bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Thermal Diffusion on Densification During SPS
Authors: Olevsky Eugene A. , Froyen Ludo 
Published: October 2008

Spark‐plasma sintering (SPS) has the potential for rapid (with heating rates reaching several hundred K/min) and efficient consolidation of a broad spectrum of powder materials. Possible mechanisms of the enhancement of consolidation in SPS versus conventional techniques of powder processing are categorized with respect to their thermal and athermal nature. This paper analyzes the influence of thermal diffusion, which is an SPS consolidation enhancement factor of a thermal nature. The Ludwig–Soret effect of thermal diffusion causes concentration gradients in two‐component systems subjected to a temperature gradient. The thermal diffusion‐based constitutive mechanism of sintering results from the additional driving force instigated by spatial temperature gradients, which cause vacancy diffusion. This mechanism is a commonly omitted addition to the free‐surface curvature‐driven diffusion considered in conventional sintering theories. The interplay of three mechanisms of material transport during SPS is considered: surface tension‐ and external stress‐driven grain‐boundary diffusion, surface tension‐ and external stress‐driven power‐law creep, and temperature gradient‐driven thermal diffusion. It is shown that the effect of thermal diffusion can be significant for ceramic powder systems. Besides SPS, the results obtained are applicable to the ample range of powder consolidation techniques, which involve high local temperature gradients. The case study conducted on the alumina powder SPS demonstrates the correlation between the modeling and experimental data. It is noted that this study considers only one of many possible mechanisms of the consolidation enhancement during SPS. Further efforts on the modeling of field‐assisted powder processing are necessary.
MicroRNAs in embryonic stem cells and early embryonic development
Authors: Laurent Louise C. 
Published: October 2008

Introduction
miRNAs in early embryogenesis
miRNAs in embryonic stem cells
Roles of specific miRNAs in early embryogenesis
Roles of specific miRNAs in embryonic stem cells
miRNAs with common seed sequences
Conclusion
AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of a broad range of biological processes. There is an extensive literature on the roles of miRNAs in metazoan development, from early embryogenesis to lineage commitment, and formation and maturation of cellular subtypes and complex tissues. This review will present the evidence that miRNAs are essential for the earliest stages of metazoan development, including establishment and maintenance of the pluripotent embryonic stem cells (ESCs) from which all foetal tissues arise. We will also discuss specific miRNAs that have been associated with early embryogenesis and pluripotency. Finally, we will point out evidence showing that there is strong and highly redundant miRNA regulation of a common set of target genes in the early stages of embryonic development and in ESCs.
Death receptors as targets for anti‐cancer therapy
Authors: Papenfuss Kerstin , Cordier Stefanie M. , Walczak Henning 
Published: October 2008

Introduction
Death receptor signalling
TNF‐R1 signalling
CD95 signalling
TRAIL‐R signalling
Targeting death receptors in cancer therapy
Targeting TNF‐R1
Targeting CD95
TRAIL as a target for anti‐cancer therapy
Future perspectives
AbstractHuman tumour cells are characterized by their ability to avoid the normal regulatory mechanisms of cell growth, division and death. The classical chemotherapy aims to kill tumour cells by causing DNA damage‐induced apoptosis. However, as many tumour cells posses mutations in intracellular apoptosis‐sensing molecules like p53, they are not capable of inducing apoptosis on their own and are therefore resistant to chemotherapy. With the discovery of the death receptors the opportunity arose to directly trigger apoptosis from the outside of tumour cells, thereby circumventing chemotherapeutic resistance. Death receptors belong to the tumour necrosis factor receptor superfamily, with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) receptor‐1, CD95 and TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand‐R1 and ‐R2 being the most prominent members. This review covers the current knowledge about these four death receptors, summarizes pre‐clinical approaches engaging these death receptors in anti‐cancer therapy and also gives an overview about their application in clinical trials conducted to date.
HER‐2 overexpression/amplification in Barrett’s oesophagus predicts early transition from dysplasia to adenocarcinoma: a clinico‐pathologic study
Authors: Rossi Elisa , Grisanti Salvatore , Villanacci Vincenzo , Casa Domenico Della , Cengia Paolo , Missale Guido , Minelli Luigi , Buglione Michela , Cestari Renzo , Bassotti Gabrio 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBarrett’s oesophagus (BO) is the primary precursor lesion for oesophageal adenocarcinoma (ADC). The natural history of metaplasia‐dysplasia‐carcinoma sequence remains largely unknown. HER2/neu oncogene results overexpressed/amplified in preneoplastic lesions and in ADC of the oesophagus and it has been associated with poor prognosis. Our aim was to evaluate the role of HER2 overexpression/amplification in predicting the conversion from precursor lesions to ADC. We retrospectively evaluated by univariate analysis of single variables clinical records and histological specimens of 21 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of BO and/or oesophageal dysplasia. Clinical variables included age, gender, alcohol and smoking intake, presence of symptoms (pyrosis, disphagia) and endoscopic features (length). HER2 status was studied by immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) on paraffin‐embedded tissue. The end‐points were the occurrence of progression and the time‐to‐progression (TTP) from the initial histologic lesion to the worst pathological pattern. Median age at diagnosis was 63 years (range 37–84). BO median length was 4.5 cm. Progression occurred in 11 of 21 patients and median TTP was 24 months. HER2 was overexpressed/amplified in 8 of 21 (38%) patients. HER2 overexpression/ amplification and the presence of dysplasia were statistically associated with progression (P= 0.038). This study provides evidence for a possible role of HER2 in the transition from dysplasia to ADC of the oesophagus. This fact could help in identifying patients at high risk of malignant transformation.
Immunohistochemical detection of polyductin and co‐localization with liver progenitor cell markers during normal and abnormal development of the intrahepatic biliary system and in adult hepatobiliary carcinomas
Authors: Dorn Livia , Menezes Luís F. , Mikuz Gregor , Otto Herwart F. , Onuchic Luiz F. , Sergi Consolato 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe longest open reading frame of PKHD1 (polycystic kidney and hepatic disease 1), the autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) gene, encodes a single‐pass, integral membrane protein named polyductin or fibrocystin. A fusion protein comprising its intracellular C‐terminus, FP2, was previously used to raise a polyclonal antiserum shown to detect polyductin in several human tissues, including liver. In the current study, we aimed to investigate by immunohistochemistry the detailed polyductin localization pattern in normal (ductal plate [DP], remodelling ductal plate [RDP], remodelled bile ducts) and abnormal development of the primitive intrahepatic biliary system, known as ductal plate malformation (DPM). This work also included the characterization of polyductin expression profile in various histological forms of neonatal and infantile cholestasis, and in cholangiocellular carcinoma (CCC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). We detected polyductin expression in the intrahepatic biliary system during the DP and the RDP stages as well as in DPM. No specific staining was found at the stage of remodelled bile ducts. Polyductin was also detected in liver biopsies with neonatal cholestasis, including mainly biliary atresia and neonatal hepatitis with ductular reaction as well as congenital hepatic fibrosis. In addition, polyductin was present in CCC, whereas it was absent in HCC. Polyductin was also co‐localized in some DP cells together with oval stem cell markers. These results represent the first systematic study of polyductin expression in human pathologies associated with abnormal development of intrahepatic biliary tree, and support the following conclusions: (i) polyductin expression mirrors developmental properties of the primitive intrahepatic biliary system; (ii) polyductin is re‐expressed in pathological conditions associated with DPM and (iii) polyductin might be a potential marker to distinguish CCC from HCC.
Subclassification of desmoplastic melanoma: pure and mixed variants have significantly different capacities for lymph node metastasis
Authors: George Evan , McClain Susannah E. , Slingluff Craig L. , Polissar Nayak L. , Patterson James W. 
Published: October 2008

Background:  There is disagreement about the behavior and optimal management of desmoplastic melanoma (DM), particularly regarding the incidence of lymph node (LN) involvement. Recently, investigators have noted the frequently heterogenous histologic composition of DM and have found significant differences between pure desmoplastic melanoma (PDM) (≥90% comprised of histologically typical DM) and mixed desmoplastic melanoma (MDM) [≥10% DM and >10% conventional melanoma (CM)].Method:  We reviewed 87 cases of DM comparing the histologic and clinical features of PDM (n = 44) to MDM (n = 43).Results:  At surgical staging, there were LN metastases in 5 of 23 (22%) MDM patients, whereas all 17 PDM patients had negative LN biopsies (0%) (p = 0.04). PDM was less often clinically pigmented (36% vs. 67%) and had a lower mean mitotic index (1.3 vs. 3.0).Conclusions:  There are differences between PDM and MDM, the most important of which is the incidence of LN involvement. Our findings support the clinical utility of classifying DM into pure and mixed subtypes because the negligible rate of nodal involvement in PDM does not support the routine performance of sentinel LN biopsy in this subgroup of melanoma patients. In contrast, the incidence of LN involvement in MDM is comparable to that of CM.
Identification of a novel Bacillus species isolated from Calculus Bovis
Authors: WAN Tien‐Chun , CHENG Fu‐Yuan , LIU Yu‐Tse , WANG Chao‐Ming , SHYU Ching‐Lin , CHEN Chih‐Ming , LIN Liang‐Chuan , SAKATA Ryoichi 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTA novel Bacillus species of Calculus Bovis (cow gallstone) was isolated and identified in this study. Morphological features, bacterial fatty acid analysis using a microbial identification system, carbon source utilization profiles using Biolog system and 16S rDNA sequencing were employed to identify the isolated bacterium. This isolated bacterium was observed to be Gram‐negative, aerobic growing, rod‐shaped and short chain. The results of bacterial fatty acid analysis and physiological characteristics were not matched to the database. The main fatty acids found in the bacterium were 65.96% branched chain saturated fatty acids (iso C11:0, anteiso C11:0 and iso C13:0∼anteiso C19:0). The bacterium oxidized 35 carbon sources and weakly responded with 49 of the 95 different carbon sources analyzed with the Biolog identification system. Based on 16S rDNA sequence analysis, this bacterium was classified as a novel Bacillus species.
Structural determination of the oligosaccharides in the milk of a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridatyla)
Authors: URASHIMA Tadasu , KOMODA Miki , ASAKUMA Sadaki , UEMURA Yusuke , FUKUDA Kenji , SAITO Tadao , OFTEDAL Olav T. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThere appears to be strong evidence supporting four major clades of placental mammals: (i) Afrotheria; (ii) Xenarthea; (iii) Euarchontoglires; and (iv) Laurasiathera. This is the first study in which the carbohydrates have been analyzed in the milks of Xenarthea. Our aim was to clarify whether the saccharides of giant anteater milk resemble those of other eutherian species, especially of the Asian elephant, which is one of the Afrotherea. We found that lactose is a dominant saccharide in this milk, as it is in that of most eutherians, and that the milk contains smaller amounts of oligosaccharides, whose structures were determined as Gal(α1‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (isoglobotriose), Neu5Ac(α2‐6)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (6'‐N‐acetylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Gc(α2‐6)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (6'‐N‐glycolylneuraminyllactose), Neu5Ac(α2‐6)Gal(β1‐4)GlcNAc(β1‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc (LST c) and Neu5Gc(α2‐6)Gal(β1‐4)GlcNAc(β1‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc. This pattern of milk carbohydrates is rather close to that of the milks of other eutherian species. It is notable that the milk contained oligosaccharides with Neu5Gc residues but no oligosaccharides containing α(2‐3) linked Neu5Ac residues such as Neu5Ac(α2‐3)Gal(β1‐4)Glc.
Environmental impacts of a Japanese dairy farming system using whole‐crop rice silage as evaluated by life cycle assessment
Authors: OGINO Akifumi , ISHIDA Motohiko , ISHIKAWA Tetsuya , IKEGUCHI Atsuo , WAKI Miyoko , YOKOYAMA Hiroshi , TANAKA Yasuo , HIROOKA Hiroyuki 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe objectives of this study were to assess and compare the environmental impacts of two types of dairy farming systems, one of which makes use of whole‐crop rice silage and the other of which is conventional, using life cycle assessment (LCA). The functional unit was defined as 1 kg of 4% fat‐corrected milk (FCM). The processes associated with the dairy farming life cycle, such as feed production, feed transport, animal management including biological activity of the animal, and waste treatment were included within the system's boundaries. Environmental impacts of the rice silage‐using and conventional dairy farming systems were 987 and 972 g CO2 equivalents for global warming, 6.87 and 7.13 g SO2 equivalents for acidification, 1.19 and 1.23 g PO4 equivalents for eutrophication, and 5.53 and 5.81 MJ for energy consumption, respectively. Our results suggest that the dairy farming system using rice silage in Japan has smaller environmental impacts for acidification, eutrophication, and energy consumption, and a larger impact for global warming compared with conventional farming. Further interpretation integrating these impact categories suggested 1.1% lower environmental impact of the rice silage‐using dairy farming system as a whole.
Quantitative real‐time PCR monitoring of Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens with oral administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Lq80 to weaning piglets
Authors: TAKAHASHI Shunsuke , YOSHIDA Yoko , NAKANISHI Nobuo , TSUKAHARA Takamitsu , USHIDA Kazunari 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTLevels of fecal or intestinal lactobacilli, Escherichia coli and Clostridium perfringens, and the prevalence of clostridial alpha toxin gene and heat‐stable toxin (ST) gene of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) were monitored in weaned piglets before (day 0) and during (days 7, 14, and 21) the administration of Lactobacillus plantarum strain Lq80. Lactobacilli were enumerated in a culture‐dependent method. The remainders were determined by quantitative real‐time PCR. In this quantitative real‐time PCR method, the detection limit was proved to be as low as 103 cells/g feces or intestinal contents. Number of lactobacilli increased from day 0 to day 7 (P < 0.05), to day 14 (P < 0.05), and to day 21 (P = 0.07) in the Lq80‐administered group. L. plantarum contributed to as low as 10% of the lactobacillal population in the Lq80‐administered group. The number of E. coli and C. perfringens, and the prevalence of alpha toxin gene in feces or intestinal contents of the Lq80‐administered group decreased, at least in the first week of the postweaning period. Oral administration of L. plantarum strain Lq80 can stimulate the growth of indigenous lactobacilli and decrease ST‐producing ETEC and C. perfringens in the intestine of postweaning piglets.
Methodology for the study of the hypothalamic‐pituitary hormone secretion in cattle
Authors: HASHIZUME Tsutomu , KASUYA Etsuko 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTStudies on the neuroregulatory mechanisms on the secretion of anterior pituitary (AP) hormones in domestic animals are important because nearly all complex physiological and metabolic processes are regulated by the AP hormones. To examine them, this article considers in vivo approaches such as the techniques of intrahypothalamic injection, intracerebroventricular injection, push‐pull perfusion, and microdialysis, which have been employed in our own research group for the study in cattle. Also, in vitro approaches such as bovine AP cell culture and the AP explants superfusion system are described. This article clarifies the potential of neuroendocrine study techniques in cattle.
Nutrient utilization and manure P excretion in growing pigs fed corn‐barley‐soybean based diets supplemented with microbial phytase
Authors: EMIOLA Adewale , AKINREMI Oluwole , SLOMINSKI Bogdan , NYACHOTI C. Martin 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe effect of high levels of microbial phytase supplementation in diets for growing pigs was studied in a 2‐week performance and nutrient digestibility trial involving 28 growing pigs weighing 16.4 ± 1.06 (mean ± SD) kg. Seven corn‐barley‐soybean meal‐based diets consisting of a positive control (PC) formulated to meet or exceed NRC nutrient requirements; a negative control (NC) with non‐phytate P reduced by 0.1% unit from NRC requirement and fed without or with 500 or 1000 U/kg; a doubled negative control (DNC) with no added inorganic P and fed without or with 2000 or 4000 U/kg. Chromic oxide was added as an indigestible marker and all diets were fed as mash. Pigs fed the PC diet had a higher P digestibility compared with those fed the NC (P < 0.02) and the DNC (P < 0.001) diets. Supplementing the NC diet with pyhtase tended to improve P digestibility (P < 0.10). However, addition of phytase to the DNC diet resulted in linear (P < 0.001) and quadratic (P < 0.03) increases in P digestibility with an overall improvement of 8% and 121% at 4000 phytase U/kg of diet, respectively, compared with the PC and DNC diets. Apparent total tract digestibility of N, OM and DM were higher (P < 0.05) in the PC diet compared with the DNC diet, but not the NC diet (P < 0.10). No effect of phytase addition to NC was observed on Ca, N, DM and OM digestibility. Phytase addition to the DNC diet resulted in a linear increase (P < 0.05) in N, DM and OM digestibility but not Ca. Increasing the levels of phytase supplementation in the NC and the DNC diets linearly decreased fecal P (P < 0.05) content by 45 and 42%, respectively. Adding phytase at 1000 or 4000 U/kg increased P retention (P < 0.05) by 14.3 or 15.6% units, respectively, compared with the PC diet. Urinary P excretion was higher in the group fed the PC diet compared with those fed the NC and DNC diets (P < 0.05). The results of this study show that complete removal of inorganic P from growing pig diets coupled with phytase supplementation improves digestibility and retention of P and N, thus reducing manure P excretion without any negative effect on pig performance.
Effects of herbage intake on goat performance in the mediterranean type natural pastures
Authors: HAKYEMEZ Basri H. , GOKKUS Ahmet , SAVAS Turker , YURTMAN Ismail Y. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis study aimed at identifying changes in natural pastures during the grazing season and investigating the effects of these changes on pasture feeding potential for high yielding dairy goats. During the study, 12 dairy goats were grazed on a 1.5 ha natural pasture for three months from April to June in 2003, 2004 and 2005. The goats were fed 0.5 kg/day of concentrate as a supplement during the grazing season. Botanical composition, herbage production and intake, crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of the pasture were determined. Live weight, milk yield, milk dry matter (DM) and fat content of the goats were monitored. The data were analyzed using a linear model, which evaluated the effects of grazing seasons in each year. Based on the three‐year average, 87% of pasture was herbaceous plants and the remaining was shrubs in DM basis with Cistus creticus, Quercus ithaburensis, Pistacia atlantica and Asparagus acutifolius being the major shrub species. The herbage yield in June was significantly lower than in other months in all years (P = 0.001). In all experimental years, the CP content of the pasture decreased but the structural carbohydrates increased as the grazing season proceeded. While live weight was not affected by grazing periods except for 2004 (P = 0.001), milk yield significantly decreased with advancing grazing period (P = 0.001). The results of the present study indicate that natural pasture has a supportive effect in April and May on the milk yield of lactating goats which are in mid‐lactation, and suggested that supplementary feeding is required in consecutive grazing periods.
The effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs
Authors: LEE Sung Dae , KIM Hoi Yun , SONG Young Min , JUNG Hyun Jung , JI Sang Yun , JANG Hae Dong , RYU Jae Weon , PARK June Cheol , MOON Hong Kil , KIM In Cheul 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of Eucommia ulmoides leaf (EUL) supplementation on the growth performance, blood and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs. Ninety gilts (L × LW × D, 20 kg initialBW) were housed 10 per pen in a front‐open building with three replicate pens per treatment. Experimental treatment was started from the beginning of the growing stage (20 ± 3 kg) by supplementing EUL at 0(C), 3(T1) and 5% (T2) to the growing and finishing diet. Pigs were slaughtered by electrical stunning at 105 ± 3 kg live weight. Average daily feed intake (ADFI, kg/day) decreased (P < 0.05) by addition of EUL in growth performance, average daily gain (ADG, kg/day) was lower (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. In hematology, leukocytes (WBC, 103/mm3) decreased (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Erythrocytes (RBC, 106/mm3), hemoglobin (HGB, g/dL) and hematocrit (HCT, %) increased (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Platelet (PLT, 103/mm3) was lower (P < 0.05) in T2 than in C and T1. In biochemical composition of serum, total protein (g/dL), r‐GTP (μ/L), total cholesterol (mg/dL) and triglycerides (mg/dL) were lower (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. On longissimus dorsi muscle, crude protein was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 than in C. Crude ash was higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. Yellow to blue color scale (CIE b*) in meat color was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in C. CIE b* in back fat color was higher (P < 0.05) in T2 than in the other treatments. In sensory evaluation scores for fresh meat, the values of meat color, fat color, drip loss and marbling were not significantly affected by addition of EUL. In cooked meat, the values of chewiness and overall acceptability were higher (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 than in C. The results indicate that the addition of EUL affected growth performance, blood parameters and meat quality parameters in growing and finishing pigs.