bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perineal striated muscles: Anatomy, spinal motoneurons, and participation on copulatory behavior in male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)
Authors: Zempoalteca R. , Lucio R.A. , Eguibar J.R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDespite the importance of rabbits in reproductive studies, little information is available on the anatomy and participation of the striated‐perineal muscles in male copulatory behavior. In our study, we describe the gross anatomy of two striated‐perineal muscles: the ischiocavernosus (ICm) and the bulbospongiosus (BSm). Both muscles have their origin at the ischiadic arc, but the ICm is inserted into the penile crura and the BSm onto the ligamentum suspensorium of the penis. The motoneurons of both muscles were identified using retrograde labeling with horseradish peroxidase coupled to wheat‐germ agglutinin. Motoneurons were dispersed in the lower‐lumbar and upper‐sacral spinal‐cord segments, instead of being aggregated in the neuronal nucleus as in other species: the rat, mouse, gerbil, cat, and man. Bilateral dennervation of the ICm or BSm or both in sexually experienced male rabbits did not affect copulatory variables measured at 10, 20, and 30 days after surgery. However, muscular dennervation produced extravaginal ejaculations in 42% of copulatory tests and no ejaculation in 7% of tests, although male pelvic thrusting occurred. These results suggest the participation of the ICm and BSm perineal muscles in penile orientation during copulation but not in seminal emission as described in other mammalian species. Synapse 62:653–661, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Acute cocaine administration increases NO efflux in the rat prefrontal cortex via a neuronal NOS‐dependent mechanism
Authors: Sammut Stephen , West Anthony R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAn understanding of the neurochemical changes occurring following exposure to psychostimulants such as cocaine is critical for the development of novel pharmacotherapies aimed at disrupting the addictive cycle. It is well established that the acute effects of cocaine associated with drug‐induced blockade of dopamine (DA) reuptake processes occur in reward‐related areas of the brain including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Considerable evidence has accumulated indicating that the interaction between DA, glutamate, and nitric oxide (NO) is likely to play a critical role in the neuroplastic changes associated with psychostimulant exposure. However, the potential impact of cocaine on NO synthase (NOS) activity in the mPFC has not been examined. In this study, NO efflux was measured in the mPFC of anesthetized male rats using a NO‐selective electrochemical microsensor. Acute systemic administration of cocaine significantly increased NO efflux in the mPFC in a time‐dependent manner. Similar injections using vehicle did not affect NO efflux. The facilitatory effect of cocaine on NO efflux was transient and reproducible. The signal was derived from neuronal sources of NO, because it was attenuated by systemic administration of the neuronal NO synthase inhibitor 7‐nitroindazole. These studies support a role for prefrontal cortical NO signaling in cocaine‐induced changes in neurotransmission in reward‐related circuits involved in addiction. Synapse 62:710–713, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential expression of synaptic vesicle proteins after repeated electroconvulsive seizures in rat frontal cortex and hippocampus
Authors: Elfving Betina , Bonefeld Birgit Egeskov , Rosenberg Raben , Wegener Gregers 
Published: June 2008

AbstractElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) remains the treatment of choice for patients with severe or drug‐resistant depressive disorders, yet the mechanism behind its efficacy and the effect on neurotransmission is essentially unknown. As synaptic vesicle proteins (SVPs) are required for vesicle fusion and neurotransmitter release, we have examined the effect of single and repeated electroconvulsive seizures (ECS), an animal model of ECT, on the expression of 14 SVPs in the rat frontal cortex and the hippocampus using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (real‐time qPCR). Only in the frontal cortex, the mRNA level of synapsin II was significantly upregulated after repeated ECS. In contrast, the mRNA levels of 6 of the 14 SVPs were significantly regulated in the hippocampus after ECS. We found that SNAP29 was upregulated and synaptotagmin III was downregulated after one single ECS in the hippocampus. Furthermore, SNAP29, synapsin I, synapsin III, VAMP2, and VAMP5 were significantly upregulated, whereas synaptotagmin III was significantly downregulated after repeated ECS in the hippocampus. We suggest that these genes are highly important in the long‐term therapeutic effect of ECS, and thus it can behypothesized that the SVPs are involved in the pathophysiology of depression. Synapse 62:662–670, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Positron emission tomography analysis of [11C]KW‐6002 binding to human and rat adenosine A2Areceptors in the brain
Authors: Brooks D.J. , Doder M. , Osman S. , Luthra S.K. , Hirani E. , Hume S. , Kase H. , Kilborn J. , Martindill S. , Mori A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAdenosine A2Areceptors are found on striatal neurones projecting to the external pallidum. KW‐6002 (istradefylline) is a potent and selective antagonist for the adenosine A2Areceptors in the CNS and acts to inhibit the excessive activity of this pathway in the MPTP marmoset model of PD, thus relieving parkinsonism. The objectives of this study were to investigate the regional binding of the novel positron emission tomography tracer [11C]KW‐6002 in the healthy human brain and the rat brain, along with receptor occupancy by cold KW‐6002 at varying doses in human. The highest [11C]KW‐6002 uptake in the rat brain was seen in striatum and lower levels in cortex and cerebellum. Brain [11C]KW‐6002 uptake was well characterized in humans by a two‐tissue compartmental model with a blood volume term, and the ED50of cold KW‐6002 was 0.5 mg in the striatum. Over 90% receptor occupancy was achieved with daily oral doses of greater than 5 mg. In humans, blockable binding was present in all gray matter structures including the cerebellum, which has not been reported to express A2Areceptors. MRS 1745, an A2Breceptor selective antagonist, had no effect on the cerebellar binding of [11C]KW‐6002 in rats, suggesting that this blockable signal is unlikely to result from an affinity for adenosine A2Breceptors. Synapse 62:671–681, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alterations in the levels of heterotrimeric G protein subunits induced by psychostimulants, opiates, barbiturates, and ethanol: Implications for drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal
Authors: Kitanaka Nobue , Kitanaka Junichi , Hall F. Scott , Tatsuta Tomohiro , Morita Yoshio , Takemura Motohiko , Wang Xiao‐Bing , Uhl George R. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractNeuronal adaptations have been found to occur in multiple brain regions after chronic intake of abused drugs, and are therefore thought to underlie drug dependence, tolerance, and withdrawal. Pathophysiological changes in drug responsiveness as well as behavioral sequelae of chronic drug exposure are thought to depend largely upon the altered state of heterotrimeric GTP binding protein (G protein)‐coupled receptor (GPCR)‐G protein interactions. Responsiveness of GPCR‐related intracellular signaling systems to drugs of abuse is heterogeneous, depending on the types of intracellular effectors to which the specific Gα protein subtypes are coupled and GPCR‐G protein coupling efficiency, factors influenced by the class of drug, expression levels of G protein subunits, and drug treatment regimens. To enhance understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie the development of pathophysiological states resulting from chronic intake of abused drugs, this review focuses on alterations in the expression levels of G protein subunits induced by various drugs of abuse. Changes in these mechanisms appear to be specific to particular drugs of abuse, and specific conditions of drug treatment. Synapse 62:689‐699, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Kinetic brain analysis and whole‐body imaging in monkey of [11C]MNPA: A dopamine agonist radioligand
Authors: Seneca Nicholas , Skinbjerg Mette , Zoghbi Sami S. , Liow Jeih‐San , Gladding Robert L. , Hong Jinsoo , Kannan Pavitra , Tuan Edward , Sibley David R. , Halldin Christer , Pike Victor W. , Innis Robert B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWith a view to future extension of the use of the agonist radioligand [11C]MNPA ([O‐methyl‐11C]2‐methoxy‐N‐propylnorapomorphine) from animals to humans, we performed two positron emission tomography (PET) studies in monkeys. First, we assessed the ability to quantify the brain uptake of [11C]MNPA with compartmental modeling. Second, we estimated the radiation exposure of [11C]MNPA to human subjects based on whole‐body imaging in monkeys. Brain PET scans were acquired for 90 min and included concurrent measurements of the plasma concentration of unchanged radioligand. Time‐activity data from striatum and cerebellum were quantified with two methods, a reference tissue model and distribution volume. Whole‐body PET scans were acquired for 120 min using four bed positions from head to mid thigh. Regions of interest were drawn on compressed planar whole‐body images to identify organs with the highest radiation exposures. After injection of [11C]MNPA, the highest concentration of radioactivity in brain was in striatum, with lowest levels in cerebellum. Distribution volume was well identified with a two‐tissue compartmental model and was quite stable from 60 to 90 min. Whole‐body PET scans showed the organ with the highest radiation burden (μSv/MBq) was the urinary bladder wall (26.0), followed by lungs (22.5), gallbladder wall (21.9), and heart wall (16.1). With a 2.4‐h voiding interval, the effective dose was 6.4 μSv/MBq (23.5 mrem/mCi). In conclusion, brain uptake of [11C]MNPA reflected the density of D2/3receptors, quantified relative to serial arterial measurements, and caused moderate to low radiation exposure. Synapse 62:700–708, 2008. Published 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oncoplastic Breast Surgery: A Global Perspective on Practice, Availability, and Training
Authors: Malycha Peter L. , Gough Ian R. , Margaritoni Marko , Deo S. V. S. , Sandelin Kerstin , Buccimazza Ines , Agarwal Gaurav 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOncoplastic surgery is the seamless joining of the extirpative and reconstructive aspects of breast surgery that is performed by a single surgeon. A symposium was held at ISW 2007 in Montreal with a prearranged aim to publish an article on the current and historical record of the developing specialty of oncoplastic breast surgery. The presenters and authors are well‐known breast surgeons from Australia, Croatia, India, Sweden, and South Africa.
Graduate Education in General Surgery and Its Related Specialties and Subspecialties in the United States
Authors: Bell Richard H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEach year, approximately 1,000 graduating medical students enter training in general surgery and its related specialties and subspecialties in the United States. Traditionally, residents who want to practice vascular surgery, plastic surgery, thoracic surgery, and other specialties and subspecialties derived from general surgery have been required to complete five years of training in general surgery before embarking on further training. However, three phenomena have recently emerged that are changing the picture of surgical training: (1) proliferation of fellowships in subspecialties of general surgery, (2) increasing desire of subspecialties of general surgery for recognition as specialties in their own right, and (3) pressure to reduce or eliminate the traditional general surgery training required before specialization or subspecialization. In the meantime, and perhaps as a consequence of these changes, traditional general surgery has become less attractive as a specialty and there has been significant concern about the quality of training in general surgery. As a result of fewer trainees electing general surgery as a career, there is now increasing evidence of a shortage of surgeons who are able to handle a reasonably broad caseload of emergency care in general surgery and trauma.Many of these issues are currently being addressed by the profession. Among the initiatives underway are developing a standardized curriculum in general surgery, appropriately apportioning operative experience between residency and fellowship, considering alternative pathways for training in subspecialties, and developing a system for oversight of advanced surgical training fellowships. The system for governance of graduate surgical education in the United States is less centralized than in other countries. One initiative that has been undertaken to improve coordination of efforts between educational and regulatory bodies is the formation of the Surgical Council on Resident Education (SCORE), a voluntary consortium of six organizations with the mission of defining a national curriculum for general surgery residency and with the goal of facilitating collaboration on educational issues involving general surgery and its related specialties and subspecialties.
Family History of Pancreatic Cancer in a High‐Risk Cancer Clinic: Implications for Risk Assessment
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Dignam James J. , Olopade Olufunmilayo I. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDetailed family history is a critical element of cancer risk assessment. The relative importance of pancreatic cancer (PC) in a close family member, particularly in hereditary breast‐ovarian syndrome (HBOS), is not clearly defined. We use a case‐control design to investigate the importance of a family history of PC to cancer risk assessment. Case and control families were identified from the University of Chicago Cancer Risk database (1994–2005). Pedigrees were analyzed for personal and familial clinical cancer data. Cases included all new subjects (probands) reporting a close relative (first or second degree) with PC. Controls included the probands enrolled in the database immediately prior to and subsequent to each case (i.e. two controls for each case). From 1,231 pedigrees, 103 PC were reported by the proband in 87 unique families. Many probands reported multiple or early‐onset PCs: one third (28/87) of case families met criteria for a familial PC syndrome [≥2 first‐degree relatives with PC (n = 10) or PC diagnosed ≤50 (n = 18)]. Of these families, the majority (75%) concurrently met criteria suggestive of hereditary breast‐ovarian syndrome (HBOS). Because of a family history consistent with HBOS, at least one individual from each of 29 case and 55 control families underwent genetic testing for BRCA1/2. Among case families, 19 of 29 (66%) had a BRCA1/2 mutation compared with 16 of 55 (29%) controls. A significant association between family history of PC and a BRCA1/2 mutation was seen (OR 3.78, 1.32–10.9). This point estimate was strengthened but less precise in the non‐Ashkenazi Jewish subset of tested families (OR 6.03, 1.68–22.14). In a high‐risk population, a family history of PC, though infrequently reported, is nonetheless clinically meaningful. In risk assessment for HBOS, identifying a family history of PC should strongly raise the suspicion of an unrecognized BRCA1/2 mutation.
Effect of Surfactants and Temperature on Adsorption Behavior of Metal Ions on Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Exchanger, Acrylamide Aluminum Tungstate
Authors: Nabi Syed Ashfaq , Ganai Sajad Ahmad , Khan Amjad Mumtaz 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe adsorption behavior of a thermally and chemically stable hybrid ion‐exchange material, acrylamide aluminum tungstate was explored in cationic (CTAB) and anionic (SDS) surfactants and acidic solvents. Critical micellar concentration (CMC) appears to be an important parameter in determining the adsorption behavior of metal ions. Equilibration time and temperature studies on the distribution coefficient of metal ions were studied. On the basis of the distribution coefficient, this material was successfully used for quantitative separations of some binary synthetic mixtures of metal ions by the column method. Hg(II) ion was selectively determined quantitatively in synthetic mixture. The material appears to be promising for separating toxic metal ions in a real matrix (industrial effluents and waste water) and can be utilized as a packing material in HPLC and GC columns for faster and more efficient separation.
Reproductive biology of the Patagonian bobtail squid, Semirossia patagonica (Sepiolidae: Rossiinae) in the south-west Atlantic
Authors: Önsoy Bahadir , Laptikhovsky Vladimir , Salman Alp 
Published: June 2008

A total of 104 Semirossia patagonica were collected all over the Patagonian shelf between the depths of 47 and 295 m. Mature female size varied from 10 to 35 mm ML, mature male size was 16–32 mm. Potential fecundity ranged between 527–766 eggs in pre-spawning females, ripe egg size was 3.4–5.0 mm. The oviduct capacity probably was no more than 30 eggs. The maximum number of spermatophores in males was 229. Males transfer 2–19 spermatophores to females during copulation. The ovulation pattern is asynchronous, individual spawning is continuous. Reproduction occurs all year round. Semirossia patagonica is a south-west Atlantic ecological sibling of north-east Atlantic bobtail squids Sepiola spp. and Sepietta spp.
A new method to determine the reproductive condition in female tubeworms tested inSeepiophila jonesi(Polychaeta: Siboglinidae: Vestimentifera)
Authors: Hilário Ana , Tyler Paul A. , Pond David W. 
Published: June 2008

Vestimentiferan tubeworms are significant members of deep-sea chemosynthetically-driven communities, including hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. The reproductive condition in this taxon is rarely studied because of sampling constraints inherent to these environments, and the lack of a simple methodology to quantify gonad development in vestimentiferans.We demonstrate that the amount of gonad found in the first 10 mm of trunk can be used as representative of the reproductive condition of the individual, and we establish a linear relationship between the amount of gonad and the proportion of wax ester in the trunk of female vestimentiferans. This relationship represents a new method for the determination of the reproductive condition in this group.
Predation by the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis on capsular egg masses of the whelk Buccinum undatum
Authors: Dumont Clement P. , Roy Jean-Sebastien , Himmelman John H. 
Published: June 2008

We evaluated sea urchin Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis predation on egg masses of the whelk Buccinum undatum. The urchin actively grazes on the egg masses, even as they are being deposited on the bottom. Whelks preferentially lay their egg masses on vertical areas where urchin densities are 4-fold less than on flat areas. This strategy is advantageous, as experimental trials showed that the loss in the mass of capsules was 4 fewer on walls than on flat areas. Nevertheless, a high proportion of egg masses on walls show damage from predation. Urchins provided with egg masses in the laboratory, ingested the capsules at a steady rate over a 9-d period (5 urchins ingested 2.8 g.d-1). Urchins provided agar discs that included a preferred alga and whelk capsule walls ingested the discs at a rate that was half that observed for discs that only included the alga. Discs that included the preferred alga and capsule contents were eaten at the same rate as discs that only included the alga. Thus, capsule walls, but not the capsule contents, provide a defence against urchin predation. Laying aggregate egg masses likely provides only a limited advantage, as the attachment surface does not increase with the number of egg masses deposited together, so the risk of detachment increases. Consideration of the interactions between urchins and whelks is important in managing the fisheries of the two species.
Valuing lives and life years: anomalies, implications, and an alternative
Authors: DOLAN PAUL , METCALFE ROBERT , MUNRO VICKI , CHRISTENSEN MICHAEL C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMany government interventions seek to reduce the risk of death. The value of preventing a fatality (VPF) is the monetary amount associated with each statistical death that an intervention can be expected to prevent. The VPF has been estimated using a preference-based approach, either by observing market behaviour (revealed preferences) or by asking hypothetical questions that seek to replicate the market (stated preferences). The VPF has been shown to differ across and within these methods. In theory, the VPF should vary according to factors such as baseline and background risk, but, in practice, the estimates vary more by theoretically irrelevant factors, such as the starting point in stated preference studies. This variation makes it difficult to choose one unique VPF. The theoretically irrelevant factors also affect the estimates of the monetary value of a statistical life year and the value of a quality-adjusted life year. In light of such problems, it may be fruitful to focus more research efforts on generating the VPF using an approach based on the subjective well-being associated with different states of the world.
Collaborative Teaching and Learning
Authors: Hagstrom Fran , McGehee Marilyn G. , Aslin Larry , Baker Kim 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Based on pedagogical theory, this article describes how collaborative teaching was used in six first year undergraduate communication disorders classes in order to promote critical and self-reflective thinking. Junior level teaching faculty incorporated KASA standards and project-based learning that focused on diversity and research into cross-course projects over two semesters. The projects required collaborative work among students and among faculty. As a result, collaboration at both the instructor and student level contributed to the learning process and facilitated student construction of knowledge.
Service Learning 201: Beyond the Basics
Authors: Schoenbrodt Lisa 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Service learning is not a new concept in the field of education or communication disorders, involving a partnership that is formed between a community agency and a university training program. For service learning to effective, equal “buy in” is needed from all parties involved. Service learning is a natural fit in the area of communication disorders because the types of agencies involved and the types of experiences dovetail with the range of disorders in the population. In one department of Speech Pathology, we offered a variety of service-learning courses to students in training throughout their undergraduate curriculum, with different commitments in terms of time to service. In the past, our introductory level coursework involved brief experiences that were woven into the coursework, but was not the intensity of time or commitment that is required in graduate courses. In addition, with this introductory class, I had to consider the level of the student with little to no background with individuals with disabilities. These factors led us to design a service-learning course that incorporated time directly spent with the community partner agency on site and time spent indirectly planning an activity for clients at the community center.
Collaborative Learning in the Speech-Language Pathology and Audiology Classroom
Authors: Potts Carolyn S. , Ginsberg Sarah M. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
In recent years, colleges and universities across the country have been called upon to increase the quality of education provided and to improve student retention rates. In response to this challenge, many faculty are exploring alternatives to the traditional “lecture-centered” approach of higher education in an attempt to increase student learning and satisfaction. Collaborative learning is one method of teaching, which has been demonstrated to improve student learning outcomes.