bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequences of restrictive and promotive managerial control among American university professors
Authors: Elias Steven M. , MacDonald Scott R. 
Published: February 2008

PurposeWhile managerial influence has received much research attention, Scholl has presented a fairly new approach to examining such influence. This approach distinguishes between restrictive (pushing one's wishes through, although they may run counter to the interests of another) and promotive control (influencing another in a way that is in line with his or her interests). The current research intends to offer a preliminary investigation into the relationships between these control tactics, leader‐member exchange, and organizational commitment.Design/methodology/approachUniversity faculty members (n=46) completed measures of restrictive and promotive control, leader member exchange and organizational commitment in relation to their department chairs.FindingsStatistical analysis indicates relationships exist between all variables of interest, but that leader‐member exchange mediates several managerial control‐organizational commitment relationships.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation for this study is its relatively small sample size. As a result, implications of the results are discussed with an emphasis on future research.Originality/valueThe distinction between restrictive and promotive control is important because it offers a highly parsimonious way of viewing influence and leadership.
An examination of cognition and affect in strategic decision‐making
Authors: Kim Kong‐Hee , Tyge Payne G. , Tan James A. 
Published: February 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to better understand the nature of the decision maker's cognitive‐affective information processing behavior in the context of strategic decision making.Design/methodology/approachReviews of the psychological science, organizational behavior, and strategic management literatures serve as a foundation for the development of a model and a series of research propositions. Propositions and model development lead to a discussion regarding limitations of the current literature, as well as areas for future research that incorporates cognitive‐affective information processing issues in organizational research.FindingsOrganizational homogeneous and heterogeneous behaviors in the organizational adaptation process depend on a strategic decision maker's cognitive‐affective informational interpretation of both internal and external environmental stimuli.Research limitations/implicationsThe focus of this article is limited to the individual level of analysis. Further theoretical and empirical research should investigate how the framework could be applied at the team and organizational levels and how it holds under various industrial and/or environmental conditions.Practical implicationsThis article informs practicing managers of how their decision‐making behavior is influenced by both cognition and affect when they scan and process their strategic informational environment and, furthermore, how these influence their choice of organizational forms and practices.Originality/valueExtends theoretical understanding of cognitive‐affective informational processing and its influence on the organizational homogeneous‐heterogeneous adaptation process.
The impact of work alienation on organizational citizenship behavior in the Canary Islands
Authors: Jesús Suárez‐Mendoza María , Zoghbi‐Manrique‐de‐Lara Pablo 
Published: February 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this research is to examine work alienation (WA) as a mediator in the relationship between employees' perceptions of person‐organization (PO) fit – operationalized as value congruence – and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) directed at their organization (OCBO), co‐workers (OCBIC), and students or clients (OCBIS).Design/methodology/approachData were collected from 99 of the 156 (63.5 percent) teachers at a district high school in Spain. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test the predicted relationships.FindingsResults support that PO fit is an antecedent of OCBO, OCBIC, and OCBIS and also, in general, that the three dimensions of WA (powerlessness, meaninglessness, and self‐estrangement) mediate this link. Separately, all WA dimensions are totally or partially supported as “full mediators,” except for powerlessness and meaninglessness that appear to act on OCBIS as “partial mediators.” The model tested suggests PO fit predicts OCB and that this relationship can be explained by the mediating role of WA.Research limitations/implicationsSubjects in this study reflect job conditions peculiar to the public sector. This may limit the ability to extrapolate the findings to the private sector. Also, results may not generalize to other cultural or national contexts. The findings contribute to an improved understanding of the influence of PO value fit/misfit on OCB.Practical implicationsUnderstanding how PO fit is able to affect citizenship behavior suggests that actions designed to promote PO fit may be useful for more efficiently managing employee WA, and, therefore, more powerfully eliciting OCB in the workplace.Originality/valueEmployee work alienation is demonstrated to be a mediator in the relationship between PO fit and OCB. This is the first empirical test of this relationship.
Towards a better understanding and new therapeutics of osteopetrosis
Authors: Askmyr Maria K. , Fasth Anders , Richter Johan 
Published: February 2008

SummaryLack of or dysfunction in osteoclasts result in osteopetrosis, a group of rare but often severe, genetic disorders affecting skeletal tissue. Increase in bone mass results in skeletal malformation and bone marrow failure that may be fatal. Many of the underlying defects have lately been characterized in humans and in animal models of the disease. In humans, these defects often involve mutations in genes expressing proteins involved in the acidification of the osteoclast resorption compartment, a process necessary for proper bone degradation. So far, the only cure for children with severe osteopetrosis is allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation but without a matching donor this form of therapy is far from optimal. The characterization of the genetic defects opens up the possibility for gene replacement therapy as an alternative. Accordingly, HSC‐targeted gene therapy in a mouse model of infantile malignant osteopetrosis was recently shown to correct many aspects of the disease.
Perinatal and maternal risk factors for autism spectrum disorders in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Williams K. , Helmer M. , Duncan G. W. , Peat J. K. , Mellis C. M. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackground  This study was commenced in 1999 with the aim of examining risk factors for autism using established population‐based data for comparison.Methods  Cases were ascertained using active surveillance and compared with birth data.Results  Four risk factors were found to be significantly associated with autism using binary logistic regression analysis; being male [adjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3.2–7.0], being born prematurely (adjusted OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.5–3.5), having maternal age ≥35 years (adjusted OR 1.7, 95% CI 1.2–2.4) and having a mother born outside Australia (adjusted OR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0–1.9). For analysis completed for pregnancies, rather than live births, multiple birth was also a significant risk factor for one or more children of the pregnancy to be affected by autism (adjusted OR 2.5, 95% CI 1.1–5.5). There was a statistically significant trend towards increasing risk with increasing risk factor ‘dose’ for gestational age (P = 0.019), multiple birth (P = 0.016) and maternal age (P < 0.001). For mother's country of birth the group with the highest risk were children of mother's born in south‐east or north‐east Asia. There was a non‐significant trend towards a higher proportion of children with developmental disability having risk factors.Conclusion  Replication of risk factors from previous studies and a significant risk factor ‘dose’ effect add to growing evidence that maternal and perinatal factors are low magnitude risk factors for autism. The association between developmental disability and autism risk factors warrants further examination.
Effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents: systematic review of controlled trials
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2008

.

Van Sluijs E.M.F.,
McMinn A.M. &
Griffin S.J.
(
2007
)

,
335
,
703
–
707
.

DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39320.843947.BE.
Objective  To review the published literature on the effectiveness of interventions to promote physical activity in children and adolescents.Design  Systematic review.Data sources  Literature search using PubMed, SCOPUS, Psychlit, Ovid Medline, Sportdiscus and Embase up to December 2006.Review methods  Two independent reviewers assessed studies against the following inclusion criteria: controlled trial, comparison of intervention to promote physical activity with no intervention control condition, participants younger than 18 years, and reported statistical analyses of a physical activity outcome measure. Levels of evidence, accounting for methodological quality, were assessed for three types of intervention, five settings and three target populations.Results  The literature search identified 57 studies: 33 aimed at children and 24 at adolescents. Twenty‐four studies were of high methodological quality, including 13 studies in children. Interventions that were found to be effective achieved increases ranging from an additional 2.6 min of physical education‐related physical activity to 283 min per week of overall physical activity. Among children, limited evidence for an effect was found for interventions targeting children from low‐socio‐economic populations, and environmental interventions. Strong evidence was found that school‐based interventions with involvement of the family or community and multi‐component interventions can increase physical activity in adolescents.Conclusion  Some evidence was found for potentially effective strategies to increase children's levels of physical activity. For adolescents, multi‐component interventions and interventions that included both school and family or community involvement have the potential to make important differences to levels of physical activity and should be promoted. A lack of high‐quality evaluations hampers conclusions concerning effectiveness, especially among children.
Child wellbeing and income inequality in rich societies: ecological cross sectional study
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: February 2008

.

Pickett K.E. &
Wilkinson R.G.
(
2007
)

,
335
,
1080
–
1085
.
DOI: 10.1136/bmj.39377.580162.55.
Objectives  To examine associations between child well‐being and material living standards (average income), the scale of differentiation in social status (income inequality), and social exclusion (children in relative poverty) in rich developed societies.Design  Ecological, cross‐sectional studies.Setting  Cross‐national comparisons of 23 rich countries; cross‐state comparisons within the USA.Population  Children and young people.Main outcome measures  The United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund index of child well‐being and its components for rich countries; eight comparable measures for the US states and District of Columbia (teenage births, juvenile homicides, infant mortality, low birth weight, educational performance, dropping out of high school, overweight, mental health problems).Results  The overall index of child well‐being was negatively correlated with income inequality (r = −0.64, P = 0.001) and percentage of children in relative poverty (r = −0.67, P = 0.001) but not with average income (r = 0.15, P = 0.50). Many more indicators of child well‐being were associated with income inequality or children in relative poverty, or both, than with average incomes. Among the US states and District of Columbia all indicators were significantly worse in more unequal states. Only teenage birth rates and the proportion of children dropping out of high school were lower in richer states.Conclusions  Improvements in child well‐being in rich societies may depend more on reductions in inequality than on further economic growth.
Migration patterns and functional groups of spiders in a desert agroecosystem
Authors: GAVISH‐REGEV EFRAT , LUBIN YAEL , COLL MOSHE 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. Arthropods living in annual crops suffer mortality caused by agricultural practices. Therefore, migration from surrounding habitats is crucial to maintain populations of natural enemies of insect pests in crops. In desert agroecosystems there is a pronounced contrast between managed and unmanaged habitats, where irrigated and fertilised crops are islands of productivity in an arid matrix. This contrast could either enhance or inhibit movement of natural enemies between the landscape components.2. The importance of the surrounding arid habitats as a source for spiders in crops was examined in the Negev desert of Israel. Spiders were sampled in both arid natural habitat and adjacent wheat fields using pitfall traps and visual searching. In addition, spiders in wheat fields were sampled throughout the winter cropping season using emergence traps at increasing distances from the field edge. Stationary and movable emergence traps were used to distinguish between residents and migrant species.3. The spider assemblage in the wheat was dominated by three families: Linyphiidae, Theridiidae, and Gnaphosidae. Spider sampling in both natural arid habitat and adjacent wheat fields enabled four functional groups to be recognised that differed in habitat preference, movement patterns, and population dynamics. Thirty‐three per cent of collected individuals were classified as crop residents whereas more than 50% were classified as migrants from the surrounding habitats. These findings suggest that the surrounding habitats influence spider assemblage composition in the fields, in spite of the marked contrast in habitat structure and productivity.4. Spider assemblages in the wheat fields were dominated by migrant species arriving from the surrounding arid habitats. Migrant spiders inhabited the crop throughout the cropping season. The combined contribution of resident and migrant functional groups may act to prevent insect pest outbreaks in this desert agroecosystem.
Offspring performance in dynamic habitats: key factors for a riparian carabid beetle
Authors: KLEINWÄCHTER MEIKE , BÜRKEL MARCO 
Published: February 2008

Abstract1. Knowledge of the ecology of carabid species is largely restricted to adults, although larval mortality is assumed to be the key factor in overall mortality. As low‐mobility larvae are unable to avoid unfavourable conditions, habitat selection of reproducing adults should be clearly affected by the habitat factors which determine offspring performance.2. The present study examines the key habitat factors governing the distribution patterns ofBembidion veloxlarvae and adults on the river banks of the River Elbe by means of habitat suitability models. The validity of the determined habitat factors for offspring performance and survival was tested in laboratory experiments.3. In the field,B. veloxadults as well as larvae show a strong association with semi‐terrestrial, sandy, open soil habitats.4. In the laboratory, overall mortality of larvae reared in different substrates was lowest in sand of medium grain size mixed with fine and coarse sand. The first larval instars in particular reacted sensitively to variations in grain size. Furthermore, flood resistance of eggs was demonstrated, as 90% of larvae hatched under permanently flooded conditions.5. Short development times were recorded, with 4–7 days for hatching of young larvae from eggs after oviposition and approximately 28 days for the development of adults from newly hatched larvae. This probably increases the survival probability for the pre‐imaginal stages in dynamic habitats.6. In conclusion, it can be said that reproductive success is strongly dependent on oviposition site selection by adults as this reflects the ecological demands of the immature stages.
Bottom‐up, top‐down, and within‐trophic level pressures on a cactus‐feeding insect
Authors: MILLER TOM E. X. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. The relative importance of host‐plants and predators in the population dynamics of herbivorous insects, and the frequency and intensity of inter‐specific competition among herbivores, have both been intensively studied and debated. The joint effects of bottom‐up, top‐down, and within‐trophic level interactions, however, have rarely been integrated in a single system.2. I studied the dynamics of the cactus bug (Narnia pallidicornis), a specialist feeder on tree cholla cactus (Opuntia imbricata), in response to variable host‐plant quality, spider predation, and interactions with cactus‐feeding beetles (Moneilema appressum). Previous work suggests that cactus reproductive effort (the proportion of meristems allocated to reproduction) is an important component of host‐plant quality for Narnia. I conducted a 2‐year field experiment to test the hypotheses that Narnia abundance is positively related to host‐plant reproductive effort, and that interactions with predators and putative competitors alter the shape of this relationship.3. I found strong support for the first prediction (positive Narnia–plant quality relationship) in both years, but neither predator removal nor beetle exclusion had detectable effects on this relationship in either year. I conclude that the dynamics of this insect herbivore are driven predominantly from the bottom‐up, and that available data from this work and from previous studies are too variable to permit broad generalisations for the combined effects of host‐plants, predation, and competition on herbivore dynamics.
Fighting, dispersing, and sneaking: body‐size dependent mating tactics by male Librodor japonicus beetles
Authors: OKADA KENSUKE , MIYATAKE TAKAHISA , NOMURA YUTA , KURODA KAZUMA 
Published: February 2008

Abstract 1. Scaling relations between weapons and body size depart from linearity in many male beetles. In many previous studies, these males have been divided into major and minor males with a switch point, that is male dimorphism. Major and minor males adopt strikingly different reproductive tactics.2. We found three size‐dependent behaviours, i.e. fighting, dispersing, and sneaking, however, among Librodor japonicus males with dimorphic mandibles. We statistically classified males into large, medium, and small (L‐, M‐, and S‐males) sizes and then compared the dispersal of males from a foraging site, behaviours to gain access to females, and sizes of mandibles, wings, and testes.3. M‐males dispersed earlier than L‐ and S‐males from a territory in a field, but no difference in the frequency of dispersal was observed between L‐ and S‐males. Observations of male–male interactions in the laboratory showed that L‐males frequently fought with other males in a fighting arena, while S‐males often showed sneaking behaviour without fighting.4. On the basis of the morphological analysis, we concluded that S‐males invested their available resources more in sperm (= testes), M‐males more in wings, and L‐males more in mandibles in L. japonicus.5. Even though a morphological male dimorphism was detected, it might be possible to classify the males of the armed beetles into more than two behavioural tactics if we examine their behaviours.
The nectar alkaloid, gelsemine, does not affect offspring performance of a native solitary bee,Osmia lignaria(Megachilidae)
Authors: ELLIOTT SUSAN E. , IRWIN REBECCA E. , ADLER LYNN S. , WILLIAMS NEAL M. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract1. The ecology and evolution of foliar‐feeding insects are thought to be closely tied to plant secondary compounds. Although secondary compounds are also abundant in floral nectar, their role in mediating pollinator preference and performance remains relatively unexplored.2. This study tested the effects of an alkaloid, gelsemine, found in the nectar of Carolina jessamine (Gelsemium sempervirensL., Loganiaceae), on the performance of a native solitary bee (Osmia lignaria lignariaSay, Megachilidae). Nectar gelsemine reduces visits from pollinators, includingO. lignaria lignaria, and gelsemine is toxic to vertebrates and possibly non‐native honey bees (Apis melliferaL., Apidae). To test the hypothesis that the deterrent effects of nectar gelsemine reflect negative consequences for pollinator performance,O. lignaria lignariaoffspring provisions were supplemented with nectar containing different gelsemine concentrations. Effects on larval development time, prepupa cocoon mass, adult emergence, and adult mass were measured.3. Nectar gelsemine had no effect on any measure of offspring performance. Thus, although gelsemine deters foraging by adult bees, this behaviour did not optimize offspring performance under the experimental conditions of this study. In contrast, sugar added to nectar treatments increased offspring mass.4. While adult pollinators may avoid nectar with secondary compounds, this could hinder offspring performance by reducing sugar in provisions if nectar is limiting in the environment. Preference‐performance trade‐offs, which are studied extensively with foliar herbivores, have seldom been tested for pollinating plant consumers. Future studies of nectar secondary compounds and insect pollinator preference and performance may help to integrate studies of foliage‐consuming insect herbivores with nectar‐consuming insect pollinators.
Iron overload in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) – diagnosis, management, and response criteria: a proposal of the Austrian MDS platform
Authors: Valent P. , Krieger O. , Stauder R. , Wimazal F. , Nösslinger T. , Sperr W. R. , Sill H. , Bettelheim P. , Pfeilstöcker M. 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTTransfusion‐related morbidity is an emerging challenge in chronically transfused patients with low‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). In these patients, transfusion‐induced iron overload may represent a leading medical problem. However, although iron‐chelating drugs are available, little is known about optimal diagnostic tools, predisposing factors, and the optimal management of these patients. In the current article, we provide recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of iron overload in MDS and propose treatment response criteria. Consensus criteria and resulting recommendations were discussed and formulated by members of the MDS platform of the Austrian Society of Haematology and Oncology in a series of meetings and conferences in 2006 and 2007. These recommendations should facilitate and assist in recognition of iron overload, selection of patients, timing of treatment, drug selection and the measurement of treatment responses.