bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Four‐ and Five‐Component Ugi Condensations Starting from Nitriles.
Authors: Simoneau Christopher A. , George Elizabeth A. , Ganem Bruce 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of C6F5‐Substituted Amines Containing Quaternary Carbon Atoms.
Authors: Dilman Alexander D. , Levin Vitalij V. , Belyakov Pavel A. , Struchkova Marina I. , Tartakovsky Vladimir A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Organocatalytic Enantioselective α‐Aminomethylation of Ketones.
Authors: Ibrahem Ismail , Zou Weibiao , Casas Jesus , Sunden Henrik , Cordova Armando 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Inclusion Properties of 6,6′‐Bi(benzo[b]fluoren‐5‐ol) Derivative by Cycloaromatization.
Authors: Kawano Tomikazu , Suehiro Masako , Ueda Ikuo 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silylated Vinyloxiranes — Recent Advances and Synthetic Applications.
Authors: Marion Frederic , Calvet Sandrine , Marie Jean‐Charles , Courillon Christine , Malacria Max 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Functionalization of Alkenyl‐β‐lactams.
Authors: Troisi Luigino , Pindinelli Emanuela , De Vitis Luisella , Granito Catia , Ronzini Ludovico 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Access to Heteropolycyclic Spiroketones. 1,3‐Dichloroacetone as a Cyclopropanone Equivalent.
Authors: Paquette Leo A. , Hilmey David G. , Selvaraj Peter R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 4H‐3,1‐Benzoxazines by the Reaction of o‐(N‐Acylamino)benzyl Alcohols with DAST.
Authors: Nishio Takehiko , Kurokawa Yukiko , Narasaki Yoshiya , Tokunaga Tatsuhiro 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Unfunctionalized, Purely Alkyl‐Substituted Olefins
Authors: Bell Sharon , Wuestenberg Bettina , Kaiser Stefan , Menges Frederik , Netscher Thomas , Pfaltz Andreas 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanistic Comparison of High‐Fidelity and Error‐Prone DNA Polymerases and Ligases Involved in DNA Repair
Authors: Showalter Alexander K. , Lamarche Brandon J. , Bakhtina Marina , Su Mei‐I , Tang Kuo‐Hsiang , Tsai Ming‐Daw 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Katalytische Oxidation vs. mikrobiologischer Abbau von Grundwasserkontaminanten unter In‐situ‐Bedingungen
Authors: Köhler R. , Georgi A. , Lauenroth S. , Kopinke F.‐D. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDer katalytische oxidative Abbau organischer Schadstoffe in kontaminierten Grund‐ und Oberflächenwässern ist in den meisten Fällen durch die Anwesenheit einer autochthonen Mikroorganismenflora gekennzeichnet. Bisher ist oft noch ungeklärt, welche positiven oder negativen Beeinflussungen zwischen abiotischen und biotischen Vorgängen bei derartigen Prozessen auftreten. In dieser Arbeit wird ein für die Oxidation von Monochlorbenzol mit H2O2 entwickelter Oxidationskatalysator mit Eisen als Aktivkomponente auf einem makroporösen keramischen Träger unter realen Bedingungen in einem Grundwasserstrom getestet. Dabei konnten über lange Zeiträume stabile Umsatzraten erzielt werden. Es zeigt sich, dass die Kombination aus chemisch‐katalytischer Oxidation und aerob‐mikrobiologischer Behandlung zur Entfernung bestimmter, mikrobiologisch schwer abbaubarer Substanzen vorteilhaft sein kann.
Energietransformation mit Hilfe des Wirbelrohres
Authors: Hebecker D. , Bittrich P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDer Wirbelrohrprozess ist aus der Sicht der Energietransformation, ohne die keine Kälte erzeugt werden kann, als ein offener Kreisprozess einzuordnen, im dem Niedertemperaturwärme durch Zuführung von Arbeit auf ein höheres Temperaturniveau gehoben wird, also ein Synproportionierungsprozess. Da die Energieübertragung ausschließlich über Schubspannung erfolgt, ist die Effektivität des Kreisprozesses extrem gering. Dies wird durch den Vergleich mit reversiblen Prozessmodellen und der exergetischen Bewertung der Teilprozesse verdeutlicht. Die geringe thermodynamische Effektivität des Wirbelrohrs schränkt seine Einsatzgebiete auf wenige Sonderfälle ein, bei denen kurzzeitig und in geringem Umfang Kälte benötigt wird bzw. bei denen Druckgas zur Verfügung steht und keine sinnvollere Nutzung möglich ist. Ein hoffnungsvolles Einsatzgebiet ergibt sich für das Wirbelrohr jedoch bei der Staubabscheidung.
Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Thiolen und Polytetraflurethylen als Antihaftschichten für Mikrowärmeübertrager
Authors: Rinke G. , Kerschbaum S. , Nold E. , Quinten A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractUm Fouling bei Mikrowärmeübertragern mit Kapillaren von 0,2 mm × 0,1 mm Querschnitt zu verhindern, werden verschiedene Antihaftschichten auf ihre Eignung untersucht. Dazu werden zum einen Thiole verwendet, die eine Monolage mit fester kovalenter Bindung zum Substrat bilden. Zum anderen wird Polytetraflurethylen aus einer Lösung im Tauchverfahren abgeschieden. Damit konnte der Kontaktwinkel am Beispiel von Wasser und Biodiesel deutlich verbessert werden.
π‐Prismands – Flexible Hosts for Metal Ions
Authors: Kunze Andreas , Balalaie Saeed , Gleiter Rolf , Rominger Frank 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe π‐prismands dealt with in this paper are: 1,8‐diazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosa‐4,11,17‐triyne (6), 1,8‐diazabicyclo[6.6.5]nonadeca‐4,11‐diyne (7), 1,8‐diazabicyclo[6.6.6]eicosa‐4,11‐diyne (8), 1,10‐diazabicyclo[8.6.6]docosa‐5,13,19‐triyne (9), 17‐(1,4)benzena‐1,8‐diazabicyclo[6.6.5]nonadecaphane‐4,11‐diyne (10), 11,16‐(1,4)dibenzena‐1,8‐diazabicyclo[6.5.5]octadecaphane‐4‐yne (11) and 4,10,15‐(1,4)tribenzena‐1,7‐diazabicyclo[5.5.5]heptadecaphane (12). The synthesis of 9 is reported. The molecular parameters obtained from X‐ray investigations on single crystals of 6–9 as well as of 10–12 are compared with each other. Also discussed are the structures of the monoprotonated forms of 6 and 12. The π‐prismands 6–12 form stable complexes with Ag+ and Cu+. The crystal structures of the metal complexes as well as their spectroscopic properties are reported. Both reveal that the metal center interacts with the nitrogen atoms and the π‐systems of the bridges.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Linkage analysis with gene‐environment interaction: model illustration and performance of ordered subset analysis
Authors: Schmidt Silke , Schmidt Michael A. , Qin Xuejun , Martin Eden R. , Hauser Elizabeth R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe ordered subset analysis (OSA) method allows for the incorporation of covariates into the linkage analysis of a dichotomous disease phenotype in order to reduce genetic heterogeneity. Complex human diseases may involve gene‐environment (G × E) interactions, which represent a special form of heterogeneity. Here, we present results of a simulation study to evaluate the performance of OSA when the disease‐generating mechanism includes G × E interaction, in the absence of main effects of gene and environment. First, the complex simulation models are illustrated graphically. Second, we show that OSA is underpowered to detect small to moderate interaction effects, consistent with previous evaluations of other linkage analysis methods. When interaction effects are large enough to produce substantial marginal effects, standard linkage methods have sufficient power to detect significant baseline linkage evidence in the entire dataset. The power of OSA to improve upon a high baseline lod score is then strongly dependent on the underlying genetic model, especially the susceptibility allele frequency. If significant, OSA identifies family subsets that are more efficient for follow‐up analysis than the entire dataset, in terms of the proportion of susceptible genotypes among generated marker genotypes. For example, when strong G × E interaction with RR(G × E)=10 is operating in at least 70% of families in the dataset, OSA has at least 70% power to detect a subset of families with significantly greater linkage evidence, the majority of linked families are captured in the OSA subset, and the per‐genotype efficiency in the subset is 20–30% greater than in the entire dataset. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The economics of diagnosis
Authors: Laking George , Lord Joanne , Fischer Alastair 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAny population can be divided into two groups, one with the presence of a given disease or condition, and the other without. Diagnosis consists of using tests to sort the population into these groups. Diagnostic tests use a threshold value of a diagnostic variable to distinguish between disease‐positive and disease‐negative individuals. The analysis of error in diagnostic tests has typically been undertaken using receiver‐operator characteristic (ROC) curves. More recently, economic value of information (VOI) methods have characterised the costs and consequences of testing. This paper develops a new method for economic test evaluation, which we call ROTS analysis. The ROTS curve plots the costs and effects of changing test thresholds, in cost‐effectiveness space.We illustrate the use of our method with a worked example, and show how it can answer three key questions: (1) Is there any test that is worth doing? (2) What is a test's optimum operating point in terms of sensitivity and specificity? (3) If two tests are available, which is best? We contrast the merits of our method with those of established ROC and VOI analysis. We argue that ROTS analysis more clearly reveals the link between changing test thresholds and the cost‐effectiveness of different treatments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cancer survival is dependent on season of diagnosis and sunlight exposure
Authors: Lim Hyun‐Sook , Roychoudhuri Rahul , Peto Julian , Schwartz Gary , Baade Peter , Møller Henrik 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSunlight is essential for the production of vitamin D in the body. Evidence exists to suggest that vitamin D metabolites may have a role in tumor growth suppression. In this large study, involving over a million cancer patients from the United Kingdom, we have analyzed the role of season of diagnosis and sunlight exposure in cancer survival for cancers of the breast, colorectum, lung, prostate and at all sites combined. We used population‐based data from the Thames Cancer Registry to analyze cancer survival in periods 0–1 and 0–5 years after diagnosis. The analysis was performed using Cox proportional regression analysis adjusting for age and period at diagnosis and including season of diagnosis and sunlight exposure in the preceding months as factors in the analysis. We found evidence of substantial seasonality in cancer survival, with diagnosis in summer and autumn associated with improved survival compared with that in winter, especially in female breast cancer patients and both male and female lung cancer patients (hazard ratios 0.86 [95% CI 0.83–0.89], 0.95 [95% CI 0.92–0.97] and 0.95 [95% CI 0.93–0.98] respectively). Cumulative sunlight exposure in the months preceding diagnosis was also a predictor of subsequent survival, although season of diagnosis was a stronger predictor than cumulative sunlight exposure. We found seasonality in cancer survival to be stronger in women than in men. Our results add to a growing body of evidence that vitamin D metabolites play an important role in cancer survival. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigation of biofilm growth and attrition in a three‐phase airlift bioreactor using 35SO42− as a radiolabelled tracer
Authors: Gikas Petros , Livingston Andrew G 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe growth and biomass loss pattern for immobilized cells growing on diatomaceous earth particles in a three‐phase airlift bioreactor (TPALB) is studied using 35S as a radiolabelled tracer. A monoculture of Beneckea natriegens was grown immobilized on support particles in a 3 L TPALB. Sterile conditions were maintained during the experiments, and n‐propanol was used as the sole carbon source. After the system reached steady state, the unlabelled sulfate (SO42−) in the feed tank was substituted by a radioactive grade (35SO42−), and the assimilation of 35S in the immobilized and in the suspended cells was monitored. The results indicated that the growth rate of immobilized biomass was not uniform throughout the biofilm. More specifically, it was concluded that cells growing closer to the external biofilm layer exhibit a higher growth rate, and that biomass loss from the biofilm was through attrition at the outer biofilm surface rather than by sloughing off of whole sections of biofilm. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Myotonic dystrophy protein kinase monoclonal antibody generation from a coiled‐coil template
Authors: Helmke Steve M. , Lu Stephen M. , Harmon Michelle , Glasford Joe W. , Larsen Tricia D. , Kwok Stanley C. , Hodges Robert S. , Perryman M. Benjamin 
Published: May 2006

AbstractMyotonic dystrophy protein kinase (DMPK) was the initial representative of a ubiquitous protein kinase family that regulates cell size and shape. DMPK is highly expressed in heart and skeletal muscle and transgenic over‐expression induces cardiac hypertrophy. The characterization of DMPK has been limited by the paucity of immunological reagents with high affinity and well‐defined specificity. Amino acid sequence data was used to predict the surface exposure of the coil‐coiled domain of DMPK. These exposed amino acids were substituted into an extremely stable coiled‐coil template to produce a peptide antigen. Sera from mice immunized with the peptide conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin were screened against recombinant DMPK using Western blots. Murine spleens expressing DMPK antibodies were used to produce hybridoma cell lines. Hybridoma supernatants were further screened against recombinant DMPK and four clonal hybridoma cell lines expressing DMPK antibodies were generated. These four monoclonal antibodies recognized recombinant DMPK in Western blots of COS‐1 cell lysates expressing high levels of recombinant DMPK and immunoprecipitated recombinant DMPK from COS‐1 cell lysates. The identity of the immunoprecipitated DMPK was confirmed by MALDI‐TOF mass spectrometry and peptide mass fingerprinting. DMPK was the only protein detected in the immunoprecipitates, indicating the high specificity of the antibodies. Western blots immunostained with two of the monoclonal antibodies specifically recognized the two isoforms of endogenous DMPK, DMPK‐1 and DMPK‐2, that are expressed at low levels in the human heart. The recognition of low amounts of DMPK‐1 and DMPK‐2 indicates the high affinity of these antibodies. A human heart lysate was subjected to ammonium sulfate precipitation and column chromatography to produce a fraction that was enriched in DMPK. One of the monoclonal antibodies immunoprecipitated endogenous DMPK from this fraction. This antibody was used for immuno‐localization studies of an adenoviral DMPK construct, expressed in adult mouse cardiac myocytes. This construct was localized to the intercalated disc, the site of endogenous DMPK, indicating that this antibody is applicable to immuno‐localization studies. This study demonstrates the utility of the described procedure for generation of specific monoclonal antibodies with high affinity for epitopes in coiled‐coiled domains of mammalian proteins expressed at low levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale production and characterisation of wheat bran arabinoxylooligosaccharides
Authors: Swennen Katrien , Courtin Christophe M , Lindemans Geert CJE , Delcour Jan A 
Published: May 2006

AbstractArabinoxylooligosaccharides (AXOS) were enzymically produced on a large scale from commercial wheat bran. This implied enzyme‐based removal of starch and proteins to yield an arabinoxylan (AX) enriched destarched, deproteinised wheat bran fraction, and further incubation of the latter with a Bacillus subtilis endoxylanase converting AX into AXOS. The recovered wheat bran AXOS had a purity of 72% and an average degree of polymerisation and degree of substitution of 15 and 0.27, respectively. Fractional precipitation with ethanol was effective in separating the wheat bran AXOS into fractions with different structure. At a given ethanol concentration, the degree of substitution, degree of polymerisation and substitution pattern of wheat bran AXOS all influenced their precipitation behaviour. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Quality of cocoa beans dried using a direct solar dryer at different loadings
Authors: Hii Ching L , Abdul Rahman R , Jinap S , Che Man YB 
Published: May 2006

AbstractIn this study fermented cocoa beans were dried in a direct solar dryer at three levels of loading (20, 30 and 60 kg). Surface mouldiness was found to be heavy in the 60 kg treatment, with beans appearing blackish. All the dried beans were reasonably acceptable in terms of vinegary odour and weak in alcohol odour. Weak odour was also detected for the faecal, rancid and cheesy odours. The 60 kg treatment was rated strong for wet sock odour due to poor drying condition. A significant difference (P < 0.05) was found between the 60 kg treatment and the lower loading treatments for pH and titratable acidity. A cut test showed that the lower loading treatments resulted in a higher percentage of brown beans. The 20 kg treatment showed the highest cut test score, which is significantly different (P < 0.05) from the 60 kg treatment. Fermentation index also showed a tendency for lower loading treatments to have a higher index. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found among the treatments in terms of cocoa, astringency, bitterness and sourness flavour notes. However, better flavour was observed for beans from the 20 kg treatment. No mouldy off flavour was found in any of the dried beans. Overall quality assessment showed that the 20 kg treatment was able to produce reasonably good‐quality beans as compared to other loadings and therefore is recommended for the direct solar dryer. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
How project approach influences adoption of SWC by farmers, examples from southern Mali
Authors: Bodnár F. , Schrader T. , Van Campen W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChoices in project approach affect the continuation of soil and water conservation (SWC) after project withdrawal, and thus the sustainability and cost effectiveness of the project. A SWC project was carried out in southern Mali between 1986 and 1998. Its features were the promotion of cheap and simple SWC measures, a participatory village extension approach with limited use of incentives, and the incorporation of the SWC programme in an existing Malian extension service. By 2000, farmers in half the 5000 villages in southern Mali had been trained in SWC. By 2002, erosion‐control measures had been installed in 94 per cent of the villages in southern Mali by 46 per cent of the farmers and in 15 per cent of the fields. Though external donor support has stopped, farmer adoption is steadily continuing and spreading to untargeted villages. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring of the Synthesis of Hyperbranched Poly(urea‐urethane)s by Real‐Time Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)‐FT‐IR Spectroscopy
Authors: Sahre Karin , Abd Elrehim Mona Hasan , Eichhorn Klaus‐Jochen , Voit Brigitte 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: The reaction of 2,4‐TDI and DEA, as an A2 + B*B2 polymerization system towards hyperbranched HPUs was followed using in situ ATR‐FT‐IR spectroscopy. The decrease in intensity of the NCO absorption band of the reactive isocyanate group of 2,4‐TDI along with the formation and growth of the new characteristic bands of urethane and urea groups were detected. The reactivity difference of both NH and OH groups towards the NCO group at low temperatures was proven. The rate of the reaction was found to be affected by changing the temperature, the rate of addition of the B*B2 monomer and the type of solvent. Moreover, the increase of the carbonyl vibration and the amide II bands of urea was very obvious during the addition of the stopper DEA. Thus, it was possible to verify the individual reaction steps of this complex polyreaction and to correlate these with the structural development of the resulting macromolecules.Characteristic vibration bands of urethane and urea groups in the IR spectra (1 780–1 480 cm−1) during the polymerization reaction.imageCharacteristic vibration bands of urethane and urea groups in the IR spectra (1 780–1 480 cm−1) during the polymerization reaction.
Morphology and Structure of Constituent Fibres in Thermally Bonded Nonwovens
Authors: Wang Xiao Yan , Gong Rong Hua 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSummary: A new process has been developed to produce three‐dimensional nonwovens directly from staple fibres. In order to establish suitable windows of the process parameters to achieve high‐quality nonwoven products, the effects of thermal bonding temperature, dwell time and mould material on the morphology and structure of the fibre have been investigated using PP/PET bi‐component fibres. It was evident from both scanning electron microscope images and Raman spectra that thermal‐induced shrinkage of the PP sheath fibre occurred in the thermal bonding process, leading to deformation and cracking of the PP sheath and exposure of the PET core. X‐ray diffraction results revealed crystal imperfection and/or less ordered polymer chains, more γ‐form and thermal contraction of the crystal lattice for the PP sheath fibre, while birefringence measurements indicated that both the birefringence and the orientation factor for the PP fibre decreased after the thermal bonding process. The degrees of the thermal‐induced shrinkage increased, and the crystallinity, birefringence and orientation factor of the PP sheath fibre decreased with increasing thermal bonding temperature, dwell time and thermal conductivity of the mould material. All these can be attributed to the different levels of modification of chemical composition caused by thermal oxidative degradation and thermal‐induced relaxation of the orientation during the thermal bonding process.Changes of morphology and crystalline features of PP/PET fibre after thermal bonding process.imageChanges of morphology and crystalline features of PP/PET fibre after thermal bonding process.