bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What's in a Name? New Labour's Putative Keynesianism
Authors: HAY COLIN 
Published: December 2006

Whatever its limitations, the academic literature has not been short in supplying adjectives to describe and characterize the political economy of New Labour. Yet until Ben Clift and Jim Tomlinson's provocative and imaginative intervention in the debate published in this journal, ‘Keynesian’ was not one of them. In a way it is odd that New Labour's political economy should not previously have been labelled Keynesian – it has, after all, been called almost everything else and, as Clift and Tomlinson show well, there is a certain intuitive appeal to this designation.In this brief response, however, I seek to demonstrate that the label ‘Keynesian’ is ultimately inappropriate, the resulting characterization misplaced. Despite their pretensions to normative neutrality, I suggest, Clift and Tomlinson's self-evident desire to label New Labour's political economy ‘Keynesian’ leads them to mischaracterize both the literature they critique and the putative object of that literature's and their own analytical attentions. I argue that whilst they do largely succeed in showing that New Labour has not ‘decisively repudiated’ Keynesianism, they do not show that it has actively embraced it. Indeed, even if one were to accept every aspect of their analysis, at best they show that the decision to cede operational independence to the Bank of England has bought consecutive New Labour governments since 1997 the fiscal policy discretion to respond – if, as and when the need arises (or is seen to arise) – to recessionary pressures in a Keynesian fashion. In short, they make a far stronger case for suggesting that New Labour's policies since 1997 are not incompatible with future Keynesianism than they do for suggesting that those policies are themselves Keynesian in intent or content.
Distribution of novel and previously investigated virulence genes in colonizing and invasive isolates ofStreptococcus agalactiae
Authors: SMITH T. C. , ROEHL S. A. , PILLAI P. , LI S. , MARRS C. F. , FOXMAN B. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAlthoughStreptococcus agalactiaehas emerged as an important cause of invasive disease, relatively little is known regarding the genetic basis of virulence of this organism. Three novel genes with characteristics suggesting a role in virulence were identified via comparison of sequenced genomes ofS. agalactiae. The presence of these genes and of the previously identified genesbac,bca,rib, andspb1was determined, and isolates were assigned a binary genetic signature. It was found that isolates containingspb1, previously suggested to be limited to serotype III-3, were represented by 18 different genetic signatures and several serotypes, and that the presence of bothsbp1andribwas more predictive of invasive disease thanspb1alone. Additionally,bac-positive isolates, reported to be genetically homogeneous, were represented by 14 different genetic signatures. Finally, the majority of serotype V isolates examined contained zero or only one of the genes tested, suggesting that much remains undiscovered regarding important virulence factors in isolates of this serotype.
Estimating the undetected burden of influenza hospitalizations in children
Authors: GRIJALVA C. G. , WEINBERG G. A. , BENNETT N. M. , STAAT M. A. , CRAIG A. S. , DUPONT W. D. , IWANE M. K. , POSTEMA A. S. , SCHAFFNER W. , EDWARDS K. M. , GRIFFIN M. R. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYDuring the 2004–2005 influenza season two independent influenza surveillance systems operated simultaneously in three United States counties. The New Vaccine Surveillance Network (NVSN) prospectively enrolled children hospitalized for respiratory symptoms/fever and tested them using culture and RT–PCR. The Emerging Infections Program (EIP) and a similar clinical-laboratory surveillance system identified hospitalized children who had positive influenza tests obtained as part of their usual medical care. Using data from these systems, we applied capture–recapture analyses to estimate the burden of influenza related-hospitalizations in children aged <5 years. During the 2004–2005 influenza season the influenza-related hospitalization rate estimated by capture–recapture analysis was 8·6/10 000 children aged <5 years. When compared to this estimate, the sensitivity of the prospective surveillance system was 69% and the sensitivity of the clinical-laboratory based system was 39%. In the face of limited resources and an increasing need for influenza surveillance, capture–recapture analysis provides better estimates than either system alone.
BI-D1870 is a specific inhibitor of the p90 RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) isoformsin vitroandin vivo
Authors: Sapkota Gopal P. , Cummings Lorna , Newell Felicity S. , Armstrong Christopher , Bain Jennifer , Frodin Morten , Grauert Matthias , Hoffmann Matthias , Schnapp Gisela , Steegmaier Martin , Cohen Philip , Alessi Dario R. 
Published: December 2006

Hormones and growth factors induce the activation of a number of protein kinases that belong to the AGC subfamily, including isoforms of PKA, protein kinase B (also known as Akt), PKC, S6K p70 (ribosomal S6 kinase), RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) and MSK (mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase), which then mediate many of the physiological processes that are regulated by these extracellular agonists. It can be difficult to assess the individual functions of each AGC kinase because their substrate specificities are similar. Here we describe the small molecule BI-D1870, which inhibits RSK1, RSK2, RSK3 and RSK4 in vitro with an IC50 of 10–30 nM, but does not signi-ficantly inhibit ten other AGC kinase members and over 40 other protein kinases tested at 100-fold higher concentrations. BI-D1870 is cell permeant and prevents the RSK-mediated phorbol ester- and EGF (epidermal growth factor)-induced phosphoryl-ation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and LKB1 in human embry-onic kidney 293 cells and Rat-2 cells. In contrast, BI-D1870 does not affect the agonist-triggered phosphorylation of substrates for six other AGC kinases. Moreover, BI-D1870 does not suppress the phorbol ester- or EGF-induced phosphorylation of CREB (cAMP-response-element-binding protein), consistent with the genetic evidence indicating that MSK, and not RSK, isoforms mediate the mitogen-induced phosphorylation of this transcription factor.
Effect of aging and obesity on the expression of dyslipidaemia in children from families with familial combined hyperlipidaemia
Authors: ter Avest Ewoud , Sniderman Allan D. , Bredie Sebastian J. H. , Wiegman Albert , Stalenhoef Anton F. H. , de Graaf Jacqueline 
Published: December 2006

The aim of the present study was to delineate the mechanism(s) responsible for the increased secretion of VLDL (very-low-density lipoprotein) particles in patients with FCH (familial combined hyperlipidaemia). In 194 young adults (&lt;25 years of age) recruited from families with FCH, we investigated how plasma lipids, (apo)lipoproteins and BMI (body mass index) varied with age. Furthermore, we performed a 5-year follow-up study of clinical and biochemical characteristics of a subset of this population (n=85) stratified by apoB (apolipoprotein B) levels (below or above the 75th percentile adjusted for age and gender). Plasma apoB concentration (r=0.45, P&lt;0.0001), triacylglycerol (triglyceride) concentration (r=0.45, P&lt;0.0001), LDL (low-density lipoprotein) subfraction profile (r=−0.46, P&lt;0.0001) and BMI (r=0.51, P&lt;0.0001) were significantly associated with age. Plasma apoB concentration in the hyperapoB group was already elevated at a young age, whereas other characteristics of FCH, as observed in adults, including triacylglycerol levels &gt;1.5 mmol/l and/or small-dense LDL, were observed only sporadically. After the 5-year follow-up, BMI increased in both groups, and this increase was associated with changes in apoB (r=0.27, P&lt;0.05), triacylglycerol (r=0.30, P&lt;0.01), VLDL cholesterol (r=0.22, P&lt;0.05), VLDL triacylglycerol (r=0.25, P&lt;0.05) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (r=−0.27, P&lt;0.05). In conclusion, we have found indirect evidence of a primary, presumably genetically determined, increase in plasma apoB concentration occurring early in life of offspring from families with FCH. However, aging-related post-maturation increases in adipose tissue mass also appear to contribute to an aggravation and/or modulation of this genetically determined apoB overproduction.
Markers improve clustering of CGH data
Authors: Liu Jun , Ranka Sanjay , Kahveci Tamer 
Published: December 2006

AbstractMotivation: We consider the problem of clustering a population of Comparative Genomic Hybridization (CGH) data samples using similarity based clustering methods. A key requirement for clustering is to avoid using the noisy aberrations in the CGH samples.Results: We develop a dynamic programming algorithm to identify a small set of important genomic intervals called markers. The advantage of using these markers is that the potentially noisy genomic intervals are excluded during the clustering process. We also develop two clustering strategies using these markers. The first one, prototype-based approach, maximizes the support for the markers. The second one, similarity-based approach, develops a new similarity measure called RSim and refines clusters with the aim of maximizing the RSim measure between the samples in the same cluster. Our results demonstrate that the markers we found represent the aberration patterns of cancer types well and they improve the quality of clustering significantly.Availability: All software developed in this paper and all the datasets used are available from the authors upon request.Contact: juliu@cise.ufl.edu
The Influence of Yoga‐Based Programs on Risk Profiles in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review
Authors: Innes Kim E. , Vincent Heather K. 
Published: December 2006

There is growing evidence that yoga may offer a safe and cost‐effective intervention for Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (DM 2). However, systematic reviews are lacking. This article critically reviews the published literature regarding the effects of yoga‐based programs on physiologic and anthropometric risk profiles and related clinical outcomes in adults with DM 2. We performed a comprehensive literature search using four computerized English and Indian scientific databases. The search was restricted to original studies (1970–2006) that evaluated the metabolic and clinical effects of yoga in adults with DM 2. Studies targeting clinical populations with cardiovascular disorders that included adults with comorbid DM were also evaluated. Data were extracted regarding study design, setting, target population, intervention, comparison group or condition, outcome assessment, data analysis and presentation, follow‐up, and key results, and the quality of each study was evaluated according to specific predetermined criteria. We identified 25 eligible studies, including 15 uncontrolled trials, 6 non‐randomized controlled trials and 4 randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Overall, these studies suggest beneficial changes in several risk indices, including glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, lipid profiles, anthropometric characteristics, blood pressure, oxidative stress, coagulation profiles, sympathetic activation and pulmonary function, as well as improvement in specific clinical outcomes. Yoga may improve risk profiles in adults with DM 2, and may have promise for the prevention and management of cardiovascular complications in this population. However, the limitations characterizing most studies preclude drawing firm conclusions. Additional high‐quality RCTs are needed to confirm and further elucidate the effects of standardized yoga programs in populations with DM 2.Corrigendum to “The Influence of Yoga-Based Programs on Risk Profiles in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review”dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecam/nen008
Positive short-term effects of sheep grazing on the alpine avifauna
Authors: Loe Leif Egil , Mysterud Atle , Stien Audun , Steen Harald , Evans Darren M , Austrheim Gunnar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractGrazing by large herbivores may negatively affect bird populations. This is of great conservation concern in areas with intensive sheep grazing. Sheep management varies substantially between regions, but no study has been performed in less intensively grazed systems. In a fully replicated, landscape scale experiment with three levels of sheep grazing, we tested whether the abundance and diversity of an assemblage of mountain birds were negatively affected by grazing or if grazing facilitated the bird assemblage. Density of birds was higher at high sheep density compared with low sheep density or no sheep by the fourth grazing season, while there was no clear effect on bird diversity. Thus, agricultural traditions and land use politics determining sheep density may change the density of avifauna in either positive or negative directions.
Corrected‐QT intervals as related to methadone dose and serum level in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients—a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Peles Einat , Bodner Gershon , Kreek Mary Jeanne , Rados Vera , Adelson Miriam 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAims To determine and evaluate QTc intervals in electrocardiograms (ECGs) of former heroin addicts, currently in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT), as previous reports suggest that methadone may prolong QTc intervals, thus possibly increasing the risk for Torsade de pointes (TdP).Design Cross‐sectional study.Setting Between January 2003 and September 2004, patients on a steady dose of methadone for at least 2 weeks were studied.Participants This study is a subset of 153 patients, of whom 151 patients participated in a study of high methadone doses and serum levels. A total of 138 patients in MMT for a minimum of 100 days up to 10.7 years, receiving 40–290 mg/day methadone dose, participated.Measurements Patients had an ECG at the time when blood was drawn for determination of serum methadone levels at around 24 hours after the last oral methadone dose. Corrected‐QT intervals (QTc) were calculated using the Bazett formula.Findings Of 138 patients studied, 98 (71%) were male. Mean QTc interval was 418.3 ± 32.8 milliseconds (ms). Mean methadone dose was 170.9 ± 50.3 mg/day and mean serum methadone level was 708.2 ± 363.1 ng/ml. Methadone dose and serum levels did not correlate with QTc. Three patients had QTc intervals above 500 ms (‘prolonged’). After 2 ± 0.4 years of follow‐up, two patients died; they were two of three patients with very prolonged QTc. Causes of death were not attributed to cardiac origin. An additional 19 patients had QTc intervals of between 450 and 499 ms (‘possibly prolonged’). None of these QTc ≥ 450 ms patients had any cardiac problems. Methadone doses of all 22 patients were > 120 mg/day.Conclusions Methadone maintenance is generally safe; however, the possible toxicity of high dose (> 120 mg/day) should be monitored for QTc.
Anaesthetic management of uncontrolled idiopathic intracranial hypertension during labour and delivery using an intrathecal catheter
Authors: Aly E. E. , Lawther B. K. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIdiopathic intracranial hypertension is a rare syndrome characterised by prolonged elevation of intracranial pressure in the absence of hydrocephalus, intracranial mass lesion or infection, and with increased cerebrospinal fluid pressure but a normal composition. We report a case of uncontrolled idiopathic intracranial hypertension successfully managed using an intrathecal catheter for analgesia in labour and delivery as well as temporary control of intracranial pressure.
Mechanisms influencing the vasoactive effects of lidocaine in human skin*
Authors: Newton D. J. , McLeod G. A. , Khan F. , Belch J. J. F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryThe vasodilator properties of lidocaine are believed to be due mainly to the inhibition of action potentials via sodium channel blocking in vasoconstrictor sympathetic nerves. However, mechanisms involving the vascular endothelium may also play a role, and in this study we investigated the potential influences of nitric oxide release, the cyclo‐oxygenase pathway and the β‐adrenoceptors of vascular smooth muscle. Laser Doppler imaging was used to measure microvascular blood flow responses to intradermal injection of lidocaine 2%, with or without the addition of preservatives, in eight healthy, male volunteers. Co‐injection of the nitric‐oxide–synthase inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester caused a 60% reduction in the response after about 20 min, and this reduction was enhanced with the lidocaine solution containing the preservatives methylhydroxybenzoate and propylhydroxybenzoate. No reduction in response was seen after blocking the cyclo‐oxygenase or β‐adrenoceptor pathways. Nitric oxide release contributes to the vasoactivity of lidocaine in human skin.
Evaluation of echocardiography indices of systolic function: a comparative study using pressure‐volume loops in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery*
Authors: Royse C. F. , Connelly K. A. , MacLaren G. , Royse A. G. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryTransoesophageal echocardiography measures of systolic left ventricular function obtained during coronary artery bypass surgery are heavily influenced by alterations in loading conditions. No validation of these measurements against load independent indices obtained by pressure‐volume loop analysis has been undertaken in humans. Ten patients undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery underwent simultaneous transoesophageal echocardiography and pressure‐volume loop analysis of cardiac function at different loading conditions (reduced preload, increased afterload and atrial pacing). Fractional area change, afterload corrected fractional area change, and lateral basal wall peak systolic myocardial velocity, along with dP/dt, were compared to the preload recruitable stroke work relationship. There were no significant differences between the echocardiography measures when compared to the preload recruitable stroke work relationship; however, dP/dt varied significantly across loading conditions (p < 0.001). Transoesophageal echocardiography adequately assesses systolic function across loading conditions commonly seen during coronary artery bypass surgery.
Is inappropriate medication use a major cause of adverse drug reactions in the elderly?
Authors: Laroche Marie‐Laure , Charmes Jean‐Pierre , Nouaille Yves , Picard Nicolas , Merle Louis 
Published: December 2006

What is already known about this subject • Several studies have shown that inappropriate medications induce adverse health outcomes in the elderly.• The hypothesis of Beers et al. that these inappropriate medications increase the likelihood of adverse drug reactions is debated and checked in patients admitted to hospital. What this study adds • Inappropriate medications do not seem to be the major cause of adverse drug reactions in the elderly.• More than the inappropriateness of the drugs themselves, it is the inappropriate use of drugs that is to be tackled when treating the elderly.• The main preventable factor is the reduction in the number of drugs given.AimTo study the occurrence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) linked to inappropriate medication (IM) use in elderly people admitted to an acute medical geriatric unit.MethodsAll the elderly people aged ≥ 70 years admitted to the acute medical geriatric unit of Limoges University hospital (France) over a 49‐month period were included, whatever their medical condition. For all the patients, clinical pharmacologists listed the medications given before admission and identified the possible ADRs. The appropriateness of these medications and the causal relationship between drugs (either appropriate or not) and ADRs were evaluated.ResultsTwo thousand and eighteen patients were included. The number of drugs taken was 7.3 ± 3.0 in the patients with ADRs and 6.0 ± 3.0 in those without ADRs (P < 0.0001). Sixty‐six percent of the patients were given at least one IM prior to admission. ADR prevalence was 20.4% among the 1331 patients using IMs and 16.4% among those using only appropriate drugs (P < 0.03). In only 79 of the 1331 IM users (5.9%) were ADRs directly attributable to IMs. The IMs most often involved in patients with ADRs were: anticholinergic antidepressants, cerebral vasodilators, long‐acting benzodiazepines and concomitant use of two or more psychotropic drugs from the same therapeutic class. Using multivariate analysis, after adjusting for confounding factors, IM use was not associated with a significant increased risk of ADRs (odds ratio 1.0, 95% confidence interval 0.8, 1.3).ConclusionBesides a reduction in the number of drugs given to the elderly, a good prescription should involve a reduction in the proportion of IMs and should take into consideration the frailty of these patients.
Human growth hormone (GH1) gene polymorphism map in a normal‐statured adult population
Authors: Esteban Cristina , Audí Laura , Carrascosa Antonio , Fernández‐Cancio Mónica , Pérez‐Arroyo Annalisa , Ulied Angels , Andaluz Pilar , Arjona Rosa , Albisu Marian , Clemente María , Gussinyé Miquel , Yeste Diego 
Published: December 2006

SummaryObjective  GH1 gene presents a complex map of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the entire promoter, coding and noncoding regions. The aim of the study was to establish the complete map of GH1 gene SNPs in our control normal population and to analyse its association with adult height.Design, subjects and measurements  A systematic GH1 gene analysis was designed in a control population of 307 adults of both sexes with height normally distributed within normal range for the same population: −2 standard deviation scores (SDS) to +2 SDS. An analysis was performed on individual and combined genotype associations with adult height.Results  Twenty‐five SNPs presented a frequency over 1%: 11 in the promoter (P1 to P11), three in the 5′UTR region (P12 to P14), one in exon 1 (P15), three in intron 1 (P16 to P18), two in intron 2 (P19 and P20), two in exon 4 (P21 and P22) and three in intron 4 (P23 to P25). Twenty‐nine additional changes with frequencies under 1% were found in 29 subjects. P8, P19, P20 and P25 had not been previously described. P6, P12, P17 and P25 accounted for 6·2% of the variation in adult height (P = 0·0007) in this population with genotypes A/G at P6, G/G at P6 and A/G at P12 decreasing height SDS (−0·063 ± 0·031, −0·693 ± 0·350 and −0·489 ± 0·265, Mean ± SE) and genotypes A/T at P17 and T/G at P25 increasing height SDS (+1·094 ± 0·456 and +1·184 ± 0·432).Conclusions  This study established the GH1 gene sequence variation map in a normal adult height control population confirming the high density of SNPs in a relatively small gene. Our study shows that the more frequent SNPs did not significantly contribute to height determination, while only one promoter and two intronic SNPs contributed significantly to it. Studies in larger populations will have to confirm the associations and in vitro functional studies will elucidate the mechanisms involved. Systematic GH1 gene analysis in patients with growth delay and suspected GH deficiency/insufficiency will clarify whether different SNP frequencies and/or the presence of different sequence changes may be associated with phenotypes in them.