and polarity of the substituent groups. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction results first indicated that two hydrogenated tallow modifiers are more effective than one to enhance nanoclay exfoliation. Thermogravimetric studies indicated a low probability of thermal degradation of the nanoclay modifiers and as a consequence of their effect on the layer–layer exfoliation. Molecular simulations were made with the purpose to study additional factors affecting exfoliation. The introduction of nanoclay, within the compatibility conditions of the PP‐EP/EVA system, was also studied. It was determined that the system preserved its original morphology and that the silicate layers were hosted by the EVA domains. The crystallization characteristics of the PP‐EP/EVA mixtures indicated a gradual evolution of the overall crystalline structures depending on the EVA content. In the case of the ternary nanocomposites PP‐EP/EVA/nanoclay, the β crystalline structure was partially formed, although it decreased with increasing nanoclay content. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Oligomeric Alkoxysilanes with Cagelike Hybrids as Cores: Designed Precursors of Nanohybrid Materials
Authors: Kuge Hideki , Hagiwara Yoshiaki , Shimojima Atsushi , Kuroda Kazuyuki 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWell‐defined alkoxysilane oligomers containing a cagelike carbosiloxane core were synthesized and used as novel building blocks for the formation of siloxane‐based hybrid networks. These oligomers were synthesized from the cagelike trimer derived from bis(triethoxysilyl)methane by silylation with mono‐, di‐, and triethoxychlorosilanes ((EtO)nMe3−nSiCl, n=1, 2, and 3). Hybrid xerogels were prepared by hydrolysis and polycondensation of these oligomers under acidic conditions. The structures of the products varied depending on the number of alkoxy groups (n). When n=2 and 3, microporous xerogels (BET surface areas of 820 and 510 m2 g−1, respectively) were obtained, whereas a nonporous xerogel was obtained when n=1. 29Si NMR spectroscopic analysis suggested that partial rearrangement of the siloxane networks, which accompanied the cleavage of the Si–O–Si linkages, occurred during the polycondensation processes. By using an amphiphilic triblock copolymer surfactant as a structure‐directing agent, hybrid thin films with a 2D hexagonal mesostructure were obtained when n=2 and 3. These results provide important insight into the rational synthesis of molecularly designed hybrid materials by sol–gel chemistry.
Strategies for systems‐level metabolic engineering
Authors: Kim Tae Yong , Sohn Seung Bum , Kim Hyun Uk , Lee Sang Yup 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBio‐based production of chemicals, fuels and materials is becoming more and more important due to the increasing environmental problems and sharply increasing oil price. To make these biobased processes economically competitive, the biotechnology industry explores new ways to improve the performance of microbial strains in fermentation processes. In contrast to the random mutagenesis and/or intuitive local metabolic engineering practiced in the past, we are now moving towards global‐scale metabolic engineering, aided by various experimental and computational tools. This has recently led to some remarkable achievements for the overproduction of valueadded products. In this review, we highlight several relevant gene manipulation tools and computational tools using genome‐scale stoichiometric models, and provide useful strategies for successful metabolic engineering along with selected exemplary studies.
Injectable and sustained delivery of human growth hormone using chemically modified Pluronic copolymer hydrogels
Authors: Park Sung Young , Chung Hyun Jung , Lee Yuhan , Park Tae Gwan 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA new injectable biodegradable hydrogel system with thermosensitive sol‐gel transition behavior was developed. A series of A‐B‐A triblock copolymers consisting of Pluronic copolymer end‐capped with D‐ or L‐lactic acid oligomers (PL‐LAn) with various chain lengths (n = 5,12) was synthesized. It was assumed that a pair of two triblock copolymers with enantiomeric oligolactide chains, when blended in an equimolar mixture, would form more stable, self‐assembled, and stereocomplexed (ST) hydrogels. A series of blend hydrogels encapsulating human growth hormone (hGH) was prepared by varying blend ratios between PL and stereocomplexed PL copolymers. They showed sustained release of hGH via an erosion‐dependent mechanism. The hydrogel with a 5% blending ratio exhibited the most delayed mass erosion as well as sustained protein release patterns in vitro possibly due to the formation of a fish‐net like 3‐D mesh structure. The effect of incubation condition on hGH release and degradation behaviors was also assessed.
Flexible manufacturing cell SCADA system for educational purposes
Authors: Reynard Sarah , Gomis‐Bellmunt Oriol , Sudrià‐Andreu Antoni , Boix‐Aragonès Oriol , Benítez‐Pina Israel 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThis article deals with the development of a Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition SCADA system to be used in a flexible manufacturing cell for educational purposes in different automation engineering fields (SCADA development, PLC programming and industrial communications). When dealing with industrial communications or PLC programming the SCADA is employed as a supervision tool. In the other hand, when teaching SCADA systems the application will be developed by the students and the SCADA presented in this article is employed as a model. The application communicates through Internet with four controllers, by means of an OPC server, visualizes comprehensive information about the elements of the cell, includes the video streaming of an IP camera, and features traceability and report generation capabilities. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 16: 21–30, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae.20115
Metal‐Ion‐Dependent Biological Properties of a Chelator‐Derived Somatostatin Analogue for Tumour Targeting
Authors: Heppeler Axel , André João P. , Buschmann Ingeborg , Wang Xuejuan , Reubi Jean‐Claude , Hennig Michael , Kaden Thomas A. , Maecke Helmut R. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractSomatostatin‐based radioligands have been shown to have sensitive imaging properties for neuroendocrine tumours and their metastases. The potential of [55Co(dotatoc)] (dotatoc =4,7,10‐tricarboxymethyl‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1‐ylacetyl‐D‐Phe‐(Cys‐Tyr‐D‐Trp‐Lys‐Thr‐Cys)‐threoninol (disulfide bond)) as a new radiopharmaceutical agent for PET has been evaluated. 57Co was used as a surrogate of the positron emitter 55Co and the pharmacokinetics of [57Co(dotatoc)] were investigated by using two nude mouse models. The somatostatin receptor subtype (sst1–sst5) affinity profile of [natCo(dotatoc)] on membranes transfected with human somatostatin receptor subtypes was assessed by using autoradiographic methods. These studies revealed that [57Co(dotatoc)] is an sst2‐specific radiopeptide which presents the highest affinity ever found for the sst2 receptor subtype. The rate of internalisation into the AR4‐2J cell line also was the highest found for any somatostatin‐based radiopeptide. Biodistribution studies, performed in nude mice bearing an AR4‐2J tumour or a transfected HEK‐sst2 cell‐based tumour, showed high and specific uptake in the tumour and in other sst‐receptor‐expressing tissues, which reflects the high receptor binding affinity and the high rate of internalisation. The pharmacologic differences between [57Co(dotatoc)] and [67Ga(dotatoc)] are discussed in terms of the structural parameters found for the chelate models [CoII(dota)]2− and [GaIII(dota)]− whose X‐ray structures have been determined. Both chelates show six‐fold coordination in pseudo‐octahedral arrangements.
Testing Electron Transfer within Molecular Associates Built around Anionic C60 and C70 Dendrofullerenes and a Cationic Zinc Porphyrin
Authors: Sarova Ginka H. , Hartnagel Uwe , Balbinot Domenico , Sali Sevda , Jux Norbert , Hirsch Andreas , Guldi Dirk M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMono‐ and bis‐functionalized C60 and C70 fullerene derivatives (DF, 1–10) that carry one or two oligoanionic dendritic termini in their malonate addends and an oligocationic octapyridinium zinc porphyrin salt (ZnP) were found to self‐assemble in buffered aqueous solution to yield a novel series of 1:1 and/or 1:2 electron transfer hybrid associates. Remarkably high association constants—typically on the order of 108 M−1—were derived that corroborate stable complex formations. A combination of electrostatic and charge‐transfer interactions that are operative between the electron‐accepting DF and the electron‐donating ZnP is considered to contribute to the uniquely high complex stability. First insight into intracomplex excited state interactions came from steady‐state and time‐resolved fluorescence quenching experiments that were performed with the molecular ZnP/DF hybrid associates. Excited state quenching processes are, for example, evident in form of a bi‐exponential fluorescence decay of ZnP—corresponding to a distribution of associated and non‐associated ZnP. Unambiguous evidence for an intracomplex electron transfer quenching, namely, formation of ZnP.+/C60.− and ZnP.+/C70.− radical ion pairs, was gathered in time‐resolved transient absorption measurements. Lifetimes of these radical ion‐pairs range from nanoseconds to a few microseconds.
An Enantioselective Biginelli Reaction Catalyzed by a Simple Chiral Secondary Amine and Achiral Brønsted Acid by a Dual‐Activation Route
Authors: Xin Junguo , Chang Lu , Hou Zongrui , Shang Deju , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAn enantioselective Biginelli reaction that proceeds by a dual‐activation route has been developed by using a combined catalyst of a readily available trans‐4‐hydroxyproline‐derived secondary amine and a Brønsted acid. Aromatic, heteroaromatic, and fused‐ring aldehydes were found to be suitable substrates for this multicomponent reaction. The corresponding dihydropyrimidines were obtained in moderate‐to‐good yields with up to 98 % ee under mild conditions. Based on the experimental results and the observed absolute configurations of the products, a plausible transition state has been proposed to explain the origin of the activation and the asymmetric induction.
Total Synthesis and Initial Structure–Activity Relationships of Longicatenamycin A
Authors: von Nussbaum Franz , Anlauf Sonja , Freiberg Christoph , Benet‐Buchholz Jordi , Schamberger Jens , Henkel Thomas , Schiffer Guido , Häbich Dieter 
Published: February 2008

AbstractNatural products have provided the majority of lead structures for marketed antibacterials. In addition, they are biological guide principles to new therapies. Nevertheless, numerous “old” classes of antibiotics such as the longicatenamycins have never been explored by chemical postevolution. Longicatenamycin A is the first defined longicatenamycin congener that has been totally synthesized and tested in pure form. This venture required the de novo syntheses of the non‐proteinogenic amino acids (2S,3R)‐β‐hydroxyglutamic acid (HyGlu), 5‐chloro‐D‐tryptophan (D‐ClTrp), and (S)‐2‐amino‐6‐methylheptanoic acid (hhLeu). In the key step, the sensitive HyGlu building block was coupled as a pentafluorophenyl active ester to the unprotected H‐D‐ClTrp‐Glu‐hhLeu‐D‐Val‐D‐(Cbz)Orn‐OH fragment. This first total synthesis of longicatenamycin A provided new congeners of the natural product (deacetyllongicatenamycin, dechlorolongicatenamycin, and longicatenamycin‐A‐amide).
Multi‐institutional phase II study of temozolomide administered twice daily in the treatment of recurrent high‐grade gliomas
Authors: Balmaceda Casilda , Peereboom David , Pannullo Susan , Cheung Ying Kuen K. , Fisher Paul G. , Alavi Jane , Sisti Michael , Chen Johnson , Fine Robert L. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The prognosis for patients with recurrent high‐grade gliomas is poor and treatment options are limited. Current chemotherapeutic regimens can improve clinical outcomes, but extend survival by only a few months. Temozolomide is a methylating agent that is typically administered once daily. Because preclinical studies suggested that a twice‐daily dosing schedule might be more effective, the safety and efficacy of twice‐daily dosing of temozolomide were studied in patients with recurrent gliomas at their first, second, or third recurrence.METHODS.This multi‐institutional trial enrolled 120 patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), anaplastic astrocytoma (AA), or anaplastic oligodendroglioma (AO). An initial oral dose of 200 mg/m2 of temozolomide was followed by 9 consecutive doses of 90‐mg/m2 every 12 hours. Treatment cycles were repeated every 28 days. Doses were escalated to 100 mg/m2 twice daily in the absence of unacceptable toxicity or were reduced if unacceptable toxicity occurred.RESULTS.For GBM, AA, and AO patients, respectively, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 4.2 months, 5.8 months, and 7.7 months, whereas the median overall survival (OS) was 8.8 months, 14.6 months, and 18 months. The overall response rate (partial and complete) for the GBM, AA, and AO patients was 31%, 46%, and 46%, respectively. Grade 3/4 toxicities included neutropenia (1.1%), thrombocytopenia (3.6%), and anemia (0.3%) (graded according to the World Health Organization grading system).CONCLUSIONS.Twice‐daily dosing may enhance the efficacy of temozolomide in the treatment of recurrent gliomas without increasing toxicity. This regimen compares favorably with other dosing schedules of temozolomide reported in the literature. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Molecular allelokaryotyping of early‐stage, untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Lehmann Sören , Ogawa Seishi , Raynaud Sophie D. , Sanada Masashi , Nannya Yasuhito , Ticchioni Michel , Bastard Christian , Kawamata Norihiko , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.To the authors' knowledge, genetic abnormalities in early‐stage chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have not been examined fully. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genomic array (SNP‐chip) is a new tool that can detect copy number changes and uniparental disomy (UPD) over the entire genome with very high resolution.METHODS.The authors performed SNP‐chip analysis on 56 samples from patients with early‐stage, untreated CLL. To validate the SNP‐chip data, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis was performed at selected sites. Expression levels of ZAP‐70 and the mutational status of immunoglobulin heavy‐chain gene also were examined.RESULTS.SNP‐chip analysis easily detected nearly all changes that were identified by FISH, including trisomy 12, deletion of TP53 (17p13), deletion of ATM (11q22), and deletion of 13q14. Only 10 of 56 CLL samples (18%) had no genomic abnormalities. Excluding the 4 common abnormalities mentioned above, 25 CLL samples (45%) had a total of 45 copy number changes detected by SNP‐chip analysis. Four samples had 6q deletion at 6q21 that involved the AIM1 gene. UPD was detected in 4 samples; 2 samples involved whole chromosome 13 resulting in homozygous deletion of micro‐RNA‐15a (miR‐15a)/miR‐16‐1. CLL samples with deletion of 13q14 and trisomy 12 were mutually exclusive.CONCLUSIONS.Genetic abnormalities, including whole chromosome 13 UPD, are very common events in early‐stage CLL. SNP‐chip analysis can detect small genetic abnormalities in CLL and may be able to support or even supplant FISH and cytogenetics. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.