bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Looking at gender distribution among AGU Fellows
Authors: Druffel Ellen R. M. 
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this report is to inform AGU members as to gender equity within the AGU Fellows. The study addresses the following questions: is there equity between men and women in the distribution of Fellows within AGU?, and are there differences based on gender among the various age groups within the Fellows?The raw data were provided by Jeanne Glover and Janet Eager at AGU. As some AGU members are listed without a gender or age, they were eliminated from the numbers in this study; this constituted only 3% of the AGU members. Every effort was made to determine the missing age and/or gender of Fellows.
NSF receives good news from Congress
Authors: Jones Richard M. 
Published: October 2006

Last week, the House passed the final National Science Foundation (NSF) funding bill more than doubling the President's budget increase for the agency for fiscal year 1995.NSF's total budget will increase by 13.8% to nearly $3.4 million. However, 5.4% was allocated for research and related activities, which was below the President's request.
Drilled cores divulge history of continental and oceanic paleoclimate
Authors:   Leg 155 Shipboard Scientific Party
Published: October 2006

Ocean Drilling Program Leg 155 recently drilled 34 holes at 17 sites on the Amazon deep‐sea fan, recovering 4000 m of sediment sequences that contain a 250,000‐year record of climate change, sea level fluctuation, and fan growth. Study of the foraminiferal, isotopic, and paleomagnetic data obtained will allow an unprecedented level of time resolution for paleoclimate studies and for correlation between different fan environments.Deep‐sea fans are the thickest accumulations of sediment on modern continental margins and are particularly sensitive to land climate, sea level change, and tectonic activity in the source area. The Amazon River, which transports 10% of the world's fluvial sediment, has supplied sediment to the fan since the Miocene. The current high sea level stand prevents the Amazon River sediment from crossing the shelf, but during lower sea level the river crossed the emerged continental shelf and discharged sediment directly to the fan.
Imaging Earth's seismic response at long periods
Authors: Shearer Peter M. 
Published: October 2006

At long periods, seismic waves generated by different earthquakes can be used to construct a single global image of Earth's response to seismic energy. This image (Figure 1) plots the expected ground motion at a point on Earth's surface as a function of time and distance to the earthquake. The various streaks on the plot represent different types of seismic waves, each of which travels at a different speed and arrives at a different time.Stacking—a process that averages and combines seismograms from a number of different source‐receiver locations—was used to create the image from thousands of individual records. The result is a direct view of the average wave field that can be used both as a teaching tool for illustrating the properties of the wave field and as a guide to further study.
Solar influences on global change get their day in the sun
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Many doomsayers—including some of the world's best and brightest astrophysicists—maintain that the Sun will someday burn up the Earth and bring an end to life as we know it. Even if this prophecy were to come true, the Earth wouldn't become uninhabitable for more than a billion years, according to current estimates. A much more immediate problem that we could face is the effects the Sun may have on global climate change.A recent report by the National Research Council (NRC) delved into this very issue, as a result of its being identified as one of seven primary science elements by the U.S. Global Change Research Program. Some of the report's authors hope that the findings (box) may help develop a strategy for coordinating climate change research in the United States.
NOAA budget figures in
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Congress has appropriated roughly $1.83 billion for the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration for fiscal year 1995, which comes in just under the President's request of about $ 1.96 billion for the agency.Finalized last month, the conference agreement includes $259 million or about $21 million more than requested for oceanic and atmospheric research. The conferees allocated $78 million for the Climate and Global Change program, including $7 million for the Global Learning and Observations to Benefit the Environment (GLOBE) program. About $26.8 million of the remaining climate change funds are for research on the role oceans play in climate.
Setting the record straight on OH measurements
Authors:   The CIRRES 1A Experiment Team, Phillips Lab/Geophysics Directorate
Published: October 2006

In the article “ATLAS Space Shuttle Studies Earth's Atmosphere and Solar Input,” by Timothy L. Miller, Steven A. Smith, and Jack. A. Kaye [Eos, July 19, 1994], the authors state that “The mission procured the first spacebased measurements of OH in the atmosphere.” This was in reference to the ATLAS‐1 mission that flew in the spring of 1992.We wish to correct this statement. CIRRIS 1A measured the vibrational and rotational spectral distribution of OH in the infrared onboard STS‐39, April 29–30,1991. The results of these measurements have been published [Smith et al., 1992; Dodd et al., 1993]. In fact, our organization, Optical Environment, Phillips Laboratory/Geophysics Directorate, has measured the 2.7 pm OH emission in the upper atmosphere for over 20 years.
Fault finding in Utah puts longstanding theories on the line
Authors: Wakefield J. 
Published: October 2006

Imagine that the very fault zone a body of geological theory sprang from turns out not to exist. Besides raising some eyebrows and perhaps some ire, such a finding may well challenge the reigning paradigm that defines a whole class of normal faults, where the upper block moves downward with respect to the lower block.Well, that's exactly what a duo of geologists from Columbia University's Lamont‐Doherty Earth Observatory claim about a fault in the Sevier Desert in west‐central Utah: It frankly doesn't exist, say Mark Anders and Nicholas Christie‐Blick.
Scientists share breakthroughs in karst systems research
Authors: Herman Janet S. 
Published: October 2006

An international symposium on Breakthroughs in Karst Geomicrobiology and Redox Geochemistry held in Colorado Springs in February 1994 allowed scientists to cross traditional disciplinary boundaries to discuss the role of microorganisms in karst processes. Through 3 days of oral, poster, and field sessions, the 110 participants explored the mechanisms of the complex interactive biological, chemical, and physical processes acting in karst, a landscape dominated by soluble carbonate rocks and underlain by dissolution features such as caves.The meeting was organized by the Karst Waters Institute with funding from the National Science Foundation and in cooperation with the University of Colorado at Colorado Springs.
Baltica‐Siberia connection challenges traditional tectonics notions
Authors: Torsvik T. H. , Roberts D. , Sturt B. A. 
Published: October 2006

Despite the large amount of paleomagnetic, paleoclimatic, biogeographic, and tectonic data available, uncertainty still surrounds the paleotectonic evolution of Siberia and its proximity to other continents during the Ordovician to Silurian periods. Much of this uncertainty arises from the fact that paleomagnetic data cannot be adequately assessed.However, recent Ordovician‐Early Silurian paleomagnetic poles from the southern Siberian Platform (Lena River) show that Siberia was geographically inverted at low southerly latitudes during the Early Ordovician (Figure 1a). The Siberian plate then drifted slowly northward and across the equator at an average paleolatitudinal velocity of ˜5–8 cm yr−1. During Late Ordovician‐Early Silurian time, its velocity increased northward.
Project images crust, collects seismic data in world's largest borehole
Authors: Smythe D. K. , Smithson S. B. , Humphreys C. , Gillen C. , Kristoffersen Y. , Karaev N. A. , Garipov V. Z. , Pavlenkova N. I. 
Published: October 2006

An anomaly in our understanding of upper continental crustal structure is caused by conflicting observations from structural geologists and reflection seismologists. Near‐surface structure in metamorphic terrain is frequently steeply dipping or vertical, but seismic reflection images display flat‐lying reflectors below depths of a few kilometers. The seismic image of the topmost 2–3 km is usually blank. How can this be, when seismic reflections are supposed to represent primary geological structure?Seismic measurements in and around a deep borehole could solve this dilemma. Surface seismic observations and physical samples collected from the hole by wireline logging, particularly by vertical seismic profiles (VSPs), could then be compared.
Workshop tackles oceanic thermohaline circulation
Authors: Ghil Michael , McWilliams James 
Published: October 2006

A workshop on oceanic thermohaline circulation (THC), its variability, and its role in the Earth's climate system drew 50 THC modeling researchers from Europe, North America, and the Far East to the Institute for Geophysics and Planetary Physics of the University of California at Los Angeles in October 1993. The participants compared views and identified directions for future work into this topic which, has generated a great deal of interest lately.The thermohaline circulation (THC) is forced by horizontal buoyancy contrasts at the ocean surface as a result of fluxes of heat and fresh water exchanged with the overlying atmosphere, sea ice, or the adjacent land through river runoff. THC refers to circulations at large spatial scales (1000 km) and buoyancy forcing that induces gravitational instability and convective overturning over an appreciable vertical interval (300 m), in some regions within the span of circulation. The THC is a major component of the climate system because it laterally transfers substantial amounts of heat, water, and chemical tracers, and contributes greatly to the system's variability.
Chapman Conference on Hydrogeological Processes Promotes Interaction
Authors: Torgersen Thomas 
Published: October 2006

An AGU Chapman Conference, “Hydrogeological Processes: Building and Testing Atomistic‐to‐Basin‐Scale Models,” brought together over 70 Earth scientists from diverse fields to assess the state‐of‐the‐art and to discuss the means and mechanisms to build and test process models that produce probabilities rather than just possibilities. It became clear that this cross‐disciplinary group of hydrologists, petrologists, metamorphic petrologists, quantum mechanical chemists, fluid geochemists, acoustic and electrical geophysicists, and rock mechanics researchers shared a large overlap in their intellectual pursuits with a complementary overlap in their approaches and conceptualizations. Given the need to construct integrated and parametrically realistic coupled models of non‐steady state fluid flow, the meeting addressed the critical question of how to integrate the capabilities of individual disciplines.The conference was convened at the Loon Mountain Resort in Lincoln, N.H., from June 6 to 9, 1994, amid a minimum of black flies and a maximum of ambiance. The meeting initially organized itself into two philosophically contrasting styles of investigation: some wanted to extract and explore the broad generalities of hydrogeological processes (possible scenarios), while others preferred to examine the specifics of hydrogeologic processes with both theoretical studies and observations.
Hot action at the core‐mantle boundary
Authors: Jeanloz Raymond , Romanowicz Barbara 
Published: October 2006

Recent discoveries about the Earth's most prominent internal feature, the core‐mantle boundary, were revealed at a workshop just held at the University of California at Berkeley. The latest seismological evidence points to the interface between the mantle and core being among the most dynamically active regions of the planetary interior.Though distant, at 2890 km depth, the core‐mantle boundary is significant: the contrasts in properties across this interface exceed even those between air and rock at the Earth's surface. Processes at the core's boundary influence the rotation and magnetic field of our planet and play an important role in the cycle of mantle convection that drives plate tectonics. In the interest of reviewing recent findings and coordinating future research, a workshop on Structure of the Core‐Mantle Boundary and DH Region was held from September 10 to 11. Such workshops are among the activities sponsored by the new Cooperative Studies of the Earth's Deep Interior (CSEDI) initiative at the National Science Foundation.
Solar activity and geomagnetic storms: The first 40 years
Authors: Cliver E. W. 
Published: October 2006

This article is the first of a series of three that traces the evolution of our understanding of the relationship between solar and geomagnetic activity from the mid‐19th century to the present era.The origin of solar‐terrestrial physics is generally traced to Sabine's recognition in 1852 that geomagnetic activity paralleled the recently discovered sunspot cycle. Perhaps less well appreciated is the slow and uneven pace of progress since then in forging definite links between solar and geomagnetic activity. Thus 50 years after the initial excitement attending Sabine's discovery, the role of the Sun as the fundamental cause of magnetic storms was a matter of contention, and nearly a century would pass before statistics were sufficient to make a convincing case for an association between large solar flares and severe storms.
U.S. Geoscience Community gains an absolute gravimeter
Authors: Bilham Roger , Sasagawa Glenn 
Published: October 2006

An FG5 absolute gravimeter, which measures the gravitational acceleration of a retroreflector falling freely within an evacuated tube, is now available for use by U.S. university investigators. It will be housed as a National Science Foundation facility at NOAA's Table Mountain Gravity Observatory of the Geosciences Laboratory in Boulder, where similar units are prepared for worldwide deployment.U.S. investigators are invited to apply the FG5 gravimeter to geophysical investigations of gravitational acceleration that require microgal accuracy and unequivocal long‐term stability. The instrument is expected to be used in more than a dozen projects each year. Funding for geophysical applications of the device will be subject to normal peer review processes; in case of scheduling conflicts, the allocation of time on the gravimeter will be refereed by a user committee.
High‐altitude flashes mystify scientists
Authors: Wakefield Julie 
Published: October 2006

San Francisco—Until a few years ago, the only place mysterious flashes high above thunderstorm clouds received much respect was in the pages of the Handbook of Unusual Natural Phenomena. Although over the course of the past century there were various anecdotal accounts scattered in the scientific literature, most scientists didn't take reports of upward‐shooting lightning seriously.Nowadays, all that has changed, however. In the very hard‐core atmospheric research arena, the luminous discharges are taking center stage. And scientists no longer think that the elusive flashes are rare or isolated events. In fact, in the past couple of years, scientists from four institutions have put more than 1000 sightings of the so‐called “sprites” in the files.
Galileo brings new weight to studies of Jupiter System
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

As project scientist Torrence Johnson put it, “The status report on Galileo is both happy and simple. Jupiter now has 17 moons. And Jupiter also put on a little weight…about 350 kilograms.”The new satellite of Jupiter is NASA's Galileo orbiter, which has successfully inserted itself (with some help from the flight team at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory) into orbit around the giant gaseous planet. Jupiter's new heft comes from the Galileo probe, which was incinerated and absorbed into Jupiter's atmosphere after about an hour's worth of work.
Scientists, educators prepare for Mars Pathfinder mission
Authors: Edgett Kenneth S. , Rice James W. , Golombek Matthew P. 
Published: October 2006

Mars scientists, engineers, and 13 K‐12 educators invaded eastern Washington's Channeled Scabland for a week in September to explore terrain similar to the kind Mars Pathfinder will encounter when it touches down on the red planet on July 4, 1997. Through field trips and workshops, the scientists and engineers reached consensus on a number of issues about Mars history and shared their knowledge and enthusiasm with the public. The teachers, who came from Washington and Idaho, witnessed engineering, scientific investigation, and debate in action, and acquired a great deal of knowledge about Mars that they can bring back to their classrooms and communities.“We worked side by side with the scientists and engineers as they researched, experimented, problem‐solved and debated different aspects of the Mars Pathfinder mission,” explained high school teacher John Gallagher.
Fallout from U.S. Government shutdown will be long lasting
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

When those American government employees engaged in science research and administration returned to work on January 11, they found mountains of paperwork, hundreds of phone messages, and a laundry list of meetings, panels, and publishing deadlines to reschedule. The furlough of federal workers may be over, but the residual effects of three weeks of lost time will last longer than the snow drifts that piled up in the nation's capital this winter.From data sets left ungathered to those that may never be, from grant proposals that have not been reviewed to grant awards yet unpaid, a great deal of American scientific research has been crippled, at least temporarily, by the furlough. And the damage is not limited to federal offices; with so much science and the funding for it tied to the government, private institutions and university researchers have suffered indirect but perhaps more potent effects.
Under the sea
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Oceanographers in America's Pacific Northwest hope to be awash soon in real‐time data from volcanoes on the ocean floor. That's because a group of scientists led by John Delaney of the University of Washington and Fred Spiess of the Scripps Institution of Oceanography are planning to establish permanent seafloor volcano observatories in the Pacific Ocean.Those two observatories will not house scientists; they will shelter an array of monitors and instruments to keep a real‐time watch on undersea ridge systems where volcanoes erupt, superheated water and minerals are spewed from hydrothermal vents, and new seafloor is created. They will also observe the vast microbial communities that thrive in the darkest depths of the ocean near such otherwise toxic vents.
Katsouras to receive Ocean Sciences Award at Meeting
Authors: Fine Rana 
Published: October 2006

Mary Hope Katsouros, Director of the National Academy of Sciences, Ocean Studies Board is this year's recipient of the 1996 Ocean Sciences Award, presented by the Ocean Sciences Section of AGU.The Award is offered for excellence and long‐standing service contributions to the Ocean Sciences. This year's award will be presented to Mary Hope Katsouros for her untiring efforts to enhance the Ocean Sciences, using her extraordinary management and leadership skills to help bridge the gap between scientists and policy makers.
Rethinking Science as a Career
Authors: McFadden Lucy 
Published: October 2006

Sheila Tobias, Daryl E. Chubin, and Kevin Aylesworth, The Research Corporation, Tucson, AZ $2.50.The imbalance between the current supply of Ph.D. scientists in the United States and positions available is alarming. A triumvirate of science policy analysts addresses this issue in a new report, Rethinking Science as a Career. The problem, the authors write, is that society is training scientists who are not finding jobs.
More neighbors
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Just 3 months after the discovery of a planet around the star 51 Pegasus, Geoffrey Marcy and Paul Butler of San Francisco State University and UC Berkeley announced that they have found two Jupiter‐sized planets orbiting stars just 35 light years from Earth. Studying the stars 70 Virginis (in the constellation Virgo) and 47 Ursae Majoris (in the Big Dipper and Ursa Major), Marcy and Butler detected a tell‐tale wobble in the motion of each star. Essentially, the researchers observed slight modulations in the light coming from the star, which are attributed to the gravitational tugs between planets and stars.The planet around 70 Virginis is believed to have a mass nine times that of Jupiter, an orbital period of 116 days at 0.43 AU from the star, and a temperature of roughly 85°C.
Jupiter's atmosphere defies predictions
Authors: Carlowicz Michael 
Published: October 2006

A month late in coming, the weather report is finally in from Jupiter, and the skies seem to be hotter, windier, drier, and clearer—but much less electric—than most forecasters predicted. In fact, the preliminary data gathered from the Galileo probe may lead planetary scientists to rethink not just the meteorology of the gaseous planet, but its very origins. The preliminary results were presented on January 22 from NASA's Ames Research Center.According to measurements made by the probe's atmospheric structure instrument and interpreted by Alvin Sieff, a principal investigator from San Jose State University, the temperature at Jupiter ranged from −144°C at the top of the ammonia‐cloud covered atmosphere to +152°C at 600 km into it. Pressures ranged from 400 millibars to 22 bars over the same descent path, compressing the gases in some places to densities 100 times greater than previously postulated. The extremes of temperature and pressure created a vertical convective motion in the atmosphere, stirring up turbulent east‐ to‐west (or prograde) winds reaching 531 km/hr, more than 50% stronger than most predictions.
Congressional Science Fellow warns— stand and be counted
Authors: Applegate David 
Published: October 2006

The House Republicans' Contract with America has served as a political wake‐up call for many geoscientists. If the recommended budget cuts accompanying the Contract are passed, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Bureau of Mines would be eliminated and the Minerals Management Service would be reduced by 50%.These are just a few of the many cuts being called for by House Budget Committee Chairman John Kasich (R‐Ohio). The National Science Foundation (NSF) would see an increase in funding but at a rate fixed below inflation, resulting in an effective decrease in constant dollars. And while the chairman of the newly renamed House Science Committee, Bob Walker (R‐Penn.), has been a vocal supporter of basic research, his committee has warned officials at NSF, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, NASA, and the Environmental Protection Agency that they should expect less money and more cuts in the coming year.
Physics of the Earth
Authors: King S. D. 
Published: October 2006

Writing an introductory textbook in theoretical geophysics is no doubt a daunting challenge. Frank Stacey's Physics of the Earth, a classic textbook now in its third edition, is a book everyone interested in deep Earth should own, but it is certainly not the only one.The overall structure and major themes of the third edition are the same as those of the second, but some material has been reorganized, updated, and expanded. For example, the two chapters in the second edition on geomagnetism and paleomagnetism are combined into one chapter with subsections covering the geomagnetic field, paleomagnetics, and an overview tying the two subjects together.