bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy to Geology
Authors: Gillet Philippe 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionVibrational Spectra of Minerals, Glasses and Fluids: Basic AspectsMinerals: The Example of CarbonatesGlasses: The Example ofSiO2FluidsMicro‐Raman and Micro‐Infrared SpectroscopyMicro‐Raman SpectroscopyMicro‐Infrared SpectroscopyVibrational Spectroscopy of Minerals at High Pressure and TemperatureThe Diamond Anvil CellVibrational Spectroscopy at Elevated TemperaturesSome Examples in theSiO2SystemFrom Vibrational Spectra of Minerals to Thermodynamic PropertiesSpectroscopic Data for Some Representative Mineral GroupsSimple Minerals: Diamond, Graphite, Alkali Halides,MgO,TiO2and Simple Hydrous PhasesSiO2Polymorphs and GlassOrthosilicatesFeldspars, Feldspathic Glasses and Other Framework AluminosilicatesChain Silicates: Pyroxenes and AmphibolesSheet Silicates: Micas, Clays and SerpentinesPyrosilicatesRing SilicatesCorundum and IlmenitePerovskitesSpinelsCarbonatesPhosphatesSulfates and SulfidesConclusionAcknowledgments
Photochemistry of Inorganic Molecules in Hydrocarbon Matrices
Authors: Bitterwolf Thomas E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOverview Comparisons of Organic and Gas Matrix MethodsSpectral Resolution and Spectral Operating WindowsTarget Molecule ConsiderationsOrganic Matrix MaterialsApparatus and Cost Considerations for Organic Matrix StudiesPhotochemical Light SourcesExamples of ApplicationsGroupVIHexacarbonyl CompoundsV(CO)6−Photochemistry(η5‐C5H5)2Fe2(CO)4Large Molecules in Hydrocarbon Glasses – Annealing StudiesMolecular Transformations withoutCOLossAcknowledgments
Role of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Minimally Invasive Medical Diagnosis
Authors: Schultz Christian P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionThe Concept and Reasons for Using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy in Cases of Minimally Invasive Medical ProceduresNear‐Infrared Features of Biomolecules, Cells and Tissues Useful for Medical DiagnosisSpectroscopic Tools for Evaluating Near‐Infrared Spectral Features in Clinical SettingsNear‐Infrared‐Guided Minimally Invasive SurgeryDepth Profiling Capabilities of Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy Using Bifurcated Fiber OpticsThe Design Challenges in Fiber Optic Probes for Minimally Invasive Surgical ProceduresExisting Surgical Equipment and its Potential for Using Diagnostic Near‐Infrared SpectroscopyDetection Systems and Data Evaluation Requirements in an Online Monitoring EnvironmentNear‐Infrared‐Assisted Minimally Invasive Monitoring of Body FluidsMonitoring of Cerebrospinal Fluid During and After SurgeryContinuous Analysis of Blood Composition During Open Heart SurgeryUrea Detection and Clearance Monitoring in Dialysis Settings of Patients with Renal FailureConclusions and Future Perspectives
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Lipids
Authors: Lewis Ruthven N.A.H. , McElhaney Ronald N. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Vibrational Spectroscopic Studies of Lipid Phase Transitions

Hydrocarbon Chain‐Melting Phase Transitions

C

H
Stretching Vibrational Modes

CH
2
Deformation,
CH
2
Wagging and
CH
2
Rocking Vibrational Modes

Carbon–Carbon Skeletal Vibrational Modes

Phase Transitions Involving Nonlamellar Lipid Phases

Phase Transitions Involving Crystalline Lipid Phases

Structural Characterization of Melted or Liquid‐Crystalline Lipid Phases

Estimation of Per‐Chain Conformer Concentrations in Melted Hydrocarbon Chains

Estimation of the Mean Lengths of All‐Trans Segments in Lipid Hydrocarbon Chains

Distribution of Chain Conformers along Lipid Hydrocarbon Chains

Structural Characterization of Crystalline and Quasi‐Crystalline Lipid Phases

Lateral Packing of Lipid Hydrocarbon Chains

Studies of the Polar–Apolar Interfaces of Lipid Aggregates

Interactions between Lipid Polar Headgroups

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Vibrational Spectroscopy of Membranes
Authors: Jackson Michael , Moore David J. , Mantsch Henry H. , Mendelsohn Richard 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Technical Issues

Preparation of Samples: Isolated Membranes

Preparation of Samples: Native Membrane Fractions

Preparation of Samples: Intact Cells

Infrared Spectroscopy

Instrumentation

Technical Challenges: Solvent Absorptions

Technical Challenges: Overlap of Absorption Bands

Applications of Infrared

Model Membranes

Membrane Fractions

Intact Membranes

Response of Cell Membranes to Altered Growth Conditions

Domain Formation

Future Prospects
Polymorphs, Solvates and Hydrates
Authors: Threlfall Terry 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction – The Nature of Polymorphism and SolvationMid‐Infrared SpectroscopyQuantitative Mid‐Infrared MeasurementsBurger's Infrared RuleStabilityNear‐Infrared SpectroscopyRaman SpectroscopyInfrared andRaman Microspectroscopy
The Analysis of Pharmaceutical Substances and Formulated Products by Vibrational Spectroscopy
Authors: Clark Don 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionPharmacopoeial ConsiderationsBulk Sample AnalysisDrug Substance CharacterizationProcess Analytical Chemistry ApplicationsFormulation AnalysisMicroscopical Sample AnalysisDrug Substance CharacterizationForensic AnalysisFormulation Analysis byRaman Chemical MappingConclusionsAcknowledgments
Approximate method for nonlinear differential and integrodifferential equations
Authors: Polyakov Yuriy S. , Dil'man Viktor V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA generalized variable‐parameter averaging (GVPA) method to solve nonlinear differential and integrodifferential equations is formulated. The method uses a constant‐parameter solution to the original problem together with averaging and interpolation to obtain approximate solutions to some chemical engineering problems with variable parameters, such as transfer coefficients or permeate velocity. The efficiency of the method is studied with application to the ultrafiltration in dead‐end outside‐in hollow‐fiber modules, filtration in hollow‐fiber membrane adsorbers, mass transfer with a variable diffusion coefficient, and concentration polarization in unstirred reverse osmosis batch cells. Comparison with the numerical solutions to the complex chemical engineering problems shows that the solutions obtained by the GVPA method provide a sufficient accuracy in describing the process performance and dramatically cut down the computation time. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Chromaffin cells in the adrenal homolog of Aphanius fasciatus (teleost fish) express piecemeal degranulation in response to osmotic stress: A hint for a conservative evolutionary process
Authors: Crivellato Enrico , Civinini Annalena , Gallo Valentina Patrizia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effect of severe osmotic stress on the ultrastructural morphology of chromaffin cells in the adrenal homolog of Aphanius fasciatus, a small eurhyaline teleost living in saltpans, was evaluated by electron microscopy quantitative analysis. Fishes were transferred from salt water, whose salinity was 3.7%, to dechlorinated tap water and chromaffin cells were studied at resting condition and after 2 and 48 hr from the beginning of the experiment. Ultrastructural examination revealed a series of granule and cytoplasmic changes highly specific for piecemeal degranulation (PMD), a secretory process based on vesicular transport of cargoes from within granules for extracellular release, which was previously described in chromaffin cells of the mouse, rat, and human adrenal medulla. There was indeed a significant trend toward loss of content material from chromaffin granules accompanied by enlargement of granule size. Remarkably, chromaffin granules maintained their individual close structure during the whole releasing process and eventually transformed into large empty containers. A dramatic increase in the density of small, membrane‐bound, variably electron‐dense vesicles free in the cytoplasm or attached to granules was recognized during the first 2 hr of stress response. These features fell to control levels after 48 hr. A similar time‐course pattern was observed concerning the formation of budding projections from the surface of chromaffin granules. This study provides new insight into PMD physiology and suggests that PMD is part of an adaptive secretory response to severe osmotic stress in fishes. From an evolutionary point of view, this study lends support to the concept that PMD is a secretory mechanism highly conserved throughout vertebrate classes. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1077–1086, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Engineering promoter regulation
Authors: Nevoigt Elke , Fischer Curt , Mucha Oliver , Matthäus Falk , Stahl Ulf , Stephanopoulos Gregory 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSystems for easily controlled, conditional induction or repression of gene expression are indispensable tools in fundamental research and industrial‐scale biotechnological applications. Both native and rationally designed inducible promoters have been widely used for this purpose. However, inherent regulation modalities or toxic, expensive or inconvenient inducers can impose limitations on their use. Tailored promoters with user‐specified regulatory properties would permit sophisticated manipulations of gene expression. Here, we report a generally applicable strategy for the directed evolution of promoter regulation. Specifically, we applied random mutagenesis and a multi‐stage flow cytometry screen to isolate mutants of the oxygen‐responsive Saccharomyces cerevisiae DAN1 promoter. Two mutants were isolated which were induced under less‐stringent anaerobiosis than the wild‐type promoter enabling induction of gene expression in yeast fermentations simply by oxygen depletion during cell growth. Moreover, the engineered promoters showed a markedly higher maximal expression than the unmutated DAN1 promoter, under both fastidious anaerobiosis and microaerobisois. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96: 550–558. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hydrogen‐Bonded Oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) Functionalized with Perylene Bisimide: Self‐Assembly and Energy Transfer
Authors: Zhang Jian , Hoeben Freek J. M. , Pouderoijen Maarten J. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Meijer E. W. , De Schryver Frans C. , De Feyter Steven 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe describe the synthesis, supramolecular ordering on surfaces and in solution, and photophysical characterization of OPV4UT‐PERY, an oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) (OPV) with a covalently attached perylene bisimide moiety. In chloroform, the molecule forms dimers through quadruple hydrogen bonding of the ureido‐s‐triazine array. This is supported by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) studies, which reveal dimer formation at the liquid (1,2,4‐trichlorobenzene)/solid (graphite) interface. Moreover, contrast reversal in bias‐dependent STM imaging provides information on the ordering and different electronic properties of the oligo(p‐phenylenevinylene) and perylene bisimide moieties. In dodecane, the molecule self‐assembles into H‐type aggregates that are still soluble as a result of the hydrophobic shell formed by the dodecyloxy wedges. The donor–acceptor molecule is characterized by efficient energy transfer from the photoexcited OPV to the perylene bisimide. Mixed assemblies with analogous OPVs lacking the perylene bisimide unit have been prepared in dodecane solution and energy transfer to the incorporated perylene bisimides has been studied by fluorescence spectroscopy.
A simple analytical model to describe dynamic magic‐angle spinning experiments
Authors: Hirschinger Jérôme 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA simple analytical method based on the memory‐function approach and the Anderson‐Weiss theory is presented for studying in a uniform way the spin dynamics in several NMR experiments performed under the conditions of magic‐angle spinning (MAS). A series of 1H MAS spectra of adamantane serve as an example for a sample with homogeneous line broadening. A good agreement between experimental and calculated integral spinning sideband intensities for a spinning frequency ranging from 5 to 33 kHz is obtained using a sixth‐order approximation of the theory. Moreover, this model, which is able to describe the NMR spectra in the presence of a rotationally diffusive isotropic and anisotropic Gaussian‐Markoff process, allows the treatment of the combined effects of sample spinning and molecular motion. Finally, the application of MAS recoupling methods in the intermediate motional regime is examined by using the concept of refocusing pulses. It is shown that recoupling experiments such as rotational‐echo double‐resonance (REDOR) can still be applied in the presence of anisotropic molecular motion. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part A, 28A: 307–320, 2006
Empirical evaluation of receiver‐based TCP delay control in CDMA2000 networks
Authors: Kwon Oh‐keun , Cha Hojung , Han Seung‐jae , Ha Rhan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWide‐area broadband wireless technologies such as CDMA2000 often suffer from variable transfer rate and long latency. In particular, TCP window‐based rate control causes excessive buffering at the base station because of the lower transfer rate of the wireless link than that of the wired backhaul link. This performance characteristic of TCP further increases the end‐to‐end delay, and additional resources are required at the base station. This paper presents a practical mechanism to control the end‐to‐end TCP delay for CDMA2000 networks (or other similar wireless technologies). The key idea is to reduce and stabilize RTT (round‐trip time) by dynamically controlling the TCP advertised window size, based on a runtime measurement of the wireless channel condition at the mobile station. The proposed system has been implemented by modifying the Linux protocol stack. The experiment results, conducted on a commercial CDMA2000 1x network, show that the proposed scheme greatly reduces the TCP delay in non‐congested networks, while not sacrificing the TCP throughput in congested networks. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of bed topography on soil aggregates transport by rill flow
Authors: Giménez Rafael , Léonard Joël , Duval Yves , Richard Guy , Govers Gerard 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAfter its formation, a rill may remain in the field for months, often receiving lower flow rates than the formative discharge. The objective of this work was to evaluate the rill flow transport capacity of soil aggregates at discharges unable to erode the rill, and to analyse the influence of the rill macro‐roughness on this transport process. A non‐erodible rill was built in which roughness was reproduced in detail. In order to assess only the rill macro‐roughness, a flat channel with a similar micro‐roughness to that in the rill replica was built. Rill and channel experiments were carried out at a slope of 8 and at six discharges (8·3 × 10−5 to 5·2 × 10−4 m3 s−1) in the rill, and eight discharges (1·6 × 10−5 to 5·2 × 10−4 m3 s−1) in the channel. Non‐erodible aggregates of three sizes (1–2, 3–5 and 5–10 mm) were released at the inlet of the rill/channel. The number of aggregates received at the outlet was registered. The number and position of the remaining aggregates along the rill/channel were also determined. The rill flow was a major sediment transport mechanism only during the formation of the rill, as during that period the power of the flow was great enough to overcome the influence of the macro‐roughness of the rill bed. At lower discharges the transport capacity in the previously formed rill was significantly less than that in the flat channel under similar slope and discharge. This was determined to be due to local slowing of flow velocities at the exit of rill pools. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI/TRUS data fusion for brachytherapy
Authors: Daanen V. , Gastaldo J. , Giraud J. Y. , Fourneret P. , Descotes J. L. , Bolla M. , Collomb D. , Troccaz J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundProstate brachytherapy consists in placing radioactive seeds for tumour destruction under transrectal ultrasound imaging (TRUS) control. It requires prostate delineation from the images for dose planning. Because ultrasound imaging is patient‐ and operator‐dependent, we have proposed to fuse MRI data to TRUS data to make image processing more reliable. The technical accuracy of this approach has already been evaluated.MethodsWe present work in progress concerning the evaluation of the approach from the dosimetry viewpoint. The objective is to determine what impact this system may have on the treatment of the patient. Dose planning is performed from initial TRUS prostate contours and evaluated on contours modified by data fusion.ResultsFor the eight patients included, we demonstrate that TRUS prostate volume is most often underestimated and that dose is overestimated in a correlated way. However, dose constraints are still verified for those eight patients.ConclusionsThis confirms our initial hypothesis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robotic cardiac surgery
Authors: Woo Y. Joseph 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundCardiac surgery, traditionally conducted via median sternotomy, has been recently forwarded by progressively advanced technology facilitating sternal‐sparing minimally invasive, access to the heart. Robotic systems, comprised of miniaturized surgical instruments mounted on long thin shafts with multiple degrees of range of motion coupled with a dual camera endoscope providing true three‐dimentional high‐magnification visualization have greatly propelled this field.MethodsThe robotic system and the literature base pertaining to robotic cardiac surgery is reviewed in depth.ResultsRobotic cardiac surgical procedures have been performed to repair and replace the mitral valve, bypass coronary arteries, close atrial septal defects, implant left ventricular pacing leads, and resect intracardiac tumors.ConclusionsAs minimally invasive and robotic surgical technology advances, so proceeds the spectrum of potential applications for robotic cardiac surgery. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Robust generation of almost‐periodic oscillations in a class of nonlinear systems
Authors: Gómez‐Estern F. , Barreiro A. , Aracil J. , Gordillo F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper deals with the problem of generating, by state feedback, stable oscillations in high order nonlinear systems. The desired oscillations are robust in the presence of disturbances, such as unmodelled dynamics and bounded noise signals, which result in bounded deviations from the nominal target orbit. The method consists of two steps. First, a globally attractive oscillation is generated in a nominal second‐order subsystem. Based on a partition of the state space and solving the Lyapunov equation on each part, a strict Lyapunov function is obtained that ensures exponential convergence, even in the presence of disturbances, to a ring‐shaped region containing the target limit cycle. Then, the oscillation stabilizing controller and the strict Lyapunov function are extended to arbitrary order systems, via backstepping. Notwithstanding backstepping is intended for cascade systems, the acquired ability to deal with unmodelled dynamics permits the analytical treatment of non‐triangular structures, as is illustrated with the Ball and Beam example. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of stochastic fault tolerant control for H2 performance
Authors: Tao Feng , Zhao Qing 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, the controller synthesis problem for fault tolerant control systems (FTCS) with stochastic stability and H2 performance is studied. System faults of random nature are modelled by a Markov chain. Because the real system fault modes are not directly accessible in the context of FTCS, the controller is reconfigured based on the output of a fault detection and identification (FDI) process, which is modelled by another Markov chain. Then state feedback and output feedback control are developed to achieve the mean square stability (MSS) and the H2 performance for both continuous‐time and discrete‐time systems with model uncertainties. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Model reference adaptive control of structurally perturbed second‐order distributed parameter systems
Authors: A. Demetriou Michael , Fahroo Fariba 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe consider a class of second‐order distributed parameter systems with structured perturbations in which both partial position and partial velocity measurements are assumed available. The control objective is to design an adaptive controller so that the plant state follows the state of a second‐order reference model despite the presence of the perturbation terms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Materials Specificity and Directed Assembly of a Gold‐Binding Peptide
Authors: Tamerler Candan , Duman Memed , Oren Ersin Emre , Gungormus Mustafa , Xiong Xiaorong , Kacar Turgay , Parviz Babak A. , Sarikaya Mehmet 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAdsorption studies of a genetically engineered gold‐binding peptide, GBP1, were carried out using a quartz‐crystal microbalance (QCM) to quantify its molecular affinity to noble metals. The peptide showed higher adsorption onto and lower desorption from a gold surface compared to a platinum substrate. The material specificity, that is, the preferential adsorption, of GBP1 was also demonstrated using gold and platinum micropatterned on a silicon wafer containing native oxide. The biotinylated three‐repeat units of GBP1 were preferentially adsorbed onto gold regions delineated using streptavidin‐conjugated quantum dots (SAQDs). These experiments not only demonstrate that an inorganic‐binding peptide could preferentially adsorb onto a metal (Au) rather than an oxide (SiO2) but also onto one noble metal (Au) over another (Pt). This result shows the utility of an engineered peptide as a molecular erector in the directed immobilization of a nanoscale hybrid entity (SAQDs) over selected regions (Au) on a fairly complex substrate (Au and Pt micropatterned regions on silica). The selective and controlled adsorption of inorganic‐binding peptides may have significant implications in nano‐ and nanobiotechnology, where they could be genetically tailored for specific use in the development of self‐assembled molecular systems.
Reducing HIV risk‐associated sexual behavior among african american adolescents: Testing the generality of intervention effects
Authors: Jemmott John B. , Jemmott Loretta Sweet , Fong Geoffrey T. , McCaffree Konstance 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis randomized controlled trial tested the effects of a theory‐based culture‐sensitive HIV risk‐reduction intervention among 496 inner‐city African American adolescents (mean age = 13 years) and examined the generality of its effects as a function of the facilitator's race and gender and the gender composition of the intervention group. Adolescents who received the HIV risk‐reduction intervention expressed more favorable behavioral beliefs about condoms, greater self‐efficacy, and stronger condom‐use intentions postintervention than did those who received a control intervention on other health issues. Six‐month follow‐up data collected on 93% of the adolescents revealed that those who received the HIV risk‐reduction intervention reported less HIV risk‐associated sexual behavior, including unprotected coitus, than did their counterparts in the control condition. Self‐reported sexual behavior and changes in self‐reported behavior were unrelated to scores on a standard measure of social desirability response bias. There was strong evidence for the generality of intervention effects. Moderator analyses testing eight specific interaction hypotheses and correlational analyses indicated that the effects of the HIV risk‐reduction intervention did not vary as a function of the facilitator's race or gender, participant's gender, or the gender composition of the intervention group.