bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Self‐injurious behaviour and body site preference
Authors: Symons F. J. , Thompson T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSelf‐injury by people with intellectual disabilities is a highly problematic and damaging behaviour with profound implications for quality of life. To date, very little detailed descriptive information has been available on the distribution and location of body sites that are injured. This study presents preliminary information on the locations of the self‐injury body sites of 29 school‐age individuals with developmental and intellectual disabilities who self‐injured daily. Teaching staff in school‐based special education programmes independently recorded the body locations of where their student's self‐injured. Approximately 80% of the reported self‐injury was directed disproportionately toward the head and hands. Three‐quarters of head‐directed self‐injury was located on the front of the head, and 83% of hand‐directed self‐injury was located on the back of the hands. Furthermore. 32% of the body sites toward which self‐injury was directed were located on stimulation‐produced analgesia body sites. The implications of these findings are discussed in relation to the opioid hypothesis of self‐injurious behaviour, and with regard to future research investigating functional diagnostic strategies considering both social and biological variables.
Emotion recognition as a function of social connpetence and depressed mood in Individuals with intellectual disability
Authors: Rojahn J. , Warren V. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present study was designed to test whether social competence and mood were predictive of the performance by adults with mild or moderate intellectual disability on a matching‐to‐sample task using facially expressed emotions as stimuli. Thirty‐eight subjects were assigned to either a depressed mood group or a non‐depressed mood group based on their scores on the two depression sub‐scales of the Reiss Screen for Maladaptive Behavior. The groups were matched on sex, age and level of intellectual disability. Each group consisted of 10 women and nine men; 12 participants in each group had mild and seven had moderate intellectual disability, respectively. Social competence was assessed with the Social Performance Survey Schedule (SPSS). Performance on the matching‐to‐sample task correlated positively with the subjects′ level of intellectual disability, their mood scores and the scores on the Appropriate Skills sub‐scale of the SPSS. The implications of these findings for social skills training programmes and limitations of this study are discussed.
Manifestations of depression in people with intellectual disability
Authors: Marston G. M. , Perry D. W. , Roy A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe symptoms of 36 people with varying degrees of intellectual disability (ID) who had had an ICD‐I0 depressive syndrome in the preceding year were compared with 46 non‐depressed people with comparable degrees of ID. Throughout the spectrum of ID, symptoms of depressed affect and sleep disturbance were significantly different between the groups. While symptoms in people with mild ID were reflected in the standard diagnostic criteria, this was not the case in people with moderate and severe ID. With increasing disability there was a move towards ‘behavioural depressive equivalents’ such as aggression, screaming and self‐injurious behaviour. Diagnostic criteria for depression among people with severe ID, should place more emphasis on behavioural ‘depressive equivalents’.
Prevalence of psychotropic and anticonvulsant drug use among North Dakota group home residents
Authors: Burd L. , Williams M. , Klug M. G. , Fjelstad K. , Schimke A. , Kerbeshian J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a previous study, the present authors reported on the prevalence of psychoactive (psychotropic and anticonvulsant) medication use among people vs'ith intellectual disability residing in community settings in the state of North Dakota, USA. The present study replicates the earlier survey. A questionnaire was sent to all group homes serving people with developmental disabilities. Questionnaires were obtained for 100% of North Dakota group home residents. Psychoactive medications (anticonvulsants included) were used by 38% of the 1384 residents represented. The results are discussed in relation to the previous study from North Dakota.
Persons with intellectual disability receiving psychiatric treatment
Authors: Driessen G. , DuMoulin M. , Haveman M. J. , van Os J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDeterminants of (1) referral to psychiatric services and (2) the amount of mental health care consumed were analysed in a population of individuals with intellectual disability, using data from a cumulative mental health case register in a defined geographical area. Associations between level of disability, gender, age and social environment on the one hand, and psychiatric referral and service consumption on the other were expressed as odds ratios (ORs). Being older (OR = 1.9; 95% Cl = 1.5–2.5), having milder intellectual disability (OR= 1.4; 95% Cl = 0.9–2.3) and living alone (OR = 5.8; 95% Cl = 2.8–1 1.9) predicted a higher probability of receiving psychiatric treatment. Living alone (OR = 15.3; 95% Cl = 1.7–136.1) was also associated with higher level of mental health service consumption.
The prevalence of people with intellectual disability admitted to general hospital psychiatric units: level of handicap, psychiatric diagnoses and care utilization
Authors: Gustafsson C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious studies have stated that people with intellectual disability (ID) are more often afflicted by psychiatric disorders than the general population. In spite of the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders among people with ID, it is not known how many actually receive psychiatric in‐patient care and treatment by the mental health services. In the present study, the number of people with mild and severe ID admitted to in‐patient psychiatric care were compared with corresponding figures in the general population in Sweden. The results show a low frequency of psychiatric care utilization among people with ID and coexisting psychiatric disorders in comparison to the proportion of psychiatric care utilization among people with psychiatric disorders in the general population. The results are discussed in terms of how the level of ID might influence referral or diagnoses, the length of admissions, and the support provided within the special services to people with ID and psychiatric disorders.
Gender differences in repetitive language in fragile X syndrome
Authors: Murphy M. M. , Abbeduto L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground  Verbal perseveration (i.e. excessive self‐repetition) is a characteristic of male individuals with fragile X syndrome; however, little is known about its occurrence among females or its underlying causes. This project examined the relationship between perseveration and (1) gender, (2) cognitive and linguistic ability, and (3) language sampling context, among youth with fragile X syndrome.Method  Language transcripts were obtained from adolescent male (n = 16) and female participants (n = 8) with fragile X syndrome in two language contexts (i.e. narration and conversation) designed to elicit spontaneous language samples. Transcripts were coded for utterance‐level repetition (i.e. repetition of words, phrases, dependent clauses or whole utterances), topic repetition and conversational device repetition (i.e. repetition of rote phrases or expressions).Results  Male participants produced more conversational device repetition than did female participants. Gender differences in conversational device repetition were not explained by differences in non‐verbal cognitive or expressive language ability. Context influenced the type of repetition observed; for example, more topic repetition occurred in conversation than in narration regardless of gender.Conclusions  The observed gender differences in conversational device repetition among adolescents with fragile X syndrome suggest that, relative to females, male participants may rely more heavily on rote phrases or expressions in their expressive language. Further, results suggest that this gender difference is not simply the result of the correlation between gender and cognitive or linguistic ability in fragile X syndrome; rather, gender may make an independent contribution to conversational device repetition. Repetition type also varied as a function of expressive language context, suggesting the importance of assessing language characteristics in multiple contexts.
Revising how the computer program cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment
Authors: KALINOWSKI STEVEN T. , TAPER MARK L. , MARSHALL TRISTAN C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGenotypes are frequently used to identify parentage. Such analysis is notoriously vulnerable to genotyping error, and there is ongoing debate regarding how to solve this problem. Many scientists have used the computer program cervus to estimate parentage, and have taken advantage of its option to allow for genotyping error. In this study, we show that the likelihood equations used by versions 1.0 and 2.0 of cervus to accommodate genotyping error miscalculate the probability of observing an erroneous genotype. Computer simulation and reanalysis of paternity in Rum red deer show that correcting this error increases success in paternity assignment, and that there is a clear benefit to accommodating genotyping errors when errors are present. A new version of cervus (3.0) implementing the corrected likelihood equations is available at http://www.fieldgenetics.com.
The PKC, HOG and Ca2+ signalling pathways co‐ordinately regulate chitin synthesis in Candida albicans
Authors: Munro Carol A. , Selvaggini Serena , De Bruijn Irene , Walker Louise , Lenardon Megan D. , Gerssen Bertus , Milne Sarah , Brown Alistair J. P. , Gow Neil A. R. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryChitin is an essential component of the fungal cell wall and its synthesis is under tight spatial and temporal regulation. The fungal human pathogen Candida albicans has a four member chitin synthase gene family comprising of CHS1 (class II), CHS2 (class I), CHS3 (class IV) and CHS8 (class I). LacZ reporters were fused to each CHS promoter to examine the transcriptional regulation of chitin synthesis. Each CHS promoter had a unique regulatory profile and responded to the addition of cell wall damaging agents, to mutations in specific CHS genes and exogenous Ca2+. The regulation of both CHS gene expression and chitin synthesis was co‐ordinated by the PKC, HOG MAP kinase and Ca2+/calcineurin signalling pathways. Activation of these pathways also resulted in increased chitin synthase activity in vitro and elevated cell wall chitin content. Combinations of treatments that activated multiple pathways resulted in synergistic increases in CHS expression and in cell wall chitin content. Therefore, at least three pathways co‐ordinately regulate chitin synthesis and activation of chitin synthesis operates at both transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels.
Genetic crosses in the apicomplexan parasite Cryptosporidium parvum define recombination parameters
Authors: Tanriverdi Sultan , Blain J Craig , Deng Bingbing , Ferdig Michael T. , Widmer Giovanni 
Published: February 2007

SummaryRecombinant progeny lines of Cryptosporidium parvum were generated by coinfecting immunosuppressed mice with two genetically distinct isolates of C. parvum. Progeny lines were obtained from a cross of parental lines MD × TU114 through targeted propagation in mice of progeny oocysts originating from populations lacking one parental allele at one or more loci. For each infection lineage this process was repeated until only a single allele remained for each marker, indicating that the progeny line was clonal. To study genetic recombination, 16 progeny clones were genotyped at 40 loci located on each of the eight chromosomes. The inheritance of parental alleles was significantly skewed towards the more virulent parent isolate MD. A contiguous 476 kb segment of chromosome V displayed MD allele in all progeny recovered, while MD and TU114 alleles were detected at other loci throughout the genome. The absence of alleles from one parental isolate in this chromosomal region may indicate phenotypic selection for the MD allele during the generation of these lines. A range for the meiotic crossover frequency was determined on the basis of 40 markers and the number of meioses estimated to have taken place during the crossing experiment. C. parvum exhibits a high rate of recombination commensurate with other Apicomplexa.
Regulation of pyrG expression in Bacillus subtilis: CTP‐regulated antitermination and reiterative transcription with pyrG templates in vitro
Authors: Jensen‐MacAllister Irene E. , Meng Qi , Switzer Robert L. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe regulation of pyrG expression in a group of low GC Gram‐positive bacteria was previously shown to be mediated by a novel form of transcription attenuation in which low levels of intracellular CTP induce reiterative addition of G residues at position +4 in the 5′ end of the pyrG mRNA, which is encoded as pppGGGC.  . . . The poly(G) sequences formed under these conditions act to prevent attenuation by base pairing with the C‐ and U‐rich 5′ strand of a downstream terminator stem‐loop located in the pyrG leader. In this work we document the reconstitution of this regulatory system in vitro using only the native pyrG DNA template, RNA polymerase and appropriate concentrations of ribonucleotides. CTP‐regulated reiterative transcription producing 5′‐poly(G) tracts and regulation of transcription termination at the pyrG attenuator by CTP were demonstrated. Mutations in the native pyrG template that altered reiterative transcription and attenuation in vivo resulted in alternations in expression in the in vitro transcription system that were predicted by the mechanism described above. These findings provide strong experimental support for the proposed reiterative transcription/antitermination mechanism and confirm that no trans‐acting regulatory protein is required for pyrG regulation.
Characterization of relA and codY mutants of Listeria monocytogenes: identification of the CodY regulon and its role in virulence
Authors: Bennett Hayley J. , Pearce David M. , Glenn Sarah , Taylor Clare M. , Kuhn Michael , Sonenshein Abraham L. , Andrew Peter W. , Roberts Ian S. 
Published: February 2007

Summary Listeria monocytogenes is a Gram‐positive intracellular parasite and the causative organism of human listeriosis. In this article we demonstrate that L. monocytogenes encodes a functional member of the CodY family of global regulatory proteins that is responsive to both GTP and branched chain amino acids. By transcript analyses we identified the CodY regulon in L. monocytogenes and demonstrated that it comprises genes involved in amino acid metabolism, nitrogen assimilation as well as genes involved in sugar uptake and incorporation, indicating a role for CodY in L. monocytogenes in both carbon and nitrogen assimilation. A ΔrelA mutation reduced expression of the CodY regulon in early stationary phase and introduction of a ΔcodY mutation into a ΔrelA strain restored virulence. These data indicate that the avirulence of the ΔrelA mutant can in part be explained by the continued repression of the CodY regulon. The phenotypes of ΔrelA and ΔcodY mutants were studied in J774.A1 and Caco‐2 cells and the ΔrelA mutation shown to effect intracellular growth. These results provide the first direct evidence that the activity of a CodY‐type protein influences pathogenesis and provides new information on the physiological adaptation of L. monocytogenes to post‐exponential phase growth and virulence.
Clp ATPases and ClpP proteolytic complexes regulate vital biological processes in low GC, Gram‐positive bacteria
Authors: Frees Dorte , Savijoki Kirsi , Varmanen Pekka , Ingmer Hanne 
Published: February 2007

SummaryClp proteolytic complexes consisting of a proteolytic core flanked by Clp ATPases are widely conserved in bacteria, and their biological roles have received considerable interest. In particular, mutants in the clp genes in the low‐GC‐content Gram‐positive phyla Bacillales and Lactobacillales display a diverse range of phenotypic changes including general stress sensitivity, aberrant cell morphology, failure to initiate developmental programs, and for pathogens, severely attenuated virulence. Extensive research dedicated to unravelling the molecular mechanisms underlying these complex phenotypes has led to fascinating new insights that will be covered by this review. First, Clp ATPases and ClpP‐containing proteolytic complexes play indispensable roles in cellular protein quality control systems by refolding or degrading damaged proteins in both stressed and non‐stressed cells. Secondly, ClpP proteases and the chaperone activity of Clp ATPases are important for controlling stability and activity of central transcriptional regulators, thereby exerting tremendous impact on cell physiology. Targets include major stress regulators like Spx (oxidative stress), the antisigma factor RsiW (alkaline stress) and HdiR (DNA damage) in addition to regulators of developmental programs like ComK (competence development), σH and Sda (sporulation). Thus, Clp proteins are central in co‐ordinating developmental decisions and stress response in low GC Gram‐positive bacteria.
The role of ferritins in the physiology of Salmonella enterica sv. Typhimurium: a unique role for ferritin B in iron‐sulphur cluster repair and virulence
Authors: Velayudhan Jyoti , Castor Margaret , Richardson Anthony , Main‐Hester Kara L. , Fang Ferric C. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryFerritins are ubiquitous iron (Fe) storage proteins that play a fundamental role in cellular Fe homeostasis. The enteric pathogen Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium possesses four ferritins: bacterioferritin, ferritin A, ferritin B and Dps. The haem‐containing bacterioferritin (Bfr) accounts for the majority of stored Fe, followed by ferritin A (FtnA). Inactivation of bfr elevates the intracellular free Fe concentration and enhances susceptibility to H2O2 stress. The DNA‐binding Dps protein provides protection from oxidative damage without affecting the steady‐state intracellular free Fe concentration. FtnB appears to be particularly important for the repair of oxidatively damaged Fe‐sulphur clusters of aconitase and, in contrast to Bfr and FtnA, is required for Salmonella virulence in mice. Moreover, ftnB and dps are repressed by the Fe‐responsive regulator Fur and induced under conditions of Fe limitation, whereas bfr and ftnA are maximally expressed when Fe is abundant. The absence of a conserved ferroxidase domain and the potentiation of oxidative stress by FtnB in some strains lacking Dps suggest that FtnB serves as a facile cellular reservoir of Fe2+.
Increased adherence and actin pedestal formation by dam‐deficient enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli O157:H7
Authors: Campellone Kenneth G. , Roe Andrew J. , Løbner‐Olesen Anders , Murphy Kenan C. , Magoun Loranne , Brady Michael J. , Donohue‐Rolfe Arthur , Tzipori Saul , Gally David L. , Leong John M. , Marinus M. G. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryEnterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) are highly infectious pathogens capable of causing severe diarrhoeal illnesses. As a critical step during their colonization, EHEC adhere intimately to intestinal epithelial cells and generate F‐actin ‘pedestal’ structures that elevate them above surrounding cell surfaces. Intimate adhesion and pedestal formation result from delivery of the EHEC type III secretion system (TTSS) effector proteins Tir and EspFU into the host cell and expression of the bacterial outer membrane adhesin, intimin. To investigate a role for DNA methylation during the regulation of adhesion and pedestal formation in EHEC, we deleted the dam (DNA adenine methyltransferase) gene from EHEC O157:H7 and demonstrate that this mutation results in increased interactions with cultured host cells. EHECΔdam exhibits dramatically elevated levels of adherence and pedestal formation when compared with wild‐type EHEC, and expresses significantly higher protein levels of intimin, Tir and EspFU. Analyses of GFP fusions, Northern blotting, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, and microarray experiments indicate that the abundance of Tir in the dam mutant is not due to increased transcription levels, raising the possibility that Dam methylation can indirectly control protein expression by a post‐transcriptional mechanism. In contrast to other dam‐deficient pathogens, EHECΔdam is capable of robust intestinal colonization of experimentally infected animals.
Identification of the lipooligosaccharide biosynthetic gene cluster from Mycobacterium marinum
Authors: Ren Huiping , Dover Lynn G. , Islam Salim T. , Alexander David C. , Chen Jeffrey M. , Besra Gurdyal S. , Liu Jun 
Published: February 2007

SummaryLipooligosaccharides (LOSs) are antigenic glycolipids that are present in some species of Mycobacterium including the Canetti strain of M. tuberculosis. The core LOS structures from several mycobacterial organisms have been established, but the biosynthetic pathways of LOSs remain unknown. In this study, we describe two transposon insertion mutants of M. marinum that exhibit altered colony morphology. Cell wall analysis reveals that the MRS1271 mutant is defective in the synthesis of LOS‐II, whereas the MRS1178 mutant accumulates an intermediate between LOS‐I and ‐II. The genetic lesions were localized to two genes, MM2309 and MM2332. MM2309 encodes a UDP‐glucose dehydrogenase that is involved in the synthesis of d‐xylose. MM2332 is predicted to encode a decarboxylase. These two genes and a previously identified losA gene are localized in a gene cluster likely to be involved in the biosynthesis of LOSs. Our results also show that LOSs play an important role in sliding motility, biofilm formation, and infection of host macrophages. Taken together, our studies have identified, for the first time, a LOS biosynthetic locus. This is an important step in assessing the differential distribution of LOSs among Mycobacterium species and understanding the role of LOSs in mycobacterial virulence.
The response regulator PmrA is a major regulator of the icm/dot type IV secretion system in Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii
Authors: Zusman Tal , Aloni Gali , Halperin Einat , Kotzer Hani , Degtyar Elena , Feldman Michal , Segal Gil 
Published: February 2007

Summary Legionella pneumophila and Coxiella burnetii have been shown to utilize the icm/dot type IV secretion system for pathogenesis and recently a large number of icm/dot‐translocated substrates were identified in L. pneumophila. Bioinformatic analysis has revealed that 13 of the genes encoding for L. pneumophila‐translocated substrates and five of the C. burnetii icm/dot genes, contain a conserved regulatory element that resembles the target sequence of the PmrA response regulator. Experimental analysis which included the construction of a L. pneumophila pmrA deletion mutant, intracellular growth analysis, comparison of gene expression between L. pneumophila wild type and the pmrA mutant, construction of mutations in the PmrA conserved regulatory element, controlled expression studies as well as mobility shift assays, demonstrated the direct relation between the PmrA regulator and the expression of L. pneumophila icm/dot‐translocated substrates and several C. burnetii icm/dot genes. Furthermore, genomic analysis identified 35 L. pneumophila and 68 C. burnetii unique genes that contain the PmrA regulatory element and few of these genes from L. pneumophila were found to be new icm/dot‐translocated substrates. Our results establish the PmrA regulator as a fundamental regulator of the icm/dot type IV secretion system in these two bacteria.