bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synchronous high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion and adenocarcinoma in situ of cervix in a young woman presenting with hyperchromatic crowded groups in the cervical cytology specimen: Report of a case
Authors: Zafar Nadeem , Balazs Louisa , Benstein Barbara D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report a 29‐year‐old woman who underwent routine gynecologic evaluation at a community clinic and had a cervical sample drawn for liquid‐based cytologic evaluation. At cytology, many hyperchromatic crowded groups (HCG) were present, but a consensus could not be established whether the abnormal cells were primarily glandular or squamous with secondary endocervical glandular involvement. An interpretation of atypical endocervical cells, favor neoplastic, was rendered and biopsy advised if clinically appropriate. At biopsy, the cervix contained synchronous squamous cell carcinoma in situ, secondarily involving endocervical glands, and neighboring adenocarcinoma in situ. Immunohistochemistry for Ki‐67 and p16INK4A crisply and precisely stained both the lesions, clearly separating them from the adjacent uninvolved mucosa. This case re‐emphasizes the challenge associated with accurate evaluation of HCG at cytology, the significance of ancillary testing for surrogate markers of high‐risk HPV (HR‐HPV) infection, the need for adjunct testing for HPV‐DNA in the setting of HCG at cervical cytology, and a recommendation to set up studies to evaluate the role of surrogate markers of HR‐HPV infection in cytologic samples with HCG. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2008;36:823–826. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Structural and Spectroscopic Properties of New Copper(I) Complexes with 1,1,1‐Tris(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)ethane and Heterocyclic Thiolates
Authors: Aslanidis Paraskevas , Cox Philip J. , Kapetangiannis Konstantinos , Tsipis Athanassios C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractReactions of copper(I) halides with 1,1,1‐tris(diphenylphosphanylmethyl)ethane (triphos) in 1:1 molar ratio afforded mononuclear complexes of the type [CuX(triphos)] which on further treatment with one equivalent of the potassium thiolate salt of a heterocyclic thione gave rise to the formation of mixed‐ligand complexes of the formula [Cu(κ3‐triphos)(κ1‐thiolate)]. The molecular structures of [Cu(κ3‐triphos)(κ1‐py2S)]·C2H5OH (1) and [Cu(κ3‐triphos)(κ1‐pymt)] (2) have been established by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. The complexes adopt a rigid distorted tetrahedral geometry with the phosphane ligand acting in a tridentate chelating mode. The complexes are strongly luminescent in solution and in the solid state. The spectroscopic and electronic properties of the new copper(I) complexes have been computed by electronic structure computational techniques (TD‐DFT calculations), that contribute to the assignments of electronic spectra. The high‐energy absorptions in the absorption spectra of complexes 1 and 2, ranging from 210 to 270 nm, are assigned to MLCT/LLCT transitions and the same also holds true for the low‐energy absorptions found in the range 280 to 300 nm. In the lowest triplet excited state, T1, involved in the emission in the 456–502 nm range, the spin density is delocalized over the entire nuclear framework.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Construction of periventricular white matter hyperintensity maps by spatial normalization of the lateral ventricles
Authors: Jongen Cynthia , van der Grond Jeroen , Anbeek Petronella , Viergever Max A. , Biessels Geert Jan , Pluim Josien P.W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSubcortical and periventricular white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) may have different associations with cognition and pathophysiology. The aim of the present study is to develop an automated method for construction of periventricular WMH maps that enables the analysis of between‐group differences in WMH location and characteristics in the periventricular region without the requirement of prior boundary definition. To avoid influence of WMHs on spatial normalization, a reference image of the lateral ventricles was constructed based on images of 24 subjects. Construction was not biased to a single subject. WMHs were segmented by k‐nearest neighbor‐based classification of magnetic resonance inversion recovery and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images. Cerebrospinal fluid segmentations of individual subjects were nonrigidly mapped to the reference image of the lateral ventricles. The subject's WMHs were transformed to the reference space accordingly. Spatial normalization accuracy was validated using measures of overlap and of displacement relative to the boundary of the lateral ventricles. After spatial normalization, the boundaries of the lateral ventricles closely matched the reference image and in an area of ∼1 cm around the lateral ventricles the relative displacement was less than 1 mm. To illustrate the method, it was applied to 61 patients with Type 2 diabetes and 26 control subjects, whereupon periventricular WMH maps were constructed and compared. The proposed method is particularly suited to analyze WMH distribution differences at the level of the lateral ventricles between large groups of patients. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Brn‐4 is upregulated in the deafferented hippocampus and promotes neuronal differentiation of neural progenitors in vitro
Authors: Zhang Xinhua , Jin Guohua , Wang Lei , Hu Wenzhong , Tian Meiling , Qin Jianbing , Huang Huiwei 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFimbria‐fornix (FF), the septo‐hippocampal pathway, was transected to model Alzheimer's disease (AD), which is characterized by loss of cholinergic afferent fibers in hippocampus. Various alternations may happen in the deafferented hippocampus. In this study, we determined the expression of Brn‐4 in hippocampus after FF lesion. RT‐PCR and Western blot showed that mRNA transcription and protein of Brn‐4 increased significantly and reached to the peak at day 14 after FF lesion. Hybridization and immunohistochemistry indicated that Brn‐4 signals in hippocampus and dentate gyrus (DG) of the deafferented side were significantly stronger than the normal side. More Brn‐4 positive cells were identified in the DG of deafferented hippocampus. In the pyramidal and granular cells, Brn‐4 positive cells were all NeuN positive neurons, whereas in the neurogenic area, subgranular zone (SGZ), only a part of Brn‐4 positive cells were NeuN positive, and these Brn‐4/NeuN double positive neurons in SGZ and hilus of DG increased significantly after the trauma induced by FF lesion. In vitro Brn‐4 antibody attenuated the role of extract from deafferented hippocampus in promoting differentiation of hippocampal progenitors into MAP‐2 positive neurons. This study demonstrated that after FF lesion, Brn‐4 in the deafferented hippocampus was upregulated and might play an important role in inducing local progenitors to differentiate into neurons, which may compensate for the loss of cholinergic afferent fibers or other dysfunctions. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Contributions of the hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex to energy and body weight regulation
Authors: Davidson Terry L. , Chan Kinho , Jarrard Leonard E. , Kanoski Scott E. , Clegg Deborah J. , Benoit Stephen C. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effects of selective ibotenate lesions of the complete hippocampus (CHip), the hippocampal ventral pole (VP), or the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) in male rats were assessed on several measures related to energy regulation (i.e., body weight gain, food intake, body adiposity, metabolic activity, general behavioral activity, conditioned appetitive responding). The testing conditions were designed to minimize the nonspecific debilitating effects of these surgeries on intake and body weight. Rats with CHip and VP lesions exhibited significantly greater weight gain and food intake compared with controls. Furthermore, CHip‐lesioned rats, but not rats with VP lesions, showed elevated metabolic activity, general activity in the dark phase of the light‐dark cycle, and greater conditioned appetitive behavior, compared with control rats without these brain lesions. In contrast, rats with mPFC lesions were not different from controls on any of these measures. These results indicate that hippocampal damage interferes with energy and body weight regulation, perhaps by disrupting higher‐order learning and memory processes that contribute to the control of appetitive and consummatory behavior. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The neural correlates of recollection: Hippocampal activation declines as episodic memory fades
Authors: Viskontas Indre V. , Carr Valerie A. , Engel Stephen A. , Knowlton Barbara J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMemories for certain events tend to linger in rich, vivid detail, and retrieval of these memories includes a sense of re‐experiencing the details of the event. Most events, however, are not retained in any detailed way for more than a few days. According to one theory, the hippocampus plays a specific role in supporting episodic retrieval, that is, the re‐experiencing of an event as part of one's personal past. This theory predicts that as episodic memories fade over time and are reduced to feelings of familiarity, activity in the hippocampus should no longer be associated with retrieval. We used high‐resolution functional imaging to explore neural activity in medial temporal lobe subregions while participants performed a recognition task at both a short (10‐min) and long (1‐week) study‐test delay. For each recognized item, subjects made “Remember/Know” judgments, allowing us to distinguish between items that were consistently episodic across the two tests and items that were initially episodic, but later became merely familiar. Our results demonstrate that activity in the subiculum is specifically associated with episodic recollection. Overall, recollected items were associated with higher activity in the subiculum than other items. For transiently recollected items, there was a decrease in subicular activity across the 1‐week delay as memory faded from recollection to familiarity, whereas consistently recollected items were associated with enhanced subicular activity at both delays. These results provide evidence of a link between subicular activation and recollective experience. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enzymatic esterification of lactic acid, utilizing the basicity of particular polar organic solvents to suppress the acidity of lactic acid
Authors: Hasegawa Satoshi , Azuma Masanori , Takahashi Koji 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of lactic acid with ethanol was investigated; however, some difficulties exist with such a system. Because of its high polarity, lactic acid is immiscible with non‐polar organic solvents, which have generally been used for non‐aqueous enzyme reactions. In addition, the strong acidity of lactic acid causes acid inactivation of enzymes and acid‐catalyzed, non‐enzymatic esterification.RESULT: In the present study, particular polar organic solvents, such as 1,4‐dioxane, were found to suppress the enzyme inactivation and non‐enzymatic esterification caused by the acidity. The magnitude of this effect varied with solvents and strongly correlated with the Kamlet‐Taft parameter β, which indicates the basicity of the solvents in non‐aqueous systems. An immobilized lipase from Candida antarctica was found to be the most active and stable enzyme for the reaction. Based on the findings, lipase‐catalyzed esterification of lactic acid (1.0 mol L−1) could be continued for up to 4 weeks without any loss of enzyme activity.CONCLUSION: In addition to miscibility with lactic acid, the effect of these polar solvents, which is to suppress the acidity of lactic acid and is presumably due to the basicity, appears to play a very important role in the efficient enzymatic reaction of lactic acid. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Combined permeable pavement and ground source heat pump systems to treat urban runoff
Authors: Scholz Miklas , Grabowiecki Piotr 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: This paper assesses the functioning of the next generation of permeable pavement systems. The overall concept is to combine traditional permeable pavement systems with ground source heat pump systems. Long‐term research to provide data concerning nutrient reductions and microbial activity within experimental pavement rigs is required.RESULTS: The variability of temperature allowed for the survival of pathogenic organisms within the sub‐base of permeable pavement systems. Counts of microbes and nutrient concentrations have been determined by direct observation (plate count tests) and chemical analysis, respectively. An analysis using numerical methods indicated 99% and 95% biochemical oxygen demand and ammonia‐nitrogen removal, respectively. Supplementary carbon dioxide monitoring indicated relatively high microbial activity on geotextiles and within the lower parts of the sub‐base. Low oxygen concentrations were measured in the space around the geotextile, where carbon dioxide concentrations reached 2000 ppm.CONCLUSIONS: The research enables decision‐makers for the first time to assess public health risks, treatment requirements and efficiencies, and the potential for runoff recycling. The great system stability of the innovation and minor water quality data variability between individual experimental pavement systems provide good evidence for the controlled engineered application of this novel sustainable technology. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Decolourization of textile dyes by the white‐rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus
Authors: Faraco V. , Pezzella C. , Giardina P. , Piscitelli A. , Vanhulle S. , Sannia G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: The ability of the fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium to decolourize and detoxify 11 (mono‐, dis‐, poly‐ azo, and anthraquinonic type) dyes, widely used across the textile and leather industries, was tested.RESULTS: Different substrate specificities were revealed between P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium in decolourization experiments. The latter fungus provided almost complete decolourization of the tested azo dyes up to 600 ppm and dis‐azo dyes up to 1000 ppm, and 80% decolourization of the tris‐azo dye DBU1L38 at 1000 ppm, after 6 days. P. ostreatus provided almost total decolourization of the anthraquinone type dye ABU62 (1000 ppm) after just 1 day. P. ostreatus also showed the ability to decolourize the tested dis‐azo and tris‐azo dyes, giving the best performances against the dis‐azo DBU1U1 (600 ppm) dye, which was 100% decolourized after 6 days. Laccases proved to be the main enzymatic activities acting in P. ostreatus decolourization.CONCLUSION: The potential of the fungi P. ostreatus and P. chrysosporium as efficient bio‐systems for decolourization and detoxification of several toxic industrial dyes was demonstrated. The role of laccases in the decolourization of dis‐azo dyes by P. ostreatus was demonstrated for the first time. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Short‐term low‐salinity tolerance by the longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus
Authors: Hyndman Kelly A. , Evans David H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe bottom‐dwelling, longhorn sculpin, Myoxocephalus octodecimspinosus, is traditionally viewed as a stenohaline marine fish, but fishermen have described finding this sculpin in estuaries during high tide. Little is known about the salinity tolerance of the longhorn sculpin; thus, the purposes of these experiments were to explore the effects of low environmental salinity on ion transporter expression and distribution in the longhorn sculpin gill. Longhorn sculpin were acclimated to either 100% seawater (SW, sham), 20% SW, or 10% SW for 24 or 72 hr. Plasma osmolality, sodium, potassium, and chloride concentrations were not different between the 20 and 100% treatments; however, they were 20–25% lower with exposure to 10% SW at 24 and 72 hr. In the teleost gill, regulation of Na+, K+‐ATPase (NKA), Na+–K+–2Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1), and the chloride channel, cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) are necessary for ion homeostasis. We immunolocalized these proteins to the mitochondrion‐rich cell of the gill and determined that acclimation to low salinity does not affect their localization. Also, there was not a downregulation of gill NKA, NKCC1, and CFTR mRNA or protein during acclimation to low salinities. Collectively, these results suggest that down to 20% SW longhorn sculpin are capable of completely regulating ion levels over a 72‐hr period, whereas 10% SW exposure results in a significant loss of ions and no change in ion transporter density or localization in the gill. We conclude that longhorn sculpin can tolerate low‐salinity environments for days but, because they cannot regulate ion transporter density, they are unable to tolerate low salinity for longer periods or enter freshwater (FW). The genus Myoxocephalus has three FW species, making this group an excellent model to test evolutionary and physiological mechanisms that allow teleosts to invade new low salinities successfully. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:45–56, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence of multiple paternity in Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) in Belize, CA, inferred from microsatellite markers
Authors: McVay John D. , Rodriguez David , Rainwater Thomas R. , Dever Jennifer A. , Platt Steven G. , McMurry Scott T. , Forstner Michael R.J. , Densmore Llewellyn D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMicrosatellite data were generated from hatchlings collected from ten nests of Morelet's Crocodile (Crocodylus moreletii) from New River Lagoon and Gold Button Lagoon in Belize to test for evidence of multiple paternity. Nine microsatellite loci were genotyped for 188 individuals from the 10 nests, alongside 42 nonhatchlings from Gold Button Lagoon. Then mitochondrial control region sequences were generated for the nonhatchlings and for one individual from each nest to test for presence of C. acutus‐like haplotypes. Analyses of five of the nine microsatellite loci revealed evidence that progeny from five of the ten nests were sired by at least two males. These data suggest the presence of multiple paternity as a mating strategy in the true crocodiles. This information may be useful in the application of conservation and management techniques to the 12 species in this genus, most of which are threatened or endangered. J. Exp. Zool. 309A:643–648, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Household targeting in practice: The Nicaraguan Red de Protección Social
Authors: Maluccio John A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article describes the details underlying the targeting of a Nicaraguan anti‐poverty program, emphasising the rationale for how it was designed and implemented. It offers, by way of example, a guide for targeting in an anti‐poverty program, and highlights some of the potential tradeoffs. It then goes on to present a quantitative assessment of how well the program was able to target poor households. A combination of ad hoc and statistical procedures led to targeting that was effective, with undercoverage rates of 10 per cent or below and leakage rates of 15 per cent or below. This was in spite of the fact that the targeting methodologies used were imprecise at both the household and geographic levels. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Institutions and economic performance: Implications for African development
Authors: Luiz John M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe recent economic performance of Sub Saharan Africa has been very disappointing. Its poverty has many dimensions and causes, both internal and external. This paper focuses on the role of institutions in promoting or hindering economic development in Africa and the implications for doing business on the continent. It questions our understanding of institutions and how they develop and warns against simplistic assumptions in this regard. The paper examines how it is that institutions come to affect economic growth and the characteristics of what makes for good institutions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Romanticising the poor harms the poor
Authors: Karnani Aneel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA libertarian movement that emphasises free markets to reduce poverty has grown strong in recent years. It views the poor as ‘resilient and creative entrepreneurs and value‐conscious consumers’. This romanticised view of the poor is far from the truth and harms the poor in two ways. First, it results in too little emphasis on legal, regulatory and social mechanisms to protect the poor who are vulnerable consumers. Second, it results in overemphasis on microcredit and under‐emphasis on fostering modern enterprises that would provide employment opportunities for the poor. More importantly, the libertarian proposition grossly under‐emphasises the critical role and responsibility of the state for poverty reduction. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On consumption insurance in poor urban areas: Evidence from Ethiopia
Authors: Alvi Eskander , Dendir Seife 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper tests the full insurance and related hypotheses using data from urban households in Ethiopia. Whereas consumption insurance tests have focused on rural areas of developing countries, much less is known about the urban poor who remain precariously positioned in terms of consumption insurance—owing both to weak social bonding that undermines informal arrangements and thin formal insurance and financial markets. Results from OLS and GMM estimations provide evidence to this effect and show that full insurance is strongly rejected for various income and consumption categories even at the local level. The results do suggest however that partial insurance may be taking place though only among the most vulnerable. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
C1q, the recognition subcomponent of the classical pathway of complement, drives microglial activation
Authors: Färber Katrin , Cheung Giselle , Mitchell Daniel , Wallis Russell , Weihe Eberhard , Schwaeble Wilhelm , Kettenmann Helmut 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMicroglia, central nervous system (CNS) resident phagocytic cells, persistently police the integrity of CNS tissue and respond to any kind of damage or pathophysiological changes. These cells sense and rapidly respond to danger and inflammatory signals by changing their cell morphology; by release of cytokines, chemokines, or nitric oxide; and by changing their MHC expression profile. We have shown previously that microglial biosynthesis of the complement subcomponent C1q may serve as a reliable marker of microglial activation ranging from undetectable levels of C1q biosynthesis in resting microglia to abundant C1q expression in activated, nonramified microglia. In this study, we demonstrate that cultured microglial cells respond to extrinsic C1q with a marked intracellular Ca2+ increase. A shift toward proinflammatory microglial activation is indicated by the release of interleukin‐6, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and nitric oxide and the oxidative burst in rat primary microglial cells, an activation and differentiation process similar to the proinflammatory response of microglia to exposure to lipopolysaccharide. Our findings indicate 1) that extrinsic plasma C1q is involved in the initiation of microglial activation in the course of CNS diseases with blood–brain barrier impairment and 2) that C1q synthesized and released by activated microglia is likely to contribute in an autocrine/paracrine way to maintain and balance microglial activation in the diseased CNS tissue. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.