bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social class and mobility in male adoptees and non-adoptees
Authors: Teasdale T. W. , Owen David R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryFour hundred and fourteen adoptees were located in a population of 28,879 males born within a 4-year period. For all of these males, two social class ratings were obtained, based upon their occupations at age 25–28 and 35–38. A single rating was obtained for their fathers, based upon occupation at the time of birth of the population males. In the case of adoptees, this rating was obtained for both the biological and the adoptive fathers. The adoptees had, at both ages, an average social class not deviating from that of the population at large. Their biological fathers were, however, below average paternal social class and their adoptive fathers were above it. Positive correlations for social class were found between the adoptees, at both ages, and their biological and adoptive fathers. The social class of adoptees is less well predicted by that of their biological and adoptive fathers, even when these are taken jointly, than the social class of sons in the population is predicted by that of their fathers. Evidence from both the group means and the correlations suggests that the adoptees at age 35–38 came to resemble their biological fathers in social class more than they had done at age 25–28.
Mental health and female sterilization: a follow-up
Authors:   Report of A WHO Collaborative Prospective Study
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a WHO-co-ordinated prospective multi-centre study in Agra and Chandigarh (India), Cali (Colombia), Ibadan (Nigeria), Manila (Philippines) and Nottingham (UK), 926 women undergoing elective sterilization for fertility control and 924 controls using other methods of contraception, were examined before the operation and at entry into the study, respectively. Of the initial sample, 81·6% were re-examined at a 6-month follow-up and 77·4% at a 12-month follow-up. At initial examination, the prevalence of clinically significant emotional disorder ranged from 1·6% to 14·6% in four of the six centres; it was higher in Cali (25·5%) and nil in Ibadan. In all centres except Agra, women applying for sterilization had a somewhat higher rate of mental health problems than control subjects at initial examination. At the 6-month follow-up, the prevalence was within the range 1·6–15·4% for the sterilization group and 0–14·5% for the control group in all centres except Cali which continued to have a higher rate. At the 12-month follow-up the prevalence of mental ill-health ranged from 0% in Manila to 29·2% in Chandigarh; if the latter centre were removed, the range would be 0–13·6%. There were no significant differences in the frequency of mental ill-health between sterilization cases and control subjects in any of the centres. Further, there were no significant differences in the prevalence of mental ill-health in relation to the timing of sterilization, i.e. interval, post-partum or post-abortion. Chandigarh was the only centre which showed a consistent increase of the rates of psychological disorder over time; in all other centres the rates showed some fluctuations but no clear tendency either to increase or decrease. The data do not support a notion of a significant impact of sterilization on mental health of women.
The effects on menstruation of elective tubal sterilization: a prospective controlled study
Authors: Bledin K. D. , Cooper J. E. , Brice B. , Mackenzie S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAs part of a prospective controlled study of the psychosomatic effects of elective tubal sterilization, 138 women were questioned about their menstrual functioning before sterilization, and again 6 months and 12 months post-operatively, using standardized interviewing procedures. Adverse changes, including (subjectively assessed) increased menstrual loss, shorter menstrual cycles and greater use of pads or tampons were reported by sterilized subjects at both of the post-operative interviews. Control subjects reported several comparable effects, although adverse changes overall were reported more commonly by sterilized women than by control subjects. However, many of the reported changes appeared to be related to pre-operative contraceptive methods, although consistent increases in use of pads or tampons were found in women who had pre-operatively used neither the pill nor the IUD.
Parental age, parity and sex ratio in births in England and Wales, 1968–77
Authors: James William H. , Rostron John 
Published: July 2008

SummaryVariations in sex ratio with maternal age, paternal age, parity and time have been examined in data on all legitimate births (live and stillbirths) in England and Wales, 1968–77. There were significant linear declines in sex ratio with both increasing parity and increasing paternal age, and a curvilinear relationship with maternal age. These effects were largely independent. Before 1955 it seems likely that sex ratio declined with increase in maternal age. But it seems that between 1955 and 1968 there was an unexplained decline in the sex ratio of births to women aged 20–24 and an increase in that of births to women aged 30–34. There was no significant secular trend in sex ratio during the period 1968–77.
Socioeconomic status and fertility in rural Bangladesh
Authors: Shaikh K. , Becker S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUsing a unique set of birth registration data from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, for the period 1974–77, and socioeconomic information collected in the 1974 census, fertility was studied in relation to occupation, size of dwelling, number of cows and number of boats owned. The total fertility rate was found to vary between 6 and 6·5 except in the famine year of 1975. There was no consistent relationship between fertility and education of women. Fertility differentials by occupation showed that the household heads who were farm labourers had relatively lower fertility compared to other occupational groups, except for the year 1977 where the families of service holders were found to have relatively lower fertility. There was a consistent direct relationship between the dwelling size and fertility for each of the years.
Teenage fertility, socioeconomic status and infant mortality
Authors: Miller Michael K. , Stokes C. Shannon 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe paper examines the relationship between infant mortality and a complex measure of socioeconomic status for evidence of diminution. In data on counties in the United States with a minimum of 20 infant deaths over the 5-year period 1971–75, no evidence of a declining relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality was found. Both level of community affluence and racial composition of the population exerted direct effects on levels of infant deaths. In addition, both socioeconomic status and racial composition exhibited indirect effects which operated through teenage childbearing. When total infant mortality was subdivided, teenage fertility serves as a mediating variable in the link between socioeconomic status and neonatal mortality, but not for the postneonatal components. Given the nearly equivalent total effect of socioeconomic status on infant mortality, it is concluded that the classic division into neonatal (supposedly a function of biological and genetic agents) and postneonatal (traditionally attributed to social and environmental agents), may be too crude to allow the contemporary effects of the socioenvironmental milieu to be evaluated effectively.
Non-marital pregnancies in New Zealand since the Second World War
Authors: Carmichael Gordon A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryShortcomings of the illegitimacy ratio as an index of the level of non-marital childbearing in New Zealand are exposed. Trends in the level of bridal pregnancy are analysed in terms of changes in age-specific probabilities of conceiving a child outside marriage, of ‘regularizing’ such a pregnancy before confinement, and of marrying when non-pregnant. Finally, trends in childbearing resulting from non-marital pregnancies are examined using an index which allows all relevant pregnancies to be related to a single population at risk, and which can be partitioned according to the eventual status of confinements as marital or non-marital. A substantial decline in such childbearing during the 1970s is established and attributed mainly to greater use of abortion. Marital births resulting from non-marital conceptions declined especially sharply.
Abortion experience among obstetric patients at Korle-Bu Hospital, Accra, Ghana
Authors: Lamptey Peter , Janowitz Barbara , Smith Jason B. , Klufio Cecil 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAmong obstetric patients with at least one previous pregnancy, over 20% reported having at least one induced abortion. Abortion experience was more common among women at lower gravidities and among women with the highest levels of education, suggesting that abortion is most used to delay the first birth, particularly for young women still at school. This is in contrast to the situation in Latin America where abortion is used most often to limit family size.The proportion of women who reported that they used contraception prior to the pregnancy was low, suggesting that knowledge of attitudes towards and availability of family planning services needs to be improved.
Nearwork, school achievement and Myopia
Authors: Ashton Geoffrey C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData from 723 families tested for ocular refraction, measures of cognitive ability and school achievement, and measures of school-related nearwork activity were analysed, to examine the association of nearwork and intellectual ability with the development of myopia. The basis of the tests was detection of heterogeneity of standardized regression coefficients, derived from the regression of spherical refraction on age, between scaled nearwork or achievement measures. The results did not provide any evidence in support of the hypothesis that nearwork influences myopia but did confirm a relationship between school grades and myopia.
Factors affecting fertility in four Muslim populations: a multivariate analysis
Authors: Ahmad Sultan 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData collected as part of the World Fertility Survey programme in the mid-1970s in four Muslim populations (Bangladesh, Java (Indonesia), Jordan and Pakistan) show that the demographic variables age at first marriage, duration of marriage, status of first marriage and experience of child loss explain most of the variations in fertility among these populations. There was no consistent pattern which could explain fertility differentials by selected socioeconomic variables. Fertility differentials by wife–husband education and childhood–current residence were found not to be in the expected direction in most of the populations. Fertility transition has not yet started among the majority of the people in these populations.
The changing pattern of contraception in Lahore, Pakistan: 1963–80
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Hussain Mazhar 
Published: July 2008

SummarySurveys carried out in Lahore, Pakistan, in 1963 and 1980 showed that most women have some knowledge of contraception. The proportion who had ever used contraception rose from 7% of respondents in 1963 to 48% in 1980. The rate of current use in 1980 was 34%. Highest rates of use were found among women aged 30 years or older and among those of higher education and socioeconomic status. The most commonly used methods of family planning were the condom, the pill and abstinence.
Influence of maternal age, parity and social class on perinatal mortality in Scotland: 1960–82
Authors: Forbes J. F. , Pickering R. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines secular changes in the influence of maternal age, parity and social class on perinatal mortality in Scotland. Despite changes in reproductive behaviour, improved access to maternity services and more effective perinatal care, the influence of maternal age and social class on perinatal mortality remained unchanged between 1960 and 1982. Although there were no significant changes in the traditional J-shaped association between parity and stillbirths, cross-sectional analysis shows that in the early 1980s the risk of both neonatal and perinatal deaths decreased as parity increased: this finding is consistent with the pattern of risks observed in longitudinal studies and retrospective surveys of reproductive histories. The stability of age, parity and social class effects thus suggests that little if any of the overall decrease in Scottish perinatal mortality can be attributed to a significant narrowing of relative risks in the obstetric population.
Canonical correlation analysis of assortative mating in two groups of Brazilians
Authors: Trachtenberg Anete , Stark A. E. , Salzano F. M. , Da Rocha F. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn two groups of people, 98 couples in which the husband was a military serviceman and 63 couples of Jewish ancestry living in Porto Alegre, Brazil, age at marriage, age at time of survey, fifteen anthropometric variables, and hair and eye colour were studied. Proper adjustments of the data were made taking into consideration duration of cohabitation, aging and secular effects, and skewness in the distributions. There are some differences between the two groups in age at marriage, but in both there is a tendency for those currently older to have married later in life. The correlation coefficients between spouses are with very few exceptions positive, with no indication of preferences for opposites. Size and factors related to body build are the most readily detectable agents in the assortative mating occurring in this population, but in the military group relative lengths of leg and trunk, rather than stature itself, are important in conditioning mate choice.
Is there a Connection between a Woman's fecundity and that of her mother?
Authors: Langford C. M. , Wilson C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData on the fertility of mothers and daughters in 10,931 mother–daughter pairs were obtained from family reconstitution studies based on English parish registers between the sixteenth and nineteenth centuries. These data indicate that there is no association between the fecundity of daughters and that of their mothers.
Determinants of breast-feeding and post-partum sexual abstinence: analysis of a Sample of Yoruba women, western Nigeria
Authors: Aborampah Osei-mensah 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study employs multiple classification and regression techniques to determine the influence of marital, sociodemographic and selected intermediate variables on duration of breast-feeding and post-partum sexual abstinence among a sample of 300 Yoruba women of western Nigeria. Only education and place of residence appeared to be significantly related to the post-partum variables. Breast-feeding was shown to exert a significant positive effect on abstinence. The effect of contraception on the post-partum variables appeared to be a function of socioeconomic status.Reductions in the duration of the post-partum variables due to relative affluence can result in increases in fertility. Planners may do well to encourage women to go back to the use of these traditional child spacing practices in the absence of large scale and effective use of contraceptives.
Married women and contraceptive sterilization: factors that Contribute to pre-surgical ambivalence
Authors: Miller Warren B. , Shain Rochelle N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTwo hundred and fifty-five married women about to have a tubal ligation and 167 women whose husbands were about to have a vasectomy were interviewed about their decisions. The data were analysed to determine the factors with which pre-surgical ambivalence about the decision was associated.Three independent factors were indicated: a substantive factor related to childbearing motivations, attitudes, and beliefs; a processual factor related to the decision-making process; and a contextual factor relating to situational pressures for and against the decision.
Factors affecting infant and child mortality
Authors: Adlakha Arjun L. , Suchindran C. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the determinants of infant and child mortality variations in four near east countries using data from WFS surveys. The analysis considers biological correlates of mortality—mother's age, birth order, birth interval, and previous infant loss—and several social factors—mother's and father's education, mother's residence, father's occupation, and mother's work experience since marriage. A multivariate analysis using a logistic regression model is carried out to obtain the net effect of each factor on mortality. Separate models are constructed for infant mortality and childhood mortality and for each country.The four countries show large variations in mortality, but this is persistently higher in female than male children. All four demographic characteristics affect mortality significantly, especially the length of the preceding birth interval. Among the socioeconomic variables, only rural–urban residence is influential.
Grounds for divorce in England and Wales—a social and demographic analysis
Authors: Haskey John C. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the social and demographic features of divorcing couples by the grounds on which their decrees are made absolute and by the party granted the divorce. The demographic characteristics include ages at marriage and at divorce of husbands and of wives granted decrees, duration of marriage, number of children, and the social class of both the husband and the wife. The data are also analysed for particular categories of couples: those in which the wife is a housewife, couples where the husband is unemployed, couples who have a child which was pre-maritally conceived, and couples who have dependent children. There are clear and interesting differences in the demographic characteristics of couples who successfully petition on the various grounds, suggesting that the law is used in different ways by different couples. Reasons for the observed patterns are considered. The data provide some basis for assessing the possible repercussions on divorce of socioeconomic changes, and for informed discussion on whether and how divorce law might sensibly be improved.
Proximate determinants of fertility in the Kathmandu valley, Nepal: an anthropological case study
Authors: Ross J.L. , Blangero J. , Goldstein M. C. , Schuler S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis article employs the analytical model of Bongaarts and Potter to compare the proximate determinants of fertility among three populations in Nepal's Kathmandu valley with the following characteristics: (1) high and low caste, (2) urban and urban fringe residence, and (3) users and non-users of contraception. It is shown that while Nepal, as a whole, is firmly entrenched in Phase 1 of the fertility transition, each of the populations studied has begun to experience a demographic transition to different degrees. In fact, greater progress in controlling fertility has been made than previously known.
Fertility levels, trends and differentials in Kuwait
Authors: Kohli K. L. , Al-Omaim Musa'ad H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the levels, trends, patterns and Kuwaiti-non-Kuwaiti differentials in fertility, by socioeconomic variables and the major factors that may account for recent changes. Kuwaiti fertility is very high: in 1980, the crude birth rate was about 47 and the total fertility was 6–8 per woman. Childbearing still extends to later ages but fertility in the early and middle reproductive years has declined recently, as a result of the rise in age at marriage and the fall in the proportion of currently married women in the younger age groups. Non-Kuwaiti fertility is consistently lower, with total fertility at about 69% of the Kuwaiti level. This differential cannot be explained by the age structure of the populations alone. Analysis of completed fertility by education and economic activity status indicates an inverse relationship.
Fertility in Pakistan during the 1970s
Authors: Shah Iqbal H. , Pullum Thomas W. , Irfan Muhammad 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA survey conducted in 1975, as part of the World Fertility Survey programme, provided evidence that fertility began to decline in Pakistan during the early 1970s. Because of the low level of contraceptive use recorded in that survey, the fertility decline was attributed to delayed marriage. However, a second and similar survey conducted approximately 5 years later showed almost exactly the same pattern of very recent decline, and indeed a reduction in contraceptive use. The two surveys disagreed for the period of overlap. It is concluded that there were essentially no changes in fertility during the decade, and that it remained at pre-1970 levels.
Contraceptive knowledge and attitudes in urban Ilorin, Nigeria
Authors: Oni Gbolahan A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryExamination of the effect of various socioeconomic, cultural and demographic characteristics of married women in Ilorin, Nigeria, who are in their prime childbearing ages, on their contraceptive knowledge and on their attitudes towards modern contraception shows that only the woman's education, age and area of residence within the city have significant independent effects on contraceptive knowledge. More than 90% of the women interviewed thought that women should be free to practise family planning. Also, more than 95% of all the women believed that too frequent births could endanger the health of the mother and her children. However, only the women with previous contraceptive knowledge overwhelmingly (more than 80%) thought that the best way to prevent too frequent births is by family planning. On the contrary, 66.5% of those without previous contraceptive knowledge before this study suggested that traditional abstinence should be used and only 28.9% suggested family planning. Adequate awareness of the availability and usefulness of family planning methods can influence attitudes of women towards contraception and may also enhance contraceptive use.
Reproductive patterns and thalassaemia major
Authors: Cowan Judith , Kerr Charles 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA study of families affected by thalassaemia major demonstrated that before antenatal diagnosis became an option, premature curtailment of reproduction was the most common parental response to their understanding of the genetic implications of the diagnosis. Subsequently parents of younger patients used antenatal diagnosis to meet or almost meet their birth expectations. There was no evidence that antenatal diagnosis contributed to any process of ‘compensating’ for existing affected offspring.
Effect of infant mortality on subsequent fertility in pakistan and Sri Lanka
Authors: Vaninadha Rao K. , Beaujot Roderic 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe relation between infant mortality and fertility is studied using data from the 1975 fertility surveys in Pakistan and Sri Lanka. It is found that the unadjusted data support child replacement, but that this is much less the case once controls are introduced for demographic and socioeconomic factors. Replacement is slightly more pronounced when there are fewer surviving male children.
Determinats of natural fertility in Sudan
Authors: Khalifa M. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe fertility of the Sudanese population (North) is close to natural. The high observed fertility rate in Sudan is found to be a function of the high proportion married and ineffective family planning procedures. The main inhibitor is prolonged lactational amenorrhoea. The high level of fertility exists in spite of a low level of fecundability. The duration of separation between spouses, due to temporary or seasonal migration of husbands, and the pathological causes of high primary sterility, which contribute to the low fecundability, need further investigation.