bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High prevalence of drug-resistance mutations in Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax in southern Ethiopia
Authors: Schunk Mirjam , Kumma Wondimagegn P , Miranda Isabel Barreto , Osman Maha E , Roewer Susanne , Alano Abraham , Löscher Thomas , Bienzle Ulrich , Mockenhaupt Frank P 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Background
In Ethiopia, malaria is caused by both Plasmodium falciparum and Plasmodium vivax. Drug resistance of P. falciparum to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine (SP) and chloroquine (CQ) is frequent and intense in some areas.

Methods
In 100 patients with uncomplicated malaria from Dilla, southern Ethiopia, P. falciparum dhfr and dhps mutations as well as P. vivax dhfr polymorphisms associated with resistance to SP and P. falciparum pfcrt and pfmdr1 mutations conferring CQ resistance were assessed.

Results

P. falciparum and P. vivax were observed in 69% and 31% of the patients, respectively. Pfdhfr triple mutations and pfdhfr/pfdhps quintuple mutations occurred in 87% and 86% of P. falciparum isolates, respectively. Pfcrt T76 was seen in all and pfmdr1 Y86 in 81% of P. falciparum. The P. vivax dhfr core mutations N117 and R58 were present in 94% and 74%, respectively.

Conclusion
These data point to an extraordinarily high frequency of drug-resistance mutations in both P. falciparum and P. vivax in southern Ethiopia, and strongly support that both SP and CQ are inadequate drugs for this region.
Perforated gastric carcinoma: a report of 10 cases and review of the literature
Authors: Roviello Franco , Rossi Simone , Marrelli Daniele , De Manzoni Giovanni , Pedrazzani Corrado , Morgagni Paolo , Corso Giovanni , Pinto Enrico 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackgroundPerforation is a rare complication of gastric carcinoma, accounting for less than 1% of all gastric cancer cases. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the prognostic value of perforation and to point out the surgical treatment options.MethodsA total of 10 patients with perforated gastric carcinoma were retrospectively reviewed among 2564 consecutive cases of gastric cancer operated in three Centers belonging to the Italian Research Group for Gastric Cancer. The clinicopathological features including tumor stage and survival were analyzed and compared to literature data.ResultsIncidence rate was 0.39%. All patients underwent emergency surgery, being performed gastrectomy in 6 patients (mortality 17%) and repair surgery in 4 patients (mortality 75%). The survival of patients was related to the stage of the disease, with 2 long-survival cases.ConclusionPerforation usually occurs in advanced stages of gastric cancer; nevertheless surgeons should not be always discouraged from a radical treatment of perforated gastric cancer, since perforation even occurs in early stages and seems not to be a negative prognostic factor itself. When possible, emergency gastrectomy should be performed, leaving repair surgery for unresectable tumors. A two-stage treatment is a good treatment option for frail patients with resectable tumors.
Breast Cancer–Specific mRNA Transcripts Presence in Peripheral Blood After Adjuvant Chemotherapy Predicts Poor Survival Among High-Risk Breast Cancer Patients Treated With High-Dose Chemotherapy With Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Support
Authors: Quintela-Fandino Miguel , López Joaquín Martínez , Hitt Ricardo , Gamarra Soledad , Jimeno Antonio , Ayala Rosa , Hornedo Javier , Guzman Cecilia , Gilsanz Florinda , Cortés-Funes Hernán 
Published: July 2006

Purpose To study the prognostic significance of the presence of breast cancer–specific mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood (PB), defined by serial analysis of gene expression, in high-risk breast cancer (HRBC) patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy after receiving adjuvant chemotherapy. Methods From 1994 to 2000, 84 HRBC patients (median age, 44 years; > 10 nodes; 74%) received adjuvant chemotherapy (fluorouracil, epirubicin, and cyclophosphamide for six cycles [83%] or doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide followed by paclitaxel) before undergoing one course of cyclophosphamide plus thiotepa plus carboplatin (STAMP V). Radiotherapy or hormone therapy was administered whenever indicated. Aliquots of apheresis-mononuclear blood cells were frozen from each patient. mRNA was isolated using an automatic nucleic acid extractor based on the magnetic beads technology; reverse transcription was performed using random hexamers. Cytokeratin 19, HER-2, P1B, PS2, and EGP2 transcripts were quantified to B-glucuronidase by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) using a linear DNA probe marked with a quencher and reporter fluorophores used in RT-PCR. Presence of PB micrometastases, estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor status, tumor size, age, tumor grade, number of nodes affected, and treatment with paclitaxel were included in the statistical analysis. Results Median follow-up was 68.3 months (range, 6 months to 103 months). Forty-seven relapses (56%) and 35 deaths (41.7%) were registered. Both tumor size and presence of micrometastases reached statistical significance according to the Cox multivariate model. Relapse hazard ratio (HR) for those patients with PB micrometastases was 269% (P = .006); death HR, 300% (P = .011). Time relapse was 53 months longer for patients without micrometastases: 31.3 v 84.2 months (P = .021). Conclusion PB micrometastases presence after adjuvant chemotherapy predicts both relapse and death more powerful than classical factors in HRBC patients undergoing high-dose chemotherapy. Micrometastases search using a gene panel appears to be a more accurate procedure than classical approaches involving only one or two genes.
Phase III Trial of Fluorouracil-Based Chemotherapy Regimens Plus Radiotherapy in Postoperative Adjuvant Rectal Cancer: GI INT 0144
Authors: Smalley Stephen R. , Benedetti Jacqueline K. , Williamson Stephen K. , Robertson John M. , Estes Norman C. , Maher Tracy , Fisher Barbara , Rich Tyvin A. , Martenson James A. , Kugler John W. , Benson Al B. , Haller Daniel G. , Mayer Robert J. , Atkins James N. , Cripps Christine , Pedersen John , Periman Phillip O. , Tanaka Michael S. , Leichman Cynthia G. , Macdonald John S. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy after or before resection of high-risk rectal cancer improves overall survival (OS) and pelvic control. We studied three postoperative fluorouracil (FU) radiochemotherapy regimens. Patients and Methods After resection of T3-4, N0, M0 or T1-4, N1, 2M0 rectal adenocarcinoma, 1,917 patients were randomly assigned to arm 1, with bolus FU in two 5-day cycles every 28 days before and after radiotherapy (XRT) plus FU via protracted venous infusion (PVI) 225 mg/m2/d during XRT; arm 2 (PVI-only arm), with PVI 42 days before and 56 days after XRT + PVI; or arm 3 (bolus-only arm), with bolus FU + leucovorin (LV) in two 5-day cycles before and after XRT, plus bolus FU + LV (levamisole was administered each cycle before and after XRT). Patients were stratified by operation type, T and N stage, and time from surgery. Results Median follow-up was 5.7 years. Lethal toxicity was less than 1%, with grade 3 to 4 hematologic toxicity in 49% to 55% of the bolus arms versus 4% in the PVI arm. No disease-free survival (DFS) or OS difference was detected (3-year DFS, 67% to 69% and 3-year OS, 81% to 83% in all arms). Locoregional failure (LRF) at first relapse was 8% in arm 1, 4.6% in arm 2, and 7% in arm 3. LRF in T1-2, N1-2, and T3, N0-2 primaries who received low anterior resection (those most suitable for primary resection) was 5% in arm 1, 3% in arm 2, and 5% in arm 3. Conclusion All arms provide similar relapse-free survival and OS, with different toxicity profiles and central catheter requirements. LRF with postoperative therapy is low, justifying initial resection for T1-2, N0-2 and T3, and N0-2 anterior resection candidates.
Risk Factors Before Autologous Stem-Cell Transplantation for Lymphoma Predict for Secondary Myelodysplasia and Acute Myelogenous Leukemia
Authors: Kalaycio Matt , Rybicki Lisa , Pohlman Brad , Sobecks Ronald , Andresen Steven , Kuczkowski Elizabeth , Bolwell Brian 
Published: July 2006

Purpose The risk factors for treatment-related myelodysplastic syndrome (t-MDS) and acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) after autologous stem-cell transplantation (ASCT) are similar to those that increase the risk of difficult stem-cell harvests. We reviewed our experience in 526 patients with lymphoma treated by ASCT to determine whether difficult stem-cell harvests predict for an increased risk of t-MDS/AML. Patients and Methods Autologous peripheral stem cells were initially mobilized with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF; or granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor) alone (n = 334), etoposide and G-CSF (n = 166), or cyclophosphamide and G-CSF with or without etoposide (n = 26). Difficult harvests were those that required more than 5 days to collect enough stem cells and those that required additional attempts with etoposide and/or cyclophosphamide plus G-CSF (n = 52). All patients were then treated with high-dose chemotherapy alone and observed for outcome. Results With a median follow-up time for surviving patients of 69 months, 20 patients developed t-MDS/AML, for an actuarial incidence of 6.8% at 10 years. Pretransplantation characteristics, including age, diagnosis of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma or Hodgkin's disease, bone marrow involvement, prior radiation therapy, prior exposure to chemotherapy, lactate dehydrogenase at the time of ASCT, disease status, and method of stem-cell mobilization, were then analyzed with respect to the subsequent development of t-MDS/AML. By multivariable analysis, prior exposure to radiation therapy, four or more chemotherapy regimens, and more than 5 days of apheresis needed to harvest enough stem cells were identified as independent risk factors for t-MDS/AML. Bootstrap analysis confirmed these results. Conclusion These results suggest that identifiable pretransplantation factors predict for t-MDS/AML after ASCT.
Phase III Study of Docetaxel Compared With Vinorelbine in Elderly Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: Results of the West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group Trial (WJTOG 9904)
Authors: Kudoh Shinzoh , Takeda Koji , Nakagawa Kazuhiko , Takada Minoru , Katakami Nobuyuki , Matsui Kaoru , Shinkai Tetsu , Sawa Toshiyuki , Goto Isao , Semba Hiroshi , Seto Takashi , Ando Masahiko , Satoh Taroh , Yoshimura Naruo , Negoro Shunichi , Fukuoka Masahiro 
Published: July 2006

Purpose Docetaxel has shown activity in elderly patients with advanced non–small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). This randomized phase III trial evaluated the efficacy and safety of docetaxel versus vinorelbine (the current standard treatment) in elderly patients. Patients and Methods Chemotherapy-naïve patients age 70 years or older with stage IIIB/IV NSCLC and performance status 2 or lower were eligible. Patients randomly received docetaxel 60 mg/m2 (day 1) or vinorelbine 25 mg/m2 (days 1 and 8) every 21 days for four cycles. The primary end point was overall survival. Overall disease-related symptom improvement was assessed using an eight-item questionnaire. Results In total, 182 patients were enrolled. Median age was 76 years (range, 70 years to 86 years). There was no statistical difference in median overall survival with docetaxel versus vinorelbine (14.3 months v 9.9 months; hazard ratio, 0.780; 95% CI, 0.561 to 1.085; P = .138). There was a significant difference in median progression-free survival (5.5 months v 3.1 months; P < .001). Response rates were also significantly improved with docetaxel versus vinorelbine (22.7% v 9.9%; P = .019). The most common grade 3 to 4 toxicities were neutropenia (82.9% for docetaxel; 69.2% for vinorelbine; P = .031) and leukopenia (58.0% for docetaxel; 51.7% for vinorelbine). Other toxicities were mild and generally well tolerated. Docetaxel improved overall disease-related symptoms over vinorelbine (odds ratio, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.09 to 3.20). Conclusion Docetaxel improved progression-free survival, response rate, and disease-related symptoms versus vinorelbine. Overall survival was not statistically significantly improved at this time. Docetaxel monotherapy may be considered as an option in the standard treatment of elderly patients with advanced NSCLC.
Phase II Trial of Tipifarnib in Patients With Recurrent Malignant Glioma Either Receiving or Not Receiving Enzyme-Inducing Antiepileptic Drugs: A North American Brain Tumor Consortium Study
Authors: Cloughesy Timothy F. , Wen Patrick Y. , Robins H. Ian , Chang Susan M. , Groves Morris D. , Fink Karen L. , Junck Larry , Schiff David , Abrey Lauren , Gilbert Mark R. , Lieberman Frank , Kuhn John , DeAngelis Lisa M. , Mehta Minesh , Raizer Jeff J. , Yung W.K. Alfred , Aldape Ken , Wright John , Lamborn Kathleen R. , Prados Michael D. 
Published: July 2006

Purpose A phase II study was undertaken in patients with recurrent malignant glioma to determine the efficacy and safety of tipifarnib, a farnesyltransferase inhibitor, dosed at the respective maximum-tolerated dose (MTD) for patients receiving and not receiving enzyme-inducing antiepileptic drugs (EIAEDs). Because tipifarnib undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism, MTD is doubled in patients on EIAEDs. The population included 67 patients with glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) and an exploratory group of 22 patients with anaplastic glioma (AG). Patients and Methods Patients received tipifarnib (300 and 600 mg bid for 21 days every 4 weeks in non-EIAED and EIAED patients, respectively). All patients were assessable for efficacy and safety. Results Two AG patients (9.1%) and eight GBM patients (11.9%) had progression-free survival (PFS) more than 6 months. Among the latter eight GBM patients, six of 36 patients (16.7%; 95% CI, 7% to 32%) were not receiving EIAEDs and two of 31 patients (6.5%; 95% CI, 1% to 20%) were receiving EIAEDs. Four patients had partial responses in group A GBM and one patient had a partial response group B GBM. An exploratory comparison of PFS between GBM groups A and B was statistically significant (P = .01). Patients not receiving EIAEDs had a higher incidence and increased severity of hematologic events. However, the incidence and severity of rash (the previously determined dose-limiting toxicity in patients receiving EIAEDs) seemed similar in EIAED and non-EIAED subgroups. Conclusion Tipifarnib (300 mg bid for 21 days every 4 weeks) shows modest evidence of activity in patients with recurrent GBM who are not receiving EIAEDs and is generally well tolerated in this population.
Origin and Identity of Adrenocortical Tumors in Inhibin Knockout Mice: Implications for Cellular Plasticity in the Adrenal Cortex
Authors: Looyenga Brendan D. , Hammer Gary D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInhibin knockout (Inha−/−) mice develop gonadal sex-cord tumors and—when gonadectomized—adrenocortical tumors. Previous reports demonstrated that adrenocortical tumors from Inha−/− mice produce estrogen and depend on gonadotropin signaling for initiation. Here we show that, in addition to producing estrogen, the adrenocortical tumors display a global change in cellular identity, composed of two unique cell types expressing differing arrays of genes normally restricted to theca and granulosa cells of the ovary. Many of these genes are also induced in wild-type adrenals after gonadectomy or upon chronic gonadotropin stimulation, suggesting that the adrenal cortex normally contains a population of pluripotent cells that can be driven toward an adrenal or gonadal identity given the appropriate pituitary stimuli. A central feature of this altered cellular identity is the switch from predominant expression of Gata6 (endogenous to the adrenal cortex) to Gata4, which defines cellular identity in the ovary. We show that stable transfection of Gata4 in cultured adrenocortical cells is sufficient to activate ovarian-specific genes of both theca and granulose lineages. Spatial analysis of Gata4 expression reveals a distinct pattern of localization to the supcapsular region of the adrenal, which contains undifferentiated progenitor cells that continuously populate the adrenocortical zones. Although both wild-type and Inha−/− mice display this pattern, only Inha−/− mice produce tumors composed of these Gata4-positive cells. These data suggest that Inha−/− adrenocortical tumors cells are derived from pluripotent adrenocortical progenitor cells that adopt a gonadal fate due to the convergent loss of inhibin and chronic exposure to elevated gonadotropins.
Two-Dimensional Tool Design for Two-Dimensional Equilibrium Electrochemical Machining Die-Sinking Using a Numerical Method
Authors: McClennan J , Alder G , Sherlock A , Mill F , Clifton D 
Published: July 2006

Electrochemical machining (ECM) can be defined as controlled electrolytic anodic erosion. ECM can machine hard alloys and metals with tools of softer metals, without affecting either workpiece microstructure or surface properties. There is no tool wear owing to a lack of tool/workpiece contact. The ECM medium between the tool and workpiece is electrically conductive, causing the finished workpiece geometry to vary from the tool and not to become a direct inverse of the tool shape. The characteristics of the workpiece material can also affect shape transfer, increasing the difficulty of designing and simulating ECM tools. At present, ECM tool design in industry is a trial-and-error process that can be prohibitively time-consuming. Automated design and simulation procedures are, therefore, desirable. This paper describes a computational approach to ECM tool design for two-dimensional cases based on the solution of a set of ordinary differential equations in a basis function format that are based on the electric field during the ECM process. This method has a number of advantages. It allows for the use of geometric representations of the tool and workpiece, such as B-Splines and Bèzier curves. This enables easy integration with most current computer-aided design software. It is also possible more easily to design and simulate tools for non-ideal machining conditions, where parameters such as electrolyte conductivity vary with the ECM cell. Above all, this method can design tools directly for the ECM process, given a particular workpiece shape without iterative methods. Computational trials have been carried out and compared with the results of an experimentally validated model. These showed that the method was effective for tool design under ideal machining conditions and was easier to use for non-ideal condition modelling.
Photoelectric Behavior of Sublimed Films of Phenothiazine Derivatives
Authors: Yoshida Sadamu , Kozawa Kozo , Sato Naoki , Uchida Tokiko 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The energy structures and photoelectric behavior of sandwich-type organic photocells, configurations of which are Au/benzo[b]phenothiazine/Al, Al/dibenzo[a,h]phenothiazine/In, Al/dibenzo[a,j]phenothiazine/In, and Au/triphenodithiazine/Al, are investigated. The electrical and photovoltaic measurements show that the blocking contacts are formed at the pigments/Al interfaces in these four cells. These experimental results are consistent with the proposed energy band structures of the cells, which are estimated on the basis of the experimental results of ultraviolet photoelectron spectra and the threshold values in photocurrent action spectra.
Charge-Transfer Complexation in Aqueous Polyelectrolyte Solution. II. Interaction between Polycations and CT Complexes
Authors: Itaya Tomoyuki , Kawabata Yoshiya , Ochiai Hiroshi , Ueda Kazuyoshi , Imamura Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The CT complexation between 9,10-dimethoxyanthracene-2-sulfonate ion (DMACS−; donor) and 9,10-anthraquinone-2-sulfonate ion (AQS−; acceptor) has been studied in aqueous solution of poly(1,1-dimethyl-3,5-dimethylenepiperidinium chloride) (PDDP+Cl−). In aqueous PDDP+Cl− solution, both DMACS− and AQS− are electrostatically bound to the polyion and the CT complex between them is formed around the polyion due to the close proximity of DMACS−–AQS− pairs. By comparing the CT complexation in aqueous PDDP+Cl− solution with that in aqueous poly(allylammonium chloride) (PAAH+Cl−) solution studied previously, the effects of the charge density of the polyion, the structure of charged groups on the polyion and the local conformation of the polyion upon the CT complexation have been clarified. A plausible structure of the CT complex has been determined so as to satisfy the symmetry-allowed interaction between the HOMO of DMACS− and the LUMO of AQS−. The CT complex interacts more strongly with the polyion than Cl− and the decrease in the viscosity of the polymer (the contraction of the polymer chain) is more effectively caused by the CT complexation. Moreover, the strength of the association (stacking interaction) of aromatic counterions (DMACS−, AQS−) including the CT complexation affects the binding of these counterions to the polyion.
Thermal Membrane Potential across Anion-Exchange Membranes in Various Electrolyte Solutions and the Transported Entropy of Ions
Authors: Hanaoka Kokichi , Kiyono Ryotaro , Tasaka Masayasu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The thermal membrane potential cell with solution inlet channels was constructed from two blocks of poly(methyl methacrylate). Using the cell the thermal membrane potentials across anion-exchange membranes Aciplex A-201, A-211, and A-221, and Neosepta AM-1 were observed in inorganic electrolytes: KF, KCl, KI, KNO3, KClO3, and KIO3, and in organic electrolytes: HCOONa, CH3COONa, CH3COOK, and C6H5COONa. The thermal membrane potential Δψ across the anion-exchange membrane was always positive at the cold solution side. The temperature coefficient of the thermal membrane potential per unit temperature difference Δψ/ΔT is proportional to the logarithmic activities of the ions and the slope of this plot was R/F in the range of ideal permselectivity for the counterions except Aciplex A-221. The transported entropies of the counterions in the membrane were estimated by combining data for the thermal membrane potential, thermoosmosis, and electroosmosis. For all types of membranes, both terms of water and ions in the thermal membrane potential increased with the increasing of the friction coefficient of ions.
Total Inhibition of the Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Au(111) by Copper Adlayers in Sulfuric Acid Solution
Authors: Abe Takayuki , Miki Youichiro , Itaya Kingo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The influence of an underpotentially deposited adlayer of copper on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) at Au(111) has been studied in a 0.05 M H2SO4 solution using hanging meniscus rotating disk voltammetry. The total inhibition of the ORR was found after the formation of the first Cu adlayer. Two possible structures for the Cu adlayer on Au(111) take into account inhibition of the ORR. The total inhibition observed in the present study can be explained by a honeycomb (√3 × √3)R30° structure, rather than a simple (√3 × √3)R30° Cu adlayer. A bridging two-site process (disproportionation reaction) is not expected to occur on the honeycomb Cu adlayer.
Binding of Local Anesthetic Tetracaine to Phospholipid Mixed Vesicles
Authors: Fukushima Kohsuke , Someya Masayuki , Shimozawa Ryosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We measured the binding isotherms of a local anesthetic, tetracaine, to dilauroylphosphatidic acid (DLPA) and dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) mixed vesicles along with their pure vesicles. The binding isotherms were constructed by the equilibrium dialysis method at different pH (5.5, 7.0, 8.0) at 35 °C. The binding isotherms were analyzed based on the equations combined with Langmuir and Hill-type isotherms, and the parameters characterizing the binding isotherms were evaluated. The thus-obtained binding parameters for pure vesicles well reproduce the binding isotherms for the mixed vesicles by taking account of the mixing ratios. This indicates that DLPA and DLPC also provide independent binding sites for tetracaine, as for previously reported dibucaine. The estimated values of the binding parameters for these two anesthetics, i.e., tetracaine and dibucaine, were compared in terms of the strength of the anesthetic action as well as the molecular structure.