bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burns Inhalation Injury
Authors: Soussi Sabri , Legrand Matthieu , Singh Suveer 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Burn-related inhalation injury refers to damage to the respiratory tract and/or lung parenchyma by heat, smoke, or chemical irritants. Burn inhalation injury also causes systemic toxicity by toxic gases (particularly carbon monoxide, CO; and hydrogen cyanide, HCN). Anything more than mild injury is associated with increased mortality in critically ill burn patients. Bronchoscopy confirms diagnosis, defines the severity, and aids therapeutic airway clearance. Treatment of inhalation injury is mainly supportive: securing a definitive airway early, protective mechanical ventilation, airway clearance strategies, surveillance for pulmonary infection, inhalation strategies of 4-hourly inhaled heparin, and N-acetylcysteine plus bronchodilators. Post-recovery respiratory sequelae require follow-up. Future therapeutic strategies may address the complex pathophysiology that involves control of the inflammatory, oxidative stress and coagulation pathways, and their effects on the respiratory tract at the molecular level. A simple, validated prognostic tool that incorporates standardized grades of bronchoscopic images would be desirable in the future.
Poisoning
Authors: Singh Omender , Garg Suneel Kumar , Juneja Deven 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Critical care physicians frequently manage poisoning and drug overdose. Poisoning and overdose may cause respiratory failure by compromising respiratory pump function and/or by causing direct injury to the lung parenchyma. Respiratory failure may also develop from central nervous system depression. In poisonings associated with respiratory failure, arterial blood gas should always be done with co-oximetry. Airway, Breathing, Circulation, Disability, Exposure (ABCDE) remains the mainstay of initial approach but may need to be modified in certain poisoning and overdoses where oxygen therapy may aggravate toxicity or where specific therapy, that is, antidote, may improve respiratory failure dramatically. Decontamination and supportive measures remain the main focus of treatment.
Lung Transplantation
Authors: Bein Thomas , Pfeifer Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Lung transplantation (LT) is an established treatment for end-stage pulmonary diseases, a worldwide organ shortage notwithstanding. Recent advances in operative techniques as well as significant improvements in immunosuppressive management have led to better survival rates, but the careful evaluation of candidates is of particular importance for the success of LT. Post-transplant intensive care requires specific organ and pharmaceutical support to avoid or reduce typical complications in the early period (infection, rejection, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, anastomotic damage, and early graft dysfunction). Bilateral transplants when feasible have better outcomes than single-lung transplants. Quality of life is generally higher post transplantation. The survival rate following LT is ≈50% after 5 years. Successful long-term outcome is strongly associated with a balanced immunosuppression, careful prophylaxis of infection, and the avoidance of chronic allograft dysfunction. Extracorporeal lung support with avoidance of mechanical ventilation is an increasingly preferred bridge to transplantation, especially in those patients who deteriorate while listed. Improving ex vivo perfusion techniques in human donor lungs is the subject of active research.
Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Murphy Patrick B , Jones Andrew , Camporota Luigi 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Summary
Prolonged mechanical ventilation accounts for an important number of intensive care unit bed days. Weaning is the process of moving towards liberation from mechanical ventilation following resolution of the acute physiological insult that resulted in intensive care admission. Weaning is not simply the reduction of ventilator pressure support but is the global process of progressing a ventilator-dependent patient to return to spontaneous breathing and subsequent extubation or decannulation from tracheostomy. While readiness testing and simple weaning can be protocol driven, patients who progress from difficult weaning to prolonged mechanical ventilation will often require detailed physiological assessment in order to identify the reason for weaning failure. Complex weaning involves not just attention to the respiratory physiological impairment but a multi-disciplinary approach involving physical rehabilitation and psychological support to tackle the invariably present co-morbidities that will halt weaning. This appears to be most cost-effectively delivered in specialist centres.
Endocrinology
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses endocrinology, including endocrine physiology, diabetes mellitus (DM) classification, treatment, and complications, diabetic neuropathy and foot care, hypoglycaemia, insulinoma, thyroid function tests (TFTS), thyrotoxicosis, hypothyroidism (myxoedema), parathyroid hormone and hyperparathyroidism, hypoparathyroidism, adrenal cortex and Cushing’s syndrome, Addison’s disease (adrenal insufficiency), hyperaldosteronism, phaeochromocytoma, hirsutism, virilism, gynaecomastia, impotence, hypopituitarism, pituitary tumours, hyperprolactinaemia, acromegaly, and diabetes insipidus (DI).
Oncology and palliative care
Authors: Wilkinson Ian B. , Raine Tim , Wiles Kate , Hateley Peter , Kelly Dearbhla , McGurgan Iain 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses oncology and palliative care, including looking after people with cancer, cancer signs and symptoms, chemotherapy and targeted treatment, radiotherapy and interventional oncology, multidisciplinary cancer care, oncology emergencies, paraneoplastic syndromes, tumour markers, and palliative care principles, pain, and care in the last days of life.
The thesan project: public data release of radiation-hydrodynamic simulations matching reionization-era JWST observations
Authors: Garaldi Enrico , Kannan Rahul , Smith Aaron , Borrow Josh , Vogelsberger Mark , Pakmor Rüdiger , Springel Volker , Hernquist Lars , Galárraga-Espinosa Daniela , Yeh Jessica Y -C , Shen Xuejian , Xu Clara , Neyer Meredith , Spina Benedetta , Almualla Mouza , Zhao Yu 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Cosmological simulations serve as invaluable tools for understanding the Universe. However, the technical complexity and substantial computational resources required to generate such simulations often limit their accessibility within the broader research community. Notable exceptions exist, but most are not suited for simultaneously studying the physics of galaxy formation and cosmic reionization during the first billion years of cosmic history. This is especially relevant now that a fleet of advanced observatories (e.g. James Webb Space Telescope, Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, SPHEREx, ELT, SKA) will soon provide an holistic picture of this defining epoch. To bridge this gap, we publicly release all simulation outputs and post-processing products generated within the thesan simulation project at www.thesan-project.com. This project focuses on the z ≥ 5.5 Universe, combining a radiation-hydrodynamics solver (arepo-rt), a well-tested galaxy formation model (IllustrisTNG) and cosmic dust physics to provide a comprehensive view of the Epoch of Reionization. The thesan suite includes 16 distinct simulations, each varying in volume, resolution, and underlying physical models. This paper outlines the unique features of these new simulations, the production and detailed format of the wide range of derived data products, and the process for data retrieval. Finally, as a case study, we compare our simulation data with a number of recent observations from the James Webb Space Telescope, affirming the accuracy and applicability of thesan. The examples also serve as prototypes for how to utilize the released data set to perform comparisons between predictions and observations.
Advancing noninvasive glioma classification with diffusion radiomics: Exploring the impact of signal intensity normalization
Authors: Foltyn-Dumitru Martha , Schell Marianne , Sahm Felix , Kessler Tobias , Wick Wolfgang , Bendszus Martin , Rastogi Aditya , Brugnara Gianluca , Vollmuth Philipp 
Published: March 2024

Abstract

Background
This study investigates the influence of diffusion-weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DWI-MRI) on radiomic-based prediction of glioma types according to molecular status and assesses the impact of DWI intensity normalization on model generalizability.

Methods
Radiomic features, compliant with image biomarker standardization initiative standards, were extracted from preoperative MRI of 549 patients with diffuse glioma, known IDH, and 1p19q-status. Anatomical sequences (T1, T1c, T2, FLAIR) underwent N4-Bias Field Correction (N4) and WhiteStripe normalization (N4/WS). Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were normalized using N4 or N4/z-score. Nine machine-learning algorithms were trained for multiclass prediction of glioma types (IDH-mutant 1p/19q codeleted, IDH-mutant 1p/19q non-codeleted, IDH-wild type). Four approaches were compared: Anatomical, anatomical + ADC naive, anatomical + ADC N4, and anatomical + ADC N4/z-score. The University of California San Francisco (UCSF)-glioma dataset (n = 409) was used for external validation.

Results
Naïve-Bayes algorithms yielded overall the best performance on the internal test set. Adding ADC radiomics significantly improved AUC from 0.79 to 0.86 (P = .011) for the IDH-wild-type subgroup, but not for the other 2 glioma subgroups (P &gt; .05). In the external UCSF dataset, the addition of ADC radiomics yielded a significantly higher AUC for the IDH-wild-type subgroup (P ≤ .001): 0.80 (N4/WS anatomical alone), 0.81 (anatomical + ADC naive), 0.81 (anatomical + ADC N4), and 0.88 (anatomical + ADC N4/z-score) as well as for the IDH-mutant 1p/19q non-codeleted subgroup (P &lt; .012 each).

Conclusions
ADC radiomics can enhance the performance of conventional MRI-based radiomic models, particularly for IDH-wild-type glioma. The benefit of intensity normalization of ADC maps depends on the type and context of the used data.
Criminal Jurisdiction in Indian Country
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Criminal jurisdiction is the authority a government possesses to create rules of conduct and to punish those who violate the rules. Three governments—federal, state, and tribal—have some degree of criminal jurisdiction on each Indian reservation. Few areas of federal Indian law are as confusing as criminal jurisdiction. Determining which government can exercise jurisdiction over a crime often depends on the nature of the crime, the race of the victim, the race of the perpetrator, and on whether Congress has passed a law conferring jurisdiction to a particular government in this circumstance. This chapter discusses the authority of the tribe, the state, and the federal government to enforce their criminal laws in Indian country.
Indian Hunting and Fishing Rights
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Access to fish and game, the U.S. Supreme Court stated in 1905, was as important to the Native peoples of North America as “the atmosphere they breathed.” For many Native Americans, it remains that important today. This chapter discusses what power Indian tribes have to regulate hunting and fishing on the reservation. It also includes what rights Indians and tribes have to engage in off-reservation hunting and fishing under federal treaties and statutes. Great controversy surrounds these tribal hunting and fishing rights, especially off-reservation rights, due to the shortage of fish and game and the desire of non-Indians to limit tribal access to these resources.
The Unique Status of Certain Native American Groups
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Certain Native American groups have a unique status under federal law, including the Pueblos of New Mexico, Alaska Natives, Oklahoma tribes, New York tribes, and the non-federally recognized tribes. Congress has passed laws or issued policies that apply only to each of these tribal groups, and mistakes can be made unless these individual differences are taken into account. For instance, although there are 229 federally recognized tribes in Alaska, only one of them has a reservation. And in New Mexico, the nineteen Pueblos own their land, unlike the situation that exists for every other tribe, where tribal land has been placed in trust status and title is held by the United States. This chapter discusses the federal government’s unique relationship with each of these groups.
Indian Gaming
Authors: Pevar Stephen L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Gaming has become the single greatest source of income for Indian tribes. The cumulative revenue made by gaming tribes is ten times greater than the amount of money the U.S. Department of the Interior distributes through its Indian affairs programs, and thirty times greater than what tribes earn from selling their natural resources, such as oil, gas, and coal. In addition to generating income for tribes, in 2018 Indian gaming also generated some 676,000 jobs, $36.2 billion in wages, and $13.4 billion in federal, state, and local taxes, and resulted in $1.83 billion in revenue sharing to federal, state, and local governments. This chapter discusses the origin of Indian gaming, the efforts by the states and by Congress to regulate it, the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act, and the impact of Indian gaming.
The Sage of al-Andalus
Authors: Anderson Glaire D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1, “The Sage of al-Andalus,” sketches a portrait of Ibn Firnās’s personality, and his social and intellectual contexts, which has come down to us thanks to the Arabic sources. It introduces the earliest and most substantive account of Ibn Firnās’s career, the Arabic chronicle compiled by the eleventh-century Córdoban court historian Ibn Ḥayyān (d. 1076), its discovery by Arabists, subsequent loss to scholars, and eventual rediscovery. The chapter then discusses the portrait of Ibn Firnās as related in the chronicle’s sources. These sources characterize Ibn Firnās as a polymath who had mastered both ancient and modern fields of knowledge. It sets the polymath’s personality and reputation into a broad historical context of early Islamic intellectual culture.
The Fivefold Symphony of the Psalter
Authors: Bodner Keith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
There are three parts to this chapter. First, the various superscriptions (apart from those that mention a particular event in David’s life) are assessed, along with some explanation of how they developed over time and some guidelines for interpreting them. Second, the positioning of Psalms 1 and 2 at the outset of the collection is carefully considered, as these opening psalms are often referred to as the gateway to the Psalter. Psalm 1 is a meditation on the virtues of a righteous life, contrasted with the instability and ephemeral nature of a life lived apart from God, while Psalm 2 articulates the dangers of other nations resisting a future ruler of international domain. Third, there is a substantial discussion on the five-book structure of the Psalms, and it is proposed that there is a larger metanarrative or overarching storyline that can be discerned in the final form of the text.
The Dynamics behind Peace
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines how the UK state in Northern Ireland secured a political deal which largely achieved peace. The UK showed a willingness to compromise, whether in its utilization of the language of self-determination, the serious reforms of Northern Ireland that were involved in the peace process, or the concessions given to terrorist groups in relation to prisoner release. The Irish government likewise made their own concessions to help secure unionist and loyalist support for the Good Friday Agreement. Part of the rationale for terrorist groups to opt for this lengthy process of remarkable compromise was this: their violence could no longer credibly be considered to be leading to the victory that they had long believed possible. The tactical aspects of UK counter-terrorism therefore played a crucial part in limiting terrorist capacity, containing political violence, and undermining the possibility of victory for terrorist groups. UK tactical counter-terrorism was far from flawless and could involve seriously counter-productive elements. But tactical achievements did help to create one of the conditions necessary for the UK’s partial strategic success in Northern Ireland.
Tactical Successes, Strategic Failures?
Authors: English Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter evaluates the efficacy of Israeli counter-terrorism in relation to Palestinian violence. Much of what has happened in Israeli counter-terrorism has embodied tactical responses to a terrorism from which Israeli governments and people have simply wanted to protect people on a daily basis. Between intelligence-based prevention, the toughening of defensive measures, the capture and detention of terrorist activists, and targeted assassinations, Israel has at times had considerable tactical-operational success in diminishing the number of Palestinian terrorist attacks against it. Ultimately, there is evidence both of different tactical outcomes existing in tension with each other and also of tactical successes possibly making Israel’s strategic position much more challenging. Nevertheless, it still remains possible that a two-state resolution could be reached in Israel/Palestine. While this would be unlikely to eradicate all political violence, it might prove the long-term basis for decisively lowering levels of terrorism and could be considered a partial strategic success if it did so. The chapter then considers pro-state, Jewish terrorism, which has been a repeated theme in Israeli politics.
“Giving Full Faith to Every Symbol,” 1843–1849
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Mary Ann Evans’s translation period, which lasted about a decade, saw her wrestle to find a sensibility and an idiom with which to analyze and dissect, but also to invent and explore new frameworks of meaning. Her freethinking, like many of her contemporaries’, emerged as a critique of the faith from within the faith. Moving away from the debate over the historicity of scriptural events, Evans was drawn to approaches that revivified Christian ideas and allowed them to answer the needs of modernity without shying away from scientific or moral truth. Her father’s death would allow her to leave the Midlands and explore the Continent and then London.
“Pilgrims on Earth,” 1859–1860
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Mill on the Floss, Marian’s first novel to be set before a public aware of its author’s controversial identity, returned to her desire for a natural history of English Protestant life and for a consideration of faith under conditions of relative poverty and a lack of culture and education. The novel dramatizes the existential need for faith in a social system that is not equitable, whether because of gender, class, or other forces, and underscores the fellowship of shared passibility: the “we mortals” so central to George Eliot’s consciousness. In an extended dialogue with Thomas à Kempis’s The Imitation of Christ, Eliot tests the idea of Christian renunciation as a response to temptation, sin, and suffering, suggesting its strength as a basis for the solitary invention of a sufficient faith, made manifest in a life of prayer and meditation.
“A Heart without a Livery”? 1864–1869
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Christianity as a set of particular doctrines, shaped by a theology of sin, suffering, and salvation, now receded in Eliot’s works, yielding its centrality to other ethnicities and religions, as well as their nationalist implications. In Eliot’s English landscapes, the higher yearnings of “religion” became more disconnected from initially doctrinal Christian expressions, as if processes of personal ethical development no longer needed to be routed through Christian conversion. Such religious convictions as Eliot represented in her Christian characters became more rapidly assimilated into political or social convictions and affiliations. In Felix Holt, heroic action transferred to the social and political reformer, and in “The Spanish Gypsy” Eliot offered a concentrated rebuke of Christendom’s violence even as she considered the limits of a universalism that rejected religious or national loyalties and affiliations.
“In Heaven or On Earth,” 1873–1881
Authors: Blumberg Ilana M. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
“George Eliot” had become an unrivalled literary great and also a sacred celebrity. In her final novel, Daniel Deronda, Eliot pivoted from an English world bereft of religious enthusiasm or moral vision to imagine a dynamic future that was Jewish, Hebraic, and proto-Zionist. Working against the general English ignorance of Judaism, Eliot suggested that any Christian future depended on deeper understanding of its relation to its Jewish prehistory. The novel was characterized by a new, agnostic openness to all systems that required faith in order to be brought into being, from science to spiritual phenomena. In an extension of that agnosticism, Eliot wrote Impressions of Theophrastus Such, a fully first-person fiction. At the end of her immense career, she pivoted to ask readers to question the reliability of any narrator.
Evolutionary Cell Biology
Authors: Lynch Michael R. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Life’s most recent common ancestor was a cell. Hence, a mechanistic understanding of how evolutionary potential is channelled must start at the cellular level. Evolutionary cell biology is the conjoining of cell biology and evolutionary theory in ways that integrate principles of biophysics, biochemistry, and population genetics. Although this field is relevant to all of life, it is particularly germane for unicellular organisms, which constitute the bulk of global biomass and species diversity. Evolutionary theory is as well-established as any other quantitative field in the life sciences, and the challenge now is to connect genotypes to phenotypes to fitness in meaningful ways that incorporate the progressive fixation of new mutations. Natural selection is a significant driver of evolutionary change, but it is not all powerful. Rather, the evolutionary divergence of phenotypes across phylogenetic lineages is often substantially influenced by the nonadaptive forces of mutation, recombination, and random genetic drift. Thus, a mature field of evolutionary biology needs to incorporate knowledge of the molecular and cellular resources available for descent with modification as well as of the relative power of different evolutionary forces in guiding such change. The major challenges to arriving at such a point are outlined in this chapter.