bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pore Structure Influence on the Electrical Resistivity of Saturated Porous Media
Authors: Grattoni C. A. , Dawe R. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The incorrect interpretation of electrical resistivity logs in hydrocarbon bearing porous rocks can give rise to gross uncertainties in the estimation of initial oil-in-place. All interpretations are based on Archie's equations which use simple pore geometry concepts. However the equations then have to be modified to reservoir situations by empirical corrections.
The resistivity of a fluid saturated porous medium is certainly intimately related to pore structure but this intimacy as a function of pore structure has not been properly established so as to be incorporated into resistivity interpretation. Experiments with model pore structures can assist in identifying the relevant features. In this paper experiments are reported which show some of these pore scale effects. Transparent sealed etched networks saturated with brine that can represent specific features of porous media have been used and a technique for the measurement of resistivity within the networks has been devised. We have identified the basic elements for describing the pore space needed to model the electrical resistivity of fully saturated porous media. A mathematical network model which uses the same pore structure characteristics as the physical models has also been developed and the experimental data have been successfully compared with the predictions. We show that the pore structure affects the resistivity and it can be correctly modelled. In this way we anticipate the eventual incorporation of pore structure into resistivity interpretation.
Solution of Miscible and Immiscible Flows Employing Element-by-Element Iterative Strategies
Authors: Coutinho A. L. G. A. , Alves J. L. D. , Garcia E. L. M. , Loula A. F. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this work, the finite element solution of the flow of miscible and immiscible incompressible fluids is addressed. A block-iterative scheme is used to solve the resulting finite element equations in time, combined with element-by-element iterative techniques, a dynamic mesh partition algorithm where the pressure equation is always implicit and the transport equation may be treated as implicit or explicit, and an adaptive time step control strategy. Numerical experiments on the CRAY Y-MP for five-spot patterns and the analysis of the problem of water injection in a rectangular oil reservoir with small scale permeability variations are performed to demonstrate that the proposed techniques are accurate and result in a very fast code.
Tertiary EOR Design for Vertical Miscible Flood
Authors: Chen S.-M. , Chen L.-W. , George I. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since their introduction, the techniques of vertical miscible flooding have gained substantial popularity and have experienced great success in many reefs and thick reservoirs. However, their application has been restricted to secondary recovery processes only. Failures in extending these techniques to tertiary EOR processes lie in the project design, and can often be attributed to problems of severe solvent breakthrough, leading to loss of miscibility, and poor oil recovery.
The objective of this paper is to find solutions to the difficulties with tertiary EOR applications and bring this potentially powerful tool into use.
The following will be discussed Differences between secondary and tertiary oil recovery.Solvent injection processes and miscibility integrity.Formation of the oil bank and production constraints.
Then formulae are derived to calculate: The time required to generate the oil bank prior to the start of oil production.Solvent injection rate and the solvent volume required for the project.Oil and water production rates.The tertiary EOR incremental recovery factor
Finally an example is presented to illustrate the project design process.
Transient Analytical Modeling of Cyclic Steam Injection
Authors: Rivas O. R. , Boccardo G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In this work we present a new analytical model of cyclic steam injection, which integrates conventional energy balances with solutions of the equations of flow in radial geometry to predict process performance during the production period. The fluid flow in the hot zone is given in terms of the clasical solution of radial flow for steady state conditions. The pressure in the outer boundary of the hot zone, however, varies with time according to the movement of crude oil in the cold zone, as given by a transient solution of the equation of flow for a liquid of slight compressibility in an infinite radial aquifer. In the model we include time translations as well as effective compressibilities to take into account the effect on reservoir pressure of volume of fluid injected during the injection cycle and production mechanisms such as compaction.
We used the model to perform sensitivity studies for a typical heavy oil reservoir in the Bolivar Coast of Lake Maracaibo in Western Venezuela, varying volume of injected steam, number of cycles, lenght of production period and other reservoir characteristic parameters. In all cases the model qualitatively described the characteristic behavior of the process, observed at the field level. From a quantitative point of view, the equations presented in this work gave results of incremental oil production within 17 % of the observed production response of a well located in the Monagas State in Easter Venezuela, after it had been steam stimulated for three cycles. Likewise, for a well m the Lagunillas formation of the Bachaquero field in Western Venezuela, predicted results after four steam cycles came witin 30 % of actual production.
Characterization of Reservoir BDV-1 (U1-U4) Budare Field, Guarico, Venezuela For the Drilling of Horizontal Wells
Authors: Mahmoudi M. , Rodriguez R. , Barbato R. , Ponte W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The low production rates in conventional (vertical) wells have obliged the industry to propose the drilling of horizontal wells in order to improve oil recovery. In Budare Field, we have chosen the reservoir constituted by U1 and U4 sandstones to study the behavior of horizontal wells.
To reach our objectives successfully, a detailed sedimentological study has been carried out, which consists of a precise correlation aimed to determine the geometry and distribution of reservoir sand bodies.
Our study emphasized Oligo-Miocene oil sands, which correspond to units U2 (lower) and Ul (upper). The lower unit consists of three sandstone levels representing meandering fluvial channel deposits with north-south direction. The upper unit contains four sandstone levels which correspond to less-meandering or, possibly distributary, channels. The direction of these channels changes from NNE-SSW (base) to north-south (top).
All sandstone bodies are separated by shale intervals of floodplain environments, which serve as seals for the reservoir rock. The connections between these sandstones were calibrated by using production tests available for the different wells at the reservoir level.
The sedimentological model has been validated through the elaboration of structural cross sections. The geological model (sedimentological and structural) together with the production tests have served to choose to a certain degree of precision the prospective sandstone bodies, as well as the exact direction of the horizontal wells to be drilled.
The Management of Contractor HSE
Authors: Riyamy A. M. , Sartory P. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the approach developed by Petroleum Development Oman to effectively manage the Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) aspects of contracted work.
The HSE management of contracted work forms part of the Company's overall Safety Management System (SMS) and utilises a systematic management approach to the HSE aspects of contracted work. This enables managers to apply integrated and compatible management controls to the HSE as well as the technical and commercial aspects of the work from project inception through contract award and execution to contract close out. The significant features of this new approach are:
Contract management activities which are safety critical are identified and the roles and responsibilities of personnel responsible for carrying out these activities are clearly defined. The varying HSE competence of contractors is recognised by a registration and pre qualification process. It requires the consideration of the hazards, prior to the contract award stage. This forms the basis of the health, safety and environmental specification to be met and provides a benchmark against which the contractors tender proposals can be objectively assessed prior to contract award. A comprehensive and documented programme implemented by the Company including pre-start audits to monitor the compliance by the contractor with the HSE specification provides for an objective assessment of HSE performance against which penalties and/or incentives can be applied. A comprehensive review of the HSE performance at the end of the contract enables an accurate reassessment of the contractors HSE competence.
An Exploration Loss Control Program and Case Study for a North Sumatra, Indonesia, Geophysical Operation
Authors: Thomas D. E. , Sayogi Sudarman , Nordquist G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A Loss Control program that addressed health, environment, and safety issues was applied to a portable project in an area of limited access, and rough jungle terrain.
An internationally recognized program that has been used successfully in other segments of the petroleum industry was customized and applied to this exploration project.
Program elements addressed include training, inspection and investigation activities and analysis, emergency preparedness, rules, personal protective equipment, health, project design, communication, promotion, and contractor controls. Guidelines and operating procedures of generally accepted industry associations, the International Association of Geophysical Contractors (IAGC) and the Exploration and Production (E&P) Forum, were applied within the framework of the program.
Discussion included an analysis of achievements of the program and opportunities for improvement. Feedback has resulted in program upgrading and is a critical part of the improvement process. Included is an attempt at a qualitative / quantitative analysis of benefit vs. cost.
The Government Control on Health, Safety, and Environment of Oil and Gas Industry in Indonesia
Authors: Soeleiman Soepraptono , Pandiaitan T. O. , Suwalto Suwalto , Suprapto Suprapto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since most oil and gas operations take place in remote areas, they require considerable investments, advanced technology and experienced personnel. Working conditions involve dealing with flammable fluids at high pressures and temperatures, high power heavy equipments, use of toxic or explosive materials, rough weather and harsh topography. These factors provide continuous challenge for the industry personnel in order to keep safety under control, avoid hazardous accidents and fires and minimize damage to the environment.
In Indonesia, during over one hundred years of oil and gas operations, numerous accidents and fires took place which lead to severe injuries and death of personnel. This prompted a serious concern from the Indonesia government to establish control over the frequency of occurrence of such accidents and minimize their effect on the worker's health and environment. Regulation for oil and gas industry were first introduced in 1899 when the Indische Mijn Wet rules were formulated. Based on these rules were formulated and established the safety rules with the formulation of MO Sb. 1930 no. 38 and MPR Sb. 1930 no. 341 rules which define the rights and responsibilities of both government and industry related to the worker's safety and environment. For this purpose a Mining Safety and Environment Inspectors (MSEI) was formed to supervise the application of safety and environment guidelines and perform periodic inspections in the field of operations.
The Holistic Approach to Enhancing Health, Safety, and Environmental Issues in the Norwegian Petroleum Producing Industry
Authors: Ognedal Magne , Finnestad O. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
For many years, petroleum exploration on the Norwegian shelf was only permitted South of the 62° parallel. This was a political decision based on that time's view that the environmental conditions North of this parallel were too hostile for such operations to be carried out in a safe manner. In 1985, however, when most of the Southern part of the shelf had been surveyed, the Norwegian Parliament decided to open up for exploration North of the 62° parallel on the condition that this would be safe.
The Impact of the Safety Case Regime in Offshore Western Australia
Authors: Coghlan P. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new Safety Case regime was introduced in offshore Western Australia in late 1992. This paper describes the challenges faced by the Western Australian regulatory body in determining assessment and auditing standards and applying these in an effective, consistent and acceptable manner throughout the petroleum industry. The utilisation of finite government funding to best assess industry achievement of reducing risks to ‘As Low As Reasonably Practicable’ (ALARP) is also discussed. In conclusion, the paper addresses a programme for replacing prescriptive legislation with objective setting regulations and guidelines.
International Standards for Safety, Health, and Environmental Protection
Authors: Sukardjo A. N. , Alcorn B. B. , Hughes P. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1989 all Atlantic Richfield (ARCO) operating companies were charged by our Chairman and Chief Executive Officer with developing and implementing comprehensive environmental, health and safety compliance audits. It was recognized that for our operations in countries with less extensive regulations than the U. S. and Western Europe an appropriate set of international EH&S standards would first need to be identified.
This paper will discuss the methods used to collect, evaluate, and modify various internationally recognized codes, consensus standards, and regulations in order to develop a practical EH&S standard for international E&P operations.
Environmental Risk in the Exploration and Production Business
Authors: Wright N. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A common drive to safeguard the environment promoted at the Earth Summit requires the management of national resources according to the needs of respective societies. Governments have to rank the value of environmental resources, in order to set realistic priorities and for their sustainable use. Increasingly, the public demand to know how resources are managed on their behalf, what "trade offs" are made, and how targets of acceptability are set. To tackle such demands, a risk based approach can be utilised.
Perceived threats to natural resources and environmental quality, posed by industrial development, have led to the questioning of "responsible" management and accountability in decision making. The challenge for the Exploration and Production business in the 90's, is to manage health safety, environment and asset risk - simultaneously, while ensuring acceptable and transparent decision making.
However, although the value of safety risk assessment is well established, there is no universally accepted methodology for environmental risk assessment (ERA). The development of consistent methods for the identification, quantification, and comparison of environmental risks in E & P is essential to reduce and manage risk more effectively. Other business sectors including banks, investors and the insurance market are recognising the need for a common framework for assessing environmental risks, following pollution incidents and major claims for environmental liability.
A critical review of the "state of the art" of environmental risk assessment will be presented. The development of environmental risk acceptance criteria, as part of Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) risk requirements in Norway will be outlined.
The use of environmental risk exposure to set priorities in business planning for current and future development will be explained together with the development of a common denominator, data needs and cost dimensions of risk.
The added value of integrating ERA in decision making within a management system will be highlighted using selected E&P activities.
Environmental Baseline and Impact Management of Jambu-1 Witaitonga Island - Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Ekariyono Willy , Sugiarto Sugiarto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conoco Buton Ltd. had operated the Buton Production Sharing Contract in Southeast Sulawesi Province, Indonesia on behalf of Pertamina-BPPKA from 1987 until 1992. During that time, one wildcat exploration well was drilled, Jambu-1.
The location of the Jambu-1 well is in the mangrove and rainforest island of Witaitonga which in 1988 was recommended for designation as a "Nature Conservation area". Site observation there have Anoa (Bubalus depressicomis), Rusa deer (Cervus timorensis), Brahminy kite (Haliastur indus) as protected species in the island. This condition leaves no significant environmental restriction on the industry. Mangrove ecosystems cqnstituie.a.large reservoir and refuge for thousands of flora and fauna. They are heavily dependent on this unique ecosystem. They spawn and breed only by sensitive ecological processes occurring within this complex environment.
The innovative breakthrough was carefully planned and implemented to secure overall environmental management. Firstly, regarding drilling waste management, all water based mud and cuttings were discharged into a lined settling pond where settlement of suspended solids took place. After further processing and settling in a second lined pond, clear and carefully monitored water was reused or discharged into the lagoon. The second innovative approach involved all operating personnel in the process of post-operations by implementing clean-up, restoration and reforestation programs. Prior to abandoning the site about 7,000 new native seedling and Wildlings established in three nursery areas were replanted without any chemical fertilizer throughout the site once the rig had been demobilized. The functional facilities were left intact for forestry monitoring and use and for supporting public needs at the village. One full time forester was contracted during the construction. During the nursery establishment he had secured the selection of native species for seedlings and Wildlings to replace those few selectively cut for this project.
The Environmental management plan was specially developed for the Buton Jambu-1 well site operation. Impact monitoring and management were implemented by the field personnel in the absence of local legislative requirements. Specific action plans were proven practically and instrumentally for Conoco to ensure the project would "Leave No Footprints".
The objectives of the environmental baseline and impact management study are to identify activities that could generate any unacceptable environmental impact in the overall wildcat well drilling activities and to pre-assess any significant environmental consequence happening as a result.
Detection of Hydrocarbon Concentration in Water Using Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Zaid A. M. , Elkanzi E. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper the electrical properties of an oil in water (o/w) emulsions are studied in order to investigate the relationship between these properties and oil in the mixture for the purpose of developing a correlation between oil concentration and the emulsion ele-ctrical resistivity. Experimental results of this investigation confirm that electrical resistivity of such emulsions vary widely with temperature, brine and oil salt contents, amount and type of surfactants and co-surfactants used.
This indicates that any correlation between oil concentration and emulsion electrical resistivity would not be general in nature. A procedure was established in preparing stable emulsions and measuring its electrical resistivity at a constant temperature. The measurements were then used to develop a correlation between resistivity and oil concentration. It is believed that this correlation is applicable only to low concentrations of oil in the range of 50600 ppm.
Treating of Produced Water at the Giant Arun Field
Authors: Madian E. S. , Moelyodihardjo Tarwanto , Snavely E. S. , Jan R. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mobil's giant Arun field, located in northern Sumatra in Indonesia, is a condensate gas reservoir. Since starting production in 1977, the average annual gas production has increased to the current level of over three billion standard cubic feet per day. Field facilities provide for the separation of gas, condensate and associated condensed water. Most of the gas is processed at a nearby plant for LNG export. The condensed water is treated on-site for surface discharge.
As of now, the Government of Indonesia has not published specific water discharge standards for the upstream natural gas production industries. In place of specific standards. Decree No. KEP-03, published in February, 1991 by State Minister of Population and Environment is used as a guide for effluent treating. This Decree set hydrocarbon, ammonia (N) and phenol discharge standards at very low concentrations of 15 mg/l, 5 mg/l and 1 mg/l respectively.
The Arun field currently produces 32,000 B/D of condensed water. The water is treated in two sequential stages before discharge. First stage treatment involves physical-chemical removal of hydrocarbons, suspended solids and sludge. The clarified water is then subjected to biological oxidation for the removal of ammonia and organic carbon (BOO) in the second stage.
As the gas reservoir is maturing, Mobil Oil Indonesia forecasts a significant increase in water production rate in the future. In anticipation of water rate increase and to improve current operating efficiency, a project was initiated, in November, 1992, to upgrade the existing water treatment plants. This upgrade includes the design of a new system to skim condensate from produced water and the installation of larger aerators to enhance biological oxidation. It will also handle other effluent water streams from well acidization and drilling operations.
This paper describes operation of the current water treating plants. Design of the upgrade which is to improve operating efficiency, and increase treating capacity, is also discussed.
Seismic Operations in Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Authors: Crews M. W. , Womack D. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As environmental concerns continue to expand on a global basis, the petroleum industry can expect a continuing stream of new legislation, regulations, and permitting conditions addressing this critical subject. The INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF GEOPHYSICAL CONTRACTORS (IAGC) has taken a proactive approach to this issue by producing the "ENVIRONMENTAL GUIDELINES FOR WORLDWIDE GEOPHYSICAL OPERATIONS" to assist its member companies and others in planning and carrying out geophysical data acquisition activities in an environmentally responsible manner.