bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Echolocating bats can use acoustic landmarks for spatial orientation
Authors: Jensen Marianne Egebjerg , Moss Cynthia F. , Surlykke Annemarie 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARYWe investigated the echolocating bat's use of an acoustic landmark for orientation in a complex environment with no visual information. Three bats of the species Eptesicus fuscus were trained to fly through a hole in a mist net to receive a food reward on the other side. In all experiments, the vocal behavior of the bats was recorded simultaneously using a high-speed video recording system, allowing for a 3D reconstruction of the flight path. We ran three types of experiments, with different spatial relations between the landmark and net hole. In the first experiment, the bat's behavior was studied in test trials with the landmark placed 10 cm to the left of the net opening; between test trials, the positions of the net opening and landmark were moved, but the spatial relationship between the two remained fixed. With the landmark adjacent to the net opening, the bats quickly found the hole. In the second experiment, bats were tested in control trials in which the landmark was moved independently of the hole, breaking the established spatial relationship between the two. In control trials the bats repeatedly crashed into the net next to the landmark, and inspected the area around it. In the final experiment, the landmark was removed altogether from the set-up. Here the bats spent more time per trial searching for the net opening with an increased number of inspections as well as crashes into the net. However, over the course of a test day without the landmark, bats reduced the time spent per trial and focused inspections and crashes around the hole. The behavioral data show for the first time that the echolocating bat can learn to rely on an acoustic landmark to guide spatial orientation.
Experimental and Numerical Analyses of Relaxation Processes in LP Steam Turbines
Authors: Kreitmeier F , Greim R , Congiu F , Faelling J 
Published: December 2005

Flow fields in low-pressure (LP) steam turbines, starting expansion well above the saturation line, show four pronounced non-equilibrium processes (called relaxation processes). The first one above the saturation line is centred around heterogeneous nucleation/condensation, the second one around subcooling and the subsequent homogeneous nucleation/condensation (‘Wilson point’), and the third and the fourth ones are characterized by thermodynamic and mechanical effects in the established droplet-loaded part of the flow field. All these relaxation processes are interacting downwards in the progressive expansion in the turbine. In a multistage LP turbine, the most important ones are the second - because it is mainly responsible for the number of droplets (sizes) - and the third - because it creates most of the dissipation. In addition, the first and the fourth ones can damage the flow guiding geometry by corrosion and erosion, respectively. More than 40 years ago, Gyarmathy formulated the first strictly physical basis for these processes. Subsequently, many researchers have contributed to increase the physical understanding using both experimental and numerical methods. The intuition that the one-dimensional treatment of the flow field in multistage turbines cannot explain the measured droplet sizes behind the blading has been particularly relevant. It became clear that especially the temperature fluctuation within the blading has to be included in homogeneous nucleation/condensation considerations. Also of some importance has been the improved understanding of the first relaxation process, which was initially underestimated. This article highlights the current situation seen by a turbomachinery company that has been contributing to and supporting this discipline for many decades. A wide literature survey and a critical appraisal of published Baumann factors are included. High quality experimental tools and procedures are introduced on the basis of two generations of split-shaft model LP turbines and Damköhler numbers. Further, an overview of the in-house numerical tools and processes developed for wet steam applications is given. More recent experimental results on the influence of impurities and conditioning agents in the relaxation processes and newer numerical results on the influence of phase transition in the flow field around a blade row are presented.
The Phase Shift of an Ultrasonic Pulse at an Oil Layer and Determination of Film Thickness
Authors: Reddyhoff T , Kasolang S , Dwyer-Joyce R. S. , Drinkwater B. W. 
Published: December 2005

An ultrasonic pulse incident on a lubricating oil film in a machine element will be partially reflected and partially transmitted. The proportion of the wave amplitude reflected, termed the reflection coefficient, depends on the film thickness and the acoustic properties of the oil. When the appropriate ultrasonic frequency is used, the magnitude of the reflection coefficient can be used to determine the oil film thickness. However, the reflected wave has both a real component and an imaginary component, and both the amplitude and the phase are functions of the film thickness. The phase of the reflected wave will be shifted from that of the incident wave when it is reflected. In the present study, this phase shift is explored as the film changes and is evaluated as an alternative means to measure oil film thickness. A quasi-static theoretical model of the reflection response from an oil film has been, developed. This model relates the phase shift to the wave frequency and the film properties. Measurements of reflection coefficient from a static model oil film and also from a rotating journal bearing have been recorded. These have been used to determine the oil film thickness using both amplitude and phase shift methods. In both cases, the results agree closely with independent assessments of the oil film thickness. The model of ultrasonic reflection is further extended to incorporate mass and damping terms. Experiments show that both the mass and the internal damping of the oil films tested in this work have a negligible effect on ultrasonic reflection. A potentially very useful application for the simultaneous measurement of reflection coefficient amplitude and phase is that the data can be used to negate the need for a reference. The theoretical relationship between phase and amplitude is fitted to the data. An extrapolation is performed to determine the values of amplitude and phase for an infinitely thick layer. This is equivalent to the reference signal determined by measuring the reflection coefficient directly, but importantly does not require the materials to be separated. This provides a simple and effective means of continuously calibrating the film measurement approach.
Domestic Violence Recent Research (2004–2005) Part II: Repercussions for the Victims
Authors: Lowenstein L. F. 
Published: December 2005

Recent research has shown that the effect of domestic violence on victims can be catastrophic. Most but not all victims are female; often from minority groups, with children also being affected by scenes of violence. The victims suffer both physical and emotional damage. In many cases they must end the relationship with the perpetrator, when legal and psychological intervention fails. Frequently, it is only in this way that the death of a victim could be prevented but so often the victim forgives the perpetrator and returns to them. Much more effort could and should be made to prevent such tragedies by a combination of more effective legal and psychological interventions. The article considers the affect on the victims; the children; other cultures and minority populations; the employment opportunities of the victims; the perpetrators of domestic violence; and gender factors.
Structural properties of substrate proteins determine their proteolysis by the mitochondrial AAA+ protease Pim1
Authors: von Janowsky Birgit , Knapp Karin , Major Tamara , Krayl Martin , Guiard Bernard , Voos Wolfgang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe protease Pim1/LON, a member of the AAA+ family of homo-oligomeric ATP-dependent proteases, is responsible for the degradation of soluble proteins in the mitochondrial matrix. To establish the molecular parameters required for the specific recognition and proteolysis of substrate proteins by Pim1, we analyzed thein organellodegradation of imported reporter proteins containing different structural properties. The amino acid composition at the amino-terminal end had no major effect on the proteolysis reaction. However, proteins with an amino-terminal extension of less than 60 amino acids in front of a stably folded reporter domain were completely resistant to proteolysis by Pim1. Substrate proteins with a longer amino-terminal extension showed incomplete proteolysis, resulting in the generation of a defined degradation fragment. We conclude that Pim1-mediated protein degradation is processive and is initiated from an unstructured amino-terminal segment. Resistance to degradation and fragment formation was abolished if the folding state of the reporter domain was destabilized, indicating that Pim1 is not able to unravel folded proteins for proteolysis. We propose that the requirement for an exposed, large, non-native protein segment, in combination with a limited unfolding capability, accounts for the selectivity of the protease Pim1 for damaged or misfolded polypeptides.
Extraction of americium and europium by CMPO-substituted adamantylcalixarenes
Authors: Babain V. A. , Alyapyshev M. Yu. , Karavan M. D. , Böhmer V. , Wang L. , Shokova E. A. , Motornaya A. E. , Vatsouro I. M. , Kovalev V. V. 
Published: December 2005

Summary
Eight p-adamantylcalix[4]arene derivatives, bearing four CMPO-like functions [(CH2)nNHC(O)CH2- P(O)Ph2] at the wide (4a,b, n = 0, 1) or narrow (5a–c and 6a–c, n = 2–4) rims were synthesized for the first time. Studies of the extraction of americium(III) and europium(III) from 3 M HNO3 solutions to organic phases (dichloromethane, m-nitro-trifluoromethylbenzene) showed: (i) The extraction ability for all the adamantylcalixarene ligands is much better than for their monomeric analogues –N-(1-adamantyl)-, N-(1-adamantylmethyl)- and N,N-(dibutyl)carbamoylmethyldiphenylphosphine oxides 7a, 7b, 8; (ii) The extraction percentage increases strongly with increasing length of the spacer for all types of ligands 4–6, and best extraction results were found for 4b (n = 1) and 5c (n = 4); (iii) The separation coefficient D
Am/D
Eu for the investigated compounds did not exceed 2, which is close to the narrow rim CMPO calixarenes, studied earlier; (iv) Variation of the spacer length between CMPO groups attached to the 1,3- and 2,4-positions of the calixarene platform in 6 did not lead to appreciably improved extractants, neither with respect to the extraction abilities (D) nor to the selectivities (D
Am/D
Eu).
Enhanced Acidity, Photophysical Properties and Liposome Binding of Perfluoroalkylated Phthalocyanines Lacking C‐H Bonds
Authors: Minnes Refael , Weitman Hana , Lee Hyun‐Jin , Gorun Sergiu M. , Ehrenberg Benjamin 
Published: December 2005

ABSTRACTThe acid‐base, spectroscopic, photophysical and liposome‐binding properties of the recently synthesized free base, 29H,31H,1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25‐octafluoro‐2,3,9,10,16,17,23, 24‐octakisperfluoro(isopropy1) phthalocyanine, F64PcH2, are reported. The perfluoroalkylation of the phthalocyanine core renders the hydrogen atoms acidic, with a pKa= 6. The F64Pc‐2 dianion is detected already at pH 3, by singular‐value decomposition analysis of electronic spectra. F64Pc‐2 generates 1O2 with quantum yields ΦΔ= 0.252 (in MeOH) and 0.019 in liposomes. Metallation of the Pc macrocycle to yield F64PcZn increases ΦΔ to 0.606 and 0.126 in MeOH and liposomes, respectively. Surprisingly, F64Pc‐2 (but not F64PcH2 or F64PcZn) binds strongly to liposomes, with a binding constant Kb= 25 (mg/mL)‐1. The fully protonated F64PcH2, but not the zwitterionic F64Pc‐2, might favor hydrogen bonding, thus reducing its lipophilicity. Similarly, the Lewis acidity of Zn in F64PcZn, and thus its ability to bind water within a hydrophobic perfluoroalkyl pocket, is significantly enhanced by the fluorinated substituents.
Comparison of Hatchery Performance, Agonistic Behavior, and Poststocking Survival between Diploid and Triploid Rainbow Trout of Three Different Utah Strains
Authors: Wagner Eric J , Arndt Ronney E , Routledge M Douglas , Latremouille David , Mellenthin Roger F 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The hatchery performance (growth, feed conversion, and survival) of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss was compared between diploid and triploid fish from three Utah strains: Fish Lake-DeSmet (FD), Sand Creek (SC), and Ten Sleep (TS). For FD, specific growth rates were slightly higher for triploids (2.79%/d) than for diploids (2.60%/d), but final mean weight at 108 d did not significantly differ. For SC and TS, there were no significant differences in final mean weight or specific growth rates after 138 or 122 d, respectively. Feed conversion ratios and fish mortality in the raceways did not differ significantly between diploids and triploids, except for SC for which mortality rates were slightly higher for triploids (4.0%) than diploids (2.1%). Possible differences in agonistic behavior between diploids and triploids were assessed by video observation of size-matched pairs (diploid-diploid, diploid-triploid, or triploid-triploid). There were no significant differences between diploid and triploid fish of any strain in the number of chases or counterattacks. To determine whether there were any differences in susceptibility to stocking and handling stressors, each strain was transported at high density for 4 h, then stocked into (1) tanks with ambient hatchery well water (control), (2) tanks with either high pH and high temperature (FD) or high temperature (TS and SC), or (3) the tail end of the raceway from which it came. There were no significant differences in mortality after 96 h between diploid and triploid fish for any of the three strains for any of the treatments. Poststocking survival of FD in a small, spring-fed lake was assessed by gill netting in the spring after fall stocking. No significant difference in overwinter survival was noted between diploid and triploid FD. Overall, the data indicate that triploid SC, FD, and TS rainbow trout perform equally well in the hatchery as diploid fish.
In Vitro–Derived “Neural Stem Cells” Function as Neural Progenitors Without the Capacity for Self-Renewal
Authors: Marshall Gregory P. , Laywell Eric D. , Zheng Tong , Steindler Dennis A. , Scott Edward W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells have been defined by their ability to self-renew and successfully reconstitute hematopoiesis throughout the life of a transplant recipient. Neural stem cells (NSCs) are believed to exist in the regenerating regions of the brain in adult mice: the subependymal zone (SEZ) of the lateral ventricles (LVs) and the hippocampal dentate gyrus. Cells from the SEZ can be cultured to generate neurospheres or multipotent astrocytic stem cells (MASCs), both of which demonstrate the stem cell qualities of multipotency and self-renewal in vitro. Whether neurospheres and MASCs possess the true stem cell quality of functional self-renewal in vivo is unknown. The definitive tests for this unique capability are long-term engraftment and serial transplantation. Both neurospheres and MASCs transplanted into the LVs of C57BL/6 mice resulted in short-term engraftment into the recipient brain, with donor-derived migratory neuroblasts visible in the rostral migratory stream and olfactory bulb after transplantation. To test in vivo expansion/self-renewal of the transplanted cells, we attempted to reisolate donor-derived neurospheres and MASCs. Even when rigorous drug selection was used to select for rare events, no donor-derived neurospheres or MASCs could be reisolated. Furthermore, donor-derived migratory neuroblasts were not observed in the rostral migratory stream (RMS) for more than 1 month after transplantation, indicating a transient rather than long-term engraftment. Therefore, in vitro-derived neurospheres and MASCs do not function as NSCs with long-term, self-renewal capabilities in vivo but instead represent short-term neural progenitor cells as defined by an in vivo functional assay.
Age‐related cortical bone loss in women from a 3rd–4th century AD population from England
Authors: Mays S.A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAge‐dependent cortical bone loss in adult females from a skeletal assemblage from 3rd–4th century AD England was studied using metacarpal radiogrammetry. Results showed reduced peak cortical bone thickness compared with modern subjects, and the magnitude of cortical bone loss in older females compared with their younger counterparts was greater than that documented for a modern reference population. An elevated prevalence of fractures classically associated with osteoporosis was also observed in the over‐50‐year cohort. The severity of osteoporosis in this group is difficult to explain in terms of extraneous factors relating to 3rd–4th century lifestyles. Given the important genetic component in osteoporosis, the results may indicate some inherent susceptibility in this particular population to the disease, and ways in which this possibility might be further explored are suggested. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Styrene–butadiene–styrene/montmorillonite nanocomposites synthesized by anionic polymerization
Authors: Zhang Zhenjun , Zhang Lina , Li Yang , Xu Hongde 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe successfully synthesized an exfoliated styrene–butadiene–styrene triblock copolymer (SBS)/montmorillonite nanocomposite by anionic polymerization. Gel permeation chromatography showed that the introduction of organophilic montmorillonite (OMMT) resulted in a small high‐molecular‐weight fraction of SBS in the composites, leading to a slight increase in the weight‐average and number‐average molecular weights as well as the polydispersity index. The results from 1H‐NMR revealed that the introduction of OMMT almost did not affect the microstructure of the copolymer when the OMMT concentration was lower than 4 wt %. Transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction showed a completely exfoliated nanocomposite, in which both polystyrene and polybutadiene blocks entered the OMMT galleries, leading to the dispersion of OMMT layers on a nanoscale. The exfoliated nanocomposite exhibited higher thermal stability, glass‐transition temperature, elongation at break, and storage modulus than pure SBS. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Vinyl ester resin modified with silicone‐based additives. I. Mechanical properties
Authors: Mazali Cristiana A.Ittner , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSilicone‐based additives have been used as fire retardants for thermoplastics and present the advantages of improving the processing and impact resistance of the polymers. In this study, we used three different silicone‐based additives as modifiers of a vinyl ester resin. The additives were fine powders made up of about 50 wt % polydimethylsiloxane and 50 wt % silica. The differences among them were the functional groups inserted in the polymer chains and the size and size distribution of the particles. The additives were dispersed in resin containing 35 wt % styrene. To cure the mixture, a conventional catalyst and initiator were used, and the reaction was carried out in three ways, which differed in the curing temperature, postcuring temperature, time, and addition of dimethylaniline (DMA) as a promoter of the polyaddition reaction. Dynamic mechanical analysis showed that the phase behavior of the resulting composites depended strongly on the curing conditions. The flexural modulus of composites containing 5 wt % additive was lower than that for the cured resin. The impact resistance of the composites also depended on the curing conditions but not on the composition or size of the particle of the additive. The fracture morphologies of specimens subjected to impact resistance tests were different for samples cured in the presence or in the absence of DMA, which suggested that it influenced the mechanism of network formation. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Developmental changes of nitric oxide synthase expression in the rat hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system
Authors: Yuan Qiuju , Scott David E. , So Kwok‐Fai , Wu Wutian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe present study investigated the immunohistochemical localization of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the hypothalamoneurohypophyseal system (HNS) of the developing rats on postnatal day 1 (PN1), 7 (PN7), 14 (PN14), 21 (PN21), and the adult rats. The nNOS‐positive neurons were not discernable in the supraoptic nucleus (SON), the paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and the median eminence (ME) at PN1 and PN7. A few neurons positive for nNOS were first detected at PN14. At PN21, the nNOS‐positive cells in SON and PVN rapidly increased in number. The pattern of nNOS expression at this stage approached that of the adult. Moreover, the increase of nNOS expression in the SON and PVN during the postnatal period was accompanied by the maturation of arginine vasopressin (AVP) and oxytocin (OT) neurons as indicated by the number and size of OT or AVP neurons in the SON and PVN. The patterns of AVP versus OT expression also reached that of the adult by the end of the third postnatal week. The time course of the change in nNOS expression coincided with the maturation of AVP and OT neurons in the HNS and suggested that NO synthesized by conversion of NOS is involved in the modulation of activity of neurons in the SON and PVN of the HNS. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of stool DNA mutations before and after treatment of colorectal neoplasia
Authors: Syngal Sapna , Stoffel Elena , Chung Daniel , Willett Christopher , Schoetz David , Schroy Paul , Jagadeesh Deepa , Morel Kathleen , Ross Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDWhether stool DNA abnormalities arise solely from colorectal neoplastic lesions or are due to more pervasive field effects is not known. In the current study, the authors conducted a prospective multicenter study to evaluate the performance of stool‐based DNA testing in a large cohort and to examine whether the findings before treatment persist after surgical resection and/or adjuvant therapy.METHODSPatients with newly diagnosed colorectal carcinoma or advanced adenomas (AA) provided stool samples before therapy, 1–3 months after surgical resection, and 6–9 months postresection. Stool samples were analyzed using the multitarget DNA assay panel (MTAP) consisting of 23 markers: 21 mutations in the p53, K‐ras, and APC genes, a microsatellite instability marker (BAT‐26), and the DNA integrity assay (DIA), a marker of loss of apoptosis.RESULTSOverall, 49 of 91 individuals (54%) tested positive with the MTAP test. The sensitivity of the MTAP test was 63% for invasive tumors compared with 26% for AA. Individuals whose lesions had a more advanced TNM stage or were located distal to the splenic flexure were significantly more likely to have a positive MTAP test. Of the 79 samples collected at 1–3 months after surgical resection of the neoplasm, 14 (18%) had a positive MTAP result, 12 of which were positive for DIA only. Of those collected at 6–9 months of follow‐up, 5 of 72 (7%) tested positive on the MTAP panel.CONCLUSIONSAlthough many samples collected 1–3 months after surgical resection of the colorectal neoplasm tested positive on the MTAP, most were negative by 6–9 months, indicating that stool DNA abnormalities disappear after treatment of the neoplastic lesions. Surgery and chemoradiation appear to induce transient DIA abnormalities that may be independent of the presence of neoplasia. Cancer 2006. © 2005 American Cancer Society.