bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An improved approach for assigning pumping rates to heterogeneous aquifer models
Authors: Pinales Adan , Chavez Adolfo , Llerar Geronimo , Manzanares Luisa , Keer Arturo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA common assumption of ground water models formulated using a block‐centered finite‐difference method is that a well is located at the center of a cell regardless of its actual location. Due to this assumption, errors are introduced in the spatial distribution of simulated heads. This paper presents an alternative approach for assigning the pumping rates of wells that are located off cell centers. This approach consists of assigning the pumping rate not only to the cell in which the well is located but also to adjacent cells, taking into account the length of the well screen, the hydraulic conductivity, and the distance from the well to the center of its cell. The advantage of this alternative approach over the conventional one is illustrated with a test problem of a synthetic aquifer. Statistical measures of error indicate a much better model fit when pumping rates of wells are distributed over several cells.
Hydrogeologic unit flow characterization using transition probability geostatistics
Authors: Jones Norman L. , Walker Justin R. , Carle Steven F. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a technique for applying the transition probability geostatistics method for stochastic simulation to a MODFLOW model. Transition probability geostatistics has some advantages over traditional indicator kriging methods including a simpler and more intuitive framework for interpreting geologic relationships and the ability to simulate juxtapositional tendencies such as fining upward sequences. The indicator arrays generated by the transition probability simulation are converted to layer elevation and thickness arrays for use with the new Hydrogeologic Unit Flow package in MODFLOW 2000. This makes it possible to preserve complex heterogeneity while using reasonably sized grids and/or grids with nonuniform cell thicknesses.
High‐resolution slug testing
Authors: Zemansky G.M. , McElwee C.D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe hydraulic conductivity (K) variation has important ramifications for ground water flow and the transport of contaminants in ground water. The delineation of the nature of that variation can be critical to complete characterization of a site and the planning of effective and efficient remedial measures. Site‐specific features (such as high‐conductivity zones) need to be quantified. Our alluvial field site in the Kansas River valley exhibits spatial variability, very high conductivities, and nonlinear behavior for slug tests in the sand and gravel aquifer. High‐resolution, multilevel slug tests have been performed in a number of wells that are fully screened. A general nonlinear model based on the Navier‐Stokes equation, nonlinear frictional loss, non‐Darcian flow, acceleration effects, radius changes in the wellbore, and a Hvorslev model for the aquifer has been used to analyze the data, employing an automated processing system that runs within the Excel spreadsheet program. It is concluded that slug tests can provide the necessary data to identify the nature of both horizontal and vertical K variation in an aquifer and that improved delineation or higher resolution of K structure is possible with shorter test intervals. The gradation into zones of higher conductivity is sharper than seen previously, and the maximum conductivity observed is greater than previously measured. However, data from this project indicate that well development, the presence of fines, and the antecedent history of the well are important interrelated factors in regard to slug‐test response and can prevent obtaining consistent results in some cases.
Short term salbutamol ingestion and supramaximal exercise in healthy women
Authors: Le Panse B , Arlettaz A , Portier H , Lecoq A-M , De Ceaurriz J , Collomp K 
Published: May 2006

Objective:To test the hypothesis that chronic salbutamol intake improves performance during supramaximal exercise and to estimate the effects of this treatment on body composition, bone mass, and metabolic indices in healthy women.Methods:Fourteen female volunteers (seven sedentary and seven recreationally trained) performed a 30 second Wingate test with and without salbutamol ingestion (12 mg/day for four weeks) in a random, double blind, crossover design. Blood samples were collected at rest, at the end of the test, and during passive recovery for lactate measurement. Body composition and bone mass were determined by dual energyxray absorptiometry.Results:Peak power appeared significantly earlier and was significantly (p<0.05) increased after salbutamol intake in all subjects. There was no difference in total work performed and fatigue indices with salbutamol compared with placebo. No significant alterations in lean or fat body mass and bone variables were observed with salbutamol treatment in either trained or untrained subjects during the trial. In contrast, blood lactate was significantly (p<0.05) increased during the recovery period after salbutamol ingestion compared with placebo.Conclusion:As in men, chronic administration of therapeutic concentrations of salbutamol did not induce an anabolic effect in women but increased maximal anaerobic power. Further studies are necessary to clarify the mechanisms involved.
Effect of aging on the stride pattern of veteran marathon runners
Authors: Conoboy P , Dyson R 
Published: May 2006

Objective:To investigate the stride pattern of different age groups of veteran runners in a marathon road race.Methods:This kinematic study investigated the stride pattern (stride length, stride period, velocity, stance time, and non-stance time) for 151 runners (78 men aged up to 75–80, 73 women aged up to 60–64) at the 7 mile point.Results:Significant declines for men with aging were found for mean stride length (from 2.4 m at age 40–49 to 2.0 m at age 60+), velocity, and non-stance time (p<0.05), whereas stride period changed little. The findings indicate that the lower velocities of older runners are associated with shorter strides whereas cadence changes little. However, when a statistical adjustment was made for the variation in runners’ velocity, it was found that older runners did not have a significantly shorter stride length at any given velocity.Conclusion:Although a shorter stride is the mechanical route by which older runners lose velocity, the shorter stride may not be the fundamental cause of the velocity reduction with age. This has implications for researchers and coaches when investigating and training veteran distance runners.
Outcome following patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants: a retrospective cohort analysis
Authors: Lee LLeona CL , Tillett Angela , Tulloh Robert , Yates Robert , Kelsall Wilf 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) is an important problem in premature infants. Surgical PDA ligation is usually only be considered when medical treatment has either failed or was contraindicated. The aims of our study were to determine the mortality and morbidity following patent ductus arteriosus ligation in premature infants, and whether prostaglandin synthetase inhibitor (PSI) use prior to ligation affects outcome.MethodsA retrospective case note review study to determine the outcome of premature infants undergoing patent ductus arteriosus ligation in one tertiary neonatal intensive care unit and two paediatric cardiothoracic centres.ResultsWe had follow-up data on 87 infants. Cumulative mortality rates at 7 days, 30 days and at hospital discharge were 2%, 8% and 20% respectively. The incidence of chronic lung disease, intraventricular haemorrhage, necrotising enterocolitis and retinopathy of prematurity were 77%, 39%, 26% and 28% respectively. There was no difference in mortality, incidence of chronic lung disease or duration of oxygen dependence between those who had and those who had not received a PSI prior to surgical ligation. In those who had received 2 or more courses of PSI prior to surgical ligation, there was a trend to increase in the duration of oxygen therapy and chronic lung disease, but no difference in mortality.ConclusionThis study shows that patent ductus arteriosus ligation is a relatively safe procedure (30 day survival 92%) but there is substantial late mortality and a high incidence of morbidity in the survivors. 2 or more courses of PSI prior to surgical ligation trends to increased oxygen dependence and chronic lung disease. This high risk population requires careful follow-up. A definitive prospective cohort study is lacking.
New Canadian natural health product regulations: a qualitative study of how CAM practitioners perceive they will be impacted
Authors: Moss Karen , Boon Heather , Ballantyne Peri , Kachan Natasha 
Published: May 2006

Abstract

Background
New Canadian policy to regulate natural health products (NHPs), such as herbs and vitamins were implemented on January 1st, 2004. We explored complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) practitioners' perceptions of how the new regulations may affect their practices and relationships with patients/consumers.

Methods
This was an applied ethnographic study. Data were collected in fall 2004 via qualitative interviews with 37 Canadian leaders of four CAM groups that use natural products as a core part of their practises: naturopathic medicine, traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), homeopathic medicine and Western herbalism. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and coded independently by a minimum of two investigators using content analysis.

Results
Three key findings emerged from the data: 1) all CAM leaders were concerned with issues of their own access to NHPs; 2) all the CAM leaders, except for the homeopathic leaders, specifically indicated a desire to have a restricted schedule of NHPs; and 3) only naturopathic leaders were concerned the NHP regulations could potentially endanger patients if they self-medicate incorrectly.

Conclusion
Naturopaths, TCM practitioners, homeopaths, and Western herbalists were all concerned about how the new NHP regulations will affect their access to the products they need to practice effectively. Additional research will need to focus on what impacts actually occur as the regulations are implemented more fully.
A Facile Synthesis of 3-Deoxy-α-D-manno-2-octulopyranosides Using Pyridinium p-Toluenesulfonate
Authors: Horito Shigeomi , Tada Muneo , Hashimoto Hironobu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new method of ketosidation was developed using 4,5:7,8-di-O-isopropylidenated 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulose and its 1-O-protected derivatives as ketosyl donors in the presence of pyridinium p-toluenesulfonate to afford the α-ketoside exclusively.
Oligoribonucleotide Synthesis By Use of the [[2-(Methylthio)phenyl]thio]methyl (MPTM) Group as the 2′-Hydroxyl Protecting Group
Authors: Sekine Mitsuo , Nakanishi Takashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new 2′-hydroxyl protecting group, [[2-(methylthio)phenyl]thio]methyl (MPTM), was introduced via a three-step reaction into the 2′-position of uridine and cytidine units required for the synthesis of oligoribonucleotides in the phosphotriester approach. By using these monomer building blocks, CpUpG was synthesized.
Asymmetric Reductions with Freely and Non-freely Rotating Amide Group NADH Models
Authors: Combret Yves , Torche Jean Jacques , Binay Patrice , Dupas Georges , Bourguignon Jean , Queguiner Guy 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
NADH models with a freely or non freely rotating chiral amide group have been synthesized and used in the reduction of methyl benzoylformate. The same major enantiomer was obtained in all cases. A blocked reagent bearing a phenylalaninol group as chiral auxiliary allows one to obtain a high e.e.
Photochemical Reactions of 4-Methyl-2-quinolinecarbonitrile with Optically Active 2-Phenylpropionic Acids. The Magnetic-Field and Solvent Effects
Authors: Hata Norisuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The photochemical reactions of 4-methyl-2-quinolinecarbonitrile with (S)- or (R)-2-phenylpropionic acid (PPCOOH) in benzene were investigated in the absence and in the presence of a magnetic field. The reactions were also examined in polar solvents such as dichloromethane and acetonitrile. The experimental results led to the conclusion that (S)- and (R)-forms of the 2-phenylpropionate ion () differ distinctly in their chemical properties.
Synthesis of Optically Active Selenonium Ylide
Authors: Kamigata Nobumasa , Nakamura Yoshihiro , Matsuyama Haruo , Shimizu Toshio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Fractional recrystallization of diastereomeric methyl[4′-(l-menthyloxycarbonyl)phenyl]selenonium 4,4-dimethyl-2,6-dioxocyclohexylide from hexane-ether gave optically pure (+)-selenonium ylide as a stable crystal.
Preparation of SiO2–ZrO2–Na2O Porous Glasses
Authors: Tsurita Yasushi , Wada Keisuke 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A new method for preparation of porous supports was investigated through heating the sol-gel derived SiO2–ZrO2 microspherical gel in the presence of NaCl. The products were composed of sponge-like structure similar to the porous glasses manufactured by the phase separation method.
The Liquid-Phase Photolyses of Tetra- and Octa-CDDs and Their CDFs in Hexane Solution
Authors: Muto Hajime , Takizawa Yukio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The liquid phase photolyses were conducted with a hexane solution of tetra- and octa-CDD and their CDFs at 254 nm. Their first-order rate constants obtained were as follows(× 10−5 s−1): 2,3,7,8-TCDD, 29.2; 1,2,3,4-TCDD, 13.1; 2,3,7,8-TCDF, 46.0; octa-CDD, 17.7. The PCDF photolyses of 2,3,7,8-tetra- and octa-congeners compared to their CDDs were more rapidly, as well as the photodestructions of 2,3,7,8-chlorine substituted DD and DF which are more highly toxic substances.
Oxygenation of Silyl Enol Ethers and Silyl Ketene Acetals with Molecular Oxygen and Aldehyde Catalyzed by Nickel(II) Complex. A Convenient Method for the Preparation of α-Hydroxy Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Takai Toshihiro , Yamada Tohru , Rhode Oliver , Mukaiyama Teruaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In the presence of a catalytic amount of nickel(II) complex, silyl enol ethers and silyl ketene acetals are smoothly oxygenated by the combined use of molecular oxygen and aldehyde to afford α-siloxy carbonyl compounds via possible intermediates, siloxy epoxides. And on treatment of the α-siloxy carbonyl compounds with potassium fluoride α-hydroxy carbonyl compounds are obtained in good to high yields.
ESR Microscopic Imaging on the Spatial Distribution of Paramagnetic Reactive Centers on Catalysts
Authors: Xu Yuanzhi , Furusawa Masahiro , Ikeya Motoji , Kera Yoshiya , Kuwata Keiji 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An ESR microscopic imaging on the V4+ and Mo5+ ions Dispersed in the tablets of silica and zeolite carriers was carried out. Distributions of these ions on the surfaces and the cross sections of the catalyst tablets were observed. These results may be a useful information about proper shapes, sizes, and operating conditions of the catalyst particles.
Visible Light-Assisted Dehydrogenation of Alkanes Catalyzed by the RhCl(CH2=CH2)(PMe3)2-hν System
Authors: Sakakura Toshiyasu , Abe Fujio , Tanaka Masato 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Alkanes are catalytically dehydrogenated to alkenes with RhCl(CH2=CH2)(PMe3)2 (λmax 416 nm) under visible light irradiation in the presence of ethylene. The reaction proceeds smoothly even at room temperature; the quantum yield of cyclooctane dehydrogenation was 0. 10 at 25 °C.
Characteristic Reduction of Ketones by Bu3SnH–Bu4NX System
Authors: Shibata Ikuya , Yoshida Tomoyuki , Baba Akio , Matsuda Haruo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Various ketones were reduced cleanly by Bu3SnH–Bu4NX (X = halogen) combined systems. The reaction proceeds effectively under mild conditions. Chemoselective reduction was performed in bifunctional compounds, and marked diastereoselective reduction was noted for α-methoxy propiophenone.
Gate Function of Viologen Monolayer Adsorbed on Mercury Electrode for Some Redox–Electrode Reactions
Authors: Kitamura Fusao , Ohsaka Takeo , Tokuda Koichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The progress of electron exchange between 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-piperidinyl-1-oxy (TEMPOL) and a hanging mercury drop electrode can be controlled by changing the oxidation state of monolayer of 1,1′-diheptyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dication (heptyl viologen) adsorbed on the electrode; the monolayer is “open” in the oxidized state and “closed” in the reduced state.
A Novel Approach to the Determination of Trace α-Amylase by Photographic Assay. The Synthesis and Enzymatic Characterization of an Oligosaccharide Derivative as a Substrate for α- Amylase from Porcine Pancreas
Authors: Ono Mitsunori , Suzuki Nobuo , Hirano Shigeo , Itoh Isamu , Masuda Nobuhito 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In line with a new concept for the photographic assay on the basis of chemical amplification by the catalytic Ag° nuclei, an α-amylase substrate containing a new sensitive labeling component and a bioaffinity group was designed and synthesized. The analysis of enzymatic degradation proved that the substrate can release efficiently the labeling component without loss of photographic activity.
Novel Conversion of N,N-Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal to Tetramethylammonium Salts by Its Reaction with 5-Methyl-4-Isoxazolecarboxylic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Singh Baldev , Hlavac Allan G 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
N,N-Dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal is converted to tetramethylammonium salts upon treatment with 5-methyl-4-isoxazolecarboxylic acid derivatives.
Photoreduction of Solid Europium Chloride in KBr by Visible Two-photon Excitation
Authors: Yamada Yasuhiro , Ohno Shin-ichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Solid EuCl3·6H2O in KBr disk was irradiated by visible laser light ranging from 455 nm to 475 nm condensed by lens and the time-resolved emission spectra were measured. Reduction of Eu3+ and emission from Eu2+ were observed by simultaneous two-photon absorption in solid sample.
Novel Asymmetric Synthesis of γ-Alkylated Lactones via Successive Alkylation and Reduction of Chiral Cyclic Imides with C2-Symmetry
Authors: Yoda Hidemi , Shirakawa Koji , Takabe Kunihiko 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Consecutive treatment of chiral cyclic imides containing a C2-axis of symmetry with Grignard reagents and sodium borohydride followed by cyclization furnished γ-alkylated lactones with high diastereoselectivity. Products were converted to synthetically useful R-butenolides after removal of the chirality inducing groups.
Generation of Cation Radicals from Allylic Sulfides and Their Reactions with Silyl Enol Ethers by the Use of Cerium(IV) Ammonium Nitrate
Authors: Narasaka Koichi , Okauchi Tatsuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Allyl sulfides react with silyl enol ether, siloxy diene and siloxy enyne by the oxidation with cerium(IV) ammonium nitrate to give α-phenylthio γ,δ-unsaturated ketones through the nucleophilic addition of silyl enol ethers to the sulfur cation radicals and the successive [2,3]-sigmatropic rearrangement.
A Facile Synthesis of Sulfones by the Oxidation of Various Sulfides with Oxone in Aprotic Solvent in the Presence of “Wet-Montmorillonite”
Authors: Hirano Masao , Tomaru Jun-ichirou , Morimoto Takashi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Oxidation of sulfide with Oxone in dichloromethane in the presence of wet-montmorillonite clay gave sulfones in excellent yields under mild conditions.
A New Approach to L-Daunosamine and L-Acosamine from t-Butyl S-(+)-3-Hydroxybutanoate
Authors: Hatanaka Minoru , Ueda Ikuo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A concise synthesis of the N-acyl derivatives of L-daunosamine and L-acosamine is achieved using the highly stereoselective enolate-imine condensation of the lithium dianion of t-butyl S-(+)-3-hydroxybutanoate with N-acylaldimine.
Diastereoselective Introduction of an Allyl Group to the α′-Position of α-Substituted Pyrrolidines through the Intermediate Formation of N-Acyliminium Ions
Authors: Shono Tatsuya , Fujita Tetsuhiro , Matsumura Yoshihiro 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An allyl group was introduced to the α′-position of α-substituted pyrrolidines and the stereoselectivity of the allylation was investigated. High diastereoselectivities were achieved by modifying the α-substituents or the functional groups located at the nitrogen atom of pyrrolidine ring.
Facile Cleavage of Ge–C Bonds of N-(Germylmethyl)benzylamine Derivatives. Generation of Germyl Anions
Authors: Terunuma Daiyo , Kizaki Hiroaki , Sato Takashi , Masuo Koujiro , Nohira Hiroyuki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The reactions of N-(germylmethyl)benzylamine derivatives with butyllithium were carried out. Facile cleavages of Ge–C bonds of the N-benzylgermylmethylamine derivatives giving the corresponding germyl anions and N-pentylbenzylamine were observed. The reaction mechanism of the Ge–C bond cleavage was discussed.
Bacterial contamination of blood components – incidence and significance for homologous and autologous transfusion Bakterielle Kontamination von Blutkomponenten – Inzidenz und Signifikanz für die allogene und autologe Transfusion
Authors: Walther-Wenke Gabriele 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Successful reduction of the risk of viral transmission via blood components has emphasized the risk of transfusion-associated bacterial sepsis. The incidence of transfusion reactions due to bacteria is currently estimated to be between 1:100,000 and 1:1,000,000 units in the case of packed red blood cells and between 1:900 and 1:100,000 units in the case of platelet concentrates. For autologous transfusion, only isolated case reports are available which do not permit a quantitative risk assessment. At present, no reliable data on the risk of morbidity and mortality due to transfusion-associated bacterial infection are available for Germany. Since platelet concentrates, stored at room temperature, provide more favorable conditions for bacterial growth, these blood components are thought to bear a considerably greater risk of bacterial contamination than red blood cells. The rate of contamination of platelet concentrates is cited to be between 0.02 and 1.2%, depending on the production and bacterial culture techniques used, whereas the rate for packed red blood cells is between 0.1 and 0.2%. Risk reduction strategies include careful selection of blood donors, optimization of donation and production techniques, and detection of bacteria in samples of blood components prior to transfusion. Also important for patient safety are quality assurance measures in the preparation for transfusion, patient monitoring, and investigation of transfusion reactions.
Poly(ethylene oxide)‐ and poly (acrylamide)‐based water‐soluble associative polymers: synthesis, characterisation, properties in solution
Authors: Grassl Bruno , Billon Laurent , Borisov Oleg , François Jeanne 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe association behaviour of hydrophobically modified water‐soluble polymers in aqueous solutions and its manifestation in the rheological properties are discussed. In particular, solutions of (i) end‐hydrophobically modified poly(ethylene oxide) and (ii) poly(acrylamide) with grafted hydrophobic side‐chains are considered. We demonstrate that balance between intra‐ and inter‐molecular aggregation and, as a result, rheological behaviour in the solution depend both on polymer architecture and strength of hydrophobic interactions which can be tuned by variation in, e.g., salinity or temperature. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry