bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hematologic changes associated with the appearance of eccentrocytes after intragastric administration of garlic extract to dogs
Authors: Lee Keun-Woo , Yamato Osamu , Tajima Motoshi , Kuraoka Minako , Omae Shogo , Maede Yoshimitsu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether dogs given garlic extract developed hemolytic anemia and to establish the hematologic characteristics induced experimentally by intragastric administration of garlic extract.Animals—8 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.Procedure—4 dogs were given 1.25 ml of garlic extract/kg of body weight (5 g of whole garlic/kg) intragastrically once a day for 7 days. The remaining 4 contol dogs received water instead of garlic extract. Complete blood counts were performed, and methemoglobin and erythrocyte-reduced glutathione concentrations, percentage of erythrocytes with Heinz bodies, and percentage of eccentrocytes were determined before and for 30 days after administration of the first dose of garlic extract. Ultrastructural analysis of eccentrocytes was performed.Results—Compared with initial values, erythrocyte count, Hct, and hemoglobin concentration decreased to a minimum value on days 9 to 11 in dogs given garlic extract. Heinz body formation, an increase in erythrocyte- reduced glutathione concentration, and eccentrocytes were also detected in these dogs. However, no dog developed hemolytic anemia.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The constituents of garlic have the potential to oxidize erythrocyte membranes and hemoglobin, inducing hemolysis associated with the appearance of eccentrocytes in dogs. Thus, foods containing garlic should not be fed to dogs. Eccentrocytosis appears to be a major diagnostic feature of garlic-induced hemolysis in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1446–1450)
Prevalence and relevance of antibodies to type-I and -II collagen in synovial fluid of dogs with cranial cruciate ligament damage
Authors: de Rooster Hilde , Cox Eric , Bree Henri van 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To measure and compare synovial fluid antibody titers to type-I and -II collagen in stifle joints with instability caused by complete or partial cranial cruciate ligament (CCL) rupture and joints with osteoarthrosis secondary to other pathologic changes in dogs.Animals—82 dogs with diseased stifle joints.Procedure—Synovial fluid samples were collected from 7 dogs with clinically normal stifles (control group) and 82 dogs with diseased joints (50 stifle joints with complete rupture of the CCL, 20 with partial damage of the CCL, and 12 joints with radiographic signs of osteoarthritis secondary to other arthropathies). Synovial fluid samples were tested for autoantibodies to type-I and -II collagen by an ELISA.Results—In dogs with complete and partial CCL rupture, synovial fluid antibody titers to type-I and -II collagen were significantly increased, compared with control dogs. Forty-eight percent (24/50) of samples from dogs with complete CCL rupture and 35% (7/20) of samples from dogs with partial CCL rupture had antibody titers to type-I collagen that were greater than the mean plus 2 standard deviations of the control group titers. Synovial fluid antibody titers to type- II collagen were high in 40% of the dogs with partial or (8/20) complete (20/50) CCL rupture. Dogs with osteoarthrosis secondary to other pathologic changes had significantly increased synovial fluid antibodies to type-I and -II collagen, compared with control dogs.Conclusion—Increases in autoantibodies to collagen in synovial fluid are not specific for the type of joint disorder. It is unlikely that the anticollagen antibodies play an active role in the initiation of weakening of the CCL. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1456–1461)
Quantification of measurement of femoral head coverage and Norberg angle within and among four breeds of dogs
Authors: Tomlinson James L. , Johnson Jane C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To report values for percentage coverage of the femoral head (PC) and Norberg angle (NA) in 4 common breeds of dogs and to determine values for each that distinguish between normal and dysplastic hip status on the basis of Orthopedic Foundation for Animals (OFA) hip evaluation.Animals—1,841 dogs 24 to 48 months of age that were Labrador Retrievers (455), Golden Retrievers (423), Rottweilers (545), or German Shepherd Dogs (418).Procedure—Retrospective analysis of NA and PC measured from standard OFA ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs from 4 breeds of dog.Results—Norberg angle ranged from 67.4 to 124.4° for Labrador Retrievers, 59.7 to 128.6° for Rottweilers, 70.2 to 119.4° for Golden Retrievers, and 55.3 to 121.3° for German Shepherd Dogs. The PC ranged from 6.5 to 79.9% for Labrador Retrievers, 5.7 to 79.5% for Rottweilers, 8.3 to 79.3% for Golden Retrievers, and 5.4 to 83.7% for German Shepherd Dogs. On the basis of logistic regression modeling for determining normal versus abnormal hip status for all 4 breeds, cutoff points for NA were < 105° and PC were < 50%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of our study indicate that cutoff points of NA of 105° and PC of 50% do not differentiate normal versus dysplastic hip status. Each of the 4 breeds had different values for NA and PC that distinguished normal from dysplastic hip status. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1492–1500)
Hepatic and pulmonary enzyme activities in horses
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Winder Bruce S. , Noorouz-Zadeh Jaffar , Huang Tien L. , Buckpitt Alan R. , Hammock Bruce D. , Plopper Charles G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine hepatic and pulmonary phase-I and phase-II enzyme activities in horses.Sample population—Pulmonary and hepatic tissues from 22 horses that were 4 months to 32 years old.Procedure—Pulmonary and hepatic tissues from horses were used to prepare cytosolic (glutathione S-transferase and soluble epoxide hydrolase) and microsomal (cytochrome P450 monooxygenases) enzymes. Rates of microsomal metabolism of ethoxyresorufin, pentoxyresorufin, and naphthalene were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Activities of glutathione S-transferase and soluble epoxide hydrolase were determined spectrophotometrically. Cytochrome P450 content was determined by carbon monoxide bound-difference spectrum of dithionite-reduced microsomes. Activity was expressed relative to total protein concentration.Results—Microsomal protein and cytochromeP450 contents were detectable in all horses and did not vary with age. Hepatic ethoxyresorufin metabolism was detected in all horses; by comparison, pulmonary metabolism of ethoxyresorufin and hepatic and pulmonary metabolism of pentoxyresorufin were detected at lower rates. Rate of hepatic naphthalene metabolism remained constant with increasing age, whereas rate of pulmonary naphthalene metabolism was significantly lower in weanlings (ie, horses 4 to 6 months old), compared with adult horses. Hepatic glutathione S-transferase activity (cytosol) increased with age; however, these changes were not significant. Pulmonary glutathione S-transferase activity (cytosol) was significantly lower in weanlings than adult horses. Hepatic and pulmonary soluble epoxide hydrolase did not vary with age of horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activity of cytochrome P450 isoforms that metabolize naphthalene and glutathione S-transferases in lungs are significantly lower in weanlings than adult horses, which suggests reduced ability of young horses to metabolize xenobiotics by this organ. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:152–157)
Pathogenesis of Streptococcus zooepidemicus infection after intratracheal inoculation in llamas
Authors: Cebra Christopher K. , Heidel Jerry R. , Cebra Margaret L. , Tornquist Susan J. , Smith Bradford B. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To test whether generalizedStreptococcus zooepidemicusinfection could be induced by intratracheal inoculation in llamas and to characterize this infection.Animals—6 test and 3 control llamas.Procedure—Test llamas received 1 of 3 dosages ofS zooepidemicusby intratracheal injection, whereas control llamas received sterile culture medium. Physical examination variables and results of clinicopathologic analyses of blood, peritoneal fluid, and tracheal wash fluid were compared in test llamas between, before, and during the development of bacteremia and with control llamas. Bacteriologic culture was performed on all collected body fluids and tissue specimens that were collected at necropsy. Tissue specimens that were collected at necropsy were examined histologically.Results—Infection induced fever, anorexia, and signs of depression. Five of 6 infected llamas developed specific signs of inflammation in the thorax or abdomen, bacteremia, neutrophilic leukocytosis with toxic changes and high band neutrophil cell counts, hyperfibrinogenemia, and high peritoneal fluid WBC counts and protein concentrations. On development of bacteremia, llamas had significant decreases in serum iron (from 118 ± 25 to 6 ± 4 µg/ml) and increases in serum glucose (from 131 ± 5 to 253 ± 48 mg/dl) concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Streptococcus zooepidemicusspreads rapidly to other body compartments after intratracheal inoculation in llamas. Fever, anorexia, and signs of depression are the most consistent clinical signs, although other signs are possible. Clinicopathologic analysis of body fluids yields evidence of inflammation. Infection byS zooepidemicuscan be proven by bacteriologic culture of body fluids before death or of tissue specimens after death.(Am J Vet Res2000:61;1525–1529)
Effects of dexamethasone on development of immunoglobulin G subclass responses following vaccination of horses
Authors: Slack JoAnn , Risdahl Jack M. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Murphy Michael J. , Schram Brian R. , Lunn D. Paul 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of dexamethasone on development of IgG subclass responses following vaccination of healthy horses.Animals—11 mature Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Horses received 2 IM injections at 2- week intervals of a vaccine containing inactivated infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, bovine viral diarrhea, and parainfluenza-3 viral antigens and were then randomly assigned to 2 groups. Six horses received dexamethasone (0.2 mg/kg of body weight, IM) twice weekly for 8 weeks starting the day of the first vaccination. Five control horses received an equivalent volume of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Antigen-specific serum IgG subclass titers were determined weekly after vaccination by use of an ELISA.Results—Vaccination resulted in similar antigen-specific serum IgG(T) titers in dexamethasone-treated and control horses. In contrast, although control horses developed IgGa and IgGb responses after vaccination, corticosteroid administration completely inhibited these responses in treated horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cortico steroids can have profound effects on primary immune responses in horses and can significantly affect IgG responses to inactivated vaccines. Corticosteroid treatment regimens commonly used to treat diseases in horses may result induction of a nonprotective IgG subclass response, leaving treated horses susceptible to disease. Additionally, mechanisms regulating IgGa and IgGb responses appear to differ from those regulating IgG(T) responses. Further defining these mechanisms is a critical step in designing effective vaccines, and corticosteroid-induced immunomodulation may be a valuable tool for studying immune responses in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1530–1533)
Anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of four intravenous anesthetic regimens induced in horses immediately after maximal exercise
Authors: Hubbell John A. E. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Schmall L. Michael , Muir William W. , Robertson James T. , Sams Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the anesthetic, cardiorespiratory, and metabolic effects of 4 IV anesthetic regimens in Thoroughbred horses recuperating from a brief period of maximal exercise.Animals—6 adult Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Horses were preconditioned by exercising them on a treadmill. Each horse ran 4 simulated races, with a minimum of 14 days between races. Races were run at a treadmill speed that caused horses to exercise at 120% of their maximal oxygen consumption. Horses ran until fatigued or for a maximum of 2 minutes. Two minutes after exercise, horses received a combination of xylazine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg of body weight) and acepromazine maleate (0.04 mg/kg) IV. Five minutes after exercise, horses received 1 of the following 4 IV anesthetic regimens: ketamine hydrochloride (2.2 mg/kg); ketamine (2.2 mg/kg) and diazepam (0.1 mg/kg); tiletamine hydrochloride-zolazepam hydrochloride (1 mg/kg); and guaifenesin (50 mg/kg) and thiopental sodium (5 mg/kg). Treatments were randomized. Cardiopulmonary indices were measured, and samples of blood were collected before and at specific times for 90 minutes after each race.Results—Each regimen induced lateral recumbency. The quality of induction and anesthesia after ketamine administration was significantly worse than after other regimens, and the duration of anesthesia was significantly shorter. Time to lateral recumbency was significantly longer after ketamine or guaifenesinthiopental administration than after ketaminediazepam or tiletamine-zolazepam administration. Arterial blood pressures after guaifenesin-thiopental administration were significantly lower than after the other regimens.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Anesthesia can be safely induced in sedated horses immediately after maximal exercise. Ketamine-diazepam and tiletamine- zolazepam induced good quality anesthesia with acceptable perturbations in cardiopulmonary and metabolic indices. Ketamine alone and guaifenesinthiopental regimens are not recommended. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1545–1552)
Changes in cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function during deconditioning in horses
Authors: Kriz Nikolaus G. , Hodgson David R. , Rose Reuben J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the effects of deconditioning on cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function in horses.Animals—Thirteen 3-to 4-year-old Standardbred geldings.Procedure—All horses had echocardiographic measurements performed at the conclusion of 9 months of intense training and at weeks 1.5, 4, 8, and 12 of deconditioning. Direct echocardiographic measurements included interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular internal dimensions, left ventricular freewall thickness, left atrial dimension, aortic diameter, diameter of the pulmonary artery, slopes of the mitral valve, heart rate, preejection period, and ejection time. Derived indices of cardiac function included fractional shortening, fractional area change, and cardiac output.Results—Cardiac dimensions did not change significantly for the first 4 weeks of deconditioning but decreased significantly by week 8 and continued to decrease until week 12. Indices of cardiac function increased significantly during the first 10 days of deconditioning, remaining stable until week 4 of deconditioning. After week 4, indices of cardiac function decreased significantly until week 12.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Deconditioning resulted in a general reduction in cardiac dimensions and indices of cardiac function over 12 weeks. However, results of the study reported here indicate that following an intense period of training, cardiac function may be maintained during the first 4 weeks of deconditioning. Results indicate that trained horses may rest for up to 4 weeks without a substantial reduction in cardiac capacity as reflected by echocardiographic indices. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 1553–1560)
Effects of a hydrolyzed collagen dressing on the healing of open wounds in dogs
Authors: Swaim Steven F. , Gillette Robert L. , Sartin Eva A. , Hinkle Sherri H. , Coolman Shindok L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effects of a hydrolyzed bovine collagen dressing (HBCD) on healing of open wounds in healthy dogs.Animals—9 female Beagles.Procedures—2 full-thickness skin wounds were made bilaterally on the trunk of each dog. Wounds on 1 side were treated with powdered HBCD covered with a semiocclusive nonadherent bandage. Wounds on the other side (control wounds) were covered with a semiocclusive nonadherent bandage only. Wound healing was subjectively assessed, and percentage increase in tissue perfusion was assessed by use of laser Doppler perfusion imaging (LDPI). Planimetry was performed to determine the percentages of contraction, epithelialization, and total wound healing. Biopsy specimens were examined microscopically to evaluate histologic changes.Results—The HBCD did not induce a strong inflammatory reaction, as reflected by results of LDPI and histologic examination. Moreover, HBCD appeared hydrophilic and provided an environment to keep wounds clean and enhance early epithelialization. After treatment for 7 days, treated wounds had a significantly greater percentage of epithelialization than control wounds (12.13 vs 7.03%).Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The hydrophilic property of HBCD may cleanse contaminated wounds with the body's homeostatic fluids and enhance early wound epithelialization. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1574–1578)
Quantification of viral ribonucleic acid in plasma of cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus
Authors: Goto Yuko , Nishimura Yoshiaki , Mizuno Takuya , Endo Yasuyuki , Baba Kenji , Momoi Yasuyuki , Watari Toshihiro , Hasegawa Atsuhiko , Tsujimoto Hajime 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To assess plasma viral RNA concentration
in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency
virus (FIV).

Animals—28 FIV-infected cats.

Procedure—Cats were categorized into 1 of the 3 following
stages on the basis of clinical signs: asymptomatic
(nonclinical) carrier (AC; n = 11), acquired
immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex (ARC;
9), or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS;
8). Concentration of viral RNA in plasma (copies per
ml) was determined by use of a quantitative competitive
polymerase chain reaction (QC-PCR) assay. Total
lymphocyte count, CD4+ cell and CD8+ cell counts,
and the CD4+ cell count-to-CD8+ cell count ratio were
determined by use of flow cytometry.

Results—Plasma viral RNA concentration was significantly
higher in cats in the AIDS stage, compared
with cats in AC and ARC stages. Most (5/7) cats in the
AIDS stage had low total lymphocyte, CD4+ cell, and
CD8+ cell counts.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Concentration
of plasma viral RNA is a good indicator of disease progression
in FIV-infected cats, particularly as cats
progress from the ARC to the AIDS stage.
Determination of CD4+ and CD8+ cell counts can be
used as supportive indicators of disease progression.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1609–1613)
Antigenic and molecular characterization of a herpesvirus isolated from a North American elk
Authors: Deregt Dirk , Jordan Lorne T. , Hurk Sylvia van Drunen Littel-van den , Masri Saad A. , Tessaro Stacy V. , Gilbert Scott A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether a herpesvirus isolated
from the semen of a North American elk was
related to bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1).

Sample Population—Semen from 1 healthy bull elk
and 2 subtypes of BHV-1 (BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2).

Procedures—A virus with cytopathic and electron
microscopic characteristics consistent with an alphaherpesvirus
was isolated from elk semen, using fetal
bovine kidney cells. Cross-neutralization assays were
performed with antisera against BHV-1 and the elk
herpesvirus (ElkHV). Restriction endonuclease
digests of ElkHV DNA were compared with digests of
BHV-1.1 and BHV-1.2 DNA. A portion of the ElkHV
DNA polymerase gene was amplified with consensus
primers by use of the polymerase chain reaction and
sequenced. Sequence was compared with known
sequences of other herpesviruses. An immunoperoxidase
monolayer assay was used to determine reactivities
of 22 BHV–1-specific monoclonal antibodies
(mAb) against ElkHV. In vitro neutralizing activities of
the reactive mAb were determined by use of a
microneutralization assay.

Results—Results of cross-neutralization assays indicated
that ElkHV was serologically related to BHV-1.
Endonuclease digestion of ElkHV DNA generated
fragments that were distinct from those of BHV-1.
Nucleotide sequencing confirmed that ElkHV is an
alphaherpesvirus closely related to but distinct from
BHV-1. Six of 22 BHV–1-specific mAb reacted against
ElkHV; 2 of these 6 also neutralized in vitro infectivity
of ElkHV.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—ElkHV is antigenically
and genetically distinguishable from BHV-1.
However, the viruses are serologically related and
share at least 6 antigenic determinants, one of which
is a major neutralizing determinant. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1614–1618)
In vitro comparison of transfixation and standard full-limb casts for prevention of displacement of a mid-diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site in horses
Authors: Hopper Scott A. , Schneider Robert K. , Johnson Craig H. , Ratzlaff Marc H. , White Karl K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—–To compare transfixation and standard full-limb casts for prevention of in vitro displacement of a mid-diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site in horses.Sample Population—6 forelimbs from 6 horses euthanatized for reasons not related to the musculoskeletal system.Procedure—A 30° osteotomy was performed in the mid-diaphysis of the third metacarpal bone. Two 4.5-mm cortical bone screws were placed across the osteotomy site to maintain alignment during casting. Two 6.35-mm Steinmann pins were placed from a lateral-to-medial direction in the distal aspect of the radius. A full-limb cast that incorporated the pins was applied. An extensometer was positioned in the osteotomy site through a window placed in the dorsal aspect of the cast, and after removal of the screws, displacement was recorded while the limb was axially loaded to 5,340 N (1,200 lb). Pins were removed, and the standard full-limb cast was tested in a similar fashion.Results—The transfixation cast significantly reduced displacement across the osteotomy site at 445 N (100 lb), 1,112 N (250 lb), 2,224 N (500 lb), and 4,448 N (1,000 lb), compared with the standard cast.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A full-limb transfixation cast provides significantly greater resistance than a standard full-limb cast against axial collapse of a mid-diaphyseal third metacarpal osteotomy site when the bone is placed under axial compression. Placement of full-limb transfixation casts should be considered for the management of unstable fractures of the third metacarpal bone in horses. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1633–1635)