bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Process Intensification in the Production of Specialty Waterborne Polymers
Authors: Alarcia Felipe , de la Cal José C. , Asua José M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSummary: The feasibility of obtaining specialty waterborne adhesives in a CSTR was investigated facing the possibility of replacing the traditional semi‐batch reactors, which are commonly used in their production by a more efficient system. The key aspects focused on this work were the safety of the process, the kinetic feasibility, and the quality of the products, having as a reference the adhesive performance of the polymers produced in the semi‐batch reactors. Simulations showed that the production of 280 tons per week could be safely carried out even using mean residence times as short as 10 min. From a kinetic point of view, it was found that under these conditions, reasonable high conversions could be achieved in the reactor, resulting on a high production per unit volume of reactor. Furthermore, the adhesive properties of the latex were analyzed, and a much higher shear resistance was found for the latexes produced in the continuous reactor, while peel resistance and tack were found to be very similar disregarding the type of reactor used.Safe process conditions in a CSTR.magnified imageSafe process conditions in a CSTR.
Synaptotagmin I is involved in the regulation of cortical granule exocytosis in the sea urchin
Authors: Leguia Mariana , Conner Sean , Berg Linnea , Wessel Gary M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCortical granules are stimulus‐dependent secretory vesicles found in the egg cortex of most vertebrates and many invertebrates. Upon fertilization, an increase in intracellular calcium levels triggers cortical granules to exocytose enzymes and structural proteins that permanently modify the extracellular surface of the egg to prevent polyspermy. Synaptotagmin is postulated to be a calcium sensor important for stimulus‐dependent secretion and to test this hypothesis for cortical granule exocytosis, we identified the ortholog in two sea urchin species that is present selectively on cortical granules. Characterization by RT‐PCR, in‐situ RNA hybridization, Western blot and immunolocalization shows that synaptotagmin I is expressed in a manner consistent with it having a role during cortical granule secretion. We specifically tested synaptotagmin function during cortical granule exocytosis using a microinjected antibody raised against the entire cytoplasmic domain of sea urchin synaptotagmin I. The results show that synaptotagmin I is essential for normal cortical granule dynamics at fertilization in the sea urchin egg. Identification of this same protein in other developmental stages also shown here will be important for interpreting stimulus‐dependent secretory events for signaling throughout embryogenesis. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Error estimation of stress intensity factors for mixed‐mode cracks
Authors: Gallimard L. , Panetier J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper presents an a posteriori error estimator for mixed‐mode stress intensity factors in plane linear elasticity. A surface integral over an arbitrary crown is used for the separate calculation of the combined mode's stress intensity factors. The error in the quantity of interest is based on goal‐oriented error measures and estimated through an error in the constitutive relation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐linear sloshing in partially liquid filled containers with baffles
Authors: Biswal K. C. , Bhattacharyya S. K. , Sinha P. K. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA finite element method is used for computing the non‐linear sloshing response of liquid in a two‐dimensional rigid rectangular tank with rigid baffles. The potential formulation is considered for the liquid domain and a mixed Eulerian–Langrangian scheme is adopted. The solution is obtained by the Galerkin method. The fourth‐order Runge–Kutta method is employed to advance the solution in the time domain. A regridding technique is applied to the free surface of the liquid, which effectively eliminates the numerical instabilities without the use of artificial smoothing. Through the comparison with the available results for the rectangular tank without baffle, the validity of the present formulation is checked and then extended to the solution of tanks with rigid baffles. The effects of baffle parameters such as position, dimension and numbers on the non‐linear sloshing response are examined. The present numerical solution procedure is also applied to the non‐linear sloshing problems in a circular cylindrical container with annular baffle. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of traditional and computer‐aided instruction on promoting independent skin care in adults with paraplegia
Authors: Pellerito Joseph M. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to explore the viability of using computer‐aided instruction (CAI) as an educational tool for promoting independent skin care in adults with paraplegia. There is a need to identify effective intervention strategies that provide health education for skin care management and the prevention of pressure ulcers for individuals with spinal cord injuries (SCI). There continues to be tremendous financial and personal costs associated with the treatment of pressure ulcers and the prevalence of skin breakdown among the SCI population, despite traditional educational methods. The methodology used in this study evaluated to what degree CAI assisted individuals with paraplegia to acquire knowledge and demonstrate skills necessary for optimal skin care. Results were obtained using a multiple baseline across subjects approach including an ABC (for two subjects) and an AC (for one subject) single case experimental design. Results indicated that CAI was more effective than traditional educational methods in increasing the initiation and performance of pressure‐relieving techniques. Limitations in this study include the possibility of carryover effects, relatively short time periods for baseline and treatment conditions, and extraneous variables that were difficult to control such as the participants' level of motivation and cooperation. Further study using a larger group design with a control group is recommended to explore the effects CAI has on promoting optimal skin care among adults with paraplegia. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Attitudes towards rehabilitation needs and support from assistive technology and the social environment among elderly people with disability
Authors: Lilja Margareta , Bergh Anders , Johansson Lennarth , NygÅrd Louise 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to survey the attitudes of elderly people with disabilities who were living at home regarding their support from assistive technology and the social environment. These attitudes were compared with their identified needs by an occupational therapist and in relation to perception of social engagement, loneliness and overall contentment with life. From a sample of 102 participants who were interviewed using a standardized procedure, 53 persons were included in the study. The results indicated that attitudes among elderly people towards social and occupational engagement and change have a greater influence on their rehabilitation status than their disability as indicated by their health condition and limitations in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living. The elderly people who accepted rehabilitation were more able, and were better equipped and better supported with assistive technology, than those who declined rehabilitation. Rehabilitation needs that the occupational therapists recognized were not always shared by the disabled elderly people, for several reasons; one reason of particular importance was the elderly person's attitude towards change and social engagement. However, the small sample size limits the generalization of the findings to the population of elderly people with disabilities. An ethnographic research design that allows for repeated interviews and observations of elderly people with disabilities for a prolonged period of time in their ordinary everyday lives may present an avenue for future research and lead to a deeper understanding of the issues. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Stability of tactile defensiveness across cultures: European and American children's responses to the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE)
Authors: Royeen Charlotte , Mu Keli 
Published: March 2006

AbstractScreening and assessment for single and discrete sensory systems, such as screening for tactile defensiveness, can provide valid information for identifying sensory processing dysfunction of children. Tactile defensiveness may be considered to be a specialized type of what was previously called a sensory integrative disorder and now is termed a sensory modulation disorder. The current study was designed to examine further the phenomenon of tactile defensiveness, particularly the stability of the concept, across different cultures. In this study, the test scores of 28 European children (16 girls and 12 boys of three different nationalities) on the Touch Inventory for Elementary School Aged Children (TIE) were collected and analysed (Royeen and Fortune, 1990). The TIE scores of the European sample were compared with that of the American sample in the original TIE study (Royeen and Fortune, 1990). Results revealed that the mean test scores on the TIE between the American sample and European sample were very similar (n = 415,M = 41.0 vs. n = 28,M = 39.5) and no significant difference was found between the two samples (t = 0.99,p < 0.05). Internal consistency of the TIE on the European sample was found to be good and close to that obtained from the American sample (0.78 vs. 0.89). The current study provides evidence that tactile defensiveness is a stable phenomenon across different cultures as measured by the TIE. Limitations of the study include use of a small and convenient sample of European children. Further studies are recommended to examine tactile defensiveness as a clinical phenomenon. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
How nature contributes to mental and physical health
Authors: Pretty Jules 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIrrespective of where we come from in the world, it seems that the presence of living things makes us feel good. There are three levels of engagement with nature. The first is viewing nature, as through a window, or in a book, on television or in a painting. The second is being in the presence of usually nearby nature, which is incidental to some other activity, such as walking or cycling to work, or reading on a garden seat or talking to friends in a park. The third is active participation and involvement with nature, such as gardening or farming, trekking or running. There is now strong evidence that all these levels deliver mental health benefits. The evidence also suggests that green spaces and nearby nature should be seen as a fundamental health resource. Physical activity is now known to be a co‐determinant of health. Yet there has been a dramatic fall in physical activity in recent decades, with severe health consequences. Exercising in the presence of nature (green exercise) thus has important public and environmental health consequences. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Boundary angst and negotiation in palliative care
Authors: Scott Gill , Brown Angela 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWhen negotiation of emotional boundaries between the nurse and the patient arises from purely intuitive, non‐integrated acts, uninformed decisions or unrehearsed actions, the phenomenon of boundary angst can arise. Unless prevented by integrated self‐awareness, one cannot continue to ‘engage’ without consequent accumulation of emotionally burdensome residue. Negotiation of delicate emotional interplay between patient and nurse is explored and the potential for developing personalized stress‐reducing strategies elicited so that, even in deepening one's own emotional engagement and availability ‘with’ patients, one's integrity remains intact.The authors' ideas, catalysed by participation in the Royal College of Nursing Expertise in Practice Project, are founded in one practitioner's personal ontology: Christianity. Their synthesis argues the need for integration and strengthened meaning in one's practice as crucial for safe and effective interaction. Readers are encouraged to consider the usefulness of enhanced self‐awareness through reflection to negotiate interpersonal relationships in the context of palliative care. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Mycoflora associated with new industrial oilseed crop (vernonia galamensis var. ethiopica) in Ethiopia
Authors: Tefera Tadele , Baye Tesfaye 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMycoflora associated with Vernonia galamensis var. ethiopica was studied for the first time under field and laboratory conditions in eastern Ethiopia. In field plantings, Erysiphe and Puccinia spp. were the only mycoflora recorded. Aspergillus niger, Penicillium sp., Cladosporium sp. and Pythium sp. were found on stored seeds. Fusarium sp., Rhizoctonia solani, Alternaria sp. and Phoma sp. were identified on both field plants and stored seeds. Damping‐off of seedlings caused by complexes of R. solani and Fusarium sp. and powdery mildews caused by Erysiphe sp. led to high disease pressure on field‐planted vernonia. The dominant species causing seed infection under storage were R. solani and Cladosporium sp. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Water extraction of avocado oil in the high lands of Cameroon
Authors: Kameni A , Tchamo P 
Published: March 2006

AbstractHot water extraction is a simple method for home production of avocado oil. Avocado fruits were collected from 56 separate trees at random, at altitudes of 1000‐2000 m asl and grouped according to their brown or green and hard or soft skin. The oil was extracted by cooking in water, manual pressing and refining by heating. The yields of oil were 1.8 to 11.6% of the weight of the fruits, with an extraction rate of 82 to 85%. The oils had acceptable peroxide and acid values. Green fruits tended to produce greenish oil and brown fruits a brownish oil. The process could be scaled up to 40 kg batches with similar yields. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Seasonal performance of Zebu cattle under two production systems in South Kordofan, Sudan
Authors: El‐Hag FM , Ahmed MMM , Fadlalla B , Elamin EM , El Wakeel AS , Mekki MA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn sedentary and transhumant cattle herds calving cows' weights were significantly different only at six and 12 months after calving. Cows under the sedentary system had the highest weights and those calving in the early dry and rainy seasons had the highest calving weights. Under the sedentary system, cows had the highest milk yields throughout the 12 months after calving and calves had the highest weight gains up to 12 months. Male calves had higher birth weights and weight gains than females. Production system and calving season effects on calf mortality were not significant. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Effect of seed size on yield of two groundnut genotypes
Authors: Sibuga KP , Nsenga JV 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSmall, medium and large seed sizes of the groundnut genotypes Spancross (a released variety) and 2/91 (a breeding line) were assessed for growth and yield under field conditions in 1996 and 1997. In 1997, there were significant effects of cultivar and seed size on shoot and root biomass. The shoot dry matter for large seeds was 36% and 24% greater than for small seeds of Spancross and 2/91 respectively. Large seeds of 2/91 showed a significant increase of 26% in root biomass but Spancross recorded a decline of 8% over small seeds. Generally, productivity increased with seed size. In 1996, rainfall was low and varietal differences were significant, with 2/91 giving significantly higher kernel yields (2082 kg/ha) than Spancross (1498 kg/ha) when averaged across seed size. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Response of sweetpotato to duration of mucuna fallow
Authors: Njoku JC , Okpara DA , Ikeorgu JEG 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFallow periods under mucuna (0, 1 and 2 years) and NPK fertilizer were assessed under field conditions for their effect on the growth and yield of sweetpotato varieties TIS 87/0087 and TIS 8164. NPK significantly increased the dry matter in the leaf compared with no mucuna fallow or mucuna for 1 year but not 2 years. Tuber yields were greatest with mucuna for 2 years compared with other periods and NPK treatment, especially for TIS 87/0087. The yield advantage of 2 years of mucuna compared with NPK was probably due to the effect on the soil physical characteristics and the supply of macro and micronutrient elements not contained in NPK fertilizers. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Resistance of sorghum varieties to Striga hermonthica
Authors: Gworgwor NA 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFour local sorghum varieties, Idon Makaho, Ex‐Dapchi, Ex‐Pulka, and War‐warabashi, and two improved varieties, ICVS 1002 and ICVS 1007, were tested for resistance to Striga hermonthica in the 1997 and 1998 rainy seasons. There was no significant difference in the number of emerged Striga shoots in 1997, but in 1998 ICSV 1002 and ICSV 1007 had fewer Striga shoots than the other varieties. Ex‐Dapchi and Idon Makaho had moderate resistance to Striga. Idon‐Makaho produced significantly the highest grain yield, except that it showed no significant difference from Ex‐Dapchi and Ex‐Pulka in 1997. ICSV 1002 and ICSV 1007 produced significantly the lowest grain yields. Thus the local varieties had significantly the highest number of Striga and produced the highest grain yields. These local varieties could be useful in breeding for resistance to Striga and high grain yield. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Reaktionen vontBuPLi2mit Carbodiimiden
Authors: Iravani Effat , Neumüller Bernhard , Grunenberg Jörg 
Published: March 2006

AbstractReaction oftBuPLi2with CarbodiimidesThe reaction of bis(cyclohexyl)carbodiimide withtBuPLi2in THF at 20 °C leads to the tetranuclear Li‐complex [Li4(THF)2{tBuP([cHexN]2C)2}2] (1). No addition on the carbodiimide but a silyl transfer was observed under similar conditions during the treatment of bis(trimethylsilyl)carbodiimide withtBuPLi2to give the lithium saltstBuP(SiMe3)Li and [Li(THF)(Me3SiN‐C≡N)]n(2).1was characterized by NMR, IR and RE spectroscopy, mass spectrometry and X‐ray analyses. Theoretical calculations were performed for1. According to the structural investigations1consists ofa central centrosymmetrical twelve‐membered Li2N4C4P2ring adjacent by two six‐membered LiN2C2P rings. The peripheric Li+cations posssess coordination number (cn) 3 buildt‐up by two N atoms and a THF ligand, while the two central Li+cations possess only cn 2. However, the theoretical calculations have shown no relevant bonding Li···Li or Li···P interaction.
Crystal Growth, Structure and Properties of the Palladium‐rich Telluride Pd13Te3
Authors: Janetzky Manuel , Harbrecht Bernd 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSilver shiny crystals of Pd13Te3 were produced by chemical vapour transport reaction using PdCl2 or PdBr2 as transport agent. The crystal structure of Pd13Te3 was established by means of single crystal X‐ray diffraction (space group F ${\rm d}{\bar 3}\rm m$, cF128, a = 1266.81(6) pm, 15 variables, R1(all) = 0.0306). Pd13Te3 is isotypic to Li13In3 [1]. The structure of Pd13Te3 represents a 4a · 4a · 4a ordering variant of a β‐brass type structure for which the atoms of the minority component are ordered according to the motif of a cubic Laves phase on a length scale of ${{a\sqrt{2}} \over {4}}$. The structural relations are confirmed by group‐subgroup analyses. Pd13Te3 shows no discernible homogeneity range and coexists with a Te‐saturated fcc solid solution Pd1−xTex (x ≈ 0.12) and Pd20−xTe7 (x ≈ 0.05). The telluride is noticeably chemically inert. It requires hot aqua regia to get attacked. Pd13Te3 undergoes a peritectoid decomposition at about 1040 K, is weakly paramagnetic (χ ≈ 6·10−10 m3mol−1 related to ${{1} \over {16}} {\rm Pd}_{13}{\rm Te}_{3}$) and a moderate metallic conductor (ρ ≈ 2·10−5 Ωm). Extended Hückel calculations give no hints for an electronic stabilisation of the telluride by the Hume‐Rothery mechanism otherwise effective for brass‐type phases. According to an analysis of crystal orbital overlap populations heteroatomic interactions contribute decisively to the stability of the phase.
Alkoholyse von [Fe2(OtBu)6] als einfacher Weg zu neuen Eisen(III)‐Alkoxo‐Verbindungen: Synthesen und Kristallstrukturen von [Fe2(OtAmyl)6], [Fe5OCl(OiPr)12], [Fe5O(OiPr)13], [Fe5O(OiBu)13], [Fe5O(OCH2CF3)13], [Fe5O(OnPr)13] und [Fe9O3(OnPr)21] · iPrOH
Authors: Kusserow M. , Spandl Johann 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlcoholysis of [Fe2(OtBu)6] as a Simple Route to New Iron(III)‐Alkoxo Compounds: Synthesis and Crystal Structures of [Fe2(OtAmyl)6], [Fe5OCl(OiPr)12], [Fe5O(OiPr)13], [Fe5O(OiBu)13], [Fe5O(OCH2CF3)13], [Fe5O(OnPr)13], and [Fe9O3(OnPr)21] · nPrOHNew alkoxo‐iron compounds can be synthesized easily by alcoholysis of [Fe2(OtBu)6] (1). Due to different bulkyness of the alcohols used, three different structure types are formed: [Fe2(OR)6], [Fe5O(OR)13] and [Fe9O3(OR)21] · ROH. We report synthesis and crystal structures of the compounds [Fe5OCl(OiPr)12] (2), [Fe2(OtAmyl)6] (3), [Fe5O(OiPr)13] (4), [Fe5O(OiBu)13] (5), [Fe5O(OCH2CF3)13] (6), [Fe9O3(OnPr)21] · nPrOH (7) and [Fe5O(OnPr)13] (8). Crystallographic Data: 2, tetragonal, P 4/n, a = 16.070(5) Å, c = 9.831(5) Å, V = 2539(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.360 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0636; 3, monoclinic, P 21/c, a = 10.591(5) Å, b = 10.654(4) Å, c = 16.740(7) Å, β = 104.87(2)°, V = 1826(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.154 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0756; 4, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 20.640(3) Å, b = 21.383(3) Å, c = 21.537(3) Å, α = 82.37(1)°, β = 73.15(1)°, γ = 61.75(1)°, V = 8013(2) Å3, Z = 6, dc = 1.322 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0412; 5, tetragonal, P 4cc, a = 13.612(5) Å, c = 36.853(5) Å, V = 6828(4) Å3, Z = 4, dc = 1.079 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0609; 6, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 12.039(2) Å, b = 12.673(3) Å, c = 19.600(4) Å, α = 93.60(1)°, β = 97.02(1)°, γ = 117.83(1)°, V = 2600(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 2.022 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0585; 7, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 12.989(3) Å, b = 16.750(4) Å, c = 21.644(5) Å, α = 84.69(1)°, β = 86.20(1)°, γ = 77.68(1)°, V = 4576(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.344 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0778; 8, triclinic, $P{\bar 1}$, a = 12.597(5) Å, b = 12.764(5) Å, c = 16.727(7) Å, α = 91.94(1)°, β = 95.61(1)°, γ = 93.24(2)°, V = 2670(2) Å3, Z = 2, dc = 1.323 gcm−3, R1 = 0.0594.
The Volume‐Based Thermodynamics (VBT) and Attempted Preparation of an Isomeric Salt, Nitryl Chlorate: [NO2][ClO3]
Authors: Bhasin Kuldip K. , Crawfordb Margaret‐Jane , Brooke Jenkins H. Donald , Klapötke Thomas M. , Liebmand Joel F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractNitrosyl perchlorate, [NO][ClO4], is a known and stable salt. In this contribution we describe the attempt to synthesize the isomeric compound nitryl chlorate, [NO2][ClO3]. The results are discussed on the basis of volume‐based thermodynamics (VBT).
Crystal Structure of a Trinuclear Titanium(IV) Complex with (rac)‐3,3′‐Bis(methoxymethyl)‐BINOLate
Authors: Guo Qun‐Sheng , Song Hai‐Bin , Li Jin‐Shan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractReaction of (rac)‐3,3′‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐BINOL [H2(CH3OCH2)2BINO] with excess Ti(OiPr)4 and one equivalent of H2O in CH2Cl2 affords a trinuclear titanium(IV) complex [{(CH3OCH2)2BINO}Ti3(μ3‐O)(OiPr)6(μ2‐OiPr)2]. By dissolving it in dichloromethane and hexane and cooling to 0 °C, plate‐like pale yellow single crystals (monoclinic, P21/n, a = 12.605(3), b = 21.994(5), c = 19.090(4) Å, β = 92.764(8)°, V = 5286.2(19) Å3, T = 293(2) K) were obtained. Each oxygen atom at 2 or 2′ position of the (CH3OCH2)2BINO ligand bonds to only one titanium atom. There is no interaction between the third Ti atom and the two oxygen atoms of 3,3′‐bis(methoxymethyl)‐BINOLate.