bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'innovation religieuse (*)
Authors: Estruch Juan 
Published: March 2007

Taking into account the fact that all points of view, in~ cluding the sociological, are inevitably partial, a sociology of religious phenomena may be said to be capable only of studying that which corresponds to a social, « reality ». The proliferation of sociographic studies on the relationship between religion and society has its roots in a form of sociological theory of religion so impoverished as to place it on the margins of the discipline in relationship to sociological theory in general. This means that it is now necessary to start to re~develop theory relating to the sociology of religion. This article is an attempt to do this in relation to the analysis of the phenomena of religious innovation. As a result, the article moves in three successive stages from sociological theory to the sociology of religion and from there to the application of a theoretical model to certain aspects of the Church as an institution. It appears that the religious institu~ tion legitimates some values but has been deprived in con~ temporary western society of its previous monopoly of the definition of what is legitimate. This is the reason why, after an analysis. of the sociological literature, the process of « secularization » and « pluralism » appear as the factors which are defining the actual situation and are chosen as key variables in determining the extent to which one, could today regard religious innovation as creative or merely adaptive. The evidence of this attempt to analyse the situation of religious institutions starting from their situation in society and following a particular theoretical approach, indicates that religious innovation is clearly adaptive in nature.
Family, Ritual and Secularization
Authors: Lüschen Günther , Staikof Zaharj , Stolte Heiskanen Veronica , Ward Conor 
Published: March 2007

A partir des résultats d'une étude dans plusieurs pays aux degrés divers de modernisation, la fonction du rituel familial se dégage dans le sens d'une actualisation des liens familiaux et d'un renforcement de la famille nucléaire. Le rituel spéci fique de la Noël devient plus orienté vers la famille qu'orienté vers l'Eglise, tandis que soumis à un changement révolution naire, il perd la plus grande partie de son sens et de sa fonc tion. Malgré les changements, uh intérêt fondamental pour le sacré l'emporte sur la modernisation. Là sécularisàtion appa raît alors comme un processus de re-locatisation et de privati sation du sacré, entre autre et surtout dans la famille; plutôt que comme un mouvement de désacralisation des sociétés «plus traditionnelles » vers des sociétés « plus modernes >.
Les Eglises européennes et la Paix Réflexions sociologiques sur leur engagement et leur pensée
Authors: Houtart François 
Published: March 2007

In 1972, the European Conference of Churches decided to launch a survey on their action in favor of peace. François Houtart's article consists of a sociological reflection on the documents published by these churches (protestant, orthodox, anglican). The first part treats the relationships between the Churches and their respective societies and it establishes a typology: established churches, churches of the liberal capitalist regimes and churches of the socialist regimes. In the first two connections existing between the social, economic and political systems and the churches considerably reduce their autonomy. In the socialist countries, the churches can only have a role of administration of private religion, ex pressing themselves within the limits determined by the ideo logy of the State. Their historical operation in feudal and capitalist societies makes an active role difficult in an egali tarian society. The polarization within the Churches, provoked by the stands taken in areas concerning peace, brings to light the fact that they are affected by the social appurtenances of their members. This generally remains hidden when only the so-called purely religious questions are approached. Thus the difficulty arises of accepting prophetic minorities within them as well as of administrating conflicts linked with ideological options, options which are themselves fruits of social ap purtenances. In capitalist societies the dominating classes generally have a preponderant voice within ecclesiastical organizations. One can notice a lack of socio-political analyses in the churches. This permits the author to study the notions of macro and micro-dimension in depth. The latter, which is that of the immediately perceptible, forms the general level of the apprehension of religious agents who have difficulty in placing themselves at a more global and structural level. The theological reflection concerning these areas often seems rather contradictory as it passes from a more or less explicit socio-political analysis to an ignorant production of its own social and ideological consequences. In any case, what is new is the development, at the heart of the churches, of an awareness that theological thought is ideologically situated and that their action is socially conditionned.
Improvement of Rayon by Continuous High-Temperature Steaming
Authors: Okajima Saburo , Inoue Kimio , Yazawa Masahide , Kuwazuka Yasuhiko 
Published: March 2007

An apparatus was constructed, and heat treatment of rayon tow or sliver was carried out continuously using steam or water of 120° to 190° C for 15 to 80 sec Flash heating with saturated Steam of 7 to 14 kg/cm2 for 15 sec is sufficient to reduce the degree of swelling of rayon to the order of that of cotton. with negligible depolymerization Fine structure of the fully treated rayon is stable, and the reduced swelling and the mechanical properties do not change when the rayon comes into contact with water of 100° to 180° C Upon being immersed in caustic alkaline solutions, the treated rayon always has lower swelling compared to the untreated, and part of the net structure formed by the treatment remains undestroyed. In some cases increase in elongation and decrease in Young's modulus are brought about by an annealing effect at a sufficiently high temperature
The Spreading and Adhesion of Polymers on Wool
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2007

The application of polymers to wool is considered from the point of view of the surface free energies of wool and the polymers. A theory is developed explaining the effectiveness of different polymers in reducing felting shrinkage as heing due to the ease with which spreading can occur over the surface of the wool fibers. It is shown that a useful criterion for spreading is that γ, (the critical surface tension) of wool must be greater than γe of the applied polymer. Spreading coefficients are calculated for various polymers on normal wool and on wool pretreated with chemical reagents. The spreading coefficients agree with the relatiye effects of chemical pretreatments, which can improve the efficiency of polymer treatments. The best pretreatments are those which increase the critical surface tension of wool from 45 dyne cm (normal wool) to 65-70 dyne cm.
The Effect of Detergents on the Felting of Wool
Authors: Feldtman H.D. , McPhee J.R. 
Published: March 2007

. Synthetic anionic and nononic detergents can produce higher felting rates than soap and the concentrations of detergents giving maximum felting rates can vary, with the type of machine used. In rotating-drum machines, maximum felting with synthetic detergents is found at about 0.01% concentration or less, compared with 0.05% in ma chines in which the wool is completely immersed for the duration of the test. With soap, maximum felting occurs at 0.05% in both types of machines. The felting rates with commercial detergent formulations depend mostly on the con centration of active ingredient, although the relatively high pH (>10.0) of some "heavy-duty" detergent solutions may give lower felting rates than those with solutions of pH 6.8-9.6. Tests for felting shrinkage carried out in the absence of detergents do not necessarily give a true indication of the degree of felting which is possible in machine washing, and standard tests may need to be related to the maximum, felting rates which could be encountered in practice. The relative effects of different detergents are more marked with shrink-resistant than untreated wool and wool treated with some processes is more sensitive to the lubricating effect of detergents than that treated with other processes.
Wash and Wear Finishing of Cotton Fabric with N,N'-Dimethylol-Itaconamide (DIMIA)
Authors: Narita Shoji , Date Masakazu , Ishii Kiyoshi 
Published: March 2007

A tri-functional monomer, N,N'-dimethylol-itaconamide (DIMIA) gave excellent wash-wear properties to cotton fabric. The cross-linking and polymerization mechanisms were investigated. The acid catalysts, MgCl2 and Zn(BF4)2, have been used to react the methylol groups of the reagent with cellulose hydroxyls while peroxide catalysts (free radical initiators) such as ammonium or potassium persulfates and H2O2 were examined for double bond polymerization. Mixtures of the two types of catalysts were also tested. The persulfates apparently are able to cause both etherification and polymerization. though they are surpassed by Zn(BF4)2. It is suggested that such a mixed catalyst system could be used in delayed cure wash-wear processes. The methylol groups of DIMIA reacted with the hydroxyl groups of cellulose in presence of acidic catalysts MgCl2 or Zn(BF 4)2. The double bonds of DIMIA polymerized in cellulose in presence of peroxide catalysts APS, KPS, or H2O2. Only etherifications of dimethylol groups of DIMIA and cellulose hydroxyls can cross-link the cellulose, but the combination of the etherification and the polymerization is particularly effective for improving the crease recovery and wash-wear properties of cotton fabric.
The Effect of Low Doses of Co60 Gamma Radiation on Some Physical Properties and the Structure of Wool Fibers
Authors: Beevers R.B. , McLaren K.G. 
Published: March 2007

It has been found that small doses of gamma radiation (0.5-10 Mrad) produce marked effects on some physical prop erties of wool. These effects are not readily detected by mechanical strength measurements on fibers, but are revealed by changes in the behavior of the wool when it is converted to the supercontracted quasi-rubbery state by treatment with LiBr solution. Kinetic studies of the initial supercontraction reaction indicate that irradiation produces a marked reduction in the activation, energy and increases the rate of the reaction. There is also a trend for the initial contractile force to increase and for the equilibrium length contraction to decrease at the higher radiation dose levels. Stress-strain measurements on supercontracted wool show that doses as low as 0.5 Mrad greatly reduce the number of effective cross links in the rubbery network, the effect being similar to that produced by complete removal of the normal disulfide cross links in wool by chemical treatments. There is also evidence of the rebuilding of stable linkages as the radiation dose is increased over a limited range, before bond breakage predominates at the higher dose levels where changes in mechanical strength properties begin to become noticeable. Measurements of the swelling of wool in formic acid give similar evidence of bond breakage and rebuilding processes in wool as it is irradiated. The results indicate that even small doses of gamma radiation break sufficient covalent bonds to make the crosslinked heptide chain structure more susceptible to the action of swelling and disordering agents. These small radiation-induced changes can be expected to affect properties of wool significant in absorption and penetration processes, such as those involved in dyeing, chemical modification, and grafting treatments of wool.
Subversive Narrator/Victimized Reader: a Reader Response Assessment of a Text-Critical Problem, John 18.12-24
Authors: Staley Jeffrey L. 
Published: March 2007

This article takes the old text-critical and interpretive problem of Jn 18.12-24 (who interrogates Jesus—Annas or Caiaphas?), and evaluates it from the perspective of reader response criticism. In this approach the textual variants and the more recent source-critical solutions become the data for constructing a reception history, a window into a way of reading. This reception history is empirical evidence of reader- felt gaps and confusions, and is examined from the perspective of pragmatics, not semantics. The questions become: 'What does this text do to the reader, and why?' By viewing this text-critical problem within the larger issue of Johannine narrative rhetoric, there is evidence to suggest that it fits into a victimizing strategy found else where. Once again, like the Socratic είρων, the narrator undermines the reader's grasp of the story in order to lead the reader into a deeper faith experience.
Form and Function in the Passion Story: the Issue of Genre Reconsidered
Authors: Broadhead Edwin K. 
Published: March 2007

While literary-critical approaches have become an accepted part of biblical criticism, skeptics continue to ask about the ultimate value of such procedures. Thus far the 'payoff has been limited largely to alternate readings and to different perspectives on redactional intent, and traditionsgeschichtliche questions of origin and development are rarely addressed through literary-critical tools. This investigation demonstrates how formalistic analysis of the passion story not only raises issues of interpretation and intentionality, but also requires careful recon sideration of the form and genre of this tradition. This study identifies in Mark 14-16 a formal pattern which controls ten of the twelve scenes and influences the other two. Sayings material is shown to exert a surprising influence upon the narration of Jesus' final days. This literary pattern requires a restatement of the defining traits of the passion story: its genre, its function, its origin. Each of these issues will be reformu lated in light of the literary characteristics of the scenes in Mark 14-16. As a conse quence this study demonstrates that literary-critical tools may be used to illuminate enduring foundational questions such as the origin and identity of the passion story.
The Jesus of Orthodoxy and the Jesuses of the Gospels: a Critique of Luke Timothy Johnson's the Real Jesus
Authors: Miller Robert J. 
Published: March 2007

A central thesis of L.T. Johnson's The Real Jesus is that the gospels manifest a uniform pattern that discloses the meaning of Jesus' life and death and the paradigm of discipleship. This pattern, Johnson claims, is the same in all four gospels. This essay demonstrates that Johnson's thesis is wrong. I argue that the gospels have dis tinctive patterns that differ significantly from one another. Furthermore, no one gospel actually contains the pattern Johnson describes. Johnson's uniform pattern depends on a selectivity that suppresses contrary evidence and ignores the integrity and dis tinctiveness of the individual gospels. Johnson also contends that the historical Jesus is irrelevant to Christian faith, which must be directed toward the risen Christ. However, by asserting that the gospel pattern he proposes is 'embedded in the earliest Christian experience and memory', Johnson covertly appeals to the historical Jesus as the authoritative grounding for the object of Christian faith.
An Empirical Study of Children's Psychological Rights
Authors: Nixon Mary 
Published: March 2007

Groups of psychology students, parents and children in Melbourne, Australia, were recently asked to judge the importance of the psychological rights of children drafted in 1978 by the International School Psychology Committee by ranking them or selecting the rights that they regarded as most important. The derived ranks for the three groups of subjects showed quite high positive relationships but some psychologically significant discrepancies appeared between children and adults. Psychology students appeared to expect conflicts with schools over children's rights. A comparison of empirical results with the Declaration of the Psychological Rights of the Child accepted at the 3rd International Colloquium in School Psychology in July, 1979, showed fair agreement.
Educable Mentally Retarded Pupils in Israel — Policy and Research
Authors: Milgram Norman A. , Milgram Norman A. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to show that (a) policy in Israel with respect to special education for educable mentally retarded children and adolescents has been based on the prevailing cultural zeitgeist rather than upon research and evaluation of current and past programmes; (b) the modest amount of research that has been done in Israel does not justify recent changes in this educational policy; and (c) it is in the best interest of pupils, teachers, parents, and society as a whole that there be closer cooperation between those who determine and institute educational policy and those who empirically evaluate current and contemplated programmes. The editors consider it to be an interesting and pertinent account of a topic which is probably of concern to a majority of the readership, and would welcome other similar contributions for publication either describing practice elsewhere or discussing the issues involved.
Gender Differences in Diabetes Attitudes and Adherence
Authors: Fitzgerald James T. , Anderson Robert M. , Davis Wayne K. 
Published: March 2007

This study focused on three questions: Is there a difference in men's and women's diabetes attitudes? Do health professionals give different recommendations to men and women? Is there a difference between men and women in care adherence? A total of 1201 patients with diabetes were surveyed; 65% of these patients were women. Differences in diabetes attitudes (three of seven attiticdes) were most evident between men and women with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM). No differences were found in the attitudes of men and women with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) using insulin, and only one attitude was different for patients with NIDDM not using insulin. Few differences were observed in the recommendations given by health professionals to men and women. Gender differences in adherence to the components of self-care also were minimal. These findings may indicate that there are many similarities in the reactions of men and women who have been diagnosed with diabetes.
The Impact of an Educational Program on Improving Diabetes Knowledge and Changing Behaviors of Nurses in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Parker Monica Turner , Leggett-Frazier Nancy , Vincent Pauline A. , Swanson Melvin S. 
Published: March 2007

Nursing staffs from two long-term care facilities attended a multisession educational program about the care of residents with diabetes (treatment group). A control group consisted of the nursing staffs from two other similar facilities who did not participate in the educational program. Both groups were given a knowledge pretest and posttest. A chart review also was conducted following the educational intervention to determine any changes in the diabetes care provided by the treatment group. Following the educational program, the treatment group had a significant increase in their mean score on the knowledge test compared with the control group. However, a. review of the residents' charts revealed no significant increases in specific behaviors related to diabetes care. The findings suggest that, in addition to educational programs, more focused training concerning diabetes care is needed to improve the care of residents with diabetes in long-term care facilities. Implications for diabetes educators are discussed.
Crisis in Social Psychology: Some Remarks Towards Breaking Through the Crisis
Authors: Sherifl Muzafer 
Published: March 2007

I. The Wheat vs. Chaff Ratio in the Sky-Rocketing Volume of Research and Publication II. Two Illustrative Areas of Thriving Research: Small Group Research and Attitude-Attitude Change Research III. The Increasing Hue and Cry Over the Crisis A. Diversity of proposals reveal as much about the proposers as what they propose. IV. Some Remarks Toward Breaking Through the Crisis V. The Roots of Crisis in Social Disciplines are Deep and Wide
Working with non-conventional literature
Authors: Posnett N.W. , Baulkwill W.J. 
Published: March 2007

This topic of non-conventional (informally published or "grey") literature and associated information problems has been covered for more specialist audiences elsewhere, but the objective here is to bring these problems to the notice of a wider readership. A definition for non-conventional literature is stated and discussed. The characteristics of the literature and their effects on library and information activities are described. It is ex plained how actions by originators of the literature and by documentation services can decrease the non-conventionality of a document, shifting it towards conventional status. The volume of non-conventional literature worldwide is hard to quantify, although indicators show that it is widely dispersed and makes up a significant part of the total, which may be increasing with time. Problems arise from the non-acquisition of non-conven tional documents by potential users and hence a loss of infor mation. These problems are described together with a range of solutions some of which are already implemented, although not uniformly. These solutions involve more effort by originators to make documents known and available, and greater coverage by secondary services. A number of other activities are described which can reduce the loss of information. These include estab lishment of collection centres, establishment of documentation centres particularly in developing countries, provision of printed copy by holders of the documents, special methods of acquisi tion and better bibliographic control. In the special case of loss of information about tropical land evaluation and rural devel opment the formation of agriculture documentation centres in developing countries is the most-favoured solution.
Data protection in the United Kingdom, Part 2
Authors: Crook Anne 
Published: March 2007

Part I of this paper reviewed the issues which make up the subject of data protection and reasons for legislation. This second part examines in detail the development of legislative proposals in the United Kingdom, culminating in the Data Protection Bill currently before Parliament. The Committee on Data Protection (Lindop) recommended regulation by a Data Protection Authority enforcing statutory Codes of Practice for different data processing applications. This failed to find favour with the Conservative Government which preferred a scheme of registration enforced by an independent Registrar. The data protection lobby (including groups from the computer industry, trade unions, professions, business and civil liberties) were critical of the proposals; particularly those dealing with exemp tions from the law. Their comments are summarised and the response by the Government described. Some of the underlying political reasons for the develop ment of data protection in the U.K. are discussed. It is by understanding the decision-making process relating to legisla tion that those involved with information technology can play an effective role in its regulation and development.
The valuing of management information. Part III: Estimation heuristics
Authors: Carter M.P. 
Published: March 2007

This article is the third in a series of four articles concerned with the valuing of management information. The first three articles examine the major approaches to valuation, the final one summarizes and links together these methods into a practi cal approach to the valuing of management information. This article examines three estimation heuristics and arrives at a suitable combination of them for use in the valuing of management information. The article also examines various ways of improving the efficiency of such subjective estimates.