bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal study of craniofacial growth in Macaca fascicularis
Authors: Nanda Ravindra , Baume Robert M. , Tanne Kazuo , Sugawara Junji 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper is an analysis of normal craniofacial growth in adolescent crab‐eating macaques (Macaca fascicularis). Eight female adolescent monkeys were used in this study. Their individual craniofacial growth was studied for a 24‐month period utilizing tantalum implants and roentgenographic cephalograms. Throughout the observation period, each monkey consistently showed a class I molar relationship with a good overjet and overbite. The amount of anterior displacement of the maxilla and the mandible was significantly dominant compared to the vertical displacements at every observation period. The midface exhibited a maxillary differential growth pattern in which the premaxilla displaced superiorly and the posterior maxilla moved inferiorly, resulting in a counterclockwise rotation of the entire maxilla. Growth of the lower anterior teeth and alveolar bone compensated for the incremental vertical spaces which were induced by superior displacement of the premaxilla and inferior repositioning of the chin. In addition, the amount of anterior displacement of the upper and lower anterior teeth were significantly larger than that of the premaxilla and the chin. The dentocraniofacial growth pattern in Macaca fascicularis was quite similar to that seen in Macaca mulatta.
La Ferrassie 6 and the development of Neandertal pubic morphology
Authors: Tompkins Robert L. , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFunctional interpretations of the mediolateral elongation and superoinferior flattening of the superior pubic ramus of Neandertals require knowledge of its ontogeny. Metric comparisons between the La Ferrassie 6 Neandertal infant, aged 3–5 years, and a sample of modern infants reveal that the acetabulosymphyseal length of La Ferrassie 6, relative to femoral length and iliac breadth, falls at the limits of the range of variation of the modern infants, while the relative height of its superior pubic ramus is indistinguishable from that of the modern sample. It appears that acetabulosymphyseal elongation of the Neandertal pubis is a feature which is expressed quite early in ontogeny, well before puberty. Superoinferior flattening and ventral margin thinning of the superior ramus probably appear later in Neandertal ontogeny.
Late Pleistocene and Holocene population history of east Asia based on dental variation
Authors: Turner Christy G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this communication is to provide a summary description and analysis of 28 dental traits studied in a number of skeletal samples that originated in eastern Asia. The objectives of the analysis are to define the nature of Mongoloid dental variation, use it to measure Asian intergroup relationships, and develop in greater detail and with larger samples a dental anthropological model of the late Pleistocene and Holocene population history of eastern Asia.
Health and agricultural intensification in the prehistoric valley of Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Hodges Denise C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effects of agricultural intensification on health are examined in prehistoric populations of the Valley of Oaxaca, Mexico. Agriculture was practiced in the Valley of Oaxaca by the beginning of the Early Formative period (ca. 1400 B.C.), and had intensified by the Late Formative (ca. 500 B.C.). Skeletal remains from 14 archaeological sites in the Valley are pooled by temporal affiliation into a nonintensive agriculture group (1400–500 B.C.) and an intensive agriculture group (500 B.C.–1400 A.D.). The health effects of agricultural intensification are assessed by comparing the frequency of periosteal reactions, cribra orbitalia, and enamel hypoplasia between the intensive and nonintensive agricultural groups. Overall, no significant differences (alpha = 0.05) are found between the nonintensive and intensive groups. Power analyses of the chi‐square tests indicate that the tests have a high probability of rejecting a false null hypothesis. The intensification of agriculture does not appear to have had a deleterious effect on the health of the prehistoric population of the Valley. The differences between this study and previous studies of health and agricultural development may be explained by differences between the processes of intensification and development or by differences between primary and secondary centers of agricultural development.
Nut‐like oil seeds: Food for monkeys, chimpanzees, humans, and probably ape‐men
Authors: Peters Charles R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe hypothetical hyperrobust australopithecine gnathic nutcracker adaptation is reexamined in light of ecobotanical information on edible wild nuts provided by the flora of tropical and subtropical Africa.The nut producing species are tree‐forms. Those of the forest region do not as a rule produce fruits with edible mesocarps. In contrast, the woodland savanna species (particularly in the Zambezian region) characteristically provide an important whole fruit, i.e., a nutritious mesocarp in addition to edible oil‐rich nut seeds. These fruits drop from the tree before they are fully mature and go through the final ripening phase on the ground. They are important seasonal foods for a variety of vertebrates, including primates, elephants, and antelope.Altogether the nuts exhibit a broad range of toughness values, measured here as strength under compression. The woodland nuts are not as tough (177–934 kg force, breaking load) as those of the tropical forest (192–1,673 kg force). The seed‐predators of the woodland species include squirrels, baboons, warthogs, and parrots.Paleoecological analyses indicate that it was the woodland nuts that were probably available to Australopithecus boisei and A. robustus. Preliminary estimates of adult male gnathic nut‐cracking capabilities suggest that A. boisei could have orally cracked a significant portion of the woodland nuts. In spite of this, ecobotanical data indicate that we can probably reject the hypothesis that these hominids were year‐round gnathic nut‐cracking specialists. Both the indirect and direct evidence support this conclusion.
Patterns of approximal wear in cheek teeth of a Romano‐British population
Authors: Whittaker D. K. , Ryan S. , Weeks K. , Murphy W. M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe approximal surfaces of premolars and molars of 376 adult British‐Romano skulls were examined for wear facets. The type of wear was designated as convex, concave, sigmoid, or flat, and the degree was categorised on a three‐point scale. Concave wear facets were more frequently seen in the older age groups, but the type of wear was similar on right and left sides. Taking all teeth together or as individual tooth types, concave wear was significantly more likely on mesial rather than distal surfaces.The degree of wear was age related and similar on right and left sides in both males and females.It is suggested that the distribution of concave facets may be related to movements between adjacent teeth.
The third metacarpal styloid process in humans: Origin and functions
Authors: Marzke M. W. , Marzke R. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe development, mechanics, and pathology of the third carpometacarpal joint have been investigated in order to explain the unique presence in humans of a styloid process on the third metacarpal. Structure and functions of the joint are compared in a large series of Old World anthropoid hand skeletons, cadavers, and X‐rays, and shown to differ in the three groups. Developmental anomalies reveal the source of the human styloid in a group of cells which fuse with the capitate in other Old World Anthropoidea. The absence of the process in Australopithecus afarensis and its presence in Neandertals suggest that an explanation for the evolution of the process may be sought in stresses on the hand in stone tool‐use. Film analysis of stone tool‐use shows that hammering and digging with hand‐held stones direct forces on the palmar aspect of the metacarpal head. From a biomechanical analysis of these forces it may be seen that the styloid process prevents subluxation of the base. The effectiveness of the process in this function is reflected by the rarity of injury and arthritis in the region. Individuals lacking the process tend to undergo degeneration of bone at the joint. Since repetitive impulsive forces on joints are known to cause osteoarthritis, it is suggested that there may be a link between the increasing reliance of early hominids on manipulative behavior that stressed this region of the hand and the evolution of a structural pattern that protects the joint from these stresses.
Hemoglobin concentration of pastoral nomads permanently resident at 4,850–5,450 meters in Tibet
Authors: Beall Cynthia M. , Goldstein Melvyn C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents data on the hemoglobin concentration of a sample of 103 pastoral nomads who are lifelong residents of Phala, at 4,850–5,450 m, on the northern plateau of the Tibet Autonomous Region of the Peoples' Republic of China. This native population resides at the highest altitude of which we are aware and is thus exposed to the most extreme chronic hypoxic stress. However, they do not exhibit the most pronounced physiological adaptations, i.e., hemoglobin concentrations exceeding those found in all other high‐altitude populations. Adult male and female mean hemoglobin concentrations of 18.2 and 16.7 gm/dl, respectively, were found. These data, in conjunction with earlier studies of ethnic Tibetans living at 3,400 m, demonstrate a pattern of increasing hemoglobin concentration (erythrocytosis) at increasing altitude of residence in the Himalayas and Tibet. At the same time, however, the hemoglobin concentration is lower than that found among Andean highlanders. These new data raise the possibility of quantitative population differences in hematological adaptation to high altitude hypoxia.
Distribution of Gm and Km allotypes among ten populations of Assam, India
Authors: Walter Hubert , Matsumoto Hideo , Miyazaki Tokiko , Mukherjee Biswa N. , Malhotra Kailash C. , Das Bhuban M. , Gilbert Klaus , Lindenberg Peter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum samples from ten endogamous populations of Assam, India–Brahmins, Kalitas, Kaibartas, Muslims, Ahoms, Karbis, Kacharis, Sonowals, Chutiyas, and Rajbanshis–were typed for G1m (1, 2, 3, 17), G3m (5, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15, 16, 21, 26), and Km (1). Among Brahmins, Kalitas, Kaibartas, Muslims, Ahoms, Sonowals, Chutiyas, and Rajbanshis, five different Gm haplotypes were found: Gm1,17;21,26; Gm1,17;10,11,13,15,16; Gm1,2,17;21,26; Gm1,3;5,10,11,13,14,26; and Gm3;5,10,11,13,14,26. Kacharis and Karbis show only four of these haplotypes: Gm3;5,10,11,13,14,26 is absent among them. The intergroup variability in the distribution of these haplotypes is considerable, which can be explained by the ethnohistory of these populations. Genetic distance analysis, in which five Chinese population samples were included, revealed the existence of three main clusters: 1) North and Central Chinese; 2) Kalitas, Kaibartas, Chutiyas, Rajbanshis, Muslims, and Brahmins; and 3) Ahoms, Sonowals, Kacharis, South Chinese, and Karbis. The clusters suggest some genetic relation between these four Assamese populations and South Chinese, which is again understandable considering the ethnohistory of the populations of Northeast India. In the Km system, too, a remarkable variability is seen in distribution of phenotype and allele frequency.
Variation in early neonatal mortality for different types of fetal growth retardation
Authors: Haas Jere D. , Balcazar Hector , Caulfield Laura 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBirth and first‐48‐hr death records were analyzed for 10,024 liveborn infants in Mexico City and 12,786 liveborn infants in Santa Cruz, Bolivia. The objective of the analysis was to characterize the early postnatal mortality rates for different types of fetal growth retardation and prematurity. Infants who were delivered prior to 37 weeks of gestation had 23–100 times the mortality risk of infants born at full term and normal weight. Light‐for‐gestational‐age infants (birth weight <2,900 g) were further divided into proportionately growth‐retarded with normal Rohrer's index (weight/height3) and disproportionately growth‐retarded with low Rohrer's index. The proportionately growth‐retarded infant had nearly twice the mortality of the full‐term, appropriate‐weight infants, whereas the disporportionately growth‐retarded infants had 2.9–5.7 times the mortality rate of the full‐term, appropriate‐weight infants. There were some differences between samples in mortality rates and prevalence of the different classes of small infants, but the pattern of mortality within samples was consistent between samples.
Short and plump physique of Mexican‐American children
Authors: Martorell R. , Mendoza F. S. , Castillo R. O. , Pawson I. G. , Budge C. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMexican‐American children are shorter but relatively heavier than non‐Hispanic whites and blacks. The objectives of this paper are to assess the extent to which this “short and plump” physique occurs in data collected in two national surveys (HANES I and II); to determine variations by age, sex, and socioeconomic status; and to investigate the anthropometric characteristics that may account for the overweight. Three groups, defined on the basis of reported ancestry and observed race, are studied: Mexican‐Americans (MEXAME), non‐Hispanic Whites, (EURAME), and blacks (BLACK). Short stature was clearly associated with the poverty index (PI) in all three groups. MEXAMEs with a PI greater than 1.6 were similar in stature to EURAMEs at the same income level at ages 1–11 years but not at 12–17 years. On the other hand, MEXAMEs were shorter than BLACKs at all ages and income levels. The body mass index (kg/cm2) and poverty were unrelated. With respect to the anthropometric characteristics examined that are related to the body mass index, MEXAMEs and EURAMEs were similar in sitting height as a proportion of total height, arm muscle and fat areas, and triceps skinfold but different in the following ways: MEXAMEs had narrower elbow but broader bitrochanteric breadths and larger chest circumferences and subscapular skinfolds. Greater upper body dimensions and fatfolds seem to best describe the physique of MEXAMEs. However, in multiple regressions, these anthropometric characteristics failed to account fully for the greater relative weight of MEXAMEs as compared to EURAMEs.
Adaptive significance of small body size: Strength and motor performance of school children in Mexico and Papua New Guinea
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Little Bertis B. , Shoup Richard F. , Buschang Peter H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe postulated superior functional efficiency in association with reduced body size under conditions of chronic protein‐energy undernutrition was considered in school children from rural Mexico and coastal Papua New Guinea. Grip strength and three measures of motor performance were measured in cross‐sectional samples of children 6–16 years of age from a rural agricultural community in Oaxaca, Mexico, and from the coastal community Pere on Manus Island, Papua New Guinea. The strength and performance of a mixed‐longitudinal sample of well nourished children from Philadelphia was used as a reference. The Oaxaca and Pere children are significantly shorter and lighter and are not as strong as the well nourished children. Motor performances of Pere children compare favorably to those of the better‐nourished Philadelphia children, whereas those of the Oaxaca children are poorer. Throwing performance is more variable. When expressed relative to body size, strength is similar in the three samples, but the running and jumping performances of Pere children per unit body size are better than the relative performances of Oaxaca and Philadelphia children. Throwing performance per unit body size is better in the undernourished children. The influence of age, stature, and weight on the performance of Oaxaca and Pere children is generally similar to that for well nourished children. These results suggest that the hypothesized adaptive significance of small body size for the functional efficiency of populations living under conditions of chronic undernutrition varies between populations and with performance tasks.
Interaction of nutritional and socioeconomic status as determinants of cognitive development in disadvantaged urban Guatemalan children
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Low Setha M. , de Baessa Yetilu , MacVean Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe relationship between nutritional status, measured by height for age, and cognition, measured by WISC full‐scale IQ, was studied in a longitudinal sample of 459 urban Guatemalan children, aged 4–9 years, from a disadvantaged community of the fringe of Guatemala City, examined annually over a 3 year period. Socioeconomic status (SES) was controlled by developing a composite index for each home. The mean IQ differed significantly from the lowest to the highest quartiles of stature, the difference between the two extreme quartiles being approximately 0.3 SD of IQ. There was a significant interaction between SES and stature in their effects on IQ. Whereas nutritional status and SES affected IQ in an additive fashion in the upper three SES quartiles, there was no difference in IQ attributible to stature among children from the most disadvantaged homes. This analysis indicates that the mild‐to‐moderate protein‐energy malnutrition (defined by height for age) that is prevalent among children from disadvantaged environments in developing countries is significantly related to cognitive development. However, in the poorest homes, SES is seen as a more important determinant of cognitive development than stature.
Growth status, age, and grade as predictors of school continuation for Guatemalan Indian children
Authors: Bogin Barry , MacVean Robert B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSchooling is considered by many researchers and agencies as an important contributor to individual and national development for populations living in the less developed countries. Accordingly, programs to increase school enrollment and continuation from grade to grade are being developed for many of these countries. This paper investigates the relationship of physical growth status (height, weight, and body composition), grade in school, and age to school continuation for a sample of Indian children living in a village near Guatemala City. It was found that physical growth status, a reflection of health and nutritional status, does not predict school continuation. A child's age and current grade in school do predict continuation. Most children leave school after reaching 9 years of age or after completing the second grade. It is suggested that children may learn enough to satisfy their parents' expectations by this age or grade. Also, the child's economic value to his or her family may be a significant reason for school drop‐out.
A classification of European skulls from three time periods
Authors: Sokal Robert R. , Uytterschaut Hilde , Rösing Friedrich W. , Schwidetzky Ilse 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe analyze the taxonomic structure of European populations at three time periods, the Early Middle Ages, the Late Middle Ages and the Recent Period. The data consist of sample means for 10 cranial variables based on 137, 108, and 183 samples for the three periods. Clustering by standard numerical taxonomic procedures reveals that the data are represented only poorly as hierarchic classifications. The clusters form significant and moderately strong associations with an arrangement of the samples by regions (geography) and by language family. Whereas during the early period, language family showed a stronger association with clusters based on cranial morphology, in the recent populations these clusters correspond better with geography than with language. Ordinations of these populations by means of nonmetric multidimensional scaling shows the continuity of the taxonomic structure at all three periods. Only a few populations are outliers. The relations between phenetic distances (cranial morphology), geography, and language are examined by means of multiple Mantel tests. At all three periods geography is correlated somewhat more strongly with phenetics than is language affiliation, but the correlation with the latter increases with time. When the data are pooled over the three periods, the populations tend to group by language affiliation more than they do by period. Ordination of the pooled data reveals language patterns rather than patterns due to period, showing strong shifts in cranial measurements through time. These analyses show that while there is no clear‐cut taxonomic structure in European populations that would justify the traditional classifications based on the crania, there are significant and important associations with both language affiliation, geography, and time period, in this order. These patterns are likely to have become established through the migration and subsequent expansion of populations into their areas of occupation during the time interval studied rather than by geographic differentiation in situ.
Hypothesis: A selective advantage for cystic fibrosis heterozygotes
Authors: Meindl Richard S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEuropean populations have both a particularly long history of pulmonary tuberculosis and extremely high frequencies of cystic fibrosis (CF). While carriers of the recessive gene are asymptomatic for CF disease, their fibroblasts produce excessive amounts of hyaluronic acid, whose role in successful isolation of virulent pathogens appears to be especially adaptive in host resistance to the human strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. CF heterozygosity may have been an adaptation to a disease environment once dominated by this infection.
Evolution of the sacrum in hominoids
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to study the formation of the sacrum during the primate evolution, a new way of numbering mammalian vertebrae is presented; this demonstrates that the thoracolumbosacral complex is fixed at 22 vertebrae in 80% and at 22 ± 1 in 100% of the cases. The shift of a vertebra from one type to another occurs either at the thoracolumbar or at the lumbosacral junction and not at the cervicothoracic junction. Rarely does the shift take place at the sacrococcygeal junction. Data from 318 primates reveal that the seven original lumbar vertebrae of the Old World monkeys are reduced in the great apes by a caudad “thoracization” of one to two lumbar vertebrae and a cephalad sacralization of one to four lumbar vertebrae. In the apes, sacralization is not total and different stages that are intermediate between lumbar and sacral are described. In Homo sapiens there is a total sacralization of the last two original lumbar vertebrae. In addition, development of the sacral wings (alae) is minimal in apes and reaches its maximum in hominids. The tendency of the hominoid sacrum to incorporate the last lumbar vertebrae and to widen markedly provides for an enhanced articulation of the sacrum with the ilium and offers a firm base of support for the trunk during erect posture. This is necessary for the support of the weight of the trunk above the sacrum and for the stabilization of the body during bipedal posture and locomotion. Encephalization did not play any major role in the widening of the sacrum since the former by far preceded the latter.