bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tocotrienol‐rich fraction from palm oil affects gene expression in tumors resulting from MCF‐7 cell inoculation in athymic mice
Authors: Nesaretnam Kalanithi , Ambra Roberto , Selvaduray Kanga Rani , Radhakrishnan Ammu , Reimann Karin , Razak Ghazali , Virgili Fabio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has recently been shown that tocotrienols are the components of vitamin E responsible for inhibiting the growth of human breast cancer cells in vitro, through an estrogen‐independent mechanism. Although tocotrienols act on cell proliferation in a dose‐dependent manner and can induce programmed cell death, no specific gene regulation has yet been identified. To investigate the molecular basis of the effect of tocotrienols, we injected MCF‐7 breast cancer cells into athymic nude mice. Mice were fed orally with 1 mg/d of tocotrienol‐rich fraction (TRF) for 20 wk. At end of the 20 wk, there was a significant delay in the onset, incidence, and size of the tumors in nude mice supplemented with TRF compared with the controls. At autopsy, the tumor tissue was excised and analyzed for gene expression by means of a cDNA array technique. Thirty out of 1176 genes were significantly affected. Ten genes were down‐regulated and 20 genes up‐regulated with respect to untreated animals, and some genes in particular were involved in regulating the immune system and its function. The expression of the interferon‐inducible transmembrane protein‐1 gene was significantly up‐regulated in tumors excised from TRF‐treated animals compared with control mice. Within the group of genes related to the immune system, we also found that the CD59 glycoprotein precursor gene was up‐regulated. Among the functional class of intracellular transducers/effectors/modulators, the c‐myc gene was significantly down‐regulated in tumors by TRF treatment. Our observations indicate that TRF supplementation significantly and specifically affects MCF‐7 cell response after tumor formation in vivo and therefore the host immune function. The observed effect on gene expression is possibly exerted independently from the antioxidant activity typical of this family of molecules.
Oxidation rate of conjugated linoleic acid and conjugated linolenic acid is slowed by triacylglycerol esterification and α‐tocopherol
Authors: Tsuzuki Tsuyoshi , Igarashi Miki , Iwata Toshio , Yamauchi‐Sato Yoshie , Yamamoto Takaya , Ogita Kanehide , Suzuki Toshihide , Miyazawa Teruo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe have recently shown that α‐eleostearic acid (α‐ESA), a conjugated linolenic acid, has a stronger antitumor effect than conjugated linoleic acid (CLA), both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the oxidative stability of α‐ESA was examined compared with linoleic acid (LA), α‐linolenic acid (LnA), and CLA. Thin layers of the FA (LA, 9Z, 11E‐CLA, 10E,12Z‐CLA, LnA, and α‐ESA) were auto‐oxidized at 37°C, and the FA remaining, the absorbed oxygen volume, the lipid hydroperoxide content, and the TBARS content were determined. The oxidation rate of α‐ESA was faster than that of the unconjugated FA and CLA (9Z,11E‐CLA and 10E,12Z‐CLA). However, the lipid hydroperoxide and TBARS contents following α‐ESA oxidation were low, suggesting production of only small amounts of rapid‐reacting secondary oxidation products. Furthermore, the oxidative stability of conjugated FA (CLA and CLnA) in which the carboxylic acid group was esterified with triacylglycerol was greater than that of the FFA. Addition of an antioxidant (α‐tocopherol) also increased the stability of the conjugated FA to a level similar to that of the unconjugated FA.
Effects of hydrocarbon structure on fatty acid, fatty alcohol, and β‐hydroxy acid composition in the hydrocarbon‐degrading bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus
Authors: Soltani Mohamed , Metzger Pierre , Largeau Claude 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lipids of the gram‐negative bacterium Marinobacter hydrocarbonoclasticus grown in a synthetic seawater medium supplemented with various hydrocarbons as the sole carbon source were isolated, purified, and their structures determined. The hydrocarbons were normal, iso, anteiso, and mid‐chain branched alkanes, phenylalkanes, cyclohexylalkanes, and a terminal olefin. According to the sequential procedure used for lipid extraction, three pools were isolated: unbound lipids extracted with organic solvents (corresponding to metabolic lipids and to the main part of membrane lipids), OH− labile lipids [mainly ester‐bound in the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)], and H+ labile lipids (mainly amide‐bound in the LPS). Each pool contained FA, fatty alcohols, and β‐hydroxy acids. The proportions of these lipids in the unbound lipid pools were 84–98%, 1.1–11.6%, and 0.1–3.6% (w/w), respectively. The chemical structures of the lipids were strongly correlated with those of the hydrocarbons fed; analytical data suggested a metabolism essentially through oxidation into primary alcohol, then into FA and degradation via the β‐oxidation pathway. Subterminal oxidation of the hydrocarbon chains, α‐oxidation of FA or double‐bond oxidation in the case of the terminal olefin, were minor, although sometimes substantial, routes of hydrocarbon degradation. Cyclohexyldodecanedid not support growth, likely because of the toxicity of cyclohexylacetic acid formed in the oxidation of the alkyl side chain. In the OH− and H+ labile lipid pools, β‐hydroxy acids, the lipophilic moiety of LPS, generally dominated (28–72% and 64–98%, w/w, respectively). The most remarkable feature of these cultures on hydrocarbons was the incorporation in LPS of β‐hydroxy acids with Codd, ω‐unsaturated, iso, or anteiso alkyl chains in addition to the specific β‐hydroxy acid of M. hydrocarbonoclasticus, 3‐OH‐n‐12∶0. These β‐hydroxy acids were tolerated insofar as their geometry and steric hindrance were close to those of the 3‐OH‐n‐12∶0 acid.
Dietary intakes and food sources of n−6 and n−3 PUFA in french adult men and women
Authors: Astorg Pierre , Arnault Nathalie , Czernichow Sébastien , Noisette Nathalie , Galan Pilar , Hercberg Serge 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe intake of individual n−6 and n−3 PUFA has been estimated in 4,884 adult subjects (2,099 men and 2,785 women), volunteers from the French SU.VI.MAX intervention trial. The food intakes of each subject were recorded in at least ten 24‐h record questionnaires completed over a period of 2.5 yr, allowing the estimation of the daily intake of energy; total fat; and linoleic, α‐linolenic, arachidonic, eicosapentaenoic (EPA), n−3 docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids. The mean total fat intake corresponded to 94.1 g/d (36.3% of total energy intake) in men and 73.4 g/d (38.1% of energy) in women. The intake of linoleic acid was 10.6 g/d in men and 8.1 g/d in women, representing 4.2% of energy intake; that of α‐linolenic acid was 0.94 g/d in men and 0.74 g/d in women, representing 0.37% of energy intake, with a mean linoleic/α‐linolenic acid ratio of 11.3. The mean intakes of long‐chain PUFA were: arachidonic acid, 204 mg/d in men and 152 mg/d in women; EPA, 150 mg/d in men and 118 mg/d in women; DPA, 75 mg/d in men and 56 mg/d in women; DHA, 273 mg/d in men and 226 mg/d in women; long‐chain n−3 PUFA, 497 mg/d in men and 400 mg/d in women. Ninety‐five percent of the sample consumed less than 0.5% of energy as α‐linolenic acid, which is well below the current French recommendation for adults (0.8% of energy). In contrast, the mean intakes of long‐chain n−6 and n−3 PUFA appear fairly high and fit the current French recommendations (total long‐chain PUFA: 500 mg/d in men and 400 mg/d in women; DHA: 120 mg/d in men and 100 mg/d in women). The intakes of α‐linolenic acid, and to a lesser extent of linoleic acid, were highly correlated with that of lipids. Whereas the main source of linoleic acid was vegetable oils, all food types contributed to α‐linolenic acid intake, the main ones being animal products (meat, poultry, and dairy products). The main source of EPA and DHA (and of total long‐chain n−3 PUFA) was fish and seafood, but the major source of DPA was meat, poultry, and eggs. Fish and seafood consumption showed very large interindividual variations, the low consumers being at risk of insufficient n−3 PUFA intake.
Incorporation of n−3 fatty acids into plasma and liver lipids of rats: Importance of background dietary fat
Authors: MacDonald‐Wicks Lesley K. , Garg Manohar L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe health benefits of long‐chain n−3 PUFA (20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3) depend on the extent of incorporation of these FA into plasma and tissue lipids. This study aimed to investigate the effect of the background dietary fat (saturated, monounsaturated, or n−6 polyunsaturated) on the quantitative incorporation of dietary 18∶3n−3 and its elongated and desaturated products into the plasma and the liver lipids of rats. Female weanling Wistar rats (n=54) were randomly assigned to six diet groups (n=9). The fat added to the semipurified diets was tallow (SFA), tallow plus linseed oil (SFA‐LNA), sunola oil (MUFA), sunola oil plus linseed oil (MUFA‐LNA), sunflower oil (PUFA), or sunflower oil plus linseed oil (PUFA‐LNA). At the completion of the 4‐wk feeding period, quantitative FA analysis of the liver and plasma was undertaken by GC. The inclusion of linseed oil in the rat diets increased the level of 18∶3n−3, 20∶5n−3, and, to a smaller degree, 22∶6n−3 in plasma and liver lipids regardless of the background dietary fat. The extent of incorporation of 18∶3n−3, 20∶5n−3, and 22∶5n−3 followed the order SFA‐LNA>MUFA‐LNA>PUFA‐LNA. Levels of 22∶6n−3 were increased to a similar extent regardless of the type of major fat in the rat diets. This indicates that the background diet affects the incorporation in liver and plasma FA pools of the n−3 PUFA with the exception of 22∶6n−3 and therefore the background diet has the potential to influence the already established health benefits of long‐chain n−3 fatty acids.
Photochemical production of conjugated linoleic acid from soybean oil
Authors: Gangidi R. R. , Proctor A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractConjugated linoleic acid (CLA), an anticarcinogenic compound with numerous other health benefits, is present mainly in dairy and beef lipids. The main CLA isomer present in dairy and beef lipids iscis9,trans11 CLA at a 0.5% concentration. The typical minimum human dietary intake of CLA is 10 times less than the 3 g/d suggested requirement that has been extrapolated from animal and cell‐line studies. The objectives of this study were to produce CLA isomers from soybean oil by photoisomerization of soybean oil linoleic acid and to study the oxidation status of the oil. Refined, bleached, and deodorized soybean oil with added iodine concentrations of 0, 0.1, 0.25, and 0.5% was exposed to a 100‐W mercury lamp for 0 to 120 h. An SP‐2560 fused‐silica capillary GC column with FID was used to analyze the esterified CLA isomers in the photoisomerized oil. The CLA content of the individual isomers was optimized by response surface methodology. Attenuated total reflectance (ATR)‐FTIR spectra in the 3400 to 3600 cm−1range and1H NMR spectra in the 8 to 12 ppm range of the photoisomerized soybean oil were obtained to follow hydroperoxide formation. The largest amount ofcis9,trans11 CLA isomer in soybean oil was 0.6%, obtained with 0.25% iodine and 84 h of photoisomerization. Lipid hydroperoxide peaks in the ATR‐FTIR spectra and aldehyde peaks in the1H NMR spectra were not observed in the photoisomerized soybean oil, and the spectra were similar to that of fresh soybean oil. This study shows that CLA isomers can be produced simply and inexpensively from soybean oil by photoisomerization.
Cigarette smoke negatively and dose‐dependently affects the biosynthetic pathway of the n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acid series in human mammary epithelial cells
Authors: Marangoni Franca , Colombo Claudio , De Angelis Leonardo , Gambaro Veniero , Agostoni Carlo , Giovannini Marcello , Galli Claudio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMaternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with a reduced content of n−3 long‐chain PUFA (LC‐PUFA) in breast milk, thereby reducing the intake of key nutrients by the infants. We postulated that the mammary gland is affected by maternal smoking in the process of n−3 LC‐PUFA secretion into milk. This prompted us to investigate the effects of cigarette smoke on the synthesis of n−3 LC‐PUFA in vitro by using a line of healthy epithelial cells from the human mammary gland, MCF‐10A. Cells were exposed to cigarette smoke under controlled conditions by adding to the medium aliquots of horse serum containing smoke components, as analyzed by GC‐MS. The major findings concern the inhibition of both the conversion of the precursor 14C‐ALA (α‐linolenic acid) to n−3 LC‐PUFA and of the Δ5 desaturation step (assessed by HPLC analysis with radiodetection of n−3 FAME) following exposure to minimal doses of smoke‐enriched serum, and the dose‐dependent relationship of these effects. The data indicate that exposure to cigarette smoke negatively affects the synthesis of n−3 LC‐PUFA from the precursor in mammary gland cells.
β‐oxidation, esterification, and secretion of radiolabeled fatty acids in cultivated atlantic salmon skeletal muscle cells
Authors: Vegusdal A. , Østbye T. K. , Tran T. ‐N. , Gjøen T. , Ruyter B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe white muscle of Atlantic salmon metabolizes FA with different chain lengths and different saturations at different rates, but few details are available on the processes involved or the products formed. We have investigated how multinucleated muscle cells (myotubes) in culture metabolize [1‐14C]8∶0, [1‐14C]18∶1n−9, and [1‐14C]20∶5n−3. The myotubes were formed by the differentiation of isolated myosatellite cells from the white skeletal muscle of salmon fry. Almost all (98%) of the [1‐14C]8∶0 substrate was oxidized to acid‐soluble products (ASP) and 14CO2 after 48 h of incubation, whereas only approximately 50% of the [1‐14C]18∶1n−9 and [1‐14C]20∶5n−3 substrates were oxidized. However, only one cycle of β‐oxidation was measured by the method used. For all three substrates, the main ASP were acetate and a combined fraction of oxaloacetate and malate. Nearly twice as much radioactivity from the [1‐14C]20∶5n−3 substrate was found in the cellular lipids as radioactivity from [1‐14C]18∶1n−9, indicating that [1‐14C]20∶5n−3 was taken up into muscle cells more rapidly than [1‐14C]18∶1n−9. Approximately 10% of the added [1‐14C]20∶5n−3 substrate and 5% of the added [1‐14C]18∶1n−9 substrate was secreted from the muscle cells into the culture media as esterified lipids. Immunocytochemical staining showed that the cells synthesized apolipoprotein A‐I. Differentiated muscle cells also expressed peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα) and PPARβ, two transcription factors that are involved in regulating β‐oxidation.
2‐Methoxylated fatty acids in marine sponges: Defense mechanism against mycobacteria?
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Cruz Heindyleen , Kwong Cecil D. , Wan Baojie , Franzblau Scott 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of saturated 2‐methoxylated FA having even‐numbered chains with 8–14 carbons were synthesized, and their spectroscopic data are presented for the first time. The 2‐methoxylated C10−C14 acids were prepared from the corresponding 2‐hydroxylated FA, whereas the 2‐methoxyoctanoic acid was synthesized starting with heptaldehyde. All of the methoxylated FA displayed some degree of inhibition (between 2 and 99%) of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv at 6.25 μg/mL. The most inhibitory FA was 2‐methoxydecanoic acid, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 200–239 μM against M. tuberculosis H37Rv as determined by both the microplate Alamar Blue assay and the green fluorescent protein microplate assay. These results are discussed in terms of the possible role of the 2‐methoxylated FA as antimicrobial lipids produced either by marine sponges, or the associated marine symbiotic bacteria, as a defense mechanism in a highly competitive environment.
Unusual C21 linear polyacetylenic alcohols from an Atlantic ascidian
Authors: Gavagnin Margherita , Castelluccio Francesco , Antonelli Angelo , Templado Josè , Cimino Guido 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour novel straight‐chain polyacetylenic alcohols were isolated from a marine ascidian (Phylum Chordata, subphyllum Urochordata) collected off Vigo, along the Atlantic coast of northwestern Spain. The chemical structures, which exhibit an uncommon dienyne group, were characterized by spectroscopic methods, mainly mono‐ and bi‐dimensional NMR. This is the first finding of acetylenic lipids from an organism belonging to phylum Chordata.
The effect of α‐linolenic acid and linoleic acid on the growth and development of formula‐fed infants: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Udell Tuesday , Gibson Robert A. , Makrides Maria ,   PUFA Study Group
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the effect of modifying 18‐carbon PUFA [18‐C PUFA: α‐linolenic acid (ALA, 18∶3n−3) and linoleic acid (LA, 18∶2n−6)] in the diets of term and preterm infants on DHA (22∶6n−3) status, growth, and developmental outcomes. Only randomized controlled trials (RCT) involving formula‐fed term and preterm infants, in which the 18‐C PUFA composition of the formula was changed and growth or developmental outcomes were measured, were included. Differences were presented as control (standard formula) and treatment (18‐C PUFA‐supplemented formula). Primary analyses for term infants were 4 and 12 mon and for preterm infants 37–42 and 57 wk postmenstrual age. Five RCT involving term infants and three RCT involving preterm infants were included in the systematic review. Infants fed ALA‐supplemented formula had significantly higher plasma and erythrocyte phospholipid DHA levels than control infants. There was no effect of ALA supplementation on the growth of preterm infants. In term infants, ALA supplementation was associated with increased weight and length at 12 mon, which was at least 4 mon after the end of dietary intervention. Developmental indices of term infants did not differ between groups. There was a transient improvement in the retinal function of preterm infants fed ALA‐supplemented diets compared with controls. The findings suggest that ALA‐supplemented diets improve the DHA status of infants. Further studies are needed to provide convincing evidence regarding the effects of ALA supplementation of formula on infant growth and development.
Molecular evidence that the rate‐limiting step for the biosynthesis of arachidonic acid in Mortierella alpina is at the level of an elongase
Authors: Takeno Seiki , Sakuradani Eiji , Murata Shoichi , Inohara‐Ochiai Misa , Kawashima Hiroshi , Ashikari Toshihiko , Shimizu Sakayu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oil‐producing fungus Mortierella alpina 1S‐4 is an industrial strain for arachidonic acid (AA) production. To determine its physiological properties and to clarify the biosynthetic pathways for PUFA, heterologous and homologous gene expression systems were established in this fungus. The first trial was performed with an enhanced green fluorescent protein gene to assess the transformation efficiency for heterologous gene expression. As a result, strong fluorescence was observed in the spores of the obtained transformant, suggesting that the foreign gene was inherited by the spores. The next trial was performed with a homologous PUFA elongase (GLELOp) gene, this enzyme having been reported to catalyze the elongation of GLA (18∶3n−6) to dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (20∶−6), and to be the rate‐limiting step of AA production. The FA composition of the transformant was different from that of the host strain: The GLA content was decreased whereas that of AA was increased. These data support the hypothesis that the GLELOp enzyme plays an important role in PUFA synthesis, and may indicate how to control PUFA biosynthesis.
Over‐expression of hepatic neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase in mice increases free cholesterol and reduces expression of HMG‐CoAR, CYP27, and CYP7A1
Authors: Langston Timothy B. , Hylemon Phillip B. , Grogan W. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHepatic neutral cytosolic cholesteryl ester hydrolase (hncCEH) is a key enzyme in the regulation of hepatic free cholesterol (FC). In examining the effects of over‐expression of this enzyme on cholesterol homeostasis, mice were infected with a recombinant adenovirus construct (AdCEH) of the rat hncCEH cDNA driven by the human cytomegalovirus promoter. Cholesteryl esterase and p‐nitrophenylcaprylate (PNPC) esterase activities were measured in liver postmitochondrial supernatants at 1, 3, 7, and 11 d after infection with AdCEH or a control virus expressing β‐galactosidase (AdβGAL). The PNPC esterase activity of AdCEH mice peaked threefold higher than controls on day 2, declining on subsequent days. In contrast, cholesteryl esterase peaked eightfold higher than controls on day 3, indicating a shift in substrate selectivity of hncCEH. Hepatic FC peaked at 144% of controls, 7 d postinfection. The mRNAs for cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase, sterol 27‐hydroxylase, and HMG‐CoA reductase decreased to 47, 46, and 58% of controls, respectively, on day 7, coinciding with peak FC concentrations. Coiniding with increased cholesteryl esterase activity, hepatic esterified cholesterol dropped precipitously from day 3 onward, to 11% of controls by day 11. Hepatic TAG levels also declined, consistent with the reported TAG lipase activity of hncCEH. These results demonstrate elevation of FC and depletion of cholesteryl esters by over‐expression of hncCEH, which were resistant to compensatory responses by other enzymes of cholesterol homeostasis.
Sulfur‐substituted and α‐methylated fatty acids as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor activators
Authors: Larsen Laila N. , Granlund Linda , Holmeide Anne Kristin , Skattebøl Lars , Nebb Hilde Irene , Bremer Jon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFA with varying chain lengths and an α‐methyl group and/or a sulfur in the β‐position were tested as peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)α,‐δ(β), and‐γ ligands by transient transfection in COS‐1 cells using chimeric receptor expression plasmids, containing cDNAs encoding the ligand‐binding domain of PPARα,‐δ, and‐γ. For PPARα, an increasing activation was found with increasing chain length of the sulfur‐substituted FA up to C14‐S acetic acid (tetradecylthioacetic acid=TTA). The derivatives were poor, and nonsignificant, activators of PPARδ. For PPARγ, activation increased with increasing chain length up to C16‐S acetic acid. A methyl group was introduced in the α‐position of palmitic acid, TTA, EPA, DHA, cis9,trans11CLA, and trans10,cis12 CLA. An increased activation of PPARα was obtained for the α‐methyl derivatives compared with the unmethylated FA. This increase also resulted in increased expression of the two PPARα target genes acyl‐CoA oxidase and liver FA‐binding protein for α‐methyl TTA, α‐methyl EPA, and α‐methyl DHA. Decreased or altered metabolism of these derivatives in the cells cannot be excluded. In conclusion, saturated FA with sulfur in the β‐position and increasing carbon chain length from C9−S acetic acid to C14−S acetic acid have increasing effects as activators of PPARα and‐γ in transfection assays. Furthermore, α‐methyl FA derivatives of a saturated natural FA (palmitic acid), a sulfur‐substituted FA (TTA), and PUFA (EPA, DHA, c9,t11 CLA, and t10,c12 CLA) are stronger PPARα activators than the unmethylated compounds.