bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ON THE METABOLISM OF TWO ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIN ANALOGUES
Authors: BAKER JOHN R. J. , BENNETT HUGH P. J. , HUDSON ANNE M. , MARTIN COLIN Mc , PURDON GILLIAN E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe metabolism of Synacthen® (corticotrophin‐(1–24)‐tetracosapeptide) and C‐41795‐Ba ([d‐Ser1, Lys17, Lys18]‐corticotrophin‐(1–18)‐octadecapeptide amide) have been compared in the rat following intravenous injection. Using Synacthen and C‐41795‐Ba labelled with tritium it was possible to follow the tissue distribution of the two peptides. The kidney was shown to concentrate intact peptide and fragments of both peptides. Autoradiography of perfused kidney sections demonstrated the uptake of radioactivity into the lysosomes of the kidney proximal tubule cells. Comparison of the distribution of radioactive products formed from the tetracosapeptide labelled in different positions indicates that, prior to renal uptake, metabolism is taking place at other sites in the body. It is suggested that rapid cleavage occurs extracellularly at or near the N‐ and C‐termini. Then large fragments remaining in the circulation, together with any intact material, are filtered through the glomerulus and are taken up by endocytosis into the proximal tubule cells of the kidney. The synthetic N‐ and C‐terminal protection of the octadecapeptide appears to inhibit the extracellular attack and so the concentration of intact peptide in the kidneys is initially higher than the tetracosapeptide. Although concentrations of radioactivity in other tissues are low in comparison with the kidneys, the quantities are quite high when the weight of the tissues are considered. Chromatographic analysis of this radioactivity reveals that the octadecapeptide gives rise to much higher tissue levels of intact peptide and we believe that this acts as a depot and gives rise to the sustained blood concentrations and prolonged biological effects observed with this peptide.
THYROXINE BINDING GLOBULIN DEFICIENCY IN A FAMILY WITH TYPE I HYPERLIPOPROTEINAEMIA
Authors: LAMBERTS S. W. J. , CASPARIE A. F. , MIEDEMA K. , HENNEMANN G. , HULSMANS H. A.M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA familial type I hyperlipoproteinaemia is described in three members of a family of eleven; on the basis of LPL activity and HDL content of plasma three other members of the family have been diagnosed to be heterozygotes without other disturbances in their lipid spectrum. The distribution of this lipid disorder is in accordance with an autosomal recessive inheritance pattern. In this family a second hereditary condition, thyroxine binding globulin deficiency, was found in addition to the hyperlipoproteinaemia. The inheritance of this condition appears to be as an autosomal dominant. An interrelated inheritance pattern of both conditions could not be proved, but both traits may be located on the same chromosome at some distance from another to allow recombination.
NEUROENDOCRINE CONTROL OF PROLACTIN IN EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: MEITES JOSEPH 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHypothalamic regulation of prolactin secretion in animals (mammals) and man appears to be similar, and no significant differences have yet been demonstrated. The hypothalamus contains neurotransmitters and polypeptides that can either inhibit or stimulate prolactin release, although the predominant influence under basal conditions is to inhibit prolactin release. Thus pituitary stalk section or placement of lesions in the basal tuberal region of the hypothalamus results in increased prolactin release and sometimes in initiation of lactation. Among agents in the hypothalamus that can inhibit prolactin release, the most important appear to be an as yet unidentified polypeptide prolactin release inhibiting factor (PIF) and dopamine. There is some evidence that dopamine may account for most, if not all, of the prolactin release inhibiting activity of the hypothalamus. Agents that increase dopamine activity, i.e. L‐dopa, monoamine oxidase inhibitors, etc., depress prolactin release. Acetylcholine also can inhibit prolactin release, but it appears to act via the catecholamines. Of the agents in the hypothalamus that stimulate prolactin release, the most important appear to be an as yet uncharacterized polypeptide prolactin releasing factor (PRF), thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) and serotonin. TRH is as effective in releasing prolactin as in releasing TSH, but under most physiological states, TSH and prolactin release do not occur together. Serotonin and its precursors, tryptophan and 5‐hydroxytryptophan, are powerful releasors of prolactin and have been shown to be involved in some physiological states in which prolactin is released, i.e. during suckling, stress, etc. Other agents in the hypothalamus that can stimulate prolactin release include GABA and some prostaglandins, but these have not yet been shown to be involved in physiological control of prolactin secretion. Exteroceptive stimuli that alter prolactin release act through the CNS and hypothalamus, but some hormones and drugs also can act directly on the pituitary to promote or depress prolactin release.
EFFECT OF lα‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D3 AND 1,25‐DIHYDROXYVITAMIN D3 ON INTESTINE AND BONE IN GLUCOCORTICOID‐TREATED PATIENTS
Authors: LUND B. , ANDERSEN R. B. , FRIIS T. , HJORTH L. , JØRGENSEN F. S. , NORMAN A. W. , SØRENSEN O. H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of lα‐hydroxyvitamin D3 (lα‐OHD3) and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25–(OH)2D3) on the intestinal calcium absorption was studied in twenty patients with rheumatoid arthritis treated with prednisone at daily doses of 5–15mg for 1/2–20 years. The fractional calcium absorption, measured before and after the treatment with the vitamin D compounds, increased in nineteen of the twenty patients. This was, however, accompanied by marked rises in the urinary calcium excretion. There was no correlation between the fractional calcium absorption and the duration of the prednisone treatment or the doses given.
MEASUREMENT OF THYROID SIZE BY ULTRASOUND, PALPATION AND SCINTISCAN
Authors: TANNAHILL A. J. , HOOPER M.J. , ENGLAND MYSIA , FERRISS J. B. , WILSON G. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThyroid gland size was calculated from grey‐scale ultrasound images in twenty patients with goitre. Results were compared with measurements by palpation and in some cases with measurements by scintiscan and at operation. There was a good correlation between ultrasound measurements and both the size of surgical specimens and clinicians' estimations, although clinicians under‐estimated the size of large (> 40 ml) goitres compared with ultrasound and surgical specimens. Gland size calculated from scintiscan did not correspond well with measurements by ultrasound or palpation.
ADRENOLEUKODYSTROPHY: REPORT OF A FAMILIAL CASE
Authors: FETTES I. , KILLINGER D. , VOLPÉ R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYAdrenoleukodystrophy is an unusual disorder in which progressive diffuse demyelination of the cerebrum is associated with adrenal insufficiency, and which is transmitted as a sex‐linked recessive trait. This report describes a 36‐year‐old male, who first presented 12 years previously with hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism. It is only more recently that he has developed primary adrenal insufficiency, as well as a neurological disorder characterized by cerebellar, pyramidal tract and cerebral cortical abnormalities. One brother died at age 7 with Schilder's disease, while another brother suffered adrenal insufficiency, progressive mental and neurological deterioration and death at age 38, with post‐mortem evidence of adrenoleukodystrophy. Histological studies have revealed cytoplasmic striated inclusions, which proved to be lipid in nature, but the precise defect in lipid metabolism has yet to be clarified.
TWENTY‐FOUR HOUR PROFILES OF CIRCULATING ANDROGENS AND OESTROGENS IN MALE PUBERTY WITH AND WITHOUT GYNAECOMASTIA
Authors: LARGE D. M. , ANDERSON D. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe possible mechanisms involved in the development of transient gynaecomastia during male puberty have been investigated by studying 24 h profiles of circulating androstenedione (Ao) and testosterone (T) and their oestrogen pairs oestrone (E1) and oestradiol (E2), in eight boys with simple delayed puberty, eleven boys with pubertal gynaecomastia (three of whom were re‐tested after its spontaneous resolution), and two normal adult men.No differences were observed between the 24 h T and Ao profiles of pubertal boys with or without gynaecomastia; we confirmed that the initial T rise was nocturnal, associated with sleep. Late in puberty daytime T levels also rise. A small rise in 24 h Ao was seen, but this was not closely related to the stage of puberty. The major new finding was that E2 and to a lesser extent E1 levels are high relative to T for prolonged periods of the afternoon and evening (when T levels are lowest) in male puberty. A frequent finding, seen only in boys with gynaecomastia and one who later developed it, was of elevated and markedly fluctuating levels of plasma E2, and an absolute increase in the area under the 24 h E2 profile and between the E2 and T profiles. These fell towards normal in three boys who were re‐tested after resolution of gynaecomastia. In a minority of subjects T and E2 were quite closely correlated, suggesting that in them rapid aromatization of T was occurring within or outside the testis.We conclude that normal male puberty is associated with relative oestrogen dominance particularly in the daytime. In boys with gynaecomastia there is in addition often an absolute elevation of E2 with or without E1, while 24 h T levels are submaximal. Normal men probably require sustained adult circulating T levels to prevent their oestrogens from stimulating breast development.
THE EFFECT OF LONG‐TERM DIPHENYLHYDANTOIN THERAPY ON GLUCOSE TOLERANCE AND INSULIN SECRETION: A CONTROLLED TRIAL
Authors: PERRY‐KEENE D. A. , LARKINS R.G. , HEYMA P. , PETER C. T. , ROSS D. , SLOMAN J. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe influence of long‐term administration of diphenylhydantoin (DPH) on glucose tolerance and insulin secretion was studied in a random controlled trial in non‐epileptic patients receiving the drug for 2 years following recovery from myocardial infarction. While receiving DPH, insulin response to glucose was less than that in the control group, both in absolute terms and when related to the blood glucose level. Despite this, glucose tolerance did not differ from the control group. One month after cessation of DPH, the plasma insulin response had returned to the levels found in the control group, and glucose tolerance had improved to be significantly better than that found in the control group. Thus, the tendency of DPH to impair the insulin response to glucose has been confirmed in this controlled study. However, this does not result in significantly impaired glucose tolerance; it is suggested that the decreased insulin secretion is accompanied by improved insulin sensitivity.
A GONADOTROPHIN RESPONSIVE TESTOSTERONE PRODUCING ADRENOCORTICAL ADENOMA AND HIGH GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS IN AN ELDERLY WOMAN
Authors: DE LANGE W. E. , PRATT J. J. , DOORENBOS H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA gonadotrophin responsive testosterone producing adrenal cortical adenoma in a 61–year‐old woman is described. Oophorectomy was performed before adrenalectomy as at first an ovarian origin of excess androgen production was suspected. The hypophyseal gonadal feedback system was studied after oophorectomy using LHRH before and after administration of ethinyloestradiol. After adrenalectomy this study was repeated using ethinyloestradiol at two dose levels and after premedication with testosterone. In this patient the LH feedback system behaved similarly to that observed in Klinefelter's syndrome and in patients with anorchia.
SERUM LIPIDS, POSTHEPARIN PLASMA LIPASE ACTIVITIES AND GLUCOSE TOLERANCE IN PATIENTS WITH PROLACTINOMA
Authors: PELKONEN RISTO , NIKKILÄ ESKO A. , GRAHNE BERTEL 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYSerum total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were determined in forty‐seven women with prolactinoma and in eighty‐four age‐ and weight‐matched control women. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTT) were performed and postheparin plasma lipoprotein lipase (LPL) and hepatic lipase (HL) activities were determined in twelve patients before and after transsphenoidal removal of the prolactinoma.The mean levels of serum cholesterol and triglyceride were significantly higher in patients than in controls. The 90% cut‐off line of controls for serum cholesterol was exceeded by 36% and that for serum triglyceride by 23% of the patients. The triglyceride levels were raised only in patients with GH‐deficiency whereas patients with normal GH secretion had normal triglyceride. Plasma LPL activity was significantly reduced whereas plasma HL activity was in the upper range of normal.After the removal of prolactinoma the serum prolactin levels decreased in all patients and seven started to menstruate. The oral glucose tolerance was improved and the plasma insulin response decreased. Serum lipid levels and the lipase activities, however, did not change.Conclusion: prolactinoma is associated with metabolic abnormalities characterized by hyperlipidaemia, low plasma LPL activity and insulin resistance.
EFFECT OF RADIOIODINE ON STIMULATORY ACTIVITY OF GRAVES’IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: ATKINSON S. , McGREGOR A. M. , KENDALL‐TAYLOR PAT , PETERSON M. M. , SMITH B. R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effects of 131I therapy on the activity of thyroid stimulating antibody (TSAb) and thyrotrophin binding inhibiting immunoglobulin (TBII) in nineteen patients with Graves’disease have been studied.Prior to 131I administration TSAb was detected in 84%, and TBII in 68% of patients. Following 131I administration TSAb and TBII were detectable in 100% of patients. The elevation 3 months after treatment of the means of both the TSAb and TBII indices for the group of nineteen patients was highly significant compared with pre treatment values. All the patients went into remission during the course of the study and the TSAb index declined in all patients, becoming undetectable in eleven; TBII also declined in most patients but remained detectable in thirteen. The study furthermore afforded the opportunity for a direct comparison of binding with stimulatory activity.These results show that after 131I therapy for Graves’hyperthyroidism there is a transient increase in TSAb as well as TBII, followed by a decline, and that the measurement of binding and stimulatory activities are in good general agreement.
GROWTH HORMONE SECRETION AND PLASMA SOMATOMEDIN‐C IN PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: CHERNAUSEK S. D. , UNDERWOOD LOUIS E. , UTIGER R. D. , VAN WYK J. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe effect of thyroid hormone deficiency on plasma immunoreactive somato‐medin‐C concentrations, growth hormone (GH) secretion in response to provocative stimuli, and the plasma somatomedin‐C response to exogenous GH was studied in patients with primary hypothyroidism. Plasma Somatomedin‐C concentrations were below the 95% confidence interval in 11 of 12 hypothyroid patients (mean ± SD=0·27·0±14 U/ml). With thyroid hormone therapy the mean plasma somatomedin‐C level increased four‐fold (1·00·0±43 U/ml). The capacity to secrete GH in response to pharmacological agents was impaired in 3 of the 6 hypothyroid patients tested and normal in the remainder. When the same 6 patients were given a single intramuscular injection of GH (0·1 U/kg) plasma somatomedin‐C concentrations increased four‐fold by 28 h after the injection. The magnitude of the somatomedin‐C response was equal to or greater than that reported for euthyroid GH deficient subjects treated similarly. This study shows that plasma somatomedin‐C concentrations are diminished by hypothyroidism. The decreased somatomedin‐C levels do not appear to result from resistance to the stimulatory effect of GH, but may be either a result of diminished GH secretion or may be due to direct effects of hypothyroidism upon somatomedin production.
EFFECT OF BROMOCRIPTINE IN PITUITARY‐DEPENDENT CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: BOSCARO M. , BENATO M. , MANTERO F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTo assess the therapeutic value of a dopaminergic drug on abnormal ACTH secretion, we studied the effect of bromocriptine during short and long‐term treatment in nine patients with active pituitary‐dependent Cushing's syndrome. The single oral dose effect of bromocriptine (2·5 mg at 0800 h) on ACTH samples obtained every half hour for 3 h, was studied in six patients with Cushing's disease; in no case was suppression of ACTH observed. In five patients, the effect of bromocriptine was also investigated after its administration for two consecutive days (5 mg/d) with plasma samples taken every half hour for 12 h; in three cases no suppression of plasma ACTH was observed, while the other two showed a significant decrease. Three of our patients (a nonresponder to the single dose, a responder to the two‐day treatment, and an untested patient) were subjected to prolonged bromocriptine administration (2–45 months). In the first two patients only, biochemical data and clinical symptoms showed improvement, while the other patient showed only initial benefit. These data show that bromocriptine may occasionally reduce ACTH secretion in pituitary‐dependent Cushing's syndrome, and that a single oral dose bromocriptine test fails to identify the patients who will benefit from this treatment.
PERSISTENCE OF MÜLLERIAN DUCTS IN MALE PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITISM, AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CRYPTORCHIDISM
Authors: JOSSO NATHALIE , FEKETE CLAIRE , CACHIN OLGA , NEZELOF C. , RAPPAPORT R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwenty‐two cases of male pseudohermaphroditism with persistence of Müllerian duct derivatives were reviewed. In 12 cases of mixed gonadal dysgenesis and five cases of dysgenetic male pseudohermaphroditism, testosterone‐dependent steps of sex differentiation were also impaired, and testicular dysgenesis was prominent, even in the younger age group. The capacity of testes to inhibit the ipsilateral Müllerian duct was correlated with testicular descent: it is suggested that testicular dysgenesis explains both the functional and topographical testicular abnormalities observed in these male pseudohermaphrodites. Five other patients were cryptorchid but externally normally virilised, persistence of Müllerian derivatives representing their only abnormality of sex differentiation. Testicular structure was usually normal or showed changes attributable to long‐standing cryptorchidism. It is suggested that in these patients, persistence of Müllerian derivatives is due to an inborn error of metabolism, affecting the binding of anti‐Müllerian hormone to its receptor and that failure of testicular descent is caused by mechanical restraint by the abdominal Müllerian organs.
SCINTIGRAPHIC LOCALIZATION OF PHAEOCHROMOCYTOMAS
Authors: FISCHER M. , VETTER W. , WINTERBERG B. , HENGSTMANN J. , ZIDEK W. , FRIEMANN J. , VETTER H. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY 131I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine scanning was performed in 14 patients with phaeochromocytomas. In all but one patient scintigraphy successfully localized the lesion(s). The results confirm that scintigraphic imaging with 131I‐meta‐iodobenzylguanidine, a noninvasive method, is a valid and reliable procedure for imaging and localization of adrenal and extra‐adrenal phaeochromocytomas, both benign and malignant.
EFFECT OF PANCREATIC GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTORS ON GH SECRETION BY HUMAN SOMATOTROPHIC PITUITARY TUMOURS IN CELL CULTURE
Authors: ADAMS E. F. , BHUTTACHARJI S. C. , HALLIWELL C. L. J. , LOIZOU M. , BIRCH G. , MASHITER K. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYHuman pancreatic growth hormone releasing factors (hpGRF(1–40) and hpGRF(1–44)) significantly stimulated GH secretion when added to cell cultures of human somatotrophic pituitary tumours for 2 h. There was little difference in potency between the two peptides, and the response of different tumours varied, ranging from 30% to 500% increases in GH secretion over control levels. This stimulatory effect was blocked by somatostatin (SRIF) and bromocriptine. The suppressive effect of bromocriptine, but not of SRIF, was overcome by high doses of hpGRF(1–44). TRH stimulated GH secretion by one of three somatotrophic tumours in cell culture, and it was found to potentiate the stimulatory effects of hpGRF(1–44). These results demonstrate that hpGRFs increase serum GH levels in man by a direct action at the pituitary somatotroph level.
A CASE OF ‘ESSENTIAL’ HYPERNATRAEMIA DUE TO RESETTING OF THE OSMOSTAT
Authors: GILL G. , BAYLIS P. , BURN J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe describe a 24‐year‐old short, obese girl who has bizarre episodic neurological abnormalities related to hyperosmolality due to hypernatraemia. Investigation of osmoregulation by water loading and infusion of hypertonic saline revealed (i) hypodipsia with thirst onset raised to plasma osmolality of 332 mmol/kg and (ii) elevation of the threshold for vasopressin release (plasma osmolality 320 mmol/kg) but normal slope of the plasma vasopressin‐plasma osmolality curve. Baroregulated vasopressin release was also grossly subnormal. Other hypothalamo‐pituitary investigations showed deficiencies of releasing hormones for gonadotrophins and growth hormone, but prolactin response to combined hypoglycaemia and TRH was blunted. She demonstrated other anomalies including hyperlipoproteinaemia and defective lymph drainage of the legs. Skull X‐rays, together with computerized tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance scans of the hypothalamo‐pituitary region and the rest of the brain were normal. We believe that this is the first case of essential hypernatraemia documented with direct evidence of resetting of the osmostat.
OVINE CORTICOTROPHIN RELEASING FACTOR STIMULATES ACTH RELEASE FROM HUMAN CORTICOTROPHINOMA CELLS IN CULTURE; INTERACTION WITH HYDROCORTISONE AND ARGININE VASOPRESSIN
Authors: WHITE M. C. , ADAMS E. F. , LOIZOU MARY , MASHITER K. , FAHLBUSCH R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYWe have investigated the effects of ovine corticotrophin releasing factor (oCRF) and its interaction with hydrocortisone (HC), and arginine vasopressin (AVP) on ACTH release from human corticotrophinoma cells in culture. Tumour tissue was obtained from six patients (three with active Cushing's disease and three with Nelson's syndrome). Cultures were maintained for periods of up to six months. Ovine CRF (21 nmol) significantly (P>0·01) stimulated ACTH release from all tumours. Dose response (21 pmol‐21 nmol) effects were observed for the three tumours investigated over 2 and 4 h. Cortisol (20 μmol) significantly (P>0·01) inhibited basal ACTH release from one tumour (Nelson's syndrome) by 75% over 4 h, and completely prevented the stimulatory effects of oCRF. AVP directly stimulated ACTH release from two tumours (Nelson's syndrome), and also potentiated the stimulatory action of oCRF during 30 min incubations. These data show corticotrophinoma cells from subjects with Cushing's disease and Nelson's syndrome can be directly stimulated by hypothalamic oCRF and may be potentiated by AVP. Cortisol and oCRF have been shown in one tumour to have antagonistic actions at the pituitary level.
PARATHYROID HORMONE‐LIKE BIOACTIVITY IN TUMOURS FROM PATIENTS WITH ONCOGENIC OSTEOMALACIA
Authors: SESHADRI MANDALAM S. , CORNISH C. J. , MASON R. S. , POSEN S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYExtracts from the tumours of three patients with oncogenic osteomalacia stimulated renal adenylate cyclase in a parathyroid hormone (PTH) responsive system. The stimulation was suppressed by a specific PTH antagonist. These observations suggest that osteomalacia‐producing tumours exert some of their effects through PTH‐like material acting on PTH receptors.