bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Rheological and Microstructural Properties of Normal and Waxy Rice Starch Gels Containing Milk Protein Ingredients
Authors: Noisuwan Angkana , Hemar Yacine , Wilkinson Brian , Bronlund John E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe viscoelastic and microstructural properties of normal and waxy rice starch gels containing milk proteins, with concentration ranging from 0 to 10%, were investigated using dynamic rheological measurements and confocal microscopy observations. The gels were made by heating the starch dispersions (10%) in the presence of the milk protein ingredients, namely skim milk powder (SMP), milk protein concentrates (MPC), sodium caseinates (NaCAS) and whey protein isolates (WPI). It was found that qualitatively the rheological behaviour of the mixed gels was similar to that of the starch alone, indicating that the continuous phase was made of starch molecules. Furthermore, up to a concentration of 5%, all these ingredients could be considered as inert fillers, since they did not affect drastically the elastic modulus of the mixed gels. Only at high concentration was an effect observed, and it is believed that in the case of SMP and MPC, the effect could be attributed to the separation of the milk proteins and the starch molecules into separate phases, as shown by confocal microscopy. That heat induced gelation of WPI was also believed to be responsible for the large increase in the elasticity of the WPI/rice starch gels at high concentration of WPI.
Diagnosis of station and rotation of the fetal head in the second stage of labor with intrapartum translabial ultrasound
Authors: Ghi T. , Farina A. , Pedrazzi A. , Rizzo N. , Pelusi G. , Pilu G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the ability of intrapartum translabial sonography to diagnose fetal station in the second stage of labor.MethodsPatients with uncomplicated pregnancies at term gestation with fetuses in vertex presentation in the second stage of labor underwent serial translabial sonography and digital examinations. In a sagittal section of the maternal pelvis, the direction of the head was noted and categorized as downward, horizontal or upward. By rotating the transducer in the transverse plane the cerebral midline echo was also visualized and the rotation of the head was noted. Clinical and ultrasound data were compared using Somer's d‐test.ResultsSixty patients underwent a total of 168 clinical and sonographic examinations. When on the sonogram the fetal head was directed downward, the station assessed clinically was most frequently ≤ + 1 cm from the ischial spines (44/57 (77.2%) cases); when the direction was horizontal, the station was most frequently ≤ + 2 cm (53/59 (89.8%) cases); when the fetal head was directed upward, the station was usually ≥ + 3 cm (46/52 (88.5%) cases). Failure to visualize the cerebral midline or a rotation ≥ 45° were associated with a station of + 2 cm or less in 98/103 (95.1%) examinations. Conversely, a rotation of < 45° was associated with a station of + 3 cm or more in 45/65 (69.2%) examinations. All comparisons between clinical and sonographic findings demonstrated a statistically significant relationship (P < 0.0001). The probability of a station + 3 cm or more was particularly high when an upward direction of the head was seen in combination with a rotation of < 45° (40/42 (95.2%) examinations). The interobserver variability (Cohen's kappa 0.795 and 0.727 for station and rotation, respectively; P < 0.001) and intraobserver variability (0.845 for both station and rotation, P < 0.001) suggested good reproducibility of the method.ConclusionsTranslabial sonography allows a diagnosis of fetal station with an accuracy comparable to that of digital examination and may provide useful information for diagnosing obstructed labor in the second stage as well as assisting in the choice of instrumental delivery. Copyright © 2009 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catenation of 1,3‐Diphosphacyclobutane‐2,4‐diyl Units Having 2,4,6‐Tri‐tert‐butylphenyl Protecting Groups and a P‐sec‐Butyl Group in the Ring
Authors: Ito Shigekazu , Miura Joji , Morita Noboru , Yoshifuji Masaaki , Arduengo Anthony J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTwo and three stable 1‐sec‐butyl‐2,4‐bis(2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐1,3‐diphosphacyclobutane‐2,4‐diyl units were catenated to construct multi‐biradical derivatives by utilizing 1,3‐di‐, 1,4‐di‐, and 1,3,5‐trimethylenebenzenes as bridging groups, respectively. UV/Vis spectroscopic and cyclovoltammetric (CV) properties of the multi‐biradicals indicate a non‐conjugative interaction between the concatenated biradical units.
Professional Ambivalence: Accounts of Ethical Practice in Childhood Genetic Testing
Authors: Arribas‐Ayllon Michael , Sarangi Srikant , Clarke Angus 
Published: February 2009

AbstractChildhood genetic testing raises complex ethical and moral dilemmas for both families and professionals. In the family sphere, the role of communication is a key aspect in the transmission of ‘genetic responsibility’ between adults and children. In the professional sphere, genetic responsibility is an interactional accomplishment emerging from the sometimes competing views over what constitutes the ‘best interests’ of the child in relation to parental preferences on the one hand, and professional judgements on the other. In the present paper we extend our previous research into parental accounts of childhood genetic testing and explore the ethical accounts of professionals in research interviews. Interviews (n = 20) were conducted with professional practitioners involved in the genetic diagnosis and management of children and their families. We first identify four inter‐related themes—juxtaposition of parental rights vis‐à‐vis child's autonomy, elicitation of the child's autonomy, avoidance of parental responsibility and recognition of professional uncertainty. Then, using Rhetorical Discourse Analysis, we examine the range of discourse devices through which ethical accounts are situationally illustrated: contrast, reported speech, constructed dialogue, character and event work. An overarching device in these ethical accounts is the use of extreme case scenarios, which reconstruct dilemmas as justifications of professional conduct. While acknowledging ambivalence, our analysis suggests that professional judgement is not a simple matter of implementing ethical principles but rather of managing the practical conditions and consequences of interactions with parents and children. We conclude that more attention is needed to understand the way professional practitioners formulate judgements about ethical practice.
A WEAKLY ANALYTIC LOCALLY CONVEX SPACE WHICH IS NOT K-ANALYTIC
Authors: FERRANDO JUAN CARLOS 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt is shown that the dual of the space Cp(I) of all real-valued continuous functions on the closed unit interval with the pointwise topology, when equipped with the Mackey topology, is a non K-analytic but weakly analytic locally convex space.
Breaking the rules without quite stopping the bomb: European views
Authors: Lellouche Pierre 
Published: February 2009

While nonproliferation is no longer in the focus of international attention in the aftermath of the Afghanistan crisis, the problem of checking the spread of nuclear weapons was the subject of an intense controversy between the United States and Europe throughout the 1970s.Beginning with the Ford administration policy and continuing with the new Carter nonproliferation policy, a major nuclear controversy opposed the American and European nuclear suppliers.The first area of controversy was the question of technological transfers to the Third World and the conditions for such transfers (embargoes on sensitive technology, IAEA safeguards). The controversy also spread into the area of the plutonium economy—i.e., breeders and reprocessing. On both of these questions, most of the problems raised in the 1970s are still open despite some rapprochement between European and American positions. Major points of disagreement remain in the aftermath of the INFCE: full scope safeguards, the question of breeder reactors, and plutonium economy. The major uncertainty for the future will be whether nuclear energy as a whole will remain in the present state of depression or whether nuclear programs throughout the world will grow again.
The future unlike the past: nuclear proliferation and American security policy
Authors: Nacht Michael 
Published: February 2009

An examination of the past relationships between nuclear proliferation and American security policy substantiates several propositions. First, the political relationship between the United States and each new nuclear weapon state was not fundamentally transformed as a result of nuclear proliferation. Second, with the exception of the Soviet Union, no new nuclear state significantly affected U.S. defense programs or policies. Third, American interest in bilateral nuclear arms control negotiations has been confined to the Soviet Union. Fourth, a conventional conflict involving a nonnuclear ally prompted the United States to intervene in ways it otherwise might not have in order to forestall the use of nuclear weapons.In all respects, however, the relationship between nuclear proliferation and American security policy is changing. The intensification of the superpower rivalry and specific developments in their nuclear weapons and doctrines, the decline of American power more generally, and the characteristics of nuclear threshold states all serve to stimulate nuclear proliferation. It will be increasingly difficult in the future for American security policy to be as insulated from this process as it has been in the past.
Preventing proliferation: the impact on international politics
Authors: Quester George H. 
Published: February 2009

Nine predictions are advanced on the impact on the international system of a successful effort to contain nuclear proliferation.The world will see a modest dilution of the prerogatives of sovereignty, very much tailored to the halting of nuclear weapons spread. Some breakthroughs will be achieved in the multinational management of nuclear industry. Current “pariah states” may escape such status, simply through the latent possibility of nuclear proliferation. Nuclear weapons will continue to go unused in combat, just as they have since 1945. Soviet-American cooperation on the nuclear proliferation front will continue. The traffic in conventional arms may by contrast go relatively unchecked, as most countries conclude that this kind of weapons spread is less bad than nuclear proliferation. All of this will be carried through by statements distorted by the normal deceptions of diplomacy. The world will nonetheless generally become more sophisticated in discounting any glamor or political clout in nuclear weapons programs. Most of the barrier to proliferation will come through normal political and economic exchange, rather than through any violent or military interventions.
Role of oxidative stress in hearing impairment in patients with type two diabetes mellitus
Authors: Aladag İ , Eyibilen A , Güven M , Atış Ö , Erkokmaz Ü 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective:Although many clinical investigations have found a relationship between hearing loss and diabetes mellitus, the pathophysiology of this effect remains controversial. To date, the mechanisms of hearing loss in diabetic patients have been explained in terms of microangiopathy, neuropathy and encephalopathy. However, many reports indicate that some diabetic complications are associated with oxidative stress related to the diabetes itself. In the present study, we hypothesised that oxidative stress may be a cause of hearing loss in diabetic patients.Methods:The study group comprised non-insulin dependent diabetic patients with no signs of microangiopathy or peripheral neuropathy. The control group comprised sex-, age- and body weight matched, non-diabetic subjects. Auditory function was evaluated using pure tone audiometry and tympanometry. Subjects with normal hearing and sensorineural hearing loss were included in the study, whereas subjects with conductive hearing loss were excluded. Both the study group (n = 63) and the control group (n = 37) were divided into subgroups based on the presence and absence of hearing loss. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring serum indicators of protein oxidation and lipid peroxidation, serum levels of nitric oxide and various non-enzymatic antioxidants, and the activity of various enzymatic antioxidants.Results:The non-insulin dependent diabetic patients had significantly higher serum levels of protein oxidation products, nitric oxide, enzymatic antioxidant activity (i.e. glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase), compared with the control group (p < 0.05). When we compared the groups in relation to the presence of hearing loss, the nitric oxide level was significantly increased in the diabetic group with good hearing, compared with diabetic patients with hearing loss (p = 0.014). In the diabetic group, a clear, negative correlation was observed between serum levels of nitric oxide and vitamins C and E, and hearing impairment (r = −0.395,r = −0.318,r = −0.500, respectively). There was also a positive correlation between serum vitamin C concentrations and hearing levels in the control group (r = 0.417).Conclusion:These results suggest that oxidative stress may play an important role in hearing impairment in diabetic patients. In this process, increased protein oxidation appears to be more important than lipid peroxidation. Nitric oxide may have a protective effect on hearing, as may some nonenzymatic antioxidants such as vitamin C and E.
Rivalry and Unification: Mobilising Rural Workers in São Paulo on the Eve of the Brazilian Golpe of 1964
Authors: Welch Cliff 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe article utilises oral history, labour and military court records, newspaper accounts, and government documents to narrate the history of rural labour mobilisation in the Aha Mogiana region of São Paulo, Brazil, during the years 1959 to 1964. It shows how rival rural leaders linked either to the Brazilian Communist Party or the Catholic Church organised many workers, led numerous influential strikes, and helped hundreds of workers sue for their rights in court. Eventually, Catholic and Communist competitors joined forces under the guidance of a federal agency (SUPRA). Coordinated by SUPRA, the newly unified Alta Mogiana movement was suppressed by the military regime that took control of Brazil in April 1964.
Physicians, the State and Public Health in Chile, 1881–1891
Authors: Murdock Carl J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study of public health policy in Chile uncovers some of the social tensions in that country during the 1880s, and illustrates the fragmentation of the Chilean elite prior to the Revolution of 1891. The Chilean government's controversial and contested public health policies implied the increasing bureaucratic organisation and regulation of society. The justifications offered for these policies by central government officials reveal both the deep roots in Chilean politics of a powerful Executive, and the early linkage between the ‘scientific discourses’ of medical professionals and the bureaucratic centralisation of state power.
Cuba's First Venture in Africa: Algeria, 1961–1965
Authors: Gleijeses Piero 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIt was in Algeria that Cuba's involvement in Africa began. Until the overthrow of President Ben Bella in 1965, Algeria was Cuba's closest friend on the continent. Cuba provided both military and civilian assistance not only to the Algerian republic but also, before their victory, to the rebels of the Algerian National Liberation Front. Using Cuban documents, as well as US documents and interviews with protagonists, this article examines Cuba's relationship with Algeria in 1961–5. It is a relationship that clashes with the image of Cuban foreign policy – cynical ploys of a client state – that prevails not only in the United States but also in many European capitals.
Incas Sí, Indios No: Notes on Peruvian Creole Nationalism and its Contemporary Crisis
Authors: Méndez G. Cecilia 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis commentary article focuses on a crucial moment in the formation of Peruvian Creole nationalism: the 1836–9 Peruvian–Bolivian Confederation. Nationalist sentiments expressed through the anti-confederationist press, satiric poetry and pamphlets, glorified the Inca past while spurning the Indian present. During this period, a nationalist, essentially racist, rhetoric whose roots can be traced to the late eighteenth century, took shape. This rhetoric would provide the foundations of an ideology which has prevailed in Peruvian history. This rhetoric reached its peak in the twentieth century, while evolving into a historiographical discourse instrumental to the exercise of power and which is now in crisis.
Constructing the Limits of State Violence in Central America: Towards a New Research Agenda
Authors: Holden Robert H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis analysis of the historically high level of state-sponsored violence in Central America, typically explained in terms of ‘authoritarianism’ or ‘civil-military relations’, argues for according it a more independent research status. Three historic dimensions of state-sponsored violence – the mechanisms by whichcaudilloviolence was displaced upward in the late 19th century, the level of subaltern collaboration with the agents of state violence as a function of clientelist politics, and the intrusion of US military power after 1940 – are proposed. The implications for the utility of political culture theory and for a reevaluation of the literature on civil-military relations are developed.
Prospects for Democratisation in a Post-Revolutionary Setting: Central America
Authors: Vilas Carlos M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractProspects for democratisation in those Central American countries that experienced revolutionary processes are discussed in the light of recurrent structural constraints – such as incipient structural differentiation, overwhelming poverty, dependence on foreign financial subsidies – and specific sociopolitical variations, i.e. uneven modernisation of traditional rule; tensions between the recent mobilisation of both ‘old’ and ‘new’ social actors, and political institutions and actors (such as parties, unions, parliaments, government and multilateral agencies) which in some cases lead to current social demobilisation and electoral apathy and in others prevent the effective uprooting of political violence; persistence of traditional authoritarian culture and its articulation to the new ingredients of the post-war political and socioeconomic setting.
Forgotten Workers: British West Indians and the Early Days of the Banana Industry in Costa Rica and Honduras
Authors: Echeverri-Gent Elisavinda 
Published: February 2009

The Central America of books, and indeed of our imaginations, does not have very many black actors. That is not because blacks have not been present in the unfolding of Central American history. It is because their participation has been selectively ignored. During the last decade there have been a few welcome exceptions to this trend; however, a lacuna still remains. This article focuses on the role played by the first generation of black British West Indian immigrants in the development of the Costa Rican and Honduran labour movements - an area of history in which blacks have been particularly ignored.To this day the populations of black British West Indian descent living on the Atlantic Coast of Costa Rica and Honduras have remained outside the mainstream of political and cultural life in these two countries. It is not surprising, therefore, that they have also been neglected historically.Nowhere is this tendency more glaring than in the literature on labour history – especially that concerned with the important banana exporting sector. With few exceptions, the role of the British West Indian workers in the early period of the banana industry is dismissed. Those that acknowledge their role minimise the workers' importance by arguing that they failed to act collectively in challenging their employers. In brief, this view argues that black West Indian workers are not important to a study of labour politics in Honduras and Costa Rica.Historical evidence renders this suggestion invalid. The British West Indian workers who came to Honduras and Costa Rica during the last century in search of employment were neither indifferent to, nor totally accepting of, their situation.
Bread or Solidarity?: Argentine Social Policies, 1983–1990
Authors: Midré Georges 
Published: February 2009

This article describes the introduction of two social policy programmes aiming to provide adequate nourishment to poor families in Argentina between 1983 and 1990. They were called PAN (Programa Alimentario Nacional), and theBono Nacional Solidario de Emergencia.A study of the introduction of social policy measures during these years can help us to understand parts of the value-structure upon which Argentine society is built. Such a study also highlights some of the main social functions that welfare programmes perform in structuring the relationship between the political system and society. Finally, the management of the programmes and the political debate surrounding them illustrate some key features of the Argentine political system and its ability to formulate a coherent social policy project.The debates concerning the organisation of social welfare schemes, in 1983 as well as in 1989, must be seen in relation to the general structure of the social welfare system in the country. Both by European and Latin American standards, Argentina's first ‘labour laws’ were passed at an early stage.2However, Argentina never became a ‘Welfare State’ in the sense that all of the population was included. One of the reasons for this is connected with the impotence of the State. Several analysts have underlined the particular weakness of many Latin American States, a consequence of a pronounced corporative logic that dominates the implementation of public policies.3In fact, the social impact of welfare policies reflects the overall power structure in society in a more clear-cut way than we see in most European Welfare States.4