bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Computed tomography of the tarsal joint in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Gielen Ingrid M. , De Rycke Lieve M. , van Bree Henri J. , Simoens Paul J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To use computed tomography to provide a detailed description of tarsal joint structures in clinically normal dogs.Animals—6 clinically normal adult mixed-breed dogs weighing 25 to 35 kg and one 12-month-old Bullmastiff weighing 65 kg.Procedure—To perform computed tomography (CT) of both tarsal regions, dogs were anesthetized and placed in ventral recumbency. One- and 2-mm contiguous slices were obtained, using a third generation CT scanner. Individual images were reviewed, using bone (window width = 3,500 Hounsfield units; window level = 500 Hounsfield units) and soft-tissue (window width = 400 Hounsfield units; window level = 66 Hounsfield units) settings. After euthanasia, the hind limbs from the Bullmastiff were removed and frozen at –18 C. Tarsal joints were sectioned into approximately 1-mmthick slab sections, using a cryomicrotome. Anatomic sections were photographed and compared with the corresponding CT images. Computed tomographic reconstructions of the tarsocrural joint were created in sagittal and dorsal planes.Results—Structures on the CT images were matched with structures in the corresponding anatomic sections. The entire tarsocrural joint surface could be evaluated on the reconstructed images in the sagittal and dorsal planes.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—CT images provide full anatomic detail of the bony structures of the tarsal joint in dogs. Tendons and large blood vessels can also be evaluated. These results could be used as a basis for evaluation of CT images of the hind limbs of dogs with tarsal joint injuries. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1911–1915)
Serum lipid peroxide and α-tocopherol concentrations and superoxide dismutase activity in captive bottle-nosed dolphins
Authors: Kasamatsu Masahiko , Tsunokawa Masatoshi , Taki Michihiro , Higuchi Hidetoshi , Nagahata Hajime 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate serum lipid peroxide (LPO) and α-tocopherol concentrations and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity in captive bottle-nosed dolphins and to evaluate effects of storage on production of LPO in various marine fish.Animals—16 bottle-nosed dolphins.Procedure—8 dolphins (group A) were fed chub mackerel and herring (high fat) and arabesque greenling and banded blue-sprat (low fat); the other 8 dolphins (group B) were fed chub mackerel and Pacific saury (high fat) and shishamo smelt and Japanese horse mackerel (low fat). Each group had been on these respective diets for 3 years. Serum LPO and α-tocopherol concentrations, serum SOD activity, and superoxide production by neutrophils were measured. All types of marine fish were frozen at –20 C for 6 months, and concentrations of LPO were measured at various time points.Results—Serum LPO concentrations in group-A dolphins were significantly higher than those in group B. Serum α-tocopherol concentrations and SOD activity in group A were significantly lower than those in group B. A significant negative correlation was found between serum LPO and α-tocopherol concentrations in all 16 dolphins. The LPO concentrations in mackerel and herring fed to group-A dolphins were higher than those of other fish. Concentrations of LPO in herring stored for 3 and 6 months at –20 C were higher than those in herring before freezing and in herring stored for 1 month.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Serum LPO and α-tocopherol concentrations in captive bottlenosed dolphins may be strongly influenced by high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acid and LPO found in marine fatty fishes. High concentrations of serum LPO, as found in group-A dolphins, were associated with decreased antioxidative states. Monitoring of serum LPO and α-tocopherol concentrations and serum SOD activity may be useful for the management of captive marine mammals. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1952–1956)
Investigation of mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and cyclooxygenase-2 in cultured equine digital artery smooth muscle cells after exposure to endotoxin
Authors: Rodgerson Dwayne H. , Belknap James K. , Moore James N. , Fontaine Genevieve L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine messenger RNA expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and interleukin- (IL)-1β from cultured equine smooth muscle cells (SMC).Sample Population—Segments of palmar digital artery harvested from 6 clinically normal adult horses.Procedure—Explants were collected from the tunica media of arteries for primary culture of SMC. Equine mononuclear cells were used as control cells. Subcultured vascular SMC and control cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (20 µg/ml and 100 ng/ml, respectively). Northern blot analysis with equine-specific probes for COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-1β was performed, using isolated total cellular RNA.Results—Although no message was detected for IL-1β or TNF-α in control or endotoxin-exposed equine vascular SMC from all horses, COX-2 underwent a distinct substantial up-regulation after endotoxin exposure. Endotoxin-exposed equine mononuclear cells had up-regulation of IL-1β and TNF-α mRNA.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased expression of COX-2 mRNA by equine vascular SMC may be an important early pathophysiologic event in the onset of endotoxemia in horses. Potentiated local vascular production of various prostanoids after increased expression of mRNA for COX-2 may result in vasoactive events observed with laminitis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1957–1963)
Evaluation of a short interspersed nucleotide element in the 3' untranslated region of the defective dystrophin gene of dogs with muscular dystrophy
Authors: Fletcher Sue , Carville Kylie S. , Howell John M. , Mann Christopher J. , Wilton Steve D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To determine the distribution of a 231- base pair (bp) element in the dystrophin gene 3' untranslated region (UTR) in a colony of Golden Retrievers with muscular dystrophy and other unrelated dogs and to estimate the frequency of recombination for the canine dystrophin gene.Animals—77 dogs from the Golden Retriever Muscular Dystrophy (GRMD) colony at the Murdoch Veterinary School and 30 unrelated dogs from the Murdoch University Veterinary Clinic.Procedure—Samples of blood or hair from dogs were used for amplification of DNA, using primers to the canine dystrophin 3' UTR.Results—The DNA from affected dogs generated a larger PCR product than that obtained from clinically normal dogs. Products were cloned and sequenced, and the difference in size was found to be attributable to a 231-bp short interspersed nucleotide element (SINE). The SINE was found in all affected dogs in the colony but not in most unaffected puppies in the colony. Eighteen of 19 dogs in the colony were heterozygous for the GRMD mutation, and 7 of 30 unrelated dogs also were heterozygous for the SINE.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Evidence of recombination between the GRMD mutation and the SINE was observed in only 4 dogs (2 sets of littermates) in the GRMD colony. Incidence of this SINE in a few unrelated dogs suggests that this particular insertion into the dystrophin gene may have been a recent event. The SINE in the dystrophin 3' UTR did not have an apparent influence on dystrophin mRNA concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1964–1968)
Cytotoxic effects of peroxynitrite, polymorphonuclear neutrophils, free-radical scavengers, inhibitors of myeloperoxidase, and inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells
Authors: Ledbetter Tonya K. , Paape Max J. , Douglass Larry W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine cytotoxic effects of activated polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) and peroxynitrite on bovine mammary secretory epithelial cells before and after addition of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors, myeloperoxidase (MPO) inhibitors, and free-radical scavengers.Sample Population—Polymorphonuclear neutrophils from 3 lactating cows.Procedure—Cells from the bovine mammary epithelial cell line MAC-T were cultured. Monolayers were treated with activated bovine PMN, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), 3-morpholino- sydnonimine (SIN-1), 4-amino-benzoic acid hydrazide (ABAH), NG-monomethyl-L-arginine, histidine, and superoxide dismutase (SOD). At 24 hours, activity of lactate dehydrogenase in culture medium was used as a relative index of cell death. Tyrosine nitration of proteins in MAC-T cell lysates was determined by visual examination of immunoblots.Results—Lipopolysaccharide, PMA, and ≤ 0.1 mMSIN-1 were not toxic to MAC-T cells. Activated PMN, ≥ 6 mg of histidine/ml, and 0.5 mMSIN-1 were toxic. Together, histidine and 500,000 activated PMN/ml also were toxic. NG-monomethyl-L-arginine did not have an effect, but ABAH decreased PMN-mediated cytotoxicity. Ten and 50 U of SOD/ml protected MACT cells from cytotoxic effects of 0.5 mMSIN-1. Compared with control samples, nitration of MAC-T tyrosine residues decreased after addition of 500,000 PMN/ml or ≥ 6 mg of histidine/ml. Superoxide dismutase increased and SIN-1 decreased tyrosine nitration of MAC-T cell proteins in a dose-responsive manner.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Peroxynitrite, MPO, and histidine are toxic to mammary secretory epithelial cells. Superoxide dismutase and inhibition of MPO activity mitigate these effects. Nitration of MAC-T cell tyrosine residues may be positively associated with viability. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:286–293)
Comparison of four methods for determination of total protein concentrations in pleural and peritoneal fluid from dogs
Authors: Braun Jean-Pierre , Guelfi Jean-François , Pagès Jean-Pierre 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare 4 techniques for determination
of total protein concentrations in peritoneal and
pleural effusions from dogs.

Sample Population—23 peritoneal and 12 pleural
fluid samples from 35 dogs with various abnormalities.

Procedure—Samples were collected into tubes containing
EDTA, centrifuged, and stored at −20 C until
total protein concentrations were assessed. Protein
concentration in each sample was determined by use
of urine test strips, refractometry, and Bradford and
biuret techniques. Accuracy of each method was
determined, using dilutions of human control sera.

Results—There was good correlation among results
of all quantitative procedures. Results of the biuret
technique were more accurate than results of the
Bradford assay. Refractometry underestimated protein
concentration in samples with < 20 g of protein/L. Results of urine test strips correctly classified
effusion samples into 2 groups on the basis of total
protein concentrations less than or greater than 20 g/L.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of
any of these 4 techniques can be used to rapidly and
efficiently differentiate peritoneal and pleural fluid
from dogs into transudates and exudates on the basis
of total protein concentration less than or greater than
20 g/L, respectively. (Am J Vet Res 2001;62:294-296)
Reduction of diameter of the left ventricle of dogs by plication of the left ventricular free wall
Authors: de Andrade James Newton Bizetto Meira , Wouk Antonio Felipe , Camacho Aparecido Antonio , Germiniani Clotilde de Lourdes Branco , Gavazzoni Lilian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of reducing the diameter of the left ventricle of dogs by plication of the left ventricular free wall.Animals—8 healthy adult mixed-breed dogs.Procedure—Left lateral thoracotomy and a T-shaped pericardiotomy were performed. The free wall of the left ventricle was imbricated with 3 interrupted transfixing sutures applied in a horizontal mattress pattern, using 3-0 polypropylene suture assembled on a straight cutting needle. Surgeons were careful to avoid the coronary vessels. Echocardiography was performed 24 hours before and 48 hours after surgery. Electrocardiography was performed before and 1, 2, 7, 15, 21, 30, and 60 days after surgery.Results—Echocardiographic measurements revealed that the diameter of the left ventricle was reduced by a mean of 23.5%. Electrocardiography revealed ventricular premature complexes 24 hours after surgery that regressed without treatment during the first week after surgery.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Plication of the left ventricular free wall of dogs can reduce enddiastolic and end-systolic dimensions of the left ventricle. The technique is simple and does not require cardiopulmonary bypass. According to Laplace's law, the reduction of cardiac diameter leads to reduction on free-wall tension and may improve left ventricular function in dilatated hearts. Thus, additional studies involving dogs with dilated cardiomyopathy should be conducted. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:297–300)
Respiratory reflexes in spontaneously breathing anesthetized dogs in response to nasal administration of sevoflurane, isoflurane, or halothane
Authors: Mutoh Tatsushi , Kanamaru Arata , Suzuki Hodaka , Tsubone Hirokazu , Nishimura Ryohei , Sasaki Nobuo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize respiratory reflexes elicited by nasal administration of sevoflurane (Sevo), isoflurane (Iso), or halothane (Hal) in anesthetized dogs.Animals—8 healthy Beagles.Procedure—A permanent tracheostomy was created in each dog. Two to 3 weeks later, dogs were anesthetized by IV administration of thiopental and α-chloralose. Nasal passages were isolated such that inhalant anesthetics could be administered to the nasal passages while the dogs were breathing 100% O2via the tracheostomy. Respiratory reflexes in response to administration of each anesthetic at 1.2 and 2.4 times the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) and the full vaporizer setting (5%) were recorded. Reflexes in response to administration of 5% of each anesthetic also were recorded following administration of lidocaine to the nasal passages.Results—Nasal administration of Sevo, Iso, and Hal induced an immediate ventilatory response characterized by a dose-dependent increase in expiratory time and a resulting decrease in expired volume per unit of time. All anesthetics had a significant effect, but for Sevo, the changes were smaller in magnitude. Responses to administration of each anesthetic were attenuated by administration of lidocaine to the nasal passages.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Nasal administration of Sevo at concentrations generally used for mask induction of anesthesia induced milder reflex inhibition of breathing, presumably via afferent neurons in the nasal passages, than that of Iso or Hal. Respiratory reflexes attributable to stimulation of the nasal passages may contribute to speed of onset and could promote a smoother induction with Sevo, compared with Iso or Hal. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:311–319)
Influence of age and sex on plasma lipid and lipoprotein concentrations and associated enzyme activities in cats
Authors: Butterwick Richard F. , McConnell Michael , Markwell Peter J. , Watson Tim D. G. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of age and sex on plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in cats.Animals—33 kittens and 16 adolescent, 23 adult, and 10 senior cats.Procedure—Plasma concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, and lipoprotein-cholesterol and activities of lipoprotein lipase, hepatic lipase, and lecithin:cholesterol acyl transferase (LCAT) were measured and compared within and among groups.Results—Plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations were significantly higher in 5- and 7-week-old kittens, compared with the same kittens after weaning and cats in the other age groups. Cholesterol concentration was significantly less in 20-week-old kittens, compared with adolescent and adult cats. Lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations were not significantly different among the adolescent, adult, and senior groups, nor did sex influence lipid and lipoprotein-cholesterol concentrations in these groups. Activities of lipoprotein and hepatic lipases were significantly less in senior cats, compared with the other groups. Activity of LCAT was highest in 20-week-old kittens and was greater in sexually intact adult and adolescent females, compared with their male counterparts. After castration, activities of hepatic lipase and LCAT significantly decreased in adolescent male cats.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The upper limits of reference ranges for plasma cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations should be increased for kittens < 8 weeks of age. Low cholesterol concentrations in adolescent cats likely reflect high tissue demands for growth and steroidogenesis. Decrease in lipoprotein and hepatic lipase activity in senior cats could predispose this age group to hypertriglyceridemia, particularly in insulin-resistant cats or those fed a high fat diet. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:331–336)
Petrographic and geochemic evaluation of equine enteroliths
Authors: Hassel Diana M. , Schiffman Peter S. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize the texture, mineralogic features, and chemical features of enteroliths obtained from horses.Sample Population—Enteroliths from 13 horses with colic.Procedure—Enteroliths were harvested from 13 horses that underwent ventral midline celiotomy for treatment of colic or necropsy because of colonic obstruction and rupture caused by enteroliths. Dietary and environmental history were determined via questionnaires or evaluation of medical records. In 7 horses that underwent surgical treatment for enterolithiasis, samples of colonic contents were obtained via an enterotomy in the pelvic flexure. Colonic concentrations of magnesium (Mg), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), sodium (Na), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) were determined. Enteroliths were analyzed via electron microprobe analysis and X-ray diffraction.Results—Enteroliths varied widely regarding degree of porosity, presence and distribution of radiating texture, and composition and size of the central nidus. A distinct concentric banding was identifiable in all enteroliths. Struvite was the predominant component of all enteroliths, although Mg vivianite was identified in 5 enteroliths, and there were variable quantities of Na, S, K, and Ca in the struvite within enteroliths. Despite an abundance of Ca in colonic fluids, Mgphosphate minerals were preferentially formed, compared with Ca-phosphates (apatite), in equine enteroliths.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Enteroliths comprise 2 major Mg phosphates: struvite and Mg vivianite. There is wide variability in macrotexture and ionic concentrations between and within enteroliths. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:350–358)
Bacteriologic and histologic features in mice after intranasal inoculation of Brucella melitensis
Authors: Mense Mark G. , Verg Lillian L. Van De , Bhattacharjee Apurba K. , Garrett Jennifer L. , Hart James A. , Lindler Luther E. , Hadfield Ted L. , Hoover David L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize effects of intranasal inoculation of virulentBrucella melitensisstrain 16M in mice.Animals—Female Balb/c mice, 6 to 8 weeks old.Procedure—Studies were designed to elucidate gross morphologic lesions, bacterial burden in target organs, and histologic changes in tissues following experimental intranasal inoculation of mice withB melitensis16M, which could be used to characterize a model for testing vaccine efficacy.Results—Measurable splenomegaly was evident at 3 and 7 weeks after inoculation. A demonstrable increase in splenic colony-forming units (CFU) from infected mice increased over time with increasing dose when comparing inocula of 103, 104, and 105CFU. Recovery of brucellae from the lungs was possible early in infection with 101, 103, and 105CFU, but only the group inoculated with 105CFU consistently yielded quantifiable bacteria. At a dose of 101CFU, few organisms were located in the spleen. Bacteria were recovered up to 140 days after inoculation in mice given 103CFU. At an inoculum of 105CFU, bacterial counts were highest early in infection. Histologic examination of tissues revealed an increase in white pulp and marginal zone in the spleen and lymphohistiocytic hepatitis.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Changes in the spleen and liver increased with increases in dose and with increased time following intranasal inoculation withB melitensis16M. Surprisingly, histologic changes were not observed in the lungs of inoculated mice. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:398–405)
Effect of contact stress in bones of the distal interphalangeal joint on microscopic changes in articular cartilage and ligaments
Authors: Bowker Robert M. , Atkinson Patrick J. , Atkinson Theresa S. , Haut Roger C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To examine articular cartilage of the distal interphalangeal (DIP) joint and distal sesamoidean impar ligament (DSIL) as well as the deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT) for adaptive responses to contact stress.Sample Population—Specimens from 21 horses.Procedure—Pressure-sensitive film was inserted between articular surfaces of the DIP joint. The digit was subjected to a load. Finite element models (FEM) were developed from the data. The navicular bone, distal phalanx, and distal attachments of the DSIL and DDFT were examined histologically.Results—Analysis of pressure-sensitive film revealed significant increases in contact area and contact load at dorsiflexion in the joints between the distal phalanx and navicular bone and between the middle phalanx and navicular bone. The FEM results revealed compressive and shear stresses. Histologic evaluation revealed loss of proteoglycans in articular cartilage from older horses (7 to 27 years old). Tidemark advancement (up to 14 tidemarks) was observed in articular cartilage between the distal phalanx and navicular bone in older clinically normal horses. In 2 horses with navicular syndrome, more tidemarks were evident. Clinically normal horses had a progressive increase in proteoglycans in the DSIL and DDFT.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Load on the navicular bone and associated joints was highest during dorsiflexion. This increased load may be responsible for microscopic changes of tidemark advancement and proteoglycan depletion in the articular cartilage and of proteoglycan production in the DSIL and DDFT. Such microscopic changes may represent adaptive responses to stresses that may progress and contribute to lameness. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:414–424)