bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comment on “Rain dance”
Authors: Orville Harold D. 
Published: October 2006

A recent news brief about cloud seeding work being conducted in Cohuila, Mexico, (“Rain Dance,” Eos, July 23, 1996) contained unfounded, off‐hand remarks that are a disservice to many scientists and professionals in the cloud physics and weather modification community. The news brief stated that “most previous attempts to catalyze rainfall by cloud seeding have produced inconclusive results, and almost none of the experiments have had a sound scientific basis.” The inconclusive results are primarily statistical; many outstanding scientific results have developed from the 50‐year history of research into weather modification.Also, most of the work that I know about has proceeded on the scientific basis that was developed over the years by the scientific and operational communities, and it is improving with time. It is grossly inaccurate to say that almost none of the experiments have had a sound scientific basis. Improvements in technology are strengthening that scientific basis, and current physical and numerical studies being conducted in many places are improving understanding. (See reviews of the status of weather modification from the American Meteorological Society [1992] and the World Meteorological Organization [1992].)
New methods make volcanology research less hazardous
Authors: Francis Peter , Maciejewski Adam , Oppenheimer Clive , Chaffin Charles 
Published: October 2006

Volcanic gases are important to the scientific community for many reasons: the Earth's secondary atmosphere originated through volcanic degassing, and volcanic gases still play a crucial role in the Earth system. Occasional massive eruptions pump such large quantities of acid gas into the stratosphere that the resulting aerosols modify global climate for months or years. Also, volcanic gases escaping from magma bodies act as “messengers” that warn of impending eruptions and convey insight into magma chamber processes.Volcanologists are interested in both the fluxes and the compositions of exhaled gases, but collecting in situ measurements on active volcanoes is hazardous. Several volcanologists were killed by an unexpected eruption of Galeras volcano in Colombia in January 1993, including our colleague Geoff Brown. This tragedy emphasized the need for remote methods for studying volcanoes. Two approaches are being explored: satellite remote sensing and ground‐based techniques.
Hunger strike for science
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Lamenting the degenerating working conditions for scientists in Russia, geophysicist Vladimir Strakhov and physicist Igor Naumenko‐Bondarenko of the United Institute of Physics of the Earth (UIPE) at the Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) have begun a hunger strike. Strakhov is General Director of UIPE, and Naumenko‐Bondarenko is chairman of the Trade Union Committee of UIPE.In a press statement released on September 30 in Moscow, the geophysicists stated that they are striking to “protest the policy of the Government of the Russian Federation with regard to Russian science in general and to the Russian Academy of Sciences in particular.” They blame governmental neglect and, specifically, “the non‐payment of funds that were in the 1996 budget” for the “virtual collapse of Russian science.”
Magnetic storm investigated as chain of processes from Sun to Earth
Authors: Gonzalez W. D. , Kamide Y. , Tsurutani B. T. 
Published: October 2006

Exciting new data returned by the Yohkoh and Ulysses spacecraft on the dynamics of Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs) and how they propagate in the interplanetary medium are just a few of the developments in magnetic storm research discussed in February at a Chapman Conference in Pasadena, Calif. In spite of the importance of magnetic storms to the solar‐terrestrial relationship, this was, surprisingly, the first large‐scale international conference ever held on this topic. More than 100 scientists from 20 countries attended. A press conference was held to alert the public of the most important developments in magnetic storm research.Although the purpose of the conference was to present the diverse phenomena associated with magnetic storms within the magnetosphere, ionosphere, and atmosphere, some preliminary approaches for unified research in these domains were also presented, signaling the emergence of an exciting area of research in the field of solar‐terrestrial relations. Current efforts to forecast magnetic storms and their main ground effects were also discussed.
Policy offers protection from harassment
Authors: McNutt Marcia 
Published: October 2006

We face a number of legal and ethical issues in our work as scientists and as AGU members. To uphold the highest ethical standards in our professional activities, the Council has adopted policies on free access to published material, ethics in publishing, and misconduct in science. But what about guidelines to govern the personal behavior that constitutes harassment, sexual or otherwise?For years the AGU headquarters staff has had a policy that offers protection from harassment and rules for dealing with it, but the membership went without one until 1994. That year the Council adopted a policy that extends to the membership as well as to the staff and the vendors they encounter at meetings. The law only requires a policy to prevent harassment in the workplace, but the Council felt that a harassment policy was particularly important for members because the subtle behavior that can constitute harassment is most likely to occur at events that combine work and social interaction, such as the meetings, conferences, and training seminars that AGU members attend.
Will a continuous GPS array for L.A. help earthquake hazard assessment?
Authors: Prescott William H. 
Published: October 2006

The striking landscapes and hospitable climate of Southern California are home to more than 20 million people and vital elements of the nation's economy. Unfortunately, the region is also laced with many active faults that can produce strong earthquakes. Scientists from several institutions are pursuing a new approach to studying earthquake hazards in a high‐risk metropolitan area.The Southern California Integrated GPS Network (SCIGN) is currently an array of about 40 Global Positioning System (GPS) stations distributed throughout the greater Los Angeles metropolitan region. There have been informal discussions about expanding the array to 250 stations, and formal proposals have been submitted to begin this expansion. To achieve high precision, the sites will be carefully monumented, and all the GPS receivers will operate continuously. The goals of the array are to provide an accurate and detailed velocity field from which to identify the deformation from known faults, test current models of the geologic structure, and make better estimates of the seismic potential in the populous parts of southern California.
“Concrete” Testimony to Milankovitch Cycle in Earth's changing obliquity
Authors: Fong Chao Benjamin 
Published: October 2006

The present‐day obliquity of the ecliptic of the Earth is ϵ = 23°26′ 22″ and is decreasing by about 0″.5 a year. This article reports a “concrete” terrestrial testimony to this time variation, which plays a major part in the Milankovitch cycles.The obliquity is the angle between the equatorial plane, which is determined by Earth's rotation, and the ecliptic plane, defined as Earth's orbital plane around the Sun. It gives rise to the seasons; the two parallels of latitudee, the Tropic of Cancer in the Northern Hemisphere and the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere, mark the limits of highest latitudes that the subsolar point reaches at solstices each year.
Panels developing position statements
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Two AGU advocacy panels—one focusing on natural hazards and one on data issues—are working to develop and recommend position statements for adoption by the Union's Council. Operating under the Union's advocacy guidelines, the finished statements will be forwarded to the Council for comment and then a vote. Concurrence of two‐thirds is required for adoption.The Union adopts positions of advocacy on geophysical science issues based on their intrinsic merits and needs. As a scientific society, AGU does not take or advocate public positions on issues extending beyond the range of available geophysical data or recognized norms of legitimate scientific debate. Public positions adopted by AGU and statements on its behalf must be based on sound scientific issues and must reflect the interests of the Union as a whole.
Mile wide, inch deep?
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Compared to their counterparts in other nations, American grade school students learn a lot less about a lot more. According to a new report entitled A Splintered Vision: An Investigation of U.S. Science and Mathematics Education, a student in the United States is expected to absorb information about a wide array of topics in a school year, yet he or she is seldom given the opportunity to explore any one topic in depth. The report was funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and is part of the Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), a five‐year project to compare teaching and student achievement in 45 countries.Before they reach high school, American students will have covered more topics than 75% of the students in other countries; yet in many cases, they will have been taught some of the same topics several years in a row. Researchers also criticized conventional U.S. education standards for being unfocused and aimed at the lowest common denominator. They noted that most American textbooks make minimal demands on students and they represent “a limited notion” of what should be discussed in “basic” texts.
Space shuttle views changing carbon monoxide in lower atmosphere
Authors: Connors Vickie S. , Novelli Paul C. , Reichle Henry G. 
Published: October 2006

During April and October 1994, the Space Shuttle Endeavor flew missions expressly to study Earth's surface and atmosphere. Among the instruments aboard the shuttle was the Measurement of Air Pollution from Satellites (MAPS) Experiment, which measured carbon monoxide in the middle troposphere. While the spacecraft was in orbit, the flight crews photographed the planet with a variety of cameras and films. Concurrent aircraft and ground‐based measurements of CO were made at a number of locations between northern Alaska and the edge of the Antarctic continent.The combination of the middle tropospheric CO from MAPS and measurements made from the ground and from aircraft provide a unique picture of carbon monoxide in the lower atmosphere. Never before has such extensive knowledge of the CO distribution been obtained.
Russell W. Raitt (1907–1995)
Authors: Fisher Robert L 
Published: October 2006

Russell Watson Raitt, pioneering marine field geophysicist, AGU Fellow, and emeritus professor at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, died March 6, 1995, in La Jolla, Calif., where he had lived for more than 50 years. His passing at age 87 closed a life of scholarship, innovation, and accomplishment that produced much of the observational foundation upon which the field that became plate tectonics is based.Raitt was born September 30, 1907, in Philadelphia, Pa., the son of a Presbyterian minister. He moved to southern California in 1921 and graduated from South Pasadena High School. In 1925 he entered the nearby California Institute of Technology, from which he graduated with a B.S. in physics in 1929.
Seismological network in China celebrates first 10 years
Authors: Chen Y. T. , Zhou G. W. , Wu Z. L. 
Published: October 2006

Located near the boundary of the India, Pacific, and Eurasia plates, the Chinese continent is characterized by complex tectonics and high seismicity. Since the Sino‐U.S. cooperative China Digital Seismograph Network (CDSN) began operating 10 years ago, it has played an active role in studying the seismology of China.Studies of the lithospheric structure and earthquake sources using digital seismic data are highly important in the study of geodynamics and the reduction of seismic disasters. Using the CDSN data, extensive studies were carried out by seismologists both in China and abroad. The studies investigated the lithospheric structure, seismic anisotropy within the upper mantle, and inversion of regional centroid moment tensors (RCMTs) of moderate to strong earthquakes. Earthquake sources were imaged based on broadband digital waveform analysis. As a result, over 100 papers have been published in China and abroad since 1990.
Rhapsody in blue
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

Seven years after Voyager 2 flew by Neptune, the planet is coming into focus again. Researchers using the wide field planetary camera on the Hubble Space Telescope have produced new photos and video of the distant planet and again captured images of a large, dark spot in Neptune's Northern Hemisphere. In 1989, Voyager 2 discovered the Great Dark Spot, a pulsating storm the size of Earth in the planet's Southern Hemisphere.Observations made with Hubble in 1994 and 1995 revealed that the southern spot had disappeared, but seemed to be replaced by an equally large spot in the planet's Northern Hemisphere. The new images, taken on August 13, 1996, show that the northern dark spot persists.
Special election for geomagnetism and paleomagnetism president for 1998–2000
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In October, president‐elect of the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section Myrl Beck resigned from that position for health reasons. Beck would have become president of the Section for the term 1998–2000.To fill this vacancy in the Section leadership, the statutes and bylaws of the Union require the Executive Committee of the Section to appoint a successor to complete the term; however, that individual shall not hold any office without election after expiration of the incomplete term. Therefore to provide continuity in the Section leadership, early in 1997 a special election will be held for the presidency of the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section for 1998–2000. The winner of that election will be appointed to fill out the rest of Myrl Beck's term as presidentelect and will go on to serve as president.
Strides made in understanding space weather at Earth
Authors: Buonsanto M. J. , Fuller‐Rowell T. J. 
Published: October 2006

Disturbances on the Sun can produce dramatic effects in the space environment surrounding the Earth. Energetic particle effects become more intense and pose a hazard to astronauts and damage spacecraft electronics; satellite lifetimes are shortened by increased atmospheric drag, and communications and navigation are disrupted by the changing plasma environment.“Space weather” has become the modern idiom for these effects, and periods of high activity are called geomagnetic storms. During a storm the ionosphere can be severely altered. A typical episode may reveal either a large decrease (negative phase) or increase (positive phase) in the normal daily peak ion density (NmF2) or total electron content (TEC). These changes in ion density are sometimes called ionospheric storms, and often persist for more than a day after a period of high geomagnetic activity.
Gravity field of a continent‐ocean transition mapped from land, air, and sea
Authors: K¨osters Michael , Götze Hans‐Jürgen , Schmidt Sabine , Fritsch Jürgen , Araneda Manuel 
Published: October 2006

Onshore and offshore data are providinga complete picture of gravity at the ocean‐continent transition of South America's western continental margin. Researchers are finding that the Andean gravity field seems to be linked to many processes that contribute to the tectonic framework of the Nazca subduction zone.The data were collected on land, in the ocean, and from space. Since 1982, some 6,000 new gravity observations have been made on land in an Andean geotraverse covering northern Chile, southwestern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina [Götze et al., 1994, 1995]. Offshore gravity data were collected in the summer of 1995 from the R/V Sonne between latitude 20°S and 24°S. Marine gravity data from satellite altimetry (poster) by D. T. Sandwell and W. H. F. Smith are available from the Geological Data Center, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, CA 92093, (digital file, Version 7.2) anonymous ftp to baltica.ucsd.edu). In 1995, these data were added to the database to fill in marine areas that had not been surveyed by shipborne gravity.
Reconstructing the southwest Pacific
Authors: Wood Ray , Sutherland Rupert 
Published: October 2006

New Zealand's lithologic structure is the result of many dramatic geologic processes. It sits astride the boundary between the Pacific and Australian plates (Figure 1) and evolved through plate interactions for most of Cretaceous and Cenozoic time. New Zealand, with its complex history, provides scientists with a laboratory for studying how margins evolve.Over 30 scientists and students from New Zealand, the United States, and France met in Wellington, New Zealand, in June to discuss recent advances in understanding the Cretaceous and Cenozoic tectonic development of New Zealand and the Southwest Pacific. Of particular interest were questions about the timing and sequence of events associated with the change from subduction to seafloor spreading, the initiation of subduction and arc‐related volcanism, and how the balance between compression and strike‐slip faulting could change and be recognized along a complex, obliquely convergent margin.
Geomagnetic storm forecasts and the power industry
Authors: Kappenman John G. , Zanetti Lawrence J. , Radasky William A. 
Published: October 2006

There is a well‐recognized link between solar activity, geomagnetic disturbances, and disruptions to man‐made systems such as power grids, satellites, communications, and defense systems. As technology evolves, these systems become more susceptible to magnetic disturbances than their counterparts of previous solar cycles. Analysis suggests that these vulnerabilities will continue and perhaps even increase as these systems continue to evolve.Geomagnetic disturbances can cause geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) to flow through the power system, entering and exiting the many grounding points on a transmission network. This is generally of most concern at the latitudes of the northern United States, Canada, and Scandinavia, for example, but regions much farther south are also affected during intense magnetic storms.
New Science Committee Chair Advocates “Basic” Research, smaller budgets
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

With election and inaugural activities complete, the 105th Congress of the United States is set to begin the work of lawmaking. The new session brings some new names to the leadership of several committees that oversee science policy and funding, yet it seems clear that efforts will be focused again on shrinking the federal budget deficit.The Science Committee of the House of Representatives, which oversees NASA, the National Science Foundation (NSF) and parts of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), has a new chairman—F. James Sensenbrenner Jr. The Republican from Wisconsin was the chair of the Space and Aeronautics subcommittee; he now replaces chairman Robert Walker (R‐Pa.), who retired after 20 years in the House.
Synchrotron sheds new light on geophysical materials
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

On December 20,1996, scientists working with the Advanced Photon Source (APS) at Argonne National Laboratory in Illinois conducted “first light” experiments in a new laboratory for synchrotron radiation research in the geosciences. The demonstration marks the dawn of a new era in rock and mineral physics when, as geophysicist Thomas Duffy of Princeton University notes, researchers will be able to 'shine a bright new light on some of our planet's deepest and darkest secrets.”The new light is from the APS, a particle accelerator dedicated to the production of brilliant X rays for research, and it shone on the GeoSoilEnviroCARS (GSECARS) experimental facility. The purpose of GSECARS is to develop X‐ray beamlines at the APS and make them available to scientists for frontier research in Earth, planetary, geophysics, soil, and environmental sciences.
Making over Europa
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

The latest images from the Galileo orbiter seem to show that ice‐spewing volcanoes and the movement of tectonic plates have completely reshaped the surface of Jupiter's moon Europa. The images were gathered on a December 19, 1996, flyby that brought the spacecraft within 692 km of the moon's surface, more than 200 times closer than Voyager 2 flew in 1979.The new images do not show active ice volcanoes or geysers, but they do reveal flows of material on the surface. “This is the first time we've seen actual ice flows on any of the moons of Jupiter,” said Ronald Greeley, a member of the Galileo imaging team and a planetologist from Arizona State University. “These flows, as well as dark scarring on some of Europa's cracks and ridges, appear to be remnants of ice volcanoes or geysers.” (See Figure 1.)
How APS produces synchrotron radiation
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

In the Advanced Photon Source (APS), electrons are produced by an electron gun, then accelerated to 200 million electron volts (MeV) and speeds approaching the speed of light. The electrons are aimed at a positron target—a thin wafer of tungsten that interacts with the electrons—to produce electron‐positron pairs. Positrons of the appropriate energy levels are selected and injected into a positron linear accelerator, which raises their energy to 450 MeV.The positrons are then injected into a booster synchrotron, where the energy of the particles is raised to 7 billion electron volts (GeV) within one‐third of a second. Once the energy of the particles has been boosted, they are injected into the storage ring, a vacuum chamber 1104 meters in circumference (big enough to circle Chicago's Wrigley Field). The storage ring contains magnets that steer and focus the particle beam as it orbits the ring 271,739 times per second.
[Comment on “The Haskell Norm”] About Pascal and the unit of viscosity
Authors: Lliboutry Louis A. 
Published: October 2006

I cannot leave unchallenged the assertion that Blaise (not Blasé) Pascal “was a nice man who essentially just used Torricelli's equipment to measure pressure.” I must answer the question of "What in Blasé's background qualified him for the viscosity honor?” (Eos, July 30,1996, p. 291).Blaise Pascal, who was borm in 1623, was a genius indeed. In 1653, 34 years before Newton's Principia, he laid the foundations of hydrostatics. When he was 12 years old, he mastered, again by himself, Euclid's geometry up to the 32nd proposition. At 16, he wrote a fine essay on conics. At 19, he devised and constructed the first mechanical computer in the world. At 29, in addition to his work on fluids, he helped Pierre Fermat set up probability theory and differential calculus. He was also a mystic and a great Christian thinker who wrote outstanding thoughts that were discovered after he died at the early age of 39.