bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity Treatments and Controversies
Authors: Kazaks Alexandra , Stern Judith S. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
The ideal model of obesity treatment is a comprehensive intervention including dietary, activity-related, behavioral, pharmacological, and/or surgical components that is geared toward individual needs, similar to the ideal treatment for diabetes. The main focus of any obesity intervention should be on health improvement instead of just body weight reduction. To resolve the controversies surrounding obesity, we must invest much more in research into the prevention of obesity and to ascertain those lifestyle or medical approaches that will make it easier for anyone to maintain a healthful energy balance.
The Importance of Physical Activity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness for Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Blair Steven N. , Church Timothy S. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Physical inactivity and low cardiorespiratory fitness increase the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and are associated with higher rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality in people with type 2 diabetes. Clinicians are encouraged to promote adoption of the consensus public health recommendation for physical activity for their sedentary and unfit patients and to stress that the benefit is improved health—not necessarily weight loss. Recent advances in behavioral intervention approaches can make clinicians more successful in helping their sedentary patients become and stay more physically active.
Cost Savings and Clinical Effectiveness of an Extension Service Diabetes Program
Authors: Christensen Nedra K. , Williams Pauline , Pfister Roxane 
Published: March 2007

Objective. To evaluate the cost savings and clinical effectiveness of a Cooperative Extension Service diabetes education program for improving nutrition knowledge, food portioning skills, hemoglobin A1c (A1C),and anthropometric indices.
Design. Clients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes enrolled in a 3-month diabetes education course focused on food portioning skills. Pre- and post-course anthropometric measurements, a written food portion test, an observational food portioning skill test, and an A1C test were administered and scored. Paired t tests were calculated between pre- and post-course scores to measure statistical significance.
Results. Data analysis showed improvement in food portion knowledge written test scores (49.67% pre- and 59.56% post-course, P = 0.004),food portioning skills (out of a possible score of 5, 2.43 pre-, 4.29 post-course, P = 0.023), A1C results (7.16% pre-, 6.43% post-course, P = 0.000), body mass index (BMI) (32.60 kg/m2 pre-, 31.78 kg/m2 post-course, P = 0.000), weight (202.58 lb pre-,199.74 lb post-course, P = 0.000), waist circumference (42.43 inches pre-, 41.16 inches post-course, P = 0.000), hip circumference (45.96 inches pre-, 45.36 inches post-course, P = 0.000), and waist-to-hip ratio (0.92 pre-, 0.91 post-course, P = 0.000).
Conclusions/Applications. Evaluation of the Utah State University Extension Service diabetes education program showed improved nutrition knowledge, anthropometric measures, and glucose control. These improvements have been estimated to reduce medical costs by $94,010.
Developing and Using Interactive Health CD-ROMs as a Complement to Primary Care: Lessons From Two Research Studies
Authors: King Diane K. , Bull Sheana Salyers , Christiansen Steve , Nelson Candace , Strycker Lisa A. , Toobert Deborah , Glasgow Russell E. 
Published: March 2007

Interactive health technologies (IHTs), whether used as an adjunct to clinical care or as a stand-alone program, provide a means to efficiently deliver both standardized information and tailored health interventions to a large number of patients. This article describes the benefits and drawbacks to the use of read-only memory compact disks (CD-ROMs) to facilitate diabetes self-management, using the experience from two efficacy trials with CD-ROMs as the primary modality for intervention. The CD-ROMs were designed to promote health behavior change and prevent complications by increasing attention to diabetes care guidelines and providing tailored self-management plans to patients with type 2 diabetes.Lessons learned from these two studies are shared to answer the question:does the use of CD-ROMs as an intervention tool address the key barriers to using a self-management approach in primary care? We conclude by discussing the advantages and limitations of using CD-ROMs to deliver health interventions, along with recommendations for maximizing the potential of IHTs.
Rapid Progression From Pre-diabetes to Severely Ill Diabetes While Under“Expert Care”: Suggestions for Improved Screening for Disease Progression
Authors: Danish Robert K. , West Beverly B. 
Published: March 2007

In BriefObesity is associated with an increased risk for the development of insulin resistance and subsequent pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes. This article reports a case of a 16-year-old obese African-American male with metabolic syndrome and pre-diabetes that progressed rapidly over 7.5 weeks while under expert care to complicated type 2 diabetes requiring intensive care management. This case points out limitations in recommended clinical monitoring and patient education that can lead to delays in the implementation of more aggressive therapies. The authors then suggest low-cost methods of screening patients at high risk for progression to pre-diabetes and type 2 diabetes.
Cellulase digestibility of pretreated biomass is limited by cellulose accessibility
Authors: Jeoh Tina , Ishizawa Claudia I. , Davis Mark F. , Himmel Michael E. , Adney William S. , Johnson David K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAttempts to correlate the physical and chemical properties of biomass to its susceptibility to enzyme digestion are often inconclusive or contradictory depending on variables such as the type of substrate, the pretreatment conditions and measurement techniques. In this study, we present a direct method for measuring the key factors governing cellulose digestibility in a biomass sample by directly probing cellulase binding and activity using a purified cellobiohydrolase (Cel7A) from Trichoderma reesei. Fluorescence‐labeled T. reesei Cel7A was used to assay pretreated corn stover samples and pure cellulosic substrates to identify barriers to accessibility by this important component of cellulase preparations. The results showed cellulose conversion improved when T. reesei Cel7A bound in higher concentrations, indicating that the enzyme had greater access to the substrate. Factors such as the pretreatment severity, drying after pretreatment, and cellulose crystallinity were found to directly impact enzyme accessibility. This study provides direct evidence to support the notion that the best pretreatment schemes for rendering biomass more digestible to cellobiohydrolase enzymes are those that improve access to the cellulose in biomass cell walls, as well as those able to reduce the crystallinity of cell wall cellulose. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 112–122. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Microscopic analysis of corn fiber using starch‐ and cellulose‐specific molecular probes
Authors: Porter Stephanie E. , Donohoe Bryon S. , Beery Kyle E. , Xu Qi , Ding Shi‐You , Vinzant Todd B. , Abbas Charles A. , Himmel Michael E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEthanol is the primary liquid transportation fuel produced from renewable feedstocks in the United States today. The majority of corn grain, the primary feedstock for ethanol production, has been historically processed in wet mills yielding products such as gluten feed, gluten meal, starch, and germ. Starch extracted from the grain is used to produce ethanol in saccharification and fermentation steps; however the extraction of starch is not 100% efficient. To better understand starch extraction during the wet milling process, we have developed fluorescent probes that can be used to visually localize starch and cellulose in samples using confocal microscopy. These probes are based on the binding specificities of two types of carbohydrate binding modules (CBMs), which are small substrate‐specific protein domains derived from carbohydrate degrading enzymes. CBMs were fused, using molecular cloning techniques, to a green fluorescent protein (GFP) or to the red fluorescent protein DsRed (RFP). Using these engineered probes, we found that the binding of the starch‐specific probe correlates with starch content in corn fiber samples. We also demonstrate that there is starch internally localized in the endosperm that may contribute to the high starch content in corn fiber. We also surprisingly found that the cellulose‐specific probe did not bind to most corn fiber samples, but only to corn fiber that had been hydrolyzed using a thermochemical process that removes the residual starch and much of the hemicellulose. Our findings should be of interest to those working to increase the efficiency of the corn grain to ethanol process. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 123–131. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Common femoral artery Doppler wave-forms: A comparison of three methods of objective analysis with direct pressure measurements
Authors: MacPherson D S , Evans D H , Bell P R F 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Doppler maximum frequency wave-forms recorded from the femoral arteries of 50 patients with arterial disease have been submitted to three methods of objective analysis in an attempt to quantify the degree of proximal narrowing. The methods were compared with direct femoral artery pressure measurements at rest and during hyperaemia. There was marked overlap between the results of both pulsatility index and Laplace transform damping when compared with pressure assessment. Principal component analysis, however, produced significantly better agreement than Laplace transform damping (χ2 = 5·8, P&lt;0·02) and in addition was found to be sensitive to the presence or absence of disease in the superficial femoral artery. Principal component analysis appears to be the most powerful method of Doppler wave-form analysis so far described and may have a place in the non-invasive assessment of the aorto-iliac segment.
Urinary hydroxyproline and prognosis in human breast cancer
Authors: Grant C S , Hoare S A , Millis R R , Hayward J L , Wang D Y 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The excretion of urinary hydroxyproline has been measured before mastectomy in 342 patients presenting with breast cancer for the first time to Guy's Hospital. The first 106 women were maintained on a gelatine-free diet whilst the remainder were on unrestricted diet.
In both dietary groups hydroxyproline levels or the ratio of hydroxyproline to urinary creatinine were not related to pathological stage or histological grade.
The time between initial presentation and subsequent bone metastases was negatively and significantly associated with hydroxyproline excretion (P &lt; 0.05) and the ratio of hydroxyproline to creatinine (P &lt; 0.01) in women on a gelatine-free diet. A similar, but not significant, trend was observed in patients on unrestricted diet.
Although hydroxyproline excretion was related to the time to onset of bone metastases the amount of hydroxyproline excreted by these patients was not significantly different from patients who had recurrences at sites other than bone or patients who were disease-free up to 5 years after initial diagnosis.
The conclusion is that hydroxyproline is of little value in the early detection of bone metastases.
Laser recanalization of obstructing foregut cancer
Authors: Swain C P , Bown S G , Edwards D A W , Kirkham J S , Salmon P R , Clark C G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Palliative treatment of upper gastrointestinal tract obstruction was undertaken by endoscopic laser therapy in 6 patients with carcinoma of the oesophagus or stomach. All had dysphagia for solids on admission and were considered unsuitable for surgery or radiotherapy. Three were in sites unsuitable for placement of an endoscopic prosthesis. The tumours occluded up to 90 per cent of the lumen (2 squamous and 4 adeno-carcinomas). Treatment was carried out under direct vision, the laser wave guide being passed through the biopsy channel of a standard endoscope. Superficial tumour vaporized immediately using energies of 2–10 000 J per session, whereas deeper layers sloughed over the succeeding 2–3 days. Two to six treatments were required to relieve dysphagia and there were no major complications. Quantitative barium studies before and after treatment showed a significant increase in luminal diameter. These patients could eat solid food after treatment and all were able to go home.
Pancreatic abscess: A review of seventeen cases
Authors: Kaushik S P , Vohra R , Verma G R , Kaushik S , Sabharwal A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Seventeen patients out of a total of 190 cases of acute pancreatitis, over a period of 12 years, developed the rare but serious complication of pancreatic abscess. Presence of toxaemia, fever, tachycardia and a tender epigastric mass suggested the possibility of abscess formation. Significant hyperamylasaemia was present in 2 patients only. Barium enema examination showed colonic changes due to direct involvement in 3 patients. Pre-operative management included complete rest to the gastrointestinal tract, correction of fluid and electrolyte imbalance, monitoring of vital signs and other parameters and antibiotic cover with penicillin in combination with broad spectrum antibiotic. In recent years Metronidazole was added in 7 patients, and this resulted in significant improvement of results. Surgical drainage was performed in all cases. The postoperative course was stormy and a significant number of patients developed both local as well as systemic complications with multiorgan failure. Residual/recurrent abscess was seen in one case only. Ten patients died in the immediate postoperative period. The survival rate was 41 per cent.
The long-term results of polyvinyl alcohol (Ivalon) sponge for rectal prolapse in young patients
Authors: Boulos P B , Stryker S J , Nicholls R J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The long-term outcome of Ivalon sponge rectopexy for rectal prolapse in a group of young patients was reviewed. Thirty-two patients under the age of 40 underwent Ivalon sponge rectopexy between 1961 and 1975 with no mortality and one early complication. Twenty-five patients (9 men; 16 women) aged 13–39 years (median 28 years) at the time of operation were interviewed and examined in the Out-Patient Department between 5 and 20 years (median 10 years) after the operation. Five (20 per cent) had developed recurrence which occurred at 1, 1, 5, 6 and 9 years. There was no significant change in bowel habit postoperatively, with the exception of 3 patients with diarrhoea who reverted to normal. There was some disturbance in faecal continence pre-operatively in 20 patients, of whom 15 (75 per cent) were improved by rectopexy. All patients had normal urinary and sexual function, and there was no disturbance of menstruation in females following rectopexy. Three men who wished to have children were successful. Three of six women who attempted to conceive post-operatively had normal pregnancies and deliveries. The three women who failed to do so had already been investigated for infertility before the operation. No patient developed pelvic malignancy.
Cryotherapy for advanced haemorrhoids: A prospective evaluation with 2-year follow-up
Authors: Traynor O J , Carter A E 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The early and long-term results of treating 125 patients with advanced haemorrhoids by cryotherapy have been studied. Hospitalization requirements were brief; 54 per cent of patients were hospitalized for less than 24 h. The only significant early postoperative problem was a profuse serous discharge (67 per cent of patients). Bleeding, pain, or pruritus were rarely encountered. Ninety-three per cent of patients returned to work within 3 weeks. The principal long-term disadvantage was residual peri-anal skin tags and these were excised 6 months postoperatively in 18 patients. Four patients had first or second degree haemorrhoids at 2 years but only one patient (0.8 per cent) had prolapsing piles which required operation. Factors which might have influenced the results have been discussed. It is concluded that cryotherapy is an effective low cost method of dealing with advanced haemorrhoids.
Endoscopic screening for premalignant changes 25 years after gastrectomy: Results of a five-year prospective study
Authors: Mortensen N J McC , Thomas W E G , Jones S M , Savage Ann 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Sixty-three partial gastrectomy patients an average 20 years after surgery were reviewed by endoscopy and biopsy in 1977. No cases of invasive carcinoma were found. The patients were then divided into two groups. Those with moderate epithelial dysplasia (13 patients) were reviewed at 6–12 monthly intervals. One patient developed severe dysplasia but none developed an invasive carcinoma. The remaining patients with either no or mild dysplasia were offered endoscopy after 5 years and 24 agreed. Of the 12 patients with no dysplasia at the outset: 5 still had no dysplasia 5 years later, 3 had mild dysplasia and 4 now had moderate dysplasia. There were 12 with mild dysplasia at the first endoscopy, 9 remained unchanged at the review and 3 had moderate dysplasia. If dysplastic changes in gastric mucosa are pre-malignant, progression to invasive carcinoma would appear to be slow. Even 25 years after gastrectomy only a modest deterioration in the grade of dysplasia was found and no invasive cancer.
The effect of a segmental gastrectomy with proximal gastric vagotomy on gastric secretion and gastric emptying
Authors: de Oliveira R B , Ceneviva R , de Almeida Troncon L E , Castro e Silva O , Meneghelli U G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Gastric acid secretory responses to graded doses of pentagastrin were measured in duodenal ulcer patients before and after either proximal gastric vagotomy (17 patients) or proximal gastric vagotomy associated with a segmental gastrectomy (11 patients). Calculated maximal output of acid and responsiveness of the acid-secreting cells to pentagastrin were reduced by both operations; after surgery, maximal acid output was lower in the proximal gastric vagotomy plus segmental gastrectomy group than in the proximal gastric vagotomy group. Gastric emptying of a liquid meal was assessed before and after either proximal vagotomy (13 patients) or proximal gastric vagotomy plus segmental gastrectomy (9 patients). The early phase of emptying was equally accelerated by both operations, and at later stages the emptying was only slightly, but not significantly, faster following proximal gastric vagotomy associated with segmental gastrectomy.
Postoperative fatigue and changes in nutritional status
Authors: Christensen T , Kehlet H 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Subjective feeling of fatigue was quantified before and 10, 20 and 30 days after elective uncomplicated abdominal surgery in 36 otherwise healthy patients, using a constructed fatigue scale model. One third of the patients had a remarkable increase in fatigue which continued throughout the first postoperative month. The fatigued patients showed a more pronounced postoperative loss in weight (P &lt; 0·001), triceps skinfold caliper (P &lt; 0·001) and arm muscle circumference (n.s.) and had lower levels in serum transferrin (P &lt; 0·02). No correlation was found between postoperative fatigue and postoperative changes in blood haemoglobin, lymphocyte count, plasma albumin, electrolytes and various minerals. Development of late postoperative fatigue was unpredictable from pre-operative nutritional status, serum transferrin, albumin, electrolytes, haemoglobin, lymphocyte count and various minerals, as well as from age, sex and duration of surgery. These results suggest future therapeutic measures against the postoperative fatigue syndrome.
Seeding Dacron arterial prostheses with peritoneal mesothelial cells: A preliminary morphological study
Authors: Clarke J M F , Pittilo R M , Nicholson L J , Woolf N , Marston A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A preliminary laboratory study has been undertaken using dogs, in which porous Dacron arterial prostheses have been seeded with autologous peritoneal mesothelial cells before implantation into the arterial system. These cells were harvested from omentum by collagenase digestion and were introduced into the graft at the time of preclotting. Examination of the grafts by scanning and transmission electron microscopy one month after insertion showed no organized cellular lining in the control graft. In three seeded grafts there was a lining of mesothelial cells which extended over the whole surface of the grafts up to 1 cm from the suture lines. Selected areas of the grafts have been analysed morphometrically. In the seeded grafts there is a cellular layer which on average covers 94 per cent of the luminal surface. These results suggest that mesothelial cells, which both secrete prostacyclin and possess fibrinolytic activity, present a possible alternative to endothelium as a cellular lining for prosthetic grafts.
Deep venous insufficiency after postoperative thrombosis diagnosed with 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake test
Authors: Lindhagen A , Bergqvist D , Hallböök T 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Postoperative thrombosis detected with the 125I-labelled fibrinogen uptake test (FUT) is frequent. FUT correlates well with phlebography and a positive FUT is associated with high incidence of pulmonary embolism. This study has been performed to evaluate venous function 3–5 years after FUT-detected thrombosis. A follow-up examination was performed in 381 patients who had been studied after operation with FUT. The follow-up included a questionnaire, clinical examination, venous occlusion strain-gauge plethysmography, ambulatory strain-gauge plethysmography, venous pressure examination and, in some cases, Doppler ultrasound examination of venous valve function in the leg. No statistically significant differences were found in any parameters used between legs with and without FUT-detected postoperative thrombosis, except that more FUT-positive logs had an abnormal venous pressure decrease during exercise than FUT-negative legs. The frequency of deep venous insufficiency was equal in FUT-positive and FUT-negative legs. Moreover the frequency of deep venous insufficiency was not affected by the site of the FUT-detected thrombosis or by the different kinds of prophylactics used. The frequency of venous insufficiency was high.
Porcine dermal collagen repair of incisional herniae
Authors: Sarmah B D , Holl-Allen R T J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Dermal collagen implants have been used to repair large incisional hernias in 11 patients (7 women, 4 men). The youngest was 37 years and the oldest 67, with a mean age of 49·9 years. Single-, or double-layered dermal collagen was used to bridge the defect, secured with interrupted 3/0 Prolene. Postoperatively, three patients required single aspiration of seromas and one, exploration of a sinus to remove a suture. There were no recurrences during a median follow-up period of 4·75 years. It is suggested that collagen implants are a good alternative to other methods of repair.
Segmental phenolization of ingrowing toenails: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Morkane A J , Robertson R W , Inglis G S 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
One hundred and three patients, on whom 107 procedures for ingrowing toenails were performed, were randomly allocated into one of two treatment groups: segmental or angular phenolization and wedge excision. There were 53 wedge excisions and 54 segmental phenolizations. Post-treatment discomfort was assessed on a linear analogue scale of 10 cm. There was no difference between the two groups one week after treatment. Over a mean follow-up period of 14 months a total of 20 nail spikes occurred, 4 in the phenolized group and 16 in the wedge excision group, this being a significant difference at the one per cent level.