bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of environmental factors on aerosol‐induced lassa virus infection
Authors: Stephenson Edward H. , Larson Edgar W. , Dominik Joseph W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious studies suggested that the most frequent means of transmission of Lassa virus was by either direct or indirect contact with infectious material. Aerosol stability and respiratory infectivity of the Josiah strain of Lassa virus were assessed to determine the effect of environmental factors on aerosol‐induced infection. The stability of the virus in aerosol, particularly at low relative humidity (30% RH), plus the ability of the virus to infect guinea pigs and monkeys via the respiratory route emphasize the potential for aerosol transmission of Lassa virus. Biological half‐lives at both 24 and 32°C ranged from 10.1 to 54.6 min, and were sufficient for aerosol dispersion of virus to considerable distances in natural situations. Infectivity of Lassa virus in small particle aerosol was demonstrated in outbred guinea pigs and cynomolgus monkeys using dynamic aerosol equipment. Monkeys exposed to inhaled doses ⪖465 PFU were infected and died. The median infectious dose (ID50) for guinea pigs was 15 PFU, yet a definitive median lethal aerosol dose (LD50) could not be established. Organ tropism of aerosol‐induced Lassa virus infections in outbred guinea pigs was similar to that previously reported for inbred guinea pigs infected by subcutaneous inoculation.
Murine forebrain anomalies induced by coxsackievirus B3 variants
Authors: Gauntt C. J. , Jones D. C. , Huntington H. W. , Arizpe H. M. , Gudvangen R. J. , Deshambo R. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeonatal or 7‐day‐old mice inoculated intracranially with either of two temperature‐sensitive mutants (tsl, ts6) or the parent coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) subsequently developed porencephaly or hydranencephaly. The forebrain anomaly induced depended upon age of the animal at inoculation and virus variant inoculated. Sections of brains from hydranencephalic mice revealed severe meningeal reactions, necrotizing encephalitis, and liquifactive necrosis in the cerebrum. No pathology was found in the pons, medulla, or cerebellum. Immunofluorescence studies with hyperimmune anti‐CVB3 antiserum showed a random distribution of virus‐infected cells in the cerebrum. Virus was recovered from several organs but little to no interferon and no anti‐CVB3 neutralizing antibody were present in brain tissues. Availability of cells for replication of virus at the time of inoculation and replicative properties of each virus likely contributed to the outcome. Thus, forebrain anomalies resembling those found in infants can be induced in a murine model by select variants of coxsackievirus B3.
Aetiology of acute sporadic hepatitis in adults in kenya
Authors: Greenfield C. , Karayiannis P. , Wankya B. M. , Shah M. V. , Tukei P. , Galpin S. , Jowett T. P. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMarkers for acute hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and hepatitis non‐A, non‐B (HNANB) infections were examined in the sera of 94 patients presenting with acute hepatitis in Kenya. Hepatitis B virus was responsible for 70% of cases, HNANB for 18%, and HAV for only 12%. The use of an IgM anti‐HBc assay increased the rate of diagnosis of acute HBV infection, thereby reducing the proportion of cases designated as NANB.
Hepatitis a virus: Growth characteristics of in vivo and in vitro propagated wild and attenuated virus strains
Authors: Bradley Daniel W. , Schable Charles A. , McCaustland Karen A. , Cook E. H. , Murphy Bert L. , Fields Howard A. , Ebert James W. , Wheeler Cosette , Maynard James E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerial passage of the MS‐1 strain hepatitis A virus (HAV) in marmosets was shown to increase the yield of virus and to shorten the incubation period from approximately 55 days in the first passage to 3–7 days in the ninth and higher passages. Intravenous inoculation of susceptible chimpanzees with MS‐1 HAV was found to result in a typical course of disease in two animals who had received eighth marmoset‐passage virus, including the occurrence of elevated ALT activity, presence of HAV antigen in liver and stool, and seroconversion to anti‐HAV. Two chimpanzees inoculated with 20th passage MS‐1 HAV (M001 liver homogenate) exhibited normal or nearly normal ALT activity and had no demonstrable or significant HAV in weekly liver biopsy specimens or in serial stool suspensions obtained during 64 days of observation. However, both animals seroconverted to anti‐HAV within 2 weeks after inoculation, as did the animals who had received eighth passage MS‐1 HAV. These findings suggest that subpassage of the MS‐1 strain of HAV in marmosets resulted in the generation of an attenuated virus strain that was still capable of inducing a vigorous antibody response in intravenously infected chimpanzees. Serial propagation of wild and attenuated strains of HAV (HAS‐15 and MS‐1/M001, respectively) in FRhK‐4 cells was associated with a significant decrease in the growth period for both viruses. Our studies have also shown that HAS‐15 HAV can be recovered in maximum yield in later passages as early as 2 to 3 days after inoculation.
Study of herpes simplex virus type 1 populations obtained from recurrences and primary infections
Authors: Mannini‐Palenzona Anna , Bartoletti Anna M. , Foa‐Tomasi Laura , Costanzo Franco , Borgatti Mariangela , Tognon Mauro , Cassai Enzo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe analysis of 23 clinical isolates of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐I) showed that 15 of 15 isolates that had undergone a few passages in tissue culture (fresh isolates) and two of eight isolates that had never been passaged (new isolates) were composed of a mixed population with respect to plaque morphology in Vero cells. Cloning and characterization of 10 large plaque viruses (L variants) and nine small plaque viruses (S variants), obtained from seven different isolates, showed the following. BamHI DNA restriction patterns of the L and the S variants from a single isolate differed only with respect to the electrophoretic mobility of the fragments that contain reiteration of specific sequences; they did not differ regarding the presence or the absence of restriction endonuclease cleavage sites. The L and the S variants differed with respect to the electrophoretic profiles of infected cell glycoproteins, thermosensitivity of growth and plaquing efficiency at 39°C, and, at least in the case of the two couples of variants that we tested, pathogenicity for the mouse. The hypothesis that the L variants might arise from the S variants during in vitro replication is discussed.
Hepatitis B virus markers in children with acute leukemia: The effect of chemotherapy
Authors: Locasciulli A. , Santamaria M. , Masera G. , Schiavon E. , Alberti A. , Realdi G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHepatitis B virus markers were tested in the serum of 49 children with acute leukemia on clinical presentation and during subsequent chemotherapy. Hepatitis B surface antigenemia was observed in only six patients (12%), none of whom progressed to chronic infection. Chemotherapy had a marked suppressive effect on the production of antibodies to hepatitis B virus antigens and overt infection occurred in two children after suppression of protective immunity. Evidence of liver damage was frequently observed and was largely independent of serologic data. These results indicate that active immunization with hepatitis B vaccine may not find a clear place in this clinical setting.
Detection of hepatitis B virus DNA in serum and relation with the IgM class anti‐HBc titers in hepatitis B virus infection
Authors: van Ditzhuijsen T. J. M. , Selten G. C. M. , van Loon A. M. , Wolters G. , Matthyssen L. , Yap S. H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from four groups of patients with different serologic markers of HBV infection were examined for HBV DNA using molecular hybridization technique and for IgM class anti‐HBc using an ELISA based on the antibody capture principle. Results of HBV DNA assay were generally in good agreement with the presence of HBeAg. However, HBV DNA was found in 13% of anti‐HBe+sera and in one patient with anti‐HBc as a sole marker.IgM anti‐HBc was detected at high titers in acute hepatitis B patients and was also present during the “window‐period.” This marker was also found, though less frequently when other markers for HBV infectivity were absent, in chronic hepatitis B patients and healthy carriers. From these findings we conclude that the HBV DNA assay provides a reliable method of detecting the infectious agent, particularly in anti‐HBe+sera and sera with anti‐HBc as a sole marker.The assay for IgM anti‐HBc is useful for establishing the diagnosis of recent infection in patients with anti‐HBc as a sole marker, and during acute hepatitis with very high aminotransferase values, a condition in which HBV DNA may be undetectable.
Pathogenesis of attenuated Junin virus in the guinea pig model
Authors: de Guerrero Lucía B. , Boxaca Martha C. , Malumbres Ester , Gómez María de las Mercedes 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this work was to elucidate the pathogenesis of attenuated Junin virus (JV) strains in the guinea pig model. Three groups of guinea pigs were infected by the IM route with 103 PFU of the XJC13 and XJO‐attenuated strains or with the XJ pathogenic strain of JV, respectively. Viremia was studied at 3, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 days postinfection (pi) (a) in serum samples of all animals and in washed cells from XJC13‐infected guinea pigs by conventional techniques and (b) in whole blood samples from XJC13 and XJO animals by coculture with Vero cells. Virus spread was studied at 14 days pi in brain, spleen, lymph nodes, and bone marrow by parallel suckling mouse inoculation or organ homogenates and coculture of cell suspensions with Vero cells. By coculture techniques of whole blood, an otherwise undetectable viremia was demonstrated for both attenuated strains throughout the observation period. In contrast, XT viremia was easily detected by direct techniques, as has already been shown. Attenuated virus was also shown to reach brain and bone marrow when coculture methods were employed. But titers were always markedly lower than those of the pathogenic strain. The sustained viremia demonstrated in guinea pigs infected with either attenuated strain explains the mode of viral dissemination and accounts for viral rescue and antigen detection from some organs.These results suggest that attenuated strains do not differ greatly in their invasive capacity in guinea pigs, but later on viral replication is impaired. Therefore, these findings reveal potential risks and should be noted when developing human vaccines.
Adenoviruses in faeces of children with acute gastroenteritis in Rio De Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: Leite J. P. G. , Pereira H. G. , Azeredo R. S. , Schatzmayr H. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFaeces from 746 children less than 5 years old with acute gastroenteritis were screened for the presence of adenovirus particles or antigens by immunoelectron microscopy (IEM) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA). Thirty‐five samples were positive by both IEM and EIA, two only by IEM, and two only by EIA, giving a total of 39 (5.2%) samples with positive results. Of these, 25 could be propagated in HEp2 cells and were neutralized by one of the antisera to adenovirus types 1 to 18. The remaining 14 samples could be propagated only in the 293 permanent line of human cells transformed by adenovirus type 5 DNA [Graham et al, 1977] and were not neutralized by antisera to adenovirus types 1 to 31. An EIA carried out by the antibody‐capture technique, using antiserum specific for “enteric” adenoviruses [Johansson et al, 1979], gave positive results with all isolates that could be propagated only in 293 cells and with none of those capable of growing in HEp2 cells.
Identification and typing of herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 by monoclonal antibodies, sensitivity to the drug (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine, and restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA
Authors: Zimmerman Daniel H. , Mundon Francis K. , Croson Susan E. , Henchal Laraine S. , Docherty John J. , O'Neill Sean P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWith development of antiviral drugs, the need to identify a virus as to drug sensitivity becomes increasingly of importance. The compound (E)‐5‐(2‐bromovinyl)‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BVDU) has been shown to be much more inhibitory to the replication of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV‐1) and varicella‐zoster virus as opposed to herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2). We have typed over 170 isolates, using an immunofluorescent technique and sensitivity to the drug BVDU. These results were then compared to the typing of isolates by analysis of viral DNA after restriction endonuclease digestion (EcoRI). Without exception the results were in agreement between the monoclonal antibody results and sensitivity to the drug BVDU. Furthermore, the typing with monoclonal antibodies was also in excellent agreement with the DNA analysis. Only those isolates inhibited with BVDU showed DNA characteristics of HSV‐1 and reacted only with the S‐200 antibody. On the other hand, those isolates which reacted with the monoclonal antibody S‐141 were insensitive to BVDU, and again this was in agreement with the DNA analysis. These results could provide the basis for developing a diagnostic test using the two monoclonal antibodies to type either isolates or direct smears and to use the results as a basis for possible drug therapy.
Perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus: Role of maternal HBeAg and anti‐HBc IgM
Authors: Hwang Lu‐Yu , Roggendorf Michael , Beasley R. Palmer , Deinhardt Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe development of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier states in newborns of HBsAg‐positive mothers was correlated to the presence of anti‐HBc IgM and HBeAg in the mothers. There was a positive correlation between infection of the newborn and the presence of HBeAg, as shown previously, but no correlation with anti‐HBc IgM.
Demonstration of a transient rheumatoid factor in the acute phase of hepatitis non A, non B
Authors: Roggendorf M. , Deinhardt F. , Böhm B. , Tabor E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe evaluation of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test designed to detect antigens of hepatitis non A, non B (HNANB) revealed that a rheumatoid factor (RF)‐like reaction was interfering. This RF‐like reaction was not detectable by routine screening methods for RF, such as latex agglutination or the Waaler Rose test. Testing of sequential sera of chimpanzees with acute HNANB showed that this RF‐like reaction was present in the acute phase of HNANB simultaneously with alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations. Characterization of this RF‐like reaction revealed the presence of an JgM antibody against human IgG that banded in CsCl at 1.3 g/ml and at 19S in sucrose gradients. Absorption with IgG‐coated latex particles and anti‐human IgM gave further evidence of an RF. By testing sera of patients with different forms of acute viral hepatitis, it was demonstrated that an RF‐like factor was also present in seven sera from 9 patients with acute hepatitis A, in two sera from 11 patients with hepatitis B, and seven sera from 11 patients with acute HNANB. The rise of RF in the acute phase of hepatitis A may be an effect of polyclonal stimulation of IgM producing B lymphocytes. The high prevalence of RF in HNANB remains unclear as no polyclonal stimulation of IgM has been observed.
Transfusion‐acquired cytomegalovirus infection in cardiac surgery patients
Authors: Preiksaitis J. K. , Grumet F. C. , Smith W. K. , Merigan T. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe incidence of transfusion‐acquired primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection was studied in 483 cardiac surgery patients. Ninety‐six patients (20%) were found to lack antibody to CMV [CMV Ab(−)] as measured by radioimmunoassay. Sixty‐eight CMV Ab(−) were followed by viral culture and/or serology from eight weeks to one year after transfusion. Transfusion requirements in CMV Ab(−) patients were as follows: whole blood/packed red blood cells, mean 4.7 ± 2.6 units; platelets (20 patients), 6.9 ± 3.8 units; fresh frozen plasma (25 patients), mean 3.3 ± 1.6 units. Forty‐nine percent of 235 donor units tested had antibody to CMV. One donor unit (0.4%) had CMV‐specific IgM. This was not associated with CMV infection in the recipient. One patient (1.5%) demonstrated evidence of seroconversion to CMV during the follow‐up period. This is significantly less than reported in previously published studies (P <.01). Serological methods used, the age of the transfused blood, the immune status of the transfusion recipient, and the administration of passive antibody in fresh frozen plasma are factors that may be responsible for the low incidence observed.
Clinical evaluation of a monoclonal assay for hepatitis B surface antigen:Identification of “HBsAg‐like” polypeptides non‐reactive in conventional radioimmunoassays
Authors: Karayiannis P. , Goodall A. H. , Waters J. A. , Galpin S. , Lok A. , Thorp R. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn immunoradiometric assay for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) that employs monoclonal antibodies directed against the common epitope(s) of HBsAg was used to analyse 3,694 samples of human serum. Further analysis of those sera identified as HBsAg‐positive in this assay demonstrated that the findings with the monoclonal‐antibody‐based assay correlated with the presence of HBsAg as determined by Ausria II. A small proportion of apparently false‐positive reactions were observed, in that some sera, although reactive with the monoclonal antibodies, were not positive in conventional immunoassays using polyclonal antisera, nor were they neutralisable with polyclonal anti‐HBs. The material purified by monoclonal immunoabsorbants from representative “true” and “false‐positive” sera was run on polyacrylamide gels and examined under the electron microscope. The antigen in the apparently false‐positive sera contained some polypeptides of similar size to those found in HBsAg, but no virus particles were seen by electron microscopy. The majority of patients with this monoclonal‐antibody‐reactive antigen gave either a history of hepatitis B virus (HBV) contact or had signs of liver disease.
The development of monoclonal antibodies to respiratory syncytial virus and their use in diagnosis by indirect immunofluorescence
Authors: Routledge E. G. , McQuillin J. , Samson A. C. R. , Toms G. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwelve clones of murine hybridoma cells secreting antibody specific for respiratory syncytial (RS) virus were classified into four groups on the basis of their pattern of staining of unfixed RS virus‐infected HEp‐2 cells in an indirect immunofluorescence test. Three of the groups reacted with virus antigens present on the membrane of the cells, whilst the fourth group failed to stain most live cells, suggesting specificity for an antigen expressed internally. Representative monoclonals from the membrane antigen staining groups immunoprecipitated the 86K glycoprotein (G), 50K plus 19K glycoprotein (F1,2) and a 23K non‐glycosylated protein (VP23). A representative monoclonal from the fourth group that appeared to stain an internally expressed protein immunoprecipitated the virion 34K phospho‐protein (P).All four monoclonals stained acetone‐fixed tissue culture cells infected with either the Long strain of RS virus or with strains isolated in Newcastle during the 1965, 1972, and 1983 winter epidemics. The anti‐fusion protein antibody stained acetone‐fixed cells from all of 26 nasopharyngeal secretions from infants with RS virus infection. The anti‐G glycoprotein antibody and the anti‐VP23 antibody stained cells from secretions poorly or not at all, whilst the anti‐P protein antibody stained cells in half the secretions tested but reacted with only a small proportion of cells in comparison with the anti‐F or polyclonal antibodies. A pool of all four monoclonals produced more intense staining than the anti‐F monoclonal alone and gave a more clearly defined staining reaction than the polyclonal antiserum used for routine diagnosis in over half the secretions. These results indicate that monoclonal antibodies will be of value in the diagnosis of RS virus by indirect immunofluorescence if care is taken in the selection of a suitable pool.
Comparative sequence analysis of duck and human hepatitis B virus genomes
Authors: Sprengel Rolf , Kuhn Christa , Will Hans , Schaller Heinz 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have cloned and sequenced an infectious, functionally active genome of a duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV). It is 3,021 base pairs (bp) in length and shows little DNA sequence homology to the genome of human hepatitis B virus (HBV). However, the amino acid sequences of predicted viral gene products are similar between DHBV and HBV, and the genome organization present in DHBV reflects that of HBV. As in the mammalian virus the long minus strand of the DHBV genome encodes three long overlapping reading frames designated as P, S, and C. The fourth open reading frame, termed X, is absent in DHBV. A comparison with a sequence of a second DHBV isolate [Mandart et al, Journal of Virology 49:782–792, 1984] revealed a nucleotide sequence variation of 5.6% and confirmed the presented overall gene organization of DHBV.
Rotavirus infection in a small community
Authors: Holdaway M. D. , Kalmakoff J. , Todd B. A. , Jennings L. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerial titres of rotavirus specific IgG and IgM have been measured in children and adults living in a small community over a 21/4‐year period. In all age groups the mean titres of rotavirus specific IgG and IgM rose and fell in parallel with the changes in frequency of gastroenteritis symptoms in the communily bul after the time when respiratory symptoms reached their peak.Gastroenteritis symptoms were seen most commonly in the children but were also frequent in adults, especially the women. Titres of rotavirus specific IgG changed with age, increasing through childhood into early adult life, but decreased thereafter only to increase again in those over the age of 50 years. Females had higher levels of IgG in all age groups but especially among the children and 30–49‐year‐old women. The high levels of IgG did not protect the young adults from symptomatic gastroenteritis.Detectable levels of rotavirus specific IgM occurred in all age groups but more commonly in children aged under 10 years and in young adults. Raised levels of IgM were uncommon in the elderly, who rarely suffered gastroenteritis symptoms.An epidemiological model is proposed in which the older members of the community act as a reservoir of rotavirus, passing the infection to the chidren, who then infect the young adults.
Presence of HBV DNA in spermatozoa: A possible vertical transmission of HBV via the germ line
Authors: Hadchouel M. , Scotto J. , Huret J. L. , Molinie C. , Villa E. , Degos F. , Brechot C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing molecular hybridization we studied the presence and state of HBV DNA in sperm samples obtained from 17 patients with HBV infection (eight HBsAg chronic carrier, nine acute hepatitis B). Presence of HBV DNA was detected in three samples of seminal fluid from three patients with acute hepatitis. Restriction enzyme patterns of cellular DNA were consistent with presence of integrated HBV DNA sequences in spermatozoa from two of these three patients. The results indicate that HBV DNA may be present in the semen, at least during the acute phase of HBV infection. The presence of HBV DNA in seminal fluid confirms the possibility of venereal transmission. The presence of integrated sequences in spermatozoa suggests the possibility of true vertical transmission of HBV via the germ line.