bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pentachlorphenol migration from treated wood exposed to simulated rainfall
Authors: Simonsen John , Chen Hua , Morrell Jeffrey J. , Freitag Camille , Clauson Milo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The leaching of toxins from treated wood poses an, as yet, poorly quantified risk to both plant and animal life. In particular, the leaching of pentachlorophenol (PCP) into rainwater falling on treated wood over aquatic environments, such as bridges, is understudied. Computer models have been developed which predict the leaching of creosote from marine pilings. If data were available, similar models could be developed for PCP-treated bridges and the risk to waterways determined for various structural designs. Providing such data is the objective of this study, where the migration of PCP from treated wood under the influence of simulated rainfall was studied using a simulation system that delivered uniform rainfall rates over-treated wood. The runoff from the treated wood was captured and analyzed with high resolution gas chromatography combined with low resolution mass spectrometry. PCP migrated from treated wood into rainwater runoff at a fairly constant rate of approximately 0.15 g l-1 m-2. Small non-significant deviations were observed with rainfall rate, time, and temperature. We suggest that PCP migration rates from exposed treated wood can be modeled and thereby predict the migration of PCP from this source into the environment.
Monolignol dehydrogenative polymerization in vitro in the presence of dioxane and a methylated β-β′ dimer model compound
Authors: Holmgren Anders , Zhang Liming , Henriksson Gunnar 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Lignin formation is believed to occur by polymerization of resonance-stabilized monolignol radicals formed by enzymatic oxidation. Recently, different hypotheses suggested that lignin polymerization is influenced by surfaces in the cell wall which can be polysaccharides or proteins. The latter is called the proteinaceous dirigent sites/template polymerization hypothesis. According to another hypothesis, lignin itself is believed to act as a template and replicate its primary structure. In this work, dehydrogenative polymerization (DHP) of the lignin precursor coniferyl alcohol was performed in vitro in the presence and absence of pinoresinol dimethyl ether (a β-β′ dimer model). Another peculiarity of the experiments was the presence of dioxane which afforded a high solubility of the reactants. The question was whether the presence of β-β′ dimer model would change the structure of the DHP formed. The DHPs were analyzed by quantitative 13C NMR, GC-FID, and GC-MS. The dimer model as a template in the homogeneous polymerization state (in solution) did not influence the DHP structure.
A Human Type 1 Diabetes Susceptibility Locus Maps to Chromosome 21q22.3
Authors: Concannon Patrick , Onengut-Gumuscu Suna , Todd John A. , Smyth Deborah J. , Pociot Flemming , Bergholdt Regine , Akolkar Beena , Erlich Henry A. , Hilner Joan E. , Julier Cécile , Morahan Grant , Nerup Jørn , Nierras Concepcion R. , Chen Wei-Min , Rich Stephen S. ,   the Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium
Published: July 2008

OBJECTIVE— The Type 1 Diabetes Genetics Consortium (T1DGC) has assembled and genotyped a large collection of multiplex families for the purpose of mapping genomic regions linked to type 1 diabetes. In the current study, we tested for evidence of loci associated with type 1 diabetes utilizing genome-wide linkage scan data and family-based association methods.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— A total of 2,496 multiplex families with type 1 diabetes were genotyped with a panel of 6,090 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Evidence of association to disease was evaluated by the pedigree disequilibrium test. Significant results were followed up by genotyping and analyses in two independent sets of samples: 2,214 parent-affected child trio families and a panel of 7,721 case and 9,679 control subjects.
RESULTS— Three of the SNPs most strongly associated with type 1 diabetes localized to previously identified type 1 diabetes risk loci: INS, IFIH1, and KIAA0350. A fourth strongly associated SNP, rs876498 (P = 1.0 × 10−4), occurred in the sixth intron of the UBASH3A locus at chromosome 21q22.3. Support for this disease association was obtained in two additional independent sample sets: families with type 1 diabetes (odds ratio [OR] 1.06 [95% CI 1.00–1.11]; P = 0.023) and case and control subjects (1.14 [1.09–1.19]; P = 7.5 × 10−8).
CONCLUSIONS— The T1DGC 6K SNP scan and follow-up studies reported here confirm previously reported type 1 diabetes associations at INS, IFIH1, and KIAA0350 and identify an additional disease association on chromosome 21q22.3 in the UBASH3A locus (OR 1.10 [95% CI 1.07–1.13]; P = 4.4 × 10−12). This gene and its flanking regions are now validated targets for further resequencing, genotyping, and functional studies in type 1 diabetes.
A Longitudinal Evaluation of Restraint Reduction within a Multi-site, Multi-model Canadian Continuing Care Organization
Authors: Milke Doris L. , Kendall T. Scott , Neumann Iris , Wark Connie F. , Knopp Alana 
Published: July 2008

RÉSUMÉBien que la documentation américaine sur la réduction de l'usage des moyens de contention soit relativement importante, les travaux de recherche publiés sur cette même question sont moins nombreux sur les pensionnaires d'un établissement canadien de soins de longue durée. Les statistiques des plus importants établissements de ce type financés et exploités au Canada ont mis au jour des attitudes révélatrices envers les moyens mécaniques de contention. Durant les quatre années d'une étude comportant une campagne visant à réduire l'utilisation de moyens mécaniques de contention, la prévalence organisationnelle est passée de 24,68 % à 16,01 %. Il existait une variabilité substantielle en matière de contention parmi les 11 centres de l'organisation (échelle de 0 à 39,86 % des pensionnaires faisant l'objet de contention) et tous sauf un ont pu réduire la contention mécanique. Des facilitateurs particuliers à la réalisation et au maintien de la réduction de la contention sont indiqués, notamment les établissements de petite taille, la fourniture de soins spécialisés (par ex., maladie d'Alzheimer), et un «champion» résidant sur place. Des obstacles particuliers, comme la grande taille d'un établissement et un champion résidant à l'extérieur font aussi l'objet de discussion.
Assessment of Cell Viability in Primary Neuronal Cultures
Authors: Aras Mandar A. , Hartnett Karen A. , Aizenman Elias 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis unit contains five protocols for assaying cell viability in vitro using primary neuronal cultures, including a novel method for use with transfected neurons. Three of the assays are based on the principle that cell death cascades alter membrane permeability. The lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assay measures the amount of the cytoplasmic enzyme released into the bathing medium, while the trypan blue and propidium iodide assays measure the ability of cells to exclude dye from their cytoplasm. The 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay measures the mitochondrial activity of viable cells by quantifying the conversion of the tetrazolium salt to its formazan product. Finally, the fifth assay details the measurement of luciferase expression as an indication of neuronal viability within a relatively small population of transfected neurons. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 44:7.18.1‐7.18.15. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Majchrowicz Binge Alcohol Protocol: An Intubation Technique to Study Alcohol Dependence in Rats
Authors: Faingold Carl L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractBinge drinking of alcohol is an important public health issue, and experimental studies are needed to understand the pathophysiological mechanisms of this problem and develop improved approaches to treatment. This unit presents a validated and widely used method to model binge alcohol drinking in rats. It consists of three daily intragastric administrations of ethanol to rats for 4 days. Ethanol is initially administered at 5 g/kg, and then each subsequent dose is determined based on the degree of intoxication the rat exhibits prior to each dose. The behavior of the animal is graded based on a well‐described scale. After the fourth day, various aspects of the ethanol withdrawal syndrome can be observed over a predictable time course and additional protocols can be employed to study mechanisms of specific aspects of withdrawal and treatments to prevent them. One specific behavior observed during ethanol withdrawal and described here is sound‐induced (audiogenic) convulsive seizure. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 44:9.28.1‐9.28.12. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunoblotting and Immunodetection
Authors: Gallagher Sean , Winston (tank transfer systems) Scott E. , Fuller (tank transfer systems) Steven A. , Hurrell (tank transfer systems; reversible staining of prote John G.R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractImmunoblotting (western blotting) is used to identify specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. This unit provides protocols for all steps, starting with solubilization of the protein samples, usually by means of SDS and reducing agents. Following solubilization, the material is separated by SDS‐PAGE and the antigens are electrophoretically transferred to a membrane, a process that can be monitored by reversible staining with Ponceau S. The transferred proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, providing access to immunodetection reagents. After nonspecific binding sites are blocked, the membrane is probed with the primary antibody and washed. The antibody‐antigen complexes are tagged with horseradish peroxidase or alkaline phosphatase coupled to a secondary anti‐IgG antibody, and detected using appropriate chromogenic or luminescent substrates. Finally, membranes may be stripped and reprobed. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 83:10.8.1‐10.8.28. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Production of Monoclonal Antibody Supernatant and Ascites Fluid
Authors: Yokoyama Wayne M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis unit details methods for production of monoclonal antibodies. Two methods are given for production of hybridoma supernatants, including one for large‐scale production. A protocol for large‐scale production of hybridomas or cell lines is presented for use in isolation of cellular proteins. Finally, a method is given for producing and obtaining mouse ascites fluid containing monoclonal antibody. Recommendations developed by the Committee on Methods of Producing Monoclonal Antibodies (Institute of Laboratory Animal Research, National Research Council) on the use of animals for producing monoclonal antibodies are also discussed. These recommendations are designed to foster the judicious use of animals and to strongly encourage the use of in vitro methods whenever possible. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 83:11.10.1‐11.10.10. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Morpholinos to Control Gene Expression
Authors: Moulton Jon D. , Yan Yi‐Lin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMorpholino oligonucleotides are stable, uncharged, water‐soluble molecules that bind to complementary sequences of RNA, thereby inhibiting mRNA processing, read‐through, and protein binding at those sites. Morpholinos are typically used to inhibit translation of mRNA, splicing of pre‐mRNA, and maturation of miRNA, although they can also inhibit other interactions between biological macromolecules and RNA. Morpholinos are effective, specific, and lack non‐antisense effects. They work in any cell that transcribes and translates RNA. However, unmodified Morpholinos do not pass well through plasma membranes and must therefore be delivered into the nuclear or cytosolic compartment to be effective. Morpholinos form stable base pairs with complementary nucleic acid sequences but apparently do not bind to proteins to a significant extent. They are not recognized by proteins and do not undergo protein‐mediated catalysis; nor do they mediate RNA cleavage by RNase H or the RISC complex. This work focuses on techniques and background for using Morpholinos. Curr. Protoc. Mol. Biol. 83:26.8.1‐26.8.29. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Oligonucleotide Microarrays for Clinical Diagnosis of Copy Number Variation
Authors: Miller David T. , Shen Yiping , Wu Bai‐Lin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDetection of genomic copy number variation is now considered the standard of care in the evaluation of children with developmental delay, and is used for other clinical indications such as multiple congenital anomalies and autism spectrum disorders. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was the first molecular method for detection of submicroscopic genomic copy number variation, but microarray based comparative genomic hybridization (array CGH) offers several advantages as an adjunct to traditional cytogenetic methods such as karyotype and FISH. This unit focuses on oligonucleotide arrays, but includes background information on basic differences between oligonucleotide arrays and bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) arrays. Array sensitivity is influenced by probe coverage or density, probe location, and choice of oligo array formats (i.e., targeted versus whole genome). Array platform influences the likelihood of detecting variants of unknown significance. Clinical interpretation of such variants is discussed. Curr. Protoc. Hum. Genet. 58:8.12.1‐8.12.17. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Construction and Screening of Antigen Targeted Immune Yeast Surface Display Antibody Libraries
Authors: Miller Keith D. , Pefaur Noah B. , Baird Cheryl L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThese protocols describe a yeast surface display–based process for the rapid selection of antibodies from immunized mice, eliminating the need for creating and screening hybridoma fusions. A yeast surface display library of single‐chain antibody fragments (scFvs) is created from antigen‐binding B cells from the splenocytes of immunized mice. The antigen targeted library is then screened for antigen specific scFv by magnetic‐activated cell sorting (MACS) and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS). Library construction and screening can be accomplished in as little as 2 weeks, resulting in a panel of scFvs specific for the target antigen. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 45:4.7.1‐4.7.30. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cell Proliferation Method: Click Chemistry Based on BrdU Coupling for Multiplex Antibody Staining
Authors: Cappella Paolo , Gasparri Fabio , Pulici Maurizio , Moll Jürgen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDetermination of incorporation of the thymidine analog 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) into DNA is a widely used method to analyze the cell cycle (see UNIT 7.7). However, DNA denaturation is required for BrdU detection with the consequence that most protein epitopes are destroyed and their immunocytochemical detection for multiplex analysis is not possible. A novel assay is presented for identifying cells in active S‐phase that does not require the DNA denaturation step but nevertheless detects BrdU. For this purpose, cells were pulsed for a short time by an alkenyl deoxyuridine (5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, EdU), which is incorporated into DNA. The nucleotide exposed ethynyl residue was then derivatized by a copper‐catalyzed cycloaddition reaction (“click chemistry” coupling) using a BrdU azide probe. The resulting DNA‐bound bromouracil moieties were then detected by commercial anti‐BrdU monoclonal antibodies without the need for a denaturation step. This method has been tested using several cell lines and is preferred over traditional BrdU detection since it is more sensitive and allows multicolor and multiplex analysis in FCM and imaging. Curr. Protoc. Cytom. 58:7.34.1‐7.34.13. © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Flow Cytometric FRET Analysis of ErbB Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Interaction
Authors: Diermeier‐Daucher Simone , Brockhoff Gero 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe homologous and heterologous interaction of members of the epidermal growth factor (EGF)–related receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) family (ErbB or HER family receptors) upon ligand binding is the initial key event in signal transduction by these receptors. In addition to the availability of their respective ligands, the relative expression level of the four ErbB receptors triggers receptor cross‐activation, which determines signal diversification and the cells' biological response. However, the function of ErbB receptors and their ligands appears highly complex, and its impact on cell growth and proliferation of normal and tumor cells is incompletely understood. Flow cytometric fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) measurements facilitate the quantitative analysis of receptor interaction. This unit delineates the cell‐by‐cell analysis of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR, ErbB1, HER1) and ErbB2 (HER2) receptor interaction in ErbB2‐overexpressing BT474 and SK‐BR‐3 breast cancer cell lines, using a dual‐laser flow cytometer. ReFlex software–based quantification of energy transfer efficiency (E) directly reflects the amount of receptor interaction. Curr. Protocol. Cytom. 45:12.14.1‐12.14.19. © 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Ozone Applications
Authors: Zaikov G.E. , Rakovsky S. , Anachkov M. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOzone applications are based on the powerful oxidative action of ozone. The ozonolysis of chemical and biochemical compounds, as a rule, takes place with high rates at low temperatures and activation energies. This result provides a basis for the development of novel and improved technologies, which find wide application in ecology, chemical, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, cellulose, paper and sugar industries, microelectronics, and many others. This article focuses on technologies for purification of waste gases, water and soils, manufacture of polymer and inorganic materials, cleanup and preparation of surfaces for electronics, superconductors, and more.
Electromyography (EMG), Surface
Authors: Merletti Roberto , Bonalo Paolo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractActivation of the muscle fibers that belong to a motor unit occurs via a nerve‐muscle synapse, the neuromuscular junction, which involves a specialized area in the muscle membrane named the end‐plate. When an action potential reaches this area traveling along a terminal branch of the axon of the motor neuron, acetylcholine is released at the neuromuscular junction and receptors in the end‐plate are activated, thus leading to the generation of an action potential that propagates along the muscle fiber. A single motor neuron action potential leads to synchronous activation of hundreds of muscle fibers. Recruitment of multiple motor units results in asynchronus muscle fiber action potentials. The propagation of depolarized zones along the muscle fibers, which corresponds to the muscle fiber action potentials, generates an electrical field that can be captured via electrodes positioned in the area surrounding the active muscle fibers. The detected electrical activity is named the electromyographic (EMG) signal.
The History and Practice of Biofeedback
Authors: Enck Paul , Klosterhalfen Sibylle , Merletti Roberto 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Individuals tend to increase the frequency of positively rewarded behaviors and to decrease the frequency of nonrewarded or punished behaviors. Biofeedback involves measuring a subject's physiological variable, such as blood pressure, heart rate, skin temperature, galvanic skin response, muscle force and/or electromyography (EMG) signals, and conveying such information to him/her in real time to raise his/her awareness and conscious control of the related physiological processes for the purpose of enhancing or relearning such processes.
By providing access to physiological information about which the user is generally unaware, biofeedback allows users to increase (or regain) control over physiological processes.
Cover Picture: New Material Solutions and Processes in Surface and Coating Technology (Adv. Eng. Mater. 7/2008)
Authors: Kaczorowski W. , Niedzielski P. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe cover shows the view of the carbon films deposited on AISI 316L steel. More details can be found in the article of W. Kaczorowski and P. Niedzielski on page 651.
Direkte Bindungen zwischen Metallatomen: Dimetallkomplexe von Zink, Cadmium und Quecksilber
Authors: Carmona Ernesto , Galindo Agustín 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDie Synthese und Charakterisierung von [Zn2(η5‐C5Me5)2], einer stabilen Molekülverbindung mit einer Zn‐Zn‐Bindung und das erste Beispiel einer Dimetallocen‐Struktur, öffnete ein neues Kapitel sowohl in der Organometallchemie des Zinks als auch in der Metallocenchemie. Die Existenz dieses Komplexes belegt, dass die [Zn‐Zn]2+‐Einheit – das leichteste Homologe des wohlbekannten [Hg‐Hg]2+‐Dikations innerhalb der Gruppe 12 – durch Liganden stabilisiert werden kann. Seit der Bestätigung dieser Struktur hat die Aktivität auf dem Gebiet in den vergangenen drei bis vier Jahren enorm zugenommen. So haben sich zahlreiche theoretische Studien mit den elektronischen, strukturellen und spektroskopischen Eigenschaften dieser und ähnlicher Verbindungen beschäftigt, große Anstrengungen galten auch der Synthese und röntgenkristallographischen Charakterisierung neuer Koordinations‐ und Organometallverbindungen des Zinks, Cadmiums und Quecksilbers mit direkten Metall‐Metall‐Bindungen. Dieser Kurzaufsatz gibt einen Überblick über die Aktivitäten auf diesem Gebiet während der vergangenen drei bis vier Jahre.
Direct Bonds Between Metal Atoms: Zn, Cd, and Hg Compounds with Metal–Metal Bonds
Authors: Carmona Ernesto , Galindo Agustín 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of [Zn2(η5‐C5Me5)2], a stable molecular compound with a ZnZn bond and the first example of a dimetallocene structure, has opened a new chapter in the organometallic chemistry of zinc and in metallocene chemistry. The existence of two directly bonded zinc atoms demonstrates that the [ZnZn]2+ unit, the lightest Group 12 homologue of the well‐known [HgHg]2+ ion, can be stabilized by appropriate ligands. Activity in this area has increased enormously in the few years since the determination of the structure of this molecule. Numerous theoretical studies have been devoted to the investigation of the electronic, structural, and spectroscopic properties of this and related compounds, and new metal–metal coordination and organometallic compounds of zinc, cadmium, and mercury have been synthesized and structurally characterized. This Minireview gives an overview of activity in this field during the past three to four years.
Beyond Prostaglandins—Chemistry and Biology of Cyclic Oxygenated Metabolites Formed by Free‐Radical Pathways from Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids
Authors: Jahn Ullrich , Galano Jean‐Marie , Durand Thierry 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are important constituents in all organisms. They fulfil many functions, ranging from modulating the structure of membranes to acting as precursors of physiologically important molecules, such as the prostaglandins, which for a long time were the most prominent cyclic PUFA metabolites. However, since the beginning of the 1990s a large variety of cyclic metabolites have been discovered that form under autoxidative conditions in vivo to a much larger extent than do prostaglandins. These compounds—isoprostanes, neuroprostanes, phytoprostanes, and isofurans—proved subsequently to be ubiquitous in nature. They display a wide range of biological activities, and isoprostanes have become the currently most reliable indicators of oxidative stress in humans. In a relatively short time, the structural variety, properties, and applications of the autoxidatively formed cyclic PUFA derivatives have been uncovered.