bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mineralogy and geochemistry of cement/rock reactions: high-resolution studies of experimental and analogue materials
Authors: Hodgkinson Emily S. , Hughes Colin R. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Cements are commonly used to engineer the environment around waste disposal sites. As groundwaters move through these sites, cement gradually dissolves and a reactive ‘hyperalkaline plume’ forms downstream. Published experimental and modelling studies of cement/rock reactions suggest that host-rock mineralogy will dissolve and be replaced initially by high-volume calcium silicate hydrate gels, and later by zeolites. Results of mineral/alkali experiments are presented. Examination of the reaction products, at the high analytical resolution afforded by ATEM, show new disordered phases which are structurally related to calcium silicate hydrates but are highly aluminous (relative to the published results of previous work). A review of archaeological analogue studies shows that old cement pastes easily become carbonated in the presence of CO
2
or carbonate waters. If protected from carbonation, however, cement gels can survive unchanged for thousands of years. New results of an ATEM examination of 1700 year-old Roman mortar from Hadrian’s Wall confirm that cement gels remain poorly ordered and reveal an aluminous CSH gel phase to be the chief product of mortar/dolerite reaction. These findings are discussed in the context of barrier engineering.
Chemical containment of mine waste
Authors: Bowell R. J. , Williams K. P. , Connelly R. J. , Sadler P. J. K. , Dodds J. E. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

The safe disposal of material considered hazardous is a natural part of good housekeeping for any industrial development. This is particularly so for the mining industry which has historically not always been so well managed in this aspect and as such has a high political profile today. Typical problems associated with mineral processing and mine waste are:

•
poor water quality, through the release of sulphate, acidic waters, metals, metalloids and other undesirable substances

•

poor air quality, through the release of mineral dust and gases such as SO
2
, As
2
O
3
, Hg vapour and CO
2
amongst others

•
contamination of land by the above with elevated levels of metals, sulphate and metalloids.

When the impact has been allowed to occur, control can be difficult and remediation costly. Consequently great efforts have been made over the last ten to fifteen years in understanding the nature of the potential pollutants, their pathways, environmental tolerances and solutions to their impact either by ‘dilute and disperse’ methods, recovery or containment.
In discussing the chemical containment of mining waste three broad categories can be defined: source control, migration control and dispersion control. Source control refers to measures employed to prevent the release of contaminants from solid phases. Migration controls restrict the interaction between environmental agents (principally water and humid air) and the deleterious element solid hosts. Dispersion control involves the collection and treatment of contaminated material such that they can be dispersed into the environment without significant impact. This last option, although the most common practice is also the most expensive and also may be required long term.
Toxic metal mobility and retention at industrially contaminated sites
Authors: West L. Jared , Stewart D. I. , Duxbury J. R. , Johnston S. Richard 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper is concerned with industrial sites contaminated with heavy metals, specifically cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), lead (Pb), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn), as these are the heavy metal contaminants that cause most concern. It is intended as a source of information to aid engineers and geologists concerned with risk assessment and remediation at such sites. The risks from heavy metals depend strongly on their chemical form, and therefore literature on the chemical forms of metals released at industrial sites is reviewed. Changes in the chemical forms of heavy metals resulting from environmental interactions are discussed, and methods for determining metal chemistry (leaching tests, chemical extractions, direct methods) are outlined. The paper concludes with a case study where the chemical forms of heavy metals at a former metal smelting and vehicle scrapyard site are investigated using a scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and selective sequential chemical extractions. The case study showed that Zn is currently mobile at the site whereas Pb, Cu, or Ni are not, and this highlights the importance of adopting a multidisciplinary approach to investigating toxic metal mobility and retention.
A probabilistic risk assessment methodology for landfills, with particular reference to the representation of chemical containment
Authors: Plimmer B. R. , Pringle A. B. , Moncaster S. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In Waste Management Paper 26B, the Department of the Environment advocate the use of risk assessment in the design of waste disposal sites, such that the potential impact of the facility on specified receptors may be identified and minimized. In this paper the tool currently used by the regulatory authorities to assess the risk to groundwater (LandSim) is examined, paying particular attention to the treatment of chemical containment. A case study is presented demonstrating two different approaches to the modelling of the potential attenuation of ammonia afforded by the geosphere.
A pre-development turbidite reservoir evaluation using FMS electrical images
Authors: Rider Malcolm , Goodall Tim , Dodson Tim 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
FMS (Formation MicroScanner) electrical images in a single well from a familiar, deep marine North Sea Palaeogene section are illustrated. More than 900 m of good quality images were acquired through an interval from the Palaeocene Ekofisk Formation to the Eocene Grid Formation in a well from the centre of the South Viking Graben, Norwegian sector. The information that was obtained from these images is illustrated and discussed in terms of lithology, sedimentary structures, stratigraphy and petrophysics. The information on this deep marine, mainly gravity deposit succession, is considerably enhanced using image interpretation. Lithological information includes an improved net-to-gross ratio and an understanding of lithological heterogeneities. Sedimentary structure information includes the geometrical and lithological characterization of slumped intervals and a detailed description of evolving gravity deposit sequences. In terms of stratigraphy, illustrative images are shown of the Balder, Lista and Sele Formations. Some of the key surfaces of the Palaeogene interval, used for correlation and sequence stratigraphy, are shown in detail, especially the surface at the base of the Balder Formation and the boundary between the Lista and Sele Formations. The effect of hydrocarbons on the images is illustrated and used qualitatively in petrophysical terms to define the hydrocarbon-water contact.
Petrological and geochemical evidence for the tectonic affinity of the (?)Ordovician Poortown Basic Intrusive Complex, Isle of Man
Authors: Power G. M. , Crowley S. F. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The rocks of the Poortown Quarry, 3 km east of Peel, Isle of Man, are shown to comprise a complex series of sills of pyroxene-rich dolerite, plagioclase-rich dolerite and plagioclase-phyric andesite intruded into Manx Group deep-water marine sedimentary rocks of Arenig age. They have suffered early Devonian deformation and greenschist facies metamorphism, together with later alteration and faulting. The pyroxene-rich dolerite has the composition of a Mg-rich basalt relatively enriched in Fe, Cr and Ni. It contains up to 60% augite and is likely to have been produced by fractionation in a high-level magma chamber before intrusion into its present position. Some of the pyroxene grains have more primitive (higher Mg, Cr and lower Ti), partly resorbed cores which supports a multi-stage history for this magma.
The sills cover a range of compositions from Mg-rich basalt to calc-alkaline basaltic andesite and the geochemistry of the more immobile elements suggests a calc-alkaline volcanic arc origin in an active continental margin environment. Although the age of the Poortown Complex is poorly constrained, a tentative comparison is made with the lower part of the Borrowdale Volcanic Group of the English Lake District.
Deep sea tephra from Nisyros Island, eastern Aegean Sea, Greece
Authors: Hardiman J. C. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Isopach maps have been constructed onland for the proximal deposits of the caldera-forming pyroclastic eruptions from the Quaternary volcano Nisyros and are augmented by a newly recognized Nisyros ash layer in the SE Aegean. The Lower Pumice eruption had a NE-SW dispersal direction with onland isopachs from 1–7m thickness and a vent position on the eastern side of the ancestral cone. A 3mm thick layer of Lower Pumice ash is found 75km away to the SW of the island at a depth of 133cm. This layer yields a Lower Pumice age estimate of 35ka. The Upper Pumice had a NNE dispersal direction with onland isopachs from 1–7m thickness and a vent position on the northern side of the island. No Upper Pumice ash has been found in the core record. Preliminary volume estimates derived from the isopach maps and the lack of regionally correlatable Nisyros ash deposits in the Aegean core record suggest that the caldera formation on the island was incremental and tephrostratigraphic markers suggest it occurred between
c.
35 and 31 ka ago.
Regional warming of the lower atmosphere in the wake of volcanic eruptions: the role of the Laki fissure eruption in the hot summer of 1783
Authors: Grattan John , Sadler Jon 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A suggestion is made that the gases emitted in the Laki fissure eruption in the summer of 1783 contributed to the high surface-air temperatures recorded in many parts of Europe. This paper presents European documentary and instrumental evidence which suggests that, during the initial stages of the eruption of the Laki fissure in June and July 1783, intense localized warming of the lower atmosphere occurred in many parts of Europe. This phenomenon is examined in detail and a hypothesis advanced that, under specifically defined conditions, volcanic gases may lead to warming of the lower atmosphere.
Environmental and social responses in Europe to the 1783 eruption of the Laki fissure volcano in Iceland: a consideration of contemporary documentary evidence
Authors: Brayshay Mark , Grattan John 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A detailed examination of contemporary documentary evidence, including letters, diaries, historical accounts and newspaper reports, reveals the dramatic effect on the weather across the whole of western Europe of the eruption of the Laki volcanic fissure in Iceland in 1783. Extreme heat, dry sulphurous fogs, chemical pollution, and tremendous storms of thunder, lightning and hail were reported from northern Scotland to Sicily. Vegetation was defoliated, crops were destroyed, livestock were killed and property was damaged. There were also direct and indirect human casualties. The unusual conditions engendered considerable fear as well as an appeal to science for a rational explanation. Volcanic eruptions and earthquakes in southern Italy and Iceland were blamed as the cause.
Human adjustments and social vulnerability to volcanic hazards: the case of Furnas Volcano, São Miguel, Açores
Authors: Chester David K. , Dibben Christopher , Coutinho Rui , Duncan Angus M. , Cole Paul D. , Guest John E. , Baxter Peter J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Following a review of recent developments by social theorists, concerned with the policy and practice of natural hazard reduction it is argued that neither the so-called
dominant
nor the
radical
perspectives, are sufficient on their own to answer the questions now being addressed by applied volcanologists during the International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction. In order to make useful recommendations to policy-makers, which are both reliable assessments of eruption risk and at the same time sensitive to probable interactions of future eruptions with the physical environment of the study region and its peoples, a conflation of traditional hazard analysis and vulnerability analysis is required.

This view is tested by means of a case study of evacuation planning at Furnas Volcano in the Açores. As well as supporting the argument from theory, this example leads to the proposition that research on evacuation planning and civil defence should proceed in an ordered sequence. First hazard analysis (i.e. hazard mapping) should be carried out in the traditional manner. Next possible interactions with the physical environment should be specified and a preliminary plan of evacuation routes drawn up. Before detailed recommendations about the logistics of evacuation are made, however, it is vital that such factors as the demographic, socio/economic and cultural/behavioural characteristics of the population at risk are fully considered.
Pre-Devonian landscape of the Baltic Oil-Shale Basin, NW of the Russian Platform
Authors: Puura Väino , Vaher Rein , Tuuling Igor 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The erosional relief of Ordovician and Silurian deposits in Estonia was developed during the continental period in late Silurian and early-middle Devonian times. The uplift of the area and marine regression were induced by compressional tectonics in the continental interior related to the closure of the Iapetus and Tornqvist Oceans.
In the northern part of the Baltic sedimentary basin (Estonia), on the gentle southerly dipping slope between the Fennoscandian Shield (Finland) and Baltic Syneclise (Latvia), a pre-Devonian, slightly rugged erosional relief with few cuesta was developed. The pre-Devonian erosional landforms — hills, depressions and escarpments reaching 150 m in height — were probably buried under the Devonian deposits and then partly re-exposed by pre-Quaternary erosion. These landforms are described in detail using data from several thousands of cores drilled in the course of oil-shale and phosphorite exploration and mining.
The application of palaeolandsurface analysis to the study of recent tectonics in central Italy
Authors: Basili Roberto , Galadini Fabrizio , Messina Paolo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The analysis of remnant landsurfaces was carried out on the ranges surrounding three intermontane basins located in the central and southern Apennines. All three basins developed during the Pliocene and Quaternary, but each had a different geological, geomor-phological and structural setting. Landsurfaces taken into account were those which aided in the identification of strath terraces situated on the walls of the basins. Recognition and comparison of terrace sequences aided the evaluation of the tectonic behaviour of each area by identifying sectors with differential vertical movements and by assessing the activity of the faults that caused them. The analysis of individual cases also provided useful information on fault activity that could help in devising structural schemes related to active tectonics.
Preliminary observations on the geomorphic evolution of the Guide Basin, Qinghai Province, China: implications for the uplift of the northeast margin of the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Fothergill P. A. , Ma H. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Landform development in the Guide Basin has been influenced by the late Tertiary and Quaternary tectonic evolution of northeast Tibet. In the south of the Guide Basin, the remnants of three palaeosurfaces are preserved on top of flat-topped landforms. The two highest palaeosurfaces are separated by faults, which are thought to be extensional. Normal faulting may have begun in the middle-late Pleistocene, possibly indicating that the Guide Basin had reached its maximum elevation by this time. Yellow River drainage development within the Guide Basin may also have occurred in middle-late Pleistocene times, following the onset of extensional faulting.
Flood behaviour of the Burdekin River, tropical north Queensland, Australia
Authors: Alexander Jan , Fielding Chris R. , Pocock Geoff D. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Strongly seasonal rainfall in north Queensland, Australia, causes extremely variable fluvial discharge, and tropical cyclones commonly produce high-magnitude, short-duration floods. In the Burdekin River catchment (129 500 km
2
of eastern Queensland), rapid runoff and channel floodplain configuration lead to very fast flood-wave speeds (up to 4.34 m s
−1
calculated). The large catchment and varying tropical cyclone paths result in extreme variations in flood history at different sites. Changes in channel conditions (bed elevation, vegetation, bedforms, sediment surface character) in successive events, combined with complex rainfall patterns and highly unsteady flow, make flood estimates extremely difficult. Because of the short duration of flow events and very rapid rate of change in discharge during individual events, sediment transport rate, bedforms, and bed elevation change continuously. For most of the year the channel is occupied by an underfit stream, but this small perennial stream does not significantly rework the deposits or change channel form before the next major discharge event. Consequently, there is little channel form recovery between major discharge events. Successive events have very variable size and consequently the bedforms and channel morphology are normally out of equilibrium with the flow, and record the result of the most recent major events. High-magnitude floods transport coarse sediment onto the floodplain and the short duration of flooding and rapid runoff results in relatively low preservation of mud in the channel or overbank environment. The Holocene flood deposits include thick, coarse sand and medium sand units and generally thin, fine-grained units.
Potential for floodplain rehabilitation based on historical maps and present-day processes along the River Rhine, The Netherlands
Authors: Schoor Margriet M. , Wolfert Henk P. , Maas Gilbert J. , Middelkoop Hans , Lambeek Jurriaan J. P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
For the purpose of restoration, a process-based geomorphological and ecological classification of rivers and river reaches has been developed to help identify both past and present-day geomorphological processes along lower branches of the Rhine. Historical maps are used to analyse floodplain development since 1600. The series of maps shows development and erosion of bars and floodplains, and land use reflects both vegetation and geomorphological patterns and indicates that the ecological succession was strongly related to geomorphology. Historical measurements (early 19th century) of the water depth and water levels are used to derive historical river profiles and water duration curves. Present-day hydraulic parameters were calculated which show that they are not related to the geomorphological patterns in floodplains. Changes in the geomorphological activity of the river are strongly related to changes of the width-depth ratio of the main channel. Potentials for bar and levee development are therefore based on differences between the width-depth ratio of the Rhine branches.
A mechanism for the formation of overconsolidated horizons within estuarine floodplain alluvium: implications for the interpretation of Holocene sea-level curves
Authors: Crooks Stephen 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The stratigraphic sequence held in accumulating estuarine floodplain alluvium provides a detailed record of past sea-level movement. However, contrasting Holocene sea-level curves have been derived for two basins in southern Britain. The sea-level curve of the Thames Estuary Basin describes up to five possible regressive cycles superimposed onto a long-term transgressive trend. In the Severn Estuary no regressive cycles have been, as yet, identified. These differences in interpretation are, in part, due to the identification of ‘overconsolidated’ horizons, found within Essex alluvium, which have been argued to represent prolonged periods of desiccation. No such horizons have been found in the Severn Estuary. By examining the sedimentological and geotechnical characteristics of a number of active, land-claimed and regenerated saltmarshes from these regions, this paper identifies the mechanism for the formation of overconsolidated horizons to be geochemically controlled and regionally variable. The presence of suitable quantities of detrital calcium carbonate is important in preventing the formation of these horizons. The carbonate-deficient alluvium in the Thames Estuary region appears to be particularly sensitive to the effects of a lowered saline water table, inducing the deflocculation of clays and formation of dense horizons. By contrast, the sediments in the carbonate-bearing alluvium of the Severn Estuary are insensitive to pore-water salinity changes so an absence of overconsolidated horizons in the floodplain alluvium does not preclude past sea-level falls.
The application of microgravity in industrial archaeology: an example from the Williamson tunnels, Edge Hill, Liverpool
Authors: Cuss Robert J. , Styles Peter 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

This article presents the results of a high-resolution microgravity survey which was successful in delineating the 150-year old Williamson tunnels beneath inner-city Liverpool, England. The tunnels, which date from the Napoleonic Wars, lie at depths of
c.
5 to 15 metres, and are poorly mapped because of several phases of later development and subsequent dereliction. The ‘brown-field’ nature of this site created substantial noise signals which required the application of careful terrain corrections and second derivative and Euler deconvolution methods to isolate and identify the tunnel signatures. Successful delineation was only possible because of a comprehensive initial desk study and prior modelling, which assessed the likely depths and conditions of the impassable tunnels and allowed appropriate techniques and survey parameters to be determined.
The determination of bloomery furnace mass balance and efficiency
Authors: Thomas Gary R. , Young Timothy P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

A technique for the graphical solution of the ore:furnace lining:fuel ash mixture in the melt and the yield of the reaction during bloomery iron smelting is presented. The technique focuses on the so-called immobile elements, particularly the rare earth elements, but employs a wide range of elements. Previous attempts to determine ore sources from iron slag chemistry have generally examined the major and minor elements of the slags, but are complicated both by the significant, but variable, concentrations of some of these elements in charcoal and by the mobility of some major elements during weathering. The new approach has been developed to aid the provenancing of slags from the smelting of iron-ores from the Bristol Channel Orefield, which is characterized by high purity goethite/haematite ores with extremely low trace element concentrations. It is thus particularly important to understand the involvement of furnace lining in the melt, for this material will have the dominant contribution to the trace element chemistry. The mass balance approach is illustrated using smelting slags, furnace lining and roasted ore fragments from the Roman iron making town of
Ariconium
(near Ross-on-Wye, Herefordshire) and a good degree of compatibility of these materials is demonstrated.