bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predictors of Contraceptive Practice for Low-Income Women in Cali, Colombia
Authors: Sear Alan M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAn attempt has been made to determine which of several social, demographic and economic variables best account for the variance in contraceptive use in a low-income, urban Colombian population. The results indicated that of the independent variables included, occurrence or non-occurrence of intercourse in the past month, education, employment status, marital status and age were the best predictors, in that order. Altogether these factors accounted for 17% of the variance in contraceptive use and 87% of the variance within the model. The remaining variables had relatively little predictive utility; and this was particularly true for interspousal communication, race and religious commitment.
The Costs of Family Planning Programs: Methodological Issues with an Application to Barbados
Authors: Slavin Stephen L. , Bilsborrow Richard E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDespite the great amount of resources invested in family planning programs around the world and the considerable attention given to appraising their effects, little has been written about the analysis of family planning costs. Indeed, costs often seem to be virtually ignored. In the likely event that the growth of resources available for financing family planning programs in the future ceases to be as high as the expansion in demand for family planning, pressures will develop for better ways of evaluating family planning costs. This paper considers two major methodological issues—what should be included in family planning costs and what is the most practically useful classification. First, we recommend the use of a complete, inclusive concept of economic costs, including the imputation of costs of ‘free’ or donated inputs. Second, a classification of costs into administrative, motivational and contraceptive is suggested. The location of the usual types of family planning in these categories is then indicated.Both the concept of economic costs and their three-fold classification are illustrated with detailed data on the family program in Barbados from its inception in 1955 through 1974.
Attitudes of Rural Thai Women Towards Induced Abortion
Authors: Burnight Robert G. , Leoprapai Boonlert 
Published: July 2008

SummaryQuestions concerning their attitudes towards induced abortion in six different circumstances were asked of 1254 rural Thai married women, aged 15–44, in a 1972 nationwide fertility survey. A positive response was given to one or more of the questions by nearly three-fifths of the women; the largest proportion of positive responses (42·0%) was given by women if the pregnancy resulted from rape, and 40·1 % responded affirmatively if the pregnancy might endanger the health of the woman. The lowest proportions, but still nearly one-fifth of the women, were in favour of abortion if the couple do not want another child or if they cannot support another child. Responses are analysed in relation to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of the women and their husbands, to fertility and family planning experiences, and to the women's communication activities. Comparisons of the results are made with similar data from rural South Korea, rural US and suburban Thailand. The study suggests that positive attitudes towards induced abortion among Thai rural women reflect traditional values, not recent ‘modernization’ ones.
Third Time Unlucky: A Study of Women who have Three or More Legal Abortions
Authors: Brewer Colin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOf 50 women who were having their third or subsequent legal abortion, 23 were pregnant because their contraceptive method had failed, 24 because of erratic contraceptive use, and three had changed their mind about an initially welcome pregnancy. There was a significant relationship between erratic use and a history of medical consultation for psychiatric reasons, and a suggestion that unsettled relationships and low educational status are also related to erratic use.Inappropriate contraceptive advice was an important factor in several cases. Since the perfect contraceptive does not exist, and since some people are more unlucky than others, repeated abortion cannot be eliminated, but it may be reduced by giving especially careful contraceptive advice to those who are clearly at risk.There is no evidence that abortion is being deliberately used as a method of birth control.
Recent Fertility Trends in Suriname
Authors: Lamur Humphrey E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA rapid decline in fertility took place in Suriname between 1962 and 1974, and then stopped. While this sudden stabilization is surprising, it is not unusual. Similar trends have occurred in some Caribbean and Latin-American countries. The 1962–74 fall in fertility in Suriname seems to have been due to a combination of socioeconomic factors and the activities of the Suriname Family Planning Association, founded in 1968.
Differential Fertility by Religious Group in Rural Sierra Leone
Authors: Bailey Mohamed 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines the influence of Islam and Christianity (Catholicism and Protestantism) on fertility in rural Sierra Leone. Analyses using number of children ever born and number of living children for currently married women of childbearing ages 15–49 as measures of fertility show that Muslim fertility is lower than either Catholic or Protestant fertility net of relevant demographic and socioeconomic variables.The interaction between wife's educational level and her religious affiliation was statistically significant for number of children ever born but not for number of living children. Religion is shown to be an important factor in differentiating fertility behaviour at different educational levels. Among wives with no schooling, differences in religion lead to small fertility differentials; among those with primary or higher education, the fertility differentials are substantial.
Factors Affecting Suicide in Young, Middle-Aged and Elderly Men
Authors: Araki S. , Murata K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe effects of socioeconomic and geographical factors on age-specific mortality by suicide in men were assessed in 46 Japanese prefectures (counties) by stepwise regression analysis twice at 5-year intervals, before and after a serious economic crisis. The following factors were significantly related to the mortality in the two years: (1) the proportion of old and young men in the population for young men; (2) low income for middle-aged men; and (3) rural residence for elderly men. The mortality significantly increased after the crisis in young and middle-aged men, while no significant alteration was observed in elderly men. It is suggested that young and middle-aged men are more sensitive to socioeconomic changes in society while elderly men are mainly affected by the factor of rural residence.
Time Trends in Inequalities in Health
Authors: Carr-Hill Roy A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe conventional belief since the publication of the Black Report is that social inequalities in health have been increasing since 1931–32 although it has been argued that the measure of inequality used is inappropriate. All analyses have been based on mortality rates which, in large part, reflect inequalities in health over the previous 50 years and not current trends. This paper argues that time trends should be assessed with a current health status measure and suggests using height at age 20 as a good measure of the achieved health status of a group. Analysis of a government survey shows that inequalities have stayed the same since 1940, both for men classified by their own occupation and for women classified by their father's occupation.
The Intellectual Achievement of Only Children
Authors: Polit Denise F. , Falbo Toni 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA quantitative review of the literature on the intellectual achievement of only children indicated that only children were never at a disadvantage in relation to any comparison group; nor were they significantly different from first-born children or children from two-child families. Moreover, only children were at a significant advantage in comparison with later-born children and those from large families. The consistency of these findings across subgroups suggests that interpersonal mechanisms are largely responsible. The strong only-child advantage on tests of verbal ability, together with the overall pattern of findings, implicates parent–child interactions as responsible for the family size and birth order variations in intellectual achievement.
Effect of Famine on Fertility in a, Rural Area of Bangladesh
Authors: Razzaque Abdur 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study investigates the effects of the 1974–75 famine on differential fertility in a rural population of Bangladesh, using information on household socioeconomic status collected in the 1974 census, and registration data on births, deaths and migrations for the period 1974–77 from the Demographic Surveillance System of the International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh. Occupation of household head was taken as a measure of socioeconomic status. Total fertility rates were analysed for three periods: pre-famine, famine and post-famine. Overall fertility declined due to the famine by 34%, but this was compensated partially by a 17% increase in the post-famine period. Fertility of women of all ages and socioeconomic groups was affected by the famine, a more pronounced effect being observed among the poor. Fertility showed a higher post-famine recovery among women in the middle socioeconomic groups and in those aged 25–34 years.
Aspects of Fertility in Suva, Fiji
Authors: Clegg E. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryRecent changes in vital rates in Fiji suggest that the Melanesian (MF) component of the population is growing faster than the Indian (IF) component, thus reversing a long-standing demographic trend.Patterns of family building were studied in the respondent families of 302 MF and 324 IF children at school in the capital, Suva. Melanesian families were larger than IF families, even when corrected for differences in maternal age and social class. Particularly among IF families, there was a significant effect of social class on family size, higher status families having fewer children. Among all groups there was evidence of a secular trend to earlier childbearing and, less clearly, to an earlier cessation of childbearing. Among both races age-specific fertility levels were similar in younger age-groups, but older IF mothers showed significantly lower fertility.It is suggested that among IF families, who form a more urbanized and commercially/industrially oriented segment of the Fijian population, two factors may account for the reduction in fertility: (i) pressure to limit population growth in the interests of racial harmony; and (ii) economic pressure resulting in a demographic transition. The latter suggestion is supported by the fact that the greatest decrease in fertility occurs among high status families. Among MFs the reduction in fertility has been less, due probably to the absence of a ‘racial harmony’ incentive and also to a lesser economic stimulus.
Maternal Age at Last Birth in Egypt
Authors: Horne Amelia Dale , Suchindran Chirayath M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA proportional hazards regression model was applied to data on women aged 45–49 from the Egyptian Fertility Survey, to assess the effects of women's education, residence, and marital experience on their age at the birth of their last child. When age at marriage and parity were controlled, well-educated urban women tended to stop reproducing earlier than less educated rural women. Compared to intact first marriages, marital dissolution (divorce, widowhood, or separation) with remarriage tended to prolong the age at last birth, while failure to remarry tended to hasten it.
Lactation, Nutrition and Fertility and the Secretion of Prolactin and Gonadotrophins in Mopan Mayan Women
Authors: Fink A. E. , Fink G. , Wilson H. , Bennie J. , Carroll S. , Dick H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe effect of lactation on menstrual cycles, ovulation and conception was studied in a group of non-contracepting Amerindian Mopan Mayan women. Anthropological observations of relevant events were made over a 21-month period. Blood samples were assayed to determine the plasma concentrations of prolactin, luteinising hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, human chorionic gonadotrophin, placental lactogen, oestrogen, progesterone and cortisol. The data show that: frequent and prolonged breast-feeding was associated with a marked increase in plasma prolactin concentrations to levels similar to those in lactating Gaing but higher than those in lactating Scottish women; ovulatory menstrual cycles and pregnancy occurred during frequent lactation; in lactating menstruating women there was an inverse correlation between fat weight and months post-partum. These data suggest that other factors as well as suckling account for the effects of lactation on fecundity.
Response Reliability of Demographic Data: A Longitudinal Study in Sri Lanka
Authors: De Silva W. I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryResponse consistency was examined by linking the records of women interviewed in the 1982 Sri Lanka Contraceptive Prevalence Survey with records from the same individuals followed up 3 years later. Seventy-eight percent of women reported identical year of birth in the two surveys, but only 58% were consistent for age at marriage. Data on sterilisation and number of children born were highly reliable, but wives' reports on husband's age and education were relatively weak. Multivariate analysis of the effects of socioeconomic factors on consistency in age reporting confirms that education is the most influential factor related to consistency, followed by religion and husband's occupation.
The Influence of Religious Affiliation on Surname Repetition in Marriages in Tiszaszalka, Hungary
Authors: Koertvelyessy T. , Crawford M. H. , Pap M. , Szilagyi K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe repeated-pairs of surnames in marriages (RP) approach is applied to the population of Tiszaszalka in north-eastern Hungary. The results indicate that: (1) lineage-like behaviour in mate choice results in population subdivision in both the Catholics and the Protestants of the village; (2) unlike in some other Tiszahat villages, the isonymous and the repeating unions in Tiszaszalka occur in different lineages so, in neither of these subpopulations are isonymous and repeating unions monopolised by a few lineages; (3) religious affilitation influences the mating structure of the population as measured by RP summary scores.
Age Variations in the Proximate Determinants of Child Mortality in South-West Nigeria
Authors: Ahonsi Babatunde A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAge variations in the influences of three sets of proximate factors on child survival in Ondo State, Nigeria, during 1981–86 are described. Biodemographic factors covary very strongly with mortality risks during the first month of life, weakly during months 1–11, and imperceptibly beyond infancy. Microenvironmental factors progressively strongly covary with mortality after the neonatal period, while health services accessibility and care factors broadly covary strongly with mortality throughout early childhood. Patterns in the size of the hypothetical population-level impacts of these factors suggest that promoting assisted use of toilet facilities within households by under-5s and wider provision of dispensaries and hospitals would yield cost-effective and notable reductions in overall childhood mortality levels in the study setting.
Sterilisation as a Method of Contraception: Recent Trends in Great Britain and their Implications
Authors: Murphy M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryData on patterns and trends in sterilisation in Britain among women, men and couples are presented using life table approaches with data from a national survey, the General Household Survey. Among couples under age 50, sterilisation is the main method of contraception used, with slightly more women than men being sterilised, although this is reversed if only contraceptive sterilisation is considered. Trends in contraception have remained relatively constant in recent decades. Patterns of sterilisation differ following births of different orders. For example, the resort to sterilisation is much quicker after a third birth than after a second. The proportions of men and women who have been sterilised and then formed a subsequent partnership are very small, so the effect of sterilisation in preventing births in such unions is negligible.
Biodemographic Alterations Derived from Reservoir Building in a Rural Settlement in Spain
Authors: Edo M. Alvarez , Compadre E. Sanchez 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe building of dams to collect water for hydroelectricity and irrigation brings about environmental alterations and hence the appearance of a new ecosystem. These changes affect the human environment and result in demographic, social and economic alterations of the original settlements. In the mountainous regions of Palencia in the north of Spain, three dams have been built this century. This paper analyses the biodemographic modifications in the settlement directly affected by the construction of these dams, and compares it with nearby control settlements with similar demographic and social structure, in order to establish the effects of the flooding of extensive areas.
Old Age Security and Inheritance in Nepal: Motives Versus Means
Authors: Niraula Bhanu B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper documents expectations of old age support in rural Nepal. Current living arrangements of the elderly have been analysed with a focus on the ownership of land holdings. It is argued that the inter-generational transfer of property through inheritance from the older to the younger generation, especially among sons, together with the Nepali normative prescription that sons care for their aged parents, provides a mechanism for old age support. However, land is becoming a scarce resource, cultural traditions are breaking down through modernisation and the living conditions of the elderly are likely to deteriorate as this process continues.
Determinants of Infant Mortality in Malawi: An Analysis to Control for Death Clustering within Families
Authors: Madise Nyovani J. , Diamond Ian 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe 1988 Malawi Traditional and Modern Methods of Child Spacing Survey data are used to identify determinants of infant mortality in Malawi. The logistic binomial analysis shows that socioeconomic factors are significant even during the neonatal period while the length of the preceding birth interval is significant in the post-neonatal period only. There is a strong familial correlation of mortality risks during both the neonatal and post-neonatal periods but the effect of geographical area of residence is stronger in the post-neonatal period.
Factors influencing the sex ratio at birth in Australia, 1902–65
Authors: Pollard G. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUsing Australian records of human births for the first six decades of the twentieth century, the proportions of male and female births are studied in relation to the mother's age, the father's age, the parents' ages in combination, and certain other factors. The principal data used relate to the years 1931–55, during which over 3 million children were born, yet even so the significant features are not easy to discern.Masculinity tends to fall as the age of either parent increases. But it is only average or below if one parent is old while the other is young. For high masculinity, both parents must be young.The Australian data are available in a form which enables the sex ratio to be studied also in relation to (a) the season of the year; (b) urban and rural areas; (c) the different states of the Commonwealth; (d) births inside and outside marriage; and (e) single and multiple births. When the influence of the parents' ages is eliminated, however, it does not appear as though the sex ratio varies significantly with any of these factors.
A longitudinal study of child growth in a rural community in Jamaica
Authors: Standard K. L. , Desai Patricia , Miall W. E. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA longitudinal study of the growth of a cohort of 229 infants born in a rural area in Jamaica and followed to their 4th birthdays is described, and this paper reports analyses of the anthropometric measurements.Moderate impairment of growth affected the majority of children and was most marked between the ages of 3 and 15 months. Severe impairment occurred in boys more often than girls and in this comm unity was rarely attributable to disease.The concept of weight faltering has been investigated in some detail; failure to gain weight for a period of 6 months occurred in almost half the children but was not, by itself, a useful prognostic index of malnutrition; it occurred commonly in children of above average weight whose subsequent growth was normal.The provision of intensive care at specially appointed child welfare clinics did not completely prevent the development of serious malnutrition.
Personality differences within families: comparison of adult brothers and sisters
Authors: Price John 
Published: July 2008

Summary313 pairs of brothers and 296 pairs of sisters were compared by one or both parents in a postal questionnaire. For 495 pairs independent questionnaires were completed by father and mother, and agreement between parents was good.There was a marked tendency for the first-born child to be rated as less fond of cuddling; he was also easier to train, worked harder at school, set himself higher standards, and was more serious, methodical, law-abiding, tidy and less impulsive; he learned to talk and read at a younger age and was rated as having more natural ability at schoolwork. These three groups of first-born attributes were relatively independent; for instance, even the first-born with less ability at schoolwork were given more responsibility at school. In the 152 pairs which did not contain a first-born, little birth order effect could be found, whether or not the elder was the eldest of his or her sex.There was a slight tendency for the broader, fatter and more muscular child to be less nervous and highly strung, but otherwise differences in physique were not related to differences in behaviour. Abilities at schoolwork, games, music and painting were not related. Tendency to anxiety and depression was related to lack of sociability; to stubbornness and lack of practicality; to angryness but not the bottling up of anger; to level of aspiration but not the possession of abilities or good looks. These relations of anxiety and depression in a normal sample closely parallel the items which distinguish psychiatric patients from their healthy siblings.
Delineation of the lowest social class
Authors: Askham Janet 
Published: July 2008

SummaryMany criticisms can be made of the practice of dividing the population into social classes solely on the basis of occupation. This paper reports the results of an attempt to improve one aspect of such classifications (The Registrar General's Classification). The lowest social class (social class V) is the most heterogeneous of all the classes; it is suggested that it can usefully be subdivided into a ‘stable’ and an ‘unstable’ social class. Into the stable class (V) go the steadily employed, though unskilled, men and their families. Into the unstable class (V) would go those families most lacking in skill and property, signified by long-term or frequent unemployment, or the complete absence of a male head of the household. An attempt is made to justify this subdivision both theoretically and empirically by the demonstration that there are significant differences between social classes V stable and V unstable with regard to selected social class attributes.