bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Pterygium Surgery on Refractive Spherocylinder Power and Corneal Topography
Authors: Wu Pei-Lun , Kuo Chien-Neng , Hsu Han-Lin , Lai Chien-Hsiung 
Published: March 2009

Background and Objective:
To evaluate the effect of pterygium surgery on refractive spherocylinder power and corneal topography.

Patients and Methods:
Twenty-four patients (27 eyes) undergoing pterygium surgery from January to December 2006 were retrospectively identified. Visual acuity, refractive spherocylinder power, and corneal topography were measured preoperatively and postoperatively.

Results:

Improvement of visual acuity, decreases of refractive spherocylinder power, and significant differences of 3-mm topographic irregularity and 3-mm topographic astigmatism postoperatively were found. Differences of refractive spherocylinder power preoperatively and postoperatively correlated significantly with differences of 3-mm topographic irregularity (spherical, r = 0.828,
P
= .000; cylinder, r = −0.805,
P
= .000) and of 3-mm topographic astigmatism (spherical, r = 0.673,
P
= .000; cylinder, r = −0.811,
P
= .000) preoperatively and postoperatively.

Conclusion:
Pterygium surgery produces improvements in visual acuity, decreases of refractive spherocylinder power, topographic irregularity, and topographic astigmatism. Three-millimeter topographic irregularity and astigmatism have a close correlation with refractive spherocylinder power.

[Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging 2009;40:32–37.]
Structure Synthesis and Mechanical Parameters Choice for a Manipulating Mechanism for Acoustical Measurements in Anechoic Chamber
Authors: Felis Józef , Zbrowski Andrzej , Giesko Tomasz , Mężyk Jordan 
Published: March 2009

The article presents the structural and geometric synthesis and mechanical parameter choice for a manipulation mechanism for measurement microphone positioning during acoustical tests in anechoic chamber.
Usually the aims of acoustical measurements in anechoic chamber are: noise source Sound Power Level estimation, electroacoustical transducer directional characteristics measurement, sound diffusing characteristic of a structure measurement, measurement of Sound Pressure Level on a given measurement grid
The specific of that kind of measurements brings up the need of measurement microphone positioning in many points of the measurement space accordingly to relevant standards. In most cases during the tests it is necessary to position the microphone in certain points on the hemisphere. In such cases utilizing of typical microphone stands impedes the measurement and extends the time needed for the tests. Those circumstances led to idea of measurement manipulator construction that would allow changing the microphone position during the measurement accordingly to a specified algorithm.
The following assumptions for construction were taken: measurement microphone moves on the hemisphere with a maximal radius of 2 m, the weight of transported object (microphone or other) does not exceed 1 kg, positioning accuracy is 1 mm.
Structural and geometric synthesis was made taking into account mounting conditions in anechoic chamber in Department of Mechanics and Vibroacoustics AGH-UST. There were several variants labored that fulfilled the assumptions. The choice of particular solution was made based on:
•	manipulator drives possible installation analysis with regard to their acoustical noise emission
•	structure stiffness analysis with regard to assumed positioning accuracy of the microphone
Finally a modular construction of manipulator was chosen, which is composed of industrial turntable (built in the level of the wire netting) and two linear motion modules (long axis, short axis). That solution means that the device under test fixed on the turntable rotates in the range of 2π, and the measurement microphone moves on the track of one quarter of a circle. Specific angular position of the linear modules was chosen which allows minimal dimensions of linear modules. Simultaneously the control structure and the software part are developed.
The usefulness of the manipulator will be definitely confirmed by a research that should evaluate the influence of the construction elements on the acoustical free field in an anechoic chamber.
Overview: Engineering Transgenic Constructs and Mice
Authors: Haruyama Naoto , Cho Andrew , Kulkarni Ashok B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCell biology research encompasses everything from single cells to whole animals. Recent discoveries concerning particular gene functions can be applied to the whole animal for understanding genotype‐phenotype relationships underlying disease mechanisms. For this reason, genetically manipulated mouse models are now considered essential to correctly understand disease processes in whole animals. This unit reviews the basic mouse technologies used to generate conventional transgenic mice, which represent a gain‐of‐function approach. First, an overview of transgenic construct design is presented. This unit then explains basic strategies for the identification and establishment of independent transgenic mouse lines, followed by comments on historical and emerging techniques. It then describes typical problems that are encountered when researchers start to generate transgenic mice. Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:19.10.1‐19.10.9. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Visualization of Cellular Phosphoinositide Pools with GFP‐Fused Protein‐Domains
Authors: Balla Tamas , Várnai Péter 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis unit describes the method of following phosphoinositide dynamics in live cells. Inositol phospholipids have emerged as universal signaling molecules present in virtually every membrane of eukaryotic cells. Phosphoinositides are present in only tiny amounts as compared to structural lipids, but they are metabolically very active as they are produced and degraded by the numerous inositide kinase and phosphatase enzymes. Phosphoinositides control the membrane recruitment and activity of many membrane protein signaling complexes in specific membrane compartments, and they have been implicated in the regulation of a variety of signaling and trafficking pathways. It has been a challenge to develop methods that allow detection of phosphoinositides at the single‐cell level. The only available technique in live cell applications is based on the use of the same protein domains selected by evolution to recognize cellular phosphoinositides. Some of these isolated protein modules, when fused to fluorescent proteins, can follow dynamic changes in phosphoinositides. While this technique can provide information on phosphoinositide dynamics in live cells with subcellular localization, and it has rapidly gained popularity, it also has several limitations that must be taken into account when interpreting the data. This unit summarizes the design and practical use of these constructs and also reviews important considerations for interpretation of the data obtained by this technique.Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:24.4.1‐24.4.27. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Fabrication and Application of Nanofibrous Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering
Authors: Li Wan‐Ju , Tuan Rocky S. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractNanofibers fabricated by electrospinning are morphological mimics of fibrous components of the native extracellular matrix, making nanofibrous scaffolds ideal for three‐dimensional cell culture and tissue engineering applications. Although electrospinning is not a conventional technique in cell biology, the experimental setup may be constructed in a relatively straightforward manner, and the procedure can be carried out by individuals with limited engineering experience. Here, we detail a protocol for electrospinning of nanofibers and provide relevant specific details concerning the optimization of fiber formation (Basic Protocol 1). The protocol also includes conditions required for preparing biodegradable polymer solutions for the fabrication of nonwoven and aligned nanofibrous scaffolds suitable for various cell/tissue applications. In addition, information on effective cell loading into nanofibrous scaffolds and cellular constructs grown in a bioreactor is provided (Basic Protocol 2). Instructions for building the electrospinning apparatus are also included (see the Support Protocol). Curr. Protoc. Cell Biol. 42:25.2.1‐25.2.12. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Policy Development
Authors: Hunker Jeffrey 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article discusses issues in the policy development practices relating to Homeland Security, and particularly terrorism. Needs, benefits, and relevant processes for developing policies will be described. Examples will be provided. Effective and consistent policy development for Homeland Security is challenged on many fronts. Factors influencing or impacting the effectiveness of this process—working with high levels of organizational complexity, defining and prioritizing threats, establishing meaningful metrics to gage progress, and clarifying roles for the preexisting National Security Community—are all paramount.
Memetics for Threat Reduction in Risk Management
Authors: Finkelstein Robert , Ayyub Bilal M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

The
meme
, defined as a self‐reproducing and propagating information structure analogous to a gene in biology, and its potential uses to control and reduce risks caused by humans within a homeland security framework, are discussed in this article. Memetics promises to reduce homeland security risks by reducing the number of adversaries, increasing the awareness of the risk to the public, and enhancing the training of first responders. Further research is needed to enhance our understanding of the nature of memes and their attributes, and develop simulation methods and environments, that is, sandboxes, which would enable analysts to explore their development and examine their performance effectiveness with quantifiable metrics and submetrics.
Security Assessment Methodologies For
U
.
S
. Ports and Waterways
Authors: Peterman D. Brian , DiRenzo III Joseph , Doane Christopher W. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article describes the challenges associated with protecting critical infrastructure within the US Maritime Domain and the use of risk assessments to prioritize maritime security efforts. Current methods for assessing maritime risk and applying these assessments in the conduct of maritime security operations are described and critiqued. Recommendations for continued improvement are offered.
The Sensor Web: Advanced Technology for Situational Awareness
Authors: Delin Kevin A. , Small Edward 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
The Sensor Web is a wireless sensor infrastructure for collecting, synthesizing, distributing, viewing, and reacting to information. While the Sensor Web is well suited to collecting data in hazardous or inhospitable locations, the system has considerable value when situational monitoring must be accomplished over an extended area. The Sensor Web can provide situational awareness in many types of applications including disaster preparedness and recovery, emergency response, health and safety, infrastructure protection, homeland security, and national defense. Uses of the Sensor Web are virtually limitless since different types of sensors can be connected to the system for different functionalities. Here, the primary application focus will be that related to emergency services and rescue operations. Actual deployments will also be discussed.
Large‐Scale Electricity Transmission Grids: Lessons Learned from the European Electricity Blackouts
Authors: Glavitsch Hans 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAfter an introduction to the electric power system, in particular the transmission system, and its basic mechanism, the European interconnected system is described. Its origin goes back to the need to assist regional systems in mastering problems of reserve, surplus, disturbances, and regulation. Introducing deregulation has led to a platform of power exchange on a commercial basis. On September 28, 2003, the Italian network has been disconnected due to overloads on the cross‐border circuits to Switzerland, which have been identified as a consequence of disregarding rules for arranging flows and lacking of sense of urgency of the need to counteract. On November 4, 2006, the European system was separated into three parts due to cascading openings of circuits caused by a planned opening of a transmission line in the North of Germany. However, the transmission system operators did not coordinate and check the operation close enough. The failures have been identified as a lack of applying necessary on‐line simulation techniques based on information to be drawn from outside the own control area.
Importation of Foreign Dengue Virus Presents Low Risk to
US
Homeland; Spread Will Not Parallel that of West Nile Virus
Authors: Carpenter Terry , Clark Kathryn L. , Kevin Hanson R. , Sardelis Michael 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This case study describes the technical assessment of the risk of importation of a foreign infectious disease to the Homeland. The analysis illustrates the essential need for collaboration among federal agencies such as the Defense Intelligence Agency, the Department of Homeland Security, and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The spread of infectious diseases often highlights the interconnectedness of the United States with the rest of the world. Within the issue of disease importation, the judiciousness of continuously surveying and understanding foreign health security cannot be overemphasized.
Biodefense Workforce
Authors: Berger Kavita M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Since 2001, the United States has significantly increased investments in civilian as well as military biodefense activities. These activities vary from select agent research and engaging the scientific community on responsible conduct and biosafety training to threat characterization to bioterrorism and public health preparedness. Building and maintaining a complementary and cooperative workforce among the various biodefense activities requires that the needs of each are assessed and training programs are developed to address those needs, standard curricula and evaluation criteria are developed, and the education programs are sustained. This article provides a brief overview of current biodefense training programs followed by a case study evaluating the educational requirements of the workforce that is responsible for determining whether emerging biotechnologies pose threats to national security. Developing the workforce to accurately assess biological threat, especially for emerging biotechnologies, requires cross‐disciplinary training in the life sciences, epidemiology and outbreak response, and cultural anthropology and theology. The case study uses synthetic biology, a rapidly advancing biotechnology, as a model for evaluating the skills of the workforce needed to accurately assess the potential national and international security risks of the technology.
Drinking Water Supply, Treatment and Distribution Practice in the United States
Authors: Hasit Yakir J. , Gist Forrest , Hesner Rex , Thompson Ken 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
This article discusses the state of water system security practices in the United Sates and covers physical security, cyber security, and contamination warning systems (CWSs).
An effective physical security or protection system (PPS) must include elements of deterrence, detection, delay, and response. To effectively identify appropriate physical protection measures and systems, a systematic methodology is necessary. Because providing equal protection to all utility assets is not feasible, it is necessary to identify the assets that are critical for the system to continue functioning and then prioritize security upgrades and/or modify policies and operational procedures to mitigate identified risks. In this fashion, a balanced security program can be developed with the most appropriate resources allocated where they are most needed. The American Society of Industrial Security (ASIS) has a risk‐based approach which is recommended for use by utilities, and many US utilities are currently using this approach in developing their security master plans.
Cyber security is the protection of utility enterprise information systems from outside or inside attackers. The primary goal of outside attackers is unauthorized entry; their motivation is thrill‐seeking, criminal opportunity, or political goals. These intruders typically gain access to an enterprise network via the internet, telephone system, or wireless. Measures for internet, telephone, and Wi‐Fi intrusion are discussed in the article. Inside attackers goal is to disrupt enterprise operations; their motivation is personal gain or vengeance. Measures against inside attackers are also included in the article.
CWS has been defined by Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) as “a proactive approach to managing threat warnings that uses advanced monitoring technologies/strategies and enhanced surveillance activities to collect, integrate, analyze, and communicate information to provide a timely warning of potential water contamination incidents and initiate response actions to minimize public health and economic impacts.” In addition to on‐line water quality monitors, this definition of CWS also includes information sources such as public health agencies, consumer complaints, physical security alerts, and laboratory analyses. This article focuses primarily on on‐line contaminant monitoring systems, including contaminants, selection of sensors, where to locate them, and data transfer and interpretation.
Understanding the Implications of Critical Infrastructure Interdependencies for Water
Authors: Zimmerman Rae 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Direct terror attacks on water infrastructure will have implications not only for water or wastewater systems but also for other interdependent systems (e.g. fire protection and other emergency services, manufacturing, and food production). At the same time, attacks on other infrastructures (e.g. power production, chemicals production, transportation, and communications) may have an impact that would impair or debilitate the operation of water and wastewater systems. Although broad system interdependencies are covered earlier in the Handbook, this article will discuss the water‐specific interdependencies and what infrastructure managers can do to understand, quantify, and hence plan for the implications of infrastructure failures beyond their direct control.
Decontamination Methods for Wastewater and Stormwater Collection and Treatment Systems
Authors: Biwer Bruce M. , Chen S.Y. , Monette Frederick A. , MacKinney John , Janke Robert 
Published: March 2009

AbstractContamination of wastewater or stormwater systems may be one consequence of a terror attack involving chemical, biological, or radioactive agents.Such agents could enter the system through a contaminated water supply, runoff from a contaminated landscape, or effluent from decontamination operations. Once in a wastewater treatment plant, these agents may be removed or inactivated by conventional processes, but treatment residuals and collection system equipment, including piping, tanks, pumps, and related equipment, may themselves require decontamination or special treatment. This article discusses available information, technology, and methods for decontamination of wastewater and stormwater systems following a contaminating event.
System and Sector Interdependencies: An Overview
Authors: Peerenboom James P. , Fisher Ronald E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis introductory article provides a foundation for the remaining articles of this handbook by defining infrastructure interdependencies and introducing basic terminology, analytical approaches, research and development needs, and the range of interdisciplinary skills required for a comprehensive analysis of infrastructure and interdependencies. Traditional analysis of interdependencies involves the characterization of infrastructure‐to‐infrastructure linkages to identify the key infrastructure components that, if lost or degraded, could adversely affect the performance of other infrastructures. Such analysis is motivated by the recognition that a series of incidents could interact (cascade) across critical infrastructures to degrade the services upon which all depend. From a more comprehensive risk assessment and management perspective, interdependencies analysis must also involve the identification and characterization of a wide range of threats (natural and accidental, systems related, and intentional), vulnerabilities (physical, cyber, and human), and consequences of loss (e.g. health and safety, economic, national security, environmental, and sociopolitical). Such an all‐hazards approach provides a framework for making defensible, cost‐effective infrastructure protection and operation decisions to ensure the security and resilience of the interdependent systems that underpin our society.
President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection and Presidential Decision Directive 63
Authors: Jones David A. , Greene Brenton C. , Pikus Irwin M. , Peerenboom James P. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Historical perspective on threats and challenges: the President's Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection (PCCIP) and Presidential Decision Directive (PDD) 63.
In recognition of threats to our national infrastructures, President Clinton signed the Executive Order 13010 on July 15, 1996, establishing the PCCIP. The Commission was chartered to conduct a comprehensive review and recommend a national policy for protecting critical infrastructures and assuring their continued operation. The Commission's landmark report—Critical Foundations: Protecting America's Infrastructures—is discussed along with the case and strategy for action in terms of infrastructure interdependencies. An overview of the subsequent PDD 63 is covered, along with research and development needs.
Water Infrastructure Interdependencies
Authors: Grigg Neil S. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
In addition to direct threats from natural and human‐caused sources, water system managers must plan for interdependencies in their water supply chains and in their relationships with other infrastructure systems such as electric power and transportation. Supply chain interdependencies include integration issues such as a utility's dependence on raw water inputs and shared responsibility to protect water quality in river basins. These interdependencies require water system managers to recognize internal and external supply chain relationships and to coordinate their security plans. Coordination is more difficult with other types of infrastructures, and water system managers must consider failures in them as uncontrolled threats. When failures in their own systems threaten others, water system managers must inform the other system managers and prepare coordinated plans. Whether threats from failures arise from within or outside of the water industry, they can be included in vulnerability analyses.