bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safe entry point for twist-drill craniostomy of a chronic subdural hematoma
Authors: Hwang Sun-Chul , Im Soo-Bin , Kim Bum-Tae , Shin Won-Han 
Published: December 2008

Object
Twist-drill craniostomy (TDC) with closed-system drainage is an effective treatment option for chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Because the entry point for TDC has not been described in a definitive area, the aim of this study was to define the optimal twist-drill entry point for CSDH.

Methods
The authors selected 40 random cases involving selective catheter angiography of the external carotid artery, regardless of study purpose, to evaluate the course of the middle meningeal artery. Furthermore, 50 skull radiographs were reviewed to assess the relation of the vascular groove to the coronal suture. On the basis of the radiological anatomical study, the authors propose that the normal TDC entry point should be 1 cm anterior to the coronal suture at the level of the superior temporal line (STL). Thirty patients with symptomatic CSDH were treated using TDC with closed-system drainage at the proposed entry point. The thicknesses of the hematoma and the skull were measured at the proposed entry point. The congruence between the proposed entry point and postoperative craniostomy was estimated and complications were evaluated.

Results
In the radiological study, all the branches of the middle meningeal artery ran posterior to the coronal suture and the vascular grooves were also located posterior to the coronal suture at the level of the STL. The average distance of the vascular grooves was 8.0 ±5.8 mm. Thirty-five procedures were performed. The coronal suture and the STL could be identified clearly on brain CT scans. The mean thickness of the skull and the CSDH at the proposed point was 8 mm (range 5–13 mm) and 20 mm (range 10–28 mm), respectively. All the TDCs except 1 were congruent with the preoperative brain CT scans. One CSDH recurred 1 month after the first operation and was revised using the same procedure. No other complications occurred.

Conclusions
One centimeter anterior to the coronal suture at the level of the STL is suitable as the normal entry point of the TDC for symptomatic CSDH. The thickness of the CSDH can be measured at this point on a preoperative brain CT scan. Furthermore, the entry point on the scalp can be accurately estimated using surface landmarks.
Association of major depression with rare functional variants in norepinephrine transporter and serotonin1Areceptor genes
Authors: Haenisch Britta , Linsel Karoline , Brüss Michael , Gilsbach Ralf , Propping Peter , Nöthen Markus M. , Rietschel Marcella , Fimmers Rolf , Maier Wolfgang , Zobel Astrid , Höfels Susanne , Guttenthaler Vera , Göthert Manfred , Bönisch Heinz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDysregulations of central noradrenergic and serotonergic neurotransmission have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression. The norepinephrine transporter (NET; SLC6A2) and the serotonin (5‐HT)1Areceptor (5‐HT1Areceptor; HTR1A) play an important role in central nervous monoaminergic homeostasis. As shown previously, variations in the human NET and 5‐HT1Areceptor genes can alter noradrenergic and serotonergic signaling in the brain: a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) in the coding region of the NET gene resulting in a F528C substitution increased plasma membrane expression of this NET variant, and a SNP in the human 5‐HT1Areceptor gene leading to the R219L receptor variant almost abolished cellular signal transduction subsequent to receptor activation. The present study aimed at investigating whether these NET and 5‐HT1Areceptor variants are associated with major depression (MD). The sample comprised 426 patients suffering from unipolar MD as well as 643 healthy control subjects for the variants of the 5‐HT1Areceptor and the NET. Both SNPs were shown to be associated with MD. In conclusion, our results favor the hypothesis that monoaminergic neurotransmission in general and the F528C NET and R219L 5‐HT1Areceptor variants in particular are involved in the pathogenesis of depression. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stress‐induced changes in microstructure of a low‐crystalline polypropylene investigated at uniaxial stretching
Authors: Boger A. , Imhof C. , Heise B. , Marti O. , Troll C. , Rieger B. , Hild S. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractNovel asymmetric metallocene catalysts lead to low isotactic polypropylenes (iPP) with randomly distributed stereo irregularities. The polypropylenes are low crystalline and show elastic mechanical behavior due to physical crosslinking. The morphology of such iPP, which is responsible for the observed mechanical properties, is still sparsely resolved. In the present work a low isotactic, low crystalline metallocene iPP containing randomly distributed stereoerrors was investigated. The influence of the chain microstructure in the elastic properties was studied using two complementary investigation methods, X‐ray diffraction and scanning force microscopy (SFM). For a better understanding of the unique mechanical properties, microscopic changes in morphology and strain‐induced variation in chain orientation were monitored during uniaxial stretching using SFM and wide angle X‐ray scattering measurements. For quantitative analysis and discussion the polymer chain orientations were calculated. The correlation between the orientation, the arrangements of the amorphous and crystalline phases observed by SFM, and the mechanical properties of the material at different elongation ratios allowed an interpretation of the macroscopic behavior on the microscopic scale. It was shown that the deformation behavior of low isotactic polypropylene with randomly distributed stereoerrors is in agreement with existing structural models, which proposed that small crystalline domains act as physical crosslinks for the amorphous matrix. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Processing and properties of carbon nanotube/poly(methyl methacrylate) composite films
Authors: Liu Jing , Rasheed Asif , Minus Marilyn L. , Kumar Satish 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA systematic study of the reinforcement of single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), multiwalled carbon nanotubes, and vapor‐grown carbon nanofibers (VGCNFs) in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is reported. SWNT/PMMA composite films with various SWNT concentrations (from 0.5 to 50 wt % with respect to the weight of PMMA) were processed from nitromethane. Two types of SWNTs were used: SWNT‐A, which contained 35 wt % metal catalyst, and SWNT‐B, which contained about 2.4 wt % metal catalyst. Properties of different nanotubes containing composites were compared with 15 wt % carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Property enhancement included electrical conductivity, mechanical properties, and solvent resistance. The thermal degradation of PMMA in the presence of CNTs in air and nitrogen environments was studied. No variation in the thermal degradation behavior of PMMA/CNT was observed in nitrogen. The peak degradation temperature increased for the composites in air at low CNT loadings. Dynamic and thermomechanical properties were also studied. At a 35 wt % SWNT loading, a composite film exhibited good mechanical and electrical properties, good chemical resistance, and a very low coefficient of thermal expansion. Property improvements were rationalized in terms of the nanotube surface area. Composite films were also characterized with Raman spectroscopy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Double‐miniemulsion preparation of Fe3O4/poly(methyl methacrylate) magnetic latex
Authors: Hong R. Y. , Feng B. , Cai X. , Liu G. , Li H. Z. , Ding J. , Zheng Y. , Wei D. G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractMagnetic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) microspheres were prepared by double‐miniemulsion polymerization. First, oleic acid coated magnetite particles synthesized by means of coprecipitation were dispersed into octane to obtain a ferrofluid. The ferrofluid and MMA were emulsified to form O/W emulsion, respectively. Subsequently two miniemulsions were mixed together for polymerization. The obtained magnetic polymer particles were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray powder diffraction, and thermogravimetry. The results showed that oleic acid coated magnetite particles were well encapsulated in PMMA. The effects of initiator dosage and monomer concentration on the conversion of MMA were also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Iodothyronamines are Oxidatively Deaminated to Iodothyroacetic Acids in vivo
Authors: Wood Warren J. L. , Geraci Travis , Nilsen Aaron , DeBarber Andrea E. , Scanlan Thomas S. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract3‐Iodothyronamine (T1AM) and 3,3′,5‐triiodothyroacetic acid (Triac) are bioactive metabolites of the hormone thyroxine (T4). In the present study, the ability of T1AM and 3,3′,5‐triiodothyronamine (T3AM) to be metabolized to 3‐iodothyroacetic acid (TA1) and Triac, respectively, was investigated. Both T1AM and T3AM were converted to their respective iodinated thyroacetic acid analogues in both cell and tissue extracts. This conversion could be significantly inhibited with the monamine oxidase (MAO) and semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) inhibitor iproniazid. TA1 was found to be present in trace quantities in human serum and in substantial levels in serum from T1AM‐treated rats. These results demonstrate that iodothyronamines are substrates for amine oxidases and that this metabolism may be the source of the corresponding endogenous arylacetic acid products Triac and TA1.
Reactions of Diazo Compounds with Alkenes Catalysed by [RuCl(cod)(Cp)]: Effect of the Substituents in the Formation of Cyclopropanation or Metathesis Products
Authors: Basato Marino , Tubaro Cristina , Biffis Andrea , Bonato Marco , Buscemi Gabriella , Lighezzolo Filippo , Lunardi Pamela , Vianini Chiara , Benetollo Franco , Del Zotto Alessandro 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe reaction of diazo compounds with alkenes catalysed by complex [RuCl(cod)(Cp)] (cod=1,5‐cyclooctadiene, Cp=cyclopentadienyl) has been studied. The catalytic cycle involves in the first step the decomposition of the diazo derivative to afford the reactive [RuCl(Cp){C(R1)R2}] intermediate and a mechanism is proposed for this step based on a kinetic study of the simple coupling reaction of ethyl diazoacetate. The evolution of the Ru–carbene intermediate in the presence of alkenes depends on the nature of the substituents at both the diazo N2C(R1)R2 (R1, R2=Ph, H; Ph, CO2Me; Ph, Ph; C(R1)R2=fluorene) and the olefin substrates R3(H)CC(H)R4 (R3, R4=CO2Et, CO2Et; Ph, Ph; Ph, Me; Ph, H; Me, Br; Me, CN; Ph, CN; H, CN; CN, CN). A remarkable reactivity of the complex was recorded, especially towards unstable aryldiazo compounds and electron‐poor olefins. The results obtained indicate that either cyclopropanation or metathesis products can be formed: the first products are favoured by the presence of a cyano substituent at the double bond and the second ones by a phenyl.
Flow past a transversely oscillating square cylinder in free stream at low Reynolds numbers
Authors: Singh A. P. , De A. K. , Carpenter V. K. , Eswaran V. , Muralidhar K. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis paper reports simulation results for free‐stream flow past an oscillating square cylinder at Re=100 and 150, for oscillating‐to‐natural‐shedding frequency ratios of 0.5⩽fr⩽3.0 at a fixed oscillation amplitude of 0.2 of the cylinder width. The transformed governing equations are solved in a non‐inertial frame of reference using the finite volume technique. The ‘lock‐in’ phenomena, where the vortex shedding becomes one with the oscillation frequency, is observed near the natural shedding frequency (fr≈1). Beyond the synchronization band, downstream recovery of the wake to its stationary (natural) state (frequency) is observed in cross‐stream velocity spectra. At higher forcing frequencies, a phase lag between the immediate and the far wake results in a shear layer having multi‐polar vortices. A ‘Vortex‐switch’ accompanied by a change in the direction of energy transfer is identified at the ‘lock‐in’ boundaries. The variation of aerodynamic forces is noticed to be different in the lock‐in regime. The velocity phase portrait in the far wake revealed a chaotic state of flow at higher excitation though a single (natural) frequency appears in the spectra. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of Schwann cell alignment along the oriented electrospun chitosan nanofibers on nerve regeneration
Authors: Wang Wei , Itoh Soichiro , Konno Katsumi , Kikkawa Takeshi , Ichinose Shizuko , Sakai Katsuyoshi , Ohkuma Tsuneo , Watabe Kazuhiko 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe have constructed a chitosan nonwoven nanofiber mesh tube consisting of oriented fibers by the electrospinning method. The efficacy of oriented nanofibers on Schwann cell alignment and positive effect of this tube on peripheral nerve regeneration were confirmed. The physical properties of the chitosan nanofiber mesh sheets prepared by electrospinning with or without fiber orientation were characterized. Then, immortalized Schwann cells were cultured on these sheets. Furthermore, the chitosan nanofiber mesh tubes with or without orientation, and bilayered chitosan mesh tube with an inner layer of oriented nanofibers and an outer layer of randomized nanofibers were bridgegrafted into rat sciatic nerve defect. As a result of fiber orientation, the tensile strength along the axis of the sheet increased. Because Schwann cells aligned along the nanofibers, oriented fibrous sheets could exhibit a Schwann cell column. Functional recovery and electrophysiological recovery occurred in time in the oriented group as well as in the bilayered group, and approximately matched those in the isograft. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed that the sprouting of myelinated axons occurred vigorously followed by axonal maturation in the isograft, oriented, and bilayered group in the order. The oriented chitosan nanofiber mesh tube may be a promising substitute for autogenous nerve graft. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2009
Unavoidable parallel minors of 4‐connected graphs
Authors: Chun Carolyn , Ding Guoli , Oporowski Bogdan , Vertigan Dirk 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA parallel minor is obtained from a graph by any sequence of edge contractions and parallel edge deletions. We prove that, for any positive integer k, every internally 4‐connected graph of sufficiently high order contains a parallel minor isomorphic to a variation of K4,k with a complete graph on the vertices of degree k, the k‐partition triple fan with a complete graph on the vertices of degree k, the k‐spoke double wheel, the k‐spoke double wheel with axle, the (2k+1)‐rung Möbius zigzag ladder, the (2k)‐rung zigzag ladder, or Kk. We also find the unavoidable parallel minors of 1‐, 2‐, and 3‐connected graphs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Graph Theory 60: 313‐326, 2009
Ischemic limb preconditioning downregulates systemic inflammatory activation
Authors: Szabó Andrea , Varga Renáta , Keresztes Margit , Vízler Csaba , Németh István , Rázga Zsolt , Boros Mihály 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe examined local and systemic antiinflammatory consequences of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a rat model of limb ischemia‐reperfusion (I‐R) by characterizing the leukocyte‐endothelial interactions in the periosteum and the expression of adhesion molecules playing a role in leukocyte‐mediated inflammatory processes. IPC induction (2 cycles of 10 min of complete limb ischemia and 10 min of reperfusion) was followed by 60 min of ischemia/180 min of reperfusion or sham‐operation. Data were compared with those on animals subjected to I‐R and sham‐operation. Neutrophil leukocyte‐endothelial cell interactions (intravital videomicroscopy), intravascular neutrophil activation (CD11b expression changes by flow cytometry), and soluble and tissue intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1; ELISA and immunohistochemistry, respectively) expressions were assessed. I‐R induced enhanced leukocyte rolling and adherence in the periosteal postcapillary venules after 120 and 180 min of reperfusion. This was associated with a significantly enhanced CD11b expression (by ∼80% and 72%, respectively) and moderately increased soluble and periosteal ICAM‐1 expressions. IPC prevented the I‐R–induced increases in leukocyte adherence and CD11b expression without influencing the soluble and tissue ICAM‐1 levels. The results show that limb IPC exerts not only local, but distant antiinflammatory effects through significant modulation of neutrophil recruitment. © 2009 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 27: 897–902, 2009
Partitioning and Localization of Fragrances in Surfactant Mixed Micelles
Authors: Fischer Elmar , Fieber Wolfgang , Navarro Charles , Sommer Horst , Benczédi Daniel , Velazco Maria Inés , Schönhoff Monika 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe localization and dynamics of fragrance compounds in surfactant micelles are studied systematically in dependence on the hydrophobicity and chemical structure of the molecules. A broad range of fragrance molecules varying in octanol/water partition coefficientsPowis employed as probe molecules in an aqueous micellar solution, containing anionic and nonionic surfactants. Diffusion coefficients of surfactants and fragrances obtained by Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG)‐NMR yield the micelle/water distribution equilibrium. Three distinct regions along the log(Pow) axis are identified: hydrophilic fragrances (log(Pow) < 2) distribute almost equally between micellar and aqueous phases whereas hydrophobic fragrances (log(Pow) > 3.5) are fully solubilized in the micelles. A steep increase of the incorporated fraction occurs in the intermediate log(Pow) region. Here, distinct micelle swelling is found, while the incorporation of very hydrophobic fragrances does not lead to swelling. The chemical structure of the probe molecules, in addition to hydrophobicity, influences fragrance partitioning and micelle swelling. Structural criteria causing a decrease of the aggregate curvature (flattening) are identified.2H‐NMR spin relaxation experiments of selectively deuterated fragrances are performed monitoring local mobility of fragrance and leading to conclusions about their incorporation into either micellar interface or micelle core. The tendencies of different fragrance molecules (i) to cause interfacial incorporation, (ii) to lead to a flattening of the micellar curvature and (iii) to incorporate into micelles are shown to be correlated.
Molecular Genetics of Rice Root Development
Authors: Rebouillat J. , Dievart A. , Verdeil J. L. , Escoute J. , Giese G. , Breitler J. C. , Gantet P. , Espeout S. , Guiderdoni E. , Périn C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPlant roots have a large range of functions, including acquisition of water and nutrients, as well as structural support. Dissecting the genetic and molecular mechanisms controlling rice root development is critical for the development of new rice ideotypes that are better adapted to adverse conditions and for the production of sustainably achieved rice yield potential. Most knowledge regarding the gene networks involved in root development has been accumulated in the model dicotyledon plant speciesArabidopsis thaliana. Rice, the model monocotyledon species, presents several singularities compared toA. thaliana, including a root architecture characterized by a fibrous root system comprising five types of embryonic and postembryonic roots. The anatomy and morphology of the rice root system, which is typical for a cereal, differs from that ofA. thaliana, for instance, by the presence of a lysigenous cortex and additional cell layers compared to the dicotyledon model. Moreover, the structure and functions of the root apical meristem (RAM) of rice are distinct from those ofA. thaliana. Recently, several rice root mutants have been identified via forward or reverse genetics, and these will aid in forming hypothesis to characterize either the divergence or conservation of genetic pathways relative toA. thaliana. Furthermore, these mutants will help to identify key genes in rice roots that may be missing inA. thaliana. This review summarizes both classical and recent data concerning the molecular genetics of rice root development, including root anatomy and morphology, RAM structure, RAM patterning, and root mutants.
Some reflections on Newton'sPrincipia
Authors: DAVIES E. B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article examines the text ofPrincipia Mathematicato discover the extent to which Newton's claims about his own contribution to it were justified. It is argued that for polemical reasons the General Scholium, written twenty-six years after the first edition, substantially misrepresented the methodology of the main body of the text. The article discusses papers of Wallis, Wren and Huygens that use the third law of motion as set out by Newton in Book 1. It also argues that Newton's use of induction is quite different from and subtler than the ‘logical’ and ‘probabilistic’ notions of induction discussed and then rejected by a number of twentieth-century philosophers.
Long-term effects of manure application on grain yield under different cropping systems and ecological conditions in China
Authors: ZHANG H. , XU M. , ZHANG F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYRice (Oryza sativaL.), wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) and maize (Zea maysL.) are the main crops grown in China. Applying organic manures is an important practice in sustaining soil fertility and agricultural productivity in these cropping systems. The current paper presents the effects of manure application on grain yields in nine long-term experiments that consist of one continuous maize, four wheat–maize and four rice-based cropping systems across a wide range of agro-ecological regions in China. The study shows that regular manure application can increase soil organic carbon (SOC) and grain yield across all the sites. Overall, regular use of manure results in larger increases in SOC in the maize and wheat–maize systems than in the rice-based systems. Application of manure tends to increase the grain yield in the maize and wheat–maize systems during the final years, but increases the grain yield in the rice-based systems during the initial years of the long-term experiments. There is only one site that shows significant improvement in the yield trend in association with the application of manure. The effects of manure on yield trends are probably determined by the initial yield and/or the ‘organic C effect’ that may cause gradual improvements in SOC and soil physical properties.