bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical composition and physicochemical and hydrogenation characteristics of high‐palmitic acid solin (low‐linolenic acid flaxseed) oil
Authors: Hosseinian F. S. , Rowland G. G. , Bhirud P. R. , Dyck J. H. , Tyler R. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe physicochemical characteristics and FA compositions were determined for refined‐bleached‐deodorized (RBD) high‐palmitic acid solin (HPS) oil, RBD solin oil, and degummed linseed oil. The predominant FA in HPS oil were palmitic (16.6%), palmitoleic (1.4%), stearic (2.5%), oleic (11.3%), linoleic (63.7%), and linolenic (3.4%). HPS oil was substantially higher in palmitic acid than either solin oil or linseed oil, and similar to solin oil in linolenic acid content. HPS, solin, and linseed oils exhibited similar sterol and tocopherol profiles. The physicochemical characteristics of the three oils (iodine value, saponification value, m.p., density, specific gravity, viscosity, PV, FFA content, color) reflected their FA profiles and degree of refinement. During hydrogenation of HPS oil, the proportion of saturated FA (palmitic and stearic) increased, and that of unsaturated FA (oleic, linoleic, and linolenic) decreased as the iodine value declined. This resulted in an inverse linear relationship between m.p. and iodine value. Hydrogenation also generated trans FA. The proportion of trans FA was inversely related to iodine value in partially hydrogenated samples. Fully hydrogenated HPS oil (i.e., HPS stearine, iodine value <5) was devoid of trans FA.
A continuous process for the glycerolysis of soybean oil
Authors: Noureddini H. , Harkey D. W. , Gutsman M. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA continuous process for the glycerolysis of soybean oil with pure and crude glycerol, the co‐product from the transesterification of soybean oil, was investigated in a pilot plant. The process was equipped with a static and a high‐shear mixer. The experimental studies explored the effects of variations in mixing intensity, temperature, reactant flow rates, and reactant stoichiometry on the formation of MG and DG. The developed process resulted in high conversion of TG to MG. The most favorable conditions were 230°C, 40 mL/min total flow, 25 min of reaction time, 2.5∶1 molar ratio of glycerol/soybean oil, and 3600 rpm for the reactions involving crude glycerol where the concentrations of MG and DG in the product were about 56 and 36 wt%, respectively. Under similar conditions, glycerolysis of pure glycerol resulted in 58% MG and 33% DG. In general, higher temperatures and mixing intensities favored the conversion of TG to MG and DG. Reaction temperature had a greater influence on the extent of the reaction than mixing. The formation of MG approached equilibrium for nearly all cases under investigation.
Characterization and compositional studies of the oils from some legume cultivars, Phaseolus vulgaris, grown in Southern Africa
Authors: Mabaleha M. B. , Yeboah S. O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeed oils from six legume cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris, grown in the Kingdom of Lesotho, were extracted and their physicochemical properties and FA compositions were determined in order to compare their dietary lipids with those in P. vulgaris cultivars grown in other parts of the world. The oil content of the beans was very low, ranging from 1.5 to 2.0% (w/w). The acid values ranged from 11.0 to 19.2 mg KOH/g, whereas a combination of the PV and the p‐anisidine values in Holm's equation gave oxidation values that ranged from 11.0 to 15.0. Thus, considerable enzymatic hydrolysis and oxidation had taken place in the beans during storage. Iodine values ranged from 80.5 to 92.3 (Wijs method), indicating moderate unsaturation in the oils. However, capillary GC analysis, supported by proton NMR analysis of the FAME, gave a total unsaturation range from 79.67 to 84.24%. The dominant FA were α‐linolenic acid (36.47–48.81%) and linoleic acid (20.96–36.10%), with appreciable amounts of palmitic acid (14.33–18.23%). This FA composition pattern is quite similar to the FA distribution reported for low oil‐bearing legume seeds. Thus, notwithstanding the different climatic and soil conditions, the general properties of lipids in the southern African legume cultivars were quite similar to those of lipids in P. vulgaris cultivars grown in other parts of the world. The high content of α‐linolenic acid in the cultivars of P. vulgaris could very likely play a beneficial role in reducing the risk of coronary heart disease among the large populations consuming them in the southern African region.
Hydrolysis of acylglycerols and phospholipids of milled rice surface lipids during storage
Authors: Lam Henry S. , Proctor Andrew 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative contribution of acylglycerols and phospholipids to the lipid hydrolysis in milled rice was investigated during storage at 37°C and 70% RH for 50 d. The MAG, DAG, and lysophospholipid contents of surface lipid were determined by reversed‐phase HPLC. The MAG and DAG content of milled rice increased during storage from 0.06 to 0.18% (w/w milled rice), with the MAG content increasing more than that of the DAG. Lysophosphatidylcholine increased throughout the study from 0.013 to 0.034% (w/w), whereas lysophosphatidylinositol and lysophosphatidylethanolamine contents initially increased from 0.002 to 0.003% and from 0.005 to 0.009% (w/w), respectively, and then stabilized until day 50. The relative percentage of TAG and phospholipids hydrolyzed in milled rice increased rapidly during the first 3 d of storage from 12.3 to 37.6% and 25.0 to 62.5% (w/w), respectively, and steadily increased to 53.1 and 73.8% (w/w) on day 50. A higher percentage (62.5%) of phospholipids was hydrolyzed relative to TAG (37.6%) after 3 d and probably contributed significantly to milled rice lipid hydrolysis during early storage. However, TAG concentration (0.57%, w/w) was much higher relative to phospholipids (0.08%, w/w) in surface lipids, and therefore TAG hydrolysis was the major contributor to FFA development and the quality of stored milled rice.
Oxidation kinetics of β‐carotene in oleic acid solvent with addition of an antioxidant, α‐tocopherol
Authors: Shibasaki‐Kitakawa Naomi , Kato Hideto , Takahashi Atsushi , Yonemoto Toshikuni 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOxidation experiments with β‐carotene were performed in oleic acid solvent with addition of an antioxidant, α‐tocopherol. A kinetic model was proposed based on a reaction mechanism consisting of the oxidation of β‐carotene, oleic acid, and α‐tocopherol; the antioxidation reactions of β‐carotene and oleic acid by α‐tocopherol; the cross‐reaction of β‐carotene and oleic acid; and the radical‐exchange reaction of β‐carotene and α‐tocopherol. The model quantitatively described the oxidation behavior of β‐carotene over a wide range of temperatures, oxygen compositions, and initial antioxidant concentrations. The model simulated well the time over which β‐carotene was almost totally consumed under practical storage conditions at room temperature in air.
1H NMR characterization of milk lipids: A comparison between cow and buffalo milk
Authors: Antonietta Brescia Maria , Mazzilli Vincenzo , Sgaramella Angela , Ghelli Stefano , Paolo Fanizzi Francesco , Sacco Antonio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCharacterization of the lipid fraction of raw cow and buffalo milk samples, collected in different breeding areas in Apulia, a region of southern Italy, were performed by means of 1H NMR. The aim of this work was to establish whether FA composition data obtained by 1H NMR can be used in the differentiation of buffalo and cow milk samples according to species. A complete assignment of the signals present in the spectrum was attempted by COSY, heteronuclear coherence spectra. Quantification of FA was carried out by inserting the integrals of particular peaks in suitable calculations. Multivariate statistical analysis, conducted on the results of the quantification, permitted buffalo and cow milks to be distinguished.
New FTIR method for the determination of FFA in oils
Authors: Al‐Alawi Ahmed , van de Voort Frederick R. , Sedman Jacqueline 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid, practical, and accurate FTIR method for the determination of FFA in edible oils was developed. Analogous to the AOCS titration procedure, the FTIR FFA determination is effected by an acid/base reaction but directly measures the product formed rather than utilizing an end point based on an electrode potential or color change. A suspension of a weak base, potassium phthalimide (K‐phthal) in 1‐propanol (1‐PrOH), is used to convert the FFA present in oils to their carboxylate salt without causing oil saponification, and differential spectroscopy is used to circumvent matrix effects. Samples are first diluted with 1‐PrOH, then split, with one‐half treated with the K‐phthal reagent and the other half with 1‐PrOH (blank reagent), their spectra collected, and differential spectra obtained to ratio out the invariant spectral contributions from the oil sample. Quantification of the percentage of FFA in the oil, expressed as %oleic acid, based on measurement of the peak height of the ν (COO−) absorption of the FFA salt formed, yielded a calibration with an SE of <0.020% FFA over the range of 0–4%. The method was validated by standard addition and the analysis of Smalley check samples, the results indicating that the analytical performance of the FTIR procedure is as good as or better than that of the standard titrimetric procedure. As structured, the FTIR procedure is a primary method, as calibration is not dependent on reference values provided by another method, and has performance criteria that could lead to its consideration as an instrumental AOCS procedure for FFA determination. The FTIR portion of the analysis is automatable, and a system capable of analyzing ∼60 samples/h was developed that could be of benefit to laboratories that carry out a large number of FFA analyses per day.
Acorn (Quercus spp.) fruit lipids: Saponifiable and unsaponifiable fractions: A detailed study
Authors: León‐Camacho Manuel , Viera‐Alcaide Isabel , Vicario Isabel M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the oils extracted from the acorn fruit of three species of Mediterranean oaks, Quercus ilex L., Q. suber L., and Q. faginea L., was characterized. Both major and minor components, including FA, TG, sterols, methyl sterols, triterpenic and aliphatic alcohols, tocopherols, and hydrocarbons, were identified by standard methods and MS. High‐resolution GLC and HPLC were used for quantification. The FA profile, together with the equivalent carbon numbers and TG carbon numbers, was compared with data for other edible vegetable oils. Oil yield, expressed as wet weight, was 5% (w/w). Sterol content was remarkable for the three species (8,563–11,420 mg/kg), with β‐sitosterol being the most abundant (80%). Oils were also high in tocopherol, with a wide variation between species (165–456 mg/kg) but with γ‐tocopherol predominating in all three oils (90% of the total tocopherol content). Also, high terpenic alcohol contents were found (1527–2984 mg/kg), with dammaradienol and β‐amyrin being the most abundant (33–60% of the total alcohol content). Bioactive properties and industrial applications of this underutilized native product are also discussed.
Lignans and tocopherols in Indian sesame cultivars
Authors: Hemalatha S. , Ghafoorunissa  
Published: November 2006

AbstractLignan (sesamol, sesamin, and sesamolin) profile was determined in different cultivars (botanically identified or market samples) of sesame seeds and commercial oils procured from different parts of India. The wide variation observed in total lignans from 21 sesame seed and 9 commercial oils was attributed to variations in sesamin and sesamolin contents. Lignan content was high (18 g sesamin/kg, 10 g sesamolin/kg) in seasame cultivars obtained from the northeastern states of India. In two of the commercial oils having the Agmark label, the total lignan content was ∼12 g/kg (7.3 g sesamin, 4.7 g sesamolin), 50% of the maximum permissible levels of unsaponifiable matter. In both the seeds and commercial oils, γ‐tocopherol was the only representative of tocopherol isomers identified. Sesamin and sesamolin were isolated and crystallized from high‐lignan cultivars, and their purity was confirmed by HPLC and spectral (UV and fluorescence) analysis.
Comparative evaluation of palm oil color measurement using a prototype palm oil colorimeter
Authors: Tan Yew‐Ai , Kuntom Ainie , Lee Chak Khiam , Low Kum Sang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe color of refined palm oil and palm oil products is conventionally measured using the manually operated Lovibond® Tintometer. In the present study, one manual/visual and three automatic colorimeters for the measurement of vegetable oil color were used for color measurements of refined palm oil. All colorimeters used were commercially available instruments except for an automatic palm oil colorimeter developed specifically for the measurement of palm oil color. The color values obtained from all four instruments were compared using the visually obtained readings as reference values. Results showed that all three automatic instruments gave correlation coefficients of greater than 0.9300 for red color measurements. In addition, the Student t‐test showed no difference between the analysis of red color using the visual method and the palm oil colorimeter. This investigation concludes that, although it is extremely difficult to reduce the lack of precision in color measurement of palm oil, a properly designed and calibrated automatic instrument may still be the better choice because reproducibility and repeatability are required in all standard test methods. The palm oil colorimeter offers a ready and relatively inexpensive solution to the problem of color matches based on visual observations.
Continuous production of ethyl esters of grease using an immobilized lipase
Authors: Hsu An‐Fei , Jones Kerby C. , Foglia Thomas A. , Marmer William N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe continous production of ethyl esters of grease using a phyllosilicate sol‐gel immobilized lipase from Burkholderias cepacia (IM BS‐30) as catalyst was investigated. Enzymatic transesterification was carried out in a recirculating packed‐column reactor using IM BS‐30 as the stationary phase and ethanol and restaurant grease as the substrates without solvent. The bioreactor was operated at various temperatures (40–60°C), flow rates (5–50 mL/min), and times (8–48 h) to optimize ester production. Under the optimal operating conditions (flow rate, 30 mL/min; temperature, 50°C; mole ratio of substrates, 4∶1 ethanol/grease; reaction time, 48 h), the ester yields were >96%. The IM BS‐30 could be reused in the reactor for continous ester production. The conversion of grease to ester was monitored by HPLC and GC, whereas free and total glycerol content in the product was determined by GC. Either water‐washing or silica column chromatography reduced the free and total glycerol content of the ethyl ester preparation to acceptable levels.
A framework for gene expression analysis
Authors: Schreiber Andreas W. , Baumann Ute 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMotivation: Global gene expression measurements as obtained, for example, in microarray experiments can provide important clues to the underlying transcriptional control mechanisms and network structure of a biological cell. In the absence of a detailed understanding of this gene regulation, current attempts at classification of expression data rely on clustering and pattern recognition techniques employing ad-hoc similarity criteria. To improve this situation, a better understanding of the expected relationships between expression profiles of genes associated by biological function is required.Results: It is shown that perturbation expansions familiar from biological systems theory make precise predictions for the types of relationships to be expected for expression profiles of biologically associated genes, even if the underlying biological factors responsible for this association are not known. Classification criteria are derived, most of which are not usually employed in clustering algorithms. The approach is illustrated by using the AtGenExpress Arabidopsis thaliana developmental expression map.Contact: andreas.schreiber@adelaide.edu.auSupplementary information: Supplementary material is available at Bioinformatics online.
Compomers in restorative therapy of children: a literature review
Authors: KRÄMER NORBERT , FRANKENBERGER ROLAND 
Published: November 2006

Objective.  The restoration of carious primary teeth plays an underestimated role in paediatric dentistry. This is astonishing for many reasons, not least because many new materials have been introduced in recent years. New or modified techniques and materials, with better aesthetics and flexural properties, allow minimally invasive treatment. A transfer of techniques between different dentitions, however, may be problematic because of both micromorphological differences and compliance. Therefore, this paper deals with options for restoring primary teeth and the early stages of the mixed dentition using polyacid‐modified composites, the so‐called compomers.Methods.  Medline and Embase were scanned from 1990 through 2006. Furthermore, a hand‐search of nonlisted but peer‐reviewed papers was performed. The search items were compomer*, dent*, primary* and deciduous*, which identified 109 relevant publications.Conclusions.  Based on high clinical success rates, compomers are now an effective alternative to other materials for restorative therapy in the anterior and posterior primary teeth. A minimum amount of compliance is still mandatory in order to allow for a few minutes of adhesive pretreatment and layering without contamination. If this is not the case, compomers make no sense. Stainless steel crowns are still the most effective from of restoration for severely decayed primary molars.
Wildland fire effects on forest structure over an altitudinal gradient, Grand Canyon National Park, USA
Authors: FULÉ PETER Z. , LAUGHLIN DANIEL C. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryRestoration of wildland fire to forests is a challenge when historical fire regimes have been altered. We studied four fires that burned over approximately 7865 ha on an altitudinal gradient in Grand Canyon National Park, USA, in 2003. The fires met criteria for the current USA policy allowing the restoration of fire's ecological role in forest landscapes: Wildland Fire Use for Resource Benefits.After the fires burned out, we remeasured 82 permanent pre‐established monitoring plots burned by the fires plus 43 additional plots on unburned companion sites.The maximum height of charring of tree boles and basal area mortality increased in mean value and variability with altitude. At a low‐altitudePinus–Quercussite, tree density declined significantly but basal area was unchanged. At a mid‐altitude mixed‐conifer site and a high‐altitudePicea/Abies/Populussite, both density and basal area declined.The thinning effect of fire was concentrated on smaller, shorter, fire‐susceptible trees. Small‐diameter trees (< 20 cm diameter) made up 79–95% of all tree mortality. Shade‐tolerant conifers, particularly true firs and spruce, experienced disproportionate mortality (31–82% basal area decline), while fire‐resistant ponderosa pine and Douglas fir tended to survive (2–8% basal area decline). Delayed mortality between the first and second years following the fires accounted for only 4·2% of trees dying at the low‐altitude site but 15·6% and 11·2% at the mid‐ and high‐altitude sites, respectively. Regeneration density was highly variable but forest floor and woody debris declined in burned areas.Synthesis and applications.This study shows that, even after an unusually long fire‐free period (1880–2003), at the mid‐ and high‐altitude burned sites fire effects were consistent with restoration of historical patterns, moving the ecosystems closer to historical reference conditions. Fires simultaneously reduced the living, dead and ladder fuels that made the forest vulnerable to uncharacteristically severe fire. These effects make the forests more resistant to the expected increases in fire size and severity under future climate conditions. Even at longer‐than‐historical fire intervals, the wildland fire use policy can benefit Grand Canyon forests.
Horn growth rate and longevity: implications for natural and artificial selection in thinhorn sheep (Ovis dalli)
Authors: LOEHR J. , CAREY J. , HOEFS M. , SUHONEN J. , YLÖNEN H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe used horn measurements from natural and hunted mortalities of male thinhorn sheep Ovis dalli from Yukon Territory, Canada, to examine the relationship between rapid growth early in life and longevity. We found that rapid growth was associated with reduced longevity for sheep aged 5 years and older for both the hunted and natural mortality data sets. The negative relationship between growth rate and longevity in hunted sheep can at least partially be explained by morphologically biased hunting regulations. The same trend was evident from natural mortalities from populations that were not hunted or underwent very limited hunting, suggesting a naturally imposed mortality cost directly or indirectly associated with rapid growth. Age and growth rate were both positively associated with horn size at death for both data sets, however of the two growth rate appeared to be a better predictor. Large horn size can be achieved both by individuals that grow horns rapidly and by those that have greater longevity, and the trade‐off between growth rate and longevity could limit horn size evolution in this species. The similarity in the relationship between growth rate and longevity for hunted and natural mortalities suggests that horn growth rate should not respond to artificial selection. Our study highlights the need for the existence and study of protected populations to properly assess the impacts of selective harvesting.
Psoriasis in childhood and adolescence: evaluation of demographic and clinical features
Authors: SEYHAN MUAMMER , COŞKUN BAŞAK KANDI , SAĞLAM HÜLYA , ÖZCAN HAMDI , KARINCAOĞLU YELDA 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: The present study was aimed to define the gender ratio, familial occurrence, age of onset, precipitating factors, clinical types, nail and joint involvement of psoriasis in childhood and adolescence in Turkey.Methods: A total of 61 children with psoriasis under 18 years old were evaluated retrospectively, for age, gender, age of disease onset, family history, concomitant disease, the clinical type of psoriasis, clinical localization, nail and joint involvement and treatment modalities.Results: Of the patients, 23 (37.70%) were boys and 38 (62.30%) were girls. Mean age was 9.28 ± 4.02 years in girls and 11.18 ± 3.85 years in boys (9.96 ± 4.03 years in all children). Mean age at the onset of the disease was 6.81 ± 4.11 years in girls and 7.03 ± 4.28 years in boys (6.89 ± 4.14 years in all patients). In 14 (23%) cases, a positive family history was detected. The most frequent probable triggering factors were upper respiratory tract infections (14.8%) and positive throat culture for A group ß‐hemolytic streptococcus (21.3%). Frequency of emotional stress and psychiatric morbidity were 54% and 9.8%, respectively. The most frequent localizations at onset were trunk (44.3%), extremities (54.0%), and scalp (36.0%). Three children (4.9%) had a history of dissemination from psoriatic diaper rash. In total, 51 (83.6%) patients presented with psoriasis vulgaris, eight (13.1%) with generalized pustular psoriasis, and the remaining two (3.3%) with erythrodermic psoriasis.Conclusion: The incidence of psoriasis among dermatological patients in childhood and adolescence was 3.8%. The disease tends to appear earlier in girls than boys. The authors suggested that stress and upper respiratory infections are the most important triggering factors in childhood and adolescence psoriasis.