bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal Conductivity Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates using Finite Element Method
Authors: Dash Dibyajyoti , Bano Alfia , N. V. Swamy Naidu 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Thermal conductivity in composite materials refers to their heat conduction capability, influenced by the contribution of fibers and matrix. Analyzing this property is essential for predicting temperature distribution and ensuring structural integrity under thermal loads on laminated composite plates. This study investigates steady-state heat conduction in laminated composite plates using finite element analysis based on the Galerkin method, implemented in MATLAB. The analysis considers two boundary conditions: specified temperature and mixed boundary conditions, with the latter involving convection and insulation to replicate real-world scenarios. The study evaluates isotropic, orthotropic, and MMC plates, focusing on the effects of thermal conductivity, aspect ratio, and ply orientation on heat flow and temperature distribution. The results demonstrate that higher thermal conductivity improves heat distribution and reduces peak temperatures while increasing aspect ratios enhance temperature uniformity. The study also examines the influence of varying ply orientations in MMC laminates, highlighting their role in directional and uniform heat flow. Validation of the finite element code against analytical solutions ensures reliable results. The findings provide practical insights for optimizing thermal performance and designing efficient composite materials, with applications in fields like aerospace and electronics where effective heat management is critical.
Statistical aspects of weighted balls in boxes problems with an emphasis on population models
Authors: Huillet Thierry , Martinez Servet 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
We investigate the following problems, including the classical integer partitioning question: In how many ways can a population of size n be split into k parts when the parts consist of different kinds of trees under various labelling schemes of their constitutive atoms (nodes)? What are the sizes of the parts or clusters? The answers strongly depend on whether the particles (balls) and the parts (boxes) are distinguishable or not. This weighted partitioning setup has weights that are independent of the box numbers, either in a combinatorial or probabilistic sense. This class of problems also possibly shows, for specific alternative choices of power-law cluster weights, a ‘Bose–Einstein-like’ phase transition from a condensed to a dilute phase. When weights depend on the box numbers, we run into classical Bose–Einstein versus Maxwell–Boltzmann occupancy problems, which we briefly revisit for comparison and completeness. Our contribution reveals how sensitive occupancy issues are to the notion of distinguishability.
Fluctuation theorem for time-averaged work
Authors: Nazé Pierre 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There is evidence that taking the time average of the work performed by a thermally isolated system effectively ‘transforms’ the adiabatic process into an isothermal one. This approach allows inherent quantities of adiabatic processes to be accessed through the definitions of isothermal processes. A fluctuation theorem is then established, linking the time-averaged work to the quasistatic work. Numerical evidence supporting this equality is provided for a classical harmonic oscillator with a driven linear equilibrium position parameter. Furthermore, the strong inequality for the average work is derived from the deduced fluctuation theorem using optimality arguments.
Objective and Subjective Financial Knowledge among Emerging Adults
Authors: Lee Sunwoo T , Kim Kyoung Tae 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
There is a growing emphasis on financial knowledge as a crucial factor in making successful financial decisions. Two aspects of financial knowledge have been identified: (1) objective financial knowledge, which measures one’s actual ability to understand financial topics, and (2) subjective financial knowledge, which measures one’s self-assessed level of knowledge. Objective and subjective financial knowledge levels do not always align, and this misalignment (when subjective exceeds objective) has been referred to as overconfidence in financial knowledge. Individuals face a variety of financial decisions for the first time in emerging adulthood, and their level of financial knowledge, along with the gap between objective and subjective assessments of that knowledge, will significantly impact their financial situation throughout their lives. This chapter examines the objective, subjective, and the disparity between these two indicators of financial knowledge among emerging adults and provides important insights for researchers, practitioners, policymakers, and educators.
Emerging Adults’ Financial Skills
Authors: Rollins-Koons Ashlyn , McCoy Megan , Lininger Favian Ray 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The term “financial skills” refers to the qualities, characteristics, or abilities in an individual that influence their ability to apply their financial knowledge in decision-making and behaviors. In other words, these skills play a significant role in determining whether individuals are predisposed toward adopting sound financial practices in emerging adulthood. This chapter describes how three identified financial skills—numeracy, reading comprehension, and executive functioning—influence financial behaviors, opportunities, and well-being. Strategies and suggestions for improving these financial skills are also discussed. Additionally, the chapter features an interview with an emerging adult who shared his reflections on the content of the chapter. He provides valuable insights into financial skills by discussing the development of financial skills in himself and those around him.
Emerging Adults’ Financial Decisions: A Neurocognitive Perspective
Authors: Robba Matteo , Colautti Laura , Iannello Paola 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
Emerging adults are required to assume more and more responsibility over their financial situation by making decisions that will affect their future financial well-being. However, at the same time, younger individuals are more likely to exhibit impulsive decisions, risk- and sensation-seeking behaviors, and an overestimation of their knowledge and capabilities in financial domains. This can be due to changes in neural development that occur until early adulthood and to psychological characteristics that can negatively affect their decision-making process. The present chapter investigates individual differences involved in financial decision-making by exploring cognitive and neural correlates. Understanding the main neural and cognitive mechanisms that affect emerging adults’ financial decision-making may have various practical implications, including the development of financial education initiatives specifically for emerging adults.
Career Considerations in Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Nuckols Julia A , Ranta Mette 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
In this chapter, we will explore the landscape of opportunities for flourishing and risks for floundering among young professionals today. The evolution of emerging adults’ career culture is examined, highlighting aspects such as increased flexibility, career development, as well as growing uncertainties in the modern information society. We will delve into the pressures to succeed, post-graduation plans, financial concerns, and exploration of self-esteem of emerging adults navigating their career trajectories. Professionally, the demands of globalization and digitalization are ubiquitous, emphasizing the significance of targeted skills like digital literacy. We will widen the scope to address amplified uncertainty in emerging adults’ career development and financial stability, accentuated by global disruptions such as the COVID-19 pandemic. The chapter equips emerging adults, their parents, and educators with strategies for thriving in a rapidly evolving world, while providing quotes from emerging adults today, offering comprehensive insights into the modern career landscape.
Emerging Adults’ Financial Identity
Authors: Serido Joyce , Ranta Mette , Shim Soyeon 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
To answer the question “Who am I from a financial point of view?,” in this chapter, we review the literature on identity formation, building on seminal work of Erik Erikson’s (1950, 1968), to focus on identity development within the domain of finances. More precisely, we review previous studies that contributed to the conceptualization, the structure, and the measurement of financial identity and its role in contributing to emerging adults’ financial decision-making style and journey to financial independence and well-being. Throughout the chapter, we provide comments from emerging adults to connect research insights to their lived experiences. In some cases, we offer actionable advice for parents and practitioners who support emerging adult development. We conclude the chapter with suggestions for advancing our understanding of the processes that promote financial independence and well-being among emerging adults.
The European Commission’s Toleration of Noncompliance with EU Law
Authors: Zhang Yaning 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This book explores the reasons why the European Commission, as the guardian of the EU treaties, purposely tolerates noncompliance with EU law by member states. To uncover this sensitive and invisible phenomenon, this research first develops an effective conceptualization strategy that defines, illustrates, and captures toleration of noncompliance (ToN). The existing compliance literature mainly looks for explanations from peculiarities of member states, policy sectors, and legal rules. Surprisingly, little attention has been paid to the supranational prosecutor. To close this theoretical gap, this study shifts the focus to the institutional nature of the Commission. Viewing the Commission as an institutional hybrid of a political agent and a judicial trustee, this book theorizes that enforcement incentives derived from the dual institutional facets jointly lead to a typology of enforcement forbearance. Based on four in-depth case studies covering diverse policy areas (public health, defence, migration and asylum, transport) and different member states (Slovakia, the Czech Republic, Italy, and Germany), this book demonstrates that enforcement forbearance can be used by the Commission to suppress the inherent deficiencies of EU law (altruistic ToN) or as a quid pro quo to advance the Commission’s policy agenda (egocentric ToN). When both types of logic are at play, ToN works simultaneously as a ‘painkiller’ and a policy ‘catalyst’ (active ToN). Lastly, ToN can also be exploited to deal with domestic political crises of member states. Drawing on the findings of the case studies, this book concludes that the legitimacy of ToN is very diverse concerning different types of ToN.
Introduction
Authors: Zhang Yaning 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter introduces a widely recognized but under-researched puzzle—why does the European Commission, as the guardian of EU treaties, purposefully tolerate noncompliance with EU law by member states? While the Commission has long been known as a strategic and selective enforcer of EU law, enforcement forbearance remains a ‘black box’ of compliance research due to the political sensitivity of the matter. To unpack the secrecy surrounding this phenomenon, this chapter lays out the main conceptual contribution, which consists of a novel definition and diverse manifestations of toleration of noncompliance (ToN). Furthermore, drawing on the theoretical lens of agency and trusteeship, it sketches the analytical typology of ToN based on divergent enforcement incentives of the Commission. The chapter concludes with a brief on the research design and the structure of the book.
Active ToN
Authors: Zhang Yaning 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the third ideal type of ToN—active ToN. By integrating the logic of altruistic and egocentric ToN, active ToN theorizes enforcement forbearance simultaneously as a ‘painkiller’ to suppress the deficiencies of the EU legal order and a ‘catalyst’ to advance the Commission’s policy agenda. This chapter traces the Commission’s benevolent enforcement of the Italian government’s degrading asylum practices and finds that the Commission’s forbearance in the present case was a viable exit route for the Italian government overburdened by the imbalanced Common European Asylum System (CEAS). Additionally, it is a political gesture of goodwill to secure Rome’s critical support for the Commission’s legislative plan to overhaul CEAS. The stalled legislative process in the following years also indicates that the function of ToN as a legislative catalyst is not guaranteed success.
Passive ToN
Authors: Zhang Yaning 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the last ideal type of enforcement forbearance—passive ToN. Though unrelated to the institutional characteristics of the Commission, passive ToN draws scholarly attention to an under-investigated argument that enforcement flexibility is to cope with the domestic political crisis of the recalcitrant member state. Focusing on the discriminative road charge scheme introduced by the German government in 2015, this chapter traces how a populist campaign slogan evolved into a controversial policy of the German coalition government and eventually forced the Commission to give its enforcement blessing to defuse a potentially explosive coalition crisis. As the only case of this research for which ToN was overridden by the CJEU, this chapter demonstrates that the enforcement discretion of the Commission is not unlimited and reveals the dark side of the legitimacy of ToN.
The Commandment
Authors: Kubátová Hana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter explores why and how Christian nationalism became the new commandment of the state. It examines Christian nationalism as a manifestation of Christianism, as the defense of the majority nation against anything foreign, specifically targeting Jews and other minorities, as well as other perceived threats to the Christian nation, including liberalism and modernity. This chapter also explores the meaning of Christian nationalism in the processes and mechanisms employed to turn a political claim made at the center into a social reality, especially at the multicultural eastern edges. This includes dissecting how different ideas were utilized to alter individuals’ perceptions of themselves, their communities, and the world. Within Slovakia, this chapter shows, two concepts emerged as influential driving forces in determining action: self-love and racialized notions of work and productivity. The ousting of Jews, as well as Roma, from the villages and towns of eastern Slovakia was not only justified based on biblical references but also portrayed as an act carried out in the name of the nation. Local clergy played a significant role in propagating and amplifying these concepts at the edges of the state, leading to the establishment and enforcement of social hierarchies that facilitated mounting processes of genocide.
The Demand
Authors: Kubátová Hana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The fourth chapter examines the interconnectedness that developed between individuals residing in eastern Slovakia and the central authorities in Bratislava as a system of intelligence gathering and information exchange took root. It explores how rural residents skillfully maneuvered through shifting social norms to gain access to coercion and power that often emanated from the center but did not merely remain there. The analysis focuses on how seemingly mundane choices, daily routines, and social patterns contributed to the making of complicity in and through everyday life. It explores the utilization of party membership and sheds light on how individuals perceived as politically ignorant successfully navigated bureaucratic obstacles to achieve access to authority and its spoils. The chapter examines how these individuals pursued their own interests, with particular emphasis on intercessions and denunciations around Aryanization—an important turning point where the aspirations of those in power aligned with the demands of those living on the margins of society. Notably, Aryanization was not merely a bureaucratic procedure of turning Jewish possessions Slovak; it was a complex social process characterized by power distribution and contestation within the fascist state and its multidirectional communications apparatuses. Social mobility coexisted with social atomization, revealing the intricate dynamics at play in the development and practice of Christian nationalism in the context of Aryanization. The communication and collaboration between the central authority and the periphery, as well as between the elites and the masses, shaped this unfolding phenomenon in ways that turned neighbors against neighbors while providing forms of enrichment and empowerment to those who successfully aligned their actions with the racial project of the state.
The Collapse
Authors: Kubátová Hana 
Published: February 2025

Abstract
The chapter focuses on the collapse of the fascist regime, a collapse that was triggered by the advancing German-Soviet front line in the eastern edges of the country. It examines the impact of the failed 1944 anti-fascist rebellion and the subsequent German occupation on the Christian national order in the country. Focusing on the perspectives of individuals situated on the periphery of the national community who unexpectedly found themselves at the forefront of monumental military conflicts waged by transnational forces, the chapter provides insights into the complex motivations people had for participating in (or fighting to quash) the Slovak National Uprising—complexities that have since been simplified in celebratory accounts of the uprising as the manifestation of popular resistance to the state. Emphasizing the voices of those marginalized groups such as Jews and Roma, the chapter argues for the importance of not only listening to their stories but also integrating them into the national narrative that unfolds during the wartime period. This lens exposes the fractures and contradictions that have plagued the regime since its inception, illustrating how these led to physical, communal, and material devastation, contributing to the downfall of the central structures of the regime but not necessarily to the disintegration of the Christian national project it constructed in negotiation with the people and places of the periphery.
Efficacy, Immunogenicity, and Safety of the Bivalent RSV Prefusion F (RSVpreF) Vaccine in Older Adults Over 2 RSV Seasons
Authors: Walsh Edward E , Eiras Daniel , Woodside John , Jiang Qin , Patton Michael , Marc Gonzalo Pérez , Llapur Conrado , Rämet Mika , Fukushima Yasushi , Hussen Nazreen , Cardona Jose , Mikati Tarek , Zareba Agnieszka , Ilangovan Kumar , Lino Maria Maddalena , Kalinina Elena V , Swanson Kena A , Gurtman Alejandra , Munjal Iona 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Background
RSV is an important cause of lower respiratory tract illness (LRTI) in older adults. RSVpreF is a bivalent stabilized prefusion F vaccine containing antigens against RSV-A and RSV-B. In this phase 3 trial in ≥60-year-olds, RSVpreF demonstrated vaccine efficacy (VE) of 88.9% and 77.8% against RSV-associated LRTI with ≥3 symptoms at the end of RSV seasons 1 and 2, respectively. Here we describe final safety and efficacy results and present immunogenicity data.

Methods
This study was conducted over 2 RSV seasons. Participants were randomized (1:1) to 1 dose of RSVpreF 120-µg or placebo. A secondary objective was to describe RSVpreF immunogenicity 1-month postvaccination and before season 2 visits in a participant subset from the USA and Japan.

Results
One-month postvaccination neutralization titer geometric mean fold rise (GMFR) was 12.1 for combined RSV-A/RSV-B. Geometric mean titers decreased at the preseason 2 visit, but remained substantially higher than baseline (RSV-A/RSV-B GMFR=4.7). One month postvaccination, GMFRs for RSV-A/RSV-B neutralizing responses ranged from 12.0−13.0 for subgroups stratified by age (60−69, 70−79, ≥80 years). RSV-A/RSV-B GMFRs in participants with prespecified chronic conditions were generally similar to those without (range, 11.4−14.4). A consistent favorable safety profile and durable VE was seen through 2 RSV seasons.

Conclusion
High RSV neutralizing titers were observed 1 month after RSVpreF vaccination in ≥60-year-olds, with similarly robust responses across age subgroups and baseline chronic conditions. These robust immune responses corresponded with high RSVpreF VE against RSV-associated LRTI. RSVpreF had a favorable safety profile over 2 seasons.
NCT05035212; EudraCT, 2021-003693-31
Skull joints assessed via CT for age estimation—a systematic review
Authors: Macedo Fernanda , Stefanel Maria Eduarda , Sakurada Adriano , Moreira Débora , Junqueira José Luiz Cintra , Franco Ademir 
Published: February 2025

Abstract

Objectives
To screen the existing scientific literature and to evaluate the reliability of skull joints as biological markers for age estimation when analyzed via computed tomography (CT).

Methods
The study followed Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines and was registered in Open Science Framework (DOI: 10.17605/OSF.IO/PCVEF). Eligible studies included observational cross-sectional research that assessed skull joints for age estimation through CT. Data from five databases were screened: Medline/PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO and Open Grey. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools for Systematic Reviews.

Results
A total of 15 studies out of 4633 initially screened were eligible. The studies tested age estimation based on the spheno-occipital joint (53.33%) and cranial sutures, namely coronal, sagittal and lambdoid (46.66%). Multi-slice CT was the most commonly used imaging modality (66.66%), with a slice thickness of &lt; 1mm in 93.33% of studies. All the studies that assessed the spheno-occipital joint endorsed its application for age estimation, but some (37.5%) stressed limitations. Four (57.14%) out of the seven studies that assessed the cranial sutures raised concerns about their use for age estimation (three advised against it). Most of the studies had a low risk of bias (86.66%).

Conclusion
Findings supported the forensic application of the spheno-occipital joint for age estimation in adolescents and young adults, despite variability in fusion age. Cranial sutures were largely discouraged as sole markers because of unsatisfactory accuracy and high error risks.