bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Maternal Smoking during Pregnancy Specifically Reduces Human Fetal Desert Hedgehog Gene Expression during Testis Development
Authors: Fowler Paul A. , Cassie Sarah , Rhind Stewart M. , Brewer Mark J. , Collinson J. Martin , Lea Richard G. , Baker Paul J. , Bhattacharya Siladitya , O’Shaughnessy Peter J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Context: Maternal cigarette smoking during gestation increases cryptorchidism and hypospadias and reduces testis size and fertility in sons by unknown mechanisms.
Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether maternal smoking is linked with changes in male human fetal endocrinology, testis gene expression, and liver concentrations of cigarette smoke chemicals.
Design: This was an observational study of the male fetus, comparing pregnancies during which the mothers either did or did not smoke.
Setting: The study was conducted at the universities of Aberdeen, Glasgow, and Nottingham and Macaulay Institute (Aberdeen).
Patients/Participants: Testes, blood, and livers were collected from 69 morphologically normal human male fetuses of women undergoing elective termination of normal second-trimester pregnancies.
Main Outcome Measures: Testosterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, LH, and cotinine; expression of 30 reproductive/developmental genes; liver concentrations of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons; and Leydig, Sertoli. and germ cell numbers were determined.
Results: There were no significant differences in fetal size, testis weight, cell numbers, seminiferous tubule diameter, or circulating LH and testosterone. Fetuses from smoking mothers had smoking range cotinine levels and liver concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons that were significant predictors of maternal smoking (P &lt; 0.001). Only the Sertoli cell-specific gene, desert hedgehog (DHH), was significantly altered by maternal smoking (reduced 1.8-fold, P = 0.013).
Conclusions: The consequences of reduced DHH signaling in men and mice are consistent with epidemiology for effects of gestational maternal smoking on sons. Given the absence of other observed effects of maternal smoking, we concluded that reduced DHH is part of a mechanism linking maternal gestational smoking with impaired reproductive development in male offspring.
Report of Fertility in a Woman with a Predominantly 46,XY Karyotype in a Family with Multiple Disorders of Sexual Development
Authors: Dumic Miroslav , Lin-Su Karen , Leibel Natasha I. , Ciglar Srecko , Vinci Giovanna , Lasan Ruzica , Nimkarn Saroj , Wilson Jean D. , McElreavey Ken , New Maria I. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractContext: We report herein a remarkable family in which the mother of a woman with 46,XY complete gonadal dysgenesis was found to have a 46,XY karyotype in peripheral lymphocytes, mosaicism in cultured skin fibroblasts (80% 46,XY and 20% 45,X) and a predominantly 46,XY karyotype in the ovary (93% 46,XY and 6% 45,X).Patients: A 46,XY mother who developed as a normal woman underwent spontaneous puberty, reached menarche, menstruated regularly, experienced two unassisted pregnancies, and gave birth to a 46,XY daughter with complete gonadal dysgenesis.Results: Evaluation of the Y chromosome in the daughter and both parents revealed that the daughter inherited her Y chromosome from her father. Molecular analysis of the genes SOX9, SF1, DMRT1, DMRT3, TSPYL, BPESC1, DHH, WNT4, SRY, and DAX1 revealed normal male coding sequences in both the mother and daughter. An extensive family pedigree across four generations revealed multiple other family members with ambiguous genitalia and infertility in both phenotypic males and females, and the mode of inheritance of the phenotype was strongly suggestive of X-linkage.Conclusions: The range of phenotypes observed in this unique family suggests that there may be transmission of a mutation in a novel sex-determining gene or in a gene that predisposes to chromosomal mosaicism.
Histamine Sensitivity in the Nasal Mucosa during Long-term Use of Xylometazoline in the Doubled Recommended Dose
Authors: Graf Peter M. , Juto Jan-Erik 
Published: November 2007

It has been suggested that the severity of rhinitis medicamentosa is dependent on the length of time the drug has been used, on how frequently it is used, and on the amount administered. It has been reported that a 4-week use of oxymetazoline in the recommended dose induced a rebound swelling and an increased histamine sensitivity as a sign of rhinitis medicamentosa and nasal hyperractivity. In order to study the impact of an increased amount of vasoconstrictor on the histamine sensitivity, nine healthy subjects had xylometazoline nasal spray in the doubled recommended dose (1.0 mg/mL; 0.28 mL in each nostril three times daily) for 30 days. After 10 days on the drug the histamine sensitivity was slightly increased, and after another 20 days the sensitivity was significantly increased compared to that before the start of the medication (P < 0.01). When comparing the results from this study with the corresponding ones from the oxymetazoline study, no difference in the histamine sensitivity was seen. One month after the medication was finished three subjects still had an increased sensitivity to histamine. It was concluded that the doubled recommended dose of xylometazoline did not further increase the elevated histamine sensitivity seen following vasoconstrictor used in recommended dose. The results also indicate that the increased histamine sensitivity was not caused by the preservatives. Finally, the subjects achieved a drug-induced non allergic nasal hyperreactivity (NANH) that in some subjects persisted for a long time.
Signalment differences in bone mineral content and bone mineral density in canine appendicular bones
Authors: Loebcke S. , Skalicky M. , Grampp S. , Lorinson D. , Lorinson K. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe objective was to determine signalment-related differences in bone mineral content (BMC) and bone mineral density (BMD) in dogs. Unilateral appendicular bones were harvested from 62 canine cadavers. Middiaphyseal regions of interest (ROIs) were scanned using a Hologic® DXA device Braincon, Vienna, Austria). BMC and BMD were calculated within this region. Middle-aged dogs (3 . 10 years) revealed the highest BMC and BMD levels. Mean BMC and BMD were higher in males compared to females. Furthermore, bodyweight of the male dogs was significantly higher compared to the females (P<0.0001). Body weight and bone length were significantly associated with BMC and BMD (P.0.023) in all bones but the radius. These data suggest that BMC and BMD appear to be highest in male large-breed dogs with a body weight greater than 30 kg. These results may help determine risk factors in fracture development and healing.
Tibial plateau angle in four common canine breeds with cranial cruciate ligament rupture, and its relationship to meniscal tears
Authors: Fox D. B. , Cook J. L. , Guastella D. B. 
Published: November 2007

Summary
Objectives: To compare tibial plateau angle (TPA) among Labrador Retrievers, Rottweilers, Boxers, and German Shepherd Dogs that had undergone tibial plateau leveling osteotomies (TPLO) for cranial cruciate ligament disease, and to determine if higher TPAs are associated with increased risk for concurrent meniscal injury. Methods: This was a retrospective study including 275 client-owned dogs of one of the four aforementioned breeds that received TPLO radiographs between 1999 and 2005 prior to undergoing the TPLO procedure. The TPA measured by the original surgeon was compared among four breeds and analyzed with respect to presence or absence of meniscal injury diagnosed via arthroscopy or arthrotomy at the time of surgery. Results: Labrador Retrievers, Rottweilers, Boxers, and German Shepherd Dogs had mean TPAs of 25.9°, 26.2°, 25.9°, and 28.2°, respectively. The TPA of German Shepherd Dogs was significantly higher than that of the other breeds of dogs examined. TPA higher than the mean for dogs in this study did not significantly increase the risk for concurrent meniscal injury. Clinical significance: German Shepherd Dogs with cranial cruciate ligament disease had a significantly higher TPA compared to the other breeds examined. Higher TPA did not increase the likelihood of meniscal tears in this study. However, several variables that were not assessed, including the degree of cranial cruciate ligament integrity at the time of surgery and the time between original CrCL deficiency and surgical assessment, could have affected this analysis.
Osteochondritis dissecans-like lesion of the intercondylar fossa of the femur in a dog
Authors: Lee K. , Schoeniger S. , Moores A. P. , Kulendra E. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn 11-month-old neutered female crossbreed dog was admitted with left pelvic limb lameness. Radiographs and computed tomography identified an osteochondritis dissecans- (OCD) like lesion in the intercondylar fossa of the femur originating from the axial aspect of the medial femoral condyle. Stifle arthrotomy was performed in order to remove the bony fragment. It was concluded that the clinical features and location of this lesion indicate an osteochondritis dessicans-like lesion. Fragment removal was associated with an excellent outcome.
Pathological fractures secondary to metaphyseal osteopathy in a dog
Authors: Philbey A. W. , Bennett D. , Arnott J. L. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA four-month-old German Shepherd Dog (GSD) was admitted with bilateral non-weight bearing hindlimb lameness and pyrexia. A diagnosis of bilateral distal femoral fractures secondary to metaphyseal osteopathy was made on the basis of clinical signs, radiography and biopsy. The dog returned to normal function following conservative management. As far as the authors are aware there are no previous reports of pathological fractures secondary to this condition.
Successful management of bilateral patellar tendon rupture in a dog
Authors: Shahar R. , Joseph R. , Milgram J. , Shipov A. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryA seven-year-old, 41 kg, intact, cross breed dog, was presented with a history of bilateral hind limb lameness after falling from a height of 1 m. Clinical and radiographic findings were consistent with bilateral patellar tendon rupture. Surgical repair was performed bilaterally. The tendons were sutured primarily, and an internal splint of nylon leader was added. Good apposition of the severed tendon ends had been achieved intraoperatively; however, post operative radiographs showed supra-trochlear displacement of both patellae. The casts used to immobilize the stifle joints slipped distally and three days post operatively the tendon repair had broken down, bilaterally. Revision surgery was undertaken and the tendons were re-sutured. Nylon leader was placed through holes that had been drilled in the patellae and tibiae. The stifle joints were immobilized with type I external skeletal fixators (ESFs). Both freeform polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) connecting bars were found to be broken at the level of the stifle joints two days later, without any disruption of the primary tendon repair. Each connecting bar was replaced with two connecting bars of PMMA reinforced with 3 mm steel wire. The dog was fully weight-bearing with a reduced range of motion in flexion immediately after removal of the ESFs at six weeks and was still sound 18 months post-operatively. Primary tendon repair in combination with adequate immobilization allowed for an excellent outcome in a complicated bilateral pathology.
Temporary transarticular stabilization with a locking plate for medial shoulder luxation in a dog
Authors: Guerrero T. , Voss K. , Montavon P. M. , Post C. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThis report describes the temporary fixation of a traumatic shoulder luxation in a large-breed dog using a 3.5-mm Locking Round-Hole Reconstruction Plate (LRHRP) to provide stable internal splinting, allowing healing of the injured ligaments, joint capsule, glenohumeral ligaments, tendons, and muscles for restoration of joint stability. The use of a temporary plate with a locking system should be considered as an option in the treatment of canine shoulder joint luxations with severe tissue damage.
Glutathione‐Dependent Bioactivation
Authors: Lash Lawrence H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe classical view of the glutathione (GSH) conjugation pathway involves GSHS‐transferase (GST)‐dependent formation of thioether conjugates between GSH and an electrophilic substrate, processing to yield the corresponding cysteineS‐conjugate, which is then converted to anN‐acetylcysteine conjugate (or mercapturate). Mercapturates of most GST substrates are rendered more polar and thus readily excreted in urine. In contrast, there is a growing number of GST substrates that, rather than being detoxified, are bioactivated. These substrates include several halogenated solvents, many of which are nephrotoxic because of the tissue distribution of GSH conjugation pathway enzymes and membrane transporters, and prodrugs of certain chemotherapeutic agents. Although the initiating steps are the same regardless of whether the substrate is detoxified or bioactivated, the cysteine conjugate functions as a branch point. Bioactivated cysteineS‐conjugates are metabolized in the kidneys by either cysteine conjugate β‐lyase or flavin‐containing monooxygenase to produce a reactive intermediate.Curr. Protoc. Toxicol. 34:6.12.1‐6.12.16. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Phosphoproteomics
Authors: Zhong Jun , Molina Henrik , Pandey Akhilesh 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProtein phosphorylation is one of the most important mechanisms of regulating protein function in cells, and it plays an important role in controlling diverse biological processes, including cellular proliferation, migration, and metabolism. The term “phosphoproteome” refers to the complement of proteins that undergoes phosphorylation, the extent of their phosphorylation status at the level of individual residues, as well as the dynamics of the phosphorylation events in response to various stimuli. This unit provides methods for enrichment of phosphorylated proteins and peptides using anti‐phosphotyrosine antibodies or titanium dioxide, respectively. Support protocols are provided for two detergent‐free cell lysis methods, fractionation of proteins prior to enrichment, and use of stable isotope labeling by amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) method for studying dynamics of phosphorylation events. Curr. Protoc. Protein Sci. 50:24.4.1‐24.4.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measurement of Interleukin‐17
Authors: Pappu Bhanu P. , Dong Chen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractUpon antigenic stimulation, naive CD4+ T cells undergo proliferation and differentiate into cytokine‐producing T helper (TH) effector cells. TH1 cells secrete effector cytokine IFN‐γ and regulate cell‐mediated immunity, whereas TH2 cells produce IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13 cytokines, and mediate immunity against extracellular pathogens and allergic reactions. Recent studies have identified a novel TH subset, called TH17, THIL‐17, or inflammatory TH (THi) cells, characterized by the production of a proinflammatory cytokine, IL‐17, and regulating inflammatory responses. In this unit, we describe the protocols for the differentiation of mouse IL‐17‐expressing T cells in vitro, detection of IL‐17‐expressing T cells by intracellular cytokine staining, and measurement of IL‐17 secretion in culture supernatants by ELISA. Generation of IL‐17‐expressing T cells in vitro under defined culture conditions allows investigation of their differentiation regulation. Detection of IL‐17 in cell culture and tissue samples helps in monitoring inflammatory diseases and determining efficacy of therapeutic interventions. Curr. Protoc. Immunol. 79:6.25.1‐6.25.8. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Animal Models of M. tuberculosis Infection
Authors: Orme Ian , Gonzalez‐Juarrero Mercedes 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAnimal models of tuberculosis infection continue to provide useful information about the nature of the disease process, including specific information about the immune response to the infection and the disease pathology. In addition, standardized animal models are now used extensively to test the capacity of new vaccines to inhibit the course of the infection, as well as test the capacity of new drugs to sterilize the infection. This unit describes some basic protocols illustrating established protocols for infecting animals with tuberculosis, subsequent processes for analysis, and various aspects of biosafety that must be observed. Using these protocols the course of infection, the basic immune response, and the extent of lung pathology can be determined in mouse and guinea pig models of experimental tuberculosis. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 7:10A.5.1‐10A.5.29. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Isolation and Laboratory Maintenance of Treponema pallidum
Authors: Lukehart Sheila A. , Marra Christina M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe spirochetal bacteria that cause syphilis, yaws, and bejel cannot be cultivated in vitro. This unit describes methods for the isolation of subspecies of Treponema pallidum and other pathogenic treponemes from clinical specimens, the propagation of these isolates in rabbits, isolation of clonal populations of T. pallidum, and techniques for maintenance of frozen stocks of these treponemes. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 7:12A.1.1‐12A.1.18. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using Vectors Derived from Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus (TBSV) and TBSV Defective Interfering RNAs (DIs)
Authors: Qiu Wenping , Scholthof Herman B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis unit describes principles and protocols for expressing a gene of interest in plant cells using gene vectors that are derived from an infectious full‐length cDNA plasmid of the tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV) genomic RNA, and from defective interfering RNAs (DIs). The TBSV gene vector system permits convenient cloning, allows modification and abundant expression of the gene of interest, and facilitates biosecure containment of the gene vectors. These vectors can be employed for functional genomics studies and for analyzing the biochemical properties and subcellular distribution of expressed RNAs and/or their cognate proteins. As with other plant virus gene vectors, recombination and deletion of the gene of interest during virus multiplication limits the application of the TBSV gene vectors to the inoculated cells or leaves. Curr. Protoc. Microbiol. 7:16I.4.1‐16I.4.16. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The tooth, the whole tooth and nothing but the tooth: how belief in the Tooth Fairy can engender false memories
Authors: Principe Gabrielle F. , Smith Eric 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo examine how children's fantasy beliefs can affect memory for their experiences, 5‐ and 6‐year‐olds with differing levels of belief in the reality of the Tooth Fairy were prompted to recall their most recent primary tooth loss in either a truthful or fun manner. Many of the children who fully believed in the existence of the Tooth Fairy reported supernatural experiences consistent with the myth under both sets of recall instructions, whereas those who realized the fictionality of the myth recalled mainly realistic experiences. However, those children with equivocal beliefs evidenced a different pattern under each set of instructions, recalling mainly realistic experiences when asked to be truthful and reporting many fantastical experiences when prompted to relate the tooth loss in a fun manner. These findings suggest that children's beliefs in the reality of fantastic phenomena can give rise to genuine constructive memory errors in line with their fantasies. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Charge Transport through Oligoarylene Self‐assembled Monolayers: Interplay of Molecular Organization, Metal–Molecule Interactions, and Electronic Structure
Authors: Grave C. , Risko C. , Shaporenko A. , Wang Y. , Nuckolls C. , Ratner M. A. , Rampi M. A. , Zharnikov M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe electrical properties of two molecular wires?a novel aryl moiety, 6‐(5‐pyridin‐2‐ylpyrazin‐2‐yl)pyridine‐3‐thiol (PPPT), and the well studied 1,1';4',1''‐terphenyl‐4‐thiol (TPT)?organized in self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) are measured using metal–molecule–metal (MMM) mercury‐drop junctions. Current measured at the same bias voltage through PPPT is found to be more than one order of magnitude lower than through TPT. To interpret and understand these results, characterization of the structure, organization of the SAMs, and theoretical analyses of the molecular systems are discussed. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy (NEXAFS) indicate that although PPPT forms high‐quality SAMs on both Au and Ag substrates, it exhibits a lower packing density (by 20 %) and less orientational order than TPT. In addition, electronic structure calculations with density functional theory (DFT) reveal that the electron‐withdrawing nitrogen atoms in the PPPT aryl backbone stabilize the valence molecular electronic structure and pull negative charge from the thiol sulfur. This behavior can influence both charge‐injection barriers and metal–molecule binding interactions in the MMM junctions. The current–voltage data are interpreted on the basis of a hole‐tunneling, through‐bond mechanism. Conductance analysis through a model for off‐resonant tunneling transport suggests that a comparatively small difference in the charge‐injection barrier can explain the factor of ten difference in observed conduction.
Aggregation‐induced Emission (AIE)‐active Starburst Triarylamine Fluorophores as Potential Non‐doped Red Emitters for Organic Light‐emitting Diodes and Cl2 Gas Chemodosimeter
Authors: Ning Z. , Chen Z. , Zhang Q. , Yan Y. , Qian S. , Cao Y. , Tian H. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA new series of starburst triarylamine fluorophores SBCHO, DBCHO, CZCHO, CZCN, and SBCN, that incorporate diphenylamine or carbazole as the electron donor and dicyanovinyl or aldehyde as the electron acceptor, has been prepared and their photophysical properties are investigated. In sharp contrast to most red‐emitting dopants, which show serious aggregation‐caused quench phenomena, the new starburst triphenylamine derivatives reported here show unique enhanced emission in the solid state or upon aggregation. Organic light emitting diodes using these compounds as non‐doped host emitters and hole transporters have been fabricated. The highest external quantum yield reaches 2.09 % for CZCHO. SBCHO was investigated as a chlorine gas fluorescence (FL) solid‐film sensor for the first time. The high‐intensity emission was ‘turned off' immediately after being blown by Cl2 gas.
Encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis accompanied by the formation of bone cysts: Harboring clues to pathogenesis?
Authors: Moog Ute , Roelens Filip , Mortier Geert R. , Sijstermans Han , Kelly Mary , Cox Gerald F. , Robson Caroline D. , Kimonis Virginia E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEncephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL) is a sporadically occurring neurocutaneous disorder characterized by ocular anomalies, mainly choristomas; by skin lesions consisting of hairless fatty tissue nevi (nevus psiloliparus), focal dermal hypoplasia, alopecia, and periocular skin tags; and by CNS anomalies, including intracranial and spinal lipomas and often mental retardation and seizures. Here, we report on three boys with ECCL with typical abnormalities of the eyes, skin and brain and, in addition, coarctation of the aorta. All three children developed multiple cystic bone lesions, which progressively spread throughout the skeleton in Patient 1 and was shown histologically to be non‐ossifying fibromas in Patient 2. We hypothesize that ECCL may be caused by mosaicism for a mutated gene involved in benign mesenchymal tumors and in vasculogenesis. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.