bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multimarker Panel to Rule Out Acute Coronary Syndromes in Low‐risk Patients
Authors: Mitchell Alice M. , Garvey Joseph Lee , Kline Jeffrey A. 
Published: May 2006

Objectives:
To test novel markers of acute coronary syndrome (ACS), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP), myeloperoxidase (MPO), C‐reactive protein (CRP), and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) in low‐risk emergency department (ED) patients who were evaluated for ACS in a chest pain unit (CPU).
Methods:
A convenience sample of 414 patients underwent CPU evaluation, including provocative testing, and were followed prospectively for 45 days for ACS, which was defined as death, myocardial infarction (MI), revascularization, or >60% coronary artery stenosis prompting new medical treatment, adjudicated by three blinded reviewers. Published diagnostic thresholds were used to calculate diagnostic indices for each marker and for the multimarker panel.
Results:
The prevalence of ACS was 7 in 414 (1.7%; 95% CI = 0.7% to 3.5%). Only MCP demonstrated a negative likelihood ratio [LR(–)] of less than 0.5, with a sensitivity of 85% (95% CI = 42% to 99%), specificity of 72% (95% CI = 67% to 76%), and LR(–) of 0.20 (95% CI = 0.04 to 0.71). For MPO, CRP, and BNP, LR(–) was 0.89 (95% CI = 0.26 to 2.05), 0.79 (95% CI = 0.40 to 1.01), and 0.90 (95% CI = 0.51 to 1.03), respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and LR(–) of an abnormal multimarker panel were 86% (95% CI = 42% to 100%), 17% (95% CI = 13% to 21%), and 0.84 (95% CI = 0.15 to 3.12), respectively.
Conclusions:
The prevalence of ACS was very low but was similar to reports from other CPUs. BNP and CRP had high specificities, but had limited sensitivities, whereas MPO had a low specificity. Only MCP had a low LR(–) and should be studied further. The combined multimarker panel had an unexpectedly low sensitivity and specificity, yielding an LR(–) of 0.84, suggesting that the panel would not be an efficient screening test to decrease unnecessary CPU testing.
The satellite cell as a companion in skeletal muscle plasticity:currency, conveyance, clue, connector and colander
Authors: Anderson Judy E. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYSatellite cells are companions to voluntary muscle fibres, and are named for their intimate positional or `satellite' relationship, as if revolving around fibres, like a satellite moon around the earth. Studies on the nature of at least some satellite cells, including their capabilities for self-renewal and for giving rise to multiple lineages in a stem cell-like function, are exploring the molecular basis of phenotypes described by markers of specialized function and gene expression in normal development,neuromuscular disease and aging. In adult skeletal muscle, the self-renewing capacity of satellite cells contributes to muscle growth, adaptation and regeneration. Muscle remodeling, such as demonstrated by changes in myofibre cross-sectional area and length, nerve and tendon junctions, and fibre-type distribution, occur in the absence of injury and provide broad functional and structural diversity among skeletal muscles. Those contributions to plasticity involve the satellite cell in at least five distinct roles, here described using metaphors for behaviour or the investigator's perspective. Satellite cells are the `currency' of muscle; have a `conveyance' role in adaptation by domains of cytoplasm along a myofibre; serve researchers, through a marker role, as `clues' to various activities of muscle; are `connectors' that physically, and through signalling and cell-fibre communications, bridge myofibres to the intra- and extra-muscular environment; and are equipped as metabolic and genetic filters or `colanders' that can rectify or modulate particular signals. While all these roles are still under exploration, each contributes to the plasticity of skeletal muscle and thence to the overall biology and function of an organism. The use of metaphor for describing these roles helps to clarify and scrutinize the definitions that form the basis of our understanding of satellite cell biology: the metaphors provide the construct for various approaches to detect or test the nature of satellite cell functions in skeletal muscle plasticity.
Plasticity in cell defence: access to and reactivity of critical protein residues and DNA response elements
Authors: Goldring Chris , Kitteringham Neil , Jenkins Rosalind , Copple Ian , Jeannin Jean-Francois , Park B. Kevin 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYCellular and whole organ defence against pathogenic or chemical challenge is manifest as an adaptive response. Where appropriate, this may lead to induction of a cellular defence programme, thereby enhancing cell survival. When the challenge is overwhelming, the defence is breached and a switch is made to yield cell death, either by apoptosis or necrosis. Thus, a cell will defend itself where possible, but in extremis, it may recognise the futility of its resistance and allow itself to die. Transcription factor activation and access to the DNA regulatory elements that control a particular pattern of expression of defence genes is a major issue that may ultimately decide the fate of a cell in a changed environment. It is possible to visualise the access to the nucleus and to the genome, of paradigm gene loci or transcription factors, using a number of molecular techniques such as chromatin immunoprecipitation, in vivo footprinting and live/whole cell imaging. These methods are informative as to the array of transcription factors that may regulate a given gene, as well as the transitory nature of the transcriptional activation. The initial triggering of active transcription factor complexes typically occurs within the cytoplasm of the cell. Protein–protein interactions and signal transduction pathways,elucidated using a classical molecular genetics approach, have long been recognised as pivotal to the initial control of the levels and activity of transcription factors. We can now visualise modifications in critical residues of transcription factors and regulators during cellular response to chemical stress. These modifications may yield enhanced or repressed activity of transcription factors, they may be non-covalent or covalent, and they may occur in response to a variety of classes of chemicals. Such promiscuous signalling can provide plasticity in the cellular response to a wide array of chemical agents.
Synthesis and decay properties of superheavy elements
Authors: Oganessian Yuri 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A fundamental outcome of modern nuclear theory is the prediction of the "island of stability" in the region of hypothetical superheavy elements. A significant enhancement in nuclear stability at approaching the closed shells with Z = 114 (possibly 120 and 122) and N = 184 is expected for the nuclei with large neutron excess. For this reason, for the synthesis of nuclei with Z = 112-116 and 118, we chose the reactions 238U, 242,244Pu, 243Am, 245,248Cm, and 249Cf + 48Ca, which are characterized by fusion products with a maximal neutron excess. The formation and decay properties of the heaviest nuclei were registered with the use of a gas-filled recoil separator installed at a 48Ca-beam of the heavy-ion cyclotron. The new nuclides mainly undergo sequential α-decay, which ends with spontaneous fission (SF). The total time of decay ranges from 0.5 ms to ~1 d, depending on the proton and neutron numbers in the synthesized nuclei. The atomic number of the new elements 115 and 113 was confirmed also by an independent radiochemical experiment based on the identification of the neutron-rich isotope 268Db (T
SF ~ 30 h), the final product in the chain of α-decays of the odd-odd parent nucleus 288115. The comparison of the decay properties of 29 new nuclides with Z = 104-118 and N = 162-177 gives evidence of the decisive influence of the structure of superheavy elements on their stability with respect to different modes of radioactive decay. The investigations connected with the search for superheavy elements in Nature are also presented.
The experiments were carried out at the Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions (JINR, Dubna) in collaboration with the Analytical and Nuclear Chemistry Division of the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (USA).
Stabilizing interfacial micellar aggregates by enhanced supramolecular interaction or surface polymerization
Authors: Song Bo , Wang Zhiqiang , Zhang Xi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
This presentation describes the surface micelles formed by self-organization of amphiphilic molecules at the solid/liquid interface, and reviews the methods of stabilizing the surface micelles by enhancing the intermolecular interaction or introducing covalent bonds in self-assemblies. This type of work may provide new avenues for fabricating organic nanostructure materials, as well as possible applications arising from the mimicry of biomineralization processes.
Consolidation Yield Stress of Osaka-Bay Pleistocene Clay with Reference to Calcium Carbonate Contents
Authors: Imai G , Komatsu Y , Fukue M 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Sea bottom has been used as landfill sites to dispose various types of waste and dredged materials. Therefore, the geotechnical properties of seabed are of great importance for the design and practice of reclamation projects. Marine clay layers are known to be geologically normally consolidated. Those clays, however, show pseudo-overconsolidation behavior with a consolidation yield stress pc larger than the in situ overburden pressure p0. As consolidation behavior of those clays under a load around pc is not normal but very complex, the prediction of possible settlement under loading is presently quite difficult. In this study, the Osaka-Bay Pleistocene clays were sampled and subjected to physical and mechanical tests. Based on previous studies, it is assumed in this paper that the disagreement between p0 and pc results from the cementation of marine soils, and that their cementation is mainly due to calcium carbonate. If the assumption made is valid, pc value of a clay sample of which calcium carbonates had been chemically dissolved must be equal to p0 value. In order to verify this assumption, experimental studies has been done. Carbonic-acid water of enough volume to dissolve the calcium carbonates in a clay sample was percolated without breaking fabric structure of the clay skeleton, and pc value of the sample was determined by the constant strain rate of consolidation test. The results showed a definite decrease of the pc value. Consequently, the pseudooverconsolidation ratio of the specimens decreased with the removal of calcium carbonates.
Benchmarking of PENTRAN-SSN Parallel Transport Code and FAST Preconditioning Algorithm Using the VENUS-2 MOX-Fueled Benchmark Problem
Authors: Longoni G , Haghighat A , Yi C , Sjoden GE 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The discrete ordinates method (Sn) is the most widely used technique to obtain numerical solutions of the linear Boltzmann equation, and therefore to evaluate radiation fields and dose rates in nuclear devices. However, it is well known that this method suffers from slow convergence for problems characterized by optically thick media and scattering ratio close to unity. To address this issue we have developed a new preconditioning algorithm based on the even-parity simplified Sn (EP-SSN) equations. The new method is based on the flux acceleration simplified transport (FAST) algorithm which is implemented into the PENTRAN-SSN code system. The code system is designed for parallel computing architectures; PENTRAN-SSN features spatial, angular, and energy domain decomposition algorithms. The FAST preconditioner is parallelized with a spatial domain decomposition algorithm. In this paper, our objective is to test the performance of the new preconditioning system for a three-dimensional shielding calculation based on the VENUS-2 MOX-fueled benchmark problem, issued by OECD/NEA (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development/Nuclear Energy Agency.
Lisfranc Ligament Injuries in Windsurfers
Authors: Mitani G , Hirose H , Nakamura Y , Shimpuku E , Minezaki T , Mochida J 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Recently, due to evolution of equipment and techniques, ordinary-level windsurfers can attempt acrobatic activities that previously only high-level windsurfers could perform in stormy conditions. Moreover, many difficult aerial tricks have been developed by high-level windsurfers. Synchronously, “foot strap injuries” have increased, which affect the knee, ankle, and foot by twisting loads because the foot is unable to be released from the foot strap. Here we report three Lisfranc ligament injuries in windsurfers that had not been diagnosed appropriately at another medical institution. The cases of two professional, and one amateur windsurfer, all of whom sustained a sprain to the anterior foot when they failed to land properly following an aerial trick or during wave riding, are reported in this publication. Weightbearing anterior to posterior (AP) view radiographs were an important tool for the diagnosis of these Lisfranc ligament injuries which can easily be missed on nonweightbearing films. Surgical treatment was chosen for two cases and conservative treatment was chosen for the other. To allow the windsurfers to return successfully to competition, we devised a special cork insole inside a marine boot called the “Ninja.” Lisfranc Ligament injuries should be suspected as there are frequent foot injuries in windsurfers, and adequate treatment can enable the patients to return to competition successfully.
Sense and Sense Making in the Caucasus
Authors: GRANT BRUCE 
Published: May 2006

A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya. Anna Politkovskaya. Alexander Burry and Tatiana Tulchinsky, trans., with an introduction by Georgi Derluguian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2003. 232 pp. Bourdieu's Secret Admirer in the Caucasus:. World‐System Biography. Georgi M. Derluguian. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005. 416 pp. Chechnya: Life in. War‐Torn Society. Valery Tishkov. Tatiana Sokolova, trans., with. foreword by Mikhail Gorbachev. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004. 284 pp.
Democratization and Dispersion of Power: New Scenarios In Mexican Federalism
Authors: De Remes Alain 
Published: May 2006

Focusing on political bargaining between the national and subnational realms, this article considers how the dispersion of power in different regions of a country may become a crucial factor shaping the rules of democratic governance. First, it analyzes changes in power dispersion of the last two decades in Mexico, highlighting how alternation in power at the national level in 2000 implemented horizontal checks and balances and revived a federal pact. Second, it shows that changes in the rules of the Mexican political system fostered a window of opportunity for new subnational actors to shape the national political agenda on re-engineering of the institutions of Mexican federalism.
Enfocándose en la negociación política entre el nivel nacional y el subnacional, este artículo reflexiona sobre cómo la dispersión de poder de diferentes regiones de un país puede convertirse en un factor crucial al modelar las reglas del gobierno democrático. Primero, analiza los cambios en la dispersión del poder en las últimas dos décadas de México, haciendo notar que la alternancia del poder a nivel nacional del 2000 implementó balances y contrapesos, y revivió el federalismo. Segundo, muestra que los cambios en las reglas del sistema político mexicano fomentaron el surgimiento de opciones para que nuevos actores subnacionales moldearan la agenda política nacional rediseñando las instituciones del federalismo mexicano.
Healthcare utilization, quality of life and patient-reported outcomes during two years of GH replacement therapy in GH-deficient adults – comparison between Sweden, The Netherlands and Germany
Authors: Saller Bernhard , Mattsson Anders F , Kann Peter H , Koppeschaar Hans P , Svensson Johan , Pompen Marjolein , Koltowska-Häggström Maria 
Published: May 2006

Objective: This study set out to determine the change in quality of life (QoL) and healthcare utilization during 2 years of growth hormone (GH) replacement therapy in adults with GH deficiency. Data were compared from three European countries.
Design: Analysis was made from KIMS, the Pfizer International Metabolic Database on adult GH deficiency.
Methods: QoL and healthcare utilization were measured at baseline and after 1 and 2 years of GH replacement in patient cohorts from Sweden (n = 302), The Netherlands (n = 103) and Germany (n = 98). QoL was assessed by the QoL-Assessment in Growth Hormone Deficient Adults (QoL-AGHDA) questionnaire, and the KIMS Patient Life Situation Form was used to evaluate healthcare utilization.
Results: QoL improved significantly (P < 0.0001) and comparably in all three cohorts. The improvement was seen during the first year of treatment and QoL remained improved during the second year. The number of days in hospital was reduced by 83% (P < 0.0001) during GH replacement. There were no country-specific differences either at baseline or during follow-up. The same was true for the number of days of sick leave (reduction of 63%; P = 0.0004). Significant reductions were recorded in the number of doctor visits in each of the three cohorts after 2 years of GH replacement (P < 0.05).
Conclusions: This study provides a detailed comparative analysis of GH replacement therapy in GHD patients in three European countries. Despite some differences in treatment strategies, the beneficial effects on QoL, patient-reported outcomes and healthcare utilization are essentially similar in the healthcare environment of Western European countries.
Global Spectral UV‐Radiometer with Automatic Shadow Band
Authors: Rosales Alejandro , Pedroni Jorge V. , Tocho Jorge O. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTA solar radiometer (GUV‐511 C, Biospherical Instruments Inc., San Diego, CA) with four UV channels has been operating at Trelew (43.2°S, 65.3°W), Argentina, since the austral spring of 1997. The Instrument provides global (direct + diffuse) irradiance on the horizontal plane year‐round, with a 1 min period. On 1 January 1999, an automatic shadow band was added to calculate diffuse and direct radiation. The period of the measurements was increased to 2 min to keep the same signal to noise (S:N) ratio. Once the direct radiation values were available for the 305 nm and 320 nm spectral bands, the total ozone value was calculated and results were compared with data provided by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration for the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on the Earth Probe satellite. Results show a root‐mean‐square (RMS) deviation within 4% compared with that of TOMS, so the quality of results is considered to be quite good. The importance of regular calibration to maintain long‐term accuracy is stressed.
UVA and UVB Decrease the Expression of CD44 and Hyaluronate in Mouse Epidermis, which is Counteracted by Topical Retinoids
Authors: Calikoglu Emel , Sorg Olivier , Tran Christian , Grand Denise , Carraux Pierre , Saurat Jean‐Hilaire , Kaya Gürkan 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe transmembrane glycoprotein CD44 is currently thought to be the main cell surface receptor for the glycosaminoglycan hyaluronate. We previously showed that (1) CD44 regulate keratinocyte proliferation; (2) topical retinoids dramatically increase the expression of CD44, hyaluronate and hyaluronate synthase (HAS)s in mouse epidermis; (3) topical retinaldehyde restores the epidermal thickness and CD44 expression which are correlated with clinical improvement in lichen sclerosus et atrophicus lesions; and (4) retinaldehyde‐induced proliferative response of keratinocytes is a CD44‐dependent phenomenon and requires the presence of HB‐EGF, erbB1 and matrix metalloproteinases. In this study, we analyzed the effect of UV irradiation on the levels of epidermal hyaluronate and CD44 in mice, as well as its potential prevention by topical retinoids. UVA (10 J/cm2) or UVB (1 J/cm>2) irradiation significantly decreased the expression of CD44 and hyaluronate in the epidermis of hairless mice after 2 h. Expression of both epidermal CD44 and hyaluronate was reconstituted within 24 h. Topical application of retinaldehyde for 3 days prior to UVA or UVB irradiation prevented the decrease of CD44 and hyaluronate expression. Topical retinol and retinoic acid also increased the basal levels of epidermal CD44 and hyaluronate, although their preventive effect on UV‐induced decrease of these molecules was less pronounced as compared to topical retinaldehyde. These data confirm the relationships between retinoid and CD44 pathways, although the primary target(s) of UV leading to CD44 and hyaluronate degradation remain to be elucidated.
Differential Gene Expression in Atlantic Salmon Infected with Lepeophtheirus salmonis
Authors: Fast Mark D. , Ross Neil W. , Muise Denise M. , Johnson Stewart C. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Lepeophtheirus salmonis is an ectoparasitic copepod that can cause serious disease outbreaks in salmonids. Previous work has shown that Atlantic salmon Salmo salar show very little, if any, tissue response to infection, whereas less-susceptible host species exhibit strong inflammatory responses. The objective of this study was to examine whether a low-level L. salmonis infection in the absence of a stress response would have an effect on expression of Atlantic salmon immune-related genes over time. The effects of low-level infection (approximately 8–11 lice/fish) on kidney tissue and head kidney leukocyte immune-related gene expression were studied at two postinfection time points. At this level of infection, there was no evidence of a cortisol stress response. By use of real-time polymerase chain reaction, constitutive expression of the major histocompatibility (MH) class I gene was shown to be 2–10-fold lower in infected Atlantic salmon head kidneys by 21 d postinfection (dpi) than in head kidneys of uninfected fish held under the same conditions. Conversely, by 14 and 21 dpi, constitutive MH class II expression was significantly increased (&gt;10-fold) in infected fish. Constitutive expression of interleukin (IL) 1β also increased threefold in head kidneys of infected fish by 21 dpi; however, no differences were observed in cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression over the course of the infection. Adherent head kidney leukocytes from control Atlantic salmon showed an increase in MH class I and COX-2 expression after 3 h of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation for all three time points collected. The use of LPS stimulation on similar leukocytes from infected fish did not further increase levels of MH class I and COX-2 expression. This is the first report on host gene expression during an ectoparasitic copepod infection. The implications of these expression changes will be discussed with respect to the host–parasite relationship.