bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Control of spoilage and ripening in mango fruit by zineb and sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
Authors: Subramanyam H. , Moorthy N. V. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractZineb (0.375%) in hot water as a post harvest dip reduced the spoilage due to fungi and delayed the ripening process in Alphonso and Pairi mangoes. Spoilage was minimal when the treatment was given soon after harvest. Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (0.4 %) was also effective in reducing the spoilage in Pairi mangoes although the treatment was delayed until 7 days after harvest. These compounds did not adversely affect the chemical composition or edible quality of the fruit.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain: Organochlorine residues in imported cereals, nuts, pulses and animal foodstuffs
Authors: Hill E. G. , Fishwick F. B. , Thompson R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResults are presented for the determination of organochlorine insecticide residues in imported cereals, nuts, pulses and animal foodstuffs for the 2 year period July 1969 to June 1971. BHC was found in all but four of the 248 samples examined but only in 25 (10%) did the level exceed 0.5 mg/kg. DDT was found in 39% of the samples of which three samples of wheat contained more than 1 mg/kg and two samples of cottonseed cake more than 0.5 mg/kg. The other commodities sampled had less than 0.2 mg/kg. DDE was detected in trace amounts in 26 % of the samples examined.
Residues of the insecticides phorate and methomyl in mint hay and oil
Authors: Kiigemagi Ulo , Wellman Dennis , Cooley E. J. , Terriere L. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince mint oil is used as a flavouring agent for foods and cosmetics, pesticide residues in the oil are undesirable. The residual behaviour of two pesticides, phorate and methomyl, was studied as replacements for chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides which leave residues in the oil. Phorate applications of 1.1 kg/ha resulted in oil residues of 0.24 mg/kg total phorate in Oregon samples and 1.69 mg/kg in Washington samples. Less than 1% of the residues in the hay distilled with the oil. Mint oil undergoes a 100‐ to 1000‐fold dilution in commercial use with a corresponding reduction of residues in the final product.No residues of methomyl were found in the oil, even with hay residues as high as 5.34 mg/kg. Residues in hay decreased to half of initial levels in 2 to 4 days, independently of use conditions. It was concluded that the proposed use of phorate or methomyl for control of mint pests does not present a residue hazard.Details of the analytical methods used are also presented.
Metabolism of bromoxynil octanoate in growing wheat
Authors: Buckland Jenny L. , Collins R. F. , Puiiin Eileen M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[14C]ring‐Bromoxynil octanoate was applied to the leaves of wheat seedlings, which were cultivated in a growth cabinet under controlled conditions for 14 days. Fractionation of the metabolites present in the treated leaves, which accounted for about 63% of the radioactivity applied, indicated a complex metabolic pathway resulting from initial hydrolysis to free bromoxynil, followed by three consecutive or concurrent steps (a) hydrolysis of the cyano group to the amide and carboxylic acid, followed by decarboxylation to 2,6‐dibromophenol (0.5% of the 14C applied), (b) replacement of one or both bromine atoms by hydroxy groups to 3‐bromo‐4,5‐dihydroxybenzonitrile (1.3 %) and 3,4,5‐trihydroxybenzo‐nitrile (0.6 %) or their hydrolysis products, (c) replacement of one or both bromine atoms by hydrogen, giving 3‐bromo‐4‐hydroxybenzonitrile (1.9 %) and 4‐hydroxy‐benzonitrile (0.6%) or their hydrolysis products. Some of the phenolic acids or phenols formed are natural plant constituents. The metabolites identified represented in all about 11 % of the herbicide applied, but no individual metabolite accounted for more than a small proportion of it.
Pesticide residues in the total diet in Canada. III—1971
Authors: Smith Dorothy C. , Leduc Raymonde , Charbonneau Claudette 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoods, representing an average Canadian diet, were cooked, grouped by type of product and made into composites which were then analysed for organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides and arsenic. The amounts found were at a consistently low level and would contribute approx. 22 μg total pesticide residues and 25 μg arsenic/person/day.
The insecticidal activity of diethyl and dimethyl analogues of azinphos, bromophos, carbophenothion and parathion on glass surfaces and in soil
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Smith Clara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe insecticidal activity of dimethyl and diethyl forms of parathion, carbophenothion, bromophos and azinphos on glass surfaces and in soil was assessed by bioassay with adult vestigial winged Drosophila melanogaster (Meig.). Both on glass and in soil there were large differences in the initial toxicities of the four different pairs of insecticides, but little difference between diethyl and dimethyl forms of each compound. In soil, toxicity was influenced greatly by soil type and moisture content, decreasing in the order moist sand = dry sand > moist clay‐loam > dry clay‐loam > dry peat > moist peat. Some of these effects may have been caused by differences in the behaviour of insects confined with moist or dry treated soils.In sterilised or unsterilised moist clay‐loam, diethyl forms of three of the four compounds remained toxic longer than their dimethyl counterparts. Possibly such differences could account for the greater effectiveness of certain diethyl compounds in field control of soil insect pests.
Availability of linuron to plants in different soils
Authors: Walker Allan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTotal uptake of linuron by wheat seedlings in nutrient solutions was close to that expected from the product of the amounts of water transpired by the plants and the concentrations of herbicide in solution. Uptake from 19 different soils was less than the amount supplied by mass‐flow when the concentrations of linuron in the soil solution were estimated from slurry adsorption measurements. Using a pressure‐membrane technique, it was shown that the actual soil solution concentrations of linuron were less than those estimated, and following rewetting of pressure‐membrane samples, the rate of redistribution of linuron between the adsorbed and solution phases was slow. The results suggest that under the conditions of the uptake experiments, the systems were not in equilibrium, and show that the rates of adsorption and desorption of linuron may be important in determining its availability to plants.
Pyrethrum dermatitis.II. The allergenicity of pyrethrum oleoresin and its cross‐reactions with the saline extract of pyrethrum flowers
Authors: Rickett Frank E. , Tyszkiewicz Krzysztof 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests on sensitised guinea pigs have indicated that crude pyrethrum oleoresin contains two types of allergens. The more potent are compounds with similar allergenic determinants to the allergens present in the 0.9% saline extract of pyrethrum flowers which have been tentatively classified as glycoproteins or glycopeptides with molecular weights distributed between about 60 000 and 200 000.The second class of allergens is the sesquiterpene lactones, principally pyrethrosin but these are of minor importance due to their low concentration in pyrethrum oleoresin.Contrary to a recent report, no allergenic activity was obtained from pyrethrin II.
Diamphenethide—a new fasciolicide active against immature parasites
Authors: Harfenist Morton 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiamphenethide is the result of a search for a fasciolicide effective against immature parasites. The history of its development is followed from the active but toxic 4‐tert‐butoxyacetanilide (II) through the progressively more active and less toxic 4‐allyloxyacetanilides to di‐[2‐(4‐acetamidophenoxy)ethyl] ether, diamphenethide (VII). Evidence is presented that the activity and good therapeutic index of VII depend on deacylation to (probably) the di‐amino analogue (VIII) by liver de‐acylases, which occurs in the liver parenchyma infected by the immature fluke. Structure‐activity relationships against immature Fasciola gigantica in mice show that the acetyl group is about the correct size for maximum effectiveness, that ring‐substitution is generally very unfavourable, and that central polymethylene bridges longer than ethylene lead to lower activity or greater toxicity. The effects of functionalised central chains are shown, and a selection of activities against F. hepatica in sheep is given.
Diamphenethide—a drug offering a fresh approach to the treatment of liver fluke disease in sheep
Authors: Rowlands D.apTudur 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDiamphenethide, di‐[2‐(4‐acetamidophenoxy)ethyl] ether, is the active ingredient of a new fasciolicide for oral administration to sheep at a dose rate of 80 to 120 mg/kg liveweight. This drug possesses an exceptionally high activity against the youngest of immature stages of the liver fluke Fasciola hepatica present in the liver parenchyma. Activity is high against flukes of all ages and adequate control is achieved against mature infestations. Strategic administration of this fasciolicide could in time lead to the prophylaxis of liver fluke disease in sheep.
Studies of insecticide assays and spray deposit recovery in relation to the false codling moth, Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; subfamily olethreutinae)
Authors: Nyiira Zerubabel M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsecticide assays using larvae of Cryptophlebia leucotreta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae; subfamily Olethreutinae) showed that parathion‐methyl and monocrotophos were more toxic than fenitrothion and endosulfan. The LD90 were 3.44 mg/kg and 11.0 mg/kg for parathion‐methyl and monocrotophos, respectively. The order of relative efficiency of the insecticides was as follows: parathion‐methyl, monocrotophos, fenitrothion and lastly endosulfan.When different spray machines were tested for spray deposition on well grown cotton plants, the motorised airblast sprayer effected a more satisfactory deposit recovery on the lower parts of the cotton plants where early and heavy infestation of C. leucotreta to the mature cotton bolls occurs.
Dosage—response curve of wheat brown rust to triforine supplied via root treatment
Authors: Ebenebe Chukwuwetalu , Bruchhausena Volkmar Von , Grossmann Friedrich 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWheat plants were allowed to take up [3H]triforine through their roots and were later inoculated with uredospores of the leaf rust of wheat. Through extraction and chromatographic analysis coupled with evaluation of the rust attack, it was established that rust attack was prevented completely when the concentration of unaltered triforine in the leaves reached 9 μg/g fresh weight.
Uptake of chlorfenvinphos and phorate from soil by carrots as influenced by mode of application and cultivar
Authors: Suett David L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGranular formulations of chlorfenvinphos and phorate were applied to sandyloam soil at 2 kg a.i./ha either broadcast and incorporated to 2.5 cm, broadcast and incorporated at 10 cm or by the bow‐wave method along the carrot rows. Depth of incorporation did not influence the rates of residue decline in the soil. Bow‐wave applications produced the highest residues in root and foliage and also reduced the rate of oxidation of phorate. 30 weeks after sowing the carrots, all treatments gave the highest residue concentrations in the uppermost 6 cm of carrot root. The peel of carrots grown in the soil treated to a depth of 10 cm contained 88 % and 23 % of the total chlorfenvinphos and phorate residues respectively.Significant differences were found in the residue concentrations in five carrot cultivars treated with chlorfenvinphos and phorate by the bow‐wave method at 1.5 kg a.i./ha. The concentrations were inversely correlated with root size so that amounts of insecticide (μg/carrot) were similar in all cultivars. Prolonged growth of cv. Norfolk Giant slightly extended the period of uptake of chlorfenvinphos, but the uptake of phorate was ultimately less than its rate of dissipation.Neither the method of application nor the selection of carrot cultivar extended the period of uptake very greatly but differences which were obtained in residue concentrations in the carrot may become significant in the event of regulatory control of residue levels.
Gas chromatographic determination of technical pyrazon (5‐amino‐4‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone)
Authors: Výboh Pavel , Michálek Milan , Šustek Ján , Bátora Vojtech 
Published: November 2006

Abstract5‐Amino‐4‐chloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone (common name pyrazon) is the active ingredient of herbicide formulations known under the trade names Burex, Chlorazine, Pyramin, Phenazon. Pyrazon content was evaluated using the internal standard 4‐chloro‐5‐methylamino‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone. FID detector and glass column (50 × 0.25 cm) packed with 2% cyclohexane‐di‐methanol succinate on silanised Chromosorb G (80‐100 mesh) were used.Technical products can contain two interesting impurities, the non‐active pyrazon isomer 4‐amino‐5‐chloro‐2‐phenyI‐3(2H)pyridazinone and the unreacted 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H)pyridazinone, the later of which issignificant from the point of view of toxicology. Determination of these two compounds under the conditions used for pyrazon is practically impossible. They were therefore determined on a separate glass column (70 × 0.24 cm) packed with 5% cyclohexane‐di‐methanol succinate on Chromosorb G (60‐80 mesh). A standard addition method for small concentrations of 4,5‐dichloro‐2‐phenyl‐3(2H) pyridazinone in technical pyrazon products is also described.
Some factors in the separation of polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's) from organochlorine pesticides by column chromatography combined with gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Edwards Roy 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRetention volumes for polychlorobiphenyls (PCB's) and organochlorine pesticides have been measured on “Florisi”b and silicic acid in various activity states using petroleum spirit eluant. The majority of organochlorine pesticides can be separated from PCB's by column chromatography. The exceptions areheptachlor, aldrin and BHC (apart from the gamma‐isomer), and the separation of DDE from PCB's was only achieved with highly active silicic acid. With PCB residues normally found, the separations not secured by column chromatography were obtained by gas chromatography.
Simulation of predator—prey relationships in an acarine system
Authors: Fransz H. George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSimulation with a computer can be an aid in the analysis of complex ecological processes. When such processes bear upon the behaviour of individual plants or animals, they often depend on chance variables. Such stochastic processes cannot be correctly simulated with a deterministic model, when there are non‐linear relationships between output variables and chance variables. On the other hand, simulation with a stochastic model using a random function generator has to be repeated several times to obtain reliable expectation values of the output variables.A method is described for simulation of stochastic processes in one run, which provides acceptable expectation values. The method is applied in a program for simulation of a predation process, which occurs when the predacious mite, Typhiodromus occidentalis, preys on eggs of the spider mite Tetranychus urticae. The results are compared with those obtained by regular deterministic and stochastic simulation.
The degradation of the herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl following its application to wheat
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Roberts Terry R. , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl [SUFFIX,a ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐N‐3,4‐di‐chloroanilino) propionate] has been applied in a radiolabelled form to spring wheat and winter wheat growing both indoors and outdoors. During the application the compound also fell onto the soil. The plants and corresponding soils were examined at harvest at 71‐98 days from treatment.Conversion of the herbicide occurred in plants and soil predominantly by a hydrolytic reaction to form benzoylpropb followed in plants by its conjugation with sugars. Small amounts of N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloroaniline and benzoic acid were also detected in plants. There was no evidence for the presence of 3,4‐dichloroaniline in the crops or soils nor was there evidence for 3,4,3′,4′‐tetra‐chloroazobenzene which has been implicated as a degradation product of some 3,4‐dichloroaniline herbicides in soils.Residues on plants were greatest in the straw and consisted mainly of benzoylprop‐ethyl and benzoylprop in free and conjugated forms. There was no evidence for appreciable movement of the compound within the plant from the treated foliage. Residues were particularly low in the grain and were not detected in the crop grown outdoors (limit of detectability 0.01 mg/kg). Residues in the soils were mainly in the 0‐7.5 cm layer and there was no evidence for leaching below 15 cm.
The fate of the herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl in crops grown in treated soils
Authors: Beynon Kenneth I. , Roberts Terry R. , Stoydin George , Wright A. Neill 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe herbicide benzoylprop‐ethyl (SUFFIX,a ethyl (±)‐2‐(N‐benzoyl‐3,4‐dichloro‐anilino) propionate) is applied post‐emergence for the control of wild oats (Avena spp.) in wheat. During application some falls onto the soil and in the present work the possible uptake of residues from the soil, particularly by rotation crops has been studied using radioisotope techniques under indoor and outdoor conditions.Soil application at 1 kg/ha gave lower residues in wheat in the year of application than were found in previous studies using overall foliar‐soil application. In the radiochemical experiments soil residues did persist into the following year, but residues in potatoes and wheat grown in these soils, although generally below the limit of determination (0.005 mg/kg), were occasionally just above this level (0.006 mg/kg).On the results of the present work, residues in rotational crops from soils treated in the previous year are unlikely to reach the limits of normal analytical determination.
Von Baeyer/IUPAC names and abbreviated chemical names of metabolites and artifacts of aldrin (HHDN), dieldrin (HEOD) and endrin
Authors: Bedford Colin T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe correct von Baeyer/IUPAC names of aldrin (HHDN), dieldrin (HEOD), and endrin, of 5 previously incorrectly‐named compounds and of 18 other related compounds which have not hitherto been named in this way are presented in tabular form alongside their structural formulae. The von Baeyer ring systems present in some of these compounds were identified by inspection of Schlegel diagrams (planar representation of bridged hydrocarbons), a guide to the construction of which is presented. Also included in the tables (which have been indexed) are abbreviated chemical names; the suitability of the choices made is discussed. The alternative “polyhydroaromatic” names for 12 of these compounds have been abstracted from the literature and listed.
Enhancement of magnesium ammonium arsenate toxicity to rats
Authors: Bai K. Muktha , Bhavnagary Haiderali M. , Majumder Suvendu K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of magnesium ammonium arsenate (MAA), in combination‐with various reducing and acid producing agents, was tested against the species of R. norvegicus (albino Wistar strain) and R. rattus (roof rat) by forced feeding and ad libitum methods under the conditions of cage and rattery (where seminatural conditions prevailed). The results obtained indicated that sodium sulphite and urea among reducing agents and histidine among the gastric acid producing agents increased the toxicity of MAA both in terms of higher mortality and decreased time of death when compared to controls.
Uptake and translocation of dimefox and schradan in hops
Authors: Dejonckheere W. , Steurbaut W. , Dynoodt R. , Kips R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring the 1971 growing season an experiment was carried out to study the uptake, translocation and residue levels of dimefox and schradan in hope after applying a soil drench of Terra‐Sytarn (222 g/litre dimefox‐20 g/litre schradan) at various times in varying concentrations.Residue analysis shows that the dimefox concentration in the hop plants reaches a peak about one week after application, which increases with the amount applied. Then a gradual breakdown sets in so that at the time of harvesting the differences between the dosages have virtually disappeared. Translocation of dimefox in the hop plant is very rapid, but the breakdown is faster at the top of the plant. Schradan concentrations were usually very low and residues at harvest time negligible.
A radiochemical and gas‐chromatographic study of the determination of dichlorvos residues in stored grain
Authors: Hoodless Richard A. , Jackson Frank J. , Tarrant Kenneth R. , Griffiths Brenda E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn investigation into the extraction of dichlorvos from stored grain and satisfactory storage conditions for samples received for analysis has been carried out using [32P]‐dichlorvos. It has been shown that samples can be effectively stored at —17° C and that methanol can be used for the extractable dichlorvos but does not remove the organophosphorus residue bound to the grain.
Insecticidal properties of some allethrin isomers used in coil formulations against mosquitoes
Authors: Rauch François , Lhoste Jean , Martel Jacques 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious studies have been made on the relative efficacy of the eight possible stereoisomers of allethrolonyl chrysanthemate. Some of these compounds and their mixtures have been classified according to their knockdown activity against Aedes aegypti. Two techniques were used, the contact method recommended by WHO and the method described by Katsuda and Ogami to study the effect on mosquitoes of the smoke from burning coils. Results show that on Aedes aegypti, the relative knockdown activity of the various stereoisomers of allethrin was about the same with both methods. The d trans chrysanthemate of d allethrolone (S‐Bioallethrin) was the most effective.
Cross resistance to juvenile hormone analogues in insecticide‐resistant strains of Musca domestica L
Authors: Cerf David C. , Georghiou George P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive juvenile hormone analogues (JHAs) were tested by topical application to prepupae of a susceptible (S) and 8 insecticide‐resistant (R) strains of the housefly. Activity was measured by the inability to completely emerge from the puparium. Aitosid (isopropyl 11‐methoxy‐3,7,1l‐trimethyldodeca‐2,4‐dienoate) was the most active compound against the S strain (ED50 0.0033 μg/prepupa) followed by Ro 7‐9767 [6,7‐epoxy‐3,7‐diethyl‐(3,4‐(methylenedioxy)phenoxy)‐2‐cis/trans‐octene], R‐20458 [trans l‐(4‐ethylphenoxy)‐6,7‐epoxy‐3,7‐dimethyl‐2‐octene], sesamex, and NIA 23509 (10,11 ‐epoxy‐N‐ethyl‐3,7,11‐trimethyI‐2,6‐dodecadienamide).The R strains, designated by the name of the selecting insecticide, have been under pressure for over 10 years and are considered maximally resistant. The dimethoate‐R and OMS‐15‐R (carbamate‐resistant) strains exhibited high levels of cross resistance to all JHAs often exceeding 100x at the ED95 The fenthion‐R strain showed high cross resistance toward all JHAs except Altosid, toward which it manifested an intermediate level (17.5x). The DDT/lindane‐R demonstrated only negligible tolerance to Aitosid but an intermediate response to all the other JHAs. The OMS‐12‐R strain (phosphoramidothioate‐R) exhibited intermediate to high levels of cross resistance toward all JHAs, whereas the parathion‐R, Chlorthion‐R and a multi‐resistant field‐collected strain showed only low to intermediate levels of cross resistance. On the basis of known degradative mechanisms of the OMS‐15‐R strain, mixed function oxidases apparently play an important role in deactivating JHAs.