bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epoxidized esters of fatty acids as internal and external plasticizers for polyvinyl acetate
Authors: Silbert Leonard S. , Port William S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFatty acid esters modified with epoxy or acetoxy groups were found to be compatible with polyvinyl acetate. These esters are good plasticizers for polyvinyl acetate compositions and may be used for plasticizing polyvinyl acetate in latex form. The use of a good swelling agent, such as toluene, was found desirable for permitting plasticization of these emulsions. The epoxidized oils may also assist in reducing container corrosion and in stabilizing the emulsions by reacting with the acetic acid formed by the hydrolysis of residual vinyl acetate.Emulsions of copolymers of vinyl acetate and vinyl epoxystearate were prepared, yielding clear, hard films which were internally plasticized. The epoxy group in these interpolymers is a potential source for cross‐linking vinyl acetate polymer films. The epoxy group of the co‐polymers (internal‐phase stabilization) and the epoxidized oils (external‐phase stabilization) were found to be virtually equivalent for removal of acetic acid from polyvinyl acetate emulsions.
The migration of double bonds during the isomerization of methyl linoleate with palladium on carbon catalyst
Authors: Takemura K. H. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe isomerization of methyl linoleate by heating with palladium on carbon catalyst gave an initial rapid rise in the degree of conjugation which reached a maximum and then gradually decreased. The maximum conjugation obtained was about 24% after 4 hrs. of heating at 200±5°C. with 25% by weight of catalyst. Ultraviolet absorption spectra did not indicate the presence of any cyclized aromatic components even after 46 hrs. of heating at 200°C. but showed the formation of aromatics at 250°C. The limit of conjugation obtained is a result of random migration of the olefinic bonds rather than dimerization or polymerization reactions.
Determination of rosin acids in mixtures with fatty acids
Authors: Linder Å. , Persson V. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe authors describe an improvement in their analytical method for determination of the rosin‐acids content in mixtures with fatty acids, especially for tall oil products.Good agreement is obtained for the whole range of rosin acids and fatty acids compositions.The method is faster, simpler, and less laborious than other methods that have been suggested, but seems to given as good results as these.The method can therefore advantageously be applied both for research work, sales analysis and as a routine control analysis.
A comparison of sodium methoxide‐treated lards
Authors: Wiedermann Lars H. , Weiss Theodore J. , Jacobson Glen A. , Mattil Karl F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe treatment of lard with interesterification catalysts can give a variety of products, depending on the time and temperature relationships used in the treatment. These products are distinguished from each other by several means; x‐ray diffraction analysis, cooling curves, dilatometric analysis, photomicrographic analysis, and glyceride composition.A correlation of the physical and functional properties of these treated lards has been made, showing that a stable shortening with good baking characteristics is associated with complete and permanent alteration in lard crystal structure, that is, crystal modification. Shortenings from those lards which exhibit somebeta crystal properties either initially or on subsequent storage do not retain these desirable characteristics.
The differential cooling curve. A technique for measuring certain fat characteristics
Authors: Jacobson Glen A. , Tiemstra P. J. , Pohle W. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe differential cooling‐curve technique consists of a measurement of the difference in the cooling rate of a crystallizing and noncrystallizing fat or oil under specific conditions. The temperature differential between the two samples is measured by thermocouples and is plotted as fractions of a millivolt by a recording potentiometer. The significance of the various peaks encountered in the curves is discussed, and a rapid means of determining trisaturated triglyceride content in modified lard and related fats is presented.The technique is a highly sensitive measurement of the thermal properties of a crystallizing fat, and as such offers an absolute measurement of various degrees of modification of lard.Curves of other fats representing different types of glyceride mixtures are presented.
Electrophoretic fractionation of soluble antigenic proteins from the seed ofRicinus communis (castor bean)
Authors: Layton Laurence L. , Dante B. T. , Moss Lloyd K. , Dye Nancy H. , DeEds Floyd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA water‐soluble, heat‐stable protein component of castor seed meal was subjected to paper‐strip electrophoresis in buffers of different chemical composition, pH values, and ionic strengths. It was shown that phosphate buffer at pH 7.4 to 8.0 and an ionic strength of approximately 0.05 gave a sharp resolution of castor seed proteins into bands which would bind bromophenol blue. Spies' Allergen CB‐1A was shown to be resolved into six or more components at pH 8.0. Each major component band was found to be antigenic by passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs that were sensitized with rabbit antiserum to the crude castor seed protein preparation. Five bands were shown to be allergenic to humans.The results appear to support earlier observations (1,2,10) that castor bean seed allergenicity to humans may be caused by more than one antigen in Spies' Allergen CB‐1A and possibly by other antigens present in the seed but either absent from, or greatly reduced in concentration in, allergen CB‐1A.The water‐soluble component of Altschul's active castor seed lipase was resolved into eight component bands, two of which did not appear in the electrophotograms of the heat‐processed preparation CB‐1A S.R.I.
Cyclization during heat bodying of safflower oil at 300°C
Authors: Mehta T. N. , Sharma S. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySafflower oil was heat‐bodied at 300°C., and its methyl esters were fractionated by vacuum‐distillation and with urea. A monomeric cyclic compound was isolated as the non‐adduct‐forming distillate. It was presumably a cyclized product of methyl linoleate as it has a mean molecular weight of 293.7 (theo. 295) and a mean unsaturation of approximately one double bond per mole of methyl ester corresponding to a hydrogen deficiency of 1.96 to 2.01.
The isolation and characterization of the polymers formed during the autoxidation of ethyl linolenate
Authors: Witting L. A. , Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPure ethyl linolenate was prepared and autoxidized; and dimeric and trimeric fractions were separated by solvent fractionation. These fractions were subjected to quantitative, functional group‐analysis. On a basis of oxygen known to be present but not detected in the functional groups the possibility that polymerization had taken place through an oxygen linkage was considered. The mild nature of the reagent causing depolymerization suggested that this linkage was of the peroxide type rather than the dioxane ring.
A spectrophotometric method for the evaluation of vegetable oil colors
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Tierney S. E. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA means for evaluating oil color on the basis of an optical density measurement at 500 millimicrons has been proposed. The amount of chlorophyll would be taken into account by present methods or an adaptation of these methods.The advantages of the proposed means of evaluating oil color are that it expresses more exactly the amount of color in the oil, provides a more accurate estimate of color removal during bleaching, and makes possible more exact evaluation of bleaching earth.Data have been presented on the color value (Optical Density × 100) of refined and bleached oils, possible variation in value obtained from different laboratories, estimation of color removed during bleaching, evaluation of bleaching earth, and relationship between color of refined and bleached oils prepared in the laboratory by the Official Method.
The fatty acid composition of the seed fat from Swietenia macrophylla
Authors: Chakrabarty M. M. , Chowdhuri D. K. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA light yellow oil was isolated in 50% yield from the decorticated seeds ofSwietenia macrophylla kina grown in India. The unrefined oil had a slightly bitter taste and an iodine value of 109.7. Other properties are reported.By means of spectrophotometry, fractional crystallization, and methyl ester distillation, the oil was found to have the following fatty acid composition (as %): palmitic, 12.50; stearic, 16.42; arachidic, 0.56; oleic, 25.30; linoleic, 33.87; linolenic, 11.32. These values for linoleic and linolenic acid differ considerably from those previously reported for an oil from the same species grown in Mexico.
Hydrogenation of linolenate. VI. Survey of commercial catalysts
Authors: Johnston A. E. , Macmillan D. , Dutton H. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA survey of commercially available hydrogenation catalysts has been made in a search for high‐selectivity and low‐isomerizing characteristics. Selectivity舒the ratio of hydrogenation rates for linolenate to linoleate舒was determined on a linoleate‐linolenate equimixture under standardized conditions. Ratios of reaction rate constants for nickel catalysts at 140C ranged between 1.48 and 2.71; for palladium catalysts at 25C, 1.68 to 1.99; and for platinum catalysts at 25C, 1.33 to 1.61.Trans contents of ester mixtures reduced with these three metal catalysts ranged from 18.0 to 22.8, 16.7 to 20.5, and 6.3 to 8.4%, respectively. Although platinum catalysts produced the lowest isomerization, their selectivities were also low.
Further studies on methanesulfonic acid catalyzed additions to oleic acid
Authors: Eisner Abner , Perlstein Theodore , Ault W. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInfrared study of the products of the addition of m‐cresol to oleic acid in methanesulfonic acid, revealed the presence of both the m‐creasoxy and hydroxytolyl substituted stearic acids. By employing a modified extractive procedure to recover the products of the reaction, followed by chromatography on a Florisil column, a separation of the two types of addition products was effected.The methanesulfonic acid catalyzed addition reaction was extended to include aryl thiols. Among the sulfur analogues of the previously used phenols that were added are: benzenethiol, p‐t‐butyl‐benzenthiol, 2‐naphthalenethiol, o‐, m‐, and p‐toluenethiol. The yields of addition products (which were unobtainable in sulfuric acid media) ranged from 37舑70%. In contrast with the results obtained when phenolic nuleophiles were employed no evidence for the formation of rearranged addition products has been found. Thioethers were the only products identified.
The lipid depressant activities of whole fish and their component oils
Authors: Peifer James J. , Janssen F. , Muesing R. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHypercholesteremic rats were used to investigate the lipid depressant activities of lyophilized whole fish prepared from menhaden, silver salmon, mullet, and ocean perch. Ingestion of the whole fish supplements promoted a significant reduction in the circulating levels of cholesterol and phospholipids, and in the TC/TP ratios of blood lipids from the rat. The effects of whole fish were duplicated by feeding rats proportionate amounts of the oils found in these fish supplements. These supplements had similar, but less dramatic, effects on the liver lipids of the rats. The nonlipid components, isolated from the fish, had no apparent influence on the distribution of lipids in the blood and liver tissues. The preparations of lipid and nonlipid components of the fish are described, and the GLC analyses of marine oils are discussed.
Analyses of lipids and oxidation products by partition chromatography: Hydroxy fatty acids and esters
Authors: Frankel E. N. , McConnell D. G. , Evans C. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA liquid‐partition chromatographic procedure was used to separate hydroxy fatty acids, their methyl esters, and reduced fatty ester hydroperoxides. Mixtures of methyl stearate, mono‐ and dihydroxystearate, and mixtures of the corresponding free fatty acids were easily separated. Chromatographic determinations for ricinoleate in castor oils compared favorably with the chemical and infrared analyses.The chromatographic procedure was used to separate hydroxy fatty acids inDimorphotheca andStrophanthus seed oils. The methyl ester of dimorphecolic acid, the principal hydroxy fatty ester ofDimorphotheca oil, behaved like reduced methyl linoleate hydroperoxide and showed a polarity intermediate between methyl 12‐hydroxystearate and methyl 9,10‐dihydroxystearate. The 9‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecenoic ester ofStrophanthus oil had a larger retention volume than methyl ous hydroxy fatty esters isolated chromatographically. The diene content of the reduced hydroperoxides agrees well with values reported in the literature (1,5,16). The diene content of the chromatographed methyl dimorphecolate is higher than reported by Smithet al. (20) for their preparations but agrees well with the value reported by Chipault and Hawkins (6) for puretrans‐trans conjugated methyl linoleate. The extinction coefficient of methyl 12‐hydroxystearate at 2.8 ॖ is higher than that reported for ricinoleate and the absorption band is much sharper. Because of these two conditions no association of the hydroxyl groups is indicated. These results also confirm the purity of the hydroxy fatty esters obtained by LPC. This method has been a valuable adjunct to the study of various oxygen‐containing fatty acid and esters and was used to characterize the hydroxy esters obtained from the hydrogenation of methyl linolenate hydroperoxides (9). This work offers a basis for the development of analytical methods to determine the hydroxy and other polar acid content of fatty glycerides and their derivatives.
Estimating the average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Keeney P. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe average carbon chain length of saturated fatty acid esters can be determined by comparing absorption intensities in the 3.3 and 5.75 ॖ infrared regions. Data are presented for triglycerides, monoglycerides, and methyl esters. The method was used to follow the fractionation of hydrogenated milk fat from acetone, and the average values for fatty acid chain length were in good agreement with those obtained by gas chromatographic methyl ester analysis. The I.R. method is particularly applicable when only a few mg of sample is available and the material being fractionated contains both long and short chain saturated fatty acids.
The effect of deodorization prior to hydrogenation on the development of hydrogenation odor in fats
Authors: Merker D. R. , Brown L. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe direct precursors of hydrogenation odor are removed by steam deodorization. The primary precursors remain in the oil since the reversion of deodorized oil by autoxidation in the presence of light and heat forms certain compounds which again give rise to hydrogenation odor. Thus, in order to prevent the formation of hydrogenation odor, the deodorized oil must be protected from the effects of heat, light, and autoxidation, and hydrogenated in a unit which is free of residues from previous hydrogenations that were not carried out in a manner to prevent the formation of odor. The best results were obtained with palladium catalyst at temperatures below 90°C.The high flavor stability of hydrogenated soybean oil which was deodorized and protected from autoxidation prior to hydrogenation indicates that certain compounds responsible for hydrogenation flavor may also be involved in flavor reversion.
Constituent fatty acids of salmon egg fat
Authors: Kyte R. M. 
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions1. The constituent fatty acids determined by the Hilditch method in the fat from the sample of pink salmon eggs are reported. Forty‐five per cent of the fatty acids were 20 and 22 carbon atoms long, with an average unsaturation of 7.3 hydrogen atoms for the C20 acids and 11.8 hydrogen atoms for the C22 acids.2. The Hammond and Lundberg correlation of refractive index, carbon chain length, and unsaturation was used to measure the alteration that occurred in the fatty acid esters of salmon egg fat during the vacuum distillation step of the Hilditch method of analysis. The alteration by heat of the unsaturate fraction in the vacuum distillation was significant even in the first overhead subfractions. Analysis by the Hilditch method resulted in low values for unsaturation and chain length of the constituent fatty acids in the unsaturated fat.
Determination of water in cooked cottonseed meats by a modified indirect conductivity method
Authors: Hancock C. Kinney , Burdick Robert L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe modified indirect conductivities and oven‐dry moisture percentages were determined on mine Samples of cooked cottonseed meats (1.8 to 13.9% water). Statistical treatment of the data yields the following results: (1) equation of the regression line, {fx177‐1} (2) correlation coefficient, 0.998; (3) standard deviation from the regression line, 0.27% water.Ten replicate determinations made on each of two samples containing 2.7 and 7.7% water showed standard deviations of 0.07 and 0.08% water.These results show that the accuracy and precision of the modified indirect conductivity method are satisfactory for practical applications. For a consecutive series of determinations the average time required per determination was about 9 min. This time could be reduced to about 5 min. by using duplicate sets of stirring apparatus.
Reduction in pluming during the spray drying of a nonionic‐based heavy duty powder
Authors: Wharry D. L. , Sones E. L. , McGuire S. E. , McCrimlisk G. , Lovas J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe plume observed during the spray drying of a nonionic‐based heavy duty powder has been attributed to volatilization/recondensation of unethoxylated alcohols and other components in the alcohol ethoxylate. These “volatile components” comprise only 24–40% of the total spray tower emissions, but they are responsible for 85–95% of the observed opacity. Therefore, the relationship between observed opacity of the plume and particulate loading is not valid for the exhaust air from a spray tower producing nonionic‐based powdered detergents. Alcohol ethoxylates are not decomposed to any measurable amount in a typical spray‐dryer operation. The relative pluming tendency of alcohol ethoxylates depends exclusively on their relative vapor pressure. The vapor pressure of an alcohol ethoxylate is a function of the hydrophobe composition (starting alcohol) and the degree of ethoxylation which determines the level of unethoxylated alcohols. A new generation of alcohol ethoxylates with 60% less unethoxylated alcohol for a given ethoxylation level has been introduced recently. These Novel™ alcohol ethoxylates result in drastically improved pluming characteristics.
Suggested spectrophotometric methods for grading green soybean oil
Authors: Melvin Eugene H. , Macmillan Duncan , Senti Frederic R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryPossible spectrophotometric methods which could replace the present system of grading crude green soybean oils are given below in order of convenience. The limits are approximate values.

Measurement of optical density of crude oils at 700 mμ in 21.8‐mm. tubes. Grade 2 limits would be at optical densities of 0.5 and 0.7

Measurement of refined oils at 690 mμ in 21.8‐mm. tubes. The limits for Grade 2 would be at optical densities of 0.4 and 0.6.

Measurement of refined oil at 670 mμ in 8.0‐mm. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.4 and 0.6.

Measurement of refined and bleached oils at 670 mμ in 21.8‐mm. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.1 and 0.7.

Measurement of optical density of crude oils at 670 mμ in approximately 4‐mm. I.D. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.4 and 0.7.

Measurement of optical density at 670 mμ of crude oils in 15% solutions of oil in carbon tetrachloride in 21.8‐mm. tubes. Limits would be at optical densities of 0.5 and 0.7.
Fatty acid morpholides as plasticizers for vinyl chloride resins. II. The morpholides of selectively hydrogenated and of epoxidized cottonseed fatty acids
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Mod Robert R. , Skau Evald L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe morpholides of selectively hydrogenated cottonseed acids and of epoxidized cottonseed acids have been prepared and shown to be good primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride homopolymer and copolymer resins. They are also acceptable plasticizers for cellulose triacetate and possibly also as Buna A softeners. The degree of hydrogenation or partial epoxidation was approximately that equivalent to the conversion of all the polyunsaturated acyls to monounsaturated acyls.
Role of oleic acid in the metabolism of essential fatty acids
Authors: Dhopeshwarkar G. A. , Mead James F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGroups of young male guinea pigs were fed diets containing corn oil, coconut oil, coconut oil plus elaidic acid, and coconut oil plus oleic acid. The oleic acid‐fed group showed signs of essential fatty acid deficiency after four weeks and severe signs after eight weeks. The elaidic acid‐fed group did not show these symptoms. It is proposed that oleic acid competes competitively with linoleic acid as a substrate for the enzymes involved in linoleate transformations when only a very limited supply of linoleic acid is available to the animals and oleic acid is made available in relatively large amounts.A detailed analysis of the serum, liver, and adipose tissue lipid and a study of the incorporation of acetate‐1‐C14 into different lipids is presented.
Influence of lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil on depot fat and liver lipid composition
Authors: Kaunitz Hans , Slanetz C. A. , Johnson R. E. , Herb S. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn view of the interest in the biological properties of products of fat oxidation, lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides were fed and their nutritional effects compared with those of autoxidized cottonseed oil, which had been analyzed for its composition. Purified diets containing no fat +2% of linoleic acid, 5% lauroyl or myristol peroxide, or 10% oxidized cottonseed oil were fed to weanling male albino rats for 73 to 98 days, after which they were killed and their organs weighed. Their sera, livers, and testicular fat bodies were used for lipid analysis.With peroxides, growth was significantly depressed but not as much as when oxidized cottonseed oil was fed. Analysis of organ weight data showed that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects. Animals fed the latter had significantly heavier livers, kidneys, and hearts. The rats fed peroxides were also different from those fed the fat‐free diet and those kept on restricted food intake. Gas chromatographic analysis of the testicular fat bodies revealed a greater deposition of oleate in the animals fed oxidized cottonseed oil, which suggested that these animals were unable to use the oxidized oil for depot fat formation. In the anials fed lauroyl and myristoyl peroxides, appreciable amounts of laurate and myristate, respectively, were found. The composition of the liver neutral fat of the animals fed peroxides was similar to that of the animals fed the low‐fat diet +2%, linoleic acid. Serum cholesterol levels of the rats fed peroxides were about 70 mg. %, and of those fed oxidized cottonseed oil, 53 mg. %. The groups fed peroxides also had significantly higher liver cholesterol levels, which suggests that peroxides and oxidized cottonseed oil differed in their effects on cholesterol formation and transport.