bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of a touch sensitive screen and computer assisted image analysis for quantitation of developmental changes in pulmonary structure
Authors: Deoras Kiran S. , Wolfson Marla R. , Searls Robert L. , Hilfer S. Robert , Sheffield Joel B. , Shaffer Thomas H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe extensive changes in pulmonary function occurring during early development may reflect variations in the anatomic structure of the respiratory apparatus during this period. Accurate definition of these alterations could yield important information concerning the structure‐function correlations of the respiratory system. To facilitate the acquisition of morphometric data from histologic sections of pulmonary tissues, we propose the use of a computer assisted image analysis system with a touch sensitive screen as an interactive peripheral. This allows planimetric measurements and computation of the dimensions of areas of selected light intensities within an image. We present the description, design, and applications of such an image analysis system and report representative results regarding developmental changes in pulmonary structure. In addition, we correlate these results with previously published information regarding pulmonary mechanics during early development to help clarify the maturational changes in pulmonary structure‐function relationships. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:109–118.
Tracheal agenesis: An exceptional cause of neonatal respiratory distress
Authors: Brichard Bénédicte , Smeets Eric , Withofs Léon , Gillerot Yves , Battisti Oreste , Langhendries Jean‐Paul , Bertrand Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe absence of the trachea is a rare and always lethal congenital malformation. Temporary survival depends on ventilation through the esophagus.We report our experience with a newborn who presented this unusual tracheal abnormality in association with cardiac malformation. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:119–120.
Aerosolized budesonide in asthmatic infants: A double blind study
Authors: van Bever H. P. , Schuddinck L. , Wojciechowski M. , Stevens W. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe efficacy of nebulized budesonide (0.5 mg b.i.d.) against placebo was evaluated in the management of asthma in 23 infants, aged 3 to 17 months, using a double blind crossover design. After an initial treatment period of 2 weeks placebo and budesonide were randomly administered during two consecutive treatment periods of 1 month. The progress of the patients was monitored using diary score cards, the number of salbutamol doses needed during the treatment periods, clinical examinations using standardized scoring cards, and registration of parents' preference period. Although there was a tendency toward fewer wheezing periods during budesonide, the results of the diary score cards were not significantly different between the budesonide period and the placebo period. The number of salbutamol doses used was also the same during both periods. Clinical examination after budesonide revealed less rhinitis and a less pathological lung auscultation, but the difference between the two periods was also not significant. Furthermore, the parents' preference could not distinguish between budesonide and placebo. We conclude that the trends in favor of nebulized budesonide are not significant and do not suggest that the suspension is effective in severe infantile asthma. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:177–180.
Should TGV be measured from end‐inspiratory occlusions rather than end‐expiratory occlusions in wheezy infants?
Authors: Lanteri Celia J. , Raven Joan M. , Sly Peter D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIt has been suggested that thoracic gas volume (TGV) measured in infants in a plethysmograph most accurately represents true lung volume when calculated from end‐inspiratory airway occlusions. The rationale proposed is that pressure measured at the mouth underestimates alveolar pressure more at end‐expiration than at end‐inspiration, presumably due to small airway closure, and this results in greater overestimation of TGV. To investigate this possibility we calculated TGV in 40 wheezy infants from occlusions at both end‐inspiration (TGVei) and end‐expiration (TGVee) using a 60 L whole body plethysmograph. TGV was corrected for equipment dead space and tidal volume. When a significant change in TGV was defined as lying outside the 95% confidence interval of the TGVee measurements, 8 of the 40 infants tested had significantly higher TGV values measured from occlusions made at end‐expiration, while two infants had significantly lower TGV values measured from occlusions made at end‐expiration. This trend was not more common in infants with “concave” flow‐volume curves. Although it is technically easier to make occlusions at end‐expiration, occluding at end‐inspiration may minimize errors of TGV measures in a few individuals due to small airway closure at low lung volumes. Pediatr Pulmonal 1990; 9:214–219.
Analysis of expiratory pattern for monitoring bronchial obstruction in school‐age children
Authors: Cutrera Renato , Filtchev Slavi I. , Merolla Rocco , Willim Grzegorz , Haluszka Janusz , Ronchetti Roberto 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study was designed to assess the validity of the percent of volume expired at tidal peak flow (dV/Vt) as an indicator of bronchial obstruction in school‐age children. We analyzed 126 dV/Vt ratios and compared them with spirometric and plethysmographic results measured in 24 healthy (14 males) and 60 asthmatic (41 males) children; 42 of them underwent measurements before and after bronchial challenge with histamine. The two groups differed in resistance, forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1), and forced expiratory flows, as percents of predicted (FEV1: 94.6 ± 2.4% in controls vs 86.7 ± 1.6% in asthmatics; P<0.001). They did not differ in peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity, functional residual capacity, measured by body plethysmography, and in d/Vt. The dV/Vt was found to correlate with FEV1 (r=0.58, P<0.001), PEF (r=0.57, P<0.001), and other lung function parameters. Forty‐two of the asthmatic children performed a bronchoprovocation histamine test. The fall of dV/Vt after histamine was significantly correlated (r=0.61, P<0.001) with the variation in FEV1 and other lung function parameters. We conclude that dV/Vt is a good indicator of bronchial obstruction, as useful in school‐age children as in adults and infants, with no need for the subject's cooperation. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:6–10.
Activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes inhibit phosphatidylcholine synthesis in cultured type II alveolar cells
Authors: Zimmerman Jerry J. , Lewandoski June R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractActivated human neutrophils (PMNs) were demonstrated to inhibit total de novo phosphatidylcholine (PC) synthesis in monolayered rat alveolar type II cells (T2C). Non‐activated PMNs had no effect on PC synthesis in this system. The magnitude of inhibition of T2C PC synthesis by phorbol myristate acetate‐activated PMNs in six experiments averaged 59.0 ± 13%. Exogenous chelated iron (ferric pyrophosphate) did not appear to augment the PMN‐mediated inhibition of T2C PC production in this model. Alpha‐1‐antiprotease usually provided no protection relative to the PMN insult towards the T2C. However, superoxide dismutase and catalase alone or in combination generally provided a significant, protective effect. Although activated PMNs consistently decreased T2C PC synthesis, this effect did not appear to involve generalized T2C cytotoxicity, as assessed by lack of release of cytosolic lactate dehydrogenase. These results indicate that PMNs can inhibit T2C PC synthesis in vitro, probably via oxyradical injury. This type of pulmonary host autoinjury may be operative in a variety of acute lung injury syndromes involving pulmonary sequestration of activated PMNs. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:164–171.
A Randomized Placebo‐Controlled Study to Evaluate the Effects of Oral Albuterol on Pulmonary Mechanics in Ventilator‐Dependent Infants at Risk of Developing BPD
Authors: Stefano John L. , Bhutani Vinod K. , Fox William W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlbuterol is a specific beta‐2 agonist that has been reported to be effective in treating infants and children with bronchospastic pulmonary disease. The use of oral albuterol has not been investigated in patients with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Thirty premature infants were randomized to receive oral albuterol (0.15 mg/kg/dose q8h) or a volume‐ and color‐matched placebo (D5/W). Pulmonary functions were evaluated at baseline and at 48 and 96 hours after entry to the study. The study was also designed for crossover from placebo to albuterol or albuterol to caffeine in the event that the infant's total pulmonary resistance did not improve at the time of the 48 hour pulmonary function evaluation. Heart rate and respiratory rate showed a statistically significant but clinically unimportant increase in the albuterol‐treated infants. There were no significant differences noted in systolic or diastolic blood pressure. Percent improvement in the pulmonary function indices were calculated from baseline to 48 hours and from baseline to 96 hours for the placebo and albuterol‐treated groups. The results indicate that at 48 hours there were statistically significant improvements in total resistance (14.5%), inspiratory resistance (10.8%), and expiratory resistance (12.9%) in the albuterol‐treated infants as compared to the spontaneous deterioration of the same values by 25%, 81%, and 11%, respectively, in the placebo‐treated infants. In conclusion, oral albuterol therapy of 48 hours duration improved pulmonary resistance without major cardiovascular side effects in ventilator‐dependent premature infants. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:183‐190.
Effect of salbutamol on specific airway resistance in infants with a history of wheezing
Authors: Orlowski Leszek , Zychowicz Czeslaw , Migdal Marek , Gutkowski Piotr 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the effectiveness of nebulized salbutamol in infants with a history of wheezing. Eighty‐eight children aged 3–24 months with a history of wheezing were studied, in seven groups: I (n = 15) and I/A (n = 17) with elevated specific airway resistance (SRaw); II (n = 17) with normal SRaw; III (n = 23), III/A (n = 17), and IV (n = 18) with normal SRaw exposed to carbachol bronchial challenge (CBC); and V (n = 13) serving as control. Infants for groups I/A and III/A were selected to match by age and by baseline and post‐carbachol SRaw values, respectively. Baseline airway resistance and thoracic gas volume (TGV) were measured plethysmographically. Specific airway resistance was selected as an index of bronchial function. Thereafter every child in groups I, I/A and II inhaled 200 μg of salbutamol by tidal breathing, and the children in groups III, III/A, and IV were exposed to CBC. Following positive reaction to carbachol, children of groups III and III/A inhaled salbutamol (200 μg, tidal breathing), and those of group IV received no drug. Controls from group V with normal SRaw received placebo (phosphate‐buffered saline). Plethysmography was repeated in all children at 5 minute intervals.Following salbutamol SRaw was reduced in children with elevated and normal SRaw. In contrast, children not receiving salbutamol had unchanged SRaw value. The response to salbutamol measured by SRaw, Raw, and TGV was not significantly different in the spontaneously obstructed infants compared to those who received carbachol.In conclusion, infants with a history of wheezing do respond to inhaled salbutamol. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:191–194.
Birthweight, early passive respiratory system mechanics, and ventilator requirements as predictors of outcome in premature infants with respiratory failure
Authors: Kirpalani Haresh , Schmidt Barbara , Gaston Susan , Santos Rosa , Wilkie Rosalie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEarly respiratory mechanics have been reported to predict outcome in newborns with respiratory failure. However, it remains unknown whether measurements of pulmonary function add significantly to the predictive value of more readily available variables such as birthweight. The present study was designed to answer this question. Passive respiratory system mechanics were measured by an airway occlusion technique in 104 ventilator‐dependent premature infants between 6 and 48 hours of life and corrected for infant size. A ventilation index [FiO2 × mean airway pressure (MAP)] was calculated at the time of pulmonary function testing. Poor outcome was defined as death from respiratory failure or need for supplemental oxygen at 28 days. Stepwise logistic function regression examined whether ventilation index and respiratory mechanics added predictive power over and above birthweight. Five infants died, and 45 patients required supplemental oxygen at 28 days. Birthweight was a strong predictor of outcome (P < 0.00005) and would have entered the logistic model first in any case. Ventilation index added significantly to the predictive model (P = 0.038). Respiratory system conductance (P = 0.15) and compliance (P = 0.93) entered on the third and last step, respectively. We conclude that in premature infants with respiratory failure, birthweight is a strong predictor of outcome. Early ventilator requirements but not respiratory system mechanics, add significantly to this predictive model. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:195–198.
Luminal surfaces of fetal rat alveolar type II and clara lung cells react with antibody to heymann nephritis antigen
Authors: Kotas Robert V. , Kanalas John J. , Tio Fermin O. , Makker Sudesh P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have used affinity purified antibody, which reacts with the renal antigen gp600, to examine the immunoreactivity of pulmonary cells in the quick frozen lung tissue of fetal rats. On immunoelectron microscopy, we found that the reaction was specifically localized to the luminal surfaces of Clara cell and, as previously reported, to alveolar type II cell (ATII) membranes. No immunoreaction was seen on or in type I cells, endothelial cells or any other lung or blood cell. These studies suggest that the anti‐gp600 immunoselection can be used as a marker to identify and quantify Clara and ATII cells in rat lung tissue. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:260–266.
Cold air challenge of airway reactivity in children: A correlation of transcutaneously measured oxygen tension and conventional lung functions
Authors: Eber Ernst , Varga Eva‐Maria , Zach Maximilian S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFor pharmacological challenges, a correlation between the induced changes of the transcutaneously measured oxygen tension (Ptc) and of conventional pulmonary function tests (PFTs) has been documented. We performed a 4‐minute cold air challenge (CACh) in 17 children with bronchial asthma under continuous monitoring of Ptc, and correlated observed changes with CACh‐induced alterations of conventional PFTs. Ptc decreased significantly with CACh (from 86 ± 10 mmHg to 66 ± 14 mmHg, P < 0.001), but returned to near‐baseline within the next 30 minutes. PFTs changed with a similar pattern; the closest correlation was found between the CACh‐induced fall of Ptc and Delta‐FEV1 (r = 0.833, P < 0.001). Changes of FVC, PEF, and Vmax50 correlated significantly as well. Ptc can complement or substitute for conventional PFTs in assessing the response to CACh in children. Pediatr Pulmonol 1991; 10:273–277.
Spontaneous changes in bronchial responsiveness in children and adolescents: An 18‐month follow‐up
Authors: Backer V. , Groth S. , Dirksen A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate spontaneous changes in bronchial responsiveness to inhaled histamine over a period of 18 months. The first measurements in 495 subjects, 7 to 16 years of age, were made in 1986. Bronchial hyperresponsiveness (BHR), i.e., PC‐20 FEV1 ⩽ 8.0 mg/mL, was found in 79 (16%) individuals, of whom 28 (35%) had symptoms of asthma. Twenty asthmatic and 42 non‐asthmatic subjects who had BHR (78%) were re‐examined 18 months later. The asthmatics had a modest change in BHR, while in the non‐asthmatics bronchial response to inhaled histamine and exercise was significantly decreased. In twenty‐two subjects (36%) bronchial response was within the normal range; of these 18 were non‐asthmatic. Six asthmatics (30%) and two non‐asthmatics (5%) had an increased BHR at follow‐up. Two subjects (5%) developed symptoms of asthma by the time of follow‐up, with an unchanged degree of BHR. Sex, age, atopic symptoms, and viral respiratory infections at the first examination were unrelated to changes in bronchial responsiveness. However, changes of BHR in the non‐asthmatic subjects were significantly correlated to changes in bronchial response to exercise. Although spontaneous changes in bronchial responsiveness occur in asthmatic, as well as non‐asthmatic subjects, asthmatics persistently have hyperresponsive airways. Development of asthma was found to occur among subjects with persistent BHR. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991; 11 :22‐28.
Interaction between chest wall motion and lung mechanics in normal infants and infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Allen Julian L. , Greenspan Jay S. , Deoras Kiran S. , Keklikian Esteban , Wolfson Marla R. , Shaffer Thomas H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAsynchronous or paradoxic motion between the rib cage and abdomen may be seen in infants with lung disease. We have recently shown that after bronchodilator administration, the degree of asynchrony decreases proportionately to the improvement in lung mechanics. However, whether such thoraco‐abdominal asynchrony (TAA) is a useful indicator of lung function in a cross‐sectional population, i.e., whether asynchrony correlates with baseline lung mechanics, is unknown. Therefore, we quantitated the degree of TAA using respiratory inductive plethysmography during quiet sleep in ten infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) and six weight‐matched control infants. We displayed abdominal wall (AB) and rib cage (RC) motion on an X‐Y recorder, and from the tidal breathing loop we calculated a phase angle Φ, between 0° and 180° as an index of asynchrony (synchronous RC/AB motion = 0°, paradox = 180°). Lung resistance (RL) and compliance/kg (CL/kg) were calculated from esophageal and mouth pressure, tidal volume, and tidal flow. As expected, BPD infants had abnormally high RL, and low CL/kg when compared to controls. All infants with BPD displayed marked thoraco‐abdominal asynchrony (Φ = 102 ± 16°, mean ± SEM; range 35°–160°) while controls displayed synchronous chest wall motion (Φ = 8 ± 3°, range 0°–15°) (P < 0.001). The degree of TAA was significantly correlated with RL (r = 0.773, P < 0.001) and inversely correlated with CL/kg (r = −0.67, P < 0.01). We conclude that in infants of similar weight, TAA may be used as a cross‐sectional index reflecting both resistive and elastic properties of the lungs. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991 ; 11 :37‐43.
Clinical observations on lower respiratory tract infections with special reference to serum IgE levels
Authors: Nagayama Yoko , Sakurai Nobukiyo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo examine if the occurrence of wheezing among children with lower respiratory tract infections is associated with atopic predisposition, serum levels of IgE were determined for groups of children with or without wheezing, during infection with Mycoplasma pneumoniae or respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). In M. pneumoniae infection, more than 60% of wheezy children over 2 years of age showed a high IgE level (200 IU/mL or more), while IgE levels were less than 200 IU/mL in 73% of non‐wheezy children. In RSV infection, the incidence of high IgE levels among wheezy children was nearly double that of non‐wheezy children, although the difference was not significant. These results suggest that in children an allergic disposition is involved in the occurrence of wheezing during the course of lower respiratory tract infections.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991; 11:44‐48
Subacute effects of respiratory syncytial virus infection on lung function in lambs
Authors: Wagner M. H. , Evermann J. F. , Gaskin J. , McNicol K. , Small P. , Stecenko A. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined the effects of ovine respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection on lung mechanics, lung histology, and airway reactivity in lambs. Nine lambs were inoculated with ovine RSV and seven control lambs with normal saline or viral media. Serum neutralization titers were obtained prior to and 3 weeks post‐inoculation (PI). Open lung biopsies were performed 1 and 3 weeks PI. Lung mechanics including dynamic compliance (Cdyn), resistance of the lung (RL), and functional residual capacity (FRC) were measured 2 and 6 weeks PI using a plethysmograph. Airway reactivity to aerosolized carbachol, citric acid, and histamine was determined 2 and 6 weeks PI. Most RSV and control lambs were asymptomatic after inoculation. Control lambs had significantly greater average daily weight gain by the third week after inoculation. Seven RSV lambs tested had a fourfold or greater rise in serum neutralization titers, while two control lambs had a fourfold increase. At 2 weeks PI, RSV lambs had significantly lower FRC and higher RL. At 6 weeks RL remained significantly elevated in the RSV lambs. Airway reactivity was not increased in the RSV group. This animal model is useful for studying the effects of RSV infection on lung growth and lung function over time. Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991 ; 11 :56‐64.
Ultrafast computerized tomography of the chest in cystic fibrosis: A new scoring system
Authors: Nathanson Ian , Conboy Kathleen , Murphy Suzanne , Afshani Ehsan , Kuhn Jerald P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAssessing the presence and severity of bronchiectasis (BR) and mucoid impaction (MI) of the airways in cystic fibrosis (CF) is difficult by non‐invasive methods. We hypothesized that scoring ultrafast computerized tomograms (UFCT) of the chest for BR and MI could be useful in detecting early lung changes in 28 patients with CF. To do this, UFCT scores were compared to established clinical and chest X‐ray (CXR) scores. Results showed that UFCT scores correlated highly with clinical (r = 0.88) and CXR (r = 0.93) scores, and several pulmonary function tests. Regression analysis indicated that BR influenced clinical and CXR scores more than MI. Both BR and MI were found in all areas of the lungs without a major propensity for one region, although there was significantly more BR in the right upper lobe than the right lower lobe. In patients with CXR score ⩾ 21 BR was present in 8/9 and MI in 3/9, while in those with CXR score < 21 UFCT showed BR in 19/19 and MI in 17/19. We conclude: 1) scored UFCTs correlate well with CXR and clinical scores; 2) 6R influences clinical and CXR scores more than MI; 3) UFCTs detect BR and MI in CF patients with minimal evidence of pulmonary disease; and 4) CXR scores < 21 reflect the presence of both BR and MI.Pediatr Pulmonol. 1991; 11:81‐86.