bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic diversity of barley cultivars grown in Spain, estimated by RFLP, similarity and coancestry coefficients
Authors: Casas A. M. , Igartua E. , Valles M. P. , Molina‐Cano J. L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study was conducted with the objective of characterizing the genetic variation among a representative set of 37 barley cultivars currently grown in Spain, using restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers. Thirty‐two RFLP probes, in combination with three restriction enzymes, were used to analyse polymorphism at the molecular level. Genetic distances (GD), based on RFLP band patterns, and coancestry coefficients (f), based on pedigree records, were calculated. Of the 95 clone‐enzyme combinations analysed, 71 (74.7%) were polymorphic, representing 246 RFLP patterns. A cluster analysis of GD split the sample into five distinct germplasm groups that were consistent with the history of the cultivars (winter European, spring European, CIMMYT‐ICARDA materials, the single cultivar ‘Dobla’ and Spanish local materials). The Spanish group was the most distinct one and had unique alleles at markers close to major loci determining phonological adaptation. The probes which best distinguished among groups were also identified. Genetic similarity estimates were moderately consistent with f (for cultivars with complete pedigrees). The implications for integration of diversity studies into breeding programmes are discussed.
Application of microsatellites from maize to teosinte and other relatives of maize
Authors: Lübberstedt T. , Dussle C. , Melchinger A. E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTeosinte comprises different Zea species (Zea mays, Zea diploperennis, Zea perennis, Zea luxurians) that can be crossed with cultivated maize (Z. mays ssp. mays). Nine microsatellites from maize were applied to different teosinte species in order to evaluate their usefulness in markerbased exploitation of these genetic resources. The same microsatellites were tested with rye, barley, and sorghum as potential molecular markers for these species. Almost all microsatellite × teosinte combinations yielded polymerase chain reaction (PCR) fragments in the range of cultivated maize. Using an F2 population of a cross between maize inbred A188 and an individual of Zea mays ssp. mexicana, amplification products for maize and teosinte originated from the same genomic location for each of nine microsatellites investigated. PCR fragments of reduced intensity were generally obtained by applying maize microsatellites to rye, barley and sorghum. Polymorphisms among accessions within teosinte (sub)species occurred frequently. In contrast, no polymorphisms were obtained within rye, barley, and sorghum. Hence, application of maize microsatellites to teosinte for fingerprinting or marker‐assisted introgression of genomic regions from teosinte into cultivated maize appears promising.
Genetic analysis of Lolium. I. Identification of linkage groups and the establishment of a genetic map
Authors: Hayward M. D. , Forster J. W. , Jones J. G. , Dolstra O. , Evans C. , McAdam N. J. , Hossain K. G. , Stammers M. , Will J. , Humphreys M. O. , Evans G. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA genetic map of Lolium has been produced using isozyme, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers applied to a segregating family derived from an F1 hybrid plant of L. perenne × L. multiflorum provenance, crossed on to a doubled haploid L. perenne. A total of 106 markers, out of a total of 160 polymorphic loci analysed, have been ascribed to seven linkage groups covering a map distance of 692cM, Two of these groups may be allocated to chromosomes 2 and 6 of the Lolium genome.The remaining unallocated markers, the majority of which showed severe segregation distortion, could be associated into small groups of two or three markers which showed no linkage with the main groups at a LOD of 2.8 or, if associated, could not be mapped in a satisfactory manner. This high incidence of disturbed segregations could be accounted for by the use of an interspecific hybrid between two species of differing genome size, with consequent cytological imbalance.
Genetic diversity in landrace populations ofHordeum vulgareL. from Sardinia, Italy, as revealed by RAPDs, isozymes and morphophenological traits
Authors: Papa R. , Attene G. , Barcaccia G. , Ohgata A. , Konishi T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBarley is the second most widely cultivated cereal on the island of Sardinia. It is grown for green fodder, grain and straw, all of which are used for animal feet. The cultivation of modem varieties is limited and many farmers grow local populations of the six‐row landrace ‘S'orgiu sardu’. Twelve local populations (20 strains per population) were evaluated for 13 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers, sisisozyme loci and five morphophenological traits. Results showed that Sardinian barley is characterized by a lax six‐row spike and is. in general, a spring type. Isozyme polymorphism was delected for only two esterase loci (EstandEst4). The genetic variation for all types of murkers, was found located mostly within population (about 84%, for isozymes aud morphaphenological traits and 89%, for RAPDs). This finding appears to confirm the hypothesis that the populations studied belong to the same land race called ‘S'orgiu sardu’ by farmers. A geographical differential ion between southern and northern populations was foand in relation to distinct environmental characteristics. Taking into account all types of marker 209 (90.5%) different genotypes were identified out of 231 individuals. The overall results confirm the high variability that can be found within landrace populations, underlining the value of landraccs as a source of genetic variation.
Genetic analyses of low photoperiod sensitivity of rice cultivars from the northernmost regions of Japan
Authors: Ichitani K. , Okumoto Y. , Tanisaka T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe genetic factors controlling the extremely low photoperiod sensitivity (PS) of rice culyibstd from the northernmost regions of Japan were studied using 26 cultivars from the Hokkaido district (42 N 45 N). They were grown under 10‐h and 24‐h daylengths, and their PS. expressed by the difference between the days to heading under these daylengths, was estimated. The genetic factors responsible for the intervarietal difference in PS were then analysed under 10‐h, 14‐h and 24‐h daylengths using the progenies from crosses between Hokkaido cultivars. These results showed that a recessive gene, se‐9(t), drastically reduced PS under a 24‐h daylength and that several genes, including se9(t), determined the extremely low PS of the cultivars from the northernmost regions.
Assessment of cytoplasmic effects of cytoplasmic male‐sterile lines in upland cotton
Authors: Zhu X. F. , Wang X. D. , Sun J. , Zhang T. Z. , Pan J. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPaired A‐ and B‐lines, cytoplasmic male‐sterile (CMS)‐lines and main‐tainer lines, respectively, were crossed with R‐lines (restorer) to produce A × R, R × B and B × R hybrids, which were used in 1993 and 1996 to predict the performance of three lypes of CMS cotton lines available in China. A significant difference in yield and yield components was revealed between paired A × R and B × R hybrids. This difference was greatly influenced by both CMS cytoplasm and the interaction between cytoplasm and nuclear genotypes. It is suggested that there are detrimental effects of CMS cytoplasm on yield and yield components. General combining ability of near‐isogenic CMS lines was also affected by this negative effect. The detrimental effect was closely related to an increased number of immature seeds per boll, which might be caused by partial female sterility associated with CMS cytoplasm. The possibility of developing specific combinations of CMS Upland × Upland restorer hybrids that express enough heterosis for yield to overcome the detrimental effect of the CMS cytoplasm is discussed.
Increase of in vitro regeneration in Malus domestica by the application of phosphatase inhibitors
Authors: Graph C. , Wricke G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of the phosphatase inhibitors sodium fluoride and sodium orthovanadaate on adventitious shoot regeneration from primary leaf explants was tested in eight genotypes of apple Malus domestica Borkh. Ten different concentrations between 0.5 and 100μM of each substance were added to a modified Murashige and Skoog regeneration medium containing 0.9 μM TDZ and 0.5 μM IBA. In general, all the con‐centrations tested were able to promote shoot formation, although distinct maxima could be observed depending upon the genotype and the inhibitor. Shoot yield was influenced mostly by the genotype and by the concentration of the inhibitor, as well as the interaction between these two factors. In six of the eight genotypes the total number of regenerated shoots increased significantly compared with the control. This was achieved by an increase of the number of regenerating explants as well as the number of shoots per regenerating explant Comparing these results with those of former publications, application of the two phosphatase inhibitors resulted in an improved regeneration response in the corresponding genotypes. This method may also contribute to the understanding of in vitro regeneration in plants.
Evidence of a new gene for high resistance to Meloidogyne spp. in Myrobalan plum, Prunus cerasifera
Authors: Rubio‐Cabetas M. J. , Lecouls A. C. , Salesses G. , Bonnet A. , Minot J. C. , Voisin R. , Esmenjaud D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Myrobalan plum Prunus cerasifera clones ‘P,2175’ and ‘P,1079’ carry single major genes (Ma1 and Ma2. respectively) for resistance to the predominant root–knot nematode (RKN) species Meloidogyne arenaria (MA), Meloidogyne incognita (MI) and Meloidogyne jaranica(MJ). The Myrobalan plum clone ‘P.2980’ is another complete–spec–trum source bearing favourable agronomic features. The genetics of its resistance to MA, MI, MJ and to the population Meloidogyne sp. Florida has been investigated from G1 crosses with the host Myrobalan plum clone ‘P.16.5’ (recessive for both Ma genes), the resistant clone ‘P.2175’ (heterozygous for Mal) and the ‘Nemared’ peach (homozygous for resistance to MA, MI and MJ but a host for M. sp. Florida). The segregation of the Gl hybrids from the intraspecific crosses into two significantly separated resistant and host classes, independent of the RKN species, indicates that resistance to all four species in ‘P.2980’ is also controlled by a single major dominant (heterozygous) gene. This gene is designated Ma3 because it shares the same spectrum and efficiency as Ma1 and Ma2, and its relationship with these last two genes is discussed. The first hybrids between ‘P.2980’ and ‘Nemared’ tested only segregated for resistance to M. sp. Florida. These results illustrate the possibility of cumulating (pyramiding) Ma3 and the ‘Nemared’ peach resistance gene(s) into new interspecific rootstocks.
Inheritance of resistance to plum pox potyvirus (PPV) in ‘Stella’ apricot seedlings
Authors: Dicenta F. , Audergon J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractResistance to sharka (plum pox potyvirus) was studied in 74 seedlings resulting from open pollination of the resistant apricot cultivar ‘Stella’. Each seedling was inoculated at the base by a chip‐bud from a diseased GF305 peach tree. To follow tlie spread of virus into the scedlings. a Chip‐bud of a healthy GF305 and another from a healthy sensitive Manicot apricot were grafted above the inoculation point in the order described. Six observations of symptoms were made in the leaves of the GF305 used For inoculation, the GF305‐control, the Manicot‐control and the ‘Stella’ seedlings during four growth cycles. An enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was applied to the leaves of the ‘Stella’ seedlings. No ‘Stella’ seedling showed symptoms of sharka. Only three seedlings reacted positively to the ELISA. Substantial differences were observed in the speed of virus propagation through the ‘Stella’ seedlings, some of them showing a strong resistance to virus translocation. The possible use of the ‘Stella’ cultivar in apricot breeding programmes to obtain resistant cultivars is discussed.
Effect of the gene for double pod in chickpea on yield, yield components and stability of yield
Authors: Rubio J. , Moreno M. T. , Cubero J. I. , Gil J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFive pairs of near isogenic lines (NILs) for the gene for single vs. double pod were used to study the effect of this character on yield and its components (seeds per plant, yield per plant and seed weight). The NILs were sown in 2 years at five locations in ihe first year and four locations in the second. Combined analysis of variance was applied to t he data and no significant differences between isolines were found, but there were significant genotype– location interaction effects for yield and seeds per plant. For both characters the double–podded lines were more stable than the single–podded lines. Although there were significant differences between the five genotypes lor yield per planl and seed weight, the differentes between single– and double–podded lines were almost nil. The results indicate that the double–pod gene has a positive effect on the stability of yield and is not linked to any other gene responsible Tor seed size in chickpea
A rapid and efficient extraction method for onion DNA
Authors: Wettasinghe R. , Peffley E. B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFour DNA extraction protocols were investigated to identify a protocol that optimizes extraction of DNA from onion. Allium cepa, for ampli| fication of DNA by polymerase chain reaction. The protocol selected was a simple procedure which used fresh leaf tissue, resulted in high UNA yields and low DNA degradation, low RNA contamination. was the least costly and required only 45 min. When RNAase T1 rather than RNAase A was used, more RNA was eliminated.
Parallals between attitudes and traits as predictors of behavior
Authors: Sherman Steven J. , Fazio Russell H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBoth attitudes and traits have served as within‐person constructs intended to permit the prediction of later behavior. Despite this similarity, research in the two domains has tended to progress in a relatively independent fashion. A number of parallels between the attitude and trait literature are noted with regard to definitions of the constructs and their utility as predictors of behavior. Parallels with respect to the identification of variables that moderate the attitude‐behavior and trait‐behavior relation are also discussed, as are similarities in the potential processes by which attitudes and traits guide behavior. It is concluded that the parallels are so extensive that research in each domain would benefit from an increased exchange of theory, methods, and findings.
Idiographic goals and methods in the study of lives
Authors: Runyan Wm. McKinley 
Published: April 2006

The goal of psychology is “the development of generalizations of ever increasing scope, so that greater and greater varieties of phenomena may be explained by them, larger and larger numbers of questions answered by them, and broader and broader reaching predictions and decisions based upon them.”
Leon Levy (1970, p. 5)

“To generalize is to be an idiot.”
William Blake

AbstractLearning what is true of persons‐in‐general and of groups of people often has severe limitations in enabling us to understand and predict the behavior of individuals. There are many important problems in describing, explaining, making predictions about, and intentionally changing the course of experience in individual lives that cannot be adequately addressed without the use of idiographic methods. The purposes of this paper are to contribute to a conceptual clarification of the idiographic approach and its place within psychology, to review and respond to a number of common criticisms of the idiographic approach, and finally, to update and extend Allport's survey of available idiographic methods.
Implicit psychophysiology: Effects of common beliefs and idiosyncratic physiological responses symptom reporting
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Epstein David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEvery individual exhibits unique perceptual, behavioral, and physiological responses within and across a variety of settings. Despite the idiosyncratic nature of responses, we seek to establish theories that generalize across a large number of individuals. A strict idiographic method intensively examines the response patterns of a small number of individuals, whereas a nomothetic approach focuses on common responses across a large number of individuals. In the present investigation, we seek to learn how individuals perceive and report physical symptoms and sensations. We offer a methodology that capitalizes on the unique physiological responses of individuals but, at the same time, assumes that the underlying perceptual processes relevant to symptom reporting are comparable across individuals. Our approach, then, is both idiographic and nomothetic. As will be discussed, this integrative approach has the potential to be applied to a multitude of behaviors and processes that are of interest to social and personality psychologists.
The influence of individuals on situations: Implications for understanding the links between personality and social behavior
Authors: Snyder Mark 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn an analysis of the nature and origins of predictability in social behavior, two propositions are considered: (1) There exist categories of individuals whose social behavior is readily predictable from measures of personal attributes such as attitudes, traits, and dispositions as well as categories of individuals whose social behavior is readily predictable from situational and interpersonal specifications of behavioral appropriateness; (2) underlying these differences in predictability are systematic choices to enter and to spend time in social settings and interpersonal contexts that promote and facilitate one or other of these characteristic behavioral orientations. The implications of these propositions for the study of personality and social behavior are considered in the specific case of the psychological construct of self‐monitoring and in the general case of understanding the reciprocal influences of individuals and their social worlds.
Self‐attention and self‐report: The “veridicality” hypothesis
Authors: Gibbons Frederick X. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWicker (1969) summarized the state of the art in the area of attitude/behavior consistency by suggesting that attitude measures are often only slightly related to overt behaviors. Since that time literally hundreds of studies have been conducted dealing with the question of how the predictive validity of self‐assessment can be improved—above the 30 figure that Wicker suggested represents the typical upper limit of correlations between self‐reported attitudes and behavior. This article deals with perhaps one of the simplest factors that does appear to be related to accurate self‐assessment: internal focus of attention. Research in the area of self‐awareness theory is discussed, leading to the conclusion that assessments of various aspects of the self, including attitudes, cognitions, and affective and somatic states, usually are more accurate when they are made by a respondent whose attention is self‐directed. By the same token, overt behavior also tends to be more consistent with previously expressed attitudes when it occurs under conditions conducive to self‐focus. In discussing this research, it is suggested that self‐awareness promotes accuracy in two ways: (a) It focuses the respondent's attention more carefully on those aspects of the self made relevant by the instrument and (b) it increases the person's motivation to report accurately on those self‐dimensions. It is also suggested, however, that this latter factor can sometimes work against consistency. In this regard, a variety of situations are discussed in which motives that may conflict with the desire to report accurately, such as ego‐protectiveness, are also enhanced by self‐focused attention. Finally, a number of empirical questions are presented as guidelines for future research.
Constructing a theory of the triple typology: Some (second) thoughts on nomothetic and idiographic approaches to personality
Authors: Bem Daryl J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOur fundamental scientific task is to convert observations of particular persons behaving in particular ways in particular situations into assertions that certain kinds of persons will behave in certain kinds of ways in certain kinds of situations, that is, to construct triple typologies or equivalence classes—of persons, of behaviors, and of situations—and to fashion theories of personality that relate these equivalence classes to one another. It is argued that the different approaches to the study of personality are distinguished from one another not by whether they are idiographic or nomothetic but by the strategies they employ for constructing—or ignoring—each of these three types of equivalence classes. The likely attributes of a successful interactional theory of personality—one that would embrace the entire triple typology—are proposed and discussed.
Alternatives in the pursuit of the predictability and consistency of persons: Stable data that yield unstable interpretations
Authors: Mischel Walter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAfter a review of the historical roots of current issues in personality psychology, useful sources for prediction are summarized and some current convergences in the search for coherence are identified. The value of people as expert assessors is reiterated and the stability, consistency, and predictability of behavior are distinguished as multiple issues. In the pursuit of consistency in social behavior, two major routes emerge. One route aggregates data across situations and response modes, thereby reducing the variance from those sources, and identifies the resulting stable individual differences. The second route assesses consistency from situation to situation, searches for its psychological bases, and focuses on the discriminativeness of behavior as well as its coherence. Each route serves different purposes and has value for those different goals; neither one preempts the other. Years of research on the consistency of social behavior from situation to situation have yielded stable results that sometimes are used to reach opposite interpretations. But these puzzling differences reflect the two contrasting routes and goals in the search for consistency, not instabilities in the data nor a neglect of psychometric principles. Theory‐guided predictions within particular empirical contexts are needed now to explore more deeply when and how either discriminative or more generalized patterns of coherence occur, and to illuminate their psychological bases with increasing precision.