bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isostructural Potassium and Thallium Salts of Sterically Crowded Thio‐ and Selenophenols: A Structural and Computational Study
Authors: Bubrin Denis , Niemeyer Mark 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBecause of their similar cationic radii, potassium and thallium(I) compounds are usually regarded as closely related. Homologous molecular species containing either K+ or Tl+ are very rare, however. We have synthesized potassium and thallium salts MEAr* [M, E = K, S (2a); K, Se (2b); Tl, S (3a); Tl, Se (3b); Ar* = 2,6‐Trip2C6H3, Trip = 2,4,6‐iPr3C6H2] derived from terphenyl‐substituted thio‐ and selenophenols. In the solid‐state structures of dimeric 2a, 2b, 3a, and 3b additional metal‐ηn–π‐arene interactions to the flanking arms of the terphenyl substituents of different hapticity n are observed. Remarkably, the homologous potassium and thallium complexes 2b and 3b crystallize in isomorphous cells. For 2a, 3a, and model complexes of the composition METph (Tph = C6H4‐2‐Trip) the nature of the M–E and M···C(arene) bonding was studied by density functional theory calculations.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Mono‐ and Bidentate Benzannulated N‐Heterocyclic Germylenes, Stannylenes and Plumbylenes (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 33/2008)
Authors: Zabula Alexander V. , Hahn F. Ekkehardt 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe cover picture shows some selected examples of benzannulated germylenes, stannylenes and plumbylenes and their aggregation behaviour. In addition, some complexes of bidentate bis(germylenes) and bis(stannylenes) are depicted, demonstrating the versatile coordination chemistry of these ligands with transition and main group metals. Details are presented in the Microreview by A. V. Zabula and F. E. Hahn on p. 5165 ff.
News from the 80‐Year‐Old Passerini Variant of the Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indole
Authors: Desimoni Giovanni , Faita Giuseppe , Mella Mariella , Toscanini Marco , Boiocchi Massimo 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe multi‐component Friedel–Crafts alkylation reaction between indole (1), ethyl glyoxylate (2) and anilines (3a–f) gives, in analogy to the protocol of the old Passerini reaction, the expected ethyl 2‐(arylamino)‐2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl)acetates 4a–f. When the reactions are catalysed by 5 mol‐% scandium triflate (ScIIITf), however, or when the isolated products 4 are treated under the same conditions, rearrangements involving the arylamino fragments of adducts 4 take place. When the para position of 4 is unsubstituted, ethyl 2‐(2‐aminoaryl)‐2‐(1H‐indol‐3‐yl) acetates 5 are obtained, and their structures were confirmed by the X‐ray crystal structure analysis of 5a. Under milder conditions, ScIIITf gives more complicated products, deriving from 1, 2 and 3 in the ratio of 2:2:1, and these converted into 5. An explanation of the pathway, by which the Passerini adducts 4, coordinated to scandium, undergo the rearrangements, is proposed. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Platinum‐Catalyzed Cyclization of o‐Alkynyl(oxo)benzenes with Alkenes by 1,2‐Migration of Benzene: Synthesis of 8‐Oxa­bicyclo[3.2.1]octane Derivatives
Authors: Shu Xing‐Zhong , Zhao Shu‐Chun , Ji Ke‐Gong , Zheng Zhao‐Jing , Liu Xue‐Yuan , Liang Yong‐Min 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn interesting migration of the rigid structure of benzene was observed when propargylic esters were introduced to the cyclization chemistry of o‐alkynyl(oxo)benzene. Various 8‐oxabicyclo[3.2.1]octane derivatives with many functional groups could be synthesized from this efficient approach catalyzed by platinum. The high stereo‐ and regioselectivity involved in this transformation was also attractive.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Immunization with pseudotype baculovirus expressing envelope protein of Japanese encephalitis virus elicits protective immunity in mice
Authors: Li Yaoming , Ye Jing , Cao Shengbo , Xiao Shaobo , Zhao Qian , Liu Xueqin , Jin Meilin , Chen Huanchun 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackgroundJapanese encephalitis (JE) is a serious infection and disease in southern and eastern Asia. The design and development of safer and more efficacious vaccines against Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a high‐priority target in the world. Recently, baculovirus pseudotyped with vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein (VSVG) was described as an attractive gene delivery vehicle in mammalian cells and a potential vector for vaccine development. In the present study, we constructed a recombinant pseudotype baculovirus encoding the JEV envelope (E) protein and demonstrated that it could elicit high protective immunity in mice.MethodsRecombinant pseudotype baculovirus (BV‐G‐E) was generated by inserting JEV E gene fragment into pFastBac‐VSV/G vector. BALB/c mice were immunized with BV‐G‐E and challenged with JEV wild‐type strain. The neutralization antibody, interferon (IFN)‐γ expression and release, and survival rate were analysed and compared with the group of immunized with inactivated vaccine and DNA vaccine (pc‐E) encoding the same gene of JEV.ResultsWe demonstrated that intramuscular injections of BV‐G‐E at various doses into mice produced higher levels of JEV‐specific neutralizing antibodies, IFN‐γ and better protective efficacy against a lethal challenge with JEV than that of pc‐E. Furthermore, BV‐G‐E could elicit a higher level of cellular immunity response and provide equal protective efficacy against JEV challenge compared to inactivated vaccine.ConclusionsOur data demonstrate that BV‐G‐E elicited higher levels of protective immunity compared to DNA vaccine and that pseudotype baculovirus‐mediated gene delivery can be utilized as an alternative strategy to develop new generations of vaccines against JEV infection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reducing the quantity of reworked parts in a robotic arc welding process
Authors: Aksoy Burcu , Orbak Âli Yurdun 
Published: November 2008

AbstractToday, the competitive environment of the knowledge age has been replaced with the competitive environment of the industrial age as the rules of the business world are changing completely. The focused issue is to reach to the knowledge as soon as possible, and to process and apply it rapidly. In this context, one of the important goals that the companies try to reach in order to achieve acceleration is the six sigma philosophy. Six sigma is a fundamental continuous improvement methodology aimed at reducing the variation and waste on processes by utilizing statistical methods and techniques efficiently. Global companies are making noteworthy profits by using this method in their processes. The six sigma methodology focuses on process excellence advantages for companies that apply it, to reach profit, to increase productivity and to have larger market share. In this paper, an application of six sigma methodology for reducing the quantity of rework parts for robotic arc welding process is given. The phases of six sigma and their results are indicated in detail. Furthermore, it is also shown how various techniques of six sigma methodology are applied to achieve financial benefits. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forbidden reflection based dark field transmission electron microscopy for the evaluation of local lattice distortion in epitaxial thin films
Authors: Takeno S. , Koike M. , Tanaka H. , Kinno T. , Tomita M. , Uesugi F. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractRecently, we proposed a straightforward imaging technique based on dark field transmission electron microscopy for the evaluation of stress distribution in a small area of interest. The dark field image is formed by a certain forbidden reflection, e.g. in the case of Si, 002 reflection can be used. The intensity distribution of the dark field image is considered to be strongly related to the local lattice distortion. However, the detailed nature of the lattice distortion has been unclear so far. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate our new technique for the Si1−xGex/Si(001) strained structure and show detailed nature of local lattice distortion. For this purpose, focused ion beam (FIB)‐processed transmission electron microscopy (TEM) specimen membrane was used since FIB enables us to make an artificially flat TEM specimen, which simplifies the estimation of the shape factor. We confirmed that lattice distortion with a specific rotational component is induced near the Si1−xGex/Si(001) interface region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simple poly(dimethylsiloxane) surface modification to control cell adhesion
Authors: Wu Min‐Hsien 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPoly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) has a long history of exploitation in a variety of biological and medical applications. Particularly in the past decade, PDMS has attracted interest as a material for the fabrication of microfluidic biochip. The control of cell adhesion on a PDMS surface is important in many microfluidic applications such as cell culture or cell‐based chemicals/drug testing. Unlike many complicated approaches, this study reports simple methods of PDMS surface modification to effectively inhibit or conversely enhance cell adhesion on a PDMS surface using Pluronic surfactant solution and poly‐L‐lysine, respectively. This research basically succeeded our prior work to further confirm the long‐term capability of 3% Pluronic F68 surfactant to suppress cell adhesion on a PDMS surface over a 6‐day cell culture. Microscopic observation showed that the treated PDMS surface created an unfavorable interface, where chondrocytes seemed to clump together on day 2 and 6 after chondrocyte seeding, and there was no sign of chondrocyte spreading. On the opposite side, results demonstrated that the poly‐L‐lysine‐treated surface significantly increased fibroblast adhesion by 32% in contrast to the untreated PDMS, which is comparable to the commercial cell‐culture‐grade microplate. However, fibronectin treatment did not have such an effect. All these fundamental information is found useful for any PDMS‐related application. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphological, Physicochemical and Structural Characteristics of Oxidized Barley and Corn Starches
Authors: Chávez‐Murillo Carolina E. , Wang Ya‐Jane , Bello‐Pérez Luis A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBarley starch was oxidized to different levels and the morphological, physicochemical and structural of the resultant oxidized barley starch were determined and compared with oxidized corn starch at the same oxidation level. The amylose content in oxidized starches decreased with increasing oxidation level, and the extent of decrease was similar for both starch types. No evidences of alteration in morphology and X‐ray diffraction pattern were noted after oxidation. The crystallinity of barley starch increased with increasing oxidation but corn starch displayed a reduced crystallinity at 5% NaOCl. The onset and peak gelatinization temperatures of oxidized starches as measured by differential scanning calorimetry showed a slight increase up to 3% NaOCl and then decreased at 5% NaOCl, whereas gelatinization enthalpy gradually decreased with increasing oxidation level. The melting temperature of retrograded oxidized starches increased with increasing oxidation. Both amylose and amylopectin were degraded during oxidation, but a higher degradation in both components as determined by high‐performance size‐exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) was noted for barley starch than for corn starch. Results of amylopectin chain‐length distribution showed that the proportions of A and B1 chains significantly increased while that of B2+ chains significantly decreased. These results suggest that differences in the structure of barley and corn starches affected their responses to oxidation. Barley starch seemed to be more susceptible to oxidation with more significant reduction in pasting temperature, viscosity, and molecular size than corn starch.
Granule Sizes of Canna (Canna edulis) Starches and their Reactivity Toward Hydration, Enzyme Hydrolysis and Chemical Substitution
Authors: Kasemwong Kittiwut , Piyachomkwan Kuakoon , Wansuksri Rungtiva , Sriroth Klanarong 
Published: November 2008

AbstractSmall and large granule fractions were isolated from canna starch (Canna edulis, green leaf cultivar), and their morphology, physicochemical properties, susceptibility towards granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes and chemical reaction with propylene oxide were investigated. Canna starch consisted of a mixed population of large, medium and small granules; the mean of granule diameter was 47.4 μm. The small granules presented round and polygonal shapes, whereas the large granules had oval and elliptical shapes. Significant variations in digestibility of the various granules size by granular starch hydrolyzing enzymes were observed. During the first 24 h, the hydrolysis rate of small granules was higher than that of native and large granule starches. After 72 h, however, the degree of hydrolysis of small granule, large granule and native starches had reached the extent of 19.6%, 32.0% and 27.2%, respectively. The larger the granule size, the higher the MS obtained when modified with propylene oxide, which was due to the higher swelling power of the large granules. The results obtained from this study suggest that small granules had lower water and chemical affinity when compared with the bigger ones. The difference in the reactivity of small and large granules could be presumably attributed to the starch components (amylose and amylopectin) and their organization of glucan chains in ordered and/or less ordered structure of these two fractions.
Amplified fragment length polymorphism used for inter- and intraspecific differentiation of screwworms (Diptera: Calliphoridae)
Authors: Alamalakala L. , Skoda S.R. , Foster J.E. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMorphologically, early immature stages of the economically important pest called screwworms,Cochliomyia hominivorax(Coquerel) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), and non-pest secondary screwworms,Cochliomyia macellaria(Fabricius) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), are nearly indistinguishable. Correct identification is crucial to the ongoing eradication and exclusion program protecting the United States, Mexico and Central America from reinvasion of screwworms persistent in South America and the Caribbean. Amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) polymerase chain reaction was used to differentiate populations ofC. hominivoraxand to discriminate them fromC. macellaria. Ten primer pairs screened for interspecific discrimination ofC. hominivoraxfromC. macellariashowed 52 discrete bands, allowing the two species to be readily distinguished; divergent branches on resulting dendrograms showed 100% bootstrap support.C. macellariapopulations grouped at the 92% level;C. hominivoraxpopulations grouped at the 68% level. Of the 52 bands, seven were monomorphic for both species, 22 were specific toC. macellaria, ten were present only inC. hominivoraxand the remaining 13 bands differentiatedC. hominivoraxpopulations. Separate studies using ten strains ofC. hominivoraxshowed a higher level of genetic similarity within than between populations. Analyses using 72 bands (19 monomorphic bands, 53 bands grouped all ten strains at the 58% similarity level) resolved seven mutant strains from Mexico (85% similarity level); all ten strains were resolved at the 72% similarity level. Diagnostic bands were identified for species and strain identification. We conclude that AFLP can be a valuable tool for studies of interspecific and intraspecific genetic variation in screwworm populations.
THE DEATH OF A CONSUMER SOCIETY
Authors: Hilton Matthew 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper argues that the meaning of consumer society has changed over the last half century, principally through the prioritisation of choice over access. It does this through an examination of the global consumer movement and a consideration of its successes and failures. It demonstrates that through the movement's own tactics, and the defeats it suffered by opponents of regulation, its earlier emphasis on the right of consumers to enjoy basic needs has given way to a greater focus on choice. Consequently, the changing fortunes of consumer activism around the world both reflect and explain the reorientation of global consumer society over the last few decades.
Quasi-monoenergetic GeV electrons from the interaction of two laser pulses with a gas
Authors: Singh K.P. , Sajal V. , Gupta D.N. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA scheme is proposed for the acceleration of electrons generated during the ionization of a gas by two laser pulses. The electrons created from the ionization of neutral atoms near the rising edge of the pulse do not gain sufficient energy. If a prepulse is used before the main pulse then the prepulse removes electrons from the outer shells, and the main laser pulse interacts with the electrons in the inner shells of high atomic number gases, such as krypton and argon. The electrons are generated close to the peak of the main laser pulse and gain energy in GeV with a small spread in the energy and low emittance angle.
Homogenization of the nonlinear Maxwell model of viscoelasticity and of the Prandtl—Reuss model of elastoplasticity
Authors: Visintin Augusto 
Published: November 2008

This paper deals with processes in nonlinear inelastic materials whose constitutive behaviour is represented by the inclusionhere we denote by σ the stress tensor, by ε the linearized strain tensor, by B(x) the compliance tensor and by ∂ϕ(·, x) the subdifferential of a convex function ϕ(·, x). This relation accounts for elasto-viscoplasticity, including a nonlinear version of the classical Maxwell model of viscoelasticity and the Prandtl—Reuss model of elastoplasticity.The constitutive law is coupled with the equation of continuum dynamics, and well-posedness is proved for an initial- and boundary-value problem. The function ϕ and the tensor B are then assumed to oscillate periodically with respect to x and, as this period vanishes, a two-scale model of the asymptotic behaviour is derived via Nguetseng's notion of two-scale convergence. A fully homogenized single-scale model is also retrieved, and its equivalence with the two-scale problem is proved. This formulation is non-local in time and is at variance with that based on so-called analogical models that rest on a mean-field-type hypothesis.
Radially symmetric critical points of non-convex functionals
Authors: Krömmer Stefan , Kielhöfer Hansjörg 
Published: November 2008

We investigate critical points of the functionalover a ball in ℝn. Here, W is radially symmetric but not convex. We embed the functional into a family of functionalswhere E0,0(u) = E(u). A global bifurcation analysis yields a branch of non-trivial critical points depending on λ and positive ε, where we can set λ = 0. The geometric properties preserved on that branch, due to the maximum principle, prove compactness such that the singular limit as ε ↘ 0 exists. Under natural conditions on W and G the critical point obtained in this way is a minimizer of the original functional. That plan can be carried out only under the restriction of radial symmetry, since the maximum principle applies only to special elliptic equations of fourth order. That restriction, however, is not essential since every minimizer of the functional is radially symmetric.
Penguin occupation in the Vestfold Hills
Authors: Huang Tao , Sun Liguang , Wang Yuhong , Zhu Renbin 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDuring CHINARE-22 (December 2005–March 2006), we investigated six penguin colonies in the Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica, and collected several penguin ornithogenic sediment cores, samples of fresh guano and modern penguin bone and feather. We selected seven penguin bones and feathers and six sediments from the longest sediment core and performed AMS14C dating. The results indicate that penguins occupied the Vestfold Hills as early as 8500 calibrated years before present (cal. yrbp), following local deglaciation and the formation of the ice free area. This is the first report on the Holocene history of penguins in the Vestfold Hills. As in other areas of Antarctica, penguins occupied this area as soon as local ice retreated and the ice free area formed, and they are very sensitive to climatic and environmental changes. This work provides the foundation for understanding the history of penguins occupation in Vestfold Hills, East Antarctica.
The impact of dairy product consumption on nutrient adequacy and weight of Head Start mothers
Authors: O’Neil Carol E , Nicklas Theresa A , Liu Yan , Franklin Frank A 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relationship of dairy product consumption on diet quality and weight of low-income women.SettingHead Start centres in Texas and Alabama, USA.DesignCross-sectional study. Women were divided into dairy consumption groups: ≤1, >1 to ≤2 and >2 servings/d. Nutrient intake/diet quality was determined by calculating the percentage meeting the Estimated Average Requirement, guidelines for fat and added sugar, and Mean Adequacy Ratio (MAR). Mean BMI was compared for the dairy consumption groups.SubjectsMothers with children in Head Start; 609 African-Americans (43 %), Hispanic-Americans (32 %) and European-Americans (24 %).ResultsFifteen per cent of participants consumed >2 servings of dairy products and 57 % consumed ≤1 serving of dairy daily. Intakes of protein, vitamin D, riboflavin, P, Ca, K, Mg and Zn were significantly higher in those consuming >2 servings/d. Total SFA were higher and added sugars were lower in those consuming >2 servings of dairy products daily compared with those consuming ≤2 servings/d. Forty-one per cent of women consuming >2 servings of dairy daily had MAR scores under 85 compared with 94 % consuming ≤1 serving/d. Mean BMI was 30·36 kg/m2; there was no association between BMI and dairy product consumption.ConclusionsConsumption of dairy products was low and was not associated with BMI in this low-income population. Higher levels of dairy product consumption were associated with higher MAR scores and improved intakes of Ca, K and Mg, which have been identified as shortfall nutrients in the diets of adults.
Totipotent stem cells bearing del(20q) maintain multipotential differentiation in Shwachman Diamond syndrome
Authors: Crescenzi Barbara , La Starza Roberta , Sambani Constantina , Parcharidou Agapi , Pierini Valentina , Nofrini Valeria , Brandimarte Lucia , Matteucci Caterina , Aversa Franco , Martelli Massimo Fabrizio , Mecucci Cristina 
Published: November 2008

Summary SBDS/7q11 gene mutations underlie the congenital Shwachman Diamond syndrome (SDS), characterized by bone marrow failure and high risk of haematological malignancies. In two cases of SDS with bone marrow failure and isolated del(20q) interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (I‐FISH) found no abnormalities in FHIT/3p14.2, IKZF1/7p13, D7S486/7q31, PTEN/10q23.3, WT1/11p13, ATM/11q23, D13S25/13q14, TP53/17p13, NF1/17q11, SMAD2/18q21, RUNX1/21q22. Fluorescence immunophenotype combined with I‐FISH found del(20q) in a totipotent haematopoietic stem cell (CD34+, CD133+) and downstream myelocyte (CD33+, CD14+, CD13+), erythrocyte (Glycophorin A+) and lymphocyte lineages (CD19+, CD20+, CD3+, CD7+). These findings and clinical follow‐ups confirm the benign course of SDS with isolated del(20q).