bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initiative bridges gap among humanities, science, and society
Authors: Frodeman Robert 
Published: October 2006

The environmental challenges we face today are inherently cross‐disciplinary in nature. Addressing questions of global climate change, damaged mine lands, or the restoration of urban landscapes requires the integration of scientific information with ethical, historical, and cultural perspectives. But how can society better approach the challenge of usefully combining such values with the insights of science for effective decision‐making?New Directions in the Earth Sciences and the Humanities focuses on this question. Launched in the spring of 2001 with a $15,000 grant from the Colorado School of Mines, New Directions consists of a series of projects based on the premise that the humanities represent a largely untapped resource for helping the Earth sciences relate more effectively to society.
Some recharged aquifers susceptible to contaminants, study finds
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Injecting treated water into wells to recharge some aquifers could introduce a long‐lasting contaminant that affects future usability of the water, according to a 13 May report by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).A test of the quality of water injected into wells in a desert town 130 kilometers northeast of Los Angeles, California, found that certain carcinogenic compounds mixed and lingered in the aquifer, even after extensive pumping to try to remove them.
Antarctic oversnow traverse‐based southern hemisphere climate reconstruction
Authors: Mayewski Paul Andrew 
Published: October 2006

On 2 January 2003, the U.S. component of the International Trans Antarctic Scientific Expedition (U.S. ITASE) (Figure 1) arrived at the South Pole after completing more than 5000 km of oversnow traverses that included much of west Antarctica and a portion of east Antarctica (Figure 2). During the traverses, which were performed from 1999 through 2003, U.S. ITASE focused on collecting data that will allow the reconstruction of sub‐annual scale climate variability and changes in the chemistry of the atmosphere over the last 200+ years.ITASE is a multi‐disciplinary research program supported by 19 nations and endorsed by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) and the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Program (IGBP) [Mayewski and Goodwin, 1997]. It is designed to reconstruct the recent climate history of Antarctica through ice coring and related observations along a network of extensive intra‐continental traverses. The U.S. component of ITASE is supported by the Office of Polar Programs of the National Science Foundation. It includes scientific projects from the following institutions: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory‐U.S. Army, Desert Research Institute, NASA, Ohio State University, St. Olaf College, the University of Arizona, the University of Colorado, the University of Maine, and the University of Washington. Information concerning climate variability in the middle and high latitudes of the southern hemisphere is obtained by U.S. ITASE, through calibrations developed between US. ITASE ice core records and direct atmospheric observations [Kreutz et al., 2000; Meyerson et al., 2002; Schneider and Steig, 2002].
The last word
Authors: Daglis Ioaanis A. 
Published: October 2006

This is the third in a series of essays on terms used in solar‐terrestrial physics that are thought to be in need of clarification. Terms are identified and essays are commissioned by a committee chartered by Division II (Sun and Heliosphere) of the International Astronomical Union. Terminology Committee members include Ed Oliver (chair), Jean‐Louis Bougeret, Hilary Cane, Takeo Kosugi, Sara Martin, Rainer Schwenn, Lidia van Driel‐Gestelyi, and Joe Borovsky.Writers are asked to review the origins of a term and its current usage/misusage. The main point is to open a discussion and inform the community. We solicit letters to Eos on the following article by Ioannis Daglis on the term “magnetic storm,” which is certainly one of the most venerable names in solar‐terrestrial physics. In addition, we welcome suggestions to any committee member on other terms to address in this forum.
Mountaintop mining under scrutiny
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

Proposed new regulations call for mountaintop surface coal mining in U.S. Appalachian states to reduce “burying” and other adverse impacts on streams and watersheds.The draft regulations, issued on 29 May by the Army Corps of Engineers, the Environmental Protection Agency, and other agencies, affect a 12‐million‐acre area encompassing parts of Kentucky West Virginia, Virginia, and Tennessee.
Ocean carbon scientists organize to achieve better coordination, cooperation
Authors: Sabine Christopher L. , Hood Maria 
Published: October 2006

Studies of the global carbon cycle and climate change necessarily involve investigations across regional and political boundaries. Recognizing the need to develop an international research framework, various working groups of programs such as the International Geosphere‐Biosphere Programme (IGBP) have developed research strategies for global carbon cycle studies.Based on recommendations from these programs, several nations are now moving ahead with plans for large‐scale ocean carbon observations. Many of these national and regional studies are similar in focus, and have been designed to complement studies in other countries. However, there is an immediate need for global‐scale coordination of these carbon observations and research efforts. There is also an urgent need to critically assess the overall network of planned observations to ensure that the results, when combined, will meet the requirements of the research community.
Report calls for national commitment to protect oceans
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A widely‐anticipated report on the ecological health of ocean waters and coastal areas of the United States calls for extensive restoration and improved protection of these resources. The report of the independent, non‐partisan Pew Oceans Commission, released on 4 June, specifically calls for wholesale reforms in ocean governance, in fisheries and coastal management, and in federal laws and regulations pertaining to ocean and coastal pollution. It also calls for a doubling of the amount of money that the federal government spends on ocean‐related research.The result of 3 years of research on ocean and coastal resources issues, the report declares that “America's oceans are in a crisis” from pollution, unwise use and overuse of some resources, the pressures of human population on coastal areas, and other problems. lt identifies the root cause, however, as “a failure of both perspective and governance,” in which regulation and management are approached with an out‐of‐date and non‐unified set of laws and programs that were made “on a crisis‐by‐crisis, sector‐by‐sector basis.”
Herbert R. Shaw (1930–2002)
Authors: Glen William 
Published: October 2006

Herbert Richard Shaw, a highly distinguished Scientist Emeritus with the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), succumbed at home on 26 August 2002, at the age of 71, to long‐term complications of congestive heart failure. He had been an AGU member (VGP) since 1968.Herb was admired for his unstinting generosity of intellect, spirit, and resources, and the ease and frequency with which he dispensed grace, where most others merely practice civility. He shared his own ideas freely and, with an infectious enthusiasm, encouraged the efforts of colleagues and students.
Latitude: How American Astronomers Solved the Mystery of Variation
Authors: Ray Richard D. 
Published: October 2006

First longitude, now latitude. From Latitude's title we cannot help thinking of Dava Sobel's recent bestseller, Longitude. I suppose it's unlikely to be such a moneymaker, but this delightful new book by Bill and Merri Sue Carter, a father and daughter team, is similar to Sobel's book. Both are physically small, with short chapters, which makes for a quick read. And both have a clear hero: John Harrison and his chronometers for longitude; and Seth Carlo Chandler Jr. and his almucantar for latitude. Both books eschew academic‐style footnoting, although Latitude does list a few useful sources for each chapter and provides a comprehensive list of Chandler's astronomical publications.Chandler's name is known to most AGU members for its association with the 14‐month wobble of the Earth's pole. He also discovered the slightly smaller annual wobble, and an argument can be made that he was the principal discoverer of polar motion, or latitude variation, in general.
Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology, and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives
Authors: Pavlis Terry 
Published: October 2006

The geosciences have come a long way in the last two decades as geologists, seismologists, numerical modelers, experimentalists, and materials scientists have interacted to dramatically increase our understanding of how the interior of the Earth deforms. It is remarkable to look back at the early days of plate tectonics and realize how little we knew about basic deformational processes at that time. Since then, we've seen dramatic advances in our understanding of how processes at the atomic level contribute to tectonic systems; and ultimately, we can hope that the combination of experimental rock deformation, numerical simulation, and studies of naturally deformed rocks will help us understand the full geodynamics of lithospheric deformation.From that perspective, it is great to see a book like this published, because it brings into focus many outstanding problems in our understanding of ductile deformational processes in the Earth.Deformation Mechanisms, Rheology, and Tectonics: Current Status and Future Perspectives includes several review papers that provide a good perspective on how far we have come, but the book also points out just how far we have to go in addressing some of these problems. Perhaps most important, the volume has several contributions on what is probably the most overlooked topic in the study of deformational processes: pressure solution. The book is a bit Eurocentric, but people in North America will, in general, benefit most. North Americans tend to focus more on large‐scale tectonic processes and less on the details of how solid‐state flow actually works; while in Europe, the emphasis is generally reversed.
New DEMs may stimulate significant advancements in remote sensing of soil moisture
Authors: Nolan Matt , Fatland Dennis R. 
Published: October 2006

From Napoleon's defeat at Waterloo to increasing corn yields in Kansas to greenhouse gas flux in the Arctic, the importance of soil moisture is endemic to world affairs and merits the considerable attention it receives from the scientific community. This importance can hardly be overstated, though it often goes unstated.Soil moisture is one of the key variables in a variety of broad areas critical to the conduct of societies' economic and political affairs and their well‐being; these include the health of agricultural crops, global climate dynamics, military trafficability planning, and hazards such as flooding and forest fires. Unfortunately the in situ measurement of the spatial distribution of soil moisture on a watershed‐scale is practically impossible. And despite decades of international effort, a satellite remote sensing technique that can reliably measure soil moisture with a spatial resolution of meters has not yet been identified or implemented. Due to the lack of suitable measurement techniques and, until recently digital elevation models (DEMs), our ability to understand and predict soil moisture dynamics through modeling has largely remained crippled from birth [Grayson and Bloschl, 200l].
Mine flooding complicates option to construct underground laboratory
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A decision by the Toronto‐based Barrick Gold Corporation to turn off the flood pumps at its closed gold mine in Lead, South Dakota on 10 June complicates the potential use of the site as a deep underground laboratory for Earth science and physics studies.Barrick shut off the pumps due to concerns about liability and mine safety among other issues, even though the U.S. Congress has appropriated $10 million for the company to continue pumping for several years. The company currently is continuing its negotiations with the state of South Dakota to transfer ownership of the mine to the state. That transfer is an important step in the mine's eventual use as an underground laboratory.
[Comment on “Anonymous reviews: Self‐serving, counterproductive, and unacceptable”] from R.E. Criss and A.M. Hofmeister
Authors: Criss Robert E. , Hofmeister Anne M. 
Published: October 2006

We share many of the experiences and most of the sentiments relayed by Myrl Beck in his 1 July contribution to the Eos Forum, as well as those of a similar nature expressed by Alexander McBirney in his March 2003 commentary in GSA Today. We are in fact delighted that senior scientists are speaking up about the unsatisfactory nature of anonymous reviews. However, we believe they understate the problems, partly because the situation is worsening with time. Moreover, the brunt of such problems is disproportionately felt not by emeritus professors but by young scientists, women, and minorities, and this is the crux of the issue.This year, we have, like Beck, received rejections based on comments by two anonymous reviewers and an anonymous associate editor. We have also received rejections from anonymous associate editors based on a single constructive review requesting minor revision, along with an anonymous hostile “review” that could have been written about any manuscript on any topic by any author. More common than these are rejections from identified associate editors based on one or two anonymous reviews, which more often than not err on most of the points made, and in two cases dispute work that resulted in Nobel Prizes. We have examples this year of each type where the senior authors are recent Ph.D.s, whose vulnerabilities underscore the reprehensible nature of this “process.”
SCISAT to study ozone depletion
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

The Canadian Space Agency's SCISAT satellite began its mission to study the depletion of the ozone layer, following a successful launch on 12 August.The goal for the atmospheric chemistry experiment, which is SCISAT's mission, is to improve the scientific understanding of the complex chemical changes occurring in the upper atmosphere, particularly in the far north, according to Canada's Minister of Industry, Allan Rock.
Multidisciplinary discussions of convective chemical transport
Authors: Yano J. I. , Donner L. J. , Yin Y. , Lawrence M. J. , Mari C. , Stohl A. 
Published: October 2006

The importance of atmospheric chemical transport processes by moist convection has been increasingly recognized in the atmospheric chemistry community in recent years. In turn, the moist convection community has begun to recognize the value of trace gas measurements as a diagnostic tool for studying the detailed physics of convective clouds. This has led to a wide array of theoretical and experimental scientific investigations, and has been emphasized in various field experiments such as PEM (Pacific Exploratory Missions) Tropics A and B, TRACE‐P (TRAnsport and Chemical Evolution over the Pacific), EULINOX (European Lightning Nitrogen Oxides Project), INDOEX (INDian Ocean Experiment), and CONTRACE (CONvective transport of TRACe gases into the middle and upper troposphere over Europe).Moist convection can efficiently transport the chemical species vertically via strong convective updrafts. But at the same time, the scavenging associated with convective precipitation can efficiently remove the soluble species. Contributions of microphysics to chemistry are also critical. Yet, the parameterization of these convective processes, even at the basic thermodynamic level, still remains an overall unresolved problem in global modeling.
New Congressional science fellow
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Kevin Vranes is AGU's Congressional Science Fellow for 2003–2004. Vranes, who finished his Ph.D. in physical oceanography at Columbia University's Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory will spend a year in Washington, D.C. working in the personal office of a senator or representative, or on the staff of a congressional committee.In September, Vranes will join over 40 other scientists and engineers who can expect to serve as legislative assistants on Capitol Hill, carrying out a range of duties such as organizing congressional hearings, preparing legislation, advising on votes, meeting with lobbyists, writing press releases or speeches, and occasionally answering constituent mail. As they gain the trust of the senator or representative, Congressional Science Fellows could be asked for assistance on the U.S. House or Senate floor during legislative debates. In some cases, Fellows have accepted offers to become permanent staff members following their Fellowships.
Complete PostScript: An archival and exchange format for the sciences?
Authors: Wessel Paul 
Published: October 2006

Despite the rapid expansion of the Internet and the promise of easy and fast dissemination of information, much of the results of science are published in a form similar to a paper journal article, albeit online. In particular, it is often very difficult or impossible for readers to check the validity of the author's claims, since the software used and the raw data analyzed are not necessarily available.Admittedly the Web has made it possible for authors to post links to data sets and pro grams, and many journals allow additional material to be posted in conjunction with the publication of an article. But in reality, it is still difficult to verify author results without expending a considerable amount of effort. The Web has opened up new avenues for interactive presentations of knowledge in which the user can explore new theories or data sets, but only a small group of authors have the technical resources to present their results in such an interesting fashion.
Digital elevation maps produce sharper image of Earth's topography
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A newly completed global topographic data set—and an even sharper resolution map planned for completion next year—provide substantive refinements over the previously best available elevation map, according to scientists at NASA and the National Imaging and Mapping Agency.The two agencies announced the completion of the new map on 22 August, which they produced from data collected by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM). SRTM was the major scientific mission on board Space Shuttle 99 in February 2000.
U.S. visa waiver program changes
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The U.S. State Department has just announced a change to a new rule affecting citizens from visa waiver program countries. The rule, scheduled to go into effect on 1 October 2003, requires visitors from these countries to obtain non‐immigrant visas to enter the United States if they do not have machine‐readable passports. The change announced is that a visa waiver country can petition the U.S. government to delay the rule by one year.The State Department recommends that citizens of visa waiver program countries who are contemplating visiting the United States, and do not have machine‐readable passports, contact the nearest U.S. embassy or consulate to find out if implementation of the rule has been temporarily waived for their countries.
Comment on “Are noctilucent clouds truly a “Miner's Canary” for Global Change?”
Authors: Schröder Wilfried 
Published: October 2006

I noted with interest the article, “Are Noctilucent Clouds Truly a ‘Miner's Canary” for Global Change?” by von Zahn [2003]. I am in agreement with the argument of this article; namely, that the frequency of noctilucent clouds is well controlled by temperature and water vapor in the mesospheric layers.Von Zahn used short‐term data for 1960–2001 (see his Figure l), but the long‐term observations from Russia [Astapovic, 1961] and Germany [Schröder, 1966, 1975, 1996, 1999] are also of interest. These observations for the years 1885–1996 show no long‐term variability in frequency, but indicate variability in brightness and partial duration of noctilucent clouds (NLC) for different years.
Studying Saturn's rings at maximum tilt
Authors: Showstack Randy 
Published: October 2006

A new set of NASA Hubble Space Telescope images of Saturn and its 274,000‐km‐wide ring system could help provide a better understanding of the dynamics of the planet's atmosphere, according to scientists involved with the research.A series of images released on 9 September shows the planet at a range of different wavelengths, from ultraviolet to infrared. The images were taken on 7 March 2003 by Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 and using 30 different filters. The images were snapped during the time of Saturn's 29.5‐year orbit around the Sun, when the planet's rings were at their maximum tilt of 26° toward Earth. This allows researchers on Earth to capture a prime view of the planet's south pole and the southern side of its rings.
Photographic observations and successful recovery of the “Neuschwanstein” meteorites
Authors: Oberst J. , Heinlein D. , Kohler U. , Spurny P. , Neukum G. 
Published: October 2006

Meteorites are precious extra‐terrestrial samples. The circumstances of any meteorite fall are therefore of great interest to planetary scientists. However, as these events are very rare, the successful observations of a meteorite fall require considerable endurance and patience.On 6 April 2002, 20h20m17.7s UTC (time of the maximum brightness), a large meteoroid entered Earth's atmosphere over Austria and southern Germany. The fireball associated with the event was visible over wide areas of central Europe, up to distances of approximately 500 km. In the city of Garmisch‐Partenkirchen (80 km SSW of Munich), located practically below the projectile's trajectory the fireball's sonic boom left windows rattling and the ground shaking.
Comments on “Anonymous reviews”
Authors: Okal Emille A. 
Published: October 2006

I would like to add the triple perspective of a now‐retired editor (GRL, 1993–19997), a reviewer and author to the ongoing debate in Eos about anonymous versus signed reviews.As an editor, I did not keep precise statistics, but my recollection would be that a little under (perhaps 40%) of the more than 3000 reviews I handled were signed. While some sort of "trend" expectedly existed between glowing reviews and signed ones, the correlation would probably not have passed a statistical test. By and large, my reviewers, whether or not they waived anonymity, were a professional and responsible pool, and the kind of personal and potentially unethical antagonisms described by Myrl Beck was the rare exception, rather than the rule, among anonymous reviews. The careful editor should be able to recognize this attitude in the tone and style of the review, and through comparison with other reviews of the same paper.
The Ocean Research Interactive Observatory Networks (ORION) program
Authors: Orcutt John 
Published: October 2006

Ships have served oceanographers through the years, ably supporting measurements and sampling using a wide range of disciplines. The use of ships, coupled with the intimate mingling of physics, chemistry geology and biology, have fostered the interdisciplinary growth of oceanography ultimately leading to a major new effort in ocean sciences research.The Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI), a proposed project of the U.S. National Science Foundation, seeks to establish a permanent presence in the ocean to improve our capacity to measure physical, chemical, biological, and geological parameters on multiple time and spatial scales. This NSF Major Research Equipment and Facilities Construction (MRE‐FC) project will provide the initial investment in infrastructure necessary for this major new approach in oceanography.