bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Black’ Soils in the Southern Alps: Clay Mineral Formation and Transformation, X-Ray Amorphous Al Phases and Fe Forms
Authors: Zanelli R. , Egli M. , Mirabella A. , Abdelmoula M. , Plötze M. , Nötzli M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMany soils in southern Switzerland have a black color, contain a large amount of soil organic matter (SOM) and seem to have some andic properties although they did not develop on volcanic parent material. We investigated three typical ‘black’ soils to determine the mechanisms of (clay) mineral formation and transformation. We measured total element pools as well as the dithionite-, pyrophosphate-and oxalate-extractable fractions (Fe, Al, Si). The clay fraction (<2 µm) was analyzed using X-ray diffraction and FTIR spectroscopy. Iron speciation in the solid phase was determined by Mössbauer spectroscopy. With increasing weathering conditions, the plagioclase (albite) content decreases, trioctahedral species in the clay fraction such as biotite, chlorite or trioctahedral vermiculite either decompose or transform into a dioctahedral mineral such as dioctahedral vermiculite or hydroxy interlayered smectite (HIS). Typical weathering products were hydroxy interlayered vermiculite (HIV), HIS, interstratified minerals and kaolinite. The oxidation of Fe(II) into Fe(III) was evident and contributes to the transformation of trioctahedral mineral species into dioctahedral ones. In one soil, a large part of the Fe (up to 41%) was found in the form of Fe oxides. In the surface horizon, the poorly crystalline mineral ferrihydrite was dominant, while in the subsoil goethite prevailed. Maghemite (or maghemite/hematite mixture) was, furthermore, found in distinct concentrations down to a depth of ∼50 cm. The formation of this mineral requires high temperatures which means that a forest fire can influence soil mineralogy down to a considerable depth. The specific climatic conditions with periods of strong humidity alternating with periods of winter droughts, sporadic fire events and the relatively large content of poorly crystalline fractions of Fe and Al contributed to the stabilization of SOM.
Retention, Distribution, and Effects of Intraosseously Administered Ibandronate in the Infarcted Femoral Head
Authors: Aya-ay James , Athavale Sanjay , Morgan-Bagley Stephanie , Bian Haikuo , Bauss Frieder , Kim Harry KW 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The local distribution, retention, and effects of intraosseous administration of ibandronate in the infarcted femoral heads were studied. Intraosseous administration effectively delivered and distributed ibandronate in the infarcted femoral heads and decreased the femoral head deformity in a large animal model of Legg-Calve-Perthes disease.
Introduction: Bisphosphonate therapy has gained significant attention for the treatment of ischemic osteonecrosis of the femoral head (IOFH) because of its ability to inhibit osteoclastic bone resorption, which has been shown to contribute to the pathogenesis of femoral head deformity. Because IOFH is a localized condition, there is a need to explore the therapeutic potential of local, intraosseous administration of bisphosphonate to prevent the femoral head deformity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the distribution, retention, and effects of intraosseous administration of ibandronate in the infarcted head.
Materials and Methods: IOFH was surgically induced in the right femoral head of 27 piglets. One week later, a second operation was performed to inject 14C-labeled or unlabeled ibandronate directly into the infarcted head. 14C-ibandronate injected heads were assessed after 48 h, 3 weeks, or 7 weeks later to determine the distribution and retention of the drug using autoradiography and liquid scintillation analysis. Femoral heads injected with unlabeled ibandronate were assessed at 7 weeks to determine the degree of deformity using radiography and histomorphometry.
Results: Autoradiography showed that 14C-Ibandronate was widely distributed in three of the four heads examined at 48 h after the injection. Liquid scintillation analysis showed that most of the drug was retained in the injected head, and almost negligible amount of radioactivity was present in the bone and organs elsewhere at 48 h. At 3 and 7 weeks, 50% and 30% of the 14C-drug were found to be retained in the infarcted heads, respectively. Radiographic and histomorphometric assessments showed significantly better preservation of the infarcted heads treated with intraosseous administration of ibandronate compared with saline (p &lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: This study provides for the first time the evidence that local intraosseous administration is an effective route to deliver and distribute ibandronate in the infarcted femoral head to preserve the femoral head structure after ischemic osteonecrosis. In a localized ischemic condition such as IOFH, local administration of bisphosphonate may be preferable to oral or systemic administration because it minimizes the distribution of the drug to the rest of the skeleton and bypasses the need for having a restored blood flow to the infarcted head for the delivery of the drug.
Initiation and progression of atherosclerosis – enzymatic or oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein?
Authors: Torzewski Michael , Lackner Karl J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractAtherosclerosis is widely regarded as a chronic inflammatory disease that develops as a consequence of entrapment of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in the arterial intima. Native LDL lacks inflammatory properties, so the lipoprotein must undergo biochemical alterations to become atherogenic. Among several other candidates, two different concepts of lipoprotein modification are propagated, the widespread oxidation hypothesis and the less common E-LDL hypothesis, which proposes that modification of LDL occurs through the action of ubiquitous hydrolytic enzymes (enzymatically modified LDL or E-LDL) rather than oxidation. By clearly distinguishing between the initiation and progression of atherosclerotic lesion development, this article reviews comparative studies of both types of lipoprotein modification and submits a viewpoint for discussion proposing that these lipoprotein modifications do not really compete, but rather complement one another. According to this concept, E-LDL might be more important for the initiation of atherosclerosis, while oxidative modification of LDL might be more helpful for diagnosis and prognosis of the disease.Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1389–94.
Blood transfusions in athletes. Old dogmas, new tricks
Authors: Lippi Giuseppe , Banfi Giuseppe 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBlood doping consists of any illicit means used to increase and optimize oxygen delivery to the muscles and includes blood transfusions, administration of erythropoiesis-stimulating substances, blood substitutes, natural or artificial altitude facilities, and innovative gene therapies. The use of blood transfusion, an extremely straightforward, practical and effective means of increasing an athlete's red blood-cell supply in advance of competition, became rather popular in the 1970s, but it has suddenly declined following the widespread use of recombinant human erythropoietin among elite endurance athletes. Most recently, following implementation of reliable tests to screen for erythropoiesis-stimulating substances, blood transfusions have made a strong resurgence, as attested by several positive doping tests. Doping by blood transfusion can be classified as homologous, where the blood is infused into someone other than the donor, and autologous, where the blood donor and transfusion recipient are the same. The former case produces more clinically relevant side effects, but is easily detectable using current antidoping protocols based on erythrocyte phenotyping by flow cytometry and, eventually, erythrocyte genotyping by DNA testing. Since the donor and recipient blood are identical in autologous blood doping, this is less risky, though much more challenging to detect. Indirect strategies, relying on significant deviations from individual hematological profiles following autologous blood donation and reinfusion, are currently being investigated. For the time being, the storage of athletes' blood samples to allow testing and sanctioning of guilty athletes once a definitive test has been introduced may represent a reliable deterrent policy.Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1395–402.
Interpretation of cardiac troponin T behaviour in size-exclusion chromatography
Authors: Michielsen Etienne C.H.J. , Diris Jart H.C. , Kleijnen Vincent W.V.C. , Wodzig Will K.W.H. , Van Dieijen-Visser Marja P. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1422–7.
The Serenata in Early 18th–Century Rome: Sight, Sound, Ritual, and the Signification of Meaning
Authors: TCHAROS STEFANIE 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT
By the turn of the 18th century serenatas performed in Rome's urban squares as political or dynastic propaganda were a well-established ritual. In this public forum the effect of sound produced by large instrumental forces was a central feature, yet the serenata was a complex performance in which music was but one element in a series of other displays. Though undoubtedly an important part of the serenata, music's role in this multifaceted performance and its effect on audiences remain unclear. Part of that ambiguity stems from the serenata's ability to service both public and private consumption. Patrons exploited this dual nature, using the more spectacular elements of the serenata to influence the public at large, while also relying on other elements (primarily word and sound) to sway elite audiences.
In the context of Rome and its dynastic politics, Giacomo Buonaccorsi's and Pietro Paolo Bencini's serenata Le gare festive in applauso alla Real Casa di Francia (1704) demonstrates how the serenata's dichotomous structures and multiplicity of meaning were deeply linked to larger cultural frameworks and social tensions—in this case, brewing over the War of Spanish Succession. The serenata was both a musical work and a performed event effectively shaped by the genre's ritual practice and by history and politics in late 17th- and early 18th-century Rome. The logic of the serenata's ritual practice shows significant correspondences to the genre's narrative strategies. Within the serenata, allegory served as the catalyst to express layers of meaning to diverse audiences. But more than that, allegory provided the means by which music was contained and its delivery marked. For public audiences, sound was as much visual as it was aural, an immediate and palpable special effect. For privileged listeners, music required reflection as to how spectacular effects acquired deeper meaning when anchored in the significance of the poetic text. Thus music in the serenata was not merely an element in a multifaceted performance but was multidimensional in itself, uniquely straddling both sides of the public/private divide.
Detection of Nitros(yl)ated Metabolites of Nitric Oxide (NO) In Vivo by Gas‐Phase Chemiluminescence Assay
Authors: Dhawan Vijay , Janero David , Ellis James 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThere are several methods utilized for detection of nitric oxide (NO) and its various metabolites in biological systems. These include spectrophotometric analysis, high performance liquid chromatography, mass spectrophotometry, electro‐paramagnetic resonance (EPR), and gas‐phase chemiluminscence. Of these, the gas‐phase chemiluminescence technique is perhaps the most sensitive, with a limit of detection in the femtomole range. Furthermore, as there are a number of commercially available NO analyzers, it is possible to directly compare results from different laboratories using this technique. Described in this unit is a group‐specific derivatization approach with gas‐phase chemiluminscence detection to profile NO metabolites in vivo.
Isolation of Human B Cell Populations
Authors: Sims Gary P. , Lipsky Peter E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo study the function and biology of human B cells, it is necessary to isolate pure populations. Historically, B cells were enriched by the sequential depletion of monocytes, natural killer cells, and T cells. However, this time‐consuming process has been superseded by negative selection methods using antibody cocktails targeted against other cell types or by positive selection using antibodies targeting B cell markers such as CD19. Here we detail three methods of isolating B cells from human blood or mononuclear cells and describe how these techniques can be combined with fluorescent cell sorting for the characterization of specific B cell populations.
Zebrafish and Frog Models of Mycobacterium marinum Infection
Authors: Cosma Christine L. , Swaim Laura E. , Volkman Hannah , Ramakrishnan Lalita , Davis J. Muse 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMycobacterium marinum infection of poikilothermic animals, such as fish and frogs, results in chronic granulomatous diseases that bear many similarities to mycobacterioses in mammals, including tuberculosis. This unit describes three animal models of M. marinum infection that can be used to study basic aspects of Mycobacterium‐host interactions and granuloma development, as well as trafficking of immune cells in host tissues. Protocols are included that describe intraperitoneal infection of adult leopard frogs (Rana pipiens) and zebrafish (Danio rerio). Protocols also describe subsequent monitoring of the infection by enumeration of bacterial cfu, mean time to death, or visual examination of infected tissue using both conventional histological stains and fluorescence microscopy of fluorescently marked bacteria. Furthermore, protocols are included that describe the infection of embryonic zebrafish and the subsequent analysis of the infection in real time using DIC and fluorescence microscopy.
Bearing Materials
Authors: Pfestorf Harald , Weiss Franz , Matucha Karl Heinz , Wincierz Peter 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Rolling‐Element Bearings ‐ Materials

3.

Sliding Bearings

3.1.

Tribology of Sliding Bearings

3.2.

Microstructure of Important Bearing Materials

3.3.

Metallic Materials for Sliding Bearings

3.3.1.

Metals for Solid Bearings

3.3.2.

Materials for Metallic Multilayer Thin‐Walled Bearings

3.3.3.

Sintered Materials

3.4.

Plastics for Sliding Bearings

3.4.1.

Plastics for Solid Bearings

3.4.2.

Materials for Plastic Multilayer Thin‐Walled Bearings

3.5.

Artificial Carbon and Graphite for Solid Sliding Bearings

3.6.

Ceramic Materials for Solid Sliding Bearings

3.7.

Soft Rubber for Sliding Bearings

3.8.

Practical Selection of Materials
Biomass Chemicals
Authors: Tokay Barbara A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Raw Materials

3.

Process Technology

4.

Biomass Chemicals

4.1.

Ethanol and Its Derivatives

4.2.

Other Fermentation Chemicals

4.3.

Sugar Chemicals

4.4.

Starch Chemicals

4.5.

Oilseed Chemicals

4.6.

Furfural and Its Derivatives

4.7.

Cellulose Polymers

4.8.

Lignin Chemicals

4.9.

Methanol

4.10.

Methane

5.

Future Contributions
Boron and Boron Alloys
Authors: Baudis Ulrich , Fichte Rudolf 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Boron

1.1.

Structure and Polymorphism

1.2.

Physical Properties

1.3.

Chemical Properties

1.4.

Production

1.5.

Chemical Analysis, Storage, Safety

1.6.

Uses, Economic Aspects

2.

Ferroboron and Other Boron Master Alloys

2.1.

Physical Properties

2.2.

Chemical Properties

2.3.

Raw Materials

2.4.

Production

2.4.1.

Carbothermic Production

2.4.2.

Aluminothermic Production

2.5.

Quality Specifications for Commercial Grades

2.6.

Storage and Shipment

2.7.

Chemical Analysis

2.8.

Pollution Control

2.9.

Uses

2.10.

Economic Aspects

2.11.

Toxicology and Industrial Hygiene
Ceramic Colorants
Authors: Eppler Richard A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Classification

3.

Pigment Structures

4.

Colorant Systems

5.

Industrial Production of Ceramic Pigments

6.

Use of Ceramic Pigments in Glazes

7.

Ceramic Glazes

8.

Application Media

9.

Quality Control
Cleansing Agents
Authors: Nitsch Christian , Heitland Hans‐Joachim , Marsen Horst , Schlüssler Hans‐Joachim 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Household and Institutional Cleansing Products1.1.All‐Purpose Cleansers1.2.Scouring Cleansers1.3.Dishwashing Agents1.3.1.Manual Dishwashing Detergents1.3.1.1.Classical Dishwashing Detergents1.3.1.2.Dishwashing Concentrates1.3.1.3.Skin‐Friendly Products1.3.1.4.Liquids with Antibacterial Action1.3.1.5.Dishwashing Habits1.3.2.Automatic Dishwashing Detergents1.3.2.1.Dishwashers1.3.2.2.Cleaners1.3.2.3.Rinse Aids1.3.2.4.Regeneration Salt1.3.2.5.Other Products1.3.2.6.Performance Assessment1.4.Floor Cleaners1.5.Carpet Cleaners1.6.Toilet Bowl Cleaners1.7.Toilet Hygiene and Deodorant Products1.8.Drain Cleaners1.9.Metal Cleaners1.10.Window Cleaners1.11.Automotive Cleansers1.12.Building Facade Cleaners2.Cleansers and Disinfectants for Use in the Food Industry2.1.Cleansers2.2.Disinfectants
Copper Compounds
Authors: Richardson H. Wayne 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.The Copper Ions3.Basic Copper Compounds3.1.Copper(I) Oxide3.2.Copper(II) Oxide3.3.Copper(II) Hydroxide3.4.Copper(II) Carbonate Hydroxide4.Salts and Basic Salts4.1.Copper(I) Chloride4.2.Copper(II) Chloride4.3.Copper(II) Oxychloride4.4.Copper(II) Sulfates4.4.1.Copper(II) Sulfate Pentahydrate4.4.2.Anhydrous Copper Sulfate4.4.3.Copper(II) Sulfate Monohydrate4.4.4.Basic Copper(II) Sulfates5.Compounds and Complexes of Minor Importance5.1.Copper Compounds5.2.Copper Complexes6.Copper Reclamation7.Copper and the Environment8.Economic Aspects9.Toxicology and Occupational Health
Coronary Therapeutics
Authors: Winbury Martin M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Anatomy and Physiology of Coronary Circulation

2.1.

Anatomy

2.2.

Physiology

2.3.

Pathophysiology

2.4.

Rationale for Treatment

3.

Nitrates

3.1.

Clinical Factors

3.2.

Pharmacology of Nitrates

3.3.

Mechanism of Relief of Angina

3.4.

Individual Nitrates Use

4.

β
‐Receptor Blockers

4.1.

Mechanism of Action

4.2.

Classification

5.

Calcium Channel Blockers (Calcium Antagonists)

5.1.

Cardiovascular Effects

5.2.

Therapeutic Use

5.3.

Individual Calcium Antagonists

6.

Large Coronary Artery Dilators

7.

Potent Coronary Arteriolar Vasodilators
Semiconductors
Authors: Mizutori Masamichi , Yamada Rokuro 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Definition of Semiconductors2.History3.Theory3.1.Structure of Semiconductor Crystals3.2.Conduction Mechanism of Semiconductor Materials3.2.1.Band Model3.2.2.Doping3.2.3.Thep‐nJunction3.3.Lifetime and Recombination of Charged Particles3.4.Effect of Various Factors on Semiconductors3.4.1.Effect of Radiation3.4.2.Behavior in a Magnetic Field3.4.3.Behavior under High Electric Field3.4.4.Semiconductor ‐ Metal Contacts4.Materials, Properties, and Manufacture4.1.Outline4.1.1.Requirements for Commercial Use4.1.2.Properties and Uses4.1.2.1.Group IV Elements4.1.2.1.1.Germanium4.1.2.1.2.Diamond4.1.2.2.Others4.1.2.2.1.Group VI Elements4.1.2.2.2.Multicomponent Chalcogenides4.1.2.2.3.Oxide Semiconductors4.1.2.2.4.Organic Semiconductors4.2.Compound Semiconductors4.2.1.Properties4.2.2.Single Crystals4.2.2.1.Boat‐Grown (BG) Method4.2.2.2.Liquid‐Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) Method4.2.2.3.Comparison of the BG and LEC Methods4.2.3.Wafer Processing4.2.3.1.Slicing4.2.3.2.Lapping and Polishing4.2.3.3.Surface Defects of the Polished Wafer5.Epitaxy5.1.Liquid‐Phase Epitaxy (LPE)5.1.1.Principles and Apparatus5.1.2.LPE of AlGaAs5.2.Vapor‐Phase Epitaxy (VPE)5.3.Organometallic Vapor‐Phase Epitaxy (OMVPE)5.3.1.Principles and Apparatus5.3.2.Operating Conditions5.4.Molecular Beam Epitaxy (MBE)5.4.1.Principles and Apparatus5.4.2.Gas‐Source MBE6.Characterization6.1.Specific Resistivity6.2.Lifetime of Charge Carriers6.3.Crystal Defects6.3.1.X‐Ray Method6.3.2.Electron‐Beam Diffraction6.3.3.Electron Microscopy6.3.4.Etching6.4.Contamination of the Wafer Surface7.Semiconductor Devices7.1.Brief Description of Various Devices7.1.1.Diodes7.1.2.Transistors7.1.3.Integrated Circuits7.1.3.1.Memory7.1.3.2.Logic Circuits7.1.3.3.Analog Integrated Circuits7.1.4.Hybrid Integrated Circuits7.1.5.Application‐Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs)7.2.Wafer Fabrication7.2.1.Formation of Insulation Layer7.2.2.Lithography7.2.3.Doping7.2.3.1.Thermal Diffusion7.2.3.2.Ion Implantation7.2.4.Etching7.2.5.Washing7.2.6.Wiring Technology8.Supporting Industries8.1.Building8.2.Clean Room8.3.Ultraclean Water8.4.Gases8.5.Other Chemicals8.5.1.Quartz8.5.2.Pyrolytic Boron Nitride8.5.3.Graphite8.5.4.Others9.Environmental Aspects9.1.Gases9.2.Liquid Chemicals9.3.Metals9.4.Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)10.Economics
Thermosets
Authors: Schönthaler Waldemar 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Manufacture

2.1.

Fusion Process

2.2.

Liquid Resin Process

2.3.

Other Processes

3.

Commercial Forms and Manufacturers

4.

Storage and Transport

5.

Properties

5.1.

Uncured Molding Compounds

5.2.

Cured Moldings

6.

Processing and Aftertreatment

7.

Uses

8.

Economic Aspects

9.

Environmental Protection and Recycling
Toluidines
Authors: Bowers Joseph S. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Physical and Chemical Properties

3.

Production

4.

Quality Specifications, Storage, and Transportation

5.

Uses

6.

Derivatives

6.1.

N
‐Alkyltoluidines

6.2.

Chlorotoluidines

6.3.

Toluidinesulfonic Acids

6.4.

Chlorotoluidinesulfonic Acids

7.

Toluidine Toxicology
Xylenes
Authors: Fabri Jörg , Graeser Ulrich , Simo Thomas A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Properties

3.

Occurrence and Raw Materials

3.1.

Natural Occurrence

3.2.

Raw Materials for Xylene Production

4.

Production, Separation, and Further Processing

4.1.

Production of C
8
Aromatics

4.2.

Separation and Further Processing

4.2.1.

Separation of the C
8
Aromatics Fraction

4.2.2.

Isomerization of the C
8
Fraction

4.2.3.

Combination of the Technologies in the Aromatics Complex

5.

Integration into Refinery and Petrochemical Complexes

5.1.

Backward Integration into Petroleum Refining

5.2.

Forward Integration into Chemical Processing

6.

Economic Aspects

7.

Quality Specifications and Analysis

8.

Storage, Transport, and Safety

9.

Environmental Aspects and Toxicology
Electrostatic Separation
Authors: Brands Ludwig , Beier Peter‐M. , Stahl Ingo 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.General Principles2.1.Charging by Induction or Corona Discharge2.1.1.Charging by Induction2.1.2.Charging by Corona Discharge2.1.3.Separators2.2.Triboelectric Charging2.2.1.Mechanism2.2.2.Equipment2.3.Dielectrophoresis3.Applications3.1.Mineral Processing3.1.1.Potash Ores3.1.2.Other Minerals3.2.Purification of Coal3.3.Recycling Processes3.3.1.Inductive or Corona Charging3.3.2.Triboelectrification3.4.Others
Separation Processes, Introduction
Authors: King C. Judson 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Definitions

3.

Process Configurations

4.

Separation Principles

5.

Advantages and Disadvantages of Different Separation Methods

6.

Selection of a Separation Process

7.

Factors Influencing Phase Equilibria

8.

Sources of Equilibrium Data