bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repair and Cathodic Protection of Corrosion Damaged Reinforced Concrete Wharves in the Middle East
Authors: John G , Leppard B , Wyatt B 
Published: March 2009

The deep water port of Mina Zayed, Abu Dhabi, was constructed between 1970 and 1978 and consists of pre-cast reinforced concrete beams and slabs with in situ concrete topping, supported by tubular steel piles. The first signs of deterioration were recorded in 1977, evidenced by cracking of the lower corners of the pre-cast beams. A number of detailed inspections were carried out during 1979, 1983, 1985 and 1987, allowing a study of the progressive deterioration to be recorded.
This paper summarises the construction of the port, the deterioration that occurred and the repair/rehabilitation procedure used. An impressed current cathodic protection system incorporating metal oxide coated titanium mesh in a sprayed concrete overlay was used to prevent further deterioration. The system incorporated 83 individual units providing protection to over 11,000 m2 (121,000 ft2) of concrete.
A particular problem associated with interference in the polarisation/de-polarisation of the reinforcing steel due to large repaired areas was noted during the repair work and is summarised in this paper.
The Use of Sediment Heavy Metal Bioavailability as a Method of Environmental Hazard Assessment
Authors: Marcus JM , Scott GI 
Published: March 2009

Different areas along the rapidly developing South Carolina coastline were examined for heavy metal (Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni) inputs to nearby aquatic ecosystems using sediment levels as the relative indicator of contamination. The American oyster, Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin), was monitored concurrently for metal concentrations to assess what portion of the total sediment metal burden was biologically available for uptake and accumulation. This was accomplished by computation of a sediment bioavailability factor (SBAF) that allowed the integration of sediment and tissue data into a quantitative index useful for relative comparisons between areas.
The SBAFs calculated for the land-use practices of recreational marinas, an industrial waste water treatment facility, and an abandoned industrial site were compared and contrasted with each other and with other sites that ranged from pristine to contaminated. A graded effect on availability of metals from sediments to oysters was observed. Those practices with continuous inputs exhibited higher bioavailability factors than did those that were intermittent.
Bases for Selecting Natural Stones from a Quarrier's Point of View
Authors: Hiltunen JK 
Published: March 2009

Investigations in Europe show that granite is a very economical facade material considering the overall cost of investment, installation, and maintenance over a 50-year period.
When selecting granite for building projects, it is important to investigate the availability of various materials, as well as panel size limitations. When judging availability, one has to study the capacities of quarries, country of origin, age of the quarry, etc. In addition, existing inventories as well as quality control and valid quarrying permits are very important factors.
The cost of granite facades can be reduced by allowing variation in panel sizes, by using panel sizes which are in correct ratio to the flexural strength of the material, by allowing more variation in color, and by giving sufficient time for delivery.
The Breuer-Beckhard Precast Facades
Authors: Beckhard H 
Published: March 2009

The author traces the discovery and use of precast concrete in his work in partnership with Marcel Breuer, one of the foremost figures of 20th century architecture, and later, in his own practice.
From the first use at La Gaude, France, for an IBM research center, to a recent high-rise office building in Jersey City, New Jersey, precast concrete for facade treatment has proven economical, free of the vagaries of field labor, quickly installed, of great durability, and easy to maintain.
But what is of great interest to the author is the multitude of visual variations of precast. Citing examples, he shows how his aesthetic sense responds to the material's flexibility: in form, use of color, texture, and techniques to expose the aggregate. He demonstrates his technical response to the material, its use in its load-bearing capacity, and as a building skin. Illustrations show how the sculptural elements of the architecture are a direct response to the technical possibilities of the material.
In closing, the author states that, based on all its qualities, precast concrete “is truly a material of our time.”
Characterization of IM7 Graphite/Thermoplastic Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) for Spacecraft Structural Applications
Authors: Silverman EM , Wiacek CR , Griese RA 
Published: March 2009

Graphite composites fabricated from thermoplastic polyetheretherketone (PEEK) IM7 graphite prepreg tapes were evaluated for the development of lightweight, strength-critical, dimensional stable spacecraft components. The objective of this investigation was to summarize the mechanical and physical properties of IM7 graphite/PEEK to compare its properties to that of similar graphite/epoxy composites.
A property database for thermoplastic composite materials was generated. Composite mechanical property characterization included 0° and 90° tensile and compressive, in-plane shear, and flexural properties. Physical property characterization included coefficient of thermal expansion, outgassing/condensable volatiles, and equilibrium moisture absorption at 71°C (160°F) and 95% relative humidity. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to investigate fiber/matrix distribution, fiber orientation, and fiber/resin interface adhesion. Results were compared with data on IM7 graphite/8551-7 epoxy laminates to assess the relative merits of the IM7 graphite/PEEK thermoplastic material system.
In general, IM7 graphite/PEEK thermoplastic composites possess a combination of properties that appear to match the requirements for several spacecraft applications. In addition to having very respectable structural properties, IM7/PEEK laminates exhibited lower moisture uptake and lower outgassing than IM7/8551-7 epoxy laminates. The equilibrium moisture gain for the thermoplastic composites was 0 18% compared to 0 80% for the epoxy composite system. SEM analysis indicated that the thermoplastic PEEK composite laminates exhibited excellent fiber/matrix distribution and interfacial fiber/resin adhesion. The PEEK thermoplastic matrix composite, therefore, provides a superior replacement to conventional epoxy matrix composites for spacecraft applications.
Novel Adjuvants for Agrochemical Formulations Based on Sugar Ethers
Authors: Hoorne D , Chasin DG , Rogiers LM 
Published: March 2009

The adjuvant can influence the performance of the herbicide. The use of sugar ether based adjuvants in greenhouse trials in combination with two sugar beet herbicides Betanal Compact (*) (Phenmedipham - Desmedipham EC) and Goltix WG (*) (Metamitron WG) resulted in a superior weed control when compared to the use of the active on its own.
Field trials of sugar ether based adjuvants together with a commercial fungicide formulation like Sportak (*) (Prochloraz EC), Sandofan M8 (*) (Oxadixyl - Mancozeb WP), Impact (*) (Flutriafol SC) and Matador (*) (Tebuconazole - Triadimenal EC) against Septoria Apii indicated an increase in the performance of the formulation. With certain fungicides the combination of the sugar ether blends with a crop oil concentrate, like ‘Atplus’ 411 F, imparted an increased activity to the formulation compared to when both adjuvants were used separately.
All the test indicate that the sugar ether blends can be seen as the replacement for the traditionally used alkylarylalcohol-type adjuvants.
Preparation and Evaluation of Concentrated Emulsions of Agrichemicals
Authors: Friloux KM , Tann RS 
Published: March 2009

A model concentrated emulsion was chosen for this study. The methods of preparation and evaluation are discussed. Recommendations are made concerning the formulation of concentrated emulsions and appropriate test methods for their evaluation are presented.
Several processing steps and ingredients were required to produce the model formulation. Each of these ingredients' role in the system will be described. The techniques used in the production of CEs are included.
The formulations were evaluated by a variety of methods. These methods included: Heat Stability, Freeze/Thaw Stability, Particle Size, and Viscometry. Each was studied to predict the shelf life of the formulation. The use of any or all of the methods presented can significantly reduce the evaluation time required for these formulations.
Colloidal Microcrystalline Cellulose as a Thickener in Flowables
Authors: Ibrahim NI , Mehra DK 
Published: March 2009

The proper selection of a thickener in the process of formulating pesticide flowables is crucial. The following factors are important to consider: 엯 Long term shelf stability 엯 Ease of container rinsing (or facilitating the rinsability of containers) 엯 High percent of active loading 엯 Facilitate production by rapidity of hydration and dispersion 엯 Batch-to-batch consistency in viscosity and high yield stress values 엯 Freeze thaw stability 엯 Compatibility with wide range of materials 엯 Effectiveness over a broad pH range (4–10).
Lattice™ NTC colloidal microcrystalline cellulose from the Food and Pharmaceutical Products Division (FPPD) of FMC combines thixotropic and plastic properties thus providing excellent utility as a thickener. Dynamic rheological measurements comparing Lattice NTC, Xanthan gum and VeegumR are discussed.
Using Nonionic Surfactants in Aqueous Formulations
Authors: Utz CG , Drewno GW , Hollis RP 
Published: March 2009

Water-based formulations for liquid actives are relatively new to the agricultural market. Surfactant combinations have been identified which provide long-term stability and good dilution characteristics in concentrated emulsions (oil-in-water emulsions [EW]) and suspoemulsions (combinations of a liquid and solid active in a water-based formulation). For EW formulations, surfactant combinations consist of two nonionic EO/PO block copolymers. One has relatively hydrophobic character containing little EO and acts as emulsifier, while a relatively hydrophilic component with a large EO content facilitates dispersion in water. Suspoemulsions are stabilized by adding block copolymers containing 30 to 50% EO to commercial flowables. Some formulations require additional polyacrylate polymer as dispersant. These stable formulations are made without any thickeners or other stabilizers.
EW formulations have been demonstrated with pyrethroids and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. Combinations of malathion/carbaryl and metolachlor/atrazine have been successfully formulated in suspoemulsions. The physical stability and dilution characteristics of the formulations are described.
Some Practical Limitations of Fluorescent Tracers Used to Measure Off-Target Pesticide Deposition.
Authors: Hall FR , Kirchner LM , Downer RA 
Published: March 2009

Eight tracers were chosen for the study, based on availability, cost, previous work done in this laboratory, and extent of use by other researchers. Laboratory photodegradation was determined for each of the tracers over 0 – 100 minutes under ‘light’ and ‘dark’ conditions. Storage degradation was measured on a modified set of tracers over a period of 41–45 days under ‘frozen’, ‘light lab’, and ‘dark lab’ conditions. Both studies used a Turner 112 fluorimeter.
The photodegradation data suggest that Uvitex EC would be unsuitable for use in any drift trial situation since the fluorescence decreased up to 82 % under light conditions and nearly 16 % under dark conditions. The other tracers generally showed some decreases but not nearly as marked. Storage degradation data showed that the fluorescence of Tinopal CBS-X decreased by as much as 67 % under light lab conditions. The other tracers showed some reductions but not as marked as Tinopal CBS-X.
The results are considered in terms of their practical implications in relation to protocol development for off-target pesticide deposit (drift) studies.
Atomization and Application of Biopesticide Formulations
Authors: Steinke WE , Akesson NB 
Published: March 2009

Biopesticide materials are increasingly used in forestry, agriculture and vector control. Their low mammalian toxicity and low environmental hazard potential has encouraged researchers and applicators to evaluate their control potential for a variety of insect pests. However, the resulting formulations of these materials, primarily Bacillius thuringiensis (Bt) and baculoviruses, have not been easy to use under field conditions. Additionally, their physical properties and equipment for applying them did not meet the desired drop size of 80 to 100 micrometers vmd (or Dv.5)that biologists thought were most desirable.
Formulation and drop size studies have been initiated to determine the most suitable atomizers, rotary and hydraulic, to use with the various formulations being developed. Physical properties of these formulations indicate the usual reduction in surface tension to about 50% that of water, which tends to reduce the drop size produced compared with that of water. Density does not appear to be a factor of concern, but viscosity, particularly of the virus formulations, may be over 100 mPa∙s and may cause flow problems in spray equipment or produce a large drop size resulting in poor distribution and reduced control. Several formulations were tested along with various atomizers and data on these are shown.
Aerial Spray Deposits of

Bacillus Thuringiensis

in Experimental Trials Over Hardwood Forests
Authors: Sundaram A 
Published: March 2009

Dipel® 8AF was sprayed aerially over an oak forest (Study I, conducted in Ontario, Canada, in 1987) undiluted at 30 BIU in 1.8 L/ha on block B1 and diluted at 30 BIU in 6.2L/ha on block B2. Spray drops were collected on cylindrical Kromekote® cards, and deposit was determined on aluminum oak leaves by fluorometry for the tracer dye added to the tank mixes. The data showed that the drop sizes on samplers were markedly smaller in block B1 than those in B2. The deposits (expressed in IU/cm2) at canopy and ground levels were correspondingly lower in B1 than in B2.
Foray® 48B was sprayed aerially over an oak forest (Study II, conducted in Pennsylvania, USA, in 1990) undiluted at 50 BIU in 3.94 L/ha on block B3 and at 75 BIU in 5.91 L/ha on block B4. Drop spectra were assessed on water-sensitive paper, and deposits were determined on glass micro-fiber filters by a bioassay method using gypsymoth. The observed mortalities were converted into IU of deposit/cm2 area of the filters. The data indicated that drop sizes on samplers were only slightly smaller in block B3 than those in B4. The deposits were also not markedly different.
When converted into IU/cm2 per BIU sprayed, the deposits were: Study I Ground level: B1, 1.3 IU/BIU-cm2; B2, 3.0 IU/BlU-cm2 Canopy level: B1, 1.5 IU/BIU-cm2; B2, 3.7 IU/BIU-cm2 Study II Ground level: B3, 1.7 IU/BIU-cm2; B4, 0.68 IU/BIU-cm2 Canopy level: B3, 1.3 IU/BIU-cm2 ; B4, 0.75 IU/BIU-cm2
The conclusion was that the differences in deposits in the two studies were not as enormous as might be expected, considering the fact that the studies were conducted under different field conditions, and using different dosages, volume rates, samplers and quantification techniques for deposit assessment.
The Benefits of an Anti-Evaporant in Pesticide Applications
Authors: Thacker JRM , Hall FR 
Published: March 2009

In this paper we report the results of a series of laboratory experiments that were designed to quantify the effects of adding an anti-evaporant to a permethrin formulation. Assessments were made of the effects of the anti-evaporant upon: droplet evaporation rates, droplet retention and bounce, droplet spread, and the implications of these parameters for an improved biological efficacy.
Evaporation rates were assessed using a 2m high, temperature controlled, droplet settling tower. A monosize droplet generator was used to produce the droplets which were measured at their entry and exit from the tower using water sensitive papers. The difference in droplet size was then used to calculate the mean droplet evaporation rate for each of the temperature levels (25°C -50°C) used.
Droplet retention or bounce was determined by exposing the angled, adaxial leaf surfaces of greenhouse cabbage and chrysanthemum plants, to a range of spray droplet sizes, in a spray chamber. The spray chamber was constructed so that vertically falling droplets would either be retained by the leaf or would bounce onto adjacent water sensitive papers. The difference between the number of droplets that were sprayed upon the leaf and the number that bounced was used to provide an index of droplet retention for a range of leaf angles and droplet sizes.
The spread of droplets was quantified by using fluorometric analysis to visualize the droplets following their application to the adaxial surface of cabbage leaves. A range of droplet sizes and insecticide concentrations were used. The implications for improved biological efficacy were assessed by preliminary testing against 2nd instar cabbage looper, Trichoplusia ni (Hübner).
The results of these and other experiments are discussed in terms of the advantages and disadvantages to be obtained from the use of an anti-evaporant in pesticide applications.
A Summary of the Manufacture, Uses, and Properties of Autoclaved Aerated Concrete
Authors: Mathey RG , Rossiter WJ 
Published: March 2009

This report is a review of the properties and performance of autoclaved aerated concrete. The material has a relatively low thermal conductivity combined with load-bearing capacity for use in structural and non-structural applications. This feature may make its use attractive for energy-conserving applications.
The review addressed an overview of the manufacturing process, uses of autoclaved aerated concrete in building constructions, properties, energy considerations, the availability of code-related documents, and standards. Uses include block and panel construction in load-bearing and non-load-bearing applications for walls, floors, and roofs. Many properties are reviewed including density, fire resistance, moisture expansion and shrinkage, strength, structure, and thermal conductivity. With regard to energy considerations, the review points out that, for energy-efficient applications under severe climatic conditions, the autoclaved aerated concrete unit alone may be insufficient to provide the targeted minimum value of thermal resistance. In these cases, autoclaved aerated concrete has to be used together with additional thermal insulation. In contrast, autoclaved aerated concrete alone may satisfy insulation needs in areas having mild climates.
Magnesium Oxychloride-Based Foam Thermal Insulation: An Initial Investigation
Authors: Rossiter WJ , Brown PW 
Published: March 2009

This study is an initial investigation of the properties and performance of magnesium oxychloride-based foam thermal insulation. Tests and observations were performed on samples prepared in the laboratory and also removed from one cavity of a wall of a wood-frame house. The tests to characterize the foam included measurements of density, moisture content, shrink age, and thermal conductivity, and were combined with analysis using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and thermogravimetry techniques.
It was found that the foam had a thermal conductivity comparable to that of other insulations used to retrofit walls of houses. Shrinkage could not be quantified, but was seen to be generally small. The moisture content of the foam removed from the house was about 2%. The results of the analytical measurements indicated that the laboratory-prepared samples and some of those removed from the house were not identical. It was suggested that further analysis be conducted to continue characterization of the foam.
Solid Conductivity of Loaded Fibrous Insulations
Authors: Fricke J , Büttner D , Caps R , Gross J , Nilsson O 
Published: March 2009

The thermal conductivity and the elasto-mechanical behavior of a fibrous glass paper insulation and of a fibrous alumina fleece were investigated as a function of external pressure load. The main findings are: (1) at an external load Pext = 1 bar the solid thermal conductivity λs of the glass fiber paper is about 1.5 ∙ 10-3 W/(m ∙ K) and for the fleece is 3 ∙ 10-3 W/(m ∙ K); and (2) the variation of λs with Pext is weak for the paper and pronounced for the fleece.
Three models were employed to study the correlation between λs and the elasto-mechanical behavior: Kaganer's model, percolation theory, and the phonon diffusion model.
Overview of Physical Properties of Cellular Thermal Insulations
Authors: Strzepek WR 
Published: March 2009

A comprehensive overview of the physical properties of cellular thermal insulations commonly used in the insulation industry has been developed. The insulations addressed are molded, expanded polystyrene (MEPS) and extruded, expanded polystyrene (XEPS) foams, polyurethane (PUR) and polyisocyanurate (PIR) foams, urea-formaldehyde (U-F) foams, phenolic foams, and cellular glass. Information was compiled primarily from manufacturers' literature, published documents, and private communications.
In addition to a general listing of typical physical properties, three areas are given special emphasis. The effects of aging and mean temperature on thermal transmission properties are discussed. Moisture absorption values measured using several different methods are presented, and a tabulation of typical mechanical strength properties is included.
The information presented is intended to serve as a general guide for comparing the physical properties of the various cellular insulations commonly used. The values are intended to be conservative; however, this may not be true for some commercially available products. Therefore it is recommended that the insulation manufacturer be contacted to obtain values for use in design.
Measurement of Gas Diffusion in Closed-Cell Foams
Authors: Shankland IR 
Published: March 2009

The aging process in closed-cell thermal insulation foams refers to that phenomenon which results in a degradation of insulation value of the foam over a period of time and is generally attributed to diffusion of atmospheric components into the foam and diffusion of expansion agent out of the foam. In this paper an apparatus is described for measuring the effective or apparent diffusion coefficient of atmospheric and other rapidly permeating gases in closed-cell polymeric foams. The technique is based on a solution of the transient diffusion equation, which is outlined along with the method of data reduction. The diffusion cell is designed to accommodate cylindrical foam specimens of varying sizes up to 7.6 cm (3 in.) in diameter and up to 5.1 cm (2 in.) thick. Other features of the apparatus include quick and convenient interchange of foam samples as well as automatic data acquisition. Major sources of experimental error are discussed; those aspects of the experimental technique designed to reduce the magnitude of the experimental uncertainty are also mentioned.
Results obtained with the apparatus for a number of different foams are presented and discussed in terms of various foam diffusion models described in the literature. Interpretation of the data in this manner gives some insight into the cellular structure of the foam and also provides a correlation for estimating the diffusion coefficient of other gases in the foam sample.