bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using pneumatic fracturing for in‐situ remediation of contaminated sites
Authors: Schuring John R. , Chan Paul C. , Boland Thomas M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPneumatic fracturing is an innovative technology enhancing the removal and treatment of contaminants in moderate‐to‐low permeability formations. The main advantages are a reduction in treatment time and the extension of available in‐situ technologies to more difficult geologic conditions. Pneumatic fracturing has been successfully demonstrated in the field at a number of contaminated sites and in a variety of geologic formations. The technology is now commercially available and is being incorporated into site cleanups. This article provides an overview of the pneumatic fracturing technology, beginning with a general description of the concept and apparatus. Next, key technological considerations will be discussed including fracture initiation, fracture orientation, fracture flow, and treatable soils and contaminants. Three case studies are presented describing different applications of pneumatic fracturing. The article concludes with a discussion of cost benefits of the technology.
Assessing cleanup levels for industrial sites under state risk reduction programs
Authors: Roffman Amiram , Roffman Haia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany states are promoting the cleanup and reuse of industrial sites. The reasons stem from the need to implement cost‐effective risk reduction programs that show reasonable progress in the cleanup of contaminated sites and from the need to make effective use of industrial sites instead of abandoning them and making use of greenfield sites for new industrial facilities. The industrial land‐use cleanup criteria developed by states are primarily risk‐based. Several EPA regional offices also have developed similar risk‐based cleanup criteria.This article addresses methodologies employed for assessing and evaluating the level of cleanup at several industrial sites in Texas, Michigan, and Ohio. This includes defining the regulatory framework, estimating the level and extent of contamination of soil and groundwater, assessing migration pathways, performing health risk assessments, and estimating cleanup requirements and associated costs. The implications associated with the various types of risk reduction options available for these states also are addressed.
Environmental project management using fast‐track methods to save time and money
Authors: Kulik Ernest J. , Havener Michael C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1992, Eaton Corporation, a major manufacturer of vehicle components and electrical and electronic controls, implemented a fast‐track remediation method to expedite the installation of a groundwater recovery and treatment system to contain and mitigate a chlorinated solvent plume at an industrial site. This dual‐track method included fast‐track and turnkey project management techniques. Our goal was to expedite the containment and removal of identified contamination, which would protect the environment, minimize future liability, and significantly reduce remediation time and costs. This goal was in the best interests of all concerned—Eaton, the community, and the state regulatory agency. This strategy took the project from dual‐track concept approval by the regulatory agency to remediation system installation and start‐up in less than eight months, cutting over two years from the standard Remediation Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) approach, with consequent earlier contaminant containment. Total remediation costs were half of what they would have been under the standard RI/FS procedure for this site.
Successfully applying sparging technologies
Authors: Marley Michael C. , Droste Edward X. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAir sparging is an innovative methodology for remediating organic compounds present in contaminated, saturated soil zones. In the application of the technology, sparging (injection) wells are used to inject a hydrocarbon‐free gaseous medium (typically air) into the saturated zone below or within the areas of contamination. Two major mechanisms of remediation are engaged/enhanced due to the sparging process. First, volatile organic compounds are dissolved in the groundwater and sorbed on the soil partition into the advective air phase, effectively simulating an in‐situ air stripping system. The stripped contaminants are transported in the air phase to the vadose zone, generally within the radius of influence of a standard vapor extraction and vapor treatment system. Second, with optimal environmental conditions, volatile and semivolatile organic compounds may be biodegraded by utilizing the sparging process to oxygenate the groundwater, thereby enhancing the growth and activity of the indigenous bacterial community.Air sparging is a complex multifluid phase process which has been applied successfully in Europe since the mid‐1980s. Major design considerations include site geology, contaminant type, gas injection pressures and flow rates, injection interval (areal and vertical), and site‐specific biofeasibility parameters. Site‐specific geology and biofeasibility are the dominant design parameters. Pilot testing and full‐scale design considerations should also be addressed. Mathematical models have been developed to simulate the air flow field during the sparging process and to examine the limitations imposed by site geology. Correct design and operation of this technology have been demonstrated to achieve groundwater cleanup to low part‐per‐billion contaminant levels. Incorrect design and operation can introduce significant pollution liability through undesirable contaminant migration in both the dissolved and vapor phases.
Cement‐based solidification/stabilization of lead‐contaminated soil at a utah highway construction site
Authors: Wilk Charles M. , Arora Raghu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes portland cement‐based solidification/stabilization (S/S) treatment of heavy metal‐contaminated soil. The soil was discovered during highway construction in West Jordan, Utah. Environmental Chemical Corporation (ECC) performed an emergency response to remediate the soil under contract with the EPA and the United States Bureau of Reclamation (USBR). The soil was treated by S/S. Treatment of the soil, contaminated with lead and arsenic, involved: (1) excavation, (2) size segregation, (3) reduction of oversized particles, (4) addition and mixture of portland cement and cement kiln dust, and (5) beneficial reuse of the treated soil as a subbase. S/S treatment successfully reduced Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) concentrations of the contaminants to below regulatory levels.
A conceptual cost estimate for remediation activities at a multisite federal facility
Authors: Morse Michael A. , Valdez John M. , Cox Warren B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Sandia National Laboratories Environmental Restoration Project is in the process of determining the nature and extent of environmental contamination at numerous potential release sites. Sites found to be contaminated above certain action levels must be remediated. Sandia is responsible for preparing preliminary cost estimates for remediation activities in order to meet Department of Energy planning requirements for future funding. Sandia used the ENVEST parametric cost‐estimating model to prepare conceptual cost estimates for remediation prior to having definitive knowledge of the nature and extent of contamination. This article describes the estimating approach and the results achieved at Sandia.
Successful contracting based on candor, realism, and common goals
Authors: Williams Steven N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article is intended to provide an overview of the issues involved in remediation contracting, from general principles of contract law and negotiation, to specific contract provisions of interest to the remediation community, to the practical consequences of including or not including these provisions on disputes arising under the contract. This article does not treat every potential issue arising in contracts concerning remediation, but hopefully it discusses many of these issues and provides an overview that will be helpful to the reader.
Expect Déjà vu all over again
Authors: Smith Diane R. , Gibson Robert J. , Sherlock Sean M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt is difficult to define “property damage,” but one knows it when one sees it. Groundwater and soil impacts are readily discernible. However, owners of property that has been adversely affected by environmental conditions caused by others have recently sought recovery for the stigma which may attach to property which has in the past been affected by hazardous substances, even after remediation. These cases are particularly interesting in light of the traditional causes of action for negligence, trespass, and nuisance, and the statutes of limitations which may affect both rights to sue and damages. This article addresses “stigma” as an emerging area and an element of damages in environmental cases.
Cost effectively decommissioning an automotive parts facility
Authors: Huismann Scott S. , Astin Michael S. , Fleet Terrance M. , Grasmick Daniel L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing a comprehensive approach to decommission a 180,000‐square‐foot automotive parts manufacturing facility saves time and money while reducing environmental liability. Prior to starting the facility decommissioning, a detailed facility characterization was conducted to identify contaminated areas. Remediation activities were scheduled to coincide with facility demolition. Specialized subcontractors were used to perform tasks such as asbestos and lead‐paint abatement, soil bioremediation, underground storage tank and clarifier removal, and facility destruction and recycling. The project timetable was reduced by using several crews simultaneously to conduct recycling, demolition, and remediation. Costs were offset by selling remaining equipment, scrap metals, overhead lights and fixtures, and a premanufactured steel building. A total of 415 tons of scrap metal was recycled, not including the aforementioned steel building. On‐site recycling and remediation were used wherever possible to reduce cost and associated hauling liabilities. For example, concrete and asphalt debris were crushed and used as base for final site paving, saving disposal costs and base material purchase costs. On‐site bioremediation of soil impacted by perchloroethene (PCE) saved over $1.5 million, with total project savings of $2.4 million. On‐site remediation and recycling also reduced both long‐term and short‐term environmental liability.
Case study: Using soil washing/leaching for the removal of heavy metal at the twin cities army ammunition plant
Authors: Fristad William E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCOGNIS TERRAMET® soil leaching and Bescorp soil washing systems have been successfully combined to remediate an ammunition test burn area at the Twin Cities Army Ammunition Plant (TCAAP), New Brighton, Minnesota. This cleanup is the first in the country to successfully combine these two technologies, and it offers a permanent solution to heavy metal remediation. Over 20,000 tons of soil were treated in the project. The cleaned soil remained on‐site, and the heavy metal contaminants were removed, recovered, and recycled. Eight heavy metals were removed from the contaminated soil achieving the very stringent cleanup criteria of <175 ppm for residual lead and achieving background concentrations for seven other project metals (antimony, cadmium, chromium, copper, mercury, nickel, and silver). Initial contaminant levels were measured as high as 86,000 ppm lead and 100,000 ppm copper, with average concentrations over 1,600 ppm each. In addition, both live and spent ordnance were removed in the soil treatment plant to meet the cleanup criteria. By combining soil washing and leaching, COGNIS and Bescorp were able to assemble a process which effectively treats all the soil fractions so that all soil material can be returned on‐site, no wastewater is generated, and the heavy metals are recovered and recycled. No hazardous waste requiring landfill disposal was generated during the entire remedial operation.
Millville site multimedia remediation program
Authors: Barbour Richard , Smith Jeffrey M. , Wenz Kenneth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Millville Remediation Program recently received the 1995 Honor Award for national excellence in environmental engineering from the prestigious American Academy of Environmental Engineers (AAEE). This article discusses various aspects employed to investigate and remediate multimedia contamination at the site and the unique applications of technologies which were responsible for receiving the AAEE honor award. Unique aspects of the project included utilization of variable speed drives to set individual pumping rates for each groundwater recovery well, development of sophisticated remote monitoring and operation capabilities which minimized O&M labor costs, and development of a groundwater treatment system which has consistently achieved nondetect effluent discharges. The remote monitoring and operation capabilities enables O&M staff to monitor and change setpoints for the groundwater recovery, treatment, and recharge systems.
Case study: Conducting an accelerated cleanup at a superfund site in a mixed residential and industrial area
Authors: Padovani Steven J. , Mastrolonardo Ray , Freibert Mary Joyce 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article presents a case study of an accelerated cleanup conducted by EPA at the Adams Plating Company (APC) Superfund site near Lansing, Michigan. The APC site remediation was a Superfund EPA‐lead project under the remedial program in Region 5. An accelerated cleanup was possible at the APC site by consistently identifying, evaluating, and implementing opportunities to streamline the remedial investigation (RI) and remedial design (RD) process. Streamlining opportunities were discovered and implemented in both the technical and administrative aspects of the project.Streamlining components used to accelerate the remedial process included: (1) extensive use of field screening techniques during the Phase II RI; (2) a focused feasibility study (FS) that evaluated only practical alternatives; (3) maintaining project momentum by initiating the RD concurrent with the issuance of the Record of Decision (ROD); (4) a highly accelerated RD with limited predesign work; (5) elimination of the transition period between RD and remedial action (RA) project phases; (6) frequent and effective communication, coordination, and cooperation between all parties involved (EPA, Michigan Department of Natural Resources (MDNR), technical contractor, PRC Environmental Management, Inc. (PRC), and the public); (7) maintaining a consistent project team throughout project duration; and (8) the setting of aggressive project goals.
Case study: An innovative approach to chemical landfill remediation
Authors: Jacot Brian J. , Burton Charles 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article presents a case history of hazardous waste landfill remediation activities at General Electric's Silicone's (GES's) manufacturing facility in Waterford, New York. The approach presented describes the development of the remedial program and its subsequent modification in achieving regulatory compliance goals, providing environmental benefit, and satisfying business considerations and budgetary constraints.
Using community relations to reduce costs during remediation projects
Authors: Germann Ray , Simmonds Clifford 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlmost everyone who has been involved in a site remediation project has seen schedules slip and costs escalate due to political pressure from the public or the press. While focusing on remediation technologies and containment techniques to control costs, many organizations have neglected a major cost driver—public opinion. This article examines community relations from the perspective of an organization trying to control costs during a site remediation project. It details the strong correlation between the cost of a site cleanup and the level of public dissatisfaction and provides an organization with specific strategies on how to use proven communications techniques to lower costs. Examination of several case studies is provided, including a study involving a site in which community representatives actively worked to reduce project costs.It is clear that any responsible cleanup must be protective of public health and the environment. But it is becoming increasingly apparent that wise allocation of available resources has a profound effect on the program's ability to ensure public and environmental safety. In many cases, it has been proven that some costly cleanups—for example, involving excavation—sometimes actually increase risk by creating an exposure pathway where none existed before. In turn, such cleanups waste resources that are needed elsewhere. The challenge in dealing with this complicated issue is to help stakeholders understand the true ramifications of the choices that are faced at each site. If these stakeholders feel uninformed, powerless, or excluded from the process, it is likely that they will be unable to enter a productive discussion.The community relations programs outlined in documents such as a Superfund guidance can be helpful in familiarizing the community with site‐related issues and with gathering public input. These activities act as a baseline for the programs discussed in this article. However, existing programs are not focused on providing a strategic advantage in reaching cleanup solutions and balancing health and environmental considerations with economic considerations.
Understanding technology trends for remediation projects
Authors: Painter Jennifer P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSuccess of future environmental remediation projects depends on applying knowledge gained from completed projects. This article examines the trends in technology implementation, quantifies the impact of different remediation technologies on project costs and execution risks, and quantifies the economies of scale experienced by remediation projects. Actual project data from remediation projects conducted by the private sector and government organizations form the basis of the analysis.
Underwater treatment of lead‐contaminated sediment
Authors: Chowdhury Ajit K. , Stolzenburg Thomas R. , Stanforth Robert R. , Warner Michael A. , Larowe Mark E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe sediment associated with the reconstruction of a bridge pier was classifiable as hazardous by the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP), due to elevated concentrations of lead. However, RCRA regulations do not classify the sediment as hazardous unless it is moved. RMT designed an in‐situ, underwater treatment process to render the sediment nonhazardous, using phosphate‐based chemistry before dredging. Subsequent sediment management was conducted without the additional regulatory requirements and costs associated with managing hazardous waste.
To clean or not to clean: A geostatistical approach for evaluating contaminated soils
Authors: Cameron Kirk , Brown James R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIndicator kriging is used to estimate the probability that a discrete area of soil (known as an exposure unit) lies either above or below an action level, warranting a response of either remediation or “no further action.” Resampling procedures are introduced as a way to optimize the number of additional samples needed to meet desired Type I and Type II error rates. This article provides the reader a step‐by‐step guide to the kriging analysis and a case study illustrating the procedures.
Accessing EPA's hazardous waste remediation technology information
Authors: Stirling Dale 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHazardous waste remediation technologies are rapidly evolving, and it is a challenge for environmental consultants and those working in the government and public sectors to remain current with those technologies. Fortunately, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), through a variety of programs and initiatives, has been a leader in providing information on hazardous waste remediation technologies. This article provides an overview of EPA remediation programs and guides the reader through valuable EPA information sources including publications, databases, and on‐line services.
The role of cost in remedy selection
Authors: Astin Jared , Sanders Dee Ann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecords of Decision from 16 environmental cleanup sites on 11 different Air Force bases were evaluated to determine if cost plays a role in remedy selection. Cost percentile (the cost of the selected remedy compared to the ranges of costs in the alternatives considered) was evaluated against the variables of risk (current and future, carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic), location, and contaminated media at the sites.Despite a statutory preference for permanent (and usually more expensive) remedies, the study found that cost is a significant factor in remedy selection. Eighty percent of the selected remedies fell in the bottom two thirds of alternatives by cost. Current carcinogenic risk and cost percentile were moderately correlated, but no significant correlation was found between the percentile of the selected remedy and future risk at the site or the location of the site. There was a moderate correlation between the contaminated medium and the percentile. Decision makers at sites with contaminated groundwater were more likely to select a high‐cost alternative than sites with other contaminated media.
Bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons: A flexible, variable speed technology
Authors: Brown Richard A. , Hinchee Robert E. , Norris Robert D. , Wilson John T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe bioremediation of petroleum hydrocarbons has evolved into a number of different processes. These processes include in‐situ aquifer bioremediation, bioventing, biosparging, passive bioremediation with oxygen release compounds, and intrinsic bioremediation. Although often viewed as competing technologies, these processes actually form a continuum of biodegradation processes governed primarily by the interplay between oxygen or electron acceptor and carbon availability. Generally, as more carbon needs to be removed per unit time, more oxygen needs to be supplied. As the carbon availability or desired removal rate decreases, so does the electron acceptor requirement. By understanding this continuum approach, bioremediation can be applied as a flexible, variable‐speed technology, where the effort can be increased or decreased through oxygen supply. This article discusses the carbon‐oxygen demands of each process and the interplay between processes, and then provides operating guidelines for configuring bioremediation systems for maximum flexibility.
Current use of bioremediation for TCE cleanup: Results of a survey
Authors: Kato Kinya , Davis Kimberly L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1995 the University of Tennessee's Waste Management Research and Education Institute and Canon Inc. began an analysis of the extent to which remediation firms and research centers have implemented bioremediation strategies, particularly for the cleanup of trichloroethylene (TCE) in soil and groundwater. The research involved the mailing of surveys to a select, representative group of environmental professionals involved in TCE cleanup activities. The survey was divided into two parts. Part I gathered cost information for TCE cleanup, using both bioremediation and “conventional” cleanup technologies. Part II asked the survey recipients to relate their opinions on the use of nonindigenous microorganisms for bioremediation, especially their assessment of the effectiveness, reliability, safety, and predictability of this approach. The results of this survey are discussed in this article.