bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pleural effusion
Authors: Medford A , Maskell N 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Pleural disease remains a commonly encountered clinical problem for both general physicians and chest specialists. This review focuses on the investigation of undiagnosed pleural effusions and the management of malignant and parapneumonic effusions. New developments in this area are also discussed at the end of the review. It aims to be evidence based together with some practical suggestions for practising clinicians.
RANDOMIZED ALGORITHMS FOR MOTIF DETECTION
Authors: WANG LUSHENG , DONG LIANG 
Published: November 2005

Motivation: Motif detection for DNA sequences has many important applications in biological studies, e.g. locating binding sites regulatory signals, designing genetic probes etc. In this paper, we propose a randomized algorithm, design an improved EM algorithm and combine them to form a software tool. Results: (1) We design a randomized algorithm for consensus pattern problem. We can show that with high probability, our randomized algorithm finds a pattern in polynomial time with cost error at most ∊ × l for each string, where l is the length of the motif and ∊ can be any positive number given by the user. (2) We design an improved EM algorithm that outperforms the original EM algorithm. (3) We develop a software tool, MotifDetector, that uses our randomized algorithm to find good seeds and uses the improved EM algorithm to do local search. We compare MotifDetector with Buhler and Tompa's PROJECTION which is considered to be the best known software for motif detection. Simulations show that MotifDetector is slower than PROJECTION when the pattern length is relatively small, and outperforms PROJECTION when the pattern length becomes large. Availability: It is available for free at , subject to copyright restrictions.
Electron Microscope Study of the Crystal Structure of the Martensite in a Copper-Aluminium Alloy
Authors: Nishiyama Zenji , Kajiwara Setsuo 
Published: November 2005

The crystal structure of β' martensite in a Cu–11.7% alloy has been studied by transmission electron microscopy and electron diffraction. The structure has a monoclinic lattice, whose unit consists of 6 close-packed layers having a superlattice. It can also be described as an orthorhombic lattice having lattice constants of a=4.49 Å, b=5.19 Å, c=38.2 Å, (a: b: c=√3: 2: 18√\tfrac23), and consisting of 18 layers A
B'C
B'C
A'C
A'B
A'B
C'B
C'A
C'A
B', where the positions of atoms in each layer (a
b plane) are

(A) Al:(00); Cu:(0\tfrac12), (\tfrac12\tfrac14), (\tfrac12\tfrac34), (A')=(A)+(\overrightarrow0\tfrac12),
(B)=(A)+(\overrightarrow\tfrac130), (B')=(B)+(\overrightarrow0\tfrac12),
(C)=(A)+(\overrightarrow\tfrac230), (C')=(C)+(\overrightarrow0\tfrac12),

where (A)+(\overrightarrow\tfrac130) means that all the atoms in layer `A' are displaced by the amount of vector (\overrightarrow\tfrac130).
Effects of Interface States on the Characteristics of MOS Transistors
Authors: Tanaka Toshio , Iwauchi Shigeki 
Published: November 2005

The presence of fast interface states gives rise to a reduction of the number of mobile carriers in inversion layer and, therefore, has effects on various characteristics of MOS transistors.
In order to obtain quantitative information on these effects, numerical computations of the characteristics are carried out, as examples, for the cases that the density distribution of the interface states is expressed as N

t
(E

t
)=N
t0δ(E

t
-E

t0); N

t
(E

t
)=N·exp
[-{(E

t
-E

t0)/σ}2] and

N_t(E_t)=N·exp
[-{(E_t-E_t0)/σ}^2] for E_t>E_t0,
=N for E_t≤E_t0,

and the results are plotted for different N

t0, N, E

t0 and σ.
It is pointed out that the mobility obtained in a conventional manner, for example, from the slope of the straight line of the g

D
vs V

G
' curve at V

D
=0 might be not real but only “seeming” due to the influence of the interface states near the band edge.
Experimental Studies on the Limitation of Focussing Power of Hyperbolic-Type Gas Lens
Authors: Iga Ken-ichi , Suematsu Yasuharu 
Published: November 2005

The focussing effect of Hyperbolic-type Gas Lens which was proposed by the authors for light beam waveguide is examined experimentally. Six types of experimental gas lens with different separation of poles 2a are made, and the temperature distribution on the heat conductive poles and in the gas medium is measured. The focussing characteristics of these types of gas lens are examined using the Gaussian light beam from a He-Ne gas laser. It is concluded that the focussing power is limited by the natural convection of the gas when the temperature difference between the poles is increased, and it is found that the critical temperature difference 2Δ
T

c
above which the gas lens does not work normally is determined only by the separation 2a between the poles. The relation between them is formulated experimentally as follows;

ΔT_c\cong42/a^1.34, 20\gtrsima\gtrsim5 (mm)ΔT_c\cong83/a^1.74, 2\lesssima\lesssim5 (mm).

This formulation serves as the data for the design of the waveguide using this tpye of gas lens.
Predicting the frost resistance of building stone
Authors: Ingham J.P. 
Published: November 2005

Frost attack is a major cause of building stone decay whose mechanisms are not yet entirely understood. Direct accelerated frost tests were developed locally to match regional environmental conditions and there have been considerable difficulties correlating between the results of different national standards. The European Committee for Standardization (CEN) introduced a direct test in 2001, however little guidance for the interpretation of the test has been made available to date.
In this investigation, a trial was conducted to compare a direct accelerated frost test to indirect methods of stone durability assessment, for building stones of known historical performance. The frost test proved to be unsuitable for the assessment of porous limestone, with durable stones failing the test while less durable stones passed the test and modes of deterioration observed bore little relation to those seen on stone buildings. It was concluded that direct accelerated frost tests were unlikely to adequately reflect natural processes to accurately predict durability.
Certain indirect methods of stone durability assessment that investigated the pore properties of the stone were found to be a more reliable predictor of frost resistance. Petrographic examination was found to be of value in the determination of intrinsic rock properties and for observation of changes caused by frost action.
Ritonavir Impairs Lipoprotein Lipase–Mediated Lipolysis and Decreases Uptake of Fatty Acids in Adipose Tissue
Authors: den Boer Marion A.M. , Berbée Jimmy F.P. , Reiss Peter , van der Valk Marc , Voshol Peter J. , Kuipers Folkert , Havekes Louis M. , Rensen Patrick C.N. , Romijn Johannes A. 
Published: November 2005

Objective—The use of the HIV protease inhibitor ritonavir (RTV) is frequently associated with hypertriglyceridemia and lipodystrophy. The aim of our study was to determine the mechanism underlying the observed hypertriglyceridemia.Methods and Results—Feeding female APOE*3-Leiden transgenic mice a Western-type diet supplemented with RTV (35 mg/kg per day) for 2 weeks resulted in a 2-fold increase in fasting plasma triglyceride (TG) levels, which was specific for very low–density lipoprotein (VLDL). RTV did not change the hepatic VLDL-TG production. Instead, RTV did increase the postprandial TG response to an oral fat load (area under the curve, 25.5±12.1 versus 13.8±6.8 mmol/L per hour in controls;P<0.05). Likewise, RTV hampered the plasma clearance of intravenously injected glycerol tri[3H]oleate-labeled VLDL–like emulsion particles (half time, 19.3±10.5 versus 5.0±1.3 minutes in controls;P<0.05) associated with a decrease of 44% in plasma lipoprotein lipase activity. Accordingly, RTV decreased the uptake of TG-derived fatty acids (FAs) into adipose tissue, as well as the uptake of albumin-bound FA.Conclusions—We conclude that RTV causes hypertriglyceridemia via decreased lipoprotein lipase–mediated clearance of VLDL-TG. In addition, RTV specifically impairs the uptake of FA in adipose tissue, which may contribute to the lipodystrophy that is frequently observed in HIV-infected subjects on antiretroviral therapy.
Migration and Growth Are Attenuated in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells With Type VIII Collagen-Null Alleles
Authors: Adiguzel Eser , Hou Guangpei , Mulholland Diane , Hopfer Ulrike , Fukai Naomi , Olsen Bjorn , Bendeck Michelle 
Published: November 2005

Objective—Type VIII collagen is upregulated after vascular injury and in atherosclerosis. However, the role of type VIII collagen endogenously expressed by smooth muscle cells (SMCs) and in the context of the vascular matrix microenvironment, which is rich in type I collagen, is not known. To address this, we have compared aortic SMCs from wild-type (WT) mice to SMCs from type VIII collagen-deficient (KO) mice when plated on type I collagen.Methods and Results—Type VIII collagen was upregulated after wounding of WT SMCs. KO SMCs exhibited greater adhesion to type I collagen than WT SMCs (optical density [OD595]=0.458±0.044 versus 0.193±0.071). By contrast, the WT SMCs spread more (389±75% versus 108±14% increase in cell area), migrated further (total distance 80.6±6.2 μm versus 64.2±4.4 μm), and exhibited increased [3H]-thymidine uptake (160 000±22 300 versus 63 100±12 100 counts per minute) when compared with KO SMCs. Gelatin zymograms showed that WT SMCs expressed latent matrix metalloproteinase 2, whereas KO SMCs did not. Addition of exogenous type VIII collagen returned levels of KO SMC adhesion (OD595=0.316±0.038), migration (79.5±5.8 μm), and latent matrix metalloproteinase 2 expression to levels comparable to WT SMCs.Conclusions—This study suggests that SMCs can modify the matrix microenvironment by producing type VIII collagen, using it to overlay type I collagen, and generating a substrate favorable for migration.
Research capability in doctoral training
Authors: Mcvicar Andrew , Caan Woody 
Published: November 2005

Rationale:Doctoral training should provide insight into the evolution of research capability in nursing.Methods:Research designs were evaluated from abstracts of 204 theses extracted from the ASLIB database, 1983–2002. Most were from PhD/DPhil degrees, but a few were Professional Doctorates.Findings:‘Educational’ and ‘organisational’ settings dominated, indicating their sustained popularity. A total of 11 methodological frameworks were noted, with ‘Ethnography’, ‘Social history’, ‘Work environment’ and ‘Grounded theory’ being the most popular. ‘Interviews’ with individuals and ‘Questionnaire survey’ were easily the most popular of 28 different research tools/techniques.Comparing abstracts from 1997–2002 with those from 1983–1996 identified significant changes in methodologies and methods used. The frequency of ‘Phenomenology’, ‘Work environment’ and ‘Grounded theory’ methodologies increased. The ‘Patient led’ framework appeared for the first time, albeit in just a few theses. The incidence of ‘Ethnography’ declined. Some methods only appeared for the first time during the 1990s, e.g. ‘Focus groups’. Of the methods, ‘Interviews’ increased substantially but ‘Questionnaires’ decreased slightly. In terms of developing clinical research, we noted an increased frequency of ‘All experimental’ methods. Multiple methods, used in 71% of theses overall, increased in incidence during the late 1990s, a change that was significantly associated with ‘post-1992’ universities. Over time, there was a significant increase in the number of methodologies and methods used, per thesis.Conclusions:This study documents the breadth of research designs used by students researching nursing. It provides evidence for an evolution of designs with an increasing diversity that indicates a growing maturity of nursing research culture.
Why do snails have hairs? A Bayesian inference of character evolution
Authors: Pfenninger Markus , Hrabáková Magda , Steinke Dirk , Dèpraz Aline 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundCostly structures need to represent an adaptive advantage in order to be maintained over evolutionary times. Contrary to many other conspicuous shell ornamentations of gastropods, the haired shells of several Stylommatophoran land snails still lack a convincing adaptive explanation. In the present study, we analysed the correlation between the presence/absence of hairs and habitat conditions in the genusTrochulusin a Bayesian framework of character evolution.ResultsHaired shells appeared to be the ancestral character state, a feature most probably lost three times independently. These losses were correlated with a shift from humid to dry habitats, indicating an adaptive function of hairs in moist environments. It had been previously hypothesised that these costly protein structures of the outer shell layer facilitate the locomotion in moist habitats. Our experiments, on the contrary, showed an increased adherence of haired shells to wet surfaces.ConclusionWe propose the hypothesis that the possession of hairs facilitates the adherence of the snails to their herbaceous food plants during foraging when humidity levels are high. The absence of hairs in someTrochulusspecies could thus be explained as a loss of the potential adaptive function linked to habitat shifts.
Effects of screening and brief intervention training on resident and faculty alcohol intervention behaviours: a pre- post-intervention assessment
Authors: Seale J Paul , Shellenberger Sylvia , Boltri John M , Okosun IS , Barton Barbara 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Many hazardous and harmful drinkers do not receive clinician advice to reduce their drinking. Previous studies suggest under-detection and clinician reluctance to intervene despite awareness of problem drinking (PD). The Healthy Habits Project previously reported chart review data documenting increased screening and intervention with hazardous and harmful drinkers after training clinicians and implementing routine screening. This report describes the impact of the Healthy Habits training program on clinicians' rates of identification of PD, level of certainty in identifying PD and the proportion of patients given advice to reduce alcohol use, based on self-report data using clinician exit questionnaires.

Methods
28 residents and 10 faculty in a family medicine residency clinic completed four cycles of clinician exit interview questionnaires before and after screening and intervention training. Rates of identifying PD, level of diagnostic certainty, and frequency of advice to reduce drinking were compared across intervention status (pre vs. post). Findings were compared with rates of PD and advice to reduce drinking documented on chart review.

Results
1,052 clinician exit questionnaires were collected. There were no significant differences in rates of PD identified before and after intervention (9.8% vs. 7.4%, p = .308). Faculty demonstrated greater certainty in PD diagnoses than residents (p = .028) and gave more advice to reduce drinking (p = .042) throughout the program. Faculty and residents reported higher levels of diagnostic certainty after training (p = .039 and .030, respectively). After training, residents showed greater increases than faculty in the percentage of patients given advice to reduce drinking (p = .038), and patients felt to be problem drinkers were significantly more likely to receive advice to reduce drinking by all clinicians (50% vs. 75%, p = .047). The number of patients receiving advice to reduce drinking after program implementation exceeded the number of patients felt to be problem drinkers. Recognition rates of PD were four to eight times higher than rates documented on chart review (p = .028).

Conclusion
This program resulted in greater clinician certainty in diagnosing PD and increases in the number of patients with PD who received advice to reduce drinking. Future programs should include booster training sessions and emphasize documentation of PD and brief intervention.
Transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells alters responsiveness to inflammatory cytokines
Authors: Loewen Gregory M , Tracy Erin , Blanchard Frédéric , Tan Dongfeng , Yu Jihnhee , Raza Sameera , Matsui Sei-Ichi , Baumann Heinz 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBackgroundInflammation is commonly associated with lung tumors. Since inflammatory mediators, including members of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) cytokine family, suppress proliferation of normal epithelial cells, we hypothesized that epithelial cells must develop mechanisms to evade this inhibition during the tumorigenesis. This study compared the cytokine responses of normal epithelial cells to that of premalignant cells.MethodsShort-term primary cultures of epithelial cells were established from bronchial brushings. Paired sets of brushings were obtained from areas of normal bronchial epithelium and from areas of metaplastic or dysplastic epithelium, or areas of frank endobronchial carcinoma. In 43 paired cultures, the signalling through the signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) and extracellular regulated kinase (ERK) pathways and growth regulation by IL-6, leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), oncostatin M (OSM), interferon-γ (IFNγ) or epidermal growth factor (EGF) were determined. Inducible expression and function of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor was assessed by treatment with the histone deacetylase inhibitor depsipeptide.ResultsNormal epithelial cells respond strongly to OSM, IFNγ and EGF, and respond moderately to IL-6, and do not exhibit a detectable response to LIF. In preneoplastic cells, the aberrant signaling that was detected most frequently was an elevated activation of ERK, a reduced or increased IL-6 and EGF response, and an increased LIF response. Some of these changes in preneoplastic cell signaling approach those observed in established lung cancer cell lines. Epigenetic control of LIF receptor expression by histone acetylation can account for the gain of LIF responsiveness. OSM and macrophage-derived cytokines suppressed proliferation of normal epithelial cells, but reduced inhibition or even stimulated proliferation was noted for preneoplastic cells. These alterations likely contribute to the supporting effects that inflammation has on lung tumor progression.ConclusionThis study indicates that during the earliest stage of premalignant transformation, a modified response to cytokines and EGF is evident. Some of the altered cytokine responses in primary premalignant cells are comparable to those seen in established lung cancer cell lines.
Characterization of the metabolic shift between oxidative and fermentative growth in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by comparative 13C flux analysis
Authors: Frick Oliver , Wittmann Christoph 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
One of the most fascinating properties of the biotechnologically important organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae is its ability to perform simultaneous respiration and fermentation at high growth rate even under fully aerobic conditions. In the present work, this Crabtree effect called phenomenon was investigated in detail by comparative 13C metabolic flux analysis of S. cerevisiae growing under purely oxidative, respiro-fermentative and predominantly fermentative conditions.

Results
The metabolic shift from oxidative to fermentative growth was accompanied by complex changes of carbon flux throughout the whole central metabolism. This involved a flux redirection from the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) towards glycolysis, an increased flux through pyruvate carboxylase, the fermentative pathways and malic enzyme, a flux decrease through the TCA cycle, and a partial relocation of alanine biosynthesis from the mitochondrion to the cytosol. S. cerevisiae exhibited a by-pass of pyruvate dehydrogenase in all physiological regimes. During oxidative growth this by-pass was mainly provided via pyruvate decarboxylase, acetaldehyde dehydrogenase, acetyl-CoA synthase and transport of acetyl-CoA into the mitochondrion. During fermentative growth this route, however, was saturated due to limited enzyme capacity. Under these conditions the cells exhibited high carbon flux through a chain of reactions involving pyruvate carboxylase, the oxaloacetate transporter and malic enzyme. During purely oxidative growth the PPP alone was sufficient to completely supply NADPH for anabolism. During fermentation, it provided only 60 % of the required NADPH.

Conclusion
We conclude that, in order to overcome the limited capacity of pyruvate dehydrogenase, S. cerevisiae possesses different metabolic by-passes to channel carbon into the mitochondrion. This involves the conversion of cytosolic pyruvate either into acetyl CoA or oxaloacetate followed by intercompartmental transport of these metabolites. During oxidative growth mainly the NAD specific isoforms of acetaldehyde dehydrogenase and isocitrate dehydrogenase catalyze the corresponding reactions in S. cerevisiae, whereas NADPH supply under fermentative conditions involves significant contribution of sources other than the PPP such as e. g. NADPH specific acetaldehyde dehydrogenase or isocitrate dehydrogenase.
Evaluation of KO-Tab 1-2-3®: a wash-resistant 'dip-it-yourself' insecticide formulation for long-lasting treatment of mosquito nets
Authors: Yates Alison , N'Guessan Raphael , Kaur Harparkash , Akogbéto Martin , Rowland Mark 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Introduction
Insecticide-treated nets (ITN) are an important method of preventing malaria. To remain effective, they need to be re-treated with pyrethroid insecticide at approximately yearly intervals. Systems for re-treating nets in Africa are limited, and the vast majority of nets in use have never been treated or were treated only once. Bayer Environmental Science (BES) has developed a long-lasting formulation 'KO-Tab 1-2-3®' which can be applied to the net post-manufacture, under field conditions, and renders the insecticide wash-resistant.

Methods
The performance of polyester nets treated with three kinds of BES long-lasting formulations, a conventional ITN (treated with standard KO-Tab) and PermaNet 2.0 were evaluated after washing samples of treated netting up to 30 times using standard WHO procedures. Performance was measured using 'three-minute exposure' and 'median time to knockdown' bioassay tests and by measuring the levels of deltamethrin using high-pressure liquid chromatography.

Results
The conventional ITN was largely stripped of deltamethrin within 5–10 washes and insecticidal efficacy in bioassay declined to suboptimal levels. With PermaNet and KO-Tab 1-2-3 the loss of deltamethrin was much slower: insecticide content halved within 20 washes and there was no loss of biological efficacy in three-minute exposure bioassays in WHO cylinders even after 30 washes. After 30 washes there remained on the netting 16% (4.4 mg/m2) of the loading dose of KO-Tab 1-2-3 and 28% (18.8 mg/m2) of the loading dose of PermaNet.

Conclusion
KO-Tab 1-2-3 was confirmed to be a long-lasting insecticide formulation. This finding raises the prospect of conventional polyester nets being converted into long-lasting insecticidal nets through simple dipping in the community or at home. This single development, if widely adopted, could transform the malaria control landscape in Africa and have a major impact on malaria.