bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Implant Loading in the Edentulous Maxilla Using a Bone Density–Adapted Surgical Protocol and Primary Implant Stability Criteria for Inclusion
Authors: Östman Pär‐Olov , Hellman Mats , Sennerby Lars 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:Long healing periods and submerged implant placement are commonly used in the maxilla. This extends the time of oral handicap and makes the use of immediate loading protocols an attractive option. The current clinical literature on direct loading of dental implants in the maxilla is limited.Purpose:The purpose of this prospective clinical study was to evaluate the clinical outcome and stability of directly loaded Brånemark System® or Replace Select® Tapered implants (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden) after using a modified surgical protocol and inclusion by primary implant stability. In addition, a reference group treated according to a two‐stage protocol was used for comparison.Materials and Methods:Twenty patients planned for prosthetic rehabilitation with implant‐supported bridges in the edentulous maxilla participated in the study group. The final decision on immediate loading was made after implant placement using insertion torque and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) as acceptance criteria. All patients were included, and 123 oxidized implants (TiUnite™, Nobel Biocare AB) were placed using a surgical protocol for enhanced primary stability. A screw‐retained temporary bridge was delivered within 12 hours and a final bridge within 3 months of implant placement. The patients were monitored through clinical and radiographic follow‐up examinations from implant placement to at least 12 months. Marginal bone level was measured at bridge delivery and after 12 months of loading. Additional RFA measurements were made after 6 months of loading. A reference group comprising 20 patients with 120 implants treated according to a two‐stage protocol was used for comparison.Results:One (0.8%) of the 123 implants in the study group failed, and no implant was lost in the reference group. The cumulative survival rates after 12 months of loading were thus 99.2% and 100% for immediate and delayed loading protocols, respectively. The marginal bone resorption was 0.78 (SD 0.9) in the study group and 0.91 (SD 1.04) in the reference group. RFA showed a mean value of 62.9 (SD 4.9) implant stability quotient (ISQ) at placement and 64.5 (SD 4.8) ISQ after 6 months for immediately loaded implants (not significant). The corresponding figures for the reference groups were 61.3 (SD 8.8) ISQ and 62.6 (SD 7.0) ISQ (not significant). There were no statistically significant differences between the groups at any time point.Conclusion:The use of six to seven implants for immediate loading of a fixed provisional bridge is a viable option for implant treatment of the edentulous maxilla, at least when good primary implant stability can be ensured.
Retrospective Clinical Evaluation of 86 Procera AllCeram™ Anterior Single Crowns on Natural and Implant‐Supported Abutments
Authors: Zarone Fernando , Sorrentino Roberto , Vaccaro Francesco , Russo Simona , De Simone Giorgio 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTBackground:The Procera AllCeram™ (Nobel Biocare AB, Göteborg, Sweden, and Procera Sandvik AB, Stockholm, Sweden) technique is one alternative to metal‐ceramic restorations. However, few long‐term evaluations of its use for single crowns on natural and implant‐supported abutments are available.Purpose:The aim of the present study was to assess the clinical performance of Procera AllCeram single crowns when placed in aesthetic sites supported by either natural teeth or implants over a period of 48 months.Materials and Methods:Eighty‐six single crowns were fabricated and used in 51 patients. The restorations were examined according to the California Dental Association's quality assessment system.Results:One crown was lost after 20 months of follow‐up. Of the 85 restorations that completed the 48‐month follow‐up, only one crown (1.2%) showed a veneering porcelain chip. All crowns were ranked as either excellent or acceptable. The success rates of single crowns supported by natural tooth and implant‐supported abutments were 100% and 98.3%, respectively; the total crown success rate was 98.8%.Conclusion:Within the limitations of the present study, Procera AllCeram crowns proved to be a reliable therapeutic choice for the restoration of anterior teeth on both natural and implant‐supported abutments. The hybrid glass‐ionomer cement used in the present study appeared to be a reliable luting agent.
Angiotensin II induced contraction of rat and human small intestinal wall musculaturein vitro
Authors: Ewert S. , Spak E. , Olbers T. , Johnsson E. , Edebo A. , Fändriks L. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractBackground: Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a well‐known activator of smooth muscle in the vasculature but has been little explored with regard to intestinal wall muscular activity. This study investigates pharmacological properties of Ang II and expression of its receptors in small‐intestinal smooth muscle from rats and humans.Methods: Isometric recordings were performedin vitroon small intestinal longitudinal muscle strips. Protein expressions of Ang II typ 1 (AT1R) and typ 2 (AT2R) receptors were assessed by Western blot.Results: Ang II elicited concentration‐dependent contractions of rat jejunal and ileal muscle preparations. The concentration–response curve (rat ileum, EC50: 1.5 ± 0.9 × 10−8 m) was shifted to the right by the AT1R receptor antagonist losartan (10−7 m) but was unaffected by the AT2R antagonist PD123319 (10−7 m) as well as by the adrenolytic guanethidine (3 × 10−6 m) and the anticholinergic atropine (10−6 m). Human duodenal, jejunal and ileal longitudinal muscle preparations all contracted concentration‐dependently in response to Ang II. The concentration–response curve (human jejunum, EC50: 1.5 ± 0.8 × 10−8 m) was shifted to the right by losartan (10−7 m) but was unaffected by PD123319 (10−7 m). Both AT1R and AT2R were detected in all segments of the rat small intestinal wall musculature, whereas only AT1R was readily detectable in the human samples.Conclusion: Ang II elicits contractions of small‐intestinal longitudinal muscle preparations from the small intestine of rats and man. The pharmacological pattern and protein expression analyses indicate mediation via the AT1R.
Risk and ageing populations: practice development research through an international research network
Authors: Clarke Charlotte L. ,   and members of the International Collaborative Research Network on Risk and Ageing Populations
Published: August 2006

Background.  Risk theories derive from a range of disciplines, with nursing traditionally concentrating on scientific medical perspectives. However, for older people, risk perception and management is filled with complexity and paradox, and the threat of focusing on physical safety only to the detriment of the well‐being of the older person.Method.  An international collaborative research network on risk in ageing populations has been developed, with 22 members in six countries (Britain, USA, India, South Africa, Australia and Northern Ireland). The network supports several independent projects, many of which have developed as a result of the network. An annual workshop for members has provided the opportunity to share and synthesize methodological experiences and to identify a developing model of risk for older people.Findings.  The developing model highlights the importance for older people of engaging with risk in a positive way, and describes patterns of risk‐philic and risk‐phobic activity. The inter‐relationship of the individual older person with their community, with practitioners and with society is specific to the context of different countries.Conclusion.  Socio‐critical practice development research can be a vehicle for advancing an understanding of risk theory for older people. Risk underpins concepts of choice and capacity to execute decisions. It is influenced by society, policy, health and social care services, and has a profound impact on the experiences of older people.
Dynamics and Control of a Helicopter Carrying a Payload Using a Cable-Suspended Robot
Authors: Oh So-Ryeok , Ryu Ji-Chul , Agrawal Sunil K. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
In this paper we present a study of the dynamics and control of a helicopter carrying a payload through a cable-suspended robot. The helicopter can perform gross motion, while the cable suspended robot underneath the helicopter can modulate a platform in position and orientation. Due to the underactuated nature of the helicopter, the operation of this dual system consisting of the helicopter and the cable robot is challenging. We propose here a two time scale control method, which makes it possible to control the helicopter and the cable robot independently. In addition, this method provides an effective estimation on the bound of the motion of the helicopter. Therefore, even in the case where the helicopter motion is unknown, the cable robot can be stabilized by implementing a robust controller. Simulation results of the dual system show that the proposed control approach is effective for such a helicopter-robot system.
Experimental Estimate of the Continuous One-Dimensional Kernel Function in a Rectangular Duct With Forced Convection
Authors: Rhee Jinny , Moffat Robert J. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe continuous, one-dimensional kernel function in a rectangular duct subject to forced convection with air was experimentally estimated using liquid crystal thermography techniques. Analytical relationships between the kernel function for internal flow and the temperature distribution resulting from a known heat flux distribution were manipulated to accomplish this objective. The kernel function in the hydrodynamically fully developed region was found to be proportional to the streamwise temperature gradient resulting from a constant heat flux surface. In the hydrodynamic entry region of the rectangular duct, a model for the kernel function was proposed and used in its experimental determination. The kernel functions obtained by the present work were shown to be capable of predicting the highly nonuniform surface temperature rise above the inlet temperature resulting from an arbitrary heat flux distribution to within the experimental uncertainty. This is better than the prediction obtained using the analytically derived kernel function for turbulent flow between parallel plates, and the prediction obtained using the conventional heat transfer coefficient for constant heat flux boundary conditions. The latter prediction fails to capture both the quantitative and qualitative nature of the problem. The results of this work are relevant to applications involving the thermal management of nonuniform temperature surfaces subject to internal convection with air, such as board-level electronics cooling. Reynolds numbers in the turbulent and transition range were examined.
The Gamma Interferon (IFN-γ) Mimetic Peptide IFN-γ(95-133) Prevents Encephalomyocarditis Virus Infection both in Tissue Culture and in Mice
Authors: Mujtaba Mustafa G. , Patel Chintak B. , Patel Ravi A. , Flowers Lawrence O. , Burkhart Marjorie A. , Waiboci Lilian W. , Martin James , Haider Mohammad I. , Ahmed Chulbul M. , Johnson Howard M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWe have demonstrated previously that the C-terminal gamma interferon (IFN-γ) mimetic peptide consisting of residues 95 to 133 [IFN-γ(95-133)], which contains the crucial IFN-γ nuclear localization sequence (NLS), has antiviral activity in tissue culture. Here we evaluate the efficacy of this peptide and its derivatives first in vitro and then in an animal model of lethal viral infection with the encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus. Deletion of the NLS region from the IFN-γ mimetic peptide IFN-γ(95-133) resulted in loss of antiviral activity. However, the NLS region does not have antiviral activity in itself. Replacing the NLS region of IFN-γ(95-133) with the NLS region of the simian virus 40 large T antigen retains the antiviral activity in tissue culture. IFN-γ(95-133) prevented EMC virus-induced lethality in mice in a dose-dependent manner compared to controls. Mice treated with IFN-γ(95-133) had no or low EMC virus titers in their internal organs, whereas control mice had consistently high viral titers, especially in the heart tissues. Injection of B8R protein, which is encoded by poxviruses as a defense mechanism to neutralize host IFN-γ, did not inhibit IFN-γ(95-133) protection against a lethal dose of EMC virus, whereas mice treated with rat IFN-γ were not protected. The data presented here show that the IFN-γ mimetic peptide IFN-γ(95-133) prevents EMC virus infection in vivo and in vitro and may have potential against other lethal viruses, such as the smallpox virus, which encodes the B8R protein.
Immunotargeting with CD154 (CD40 Ligand) Enhances DNA Vaccine Responses in Ducks
Authors: Gares Sheryl L. , Fischer Karl P. , Congly Stephen E. , Lacoste Stacey , Addison William R. , Tyrrell D. Lorne , Gutfreund Klaus S. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTEngagement of CD154 on activated T cells with CD40 on antigen-presenting cells (APCs) potentiates adaptive immune responses in mammals. Soluble multimeric forms of CD154 have been used as an adjuvant or in immunotargeting strategies to enhance vaccine responses. The objective of our study was to examine the ability of duck CD154 (DuCD154) to enhance DNA vaccine responses in the duck hepatitis B model. Constructs were generated to express the functional domain of DuCD154 (tCD154), truncated duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) core antigen (tcore) and chimera of tcore fused to tCD154 (tcore-tCD154). Expression in LMH cells demonstrated that all proteins were secreted and that tCD154 and tcore-tCD154 formed multimers. Ducks immunized with the plasmid ptcore-tCD154 developed accelerated and enhanced core-specific antibody responses compared to ducks immunized with ptcore or ptcore plus ptCD154. Antibody responses were better sustained in both ptcore-tCD154- and ptcore plus ptCD154-immunized ducks. Core-specific proliferative responses of duck peripheral blood mononuclear cells were enhanced in ducks immunized with ptcore-tCD154 or ptcore alone. This study suggests that the role of CD154 in the regulation of adaptive immune responses had already evolved before the divergence of birds and mammals. Thus, targeting of antigens to APCs with CD154 is an effective strategy to enhance DNA vaccine responses not only in mammalian species but also in avian species.
MODELLING THE RESPONSE OF VASCULAR TUMOURS TO CHEMOTHERAPY: A MULTISCALE APPROACH
Authors: BYRNE HELEN M. , OWEN MARKUS R. , ALARCON TOMAS , MURPHY JAMES , MAINI PHILIP K. 
Published: August 2006

An existing multiscale model is extended to study the response of a vascularised tumour to treatment with chemotherapeutic drugs which target proliferating cells. The underlying hybrid cellular automaton model couples tissue-level processes (e.g. blood flow, vascular adaptation, oxygen and drug transport) with cellular and subcellular phenomena (e.g. competition for space, progress through the cell cycle, natural cell death and drug-induced cell kill and the expression of angiogenic factors). New simulations suggest that, in the absence of therapy, vascular adaptation induced by angiogenic factors can stimulate spatio-temporal oscillations in the tumour's composition. Numerical simulations are presented and show that, depending on the choice of model parameters, when a drug which kills proliferating cells is continuously infused through the vasculature, three cases may arise: the tumour is eliminated by the drug; the tumour continues to expand into the normal tissue; or, the tumour undergoes spatio-temporal oscillations, with regions of high vascular and tumour cell density alternating with regions of low vascular and tumour cell density. The implications of these results and possible directions for future research are also discussed.
Sweeping Proclamations and Local Nitty-Gritty: Knowledge and Social Problems
Authors: Kalekin-Fishman Devorah 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe paper argues that sweeping proclamations about the effects of globalization relate to a world which is antithetic to that of real people. While, for example, politicians strive to meet what they 'know' to be the demands of socio-economic globalization; people contending with the problems such policies raise, deploy a repertoire of local knowledge and concomitant practices. Their knowledge combines traditional lore and lessons learned over a lifetime from dealings in ordinary local contexts. With the help of theorizations of globalization and of everyday life, it is possible to show how local knowledge interacts with the global, and to touch on indicators which are potentially decisive for the differential evolution of the 'glocal'.
Cambodia's Ethnic Vietnamese: Minority Rights and Domestic Politics
Authors: Amer Ramses 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe study's main aim is to analyse the situation of the ethnic Vietnamese in Cambodia. Anti-Vietnamese sentiments have been regularly displayed by the Cambodian elite and in the policies of the Cambodian authorities, the roots and effects of these attitudes are explored. The anti-Vietnamese discourse in Cambodia shows that the perceptions of Vietnam as a state, influence the attitudes towards the Vietnamese minority. Discriminatory policies implemented by the Cambodian authorities and attacks instigated by such policies led to the virtual elimination of the Vietnamese minority in the 1970s, when some 420,000 Vietnamese were expelled or fled to Vietnam. In the 1980s ethnic Vietnamese returned to Cambodia while in the 1990s, politically motivated attacks on ethnic Vietnamese were carried out on a number of occasions. These attacks posed a real threat to the Vietnamese community at large.
A Generalized Momentum Framework for Looking at Baroclinic Circulations
Authors: Zurita-Gotor Pablo , Lindzen Richard S. 
Published: August 2006

Abstract
This paper introduces the concept of potential momentum, which is a nonlocal measure of the thermal structure that has momentum units. Physically, it may be interpreted as the zonal momentum that the flow would realize through an adiabatic redistribution of mass that made the isentropic thickness uniform poleward of a reference latitude. At the surface, a poleward temperature gradient is equivalent to an easterly reservoir of potential momentum. Potential momentum gives a global picture of the thermal field that also takes into account the meridional structure.
When the mean flow is redefined in terms of the total momentum (the standard zonal momentum plus this newly defined potential momentum), the mean-flow response to the eddy forcing can be formulated locally. This allows one to relate in equilibrium the eddy absorption and the restoration of the mean flow. Using the concept of potential momentum, vertical propagation can be related to thermal forcing by means of an equation analogous to the relation between meridional propagation and surface friction. Based on these ideas, it is argued that the time-mean eddy propagation is largely constrained by the strength and structure of the forcing.
The new formalism is applied to a forced–dissipative two-layer model to study the dependence of meridional and vertical propagation and of the global circulation on changes in the diabatic and frictional forcing time scales. It is found that baroclinic adjustment, in the form of a fixed potential vorticity (PV) gradient, is a good approximation because the intensity of the circulation only depends weakly on the forcing time scale. Another remarkable result is that, owing to the robustness of this PV gradient, thermal homogenization is always enhanced with stronger friction.
A comparative study of social work intervention in context in Zambia and England
Authors: Muleya Wilson 
Published: August 2006

English This study compared practitioners views on how work environments affected their choice of theory in social work context in Zambia and England. It found no significant differences in theories used, but found variations in levels of application. Different work environment factors influenced practitioners choice of intervention method in each country. French Cette étude compare les points de vue de praticiens sur l'influence qu'a exercé l'environnement professionnel dans le choix des théories qu'ils ont choisi d'appliquer en travail social en Zambie et en Angleterre. Les résultats indiquent qu'il n'y a pas de différences significatives dans le choix même des théories, mais elle révèlent par contre des variations au plan de l'application. Des facteurs relatifs à l'environnement de travail ont influencé les professionnels dans le choix de leurs méthodes d'intervention dans chacun des pays. Spanish Se comparan los puntos de vista de los trabajadores sociales sobre cómo el ambiente del trabajo influyó su elección de teoría in el contexto del trabajo social de Zambia e Inglaterra. El estudio no halló diferencias significativas en las teorías usadas, pero halló diferencias en los niveles de aplicación. Distintos factores ambientales influyeron qué método de intervención escogieron los trabajadores en cada país.
ErbB receptor regulation by dexamethasone in mouse type II epithelial cells
Authors: Dammann C. E. L. , Nassimi N. , Liu W. , Nielsen H. C. 
Published: August 2006

Glucocorticoids stimulate foetal surfactant synthesis. Therefore, they are used in impending pre-term birth. One mechanism of action on surfactant synthesis is through the induction of neuregulin (NRG) secretion by foetal lung fibroblasts. The direct effects on signalling pathways, and specifically on erbB receptors in foetal type II cell surfactant synthesis, are less well understood.The present authors studied the effect of known promoters of foetal surfactant synthesis (namely dexamethasone and mature (i.e.NRG-containing) fibroblast-conditioned medium (FCM)) on erbB receptor activation, protein content and dimerisation patterns in foetal mouse lung type II cells.Dexamethasone inhibited surfactant synthesis in immature type II cells at day (d)16 of gestation, while the mature FCM had stimulatory effects. Both treatments directly stimulated surfactant synthesis in more mature (d17) cells. At this gestational day, dexamethasone had only a small effect on phosphorylation, but it stimulated the protein levels of all four erbB receptors. Dexamethasone effects were distinct from those of mature FCM, which stimulated both protein content and phosphorylation of all erbB receptors and of the signalling intermediate phospholipase Cγ. Dexamethasone modulated erbB receptor dimerisation patterns, such that erbB2 became the main dimerisation partner for erbB4.In conclusion, dexamethasone signalling involves erbB receptors in foetal type II cells, in a manner similar to, but distinct from, neuregulin-containing fibroblast-conditioned medium signalling.