bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Kristallographie der martensitischen ε → α‐Gitterumwandlung
Authors: Schumann H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractManche Eisen‐ und Kobaltlegierungen wandeln nach der martensitischen Reaktion γ → ε → α um. Die hexagonalen ε‐Martensitplatten sind nur sehr dünn. Infolgedessen ist das Wachstum der α‐Martensitkristalle in Richtung [0001]ε eingeschränkt, und die ε → α‐Umwandlung kann als ebenes Problem behandelt werden. An Hand metallographischer Untersuchungen konnten Größe, Form und Lage der α‐Martensitkristalle nach Abkühlung ohne und mit äußerer Spannung ermittelt werden. Auf der Grundlage des Orientierungszusammenhanges werden Transformationsformeln für Kristallrichtungen angegeben sowie die Volumen‐ und Formänderungen bei der ε → α‐Umwandlung berechnet.
Zu Problemen des Innenboart‐Trennschleifens
Authors: Hofmann H. M. E. , Schulz H. O. F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs werden einige Ergebnisse vorgestellt, welche die Leistungsfähigkeit und Grenzen der bisher üblichen technologisch‐phänomenologischen Betrachtungsweise des Trennschleifens demonstrieren. Gleichzeitig ergibt sich eine Reihe von Ansatzpunkten für weitere, den Trennprozeß analysierende Untersuchungen.
Über die Zerfallsstruktur des Ni‐Katalysators und die Ni(C)‐Phase des Diamanten bei der Diamantsynthese
Authors: Vavrda J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird die Natur intermediärer Phasen im NiC‐System diskutiert und die Konzentrationsabhängigkeit des spezifischen Atomvolumens vom C‐Gehalt ermittelt. Die Zerfallstrukturen der hohen Drücken und Temperaturen unterworfenen NiC‐Proben werden metallographisch und röntgenographisch untersucht. Mit Hilfe der asymmetrischen Pulvermethode wird das spezifische Atomvolumen der Ni(C)‐Zerfallsphase und der Ni(C)‐Begleitphase des Diamanten und daraus die C‐Konzentration erhalten. Es wird festgestellt, daß die Ni(Cy)‐Begleitphase des Diamanten — die feste Lösung des Kohlenstoffs im Nickel am Prozeßende ≈︁ 3 At.% C enthält. Daraus wird geschlossen, daß diese Phase das Produkt des letzten Zerfallsstadiums des mit Kohlenstoff übersättigten Katalysators ist und sie keine besondere Rolle bei der Keimbildung des Diamanten spielt.
Grundlagen der Theorie des Parakristalls und ihre Anwendungsmöglichkeiten bei der Untersuchung der Realstruktur kristalliner Stoffe
Authors: Hosemann R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEs wird ein kurzer Überblick über die Grundvorstellungen der Theorie des Parakristalls und ihre Anwendung in der Röntgen‐Feinstrukturanalyse gegeben. Weiterhin werden die Beziehungen erörtert, die zwischen der Theorie des Parakristalls und den Flüssigkeitstheorien von ORNSTEIN, ZERNIKE und ZERNIKE, PRINS sowie der von KRIVOGLAZ eingeführten Beschreibung gestörter Kristalle bestehen.
Eine Methode zur genauen Messung des Massenschwächungskoeffizienten für Röntgenstrahlung
Authors: Löschau W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDas Verfahren besteht darin, daß die zu untersuchende Substanz (z. B. eine intermetallische Verbindung) mit Säure aufgeschlossen und anschließend mit Wasser so weit verdünnt wird, daß die Schwächung bei gut meßbarer Dicke der durchstrahlten Lösung in einem gut meßbaren Rahmen bleibt. Durch Herstellen einer Vergleichslösung ohne die Meßsubstanz, aber mit der gleichen Säuredichte, kann die Schwächung der Säure und des Wassers eliminiert werden. Analog ist das Verfahren bei wasserlöslichen Salzen. Aus dem hiernach erhaltenen (μ/ϱ)‐Wert kann mit der pyknometrisch bestimmten Dichte μ0 des kompakten Materials der Schwächungskoeffizient μ0 des kompakten Materials berechnet werden. Die praktische Meßanordnung mit einer Planküvette und das Auswerteverfahren werden beschrieben. Es wurden (μ/ϱ)‐Werte der intermetallischen Verbindung CaCu5 und von H2O auf diese Weise mit Maximalfehlern von ±1% bzw. ±0,5% bestimmt.
Das Dotieren aufgedampfter heteroepitaktischer Siliziumschichten
Authors: Ecke W. , Duda P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIm Ultrahochvakuum aufgedampfte heteroepitaktische Siliziumschichten wurden auf ihr Dotierungsverhalten untersucht. Es wurde gefunden, daß beim Einsatz mehrerer Dotierungsverfahren ein großer Konzentrationsbereich der freien Ladungsträger eingestellt werden kann. Speziell wurden die gleichzeitige Aufdampfung von Silizium und der Dotierungsstoffe, Aluminium und Antimon, die Verdampfung von Silizium mit unterschiedlichem Borgehalt und die Diffusion von Phosphor und Lithium untersucht.
Profile‐sapphire and its structural perfection
Authors: Dobrovinskaya E. R. , Litvinov L. A. , Pishchik V. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper is concerned with the growing of sapphire of various profiles and with the investigation of its structural perfection. It is shown that the kind of the crystallographic forms and the dislocation structure essentially depends on the degree of overheating of the melt. Near the surface of profiled crystals wide dislocation‐free zones (upto 200 μm) may be obtained. A dependence of the length of the mosaic block boundary on the rate of growing can be observed. A high ratio of the area of the radiating surface to the crystal volume gives the possibility of a rapid growing of profile crystals.
Growth of hollow Se–Te whisker crystals
Authors: Bhatt V. P. , Trivedi S. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOn the basis of micro‐ and macro‐morphological studies the mechanism responsible for the growth of Se–Te whiskers has been suggested. It has been shown that Sc–Te whiskers grow by layer growth mechanism in which screw dislocation is not the source of step but the growth proceeds by two‐dimensional nucleation. This has been supported by the supersaturation data. The plausible mechanism for the growth of hollow whiskers has also been suggested.
Phillipsite‐type synthetic zeolite with high silica contents and accompanying phases
Authors: Cichocki A. , Grochowski J. , Lebioda Ł. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA zeolite of P type with a molar ratio SiO2 : Al2O3 of about 6 was obtained on laboratory and on enlarged scale, by synthesis carried out at 100°C in Na2OK2OSiO2Al2O3H2O system, without complexing agents. It was found that the products depend not only on the chemical composition of hydrogel but also on the kinetic factors such as: the material of the reactor wall, the amount of substrates taken for crystallization and stiring. It was found that the stability of zeolites increases in the order: L < T < Ch < P. The factors accelerating crystallization led to the more stable zeolites as products. The paper shows difficulties in implementing the laboratory results into an industrial production.
In‐situ investigations on the deformation, crack, and fracture behaviour of carbon materials in the scanning electron microscope
Authors: Irmer E. , Wetizig K. , Fischer G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn attachment for scanning microscopes was developed in order to study the deformation, crack, and fracture behaviour of carbon materials during their electron optical observation. Thus the simultaneous registration of electron microscope images, stress‐strain‐curves and acoustic emission rates at different load regimes is possible. The combination of the mentioned methods allows a correlation between the macroscopic material behaviour and the microscopic processes taking place in the material under load. From the submitted experimental results it can be concluded that the fracture toughness of graphitic materials rises with a growing part of lamellar structure and with grain coarsening.
Covalent bonding effect on magnetic susceptibility in AIIIBV semiconductor compounds
Authors: Sirota N. N. , Vitkina Ts. Z. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOn the basis of the expression for magnetic susceptibility of zinc blende semiconductors obtained earlier in the MOLKAO approximation (Sirota, Vitkina) the effect of the degree of covalency on the magnetic suceptibility is studied. The increase of covalency of bonding is shown to be accompanied by the shift of the center of gravity of the charge cloud to the center of bonding and by the increase of the Van Vleck paramagnetic term of the magnetic susceptibility.
Interaction between technological parameters and crystal quality during the crystal growth of silicon crystals, free from dislocations
Authors: Geil W. , Schmugge K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBei der Züchtung versetzungsfreier Siliziumeinkristalle treten Strukturdefekte auf, die, ausgehend von Punktdefekten, über Cluster zu Versetzungen führen. Für die Züchtung von versetzungsfreien Siliziumeinkristallen ist es deshalb von Bedeutung, Wechselwirkungen zwischen technologischen Parametern und Kristalleigenschaften zu kennen. Unter Verwendung der von de Kock, Roksnoer und Boonen ermittelten Temperatur, bei der die Neubildung von Versetzungen beginnt, und unter Berücksichtigung des axialen Temperaturgradienten lassen sich für unterschiedliche Radien Versetzungsgeschwindigkeiten der Art

berechnen, die sich mit einer ähnlichen Funktion für die Wachstumsgeschwindigkeit des Kristalls

vergleichen lassen. Aus diesem Vergleich ist es möglich, unter Berücksichtigung des Dotierstoffes und seiner Konzentration, für den technologischen Prozeß der Kristallzüchtung Wertepaare vZ und dT/dz abzuleiten, bei deren Anwendung die Züchtung von versetzungsfreien Siliziumeinkristallen noch gewährleistet ist.
The Applicability of Light‐Microscopical Methods for the Investigation of Dislocation Structure in Semiconductors
Authors: Löschke K. , Gottschalch V. , Jacobs K. , Tempel A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn this paper is demonstrated that the well known and simple light‐microscopical methods allow to investigate a variety of defect structure problems and can give more useful informations than generally assumed. A summary of the techniques is given. Preliminary results of the investigations on GaP samples obtained by ultramicroscopy, dark‐field illumination, and polarization microscopy are shown for illustration.
Density and mobility of anti‐frenkel defects in SrF2 crystals
Authors: Bollmann W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBy fitting the theoretically calculated temperature‐dependent conductivity σ to the measured dependencies log σT ÷ 1/T the following parameters have been determined: free formation enthalpy of anti‐Frenkel defects gAF = 2.05 eV – 6.35 kT; mobilities of F−ion vacancies F and interstitials F: vνT = 600 exp (‐0.70 eV/kT) cm2 K/Vs, viT = 1.1 · 104 exp (‐0.93 eV/kT) cm2 K/Vs. — The free association enthalpies of complexes consisting of single foreign ions (Sc3+, Y3+, La3+, Sm3+, Li+, K+, Na+, O−) and the charge‐compensating defect were obtained. The vibration frequency of F− ions in the neighbourhood of F and F is changed by a factor of 2.6 and 0.6, respectively.
The influence of inhibitors on the growth of barium sulfate crystals in suspension: Scale prevention (II)
Authors: van Rosmalen G. M. , van der Leeden M. C. , Gouman J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe inhibiting influence of four organic bisphosphonates with different substituents on the growth rate of barium sulfate crystals, suspended in a supersaturated solution, has been investigated. The growth process has been studied conductometrically. Plots of both the relative supersaturation versus time and the mean linear rate versus the growth affinity have been given. — The results have been interpreted using a hypothesis, stating that growth inhibition occurs due to simultaneous coordination of the cations and hydrogen bonding of the anions at the active growth spots on the crystal surface.
On the backscattering factor in quantitative Auger electron spectroscopy of binary alloys
Authors: Berndt H. , Streubel P. , Meisel A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe matrix dependent relative sensitivity factor Srel(c) is considered for use in quantitative Auger analysis. It is affected by matrix dependent factors like the backscattering factor, the escape depth of Auger electrons and the number of atoms per unit volume. The backscattering factor, especially, is evaluated and possibilities of its determination are shown. Measurements of Auger intensities and of the energy distribution of backscattered electrons were carried out for this purpose on a series of CuPd and CuSb alloys, respectively. The backscattering factor thus obtained is compared with values resulting from a formula of JABLONSKI and by experimental data of SMITH and GALLON.
Thermal decomposition of partially Mg2+‐exchanged forms of zeolite A investigated by DTA‐and X‐ray high temperature methods
Authors: Schmitz W. , Siegel H. , Schöllner R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOnly the application of high temperature X‐ray diffraction and DTA‐methods results in an uncontradicted explanation of processes occuring at thermal decomposition of NaA‐and Mg2+‐exchanged zeolite in the temperature region of 700 to 1100°C. Decomposition of NaA‐zeolite takes place depending on time and temperature in the following sequence: NaA‐zeolite – amorphous phase – carnegieite – nepheline. Zeolites with degrees of exchange of magnesium ions above 50% on the other hand decompose at increasing temperature sucessively to the following phases: NaMgA‐zeolite – amorphous phase – spinel, mullite and amorphous SiO2.
X‐ray determination of mean square amplitudes of lattice oscillations in ZnSiP2
Authors: Deus P. , Schneider H. A. , Voland U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe mean square amplitudes of lattice oscillations are investigated in ZnSiP2 monocrystals and powders in a temperature range of 77 … 600 K and 90 … 300 K resp. A simple method developed for a sphalerite lattice is used interpreting the chalcopyrite lattice as sphalerite with a cation mass of 1/2(mZn + mSi). According to the theoretical expectation the dynamical amplitudes of oscillation of the P‐sublattice are smaller than those of the cationsublattice because of the mass ratio of the ions in the sublattices and the small gap between acoustical and optical phonons.
Electronic absorption spectra of lead iodide
Authors: Gobinathan R. , Hariharan K. , Ramasamy P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOptical absorption studies on gel grown single crystals and vacuum evaporated thin film of lead iodide have been carried out at room temperature and liquid nitrogen temperature. The exciton peak in the case of gel grown crystal was observed at 4940 Å whereas for the film at 4900 Å. The presence of lead colloids in the film was revealed through a broad featureless band around 5500 Å. The absorption tails in the temperature range from 80 to 300 K are found to obey Urbach rule. Examining the various power law dependences of the observed optical density on photon energy, it has been established that the transition is of direct type resulting in a band gap of 2.53 ev.
New product forecasting
Authors: Assmus Gert 
Published: July 2007

AbstractForecasting new‐product performance has been called ‘one of the most difficult and critical management tasks’. It has attracted considerable attention because of the magnitude of the resources devoted to product development and because of the sizeable risks involved in making the go–no‐go decisions. In comparison with forecasting sales for established products, there is no sales history, or more generally, the company has no product specific experience related to consumer acceptance, trade support and competitive reactions. This article first presents a review of new product forecasting techniques with an emphasis given to the more recent developments in forecasting models. Then, forecasting procedures are assessed by discussing their benefits and their costs. The third part of the article discusses trends in new product forecasting.
The teachers/practitioners corner comparative analysis of load forecasting techniques at a southern utility
Authors: Huss William R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe prime directive of any regulated electric utility is to provide adequate and reliable electricity supplies to the consuming public at reasonable cost. This requires the continual addition of new generating plants which is based on a long term forecast of energy and peak demand. This study documents the forecasting process used at a southern utility and compares the accuracy of their models to that produced using Holt's exponential smoothing and generalized adoptive filtering.
Solving large sparse systems of equations in econometric models
Authors: Don F. J. Henk , Gallo Giampiero M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractComparative studies of Gauss‐Seidel and Newton‐type algorithms for solving large sparse systems of equations are reported by Népomiastchy and Ravelli (1978), Gabay et al. (1980) and Norman et al. (1983). The first two favour Newton's method, the third favours Gauss‐Seidel. Apart from working on different test models, their setups differ in the implementation of both schemes.This paper studies the performance of both methods on ten different econometric models of varying size and complexity. First the choice of implementation (equation reordering, updating rules for Newton's Jacobian) is studied on a relatively small model. Qualitative and quantitative feedback criteria are considered, and an efficient reordering algorithm is discussed. On the ten models considered, the selected Newton method is almost uniformly cheaper, generally reducing the number of iterations by more than 30 percent A final section draws attention to the possible extra gains of Newton's method in evaluating multipliers for policy analysis.
Operational filtering of traffic data
Authors: Ahmed Samir A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn operational filter of traffic state variables is presented for use in designing computer‐aided traffic surveillance and control systems. A total of 166 data sets from three traffic surveillance systems were used in the filter development. All the data sets were best represented by an ARIMA (0,1,3) filter. This filter has the following advantages: (1) it yields minimum mean‐square‐error forecasts if stationarity of the observations can be obtained; (2) it provides much better results than the existing ad hoc filters; (3) it is computationally tractable; and (4) it requires modest computer storage of data. Suggestions and implications for the use of this filter are given.
Subjective intervention in formal models
Authors: West Mike , Harrison Jeff 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSuccess in forecasting using mathematical/statistical models requires that the models be open to intervention by the user. In practice, a model is only one component of a forecasting system, which also includes the users/forecasters as integral components. Interaction between the user and the model is necessary to adequately cater for events and changes that go beyond the existing form of the model. In this paper we consider Bayesian forecasting models open to interventions, of essentially any form, to incorporate subjective information made available to the user. We discuss principles of intervention and derive theoretical results that provide the means to formally incorporate feedforward interventions into Bayesian models. Two example time series are considered to illustrate why and when such interventions may be necessary to sustain predictive performance.
Judgemental revision of sales forecasts: A longitudinal eetension
Authors: Mathews Brian P. , Diamantopoulos A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWhen quantitative models are used for short‐term multi‐item sales forecasts it is possible that the managers who use such forecasts may disagree with at least some of the estimates obtained, and wish to change them so that they become more consistent with their own (subjective) evaluation of the marketplace. This study reports on an analysis of the effectiveness of judgemental revision of sales forecasts over six quarterly forecasting periods. The results give general support for the practice of forecast manipulation as a means of improving forecasting accuracy. It is also observed that the effectiveness of revision activity varies across different time periods.
The combination of macroeconomic forecasts
Authors: Bischoff Charles W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper examines combined forecasts based on two components: forecasts produced by Chase Econometrics and those produced using the Box‐Jenkins ARIMA technique. Six series of quarterly ex ante and simulated ex ante forecasts are used over 37 time periods and ten horizons. The forecasts are combined using seven different methods. The best combined forecasts, judged by average relative root‐mean‐square error, are superior to the Chase forecasts for three variables and inferior for two, though averaged over all six variables the Chase forecasts are slightly better. A two‐step procedure produces forecasts for the last half of the sample which, on average, are slightly better than the Chase forecasts.
Systematic solution of primitive rotation recovery problems of known 3‐D structure from a single view
Authors: Shakunaga Takeshi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper considers the case where the geometrical model for a 3‐D object is given, and discusses the solution of the problem to cover the rotation of the object from a single (monocular) view image. The rigid body is represented by a set of vectors and the joint is represented by a unit vector corresponding to the rotational axis. For each rigid object, the connecting joint is included. The inner product between unit vectors as well as the scalar triple product are assumed as known. Using such a model, not only the rigid body which has widely been discussed, but also the object composed of rigid bodies and joints with the rotational degree of freedom can be handled by the same framework.In the previous paper, it was shown that such a problem to determine the rotational posture of the object can be represented by a graph, and the solvability of the problem is discussed. The basic problem represented by the tree structure is formulated.This paper defines anew the concept of connection index, and classifies the tree‐structured basic problems. For the basic problem with the connection index being 0 and 1, an algorithm is proposed which can estimate the rotations of the rigid subobject. The algorithms have the common structure for each connection index, and can be easily be constructed by defining the geometrical inference inherent to each basic problem. The usefulness of the algorithm is demonstrated through the individual experiments.
Implementation and evaluation of SCSE for OSI secure communications
Authors: Nakao Kouji , Tanaka Toshiaki , Suzuki Kenji , Urano Yoshiyori 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe authors have proposed a secure communications service element (SCSE) which can provide such security functions as authentification, information confidentiality, and data integrity (prevention of data modification), as application service elements (ASE) in the open‐type system interconnection(OSI) application layer. The proposal is evaluated highly from the viewpoint of OSI protocol design technique to realize the security function.This paper attempts to verify the realizability of the proposed SCSE and the applicability to OSI communication. Further, it reports on the design of the SCSE software package and the implementation/evaluation. In the implementation/evaluation of the proposed package, especially, it is intended to demonstrate the applicability to OSI communication applications.As typical examples of SCSE applications, file transfer access and management (FTAM) assuming the totally duplicate communication function in the session layer, as well as document transfer and manipulation (DTAM) assuming the use of the semiduplicate communication function are adopted. Through the verification experiment such as the measurement of the processing load, the practical usefulness and the applicability of SCSE are evaluated. As a result, it is shown that the efficient OSI security communication system can be realized by SCSE. Since the proposed approach can be applied to the totally duplicate and the semiduplicate communications, it is shown that the method is applicable to all OSI communication applications.