bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extending upon student drinking patterns in an Australian population
Authors: O'CALLAGHAN FRANCES , WILKS JEFFREY , CALLAN VICTOR J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOne hundred and twenty‐two students from the University of Queensland were surveyed regarding their attitudes and behaviour toward alcohol. As an extension of earlier investigations at the same university the study provides some monitoring of drinking levels over 8 years. Results indicate that the quantity and frequency of male consumption continues to be greater than that of females. Sex differences were also evident in beverage preferences. An increase in the proportion of males drinking more than 40 grams of alcohol per day was noted. The implications of this finding are discussed within the broader context of comparisons across studies and with reference to National Health and Medical Research Council recommendations for alcohol consumption.
The role of general practitioners in the delivery of drug and alcohol services to ethnic minority communities
Authors: ALCORSO CAROLINE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere has been increased emphasis on the need for early intervention in the treatment of drug and alcohol problems and on reducing consumption among ‘low‐risk’ as well as among more heavily drug‐dependent populations. At the same time, the doctor's role in recognising and treating drug and alcohol problems among their clients has been coming under closer scrutiny. An Illawarra‐based study has examined these questions in the context of two non‐English speaking background communities. Our findings are relevant not only to attempts to reconstruct the doctor‐patient relationship, but to the question of health service provision in a multiethnic society generally.
The drug use behaviour of cocaine users
Authors: MOOSBURGER RENATE , PLANT AILEEN J. , PIERCE JOHN P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe interviewed 50 current cocaine users with the aim of providing insights into cocaine use in Sydney. The study sample was obtained by one researcher using a chain referral technique. Appointments were made for interview and the interview aimed to determine the quantity, frequency, pattern and circumstances of drug use in the respondents. The study sample included people with a wide range of incomes and occupations; all but one person were employed. Extensive current drug use was reported; 78% smoked tobacco, 98% drank alcohol with 36% having more than two drinks per day, 96% used marijuana with 40% smoking marijuana at least 5 times per week, 65% used amphetamines, 36% used hallucinogens and 10% used heroin. Ten per cent were unable to name one health risk of cocaine. When asked about the image of a cocaine user, 42% thought of a rock star, film industry worker or someone involved in the arts and entertainment world. The information obtained from a study such as this provides important data for targeting of people in anti‐drug campaigns.
Spirituality: the silent dimension in addiction research. The 1990 Leonard Ball oration
Authors: MILLER WILLIAM R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractResearchers currently recognize and incorporate psychological, biomedical, and social determinants in the study of addictive behaviors. Yet spiritual aspects of addiction and recovery remain virtually unstudied, despite the fact that spirituality is given central importance in Alcoholics Anonymous and in the lives of many individuals. Traditional spiritual concepts have been relabelled to remove their transcendent dimension, and addiction researchers have acted as though spirituality plays no role in the lives of those they study. Consequently an entire class of potentially important variables is being overlooked. A majority of variance in addictive behaviors and treatment outcomes remains unexplained, a portion of which might be accounted for through the study of spiritual dependent, moderator, and independent variables. Behavioural scientists have begun to acknowledge the role of complex spiritual, moral, and decisional processes in the addictive behaviours. Though uncomfortable in some ways for both believers and unbelievers, the scientific study of spiritual processes may improve our understanding of the addictive behaviours, and our ability to prevent and treat these enduring problems.
The conditioning of aversions to familiar and preferred flavours: a new aversion therapy model
Authors: Clarke J. C. , Manza Lisa M. , Sclafani Anthony 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe present study examined the ability of rats to develop aversions to familiar flavours and to flavours that they had previously acquired a preference for. Rats were first conditioned to prefer a CS+ flavour over a CS‐ flavour by pairing CS+ intake with the consumption of a starch solution (16% Polycose). A second group was exposed to the same training but preference conditioning was prevented by inhibiting starch digestion with the drug acarbose. The rats were next given aversion training; the CS+ flavour was now paired with toxicosis (LiCl injection) while the CS‐ flavour paired with a control treatment (NaCl injection). The results of two‐choice tests revealed that aversion training produced significant avoidance of the CS+ flavours in both the group that had acquired a preference for this flavour as well as in the no‐preference group. The value of using conditioned flavour preferences as targets for aversions to model the aversion therapy approach to alcoholism is discussed.
Kava use in Australia
Authors: Prescott John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe use of the traditional South Pacific beverage kava by Australian Aboriginal communities is discussed. There are few systematic data on the effects of kava, although there has been recent concern regarding its health consequences. The role of the traditional context in minimizing any adverse effects of kava is discussed. It is suggested that government intervention in prohibiting kava use is probably inappropriate particularly with our current state of knowledge.
Anthropological reflections on youth drug use research in Australia: what we don't know and how we should find out
Authors: Moore David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper outlines an anthropological/sociological view of youth drug use which complements the existing research paradigm. The limitations of the existing paradigm are identified and an argument is presented for the inclusion of ethnography as a fruitful research method and for a greater focus on the social context of drug use by youth. Finally, the implications of this re‐direction for future research and prevention are outlined.
Recent advances in health professional training on substance abuse disorders
Authors: LEWIS DAVID C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe trainee health professional is influenced by many factors—personal and family experiences, the effectiveness of the teacher as role model, the attitudes in the institution in which training takes place and the cultural norms of society. Adverse experiences, if any, in these areas can negate the input from training programmes. This is particularly true for training in substance use disorders. In designing curricula in this field it is crucial to identify the core competencies expected at the end of training. ‘Project Adept’, a comprehensive compilation of curriculum materials, is based on such competencies. It emphasizes skills training and an adult learning mode of education. However, to achieve sustained curricular changes, development of a committed faculty is essential. Training must be complemented by systematic programmes of early diagnosis and treatment for substance use disorders in teaching hospitals. The need to train generalist physicians and to focus on early intervention have been endorsed by the recent Institute of Medicine report on the treatment of alcohol problems. [Lewis D. Recent advances in health professional training in substance use disorders. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 45‐53]
Goals for medical education on drugs and alcohol for the year 2000
Authors: WEBSTER IAN W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe issues involved in teaching about drug and alcohol issues in medical schools incorporate a wide range of concerns. Any attempt to raise the proficiency of doctors in dealing with drug and alcohol problems must begin during their basic training, and impart the skills to continue learning after graduation. The principles of community medicine are especially relevant to education in drug and alcohol problems, and basic teaching techniques must be examined as well as course content when reviewing current ideas about drug and alcohol education in medical schools. [Webster IW. Goals for medical education on drugs and alcohol for the year 2000. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 55‐61]
Remedies for alcoholism and substance abuse; an overview
Authors: MILKMAN HARVEY 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper represents an evolving interdisciplinary approach to addictive phenomena. As we enter the last decade of the twentieth century, it is clear that improved treatment outcomes can occur if remedial efforts are prescriptive. Clinicians must develop the skills to organize individually tailored treatment strategies around the constellation of biological, psychological and social factors that shape each person's unique style of chemical dependence and associated dysfunction. Based on a philosophy that rational clinical practice follows scientific theory solidly grounded in research, this article reviews the literature on individual differences and patterns of substance abuse and effective strategies for their change. In recognition of the multifactorial nature of addiction, the text is organized around a continuum of issues that affect clinical practice: biological factors, prevention and early intervention, multiproblem patients, treatment and the law, and treatment alternatives. [Milkman H. Remedies for alcoholism and substance abuse, an overview. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 63‐74]
Alcohol and the brain: recent advances in biomedical research
Authors: SHANLEY BRIAN C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConsiderable progress has been made in our understanding of the cellular mechanisms of action of alcohol on the brain, particularly in relation to tolerance and dependence. Tolerance is associated with changes in the composition of the gamma‐aminobutyric acid‐benzodiazepine receptor, making it less sensitive to alcohol. An increased density of excitatory glutamate receptors may underlie certain withdrawal manifestations. Other neuroadaptive mechanisms include an increase in presynaptic calcium influx on depolarization and effects on adenylate cyclase. Alcohol also influences the expression of a proto‐oncogene which plays an important role in neural development. Further advances in neurobiology offer the prospect of elucidating the mechanisms of tolerance and brain damage. [Shanley B. Alcohol and the brain: recent advances in biomedical research. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 75‐78]
The diagnosis of alcohol‐related brain damage: a retrospective study in alcoholics undergoing in‐patient rehabilitation
Authors: CANARIS CHRISTOPHER , JURD STEPHEN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlcohol‐related brain damage (ARBD) is a common and prognostically relevant complication of alcohol dependence. Clinical sensitivity for ARBD by routine mental state examination (MSE) is important, but unlikely given the documented insensitivity of the MSE in detecting less subtle disorders. We sought to determine the predictive capacity of a well‐documented MSE in 32 detoxified alcohol‐dependent patients who had undergone neuropsychological testing. Seventeen patients were found to have impaired performance on neuropsychological testing. The initial medical diagnoses and short‐term memory tests did not correlate with neuropsychological findings. Ratings of the non‐memory component of the MSE were a weak predictor of neuropsychological impairment. In the absence of any adequate ‘screening’ procedure, we conclude that all alcohol‐dependent patients should be considered at high risk for ARBD and require full investigation. [Canaris C, Jurd S. The diagnosis of alcohol‐related brain damage: a retrospective study in alcoholics undergoing in‐patient treatment. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 85‐88]
Detoxification: the basis of current practice
Authors: FOY AIDAN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith chronic use of a psychoactive drug the central nervous system undergoes a series of changes. These changes vary both in nature and in extent with each drug, but in general, they alter the responsiveness of the nervous system to the drug so as to reduce the perceived clinical effect, and also alter the innate responsiveness of the affected neurons to various stimuli. With cessation of drug use the nervous system undergoes a natural healing which consists of a restoration of normal responsiveness, but this process takes some time during which the patient's responses are abnormal and they are vulnerable to a variety of stressors. Detoxification is the safe negotiation of this period. [Foy A. Detoxification: the basis of current practice. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 121‐125]
Biological markers of alcoholism
Authors: WHITFIELD J. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBiological markers are biochemical or physiological characteristics which may help to classify a person according to the presence or absence of some disease or risk of disease, either with respect to their current status or future susceptibility. Many biological markers related to alcoholism have been described; this review suggests a classification of them and indicates areas where they are well‐established and other areas where further investigation may be useful. [Whitfield JB. Biological markers of alcoholism. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 127‐135]
Towards a model for the provision of comprehensive services for non‐English speaking communities
Authors: RISSEL CHRIS , ROWLING LOUISE 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPeople from non‐English speaking backgrounds (NESB) tend to utilize Australian health and welfare services less than those people born in Australia. There is also evidence that migrants to Australia tend to increase their consumption of alcohol and other drugs once they have settled. Therefore, NESB people should be a priority focus for the provision of comprehensive services for the prevention and treatment of alcohol and other drug‐related problems. To date there has not been a co‐ordinated approach to the provision of alcohol and other drug services to NESB communities. This paper proposes a model for the provision of such services, and uses the Sydney Arabic‐speaking Lebanese community as an example. This model draws upon available literature and incorporates strategies of community development, namely networking and dissemination of information, and directs efforts at three levels of intervention. [Rissel C, Rowling L. Towards a model for the provision of comprehensive services for non‐English speaking communities. Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 137‐149]
Alcohol and driving: is the 0.05% blood alcohol concentration limit justified?
Authors: HOWAT PETER , SLEET DAVID , SMITH IAN 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews the findings of experimental and laboratory research to determine whether there is sufficient evidence to support a uniform 0.05% blood alcohol concentration (BAC) as the legal limit for driving. Statistically significant and meaningful decrements in driving‐related performance were identified at 0.05% BAC or below in many studies. Younger and inexperienced drinkers and drivers appear to be at greatest risk for alcohol‐related traffic crashes. It is concluded that on scientific grounds, there is support for setting the legal limit at 0.05%. The setting of a uniform 0.05% BAC statutory limit should be but one effort within a comprehensive approach including other legal, social, behavioural and environmental strategies to deal with the drink driving problem. [Howat P, Sleet D, Smith I. Alcohol and driving: is the 0.05% blood alcohol concentration limit justified? Drug Alcohol Rev 1991; 10: 151‐166]
Metabolism of ethanol and associated hepatotoxicity
Authors: LIEBER CHARLES S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractOver the last three decades, direct hepatotoxic effects of ethanol were established, some of which were linked to redox changes produced by NADH generated via the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) pathway and shown to affect the metabolism of lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and purines. It was also determined that ethanol can be oxidized by a microsomal ethanol oxidizing system (MEOS) involving a specific cytochrome P‐450; this newly discovered ethanol‐inducible cytochrome P‐450 (P‐450IIE1) contributes to ethanol metabolism, tolerance, energy wastage (with associated weight loss), and the selective hepatic perivenular toxicity of various xenobiotics. Their activation by P‐450IIE1 now provides an understanding of the increased susceptibility of the heavy drinker to the toxicity of industrial solvents, anaesthetic agents, commonly prescribed drugs, over‐the‐counter analgesics, and chemical carcinogens. P‐450 induction also explains depletion (and toxicity) of nutritional factors such as vitamin A. As a consequence, treatment with vitamin A and other nutritional factors is beneficial, but must take into account a narrowed therapeutic window in alcoholics who have increased needs for nutrients and also display an enhanced susceptibility to some of their adverse effects. Acetaldehyde (the metabolite produced from ethanol by either ADH or MEOS) impairs hepatic oxygen utilization and forms protein adducts, resulting in antibody production, enzyme inactivation, and decreased DNA repair. It also stimulates collagen production by the vitamin A storing cells (lipocytes) and myofibroblasts, and causes glutathione depletion. Supplementation with S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine partly corrects the depletion and associated mitochondrial injury, whereas administration of polyunsaturated lecithin opposes the fibrosis. Thus, at the cellular level, the classic dichotomy between the nutritional and toxic effects of ethanol has now been bridged. The understanding of how the ensuing injury eventually results in irreversible scarring or cirrhosis may provide us with improved modalities for treatment and prevention.
Pain and addiction
Authors: BELL JAMES 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn a society which is drug‐orientated yet is committed to a ‘War on Drugs’, guidelines for prescribing narcotic analgesics are marked by division and inconsistency. A fear of engendering an addiction leads to anxiety in doctors about prescribing these analgesics and to the inadequate treatment of pain. The concept of ‘addiction’ is derived from an essentially moralistic view of drug use, and serves as a barrier to effective treatment of chronic non‐malignant pain. A biopsychosocial approach to disease provides a better basis for treatment of this type of pain.
Responding to drug and alcohol problems in health professionals, with special reference to Ontario
Authors: RANKIN JAMES G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractConcern has been expressed about alcohol and drug problems among health professionals because of the possibility of professional impairment, although there has been no evidence of increased legal suits by patients against such individuals. Alcohol and drug problems among health professionals were recognized but usually ignored by health professional organizations, except for sporadic disciplinary action, until the mid‐1970s. At that time, important initiatives took place, particularly in the USA. Approaches developed so far by health professional groups to help their members with alcohol and drug problems can be broadly categorized as either coercive/therapeutic/disciplinary or therapeutic. The former approach is exemplified by US programs for physicians, and the latter by the approach to that profession in Canada. It is suggested that the employee assistance model is an alternative approach that could be adopted by health professionals, and that this model could be expanded to a health promotion/prevention/assistance model. Although there has been significant progress in the development of programs in Ontario to help health professionals with alcohol and drug problems, this development is faltering because of lack of support from health professional organizations.
Morals, science and chance
Authors: DREW LES R. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe importance of paradigms (models, hypotheses) is emphasized. It is proposed that the reductionist model has dominated the addiction field to the exclusion of existentialist models. The limits of reductionism (typified by the 1980 WHO model of alcohol and other drug use) are explored. Attention is drawn to the characteristics of complex dynamic systems, including their sensitivity to small changes in any factor and the unpredictability of their outcomes. The importance of the capacity of individuals to make choices and the role of chance (both external and internal) is highlighted. The implications for therapy are explored. It is affirmed that therapy is, and will always be, an art, but the technical competence of the therapist can influence effectiveness.
Effect of television advertising of alcohol on alcohol consumption and intentions to drive
Authors: Wilks Jeffrey , Vardanega Angelo T. , Callan Victor J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe alcohol consumption of 120 male and female college students was measured as they viewed a 90‐min videotape of popular prime‐time television programmes. Independent measures were the sex of the student, their drinker classification (light or moderate‐heavy) and the number of alcohol advertisements (0, 6, 12) shown during the screening of the television programmes. Dependent measures were the number of drinks consumed, and the intentions of students to drive a motor vehicle after viewing the videotaped programmes. As predicted, males consumed more alcohol than females, and moderate‐heavy drinkers consumed more than light drinkers. Male and female students who viewed six alcohol advertisements consumed more alcohol than students shown no alcohol advertisements or 12 alcohol advertisements. Analysis of intentions to drive after viewing the programmes revealed that the number of drinks consumed was not a significant covariate of driving intentions. Rather light drinkers of both sexes were less likely to intend to drive than moderate‐heavy drinkers. Males exposed to alcohol advertisements were less likely to intend to drive than males who did not view alcohol advertisements. Different levels of exposure to alcohol advertisements did not influence the driving intentions of college females.
Distinguishing primary and secondary disorders in studies of alcohol dependence and depression
Authors: Gorman D. M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper is concerned with the relationship between alcohol dependence and depression, and more specifically with the issue of which criteria should be used in distinguishing primary and secondary disorders. The data presented indicate that borderline or subclinical depression frequently precedes the onset of alcohol dependence. This finding is discussed in terms of previous studies, which show that depression is generally secondary to alcohol dependence. Such studies have focused almost exclusively on severe forms of depressive disorder, and, it is argued, used inappropriate criteria to designate the onset of alcohol dependence (e.g. withdrawal phenomena and alcohol‐related problems). In contrast to previous studies, the present paper indicates that subclinical episodes of depression should be assessed by clinicians as possible predisposing factors in the development of alcohol dependence. In addition, it is argued that research designed to establish whether alcohol dependence is a primary or secondary disorder when it occurs in the presence of an accompanying psychiatric disorder should measure onset in terms of changes in behaviour such as giving‐up existing interests in order to spend time drinking and consuming more alcohol than former companions.