bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trans fatty acids and cancers: AFSSA recommendations
Authors: Gerber Mariette , Razanamahefa Landy , Bougnoux Philippe 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe results of epidemiological studies were too few and inconsistent to enable a conclusion to be drawn as to whether dietary trans fatty acids (TFA) including conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) were beneficial or detrimental to the various sites of cancer studied. The effect of CLA isomers has only been studied in animal models, and mainly on mammary tumours. CLA – particularly the 9c,11t CLA – exerted an inhibitory effect on the initiation and development of these tumours, whereas a similar effect has not been observed in humans, whose intake level is much lower than the threshold required for an antitumour effect to be detectable in rodents. The aforementioned effect has been obtained in animal models at prolonged and high intakes, from 0.5 to 2% of the total energy intake, which corresponds approximately to 5–10 g/day in humans. The underlying mechanisms have not been identified and are probably indirect and multiple.
Quantitative morphodynamic typology of rivers: a methodological study based on the French Upper Rhine basin
Authors: Schmitt Laurent , Maire Gérard , Nobelis Photis , Humbert Joël 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study sought to establish a quantitative functional hydrogeomorphological typology of river reference types in the French Upper Rhine basin that would meet the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive, defined in terms of hydromorphological quality and prospects for river restoration. Four ecoregions (i.e. hydrogeomorphic units) were delineated by expert opinion and validated by independent variables (i.e. 1·5‐year peak discharge, comparison of 10‐year daily flow and low flow, valley bottom morphology and specific stream power). A data set of 31 quantitative and qualitative variables for 187 field sites was established and analysed. Agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) of the quantitative variables and principal component analysis (PCA) provided hierarchy and grouping of variables. Multiple correspondence analysis (MCA) confirmed these results, discriminating sites into seven groups, but did not lead to a functional typology due to important overlapping between groups and variability within groups. A definitive quantitative typology was obtained through AHC and discriminant analysis with cross‐validation computed separately in each ecoregion. Results for two ecoregions, ‘marly calcareous loess‐covered hills’ and ‘crystalline Vosges mountains’, are given as examples. Finally, the classification of the sites is extended to the whole river network by river sectorization, each homogeneous river section being classified to one category on the basis of the preceding classification of sites. Methodological implications regarding river classification are also given. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Body mass index, waist circumference, waist–hip ratio and depressive symptoms in Chinese elderly: a population‐based study
Authors: Ho Roger C. M. , Niti Matthew , Kua Ee Heok , Ng Tze‐Pin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundStudies that investigated the relationship between obesity and depressive symptoms in the elderly have generated conflicting findings, partly because of the use of body mass index (BMI) alone to measure obesity in the elderly. The use of BMI fails to account for varying proportions of muscle, fat and bone, and few studies have used other measures of central obesity, such as waist–hip ratio (WHR) and waist circumference (WC).ObjectivesWe examined whether individually BMI, WHR and WC were consistently associated with depressive symptoms in the elderly.MethodsAnalysis of cross‐sectional data of 2604 community dwelling Chinese elderly aged 55 and above, including socio‐emotional characteristics, self‐rated health and functional status, anthropometric measurements and Geriatric Depression Scale (15 items, GDS‐15).ResultsThere was a negative trend in the prevalence of depressive symptoms (GDS ≥5) across increasing BMI categories: 16.9% in low BMI, 14.2% in normal weight, 12.1% in moderate to high BMI. The associations for moderate to high BMI (OR, 0.77; p = 0.04) relative to normal BMI, were statistically significant after controlling for confounding variables. However, no consistent trends in the prevalence of depressive symptoms and OR's were observed for increasing WHR and WC categories.ConclusionOur results suggest that waist–hip and circumference measures of central obesity did not support an inverse relationship of obesity and depressive symptoms. An inverse relationship of BMI with depressive symptoms may indicate greater physiologic and functional reserve from greater muscle mass that protects against depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subjective cognitive complaints, neuropsychological performance, affective and behavioural symptoms in non‐demented patients
Authors: Gallassi Roberto , Bisulli Antonietta , Oppi Federico , Poda Roberto , Di Felice Carla 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveSubjective cognitive complaints (SCC) have been previously investigated to establish whether they are risk factors for dementia, but no clear‐cut conclusions have emerged. In this study non‐demented patients with SCC were studied and the neuropsychological findings, affective and behavioural aspects and parameters with the highest correct classifications in discriminating patients who had only SCC but no objective clinical and neuropsychological impairment, i.e. no cognitive impairment (NCI) patients and those with objective neuropsychological deficits, namely patients with mild cognitive (MCI) were analyzed.MethodsConsecutive non‐demented outpatients with SCC were enrolled of over 9 months and examined using neuropsychological tests and scales for depression, anxiety and behaviour. Clinical criteria and neuropsychological test results were used to classify patients into groups of NCI, MCI and subtypes of MCI.ResultsNinety‐two patients with SCC were included; 49 of them had objective deficits (MCI patients), whereas 43 were without any clinical and cognitive impairment (NCI patients). These patients had lower age, higher education and better general cognitive indices than MCI patients who had higher caregiver distress, depression and irritability. The combination of a battery for mental deterioration and for behavioural memory assessment were the most discriminative in differentiating the two groups.ConclusionsAn objective cognitive impairment, reaching the criteria for a MCI diagnosis, was present in almost half of patients having SCC. MCI patients have more behavioural disturbances than NCI subjects. SCC should not be underestimated and appropriate neuropsychological assessment is required to reassure subjects with normal results and to identify patients with MCI. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating adjusted NNT measures in logistic regression analysis
Authors: Bender Ralf , Kuss Oliver , Hildebrandt Mandy , Gehrmann Ulrich 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe number needed to treat (NNT) is a popular measure to describe the absolute effect of a new treatment compared with a standard treatment or placebo in clinical trials with binary outcome. For use of NNT measures in epidemiology to compare exposed and unexposed subjects, the terms ‘number needed to be exposed’ (NNE) and ‘exposure impact number’ (EIN) have been proposed. Additionally, in the framework of logistic regression a method was derived to perform point and interval estimation of NNT measures with adjustment for confounding by using the adjusted odds ratio (OR approach). In this paper, a new method is proposed which is based upon the average risk difference over the observed confounder values (ARD approach). A decision has to be made, whether the effect of allocating an exposure to unexposed persons or the effect of removing an exposure from exposed persons should be described. We use the term NNE for the first and the term EIN for the second situation. NNE is the average number of unexposed persons needed to be exposed to observe one extra case; EIN is the average number of exposed persons among one case can be attributed to the exposure. By means of simulations it is shown that the ARD approach is better than the OR approach in terms of bias and coverage probability, especially if the confounder distribution is wide. The proposed method is illustrated by application to data of a cohort study investigating the effect of smoking on coronary heart disease. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The history of transient analysis and the recent trend
Authors: Ametani Akihiro 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe paper has summarized the history of a transient analysis including the impedance necessary for the analysis, and various problems associated with transient simulations are pointed out.Existing simulation tools based on a circuit theory still require refinement to improve the accuracy and the reliability at the same time. The tools inherently necessitate circuit parameters which involve a number of problems due to the assumption and the limit when the parameters were derived. A numerical electromagnetic analysis method looks quite promising as a transient simulation tool, because it is able to solve any transients which can not be dealt with by a circuit‐theory based tool. One of the main features of the method is that it does not require circuit parameters for those are automatically calculated as a part of a transient simulation. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Analysis of energy consumption for multiple object identification system with active RFID tags
Authors: Su Xu , Xiao Yang 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRadio frequency identification (RFID) systems are very effective for identifying objects. Existing published works focus on designing efficient collision resolution protocols for the tag identification problem in RFID systems with passive RFID tags. However, advances in low‐cost and low‐power sensing technologies will make active RFID tags more popular and affordable in the near future. In multiple object identification systems with active tags, the tags are designed for extremely low‐cost large‐scale applications such that battery replacement is not feasible. This imposes a critical energy‐constraint on the communication protocols used in these systems. In this paper, we analyze energy consumption and identification times for several protocols. The objective is to decrease energy consumption of tags by reducing both the total identification time and the total active time. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sunflower performance — Agronomic aspects
Authors: Jarvi Alvin J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSunflower performance is influenced by the cultivar, the environment, and the interaction of cultivar and environment. The environment is only partially controlled by the farmer and involves the interaction of many factors which vary greatly from day to day and from season to season. Good agronomic practices, which at least in part modify the environment, lead to the establishment of optimum use of the growing season. Plant population used in the major production areas range from 35,000 per hectare to 60,000 per hectare with planting depth ranging from 3 cm to 10 cm depending on soil moisture. Nitrogen is the most common limiting soil nutrient and generally as yields increase in response to nitrogen fertilizer there is a corresponding decrease in oil contents. Adequate weed control is very important during the first three weeks after emergence and is accomplished mechanically and/or chemically. Sunflower is frost‐tolerant during both the seedling stage and the post‐flowering period, and most susceptible during the period of rapid growth and flowering. Sunflower is not a highly drought‐resistant crop, but is effective in utilizing soil moisture to depth of over 2 m.
Insect problems of sunflowers
Authors: Arthur A. P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMany insect pests belonging to several different groups attack cultivated sunflowers in North America. Sunflowers are native to this continent and weeds belonging to the same or closely related species are abundant throughout areas where cultivated sunflowers are grown. Thus, most sunflower insects are native and have been multiplying rapidly during the recent expansion in sunflower production. Discussion of the insect pests of sunflowers is facilitated by grouping them according to the part of the sunflower plant attacked, e.g., (a) leaf feeders, (b) stem and root feeders, and (c) head feeders. Leaf feeders are usually the easiest group to control. They are exposed to view, they and their damage are easily evaluated, and effective insecticidal controls can be applied when necessary. The stem and root feeders such as the carrot beetle in the South and cutworms in the North can cause severe damage before control measures are applied. However, many other species of stem feeders can be present in large numbers without causing economic damage. Head feeders include the sunflower moth, the banded sunflower moths, the sunflower seed maggot, the seed midge, and the seed weevil. These pests are potentially very damaging and, once they have entered the head, are difficult to control with insecticides. Traps baited with a synthetic pheromone are now available to monitor the abundance of sunflower moths. Further research on early warning systems to detect the abundance and distribution of other pests in this group is especially important. These will enable growers to apply controls before the pests are protected within the heads and will reduce the application of insecticides when they are not required.
Disease problems of sunflowers
Authors: Sackston W. E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSunflower, the second most important oilseed crop in the world, was developed as a crop in eastern Europe, but is a native of North America. The pathogens causing many of its major diseases are also native to North America. Although a profitable crop, sunflowers have fairly low value per hectare. Disease control must, therefore, be inexpensive, by resistant varieties or seed treatment or cultural practices, rather than repeated field application of chemicals. Rust, a limiting factor in many countries, has been successfully controlled everywhere by resistance from wild sunflowers discovered in Canada about 1950. New races are posing problems in Argentina and Australia, but new resistance may be available. Verticillium wilt has been destructive in some areas but resistance is available from wild sunflowers and Russian high‐oil varieties. Downy mildew, highly destructive in many countries, has been effectively controlled by two genes from the original rust‐resistant material. A new race attacking this resistance was discovered in 1980: resistance to it appears to be available. Sclerotinia stalk rot and head rot, caused by a pathogen with wide host range, is much harder to control by breeding. Leaf spot diseases have long been a limiting factor in some European countries and elsewhere, but were considered minor in North America until recently. Broom rape, a root parasite which almost destroyed the crop in the USSR and elsewhere in eastern Europe, does not attack it in North America. It is controlled by resistant varieties.
Development of a pilot‐plant process for the extraction of soy flakes with aqueous isopropyl alcohol
Authors: Baker E. C. , Sullivan D. A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSoy flakes were extracted with aqueous isopropyl alcohol (IPA) at 77 C in a Kennedy countercurrent continuous extractor at a retention time of 71 min. IPA concentration was varied from 85.0 to 90.5% w/w and included the 87.7% IPA‐water azeotrope. Solvent to meal ratios were varied from 1.5 to 3.0. The oil‐IPA miscella leaving the extractor was chilled and coalesced to yield an oil phase and an IPA phase. The IPA phase was recycled to the extractor without being distilled. Excess IPA was expressed from the defatted flakes, and this also was recycled to the extractor. IPA recovered by distillation in the evaporator‐stripper and desolventizer‐toaster accounted for less than 10% of the total. Refined deodorized oils from the IPA extraction process compared favorably with their hexane counterpart in color, peroxide value and phosphorous and free fatty acid contents. Desolventized meals from the IPA process compared favorably with their hexane‐extracted counterpart in protein, ash and fiber content.
Analysis of the nonpolar extractables ofAsclepias speciosa
Authors: Adams R. P. , Balandrin M. F. , Hogge L. , Craig W. , Price S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAsclepias speciosa is currently being evaluated as a potential hydrocarbon‐producing crop. Chemical analyses of the nonpolar extractables of the above ground parts of this plant showed that pentacyclic triterpenoids and sterols account for over 90% of the refined hexane extract. In addition, low molecular weight natural rubber (cis‐1,4‐polyisoprene), of potential use as an elastomer, was obtained from the crude hexane extract.
Clinical practice guidelines for severe Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Herrmann Nathan , Gauthier Serge , Lysy Paul G. 
Published: September 2007

BackgroundAlthough severe Alzheimer's disease (AD) represents a prevalent, serious, and costly public health problem, few practice guidelines exist to help physicians manage this disorder.MethodsA search of English language medical databases was performed from 1996 to the present for articles pertaining to the management of AD. The focus of this review was on studies that included patients with severe disease. Studies were assessed by considering the subjects, trial design, analysis, and results. Recommendations were based on the best available evidence.ResultsSevere AD can be defined and diagnosed reliably by using measures of cognition, function, behavior, and global staging. Specific assessments would also include medical status, safety issues, and the health status of the caregiver. Disease‐specific management would include treatment with cholinesterase inhibitors and/or memantine. Treatment of neuropsychiatric symptoms begins with nonpharmacologic behavioral and environmental approaches. Severe agitation, aggression, and psychosis that are potentially dangerous to the patient, caregiver, and others in the environment can be treated with atypical antipsychotics, with consideration of their increased risk of cerebrovascular adverse events and mortality. All pharmacologic approaches require careful monitoring and regular periodic reassessments to determine whether ongoing treatment is necessary.ConclusionsEvidence‐based guidelines for the management of severe AD have the potential to improve the quality of life for the patient and their caregiver. More randomized controlled trials aimed specifically at this phase of illness are still urgently required.
A YOUNG MAN IN A HURRY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken was hired by the Baltimore Sun, the newspaper he would be associated with for the rest of his life. As Sunday editor, he pushed for innovations such as new illustrations, printing changes, and exciting articles on medicine, humor, music, and theater. However, Mencken once again began to feel restless. He wrote a book on Nietzsche, the first one published in the United States, and set forth his own iconoclastic views. He continued with his drama criticism, and broke away from Anglophile models by translating Henrick Ibsen's plays into colloquial American English. He thought about marriage, but felt that he did not have the time. He also met Theodore Dreiser.
BROADENING HORIZONS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In 1908, Mencken was asked to become the new literary critic of The Smart Set magazine. Over the next fifteen years, Mencken would write 182 essays in which he reviewed some 2,000 books. The Smart Set gave Mencken a national venue to express his controversial views on American literature. He also met George Jean Nathan, a theater critic, and the two became fast friends. Mencken worked on his fourth book, Men Versus the Man, where he presents his views on individualism, Social Darwinism, and race.
THE BAD BOY OF BALTIMORE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken's column, “The Free Lance”, was published daily in the Baltimore Evening Sun from 1911 to 1915. Mencken became a controversial local figure, taking on such issues as medicine, literature, prostitution, immigrants, the American language, reform, and suffragism. Mencken's columns on Baltimore's public health issues forced him to consider the plight of the city's African-American population, and he began to display a new sensitivity towards the race that he had not shown in his book, Men Versus the Man.
THE HOLY TERROR
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
As war broke out in Europe, Mencken became dismayed by the influence of deliberate propaganda on the nation's press. Not only were editorials, headlines, cartoons, and methods of display misleading, so were the photographs. Mencken's pro-German column forced him to stop his column, “The Free Lance”. Looking back to this unhappy period, Mencken realized that there is little tolerance for free speech, especially during wartime.
BERLIN, 1917
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken underwent a transformation from his experiences in Berlin. From abroad, he witnessed how an irresponsible press could manipulate the news, provoking misunderstanding between two warring countries; this helped form his myopia towards Hitler's Germany. The year 1917 marked Mencken's personal struggle as an independent and controversial public voice. The many examples of censorship, the practice of war news, and the anti-German sentiment he witnessed marked the beginning of a process of maturation for Mencken. His first-hand experience covering the war hardened the ideas he already formed and provided a host of evidence about notions he previously discussed in his defunct column “The Free Lance”.
A SENTIMENTAL JOURNEY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Despite the excitement of a new love affair and the professional heights he achieved, Mencken remained depressed over the loss of his mother and was unable to work. To revive his optimism, Mencken headed off on a trip south, and ended up in Hollywood where he was reunited with actress Aileen Pringle. His subsequent disenchantment with the movie industry and the suicide of his friend, poet George Sterling, pushed him back home to Baltimore.
THE LATE MR. MENCKEN
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The lessening of Mencken's influence was accompanied by the further decline of The American Mercury. Against slumping financial returns, Mencken decided to resign from the magazine. For various reasons, resentment against Mencken began to fester in his assistant, Charles Angoff; this nearly exploded when Mencken and Knopf appointed Henry Hazlitt, instead of Angoff, to replace Mencken.
A TIME TO BE WARY
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Freed from the responsibility of editing The American Mercury, Mencken turned to his political column. He was a supporter of a balanced budget, fiscal responsibility, and a federal government with limited powers. He believed, like Thomas Jefferson, that the best government was one that governed least. Like his father before him — who had always been suspicious of governmental authority and power, and a believer in the self-reliance of the individual — Mencken was alarmed by Roosevelt's New Deal policies, which seemed to him like an abolition of traditional Constitutional guarantees. Mencken's confrontation with FDR came at the 1934 Gridiron Dinner, when, after Mencken's lighthearted attack on the President, FDR played a malicious joke on Mencken, causing much rancor.