bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postscript to ‘The collapse of the Dale Dyke dam in retrospect’
Authors: Binnie G. M. 
Published: November 2007

In his capacity as Reporter for Question 55 at the International High Dams Conference in Rio de Janeiro last year, Dr A. D. M. Penman discussed the hydraulic fracture of the cores of earth dams and wrote ‘It was considered to be a cause of the failure of Teton dam in 1976 and has been suggested as the cause of failure of Dale Dyke dam in Britain in 1864 by Binnie (1978) in his reconsideration of that classical failure.’ This refers to the above paper which appeared in Volume 11, pp. 305-324 of the Quarterly Journal. Subsequent to the publication of this paper, the accompanying longitudinal section of the Dale Dyke embankment was discovered in the archives of Messrs. Watson-Hawksley and is reproduced with their permission.
The dangerous planes in a core are vertical ones passing from upstream to downstream through it but with sufficiently low strength, as would be the case with puddle clay, it should normally be possible to maintain sufficiently high stresses on these planes. Dr Penman states that ‘this fact may account for the successful behaviour of the very many puddle clay core dams’.
The longitudinal section helps to explain why theDale Dyke dam appears to have been an exception. It can be seen that below and near the centre of the part of the embankment that was washed away, there was a 35 feet high step in the cut off trench. This step, which was not disclosed at the inquest nor during the subsequent Parliamentary
Introduction: Waste disposal—where are we now?
Authors: Bonney G. 
Published: November 2007

‘Science uses concepts which are in theory precise, but in practice more or less vague’. Few hydrogeologist working in waste disposal could disagree with Russel, but considerable effort is being expended to lessen the vagueness. Mounting pressure from environmental legislation has produced commendable attempts to codify the assessment of waste disposal sites. It has been found however, that although the measurement of environmental impact may be more or less precise, accounts of the mechanisms in operation around the sites are only now becoming less vague.
In January 1983, the Society held a Hydrogeology Group meeting entitled ‘Waste disposal—where are we now?’ to review recent developments in the hydrogeology of waste disposal, and the following six papers were presented, to a capacity audience: C. J. Swinnerton: Protection of groundwater in relation to waste disposal in Wessex Water Authority; R. Holmes: Infiltration of rain through waste materials and its significance in the planning of leachate management schemes; C. Barber & P. J. Maris: Recirculation of leachate as a landfill management option: benefits and operational problems; H. D. Robinson: On-site treatment of leachate using aerobic biological techniques; G. M. Williams: Migration of contamination from the waste disposal lagoon at Villa Farm; R. C. Harris & D. R. Lowe: The organic component of domestic refuse leachate with reference to two landfill sites in Nottinghamshire. The meeting attracted members from six other societies and the central topic was the leachate production caused by landfill disposal of mainly domestic waste.
Such a meeting was considered to
Protection of groundwater in relation to waste disposal in Wessex Water Authority
Authors: Swinnerton C. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Although the Wessex Water Authority is one of the smallest water authorities the hydrogeology of the region is varied with major aquifers ranging from the Chalk in the south-east to Carboniferous Limestone in the north-west. Approximately half of the public water supplies for Wessex are obtained from groundwater so it is imperative that the aquifers are protected from pollution from landfill.
Within Wessex no aquifer protection policy as such has been developed and, although tipping on aquifers is discouraged, each proposed site is looked at on its merits and, subject to adequate safeguards based on reliable data, sites on aquifers may be permitted. This approach, coupled with inherited sites, has resulted in a wide range of types of waste disposal site.
Four examples of different types of site on aquifers are presented together with a non-aquifer site which is a contain and treat site and which might be considered by many to be the optimum type of site.
Recirculation of leachate as a landfill management option: benefits and operational problems
Authors: Barber C. , Maris P. J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Recirculation of leachate through landfilled solid wastes offers potential advantages in reducing the volume of liquid by surface evaporation, and reducing the strength of leachate by crude anaerobic treatment within the landfill. Increasing the moisture content of the fill is also reported to give rise to a more rapid stabilization of solid wastes, and to enhance gas (methane) production.

Results of research using 7 m
3
lysimeters essentially confirmed these benefits and produced a predicted volume of low strength leachate within 18 months. A full-scale study at a lined landfill at Seamer Carr, North Yorkshire, has shown that on a large scale these benefits are more difficult to obtain, although this three-year study has proved successful in considerably reducing the volume and organic strength of leachate.

It is concluded that recirculation by itself cannot provide a lasting solution for leachate management, although significant reductions in the volume and strength of leachate can be obtained. Careful control is required and, in particular, it is necessary to consider the hydrology of a landfill and how this is affected by use of (final and intermediate) cover material.
On-site treatment of leachate using aerobic biological techniques
Authors: Robinson H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Although major advances have taken place in recent years in the engineering and control of landfill operations, the generation of highly polluting leachates as water percolates through wastes remains a major consideration. Despite the fact that many leachates contain high proportions of readily degradable organic materials and are frequently treated successfully at sewage treatment works for discharge to surface waters, in the United Kingdom very few facilities have been constructed on landfill sites for the treatment of leachate.

In the Federal Republic of Germany research, which has been stimulated by changes in legislation, has resulted in the construction of several relatively sophisticated leachate treatment plants since the later 1970s. These have been designed to very high standards, but only at very high costs (of up to £4 for every m
3
treated).

It is considered that on-site aerobic biological treatment systems will become more common in the UK, as individual landfill sites continue to increase in size and also as research results allow process designs to be optimized further. It is therefore appropriate that geological assessments of the suitability of landfill sites are made in the light of research and experience, in particular as advances are made in the technology of leachate treatment.
Changes in the organic fraction of leachate from two domestic refuse sites on the Sherwood Sandstone, Nottinghamshire
Authors: Harris R. C. , Lowe D. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Two domestic refuse landfill sites, situated on the outcrop of the Sherwood Sandstone in Nottinghamshire, have been investigated with a view to elucidating possible mechanisms of attenuation in operation within the unsaturated zone. Two cored boreholes have been drilled at each site, separated by a two-year interval, and the pore water analysed for a wide range of parameters. Although acetogenic degradation has been identified within both landfills, and it is postulated that methanogenesis is occurring in the Gorsethorpe site, there is little evidence for attenuation of the organic fraction of the leachate within the 6 m of unsaturated zone penetrated.
The use of resistivity and gamma logging in lithostratigraphical studies of the Chalk in Lincolnshire and South Humberside
Authors: Barker R. D. , Lloyd J. W. , Peach D. W. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Electrical resistivity and natural gamma logs obtained from 70 boreholes in Lincolnshire and South Humberside can be interpreted in terms of lithology and show excellent agreement with the detailed lithostratigraphical divisions of the Chalk, obtained by
Wood & Smith (1978)
from the study of surface exposures. As, to the best of our knowledge, this sequence is complete, for the first time a direct correlation between continuous borehole logs and a detailed lithostratigraphical succession is possible. Important marl bands and some erosion surfaces and flint bands can be identified on the resistivity and gamma logs and traced over most of the study area. Stratigraphical positions of the logged boreholes can be determined and formation thicknesses measured. This information has enabled the construction of an accurate contour map of the elevation of the base of the Chalk and the eastward extension of the Caistor Monocline has been identified.
The reliability of packer tests for estimating the hydraulic conductivity of aquifers
Authors: Bliss Jane C. , Rushton K. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper investigates the suitability of the double packer testing technique when it is used to estimate how the hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer varies with depth. A mathematical model of the radial and vertical flow from a borehole in a typical aquifer is devised and used to investigate the nature of flow in the aquifer due to the injection of water between two packers. It is shown that the existing formulae usually provide adequate estimates for zones of both high and low hydraulic conductivity. Other features that are considered include the effect of the length of fissures, the presence of boundaries, the possibility of water flowing around the packers, the length and spacing of the packers and the influence of the free water surface.
The location of the Stour buried tunnel-valley using geophysical techniques
Authors: Barker R. D. , Harker D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
A detailed gravity survey has been conducted over the Stour buried tunnel-valley between Sturmer and Long Melford in Essex. The resulting Bouguer anomaly map indicates that the density of the boulder clay filling the valley is higher than that of the underlying chalk. The interpretation of the Bouguer anomaly clearly indicates the subsurface position of the Stour buried tunnel-valley and calculations of the depth to the base of the valley fill have been attempted. Detailed resistivity sounding surveys at proposed borehole sites confirmed the gravity interpretation and provided more detailed information on drift lithology and thickness.
Land surface evaluation for engineering practice: applications of the Australian PUCE system for terrain analysis
Authors: Finlayson Alan A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Terrain is classified on the basis of characteristics such as the engineering properties of the underlying soil and rock, the slope of the land and its vegetation. It can then be mapped, described, evaluated, and assessed for different purposes at increasing levels of detail in terms of areas known as provinces, terrain patterns, terrain units, and terrain components. The main method of terrain analysis specifically related to civil engineering purposes currently being implemented in Australia, the PUCE System, is explained briefly and examples cited to illustrate its development and scope. A complete bibliography is also included.
Discussion on ‘Comparisons between real and predicted geology in tunnels: examples from recent cases’ by G. West
Authors: Douglas T. H. 
Published: November 2007

T. H. D
ouglas
writes: Graham West has provided a useful summary of data obtained from the case studies he has used to illustrate the effectiveness of site investigations for tunnels. However, due no doubt to the limited space allocated within the text of a single paper, there are a number of further comments which should be noted in relation to the comparison between predicted and actual geology of the Diversion Tunnel at Dinorwic.

Construction of the Diversion Tunnel started in November 1975 and was completed in July 1978. Taking into account the final cost and comparing the site investigation costs, updated to the same base date, indicates a figure of 1.4 for the site investigation as a percentage of the capital cost of these work. The figure includes for the special investigations associated with the old copper workings and the cost of additional precautions while tunnelling advanced through the critical zone.
Reference is included in the text to a comparison between predicted and actual lithology—this is shown on fig. 6 and listed in table 3. While the different lithologies were of some interest and the variation in hardness had a slight effect on rates of drilling, the principal influence on rate of advance was the amount of lining required. While a comparison between the amount included in the Bill of Quantities (651 lin. m) to that installed (455 lin. m) may be of interest a further comparison is shown in the Table 1.
It should be noted that the basis
Discussion on ‘Towards the prediction of subsidence risk upon the chalk outcrop’ by C. N. Edmonds
Authors: Wilson E. J. 
Published: November 2007

E. J. Wilson write: Figure 1 of Edmonds' paper suggests a geographical distribution of solution features which is highly distinctive yet apparently defies geological or climatological explanation. One is reluctant to accept such distribution as a starting point for the analysis of a problem, unless either it can be explained, or it can be shown that it is not due to any other spurious factor. It is immediately obvious that the lowest density of solution features recorded is for Salisbury Plain, a large proportion of which, as a military training ground, has a land use which would be expected to have a very low sensitivity to solution features. It is also obvious that most areas of high density lie within the Home Counties. This suggests the hypothesis that solution features are more likely to be discovered, and hence to become the subject of available data, in more highly-developed areas.
To put this hypothesis to the test, a comparison was made between population density as shown in the

Ordnance Survey Atlas of Great Britain
, and the density of solution features as shown by Edmonds. A direct and reliable comparison would be difficult, however, without much more detailed analysis, since there is considerable overlap between areas from the two sources. Furthermore, there are many small areas of high population density, but these are mostly concentrated in valley bottoms, which Edmonds' Fig. 2 shows are not a preferred location for solution features; therefore they have been ignored on the basis that they would
The Thames tidal flood risk—the need for the barrier: a review of its design and construction
Authors: Horner R. W. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The Thames Barrier is one of the largest civil engineering schemes built in England. It was necessary because of the increasing landward migration of the tidal effect due to eustatic rise and the relative land/sea level changes due to the subsidence of the North Sea area, resulting mainly from post-glacial isostatic effects. This meant that up to 116 km
2
of London could be flooded under a high surge tide.

The nine piers and two abutments were built in coffer dams. Construction began in 1975 and was completed in 1982.
A review of the geotechnical properties of Somerset alluvium using data from the M5 motorway and other sources
Authors: Cook D. A. , Roy M. R. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Construction of the M5 Motorway over recent soft clays within the Somerset Levels left behind a legacy of geotechnical information which has been assembled on a computer file containing the findings of 243 borings between Clevedon and Huntsworth. The paper gives examples of the use of the file for production of representative profiles of moisture content, strength, Atterberg limits and compression behaviour. These serve to highlight many of the now familiar characteristics of Somerset Alluvium and similarities with other recent deposits in the U.K. In particular they indicate the variability to be anticipated due to changes in consistency of the material, its sensitivity and some reflection on the method of sampling and testing. The profile of over-consolidation within the zone of desiccation is also clearly seen.

Some tentative correlations are made between Atterberg limits and corresponding measurements of sensitivity, strength and compression constants (C
c
, λ) on the basis of Critical State theory, which serve to show a more consistent and more useful pattern.
Stratigraphy and properties of the Clyde alluvium
Authors: McGown A. , Miller D. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The paper outlines the geological history of the Clyde Valley and attempts to relate this to the nature and distribution of the sediments within it. Because of the position of the valley within a glaciated region in which isostatic recovery has occurred, the infill deposits are very complex, with fluvio-glacial, lacustrine, marine, brackish and freshwater deposits overlying glacial and pre-glacial materials. The soils within the succession have been identified, classified in terms of their basic physical properties and their likely engineering behaviours have been indicated. The engineering significance of the nature of the various strata within the stratigraphical sequence is then discussed.
Engineering geological and geophysical investigation of the Barking Creek tidal barrier site
Authors: Kirkpatrick I. M. , McCann D. M. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The Barking Creek tidal barrier is downstream of and complementary to the main Thames flood prevention barrier in Woolwich Reach. Preliminary site investigations included boreholes and a ‘sparker’ geophysical survey of the Creekmouth area to determine the geological structure, in particular the depth and attitude of the interface between the Thanet Sand and the Upper Chalk beneath the barrier site. Several subsequent phases of drilling at the site have allowed refinement of the original interpretation, and variations in the levels of the chalk-sand interface previously correlated with east-northeast to west-southwest trending faults are now considered to represent faults trending north-northeast. This direction is consistent with the geological structure in similar rocks determined at the Thames Barrier site 5 km upstream and elsewhere in southern England.
A buried valley in the Orwell estuary
Authors: Fletcher M. S. , Nicholls R. A 
Published: November 2007

Summary
The investigation of the geology of the River Orwell downstream of Ipswich was carried out by the Department of Transport in the period 1973 to 1978. A buried valley in the surface of the Upper Chalk was identified and defined. The depth of the valley is 45 m below sea level and very soft chalk occurs adjacent to the valley.
The methods used to sample and classify the chalk for engineering foundation design purposes are presented. The infill material to the valley is described and the influence of the valley upon the chalk is indicated.
A geological appraisal of the site of the foundation failure of the giant oil tanks at Fawley, Hampshire
Authors: Barton M. E. , Roche M. H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Two giant oil tanks (79.3 m diameter by 19.5 m high) were constructed at Fawley in 1967-68. The tanks were founded on a reinforced concrete slab supported by piles of varying lengths taken through alluvium and end-bearing in Valley Gravel which overlies Barton Clay (Eocene). Totals of 1580 and 1652 piles, respectively, were used for each tank. The foundations failed during water-loading tests with a maximum depression of 0.425 m in one of the reinforced concrete slabs. Post-mortem examination of the foundations revealed defects in a number of piles, and after further tests and investigations, Professor G. A. Leonards concluded that the failure was due to defective piles.
The success of the original design was critically dependent on the geology. Particular problems on which attention was focussed included the continuity and thickness of the gravels, their variation in density, the character of the interface between Valley Gravel and Barton Clay and the lithological variations within the alluvium. These problems are examined here in relation to the existing geological knowledge of the region. Of particular significance is the conclusion that, in part, the variation in density within the gravels is due to the existence of Flandrian gravel overlying Pleistocene terrace gravel. Isopachytes of the gravels have been drawn along with contours on the upper and lower surfaces. These are compared with the settlement contours of the failed foundation slab and it is concluded that there is no correlation between them.
A technical note on the design and construction of the Afon Ganol Valley section of the North Wales Coast Road (A55)
Authors: Arber Neil 
Published: November 2007

Introduction
A 2-km length of the North Wales Coast Road (A55) between Colwyn Bay and Conwy runs along the floor of the Afon Ganol Valley which once formed part of the River Conwy estuary (Fig. 1). The road embankment, which in this area varies in height from 2 to 7 m, is constructed over soft alluvial clays and peat, up to 15 m (Fig. 2). The varying ground conditions along the length of the road embankment resulted in two completely different forms of embankment design.

Geology and embankment design

At the western end where the embankment was highest and widest in order to accommodate two slip roads to a low level rotary interchange, the alluvial clay was thickest, but no peat layers were found. Continuous sampling of the alluvium proved it to be a soft grey silty clay in which three main layers were identified, each 4-5 m thick. The upper layer contained near vertical root stems, the middle layer contained fine sand partings and the lower layer was very similar to the upper layer, except it contained small pockets and thin layers of peat. Some partly decomposed wood fragments were also found in the lower layer. A typical plot of the Atterberg limits and bulk density against depth clearly shows the presence of the three layers (Fig. 3).

In this area it was decided to promote primary consolidation using band drains to keep construction time to a minimum and to reduce post-construction settlements. Laboratory consolidation and
in situ
permeability
Geotechnical aspects of Greenodd by-pass
Authors: Thompson R. P. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
This paper describes the geotechnical aspects of the site investigation and construction of a by-pass to Greenodd Village in the southern part of the Lake District. The proposed route ran along west bank of the River Leven, crossed the main channel of the river and rejoined the existing road south of Greenodd. The investigation revealed that in places deep deposits of soft alluvium existed. Using the field measurements of permeability to determine the rate of consolidation in preference to values measured in the laboratory oedometer tests, it was decided that an embankment could be constructed safely and within a reasonable time. During construction the increase in excess pore pressure was monitored and the rate of filling modified to ensure a minimum factor of safety was achieved.
The project also involved construction of two bridges. From the findings of the site investigation it was decided to adopt pile foundations with the piles being driven steel H piles having an enlarged section set back from the toe. This ensured that the pile reached the required driving set after only a short penetration into the gravel stratum underlying the soft alluvium. Pile tests were carried out on preliminary piles to confirm the adequacy of the design and on works piles to ensure the required load carrying capacity was actually achieved.