bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Politics of Self-Representation in the Letters of Violant de Bar (1365–1431)
Authors: Bratsch-Prince Dawn 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe treatment that Violant de Bar, duchess of Girona and queen of Aragon (1380–96), has received at the hands of medieval historians has been both negative and dismissive. She has been portrayed as a virile female and intrusive foreigner and blamed for the ruinous political and fiscal excesses allowed during the reign of her husband, Joan I (1387–96). By utilizing the vast collection of royal correspondence preserved in the Archives of the Crown of Aragon, this essay aims to show that, in contrast to the traditional representation of Violant, she creates for herself several distinct and shifting self-representations in her letters. In constructing herself as daughter, mother, wife, or widow she consciously manipulates how she wishes others to see her. It is, therefore, in the study of these letters that we confront a more authentic representation of Violant de Bar.
Women in the Crestià of Francesc Eiximenis Revisited
Authors: Piqué-Angordans Jordi , Viera David 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNineteenth and early twentieth-century criticism oftentimes tended to lump literary works on the topic of women from the middle ages and early modern times as either essentially misogynist or feminist. Moral-didactic works that often fluctuated between antifeminist and profeminist opinion were often categorized as misogynist, akin to works such as Boccaccio's Corbaccio. This is the case of Francesc Eiximenis' Catalan literature, written for the most part in València. The authors of this study analyzed Eiximenis' views on women, for the most part taken from biblical, patristic, scholastic, and canonical sources, and found within his writings various contradictions. In this study, Eiximenis emerges as one who readily cited antifeminist literature, but who also defended women, whom he views as weaker than men, but equally if not more capable of being devout, performing good works, and most importantly, worthy of salvation.
Women in Crusader Valencia: A Five-Year Core Sample, 1265–1270
Authors: Burns Robert 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis study surveys the presence of women in the crown registers of the medieval Realms of Arago-Catalonia for the period 1265-1270. Approximately five hundred charters pertaining to the crusader kingdom of Valencia cover both the apogee of the reign of Jaume the Conqueror and the scandal created when he aborted his Holy Land crusade, purportedly because of a woman. While women's history may not seem an apt subject in this period of conquest and crusade, in fact these charters offer a suggestive sample of women, especially as landowners, not only in the Christian cities and courts but also in the parallel Jewish and Muslim communities. Women played active roles in this frontier society, as the crown sought to encourage Christian settlement in conquered lands. The charters shed light on the life of Jaume's formally inducted concubine and other women in the royal entourage. At the other end of the spectrum, information emerges about prostitutes and women prisoners. Several documents pertain to the economic lives of nuns, while others concern the rights of widows: notably, one whose son has "become a Saracen." Women played roles as settlers along the frontier between Christian and Muslim realms, with Christian women assuming obligations to reside on lands for a period of years, while Muslim women's lands are confiscated. Among businesswomen, several own baths. One Jewish woman is exempted from certain sumptuary laws. Other documents reveal that Jewish women, like men, paid taxes. Several women receive royal pensions. Women dog handlers appear; one, with her dog, receives the same pay as a fighting man.
'Human Rights', 'Religion' and the 'Secular': Variant Configurations of Religion(s), State(s) and Society(ies)
Authors: Weller Paul 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiscussions about the relationship between 'religion' and 'human rights' often focus on the problems that arise from 'religion'. Within a European historical perspective this is understandable since one of the most important aspects of the historical development of the 'human rights' tradition in the Europe has been the struggle for the right not to believe.However, the concept of the 'secular' is also not unproblematic. Thus this article explores the contested relationship between 'human rights' and 'religion' by bringing into focus also the relatively hidden factor of the 'secular'. This is done by exploring the forms of secularity exemplified in the traditions and approaches that are found in the USA, France, Turkey, the Netherlands and India. Finally, reference is made to traditional Islamic models for integrating cultural and religious plurality, before concluding with some discussion of the thought of Marc Luyckx in relation to the future of Europe.
Formation of emeralds at pegmatite-ultramafic contacts based on fluid inclusions in Kianjavato emerald, Mananjary deposits, Madagascar
Authors: Vapnik Ye. , Moroz I. , Roth M. , Eliezri I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractKianjavato emerald (Mananjary deposits, East coast of Madagascar) was formed during metasomatic processes at the contact between pegmatites and hornblendites. The metasomatic exchange was related to a Pan-African tectonometamorphic event.Fluid inclusions in the Kianjavato emerald and quartz were studied by means of microthermometry and Raman probe analysis. Three main types of inclusions were revealed: CO2-rich, CH4-rich and aqueous-rich, with a salinity of ∼2 wt.% NaCl equiv. The inclusions occurred along the same primary and pseudosecondary trails and were considered to be formed simultaneously. Based on fluid-inclusion data, the conditions of emerald growth were 250°C <T <450°C andP =1.5 kbar.The fluid inclusion data for Kianjavato emerald were compared to the data for another Madagascar emerald, Ianapera. The latter is of similar age, but its genesis was determined by a shearing event. Our fluid inclusion data suggested that shearing was also important as a mechanism of introducing CO2-rich fluid for the genesis of the Kianjavato emerald.
Emeralds from the Delbegetey deposit (Kazakhstan): mineralogical characteristics and fluid-inclusion study
Authors: Gavrilenko E.V. , Calvo Pérez B. , Castroviejo Bolibar R. , García del Amo D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study is to provide the first detailed mineralogical and fluid-inclusion description of emeralds from the Delbegetey deposit (Kazakhstan). The characteristic features of Delbegetey emeralds are established: they have dissolution figures on crystal faces, bluish colour and distinct colour zoning; the refractive indices are ω = 1.566–1.570, ε = 1.558–1.562, and the specific gravity is 2.65±0.005, relatively low for natural emeralds; they have very small concentrations of the impurities (Fe, Mg, Na and others) typical of other emeralds, and contain Cr and V; there is a significant preponderance of vapour in fluid inclusions of all types and there is liquid-to-vapour homogenization of primary fluid inclusions (at 395–420°C). The lattice oxygen isotope composition data obtained (δ18O SMOW value of 11.3%o) situate the deposit within the range characteristic of other granite-related emerald deposits. Emerald crystallization took place in low-density (0.40–0.55 g/cm3) aqueous fluid, with the following chemical composition (mol.%): 75.6-97.4 H2O, 0.0-18.4 CO2, 0.0-0.9 CH4, and 4.06-9.65 wt.% NaCl equiv. salinity. According to the calculated isochores, the pressure of formation of the Delbegetey emeralds can be estimated at 570–1240 bar.
Extensive dolomitic volcanism through the Limagne Basin, central France: a new form of carbonatite activity
Authors: Bailey K. , Kearns S. , Mergoil J. , Mergoil Daniel J. , Paterson B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRecognition of widespread carbonate volcanism in central Spain has led to another case in France, of similar age (23–0 Ma) but with entirely new features. More than 100 new carbonate volcanoes are indicated already, adding a wholly unexpected dimension to this form of activity. Eruptions form layers, mostly of glassy nephelinite fragments in a dolomitic matrix, but some layers are largely dolomite. Major new findings are phenocrysts of dolomite, magnesite and calcite in silicate glass, and spectacular dolomite-nephelinite melt immiscibility, neither recorded previously. Most volcanic carbonatites are Ca rich, and dolomite is rare. The Limagne dolomites share links with those in Spain and Zambia, with chromite a hallmark in all three. Limagne is exceptional in being the first case where dolomite has erupted with co-genetic silicate melt. Mantle debris and magnesite indicate a source within ∼ 100–150 km. Chromite in the dolomite globules, and in the enclosing silicate glass, is similar to that in high-temperature kimberlites, indicating immiscibility in the deep mantle. Recognition of two large, previously undetected provinces of carbonate volcanism in Europe, where there has been active research for >200 y, must lead to the inference that similar cases may await discovery on other continents.
Integrated biclustering of heterogeneous genome-wide datasets for the inference of global regulatory networks
Authors: Reiss David J , Baliga Nitin S , Bonneau Richard 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
The learning of global genetic regulatory networks from expression data is a severely under-constrained problem that is aided by reducing the dimensionality of the search space by means of clustering genes into putatively co-regulated groups, as opposed to those that are simply co-expressed. Be cause genes may be co-regulated only across a subset of all observed experimental conditions, biclustering (clustering of genes and conditions) is more appropriate than standard clustering. Co-regulated genes are also often functionally (physically, spatially, genetically, and/or evolutionarily) associated, and such a priori known or pre-computed associations can provide support for appropriately grouping genes. One important association is the presence of one or more common cis-regulatory motifs. In organisms where these motifs are not known, their de novo detection, integrated into the clustering algorithm, can help to guide the process towards more biologically parsimonious solutions.

Results
We have developed an algorithm, cMonkey, that detects putative co-regulated gene groupings by integrating the biclustering of gene expression data and various functional associations with the de novo detection of sequence motifs.

Conclusion
We have applied this procedure to the archaeon Halobacterium NRC-1, as part of our efforts to decipher its regulatory network. In addition, we used cMonkey on public data for three organisms in the other two domains of life: Helicobacter pylori, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and Escherichia coli. The biclusters detected by cMonkey both recapitulated known biology and enabled novel predictions (some for Halobacterium were subsequently confirmed in the laboratory). For example, it identified the bacteriorhodopsin regulon, assigned additional genes to this regulon with apparently unrelated function, and detected its known promoter motif. We have performed a thorough comparison of cMonkey results against other clustering methods, and find that cMonkey biclusters are more parsimonious with all available evidence for co-regulation.
Association study of the trinucleotide repeat polymorphism within SMARCA2 and schizophrenia
Authors: Sengupta Sarojini , Xiong Lan , Fathalli Ferid , Benkelfat Chawki , Tabbane Karim , Danics Zoltan , Labelle Alain , Lal Samarthji , Krebs Marie-Odile , Rouleau Guy , Joober Ridha 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Brahma (BRM) is a key component of the multisubunit SWI/SNF complex, a complex which uses the energy of ATP hydrolysis to remodel chromatin. BRM contains an N-terminal polyglutamine domain, encoded by a polymorphic trinucleotide (CAA/CAG) repeat, the only known polymorphism in the coding region of the gene (SMARCA2). We have examined the association of this polymorphism with schizophrenia in a family-based and case/control study. SMARCA2 was chosen as a candidate gene because of its specific role in developmental pathways, its high expression level in the brain and some evidence of its association with schizophrenia spectrum disorder from genome-wide linkage analysis.

Results
Family-based analysis with 281 complete and incomplete triads showed that there is no significant preferential transmission of any of the alleles to the affected offspring. Also, in the case/control analysis, similar allele and genotype distributions were observed between affected cases (n = 289) and unaffected controls (n = 273) in each of three Caucasian populations studied: French Canadian, Tunisian and other Caucasians of European origin.

Conclusion
Results from our family-based and case-control association study suggest that there is no association between the trinucleotide repeat polymorphism within SMARCA2 and schizophrenia.
Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) polymorphisms associated with carcass traits of meat in Korean cattle
Authors: Cheong Hyun Sub , Yoon Du-Hak , Kim Lyoung Hyo , Park Byung Lae , Choi Yoo Hyun , Chung Eui Ryong , Cho Yong Min , Park Eng Woo , Cheong Il-Cheong , Oh Sung-Jong , Yi Sung-Gon , Park Taesung , Shin Hyoung Doo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Cold carcass weight (CW) and longissimus muscle area (EMA) are the major quantitative traits in beef cattle. In this study, we found several polymorphisms of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) gene and examined the association of polymorphisms with carcass traits (CW and EMA) in Korean native cattle (Hanwoo).

Results
By direct DNA sequencing in 24 unrelated Korean cattle, we identified 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms within the 9 kb full gene region, including the 1.5 kb promoter region. Among them, six polymorphic sites were selected for genotyping in our beef cattle (n = 428) and five marker haplotypes (frequency > 0.1) were identified. Statistical analysis revealed that -4241A>T showed significant associations with CW and EMA.

Conclusion
Our findings suggest that polymorphisms in GHRH might be one of the important genetic factors that influence carcass yield in beef cattle. Sequence variation/haplotype information identified in this study would provide valuable information for the production of a commercial line of beef cattle.
Inverse association of antioxidant and phytoestrogen nutrient intake with adult glioma in the San Francisco Bay Area: a case-control study
Authors: Tedeschi-Blok Nicole , Lee Marion , Sison Jennette D , Miike Rei , Wrensch Margaret 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing evidence from epidemiologic studies suggest that oxidative stress may play a role in adult glioma. In addition to dietary antioxidants, antioxidant and weak estrogenic properties of dietary phytoestrogens may attenuate oxidative stress. Our hypothesis is that long-term consumption of dietary antioxidants and phytoestrogens such as genistein, daidzein, biochanin A, formononetin, matairesinol, secoisolariciresinol and coumestrol, may reduce the risk of adult glioma.MethodsUsing unconditional logistic regression models, we compared quartiles of consumption for several specific antioxidants and phytoestrogens among 802 adult glioma cases and 846 controls from two study series from the San Francisco Bay Area Adult Glioma Study, 1991 – 2000, controlling for vitamin supplement usage, age, socioeconomic status, gender, ethnicity and total daily calories. For cases, dietary information was either self-reported or reported by a proxy. For controls, dietary information was self-reported. Gender- and series- specific quartiles of average daily nutrient intake, estimated from food-frequency questionnaires, were computed from controls.ResultsSignificant p-values (trend test) were evaluated using significance levels of either 0.05 or 0.003 (the Bonferroni corrected significance level equivalent to 0.05 adjusting for 16 comparisons). For all cases compared to controls, statistically significant inverse associations were observed for antioxidant index (p < 0.003), carotenoids (alpha- and beta-carotene combined, p < 0.05), daidzein (p = 0.003), matairesinol (p < 0.05), secoisolariciresinol (p < 0.003), and coumestrol (p < 0.003). For self-reported cases compared to controls, statistically significant inverse associations were observed for antioxidant index (p < 0.05) and daidzein (p < 0.05).ConclusionOur results support inverse associations of glioma with higher dietary antioxidant index and with higher intake of certain phytoestrogens, especially daidzein.
Problems and needs for improving primary care of osteoarthritis patients: the views of patients, general practitioners and practice nurses
Authors: Rosemann Thomas , Wensing Michel , Joest Katharina , Backenstrass Matthias , Mahler Cornelia , Szecsenyi Joachim 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Background
Osteoarthritis (OA) is highly prevalent and has substantial impact on quality of life as well as on healthcare costs. The general practitioner (GP) often is the first care provider for patients with this chronic disease. The aim of this study was to identify health care needs of patients with OA and to reveal possible obstacles for improvements in primary care management of OA patients.

Methods
We performed semi-structured interviews with a stratified sample of 20 patients, 20 GPs and 20 practice nurses.

Results
Diagnosing OA posed no major problem, but during the course of OA, GPs found it difficult to distinguish between complaints resulting from the affection of the joints and complaints related to a concomitant depression. Patients felt to be well informed about the degenerative nature of the disease and possible side effects of medications, but they lacked information on individual consequences of the disease. Therefore, the most important concerns of many patients were pain and fear of disability which they felt to be addressed by GPs only marginally. Regarding pain treatment, physicians and patients had an ambivalent attitude towards NSAIDs and opiates. Therefore, pain treatment was not performed according to prevailing guidelines. GPs felt frustrated about the impact of counselling regarding life style changes but on the other hand admitted to have no systematic approach to it. Patients stated to be aware of the impact of life style on OA but lacked detailed information e.g. on how to exercise. Several suggestions were made concerning improvement.

Conclusion
GPs should focus more on disability and pain and on giving information about treatment since these topics are inadequately addressed. Advanced approaches are needed to increase GPs impact on patients' life style. Being aware of the problem of labelling patients as chronically ill, a more proactive, patient-centred care is needed.
Chemical Processes in Solution Studied by an Integral Equation Theory of Molecular Liquids
Authors: Hirata Fumio 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A variety of chemical processes in solution is explored theoretically by means of the extended RISM equation, an integral equation theory of molecular liquids. The chemical processes include the classical problem of ion hydration, solvent induced electronic structure change and chemical reactivity in solution, protein folding, and dynamics of solvent as well as solvated ions. A special emphasis is laid on the ability of the theory to account for chemical specificities of molecules, which is crucial for any chemical processes in solution.
Versatile Reactions Undergone by Carbenes and Nitrenes in Noble Gas Matrices at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Tomioka Hideo 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A series of phenyldiazomethanes and phenyl azides bearing proximate substituents matrix-isolated in Ar at cryogenic temperatures have been photolyzed. Products are characterized mainly by IR spectroscopy in combination with ab initio theoretical calculations. In most cases, several intermediates are produced as a result of interaction between the divalent centers and the proximate functional group; they are photo-interconvertible under these conditions.
Phenylcarbenes and phenylnitrenes having hydrogen donors such as CH3, OH, and NH2 groups at the ortho position have been shown to abstract hydrogen to form o-quinonoid compounds. Both the carbene and nitrene undergo oxygen transfer from the nitro group at the ortho position to form the corresponding nitroso compounds. While phenylcarbene interacts with o-CO2Me group to generate the corresponding carbonyl ylide, phenylnitrene undergoes 1,4-MeO shift in its excited states to produce 5-carbonyl-6-methoxyimino-1,3-cyclohexadiene. Interesting differences in the reactivity between carbenes and nitrenes are noted; these are discussed in terms of the electronic configuration, singlet-triplet energy gap and tunneling.
1,3-Bis(diazo) ketones incorporated in five- and seven-membered rings are prepared and photolyzed under matrix conditions. While the seven-membered ring bis(diazo)ketone affords phenanthryne by way of 9,10-cyclopropa-phenanthren-3′-one, the five-membered analogue generates 1,2-cyclopropabenzocyclobutadien-3′-one, which does not undergo photodecarbonylation to form benzocyclobutenyne.
Finally, a series of bis(divalent) species conjugatively connected through aromatic rings are generated and characterized. In both p- and o-phenylene systems, there is a significant interaction between the benzene nucleus and the divalent substituents. The species are best regarded as p- and o-quinonoidal biradical structures, respectively, having a singlet ground state with a low-lying excited triplet state.
The Chemistry of η3-Vinylcarbene Complexes
Authors: Mitsudo Take-aki 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The chemistry of η3-vinylcarbene transition-metal complexes is reviewed. The η3-vinylcarbene complexes are prepared by 1) the alkylation of (η3-acryloyl)tricarbonylferrate, 2) the treatment of cyclopropenes with [Fe2(CO)9], 3) the insertion of acetylenes into a carbene–metal double bond, 4) the reaction of acetylene with [ReCl3(Me5C5)]2, 5) the reaction of carbyne complexes with allyl bromides, and 6) the thermal decarbonylation of (η1-vinylcarbene)pentacarbonylchromium. The structures of the complexes, which were determined by X-ray analyses, are represented by the hybrid of the resonance structures (A) and (B). The contribution of the two structures was very sensitive to the respective MLn fragments. The vinylcarbene complex, [Fe(η3-vinylcarbene)(CO)3] (1), is a parent complex of a series of various complexes. The carbene carbons of the reported Fischer-type η3-vinylcarbene complexes are electrophilic. Carbonylation of the η3-vinylcarbene complexes gives η4-vinylketene complexes. Treatment of the η3-vinylcarbene(carbonyl)irons with an excess of tertiary phosphines or bidentate amines gives ferracyclopentenones. Reaction of 1 with isocyanides gives the first example of the η4-vinylketenimine complex. Treatment of 1 with diazomethane gives (η4-1,3-butadiene)tricarbonyliron. The complex 1 with a methoxycarbonyl group on the 3-position reacts with carbon monoxide to give a η4-pyrone complex, which thermally rearranges to its isomer. The rearrangement was deduced to proceed via a η4-methoxyfuran complex. The complex 1 reacts with hydride to give a η3-allyl complex. Reaction of (η3-2-trifluoromethylvinylcarbene)tricarbonyliron with K[BH(s-Bu)3] or phenyllithium gives (η4-difluorotrimethylenemethane)tricarbonyliron, leaving a fluoride ion. η3-Vinylcarbene complexes react with acetylenes to give η4-cyclopentadiene metal complexes. The reaction proceeds via a metallacyclohexadiene. The complex 1 reacts with an unsaturated metal complex M2Ln to give a binuclear vinylcarbene complex or (η3 : η1-allyl)(Fe–M2). Reaction of 1 with Ru(CO)3(COD) provides a method for selective preparation of (η3 : η1-allyl)(Fe–Ru), which reacts with acetylenes to give [Fe(η4-ruthenacyclohexadiene)(CO)3]. Formation of a η3-vinylcarbene complex by the reaction of a carbene complex with acetylene, and subsequent carbonylation of this complex, is the essential pathway of the Dötz reaction.