bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Liang Shih-i and the Communications Clique
Authors: MacKinnon Stephen R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractsThrough an examination of the career of Liang Shih-i (1869–1933) and the “Communications” clique of railway and financial administrators, the intention is to illuminate the nonmilitary side of the late Ch'ing to early Republic transition. Although Liang and such associates as Yeh Kung-cho and Kuan Keng-lin dealt with modernization of communications and financial institutions, the patterns of their careers fit a more traditional mold. Liang held a chin-shih degree; the others also had scholarly gentry backgrounds. Unlike their well known contemporary, Sheng Hsuan-huai, they were not entrepreneurs as well as bureaucrats. Crucial to the rise of these men first to bureaucratic and then, during the Republican period, to political power were their ties to Yuan Shih-k'ai. Between 1906 and 1911, Yuan helped nurtured Liang and his clique to control of the Ministry of Posts and Communications (Yu-ch'uan pu); during and after the revolution of 1911–12 Yuan depended on them and their communications and financial network of influence for support of his presidency of the Republic. Thus Liang and the Communications Clique represented the non-military side of Yuan Shih-k'ai's power during the late Ch'ing and early Republican periods.
Arts and humanities literature: Bibliometric characteristics of contributions by Turkish authors
Authors: Al Umut , Şahiner Mustafa , Tonta Yaşar 
Published: April 2006

AbstractScholarly communication in arts and humanities differs from that in the sciences. Arts and humanities scholars rely primarily on monographs as a medium of publication whereas scientists consider articles that appear in scholarly journals as the single most important publication outlet. The number of journal citation studies in arts and humanities is therefore limited. In this article, we investigate the bibliometric characteristics of 507 arts and humanities journal articles written by authors affiliated with Turkish institutions and indexed in the Arts & Humanities Citation Index (A&HCI) between the years 1975–2003. Journal articles constituted more than 60% of all publications. One third of all contributions were published during the last 4 years (1999–2003) and appeared in 16 different journals. An overwhelming majority of contributions (91%) were written in English, and 83% of them had single authorship. Researchers based at Turkish universities produced 90% of all publications. Two thirds of references in publications were to monographs. The median age of all references was 12 years. Eighty percent of publications authored by Turkish arts and humanities scholars were not cited at all while the remaining 20% (or 99 publications) were cited 304 times (an average of three citations per publication). Self‐citation ratio was 31%. Two thirds of the cited publications were cited for the first time within 2 years of their publications.
Methodology of detailed dosimetry and treatment of uncertainty and variations for in vivo studies
Authors: Kuster Niels , Torres Verónica Berdiñas , Nikoloski Neviana , Frauscher Michael , Kainz Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDetailed and accurate dosimetric information is a basic precondition for acquiring adequate interpretations and valuations of in vivo studies testing radiofrequency (RF) electromagnetic fields (EMF). Instantaneous locally induced fields depend on many parameters, for example, orientation of the animal with respect to the incident field, animal size and posture, and tissue distribution. These parameters are often constrained, resulting in significant uncertainties in the dosimetric assessment of the exposure, averaged over all animals and the entire experimental phase, as well as in significant variations of the local exposures during the experiment. A sufficient analysis should therefore include (1) average and peak spatial specific absorption rate (SAR) values for the whole body and specific organs, (2) the uncertainty of each assessed SAR value, and (3) the short term and long term SAR variations between the tissues of individual animals. A methodology to obtain this pertinent information is developed and proposed in this paper. Using this methodology the dosimetry of a rat exposure apparatus operating at the carrier frequency of 1747 MHz, previously developed for a 2‐year bioassay study within the European Union project PERFORM, was obtained. We have demonstrated that comprehensive dosimetric data can be obtained with reasonable effort using the proposed method, providing that the exposure setup is soundly formulated. Bioelectromagnetics 27:378–391, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DNA structures at chromosomal translocation sites
Authors: Raghavan Sathees C. , Lieber Michael R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt has been unclear why certain defined DNA regions are consistently sites of chromosomal translocations. Some of these are simply sequences of recognition by endogenous recombination enzymes, but most are not. Recent progress indicates that some of the most common fragile sites in human neoplasm assume non‐B DNA structures, namely deviations from the Watson–Crick helix. Because of the single strandedness within these non‐B structures, they are vulnerable to structure‐specific nucleases. Here we summarize these findings and integrate them with other recent data for non‐B structures at sites of consistent constitutional chromosomal translocations. BioEssays 28: 480–494, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The evolving role of microRNAs in animal gene expression
Authors: Massirer Katlin B. , Pasquinelli Amy E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractMicroRNAs (miRNAs) constitute an abundant family of 22‐nucleotide RNAs that base‐pair to target mRNAs and typically inhibit their expression. To assess the global impact of animal miRNAs on gene regulation, the expression of predicted targets and their cognate miRNAs was extensively analyzed in mammals and Drosophila.1,2 In general, targets are co‐expressed at relatively low or undetectable levels in the same tissues as the miRNAs predicted to regulate them. Additionally, genes that are highly co‐expressed with miRNAs usually lack target sites. The authors conclude that many animal genes are under evolutionary pressure to maintain or avoid complementary sites to miRNAs.1,2 Thus, the miRNA pathway broadly contributes to the complex gene regulatory networks that shape animal tissue development and identity. BioEssays 28: 449–452, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From genes to aggressive behavior: the role of serotonergic system
Authors: Popova Nina K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent investigations in neurogenomics have opened up new lines of research into a crucial genetic problem—the pathway from genes to behavior. This paper concentrates on the involvement of protein elements in the brain neurotransmitter serotonin (5‐HT) system in the genetic control of aggressive behavior. Specifically, it describes: (1) the effect of the knockout of MAO A, the principal enzyme in 5‐HT degradation, (2) the association of intermale aggression with the polymorphism in theTph2gene encoding the key enzyme in 5‐HT synthesis in the brain, tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH), and (3) the effect of selective breeding for nonaggressive behavior on 5‐HT metabolism, TPH activity and 5‐HT1Areceptors in the brain. The review provides converging lines of evidence that: (1) brain 5‐HT contributes to a critical mechanism underlying genetically defined individual differences in aggressiveness, and (2) genes encoding pivotal enzymes in 5‐HT metabolism (TPH and MAO A), 5‐HT‐transporter, 5‐HT1Aand 5‐HT1Breceptors belong to a group of genes that modulate aggressive behavior. BioEssays 28: 495–503, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Selective forces for the origin of the eukaryotic nucleus
Authors: López‐García Purificación , Moreira David 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe origin of the eukaryotic cell nucleus and the selective forces that drove its evolution remain unknown and are a matter of controversy. Autogenous models state that both the nucleus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) derived from the invagination of the plasma membrane, but most of them do not advance clear selective forces for this process. Alternative models proposing an endosymbiotic origin of the nucleus fail to provide a pathway fully compatible with our knowledge of cell biology. We propose here an evolutionary scenario that reconciles both an ancestral endosymbiotic origin of the eukaryotic nucleus (endosymbiosis of a methanogenic archaeon within a fermentative myxobacterium) with an autogenous generation of the contemporary nuclear membrane and ER from the bacterial membrane. We specifically state two selective forces that operated sequentially during its evolution: (1) metabolic compartmentation to avoid deleterious co‐existence of anabolic (autotrophic synthesis by the methanogen) and catabolic (fermentation by the myxobacterium) pathways in the cell, and (2) avoidance of aberrant protein synthesis due to intron spreading in the ancient archaeal genome following mitochondrial acquisition and loss of methanogenesis. BioEssays 28: 525–533, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A bioinformatician's view of the metabolome
Authors: Nobeli Irene , Thornton Janet M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe study of a collection of metabolites as a whole (metabolome), as opposed to isolated small molecules, is a fast‐growing field promising to take us one step further towards understanding cell biology, and relating the genetic capabilities of an organism to its observed phenotype. The new sciences of metabolomics and metabonomics can exploit a variety of existing experimental and computational methods, but they also require new technology that can deal with both the amount and the diversity of the data relating to the rich world of metabolites. More specifically, the collaboration between bioinformaticians and chemoinformaticians promises to advance our view of cognate molecules, by shedding light on their atomic structure and properties. Modelling of the interactions of metabolites with other entities in the cell, and eventually complete modelling of reaction pathways will be essential for analysis of the experimental data, and prediction of an organism's response to environmental challenges. BioEssays 28: 534–545, 2006. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cross‐relaxation bottleneck in water–lysozyme proton magnetization exchange
Authors: Kakule J. F. , Sharp A. R. , Schreiner L. J. , Thompson R. T. , Kupka T. , Holly R. , Peemoeller H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe proton spin‐lattice relaxation parameters in natural and deuterated lysozyme solutions have been measured as a function of temperature (0–50°C). The variation of the apparent magnitudes of the water proton magnetizations in the solutions with temperature indicates that magnetic coupling mixes protein and water proton magnetizations. The results are consistent with an exchange cross‐relaxation model (Hills, B. P., Mol Phys 1992, 76, 489–508) in which the cross‐relaxation acts between the labile and nonlabile protons, rather than between water and protein protons. Although this cross‐relaxation pathway clearly affects the observed magnetization fractions in this protein solution, its influence on the relaxation rates is less apparent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 11–19, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Characterization of copper binding to the peptide amyloid‐β(1–16) associated with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Ma Qing‐Feng , Hu Jia , Wu Wei‐Hui , Liu Hua‐Dong , Du Jin‐Tang , Fu Yuan , Wu Yong‐Wei , Lei Peng , Zhao Yu‐Fen , Li Yan‐Mei 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAmyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) is the principal constituent of plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is thought to be responsible for the neurotoxicity associated with the disease. Copper binding to Aβ has been hypothesized to play an important role in the neruotoxicity of Aβ and free radical damage, and Cu2+ chelators represent a possible therapy for AD. However, many properties of copper binding to Aβ have not been elucidated clearly, and the location of copper binding sites on Aβ is also in controversy. Here we have used a range of spectroscopic techniques to characterize the coordination of Cu2+ to Aβ(1–16) in solution. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry shows that copper binds to Aβ(1–16) at pH 6.0 and 7.0. The mode of copper binding is highly pH dependent. Circular dichroism results indicate that copper chelation causes a structural transition of Aβ(1–16). UV‐visible absorption spectra suggest that three nitrogen donor ligands and one oxygen donor ligand (3N1O) in Aβ(1–16) may form a type II square‐planar coordination geometry with Cu2+. By means of fluorescence spectroscopy, competition studies with glycine and L‐histidine show that copper binds to Aβ(1–16) with an affinity of Ka ∼ 107M–1 at pH 7.8. Besides His6, His13, and His14, Tyr10 is also involved in the coordination of Aβ(1–16) with Cu2+, which is supported by 1H NMR and UV‐visible absorption spectra. Evidence for the link between Cu2+ and AD is growing, and this work has made a significant contribution to understanding the mode of copper binding to Aβ(1–16) in solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83: 20–31, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Matrix metalloproteinase‐9,‐3 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinase‐1 in colorectal cancer: relationship to clinicopathological variables
Authors: İşlekel Hüray , Oktay Gülgün , Terzi Cem , Canda Aras Emre , Füzün Mehmet , Küpelioğlu Ali 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe balance between matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their physiological tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases (TIMPs) is crucial in tumour invasion and progression. The aim of this study was to investigate the levels of MMP‐9, MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 in colorectal cancer (CRC) and to evaluate these proteinases and their inhibitor with respect to clinicopathological variables. Activities of pro‐ and active MMP‐9 were measured in paired tumour and distant normal tissue specimens from 43 patients with CRC using gelatin zymography. ELISA was employed for the determination of MMP‐9, MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 protein expressions. The activity levels of pro‐ and active MMP‐9 and protein expression levels of MMP‐9, MMP‐3 and TIMP‐1 were higher in tumour tissues than in the corresponding normal tissues; the differences being significant for all (p < 0.05), except TIMP‐1. Similarly, active MMP‐9/proMMP‐9 and the ratio of protein expression level of MMP‐9–TIMP‐1 were found to be significantly higher in tumour tissues ( p < 0.01). Among all the clinicopathological variables investigated, significant correlations were found between MMP‐9 and presence of perineural invasion, MMP‐3 and lymph node status, TIMP‐1 and tumour differentiation, MMP‐9/TIMP‐1 ratio and histological types ( p < 0.05). In conclusion, MMP‐3 was not as notably increased as MMP‐9 in tumour tissues. However, different roles may be attributed to MMP‐9 and MMP‐3 in CRC development and progression. Additionally, assessment of TIMP‐1 in relation to MMPs appeared to be crucial in CRC studies to provide a basis for the re‐evaluation of the clinical usefulness of TIMP‐1 in colorectal cancer. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biologic and immunomodulatory events after CTLA‐4 blockade with ticilimumab in patients with advanced malignant melanoma
Authors: Reuben James M. , Lee Bang‐Ning , Li Changping , Gomez‐Navarro Jesus , Bozon Viviana A. , Parker Charla A. , Hernandez Ingrid M. , Gutierrez Carolina , Lopez‐Berestein Gabriel , Camacho Luis H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDT‐regulatory (TR) cells expressing cytotoxic T lymphocyte‐associated antigen‐4 (CTLA‐4) maintain peripheral immune tolerance and negatively affect host immune responses against cancer. The immunobiologic effects of ticilimumab, a human monoclonal antibody against CTLA‐4, was administered to patients with metastatic melanoma who participated in a Phase I/II clinical trial.METHODSThirty patients who received ticilimumab at a dose of 10 mg/kg monthly (n = 20) or 15 mg/kg every 3 months (n = 10) were studied at study entry and at 14‐day intervals thereafter to assess lymphocyte immunophenotypes, interleukin (IL)‐2 and IL‐10 production, and the expression of TR‐related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a subset of patients was studied by real‐time polymerase chain reaction.RESULTSFour of 12 patients with immune‐related adverse events (IRAE) attained objective antitumor responses (ATR), whereas only 1 of 18 patients without IRAE attained ATR (χ2 = 4.0; P = .0455). Patients with ATR had significant reductions in TR cells and constitutive IL‐10 production accompanied by a significant increase in IL‐2 production by activated T cells. Although IRAE+/ATR+ patients demonstrated a positive correlation between CTLA‐4 and glucocorticoid‐induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR) transcripts (Spearman rho = .522; P = .015), IRAE−/ATR− patients had a positive correlation between the transcripts of CTLA‐4 and program death‐1 (PD‐1) receptor (Spearman rho = .891; P = .000).CONCLUSIONSAntitumor responses in patients with metastatic melanoma who were treated with ticilimumab were found to be correlated with reductions in TR cells and constitutive secretion of IL‐10, an increase in IL‐2 production, and a positive correlation between transcripts of CTLA‐4 and GITR. Conversely, a lack of ATR was found to be correlated with steady levels of TR cells and constitutive IL‐10 secretion, and a positive correlation between the transcripts of CTLA‐4 and PD‐1. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Phase II study of mitoxantrone and ketoconazole for hormone‐refractory prostate cancer
Authors: Eklund John , Kozloff Mark , Vlamakis Joy , Starr Alexander , Mariott Margaret , Gallot Lilia , Jovanovic Borko , Schilder Lawrence , Robin Erwin , Pins Michael , Bergan Raymond C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDDoxorubicin plus ketoconazole has exhibited significant activity in patients with advanced prostate cancer. However, overall and cardiac‐specific toxicity was reported to be high. Mitoxantrone has activity similar to that of doxorubicin, is less cardiotoxic, and is widely used to treat prostate cancer. The current study sought to evaluate the toxicity and activity of mitoxantrone plus ketoconazole in a cohort of patients with hormone‐refractory prostate cancer.METHODSProgression after medical or surgical castration and, for those patients receiving antiandrogens, progression after withdrawal was required, as was objective evidence of metastasis, castrate levels of testosterone, an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status of 0 to 2, and intact cardiac function. After enrollment onto a multicenter local consortium study, subjects were treated with mitoxantrone at a dose of 12 mg/m2 intravenously every 3 weeks plus continuous oral ketoconazole at a dose of 400 mg 3 times daily and ascorbic acid at a dose of 250 mg. Replacement doses of hydrocortisone were given.RESULTSFor 40 enrolled subjects, the median prostate‐specific antigen and ECOG performance status were 68 and 1, respectively, 53% had Gleason scores of 8 to 10, and all had metastasis. Predominant Grade 3/4 toxicities were: neutropenia in 13%, neutropenic fever in 10%, and anemia in 13%. Of 37 evaluable patients, 8% achieved a complete remission (CR) and 62% achieved a partial remission (PR), for a CR plus PR rate of 70%. For soft tissue and bone disease, overall response rates were 13% and 8%, respectively. The median progression‐free survival and overall survival were 10 months and 18 months, respectively.CONCLUSIONSMitoxantrone plus ketoconazole is well tolerated, is active in hormone‐refractory prostate cancer, and should be studied further. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Sensitivity and specificity of confocal laser‐scanning microscopy for in vivo diagnosis of malignant skin tumors
Authors: Gerger Armin , Koller Silvia , Weger Wolfgang , Richtig Erika , Kerl Helmut , Samonigg Hellmut , Krippl Peter , Smolle Josef 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDMelanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer are the most frequent malignant tumors by far among whites. Currently, early diagnosis is the most efficient method for preventing a fatal outcome. In vivo confocal laser‐scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a recently developed potential diagnostic tool.METHODSOne hundred seventeen melanocytic skin lesions and 45 nonmelanocytic skin lesions (90 benign nevi, 27 malignant melanomas, 15 basal cell carcinomas, and 30 seborrheic keratoses) were sampled consecutively and were examined using proprietary CLSM equipment. Stored images were rated by 4 independent observers.RESULTSDifferentiation between melanoma and all other lesions based solely on CLSM examination was achieved with a positive predictive value of 94.22%. Malignant lesions (melanoma and basal cell carcinoma) as a group were diagnosed with a positive predictive value of 96.34%. Assessment of distinct CLSM features showed a strong interobserver correlation (κ >0.80 for 11 of 13 criteria). Classification and regression tree analysis yielded a 3‐step algorithm based on only 3 criteria, facilitating a correct classification in 96.30% of melanomas, 98.89% of benign nevi, and 100% of basal cell carcinomas and seborrheic keratoses.CONCLUSIONSIn vivo CLSM examination appeared to be a promising method for the noninvasive assessment of melanoma and nonmelanoma skin tumors. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Distribution of substance P reveals a novel subdivision in the hippocampus of parasitic South American cowbirds
Authors: Nair‐Roberts Radha G. , Erichsen Jonathan T. , Reboreda Juan C. , Kacelnik Alex 
Published: April 2006

AbstractParasitic cowbirds monitor potential hosts' nests and return to lay when appropriate, a task that is likely to involve spatial recall. Seasonal and sexual behavioral variations in the cowbirds correlate with anatomical changes in the hippocampal formation. During the breeding season, parasites have larger hippocampal formations than nonparasites. In parasitic species in which females alone perform nest bookkeeping, females have larger hippocampal formations than males. We investigated the distribution of the neuropeptide substance P (SP) in three sympatric cowbirds: two obligate parasites (shiny cowbird and screaming cowbird) and one nonparasite (bay‐winged cowbird). Distribution of SP was similar to that in other songbirds, except for a previously undescribed field of dense SP‐rich terminals within the hippocampus that we call thehippocampal SP terminal field(SPh). We found robust species differences in the volume of this new area, measured relative to the remainder of the telencephalon. SPh was largest in the generalist parasite (shiny cowbird) and smallest in the nonparasitic species (bay‐winged cowbird). In the specialist parasite (screaming cowbird), SPh was smaller than in the generalist parasite but larger than in the nonparasitic species. SPh overlaps with two subdivisions described in the pigeon that have been related to the mammalian dentate gyrus and subiculum. The area containing SPh receives a major input from the lateral mammillary nucleus, which is probably the avian equivalent of the mammalian supramammillary nucleus (SUM), the main source of extrinsic SP input to mammalian hippocampus. SPh may be the termination of a pathway homologous to the SP‐rich projection from SUM to the hippocampus in mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 496:610–626, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.