bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recommendations for the Development of a Residential Energy Standard
Authors: Cardenas TJ , McBride M , Barney G , Wilcox B , Johnson A 
Published: December 2008

In June 1983, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standards Committee appointed an ad hoc committee to revise Standard 90 for Residential Buildings. The charge to the ad hoc committee was to start the technical thinking process for the creation of a separate ASHRAE Standard 90 for residential buildings and to make recommendations to the ASHRAE Standards Committee as to how such a standard might best be produced.
This paper discusses the elements of the technical review process which included a quantitative assessment of the envelope requirements of American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE/Institute of Environmental Sciences (IES) Standard 90A-80 and comparisons between this standard and to the requirements of other standards and energy conservation guidelines.
During the review of Standard 90A-80, many requirements were identified that should be incorporated into the development of a new residential standard. In this regard, criteria for the technical and economic basis of a residential standard are outlined and discussed.
Finally, recommendations for the development of a methodology for producing a new data base for residential building envelopes, the means for updating the new data base in the future, new simpler compliance procedures, and more accurate trade-off compliance procedures are presented.
Prevention of Common Pitfalls Through Engineered Specifications and On-Site Review
Authors: Wartan WJ 
Published: December 2008

Poorly engineered specifications have a negative effect on thermal insulation systems. The availability, maintainability, and serviceability of piping and equipment are greatly affected by improper selection of thermal insulation materials and systems. System and equipment design criteria, that is, operating conditions including geographic, local, and environment, must be considered for each specific project.
The specification on file that was successfully used on a previous project at another time and at another location may not always be a wise choice. It is imperative that the manufacturer's literature be reviewed before insulation materials and accessories are specified, to preclude their use beyond the manufacturer's prescribed limits. Referencing of ASTM standards in the specification is a useful means of establishing a level of conformance and quality.
On-site reviews are a useful tool for review of the work and its conformance to the specification. The reviews must occur on a timely basis as the work progresses.
Provisions must be made to resolve problems that may arise because of construction restraints during the progress of the work. Close liaison with the insulation contractor will preclude guesswork and the resulting cost of rework.
Air Movements and the Thermal Performance of the Building Envelope
Authors: Bankvall CG 
Published: December 2008

Air movements will influence the thermal performance of the building envelope; to what degree will depend on the pressure situation in and around the structure, the permeability of the different materials, and the airtightness of joints between materials and building elements. In a multilayer structure with a high thermal resistance, different parts have different functions in order to protect against unwanted air flow and ensure airtightness.
Wind protection will give a degree of safety against air flow in the insulation, especially in situations involving large wind loads. Certain areas of the structure may be more sensitive and have a higher need for wind protection than others. In a similar way, the building envelope will be sensitive to air infiltration. The inside—that is, the vapor barrier, inside board, and joints—will greatly influence the air flow and the heat losses from the envelope.
Both types of increased heat losses from the building envelope (that due to air flow along the insulation and that due to air infiltration) will most influence envelopes with high thermal resistance. This type of envelope is typical of today's design in Scandinavia, and the results and discussions are related to this.
Measured Insulation Improvement Potential for Ten U.S. Army Buildings
Authors: Flanders SN 
Published: December 2008

As-built drawings and handbook calculations of R values are often inadequate bases for investment decisions regarding improved insulation of U.S. Army buildings. Reported field and laboratory experience indicates that a technique employing surface-mounted heat flux sensors (HFSs) in conjunction with infrared thermography (IRT) can yield reliable estimates of R values. This technique employs IRT to position HFSs and thermocouples at representative locations on walls and roofs or attics to acquire heat flow and temperature data for estimating R values. This paper reports on the application of this technique at Ft. Carson, Colorado, and Ft. Richardson, Alaska, to eight family housing units, a temporary office building, and a barracks.
Infrared thermography of these buildings detected few thermal anomalies, but measurement of several walls with HFSs and thermocouples (typically at six locations spaced vertically on each wall) revealed significant variation in estimated R values; this variation is attributable to convection, even within fully insulated walls. This is significant for proper placement of sensors and indicates that installed fibrous insulation can lack the ability to quell convection. The insulating ability of walls containing poorly installed mineral fiber batt insulation was much worse than would be indicated by the design handbook values. Some attic insulation performed exactly as expected; some was at least 40% worse than expected.
Plotted curves using the life-cycle cost assumptions required by the U.S. Army's Energy Conservation Investment Program show the budget necessary for each level of insulation improvement to break even over a 15-year economic life. At Ft. Carson, filling empty stud cavities in brick veneer construction to an overall R value of 13 would warrant an investment of about $17.6 per square metre ($1.63 per square foot). A contractor estimates that the actual cost would be only $4.5 per square metre ($0.42 per square foot). At Ft. Richardson an R-20 level of insulation would justify an expenditure of between $12.9 and $30.1 per square metre ($1.20 and $2.80 per square foot) of wall on the wood frame buildings that were measured. Attic spaces at both installations were heavily insulated and had much less potential for improvement than walls.
The IRT/HFS measurement technique is most useful on poorly insulated buildings, where the inaccuracy of information about the initial insulating level has the greatest impact on the allowable budget for additional insulation.
Heat Transfer Characteristics of a Masonry Cavity Wall
Authors: Van Geem MG 
Published: December 2008

Heat transfer characteristics of building elements must be known to evaluate energy losses through a building envelope. Laboratory tests of walls under dynamic temperature conditions provide data that can be used to determine thermal properties. Dynamic testing is particularly important for massive envelope components that store as well as transmit heat.
A block-brick cavity wall was tested in the calibrated hot box facility at the Construction Technology Laboratories, a division of the Portland Cement Association. The wall consisted of 100-mm (4-in.) clay brick on the exterior face, a 70-mm (24-in.) cavity, 150-mm (6-in.) concrete block, and 3 mm (⅛ in.) of plaster on the interior face. Metal rectangular ties were used for tying brick and block wythes.
Laboratory tests were performed on the wall with and without expanded perlite fill in the cavity. The wall was subjected to steady-state, transient, and periodically varying temperature conditions. Steady-state results are used to define heat transmission coefficients, such as U and R values. Data obtained during transient and periodic temperature variations are used to define dynamic thermal response of the wall. Dynamic response includes heat storage capacity as well as heat transmission characteristics of the wall assembly. Test data are also used to determine the effects of perlite insulation in the cavity.
The cavity wall construction is similar to that of a test building monitored by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Two of the dynamic temperature cycles applied to the wall during laboratory tests were derived from actual wall surface temperatures at the NBS test building. Heat flow meter data from the test building are compared with calibrated hot box test results.
Laboratory test results provide a data base for evaluation of building envelope performance where cavity walls are used. The results also provide information on the effectiveness of expanded perlite as a cavity-fill material.
Field Study on Moisture Problems in Exterior Walls of a Masonry Housing Development on the Coast of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Trechsel HR , Achenbach PR , Conklin S 
Published: December 2008

Like many other buildings in the warm and humid climate of the Gulf Coast, family quarters at the Pensacola Naval Air Station, Florida, have experienced serious moisture and mildew problems. Earlier attempts to correct the situation have not been totally successful.
Following an exploratory study in the spring of 1982, measurements of temperatures, relative humidities, air infiltration, and water leakage were taken, and other tests were conducted on several dwelling units over the period from September 1982 to May 1983. During the same period, two surveys of individual houses were conducted to determine the extent of the moisture problem and to document occupant practices that might influence or aggravate the problems.
This report summarizes the individual test and survey results. The results indicate that rainwater penetration through cracks in the masonry walls and at windows is a major source of the moisture observed in the gypsum board and the thermal insulation. Inadequate ventilation, particularly within the bedrooms, and possibly capillary rise of moisture from the foundations may also have contributed to the moisture problem. The report discusses these conclusions and lists possible remedial measures.
Condensation Potential in Wood-Frame Walls
Authors: Sherwood GE 
Published: December 2008

As a result of steadily rising energy costs, construction practice for light-frame wood structures has changed over the past few years. The use of 152-mm (6-in.)-thick walls and application of high-R-value (thermal resistance value), low-permeance sheathings to 102-mm (4-in.) walls has caused concern for the moisture patterns that may occur in walls. To observe actual moisture patterns and the potential for condensation, test structures were constructed near Madison, Wisconsin, and near Gulfport, Mississippi, for exposure of eight types of insulated wall panels at controlled indoor conditions and typical outdoor weather conditions. Panels were instrumented with moisture sensors and tested without (Phase 1) and with (Phase 2) penetrations (electrical outlets) in the indoor surface.
Continuous inside vapor retarders effectively prevented cold weather condensation in all the panels. Installation of an electrical outlet changed moisture patterns in both the cold winter climate and the hot, humid summer climate. Although condensation occurred for limited time periods in some panels at both test sites, the moisture content of framing did not rise to critical levels.
This paper should be useful to building designers, builders, and building code officials.
Anomalous Behavior of Water Vapor Retarders Applied to Spray-Applied Polyurethane Foam Insulation on Low-Temperature Outdoor Storage Tanks
Authors: Batdorf V 
Published: December 2008

The diffusion of water vapor through permeable retarders applied over thermal insulation in low-temperature service is a function of vapor pressure differentials. For permeable insulation materials of a fibrous nature, with an installed vapor retarder on the warm side, the annual intake of water by vapor diffusion is readily calculated.
It has been observed that for sprayed-on polyurethane foam insulation, the actual intake is substantially less than calculated. Field data from eight and eleven-year-old installations of spray-applied polyurethane foam, covered with vapor-retardant mastic on large storage tanks containing agricultural liquid ammonia held at −33°C (−28°F), show that the calculated level of water intake was not attained and that the insulation material continues to perform without significant change in thermal transmission.
The author hypothesizes that the cellular nature of the insulation restricts and changes the diffusion mechanism and that the absence of free air spaces within the insulation attenuates moisture diffusion paths.
Thickness and Density of Loose-Fill Insulations After Installation in Residential Attics
Authors: McElroy DL , Yarbrough DW , Graves RS 
Published: December 2008

Limited information exists on the extent of settling of loose-fill attic insulations as a function of time after installation. This study reports thickness and density measurements in attics immediately after installation and periodically for two years following. Installations of fiberglass A, rock wool, fiberglass B, perlite, and cellulose in 44 attics in Ohio, Washington, and Tennessee were examined periodically.
The thickness, t, at fixed locations was measured using probes, rulers attached to ceiling joists, and polystyrene floats guided by rulers. The density, ρ, was determined using a cylindrical cutter to define a specimen of known volume that was weighed on site. The observed values of t and ρ were correlated with time after installation, and manufacturers' descriptions of products including thermal resistance expectations.
As part of the analysis of cellulosic insulation behavior, a series of laboratory tests of the blower-cyclone-shaker technique were conducted, and the findings from these tests are reported.
A Calorimeter for Determining Heat Transmission Characteristics of Windows
Authors: Bowen RP , Solvason KR 
Published: December 2008

Heat loss through windows is receiving an increasing amount of attention from consumers, manufacturers, and building designers. The technology is changing and should lead to substantial improvements in thermal performance. To assist in the evaluation of existing as well as new products, the Division of Building Research, National Research Council of Canada (DBR/NRCC), has designed and built a new calorimeter for use in their Environmental Test Facility.
This paper presents an approach for determining the heat transmission characteristics of windows using the radiative and convective components of heat transfer from the calorimeter to the specimen surface. Through calibration tests using materials of known conductance, expressions for the radiation exchange between the calorimeter surfaces and the specimen and the calorimeter air to the specimen can be determined. These expressions are then used when testing a window to calculate an equivalent surface temperature for the window. This approach is necessary because of the difficulty in determining an average surface temperature on glass.
Although the approach can be used with conventional calorimeter designs, uncertainties are introduced because of the changing calorimeter characteristics for different sizes of specimens. To reduce the uncertainties, the new calorimeter was designed to have a constant convection coefficient and uniform temperature radiation field. The calibration program is discussed, and some preliminary results are given.
Case Histories of Moisture Monitoring in Residential Walls
Authors: Kane R , Titley G 
Published: December 2008

There is an unjustified concern within the building industry that the use of an exterior low water vapor permeance foam sheathing design allows an accumulation of moisture between the vapor barrier and the exterior sheathing.
In this study the authors measured the moisture content in the wood studs of seven occupied homes, in four Canadian cities, with a low water vapor permeance sheathing (extruded polystyrene), with or without a noninsulating sheathing, such as plywood, fiberboard, or chipboard, used on the exterior of the house. The degree days ranged from 4068 to 5920°C, and the relative humidity ranged from 71 to 83.5%. In all cases the actual moisture content of the studs was measured with Delmhorst moisture elements and then read with Delmhorst moisture meters. The results show a similarity in moisture concentration patterns regardless of the exterior sheathing installed. The effects of construction practices and local relative humidities are discussed.
The practical usefulness of actual moisture studies of real homes, done in a variety of climates, will be most interesting to today's architects and builders.
Relationship Between the Rheological Properties of Asphalt and the Rheological Properties of Mixtures and Pavements
Authors: Davis RL 
Published: December 2008

The central tenet of this paper is that a proper level of bearing capacity is essential to good asphalt pavement performance. Methods for designing pavements with increased bearing capacity and methods for measuring this property are recommended. Since the bearing capacity of asphalt pavements is seldom determined, the fact is often overlooked that many pavement failures that are attributed to stripping, inferior asphalt quality, and inferior stone quality are actually structural failures due to inadequate bearing capacity. Increased truck tire pressures menace many pavements which were designed to traditional standards but which have bearing capacities too low to cope with the higher stresses. The only practical way to save these pavements from premature failure is to lower the stresses or tire pressures on them during hot weather.
The complexity of the rheology of asphalt and asphalt pavements and the poor precision of test methods used to measure these properties require that the conditions of test be carefully matched to road conditions in order that the results be meaningful.
The use of aggregate graded to a high volume concentration and with a top size two-thirds the thickness of the pavement dramatically increases bearing capacity.
Low-viscosity asphalt and air voids of less than 3% greatly increase the durability of asphalt pavements.
Designation, Identification, and Characterization of Metals and Alloys
Authors: Westbrook JH 
Published: December 2008

In contrast to the situation with polymeric and ceramic materials, alpha-numeric designation systems are relatively well established and well known for metals and alloys. Unfortunately, since such designations are mostly based on composition alone and differ between alloy groups, major problems still occur in building computer files for an information system of broad scope in materials and properties. This paper reviews existing systems of designation for metals and alloys and outlines the approach taken for characterization of materials in the MIST demonstration program being built for the National Materials Property Data Network.
Designation systems for metallic materials have been formulated by the trade associations (for example, Aluminum Association [AA], Copper Development Association [CDA], and the American Iron and Steel Institute [AISI]), by professional societies (for example, ASTM), by user groups (for example, Military and Federal), and by private companies (both users and producers). Naturally this has led to a chaotic situation with many ambiguities and uncertainties. A big step forward was taken by ASTM-Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE) who established a Unified Numbering System (UNS), which provided a logical and unambiguous code for thousands of commercially important metallic materials. Unfortunately, not all significant alloys are included; the coding relates to composition alone; and the scheme has not been endorsed outside the United States by such bodies as the International Standards Organization (ISO), or the European Standards Association.
Since in general properties are not defined by composition alone further characterization must be provided. Among the features that must be noted are form, size, method of synthesis, post-processing treatments, applications, and so forth. Illustrations of the incorporation of all these descriptors are taken from the metadata structure built for the Materials Information for Science and Technology (MIST) system.
VAMAS Activities on Materials Data Banks
Authors: Reynard KW 
Published: December 2008

The Versailles Project for Advanced Materials and Standards (VAMAS) Task Group on Materials Data Banks has surveyed the VAMAS countries to identify areas where standards are needed to build and distribute factual materials data banks. It presented its report to the Steering Committee in May 1987.
This paper reviews the findings and recommendations of the Task Group. These have a particular relevance to the work of ASTM Committee E-49, as the input to the report related all the recommendations to the likely end result of standards for materials data and other information being stored and accessed by computer.
Many of the topics have been debated in the Workshops of Fairfield Glade, Petten, and Schluchsee in recent years. The recommendations take account of the work that has been done in several countries following these discussions. It is therefore no surprise that topics such as systems for the designation of materials, terminology, multilingual dictionaries and definitions, computerized directories for testing standards and the equivalence of materials, and methods of linking data bases and their access are given a high priority. What is different is the direct relationship between the recommendations and those producing standards, codes, and guidelines.
Information Systems Design for Material Properties Data
Authors: McCarthy JL 
Published: December 2008

Material properties data present numerous challenges that current data base management technology does not address. Major problems include data complexity, naming conventions, measurement units, summary levels of abstraction, and data sparseness. Networks and gateways to multiple material information systems compound these challenges and add others.
Experience from projects such as the Materials Information for Science and Technology (MIST) system prototype suggests several general approaches that address these problems, including modular system architecture; a three-tiered approach to naming materials, properties, and variables; an active data thesaurus; material and variable class hierarchies; structured representation of tables and graphs; and existence tables to indicate data availability by the cross product of materials, properties, and independent variables for any given data base. It also suggests that we need to go beyond the simple relational model to solve our problems and implement solutions.
Data Base R&D for Unified Life Cycle Engineering
Authors: Burte HM , Harmsworth CL 
Published: December 2008

Unified life cycle engineering should encompass designing for performance, producibility, and supportability in an interactive mode. It will combine computer aided design (CAD) and computer aided manufacturing (CAM) with supportability concerns such as inspection, corrosion protection, repair, and replacement. This new engineering approach will deal with these parameters in the design process from a total life cycle standpoint.
The development of such an approach will require the integration of existing data bases and the development of new information sources. Today's data bases are not sufficient in scope nor do they meet the statistical requirements for such a concept. No system automatically prompts the user with the warning notes and “do's and don't's” that must be considered to prevent an unintentioned misuse of materials property data. Rapidly locating and accessing the needed range of diverse information and making it available for intelligent, interactive use by the designer presents a significant challenge.