bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems Arising from Insecticide Resistance in Storage Pests1
Authors: Dyte C.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA survey of the occurrence of insecticide or fumigant resistant strains of stored‐product insects is given. Studies on the geographic distribution of insecticide‐resistant strains show that some resistances are localised and others almost universal. Cross‐resistance has been studied in few strains, but malathion resistance may involve resistance to other organo‐phosphorus compounds in at least 6 species. Although resistance to pyrethroids and juvenile hormone analogues is known, these compounds show promise for future use against storage pests.
Research in Progress at the Pest Infestation Control Laboratory1
Authors: Freeman J.A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe paper describes some of the research currently in progress on insects, mites and fungi injurious to stored products, how problems are identified and how the results are put into practice. The research includes surveys in warehouses, farms, etc.; laboratory studies of biology under controlled conditions; storage of grain under various conditions; studies of the effects of contact insecticides, with special reference to resistance; fumigation, and the investigation of insect behaviour in relation to existing and novel control methods.
The Use of Sex Pheromones in the Control of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.1)
Authors: Campion D.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn even network of pheromone traps baited with virgin females of Spodoptera littoralis Boisd. was established in Cyprus. By relating trap catches with meteorology it was shown that no major immigration of S. littoralis to Cyprus from surrounding land‐masses had occurred. Direct control of S. littoralis by the synthetic pheromones recently synthesized or the sterile male technique may therefore be possible in such an area of ecological isolation.
Possibilities of Using Insectistatics and Pheromones in the Control of Stored Product Pests1
Authors: Levinson H.Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSalient aspects of insect cuticle formation, hormone action, nutritional requirements, feeding stimulants, sex and aggregation pheromones are discussed in the light of their possible contribution to controlling storage pests. Agents decimating pest populations by suppression of growth and reproduction (rather than by rapid mortality) are defined as insectistatics. Their mode of action includes inhibition of chitin and sclerotin formation, hormonal imbalance induced by extrinsic juvenoids or ecdysoids, developmental disturbances due to nutrient or metabolite antagonists, accelerators of metabolism and symbioticides. Disruption of mating may be accomplished by pheromone trapping and disorientation, or prevention of sex attraction due to pheromone isomers.The relatively limited space and constant conditions in storehouses (moderate levels of humidity, temperature and ultraviolet light) as well as the rapid developmental rate and low population density of storage pests render them suitable for control by insectistatics and pheromones. Some of the latter are currently tested under natural conditions. The limitations of these biotechnical procedures are discussed.
Economic Aspects of Integrated Control1)
Authors: Mathys G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEvaluation of economic returns resulting from plant protection measures are receiving increased attention. Since control measures are likely to affect not only a single production but also future crops and may entail resistance phenomena, as well as other inconveniences, the entire lifetime of a control strategy should be considered in a cost/benefit analysis.Although all the needed parameters for such an evaluation are not available, simplified computer‐based models, now in use in advanced pest management studies, turned out to beextremely useful.The possibility of assessing the impact of control measures on single crops is reviewed in the light of recent studies (Headley, 1972, 1973, Davidson and Norgaard, 1973) and data stressing the economic advantages of pest management schemes in European orchards and U.S. cotton areas are studied.With increased prices for pesticides and application, the benefit derived from integrated control schemes becomes more evident.
Space Treatment of Warehouses Using Dichlorvos1)
Authors: Ashman F. , Webley D.J. , Achillides N.Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDetails are given of the performance of Vapona Pest Strips and of an automatic dichlorvos sprayer developed to prevent infestation of clean or fumigated stored commodities, for infestation control on stored carobs. Air concentrations after spraying a nominal dose of 10 μg/1 of total store space averaged approximately 1.0. μ g/l after 30 minutes and less than 0.3 μ g/l after 3 hours. Residues found on carobs after daily spraying of stores at 10 μ g/1 for 96 days were in the range of 0.2 ‐ 2.0 ppm. Ephestia cautella Walk, and Lasioderma serricorne (F.) become established in carobs after harvest and are the principle pests causing damage during storage. Effective control of E. cautella was obtained by using Shell Vapona Pest Strips at two strips/100 m3 or by daily spraying of dichlorvos at 10g/1,000 m2 (10μ g/1). No effect was observed against migrating larvae of E. calidella (Guen.) or E. figulilella Greg, nor against Bracon hebetor Say., the hymenopterous parasite attacking all three Ephestia species.The automatic dichlorvos sprayer is equipped to apply a predetermined dose at time of peak flight activity, 18–20 hours each evening. On stored carobs, no spraying is needed after October because the commodity temperature falls below 200C, too low for active development of the pest species. 23 automatic sprayers are now used in Cyprus to protect the whole carob crop from storage pests.
Distribution of Potato Cyst Eelworm in Scotland1
Authors: Mabbott T.W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlthough potato cyst eelworm has been known in Scotland for more than 60 years, infestations are fewer than might have been expected. In 22 years of soil testing, based on nominal 500 g samples and sampling units of up to 6 ha, 80% of the farms examined were found free from detectable infestation and 10%, i.e. half the infested farms, had one infestation only. Most populations were light; one third of all infested samples contained a single viable cyst and 80%, ten cysts or fewer. It is suggested that long rotations have kept eelworm populations in check over much of the country, but in some areas their effectiveness has been reduced by persistent groundkeepers. Surveys indicate that Heterodera pallida Stone is uncommon and so the progressive use of resistant varieties, which are proving popular with seed growers for their commercial qualities, coupled with the long rotations generally practised, may well tip the balance even more favourably towards increased control.
Research being Undertaken by the Tropical Stored Products Centre in the United Kingdom and Overseas1
Authors: Wheatley P.E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResearch is undertaken by the Tropical Stored Products Centre both overseas and in the United Kingdom on storage problems facing developing countries. Much of it is of a strictly applied nature although some longer‐term basic studies are also underway. Our research includes biological, chemical and engineering studies and may be concerned with any level of storage, from farm to central storage depot, and with any durable agricultural produce, whether for consumption H the country of production or for export.
Identification of Pathotypes of the Potato Cyst Nematode1
Authors: Kort J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSince the discovery of pathotypes of the potato cyst nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Wollenweber, 1923), surveys on the distribution of these pathotypes have been carried out in different European countries. Test varieties of potato were selected according to findings resulting in the present situation of varying distinctive host‐plants and of diverging programs for breeding potatoes resistant to the potato cyst nematode.With respect to rational selection and use of resistant potato varieties, there is a great need for standardization in pathotype identification (nomenclature), maintenance and supply of appropriate genotypes of Solanum species and methods for testing resistance in new potato varieties.Anticipating a cross‐experiment with pathotypes and test varieties from Great Britain, the Federal Republic of Germany and the Netherlands in 1974, a preliminary test with all recognized or presumed pathotypes from these countries, but with only part of the potential differential host‐plants was carried out by the Plant Protection Service at Wageningen. The results of this experiment are discussed.
Take‐all (Gaeumannomyces graminis [Sacc.] Arx & Olivier) Incidence in Continuous Barley Growing and Effect of Tillage Method1
Authors: Lockhart D.A.S. , Heppel V.A.F. , Holmes J.C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTake‐all (Gaeumannomyces graminis [Sacc.] Arx & Olivier) infection was measured over 7 years (1968–1974) in a long‐term tillage experiment involving deep and shallow ploughing, tined cultivation, no‐tillage and 4 rates of N. Average infection increased from 4% to 15% and 9% to 35% over the 7 years for June and August samplings respectively. The severity of infection was light and did not change over the years. Increasing N rate consistently reduced infection. In the early years, shallow ploughing and tined cultivation gave greater infection than deep ploughing and no‐tillage. In the last 2 years infection levels were the same for all 4 tillage treatments in both June and August, except that in August the no‐tillage system continued to show a much lower incidence of infection. The take‐all appeared to have little effect on yield because the relative yields from the different tillage treatments did not change with the change in relative degree of infection. Lack of take‐all decline was possibly due to the relatively low incidence and severity of infection.
Cereal Cyst Nematode and N Fertilization1
Authors: Juhl M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of increasing amounts of nitrogen on the propagation of the cereal cyst nematode was studied. Nitrogen applications as nitro‐chalk ranged 0–1,500 kg/ha (0–232.5 kg N/ha). Maximum propagation was obtained at about 46.5 kg N/ha. Increasing N doses reduced propagation to about 1/2 ‐ 1/3 of the maximum. Two factors seem to be involved: 1) reduced fertility of females with increasing N application and 2) apparently fewer females developed with N applications greater than 46.5 kg/ha.Hatching in solution of calcium nitrate decreased with increasing concentration.
Propagation of Pathogen‐free Potato Stocks by Stem Cuttings within a Clonal Selection Program1
Authors: Hardie J.L. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTClonal selection with associated clinical tests and based on stem cuttings as the initial propagative material has been successfully adopted as a method of producing nuclear stocks of potato varieties free from certain important viruses, fungi and bacteria. The maintenance of health of such nuclear material during the subsequent period of multiplication to commercial quantities, however, has emphasized that gaps in our knowledge of the epidemiology of the diseases caused by these organisms exist and require investigation, so that clonal selection programs can make a maximum contribution to crop improvement.La sélection clonale assortie de tests cliniques, basés sur le bouturage par prélèvement sur tiges pour le matériel initial de reproduction, a été adoptée avec succès pour la production de stocks nucléaires de variétés de pommes de terre indemnes de certains virus, champignons et battéries importants. Les difficultés rencontrées dans le maintien d'une qualité sanitaire élevée de ce matériel nucléaire, pendant la phase de multiplication précédant la commercialisation, ont révélé les lacunes qui subsistent dans la connaissance épidémiologique des différents organismes pathogènes en cause.
Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. var. atroseptica (Hellmers et Dowson) Dye. Seed Tuber Infection Versus Symptom Expression in the Field1
Authors: Geesteranus H.P. Maas , Vruggink H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTBased on the time that symptoms of blackleg become evident in the field and the various ways of inoculation, it is concluded that the spread of symptom expression is due to the depth at which the bacteria penetrate into the interior of the tubers. Moreover, it is demonstrated that it is not the closed lenticels which prevent penetration, but the absence of a waterfilm in the intercellular spaces of the tuber tissue.
Potato Wart Disease in Newfoundland1
Authors: Proudfoot K.G. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTechniques in use for evaluating reaction of potato selections to wart disease are described. Races of potato wart similar to European Races 1, 2 and 8 have been detected in Newfoundland. To enable the results from potato wart investigations carried out in different countries to be compared, standard test procedures and an agreed series of differential varieties must be introduced.
Current Research Studies on Potato Wart Disease in Newfoundland1
Authors: Hampson M.C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTResearch includes studies on physiology of germination of the causal agent, infectivity parameters, and systemic chemotherapeutants. Germination is studied with plant and fungal extracts, plant exudates and soil leachates. Sporangia are not found to respond readily to exogenously applied chemicals. Maturity appears to be hastened under incubation with plant products. Inoculum density, sporangial age, temperature and irrigation are studied for their influence on infection. Infection appears to be less dependent on external influences, and more dependent on internal timing mechanisms. Tomato varieties tested are found to be susceptible. European races 1, 2 and 8 are used in comparative studies. Germination and infectivity are studied to throw light on possible eradication mechanisms. Chemical control is studied with systemic fungicides. To date, no control is promised. Techniques have been developed to assay germination by secondary fluorescence, and to examine large numbers of soil samples by flotation.
Re‐infection by Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al. in Potato Stocks derived from Stem Cuttings1
Authors: Graham D.C. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTPropagation of potato stocks by the stem cutting method has produced crops almost entirely free from infection with the soft rot coliform bacteria, Erwinia carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al var. atroseptica (Hellmers et Dowson) Dye and E. carotovora var. carotovora Dye. However, low levels of re‐infection have occurred and evidence indicates that a source of the organisms was infected insects. Air‐borne spread of bacterial aerosols generated by raindrop impaction on infected stems might also result in healthy stocks becoming re‐infected.
Systems Modelling as an Approach to Pest Management
Authors: Baker Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEmphasis is placed upon the value of a systems approach as a tool for interrelating the complex interdisciplinary components of the increasingly desirable pest management programs. A brief outline of the parameters incorporated and construction of a mathematical model are given. Selected examples are given of models being implemented at present, and the benefits arising from them, such as in the cotton, alfalfa and apple ecosystems in the United States. Future effectuation, in Europe, of complete pest management schemes for plant diseases and nematodes, insects and mites, birds, rodents and weeds is needed, but will require concerted co‐operation between governments and organizations to initiate programs comparable to those implemented in the United States. Provision should be made for some form of extension/education system, such that the methods and benefits will be realized.
Is the Loss of Cereals in the Field as a Consequence of a Narrow Rotation Always Caused by Pathogens 1)?
Authors: Kupers L. J. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a long‐term field experiment on rotational effects with winter wheat as the test crop, continuous cereal growing leads to a depression in yield. The depression in yield of these rotations persists even when the nitrogen fertilization is increased to relatively high levels and the sole occurring pathogen, in this case Cercosporella herpotrichoides Fron, is kept in check by treatment with a fungicide. From the evidence obtained from the field experiment and additional information from an experiment in the glasshouse where the same rotations were involved, it is concluded that the observed depression in yield originates very early in the growing season. As a cause for this effect, the evidence points towards a lack of available nitrogen in late autumn and late winter.
The Golden Nematode (Heterodera rostochiensis Woll.) in Greece: History, Distribution, Economic Importance, Research and Phytosanitary Regulations1
Authors: Koliopanos C.N. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract Heterodera rostochiensis Woll. was reported for the first time in Greece in 1933, but was probably introduced from Europe before 1914. Its distribution in the country is restricted, mainly to isolated fields; many districts still remain uncontaminated. In 1972, about 7–12% of the area cultivated with potatoes was infested with H. rostochiensis, and the damage caused was estimated to be 1.6‐2.4% of the total annual yield.Only few experiments have been carried out on biology, Control and other aspects. Domestic and international phytosanitary regulations for combatting this nematode are in force.
Seed Pathology and Plant Quarantine in India
Authors: Raychaudhuri S.P. , Kumar D. , Nath R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present situation regarding problems and achievements in seed pathology and domestic and international quarantine in India is described. Emphasis is placed upon the need for resolving present inadequacies in this country's quarantine legislation and for international alignment in seed health testing methods, in addition to a general information exchange on plant pathogens.
Cytospora Canker and Dieback of Apricots
Authors: Rozsnyay Zs. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCytosporal canker and dieback (Cytospora cincta Sacc.) is a widespread disease in apricot growing areas of Europe, excluding the Mediterranean. The pathogen attacks xylem and phloem. If the necrotic phloem completely girdles the branches or trunk, the section above the girdled region dies. When cambium necrosis does not girdle the branch or trunk, canker development ensues. Apricot trees are susceptible to Cytospora infection between July and the next bud opening.
Simultaneous Infection by Pseudomonas syhngae van Hall and Cytospora cincta Sacc. on Apricots
Authors: Rozsnyay Zs. D. , Klement Z. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSimultaneous inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae van Hall and Cytospora cincta Sacc. induced more extensive cankers than those caused by either pathogen alone. Freshly cut wounds remained susceptible to cytosporal infection for a longer period than to bacterial inoculation. Knowledge gained of the annual cycle of cytosporal and bacterial diseases offers possibilities for effective control against both pathogens.
Stone Fruit Tree Apoplexy Caused by Phytophthora Collar Rot
Authors: Kouyeas Hebe 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStone fruit tree apoplexy in Greece is often caused by Phytophthora spp. Two types of Phytophthora apoplexy of stone fruit tree can be distinguished, one occurring during the hot summer period and usually caused by P. cactorum (Leb. et Cohn) Schröt. or P. citrophthora (R. et E. Smith) Leonian, and a second occurring in winter or early spring, and caused by P. syringae (Kleb.) Kleb. or sometimes P. megasperma Drechsler. Inoculation tests showed P. syringae to be highly pathogenic to apricot and almond, whereas certain clonal rootstock material showed resistance. Measures of control against Phytophthora attacks are given.
Apricot Root Rot, Armillariella mellea (Vahl.) Karst.
Authors: Guillaumin J.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper deals with honey root rot of apricots, caused by the fungus Armillariella mellea (Vahl.) Karst. =Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) Quelet. Symptoms of the disease are described, both on the root system and on the aerial parts, where the action of the fungus mostly provokes a sudden wilting or apoplexy. The infection process is elaborated and the importance of the subterranean rhizomorph in the infection cycle is emphasized. Conditions favourable and unfavourable to the disease are briefly discussed and it is shown that presence of woody remains in the soil is the most important factor in the spread of the disease.Some isolation and inoculation methods are described. Discussion of the methods of control places emphasis mainly on preventive measures, such as use of tolerant rootstocks, destruction of potential nutrient sources and soil disinfection by fumigation.
Importance de l‘évaluation biologique des pesticides et des méthodologies mises en ceuvre à cet effet
Authors: Mathys G. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireL'alignement sur des méthodes normalisées reconnues constitue une simplification considérable du travail pour l'industrie et les instances officielles chargées dévaluer l'efficacité des nouveaux pesticides. Les résultats obtenus en application d'une méthode commune deviennent comparables et les extrapolations ou fractionnements de l'expérimentation sont alors relativement faciles.La France, en 1952 déjà, puis la République Fédérale d'Allemagne ont été parmi les premiers en Europe à reconnaître toute la valeur de létablissement de méthodes agréées par les services officiels et l'industrie.De son côté, le Comité Européen de Recherche sur les Mauvaises Herbes (EWRC) s'est penché sur létude des possibilités de parvenir à une entente sur la façon dévaluer l'efficacité des herbicides, alors que I'OEPP a commencé en 1971 ses travaux sur les rodenticides, insecticides, acaricides et nématicides, ainsi que sur les affections fongiques. Depuis, 5 méthodes intéressant 7 espèces de rongeurs ont été adoptées par les 35 pays membres de I'OEPP et publiées, alors que 5 méthodes concernant les champignons et 10 méthodes les insectes et acariens sont à l'impression; par ailleurs, 29 méthodes font présentement l'objet détudes appro‐fondies.Depuis 1976, des contacts ont été pris avec l'ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) dans le dessein de parvenir à une harmonisation des technologies à l'échelle inter‐régionale.