bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Introduction of new guidelines for emergency patients: motivational counselling among smokers
Authors: Backer Vibeke , Nelbom Bente Munkholm , Duus Benn Rønnow , Tønnesen Hanne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIntroduction:  Smoking is the most important risk factor for morbidity and mortality in hospital patients. Patient contact with the healthcare system should include smoking cessation counselling. Emergency admissions are seldom given this opportunity.Objective:  The aim of the study was to illustrate the implementation of motivational counselling in a department of acute surgery.Methods:  Between May 2003 and January 2004, 200 emergency patients were offered motivational counselling and a 6‐week smoking cessation programme.Results:  We measured the number of patients who accepted motivational counselling. Of the initial 200 patients, 121 (61%) accepted motivational counselling. The only factor related to the level of motivation was age. The most motivated group had an average age of 45 years, whereas the average age of the least motivated group was 64. There was no correlation between the Fagerstrom score, pack‐years, gender, illness, employment, or alcohol consumption and the outcome. Fifty‐seven patients agreed to us following them up, of which 10% quit smoking for 6 months; 44% either quit or reduced their smoking for a shorter period of time, and 17% of the continuing smokers requested admission to the smoking cessation programme.Conclusion:  The majority of smokers acutely admitted to an acute orthopaedic department accepted motivational counselling against smoking, the youngest being the most motivated. It appears possible to implement motivational counselling for smoking cessation in an acute orthopaedic department. It is relevant to consider how, and for which groups, a smoking intervention programme can be offered to acutely admitted patients.Please cite this paper as: Backer V, Nelbom BM, Duus BR and Tønnesen H. Introduction of new guidelines for emergency patients: motivational counselling among smokers. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2007;1:37–41.
A Review of a Community Program Aimed at Preventing Early Childhood Caries among Jerusalem Infants – A Brief Communication
Authors: Livny Alon , Sgan‐Cohen Harold D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEarly childhood caries (ECC) has not been adequately investigated in Israel. A previous Jerusalem study has demonstrated a potential effect on toothbrushing among infants. The present study was initiated in order to examine caries prevalence and the potential effect of a community intervention program.Objectives: This study aims to review an intervention program and assess ECC distribution and associated variables.Methods: The study sample included 1,500 infants in matched “intervention” and “control” Mother and Child Health centers. The 2‐year program, initially including all children at the age of 6 months, focused on the free distribution of toothbrushes and toothpastes. ECC prevalence was determined in a cross‐sectional study.Results: At 2.5 years, 596 children were examined (40 percent compliance). About half of the parents reported that they had participated once or not at all over the 2‐year period, which demonstrated low program participation. Among the examined children, ECC prevalence was 15.3 percent. No difference in caries levels was found between the program and control groups. The reported level of brushing twice daily was 13.9 percent, while 26.8 percent reported not brushing at all. Eighty‐one percent reported going to bed at night with a bottle. Children who drank sugar‐sweetened beverages had ECC levels significantly higher than those who drank milk or natural juice (18.8 percent versus 8.9 percent).Conclusions: The dental health and behavior and lack of intervention success emphasized the need to seek a more effective strategy. Emphasis on toothbrushing might not be the only nor optimal solution for this serious public health problem.
Evaluation of a Word Recognition Instrument to Test Health Literacy in Dentistry: The REALD‐99
Authors: Richman Julia A. , Lee Jessica Y. , Rozier R. Gary , Gong Debra A. , Pahel Bhavna T. , Vann William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: This study aims to evaluate a dental health literacy word recognition instrument.Methods: Based on a reading recognition test used in medicine, the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), we developed the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD‐99). Parents of pediatric dental patients were recruited from local dental clinics and asked to read aloud words in both REALM and REALD‐99. REALD‐99 scores had a possible range of 0 (low literacy) to 99 (high literacy); REALM scores ranged from 0 to 66. Outcome measures included parents’ perceived oral health for themselves and of their children, and oral health‐related quality of life of the parent as measured by the short‐form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14). To determine the validity, we tested bivariate correlations between REALM and REALD‐99, REALM and perceived dental outcomes, and REALD‐99 and perceived dental outcomes. We used ordinary least squares regression and logit models to further examine the relationship between REALD‐99 and dental outcomes. We determined internal reliability using Cronbach’s alpha.Results: One hundred two parents of children were interviewed. The average REALD‐99 and REALM‐66 scores were high (84 and 62, respectively). REALD‐99 was positively correlated with REALM (PCC=0.80). REALM was not related to dental outcomes. REALD‐99 was associated with parents’ OHIP‐14 score in multivariate analysis. REALD‐99 had good reliability (Cronbach’s alpha=0.86).Conclusions: REALD‐99 has promise for measuring dental health literacy because it demonstrated good reliability and is quick and easy to administer. Additional studies are needed to examine the validity of REALD‐99 using objective clinical oral health measures and more proximal outcomes such as behavior and compliance to specific health instructions.
Development and Testing of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Dentistry (TOFHLiD)
Authors: Gong Debra A. , Lee Jessica Y. , Rozier R. Gary , Pahel Bhavna T. , Richman Julia A. , Vann William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: This study aims to evaluate the reliability and validity of the Test of Functional Health Literacy in Dentistry (TOFHLiD), a new instrument to measure functional oral health literacy.Methods: TOFHLiD uses text passages and prompts related to fluoride use and access to care to assess reading comprehension and numerical ability. Parents of pediatric dental patients (n=102) were administered TOFHLiD, a medical literacy comprehension test (TOFHLA), and two word recognition tests [Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD), Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM)]. This design provided assessments of dental and medical health literacy by all subjects, both measured with two different methods (reading/numeracy ability and word recognition). Construct validity of TOFHLiD was assessed by entering the correlation coefficients for all pairwise comparisons of literacy instruments into a multitrait‐multimethod matrix. Internal reliability of TOFHLiD was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha. Criterion‐related predictive validity was tested by associations between the TOFHLiD scores and the three measures of oral health in multivariate regression analyses.Results: The correlation coefficient for TOFHLiD and REALD‐99 scores (monotrait‐heteromethod) was high (r=0.82, P < 0.05). Coefficients between TOFHLiD and TOFHLA (heterotrait‐monomethod: r=0.52) and REALM (heterotrait‐heteromethod: r=0.53) were smaller than coefficients for convergent validity. Cronbach’s alpha for TOFHLiD was 0.63. TOFHLiD was positively correlated with OHIP‐14 (P < 0.05), but not with parent or child oral health. TOFHLA was not related to dental outcomes.Conclusions: TOFHLiD demonstrates good convergent validity but only moderate ability to discriminate between dental and medical health literacy. Its predictive validity is only partially established, and internal consistency just meets the threshold for acceptability. Results provide solid support for more research, but not widespread use in clinical or public health practice.
Induction of Specific Immune Responses by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Spike DNA Vaccine with or without Interleukin-2 Immunization Using Different Vaccination Routes in Mice
Authors: Hu Hui , Lu Xinya , Tao Ling , Bai Bingke , Zhang Zhenfeng , Chen Yao , Zheng Fangliang , Chen Jianjun , Chen Ze , Wang Hanzhong 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTDNA vaccines induce humoral and cellular immune responses in animal models and humans. To analyze the immunogenicity of the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus (CoV), SARS-CoV, spike DNA vaccine and the immunoregulatory activity of interleukin-2 (IL-2), DNA vaccine plasmids pcDNA-S and pcDNA-IL-2 were constructed and inoculated into BALB/c mice with or without pcDNA-IL-2 by using three different immunization routes (the intramuscular route, electroporation, or the oral route with live attenuatedSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium). The cellular and humoral immune responses were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, lymphocyte proliferation assays, enzyme-linked immunospot assays, and fluorescence-activated cell sorter analyses. The results showed that specific humoral and cellular immunities could be induced in mice by inoculating them with SARS-CoV spike DNA vaccine alone or by coinoculation with IL-2-expressing plasmids. In addition, the immune response levels in the coinoculation groups were significantly higher than those in groups receiving the spike DNA vaccine alone. The comparison between the three vaccination routes indicated that oral vaccination evoked a vigorous T-cell response and a weak response predominantly with subclass immunoglobulin G2a (IgG2a) antibody. However, intramuscular immunization evoked a vigorous antibody response and a weak T-cell response, and vaccination by electroporation evoked a vigorous response with a predominant subclass IgG1 antibody response and a moderate T-cell response. Our findings show that the spike DNA vaccine has good immunogenicity and can induce specific humoral and cellular immunities in BALB/c mice, while IL-2 plays an immunoadjuvant role and enhances the humoral and cellular immune responses. Different vaccination routes also evoke distinct immune responses. This study provides basic information for the design of DNA vaccines against SARS-CoV.
Legionella jordanis
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection: Case Report and Review
Authors: Vinh Donald C. , Garceau Richard , Martinez Gabriela , Wiebe Debbie , Burdz Tamara , Reimer Aleisha , Bernard Kathryn 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Legionella jordanis
was first described in 1982 after isolation from environmental sources and is otherwise a very rare human pathogen. Here, we report the recovery of
L. jordanis
from a bronchoalveolar lavage specimen from a patient who presented with an indolent lower respiratory tract infection associated with constitutional symptoms. This case is the first culture-positive case of infection involving this species in Canada.
Insertion Sequence
1515
in the
ply
Gene of a Type 1 Clinical Isolate of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Abolishes Pneumolysin Expression
Authors: Garnier Fabien , Janapatla Rajendra Prasad , Charpentier Emmanuelle , Masson Geoffrey , Grélaud Carole , Stach Jean François , Denis François , Ploy Marie-Cécile 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

A serotype 1
Streptococcus pneumoniae
strain isolated by blood culture from a woman with pneumonia was found to harbor insertion sequence (IS)
1515
in the pneumolysin gene, abolishing pneumolysin expression. To our knowledge, this is the first report of an IS in the pneumolysin gene of
S. pneumoniae
.
Multiple-Locus Variable-Number Tandem-Repeat Assay Analysis of Methicillin-ResistantStaphylococcus aureusStrains
Authors: Tenover Fred C. , Vaughn Rebekah R. , McDougal Linda K. , Fosheim Gregory E. , McGowan John E. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTOur objective was to determine if a multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat assay (MLVA) forStaphylococcus aureuscould predict pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types (i.e., USA types), thus allowing us to replace PFGE with a simpler and more rapid typing method. One hundred three well-characterized isolates representing 13 major lineages ofS. aureuswere tested by both PFGE and MLVA. MLVA was performed using a rapid DNA extraction technique and PCR primers forsdrCDE,clfA,clfB,sspA, andspa.PFGE was performed with genomic DNA fragments generated using SmaI, as per CDC protocols. Banding patterns were analyzed both visually and with BioNumerics software. All isolates were typeable with MLVA and PFGE. MLVA patterns were highly reproducible. PFGE separated the isolates into 13 types with 42 subtypes. Using any band difference to designate a novel MLVA type, MLVA produced 45 types, including 9 clusters containing multiple isolates. Using BioNumerics and a cutoff of >75% relatedness, MLVA produced 28 types, 11 of which contained >1 isolate. Epidemiologically related outbreak isolates of USA300-0114 from five states clustered in one MLVA pattern. USA100 isolates were present in several unrelated (<40%) MLVA types. A cutoff of >80% separated outbreak strains of USA300-0114 into three distinct MLVA types. MLVA did not differentiate community methicillin-resistantS. aureus(MRSA) lineages (USA300, USA400, USA1000, and USA1100) from health care MRSA lineages (USA100, USA200, or USA500). The ability of MLVA to differentiate among strains that are indistinguishable by PFGE may be of epidemiologic value and warrants further study.
Contribution of Recombination to the Evolution of Human Immunodeficiency Viruses Expressing Resistance to Antiretroviral Treatment
Authors: Nora Tamara , Charpentier Charlotte , Tenaillon Olivier , Hoede Claire , Clavel François , Hance Allan J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTViral recombination has been postulated to play two roles in the development of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) resistance to antiretroviral drugs. First, recombination has the capacity to associate resistance mutations expressed by distinct viruses, thereby contributing to the development of viruses with improved drug resistance. In addition, recombination could preserve diversity in regions outside those subject to strong selective pressure. In this study, we sought direct evidence for the occurrence of these processes in vivo by evaluating clonal virus populations obtained from the same patient before and after a treatment change that, while unsuccessful in controlling viral replication, led to the emergence of viruses expressing a different profile of resistance mutations. Phylogenetic studies supported the conclusion that the genotype arising after the treatment change resulted from the emergence of recombinant viruses carrying previously existing resistance mutations in novel combinations, whereas alternative explanations, including convergent evolution, were not consistent with observed genotypic changes. Despite evidence for a strong loss of genetic diversity in genomic regions coding for the protease and reverse transcriptase, diversity in regions coding for Gag and envelope was considerably higher, and recombination between the emerging viruses expressing the new pattern of resistance mutations and viral quasispecies in the previously dominant population contributed to this preservation of diversity in the envelope gene. These findings emphasize that recombination can participate in the adaptation of HIV to changing selective pressure, both by generating novel combinations of resistance mutations and by maintaining diversity in genomic regions outside those implicated in a selective sweep.
Cholesterol Dependence of Varicella-Zoster Virion Entry into Target Cells
Authors: Hambleton S. , Steinberg S. P. , Gershon M. D. , Gershon A. A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
The entry of inhaled virions into airway cells is presumably the initiating step of varicella-zoster infection. In order to characterize viral entry, we studied the relative roles played by lipid rafts and clathrin-mediated transport. Virus and target cells were pretreated with agents designed to perturb selected aspects of endocytosis and membrane composition, and the effects of these perturbations on infectious focus formation were monitored. Infectivity was exquisitely sensitive to methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD) and nystatin, which disrupt lipid rafts by removing cholesterol. These agents inhibited infection by enveloped, but not cell-associated, varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in a dose-dependent manner and exerted these effects on both target cell and viral membranes. Inhibition by MβCD, which could be reversed by cholesterol replenishment, rapidly declined as a function of time after exposure of target cells to VZV, suggesting that an early step in viral infection requires cholesterol. No effect of cholesterol depletion, however, was seen on viral binding; moreover, there was no reduction in the surface expression or internalization of mannose 6-phosphate receptors, which are required for VZV entry. Viral entry was energy dependent and showed concentration-dependent inhibition by chlorpromazine, which, among other actions, blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis. These data suggest that both membrane lipid composition and clathrin-mediated transport are critical for VZV entry. Lipid rafts are likely to contribute directly to viral envelope integrity and, in the host membrane, may influence endocytosis, evoke downstream signaling, and/or facilitate membrane fusion.
Human and Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Mediated Upregulation of the Apoptotic Factor TRAIL Occurs in Antigen-Presenting Cells from AIDS-Susceptible but Not from AIDS-Resistant Species
Authors: Kim Nayoung , Dabrowska Alicja , Jenner Richard G. , Aldovini Anna 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections lead to AIDS in humans and rhesus macaques (RM), while they are asymptomatic in species naturally infected with SIV, such as chimpanzees, sooty mangabeys (SM), and African green monkeys (AGM). Differential CD4+T-cell apoptosis may be responsible for these species-specific differences in susceptibility to disease. To identify factors that influence the different apoptotic responses of these species, we analyzed virus-infected human and nonhuman primate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). We found that the apoptotic factor TRAIL was present at higher levels in human and RM PBMC cultures and was mediating, at least in part, CD4+T-cell apoptosis in these cultures. The species-specific increase in TRAIL and death receptor expression observed with cultures also occurred in vivo in SIV-infected RM but not in SIV-infected SM. In human and RM myeloid immature dendritic cells and macrophages, the virus-induced expression of TRAIL and other interferon-inducible genes, which did not occur in the same cells from chimpanzee, SM, and AGM, was Tat dependent. Our results link the differential induction of TRAIL in human and nonhuman primate cells to species-specific differences in disease susceptibility.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication in Dendritic Cell-T-Cell Cocultures Is Increased upon Incorporation of Host LFA-1 due to Higher Levels of Virus Production in Immature Dendritic Cells
Authors: Gilbert Caroline , Cantin Réjean , Barat Corinne , Tremblay Michel J. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) act as a portal for invasion by human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1). Here, we investigated whether virion-incorporated host cell membrane proteins can affect virus replication in DC-T-cell cocultures. Using isogenic viruses either devoid of or bearing host-derived leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1), we showed that HIV-1 production is augmented when LFA-1-bearing virions are used compared to that for viral entities lacking this adhesion molecule. This phenomenon was observed in immature monocyte-derived DCs (IM-MDDCs) only and not in DCs displaying a mature phenotype. The increase is not due to higher virus production in responder CD4+T cells but rather is linked with a more important productive infection of IM-MDDCs. We provided evidence that virus-associated host LFA-1 molecules do not affect a late event in the HIV-1 life cycle but rather exert an effect on an early step in virus replication. We demonstrated that the enhancement of productive infection of IM-MDDCs that is conferred by virus-anchored host LFA-1 involves the protein kinase A (PKA) and PKC signal transduction pathways. The biological significance of this phenomenon was established by performing experiments with virus stocks produced in primary human cells and anti-LFA-1 antibodies. Together, our results indicate that the association between some virus-bound host proteins and their natural cognate ligands can modulate de novo HIV-1 production by IM-MDDCs. Therefore, the additional interactions between virus-bound host cell membrane constituents and counter receptors on the surfaces of DCs can influence HIV-1 replication in IM-MDDC-T-cell cocultures.
Strong Convergence of Modified Implicit Iteration Processes for Common Fixed Points of Nonexpansive Mappings
Authors: Zhang Fang , Su Yongfu 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStrong convergence theorems are obtained by hybrid method for modified composite implicit iteration process of nonexpansive mappings in Hilbert spaces. The results presented in this paper generalize and improve the corresponding results of Nakajo and Takahashi (2003) and others.
Improved Subfilter-Scale Models from the HATS Field Data
Authors: Hatlee Stephen C. , Wyngaard John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn earlier paper proposed simple rate-equation models for subfilter-scale (SFS) scalar flux and deviatoric stress in the terra incognita—that is, in numerical modeling applications where the filter (grid-mesh) scale is of the order of the scale of the turbulence. Here the physics in these models is extended and further tested against data from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) experiment. It is found that extensions of the SFS scalar-flux model do not appreciably improve its performance, although an advection term (which could easily be used in modeling applications) substantially and realistically increases the fluctuation level of SFS scalar flux. The addition of buoyancy and rapid-mean-shear terms to the SFS stress model does improve its performance, bringing it to the level of the scalar-flux model.
Mesoscale Spectra of Mars’s Atmosphere Derived from MGS TES Infrared Radiances
Authors: Imamura Takeshi , Kawasaki Yasuhiro , Fukuhara Tetsuya 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Wavenumber spectra of the atmospheric potential energy of Mars at mesoscales (wavelengths of 64–957 km) were obtained as a function of latitude, season, and Martian year using infrared radiance data obtained by the Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) onboard the Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft. Spectral slopes tend to be flatter at smaller scales, and the slopes are usually flatter than −1 near small-scale ends. Near large-scale ends, the spectra sometimes show prominent steepening with slopes from −2 to −3. The power peaks in the high latitudes in winter and equinoxes, suggesting that eddies are generated preferentially in baroclinic zones. The seasonal variation at each latitude band, on the other hand, tends to be obscured by large interannual variability. An enhancement in the power was observed around the storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere. Spectra of the terrestrial stratosphere were also obtained with a similar method from data taken by the Aura satellite and compared to the results for Mars.