bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Population-Based Newborn Hearing Screening in England: Ages of Interventions and Profile of Cases
Authors: Uus Kai , Bamford John 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness in routine practice of the first phase of a national population-based newborn hearing screening and follow-up program that seeks to identify infants with bilateral permanent hearing loss of ≥40-dB hearing loss.
METHODS. The study was a part of the independent evaluation of the 23 first phase sites (annual birth population ∼120000) of the national newborn hearing screening program in England. For each infant identified with the defined hearing loss, the measures of interest were degree and type of hearing loss, presence of risk factors, age of first audiologic assessment, age of identification of hearing loss, age of enrollment in an early support program, and age of hearing aid fitting. Data collection took place over the first 2 years of the program.
RESULTS. Data were provided on 169 infants with permanent bilateral moderate or greater hearing loss identified through screening 169487 infants. Fifty-four percent of all cases were from an “at-risk” population. Three fourths of these “at-risk” infants spent ≥48 hours in the NICU. For the whole sample, the median age at first audiologic assessment was 5 weeks; the median age of identification of the hearing loss and of enrollment in early support program was 10 weeks irrespective of the degree of hearing loss; and the median age at hearing aid fitting was 16 weeks. Infants with moderate hearing loss were fitted with hearing aids significantly later than those with severe and profound hearing loss.
CONCLUSIONS. Properly implemented, a newborn hearing screening program based on whole populations and routine service provision can deliver satisfactory outcomes in terms of age of referral, identification, and intervention. The distribution of degree and type of hearing loss and proportion with risk factors was similar to that expected. The numbers identified were such as to suggest that very few cases were missed by the screening program.
The Effect of Instituting a Prehospital-Discharge Newborn Bilirubin Screening Program in an 18-Hospital Health System
Authors: Eggert Larry D. , Wiedmeier Susan E. , Wilson Janie , Christensen Robert D. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. Kernicterus is a rare but devastating condition. The prevention of bilirubin-induced brain injury is based on the detection of infants at risk for developing severe hyperbilirubinemia. In an 18-hospital health system, Intermountain Health Care (IHC), we initiated a program of predischarge bilirubin screening of all neonates and coupled this with a results assessment using a percentile-based nomogram. Data during 2 periods of time, before versus after initiating the program, were compared to assess the effect of the program on significant hyperbilirubinemia and rehospitalization.METHODS. We conducted a historic cohort study involving all neonates delivered at ≥35 weeks' gestation, within IHC's 18-hospital system, during 2 periods of time: March 1, 2001, to December 31, 2002, versus January 1, 2003, to December 31, 2004. A bilirubin screening program, instituted in December 2002, called for a total serum bilirubin (TSB) or transcutaneous bilirubin measurement to be performed on every neonate either at the recognition of clinical jaundice or before discharge regardless of whether jaundice was observed. For nonjaundiced neonates, the nursery staff was encouraged to obtain the screening TSB at the same time they obtained the state-mandated newborn screen for inborn errors of metabolism. Bilirubin values were plotted on an hour-specific nomogram and the corresponding percentile was used to guide evaluation, therapy, and follow-up. This study compared TSB data and readmission data for a 2-year period before versus a 2-year period after implementing the program.RESULTS. The study involved 101272 neonates: 48789 in period 1 and 52483 in period 2. Before the program, 1 in every 77 neonates born at an IHC hospital had 1 or more serum bilirubin levels &gt;20 mg/dL. After initiating the program, the incidence fell to 1 in 142 and the number of neonates with a level &gt;25 mg/dL fell from 1 in 1522 before to 1 in 4037 after. The rate of hospital readmission with a primary diagnosis of jaundice fell from 0.55% in period 1 to 0.43% in period 2.CONCLUSIONS. Initiating a program of bilirubin screening in a multihospital health system, coupled with evaluating the results using a percentile-based nomogram, reduced the proportion of neonates with significant hyperbilirubinemia and reduced the rate of hospital readmissions with jaundice.
Pain Assessment for Pediatric Patients in the Emergency Department
Authors: Drendel Amy L. , Brousseau David C. , Gorelick Marc H. 
Published: May 2006

OBJECTIVE. To examine the relationship between pediatric patient visit characteristics and pain score documentation in the emergency department (ED) and determine whether documentation of a pain score is associated with increased analgesic use.METHODS. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted of ED visits for pediatric patients from the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (1997–2000). Survey weighted regression first was used to assess the association between patient visit characteristics and pain score documentation. The regression then was repeated to determine the association between documentation of a pain score and analgesic use, adjusting for visit characteristics.RESULTS. A total of 24707 visits were included. Only 44.5% of visits had documented pain scores. In the regression analysis, younger age, self-pay, visits to pediatric facilities, and visits that were not designated as injury related were associated with decreased pain score documentation. Documentation of pain score was associated with increased odds of an analgesic prescription and opioid prescription. When no pain score was documented, the odds of receiving any analgesic was similar to visits with pain documented as mild.CONCLUSION. ED pain score documentation is suboptimal in the pediatric population. Infants and toddlers are at particular risk for not having a pain score documented. There is a significant association between pain score documentation and the use of any analgesic, particularly opioids. Improvements in pain documentation for acutely ill and injured children are needed to improve pain management.
“We Have Our Protector”: Misperceptions of Protection Against HIV Among Participants in a Microbicide Efficacy Trial
Authors: Mantell Joanne E. , Morar Neetha S. , Myer Landon , Ramjee Gita 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We examined perceptions of the effectiveness and acceptability of a candidate microbicide among 94 South African female sex workers who had participated in a phase 3 microbicide trial for HIV prevention. Methods. Sixteen focus groups were conducted in 2001, 12 to 15 months after participants were informed that the candidate microbicide had been determined to be ineffective in preventing HIV and other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Results. Participants clearly indicated that they understood the experimental nature of the candidate microbicide, and they recognized that they had been informed after the trial that the product was ineffective. Nevertheless, most continued to believe that the candidate microbicide helped prevent HIV and other STIs, alleviated reproductive tract pain and STI symptoms, and helped to clean the vagina. Conclusions. These findings underscore the importance of understanding women’s perceptions of the efficacy of candidate microbicides and the rationale for these beliefs. These issues need to be addressed in counseling throughout microbicide trials for HIV prevention. These results also demonstrate how desperate many women at high risk of HIV infection may be for new HIV prevention technologies.
Prevalence of HIV Infection Among Young Adults in the United States: Results From the Add Health Study
Authors: Morris Martina , Handcock Mark S. , Miller William C. , Ford Carol A. , Schmitz John L. , Hobbs Marcia M. , Cohen Myron S. , Harris Kathleen M. , Udry J. Richard 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We estimated HIV prevalence rates among young adults in the United States. Methods. We used survey data from the third wave of the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health, a random sample of nearly 19000 young adults initiated in 1994–1995. Consenting respondents were screened for the presence of antibodies to HIV-1 in oral mucosal transudate specimens. We calculated prevalence rates, accounting for survey design, response rates, and test performance. Results. Among the 13184 participants, the HIV prevalence rate was 1.0 per 1000 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.4, 1.7). Gender-specific prevalence rates were similar, but rates differed markedly between non-Hispanic Blacks (4.9 per 1000; 95% CI=1.8, 8.7) and members of other racial/ethnic groups (0.22 per 1000; 95% CI=0.00, 0.64). Conclusions. Racial disparities in HIV in the United States are established early in the life span, and our data suggest that 15% to 30% of all cases of HIV occur among individuals younger than 25 years.
Health Care Access Among Individuals Involved in Same-Sex Relationships
Authors: Heck Julia E. , Sell Randall L. , Gorin Sherri Sheinfeld 
Published: May 2006

Objectives. We used data from the National Health Interview Survey to compare health care access among individuals involved in same-sex versus opposite-sex relationships. Methods. We conducted descriptive and logistic regression analyses from pooled data on 614 individuals in same-sex relationships and 93418 individuals in opposite-sex relationships. Results. Women in same-sex relationships (adjusted odds ratio [OR]=0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI]=0.39, 0.92) were significantly less likely than women in opposite-sex relationships to have health insurance coverage, to have seen a medical provider in the previous 12 months (OR=0.66; 95% CI=0.46, 0.95), and to have a usual source of health care (OR=0.50; 95% CI=0.35, 0.71); they were more likely to have unmet medical needs as a result of cost issues (OR=1.85; 95% CI=1.16, 2.96). In contrast, health care access among men in same-sex relationships was equivalent to or greater than that among men in opposite-sex relationships. Conclusions. In this study involving a nationwide probability sample, we found some important differences in access to health care between individuals in same-sex and opposite-sex relationships, particularly women.
Recruiting Minority Men Who Have Sex With Men for HIV Research: Results From a 4-City Campaign
Authors: Silvestre Anthony J. , Hylton John B. , Johnson Lisette M. , Houston Carmoncelia , Witt Mallory , Jacobson Lisa , Ostrow David 
Published: May 2006

We describe the efforts of a 4-city campaign to recruit Black and Hispanic men who have sex with men into an established HIV epidemiological study. The campaign used community organizing principles and a social marketing model that focused on personnel, location, product, costs and benefits, and promotion. The campaign was developed at the community, group, and individual levels to both increase trust and reduce barriers. The proportion of Hispanic men recruited during the 2002–2003 campaign doubled compared with the 1987 campaign, and the proportion and number of White men decreased by 20%. The proportion of Black men decreased because of the large increase in Hispanic men, although the number of Black men increased by 56%. Successful recruitment included training recruitment specialists, involving knowledgeable minority community members during planning, and having an accessible site with convenient hours.
Analytical, physiologic, and clinical validation of a radioimmunoassay for measurement of procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide in serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained from dogs
Authors: Schuller Simone , Valentin Sophie , Remy Benoit , Jespers Pascale , Foulon Suzanne , Van Israël Nicole , Clercx Cécile , McEntee Kathleen 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To validate a radioimmunoassay for measurement of procollagen type III amino terminal propeptide (PIIINP) concentrations in canine serum and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and investigate the effects of physiologic and pathologic conditions on PIIINP concentrations.
Sample Population—Sera from healthy adult (n = 70) and growing dogs (20) and dogs with chronic renal failure (CRF; 10), cardiomyopathy (CMP; 12), or degenerative valve disease (DVD; 26); and sera and BALF from dogs with chronic bronchopneumopathy (CBP; 15) and healthy control dogs (10 growing and 9 adult dogs).
Procedure—A radioimmunoassay was validated, and a reference range for serum PIIINP (S-PIIINP) concentration was established. Effects of growth, age, sex, weight, CRF, and heart failure on S-PIIINP concentration were analyzed. In CBP-affected dogs, S-PIIINP and BALF-PIIINP concentrations were evaluated.
Results—The radioimmunoassay had good sensitivity, linearity, precision, and reproducibility and reasonable accuracy for measurement of S-PIIINP and BALF-PIIINP concentrations. The S-PIIINP concentration reference range in adult dogs was 8.86 to 11.48 μg/L. Serum PIIINP concentration correlated with weight and age. Growing dogs had significantly higher S-PIIINP concentrations than adults, but concentrations in CRF-, CMP-, DVD-, or CBP-affected dogs were not significantly different from control values. Mean BALF-PIIINP concentration was significantly higher in CBP-affected dogs than in healthy adults.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In dogs, renal or cardiac disease or CBP did not significantly affect S-PIIINP concentration; dogs with CBP had high BALF-PIIINP concentrations. Data suggest that the use of PIIINP as a marker of pathologic fibrosis might be limited in growing dogs.
Effect of changes in ionized calcium concentration in arterial blood and metabolic acidosis on the arterial partial pressure of oxygen in dogs
Authors: Lopez Ignacio , Felsenfeld Arnold J. , Estepa Jose C. , Rodriguez Mariano , Aguilera-Tejero Escolastico 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate the effects of metabolic acidosis and changes in ionized calcium (Ca2+) concentration on PaO2 in dogs.
Animals—33 anesthetized dogs receiving assisted ventilation.
Procedure—Normal acid-base status was maintained in 8 dogs (group I), and metabolic acidosis was induced in 25 dogs. For 60 minutes, normocalcemia was maintained in group I and 10 other dogs (group II), and 10 dogs were allowed to become hypercalcemic (group III); hypocalcemia was then induced in groups I and II. Groups II and IV (5 dogs) were treated identically except that, at 90 minutes, the latter underwent parathyroidectomy. At intervals, variables including PaO2, Ca2+ concentration, arterial blood pH (pHa), and systolic blood pressure were assessed.
Results—In group II, PaO2 increased from baseline value (96 ± 2 mm Hg) within 10 minutes (pHa, 7.33 ± 0.001); at 60 minutes (pHa, 7.21 ± 0.02), PaO2 was 108 ± 2 mm Hg. For the same pHa decrease, the PaO2 increase was less in group III. In group I, hypocalcemia caused PaO2 to progressively increase (from 95 ± 2 mm Hg to 104 ± 3 mm Hg), which correlated (r = −0.66) significantly with a decrease in systolic blood pressure (from 156 ± 9 mm Hg to 118 ± 10 mm Hg). Parathyroidectomy did not alter PaO2 values.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Induction of hypocalcemia and metabolic acidosis each increased PaO2 in anesthetized dogs, whereas acidosis-induced hypercalcemia attenuated that increase. In anesthetized dogs, development of metabolic acidosis or hypocalcemia is likely to affect ventilatory control.
De novo pure 12q22q24.33 duplication: First report of a case with mental retardation, ADHD, and Dandy‐Walker malformation
Authors: Cappellacci S. , Martinelli S. , Rinaldi R. , Martinelli E. , Parisi P. , Mancini B. , Pescosolido R. , Grammatico P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe present a patient with a de novo 12q nonmosaic pure duplication characterized by multiple minor anomalies and Dandy–Walker malformation. A neurological and behavioral assessment revealed psychomotor retardation and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), with neurobehavioral abnormalities (auto‐ and heteroaggressive behavior). Fluoxetine therapy in this case markedly improved the neurobehavioral profile, with a decreased level of aggression. To define the extension of the duplicated region, we performed FISH analyses by using YAC probes. The analyses revealed a tandem duplication of the 12q22q24.33 region, with the proximal breakpoint located between 96.5 and 97.6 cM and the distal one between 154 and 161 cM. This is the first case of pure de novo duplication involving the 12q22q24.33 region. To better define the clinical phenotype associated with 12q partial duplication, we compared our case with the four patients with similar pure duplications previously described. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intrachromosomal triplication 12p11.22–p12.3 and gonadal mosaicism of partial tetrasomy 12p,**
Authors: Eckel Heike , Wimmer Rainer , Volleth Marianne , Jakubiczka Sibylle , Muschke Petra , Wieacker Peter 
Published: May 2006

AbstractCases of tetrasomy 12p and trisomy 12p are known to be associated with specific phenotypic abnormalities well described in the literature. Here, we report on the unusual case of a partial tetrasomy 12p found in an affected patient and in a mosaic constellation in the patient's mother, who showed no phenotypic abnormality. The index patient was a 16‐year‐old boy with clinical features similar to the “trisomy 12p syndrome” including mental retardation, macrocephaly, a short nose with anteverted nostrils, and a broad protruding lower lip. G‐banding analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) experiments using locus specific YAC DNA probes revealed a derivative chromosome 12 with a partial triplication of the short arm with an inverted copy, flanked by two direct copies. Chromosome analyses in parental lymphocytes showed a chromosomal mosaicism in the phenotypically normal mother, with 12% cells exhibiting the same partial tetrasomy 12p as detected in her son. The allelic pattern of short tandem repeats (STR) in the mother's blood DNA showed that a chimerism can be excluded with high probability. To our knowledge, this is the first report of intrachromosomal triplication on chromosome 12, as well as partial tetrasomy 12p mosaicism. Moreover, as a consequence of the chromosomal aberration in the son it can be concluded that a gonadal mosaicism is present in the mother. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pregnancy outcome of fetuses with trisomy 18 identified by prenatal sonography and chromosomal analysis in a perinatal center
Authors: Yamanaka Michiko , Setoyama Takuya , Igarashi Youko , Kurosawa Kenji , Itani Yasufumi , Hashimoto Sakae , Saitoh Keisuke , Takei Miki , Hirabuki Tomoo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo investigate the pregnancy outcome of fetuses affected with trisomy 18, we analyzed 63 cases diagnosed at our hospital from January 1993 to December 2004. Twenty‐nine were males and 34 were females. Fifty‐eight were prenatally diagnosed, and in 16 (27.6%) of them intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) occurred between 28 weeks and 41 weeks gestation (34.6 ± 3.9 weeks, Mean ± SD). Ten (17.2%) fetuses died during labor and their age ranged from 30 weeks to 40 weeks of gestation. The total number of cases ending in fetal demise was 26 (44.8%) and the mean gestational age at the time of fetal demise was 35.0 ± 3.6 weeks (Mean ± SD). All liveborn infants (n = 36) were born after 31 weeks gestation. In our study the preterm birth ratio for trisomy 18 is 34.8%, which is much higher than the ratio for the general population. Females are more likely than males to be long‐term survivors. These data are helpful in the counseling of parents faced with the difficult decision of whether or not to continue a pregnancy with a fetus affected with trisomy 18. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A population‐based case‐control study of isolated primary congenital glaucoma
Authors: Vogt Gábor , Horváth‐Puhó Erzsébet , Czeizel Andrew E. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe studied the possible etiological factors of isolated primary congenital glaucoma (IPCG) using data from the Hungarian Case‐Control Surveillance of Congenital Abnormalities, 1980–2002. The study group consisted of 52 cases with IPCG compared to 52 matched control pairs without any defects, and 22,744 malformed controls with non‐ocular defects and 37,837 population controls with no defect. Exposure data and family history were collected (i) prospectively by prenatal logbook and other medical records, (ii) retrospectively through a structured questionnaire completed by mothers, and (iii) from supplementary information obtained by regional nurses visiting the homes of non‐respondent mothers. Autosomal recessive inheritance of IPCG was suspected on the basis of sib occurrence and parental consanguinity in 15% of cases. The shorter gestational age (with high proportion of preterm birth), higher birth order, large proportion of births among unmarried women, low socioeconomic status, and high rate of unemployment may be related to Gypsy origin of at least 54% of cases of IPCG. We conclude that the higher incidence of IPCG in the Hungarian Gypsy population is associated with their inbreeding and the possible founder effect of a gene mutation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Model averaging in linkage analysis
Authors: Matthysse Steven 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMethods for genetic linkage analysis are traditionally divided into “model‐dependent” and “model‐independent,” but there may be a useful place for an intermediate class, in which a broad range of possible models is considered as a parametric family. It is possible to average over model space with an empirical Bayes prior that weights models according to their goodness of fit to epidemiologic data, such as the frequency of the disease in the population and in first‐degree relatives (and correlations with other traits in the pleiotropic case). For averaging over high‐dimensional spaces, Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) has great appeal, but it has a near‐fatal flaw: it is not possible, in most cases, to provide rigorous sufficient conditions to permit the user safely to conclude that the chain has converged. A way of overcoming the convergence problem, if not of solving it, rests on a simple application of the principle of detailed balance. If the starting point of the chain has the equilibrium distribution, so will every subsequent point. The first point is chosen according to the target distribution by rejection sampling, and subsequent points by an MCMC process that has the target distribution as its equilibrium distribution. Model averaging with an empirical Bayes prior requires rapid estimation of likelihoods at many points in parameter space. Symbolic polynomials are constructed before the random walk over parameter space begins, to make the actual likelihood computations at each step of the random walk very fast. Power analysis in an illustrative case is described. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
When is a “Positive” association truly a “Positive” in psychiatric genetics? A commentary based on issues debated at the World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics, Boston, October 12–18, 2005
Authors: DeLisi Lynn E. , Faraone Stephen V. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe accumulated literature on candidate gene findings in psychiatric genetics is extensive. There is concern that many of the published findings to data are false positives. At the October 2005 World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics this issue was discussed by a panel of experts. This manuscript describes the panel discussion, its implications for the reporting of association studies of psychiatric disorders and suggestions for when to decide that a positive finding is truly positive. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.