bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surface Diffusion and Interaction of Metastable Formate on Ni(110) Investigated by Low-temperature Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Katano Satoshi , Kim Yousoo , Kagata Yuma , Kawai Maki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
An atomic scale analysis of the surface diffusion and interaction of formate adsorbed on Ni(110) has been performed using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) at low temperatures. Our results revealed that formate adsorbed at long-bridged site is in a metastable adsorption state and diffuses along the trough of Ni(110). We found that the diffusion barrier of L-formate decreased when it interacted with the neighboring formate molecule.
Combined endovenous laser treatment and ambulatory phlebectomy for the treatment of saphenous vein incompetence
Authors: Jung I M , Min S I , Heo S C , Ahn Y J , Hwang K-T , Chung J K 
Published: July 2008

Objectives The aim of this retrospective study is to assess the safety and effectiveness of endovenous laser treatment (EVLT) combined with ambulatory phlebectomy (AP) as a single procedure for treating saphenous vein incompetence. Methods The study enrolled 148 patients with saphenofemoral or saphenopopliteal junction reflux associated with saphenous vein incompetence and enlarged branch veins. Patients were treated with EVLT (135 great saphenous veins, 41 small saphenous veins) concomitantly with AP as a single procedure. All patients were followed up by clinical assessment and duplex ultrasound at one week and 12 weeks after the procedure. Results No postprocedural deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism occurred. Saphenous vein recanalization rate at three months was 5.7%. Residual varicosities were found in 11.4% of the patients at three months after procedure, but only 2.3% of those required subsequent interventions. Conclusion Combined EVLT and AP could be a safe and effective treatment modality for the saphenous vein incompetence.
The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics. Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell (2007)
Authors: Renaud Vianna 
Published: July 2008

The Routledge companion to sociolinguistics. Carmen Llamas, Louise Mullany and Peter Stockwell (2007) London: Routledge. pp. 288. ISBN 78–0-415–33850–9
Explanatory Genealogies and Historical Testimony
Authors: Jardine Nick 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTThis article proposes that a general theory of assessment of historical testimony should do justice to the long tradition of adjudication in accordance with maxims of reliability and competence. I argue that an explanatory genealogical theory (along lines first adumbrated by Charles Seignobos) satisfies this condition, and that it has further notable virtues: respect for the strengths of rival theories, regard for the links between adjudication of testimony and other basic procedures of historical inquiry, and the promise of profitable lines of investigation.
Bayesianism, Convergence and Social Epistemology
Authors: Shaffer Michael J. 
Published: July 2008

ABSTRACTFollowing the standard practice in sociology, cultural anthropology and history, sociologists, historians of science and some philosophers of science define scientific communities as groups with shared beliefs, values and practices. In this paper it is argued that in real cases the beliefs of the members of such communities often vary significantly in important ways. This has rather dire implications for the convergence defense against the charge of the excessive subjectivity of subjective Bayesianism because that defense requires that communities of Bayesian inquirers share a significant set of modal beliefs. The important implication is then that given the actual variation in modal beliefs across individuals, either Bayesians cannot claim that actual theories have been objectively confirmed or they must accept that such theories have been confirmed relative only to epistemically insignificant communities.
Quantum Scattering Studies of Reactions
Authors: Althorpe Stuart C 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Quantum scattering studies of reactions entail solving the Schrödinger equation that describes the motion of the atomic nuclei during a reactive collision. This yields a wave function that describes the dynamics on the potential surface, and yields scattering observables that can be compared directly with experiment. The resulting interpretation of the experimental data yields unparalleled insight into the dynamics of the reaction. This article summarizes recent progress, focusing on prototypical reactions with three or four atoms.
The Relationship Between Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes—The Role of Neuroendocrine and Autonomic Factors
Authors: Björntorp Per 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe significance of a primary defect in lipid rather than glucose metabolism has attracted increased attention recently in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. The primary problem then becomes to find out where such a defect is originating. In this overview it is suggested that abdominal obesity, with evidence of elevated fat mobilization through primary elevated neuroendocrine and autonomic dysregulations, leads to diabetes via increased fat oxidation in muscle as well as effects on hepatic metabolism and β‐cell function. A number of important environmental factors include among others overeating, low physical activity, stress factors, abuse, and mood changes. The currently marked increase of incidence of type 2 diabetes may then be considered as a consequence of lifestyle changes, part of a “civilization syndrome,” based on genetic susceptibility at different levels.
Islet Transplantation
Authors: Ryan Edmond A. , Lakey Jonathan R.T. , Paty Breay W. , Shapiro A.M. James 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe discovery of insulin dramatically changed the outcome for patients with type 1 diabetes and the acute lethal complications of diabetes like diabetic ketoacidosis could be effectively treated. However, the improved survival allowed the development of the secondary complications of diabetes. Typically the patient with type 1 diabetes develops retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, or vascular disease over time. It was not until 1993 that definitive proof for the value of good glycemic control was established. Controlling glycemia with exogenous insulin remains a challenge. Given the nonphysiological subcutaneous route of insulin administration, its inherent delay in absorption, the variability of serum levels obtained, and the systemic versus portal venous delivery, it is perhaps remarkable how well the glucose levels are actually controlled. Many efforts have been made to generate a closed‐loop system for glucose control, including the Biostator® and insulin infusion pumps. The goal of any closed‐loop system is to have reliable glucose sensing linked to appropriate insulin delivery on a continuous basis. Mechanical closed‐loop systems may in the future achieve this but have been fraught with problems despite early promise. Transplantation of islets of Langerhans or of the whole pancreas can achieve a physiological closed‐loop system today.
Atherogenesis and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Tracy Russell P. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
There are two major pathways by which atherosclerosis progresses: excess lipids in blood, which end up in atherosclerotic plaque, and inflammatory forces. Much recent research has demonstrated the association of chronic low‐level inflammation (microinflammation) with both diabetes and cardiovascular disease. It appears that microinflammation is not only a result of these diseases but also exhibits “positive feedback,” causing the disease process to accelerate. This downward spiral has a slope that is modified by genetic architecture and environmental variables, and may prove difficult to interrupt or modify effectively, since the pathways involved represent not only pathophysiology but also normal homeostatic physiology. We currently have some medications that do seem to work to modify this process, such as aspirin and statins. The role of the environment is clearly important, but the role of genetic architecture is only now emerging. There is a need for more effective public health efforts in education and behavior modification, as well as economic and political approaches to arrest the burgeoning global epidemic of obesity. We already know that if the lipid burden is decreased, atherosclerosis will decrease. If we can understand the microinflammatory pathways in enough detail, and learn how to modify these activities, we may be able to decrease atherosclerosis through this mechanism as well, and also affect the development of the other chronic diseases of old age. By attacking both major arms we may finally be able to limit chronic progressive atherosclerosis, and possibly the other chronic diseases of old age as well.
Organization of Care: Diabetes Community Programs
Authors: Lee Warren 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Diabetes care must be available, affordable, and accessible, and must be the best we can provide. There is no one ideal model for the organization of care for people with diabetes mellitus. However, there is always room for improvement in the way we organize and deliver this care, no matter how complex or rudimentary the existing health care services. If diabetes care is properly organized to make the best use of available resources, delivered care can be markedly improved. Process and outcome audits run at the local, regional, national, or international level can help benchmark care standards and identify problem areas. Stakeholder‐led efforts to reorganize care and resource utilization, adoption of alternative care models such as rural health worker, nurse or family practitioner led shared care, automatic patient recall systems, and national diabetes associations with bulk buying will lead to measurable improvements in the way we provide care to people affected by diabetes.
Life with Diabetes Problems: Human and Social Rights
Authors: Benedetti M. Massi , Calabrese G. , Federici M. Orsini , Akwe J. , Cesarini A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe presence of diabetes is still an element for discrimination. This chapter shows the most important aspects of human and social rights violations which involve life expectations (birth, survival, physical autonomy, etc.), expectations related to the family, education and work, leisure time, best exploitation of individual resources and equal opportunities for everyone regarding all possible life events. The expression of these violations can vary depending on environmental conditions which go from violation of the right to life, violation of procreation in cases where pregnant women may lack appropriate care, lack of education, impossibility to express working capacities, the right to be insured, and many others. Several actions have been undertaken in various countries related to the approval of appropriate legislation and the promotion of cultural evolution. Both professional and nonprofessional volunteering associations are progressively assuming more and more important and definite responsibilities and roles in the protection of the human and social rights of people with diabetes.
Economics of Diabetes Care in the Middle East
Authors: Arab Morsi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The economics of diabetes care cannot be separated from general health economics, and this in turn is not separable from the socioeconomic situation of a particular country or group of countries. Again, the economic aspects of a particular region of the world are part of the general world economy and development. In the Middle East, with all of its countries belonging to the developing world, the limited economy in general may have a restrictive effect on the provision of health services and their standards, not excluding those for diabetes care.
Intranets
Authors: Schiano William T. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn intranet is defined by the use of Internet technologies (HTTP, TCP/IP, FTP, SMTP) within an organization. This chapter describes the features of an intranet and the technologies underlying them. Using the perspectives of enterprise systems, corporate portals, knowledge management, Internet systems development, and corporate strategy, the value of intranets and strategies for successfully implementing, managing, and maintaining them are explored.
Load Balancing on the Internet
Authors: Wei Jianbin , Xu Cheng‐Zhong , Zhou Xiaobo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter gives a survey of state‐of‐the‐art load‐balancing strategies on the Internet. Internet services must be scalable, available, and responsive to handle large traffic volumes and support up to millions of concurrent clients. This scalability requirement goes beyond the capability of any single machine servers. Cluster server architecture is gaining momentum in support of scalable Internet services. The servers in a cluster can be either distributed locally at the same site or globally distributed in different geographical locations. Load balancing is a key integration technology at both layers for performance. This chapter presents a characterization of Web services and gives a classification of load balancing strategies according to their deployment locations (server, network, and client sides), information taken into account (state‐blind, client‐state aware, and server‐state aware), and implementation levels (network and application layers). Representative load balancing strategies in each category are reviewed.
Public Key Infrastructure (PKI)
Authors: Housley Russ 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo use public key cryptography effectively on the Internet, one must know the owner of the private key that corresponds to a published public key. Public key infrastructure (PKI) provides this information. The workings of public key cryptography are not addressed here (for more on that topic, see the chapter on encryption). Rather, this chapter describes the basic concepts and components of PKI, comparing and contrasting alternative PKI architectures. Public key certificates, certificate revocation, and the protocols used in PKI management are described. Policies and procedures employed by a certification authority (CA) are also discussed. Attribute certificates, when used in conjunction with public key certificates, provide authorization information in addition to identification and authentication. Finally, future PKI developments are discussed.
Wireless Internet
Authors: Zarki Magda El , Heijenk Geert , Lee Kenneth S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis chapter addresses the topic of wireless Internet, the extension of the wireline Internet architecture to the wireless domain. As such the chapter introduces the reader to the dominant characteristics of the Internet, from its structure to the protocols that control the forwarding of data and the its delivery. The chapter then describes the current status of wireless networking, focusing on current and future cellular technologies, wireless LANs mobile IP, and the newly emerging personal area networking (PAN) systems.
Structural and Chemical Effects of Plasma Treatment on Close‐Packed Colloidal Nanoparticle Layers
Authors: Gehl Bernhard , Frömsdorf Andreas , Aleksandrovic Vesna , Schmidt Thomas , Pretorius Angelika , Flege Jan‐Ingo , Bernstorff Sigrid , Rosenauer Andreas , Falta Jens , Weller Horst , Bäumer Marcus 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe interaction of nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen plasmas with spin‐coated arrays of colloidal cobalt–platinum particles was investigated with a large variety of microscopic and spectroscopic techniques. It could be demonstrated that the organic ligands of the nanoparticles can be completely removed. Yet, due to the short (∼1.6 nm) interparticle distances within the layers, strong degradation and sintering effects are observed after hydrogen and nitrogen plasma treatments. In the case of oxygen plasma, the shape and size of the individual particles are unaffected and can be preserved, even if a short hydrogen plasma is subsequently applied to reduce the particles back to their metallic state. Nevertheless, the mesoscopic order of the particle arrays is slightly decreased as observed by the breakup of larger ordered areas into smaller domains forming island–trench structures. Probing the surface chemistry of the particles with temperature programmed desorption, a rather complex surface chemistry is found to result from the plasma treatments. The first TPD spectrum after the cleaning process with oxygen and subsequent hydrogen plasmas reveals that the particles are loaded with adsorbed and implanted hydrogen. After removal of this hydrogen, subsequent TPD spectra using CO as a probe molecule, show broad signals between 190 and 360 K pointing to nonmetallic surface properties. While the platinum was found to be completely reduced, XPS measurements reveal a remaining fraction of oxidic cobalt species which are enriched at the surface. Thus, although the structure of the close‐packed Co–Pt nanoparticle arrays can be qualitatively preserved during plasma‐based ligand removal, the treatment leads to a complex materials system the chemical properties of which are influenced by the particle components, the substrate, and the plasma media.
Electropolymerized Self‐Assembled Monolayers of a 3,4‐Ethylenedioxythiophene‐Thiophene Hybrid System
Authors: Oçafrain Maiténa , Tran Truong Khoa , Blanchard Philippe , Lenfant Stéphane , Godey Sylvie , Vuillaume Dominique , Roncali Jean 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSelf‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) of a conjugated bithiophenic system connected to an alkanethiol chain have been deposited on gold surface. The electroactive bithiophenic system involves a 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) unit and a thiophene ring on which an alkanethiol is attached at the internal β‐position via a sulfide linkage. The analysis of the structure of the SAMs by IR spectroscopy, ellipsometry, contact angle measurement and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides consistent results indicating compact monolayers in which the alkyl linkers are arranged in an almost vertical fashion while the bithiophenic‐conjugated systems are essentially parallel to the surface. Cyclic voltammetry shows that application of a few potential scans to SAMs immersed in a medium containing only a supporting electrolyte leads to the typical electropolymerization curves while the CV of the electrooxized monolayer exhibits a reversible cyclic voltammogram characteristic of a stable electroactive extended conjugated system. The characterization of the electropolymerized monolayers by IR spectroscopy, ellipsometry, contact angle measurement, and XPS indicates compact monolayers. The analysis of the current voltage characteristics of the monolayers by conducting AFM before and after electrooxidation shows that the enhancement of the effective conjugation resulting from electropolymerization leads to a significant increase of the transport properties.
Social stressors, mental health, and physiological stress in an urban elite of young Afghans in Kabul
Authors: Panter‐Brick Catherine , Eggerman Mark , Mojadidi Aman , McDade Thomas W. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAfghanistan provides a unique setting in which to appraise psychosocial stress, given the context of persistent insecurity and widening economic inequality. In Kabul, people experience widespread frustrations, hinging on restricted opportunities for social advancement, education, and employment. We appraised social aspirations, every‐day stressors, psychosocial distress, and mental health problems for a random sample of 161 male and female students at Kabul University. The survey featured both existing and newly‐developed instruments (Self‐Reported Questionnaire SRQ‐20; Afghan Symptom Checklist; Afghan Daily Stressor Scale; and Social Aspirations and Frustrations), implementing both internationally‐used and culturally‐grounded measures of mental health assessment. We also included indicators of physical health (blood pressure, immune responses to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV), C‐reactive protein, and body mass index), to map physiological function with reported psychosocial distress. This young, urban elite expressed major feelings of frustrations, related to physical, economic, social, and political stressors of day‐to‐day life in Kabul. There were striking gender differences for psychosocial and physiological markers of wellbeing; specifically, women showed poorer mental health (SRQ‐20, P = 0.01) and elevated EBV antibody titers (P = 0.003). Both diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.018) and EBV (P = 0.038) were associated with a subscale of family stressors among women, but not among men, consistent with women's social vulnerabilities to stressful family dynamics. This is the first study to integrate approaches from anthropology, cross‐cultural psychiatry, and human biology to document social stressors, psychosocial distress, and physiological wellbeing in the challenging setting of present‐day Afghanistan. Am. J.Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation of magnetic nanospheres from a reverse microemulsion stabilized by a block copolymer surfactant
Authors: Chen Zhiming , Jiao Zhen , Li Zhiqiang 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA new method for the preparation of magnetic nanospheres is reported. It involved the dispersion of an aqueous phase containing Fe3+, Fe2+, or/and Ni2+ ions into droplets in an organic medium with an amphiphilic block copolymer, which was synthesized through atom transfer radical polymerization at a lower temperature (70°C) and was then sulfonated by sodium hydrogen sulfite in tetrahydrofuran as a surfactant. A reduction was carried out in the water pool as a microreactor, which resulted in the yielding of polymer/magnetite particles. The size of the prepared spheres could be tuned up by variation of the preparation conditions, including the stirring speed, copolymer content, and so on. The average diameter was homogeneous and was about 10 nm. The magnetic nanospheres, whose saturation magnetization of magnetic nanoparticles of 3.8 × 10−3 emu/g was less than their bulk counterparts, exhibited characteristics of superparamagnetism. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Microencapsulation of hydrophilic solid powder as fire retardant agent with epoxy resin by droplet coalescence method
Authors: Takahashi Masanori , Taguchi Yoshinari , Tanaka Masato 
Published: July 2008

AbstractTo give water resistance to Bistetrazol–diammonium (BHT–2NH3) as a fire retardant agent, microencapsulation with epoxy resin was tried by the droplet coalescence method. In this method, two kinds of epoxy resin droplets were prepared; one is the larger epoxy resin droplet containing BHT–2NH3 as a core material and the other the smaller droplets containing Imidazole as a gelation agent. The larger epoxy resin droplets were made to coalesce with the many smaller droplets during the microencapsulation process to prepare microcapsules. In the experiment, the agitation velocities for preparation of the droplets and for coalescence were mainly changed. With increase in the impeller speed, the content of core material increased, became maximum because of increase in the coalescence frequency, and then decreased because of breakup of droplets. With increase in the impeller speed, the leakage ratio of core material decreased, became minimum, and then increased. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008.