bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Policy World‐Jurisprudence as a Policy Science
Authors: Montgomery John D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Yale tradition of policy sciences offers a comprehensive taxonomy of human behavior, especially that which is associated with purposive institutional actions. Like newer schools of thought such as Public Choice, it has a theoretical base; like the Public Policy tradition, it focuses on historical explanations and analyses. Its categories of analysis range from Lasswell's famous eight value arenas to the seven policy functions that ate often used in identifying stages or phases of public action. Its professional breadth incorporates methods from economics, psychology, moral philosophy, and sociology, all in the context of policy behavior. The two volumes under review recapitulate theoretical and behavioral research dating back to the 1920s and still continuing at Yale and other policy centers. There is a strong moral commitment in these pages to human dignity, defined as the preferred outcomes among all competing and complementary basic values. The jurisprudence espoused in these volumes is a process through which people seek to clarify and secure their common interest; it is a tool of discovery rather than a mere syntactical philosophy of law. It is more a “political” than a “legal” science.
PM-20, a novel inhibitor of Cdc25A, induces extracellular signal–regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation and inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma growth in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Kar Siddhartha , Wang Meifang , Yao Wei , Michejda Christopher J. , Carr Brian I. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We have synthesized several new phenyl maleimide compounds, which are potent growth inhibitors of several human tumor cell lines. Among these, PM-20 was the most potent with an IC50 of 700 nmol/L for Hep3B human hepatoma cell growth. Two other derivatives, PM-26 and PM-38, did not inhibit Hep3B cell growth even at 100 μmol/L. Interestingly, under identical experimental conditions, PM-20 inhibited DNA synthesis of primary cultures of normal hepatocytes at a 10-fold higher concentration than that needed to inhibit the DNA synthesis of the Hep3B hepatoma cells. PM-20 affected two cellular signaling pathways in Hep3B cells: Cdc25 phosphatase and extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. It competitively inhibited the activity of Cdc25 (preferentially Cdc25A) by binding to the active site, likely through the catalytic cysteine, but did not inhibit PTP1B, CD45, or MKP-1 phosphatases. As a result of its action, tyrosine phosphorylation of the cellular Cdc25A substrates Cdk2 and Cdk4 was induced. It also induced strong and persistent phosphorylation of the Cdc25A substrate ERK1/2. Hep3B cell lysates were found to contain ERK2 phosphatase(s) activity, which was inhibited by the actions of PM-20. However, activity of exogenous dual-specificity ERK2 phosphatase MKP1 was not inhibited. Induction of ERK1/2 phosphorylation correlated with the potency of growth inhibition in tumor cell lines and inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation by the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/ERK kinase 1/2 inhibitor U0126 or overexpression of the cdc25A gene in Hep3B cells antagonized the growth inhibitory actions of PM-20. Growth of transplantable rat hepatoma cells in vivo was also inhibited by PM-20 action with a concomitant induction of pERK in the tumors. The mechanism(s) of growth inhibition of Hep3B hepatoma cells by the phenyl maleimide PM-20 involves prolonged ERK1/2 phosphorylation, likely resulting from inhibition of the ERK phosphatase Cdc25A. PM-20 thus represents a novel class of tumor growth inhibitor that inhibits mainly Cdc25A, is dependent on ERK activation, and has a considerable margin of selectivity for tumor cells compared with normal cells. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1511–9]
Suicide cancer gene therapy using pore-forming toxin, streptolysin O
Authors: Yang Wan Seok , Park Sue-O , Yoon A-Rum , Yoo Ji Young , Kim Min Kyung , Yun Chae-Ok , Kim Chul-Woo 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe cloned the streptolysin O gene from the Streptococcus pyogenes genome and tested the possibility of using it as an anticancer reagent. Transient transfection of the streptolysin O gene efficiently killed 293T cells after 12 hours of transfection as determined by lactate dehydrogenase release and propidium iodide uptake. No caspase activity was observed and necrosis was prominent during streptolysin O-induced cell death. Biochemical analysis of streptolysin O protein revealed that the deletion of only 5 amino acids from the COOH-terminal region of streptolysin O, which is essential for cholesterol binding activity, abolished its cell-killing activity, whereas the NH2-terminal region was more resilient, i.e., up to 115 amino acids could be deleted without changing its cell-killing activity. We generated a streptolysin O-expressing adenovirus and injected it into human cervical cancer cell–derived tumors grown in a nude mouse model. Twenty-one days postinjection, the average size of tumors in the streptolysin O adenovirus–injected group was 29.3% of that of the control PBS-treated group. Our results show that the genes of pore-forming toxins, like streptolysin O protein, have the potential to establish a novel class of suicide gene therapeutic reagents. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1610-9]
Inhibition of Akt by the alkylphospholipid perifosine does not enhance the radiosensitivity of human glioma cells
Authors: de la Peña Lorena , Burgan William E. , Carter Donna J. , Hollingshead Melinda G. , Satyamitra Merriline , Camphausen Kevin , Tofilon Philip J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Akt has been implicated as a molecular determinant of cellular radiosensitivity. Because it is often constitutively activated or overexpressed in malignant gliomas, it has been suggested as a target for brain tumor radiosensitization. To evaluate the role of Akt in glioma radioresponse, we have determined the effects of perifosine, a clinically relevant alkylphospholipid that inhibits Akt activation, on the radiosensitivity of three human glioma cell lines (U87, U251, and LN229). Each of the glioma cell lines expressed clearly detectable levels of phosphorylated Akt indicative of constitutive Akt activity. Exposure to a perifosine concentration that reduced survival by ∼50% significantly reduced the level of phosphorylated Akt as well as Akt activity. Cell survival analysis using a clonogenic assay, however, revealed that this Akt-inhibiting perifosine treatment did not enhance the radiosensitivity of the glioma cell lines. This evaluation was then extended to an in vivo model using U251 xenografts. Perifosine delivered to mice bearing U251 xenografts substantially reduced tumor phosphorylated Akt levels and inhibited tumor growth rate. However, the combination of perifosine and radiation resulted in a less than additive increase in tumor growth delay. Thus, in vitro and in vivo data indicate that the perifosine-mediated decrease in Akt activity does not enhance the radiosensitivity of three genetically disparate glioma cell lines. These results suggest that, although Akt may influence the radiosensitivity of other tumor types, it does not seem to be a target for glioma cell radiosensitization. [Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5(6):1504–10]
The Modified Mosher’s Method and the Sulfoximine Method
Authors: Kusumi Takenori , Ooi Takashi , Ohkubo Yumi , Yabuuchi Tetsuya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This article describes the application of the modified Mosher’s method to a variety of natural products possessing a secondary alcohol for determining their absolute configuration. The method is generally applicable to secondary alcohols with a few exceptions where the hydroxy group is seriously hindered by neighboring substituents. Countermeasures to solve the problems are also described. Recent findings that the modified Mosher’s method can be used in solvents other than deutero-chloroform are included. Development and application of the sulfoximine method for the determination of the absolute configuration of chiral sulfoxides are also described.
Economic Implications of Nonpar Delivery Points for the Live Cattle Futures Contract
Authors: Crow J. Richard , Riley John B. , Purcell Wayne D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith variable intermarket price relationships between Omaha and the outlying market areas, the use of a single adjustment factor for nonpar delivery points will not significantly improve hedging opportunities. Using the Guymon (Oklahoma) point to illustrate, the need for more sophisticated adjustment procedures or consideration of separate contracts is demonstrated.
Alternative Tax Treatment of Orchard Development Costs: Impacts on Producers, Middlemen, and Consumers
Authors: Carman Hoy F. , Youde James G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPresent federal income tax laws allow current deduction of development costs for most orchard crops. An economic surplus framework is used to analyze the impact of cost capitalization on producers, middlemen, and consumers. Estimated net social returns per dollar of tax subsidy range from $0.12 to $15.00 for five California orchard crops under present tax treatment.
The Optimum Combination of Resources Within and Among Country Elevators
Authors: Lytle P. W. , Hill L. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA sunk capital hypothesis and merger, analyzed with linear programming, are used as aggregate constraints to temper results of firm models when analyzing intermediate length‐of‐run structural adjustments of country elevators. The conflict of simultaneously recommending fewer firms in the industry and expansion of all individual firms is handled.
The Substitution of Analytic for Simulation Algorithms: A Comment
Authors: Candler Wilfred , Cartwright Wayne , Penn J. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn example problem that was initially analyzed by simulation and subsequently solved analytically is presented. It is argued that simulation algorithms are not necessarily preferable to analytic procedures even when problems contain apparently intractable features. Analytic solutions to simplified problems might prove useful even when a simulation algorithm is employed.
Consumer Attitudes and Their Impact on Fluid Milk Demand in Hawaii: A Component‐Regression Analysis Approach
Authors: Ratnam Nittala V. , Spielmann Heinz 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDemand analysis for various fluid milk products at the retail level was extended beyond the usual price‐quantity‐income relationships. Use of component factor analysis has introduced attitudinal and taste information useful for market development, merchandising activities, and regulatory policy promulgation.
A Benefit‐Burden Analysis of Public School Financing: The Impact on Rural and Urban Taxpayers
Authors: Boisvert Richard N. , Mapp Harry P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractExpenditure benefit‐burden ratios were developed to analyze the implications for rural and urban taxpayers of several education finance alternatives. Equalizing expenditures through a statewide property tax would transfer net benefits to high income, suburban areas. Low Income rural taxpayers would benefit from greater reliance on the state income tax.
A Truncated Maximin Approach to Farm Planning under Uncertainty with Discrete Probability Distributions
Authors: Maruyama Yoshihiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA method is presented for solving linear programming problems under the assumption that input‐output, restraint, and functional coefficients follow a discrete joint probability distribution. This may be a rather plausible assumption in some uncertain farm planning contexts. The objective function is formulated in terms of variance and/or expectation. Special attention is given to the most adverse outcomes with respect to both the functional value and side constraints. Parametric analysis can be used to determine trade‐offs among the functional value, the adversity level, the tolerance probability, and the probability of infeasibility. Finally, the proposed method is applied to a farm problem.
The Rational Choice of Share Leasing and Implications for Efficiency
Authors: Sutinen J. G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA formal statement of the theory of contractual choice is developed to derive conditions under which share leasing is rationally chosen. The allocative efficiency of share and nonshare leasing arrangements is compared under these conditions. Contrary to previous analyses, share leasing is shown to result in a higher expected level of farm output than otherwise. Therefore, land reform measures which restrict share leasing cannot be justified on grounds of improving productivity nor, as it turns out, on grounds of improving the sharecropper's welfare.
Acreage Response and Demand for Processing Tomatoes in California
Authors: Chern Wen S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA theory of contracting is developed to show how acreage and price might be determined in the raw tomato market. The paper estimates the structural parameters of the acreage response and demand for processing tomatoes facing California growers. Several hypotheses of leadership pricing are tested. Results show that the California processing industry can be characterized as a competitive industry, since the leadership pricing as observed is consistent with the competitive pricing. Acreage response is shown to be price elastic. The adoption of the tomato harvester is found to have a significant impact on acreage response.
Grain Marketing and Transportation Interdependencies: A National Model
Authors: Fedeler Jerry A. , Heady Earl O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTen specifications of a linear programming model are developed to jointly select the least cost locations of grain production and interregional grain transportation in the United States. Analyses are based on 1980 demand projections for wheat, soybeans, and feed grains. Seven model options represent alternative transportation systems and include alternative cost estimates for railroad and barge transportation. Three other options are specified to analyze interdependencies between grain exports and transportation. Results suggest that choice of transportation mode and grain flows are sensitive to transportation cost changes and the distribution of exports among ports but the location of grain production is not.
Optimizing Subindustry Marketing Organizations: A Network Analysis Approach
Authors: Fuller Stephen W. , Randolph Paul , Klingman Darwin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA technique for solving large‐scale mixed‐integer plant‐location problems is developed and utilized. The plant‐location problem is formulated as a minimum‐cost‐flow network problem and solved with a special purpose network code in conjunction with implicit enumeration. Implicit enumeration reduces the number of plant combinations that need to be examined. The technique was applied to resolve a cotton‐ginning subindustry's least‐cost organizational adjustment to exogenous factors and involved consideration of short‐run plant costs that were piecewise linear with fixed charges, two‐levels of variable labor cost, storage costs, and assembly costs.
Impact of Dryeration on Grain Elevator Performance in a Fluctuating Energy Situation
Authors: Penson John B. , McCarl Bruce A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe dryeration process was originally advanced by agricultural engineers to improve grain quality by reducing stress cracks to the kernel normally incurred in the conventional drying process. This study demonstrates that the country grain elevator with dryeration facilities also uses substantially less energy to dry the same amount of grain and achieves higher profits above variable costs associated with drying operations than the elevator with conventional drying facilities, regardless of grain moisture conditions. These advantages are shown to be further magnified if energy prices continue to rise or if potential energy shortfalls are realized.
Optimal Advertising Signals in the Florida Citrus Industry: A Research Application
Authors: Hochman Eithan , Regev Uri , Ward Ronald W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA sales response to advertising for the Florida citrus industry is estimated and used to explore optimal levels of advertising. Results of an optimal control model show the gains that can be realized through inter‐ and intraseasonal changes in the level of advertising expenditures. These gains are generated by using imputed prices that take into account future gains of current advertising. An optimal path of adjustment in both advertising and sales over time is obtained which provides signals for an effective advertising policy.
Industrial Growth in the Tennessee Valley Region, 1959 to 1968
Authors: Garrison Charles B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractShift analysis and the technique of entropy indicate an increase in the strength of rural and small‐town counties competing with urban areas for manufacturing employment during the study period. Increase in the strength of the most rural counties apparently was confined to labor‐oriented industries, but small towns and small cities were successful in attracting industries of varying orientations. Despite the rapid rate of industrialization, rural counties experienced slow or negative population growth; this is attributed to the absence of sizeable employment multiplier effects and to offsetting employment declines in extractive industries. The implication is that considerable potential exists for further rural industrialization.
Market Liquidity in the FCOJ Futures Market
Authors: Ward Ronald W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSpeculation is essential for maintaining liquidity within futures markets. Deviations in speculative trading about a liquidity level may, however, distort market price performance. The liquidity level for FCOJ futures has been derived. Speculation in excess of liquidity occurred infrequently and such excesses showed only limited effects on price performance.
Education in Farm Production: The Case of Taiwan
Authors: Wu Craig C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe role of education in production is studied for the medium‐stage developing agriculture of Taiwan. Results suggest that, in a densely populated agriculture where production is typically carried out by small family farms, education of farmers of a moderate level (about six years of schooling on average) is able to contribute to production when rapid development is in progress. Unlike in U.S. agriculture, the contribution of worker effect surpasses that of allocative and scale effects, suggesting that the relative importance of these effects may vary with farm size and with the average level of education.
Rural Household Savings Behavior in South Korea, 1962–76
Authors: Hyun K. N. , Adams D. W. , Hushak L. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study documents the extent of savings in representative rural households in South Korea during 1962–76. A technique for measuring permanent income from cross‐section data is used to estimate marginal savings behavior. The results show that households saved a remarkably large part of their incomes. During the late 1960s these savings were, on the margin, about one‐fifth of permanent incomes and about four‐fifths of transitory incomes. Authors also conclude that useful measures of permanent and transitory income can be estimated from cross‐section data.
The Price‐Forecasting Performance of Futures Markets for Live Cattle and Hogs: A Disaggregated Analysis
Authors: Martin Larry , Garcia Philip 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFour hypotheses about the price‐forecasting performance of live cattle and hog futures are tested using disaggregated data. Live cattle futures are found to have inadequate forecasting performance for each hypothesis and do not provide better forecasts than lagged cash prices. Live hog futures perform well for three hypotheses, but not when economic conditions are unstable. Hog futures provide better forecasts than lagged cash prices. The analysis does not support the contention that these futures markets are agencies for rational price formation.
Estimating Farm‐Level Input Demand and Wheat Supply in the Indian Punjab Using a Translog Profit Function
Authors: Sidhu Surjit S. , Baanante Carlos A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractApplication of the translog profit function to farm‐level data from Punjab, India, allowed a more disaggregated analysis of the farm production structure compared to the case of Cobb‐Douglas formulation. The flexibility afforded by translog formulation permitted measurement of the different impacts that exogenous variables have within and across input demand and output supply functions. Policy‐relevant elasticity estimates with respect to variable inputs and output prices, fixed inputs, a few soil‐related “state‐of‐nature” variables measured by soil analysis, and education, which are usually considered constraints to farm production, were obtained, and two examples of policy applications were developed.
Adult Equivalent Scales: An Alternative Approach
Authors: Buse Rueben C. , Salathe Larry E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAdult equivalent scales were estimated for five food groups and total food consumed at home. The scales were specified as continuous functions of age and restrictions were placed on the scales so that they approximate the way an individual affects household food expenditures throughout his life. The scale function is easily incorporated into expenditure models, and statistical tests can be used to determine the importance of household composition in explaining household expenditure behavior. Children were found to consume less total food—beef, pork, and vegetables—than adults, while the middleaged spent less on fruit than the elderly.
Regional Economic Impacts of Policies to Control Erosion and Sedimentation in Illinois and Other Corn Belt States
Authors: Osteen Craig , Seitz Wesley D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis analysis indicates that the adoption of different soil erosion control policies by different states in the Corn Belt will not result in significant shifts of production activities among the states. Some price impacts would occur but they would be felt throughout the region. More significant impacts may occur at the substate level. Farm operators on more erosive lands may be adversely affected. These results were generated using a general equilibrium linear programming model of crop production and markets in the Corn Belt.
Property Rights and the Potitical Economy of Resource Scarcity
Authors: Castle Emery N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChanges in resource availability place, property rights under stress. Major policy issues exist with respect to rights to land, water, and the ocean fishery. Sometimes these policy issues are confronted in the context of structural changes in property rights, that is, by changing the relationship among those who hold rights both within the private or between the public and private sector. In some instances, changes in resource availability may trigger macro policies designed to affect the distribution of income, employment, or inflation. These macro policies typically also have an indirect but very real effect on property rights.
European Community Agriculture and the World Market
Authors: Swinbank Alan 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe European Communities' common agricultural policy is more complex than some studies would indicate. Not only do the member states succeed in maintaining nationally preferred price support levels through the use of green currencies and monetary compensatory amounts, but the protective mechanisms applied have a differential impact on some commodities and some supplying countries. The introduction, in 1979,of the European Monetary System had repercussions for the agricultural sector, including the use of a new unit of account.