bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Historical notes on the deviation of the compass
Authors: May W. E. 
Published: February 2008

Few historians of the magnetic compass carry their story beyond the period of the birth of ocean navigation. To those interested in this fascinating instrument there are, however, many interesting lines of enquiry to be traced in the centuries which followed. These notes are the result of an attempt to investigate the beginnings of just one branch of progress.During the Sixteenth, Seventeenth, and Eighteenth Centuries, when there were many who tried to solve the problem of finding the longitude at sea, one of the favorite methods proposed was the use of the variation of the compass. Of those who proposed this method one of the last was Ralph Walker, a resident of Jamaica, who, in the year 1793, traveled to England to lay his proposals before the Board of Longitude. It is not intended here to discuss his variation theory but to point out that, in addition to producing this theory, he designed a compass to enable the variation to be observed with greater accuracy at sea. This compass was sent for trial in H. M. Ships Invincible, Glory, and Lynx and it was this trial in the Glory which introduced her master, Murdo Downie, to fame among those who have written on the magnetic compass. In his report on Walker's compass Downie wrote [see 1 of “Authorities quoted” at end of paper]:“It appears, that the variation observed at one view by Walker's compass, and that observed by the ship's compass by the bearing and altitudes, were generally very near the same. But it is evident, that the variations given by both compasses at different times and situations disagree very much: Whether any part of this disagreement may be owing to the time of the day the variations were taken, I cannot take on me to determine; but I am pretty well convinced, that the quantity and vicinity of iron in most ships has an effect in attracting the needle; for it is found by experience, that the needle will not always point in the same direction when placed in different parts of the ship: Also it is rarely found, that two ships steeling the same course by their respective compasses will go exactly parallel to each other; yet these compasses, when compared on board the same ship, will agree exactly.”
Tucson Magnetic Observatory January to March, 1947
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)January 16—A moderate storm of only about 20 hours' duration began suddenly at 03h 30m GMT, January 16, with increases of 35 gammas in H and 4′ in eastward D. The greatest disturbance in D and minimum values of H occurred between 15h and 21h. Ranges: H, 135 gammas; D, 18′.
Huancayo Magnetic Observatory October, 1946, to March, 1947
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 12° 02′.7 S., longitude 76° 20′.4 or 5h 01m 4 W. of Gr.)October 20—There was mild magnetic disturbance on October 20, characterized chiefly by having a “sudden commencement” in H at 03h 08m GMT, two small peaks between 15h and 16h, and a small peak and bay near 19h D and Z were only very slightly disturbed by small movements.
Facilities provided by the Kensington Magnetic Laboratory
Authors: Ramsay B. P. , Yost F. L. 
Published: February 2008

(I) IntroductionDuring World War II a number of educational and scientific institutions entered into contracts to cooperate with the Naval 0rdnance Laboratory (NOL), and contributed in large measure to the success of NOL activities. Contract NOrd‐392 between the Bureau of Ordnance, Navy Department, and the Carnegie Institution of Washington (CIW) stipulated, among other things, that the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism (DTM CIW) provide and operate certain facilities for NOL.Under the directorship of Dr. John A. Fleming, DTM CIW operated these facilities, which were known as the Kensington Magnetic Laboratory (KML), from March, 1943, to July, 1946. These facilities were housed in frame buildings, such as those shown by Figure 1. The buildings were erected at Kensington, Maryland, under terms of the contract. Six additional buildings of the same general type were provided by NOL at various locations in Maryland, North Carolina, New York, and the District of Columbia. The specifications for these buildings required that the materials used be nonmagnetic and nonmetallic so far as possible. Copper nails and brass screws were employed, copper gutters were specified, and no steel was employed for reinforcing of concrete floors and foundations. The company to which the erection of the Kensington buildings was entrusted submitted a bid “for the construction of a nonmagnetic laboratory”.
Critical survey of recent theoretical work on the ionosphere
Authors: Pande A. 
Published: February 2008

IntroductionIn recent years a number of theoretical papers have been published on the ionosphere by workers all over the world. From time to time reviews of the theoretical, as well as practical, works have been written by eminent workers [see 1, 2, 3, 4 of “References” at end of paper] in the form of reports. After a study of these papers one finds a certain number of inconsistencies in the various results and assumptions. The purpose of this article is to point out these facts in detail in the form of a review and draw the attention of the workers in this field for solving some of the fundamental problems without which the theoretical work is much handicapped at the present stage.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Wiles William E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)April 8—A minor disturbance began with a sudden commencement in all three elements at 21h 49m GMT, April 8. H suddenly decreased 50 gammas and then increased 148 gammas, both changes taking place in about two minutes. Irregular oscillations of moderate amplitude appeared in all three elements. The disturbance subsided by 14h. Two K‐indices of 6 and two of 5 were recorded.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)April 8–9—A storm of only about eighteen hours' duration began suddenly at 21h 50m GMT, April 8, with an increase of about 55 gammas in H and corresponding changes in D and Z. Except for the magnitude of the initial displacement of the traces, the storm‐intensity was quite moderate, with no unusual characteristics. Ranges: H, 131 gammas; D, 13′.
Zô‐Sè Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Burgaud M. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 31° 05′.8 N., longitude 121° 11′.2 or 8h 04m 45s E. of Gr.)April 3—A minor disturbance began with small abrupt beginning of 15 gammas at 23h 02m GMT. A small solar effect was noted a few hours before.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory April to June, 1947
Authors: Wood F. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)April 8–10—A moderate disturbance commenced suddenly at 21h 49m 30s GMT, April 8. H increased by 30 gammas in less than a minute and then decreased by 22 gammas in the following two minutes, D swung west by 2′ and then 4′ east by 21h 52m. Z increased by 13 gammas and then decreased by 40 gammas in the same time. The movements in all three elements were fairly rapid but not of very great amplitude, and these continued until 16h, April 9, with only a slight depression in H. For the following sixteen hours the elements were somewhat unsteady and the storm can be considered as ending at 08h, April 10, Ranges: D, 20'; H, 120 gammas; Z, 79 gammas.
Solar and magnetic data, April to September, 1947, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. 
Published: February 2008

During April (and also March) the Earth's magnetic field was remarkably calm for an equinoctial month in which very large spots were present on the Sun. Although the huge complex bipolar group, No, 8478, which crossed the solar disk from March 30 to April 14, covered a large area and had complex magnetic fields, it produced only a few flares, all of those observed at Mount Wilson being small. This group, a return of the large spot of March, was the largest ever recorded, even surpassing the great group of February, 1946.The magnetic storm of April 8–9 occurred when the great group was 1.8
Sitka Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1947
Authors: Campbell Joel B. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 57° 03′.0 N., longitude 135° 20′.1 or 9h 01.m3 W. of Gr.)July 17–23—Climaxing a short period of very quiet magnetic conditions a fairly severe storm began abruptly at 17h 50m GMT, July 17. During the first fourteen hours activity was limited to short‐period, low‐amplitude oscillations; however, at about 08h, July 18, this activity was replaced by rather deep bays of short duration. Between 10h and 13h a very deep bay occurred in H, which gave a K‐index of 8; however, the most violent activity of the storm took place during the fourteenth hour of July 18 when there was recorded short‐period, large‐amplitude oscillations producing a K‐index of 8. The intensity of the storm began to diminish at about 18h, July 18, but moderately disturbed conditions continued until about 18h, July 20. During the following three days only slight disturbances occurred but at about 06h, July 23, activity began to increase. For the period 09h‐12h, July 23, a K‐index of 7 was recorded. The storm may be said to have ended at 12h, July 23, but lesser disturbances were recorded for several days following.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1947
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)July 17–20—A sudden increase of 18 γ in H beginning at 10h 39m GMT, July 17, probably was the beginning of a moderately severe storm, although the six and one‐half hours immediately following the sudden commencement were quiet. Rapid changes in D and H were in evidence during the four hours beginning at 17h 48m, July 17. The balance of the storm was characterized only by moderately rough magnetic weather, ending about 16h, July 20. Ranges: D, 23′; H, 193 γ; Z, 91 γ.
A note on the relationship between the horizontal components of Dm and Dst
Authors: Cynk B. 
Published: February 2008

IntroductionBy DmiH is designated the difference obtained by subtracting the daily mean value of horizontal magnetic intensity, H, on five international quiet days from the corresponding value on five international disturbed days in each month. This difference represents in average a certain storm‐time effect of 5, or less, strongest disturbances occurring in each month, but it lacks an exact physical meaning. It might be only said that DmiH is a result of the storm‐time changes of H being of a form similar to that expressed by the curves given by Chapman as the average effects of 40 moderate magnetic storms [see p. 276 and Fig. 4 of 1 of “References” at end of paper], because a local‐time effect and that of an irregular part of storms included are removed in DmiH by averaging. Let Chapman's curves be designated by fcsH(t) and the storm‐time changes, if referred to the storms occurring on international disturbed days, by fisH(t). DmiH is somewhat associated with fisH(t) but it is not quite clear what relation DmiH exists to any element defined on the basis of fisH(t), which is derived from the same storms as DmiH.
Ionospheric effects noted during dawn observations on solar noise
Authors: Payne‐Scott R. , McCready L. L. 
Published: February 2008

The possibility of using extra‐terrestrial sources of radio waves to investigate the structure of the ionosphere has been discussed at some length in a recent paper by Bailey [see 1 of "References" at end of paper]. The measuring technique he suggests is based on that devised in this Laboratory [2] to determine the location on the Sun of the source of "solar noise". We suggest here a slight modification better suited to such investigations and give some results obtained both at relatively quiet periods and at periods of sunspot‐activity.Our original technique [2] consists briefly in receiving simultaneously for about an hour after sunrise the direct radiation from the Sun and that reflected from the sea's surface about 300 feet below the receiving point. From the resulting interference‐pattern one can determine the apparent elevation of the source at any time. By correcting for atmospheric refraction the actual elevation of the source is found, as long as there is no further source of refraction. At the frequency originally used, 200 Mc/s, ionospheric refraction is normally only a few minutes of arc and can be ignored, so that the true position of the source can be found.
The Geophysical Observatory, University of Alaska
Authors: Bunnell Charles E. , Seaton S. L. 
Published: February 2008

The University of Alaska has been engaged since 1929 in arctic research embracing many of the departments of natural science and in particular the field of geophysics. The term geophysics is taken to mean earth physics generally. The University is located at latitude 65° north and longitude 148° west, near Fairbanks, Alaska.In the earlier years this research took the form of isolated projects and of specialized individual studies. Early in 1941 the Carnegie Institution of Washington, in co‐operation with the University of Alaska, instituted a broad attack on arctic physical problems embracing studies of the ionosphere, of long‐distance, radio‐wave propagation, measurements of zenith auroral intensity, continuous determinations of the Earth's magnetic field, and a continuation of seismological studies. This broader program was well in hand when World War II started.
Historical note on the denomination “Geomagnetic tides”
Authors: Schneider Otto 
Published: February 2008

Readers working on daily magnetic variations will be interested in the following note quoted from Alexander von Humboldt's “Kosmos”, where the denomination of “magnetic tides”, recently used by Bartels and Johnston appears to have been introduced for the first time.In note 53 [p. 117, vol. IV], Humboldt mentions a letter to Hansteen, dated Rome, June 22, 1805, and later reproduced in Hansteen's “Magnetismus der Erde” [p. 459, 1819], in which he describes the daily variation of D as producing “four movements of the needle, four magnetic tides, as it were, analogous to the periods of the barometer”.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Ledig Paul G. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N., longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)August 7–10, 1948—Following a mild disturbance, which began at 03h 1lm GMT, August 7, with a sudden decrease‐increase in H of 45 gammas and lasted until about 14h, a prolonged and severe magnetic storm began with a sudden commencement in all three elements at 23h 00m on the same day. H decreased 48 gammas and increased 151 gammas in one minute, then decreased gradually, exhibiting irregular oscillations of moderate amplitude until 07h 22m, August 8, when it decreased 238 gammas in twenty‐five minutes, and after this deep bay showed rapid oscillations superimposed on frequent peaks and bays until about 16h, reaching its minimum of 17,991 gammas during this period at 09h 21m. The rapid oscillations continued as H increased irregularly with only one deep bay to its maximum of 18,408 gammas at 21h 22m, August 8. After another hour, activity diminished to a mostly mild disturbance except for two deep bays between 06h and 09h, August 10, and a high peak at 18h 31m during another similar disturbance between 17h and 19h, also on August 10, after which the storm gradually died down during another two and a half days of irregular oscillations.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory July to September, 1948
Authors: Nelson J. H. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 32° 14′.8 N., longitude 110° 50′.1 or 7h 23m.3 W. of Gr.)July 28–31—A moderate storm began about 17h GMT, July 28. The variations were small and irregular for the first twenty‐four hours. From about 17h, July 29, until about 17h, July 30, magnetic conditions were quiet. Another 24‐hour period of moderately rough, irregular variations occurred, with the end of the storm coming about 18h, July 31.
Old magnetic declinations
Authors: van Bemmelen W. 
Published: February 2008

On account of the renewed interest being paid to old magnetic observations, I should like to inform you that I am continuing my researches, the results of which I published in my paper, “De Isogonen in de XVIde en XVIIde Eeuw, Utrecht, 1893.”The large number of old ship journals, in the government archives at The Hague, furnished me with a thousand new declinations, which enabled me to draw isogonic maps for the period 1540–1680, given in the above publication. From journals of later date, particularly for the years 1630–1720 and of the travels from Holland to the Cape of Good Hope, also found in the government archives, I have made extracts. There are, besides still older journals there, which were not used in the maps referred to. Among others, the independent observations made on four ships that sailed in company from India to Holland in the year 1677, are very valuable.
On the existence of vertical Earth‐air electric currents in the United Kingdom
Authors: Rücker A. W. 
Published: February 2008

In a paper by Dr. Adolph Schmidt, read before Section A of the British Association at Oxford (Report Brit. Assoc., 1894, p. 570), the author stated that he had expanded the components of the Earth's magnetic force in series, and had deduced expressions, two of which give the magnetic potential on the surface of the Earth in so far as it depends on (1) internal, and (2) external forces. “The third series represents that part of the magnetic forces which can not be expressed in terms of a potential, but must be due to electric currents traversing the Earth's surface.” The author concludes that such currents amount on the average to about 0.1 ampere per square kilometer.It appeared therefore desirable that this conclusion, drawn from the magnetic state of the Earth as a whole, should be tested by means of those portions which have been most fully studied.
The effect of hardness on the electrical and magnetic constants of steel, with particular reference to the tempering of the magnetic parts of instruments
Authors: Barus Carl 
Published: February 2008

At the request of the Editor, I subjoin certain results in the tempering of magnetic needles, as obtained by Dr. Strouhal and myself some years ago. A full account of the work will be found in the Bulletin of the U.S. Geological Survey, No. 14, 1885, from which the following notes are taken.The remarks in this memoir refer almost exclusively to the species of hardness known as temper, and which may be imparted to iron‐carburets by sudden cooling from red heat combined with more or less subsequent annealing.
Numeric Studies of a Composite Soil Moisture Ground‐Water System
Authors: Hornberger G. M. , Remson Irwin , Fungaroli A. A. 
Published: February 2008

A model of transient moisture movement in a composite soil moisture ground‐water system is described. The model was used to study two‐dimensional flow in response to a falling water table. The solution provided information about the interaction of the saturated and unsaturated portions of the subsurface system.The results of the composite model are compared with those obtained from three one‐dimensional ground‐water models. That soil moisture and nonlinearity do not have a significant effect on the position of the water table in the system studied is inferred.
An Alternate Procedure for the Optimization of Operations for Planning with Multiple River, Multiple Purpose Systems
Authors: Hall Warren A. , Tauxe G. W. , Yeh W. W‐G. 
Published: February 2008

A technique is developed for maximizing the financial feasibility of a complex, multiple river water resources system for planning purposes, based on deliveries of firm power, in‐season water, dump power, and off‐season water, with flood control and releases for noncommensurate objectives as parameters.This method is an important modification of a previously reported analysis involving dynamic programing, linear programing, and modified gradient procedure, replacing the computationally inefficient linear programing determination of the shadow prices by a standard sequence of constraints. Total computation time is reduced from hours to minutes.
Precipitation Measurement Symposium: Introduction
Authors: Fletcher Joel E. 
Published: February 2008

The precipitation committee organized a symposium given at the AGU National Fall Meeting in December 1969. The session contained seven invited papers:1. Snow Measurement Predicament.2. Weight Capacity Requirements for Precipitation Measurements in the Wasatch Mountains.3. Precipitation Telemetry in Mountainous Areas.4. Optimum Gaging of Thunderstorm Rainfall in Southeastern Arizona.5. Rainfall Intensity‐Duration‐FrequencyRelations for the Wasatch Mountains of Northern Utah.6. Measurement of Atmospheric and Ground Level Precipitation.7. Variance Spectra of Short Duration Rainfall in Time and Space.
A device for evaluating the water vapor exchange between snow and air
Authors: Cox Lloyd M. , Zuzel John F. , Perkins Lee 
Published: February 2008

This paper describes a device developed for evaluating net vapor exchanges between snow and air that minimizes many of the errors inherent in pan measurements and provides a measurement of snowmelt during the study period. It consists of (1) a cylinder for holding an ‘undisturbed’ snow core, (2) a melt collection chamber, and (3) hydraulic pistons for maintaining the snow core level with the melting snow surface.The change in weight of the snow core with time is a measure of the net vapor exchange between the air and the snow. Results are presented for seven 14‐hour days during May–June 1972 and six 24‐hour days during May–June 1973. The study site is located on sagebrush rangeland on the Reynolds Creek Experimental Watershed in southwest Idaho at an elevation of 2.13km.
Relation between elevated high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein and anti‐mitochondria antibody in patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: OHTSUKA Tsutomu 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTSystemic sclerosis (SSc) is a systemic connective tissue disease of unknown etiology which presents immunological, vascular and connective tissue abnormalities. C‐reactive protein (CRP) has been used for the evaluation of inflammation in patients with infection and inflammatory diseases. Recently, high‐sensitivity CRP has been shown to reflect mild and/or moderate inflammation for the prognosis of ischemic heart disease. High‐sensitivity CRP was measured for the evaluation of mild and/or moderate inflammation in SSc. Forty SSc patients (male : female, 7:33; age, 16–78 years; mean, 61.9 years) were studied. High‐sensitivity CRP was measured with a nephelometric assay. The detection limit was 0.0036 mg/dL, linearity from 0.015–1.5 mg/dL. The distribution of high‐sensitivity CRP showed 26 cases (65.0%) low, three cases (7.5%) mild, four cases (10.0%) moderate, four cases (10.0%) high and three cases (7.5%) highest. The occurrence rate of anti‐mitochondria antibody in high‐sensitivity CRP elevated SSc patients (8/14, 57.1%) was significantly elevated compared with that of high‐sensitivity CRP low SSc patients (3/26, 11.5%) (P < 0.01). These results led us to the conclusion that elevated high‐sensitivity CRP shows relation to the occurrence of anti‐mitochondria antibody.