bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zur Strafbarkeit des untauglichen Versuchs –ein Zwischenruf aus rechtsvergleichender Sicht
Authors: Jung Heike 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
I. Einführung
Die Strafbarkeit des untauglichen Versuchs gilt seit und mit der Regelung der §§ 22, 23 Abs. 3 StGB als jedenfalls im Grundsatz geklärt. Immerhin schwelt die Kontroverse um den Versuch des untauglichen Subjekts weiter und auch die Abgrenzung zum grob unverständigen und zum abergläubischen Versuch bereitet nach wie vor einiges Kopfzerbrechen. Hört man genau hin, so stellt man fest, dass es auch sonst noch rumort. Verschiedene Anläufe konvergieren in dem Bestreben, einen generellen Rückschnitt der Strafbarkeit des untauglichen Versuchs vorzunehmen. Unabhängig davon, welcher Status diesen Überlegungen angesichts der gesetzlichen Regelung zukommt, bestätigen sie, dass wir von einem Konsens im Schrifttum weiter entfernt sind, als es bei oberflächlicher Betrachtung scheinen mag. Insofern ist – so meint auch Roxin – über die Strafbarkeit mindestens bestimmter Formen untauglicher Versuche das letzte Wort noch nicht gesprochen.
Solvent extraction studies on Th(IV) and U(VI) using PolyEthylene Glycol (PEG) based aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with 18-crown-6
Authors: Lohithakshan K. V. , Mithapara P. D. , Pai S. A. , Aggarwal S. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryExtraction of Th(IV) and U(VI) using PEG-2000/(NH4)2SO4(40% w/w of each) aqueous biphasic system (ABS) with 18-crown-6 (18-C-6) as the extractant was studied at four fixed temperatures in the range 288 to 318 K. The species extracted were identified to be [Th·(18-C-6)](SO4)2and [UO2·(18-C-6)]SO4by the slope ratio method. The equilibrium constant (K) was evaluated for the extraction reactions. The thermodynamic parameters evaluated by the temperature coefficient method at 298 K showed that the reaction is favoured by decrease in enthalpy and counteracted by decrease in entropy. The large decrease in the enthalpy values was attributed to direct bonding of crown ether to the central metal atom (i.e.the formation of inner sphere complex).
Property among the Ciga in Uganda
Authors: Edel May Mandelbaum 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis is an account of property-holding among the Ciga, who live in the mountain highlands of western Uganda and northern Ruanda. When British dominion over them was established the Ciga were independent. They were even then resisting attempts at conquest from Ruanda, and were themselves pressing against their northern neighbours. Unlike most peoples of the region, the Ciga were not ruled by Hamitic overlords.
The Evolution of Tribal Control
Authors: Northcote R. C. 
Published: April 2006

The adaptation of the tribal structure to meet changing political conditions is a problem to-day, and this article gives the summary of an effort in that direction. It refers to a portion of the Nyamwezi tribe in Tanganyika Territory, and should be read in that restricted light.The present organization is made up of one cohesive unit, to which are attached various vassal sections. The undermentioned are the titles of the various ranks recognized, though some had fallen into desuetude.
Social Administration of the Kru. A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Mekeel H. Scudder 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Kru, a West African Negro group, inhabit the central and southern part of Liberia. They are surrounded by the Basa peoples to the north-west, by the Grebo to the south-east and by the Putu to the north-east. The informant, Thomas Tarbour (Sieh Tagbweh), from whom the following material was derived, was a native of Grand Cess (Siglipo), a large coast town near the border of the Grebo country. The Kru, along with other related groups in that part of West Africa, have a tradition of having migrated from far to the north-east. The physical type is that of the short, stocky Bush negro. No archaeological work has been done in the region, and such ethnological material as has been collected is a mere beginning.
Social Administration of the Kru, A Preliminary Survey, Part II
Authors: Mekeel H. Scudder 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphSocieties And Organizations Not Based On The Gens. The Soldiers of the State. The soldiers are recruited from Grand Cess as a state. The army contains no recognized village or gens units. It is grouped first by age. Then each age group is divided into two divisions—the bobi's men and the tugbewa's men.
The Missionary as an Anthropological Field-Worker
Authors: Westermann Diedrich 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe following remarks are not addressed to specialists, but to those Europeans and Africans working in Africa who have for professional reasons an interest in getting to know the native better and, if possible, in making this knowledge available to a wider circle. This applies pre-eminently to missionaries. They, more than any other body of men, have an interest in studying the people among whom they work. It is their aim to transform the inner life of the tribe and of the individual. They are co-operating in creating a new religious, moral, and often social order. Only those who know the traditional environment of the native have the opportunity and the right of effecting such a transformation, as they are thus in a position to forge links between the old and the new, and in consequence will make the new ideas develop naturally from the old ways of thought. Old traditions must not be pushed on one side and ignored, on the contrary they should be carefully studied to see if there is not embedded in them something that can be incorporated in the new order, or something that has to be transformed.
The Future of Native Authorities
Authors: Bourdillon Bernard 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphSome months ago, in a paper read before the Royal Society of Arts on the subject of ‘Partnership in Nigeria’, I called attention to the necessity for a closer connexion between native authorities and the central legislature. I went on to say that I did not consider the native authority system to be incompatible with self-government at the centre, and that I saw no reason why native authorities should not become an integral part of a representative government. I have been asked to enlarge upon these views, and am very glad to have this opportunity of doing so, particularly because a practical expression of them has appeared in the proposals for the revision of the constitution of Nigeria which have just been laid before Parliament and which, according to The Times, have received the unanimous and hearty approval of the unofficial members of the Nigerian Legislature.
Anuak Village Headmen
Authors: Lienhardt Godfrey 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Anuak are a Nilotic people of the south-east of the Sudan and adjacent Ethiopia. They may number between 30,000 and 40,000 people, of whom at least two thirds live in Ethiopia, where a number of difficulties prevented me from visiting them. As described in Professor Evans-Pritchard's writings, two somewhat different political systems and forms of rule and leadership are found in the villages of Anuakland. In the south-east, several ecological and other circumstances have favoured the spread of the influence of a noble clan, members of which reign in villages which, according to tradition, were at one time politically isolated from each other and autonomous under local headmen. These villages of the noble clan are drawn, through the nobles associated with them, into competition for the acquisition of a single set of royal emblems, of which the most important are several ancient bead-necklaces. It seems that the influence of this noble clan has spread and is even now spreading farther among the villages of Anuakland, though in the land as a whole most villages are still under the sway of headmen chosen from lineages which traditionally provided them. It is with the organization of these villages, and the way in which their members change their headmen, that this paper deals.
Social Control and Vengeance in Plateau Tonga Society
Authors: Colson E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphI am here concerned with social control as it exists in Tonga society, where there are no obvious political institutions concerned in the maintenance of order. As in any society, control rests eventually on the sanction of force, here applied through a resort to vengeance on the part of an organized group if it feels that this is the only way to enforce its rights.
Secondary Industries for Tropical Africa
Authors: Cahan Theresa 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThere is a tendency in some quarters to regard secondary industries as a panacea for all the economic ills of tropical Africa. It would be well at this initial stage to sound a note of warning. In the past, the industrialization of agricultural countries has had two results: one good, one bad. On the one hand, the establishment in a country of labour-saving machinery and large-scale production in place of the old laborious method of making things by hand has led to a rise in the general standard of living within the country in terms of real incomes. On the other hand, the drift of workers to the towns and the herding together of large numbers of people in factories resulted in the sum of social evils associated with the ‘dark satanic mills’: overcrowding, sweated labour, destitution, unemployment, and many more. The problem for tropical Africa to-day is to combine the maximum of the first and good effect with a minimum of the second evil.
A Further Note on Joking Relationships
Authors: Radcliffe-Brown A. R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphProfessor Griaule's article on ‘L'Alliance cathartique’ in Africa of October 1948 raises a methodological point of considerable importance. If we wish to understand a custom or institution that we find in a particular society there are two ways of dealing with it. One is to examine the part it plays in the system or complex of customs and institutions in which it is found and the meaning that it has within this complex for the people themselves. Professor Griaule deals in this way with the custom by which the Bozo and the Dogon exchange insults with each other. He considers it as an element in a complex of customs, institutions, myths, and ideas to which the Dogon themselves refer by the term mangou. He shows us also what meaning the natives themselves attribute to this exchange of insults (p. 253). As a piece of analysis the article is admirable, and is a most important contribution to our growing knowledge of West African society.
Recent Social Welfare Developments in British Tropical Africa
Authors: Jeffries Charles 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAs one walks by a great river on a windy day, the surface of the water is tossed about in all directions and it is impossible to discern the flow of the current. Yet undisturbed by this superficial agitation the mighty stream rolls on. So, underlying the storm-tossed surface of present discontents there is a surge of the human spirit towards a new conception of the State as an instrument for giving practical effect to the collective will of the people.
Pokot Sanctions and Structure
Authors: Peristiany J. G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper attempts to relate some types of sanctions and some agencies of social control to their structural background. When the analysis has been made the interrelation may appear self-evident. This may simply mean that we recognize that a certain type of social structure is a condition of the operation of a certain type of sanctions. The study of these interrelations may enable us to gain a better understanding of both sanctions and structure.
Le Message de Lord Lugard et l'Afrique d'Aujourd'hui
Authors: de Laddersous A. Moeller 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLe 2 mai 1923, Sir Frederic LUGARD prenait la parole à Bruxelles, dans la Salle de l'Union Coloniale, en présence de S.M. le Roi Albert. Le cycle de conférences organisé par le Ministre des Colonies de Belgique, M. Louis Franck, pour l'étude des problèmes coloniaux sous l'éclairement des diverses solutions adoptées par les principales nations coloniales, devait nécessairement appeler à cette tribune, pour cette confrontation, l'ancien gouverneur général de la Nigérie, le tenant de l'administration indirecte, qui venait, l'année précédente, de consigner les données de son expérience et d'exposer sa doctrine dans un ouvrage dont le retentissement allait s'étendre à toute l'Afrique et qui deviendrait le bréviaire des administrateurs coloniaux.
A Note on the Luimbi of Central Angola
Authors: Scott Cecil W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe Luimbi-speaking people occupy a region in the centre of Angola. This area is of a somewhat irregular shape, approximately 200 miles from north to south, between latitudes 10° 30′ and 14° S. and varying from 30 to 100 miles in width roughly between longitudes 17° and 19° E. In general their home thus lies along the Quanza valley from the source of that river to near its confluence with the Luandu river. To the east is the 150-mile stretch of the ‘hungry country’, a sandy but in parts fertile and well-wooded region which is, nevertheless, uninhabited because, by local tradition, it ‘lies under the curse of a king’. This divides the Luimbi from the arrogant, fierce, and once cannibal Chokwe who, however, are tending to infiltrate both south and north.
Some Aspects of Investment and Economic Development in the Continent of Africa
Authors: Frankel S. Herbert 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphTo endeavour to epitomize the problems of capital investment in a continent in a few pages must in itself be regarded as presumptuous; to make the attempt when that continent is Africa, with its immense regional, political, and racial diversities, may well be foolhardy. Therefore in submitting this note, in response to the invitation of the Interim Committee of the International Economic Association that I should set down some headings for discussion at its conference, I have endeavoured to focus attention on some fundamental issues which are in some degree common to Africa south of the Sahara.
Recent French Legislation concerning African Marriage
Authors: Phillips Arthur 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphSocial legislation of far-reaching importance for Africans in the French territories of West and Equatorial Africa is contained in a recently published decree (No. 51-1100 of 14 September 1951, relatif à certaines modalités du mariage entre personnes de statut personnel en A.O.F., en A.E.F., au Togo et au Cameroun).This legislation involves the overriding of native customary law at certain vital points, particularly in relation to the institution of bride-price. In so far as bride-price is a factor contributing to the dependent status of the adult African woman and tending (under modern conditions) towards the commercialization of the marriage transaction, the decree is designed to neutralize its effects.
Sul Significato della Scultura Africana
Authors: Grottanelli Vinigi L. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphLa conoscenza della scultura africana ha avuto una storia paradossale. Nei secoli in cui fioriva in Europa la moda dell'esotismo orientaleggiante, quest'arte esotica per eccellenza fu totalmente ignorata; ma essa divenne celebre nel momento in cui l'esotismo tramontava. I suoi capolavori più genuini furono raccolti a migliaia quando quasi nessuno sospettava il loro intrinseco valore; acquistarono iperbolica fama ad opera di persone che ignoravano tutto a loro riguardo, e furono esaltate proprio per quei pregi che in realtà non possedevano. Nello stesso momento in cui la plastica negra rappresentava un lievito di grande importanza, per quanto male impiegato, nella cultura occidentale, gli Europei ne causavano il completo tracollo. E infine, fenomeno ancora più malinconico, gli Africani acquistano consapevolezza riflessa della loro nobilissima tradizione artistica proprio oggi, in un mondo che, a meno di miracoli, sembra aver posto su quella tradizione una triste pietra tombale.
Changing Political Processes among the Abaja Ibo
Authors: Smock David R. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe basic features of the political processes among the Ibo of Eastern Nigeria are well documented. The most striking element of the system is its decentralization. Margery Perham wrote thirty years ago that ‘it is almost impossible to imagine a wider diffusion of authority’ than one finds in Ibo society (Perham, 1937, p. 234). When a decision affecting an Ibo community is to be made, several groups and organizations concern themselves with the issue and within each organization near unanimity must be reached before discussion can be closed. Participation is on such a broad scale that most traditional meetings have no chairman or central direction, take no votes, permit more than one person to speak at a time, have no agenda, and continue for long periods. A decision reached by one organization within a community that is not acceptable to another organization can usually not be implemented. Margaret Green writes: ‘Ibo democracy works through a number of juxtaposed groups and a system of checks and balances rather than on a unitary or hierarchical principle’ (Green, 1947, p. 145).
Right and Left Hand among the Kaguru: A Note on Symbolic Classification
Authors: Beidelman T. O. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper presents the general features of dualistic symbolic classification among the Kaguru, a Bantu people of east-central Tanganyika, East Africa.It has been written as a result of my reading Needham's stimulating article, ‘The Left Hand of the Mugwe’, which recently appeared in Africa. Using Bernardi's ethnographic data on the Meru, Needham isolates a dualistic symbolic classification of those people. The result is a very striking illustration of the order and understanding gained by the social anthropologist once this important feature of Meru ideology is shown. Needham then goes on to indicate some of the relations which such a symbolic classification may have to certain structural divisions of a society.
The Morphology of Mpondomise Descent Groups
Authors: Hammond-Tooke W. D. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThis paper had its genesis in an attempt to understand certain aspects of the ancestor cult of the Mpondomise, a Cape Nguni people of the Transkei, South Africa. Like all Southern Bantu, the Mpondomise have only a vague idea of a supreme being and effective ritual behaviour is directed towards the shades of deceased agnatic forebears, the izinyanya. It was immediately obvious that any understanding, particularly of the structural aspects of the cult, depended on a clear picture of the lineage, of what is, in effect, its ‘congregation’ (in the Durkheimian sense). It is an anthropological truism that ancestor cults exhibit to a high degree that congruence between ritual behaviour and social structure emphasized by Durkheim. In strong contrast to the universalistic world religions, recruitment to the cult group is in terms of a kinship idiom, either through birth, marriage, or adoption, the beings to whom worship is directed are highly differentiated and structurally defined, and their sphere of influence is similarly bounded. There is evidence that the ancestor cult is inversely correlated with a highly developed cult of a supreme being and that sacrifice to the manes tends to symbolize commensalism (as one would expect with erstwhile kinsmen) rather than the explicit identification of the worshipper with the offering found, for example, both among the Nuer, with their conceptualization of an omnipotent High God, and, in some of its symbolism at least, in the Christian Eucharist. Be this as it may, ancestor cults have been particularly congenial to the structural interests of modern social anthropologists and the growing number of detailed studies has greatly increased our knowledge of this religious form. It was thus essential, as a preliminary exercise, to define the congregation of the cult, the locus of ritual authority within it, and the relationship of the living members of the group to the dead.
A Further Contribution to the Study of Zande Culture
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn a recent number of Africa (October i960) I showed that a number of Zande cultivated plants must have been borrowed from other peoples and that others were probably borrowed too. The points there emphasized were: firstly, that the agricultural economy of the Azande is derived from many different sources; secondly, that the Azande themselves see it that way; and thirdly, that in the past it must have been much simpler than in recent times, leading us to suppose that there has probably been a connexion between bionomic development and political development. I now turn to a consideration of certain arts and crafts to show further that it is not only in the cultivation of plants that Zande culture is a complex of borrowed elements, as the people themselves are a complex of peoples of different ethnic origins, but also in their material culture generally. I do not attempt to cover all of their material culture, only some parts of it for illustration and as an indication of the extent to which it has been taken over from peoples absorbed into the original Mbomu stock or from neighbouring peoples.
The Linguistic Prehistory of Southern Africa: Bush, Kwadi, Hottentot, and Bantu Linguistic Relationships
Authors: Westphal E. O. J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe languages dealt with in this paper are Bush ‘A’, ‘B’, ‘C’, and ‘D’, Kwadi, Hottentot, and about 20 Bantu language groups, comprising more than 50 distinct dialects. It is concerned with pre-Bantu history and the Bush, Kwadi, and Hottentot languages, but material on Bantu is included for the following reasons: (a) The information relevant to a discussion of the peopling of Southern Africa by Bantu-speaking peoples is scattered in the available literature or is not available at all, and, (b) Bantu traditional lore has something to say on the subject of pre-Bantu indigenous peoples of Southern Africa, and there must therefore be some evaluation of the relationship of modern and early Bantu languages and an attempt must be made to define their recent and early traditional language areas.
The Migrant Tenant Farmer of Eastern Nigeria
Authors: Udo R. K. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn Eastern Nigeria today there is a growing movement of people from very densely populated rural districts to those which are sparsely peopled. The movement involves farmers who, because of the increasing pressure on the already overworked and impoverished soils of their village territories, move to districts favoured with abundant and more fertile farmlands. Migration to the farm during the farming season (February-October) may be distinguished from that in which the migrant stays at his place of work for many years before returning to his own village. The former is generally associated with short-distance movement to farmlands rarely more than twenty miles from the natal village. The latter, on the other hand, often involves movement over long distances. The migrant farmer is engaged not only in growing crops but also in harvesting and processing palm fruits. The various economic, demographic, and environmental factors which give rise to this pattern of farming are discussed in this paper, which also reviews the socio-economic implications of migrant tenant farming in Eastern Nigeria.