bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development and Application of a Streamline Micellar/Polymer Simulator
Authors: Wang Ben , Lake Larry W. , Pope Gary A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A large-scale, two-dimensional, muticomponent, multiphase, compositional simulator for micellar/polymer flooding has been developed and applied. It can be used to calculate the areal sweep with any well pattern and any irregular reservoir boundary. This model involves both streamline and finite-difference techniques. Time invarient streamlines without transverse dispersion are assumed. The change in the flow rates into each streamline is accounted for as a function of mobility ratio.
Computation results show that a line drive pattern produces a greater tertiary oil recovery than a 5-spot under the same pressure drop. However, the injection time of the line drive is two-to-three times larger. On the other hand, the oil recoveries of a 5-spot and a 9-spot are very close, but the 9-spot requires a longer project life. The fractional oil recovery for a 5-spot is found to decrease as a function of increasing well spacing. It is also observed that the orientation of an anisotropic reservoir with a 5-spot pattern plays a very important role in the micellar/polymer process. The injection time for a 5-spot may be reduced by a factor of one-half to one-third if the polymer solution is shear thinning. The proper control of the production rate of a single or isolated 5-spot pattern can greatly increase tertiary oil recovery.
In order to demonstrate that this model is capable of handling much larger field problems, a large-scale simulation of the north lease of the El Dorado micellar/polymer pilot test was made. The simulated final oil recovery and the production histories of each producer are illustrated.
Effect of Formation Compaction on Steam Injection Response
Authors: Rattia Aquiles J. , Ali S. M. Farouq 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Formation compaction, if present, can have an important influence on thermal recovery methods, as observed in Western Venezuela, and elsewhere. This paper discusses the effect of formation compaction on oil production by cyclic steam stimulation and steamflooding, using a fully implicit steam injection simulator. The simulator accounts for three-phase mass and heat transport occurring in steam injection processes, for a wide variety of operating conditions. It employs an implicit formulation together with a Newtonian, direct solution approach, and was shown to be stable for large time steps.
It was found that oil recovery in a compacting reservoir increases with an increase in the uniaxial compaction coefficient. However, whereas cyclic steam stimulation yielded a favorable response in a compacting reservoir, the opposite was true for a continuous steamflood. A delay in implementing a steamflood in a non-compacting reservoir can lead to a considerable loss of recovery, in the range of 10 to 40% of oil-in-place, depending on the value of the uniaxial compaction coefficient. This finding has far-reaching implications for steamflooding subsequent to intensive depletion by cyclic steaming, or primary production.
Although formation compaction can be beneficial from the standpoint of cyclic steam stimulation response, there is strong dependence on the compaction coefficient. Furthermore, it was found that if the oil in question exhibits non-Newtonian flow behavior – reported for some Venezuelan oils – it must be accounted for in numerical simulations, otherwise the oil production rates may be in error by as much as 100%.
Recent Experience with Wireline Fracture Detection Logs
Authors: Hirsch J. M. , Cisar M. T. , Glass S. W. , Romanowski D. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In the last year Shell has extensively cored the fractured Mlssissippian Madison Limestone formation in the Mondak field. The field extends from Richland County, Montana to McKenzie County, North Dakota. In three wells we have recovered over 1500 feet of core which have been analyzed for in situ natural open fractures. In an effort to delineate these fractures using wireline logs, we have run the commercially available logging tools as well as the prototype devices designed to respond to open fractures.
In some or all of the three cored wells (depending on availability), we have analyzed the Schlumberger Circumferential Microsonic Tool, the USGS Borehole Acoustic Televiewer, and the Schlumberger Fracture Identification Log.
The open natural fractures described in the core are predominately vertical, with a length ranging from several inches to several feet, and a width typically less than a fraction of a millimeter, with occasional fractures 2 millimeters wide. The matrix rock is limestone with porosity of order 3% or less and unstressed, uncorrected air permeabilities less than 0.1 millidarcies. Wells in the field produce from 10 to 250 BOPD from this tight rock. It appears that the fractures are important for production.
The paper discusses the mechanism of fracture detection and interpretation for each of the logging tools and compares their response to the core described fractures.
We conclude that the currently available fracture detection tools do not adequately identify the fractures observed in the Mondak cores.
Diver Training
Authors: Sharp Duncan 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
1) When we examine the statistics concerning diving fatalities in the offshore industry in the UK between 1971 and 1975, we find the following:
1971…………1
1972…………1
1973…………2
1974…………5
1975…………6
It was in 1975 that the Government stepped in, and through the Manpower Services Commission established a syllabus to which Air and Mixed Gas divers had to be trained.
Strategy for Environmental Studies in North Sea Oil Development
Authors: Johnston C. S. , Appelbee Jane F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
At frequent environmental meetings the importance of close communication between careful planning of environmental strategy associated with any new industrial development has been stressed (Appelbee & Johnston, 1978). Particularly crucial is the inclusion of all key environmental criteria at the initial planning/design phases, involving a close interaction between design engineers and environmental staff. It is equally important that this communication develops into a real understanding, a sympathy, which is maintained throughout the development. Not only will this minimise (and often totally remove) any barriers and conflicts associated with environmental matters, features so common in many US developments, it will lead to improved design and operation of plant.
Mechanism Of Drilling Wells With Air As The Drilling Fluid
Authors: Singh Madan M. , Goodwin Robert J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A microbit apparatus has been used to study how and why field drilling rates are usually higher when air is circulated rather than liquids. Our laboratory results with air are compared with the work of others who have circulated liquids to remove cuttings, and a theory for air drilling has been developed. Chief results of this program are that most of the parameters operative in liquid drilling are also operative in air drilling, but in air drilling many of these factors are much less detrimental to the drilling rate.
Our major conclusions are that drilling rates with air are much greater than with liquids because chip removal is facilitated by:low bottom-hole pressure exerted by the column of air,low viscosity of air which permits it to enter cracks more readily,less restriction to widening crack by highly compressible air, andlow cohesive forces between rock particles in environment of air.
Furthermore, there is far less plugging of widening cracks around chips because of the absence of solids from the drilling fluid and the better hole cleaning afforded by the high-velocity air stream. The greatest reason for high drilling rates with air is that the air is greatly cooled by expansion as it passes through the bit and thereby cools the bottom of the hole to reduce the stresses exerted on the rock by the overburden. Overburden pressure, liquid saturation of the rock and rock ductility have a more adverse effect on gas drilling than drilling with liquids. The effect of overburden pressure is greatest on dry rocks.
Corrosion of Buried Pipeline Under Effect of Electrical Field With Industrial Frequency
Authors: Kohua Yin , Minhua Tang , Chiangjian Hsiong 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
There may be induced AC voltage on the buried pipeline of oil and gas by power line and electrified railway, resulting in "AC corrosion". Although the reseach on AC corrosion has lasted for 74 years, many important problems about this subject are, heretofore, not clear.
In this paper, a new way viz. to investigate the AC corrosion on the basis of the theory of electric field in combination with that of the electrochemistry was proposed. New concept is hereby introduced; that is the electric-field corrossion.
Under the effect of the field which varies swiftly and holds powerful intensity, the reactive process of internal electrochemistry changes essentially, and the intensity of electric field is an important physical quantity. Making measurement and analysis of the interfered voltage, the gradient of potential, the point density of current, the weight-loss and depth of corrosion, we discovered that the weight-loss increases according to average density of current, and the depth of cavity becomes deeper according to the interfered voltage. Based on the results of experiment, prematurely safety limits of voltage of AC corrosion are proposed.
The Use of Laboratory Tests to Evaluate Scaling Problems During Water Injection
Authors: Read Peter Arne , Ringen Jon Knut 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Seawater and a North Sea formation water has been mixed in glass and in porous media. Core tests showed severe permeability loss due to scaling.
The extent depended on the mixing ratio and the amount injected.
Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were used to identify and compare mineralogy of scales formed in cores.
Laboratory Tests of Polymer Fluids at Geothermal Temperatures
Authors: Tyssee Donald A. , Caenn R. , Vetter O. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes work done to characterize by chemical methods the temperature/time degradation behavior of polymer based fluids that may be used in stimulating geothermal wells by fracturing. The polymers tested were hydroxypropylguar (HP guar), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), and XC Polymer. Also, two commercially available cross-linked HP guar systems were tested.
The paper covers the development of analytical techniques for characterizing the polymers and the results of static and dynamic high temperature aging of the polymers in various salt water environments. The fluids were tested at 150, 200 and 250°C. The paper covers the implications of these results based on the time/temperature degradation of the polymers and the relative ease of removing the degraded polymer from sandpacks.
New Concept — High Density Brine Filtration Utilizing a Diatomaceous Earth Filtration System
Authors: Barron William Cook , Young John A. , Munson Richard E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
For several years the chemical industry has used diatomaceous earth systems as a standard in effluent dewatering. Recognizing the similarities in clarity requirements between effluent dewatering and brine completion-fluid filtering, a new diatomaceous earth filtration system has been designed, tested, and is successfully being used in Gulf Coast operations.* The system consistently shows a one-pass solids removal efficiency of greater than 98%, at varying flow rates. Resulting solid concentrations average 74 parts per million (ppm, 0.007% by volume) and have been recorded as low as 10 ppm. This is a 40% improvement in removal efficiency and a filtrate that is 17 times cleaner, after one pass filtration, than the average of several existing cartridge units.
The efficiency of filtering high density brines is dependent upon several factors including the effectiveness of the filtration system, the physical characteristics of the brine and suspended solids, and operator experience.
Filtration removal efficiency and Industry standards for brine cleanliness can be modified to become more realistic and field-oriented. In future filter unit evaluations or comparisons, an absolute term of removal efficiency, which is defined by multivariable correlations through time, should be utilized. And rather than a maximum particle size standard, the Industry standards for brine cleanliness should be field-oriented and can be based on a concept of clarity and degree of contamination.
The Analysis of the Dynamic Filtration and Permeability Impairment Characteristics of Inhibited Water Based Muds
Authors: Peden James M. , Avalos Margarita R. , Arthur Kevin G. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The impairment of permeability in the near well bore region is dependent upon fluid loss to the formation. The dynamic filtration properties of KCl-Polymer and Gypsum-lignosulphonate muds have been individually investigated and the role of individual components has been analysed. The associated permeability impairment due to particle invasion and the response of cores to backflushing has also been investigated. The scanning electron microscope has been employed to qualitatively identify particulate plugging.
Factors Affecting Gelling Agent Residue Under Low Temperature Conditions
Authors: Almond Stephen W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The relative reduction in both formation permeability and fracture flow capacity caused by the residue remaining after water based fracturing fluids are broken is often very important in the final selection of a fracturing fluid. Therefore, it is important to understand some of the factors which can affect the amount of residue produced from the gelling agents and the changes in relative flow which may result.
One of the most important factors in determining the amount of residue produced is the type of gelling agent used as a viscosifier. In general, the following order is commonly used as a guideline to determine the relative residue content of a number of gelling agents: guar gum &gt; derivatized guar gum &gt; derivatized cellulose.
Test results have shown that this relative order can be changed by varying the break time, breaker concentration, crosslinker and pH of the fluid system. For example, data has shown that a cellulose fluid can potentially cause more reduction to both fracture flow capacity and formation permeability than commonly used derivatized guar gelling agents.
The information which will be presented in this paper will contain results of an investigation into the effect of breaker concentration, breaker type, break time, crosslinker and pH of a fluid system on the relative flow reduction caused by a variety of water based fracturing systems. Fluids prepared with standard guar and cellulose gelling agents broken at low temperatures in a variety of porous media have been investigated. The importance of evaluating an entire fracturing fluid system and not just the specific gelling agent to determine which fluid should provide the optimum production increase from a hydraulic fracturing treatment will also be presented.
Carbonate Acidizing: A Thermodynamic Analysis
Authors: Hayatdavoudi A. , Chiu C. B. , Kalra S. K. , LeBlanc J. L. , Schluntz E. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The authors have noted a common problem in deep well acidizing. The problem is that, as the wells become deeper, the quantity of unspent hydrochloric acid increases. This fact in some cases renders the well stimulation useless. In this paper we look at the pressure and temperature effects on the quantity of unspent acid in low permeability - high pressure wells. In the past, only the temperature effect has been critically studied and the effect of pressure has been neglected. By adding the pressure terms of the ideal gas law to the Gibbs free energy equation, the effect of pressure can be seen easily, though it may not be too great.
Weeks Island "S" Sand Reservoir B Gravity Stable Miscible CO2 Displacement, Iberia Parish, Louisiana
Authors: Perry G. E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Shell, in conjunction with the United States of America Department of Energy, is conducting a gravity stable displacement field test of the miscible CO2 process. The test is being conducted in the portion of a fault sealed reservoir lying below a subsea depth of -12,750 feet. Injection of the CO2 slug at the producing gas-oil contact commenced in October 1978. Injection of the 860 MM cubic foot slug was completed in February of 1980. The slug of CO2 was moved downward through the watered out sand by production of downdip water. The leading edge of the displacement has reached the producing perforations and production of the oil column commenced on January 26, 1981.
Conventional cores and the log-inject-log technique were used to determine residual oil saturation in a well drilled as the pilot producer. Pulsed neutron logging devices have been used to detect the CO2 slug and monitor its subsequent movements in the vicinity of the production well. The monitor logs indicate the thickness of the oil column had increased during the displacement to the production perforations located 130 feet below the level of CO2 injection. The 23 foot oil column remaining at initiation of the project had apparently grown to 57 feet.
PVT samples and production data indicate CO2 has penetrated the oil column and free gas is being produced with the oil. However, the qualitative measurements of the logs do not indicate a large gas or CO2 content in the oil column.
Design and Implementation of Four Enhanced Recovery Projects in Bay Fields of South Louisiana
Authors: Boardman Roger S. , Moore Larry J. , Julian Michael H. , Bilbrey Don G. , Moore J. Stephen 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper reviews the design and implementation of four enhanced recovery projects that were initiated in the shallow-water environment of two bay fields located along the coastline of South Louisiana. These four projects are a caustic augmented waterflood, a miscible carbon dioxide waterflood, both in Quarantine Bay Field, and two polymer augmented waterfloods in the West Bay Field. The paper focuses on the design modifications required for the projects due to the hostile overwater environment and the logistics problems associated with the locations of the projects.
Enhanced Oil Recovery in Rumania
Authors: Carcoana Aurel N. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The wide oil field experience of the Romanian oil men in producing hydrocarbon reservoirs is based on an old tradition, but only after 1945 reservoir engineering studies were started in Romania.
Beginning with 1950 conventional recovery methods expanded continual.
During the last 10 years, however, the crude oil, as energy resource, has become of tremendous importance. The need for increasing the ultimate oil recovery has been felt in Romania as everywhere else. To attain this goal EOR methods were and are tested and expanded on a commercial scale.
The paper describes the application of the fire-floods to a broad range of Romanian oil reservoirs and crude properties and reviews the field tests of polymer flooding, surfactant flooding and alkaline flooding. A commercial scale project with cyclic steam injection is presented and also the use of the domestic CO2 sources to enhance oil recovery.
The results and the difficulties encountered are briefly discussed and also the potential of EOR methods in Romania are presented.
A Comparative Evaluation of Surface and Downhole Steam Generation Techniques
Authors: Hart Carolyne M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It has long been recognized that the application of heat to reservoirs containing high API gravity oils can substantially improve recovery. Although steam injection is currently the principal thermal recovery method, heat transmission losses associated with delivery of the steam from the surface generators to the oil-bearing formation has limited conventional steam injection to shallow reservoirs.
The objective of the Department of Energy's Project DEEP STEAM is to develop the technology required to economically produce heavy oil from deep reservoirs. The tasks included in this effort are the development and evaluation of thermally efficient delivery systems and downhole steam generation systems. This paper compares the technical and economic performance of conventional surface steam drives, which are strongly influenced by heat losses, with (a) thermally efficient delivery (through insulated strings) of surface generated steam, (b) low pressure combustion downhole steam generation, (c) high pressure combustion downhole steam generation using air as the oxygen source, and (d) high pressure combustion downhole steam generation substituting pure oxygen for air.
The selection of a preferred technology based upon either total efficiency or cost is found to be strongly influenced by reservoir depth, steam mass flow rate, and sandface steam equality. Therefore, a parametric analysis has been performed which examines varying depths, injection rates and steam qualities. Results indicate that the technologies are not readily distinguishable for low injectivity reservoirs in which conventional steam drives are feasible. However, high injection rates produce a notable cost difference between high pressure combustion systems and the other technologies. Issues that must be addressed before gaining further insight into the economic viability of downhole steam generation are discussed.
Analysis of the Early Performance of the M-6 Steam-Drive Project, Venezuela
Authors: Schenk L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since January 1978 Maraven is conducting the M-6 Steam Drive Project in Tia Juana, one of the Bolivar Coast Heavy Oil Reservoirs near Lake Maracaibo. The project is carried out on a semi-open seven- spot well configuration, using the existing 231-m grid and comprises at present 21 injectors and 130 producers. The project area is 7, 4 Km2, depth 1800 ft ss, and originally contained 525 million bbl of 13 degr. API Crude. The recovery by primary depletion, enhanced by steam soak, was 22 pct. STOIIP at the start of steam drive.
Steam is supplied by a plant with a nominal capacity of 10,000 t/d of saturated, dry steam at 1000 psig. Lake Maracaibo water softened by ion-exchange is used as feed water and natural gas as fuel.
Following a build-up period of 6 months the steam injection rate has ranged between 6000 and 8500 t/d, averaging 7400 t/d up to end 1981, at well head pressures of around 500 psig. The oil production increased from a pre—project level of 8000 b/d to 18,000-23,000 b/d since early 1980, accompanied by an increase in water production from 4000 up to 40,000 b/d. Cumulative performance data for the period Jan. 1978-Dec. 1981 are: steam injected 10.2 million tons, oil produced 23.7 million bbl, extra oil produced 15.9 million bbl and water produced 33.0 million bbl. Corresponding main project parameters are: cumulative oil production 4.5% STOIIP, of which 3% STOIIP is extra, oil/steam ratio 2.3 bbl/ton, extra-oil/steam ratio 1.6 bbl/ton.
Although these figures show that the overall performance has been very satisfactory so far, individual well performances indicate an irregular flow distribution, both areally and vertically, duo to the heterogeneous nature of the reservoir. Corrective measures taken so far are selective recompletion of producers where steam breaks through and adjustments to the well pattern. Results from this policy have been favorable during the second half of 1981, the oil production rate reaching a high of 23,000 b/d in December.
Selective recompletion of the injectors on the lower sands which do not take steam at present is under consideration.
It is expected that by continuous adjustment of the project policy to the performance as it develops under the given conditions, it will be possible to recovery 20% STOIIP of extra oil at an oil/steam ratio of 2 bbl/ton. In later stages when additional information has become available the merits of increasing the recovery by injecting more steam and/or interspacing will be investigated.