bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE MECHANISM OF TRANSFER OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN INTO MAMMARY SECRETION OF COWS
Authors: Brandon MR , Watson DL , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryChanges in the concentration of IgG1, IgG2, IgM, IgA and albumin in serum and mammary secretion were studied in 15 cows and 2 heifers before and after parturition. Concentrations of IgG1 and IgG2 in blood serum 3–5 weeks before parturition were 13·38 ± 0·75 and 10·08 ± 0·39 mg/ml (means ± S.E.) respectively. In all animals the concentration of IgG1 in serum decreased abruptly, usually by more than 50%, 2·3 weeks before parturition, and during the same period the concentrations of IgG2, IgM, IgA and albumin in serum remained unchanged. Four weeks after parturition the concentration of IgG1 in serum had returned to values similar to those observed prior to the abrupt fall.Five weeks before parturition the concentration of IgG1 in mammary secretion was, on average 11 times higher than that of IgG2. Highest concentrations of IgG1 in secretion (113·89 ± 11·41 mg/ml) were observed 2–3 weeks before parturition in 16 of the 17 animals. The concentration of IgG2 over the 5 weeks prior to parturition remained unchanged at levels of approx 30% of comparable values in serum. Concentrations of IgM (11·85 ± 0·53) and IgA (3·80 ± 0·20) in secretion collected prior to and immediately after parturition were, on average, 2 and 7 times higher respectively than those in serum.The sharp fall in the concentration of IgG1 in serum in the absence of any suggestion of a concomitant decrease in IgG2 concentration strongly suggests that the degradation hypothesis proposed by Brambell (1958, 1966) for selective transfer of protein across epithelial membranes does not hold for the mammary gland of the cow. The results support an alternative hypothesis based on the existence of IgG1‐specific receptor sites located on the basal or intercellular membrane of the glandular epithelial cells.
RELATIVE EFFICIENCY OF ABSORPTION OF IgG1 IgG2, IgA AND IgM IN THE NEWBORN CALF
Authors: Brandon MR , Lascelles AK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTo determine whether selective absorption of immunoglobulin occurs in newborn unanaesthetised calves, the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA were measured in thoracic duct lymph shortly after the feeding of colostrum. In the 13 calves studied it was found that the concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgM and IgA in lymph expressed as a proportion of the concentration of the same immunoglobulins in the colostrum fed were not significantly different. It is concluded that immunoglobulins in the molecular weight range of 150,000 to 1,000,000 are absorbed non‐selectively in the calf.
BUNAMIDINE UPTAKE AND DISTRIBUTION IN RATS AND DOGS
Authors: Virji AS , Laverty R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPlasma and tissue contents of bunamidine after oral and intravenous administration to dogs and rats were studied using tritium‐labelled drug. Unfed rats achieved higher plasma and tissue levels more quickly than fed rats. The results with 5 dogs failed to show a consistent effect of feeding on the pattern of absorption. Bunamidine reached peak concentrations in dog plasma 3–8 hours after oral dosing; the drug was distributed in tissues, concentrating particularly in the liver, and only little was excreted in the first 8 hours.
INTERACTION OF EMBRYONIC CHICKEN SPLEEN CELLS AND ADULT ALLOGENEIC LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Killby Virginia AA , Lafferty KJ , Ryan Madeleine A 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLeucocytes from inbred AA chickens produced pocks when inoculated onto the chorioallantoic membrane of non‐inbred embryos (direct pock formation), but produced very few or no pocks on the chorioallantoic membrane of syngeneic embryos. Pock formation was observed when AA leucocytes were mixed with non‐inbred embryonic spleen cells before being assayed on the chorioallantoic membrane of recipient embryos that were unresponsive to either cell population alone (indirect pock formation).Indirect pock formation was found to be more radio‐resistant than direct pock formation and doses of Mitomycin‐C that inhibited direct pock formation by AA leucocytes did not inhibit the capacity of these cells to induce indirect pocks. Indirect pock formation was inhibited when non‐inbred embryonic spleen cells were treated with Mitomycin‐C prior to mixing with AA leucocytes. It is suggested that indirect pock formation does not result from the stimulation of adult leucocytes by antigen presented on the surface of allogeneic embryonic cells. Rather, this response is a manifestation of the direct stimulation of embryonic spleen cells by adult allogeneic leucocytes.
INERT GASES IN THE KIDNEY: INFLUENCE OF THE COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLICATION OF SODIUM
Authors: Abernethy JD 
Published: November 2007

SummarySmall, but significant, partial pressure differences between urine and blood can be detected, indicating that in passage through the kidney N2 tension is reduced by 1·35% (7 mm Hg) whereas argon tension is increased by 0·77%. This differential behaviour is viewed as an inevitable side effect of the countercurrent multiplitation of sodium in the medulla given the known propensity of electrolytes for increasing the chemical potential of non‐polar solutes, i.e. the salting‐out effect. The primary event in sodium multiplication— removal of sodium from the ascending limb of Henle's loop—is then of necessity accompanied by a local reduction in partial pressure of dissolved gas. This initiates a chain of events culminating in active countercurrent attenuation of partial pressure, the effect being greater for the gas with the greater diffusivity (N2). The multiplication of sodium which parallels this attenuation tends also to offset it: increased salt concentration of necessity potentiates partial pressure through a direct salting‐out effect. The net result is a dynamic balance determined for each gas by its diffusivity and salting‐out factor. Because there is an equilibrium between inner medulla and urine (verified for hydrogen gas) these changes in the inner medulla are also reflected in the urine, This analysis is supported by a single‐loop model which predicts a value for maximal sodium concentration in the inner medulla reasonably close to physiological values (particularly if the contribution of urea to salting‐out is included). Low values of helium in urine found during inhalation experiments were also consistent with the model, although there were indications that attenuation takes several hours longer than potentiation for completion. The implications for acute (non‐steady state) experiments are that urine concentrations of non‐ electrolytes will tend to be elevated with respect to blood, a probable example of this being the ethanol concentration of urine in forensic studies.
SILVER DEPOSITION IN RAT GLOMERULAR BASEMENT MEMBRANE
Authors: Ham Kathryn N , Tange JD 
Published: November 2007

SummarySilver given in the drinking water of hooded and albino rats is deposited in various tissues and particularly in glomerular basement membrane; individual and strain variations appear to occur. The deposits become aggregated along the endothelial side of the basement membrane. After silver administration has stopped, some silver deposits increase in size; heavy deposits persist in axial basement membrane, and there is a progressive accumulation of silver in axial cells in the peripheral basement membrane the silver deposits decrease in number and eventually disappear. This pattern is consistent with the hypothesis of new formation of glomerular basement membrane by epithelial fells and absorption by axial and endothelial cells.
ANTIGENS IN IMMUNITY. ANTIGEN LOCALIZATION IN CONGENITALLY ATHYMIC “NUDE” MICE
Authors: Mitchell Judith , Pye J , Holmes Margaret C , Nossal GJV 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis study seeks to establish whether patterns of antigen trapping in lymphoid tissues, and consequent cellular proliferative changes, differ in congenitally athymic “nude” (nu/nu) mice and in their phenotypically normal (nu/ + or +/+) litter‐mate controls. Mice were injected in foot pack with the 125I‐labelled antigens polymerized flagellin from Salmonella adelaide or bovine serum albumin; in some eases passive antibody had been given 4 hours before labelled antigen. Mice were killed at intervals of 1 hour to 10 days after antigen. Radioautographs of sections of spleen and of lymph nodes close to and remote from injection sites were studied. In addition, information relevant to germinal centre formation was obtained from examination of conventional histological sections of nude mice not intentionally immunized, or given a large dose of sheep red blood cells.The key findings of the study were that, though capacity to develop germinal centres in response to antigenic stimulation was grossly deficient in nude mice, follicular localization of antigen in primary lymphoid follicles was qualitatively normal. There was some quantitative reduction in follicular retention of POL. but this did not appear to be sufficient in degree to account for failure of germinal centre development. Total antigen capture in lymphoid tissue and macrophage antigen localization were both normal in nude mice.It was concluded that thymus‐derived cells are required, in addition to a specialized antigen‐trapping mechanism in primary lymphoid follicles, for vigorous germinal centre development.
THE EFFECT OF THYMECTOMY ON RESPONSE TO VARIOUS ANTIGENS OF A MARSUPIAL SETONIX BRACHYURUS (QUOKKA)
Authors: Stanley NF , Yadav M , Waring H , Eadie Margaret 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe responses of intact, superficially and totally thymectomized (quokkas to sheep red blood cells. Salmonella adelaide flagella and øχ174 bacteriophage were examined, Natural antibody to sheep rod blood cells and S. adelaide was detected in juveniles and adults but not in pouch young. Natural antibody to øχ174 phage was not observed. Intact quokka pouch young showed some variation in the age at which capacity to respond to sheep red blodd cells was attained.The antibody response of intact and thymectomized quokkas to S. adelaide flagella and øχ14′ phage was studied in three age groups: 60 days, 150 days and juveniles. Intact animals of all ages exhibited a classical secondary response. ‘Total’ thymectomy reduced the magnitude of the response in pouch young. Response to a second injection of antigen in juveniles was smaller than the response to the first dose.Removal of the superficial thymus alone, before day 10, delayed the onset of antibody response to sheep red blood cells from day 10 to day 36, and the removal of both the superficial and thoracic thymus glands before day 20 delayed the onset of antibody response to sheep red blood cells from day 10 to 150 days. Normal or near‐normal titres of antibody developed in juveniles thymectomized shortly after birth.The respective roles of the superficial and thoracic thymus glands in the immune response were discussed.
CHANGES IN LEVELS OF TISSUE NUCLEOTIDES AND GLUTATHIONE AFTER HYPERBARIC OXYGEN TREATMENT
Authors: Willis RJ , Kratzing CC 
Published: November 2007

SummaryRats were exposed for 4 hours to either hyperbaric air or oxygen at 3·5 atmosphere absolute in a pressure chamber. Oxygen treatment decreased the NADPH2 content of lung by 43% and increased its GSSG level by a quarter. These results are consistent with the concept that the autoxidation of tissue constituents is a contributing factor in oxygen poisoning.
THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL MALNUTRITION ON THE PROGENY IN THE RAT:
Authors: McLeod Katrine I , Goldrick RB , Whyte HM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryFemale rats maintained on a protein‐deficient diet during gestation gave birth to stunted offspring. The progeny, raised on a well balanced diet, grew at a normal rate until the age of twelve to sixteen weeks when their rate of growth became abnormally slow. This slowing down of the rate of growth was associated with an excessive loss of urea, creatinine and α amino acid nitrogen in the urine. Plasma levels of urea, creatinine and α amino acid nitrogen were normal.
THE PRESSOR EFFECT OF ANGIOTENSIN II IN PREGNANT SHEEP
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Scoggins BA , Wintour E Marelyn 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe pressor response to intravenous angiotensin II was depressed in sheep during the last third of gestation in a manner similar to that observed in sodium depletion. Sodium deficiency during pregnancy did not further depress it. It is suggested that reduced extracellular or intracellular sodium concentration may be the modifying factor in both pregnancy and sodium deficiency.
SERUM TRANSFERRIN AND CERULOPLASMIN CONCENTRATIONS IN PATIENTS WITH CARCINOMA, MELANOMA, SARCOMA AND CANCERS OF HAEMATOPOIETIC TISSUES
Authors: Hughes Norman R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe serum transferrin and ceruloplasmin concentrations in 1,032 patients with cancer and 256 healthy controls were determined by radial immunodiffusion. Transferrin concentrations were significantly lowered in most groups of patients, irrespective of the tissue primarily involved. A positive correlation between transferrin and haemoglobin concentrations was found in the patients. A negative regression of transferrin concentration on age was observed for females. Ceruloplasmin concentrations were significantly increased in most groups of patients. Females had significantly higher ceruloplasmin levels than males.
THE EFFECT OF INGESTION OF SWAINSONA GALEGIFOLIA ON THE LIVER LYSOSOMES OF THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Huxtable CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of the ingestion of Swainsona galegifolia on the liver lysosomes of the guinea‐pig has been investigated. The activity of at least one lysosomal hydrolase has been shown to be elevated in both liver homogenates and serum, and certain physical properties of isolated lysosomes were found to be abnormal.It is considered that these findings add weight to the hypothesis that the swainsona lesion is the visible manifestation of a storage process, although the exact nature of the process is yet to be resolved.
ANTAGONISM AT THE CHOLINERGIC RECEPTOR OF DENERVATED DIAPHRAGM BY MONOQUATERNARY AND BISQUATERNARY NITROGEN COMPOUNDS
Authors: Freeman Shirley E , Turner RJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the actions of agonists and antagonists at the cholinergic receptor of denervated rat diaphragm. The antagonists studied were tetraethylammonium, 3‐hydroxyphenyltriethylammonium, 3‐hydroxyphenyl‐diethylmethylammonium, ambenonium and methoxyambenoium. Acetylcholine, carbachol and tetramethylammonium were used as agonists. The effects of the drugs on agonist‐induced isometric contractions and depolarizations were studied. Logarithmic plots of (dose ratio–1) against antagonist concentration yielded regressions with slopes greater than unity when monoquaternary antagonists were used, and less than unity when bisquaternary compounds were used. In every instance acetylcholine required higher levels of antagonist to produce dose‐ratios comparable to carbachol or tetramethylammonium. This effect is unlikely to be due to cholinesterase inhibition.It is suggested that there is a second anionic site in the vicinity of the receptor, which binds cholinergic agonists and antagonists, and which has regulatory or allosteric effects on the receptor.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF BLOOD, SERUM PROTEIN AND ENZYME GROUPS IN A SERIES OF LEBANESE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Blake NM , Kirk RL , McDermid EM , Case John , Bashir Helen 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBlood samples from a series of persons of Lebanese origin living in Sydney have been tested for 9 blood group, 5 serum protein and 16 red cell enzyme systems as well as haemoglobin types. The Lutheran, Kidd and Colton blood group systems and all the serum protein and enzyme group systems reported on here, except haptoglobin and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, have not been studied previously in Lebanese. There were no cases of glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency or abnormal haemoglobins nor were any unusual phenotypes detected in the other 29 systems investigated. In the blood group systems there was a relatively high A1/A2 ratio and low frequencies for the Rh ‐ve and Co(b+) phenotypes, but frequencies in the other systems were comparable with values found in studies of other Middle East or European populations. In the Kell system the possibility exists that the Lebanese may have an appreciable frequency of (K‐k‐). Gene frequencies for die serum protein systems were similar to other Middle East populations where comparable figures are available, and the same is true for the red cell enzyme systems. For glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphohexose isomerase, values obtained suggest that frequencies in north India are similar to those in Lebanon.The overall results are discussed in relation to selection in a migrant population.
LOCAL ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF GUINEA‐PIG MAMMARY GLAND
Authors: McDowell GH 
Published: November 2007

SummaryLocal immunization of the mammary glands of pregnant guinea‐pigs with killed Brucella abortus elicited a local production of specific antibody most of which was associated with IgA. The local response to intra‐ductal infusion of antigen was greater than that which followed injection of antigen into subcutaneous sites near the mammary gland. Local production of antibody persisted for two consecutive lactation periods following immunization by either route.Concentrations of IgA in milk were 10‐25 times greater than in serum, whereas the levels of IgG in milk were approximately 1/5th those for scrum. Significantly greater amounts of IgA were present in milk from locally‐infused' glands than in milk from glands immunized by subcutaneous injection and from non‐immunized glands. The levels of IgG in milk were not affected by local immunization.
COLICIN‐LIKE ANTIBIOTICS OF 100 STRAINS OF SALMONELLA
Authors: Atkinson Nangy 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe colicin‐like antibiotics of 100 strains of Salmonella (here called ‘salcols’) were divided into four groups. Group 1 was the largest (78 members) and was related to colicins I and SI but showed at least two subgroups. Group 2 was related to colicins E and F and had four members. Group 3 contained several weak salcols of uncertain relationship to other salcols and colicins and was heterogeneous, although having some reactions in common with group 1, Group 4 contained one salcol which was diffusible through cellophane and had some resemblances to colicins V and B. These four groups were defined by inhibition zone characters, diffusibility and activity range on resistant or producer strains and on various strains of Salmonella; they were compared directly with known colicins.
THE TRANSFER OF IMMUNOLOGICAL TOLERANCE WITH TOLERANT LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryImmunological tolerance of sheep erythrocytes has been transferred to normally reactive rats. Transfer could be effected by parabiosis of tolerant and normal rats or by the transfer of cell suspensions from a tolerant donor to a normal recipient. While thoracic duct lymphocytes and spleen cells from tolerant donors were highly effective in transferring tolerance, bone marrow cells were completely lacking in this capacity. Preliminary lymphocyte depletion of a prospective normal transferee assisted, but was not mandatory for, subsequent establishment of the tolerant state. It is suggested that tolerance of sheep erythrocytes is characterized by the presence of repressor cells.
STUDIES ON GOAT ANTI‐CBA THYMOCYTE GLOBULIN: THE LARGE SCALE PREPARATION. PURIFICATION AND TESTING OF ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE SERUM AND ANTI‐LYMPHOCYTE GLOBULIN
Authors: Fahey KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA reliable method of preparing large amounts of pure goat anti‐CBA thymocyte globulin has been described. Various dosing schedules were investigated, with “medium term” dosing proving superior to either “short term” or “chronic” dosing schedules. The limited use of adjuvant was found to be a necessary part of successful schedules. With the exception of the rosette inhibition assay, the in vitro assays applied to the anti‐lymphocyte serum and anti‐lymphocyte globulin batches produced, indicated that there was no direct correlation between these assays and the immunosuppressive activity of the material. The rosette inhibition assay did, however, clearly differentiate between immunosuppressive and non‐immunosuppressive preparations. A simple in vivo assay which measured the proliferation of allogeneic tumour cells in immunosuppressed mice by the per cent mortality and mean time to death of the animals is also described.
THE EFFECT OF L. ARGININE HYDROCHLORIDE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF RAT EMBRYOS
Authors: Naidu R Chandramohan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe effect of L. Arginine hydrochloride on the development of rat embryos was studied. Hind limb abnormalities such as loss of distal parts like tibio‐fibula, loss of feet and malformation of feet were observed. In a few cases triangular projections from faces were observed. The dysmorphogenetic effect of L. Arginine hydrochloride may be due to the creation of a relative imbalance of amino acids in the amino acid pool or due to the toxicity of the accumulated by‐products of excess arginine such as urea, ornithine, arginosuccinic acid and creatine or arginine itself.
SOME PROPERTIES OF PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE IN HUMAN FOETAL LIVER
Authors: Cartwright Elizabeth C , Connellan JM , Danks DM 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA study on a phenylalanine‐hydroxylating enzyme has been carried out on five human foetuses of gestational ages from 13 to 18 weeks.Activity was found in liver homogenates, with no apparent variation with gestational age. No activity was detected in kidney and muscle.Several more properties of this enzyme have been identified.
THE IMPORTANCE OF OPSONIC FACTORS IN THE REMOVAL OF BACTERIA FROM THE CIRCULATION OF THE CRAYFISH (PARACHAERAPS BICARINATUS)
Authors: Tyson CJ , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryData presented in this paper show that the removal of bacteria from the circulation of the fresh water crayfish (Parachaeraps bicarinatus) follows an exponential curve as in vertebrates and is dependent on the presence of opsonic factors in the haemolymph.
THE HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN IMMUNOLOGICALLY TOLERANT LYMPHOID TISSUE
Authors: Awaya Kazuhiko , McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe histological features of the regional lymph node draining a skin homograft have been examined in normal and tolerant recipients. The response of this node was morphologically identical in normal and specifically tolerant hosts, the most important feature being the appearance of medullary cords packed with intensely pyroninophilic cells. Furthermore, a similar response was observed in the regional lymph nodes of (DA × Lewis)F1 hybrids bearing DA skin grafts of which they were “genetically tolerant”. It was concluded that the failure of graft rejection in tolerant rats could not be attributed to an absence of reactivity to the grafts on the part of the lymphoid tissue of the host.
MODIFICATION OF THE RESPONSIVENESS OF F1 HYBRID RATS TO LYMPHOCYTES FROM PARENTAL STRAIN RATS
Authors: McCullagh Peter 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn experimental protocol to modify the susceptibility of F1 hybrid rats to graft‐versus‐host disease produced by parental strain lymphocytes has been described. This procedure entails preliminary exposure of the F1 hybrids to parental strain lymphocytes which have been treated with mitomycin‐C The Susceptibility of F1 hybrids treated in this manner to parental strain lymphocyte varies with the interval which has elapsed before the injection of normal parental strain lymphocytes. It appears that, in order to afford protection, the cells of the preliminary inoculum are required to engage the lymphoid cells of the host in an allogeneic interaction and that F1 hybrid unresponsiveness on re‐exposure to parental strain cells reflects unresponsiveness of host lymphocytes. Concomitant modification of the susceptibility of F1 hybrids to lymphocytes from donors of the Other parental strain was observed alter preliminary exposure to cells of one parental strain.