bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Non‐ideal fit to a performance demand and the emergence of performance‐related person categories
Authors: Koller Michael , Wicklund Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree studies were conducted in order to investigate antecedents of individuals' preoccupation with person descriptors, such as personality traits, physical‐ethnic characteristics, or external characteristics, In Studies 1 and 2 subjects had to rate, for a given list of traits, how important each of the traits was as a prerequisite for performance within an academic context. Subjects who were relatively inexperienced in writing term papers (Study 1) or in taking major exams (Study 2) showed a higher mean in rated importance of the traits than did those who were relatively experienced. However, no differences between experienced and inexperienced subjects occurred if they had to rate the same trait list with respect to each trait's general desirability, i.e. where the traits were simply rated as such, without any reference to a performance realm. This finding clarifies an important aspect of the theory underlying this work. In the third study subjects were encouraged to make use of overt, visible aspects in describing how to recognize a foreign language speaker The number of physical ethnic and material characteristics mentioned in subjects' descriptions was positively correlated with the number of mistakes subjects made in a foreign‐language translation task, particularly when subjectively felt press with respect to translating was high and subjects' performance in translating was salient. Implications of these findings are discussed within a conceptual framework dwelling on the societal origins of the use of person‐descriptor terms (Wicklund, 1986a, b).
Effects of gain—loss frames on satisfaction with self–other outcome‐differences
Authors: De Dreu Carsten K. W , Lualhati Joselito C. , McCusker Christopher 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis research concerned satisfaction with outcome‐differences (advantageous inequity, equity, or disadvantageous inequity) as a function of the individual's gain or loss frame, other's gain or loss frame, the cooperative or noncooperative nature of the relationship, and their interactions. After reading a scenario, subjects rated on a satisfaction‐dissatisfaction scale a series of outcome‐pairs providing themselves and another party with outcomes. Consistent with Equity Theory, results showed that gain framed individuals found equity more pleasing than advantageous inequity, which in turn was preferred over disadvantageous inequity, but only when the decision making context was coopera‐ tive rather than noncooperative. In a noncooperative context, gain framed individuals were as pleased with equity as with advantageous inequity. Contrary to Equity Theory, but consistent with Prospect Theory, loss framed individuals were relatively insensitive to outcome‐differences and the nature of the relationship. Results finally suggested that advantageous inequity was preferred less when the other party had a loss rather than gain frame, albeit only under cooperative circumstances.
On the consequences of deindividuation manipulations for the strategic communication of self: Identifiability and the presentation of social identity
Authors: Reicher S. , Levine M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAccording to traditional models of deindividuation, lowered personal identifiability leads to a loss of identity and a loss of internalized control over behaviour This account has been challenged by arguing that manipulations of identifiability affect the relative salience of personal or social identity and hence the choice of standards to control behaviour The present study contributes to an extension of this argument according to which identifiability manipulations do not only affect the salience of social identity but also the strategic communication of social identity. Reicher and Lvine (1993) have shown that subjects who are more identifiable to a powerful outgroup will moderate the expression of those aspects of ingroup identity which differ from the outgroup position and which would be punished by the outgroup. Here we seek to show that in addition, subjects who are more identifiable to a powerful outgroup will accentuate the expression of those aspects of ingroup identity which differ from the outgroup position but which would not be punished by the outgroup. This is because, when identifiable, subjects may use such responses as a means of publicly presenting their adherence to group norms and hence as a means of establishing their right to group membership. A study is reported in which 102 physical education students are either identifiable (I) or not identifiable (NI) to their academic tutors. They are asked to respond on a number of dimensions where pilot interviews show the ingroup stereotype to differ from outgroup norms. Expressions of difference from the outgroup position would lead to punishment on some of these dimensions (P items) but would not lead to punishment for others (NP items) The predicted interaction between identifiability and item type is highly significant. As expected, for NP items identifiability accentuates responses which differentiate the ingroup stereotype from outgroup norms. All these results occur independently of shifts in the salience of social identity. The one unexpectedfinding is that, for P items, identifiability does lead to decreased expression of the ingroup stereotype, but the diference does not reach significance. Nonetheless, overall the results do provide further evidence for the complex effects of identifiability on strategic considerations underlying the expression of social identity in intergroup contexts.
Judgements of compensation for misfortune: The role of expectation
Authors: Ritov Ilana , Baron Jonathan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn three questionnaire studies, we asked subjects how much compensation should be provided, by a third party, to an accident victim. We tested the hypothesis, derived from norm theory, that compensation would be greater when the injury was less to be expected, e.g. when the injury was caused by failure ‐ as opposed to success ‐ of a safety routine. To rule out the possibility that such expectation effects depended on subjects' anticipations of the reactions of the parties involved in the accident. the parties were said to be ignorant of factors that could affect these reactions. Effects of expectation were still found, even when subjects themselves judged the accident to be equally serious in all conditions. Information about what would have happened in the absence of the cause (e.g. if the routine had succeeded instead of failed) affected compensation. as predicted by norm theory, but expectation effects were found even when this information about counterfactuals was held constant, so norm theory cannot account for all the results. We suggest that subjects are applying simple heuristics unreflectively Subjects may also have attempted to fulfil an implicit social contract through their awards. The results cannot be explained through the hypothesis that compensation was optimal: the accident was the same, and it had no deterrent effect, so optimal compensation should be the same in all cases.
Social categorization processes as dependent on status differences between groups: A step into adolescents' peer‐groups
Authors: Kirchler Erich , Palmonari Augusto , Pombeni Maria Luisa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper presents two empirical studies of adolescents' peer‐groups and inter‐group processes. It is argued that the assumption according to which ingroup judgments tend to be more favourable than those about outgroups is too general. Social comparisons are hypothesized to depend largely on relative status of ingroup and outgroups. While members of superior groups are expected to favour their own group and to discriminate the outgroup, members of inferior or equal status groups are hypothesized to distinguish between ingroup and outgroup but not to discriminate the outgroup. In the first study it was predicted that members of superior groups would feel close to their group and distant from the outgroup, whereas members of equal status groups would feel close to their group but also relatively close to the outgroup. These predictions were confirmed. The closer highly identified members of equal status groups felt to be to their group the less distant they also perceived themselves to be to the outgroup. In the second study a distinction was made between evaluative and descriptive aspects of judgments and polarization of judgments. Social categorization processes were observed in evaluative components of judgments and in polarization of judgments. Descriptive components were not used to discriminate between ingroup and outgroups but just to illustrate differences between their respective activities and programmes.
Changing social stereotypes: The case of the information seeker
Authors: Johnston Lucy C. , Macrae C. Neil 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious research has shown that stereotype‐based judgements can be attenuated through the attribution of disconfirming information to individual group members. Typically in these studies, subjects are forced to process all the available in formation, including disconfirming information, before providing their impressions of the group. In the reported research, in contrast, we attempted to create a more naturalistic paradigm by allowing subjects to control the amount and nature of information they received about individual group members. Under these conditions, we expected subjects to instigate a biased information‐seeking strategy and display a preference for stereotype‐matching rather than stereotype‐mismatching information. Our results supported this prediction. When subjects could control the nature and amount of information they received about a target group they showed: (i) a preference for stereotype‐matching information and (ii) no change in their stereotypic impressions of the group. When, however, subjects were forced to process all the available information, their stereotypic evaluation of the group diminished. These findings demonstrate the general resistance of stereotypes to change in naturalistic, information‐seeking settings.
A prognostic utility bias in judgments of similarity between past and present instances: How available information is deemed useful for prediction
Authors: Greenberg Jeff , Pyszczynski Tom , Warner Susan , Bralow Dawn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA variety of theorists have proposed that individuals desire to be confident in their inferences and predictions. One way this can be accomplished is by overestimating the extent to which available information provides a logic basis for such conclusions. Thus, when one's goal is to make an accurate prediction, if information about a prior known instance has potential implications for the prediction, one may overestimate the similarity of the prior known instance to the current instance. In this way, the perceived utility of the information as a basis for prediction can be inflated. To test this idea, three studies were conducted. In each study, subjects were asked to judge the similarity of past instances to an upcoming instance for which an outcome prediction was required. Judging a past instance as similar to the upcoming instance should only provide a firm basis for outcome prediction if outcome information regarding the past instance is known. Therefore, it was expected that when subjects are asked to make an outcome prediction, they would judge a past instance more similar to the upcoming instance if outcome information about the past instance is known than if it is not. Support for this hypothesis was obtained along with evidence concerning the conditions under which the eflect does and does not occur.
Problems with the measurement of illusory correlation
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , McGarty Craig 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe illusory correlation eflect (ICE) refers to a tendency for people to over‐represent rare behaviours performed by members of an infrequently encountered (minority) group. On the basis of an empirtcal study ( N = 245) this paper examines three procedural features that are common to studies in this field: (a) excluding subjects who assign too many behaviours to the minority group, (b) asking subjects to estimate the incidence of distinctive behaviours, and (c) submitting phi coefficients to Z transformation. Results show that the ICE is significantly lower amongst subjects who (a) are excluded and (b) estimate non‐distinctive behaviours and (c) that Z transformation applied to phi coefficients renders the distribution of responses non‐normal and does not provide a more linear index of efect strength. Implications for future research are discussed.
Collective self‐esteem consequences of outgroup derogation when a valued social identity is on trial
Authors: Branscombe Nyla R. , Wann Daniel L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA structural equation model tested the role of degree of identification with a group (Americans) and level of collective self‐esteem as determinants of outgroup derogation under identity‐threatening and non‐threatening conditions. High identification and reductions in collective self‐esteem following a threat to that identity lead to outgroup derogation, but level of collective self‐esteem did not predict outgroup derogation in the no‐threat condition. The consequences of derogating both threat‐relevant (Russians) and threat‐irrelevant nationalities for subsequent self‐esteem were assessed. As predicted by social identity theory, higher amounts of derogation of the threat‐relevant outgroup in the identity‐threatened condition elevated subsequent collective self‐esteem. Derogation of threat‐irrelevant outgroups did not have this positive esteem consequence; in fact, increased derogation of irrelevant outgroups reduced subsequent self‐esteem. In the no‐threat condition, amount of derogation directed towards either type of outgroup did not significantly influence subsequent self‐esteem, with the overall pattern being opposite to what was observed in the threat condition. Implications for theories concerning self‐processes as instigators of outgroup derogation and the consequences of intergroup comparisons for collective self‐esteem are discussed.
Perceptions of relative group size and group status: Effects on intergroup discrimination in negative evaluations
Authors: Blanz Mathias , Mummendey Amélie , Otten Sabine 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe positive–negative asymmetry in social discrimination proposes a threshold for ingroup favouritism within the negative domain: in contrast to comparable studies dealing with in‐ and outgroup evaluations on positive attributes, ingroup favouritism does not occur when negative attributes are used. The present study focuses on two aspects of this threshold: it investigates processes, which may influence the absence of ingroup favouritism in the negative domain, and it tests ‘aggravating’ variables, which seem to be suficient to elicit ingroup favouritism even in the negative domain.Results show that ingroup favouritism occurred within the negative domain when several aggravating conditions were included, namely high salience of size‐ and status‐ similarity between groups and high ingroup identification. Furthermore, subjects under minimal conditions tended to overestimate relative size as well as relative status of their ingroup. The perception of group members to belong to a high status majority is interpreted as a sufficient condition counteracting tendencies towards ingroup favouritism within the negative domain.
Evaluative bias and self‐enhancement among gender groups
Authors: Lindeman Marjaana , Sundvik Lilli 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOne hundred and one middle managers (66 men, 35 women) evaluated themselves, ingroup (same sex) members and outgroup (opposite sex) members on both stereotypical and on contextual masculine and feminine dimensions. The results showed that men favoured ingroup members on the masculine dimensions and women favoured ingroup members on the feminine dimensions. In addition, both sexes favoured themselves over ingroup and outgroup. The results are discussed in terms of social identity theory, self‐categorization theory and egocentric social categorization model.
Context‐dependent variation in social stereotyping 3: Extremism as a self‐categorical basis for polarized judgement
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Turner John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA large body of research suggests that extremists make more accentuated (‘black and white’) judgements than moderates. This phenomenon has been explained in terms of individual differences associated with extremism or as the product of general processes of social judgement. Self‐categorization theory suggests that extremists represent the world in relatively polarized terms only because, and to the extent that, similar others are more similar to them and different others are more different from them than is the case for moderates. This analysis is tested and supported in three experiments (Ns = 61, 101, 69) which (a) manipulate subjects' extremity and reproduce standard accentuation effects, and (b) change the configuration of the comparative features comprising the judgmental context and reverse these effects. These findings are inconsistent with individual difference explanations of accentuation and extend previous social judgemental theorizing. Implications for the conceptualization of extremism are also discussed.
Social interactions, stressful events and negative affect at work: A micro‐analytic approach
Authors: Peeters Maria C. W. , Buunk Bram P. , Schaufeli Wilmar B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the present study a daily event‐recording method, the DIRO (Daily Interaction Record in Organizations), was employed for assessing social interactions, stressful events and negative affect at work. Forty‐one secretaries filled out the records during the course of a week. This made it possible to consider both between‐and within‐subject effects of social interactions. The results showed that the social interactions of secretaries were characterized by three dimensions: intimate support, instrumental support and rewarding companionship. These three dimensions appeared to have different relationships with occupational stress. Instrumental support seemed to play the most important role in the work of secretaries, whereas rewarding companionship played no role at all in alleviating occupational stress. In the discussion some explanations are offered for this unexpected result.
How context‐independent is the outgroup homogeneity effect? A response to Bartsch and Judd
Authors: Haslam S. Alexander , Oakes Penelope J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBartsch and Judd (1993) argue that outgroup homogeneity effects occur independently of any tendency for members of minority groups to see their ingroup as more homogeneous than the majority outgroup. This argument is based on evidence of an underlying outgroup homogeneity effect in a study which purports to unconfound the roles of judged group size and ingroup–outgroup judgement by presenting subjects first with a small or large ingroup (or outgroup) and then a small comparison outgroup (or ingroup). However, from the perspective of self‐categorization theory (SCT), such a procedure actually introduces a confound as SCT predicts that when an ingroup is judged first it should be perceived as relatively heterogeneous due to the intragroup nature of this judgemental context. Close examination of Bartsch and Judd's data bears this point out: the tendency to see the ingroup as less homogeneous than the outgroup when the ingroup was judged first was extinguished when the ingroup was judged second even when the judged groups were of equal size. Consistent with SCT, this re‐analysis suggests that manifestations of outgroup homogeneity are not independent of contextual factors which determine the relative appropriateness of category‐based perception of ingroup and outgroup.
The third person effect: Social distance and perceived media bias
Authors: Gibbon Peter , Durkin Kevin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to determine the conditions under which the third person effect (Davison, 1983) operates. It was hypothesized that the effect would be accentuated as target groups of others became more remote from the self. A second objective was to determine whether the effect operates in the absence of overtly persuasive intent in the media. Television programmes concerned with moral themes were employed as stimuli. The results further support Davison's claim that overestimation of media effects is greater when people imagine the responses of others whom they do not know than those of familar individuals. The results also indicate that the third person effect does operate in the absence of perceived persuasive intent, but is accentuated when bias is perceived by viewers.
Racial categorization and preference among older children in The Netherlands
Authors: Verkumen Maykel , Masson Kees , Elffers Henk 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study the pervasiveness of racial categorization is investigated among children (10–12 years of age) in multi‐racial schools. Subjects were asked to sort photographs of unknown contemporaries and to indicate preferences. Skin colour, sex and facial expression were used as three characteristics which varied systematically in the pictures. The results show, first, that children preferred to use different features simultaneously instead of a single feature only. Second, in a dichotomous classification task skin colour and sex were the most obvious visible features used for categorization. Gender was also used for explaining socially undesirable behaviour, and for indicating preferences. while race was not used in these tasks. In indicating preferences facial expression and not skin colour was used as a subordinate category. There were very few differences between ethnic Dutch, coloured and ethnic minority children in the use of skin colour or other features.
How the sperm dominates the ovum — objectification by metaphor in the social representation of conception
Authors: Wagner Wolfgang , Elejabarrieta Fran , Lahnsteiner Ingrid 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis investigation is about the use of metaphors in the everyday understanding of conception. It is argued that the analysis of the relationship between source and target domain in a metaphor used as an objectification device can help explain how social representations are acquired collectively and individually. We expect that in popular knowledge of conception the central metaphors and images relate to the subjects' everyday experience as social actors and sexual beings because social and sexual experience is pervasive and well‐understood. In an experimental questionnaire study involving 169 subjects, it is shown as hypothesized that subjects prefer to compare the process of fertilization, i.e. the role and behaviour of sperms and ovum, with sexual and sex‐role behaviour where the role of men is projected upon sperms and the role of women upon the ovum. This implies that sperms are seen not only as more active, but also as harder, stronger, and more dominant than the ovum. These effects are stronger, the more subjects personally subscribe to a more conservative sex‐role orientation. In the discussion it is suggested that it is necessary to analyse the two intricately linked levels of objectification, the cognitive process of selecting specific images and the social process of the diffusion of popular knowledge, if we want to understand how common sense works.
Determination of Piroxicam in Pharmaceutical Formulations Combining Amperometry and Multicommutation
Authors: Silva M. Luísa S. , Garcia M. Beatriz Q. , Lima José L. F. C. , Barrado E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work describes the development of a multicommutated flow system with amperometric detection, applied in the determination of piroxicam in pharmaceutical formulations.