bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Individual Differences in Autonomic Responses: Illustration of a Possible Solution
Authors: Egeren Lawrence F. Van , Headrick Mary W. , Hein Peter L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA factor analysis methodology for the study of individual differences in response functions developed by Tucker (1958, 1966) was illustrated by analysis of conditional cardiac responses. Three cardiac (factor) responses were found: one acceleratory‐deceleratory, a second monophasic, and a third deceleratory‐acceleratory, over the CS–UCS interval. Individual conditional responses were composed of the acceleratory‐deceleratory component plus either positive or negative parts of the second and third components. Individual differences in conditional cardiac response forms were substantial. The factor model provided a better fit of observed responses than the average response model provided. The advantages of determining psychophysiological functions (laws) having explicit parameters for individuals were discussed.
Site, State, and Subject Characteristics of Palmar Skin Potential Levels
Authors: Christie Margaret J. , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPalmar skin potential levels (SPLs) were recorded with Ag/AgCl electrodes and 0.5% KCl, in two degrees of relaxation, simultaneously from eight finger sites of 20 habituated and 20 non‐habituated male subjects. The SPLs were examined by analyses of variance computed with right/left, and dominant/non‐dominant distributions of hand data.There were significant finger site differences in all conditions; significant hand differences were observable only with greater relaxation, i.e. to ‘basal’ levels of SP, and only with the dominant/non‐dominant distribution of data. There was evidence of significant interactions implicating the habituation factor. The results are interpreted in terms of the balance of sweat gland and non‐sudorific contributions to the generation of palmar SPL.
What is Skin Potential Level?
Authors: Yamazaki Katuo , Tajimi Tetuo 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to clarify the mechanism of skin potential level (SPL) measured on the foot pads of cats, 5 acute animals were used without any anesthetic drug. Spontaneous skin potential responses (SPRs) immediately disappeared after peripheral denervation, but SPL remained the same negative level as before. Moreover, this level reduced in negativity after death, gradually passing zero potential toward positivity. The existence of SPL after peripheral denervation or death suggests that a major portion of SPL can be conceived as an energy‐consuming bioelectrical potential having no relationship to central nervous system activation as considered previously.
A Technique for Recording Human Body Posture During Sleep
Authors: Muzet Alain , Becht Jean , Jacquot Pierre , Koenig Pierre 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn actographic bed coupled with an electronic logic network was constructed to detect major body movements usually associated with changes in sleep posture. These body movements also triggered the infra‐red photographic system. Recordings of these movements by means of transducers attached to the actographic bed on the sleep electroencephalograms permitted an analysis of body movements in relation to sleep stages and time of night. The system remained reliable over long periods of use, and did not interfere with sleep.
Further Comment on the Significance of Heart Rate in Cross‐Laboratory Comparison
Authors: Elliott Rogers 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNorman and Melville appear to feel that differences from laboratory to laboratory are so pervasive and effective that no useful cross‐laboratory interpretations of differences in HR can be made. Elliott argues that the differences, and the absolute levels as well, are useful clues to motivational states, in rough proportion to the size of the samples involved, given certain boundary conditions about what we are willing to call “rest”; and that many of the dimensions of difference said by Norman and Melville to be fundamental are probably irrelevant. A variety of misrepresentations of Elliott's case made by Norman and Melville are discussed.
Neonatal Muscle Tone Recorded From Eye Movement Leads
Authors: Harmon Robert J. , Emde Robert N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA simplified way of recording muscle tone during newborn sleep uses electrode placement over periorbital musculature. One study analyzed 30 nights of recording for the emergence of tonic muscle activity during REM to non‐REM sleep transitions. The periorbital location equalled the standard chin location in manifesting these changes even though the periorbital electrodes were originally intended for eye movement recording. Another study employed technical adjustments to enhance muscle tone recording from the periorbital location. Analysis of 8 recording nights indicated even more favorable results from this location.
The Effect of Unilateral Alpha Training on Visual Evoked Response in a Dyslexic Adolescent
Authors: O'Malley John E. , Conners C. Keith 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo further elucidate the possible relationship between alpha waves and the averaged visual evoked response (VER), a pilot study with a dyslexic adolescent was undertaken. Baseline alpha and VER were recorded and bilateral alpha training done. After each trial the VER was recorded. By analysis of variance it was found that alpha training significantly increased the amplitude of VER (p < .001). Baseline values for amplitudes of the VER fluctuated widely from zero but were not correlated with percent alpha.Next a system was devised to train alpha unilaterally. The subject was given a feedback response when he produced 0.5 sec of alpha in the left hemisphere and concurrently 0.5 sec of beta or theta in the right hemisphere. Alpha time on the left significantly increased over the 5 day (4 trials per day) period, as did beta and theta time on the right. Left minus right VER amplitude difference was also increased and correlated (p < .05) with both alpha (L) and beta or theta (R) percent time increases.
Computer Software Bank For Psychophysiology
Authors: Kahn S David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPP‐T0001‐0‐I This paper describes the inauguration of a Computer Software section in PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY. It explains the three kinds of communications that will be published: Program Registrations, Software Abstracts, and Software Articles, either theoretical or describing working programs. Detailed instructions regarding content and format are given. In anticipation of a computerized software retrieval system for psychophysiology, it also contains coding instructions for authors so they may identify their papers by subject, organ system, machine, and language prior to submission.
A Methodological Note: Comparison Between Period and Rate Data in Studies of Cardiac Function
Authors: Khachaturian Z. S. , Kerr J. , Kruger R. , Schachter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to compare two methods of analyzing EKG data, period (R–R intervals) and frequency (heart rate). Simulated data as well as EKGs recorded from newborn infants were utilized to show the effects of transforming cardiac periods into frequencies. The results showed that this transformation introduces errors, which are reflected in the mean, variance, and the degree of skewness of the basic data. It is argued that the widely used convention of transforming period data into heart rate should not be used without valid justification.
Preprocessor Adapts Cardiovascular Signals to a Minicomputer
Authors: Krausman David T. , Ehrlich Walter , Brady Joseph V. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA laboratory‐developed analog signal processor, driven by a conventional polygraph recorder and associated signal conditioning devices, provides automatic heart beat‐by‐heart beat preprocessing of various cardiovascular functions for input to a laboratory‐type minicomputer. The technique of preprocessing individual functions, integrated with the minicomputer system which includes an A/D converter and teletype as input‐output peripherals, provides a low‐cost data acquisition and reduction system for the on‐line computation and analysis of cardiovascular functions in experimental research applications. Such preprocessing more efficiently uses the minicomputer's memory to handle large amounts of information since the digitized data is in the form of one data sample, per function, per heart beat. Preprocessing analog data provides a low density data format and simplified software programs that are ideally suited for the utilization of a minicomputer in this on‐line application.
Differences in Readiness Potential Associated with Push‐Button Construction
Authors: Ford Judith M. , MacPherson Leonard , Kopell Bert S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFor the purposes of psychophysiological experiments that require an operant response, a push‐button switch that utilized the skin resistance of the thumb was constructed. The skin contact push‐buton (SC‐PB) produced a more negative pre‐response slow potential shift recorded at the vertex than the standard push‐button (S‐PB), using 6 subjects in a repeated measures design.
Effects of Exteroceptive Feedback and Instructions on Control of Spontaneous Galvanic Skin Responses
Authors: Klinge Valerie 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo more fully explore the possibility of control of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) in the human S, this study investigated the effects of instructions and exteroeeptive feedback on the control of spontaneous galvanic skin responsivity (GSR). Two sets of instructions (“Relax” and “Think”) were alternately presented to Ss under four types of meter feedback: accurate, positive, negative, and control. In addition to GSR activity, respiration and cardiac rate were recorded. The results indicated that Ss receiving accurate feedback were significantly better able to comply with the “Relax”‐“Think” instructions; next most effective was positive feedback, while negative and control feedback were least effective. No within‐subject relationships were found between control of spontaneous GSRs and respiration or cardiac activity. The results suggest that Ss are responsive to the consequences of their antonomic behavior in much the same manner as they are responsive to the consequences of other learned behaviors.
The Effect of Reaction Time Feedback on Reaction Time and Contingent Negative Variation
Authors: Rebert Charles S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe contingent negative variation (CNV) and simple reaction time (RT) of human Ss were recorded when the imperative stimulus (IS) was either single flash, repetitive flash, numeric feedback of RT, or numeric no‐feedback of RT. Reaction times were not significantly shorter, but CNVs were larger when IS was flicker rather than single flash. RT was slightly faster, but CNV was no larger in one study when explicit numeric feedback was provided than when it was not. Slightly larger CNVs were obtained in the no‐feedback condition in a third experiment. Conclusions were: (1) that the effectiveness of flicker vs flash in producing a CNV difference was due to S's attempts to obtain feedback in the flicker condition and not to feedback per se, and (2) that the general hedonic quality of the experiment produced by the degree of positive or negative reinforcement is a potent feedback variable, whereas RT feedback per se is not.
A Comparative Study of the Effects of Electrical and Psychological Stimulation on Muscular Fatigue
Authors: Hundal P. S. , Gill Surishtha 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment was designed to study the effects of local electrical stimulation (LES) and verbal psychological stimulation (VPS) on the output of the fatigued muscles. The task was to operate Palmer's finger ergograph with the middle finger of the preferred hand. The LES was given by passing alternate square pulses through the operating muscles of the hand. The VPS was provided by applauding the performance of the S while he was still at work. Ten Ss provided the data under 5 experimental conditions. The results suggest that: (1) Both LES and VPS tend to increase the output as measured by the ergograph. (2) LES is superior to VPS in the initial stages of the work period but the situation is reversed at a later stage. (3) Neither the LES nor the VPS delay or enhance the onset of fatigue but they tend to increase the duration of work period when applied in the after decline period. (4) Continuous application of LES leads to rapid adaptation to its effect in comparison with VPS.
Large Magnitude Voluntary Heart Rate Changes
Authors: Wells David T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTAn experiment was performed to demonstrate methods for enabling subjects (Ss) to produce large magnitude heart rate (HR) changes under conditions which include adequate controls for basal HR changes and elicitation of the HR response by breathing changes. The methods used were an attempt to optimize motivational, feedback, and practice variables. Of 9 Ss, 6 displayed mean HR increases ranging from 16.7 bpm to 35.2 bpm. The greatest mean HR decrease for any S was 3.1 bpm. Control procedures indicated that breathing changes accompanying large increases in HR were not sufficient to account for the magnitude of HR change.
Spontaneous Skin Potential Responses in Sleeping Infants Between 24 and 41 Weeks of Conceptional Age
Authors: Curzi‐Dascalova Lilya , Pajot Nicole , Dreyfus‐Brisac Colette 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe goal of this study was twofold: at which conceptional age do the spontaneous skin potential responses (SPRs) appear in premature infants; are they related to the sleep cycle as they are in human adults. Twenty nine sleeping infants, conceptional age (CA) 24 to 41 weeks, were investigated with polygraphic recordings. SPRs first appeared at 28 weeks. Their number increased rapidly after 30 weeks CA. They appeared mostly simultaneously with slow wave EEG activity which in premature infants is the EEG pattern of active sleep. Unlike the spontaneous SPRs which in adults occur mainly in NREM sleep, they are in premature and full term newborns well correlated with active (or REM) sleep. The relationships between spontaneous SPRs and autonomic or phasic events of sleep are also studied.
A Case Study of Scientists' Opinions about the Regulations of their Work: Opinions of the Members of the Society for Psychophysiological Research about the Regulation of Biofeedback Research and Technology
Authors: Stephen Leff H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA survey of members of the Society for Psychophysiological Research showed that most members responding foresaw both applications and problems associated with the development of biofeedback research and technology. It also showed that most respondents would not favor legislation regulating biofeedback work or public monitoring of it, but would favor public involvement in decision making in the face of its misuse. Although there was a consensus that biofeedback's treatment in the media is too sensationalistic, opinion was divided between those advocating less publicity as a remedy and those advocating improved working relations with the press and better educating the public. Age, source of research funds, and professional orientation were significantly related to respondents' opinions more than other background and work context variables. These relationships are discussed.
Personality, Psychophysiology, and Performance
Authors: Roessler Robert 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTResearch relating personality variables to physiological responsivity and to motor performance is reviewed. Trait anxiety is not related to physiology but ego strength is related to change in physiological levels. Skin conductance is most consistently related to ego strength across experimental conditions and across subjects. Other physiological variables are also related to ego strength in certain subjects under certain conditions. Data relating ego strength to other personality variables and to psychomotor performance is also reviewed. A theory relating personality to physiological change is proposed.
Cardiovascular Response During a Word Association Test and an Interview
Authors: Williams Redford B. , Frankel Bernard L. , Gillin J. Christian , Weiss James L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPrevious work has demonstrated a consistent increase in diastolic blood pressure during an interview relative to a word association test. A consideration of normal cardiovascular mechanisms suggests that such increased diastolic pressure could be associated with decreased forearm blood flow. This expectation is at variance with previous studies in which psychological stimuli have been associated only with increased forearm blood flow. Forearm blood flow and pulse rate were measured during rest periods and during a word association test and an interview in 8 normal volunteers and 8 psychiatric inpatients. Twelve of the 16 Ss showed a decrease in forearm blood flow during the interview, thus confirming our expectation. That this decrease is an active response, rather than a passive fall, is suggested by the finding of increased heart rate during the interview. The cardiovascular responses of the patient group differed in some respects from those of the normal group. We hypothesize that the attentional deficit of the schizophrenics in the patient sample may have contributed to this difference.
Habituation During Sleep
Authors: Firth Hugh 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn some recent reports, authors have found no evidence for habituation during sleep, and have concluded that habituation and sleep are incompatible. This finding was tested using skin potential, heart rate, and EEG responses to a 70 dB, 1 sec, 1000 Hz tone, in sleep stages 2, 4, and REM, with daytime controls. Interstimulus intervals used ranged from 10 to 30 sec.Autonomic responses analyzed separately for each series of stimuli showed significant habituation, except for heart rate responses in REM and in the daytime (drowsy) controls. EEG responses also demonstrated habituation. An interstimulus interval effect was found with EEG K‐complexes, habituation occurring more slowly or not at all with the longer, irregular interstimulus intervals.It is suggested that previous failure to detect habituation has been due to a technique of averaging responses over hourly periods and/or the use of long irregular interstimulus intervals. It is concluded that habituation is indeed possible in human sleep if stimulus intervals are not long.
Cognitive Processes and the Multiple Response Phenomenon
Authors: Lockhart Russell A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe phenomenon of multiple autonomic responding is analyzed in terms of the component responses of the multiple response pattern (CS‐R, PRE‐US‐R, POST‐US‐R). CS‐R is interpreted as a function of two mechanisms: (1) an orienting response sensitive to temporal and event uncertainty, and (2) a component sensitive to stimulus sequence. Both components are subject to cognitive control, but also appear operative in cognitively deficient populations (e.g., the mentally retarded). PRE‐US‐R is interpreted as unique to language‐capable humans and manifested when perceptual‐verbal processes actually are involved in S's interaction with the stimulus paradigm. It is, perhaps, an autonomic correlate of “awareness”. POST‐US‐R is interpreted as the earliest development of a neuronal model of stimulus sequence, but subject to enhancement or suppression via cognitive factors. When the human subject has full possession of his cognitive and symbolic processes and relates to the conditioning paradigm in terms of these processes, conditioning phenomena will be quite different than when these processes are absent or directed into nonparadigm‐related activities. The effect of rendering cognitive processes dysfunctional cannot be predicted from autonomic behavior mediated by cognitive processes operating naturally and without interference.
Differential SCR Conditioning With Two Control Baselines: Random Signal and Signal Absent
Authors: Prokasy William F. , Williams William C. , Kumpfer Karol L. , Lee William Yu‐Ming , Jenson William R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThirty‐six Ss, informed about the contingencies, were given differential SCR training with 3 different signals: CS+, CS−, and a signal which was random with respect to UCS occurrence. UCSs occurred randomly between trials and during random signal trials, were correlated with CS+ presence, and were absent during CS−. Employing nonspecific response frequency and amplitude, as well as responding during random signal trials, as baselines for comparison, evidence for both inhibitory and excitatory influences was obtained. The pattern of these influences was such as to question the proposition that a CS+ acquires general excitatory properties and a CS− acquires general inhibitory properties.
Autonomic Arousal in Normal, Alcoholic, and Brain‐Damaged Subjects as Measured by the Plethysmograph Response to Cold Pressor Stimulation
Authors: Lovallo William , Parsons Oscar A. , Holloway Frank A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to study the role of central factors in controlling autonomic arousal, hospitalized control, brain‐damaged, and alcoholic patients were tested for responsivity to the cold pressor test. During the last 30 sec of a 1 min immersion, half of the Ss were given a motor task consisting of 12 reaction time trials. The dependent variable was the cutaneous vasomotor response measured by a plethysmograph. Hospital controls showed strong rebound tendencies on recovery and well‐modulated responses during immersion. The brain‐damaged had plethysmograph responses which after immersion showed little or no tendency to recover. Alcoholics manifested intermediate tendencies. Hospital controls who received the motor task during immersion had a reduction in response whereas brain‐damaged Ss in the same condition showed increased response. Also noted were two distinctly different plethysmograph response profiles to the cold pressor: vasodilation and vasoconstriction.
A Direct Comparison of the Effects of the Quiet Room and Water Immersion Isolation Techniques
Authors: Forgays, And Donald G. , Mcclure Gary N. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study compares in the same subjects (Ss) the effects of two isolation environments, the quiet room and the water‐immersion procedure. Total endurance time in the respective environments, heart rate, and subjective time estimates were the dependent variables. Data on 5 male and 5 female young adult Ss are presented. With voluntary termination possible at any time, Ss spent an average of over 5 1/4 hrs in the room and 4 1/2 hrs in the tank. These Ss underestimate the time spent in the room but overestimate the time spent under water. The average heart rate in the room is about 67 bpm while that in the tank is about 81 bpm. All of these differences are statistically reliable. These results support the position that the water‐immersion technique of isolation is a more stressful procedure than the more generally used room technique. The S appears to be more aroused or alerted in the tank than he is in the room.