bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SENSORY PROPERTIES OF DRINKABLE YOGURT MADE FROM MILK OF DIFFERENT GOAT BREEDS
Authors: UYSAL‐PALA C. , KARAGUL‐YUCEER Y. , PALA A. , SAVAS T. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTDrinkable yogurts made from different goat breed milk and made with normal and probiotic cultures were evaluated for their sensory characteristics. Milk of Turkish Saanen, Maltese and Turkish Hair goats obtained during the beginning, middle and end of lactations were used to produce drinkable yogurt. Using descriptive sensory analysis technique, common terms were developed as “goaty,”“creamy,”“fermented,”“cooked,”“throat burn,”“sweet,”“salty,”“sour” and “astringent.” Breeds, lactation periods and using regular and probiotic types of starter cultures affected the sensory characteristics of drinkable yogurts. Drinkable yogurts made by cow milk had weaker intensities of flavor attributes including goaty, creamy, throat burn and salty than that made by goat milks of the three breeds. Drinkable yogurts made from Turkish Saanen breed had more goaty flavor than those made from Turkish Hair and Maltese goat breeds. The products made by milk provided at the end of lactation period had the highest intensities of goaty flavor. In addition, the intensities of goaty, creamy and cooked flavors in the products made by regular yogurt cultures were higher than those of drinkable yogurts with probiotic cultures.
Enhancement of methoxamine‐induced contractile responses of rat ventricular muscle in streptozotocin‐induced diabetes is associated withα1Aadrenoceptor upregulation
Authors: Kamata K. , Satoh T. , Matsumoto T. , Noguchi E. , Taguchi K. , Kobayashi T. , Tanaka H. , Shigenobu K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAim: To clarify the time‐related changes in cardiac function and the mechanism underlying the cardiac dysfunction present in diabetes mellitus, we studied mechanical responses induced byα1‐ andβ‐adrenoceptors, the Ca2+‐entry promoter Bay K 8644‐ and ryanodine (an agent known to inhibit Ca2+release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum) in papillary muscles from streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced diabetic and age‐matched control rats.Methods: Male Wistar rats received a single injection of STZ (60 mg kg−1) via the tail vein to induce diabetes. For the mechanical studies, papillary muscle preparations were suspended in an organ bath and isometric contractions were measured in 1‐, 4‐, and 10‐week STZ‐induced diabetic and age‐matched control rats.Results: In 1‐week diabetic rats, the contractions induced by isoproterenol, methoxamine and Bay K 8644 were unchanged (vs. age‐matched controls). In 4‐week diabetic rats, (a) the isoproterenol‐ and Bay K 8644‐induced contractions were impaired, (b) sensitivity to ryanodine was reduced, whereas (c) the methoxamine‐induced contraction was unchanged. In 10‐week diabetic rats, the isoproterenol‐ and Bay K 8644‐induced contractile responses were impaired and the sensitivity to ryanodine was reduced, but in sharp contrast the methoxamine‐induced contraction was enhanced. Both the mRNA level for theα1Aadrenoceptor (but not theα1Borα1DmRNAs) andα1Aadrenoceptor protein were increased in 10‐week diabetic rats (vs. age‐matched controls).Conclusion: These results suggest that impairments ofβ‐adrenergic and Ca2+‐handling mechanisms occur early in the development of cardiomyopathy in STZ‐induced diabetic rats, and that this is followed by augmentation ofα1Aadrenoceptor‐mediated inotropy due toα1Aadrenoceptor upregulation.
Microstructure of the silk spigots of the green crab spider Oxytate striatipes (Araneae: Thomisidae)
Authors: MOON Myung‐Jin , AN Jeong‐Su 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe genus Oxytate L. Koch, 1878 comprises a homogeneous group of nocturnal crab spiders that have silk apparatuses even though they do not spin webs to trap prey. We examined the microstructure of the silk spinning apparatus of the green crab spider Oxytate striatipes, using field emission scanning electron microscopy. The silk glands of the spider were classified into three types: ampullate, pyriform and aciniform. The spigots of these three types of silk gland occur in both sexes. Two pairs of major ampullate glands send secretory ductules to the anterior spinnerets, and another two pairs of minor ampullate glands supply the median spinnerets. In addition, the pyriform glands send ductules to the anterior spinnerets (45 pairs in females and 40 pairs in males), and the aciniform glands feed silk into the median (9–12 pairs in females and 7–10 pairs in males) and the posterior (30 pairs in both sexes) spinnerets. The spigot system of O. striatipes is simpler and more primitive than other wandering spiders: even the female spiders possess neither tubuliform glands for cocoon production nor triad spigots for web‐building.
Seasonal prevalence of mosquitoes collected from light traps in the Republic of Korea in 2003
Authors: KIM Heung Chul , CHONG Sung Tae , O’BRIEN Lisa L. , O’GUINN Monica L. , TURELL Michael J. , LEE Hee‐Choon , KLEIN Terry A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSurveillance of adult mosquitoes was conducted at 29 US military installations and training sites in six provinces in the Republic of Korea during 2003. Adult mosquitoes were collected in New Jersey light traps and dry ice‐baited New Jersey light traps from 1 May to 15 October. Mosquito surveillance was conducted to determine threshold levels to initiate pesticide applications and identify malaria infection rates at selected army installations and training sites. A total of 42 024 adult mosquitoes (32 594 females [77.6%] and 9430 males [22. 4%]) comprising 14 species and Anopheles sinensis s.l. (a complex of five species), representing seven genera, were collected. The most common species were members of the Anopheles sinensis Wiedemann complex (54.9%), followed by Aedes vexans nipponii (Theobald) (19.0%), Culex pipiens Coquillett (14.3%) and Culex tritaeniorhynchus Giles (10.6%). Trap indices varied widely for species over their range, due in part to geographical distribution and degree of association with urban communities.
Comparison between hemolymph and tissue ferritin in response to heavy metal feeding in the wax moth Galleria mellonella
Authors: CHOI Chi‐Won , SEO Dong‐Hwan , YUK Ji‐Eun , YUN Chi‐Young 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effects of seven heavy metals on hemolymph and tissue ferritin in Galleria mellonella were examined by western blotting. Hemolymph ferritin was clearly upregulated by Hg, while tissue ferritin was dramatically upregulated by Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn and Ni. The level of hemolymph ferritin for Hg and Cd increased approximately 1.5‐fold over normal controls, while the level of tissue ferritin for Cd, Cu, Mn, Zn and Ni increased more than twofold, indicating that the regulation of hemolymph and tissue ferritin differ with the different heavy metals. Compared to normal control insects not fed CdCl2, ferritin subunit mRNA from the Malpighian tubules, muscle, the gut and the integument was clearly downregulated, as determined by semi‐quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction, but ferritin subunit mRNA from the silk gland and the fat body did not show any change. These results suggest that in G. mellonella, tissue ferritin is responsible for Cd stress and is thus important for survival of the moth, and that tissue and hemolymph ferritin have different ferritin‐inducible mechanisms in response to dietary CdCl2.
Lipophorin uptake by the larval fat body and adult ovary in the wax moth Galleria mellonella
Authors: JUNG Eun‐Suk , JOE Jun‐Ho , YUN Hwa‐Kyung 
Published: September 2006

AbstractLipophorin (Lp) acts in the circulation of insects to selectively deliver lipids to target tissues. In the present study, we wanted to show that Lp is taken up into larval fat body cells and the adult ovary in Galleria mellonella. Larval fat body and adult ovary tissues were incubated at room temperature for 30 min with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)‐labeled Lp. Fluorescence microscopy and sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE) revealed that fat body and ovary tissues internalize fluorescence‐labeled Lp. The results suggest that both lipids and proteins are taken up by fat body cells and the ovary and also that large amounts of proteins and lipids taken up can serve as building blocks and as a source of energy. Immunological relationships with other insects were investigated using western blotting. The data showed that the Lp of Galleria mellonella is related to that of Hyphantria cunea.
A new record of Tanysphyrus (Tanysphyroides) major Roelofs (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) from Korea
Authors: KWON Ohseok , PARK Jinyoung , LEE In‐Yong , LEE Jong‐Eun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe species Tanysphyrus (Tanysphyroides) major Roelofs is recorded for the first time from Korea. This paper reports the diagnostic characters, and some remarks on its systematics and notes on its biology are also provided.
Endogenous laminin is required for human airway smooth muscle cell maturation
Authors: Tran Thai , McNeill Karol D , Gerthoffer William T , Unruh Helmut , Halayko Andrew J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Airway smooth muscle (ASM) contraction underlies acute bronchospasm in asthma. ASM cells can switch between a synthetic-proliferative phenotype and a contractile phenotype. While the effects of extracellular matrix (ECM) components on modulation of ASM cells to a synthetic phenotype have been reported, the role of ECM components on maturation of ASM cells to a contractile phenotype in adult lung is unclear. As both changes in ECM components and accumulation of contractile ASM are features of airway wall remodelling in asthma, we examined the role of the ECM protein, laminin, in the maturation of contractile phenotype in human ASM cells.

Methods
Human ASM cells were made senescence-resistant by stable expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase. Maturation to a contractile phenotype was induced by 7-day serum deprivation, as assessed by immunoblotting for desmin and calponin. The role of laminin on ASM maturation was investigated by comparing the effects of exogenous laminin coated on culture plates, and of soluble laminin peptide competitors. Endogenous expression of laminin chains during ASM maturation was also measured.

Results
Myocyte binding to endogenously expressed laminin was required for ASM phenotype maturation, as laminin competing peptides (YIGSR or GRGDSP) significantly reduced desmin and calponin protein accumulation that otherwise occurs with prolonged serum deprivation. Coating of plastic cell culture dishes with different purified laminin preparations was not sufficient to further promote accumulation of desmin or calponin during 7-day serum deprivation. Expression of α2, β1 and γ1 laminin chains by ASM cells was specifically up-regulated during myocyte maturation, suggesting a key role for laminin-2 in the development of the contractile phenotype.

Conclusion
While earlier reports suggest exogenously applied laminin slows the spontaneous modulation of ASM to a synthetic phenotype, we show for the first time that endogenously expressed laminin is required for ASM maturation to the contractile phenotype. As endogenously expressed laminin chains α2, β1 and γ1 are uniquely increased during myocyte maturation, these laminin chains may be key in this process. Thus, human ASM maturation appears to involve regulated endogenous expression of a select set of laminin chains that are essential for accumulation of contractile phenotype myocytes.
PET-Tool: a software suite for comprehensive processing and managing of Paired-End diTag (PET) sequence data
Authors: Chiu Kuo Ping , Wong Chee-Hong , Chen Qiongyu , Ariyaratne Pramila , Ooi Hong Sain , Wei Chia-Lin , Sung Wing-Kin Ken , Ruan Yijun 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
We recently developed the Paired End diTag (PET) strategy for efficient characterization of mammalian transcriptomes and genomes. The paired end nature of short PET sequences derived from long DNA fragments raised a new set of bioinformatics challenges, including how to extract PETs from raw sequence reads, and correctly yet efficiently map PETs to reference genome sequences. To accommodate and streamline data analysis of the large volume PET sequences generated from each PET experiment, an automated PET data process pipeline is desirable.

Results
We designed an integrated computation program package, PET-Tool, to automatically process PET sequences and map them to the genome sequences. The Tool was implemented as a web-based application composed of four modules: the Extractor module for PET extraction; the Examiner module for analytic evaluation of PET sequence quality; the Mapper module for locating PET sequences in the genome sequences; and the ProjectManager module for data organization. The performance of PET-Tool was evaluated through the analyses of 2.7 million PET sequences. It was demonstrated that PET-Tool is accurate and efficient in extracting PET sequences and removing artifacts from large volume dataset. Using optimized mapping criteria, over 70% of quality PET sequences were mapped specifically to the genome sequences. With a 2.4 GHz LINUX machine, it takes approximately six hours to process one million PETs from extraction to mapping.

Conclusion
The speed, accuracy, and comprehensiveness have proved that PET-Tool is an important and useful component in PET experiments, and can be extended to accommodate other related analyses of paired-end sequences. The Tool also provides user-friendly functions for data quality check and system for multi-layer data management.
A biological question and a balanced (orthogonal) design: the ingredients to efficiently analyze two-color microarrays with Confirmatory Factor Analysis
Authors: Crijns Anne PG , Gerbens Frans , Plantinga A Edo D , Meersma Gert Jan , de Jong Steven , Hofstra Robert MW , de Vries Elisabeth GE , van der Zee Ate GJ , de Bock Geertruida H , te Meerman Gerard J 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Factor analysis (FA) has been widely applied in microarray studies as a data-reduction-tool without any a-priori assumption regarding associations between observed data and latent structure (Exploratory Factor Analysis).
A disadvantage is that the representation of data in a reduced set of dimensions can be difficult to interpret, as biological contrasts do not necessarily coincide with single dimensions. However, FA can also be applied as an instrument to confirm what is expected on the basis of pre-established hypotheses (Confirmatory Factor Analysis, CFA). We show that with a hypothesis incorporated in a balanced (orthogonal) design, including 'SelfSelf' hybridizations, dye swaps and independent replications, FA can be used to identify the latent factors underlying the correlation structure among the observed two-color microarray data. An orthogonal design will reflect the principal components associated with each experimental factor. We applied CFA to a microarray study performed to investigate cisplatin resistance in four ovarian cancer cell lines, which only differ in their degree of cisplatin resistance.

Results
Two latent factors, coinciding with principal components, representing the differences in cisplatin resistance between the four ovarian cancer cell lines were easily identified. From these two factors 315 genes associated with cisplatin resistance were selected, 199 genes from the first factor (False Discovery Rate (FDR): 19%) and 152 (FDR: 24%) from the second factor, while both gene sets shared 36. The differential expression of 16 genes was validated with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.

Conclusion
Our results show that FA is an efficient method to analyze two-color microarray data provided that there is a pre-defined hypothesis reflected in an orthogonal design.
Hypoxia induces telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene expression in non-tumor fish tissues in vivo: the marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) model
Authors: Yu Richard MK , Chen Eric XH , Kong Richard YC , Ng Patrick KS , Mok Helen OL , Au Doris WT 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Current understanding on the relationships between hypoxia, hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) and telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) gene expression are largely based on in vitro studies in human cancer cells. Although several reports demonstrated HIF-1- mediated upregulation of the human TERT gene under hypoxia, conflicting findings have also been reported. Thus far, it remains uncertain whether these findings can be directly extrapolated to non-tumor tissues in other whole animal systems in vivo. While fish often encounter environmental hypoxia, the in vivo regulation of TERT by hypoxia in non-neoplastic tissues of fish remains virtually unknown.

Results
The adult marine medaka (Oryzias melastigma) was employed as a model fish in this study. We have cloned and characterized a 3261-bp full-length TERT cDNA, omTERT, which encodes a protein of 1086 amino acids. It contains all of the functional motifs that are conserved in other vertebrate TERTs. Motif E is the most highly conserved showing 90.9–100% overall identity among the fish TERTs and 63.6% overall identity among vertebrates. Analysis of the 5'-flanking sequence of the omTERT gene identified two HRE (hypoxia-responsive element; nt. – 283 and – 892) cores. Overexpression of the HIF-1α induced omTERT promoter activity as demonstrated using transient transfection assays. The omTERT gene is ubiquitously expressed in fish under normoxia, albeit at varying levels, where highest expression was observed in gonads and the lowest in liver. In vivo expression of omTERT was significantly upregulated in testis and liver in response to hypoxia (at 96 h and 48 h, respectively), where concomitant induction of the omHIF-1α and erythropoietin (omEpo) genes was also observed. In situ hybridization analysis showed that hypoxic induction of omTERT mRNA was clearly evident in hepatocytes in the caudal region of liver and in spermatogonia-containing cysts in testis.

Conclusion
This study demonstrates for the first time, hypoxic regulation of TERT expression in vivo in a whole fish system. Our findings support the notion that hypoxia upregulates omTERT expression via omHIF-1 in non-neoplastic fish liver and testis in vivo. Overall, the structure and regulation of the TERT gene is highly conserved in vertebrates from fish to human.
The effect of socioeconomic status on three-year mortality after first-ever ischemic stroke in Nanjing, China
Authors: Zhou Guangyi , Liu Xinfeng , Xu Gelin , Liu Xifei , Zhang Renliang , Zhu Wusheng 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
Low socioeconomic status (SES) is associated with increased mortality after stroke in developed countries. This study was performed to determine whether a similar association also exists in China.

Methods
A total of 806 patients with first-ever ischemic stroke were enrolled in our study. From August 1999 to August 2005, the three-year all-cause mortality following the stroke was determined. Level of education, occupation, taxable income and housing space were used as indicators for SES. Stepwise univariate and multivariate COX proportional hazards models were used to study the association between the SES measures and the three-year mortality.

Results
Our analyses confirmed that occupation, taxable income and housing space were significantly associated with three-year mortality after first-ever stroke. Manual workers had a significant hazard ratio of 5.44 (95% CI 2.75 to 10.77) for death within three years when compared with non-manual workers. Those in the zero income group had a significant hazard ratio of 5.35 (95% CI 2.95 to 9.70) and those in the intermediate income group 2.10 (95% CI 1.24 to 3.58) when compared with those in the highest income group. Those in two of the three groups with the smallest housing space also had significant hazard ratios of 2.06 (95% CI 1.16 to 3.65) and 1.68 (95% CI 1.12 to 2.52) when compared with those in group with the largest housing space. These hazard ratios remained largely unchanged after multivariate adjustment for age, gender, baseline cardiovascular disease risk factors, and stroke severity. The analyses did not confirm an association with educational level.

Conclusion
Lower SES has a negative impact on the outcome of first-ever stroke in Nanjing, China. This confirms the need to improve preventive and secondary care for stroke among low SES groups.
Induction of cell cycle changes and modulation of apoptogenic/anti-apoptotic and extracellular signaling regulatory protein expression by water extracts of I'm-Yunity™ (PSP)
Authors: Hsieh Tze-chen , Wu Peili , Park Spencer , Wu Joseph M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) is a mushroom extract derived from deep-layer cultivated mycelia of the patented Cov-1 strain of Coriolus versicolor (CV), which contains as its main bioactive ingredient a family of polysaccharo-peptide with heterogeneous charge properties and molecular sizes. I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) is used as a dietary supplement by cancer patients and by individuals diagnosed with various chronic diseases. Laboratory studies have shown that I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) enhances immune functions and also modulates cellular responses to external challenges. Recently, I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) was also reported to exert potent anti-tumorigenic effects, evident by suppression of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis in malignant cells. We investigate the mechanisms by which I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) elicits these effects.

Methods
Human leukemia HL-60 and U-937 cells were incubated with increasing doses of aqueous extracts of I'm-Yunity™ (PSP). Control and treated cells were harvested at various times and analyzed for changes in: (1) cell proliferation and viability, (2) cell cycle phase transition, (3) induction of apoptosis, (4) expression of cell cycle, apoptogenic/anti-apoptotic, and extracellular regulatory proteins.

Results
Aqueous extracts of I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in HL-60 and U-937 cells, accompanied by a cell type-dependent disruption of the G1/S and G2/M phases of cell cycle progression. A more pronounced growth suppression was observed in treated HL-60 cells, which was correlated with time- and dose-dependent down regulation of the retinoblastoma protein Rb, diminution in the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins bcl-2 and survivin, increase in apoptogenic proteins bax and cytochrome c, and cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) from its native 112-kDa form to the 89-kDa truncated product. Moreover, I'm-Yunity™ (PSP)-treated HL-60 cells also showed a substantial decrease in p65 and to a lesser degree p50 forms of transcription factor NF-κB, which was accompanied by a reduction in the expression of cyclooxygenase 2 (COX2). I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) also elicited an increase in STAT1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription) and correspondingly, decrease in the expression of activated form of ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase).

Conclusion
Aqueous extracts of I'm-Yunity™ (PSP) induces cell cycle arrest and alterations in the expression of apoptogenic/anti-apoptotic and extracellular signaling regulatory proteins in human leukemia cells, the net result being suppression of proliferation and increase in apoptosis. These findings may contribute to the reported clinical and overall health effects of I'm-Yunity™ (PSP).