bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Application and Results of the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (Mansa)
Authors: Priebe S. , Huxley P. , Knight S. , Evans S. 
Published: July 2007

Background Based on experiences and empirical evidence gained in studies using the Lancashire Quality of Life Profile (LQLP), the Manchester Short Assessment of Quality of Life (MANSA) has been developed as a condensed and slightly modified instrument for assessing quality of life. Its properties have been tested in a sample of community care patients. Method Fifty-five randomly selected patients on the Care Programme Approach were interviewed using the LQLP, the MANSA and the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale. Results Correlations between subjective quality of life scores on MANSA and LQLP were all 0.83 or higher (0.94 for the satisfaction mean score). Cronbach's alpha for satisfaction ratings was 0.74, and association with psychopathology was in line with results for LQLP as reported in the literature. Conclusions The MANSA is a brief instrument for assessing quality of life focusing on satisfaction with life as a whole and with life domains. Its psychometric properties appear satisfactory.
Dynamics of Individualized Treatment in an Institution for Defective Delinquents
Authors: Mack Leonard John 
Published: July 2007

1. The Classification Summary is the starting reference point for all subsequent judgments on the inmate while he is confined. 2. Integrated Staff function of the highest calibre is needed most after an inmate has begun his training program, not when he is starting it. Evaluation of development of the inmates must be done on an individual basis. 3. The Staff not only meets regularly with each inmate as a body, but members thereof are in constant, daily contact with the inmate population. 4. The Staff constantly strives to make trying institutional situations constructive elements in the inmate's prison experience. 5. An inmate's feelings, attitudes, and mental content are never glossed over or otherwise neglected. 6. Favorable discharge consideration is entertained when the inmate reaches the point where he gives reasonable promise of being able to behave in a manner that emphasizes his strengths, and minimizes his weaknesses. 7. Discharge should occur as soon as possible after Staff recommendation therefor. 8. Home and Sponsorship requirements are of value in planning community return of Defective Delinquents. Job requirement, on the other hand, is much less so.
Plans for a Research Institute
Authors: Clark C.H. 
Published: July 2007

Preliminary plans that led up to the organization of U. S. Institute were presented and discussed at the first conference (April, 30, 1930) of the original promoters of the movement: The Research Conference Committee of the American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists and the Textile Research Council. This revised copy of a paper prevented to that conference by C. H. Clark is believed to be an acourate summary of the plans and objectives of both promoting bodies. It is published as an introduction to future articles in this magazine, that are to explain the corporate structure and provisions of U. S. Institute, for the information of those who are not well acquainted with the beginnings and development of the Institute.
Combing Tests with Individual Wool Fleeces
Authors: Wilson J.F. 
Published: July 2007

The methods of measuring results of research into the problems of wool production have been largely restricted to measurements of the physical and chemical attributes of the single fibre. It has been customary to measure the fineness of wool by taking a mean of the diameters of single fibres, and to observe the length, breaking strength, and stretch by repeated operations on single fibres. Measurements of the fleece as a unit have been almost confined to recording greasy and clean weights. The experiment described in this paper was conducted in the hope of finding a new expression of results relating to the entire fleece which might be used in biological investigations of wool. It is published more as a record of results than an attempt to prove that the objective was reached. Combing tests on individual fleeces have not been reported previously. The results of the test indicate that it is not an easy problem to take a sufficient number of single fibre measurements to yield data in harmony with those obtained from the fleece as a whole. Several biologists have considered that the measurement of 100 fibres is sufficient to determine the mean diameter with satisfactory accuracy. The textile processes, however, involve the manipulation and study of fibres en masse, largely by rule-of-thumb methods. The results of the two methods of approach are not easily comparable. It is conceivable that the behavior of wool in some textile processes is not predictable from customary measurements of single fibres. Krais1 has shown that two wools of similar fineness, breaking load and extension at break may vary considerably in their adaptability for manufacturing purposes. Whether such differences should be studied from the standpoint of the individual fibre, the fleece as a whole, or a combination of the two, as was done in this experiment, remains for the future to disclose.
Use of the Polarizing Microscope in Cotton Classing
Authors: Pattee C.L. 
Published: July 2007

For some eighteen months the Pequot Mills, manufacturers of Pequot sheets and pillow cases, Salem, Mass., have been using the polarizing, microscope in their cotton classing for positive identification of the presence or absence of immature fibre. The same microscope, with the addition of a disc-micrometer for the eyepiece, is used to measure the ribbon-width or fineness of fibres. The purpose, results and technique are described by C. L. Pattee, Pequot Mills technician, in the October number of Textile World, and the article is reprinted here in large part. While admitting that this adaptation of scientific research is not perfect, the author states that it is a valuable aid to the cotton classer and buyer in evaluating the character of cotton. For suggestions leading to this practical application of the polarizing microscope the author gives credit to E. R. Schwarz, associate professor of textile engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and also prominently identified with U. S. Institute for Textile Research, Inc.
Silk Degumming
Authors: Walters Roy H. , Hougen O.A. 
Published: July 2007

The chemical properties of sericin are reviewed. When alkalies or soap react upon sericin a progressive degradation of the sericin particle takes place in solution after the sericin leaves the silk. The grams of sericin combining with one gram equivalent of soap or alkali when a point of equivalence is attained in solution may be expressed by the equation B = — 1000 log10R — 2180 where B is the binding weight of sericin R is the initial ratio of gram equivalents of total soap or alkali per gram of total sericin initially present. This same relationship holds for solutions of sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium silicate and sodium, oleate for values of B from 140 to 2100, the experimental range. The point of equivalence is taken as neutrality with phenolphthalein when the sericin solution is titrated with standard sodium hydroxide or sulphuric acid in a 40% alcoholic solution. At this point of equivalence sodium-sericin still possesses degumming power so that the values of B just noted do not apply to the binding weight or sericin as it is just removed from the silk.
The Deterioration of Silks by Light of Different Wave-Lengths
Authors: Bruner Esther , Goehring Mina 
Published: July 2007

The effect of light rays of different wave lengths upon certain unweighted and weighted silk fabrics is discussed. Specimens of each silk were exposed to the entire spectrum given by an S-1 Sun Lamp and to limited regions of the spectrum. Glass filters were used to filter out the undesired rays. Tensile strengths of specimens after exposure to light rays were compared with those before exposure in order to determine the deterioration taking place. X-ray diffraction patterns of the silks were made. Lead-weighted silk gave a typical powder pattern; 50 % tin-weighted silk gave slight evidence of fibreing; 43% tin-weighted gave a much stronger fibre pattern. Diagrams of the unweighted silk before exposure to the light source and after exposure to the entire spectrum appeared similar, but photometric analysis indicated that exposure of silk to light results in a decrease in fibre orientation causing the long fibre are to expand toward the character of a powder pattern.
Micro-Determination of Cotton Fibre Maturity in Polarized Light
Authors: Schwarz E.R. , Hotte G.H. 
Published: July 2007

Recent work described by Pattee1 and based on previous findings by Schwarz 2 and Herzog 3 has evoked a certain amount of comment and criticism. In this brief discussion, therefore, certain data are presented in support of the method proposed by Pattee and in some measure an amplification and clarification of his technique. It is shown that the determination of the degree of maturity of a sample of cotton by means of polarized light has certain advantages over the older swelling technique described by Clegg4 and recommended by the United States Department of Agriculture and the American Society for Testing Materials. It is also shown that the fibres selected by means of their characteristic behavior in the polarizing microscope have cross-sections which are definitely separable by measurement and appearance into distinct groups. Further, it is demonstrated that the wall thickness of the smallest cotton fibre (Sea Island) in the mature state is greater than the wall thickness of either the fully immature or the partially immature fibres of the coarsest type (Indian). Thus the objection to the polarized light method raised by certain workers, namely that the technique will not allow of distinguishing between a small-diameter mature fibre and a large-diameter immature fibre, is shown to be unfounded.
Silk Fibroin Dispergation
Authors: Kise Mearl A. 
Published: July 2007

By means of specially developed techniques for using the glass clectrode, the ninhydrin test and the method for the determination of amide nitrogen, several properties, including the isoelectric points, the acid-base titration curves, the amide nitrogen, amino nitrogen, and the specific rotations of a number of samples of regenerated fibroin were compared. The samples which had been dispersed in lithium bromide solution, resorcinol, hydrochloric acid or alkaline glycerol copper sulfate solution, representing the various types advocated in, practice, were compared with untreated samples under exactly the same conditions. The following conclusions were reached: 1. Regenerated fibroin, obtained from the solutions mentioned, had essentially the same chemical characteristics as undispergated fibroin. This result was in agreement with that of Abderhalden and Brackman.23 These investigators reported no change in the particle size of fibroin exposed to lithium bromide solutions various lengths of time and at various temperatures. This conclusion also gave further credence to the work of von Weimarn in which, under proper spinning conditions, regenerated fibres were obtained having a tensile strength as high as that of the original fibres. 2. The exposure of silk fibres to the action of water at temperatures as high, as 130° had a deteriorating effect upon the protein when the action was prolonged. A portion of the fibroin was decomposed, the fibres were weakened and became more easily disintegrated mechanically and more readily dispergated. These effects would be of use in the dispergation of the more difficultly dispersed silks, provided the decomposition which was produced was not sufficient to affect materially the physical properties of the resulting regenerated fibres. 3. In the regeneration of fibroin containing small amounts of decomposition products of the protein, there was a tendency for the protein decomposition products to remain dispersed unless the coagulation was very thorough. This is desirable in the respinning of silk fibres. 4. The titration curve for silk fibroin showed a large base combining power compared to the acid combining power. This is due, possibly, to the large number of acidic tyrosine hydroxyl groups present in fibroin. 5. The electrometric titration curves indicated an isoelectric point of about pH 3.2 for the silk fibroin of Italian yellow silk.
Rapid Microscopical Measurement of Diameters in Cross-Section
Authors: Mennerich Fred A. 
Published: July 2007

Horizontal micro-projection of the cross-sectional image on. to a vertical ground glass screen presents a method whereby a representative field can be measured systematically. The shadow of a coördinate scale is superimposed without magnification upon the same ground glass screen. The observer sits behind the screen; therefore shadows cast by his body do not blot out part of the projected image. By means of a transparent scale, which has special rulings on it that are at right angles to cach other, both the minor and major diameters of a fibre in cross-section can be measured directly in microns with one setting of the scale. Only five minutes are required to measure 100 fibres. The use of a bundle sizer is described for obtaining the same number of fibres. This instrument is intended for use with metal cross-sectioning plates and facilitates making of the same size sections.
Formaldehyde as a Protective Agent for Wool
Authors: Barr Florence , Edgar Rachel 
Published: July 2007

1. The degradation of a formaldehyde-wool, in one hour at 100° C. by 50 volumes of water, 0.25, 0.50 or 0.75 N hydrochloric acid, in 10 hours at 25° C. by 50 volumes of water or 6 N acid, in 10 hours at 40° C. by 50 volumes of water, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20, 0.30 or 0.40 N sodium hydroxide, and in five minutes at 15° C. by 50 volumes of 38% sodium hydroxide, has been measured by the weight, nitrogen, total sulfur, sulfate sulfur, wet strength and elongation at breaking load of the residual keratin after rinsing. 2. The formaldehyde-wool lost the same weight, four % less nitrogen, and 17% more sulfur than the wool during one hour at 100° C. in 0.75 N acid. In 0.25 N acid the wool lost 88% and the formaldehyde-wool 56% in wet strength ; at 0.5 N these values were 100 and 75. 3. The percentage losses by wool (a) and formaldehyde-wool (b) after 10 hours at 40° C. in 6 N acid were: Weight (a, 5 ; b, 1.4), nitrogen (a, 5; b, 1), total sulfur (a, 0; b, 11), wet strength (a, 75 ; b, 50). 4. Residues of the formaldehyde-wool from 10 hours' treatment in dilute alkali at 40° C. were nearly constant in total nitrogen, greater in weight than those of wool, and of a measurable wet strength at 0.2 N, a concentration four times that beyond which the untreated fabric failed. The non-sulfate sulfur of the residual formaldehyde-wool, a decreasing logarithmic function of the concentration of alkali, y = axB, coincided with that of wool at 0.05 and 0.1 N alkali. 5. The percentage losses of non-sulfate sulfur, weight, and wet strength in concentrated sodium hydroxide were the same for the formaldehyde-treated as for the untreated wool ; the total nitrogen of the formaldehyde-wool was not changed by mercerization.
Microbiology of Textile Fibres
Authors: Prindle Bryce 
Published: July 2007

1. As measured by means of bacterial counts on nutrient agar plates, there was no increase in the number of molds in a single series of samples incubated at relaat relative humidities of 70 to 95% at 25° C. 2. As measured by means of plate counts on Czapek's solution agar, there was a marked increase in the number of molds in a single series of samples incubated at relative humidities of 82 to 95%. 3. Of the many varied types present in the original myco-flora of the samples, only the Penicillia and Aspergilli grew over the range of humidities from 82 to 95% as evidenced by counts on Czapek's solution. agar. A single exception was noted in. the case of the sample incubated at 95% B.H., a large number of Actinomycetes being observed on nutrient agar plates made for counting bacterial flora.
Load-Versus-Compression Characteristics in Gelatins and Allied Sizing Materials
Authors: Saxl Irving J. 
Published: July 2007

In view of the importance of taking load-versus-compression characteristics on gelatins and other textile auxiliaries, a precision instrument has been developed with which it is possible to make such tests with an accuracy of four significant figures. The instrument described permits the quantitative determination of load-versus-compression characteristics during loading as well as unloading, the investigation of the time factor, of elastic hysteresis, and fatigue, phenomena, as well as the jell strength within gelatins, sizes and the like.
The Acetylation of Silk Fibroin by the Action of Ketene. Part II
Authors: Carr Edward 
Published: July 2007

1. The study of the behavior of ketene towards silk fibroin has been continued. 2. The rate of absorption of ketene by fibroin increases with rise of temperature, and with increase of the concentration of ketene exposed to the fibre. 3. That ketene combines with the phenolic group of typosine, and the free α-amino groups in fibroin is evidenced by the failure of completely ketenized silk to respond to the characteristic Millon and Ninhydrin tests of protein respectively. 4. More ketene is absorbed by fibroin than can be accounted for by addition only in the known. phenolic and free amino groups. The results of acetyl analyses of fibroin, saturated with ketene, indicate the presence of other unidentified groupings in the protein molecule capable of combining with ketene. 5. The degree of acetylation of degummed silk fibroin reaches a maximum or limiting value of about 7% of acetyl groups. 6. Exhaustive treatment of silk fibroin with ketone gas produces a tan coloration of the fibre.
Problems Which Abrasion and Wear Testing Present
Authors: Ball Herbert J. 
Published: July 2007

This is Part II of a paper read by Prof. Ball, who is Chairman of Committee D-13 of the American Society for Testing Materials, at the Papers Session of that Committee held in New York City, Oct. 21, 1937. Part I was devoted to a description of the mechanical features, and essential information as to the operation of a selected, list of 11 abrasion and wear testing machines. Part I was published in the December, 1937, Bulletin of the A. S. T. M.
Specifications of Test Samples Should be Complete and Accurate
Authors: Mereness Harry A. 
Published: July 2007

It is urged that in all tests and researches having to do with finished. broad goods, four kinds of information, now frequently omitted, be furnished: 1. Yarn sizes. 2. Weight in ounces per square yard. 3. Breaking strength by both the "grab" and the "raveled strip" methods. 4. Yarn resistance to slippage.
Silk Wax and Certain Physical Properties of Raw Silk
Authors: Bergmann Werner 
Published: July 2007

The ether-soluble fraction of a series of samples of raw silk has been determined. It has been expressed in terms of the E. S. No., which designates the number of milligrams of ether-soluble material obtainable from a 10 g. sample of silk. The E. S. Numbers of the silks which have been investigated fall between 30 and 100. The average E. S. No. is 55. There exists no apparent relation between the E. S. No. and the nature, boil-off, tenacity, elongation, cohesion and resistance to friction of raw silk. The wetting properties of raw and dewaxed silk have been compared by means of the sinking test. It was found that in general removal of the wax reduces the sinking time from many seconds or even several minutes to a fraction of a second.
Effect of Size and Size Application on the Properties of Continuous . Filament Viscose Rayon
Authors: Yelland William E. 
Published: July 2007

The operation of slashing is complex, involving a number of factors. These factors may be grouped roughly into two classes: (1) chemical, (2) physical or mechanical. The chemical factors are those involving the nature of the sizing material and the softener used in the size mix. They are responsible for the stiffness and the co— hesion of the sized, warp yarns. These propertie,s appear, in the cases studied so far, to be closely related. On the other hand, the mechanical factor.s are concerned with the mechanical abuse to which the yarn is subjected before and during slashing. They are mainly responsible for the residual elongation which the sized yarn possesses. Although the breaking strength of the yarn is usually in— creased by sizing, this increase in strength is not proportional to the amount of size on the yarn.
The Plasticity of Wool
Authors: le Roux P.L. , Speakman J.B. 
Published: July 2007

The variations in plasticity among the fibers of a single staple of wool have been shown to be associated with variations in swelling in water and in 100% formic acid; as a rule, fibers with the lowest plasticity (primary follicles) show the least swelling, and fibers with the highest hest plasticity (secondary follicles) the greatest swelling. In the great majority of cases such differences of plasticity and swelling do not seem to be governed by difference in sulfur content, i.e., in the degree of cross-linking with cystine. They are, however, dependent on the relative proportions of accessible (amorphous) and inaccessible (crystalline) material in the fibers, the proportions of accessible material being deduced from the gain in dry weight of the fibers after exposure to D2O. Fibers showing the highest plasticity and swelling contain the greatest proportion of accessible material, and vice versa. Further, fibers of high plasticity contain more tyrosine than fibers of low plasticity, suggesting that the bulky side chains of tyrosine are one cause of main chain disorder in wool, just as in the case of silk. The above observations have an important bearing on the assessment of wool quality. Using 20 Cape merino wools, which had been classified as good, ordinary, or common in quality by expert appraisers in South Africa, it has been shown that the good quality wools have the highest plasticity, even when comparison is restricted to groups of fibers of similar thickness. Since the behavior of wool at various stages of processing is de termined to some extent at least by the plasticity of the fibers, and since there is no necessary connection between plasticity and fineness of fiber, it must be concluded that the quality of wool cannot be defined in terms of dimensional characteristics alone. Not until breeding policy is based on knowledge of the substance of fibers as well as of their dimensions can there be any precise and effective link between the producer and user of wool.