bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TIME FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGISTS TO TAKE MORE INTEREST IN PROTOZOAN PHYLOGENETICS?
Authors: Corliss John O. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryStudies on the evolution and phylogeny of various groups of the Protozoa, a major taxon or portion of the eukaryotic kingdom Protista, have been proceeding apace, particularly in recent years, although they appear to have attracted little attention to date among students of evolutionary biology in general. In searching for the reasons for this apparent fact the “shortcomings” of the protozoa themselves, as objects of phylogenetic investigation, may be held responsible. Such difficulties are discussed under six broad headings: the very nature of the Protozoa (microscopic size, unicellularity, common absence of sexuality, ubiquity), the frequent lack of fossil material, the paucity of described species, the scarcity of morphological features, the even greater rareness of non‐morphological characteristics usable in comparative study, and the unevenness in both our specific and general knowledge of these microorganisms. At the same time, new approaches and recent research in progress mitigate the awesomeness of these challenges to a degree which should allow us to recognize that such work is not being carried out entirely in vain. Many examples, often from the ciliate literature, are cited in illustration of points made. If protozoologists interested in phylogenetic problems can more successfully avoid the pitfalls inherent in their research, apply approaches broader in nature yet technically as sophisticated as possible, take into account constructive criticism, whether from insiders or outsiders, and learn from the experiences of other evolutionary biologists, they and their works will then be predictably deserving of considerably wider respect and recognition than apparently they are presently accorded.
THE TYPE SPECIMENS OF THE SPECIES OF THILOA, BUCHENAVIA AND RAMATUELLA DESCRIBED BY DUCKE
Authors: Stace Clive A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOf 762 new species described by Ducke ten belong to the genera Thiloa, Ramatuella and Buchenavia (Combretaceae). They were described in two series of articles, containing respectively ten and six papers. Type specimens should be located in MG and RB respectively, but only one of the six species described in the first series is in fact represented in MG by a type specimen. Type specimens of all four species described in the second series of papers are, on the other hand, present at RB. Details of the locations of all type specimens are provided, and possible reasons for the non‐existence of types at MG discussed.
THE LECTOTYPE OF THE GENUS CHARPENTIERA (AMARANTHACEAE)
Authors: Sohmer S. H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryCharles Gaudichaud‐Beaupré described the genus Charpentiera in the form of two species, C. ovata and C. obovata, but did not indicate which of the species should serve as type. Horace Mann was the first to indicate the lectotype of the genus when he reduced C. obovata to synonymy. The reference to the lectotype in the Index Nominum Genericorum should therefore be Mann, Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts 7: 200. 1866, rather than Schinz (in Engler et Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfamilien 3 (1.a): 101 Aug. 1893) as it is at present.
GEVERS DEYNOOT AND HIS FLORA OF UTRECHT
Authors: Stafleu Frans A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA biographical sketch of the author of the first Flora van Utrecht (1843) is followed by some notes on Gevers Deynoot's botanical work in general (e.g. on the Flora batava) and on his Flora in particular. The book illustrates the rich diversity of the vegetation around Utrecht in the middle of the nineteenth century, a wealth strongly contrasting with its poverty in the second half of the twentieth century resulting from a widespread degradation of the environment.
TAXIMETRIC METHODS FOR DELIMITING BIOLOGICAL SPECIES
Authors: Rogers D. J. , Appan S. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper presents suggested sequential steps for biological species delimitation, applying several taximetric computer‐aided methods. The process constitutes two phases: 1) synthesizing all the available intrinsic phenotypic evidence, and extrinsic geographic and ecological evidence, thereby developing a “preliminary delimitation”, and 2) designing cytogenetic and related investigations to discover / confirm intrinsic isolating mechanisms, thereby ratifying, modifying, supplementing or replacing the preliminary delimitation and giving shape to the final species delimitation.Such delimitations developed by methodical assimilation of the pertinent evidence, with the aid of electronic data processing equipment, will inspire much higher confidence levels than delimitations based on traditional methods. Cytogenetic and other evidence of intrinsic isolating mechanisms are not easily applicable in cases such as asexual species; in others, such as fossil species, it is impossible to apply these tests. But in the vast majority of sexually reproducing species cytogenetic evidence is significant in the context of the modern biological species concept. However, we do not have this evidence for most of the plant kingdom, and it will be slow in becoming available because cytogenetic methods are expensive in time, effort and money. Consequently, we develop classifications without the support of this evidence to meet the immediate needs. The methods outlined in this paper aid in developing, in the absence of cytogenetic evidence, delimitations which not only inspire greater confidence levels compared to the ones based on traditional methods, but also provide invaluable working hypotheses for efficiently designing cytogenetic investigations.
BETTER BOTANY BY COMPUTER
Authors: Rowley G. D. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA comparison is made between phenetic diagrams of the 13 genera of the tribe Aloineae (Liliaceae) based on the “intuition method” and on the use of a computer. The overall pattern is rather similar but the differences (especially that of the status of the genus Lomatophyllum) are a means of drawing attention to the weaknesses in the traditional method of assessing affinities. These differences force the systematist to look closer at his materials and methods and stimulate the pursuit of better botany.
UNBERECHTIGTE PUBLIKATION DER TAXA UNTER EINEM FREMDEN NAMEN — II
Authors: Růžička Jiří 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is questionable whether an author of a scientific publication has the right to designate an arbitrary other person as the author of the name of a new taxon if it is clear that this other person is not a publishing author in the sense of Article 46 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature. The citation of “author's” names should be restricted to the true “publishing author”.
AMINO ACID SEQUENCE STUDIES OF PLANT CYTOCHROMES c
Authors: Boulter D. , Laycock M. V. , Ramshaw J. A. M. , Thompson E. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe amino acid sequence of mung bean and sunflower cytochromes c have been determined on 3 μ moles of pure cytochrome by using a combination of high voltage paper electrophoresis and sequence analysis by the Dansyl/Edman method. These data have been compared with the wheat germ cytochrome c sequence. If the present potential of the method continues to be realised it is hoped to establish the major branches of a phylogenetic tree for the plant kingdom in the future.
THE HIERARCHICAL ORDERING OF CHARACTERS AS A SOLUTION TO THE DEPENDENT CHARACTER PROBLEM IN NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Authors: McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryWhere there are many taxonomically useful characters occurring in some but not all OTUs (“inapplicable characters”), the resultant “distortion” of character‐space may be troublesome in interpreting the similarity matrix. In numerical taxonomic work at and above the generic level considerable inapplicability of characters due to “missing organs” cannot be avoided. A solution may be to provide a hierarchical ordering of characters such that similarity is calculated over never‐missing “primary” characters whose scores are modified according to the similarities of their dependent characters (secondary, tertiary etc.). This, however, has the effect of “weighting” primary characters such that their presence/absence must always override the contribution of the secondary character scores. It is not evident that this is necessarily desirable, but an empirical examination of the method on three sets of data has produced reasonably acceptable results.
THE CONTRIBUTIONS OF AGOSTINO TODARO TO GOSSYPIUM NOMENCLATURE
Authors: Fryxell Paul A. , Smith C. Earle 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAgostino Todaro, noted Italian botanist and first monographer of Gossypium, added 79 names to the literature of this genus (from subgeneric to varietal rank) in a series of overlapping and redundant publications in the 1860's and 1870's. These works, mostly rare, have been inaccurately and confusingly cited in subsequent literature. A bibliographic analysis of these works was therefore made to provide unequivocal citations of the sources, to ascertain their dates of publication, and to list the correct bibliographic citation for each of the names published in them.
SEGREGATES OF ASCOPHANUS, COPROTUS VS. LEPORINA (THELEBOLACEAE, PEZIZALES)
Authors: Kimbrough James W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn recent years the genus Ascophanus Boud. has been segregated into a number of genera. One of these, Coprotus Korf and Kimbr., is typified by Ascobolus sexdecimsporus Cr. & Cr. (= Ascophanus sexdecimsporus (Cr. & Cr.) Boud., Ryparobius sexdecimsporus (Cr. & Cr.) Sacc., Coprotus sexdecimsporus (Cr. & Cr.) Kimbr. and Korf). Eckblad noted that the type specimen of Leporina multispora Vel., the basis of the monotypic genus Leporina Vel., was found to bear apothecia identical with those of A. sexdecimsporus. He implied that Leporina was the correct name for Coprotus. This paper attempts to clarify the nomenclatural problem, and concludes that Leporina cannot be successfully typified. The unambiguous generic taxon Coprotus may be retained.
EUPHORBIA VERRUCOSA AND E. STRICTA TO BE REJECTED?
Authors: Riedl Harald 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe name Euphorbia verrucosa L. is validly published since the publication in 1759 is to be regarded as a mere emendation of the description published in 1753. The original E. verrucosa L. comprised two different species, E. verrucosa L. 1753 emend. 1759 and E. stricta L. 1759. E. stricta L. is also a legitimate name; the species is different from E. verrucosa, being completely glabrous.
REPORT OF THE COMMITTEE FOR SPERMATOPHYTA CONSERVATION OF GENERIC NAMES, XIII
Authors: McVaugh Rogers 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Committee recommends for conservation 755 Colocasia, 1403a Peristylus, 1619 Brassavola, 1885 Ostrya, 2078 Struthanthus, 2147 Heisteria, 2611 Hyperbaena, 3176 Cephalotus, 3275 Cunonia, 3675a Retama, 3828 Pterocarpus, 4278 Muraltia, 4919 Leea, 5409 Melocactus, 6157 Helwingia, 7185 Premna, 7472 Hemimeris, 7874 Achimenes, 8197 Hymenodictycn, 9224 Synedrella and 9574 Leontodon. It is unwilling to recommend the conservation of 295 Bouteloua, 1086 pars Endymion, 4092 pars Hesperethusa, 8278 Tarenna. A proposal for the conservation of 7333 Mosla has been withdrawn.
THE CONCEPT OF RELEVANCE IN TAXONOMY WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON AUTOMATIC CLASSIFICATION
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe coefficient of relevance Rjk is expanded to include homology by introduction of a new parameter Cjk to modify Rjk. Values of Cjk are inversely proportional to the rank and allow inclusion of subjective probability levels of Cjk. This gives to the taxonomist a measure of reliability of the portion of OTU's irrespective of the methods he choses to use.It is suggested that classification above the generic level might be quite arbitrary, although useful for some specific purpose.
REMARKS ON HALOPHILA (HYDROCHARITACEAE)
Authors: Sachet M.‐H. , Fosberg F. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTaxonomic and nomenclatural notes on Halophila, supplemental to den Hartog's monograph, clarifying publication of generic synonym Lemnopsis; establishing H. minor as correct name for what has been called H. ovata; reducing H. ovalis var. bullosa and H. madagascariensis to H. minor; and reinstating H. hawaiiana as a species distinct from both H. minor and H. ovalis.
WEIGHTING CHARACTER‐STATES
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn approach to character assessment is proposed in which states within characters are weighted. It is suitable for use with Gower's general coefficient of resemblance. Values of character‐states are determined intuitively or through appropriate transformations. The aim of this approach is to incorporate information available on the relative closeness of the states, into classificatory studies. This information usually becomes lost at the coding stage because of the practice of equidistant states.
I. G. VOZNESENSKII, EARLY NATURALIST IN BAJA CALIFORNIA, MEXICO
Authors: Carter Annetta M. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryI. G. Voznesenskii, preparator in the Zoological Museum of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, made extensive botanical collections on the Gulf of California side of Baja California during the winter of 1841–1842. He reached the area aboard the ship Naslednik Alexandr, which was sent from Sitka, Alaska, to obtain a three years' supply of salt from the natural deposit on Carmen Island, Gulf of California.
QUANTITATIVE BIOGEOGRAPHY: AN OVERVIEW
Authors: Crovello Theodore J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBiogeography is currently in an exciting, challenging, revolutionary stage. Quantitative biogeography, both at the historical and ecological levels, will play an increasingly important role because rapidly increasing amounts of data will require quantitative methods and computer analysis. An effective way to comprehend quantitative methods and to determine when they can be effective is to consider any biogeographic study as a multistage decision process. Not only does this provide a framework for such activities, but it also emphasizes that one's conclusions are affected by decisions made at different stages of the study. The best perspective is that biogeography is an unending synthesis, both of many types of theories and of many types of data and analyses to test them. A corollary to this approach is that no single method or analysis can answer all questions of biogeographic interest. Finally, while computers and quantitative analyses can enhance the human mind, they can never replace it.
NOMENCLATURAL PROBLEMS IN POLYGONUM
Authors: McNeill J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe first lectotypification of Polygonum L., designating P. lapathifolium as type, has been consistently ignored in favour of P. aviculare. It does not appear that this first designation of a lectotype can be superseded under the ICBN. Accordingly, to avoid disadvantageous changes in nomenclature, Polygonum L. is proposed for conservation with P. aviculare as type. Polygonum aviculare has been widely used in two different senses, for a homophyllous tetraploid and for a heterophyllous hexaploid. Its first lectotypification by a specimen of the heterophyllous species has recently been challenged. It is established that this challenge is unfounded under the ICBN, but, nevertheless, it is concluded that the name has been widely and persistently used for a taxon not including its type and must be rejected under ICBN Art. 69. A new wording of Art. 69 is proposed that would permit the retention of P. aviculare by those who recognise only a single species for the two chromosome races.
THE NEW SPECIES OF SOLANUM PUBLISHED BY DUNAL IN THE ENCYCLOPEDIE METHODIQUE, BOTANIQUE, SUPPL. 3
Authors: Nee Michael 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe 41 new species of Solanum published in the Encyclopédie Méthodique, Botanique, Supplément 3, 1814, should be ascribed solely to M. F. Dunal who provided the diagnoses and epithets, and not to the editor, J. L. M. Poiret.
DRYOPTERIS PALEACEA IS A SYNONYM OF D. WALLICHIANA
Authors: Smith Alan R. , Fraser‐Jenkins C. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAuthorities have disagreed on the correct name for the widespread and common species known variously as Dryopteris paleacea (Swartz or Don) Hand.‐Mazz. or C. Chr. and D. wallichiana (Spreng.) Hyl. Reëxamination of Don's Prodromus Florae Nepalensis forces the conclusion that Alston was correct in using the latter name.
NEOTYPIFICATION OF GUTIERREZIA LINEARIFOLIA LAG. (COMPOSITAE: ASTEREAE)
Authors: Lane Meredith A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe type specimen of Gutierrezia linearlfolia Lag., type species of the genus, has been either lost or destroyed; no known duplicate material exists. A neotype has been chosen, based on what can be deduced about the original collection locality, since direct evidence is lacking.
A SHORT HISTORY AND BIBLIOGRAPHICAL ANALYSIS OF THE JOURNAL FLORA (REGENSBURG) (VOL. 1–71, 1818–1888). PART 1. THE EDITORS
Authors: Leussink Jan A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper is intended to develop a framework for a more extensive study of the role of the German journal Flora in the development of systematic botany in the nineteenth century. In the first part of the paper, short biographies are given of the editors in the period 1818–1888, with a special section about their relation with Flora. D.H. Hoppe (1760–1846) was editor, and actually publisher as well, from 1818–1842. F.G. Eschweiler (1796–1831) assisted Hoppe as co‐editor from 1827–1829. In 1830 A.E. Fürnrohr (1804–1861) became co‐editor. Fürnrohr succeeded Hoppe as editor in 1843 and served as such until 1861. Like Hoppe, Fürnrohr was actually publisher of Flora as well. After Fürnrohr's sudden death, the zoologist G.A.W. Herrich‐Schäffer (1799–1874) took over the editorship. He was succeeded in 1871 by J. Singer (1834–1901). From its very beginning Flora was published actually or nominally in Regensburg by the Regensburgische Botanische Gesellschaft. The relationship between the journal and the Society came to an end in 1888, when Singer transferred the editorship to K.I.E. von Goebel, who from that date published the journal in Marburg.
GENERIC NAMES PUBLISHED IN SALISBURY'S REVIEWS OF ROBERT BROWN'S WORKS
Authors: Mabberley D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryGeneric names validly published in theMonthly reviewby Salisbury are identified, as are other overlooked names published by him elsewhere.KunzeaRchb. (Myrtaceae) should be conserved againstTillospermumSalisb. Three of Salisbury's generic names in current use are antedated by others. It is pointed out thatHomoglossumis antedated byPetamenes[Salisb. ex] J. W. Loud. (Iridaceae) and thatEuryclesis a synonym ofProiphysHerb. (Amaryllidaceae), whileDipidaxgives way toOnixotisRaf. (Liliaceae); the four necessary new combinations are made. Appended is a list of 64 overlooked names of tropical and subtropical plants of the Old World, though some names referable to South AfricanAloeandEricaspp. remain obscure.
LECTOTYPIFICATION OF TIMMIA BAVARICA HESSLER (BRYOPHYTA), WITH NOTES ON MAJOR INCONSISTENCIES IN FASC. 1–5 of H. C. FUNCK'S “CRYPTOGAMISCHE GEWACHSE DES FICHTELGEBIRG'S”
Authors: Brassard Guy R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA lectotype is chosen for Timmia bavarica Hessler. Major inconsistencies have been discovered between the first and second editions of Fasc. 1–5 of Funck's “Cryptogamische Gewächse des Fichtelgebirg's (1801–1806).
PHYLOGENETIC SYSTEMATICS IN BOTANY
Authors: Bremer Kåre , Wanntorp Hans‐Erik 
Published: April 2006

SummaryPhylogenetic systematics in the sense of W. Hennig has exerted a great influence on systematic zoology. Among botanists, however, it has been overlooked and the present paper is intended as a brief summary of the principles, results, and advantages of its application in botanical systematics.In phylogenetic reconstruction monophyletic groups are established by the use of the unique, derived features inherited by the members from the immediate ancestor of the group. Since species splitting has been mainly dichotomous, the search for sister species or sister groups is the main procedure in phylogenetic reconstruction. The effects of multiple splitting of species, parallelism, and reticulate evolution are also discussed.In traditional, “natural” or “evolutionary” classification the degree of similarity is a main criterion for relationship. Since similarity depends on both primitive and derived characters, the groups established will often be paraphyletic; some of the descendants of the common ancestor will nor be included in such a group. Paraphyletic groups have no reality in nature and their use in evolutionary and biogeographic discussion is a major obstacle to progress. In a strictly phylogenetic classification all taxa must be monophyletic and all sister groups given equal rank. If these principles are followed, the classification will reflect nature's own hierarchy and its groups will be directly useful in all branches of causal biology.The effects of phylogenetic classification on different levels are demonstrated by two examples. Takhtajan's angiosperm system is discussed and it is shown that the traditional division of the angiosperms into the two classes Magnoliatae (dicotyledons) and Liliatae (monocotyledons) will have to be abandoned, since Magnoliatae is paraphyletic. On the genus level it is shown that if one wishes to maintain a number of specialized genera within the Capparidaceae‐Cleomoideae, the genus Cleome becomes paraphyletic. As long as the phylogeny of the whole group is not worked out, the only solution is to include the specialized segregates within the genus Cleome. Similar examples could be found anywhere in contemporary botanical classification.
WHO WAS STAPHORST, COLLECTOR OF GUINEA PLANTS?
Authors: Zeven A. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe Sloane Herbarium includes six West African plant specimens collected by Nicholas Staphorst, son of Nicolaus Staphorst, director of the Chemical Laboratory of the Royal College of Physicians in London. The father was an immigrant from Hamburg, who belonged to an important German family from Staphorst in Low‐Saxon. Nicholas, the son, travelled to South Africa, West India and West Africa where he attempted to collect plants for Petiver. He failed in South Africa and in western India he lost his collection during embarkation, and apparently succeeded in collecting only the six specimens in West Africa, probably in 1701.
THE THEME (MITOTIC CELL DIVISION) AND THE VARIATIONS (PROTISTS): IMPLICATIONS FOR HIGHER TAXA
Authors: Margulis Lynn 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe assumption is made that photosynthesis evolved in prokaryotes and was acquired by symbiosis in all eukaryotes. By studies of comparative mitosis and genetic systems of “lower” eukaryotes (e.g., nucleate algae, protozoa, flagellated fungi and so forth) consistent phylogenies of these organisms may be constructed. It follows logically from these considerations that the traditional concept of “plant” and “animal” kingdoms are obsolete. An internally consistent modification of Whittakers five kingdoms (Monera, Protist, Fungi, Animal and Plant) is represented and defended on the basis of information from ultrastructure, comparative biochemistry and life cycles, molecular biology and other modern work. Higher taxa (Kingdoms, Phyla, Classes) for major groups based on the recognition of the prokaryotic‐eukaryotic dichotomy is offered for critical evaluation.
THE TYPIFICATION OF MECODIUM AND THE QUESTION OF PSEUDO‐ISONYMY
Authors: Price M. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMecodium as a subdivision of the genus Hymenophyllum has a different type than when it is ranked as a genus. As a legitimate generic name, it must be typified by M. diversilabium Copel., a fact overlooked since the original publication, and many combinations have been made in a later homonym. If considered to apply to the original genus, these combinations are later pseudo‐isonyms. It is argued that later pseudo‐isonyms have no actual existence in nomenclature and do not necessitate the making of new combinations.