bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Evaluation of the Hypothesis that Females Are More Susceptible than Males to Lead-induced Haematological Alterations
Authors: Ken R. , Calabrese E.J. , Tuthill R.W. 
Published: December 2008

1 A retrospective epidemiological study was conducted to assess the hypothesis that sex differences exist with respect to selected lead-induced red blood cell parameters. The study utilized data previously collected in the Boston Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program. 2 This study revealed no statistically significant difference between males and females ( n = 1548) aged 1-6 years for blood FEP levels when blood lead levels were similar. 3 These findings are in contrast with previously published research with human adults, which has suggested that adult females display significantly greater FEP values at identical blood level values as similarly aged men.
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans: The Risks to Human Health. A Review
Authors: Skene S.A. , Dewhurst I.C. , Greenberg M. 
Published: December 2008

1 PCDDs and PCDFs are ubiquitous and persistent in the environment. They are to be found in body tissues of both humans and animals.2 The most extensively studied PCDD is 2,3,7,8-TCDD. It has been shown to produce a wide range of effects and is considered to be a (non-genotoxic) carcinogen in animals.3 Studies into the mechanisms of toxicity so far reveal that there is involvement of a specific receptor (Ah), however further work is required to elucidate the mechanisms of the various effects.4 Reports on a number of human exposures to PCDDs and PCDFs are described. Results from human epidemiological studies are difficult to interpret: there have been problems in methodology; there has been inadequate information on intake, and exposures have often been to mixtures of PCDDs and/or PCDFs together with other related compounds.5 Many regulatory authorities faced with the problem of providing an index of risk from exposure to mixtures of PCDDs and PCDFs have employed the concept of 'TCDD equivalents'.6 Whether or not PCDDs and PCDFs pose a significant human health risk at current levels of exposure they remain of considerable interest to the toxicologist.
Chronic Non-neurological Toxicity from Volatile Substance Abuse
Authors: Marjot R. , McLeod A.A. 
Published: December 2008

1 Most of the evidence for chronic non-neurological toxicity from volatile substance abuse is derived from case reports. 2 Factors important in assessing these reports are the marked variations in exposure conditions and in the composition of the products abused. 3 In a young and otherwise healthy population, any chronic organ toxicity arising from VSA has to be gross in order to become clinically apparent. This may partially explain the relatively low incidence of reporting. 4 Toluene and the chlorinated hydrocarbons 1,1,1-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene can cause permanent damage to the kidney, liver, heart and lung, in certain volatile substance abusers.
Neuropsychological Consequences of Volatile Substance Abuse: A Review
Authors: Chadwick O.F.D. , Anderson H.R. 
Published: December 2008

1 The evidence from studies of the neuropsychological consequences of chronic volatile substance abuse is reviewed. 2 Studies of occupational exposure to solvent vapour are of limited relevance when considering the effects of volatile substance abuse because occupational exposure is normally to small quantities of many different compounds over prolonged periods of time. 3 Many studies of chronic volatile substance abusers suffer from serious shortcomings such as the use of small sample sizes, inadequate controls, failure to exclude the possibility of acute toxic effects and a disregard of other factors which could account for the findings. 4 There is reasonably good evidence that neuropsychological impairment is often present amongst volatile subtance abusers with definite neurological abnormalities. 5 Although most studies have found that volatile substance abusers without reported neurological abnormalities obtain lower psychometric test scores than non-abusers, it remains uncertain whether these deficits are best explained in terms of a causal effect of volatile substance abuse, rather than a reflection of other factors associated with volatile substance abuse, such as background, social disadvantages or history of delinquency.
A Comparative Prospective Study of Self-poisoned Patients in Trondheim, Norway between 1978 and 1987: Epidemiology and Clinical Data
Authors: Rygnestad T. 
Published: December 2008

1 In a prospective study of patients hospitalized for deliberate self-poisoning between 1978 and 1987 the number of admissions increased from 303 to 425. The annual incidence increased significantly for both women (P < 0.05) and men (P < 0.01). The mean age decreased significantly in the male group (P < 0.05), but increased in the female group (P < 0.05). 2 The median latency time for patients presenting at the hospital was short; 3.7 h in 1978 and 2.9 h in 1987. 3 There was a significant reduction in the percentage using barbiturates (9% in 1978 and 1% in 1987; P < 0.001) and the use of benzodiazepines increased (18% in 1978 and 32% in 1987; P < 0.05). The percentage of unconscious patients did not change significantly. 4 In 1987 N-acetyl-cysteine was the most frequently used antidote. Physostigmine has almost been abandoned since 1978. 5 Significantly more patients were hypotensive in 1978: 24% vs 11% in 1987; (P < 0.001) and significantly less patients needed treatment in the central intensive care unit (2% in 1987 and 5% in 1978; P < 0.05). Complications were few (8-10%) and the mortality low (approximately 1%) in both years studied. 6 The mean duration of hospitalization in 1978 was 65 h vs 30 h in 1987, (P < 0.001).
Comparison of the binding of 59Fe- and 239Pu-transferrin to rat liver cell membranes
Authors: Planas-Bohne F. , Rau W. 
Published: December 2008

The binding of the 59Fe and 239Pu complexes of transferrin and 125I labelled transferrin [Tf (125I) ] to isolated cell membranes of rat liver has been studied. Transferrin forms a complex with an integral protein of the membrane which has an apparent molecular weight of about 180 kDa and is stable only at pH 7.4. Iron-59 is eluted from Sephacryl S 300 columns together with Tf (125I) or the Tf-membrane protein complex while 239Pu seems to be bound to different membrane protein(s). After isolation of the Tf-binding protein from 35S-labelled membranes and incubation with one of the metal-Tf complexes 59Fe elutes from a Sephacryl S 300 column together with 35S at an apparent molecular weight of ca. 250 kDa while 239Pu is found in fractions of lower molecular weight. It is concluded from these results that there are Tf-receptors in the liver cell membrane to which iron transferrin may bind. Plutonium, however, seems to be dissociated from Tf and bound directly to other membrane proteins.
Post-mortem Serum Concentration of Cantharidin in a Fatal Case of Cantharides Poisoning
Authors: Hundt H.K.L. , Steyn J.M. , Wagner L. 
Published: December 2008

A patient admitted to hospital died shortly after admission without a proper diagnosis having been made. Symptoms as well as the presence of a brown powder found in the possession of the deceased indicated the possibility of cantharidin intoxication. Cantharidin was positively identified by means of a GC/MS analysis, utilizing the selected ion monitoring technique (SIM), for m/z = 197.0813, (M+H+) for cantharidin, under positive chemical ionization conditions at a resolution of 7000 and a mass window of 30 ppm. Quantitation was done by means of a GC/MS SIM analysis of a toluene extract of acidified post-mortem serum under El+ conditions at a resolution of 3000, using clofibrate as internal standard and monitoring m/z = 128.0473 and 128.0029 for cantharidin and clofibrate respectively. The post-mortem serum was found to contain cantharidin at a concentration of 72.3 ng/ m l whilst the cantharides powder contained 0.87% cantharidin.
The Effect of the ?-Particle Emitter Astatine-211 in the Mouse at the Minimum Toxic Dose
Authors: Cobb L.M. , Butler S.A. , Harrison A. 
Published: December 2008

The radioactive halogen astatine-211 was injected into mice in an amount producing minimal toxicity. Histopathological examination of tissues at intervals between 3 d and 16 weeks showed the following changes: 1 Radiation-induced necrosis and progressive fibrosis of the thyroid gland. The gland was reduced to 25% of its original mass with only a few relatively normal follicles persisting. 2 A small, temporary, reduction in peripheral blood lymphocytes, platelets and red cells and a significant persistant increase in polymorphs. 3 Severe reduction in reproductive cells in the testis with some signs of recovery at 16 weeks.
Efficacy of Flumazenil in Acute Alcohol Intoxication: Double Blind Placebo-Controlled Evaluation
Authors: Lheureux P. , Askenasi R. 
Published: December 2008

Flumazenil acts as an antidote for pharmacological and toxic effects due to benzodiazepines. Several isolated observations and short uncontrolled series have also suggested a possible effect against the impairement of consciousness induced by pure alcohol intoxication. Patients admitted in the emergency department with coma related to acute alcohol (ALC) or pure benzodiazepine (BZD) intoxication were randomized and treated blindly with either placebo or 1 mg flumazenil. A modified Glasgow score was used to observe the evolution of consciousness. In the 18 ALC patients, 1 mg flumazenil was not more effective than placebo, whereas it appeared to be very active in the BZD group. However, an open administration of higher doses of flumazenil (2-5 mg) in 11 ALC patients, whose condition had not initially improved, was followed by clear improvement of consciousness in five of them. Flumazenil, administered at a dose usually active against BZD sedation, does not improve CNS depression induced by ALC intoxication. Higher doses could be more effective in some patients, but it should also be verified in a placebo-controlled trial.
The Consequences of Iron Overdose and its Treatment with Desferrioxamine in Pregnancy
Authors: McElhatton P.R. , Roberts J.C. , Sullivan F.M. 
Published: December 2008

A study was carried out to assess the effect on the outcome of pregnancy of iron overdose and its treatment with desferrioxamine. Sixty-eight cases were drawn from those reported to the United Kingdom National Poisons Information Centre and the Teratology Information Service at Guy's Hospital, London, and follow-up was obtained in 51 of these. Two were subsequently reported not to be pregnant and there were 49 records of pregnant patients who took iron overdoses and where outcome of the pregnancy was known. Twenty-five of these patients were treated with desferrioxamine. In 48 of the 49 patients the dose of iron allegedly taken was known and in 28 (60%) was over 20 mg kg-1, sufficient to put them at risk of toxicity. In the 36 whose serum iron levels were measured, 20 patients had levels in excess of 60 μmol l-1, indicating a risk of moderate or severe toxicity. Of the 49 pregnancies, 43 resulted in live babies, two had spontaneous abortions and there were four elective terminations. Of the live babies, three were premature, two of whom had problems, and there were three other babies with abnormalities. All babies with malformations were associated with overdoses after the first trimester and so the malformations cannot be directly related to the overdose. A total of 25 patients received desferrioxamine of whom two had malformed babies, but the desferrioxamine can be excluded as a cause. There was no correlation between the serum iron levels and the birthweights. In conclusion, iron overdose in pregnancy can be fatal and antidote treatment if appropriate should not be withheld. The majority of second and third trimester iron overdoses, treated with desferrioxamine or other antidotes, will have a normal pregnancy outcome. The risk of spontaneous abortion is low but cannot be excluded.
Persistent Ethanol Drinking Increases Liver Injury Induced by Trinitrotoluene Exposure: An In-plant Case-Control Study
Authors: Li Jie  , Jiang Quan-Guan , Zhong Wei-Dong 
Published: December 2008

On the basis of a general survey conducted in a munitions plant, a case-control study was made on the various risk factors of liver damage induced by trinitrotoluene (TNT) exposure in the plant. One-hundred male cases with occupational TNT liver damage were paired with 100 male controls, one-by-one, for occupation, age and duration (years) of employment. A total of 55 possible risk factors were statistically analysed with a single factor analysis. On the basis of the single analysis, nine factors including drinking, smoking and education were further analysed with a conditional logistic regression model. A calculation was made on the odds ratio (OR) of each factor selected into the model. According to the estimated parameter of the established logistic model, the relative risk of the risk factors could be worked out. Finally, two factors, the amount of ethanol drunk on each occasion and the frequency of drinking every week were selected into the model at the level of a = 0.05. The result showed that these two factors have a dose-response relationship with their OR of occupational TNT liver damage, but there is no connection between smoking and occupational TNT liver damage and no interaction between drinking and smoking. The above results have revealed that people exposed to TNT and with a long history of heavy drinking, have a greater risk of suffering from chronic liver impairment than those that do not drink.
Elevation of Lead in Human Blood from its Controlled Ingestion in Beer
Authors: Newton D. , Pickford C.J. , Chamberlain A.C. , Sherlock J.C. , Hislop J.S. 
Published: December 2008

1 Nine volunteers ingested high levels of lead in beer over a 28-d period. The increase in blood lead varied by a factor of about two. There was a similar two-fold variability in the whole-body uptake (mean 14%) of a single oral dose of the short-lived tracer 203Pb. 2 The average elevations led to estimates of the potential increment from consumption of alcoholic beverages which accord broadly with epidemiological observation and which, if relevant to intakes of lead in table wine, raise the possibility of considerably elevated levels in the blood of avid consumers. 3 Rate constants inferred for removal of stable lead from blood were lower than reported following intake of the tracer, reflecting feedback of lead from other compartments.
Immunotoxic Effects of MPT-IP Containing 60% Methylparathion in Mice
Authors: Institóris L. , Siroki Olga , Tóth S. , Dési I. 
Published: December 2008

The effects of a single large and repeated small doses of MPT-IP (the industrial product used to produce Wofatox EC 50) containing 60% methylparathion, on the humoral and cellular immunoreactivity of CFLP mice were investigated.Administration of a single LD50/2 dose 3 d prior to immunization caused a 40% increase in the number of splenic PFC on the 5th day but no significant increase in serum antibody titre on the 7th day after immunization.Treatment for 4 weeks with an LD50/40 dose resulted in a 100% increase in splenic PFC, also not associated with a change in serum antibody titre. Under the same conditions and LD50/20 dose had no effect on these parameters.Neither the single large nor the repeated small doses had any effect on the intensity or time course of a DTH reaction.The results show that MPT-IP has an immunotoxic potential in mice under certain experimental conditions.
Assessment of Pentachlorophenol Exposure in Humans using the Clearance Concept
Authors: Reigner Bruno G. , Bois Frédéric Y. , Tozer Thomas N. 
Published: December 2008

1 Pentachlorophenol (PeCP), a widely-used wood preservative, is a ubiquitous compound which has been found to be carcinogenic in mice. The objective of this study is to assess the average net daily intake of PeCP in cohorts of individuals who are: (1) not specifically exposed to PeCP, (2) residents of homes made of PeCP-treated logs and (3) occupationally exposed to PeCP. 2 The average net daily intake was calculated using a basic pharmacokinetic principle, the clearance (CL) concept: net daily intake equals CL (in 1 d-1) times the average steady-state concentration of PeCP in plasma ( Css). Css values reported in the literature were used for the calculations. 3 Because the two definitive studies on PeCP toxicokinetics in humans have given conflicting results, kinetic information from human exposure to PeCP was reviewed. Plasma clearance was estimated from retrospective analysis of urine and plasma concentrations measured in people after long-term exposure to PeCP. An overall clearance of 0.425 1 d-1 was obtained. 4 In groups of individuals who are not specifically exposed to PeCP, net daily intake estimated in eight countries varied from 5 μg (Nigeria) to 37 μg (The Netherlands). Net intake was between 51 μg d-1 and 157 μg d-1 in residents of homes made of PeCP-treated logs. In individuals occupationally exposed to PeCP, net daily intake varied widely (from 35 μg to about 24 000 μg) depending on the type of work.
Aldrin and Dieldrin Residues in Human Fat, Milk and Blood Serum Collected from Delhi
Authors: Nair Amit , Dureja P. , Pillai M.K.K. 
Published: December 2008

1 Aldrin and dieldrin residues were monitored in the fat, breast milk and blood serum from female residents of Delhi. 2 The average aldrin and dieldrin contents were 0.048 and 0.099 ppb in adipose tissue, 0.003 and 0.060 ppb in breast milk and 0.004 and 0.002 ppb in blood serum, respectively. 3 The older donors contained higher levels of aldrin and dieldrin in their adipose tissue. 4 Primagravidae contained more of these chemicals in their breast milk. 5 A positive correlation was observed between the aldrin concentration in adipose tissue and breast milk, and that in adipose tissue and blood serum. Similarly, a significant correlation was found between dieldrin in adipose tissue and blood serum. 6 The levels of aldrin and dieldrin were low in samples from residents of Delhi when compared to those in developed countries.
Drug Interaction between Rifampicin, Isoniazid and Cotrimoxazole in Rabbits
Authors: Malhi R. , Uppal R. , Sharma P.L. 
Published: December 2008

1 The results of cotrimoxazole (CTZ) co-administration (15 mg kg-1 trimethoprim + 40 mg kg-1 sulphamethoxazole) on plasma concentration and various pharmacokinetic parameters of rifampicin (RIF, 24 mg kg-1) and isoniazid (INH, 14 mg kg-1) were studied. 2 In the test group ( n = 6), CTZ was administered on the 24th day of antitubercular treatment (ATT) and given for 7 d. 3 At the end of concurrent treatment with CTZ, RIF half-life ( t½) and plasma concentration were both increased. However, there was no effect on INH half-life and plasma concentration.
High-Dose Cyclophosphamide and Dexamethasone in Paraquat Poisoning: A Prospective Study
Authors: Perriëns J.H. , Benimadho S. , Lie Kiauw I. , Wisse J. , Chee H. 
Published: December 2008

Between March 1986 and March 1988, 47 consecutive patients, whose paraquat intoxication was confirmed by urine testing, were enrolled in a prospective study on the treatment of paraquat poisoning. Fourteen received a standard treatment regimen consisting of fluid replacement and oral absorbents, and 33 received high-dose cyclophosphamide and dexamethasone, in addition to standard therapy. The case fatality rate in both treatment groups (63 and 61%) was similar. In addition, all 26 patients whose paraquat serum concentrations were measured and who had a probability of survival of less than 65% according the survival curve of Hart et al. died, regardless of therapy. These included four in the cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone group and two in the standard treatment group who had prior survival probabilities between 50 and 65%. This indicated that the cut-off curve relating mortality and paraquat serum concentrations was similar in both treatment groups. High-dose cyclophosphamide/dexamethasone treatment is unlikely to improve the prognosis of paraquat poisoning.
An International Appraisal of the Minimum Duration of Chronic Animal Toxicity Studies
Authors: Lumley Cynthia E. , Parkinson Christopher , Walker Stuart R. 
Published: December 2008

1 There are international differences in regulatory guidelines for the appropriate duration of chronic, two species repeat-dose animal tests for new medicines intended for long-term use in man, ranging from 6 months in Europe to 12 months in Japan and the USA.1 2 An adequate data base is necessary to support any challenge to the scientific rationale behind regulatory guidelines with regard to the design, duration and relevance of toxicity tests of new medicines. 3 The Centre for Medicines Research has established an international toxicology data base which has been expanded to enable a comparison of data obtained within 6 months, with information from longer periods, for 154 studies. 4 Although new findings were revealed after 6 months for 9/75 cases for which pathology data are available at 6 and 12 months or longer, and 21/80 with data at 1 or 3 (but not 6 months) and 12 months or longer, in no instance did these influence the decision to drop or further develop the compounds in question. 5 These data suggest that a 6-month period of dosing is all that is routinely required for evaluating the chronic toxic (excluding carcinogenic) potential of a new chemical entity intended for therapeutic use.
Rat Model to Investigate the Treatment of Acute Nitrogen Dioxide Intoxication
Authors: Meulenbelt J. , Dormans J.A.M.A. , Marra M. , Rombout P.J.A. , Sangster B. 
Published: December 2008

1 The pulmonary toxic events induced by acute nitrogen dioxide (NO)2 exposure were studied in the rat to develop an inhalation model to investigate therapeutic measures. 2 A good correlation was observed between the lung weights and severity of the atypical pneumonitis. The pulmonary effects observed, became more pronounced with increasing NO 2 concentrations (0, 25, 75, 125, 175 or 200 ppm, 1 ppm NO2=1.88 mg m-3 NO2) and exposure times (5, 10, 20 or 30 min). 3 An adequate NO 2 concentration is 175 ppm, because it can induce a severe lung injury without mortality. This makes it possible to investigate suitable therapeutic interventions for several days. 4 Following acute inhalatory NO2 intoxication, transformation of NO2 to nitrate is presumably more notable than transformation to nitrite. 5 The transformation of NO2 to nitrate in lung tissue causes a slight increase in the serum nitrite concentration, which does not induce measurable formation of methaemoglobin. 6 Presumably, methaemoglobin does not contribute to the toxicity of NO2 intoxication.