bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metal-based anticancer drugs: From a past anchored in platinum chemistry to a post-genomic future of diverse chemistry and biology
Authors: Hannon Michael J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe field of metal-based anticancer drugs was initiated by cisplatin, one of the leading agents in clinical use. Cisplatin acts by binding to DNA and forming 1,2 intrastrand cross-links. Its importance is reflected by the fact that it is estimated that 50-70 % of cancer patients are treated with a platinum drug [7]. For some time, molecular designs in the metallo-drug field remained obdurately anchored incis-diamine platinum(II) chemistry, but now the field is evolving rapidly with a variety of alternate and very diverse designs being explored. These designs give rise to new spectra of activity and potency and can circumvent cisplatin resistance. This critical review considers the existing clinical platinum drugs, and those currently in commercial development, alongside the new designs including ruthenium anticancer and antimetastatic drugs in clinical trials, polynuclear drugs, organometallic drugs, titanium and gallium drugs, and emerging supramolecular metallo-drugs that act on DNA by noncovalent interactions. The rapid evolution of the field is being informed by post-genomic knowledge and approaches, and further dramatic step-change breakthroughs can be expected as a result; harnessing this knowledge and responding to and taking advantage of this new environment requires integration of chemistry and biology research.
Science at the interface of chemistry and biology: Discoveries of α-glucosidase inhibitors and antiglycation agents
Authors: Atta-ur-Rahman  , Choudhary M. Iqbal , Basha Fatima Z. , Abbas Ghulam , Khan Shamsun Nahar , Shah S. Adnan Ali 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Diseases are manifestations of complex biological processes in living systems. Through the applications of molecular biology and genetics, many diseases are now understood at the molecular level. This has provided researchers opportunities to develop lead molecules with the capacity of blocking a particular disease mechanism. Diabetes is a complex metabolic disorder, characterized by hyperglycemia. The first objective of antidiabetic chemotherapy is to achieve normal glycemic index. Recently, major discoveries have been made to understand how the disease progresses and manifests its complications. We have used this growing understanding to work toward discovery of effective α-glucosidase inhibitors and antiglycation agents of natural and synthetic origins. Reliable bench-top biochemical assays were employed, and several new molecular entities were studied with reference to their structure-activity relationships.
Molecular design of tyrosinase inhibitors: A critical review of promising novel inhibitors from synthetic origins
Authors: Khan Mahmud Tareq Hassan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The enzyme tyrosinase is known to be a multifunctional copper-containing enzyme from the oxidase superfamily, which is the key protein involved in the biosynthesis of the large biological pigment, melanin. The enzyme catalyzes two distinct reactions of melanin biosynthesis, the hydroxylation of a monophenol and the conversion of an o-diphenol to the corresponding o-quinone. Inhibitors of this protein have a huge impact on industry and economy. So a number of research groups around the world are engaged and are expending much effort in the discovery of these inhibitors. In this report, we review the importance and applications of the recently designed synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors from our and other leading laboratories of the world, which have been published in recent years. In our continuing search for tyrosinase inhibitors from natural resources to semi- and full synthetic approaches, until now we discovered and reported a large number of mild to potent inhibitors of several classes, such as phenolics, terpenes, steroids, chalcones, flavonoids, alkaloids, long-chain fatty acids, coumarins, sildenafil analogs, bipiperidines, biscoumarins, oxadiazole, tetraketones, etc. The structure-activity relationships (SARs) of different classes of synthetic tyrosinase inhibitors have been discussed in this review.
Essential fatty acid components and antioxidant activities of eight Cephalaria species from southwestern Anatolia
Authors: Kırmızıgül Süheyla , Böke Nazlı , Sümbül Hüseyin , Göktürk R. Süleyman , Arda Nazlı 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The hexane extracts of eight Cephalaria (Dipsacaceae) species, which were collected from southwestern Anatolia, were obtained by Soxhlet apparatus. The fatty acids were derived to methyl esters and determined by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) systems. The dominant fatty acid components and maximum percentages were detected as myristic [in C. joppica (17.48 %)], palmitic [in C. cilicica, C. elmaliensis, C. isaurica, C. scoparia (19.51 %), and C. gazipashaensis], linoleic [in C. joppica (33.02 %), C. elmaliensis, C. dipsacoides, and C. gazipashaensis], α-linolenic (ALA) [in C. cilicica, C. elmaliensis, C. isaurica, C. scoparia, C. lycica, and C. gazipashaensis (47.95 %)] and oleic [in C. isaurica and C. dipsacoides (40.66 %)] acids. The antioxidant activity of all hexane extracts was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), ferric thiocyanate (FTC), and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) methods. The results indicate that hexane extracts of Cephalaria species possess considerable antioxidant activity. The highest radical scavenging activity was detected in C. isaurica (IC50 = 741 μg/mL). The most effective species on lipid peroxidation are C. lycica and C. gazipashaensis in FTC and TBA assays, respectively. This study reveals that Cephalaria species are attractive sources of fatty acid components, especially the essential ones, as well as of effective natural antioxidants.
Screening of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in snake venom by electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Liesener André , Perchuc Anna-Maria , Schöni Reto , Schebb Nils Helge , Wilmer Marianne , Karst Uwe 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (ESI/MS)-based assay for the determination of acetylcholinesterase (AChE)-inhibiting activity in snake venom was developed. It allows the direct monitoring of the natural AChE substrate acetylcholine (AC) and the respective product choline. The assay scheme was employed in the screening for neurotoxic activity in fractions of the venom of Bothrops moojeni. AChE inhibition was assessed in two fractions. As a positive control, the established AChE inhibitor 1,5-bis(4-allyl-dimethylammoniumphenyl)pentan-3-one dibromide (BW284c51) was used, a dose-response curve for this compound was generated and the IC50 value for the inhibitor was determined to be 1.60 ± 0.09 × 10-9 mol L-1. The dose-response curve was used as "calibration function" for the venom inhibition activity, resulting in BW284c51-equivalent concentrations of 1.76 × 10-9 mol L-1 and 1.07 × 10-9 mol L-1 for the two fractions containing activity. The ESI/MS-based assay scheme was validated using the established Ellman reaction. The data obtained using both methods were found to be in good agreement. The ESI/MS-based assay scheme is therefore an attractive alternative to the standard colorimetric assay.
Metal-specific interactions at the interface of chemistry and biology
Authors: Peijnenburg Willie J. G. M. , Vijver Martina G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Metals have complex environmental chemistry. When metals are present at elevated levels, they cause toxicity. Some metals are essential for living organisms, and those metals occur naturally in the environment. The latter aspect has allowed biological species to adapt to long- and short-term variations in metal levels. Chemical speciation, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and mixture effects are key issues in assessing the hazards of metals.
In the present contribution, a global overview is given of the interactions between the chemistry and biology of metals, mostly at the interface of biological and environmental matrices. The environmental chemistry of metals and resulting methods for assessing metal availability are assumed as tokens, and the emphasis is thus on biological processes affecting the fate and effects of metals following interaction of the organism with the bioavailable metal fraction. The overview culminates in linking metal compartmentalization in organisms to bioaccumulation and toxicity.
Präoperative Gerinnungsdiagnostik bei Kindern / Preoperative coagulation screening in children
Authors: Eberl Wolfgang 
Published: December 2007

Zusammenfassung
Gerinnungsdiagnostik bei Kindern und Jugendlichen wird in der klinischen Realität überwiegend mit der Indikation präoperativer Diagnostik durchgeführt. Vergleichsweise selten wird eine manifeste Blutungsneigung abgeklärt, die verwendeten Tests sind jedoch in der Regel hierfür entwickelt. Die zur Verfügung stehenden Tests werden dem Ziel, bisher unerkannte Hämostasestörungen zu erfassen, gegenübergestellt. Gerinnungsglobalteste, Blutungszeit, Thrombelastogramm und PFA-Methode sind nicht in der Lage, sicher ein von-Willebrandsyndrom oder Thrombozytenfunktionsstörungen zu detektieren. Eine hohe Rate falsch positiver Befunde und der häufige Nachweis nicht relevanter Gerinnungsauffälligkeiten entwertet zusätzlich die Routinediagnostik. Es wird vorgeschlagen, nur Kinder mit anamnestisch auffälliger Blutungsneigung oder positiver Familienanamnese zu untersuchen und bei diesen durch geeignete Diagnostik initial ein von-Willebrandsyndrom auszuschließen.
Use of Coupled Multi-Electrode Arrays to Advance the Understanding of Selected Corrosion Phenomena
Authors: Cong H. , Bocher F. , Budiansky N. D. , Hurley M. F. , Scully J. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of coupled multi-electrode arrays in various corrosion applications is discussed with the main goal of advancing the understanding of various corrosion phenomena. Both close-packed and far-spaced electrode configurations are discussed. Far-spaced electrode arrays are optimized for high throughput experiments capable of elucidating the effects of various variables on corrosion properties. For instance, the effects of a statistical distribution of flaws on corrosion properties can be examined. Close-packed arrays enable unprecedented spatial and temporal information on the behavior of local anodes and cathodes. Interactions between corrosion sites can trigger or inhibit corrosion phenomena and affect corrosion damage evolution.
Differential gene expression in ACTH -secreting and non-functioning pituitary tumors
Authors: Tateno Toru , Izumiyama Hajime , Doi Masaru , Yoshimoto Takanobu , Shichiri Masayoshi , Inoshita Naoko , Oyama Kenichi , Yamada Shozo , Hirata Yukio 
Published: December 2007

ObjectiveDifferential expression of several genes between ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors causing Cushing' disease (CD), silent corticotroph adenoma (SCA), and non-functioning pituitary tumors (NFT) was investigated.Design and methodsWe used tissue specimens from 35 pituitary tumors (12 CD, 8 SCA, and 15 NFT). Steady-state mRNA levels of the genes related to proopiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription, synthesis, processing, and secretion, such as neurogenic differentiation 1 (NeuroD1), T-box 19 (Tpit), corticotropin releasing hormone receptor (CRHR), vasopressin receptor 1b (V1bR), prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 and PC2, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β-HSD) type 1 and type 2, glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα), annexin A1, histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2), and BRM/SWI2-related gene 1, were determined by real-time RT-PCR.Results and conclusionPOMC and Tpit mRNA levels were greater in CD and SCA than those in NFT. NeuroD1 mRNA levels were less in CD than those in NFT, but almost comparable between SCA and NFT. PC1/3 mRNA levels were greater in CD, but less in SCA than those in NFT. PC2 mRNA levels in CD and SCA were less than those in NFT. CRHR, V1bR, and 11β-HSD2 mRNA levels in CD were greater than those in SCA and NFT. HDAC2 mRNA levels in CD and SCA were lower than those in NFT. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that the genes related to transcription, synthesis, processing, and secretion of POMC are differentially regulated in ACTH-secreting pituitary tumors causing CD and SCA compared with those in NFT. This may partly explain the development of clinically active and inactive CD.
Consensus guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of adults with GH deficiency II: a statement of the GH Research Society in association with the European Society for Pediatric Endocrinology, Lawson Wilkins Society, European Society of Endocrinology, Japan Endocrine Society, and Endocrine Society of Australia
Authors: Ho Ken K Y , _ _ 
Published: December 2007

ObjectiveThe GH Research Society held a Consensus Workshop in Sydney, Australia, 2007 to incorporate the important advances in the management of GH deficiency (GHD) in adults, which have taken place since the inaugural 1997 Consensus Workshop.MethodTwo commissioned review papers, previously published Consensus Statements of the Society and key questions were circulated before the Workshop, which comprised a rigorous structure of review with breakout discussion groups. A writing group transcribed the summary group reports for drafting in a plenary forum on the last day. All participants were sent a polished draft for additional comments and gave signed approval to the final revision.ConclusionTesting for GHD should be extended from hypothalamic–pituitary disease and cranial irradiation to include traumatic brain injury. Testing may indicate isolated GHD; however, idiopathic isolated GHD occurring de novo in the adult is not a recognized entity. The insulin tolerance test, combined administration of GHRH with arginine or growth hormone-releasing peptide, and glucagon are validated GH stimulation tests in the adult. A low IGF-I is a reliable diagnostic indicator of GHD in the presence of hypopituitarism, but a normal IGF-I does not rule out GHD. GH status should be reevaluated in the transition age for continued treatment to complete somatic development. Interaction of GH with other axes may influence thyroid, glucocorticoid, and sex hormone requirements. Response should be assessed clinically by monitoring biochemistry, body composition, and quality of life. There is no evidence that GH replacement increases the risk of tumor recurrence or de novo malignancy.
Prediction of Temperature Changes Caused by Water or Gas Entry into a Horizontal Well
Authors: Yoshioka K. , Zhu D. , Hill A. D. , Dawkrajai P. , Lake L. W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
With the recent development of temperature measurement systems such as fiber-optic distributed temperature sensors, continuous temperature profiles in a horizontal well can be obtained with high precision. Small temperature changes with a resolution on the order of 0.1°F can be detected by modern temperature-measuring instruments in intelligent completions, which may aid the diagnosis of downhole flow conditions. Since in a producing horizontal well fluid inflowing temperature is not affected by elevational geothermal temperature changes, the primary temperature differences for each phase (oil, water, and gas) are caused by frictional effects.
While gas production usually causes a temperature decrease, water entry results in either warming or cooling of the wellbore. Warmer water entry is a result of water flow from a warmer aquifer below the producing zone (water coning). In contrast, produced water can be cooler than produced oil because of differences in the thermal properties of these fluids. If both oil and water are produced from the same elevation, oil is heated more by friction while flowing in a porous medium than water is resulting in the produced water having a lower inflow temperature than the oil. Water entry by coning is relatively easy to detect from the temperature profile because of its warmer inflow temperature, but water breakthrough from the same elevation as the oil may not be obvious.
In this paper, we illustrate the range of inflow conditions for which water-or-gas entry locations can be identified from the temperature profile of a well from measurable temperature changes. Using a numerical wellbore-temperature-prediction model (Yoshioka et al. 2005a), we calculated temperature profiles for a wide range of water-inflow conditions. In these calculations, we assumed that one section of the well produced water or gas, while the rest of the open section of the well produced oil. From sensitivity studies, we showed the predictions of the relative water-andgas production rates that create detectable temperature anomalies in the temperature profile along the well. By using the model to match an actual temperature log from a horizontal well, we demonstrate how this model can be used to identify water-inflow locations.
Placement Using Viscosified Non-Newtonian Scale Inhibitor Slugs: The Effect of Shear Thinning
Authors: Sorbie K. S. , Mackay E. J. , Collins I. R. , Wat R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Reservoir formations are often very heterogeneous and fluid flow is strongly determined by their permeability structure. Thus, when a scale inhibitor (SI) slug is injected into the formation in a squeeze treatment, fluid placement is an important issue. To design successful squeeze treatments, we wish to control where the fluid package is placed in the near-well reservoir formation. In recent work (Sorbie and Mackay 2005), we went "back to basics" on the issue of viscous SI slug placement. That is, we re-derived the analytical expressions that describe placement in linear and radial layered systems for unit mobility and viscous fluids. Although these equations are quite well known, we applied them in a novel manner to describe SI placement. We also demonstrated the implications of these equations on how we should analyze placement both in the laboratory and by numerical modeling before we apply a SI squeeze. An analysis of viscosified SI applications for linear and radial systems was presented both with and without crossflow between the reservoir layers.
In this previous work, we assumed that the fluid being used to viscosify the SI slug was Newtonian (Sorbie and Mackay 2005). However, the question has been raised concerning what the effect would be if a non-Newtonian fluid was used instead. We mainly consider the effect of shear thinning, although our analysis is generally applicable if the non-Newtonian flow rate and effective viscosity function is known. We address the questions: Does the shear thinning behavior result in more placements into the higher or lower permeability layer (in addition to the effect of simple viscosification)? Can the shear thinning effect be used to design improved squeeze treatment?
Novel Relations for Drainage and Imbibition Relative Permeabilities
Authors: Chierici Gian Luigi 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Exponential four- and five-parameter equations are proposed for gas/oil drainage and water/oil imbibition relative permeability curves. These equations match the experimentally determined curves, in particular at and near their initial points and endpoints, better than standard Corey et al.1 and polynomial approximations. Some of these parameters have a physical meaning; the others can be determined by nonlinear regression on the experimental data points, and can be adjusted to represent pseudorelative permeability curves. The proposed equations are particularly suitable to describe gas percolation in numerical model simulation of dissolved-gas-drive reservoirs.
An Improved Model for Sucker Rod Pumping
Authors: Doty Dale Russel , Schmidt Zelimir 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An improved model for predicting the behavior of sucker rod pumping installations is presented. This model incorporates the dynamics of the liquid columns as well as the sucker rod string through a system of partial differential equations. This system of equations is solved by a modified method of characteristics on a digital computer. The model predicts the polished-rod and pump dynamometer cards and incorporates the effects of liquid inertia and viscosity. The model is capable of simulating a wide variety of pumping conditions for which liquid physical properties are important. The information predicted by the model is useful in the design and operation of sucker rod pumping installations.
Effect of Mixed-Chain-Length Surfactants on Fluid Displacement in Porous Media by In-Situ Foaming Process
Authors: Sharma M. K. , Shah D. O. , Brigham W. E. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA laboratory study was designed to improve fluid displacement efficiency in porous media by an in-situ foaming process and to determine the effect of mixed surfactant chain length on surface properties of foaming solutions, bubble size, breakthrough time, and fluid displacement in porous media. We screened various mixed surfactant systems, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate and alkyl alcohols. Maximum breakthrough time and fluid displacement efficiency were observed when both components of the mixed foaming system possessed the same chain length. Results were compared with data obtained using water, brine, and sodium dodecyl sulfate alone.The microscopic studies revealed that the order of bubble size measured outside the porous medium for various mixed surfactants was indeed maintained in a micromodel. The increase in the porous medium length improved breakthrough time and fluid displacement efficiency in sandpacks and in Berea cores. Mixed surfactant systems showed a correlation among surface properties of foaming solutions, bubble size, break-through time, and fluid displacement efficiency in a porous medium. Maximum foaminess, minimum bubble size, minimum surface tension, maximum surface viscosity, maximum breakthrough time, and maximum fluid displacement efficiency were observed when the two components of the surfactant system had the same chain length.
Simulation of 1/8 Five-/Nine-Spot Patterns
Authors: Coats K. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Simulation of complex recovery processes often is performed using a single pattern, which may be a five-, seven-, or nine-spot. This approximation of a total-field multiple-pattern development by a representative pattern significantly reduces computing time and cost. This Forum is limited to a single pattern in a network of repeated five- or nine-spot patterns in an areally homogeneous formation. The formation may have arbitrary vertical heterogeneity and any number of layers. The single pattern contains two wells in the five-spot case and four wells in the nine-spot case. The four sides of the square pattern are no-flow or insulated boundaries.
The single-pattern simulation should be performed for the smallest symmetrical element of the pattern to minimize computing cost. This well-known element is one-eighth of a pattern. Nevertheless, simulations of one-half and one-fourth pattern elements with areal homogeneity and square (uniform) grid blocks continue in practice and occasionally appear in the literature. Owing to symmetry within the pattern, the pressure (and saturation, composition, etc.) distribution within the one-eighth element defines the distribution throughout the pattern.
Transmissibility and block PV alterations necessary for exact reproduction of five- or nine-spot results by a one-eighth pattern calculation are well-known for the five-point difference scheme and are omitted here. This Forum describes a simple alteration necessary for identity of one-half or one-fourth pattern and one-eighth pattern results using the nine-point difference scheme1 with either parallel or diagonal grids.2