bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of heritabilities and correlations between repeated faecal egg count measurements in lambs facing natural nematode parasite challenge, using a random regression model
Authors: VAGENAS D. , WHITE I. M. S. , STEAR M. J. , BISHOP S. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe development of the genetic control of nematode resistance in growing lambs is of biological interest, as well as being important in terms of designing practical strategies to breed for increased nematode resistance. The current paper demonstrates the use of random regression techniques for quantifying the development of the heritability of faecal egg count (Fec), the indicator of nematode resistance, in growing lambs and predicted inter-age genetic and phenotypic correlations for Fec. Fec data from 732 lambs, collected at 4-week intervals fromc. 8–24 weeks of age, were analysed using random regression techniques. Random effects fitted in the model included genetic, individual animal environmental, litter and residual random effects. Output (co)variance components were interpolated to weekly time points. Individual variance components showed complex patterns of change over time; however, the estimated heritability increased smoothly with age, from 0·10 to 0·38, and showed more stable time trends than were obtained from univariate analyses of Fec at individual time points. Inter-age correlations decreased as the time interval between measurements increased. Genetic correlations were always positive, with 0·6 of all possible inter-age correlations being greater than 0·80. Phenotypic correlations were lower, and decreased more quickly as the time interval between measurements increased. The results presented confirm biological understanding of the development of immunity to nematode infections in growing lambs. Additionally, they provide a tool to determine optimal sampling ages when assessing lambs' relative resistance to nematode infections.
Strong and weak blow-up of the viscous dissipation rates for concentrated suspensions
Authors: BERLYAND LEONID , PANCHENKO ALEXANDER 
Published: April 2007

We study the overall dissipation rate of highly concentrated non-colloidal suspensions of rigid neutrally buoyant particles in a Newtonian fluid. This suspension is confined to a finite size container, subject to shear or extensional boundary conditions at the walls of the container. The corresponding dissipation rates determine the effective shear viscosity μ* and the extensional effective viscosity λ*. We use recently developed discrete network approximation techniques to obtain discrete forms for the overall dissipation rates, and analyse their asymptotics in the limit when the characteristic interparticle distance goes to zero. The focus is on the finite size and particle wall effects in spatially disordered arrays. Use of the network approximation allows us to study the dependence of μ* and λ* on variable distances between neighbouring particles in such arrays.Our analysis, carried out for a two-dimensional model, can be characterized as global because it goes beyond the local analysis of flow in a single gap between two particles and takes into account hydrodynamic interactions in the entire particle array. The principal conclusion in the paper is that, in general, asymptotic formulae for μ* and λ* obtained by global analysis are different from the formulae obtained from local analysis. In particular, we show that the leading term in the asymptotics of μ* is of lower order than suggested by the local analysis (weak blow-up), while the order of the leading term in the asymptotics of λ* depends on the geometry of the particle array (either weak or strong blow-up). We obtain geometric conditions on a random particle array under which the asymptotic order of λ* coincides with the order of the local dissipation in a gap between two neighbouring particles, and show that these conditions are generic. We also provide an example of a uniformly closely packed particle array for which the leading term in the asymptotics of λ* degenerates (weak blow-up).
Parametrization of global attractors, experimental observations, and turbulence
Authors: ROBINSON JAMES C. 
Published: April 2007

This paper is concerned with rigorous results in the theory of turbulence and fluid flow. While derived from the abstract theory of attractors in infinite-dimensional dynamical systems, they shed some light on the conventional heuristic theories of turbulence, and can be used to justify a well-known experimental method.Two results are discussed here in detail, both based on parametrization of the attractor. The first shows that any two fluid flows can be distinguished by a sufficient number of point observations of the velocity. This allows one to connect rigorously the dimension of the attractor with the Landau–Lifschitz ‘number of degrees of freedom’, and hence to obtain estimates on the ‘minimum length scale of the flow’ using bounds on this dimension. While for two-dimensional flows the rigorous estimate agrees with the heuristic approach, there is still a gap between rigorous results in the three-dimensional case and the Kolmogorov theory.Secondly, the problem of using experiments to reconstruct the dynamics of a flow is considered. The standard way of doing this is to take a number of repeated observations, and appeal to the Takens time-delay embedding theorem to guarantee that one can indeed follow the dynamics ‘faithfully’. However, this result relies on restrictive conditions that do not hold for spatially extended systems: an extension is given here that validates this important experimental technique for use in the study of turbulence.Although the abstract results underlying this paper have been presented elsewhere, making them specific to the Navier–Stokes equations provides answers to problems particular to fluid dynamics, and motivates further questions that would not arise from within the abstract theory itself.
The development of the turbulent flow in a bent pipe
Authors: WILSON PHILLIP L. , SMITH FRANK T. 
Published: April 2007

The three-dimensional incompressible turbulent flow through a slender bent pipe of simple cross-section is analysed, the pipe gradually bending the rapid flow through a substantial angle. The ratio of the relative radius of curvature to the magnitude of the turbulent fluctuations is crucial: analysis of the entry region involving exact solutions of the governing equations shows three different downstream developments, depending on the magnitude of that ratio. The main velocity components are found in each case, and one downstream development studied in detail is when turbulence dominates the flow.The main novel points and results are as follows. (i) The present physical situation which arises commonly in industrial settings has been little studied previously by theory or experiments. (ii) The working applies for any two-tier mixing-length model. (iii) As a most surprising feature, the fully developed flow far downstream is not unique, being found to depend instead on the global flow behaviour (thus the centreline velocity is not determined simply by the pressure drop, in contrast to the laminar case). (iv) A quite accurate predictive tool based on approximation is suggested for the downstream flow. (v) Crossflow maxima are found to occur very close to the walls, as observed in experiments. (vi) Other comparisons are made with experimental data and prove generally favourable.
Techno, Frankenstein and copyright
Authors: McCUTCHEON MARK A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis essay argues that the widespread but not widely recognised adaptation of Frankenstein in contemporary dance music problematises the ‘technological’ constitution of modern copyright law as an instrument wielded by corporations to exert increasing control over cultural production. The argument first surveys recent accounts of intellectual property law’s responses to sound recording technologies, then historicises the modern discourse of technology, which subtends such responses, as a fetish of industrial capitalism conditioned by Frankenstein. The increasing ubiquity of cinematic Frankenstein adaptations in the latter two decades of the twentieth century outlines the popular cultural milieu in which Detroit techno developed its futuristic aesthetic, and which provided subsequent dance music producers with samples that contributed to techno’s popularisation. These cultural and economic contexts intersect in an exemplary case study: the copyright infringement dispute in 1999 and 2000 between Detroit’s Underground Resistance (UR) techno label and the transnational majors Sony and BMG.
The melodic-harmonic ‘divorce’ in rock
Authors: TEMPERLEY DAVID 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral authors have observed that rock music sometimes features a kind of independence or ‘divorce’ between melody and harmony. In this article, I examine this phenomenon more systematically than has been done in the past. A good indicator of melodic-harmonic divorce is cases where non-chord-tones in the melody do not resolve by step. I argue that this does occur frequently in rock – often with respect to the local harmony, and sometimes with respect to the underlying tonic harmony as well. This melodic-harmonic ‘divorce’ tends to occur in rather specific circumstances: usually in pentatonically based melodies, and in verses rather than choruses. Such situations could be said to reflect a ‘stratified’ pitch organisation. A particularly common situation is where the verse of a song features stratified organisation, followed by a chorus which shifts to a ‘unified’ organisation in which both melody and accompaniment are regulated by the harmonic structure.
‘I Will Survive’: musical mappings of queer social space in a disco anthem
Authors: HUBBS NADINE 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis essay reconsiders the constituencies of fans and detractors present at prime and bursting 1970s dicsos. It argues for a more gender-inclusive conception of discos multiracial ‘gay’ revellers and for a particular convoluted conception of ‘homophobia’ as this applies to the Middle-American youths who raged against disco in midsummer 1979. Their historic eruption at Chicago’s Comiskey Park came just weeks after the chart reign of Gloria Gaynor’s ‘I Will Survive’, today a classic emblem of gay culture in the post-Stonewall and AIDS eras and arguably disco’s greatest anthem. Disco inspired lovers and haters, too, among music critics. Critical adulation and vitriol are conjoined in the present reading of musical rhetoric, which explores disco’s celebrated power to induce rapture in devotees at the social margins while granting anti-disco critics’ charge of inexpressivity in its vocals. In ‘Survive’ musical expressivity is relocated in the high-production instrumentals, where troping of learned and vernacular, European and Pan-American, sacred and profane timbres and idioms defines a euphoric space of difference and transcendence. The use of minor mode for triumphant purposes is also a striking marker of difference in ‘Survive’ and is among the factors at work in the song’s prodigious afterlife.
Rethinking the music industry
Authors: WILLIAMSON JOHN , CLOONAN MARTIN 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis article examines a very basic question for popular music studies: what is ‘the music industry?’ It surveys the usage of the term in various arenas and argues that it is often used in ways which state or imply that the industry is a homogenous unit with shared objectives and interests. However, the reality is that this picture is, at best, outdated and an inaccurate portrayal of the organisational structure of the global music economy in the mid-2000s. In addition, to think of a single ‘music industry’ rather than music industries, plural, is simplistic and does little to aid understanding of those cultural industries which are primarily concerned with the creation, management and selling of music, either as a physical/digital product, a performance, or as a bundle of intellectual property rights. We tease out the implications of this, especially as they relate to understanding what is routinely referred to as ‘the music industry’ and the development of policies for it.
Marketing androgyny: the evolution of the Backstreet Boys
Authors: JAMIESON DARYL 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe trend in popular culture away from idealising mature, strong ‘men’ in favour of young, androgynous ‘boys’ can in part be traced to how pop music impresarios such as Lou Pearlman present sexuality to their huge market of young listeners. During their time under the management of Wright Stuff, 1996–1998, the Backstreet Boys were the most popular manufactured boyband in the world, and as such influenced the sexual development of millions of young women and men. This paper examines how, during this period, the presentation and marketing of the Backstreet Boys, and their youngest member Nick Carter in particular, encouraged queer readings, and how those subtle queer subtexts in the music and videos may have affected their (mostly) young, uncritical audience.
The Hendrix chord: blues, flexible pitch relationships, and self-standing harmony
Authors: VAN DER BLIEK ROB 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJimi Hendrix was often characterised by his exotic appearance and extravagant performance, but underneath these trappings was an extraordinary guitarist who managed to transform some of the key elements of blues and rhythm-and-blues traditions. An important feature of Hendrix’s music is his characteristic use of the seventh chord with a sharp ninth, or the augmented ninth chord, now often referred to as the ‘Hendrix chord’. This paper examines some ways in which Hendrix used this chord by surveying and drawing comparisons between various instances. It is not necessarily the fully voiced version of the chord that Hendrix used, but interval combinations drawn from or related to it, with particular timbres and articulations. Together these define what might be called a ‘sharp ninth sound’. Through register placement, timbre, articulation, and chordal function, it is intimately tied to the blues idiom, adding a blues tonal element. This is one aspect of Hendrix’s music, then, that shows his deep roots in the blues.
Engineering Software Correctness
Authors: PAGE REX 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDesign and quality are fundamental themes in engineering education. Functional programming builds software from small components, a central element of good design, and facilitates reasoning about correctness, an important aspect of quality. Software engineering courses that employ functional programming provide a platform for educating students in the design of quality software. This pearl describes experiments in the use of ACL2, a purely functional subset of Common Lisp with an embedded mechanical logic, to focus on design and correctness in software engineering courses. Students find the courses challenging and interesting. A few acquire enough skill to use an automated theorem prover on the job without additional training. Many students, but not quite a majority, find enough success to suggest that additional experience would make them effective users of mechanized logic in commercial software development. Nearly all gain a new perspective on what it means for software to be correct and acquire a good understanding of functional programming.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation patterns in pig oocytes and cumulus cells during gonadotrophin-induced resumption of meiosis in vitro
Authors: Ebeling S. , Schuon C. , Meinecke B. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe present study investigated the phosphorylation pattern of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in cumulus–oocyte complexes (COCs) during spontaneous and FSH/LH-induced in vitro maturation (IVM). Both isoforms of MAPK were unphosphorylated in oocytes recovered immediately after liberation from follicles and became phosphorylated following 25 h incubation, corresponding to the time of germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD). In contrast, MAPK was already phosphorylated in minimal amounts in cumulus cells at the time of liberation from follicles and phosphorylation of MAPK increased after 0.5 h incubation. Supplementation of medium with gonadotrophins intensified phosphorylation at 0.5 h incubation, demonstrating the early and rapid action of FSH/LH on MAPK phosphorylation. Phosphorylation of MAPK in cumulus cells peaked after 21 h of incubation, whereas MAPK was almost completely dephosphorylated at the end of incubation (45 h). During subsequent incubation in the absence of added gonadotrophins, between 5 and 10 h exposure to FSH/LH-supplemented medium was required to induce resumption of meiosis in COCs. Phosphorylation of MAPK in oocytes was prevented by the MEK inhibitor U0126, but the inhibitor reduced phosphorylation of MAPK in cumulus cells only during the first 2 h of IVM. The data support the hypothesis that two different MAPK phosphorylation events occurred following gonadotrophin stimulation, one in cumulus cells and the other in oocytes. In cumulus cells, FSH/LH induced early and rapid U0126-insensitive phosphorylation of MAPK, whereas U0126-susceptible MAPK phosphorylation took place in the oocyte itself around the time of GVBD.
Blastocyst production by in vitro maturation and development of porcine oocytes in defined media following intracytoplasmic sperm injection
Authors: Kobayashi M. , Asakuma S. , Fukui Y. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe present study was carried out to establish porcine defined IVP. In Experiments 1 and 2, we investigated the efficacy of additional 0.6 mM cystine and/or 100 µM cysteamine (Cys) to a defined TCM199 maturation medium with regard to the intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration and the developmental competence of in vitro matured porcine oocytes following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The control medium was a modified TCM199 containing 0.05% (w/v) polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Cys and/or cystine were added to the control medium. The control group and immature oocytes (presumptive germinal vesicle oocytes; GV) were prepared for GSH assay. In Experiment 3, the efficacy of epidermal growth factor (EGF) addition to a modified porcine zygote medium (mPZM) for in vitro culture (IVC) medium was investigated on embryonic development and the mean cell number of blastocysts following ICSI. As a positive or negative control, 0.3% BSA (mPZM-3) or 0.3% PVA (mPZM-4), respectively, was added to the base medium. The defined IVC medium was supplemented with 5 or 10 ng/ml EGF. In Experiment 1, no significant difference was found in the rates of cleavage (31.4–64.3%) and blastocyst formation (6.5–22.9%) among the treatment and control groups. The mean cell numbers per blastocyst ranged from 30 to 48 among the groups without significant differences. However, in Experiment 2, the intracellular GSH concentrations in the oocytes cultured in the medium supplemented with 100 µM Cys (9.6 pmol/oocyte) or Cys + cystine (9.9 pmol/oocyte) were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than the control (2.5 pmol/oocyte) and 0.6 mM cystine (6.5 pmol/oocyte) groups, but not different from the GV group (9.0 pmol/oocyte). The GSH concentration in the cystine group was also significantly (p < 0.05) higher than that in the control group, but not different from the GV group. In Experiment 3, the rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation and the mean cell numbers of blastocysts were not significantly different among the groups. However, the addition of 5 ng/ml EGF into the mPZM-4 resulted in a significantly (p < 0.05) higher blastocyst rate per cleaved embryo than the other two defined groups (mPZM-4 + 5 ng/ml: 48.6%, mPZM-4 and mPZM-4 +10 ng/ml: 23.4% and 23.1%, respectively).The present results indicate that the addition of Cys to a defined medium for in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes increases intracellular GSH concentration. Further addition of cystine into the IVM medium containing 100 µM Cys is not necessary and TCM199 plus Cys (100 µM) could be used as a defined IVM medium for porcine oocytes. The addition of 5 ng/ml EGF to a defined IVC medium has enhanced subsequent development after ICSI. This study shows that porcine blastocysts can be produced by defined media throughout the steps of IVP (IVM, ICSI and IVC).
The ability of whale haploid spermatogenic cells to induce calcium oscillations and its relevance to oocyte activation
Authors: Amemiya K. , Hirabayashi M. , Ishikawa H. , Fukui Y. , Hochi S. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryInterspecies microinsemination assay was applied to examine the ability of minke whale haploid spermatogenic cells to induce Ca2+oscillations and oocyte activation. Populations of round spermatids (RS), early-stage elongating spermatids (e-ES), late-stage elongating spermatids (1-ES) and testicular spermatozoa (TS) were cryopreserved in the presence of 7.5% glycerol on board ship in the Antarctic Ocean. Repetitive increases of intracellular Ca2+concentration occurred in 0, 65, 81 and 96% of BDF1 mouse oocytes injected with the postthaw RS, e-ES, 1-ES and TS, respectively. A normal pattern of the Ca2+oscillations was observed in 26–47% of the responding oocytes. Most oocytes that exhibited Ca2+oscillations, regardless of the oscillation pattern, resumed meiosis (83–94%). These results indicate that whale spermatogenic cells acquire SOAF activity, which is closely related to their Ca2+oscillation-inducing ability at the relatively early stage of spermiogenesis.
Analysis of transcription factor expression during oogenesis and preimplantation development in mice
Authors: Kageyama S. , Gunji W. , Nakasato M. , Murakami Y. , Nagata M. , Aoki F. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe transition from a differentiated germ cell into a totipotent zygote during oogenesis and preimplantation development is critical to the creation of a new organism. During this period, cell characteristics change dynamically, suggesting that a global alteration of gene expression patterns occurs, which is regulated by global changes in various epigenetic factors. Among these, transcription factors (TFs) are essential in the direct regulation of transcription and also play important roles in determining cell characteristics. However, no comprehensive analysis of TFs from germ cells to embryos had been undertaken. We used mRNA amplification systems and microarrays to conduct a genomewide analysis of TFs at various stages of oogenesis and preimplantation development. The greatest alteration in TFs occurred between the 1- and 2-cell stages, at which time zygotic genome activation (ZGA) occurs. Our analysis of TFs classified by structure and function revealed several specific patterns of change. Basic transcription factors, which are the general components of transcription, increased transiently at the 2-cell stage, while homeodomain (HD) TFs were expressed specifically in the oocyte. TFs containing the Rel homology region (RHR) and Ets domains were expressed at a high level in 2-cell and blastocyst embryos. Thus, the global TF dynamics that occur during oogenesis and preimplantation development seem to regulate the transition from germ-cell-type to embryo-type gene expression.