bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics of clomipramine in dogs following single-dose intravenous and oral administration
Authors: King Jonathan N. , Maurer Max P. , Hotz Rolf P. , Fisch Roland D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine pharmacokinetics of
clomipramine and its principle metabolite (desmethylclomipramine)
in the plasma of dogs after IV or oral
administration of a single dose.

Animals—6 male and 6 female Beagles.

Procedures—Clomipramine was administered IV
(2 mg/kg), PO (4 mg/kg) after food was withheld for 15
hours, and PO (4 mg/kg) within 25 minutes after dogs
were fed. Plasma clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine
concentrations were measured by use
of a gas chromatography with mass-selection method.

Results—Time to peak plasma concentrations of
clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine following
oral administration was 1.2 hours. For clomipramine,
after IV administration, elimination half-life was 5 hours,
mean residence time was 3 hours, and plasma clearance
was 1.4 L/h/kg. Values for mean residence time
and terminal half-life following oral administration were
similar to values obtained following IV administration,
and systemic bioavailability was approximately 20% for
clomipramine and 140% for desmethylclomipramine,
indicating fast absorption of clomipramine from the gastrointestinal
tract and extensive first-pass metabolism.
Administration of clomipramine with food did not alter
the area under the concentration versus time curve for
desmethylclomipramine but resulted in a 25% increase
for clomipramine. Clomipramine and desmethylclomipramine
were extensively bound (> 96%) to
serum proteins. There were no significant differences
in area under the concentration versus time curve
between male and female dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate
that there should not be any clinically important
differences in efficacy regardless of whether
clomipramine is administered with or without food.
(Am J Vet Res 2000;61:74–79)
Effect of age on immunocytochemical staining characteristics of adenohypophyseal cells in Mongolian pony mares and stallions
Authors: Tan Jian-Hua , Sasaki Fumihiko 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of age on immunocytochemical staining characteristics of adenohypophyseal cells of Mongolian pony mares and stallions.Animals—35 Mongolian ponies.Procedure—Pituitary glands from 1- to 22-year-old horses of both sexes were collected at a commercial slaughterhouse in China and allocated into 7 groups according to age and sex: prepubertal stallions (n = 5; 1 to 2 years old), young stallions (6; 3 to 7 years old), middle-aged stallions (4; 10 to 12 years old), old stallions (5; 15 to 22 years old), young mares (3; 3 to 7 years old), middle-aged mares (5; 10 to 12 years old), and old mares (7; 15 to 22 years old). Pituitary glands were processed for microscopy, and sections were immunocytochemically stained for various pituitary hormones. The percentages and cell areas of 6 types of adenohypophyseal cells were determined by use of morphometry.Results—Age-related alterations in adenohypophyseal cells were detected in horses > 15 years old. Percentage of somatotrophs decreased with age regardless of sex, and percentage of lactotrophs increased with age in stallions. In old mares, percentage of follicle-stimulating hormone cells increased, whereas cell area of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone cells decreased. Differences between sexes for percentage of somatotrophs and lactotrophs, and cell area of follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone cells were not evident in old horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Differences among percentages and cell areas of pituitary cell types in old horses may be associated with degeneration of the sex organs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 826–831)
Effect of hemodialysis on plasma amino acid concentrations in healthy dogs
Authors: Elliott Denise A. , Marks Stanley L. , Cowgill Larry D. , Kass Philip H. , Rogers Quinton R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To characterize the effect of maintenance hemodialysis on plasma amino acid concentrations and to quantitate free amino acid losses into the dialysate during hemodialysis in healthy dogs.Animals—8 healthy adult dogs.Procedure—Five dogs received hemodialysis treatments 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Plasma amino acid concentrations were evaluated once per week for 4 weeks in each of the 5 dogs prior to hemodialysis (time 0), 90 minutes during hemodialysis, and immediately after hemodialysis (180 minutes). Total free amino acid concentrations and plasma amino acid concentrations (time 0, 90 minutes, and 180 minutes) in the dialysate were evaluated in 3 dogs that received 1 hemodialysis treatment.Results—Significant time versus week interactions with any plasma amino acid were not detected; however, significant decreases in all plasma amino acid concentrations measured were detected at the midpoint of dialysis (46 ± 2%) and at the end of each dialysis session (38 ± 2%). Mean (± SEM) total free amino acid loss into the dialysate was 2.7 ± 0.2 g or 0.12 g/kg of body weight.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hemodialysis is associated with significant alterations in plasma amino acid concentrations and loss of free amino acids into the dialysate. Loss of amino acids into the dialysate, coupled with protein calorie malnutrition in uremic patients, may contribute to depletion of amino acid stores.(Am J Vet Res2000;61:869–873)
Effect of daily floor treatment with sodium bisulfate on the fly population of horse stalls
Authors: Sweeney Corinne R. , Scanlon Tiffany , Russell Gail E. , Smith Gary , Boston Raymond C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine application rate and effectiveness of sodium bisulfate to decrease the fly population in a horse barn environment.Sample Population—12 privately owned farms in southeastern Pennsylvania.Procedure—Application rates of sodium bisulfate were approximately 2.3 kg/stall, 1.1 kg/stall, and 0.5 kg/stall. Two or 3 stalls were treated, and 1 or 2 stalls were not treated (control stalls) at each farm. Farm personnel applied sodium bisulfate in treated stalls daily for 7 days. Fly tapes were hung from the same site in treated and control stalls. After 24 hours, the fly tape was removed, flies adhering to the sticky surface were counted and recorded, and a new fly tape was hung. This procedure was repeated daily during each of the testing periods.Results—Following the application of 2.3 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, the numbers of flies collected on the fly tape were significantly decreased in treated stalls, compared with control stalls during the same time periods on 9 of the 12 farms evaluated. Following the application of 1.1 kg of sodium bisulfate/ stall, fly numbers were significantly decreased in treated stalls on 6 of the 9 farms evaluated. Following the application of 0.5 kg of sodium bisulfate/stall, fly numbers were significantly decreased in the treated stalls on 3 of the 4 farms evaluated.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our findings suggest that sodium bisulfate would be effective for fly control in horse barns. (Am J Vet Res2000; 61:910–913)
Determination of the cDNA sequence and mRNA expression of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist in horses
Authors: Dhar Arun K. , Thompson Margret S. , Paradis Mary Rose , Alcivar-Warren Acacia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the complementary DNA (cDNA) sequence of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) in horses and compare messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of IL-1ra among horses of various breeds.Sample Population—Blood samples from neonatal and adult horses examined for a variety of diseases.Procedure—A polymerase chain reaction procedure was used to amplify a 220 base pair (bp) portion of the genomic DNA. The upstream and downstream regions of the cDNA sequence were determined by means of 5' and 3' rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) procedures. Northern blot hybridization was used to examine steady-state mRNA expression of IL- 1ra.Results—The consensus sequence of the cDNA obtained with the 5'-RACE procedure and the sequence for the 220 bp portion of the genomic DNA represented the putative sequence for secreted IL- 1ra. The predicted secreted IL-1ra amino acid sequence contained 176 residues with an in-frame stop codon; the N-terminal 25 amino acid residues resembled the signal peptide reported for human secreted IL-1ra. An approximately 1.3 kilobase pair (kb) band that represented a portion of the 3' end of the coding region and the 3' untranslated region was obtained by use of the 3' -RACE procedure. Northern blot hybridization detected a 1.6 kb transcript in blood RNA from adult Arabian, Belgian, Thoroughbred, and Standardbred horses.Conclusions—Results suggest that the DNA for equine secreted IL-1ra has a short (29 bp) 5' untranslated region, a 534 bp coding region, and a long (approximately 1,080 bp) untranslated region. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:920–924)
Pharmacokinetics of acetazolamide after intravenous and oral administration in horses
Authors: Alberts Michael K. , Clarke Cyril R. , MacAllister Charles G. , Homer Lynne M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the pharmacokinetics of acetazolamide administered IV and orally to horses.Animals—6 clinically normal adult horses.Procedure—Horses received 2 doses of acetazolamide (4 mg/kg of body weight, IV; 8 mg/kg, PO), and blood samples were collected at regular intervals before and after administration. Samples were assayed for acetazolamide concentration by high-performance liquid chromatography, and concentrationtime data were analyzed.Results—After IV administration of acetazolamide, data analysis revealed a median mean residence time of 1.71 ± 0.90 hours and median total body clearance of 263 ± 38 ml/kg/h. Median steady-state volume of distribution was 433 ± 218 ml/kg. After oral administration, mean peak plasma concentration was 1.90 ± 1.09 µg/ml. Mean time to peak plasma concentration was 1.61 ± 1.24 hours. Median oral bioavailability was 25 ± 6%.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Oral pharmacokinetic disposition of acetazolamide in horses was characterized by rapid absorption, low bioavailability, and slower elimination than observed initially after IV administration. Pharmacokinetic data generated by this study should facilitate estimation of appropriate dosages for acetazolamide use in horses with hyperkalemic periodic paralysis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:965–968)
Effects of training on maximum oxygen consumption of ponies
Authors: Katz Lisa M. , Bayly Warwick M. , Roeder Mikel J. , Kingston Janene K. , Hines Melissa T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To establish maximum oxygen consumption (O2max) in ponies of different body weights, characterize the effects of training of short duration onO2max, and compare these effects to those of similarly trained Thoroughbreds.Animals—5 small ponies, 4 mid-sized ponies, and 6 Thoroughbreds.Procedure—All horses were trained for 4 weeks. Horses were trained every other day for 10 minutes on a 10% incline at a combination of speeds equated with 40, 60, 80, and 100% ofO2max. At the beginning and end of the training program, each horse performed a standard incremental exercise test in whichO2max was determined. Cardiac output (), stroke volume (SV), and arteriovenous oxygen content difference (C [a-v] O2) were measured in the 2 groups of ponies but not in the Thoroughbreds.Results—Prior to training, meanO2max for each group was 82.6 ± 2.9, 97.4 ± 13.2, and 130.6 ± 10.4 ml/kg/min, respectively. Following training, meanO2max increased to 92.3 ± 6.0, 107.8 ± 12.8, and 142.9 ± 10.7 ml/kg/min. Improvement inO2max was significant in all 3 groups. For the 2 groups of ponies, this improvement was mediated by an increase in; this variable was not measured in the Thoroughbreds. Body weight decreased significantly in the Thoroughbreds but not in the ponies.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ponies have a lowerO2max than Thoroughbreds, and larger ponies have a greaterO2max than smaller ponies. Although mass-specificO2max changed similarly in all groups, response to training may have differed between Thoroughbreds and ponies, because there were different effects on body weight. (Am J Vet Res2000; 61:986–991)
Development of a technique for the in vivo assessment of flatulence in dogs
Authors: Collins Stella B. , Perez-Camargo Gerardo , Gettinby George , Butterwick Richard F. , Batt Roger M. , Giffard Catriona J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To develop a noninvasive method for the
in vivo assessment of flatulence in dogs.

Animals—8 adult dogs.

Procedure—Rectal gases were collected via a perforated
tube held close to each dog's anus and attached
to a monitoring pump fitted with a sensor that recorded
hydrogen sulfide concentrations every 20 seconds.
Patterns of flatulence were monitored for 14
hours after feeding on 4 days, and within- and
between-dog variation was assessed over 4 hours on
4 consecutive days. Rate of hydrogen sulfide production
(flatulence index) and frequency and number of
emissions were evaluated as potential indicators of
flatus characteristics. An odor judge assigned an odor
rating to each flatulence episode, and the relationship
between that rating and hydrogen sulfide concentration
was determined.

Results—Flatulence patterns varied within and
between dogs. Variation was most pronounced for flatulence
index; mean coefficients of variance within
dogs over time and between dogs on each day were
75 and 103%, respectively. Flatus with hydrogen sulfide
concentrations > 1 parts per million could be
detected by the odor judge, and severity of malodor
was highly correlated with hydrogen sulfide concentration.
Odor ratings were accurately predicted by use of
the equation 1.51 × hydrogen sulfide concentration0.28.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The technique
described in this report appears to provide sensitive,
reliable, and relevant data and will enable further
studies of the factors that influence flatulence in
dogs. Use of this technique also has the potential to
aid in investigations of colonic physiology and pathology.
(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:1014–1019).
Soluble scute proteins of healthy and ill desert tortoises (Gopherus agassizii)
Authors: Homer Bruce L. , Li Chen , Berry Kristin H. , Denslow Nancy D. , Jacobson Elliott R. , Sawyer Roger H. , Williams J. Elliot 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To characterize protein composition of shell scute of desert tortoises and to determine whether detectable differences could be used to identify healthy tortoises from tortoises with certain illnesses.Animals—20 desert tortoises.Procedures—Complete postmortem examinations were performed on all tortoises. Plastron scute proteins were solubilized, scute proteins were separated by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), and proteins were analyzed, using densitometry. Two-dimensional immobilized pH gradient-PAGE (2D IPG-PAGE) and immunoblot analysis, using polyclonal antisera to chicken-feather β keratin and to alligator-scale β keratin, were conducted on representative samples. The 14-kd proteins were analyzed for amino acid composition.Results—The SDS-PAGE and densitometry revealed 7 distinct bands, each with a mean relative protein concentration of > 1%, ranging from 8 to 47 kd, and a major protein component of approximately 14 kd that constituted up to 75% of the scute protein. The 2D IPG-PAGE revealed additional distinct 62- and 68- kd protein bands. On immunoblot analysis, the 14-, 32-, and 45-kd proteins reacted with both antisera. The 14-kd proteins had an amino acid composition similar to that of chicken β keratins. There was a substantial difference in the percentage of the major 14- kd proteins from scute of ill tortoises with normal appearing shells, compared with 14-kd proteins of healthy tortoises.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The major protein components of shell scute of desert tortoises have amino acid composition and antigenic features of β keratins. Scute protein composition may be altered in tortoises with certain systemic illnesses. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:104–110)
Results of intradermal tests in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis or recurrent urticaria
Authors: Lorch Gwendolen , Hillier Andrew , Kwochka Kenneth W. , Saville William A. , LeRoy Bruce E. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare results of intradermal tests (IDT) for environmental allergens at 30 minutes and 4, 6, and 24 hours after injection in horses without atopy and horses with atopic dermatitis (AD) or recurrent urticaria (RU).Animals—22 horses without atopy, 10 horses with RU, and 7 horses with AD.Procedure—In all horses, medical history was obtained, and results of physical examination, hematologic examination, serum biochemical analyses, examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, and IDT with 73 allergens were examined.Results—Horses with AD or RU had a significantly greater mean number of positive reactions for IDT, compared with horses without atopy. Horses with AD had a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy in every allergen group at all time periods, except for molds at 4 and 24 hours. Horses with RU had a significantly greater number of positive reactions than horses without atopy in every allergen group, except for molds at 30 minutes and 4 and 6 hours, trees at 4 and 6 hours, and grasses at 4 hours.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A significantly greater number of positive reactions for IDT in horses with AD or RU, compared with horses without atopy, provides evidence of type-I IgE-mediated hypersensitivity for these diseases. Evaluation of results of IDT performed in horses with AD or RU is useful in determining specific allergens for the formulation of immunotherapy along with providing identification of allergens that could be useful when creating avoidance strategies. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1051–1059)
Changes in molecular expression of aggrecan and collagen types I, II, and X, insulin-like growth factor-I, and transforming growth factor-β1 in articular cartilage obtained from horses with naturally acquired osteochondrosis
Authors: Semevolos Stacy A. , Nixon Alan J. , Brower-Toland Brent D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine molecular changes in the expression of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in horses with osteochondrosis, and to characterize expression of matrix aggrecan and collagen types I, II, and X in articular cartilage of affected joints.Sample Population—Articular cartilage from affected stifle or shoulder joints of 11 horses with naturally acquired osteochondrosis and corresponding joints of 11 clinically normal horses.Procedure—Harvested specimens were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen, and total RNA was isolated. Specimens were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde for histologic examinations. Expression of matrix molecules was assessed by analysis of northern blots and in situ hybridization, using equine-specific cDNA probes and riboprobes, respectively. Expression of IGF-I and TGF-β1 was assessed by use of noncompetitive quantitative polymerase chain reaction, in situ hybridization, and immunohistochemical analysis.Results—Cartilage obtained from osteochondrosis lesions had significantly greater expression of IGF-I, compared with normal cartilage. Expression of TGF- β1 and collagen type I were higher, but not significantly so, in affected tissues. Expression of aggrecan or collagen types II and X did not differ between affected and clinically normal cartilage.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Increased expression of growth factors and collagen type I was found in cartilage from osteochondrosis lesions. However, this probably reflects a healing response to injured tissue rather than a primary alteration. Therefore, methods aimed at altering concentrations of growth factors in cartilage of growing horses would be unlikely to alter the incidence or progress of the disease. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1088–1094)
Experimental induction of chronic borreliosis in adult dogs exposed to Borrelia burgdorferi–infected ticks and treated with dexamethasone
Authors: Chang Yung-Fu , Novosel Vesna , Chang Chao-Fu , Summers Brian A. , Ma Din-Pow , Chiang Yu-Wei , Acree William M. , Chu Hsien-Jue , Shin Sang , Lein Donald H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To develop a method to experimentally induceBorrelia burgdorferiinfection in young adult dogs.Animals—22 healthy Beagles.Procedure—All dogs were verified to be free of borreliosis. Twenty 6-month-old dogs were exposed toBorrelia burgdorferi-infected adult ticks and treated with dexamethasone for 5 consecutive days. Two dogs not exposed to ticks were treated with dexamethasone and served as negative-control dogs. Clinical signs, results of microbial culture and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, immunologic responses, and gross and histologic lesions were evaluated 9 months after tick exposure.Results—Predominant clinical signs were episodic pyrexia and lameness in 12 of 20 dogs. Infection withB burgdorferiwas detected in microbial cultures of skin biopsy specimens and various tissues obtained during necropsy in 19 of 20 dogs and in all 20 dogs by use of a PCR assay. All 20 exposed dogs seroconverted and developed chronic nonsuppurative arthritis. Three dogs also developed mild focal meningitis, 1 dog developed mild focal encephalitis, and 18 dogs developed perineuritis or rare neuritis. Control dogs were seronegative, had negative results for microbial culture and PCR testing, and did not develop lesions.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of this technique successfully induced borreliosis in young dogs. Dogs with experimentally induced borreliosis may be useful in evaluating vaccines, chemotherapeutic agents, and the pathogenesis of borreliosisinduced arthritis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:1104–1112)
Radiometric assessment of hexose monophosphate shunt capacity in erythrocytes of rhinoceroses
Authors: Paglia Donald E. , Weber Brandon , Baumgarten Ingrid , Harley Eric H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives—To measure metabolic rates of the hexose monophosphate shunt (HMPS) in erythrocytes of rhinoceroses, and to test the hypothesis that low concentrations of endogenous ATP in erythrocytes impair HMPS capacity, thereby increasing susceptibility to oxidant-induced hemolysis.Animals—13 black and 3 white rhinoceroses, freeranging in several regions of southern Africa, and 1 Sumatran rhinoceros in US captivity.Procedure—HMPS fluxes were measured in rhinoceros erythrocytes with carbon-labeled glucose in the presence and absence of known HMPS activators.Results—Compared with values for human erythrocytes, mean basal state HMPS fluxes were appreciably lower (22 to 46%) in all 3 rhinoceros species studied. Shunt activators increased HMPS rates approximately 5-fold over basal rates in rhinoceros erythrocytes, compared with increases in humans of 10-fold with ascorbate and 15-fold with methylene blue. Stimulated HMPS rates in human erythrocytes were quantitatively 5- to 10-times greater than those observed in rhinoceros erythrocytes. Overall HMPS catabolic rates were completely independent of intracellular ATP concentrations.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—HMPS glycolytic and recycling rates and responses to activators are inherently low in erythrocytes from 3 species of rhinoceros, likely contributing to (but not solely responsible for) the high susceptibility of black rhinoceroses to oxidant-induced hemolysis. Slow erythrocyte HMPS capacities were independent of intracellular ATP concentrations, invalidating a current hypothesis regarding the pathogenesis of hemolytic anemia in captive black rhinoceroses. Limitations in HMPS capacities emphasize the importance of protecting rhinoceroses from exposure to drugs, chemicals, toxins, foodstuffs, and other conditions known to increase production of oxidizing metabolites, reactive oxygen species, and free radicals.(Am J Vet Res2001;62:1113–1117)