bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expression
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores how the notion of expression should be understood within an expressivist theory. It is first argued that the key attractions of expressivism can be understood without any understanding of expression, in the process illustrating an argumentative technique important for expressivism: the Basic Expressivist Maneuver. The embedding problem is introduced, and used to show that expressivists need to treat sentential connectives as operating on mental states, rather than on propositions or truth values. This conclusion, along with other problems, is then used to dismiss common accounts of the expression relation in favour of the interpretation of expressivism as a kind of assertability semantics. And this, in turn, is used to draw the conclusion that ordinary descriptive sentences must inherit their truth conditions from the mental states that they express.
Composition and Logic
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter shows that once we have accepted the solution to the negation problem from Chapter 4, this leads immediately to solutions to analogous problems about conjunction and disjunction, and in fact to a constructive semantics for a very simple normative language with the expressive power of propositional logic. The semantics for this simple language is outlined, and inconsistency, entailment, and validity are defined. It is proven, given very simple assumptions, that the semantics yields the correct results about which sentences are inconsistent with which. Logical inconsistency is distinguished from ordinary inconsistency and given a precise definition, and it is shown why Geach's original moral modus ponens argument is logically valid. Finally, a loose end about the inconsistency of ‘murdering is wrong’ and ‘not murdering is wrong’ is set aside.
Descriptive Language and Belief
Authors: Schroeder Mark 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter takes up the project of analyzing ordinary descriptive belief in terms of the attitude of being for. A first-pass account, according to which believing p is being for proceeding as if p, is developed and dismissed on the basis of the new negation problem: negated descriptive sentences don't turn out to express the right beliefs in order to receive the right truth conditions. This is replaced by the proposal that belief is a biforcated attitude, consisting in two states of being for: being for proceeding as if p, and being for not proceeding as if p. It is shown that this treatment glosses the new negation problem up to the notion of commitment-equivalence. Finally, it is argued that the biforcated attitude analysis of belief is not ad hoc and has other interesting applications, particularly in elucidating the concept of disbelief.
Making Social Sciences More Scientific
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSociety needs more from social sciences than they have delivered. One reason for falling short is that social science methods have depended excessively on regression and other statistical approaches, neglecting logical model building. Science is not only about the empirical “What is?” but also very much about the conceptual “How should it be on logical grounds?” Statistical approaches are essentially descriptive, while quantitatively formulated logical models are predictive in an explanatory way. This book contrasts the predominance of statistics in today's social sciences with predominance of quantitatively predictive logical models in physics. It shows how to construct predictive models and gives social science examples. Only secondary school mathematics is often needed, plus willingness to simplify reality outrageously. The book also shows how to use and report basic statistical analysis in more informative ways, including emphasis on symmetric regression.
11 Beyond Constraint‐Based Models: Communication Channels and Growth Rates
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe number of communication channels may well turn out to be a major building block in constructing quantitatively predictive logical models in social sciences. This number does determine representative assembly sizes and mean durations of cabinets. Some physical and social processes involve minimization or maximization of some quantities. Models for various processes can be formulated as differential equations, especially those that express rates of change in time, space, etc. Quantities that are conserved during changes play an important role in physics and might do so in social sciences.
18 Beyond Regression: The Need for Predictive Models
Authors: Taagepera Rein 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSociety needs more from social sciences than they have delivered, and this book offers openings. To the society at large, quantitative social scientists presently seem no better at prediction than qualitative historians, philosophers, and journalists — they just look more boring. computers could be a boon to social sciences, but they have turned out a curse in disguise, by enabling people with insufficient understanding of scientific process to use canned computer programs and grind out reams of numbers parading as “results,” to be printed — and hardly ever used again. One may discard this book on the basis of errors of detail, but the problems it points out will still be there. Unless corrected, they will lead to a Ptolemaic dead end.
6 Political Leadership in the European Commission: The Santer and Prodi Commissions, 1995–2005
Authors: Cini Michelle 
Published: September 2008

AbstractExpectations of the Commission's ability to provide leadership derived from its treaty functions, the cultivated spillover from them, and the Hallstein and Delors presidencies. Its functions of agenda-setting and policy initiation have given it political influence. President Santer sought to do less in this area and concentrate on the Commission's neglected administrative role. This low-profile, introverted focus on managerial reform left the preparation of enlargement and the Euro to others. Santer's enforced resignation was followed by President Prodi's completion of major East European enlargement and the changeover to the Euro. He was ineffective in enforcing the Stability and Growth Pact, and in his forlorn attempt at federalist treaty reform when the EU was moving increasingly towards intergovernmentalism. Increased intervention by the Council of Ministers and Parliament has confined the Commission to the management of policy networks rather than political leadership.
8 Franco‐German Relations: From Active to Reactive Cooperation
Authors: Cole Alistair 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Neither the centrality nor cohesion of Franco-German EU potential leadership should be assumed. However, the EU has great institutional, symbolic, economic and political resources enabling it to initiate increased integration and formulate acceptable compromises to others. The Common Agricultural Policy was an enduring bilateral bargain. Any pretence of a hegemonic Franco-German directorate receded under the leadership of Chirac and Schröder, Sarkozy and Merkel. Disagreements over enlargement and constitutional provisions in particular have increased other bilateral and multilateral relationships in a larger EU. Where Franco-German agreement exists on intergovernmental matters they can block changes or enforce issues relating to the Stability and Growth Pact sanctions on which Germany had insisted. On foreign and defence policy (e.g., over Iraq), Germany has moved closer to France than the USA, while both Merkel and Sarkozy promoted a minimal substitute for the constitutional reform fiasco. Their leadership capacity is no longer what it used to be.
10 Leaderless Enlargement? The Difficult Reform of the New Pan‐European Political System
Authors: Magone José M. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Far from EU enlargement and deepening being contradictory, the addition of new members to the EU led to new policies such as the redistributive regional policy structural funds consequent on the southward expansion of the 1980s. They became second only to the Common Agricultural Policy in expenditure. Northern enlargement encouraged environmental, social, and employment policies, while Central and Eastern enlargement was based on democratic and anti-corruption conditionality. Members who favoured enlargement were Britain, the Scandinavian countries, and Germany, while the others were either reticent or hostile, notably France towards Turkish accession. Enlargement was on elite-led process, popular hostility contributing to the rejection of the constitutional referendum in France and the Netherlands. Enlargement has necessitated institutional and financial adjustments, increasing problems of convergence and of leadership.
13 The European Parliament: Leadership and ‘Followership’
Authors: Judge David , Earnshaw David 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Can the European Parliament (EP) provide a democratic leadership link with citizen followers? Because there is no EU government, the EU cannot be authorized by and accountable to the EP which has had to exercise leadership in three other ways. First, it acted as a visionary constitutional entrepreneur in preparing the draft Treaty of European Union and the abortive Constitutional Treaty. Second, the EP has held the Commission to account and influenced and legitimized its agenda through prior authorization. Third, the EP has contributed to policy leadership, notably in environment, water policy, and biotechnology. Nevertheless, the EP's past and likely future leadership role derives from the fact that as the only directly elected supranational institution, it can offer the prospect of participative followership.
15 Collective Leadership in Leaderless Europe: A Sceptical View
Authors: Dimitrakopoulos Dionyssis G. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Collective leadership is about choosing priorities and resolving conflicts by a group of actors through compromise. However, it weakens clarity, speed, and uniformity of decisions and blurs responsibility. Nevertheless, it is how the EU is meant to operate through the Commission, the Council of Ministers, and the European Council. The Commission acts collegially and both councils avoid voting, seeking consensus, as does the European Parliament. System preservation is as important as problem solving, but it was an integrated way of achieving a single market and currency. The future prospects for effective collective leadership look bleak without shared material interests, e.g., budgetary negotiations, or ideology, such as controversial neo-liberal policy, or a clear institutional leadership, weakened by enlargement.
The Role of Structure in Plato's Mereological Writings
Authors: Koslicki Kathrin 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe methodological and ontological considerations that arose in connection with Kit Fine's theory of embodiments provide motivation to search for an alternative approach which preserves the neo-Aristotelian spirit of Fine's account while avoiding its troubling features. Since the kind of theory of composition for which we are aiming has its historical origins in Aristotle, and, as it turns out in Plato as well, the next two chapters examine some of the rich and rewarding writings of these two ancient authors on parts and wholes, turning first to Plato's mereological writings and Verity Harte's recent insightful readings of them (especially in her Plato on Parts and Wholes: The Metaphysics of Structure); Aristotle's treatment of parts and wholes will be the subject of the following chapter.
7 Early Works (before 403)
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAn analysis of Augustine's works written before 403 shows that his primary citations of John in all cases follow an Old Latin text-type. This is particularly notable in De diuersis quaestionibus 64 and De trinitate 1; the latter is based on a different biblical codex from the rest of the work. Readings unique to Augustine, several of which form part of his mental text, are already in evidence in this early period. In Contra Faustum and Contra Adimantum, Augustine reproduces distinctive features from the text of his opponents; this is also true of his work against Petilianus the Donatist.
8 Middle Period (403 to 419)
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe chapter begins with an analysis of De consensu euangelistarum, showing that it is based on a Vulgate text-type even though Old Latin forms are found in citations out of the gospel sequence. The long primary citation of John 3 in De peccatorum meritis is also clearly Vulgate. In works against the Donatists Parmenianus and Gaudentius, as well as an anonymous Arian sermon, Augustine again shows himself to be influenced by the biblical text of his opponents. In De baptismo, his use of Cyprian's sententia episcoporum leads to the appearance of Old Latin readings.
9 Later Works (after 419)
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe analysis of the citations of John in Augustine's works composed after 419 reveals the increasing influence of the Vulgate. In secondary citations the Old Latin forms typical of his mental text are replaced by examples which match the Vulgate. Nonetheless, there are still examples of his customary text, including some unique readings, and in De dono perseuerantiae from 429 Augustine appears to be relying on an Old Latin exemplar for a four-verse citation from John 12. The two works against Maximinus show the similarity of the Arian's text to Codex Monacensis. Augustine's collection of biblical testimonia, the Speculum quis ignorat, has had its original form of text replaced with the Vulgate by a later editor.
3 When does deliberation begin?
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Niemeyer Simon J. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPolitical deliberation involves both internal reflection and public discussion. The former might be far more important than implied by deliberative democrats' heavy emphasis the discursive component. Analysis of the deliberations of a citizen's jury on an Australian environmental issue shows jurors' attitudes changing more in response to the ‘informational’ phase of the jury proceedings involving a large degree of ‘deliberation within’ than during the formal ‘discussion’ phase. Various ways can be imagined for evoking internal reflection of that sort, even in mass political settings.
4 Talking politics: perils and promise
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn its recent ‘deliberative’ turn, democratic theory has forgotten a conventional wisdom, once widely appreciated, that there is much in politics that is better not discussed. This chapter catalogues what topics might be deemed ‘politically undiscussable’, and why, as a first step toward showing how and to what extent talking about such matters might help or hinder their resolution. One important way discussion helps is by information-pooling helping to establish the truth of the matter. Even where that is not a viable aspiration, discussion might nonetheless serve a ‘premise-revealing’ function, showing one another that we are reasonable agents and in that way helping to desensitize contentious issues.
6 First talk, then vote
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDeliberative democrats offer ‘talk as a decision procedure’. This chapter argues that it is a good ‘discovery procedure’, particularly because of the way it expands the agenda; but talk is a flawed ‘decision procedure’ because ‘path dependency’ can render its outcomes indeterminate or arbitrary. A risk of path dependency is inevitable, insofar as talk is a serial process with dynamic updating, as deliberative democrats want it to be. The best way to capture the benefits of ‘talk as a discovery procedure’, while avoiding the risks of ‘talk as a decision procedure’, is to adopt the rule: ‘first talk, then vote’.
7 Who counts?
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractConstituting the demos — deciding who gets a say, or a vote — is the first task of any democracy, but it is a topic on which democratic theory has surprisingly little to offer. ‘Enfranchising all affected interests’ is a good start. When unpacked, however, it turns out that the most defensible version of that rule requires us to extend membership in the demos to every interest that would probably be affected by any possible decision arising out of any possible agenda. Given the broad scope of the ‘possible’, that means we ought, in principle, include just about everyone worldwide in the same demos.
Women‐Friendly Policies
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the impact of ‘women-friendly’ policies — funding or provision of childcare, paid maternity/home care leaves, public employment, promotion of part-time work, tax systems that do not penalize a second earner in a household, and antidiscrimination and affirmative action policies — on women's employment. It also considers the relationship between female employment levels and household income inequality.
Government Benefits
Authors: Kenworthy Lane 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins by examining the relationship between government benefits and inequality and between benefits and employment. It uses a new approach to measuring comparative benefit generosity, the outlines a policy package that can potentially provide generous benefits to working-age individuals and households who need them without creating excessive employment disincentives. The package features generous transfers to those unable to work due to involuntary job loss, sickness, disability, or family responsibilities. However, benefits provided on a temporary basis should be of relatively short duration, and eligibility criteria for those provided on a permanent basis should be fairly strict. In exchange for this strictness, extensive support should be provided for those entering or returning to the work force, in the form of training, job placement, public employment, and childcare. A key component of the benefit package is an employment-conditional earnings subsidy.
MeltDB: a software platform for the analysis and integration of metabolomics experiment data
Authors: Neuweger Heiko , Albaum Stefan P. , Dondrup Michael , Persicke Marcus , Watt Tony , Niehaus Karsten , Stoye Jens , Goesmann Alexander 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Motivation: The recent advances in metabolomics have created the potential to measure the levels of hundreds of metabolites which are the end products of cellular regulatory processes. The automation of the sample acquisition and subsequent analysis in high-throughput instruments that are capable of measuring metabolites is posing a challenge on the necessary systematic storage and computational processing of the experimental datasets. Whereas a multitude of specialized software systems for individual instruments and preprocessing methods exists, there is clearly a need for a free and platform-independent system that allows the standardized and integrated storage and analysis of data obtained from metabolomics experiments. Currently there exists no such system that on the one hand supports preprocessing of raw datasets but also allows to visualize and integrate the results of higher level statistical analyses within a functional genomics context.
Results: To facilitate the systematic storage, analysis and integration of metabolomics experiments, we have implemented MeltDB, a web-based software platform for the analysis and annotation of datasets from metabolomics experiments. MeltDB supports open file formats (netCDF, mzXML, mzDATA) and facilitates the integration and evaluation of existing preprocessing methods. The system provides researchers with means to consistently describe and store their experimental datasets. Comprehensive analysis and visualization features of metabolomics datasets are offered to the community through a web-based user interface. The system covers the process from raw data to the visualization of results in a knowledge-based background and is integrated into the context of existing software platforms of genomics and transcriptomics at Bielefeld University. We demonstrate the potential of MeltDB by means of a sample experiment where we dissect the influence of three different carbon sources on the gram-negative bacterium Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris on the level of measured metabolites. Experimental data are stored, analyzed and annotated within MeltDB and accessible via the public MeltDB web server.
Availability: The system is publicly available at http://meltdb.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de.
Contact: hneuwege@cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
First Report of Colletotrichum dematium on Pongamia pinnata in India
Authors: Vinay B. R. , Sudisha J. , Sunayana N. , Lokesh S. , Govindappa M. , Kumar T. Vasanth 
Published: September 2008

Karanj or Indian beech (Pongamia pinnata) is a multipurpose tree grown in many parts of Karnataka. In several nurseries, a high proportion of seedlings of this tree exhibited chlorotic spots on the leaves. Acervuli of Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.) Grove were found on the adaxial surfaces at the region of chlorosis. The fungus was isolated and used to complete Koch's postulates. This is the first confirmed report of anthracnose caused by C. dematium on P. pinnata in India. Accepted for publication 12 June 2008. Published 2 September 2008.
Randomized controlled trial of motivational interviewing compared with drug information and advice for early intervention among young cannabis users
Authors: McCambridge Jim , Slym Renee L. , Strang John 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACTAim  To test the effectiveness of motivational interviewing (MI) in comparison with drug information and advice in opportunistically securing reductions in drug‐related risk among young cannabis users not seeking help.Design  Randomized controlled trial.Setting  Eleven London Further Education colleges.Participants  A total of 326 students aged 16–19 years who smoked cannabis weekly or more frequently.Interventions  Participants were randomized to a single‐session intervention of MI or drug information and advice‐giving.Measurements  Cannabis use, cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption and harm outcomes were assessed after both 3 and 6 months.Findings  No differences were found between MI and drug information and advice, although MI fidelity was not high. There were wide‐ranging individual practitioner effects on observed outcomes and a practitioner–intervention interaction was detected in relation to cannabis cessation after 3 months. Change over time was more pronounced for cannabis use than for other drug use.Conclusions  Further study of the nature and consequences of MI fidelity, and individual practitioner effects more generally, is needed. Advice may be an effective brief intervention with young cannabis users in its own right and should be evaluated further in trials.