bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arthritis and Use of Dental Services: A Population Based Study
Authors: Pokrajac‐Zirojevic V. , Slack‐Smith LM , Booth D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) are chronic systemic conditions that can have a profound effect on oral health as the result of physical disability, immunosuppressant and other medications and autoimmune disease. However, there is insufficient information available on the use of dental services by the people suffering from RA or OA. The purpose of this study was to investigate dental visits and factors associated with dental attendance in those with RA and OA in order to improve access to dental care in these groups.Methods: The study used population based data from the 1995 National Health Survey (total n=53 828). The main variables of interest were reported RA (n=1193) and OA (n=3091) and the main outcome variable was having visited a dental professional in the previous 12 months. Chi‐square analysis was performed using SAS software.Results: The proportion of people visiting a dental professional in previous 12 months was significantly less in both RA and OA respondents compared to non‐arthritic respondents. Both males and females with RA and OA were found to be less likely to have visited a dental professional when compared to general population (p=0.001 in each case). Furthermore, the findings have revealed that RA and OA patients living in metropolitan centres were more likely to have a dental visit than those living in rural or remote areas (p=0.001 in each case).Conclusions: When compared to non‐arthritic subjects, all patients with RA and OA were less likely to receive dental care, in particular preventive care. This is especially important in patients with Sjögren's Syndrome and those who are immunosuppressed.
Current concepts in the management of oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Spencer KR , Ferguson JW , Wiesenfeld D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThis paper focuses on how patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are assessed and managed once they have been referred for specialist care. Current and future treatment options are presented and basic management principles are discussed. It is our hope that this will enable the general dental practitioner to gain insight into the process and reasoning behind the multidisciplinary treatment of these complex cases.
Oral lichen planus: Causes, diagnosis and management
Authors: Sugerman PB , Sabage NW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology. In this paper we review the clinical and histological features of OLP, process of OLP diagnosis, causes of OLP, management of OLP patients and medical treatment of OLP lesions. Approximately 0.2 per cent OLP patients develop intra‐oral carcinoma each year compared with approximately 0.005 per cent Australian adults. Possible mechanisms of increased oral cancer risk in OLP patients are presented. The aims of current OLP therapy are to eliminate mucosal erythema and ulceration, alleviate symptoms and reduce the risk of oral cancer. Patient education may improve the outcomes of OLP therapy and further reduce the risk of oral cancer in OLP patients. Although OLP may be diagnosed clinically, appropriate specialist referral is required for: (i) histological diagnosis; (ii) assessment of causative/exacerbating factors, associated diseases and oral cancer risk; (iii) patient education and management; (iv) medical treatment; and (v) long‐term review and re‐biopsy as required.
Caries Inhibitory Effect of Fluoridated Sugar in a Trial In Indonesia
Authors: Mulyani D. , McIntyre J. 
Published: March 2008

Background: In some regional areas of Indonesia, caries prevalence is increasing rapidly. As water, salt or milk fluoridation were not considered suitable for use throughout Indonesia, and fluoridated tooth paste is mostly too expensive, a fluoride co‐crystallised sugar containing 10ppm fluoride was prepared. Its efficacy in inhibiting caries development was tested in a field trial.Methods: The field trial was established in Medan, Sumatera. All dietary background data necessary to ensure the safety of a trial were collected. Subjects chosen were 176 children who were residents of two orphanages and a boarding school for children of poor rural families. The trial used a double‐blind format. Close monitoring of fluoride consumption was maintained, and fluoride excretion rates were assessed six monthly by urinary fluoride analysis.Results: Records of total tooth surface caries present initially and after 18 months of sugar supply showed that the children using fluoridated sugar had significantly fewer carious lesions than those who used normal sugar.Conclusion: This result indicates that sugar might be considered as a further vehicle for supplementary dietary fluoride in communities where there is a high caries prevalence or high caries risk and little exposure to fluoride.
Resin modified glass‐ionomers: Strength, cure depth and translucency
Authors: Mount GJ , Patel C. , Makinson OF 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBackground: According to the classification suggested by McLean, Wilson and Nicholson only three materials, currently marketed, fit the designation of resin modified glass‐ionomers. These materials will undergo an acid/base setting reaction but also contain a limited quantity of a monomer that will polymerize as a result of irradiation. The quantity of polymer is limited to the extent that it will not interfere with the normal acid/base setting reaction and will therefore allow for the ion exchange adhesion with tooth structure that is typical of glass‐ionomer. There is a third setting reaction incorporated to ensure remaining monomer, that is not affected by irradiation, will still polymerize. A series of experiments were carried out to determine the effect of the three types of setting reaction on the strength, depth of cure and translucency of these three materials.Methods: Specimens, both with and without irradiation, were subjected to a shear punch strength test. To determine the depth of cure brought about through irradiation, specimens were tested immediately after construction according to the test in ISO ‐ 4049 2000 (E). Translucency is clinically significant and will vary according to whether the material has been subjected to irradiation or cured through the acid/base reaction alone.Results: The strength of all materials tested was higher in specimens subject to irradiation. The depth of cure was found to be both shade and irradiation time dependent. Irradiated specimens were found to be only marginally more translucent than those allowed to set without irradiation.Conclusions: It was concluded that, for cavities more than 3mm deep, these materials should be placed incrementally to allow for a full irradiation initiated cure.
Foreign bodies in the maillary antrum: A case report
Authors: Liston PN , Walters RF 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA case is presented where six gutta percha (GP) points were introduced into the right maxillary antrum during routine endodontic treatment on an upper second premolar tooth in a poorly controlled insulin‐dependent diabetic. The surgical management of the case is described and the possibly more serious sequelae are discussed. Comments are made on the appropriateness of the treatment plan.
Submandibular gland aplasia and progressive dental caries: A case report
Authors: Fracaro MS , Linnett VM , Hallett KB , Savage NW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractWhen severe caries occurs in mandibular permanent incisor teeth, the clinician should consider the possibility of associated submandibular gland aplasia or salivary hypofunction. Early diagnosis of submandibular gland disease is essential, as operative problems involving restoration of mandibular incisor teeth are considerable. Furthermore, progressive severe dental caries can present a dilemma for the clinician in affected individuals, despite intensive preventive and restorative therapy. A case report describing severe progressive dental caries and enamel demineralization of the permanent mandibular incisor teeth in a young girl is presented. Further investigation revealed absence of functional bilateral submandibular salivary glands contributing to the rapid breakdown of the teeth despite intensive preventive measures.
Tooth wear prevention: A quantitative and qualitative in vitro study
Authors: Kaidonis JA , Gratiaen J. , Bhatia N. , Richards LC , Townsend GC 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Management of tooth wear from grinding presents a significant clinical challenge. Acrylic nightguards are often used to protect the teeth, but many patients still grind with these appliances. This study aimed to test the effectiveness of three lubricants in reducing enamel wear by using an electro‐mechanical machine under controlled conditions, with a view to undertaking a subsequent longitudinal clinical study. Methods: Sectioned tooth specimens were worn against each other under different loads and with the addition of three different lubricants: calcium fluoride (CaF) powder, olive‐oil, and a combination of calcium fluoride with olive‐oil in the form of a slurry. Wear rates of enamel only were quantified by weighing the specimens, and resin replicas of the worn tooth surfaces were made for examination under a scanning electron microscope. Results: All three lubricants reduced the amount of enamel wear significantly compared with wearing specimens without adding lubricants. Wear rate was influenced by the type of lubricant and the load applied. Wear rates were significantly less for olive‐oil and the olive‐oil/CaF slurry compared with CaF alone. The microwear detail differed between the three lubricants. Conclusions: This study has shown that enamel wear can be reduced using dry or wet lubricants between opposing teeth that are worn under controlled conditions. Further research is required to clarify their possible clinical applications.
Oral ulceration with bone sequestration
Authors: Farah CS , Savage NW 
Published: March 2008

AbstractOral mucosal ulceration is a common manifestation of various disease processes. Identification of the aetiological factor(s) involved greatly facilitates the management of such conditions. This report describes oral ulceration of the mucosa overlying the lingual shelf and mylohyoid ridge of the mandible and, less commonly on tori and exostoses, in association with bone sequestration. Trauma, which involves the subjacent periosteum resulting in a focus of ischaemic bone necrosis, in conjunction with local anatomical and perhaps other systemic predisposing factors, forms the aetiopathogenesis for this particular type of focal ulcerative lesion.
The value of twins in dental research
Authors: Townsend GC , Richards L. , Hughes T. , Pinkerton S. , Schwerdt W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDue to recent advances in molecular genetics, studies of twins will continue to provide important insights into how genetic and environmental factors contribute to variation in human physical and behavioural traits and disorders. This review emphasizes that biometrical genetic studies of twins are particularly valuable in complementing and directing molecular approaches to facilitate the detection of quantitative trait loci. It also describes several other research models involving twins, apart from the traditional comparison of similarities in monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (non‐identical) pairs, that have the potential to provide new information in the future. Current knowledge about the genetic bases of common dental problems is summarized and future directions in dental research involving twins are outlined.
Endodontic sequelae of dental erosion
Authors: Sivasithamparam K. , Harbrow D. , Vinczer E. , Young WG 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The incidence of pulp involvement in patients with excessive wear has not been extensively documented. Methods: Clinical records of 448 patients with excessive tooth wear were reviewed and 52 cases (11.6 per cent) with near or frank pulp exposures or root canal treatments were found and their numbers and sites were tabulated. Light microscopy of study models was used to determine aetiology at each site of exposure as attrition, erosion or abrasion, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was performed on some individual teeth. Results: Forty sites of near exposure and 57 sites of frank exposures or root canal treatments were found, some cases had both types of exposure. The commonest sites exposed by erosion were the palatal surfaces of maxillary, and the incisal surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth. Posterior teeth were not commonly affected. Toothbrush abrasion had exacerbated some lesions as shown by SEM. Conclusions: Endodontic sequelae were found in 11 per cent of tooth wear patients as late stages of dental erosion. Near and frank exposures of the pulp thus constitute a small but significant, problem for the Australian dental profession's concern in the management of the tooth wear cases.
Access to dental care by young South Australian adults
Authors: Roberts‐Thomson KF , Stewart JF 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Despite reported concern over the dental care of young adults little research has been done on their use of dental services in Australia. The aim of this study was to investigate the patterns of dental utilization of young South Australian adults aged 20–24 years. Methods: A random sample of 2300 young adults was selected from the electoral roll. Partial or complete addresses and possible phone numbers were obtained for 1921 persons. Telephone interviews were conducted for 1261 subjects to obtain information on socio‐demographics, health behaviour and dental visiting (response rate 65.6 per cent). Results: One third of young adults (34 per cent) had not made a dental visit in the previous two years and 38 per cent usually visited for a problem rather than a check‐up. Making a dental visit in the last two years was significantly associated with a number of socio‐demographic variables including age and gender, with holders of private dental insurance and those who have not avoided care because of cost having higher odds of making a visit and males and government concession card holders having lower odds of visiting. Usual reason for visiting a dentist for a problem was significantly associated with no private dental insurance, holding a government concession card, no tertiary education and avoiding care because of cost. Conclusions: This study suggests that demographic and economic factors influenced use of dental services and reason for visiting of young South Australian adults.
Training for dentists in smoking cessation intervention
Authors: Trotter L. , Worcester P. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Although dentists are ideally placed to deliver smoking cessation advice and assistance to their patients, smoking cessation interventions are not often incorporated as a routine part of dental care. Research is needed to identify factors that facilitate and inhibit dentists' capacities to deliver smoking cessation advice. Methods: An initial focus group discussion was conducted in Melbourne with 10 dentists. Six Victorian country dentists were interviewed in depth by telephone. Following this qualitative data collection, a random sample of 250 dentists (response rate of 57 per cent) was interviewed by telephone. Dentists were asked about their perceived role, current practices, knowledge of resources and services and opinions on training in relation to smoking cessation. Results: Dentists are willing to ask and advise patients about smoking, but are less inclined to assist patients to quit or arrange follow‐up. Dentists are more likely to implement one‐off, opportunistic interventions rather than take a systematic preventive approach. Dentists are interested in attending further education and say they require training to be relevant to the context of their day‐today running of the dental practice. Conclusions: Training should aim to legitimize the dentist's role in smoking cessation and provide strategies and resources so that dentists can practise interventions as part of their day‐to‐day work.
A cleaning protocol for rotary nickel‐titanium endodontic instruments
Authors: Parashos P. , Linsuwanont P. , Messer HH 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: The cleaning of endodontic and all dental instruments prior to sterilization is a prerequisite for their processing for re‐use. This study aimed to develop a clinically practical cleaning protocol for rotary nickel‐titanium (NiTi) endodontic files prior to sterilization. Methods: Cleaning experiments were conducted on six different types of files that had been used on human teeth. The experiments involved three components of mechanical and chemical removal of root canal debris from the files: the use of sponges soaked with chlorhexidine to remove gross debris, pre‐soaking, and ultrasonication. After cleaning, the files were immersed in Van Gieson's solution and examined under magnification for stained debris. New unused files were also examined. Results: Macroscopically, there were no instances of visible debris and all files appeared clean after all cleaning sequences. Microscopically, new files showed both stained and unstained debris, and several experimental cleaning regimens produced files that were free of stained debris. Combining elements of the most effective cleaning sequences resulted in a cleaning protocol that predictably produced clean files. Conclusions: The results do not support the recommendation for the single use of endodontic files based on inability to clean files between uses. Under experimental conditions the cleaning protocol developed rendered rotary NiTi files 100 per cent free of stained debris. The protocol comprises 10 vigorous strokes in a scouring sponge soaked in 0.2 per cent chlorhexidine solution, a 30 minute pre‐soak in an enzymatic cleaning solution, 15 minutes ultrasonication in the same solution, and a 20 second rinse in running tap water. The protocol can be applied to all endodontic files.
Diagnostic comparison of three groups of examiners using visual and laser fluorescence methods to detect occlusal caries in vitro
Authors: Fung L. , Smales R. , Ngo H. , Mount G. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: To evaluate the accuracy of the DIAGNOdent laser device (DD) for detecting occlusal fissure caries when used by three groups of examiners. Methods: Three final‐year dental students (S), three General Dental Practitioners (G), and three Academic Clinicians (A) individually examined the non‐cavitated occlusal surfaces of 25 extracted permanent molars using visual inspection (VI) then DD assessments. The presence of caries was confirmed following tooth sectioning. A cut‐off limit of 30 was used for the DD to avoid over‐treatment in a low caries‐risk situation. Results: For VI, individual examiner sensitivity (caries correctly diagnosed) ranged from 53 to 86 per cent, and specificity (sound teeth correctly diagnosed) ranged from 76 to 95 per cent, with low Kappa agreements. Group S achieved the highest sensitivity (80 per cent) and Groups G and A achieved the highest specificities (88 per cent). For DD, individual examiner sensitivity ranged from 19 to 77 per cent, and specificity from 71 to 97 per cent, with generally moderate Kappa agreements. Group A achieved the highest (67 per cent) and Group G the lowest (44 per cent) sensitivities, and Group G achieved the highest specificity (94 per cent). Conclusions: There were similar widely varying results for the two diagnostic methods and for the three groups of examiners. However, the relatively high sensitivities found with VI and specificities found with DD should avoid over‐treatment in low caries‐risk populations.
Adhesive restorative materials: A review
Authors: Tyas MJ , Burrow MF 
Published: March 2008

Abstract‘Adhesive’ restorative dentistry originated with the work of Buonocore in 1955 in bonding resin to etched enamel. Since then, adhesive materials and techniques have developed at a rapid rate. The first chemically adhesive material (zinc polycarboxylate cement) was marketed in the late 1960s, and glass‐ionomer cements and dentine bonding agents have since become available.This review focuses on the latter two products. Glass‐ionomer cements have a particular role in adhesive dentistry because of their reliable chemical adhesion to enamel and dentine, and because of their apparent ability to promote the remineralization of ‘affected’ dentine. Dentine bonding agents have undergone marked changes in presentation over the last 15 years, but all have an essentially similar bonding system, that of hybrid layer formation. However, the most recent systems have limited clinical data supporting their use.
Latex allergy in dentistry. Review and report of case presenting as a serious reaction to latex dental dam
Authors: Chin SM , Ferguson JW , Bajurnow T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLatex allergy may have severe consequences including development of anaphylaxis. This report describes a patient who underwent a reaction to latex dental dam manifesting as erythema, facial swelling and mild airway compromise. Restorative procedures under latex dental dam were performed under local anaesthesia on two occasions resulting in reactions of increasing severity. Following the first event the cause of the reaction was undetermined, but attributed to a possible allergy to local anaesthetic, and managed with corticosteroids and antihistamines. On a subsequent occasion the swelling was more severe, associated with difficulty in swallowing and mild airway compromise, and was managed as previously with adrenaline also being required. Latex allergy was subsequently confirmed.
The potential for dental plaque to protect against erosion using an in vivo‐in vitro model — A pilot study
Authors: Cheung A. , Zid Z. , Hunt D. , McIntyre J. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract Background: Tooth erosion is a problem for professional wine tasters (exogenous erosion from frequent exposure to wine acids) and for people with gastro oesophageal reflux disease (GORD) and bulimia who experience frequent reflux of gastric contents into the mouth (endogenous erosion from mainly HCl). The objective in this study was to determine whether plaque/pellicle could provide teeth with any protection from two common erosive acids, using an in vivo‐in vitro technique. Methods: Tiles of human tooth enamel and root surfaces were prepared from six extracted, unerupted third molar teeth and sterilized. Mandibular stents were prepared for six volunteer subjects and the tiles bonded to the buccal flanges of these stents. They were worn initially for three days to permit a layer of pellicle and plaque to form over the tile surfaces, and for a further 10 days of experimentation. Following cleaning of the plaque/ pellicle layer from the tiles on the right side flange, all the tiles were submerged in either 0.06M HCl or white wine for an accumulated time of 600 and 1500 minutes, respectively. Depths of erosion were determined using light microscopy of sections of the enamel and root tiles. SEM of the lesion surfaces was carried out to investigate the nature of erosive damage and of plaque/pellicle remnants. Results: Retained plaque was found to significantly inhibit dental erosion on enamel, from contact with both HCl and wine, compared with that resulting following its removal. However, it was found to provide no significant protection on root surfaces. SEM analysis of the tile surfaces revealed marked etching of enamel on the cleaned surfaces, and considerable alteration to the appearance of remaining plaque and pellicle on most surfaces. Conclusion: Within the limitations of numbers of specimens, dental plaque/pellicle provided a significant level of protection to tooth enamel against dental erosion from simulated gastric acids and from white wine, using an in vivo‐in vitro model. It was unable to provide any significant protection to root surfaces from these erosive agents. Possible reasons for this difference are explored.