bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Efficacy Endpoint
Authors: Follmann Dean A 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAt its core, a clinical trial is designed to test a specific primary hypothesis. The primary efficacy endpoint in a clinical trial is a clinical or laboratory outcome measured in an individual after randomization that allows one to test the primary hypothesis and provides the means of assessing whether a therapy is effective compared with its control. A primary endpoint can be measured once or repeatedly over time, or may comprise several kinds of individual measurements. Once a primary endpoint is selected, statistical methods of analysis to test the primary hypothesis can be determined and sample size calculations can be performed to ensure the trial is properly powered. Because of the key role of the primary endpoint in the design and analysis of a trial, it is critical that it be chosen carefully. A primary efficacy endpoint must be precisely specified in advance and should(1)address the primary objective,(2)be ascertainable in all patients,(3)be “fair” to each study arm,(4)have demonstrated or accepted relevance for the population and intervention(s) of the trial, and(5)be sensitive to meaningful changes in a patient's health.
Influence of potassium humate on the swelling properties of a poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide)/ potassium humate superabsorbent composite
Authors: Chu Mo , Zhu Shu‐Quan , Huang Zhan‐Bin , Li Hua‐Min 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA novel superabsorbent composite, poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide)/potassium humate (PAA‐AM/KHA), was prepared by aqueous solution polymerization from acrylic acid, acrylamide, and potassium humate (KHA) with N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as a crosslinker and potassium peroxydisulfate as an initiator. The effects of incorporated KHA on the water absorbency, swelling rate, and reswelling capability were investigated. The swelling property of PAA‐AM/KHA in various saline solutions was studied systematically. The results show that the comprehensive properties and especially salt‐resistant ability of PAA‐AM/KHA were enhanced. There was a linear relationship between the saturated water absorbency and the minus square root of the ionic strength of the external medium, and the water absorbency of PAA‐AM/KHA in various salt solutions had the following order: NH4Cl(aq) = KCl(aq) = NaCl(aq) > MgCl2(aq) > CaCl2(aq) > AlCl3(aq) > FeCl3(aq). Moreover, the polymeric net structure of PAA‐AM/KHA was examined with respect to that of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐acrylamide). The results indicate that the polymeric net of PAA‐AM/KHA was improved by the introduction of a moderate amount of KHA into the superabsorbent composite and made more suitable for agriculture and horticulture applications. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Excimer and electromer suppression of tetraphenylsilane‐based blue‐light‐emitting polymers
Authors: Lee Rong‐Ho , Wang Ying‐Yu 
Published: December 2007

AbstractExcimer and electromer suppression of tetraphenylsilane‐derivative‐based blue polymer light‐emitting devices (PLEDs) was investigated. Tetraphenylsilane with a rigid bulky structure certainly but not completely suppressed excimer formation among polymer‐chain segments. A poor solvent, toluene, resulted in excimer formation in the solid film during the spin‐coating process, which could not be suppressed by the incorporation of a bulky moiety onto the polymer backbone. In addition, electromers or electroplexes formed by the strong interaction between the oxadiazole and diphenyl(4‐tolyl)amine groups could not be prevented by the tetraphenylsilane moiety. The influences of the bulky moiety, bipolar unit, and device fabrication conditions on the suppression of excimers or electromers in PLEDs are discussed in detail. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Direct fluorination of Twaron fiber and investigation of mechanical thermal and morphological properties of high density polyethylene and Twaron fiber composites
Authors: Maity J. , Jacob C. , Das C. K. , Singh R. P. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractComposites consisting of high density polyethylene (HDPE) reinforced with randomly oriented chopped Twaron fibers (both fluorinated and nonfluorinated) show a significant increase in mechanical and thermal properties. To increase the better fiber matrix adhesion, the Twaron fiber is surface fluorinated using elemental fluorine. The surface of the Twaron fiber becomes very rough and the diameter of Twaron fiber increases from ∼ 12 to 14 μm after fluorination. The composites were prepared using solution method to overcome the damage of the fiber. The tensile strength and the Young's modulus increases with increasing fiber content. The tensile strength and modulus of modified fiber (fluorinated Twaron fiber) composites is much higher than nonmodified fiber composites indicating that there is better mechanical interlocking between the modified fiber and the matrix. Thermal properties obtained from DSC and DTA‐TG analysis of the fluorinated fiber composites are also improved. Contact angle measurements, as well as the surface energy measurements, indicate that the composites are more wettable and is maximum for fluorinated fiber composites i.e., surface energy for fluorinated fiber composites is highest. Crystallinity is also higher for fluorinated fiber composites. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
Synthesis of a new tetrafunctional monomer, 1,4‐di(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenol, and its copolymerization
Authors: Grochowicz Marta , Bartnicki Andrzej , Gawdzik Barbara 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe new aromatic tetrafunctional methacrylate monomer, 1,4‐di(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloyloxypropoxy) phenol, and its application for the synthesis of porous microspheres have been presented. It was copolymerized with trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate in the presence of pore‐forming diluents mixture (chlorobenzene and 1‐decanol). The results indicate that composition of diluents mixture influence porous structure of copolymers. The porous structure of the copolymer obtained in the presence of 50% chlorobenzene was studied in detail. The results show that pore volume and the most probable pore size diameters determined for the copolymer in the dry and in the wetted states are different. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Blending PP with PA6 industrial wastes: Effect of the composition and the compatibilization
Authors: Jaziri Mohamed , Barhoumi Najoua , Massardier Valérie , Mélis Flavien 
Published: December 2007

AbstractBlending polypropylene to recycled PA6 industrial wastes at different compositions, with and without compatibilizer PPgMA was produced in a corotating twin screw extruder where, polypropylene acts as the polymer matrix and polyamide as the dispersed phase. Several techniques were used to investigate the morphology, thermal, viscoelastic and tensile properties of these blend. Binary PP/PA6 blends showed the presence of PA6 particles dispersed in the PP continuous phase and exhibited a coarse morphology. Increasing PA6 contents in the blend increased their crystallinity and their size and improved the tensile properties at weak deformation. In addition to compatibilizer PPgMA, the morphology shows lower diameters and a decrease in size of the dispersed PA6 particles. The interfacial adhesion was also improved, as a result of the creation of an interphase that was formed by the interaction between the formed PPgPA6 copolymer in situ and both phases. This interphase induced an improvement in tensile properties. The PPgPA6 copolymer generated by the interphase was identified with DMA analysis thanks to an additional transition in loss modulus curves. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Enantio‐ and diastereoselective syntheses of cyclic Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids and their use to induce stable conformations in short peptides
Authors: Maity Prantik , König Burkhard 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCα‐Tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids are widely used to design and prepare peptides and peptide mimics with constrained conformations. Subcategories of these compounds are cyclic Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids, in which both α‐substituents are covalently connected. This survey presents recent advances in the synthesis and application of cyclic Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids in a systematic order beginning with cyclopropane amino acids, continuing with four, five, six membered rings, and ring structures larger than six‐membered. We discuss synthetic routes to the cyclic Cα‐tetrasubstituted α‐amino acids and their use as conformation determining elements in peptides. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 90: 8–27, 2008.This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Physical injuries in the dissecting room
Authors: Cornwall Jon , Stringer Mark D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDissection of human cadavers remains an important element of learning anatomy in many medical and dental schools. During this activity, students are introduced to the safe handling of surgical instruments. The frequency, type, and mechanism of associated injuries are unknown. We undertook a retrospective cohort analysis of dissecting‐room accidents during a 6‐year period (2001–2006). Injury rates were adjusted to account for exposure risk. A total of 55 injuries, all minor, were recorded in 53 students, representing an overall injury rate of less than 4 injuries per 1,000 hr of dissection. Twenty‐four injuries were documented in third‐year medical students, 13 in second‐year medical students, 10 in second‐year dental students, and 8 in third‐year science students. There was a statistically significant difference in injury rates between the groups due to a higher than expected rate among second‐year medical students and a lower than expected rate among third‐year medical students (P < 0.01). At least 38 (69%) injuries were from a scalpel blade. A further three injuries were from bone spicules. All except two injuries affected the hand. In conclusion, it is unusual for students to injure themselves in the dissecting room. Injuries tend to be minor and largely related to scalpel blades. A greater awareness of hazards due to sharps and safe handling techniques may reduce the risks of minor injury and better prepare students for future clinical practice. Clin. Anat. 21:82–85, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adsorption of Methyl tert‐butyl Ether on Perfluorooctyl Alumina Adsorbents – High Concentration Range
Authors: Ebadi A. , Soltan Mohammadzadeh J. S. , Khudiev A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe performance of two types of perfluorooctyl alumina (PFOAL) adsorbents prepared using γ‐alumina (PFOALA) and alumina‐active‐basic® (PFOALB) is reported. The equilibrium adsorption behavior of the adsorbents was studied for adsorption of methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE) in a wide range (5–1000 mg/L) of aqueous phase MTBE concentrations. The monolayer adsorption capacities were 3.3 and 3.5 mg MTBE/g adsorbent, and the maximum adsorption capacities were 7.1 and 6.3 mg MTBE/g adsorbent for PFOALA and PFOALB, respectively. The application of Freundlich, Langmuir, BET and BDDT (the general form of BET) isotherms were compared for the modeling of aqueous adsorption of MTBE on the surface of PFOAL adsorbents. It was shown that adsorption of MTBE on the surface of PFOAL is a type IV van der Waals adsorption, which is best modeled by the general form of the BET (BDDT) multilayer adsorption isotherm.
Tuning the Charge Distribution and Photoswitchable Properties of Cobalt–Dioxolene Complexes by Using Molecular Techniques
Authors: Beni Alessandra , Dei Andrea , Laschi Serena , Rizzitano Mario , Sorace Lorenzo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractA series of cobalt complexes [Co(Mentpa)(diox)]PF6⋅sol (diox=3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,2‐dioxolene; sol=ethanol, toluene; tpa=tris(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine) were prepared by using tripod‐like Mentpa (n=0, 1, 2, 3), derived from tpa by successive introduction of methyl groups into the 6‐position of the pyridine moieties, as an ancillary ligand. The steric hindrance induced by this substitution modulates the redox properties of the metal acceptor, thus determining the charge distribution of the metal–dioxolene moiety at room temperature. All of these complexes were characterised by using diffractometric studies, electronic spectroscopic analysis, and magnetic susceptibility measurements. In the solid state, the [Co(Mentpa)(diox)]+ ions (n=0, 1) can be described as diamagnetic cobalt(III)–catecholato derivatives, whereas a cobalt(II)–semiquinonato description seems appropriate for the paramagnetic [Co(Me3tpa)(diox)]+ complex. The complex [Co(Me2tpa)(diox)]PF6⋅C2H5OH undergoes entropy‐driven valence tautomeric interconversion at room temperature. Optically induced valence tautomerism was observed by irradiation of [Co(Mentpa)(diox)]PF6 complexes (n=0, 1, 2) at cryogenic temperatures. The different relaxation kinetics of the photoinduced metastable phases are related to the respective free‐energy changes of the interconversion, as estimated by cyclic voltammetric experiments at room temperature, and to the different lattice interactions, as supported by structural data. These results show the importance of molecular techniques for controlling the relaxation properties of photoinduced metastable species. At the same time, this behaviour strongly suggests that this paradigm exhibits intrinsic limits because of the less controllable factors that affect the process.
The resolution of five racemic α‐lactams by HPLC
Authors: Yu Hui , Hur Kyu , Lengyel István , Cesare Victor 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe resolution of five racemic α‐lactams (1a‐d,g) using HPLC is reported. Five different Pirkle‐type stationary phases were tested. The enantiomers of α‐lactams containing the trityl group (1a‐d) were separated (selectivity factors ranging from 1.08 to 1.20) using a mobile phase of hexane/2‐propanol:98/2 and a stationary phase consisting of the 3,5‐dinitroaniline derivative of (S)‐valine with a urea linkage. Among the dialkyl‐substituted α‐lactams (1e‐g), only 1,3‐di‐tert‐butylaziridinone (1g) could be resolved, but only partially (selectivity factor = 1.07), with a mobile phase of hexane/1,2‐dichloroethane:95/5 and the stationary phase consisting of the 3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acid derivative of (R)‐1‐naphthylglycine. Chirality, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kleine nicht‐kodierende Ribonukleinsäuren. In Eukaryoten
Authors: Overhoff Marita 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDie in den letzten Jahren entdeckten kleinen nicht kodierenden RNAs, wie siRNAs, miRNAs und rasiRNAs, regulieren auf unterschiedliche Art und Weise zelluläre Ereignisse, wie z.B. die Differenzierung einer Zelle. Obwohl sie an sehr vielen Prozessen beteiligt sind, wurden sie lange Zeit übersehen und erst jetzt beginnt man die gesamte Bandbreite der Regulation durch diese RNAs zu erahnen. Die genauen Mechanismen der Regulation durch die kleinen RNAs sind zum Teil noch nicht bekannt, trotzdem soll dieser Übersichtsartikel schon jetzt einen kleinen Einblick in die faszinierende Welt der kleinen RNAs geben.
Die molekularen Grundlagen heterogener Katalyse
Authors: Welter Kira 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDen diesjährigen Nobelpreis für Chemie erhielt Gerhard Ertl, emeritierter Direktor des Berliner Fritz‐Haber‐Instituts. Mit seiner Arbeit legte der deutsche Physiko‐Chemiker die wissenschaftlichen Grundlagen für das Verständnis von heterogen katalytisierten Prozessen und trug wie kaum ein Anderer zur Entwicklung der modernen Oberflächenchemie bei. Die Auszeichnung bekam der gebürtige Stuttgarter genau an seinem 71. Geburtstag.
Reporter gene imaging using radiographic contrast from nonradioactive iodide sequestered by the sodium–iodide symporter
Authors: Brown Stephen L. , Freytag Svend O. , Barton Kenneth N. , Flynn Michael J. , Peck Donald J. , Dragovic Aleksandar F. , Jin Ryan , Yeni Yener N. , Fyhrie David P. , Les Clifford M. , Zhu Guopei , Kolozsvary Andrew , Pitchford Wayne C. , Nathanson S. David , Fenstermacher Joseph D. , Kim Jae Ho 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe hypothesis that the human sodium–iodide symporter, NIS, can be used to detect NIS expression using standard radiological techniques was tested using adenoviral transduced NIS expression in human tumor xenografts grown in mice and in a naive dog prostate. Nonradioactive iodide was administered systemically to animals that 1–3 days previously had received a local injection of a replication‐competent adenovirus expressing NIS under the control of the CMV promoter. The distribution of radiopacity was assessed in mouse tumors using micro‐CT and a clinical X‐ray machine and in the prostate of an anesthetized dog using a clinical spiral CT. Iodide sequestration and NIS expression were measured using X‐ray spectrochemical analysis and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. Radiographic contrast due to NIS gene expression that was observed indicates the technique has potential for use in preclinical rodent tumor studies but probably lacks sensitivity for human use. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granular cell tumor of the neurohypophysis: Report of a case with intraoperative cytologic diagnosis
Authors: Policarpio‐Nicolas Maria Luisa C. , Le Brian H. , Mandell James W. , Lopes M. Beatriz S. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCytological techniques including touch and smear preparations are very useful diagnostic modality in the evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) lesions and, in many instances, may be effectively used as the sole modality of tissue preparation for intraoperative consultation. Cytologic preparations offer many advantages over frozen sections for CNS specimens. These include selective examination of multiple areas from small biopsy specimens, superior preservation and details of cellular morphology, fewer artifacts, faster results, and improved cost‐effectiveness. We describe the cytologic diagnosis of a granular cell tumor (GCT) of the neurohypophysis in a 33‐year‐old male who presented with headache and blurred vision. CT scan revealed an enlarged sella with a 2.15 × 2.0 cm pituitary lesion. Transsphenoidal resection of the mass was performed and submitted for intraoperative consultation. Smears and touch preparations were made on a portion of the mass that showed uniform polygonal cells with round to ovoid nuclei and abundant eosinophilic granular cytoplasm. An intraoperative cytological diagnosis of “favor GCT” was rendered. The histologic sections of the remaining material confirmed the diagnosis. Although GCT of the neurohypophysis is very rare, a specific intraoperative cytological diagnosis is possible. We report the clinical, cytological, and pathological findings of a GCT affecting the neurohypophysis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:58–63. © 2007 Wiley–Liss, Inc.
ThinPrep are superior to conventional smears in the cytological diagnosis of subfertile men by testicular fine‐needle aspiration
Authors: Grimbizis Grigoris , Mikos Themistoklis , Pantazis Konstantinos , Athanassiou Evangelia , Sevastiadou Panagiota , Papanicolaou Athanasios , Polychronou Paris , Goulis Dimitrios G. , Tarlatzis Basil , Bontis John N. , Papadimas Ioannis 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was the comparison of liquid‐based cytology (ThinPrep, TS) to conventional smears (CS) in the investigation of subfertile men with testicular fine‐needle aspiration (FNA).Between January and December 2004, testicular FNA biopsies were performed in 30 subfertile men. Both TS and CS were diagnosed according to Meng classification. Features specifically recorded in each smear included sample adequacy, tissue cells preservation, contamination with red blood cells, quality of smear background, ease of cell recognition, and the cytological diagnosis.There was agreement in the cytological diagnosis between TS and CS (P = 0.88) and sample adequacy (P = 0.73). TS was superior to CS regarding cell preservation, presence of red blood cells or tissue artifacts, quality of the smear background, and cell recognition (P < 0.0001).In testicular FNA cytology, TS appear to be superior to CS in respect to cell preservation, absence of red blood cells, background quality, and cell recognition. These advantages, however, are not translated in improved cytological diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:1–7. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Solid renal masses in adults: Image‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology and imaging techniques—“Two Heads Better Than One?”
Authors: García‐Solano José , Acosta‐Ortega Jesús , Pérez‐Guillermo Miguel , Benedicto‐Orovitg José Manuel , Jiménez‐Penick Francisco José 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe have compared the diagnostic accuracy of image‐guided 25G‐FNA (fine‐needle aspiration) and imaging modalities in a group of 31 patients with solid space‐occupying renal lesions. All patients had undergone total nephrectomy and histologic sections were available for review.By FNA there were 24 malignant diagnoses, I benign diagnosis, and 6 cases with yield inadequate for diagnosis. The FNA accuracy for malignancy was 100% with no false positive cases; cancer typing by FNA matched the final histologic diagnoses in 91.6% of cases. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were 80%, 14%, 80%, and 14%, respectively.Radiologically there were 26 diagnoses of malignancy, I of benignity, and 4 indeterminate lesions (IL). Accuracy for malignancy was 100%, with one false positive case; cancer typing matched the final histologic diagnoses in 84%. Sensitivity of imaging modalities was 86%, specificity 17%, positive predictive value 83%, and negative predictive value 20%. Four IL corresponded to renal cell carcinoma in the final histologic report: two IL had a previous diagnosis of malignancy by FNA, and the yield of two was inadequate for cytologic diagnosis.Both techniques have 100% accuracy for the diagnosis of malignancy. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of imaging techniques are slightly higher than those obtained by FNA. Imaging techniques and FNA of solid renal masses complement each other in IL and in nondiagnostic FNAs. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:8–12. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cytopathology of a primary follicular dendritic cell sarcoma of the liver of the inflammatory pseudotumor‐like type
Authors: Granados Rosario , Aramburu José Antonio , Rodríguez José María , Nieto María Antonia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractFollicular dendritic cell (FDC) sarcoma is an exceedingly uncommon tumor of lymph nodes and extranodal tissues. The inflammatory pseudotumor (IPT)‐like variant of FDC sarcoma of intraabdominal location is considered a separate entity, with different clinical and pathological features than those of the classic FDC tumor.There have been only 12 cytological reports of FDC sarcomas in the literature. Two of them were metastases to the liver and, like our case, had features of IPT. Fine‐needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) and imprint and scrape cytology from the surgically excised tumor here reported revealed spindle tumor cells with moderate pleomorphism, nuclear grooves, prominent nucleoli, and cytoplasmic processes, admixed with inflammatory cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first cytology report of a primary hepatic FDC tumor. The cytological findings permit the recognition of this tumor. However, confirmation by inmunohistochemistry (IHQ) is mandatory for a definitive diagnosis. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:42–46. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.