bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation of genetically engineered A/H5N1 and A/H7N1 pandemic vaccine viruses by reverse genetics in a mixture of Vero and chicken embryo cells
Authors: Legastelois Isabelle , Garcia‐Sastre Adolfo , Palese Peter , Tumpey Terrence M. , Maines Taronna R. , Katz Jacqueline M. , Vogel Frederick R. , Moste Catherine 
Published: July 2007

Background  In case of influenza pandemic, a robust, easy and clean technique to prepare reassortants would be necessary.Objectives  Using reverse genetics, we prepared two vaccine reassortants (A/H5N1 × PR8 and A/H7N1 × PR8) exhibiting the envelope glycoproteins from non‐pathogenic avian viruses, A/Turkey/Wisconsin/68 (A/H5N9) and A/Rhea/New Caledonia/39482/93 (A/H7N1) and the internal proteins of the attenuated human virus A/Puerto Rico/8/34 (H1N1).Methods  The transfection was accomplished using a mixture of Vero and chicken embryo cells both of which are currently being used for vaccine manufacturing.Results  This process was reproducible, resulting in consistent recovery of influenza viruses in 6 days. Because it is mainly the A/H5N1 strain that has recently crossed the human barrier, it is the A/PR8 × A/H5N1 reassortant (RG5) that was further amplified, either in embryonated hen eggs or Vero cells, to produce vaccine pre‐master seed stocks that met quality control specifications. Safety testing in chickens and ferrets was performed to assess the non‐virulence of the reassortant, and finally analysis using chicken and ferret sera immunized with the RG5 virus showed that the vaccine candidate elicited an antibody response cross‐reactive with the Hong Kong 1997 and 2003 H5N1 strains but not the Vietnam/2004 viruses.Conclusions  The seeds obtained could be used as part of a pandemic vaccine strain ‘library’ available in case of propagation in humans of a new highly pathogenic avian strain.
Nuclear Import and Export of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Nonstructural Protein 2
Authors: Montgomery Stephanie A. , Johnston Robert E. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Many RNA viruses, which replicate predominantly in the cytoplasm, have nuclear components that contribute to their life cycle or pathogenesis. We investigated the intracellular localization of the multifunctional nonstructural protein 2 (nsP2) in mammalian cells infected with Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEE), an important, naturally emerging zoonotic alphavirus. VEE nsP2 localizes to both the cytoplasm and the nucleus of mammalian cells in the context of infection and also when expressed alone. Through the analysis of a series of enhanced green fluorescent protein fusions, a segment of nsP2 that completely localizes to the nucleus of mammalian cells was identified. Within this region, mutation of the putative nuclear localization signal (NLS) PGKMV diminished, but did not obliterate, the ability of the protein to localize to the nucleus, suggesting that this sequence contributes to the nuclear localization of VEE nsP2. Furthermore, VEE nsP2 specifically interacted with the nuclear import protein karyopherin-α1 but not with karyopherin-α2, -3, or -4, suggesting that karyopherin-α1 transports nsP2 to the nucleus during infection. Additionally, a novel nuclear export signal (NES) was identified, which included residues L526 and L528 of VEE nsP2. Leptomycin B treatment resulted in nuclear accumulation of nsP2, demonstrating that nuclear export of nsP2 is mediated via the CRM1 nuclear export pathway. Disruption of either the NLS or the NES in nsP2 compromised essential viral functions. Taken together, these results establish the bidirectional transport of nsP2 across the nuclear membrane, suggesting that a critical function of nsP2 during infection involves its shuttling between the cytoplasm and the nucleus.
Long-Term Infection and Shedding of Human Cytomegalovirus in T98G Glioblastoma Cells
Authors: Luo Min Hua , Fortunato Elizabeth A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACT
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is the leading viral cause of birth defects, affecting primarily the central nervous system (CNS). To further understand this CNS pathology, cells from glioblastoma cell lines T98G and A172, the astrocytic glioblastoma cell line CCF-STTG1 (CCF), and the neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y (SY5Y) were infected with HCMV. CCF and SY5Y cells were fully permissive for infection, while A172 cells were nonpermissive. In T98G cells, the majority of cells showed viral deposition into the nucleus by 6 h postinfection (hpi); however, viral immediate-early gene expression was observed in only ∼30% of cells in the first 72 h. In viral antigen (Ag)-positive cells, although the development of complete viral replication centers was delayed, fully developed centers formed by 96 hpi. Interestingly, even at very late times postinfection, a mixture of multiple small, bipolar, and large foci was always present. The initial trafficking of input pp65 into the nucleus was also delayed. Titer and infectious-center assays showed a small number of T98G cells shedding virus at very low levels. Surprisingly, both Ag-positive and Ag-negative cells continued to divide; because of this continuous division, we adopted a protocol for passaging the T98G cells every third day to prevent overcrowding. Under this protocol, detectable infectious-virus shedding continued until passage 5 and viral gene expression continued through eight passages. This evidence points to T98G cells as a promising model for long-term infections.
Ultraviolet reflectance of male nuptial colouration in sand lizards (Lacerta agilis) from the Pyrenees
Authors: Pérez i de Lanuza Guillem , Font Enrique 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The evolutionary significance of lacertid colourations is relatively
unexplored. However, several studies have demonstrated signalling by means
of bright green colouration in Swedish Lacerta agilis males during the
breeding season. Unfortunately, most of these studies have been based on
human colour perception that differs in several ways from that of lizard. An
important difference between human and lizard colour vision is the presence
of an ultraviolet (UV) sensitive cone in lizards. The available evidence
suggests that male sand lizards colorations do not reflect UV wavelengths,
at least in Swedish populations. However, this study, based on objective
(spectrophotometric) measures of Pyrenean L. agilis, revealed a secondary
reflectance peak in the UV in male green colouration. This secondary peak
increases sexual dichromatism and male conspicuousness. Moreover, it could
have a social signalling function as do similar UV reflecting patches in
other lizard species.
RS 15.039 remis sur pied
Authors:   Pardee
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new epigraphic examination of RS 15.039 has led to reversing the obverse-reverse orientation of the tablet as previously read. The new orientation gives a simple progression from distributions of wine to distributions of a second liquid commodity currently unidentifiable. The philological analysis has led to the conclusion that the recipients of these two commodities do not belong exclusively to the religious sphere.
Triage for coronary artery bypass graft surgery in Canada: Do patients agree on who should come first?
Authors: Shufelt Katy , Chong Alice , Alter David A 
Published: July 2007

Abstract

Background
The extent to which clinical and non-clinical factors impact on the waiting-list prioritization preferences of patients in the queue is unknown. Using a series of hypothetical scenarios, the objective of this study was to examine the extent to which clinical and non-clinical factors impacted on how patients would prioritize others relative to themselves in the coronary artery bypass surgical queue.

Methods
Ninety-one consecutive eligible patients awaiting coronary artery bypass grafting surgery at Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre (median waiting-time duration prior to survey of 8 weeks) were given a self-administered survey consisting of nine scenarios in which clinical and non-clinical characteristic profiles of hypothetical patients (also awaiting coronary artery bypass surgery) were varied. For each scenario, patients were asked where in the queue such hypothetical patients should be placed relative to themselves.

Results
The eligible response rate was 65% (59/91). Most respondents put themselves marginally ahead of a hypothetical patient with identical clinical and non-clinical characteristics as themselves. There was a strong tendency for respondents to place patients of higher clinical acuity ahead of themselves in the queue (P < 0.0001). Social independence among young individuals was a positively valued attribute (P < 0.0001), but neither age per se nor financial status, directly impacted on patients waiting-list priority preferences.

Conclusion
While patient perceptions generally reaffirmed a bypass surgical triage process based on principals of equity and clinical acuity, the valuation of social independence may justify further debate with regard to the inclusion of non-clinical factors in waiting-list prioritization management systems in Canada, as elsewhere.
Reasoning in people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder
Authors: Simpson Jane , Cove Jennifer , Fineberg Naomi , Msetfi Rachel M. , Ball Linden J. 
Published: July 2007

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the inductive and deductive reasoning abilities of people with obsessive‐compulsive disorder (OCD). Following previous research, it was predicted that people with OCD would show different abilities on inductive reasoning tasks but similar abilities to controls on deductive reasoning tasks.Design A two‐group comparison was used with both groups matched on a range of demographic variables. Where appropriate, unmatched variables were entered into the analyses as covariates.Methods Twenty‐three people with OCD and 25 control participants were assessed on two tasks: an inductive reasoning task (the 20‐questions task) and a deductive reasoning task (a syllogistic reasoning task with a content‐neutral and content‐emotional manipulation).Results While no group differences emerged on several of the parameters of the inductive reasoning task, the OCD group did differ on one, and arguably the most important, parameter by asking fewer correct direct‐hypothesis questions. The syllogistic reasoning task results were analysed using both correct response and conclusion acceptance data. While no main effects of group were evident, significant interactions indicated important differences in the way the OCD group reasoned with content neutral and emotional syllogisms.Conclusions It was argued that the OCD group's patterns of response on both tasks were characterized by the need for more information, states of uncertainty, and doubt and postponement of a final decision.
Efficacy of imatinib mesylate in advanced medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Frank-Raue Karin , Fabel Michael , Delorme Stefan , Haberkorn Uwe , Raue Friedhelm 
Published: July 2007

Objective: Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is often associated with gain-of-function mutations in the RET proto-oncogene, which is found in all hereditary cases and most sporadic cases. The activated RET receptor tyrosine kinase can be inhibited by tyrosine kinase inhibitors in vitro. We evaluated the efficacy of treatment with imatinib mesylate, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, in patients with advanced MTC.
Design and patients: In this open-label clinical trial, nine patients, eight with sporadic and one with hereditary MTC, with unresectable, measurable, progressive metastases were treated with imatinib mesylate 600 mg daily. The tumour response to imatinib was evaluated after 3, 6 and 12 months by computed tomography and after 1 month by 18F-fluoro-2-deoxy d-glucose position-emission tomographic scanning. The median duration of therapy was 8 months.
Results: Overall, stable disease occurred in five patients for up to 6 months and in one patient for up to 12 months, with a median duration of progression-free survival of 6 months. Four patients had progressive disease after 12 months. One patient stopped therapy after 2 weeks because of worsening of diarrhoea. Therapy was well tolerated, although transient mild-to-moderate nausea (n = 3), oedema (n = 3), diarrhoea (n = 2) and skin rash (n = 2) were observed.
Conclusion: Imatinib mesylate is well tolerated, no tumour remission was observed, only transient stable disease was achieved in some patients with advanced MTC.
Adiponectin levels measured in dried blood spot samples from neonates born small and appropriate for gestational age
Authors: Klamer A , Skogstrand K , Hougaard D M , Nørgaard-Petersen B , Juul A , Greisen G 
Published: July 2007

Objective: Adiponectin levels measured in neonatal dried blood spot samples (DBSS) might be affected by both prematurity and being born small for gestational age (SGA). The aim of the study was to measure adiponectin levels in routinely collected neonatal DBSS taken on day 5 (range 3–12) postnatal from infants.
Design: A retrospective case–control study.
Subjects and methods: One hundred and twenty-two infants: 62 very premature (34 SGA) and 60 mature infants (27 SGA). Adiponectin concentrations were determined in stored neonatal DBSS using a sandwich immunoassay based on flow metric Luminex xMap technology.
Results: Adiponectin was measurable in all samples, and repeated measurements correlated significantly (r = 0.94). Adiponectin concentrations were negatively associated with both SGA (B = −0.283, P = 0.04) and prematurity (B = −2.194, P < 0.001), independently of each other. In the premature but not the mature group, adiponectin levels increased with increasing postnatal age at blood sampling (B = 0.175, P < 0.001).
Conclusions: Reliable quantification of adiponectin in stored DBSS is feasible and may be used to study large populations of routinely collected samples. Low levels of adiponectin in neonatal DBSS are associated with SGA as well as prematurity. Blood adiponectin levels increase with postnatal age in premature infants, suggesting a rapid yet unexplained metabolic adaptation to premature extrauterine life.
Relevance of Ki-67 and prognostic factors for recurrence/progression of gonadotropic adenomas after first surgery
Authors: Dubois S , Guyétant S , Menei P , Rodien P , Illouz F , Vielle B , Rohmer V 
Published: July 2007

Objective: Gonadotropin-secreting pituitary adenomas carry a high risk of local recurrence or progression (R/P) of remnant tumor after first surgery. The clinical characteristics and the long-term outcome of these silent adenomas, which show no signs of endocrine hyperfunction, differ from those of other types of pituitary adenomas. However, to date, no study has focused specifically on gonadotropic adenomas.Materials and methods: To identify prognostic factors of R/P of remnants, we studied the postoperative outcome of 32 gonadotropic pituitary adenomas, defined on immunohistochemical staining, according to their clinical and radiological characteristics as well as the Ki-67 labeling index (LI).Results: The Ki-67 LI failed to provide independent information for the identification of patients at risk of progression of remnants or recurrence. Multivariate survival analysis (Cox regression) showed that neither invasiveness nor remnant tumors nor hyposomatotropism influenced tumor recurrence. The strongest predicting factors of R/P were the antero-posterior (AP) diameter in the sagittal plane (P= 0.014), and the age of the patient at surgery (P= 0.047), with younger patients being at greater risk. Hazard ratios were 2.11 for each 5 mm increase in AP diameter and 0.57 for every 10 years of age.Conclusion: The two simple clinical criteria revealed by our study, the AP diameter of the tumor and the age of the patient, should be helpful in planning clinical management and radiological monitoring after first surgery of gonadotropic adenomas, while awaiting the identification of other pathological parameters.
Simple Patterning via Adhesion between a Buffered‐Oxide Etchant‐Treated PDMS Stamp and a SiO2 Substrate
Authors: Kim Y.‐K. , Kim G. T. , Ha J. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA very simple polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) pattern‐transfer method is devised, called buffered‐oxide etchant (BOE) printing. The mechanism of pattern transfer is investigated, by considering the strong adhesion between the BOE‐treated PDMS and the SiO2 substrate. PDMS patterns from a few micrometers to sub‐micrometer size are transferred to the SiO2 substrate by just pressing a stamp that has been immersed in BOE solution for a few minutes. The patterned PDMS layers work as perfect physical and chemical passivation layers in the fabrication of metal electrodes and V2O5 nanowire channels, respectively. Interestingly, a second stamping of the BOE‐treated PDMS on the SiO2 substrate pre‐patterned with metal as well as PDMS results in a selective transfer of the PDMS patterns only to the bare SiO2. In this way, the fabrication of a device structure consisting of two Au electrodes and V2O5 nanowire network channels is possible; non‐ohmic semiconducting I–V characteristics, which can be modeled by serially connected percolation, are observed.
Diet, energy expenditure, and body composition of lactating Ribeirinha women in the brazilian amazon
Authors: Piperata Barbara A. , Dufour Darna L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLactation is the most energetically demanding part of human reproduction; yet, compared with pregnancy, we know little about the strategies women in different settings employ to cope with these increased energy demands. This paper takes a biocultural approach and reports longitudinal data on the anthropometry, dietary intakes and energy expenditure of a sample of 23 rural, lactating Ribeirinha women living in subsistence‐based communities in the eastern Amazon. The dietary intakes of these lactating women were insufficient to meet their lactating energy needs and were least sufficient during resguardo, a 40‐day period in the immediate postpartum when the women observed a series of food taboos and work restrictions. Instead, the women in this study met the increased energy demands of lactation by drawing on their energy reserves and reducing their energy expenditure in physical activity. The women showed a significant reduction in weight (P < 0.001), BMI (P < 0.001) and in circumferences (hip, P = 0.01; waist, P = 0.03) and skinfolds (thigh, P = 0.03) in the gluteal femoral region. Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was lowest during resguardo and increased as lactation progressed (P = 0.01). While the practice of resguardo reduced maternal energy expenditure and allowed women more time to spend with their newborn infants, it came at a cost (low dietary intake), which appears to be related to the loss of the adult woman from subsistence activities. By taking a biocultural approach this study illustrates the role the social environment plays in shaping the experience of lactating women. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Durchstanzversuche mit Bewehrung mit hochfestem Verbund, innovative Traganalysen und Bemessungsansätze
Authors: Rojek Richard , Keller Tobias 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIm vorliegenden Aufsatz wird über Durchstanzversuche berichtet, bei denen in die Stahlbeton‐Versuchsplatten als Durchstanzsicherung Bewehrung mit hochfestem Verbund eingebaut wurde. Die Versuchsergebnisse zeigen, dass mit diesem System sehr gute Tragfähigkeiten erreicht werden. Aus den Rissbildern der nach den Versuchen aufgeschnittenen Versuchsplatten konnten interessante Rückschlüsse auf die Tragwirkung des Systems gezogen werden. Ein Vergleich dieser Rissbilder mit denjenigen von Versuchsplatten mit Doppelkopfankern als Durchstanzsicherung zeigt im Detail deutliche Unterschiede im Tragverhalten. Die Analyse der Versuchsergebnisse führt außerdem zu neuartigen Erkenntnissen über die Tragmechanismen im durchstanzgefährdeten Auflagerbereich von Stahlbetonplatten, die auch die Grundlage für einen Vorschlag bieten, die bestehenden Bemessungsregeln zu modifizieren.
Die neue DAfStb‐Richtlinie “Vorbeugende Maßnahmen gegen schädigende Alkalireaktion im Beton”
Authors: Haase Rosemarie , Hintzen Wilhelm , Marquordt Dittmar , Wiens Udo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEuropäisch gibt es zurzeit kein allgemein anerkanntes Prüfverfahren zur Beurteilung der Alkali‐Kieselsäure‐Reaktivität von Gesteinskörnungen. EN 12620 legt hierfür die am Verwendungsort der Gesteinskörnung geltenden Vorschriften fest, in Deutschland die Alkali‐Richtlinie, die entsprechend anzupassen war.Als nationale Restregelung zu einer harmonisierten europäischen Norm muss sie nun alle Gesteinskörnungen nach EN 12620 abschließend regeln. Dies wurde in der Bauregelliste für die alte Fassung der Alkali‐Richtlinie durch entsprechende Anlagen vorweggenommen. In die Neufassung der Alkali‐Richtlinie sollten Regelungen aufgenommen werden, die der bauaufsichtlichen Umsetzung in Bauregelliste A, Teil 1 gerecht werden.Die Alkali‐Richtlinie besteht weiterhin aus drei Teilen. Änderungen haben insbesondere die Teile 1 und 3 erfahren. Der Teil 2 wurde weitgehend unverändert belassen. Erstmalig enthält die Richtlinie zusätzlich zwei Anhänge, A und B. Anhang A regelt ein alternatives Schnellprüfverfahren zur Beurteilung von Gesteinskörnungen gemäß Teil 3. In Anhang B wird informativ ein gegenüber dem bekannten und bewährten Balkenversuch vereinfachtes Prüfverfahren zur weiteren Datensammlung aufgeführt.
Erweiterung der klassischen M‐N‐Interaktionsdiagramme
Authors: Schindler Steffen , Bender Michél , Mark Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie bekannten M‐N‐Interaktionsdiagramme zur Querschnittsbemessung im Grenzzustand der Tragfähigkeit werden über Zusatzdiagramme um die Ablesemöglichkeit von Hebelarm der inneren Kräfte z und statischer Nutzhöhe d erweitert. Dazu werden zunächst die erforderlichen Normierungsgrundlagen abgeleitet und für die gängigen Querschnittstypen Rechteck und Kreis zusammengestellt. Beispielhaft sind fünf erweiterte Diagramme für einen Kreisquerschnitt und für den beidseitig bewehrten Rechteckquerschnitt mit verschiedenen Druckbewehrungsgraden ausgearbeitet. Beispiele zeigen Anwendung und Vorzüge der Erweiterung.
Suggestive Experten: Zur Etablierung der US‐amerikanischen Medienforschung in den 1930–1950er Jahren
Authors: Daniel Ute 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSuggestive experts: The rise of American communication studies (1930s to 1950s). – The history of social engineering and its rise in the first half of the twentieth century is a well developed field today. This article attempts to add the history of communications research to this field of historical study. The focus lies on the experts for mass communication and their difficulties to combine scientific methodology with the promise to explore how human behaviour can be influenced by the mass media.