bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structural Investigation of 2,6-Di-2-furyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-piperidinone and Its N-Nitroso Derivative in Solution and the Solid State-Influence of the Nitroso Moiety on the Conformation of the Piperidine Ring and Orientation of Its Substituents
Authors: Sukumar N , Ponnuswamy M N , Thenmozhiyal J C , Jeyaraman R 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The structures of the title compounds, 2,6-di-2-furyl-3,5-dimethyl-4-piperidinone (DFMP) and its N-nitroso derivative (DFMPNO), have been investigated in solution and the solid state by NMR and X-ray methods, respectively. Both of the structures were solved by direct methods of X-ray analysis and were refined to an R-factor of 0.059 and 0.057, respectively. The piperidine ring adopts a chair conformation in DFMP and a boat conformation in DFMPNO. Both of the furan rings are in an equatorial orientation in DFMP, whereas in DFMPNO one ring is in the axial position and the other ring is in the equatorial position. The nitroso group is in the perpendicular orientation in DFMPNO. The angle between the best plane of the piperidine ring and the nitroso group is 142.1(4)°. The interaction between the molecules are van der Waals in nature in both structures.
Laser Flash Photolysis in High Speed Photopolymer Coating Layers
Authors: Urano Toshiyuki , Nguyen Kim-Oanh , Nagasaka Hideki , Tsuchiyama Masaaki , Shimizu Shigeki , Itoh Hiroki , Senda Yasuhisa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sensitization mechanisms of two systems of (dialkylamino)styryl-type dyes with a radical-generating reagent, 2-[p-(diethylamino)styryl]-, and 2-[2-(9-julolidinyl)vinyl]naphtho[1,2-d]thiazole with 3,3′,4,4′-tetrakis(t-butyldioxycarbonyl)benzophenone, in poly(methyl methacrylate) film have been investigated by laser flash photolysis using a total reflection cell.
Footprint Catalysis. XI. Molecular Footprint Cavities Imprinted with Chiral Amines and Their Chiral Molecular Recognition
Authors: Morihara Kensaku , Takiguchi Michie , Shimada Toyoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Chiral amines, (R)- and (S)-N-benzyl-α-methylbenzylamine, served as templates in a molecular imprinting we developed. They formed “molecular footprint” cavities on a silica (alumina) gel surface, which showed catalytic activities toward transacylation of benzoic anhydride. The catalyses were susceptible to enantioselective inhibitions by the rebinding of the chiral template amines. This finding proved that the cavities could show chiral recognition through their chirally marked cavity structures.
Reduction with 2-Propanol over Hydrous Tin(IV) Oxide
Authors: Takahashi Kyoko , Shibagaki Makoto , Kuno Hideyuki , Matsushita Hajime 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reduction with 2-propanol as a hydrogen source over hydrous tin(IV) oxide has proved to be successful. Hydrous tin(IV) oxide was prepared from stannic(IV) chloride by precipitation with aqueous ammonia, followed by drying and calcination at 300 °C for 5 h. The specific surface area was 150 m2 g−1. The reductions were carried out in the vapor phase at temperatures of from 300 to 330 °C. The reduction of aliphatic carboxylic acids gives the corresponding alcohols. Aromatic carboxylic acids and their derivatives were further reduced, and the corresponding hydrocarbons were obtained. The reductions of aromatic ketones and the derivatives of benzyl alcohol also gave hydrocarbons. In the reaction of alkyl halides, reductive dehalogenation proceeded and the corresponding hydrocarbon was produced.
Photothermal Side-Chain Bromination of Methyl-, Dimethyl-, and Trimethylbenzenes with N-Bromosuccinimide
Authors: Mataka Shuntaro , Liu Guo-Bin , Sawada Tsuyoshi , Kurisu Masayoshi , Tashiro Masashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Tri- and dibromination of methyl-, dimethyl-, and trimethylbenzenes with N-bromosuccinimide were accomplished by photothermal reaction with a tungsten lamp in carbon tetrachloride or benzene. (Dibromomethyl)arenes and (tribromomethyl) derivatives were produced depending upon a solvent used and a substituent on the benzene ring. In the bromination of methylbenzenes without a substituent on the ortho-position, (tribromomethyl)benzenes were formed. On the other hand, ortho-substituted methylbenzenes gave (dibromomethyl)benzenes. α,β-Dibromo-1,2-diarylstilbenes were formed via the debrominative carbon–carbon coupling reaction of (tribromomethyl) benzenes upon irradiation with a tungsten lamp.
Facile Preparation and Utilization of a Novel β-d-ManNAcA-Donor: Methyl 2-Benzoyloxyimino-1-bromo-2-deoxy-α-d-arabino-hexopyranuronate
Authors: Kaji Eisuke , Osa Yumiko , Takahashi Keiko , Hirooka Motoko , Zen Shonosuke , Lichtenthaler Frieder W 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title β-d-ManNAcA-donor, the α-bromide of methyl 2-benzoyloxyimino-2-deoxy-d-arabino-hexopyranuronate 9, has been prepared from d-glucuronolactone in an overall yield of 21% for the seven steps required, all intermediates being securable in crystalline form. Key compounds were the 2-acetoxy-d-glucuronal ester 6 and its hydroxylaminolysis product, the 1,5-anhydro-d-fructuronate oxime 7, the latter elaborating 9 on O-benzoylation (→8) and photobromination. —The utility of 9 as a suitable β-d-ManNAcA donor rests on two ensuing reactions: first, Koenigs-Knorr type glycosidations, with N-blocked 2-aminoethanols as spacer substrates, or with the 6-OH of an otherwise protected glucoside (16), produce β-selectivities of 20 : 1 or better, and second, the oxime reduction of the β-glycosides, thus obtained, proceeds in an essentially stereospecific manner to yield, upon N-acetylation, the 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-mannosiduronates. —The methodology elaborated was used to prepare some novel artificial glycolipids, e.g. the (myristoylamino)ethyl 6-O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-β-d-mannopyranosyluronic acid)-α-d-glucopyranoside (25) and its (stearoylamino)ethyl analog (26), that are being evaluated as recognition markers for liposomes.
Synthesis of a New Copper Complex of a Macrocyclic Compound Consisting of 1,10-Phenanthroline, and Its DNA Binding and Cleaving Activity
Authors: Hirai Miwa , Shinozuka Kazuo , Sawai Hiroaki , Ogawa Shojiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A copper complex of a macrocylcic compound consisting of two 1,10-phenanthroline molecules bridged by two sulfur atoms, [Cu(smc)], was synthesized. The interaction of [Cu(smc)] with DNA was examined by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and viscometry. The binding constant of [CuI(smc)] with DNA is 4.2 × 104 M−1, which is almost identical with that of bis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper, [CuI(phen)2]. A viscosity measurement indicates that [CuI(smc)] binds to DNA by an intercalative mode. [Cu(smc)] cleaves DNA in the presence of a reducing agent under an aerobic condition. In this process ·OH plays an important role.
A General Approach for the Synthesis of Phenolic Natural Products. Facile Syntheses of Grifolin and Colletochlorins B and D
Authors: Saimoto Hiroyuki , Ueda Jiro , Sashiwa Hitoshi , Shigemasa Yoshihiro , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A general approach is established for the synthesis of phenolic compounds having terpenoid side chains: (1) protection of the phenolic hydroxyls in the aromatic precursor by ether formation, (2) coupling the aromatic part with a terpenoid bromide, and (3) deprotection to regenerate the hydroxyl groups. This strategy was successfully applied to the synthesis of colletochlorins B and D and grifolin. Some of the colletochlorin derivatives were found to inhibit the cell growth of P388.
Acid Strength of Heteropolyacids and Its Correlation with Catalytic Activity
Authors: Okuhara Toshio , Hu Changwen , Hashimoto Masato , Misono Makoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
UV spectrophotometry of a Hammett indicator revealed that the acid strength of the Keggin-type heteropolyacids having W as addenda atoms increased as the valency of the central atom increased (Co &lt; B &lt; Si, Ge &lt; P). The catalytic activity for the decomposition of isobutyl propionate in a homogeneous system was correlated well with the acid strength.
Capillary Zone Electrophoretic Separation of Protein Labeled with Rhodamine B Isothiocyanate and Its On-Line Chemiluminescence Detection
Authors: Hara Tadashi , Nishida Hisashi , Kayama Syuji , Nakajima Riichiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
To improve the sensitivity of on-line chemiluminescence dectection of proteins separated by capillary zone electrophoresis, rhodamine B isothiocyanate has been used as a dye-stuff for labeling proteins. By the present method, bovine serum albumin (BSA) in the concentration range of 7 × 10−8—7 × 10−6 M (1 M = 1 mol dm−3) could be determined with a lower detection limit of 5 × 10−8 M (absolute amounts : 1 fmol).
Sensitized Photooxygenation of Dihydropyrimidines. Formation of a Novel Tetraphenyl-5(4H)-pyrimidinone
Authors: Mori Yukie , Maeda Koko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sensitized photooxygenation of 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-1,4(or 3,4)-dihydropyrimidine (4a) gave 5-hydroperoxy-2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-4,5-dihydropyrimidine (5a), which was formed by an ene reaction of singlet oxygen with the 1,4-dihydro form of 4a. Treatment of 5a with silica-gel caused dehydration to give 2,4,4,6-tetraphenyl-5(4H)-pyrimidinone, which is the first synthesized 5-pyrimidinone.
The Relative Permittivity of the Ternary 1,2-Ethanediol + 2-Methoxyethanol + Water Solvent System
Authors: Corradini Fulvio , Marcheselli Luigi , Marchetti Andrea , Tagliazucchi Mara , Tassi Lorenzo , Tosi Giuseppe 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
For many multicomponent cosolvent systems which can be important in electrochemical studies as far as in practical applications, the relative permittivity (ε) is a continuous but nonlinear function of the solvent composition. Rational functions were applied to the 1,2-ethanediol (1) + 2–methoxyethanol (2) + water (3) ternary mixtures data at various temperatures (50 ≤ t/°C ≤ 80) instead of the more conventional polynomial regressions for ε = ε(Xi). These rational functions seem to be more adequate than the other polynomials, being reduced the number of required adjustable coefficients; in fact only a first power dependence on mole fraction (Xi) is necessary, and a computational simplicity in reproducing reliable ε values over the total mole fraction 0 ≤ X1/X2/X3 ≤ 1 range is achieved. Furthermore, the calculated excess function (εe) is always negative, confirming the existence of rather strong interaction between components, probably via hydrogen bonding networks. Changes with temperature in εe for these ternary mixtures seem to be very useful in order to depict and differentiate the experimental trend in three well distincted regions (namely MI,MII,MIII) which are likely characterized by different specific interactions between like and/or unlike species. Nevertheless, no evidence for a three component adduct was obtained.
Microscopic Studies of 1,3 : 2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-d-sorbitol in Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Yamasaki Seiji , Tsutsumi Hisao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
1,3 : 2,4-Di-O-benzylidene-d-sorbitol (d-DBS) is known to be a chiral oil gelator which forms the gel state with organic solvents having a wide range of polarities. Microscopic and thermoanalytical studies on the binary system, d-DBS/ethylene glycol, were carried out. The gel of the d-DBS/ethylene glycol system showed optical anisotropy under crossed polarizers. Two kinds of mesophases have been identified in the gel state. One was the crystalline phase, by means of observing the spherulitic texture. The other was an isotropic mesophase between spherulitic textures. In the crystalline phase the supramolecular helicoidal strucrture was observed by polarized and electron microscopy. The isotropic mesophase comprized of a network-like structure. It changed to the crystalline phase below the phase transition temperature from a gel to an isotropic solution (Ti), and the crystal of d-DBS was precipitated out from ethylene glycol. It is thus concluded that the gel state of d-DBS/ethylene glycol is a metastable state and that the chirality of d-DBS affects the shape which d-DBS forms in the crystalline state.
Raman Spectroscopic Study of Concentrated Aqueous LiBr Solutions
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Ebata Hidekazu , Uemura Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Raman spectra for concentrated aqueous LiBr solutions (LiBr)x(H2O)1−x and (LiBr)x(D2O)1−x, x = 0.05—0.25, were measured in the frequency range of 30—1000 cm−1. A polarized peak intensity centered at 160—190 cm−1 in the isotropic spectrum for H2O solutions exhibits a systematic increase with increasing LiBr content. At LiBr concentrations below 15 mol%, this peak contains several shoulders at both the lower and higher frequency sides. The corresponding peak in the isotropic spectrum for D2O solutions is shifted to the lower frequency by ca. 10 cm−1. The isotropic spectra for highly concentrated H2O solutions, such as 20 and 25 mol% LiBr, have another component at 340 cm−1, which is also shifted to the lower frequency by ca. 20 cm−1 in D2O solutions. This 340 cm−1 peak in a 25 mol% LiBr solution is also shifted to the higher frequency by ca. 13 cm−1 when isotopically substituting 6Li (95.5% 6Li) for natLi (92.5% 7Li), while the position of 190 cm−1 peak remains unchanged when substituting. Consequently, the peaks centered at 160—190 cm−1 and at 340 cm−1 can, respectively, be assigned to the totally symmetric stretching vibration of tetrahedrally hydrated lithium ion, Li+(H2O)4, and that of the solvent-shared ion pair, Li+(H2O)4···Br−, by taking into consideration the results of diffraction studies reported previously.
Flow Properties of Montmorillonite Suspended in Water with Surfactant
Authors: Ogura Tsugitoshi , Tanoura Masazumi , Tatsuhara Kiyoshi , Hiraki Akio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The flow properties of montmorillonite, one of the main clay components in coal, were studied in water suspensions to clarify the origins of the Bingham flow properties of coal water slurry (CWM) in the presence of a surfactant. The addition of anionic surfactants, such as sodium poly(isoprenesulfonate) and sodium polycarbonate, significantly decreased the apparent viscosity and Bingham yield value of the montmorillonite suspension, although the latter value never became zero, even when a large quantity of surfactant was added. The amount of water bound to montmorillonite particles, measured using 1H NMR, was found to increase with the addition of a surfactant. The Bingham yield value and the relative viscosity of the montmorillonite suspension were described by Michaels’ equation, τB = A(Sφ − Sφ0)3 (Eq. 6), and by the modified Brinkman’s equation, ηr = (1 − Sφ)−k (Eq. 8), respectively. In both equations, the sum volume of montmorillonite particles and its bound water (Sφ) is correlated to the flow properties through constants A and k. A reduction of both A and k suggests two different actions of the anionic surfactants in the montmorillonite suspension. A decrease in the A value indicates a reduction of the strength of the aggregate networks of montmorillonite at a low shear rate, while a decrease in the k value shows that the shape of the effective montmorillonite particle becomes more spherical due to an increase of bound water.
Hydration Structure of SCN− in Concentrated Aqueous Sodium Thiocyanate Solutions
Authors: Kameda Yasuo , Takahashi Ryuji , Usuki Takeshi , Uemura Osamu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Time-of-flight (TOF) neutron-diffraction measurements for 10 mol% NaSC14N and NaSC15N solutions in D2O were carried out in order to investigate the hydration structure around the thiocyanate ion, SCN−. There are 1.8 ± 0.2 water molecules coordinated to SCN− with an intermolecular distance of r(N···D) = 2.16 ± 0.02 Å, suggesting that the hydrogen bond is formed between SCN− and the nearest-neighbor water molecules. It has also been indicated by pairing the neutron-diffraction and X-ray diffraction results that the angle between the molecular axis of SCN− and the hydrogen bond, ∠C–N··· H2O, is ca. 120° in 10 and 20 mol% NaSCN aqueous solutions. Furthermore, details concerning the local structure around Na+ in these concentrated solutions have been proposed based on the results of a least-squares fitting between the observed and structural model functions.
Structures and Photoreactivities of N-Isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide Included in Two Clathrate Crystals as a Guest
Authors: Hashizume Daisuke , Uekusa Hidehiro , Ohashi Yuji , Matsugawa Rikiya , Miyamoto Hisakazu , Toda Fumio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The achiral N-isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide molecule forms 1 : 2 host–guest complexes with the two kinds of the chiral host molecules derived from tartaric acid. The guest molecules in both of the clathrate crystals, I and II, are converted to the chiral β-lactam and oxazolidinone on exposure to a Hg lamp. The crystal structures of I and II, which are very similar to each other, were determined by X-rays: (I) Bis[(R,R)-(−)-trans-2,3-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.4)nonane]N-isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide, (C33H32O4)2·(C12H15NO2), fw = 1190.49, a = 10.404(2), b = 34.056(3), c = 9.434(3) Å, β = 94.87(2)°, V = 3331(1) Å3, Final R became 0.056. (II) Bis[(R,R)-(−)-trans-2,3-bis(diphenylhydroxymethyl)-1,4-dioxaspiro(4.5)decane]N-isopropyl-N-methylphenylglyoxylamide, (C34H34O4)2·(C12H15NO2), fw = 1218.54, a = 10.4616(5), b = 34.358(2), c = 9.469(4) Å, β = 94.798(3)°, V = 3391.4(3) Å3, Final R became 0.052. The guest molecule in each crystal is hydrogen bonded to the two host molecules. The absolute configurations of the chiral products seem to depend on the conformations of the guest molecules in I and II.
CROSSROADS—Introduction to Mindfulness
Authors: Argote Linda 
Published: July 2006

This Crossroads section continues the Organization Science tradition of providing a forum for discussing issues central to our understanding of organizations. Dan Levinthal and Claus Rerup begin the conversation in their essay “Crossing an Apparent Chasm: Bridging Mindful and Less-Mindful Perspectives on Organizational Learning.” Karl Weick and Kathleen Sutcliffe continue the discussion in their response “Mindfulness and the Quality of Organizational Attention.” Levinthal and Rerup describe the tension between mindful and less mindful or routine-driven processes. Building on the concept of mindfulness developed in the psychological literature, mindfulness is conceived as involving attentiveness and the ability to respond flexibly to contextual cues. By contrast, less mindful behavior involves fewer cognitive processes and greater reliance on previous routines. Levinthal and Rerup note that although the consequences of invoking routines in inappropriate situations can be disastrous, routine-driven behavior has many benefits for organizations, including conserving attention and capturing knowledge accumulated from previous experience in the organization. Levinthal and Rerup argue that mindful and less mindful perspectives complement each other and call for research on their interrelationship. Weick and Sutcliffe push the discussion of mindfulness in an exciting new direction by bringing Eastern conceptions of mindfulness to the debate. According to Weick and Sutcliffe, the information-processing emphasis in Western approaches to mindfulness concentrates on concepts and making distinctions while the Eastern version emphasizes nonconceptual awareness and reduced distraction. Weick and Sutcliffe argue that it is the quality—not the quantity—of attention that affects outcomes. Further, Weick and Sutcliffe provide an insightful discussion of the question whether mindful and less mindful processes are best conceived as a continuum or as dual processes. We hope that these essays stimulate future research on mindful and less mindful processes in organizations. Should mindful and less mindful processes be conceived as distinct categories that organizations alternate between over time? Alternatively, do mindful and less mindful processes coexist and support each other? What are the conditions under which mindful processes are likely to arise? What factors favor less mindful, routine-driven behavior in organizations? When will mindful processes be effective? What are the conditions under which less mindful processes will be associated with positive outcomes? We believe that better articulation of these issues will advance our understanding of organizational processes and performance. Enjoy!
The Validity of the Use of Equivalent DIDO Nickel Dose for Graphite Dosimetry
Authors: Allen DA , Thornton DA , Harris AM , Sterbentz JW 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Fast neutron dose recommendations for the graphite moderators of Magnox power plant are expressed in terms of Equivalent DIDO Nickel Dose (EDND). EDND is a calculated property that relates the damage rate in graphite at a given location to the fast neutron fluence experienced by graphite test samples irradiated in the DIDO reactor. This paper describes a study undertaken to determine the sensitivity of EDND recommendations to assumptions made in the modeling of neutron damage in graphite. These include different scattering cross sections and damage weighting functions. It is concluded that, although apparently significant differences exist between the available graphite damage response functions, their net effect is not significant in determining EDND. Therefore, confidence in past calculations has been improved and continued use of existing methods is supported.
Small-Building Defense Against Terrorism 016
Authors: Lawless JM , Gumpertz WH 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sophisticated methods for defense against terrorism have been devised, used, or planned to protect important and exposed facilities of the U.S. government and industry. This paper attempts to expose methods of protection for secondary targets that also need defense against violent crimes, riots (violent civil disobedience), and direct or indirect acts of ferrorism. These secondary or collateral targets require a different (and more modest) approach as those for which large setbacks and significant hardening is justified. We present some examples of secondary protection based on risk assessment and various defense mechanisms appropriate for buildings with modest resources and defense possibilities.
Ambiguities in Technical Standards—Case Study IEC 60112—Measuring the Resistance of Solid Isolating Materials to Tracking
Authors: Beges G , Stare E , Drnovsek J 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The paper deals with unclear and incomplete specifications in technical standards and discusses, as a consequence, the ambiguities in specifying testing requirements or even the absence of important facts in the standard. It deals in particular with the technical standard related to the EU Low Voltage Directive (73/23/EEC) for ensuring the safety of electric equipment. These facts are becoming more and more important since the required measurement uncertainty, according to EN ISO/IEC 17025 standard for calibration and testing laboratories is widely implemented and accepted especially with the emerging European and global markets. Placing of products on the market depends on the results of conformity testing against specific characteristics. Therefore, given the importance of standardized test procedures, common understanding of specifications and harmonized interpretation of measuring/testing results is of utmost importance. Regarding measurement/test results, the agreement on influential parameters, contribution to the overall uncertainty is of paramount importance.
The Case study consists of the analyses of IEC 60112 standard: Method for determination of the proof and the comparative tracking indices of solid insulating materials. In the process of uncertainty evaluations, the ambiguity of the standard was identified. This standard describes very complex requirements for tests and is a fine example to highlight the problem.
This article describes problems in connection with indistinctness of the standard IEC 60112.