bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protection Against Enteric Colibacillosis in Pigs Suckling Orally Vaccinated Dams: Evidence for Pili as Protective Antigens
Authors: Moon H. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pregnant gilts were vaccinated orally with Escherichia coli that produced pilus antigens K99 or 987P. The vaccines were live or dead enterotoxigenic E coli (etec) or a live rough non-etec strain which has little ability to colonize pig intestine. Pigs born to the gilts were challenge exposed orally with K99+ or 987P+ etec, which did not produce heat-labile enterotoxin or flagella and which produced somatic and capsular antigens different from those of the vaccine strains.
Control gilts had low titers of serum and colostral antibodies against pilus antigens, and their suckling pigs frequently had fatal diarrhea after challenge exposure. Serum antibody titers against pilus antigens of the vaccine strains increased in the gilts after vaccination with live etec, and the colostral antibody titers of these gilts were higher than those of controls. Pigs suckling such vaccinated gilts were more resistant than controls to challenge exposure by etec of the homologous pilus type. This resistance was not attained when vaccine and challenge strains were of different pilus types, and it could not be attributed to enterotoxin neutralization by colostrum. In contrast to the live etec vaccines given to the pregnant gilts, the live rough non-etec and dead etec vaccines stimulated little or no production of antibody against pili, and the pigs born of these vaccinated gilts remained highly susceptible to challenge exposure.
The results support the hypothesis that pili can be protective antigens in oral etec vaccines. It was indicated that in the system reported, protection depended on living bacteria for the production of pilus antigens in vivo or for the transport of pilus antigens across intestinal epithelium.
Toxicosis in Sows and Their Pigs Caused by Feeding Rations Containing Polybrominated Biphenyls to Sows During Pregnancy and Lactation
Authors: Werner Pedro R. , Sleight Stuart D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The toxicity and the distribution of polybrominated biphenyls (pbb) were investigated by feeding rations containing different concentrations of pbb to sows during pregnancy and lactation. Sows and newborn pigs were clinically unaffected. Mortality was increased among pigs nursing sows fed rations containing pbb. Although transplacental passage of pbb resulted in an appreciable amount of pbb in tissues of newborn pigs, far more pbb were transferred to the pigs through the milk. On a body-weight basis, nursing pigs consumed pbb in concentrations similar to the concentrations given to the sows. The highest tissue concentrations of pbb (fat basis) were found in the liver, followed by the adipose tissue, kidney, and brain. Dietary concentrations of 10 mg of pbb/kg of feed increased serum concentrations of alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase, and thyroid hormones of pigs, whereas dietary concentrations of 100 or 200 mg of pbb/kg of feed caused those values to decrease. Gross pathologic changes consisted of increased weight of the thyroid gland of newborn pigs and increased weight of the liver of 4-week-old pigs. Histologically, thyroid glands of newborn pigs were slightly hyperplastic, and the colloid was scant and vacuolated. In the liver, lesions consisted of fatty change and centrolobular necrosis; changes were more severe in the sows than in the pigs nursing those sows. Measuring serum concentrations of ornithine carbamoyltransferase was the most effective clinical test in assessing the degree of liver damage in the pigs.
Immunosuppressive Effects of Cyclophosphamide in Pigs
Authors: Mackie Eleanor J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of cyclophosphamide (cy) on circulating leukocytes, lymphoid tissues, and antibody response of the pig were examined. Pigs (10 weeks old) were treated with intraperitoneal injections of 30 mg of cy/kg of body weight at 2-day intervals. Three cy injections depressed total leukocyte, neutrophil, and lymphocyte counts. Circulating B-lymphocyte percentages were depleted by 80% and absolute B-lymphocyte counts by 90%. Circulating T-lymphocyte percentages were not affected by cy treatment, but absolute T-cell counts were depressed by 50%. Lymphocytes were depleted from the cortex of the thymus gland and from the spleen and lymph nodes with a preferential effect on B-dependent areas. All these variables were depressed for the duration of cy treatment and had started to return to within normal values by 4 days after the final treatment. Formation of antibodies to sheep erythrocytes was suppressed in cy-treated pigs until 10 days after inoculation (6 days after final cy treatment); the response of control pigs was detectable 4 days after inoculation. The 6 cy treatments prolonged the depression of all the previously mentioned variables.
Acepromazine and Droperidol Inhibition of Halothane-Induced Malignant Hyperthermia (Porcine Stress Syndrome) in Swine
Authors: McGrath Charles J. , Rempel William E. , Addis Paul B. , Crimi Anthony J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pigs susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (mh; porcine stress syndrome) were treated with acepromazine or droperidol before studies with halothane were conducted. At lower dosages (0.55 mg/kg of body weight and 0.20 mg/kg, respectively), both drugs were capable of delaying the onset of mh. At dosages of 1.10 mg/kg of body weight and 1.65 mg/kg, acepromazine effectively prevented the occurrence of mh in 40.0% and 73.3% of mh-susceptible pigs, respectively
Anaplasma ovis in Idaho Sheep
Authors: Magonigle R. A. , Eckblad W. P. , Lincoln S. D. , Frank F. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood samples from 16 anaplasmosis complement-fixation (cf) positive sheep from a flock near Cambridge, Idaho, were inoculated into 3 intact sheep and 3 splenectomized calves. The 3 sheep became cf positive, and 2 developed parasitemia. None of the 3 calves had signs of anaplasmosis, but all became ill when they were subsequently challenge exposed with blood from known carriers of Anaplasma marginale.
After a 75-day observation period, blood from the recipient intact sheep was subinoculated into 3 splenectomized sheep. These splenectomized sheep developed clinical anaplasmosis and became cf positive. In only 1 sheep was there a positive rapid card agglutination test. Therefore, the rapid card agglutination test was not considered to be diagnostic for anaplasmosis carrier status in sheep.
Electron microscopic studies were performed on infected sheep erythrocytes to determine the morphologic structure of the organism involved. The causative organism was determined to be Anaplasma ovis.
Experimentally Induced Arthritis of the Equine Carpus: Histologic and Histochemical Changes in the Articular Cartilage
Authors: Mcilwraith C. Wayne , Van Sickle David C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Arthritis was experimentally induced in the intercarpal joints of a series of mature ponies by the intraarticular injections of 400 μg of the polyene antibiotic filipin in 1 ml of dimethyl sulfoxide. Twelve consecutive weekly injections were administered and the ponies were euthanatized 4 weeks after the last injection of filipin was made. The ponies were exercised for 1 hour each day throughout the experiment. Articular cartilage specimens from 4 sites in each intercarpal joint were examined histologically and histochemically. For the histochemical examination, safranin O-fast green, Alcian blue in 0.4 M and 0.9 M MgCL2 and Alcian blue 0.9 M MgCL2-Van Gieson matrical staining techniques were used. Decalcified sagittal sections of selected carpi were also examined histologically.
There was superficial fibrillation with chondrocyte necrosis in the articular cartilage specimens of the joints. This was accompanied by loss of histochemical staining of the amorphous intercellular matrix, which was attributed to loss of glycosaminoglycans. There were hypertrophy of remaining chondrocytes and chondrone formation. On examination of decalcified sections of carpi, both exostoses and marginal osteophytosis were observed. There was evidence of both intramembranous and endochondral osteogeneses in the exostoses.
The pathologic changes seen in the experimental model were compared with those observed in the naturally occurring disease. It was concluded that the changes were comparable with the early changes of degenerative joint disease in the horse.
Detection of Bacteremia in Cattle Inoculated with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Reggiardo C. , Kaeberle M. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bovine viral diarrhea virus infection of cattle interfered with normal blood clearance mechanisms, as evidenced by the detection of an endogenous bacteremia in up to 85% of infected calves during the first 5 days after infection. The occurrence of detectable bacteremia correlated with the period of leukopenia and depression of lymphocyte responses to mitogens. Noninoculated control animals, reinoculated immune calves, or calves inoculated with infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus yielded consistently negative cultures. Bacillus spp were isolated in almost all calves. Similar organisms were isolated occasionally from the blood of normal calves when medium containing sodium polyanetholesulfonate was used for culture.
It was concluded that bovine viral diarrhea virus infection depressed the normal defense mechanisms, presumably humoral factors or phagocytic function, resulting in uninhibited blood circulation of bacteria during infection.
Antibody and Delayed Hypersensitivity Responses of Neonatal Calves Delivered from Protein-Restricted Dams
Authors: Woodard L. F. , Eckblad W. P. , Olson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The effects of moderate maternal protein restriction on in vivo humoral and cell-mediated immune responses of bovine neonates were studied. Hereford heifers were fed protein-adequate or protein-restricted rations for the last 150 days of gestation and for 6 months after parturition.
At birth, all calves from these heifers were allowed to remain with their dams and were inoculated with tetanus toxoid (tt) and an emulsion of tuberculoproteins and trehalose dimycolate (cord factor) of Mycobacterium bovis. One month later, blood samples were collected from all calves, and sera were examined for antibodies to tt. The calves were then given a 2nd inoculation of tt, and anamnestic antibody responses were measured 7 days later. Differences in primary or secondary antibody responses were not observed between principal and control groups of calves. Also, differences in tuberculin reactivity were not observed in calves from cows fed protein-adequate or protein-restricted diets.
Morphologic Characteristics of the Epithelial Surface of Aggregated Lymphoid Follicles (Peyer's Patches) in the Small Intestine of Newborn Gnotobiotic Calves and Pigs
Authors: Torres-Medina Alfonso 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Scanning electron microscopic studies of the dome epithelium of aggregated lymphoid follicles (Peyer's patches) of gnotobiotic newborn calves and pigs revealed distinct characteristics. The dome epithelium in the calves was characterized by a uniform population of lymphoepithelial cells (M cells). These cells were columnar, with a luminal surface that bulged toward the intestinal lumen forming intercellular crevices. Bovine M cells were covered by densely packed blunt microvilli that were irregular, short and thick and that differed from microvilli of absorptive epithelial cells.
The dome epithelium in the pigs had 2 distinct cell populations. The majority had surface characteristics indistinguishable from those of ordinary absorptive epithelial cells. Interspersed among the absorptive-like epithelial cells were numerous M cells with distinctive surface morphologic characteristics. Porcine M cells were covered by densely packed, long microvilli that were irregular and thick and that projected above the microvilli of adjacent epithelial cells. The epithelium of aggregated lymphoid follicles in calves differed from that of primates and rodents. The organization of the dome epithelium in pigs resembled that of rodents. However, the surface morphologic features of porcine M cells were unlike that of rodents and human beings.
An Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica Infection in Cattle
Authors: Farrell C. J. , Shen D. T. , Wescott R. B. , Lang B. Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was investigated for the diagnosis of Fasciola hepatica infection in cattle. Studies included examination of 4 antigen preparations: freshly collected fluke antigen (ffa), dead fluke antigen (dfa), lyophilized fluke antigen (lfa), and partially purified antigen (ppa) for activity and use of an elisa with ffa and lfa for diagnosis of experimentally and naturally occurring fascioliasis in cattle.
The elisa, using ffa, detected F hepatica antibody in calves as early as 4 weeks after exposure to this parasite. The dfa exhibited slightly less activity, and lfa did not have diagnostic value until 9 to 10 weeks after exposure. The ppa produced high background readings with noninfected control sera and was not considered sufficiently specific for further use. The long incubation and short incubation elisa procedures can be used for diagnostic work. Both were equally sensitive, with optical density readings of known positive sera routinely 2.5 times those of sera from normal controls. The repeatability of these tests was also excellent, and only slight variation in optical density was observed when elisa was performed on representative known positive and negative sera with similar reagents in replicate tests.
Canine Parainfluenza-Bordetella bronchiseptica Vaccine: Immunogenicity
Authors: Chladek Dan W. , Williams James M. , Gerber Don L. , Harris Louis L. , Murdock Fred M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The immunogenicity and safety of 3 serials of a canine parainfluenza (cpi) virusBordetella bronchiseptica vaccine were evaluated. Each serial was used to vaccinate 10 dogs with single doses given intranasally. The 30 vaccinated and 10 nonvaccinated control dogs were challenge exposed with aerosols of virulent cpi virus and B bronchiseptica at 18 days and at 21 days, respectively, after vaccination. After challenge exposure, none of the 30 vaccinated dogs had clinical signs of disease; however, 9 of the 10 nonvaccinated dogs developed coughing problems. The cpi virus was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from nonvaccinated dogs on an average of 5.1 days after challenge exposure, but was not isolated from any of the specimens obtained from the vaccinated dogs. Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated from nasal swab specimens obtained from both vaccinated and nonvaccinated dogs up to 18 days after challenge exposure. The erythrocyte sedimentation rates and total leukocyte counts for control dogs were generally increased, in contrast to those for the vaccinated groups. Dogs showed a primary serologic response to cpi virus and B bronchiseptica after vaccination and an anamnestic response to the bacterium after challenge exposure. Adverse local or systemic reactions attributable to the bivalent vaccine were not observed in the vaccinated dogs.
Computerized Tomography of Brain Tumors of the Rostral and Middle Fossas in the Dog
Authors: Fike John R. , LeCouteur Richard A. , Cann Christopher E. , Pflugfelder Christina M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Computerized tomography (ct) was used to assess spontaneously occurring brain tumors of the rostral and middle fossas in the dog. Six dogs were used to illustrate the efficacy of ct as a noninvasive diagnostic procedure. Tumors were characterized on ct scans by density changes, presence of edema or calcification, displacement of normal anatomic landmarks, and contrast enhancement after injection of an iodinated contrast material. In terms of ct appearance, there were a number of morphologic similarities between human and canine brain tumors.
Influence of Norethindrone on Lipid Metabolism and Cholelithiasis in Rabbits
Authors: Borgman Robert F. , Lightsey Stephen F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabbits were fed a purified ration containing 15% lard and were killed and examined at 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. One group (group II) was given (treated) norethindrone in the ration (10 mg/kg of ration). There were no treatment effects noted on hepatic weight, percentages of dry matter and ether extract in liver, and hepatic cholesterol concentrations; however, there were some changes in the hepatic fatty acid percentages at some observation times. The occurrence and severity of cholelithiasis were not influenced by the treatment, but gallstone formation was pronounced in the 2 groups (ration alone, ration with added norethindrone) by the 4th week. The thoracic aorta did not reveal treatment effects as to weight and percentages of dry matter and ether extract, but the aortic cholesterol concentration was greater in the nontreated group than in the group fed the ration with the added norethindrone. Increased thoracic aortic weights were noted in both groups by the 4th week. Examinations and analyses of the adipose deposits forming the kidney pads did not reveal influences of time or treatment.
Heat- and Cold-Stress Suppresses in Vivo and in Vitro Cellular Immune Responses of Chickens
Authors: Regnier Jeffery A. , Kelley Keith W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The influence of hot and cold ambient temperatures on cellular immune responses of chickens was assessed, utilizing dinitrofluorobenzene-induced contact sensitivity, phytohemagglutinin (pha) skin test, and pha-stimulated, whole blood lymphocyte transformation assays. Dinitrofluorobenzene- and pha-induced wattle swelling were reduced (P < 0.05) in birds exposed to air temperatures of 36 C or 1 C for 5 days when compared with wattle swelling in chickens maintained at 26 C. The pha-induced lymphocyte transformation, as measured by tritiated thymidine uptake, was also suppressed (P < 0.05) in chickens exposed to either heat or cold stress for 5 days. Some breed differences were observed. These data demonstrated that chronic heat and cold stress impaired expression of contact sensitivity in vivo and proliferation of T lymphocytes in vitro in the avian species.
Synthesis of antibodies to sheep rbc on day 5 after antigen injection was not altered (P > 0.05) when birds were vaccinated 24 hours before the start of thermal stress. This indicated that B cell and T-helper cell functions were not compromised by chronic thermal stress. However, New Hampshire birds that were heat-stressed had higher (P < 0.05) antibody titers than did control birds 10 days after vaccination.
Induction of Persistent Infection in Mice and Oncogenic Transformation of Mouse Macrophages with Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus
Authors: Geder L. , Lee K. J. , Dawson M. S. , Engle R. , Maliniak R. M. , Lang C. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus (ibrv) established long-term persistent infection in intracerebrally inoculated athymic nude mice. After intraperitoneal injection into outbred mice, virus was isolated for only 3 days from spleens and livers. In vitro inoculation of outbred mouse spleen fragments with ibrv resulted in persistent infection and subsequent transformation of spleen macrophages. The ibrv-specific membrane and intracellular antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence techniques in transformed cells in early in vitro passages. The presence of ibrv genetic information was confirmed by in situ hybridization. The ibrv-transformed mouse macrophages induced fibrosarcomas and cystic tumors in athymic nude mice. Infective virus could not be rescued from transformed cells by cocultivation with rabbit kidney cells, treatment with iododeoxyuridine, or ultraviolet irradiation.
Experimental Intramammary Infection of Cows with Yersinia enterocolitica O9: Cellular and Immunologic Responses
Authors: Mittal K. R. , Barnum D. A. , Tizard I. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three clinically normal cows were inoculated with viable Yersinia enterocolitica O9 by the intramammary route. This provoked an increase in the somatic cell count in milk from the inoculated quarter, but no obvious clinical response. Yersinia enterocolitica was isolated only sporadically from these cattle after inoculation. All cows showed a marked serologic response to Y enterocolitica and Brucella abortus. The anti-Brucella response provoked by inoculation of Yersinia was sufficient to render milk and serum Bracella-seropositive, as measured by the standard milk ring test, the quantitative milk ring test, and the serum agglutination test.
Clinical Chemistry of Anaplasmosis: Comparative Serum Protein Changes Elicited by Attenuated and Virulent Anaplasma marginale Isolates
Authors: Allen P. C. , Kuttler K. L. , Amerault T. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In a comparative study of the clinical chemical changes during Anaplasma marginale infection, 16 intact mature cows were infected with either of 2 virulent isolates. Eight others were treated with a live A marginale vaccine (sheep-attenuated) and 7 were maintained as controls. Before and during patency, samples of blood from the cows were analyzed for total wbc, parasitemia, card test titer (ctt), total protein, albumin, and globulin fractions.
In the cows inoculated with virulent isolates, albumin was significantly depressed throughout patency, whereas γ-globulins and wbc were increased after peak parasitemia, as well as during recovery. The ctt was highest immediately after peak parasitemia. A significant increase was not observed in β-globulin. Seven of the 16 infected cows died, but no consistent patterns of change in serum protein fractions or wbc coul be associated with mortality.
The 8 cows vaccinated with the attenuated isolate showed a significant mean decrease in albumin throughout patency, but no significant mean increase in α- or β-globulin. A mean increase in γ-globulin was observed only during the recovery period. The ctt increased gradually throughout patency, peaking during the recovery period. A significant mean increase over control in wbc count was observed only during rising parasitemia.
Cytogenetic Analysis of Preimplantation Blastocysts from Prepuberal Gilts Treated with Gonadotropins
Authors: Dolch Kathryn M. , Chrisman C. Larry 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Metaphase chromosomes were examined in 10-day-old embryos collected from prepuberal gilts that had been induced to ovulate, using a combination of 200 IU of human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg) and 400, 600, or 800 IU of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (pmsg) followed 72 hours later by 500 IU of hcg. A repeatable, reliable method was developed for the processing of early porcine embryos in the hatched spherical blastocyst stage for cytogenetic analysis.
Of 170 embryos recovered and processed from 21 gilts, 169 yielded analyzable metaphase cells for determination of somatic cell chromosome number for an overall success rate of 99.4%. All embryos were diploid (2n = 38) in chromosomal constitution, and although isolated tetrapioid (4n = 76) and octaploid (8n = 152) cells were found, true triploid or other polyploid embryos were not present. The absence of these aberrations indicated that at the dosage levels tested, the hormone pmsg did not cause an increase in occurrence of polyploidy in porcine blastocysts present at day 10 of gestation.
Analyses showed no significant (P < 0.05) increase in numbers of corpora lutea or embryos at day 10 of gestation in gilts treated with these pmsg dosage levels.