bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF HYSTERECTOMY ON THE ACTION OF OESTRONE ON THE SYMPHYSIS PUBIS OF OVARIECTOMIZED MICE
Authors: HALL KATHLEEN 
Published: December 2008

The experiments described are part of an attempt to discover why, in the response of the mouse pelvis to oestrogens, the anterior border and dorsal aspect of the symphysis pubis are always affected first, and in particular whether the reproductive tract (part of which lies in close apposition to the dorsal surface of the symphysis) plays a role in the reaction.
Ninety-one ovariectomized albino mice were used in five experiments. Oestrone in doses of 3–30 μg./day was injected subcutaneously for 8–24 days into animals with the reproductive tract intact, or from which uterine horns, or cervix, or cervix and vagina had been removed. The pelves were examined by means of X-ray photographs, macroscopically at autopsy, and by histological investigation.
The results showed that the action of oestrone on the symphysis pubis is not affected by removal of the uterine horns, cervix or vagina, and it is therefore unlikely that these structures play any role in the reaction.
THE INDUCTION OF MENSTRUAL BLEEDING IN AMENORRHOEIC AND NORMAL MONKEYS BY PROGESTERONE
Authors: KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

Menstrual bleeding can be induced in monkeys with secondary amenorrhoea by the injection of 5 daily doses of progesterone. Bleeding follows 3–6 days after the end of the injections. Normal regular periods sometimes follow.
The minimum amount necessary is 5 mg. daily for 3–4 days and spreading the total dose over several days seems to enhance its effectiveness.
A condition of epimenorrhoea can be induced in normal monkeys by the regular administration of short courses of progesterone either immediately a menstrual bleeding has begun or shortly after. As many as 27 regular bleedings in 328 days have been induced.
If premature bleeding is not induced the onset of the next period is delayed.
FAILURE OF PROGESTERONE TREATMENT TO AFFECT DELAYED IMPLANTATION IN MINK
Authors: HAMMOND JOHN 
Published: December 2008

Treatment of mink by subcutaneous implantation of progesterone tablets, absorbed at the rate of 600–900 μg. daily, failed to prevent delay in implantation of the embryo. The treatment may possibly have resulted in increased productivity.
The factors regulating the time of implantation are discussed. Considerations of quantitative ovarian hormone requirements and interactions in other species make it appear probable that the failure was not due to too low a dosage. This would imply that, besides the presumed increase of luteal secretion, implantation requires the presence of an extra-ovarian factor acting upon the uterus, or passing in its secretion to the blastocyst.
THE ACTIVITY OF THE FEMALE ALBINO RAT DURING LACTATION
Authors: EAYRS J. T. 
Published: December 2008

An apparatus is described for recording electrically the spontaneous activity of rats during the course of lactation. Using this apparatus, the pattern of activity has been measured in lactating rats living in natural lighting (controls) and in the dark (experimental animals). All rats spent more time on their nests by day than by night but this difference was less marked in the animals living in the dark. The length of time spent on the nest during 24-hr. periods decreased with the progress of lactation in both groups of animals, and the rate of decrease was the same in both groups of animals.
All animals were active for a longer period by night than by day, but the difference between the night and day activity was significantly less in the experimental animals than in the controls.
Night activity was characterized by a significantly greater number of bursts separated by shorter quiescent intervals. This pattern of activity was not modified by confinement in the dark.
The total duration of spontaneous activity within each 24-hr. period increased significantly as lactation progressed. This was accompanied by a significant increase in the number of bursts of activity and a corresponding decrease in the mean duration of the interval between these bursts. Confinement in darkness was without significant effect on these changes.
These findings are discussed in relation to the impairment of lactation which takes place when the doe is deprived of the visual stimulus. It is concluded that this impairment is unlikely to be due to any change in the maternal behaviour of the doe.
PHYSIOLOGICAL FACTORS AFFECTING THE RESPONSE OF EXPERIMENTAL WOUND HEALING TO ACTH
Authors: CLAYTON BARBARA E. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

The formation of experimentally-produced granulation tissue can be inhibited by ACTH. It has been shown that pitressin tannate and chorionic gonadotrophin do not have this effect. No gonadotrophic activity could be detected in the sample of ACTH used.
Hypophysectomized mice became progressively and rapidly less responsive to ACTH.
The gonads were found to be essential for inhibition to occur.
Adrenalectomized mice at the beginning of the breeding season, adrenalectomized pregnant mice, and adrenalectomized mice pre-treated with chorionic gonadotrophin showed inhibition of healing by ACTH. Adrenalectomized mice pre-treated with follicle-stimulating hormone or pregnant mares' serum gonadotrophin were not inhibited.
Cortisone acetate causes inhibition in intact and gonadectomized mice. Neither testosterone, oestriol, nor oestradiol had any effect; but progesterone gave definite impairment under the conditions of the experiment.
It is suggested that the gonads are capable of responding to ACTH under the influence of luteinizing hormone.
THE EFFECT OF EPHEDRINE ON THE EXCRETION OF REDUCING STEROIDS, 17-KETOSTEROIDS AND URIC ACID IN HEALTHY MEN
Authors: BRAY BARBARA M. , MERIVALE W. H. H. , WILLCOX D. R. C. 
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion in five healthy men of 17-ketosteroids, reducing steroids, uric acid and creatinine was studied for a 3-day control period, a period of 2 days during which 6 grains (390 mg.) of ephedrine were given by mouth, and for 1 day immediately thereafter.
In all five men the excretion of reducing steroids rose to levels outside the normal range on one of the days on which ephedrine was given. There was an abrupt return to normal, even in the men who showed the increased excretion, on the first day of the administration of ephedrine.
In two men 17-ketosteroid excretion rose above the upper limit of normal, but in two others there was no significant alteration, while in one the 17-ketosteroid excretion bore an inverse relationship to that of the reducing steroids.
No consistent change occurred in the uric acid excretion.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE KOBER COLOUR AND FLUORESCENCE REACTIONS OF THE NATURAL OESTROGENS
Authors: BROWN J. B. 
Published: December 2008

The two-stage Kober reaction with oestriol, oestrone and oestradiol-17β has been investigated. The factors involved in the maximum production of colour are summarized.
Reducing agents were important in both the first and second stages of the Kober reaction. Oestriol in small amounts did not form the red Kober colour when reducing agents were not present in the first stage.
In the absence of water, sulphuric acid did not give optimal results in the first stage. Oestradiol-17β failed to give the Kober colour reaction in the presence of high concentrations of sulphuric acid. Optimal sulphuric acid-water ratios differed for the three oestrogens and were 76 % sulphuric acid for oestriol, 66 % acid for oestrone and 60 % acid for oestradiol-17β. The development of fluorescence was similarly affected by sulphuric acid concentration.
The phenol-sulphuric acid reagent used by many workers appears to owe its efficacy to the action of the phenol, partly as a reducing agent and partly as a diluent of the sulphuric acid.
Oestriol reacted in the first stage at a slower rate than oestrone and oestradiol.
Further water and heating was usually required after the first stage (i.e. for the second stage of the Kober reaction) for complete formation of the red colour. Maximum intensity and stability of the red colour in the second stage was obtained in the presence of 50–60 % sulphuric acid and water. Under these optimum conditions the second heating time was not critical.
In the second stage, concentrations of sulphuric acid lower than 50 % caused instability of the colour and fading during heating.
In the second stage of the Kober reaction, reducing agents with oxidation-reduction potentials of the order of the hydroquinone-quinhydrone couple were also required for the production of maximum density and stability of the red colour.
A colour method based on these findings is presented.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN OXYTOCIN AND ADRENALINE IN MILK EJECTION IN THE SOW
Authors: BRAUDE R. , MITCHELL K. G. 
Published: December 2008

The intravenous injection of adrenaline simultaneously with 1 i.u. of Pitocin in the sow caused a marked reduction in the amount of milk that is normally ejected following the injection of 1 i.u. of Pitocin alone. In each sow a plateau was reached with a dose of approximately 400 μg. of adrenaline, and an increase in the amount of adrenaline injected up to 2000 μg. did not cause any further reduction in the amount of milk ejected.
The injection of 1000 μg. adrenaline, 62 to 90 secs, before the injection of 1 i.u. of Pitocin, completely inhibited the ejection of milk associated with the latter. In two out of three sows a definite, though small, ejection of milk occurred following the injection of either 400 or 1000μg. of adrenaline alone. The possible actions of adrenaline in these experiments are discussed.
STRESS AND EPIDERMAL MITOTIC ACTIVITY.
Authors: BULLOUGH W. S. 
Published: December 2008

The effects of stress, induced by overcrowding adult male mice, have been examined in relation to adrenal size and to epidermal mitotic activity. After 3 weeks the size (expressed as the maximum sectional area) of the adrenal medulla of the crowded mice increased by about 80 %, while that of the cortex increased by about 30 %. Simultaneously, the epidermal mitotic rate fell by about 60 %.
The effects of the adrenal hormones on epidermal mitosis were next studied. It was found that adrenaline has a powerful antimitotic action both in vivo and in vitro, and that the same is true of the glucocorticoid hormone, 11-dehydro-17-hydroxycorticosterone-21-acetate (cortisone).
It is suggested that the antimitotic effects of stress may be due to a high rate of secretion of either, or both, these adrenal hormones, and that these substances act through some interference in carbohydrate metabolism. When energy production is inhibited, it is known that, while no new epidermal mitosis can develop, there is no impediment to the completion of any division already in progress, and this is the precise pattern of inhibition produced by both adrenaline and cortisone.
Evidence is reviewed to suggest that the antimitotic action of these hormones may be related to an inhibition of hexokinase. Adrenaline is not known to affect this enzyme, but it is rapidly oxidized to adrenochrome which does. It is shown that adrenochrome has a powerful antimitotic action.
THE ACTION OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE AND CORTISONE ON THE UPTAKE OF 131I BY THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: VERZÁR F. , VIDOVIC V. 
Published: December 2008

Hypophysectomized rats were injected with 25μc. of 131I, and the iodine uptake of the thyroid was followed with a Geiger counter for several days. At post-hypophysectomy intervals of 18–59 days no 131I was concentrated in the thyroid.
An anterior pituitary extract ('Preglandol', Hoffmann-La Roche) in daily doses of 0·2 ml. given for 2 or 3 days, restored the activity of the thyroid. Thyrotrophin (Armour), a highly purified preparation, in quantities of 1–10 mg/day also restored the thyroid activity after 2–3 days.
One or two daily injections of 2·5 mg. cortisone, administered simultaneously with Preglandol or thyrotrophin, prevented this activation of the thyroid.
It is concluded that the effect of cortisone is due to a direct inhibition of the thyroid, and not to interference with the production of thyrotrophic hormone.
SYMPATHETICO-ADRENAL INHIBITION OF THE NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL MILK-EJECTION MECHANISM
Authors: CROSS B. A. 
Published: December 2008

1. Emotional inhibition of the milk-ejection reflex in rabbits is described.
2. Injection of 5–50 μg adrenaline intravenously into does before nursing interfered with milk ejection, as shown by the failure of the young to withdraw more than three-quarters of the normal yield of milk. Injection of 150 mU (=milliunits) 'Pitocin' immediately after the adrenaline did not restore normal milk ejection.
3. Intravenous injection of 5 μg adrenaline suppressed the milk-ejection response to 50 mU posterior pituitary extract in anaesthetized rabbits with cannulated teats, provided the injection of adrenaline preceded that of the posterior pituitary extract. The inhibitory effect had not entirely disappeared in 2 min. 50μg adrenaline prevented the occurrence of milk ejection for 3½ min.
4. Intravenous doses of 5 μg adrenaline, but not smaller amounts, inhibited the milk-ejection response to electrical stimulation of the supraoptico-hypophysial tract, if injected before stimulation or during the latent period of the response. When injected after the commencement of milk ejection 5 μg adrenaline was without effect, but 50 μg abolished the response.
5. Electrical stimulation of the posterior hypothalamus produced inhibition of the milk-ejection response to injected oxytocic extract, together with pupillary dilatation and exophthalmos. The inhibition closely resembled that resulting from injection of adrenaline.
6. It is concluded that one mechanism involved in the emotional inhibition of milk ejection is an activation of the sympathetico-adrenal system, resulting in antagonism of the action of the neurohypophysial milk-ejection hormone on the contraction process within the mammary gland.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE RABBIT NEUROHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: VAZQUEZ-LOPEZ E. 
Published: December 2008

1. The rabbit neurohypophysis is composed of nerve fibres and their endings, of neuroglia and microglia, and of a vascular system with reticulin fibres spreading in perivascular spaces.
2. The nerve tracts in the pars nervosa lie in the wide areas between the perivascular spaces, but the axons leave the tracts to run their terminal courses within these spaces.
3. The axons terminate in complicated giant bulbs and menisci.
4. The neuroglia lies in the same areas as the nerve tracts. Many neuroglial processes cross the perivascular spaces and end in attachment to the vessel wall. There are no important connexions between neuroglial cells and axon endings.
5. There is no specific type of neuroglia peculiar to the neurohypophysis. The morphology of the neuroglial cells in the median eminence and in the stalk is different from that of the neuroglial cells in the pars nervosa.
6. Morphologically, the neurohypophysis appears to be a sensory organ, similar to the chemo-receptors and pressor-receptors existing in other parts of the body. If it has a secretory function as well, then the secretion may occur at the giant terminations of the nerves, perhaps by a process of rupture of these formations.
A HISTORY OF SIX YEARS' THIOURACIL TREATMENT IN A BROWN LEGHORN HEN
Authors: JUHN MARY 
Published: December 2008

The history is recorded of a Brown Leghorn hen that received 0·5% thiouracil in the diet from 9 weeks of age until the bird was over 6 years old, when it was killed.
During this period certain sections of the plumage exhibited a series of new and different pigments, while others remained relatively unchanged. The last category comprised the regions originally salmon; the feathers were structurally altered, but continued a duller shade of the original hue. Feathers of the dorsal tracts and the smaller wing coverts showed shades of orange and rust, resembling the modified male during the first 3 years. Thereafter, these feathers gradually became pale gold and small, but true female segments reappeared surrounding the shaft. Large wing and tail feathers were not greatly changed except the two most distal secondaries. At the end of the experimental period, proximally located, regenerating secondaries were laying down metallic black with some coarse brown mottling.
Eggs continued to be laid, but intervals between clutches were greatly lengthened. Tests for fertility by artificial insemination were made at 3 and 6 years of age. Viable chicks were hatched at both times. Dissection of embryos and chicks in the second series showed greatly enlarged thyroids.
Possible explanations of the appearance of black feather pigments in remiges and rectrices during such long-continued treatment with thiouracil are considered.
ON THE MORPHOLOGY AND ADRENALINE-NORADRENALINE CONTENT OF CHROMAFFIN TISSUE
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. 
Published: December 2008

The distribution of chromaffin tissue in the rabbit, frog and dogfish is described and compared with findings previously reported for the human foetus. The results are correlated with the adrenaline-noradrenaline content of the tissues.
It is shown that in the dogfish, where the chromaffin tissue is completely separate from adrenocortical material, the pressor activity of the tissue is entirely due to noradrenaline. In man and rabbit the intra-adrenal chromaffin tissue contains a mixture of adrenaline and noradrenaline, whilst the pressor activity of the extra-adrenal chromaffin tissue (para-aortic bodies) is entirely due to noradrenaline.
The para-aortic bodies of the human foetus are probably endocrine organs and may be concerned with the humoral control of vasomotor tone.
CLINICAL TRIAL OF AN ANTI-THYROXINE COMPOUND
Authors: FRASER T. RUSSELL , MACLAGAN N. F. 
Published: December 2008

1. An anti-thyroxine compound, n-butyl-3:5-diiodo-4-hydroxy-benzoate (BDHB), did not exert any anti-thyroxine effect during the treatment of one myxoedematous patient with intravenous thyroxine.
2. This drug, when given for short periods to nine thyrotoxic patients, induced a partial remission, no greater than that obtained in two of these patients with iodides, and not well sustained beyond about three weeks' administration.
3. The results suggest that this drug cannot be employed clinically in dosages high enough to produce a definite anti-thyroxine effect.
THE SECRETION OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN THE SHEEP
Authors: BUSH I. E. , FERGUSON K. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenal venous blood was collected from six anaesthetized sheep, of which two had been previously hypophysectomized. The blood was extracted and analysed for adrenocortical steroids by paper chromatography. In each case the predominant secretory product found in the extracts was 17α-hydroxycorticosterone. Small amounts of corticosterone and a substance tentatively identified as 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione were also found in all the extracts. Only traces of other reducing steroids or αβ-unsaturated ketosteroids were found: their irregular appearance makes it likely that they were artifacts. It seems unlikely that the secretion of the adrenal cortex in vivo is as complex as the mixture of products released by the perfused beef adrenals in the experiments of Hechter, Zaffaroni, Jacobsen, Levy, Jeanloz, Schenker & Pincus [1951].
The reported actions of cortical steroids, or whole adrenal extracts, when injected into mammals or added to isolated tissues have become so numerous that it has become essential to find out by direct experiment what the adrenal cortex actually secretes into the blood in various conditions. In the absence of direct knowledge of the nature of the cortical secretion, various theories of adrenocortical function have been proposed from time to time [e.g. Sayers, 1950], but recent work has cast considerable doubt upon them. All such theories postulate that the adrenal cortex secretes one or more steroid substances at particular rates in various physiological conditions, and it is necessary to find out whether this is the case or not.
This paper describes experiments on six sheep in which adrenal venous blood was collected and analysed by paper chromatography [Bush, 1953] in order to determine the rate and type of secretion in this species.
THE EFFECT OF PARA-HYDROXYPROPIOPHENONE ON THE THYROID GLAND
Authors: TALA P. , RAILO J. , ELFVING G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of para-hydroxypropiophenone (PHP) on the morphology of the thyroid gland was studied by daily injecting PHP subcutaneously in young male guinea-pigs. The activation of the thyroid was determined by the method published by Uotila & Kannas [1952].
PHP produced hyperplasia of the thyroid gland, measured as an increase in the percentage of epithelium in the thyroid (E%). In the first few days the relative weight of the gland declined, probably because of loss of colloid, but increased thereafter. This conforms with the results of the E% measurements. The findings suggest that under the conditions of these experiments PHP acted as a goitrogen.
RESPONSES OF THE PARS INTERMEDIA OF THE CAT'S HYPOPHYSIS TO ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE
Authors: KARKUN J. N. , KAR AMIYA B. , MUKERJI B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Prolonged intramuscular injections of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) into kittens cause marked hypertrophy of the basophil cells of the pars intermedia and cytological changes resembling the hyaline changes described in the same cells of the pars distalis. These changes indicate an altered physiological state of the basophils and probably an enhanced output of intermedin. The lack of response of the basophil cells of the pars distalis or of other cells of the pars intermedia suggests that the basophils of the two hypophysial components are physiologically dissimilar, and those of the pars intermedia are solely responsible for the elaboration of intermedin.
THE EFFECT OF CORTISONE ACETATE ON THE SECRETION OF ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE BY THE ADENOHYPOPHYSIS
Authors: HODGES J. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Cortisone acetate suspension, administered subcutaneously or orally to rats, caused no changes in adrenal ascorbic acid concentration. Intraperitoneal injections of cortisone acetate suspension caused profound adrenal ascorbic acid depletion, which was apparently due to a non-specific effect caused by the intraperitoneal administration of suspended matter.
2. Pretreatment of rats with large doses of cortisone acetate diminished, but did not prevent completely, the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion normally caused by unilateral adrenalectomy.