bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Multi-City Community Based Smoking Research Intervention Project in the African-American Population
Authors: Darity William A. , Tuthill Robert W. , Winder Alvin E. , Cernada George P. , Chen Ted T. L. , Buchanan David R. , Stanek Edward , Pastides Harris 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To carry out a community-based research approach to determine the most effective educational interventions to reduce smoking among African-American smokers. The intervention included preparation of the community, planning and developing a model of change, and developing a community-based intervention. The study population consisted of 2,544 randomly selected adult African-American smokers residing in four sites in the northeastern and southeastern parts of the United States. The research design provided a comparison of active intervention sites with passive control sites as well as low income and moderate income areas. Major Outcome Measures: Point prevalence of non-smoking at the time of interview; Period prevalence of non-smoking at the time of interview; Period prevalence of quit attempts in the prior six months; Number of smoke-free days in the prior six months; Number of cigarettes smoked daily at the time of interview. Results: Based upon a survey eighteen months after baseline data was collected, all four measures of cigarette smoking behavior showed a strong statistically significant reduction of personal smoking behavior among those receiving active interventions versus the passive group. On the basis of process variable analysis, direct contact with the project staff in the prior six months was significantly higher in the active intervention areas. There was only a small non-significant increase in personal smoking behavior in moderate income groups as opposed to low income groups. Conclusion: An analysis of process variables strongly suggests that, within this African-American Community, “hands on” or “face to face” approaches along with mass media, mailings, and other less personal approaches were more effective in reducing personal smoking behavior than media, mailings, and other impersonal approaches alone addressed to large audiences.
Feeling sounds after a thalamic lesion
Authors: Ro Tony , Farnè Alessandro , Johnson Ruth M. , Wedeen Van , Chu Zili , Wang Zhiyue J. , Hunter Jill V. , Beauchamp Michael S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus (VL), based on its connectivity with the cerebellum and motor cortex, has long been considered to be involved with motor functions. We show that the human VL also plays a prominent role in sensory processing.MethodsStructural magnetic resonance imaging and diffusion tensor imaging were used to localize a small lesion restricted to the right VL in a patient with contralesional sensory processing deficits. Systematic assessments of anatomic brain organization and behavioral measurements of somatosensory and visual processing were conducted at several time points after stroke.ResultsInitially, the patient was more likely to detect events on the contralesional side when a simultaneous ipsilesional event was presented within the same, but not different, sensory modality. This perceptual phenomenon, which we refer to as unisensory antiextinction, persisted for several months before transforming into a form of synesthesia in which auditory stimuli produced tactile percepts. Tractography performed on the diffusion tensor imaging data showed altered connections from the lesioned thalamus to the cerebral cortex, suggesting a neural basis for these sensory changes.InterpretationThese results demonstrate a role for the VL in sensory processing and suggest that reorganization of thalamocortical axonal connectivity can lead to major changes in perception. Ann Neurol 2007
Mononuclear diorganotin(IV) complexes with arylhydroxamates: syntheses, structures and assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity
Authors: Shang Xianmei , Wu Jizhou , Pombeiro Armando J.L. , Li Qingshan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTwo series of diorganotin(IV) complexes with dihalogenobenzohydroxamate ligands (substituents = 2,4‐Cl2, 2,4‐F2, 3,4‐F2, 2,5‐F2, 2,6‐F2), formulated as [R2Sn(HL)2] (a), and the arylhydroxamato/arylcarboxylato mixed‐ligand complexes [R2Sn(HL)(L′)] (b), were prepared and characterized by FT‐IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR spectroscopies, elemental analyses and melting point measurements. X‐ray diffraction analysis was also carried out for the complex [Me2Sn{3,4‐F2C6H3C(O)NHO}2], 1a. These compounds exhibit in vitro cytotoxic activities towards human leukemic promyelocites HL‐60, BGC‐823, BEL‐7402 and KB cell lines which, in some cases, are identical to, or even higher than, that of cisplatin. The type, position and number of the X substituents in the phenyl ring play a role in the cytotoxic activity, and complex 8a, with its 2,6‐difluorobenzohydroxamato ligand, is highly active against all tumor cells. A tentative structure–activity relationship is also described. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel‐catalyzed coupling of CO2 and amines: improved synthesis of carbamates
Authors: Niu Dong Fang , Zhang Li , Xiao Li Ping , Luo Yi Wen , Lu Jia Xing 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe electrochemical incorporation of carbon dioxide into amines catalyzed by an electrogenerated Ni complex afforded carbamates in moderate yields under very mild conditions (p = 1 atm, room temperature) without any addition of probases. Mechanistic and electrochemical studies revealed the role of reduced nickel species in the activation of CO2 and electrogenerated CO$_{2}^{.-}$ as a base in the synthesis of carbamates. The influence of number of faradays per mole of amine supplied to the electrodes (Q), cathode materials, temperatures, supporting salts and amounts of catalyst was studied to optimize the electrolytic conditions. A plausible reaction mechanism for the reduction of CO2 was proposed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recycling in telomerization of butadiene with D‐xylose: Pd(TPPTS)n‐KF/Al2O3 as an active catalyst
Authors: Estrine Boris , Bouquillon Sandrine , Hénin Françoise , Muzart Jacques 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA palladium‐TPPTS catalyst heterogenized on KF/alumina has been shown to be effective and recyclable for the selective formation of monooctadienylxylopyranosides via the telomerization of butadiene with D‐xylose. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Different photodegradation processes of PVC with different average degrees of polymerization
Authors: Shi Wei , Zhang Jun , Shi Xu‐Ming , Jiang Guo‐Dong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe influence of ultraviolet (UV)‐irradiation on the photodegradation mechanism of different average degrees of polymerization (DP) of poly(vinyl) chloride (PVC) with UV‐irradiation time was investigated by viscosity‐average molecular weight determination, UV‐vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), contact angle measurement, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). PVC films with differentDP(800, 1000, 1300, 3000) were prepared by solution casting. It was carried out exposing specimens to a xenon‐arc light source with a spectral irradiance of 0.68 W/(m2·nm) at 63°C. It was found that the photodegradation mechanism of the lowerDPof PVC (DP= 1000) was different from the higherDPof PVC (DP= 3000). This was because the lowerDPof PVC was a homopolymer, while the higherDPof PVC was often produced by copolymerizing with a certain quantity of crosslinking agent (e.g., DAP and DAM). UV‐vis and FTIR spectroscopy studies provided some results concerning the structure of the irradiated PVC, and the carbonyl index and CCl index were induced to study the process of PVC photodegradation with differentDP. TGA showed that the degradation temperatures of different weight loss increased with the irradiation time. The surface morphology of the irradiated polymer films with differentDPwas observed by contact angle measurement and SEM. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Dynamics of blood proteins adsorption onto poly (2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate)‐silica nanocomposites: Correlation with biocompatibility
Authors: Bajpai A. K. , Mishra D. D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA nanocomposite hybrid of poly(2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and silica (PHEMA‐Si) was prepared by sol–gel process and characterized by FTIR, environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), and XRD techniques. The prepared hybrid was evaluated for its water sorption capacity and the adsorption of blood proteins such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) and fibrinogen (Fgn) was carried out on the hybrid surfaces. The dynamic nature of the adsorption process was investigated and related kinetic parameters were evaluated. The effect of factors like concentrations of protein solutions, pH, and ionic strength of the adsorption medium and chemical architecture of the hybrid were investigated on the adsorption process. The prepared hybrids were also examined for in vitro blood compatibility. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Evaluation of improvement of physical and mechanical properties of bamboo fibers due to alkali treatment
Authors: Das Mahuya , Chakraborty Debabrata 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBamboo strips treated with caustic solutions of different concentrations, e.g., 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, and 50%, were subjected to mechanical testing giving stresses on tensile strength, percent elongation at break, flexural strength, flexural modulus, and toughness. The change in average density was −15%, and the weight loss value shows a maximum of 21.94% at 50% alkali treatment. The mechanical properties of bamboo strips increase steadily with increasing concentration of caustic soda, showing a comparable increased value at 15 and 20%, and then exhibiting a gradual fall. The percent elongation at break corroborates these observations showing a continuous decreasing trend. The properties under investigation exhibit a clear transition in between 15 and 20% alkali concentration. The morphology of strips was studied by scanning electron microscope and polarizing light microscope. The crystal structure of both untreated and treated strips was compared by XRD analysis. In both cases, the breakdown of the crystal structures of the cellulose fibers and the recrystallization or reorientation of the degraded chains that are devoid of hemicellulose are quite apparent. However, at a very high concentration (to the extent of 25%) the breakdown of structure predominates much more over the reorientation or recrystallization. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Curing behavior study of polydimethylsiloxane‐modified allylated novolac/4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane resin
Authors: Li Wanwan , Liu Feng , Wei Liuhe , Zhao Tong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe curing behavior of polydimethylsiloxane‐modified allylated novolac/4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane resin (PDMS‐modified AN/BDM) was investigated by using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry. The results of FTIR confirmed that the curing reactions of the PDMS‐modified AN/BDM resins, including “Ene” reaction and Diels–Alder reaction between allyl groups and maleimide groups, should be similar to those of the parent allylated novolac/4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethane (AN/BDM) resin. The results of dynamic DSC showed that the total curing enthalpy of the PDMS‐modified AN/BDM resins was lower than that of the parent resin. Incorporation of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) into the backbone of the allylated novolac (AN) resin favored the Claisen rearrangement reaction of allyl groups. The isothermal DSC method was used to study the kinetics of the curing process. The experimental data for the parent AN/BDM resin and the PDMS‐modified AN/BDM resins exhibited an nth‐order behavior. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ethylenediamino bridged bis(β‐cyclodextrin)/ poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) nanoparticles prepared by modified double emulsion method: Effect of polyvinyl alcohol on nanoparticle properties
Authors: Gao Hui , Wang Yinong , Fan Yunge , Ma Jianbiao 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study continues long‐standing efforts to develop protein delivery systems based on cyclodextrin‐conjugated polyester in our laboratory. The crude products of ethylenediamino bridged bis(β‐cyclodextrin)‐conjugated poly(DL‐lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) were used in this study to make full use of unreacted reactant. With bovine serum albumin (BSA) as a model protein, the encapsulation effects (the encapsulation efficiency and particle size) of nanoparticles were similar to those of using pure conjugated products. Besides, a water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsification technique was conveniently modified. By adding polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in the internal aqueous phase, a more stabilized emulsion was formed. Consequently, less PVA (∼ 0.05%) was needed in the outer aqueous phase and less PVA (0.14 g/g nanoparticles) remained in the nanoparticles. This modification resulted in improved encapsulation efficiency (∼ 89–94%) of BSA and an enlarged particle size (340–390 nm). Furthermore, the burst release of BSA at the 1st day was less pronounced (7–12% of the encapsulated amount) than that of nanoparticles with no PVA added in the internal aqueous phase. Degradation studies using transmission electron microscope and gel permeation chromatography suggested that the mechanism for protein release was mainly through nanoparticles erosion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of water on the nanoindentation creep response of nylon 6
Authors: Bell Gerard A. , Bieliński Dariusz M. , Beake Ben D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA nanoindentation system fitted with a fluid cell has been used to probe the influence of water on the nanoindentation creep response of commercial Nylon‐6 samples. Measurements on samples taken while immersed in deionized water were compared with measurements under usual ambient (∼ 50% relative humidity) conditions. Water absorption reduces hardness by around 50% and elastic modulus by around 65%. The dimensionless creep parameter, A/d(0), where A is a constant and d(0) is the initial penetration at the start of the creep‐hold period, is a measure of the proportion of time‐dependent deformation compared with the total deformation. This parameter decreases significantly in water. We have suggested previously that A/d(0) correlates with tan δ. The observed reduction in A/d(0) when wet is consistent with a decrease in the tan δ peak due to a shift in the glass transition temperature when wet. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Crystallization of poly(butylene terephthalate)/poly(ethylene octene) blends: Nonisothermal crystallization
Authors: Huang Jiann‐Wen , Wen Ya‐Lan , Kang Chiun‐Chia , Yeh Mou‐Yung , Wen Shaw‐Bing 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPoly(ethylene octene) (POE), maleic anhydride grafted poly(ethylene octene) (mPOE), and a mixture of POE and mPOE were added to poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) to prepare PBT/POE (20 wt % POE), PBT/mPOE (20 wt % mPOE), and PBT/mPOE/POE (10 wt % mPOE and 10 wt % POE) blends with an extruder. The melting behavior of neat PBT and its blends nonisothermally crystallized from the melt was investigated with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Subsequent DSC scans exhibited two melting endotherms (TmI and TmII). TmI was attributed to the melting of the crystals grown by normal primary crystallization, and TmII was due to the melting of the more perfect crystals after reorganization during the DSC heating scan. The better dispersed second phases and higher cooling rate made the crystals that grew in normal primary crystallization less perfect and relatively prone to be organized during the DSC scan. The effects of POE and mPOE on the nonisothermal crystallization process were delineated by kinetic models. The dispersed phase hindered the crystallization; however, the well‐ dispersed phases of an even smaller size enhanced crystallization because of the higher nucleation density. The nucleation parameter, estimated from the modified Lauritzen–Hoffman equation, showed the same results. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Crystallization and melting behavior of the crystalline soft segment in a shape‐memory polyurethane ionomer
Authors: Zhu Yong , Hu Jinlian , Choi Ka‐Fai , Yeung Kwok‐Wing , Meng Qinghao , Chen Shaojun 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTo illustrate the crystallization properties of soft segments in shape‐memory polyurethane (SMPU) ionomers, a series of SMPU ionomers with various ionic group contents and two kinds of counterions were synthesized with a prepolymerization method. An isothermal crystallization kinetic method was used to analyze the effects of ionic groups within the hard segments on the crystallization of the soft segments in a heating and cooling routine similar to that in a shape‐memory function. The more ionic groups there were within the hard segments, the lower the crystallization rate was of the soft segments. The crystallization mechanism of the SMPU ionomers was quite close to that of a control sample on the basis of similar Avrami exponents; the counterion category also had some influence on the crystallization rate. Meanwhile, the melting behavior after isothermal crystallization reflected the fact that the thermal history of the hard segments had a huge effect on the crystallization mechanism of the soft segments. Especially for the SMPU ionomer quenched from 240°C, the crystallization time dependence of the secondary crystallization was rather significant, but for the SMPU ionomer quenched from 70°C, the primary crystallization of the poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) soft segment was predominant. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of coupling agents on the natural aging behavior and oxidation profile of high‐density polyethylene/sericite composites
Authors: Yang Rui , Yu Jian , Liu Ying , Wang Kunhua 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe natural photooxidation of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE)/sericite composites was carried out outdoors for 180 days. The oxidative products, oxidation profile, and section morphology were characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, infrared microscopy, and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. The results showed that HDPE/sericite had a higher oxidation degree than HDPE. All the coupling agents (CAs) accelerated the oxidation reaction of HDPE and made the final carbonyl index higher than that of an untreated one. The effect of sericite might have been due to the increased ultraviolet absorbance, whereas the effects of CAs might have been due to the active functional groups. Furthermore, cracks in the sections of test bars of HDPE/sericite composites after natural exposure were also observed. Their average lengths and densities were different for various CA treatments. This difference had a direct correspondence with the oxidation profile along the depth. This demonstrated that significant oxidation and consequently chain scission in the surface layer were responsible for the formation of cracks. Comparing the natural aging behavior of the films with test bars, we obtained more information about the propagation of the photooxidation. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of colophony emulsion on the adhesive properties of vinyl acetate/n‐butyl acrylate copolymeric latex
Authors: Zhu Ai‐Ping , Chen Rui , Yuan Lan‐Hua 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe prepared a novel copolymeric latex of vinyl acetate and n‐butyl acrylate (V‐B) using a semibatch emulsion polymerization process. The glass‐transition temperature (Tg), steady viscosity, flow activation energy (Ef), dynamic moduli, and amphiphilic properties of the V‐B latex in the presence of colophony were systematically investigated. The experimental results demonstrate that excellent adhesive behaviors were achieved for the V‐B latex blended with 20 wt % colophony, whereas good adhesive performance was related to the moderate Tg, viscosity, Ef, storage modulus, and low contact angle on the adherent. The debonding mechanisms for V‐B and its colophony‐modified latexes were analyzed. A possible mechanism for the V‐B latex blended with colophony emulsion was determined. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Comparison of the structures and properties of Lyocell fibers from high hemicellulose pulp and high α‐cellulose pulp
Authors: Zhang Huiru , Zhang Huihui , Tong Mingwei , Shao Huili , Hu Xuechao 
Published: September 2007

AbstractLyocell fibers were produced from a cheap pulp with a high hemicellulose content and from a conventional pulp with a high α‐cellulose content. The mechanical properties, supermolecular structure, fibrillation resistance, and dyeing properties as well as the fibril aggregation size of the high hemicellulose Lyocell fiber and high α‐cellulose Lyocell fiber were compared. The results showed that the high hemicellulose spinning solution could be processed at a higher concentration, which improved the mechanical properties and the efficiency of the fiber process. Compared with the high α‐cellulose Lyocell fiber, the high hemicellulose Lyocell fiber had better fibrillation resistance and dyeing properties. Therefore, it is feasible that this cheap pulp with a high hemicellulose content can be used as a raw material for producing Lyocell fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Intercalation process and rubber–filler interactions of polybutadiene rubber/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Wan Chaoying , Dong Wei , Zhang Yinxi , Zhang Yong 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe intercalation process and microstructural development of polybutadiene rubber (BR)/clay nanocomposites cured with sulfur were systematically investigated with respect to the organic modifier (primary and quaternary ammonium compounds) of the clay. X‐ray diffraction spectra were recorded at various stages of processing to obtain information about the intercalation process. The rubber–filler interactions was examined on the basis of the surface free energy, stress‐softening effect, and crystallization behavior. A well‐ordered intercalated structure was obtained in the primary ammonium modified clay (P‐OMMT) and quaternary ammonium modified clay (Q‐OMMT) filled with BR composite. The BR/Q‐OMMT composites showed higher mechanical properties and higher hysteresis under tension and lower crystallization abilities than the BR/P‐OMMT composites. The results also show that higher interfacial interactions existed between Q‐OMMT and BR than between P‐OMMT and BR. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Tensile behavior of glass‐fiber‐filled polyacetal: Influence of the functional groups of polymer matrices
Authors: Kawaguchi Kuniaki , Masuda Eiji , Tajima Yoshihisa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe investigated the tensile behavior of glass‐fiber‐filled polyacetal [i.e., polyoxymethylene (POM)], focusing on the mutual influence of the functional groups in the POM matrices and the glass binder system. The different POM matrices were compounded with three kinds of glass fibers (20 wt %) treated with different glass binders, namely, epoxy resin, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU), and a mixture of TPU and epoxy resin. A good correlation between the tensile strength and elongation at break was observed, regardless of the difference in the glass binders. The composites based on the modified POM matrix, which had both a carboxyl end group and a hydroxyl end group, improved the tensile properties noticeably in comparison with those based on the normal POM matrix. The composites were strengthened with an increase in the concentration of the functional groups. The results of scanning electron microscopy observations indicated that the fractured surfaces of a specimen having maximum tensile strength and elongation exhibited cohesion of the modified POM on the surfaces of the glass fibers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008