bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storage of cottonseed and peanuts under conditions which minimize spectrophotometric changes in the extracted oil
Authors: Pons Walter A. , Murray Mildred D. , O'Connor Robert T. , Guthrie John D. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

Cottonseed was stored for over a year without appreciable change in red gossypol content by adjusting the moisture content to 8% or less and placing in closed containers at 1° or at −18°C. Cottonseed stored at room temperature, 27°C., showed a large increase in red gossypol content.

Cottonseed stored in the above manner at 1° or at −18°C. showed little or no increase in the non‐gossypol absorption of the extracted oil at 236 mμ, the region of diene conjugation. This property of the extracted oil showed a large increase when cottonseed was stored at room temperature, 27°C.

Gossypol dissolved in cyclohexane has spectrophotometric extinction coefficients (concentration in g. per liter, solution depth 1 cm.) of 207, 70, and 40 at the maxima at 236 mμ, 286 mμ, and 358 mμ, respectively.

The extracted oil from peanuts stored for over four years at room temperature, 27°C., showed a much greater absorption in the region of 227 mμ to 234 mμ than did peanuts stored for the same time at 1° or at −18°C.
Partial hydrogenation of linseed oil by a continuous process
Authors: Smith Frank G. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAlkali refined linseed oil was partially hydrogenated, using both continuous and batch processes. The continuous process was carried out in a series of Votator machines, using Rufert nickel catalyst, presures up to 145 psig. and temperatures up to 400°F.The continuous hydrogenation of linseed oil under the most selective conditions possible, using the Votator equipment, shows little selectivity between the linolenic and linoleic acid radicals. A pronounced selectivity is observed between oleic and the more unsaturated acid radicals. Under selective conditions of hydrogenation of linseed oil about 31% of the hydrogenated linolenic acid radical is transformed into 9–15 linoleic acid while the remainder of the linolenic acid goes to oleic acid in either one or two steps.Batch hydrogenation yields oils of superior nonyellowing characteristics over comparable oils prepared by the continuous process.The hydrogenated linseed oils were tested in both clear and pigmented alkyds where they displayed superior non‐yellowing characteristics over the original linseed oil and, in many instances, over that of soya bean oil.The yellowing of oils and alkyds appears to be a function of both 1) the quantity of fatty acids more unsaturated than oleic present in the oil and 2) the ratio of the quantity of linolenic acid radicals to linoleic acid radicals present.
Rapid methods for determination of free fatty acids contents in fatty oils
Authors: Panduranga Rao B. , Thirumala Rao S. D. , Reddy B. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRapid qualitative and quantitative methods for determining the free fatty acid (FFA) contents in common oils and fats are reported. Qualitative method is based on the type of color developed in the presence of BDH indicators (Universal and “678”) when a known excess of alkali is added to an alcoholic solution of oil or fat. By this method, low (0.0–0.25), medium (0.26–0.99) and high (1.0 and above) FFA levels in fatty oils may be distinguished. Quantitative method is a simplified modification of the usual procedure of determining the FFA contents of oils and fats by titration against standard alkali solution in the presence of BDH Universal or “678” indicator. The results of the rapid methods agree well with those of the standard AOCS method.
Adsorption analysis of lipids. III. Synthetic mixtures of ethyl stearate, oleate, linoleate, and linolenate
Authors: Dutton Herbert J. , Reinbold Catherine L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe adsorption analysis of six binary mixtures composed of ethyl stearate, ethyl oleate, ethyl linoleate, and ethyl linolenate has been studied on alumina columns. Distillation methods have been shown by other workers to fractionate the stearate‐oleate system but not the oleate‐linoleate system. Application of the adsorption analysis technique resulted in fractionation of all six systems including the oleate‐linoleate mixture.Measures of the performance of the columns were obtained by dividing the eluate into two portions at the point in the fractionation at which the starting composition was reached. The first component to be eluted from each of the six pairs was obtained in the first fraction with an average purity of between 68 and 83%. The second component was obtained in the second fraction with average purity of 61 to 76%. The first component to be eluted was obtained in higher purity than the second. The efficiency of separation of pairs appeared to depend on the difference in degree of unsaturation of the components. Overall recoveries of esters from the columns ranged from 71.8 to 87.5%.
Anti‐proliferation and apoptosis induced by a novel intestinal metabolite of ginseng saponin in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells
Authors: Ming Yan‐lin , Song Gang , Chen Liang‐hua , Zheng Zhi‐zhong , Chen Zhong‐yan , Ouyang Gao‐liang , Tong Qing‐xuan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract20‐O‐(β‐d‐glucopyranosyl)‐20(S)‐protopanaxadiol (IH‐901), a novel intestinal bacterial metabolite of ginseng protopanaxadiol saponins, is reported to induce apoptosis in a variety of cancer cells. We purified the compound and measured its in vitro anti‐tumor activity. IH‐901 inhibited cell growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma SMMC7721 cells in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner. We also found that IH‐901 induced apoptotic cell death concurrent with cell cycle arrest in G0–G1 phase in SMMC7721 cells. At the molecular level, we show that IH‐901 upregulates cytochrome c, p53, and Bax expression, and downregulates pro‐caspase‐3 and pro‐caspase‐9 expressions in a dose‐dependent manner, while the levels of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL were unchanged in IH‐901‐treated SMMC7721 cells. These results provide significant insight into the anticarcinogenic action of IH‐901.
Generation and characterization of mouse parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells containing genomes from non‐growing and fully grown oocytes
Authors: Shao Hua , Wei Zhuying , Wang Lingling , Wen Lihua , Duan Biao , Mang Lie , Bou Shorgan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is known that oocytes can be activated without male contribution in vitro and develop to blastocysts which are used to isolate parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells. Unfortunately, differentiation capacity of the parthenogenetic embryonic stem cells was rather lower than fertilized embryos derived ES cells, which might be the result of the absence of male genome. It had been found that some maternally expressed genes were repressed and some paternally expressed genes were expressed in the non‐growing oocytes. Therefore, maternal genome from non‐growing oocytes can partially act as “sperm genome”. In the present study, parthenogenetic blastocysts containing genome from non‐growing and fully grown oocytes (named as NF‐pBlastocysts) were produced by germinal vesicle transfer, and three newly established parthenogenetic embryonic stem (named as NF‐pES) cell lines were derived from the resulting parthenogenetic blastocysts. All three NF‐pES cell lines were positive for ES cell markers, such as alkaline phosphatase (AKP), stage‐specific embryonic antigen 1 (SSEA‐1) and octamer‐binding transcription factor (Oct‐4). They have a normal chromosome karyotype (40) and can be maintained in an undifferentiated state for extended periods of time. When NF‐pES cells were injected into severe combined immunodeficient mice, teratomas with all three embryonic germ layers were obtained. The in vitro differentiation potential of NF‐pES cells was analyzed by embryonic bodies (EB) formation. The expression of germ layer markers, such as nestin (ectoderm), desmin (mesoderm), and α‐fetoprotein (endoderm) demonstrated that the NF‐pES cells can differentiate into all three germ layers.
Sensitivity to microcystins: A comparative study in human cell lines with and without multidrug resistance phenotype
Authors: De Votto Ana Paula Souza , Renon Viviane Plasse , Yunes João Sarkis , Rumjanek Vivian Mary , Capella Márcia Alves Marques , Neto Vivaldo Moura , de Freitas Marta Sampaio , Geracitano Laura Alicia , Monserrat José María , Trindade Gilma Santos 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMultidrug resistance (MDR) is an obstacle in cancer treatment. An understanding of how tumoral cells react to oxidants can help us elucidate the cellular mechanism involved in resistance. Microcystins are cyanobacteria hepatotoxins known to generate oxidative stress. The aim of this study was to compare the sensitivity to microcystins of human tumoral cell lines with (Lucena) and without (K562) MDR phenotype. Endpoints analyzed were effective microcystins concentration to 50% of exposed cells (EC50), antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid peroxidation, DNA damage, reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentration, and tubulin content. Lucena were more resistant and showed lower DNA damage than K562 cells (P < 0.05). Although microcystins did not alter catalase activity, a higher mean value was observed in Lucena than in K562 cells. Lucena cells also showed lower ROS concentration and higher tubulin content. The higher metabolism associated with the MDR phenotype should increase ROS concentration and make for an improved antioxidant defense against the toxic effects of microcystins.
Histamine H4 receptor expression is elevated in human nasal polyp tissue
Authors: Jókúti Adrienn , Hellinger Éva , Hellinger Andrea , Darvas Zsuzsa , Falus András , Thurmond Robin L. , Hirschberg Andor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAltered histamine metabolism is thought to be involved in the pathomechanism of nasal polyposis characterized by local eosinophil infiltration. The present study was performed to determine whether histamine receptors play a role in the effect of histamine in nasal polyp tissue. The findings suggest that the expression of H1 and H4 receptors is elevated in polyp tissue (p = 0.045; p < 0.001), while the level of H2 and H3 receptors is not increased significantly. The elevation of H1 and H4 receptors' expression may indicate that the histamine related mechanisms are preferentially mediated through H1 and H4 histamine receptors in the polyp tissue. Simultaneously with increased H4 receptor expression, the concentration of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) was increased significantly in polyp tissue (p = 0.002). One may speculate that the H4 receptor mediated histamine effects have a role in eosinophil accumulation and activation in inflammatory diseases of the nasal and paranasal sinus mucosa, such as nasal polyposis.
Comparative Analysis of Eubacterial DNA Polymerase III Alpha Subunits
Authors: Zhao Xiao-Qian , Hu Jian-Fei , Yu Jun 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
DNA polymerase III is one of the five eubacterial DNA polymerases that is responsible for the replication of DNA duplex. Among the ten subunits of the DNA polymerase III core enzyme, the alpha subunit catalyzes the reaction for polymerizing both DNA strands. In this study, we extracted genomic sequences of the alpha subunit from 159 sequenced eubacterial genomes, and carried out sequence-based phylogenetic and structural analyses. We found that all eubacterial genomes have one or more alpha subunits, which form either homodimers or heterodimers. Phylogenetic and domain structural analyses as well as copy number variations of the alpha subunit in each bacterium indicate the classification of alpha subunit into four basic groups: polC, dnaE1, dnaE2, and dnaE3. This classification is of essence in genome composition analysis. We also consolidated the naming convention to avoid further confusion in gene annotations.
Glucose homeostasis remains altered by acute caffeine ingestion following 2 weeks of daily caffeine consumption in previously non-caffeine-consuming males
Authors: Dekker Mark J. , Gusba Jenny E. , Robinson Lindsay E. , Graham Terry E. 
Published: May 2007

Acute caffeine ingestion increases serum NEFA and plasma adrenaline and decreases insulin sensitivity. Although frequently suggested, it is not known if a tolerance to these alterations in glucose homeostasis is developed in habitual caffeine consumers. Our objective was to determine whether acute caffeine ingestion continued to alter insulin, glucose, NEFA and adrenaline during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) following 14 d of caffeine consumption. Twelve caffeine-naive young males underwent four OGTTs over a 4-week period. Subjects ingested a gelatin-filled placebo (PLA) capsule on the first trial day and 5 mg caffeine/kg body weight on the remaining three trial days (day 0, day 7, day 14) before a 2 h OGTT. Following day 0 and day 7, subjects were given six dosages of 5 mg caffeine/kg to consume per d between trials. Serum insulin and blood glucose area under the curve (AUC) were significantly elevated (P < 0·05) v. PLA on day 0 (36 and 103 %, respectively) and were not different from PLA on day 7. On day 14, insulin AUC was 29 % greater than PLA (P < 0·05), and glucose was greater (P < 0·05) during the first hour, although the 50 % elevation in glucose AUC was not different from PLA. Before the OGTT, caffeine resulted in greater (P < 0·05) serum NEFA and plasma adrenaline concentrations in all three caffeine trials, but both NEFA and adrenaline concentrations were decreased (P < 0·05) on day 14 v. day 0. Although 14 d of caffeine consumption by previously caffeine-naive subjects reduced its impact on glucose homeostasis, carbohydrate metabolism remained disrupted.
Gonadectomy and high dietary fat but not high dietary carbohydrate induce gains in body weight and fat of domestic cats
Authors: Backus Robert C. , Cave Nick J. , Keisler Duane H. 
Published: May 2007

A high concentration of dietary carbohydrate is suggested to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes mellitus in domestic cats. To evaluate this, food intake, body weight, fat mass and circulating adiposity-related factors were determined in twenty-four sexually mature (9–12 months) cats assigned to four six-cat dietary groups balanced for body weight and sex. The effect of dietary fat in exchange for carbohydrate at 9, 25, 44 and 64 % of metabolisable energy (ME) in a purified diet of constant protein:ME ratio was studied 13 weeks before and 17 weeks after gonadectomy (GX). Body weight did not significantly change among the cats before GX except for an increase of 17 (sem5) % in cats given the highest-fat diet. Following GX, all groups gained body weight, and body fat mass was positively correlated (r0·50;P < 0·04) with dietary fat percentage. Post-GX weight gains were much greater for females (+39 (sem5) %) than males (+10 (sem4) %). Plasma ghrelin concentration negatively correlated (P < 0·02) with dietary fat percentage and, before GX, was greater (P < 0·05) in females than males. Plasma insulin concentration increased with weight gain induced by high dietary fat. Plasma glucose, TAG and leptin concentrations were not affected by dietary fat percentage, GX or weight gain. These data provide evidence that in cats, high dietary fat, but not carbohydrate, induces weight gain and a congruent increase in insulin, while GX increases sensitivity to weight gain induced by dietary fat.
Maternal low-protein diet during lactation programmes body composition and glucose homeostasis in the adult rat offspring
Authors: Fagundes A. T. S. , Moura E. G. , Passos M. C. F. , Oliveira E. , Toste F. P. , Bonomo I. T. , Trevenzoli I. H. , Garcia R. M. G. , Lisboa P. C. 
Published: May 2007

Previously we have reported that maternal malnutrition during lactation programmes body weight and thyroid function in the adult offspring. In the present study we evaluated the effect of maternal protein restriction during lactation upon body composition and hormones related to glucose homeostasis in adult rats. During lactation, Wistar lactating rats and their pups were divided into two experimental groups: control (fed a normal diet; 23 % protein) and protein-restricted (PR; fed a diet containing 8 % protein). At weaning, offspring received a normal diet until they were 180 d old. Body weight (BW) and food intake were monitored. Serum, adrenal glands, visceral fat mass (VFM) and carcasses were collected. PR rats showed lower BW ( − 13 %;P < 0·05), VFM ( − 33 %;P < 0·05), total body fat ( − 33 %;P < 0·05), serum glucose ( − 7 %;P < 0·05), serum insulin ( − 26 %,P < 0·05), homeostasis model assessment index ( − 20 %), but higher total adrenal catecholamine content (+90 %;P < 0·05) and serum corticosterone concentration (+51 %;P < 0·05). No change was observed in food intake, protein mass or total body water. The lower BW of PR rats is due to a reduction of white fat tissue, probably caused by an increase in lipolysis or impairment of lipogenesis; both effects could be related to higher catecholaminergic status, as well as to hypoinsulinaemia. To conclude, changes in key hormones which control intermediary metabolism are programmed by maternal protein restriction during lactation, resulting in BW alterations in adult rats.
Malleostapedotomy in tympanosclerosis patients
Authors: Magliulo G , Celebrini A , Cuiuli G , Parrotto D , Re M 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives:To present our personal experience of a series of 10 patients suffering from tympanosclerosis with functional blocking of the stapes or footplate, who underwent malleostapedotomy surgery. The criteria for patient selection for this type of operation, and its results and complications, are discussed.Methods:Prospective study.Results:Incus and malleus dysfunction was observed in 70 per cent of cases, either alone or combined with fixation of the stapes. The post-operative hearing results were considered to be satisfactory (i.e. within 20 dB) in 80 per cent of cases. Only one patient had sensorineural hearing loss over 10 dB.Conclusions:Malleostapedotomy has proved its practicability in the treatment of patients with fixed footplate or stapes complicated by ankylosis of the incudomalleolar joint. This procedure can be considered a further, valid technique within the otologist's surgical armamentarium.
Islam, Empire and Makassarese historiography in the reign of Sultan Ala'uddin (1593–1639)
Authors: Cummings William 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the reign of Sultan Ala'uddin (r. 1593–1639), the Makassarese of Gowa and Talloq initiated a new form of historical writing known as lontaraq bilang. This article argues that this genre represents an Islamic form of historical writing that simultaneously integrated distant places and events within the structure of Makassarese history and Makassarese people and practices within the umma and the structure of Islamic history. Examining this islamisation of history writing yields new insight into premodern Makassarese notions of empire, social change, and religious identity. Lontaraq bilang are an important source of insight into how Makassarese grappled with what it meant to be Muslim and how processes of islamisation were transforming (or should ideally transform) their society.
The Cultivation System (1830–1870) and its private entrepreneurs on colonial Java
Authors: Bosma Ulbe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEver since the interregnum from 1811 to 1816 of Lieutenant Governor General Stamford Raffles, British trading interests had been firmly established in colonial Indonesia. The implementation of the Cultivation System in 1830 on Java by the Dutch colonial government was an attempt to bring this potentially rich colony under Dutch economic control, but it is usually considered a departure from the principles of economic liberalism and a phase during which private entrepreneurs were barred from the emerging plantation economy. However, on the basis of census data and immigration records, and with reference to recent literature on the development of the nineteenth-century sugar industry, this article argues that British trading houses present on Java in the early nineteenth century continued to play an important role in the development of the production there of tropical goods, and that the emerging plantation economy attracted a modest influx of technicians and employees from various European nations. This article proposes to consider the Cultivation System and private enterprise not as mutually exclusive, but as complementary in making the cane sugar industry of Java the second largest in the world after that of Cuba.
Contending views and conflicts over land In Vietnam's Red River Delta
Authors: Van Suu Nguyen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study offers an approach about the nature of peasants and the reasons for their political actions. It examines the views of different parties towards the question on how land should be owned, managed, used, by whom, for whose benefits, and uncovers as well as explains the resulting conflicts over land rights in the Red River Delta since decollectivisation. It postulates that the contending views among parties over decision-making, distribution, and holding of land rights, create dynamics for conflicts, which take place under the form of public resistance, in a number of communities.
Chemical abundances of secondary stars in low mass X-ray binaries
Authors: Hernández Jonay I. González , Rebolo Rafael , Israelian Garik 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLow mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs) offer us an unique opportunity to study the formation processes of compact objects. Secondary stars orbiting around either a black hole or a neutron star could have captured a significant amount of the ejected matter in the supernova explosions that most likely originated the compact objects. The detailed chemical analysis of these companions can provide valuable information on the parameters involved in the supernova explosion such us the mass cut, the amount of fall-back matter, possible mixing processes, and the energy and the symmetry of the explosion. In addition, this analysis can help us to find out the birth place of the binary system. We have measured element abundances of secondary stars in the LMXBs A0620–00, Cen X-4, XTE J1118+480 and Nova Sco 94. We find solar or above solar metalicity for all these systems, what appears to be independent on their locations with respect to the Galactic plane. A comparison of the observed abundances with yields from different supernova explosion together with the kinematic properties of these systems suggest a supernova origin for the compact objects in all of them except for A0620–00, for which a direct collapse cannot be discarded.
Uncertainties of the masses of black holes and Eddington ratios in AGN
Authors: Collin Suzy 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBlack hole masses in Active Galactic Nuclei have been determined in 35 objects through reverberation mapping of the emission line region. I mention some uncertainties of the method, such as the “scale factor” relating the Virial Product to the mass, which depends on the unknown structure and dynamics of the Broad Line Region.When the black hole masses are estimated indirectly using the empirical size-luminosity relation deduced from this method, the uncertainties can be larger, especially when the relation is extrapolated to high and low masses and/or luminosities. In particular they lead to Eddington ratiosof the order of unity in samples of Narrow Line Seyfert 1. As the optical-UV luminosity is provided by the accretion disk, the accretion rates can be determined and are found to be much larger than the Eddington rates.So, accretion must be performed at a super-critical rate through a slim disk, resulting in rapid growth of the black holes. The alternative is that the mass determination is wrong at this limit.