bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The radial alignment of dark matter subhaloes: from simulations to observations
Authors: Knebe Alexander , Yahagi Hideki , Kase Hiroyuki , Lewis Geraint , Gibson Brad K. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We explore the radial alignment of subhaloes in two-dimensional projections of cosmological simulations. While most other recent studies focused on quantifying the signal utilizing the full three-dimensional spatial information any comparison to observational data has to be done in projection along random lines-of-sight. We have a suite of well-resolved host dark matter haloes at our disposal ranging from 6 × 1014 to 6 × 1013h-1 M⊙. For these host systems, we do observe that the major axis of the projected two-dimensional mass distribution of subhaloes aligns with its (projected) distance vector to the host's centre. The signal is actually stronger than the observed alignment. However, when considering only the innermost 10–20 per cent of the subhalo's particles for the two-dimensional shape measurement, we recover the observed correlation. We further acknowledge that this signal is independent of subhalo mass.
Self-consistent simulations of nuclear cluster formation through globular cluster orbital decay and merging
Authors: Capuzzo-Dolcetta R. , Miocchi P. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We present results of fully self-consistent N-body simulations of the motion of four globular clusters moving in the inner region of their parent galaxy. With regard to previous simplified simulations, we confirm merging and formation of an almost steady nuclear cluster, in a slightly shorter time. The projected surface density profile shows strong similarity to that of resolved galactic nuclei. This similarity reflects also in the velocity dispersion profile which exhibits a central colder component as observed in many nucleated galaxies.
The radial distribution of Type Ia supernovae in early-type galaxies: implications for progenitor scenarios
Authors: Förster Francisco , Schawinski Kevin 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
We study the radial distribution of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) in morphologically selected early-type host galaxies from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) and discuss its implications for the progenitor systems of SNe Ia. While new observations of early-type galaxies suggest that they contain small fractions of young stellar populations, they are also the most likely hosts for long time-delay SNe Ia. We find that there is no statistically significant difference between the radial distribution of SNe Ia and the light profile of their early-type host galaxies, which are dominated by old, metal-rich stellar populations. This confirms the commonly accepted idea that some SN Ia progenitors have time delays of the order of several Gyr.
Spectral energy distributions and high-energy emission of BL Lac type objects
Authors: Troitsky Sergey 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
Based on identifications from the Véron and Quasars.org catalogues, we determine the optical-to-X-ray spectral indices for a sample of 201 BL Lac type objects (BLLs) and search for trends in the distribution of these indices of the sources detected in high-energy bands. We find that EGRET-detected sources are low-energy peaked and that the positional correlation with the arrival directions of ultrahigh-energy cosmic rays from the previously studied Akeno Giant Air-Shower Array, Yakutsk and High-Resolution Fly's Eye samples is dominated by low-energy-peaked BLLs.
Estimating Trends with Percentage of Smoothness Chosen by the User
Authors: Guerrero Victor M. 
Published: June 2008

Summary This work presents a method for estimating trends of economic time series that allows the user to fix at the outset the desired percentage of smoothness for the trend. The calculations are based on the Hodrick‐Prescott (HP) filter usually employed in business cycle analysis. The situation considered here is not related to that kind of analysis, but with describing the dynamic behaviour of the series by way of a smooth curve. To apply the filter, the user has to specify a smoothing constant that determines the dynamic behaviour of the trend. A new method that formalizes the concept of trend smoothness is proposed here to choose that constant. Smoothness of the trend is measured in percentage terms with the aid of an index related to the underlying statistical model of the HP filter. Empirical illustrations are provided using data on Mexico's GDP.
Homicide Arrest Clearances: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Riedel Marc 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis is a review of the research literature on homicide arrest clearances or homicides for which no offender is arrested. The article describes the decline in the percent of homicides resulting in arrests and charges from over 90 pecent in 1960 to 61 percent in 2006. Research is reviewed on the reasons for the lack of public attention and concern and the low homicide clearance rates in the USA in comparison with other countries. Research on the extent to which homicides are uncleared because they involve low‐status persons and those economically disadvantaged is compared with research suggesting that it is the characteristics of the homicide event that make clearance difficult. It seems that such factors as age, gender, and race/ethnicity play a role in whether the homicide is cleared by arrest. Characteristics of homicides that increase clearances include occurrence in private residences, domestic homicides, and homicide with weapons other than firearms. Research on what police can do to increase clearances is examined. Suggestions on how to increase access to information on how homicide investigations are carried out are also discussed.
Dose Proportionality of Fentanyl Buccal Tablet in Healthy Japanese Volunteers
Authors: Darwish Mona , Tempero Kenneth , Jiang John G. , Thompson Jeffrey , Simonson Philip G. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTObjective.  This study was conducted to assess the dose proportionality, safety, and tolerability of fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) in Japanese volunteers.Methods.  Healthy, opioid‐naive Japanese adults received single‐dose FBT 100, 200, 400, and 800 µg in a randomized, open‐label, crossover fashion. Naltrexone was given to minimize the opioid effects of fentanyl. Peak serum fentanyl concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), area under the serum fentanyl concentration‐time curve (AUC) from time 0 to infinity (AUC0–∞), and AUC from 0 to the last quantifiable concentration (AUC0–last) were summarized using descriptive statistics. Dose proportionality was claimed if the ln‐ln plots of Cmax, AUC0–∞, and AUC0–last vs. dose were linear and the 90% confidence intervals (CI) of the slopes were within 0.8927 and 1.1073. The safety population comprised volunteers who received ≥1 FBT.Results.  Twenty‐five volunteers were enrolled, 23 were included in the safety population (mean age 35.3 years), and 19 completed the study. The assessment of dose proportionality did not meet the statistical criteria (slope [90% CI]: 0.9118 [0.8601, 0.9635] for Cmax, 1.0756 [1.0377, 1.1136] for AUC0–∞, and 1.0992 [1.0677, 1.1307] for AUC0–last). However, the increase in systemic exposure with dose appeared linear, and a post hoc analysis of partial AUCs from time 0 to 8, 12, 18, and 24 hours supported dose proportionality. Median tmax of 90 minutes (range 30–180 minutes) was independent of dose. Adverse events (AEs) were mild or moderate. The most frequent AEs were nausea (N = 9), dizziness (N = 8), headache (N = 6), somnolence (N = 6), dyspepsia (N = 5), and vomiting (N = 3). No application‐site or serious AEs were reported.Conclusions.  Systemic exposure to FBT was approximately dose proportional across the range 100 µg to 800 µg in healthy Japanese adults. Adverse events were mild or moderate.
Extent of Fentanyl Accumulation Following Multiple Doses of Fentanyl Buccal Tablet 400 µg in Healthy Japanese Volunteers
Authors: Darwish Mona , Tempero Kenneth , Jiang John G. , Simonson Philip G. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTObjective.  This study was conducted to characterize the pharmacokinetics, including extent of accumulation, and safety and tolerability of fentanyl following multiple doses of fentanyl buccal tablet (FBT) in healthy Japanese volunteers.Methods.  Healthy Japanese adults received 10 successive doses of open‐label FBT 400 µg at 6‐hour intervals. Naltrexone was given to minimize the opioid effects of fentanyl. FBT was placed above a molar tooth between the gum and cheek. Peak serum fentanyl concentration (Cmax), time to Cmax (tmax), and area under the serum fentanyl concentration‐time curve from 0 to 6 hours (AUC0–6) were summarized using descriptive statistics. Accumulation ratio was calculated as Cmax for dose 10/Cmax for dose 1, and was calculated similarly for AUC0–6.Results.  Fourteen volunteers (mean age 33 years) were enrolled, and 13 completed the study. After doses 1 and 10, respectively, mean (SD) Cmax was 1.70 (0.49) ng/mL and 1.97 (0.42) ng/mL, AUC0–6 was 4.46 (1.14) ng·h/mL and 6.81 (0.90) ng·h/mL, and median (range) tmax was 50 (30–110) minutes and 30 (15–120) minutes. Following 10 successive doses, systemic exposure (AUC0–6) was 55% higher than after dose 1, and Cmax was 23% higher. Steady state was achieved within 3 days of dosing at 6‐hour intervals, i.e., prior to dose 10. The most frequent adverse events (AEs) were somnolence (N = 9), decreased oxygen saturation (N = 4), headache (N = 3), application‐site pain (N = 8), application‐site erythema (N = 6), and application‐site reaction (N = 5). All AEs were mild or moderate.Conclusions.  Following administration of FBT at 6‐hour intervals to healthy Japanese volunteers, at steady state, fentanyl exposure was higher by 55% (AUC0–6) and 23% (Cmax) than after a single dose of FBT. Adverse events were mild or moderate.
Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in age‐related macular degeneration: a systematic review of efficacy, safety, treatment modifications and pharmacoeconomic properties
Authors: Cruess Alan F. , Zlateva Gergana , Pleil Andreas M. , Wirostko Barbara 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Photodynamic therapy (PDT) with verteporfin has been used less comprehensively in the treatment of exudative age‐related macular degeneration (AMD), and specifically of choroidal neovascularization (CNV), since the advent of antiangiogenic therapies. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in PDT as an adjunct to these and other agents in the treatment of neovascular AMD. In light of this new development and the European Medicines Evaluation Agency’s (EMEA) recent labelling decision to rescind approval for the use of PDT in occult CNV lesions, the present systematic review was undertaken to revisit the evidence supporting its clinical application. Photodynamic therapy provided the first pharmacological treatment for patients suffering from subfoveal CNV, the major cause of severe vision loss in AMD. Key clinical trials evaluating efficacy and safety have examined patients with all lesion subtypes, with the primary labelled indication (i.e. lesions containing a classic component of ≥ 50% ) deriving from the results of the Treatment of Age‐related Macular Degeneration with Photodynamic Therapy (TAP) Study. The subsequent TAP Study Group post hoc categorization of lesions as predominantly classic is open to question, however, as it appears that the overall efficacy in this group only may have reflected the especially strong response in 100% classic lesions. Based on a subgroup analysis of the Verteporfin in Photodynamic Therapy Study, the indication for PDT subsequently was expanded in some jurisdictions, including that of the EMEA, to include occult lesions with no classic component. However, the subsequent Visudyne in Occult Study found no benefit in 100% occult lesions, resulting in the EMEA rescinding its approval for this indication.
Glaucomatous retinal nerve fibre layer defects may be identified in Stratus OCT images classified as normal
Authors: Hougaard Jesper Leth , Heijl Anders , Bengtsson Boel 
Published: June 2008

Abstract.Purpose:  We aimed to compare the retinal nerve fibre layer (RNFL) in different Stratus optical coherence tomography (OCT) images in glaucoma eyes with RNFL thickness values within normal limits.Methods:  We studied the Stratus OCT high‐resolution standard protocol for assessment of peripapillary RNFL thickness. The four glaucoma eyes presented (with reproducible visual field defects, mean deviations from − 3.49 dB to − 0.49 dB and structural loss on RNFL and/or disc photography) had results within the 95% normal limits for all OCT parameters (full circle, quadrant or clock hour mean RNFL thickness). We qualitatively compared the RNFL in pseudo‐colour and grey‐scale images defined by the Stratus OCT software with what appeared to be the RNFL when not defined automatically (and in raw data OCT images).Results:  A localized RNFL defect was identified in conventional 495‐nm RNFL photographs in all four patients. Obviously, in these selected eyes, the atrophy was not picked up by the OCT RNFL border algorithm, and at the corresponding location a localized RNFL atrophy (narrowing of the high signal intensity RNFL) was either not or just barely detectable in pseudo‐colour OCT. However, defects seemed to be present in OCT grey‐scale and raw data images in all four eyes.Conclusions:  Our observations suggest that OCT images obtained in glaucoma eyes that are misclassified by the standard statistical analyses of Stratus OCT may contain information indicating RNFL defects. Thus, the current diagnostic ability of OCT in glaucoma can probably be extended.
Living donor liver transplantation for fulminant hepatic failure
Authors: Matsui Yucihi , Sugawara Yasuhiko , Yamashiki Noriyo , Kaneko Junichi , Tamura Sumihito , Togashi Junichi , Makuuchi Masatoshi , Kokudo Norihiro 
Published: June 2008

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the safety of living donor liver transplantation (LDLT) for fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) patients.Methods:  We reviewed the clinical indications, operative procedures and prognosis of LDLT performed on patients with FHF at the University of Tokyo. From January 1996 to August 2007, 96 patients were referred to our department due to severe acute hepatitis or FHF. Of these, 36 underwent LDLT and were the subjects of this study. Of the 36 patients who underwent LDLT, 32 were over 18 years old. The etiologies of FHF included non‐A, non‐B hepatitis in 23, hepatitis B virus in 11, Wilson's disease in one, and auto‐immune hepatitis in one. Graft type included right liver in 18, left liver in 16 and right paramedian sector in two.Results:  Patient and graft survival rates at 5 years were 87% and 82%, respectively. Twenty‐three patients had postoperative complications: acute cellular rejection in 12, biliary stricture in eight, bile leakage in six, peritoneal hemorrhage in six and hepatic arterial thrombosis in four.Conclusion:  The LDLT procedure provided satisfactory survival rates for FHF patients.
Overexpression of hepatic inducible nitric oxide synthase in biliary atresia
Authors: Vejchapipat Paisarn , Poomsawat Sopee , Imvised Tawan , Chongsrisawat Voranush , Chittmittrapap Soottiporn , Poovorawan Yong 
Published: June 2008

Aims:  Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare and serious liver disease in infants characterized by progressive inflammatory cholangiopathy. The aims of this study were to investigate hepatic expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in BA and to associate the iNOS expression with their early therapeutic outcome.Methods:  Hepatic iNOS expression was determined using immunohistochemistry from liver biopsies of 24 BA patients, and 16 non‐BA patients whose liver tissues were needed in the treatment process. Six months after surgery, the BA patients were categorized into two groups;good and poor outcome. The iNOS expression of hepatocyte areas was evaluated based on its intensity using ImageJ software. Unpaired t‐tests were used for the comparisons of iNOS expression between groups.Results:  Hepatic iNOS expression of BA patients was significantly stronger than that of non‐BA patients (P < 0.0001). The largest area of hepatic iNOS expression was the area of hepatocytes. Subgroup analysis of BA patients at 6 months post‐op revealed that there was no difference in iNOS expression between the patients with good outcome and those with poor outcome (P = 0.732).Conclusions:  Overexpression of hepatic iNOS in BA patients was demonstrated. Within liver tissues, hepatocytes were the major source of hepatic iNOS production. However, the expression was not associated with the early therapeutic outcome. These results suggest that iNOS plays a role in the liver pathology of BA but its expression cannot be used as a predictor for therapeutic outcome.
Rebuttal of the Report by the Institute for Justice Entitled Designing Cartels: How Industry Insiders Cut Out Competition
Authors: Martin Caren S. 
Published: June 2008

In September 2006, the Institute for Justice published a report entitled Designing Cartels: How Industry Insiders Cut Out Competition (Carpenter). The stated purpose was to examine “titling laws, using the interior design industry as the focus, to stimulate further research in this area and to illustrate what titling laws are and how they function” (p. 1). However, the focus of the report, in concert with the Institute for Justice's lawsuits against existing interior design regulation in New Mexico and Texas, appears to be an attack on the interior design profession. This paper is a research–supported rebuttal that analyzes Carpenter's findings within two major constructs: 1) interior decoration is not interior design, and 2) the purpose of regulation. The evidence of the Institute for Justice report is examined via principal topics that include the definition of interior design; the relationship of interior design to the health, safety, and welfare of the public; the framework of interior design regulation; the ideology of consumerism; the function of the Better Business Bureau (BBB) as a measurement tool of industry quality; and the idea of “profession” as a construct. This rebuttal found that Designing Cartels has not succeeded in presenting findings and conclusions that support its intended purpose. It is unfortunate for the public and the interior design profession that this report has been so widespread and used as a way to bolster litigation against the public interest without being examined more closely. Suggestions of the Institute for Justice, if implemented, could compromise the public's health, safety, and welfare.
Designing Cognitive Stimulating Environments for Infants and Toddlers
Authors: Kopec David , LaCapra Damon 
Published: June 2008

The purpose of the study was to review existing literature on the development of cognitive functioning and subsequent interpretations of environmental stimuli to develop an evidence–based hypothetical design for a prototype nursery to enhance the perception and cognition of infants and toddlers. To this end, literature on the cognitive development of both humans and animals was analyzed as it relates to the evolution of neurobiological processes to identify specific developmental capacities of infants and toddlers in the perception and detection of environmental stimuli. From this evidence–based knowledge, the researchers developed hypothetical designs as a starting point for further study. The methodology used for the study centered on a review of existing literature about biological and neurological development of sensory perception and the detection of stimuli. More specifically, the researchers looked at the neurobiological processes that enable infants and toddlers to detect sensation, and at the ways in which environmental sensations may be enhanced in order to strengthen neural connections. As part of this analysis, the researchers considered evolutionary perspectives, particularly as they relate to elements found in nature, and analyzed literature pertaining to children who were denied access to sensory stimulation during their formative years. The result was the development of a hypothetical prototype interior environment that could replicate the variations of basic stimulation patterns found within nature. The subsequent data were then analyzed and cross–referenced with existing research to form suppositions on safety and feasibility. The end result was the development of a prototype nursery as a hypothetical solution to enhancing sensory stimulation of children in their formative years, one that can now be implemented and studied further to determine its efficacy and impact on the development of infants and toddlers.
Molecular Characterization of Ofloxacin-ResistantMycobacterium tuberculosisStrains from Russia
Authors: Mokrousov Igor , Otten Tatiana , Manicheva Olga , Potapova Yulia , Vishnevsky Boris , Narvskaya Olga , Rastogi Nalin 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACTIn this work, we studied the variation in thegyrAandgyrBgenes in ofloxacin- and multidrug-resistantMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains circulating in northwest Russia. Comparison with spoligotyping data suggested that similar to the spread of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, the spread of fluoroquinolone-resistant tuberculosis in Russia may be due, at least partly, to the prevalence of the Beijing genotype in a local population ofM. tuberculosis.
Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of Oseltamivir Combined with Probenecid
Authors: Holodniy Mark , Penzak Scott R. , Straight Timothy M. , Davey Richard T. , Lee Kelvin K. , Goetz Matthew Bidwell , Raisch Dennis W. , Cunningham Francesca , Lin Emil T. , Olivo Noemi , Deyton Lawrence R. 
Published: June 2008

ABSTRACT

Oseltamivir is an inhibitor of influenza virus neuraminidase, which is approved for use for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza A and B virus infections. In the event of an influenza pandemic, oseltamivir supplies may be limited; thus, alternative dosing strategies for oseltamivir prophylaxis should be explored. Healthy volunteers were randomized to a three-arm, open-label study and given 75 mg oral oseltamivir every 24 h (group 1), 75 mg oseltamivir every 48 h (q48h) combined with 500 mg probenecid four times a day (group 2), or 75 mg oseltamivir q48h combined with 500 mg probenecid twice a day (group 3) for 15 days. Pharmacokinetic data, obtained by noncompartmental methods, and safety data are reported. Forty-eight subjects completed the pharmacokinetic analysis. The study drugs were generally well tolerated, except for one case of reversible grade 4 thrombocytopenia in a subject in group 2. The calculated 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for the geometric mean ratios between groups 2 and 3 and group 1 were outside the bioequivalence criteria boundary (0.80 to 1.25) at 0.63 to 0.89 for group 2 versus group 1 and 0.57 to 0.90 for group 3 versus group 1. The steady-state apparent oral clearance of oseltamivir carboxylate was significantly less in groups 2 (7.4 liters/h; 90% CI, 6.08 to 8.71) and 3 (7.19 liters/h; 90% CI, 6.41 to 7.98) than in group 1 (9.75 liters/h; 90% CI, 6.91 to 12.60) (
P
< 0.05 for both comparisons by analysis of variance). The (arithmetic) mean concentration at 48 h for group 2 was not significantly different from the mean concentration at 24 h for group 1 (42 ± 76 and 81 ± 54 ng/ml, respectively;
P
= 0.194), but the mean concentration at 48 h for group 3 was significantly less than the mean concentration at 24 h for group 1 (23 ± 26 and 81 ± 54 ng/ml, respectively;
P
= 0.012). Alternate-day dosing of oseltamivir plus dosing with probenecid four times daily achieved trough oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations adequate for neuraminidase inhibition in vitro, and this combination should be studied further.