bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The use of actigraphy for assessment of the development of sleep/wake patterns in infants during the first 12 months of life
Authors: SO KEVIN , MICHAEL ADAMSON T. , HORNE ROSEMARY S. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMaturation of sleep/wake patterns is one of the most important physiological developments during the first year of life. In this study, we aimed to compare the use of actigraphy and parental sleep diaries (SD) for recording the development of sleep/wake patterns longitudinally in term infants in their own home environments over the first 12 months of life. Twenty healthy term infants (7F/13M) were studied for 3 days each month in their own homes over the first 12 months of life. Sleep/wake patterns were recorded using both SD and actigraphy (AW) (AW64, Mini Mitter Co. Inc., Sunriver, OR, USA). The development of sleep and wake was analysed over 24 h, during the day (08:00–20:00 hours) and during the night (20:00–08:00 hours). A total of 186 studies had complete data sets for both analysis methods. Overall, there was no difference between methods of measurement for determination of the total percentage of sleep or wake over 24 h, or for the total percentage of sleep or wake during the day. However, at night, AW scored less time asleep (73.3 ± 0.9%) and more time awake (26.7 ± 0.9%) compared with the SD (80.7 ± 1.04% and 19 ± 1.0%, respectively, P < 0.001). Mean percentage sleep during the day decreased from 51% at 1 month to 28% at 12 months with the 1‐month values being significantly higher than all other ages, while mean percentage sleep at night was only different between 1 month and 11 and 12 months. In conclusion actigraphy provides a useful tool for assessing the development infant sleep.
Immediate error correction process following sleep deprivation
Authors: HSIEH SHULAN , CHENG I‐CHEN , TSAI LING‐LING 
Published: June 2007

SummaryPrevious studies have suggested that one night of sleep deprivation decreases frontal lobe metabolic activity, particularly in the anterior cingulated cortex (ACC), resulting in decreased performance in various executive function tasks. This study thus attempted to address whether sleep deprivation impaired the executive function of error detection and error correction. Sixteen young healthy college students (seven women, nine men, with ages ranging from 18 to 23 years) participated in this study. Participants performed a modified letter flanker task and were instructed to make immediate error corrections on detecting performance errors. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) during the flanker task were obtained using a within‐subject, repeated‐measure design. The error negativity or error‐related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) seen immediately after errors were analyzed. The results show that the amplitude of the Ne/ERN was reduced significantly following sleep deprivation. Reduction also occurred for error trials with subsequent correction, indicating that sleep deprivation influenced error correction ability. This study further demonstrated that the impairment in immediate error correction following sleep deprivation was confined to specific stimulus types, with both Ne/ERN and behavioral correction rates being reduced only for trials in which flanker stimuli were incongruent with the target stimulus, while the response to the target was compatible with that of the flanker stimuli following sleep deprivation. The results thus warrant future systematic investigation of the interaction between stimulus type and error correction following sleep deprivation.
Validation of actigraphy for determining sleep and wake in children with sleep disordered breathing
Authors: HYDE MELISSA , O'DRISCOLL DENISE M. , BINETTE SONIA , GALANG CECILLE , TAN SHEAU K. , VERGINIS NICOLE , DAVEY MARGOT J. , HORNE ROSEMARY S. C. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThere have been limited studies of the validation of actigraphy for the determination of sleep and wake in children and in this study we aimed to compare wrist actigraphy with polysomnography (PSG). We studied 45 children (29 M/16 F), aged between 1 and 12 years (5.8 ± 2.7 years, mean ± SD). Actigraphic data were collected during standard overnight PSG. Data from the actiwatch were analysed over four separate activity threshold settings (low, medium, high, auto). Actigraphic data were compared epoch‐by‐epoch with the matching PSG. Sleep time was not different from PSG values for the low or auto activity thresholds, but was significantly less on the medium and high activity thresholds (P < 0.05). In contrast, the low and auto activity thresholds significantly underestimated wake time (P < 0.05), whilst that recorded on the medium and high activity thresholds were not different to PSG values. Agreement rates across the thresholds were all high ranging from 85.1% to 88.6%. Predictive value for sleep and sensitivity were also high with values ranging from 91.6% to 94.9% and 90.1% to 97.7%, respectively. In contrast, predictive value for wake and specificity were low ranging between 46.7–65.6% and 39.4–68.9%, respectively. There was no effect of subject age, OAHI or PSG arousal index on AR for any of the activity thresholds. We conclude that actigraphy is a reliable method for determining sleep in children when compared against PSG. Actigraphy may be a useful tool in paediatric sleep clinics and research.
The Human Immunomodulatory CD25+ B Cell Population belongs to the Memory B Cell Pool
Authors: Amu S. , Tarkowski A. , Dörner T. , Bokarewa M. , Brisslert M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe have shown that human CD20+25+ B cells display immunomodulatory properties. The aim of this study was to investigate if CD25+ B cells are found within the CD27 memory B cell population, and to analyse pattern of their cytokine production.B cells isolated from healthy subjects, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients were analysed regarding the frequency of CD25+ B cells within certain B cell subsets. Purified CD25+ B cells from healthy subject were used in vitro to evaluate their production of immunomodulatory cytokines.In healthy subjects the majority (60%) of memory B cells (CD20+27+) also co‐expressed CD25 while only 10–20% of the naïve B cells (CD20+27−) and plasmablasts (CD20–27+) expressed CD25. In RA and SLE patients, we found that 51% and 48%, respectively, co‐expressed CD25 in the memory population, whereas only 11% and 9% co‐expressed CD25 in the naïve B cell population.Phenotypic analysis of the CD20+25+27+ and CD20+25+27− cells using CD10, CD24, CD38, CD45, CD71, CD80, CD86, CD95, CD138, BAFF‐R, TACI, IgA, IgD, IgG and IgM showed that CD20+25+27+ B cells preferentially represent highly activated, Ig class switched memory B cells.Cytokine profile analysis showed that CD25+ B cells secreted significantly higher levels of IL‐10 versus CD25− B cells. In contrast, TGF‐β1 secretion was similar between the CD25+ and CD25− sub‐populations.In conclusion, CD20+25+ B cells constitute a unique subpopulation preferentially occurring among CD20+27+ memory B cells. We suggest that CD25 can be used as a marker for a memory B cell subset.
Potassium‐ and capsaicin‐induced release of agmatine from spinal nerve terminals
Authors: Goracke‐Postle Cory J. , Overland Aaron C. , Riedl Maureen S. , Stone Laura S. , Fairbanks Carolyn A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAgmatine (decarboxylated arginine) was originally identified in the CNS as an imidazoline receptor ligand. Further studies demonstrated that agmatine antagonizes NMDA receptors and inhibits nitric oxide synthase. Intrathecally administered agmatine inhibits opioid tolerance and hyperalgesia evoked by inflammation, nerve injury, and intrathecally administered NMDA. These actions suggest an anti‐glutamatergic role for agmatine in the spinal cord. We have previously reported that radiolabeled agmatine is transported into spinal synaptosomes in an energy‐ and temperature‐dependent manner. In the present study, we demonstrate that agmatine is releasable from purified spinal nerve terminals upon depolarization. When exposed to either elevated potassium or capsaicin, tritiated agmatine (but not its precursorl‐arginine or its metabolite putrescine) is released in a calcium‐dependent manner. Control experiments confirmed that the observed release was specific to depolarization and not due to permeabilization of or degradation of synaptosomes. That capsaicin‐evoked stimulation results in agmatine release implicates the participation of primary afferent nerve terminals. Radiolabeled agmatine also accumulates in purified spinal synaptosomal vesicles in a temperature‐dependent manner, suggesting that the source of releasable agmatine may be vesicular in origin. These results support the proposal that agmatine may serve as a spinal neuromodulator involved in pain processing.
The Obsolescent Critical Language of Today
Authors: Strauch Edward H. 
Published: June 2007

The heritage of dualism hinders meaningful discussion in literary criticism. The use of terms as subjective and objective have become so ambiguous as to be of questionable utility. Critical theories accentuating the subjective or objective also prove to offer misleading distinctions. The debate centering on the disadvantages in narration of telling versus showing is further revealed as an artificial conceptual confrontation. Whereas telling is an “objectification” of events, showing is a “concretization” of them, yet both are subjective and objective.Ancient mimetic theory defined two different views of objectivity (Aristotle versus Plato), which correspond to the two conceptions of objectivity as embraced in the expressive theory of English romanticism (Wordsworth and Coleridge).Used to discuss artists and their works, the terms subjective and objective also result in vague semantics. Thus the terms should be eliminated from critical discussion, except as a part of historical criticism.To render more precisely the modus vivendi of the human experience in literature, a new language rooted in man's monistic apperception is needed. The criteria for this new vocabulary given, the reader is invited to pursue his own meaningful research.
“El cuento de cuentos:” Quevedo's Anticipation of a Genre
Authors: Soons Alan 
Published: June 2007

Shorter fictional genres were by no means well distinguished in post‐Renaissance preceptive writings. The Cuento de cuentos(1626) of Quevedo, reduced to its elements of plot, can never‐theless be adequately marked off from the facetia, the literary anecdote and the novella. Experimentally one might examine this story as a foreshadowing of the largely nineteenth‐century genre of the Humoresque, with its avoidance of the didactic and the satirical, and with its directionless layout.This may not even be the only text which allows of this tenta‐tive classification. Perhaps Cervantes's Rinconete y Cortadillo and episodes of Quevedo's own Vida del buscón (also issued in 1626), about which discussion is so acrimonious at this moment, might find their places here. It would be gratifying to pursue the thought that Quevedo's little work contains the germ of a fictionally vital genre in years to come.
René Chars »Le Bois de l'Epte« ‐ eine Allegorie des dichterischen Schöpfungsaktes
Authors: Simonis Ferdinand 
Published: June 2007

Chars Lyrik ist Dichtung im Zeichen Heraklits. Es wird untersucht, in welchem Maße Prinzip und Gesetze der Heraklitischen Kosmologie in Chars Gedicht Bild, Empfindung und Gedanken prägen.Die Zerstörung der Vergangenheit erscheint als ein wesentlicher Aspekt im Schöpfungsprozeß Charschen Dichtens, dessen verschiedene Phasen das Gedicht »Le Bois de l'Epte« allegorisierend wahrnimmt. Der Nährboden der neuen poetischen Gestaltung, jener rosiers sauvages, ist die Asche des Vergangenen, une ruine laissée jadis par l'incendie, die unmittelbar das bewirkte, was der Dichter vergebens zu erlangen strebte in der Gefolgschaft jenes Baches, der als bas coureur und jade ermite zum Gegenbild kraftvollen Schöpfertums wird. Die Vernichtung der Strukturen einer Vergangenheit, auf deren Ruine die Synthese des Neuen plötzlich und ungewöhnlich erfolgt, wird zum Augenblick fruchtbarsten Gestaltens. Die harmonische Einheit der Gegensätze, ein in Hölderlins »Hyperione« gefeiertes Gesetz Heraklitischen Denkens, offenbart sich in Chars Gedicht in jenem der Feuersbrunst (incendie) entstiegenen rauque incarnat d'une rose, wo ein Prozeß vollzogen ist, den Char stets ersehnte: Die Ewigkeit des Blitzes. Zeuger der Feuersbrunst, manifestiert sich in der Dauer des Zeitlichen, in der Vergänglichkeit der Rose.
The Middle Ages as a Normative Element in Proust
Authors: Sankovitch Tilde 
Published: June 2007

The theme of the French Middle Ages, inspired, no doubt, by Proust's childhood experiences and memories, and by his readings of Ruskin, constitute a focal point in A La Recherche du temps perdu. All manifestations of the medieval presence convey to Proust images of beauty and moral perfection, connected with the lost innocence of childhood and the deepest essence of ‘French‐ness.’ The medieval element contributes magic and poetry to the objects, people, places and even words which it affects by contact, and provides a touchstone for authenticity and worth.Medieval churches and cathedrals especially establish enduring norms by which to judge individuals and societies. They also suggest rules of behavior which may impose cohesion, stability and dignity on the apparently fragmented human experience, and divide people between those who belong to the timeless paradise of childhood, as symbolized by Combray, and those who fall into the corrupt hell of worldliness.The medieval opus francigenum, as Proust calls it, may overcome, through its continued creative impulse, the decaying action of time, and point to the truth which is the final goal of the Recherche.
≤La Princesse de Clèves≥ ou la magie du conte
Authors: Frølich Juliette 
Published: June 2007

La Princesse de Clèves est un récit doublement exposéà la magie du conte:1. Une analyse du récit selon le modèle élaboré par V. Propp dans sa Morphologie du conte permet de constater qu'une structure‐clé du récit est analogue av). la structure des contes merveilleux. Relever cette structure, c'est rendre lisible l'histoire cachée de la princesse, histoire à laquelle s'est imposée le titre Le vol du portrait.2. Un examen des rapports de dépendance thématique et textuelle qui lient chacun des protagonistes à≤son≥ histoire, montre que leur cheminement diégétique est soumis àla contrainte de récits intercalés dont ils sont à la fois le narrataire, le narrateur et l'acteur.
Three Concepts of the Reader and Their Contribution to a Theory of the Literary Text
Authors: Coste Didier , Brautigan Richard 
Published: June 2007

Some critics see the recent interest in readers and reading as a threat not only to authorship but to the very notion of text. This paper contends that no such threat exists since contemporary concepts of the reader are rather the result of a displacement which works to extend the privileges of literariness and authorship.A typology of concepts of the reader as signifiers in the language of metaliterature can be established, as shown in the table. the ideal reader, whether authorial or critical, is a relatively simple projection which ignores the text and glorifies the self. the implied reader, whether intended, inscribed or functional, is an interpretive device resulting from a need for “internal” evidence or which allows hidden shifts from internal to external evidence. the empirical reader, more or less active, conscious and autonomous, is a highly ideological tool which mediates value judgements on the social role of literary texts.Studies of an ideal reader (as evoked at the beginning of Fleurs du Mal), of an implied reader (Culler's competent reader) and of an empirical reader (Ugo Margolin's) prove that concepts of the reader do not function as “ordinary” signs but are of a figural nature and work “backwards” ‐ i.e. they are overdetermined and euphemistic.In conclusion, individual critics should not be made responsible for this phenomenon which is inherent to the tertiary nature of metaliterary language. In comparison, the literary text's process of signification could be seen precisely as an ability to move forward and backward, oscillating “freely” from pragmatic reference to critical reference through fictional reference.
Voltaire and the Classics the Testimony of the Correspondence1
Authors: Ages Arnold 
Published: June 2007

The loom of classical antiquity in the Voltaire correspondence has been neglected in the past because of the lack of a definitive edition of the letters. the Besterman edition now permits a view of Voltaire as the man who moulds the cadences of classical antiquity into a personal and pliant tool which he uses to embellish a formidable prose style.Voltaire uses quotations from the Latin and Greek authors because they constitute a repository of learned commentary on the futility of the human enterprise, the fragility of man, and the inconclusive nature of metaphysical speculation ‐ themes which find resonances in Voltaire's own view of the world.As a superb stylist Voltaire appropriates the images of classical literature in order to draw analogies with contemporary phenomena. the decorative deployment of Greek and Latin maxims (the latter primarily) is a most impressive tribute to Voltaire's classical education. the language of the ancients becomes with Voltaire a kind of 18th‐century précieux language with which he dazzles his correspondents in a virtuoso performance unrivalled in his time. He not only illuminates the classical world in his letters but thereby invests his own writing with a vitality that demands admiration.
Social Climbing During the Age of Absolutism: Personality Distortion and Career Advancement in J. C. Krüger's “Die Candidaten”
Authors: van Cleve John W. 
Published: June 2007

Johann Christian KrRger's comedy Die Candrdaten has been largely ignored by scholarship despite its availability in reprint and its author's status as a precursor of J. M. R. Lenz. This study examines Krger's portrayal of the effects of class conflict within a society that dispensed career rewards according to birth, not merit.The play concerns the disposition of a bureaucratic position that a German count has to offer; several characters seek it, and the personality of each is diminished or distorted in the attempt. These figures are drawn from the educated middle class and the lower nobility: the distortion that they undergo ranges from a loss of Enlightenment optimism to a loss of basic human dignity. Krger attacks the ruling class directly through his cowardly, avaricious, stupid and sexually dissolute count and countess. The central character's descent into pessimism is presented as inevitable, given the hostile public sphere. Cundiduren reverses contemporary audience expectations regarding the mission of comedy by fitting a virtuous, sensible burgher into the fool's role. This represents a radical break with previous drama tradition: comedy no longer teaches through laughter. Here, it provides a release from stifling social tension Nevertheless. the thrust of the plot is dark and negative; in 1748 laughter must have been followed by bitterness.
Pièges du récit dans ≪Les Nuits d'Octobre≫ de G. de Nerval
Authors: Tritsmans Bruno 
Published: June 2007

La spécificité des oeuvres des denières années de Gérard de Nerval dépend du rapport qu'elles ont avec la folie, de la stratégie qu'elles développent face à la problématique existentielle. Il est possible de définir la folie, cet Autre de la Raison, au niveau de son inscription textuelle comme un phénomène de destructuration.Un des niveaux de structuration du texte ≪lisible≫ consiste en la position d'où l'on parle: à ce niveau, la folie se manifesterait donc sous la forme de ce que R. Barthes a appelé une ≪instabilité tonale≪.Dans Les Nuits d'Octobre (1852), la position du narrateur est indécidable, partagée entre la réinterprétation du ≪vécu≫ propre au contrat de lecture de l'autobiographie et certaine fidélité au ≪vécu≪, propre au récit de voyage. Plus précisément, l'enjeu des Nuits d'Octobre consiste en la négation de la portée aliénante du ≪vécu≪, qui se cristallise autour de la figure féminine (la femme mérinos). Le récit procède subtilement à la négation de sa ≪face interprétative≫ dans un ensemble d'interventions d'auteur consacrés au réalisme, et dans lesquelles le narrateur revendique la valeur de vérité pour son récit.Ces tensions, ces lacunes créent l'impression de malaise propre à la lecture des Nuits d'October, enocore que le lecteur puisse supplér aux manques, aux incohérences par son activité imaginative.
Two and Three‐Term Structures of Interpretation: the Hermeneutics of Ambiguity and Paradox
Authors: Salmon Rachel 
Published: June 2007

SummarySo dominant has binary thinking become in contemporary theory and practice, that the problems with which it cannot deal have either been ignored or denied reality. The nearly ontological status accorded the binary opposition within linguistics makes itself felt also in literary studies, especially in work oriented towards Structuralism. Recent analyses of the metaphor/metonymy opposition and its transformations provides an exemplary case. Even the deconstructionist critique of binarism ‐ a demonstration of the way in which apparently stable oppositions lose their balance and project themselves forward in a chain of hierarchical oscillations and replacements ‐ remains conditioned by the horizons of a binary imagination. The fluctuating poles of an opposition ‐ be it of the structuralist or deconstructionist variety ‐ are two in number and self‐exclusive. Ambiguity, it will be seen, is the rhetorical correlative of binary thinking; paradox escapes all two‐term figures which provide neither a logical nor a figurative point of fusion. Only the introduction of a synthetic third term can transform the binary structure into one capable of representing paradox. Whereas Hegelian and deconstructionist dialectics might seem to provide such a third term, they actually fail to do so because they immediately reabsorb it into a new hierarchical opposition which denies the stasis of paradox. There is, however, a hermeneutic system native to Western culture which does accomodate the structure of paradox. After defining the limitations of binary interpretation, this paper will elaborate upon the unique functions of this three‐term typological model.