bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EQUILIBRIUM RELATIONSHIPS ON THE LIQUIDUS SURFACE IN PART OF THE MnO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 SYSTEM*
Authors: Snow R. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe minerals found to have a stability range on the liquidus surface in the system MnO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 are cristobalite and tridymite, SiO2; mullite, 3Al2O3. 2SiO2; corundum, Al2O3; rhodonite, MnO.SiO2; tephroite, 2MnO.SiO2; galaxite, MnO.Al2O3; spessartite, 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2; and a new compound, 2MnO.2Al2O3.5SiO2. The quintuple points and boundary lines found in that part of the MnO.Al2O3.SiO2 system bounded by the systems 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2‐SiO2, 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2‐Al2O3, and Al2O3‐SiO2have been determined. Quintuple points and boundary lines involving the area inclosed by the systems 2MnO . SiO2‐3MnO . Al2O3 . 3SiO2, 3MnO . Al2O3 . 3SiO2‐SiO2, and 2MnO.‐SiO2‐SiO2 are indicated. Isotherms and isofracts (lines of equal refractive index) are given for the portion of the system investigated.X‐ray data show that crystals of the compound 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2 have the same structure as the garnet mineral spessartite (manganese garnet). The compound 2MnO. 2Al2O3 . 5SiO2, which is shown by X‐ray data to have a basic structure similar to cordierite, 2MgO.2Al2O3.5SiO2, seldom crystallizes from the glass, but a third substance which has a high extinction angle crystallizes readily from the reheated glass. These high extinction angle crystals are replaced by 2MnO .2Al2O3.5SiO2 when a proper heating cycle is employed, and they are not found again until the product is melted and crystallization is repeated.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES OF THE TEMPERATURE GRADIENTS IN GLASSES OF VARIOUS COLORS*
Authors: Holscher H. H. , Rough R. R. , Plummer J. H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLaboratory gradients are presented for glasses of different colors and coloring agents when heated at the surface to a temperature of 2615°F. The gradients in commercial tanks are related to these laboratory‐tank experiments. Ferrous iron and chromic oxide yield the largest gradients, whereas selenium, cerium, and very small amounts of cobalt give small gradients. Ferric iron gives a largc gradient and manganese a relatively low gradient. Iron sulfur ambers are intermediate. Visible color or color intensity is no indication of the temperature gradients.
STUDY OF PHOTOLUMINESCENCE IN GLASS*
Authors: Rodriguez A. R. , Parmelee C. W. , Badger A. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe influence of composition and temperature on the fluorescence of glasses containing uranium and glasses containing cuprous oxide and stannous oxide was investigated. Secondary cations reduce the fluorescence of uranium in the glasses studied, depending to a certain extent on the electrostatic conditions they produce in the glass structure. The intensity of fluorescence as well as the structure of the spectrum diminishes in the order of phosphate, silicate, and borate glasses of equivalent compositions, which shows that fluorescence is favored by increase of oxygen in the glass structure without increasing the interfering secondary cations. Raising the temperature greatly diminishes the intensity of the fluorescence as well as the structure of the spectrum of glasses containing uranium. The fluorescence of the glasses containing cuprous oxide and stannous oxide as activators seems to be favored by increase in lime and increase in silica. These glasses possess appreciable phosphorescence, which appears to be enhanced by increase in silica and decrease in lime. A peculiar property of this type of luminescent glass is a maximum which it exhibits in its fluorescence‐temperature relation‐ship. There are indications that electrons are set free from the excited centers (copper atoms or small groups of copper atoms), which wander about in the glass structure.
SOLUBLE SULFATE CONTENT OF POTTERY BODIES DURING PREPARATION*
Authors: Shell H. R. , Cortelyou W. P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA method of analysis has been developed that gives consistent results for soluble sulfate and total soluble salts in ceramic raw materials and bodies. Values for sulfate on a dry‐weight basis ranged from 0.01 to 0.28% with ball clays, from 0.002 to 0.015% with china clays, and from 0.000 to 0.007% with miscellaneous raw materials. Bentonites were relatively high in sulfate, a Wyoming bentonite showing the highest value, 0.194%.The distribution of sulfate in the slip, cake, and press water was determined for eighteen ceramic bodies. An increase in the water‐clay ratio in slips was found to increase the recoverable soluble sulfate (percentage dry basis). In experiments on repeated cycles of cake to slip to filter pressing, soluble sulfate continued to be released, but the bulk of the sulfate was obtained in the first pressing. Quantitative results are given on the effectiveness of barium carbonate as a precipitating reagent for sulfate in slips.Aging from six months to one year was found to have little effect on the soluble sulfate in stored samples of slips, cakes, and press waters. Dry storage, however, doubled the soluble sulfate content of a freshly mined ball clay within six months, evidently by oxidation of sulfur compounds.
THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL ATTACK OF GLASSES BY WATER*
Authors: Lyle A. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of time and temperature on the chemical attack of glasses by water are represented by the equation; α log N= log θ ‐ b/T+c; N= attack; θ= time; T = absolute temperature, °K; a, b, and c, are experimentally determined constants. The constant, b, of the equation is independent of the glass composition and of the size and shape of the sample tested and has a value of 5080 for tests of ordinary glass containers. As a time‐temperature function, the equation may be written as log θ=b/T ‐ C, in which form it is useful for estimating the storage or service conditions equivalent to art accelerated test or for calculating the conditions of alternate tests. Data from the literature are used in demonstrating the accuracy and usefulness of the equation.
SUBSTITUTION OF TOPAZ, DOMESTIC KYANITE, AND SYNTHETIC MULLITE‐CORUNDUM FOR INDIA KYANITE, I–III*
Authors: McVay T. N. , Wilson† Hewitt 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis report on the utilization of domestic materials as replacements for India kyanite has been divided into four parts, namely, (I) kyanite and other high‐grade refractories, (II) effect of heat on kyanite and topaz, and (III) load resistance of refractories at elevated temperatures; (IV) will be published later.
STUDY OF DIFFUSION IN GLASS*
Authors: Pask J. A. , Parmelbe C. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn introductory study was made of diffusion into glass from salts, with silver nitrate as the chief source of diffusing particles. The optimum test conditions were a temperature of 900°C. and a test time of 108 hours. The results noted were (1) effect of time, (2) effect of temperature on the distance of diffusion, (3) variation of silver concentrations in the glass with the distance of diffusion, and (4) a check of Fick's law of diffusion. The concentration gradient of silver from a diffusing interface was determined with the use of a spectrograph and corresponding particle sizes with an ultramicroscope. In addition to the silver nitrate, a number of other salts were tested at several temperatures. The development of Liesegang rings was noted in some of the samples. The nature of diffusion in glass was deduced from the results.
STRUCTURAL HOMOGENEITY OF GLASS*
Authors: Winter Aniuta 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study of the mechanical strains present in a sample of glass does not insure a prediction of the future behavior of this glass. There is no simple relation between such strains and the physicochemical state of the glass. Most of these states, in fact, probably may be obtained with or without birefringence, depending on the thermal treatment to which the glass was submitted. If the glass is not in the equilibrium condition for the temperature at which it is being used, it will transform spontaneously toward that equilibrium, The birth and evolution of strains depend on these physicochemical unbalances as well as on other characteristics of the glass. Only the study of the physico‐chemical state can give reliable indications of the behavior of glass in practical use.
PETROLOGY AND SILICATE TECHNOLOGY*
Authors: Bowen Norman L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPetrology is concerned with the rocks and mineral deposits of the earth's crust. Like all natural sciences, it developed through a descriptive stage in which the principal emphasis was placed on the collection and correlation of facts. Interpretation recently has been increasingly stressed, and it has been realized that to reach reliable conclusions regarding the origin of earth materials experiment is an indispensable aid.The petrologist, acting on this conviction, has studied the behavior of various earth materials subjected in the laboratory to a wide range of temperatures, pressures, and chemical environment. He has thus been enabled to reach certain conclusions regarding the conditions to which these materials wfere subjected during the natural processes by which they were formed. Inevitably he discovered a great many facts of service to the mineral technologist.Some of the industrial processes developed by the mineral technologist have in return served to supplement the laboratory experiments of the petrologist. Some aspects of this mutual service of mineral technology and petrology are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON SOLID‐PHASE INVERSIONS OF CALCIUM ORTHOSILICATE, CONSTITUENT OF DOLOMITE‐SILICA BRICK*
Authors: And Samuel Zerfoss , Davis H. M 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe solid solution of P2O5 in calcium orthosilicate, 2CaO† SiO2, was studied by means of thermal and optical methods, and the inversion temperature for the alpha to beta 2CaO.SiO2 change was found to be lowered by the presence of the dissolved P2O5.With this information concerning the solid solution of PaO5 in the high‐temperature forms of 2CaO.SiO2, a probable mechanism is presented for the inhibiting effect of P2O5and similar oxides on the beta‐gamma inversion (dusting) of 2CaO . SiO2. Two new crystal chemically inhibiting oxides (As2O5, V2O5) are listed.The types of inhibition of the beta‐gamma inversion are distinguished as (1) physical, wherein the constraint imposed by the surroundings acts to prevent the inversion, isolate the grains of 2CaO . SiO2, and interrupt the continuity of the inversion wave, and (2) crystal chemical, wherein the presence of foreign dissolved substances apparently produces a true stability in the beta lattice at room temperature. The mechanism of the crystal‐chemical inhibition is discussed in some detail. The information is applied to the problem of stabilizing 2CaO . SiO2 in dolomite or lime‐silica brick.
USE OF ALUMINUM METAL IN THE CERAMIC INDUSTRY: II, EFFECT OF COATING INSULATING FIREBRICK WITH ALUMINUM‐FIRE‐CLAY MIXTURES*
Authors: Schurecht H. G. , McMahon J. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAfter insulating firebrick are reheated in service, many of them contract too much and develop large open shrinkage cracks. By first applying to the surfaces a 0.035‐in. coating composed of aluminum and fire clay, these brick usually remain intact and constant in size when they are reheated. The coating also becomes hard, causing the brick to become more resistant to abrasion, slag action, permeability of gases, load at high temperatures, and sudden temperature changes. Coatings composed of 60 to 70% of fire clay and 30 to 40% of aluminum powder were found to overcome most of these deficiencies in insulating firebrick.
STUDY OF LITERATURE ON SEPARATION OF MAGNESIA FROM LIME IN DOLOMITE AND SIMILAR MATERIALS*
Authors: Seil Gilbert E. , Staff  
Published: June 2006

Table OF ContentsI, Introduction. II, Physical Extraction: (1) classifying, (2) calcination, (3) hydration, (4) leaching, (5) flotation, (6) crystallization, and (7) miscellaneous physical methods. III, Chemical Extraction: (1) forming carbonates and formates, (A) carbon dioxide, (B) carbonates, and (C) carbon monoxide; (2) chlorine compounds, (A) chlorine, (B) hydrochloric acid, (C) calcium chloride, (D) magnesium chloride, (E) cyclic process, (F) hydrochloric acid manufacture; (3) nitric acid; (4) sulfur compounds, (A) sulfuric acid, (B) sodium sulfate, (C) sodium bisulfate, (D) calcium sulfate, (E) magnesium sulfate, (F) sulfur dioxide, (G) sulfites, and (H) sulfur, sulfides, hydrogen sulfide; (5) ammonia and ammonium salts; (6) alkalis, (A) calcium hydroxide, and (B) sodium hydroxide; (7) organic compounds, (A) acetic acid, and (B) sugar; (8) sea water, (9) electrochemical methods; (10) ion exchange, (11) miscellaneous chemical methods. IV Miscellaneous. V. Conclusions VI, Bibliography VII, Author Index.
REACTIONS IN SOLID STATE: 111, REACTION BETWEEN SODIUM CARBONATE AND QUARTZ*
Authors: Gibsont George , Ward Roland 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReactions of sodium carbonate with quartz occur without fusion between 726° and 805°C. When the reactions are conducted in a stream of nitrogen, the size of the charge, composition of the mixture, rate of flow of gas, and duration of reaction have appreciable effect on the reaction rates and on the nature of the product.In presence of sufficient sodium carbonate, the end product of the reaction at the higher temperatures is the orthosilicate. The formation of a series of silicate ions as rntermediate products between the metasilicate and the orthosilicate by interaction of the former with carbonate ions is postulated. This process is considered to be reversible with the smaller silicate ions. This theory, moreover, serves to reconcile several apparent anomalies in the experimental data.The rate of reaction of thc silica particle is not measured by the rate of carbon dioxide evolution.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION AND TEMPERATURE ON SOLUBILITY OF IRON OXIDE IN GROUND‐COAT ENAMEL GLASS*
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Swift Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe solubility of iron oxide in ground‐coat enamel glasses at various temperatures was studied by adding varying amounts of ferric oxide to the milled enamel and giving the mixture a heat‐treatment to acquire uniformity without devitrification at the desired temperature. The iron oxide solubility was obtained by finding the breaking point in the curve for iron oxide versus index of refraction. The frit solubilities were obtained at 1400°, 1600°, 1800°, and 2000°F. with variations in Na2O, B2O3, A12O3, CaF2, CaO, F2, SiO2, COO, NiO, MnO2, BaO, and MoO3. Data are given on a number of commercial frits.
VERMICULITE AS A RAW MATERIAL IN CERAMIC MANUFACTURE*
Authors: Pence F. K. , Blount E. B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExpanded Vermiculite has been studied for use with a low vitrifying plastic clay bond to form structural clayware, such as partition tile and bathroom tile, which may carry glazed coatings in decorative effects. The advantages of this material are its low thermal conductivity, its relatively high strength as compared to its specific gravity, and the ease with which it can be cut and fitted into installations.
AGING THERMOMETERS*
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. , Noyes Bradford 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDuring the long‐time aging of thermometers at constant temperature, the change in readings of a fixed point, such as the ice point, normally follows an exponential law, y= a(1 –e‐mt). Methods are described for the evaluation of the total expected change, a, of the relaxation time, l/m, and of the half‐life period, H= 0.693/m. Examples are given and calculations are made of the expected change remaining after any aging time, t. It is believed that the exponential law is due primarily to bulb shrinkage under the influence of a single molecular mechanism in the glass. Some examples are presented of anomalous behavior, such as reversals in the direction of change. This phenomenon is shown to be a general one in glass, and an interpretation is given in terms of several molecular processes which operate at one time but with different characteristic rates. An expression is derived for the calculation of change of density in glass, based on experiments in which the glass is in the form of a thermometer. The methods of mathematical analysis described in this paper are useful for evaluating the effects of accelerated aging treatments on glass.
PRACTICAL PRODUCTION OF ONE‐FIRE LUSTER GLAZED POTTERY*
Authors: Burnham Forrest , Harder Charles M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVarious metals in small quantities, singly and in various combinations, were ground in lead and leadless glazes. It was found that various colored lusters, transparent and opaque, could be reproduced under a fair degree of control in an ordinary downdraft gas‐fired sagger kiln, which was fired from cones 010 to 1. After cooling to a dull red heat, the glazes were given a short reduction firing. Standard decorative processes were used with the luster glazes. Additional colors were produced by adding stains and metal oxides. Acid‐resistant luster glazes were developed.
CHANGES OF PROPERTIES OF GLASS RESULTING FROM CHANGES OF COMPOSITION *
Authors: Huggins Maurice L. , Sun Kuan‐Han 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEquations are given for the calculation of changes of density, refractive index, and other optical constants produced by the addition of a known relative weight of a given component to a base glass. Corresponding equations for the substitution of one component for another are also given. Values are computed and listed for the initial fractional rate of change of refractive index (nD) when various components are added to (a) pure SiO2 and (b) a sodium silicate glass containing 50% of Na2O by weight.
ENAMEL FILM STRENGTH AS AFFECTED BY PROPERTIES OF ENAMEL BEFORE, DURING, AND AFTER DRYING *
Authors: Blanchard M. K. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of soluble salts in porcelain enamel mill liquors was investigated, particularly relating to the enamel film strength and tearing tendency. The mechanism of tearing is discussed from the standpoint of the properties of the enamel slip and of dried enamel film. The related data are presented, and the application of the results of recent extensive studies of clay, water, and electrolyte systems to enamel slips is given.SummaryThe results of this investigation may be summarized in a flow sheet in which the various properties and conditions governing these properties are related to the characteristics studied. Figure 9 lists each variable in the sequence considered logical in this study.
CONVERSION OF CERTAIN REFRACTORY OXIDES TO A SUBOXIDE FORM AT HIGH TEMPERATURES *
Authors: Zapffe C. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA preliminary survey of the information published in the fields of chemistry and physics on the suboxide forms of SiO, TiO, ZrO, CrO, AlO, BO, VO, and CbO indicates a new field to be explored in determining the role of these suboxides in the service and failure of refractories and in the chemistry of slags. Several phenomena at the present time little understood, such as devitrification in reducing atmospheres, volatilization of refractory oxides, and certain slag types now classed as anomalous, may find their explanation in the decomposition of the oxides to low oxide forms under the favorable conditions of high temperature and low oxygen pressure which characterize much of their service.
SIGNIFICANCE OF TOPOCHEMICAL FACTORS ON RATE OF REACTIONS BETWEEN SOLID SALTS *
Authors: Cohn Gunther 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe factors determining the rate of reactions between solids are discussed. When the solid phases are internally in equilibrium and when equilibrium also is established at the phase boundaries, the kinetics are given by the geometric dimensions of the system, the free energy decrease, and the mobility of the diffusing particles in the reaction product. These conditions are not fulfilled in most practical cases, the reactions being strongly dependent on topochemical factors. Topochemical imperfections in crystals and their influence on the reaction velocity are described, but the mechanism of reactions influenced by topochemical factors can only be found empirically. The way of approach is outlined for the case of spinel formation from zinc oxide and iron oxide.
PARTICLE SHAPE AND DIFFERENTIAL SHRINKAGE OF STEATITE TALC BODIES *
Authors: Lamar Richard S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn attempt has been made to correlate the differential shrinkage of fired steatite pieces with the particle shape of the raw talc used in their manufacture. Various talcs of widely varying particle shape were used in making the steatite test pieces. It was found that the more irregular in shape the talc particles, the greater the differential shrinkage.A method is given for assigning arithmetical values to various particle shapes depending on their deviation from sphericity, this arithmetical value being known as specific shape factor. A direct relationship was found to exist between the differential shrinkage of a talc and its specific shape factor. As the talc particles became more irregular in shape, the “specific shape factor” value increased and the differential shrinkage was found to increase. The proper selection of the talc td be used and blends of various talcs were found to be helpful in the control of differential shrinkage.
PARTICLE‐SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF STEATITE TALC *
Authors: White J. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExperiments were made to determine which degree of fineness of ground talc would be most suitable for steatite‐type ceramics. A laboratory‐type air separator, Andreasen pipette, and the Casagrande hydrometer methods were used to measure the particle‐size distribution of commercial steatite talcs.The results indicate that, although wide variations in the particle‐size distribution of steatite talcs have a bearing on the firing shrinkage when the talc is incorporated in a body, the differences in grinding obtained in commercial talcs are not of great importance when proper milling practice is employed.
FUSION EXPERIMENTS IN SYSTEM MgO‐FeO‐Cr2O3‐Al2O3*
Authors: Baumann Henry N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractVarious methods have been suggested and tried for modifying chrome ores for refractory use. Chrome ores vary widely in chemical composition but are made up chiefly of MgO, Al2O3, FeO, and Cr2O3 combined as a member of an isomorphous spinel‐type series. The problem of modifying chrome refractories by chemical and thermal treatment therefore involves a knowledge of the system MgO‐FeO‐Cr2O3‐Al2O3. The present study is based on experiments in which two series of chromium oxide‐alumina fusions containing 10% and 30% Cr2O3, respectively, were fused in an electric‐arc furnace with MgO up to 5% and with FeO up to 5%. The determination of the effect of silica and titania on the primary crystallization of these fusions, as indicated by a petrographic method of examination, was the chief purpose of this work.
OBSERVATIONS INDICATING ABSENCE OF PLASTIC FLOW IN GLASS COATING ON STEEL *
Authors: Martin W. G. , Lauck F. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSteel rings were glass coated, and some were split at one point immediately and others one or two years later. Identical movement of the rings caused by compressive forces in the glass indicated that no plastic flow takes place in the glass. The compressive forces were calculated and found to be of the general order of 10,000 Ib. per sq. in. The method of calculation is described.VI. Summary(1) Equal contraction of glass‐coated steel rings cut immediately after firing and those cut one and two years later indicates no plastic flow of the glass coating.(2) Calculations indicate a compressive stress of 10,900 lb. per sq. in. in the glass coating.(3) No definite explanation is advanced for the absence of plastic flow under such stress values except the suggestion that the cross‐section dimensions of the glass and relatively large surface area may account for restraining forces.