bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electroencephalogram and evoked potentials in naturally occurring scrapie in sheep
Authors: Strain George M. , Olcott Bruce M. , Braun William F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Electroencephalogram (eeg), brain stem auditory-evoked potential, and flash visual-evoked potential recordings were taken from healthy sheep and from 3 sheep with scrapie, a cns slow virus infection. The eeg changes included semi-periodic, polyphasic, high-voltage sharp waves (bilaterally synchronous and symmetric in all channels), and a cyclic alternating pattern consisting of a high-voltage low-frequency phase, followed by a low-voltage high-frequency phase. The high-voltage phase occurred with increased arousal, and the low-voltage phase occurred with decreased arousal. Myoclonic jerks were coincident with eeg sharp waves in one sheep with scrapie. Several spontaneous focal seizures were observed. Wave-form amplitudes were greatly reduced in the brain stem auditory-evoked potential and flash visual-evoked potential; degree of reduction did not always correlate with disease severity. The eeg and evoked potential changes were seen in an exposed sheep that had not yet developed clinical signs of scrapie.
Effect of cortisol in vitro and in vivo on production of bovine interleukin 2
Authors: Blecha Frank , Baker Paul E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of cortisol in vitro and in vivo on lymphocyte proliferative responses and interleukin 2 (IL2) production was evaluated in Hereford feeder calves. Cortisol, added to bovine mononuclear cell cultures, reduced (P < 0.05) mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferative responses and IL2 production. Lower IL2 activity from cortisol-treated cell cultures was not caused by a cortisol-mediated cytotoxicity or a residual cortisol effect on the IL2-indicator cell line.
Calves given ACTH (1.0 IU/kg of body weight, im) twice daily for 2 days had increased (P < 0.001) plasma cortisol concentrations when compared with those of saline-treated controls. Leukocytosis (P < 0.002), characterized mainly by a neutrophilia (P < 0.007), was evident in ACTH-treated calves. Lymphocyte proliferative responses to the phytomitogens, concanavalin A, phytohemagglutinin, and pokeweed mitogen were decreased (P < 0.05) in calves with increased plasma cortisol concentrations. Interleukin 2 production was lower (P < 0.05) in concanavalin A-stimulated lymphocyte cultures from ACTH-treated calves. Seemingly, lower lymphocyte proliferative responses in cortisol-treated mononuclear cell cultures and in ACTH-treated calves were caused partly by lower IL2 production.
Assessment of lymphocyte function during vitamin A deficiency
Authors: Butera Salvatore T. , Krakowka Steven 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two variables of immune status were measured in vitamin A-deficient (A −), vitamin A-sufficient pair-fed (A + PF), and healthy control (A +) rats to examine the mechanisms of immune regulation by vitamin A. Parallel samples were run in bovine fetal serum (bfs)-containing medium and serum-free medium to control bfs-origin vitamin A in the cultures. Splenocytes derived from A − rats showed significantly depressed blastogenic response to all lectins tested in both mediums when compared with responses of A + PF and A + rats. The splenocyte blastogenic response of A + PF rats was significantly lower than that of A + (control) rats only when cultured in bfs medium and stimulated by lentil lectin, lipopolysaccharide, or concanavalin A mitogens. Thymic lymphocyte blastogenic transformation assays were equivocal. Splenic immunosuppression could not be linked to significant reductions in surface glycoprotein receptor availability, since splenocytes of A − rats, as well as thymocytes, were capable of binding fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated lectins in the same capacity as splenocytes of A + and A + PF rats. The combination of depressed cellular function and adequate lectin binding to viable cells implies that the regulation of immunohomeostasis by vitamin A was achieved through intracellular mechanisms, possibly selective genomic expression.
Enhanced resistance to listeriosis induced in mice by preinoculation treatment with T-2 mycotoxin
Authors: Corrier Donald E. , Ziprin Richard L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effect of T-2 toxin on cell-mediated resistance to bacterial infection was evaluated in mice challenge exposed with Listeria monocytogenes. Mice were treated orally on days −5, −4, −3, −2, −1, +1, and +3 with 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, or 0 mg of T-2 toxin/kg of body weight and were exposed to 106 (ld100) or 105 (ld50) L monocytogenes by intraperitoneal injection on day 0. Necrosis and depletion of lymphocytes in the thymus and spleen, decrease in thymus weight, reductions in the number of circulating total leukocytes and lymphocytes, and necrotizing gastroenteritis occurred in the toxin-treated mice. Although the cytotoxic effect of T-2 toxin on lymphoid tissue was marked, enhanced resistance to Listeria infection was revealed by significant (P < 0.01) decreases in mortality caused by listeriosis in the toxin-treated mice. Mortality decreased from 100% to 64% in the mice exposed to 106 Listeria and from 50% to 20% in the mice exposed to 105 Listeria. Percentage of mortality after Listeria challenge exposure was dependent on the T-2 toxin dose and was progressively decreased in the mice given 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 mg of toxin/kg.
Anti-strongyle activity of a propylene glycol-glycerol formal formulation of ivermectin in horses (mares)
Authors: DiPietro J. A. , Todd K. S. , Reuter V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Four groups of 10 horses (mares) each were treated with a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 μg/kg of body weight) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base orally, a 1% solution of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) in a propylene glycol-glycerol formal base via nasogastric tube, a 1.87% paste of ivermectin (200 μg/kg) orally, or a 22.7% paste of oxibendazole (10 mg/kg) orally. Fecal examinations were done before treatment and on posttreatment days (ptd) 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70. Strongyle egg per gram counts and sugar flotation fecal examinations were performed. Results of fecal examinations before treatment were similar in all horses. All horses treated with ivermectin had similar percentages of reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts after treatment; 100% on ptd 14, 28, and 56 and 93.4% to 98.7% on ptd 70. All ivermectin treatment groups had 0 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on ptd 14 and 28, 0 to 2 on ptd 42, 3 to 5 on ptd 56, and 8 to 9 on ptd 70. Horses treated with oxibendazole had 99.9%, 99.7%, 92.9%, 78.6%, and 54.5% reductions in mean strongyle egg per gram counts and 5, 7, 8, 9, and 9 horses detected as passing strongyle eggs on ptd 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70, respectively. Adverse reactions to treatment were not observed.
Blood, urine, and ruminal fluid changes associated with metabolic alkalosis induced by duodenal obstruction
Authors: Avery T. B. , Nagaraja T. G. , Frey R. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two Holstein heifers and a steer fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulas were used to determine acid-base and electrolyte changes associated with metabolic alkalosis induced by duodenal obstruction. Obstruction was induced distally to the pylorus, but proximally to the common bile duct entrance. Ruminal fluid, blood, and urine samples were obtained before and after obstruction was induced. Duodenal obstruction resulted in increased blood pH, bicarbonate concentration, and base-excess values. Severe hypochloremia and hypokalemia were evident in 48 hours. Serum sodium concentration decreased only slightly. Packed cell volume and serum concentrations of urea nitrogen, creatinine, glucose, and inorganic phosphate increased, whereas calcium concentration showed no change. Renal chloride excretion reached near zero in 24 hours, whereas sodium and potassium excretions decreased in the steer, but were unchanged in the heifers. Urine creatinine concentration increased markedly in the heifers and steers. Acid urine was not evident up to 96 hours. Ruminal fluid pH decreased and chloride concentration increased in the steer, but remained unaffected in the heifers. Duodenal obstruction had no effect on rumen sodium, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, but the potassium concentration increased in the heifers. The degrees of alkalosis and electrolyte changes were greater in the steer than in the heifers.
Histopathologic and antibody responses of rabbits exposed to aerosols containing spores of Aspergillus fumigatus: Comparison of single and multiple exposures
Authors: Thurston J. R. , Peden W. M. , Driftmier Κ. M. , Richard J. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Resistance to pulmonary aspergillosis was studied in groups of rabbits exposed to aerosolized spores of Aspergillus fumigatus for 15 minutes on successive days for a total of 10, 7, or 4 exposures or a single exposure. The results of the study demonstrated that exposure of rabbits to spores for 15 minutes on 10 successive days did not result in an accumulation of viable spores in excess of those present in the lungs of rabbits exposed a single time. The tissue response in the lungs of the rabbits exposed at multiple times was more intense than that in the rabbits exposed once, but resolution of the lesions occurred similarly in terms of time and completeness of resolution. The duration of the antibody response as determined by a passive hemagglutination test and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay correlated with the number of exposures to spores, in that rabbits exposed 10 or 7 times to aerosolized spores remained positive longer than did those exposed fewer times. The results of the precipitin tests in agar gel were negative in all the rabbits but one.
Comparative changes in a rat liver abscess model induced with three Fusobacterium necrophorum strains
Authors: Scanlan C. M. , Berg J. N. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viable cultures of 3 bovine Fusobacterium necrophorum strains were inoculated into the hepatic portal veins of rats. The experimentally produced hepatic necrobacillosis lesions were examined beginning at 15 minutes after inoculation was done and continuing for 4 weeks. Fusobacterium necrophorum 2101 (FN 2101), a biotype A, was the most virulent; F necrophorum 2030 (FN 2030), a biotype AB, was of intermediate virulence; and F necrophorum 2035 (FN 2035), a biotype B, was the least virulent. Gross lesions were first observed at 2, 8, and 18 hours after inoculation in the FN 2101-, FN 2030-, and FN 2035-inoculated rats, respectively. Gross and histopathologic descriptions of the FN 2101 and FN 2030 hepatic necrobacillosis lesions were similar, but were markedly different from those of the FN 2035 lesions. Abscesses produced by FN 2101 and FN 2030 attained maximal diameter (1 cm) in the hepatic parenchyma. Subcapsular abscesses were produced by FN 2035 and attained a diameter of 2 to 3 mm (maximal).
Cloacal papillomas in psittacines
Authors: Sundberg John P. , Junge Randall E. , O'Banion M. Kerry , Basgall Edward J. , Harrison Greg , Herron Alan J. , Shivaprasad H. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Papilloma-like masses affecting the cloaca of 19 Amazons, 16 macaws, 3 parrots, 1 conure, and 1 parakeet were examined. Papillomatous lesions were characterized by proliferation of the lining epithelium on thin fibrovascular stalks. Carcinoma in situ was diagnosed in the cloaca of a macaw in addition to the other 16 macaws with papillomas. Papillomavirus group-specific antigens were not detected in any of the 41 lesions, using the peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique. The DNA extracts from 6 different frozen papillomas did not contain papillomavirus genomes detectable by Southern blot hybridization, using an African gray parrot cutaneous papillomavirus as a probe. Evidence of an infective agent was not found by electron microscopic examination of 8 of the papillomas. Inoculations of partially purified homogenates of a cloacal papilloma from a yellow-crowned Amazon did not induce lesion formation on cloacal mucosa of an adult yellow-crowned Amazon, green and yellow macaw, sulphur-crested cockatoo, or mollucan cockatoo.
Bovine longissimus muscle glycogen concentration in response to isometric contraction and exogenous epinephrine
Authors: Crouse J. D. , Smith S. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Isometric contraction was elicited in cattle by electrical stimulation (electrical immobilization) and was used as a means of investigating the interaction between muscle contraction and epinephrine-induced muscle glycogen degradation. At 0.5 and 24 hours after a 15-minute period of continuous muscle contraction, glycogen content of longissimus muscle specimens collected via needle biopsy was not different from precontraction concentrations. Epinephrine (13.2 mg/kg of body weight) given subcutaneously resulted in a 30% to 35% reduction of muscle glycogen. Reduction of muscle glycogen was slightly greater when epinephrine was used in conjunction with isometric contraction, compared with epinephrine treatment alone. Muscle glycogen increased, and free glucose, lactate, and glucose-6-phosphate decreased, with increases in body weight. In younger, lighter cattle (370 kg), epinephrine decreased muscle glycogen and lactate concentrations and generally decreased muscle glucose concentrations. Muscle-free glucose and lactate concentrations were increased in older, heavier cattle (446 kg) by contraction and epinephrine injection when the animals were immobilized for 30 minutes, with intermittent periods of muscle relaxation. In these cattle, muscle glycogen concentration slightly decreased with isometric contraction. Data indicate that reports of increased glycogenolysis observed in cattle subjected to stress by mixing strange animals or exercise is due to dynamic muscle contraction and not due to isometric muscle contraction.
Equine endothelial cells in vitro
Authors: Lamar C. H. , Turek J. J. , Bottoms G. D. , Fessler J. F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Certain in vitro culture conditions were determined for equine endothelial cells obtained from the aorta and pulmonary arteries. Cells were enzymatically isolated from the vessel lumen, using clostridial collagenase (2.5 mg/ml of Hanks's balanced salt solution) incubated at 37 C for 30 minutes. Cells were cultured in α minimum essential medium supplemented with plasma-derived and nonplasma-derived bovine fetal sera, endothelial cell-growth supplement, heparin, and antibiotics. Smooth muscle cell growth was not inhibited with nonplasma-derived animal sera, plasma-derived equine serum, or heparin. Heparin and a serum replacement were toxic to the cells used in the present study. Statistically significant differences were not found between the various media supplements.
Plasmid profiles of Moraxella bovis isolates
Authors: McDonald Timothy J. , Pugh George W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two-hundred isolates of Moraxella bovis were selected at random and examined for the presence of plasmid DNA by a rapid alkaline-detergent lysis method. All isolates contained from 1 to 6 plasmids, with varying agarose-gel electrophoretic migration patterns. Most (80%) isolates carried 2 to 4 plasmids, which ranged in molecular weight from 2.6 to 80 megadaltons. Seemingly, plasmid profiles can be used as a simple, reliable epizootiologic tool to establish a strain identification scheme for M bovis.
Upper airway obstruction in canine laryngeal paralysis
Authors: Amis Terence C. , Smith M. M. , Gaber C. E. , Kurpershoek C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The type and the severity of airway obstruction in 30 dogs with bilateral laryngeal paralysis was assessed, using tidal breathing flow-volume loop (tbfvl) analysis. The dogs had clinical evidence of mild-to-severe upper airway obstruction (ie, respiratory distress, exercise intolerance, stridor). Seventeen dogs had tbfvl consistent with a non-fixed (inspiratory) obstruction, 10 had tbfvl indicative of a fixed (inspiratory/expiratory) obstruction, and 3 had normal tbfvl. Analysis of tbfvl confirmed that dogs with laryngeal paralysis have upper airway obstruction that differs in type and severity. Use of tbfvl provided a quantitative evaluation of airway obstruction and demonstrated the effects of bilateral laryngeal paralysis on the breathing patterns of dogs.
Techniques for isolation and performance of the perfused guinea pig working heart
Authors: Liu C. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This study demonstrated new approaches which enabled evaluating the work performance in both ventricles of an isolated guinea pig heart. By changing the right atrial filling pressure (rafp, preload) from 6 to 20 mm of Hg at a constant aortic pressure (Pa, 20 mm of Hg), cardiac output, stroke volume, aortic flow, coronary flow, cardiac work, O2 consumption, CO2 output, as well as end-diastolic ventricular, and pulmonary arterial pressures increased. Cardiac contractility and both ventricular systolic pressures reached peak values between 12 and 14 mm of Hg of rafp and then gradually decreased. With graded increases of Pa (afterload) from 10 to 45 mm of Hg at a fixed rafp (8 mm of Hg), coronary flow, cardiac contractility, cardiac work, cardiac O2 consumption, glucose utilization rate, and pulmonary arterial and both ventricular systolic pressures increased. Although aortic flow decreased with an increase in Pa, cardiac output, stroke volume, and coronary resistance did not show significant changes. Furthermore, cardiac mechanical efficiency decreased with an increase of pre- or afterload of the perfused isolated heart. These findings indicate that the total working heart model is suitable for studying cardiac functions.
Prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in southern Louisiana swine in 1980 and 1981
Authors: Hugh-Jones M. E. , Broussard J. J. , Stewart T. B. , Raby C. , Morrison J. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sera from 1,219 pigs slaughtered in southern Louisiana in 1980 and 1981 were tested, using the indirect hemagglutination test and microtitration system, for Toxoplasma gondii antibodies; 19.19% had titers of ≥ 1:64. Pigs slaughtered in the colder months, November to March, had significantly higher seroprevalences than did pigs slaughtered in the warmer months. Examination of blood samples from 236 sows and gilts on 52 farms revealed a seroprevalence of 24.6%.
Trypanosoma cruzi from wild raccoons in Oklahoma
Authors: John D. T. , Hoppe K. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi were detected in the blood of 5 of 8 wild adult raccoons which were live-trapped in Tulsa, Okla. Organisms were isolated in diphasic blood agar medium and maintained in Vero cell cultures. Inoculated mice exhibited transient parasitemias without tissue involvement. Amastigote forms occurred within Vero cells. This is the first report of naturally occurring T cruzi infection of wild mammals in Oklahoma.
Test of the sheep ked Melophagus ovinus (L) as a vector of Anaplasma ovis Lestoquard
Authors: Zaugg J. L. , Coan M. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The sheep ked Melophagus ovinus was evaluated as a possible vector of Anaplasma ovis. In 4 tests, 45 to 293 keds were transferred from sheep with acute anaplasmosis, low level parasitemia, or carrier state of anaplasmosis to individual splenectomized ewes. Keds were confined in stockinette cages attached to the dorsal midline of the recipient hosts for 10 days. Throughout the 90-day observation periods after the keds were transferred, no clinical, serologic, or hematologic evidence of anaplasmosis was detected in any of the ked-recipient ewes. Results indicate that sheep keds probably are not mechanical or biological vectors of the ovine anaplasmosis organism.
Plasma cortisol and norepinephrine concentrations in castrated male pigs maintained in pairs in outdoor pens and in a confinement finishing house: Assessment of stress
Authors: Benson G. J. , Langner P. H. , Thurmon J. C. , Nelson D. R. , Neff-Davis C. , Davis L. E. , Tranquilli W. J. , Gustafsson B. K. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A catheter-backpack system was developed for repeated blood collection in pigs. Castrated male pigs (n = 12) were maintained in pairs in outdoor pens and later in a slotted-floor confinement finishing house. Blood collection required no restraint and appeared to be stress free. Serum cortisol concentration was unchanged by mode of maintenance. However, diurnal variation of cortisol was more pronounced when pigs were housed. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) in serum norepinephrine concentration occurred during the housing period.
Electroretinogram and visual-evoked potential measurements in Holstein cows
Authors: Strain George M. , Olcott Bruce M. , Hokett Laura D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The electroretinogram (erg) and flash visual-evoked potential (fvep) were recorded from 25 Holstein cows in a clinical setting without dark adaptation. Latencies to the a and b waves, and the peak-to-peak amplitude between the a and b waves of the erg were measured bilaterally. The erg recordings were between the lower eyelid of the stimulated eye and the vertex, with ground on the nuchal crest. Stimuli for erg and fvep were 1.5 flashes of white light/s. Recorded erg were highly consistent and repeatable. The average latencies for the a and b waves were 14 and 30 ms; the mean ab amplitude was 43 μV. The fvep were recorded bilaterally between the middle of the interocular line and the midpoint of the nuchal crest, with ground on the vertex. The fvep measurements included latencies to 5 alternating positive and negative peaks (P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3) and 4 peak-to-peak amplitudes (P1 to N1, N1 to P2, P2 to N2, and N2 to P3). The P2 peak was consistently the most prominent. Average latencies for the 5 peaks were 46, 64, 86, 106, and 137 ms for P1, N1, P2, N2, and P3, respectively. The fvep peak-to-peak amplitudes had a high variability.
Detecting Mycoplasma bovis in milk by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using monoclonal antibodies
Authors: Boothby J. T. , Mueller R. , Jasper D. E. , Thomas C. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, using monoclonal antibodies, was used to detect Mycoplasma bovis in milk samples from a dairy experiencing an epizootic of mastitis. This method was specific (100%) for M bovis. Broth enrichment increased the sensitivity from 65% to 86%, compared with standard culture methods.