bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Macte nova virtute, puer!’: Gilbert Murray as Mentor and Friend to J. A. K. Thomson
Authors: McManus Barbara F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGilbert Murray devoted a considerable amount of time and energy to mentoring younger scholars and so any modern reassessment of the man should include information about this aspect of his contribution to the field of Classics. Murray's mentoring relationship with J. A. K. Thomson is significant not only for its extent and duration, but also for the fact that over time Murray formed a close personal friendship with another classicist. This chapter draws upon the long and remarkably unguarded correspondence between the two men to examine such questions as what led Murray to become a lifetime patron and promoter of Thomson and his work, why he ultimately drew Thomson into the sanctum of his personal life, and what this relationship reveals about Murray's ideals, personal judgments, and sense of fun.
Endowment definition
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a discussion of educational endowments, focusing on those of the colleges and universities in the UK. It presents a background of educational endowments of the universities of Oxford and Cambridge followed by a description of data collection methods used for the study. Restricted versus unrestricted funds, size of endowment assets, higher education funding in the UK, funding of Ivy League universities compared to Oxford and Cambridge, and the accounting of endowments are discussed.
Investment objective
Authors: Acharya Shanta , Dimson Elroy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn the world of endowment management, where the investment horizon may extend over centuries, investment decisions to support the objectives of endowed institutions pose a unique set of challenges. This chapter addresses the issues surrounding the definition of the investment objective. The establishment of a benchmark or policy portfolio for some endowments is a way of defining the investment objective, with the benchmark asset allocation reflecting that objective. Thus, the benchmark allocation of assets is responsible for providing resources for current operations while preserving purchasing power of assets in the long term. The benchmark therefore reflects the institution's approach to various aspects of managing the endowment, including risk.
LINEAR CAUCHY PROBLEM WITH CONSTANT COEFFICIENTS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
For first-order systems, the well-posedness of the Cauchy problem is equivalent to an algebraic condition on the symbol of the operator: the hyperbolicity. The hyperbolic Cauchy problem has the property of finite velocity of propagation (support, singularities). Important classes are those of symmetric (or symmetrizable) and constantly hyperbolic operators (i.e., with constant multiplicity eigenvalues). Hyperbolic polynomials are interesting on their own. Dispersion can be studied through Strichartz estimates. The adjoint of an hyperbolic operator is hyperbolic.
A CLASSIFICATION OF LINEAR IBVPs
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Besides strongly well-posed (with a uniform K.-L. condition) and strongly ill-posed (where K.-L. fails) IBVPs, there are interesting problems that are only C∞-well posed, but with a loss of finitely many derivatives in the estimates. This class turns out to persist under small disturbances of the operators.
BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR EULER EQUATIONS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The nature of an IBVP for a gas depends on the sign of the normal velocity, and on the sub- and super-sonicity. This chapter proceeds to a classification, describing which boundary conditions are dissipative in the classical sense. It gives an explicit though simple construction of the Lopatinskii determinant. It then provides an explicit form of a dissipative Kreiss' symmetrizer under the uniform K.-L. condition. This construction turns out to be much more elegant than the one made in Chapter 5 for general IBVPs.
Foundations of a Measurement‐Theoretic Account of the Attitudes
Authors: Matthews Robert J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter begins with a brief introduction to the numerical measurement theory upon which the ‘measurement-theoretic’ account of the attitudes will be modeled. Topics covered include the historical development of measurement theory, homomorphisms and other structural relations; representation, abstraction, idealization, and representational artifacts; a second-order intensional version of measurement theory; and measure predicates. It is argued that the significance of measurement theory lies primarily in the justification and explanation it provides for established measurement practices, thereby providing an understanding of the empirical content of our measurement claims.
Tunneling Phenomenon
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents basic experimental methods and the basic theory of tunneling. The classical metal-insulator-metal tunneling junction experiment of Giaever, designed to verify the Bardeen-Cooper-Schrieffer theory of superconductivity, is the motivation for Bardeen to invent his perturbation theory of tunneling. That Bardeen theory then became the starting point of the most useful models of STM. Section 2.2 presents the Bardeen tunneling theory from time-dependent perturbation theory of quantum mechanics, starting from a one-dimensional case, then proceeds to three-dimensional version with wave-function corrections. The Bardeen theory in second-quantization format, the transfer-Hamiltonian formalism, is also presented. As extensions of the original Bardeen theory, the theories and experiments of inelastic tunneling and spin-polarized tunneling are discussed in depth.
Cicero's Philosophy of History
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Cicero has long been seen to embody the values of the Roman Republic. This study of Cicero's use of history reveals that rather than promoting his own values, Cicero uses historical representation to explore the difficulties of finding any ideological coherence in Rome's political or cultural traditions. The book looks to the scepticism of Cicero's philosophical education for an understanding of his perspective on Rome's history, and argues that neglect of the sceptical tradition has transformed the doubting, ambiguous Cicero into the confident proponent of a form of Roman identity formed in his own image. The close reading of a range of his theoretical works make up much of the book: De republica, De oratore, Brutus, and De divinatione are treated in detail, and a range of other works are also discussed. The book explores Cicero's ironic attitude towards Roman history, and connects it to the use of irony in mainstream Latin historians, in particular Sallust and Tacitus. It also examines Cicero's approach to the history of rhetoric at Rome. The book concludes with a study of a little-read treatise on Cicero from the early 18th century, by the radical thinker John Toland, which sheds new light on the history of Cicero's reception. Cicero's use of history shows the flexibility of his understanding of Roman identity. The book argues against the image of Cicero as a writer hoping to coerce his readers into identifying himself and his own achievements with the dominant ideologies of Rome.
2 Struggle, Compensation, and Argument in Cicero's Philosophy
Authors: Fox Matthew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores in more detail two different ways of providing a context to the reading of Cicero's philosophy: the tradition of Academic scepticism in philosophy, inaugurated by Plato, which stressed the open-endedness of philosophical enquiry; and also Cicero's own ambivalence about the relevance of philosophy to public life and politics. The chapter examines the concept of compensation: how philosophy acted as a compensation for Cicero's marginalization from the world of politics. The effect of such compensation on the character of the philosophy is ambiguous. Close reading suggests a constant awareness of the mismatch between Cicero's literary and political ambitions, and that Cicero was under no illusions as to the marginal relationship between philosophy and Roman history. Rhetoric is a central element in this ambiguous relationship.
Genre
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Literary genres include works of history and philosophy, models, allegories, moral and metaphysical fables (which Plato called ‘myths’), and historical fables. These differ in respect of whether works of the genre have a truth-value, and of whether and how that value is a function of the truth-value of the component sentences. For example, in moral fables, in contrast to works of history, truth-value belongs to the whole work but not to its individual sentences. Putting a chunk of writing into a larger or different context may change its meaning entirely. Context includes literary context (the surrounding sentences, which help to determine genre), social context (the authorship and intended audience), and cultural context.
Moral Teaching
Authors: Swinburne Richard 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Humans are subject to four kinds of moral obligation: necessary obligations, obligations necessary unless God dispenses us from them, obligations imposed by God on all humans, and obligations imposed by God on some humans. God's reasons for imposing an obligation may be either to coordinate the performance of our obligations, or to get us to engage in acts which otherwise would be only supererogatory in order to make us naturally very good people. This chapter examines some of the currently controversial claims of traditional Christian morality (about sexual matters, abortion, and the ordination of women) and some claims controversial in the past (about usury and slavery). It argues that in general, they are either necessary truths or such as God had some reason to make obligatory (at least for past generations). Hence, it is plausible to suppose that in general these traditional claims are revealed truths.
1 Origen on Christ as Mediator
Authors: Robertson Jon M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter briefly analyses Origen's view of the mediation of God through the Word, which gives background to the study of the three 4th-century theologians, as well as providing a methodological framework for this study. It is shown that contrary to the opinion of many, Origen actually emphasized a ‘unity of substance’ between the Father, Son, and Spirit, which entailed incorporeality (with its concomitant invisibility) and the utter simplicity of being which only belongs to ‘the species of deity’ (deitatis species). Origin also wanted to maintain the distinction between the Father and Son, even as he asserted their mutual activity. As a consequence of this ‘substantial unity’ between the Father and the Son, a true mediation of the knowledge of God can take place through the Son. It is only through the divine nature itself that the knowledge of God can be obtained. Only God is a proper mediator of God.
8 Pastoral Care
Authors: Albert Jones David 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of the clergy in pastoral care in their parishes. It considers the expectations of the Church's Canons and the bishops. It considers the evidence for parochial visiting, care for the sick and the dying, including drawing up people's wills, and the administration of charity. It also explores their role as chair of the parish vestry, and in the administration and reform of the Poor Law. It investigates their role in the moral oversight of the residents of their parish; the part religious societies played in improving the spiritual and moral lives of parishioners, and their role as a reconciler in their parish; the significance of the appointment of many clergy as justices of the peace in the later 18th century; and the impact of this on their role.
4 The Rome Statute and the Constitution of World Society
Authors: Ralph Jason 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter demonstrates how the Rome Statute creates a Court that is legally separate from the society of states. To the extent that it gives victims of core crimes a means of legal redress that they would not otherwise have, the Statute helps to constitute ‘world’ as opposed to ‘international’ society. This claim is qualified by noting how the Court will in many respects be dependent on state support and by highlighting how the concessions that were made to the values of international society (i.e. sovereign consent and international order between states) complicates the Court's claim to be independent. As background to this analysis, the chapter summarises the various ways in which the English School have sought to define world society. It also describes how the UN Security Council's creation of ad hoc courts extended a ‘solidarist moment’, which was ultimately weakened by the charge of selective justice and the material costs of setting up and running such courts.
7 Intelligence and Decision Making before the War with Iraq
Authors: Pfiffner James P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the use of intelligence by George W. Bush and his administration in decision making before the war in Iraq. It is argued that as the administration moved toward war, decision making was neither deliberate nor deliberative, but consisted of a series of decisions that cumulatively led to war. The administration's arguments that Iraq was closely linked to al-Qaeda, and that it possessed weapons of mass destruction (WMD) that were a threat to the United States, are analyzed. The intelligence produced by the intelligence community was sketchy and ambiguous; political officials in the administration, however, presented it with unwarranted certainty to bolster their case for war. The administration sought to shape the conclusions of intelligence agencies and downplayed or ignored contrary evidence and the reservations of intelligence professionals. As a result of flawed decision making, the administration went to war in Iraq under misperceptions that resulted in the undermining of US credibility throughout the world.
A Close Run In with Death
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter first reiterates the argument of Chapter III under the form that proving God's existence via the distinction of essence and existence is ultimately experiential, coming down to a psychological conviction that death, as endangering my existence, is poetically unjust. A better argument for God's existence would begin below the level of conceptual language, starting from animality and movement. It then describes Etienne Gilson's re-statement of Thomas' Five Ways (moves, causes, necessity/contingency, perfections, design), in order to give a satisfactory argument for God's existence, that is, Hans Urs von Balthasar's ‘four distinctions’. Based on the ‘Five Ways’ and building on their empirical character, the ‘four distinctions’ give an argument to God which is primarily objective and realistic, but which takes the subject and his experience into account, by beginning from the dialogue between mother and child which first ‘moves’ the child into reality.
6 Cinematizing the Trinity
Authors: Murphy Francesca Aran 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the grammatical Thomism of Herbert McCabe and the story Barthianism of Hans Frei are as modalist or Sabellian as the full-blown story Thomism of Robert Jenson. On the one hand, if one applies the descriptive or narrative method to the Trinity and its works in salvation history, one ‘person’ will appear after another, as in modalism. On the other hand, this will not even achieve its stated aim of doing justice to the temporality of salvation history, since all three persons will be actualizations of a single, static, and immobile story. Although the narrative theological dissolution of the persons of the Trinity into a series of relationships may not be wholly grounded in texts of either Barth or Aquinas, the classical Augustinian method nonetheless undermines the historical force of the Biblical salvation history, with its descriptions of the persons of the Trinity, and therefore is not a stable basis from which to avoid modalism. This chapter proposes that the modern challenge can be met to show how the economic Trinity really exhibits the immanent, eternal Trinity by considering the historical missions of Son and Spirit, not just as the reflection or illustration of, but as the ‘expression’ of the divine Love. This approach to Trinitarian theology strengthens rather than diminishes the force of its reference to three persons, by keeping the Biblical descriptions in sight.
6 Inflectional systems
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Languages sometimes give complex systems for the expression of inflectional properties, in which inflection classes play an essential role. An inflectional class is a set of words with the same kind of inflectional marking. Word forms are presented in paradigms, and the assumption of paradigm implies the introduction of notions such as suppletion and periphrasis.
2 Austerity, Privatization and Deregulation
Authors: GLYN ANDREW 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter outlines the counter-revolution in macroeconomic policy which brought forth a period of tight monetary policy and fiscal austerity imposed in the name of defeating inflation. This was followed by the unwinding of much of the detailed government intervention into particular sectors and markets which had characterized the previous decades. Privatization and the deregulation of the industries concerned, the substitution of private sector sources of supply for public sector in-house service provision, and the deregulation of labour markets are all aspects of this process.
‘Our Profound Ignorance’: Causal Realism and the Failure to Detect Necessity
Authors: Kail P. J. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
If projection works against a contrast with detection, why cannot we detect necessity? This chapter examines Hume's reasons for denying that we can have an idea of necessary connexion in order to show both its sophistication and its compatibility with the supposition of genuine undetectable powers. It argues that Hume exploits a conception of what it would be to have an impression of power (the Bare Thought) that allows us to evade the key objection to realism.
The Gold: Good, Evil, Belief and Desire
Authors: Kail P. J. E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The previous chapter discussed the projection of pleasure and pain. This chapter examines the status of the projected, namely pleasure and pain. It is argued that Hume's treatment of these states is consistent with a form of metaphysical hedonism, whereby pleasure and pain are thought essentially valuable or aversion-worthy. ‘Of the influencing motives of the will’ and Hume's attack on moral rationalism are re-read in the light of this claim.
Metaphor, Simile, and Allegory as Ornaments of Style
Authors: Innes Doreen 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter gives a detailed survey of surviving ancient discussions of metaphor, simile, and allegory as ‘non-literal’ tropes of ornamentation. The absence of metaphor and simile from Horace’s discussions of literary style is raised as a puzzle, and explained by Horace’s wish to avoid hackneyed theory in favour of practical exemplification.
Figures of Allegory from Homer to Latin Epic
Authors: Laird Andrew 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter eschews an aprioristic approach to the identification and analysis of allegory in ancient texts, instead seeking guidance from the texts themselves. Epic treatment of reflexive conventions, such as the messenger speech, suggest that epic is aware of itself as allegory — that is, as a medium whose message cannot be straightforwardly read off. Furthermore, it expects the reader to construct (not ‘find’) its meaning, so that allegorical exegesis converges in the end with interpretation. It turns out that ancient philosophical allegorists are closer to the mark than ancient rhetorical texts, which are limited in their account of allegory as a trope.
Origen on Christ, Tropology, and Exegesis
Authors: Edwards Mark 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter argues that the three levels of exegesis in Origen’s theory of Scriptural allegory correspond to three different linguistic ‘tropes’. Metaphor is proper to the ‘bodily’ level of scripture, and our imitative relationship to Christ through ethical progress; metonymy to the ‘psychic’ level, and our understanding of Christ by study of the cosmos created through him; and synecdoche to the ‘spiritual’ level, and our relationship to Christ as ‘all in all’.
Environmental Statistics and the National Accounts
Authors: Weale Martin 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins by surveying some of the solutions which have been adopted to the problem of environmental and natural resource accounting. Measures of national income such as GNP/GDP from the systems of national accounts (SNA) until recently did not reflect changes in environmental resources. The roles of both physical and monetary systems of environmental statistics are discussed, and it is shown how these can be incorporated into the SNA scheme. A possible means of using such a statistical framework for the basis of economic analysis is then discussed and illustrated with particular reference to Indonesia. It is suggested that a social accounts matrix can be extended to include ‘environmental multipliers’ which capture the effects on the environment. While such multipliers do not show all the environmental implications, they do demonstrate that modelling environmental effects is possible using just a little more information than is available in a typical social accounting matrix.
Can Computable General-Equilibrium Models Shed Light on the Environmental Problems of Developing Countries?
Authors: Devarajan Shanta 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief summary of the evolution of CGE models in developing countries, with an emphasis on foreign trade. A generic CGE model is then presented and used to examine some issues related to trade policy, public finance, energy, and natural resources. The lessons learned from the CGE-modelling exercises in these fields are helpful for incorporating environmental issues into CGE models. First, CGE models can shed light on only a limited number of issues. Second, there is probably little need for an ‘environmental CGE’ model that captures all the workings of the environment in a country. Two classes of environmental problems may lend themselves to the use of CGE models: issues connected with pollution and the likely trade-offs between pollution control and economic growth; issues for explicitly modelling market failure to capture problems arising from lack of property rights such as deforestation and soil erosion. The CGE model should be used to supplement and not substitute good quality data (and analysis).