bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value connotations, perspective and self‐perception
Authors: van der Pligt Joop , Elser J. Richard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo studies are reported in which judges rated statements concerning the non‐medical use of drugs before rating their own attitude on the issue. In study 1,185 school and 73 university students rated their own attitude on four scales chosen to manipulate the value connotations of the response language, as well as a fifth scale labelled 'extremely opposed to/extremely in favour of the non‐medical use of drugs'. As predicted by accentuation theory, judges were more prepared to describe their own position in evaluatively positive than evaluatively negative terms: thus, pro‐drug judges gave more extreme self‐ratings on a scale (P+) where the pro‐drug end was positive and the anti‐drug end was negative, whereas anti‐drug subjects gave more extreme self‐ratings on a scale (A+) where the pro‐drug end was negative and the anti‐drug end was positive. Judges overall gave more extreme self‐ratings on a scale (EP) where both ends were positively labelled than on a scale (EN) where both ends were negatively labelled. Predictions of the variable perspective model were not supported, manipulation of the range of statements presented for judgement (through exclusion of either extremely pro‐drug or extremely anti‐drug statements) had no effect on self‐rating. Study 2 generalized the findings of the first experiment. Self‐ratings obtained from 48 school students were again found to be more extreme on EP than on EN scales.
Belief congruence and racial discrimination: Review of the evidence and critical evaluation
Authors: Insko Chester A. , Nacoste Rupert W. , Moe Jeffry L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA review of the literature pertaining to Rokeach, Smith, and Evans' (1960) belief congruence theory provided a context for discussion of some methodological and theoretical issues relating to conceptualization of the dependent variables, beliefcontent, belief discrepancy, meaningfulness of the race—belief comparison, attitude—belief feedback loops, attitude structure, and the relation between self and ideal similarity. The literature was judged supportive of a weak version of belief congruence theory which states that in those contexts in which social pressure is nonexistent or ineffective, belief is more important than race as a determinant of racial or ethnic discrimination. Evidence for a strong version of belief congruence theory (which states that in those contexts in which social pressure is nonexistent, or ineffective, belief is the only determinant of racial or ethnic discrimination) and was judged much more problematic.
Equity and equality as clues to the relationship between exchange participants
Authors: Greenberg Jerald 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects judged the relationship between two diners who either divided their restaurant check equally, or who paid for exactly what they ordered (i.e. divided it equitably). Relative to persons dividing the check equitably, those making equal divisions were perceived as liking each other more, having a closer relationship, being better friends, and being more likely to see each other again.
The role of social pressure, attention to the stimulus, and self‐doubt in conformity
Authors: Tesser Abraham , Campbell Jennifer , Mickler Susan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe theorizing of Asch and Moscovici was used as a framework for exploring the relationships among social pressure, attention to the stimulus, doubt about one's own judgment, and conformity. Male and female subjects (N = 185) were confronted either with one (low social pressure) or three (high social pressure) others who judged 12 critical pairs of noises as equal in loudness. The noises within each pair actually varied in how similar they were in loudness. High social pressure resulted in most subjects paying either little or much attention to the stimulus; low social pressure resulted in most subjects paying a moderate amount of attention to the stimulus. When social pressure was high, greater self‐doubt was associated with less attention to the stimulus; when social pressure was low, greater self‐doubt was associated with more attention to the stimulus. Conformity was positively associated with self‐doubt and negatively associated with attention to the stimulus. Social pressure increased conformity, particularly when subjects paid little attention to the stimulus. Although the results are interpreted as partially consistent with both the Asch and the Moscovici perspectives, they are not totally consistent with either.
Role‐playing as an experimental strategy in social psychology
Authors: Greenwood John Derek 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is argued that the efficacy of role playing as an experimental strategy should be assessed in terms of its ability to resolve the problems of experimentation in social psychology. Via an epistemological and methodological analysis of the laboratory experiment in social psychology, it is argued that ‘active‐experimental’ role playing constitutes a promising experimental strategy, because it can potentially overcome the fundamental experimental problem that arise in virtue of the relational nature of social psychological phenomena. It is stressed that in the end the question of the efficacy of role playing as an experimental strategy is an empirical one, but also that most empirical evaluations are inadequate for two reasons. Most of the role playing groups lack realism and involvement, and the congruence of results in role playing studies of deception experiments (whose validity is questionable) is uncritically taken as both the standard and the criterion for the efficacy of role playing. Both role playing and deception techniques should be assessed in terms of their capacity to achieve experimental realism.
The impact of social environment and sex on adolescent social values: A comparison of the kibbutz and the city in Israel
Authors: Florian Victor 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study compares the effects of two different socialization environments—the Israeli kibbutz and the city—on the social values held by 16‐17 year‐olds. A total of 352 boys and girls, 195 porn the city and 157 porn the kibbutz, filled out a specially prepared thirteen‐item questionnaire on social values. The results revealed the existence of four factors underlying these values: self‐oriented concerns (factor 1), other‐oriented concerns (factor 2), reliance on innate spiritual capacities (factor 3), reliance on physical and productive capacities (factor 4). Significant differences on factors 1 and 3 were uncovered for the kibbutz and the city subjects, while boys and girls differed significantly on factors 2 and 4. The findings were discussed in light of the differences in educational systems between the kibbutz and the city, and in light of sex‐role differences characteristic of Western society in general.
Some comments on… ‘the measurement of social orientations in the minimal group paradigm’
Authors: Turner John C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBornstein et al.(1983) employ both argument and evidence to suggest that the Tajfel matrices are an inadequate measure of intergroup behaviour in the social categorization paradigm. These comments reject their criticisms, point out the potentially misleading confoundings between strategies embodied in their own measurement technique, and show that once these confoundings are taken into account, the results of their two experiments are comparable to those normally obtained by the Tajfel matrices. Some misunderstandings about the role of the MD strategy are also corrected.
The St. Pauls' riot: An explanation of the limits of crowd action in terms of a social identity model
Authors: Reicher S. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe paper contains a detailed study of the St. Pauls' riots of April 1980. Particular attention is paid to the limits of participation in the event and the limits of crowd action. It is argued that these limits show clear social form and cannot be explained in terms of the individualistic theories that dominate crowd psychology. Instead a model of crowd behaviour based on the social identity model is advanced to account for the observations. It is concluded that crowd behaviour is more sophisticated and creative than hitherto allowed and that the neglect of this field should be remedied.
Social comparison, similarity and ingroup favouritism‐A replication
Authors: Mummendey Amélie , Schreiber Hans‐Joachim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effects of different kinds of similarity between social groups on ingroup favouritism using a modified replication of an experiment by Turner (1978). Instead of replicating the results of Turner, the data showed just the opposite. They are discussed within the framework of social identity theory.
Classification of situations specific to field and behaviour: The context of aggressive interactions in schools
Authors: Linneweber Volker , Mummendey Amélie , Bornewasser Manfred , Löschper Gabi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBased on a social psychological concept of aggression, in which the processes of definition and judgement of acts of behaviour are credited with central meaning, the situational context of aggressive interactions was systematized for a specific field (school). It is assumed that the particular circumstances of a situation provide information for the interpretation of a particular action, and that this interpretation varies depending on these circumstances.In the following study, norm deviation, intent and injury, are used as central criteria for judging on action as aggressive in order to establish a taxonomy of social situations, presented as verbal scenarios, that is both field‐and behaviour‐specific.686 school children aged between 13 and 19 years participated in this study.By using a multivariate analysis procedure, groups of situations were identified in which similar judgements of a particular action emerged. Both typical judgement patterns and corresponding situation characteristics were used in the interpretation of the resulting situation taxonomy.
When modesty fails: The social impact of group‐effacing attributions following success or failure
Authors: Bond Michael H. , Chiu Chi‐Kwan , Wan Kwok‐Choi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study explored how group members perceived a fellow group member who made either group‐serving or group‐effacing attributions following success or failure. Forty male undergraduates from the Chinese University co‐operated in pairs with a confederate on a demanding group task. After learning that their group's performance had exceeded or failed to meet a standard, the subjects heard their confederate‐partner make group‐effacing or group‐serving attributions. As predicted, subjects evaluated the group‐serving partners more highly (p < 0.05). Preference for group‐enhancing members was discussed as a pancultural response arising from the interdependence of group members. Given the process of social categorization, group members rise or fall together and are therefore socialized to support their group.
The relationship between higher order models and everyday conceptions of personality
Authors: Semin G. R. , Chassein J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo studies are reported. The first one is concerned with an examination of the degree to which higher order models of personality differ from everyday social representations of personality. The second study consists in an analysis of intersubjective variations in the organization of everyday personality theories through an examination of the semantic field in which trait terms are represented. It is argued that hypothetico‐deductive models of personality rely primarily on ordinary language descriptions of persons and do not constitute higher order models. Further, it is suggested that the development of such models relies primarily on a linguistic context, rather than extralinguistic considerations to social interaction in which person terms feature centrally. The two studies provide empirical support for both contentions. Finally, a cross‐cultural comparison of the semantic representation of trait terms is provided.
Choosing situations for a purpose
Authors: Gorta Angela 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWithin the literature, in theoretical discussions individuals are conceptualized as agents, capable of choosing and planning their actions. Situations are open to definition and may be construed differently by different individuals. On the other hand, the majority of studies of situations treat them as concrete givens with specific properties merely waiting to be discovered. The present paper attempts to explore the possibility of empirically treating individuals as agents, capable of choosing and planning their actions and of treating situations as being open to definition. It focuses on the choice of settings to fulfil different goals and on aspects of the setting considered salient once the goal is specified.The two studies described in this paper have illustrated that there is some consensus in the way people choose settings for different goals and that different uses of the setting lead to different aspects of the setting being considered salient. The high consensus with which two different groups of subjects, performing slightly different tasks, associated goals and settings suggests that there is some shared, at least subcultural, knowledge concerning the appropriate places in which to achieve specific goals. Individuals enter settings for specific purposes. Individuals entering a particular setting for different purposes tend to report using the setting in different ways. Both the goal and the particular setting affect the aspects of the setting considered relevant to the goal; neither the goal nor the setting alone is sufficient.
Ordinary explanation in conversation: Causal structures and their defence
Authors: Antaki Charles 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is argued that the social context of ordinary explanations encourages them to be more complex than single attributions, and to be defended by a variety of rhetorical devices.Explanations of personally‐relevant political events were collected from articulate respondents in a setting allowing conversational freedom. Structural analysis showed that single‐cause explanations were rare. Modestly elaborate causal networks were used, and personal, group and societal attributions tended to appear at different points in their structure. Rhetorical analysis of how explainers conversationally defended causal structures showed that they used claims about the descriptions of events, data supporting their claims and warrants in virtue of which their arguments were valid. Qualitative analysis suggests that explainers use data to exemplify rather than induce, and explainers use either data or warrant in defence of a claim, but not both.
The growing field of nonverbal behaviour: A review of twelve books on nonverbal behaviour and nonverbal communication
Authors: Rimé Bernard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis book review covers two monographs and ten edited books, mostly psychological in orientation and centered on current research questions about nonverbal behaviour or nonverbal communication. The edited books comprised 213 contributors. In each case, the reader is informed about the origin of the book, its main emphasis, the kind of topics covered, the nature of the material presented (whether theoretical discussions, reviews of research, research reports…), its general interest, and the type of readers who would mostly benefit of it. The material has been organized into five classes: Books of readings, introductory books, books on methods, specific dimensions, and specific topics.
Attributional self‐presentation and information available to the audience
Authors: van Knippenberg Ad , Koelen Maria 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPublic ability attributions of public task performance were investigated as a function of test performance (high or low), task performance (high or low), and the availability of information about test performance to the audience (audience informed or audience not informed). The results were largely in agreement with self‐presentation expectations, Ability attributions concerning public task performance addressed to an audience which was not informed about test results, were found to be strongly self‐serving, although they were also influenced by consistency of test and task performance. In ability attributions directed at an informed audience, self‐serving biases were completely absent, the attributions being in accordance with the consistency or inconsistency of test and task performances.
Preference for decision structures in a social dilemma situation
Authors: Rutte C. G. , Wilke H. A. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAdditional results from Rutte and Wilke's (1984) study are presented. In the context of a social dilemma situation two variables were manipulated: use and variance. Preference for various decision structures is the issue of the present paper. It appeared that a large majority structure and an unanimity structure were mast preferred. A small majority structure and a structure in which each decides for him/herself were intermediately preferred. Whereas a structure in which one person, a leader, decides for all was least preferred. Further analysis of these data suggested that only the latter two decision structures were influenced by the use and variance manipulations.
Social representations in the ordinary explanation of a ‘riot’
Authors: Litton Ian , Potter Jonathan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper critically examines the notion of social representations by way of a systematic analysis of media and participants' accounts of the St Pauls street disturbances of 1980. The analysis concentrates on two major explanatory categories which appear in the accounts: (A) ‘race’; (B) ‘government cuts and amenities’. In each case it is possible to distinguish three different levels of consensus between accounts: (i) particular explanatory schemata can be recognized as available but treated as mistaken; (ii) particular explanatory schemata can be recognized as relevant and adopted to explain the particular events, although in different ways; (iii) particular schemata can be adopted and used to explain events in the same way. The flexible meaning of these categories is highlighted along with the recurrent reference to alternative explanations. These findings raise problems for the suggestion that social representations minimize conflict and create ‘consensual universes’, and question the straightforward relationship between social representations and identifiable social groups. In conclusion the need is identified for a more detailed analysis of the language in which social representations are couched, and the relationship they bear to different contexts of use.
Stimulating the demand for dental care: An application of Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action
Authors: Hoogstraten Joh. , De Haan W. , Ter Horst G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAjzen and Fishbein's attitude‐behaviour model was applied to the problem of stimulating the demand for dental care, Subjects were 329 members of Amsterdam health insurance companies. They had not received regular dental treatment and/or a certificate of dental fitness for at least two and a half years. Applying for treatment and acquiring a dental certificate were the behavioural measures. The effectiveness of the communication based on Ajzen and Fishbein's model was compared with the effectiveness of messages based on the Health‐Belief model and the notion that knowledge of Rights and Obligations is a prerequisite for seeking dental care. Results lend support to the validity of the Ajzen and Fishbein model. Relationships between the components of the model are moderate to strong, both before and after subjects were exposed to the message. The message proved effective in changing beliefs about seeking dental treatment. Ajzen and Fishbein's claim that their approach has exclusive merits, however, was refuted. A differential effectiveness of the three messages was absent. In all, 47.4 per cent applied for treatment. No control subjects applied. Fifteen months later 70 per cent of the applicants had obtained a dental certificate. Contrary to our expectations, a condition of no‐message application‐form‐ only proved equally effective as the message conditions.
Volatile metabolites of Pistacia atlantica Desf. from Greece
Authors: Tzakou Olga , Bazos Ioannis , Yannitsaros Artemios 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe essential oils of leaves (from male and female plants), unripe fruits and leaf‐buds of different samples of Pistacia atlantica collected from Greek East Aegean islands (Kalimnos and Lesvos) were analysed by GC–MS and GC. Qualitative and quantitative differences among the samples and different organs of the plant were observed. The oils were rich in monoterpenes. The main components in the leaf oil from the female plants were myrcene (17.8%, 24.8%) and terpinen‐4‐ol (11.6%, 6.0%) in the Kalimnos and Lesvos samples, respectively, while in the leaf oil from the male plants terpinen‐4‐ol (17.3% Kalimnos) and p‐mentha‐1(7),8‐diene (41.1%, Lesvos) were the dominant constituents. The major components in unripe fruits were terpinen‐4‐ol (25.7%, 8.9%), myrcene (20.2%, 34.5%) and sabinene (14.9%, 19.5%). In the leaf‐buds oils sabinene (52.1%) and α‐pinene (11.6%) were the main constituents in the Kalimnos sample, while in the Lesvos sample the major constituent was p‐mentha‐1(7),8‐diene (42.4%). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quality of life in dementia: a 2‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Missotten Pierre , Ylieff Michel , Di Notte David , Paquay Louis , De Lepeleire Jan , Buntinx Frank , Fontaine Ovide 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo examine the evolution of quality of life (QOL) in demented subjects at base‐line, one and 2 years later and to determine clinical variables associated with QOL.MethodLongitudinal study of a cohort of 127 subjects living at home or in a long‐term care institution. A QOL measure (Alzheimer Disease Related Quality of Life; ADRQL) was administered three times. In addition, several clinical instruments (MMSE, IADL, ADL and CDR/M) were also administered.ResultsADRQL data analysis did not reveal significant modifications of QOL over the 2‐year period, whereas results from clinical instruments showed a significant deterioration. On the group, the variations of ADRQL scores were limited, with some improvement after the first year followed by some deterioration after the second year. On the other hand, ADRQL scores fluctuated every year by at least 10 points for more than 50% of subjects. With dementia evolution, it was observed that the clinical variables were more strongly correlated with ADRQL scores and were more significant predictors. This varied from 5.9% (MMSE) in 2002 to 40.01% in 2004 (MMSE and CDR/M).ConclusionsQOL did not develop in a strictly linear manner following the deterioration of clinical state. This suggests that the evolution of QOL is also determined by other variables relating to the physical and social environment of the patients. Their role seems particularly important for the mild to moderate stages of dementia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.