bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPLICATIONS OF LOW GREAT TOE PRESSURES IN CLINICAL PRACTICE
Authors: Varatharajan Nandanan , Pillay Sugendran , Hitos Kerry , Fletcher John P. 
Published: April 2006

Introduction:  The aim of this study was to observe the outcome of patients with a great toe pressure (GTP) reading of less than 40 mmHg.Methods:  Between 2002 and 2004, of 4714 patients assessed in the Westmead Vascular Laboratory, 365 (7.7%) had GTP measurements for assessment of possible critical limb ischaemia. There were 56 limbs in 40 patients with a GTP measurement of less than 40 mmHg, and this group was studied to assess outcome factors of death, requirement for major or minor amputation, arterial reconstructive surgery, clinical stability, or documented improvement from the initial assessment.Results:  Patients requiring a major amputation had an average GTP of 13 mmHg and a toe brachial index (TBI) of 0.08, whereas those not undergoing a major amputation had an average GTP of 23.6 mmHg and TBI of 0.15. This association was weaker when an initial single evaluation was used as opposed to two or more serial assessments. Patients with and without a major amputation had an average ankle brachial index of 0.16 and 0.53, respectively. Diabetes mellitus requiring insulin and cerebrovascular disease were risk factors for major amputations.Conclusions:  Low GTP was associated with a greater risk of major amputations. Two or more serial assessments were found to be of greater value than an initial single assessment.
The promise and the potential consequences of the global transport of mycorrhizal fungal inoculum
Authors: Schwartz Mark W. , Hoeksema Jason D. , Gehring Catherine A. , Johnson Nancy C. , Klironomos John N. , Abbott Lynette K. , Pringle Anne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAdvances in ecology during the past decade have led to a much more detailed understanding of the potential negative consequences of species’ introductions. Moreover, recent studies of mycorrhizal symbionts have led to an increased knowledge of the potential utility of fungal inoculations in agricultural, horticultural and ecological management. The intentional movement of mycorrhizal fungal species is growing, but the concomitant potential for negative ecological consequences of invasions by mycorrhizal fungi is poorly understood. We assess the degree to which introductions of mycorrhizal fungi may lead to unintended negative, and potentially costly, consequences. Our purpose is to make recommendations regarding appropriate management guidelines and highlight top priority research needs. Given the difficulty in discerning invasive species problems associated with mycorrhizal inoculations, we recommend the following. First, careful assessment documenting the need for inoculation, and the likelihood of success, should be conducted prior to inoculation because inoculations are not universally beneficial. Second, invasive species problems are costly and often impossible to control by the time they are recognized. We recommend using local inoculum sources whenever possible. Third, non‐sterile cultures of inoculum can result in the movement of saprobes and pathogens as well as mutualists. We recommend using material that has been produced through sterile culture when local inoculum is not available. Finally, life‐history characteristics of inoculated fungi may provide general guidelines relative to the likelihood of establishment and spread. We recommend that, when using non‐local fungi, managers choose fungal taxa that carry life‐history traits that may minimize the likelihood of deleterious invasive species problems. Additional research is needed on the potential of mycorrhizal fungi to spread to non‐target areas and cause ecological damage.
Nonergodic Corruption Dynamics (or, Why Do Some Regions within a Country Become More Corrupt than Others?)
Authors: VERBRUGGE RANDAL J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo key aspects of corruption are strategic complementarity (the greater the prevailing level of corruption, the more likely is a particular agent to engage in it) and localized interactions (officials typically interact repeatedly with a small group of other officials, their colleagues). This paper builds a simple model with these two features, which studies the evolution of corruption. Over time, local networks of corruption (or honest behavior) endogenously emerge, and otherwise identical regions can end up with divergent corruption levels. Anti‐corruption policies are studied.
The Effect of Tax Convexity on Corporate Investment Decisions and Tax Burdens
Authors: SARKAR SUDIPTO , GOUKASIAN LEVON 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of convexity in the corporate tax schedule on corporate investment decisions and tax burdens. Using a contingent‐claims model, we show that greater tax convexity results in (i) earlier exit, (ii) delayed investment (except for small entry cost), and (iii) reduced corporate risk taking (except for small entry cost and unfavorable operating conditions). Also, the effective tax burden is an increasing function of tax convexity. The convexity of the tax schedule has a nontrivial impact on corporate investment decisions and investment levels. These results are relevant for economic growth, which depends (at least partly) on investment levels, and tax policy makers should be aware of these effects when making adjustments that might impact the convexity of the corporate tax schedule.
The Licensing Act 2003 and the Problematization of the Night‐time Economy: Planning, Licensing and Subcultural Closure in the UK
Authors: TALBOT DEBORAH 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNightlife historically has been viewed as a social problem to be contained by licensing, policing and the management of supply. In the context of recent trends towards deregulation of hours and supply, fears have again resurfaced as to the detrimental impact of the ‘night‐time economy’ on street disorder and violence, concerns that have focused attention on the Licensing Act 2003. Utilizing a case study of the regulation of nightlife in the London locality of Southview, this article will explore how there has been ongoing and renewed attention on the problems associated with the night‐time economy centred on differentiating between risky and safe cultural and economic forms. The article will argue that the Licensing Act represents a consolidation of over a decade of regulatory change that has ‘reordered’ regulatory approaches to nightlife; one that has, in combination with other aspects of economic, social and cultural change, been productive of ‘subcultural closure’.
Political Leadership and Stadium Development in Chicago: Some Cautionary Notes on the Uses of Regime Analysis
Authors: BENNETT LARRY , SPIROU COSTAS 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBetween 1988 and 1994, Chicago was the site of three major sports stadium projects — the construction of the new Comiskey Park (since renamed US Cellular Field) and the United Center, as well as the addition of stadium‐lighting to the venerable Wrigley Field. This article analyzes the implementation of these projects with the aim of critiquing and reorienting contemporary regime theory. The more particular amendments to typical regime analysis focus on the ‘opportunism’ of political figures in shaping agendas and carrying through projects. The larger suggestions growing from this analysis pertain to the nature of regime theory as a mode of political analysis and, additionally, to a reconceptualization of how regime analysis can be linked to the normative assessment of urban policy.
Development of microsatellite primers and two multiplex polymerase chain reactions for the common elder (Sambucus nigra)
Authors: CLARKE J. B. , TOBUTT K. R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrimer pairs were developed for eight microsatellite loci isolated from a genomic DNA library of Sambucus nigra‘Black Beauty’. In a survey of 21 accessions of S. nigra, all revealed polymorphism and the number of alleles per locus ranged from three to 18. Two multiplex polymerase chain reactions (PCRs) were optimized and these discriminated all the accessions tested providing a cost‐effective genotyping solution for the species. Six primer pairs (EMSn002, 003, 010, 016, 017, and 023) were informative in two Sambucus canadensis accessions.
‘We've Already Done that One’: Adolescents' Repeated Encounters with the Same Artwork
Authors: Hubard Olga M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article explores the way young people's responses to an image evolve when they engage with it repeatedly. An analysis of the sequential encounters of six adolescents with a Renaissance painting reveals that, as they gained experience with the picture, the youngsters probed for increasingly deeper layers of meaning in the work. Specifically, on their second encounter with the painting, the students showed greater sensitivity to visual information, and they incorporated their own experiences and knowledge into the meaning‐making process more actively than on their first encounter. This study also shows that, once the participants had established a relationship with the artwork on their own terms, they seemed eager to discover contextual information about it. However, far from accepting this information as ‘authority’, the young viewers considered it critically and used it to deepen, expand and revise their personal visions of the painting.
Pre‐adolescents' Perceptions of Competence, Motivation and Engagement in Art Activities
Authors: Pavlou Victoria 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis article presents the findings from a small scale qualitative study which focused on pupils' perceptions of competence and motivation towards art experienced in school. These are considered as very important in shaping learning and teaching processes. In particular, the article focuses on the role that perceptions of competence play on pupils' quality of involvement and achievement in art. Participants were chosen based on age, gender and their stated perceptions of competence. Sixteen 11‐12 year olds were interviewed in groups and individually. Pupils' perceptions of competence are identified as a key factor in determining pupils' initial engagement and level of engagement with art activities. Moreover they are thought to be important in shaping their learning preferences at an age when pupils' uncertainty about their abilities in art making is getting stronger. The results are situated within the framework of achievement goal theory and have implications for teaching strategies and for ways of responding to pupils' learning preferences.
Latin America's Fledgling, Fumbling Democracies
Authors: Ratliff William 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBy a small majority, Latin Americans are disposed toward preferring democracy over other forms of government, and for now almost all leaders in the region hold office from elections not military coups. Still, most Latin Americans quite correctly do not believe democracy has generally served their interests, that is, produced the jobs, houses, food, justice, and opportunities more and more people tell pollsters they want for themselves and their families. Personal observations and many studies, by the United Nations, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, and others, confirm Latin America's unequaled inequalities and in many respects virtual economic stagnation as far as most people are concerned. The problem is not mainly bad individual leaders or foreign predators, as is often charged, but incompetent governance generally and the inability or refusal of Latins themselves to match their desires with the protracted effort needed to achieve their aspirations. Institutions and paternalistic thinking that go back for centuries persist in adapted forms and today are not only not producing for the majority but dragging Latin America farther and farther behind more successfully reforming countries, particularly in Asia. Latins have it in their power to change things, if they will.
Family Policy Past As Prologue: Jimmy Carter, the White House Conference on Families, and the Mobilization of the New Christian Right1
Authors: Ribuffo Leo P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe White House Conference on Families both exemplified the contested nature of “family policy” since the late nineteenth century and inaugurated the latest phase in the venerable invocation of “family values” as a tactic for political mobilization. In 1976 presidential candidate Jimmy Carter proposed a White House Conference on the American Family in order to shore up support among cultural conservatives, especially Roman Catholics. Four years later, after much debate within the Carter administration as well as in the country at large about what constituted a legitimate family, three sessions of a White House Conference on Families were held. Cultural moderates, feminists, gays rights activists, devout Catholics, and evangelical Protestants disagreed vehemently about policies ranging from legalized abortion to family leave. Following a long though little known tradition, women were especially active among grassroots conservatives. Ultimately conservatives mobilized much more effectively than their liberal and moderate opponents, and they quickly made restoration of family values an effective wedge issue for the new Christian right and the Republican party. In many ways, the debate over family policy in the early 21st century still echoes that of the 1970s—or the 1930s or the 1910s.
The Federal Concessioner System: Linking Policy to Opportunities for Local Service Providers
Authors: Kurtz Rick S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEvery year millions of tourists hit the open road to enjoy America's public recreation lands. Upon arrival at their destinations, visitors enjoy a host of service amenities ranging from hotels and lodges to ski resorts and back country adventures, all compliments of concessioners. These public lands concessioner operations are a multibillion dollar business. This decades‐long analysis finds that local service providers have generally failed to secure concessioner contracts on public lands. A focus among more politically adept participants upon other policy priorities has eclipsed local provider preferences despite periodic opportunities for change and economic need.
Systemic Interventions to Promote Institutional Change in the Russian Forest Sector
Authors: Olsson Mats‐Olov 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInstitutions govern the behavior of all actors in a society. The Russian transition to a market economy is mainly a matter of reshaping society's institutions to make them more conducive to a market efficient behavior. But how can suitable institutional changes be achieved? This article discusses the experiences gained through a series of policy exercises with stakeholders in the Russian regional forest sector. The purpose of the exercises was to initiate a participatory policy process leading to the elaboration of implementable proposals for a new regional forest policy. The prospects of such policy exercises to make an impact are best if the systemic interventionist manages to affiliate with active regional stakeholder groups and if support from the regional authorities and external financial sources can be secured. Such support will establish an effective incentive structure that will contribute to the legitimacy of the policy process. In the current Russian situation there is a lack of organized stakeholder groups with whom to conduct a dialogue.
Social Security Privatization and Market Risk
Authors: Weller Christian E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUnder Social Security privatization, workers would be allowed to divert some of the money that currently goes to Social Security into private accounts. This would expose them to market risk, that is, the risk of a substantial drop in equity prices or of a prolonged bear market. This could result in generations of workers with less money than they thought they would have for retirement. Depending on a worker's birth date, if the privatization approach proposed by President Bush's Commission to Strengthen Social Security had been enacted at the start of the Social Security program, the retirement benefits generated from putting 10% of earnings in a private account for 35 years would have ranged from 100% to less than 20% relative to pre‐retirement earnings. The extraordinarily high retirement income generated from the booming 1990s stock market was the equivalent of winning the generational lottery—unlikely to be repeated regularly. Even under these beneficial circumstances, a privatized system could have cost the government more than $1 trillion in today's dollars over the past 3 decades if the government decided to help out those who accumulated too little for retirement. The primary alternative to a government bailout of the Social Security system, older workers working longer, would likely not generate the desired results. Workers wanting to work longer would create labor market pressures typically at times when unemployment is already high.
The Policy of High‐Tech Industry Development: The Case of Location Assessment for Biotech Industry Parks in Taiwan
Authors: Chen Ren‐Shuai , Shyu Joseph Z. , Tzeng Gow‐Hshiung 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBiotechnology will be the star industry of the 21st century, and will also be one of the main focal areas of Taiwan's future industrial development. Many scholars have suggested that the presence of geographical clusters is an important factor that determines an industry's international competitiveness. As an example of the clustering effect, when high‐tech industry was just starting to take off in Taiwan, the establishment of the Hsinchu Science‐Based Industrial Park successfully promoted the upgrading of the industrial structure. The goal of this study is to explore the development of an industrial park location selection model for Taiwan's biotech industry, while considering the influence of the clustering effect, with the ultimate intent of promoting the industry's development. Because clustering factors are certainly not necessarily independent, and may entail a feedback effect, this study uses the analytic network process (ANP) multiple criteria decision‐making (MCDM) model to construct a “biotech park” location selection model, and then determine the optimal location of a biotech park from three alternatives. The results suggest that Taipei City would be the optimal choice for a biotech park. This finding can serve to guide the government's biotech industry development policies.
The Process and Practice of Downtown Revitalization
Authors: Faulk Dagney 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEfforts to revitalize downtown areas have gained momentum over the past few decades. This article reviews the literature on downtown revitalization, presents a model that illustrates the process of decline and the more recent process of revitalization that has occurred in downtown areas over the past half‐century, and discusses local policies that can facilitate the process. Revitalization policies and resulting projects in the cities of Jeffersonville, Indiana, and New Albany, Indiana, are used to illustrate components of the model that deal with the revitalization process.
Neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas
Authors: Dardi Loren E. , Memoli Vincent A. , Gould Victor E. 
Published: April 2006

Ten consecutive cases of basal cell carcinomas were reviewed. Nine of these displayed the typical histology of basal cell carcinoma, the other case was composed of small spindle to ovoid cells with scant cytoplasm and a high mitotic rate, resembling an “oat cell” carcinoma. These were studied using the immunoperoxidase technique for tissue localization of calcitonin, insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, ACTH, gastrin and nerve growth factor. Three cases were negative for all hormones tested. Three cases were focally positive for a single hormone; one each for calcitonin, somatostatin, and ACTH. Two cases were focally positive for ACTH and somatostatin and two cases were focally positive for calcitonin, somatostatin and ACTH. None of the other hormones displayed activity. The positive staining was eliminated after absorption by the specific antigen.This immunohistochemical study illustrated neuroendocrine differentiation in basal cell carcinomas as has previously been suggested by the Grimelius stain and electron microscopy. Thus, as demonstrated in other epithelial neoplasms, basal cell carcinoma may also display neuroendocrine differentiation. This illustrates the potential multidirectional differentiation in neoplastic epithelial cells.
The healing of suction blisters in pig skin
Authors: Nanchahal J. , Riches D. J. 
Published: April 2006

The healing of intact suction blisters in pig skin was studied using fluorescein‐labelled lectins as well as conventional histological techniques.After blistering, initially overt separation was observed at the dermo‐epidermal junction, but the separated epidermis appeared to re‐attach within 9 h. Massive infiltration of the dermis and the epidermis by inflammatory cells, including eosinophils, was observed. By day 4 focal detachment of the epidermis occurred spontaneously, and towards day 9 the appearance of the blistered areas had almost returned to normal, apart from isolated patches of thin epidermis devoid of rete ridges.It is proposed that the sloughing of the epidermis on day 4 is related to the presence of inflammatory cells and that the restoration of normal dermo‐epidermal relations is dependent on the basement membrane zone remaining intact.The secondary blistering seen in day 4 specimens and the inflammatory cell involvement are in many ways similar to the blistering processes observed in certain human cutaneous disorders, such as dermatitis herpetiformis and bullous pemphigoid, and therefore suction blisters in pig skin might provide a suitable animal model for these diseases.
Cytokeratins in human basal and squamous cell carcinomas: biochemical, immunohistological findings and comparisons with normal epithelia
Authors: Viac J. , Reano A. , Thivolet J. 
Published: April 2006

The nature of epithelial cell cytokeratins from epidermal basal cell carcinomas (BCC) (8 cases) and squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) (5 cases) was investigated by biochemical and immunological analysis. Cytokeratin proteins were extracted with high salt buffer and triton X 100 and were comparatively analyzed by SDS (sodium dodecyl sulphate) polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Both types of tumor showed either an absence or a very low amount (5% of the total protein) of the major protein band (MW 67000) present in normal human epidermis. This correlated well with results of immunolabelling showing that 67000 keratin antisera, only reacted with some dyskeratotic cells in sections of these tumors. Gel electrophoresis showed in BCC and SCC, three distinct groups of predominant polypeptide bands of apparent relative MW: (1) 60–62000 (2) 54–56000 and (3) 49000, representing respectively about 43.0%, 31.0% and 20.4% of the total proteins.Antibodies raised in animals against polypeptide bands C1 (MW 62000), C2 (MW 56000) and C3 (MW 49000) from SCC, strongly labelled (indirect immunofluorescence) all malignant cells present in the 2 kinds of tumors. These antisera showed a preferential reaction with the basal epithelial cells, in sections of human and animal epidermis and mucosa thus, suggesting numerous common antigenic determinants between epithelial cells from diverse origins. On the other hand, strong differences between mucosal and epidermal upper layers were noted with C1 C2, C3, and 67000 antisera. These results are further evidence for the existence of different pathways of keratinization in epidermis and mucosa.