bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Amount Seen in Brief Exposures
Authors: Holding Dennis H. 
Published: July 2007

The experiments reported are a series of attempts to test the consequences of assuming that a subject exposed to briefly presented tachistoscopic information does not have access to a visual image. The partial report procedure is examined under several conditions with the letter row cues immediately following stimulus exposure, and at different levels of cue delay. The results of eye movement monitoring, and of instructing subjects where to look, agree with the guessing data of a previous experiment in showing a sharp decline in the number of letters correctly reported when the subject is looking at the wrong row, in conformity with the anticipative selection hypothesis. The result of varying the subject's uncertainty about what is to be reported is to vary the slope of the delay curve; with the implication that inefficient strategies of rehearsal, rather than visual image decay, are responsible for the reported delay effects.
The Locus of Maximum Weighting within Attentive Fields: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Wilson A. E. , Harper D. W. 
Published: July 2007

Fixation within a modified Poggendorff display was used to assess Pressey's hypothesized construct of attentive fields. In Experiment I the results for fixating near the bottom of the display supported the predictions based on Pressey's construct; however, results from fixating near the top of the display were more easily explained by a tilt effect noted by Zajac (1957). Experiment II and III replicated the first experiment and obtained independent measures of the tilt effect. After the tilt effect was subtracted from the Poggendorff scores, the prediction based upon the attentive field construct was supported in the top fixation condition; however, only Experiment II provided support for the prediction in the bottom fixation condition.
On the Time Constants of Tachistoscopes
Authors: Mollon J. D. , Polden P. G. 
Published: July 2007

The time constants of commercially available, electronic tachistoscopes are shown to be much poorer than is widely assumed. When a band near the centre of the visible spectrum is isolated, the output of a typical tachistoscope lamp takes approximately 18 ms to reach 90% of its asymptotic value; the time to decay to 10% is also typically 18 ms and we demonstrate conditions under which the decaying trace remains visually effective against a dark field for more than 40 ms after the nominal offset of the lamps. Many reports of tachistoscopic experiments published in the last two decades must be quantitatively in error; and we provide examples of experiments where qualitative conclusions may have been drawn invalidly.
Pelvic rotations: a pelvic phantom study
Authors: Foss O. A. , Klaksvik J. , Benum P. , Anda S. 
Published: July 2007

Background: Radiographic measurements made on standard pelvic radiographs are commonly used in studying conditions related to the hip joints. Effects caused by variations in pelvic orientation may be a source of error in comparing measurements between sequential radiographs. Purpose: To define and characterize parameters able to measure rotational differences separately around two axes and altered radiographic focusing along two axes when sequential standard anteroposterior (AP) pelvic radiographs are compared. Material and Methods: A pelvic phantom was constructed based on direct three-dimensional measurements of five defined landmarks in a pelvic model. Two ratios, the vertical and transversal rotation ratios, were defined using radiographs of the phantom. The phantom was radiographed in 33 different orientations and with 16 different radiographic focuses using a specially constructed tilt table. On each radiograph, measurements were made and the two rotation ratios were calculated using a measurement program. Results: Linear correlations between pelvic rotations around one axis and the corresponding rotation ratio were found with almost no influence of simultaneous rotation around the other axis. Also, linear correlations were found between altered radiographic focusing along one axis and the non-corresponding rotation ratio. Conclusion: Rotational differences around two axes or altered radiographic focusing along two axes can be measured independently. Effects caused by rotations cannot be distinguished from effects caused by altered radiographic focusing.
Book notes
Authors: Love Roy , Bush Ray , Szeftel Morris 
Published: July 2007

Comprehending and Mastering African Conflicts: the Search for Sustainable Peace and Good Governance
(1999), edited by Adebayo Adedeji, Zed Books in Association with the Africa Centre for Development and Strategic Studies.
Marxist Modern: An Ethnographic History of the Ethiopian Revolution (1999), by Donald L Donham, University of California Press, James Currey.
Transnational Social Policies: the New Development Challenges of Globalisation (1999), edited by Daniel Morales-Gomez, Earthscan, London.
Regionalisation in Africa: Integration and Disintegration (1999), edited by Daniel C Bach, James Currey, Indiana University Press.
Learning and Retention of Word-pairs with Varying Degrees of Association
Authors: Heim A. W. , Watts K. P. , Bower I. B. , Hawton K. E. 
Published: July 2007

The main aim of this experiment was to compare the role of degree of meaningfulness with that of frequency of repetition, in the learning and retention of word-pairs. The (student) subjects were divided into three groups. The first group learned 25 word-pairs whose members were frequently and highly meaningfully associated with each other. The second group learned 25 word-pairs which were associated far less frequently and meaningfully whilst those of the third group were as lacking in associative value as possible. The stimulus-words were ambiguous; they were identical for each of the three groups; the word-pairs were presented, in randomized order, repeatedly, during the learning stage until the subject achieved the criterion of 20 (or more) correct word-pairs. After an interval of 60-90 days, the subjects were retested for retention. The results indicated that degree of meaningfulness plays a greater role than does frequency of repetition, both in learning and in recall; that the role of repetition tends to increase, however, as the meaningfulness of the material decreases; and that individual differences in method of learning increase with the difficulty of the material to be learned.
Further Experiments on Movement Masking
Authors: Grindley G. C. , Townsend Valerie 
Published: July 2007

Voluntary attention to one of two static objects in the peripheral field of one eye makes this object more liable to masking by a moving object in the corresponding area of the field of the other eye (Experiment 1). Positive after images (and probably negative after images) are subject to (binocular) movement masking (Experiment 2). Movement masking can occur in the field of either eye, but with the displays so far tried the inhibitory influence of a moving object is less in the field of the eye to which it is shown than in the field of the other eye (Experiment 3).
Selective Attention: Perception or Response?
Authors: Treisman Anne , Geffen Gina 
Published: July 2007

Does our limited capacity in selective listening tasks arise primarily in perception or in response organization? To examine this, subjects were given two dichotic messages, one primary and one secondary, and had to make two different responses: the primary response was to “shadow” the primary message; the secondary response was to tap on hearing certain target words in either message. Since the secondary response was identical for the two messages, any difference in its efficiency with the two messages must be due to a failure in perception of the secondary message. Any interference between the primary and secondary responses (repeating and tapping) to target words in the primary message must be due to a limit in performing simultaneous responses, since if either was correctly performed the target word must have been perceived. The results clearly showed that the main limit is perceptual. Various target words were used to investigate the nature of the perceptual and response limits. Factors investigated were (1) the information content of the target words, (2) their range of meanings, (3) their grammatical class, and (4) the compatibility between stimuli and responses. A relative lack of response competition was found, which might be due to successive organization of the two responses at different stages in the perceptual sequence. The results were interpreted in terms of signal detection theory and the effects of reduced signal-to-noise ratio produced by inattention were compared with those produced by an external masking noise.
Choice Reaction Time to Single Digits, Spelled Numbers, “Right” and “Wrong” Arithmetic Problems and Short Sentences
Authors: North Jane A. , Grant David A. , Fleming Robert A. 
Published: July 2007

Average RT to single number stimuli were found to differ significantly, with the shorter RTs being evoked by 1, 2, 6, and 9. The relationship was most marked when the numbers were presented visually as digits but held also when the numbers were printed as words. RT for classification of simple three-digit addition and subtraction problems as correctly or incorrectly added or subtracted was shortest for correct additions and about equal for incorrect additions and correct and incorrect subtractions, implying a difference in processing of these forms of information. Similarly, dubitably false sentences were more slowly classified as “true” or “false” than were indubitably false sentences and either dubitably or indubitably true sentences.
Redundancy Effects in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Corcoran D. W. J. , Weening D. L. 
Published: July 2007

Five experiments are reported whose purpose was to demonstrate that short-term memory is improved by redundancy within the material. In Experiment I “tune” containing two, three, four and five tones of differing frequencies had to be coded into digits 1–5, to indicate the order of the pitches in a tune. Performance on stimuli containing correlated amplitude and duration were compared with the uni-dimensional condition. Experiment II repeated I, but required intensity to be coded. Experiment III required pitch coding under three conditions including that when amplitude and frequency were uncorrelated, and compared the performance of musically trained subjects with nonmusicians. Experiment IV repeated III, but subjects were informed of the relation between dimensions. Experiment V involved “shadowing” the tunes by whistling simultaneously with the stimulus. It was concluded (a) that intercorrelation improves, but zero correlation impairs short-term memory; (b) that knowledge of the relation between dimensions improves performance in the correlated condition, but does not prevent impairment under zero correlation; and (c) the performance of musically trained subjects exceeds that of controls and is unaffected by the presence of a correlated or uncorrelated dimension.
Two Experiments with Artificial Languages
Authors: Smith Philip Twitchell 
Published: July 2007

Two experiments are reported where subjects learnt simple artificial languages which contained synonyms: i.e. there were two equally correct verbal responses paired with each “referent” in the language: “referents” were simple visual patterns. In the first experiment (a memory task) subjects performed better with material of low auditory discriminability than with material of high auditory discriminability when they were asked to use one synonym of each pair more often than the other; the reverse was the case when they were asked to use each synonym equally often. In the second experiment (a two-person communication task with a noisy channel) the degree to which pairs of subjects tended to use the same synonym for the same meaning was found to be non-monotonic with the noise level in the communication channel: subjects tended to use the same synonyms for moderately high noise and very low noise more often than they did for very high noise and moderately low noise. The concept of decision cost (Smith, 1968) is used to explain these results. Decision cost is a complex function both of discriminability and of response bias, and it is proposed that changes in decision cost in response to changes in response bias are responsible for the results observed in these experiments.
The Effect of Overtraining on Transfer between Tasks Involving the Same Stimulus Dimension
Authors: Winefield A. H. , Jeeves M. A. 
Published: July 2007

Two experiments are reported in which transfer effects between two discrimination tasks are examined following differing amounts of training on the first task. The two tasks were a conditional (successive) discrimination involving black/white cues, and a simultaneous brightness discrimination involving the same black/white cues. In Experiment I the conditional task was presented first and in Experiment II the simultaneous task was presented first. The results of Experiment I show overall negative transfer which is not directly related to the amount of training. The results of Experiment II, however, reveal positive transfer although again the amount of training produced no significant effect. These seemingly discrepant findings are explained in terms of the difficulty of the conditional task and the development of rigid position stereotypes. It is argued that the concept of frustration-instigated behaviour is necessary to account for the results.
Short Term Retention of Sentences
Authors: Boakes R. A. , Lodwick B. 
Published: July 2007

A series of experiments was performed on the interaction between the short-term retention of sentences and of digits. In Experiment I a digit span method was used whereby subjects were presented with a sentence followed by a sequence of digits and were required either (a) to recall the sentence first and then the digits or (b) to recall the digits followed by the sentence. Under condition (a) prior recall of the sentence reduced the percentage of digit sequences correctly recalled, while under condition (b) retention of the sentence appeared to have no effect on digit recall. This last finding was confirmed in Experiment II, where the sentences varied both in grammatical complexity and length. In Experiment III the effect of prior recall of a sentence on the recall of digits was found to depend on the type of sentence used. A correlation was observed between the size of this effect and the time taken to recall a sentence. The rate of forgetting suggested by this observation was comparable to that obtained in Experiment IV, where subjects performed an intervening task that did not involve immediate memory for sentences in the interval between the presentation and recall of a six-digit sequence. It was concluded from these results that the short-term retention of sentences and of lists of items cannot be explained in terms of some general store of limited capacity.
The Four-card Problem and the Generality of Formal Reasoning
Authors: Lunzer E. A. , Harrison C. , Davey M. 
Published: July 2007

Three experiments were designed to investigate the failure of intelligent adults to solve an apparently simple problem of formal reasoning devised by Wason. Both the mode of presentation and the type of material reduced the difficulty of the problem, while retaining its essential form. However, success on the original problem remained at a low level, even when subjects had attempted an easier version and had been given an explanation. These results enable one to reject a “strong” formulation of Piaget's theory of formal reasoning. A “weaker” formulation is suggested as a basis for further research.
Learning 10000 pictures
Authors: Standing Lionel 
Published: July 2007

Four experiments are reported which examined memory capacity and retrieval speed for pictures and for words. Single-trial learning tasks were employed throughout, with memory performance assessed by forced-choice recognition, recall measures or choice reaction-time tasks. The main experimental findings were: (1) memory capacity, as a function of the amount of material presented, follows a general power law with a characteristic exponent for each task; (2) pictorial material obeys this power law and shows an overall superiority to verbal material. The capacity of recognition memory for pictures is almost limitless, when measured under appropriate conditions; (3) when the recognition task is made harder by using more alternatives, memory capacity stays constant and the superiority of pictures is maintained; (4) picture memory also exceeds verbal memory in terms of verbal recall; comparable recognition/recall ratios are obtained for pictures, words and nonsense syllables; (5) verbal memory shows a higher retrieval speed than picture memory, as inferred from reaction-time measures. Both types of material obey a power law, when reaction-time is measured for various sizes of learning set, and both show very rapid rates of memory search. From a consideration of the experimental results and other data it is concluded that the superiority of the pictorial mode in recognition and free recall learning tasks is well established and cannot be attributed to methodological artifact.
The Effect of Presentation Rate on Categorization
Authors: Folarin Bamidele Adepeju 
Published: July 2007

Homogeneous experimental (acoustically and semantically related) and control lists were presented to different groups of subjects at either 1 s or 6 s per word. The difference score between these two lists was used as a measure of categorization. Only words in the middle serial positions (representing retrieval from secondary memory) were scored. Clustering was also measured. Slow presentation rate significantly increased categorization of the semantically similar words. This was not true of acoustically similar words. A possible explanation of this is that semantic categorization is time-consuming and acoustic categorization is not. Alternatively, the acoustic similarity effect may be a retrieval effect. The absence of acoustic clustering would seem to fit in with this latter interpretation.
Attention to Pure Tones
Authors: Moray Neville , Fitter Mike , Ostry David , Favreau Donna , Nagy Vera 
Published: July 2007

Listeners were required to detect increments of intensity or frequency in trains of pure tone bursts under different conditions of attention. The data were analysed taking into account contralateral events when more than one stimulus train was present. Marked changes in d' and β were found and the changes were positively correlated. If targets are rare and attention is divided the values of β and d' are the same as in undivided attention provided that the contralateral event is a correct rejection, but fall if the contralateral events are hits or false alarms. If targets and non-targets are equi-probable no such difference is found. The data suggest that the observers can make use of the statistical properties of the stimulus sources. The results are compared with those in recent experiments using pure tones in a discrete trial paradigm and in experiments using semantic stimuli.
Selective Noise Disturbance of the Information Input in Short-Term Memory
Authors: Salamé P. , Wittersheim G. 
Published: July 2007

The present experiment was designed in order to investigate the effects of noise produced intermittently during the input stage of serially displayed visual materials (6-digit lists). These materials were to be memorized and subsequently reproduced on a specially designed keyboard. The four experimental conditions were the following: (1) quiet (Q); (2) noise uninterrupted during the presentation of each list (CN); (3) noise emitted simultaneously with each list element (500 ms) (ND); (4) noise emitted in the interval (140 ms) between each element (NA). Record was taken of the errors and omissions, of key response initiating times and of hand movement times. As an additional variable, subjects were required to estimate the annoyance induced by each of the four conditions. All noise conditions yielded more errors and omissions than the Q-condition, with the highest rates occurring in the two conditions where noise was superimposed on the digits. Close analysis of the errors showed that the primacy end of the lists was the most affected by noise, whereas keying speed for correct reproductions remained relatively unaffected. On the other hand, when the speed variable was split into a decision and a motor component, it turned out that the more a condition was judged as annoying, the more the time for response decision was delayed, while the reverse occurred for keying movement times. The latter effect could possibly be ascribed to arousal induced by the three noise conditions. It is argued that noise is liable to affect differently the various components of a task performance, either directly by interference with the intake of pertinent information, or indirectly through induced annoyance or through noise modulated arousal.
Experience Matters Most
Authors: Paschke Karl Theodor 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEven in foreign services that, like Germany's Auswärtiges Amt, follow a generalist principle in their human resources' management, individual careers are shaped by specific experiences. The author uses his own curriculum vitae as a case in point: he served many years in Press and Public Affairs at the German Embassy in Washington DC and as Foreign Office Spokesman in Bonn; he also acquired solid expertise in Personnel and Administration and headed the German Foreign Ministry's Central Department. He was later selected for an assignment as the United Nations' Inspector-General.Paschke feels that interaction with the media, administrative matters and oversight in international organizations are as challenging and attractive as any other diplomatic activity. His professional expertise continues to be in demand even after his retirement.
A self‐tuning controller for mimo non‐linear systems
Authors: Agarwal Mukul , Seborg Dale E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new self‐tuning control (STC) strategy for non‐linear, multi‐input/multi‐output control problems is proposed. This strategy is applicable to a broad class of non‐linear systems, which can include any nonlinear functions of the old inputs and outputs as well as the products of these functions and any powers of the most recent inputs. Simulation results for a two‐link robot manipulator demonstrate that the new non‐linear STC strategy provides significant improvement over conventional STCs based on linear models.
Comparative 13C‐NMR and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight analyses of species variation and structure maintenance during melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin preparation
Authors: Despres A. , Pizzi A. , Pasch H. , Kandelbauer A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe preparation of an industrially used sequential formulation of a melamine–urea–formaldehyde resin was followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and 13C‐NMR analysis. The analysis allowed us to identify and follow the appearance, increase, decrease, and disappearance of a multitude of chemical species during the preparation of both the initial urea–formaldehyde (UF) phase of the reaction and the subsequent reaction of melamine with the UF resin that formed. The analysis indicated that (1) the increase and decrease in the species that formed proceeded through a cycle of the formation and degradation of species occurring continuously through what appeared to be a series of complex equilibria, (2) even at the end of the reaction a predominant proportion of methylene ether bridges was still present, (3) some small proportion of methylene bridges already had formed in the UF reaction phase of the resin even under rather alkaline conditions, and (4) the addition of melamine to the UF prepolymer induced some noticeable rearrangement of methylene ether bridges to methylene bridges. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007