bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IAHS 1995 met in Boulder
Authors: Rango Al 
Published: October 2006

The International Association of Hydrological Sciences (IAHS) was one of six associations to convene symposia and workshops during the General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics in Boulder, Colo., from July 2–14, 1995Scale issues were a common theme in many of the meetings and were discussed in symposia on the effects of scale on interpretation and management of sediment and water quality, models for assessing and monitoring groundwater quality, and tracer technologies for hydrological systems, and a workshop on hydrology and water resources in developing economies in light of global change. In the symposium on tracer technologies for hydrological systems, the attendees concluded that tracer methods have not been fully exploited. In the symposium on modeling and management of sustainable basin‐scale water resource systems, there was a strong interest in sustainability on the part of the hydrological community. In the workshop on hydrology and global change the attendees perceived an urgent need to use mesoscale models to scale down global circulation model output for use in planning large river basin management practices in developing countries. The organizers of a workshop on remote sensing algorithms in hydrology tried an informal, hands‐on approach, generating lively discussions and high attendance over 3 days.
Detailed ocean current maps may lie over the horizon
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

In another case of military swords being turned into scientific plowshares, two American researchers have used radar systems once designed to detect Soviet planes during the Cold War to map open‐ocean currents instead.In the name of science, Thomas Georges and Jack Harlan of NOAA's Environmental Technology Laboratory borrowed some time last summer on the U.S. Navy's over‐the‐horizon (OTH) radar systems in both Virginia and Texas. Training the radars on the waters off of the southern coast of Florida, the researchers gathered enough data to deduce the surface motion of two 70,000 km2 swatches of the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. By bouncing 5–28 MHz radio waves off the ionosphere down to the sea surface and back, the researchers were able to derive the characteristics of the ocean surface from Bragg backscatter resonance.
No crying over spilt oil
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

They made the mess, and now they are going to make amends. In an agreement with the U.S. Department of the Interior, NOAA, and the state of Louisiana, the Chevron Production Company has agreed to create new marsh habitat in the Mississippi River delta in order to replace some of the habitat destroyed by a January 1995 oil wellhead failure.The 1995 spill destroyed much of a highly productive marsh refuge and nursery for fish, shellfish, and waterfowl species in Dixon Bay, Louisiana. So now Chevron will pay to breach a levee and create a freshwater diversion into the Delta National Wildlife Refuge, a project that the refuge staff had already designed but could not fund. The influx of fresh water and sediment should help create new habitat quite similar to the marsh lost because of the oil discharge.
Schilling receives the Ewing medal
Authors: Tatsumoto M. , Craig Harmon , Schilling Jean‐Guy 
Published: October 2006

The 1995 Ewing Medal, given for outstanding services to the marine sciences, was presented to Jean‐Guy Schilling at the AGU Fall Meeting Honor Ceremony on December 13, 1995, in San Francisco. The award citation and Schilling's response are given here.“It is an honor and pleasure to present the citation that accompanies presentation of the Maurice Ewing Medal of the American Geophysical Union to Jean‐Guy Ernest Schilling in recognition of his outstanding contribution to marine geophysics.
Lawmakers seek end to budget stalemate
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

On March 15, President Bill Clinton signed into law the tenth short‐term spending measure of the now‐sixmonth‐old 1996 fiscal year (FY'96), funding the federal government through March 22. At the same time, budget negotiators from both the Republican and Democratic parties scurried to put the finishing touches on a $166 billion‐omnibus appropriations bill, H.R. 3019, to pay the government's bills for the rest of the fiscal year.As of March 21, parts of a dozen federal cabinet‐level departments and agencies still did not have a definitive budget allocation for FY'96. Nearly all national science research and development programs, agencies, and departments remained tied up by that budget struggle, though very little of the debate has anything to do with those programs (Eos, February 20). H.R. 3019 is designed to end the string of short‐term spending measures and to fund all federal departments for the remaining six months of the fiscal year. Congressional leaders hoped to have the bill passed by March 22, though many representatives anticipated that at least one more short‐term spending resolution would have to be passed before budget negotiations with the President could be completed.
Federal budget: Look out 1996; here comes fiscal '97
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

The contradictions are everywhere. A 1997 federal budget proposal has been issued, but the 1996 budget still has not been passed. All of Washington is in a budget‐cutting mood, but thinking in a election year mode. And while discretionary funding—particularly for science—is under siege, just about every federal agency is asking for more money.On March 18, President Bill Clinton delivered a detailed budget request for fiscal 1997 (FY '97) and a plan for 1998–2002. The Executive Branch and all its agencies are asking Congress for $1.65 trillion to spend in FY '97, roughly 4% more than is expected to be spent in FY '96. The budget deficit for FY '97 is estimated to be about $140 billion.
Scientists seek to improve graduate education in the geosciences
Authors: Fiske P. S. , Smith G. , Smith W. 
Published: October 2006

Academic science, willingly or not, may be headed for structural change similar in magnitude to the changes it faced at the end of World War II. Research funding in many areas of the geosciences is feeling the pinch of federal budget belt‐tightening. New job openings in research, academia, government, and industry are dwindling, and many graduating Ph.D.s have to seek employment in areas that are, at best, marginally related to their training.A research culture developed in an environment of expansion is poorly suited to an era of limited resources. Since academic research is closely linked with graduate education, we must consider the question: How should our programs adapt to the changes in the external environment in which academic science must function? If our graduate programs do not meet our students' needs, we may not only be failing as educators, but we may also find it increasingly difficult to attract the qualified students that we need to keep our programs and research efforts healthy.
Better position
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

The U.S. Global Positioning System (GPS) will soon become more accurate for civilian users, improving the quality of navigation and of some types of scientific research. The Clinton Administration announced March 29 that within a decade, the federal government will stop degrading the civilian GPS signal and will allow nonmilitary users access to the same clear signals that U.S. troops rely upon.Designed as dual‐use system with primary use by the American military, the GPS is a constellation of 24 satellites that allows soldiers to determine their exact positions (in latitude and longitude) anywhere in the world. While the GPS is operated by the Department of Defense (DoD), scientists and adventurous civilians have been able to purchase small, portable GPS devices. However, the U.S. military has kept to itself a capability known as “selective availability” that provides a much more precise signal than is available to the public. According to the White House, that selected signal will be available to all users within 4–10 years.
We must reach out to the public
Authors: Perfit Michael , Fornari Daniel J. 
Published: October 2006

Faced with the current budget crisis, legislators and leaders of federal agencies are asking scientists to communicate why continued and even expanded funding of basic sciences is important to America. There have been repeated requests for oceanographers to communicate the importance of their science to the public at large and to legislators at both state and federal levels. It is often difficult, however, to find opportunities for public and legislative outreach.On March 17, 1996, Neal Lane, Director of the National Science Foundation, and Jerry Lewis (R.‐Calif.), Chair of the House Appropriations Subcommittee for VA, HUD, and Independent Agencies, which oversees NSF, participated in a dive off the coast of California in the Deep Submergence Vehicle (DSV) Alvin. The dive was part an ongoing effort to improve science and operational systems on Alvin and to ensure that the submersible systems are ready for the next science program. It followed a 3‐month shutdown of the facility imposed, in part, by budget cutbacks. The engineering dives are funded by the National Science Foundation, The U.S. Navy Office of Naval Research, and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration through the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, the facility operator. In addition to testing out a new, integrated navigation software package for DSV operations, several vehicle systems and a new digital imaging system were tested.
Revised forecast: Another stormy summer ahead
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

After predicting in November 1995 that the 1996 hurricane season would be less active than the typical year (Eos, December 12, 1995), William Gray and his colleagues from Colorado State University have revised their forecast. Plugging updated atmospheric data into their statistical model, the researchers are now predicting seven hurricanes—two of them intense (category 3, 4, or 5)—and 11 named storms for the summer and fall of 1996. Net tropical cyclone activity for the hurricane season, which lasts from June 1 to December 1, should be 105% of the 25‐year average, according to Gray.In November, Gray and Chris Landsea of NOAA's Hurricane Research Division predicted eight tropical storms and five hurricanes (two intense), less than the historical averages of 9.3 named storms and 5.7 hurricanes per season. The change in expectations is the result of new accounting for trends in temperature and barometric pressure in Africa and around the Atlantic Basin.
Seismic images of crust beneath Iceland contribute to long‐standing debate
Authors: White R. S. , Minshull T. A. , Richardson K. R. , Smallwood J. R. , Staples R. K. , McBride J. H. , Maguire P. K. H. , Brandsdóttir B. , Menke W. ,   the FIRE Working Group
Published: October 2006

Since the 1970s there has been an ongoing debate about whether the crust beneath Iceland is relatively thin (<15 km) and hot, or thicker (>20 km) and cooler. New results from the Faeroe‐Iceland Ridge Experiment (FIRE) conducted in the summer of 1994 suggest that it is thicker and cooler.This major land‐sea study investigated the crust generated where the North Atlantic spreading center intersects the Iceland mantle plume and mapped the transition from thickened oceanic crust to the continental fragment on which the Faeroe Islands sit. Seismic techniques were used to obtain a 600‐km profile of the area (Figure 1). Preliminary results suggest that a 20‐km‐thick crust is being generated beneath the northern Neovolcanic Zone of Iceland, with a high‐level crustal magma chamber beneath Krafla. In northeast Iceland, the igneous crust is considerably thicker, reaching 35 km, while along the Faeroe‐Iceland Ridge it varies between 25–30 km.
The sounds of science
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

As scientists carefully study some aspects of the ocean environment, are they unintentionally distressing others? That is a question to be answered by Robert Benson and his colleagues in the Center for Bioacoustics at Texas A&M University.With help from a 3‐year, $316,000 grant from the U.S. Office of Naval Research, Benson will study how underwater noise produced by naval operations and other sources may affect marine mammals. In Benson's study, researchers will generate random sequences of low‐frequency, high‐intensity (180‐decibel) sounds in the Gulf of Mexico, working at an approximate distance of 1 km from sperm whale herds. Using an array of hydrophones, the scientists will listen to the characteristic clicks and whistles of the sperm whales to detect changes in the animals' direction, speed, and depth, as derived from fluctuations in their calls.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Two presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section at the 1995 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.Stefanie Brachfeld, who presented “Holocene Paleoclimate Records From Glacial‐Marine Sediments: Rock‐magnetic and Biologic Indicators of Paleoproductivity,” is a Ph.D. student in geophysics in the Department of Geology and Geophysics at the University of Minnesota. She earned a B.S. in geology at the University of Rochester, and an M.S. in Earth and planetary sciences at the California Institute of Technology. Her research interests focus on sedimentary records of geomagnetic field behavior. She is examining records of secular variation in Yellowstone Lake and Lewis Lake, and testing the reliability of such records using historic age sediments in Lake Pepin. In addition, Brachfeld is using rock magnetic parameters to study century‐scale variability in the South Polar region.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Two presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Geodesy Section at the 1995 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, Calif.Don Chambers presented “Basin‐scale, Low‐frequency Variability of the Dynamic Ocean Topography in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans.” He is a doctoral student in Aerospace Engineering at the University of Texas at Austin, working with Byron Tapley. He received a B.S. in aerospace engineering also from the University of Texas. His dissertation topic is measuring time‐varying sea level variability with satellite altimetry. His research interests are precise satellite orbit determination and observations of the long‐period, long‐wavelength ocean variability from space.
Chart links solar, geophysical events with impacts on space technologies
Authors: Davenport George R. 
Published: October 2006

While developing a Space Weather Training Program for Air Force Space Command and the 50th Weather Squadron, both based in Colorado, ARINC Incorporated produced a flowchart that correlates solar and geophysical events with their impacts on Air Force systems.Personnel from both organizations collaborated in the development of the flowchart and provided many comments and suggestions. The model became the centerpiece of the Space Environment Impacts Reference Pamphlet, as well as the formal Space Weather Training Program. Although it is not a numerical or computer model, the flowchart became known as the “Space Environmental Impacts Model.”
Researchers chart course for updating radiation belt models
Authors: Baker D. N. , Lemaire J. F. , Panasyuk M. I. 
Published: October 2006

Exciting new results from the Combined Release and Radiation Effects Satellite (CRRES) and Solar, Anomalous, and Magnetospheric Particle Explorer (SAMPEX) missions reveal that some of the energetic electrons and ions trapped in the Van Allen belts come from unexpected sources. This new development and other changing perceptions clearly show that the empirical models of the radiation belts produced by NASA and Russia about 10–15 years ago have been outdated for some time and need to be revised.At the Radiation Belts: Models and Standards workshop held in Brussels from October 17 to 20, 1995, members of the community reviewed the most recent models of the trapped radiation belts, identified the lesserknown aspects of the radiation environment, and outlined a strategy for updating models and developing new models.
Global data sets for land‐atmosphere models available
Authors: Meeson B. W. , Corprew F. E. , McManus J. M. P. , Myers D. M. , Closs J. W. , Sun K.‐J. , Sunday D. J. , Sellers P. J. 
Published: October 2006

A 5‐volume CD‐ROM set of temporally and spatially consistent data for global climate studies is now available free of charge from NASA's EOS‐DIS Goddard Distributed Active Archive Center. The set, which was compiled in response to the needs of the land‐atmosphere interaction researceh community, covers vegetation; hydrology and soils; snow, ice, and oceans; radiation and clouds; and near‐surface meteorology.The data are easy to use and have undergone comprehensive peer review. Modelers, algorithm developers, and field experiment scientists are now using the data sets to drive land‐atmosphere models and support soil moisture modeling, modeling of net primary productivity for the terrestrial component of Earth, and global climate models. They may also be used for a variety of other research and educational purposes.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Nine presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Hydrology Section at the 1995 AGU Fall meeting in San Francisco, California.Leslie Dillard, who presented “Investigating the Physics of Dissolution of Nonaqueous Phase Liquids in Heterogeneous Porous Media Using Pore Network Modeling,” is a third‐year Ph.D. student in the hydrogeology program at Stanford University. She received her B.S. and M.S. from Stanford and has worked part‐time as a hydrologist at the U.S. Geological Survey in Menlo Park. Dillard is primarily interested in the study of aquifer contamination by nonaqueous phase liquids (NAPLs), as well as the effect of heterogeneity on subsurface fluid distributions, scale issues, aquifer parameter determination, biodegradation, and groundwater management. Her doctoral work addresses the influence of pore‐ and field‐scale rate limitations on NAPL dissolution.
Outstanding student papers
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Ten presentations were named Outstanding Student Papers in the Space Physics and Aeronomy Section at the 1995 AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco, California.Richard Andrulis presented “Transverse Ion Acceleration by Lower Hybrid Waves.” Andrulis obtained a B.S. in engineering from The Pennsylvania State University. He has been a Ph.D. student at Cornell University for the past six years and plans to defend his doctoral thesis in July 1996. His thesis research has utilized computer simulations to investigate the interaction of lower hybrid wave with quasi‐stationary density depletions and the subsequent effect on transverse acceleration of ionospheric ions.
Sing along with Barney
Authors: Cember Richard P. 
Published: October 2006

Many Earth scientists are parents of young children, most of whom are no doubt familiar with the children's television character Barney the Dinosaur and his rendition of the names of the days of the week, sung to the tune of “Clementine.”Geologist parents should note the following fortuitous occurrences. First, the Paleozoic is divided into seven periods, Cambrian through Permian (the Carboniferous is counted here as two, Mississippian and Pennsylvanian). Second, the Cenozoic is divided into seven epochs, Paleocene through Holocene. Therefore one may sing the “Sunday, Monday…” song substituting for the days of the week the names of the periods and epochs.
Multi‐Use seismic stations offer strong deterrent to clandestine nuclear weapons testing
Authors: Hennet C. B. , Van der Vink G. E. , Richards P. G. , Adushkin V. V. , Kopnichev Y. F. , Geary R. 
Published: October 2006

As the United States and other nations push for the signing of a Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty, representatives are meeting in Geneva this year to develop an International Seismic Monitoring System to verify compliance with the treaty's restrictions. In addition to the official monitoring system, regional networks developed for earthquake studies and basic research can provide a strong deterrent against clandestine testing. The recent release of information by the U.S. Department of Energy (DoE) on previously unannounced nuclear tests provides an opportunity to assess the ability of multi‐use seismic networks to help monitor nuclear testing across the globe.Here we look at the extent to which the formerly unannounced tests were recorded and identified on the basis of publicly available seismographic data recorded by five seismic networks. The data were recorded by networks in southern Nevada and northern California at stations less than 1500 km from the Nevada Test Site (NTS), and two networks in the former Soviet Union at stations farther than 1500 km from the NTS.
New year, old hat
Authors: Carlowicz Michael ,   American Geological Institute,   American Institute of Physics,   American Association for the Advancement of Science
Published: October 2006

It is only August, but October 1 looms large on the calendar. That is the day when the 1997 fiscal year (FY ′97) begins for the U.S. federal government, and like last year, that day might come without a budget.In a flurry of summer activity, the U.S. Congress has passed several landmark bills on welfare reform, expansion of health coverage for workers between jobs, a raise in the minimum wage, and a Safe Drinking Water Act. The House of Representatives even passed all 13 of its annual appropriations bills before Congress took its August recess.
1996 AGU Fellows
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

AGU congratulates the thirty‐two distinguished scientists who were selected by a committee of their peers to be AGU Fellows in 1996. This selection was based on the individuals' attainment of acknowledged eminence in a branch of geophysics.The number of Fellows selected annually is limited to no more than 0.1% of the AGU membership. The new Fellows are listed below along with citations recognizing their specific achievements.
Degrees of understanding
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

America's most famous journalism school has teamed up with the Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory to try to improve science communication. This fall, Columbia University combined two of its greatest assets—Lamont‐Doherty and the Columbia School of Journalism—to offer a joint degree program for would‐be writers to specialize in Earth and environmental science.“Science journalists are translators between those with the knowledge and those with the need to know,” said Kenneth Goldstein, a professor of journalism at Columbia. “The new Earth and environmental sciences journalism program seeks to produce students who are fluently bilingual in the language of Earth science and the language of public debate.”