bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conception of a navigation system controlling diaphyseal fracture reduction treated with external fixation
Authors: Leloup T. , Kazzi W. El , Schuind F. , Warzée N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundThe reduction of long bone fractures treated with external fixation is usually performed with fluoroscopic images, which include several disadvantages: 2D information, distortions, and irradiation to the patient and the surgical team. This article presents a new navigation technique to control the reduction of such fractures while minimizing the irradiation.MethodsOptically tracked markers are fixed to pins inserted into the bone fragments. These last are modelled using two initial calibrated radiographs. The models can be improved with several types of anatomical data and are displayed in real time.ResultsThis navigation system was tested on dry bones and an anatomical specimen leg.ConclusionsThis new technique allows the visualization of the fracture in real time and from any viewpoint during the reduction. Irradiation is minimized using only two X‐ray images. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Return of adult anadromous allis shad (Alosa alosa L.) in the river Seine, France: A sign of river recovery?
Authors: Belliard J. , Marchal J. , Ditche J.‐M. , Tales E. , Sabatié R. , Baglinière J.‐L. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn the past, the diadromous fish fauna of the river Seine comprised 11 native species. From the second part of the 19th century, the progressive modification of the river for navigation purposes and the increase of domestic and industrial pollution led to a general decline of migratory stocks and the extinction of several species. Among them, allis shad (Alosa alosa) was previously widespread in the Seine basin, but disappeared at the beginning of the 20th century. In July 2004, several individuals of shad were observed in the river Seine upstream of Paris (410 km from the sea), one of them was identified as an allis shad that had clearly spawned (thin fish and large scale erosion). A second allis shad was caught in a more downstream location (180 km from the sea) in November 2007 and a spawning mark was found on scales demonstrating clear evidence of reproduction. Recent occurrences of this species are discussed in relation to the present conditions of water quality and migration in the Seine watershed and recent evolution of the species' distribution in the northwestern part of France. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding reference processes: linkages between river flows, sediment dynamics and vegetated landforms along the Tagliamento River, Italy
Authors: Bertoldi Walter , Gurnell Angela , Surian Nicola , Tockner Klement , Zanoni Luca , Ziliani Luca , Zolezzi Guido 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe Tagliamento River, Northeast Italy, represents an important Alpine to Mediterranean braided system, where interactions between river flows, sediment dynamics and vegetated landforms can be investigated within a relatively unconfined setting.We analysed data from contemporary and historical sources, including stage records, photographs and topographic surveys. From these we identified river stages at which thresholds in surface hydrological connectivity and biogeomorphological adjustment appeared to occur, contributing to a shifting habitat mosaic.Significant adjustments in landscape elements within the active tract commence at river stages well below bankfull with return periods of a few months. Flow pulse events with return periods from a few months to 2 years support a dynamic inundation pattern, ranging from a patchwork of isolated water bodies within a predominantly terrestrial landscape at low river stages to isolated vegetated islands within a fully connected aquatic landscape as the river approaches bankfull. Across this range, interactions between flow, sediment and vegetation lead to gradual and abrupt transitions in persistence, form and connectedness of different landscape elements. Bankfull flows (return period over 2.5 years) topple and disperse significant numbers of large trees, seeding the next generation of vegetated patches, and larger floods (return period around 10 years) induce significant turnover of established islands and floodplain surfaces.The results reported in this paper illustrate how extensive interdisciplinary research on a single river system can provide useful insights concerning the time scales and thresholds that characterize water–sediment–vegetation interactions in piedmont reaches of Alpine to Mediterranean braided systems. Anthropogenic effects on river systems are ubiquitous throughout Europe. However, systems such as the Tagliamento River that retain significant process dynamism and morphological integrity, provide a laboratory within which reference processes and process–form interactions can be investigated, understood and then incorporated into innovative restoration design on more impacted systems. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization and modelling of time diversity statistics for satellite communications from 12 to 50 GHz
Authors: Fabbro Vincent , Castanet Laurent , Croce Simone , Riva Carlo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTo compensate propagation impairments on Earth–space communication links, a specific fade mitigation technique to make up for rain propagation impairments is studied in this paper: the time diversity. This process consists in sending the information when the propagation channel allows to get it through. Here the time diversity technique is applied to different experimental attenuation time series collected in Europe: Spino d'Adda (Italy), Louvain‐la‐Neuve and Lessive (Belgium). These propagation measurements have been collected from 12 to 50 GHz and the performance of time diversity technique is assessed from the generation of time diversity statistics conditioned to the time delay. A prediction method of these statistics is also described. The proposed model relies on the time correlation of the attenuation time series. The model is validated and its accuracy analysed in terms of prediction error calculated using the different databases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recommended tests for association in 2×2 tables
Authors: Lydersen Stian , Fagerland Morten W. , Laake Petter 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe asymptotic Pearson's chi‐squared test and Fisher's exact test have long been the most used for testing association in 2×2 tables. Unconditional tests preserve the significance level and generally are more powerful than Fisher's exact test for moderate to small samples, but previously were disadvantaged by being computationally demanding. This disadvantage is now moot, as software to facilitate unconditional tests has been available for years. Moreover, Fisher's exact test with mid‐p adjustment gives about the same results as an unconditional test. Consequently, several better tests are available, and the choice of a test should depend only on its merits for the application involved. Unconditional tests and the mid‐p approach ought to be used more than they now are. The traditional Fisher's exact test should practically never be used. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Derivation of Primordial Germ Cells from Human Embryonic and Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Is Significantly Improved by Coculture with Human Fetal Gonadal Cells
Authors: Park Tae Sub , Galic Zoran , Conway Anne E. , Lindgren Anne , van Handel Benjamin J. , Magnusson Mattias , Richter Laura , Teitell Michael A. , Mikkola Hanna K. A. , Lowry William E. , Plath Kathrin , Clark Amander T. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract
The derivation of germ cells from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) or human induced pluripotent stem (hIPS) cells represents a desirable experimental model and potential strategy for treating infertility. In the current study, we developed a triple biomarker assay for identifying and isolating human primordial germ cells (PGCs) by first evaluating human PGC formation during the first trimester in vivo. Next, we applied this technology to characterizing in vitro derived PGCs (iPGCs) from pluripotent cells. Our results show that codifferentiation of hESCs on human fetal gonadal stromal cells significantly improves the efficiency of generating iPGCs. Furthermore, the efficiency was comparable between various pluripotent cell lines regardless of origin from the inner cell mass of human blastocysts (hESCs), or reprogramming of human skin fibroblasts (hIPS). To better characterize the iPGCs, we performed Real-time polymerase chain reaction, microarray, and bisulfite sequencing. Our results show that iPGCs at day 7 of differentiation are transcriptionally distinct from the somatic cells, expressing genes associated with pluripotency and germ cell development while repressing genes associated with somatic differentiation (specifically multiple HOX genes). Using bisulfite sequencing, we show that iPGCs initiate imprint erasure from differentially methylated imprinted regions by day 7 of differentiation. However, iPGCs derived from hIPS cells do not initiate imprint erasure as efficiently. In conclusion, our results indicate that triple positive iPGCs derived from pluripotent cells differentiated on hFGS cells correspond to committed first trimester germ cells (before 9 weeks) that have initiated the process of imprint erasure.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
A new developmentalist role: Connecting youth development, mental health, and education
Authors: Schwartz Sarah E. O. , Petersen Sarah Bernhardt 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe RALLY practitioner implements RALLY's prevention and intervention strategies, working with all of the students in a class to deliver nonstigmatizing, developmentally based services. The practitioner model is based on the philosophy that relationships are key to allowing students to achieve their full health and academic potential. RALLY practitioners work within the classroom individually, in small groups, and in after‐school time. In all of these contexts, RALLY practitioners focus on four major functions: (1) building strong relationships with students, (2) providing developmental and academic support, (3) referring students to services based on their needs and interests, and (4) connecting with teachers, families, clinicians, after‐school staff, and other service providers in order to bridge these worlds. RALLY practitioners offer an in‐novative model to bring mental health and educational support into schools. They have varying educational backgrounds, from high school graduates, to college students, to graduate interns in mental health or education professions. Training and supervision, however, are crucial in helping practitioners of all levels to create integrated systems of support that take all of a student's interests and needs into consideration while moving toward academic success.
Holistic student assessments
Authors: Liu Cindy H. , Malti Tina , Noam Gil G. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn assessment from a holistic perspective considers the overall well‐being of the adolescent and seeks to understand the adolescent's development and resiliency in relation to social relationships and their context and risks, given the association between these factors and the goal to promote each area. It is recommended that measures in the assessment obtain information from each of these factors from paper‐and‐pencil questionnaires, to more qualitative means such as forging relationship with practitioners. Ideally, an assessment should be easily administered by youth workers such as practitioners. A successful assessment procedure includes translation of the assessment findings to a referral by the assessment administrator to explain why the service is needed.
A comparison of conventional and in situ methods of transesterification of seed oil from a series of sunflower cultivars
Authors: Harrington Kevin J. , D'Arcy‐Evans Catherine 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe cost of vegetable oil monoesters represents one of the major restrictions on their use as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. This cost can be reduced by increasing the yield of esters produced from a given quantity of oilseed.Transesterification of sunflowerseed oil in situ with acidified methanol has been shown to produce fatty acid methyl esters in yields significantly greater than those obtained from conventional reaction with pre‐extracted seed oil. Yield improvements of over 20% were achieved and could be related to the moisture content of the seed. Fatty ester compositions and cloud points of the products from the in situ reactions were virtually identical to those of esters produced using conventional techniques.
Cottonseed oil estimation by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance technique
Authors: Srinivasan V. T. , Singh B. B. , Chidambareswaran P. K. , Sundaram V. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSeed asymmetry and moisture associated with the seeds are known to affect seed oil estimation by pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) technique employing free induction decay or single spin echo (SE) pulse sequence. UsingGossypium (cottonseeds) as experimental material, it is shown that transverse relaxation times (T2) of seed oil, in different varieties of seeds, measured in vivo, are not the same. The mean T2 value of tetraploid seeds is found to be significantly higher than that of diploids. The effect of T2 variation and other problems on oil estimation by the free induction decay and SE methods can be avoided by using the Carr‐Purcell‐Meiboom‐Gill (CPMG) pulse sequence to monitor the signal intensities of a certain number of selected echoes and processing them to yield the extrapolated signal intensity at zero time. The oil content values thus estimated are found to agree well with those obtained by Soxhlet method. The agreement between the two methods might depend upon the presence of gossypol and other pigments present in the samples. Neither delinting nor dehydrating the seeds is necessary in the present method. Even with the CPMG sequence, use of individual echoes is not recommended, as the T2 variations give rise to erroneous values.
Effect of molecular weights of fatty acid esters on cetane numbers as diesel fuels
Authors: Klopfenstein W. E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractCetane numbers for various esters of the saturated fatty acids from C8 to C18 have been determined according to ASTM D‐613. For the methyl esters the cetane numbers were found to increase in a non‐linear relationship with the chain length of the fatty acid. Cetane numbers of esters in which the fatty acid is kept constant while the alcohol esterified is altered also increased with the molecular weight of the ester. However, increases in the molecular weight of the fatty acid portion of the ester produce greater increases in cetane number than the same change in molecular weight in the alcohol portion of the ester. Except for the esters of octanoic acid, all of the esters tested had cetane numbers above the value of 40, which is specified as the minimum cetane number for commercial diesel fuel.
Purification and properties of the lipase fromCandida deformans (zach) langeron and guerra
Authors: Muderhwa J. M. , Ratomahenina R. , Pina M. , Graille J. , Galzy P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPalm oil being solid at room temperature could be converted into a fluid oil by substitution of about 40–50% of its palmitic acid. This could be achieved by a fermentation process or using yeast lipase.Candida deformans CBS 2071 seemed suitable for this purpose: therefore, its lipase was isolated and studied. This enzyme was purified by acetone precipitation followed by chromatographies on Sephadex C 50 and Sephadex G 150. The purification factor achieved was ×70, and the protein and activity yields were 0.25% and 18%, respectively. The homogeneity of the purified enzyme was verified by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme molecular weight was estimated at 207,000. Its activity is optimal between 40 C and 50 C and its optimum pH is 7.0. This enzyme is thermo‐resistant and loses only 14% and 18% of its activity, respectively, when heated to 45 C and 55 C for 30 min. Its activation energy was 2.75 kcal.mole−1 and its inactivation energy was around 21 kcal.mole−1. This enzyme is activated by Ca++, Mg++ and Co++ and inhibited by Cu++, Zn++, and p‐chloromercuribenzoate (pCMB) and EDTA.The synthesis of this lipase is induced by lipid substrates in the culture medium and inhibited by glucose. This enzyme attacks primarily the 1‐ (or 3‐) position of all triglycerides tested. Hydrolysis was preferential for triglycerides containing short chain fatty acids. The triglycerides with monounsaturated monoacids were more quickly hydrolyzed, than those with saturated monoacids. The presence of two and especially three double bonds in the fatty acid chain seemed to slow down the rate of hydrolysis.
Photo‐activated metal carbonyl complexes as stereoselective catalysts for the homogeneous hydrogenation of dienes
Authors: Heldal J. A. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractSignificantly increased activity of Cr(CO)6 was achieved for the stereoselective homogeneous hydrogenation of methyl sorbate andtrans,trans‐conjugated fatty esters at ambient temperature and pressure by exposing the catalyst to UV irradiation (3500 Å) in a solvent mixture of cyclohexane‐acetonitrile (20:1). In this solvent mixture, methyl sorbate was converted quantitatively at ambient conditions into methylcis‐3‐hexenoate, and methyltrans‐9,trans‐11‐octadecadienoate into methylcis‐10‐octadecenoate (99.9%). These products are expected by 1,4‐addition of hydrogen. Under these conditions no hydrogenation of methyl linoleate occurred. Under the same conditions, cycloheptatriene‐Cr(CO)3 showed lower activity than Cr(CO)6, and Mo(CO)6 and mesitylene‐Mo(CO)3 showed no significant activity toward conjugated substrates. When Cr(CO)6 and Mo(CO)6 were irradiated at 2537 Å they caused the geometric isomerization of methyl sorbate without hydrogenation, but had no effect on methyl linoleate. A hydrogenation mechanism is proposed for Cr(CO)6 that involves CH3CN‐ and H2‐Cr(CO)3 complexes as intermediates for the stereoselective 1,4‐addition of hydrogen totrans,trans‐conjugated dienes.
Detection of cocoa butter equivalents in chocolate
Authors: Gegiou D. , Staphylakis K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe fatty acids at the sn‐2 position and the sterol composition of cocoa butter and three common cocoa butter equivalents (CBE), namely Coberine, Choclin and Calvetta, were studied comparatively, in order to develop a sensitive method for detecting CBE in chocolate. Differences observed in the composition of saturated fatty acids at position‐sn‐2 present some interest in detecting CBE in chocolate. Differences found in 4‐desmethyl and 4‐methylsterol compositions, although quite significant, did not present any practical interest because of the relatively small amounts present in CBE. The 4,4′‐dimethylsterol or triterpene alcohol fraction was found to have a potential for determining CBE in chocolate. Thus, the triterpene alcohols of Coberine were further fractionated on argentation thin layer chromatography (TLC) and analyzed by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). α‐Amyrin was found in 48.2% of the triterpene alcohols of Coberine and was absent from cocoa butter. Cycloartenol, the main 4,4′‐dimethylsterol of cocoa butter, and α‐amyrin were well resolved on an OV‐17 glass capillary column.
Studies on applications of lypolytic enzymes in detergency II. Evaluation of adaptability of various kinds of lipases in practical laundry conditions
Authors: Tatara Takako , Fujii Tomiko , Kawase Tokuzo , Minagawa Motoi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractKinetic parameter of hydrolysis, degree of hydrolysis, pH and temperature characteristics and positional specificity of hydrolysis of seven kinds of lipases from various microorganisms and a pancreatic lipase were examined for triolein or olive oil emulsion as a substrate and the adaptability of lipases for laundry systems was evaluated on the basis of these properties.As a result, it was found that lipases from yeast ofCandida cylindracea (Lipase MY® and OF®) were excellent in kinetic parameter and degree of hydrolysis and temperature characteristics and had no positional specificity, and that lipases from mold ofMucor (Lipase M‐AP® and SP®) were excellent in pH and temperature characteristics and had positional specificity. On the viewpoint of the present laundry practice under alkaline conditions and the tendency toward low temperature washing, lipases fromCandida andMucor seem to be more suitable for laundry systems in comparison with lipases from other microorganisms and a pancreatic lipase.The effect of positional specificity in hydrolysis of lipase will be discussed on the basis of examination on the removal of triglyceride and its hydrolysates by surfactant solution in a subsequent paper.
New bile alcohols II: Synthesis and mass spectra of C26 bile alcohols
Authors: Kuramoto Taiju , Cohen Bertram I. , Mosbach Erwin H. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryThe synthesis of (23α‐) and (23β‐)24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,23,25‐tetrols (VII‐a and VII‐b) and 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,25,26‐tetrol (VIII) is described. Dehydration of 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,25‐triol (II) (synthesized from methyl chenodeoxycholate via a Grignard reaction) with acetic anhydride and acetic acid yielded two unsaturated compounds. These were oxidized with osmium tetroxide to produce a mixture of 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α‐diacetoxy‐23ξ,25‐diol (V) and 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α‐diacetoxy‐25,26‐diol (VI). After separating these diols (V and VI) by column chromatography, each compound was hydrolyzed with KOH to give 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,23ξ,25‐tetrol (VII) and 24‐nor‐5β‐cholestane‐3α,7α,25,26‐tetrol (VIII), respectively. Two isomers of the tetrol (VII) were separated using alumina column chromatography (VII‐a and VII‐b).
Effect of the unsaturated acyl position in triglycerides on the Hydrogenation rate
Authors: Drozdowski Bronislaw 
Published: January 2009

Abstract and SummaryLinseed and cod liver oil triglycerides as well as the randomly rearranged triglycerides of soybean and rapeseed oils were subjected to partial hydrogenation in the presence of nickel or platinum catalyst. The hydrogenated triglycerides were subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis with pancreatic lipase in order to determine the changes of their structure. It follows from the data obtained that the position of an unsaturated acyl in a triglyceride affects its hydrogenation rate.
Trisaturates in the hydrogenation of canola oil with a commercial nickel catalyst
Authors: Deman L. , Deman J. M. , Ackman R. G. , Ratnayake W. M. N. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRefined and bleached Canola oil was hydrogenated with Pricat 9906 catalyst to an iodine value of 65 using various temperatures, pressures and catalyst concentrations. Hydrogenation with this catalyst resulted in great differences in SFI curves of fats with the same IV. Hydrogenation rate, dropping point, trisaturate content and linoleate selectivity were determined. All of the oils hydrogenated to IV 65 contained almost the same amount of solid fat at 20 C. For this reason, the crystal structure of the fats was examined by X‐ray diffraction at 20 C. The catalyst was found to be non‐selective. Increased selectivity can be obtained by careful temperature and pressure control. Reactivity also is temperature and pressure dependent. High trisaturate content increased instability by promoting formation of β crystals. The catalyst had excellent filterability characteristics.
A quantitative comparison of the yields of radiolysis products in various meats and their relationship to precursors
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi M. , Angelini P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA detailed analysis has been made of the composition of radiolysis products formed in beef, pork, ham, and chicken. The yields of the various compounds are related linearly to irradiation dose, and the fat, fatty acid and triglyceride composition of the meats.