bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DIFFERENTIAL CLEARANCE KINETICS OF ADHERED LAYER CONSTITUENTS FROM THE ORAL CAVITY AS MODULATOR FOR AFTERFEEL OF DRESSINGS: ATR FT‐IR MEASUREMENTS OF LOCALIZED ORAL COATINGS
Authors: DE JONGH HARMEN H.J. , JANSSEN ANKE M. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT By analyzing swabs from different locations in the mouth (front and middle part of the tongue, cheek and palate) of four subjects after oral processing of dressings, the composition of the retained material was evaluated in time using infrared spectroscopy in an attempt to substantiate the physical origin of differences in afterfeel sensations indicated by a trained panel for these dressings. Three dressings were prepared, each containing 40% oil, 10–14% protein and either starch, xanthan or a mixture of these two polysaccharides as thickener. There was no differential retention of fat/oil between the dressings, oral location or subject. Protein and carbohydrates followed that same clearance kinetics, with two exceptions: (1) xanthan/protein from the middle part of the tongue; and (2) starch/protein from the cheek and palate that both cleared only very slowly (10–30 min). The relation of these findings with afterfeel and saliva action is discussed. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis work points to the origin of afterfeel sensations of composite foods and might therefore serve the food industry to better predict the impact of changes in formulation on consumer perception. It demonstrates that changing food components that are used for thickening of products must be seen in the context of their ingredient‐specific behavior in the oral cavity after consumption. Suppliers that provide tailor‐made ingredients could benefit from these results.
ANALYSIS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF MASSETER MUSCLE ACTIVITY DURING CHEWING OF AGARS IN HEALTHY YOUNG MALES
Authors: ASHIDA ICHIRO , IWAMORI HAJIME , KAWAKAMI SHIN‐YA , MIYAOKA YOZO , MURAYAMA ATSUKO 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACT This study examined the influences of rheological properties on mastication in eight healthy male subjects by recording an electromyogram (EMG) of the masseter (MS) muscle during chewing. Four different agars were tested: 0.5 and 1.5% ordinary agars (0.5OA and 1.5OA), and 2.5 and 4.0% Ina‐agar (2.5IA and 4.0IA). The hardness, adhesiveness and cohesiveness differed among the four agars, which is most likely because of the differences in the concentrations and constituents of the agars. Mastication time and the average amplitude of the MS EMG during chewing were longest and largest, respectively, with the 1.5OA followed by the 4.0IA. The activity pattern of the MS EMG differed between the first and last cycles of chewing sequences in each of the agars used; there were no differences between the first cycle activity patterns or the last cycle activity patterns when comparisons were made between the four agars. These results suggest that the rheological properties of the agars modify mastication and that the activity patterns of the MS muscle change during chewing. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe present findings obtained by the analyses of rheological properties and physiological parameters, especially by the “TP” technique, suggest the following possible uses: (1) the TP technique can analyze foods at different angles from analysis by rheological properties; (2) a combination of rheological properties and physiological parameters (sensory evaluation as well) can lead more diversified analysis of foods in normal adults and (3) the combinational analysis of foods may be more useful in very young and disabled people who have difficulty of expressing impressions and experiences because of the objectiveness of the TP technique. The combinational analysis contributes to development of foods especially for very young and disabled people.
Quality of Life: Erosions and Opportunities Under Managed Care
Authors: Morreim E. Haavi 
Published: January 2007

In recent years a number of commentators have discussed the importance of measuring quality of life (QL) in health care. We want to know whether an intervention will help people to live better, not just longer, and whether some treatments cause more trouble than they are worth. New technologies promise wondrous benefits. But when millions of people have no insured access to health care, and when many others face increasingly stringent limits on care, technologies’ high costs require us to choose what weshoulddo from the broader universe of what wecando.The challenges to measuring QL are formidable. Researchers debate whether to measure general QL or disease-specific QL; whether to focus on functional status such as the patient's ability to walk and dress himself, or on the value people ascribe to that functional status; whether to seek the values of the general public, or to concentrate on people actually affected by a given disease or disability.
Public Health Legal Preparedness for the 21st Century
Authors: Moulton Anthony D. , Goodman Richard A. , Cahill Kathy , Baker Edward L. 
Published: January 2007

Law is indispensable to the public's health. The twentieth century proved this true as law contributed to each of the century's ten great public health achievements: vaccination, healthier mothers and babies, family planning, safer and healthier foods, fluoridation of drinking water, the control of infectious diseases, the decline in death from heart disease and stroke, recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard, motor vehicle safety, and safer workplaces.The readers of this journal can give examples of the relevant types of laws with ease: Jacobson v. Massachusetts, the 1905 U.S. Supreme Court case that upheld the constitutionality of compulsory vaccination; mandatory immunization for school admission; authorization of state prenatal care programs; mandatory fortification of foods; Title X of the Public Health Service Act; the Pure Food and Drugs Act of 1906; the Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, and hundreds of state and local enactments regulating food; fluoridation ordinanceswater, and sanitation; the Surgeon General's warning notices on cigarette packs and restrictions on marketing tobacco; seat belt laws and mandated vehicle and highway design features; and laws like the federal Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 that regulate working conditions.
Litigation as Public Health Policy: Theory or Reality?
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Soliman Soheil 
Published: January 2007

An ongoing debate among legal scholars and public health advocates is the role of litigation in shaping public policy. For the most part, the debate has been waged at a conceptual level, with opponents and proponents arguing within fairly well-defined boundaries. The debate has been based either on speculation of what litigation could achieve or on ideological grounds as to why litigation should or should not be used this way. With the exception of Rosenberg's study of how litigation shaped policy in civil rights, abortion, and environmental matters, there is almost no empirical support for either position.In recent years, the most ardent proponents of litigation as public policy have been public health advocates. Perhaps out of frustration with the inability to achieve desired public health goals through the legislative branch of government, public health advocates have pursued litigation as an alternative strategy. Beginning with tobacco class action litigation in the early 1990s and continuing with litigation against gun manufacturers at the end of that decade, public health advocates have waged a veritable litigation assault aimed at changing how public health policy is formed.
Zoning Law, Health, and Environmental Justice: What’s the Connection?
Authors: Maantay Juliana 
Published: January 2007

Zoning laws determine what types of land uses and densities can occur on each property lot in a municipality, and therefore also govern the range of potential environmental and health impacts resulting from the land use. Zoning regulations are the most ubiquitous of the land use laws in the United States, as well as in many other countries. As such, they have far-reaching effects on the location of noxious uses, and any concomitant environmental or human health impacts.Zoning has enormous implications, in general, for shaping our environment, and because changes to zoning are made through a political process, it has possibilities for abuse. One zoning expert stated:I suppose what really disturbs me is that because zoning is the most universal of the legal tools for shaping the character of the municipality, any unwise use of the process has a far greater impact upon our national character than does the abuse of a less widely employed device.
Co-Opting the Health and Human Rights Movement
Authors: Jacobson Peter D. , Soliman Soheil 
Published: January 2007

Public health is concerned with how to improve the population’s health. At times, though, actions to improve the community’s health may collide with individual civil rights. For example, a public health response to a bioterrorism attack, such as smallpox, may require relaxing an individual’s due process protections to prevent the smallpox from spreading. This tension lies at the heart of public health policy. It also must be considered in discussing the concept of human rights in health.Proponents of incorporating the concept of human rights in health emphasize the importance of both individual rights and collective rights. They argue that observing human rights is not only consistent with broad public health goals, but necessary to their attainment. To many human rights advocates, the concept is not limited to protecting against governmental intrusion. Accordingly, they emphasize the government’s obligation to promote attainment of human rights by, for instance, providing adequate health care.
Pain Relief, Prescription Drugs, and Prosecution: A Four-State Survey of Chief Prosecutors
Authors: Ziegler Stephen J. , Lovrich Nicholas P. 
Published: January 2007

The experience of having to suffer debilitating pain is far too common in the United States, and many patients continue to be inadequately treated by their doctors. Although many physicians freely admit that their pain management practices may have been somewhat lacking, many more express concern that the prescribing of heightened levels of opioid analgesics may result in closer regulatory scrutiny, criminal investigation, or even criminal prosecution.Although several researchers have examined the regulatory environment and the threat of sanction or harm it poses to physicians and patients, few have examined the likelihood of investigation or prosecution stemming from the aggressive use of opioids in physician-directed pain management. Accordingly, in an effort to assess whether the fear of prosecution is realistic and, if so, what factors contribute to its likelihood, we surveyed chief prosecutors in four states about their knowledge, opinions, and attitudes concerning opioids and the prosecution of physicians stemming from the treatment of patients who were either terminally ill or suffering from chronic noncancer pain.
Improving State Medical Board Policies: Influence of a Model
Authors: Gilson Aaron M. , Joranson David E. , Maurer Martha A. 
Published: January 2007

Despite advances in medical knowledge regarding pain management, pain continues to be significantly undertreated in the United States. There are many drug and nondrug treatments, but the use of controlled substances, particularly the opioid analgesics, is universally accepted for the treatment of pain from cancer. Although opioid analgesics are safe and effective in treating chronic pain, there is continued research and discussion about patient selection and long-term effects. A number of barriers in the health care and drug regulatory systems account for the gap between what is known about pain management and what is practiced. Among the barriers are physicians’ fears of being disciplined by state regulatory boards for inappropriate prescribing.State medical boards are in a unique position not only to address physicians’ concerns about being investigated, but also to encourage pain management. Prior to 1989, a few state medical boards had policies relating to controlled substances or pain. Subsequently, state medical boards began adopting policies regarding the prescribing of opioids for the treatment of pain; many of these specifically addressed physicians’ fear of regulatory scrutiny.
Medicare: Ninth Circuit Limits Rates Providers Can Charge Medigap Insurers
Authors: Caldie Ed 
Published: January 2007

InVencor, Inc. v. National States Insurance Co.,the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit held that a Medigap insurance provider was only obligated to pay the rates that Medicare would have paid for the same care.Clarence Rollins purchased a Medigap insurance policy from National States Insurance Company (NSIC) to supplement his Medicare coverage. When Rollins became ill and required care beyond that which Medicare would cover, he received his medical treatment from Vencor Hospital-Phoenix (Vencor). Upon Rollins's death, NSIC paid Vencor $38,760. Vencor claimed that NSIC owed an additional $132,438 because NSIC was not entitled to the lower care rates established by Medicare. NSIC refused to pay Vencor's higher rates. As a result, Vencor sued NSIC for breach of contract.The U.S. District Court for the District of Arizona held, on a motion for summary judgment, that no breach occurred, and that NSIC was obligated to pay only the lower rates established by Mediare. The Ninth Circuit affirmed this decision.
Assisted Reproductive Technologies: Failure to Cover Does Not Violate ADA, Title VII, or PDA
Authors: Gutmann Valerie 
Published: January 2007

InSaks v. Franklin Covey Co., the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit held that the American with Disabilities Act (ADA), Title VII of Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA), and New York state law do not proscribe an employer's self-insured employee health plan from excluding surgical impregnation procedures from its coverage. Although the court found that infertility qualifies as a disability under the ADA, it restricted required coverage of certain infedty treatments.Title I of the ADA prohibits an employer from discriminating on the basis of disability “in regard to … fringe benefits available by virtue of employment, whether or not administered by the covered entity.” The ADA defines “disability” as “a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities.” InBragdon v. Abbott, the U.S. Supreme Court found that reproduction was a major life activity under the ADA.
Populations and the Law: The Changing Scope of Health Policy
Authors: Fox Daniel M. 
Published: January 2007

Changes in the scope of health policy in the United States are creating opportunities and obligations for lawmakers and the lawyers who advise them. These changes are the result of a new politics of policy for the health of populations. The new politics is connecting areas of policy that, because they have had separate histories, are governed by distinct, usually uncoordinated laws and regulations.The subject of the new politics of health policy is what the Iowa Senate President, speaking in a plenary at the 2003 conference on Public Health Law in the 21stCentury, called the “quality of life, what the people think is important.” An increasing number of leaders in general govemment–people who run for office and their staff–have practical reasons to make policy that acknowledges the expanding scope of what their constituents define as health policy.
“Underground Euthanasia” and the Harm Minimization Debate
Authors: Magnusson Roger S. 
Published: January 2007

I have a hairstylist whose lover was very sick. I’d been seeing this stylist for ten years and we’re good friends. [His lover was] becoming an invalid, not able to get out of bed. He said “I hate to ask you this but would you mind writing a prescription to help us out?” [So] I wrote a prescription to a patient who I had never seen, and I sent it to him in the mail and I heard the next time I went in to get my hair cut that it was the most beautiful experience that my stylist had ever had. It was Valentine’s Day and they had a lovely meal with champagne. And they held each other and then, you know, his partner took his pills and was released.(Joseph, physician)
Strengthening the Collaboration between Public Health and Criminal Justice to Prevent Violence
Authors: Prothrow-Stith Deborah 
Published: January 2007

Over the last two decades in the United States, public health practitioners, policy makers, and researchers have charted new tenitory by increasingly using public health strategies to understand and prevent youth violence, which has been considered a criminal justice problem. The utilization of public health approaches has generated several contributions to the understanding and prevention of violence, including new and expanded knowledge in surveillance, delineation of risk factors, and prop design, including implementation and evaluation strategies.While public health activities generally complement those of criminal justice, confrontations, challenges and turf issues within this cross-disciplinary enterprise remain inevitable. Continued progress is dependent upon expanded efforts and greater collaboration within both disciplines.
Legal Enforcement of Xenotransplantation Public Health Safeguards
Authors: Florencio Patrik S. , Ramanathan Erik D. 
Published: January 2007

Xenotransplantation is any transplantation, implantation, or infusion of either live cells, tissues, or organs from a nonhuman animal source, or human bodily fluids, cells, tissues, or organs that have had ex vivo contact with live nonhuman animal cells, tissues, or organs into a human recipient. Most scientists agree that clinical xenotransplantation should not be performed in the absence of accompanying public health safeguards The science upon which that consensus is based has been extensively described in the literature. By and large the most compelling reason for public health safeguards is the possible introduction of new infectious agents into the human life cycle as a result of xenotransplantation.The most frequent source of new infectious diseases in human populations is the transfer of agents, such as viruses, bacteria, or prions, from animals to man. Human diseases and infectious agents that are thought to have originated from animals include influenza, rabies, malaria, lassa fever, lyme disease, AIDS, yellow fever, tuberculosis, the human t-cell lymphotropic virus, the herpes B virus, the hantavirus, and even the bubonic and pneumonic plagues.
New Malaise: Bioethics and Human Rights in the Global Era
Authors: Farmer Paul , Campos Nicole Gastineau 
Published: January 2007

First, to what level of quality can medical ethics a spire, if it ignores callous discrimination in medrcal practice against large populations of the innocent poor? Second, how effective can such theories be in addressing the critical issues of medical and clinical ethics if they are unable to contribute to the closing of the gap of sociomedical disparity?Marcio Fabri dos Anjos, Medical Ethics in the Developing World: A Liberation Theology Perspective
How Can We Help? From “Sociology in” to “Sociology of” Bioethics
Authors: De Vries Raymond 
Published: January 2007

The relationship between sociology and bioethics has been an uneasy one. It has been described as contentious and adversarial, and at least some of the sociologists who have ventured into the territory of medical ethics report back on unfriendly natives. This bioethical ill will toward sociology is not without cause. Sociologists have been quite critical of what they call (with not-so-subtle pejorative overtones) the bioethical project.Two decades ago - when bioethics was just getting up on its organizational feet - Renée Fox and Judith Swazey leveled the charge of cultural myopia against bioethics, noting that this myopia generally manifests itself in the form of systematic inattention to the social and cultural sources and implications of its own thought. They go on to sayifbioethics is an indicator of the general state of American ideas, values, and beliefs, of our collective self knowledge, and our understanding of other societies and cultures - then there is every reason to be worried about who we are, what we have become, and where we are going
An Enhanced Approach to Distinguishing Public Health Practice and Human Subjects Research
Authors: Hodge James G. 
Published: January 2007

What are the Differences between Public Health Practice and Research?This perplexing question constantly arises in the planning and performance of public health activities involving the acquisition and use of identifiable health information. Public health agencies collect and analyze significant identifiable health data from health care providers, insurers, other agencies, or individuals to perform an array of public health activities. These activities include surveillance (e.g., reporting requirements, disease registries, sentinel networks), epidemiological investigations (e.g., to investigate disease outbreaks), and evaluation and monitoring (e.g., public health program development and analysis, oversight functions). Few debate that these essential public health activities, often specifically authorized by law, are classifiable as public health practice.Other public health activities in which identifiable health data are acquired or used, however, can resemble, include, or constitute human subjects research. “Human subjects research” is legally defined as “a systematic investigation, including research development, testing, and evaluation, designed to develop or contribute to generalizable knowledge” that involves living human subjects (or their identifiable, private data).
The Clinical Investigator as Fiduciary: Discarding a Misguided Idea
Authors: Morreim E. Haavi 
Published: January 2007

One of the most important questions in the ethics of human clinical research asks what obligations investigators owe the people who enroll in their studies. Research differs in many ways from standard care - the added uncertainties, for instance, and the nontherapeutic interventions such as diagnostic tests whose only purpose is to measure the effects of the research intervention. Hence arises the question whether a physician engaged in clinical research has the same obligations toward research subjects that he owes his medical patients, or whether they differ in any fundamental way.Perhaps the most common answer is that the relationship is the same. Investigators, like physicians, are said to be fiduciaries of the volunteers who enroll in research trials. Each owes the best available medical care, which means that a physician can only justify enrolling his patient in research if the study meets the requirements of clinical equipoise, namely, that there is legitimate disagreement within the medical community as to whether the standard treatment or the investigational intervention is superior.