bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cricoid pressure: Assessment of performance and effect of training in emergency department staff
Authors: Quigley Paul , Jeffrey Penelope 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjectives:  (i) To evaluate the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of ED staff regarding the technique of cricoid pressure; (ii) to assess the efficacy of two methods of cricoid pressure training.Methods:  Theoretical knowledge of participants was assessed by a pretraining questionnaire, and practical ability was assessed using a Flinders Meditech cricoid pressure trainer. Participants then received a brief period of theoretical instruction, and were allocated to two training groups. Group A received further training with the pressure trainer. Group B was provided with reading material. Practical ability was assessed again immediately and then 4–6 weeks later.Results:  Seventy subjects were recruited. A total of 53% could identify the position of the cricoid cartilage, and 16% could identify the pressure required. The percentage achieving a correct position at baseline, immediately after training and after 4–6 weeks was 47%, 97% and 70% respectively in group A, compared with 61%, 86% and 74% respectively in group B, a non‐significant difference between groups. The percentage achieving correct pressure at baseline, immediately after training and 4–6 weeks later was 38%, 88% and 67% respectively in group A, compared with 30%, 33% and 51% respectively in group B. The between‐group difference was significant only immediately following training (P < 0.0001).Conclusion:  Theoretical knowledge and technique regarding cricoid pressure was poor among our ED staff. Both methods of training appeared to improve performance. The biofeedback group was more likely to apply correct pressure immediately after training. The effects of training diminished rapidly with time.
Which heparin during the investigation of chest pain at term pregnancy?
Authors: Boyle Rhonda K 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA patient was treated with a therapeutic dose of low‐molecular‐weight heparin, then required caesarean section immediately following its administration. Reasons for preferring this heparin over unfractionated heparin are acknowledged but not supported for short‐term use in an obstetric patient near term.
Abdominal pain and jaundice: Appendiceal perforation an important differential
Authors: Dawes Tim , Burrows Cameron 
Published: June 2007

AbstractClinicians must be aware of atypical presentations of common conditions. Appendiceal perforation with peritonitis and sepsis presenting with cholestatic jaundice is an important example, given the prevalence of the condition and the mortality associated with delayed diagnosis. The authors describe a case seen at their hospital.
The shapes of molecular cloud cores in Orion
Authors: Tassis Konstantinos 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
We investigate the intrinsic shapes of starless cores in the Orion giant molecular cloud, using the pre-stellar core sample of Nutter & Ward-Thompson, which is based on submillimetre SCUBA data. We employ a maximum-likelihood method to reconstruct the intrinsic distribution of ellipsoid axial ratios from observations of the axial ratios of projected plane-of-the-sky core ellipses. We find that, independently of the details of the assumed functional form of the distribution, there is a strong preference for oblate cores of finite thickness. Cores with varying finite degrees of triaxiality are a better fit than purely axisymmetric cores, although cores close to axisymmetry are not excluded by the data. The incidence of prolate starless cores in Orion is found to be very infrequent. We also test the consistency of the observed data with a uniform distribution of intrinsic shapes, where oblate and prolate cores of all degrees of triaxiality occur with equal probability. Such a distribution is excluded at the 0.1 per cent level. These findings have important implications for theories of core formation within molecular clouds.
TYC 1031 01262 1: the first known Galactic eclipsing binary with a Type II Cepheid component
Authors: Antipin S. V. , Sokolovsky K. V. , Ignatieva T. I. 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
We present the discovery and CCD observations of the first eclipsing binary with a Type II Cepheid component in our Galaxy. The pulsation and orbital periods are found to be 4.1523 and 51.38 d, respectively, i.e. this variable is the system with the shortest orbital period among known Cepheid binaries. Pulsations dominate the brightness variations. The eclipses are assumed to be partial. The EB-subtype eclipsing light curve leads us to believe that the binary components are non-spherical.
Retention of Physician Assistants in Rural Health Clinics
Authors: Henry Lisa R. , Hooker Roderick S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context:

Improvement of rural health care access has been a guiding principle of federal and state policy regarding physician assistants (PAs).

Purpose:

To determine the factors that influence autonomous rural PAs (who work less than 8 hours per week with their supervising physician) to remain in remote locations.

Methods:

A qualitative exploratory study was undertaken in 8 rural Texas towns, including direct observation of clinics, semi‐structured interviews with PAs, and focus groups with community residents.

Findings:

The major factors contributing to retention among autonomous rural PAs include: confidence in the ability to provide adequate health care, desire for small‐town life, residing in the community, and being involved with the community. Both PAs and residents thought the level of their town's health care was moderately good but could be improved. The clinic allowed easy access for primary care and minor injuries. Town residents and PAs also expressed a desire for major improvements including a pharmacy, visiting specialists, and additional medical equipment. Not all residents sought medical care at the clinic, with some electing to travel to physicians in larger towns.

Conclusions:

Rural community residents have more confidence in and satisfaction with PAs who have remained in a clinic for several years. In order to increase retention rates, PAs committed to autonomous, rural primary care would benefit from additional training, particularly in emergency medicine, the benefits of community involvement, and adaptation to the local culture.
Differential Effects of Economic Factors on Specialist and Family Physician Distribution in Illinois: A County‐Level Analysis
Authors: Mistretta Martin J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT:
Context:

Uneven distribution of physicians across geographic areas of the United States remains a significant problem that may have implications for health.

Purpose:

To develop a statistical model of physician distribution in Illinois counties that predicts where specialists and family physicians practice, and to suggest policy strategies for alleviating shortages.

Methods:

Three‐stage least squares, an estimation technique, was utilized to create a model where 19 variables suggested by the literature predicted specialist and family physician distribution within geographic areas, specifically counties in Illinois.

Findings:

Non‐economic quality of life factors seemed to be related to specialist physician practice location (eg, percent graduates and professionals located in the area, public school expenditures, nonpublic teachers per capita, and sufficient hospital beds). In contrast, economic factors were related to family physician practice location (eg, per capita income, total population [an indicator of demand for medical care]).

Conclusion:

Indicators suggest quality of life factors appear important in specialist location and retention, whereas indicators suggest economic factors appear important to family physician location and retention. Subsidies are suggested to encourage more family physicians to locate and remain in rural areas.
CURRENT STATUS AND CONSERVATION NEEDS OF DUGONGS IN SOUTHERN JAPAN
Authors: Shirakihara Miki , Yoshida Hideyoshi , Yokochi Hiroyuki , Ogawa Hisao , Hosokawa Taro , Higashi Naoto , Kasuya Toshio 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe conducted aerial surveys of dugongs (Dugong dugon) using the line‐transect method and snorkeling surveys of dugong feeding trails in 1998 and 1999 around Okinawa Island (26°30′N, 128°00′E) and the Sakishima Islands, southern Japan. A total of ten dugongs were sighted and feeding trails were confirmed in the sea grass beds off the east coast of Okinawa Island. In the Sakishima Islands, however, no dugongs were observed, and there was no evidence of feeding trails despite the existence of apparently suitable sea grass beds for feeding. The results of these surveys and other available information suggest that Okinawan dugongs represent a small, geographically isolated population. Our sightings of dugongs during the daytime, offshore of sea grass beds where feeding trails were recorded, suggest that Okinawan dugongs principally feed at night when human activities are limited. Survival of this remnant dugong population is threatened by habitat degradation and occasional entanglement mortality in fishing nets.
The Use of Niobium as an Anode Material in Liquid Filled Electrolytic Capacitors
Authors: Jackson N. F. , Hendy J. C. 
Published: June 2007

Field crystallisation during the anodisation of niobium can be reduced to a minimum by employing a phosphoric
acid electrolyte at low temperature. For certain other electrolyte systems, reduced crystalline growth rates are
obtained by increasing the solute concentration or by adding either phosphate or ethylene glycol.Porous anodes were prepared from niobium powders of nominal particle size 8μm or 10μm using sintering
temperatures of 1400–1800℃. The capacitance of these bodies was in the range 4,600–10,000μF Vgm-1. after
anodising at 20℃. Shelf tests on experimental capacitors filled with a concentrated sulphuric acid electrolyte
indicated a maximum working temperature of 85℃. Although chemical compatibility between the dielectric oxide
and the sulphuric acid was maintained up to 125℃, thermal effects on the oxide at this temperature resulted in
unacceptably large increases in capacitance and leakage current. Endurance tests at 85℃ of capacitors rated at
35V/200μF or 63V/60μF showed good stability of capacitance and dissipation factor over a period of 3000 hours.
Final leakage currents were in the region of 10-4μAμF-1V-1
at 85℃ and crystalline growth was greatly restricted.
Direct Chip Mounting — A Challenge to the Design Engineer
Authors: Lorman J. , Prochaska J. 
Published: June 2007

The extrapolation of development trends in the area of technologically complicated electronic equipment shows an ever increasing complexity in semiconductor technology. This development has so concerned the constructors of electronic equipment that progress in the technology of mounting and interconnection has taken a secondary place.This growing divergence between a fast developing microelectronic industry, and a conservative state of the macroelectronics industry, is a driving force with regard to the progress to effective connection technologies at every level of mounting. The technological solution to all systems will then become more coordinated.The mounting of components to printed circuit boards is traditionally a soldering operation. This principle lead to the development of full automation, and is a standard mounting technology. The growth of integration at the chip level has however brought new requirements that are only satisfied with difficulty.Newly developed requirements show that the use of dual‐in‐line packages will be unsatisfactory. New methods must be designed to connect the chips directly to the printed circuit board, going from the chip as the smallest mounted unit.Requirements for very complex electronic equipment with a high degree of integration (LSI or VLSI) are not satisfied using traditional mounting systems. These require a totally new mounting concept, from the chips to the printed circuit board.In this paper alternatives to printed circuit board technology with insulated wiring (multilayers), and the mounting of chips from film carriers, are evaluated. These principles have a good possibility of further improvement as progress in mounting technology continues.Price reductions cause an extension of application possibilities and an extension of electronic designs. It is harder to make choices for new designs when there are more degrees of freedom. However the function of chips as the basic element is unchangeable and optimum designs need to be based on this concept.
Card‐Edge Connector Reliability
Authors: Villien Poul 
Published: June 2007

This paper considers the results of using tin or T/A platings as a substitute for gold in card‐edge connectors.Measurements have been made on mated systems before and after various environmental tests. It has been shown that gold‐gold contacts still provide the best reliability even if some of the gold platings have become worn through due to constant withdrawal and insertion.
Compliant Press‐Fit Technology Integrated Into a New Back Panel Packaging Approach
Authors: Kerkhoff A. 
Published: June 2007

Involving, as it does, DIN and Reversed DIN board connectors, compliant press‐fit pins, round cable, flat cable, and coaxial‐connectors, the Berg Backpanel System has, over the past two years, gained a recognized position in the European and US markets.Development and expansion of the system in depth, and in breadth, is still ongoing. One of the major subjects is press‐fit: preloaded press‐fit connectors and studies focused on the relationship between printed circuit board properties vs. compliant press‐fit pin design.This paper presents results of these developments and discusses design options.
Improvements in Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors
Authors: Dyson A. F. 
Published: June 2007

The increased use of Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors in both chip and encapsulated formats is mainly due to their excellence at decoupling Integrated Circuit Random Access Memories.As a result of this excellent performance, large volumes of this type of capacitor are currently used and indications are that further increases in volume will continue over the next decade. There is therefore a market requirement for continued improvements in performance, reliability and cost.There have been major processing changes for cost reduction reasons, which have resulted in new dielectric systems, changes in electrode types and greatly reduced dielectric thicknesses.Studies of the failure mechanisms in these capacitors have been made, and this paper outlines the effect of process and materials on the reliability of these capacitors.In addition, critical process stages are highlighted and control levels indicated. Some new work on testing techniques and its relevance to delaminations is also reported.
The Tunnel Etching of Aluminium
Authors: Jackson N. F. 
Published: June 2007

The electrochemical potential for the active dissolution of aluminium in sodium chloride solution is found to be
linearly related to the logarithm of the chloride ion concentration. The value of E0 calculated on the basis of the
postulated electrode reaction is approximately 0.3 V more negative than the experimental value and a similar
inequality is observed for bromide and iodide electrolytes.The electrochemical etching of aluminium in chloride, bromide or iodide solutions is initiated at weak points in
the surface oxide film. Subsequent stages in the dissolution process involve a random attack leading to the
formation of cavities and a selective attack leading to tunnelling. The dominance of one or other of these
dissolution modes is largely dependent upon the electrochemical parameters. It is suggested that the reason for this
dependency is associated with an alteration in the electrode potential for dissolution resulting from changes in the
halide ion concentration within the tunnel structure.
Electrical Behaviour of Langmuir Films: A Review, Part II
Authors: Agarwal V. K. 
Published: June 2007

The electrical behaviour of thin films obtained by a variety of processes, e.g. thermal evaporation in
vacuum, has been extensively studied. The study of organic mono‐ and multilayer films obtained by
the Blodgett–Langmuir technique (commonly referred to as Langmuir films), however, has gained
considerable momentum only during the past decades. Unlike evaporated films, the stiking features
of these organic films are their controllable thicknesses down to one monolayer (~25 Å) and the
possibility of obtaining them free from holes and conducting imperfections. The aim of this paper is
to describe the film deposition techniques, some of the properties of the films so obtained and to
review their electrical behaviour. It is also intended to make this review a comprehensive and
up‐to‐date source of information for those who are either already engaged in this field or are
planning to adopt Langmuir films for future investigations.In this survey, emphasis is put on the possible problems worth further study to get more insight
into the basic properties of these films. Further, since the latter possess some interesting electrical
properties, this paper may prove useful in the assessment of our depth of knowledge about them and
in reducing the existing gap between basic research and technological applications. Their potential
usefulness in developing devices is therefore also discussed.The survey has been divided into two parts. Part I was concerned with deposition techniques,
the physical properties of Langmuir films and certain electrical properties, namely dielectric
behaviour and electrical conduction phenomena. This second part is concerned with electrical
breakdown behaviour, voltage induced changes in electrical behaviour (forming) and ionic transport
phenomena in the films and finishes, with suggestions as to future trends in work with such films
together with a summary of possible applications.To assist the reader, the two parts have been numbered consecutively with regard to sections of
the text, figures and references. “Appropriate” references already cited in Part I are given again at the
end of this part.
Failure Mechanisms in Solid Electrolytic Capacitors
Authors: Brettle J. , Jackson N. F. 
Published: June 2007

The failure mechanism of solid tantalum and aluminium capacitors have been investigated using a combination of electrical measurements and electron microscopy. The capacitor dielectric was examined before and after life testing and changes correlated with electrical measurements.The basic mechanism of failure of solid tantalum capacitors is found to be field crystallisation of the essentially amorphous dielectric oxide. The growth of higher conductivity crystalline oxide during operation of the capacitors causes an increase in leakage current and may result in catastrophic failure. The effect of field crystallisation can be minimised by using high purity tantalum to reduce the number of crystallisation nucleation sites. Since crystalline growth is primarily dependant on applied voltage, high voltage capacitors are much more susceptible to failure than low voltage units.There appears to be no long term failure mechanism in solid aluminium capacitors. However, a particular problem with these units is that they are difficult to make. This is because the anodic layer is chemically less stable in the case of aluminium than in the case of tantalum. The attack is initiated during the deposition of manganese oxide by pyrolysis from manganese nitrate solution and developed by the reform process. Solid aluminium capacitors often have a lower capacitance and higher initial leakage current than comparable solid tantalum units; however, the leakage current decreases on life tests and their reliability is high.
CALHYM: A Computer Program for the Automatic Layout of Large DigitalHybrid Microcircuits
Authors: Beke H. , Mazur S. , Govaerts R. , Sansen W. , Van Overstraeten R. 
Published: June 2007

Using a library of available I.C. chips, and a network description of the circuit in terms of these chips, the program
CALHYM produces a 100% complete layout of a multilayer hybrid microcircuit in three steps: the partitioning of
the logic functions into library chips, the placement of the used chips on the substrate and the routing of the
interconnections.CALHYM is written in Fortran IV and runs on a minicomputer with interactive graphic facilities.
Comparison of Arc Erosive and Laser Beam Trimming of Thin FilmResistors
Authors: Illyefalvi-Vitéz Zs. 
Published: June 2007

The physical processes of arc erosive micromachining and the influence of trimming on the parameters of resistors
have been examined, and thin film resistors without trimming are compared with those trimmed by arc erosion and
laser beam machining.In the paper a theoretical model for arc erosion of thin films is proposed. The optimal conditions of arc erosive
trimming are determined. The shape of the cuts are recorded and examined. The applicability of arc erosive
trimming with respect to stability is proved. A measuring method is introduced for resistors trimmed by arc erosion
using a direct current generator.
Optical Modulation Effects in Indium Oxide Films
Authors: Avaritsiotis J. , Howson R. P. 
Published: June 2007

Tin doped indium oxide films produced by chemical vapour deposition and by d.c. sputtering have shown an optical
reflectance spectra which can be modulated in the region of the plasma edge in the near infra‐red by an electric field
applied to the surface through an electrolyte. The effect produced could be quantitatively predicted by a theory
developed for surfaces whose optical properties were controlled by their free carrier properties and for the sample
being in thin film form.The plasma edge for films prepared by chemical vapour deposition on some occasions showed a modified plasma
edge effect which was attributed to surface plasmons allowed by roughness effects.
The Development of the Capacitor Industry and its Position in World Markets
Authors: Driver Peter D. 
Published: June 2007

This article sets out the existing position in world markets of the capacitor industry and discusses its development
both technically and commercially over the next few years. It examines the major component product groups
within the capacitor industry and indicates their relative importance in the total capacitor market and also their
individual development trends.The external and internal pressures exerted on the capacitor industry are examined and their relative importance
in connection with the development of the industry are disclosed.
Effects of Refiring Processes on Electrical and StructuralProperties of Thick‐Film Resistors
Authors: Cattaneo A. , Prudenziati M. 
Published: June 2007

in order to analyze the influence of the refiring processes in thick film resistors, electrical and structural properties
of resistors, refired up to ten times, through the original profile, were compared.The apparent sheet resistivity and TCR were measured as a function of the number of the firing cycles, and these
electrical characteristics analyzed in connection with observations of structural and chemical modifications
evidenced through X‐ray diffraction, SEM inspection and microprobe analysis.Marked effects were observed, such as segregation of the conductive grains in the resistor thickness, chemical
reactions of glass‐modifiers with glass, crystallization of new phases, together with substrate/thick‐film interactions.It is found that in some cases (e.g. for DP 1400 resistor series) the phenomena induced by refiring are few and
simple enough for us to interprete the corresponding electrical modifications, while in other systems the presence of
many competitive chemicophysical effects inhibit their unambiguous correlation with the electrical properties of
these resistors.