bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New French Operational Radar Rainfall Product. Part I: Methodology
Authors: Tabary P. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A new radar-based rainfall product has been developed at Météo-France and is currently being deployed within the French operational Application Radar à la Météorologie Infra-Synoptique (ARAMIS) radar network. The rainfall product is based entirely on radar data and comprises the following successive processing steps: 1) dynamic identification of ground clutter based on the pulse-to-pulse fluctuation of the radar signal, 2) reflectivity-to-rain-rate conversion using the Marshall–Palmer Z–R relationship, 3) correction for partial beam blocking using numerical simulations of the interaction between the radar wave and the terrain, 4) correction for vertical profile of reflectivity (VPR) effects based on ratio curves and a priori climatology-based VPR candidates, 5) correction for nonsimultaneity of radar measurements by making use of a cross-correlation advection field, 6) weighted linear combination of the corrected reflectivity measurements gathered at the various elevation angles of the volume coverage pattern, and 7) production of a 5-min rain accumulation using the advection field to mitigate undersampling effects. In addition to the final Cartesian, 512 km × 512 km, 1 km2 in resolution, radar rainfall product, a map of quality indexes is automatically generated that allows for assessing empirically the accuracy of the estimation. This new product has been validated using 27 episodes observed during the autumns of 2002 and 2003 and the winter of 2005 by three S-band radars of the network. This paper is entirely devoted to the description of the methodology.
Mountain Wave Signatures in MODIS 6.7-μm Imagery and Their Relation to Pilot Reports of Turbulence
Authors: Uhlenbrock N. L. , Bedka K. M. , Feltz W. F. , Ackerman S. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA technique for nowcasting turbulent mountain waves over the Front Range of the state of Colorado is investigated using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) water vapor (6.7 μm) channel imagery. Pilot reports of turbulence were examined to determine the probability of turbulence occurring when wave features were observed in the satellite imagery. Analysis of MODIS water vapor imagery indicated that mountain wave signatures were present for approximately 25% of the days during 2004. Approximately 75% of the severely turbulent days, as indicated by pilot reports, had wave signatures in the water vapor imagery. The wave signatures on the severely turbulent days had different characteristics in the imagery than the signatures on days that were less turbulent. The reports of severe turbulence were associated with complex patterns, the appearance of interference, or crossing wave fronts that extended downwind from the mountain ridge for a significant distance. The days that were less turbulent, as reported by pilots, had wave signatures with a simpler pattern, such as linear features orthogonal to the wind flow oriented parallel to one another.
The Warning Decision Support System–Integrated Information
Authors: Lakshmanan Valliappa , Smith Travis , Stumpf Gregory , Hondl Kurt 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
The Warning Decision Support System–Integrated Information (WDSS-II) is the second generation of a system of tools for the analysis, diagnosis, and visualization of remotely sensed weather data. WDSS-II provides a number of automated algorithms that operate on data from multiple radars to provide information with a greater temporal resolution and better spatial coverage than their currently operational counterparts. The individual automated algorithms that have been developed using the WDSS-II infrastructure together yield a forecasting and analysis system providing real-time products useful in severe weather nowcasting. The purposes of the individual algorithms and their relationships to each other are described, as is the method of dissemination of the created products.
A Satellite-Based Fog Detection Scheme Using Screen Air Temperature
Authors: Gultepe I. , Pagowski M. , Reid J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A warm fog detection (air temperature &gt; −5°C) algorithm using a combination of Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-12 (GOES-12) observations and screen temperature data based on an operational numerical model has been developed. This algorithm was tested on a large number of daytime cases during the spring and summer of 2004. Results from the scheme were compared with surface observations from four manned Canadian weather stations in Ontario, including Ottawa, Windsor, Sudbury, and Toronto. Initially, when all cases were included, fog detection (hit rate) by the satellite scheme ranged between 0.26 and 0.32. It is suggested that mid- or high-level clouds within the satellite imagery during the observed foggy periods affected the scheme’s performance in detecting surface-level fog for the majority of the cases. When cases with mid- and high-level clouds were removed using model-based screen temperatures, the hit rate ranged between 0.55 and 1.0. With an average false alarm rate of 0.10, the inclusion of model-based sounding values can be seen to improve results from the satellite-based algorithms by an average of 0.42. Average differences between the screen temperature and the surface-observed air temperature were found to be up to 2°C and this can likely account for some discrepancies in detecting fog. Finally, averaging GOES and model data to scales representing single data-point observations likely resulted in some of the failure of the fog algorithm.
Some Aspects of Dense Fog in the Midwestern United States
Authors: Westcott Nancy E. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
To better understand dense fog events in the midwestern United States, a fog climatology was developed that examines the surface weather conditions at dense fog onset and during dense fog events, in relationship to fog duration. Surface airways hourly observations for the period 1948–96 were examined, focusing primarily on Peoria, Illinois, during the cold season (October–March). Temperature, winds, and visibility at dense fog onset did not prove to be useful in differentiating between short- (1–2 h) and long- (&gt;5 h) duration dense fog events. However, it was found that once dense fog forms, it is more likely to persist if the horizontal visibility is 200 m (1/8 mi) or less and the ceiling height lowers to 30 m (100 ft) or less. Further, dense fog events at Peoria tend to last longer if they are widespread, that is, when many other midwestern surface airways hourly stations also report dense fog. When dense fog develops early in the night to the hours just after midnight, it is more likely to persist than when it develops later in the night or during the day. This was found to be the case for many other midwestern stations as well. Fog events forming earlier in the night may last longer because of the absence of solar insolation upon the fog layer during the night. As longer-duration fogs often become more opaque and more widespread than short-duration events, more time may be required to dissipate fog once the sun has risen. Dense fog onset time and the physical dimensions of the fog events appear to be the best predictors of fog duration considering all types of fog in the Midwest.
Population Influences on Tornado Reports in the United States
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Wikle Christopher K. , Zhou Qin , Royle J. Andrew 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe number of tornadoes reported in the United States is believed to be less than the actual incidence of tornadoes, especially prior to the 1990s, because tornadoes may be undetectable by human witnesses in sparsely populated areas and areas in which obstructions limit the line of sight. A hierarchical Bayesian model is used to simultaneously correct for population-based sampling bias and estimate tornado density using historical tornado report data. The expected result is that F2–F5 compared with F0–F1 tornado reports would vary less with population density. The results agree with this hypothesis for the following population centers: Atlanta, Georgia; Champaign, Illinois; and Des Moines, Iowa. However, the results indicated just the opposite in Oklahoma. It is hypothesized that the result is explained by the misclassification of tornadoes that were worthy of F2–F5 rating but were classified as F0–F1 tornadoes, thereby artificially decreasing the number of F2–F5 and increasing the number of F0–F1 reports in rural Oklahoma.
Short-Range Numerical Weather Prediction Using Time-Lagged Ensembles
Authors: Lu Chungu , Yuan Huiling , Schwartz Barry E. , Benjamin Stanley G. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A time-lagged ensemble forecast system is developed using a set of hourly initialized Rapid Update Cycle model deterministic forecasts. Both the ensemble-mean and probabilistic forecasts from this time-lagged ensemble system present a promising improvement in the very short-range weather forecasting of 1–3 h, which may be useful for aviation weather prediction and nowcasting applications. Two approaches have been studied to combine deterministic forecasts with different initialization cycles as the ensemble members. The first method uses a set of equally weighted time-lagged forecasts and produces a forecast by taking the ensemble mean. The second method adopts a multilinear regression approach to select a set of weights for different time-lagged forecasts. It is shown that although both methods improve short-range forecasts, the unequally weighted method provides the best results for all forecast variables at all levels. The time-lagged ensembles also provide a sample of statistics, which can be used to construct probabilistic forecasts.
Perspectives on injuries in snowboarders
Authors: McKenna Jim , Hammond Claire 
Published: June 2007

Aims: Adopting effective injury prevention practices continues to be problematic within snowboarding and the participation of older individuals is associated with an appreciable injury burden. The Haddon Matrix provides an important framework for developing injury prevention interventions. Since prevention behaviour must `fit' within individual aspirations, our study investigated the meanings and behaviours associated with snowboarding and injury prevention and then applied the findings to the established Haddon Matrix approach. Methods: Nine, older adult recreational participants living in south-west England each contributed two interviews. These progressively focused on experiences and reflections. Verbatim transcripts were analysed and interpreted using the hermeneutic phenomenological themes of time, space, body and human relations. A further wave of analysis reinterpreted the findings in relation to the Haddon Matrix. Findings: Snowboarding was conducted within a holiday when participants were seeking happiness by positively re-evaluating their lives. In a frame of connection-and-disconnection , beginners ( time) were concerned with being- on the slopes ( body and space), while more experienced ( body and time) participants blended this with being-in the mountains ( space). Snowboarding is a bumps-and-bruises activity and this guided the limited prevention practices. Importantly, all prevention practices were time- limited, due to a concern for learning-by-doing within a holiday. At home, more experienced boarders paid careful attention to fitness, whereas in the resorts they actively selected the soft, off-piste areas and wore protective clothing to cushion their inevitable falls. Group experiences were associated with heightened injury risks. Being seen and judged by others helped to determine the quality of the snowboarding experience. Treatment was avoided for all but the most severe injuries. Conclusion: The findings confirm the exploratory value of mixing van Manen's four-dimensional approach with Haddon's well-established injury prevention framework. The diverse subjective meanings associated with snowboarding limit the potential for prevention approaches and suggest that resort-based `injury control' may be more appropriate for addressing the spectrum of prevention in older snowboarders.
Research capacity for everyone? A case study of two academic nursing schools' capacity building strategies
Authors: Green Barbara , Segrott Jeremy , Priest Helena , Rout Amelia , McIvor Mike , Douglas Julie , Flood Yvonne , Morris Sara , Rushton Claire 
Published: June 2007

This paper reports the findings of a comparative case-study project which evaluated the development of nursing research capacity in two academic schools in the United Kingdom. The research compared the approaches used, explored the experiences of staff during the implementation process, and identified the outcomes which were achieved. The methods employed were in-depth interviews, focus groups and documentary analysis. A literature review was undertaken to inform the design and conduct of the study (Segrott et al., 2006). The project's findings are divided into five sections. We begin by discussing the strategies implemented by the two schools, and their overall success. We then examine the wider development of a research culture, explore the problems and challenges experienced, and consider the management and organisation of capacity building. The final theme concerns the role played by the schools' wider institutional and political contexts. The paper explores the relative strengths of inclusive and exclusive approaches to staff development, and the importance of integrated academic leadership and effective management. The study highlights the need for academic schools to forge strong connections between experienced researchers and novices, as well as between teaching and research activities.
Potent activity of carfilzomib, a novel, irreversible inhibitor of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, against preclinical models of multiple myeloma
Authors: Kuhn Deborah J. , Chen Qing , Voorhees Peter M. , Strader John S. , Shenk Kevin D. , Sun Congcong M. , Demo Susan D. , Bennett Mark K. , van Leeuwen Fijs W. B. , Chanan-Khan Asher A. , Orlowski Robert Z. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe proteasome has emerged as an important target for cancer therapy with the approval of bortezomib, a first-in-class, reversible proteasome inhibitor, for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (MM). However, many patients have disease that does not respond to bortezomib, whereas others develop resistance, suggesting the need for other inhibitors with enhanced activity. We therefore evaluated a novel, irreversible, epoxomicin-related proteasome inhibitor, carfilzomib. In models of MM, this agent potently bound and specifically inhibited the chymotrypsin-like proteasome and immunoproteasome activities, resulting in accumulation of ubiquitinated substrates. Carfilzomib induced a dose- and time-dependent inhibition of proliferation, ultimately leading to apoptosis. Programmed cell death was associated with activation of c-Jun-N-terminal kinase, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, release of cytochrome c, and activation of both intrinsic and extrinsic caspase pathways. This agent also inhibited proliferation and activated apoptosis in patient-derived MM cells and neoplastic cells from patients with other hematologic malignancies. Importantly, carfilzomib showed increased efficacy compared with bortezomib and was active against bortezomib-resistant MM cell lines and samples from patients with clinical bortezomib resistance. Carfilzomib also overcame resistance to other conventional agents and acted synergistically with dexamethasone to enhance cell death. Taken together, these data provide a rationale for the clinical evaluation of carfilzomib in MM.
Galectins in the tumor endothelium: opportunities for combined cancer therapy
Authors: Thijssen Victor L. J. L. , Poirier Françoise , Baum Linda G. , Griffioen Arjan W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGalectins are emerging as a family of proteins that play an important role in several steps of tumorigenesis. Evidence is accumulating that galectins are expressed by the tumor endothelium, where they contribute to different steps of tumor progression such as immune escape and metastasis. Recent studies have identified an important role for galectins in tumor angiogenesis. Moreover, it has been shown that galectins in the endothelium can be targeted for therapeutic applications. This opens a window of opportunity for the development of tumor-type independent treatment strategies. This review focuses on the expression of galectins in the tumor endothelium, their contribution to tumor progression, and their application in tumor-type independent cancer therapy.
A low level of reactive oxygen species selects for primitive hematopoietic stem cells that may reside in the low-oxygenic niche
Authors: Jang Yoon-Young , Sharkis Saul J. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
A low-oxygenic niche in bone marrow limits reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, thus providing long-term protection for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from ROS stress. Although many approaches have been used to enrich HSCs, none has been designed to isolate primitive HSCs located within the low-oxygenic niche due to difficulties of direct physical access. Here we show that an early HSC population that might reside in the niche can be functionally isolated by taking advantage of the relative intracellular ROS activity. Many attributes of primitive HSCs in the low-oxygenic osteoblastic niche, such as quiescence, and calcium receptor, N-cadherin, Notch1, and p21 are higher in the ROSlow population. Intriguingly, the ROSlow population has a higher self-renewal potential. In contrast, significant HSC exhaustion in the ROShigh population was observed following serial transplantation, and expression of activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was higher in this population. Importantly, treatment with an antioxidant, a p38 inhibitor, or rapamycin was able to restore HSC function in the ROShigh population. Thus, more potent HSCs associated with the low-oxygenic niche can be isolated by selecting for the low level of ROS expression. The ROS-related signaling pathways together with specific characteristics of niche HSCs may serve as targets for beneficial therapies.
Role of the linker region in the expression of Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase
Authors: Lin Shu-Chuan , Liu Wei-Ting , Liu Shi-Hwei , Chou Wei-I , Hsiung Bor-Kai , Lin I-Ping , Sheu Chia-Chin , Dah-Tsyr Chang Margaret 
Published: June 2007

Abstract

Background

Rhizopus oryzae glucoamylase (Ro GA) consists of three domains: an amino (N)-terminal raw starch-binding domain (SBD), a glycosylated linker domain, and a carboxy (C)-terminal catalytic domain. The 36-amino-acid linker region (residues 132–167) connects the two functional domains, but its structural and functional roles are unclear.

Results
To characterize the linker sequences of Ro GA and its involvement in protein expression, a number of Ro GA variants containing deletions and mutations were constructed and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Deletion analyses demonstrate that the linker region, especially within residues 161 to 167, is required for protein expression. In addition, site-directed mutagenesis and deglycosylation studies reveal that the linker region of Ro GA contains both N- and O-linked carbohydrate moieties, and the N-linked oligosaccharides play a major role in the formation of active enzyme. Although the linker segment itself appears to have no ordered secondary structural conformation, the flexible region indeed contributes to the stabilization of functional N- and C-terminal domains.

Conclusion
Our data provide direct evidence that the length, composition, and glycosylation of the interdomain linker play a central role in the structure and function of Ro GA.
Novel and simple transformation algorithm for combining microarray data sets
Authors: Kim Ki-Yeol , Ki Dong Hyuk , Jeong Ha Jin , Jeung Hei-Cheul , Chung Hyun Cheol , Rha Sun Young 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackgroundWith microarray technology, variability in experimental environments such as RNA sources, microarray production, or the use of different platforms, can cause bias. Such systematic differences present a substantial obstacle to the analysis of microarray data, resulting in inconsistent and unreliable information. Therefore, one of the most pressing challenges in the field of microarray technology is how to integrate results from different microarray experiments or combine data sets prior to the specific analysis.ResultsTwo microarray data sets based on a 17k cDNA microarray system were used, consisting of 82 normal colon mucosa and 72 colorectal cancer tissues. Each data set was prepared from either total RNA or amplified mRNA, and the difference of RNA source between these two data sets was detected by ANOVA (Analysis of variance) model. A simple integration method was introduced which was based on the distributions of gene expression ratios among different microarray data sets. The method transformed gene expression ratios into the form of a reference data set on a gene by gene basis. Hierarchical clustering analysis, density and box plots, and mixture scores with correlation coefficients revealed that the two data sets were well intermingled, indicating that the proposed method minimized the experimental bias. In addition, any RNA source effect was not detected by the proposed transformation method. In the mixed data set, two previously identified subgroups of normal and tumor were well separated, and the efficiency of integration was more prominent in tumor groups than normal groups. The transformation method was slightly more effective when a data set with strong homogeneity in the same experimental group was used as a reference data set.ConclusionProposed method is simple but useful to combine several data sets from different experimental conditions. With this method, biologically useful information can be detectable by applying various analytic methods to the combined data set with increased sample size.