bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Child and adolescent depression: short‐term treatment effectiveness and long‐term opportunities
Authors: Ryan Neal D. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAs with adult major depressive disorder (MDD), child and adolescent MDD is characterized as a common, chronic and recurrent disorder. It is also associated with short‐ and long‐term functional impairment, morbidity, and mortality. Effective treatments, both psychotherapeutic and pharmacotherapeutic, are available for the short‐term treatment and management of youth with MDD. However, to date, there are no data on the long‐term treatment and management of children and adolescents with MDD and how long‐term treatment may affect the outcomes of either high‐risk or already affected youth. Understanding the long‐term consequences of MDD during youth is as important as understanding how to treat a single episode of depression.Available data on the pharmacotherapeutic and psychotherapeutic options are discussed. In general, tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs) are not as effective for the treatment of youth with MDD as adults with MDD. The selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to be effective in children and adolescents with MDD and non‐obsessive compulsive anxiety disorders. The serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI), venlafaxine XR, has been shown to be effective for the treatment of generalized anxiety disorder in children and adolescents.Understanding the long‐term clinical consequences of depressive disorders in youth may provide opportunities for better intervention across the clinical course of illness. Early recognition, diagnosis and adequate treatment of ‘high‐risk’ youth with subsyndromal depressive symptoms, treatment of acute episodes of depression to prevent ‘kindling’, and aggressive prophylaxis have the potential to improve the mental health of youth throughout their lives. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Emerging models of depression care: multi‐level (‘6 P’) strategies
Authors: Pincus Harold Alan , Hough Lin , Houtsinger Jeanie Knox , Rollman Bruce L. , Frank Richard G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractDepression is a prevalent, often chronic condition that has enormous personal, social, and financial consequences. Although technologies for treating depression have advanced notably over the past 20 years, many people continue to suffer needlessly, due in part to the lack of evidence‐based treatment applied in primary care settings. Substantial public and private efforts have been devoted to encouraging individuals to seek care, improving recognition and diagnosis by primary care physicians, and implementing evidence‐based treatment practices. From these efforts have come new models of care as well as an awareness of the critical barriers impeding clinical, organizational, economic, and policy implementation of effective care strategies. In this paper, we describe these clinical and systems barriers and consider the perspectives of various stakeholder groups; present emerging clinical models for providing evidence‐based care as well as economic strategies for overcoming barriers to their implementation; and propose community‐based approaches that will need to be tested. To achieve maximum benefits from current knowledge, we will need to implement a multi‐level strategy employing focused efforts involving patients, providers, practice settings, health plans, purchasers (public and private), and populations (or communities): the ‘6 P’ strategy. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
PROD‐screen – a screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis
Authors: Heinimaa M. , Salokangas R.K.R. , Ristkari T. , Plathin M. , Huttunen J. , Ilonen T. , Suomela T. , Korkeila J. , Mcglashan T.H. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to describe the PROD‐screen, an instrument for screening prodromal symptoms indicating risk for psychotic conversion in the near future. PROD‐screen consists of 29 questions assessing performance and symptoms.Clinical construct validity was tested by comparing scores from the unselected general population (GP, n = 64) with those of general psychiatric patients from a community mental health centre (CMHC, n = 107). The concordant validity of PROD‐screen for prodromal symptoms of psychosis was assessed in a large epidemiologically mixed sample of research subjects (n = 132) by comparing PROD‐screen scores with the prodromal diagnosis made by Structured Interview for Prodromal Symptoms as a gold standard.Using the cut‐off point of 2/12 specific symptoms, PROD‐screen gave correct classification of prodromal status in 77% of cases, distinguishing prodromal from non‐prodromal subjects with reasonable sensitivity (80%) and specificity (75%) in the epidemiologically mixed sample. According to subsample analysis PROD‐screen functions well with first‐degree relatives of schizophrenic patients and probably also with general population samples, but not with psychiatric outpatients.In conclusion, PROD‐screen is a useful tool for screening prodromal symptoms of psychosis and selecting subjects for more extensive research interviews. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Acceptability, validity and reliability of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Spectrum of Substance Use (SCI‐SUBS): a pilot study
Authors: Sbrana A. , Dell'osso L. , Gonnelli C. , Impagnatiello P. , Doria M.R. , Spagnolli S. , Ravani L. , Cassano G.B. , Frank E. , Shear M.K. , Grochocinski V.J. , Rucci P. , Maser J.D. , Endicott J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on the acceptability, reliability and validity of the Structured Clinical Interview for the Spectrum of Substance Use (SCI‐SUBS), a new instrument exploring the interactive pathway between substance abuse and psychiatric disorders.Psychiatric outpatients with (n = 21) and without (n = 32) substance abuse comorbidity according to the DSM‐IV, non‐psychiatric subjects with opioid dependence (OD, n = 14) and normal controls (n = 33) were assessed with the SCI‐SUBS. The presence or absence of psychiatric disorders was determined with the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM IV (SCID).The SCI‐SUBS was well accepted by participants. The internal consistency of the domains was satisfactory (between 0.64 and 0.93). Domain scores of OD subjects were significantly higher than those of controls and of psychiatric patients without substance abuse. The cut‐off point on the SCI‐SUBS total score at which there was optimal discrimination between the presence and the absence of a DSM‐IV diagnosis of substance abuse was 45.The pilot version of the SCI‐SUBS has satisfactory internal consistency and construct validity. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A comparison of antidepressant trials using active and inert placebos
Authors: Moncrieff Joanna 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn placebo‐controlled antidepressant trials, there are concerns that the double blind may be breached, which may bias results. Some trials have therefore used placebos containing active substances in order to mimic the side effects of antidepressants. This study set out to examine the impact of ‘unblinding’ by comparing the results of a meta‐analysis of a sample of trials using ordinary inert placebos with a meta‐analysis of trials using active placebos. An a priori sub‐group analysis of trials conducted with inpatients and outpatients was carried out. Quality was assessed using a quality assessment instrument and meta‐regression analysis was conducted to explore heterogeneity. Results of meta‐analysis did not differ between trials using active placebos and trials using inert ones. However, results were strongly influenced by two large trials. When these were excluded trials using inert placebos showed greater antidepressant‐placebo differences than trials using active placebos. There was very high heterogeneity especially among trials using inert placebos. Meta‐regression analysis showed the only significant predictor of outcome was whether trials were conducted with inpatients or outpatients. Sub‐group analysis showed significant differences between antidepressants and any type of placebo in trials conducted with outpatients but not in inpatient trials. Lack of data, heterogeneity and the influence of large studies limited the analysis. The integrity of the double blind design, its effect on results and the heterogeneity between studies, require further exploration in antidepressant trials. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI‐AUTO): problems and remedies for diagnosing panic disorder and social phobia
Authors: Means‐Christensen Adrienne , Sherbourne Cathy D. , Roy‐Byrne Peter , Craske Michelle G. , Bystritsky Alexander , Stein Murray B. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn a recent study of treatment for panic disorder in primary care, the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI‐Auto) was used to provide psychiatric diagnoses. However, during and after data collection, it was discovered that the CIDI appeared to place, or fail to place, a substantial number of people into diagnostic categories in ways that conflicted with the investigators' clinical experience. The wording of questions in the panic module, coupled with a lack of structured follow‐up probes, resulted in apparent false negatives for panic disorder. Moreover, patients who would otherwise meet criteria for panic disorder or social phobia did not receive a diagnosis based on rules that may be discordant with clinical practice and, at times, the design of the DSM‐IV.For this study, changes were made to the interview, including additional probes for the panic disorder module and modification of the decision rules used to assign or rule out diagnoses of panic disorder and social phobia. The changes resulted in greater inclusion of patients in the panic disorder and social phobia diagnostic categories and we argue that these changes to the CIDI‐Auto increase the clinical validity of this instrument. We did not examine the false positive rate for the unmodified or modified CIDI, but this is an important issue that needs to be evaluated in future research. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Brief measure of expressed emotion: internal consistency and stability over time
Authors: Sandberg Seija , Rutter Michael , Järvi Johanna 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe study examined three methodological aspects of expressed emotion (EE) as assessed in the course of PACE (Psychosocial Assessment of Childhood Experiences) interviews with a parent. In a sample of 87 children, aged 6–13 years, enrolled in a prospective study examining the role of stress on the course of asthma, EE was assessed at three time points, 9 months apart. A high degree of agreement was found among the three concurrent measures of negative and positive EE (kappas from 0.74 to 0.97, and from 0.45 to 0.88, respectively; p ≤ 0.0001 in all instances). The temporal stability of all measures was lower, although statistically significant in all but 2 instances (kappas from 0.19 to 0.59, and from 0.11 to 0.39, respectively). The temporal stability across measures, as well as across interviewers and over time, was broadly similar (kappas from 0.21 to 0.56 for negative EE, and from 0.09 to 0.38 for positive EE, with all but three of the 36 statistically significant). The findings provide support for the underlying assumptions of the PACE‐EE and show the utility of measures based on just very brief periods of non‐directive interviewing, making them practical in a wide range of studies with EE just one of a larger set of measures. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Inter‐rater reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and the Groningen Social Disabilities Schedule in a European multi‐site randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of acute psychiatric day hospitals
Authors: Schützwohl Matthias , Jarosz‐Nowak Joanna , Briscoe Jane , Szajowski Krzysztof , Kallert Thomas 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objectives of this study were to report the inter‐rater reliability of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS 4.0) and the Groningen Social Disabilities Schedule (GSDS‐II) as assessed in a randomized controlled trial on the effectiveness of psychiatric day hospitals spanning five sites in countries of Central and Western Europe.Following brief training sessions, videotaped BPRS‐interviews and written GSDS‐vignettes were rated by clinically experienced researchers from all participating sites. Inter‐rater reliability often proved to be poor for items assessing the severity of both psychopathology and social dysfunction, but findings suggest that both instruments allow for the assessment of the presence or absence of specific psychopathological symptoms or social disabilities. Inter‐rater reliability at subscale level proved to be good for both instruments.Results indicate that, with a brief training session and proper use of the instruments, psychopathology and social disabilities can be reliably assessed within cross‐national research studies. The results are of particular interest given that the need to conduct cross‐national multi‐site studies including countries with different cultural backgrounds increases. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Aims, design and methods of the Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Awareness and Screening (SNICAS) study
Authors: Muehlig Stephan , Hoch Eva , Hoefler Michael , Pittrow David , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe objectives of the Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Awareness (SNICAS) study are to provide nationally representative data on the prevalence of smoking and smoking dependence of primary care patients and the frequency in which smoking cessation interventions are offered and provided in primary care. With the inclusion of both providers' (doctor) and patients' perspectives, the study also attempts to identify the needs and motivational status for smoking cessation as reported by the patients and as perceived by the doctor.The Smoking and Nicotine Dependence Awareness study uses a two‐stage epidemiological design. Stage 1 consists of a pre‐study characterization of a nationwide sample of 889 primary care doctors (conservative response rate: 50%). Stage 2 consists of a cross‐sectional assessment of unselected consecutive patients (n = 28,707, conservative response rate: 52.8%) on the study's target day, by means of patient questionnaire and a structured clinical appraisal of each patient by the doctor.This paper provides an overview of the design and methods of the study, informs about sampling and response rates, and examines whether the study sample could be considered representative of German primary care doctors. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A longitudinal evaluation of two‐year outcome in a community‐based mental health service using graphical chain models
Authors: Ruggeri Mirella , Bisoffi Giulia , Lasalvia Antonio , Amaddeo Francesco , Bonetto Chiara , Biggeri Annibale 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe 2‐year outcome of 178 patients attending a community‐based mental health service was assessed from a multidimensional perspective. The study investigated: (1) the effect of disease‐related characteristics (such as diagnosis and illness duration) and of a series of outcome variables measured at baseline (global functioning, psychopathology, social disability, quality of life and satisfaction with services) on total costs of care over 2 years; and (2) the effect of costs of care and outcome variables measured at baseline on the corresponding outcome variables at 2 years.To gain insight into the multivariate longitudinal dependencies among variables, we used graphical Gaussian chain models, a new multivariate method that analyses the relationship between continuous variables taking into account the effect of antecedent and intervening variables, to reveal not only direct but also indirect correlations.Outcome variables showed the tendency to segregate, both at baseline and follow‐up, into two distinct groups: a clinician‐rated dimension (given by global functioning, social disability and psychopathology) and a patient‐rated dimension (given by service satisfaction and subjective quality of life). Higher costs at 2 years were predicted by higher psychopathology at baseline, diagnosis of psychosis and longer duration of illness. Baseline values for each variable were the main predictors of the corresponding values at two years. Improvement in satisfaction with life at follow‐up was experienced in those subjects with a lower functioning at baseline. This study throws some light on the complex relationships between clinical, social and economic variables affecting the medium‐term outcome of mental health care. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Use of resampling to select among alternative error structure specifications for GLMM analyses of repeated measurements
Authors: Tonidandel Scott , Overall John E. , Smith Fraser 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAutocorrelated error and missing data due to dropouts have fostered interest in the flexible general linear mixed model (GLMM) procedures for analysis of data from controlled clinical trials. The user of these adaptable statistical tools must, however, choose among alternative structural models to represent the correlated repeated measurements. The fit of the error structure model specification is important for validity of tests for differences in patterns of treatment effects across time, particularly when maximum likelihood procedures are relied upon. Results can be affected significantly by the error specification that is selected, so a principled basis for selecting the specification is important. As no theoretical grounds are usually available to guide this decision, empirical criteria have been developed that focus on model fit. The current report proposes alternative empirical criteria that focus on bootstrap estimates of actual type I error and power of tests for treatment effects. Results for model selection before and after the blind is broken are compared. Goodness‐of‐fit statistics also compare favourably for models fitted to the blinded or unblinded data, although the correspondence to actual type I error and power depends on the particular fit statistic that is considered. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Symptom development and timing of menarche: a longitudinal study
Authors: El‐Khouri Bassam Michel , Mellner Christin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSelf‐reported somatic complaints among females were studied cross sectionally at age 15 and 43, and longitudinally between these two ages. Specifically, the relationship between symptom development and timing of menarche was considered. The sample consisted of 477 females representing the general Swedish population. All the included symptoms were significantly related to each other at both ages. There was also longitudinal correlational stability for all the studied symptoms. Moreover, symptoms at age 15 were associated with early menarcheal timing. Pattern analyses of the studied symptoms were conducted with roots in person‐oriented methodology. These results revealed structural as well as individual stability in patterns of symptom reporting for nearly 30 years. That is, similar configurations of symptoms were found at both ages, and it was the same females who reported being either symptom free or reporting a high symptom load at both ages. At age 15 fewer early maturing females than expected by chance reported being symptom free, whereas more of the late maturing females than expected reported being symptom free. However, there were no effects of menarcheal timing on symptom reporting at age 43. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R): background and aims
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Merikangas Kathleen R. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS‐R) is a new nationally representative community household survey of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders in the US. The NCS‐R was carried out a decade after the original NCS. The NCS‐R repeats many of the questions from the NCS and also expands the NCS questioning to include assessments based on the more recent Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM‐IV) diagnostics system (American Psychiatric Association, 1994). The NCS‐R was designed to (1) investigate time trends and their correlates over the decade of the 1990s and (2) expand the assessment of the prevalence and correlates of mental disorders beyond the assessment in the baseline NCS in order to address a number of important substantive and methodological issues that were raised by the NCS. This paper presents a brief review of these aims. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI)
Authors: Kessler Ronald C. , Üstün T. Bedirhan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of the World Mental Health (WMH) Survey Initiative version of the World Health Organization (WHO) Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) and a discussion of the methodological research on which the development of the instrument was based. The WMH‐CIDI includes a screening module and 40 sections that focus on diagnoses (22 sections), functioning (four sections), treatment (two sections), risk factors (four sections), socio‐demographic correlates (seven sections), and methodological factors (two sections). Innovations compared to earlier versions of the CIDI include expansion of the diagnostic sections, a focus on 12‐month as well as lifetime disorders in the same interview, detailed assessment of clinical severity, and inclusion of information on treatment, risk factors, and consequences. A computer‐assisted version of the interview is available along with a direct data entry software system that can be used to keypunch responses to the paper‐and‐pencil version of the interview. Computer programs that generate diagnoses are also available based on both ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV criteria. Elaborate CD‐ROM‐based training materials are available to teach interviewers how to administer the interview as well as to teach supervisors how to monitor the quality of data collection. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Centring in regression analyses: a strategy to prevent errors in statistical inference
Authors: Kraemer Helena C. , Blasey Christine M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractRegression analyses are perhaps the most widely used statistical tools in medical research. Centring in regression analyses seldom appears to be covered in training and is not commonly reported in research papers. Centring is the process of selecting a reference value for each predictor and coding the data based on that reference value so that each regression coefficient that is estimated and tested is relevant to the research question. Using non‐centred data in regression analysis, which refers to the common practice of entering predictors in their original score format, often leads to inconsistent and misleading results. There is very little cost to unnecessary centring, but the costs of not centring when it is necessary can be major. Thus, it would be better always to centre in regression analyses. We propose a simple default centring strategy: (1) code all binary independent variables +1/2; (2) code all ordinal independent variables as deviations from their median; (3) code all ‘dummy variables’ for categorical independent variables having m possible responses as 1−1/m and −1/m instead of 1 and 0; (4) compute interaction terms from centred predictors. Using this default strategy when there is no compelling evidence to centre protects against most errors in statistical inference and its routine use sensitizes users to centring issues. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.