bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Loss of uroplakin III expression is associated with a poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract
Authors: OHTSUKA YUKIHIRO , KAWAKAMI SATORU , FUJII YASUHISA , KOGA FUMITAKA , SAITO KAZUTAKA , ANDO NOBORU , TAKIZAWA TOUICHIRO , KAGEYAMA YUKIO , KIHARA KAZUNORI 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo investigate the association between the expression of uroplakin III (UPIII) and the prognosis of patients with urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract, as uroplakins are urothelium‐specific markers of terminal urothelial differentiation.PATIENTS AND METHODSClinicopathological and follow‐up data from 71 patients who had undergone radical nephroureterectomy and lymph node dissection or sampling for urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract were reviewed. The expression of UPIII was evaluated immunohistochemically in surgical specimens. Cancer‐specific survival was calculated using Kaplan–Meier plots. Prognostic values of clinicopathological variables including UPIII expression status, tumour stage and grade were evaluated by univariate analyses, followed by multivariate analysis using the Cox proportional‐hazard model.RESULTSIn all specimens there was intense UPIII immunoreactivity of umbrella cells of normal urothelium. In tumour samples, UPIII expression was positive in 75% of ≤ pT1 tumours and 40% of ≥ pT2 (P = 0.02), and in 65% of grade 1–2 tumours and 33% of grade 3 (P = 0.009). Of the 71 patients, 21 died from the disease during the median follow‐up of 61 months. The cancer‐specific survival of patients with negative UPIII expression was significantly worse than that of those with positive UPIII expression (5‐year cancer‐specific survival, 100% vs 46%, P < 0.001). Neither patient age at diagnosis, histological grade, sex, or multiplicity of the tumour had significant prognostic value. Multivariate analysis revealed that UPIII expression was the most powerful prognostic indicator (P < 0.001) followed by tumour stage (P = 0.04) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.05).CONCLUSIONThe present data suggest that UPIII expression is a powerful prognostic factor in patients with upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma.
Characterization of the purinergic receptor subtype on guinea‐pig suburothelial myofibroblasts
Authors: SUI GUI‐PING , WU CHANGHAO , FRY CHRISTOPHER H. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVETo identify particular purinoceptor subtypes by immunohistochemical labelling, as a layer of suburothelial myofibroblasts has been identified in the urinary bladder, and these cells respond to exogenous ATP by generating an intracellular Ca2+transient, but the particular purinoceptor that responds to ATP is unclear.MATERIALS AND METHODSTissue sections and isolated cells from the urothelial layer of the guinea‐pig bladder were used. Preparations were labelled with primary antibodies to the intermediate‐filament protein, vimentin, or the purinoceptors P2X3, P2Y1, P2Y2, P2Y4and P2Y6. For single‐labelling we used a secondary antibody tagged with the fluorescent marker Cy3, and for double‐labelling also a secondary antibody tagged with fluorescein isothiocyanate or Cy2. Images were examined using a confocal microscope, with an argon (488 nm) or helium‐neon (543 nm) laser.RESULTSVimentin‐labelling was confined to the suburothelial layer and appeared as discrete signals. Isolated cells labelled with vimentin and strongly for the P2Y6antibody. There was weaker staining for P2X3, P2Y2and P2Y4, but none to P2Y1. With frozen sections there was P2Y6labelling in the urothelial and suburothelial layer.CONCLUSIONThe predominant purinoceptor in suburothelial myofibroblasts, from these labelling studies, is the P2Y6subtype. However, there was weaker labelling to other subtypes, suggesting multiple receptor subtypes or heterogeneity of receptor subunits. The consequences of there being multiple purinoceptor subtypes in the suburothelial space with respect to sensory signalling are discussed.
Testing differential effects of computer‐based, web‐based and paper‐based administration of questionnaire research instruments
Authors: Hardré Patricia L. , Crowson H. Michael , Xie Kui , Ly Cong 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTranslation of questionnaire instruments to digital administration systems, both self‐contained and web‐based, is widespread and increasing daily. However, the literature is lean on controlled empirical studies investigating the potential for differential effects of administrative methods. In this study, two university student samples were administered 16 questionnaires across three separate administration conditions: paper‐based, computer‐based and web‐based. Outcomes of interest included data quality and participant affect. Overall, few differences in data quality were observed between administration conditions despite some evidence in favour of paper‐based administration (PBA) over the other two. Affective responses of participants favoured the PBA over web‐ and computer‐based administrations. Implications for research use of digital systems for data collection are discussed.
Potential of trophy hunting to create incentives for wildlife conservation in Africa where alternative wildlife‐based land uses may not be viable
Authors: Lindsey P. A. , Alexander R. , Frank L. G. , Mathieson A. , Romañach S. S. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThere is a lack of consensus among conservationists as to whether trophy hunting represents a legitimate conservation tool in Africa. Hunting advocates stress that trophy hunting can create incentives for conservation where ecotourism is not possible. We assessed the hunting preferences of hunting clients who have hunted or plan to hunt in Africa (n=150), and the perception among African hunting operators (n=127) of client preferences at two US hunting conventions to determine whether this assertion is justified. Clients are most interested in hunting in well‐known East and southern African hunting destinations, but some trophy species attract hunters to remote and unstable countries that might not otherwise derive revenues from hunting. Clients are willing to hunt in areas lacking high densities of wildlife or attractive scenery, and where people and livestock occur, stressing the potential for trophy hunting to generate revenues where ecotourism may not be viable. Hunting clients are more averse to hunting under conditions whereby conservation objectives are compromised than operators realize, suggesting that client preferences could potentially drive positive change in the hunting industry, to the benefit of conservation. However, the preferences and attitudes of some clients likely form the basis of some of the problems currently associated with the hunting industry in Africa, stressing the need for an effective regulatory framework.
Seduced by the dark side: integrating molecular and ecological perspectives on the influence of light on plant defence against pests and pathogens
Authors: Roberts Michael R. , Paul Nigel D. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryPlants frequently suffer attack from herbivores and microbial pathogens, and have evolved a complex array of defence mechanisms to resist defoliation and disease. These include both preformed defences, ranging from structural features to stores of toxic secondary metabolites, and inducible defences, which are activated only after an attack is detected. It is well known that plant defences against pests and pathogens are commonly affected by environmental conditions, but the mechanisms by which responses to the biotic and abiotic environments interact are only poorly understood. In this review, we consider the impact of light on plant defence, in terms of both plant life histories and rapid scale molecular responses to biotic attack. We bring together evidence that illustrates that light not only modulates defence responses via its influence on biochemistry and plant development but, in some cases, is essential for the development of resistance. We suggest that the interaction between the light environment and plant defence is multifaceted, and extends across different temporal and biological scales.

Contents

Summary
677

I.
Introduction
678

II.
Light as an environmental variable
678

III.
Long‐term effects of light on plant–herbivore or plant–pathogen interactions
679

IV.
Mechanisms of responses to the light environment: the whole‐plant perspective
684

V.
Short‐term responses to the light environment: induced defences
686

VI.
Mechanisms for light‐dependent induced defences
688

VII.
Interpreting interactions between light and defence responses
690

Acknowledgements
693

References
693
Genes, enzymes and chemicals of terpenoid diversity in the constitutive and induced defence of conifers against insects and pathogens*
Authors: Keeling Christopher I. , Bohlmann Jörg 
Published: May 2006

SummaryInsects select their hosts, but trees cannot select which herbivores will feed upon them. Thus, as long‐lived stationary organisms, conifers must resist the onslaught of varying and multiple attackers over their lifetime. Arguably, the greatest threats to conifers are herbivorous insects and their associated pathogens. Insects such as bark beetles, stem‐ and wood‐boring insects, shoot‐feeding weevils, and foliage‐feeding budworms and sawflies are among the most devastating pests of conifer forests. Conifer trees produce a great diversity of compounds, such as an enormous array of terpenoids and phenolics, that may impart resistance to a variety of herbivores and microorganisms. Insects have evolved to specialize in resistance to these chemicals – choosing, feeding upon, and colonizing hosts they perceive to be best suited to reproduction. This review focuses on the plant–insect interactions mediated by conifer‐produced terpenoids. To understand the role of terpenoids in conifer–insect interactions, we must understand how conifers produce the wide diversity of terpenoids, as well as understand how these specific compounds affect insect behaviour and physiology. This review examines what chemicals are produced, the genes and proteins involved in their biosynthesis, how they work, and how they are regulated. It also examines how insects and their associated pathogens interact with, elicit, and are affected by conifer‐produced terpenoids.

Contents

Summary
657

I.
Introduction
658

II.
Identification and functional characterization of  terpenoid pathway genes
658

III.
Insect interactions with conifers
667

IV.
Conclusions and outlook
670

Acknowledgements
671

References
671
Interpersonal chemistry through negativity: Bonding by sharing negative attitudes about others
Authors: BOSSON JENNIFER K. , JOHNSON AMBER B. , NIEDERHOFFER KATE , SWANN WILLIAM B. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe propose that sharing a negative—as compared to a positive—attitude about a third party is particularly effective in promoting closeness between people. Findings from two survey studies and an experiment support this idea. In Studies 1 and 2, participants’ open‐ended responses revealed a tendency to recall sharing with their closest friends more negative than positive attitudes about other people. Study 3 established that discovering a shared negative attitude about a target person predicted liking for a stranger more strongly than discovering a shared positive attitude (but only when attitudes were weak). Presumably, sharing negative attitudes is alluring because it establishes in‐group/out‐group boundaries, boosts self‐esteem, and conveys highly diagnostic information about attitude holders. Despite the apparent ubiquity of this effect, participants seemed unaware of it. Instead, they asserted that sharing positive attitudes about others would be particularly effective in promoting closeness.
Dialyzer Reuse—Part II: Advantages and Disadvantages
Authors: Twardowski Zbylut J. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough single dialyzer use and reuse by chemical reprocessing are both associated with some complications, there is no definitive advantage to either in this respect. Some complications occur mainly at the first use of a dialyzer: a new cellophane or cuprophane membrane may activate the complement system, or a noxious agent may be introduced to the dialyzer during production or generated during storage. These agents may not be completely removed during the routine rinsing procedure. The reuse of dialyzers is associated with environmental contamination, allergic reactions, residual chemical infusion (rebound release), inadequate concentration of disinfectants, and pyrogen reactions. Bleach used during reprocessing causes a progressive increase in dialyzer permeability to larger molecules, including albumin. Reprocessing methods without the use of bleach are associated with progressive decreases in membrane permeability, particularly to larger molecules. Most comparative studies have not shown differences in mortality between centers reusing and those not reusing dialyzers, however, the largest cluster of dialysis‐related deaths occurred with single‐use dialyzers due to the presence of perfluorohydrocarbon introduced during the manufacturing process and not completely removed during preparation of the dialyzers before the dialysis procedure. The cost savings associated with reuse is substantial, especially with more expensive, high‐flux synthetic membrane dialyzers. With reuse, some dialysis centers can afford to utilize more efficient dialyzers that are more expensive; consequently they provide a higher dose of dialysis and reduce mortality. Some studies have shown minimally higher morbidity with chemical reuse, depending on the method. Waste disposal is definitely decreased with the reuse of dialyzers, thus environmental impacts are lessened, particularly if reprocessing is done by heat disinfection. It is safe to predict that dialyzer reuse in dialysis centers will continue because it also saves money for the providers. Saving both time for the patient and money for the provider were the main motivations to design a new machine for daily home hemodialysis. The machine, developed in the 1990s, cleans and heat disinfects the dialyzer and lines in situ so they do not need to be changed for a month. In contrast, reuse of dialyzers in home hemodialysis patients treated with other hemodialysis machines is becoming less popular and is almost extinct.
Policing Urban America: A New Look at the Politics of Agency Size*
Authors: Sharp Elaine B. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives.This article analyzes competing explanations for variation in the relative size of contemporary police forces in larger U.S. cities. The featured explanation is conflict theory, which previously provided much evidence for a racial threat thesis but limited evidence that racial insurgency affected police mobilization in the 1960s and 1970s.Methods.The study sample consists of the 66 cities with a population of at least 250,000 in 2000. Aggregate data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics, Congressional Quarterly'sAmerica Votes, and the U.S. Census Bureau are combined with a content analysis using the Lexis‐Nexis regional news database to generate the data set. OLS regression modeling is applied to the analysis of this cross‐sectional data set.Results.This analysis shows that the size of contemporary police forces is substantially shaped not only by the legacy of the 1960–1970 wave of racial unrest in the United States, but also by reaction to racial disorders in the 1980s and 1990s and by the prevalence of racial minorities in the current population.Conclusions.Police departments' relative force size in 2000 is not only a result of incremental growth from the size attained by 1980, but also is dramatically shaped by whether the city experienced a race riot from 1980–2000 and, to a lesser extent, the size of the minority population and the violent crime rate. City wealth is a less robust indicator; and there is no evidence that either community ideology or the degree of uptake of community policing matters.
Changing Ethical Attitudes: The Case of the Enron and ImClone Scandals*
Authors: Conroy Stephen J. , Emerson Tisha L. N. 
Published: May 2006

Objective. We analyze the process of changing ethical attitudes over time by focusing on a specific set of “natural experiments” that occurred over an 18‐month period, namely, the accounting scandals that occurred involving Enron/Arthur Andersen and insider‐trader allegations related to ImClone.Methods. Given the amount of media attention devoted to these ethical scandals, we test whether respondents in a cross‐sectional sample taken over 18 months become less accepting of ethically charged vignettes dealing with “accounting tricks” and “insider trading” over time.Results. We find a significant and gradual decline in the acceptance of the vignettes over the 18‐month period.Conclusions. Findings presented here may provide valuable insight into potential triggers of changing ethical attitudes. An intriguing implication of these results is that recent highly publicized ethical breaches may not be only a symptom, but also a cause of changing attitudes.
National Determinants of Cloning Policy*
Authors: Stabile Bonnie 
Published: May 2006

Objective. This research seeks to identify demographic factors that may account for national stance toward human cloning.Methods. A multiple logistic regression model serves as the basis for analysis. Cloning policy stance is characterized as restrictive or permissive, depending on whether the nation has expressed support for therapeutic cloning research—all nations oppose reproductive cloning.Results. Findings suggest that nations with higher per‐capita incomes and permissive abortion laws are more likely to take a permissive stance toward cloning, supporting an immediate ban on human reproductive cloning, but allowing therapeutic cloning research to proceed. Countries favoring an immediate and total ban on both human reproductive and therapeutic cloning are more likely to have lower per‐capita incomes and restrictive abortion laws. A relationship between the Roman Catholic population and cloning stance was investigated and found not to be significant.Conclusions. This article offers evidence that there may be systematic differences predisposing individual nations to act either restrictively or permissively with regard to cloning technology. Understanding the factors that shape sentiment and impel policy making may help inform the policy process as nations strive to create workable cloning policies both within their own borders and in the global community.
VISCOELASTICITY OF A SIMULATED POLYMER AND COMPARISON WITH CHICKPEA FLOUR DOUGHS
Authors: YADAV NIDHI , ROOPA B.S. , BHATTACHARYA SUVENDU 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT An integrated approach consisting of compression and stress relaxation is performed with a simulated model system of poly dimethyl siloxane (PDMS), a viscoelastic polymer material when the compressive strain, height of sample and crosshead speed were varied. The parameters derived are the forces at the end of compression and relaxation, energy for compression and the extent of elasticity of the sample based on the ratios of forces as well as the proposed energy values. The results were verified with food doughs undergoing large deformations that show a nonlinear behavior. The proposed extent of elasticity based on the ratios of energy stored and compression can be used as an index for the characterization of viscoelasticity. A nonlinear three‐parameter model had also been proposed to predict the stress decay characteristics as a function of time, which was found suitable for the PDMS system, and was better than the two‐parameter Peleg model as judged by lower variance values (0.0006–0.018 and 0.002–0.048, respectively). Further, an actual system of food doughs in the form of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour dough was used to verify the proposed model and viscoelastic index at different moisture contents (27–39%) subjected to compressive strains of 25–75%. The nonlinear relaxation characteristics of the food dough are sensitive to moisture content as well as to strain level.
THE THERMAL STABILITY OF ASPERGILLUS ORYZAE ALPHA‐AMYLASE IN PRESENCE OF SUGARS AND POLYOLS
Authors: SAMBORSKA K. , GUIAVARC'H Y. , VAN LOEY A. , HENDRICKX M. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to test whether it is possible to estimate the heat stability of Aspergillus oryzae alpha‐amylase (α‐amylase) based on the amount of hydroxyl (OH) groups provided in a buffer solution. The thermal stability of the enzyme in a presence of different sugars (sucrose and trehalose) and polyols (mannitol, sorbitol, lactitol and glycerol) was investigated in the temperature range of 62–68C on a kinetic basis. It was investigated if the protective effect of additional substances was correlated to the number of hydroxyl groups (nOH) provided by each of them (per volume unit of the enzyme solution nOH). All additives showed a protective effect on the enzyme's heat stability, which was strongly dependent on the added compound concentration. Among all stabilizing compounds investigated, sucrose exhibited the largest protective effect. The decimal reduction time of α‐amylase activity increased by 33.9 times when 420 mg/mL of sucrose was added to the environment. When the same concentration of trehalose was used, the D‐value increased by 6.4 times compared to the value in the buffer system. The nOH provided in the enzyme solution could not be related to the D‐values for the enzyme thermal inactivation, meaning that the enzyme heat stability was not dependent on the nOH.
SUPERHEATED STEAM‐DRYING OF MATE LEAVES AND EFFECT OF DRYING CONDITIONS ON THE PHENOL CONTENT
Authors: ZANOELO EVERTON FERNANDO , CARDOZO‐FILHO LÚCIO , CARDOZO‐JÚNIOR EUCLIDES LARA 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACT Four drying experiments of mate leaves (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hilaire) were carried out in a packed bed superheated steam dryer by varying outlet steam temperature from 120 to 140C and equivalent particle diameter from 4.7 × 10−3 to 6.95 × 10−3 m. The influence of these variables on the drying coefficient calculated by assuming a simplified drying kinetic model was investigated. A classical statistical approach revealed the significant effect of both factors on this parameter. Two additional drying runs were performed at identical conditions with conventional hot air and low pressure superheated steam, respectively. The influence of drying atmosphere on the total content of phenols was evaluated. A conventional process of extraction by using an aqueous methanol solution was adopted. Analyses for total phenols were performed by spectrophotometry at 715 nm by applying Folin‐Denis assay. The leaves dried with superheated steam had approximately 47% higher retention of these compounds.
Model Error Estimation Employing an Ensemble Data Assimilation Approach
Authors: Zupanski Dusanka , Zupanski Milija 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A methodology for model error estimation is proposed and examined in this study. It provides estimates of the dynamical model state, the bias, and the empirical parameters by combining three approaches: 1) ensemble data assimilation, 2) state augmentation, and 3) parameter and model bias estimation. Uncertainties of these estimates are also determined, in terms of the analysis and forecast error covariances, employing the same methodology.
The model error estimation approach is evaluated in application to Korteweg–de Vries–Burgers (KdVB) numerical model within the framework of maximum likelihood ensemble filter (MLEF). Experimental results indicate improved filter performance due to model error estimation. The innovation statistics also indicate that the estimated uncertainties are reliable. On the other hand, neglecting model errors—either in the form of an incorrect model parameter, or a model bias—has detrimental effects on data assimilation, in some cases resulting in filter divergence.
Although the method is examined in a simplified model framework, the results are encouraging. It remains to be seen how the methodology performs in applications to more complex models.