bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Force and velocity observers for the control of cooperative robots
Authors: Martínez-Rosas Juan C. , Arteaga Marco A. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYIn this paper, we design a position/force controller for cooperative robots during constrained motion. The proposed scheme is based on the knowledge of the manipulator dynamics and does not require measurements of link velocity or end-effector contact forces. A well-known velocity observer and the design of a force observer are used. The validity of the proposed method is verified by means of experimental results.
Lightweight family polymorphism
Authors: SAITO CHIERI , IGARASHI ATSUSHI , VIROLI MIRKO 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFamily polymorphism has been proposed for object-oriented languages as a solution to supporting reusable yet type-safe mutually recursive classes. A key idea of family polymorphism is the notion of families, which are used to group mutually recursive classes. In the original proposal, due to the design decision that families are represented by objects, dependent types had to be introduced, resulting in a rather complex type system. In this article, we propose a simpler solution oflightweightfamily polymorphism, based on the idea that families are represented by classes rather than by objects. This change makes the type system significantly simpler without losing much expressive power of the language. Moreover, “family-polymorphic” methods now take a form of parametric methods; thus, it is easy to apply method type argument inference as in Java 5.0. To rigorously show that our approach is safe, we formalize the set of language features on top of Featherweight Java and prove that the type system is sound. An algorithm for type inference for family-polymorphic method invocations is also formalized and proved to be correct. Finally, a formal translation by erasure to Featherweight Java is presented; it is proved to preserve typing and execution results, showing that our new language features can be implemented in Java by simply extending the compiler.
A duality between proof systems for cyclic term graphs
Authors: GRABMAYER CLEMENS 
Published: July 2007

This paper presents a proof-theoretic observation about two kinds of proof systems for bisimilarity between cyclic term graphs.First we consider proof systems for demonstrating that μ term specifications of cyclic term graphs have the same tree unwinding. We establish a close connection between adaptations for μ terms over a general first-order signature of the coinductive axiomatisation of recursive type equivalence by Brandt and Henglein (Brandt and Henglein 1998) and of a proof system by Ariola and Klop (Ariola and Klop 1995) for consistency checking. We show that there exists a simple duality by mirroring between derivations in the former system and formalised consistency checks, which are called ‘consistency unfoldings', in the latter. This result sheds additional light on the axiomatisation of Brandt and Henglein: it provides an alternative soundness proof for the adaptation considered here.We then outline an analogous duality result that holds for a pair of similar proof systems for proving that equational specifications of cyclic term graphs are bisimilar.
Determinants of mild-to-moderate malnutrition in preschoolers in an urban area of Northeastern Brazil: a hierarchical approach
Authors: Oliveira Assis Ana Marlúcia , Lima Barreto Maurício , Magalhães de Oliveira Lucivalda Pereira , de Oliveira Valterlinda Alves , da Silva Prado Matildes , da Silva Gomes Gecynalda Soares , Conceição Pinheiro Sandra Maria , dos Santos Nedja Silva , Ribeiro da Silva Rita de Cássia , Ramos Sampaio Lilian , Pacheco Santos Leonor Maria 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the determinants of mild-to-moderate malnutrition in preschoolers.DesignCross-sectional study conducted in October and November 1996, with a representative sample of 1740 children less than 5 years old from the city of Salvador, situated in the Brazilian Northeastern region. Socio-economic and dietary data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Anthropometric measures were performed in duplicate and data analysis was based upon the hierarchical model approach. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the prevalence ratio and to identify the determinants of mild-to-moderate deficits in weight-for-age and height-for-age Z-scores.ResultsFamily monthly income under US$67.00 per capita and family headed by a woman were the main basic determinants of mild-to-moderate weight-for-age and height-for-age deficits in the studied children. Household agglomeration, an underlying determinant, was associated with weight-for-age and height-for-age deficits. Among the immediate determinants, age above 6 months and dietary caloric availability in the lowest tertile (<930 kcal day−1) were also associated with weight-for-age deficits. In addition to these, hospitalisation in the 12 months preceding the interview was shown to be a predictor of mild-to-moderate weight-for-age and height-for-age deficits.ConclusionAdverse social and economic factors interact with family environmental factors to define food consumption and morbidity patterns that culminate in a high prevalence of mild-to-moderate malnutrition. The strengthening and restructuring of nutrition and healthcare actions, the definition of public policies that improve family income, and the adequate insertion of women in the labour market are possible strategies to reduce mild-to-moderate malnutrition and to sustain the decline already observed in severe malnutrition.
Increasing fruit and vegetable consumption: success of the Western Australian Go for 2&5®campaign
Authors: Pollard Christina M , Miller Margaret R , Daly Alison M , Crouchley Kathy E , O’Donoghue Kathy J , Lang Anthea J , Binns Colin W 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe Western Australian Health Department’s Go for 2&5® campaign aimed to increase adults’ awareness of the need to eat more fruit and vegetables and encourage increased consumption of one serving over five years.DesignThe multi-strategy fruit and vegetable social marketing campaign, conducted from 2002 to 2005, included mass media advertising (television, radio, press and point-of-sale), public relations events, publications, a website (www.gofor2and5.com), and school and community activities. Campaign development and the evaluation framework were designed using health promotion theory, and assessed values, beliefs, knowledge and behaviour. Two independent telephone surveys evaluated the campaign: the Campaign Tracking Survey interviewed 5032 adults monitoring fruit and vegetable attitudes, beliefs and consumption prior to, during and 12 months after the campaign; and the Health & Wellbeing Surveillance System surveyed 17 993 adults between 2001 and 2006, continuously monitoring consumption.SettingPopulation public health intervention–social marketing campaign in Western Australia, population of 2 010 113 in 2005.SubjectsAdults in the Perth metropolitan area.ResultsThe campaign reached the target audience, increasing awareness of the recommended servings of fruit and vegetables. There was a population net increase of 0.8 in the mean number of servings of fruit and vegetables per day over three years (0.2 for fruit (1.6 in 2002 to 1.8 in 2005) and 0.6 for vegetables (2.6 in 2002 to 3.2 in 2005), significant at P < 0.05).ConclusionSustained, well-executed social marketing is effective in improving nutrition knowledge, attitudes and consumption behaviour. The Go for 2&5® campaign provides guidance to future nutrition promotion through social marketing.
Assessing, understanding and modifying nutritional status, eating habits and physical activity in European adolescents: The HELENA (Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence) Study
Authors: Moreno LA , González-Gross M , Kersting M , Molnár D , de Henauw S , Beghin L , Sjöström M , Hagströmer M , Manios Y , Gilbert CC , Ortega FB , Dallongeville J , Arcella D , Wärnberg J , Hallberg M , Fredriksson H , Maes L , Widhalm K , Kafatos AG , Marcos A 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo identify the main knowledge gaps and to propose research lines that will be developed within the European Union-funded ‘Healthy Lifestyle in Europe by Nutrition in Adolescence’ (HELENA) project, concerning the nutritional status, physical fitness and physical activity of adolescents in Europe.DesignReview of the currently existing literature.ResultsThe main gaps identified were: lack of harmonised and comparable data on food intake; lack of understanding regarding the role of eating attitudes, food choices and food preferences; lack of harmonised and comparable data on levels and patterns of physical activity and physical fitness; lack of comparable data about obesity prevalence and body composition; lack of comparable data about micronutrient and immunological status; and lack of effective intervention methodologies for healthier lifestyles.ConclusionsThe HELENA Study Group should develop, test and describe harmonised and state-of-the-art methods to assess the nutritional status and lifestyle of adolescents across Europe; develop and evaluate an intervention on eating habits and physical activity; and develop and test new healthy food products attractive for European adolescents.
In vitro culture of disaggregated rabbit keratinocytes
Authors: Breidahl A. F. , Judson R. T. , Dumble L. J. , Clunie G. J. A. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryA technique is described for the culture of disaggregated rabbit keratinocytes and the production of confluent sheets of immunologically pure keratinocytes suitable for use in transplantation studies. The benefits of various feeder layers, nutrients and growth hormones were examined by the use of paired controls. The ability of the cultured keratinocyte sheets to be removed from the culture vessel intact and survive as viable autografts was demonstrated, thus establishing a new animal model for the investigation of allograft rejection responses to cultured keratinocytes. The benefits of using the rabbit model for such studies and the advantages of this culture technique over a previously described method of rabbit keratinocyte cell culture are discussed.
A serum factor for macrophage activation after in vitro dodecylglycerol treatment of mouse lymphocytes
Authors: Homma Sadamu , Millman Irving , Yamamoto Nobuto 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAlkylglycerols, inflammation products of cancerous tissues, are potent macrophage activating agents. A brief in vitro treatment (30 min) of mouse peritoneal tells with a low concentration (50 ng/mL) of dodecylglycerol (DDG) in 10% foetal calf serum supplemented RPMI‐1640 medium (FCS medium) activates macrophages for Fc‐receptor mediated ingestion activity. A serum factor(s) was shown to be required for the activation of macrophages. When non‐adherent cells were treated with rac‐sn‐l(3)‐dodecylglycerol (DDG) in a serum free‐0·1% egg albumin supplemented RPMI medium (EA medium) for 30 min and cultured in FCS medium for 2 h, the resultant conditioned medium contained a signal factor able to activate macrophages (macrophage activating factor). A conditioned medium prepared with electrophoresed serum α2‐globulin fraction in EA medium markedly enhanced activation of macrophages. Incubation of DDG‐treated non‐adherent cell ghosts in EA medium containing α2‐globulin also produced the macrophage activating signal factor. Therefore, it is concluded that a serum factor in α2‐globulin fraction is processed by pre‐existing functions or enzymes of DDG‐treated non‐adherent cell membrane to yield a macrophage activating signal factor.
Lymphocyte activation as measured by interleukin‐2 receptor expression to gluten fraction 111 in coeliac disease
Authors: Penttila I. A. , Gibson C. E. , Forrest B. D. , Cummins A. G. , LaBrooy J. T. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryLymphocyte activation was examined by interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) receptor expression on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from coeliac and control subjects. Purified T cells were incubated with gluten fraction 111 (a known toxic peptide for coeliac subjects), soyabean hydrolysate (an unrelated hydrolysed food antigen), and Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A, a non‐specific mitogen). After 1–5 days incubation, expression of IL‐2 receptors was assessed using a cellular enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Gluten fraction 111 induced expression of IL‐2 receptors on T lymphocytes from coeliac but not from normal subjects (P= 0·0005), whereas soyabean hydrolysate did not induce IL‐2 receptor expression. Lymphocytes from both coeliac and normal subjects had similar increased IL‐2 receptor expression after incubation with Con‐A. Flow cytometry was also used to confirm specific expression of IL‐2 receptor expression of lymphocytes from coeliac subjects. Interlcukin‐2 receptor expression increased from 0 to 5·4% of cultured mononuclear cells after 7 days incubation with gluten fraction III. These cells were CD3‐positive and CD4‐positive. We conclude that peripheral blood lymphocytes from coeliac subjects are sensitized specifically to gluten fraction III.
An immunodominant antigen of Candida albicans shows homology to the enzyme enolase
Authors: Franklyn K. M. , Warmington J. R. , Ott A. K. , Ashman R. B. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAntibody to an immunodominant antigen of approximately 48 kDa is found in a high proportion of patients with mucocutaneous or systemic infections of the yeast Candida albicans. A cDNA encoding part of the 48 kDa antigen has been isolated. From the deduced amino acid sequence of the cDNA clone, the 48 kDa antigen shows homology to the enzyme enolase.
Anti‐colorectal carcinoma monoclonal antibodies reactive with human milk fat globular membranes
Authors: Teh Jin‐Ghee , Xing Pei‐Xiang , McKenzie Ian F. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwo monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) were produced against human colorectal cancer and were found to react with many colorectal carcinomas (MoAb DH‐1 detected 25 of 32 and MoAb SMA‐1 detected 28 of 32) by the immunoperoxidase technique. These two antibodies were found to detect epitopes present on human milk fat globules (HMFG) by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). There have been few reports of anti‐mucin antibodies being produced to colon cancer and so we examined the reactions of these and 13 other anti‐HMFG MoAbs with colonic cancers. Thirty‐two colonic tumours were examined and different staining patterns were noted. Staining was particularly marked on the cell membranes and glandular deposits of the tumours rather than in the cytoplasm of the cells. All colonic tumours tested were positive with at least one MoAb, but no single MoAb stained all tumours; this suggested that at least one epitope of HMFG could be found on ail colonic tumours but no epitope detected by any one MoAb could be found on all colonic tumours. The 15 MoAbs were also tested on a panel of adult tissues, and with the exception of two, all had unique reaction patterns. Thus, at least 13 different epitopes associated with HMFG could be detected by the panel of MoAbs based on their different tissue distributions. However, no normal tissue expressed all the epitopes detected by all the MoAbs (i.e. none was positive with all the MoAbs) and no ‘monomorphic’ HMFG epitope could be found. The antibodies were shown to react with carbohydrate or peptide‐based epitopes, but this reactivity had no relationship with the pattern of tissue reaction and the significance of the expression of different epitopes is not clear. Preliminary results of serum tests with three different anti‐HMFG MoAbs showed that ∼ 10% of colorectal cancer patients had elevated HMFG levels but with the cut‐off level selected. 10% of normal subjects also had raised levels. From this study, antibodies to HMFG, commonly associated with breast cancer, can also react with carcinoma of the colon and can indeed be useful in detecting this disease histologically (e.g. MoAbs CC3, 4 and 5 which detect >80% of colonic tumours). In addition it is clear that some of the mucins produced in carcinoma of the colon arc similar to those produced by breast tumours.
Elevated MHC class I and II antigens in cultured human embryonic myoblasts following stimulation with γ‐interferon
Authors: Bao Shisan , King Nicholas J. C. , dos Remedios Cristobal G. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens on the surface of cultured human embryonic myoblasts was studied by fluorescence microscopy. Class I or II MHC antigens were detected by monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) recognizing monomorphic determinants on HLA‐A, B and C (class I), or HLA‐DP. DQ and DR (class II) and a secondary fluorescein‐labelled sheep anti‐mouse immunoglobulin (Ig) antibody. Myoblasts were simultaneously identified using a MoAb directed against myosin light chains 1 and 2 (MLC1 and MLC2) and a combination of biotin‐labelled sheep anti‐mouse Ig antibody and Texas Red labelled streptavidin. We found that myoblasts demonstrated only very weak expression of either class of MHC but that, in the presence of more than 100 units of γ‐interferon (γ‐IFN) for 56–72 h, both class I and II MHC antigen expression increased significantly. During this time, class I antigen increased more than class II and at lower γ‐IFN concentrations. The implications of these findings for myoblast transfer therapy in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients is discussed.
Distinction between ‘inflammatory’ and ‘immune’ macrophages killing Listeria monocytogenes in murine infection
Authors: Tran Huong Thi Thu , Cook Andrew D. , Ganas Marina , Cheers Christina 
Published: July 2007

SummaryTwo populations of efficiently phagocytic and bactcriolytic cells have been defined in the peritoneal cavity following infection of mice with Listeria monocytogenes. One was the result of a transient inflammatory response 2 days after intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. It consisted of a mixture of monocyte/macrophages and neutrophils which, when separated on Percoll gradients or by adherence, were both highly bacteriolytic compared with normal resident peritoneal macrophages. It was rich in recently divided cells as evidenced by in vivo labelling with tritiated thymidine. Although having the enlarged, vacuolated appearance of ‘activated’ macrophages, three‐quarters of the monocyte/macrophages stained positive for myeloperoxidase (MPO), characteristic of monocytes rat her than mature macrophages. In contrast, intravenous (i.v.) infection, which localizes in spleen and liver, did not produce this early response in the peritoneal cavity. However, 8 days after either i.v. or i.p. infection there existed in the peritoneal cavity a highly active population of cells comprising chiefly macrophages of typical foamy appearance which did not stain for MPO+. They were actively phagocytic and bacteriolytic and, like the early inflammatory exudates, produced increased amounts of oxygen degradative products. They appear to typify the concept of macrophages activated by T cell mediated immunity. Two day peritoneal exudates induced in these previously infected mice by i.p. rechallenge with L. monocytogenes organisms comprised mostly MPO‐ macrophages.
Partial purification and characterization of low molecular weight antigens of Salmonella enteritidis 11RX
Authors: Vordermeier Hans‐Martin , Kotlarski Ieva 
Published: July 2007

SummarySephadex G100 chromatography and preparative sodium dodecylsulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophorosis (SDS‐PAGE) using 16% polyacrylamide gels were used for the partial purification of 16–18 kDa proteins able to stimulate Salmonella enteritidis llRX‐primed T cells of (BALB/c × C57BL/6J) Fl mice. A soluble antigen (Ag) extract of S. enteritidis 11RX (s11RX) was used as the starting material for purification for two reasons. First, s11RX had been previously shown to induce in vitro proliferation of Salmonella‐primed T cells; second, initial analysis of SDS‐PAGE fractionated s11RX Ag using the “T cell western blot” technique indicated that T cell stimulatory activity was located only in the 16–18 kDa region. T he partially purified antigens were able to elicit delayed‐type hypersensitivity reactions in vivo, and stimulated in vitro proliferation and interleukin‐2 release from 11RX‐primod T cells and T cell lines and clones derived from these cells, indicating that they are major antigenic determinants of S. enteritidis 11RX. Testing of 16–18 kDa proteins of several other bacteria indicated that these antigens may be “common” and expressed by a number of organisms belonging to the Enterobaeteriacae.
Vaccinia virus‐mediated damage of murine ovaries and protection by virus‐expressed interleukin‐2
Authors: Karupiah Gunasegaran , Coupar Barbara , Ramshaw Ian , Boyle David , Blanden Robert , Andrew Marion 
Published: July 2007

SummaryVaccinia virus was shown to replicate in the ovaries of normal inbred mice and cause sufficient damage to ovarian follicles to decrease fertility of the mice. The mouse‐adapted strain. VV‐WR, had a greater affinity for growth in ovaries than the vaccine strains, VV‐Elstree. VV‐NYBH or VV‐Copenhagen. Virus reached the ovaries after intravenous or intraperitoneal inoculation, but not after subcutaneous inoculation in the foot pad. Intcrleukin‐2 (IL‐2), when expressed by a recombinant vaccinia virus was able to decrease the titre of virus in the ovaries and prevent infertility. Both non‐specific (natural killer cells) and antigen‐specific mechanisms were active within the ovaries and may play a role in the IL‐2‐mediated clearance of vaccinia virus.
Depression of humoral responses by murine cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Price Patricia 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe ability of mice infected with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) to respond to unrelated antigens in vivo was studied in genetically sensitive BALB/c and genetically resistant CBA mice. Suppressed humoral responses were observed following intraperitoneal or intravenous antigen challenge a few days after infection. IgG production was depressed more frequently than IgM. The suppression was correlated with splenic atrophy and hyporesponsiveness of the residual spleen cells in vitro. The peritoneal macrophage response to intraperitoneal adjuvant challenge was also modified by the infection. Subcutaneous antigenic challenge elicited normal or elevated humoral and delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses, during which peripheral lymph nodes were consistently expanded. Antigen administered intraperitoneally without adjuvant on the day of infection also evoked elevated humoral responses. This correlates with the host's ability to respond to MCMV itself, possibly via primed cells seeded to the lymph nodes before the spleen was damaged by the infection.
The effect of glutamine on murine splenic leukocyte responses to T and B cell mitogens
Authors: Griffiths M. , Keast D. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryMurine splenic leukocytes cannot be stimulated to synthesize [3H]‐DNA by various concentrations of either the T cell mitogens, Concanavalin‐A (Con‐A) or phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or the B cell mitogen, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), unless glutamine is present in the culture medium. The optimum concentration of the T cell mitogens (Con‐A, PHA) remained constant for all levels of glutamine while that of the B cell mitogen (LPS) increased as the concentration of glutamine in the medium increased.