bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porous silicon for field emission display applications
Authors: Biaggi‐Labiosa A. , Solá F. , Resto O. , Fonseca Luis F. , González‐Berríos A. , Jesús J. De , Morell G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWe have obtained cathodoluminescence (CL) emission from porous silicon (PSi) films by excitation with electrons with kinetic energies below 2 keV. We observed two types of CL emissions, a stable one and a non‐stable one. The stable emission is characterized by a CL peak that is red shifted with respect to its photoluminescence (PL) peak. The other CL emission is the most promising in terms of its application to field emission display technology. We were able to tune this CL emission by controlling the average size of the nanoparticles. This size dependence shows that the mechanism for this type of CL emission can be associated to the quantum confinement and surface chemistry effects that are known to exist in the porous silicon system. To further prove this point we were able to correlate this CL emission with its PL counterpart. In addition, we present our preliminary results for the beginning of a proof‐of‐concept for a field emission display using carbon nanofibers as the electron emitter component and a “PSi paste” as the display component. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electrochemical deposition of Ni‐based thin film cermets using polymeric additives
Authors: Duta Anca , Bogatu Cristina , Chitanu Gabrielle C. , Pelin Mihaela I. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis paper presents the synthesis and characterisation of Ni/NiOx cermets obtained via electrochemical deposition. Electrolytic baths based on nickel chloride were tested and the influence of the nickel precursor type and concentration, pH, ionic strength and additives was discussed. The optimal electrochemical deposition parameters were obtained in voltammetry studies. The AFM images were used for morphology characterisation, X‐Ray Diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis and respectively UV‐VIS‐IR spectroscopy for the optical measurements. Structural analyses have shown that the films consist mainly of crystalline Ni and amorphous oxidic nickel structures. To control the sample morphology, copolymers of maleic anhydride (vinyl acetate/methyl methacrylate) were added in the electrolytic bath. The use of hydrophilic polymer leads to better results in terms of optical properties and morphology of the electrodeposited films. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Preparation, structural and mechanical properties of electrodeposited Co/Cu multilayers
Authors: Tokarz A. , Wieczorek P. , Fra˛czek T. , Nitkiewicz Z. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractElectrodeposited Co/Cu multilayer films were grown on (001)‐oriented Si and polycrystalline copper substrates by single bath technique. Several Co/Cu samples deposited with different sublayer thickness in the range of 1 to 20 nm were investigated. A series of the multilayers with varying bilayer thickness Λ were electrodeposited on copper substrates. The modulated structure of Co/Cu multilayer was investigated by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). It was found that the multilay ered deposits have columnar structure, with various column diameters. The column diameters and the preferential crystallographic orientation depend on the total thickness of the deposit. Mechanical properties of Co/Cu multilayers were investigated by microhardness and tribological tests. It was found that hardness of the Co/Cu multilayers depend on the bilayer period and is much higher than those of Co and Cu single layer coatings. A different wear mechanism of Co/Cu multilayers for bilayer period 6, 10 and 40 nm was observed. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Input‐to‐output stabilization of nonlinear systems via backstepping
Authors: Efimov D. V. , Fradkov A. L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAn extension of backstepping method for stabilization of nonlinear systems with respect to a set is presented. Robust control laws providing the system with input‐to‐output stability are proposed. Possibilities of non‐strict Lyapunov functions' application are discussed. The differences between a conventional backstepping method and an approach proposed in Kolesnikov (Synergetic Control Theory. Energoatomizdat: Moscow, 1994; 344) are analyzed. Performance of the obtained solutions is demonstrated by computer simulation for pendulum with actuator example. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of abiotic and biotic factors in structuring the metazoan plankton community in a lowland river
Authors: Rossetti Giampaolo , Viaroli Pierluigi , Ferrari Ireneo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractWater and quantitative zooplankton samples were collected at approximately monthly intervals from June 2000 to June 2002 in the middle section of the Po River (Northern Italy). Highly variable hydrological conditions were observed in the 2 years, with river flow varying approximately between 400 and 9300 m3 s−1. Dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) usually decreased at higher river discharges. Autotrophic production was limited by phosphorus availability during the growing period (May–October); no significant adverse effect of zooplankton grazing upon algal biomass was detected. A total of 161 zooplankton taxa were found. The records of the rotifers Lecane incospicua, L. cornuta, Proales sigmoidea, Cephalodella limosa, and of the cladoceran Phrixura leei were new for Italy. Rotifers strikingly were the most abundant group over the entire sampling period. Zooplankton abundance was positively correlated to water temperature and chlorophyll‐a concentration, and only in warmer months inversely correlated to river flow. Species of the genus Brachionus were responsible for the two density peaks (>1000 ind L−1) of the rotifer taxocoenosis observed in July 2000 and August 2001, coinciding with chlorophyll‐a peaks higher than 50 µg L−1 and minima of Shannon equitability index. Water temperature, chlorophyll‐a, and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) were found to be the most important variables in explaining the observed rotifer assemblages by Canonical Correspondence Analysis. A simple descriptive model is proposed to represent the combined influence of abiotic constraints and biotic interactions on the zooplankton abundance and diversity in the middle reach of the Po River. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zoo experiences: conversations, connections, and concern for animals
Authors: Clayton Susan , Fraser John , Saunders Carol D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractOne way in which zoos attempt to fulfill their goal of conservation is by educating visitors about the importance of protecting wildlife. Research has only begun to examine the effectiveness of zoos in place‐based learning, and there has been much debate about how such informal learning is defined and measured. Free‐choice learning research has demonstrated that educational outcomes are often indirect, constructed by the visitor as much as they are influenced by the zoo's educational staff. This constructivist definition of education includes emotional dimensions and personal meaning‐making that occur in the social context of visiting, as well as any structured interpretive material provided on signs and through live presentations. This paper presents an examination of how the zoo is experienced by the visitor, through surveys and through observations of how visitors watch animals and incorporate those viewings into their social experience. Results from surveys of 206 zoo visitors show that support for protecting both individual animals and species is associated with learning, with wanting to know more, and with a feeling of connection to the animal. An analysis of 1,900 overheard visitor conversations suggests that zoo animals are used to facilitate topical interaction among social groups and to explore the connections that people share with nonhuman animals. The authors propose that these perceived positive connections may be related to support for conservation initiatives, and conclude that a visit to the zoo appears to be a positive emotional experience that leaves visitors interested in learning more about animals, irrespective of their reading the exhibit labels. Zoo Biol 28:377–397, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Use of Posterior Trans‐Sphincteric Approach in Surgery of the Rectum: A Chinese 16‐Year Experience
Authors: Qiu Hui‐Zhong , Lin Guo‐Le , Xiao Yi , Wu Bin 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe posterior trans‐sphincteric approach to treat different lesions of the rectum has been known since the last century. Although there are many advantages to this procedure, it has never been widely accepted because many surgeons fear its potential postoperative complications. The purpose of this study is to reevaluate the role of this conventional approach to surgery of the rectum from the authors’ 16 years experience.MethodsData were collected retrospectively from clinical records of 102 patients with mid‐ to low‐lying rectal neoplastic disease treated by a single surgeon using a posterior trans‐sphincteric approach to the rectum at Peking Union Medical College Hospital, China, between August 1990 and August 2006. The Williams incontinence scale of every patient was assessed preoperatively and postoperatively and the results were analyzed.ResultsForty men and 62 women with a median age of 55.5 years (range = 21–87 years) underwent this approach. Their preoperative anal continence was assessed as grade 1 in 98 and grade 2 in 4. Indications for surgery were rectal villous adenoma in 36, early rectal carcinoma in 43, advanced rectal carcinoma in 10, and rectal submucosal neoplastic disease in 13. The median operating time, blood loss, and postoperative hospital stay were 75 min (range = 40–180 min), 60 ml (range = 0–300 ml), and 8 days (range = 7–60 days), respectively. All 102 rectal neoplastic diseases achieved complete excision (partial rectectomy in 96, segmental rectectomy in 6), and the resection margins were all clear. Three patients (2.9%) developed postoperative wound infection, and 4 patients (3.9%) developed fecal fistula. Thirty‐three patients (32.4%) developed postoperative initial incontinence to flatus (n = 26) or liquid stool (n = 7) within 1 week. Three months after the operation, 94 patients (92.2%) achieved grade 1 continence and only 8 patients (7.8%) had occasional episodes of flatus incontinence. No patient developed postoperative anal stricture. There was no operation‐related mortality. Three patients (2.9%) developed local tumor recurrence during median follow‐up of 76.8 months (range = 10–192 months).ConclusionThe posterior trans‐sphincteric approach is suitable for mid‐ to low‐lying rectal lesions amenable to treatment using local therapy.
Population‐Based Information on Emergency Colorectal Surgery and Evaluation on Effect of Operative Volume on Mortality
Authors: Kwan T. L. , Lai F. , Lam C. M. , Yuen W. C. , Wai A. , Siu Y. C. , Shung E. , Law W. L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIntroductionPopulation‐based information on emergency surgery for colorectal conditions was limited. The present study was designed to review comprehensively the outcomes of emergency colectomy in Hong Kong population and evaluate the effect of case load on mortality after considering case mixes.MethodsAll adult patients older than aged 18 years who underwent emergency colectomy in 2003 in all 15 Hong Kong public hospitals were included. Demographics and perioperative variables were reviewed and analyzed. Hospitals were classified into low, middle, or high operative volume groups according to their yearly caseloads, and their performance in terms of mortality were compared by using CR‐POSSUM.ResultsA total of 864 patients with a mean age of 67.8 years were included. Bowel obstruction and peritonitis were the two major clinical indications for the surgery. The crude in‐hospital mortality rate was 18.9%; individual hospitals varied from 8.7% to 33.3%. With the risk adjusted model, all hospital groups performed within 95% confidence limits of prediction. There was no statistical difference for mortality of hospitals of different case volume.ConclusionA crude in‐hospital mortality of 18.9% after emergency colorectal surgery was observed in Hong Kong public hospitals. Higher hospital case load is not significantly associated with better outcomes in emergency colectomy.
Diversity in Genetic Counseling: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Mittman Ilana Suez , Downs Katy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDespite decades of efforts to increase ethnic and racial diversity among genetic counselors, African Americans, Hispanics and American Indians, currently constituting almost one‐third of Americans, remain only meagerly represented among genetic counselors at a level far under that seen in other health professions. This paper provides the first comprehensive effort to archive published and unpublished initiatives to increase ethnic and racial diversity in the profession. It also provides a review of national data and diversity initiatives in the health workforce in general. The paper reviews diversity initiatives in other health professions and suggests ways to improve recruitment and retention of underrepresented populations into genetic counseling. Increasing the diversity of the genetic counseling workforce stands not only to expand access to genetic services but also to improve the quality of genetic care provided to the American public.
Brain Mitochondrial Lipid Abnormalities in Mice Susceptible to Spontaneous Gliomas
Authors: Kiebish Michael A. , Han Xianlin , Cheng Hua , Chuang Jeffrey H. , Seyfried Thomas N. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractAlterations in mitochondrial function have long been considered a hallmark of cancer. We compared the lipidome and electron transport chain activities of non‐synaptic brain mitochondria in two inbred mouse strains, the C57BL/6J (B6) and the VM/Dk (VM). The VM strain is unique in expressing a high incidence of spontaneous brain tumors (1.5%) that are mostly gliomas. The incidence of gliomas is about 210‐fold greater in VM mice than in B6 mice. Using shotgun lipidomics, we found that the mitochondrial content of ethanolamine glycerophospholipid, phosphatidylserine, and ceramide was higher, whereas the content of total choline glycerophospholipid was lower in the VM mice than in B6 mice. Total cardiolipin content was similar in the VM and the B6 mice, but the distribution of cardiolipin molecular species differed markedly between the strains. B6 non‐synaptic mitochondria contained 95 molecular species of cardiolipin that were symmetrically distributed over 7 major groups based on mass charge. In contrast, VM non‐synaptic mitochondria contained only 42 molecular species that were distributed asymmetrically. The activities of Complex I, I/III, and II/III enzymes were lower, whereas the activity of complex IV was higher in the mitochondria of VM mice than in B6 mice. The high glioma incidence and alterations in electron transport chain activities in VM mice compared to B6 mice could be related to the unusual composition of mitochondrial lipids in the VM mouse brain.
Comparison of N-linked Glycoproteins in Human Whole Saliva, Parotid, Submandibular, and Sublingual Glandular Secretions Identified using Hydrazide Chemistry and Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Ramachandran Prasanna , Boontheung Pinmanee , Pang Eric , Yan Weihong , Wong David T. , Loo Joseph A. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Saliva is a body fluid that holds promise for use as a diagnostic fluid for detecting diseases. Salivary proteins are known to be heavily glycosylated and are known to play functional roles in the oral cavity. We identified N-linked glycoproteins in human whole saliva, as well as the N-glycoproteins in parotid, submandibular, and sublingual glandular fluids.

Materials and Methods
We employed hydrazide chemistry to affinity enrich for N-linked glycoproteins and glycopeptides. PNGase F releases the N-peptides/proteins from the agarose-hydrazide resin, and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry was used to identify the salivary N-glycoproteins.

Results
A total of 156 formerly N-glycosylated peptides representing 77 unique N-glycoproteins were identified in salivary fluids. The total number of N-glycoproteins identified in the individual fluids was: 62, 34, 44, and 53 in whole saliva, parotid fluid, submandibular fluid, and sublingual fluid, respectively. The majority of the N-glycoproteins were annotated as extracellular proteins (40%), and several of the N-glycoproteins were annotated as membrane proteins (14%). A number of glycoproteins were differentially found in submandibular and sublingual glandular secretions.

Conclusions
Mapping the N-glycoproteome of parotid, submandibular, and sublingual saliva is important for a thorough understanding of biological processes occurring in the oral cavity and to realize the role of saliva in the overall health of human individuals. Moreover, identifying glycoproteins in saliva may also be valuable for future disease biomarker studies.
Glycomic Approaches to Study GlcNAcylation: Protein Identification, Site-mapping, and Site-specific O-GlcNAc Quantitation
Authors: Wang Zihao , Hart Gerald W. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract

Background

O-Linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is an enzyme-catalyzed posttranslational modification of serine or threonine side chains of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. O-GlcNAc is present in all metazoans and in viruses that infect eukaryotic cells. GlcNAcylation is dynamic and has a high cycling rate on many proteins in response to cellular metabolism and various environmental stimuli. The rapid cycling of O-GlcNAc modulates many biological processes, including transcriptional regulation, stress responses, cell cycle regulation, and protein synthesis and turnover.

Rationale
Despite the importance of O-GlcNAc, progress during the past two decades in this field has been slow. One of the major obstacles is the lack of simple and sensitive tools for efficient O-GlcNAc detection and localization. Recently developed O-GlcNAc derivatization and enrichment approaches, together with new techniques in mass spectrometric instrumentation and methods, have provided breakthroughs in O-GlcNAc site localization and site-specific quantitation. In this review, we will discuss how the current techniques are expanding our knowledge about O-GlcNAc proteomics/glycomics and functions.
Effect of plant oils in the diet on performance and milk fatty acid composition in goats fed diets based on grass hay or maize silage
Authors: Bernard Laurence , Shingfield Kevin J. , Rouel Jacques , Ferlay Anne , Chilliard Yves 
Published: June 2008

Based on the potential benefits to long-term human health there is interest in developing sustainable nutritional strategies for reducing saturated and increasing specific unsaturated fatty acids in ruminant milk. The impact of plant oil supplements to diets containing different forages on caprine milk fatty acid composition was examined in two experiments using twenty-seven Alpine goats in replicated 3 × 3 Latin squares with 28 d experimental periods. Treatments comprised of no oil (control) or 130 g/d of sunflower-seed oil (SO) or linseed oil (LO) supplements added to diets based on grass hay (H; experiment 1) or maize silage (M; experiment 2). Milk fat content was enhanced (P < 0·01) on HSO, HLO and MLO compared with the corresponding H or M control diets, resulting in 17, 15 and 14 % increases in milk fat secretion, respectively. For both experiments, plant oils decreased (P < 0·05) milk 10 : 0–16 : 0 and odd- and branched-chain fatty acid content and increased 18 : 0,trans-Δ6–9,11–14,16-18 : 1 (and their corresponding Δ-9 desaturase products),trans-7,trans-9-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA),trans-9,trans-11-CLA andtrans-8,cis-10-CLA concentrations. Alterations in the distribution ofcis-18 : 1,trans-18 : 1, -18 : 2 and CLA isomers in milk fat were related to plant oil composition and forage in the diet. In conclusion, plant oils represent an effective strategy for altering the fatty acid composition of caprine milk, with evidence that the basal diet is an important determinant of ruminal unsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the goat.
A standardized sampling method to estimate mosquito richness and abundance for research and public health surveillance programmes
Authors: Mendoza F. , Ibáñez-Bernal S. , Cabrero-Sañudo F.J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractProgrammes involving mosquito research and surveillance are normally focused on the study of aquatic larval stages, but sampling methods are varied and not systematized, which hinders the comparative analysis of ecological data. A standardized method for assessing the richness and abundance of mosquito larval populations of value for the analysis of mosquito diversity is presented. Based on the study of all the aquatic sites in a one hectare sample area with a proportional number of dips according to the size of the aquatic habitat, comparative data can be obtained on species richness and relative abundance of species found between pairs of sites or in the same area at different times. This technique provides information on the total mosquito fauna at each site, helps recognize species of medical importance and estimates the abundance of each species; parameters that are not estimated by the current entomological indexes used in surveillance programmes. The quality of the inventory is obtained by estimation of the efficiency effort. Procedures for calculating alpha, beta and gamma diversity are presented. The technique was validated in a natural and an urban zone at La Mancha, Veracruz, Mexico, over two years of sampling made during different climatic seasons.
RAPD and mitochondrial DNA analysis of the soybean stalk weevil,Sternechus subsignatus(Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Sosa-Gomez D.R. , Coronel N. , Binneck E. , Zucchi M.I. , Rosado-Neto G. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSternechus subsignatusBoheman (Curculionidae: Sternechini) is one of the primary Curculionidae species that reduces soybean yield in Brazil. Initially, outbreaks were reported in southern Brazil in 1973; but, more recent, outbreaks were reported in Bahia (summer 1997–1998) and Maranhão (summer 2003–2004), two states in northeastern Brazil. A putative related species,S. pinguis(Fabricius), was first detected in Salta Province, Argentina. The objective of this study was to evaluate intraspecific molecular polymorphisms of geographically distinctSternechuspopulations. Randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) profiles and partial mitochondrial cytochrome B (CytB) gene sequences were used to determine whether individual soybean stalk weevils were one of two different species and to infer pest invasion pattern. PutativeS. pinguisandS.subsignatuspopulations were collected in San Agustin (Cruz Alta, Tucumán Province, Argentina) and different sampling sites in the Brazilian states of Paraná, Bahia and Maranhão. Polymorphic bands were obtained by RAPD and analyzed by Dice coefficients. Populations from southern Brazil were more closely related genetically to an Argentinean group than the populations sampled in northeastern Brazil. The Londrina Co., Brazil population displayed the highest intra-population genetic similarity. Most of the soybean stalk weevils collected from San Agustin, Tucumán, Argentina were divergent from those collected in Brazil. Sequencing and parsimony analysis ofCytBdid not differentiate specimens collected in Argentina and Brazil. Thus, our data show that soybean stalk weevil outbreaks and population increases in northeastern Brazil involved local genotypes.