bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical methods and sampling design for conservation monitoring of tropical marine hard bottom communities
Authors: Sullivan K. M. , Chiappone M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

A 4‐year study developed methods for annual monitoring of shallow‐water tropical marine benthic communities to detect changes in spatial patterning and benthic diversity. Two low‐relief sponge/octocoral communities were selected from natural colour photography to gain a broader perspective on spatial variability in the benthic community structure of similar community types.
Changes in benthic spatial patterning were studied using four methods: (i) substrata and lifeform coverage characterization, (ii) species inventories, (iii) belt quadrat measurements of taxa‐level (algae, sponges, octocorals and stony corals) density, area coverage and size, and (iv) belt quadrat measurements of species‐level density, area coverage and area per individual or colony.
A sampling hierarchy of multiple parameters was utilized to detect changes in benthic community diversity. Substrata and lifeform characterizations (at the taxa‐versus species‐level) were the least sensitive and serve as indicators of catastrophic change in community structure.
Changes in spatial patterning of the benthos that may be attributed to low‐level, chronic anthropogenic disturbances can be best studied utilizing belt quadrat measurements. The use of multiple study sites and a sampling hierarchy was useful in minimizing Type II errors and to determine the level of monitoring necessary to segregate natural rates of change from anthropogenic impacts.
The effects of human activity on the temporal variability of coral reef fish assemblages in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary
Authors: Greene Lawrence E. , Shenker Jonathan M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

A visual assessment method, called Discrete Group Censusing, was used to assess and monitor five coral reef fish assemblages in the Key Largo National Marine Sanctuary, Florida, USA.
Samples were obtained quarterly from Winter 1988 to Autumn 1990 to investigate a possible relation between the variability of reef fish assemblages and human disturbance.
Two types of disturbance were studied: a ship grounding that occurred 4 years previous to the study, and intensive, recreational snorkel and SCUBA diving. These disturbances appeared to have no short‐term effect on the temporal variability of the reef fish assemblages during the study period.
Furthermore, the assemblages at all five study sites appeared to be extremely stable over the 2 year period of the study. These results support the theory that coral reef fish assemblages are highly ordered and stable over relatively large spatial scales.
The Discrete Group Censusing visual assessment method was found to be a valuable and easily applied tool for the nondestructive in situ monitoring of reef fish assemblages on coral reefs.
Case studies and reviews. Working towards a marine nature reserve in Jersey
Authors: Culley Michael , Romeril Michael 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

A biological inventory is described for Portelet Bay, on the south coast of Jersey in the Channel Islands, which has been selected for the Island's first marine nature reserve.
The application of site assessment criteria in justifying the selection of the site is discussed.
Conclusions are drawn on the process by which marine reserve status might be achieved.
Case studies and reviews. Vegetation zonation and invertebrate fauna in Pant‐y‐llyn, an unusual seasonal lake in South Wales, UK
Authors: Blackstock T. H. , Duigan C. A. , Stevens D. P. , Yeo M. J. M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Temporary waters have been relatively neglected in British nature conservation, due in part to paucity of survey and comparative assessment. Such water bodies hold distinctive and specialized biological communities, and the need for conservation measures at key localities is increasingly recognized in Europe.
An account of the vegetation and invertebrate fauna in Pant‐y‐llyn, a small temporary lake on Carboniferous Limestone in South Wales, is presented. Water levels in the basin reflect seasonal variation in the height of the local groundwater, and it fills to a depth of ca 3–4 m in winter but is almost completely dry in summer.
There is a clearly displayed sequence of bryophyte, herbaceous swamp and woody plant communities which occupy different depth zones in the basin.
The invertebrate community is dominated by microcrustaceans and a range of insect groups; adaptations for survival over the summer dry phase are considered.
It is concluded that the ecological characteristics and distinctive hydrological features of Pant‐y‐llyn closely resemble those of the Irish turloughs. Pant‐y‐llyn thus represents an important site for conservation as the only known example of this form of seasonal water body in Britain.
A classification of tropical and subtropical Australian estuaries
Authors: Bucher Daniel , Saenger Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability to use large databases to classify estuaries on the basis of any number of characteristics may be valuable in planning a national system of estuarine reserves in Australia which will conserve the range of variability within and between regions.A recently completed inventory of Australian estuaries and marine embayments has provided quantitative data on a large number of estuaries from which comparisons are made with existing classifications based on qualitative descriptions.Area measurements are analysed for mangroves, salt marsh/clay pan, seagrass, intertidal flats and open water from 571 tropical and subtropical estuaries north from Carnarvon on the west coast around to Coffs Harbour on the east.The relative proportions of mangroves and salt marsh within estuaries show strong relationships with average annual rainfall although there are no consistent trends in the absolute area of each wetland type.The estuaries are classified into three distinct groups on the basis of rainfall and the dominant wetland type.Greater tide range coincides with a greater area per estuary of all wetland types. As with rainfall, the estuaries fall into three categories of wetland proportions.
An integrated approach to management of coastal aquatic resources—a case study from Jervis Bay, Australia
Authors: Dutton I. M. , Saenger P. , Perry T. , Luker G. , Worboys G. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe types of pressures evident in coastal regions are typified by the Jervis Bay region in south‐eastern Australia which, despite a long history of human occupation, remains largely undisturbed. How much longer those values and the ecological processes which sustain them will remain viable is questionable.This paper describes the development of a conservation management strategy which sought an integrated approach to management of the terrestrial and marine resources of the Bay region. A geographical information system (GIS) was developed for the region, using the raster‐based E‐RMS GIS software system.A continuum of conservation management options for the region was defined, ranging from no change to the presently limited protected area system (which covers only 7.5% of the region), to almost complete reservation. The preferred option, known as the Jervis Bay Conservation Zone, was derived using a landscape ecology approach. This involves a coordinated approach to conservation management by private and public agencies and individuals, with variable levels of control on the use of core habitat and adjacent land/sea areas.Three specific findings of relevance to the management of coastal aquatic resources elsewhere were that (1) traditional ‘reservation‐based’ approaches to conservation management in isolation are not likely to be effective in conserving biodiversity over time; (2) the planning process should be open for review by non‐technical audiences to facilitate community understanding and support; and (3) GIS can be a very useful tool for data organization and analysis.
Impact of vegetation management on macroinvertebrates in chalk streams
Authors: Armitage P. D. , Blackburn J. H. , Winder J. M. , Wright J. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDense growths of macrophytes are a characteristic feature of chalk streams which may cause problems both to farmers and anglers. Weed is frequently cut to reduce flooding of surrounding land and provide open water for anglers.The objective of this study was to examine short‐term responses of macroinvertebrate faunal assemblages in main flow and marginal samples to both weed‐cutting and the application of herbicide and to compare these with untreated controls.No statistically significant effect could be demonstrated on such faunal parameters as biotic score, richness and abundance and a multivariate analysis of all available data showed that the weed‐cut and herbicide treated sites could not be distinguished from the control sites III and V on the basis of their fauna.It is suggested that for conservation purposes small‐scale management with ‘recovery strips’ separating the treated reaches can achieve the desired objectives of avoiding flooding and providing open water for anglers with minimal effects on the river biota.
Conservation strategies for endangered fish breeding and nursery grounds within the coastal wetlands of Nigeria
Authors: Ezenwa B. I. , Ayinla O. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe Nigerian coastal system—estuaries, lagoons, creeks and wetlands—extends for a distance of approximately 850 km with the Niger Delta (area: 75 000 km2) dominating the entire ecosystem.Human activities—(oil exploration, haphazard mining of sand from coastal areas, sand filling of wetlands for industrial use, heavy pollution by industries)—severely destroyed the breeding and nursery grounds of commercial fish species between 1973 and 1992.As a result, fish landings from capture fisheries decreased from 500 000t in the late 1980s to the present 300 000t.With the Nigerian population increasing at a rate of 3%–4% per year, there is an urgent need for the Federal Government to protect the 850 km coastline, and the riverine wetlands.Conservation education should be vigorously pursued on the socio‐economic benefits of coastal and riverine wetlands.The Federal Government should encourage States and Local Governments to enact environmental laws and regulations. Stiff penalties for violations should be vigorously enforced.Companies involved in exploitation and manufacturing in coastal areas should increase their funding of research directed at minimizing oil spillages and discharge of wastes in their areas of operation.
Monitoring megabenthic communities in abyssal manganese nodule sites of the East Pacific Ocean in association with commercial deep‐sea mining
Authors: Bluhm Hartmut 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMarine mining of manganese nodules will affect the deep sea benthos in a harmful and longterm way. The near complete removal of manganese nodules will result in a change of the megabenthic community from one that is rich in both diversity and density to a soft bottom community with greatly reduced diversity.Pre‐pilot mining tests and pilot mining operations, which have to demonstrate the feasibility of deep‐sea mining, should be accompanied by environmental impact studies before commercial mining begins.The photographic assessment of megabenthic communities represents one cost‐effective possibility of monitoring large‐scale impacts on the deep sea floor. A method based on the analysis of video and photomaterial was used to obtain basic data on community structure and density of the abyssal megabenthos of undisturbed manganese nodule sites in the North (Clarion‐Clipperton Fracture Zone) and South (Peru Basin) Pacific Ocean.A comparison of the results with data from the literature demonstrates that the different methods used result in different density values.Total density varied between less than 300 to more than 1600 individuals/10000 m2.There is a clear need for standardization of methods. A system which combines video and photographic capabilities is useful. It will give the best results when the distance of the camera to the sea floor is between 2 and 3 m, and the area covered by one photograph is within 3 to 5 m2.
Marine reserves in fisheries management
Authors: Rowley R. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes research on the uses of marine reserves for fisheries management. Examples emphasize temperate marine reserves.Marine reserves commonly support higher densities and larger sizes of heavily fished species than are found outside reserves.‘Spillover’ of individuals across reserve borders is likely to augment local catches. There are good reasons to expect such spillover, and there is limited direct evidence for it. However, the magnitude of any resulting increase in local catches will be difficult to predict.‘Larval export’ from reserves has potential to augment recruitment over large regions, but its success will depend upon many factors that are difficult to predict. No studies have clearly tested the effects of larval export.To design more effective marine reserves, studies are needed of the movement patterns and habitat requirements of all life stages (larval, settlement, juvenile, adult, feeding, and breeding) of targeted species.To determine clearly the effects of marine reserves on fisheries requires replicated before/after studies.
Restoration of a channelized reach of the River Gelså, Denmark: Effects on the macroinvertebrate community
Authors: Friberg Nikolai , Kronvang Brian , Svendsen Lars M. , Hansen Hans Ole , Nielsen Mogens B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe restoration of a 1.3 km straightened and channelized reach of the River Gelså to a new 1.9 km meandering course is one of the largest river restoration projects so far undertaken in Denmark. In order to elucidate the ecological impact of restoration, the macroinvertebrate community present in the reach prior to and following its restoration was compared with that in an upstream reach that remained straight and channelized.Two years after restoration of a meandering course, macroinvertebrate density and diversity was greater than in the upstream control reach, Gammarus pulex L. being particularly abundant in the restored reach. In general, species preferring a stony habitat seemed to favour the new reach; Heptagenia sulphurea Müll. was only found on stones in the restored reach, and was totally absent from the control reach. Two other stone‐preferring species, Ancylus fluviatilis Müller and Hydropsyche pellucidula Curtis, were found in higher density in the control reach; however, this probably reflects competition for the limited space available on stones.The study shows that river restoration can have a positive impact on macroinvertebrate community structure, and probably higher trophic levels also, such as fish, due to increased numbers of potential prey organisms. In addition, the study suggests that the impact of restoration projects on the macroinvertebrate community is best understood by undertaking both qualitative and quantitative studies.
Fluvial maintenance operations in managed alluvial rivers
Authors: Darby Stephen E. , Thorne Colin R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Fluvial maintenance is frequently undertaken to preserve the flood capacity, visual amenity, conservation value and geomorphic stability of managed river channels. Maintenance tasks include the management of both riparian and in‐channel vegetation and maintenance dredging.
Riparian vegetation is traditionally managed by physical methods such as cutting of grasses or removal of trees. Less environmentally severe alternative practices include grazing or shading for grasses, and practices such as pollarding or coppicing for trees.
While a range of alternative maintenance practices, with varying environmental impact, are usually available for river managers to select, the potential for improving maintenance practices varies according to the particular task considered and the constraints imposed by the need to reach and maintain the target standard of service in terms of flood defence and land drainage.
This review shows that economic and environmental impacts associated with fluvial maintenance operations may be reduced at three scales. First, at the smallest scale, it is shown that there is often potential for improving the local operational efficiency of individual fluvial maintenance tasks. Second, it may be possible to reduce the intensity of maintenance in channel reaches which are presently over‐serviced. Third, at the largest scale, it is shown that efficient maintenance is best achieved within the framework of Integrated Basin Management, and by giving appropriate consideration to future maintenance requirements at the design stage of new projects to reduce the overall need for fluvial maintenance. Examples of the way in which these policies may be implemented to reduce environmental impact without compromising engineering objectives are illustrated through case studies from the UK and the USA.
The status and conservation of sharks in Britain
Authors: Vas Philip 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Despite the ease with which shark stocks can be quickly overfished, illustrated by the collapse of similar fisheries in the past, few regulations currently exist for the effective management of present day fisheries.
Large numbers of sharks are taken by both commercial and recreational fisheries around the British Isles; current landings are reviewed.
These data are used to support the contention that immediate research is undertaken to collect essential life‐history information so that (i) accurate assessments of current stock levels can be made and (ii) a long‐term fishery management plan can be developed.
Pacific oysters crassostrea gigas (Thunberg) of possible French origin in natural spat in the British Isles
Authors: Child A. R. , Papageorgiou P. , Beaumont A. R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Hatchery‐reared Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) grown in the British Isles and Guernsey originate from an introduction through quarantine of small numbers of oysters from British Columbia, Canada.
Previous electrophoretic analysis of samples of these oysters have shown the glucose phosphate isomerase locus to be monomorphic.
Recent analysis of oysters from a commercial hatchery in Guernsey revealed a second allele at low frequencies which was unexpected and was thought to indicate the presence of oysters from another stock.
Samples of hatchery‐reared oysters from France showed that they were highly polymorphic and carried the unexpected allele and four others.
A natural spatfall of oysters from the River Teign (Devon) was sampled and these carried three alleles which were also found in the French C. gigas. This suggests that there has been movement of C. gigas possibly of French origin into this river.
This finding and its implications in terms of conservation and management are discussed.
The greening of the press: A case study of stakeholder accountability and the corporate management of environmentalist publics
Authors: Pinfield Lawrence , Berner Michelle 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe concept of stakeholder accountability and management is increasingly an integral facet of business strategy. This is particularly evident for companies which have a significant environmental impact, be it real or perceived, where public scrutiny of environmental performance is facilitated through heightened press coverage. Effective stakeholder management therefore necessitates an active response to the media's attention in order to manage the public perception of business activities. This article presents data on the exponential growth in both the total number and the proportion of news articles over the past fifteen years which have associated a large forestry company in Western Canada with environmentalist issues. More detailed analyses of these articles illustrate how environmentalist sub‐issues can be identified and whether the voice is either that of the corporation or the environmentalist movement. Implications of these findings for the management of environmentalist publics is discussed.
Product waste in the automotive industry: Technology and environmental management
Authors: Groenewegen Peter , Hond Frank Den 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this article the changes in technology and industry structure forced by waste management in the automotive industry are explored. The analysis is based on (1) a characterisation of corporate response to environmental issues, and (2) the management of technology applied to the car manufacturing industry. It is argued that a more elaborate view of company reactions to governmental regulation of environmental issues has developed in recent years. Companies respond with pro‐active strategies. Because of this active attitude environmental concerns influence other aspects of company policy, such as the management of technology. New strategies emerge which are not only a response to environmental problems, but might also influence the industrial structure for the future. The analysis is not only relevant for the automotive industry, but for other manufacturing industries as well. Government action puts waste management issues on the agenda of an increasing number of manufacturing firms that have to develop solutions for these in close cooperation with their suppliers and customers.
Technological learning and the political shaping of technology: The management of R,D&D of wind and wave power in the UK
Authors: Genus Audley 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper recognises the important role of learning in the process of the shaping or construction of technology. Previous research (e.g. by Collingridge, Genus and Woodhouse) has investigated and suggested ways in which the costs of the inevitable errors made when implementing new or risky technologies may be kept low and the learning obtained subsequently incorporated into the technology in question. In particular, the adoption of trial‐and‐error forms of the gradual implementation of flexible technology has been advocated as a useful decision making strategy for coping with the need to make decisions under uncertainty.The paper considers the recent history of wind and wave power in the United Kingdom. It examines the extent to which a number of factors related to the process of research, development and demonstration (R,D&D) in these areas have provided stimuli or impediments to such trial‐and‐error implementation and opportunities to learn about the technologies involved. Here, the concept of technological momentum is central to the analysis. The paper is concerned to relate the discussion to the prospects for the development of a renewable energy sector in the UK, capable of competing on reasonable terms with rival conventional or nuclear energy sources. Conclusions drawn concern the extent to which various political and market related factors distort the construction and competitive process, so as to frustrate the technological learning relevant to potentially socially and commercially beneficial energy sources.
Sustainable development: A challenge for dutch industry?
Authors: Tuininga Eric Jan , Groenewegen Peter 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper focuses on the current environmental debate within Dutch society. A major recent development has been the establishment of the National Environmental Policy Plan. In the plan the government recognises that it cannot solve environmental crises through regulation and government measures alone. This paper considers the role of social sectors, and discusses innovation in policy consisting of greater communication with the relevant social actors. The limited reaction of Dutch industry, especially the chemical industry is analysed, and the paper concludes that better tools to measure environmental improvements in industry are needed.