bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An upscale theory of particle simulation for two‐dimensional quasi‐static problems
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Hobbs B. E. , Ord A. , Peng Shenglin , Liu Liangming 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn upscale theory of the particle simulation, which is based on the distinct element method, is presented for two‐dimensional quasi‐static problems. Since the present upscale theory is comprised of four similarity criteria between different length‐scale particle‐simulation models, it reveals the intrinsic relationship between the particle‐simulation solution obtained from a small length‐scale (e.g. a laboratory length‐scale) model and that obtained from a large length‐scale (e.g. a geological length‐scale) one. The present upscale theory is of significant theoretical value in the particle simulation of two‐dimensional systems, at least from the following two points of view. (1) If the mechanical response of a particle model of a small length‐scale is used to indirectly investigate that of a large length‐scale, then the present upscale theory provides the necessary conditions, under which the particle model of the small length‐scale needs to be satisfied so that a similarity between the mechanical responses of two different length‐scale particle models can be maintained. (2) If a particle model of a large length‐scale is used to directly investigate the mechanical response of the model, then the present upscale theory can be used to determine the necessary particle‐scale mechanical properties from the macroscopic mechanical properties that are obtained from either a laboratory test or an in situ measurement. The related simulation results from two typical examples of significantly different length‐scales (i.e. a metre‐scale and a kilometre‐scale) have demonstrated the usefulness and correctness of the proposed upscale theory for simulating different length‐scale problems in quasi‐static geological systems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliability analysis on ductus venosus assessment at 11–14 weeks' gestation in a high‐risk population
Authors: Borrell Antoni , Perez Marimer , Figueras Francesc , Meler Eva , Gonce Anna , Gratacos Eduard 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the intra‐ and interobserver reliability of the fetal ductus venosus (DV) blood flow measurements at 11–14 weeks' gestation in a high‐risk population for chromosomal defects.MethodsThirty‐five consecutive singleton pregnancies at high risk for chromosomal or genetic anomalies were included. DV end‐diastolic velocity (EDV) and the pulsatility index for veins (PIV) were determined by manual tracing in three sets of waveforms by a single sonographist to assess intraobserver reliability using transvaginal ultrasound. Subsequently, the EDV and the PIV were also determined in a further set by a second sonographist to assess interobserver reliability. Reliability was evaluated by means of the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC). The degree of agreement was also examined using the limits of agreement method.ResultsThe intraobserver reliability was 0.81 (95% C.I. 0.69–0.89) for EDV and 0.91 (95% C.I. 0.85–0.95) for the PIV, both corresponding to almost perfect reliability. The interobserver reliability was 0.50 (95% C.I. 0.20–0.70) for EDV, and 0.74 (95% C.I. 0.54–0.86) for PIV, corresponding respectively to moderate and substantial reliabilities. The 95% interval of the EDV differences (cm/s) within and between observers were (+6.1, − 4.6) and (+13.6, − 9.7), respectively. The 95% interval of the PIV differences within and between observers were (+0.32, − 0.36) and (+0.7, − 0.67), respectively.ConclusionsInterobserver reliability for EDV is only moderate, whereas for the PIV is substantial, allowing its use for clinical purposes in a high‐risk population. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Induced helix formation and stabilization of a meta‐linked polymer containing pyridine units
Authors: Li Cuihong , Guo Yanbing , Lv Jing , Xu Jialiang , Li Yuliang , Wang Shu , Liu Huibiao , Zhu Daoben 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new amphiphilic polymer containing pyridine units was synthesized and characterized. The solvent‐dependent conformational transition from extended transoid to helical cisoid was studied by absorption, fluorescence, and 1H NMR measurements. The polar solvent promoted the formation of the helical structures. A metal ion or H+ could stabilize the ordered structure. Moreover, the solvophobically induced helical structure was stable to environmental stimuli. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 1403–1412, 2007.
The common sense model of self‐regulation and psychological adjustment to predictive genetic testing: a prospective study
Authors: van Oostrom Iris , Meijers‐Heijboer Hanne , Duivenvoorden Hugo J. , Bröcker‐Vriends Annette H. J. T. , van Asperen Christi J. , Sijmons Rolf H. , Seynaeve Caroline , Van Gool Arthur R. , Klijn Jan G. M. , Tibben Aad 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis prospective study explored the contribution of illness representations and coping to cancer‐related distress in unaffected individuals undergoing predictive genetic testing for an identified mutation in BRCA1/2 (BReast CAncer) or an HNPCC (Hereditary Nonpolyposis Colorectal Cancer)‐related gene, based on the common sense model of self‐regulation.Coping with hereditary cancer (UCL), illness representations (IPQ‐R) and risk perception were assessed in 235 unaffected applicants for genetic testing before test result disclosure. Hereditary cancer distress (IES) and cancer worry (CWS) were assessed before, 2 weeks after and 6 months after result disclosure.Timeline (r = 0.30), consequences (r = 0.25), illness coherence (r = 0.21) and risk perception (r = 0.20) were significantly correlated to passive coping. Passive coping predicted hereditary cancer distress and cancer worry from pre‐test (β = 0.46 and 0.42, respectively) up to 6 months after result disclosure (β = 0.32 and 0.19, respectively). Illness coherence predicted hereditary cancer distress up to 6 months after result disclosure (β = 0.24), too.The self‐regulatory model may be useful to predict the cognitive and emotional reactions to genetic cancer susceptibility testing. Identifying unhelpful representations and cognitive restructuring may be appropriate interventions to help distressed individuals undergoing genetic susceptibility testing for a BRCA1/2 or a HNPCC‐related mutation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Substituent effects on the gas‐phase fragmentation reactions of sulfonium ion containing peptides
Authors: Sierakowski James , Amunugama Mahasilu , Roberts Kade D. , Reid Gavin E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe multistage mass spectrometric (MS/MS and MS3) gas‐phase fragmentation reactions of methionine side‐chain sulfonium ion containing peptides formed by reaction with a series of para‐substituted phenacyl bromide (XBr where X = CH2COC6H4R, and R = COOH, COOCH3, H, CH3 and CH2CH3) alkylating reagents have been examined in a linear quadrupole ion trap mass spectrometer. MS/MS of the singly (M+) and multiply ([M++nH](n+1)+) charged precursor ions results in exclusive dissociation at the fixed charge containing side chain, independently of the amino acid composition and precursor ion charge state (i.e., proton mobility). However, loss of the methylphenacyl sulfide side‐chain fragment as a neutral versus charged (protonated) species was observed to be highly dependent on the proton mobility of the precursor ion, and the identity of the phenacyl group para‐substituent. Molecular orbital calculations were performed at the B3LYP/6‐31+G** level of theory to calculate the theoretical proton affinities of the neutral side‐chain fragments. The log of the ratio of neutral versus protonated side‐chain fragment losses from the derivatized side chain were found to exhibit a linear dependence on the proton affinity of the side‐chain fragmentation product, as well as the proton affinities of the peptide product ions. Finally, MS3 dissociation of the nominally identical neutral and protonated loss product ions formed by MS/MS of the [M++H]2+ and [M++2H]3+ precursor ions, respectively, from the peptide GAILM(X)GAILK revealed significant differences in the abundances of the resultant product ions. These results suggest that the protonated peptide product ions formed by gas‐phase fragmentation of sulfonium ion containing precursors in an ion trap mass spectrometer do not necessarily undergo intramolecular proton ‘scrambling’ prior to their further dissociation, in contrast to that previously demonstrated for peptide ions introduced by external ionization sources. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
WebSEM: An Assessment of K‐12 Remote Microscopy Efforts
Authors: Chumbley A. E. , Chumbley L. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWithin the past 10 years a number of institutions have developed and instituted systems and programs that enable remote control of a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Geared toward use by teachers and educators in K‐12 classrooms, these systems have offered access to advanced instrumentation to thousands of students over the past decade. However, despite the enormous potential and promise associated with remote microscopy, the reality has been that most such systems are not utilized to their fullest extent. This is partly due to time constraints on the instrument; many such systems are an integral part of the research and/or teaching focus of the institution that offers the service, and as such, K‐12 educators are forced to compete with institutional demands. Often this restricts the amount of lessons that can be conducted to a relatively small number, in rather narrowly defined windows of opportunity. However, even when such constraints do not exist, the number of lessons typically requested remains disappointingly low, and the lessons that are conducted are usually simple examinations lacking in depth. In an effort to determine why the promise of K‐12 remote microscopy has not been fully realized, a number of assessments have been carried out at Iowa State University in relation to operation and use of the WebSEM, the Web‐controllable SEM operated by the Materials Science and Engineering Department of Iowa State University as a part of Project ExCEL, the Extended Classroom for Enhanced Learning. These assessments indicate that the key to successful use of advanced equipment in K‐12 classrooms depends less upon hardware than it does upon local instructional situations. Establishing a personal relationship between the SEM operator and the teacher in the classroom appears to be the best way to increase current use of remote microscopy. SCANNING 29: 20–26, 2007. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Das Biegedrillknickverhalten von Glasträgern aus Verbundglas
Authors: Kasper Ruth , Sedlacek Gerhard , Feldmann Markus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBei der Bemessung von Trägern aus Verbundglas stellt sich stets die Frage, inwieweit eine Verbundwirkung der Zwischenfolie mit visko‐elastischem Materialverhalten (PVB‐Folie), welche die Biegedrillknickanfälligkeit erheblich reduzieren würde, in Ansatz gestellt werden kann. Die Berücksichtigung des zeit‐ und temperaturabhängigen Verhaltens mit ständigen und variablen Lastanteilen sowie Temperaturzyklen ist zwar wirtschaftlich wünschenswert, aber die Umsetzung wird in der Praxis als schwierig angesehen. Im folgenden werden die wichtigsten Lösungs‐ und Arbeitsschritte eines neu entwickelten Bemessungskonzeptes [1] vorgestellt, mit dem das Biegedrillknickverhalten von Verbundglasträgern, ausgehend von dem experimentell ermittelten zeit‐ und temperaturabhängigen Steifigkeitsverhalten der am meisten verwendeten PVB‐Folie und erweiterten Verwölbungsansätzen für den Verbundquerschnitt, über Versuche und Simulationen verifiziert werden kann. Dabei liegt der Schwerpunkt auf der Einbezugnahme des zeitabhängigen Effektes.
Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil for Production of Biodiesel in Supercritical Methanol
Authors: He Huayang , Sun Shiyao , Wang Tao , Zhu Shenlin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA kinetic study on soybean oil transesterification without a catalyst in subcritical and supercritical methanol was made at pressures between 8.7 and 36 MPa. It was found that the conversion of soybean oil into the corresponding methyl esters was enhanced considerably in the supercritical methanol. The apparent activation energies of the transesterification are different with the subcritical and the supercritical states of methanol, which are 11.2 and 56.0 kJ/mol (molar ratio of methanol to oil: 42, pressure: 28 MPa), respectively. The reaction pressure considerably influenced the yield of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the pressure range from ambient pressure up to 25 MPa (280 °C, 42:1). The reaction activation volume of transesterification in supercritical methanol is approximately −206 cm3/mol. The PΔV≠ term accounts for nearly 10% of the apparent activation energy, and can not be ignored (280 °C, 42:1).
Military industrialization and economic development: Jordan's defense industry
Authors: Amara Jomana 
Published: February 2007

AbstractJordan is a recent entrant to the domestic defense industry with the establishment of King Abdullah II Design and Development Bureau (KADDB) in 1999. The defense industrial initiative is intended to jumpstart industrialization across a range of sectors. With the Jordanian defense expenditures at 8.7% of GDP, the Jordanian authorities created the defense industry to utilize defense budget spending power and to assist in economic growth without placing additional demands on the national budget. This study examines Jordan's attempt to establish a defense industry and reviews its accomplishment. The study also compares the economic achievements of the defense industry to those of the Qualified Industrial Zone (QIZ), another major government facilitated economic development mechanism.
U.S. corporate bond returns: A study of market anomalies based on broad industry groups
Authors: Nippani Srinivas , Arize Augustine C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe examine three major U.S. corporate bond market indices for calendar‐based anomalies over the period 1982–2002. The analysis covers the entire corporate bond market and two broad industry classes: industrials and utilities. We find mixed support for the weekend effect in the overall bond index and the industrials index and to a lesser extent in the utilities index. We also show strong evidence of a January effect. This paper not only updates the study of corporate bond market anomalies through the period 2002 but also is the first examination based on broad industry classes.
Nitrate and ammonium losses from surface-applied organic and inorganic fertilizers
Authors: KING K. W. , TORBERT H. A. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYAnimal manures are a valuable resource, providing readily available plant nutrients; however, runoff from lands receiving animal manure has been shown to contribute to water pollution. Understanding the loss of nutrients from slow release fertilizers, such as animal manure, after application is critical in determining and designing practices to reduce and/or control the temporal availability and potential offsite transport of NO3-N and NH4-N after application. A block study was designed to compare and contrast the temporal losses of NO3-N and NH4-N from three slow release fertilizers (sulphur-coated urea, composted dairy manure, and poultry litter) and one fast release fertilizer (ammonium nitrate) applied to bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) turf. Cumulative NO3-N loss from plots receiving application of the manufactured (NH4NO3 and sulphur-coated urea) products was significantly (P<0·05) greater than the measured losses from plots receiving application of natural products (composted dairy manure and poultry litter). The cumulative NO3-N recovered in the runoff expressed as a proportion of applied N was 0·37 for ammonium nitrate, 0·25 for sulphur-coated urea, 0·10 for composted dairy manure, and 0·07 for poultry litter during the 10-week study period. Cumulative NH4-N recovery fractions were an order of magnitude less than the cumulative NO3-N fractions and no significant differences (P>0·05) were measured across treatments. Significant differences (P<0·05) in NH4-N and NO3-N loss through time were measured for the four treatments. The findings of the present study indicate that land-applied animal manures are less susceptible to initial losses of N when compared to manufactured fertilizers.
Smoking supernovae
Authors: Gomez H.L. , Eales S.A. , Dunne L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe question ‘Are supernovae important sources of dust?’ is a contentious one. Observations with the Infrared Astronomical Satellite (IRAS) and the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) only detected very small amounts of hot dust in supernova remnants. Here, we review observations of two young Galactic remnants with the Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array (SCUBA), which imply that large quantities of dust are produced by supernovae. The association of dust with the Cassiopeia A remnant is in question owing to the contamination of foreground material. In this paper, we compare the emission from cold dust with CO emission towards Kepler’s supernova remnant. We detect very little CO at the location of the submillimetre peaks. A comparison of masses from the CO and the dust clouds are made, and we estimate the 3σ upper limit on the gas-to-dust ratios to be in the range 20–60. These results suggest that we cannot yet rule out freshly-formed or swept-up circumstellar dust in Kepler’s supernova remnant.
Caregiving at the end of life: Perspectives from spousal caregivers and care recipients
Authors: JO SUSAN , BRAZIL KEVIN , LOHFELD LYNNE , WILLISON KATHLEEN 
Published: February 2007

Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the perspectives of both the spousal caregiver and care recipient on the caregiving experience in home-based palliative care.Methods: A qualitative research strategy involving home-based face-to-face interviews with older palliative care patients and their spousal caregivers was used to examine the caregiving experience.Results: Ten spousal caregivers and care recipient dyads participated in the study. Most informal caregivers viewed caregiving as an extension of the family relationship where caregiving responsibilities evolved over time. Spousal caregivers identified many negative reactions to caregiving, such as fatigue or weariness, depression, anger and sadness, financial stresses, and lack of time. Care recipients acknowledged the emotional and financial strain and expressed concern for their spouses. Both caregivers and care recipients were appreciative of home care services although they identified the need for additional services. They also identified difficulties in communication with formal providers and poor coordination of care among the various services. Both caregivers and care recipients disclosed some challenges with informal supports, but on the whole felt that their presence was positive. Additional positive aspects of caregiving reported by spouses included strengthened relationship with their spouse and discovering emotional strength and physical abilities in managing care.Significance of results: Health care and social service professionals need to recognize and understand both caregiver and care recipient perspectives if they are to successfully meet the needs of both members of the dyad.
Does social support from family and friends work as a buffer against reactions to stressful life events such as terminal cancer?
Authors: RINGDAL GERD INGER , RINGDAL KRISTEN , JORDHØY MARIT S. , KAASA STEIN 
Published: February 2007

Objective: To examine the relationship between social support and emotional functioning and stress reactions. Our hypothesis is that patients who reported a high degree of social support will experience better emotional functioning and less serious stress reactions than patients with a low degree of social support.Method: The sample was comprised of 434 patients at the Palliative Medicine Unit (PMU), University Hospital of Trondheim in Norway. The patients completed a questionnaire monthly including questions about social support from the MacAdam's Scale, subjective stress measured by the Impact of Event Scale (IES), and emotional functioning measured by the subscale in the EORTC QLQ-30.Results: Although our hypothesis was not supported at the baseline assessment, it was supported at the second assessment, 2 months later. Patients with high social support reported better emotional functioning and less serious stress reactions, in terms of lower scores on the IES avoidance subscale, than patients with a low degree of social support.Significance of the results: The mixed findings may indicate that social support has only small effects on emotional functioning and stress reactions. Our results on the second assessment indicate, however, that social support might work as a buffer against reactions toward external stressful events such as terminal cancer.
Prospective Surveillance for Surgical Site Infection in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Authors: Brown Samuel M. , Eremin Sergey R. , Shlyapnikov Sergey A. , Petrova Elena A. , Shirokova Ludmila V. , Goldmann Donald , O'Rourke Edward J. 
Published: February 2007

Objective.To assess the risk-adjusted incidence and predictors of surgical site infections (SSIs).Design.Prospective, multicenter, observational cohort study.Setting.Seven surgical departments at 3 urban academic hospitals in St. Petersburg, Russian Federation.Patients.All patients had surgery performed between January 15 and May 12, 2000. A total of 1,453 surgical procedures were followed up. Medical records were unavailable for less than 3% of all patients; patients were not excluded for any other reason. The mean patient age was 49.3 years, 61% were female, and 34% had an American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification (hereafter, “ASA classification”) of at least 3. Surgery for 45% of the patients was emergent.Results.In all, 138 patients (9.5%) developed SSI, for a rate that was approximately 3.5 times the risk-stratified rates in the United States. Male sex (odds ratio [OR], 1.54), ASA classifications of 3 (OR, 3.7) or 4 (OR, 5.0), longer duration of surgery (OR, 2.2), and wound classes of 3 (OR, 5.5) or 4 (OR, 14.3) were associated with increased SSI risk in multivariate analysis. Endoscopic surgery was associated with a lower risk of SSI (OR, 0.23). Antibiotic prophylaxis was used in 0%-33% of operations, and 69% of uninfected patients received antibiotics after the operation.Conclusions.The SSI rates are significantly higher than previously reported. Although this finding may be attributable to inadequate antibiotic prophylaxis, local infection control and surgical practices may also be contributors. Use of antibiotic prophylaxis should be encouraged and the effect of local practices further investigated. Active SSI surveillance should be expanded to other parts of the Russian Federation.