bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interval breast cancers: prognostic features and survival by subtype and time since screening
Authors: Porter Gareth J R , Evans A J , Burrell H C , Lee A H S , Ellis I O , Chakrabarti J 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: To investigate the hypothesis that interval cancers arising soon after the previous screen and true interval cancers are biologically aggressive and have a relatively poor prognosis compared with other interval cancers, and to assess which prognostic features are relevant to interval cancers. Methods: Analysis of prognostic pathological features (grade, lymph node stage, size, vascular invasion, oestrogen receptor [ER] status and histological type), radiological features (comedo/non-comedo calcification and spiculation) and survival for 538 invasive interval breast cancer cases by type and time since previous screen. Results: Late interval cancers were less likely to be lymph node positive (13 versus 43%, P = 0.003). Type 1 interval cancers were more likely to be histological grade 3 than type 2 (minimal signs) and type 3 (false-negative) intervals (52 versus 35%, P = 0.05). Type 3 interval cancers were more likely to have lobular features than other intervals (47 versus 20%, P < 0.0001). There was no significant survival difference by interval cancer type ( P = 0.64) or interval year ( P = 0.83). At univariate analysis of all interval cancers, tumour size, grade, nodal stage, ER status, vascular invasion and comedo calcification were associated with survival. On multivariate analysis of prognostic features significant at univariate analysis, nodal stage ( P value = 0.009), tumour size ( P = 0.001), ER status ( P < 0.0001) and vascular invasion ( P < 0.0001) maintained independent significance. Conclusions: Our study shows that true intervals and interval cancers arising quickly after screening do not have a worse prognosis than other interval cancers, and that interval cancers have a unique set of prognostic features.
Women's information needs about ductal carcinoma in situ before mammographic screening and after diagnosis: a qualitative study
Authors: Prinjha Suman , Evans Julie , McPherson Ann 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: To explore the attitudes of women with screen-detected ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) towards information provision for mammographic screening. Setting: Respondents recruited throughout the UK during 2003–2004. Methods: Qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. Participants: Ten women diagnosed with DCIS as a result of mammographic screening. Results: None of the women with DCIS had heard of it before their diagnosis. Most would have liked more information about DCIS when invited for routine screening. Comprehensive information about the benefits and risks of mammographic screening, including the possibility of a DCIS diagnosis, would have enabled them to make a fully informed choice about attending for screening. Conclusion: DCIS is an inescapable outcome of mammographic screening and, until it is better understood, the screening industry needs to inform women about its existence and the lack of understanding of its natural history and management. Being alerted before screening to the possibility of a DCIS diagnosis and the uncertainty associated with it would better enable women to make fully informed decisions about whether to attend and could help to alleviate some of the distress women currently feel when diagnosed with DCIS.
Red blood cell disorders in Rwandese neonates: screening for sickle cell disease and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Authors: Munyanganizi Rosine , Cotton Frédéric , Vertongen Fanchon , Gulbis Béatrice 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: To determine the prevalence of haemoglobin (Hb) variants and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency in Rwanda. Methods: During a two-month period in 2005, 987 cord blood samples were obtained in two hospitals in Kigali and Butare, Rwanda. Screening for sickle cell disorders, other Hb disorders, G6PD deficiency and other rare erythroenzymopathy deficiencies was done using isoelectric focusing techniques and quantitative kinetic assays, respectively. Results: The prevalence of Hb S trait was 2.7% and that of G6PD deficiency was 3.8%. No neonate suffered from a sickle cell disease (homozygous for Hb S or compound heterozygous for Hb S), from another clinically significant haemoglobinopathy, or from pyruvate kinase or glucose phosphate isomerase deficiency. Conclusions: Sickle cell disorders should be considered a public health problem in Kigali and Butare. A systematic neonatal screening programme for those disorders, and to diagnose G6PD deficiency, seems reasonable, but local health priorities must be considered. Adapted management of hereditary sickle cell and G6PD disorders should be available.
Self-reported prostate cancer screening in Austria
Authors: Vutuc Christian , Waldhoer Thomas , Sevelda Paul , Micksche Michael , Haidinger Gerald 
Published: September 2006

Objectives: The prevalence of self-reported participation and frequency of prostate cancer screening (digital rectal examination (DRE), prostate-specific antigen (PSA)) in Austrian men aged 40–79 years in the year 2005 is reported. Methods: In a population-based cross-sectional study, a representative sample of 500 men was asked whether they ever had heard of early detection of prostate cancer by DRE or PSA test and, if so, whether they had ever had a prostate cancer screening test during their life, and if so the number of tests and the type of physician. Results: Overall, the prevalence of self-reported prostate cancer screening was 55.8% (23.7% DRE only). The highest prevalence was observed in the age group of 60–69 years with 68.8% (28.1% DRE only). The highest prevalence of PSA tests was observed in the age group 70–79 years (40.9%). About 75% of the screening tests were performed by urologists. Conclusions: More than half of the target population (men aged 40–79 years) have had at least one prostate cancer screening test. Nearly one-third of men have already had one or more PSA tests. One-fifth of the PSA tests were requested by general practitioners or internists.
vertical linear acceleration (otolithic‐ocular responses).
Authors: Kohut Robert I. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA 60‐foot vertical linear acceleration device was used to present linear acceleration forces to test animals within a light sealed capsule. Two types of stimuli were used: !1. constant direction of force with rectilinear alterations of the acceleration rate (0 G and 2 G); and 2. constant direction with curvilinear alterations of the acceleration rates (0 to 2 G). Multiple cycles of alternating G forces were presented during a test run.Cats were used as the experimental animal. Eye movement recordings (vertical and horizontal) were made electronystagmographically. All linear acceleration tests were done in darkness. Analysis of data was done by evaluation of the direct recordings and by algebraic summation of consecutive acceleration cycles.The responses of normal and labyrinth altered cats were similar. Conjugate eye deviation was the most prominent response. Nystagmus rarely occurred. The direction of the conjugate deviation in unilaterally labyrinthectomized – contralaterally semicircular canal plugged preparations (unilateral otolithic animals), was of greatest magnitude when the acceleration force was parallel to the utricular plane from a medial to lateral direction. Reversal of position by 180d̀ generally caused reversal of the direction of conjugate eye deviation.The maximum eye deviation and/or production or alteration of nystagmus was related to the magnitude of jerk or, in other words, the rate of change of acceleration and not to the magnitude of acceleration (rate of change of velocity). The rate of change of acceleration at which these changes occurred was near 1.66G/sec (53 ft/sec3). Correlation with predicted planes from mathematical models is cited.The lack of nystagmus production in this study was contrasted to previous reports of nystagmus production by linear acceleration. It was suggested that nystagmus production by otolithic stimulation may be regularly present when the values of linear acceleration are closer to physiologic levels and/or when the otolithic surface is serially stimulated as when the axis of the resultant force changes direction.The variations in reproducibility of response patterns suggested a limited response range to linear acceleration of the (otolithic) vestibular‐ocular reflex.
Remarks on the 50th anniversary of the american board of otolaryngology
Authors: Mccabe Brian F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis year marks the 50th year of the existence of the American Board of Otolaryngology. It was the second certifying Board in American medicine, founded and incorporated in 1924 by 10 representatives from 5 of our largest specialty societies. The objectives of the Board were delineated. These were, and still are, to establish standards of qualification for otolaryngologists who desire and request Board certification; to determine which candidates fulfill these standards of qualification; to examine such candidates and issue certificates upon satisfactory completion of the requirements, and finally to encourage development and maintenance of the highest standards in the teaching and training of otolaryngologists.
Principles of treatment of different types of parotid tumors.
Authors: Eneroth C.‐M. , Hamberger C.‐A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe prerequisite for an adequate treatment of a parotid tumor is a correct diagnosis — a diagnosis based on well delimited histological types of tumor. A classification with a clear delimitation between benign and malignant types of tumor is presented. The prognosis, relation to the facial nerve and the radiosensitivity of the different types of tumor in this classification have been studied in a series of about 2,000 parotid tumors. The extent of the surgical intervention — subtotal or total parotidectomy, radical neck dissection, sacrificing of the facial nerve — and the decision to perform preoperative irradiation are determined by the type of tumor; therefore, a correct diagnosis of the tumor before treatment is important as the primary diagnostic method aspiration biopsy has been routinely employed during the last decade.
Basal cell adenoma of the salivary glands.
Authors: Thawley Stanley E. , Ward Samuel P. , Ogura Joseph H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBasal cell adenoma is an unusual type of salivary gland tumor which has only recently been classified as a separate entity. Four cases are presented. Three were discovered by reviewing a series of adenoid cystic carcinomas and mixed tumors, and one was diagnosed originally. Three cases involved the parotid; one, the submaxillary gland. There was no facial nerve involvement in any case. Treatment was local excision. Follow‐up from two to nine years revealed no recurrence. The lesions typically are slow growing, firm, non‐tender, asymptomatic masses present for several years before treatment. The average age of the patients is generally older than those with mixed tumors. They are most often found in the parotid gland, but have been reported from the submaxillary and minor salivary glands of the upper lip, cheek, and palate. Microscopically the tumor consists of monomorphic basaloid cells with an absence of myoepithelial cells. Myoepithelial cells play an important role in salivary gland tumors. Their range of activity and products determine to a certain degree the morphology of adenoid‐cystic and mixed tumors. They resemble muscle cells as demonstrated by electron microscopy studies and also by functioning as contractile elements. The cell of origin is unknown. The tumors may closely resemble adenoid cystic carcinoma and mixed tumors; therefore, diagnostic and therapeutic questions may arise. The tumors are benign. No malignancy has been reported. The lesions can be unencapsulated; therefore, the best treatment is adequate local excision rather than enucleation, tumor may contribute more knowledge concerning the histogenesis of certain salivary gland tumors.With increased awareness and acceptance of this lesion as a separate entity by pathologists, we perhaps can expect an increase in its diagnosis.As otolaryngologists we should have a thorough knowledge of its clinicopathology in terms of clinical presentation, pathology, treatment, and prognosis.
Direct visualization of living organ of corti and studies of its extracellular fluids.
Authors: Lawrence Merle 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOcclusion of all or parts of any of the three separate capillary systems supplying the organ of Corti and its related tissues could result in different audiometric symptoms; however, little is known about the functional relationship between these capillaries and the tissues, so a series of experiments has been carried out to provide some data.Sometime ago we reported an experiment that demonstrated a different role for the capillaries of the stria vascularis than for those underlying the osseous spiral lamina and basilar membrane. These latter capillaries care for the immediate demands of the organ of Corti.Probably the greatest handicap to more complete research has been the inability to observe the cells, spaces, and capillaries of the organ of Corti in the living state. This paper describes an approach to the inner ear of the guinea pig that provides a view of the sensory area without injuring essential capillaries.By means of a surgical approach to the round window a bit of bony promontory is removed to expose the basilar membrane. Removal of the stapes allows light from a cool fiber optics source to reflect from the walls of the vestibule to reveal the cells and spaces of the organ of Corti. Under this direct visualization, electrodes to monitor dc resting potentials or to measure oxygen concentrations are placed in the extracellular spaces. A motion picture shows the technique.Experiments that determined the boundaries of the organ of Corti fluids and capillaries that provide oxygen to these spaces and subsequently to the sensory cells are reviewed. The tectorial membrane seals the fluids of the organ of Corti spaces including the inner sulcus from endolymph, and the spiral vessels provide oxygen to these fluids.Occlusion of the spiral capillaries causes a relatively rapid degeneration of the organ of Corti in that region, whereas occlusion to capillaries of the spiral ligament and its structures may produce altered function of the organ of Corti and perhaps its degeneration over a longer period of time.
Occupational hearing loss — an otologist's view of a long‐term study.
Authors: Alberti P. W. , Morgan P. P. , Leblanc J. C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSeven hundred nineteen consecutive patients referred by The Workmen's Compensation Board for adjudication of hearing loss of presumed occupational etiology, have had an otological and audiological evaluation. Significant ear disease was found in 7 percent of ears, and in >3 percent it was considered the major cause of hearing loss.Routinely evoked response audiometry was undertaken in a consecutive sub‐series of 258 patients and the results compared with conventional tests. Approximately one in five showed an exaggerated hearing loss, which was well predicted by the audiologist on the basis of the patient's attitude during conventional tests.It is argued that compensation awards based upon pure‐tone averages ignore a major aspect of the patient's handicap — the loss of ability to discriminate sound in background noise. Comparison between speech discrimination results and pure‐tone threshold responses showed a statistically significant inverse relationship with the low frequency response and a positive relationship with high frequency response, which is contrary to the present method of evaluating handicap awards. It is suggested that 500 Hz should be eliminated from the frequencies used in handicap evaluation of sensori‐neural hearing loss and/or that at least one extra higher frequency (3,000 or 4,000 Hz) be included.
Are Multiaxial Fatigue Criteria Appropriate When Steels with Surface Defects are Subjected to Rolling Contact Fatigue
Authors: Desimone H , Bernasconi A , Beretta S 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe fatigue strength assessment of parts subjected to rolling and sliding contacts is a multiaxial fatigue problem because of the cyclic variation of the six components of the stress tensor, which generate non proportional stress paths. In real steels, the difficulty of the problem is increased by the presence of defects, which has to be considered in order to achieve an accurate assessment of their multiaxial fatigue strength. In this context, this paper analyzes the behavior and accuracy of some multiaxial fatigue criteria when dealing with a quenched and tempered steel with and without defects. Several fatigue tests on smooth and micronotched specimens were carried out, for different stress ratio conditions. The results are confronted with the most popular multiaxial fatigue criteria of the critical plane class (e.g., Dang Van, Findley) and implementing an integral approach (e.g., Liu-Zenner). Even if some of these criteria fit the results when smooth specimens are considered, noticeable contradictions arise when they are applied to steels containing defects. From this point of view, it seems that new criteria should be considered for rolling contact fatigue in presence of defects.
Decrement of postprandial insulin secretion determines the progressive nature of type-2 diabetes
Authors: Shim Wan Sub , Kim Soo Kyung , Kim Hae Jin , Kang Eun Seok , Ahn Chul Woo , Lim Sung Kil , Lee Hyun Chul , Cha Bong Soo 
Published: September 2006

Objective: Type-2 diabetes is a progressive disease. However, little is known about whether decreased fasting or postprandial pancreatic β-cell responsiveness is more prominent with increased duration of diabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between insulin secretion both during fasting and 2 h postprandial, and the duration of diabetes in type-2 diabetic patients.
Design: Cross-sectional clinical investigation.
Methods: We conducted a meal tolerance test in 1466 type-2 diabetic patients and calculated fasting (M0) and postprandial (M1) β-cell responsiveness.
Results: The fasting C-peptide, postprandial C-peptide, M0, and M1 values were lower, but HbA1c values were higher, in patients with diabetes duration > 10 years than those in other groups. There was no difference in the HbA1c levels according to the tertiles of their fasting C-peptide level. However, in a group of patients with highest postprandial C-peptide tertile, the HbA1c values were significantly lower than those in other groups. After adjustment of age, sex, and body mass index (BMI), the duration of diabetes was found to be negatively correlated with fasting C-peptide (γ = −0.102), postprandial C-peptide (γ = −0.356), M0 (γ = −0.263), and M1 (γ = −0.315; P < 0.01 respectively). After adjustment of age, sex, and BMI, HbA1c was found to be negatively correlated with postprandial C-peptide (γ = −0.264), M0 (γ = −0.379), and M1 (γ = −0.522), however, positively correlated with fasting C-peptide (γ = 0.105; P < 0.01 respectively). In stepwise multiple regression analysis, M0, M1, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) emerged as predictors of HbAlc after adjustment for age, sex, and BMI (R2 = 0.272, 0.080, and 0.056 respectively).
Conclusions: With increasing duration of diabetes, the decrease of postprandial insulin secretion is becoming more prominent, and postprandial β-cell responsiveness may be a more important determinant for glycemic control than fasting β-cell responsiveness.
Identification of factors differentially associated with isolated impaired fasting glucose and isolated post-load impaired glucose tolerance: the Hong Kong Cardiovascular Risk Factor Study
Authors: Thomas G Neil , Schooling C Mary , McGhee Sarah M , Ho Sai-Yin , Cheung Bernard M Y , Wat Nelson M , Janus Edward D , Lam Tai Hing , _ _ 
Published: September 2006

Background: The use of fasting and post-prandial glucose levels in the classification of hyperglycaemic states often identifies distinct subjects, but the factors determining these intermediate-isolated glucose intolerant states are yet to be clearly elucidated in Chinese subjects.
Methods: Representative subjects (n = 2769) were randomly recruited from the Hong Kong Chinese population and glycaemic status was determined using both fasting and 2h 75 g oral glucose tolerance test glucose levels. The relationship between the groups with isolated glucose intolerance and vascular risk factors was investigated using ANOVA and logistic regression analyses.
Results: Using either criterion, diabetes was identified in 265 (9.6%) subjects and glucose intolerance in 568 (20.5%) subjects. Of those 568, isolated impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) using the post-load criterion was identified in 49.5% and isolated impaired fasting glucose (IFG) in 30.5%. Ageing and hyperinsulinaemia were common determinants of IGT and IFG; with small hip circumference a marker of poorer early life development and being born in China rather than Hong Kong, a possible low birth weight marker was also associated with IFG. Hypertension, hypertriglyceridaemia and poor education were also associated with IGT. When we looked for factors differentially associated with these glucose intolerant states, female sex, greater hip circumference, high triglyceride levels, low fasting insulin levels, and not being born in China were independently associated with isolated IGT compared with isolated IFG.
Conclusion: Despite common antecedents to the glucose intolerant states, isolated IFG appeared to be particularly associated with early life development, and isolated IGT was more strongly associated with obesity-related determinants such as hypertriglyceridaemia.
The association between hypoechogenicity or irregular echo pattern at thyroid ultrasonography and thyroid function in the general population
Authors: Vejbjerg Pernille , Knudsen Nils , Perrild Hans , Laurberg Peter , Pedersen Inge Bülow , Rasmussen Lone B , Ovesen Lars , Jørgensen Torben 
Published: September 2006

Objective: Patients with overt hypothyroidism show decreased echogenicity of the thyroid at ultrasonography (US). The aim of this study was to investigate the association between echogenicity of the thyroid/irregular echo pattern, and thyroid function in the general population, i.e. subjects without overt thyroid disease.
Design: A cross-sectional investigation of 4649 randomly selected adult subjects.
Methods: Blood samples were analysed for serum TSH, thyroid hormones and thyroid autoantibodies. US of the thyroid was performed.
Results: Participants with decreased echogenicity (n=379) had a higher mean TSH (1.65 mU/l) compared with subjects with normal echogenicity (1.21 mU/l, P<0.0001). The association was stronger in subjects with markedly decreased echogenicity (4.20 mU/l, P<0.0001). A similar association was seen when the subjects were divided into subgroups according to the level of TSH; more subjects with high levels of TSH had decreased echogenicity (P<0.0001). Likewise, more subjects with high levels of TSH had an irregular echo pattern (P<0.0001). Subjects with decreased echogenicity had a higher risk of having thyroid autoantibodies than subjects without decreased echogenicity (P<0.0001). This association was stronger when echogenicity was markedly decreased.
Conclusions: We demonstrated an association between hypoechogenicity at thyroid US and higher levels of serum TSH even in subjects without overt thyroid disease, suggesting decreased echogenicity as an early sign of thyroid dysfunction. Irregular echo pattern, whether accompanied by hypoechogenicity or not, was another possible marker of thyroid failure. This indicates a possible use of thyroid US in detecting early and subclinical thyroid dysfunction.