bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Terrestrial‐magnetic and ionospheric effects associated with bright chromospheric eruptions
Authors: McNish A. G. 
Published: February 2008

Magnetic changes occurring at a large number of stations simultaneously with bright chromospheric eruptions reveal that the effect is an augmentation of the normal diurnal variation supposedly due to increased atmospheric ionization by ultraviolet light from the eruption. Radio fade‐outs occurring at the same time indicate that this increase of ionization takes place at the base of or below the E‐layer while the upper layers are unaffected. These facts are adduced in support of the Stewart‐Schuster theory which attributes the diurnal variations to dynamo‐currents in the ionosphere, since the lower ionosphere is the region in which these currents are likely to flow. The upper regions of the ionosphere are most favorable for the operation of the drift‐current and diamagnetic theories. Absence of typical features of magnetic disturbance immediately after and for several days after the more intense eruptions is contrary to the effects predicted by the ultra‐violet theory of magnetic storms.Examination of the processes of ionization indicates that the solar eruptions are adequate causes of the effects observed. These eruptions must produce very large increases in ionizing radiation. It is suggested that normal radiation from the Sun in the extreme ultra‐violet is much greater than that calculated on the assumption that the Sun is a black‐body radiator at a temperature between 6000° and 7000° K.Statistical examination of the phenomena suggests that differences in intensity may be adequate explanation for the production of magnetic effects and radio fade‐outs by some eruptions, only fade‐outs by others, and absence of noticeable terrestrial effects in numerous cases. Fade‐outs reported when no eruptions occurred seem attributable to causes of a different nature.
Intensity‐measurements of the cosmic radiation in Capetown during 1933, 1934, and 1935
Authors: Schonland B. F. J. , Delatizky B. , Gaskell J. 
Published: February 2008

This paper presents an analysis of the results of three years' photographic registration of the ionizing power, briefly called the intensity, of the cosmic radiation in Capetown, South Africa. The measurements, which were made at hourly intervals, have been undertaken as part of an international scheme under the general direction of Dr. E. Steinke of the University of Königsberg. The instrument used is one of a number of identical construction and mode of operation made under Dr. Steinke's supervision. The data obtained from this and the other stations of the group are to be collated and compared in a forthcoming publication. They have already been utilized in a joint report upon the intensity of the radiation at the time of the appearance of Nova Herculis.No long‐continued observations of this nature have yet been made in the Southern Hemisphere and as the Capetown station is the only one of the group situated below the Equator its results are of special interest.
Terrestrial magnetism at Tsingtao during the solar eclipse of June 19, 1936
Authors: Liu Chao‐Yang 
Published: February 2008

The solar eclipse which occurred June 19,1936 was total, but the phase seen at Tsingtao was only partial (being 0.56 of the solar diameter). The calculated times for this eclipse referred to 120° east meridian time were: Beginning of the eclipse, 12h 48m 59s; maximum eclipse, 14h 07m 26s; ending of the eclipse, 15h 18m 29s.The sky unfortunately was very cloudy on June 19. No astronomical work could be done. The only photograph we could get was densely overcast. It was taken at 14h 32m.
Aurora of April 26 to 30, 1937, at Alexandria Bay, New York
Authors: Manning Douglas F. 
Published: February 2008

The aurora was observed at Alexandria Bay, New York (latitude 44° 20' north, longitude 75° 55' west) on the nights of April 26, 27, 28, 29, and 30, 1937. The following notes describe the displays on each of these nights.April 26—A few streamers were visible around 20h 30m, eastern standard time. A faint whitish glow covered the northern sky extending upward about 30°. Occasional rays or streamers appeared.
Systematic ionospheric changes associated with geomagnetic activity
Authors: Berkner L. V. , Seaton S. L. 
Published: February 2008

Systematic changes of maximum electron‐density associated with geomagnetic disturbance have been difficult to isolate owing to the lack of sufficient homogeneous data. It is well known that intense magnetic storms are associated with marked ionospheric changes. The purpose of this investigation is to determine the nature of systematic changes of maximum ion‐density of F2‐layer which accompany geomagnetic disturbance of all ranges of intensity at several latitudes.Appleton, Naismith, and Ingram [see 1 of “References” at end of paper] have shown that at Tromsö and at Slough there are, associated with geomagnetic disturbance, characteristic variations in F2‐1ayer which change with season. Similar changes have been observed at the Kensington (Maryland) Experimental Station and described qualitatively [2]. In the present investigation we consider about two years of continuous observations made at the Watheroo and Huancayo magnetic observatories of the Department of Terrestrial Magnetism utilizing automatic multifrequency technique described elsewhere [3, 4]. A convenient quantitative measure, namely, deviation of daily average maximum electron‐density from normal, has been derived and compared to associated geomagnetic activity for each day.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory, October to December, 1940
Authors: Ludy Albert K. 
Published: February 2008

October 1—A mild disturbance began at 01 h 13 m GMT, October 1, and ended at 21 h the same day. It was characterized by an increase in the value of Z. Ranges: D, 20′; H, 122 gammas; Z, 156 gammas.October 7–8—A moderate storm began at 05 h GMT, October 7, and continued until 11 h, October 8. Ranges: D, 32′; H, 118 gammas; Z, 169 gammas.
Tucson Magnetic Observatory, October to December, 1940
Authors: White Roland F. 
Published: February 2008

October 6–8—A moderate storm began at 09 h 51 m GMT, October 6, with a small but sharp increase in H followed by a bay in H starting at about 21h, October 6, and a short bay in D from 01 h to 11 h, October 7. The storm ended at about 10 h, October 8.October 25–26—A period of small but rapid variations in H and D began between 14 h and 15 h GMT, October 25, and lasted until about 23 h, October 26.
The Ionosphere at Watheroo, Western Australia, July to September, 1940
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

This report is a continuation of those already published in this Journal1 and gives monthly mean hourly values of the heights and penetration‐frequencies of the ionosphere as obtained by means of automatic multifrequency ionospheric recording apparatus located near Watheroo, Western Australia, in latitude 30° 19′.1 south, longitude 115° 52′.6 east of Greenwich, which operates over the frequency‐range 0.516 to 16.0 Mc/sec.Table 1 gives the monthly mean hourly values of the height of maximum electron‐density (hmax), uncorrected for retardation in lower regions2, and the minimum virtual height (hmin) for both the F1‐ and F2‐regions, the penetration‐frequencies for the E‐, F1‐, and F2‐regions, and the lowest frequency at which echoes were observed when that frequency was higher than 0.516 Mc/sec.
Notes on Isomagnetic Charts: VI—Earth‐Air Electric Currents and the Mutual Consistency of the H and D Isomagnetic Charts
Authors: Chapman Sydney 
Published: February 2008

Summary—Atmospheric‐electric observations indicate that the electric currents crossing the Earth's surface are too weak to have an observable effect on the distribution of the geomagnetic field, which should therefore (to a high degree of accuracy) be derivable from a scalar potential. This question has been examined in various ways: By means of line‐integrals of the horizontal magnetic intensity; by drawing magnetic parallels; by spherical harmonic analysis; and (by Schuster) by calculating the vertical component of the curl of the field at particular points. A discussion of these various methods leads to the conclusion that the curl method is the most generally useful. A new formula is given for calculating the curl directly from the isomagnetic charts for declination (D) and horizontal intensity (H), the elements that are most usually observed and charted. The new process is applied to the 1922 Admiralty charts. The error of estimation of the curl, or of the resulting inferred vertical curren‐tintensity i, is also examined.The non‐zero values of i are due partly to errors of estimation; but the larger values are ascribed mainly to a lack of mutual consistency between the D and H charts in particular localities, due to errors in one or both charts. It is suggested that when new charts of D and H are constructed, the value of i should be taken as zero (on the atmospheric‐electric evidence), and the mutual consistency of the charts should be tested, and ajusted, by the methods here developed.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, December, 1941
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)December 1–2—This moderate disturbance began with a well‐defined sudden commencement at 05h 59m GMT, December 1, when horizontal intensity suddenly increased 25 gammas, the numerical value of vertical intensity decreased 19 gammas and declination moved easterly 2′.6. The traces immediately became active, the fluctuations being rapid and of moderate amplitude. These conditions prevailed until about 14h, after which the movements were more leisurely. Between 16h 00m and 16h 10m there were large and fairly sudden changes in all three elements but after that time the disturbance gradually subsided and the traces resumed their normal character at 07h, December 2. Ranges: D, 28′.8; H, 147 gammas; Z, 202 gammas.
Electrical resistance of a vertical column of air over Watheroo (western Australia) and over Huancayo (Peru)
Authors: Wait G. R. 
Published: February 2008

For the first time, strictly simultaneous atmospheric‐electric data on sea and land have been compared. Such comparisons make it possible, on the basis of reasonable assumptions, to compute the total resistance of a vertical air‐column of unit cross‐section at the station on land. A total of 42 complete fair‐weather days during November and December, 1928, and January and February, 1929, from the Pacific Ocean and from the Watheroo Magnetic Observatory have been utilized. The data were formed into two groups, (1) smoky days (when smoke was in the air at Watheroo) and (2) non‐smoky days (air without smoke). The computed resistance of the vertical air‐column at Watheroo has a pronounced diurnal variation with a minimum shortly before noon for both types of days. This is accounted for on the basis of two stratified horizontal layers of air, assuming that the resistivity of the upper layer is constant through the day, and that of the lower layer is giyen by the conductivity‐measurements near the ground. Half of the total resistance lies in the upper and half in the lower layer. The resistance of the lower layer varies with the resistivity; hence the effective height to which the layer extends is constant, amounting to about 1.5 km. Gish and Sherman concluded from stratosphere conductivity‐measurements that between this height and the ground in the free atmosphere almost half of the total resistance is normally encountered, in good accord with the present results.Comparison of data from Huancayo Magnetic Observatory with those from the Pacific Ocean taken during October, 1929, indicates that the total resistance at Huancayo is independent of variations in resistivity of the lower layer, thus indicating a very small thickness for the lower layer. The computed resistance for Huancayo is over three times that expected from consideration of the altitude of the station (3.3 km). This and other observed facts in atmospheric electricity at Huancayo are explainable on the assumption that a permanent bank of condensation‐nuclei exists in the air a short distance above the ground.
ON THE RADON‐CONTENT OF THE ATMOSPHERE AND THE RADIUM‐CONTENT OF RIVER‐WATER
Authors: Hess Victor F. 
Published: February 2008

In the past two years the author had the opportunity of determining the radon‐content of the air in New York and of testing the radium‐content of river‐water samples taken from the Susquehanna River. War conditions made it necessary to discontinue these measurements, but the results so far obtained, are deemed of sufficient interest to report here.(I) Radon‐content of the atmosphereMeasurements of the radon‐content of outdoor air in America have been made only in Montreal, by A. S. Eve in 1907‐08, and in Chicago, by C. S, Ashman in 1908. These two authors reported an average content of 60 and of 95×10−18 curie/cc, respectively.
Solar and Magnetic Data, April to June, 1944, Mount Wilson Observatory
Authors: Nicholson Seth B. , Mulders Elizabeth Sternberg 
Published: February 2008

The only magnetic storm recorded at Mount Wilson during April, May, and June began suddenly on April 1 at 23h 25m GCT, and ended on April 3 at about 09h. The range in H was 180γ. No sunspots were observed from March 31 to April 6.A slight disturbance began suddenly on April 24 at 01h 15m and ended at about 13h. The range in H was 60γ. No sunspots were observed from April 18 to 25.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory, April to June, 1944
Authors: Parkinson W. C. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′.1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)April 2—A violent disturbance of short duration began at 05h 00m GMT, April 2, with a series of peaks and bays in all three elements followed by a rapid decrease of H and westerly D and by an increase in the numerical value of Z. Between 09h and 10h the motions of the H‐ and Z‐spots were too rapid to record continuously and the Z‐spot exceeded the limits of registration. After 10h, H gradually increased and Z decreased so that by 20h they were approximately at their normal values, although some small rapid fluctuations persisted until 24h. Ranges: D, 27′.4; H, 320 gammas; Z, 184 gammas.
Calculation of Vertical Component (Z) for Potential Fields from Observed Values of Declination (D) and Horizontal Intensity (H)
Authors: Davids Norman 
Published: February 2008

If a vector field F(r, θ, ϕ) is known to be derivable from a scalar potential, and if it is known how much of the field originates from sources inside the Earth, then the values of its three components D, H, Z, or X, Y, Z over the surface of a sphere r = a are not independent; that is, there exists a functional operator which enables any one of the functions to be determined from the other two of the group. In practice, D and H are usually known with much greater accuracy than Z, so that an operator which enables Z to be calculated from D and H could be useful in determining Z in uncertain regions, or in testing the consistency of the Z‐charts against the others. The method, however, requires the knowledge of D and H over the whole Earth—although local or regional inaccuracies are likely to neutralize each other in the final results.Sources inside the Earth account for at least 95 per cent of the main field, so that the method can be applied to testing of the world‐charts; it can be extended to some of the variation‐fields as well.
Cheltenham Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1947
Authors: Genhardt Robert E. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 38° 44′.0 N.; Longitude 76° 50′.5 or 5h 07m.4 W. of Gr.)October 9–16—A prolonged period of moderate magnetic disturbance was ushered in with long‐period oscillations, at 01h GMT, October 9. Short‐period oscillations began in all three elements at 11h, October 9, and continued until 19h, October 11, with the exception of a few hours. The remainder of the storm continued with irregular oscillations. Between 00h 09m and 0lh 15m, October 10, D rapidly decreased 32′, and reached its extreme easterly value at 01h 58m. Z decreased 185 γ from 00h 57m to 09h 00m, October 10, where it reached its minimum value. H reached its minimum value of 18,099 γ at 16h 09m, October 11. From 0lh 44m to 02h 26m, October 12, oscillations of large amplitude occurred in all three elements, and double peaks occurred in D and H. Minor disturbance continued until the end of the storm at 17h, October 16, The highest K‐sum of 35 occurred on October 10, with a 6 being recorded for the first three‐hour interval.
A note on the asymmetry between fees and payments
Authors: Bramhall David F. , Mills Edwin S. 
Published: February 2008

In his recent book [Kneese, 1964], Kneese compares the use of fees and payments to induce the abatement of water discharges to bodies of water. The choice is between a fee that depends on the amount of waste discharged and a payment that depends on the amount by which waste discharges are less than they would otherwise have been.He concludes that in theory the choice between fees and payments is one of equity and not efficiency. He says, ‘Strictly from the point of view of resource allocation, it would make no difference whether an effluent charge was levied on the discharger or a payment was made to him for not discharging wastes.’ [Kneese, 1964, p. 57.] A similar statement appears on page 92. Kneese goes on to emphasize the administrative difficulties with the payments scheme. These difficulties relate primarily to the determination of what discharges would have been in the absence of the payments scheme and are particularly severe when entry and exit of waste producers are involved.
Applications of factor analysis in study of chemistry of groundwater quality, Mojave River Valley, California
Authors: Dawdy D. R. , Feth J. H. 
Published: February 2008

Factor analysis is applied to results of chemical analyses of 103 water samples from wells in the Upper and Middle Mojave River valley, San Bernardino County, California. Chemical analyses showed that there are three principal chemical types of water, calcium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, and sodium chloride, as well as many mixtures of the three. Data were studied by factor analysis to learn the relative importance of each principal ion in determining the variations among the samples, and to examine the possibility of chemical equilibrium between aqueous and solid phases in the aquifers.Most of the covariance in the system may be accounted for by variances of Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+1, SO4−2, and Cl−1. There is almost identical loading on the constituents Na+1 and Cl−1. The variance in chemical composition of the hydrochemical system is governed largely by sources of sodium chloride. None of the components is controlled by equilibrium between ions in the water and minerals in the aquifers. Concentrations of NO3−1 and F−1 vary independently of other constituents. Geographic distribution of statistical loadings of the principal constituents at individual wells does not reveal sources of the constituents, which must be deduced from geologic and hydrologic evidence. Factor analysis, however, furnished the critical information on chemical relationships basic to the deduction. (Key words: Geochemistry; groundwater; statistics; California)
On the paper entitled ‘Drawdown in a well of large diameter’ by I. S. Papadopulos and H. H. Cooper, Jr.
Authors: Narasimhan T. N. 
Published: February 2008

The paper, ‘Drawdown in a Well of Large Diameter,’ as the authors themselves have pointed out [Papadopulos and Cooper, 1967], has been written with a view to help hydrogeologists in Asian countries, where ground water is developed to a large extent by means of large diameter open wells. The method suggested in the paper was applied by this writer to analyze drawdown data from a few large diameter wells piercing alluvial sands, and satisfactory results were obtained.Specifically, the method proposed is valid for aquifers with relatively high transmissibilities or wells of relatively small diameters. That is, the method is most satisfactorily applied in those cases in which the quantity of water developed from storage in the open well is small compared with that developed from inflow into the well. It has been pointed out [Papadopulos and Cooper, 1967, p. 244], ‘Therefore, data that completely fall on the almost straight line part of the type curves cannot be analyzed by this method, or, in fact, by any other method.’
On optimization methods for branching multistage water resource systems
Authors: Burt Oscar R. 
Published: February 2008

The recent paper by Meier and Beightler [1967] and subsequent discussions [Loucks, 1968; Meier and Beightler, 1968] are interesting contributions to optimization methods in water resources development and management. However, it occurred to me that the positions taken in the exchange between Loucks and Meier and Beightler seemed to rule out the use of linear programing (and nonlinear programing) jointly with dynamic programing within the same optimization scheme. Presentation of such models for application to branching multistage systems is the primary objective of this letter.First it is noted that the class of problems considered by Meier and Beightler [1967] had the following properties: (1) additivity in the criterion function, (2) linearity in the constraints, and (3) essentially the so‐called angular form in the constraint equations [Dantzig, 1963, p. 466]. The first property is very common in dynamic programing models, but other forms of criterion functions meet Bellman's definition of the Markovian‐type process [Bellman, 1961, p. 54]. It is very likely that the additive type will suffice in most water resource applications; but if it does not, a dynamic programing formulation may contain so many state variables that it becomes infeasible as an empirical model. The Markovian requirement can usually be met by introduction of a sufficient number of state variables. The second property is a direct consequence of an assumed linear transformation function for the state variable [Meier and Beightler, 1967, p. 648]. In problems such as water quality control, some of the transformation functions are apt to be nonlinear, but this causes no difficulty in dynamic programing. The third property is a direct consequence of the problem being amenable to a dynamic programing formulation.
Mathematical Model for Beach Groundwater Fluctuations
Authors: Dominick Thomas F. , Wilkins Bert , Roberts Harry 
Published: February 2008

The measurement of changing water levels across a tropical carbonate beach profile over three tidal cycles has provided basic data for the development of a predictive mathematical model of the fluctuation in the level of a beach water table. The model is based on partial differential equations governing transient, one‐dimensional movement of groundwater through porous media. A finite difference algorithm for the digital computer was developed to solve the equations. Beach homogeneity and nonlinear boundary conditions imposed by tidal fluctuations were assumed in these calculations.Field measurements of water table fluctuations in Galleon Beach, Grand Cayman Island, show that the mathematical model simulates this system within the limits of accuracy of the experimental measurements. A method for in situ determination of the permeability‐porosity ratio is proposed and demonstrated for the beach studied. The mathematical model of the beach water table is used to develop an accurate method of calculating inflow and outflow at the beach‐ocean interface.