bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proportionality of scales: An isotropy‐like property of geophysical fields
Authors: Tsyroulnikov Mikhail D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFor the majority of meteorological and oceanographic fields, large (small) scales in the horizontal tend to be associated with large (small) scales in the vertical. This property (‘proportionality of scales’, the PS property) is sometimes referred to as a kind of three‐dimensional isotropy. In this article, we try to clarify the relationship between the PS property and isotropy. It is found that the PS property and isotropy are not directly related to each other. The question of in what sense these two properties are related, is addressed. A pertinent continuous‐covariance model is proposed. The model is defined partially in spectral space (in the horizontal) and partially in physical space (in the vertical). A self‐similarity hypothesis for spectral vertical correlations is suggested and tested. Treating the vertical inhomogeneity of covariances in the model is discussed. The model's capability of describing empirical three‐dimensional covariances is demonstrated.
Level of nodes in increasing trees revisited
Authors: Panholzer Alois , Prodinger Helmut 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimply generated families of trees are described by the equation T(z) = ϕ(T(z)) for their generating function. If a tree has n nodes, we say that it is increasing if each node has a label ∈ { 1,…,n}, no label occurs twice, and whenever we proceed from the root to a leaf, the labels are increasing. This leads to the concept of simple families of increasing trees. Three such families are especially important: recursive trees, heap ordered trees, and binary increasing trees. They belong to the subclass of very simple families of increasing trees, which can be characterized in 3 different ways.This paper contains results about these families as well as about polynomial families (the function ϕ(u) is just a polynomial). The random variable of interest is the level of the node (labelled) j, in random trees of size n ≥ j. For very simple families, this is independent of n, and the limiting distribution is Gaussian. For polynomial families, we can prove this as well for j,n → ∞ such that n − j is fixed. Additional results are also given. These results follow from the study of certain trivariate generating functions and Hwang's quasi power theorem. They unify and extend earlier results by Devroye, Mahmoud, and others. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2007
Signal transduction in the type I interferon system and viral countermeasures
Authors: Brzózka Krzysztof , Pfaller Christian , Conzelmann Karl‐Klaus 
Published: February 2007

AbstractType I interferons (IFN) including IFNα/β are cytokines of the immune system with critical functions in innate and adaptive immune response. Secreted IFN acts via JAK/STAT signaling pathways to direct a huge gene expression program, including antiviral, apoptotic, survival and immune genes. Only recently, the molecular patterns and their receptors as well as the connected signaling pathways leading to transcriptional activation of IFN genes have been elucidated. Ubiquitous cytosolic RNA helicases like RIG‐I which sense intracellular triphosphate RNAs and activate the IFN‐controlling transcription factors IRF3 and IRF7 seem to play a major role in antiviral defense and immunity. Recognition of extracellular nucleic acids by a subset of Toll‐like receptors in addition contributes to a generalized host IFN response. During co‐evolution with the host, viruses have learned to counteract every piece of the IFN network. Learning from viruses how to target the IFN system may lead us to novel strategies for therapeutic intervention.
Avian influenza virus signaling: implications for the disease severity of H5N1 infection
Authors: Lee Davy C. W. , Lau Allan S. Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe global outbreak of avian influenza virus infections in poultry and wild birds as well as the high mortality rate in patients infected with the viruses pose a worldwide alert to the risk of an emerging epidemic. Scientific data to date showed some strains of avian influenza viruses including H5N1 are capable of going through mutations to develop into a novel, pandemic strain of influenza virus. Recent research has advanced our knowledge of the biological behavior of the virus, its interactions with mammalian cells, downstream signal transduction pathways, and the antiviral immune responses. A better understanding of the virus‐activated signaling pathways will provide new clues to delineate the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of avian influenza virus infection. Here, we reviewed the contributions of human and avian influenza virus virulence factors including hemagglutinin HA, RNA polymerase, and nonstructural protein NS1. We next discussed the interaction of the viruses with cellular factors including Toll‐like receptor TLR, RIG‐I/MDA5, signaling kinases including PKR, MAPK and PI3K, and transcription factors NF‐κB and IRF. Finally, we commented on the role of apoptosis and caspase activation as important host defense mechanisms. Taken together, virus replication and its activated inflammation contribute to the severity of avian influenza infections.
Implementing a generic component‐based framework for telecontrol applications
Authors: Chimaris Avraam N. , Papadopoulos George A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe rapid growth of telecontrol systems is one of the major trends in today's network‐oriented community. The implementation of generic frameworks, consisting of reusable components that can form the basis for the development of such systems, is a necessity. There is a plethora of associated applications that can be developed in a distributed environment, such as audio/video teleconferencing, groupware and collaborative computing environments, remote controlled services, etc. In this paper we design and implement a generic framework of components that can be used for the realization of telecontrol applications. This category of applications focuses primarily on the issues of managing distributed units on remote end‐systems. Such applications contain remote units and administrators that are connected and exchange data and control messages. We analyse the outlined architecture of our framework and the most important system operations. We also describe the communication protocol used in message exchanges between the constituent components. Finally, we illustrate the usefulness of our framework by presenting two applications that were created by extending the basic software infrastructure. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient embedded code generation with multiple load/store instructions
Authors: Paek Yunheung , Ahn Minwook , Cho Doosan , Kim Taehwan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a recent study, we discovered that many single load/store operations in embedded applications can be parallelized and thus encoded simultaneously in a single‐instruction multiple‐data instruction, called the multiple load/store (MLS) instruction. In this work, we investigate the problem of utilizing MLS instructions to produce optimized machine code, and propose an effective approach to the problem. Specifically, we formalize the MLS problem, that is, the problem of maximizing the use of MLS instructions with an unlimited register file size. Based on this analysis, we show that we can solve the problem efficiently by translating it into a variant of the problem finding a maximum weighted path cover in a dynamic weighted graph. To handle a more realistic case of the finite size of the register file, our solution is then extended to take into account the constraints of register sequencing in MLS instructions and the limited register resource available in the target processor. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach experimentally by using a set of benchmark programs. In summary, our approach can reduce the number of loads/stores by 13.3% on average, compared with the code generated from existing compilers. The total code size reduction is 3.6%. This code size reduction comes at almost no cost because the overall increase in compilation time as a result of our technique remains quite minimal. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An automatically‐tuned sorting library
Authors: Bida Eran , Toledo Sivan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe present ATSL, an automatically‐tuned sorting library. ATSL generates a sorting routine optimized to the target machine for a specific data type. ATSL finds a high‐performance sorting routine by searching an algorithmic space that we have defined. The search space includes basic sorting algorithms and automatically‐generated compositions of sorting algorithms. Performance measurements are used both for ranking candidate algorithms and for characterizing the behavior of candidates in specific settings (e.g. ranges of input sizes). These characterizations allow ATSL to generate hybrid algorithms that intelligently exploit the strengths of particular algorithms, such as high speed at specific input‐size ranges. Many sorting algorithms can be tuned using numeric parameters and ATSL searches these parameter spaces to find values that yield high performance on the target machine. The building blocks from which ATSL synthesizes sorting algorithms include adaptations of many of the most effective hand‐tuned sorting routines, including several that are tuned for cache efficiency. An extensive experimental evaluation shows that ATSL generates high‐performance codes that are well tuned for the target machine and data type. The experiments were conducted on six different machines, of several architectures, and with three different compilers. The algorithms that are generated are fast; in particular, they beat the hand‐tuned building blocks and the compiler's C++ built‐in sorting routine. The algorithms that ATSL generates on different machines and using different compilers are different from each other. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent progress in the manufacture of alkanesulfonates: Photosulfochlorination of single‐chain length (C12−C16) n‐alkanes using SO2Cl2 at high conversion rates in pure phase and in the presence of solvent
Authors: Assassi Naziha , Azira Hakima , Tazerouti Amel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIncreasing concentration of sulfuryl chloride during the photosulfochlorination reaction under visible light shows that under these conditions n‐alkanes react at high conversion rates instead of the conversion rate of 15% reported in the literature. This photosulfochlorination with sulfuryl chloride leads to better and more interesting results compared with those of photosulfochlorination by gas mixture. Indeed, nearly total conversion of n‐alkanes, specifically n‐heptane, n‐dodecane, n‐tetradecane, and n‐hexadecane, occurred in pure phase, with a quantitative global yield, a sulfochlorination‐to‐chlorination molar ratio of about 1, and a relative reactivity of secondary to primary hydrogen of about 2.5, at a reaction temperature of 30°C and a reaction time of 120 min, using 2×10−2 mol L−1 of pyridine. Under these conditions, no polysulfochlorinated compounds are detected. These results are further improved using chlorobenzene as the solvent, instead of benzene. Indeed, the sulfochlorination of n‐heptane at a conversion rate of 80% in the presence of chlorobenzene leads also to a quantitative reaction yield, a higher RSO2Cl/RCl molar ratio, and, as expected, a high selectivity of secondary over primary hydrogen. Under these conditions, sulfochlorination of long‐chain n‐alkanes leads to the highest RSO2Cl/RCl molar ratio for n‐dodecane, n‐tetradecane, and n‐hexadecane belonging to detergent range, and the value of the molar ratio for these is between 1.45 and 1.7. The isomeric distribution of sulfochlorinated compounds obtained during sulfochlorination in the presence of solvent resembles that of secondary alkanesul‐fonates produced by sulfoxidation reaction, whereas that obtained in pure phase has a similar conversion rate, is rich in primary isomer, and thus is different from that of classic radical reactions such as photochlorination or photosulfochlorination with gas mixture.
Dietary fatty acids early in life affect lipid metabolism and adiposity in young rats
Authors: Silva Ana Paula S. , Guimarães Daniella E. D. , Mizurini Daniella M. , Maia Ingrid C. , Ortiz‐Costa Susana , Sardinha Fátima L. , Tavares do Carmo Maria G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of four isoenergetic diets of differing fat composition on blood lipid profile and adiposity in young rats. Diets containing different lipid sources—partially hydrogenated vegetable oil (PHVO), palm oil (PO), canola oil (CO), and soy oil (SO)—were fed to lactating rats during the 21 days of lactation, and then fed to young males following weaning until the 45th, day of life. In vivo lipogenesis rate (LR), lipid content (LC), relative level of FA, and the activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL) enzyme were measured in epididymal adipose tissue (EPI). Fasting blood lipoproteins and LC in the carcass were also appraised. Body weight of PO and PHVO groups was significantly higher than CO and SO groups from day 14 of lactation to day 45, despite the lower food intake in the PHVO group. PO and PHVO groups presented higher LR and LC in EPI than SO and CO groups. Carcass fat content was significantly higher in PHVO and PO groups than in CO and SO groups. The LPL activity in EPI was unaffected by dietary lipids. PHVO group had increased total cholesterol and TAG concentrations in comparison with the PO group, and significantly lower HDL level compared with the other groups. These results show that the kind of FA in the dietary lipid offered early in life can affect lipid metabolism and adiposity.
Control of wind strength and frequency in the Aral Sea basin during the late Holocene
Authors: Sorrel Philippe , Oberhänsli Hedi , Boroffka Nikolaus , Nourgaliev Danis , Dulski Peter , Röhl Ursula 
Published: February 2007

AbstractChanging content of detrital input in laminated sediments traced by XRF scanning and microfacies analyses reflect prominent variations in sedimentation processes in the Aral Sea. A high-resolution record of titanium from a core retrieved in the northwestern Large Aral Sea allows a continuous reconstruction of wind strength and frequency in western Central Asia for the past 1500 yr. During AD 450–700, AD 1210–1265, AD 1350–1750 and AD 1800–1975, detrital inputs (bearing titanium) are high, documenting an enhanced early spring atmospheric circulation associated with an increase in intensity of the Siberian High pressure system over Central Asia. In contrast, lower titanium content during AD 1750–1800 and AD 1980–1985 reflects a diminished influence of the Siberian High during early spring with a reduced atmospheric circulation. A moderate circulation characterizes the time period AD 700–1150. Unprecedented weakened atmospheric circulation over western Central Asia are inferred during ca. AD 1180–1210 and AD 1265–1310 with a considerable decrease in dust storm frequency, sedimentation rates, lamination thickness and detrital inputs (screened at 40-μm resolution). Our results are concurrent with changes in the intensity of the Siberian High during the past 1400 yr as reported in the GISP2 Ice Core from Greenland.
CHAPTER 4 Clinical manifestations of HPV infection Section A: Benign manifestations of HPV infection
Authors: Hatch Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe clinical manifestation of infection with HPV is determined by multi‐ple factors which include the type of HPV, the type of skin infected, the status of host immunity and smoking. The incubation period for HPV is 3 weeks to 8 months. While there is no specific anti‐HPV therapy, local topical therapy, excision, cautery and laser vaporization have all been used with a range of success rates.
A4. Preinvasive lesions of the cervix
Authors: Ngan Hextan Y.S. , Trimble Cornelia Liu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLow‐risk human papillomaviruses (HPVs) can cause genital warts which, although benign, may provoke psychological distress because they are sexually transmitted. High‐risk HPVs can cause cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cancer. Cytology‐based screening programs have significantly reduced cervical cancer morbidity and mortality where the programs have been successfully implemented. Womenwithabnormalcervicalsmearsare referred for colposcopic assessment, which may confirm the presence of a preinvasive lesion;allows the grade and extent of the lesion to be defined;and guides the colposcopist as to the most appropriate site for biopsy and histologic confirmation of the lesion. Excision of the transformation zone of the cervix in an outpatient setting using local anesthetic has greatly simplified the treatment of premalignant lesions, but long‐term follow‐up is essential to ensure that the lesions neither persist nor recur. Abnormal cytologic findings during adolescence and pregnancy need special management.
Adolescent enmeshment: a case for brief strategic therapy
Authors: Framrose R. 
Published: January 2007

With an adolescent as the symptomatic member, a case of short‐term (five sessions) strategic family therapy is described. After a full family assessment it was decided to limit treatment goals to simple symptom removal, while at the same time offering the system a gentle “nudge” towards more adaptive functioning. This was achieved by creating a powerful therapeutic triangle using the co‐therapy relationship and consultation with an observing team.Most important in this approach is the delicate management of thetransactional relationship between family and therapists. This and other underlying principles are discussed.
Current trends in Finnish adolescent psychiatry
Authors: Pylkkänen Kari 
Published: January 2007

Adolescent psychiatry in Finland is a subspeciality of both adult andchild psychiatry and has developed out of these fields.Priority in developing mental health services for adolescents has been given to outpatient services in the form of a network of mental health centres. The need to understand more deeply the psychodynamics of adolescent development is indicated by great interest in psychotherapeutic training among professionals and by endeavours to pay more attention to developing psychotherapeutic services as an integral part of health care planning.
The Triune God
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Bonaventure frequently identifies theology with sacred scripture, using the term “scripture” as a synonym for theology to the extent that he refers to the whole of what God has revealed for the salvation of the human race. The best place to begin to understand Bonaventure's view of sacred scripture is with the conviction that he held with other medieval believers, that God has written three books: one within, one without, and one for sinners to return home. In Bonaventure's eyes, scripture is not merely the literal meaning of the text. When he speaks of scripture, he means scripture as revealed in the fullness of its meanings, above all, in its allegorical interpretation.
The Last Things
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The question of time and history (as the order of events through time), took on tremendous urgency in Bonaventure's day. Bonaventure found himself enmeshed in debates about time and history both in the university and in the Franciscan order. Bonaventure believed that creation necessarily involves having a beginning in time, i.e., having being at some point after not having being. Time is thus necessarily lineal, not cyclical. So as Bonaventure considers the question in the light of philosophy he concludes that creation has a beginning in time, and in the light of scripture he concludes that it will have an end.
Conclusion/s
Authors: Waghorne Joanne Punzo 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Three general reconfigurations of sacred space — sometimes interlocking, sometimes in tension — emerge from the new style and sensibilities of contemporary global Hindu temples with implications for the general history of religions. The first is the emergence of a new sense of the sacred sphere, of temple space within an urban environment dominated by the ownership of houses and not land or even natural phenomenon. Second, even the architecture of both space and the polity of new temples reflects democratic models of civic organizations, which leads to new space for lectures and education. Third, complex middle-class religious sensibilities emerge within the temples, which affect the style and polity of the temple and even the faces of the deities, often creating a new visual theology. How will these living sacred spaces of the temple matter for historians of religions? Will this kind of public, and in many ways empirical, sacrality once again challenge the field to reconsider material sacrality?
Others as Ends
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Much of what we want, such as food and entertainment and good company, we want for our own consumption or enjoyment; but we can also want those same sorts of things for other people. Indeed, if we love other people, we must want certain kinds of things not only for them, but for their sake. This raises the question of whether we, as egoists hold, rationally want something for others only so far as it will lead to something we want for ourselves? Another question is whether given an ordinary knowledge of how others are like us, a kind of altruism is rationally demanded of us. If it is, then practical reason provides at least a limited foundation for ethics, in the sense that a rational person will, under certain conditions, have adequate reason to treat others in accordance with some basic moral principles. This chapter examines this issue and presents the general account of rationality.
Relativity, Plurality, and Culture
Authors: Audi Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Rational persons disagree about some important matters and that even a high degree of rationality in people is consistent with great diversity among them. This chapter addresses the question: is there a kind of relativity built into the notion of rationality, or at least consistent with it, say, relativity to one's own experience or culture? If many kinds of grounds may sustain rational elements in persons, there should be a plurality of rational ideals. But there are also constant elements that play a prominent role in the make-up of rational persons, least controversially a measure of simple logicality. It is argued that an adequate theory of rationality must do justice both to the variability that marks different ranges of experience and diverse cultural settings and to the constancies that, because of important elements in our humanity, can be expected as recurring elements, at least in any civilized society.
Maimonides
Authors: Eisen Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on discerning what Maimonides says about Job. In some passages, every line will have to be carefully scrutinized to get to Maimonides’ true intention. Only toward the end of the chapter will it be possible to analyze Maimonides’ reading with respect to the three interfaces that are the focus of this study. It is shown that Maimonides’ reading of Job greatly influenced other medieval Jewish philosophers. In fact, there is no reading of Job in medieval Jewish philosophy after Maimonides that does not bear his imprint.