bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rural and Urban Disparities in Caries Prevalence in Children with Unmet Dental Needs: The New England Children's Amalgam Trial
Authors: Maserejian Nancy Nairi , Tavares Mary A. , Hayes Catherine , Soncini Jennifer A. , Trachtenberg Felicia L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectives: To compare the prevalence of caries between rural and urban children with unmet dental health needs who participated in the New England Children's Amalgam Trial.Methods: Baseline tooth and surface caries were clinically assessed in children from rural Maine (n = 243) and urban Boston (n = 291), who were aged 6 to 10 years, with two or more posterior carious teeth and no previous amalgam restorations. Statistical analyses used negative binomial models for primary dentition caries and zero‐inflated models for permanent dentition caries.Results: Urban children had a higher mean number of carious primary surfaces (8.5 versus 7.4) and teeth (4.5 versus 3.9) than rural children. The difference remained statistically significant after adjusting for sociodemographic factors and toothbrushing frequency. In permanent dentition, urban children were approximately three times as likely to have any carious surfaces or teeth. However, rural/urban dwelling was not statistically significant in the linear analysis of caries prevalence among children with any permanent dentition caries. Covariates that were statistically significant in all models were age and number of teeth. Toothbrushing frequency was also important for permanent teeth.Conclusions: Within this population of New England children with unmet oral health needs, significant differences were apparent between rural and urban children in the extent of untreated dental decay. Results indicate that families who agree to participate in programs offering reduced cost or free dental care may present with varying amounts of dental need based on geographic location.
The Overtime Effect of Social Position on Dental Caries Experience in a Group of Old‐Aged Danes Born in 1914
Authors: Krustrup Ulla , Holm‐Pedersen Poul , Petersen Poul Erik , Lund Rikke , Avlund Kirsten 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjectives:The purpose of this study was to analyze the life‐course effects of education, occupation, and income at ages 70, 75, 80, and 85 years, respectively, on dental caries experience of 85‐year‐olds.Methods:The present study includes follow‐up data from a population‐based study, which comprised a sample of 176 individuals aged 85 years. Data on social position were collected at ages 70, 75, 80, and 85 years by means of structured personal interviews. Clinical oral health examinations were conducted to obtain data on dental caries at age 85. Dental caries was recorded at tooth surface level and caries experience was expressed by the DMF Index: the decayed tooth surfaces (D component), missing tooth surfaces (M component), and filled tooth surfaces (F component).Results:The participants in the present study demonstrated a high level of dental caries experience; the prevalence rate for active dental caries (D‐S) was 80 percent. Older adults with low education, low occupational status, and poor income tended to have more active dental caries compared to their counterparts. In contrast, individuals with high education (F‐S = 35.5) and high occupational status (F‐S = 36.0) had significantly more filled surfaces than persons with low education (F‐S = 24.0) and low occupational status (F‐S = 25.6). Individuals with high income at ages 75, 80, and 85 years had more filled surfaces (F‐S = 31.9, 33.2, 34.1) compared to persons with low income (F‐S = 25.5, 23.5, 22.8).Conclusion:The study identified social inequalities across age among the very old individuals in relation to dental caries experience.
On the Pediatric Oral Health Therapist: Lessons from Canada
Authors: Quiñonez Carlos R. , Locker David 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objectives: To review the development of dental therapy in Canada. Methods: Historical review. Results: Over its 35‐year history in Canada, this model of service delivery experienced a period of great success, but has since degraded, not fulfilling its potential. Conclusions: To ensure the success of the paediatric oral health therapist, US policy leaders will need to mitigate the challenges that degraded the viability of this form of service provision in Canada.
Lymphadenoma of the salivary gland: A novel classification based on immunohistochemical comparison of benign and malignant lymphoepithelial neoplasms
Authors: Kang Jun , Kim Sang Yoon , Cho Kyung‐Ja 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Background and aims: Non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma is a benign lymphoepithelial neoplasm of the salivary gland, listed in 2005 by the World Health Organization in their classification of head and neck tumors. There have been different histological features of lymphoepithelial components reported between non‐sebaceous lymphadenomas. We propose to specifically characterize non‐sebaceous lymphadenomas by examining their immunohistochemical profile. Methods: Formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue samples of six benign and two malignant lymphoepithelial neoplasms of the salivary gland were histologically reviewed, and their immunoprofiles for CK5/6, CK7, CK19, p63, smooth muscle actin, calponin, p53, and Ki‐67 compared. Results: Our series of lymphadenomas, both sebaceous and non‐sebaceous, displayed a range of epithelial components. The non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma with an undifferentiated epithelial component and the non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma with a squamous epithelial component showed similar diffuse CK5/6, focal CK7 and peripheral cytoplasmic CK19 expressions. However, the non‐sebaceous lymphadenoma with a ductal epithelial component and sebaceous lymphadenoma showed basal CK5/6, diffuse CK7 and homogeneous cytoplasmic CK19 expressions. Conclusions: Based on the histological and immunohistochemical characteristics, we suggest a novel subtyping of benign lymphoepithelial neoplasms. Benign lymphoepithelial neoplasms could be classified as (i) lymphoepithelioma with or without squamous differentiation; (ii) lymphadenoma with or without sebaceous differentiation; or (iii) Warthin tumor lymphadenoma with oncocytic differentiation.
Complex and compound odontomas are clinico‐pathological entities
Authors: Lee Chong Heon , Park Gyeong Ju 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Background and aims: The odontoma is the most common benign tumor of odontogenic origin, characterized by mixed histological features and diverse clinical presentation. The purpose of this study was to review clinicopathologic features of odontomas arising from oral and maxillofacial area in Korean patients. Methods: Sixty cases of odontoma were analyzed for their prevalence, clinical and pathological findings. Results: Clinical symptoms showed delayed eruption (n = 9) of either the deciduous or permanent tooth, intra‐ or extra‐oral swelling (n = 27), pain (n = 6), but 18 cases had no subjective symptoms. Seventy percent of the odontomas were associated with unerupted teeth. The location of the tumor was maxilla in 55% and mandible in 45% of cases. There were 55% in the anterosuperier sector and 25% in the posteroinferior zone, while the rest in the upper molar region. Compound odontoma was more common (60%) than complex odontoma. Compound odontoma showed a mean age of 18.5 years, in the incisor/canine area of the maxilla, and smaller tumors (5–30 mm) with unilocular and multiple radio‐opaque miniteeth surrounded by defined radiolucency. The complex odontoma showed a mean age of 30.1 years, in the first and second molar of the mandible, and larger tumors (10–60 mm) with unilocular undistinguished radio‐opaque mass surrounded by radiolucent zone and a distinct radio‐opaque border. Conclusions: The clinicopathologic pattern of odontomas can be divided into compound and complex odontomas, while the definitive diagnosis of odontomas was based on the pathological examination after surgical removal of the tumor.
Overexpression of promyelocytic leukemia protein is correlated with poor prognostic markers in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Choi Jene , Hwang Ilseon , Sohn Se Hee , Song Dong Eun , Hong Seoung‐Mo , Yu Eunsil 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT Background and aims: Promyelocytic leukemia protein (PML), a tumor suppressor in acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL), has a variable expression and distribution pattern in human solid neoplasms. We assessed PML expression and roles in 488 pairs of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and adjacent non‐neoplastic liver tissues. Methods: PML immunoreactivities were correlated with clinicopathological prognostic parameters. Expression levels of the alternatively transcribed PML isoforms were analyzed using real‐time PCR and Western blot assays in representative cases. Results: The PML expression level was increased in tumors from 483 patients (99.0%) compared with non‐neoplastic liver tissues. Staining patterns were variable. PML overexpression was significantly correlated with histological grade, increase in alpha‐fetoprotein and tumor necrosis that was associated with patients' survival. Although mRNA expression levels of PML were not correlated with the immunoreactivities of total PML, mRNA expression levels of PML4 tended to decrease in PML‐high HCCs, and increase in PML‐low HCCs, compared with adjacent non‐neoplastic liver tissues. Conclusions: The significant correlation of the PML overexpression with clinicopathological prognostic markers, and the inverse relationship between the expression levels of PML4 and total PML indicate that the total amount of PML expressed may not be a major factor, but that the isoform‐specific expression of PML, especially of PML4, plays an important role as a tumor suppressor in human hepatocarcinogenesis.
Longitudinal Study of Salmonella Infection in Italian Farrow‐To‐Finish Swine Herds
Authors: Merialdi G. , Barigazzi G. , Bonilauri P. , Tittarelli C. , Bonci M. , D’incau M. , Dottori M. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA longitudinal study of Salmonella enterica infection was carried out in five Italian farrow‐to‐finish swine herds previously known to be infected by Salmonella. Five litters were randomly selected from each herd and in each litter six piglets were randomly selected and individually identified. Thus, the study included 30 pigs from each farm. At weaning, individual blood samples were collected for serological examination from all selected piglets and on the same day from all sows in the farrowing unit. Piglets were bled again at approximately 60, 90, 150, 210 and 270 days of life whereas the last blood sample was collected at slaughtering. In one of the herds, in which the duration of productive cycle was about 12 months, the last blood samples were collected at 350 days of life. With the same time scheduling, five pen pooled faecal samples were collected from each herd for bacteriological examination. At slaughtering, mesenteric lymph nodes were collected from each ear‐tagged pig. Sero‐prevalence (cut off S/P ratio 0.25) in sows varied from 93.8% to 100%. In four herds, sero‐prevalence in piglets showed a similar profile with complete decline of maternal antibodies at day 60 and clear sero‐conversion between day 90 and day 150. In one herd, sero‐conversion was observed earlier and 56% of piglets were positive at day 90. The peak of sero‐prevalence was observed between day 210 and day 270. Sero‐prevalence at slaughtering varied from 66% to 100%. Salmonella was isolated from faecal samples in four of five herds. No Salmonella was isolated from mesenteric lymph nodes at slaughter in two of the herds. Culture prevalence from mesenteric lymph nodes in the other three herds ranged from 3.3% to 30%. This longitudinal study provides original information about epidemiological dynamics of Salmonella enterica infection in Italian swine herds in consideration of the unique extended fattening period typical of the Italian production.
Value of CT-guided biopsy in the diagnosis of septic discitis
Authors: Enoch D A , Cargill J S , Laing R , Herbert S , Corrah T W , Brown N M 
Published: March 2008

Aim:To determine the role of CT-guided biopsy in the management of cases of infective discitis.Methods:Data were examined from a retrospective case series of CT-guided biopsies for the 5-year period ending June 2006.Results:98 CT-guided biopsies were performed in the study period on 103 patients. Malignancy was diagnosed in 49 episodes. Discitis and paravertebral abscess accounted for 27 cases. Culture was positive in nine of 25 (36%) samples received by the microbiology laboratory.Staphylococcus aureus(four cases) andMycobacterium tuberculosis(three cases) were the most frequent organisms isolated, followed by group G streptococci and coagulase-negative staphylococci (one case each). Blood cultures were diagnostic in a further nine patients. The main reason for a negative culture was prior antimicrobial therapy. The biopsy changed management in 9/25 (36%) of cases. There were no reported adverse events.Conclusion:Septic discitis is a serious condition with a wide variety of infective causes. CT-guided biopsy is a useful tool when the diagnosis of infectious spinal infection is considered in terms of commencing and targeting therapy, and it is a safe and well-tolerated procedure.
Characteristics of Summer Convective Systems Initiated over the Tibetan Plateau. Part I: Origin, Track, Development, and Precipitation
Authors: Yaodong Li , Yun Wang , Yang Song , Liang Hu , Shouting Gao , Fu Rong 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Summer convective systems (CSs) initiated over the Tibetan Plateau identified by the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) deep convection database and associated Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) precipitation for 1998–2001 have been analyzed for their basic characteristics in terms of initiation, distribution, trajectory, development, life cycle, convective intensity, and precipitation. Summer convective systems have a dominant center over the Hengduan Mountain and a secondary center over the Yaluzangbu River Valley. Precipitation associated with these CSs contributes more than 60% of total precipitation over the central-eastern area of the Tibetan Plateau and 30%–40% over the adjacent region to its southeast. The average CS life cycle is about 36 h; 85% of CSs disappear within 60 h of their initiation. About 50% of CSs do not move out of the Tibetan region, with the remainder split into eastward- and southward-moving components. These CSs moving out the Tibetan Plateau are generally larger, have longer life spans, and produce more rainfall than those staying inside the region. Convective system occurrences and associated rainfall present robust diurnal variations. The midafternoon maximum of CS initiation and associated rainfall over the plateau is mainly induced by solar heating linked to the unique Tibetan geography. The delayed afternoon–late night peak of rainfall from CSs propagating out of this region is a combined outcome of multiple mechanisms working together. Results suggest that interactions of summer Tibetan CSs with the orientation of the unique Tibetan geography and the surrounding atmospheric circulations are important for the development, intensification, propagation, and life span of these CSs.
Understanding the Effects of Convective Momentum Transport on Climate Simulations: The Role of Convective Heating
Authors: Song Xiaoliang , Wu Xiaoqing , Zhang Guang Jun , Arritt Raymond W. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A simplified general circulation model (GCM), consisting of a complete dynamical core, simple specified physics, and convective momentum transport (CMT) forcing, is used to understand the effects of CMT on climate simulations with a focus on the role of convective heating in the response of circulation to the CMT forcing. It is found that the convective heating dominates the meridional circulation response and dynamical processes dominate the zonal wind response to the CMT forcing in the tropics; the simplified model reproduces some of the key features of CMT-induced circulation changes observed in the full GCM in the tropics. These results suggest that the CMT-induced zonal and meridional circulation changes in the tropics in the full GCM are dominated by dynamical processes and the convective heating, respectively. Inclusion of the CMT in the model induces a marked change in convective heating, which negatively correlates with the change in vertical velocity, indicating the existence of CMT-induced convective heating–circulation feedback. The sensitivity experiment with the removal of mean convective heating feedback demonstrates that the convective heating affects the response of the meridional circulation to the CMT forcing through the CMT-induced convective heating–circulation feedback.
Evaluation of time profile reconstruction from complex two-color microarray designs
Authors: Fierro Ana C , Thuret Raphael , Engelen Kristof , Bernot Gilles , Marchal Kathleen , Pollet Nicolas 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
As an alternative to the frequently used "reference design" for two-channel microarrays, other designs have been proposed. These designs have been shown to be more profitable from a theoretical point of view (more replicates of the conditions of interest for the same number of arrays). However, the interpretation of the measurements is less straightforward and a reconstruction method is needed to convert the observed ratios into the genuine profile of interest (e.g. a time profile). The potential advantages of using these alternative designs thus largely depend on the success of the profile reconstruction. Therefore, we compared to what extent different linear models agree with each other in reconstructing expression ratios and corresponding time profiles from a complex design.

Results
On average the correlation between the estimated ratios was high, and all methods agreed with each other in predicting the same profile, especially for genes of which the expression profile showed a large variance across the different time points. Assessing the similarity in profile shape, it appears that, the more similar the underlying principles of the methods (model and input data), the more similar their results. Methods with a dye effect seemed more robust against array failure. The influence of a different normalization was not drastic and independent of the method used.

Conclusion
Including a dye effect such as in the methods lmbr_dye, anovaFix and anovaMix compensates for residual dye related inconsistencies in the data and renders the results more robust against array failure. Including random effects requires more parameters to be estimated and is only advised when a design is used with a sufficient number of replicates. Because of this, we believe lmbr_dye, anovaFix and anovaMix are most appropriate for practical use.
Characterization of phenylpropanoid pathway genes within European maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds
Authors: Andersen Jeppe Reitan , Zein Imad , Wenzel Gerhard , Darnhofer Birte , Eder Joachim , Ouzunova Milena , Lübberstedt Thomas 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackgroundForage quality of maize is influenced by both the content and structure of lignins in the cell wall. Biosynthesis of monolignols, constituting the complex structure of lignins, is catalyzed by enzymes in the phenylpropanoid pathway.ResultsIn the present study we have amplified partial genomic fragments of six putative phenylpropanoid pathway genes in a panel of elite European inbred lines of maize (Zea maysL.) contrasting in forage quality traits. Six loci, encoding C4H, 4CL1, 4CL2, C3H, F5H, and CAD, displayed different levels of nucleotide diversity and linkage disequilibrium (LD) possibly reflecting different levels of selection. Associations with forage quality traits were identified for several individual polymorphisms within the4CL1,C3H, andF5Hgenomic fragments when controlling for both overall population structure and relative kinship. A 1-bp indel in4CL1was associated within vitrodigestibility of organic matter (IVDOM), a non-synonymous SNP inC3Hwas associated with IVDOM, and an intron SNP inF5Hwas associated with neutral detergent fiber. However, theC3HandF5Hassociations did not remain significant when controlling for multiple testing.ConclusionWhile the number of lines included in this study limit the power of the association analysis, our results imply that genetic variation for forage quality traits can be mined in phenylpropanoid pathway genes of elite breeding lines of maize.
Linking the ovarian cancer transcriptome and immunome
Authors: Rapberger Ronald , Perco Paul , Sax Cornelia , Pangerl Thomas , Siehs Christian , Pils Dietmar , Bernthaler Andreas , Lukas Arno , Mayer Bernd , Krainer Michael 
Published: March 2008

Abstract

Background
Autoantigens have been reported in a variety of tumors, providing insight into the interplay between malignancies and the immune response, and also giving rise to novel diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. Why certain tumor-associated proteins induce an immune response remains largely elusive.

Results
This paper analyzes the proposed link between increased abundance of a protein in cancerous tissue and the increased potential of the protein for induction of a humoral immune response, using ovarian cancer as an example. Public domain data sources on differential gene expression and on autoantigens associated with this malignancy were extracted and compared, using bioinformatics analysis, on the levels of individual genes and proteins, transcriptional coregulation, joint functional pathways, and shared protein-protein interaction networks. Finally, a selected list of ovarian cancer-associated, differentially regulated proteins was tested experimentally for reactivity with antibodies prevalent in sera of ovarian cancer patients.
Genes reported as showing differential expression in ovarian cancer exhibited only minor overlap with the public domain list of ovarian cancer autoantigens. However, experimental screening for antibodies directed against antigenic determinants from ovarian cancer-associated proteins yielded clear reactions with sera.

Conclusion
A link between tumor protein abundance and the likelihood of induction of a humoral immune response in ovarian cancer appears evident.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: March 2008

In Book Reviews, we review an extensive and diverse range of books. They cover theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems. In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. However, we do not review software. To submit a book for review, please send it to me at the above address. Although we cannot review all books because of space limitations, we do list all books that we receive. We commission all book reviews and do not accept unsolicited reviews. To become a reviewer, please send me your name, address, and specific areas of expertise. We encourage readers to suggest books for review or to ask publishers to send copies of such books. The authors or editors of books we review in this issue are Charu Chandra, Janis Grabis, Levent Kandiller, and Anita Schobel.