bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blast wave propagation in city streets—an overview
Authors: Smith Peter D , Rose Timothy A 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper presents an overview of research conducted by the authors and others both experimentally and analytically in the area of blast wave interactions with buildings and structures in an urban landscape. Empirical tools for the assessment of blast wave resultants for simple‐geometry situations are first presented before the confining effects of buildings along a street are discussed. Street layouts such a T‐junctions and crossroads are then introduced and the way that blast wave characteristics are affected by street width and the height of buildings along the street is assessed. The influence of the location of the explosive charge within the street layout on the blast load experienced by buildings is also reviewed. It is likely that building façades closest to the explosion will fail and the effect on the loading experienced further from the detonation is therefore assessed. A complementary study of the loads developed inside a building whose façade has failed is also discussed. Apart from the blast loads on buildings in a street in which there is an explosion, buildings in adjacent streets will also experience blast loading. Studies concerned with the phenomena of ‘channelling’ and ‘shielding’ are presented and the extent to which both processes occur in any given situation discussed. The various studies reported throughout the paper indicate that simple tools are often inappropriate and the development of empirical rules for more complex geometries may not be reliable. This view is supported by studying blast wave propagation in a realistic cityscape comprising streets of different widths with several layout features all bounded by buildings of different size, shape and height. Such studies conclude that computational fluid dynamics analyses may sometimes be the only satisfactory approach for the engineer seeking a reliable assessment of blast loads experienced by buildings in an urban landscape.
Differentiation of fluoronitroaniline isomers by negative‐ion electrospray mass spectrometry
Authors: Gierczyk Blażej , Grajewski Jakub , Zalas Maciej 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTetra‐ and trifluoronitroanilines were studied by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. These compounds gave signals only in the negative‐ion mode. It was found that the so‐called ‘in‐source’ fragmentation, induced by cone voltage increase, enables differentiation of isomers. For para‐nitroanilines, in contrast to ortho derivatives, the loss of NO2 was the most favored process and other fragment ions were characterized by low abundances. For trifluoro conjugates the substitution pattern of aromatic ring by fluorine atoms also affected their fragmentation patterns. For example, in 2,3,6‐trifluoro‐4‐nitroaniline, in contrast to 2,3,5‐trifluoro‐4‐nitroaniline, efficient NO loss, followed by HF loss, took place. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Young, black, and male in foster care: Relationship of negative social contextual experiences to factors relevant to mental health service delivery
Authors: Scott Lionel D. , Davis Larry E. 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTAmong a small, cross‐sectional sample of young Black males transitioning from foster care (), this study explored the relationship of their negative social contextual experiences to two factors relevant to the delivery of mental health services to them: cultural mistrust of mental health professionals and attitudes toward seeking professional help. Three domains of young Black male's negative social contextual experiences were measured: proximal negative experiences, distal negative experiences, and negative imagery experiences. Results of multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) controlling for custody status, counselling status and history, and psychiatric history showed that young Black males reporting a high frequency of negative social contextual experiences reported significantly greater cultural mistrust of mental health professionals and significantly less positive attitudes toward seeking professional help for mental health problems than young Black males reporting a low frequency of negative social contextual experiences. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Three Steps to Heaven? Tensions in the Management of Welfare: Retirement Pensions and Active Consumers
Authors: MANN KIRK 
Published: December 2005

This article explores some of the emerging tensions in the management of welfare in Britain. The success of Labour's proposals for welfare reform, particularly retirement pensions, hinges on their ability to promote the idea of the consumer citizen and to undermine traditional ideas of citizenship rights. However, managing this transition – including the presentation of ideas and the management of consumers – has not been straightforward. While the Government presents retirement as a matter of lifestyle choice, welfare ‘consumers’ are demanding more of their providers and are regularly disgruntled with the response.Simultaneously, pension providers are expressing reservations about their ability to manage aggrieved consumers. Furthermore, they believe pension fund management has been politicised, and their scope for discretion reduced by regulation, while technical and scientific developments in terms of portfolio management and risk assessment have changed the working practices of those in the pension industry. These tensions between consumers, providers and legislators may generate further dissatisfaction with the balance of rights and responsibilities being hotly contested.
Perceptions of Risk in Intimate Relationships: The Implications for Social Provision
Authors: LEWIS JANE 
Published: December 2005

The erosion of the traditional, male breadwinner model family – both normatively and in social reality – has opened up the possibility of more choice in terms of both partnering and the nature of the contributions that men and women make to households, but processes of ‘individualisation’ have also given rise to greater uncertainty.We know relatively little about how people perceive their options for partnering, re-production and employment at the level of the household, and in particular what they are prepared to ‘take a chance on’, and what kind of security they seek. Yet this is important for policy purposes, particularly in view of the rapid pace of family and labour market change.This article first addresses the kind of considerations that are necessary for a better understanding of the nature of risks and uncertainty arising from processes of individualisation. The substantive sections that follow draw on in-depth interviews with a heterogeneous sample of 21 cohabiting and married men and women, drawn from an Omnibus representative sample survey. The extent to which individuals regard partnering and childbearing as risks, and how they seek to manage them are explored and the implications for policy assessed.
Burnout among Canadian and Chinese employees: a cross‐cultural study
Authors: Jamal Muhammad 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis study examined the relationship of job stress with overall burnout and its three dimensions (emotional exhaustion, depersonalization and lack of accomplishment) and health problems among employees in Canada (N = 535) and the People's Republic of China (N = 685). Data were collected by means of a structured questionnaire from Canadian employees in Montreal and Chinese employees in Beijing. Pearson correlation and moderated multiple regressions were used to analyze the data. Job stressors such as work overload, ambiguity, conflict and resource inadequacy, were significantly related to many dependent variables in both countries. Moderated multiple regressions only marginally supported the role of gender as a moderator of stressor‐burnout relationship. Implications of findings are discussed for cross‐cultural research.
Closing resource gaps: toward a resource‐based theory of advantageous mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Eschen Erik , Bresser Rudi KF 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper applies resource‐based theory to explain the success or failure of resource‐driven merger and acquisition decisions. A two‐step model identifies prerequisite conditions for deriving competitive advantage and superior financial results from mergers and acquisitions designed to acquire new resources. In a first step, we analyze alternative sources of new resources such as factor markets, internal development, and cooperation, and present a framework that explains under what conditions mergers and acquisitions are an appropriate means for closing resource gaps. In a second step, we present conditions that define financially advantageous mergers and acquisition strategies. If strategically valuable and cospecialized resources of the acquiring and the acquired firms are combined, the shareholders of both the target and the acquirer can expect to appropriate rents.
Density and strength of ties in innovation networks: an analysis of multimedia and biotechnology
Authors: Gilsing Victor , Nooteboom Bart 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis paper proposes modifications and extensions to the thesis of the ‘strength of weak ties’ in interfirm networks. It proceeds on the following assumptions. First, network effects depend on the industry and on whether the focus of a network is on exploration or on exploitation. Second, next to density and strength of ties one should also look at their content, for example in terms of types of knowledge and technology. Third, the analysis should take into account matters of both competence for innovation and governance of relational risk. The paper develops theoretical propositions that argue in favour of ties in exploration that are dense and strong in three out of five dimensions. Predictions are confronted with case histories of innovation in Dutch multimedia and biotechnology industries. While this does not yield a rigorous quantitative test, and results cannot be generalized, it does yield interesting refutations that yield new insights.
Maternal and Neonatal Effects of Remifentanil at Induction of General Anesthesia for Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Kee Warwick D. Ngan , Khaw Kim S. , Ma Kwok C. , Wong April S. Y. , Lee Bee B. , Ng Floria F. 
Published: December 2005

Background
Use of remifentanil during general anesthesia for cesarean delivery has been described, but its maternal and neonatal effects have not been investigated by a controlled study.

Methods
In a randomized, double-blind, controlled study, patients undergoing elective cesarean delivery received an intravenous bolus of 1 microg/kg remifentanil (n = 20) or saline (n = 20) immediately before induction of general anesthesia. The authors compared maternal hemodynamic changes and neonatal condition and measured plasma concentrations of remifentanil.

Results
The maximum increase in systolic arterial pressure from baseline after induction was smaller in the remifentanil group (median, 9 [range, -17 to 31] mmHg) compared with the control group (42 [6-73] mmHg, median difference, 33 mmHg; 95% confidence interval of difference, 23-45 mmHg; P < 0.0001). Maximum recorded values were smaller in the remifentanil group compared with the control group for systolic and mean arterial pressure and maternal heart rate. Apgar scores and time to sustained respiration were similar between groups. Two neonates in the remifentanil group were considered clinically depressed at birth and were given a single dose of naloxone. Remifentanil crossed the placenta with an umbilical venous/maternal arterial concentration ratio of 0.73 (SD, 0.17) and an umbilical arterial/umbilical venous concentration ratio of 0.60 (0.23).

Conclusions
A single bolus of 1 microg/kg remifentanil effectively attenuated hemodynamic changes after induction and tracheal intubation. However, remifentanil crosses the placenta and may cause mild neonatal depression and thus should be used for clear maternal indications when adequate facilities for neonatal resuscitation are available.
Neuroprotective Effects of Propofol in Models of Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Adembri Chiara , Venturi Luna , Tani Alessia , Chiarugi Alberto , Gramigni Elena , Cozzi Andrea , Pancani Tristano , De Gaudio Raffaele A. , Pellegrini-Giampietro Domenico E. 
Published: December 2005

Background
Propofol (2,6-diisopropylphenol) has been shown to attenuate neuronal injury in a number of experimental conditions, but studies in models of cerebral ischemia have yielded conflicting results. Moreover, the mechanisms involved in its neuroprotective effects are yet unclear.

Methods
The authors evaluated the neuroprotective effects of propofol in rat organotypic hippocampal slices exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation, an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia. To investigate its possible mechanism of action, the authors then examined whether propofol could reduce Ca2+-induced rat brain mitochondrial swelling, an index of mitochondrial membrane permeability, as well as the mitochondrial swelling evoked by oxygen-glucose deprivation in CA1 pyramidal cells by transmission electron microscopy. Finally, they evaluated whether propofol could attenuate the infarct size and improve the neurobehavioral outcome in rats subjected to permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo.

Results
When present in the incubation medium during oxygen-glucose deprivation and the subsequent 24 h recovery period, propofol (10-100 microM) attenuated CA1 injury in hippocampal slices in vitro. Ca2+-induced brain mitochondrial swelling was prevented by 30-100 microM propofol, and so were the ultrastructural mitochondrial changes in CA1 pyramidal cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Twenty-four hours after permanent middle cerebral artery occlusion, propofol (100 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) reduced the infarct size by approximately 30% when administered immediately after and up to 30 min after the occlusion. Finally, propofol administered within 30 min after middle cerebral artery occlusion was unable to affect the global neurobehavioral score but significantly preserved spontaneous activity in ischemic rats.

Conclusions
These results show that propofol, at clinically relevant concentrations, is neuroprotective in models of cerebral ischemia in vitro and in vivo and that it may act by preventing the increase in neuronal mitochondrial swelling.
Mechanism of Hepatic Heme Oxygenase-1 Induction by Isoflurane
Authors: Hoetzel Alexander , Leitz Daniel , Schmidt Rene , Tritschler Eva , Bauer Inge , Loop Torsten , Humar Matjaz , Geiger Klaus K. , Pannen Benedikt H. J. 
Published: December 2005

Background
The heme oxygenase pathway represents a major cell and organ protective system in the liver. The authors recently showed that isoflurane and sevoflurane up-regulate the inducible isoform heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1). Because the activating cascade remained unclear, it was the aim of this study to identify the underlying mechanism of this effect.

Methods
Rats were anesthetized with pentobarbital intravenously or with isoflurane per inhalation (2.3 vol%). Kupffer cell function was inhibited by dexamethasone or gadolinium chloride. Nitric oxide synthases were inhibited by either N(omega)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester or S-methyl thiourea. N-acetyl-cysteine served as an antioxidant, and diethyldithiocarbamate served as an inhibitor of cytochrome P450 2E1. Protein kinase C and phospholipase A2 were inhibited by chelerythrine or quinacrine, respectively. HO-1 was analyzed in liver tissue by Northern blot, Western blot, immunostaining, and enzymatic activity assay.

Results
In contrast to pentobarbital, isoflurane induced HO-1 after 4-6 h in hepatocytes in the pericentral region of the liver. The induction was prevented in the presence of dexamethasone (P < 0.05) and gadolinium chloride (P < 0.05). Inhibition of nitric oxide synthases or reactive oxygen intermediates did not affect isoflurane-mediated HO-1 up-regulation. In contrast, chelerythrine (P < 0.05) and quinacrine (P < 0.05) resulted in a blockade of HO-1 induction.

Conclusion
The up-regulation of HO-1 by isoflurane in the liver is restricted to parenchymal cells and depends on Kupffer cell function. The induction is independent of nitric oxide or reactive oxygen species but does involve protein kinase C and phospholipase A2.
Frequencies of hydrophobic and hydrophilic runs and alternations in proteins of known structure
Authors: Schwartz Russell , King Jonathan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPatterns of alternation of hydrophobic and polar residues are a profound aspect of amino acid sequences, but a feature not easily interpreted for soluble proteins. Here we report statistics of hydrophobicity patterns in proteins of known structure in a current protein database as compared with results from earlier, more limited structure sets. Previous studies indicated that long hydrophobic runs, common in membrane proteins, are underrepresented in soluble proteins. Long runs of hydrophobic residues remain significantly underrepresented in soluble proteins, with none longer than 16 residues observed. These long runs most commonly occur as buried α helices, with extended hydrophobic strands less common. Avoiding aggregation of partially folded intermediates during intracellular folding remains a viable explanation for the rarity of long hydrophobic runs in soluble proteins. Comparison between database editions reveals robustness of statistics on aqueous proteins despite an approximately twofold increase in nonredundant sequences. The expanded database does now allow us to explain several deviations of hydrophobicity statistics from models of random sequence in terms of requirements of specific secondary structure elements. Comparison to prior membrane‐bound protein sequences, however, shows significant qualitative changes, with the average hydrophobicity and frequency of long runs of hydrophobic residues noticeably increasing between the database editions. These results suggest that the aqueous proteins of solved structure may represent an essentially complete sample of the universe of aqueous sequences, while the membrane proteins of known structure are not yet representative of the universe of membrane‐associated proteins, even by relatively simple measures of hydrophobic patterns.
Stereoelectronic effects on polyproline conformation
Authors: Horng Jia‐Cherng , Raines Ronald T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe polyproline type II (PPII) helix is a prevalent conformation in both folded and unfolded proteins, and is known to play important roles in a wide variety of biological processes. Polyproline itself can also form a type I (PPI) helix, which has a disparate conformation. Here, we use derivatives of polyproline, (Pro)10, (Hyp)10, (Flp)10, and (flp)10, where Hyp is (2S,4R)‐4‐hydroxyproline, Flp is (2S,4R)‐4‐fluoroproline, and flp is (2S,4S)‐4‐fluoroproline, to probe for a stereoelectronic effect on the conformation of polyproline. Circular dichroism spectral analyses show that 4R electron‐with‐drawing substituents stabilize a PPII helix relative to a PPI helix, even in a solvent that favors the PPI conformation, such as n‐propanol. The stereochemistry at C4 ordains the relative stability of PPI and PPII helices, as (flp)10 forms a mixture of PPI and PPII helices in water and a PPI helix in n‐propanol. The conformational preferences of (Pro)10 are intermediate between those of (Hyp)10/(Flp)10 and (flp)10. Interestingly, PPI helices of (flp)10 exhibit cold denaturation in n‐propanol with a value of Ts near 70°C. Together, these data show that stereoelectronic effects can have a substantial impact on polyproline conformation and provide a rational means to stabilize a PPI or PPII helix.
A new generation of protein display scaffolds for molecular recognition
Authors: Hosse Ralf J. , Rothe Achim , Power Barbara E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEngineered antibodies and their fragments are invaluable tools for a vast range of biotechnological and pharmaceutical applications. However, they are facing increasing competition from a new generation of protein display scaffolds, specifically selected for binding virtually any target. Some of them have already entered clinical trials. Most of these nonimmunoglobulin proteins are involved in natural binding events and have amazingly diverse origins, frameworks, and functions, including even intrinsic enzyme activity. In many respects, they are superior over antibody‐derived affinity molecules and offer an ever‐extending arsenal of tools for, e.g., affinity purification, protein microarray technology, bioimaging, enzyme inhibition, and potential drug delivery. As excellent supporting frameworks for the presentation of polypeptide libraries, they can be subjected to powerful in vitro or in vivo selection and evolution strategies, enabling the isolation of high‐affinity binding reagents. This article reviews the generation of these novel binding reagents, describing validated and advanced alternative scaffolds as well as the most recent nonimmunoglobulin libraries. Characteristics of these protein scaffolds in terms of structural stability, tolerance to multiple substitutions, ease of expression, and subsequent applications as specific targeting molecules are discussed. Furthermore, this review shows the close linkage between these novel protein tools and the constantly developing display, selection, and evolution strategies using phage display, ribosome display, mRNA display, cell surface display, or IVC (in vitro compartmentalization). Here, we predict the important role of these novel binding reagents as a toolkit for biotechnological and biomedical applications.
Protein stabilization by specific binding of guanidinium to a functional arginine‐binding surface on an SH3 domain
Authors: Zarrine‐Afsar Arash , Mittermaier Anthony , Kay Lewis E. , Davidson Alan R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractGuanidinium hydrochloride (GuHCl) at low concentrations significantly stabilizes the Fyn SH3 domain. In this work, we have demonstrated that this stabilizing effect is manifested through a dramatic (five‐ to sixfold) decrease in the unfolding rate of the domain with the folding rate being affected minimally. This behavior contrasts to the effect of NaCl, which stabilizes this domain by accelerating the folding rate. These data imply that the stabilizing effect of GuHCl is not predominantly ionic in nature. Through NMR studies, we have identified a specific binding site for guanidinium, and we have determined a dissociation constant of 90mMfor this interaction. The guanidinium‐binding site overlaps with a functionally important arginine‐binding pocket on the domain surface, and we have shown that GuHCl is a specific inhibitor of the peptide‐binding activity of the domain. A different SH3 domain possessing a similar arginine‐binding pocket is also thermodynamically stabilized by GuHCl. These data suggest that many proteins that normally interact with arginine‐containing ligands may also be able to specifically interact with guanidinium. Thus, some caution should be used when using GuHCl as a denaturant in protein folding studies. Since arginine‐mediated interactions are often important in the energetics of protein–protein interactions, our observations could be relevant for the design of small molecule inhibitors of protein–protein interactions.