bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Narcotics Register Project: Early Development
Authors: KAVALER FLORENCE , DENSEN PAUL M. , KRUG DONALD C. 
Published: February 2008

Summary(1) Reporting of habitual users of narcotic drugs in New York City has been supported by legislative action in the City and State.(2) The register concept, already applied to other public health and mental health problems, is being developed and explored, by the New York City Health Department, for application to the narcotic addiction problem.(3) The Narcotics Register will provide a wide range of necessary and useful descriptive and longitudinal data for public health planning and treatment programs.Résumé —(1) L'enregistrement de personnes qui utilisent des drogues narcotiques à New York, a été appuyé par l'action législative dans la Cité et l'Etat de New York. (2) L'idée d'un registre, déjà appliquée pour d'autres problèmes de santé publique et santé mentale a été développée et explorée par le Département de la Santé de la Cité de New York, pour être appliquée au problème de l'intoxication avec des narcotiques. (3) Le registre pour les narcotiques fournira une vaste rangée de dates descriptives et longitudinales nécéssaires et utiles pour la planification de la santé publique et le programme de traitement.Zusammenfassung—(1) Die Anzeige von gewohnheitsmäßigen Benutzern von Narkotika in New York der Stadt wurde durch gesetzgebende Maßnahmen in der Stadt und im Staat unterstützt. (2) Die Registeridee, die auf andere Probleme der Volksgesundheit und der Fürsorge für Nervenkranke bereits angewandt wird, wird durch das Gesundheitsamt der Stadt New York entwickelt und untersucht, um auf das Problem der Rauschgift sucht Anwendung zu finden. (3) Das Narcotics Register wird eine große Menge von notwendigen und nützlichen beschreibenden Informationen und Longitudinaldaten fur Volksgesund‐heitsplanung und Behandlungsprogramme enthalten.
Twentieth century changes of tree‐ring δ13C at the southern range‐edge of Fagus sylvatica: increasing water‐use efficiency does not avoid the growth decline induced by warming at low altitudes
Authors: PEÑUELAS JOSEP , HUNT JENNY M. , OGAYA ROMÀ , JUMP ALISTAIR S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractWe aimed to gain knowledge on the changes in intrinsic water use efficiency (iWUE) in response to increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations and climate change over the last century. We investigated the variation in the iWUE of mature Fagus sylvatica trees located in the higher, central and lower altitudinal forest limits (HFL, CFA and LFL) of one of the southernmost sites of beech distribution in Europe, the Montseny Mountains in Catalonia (northeast Spain), during the last century by analysing the δ13C of their tree rings. Pre‐ and post‐maturation phases of the trees presented different trends in δ13C, Δ13C, Ci (internal CO2 concentration), iWUE and basal area increment (BAI). Moreover, these variables showed different trends and absolute values in the LFL than in the other altitudinal sites, CFA and HFL. Our results show the existence of an age effect on δ13C in the CFA and HFL (values increased by ca. 1.25‰ coinciding with the BAI suppression and release phases, previous to maturation). These age‐related changes were not found in the LFL, whose beech trees arrived to maturation earlier and experienced drier conditions during the suppression phase. In the last 26 years of comparable mature trees, the increase of iWUE deduced from the Δ13C analyses was ca. 10% in LFL, ca. 6% in CFA and not significant in HFL. These results show that climate change towards more arid conditions accounted for these higher Δ13C‐values and increases in the LFL more than the continuous increase in atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This increased iWUE in the LFL did not avoid a decline in growth in these lowest altitudes of this beech southern range‐edge as a result of warming. Furthermore, since there was no apparent change in iWUE and growth in the beech forests growing in the more standard‐adequate environments of higher altitudes in the last 26 years, the rate of sequestration of C into temperate ecosystems may not increase with increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations as predicted by most models based on short‐term small scale experiments.
Nonlinear root‐derived carbon sequestration across a gradient of nitrogen and phosphorous deposition in experimental mesocosms
Authors: BRADFORD MARK A. , FIERER NOAH , JACKSON ROBERT B. , MADDOX THOMAS R. , REYNOLDS JAMES F. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractEnhanced sequestration of plant‐carbon (C) inputs to soil may mitigate rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations and related climate change but how this sequestration will respond to anthropogenic nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P) deposition is uncertain. We couple isotope, soil C fractionation and mesocosm techniques to assess the sequestration of plant‐C inputs, and their partitioning into C pools with different sink potentials, under an experimental gradient of N and P deposition (0, 10, 30, 60 and 100 kg N ha−1 yr−1; and 0, 2, 6, 12 and 20 kg P ha−1 yr−1). We hypothesized that N deposition would increase sequestration, with the majority of the C being sequestered in faster cycling soil pools because N deposition has been shown to accelerate the turnover of these pools while decelerating the turnover of slower cycling pools. In contrast to this hypothesis, sequestration into all soil C pools peaked at intermediate levels of N deposition. Given that P amendment has been shown to cause a net loss of soil C, we postulated that P deposition would decrease sequestration. This expectation was not supported by our data, with sequestration generally being greater under P deposition. When soils were amended simultaneously with N and P, neither the shape of the sequestration relationship across the deposition gradient, nor the observed sequestration at the majority of the deposition rates, was statistically predictable from the effects of N and P in isolation. The profound nonlinearities we observed, both for total sequestration responses and the partitioning of C into soil pools with different sink potentials, suggests that the rates of N and P deposition to ecosystems will be the critical determinant of whether they enhance or decrease the long‐term sequestration of fresh plant‐C inputs to soils.
Assessing altered body image
Authors: PRICE B. 
Published: February 2008

Assessing altered body image.Like pain, altered body image remains highly personal, abstract and difficult to describe. It has taken nearly a century to define the concept of body image, and to construe a reasonable working definition of altered body image (ABI). During this time, the assessment of body image has focused upon the researcher and his/her needs, rather than the professional nurse, who must arrive at a practical means to understanding patients' distress, and identify possible solutions. In this paper the author suggests parameters for the assessment of ABI in the practical arena, based both upon ongoing asthma care research and the experience of practitioners developing body image counsellor roles. It is suggested that altered body image should be assessed as part of an integrated approach, and that the complicated risk or cathexis scales developed for psychological research have limited use within the clinical setting.
Arabidopsis proteins important for modulating defense responses to Pseudomonas syringae that secrete HopW1‐1
Authors: Lee Min Woo , Jelenska Joanna , Greenberg Jean T. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPlant infection responses result from the interaction of pathogen‐derived molecules with host components. For the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae, these molecules are often effector proteins (Hops) that are injected into plant cells. P. syringae carrying hopW1‐1 have restricted host range on some Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. At least two Arabidopsis genomic regions are important for the natural variation that conditions resistance to P. syringae/hopW1‐1. HopW1‐1 elicits a resistance response, and consequently the accumulation of the signal molecule salicylic acid (SA) and transcripts of HWI1 (HopW1‐1‐Induced Gene1). This work identified three HopW1‐1‐interacting (WIN) plant proteins: a putative acetylornithine transaminase (WIN1), a protein phosphatase (WIN2) and a firefly luciferase superfamily protein (WIN3). Importantly, WIN2 and WIN3 are partially required for HopW1‐1‐induced disease resistance, SA production and HWI1 expression. The requirement for WIN2 is specific for HopW1‐1‐induced resistance, whereas WIN3 is important for responses to several effectors. Overexpression of WIN2 or WIN3 confers resistance to virulent P. syringae, which is consistent with these proteins being defense components. Several known genes important for SA production or signaling are also partially (EDS1, NIM1/NPR1, ACD6 and ALD1) or strongly (PAD4) required for the robust resistance induced by HopW1‐1, suggesting a key role for SA in the HopW1‐1‐induced resistance response. Finally, WIN1 is an essential protein, the overexpression of which over‐rides the resistance response to HopW1‐1 (and several other defense‐inducing effectors), and delays SA and HWI1 induction. Thus, the WIN proteins have different roles in modulating plant defense.
The roles of the cytoskeleton during cellulose deposition at the secondary cell wall
Authors: Wightman Raymond , Turner Simon R. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryDuring secondary cell wall formation, developing xylem vessels deposit cellulose at specific sites on the plasma membrane. Bands of cortical microtubules mark these sites and are believed to somehow orientate the cellulose synthase complexes. We have used live cell imaging on intact roots of Arabidopsis to explore the relationship between the microtubules, actin and the cellulose synthase complex during secondary cell wall formation. The cellulose synthase complexes are seen to form bands beneath sites of secondary wall synthesis. We find that their maintenance at these sites is dependent upon underlying bundles of microtubules which localize the cellulose synthase complex (CSC) to the edges of developing cell wall thickenings. Thick actin cables run along the long axis of the cells. These cables are essential for the rapid trafficking of complex‐containing organelles around the cell. The CSCs appear to be delivered directly to sites of secondary cell wall synthesis and it is likely that transverse actin may mark these sites.
Prospective study of progression of kidney dysfunction in community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: SESSO RICARDO , PRADO FERNANDO , VICIOSO BELINDA , RAMOS LUIZ R 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY:Aim:  Few prospective studies have assessed renal dysfunction in older persons. We sought to define kidney dysfunction among a community‐based cohort of elderly subjects and to determine the factors for its progression.Mehtods:  The Epidemiologia do Idoso (EPIDOSO) Study is a prospective study of individuals ≥65 years old (mean 72.6 ± 0.3), living in the community in the city of São Paulo. The creatinine clearance (CrCl) of 269 individuals of this cohort was estimated during 8 years of follow‐up. The rate of decline in CrCl was calculated using linear regression analysis and dividing the group into tertiles of CrCl change.Results:  Overall mean change in CrCl was −2.37 ± 0.23 mL/min per year. Mean age increased with the greatest degree of decline in renal function (71.1 ± 0.59, 72.5 ± 0.54 and 74.3 ± 0.58, for the first, second and third CrCl change tertiles, respectively, P < 0.01). A higher value of baseline CrCl was associated with progressive decline in CrCl (P < 0.01). Diastolic BP was greater in the second versus the first estimated glomerular filtration rate tertile (83 ± 1 vs 80 ± 1 mmHg, P < 0.05). High‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was inversely associated with CrCl decline (P < 0.05).Conclusion:  Progression of kidney dysfunction occurs in most community‐dwelling elderly. Strategies aimed at slowing the progression should be considered for possible risk factors of older age, baseline CrCl, BP and HDL.
Role of the primary motor and sensory cortex in precision grasping: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study
Authors: Schabrun S. M. , Ridding M. C. , Miles T. S. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractHuman precision grip requires precise scaling of the grip force to match the weight and frictional conditions of the object. The ability to produce an accurately scaled grip force prior to lifting an object is thought to be the result of an internal feedforward model. However, relatively little is known about the roles of various brain regions in the control of such precision grip‐lift synergies. Here we investigate the role of the primary motor (M1) and sensory (S1) cortices during a grip‐lift task using inhibitory transcranial magnetic theta‐burst stimulation (TBS). Fifteen healthy individuals received 40 s of either (i) M1 TBS, (ii) S1 TBS or (iii) sham stimulation. Following a 5‐min rest, subjects lifted a manipulandum five times using a precision grip or completed a simple reaction time task. Following S1 stimulation, the duration of the pre‐load phase was significantly longer than following sham stimulation. Following M1 stimulation, the temporal relationship between changes in grip and load force was altered, with changes in grip force coming to lag behind changes in load force. This result contrasts with that seen in the sham condition where changes in grip force preceded changes in load force. No significant difference was observed in the simple reaction task following either M1 or S1 stimulation. These results further quantify the contribution of the M1 to anticipatory grip‐force scaling. In addition, they provide the first evidence for the contribution of S1 to object manipulation, suggesting that sensory information is not necessary for optimal functioning of anticipatory control.
The evolutionarily conserved gene LNP‐1 is required for synaptic vesicle trafficking and synaptic transmission
Authors: Ghila Luiza , Gomez Marie 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe control of vesicle‐mediated transport in nerve cells is of great importance in the function, development and maintenance of synapse. In this paper, we characterize the new Caenorhabditis elegans gene, lnp‐1. The lnp‐1 gene is broadly distributed in many neuronal structures and its localization is dependent of the UNC‐104/kinesin protein. Deletion mutations in lnp‐1 result in increased resistance to aldicarb, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, and in locomotor defects. However, sensitivity to levamisole, a nicotinic agonist which, unlike aldicarb, only affects postsynaptic function, was similar to that of wild‐type animals, suggesting a presynaptic function for LNP‐1 in neurotransmission. The mislocalization of presynaptic proteins, such as synaptobrevin‐1 or RAB‐3, in lnp‐1 mutants further supports this hypothesis. In summary, our studies suggest that LNP‐1 plays a role in synaptogenesis by regulating vesicular transport or localization.
The three stages of epilepsy in patients with CDKL5 mutations
Authors: Bahi‐Buisson Nadia , Kaminska Anna , Boddaert Nathalie , Rio Marlène , Afenjar Alexandra , Gérard Marion , Giuliano Fabienne , Motte Jacques , Héron Delphine , Morel Marie Ange N'Guyen , Plouin Perrine , Richelme Christian , Des Portes Vincent , Dulac Olivier , Philippe Christophe , Chiron Catherine , Nabbout Rima , Bienvenu Thierry 
Published: February 2008

Summary Mutations in the X‐linked cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) gene are responsible for a severe encephalopathy with early epilepsy. So far, the electroclinical phenotype remains largely unknown and no clear genotype–phenotype correlations have been established.
Purpose: To characterize the epilepsy associated with CDKL5 mutations and to look for a relationship between the genotype and the course of epilepsy.
Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the electroclinical phenotypes of 12 patients aged from 2.5 to 19 years diagnosed with pathogenic CDKL5 mutations and one patient with a novel intronic sequence variation of uncertain pathogenicity and examined whether the severity of the epilepsy was linked to the type and location of mutations.
Results: The epilepsy course reveals three successive stages: (Stage I) early epilepsy (onset 1–10 weeks) with normal interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) (10/13) despite frequent convulsive seizures; (Stage II) epileptic encephalopathy with infantile spasms (8/8) and hypsarrhythmia (8/8). At the age of evaluation, seven patients were seizure free and six had developed refractory epilepsy (stage III) with tonic seizures and myoclonia (5/6).  Interestingly, the patients carrying a CDKL5 mutations causing a truncation of the catalytic domain tended to develop a more frequent refractory epilepsy than patients with mutations located downstream (4/6, 66.6% versus 1/6, 16%) although, these trends are not yet significant.
Discussion: Our data contribute to a better definition of the epileptic phenotype in CDKL5 mutations, and might give some clues to a potential relationship between the phenotype and the genotype in these patients.
Patients’ satisfaction with a community‐based, nurse‐led benign prostatic hyperplasia assessment clinic
Authors: McCaughan Eilis , Parahoo Kader , Thompson Kathryn , Reid Stuart 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThe increase in the prevalence of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is putting pressure on existing general practitioners’ and urologists’ services. Nurses are rising to the challenge by taking an active part in the assessment of this condition. It is important, however, to know users’ views of these services. The aims of this study were to explore users’ experience and perceptions of a community‐based, nurse‐led BPH clinic and to evaluate their satisfaction with the services provided. Out of a target population of 65 users, a random sample of 10 were interviewed and the rest (n = 55) were sent a questionnaire developed for the purpose of this study. The findings from both methods were consistent in showing an overwhelmingly positive evaluation of the appointment procedures, the environment of the clinic, the consultation process and the way they were treated. Users’ concerns about the condition were addressed, as were their health promotion needs. This evaluation shows that specialist urology nurses have an important part in assessing, educating and reassuring users with BPH symptoms.
Solvochromic Effects in Model Eumelanin Compounds†
Authors: Nighswander‐Rempel Stephen P. , Mahadevan Indumathy B. , Bernhardt Paul V. , Butcher Jessica , Meredith Paul 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTWe have created an indolic compound which is ideally suited to the study of the relationship between structure and function in eumelanin formation. N‐methyl‐5‐hydroxy‐6‐methoxyindole (MHMI) is stable in solid and liquid states, highly soluble in a variety of solvents and forms a dimer only through the 4‐4′ positions. The limited binding possibilities are due to functional groups strategically placed to inhibit chemical interactions through the 2 and 7 positions. It forms a crystal structure with a remarkable packing arrangement, with four monomers grouped in parallel pairs spaced 3.5 Å apart within each unit cell. Optical spectra reveal a multi‐peaked absorbance profile similar to 5,6‐dihydroxyindole (DHI) and N‐acetyl‐tryptophanamide (NATA), and strong fluorescence emission with radiative quantum yields of 29% and 33% in benzene and acetonitrile, respectively. The quantum yield is similar to that of 5,6‐dihydroxyindole‐2‐carboxylic acid (DHICA) and shows that solvent aromaticity by itself does not affect the yield. Solution in chloroform results in an almost complete quenching of the fluorescence but an increase in emission is observed with photoactivation. Crystallographic results shown here suggest new structural possibilities for eumelanin and the controlled binding possibilities make this an excellent model for monitoring changes in function with increasing oligomer size in eumelanin formation.
Insight in first episode psychosis: who is measuring what?
Authors: Tranulis Constantin , Lepage Martin , Malla Ashok 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAims: To compare different self‐administered or clinician‐rated insight scales in an FEP population.Methods: A self‐administered measure (Beck Cognitive Insight Scale – BCIS) and clinician‐rated scales (Scale of Unawareness of Mental Disorder – SUMD and Positive And Negative Symptoms Scale – PANSS‐G12 insight item) were completed by 38 patients with a diagnosis of FEP.Results: The scales had good internal consistency and only the clinician‐rated scales were intercorrelated (SUMD – awareness of mental disorder and PANSS‐G12 items (r = 0.657, P < 0.001)). Moreover, we observed a significant association of SUMD and PANSS positive and general subscales and a trend association for BCIS and PANSS negative subscale.Conclusion: Differential associations observed between insight and symptoms may suggest different clinical predictive values for each measure. Our results suggest the necessity to qualify the term ‘insight’ when discussing research results, most notably with respect to who is rating and what aspect of insight is being rated.
Reasons for using substances in adolescents with and without psychosis
Authors: Pencer Alissa , Addington Jean 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim: To increase our understanding of substance use among adolescents with psychosis by comparing their reasons for use with those of typically developing adolescents.Methods: Participants were 35 outpatient adolescents, recently admitted for a first episode of psychosis to an early psychosis programme, and 35 typically developing adolescents. Measures used included the Personal Experience Screening Questionnaire and Reasons for Use Scale.Results: Adolescents with psychosis used significantly more substances than adolescents without psychosis (P < 0.01). Reasons for use in the two groups were similar.Conclusions: Although adolescents with psychosis report using substances for the same reasons as other adolescents, they may also use to self‐medicate secondary morbidity associated with psychosis. These results have a number of implications for prevention and treatment.
Immunohistochemical expressions of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin correlate with the invasion, metastasis and prognosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Kitahara H. , Kawashiri S. , Kato K. , Ohara T. , Yoshizawa K. , Nozaki S. , Nakagawa K. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractAim:  E‐cadherin is an adhesion molecule playing the central role in adhesion between epithelial cells by binding to the same type of cadherin located adjacently. β‐Catenin directly binds to E‐cadherin in cells to connect cadherin to the cytoskeleton. In cancer development and invasion, this adhesive function between cancer cells is considered to decrease in the early step. We investigated expressions of cell adhesion molecules, E‐cadherin and β‐catenin, in oral squamous cell carcinoma, and their associations with invasion, metastasis and prognosis.Material and methods:  The sections of 80 biopsy specimens that were formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded were immunostained to assess the expressions of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin in the tumour‐advancing region using histological preparations of oral squamous cell carcinoma.Result:  Regarding the association with the degree of histopathological differentiation, mode of cancer invasion and the presence or absence of regional lymph node metastasis, both E‐cadherin and β‐catenin positivity rates tended to decrease in poorly differentiated and highly invasive cases. The positivity rates were also low in cases with regional lymph node metastasis. Low positivity rates were associated with regional lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis.Conclusion:  These findings suggested that the expressions of E‐cadherin and β‐catenin in cancer cells in the tumour‐advancing region are involved in the invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma, and affect the prognosis.