bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Reliability and Specificity of Delta Versus Residualized Change as Measures of Cardiovascular Reactivity to Behavioral Challenges
Authors: Llabre Maria M. , Spitzer Susan B. , Saab Patrice G. , Ironson Gail H. , Schneiderman Neil 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe statistical parameters that influence the reliability of delta and residualized change were examined in the context of the assessment of cardiovascular reactivity. A comparison of the relative reliabilities of these two quantification methods was performed using systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and heart rate data from two samples of 134 and 109 subjects observed during baseline and either two or four behavioral challenges. The results indicated that both delta and residualized change scores can yield reliable measures of blood pressure and heart rate reactivity to behavioral challenges, and that their reliabilities will be comparable under the conditions observed in laboratory reactivity studies. Correlations between baseline and delta did not indicate that these two measures were systematically related. Finally, delta scores are more appropriate than residuals when assessing the generalizability of responses across a variety of tasks.
Toward a Functional Categorization of Slow Waves: Taking into Account Past and Future Events
Authors: Rösler Frank , Heil Martin 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRuchkin, Johnson, Mahaffey, and Sutton (1988) presented evidence for a frontal positive/posterior negative late slow wave (SW) which they found to be functionally related to conceptual load, i.e., the difficulty of mental calculation problems increased both the positive and negative parts of it. In the present study we replicated the paradigm of Ruchkin et al. with some modifications, and we also found that this late SW pattern is actually due to a superimposition of two slow potentials. Our results suggest that one potential (positive at frontopolar scalp) is related to the mental operation of division. However, the other potential (negative over posterior scalp) is not related to the computational task itself but to the expectation of stimuli that follow the task. In addition, we found that memorizing a digit seems to be associated with a positive slow wave over posterior scalp. Altogether, our data suggest that load imposed on working memory is associated with positive slow waves which show a task specific topography—mental division is associated with a pSW at Fpz, remembering with a pSW at Pz/Oz. On the other hand, the state of stimulus and task anticipation is associated with negative slow waves. The latter reach their amplitude maximum over posterior scalp, if visually presented information is anticipated.Our study demonstrates how functionally distinct slow waves can be disentangled by a systematic manipulation of events which either precede or follow the slow wave activity. Moreover, it shows that recording epochs must be of considerable length, if the functional significance of slow waves is the objective of research.
Maturation of Prestimulation‐Induced Startle Modulation in Girls
Authors: Ornitz Edward M. , Guthrie Donald , Sadeghpour Mojdeh , Sugiyama Toshiro 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study of the maturation of prestimulation‐induced modulation of startle in 4‐ to 8‐year‐old girls and young women demonstrated significant effects of age on both startle amplitude and onset latency modulation. Prestimulation with nonstartling tones resulted in strong inhibition of both amplitude and latency of the startle blink reflex in adults when 25‐ms tones preceded the startling stimuli by 120 ms or 250 ms. Following sustained prestimulation for 2000 ms, the adults showed weak nonsignificant response facilitation. Eight‐year‐old girls showed mature inhibitory startle amplitude modulation, but significantly less inhibition of onset latency compared to adults. Preschool girls showed significantly less amplitude and latency inhibition and more facilitation than 8‐year‐olds and adult women. These findings in female subjects were very similar to those obtained by Ornitz, Guthrie, Kaplan, Lane, and Norman (1986) in male subjects. Gender differences were limited to the 8‐year‐old age group. The 8‐year‐old girls showed significantly less startle amplitude inhibition than 8‐year‐old boys following the 120‐ms and 250‐ms prestimulation intervals and less latency facilitation following 2000 ms of sustained prestimulation. In general, these findings suggest that brainstem mechanisms that mediate startle response modulation undergo development during early childhood and do not mature until about 8 years of age in both male and female subjects. The results are discussed in relation to studies of gender effects on development of other neurophysiological variables and to maturation of the nervous system.
Selective Attention in Auditory Processing as Reflected by Event‐Related Brain Potentials
Authors: Alho Kimmo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMeasures of event‐related brain potentials (ERPs) have revealed two kinds of selective‐attention mechanisms that operate on attended and unattended auditory stimuli. Theprocessing negativityof the ERP reveals a mechanism ofintramodalselective attention in the auditory cortex controlled by frontal cortex. This mechanism selects attended auditory stimuli for further processing when they differ from unattended stimuli in location or tonal frequency. Studies ofintermodalselective attention have compared auditory ERPs during auditory and visual attention. At least in part different brain mechanisms may be involved in the selection of auditory stimuli among other auditory stimuli (intramodal selective attention)and in the selection of auditory stimuli among visual stimuli (intermodal selective attention). This is suggested by the results showing that the earlier component of the processing negativity, which is generated in the auditory cortex during intramodal selective attention, differs in scalp distribution from the early attention‐related negativity elicited during intermodal selective attention. With respect to the unattended auditory stimuli, ERP studies of selective attention suggest that physical features of these stimuli are extensively processed. This is shown by themismatch negativitycomponent of the ERP, which is usually elicited by infrequent physical deviations in an auditory stimulus sequence both when this sequence is attended and when it is ignored. This would be impossible if the physical stimulus features were not extensively processed, even in the absence of attention.
Cardiovascular Responses to the Combination of Caffeine and Mental Arithmetic, Cold Pressor, and Static Exercise Stressors
Authors: France Christopher , Ditto Blaine 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study examined cardiovascular responses to the combination of caffeine (250mg) and mental arithmetic, cold pressor, and static exercise stressors in 48 healthy males. Subjects were tested in a within‐subject, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind design. Repeated measurements of heart rate finger temperature, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, forearm blood flow, and blood pressure were obtained during a pre‐drug resting baseline, a post‐drug resting baseline, the three stressor tasks, and a recovery baselin. The primary analyses were 2(Drug) × 5(Period) × 6(Stress Order) MANCOV As using pre‐drug baseline values as covariates. Significant period main effects were observed for all measures. Significant drug main effects were observed for blood pressure, finger temperature, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and forearm blood flow. The significant changes in blood pressure and finger temperature produced by caffeine combined in an additive fashion with the effects produced by the stressors. Significantly greater increases in forearm blood flow and heart rate during mental arithmetic on the caffeine day suggested a potentiation of sympathetic, beta‐adrenerigic activity. Questionnaires administered during baseline periods to assess psychological responses to stress and caffeine revealed a potentiation of anxiety and anger responses to stress on the caffeine day.
Prestimulation‐Induced Startle Modulation in Attention‐Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Nocturnal Enuresis
Authors: Ornitz Edward M. , Hanna Gregory L. , de Traversay Jean 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStartle modulation was induced by prestimulation in 43, 6–11 year old boys with attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), 13 of whom were or had been enuretic, 17 age‐matched enuretic boys, and 42 age‐matched normal boys, using 60‐ms and 120‐ms prestimulation intervals and a 4000‐ms continuous tone. There was a significant multivariate effect of enuresis on startle amplitude modulation. This effect was attributed primarily to the reduction of amplitude inhibition following the 120‐ms prestimulation interval regardless of whether or not enuresis was associated with ADHD. There was no effect of ADHD on startle modulation by prestimulation. The inhibition following the 120‐ms prestimulation interval in the enuretic boys was reduced to the level of 5‐year‐old normal children, suggesting a maturational component of the deficient startle inhibition. The neurophysiologic dysfunction underlying the deficient startle inhibition in enuresis, but not ADHD, is discussed in terms of a possible dysfunction of mesopontine reticular mechanisms mediating preattentive processing of signals associated with spinal reflexes involved in urinary bladder control.
The Identification of Concealed Memories Using the Event‐Related Potential and Implicit Behavioral Measures: A Methodology for Prediction in the Face of Individual Differences
Authors: Allen John J. , Iacono William G. , Danielson Kurt D. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe development and validation of an event‐related potential (ERP) memory assessment procedure is detailed. The procedure identifies learned material with high rates of accuracy, whether or not subjects give intentional responses indicating they had previously learned it. Because the traditional analysis of variance approach fails to provide probabilistic conclusions about any given individual, Bayesian posterior probabilities were computed, indicating the probability for each and every person that material was learned. The method was developed on a sample of 20 subjects, and then cross‐validated on two additional samples of 20 subjects each. Across the three samples, the method correctly defined over 94% of learned material as learned, and misclassified 4% of the unlearned material. Additionally, in a simple oddball task performed by the same subjects, the method classified rare and frequent material with perfect accuracy. Finally, combining two implicit behavioral measures—mean reaction time and the number of incorrect responses—in Bayesian fashion yielded classification accuracy that actually exceeded that of the ERP‐based procedure overall, but the two methods provided identical accuracy in classifying the most critical material as recognized.
Event‐Related Potentials and Autonomic Responses to a Change in Unattended Auditory Stimuli
Authors: Lyytinen Heikki , Blomberg Ari‐Pekka , Näätänen Risto 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) and autonomic nervous system (ANS) responses to occasional pitch and rise‐time changes in a task‐irrelevant auditory stimulus repeating at short intervals were measured while the subject performed a difficult intellectual task (Raven Matrices). It was found that deviant stimuli elicited the mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the ERP even when they elicited no ANS response. There was no significant difference in the mismatch negativity between trials in which the skin conductance response was or was not elicited. The pitch deviant tone also elicited heart rate deceleration, whereas the rise‐time deviant tone tended to elicit a later heart rate acceleration. Neither heart rate change correlated with the mismatch negativity. The pattern of results obtained suggests that the mismatch negativity is generated by an automatic discrimination process associated with the cerebral events initiating the orienting response to stimulus change, but does not necessarily lead to the orienting response elicitation. Longer‐latency ERP components tended to show slight covariation with ANS responses. The P3 was larger when a skin conductance response was elicited than when it was not elicited. Further, heart rate change trials tended to be accompanied by larger slow waves than trials with no heart rate response. Heart rate acceleration trials were accompanied by a larger slow parietal positivity and a smaller frontal negativity than were heart rate deceleration trials.
Blood pressure during sustained inhibitory breathing in the natural environment
Authors: ANDERSON DAVID E. , AUSTIN JOY , HAYTHORNTHWAITE JENNIFER A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious studies reported that breathing frequency of laboratory dogs decreased preceding the onset of an avoidance task and that this decrease was accompanied by increases in blood pressure and decreases in heart rate. Low frequency/normal tidal volume breathing has also been observed in ambulatory humans, but the cardiovascular concomitants of this inhibitory breathing pattern remain to be determined. The present study recorded blood pressure and heart rate in humans during periods of inhibitory breathing in the natural environment. Systolic and mean pressure were higher during inhibitory breathing than at other times, but no differences in diastolic pressure or heart rate were observed. Inhibitory breathing was differentially associated with the workplace and with social situations. Thus, major components of a physiological pattern that predisposes laboratory animals to sodium‐sensitive experimental hypertension have now been observed to covary in ambulatory humans. Whether inhibitory breathing in the natural environment is a correlate or a cause of elevated blood pressure remains to be determined.
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia: Autonomic origins, physiological mechanisms, and psychophysiological implications
Authors: BERNTSON GARY G. , CACIOPPO JOHN T. , QUIGLEY KAREN S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRespiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is being used increasingly in psychophysiological studies as an index of vagal control of the heart and may be among the most selective noninvasive indices of parasympathetic control of cardiac functions. A comprehensive understanding of RSA, however, requires an appreciation of its multiple autonomic and physiological origins. We review the physiological bases of RSA and show that RSA arises from multiple tonic and phasic processes of both central and peripheral origin. These underlying mechanisms are at least partially differentiated, have distinct dynamics and consequences, and may be differentially sensitive to behavioral and cognitive events. These multiple mechanisms are relevant for psychophysiological studies of RSA, and a thorough understanding of RSA can only be achieved through an appreciation of the dynamics of its underlying origins. There is a distinction between the psychophysiological and neurophysiological domains, and conceptual and empirical bridges between these domains are needed.
Waiting in readiness: Gating in attention and motor preparation
Authors: BRUNIA CORNELIS H. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper the similarities in the structural and functional organization of motor preparation and attension are discussed. A crucial structure in this organization is the thalamus, a complex of sensory and motor nuclei that transmits information from subcortical origins to the cortex. For the most part, the thalamus is overlapped by the nucleus reticularis, which has a local inhibitory influence on the underlying nuclei. This serves as a gating mechanism for the transmission of sensory information to the cortex. Skinner and Yingling (1977) have provided arguments in favor of a frontal control in the gating of sensory information. The present paper extends their suggestions to the motor system: a similar gating mechanism for the transmission of subcortical motor information to the cortex is hypothesized, also under frontal control. Slow potentials recorded during motor preparation and attention for an upcoming stimulus show a different distribution over the scalp. These distributions are interpreted as an indication of which thalamic gates are open to transmit information to the cortex. Probe responses (spinal reflexes, evoked potentials, and the startle reflex) can also be used to investigate which thalamocortical gates are open under certain experimental conditions. It is concluded that the sensory and motor input to the cortex are subjected to a similar control mechanism.
Smooth pursuit in schizophrenia: Abnormalities of open‐ and closed‐loop responses
Authors: CLEMENTZ BRETT A. , McDOWELL JENNIFER E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA sample of 29 schizophrenia patients and 27 nonpsychiatric subjects were tested on measures of open‐ and closed‐loop smooth‐pursuit performance. Rashbass step‐ramps were used to measure pursuit latency and open‐loop gain. Regular ramps were used to calculate frequency and amplitude of both catch‐up saccades and square‐wave jerks, frequency of anticipatory saccades, and steady‐state gain. Schizophrenia patients demonstrated lower open‐loop gain than did nonpsychiatric subjects, an effect that was accentuated at faster target velocities. They also showed reduced steady‐state gain, but only to 30%s right‐moving targets. There was no evidence of saccadic abnormalities during smooth pursuit among the schizophrenia patients. These patients generated fewer square‐wave jerks than did nonpsychiatric subjects for 10% left‐moving targets. These results suggest an abnormality of smooth‐pursuit initiation among patients with schizophrenia.
Emotional qualities of odors and their influence on the startle reflex in humans
Authors: MILTNER W. , MATJAK M. , BRAUN C. , DIEKMANN H. , BRODY S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecent human and animal research suggests that the startle reflex might serve as a psychophysiological indicator of the emotional valence of foreground stimulation. The present experiment was designed to evaluate the emotional effects of positive and negative odorant stimuli. We examined the effects of continuous hydrogen sulphide (H2S) and vanillin stimulation on the magnitude of the acoustic startle reflex (measured at the M. orbicularis oculi) and on ratings of subjective valence in 16 healthy subjects. In accordance with the view that odors have emotional qualities, we found that H2S, a presumed negative foreground stimulus, significantly enhanced the startle‐reflex amplitude relative to neutral air stimulation, whereas vanillin, a positive foreground stimulus, tended to reduce the reflex amplitude compared with neutral air stimulation. Both odorant stimuli were rated as equally intense by the subjects, and heart rate and electrodermal activity were not affected differentially by the two odorants.
Alcohol and the physiological detection of deception: Arousal and memory influences
Authors: O'TOOLE DENNIS , YUILLE JOHN C. , PATRICK CHRISTOPHER J. , IACONO WILLIAM G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEighty male volunteers participated in an analogue study of the effects of alcohol intoxication at the time of a crime on the physiological detection of deception using control question and guilty knowledge techniques. Sixty‐four of the subjects committed a mock crime and half of these were intoxicated during the crime. Sixteen subjects committed no crime and served as innocent controls. We found that intoxication at the time of the crime had no significant effect on polygraph test outcomes, although it did affect anticipatory arousal before the crime and subsequent memory for crime details. Manipulations designed to influence memory for crime details and arousal during the crime had differential effects for the two polygraph tests. On the guilty knowledge test, primed subjects who rehearsed specific details following the crime were more detectable than unprimed subjects. On the control question test, primed subjects were also more detectable, but only when arousal during the crime was high.
Reduced attention‐related negative potentials in schizophrenic adults
Authors: STRANDBURG ROBERT J. , MARSH JAMES T. , BROWN WARREN S. , ASARNOW ROBERT F. , GUTHRIE DONALD , HIGA JERILYN , YEE‐BRADBURAY CINDY M. , NUECHTERLEIN KEITH H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potentials were recorded from outpatient adult schizophrenics receiving maintenance doses of neuroleptics and from normal control subjects during performance of a reaction time task and a complex visual discrimination task, the Span of Apprehension. Difference potentials were computed to isolate endogenous activity associated with the processing demands of the Span task. Schizophrenics produce significantly less early endogenous negative activity than do normal subjects. This processing‐related negativity reflects pattern matching activity to an attentional trace during the serial scan of the visual icon. We previously reported an identical reduction in processing‐related negativity in childhood‐onset schizophrenia, suggesting that this deficit is age independent. Both frontal contingent negative variation and an early frontal P3 were larger in the schizophrenics than in normal subjects, suggesting an inappropriate mobilization of nonspecific attentional resources. A later posterior P3 was significantly smaller in schizophrenics than in normal subjects.
Electrophysiological correlates of feature analysis during visual search
Authors: LUCK STEVEN J. , HILLYARD STEVEN A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEvent‐related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from normal young adults during visual search tasks in which the stimulus arrays contained either eight identical items (homogeneous arrays) or seven identical items and one deviant item (pop‐out arrays). Four experiments were conducted in which different classes of stimulus arrays were designated targets and the remaining stimulus arrays were designated nontargets. In Experiments 1 and 2, both target and nontarget pop‐out stimuli elicited an enhanced anterior N2 wave and a contralaterally larger posterior P1 wave, but Experiments 3 and 4 demonstrated that these components do not reflect fully automatic pop‐out detection processes. In all four experiments, target pop‐outs elicited enlarged anterior P2, posterior N2, occipital P3, and parietal P3 waves. The target‐elicited posterior N2 wave contained a contralateral subcomponent (N2pc) that exhibited a focus over occipital cortex in maps of current source density. The overall pattern of results was consistent with guided search models in which preattentive stimulus information is used to guide attention to task‐relevant stimuli.
A technique for improved blood sampling during sleep studies
Authors: ONA ELLEN , DIMSDALE JOEL E. , ANCOLI‐ISRAEL SONIA , DILLON ELAINE , WATKINS LANA , COY TIMOTHY V. , CLAUSEN JACK 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResearch protocols often require that blood samples be drawn during sleep. This study compares the efficacy of obtaining nocturnal blood samples using a standard heparinized intravenous setup versus the same intravenous setup used in conjunction with a small chemical heating pad. The chemical heating pad significantly improved the number of blood samples obtained and the maintenance of intravenous patency. The use of a chemical heating pad is an economical way to resolve the frustration of lost blood samples while maintaining a reasonable environment to monitor sleep.