bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Tribological Aspect Numbers in Bench Test Selection — A Review Update
Authors: Anderson M 
Published: April 2008

This paper will review the use of tribological aspect numbers when selecting a bench test to simulate a field application. “Realizing Bench Test Solutions to Field Tribology Problems by Utilizing Tribological Aspect Numbers” [1] first published in 1993 is an analytical method for selecting bench tests that best simulate field conditions or wear problems. Scientists, product developers, lubrication formulators, and material engineers and scientists can use this approach to select the most applicable bench test. The bench test selected can then be used to evaluate materials under laboratory conditions that can simulate field conditions and environments.
Bench testing is the simplest form of testing, isolating one particular set of tribological conditions. It is generally the first step in the testing program, preceding more complex, multi-variable, component tests. The tribological aspect number (TAN) was developed to identify and code a particular tribological condition. This identification or coding simplifies the process of matching the field condition to a bench test. Today, more individual bench tests are available to the tribologist. This review paper will describe the TAN approach, update the list of bench tests and their corresponding TAN and give several specific situations. This paper will also investigate the test parameter options and acceleration of test procedures required to produce test results in a reasonable time period.
Retention of Very High Levels of Helium and Hydrogen Generated in Various Structural Alloys by 800 MeV Protons and Spallation Neutrons
Authors: Oliver BM , Garner FA , Maloy SA , Sommer WF , Ferguson PD , James MR 
Published: April 2008

A series of irradiations were conducted at relatively low temperatures (&lt;100°C) in the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center (LANSCE) as part of the test program supporting the Accelerator Production of Tritium Program sponsored by USDOE. In this irradiation campaign, a variety of candidate structural alloys were placed in various particle spectra, ranging from 800 MeV protons, to mixed energy distributions of both protons and spallation neutrons, and finally to distributions consisting primarily of high energy neutrons. At proton energies on the order of hundreds of MeV, exceptionally high levels of gas atoms are generated in all elemental constituents of typical iron-based and nickel-based structural alloys, with helium typically on the order of ∼150 appm per dpa and hydrogen at approximately an order of magnitude greater. Since both of these gases are considered to exert a negative influence on structural properties of interest, their retention after both energetic recoil loss and subsequent diffusional loss is of strong programmatic interest.
Helium is essentially immobile at all temperatures of nuclear interest, but hydrogen has some limited temperature-dependent mobility, even at &lt;100°C. To assess the degree of generation and retention, each gas was measured in a number of highly irradiated specimens of different alloy compositions and dpa levels. The results show that helium production is relatively insensitive to composition. The retained hydrogen levels, however, are somewhat sensitive to composition, reflecting different levels of diffusional loss, but are still at rather large concentrations.
The measured helium concentrations are larger than calculated using a calculational code optimized for prediction of neutron/proton ratios in the target tungsten source rods. The use of these gas measurements to provide benchmarks for determination of gas production cross sections for typical elements that comprise common structural alloys is also examined.
The Road to Smooth Pavements in Tennessee
Authors: Jackson NM , Jubran A , Hill RE , Head GD 
Published: April 2008

Pavement smoothness directly affects the dynamics of moving vehicles, impacting the rate of deterioration of the pavement and the operation and safety of vehicles and occupants. Consequently, the FHWA and many state transportation agencies have taken measures to address pavement smoothness immediately following construction. The significance of smoothness is evidenced by the preliminary recommendations for the adoption of the International Roughness Index (IRI) in the forthcoming AASHTO 2002 Pavement Design Guide.
The State of Tennessee Department of Transportation (TDOT) adopted the Mays meter for the measurement of HMA pavement smoothness in the early 1980s. At that time, Mays meter measurements of 55 to 65 inches per mile (868 to 1026 mm per km) were not uncommon on pavements throughout the state. Through the implementation of increasingly stringent, incentive-based specifications, annual Smooth Pavement Awards for top-performing contractors, and advances in paving equipment, Mays meter measurements as low as 10 inches per mile (158 mm per km) are quite common today.
This paper documents the measures taken in Tennessee over the past 20 years to improve pavement smoothness.
Characterization of Electrorheological Processes By Dielectric Thermal Analysis
Authors: Riga AT , Cahoon JM , Pialet JW 
Published: April 2008

An Electrorheological (ER) process occurs when the viscosity of fluids with dispersed particulates is modified by the application of an electric field. The ER fluids discussed in this study are dispersions of solid polymers in low dielectric base oil, an insulating fluid. When these special composite fluids are subjected to the electric field they exhibit increased shear stresses, static yield stresses and viscosity. A mechanism for ER behavior is based on the polarization of the dispersed polymer particulates. A crucial property of the ER event is the ability of the system to respond to the applied field. For example, in semi-passive shock absorbers, the response time is crucial to commercial development.
Dielectric Thermal Analysis (DETA) can measure a polarization response in an AC electric field at isothermal temperatures or by scanning temperature techniques. A Debye Plot of Tan Delta, a ratio of dielectric loss divided by the relative permittivity, versus frequency can fix the limits of a polarization or relaxation time. The critical peak frequency in the Debye Plot is inversely related to the polarization time. The ER response time in a commercial system is directly related to the polarization time. A series of polymer types have been studied in low dielectric oil and their DETA properties are reviewed.
Comparison of Slip Resistance Measurements between Two Tribometers Using Smooth and Grooved Neolite®-Test-Liner Test Feet
Authors: Medoff H , Fleisher DH , Di Pilla S 
Published: April 2008

Differences in slip resistance measurements under dry and wet conditions on the same smooth walkway surface may occur when testing with a Neolite®4-Test-Liner (NTL) test foot using the PIAST [Slip Test Mark II] and VIT [English XL] tribometers. To investigate the causes of these differences, two sets of NTL test feet (smooth and grooved) for each instrument were cut from the same piece of material. Slip-resistance measurements were made under both wet and dry conditions. The same operator was used for each tribometer, an observer monitored each test, and all testing was performed in the same room at the same time. The walkway surfaces were commercial floor materials.
On dry surfaces, the measured slip resistance using the grooved test foot was the same or lower than the results using the smooth test feet. On wet surfaces, measured slip resistance using the grooved test feet increased slightly with the VIT and significantly using the PIAST. Averaged test results showed that the use of the grooved test feet on both instruments brought the readings these devices closer to each other; using the grooved test foot, the readings generated by the PIAST and VIT were not significantly different.
Characterization of HMA Mixtures with the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer
Authors: Mohammad L , Huang B , Cea M 
Published: April 2008

The Asphalt Pavement Analyzer (APA) is a laboratory scale accelerated load wheel tester. The interest in the use of the APA has grown in recent years, especially during the implementation of the Superpave mix design procedure. Currently, this mix design procedure is based on volumetric properties and has no strength test to evaluate the mixture's susceptibility to rutting.
This paper presents the findings of a laboratory study conducted to examine the sensitivity of the Asphalt Pavement Analyzer in measuring the rut depth due to changes in aggregate type and asphalt binder type. The results of the APA were also compared to the ones obtained from axial and indirect tensile creep tests. The scope of this study included a 19-mm Superpave mix, two aggregate types (limestone and sandstone) and four binder types. The four binder types were PG 64-22, an SB polymer modified asphalt meeting PG 70-22, a gelled (chemically modified asphalt meeting PG 70-22), and a SB polymer modified asphalt meeting PG 76-22.
The test results of mixtures with different aggregates and binder types indicated that the APA was sensitive to these factors. Mixes with sandstone aggregates exhibited lower permanent deformation properties, as defined by the tests considered, than similar mixes with limestone aggregates. The ranking of the APA test results and indirect tensile creep test results was generally consistent with the ranking of the binder stiffness G*/sinδ. The APA had a fair correlation with the indirect tensile creep test results.
Identification of Aggregate Role in Performance of Superpave Mixtures Employing Accelerated Testing Facility
Authors: Stiady J , Galal K , Noureldin S , Hand A , White T 
Published: April 2008

The role of gradation type with respect to the restricted zone, nominal maximum aggregate size (NMS), coarse aggregate type, and fine aggregate angularity (FAA) on HMA rutting performance was evaluated using the prototype scale INDOT/Purdue Accelerated Pavement Testing facility (APT).
Asphalt mixtures were designed in accordance with Superpave criteria employing two NMS (19 and 9.5 mm), two coarse aggregate types (limestone and granite), three FAA levels (39, 44, and 50), and three aggregate gradations relative to the Superpave restricted zone (above, through, and below).
Significant difference in rutting performance of 19 and 9.5 mm mixtures was not observed. Granite mixtures were more rut resistant than limestone mixtures. FAA effect was apparent when comparing mixtures with FAA of 39 against those with FAA of 44. However, mixtures incorporating very high FAA values did not perform better than those incorporating typical FAA values. Equally adequate performance was obtained with mixtures having gradations plotting above (ARZ), through (TRZ), and below (BRZ) the restricted zone.
Defining Cooperative Geospatial Projects Between Organizations
Authors: Hansen DT 
Published: April 2008

Cooperative development of data between organizations is increasingly common. This can reduce the data development costs for individual organizations. It also affects the data development process and the resulting products. The U.S. Bureau of Reclamation and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service are jointly developing a habitat monitoring program for the Central Valley, California. The program is described in a work plan between the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. The overall intent of this program is to evaluate changes in land cover and habitat on a periodic basis. There are three phases for the program. Phase one covers the development of a habitat base map. Phase two identifies spectral change between the base year and the year 2000. In phase three, the cause of spectral change will be identified. At that time, changes in land cover and habitat over the period will be evaluated. During these phases, close coordination between these agencies is required to see that data products meet the needs of both agencies.
The base year for the program is 1993. During phase one, a uniform habitat base map for 1993 and a habitat classification system for the Central Valley have been adopted. The 1993 base map has been developed from the best existing land use and land cover data for that time period. Surrounding the Central Valley and overlapping much of the project area is a statewide change detection program by the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection and the U. S. Forest Service. The habitat legend will be based on a vegetation classification system that is represented in this change detection project. The Central Valley habitat program will use many of the methods and some data developed by the statewide change detection project.
Including data collected under the statewide change detection program and use of an established habitat classification system greatly accelerated this program. However, not all habitats of interest to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service could be initially represented in the habitat base map. Developing the base map from multiple sources increased the amount of uncertainty in habitat labels for some areas. Addressing these issues in the data development process requires the commitment of staff. Managers and staff need to recognize that cooperative efforts will require substantial additional time for coordination during all phases of the process. With vegetation, land cover, land use data, this coordination must extend to include the statewide change detection project and other state and national efforts at standardizing classification systems.
Stucco Cladding — Lessons Learned from Problematic Facades
Authors: Spagna FJ , Ruggiero SS 
Published: April 2008

The authors have investigated many problematic stucco facades around the United States and have documented a number of disturbing trends in the design and installation of stucco that have compromised its reliability. These trends have led to severe system failure, including stucco cracking, leakage to the building interior, deterioration of structural components, and mold growth on building materials within the wall cavity.
This paper examines the current design basis for stucco-clad walls, which for the most part is established by accepted standards of practice within the industry, with only minimum and, in many cases, inadequate standards set by the governing building codes.
Based upon our review of codes and industry literature, and the lessons learned from case histories, we present recommendations for improving design and installation details for conventional stucco.
A Wall System that Inherently Satisfies Proposed NEHRP Seismic Design Provisions for Architectural Glass
Authors: Behr RA , Wulfert H 
Published: April 2008

Proposed Year 2000 revisions to the 1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions for the Seismic Regulations for New Buildings and Other Structures (FEMA 302) include first-generation seismic design provisions written specifically for architectural glass components. Scheduled for publication by the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) as FEMA 368 in 2001, the 2000 updates of the NEHRP Provisions will elevate the degree of design attention paid to seismic life safety issues associated with architectural glass components in exterior building wall systems.
In an independent effort, an “Earthquake-Isolated Curtain Wall System” (EICWS) has been developed and tested in the Building Envelope Research Laboratory at Penn State University. By decoupling each story level of the wall system from adjacent story levels, the EICWS has shown an inherent ability to accommodate large interstory displacements in the vertical, horizontal and out-of-plane directions without jeopardizing life safety or compromising wall system serviceability. Thus, the EICWS has demonstrated an inherent ability to satisfy and exceed, by a wide margin, the proposed seismic design provisions for architectural glass that are now being considered for adoption in the 2000 NEHRP Provisions. This paper will include a description of the newly proposed NEHRP Provisions for architectural glass and a summary of recent laboratory tests of the Earthquake-Isolated Curtain Wall System.
Temperature Uncertainties for Bare-Bead and Aspirated Thermocouple Measurements in Fire Environments
Authors: Pitts WM , Braun E , Peacock RD , Mitler HE , Johnsson EL , Reneke PA , Blevins LG 
Published: April 2008

Two common approaches for correcting thermocouple readings for radiative heat transfer are aspirated thermocouples and the use of multiple bare-bead thermocouples with varying diameters. In order to characterize the effectiveness of these approaches, two types of aspirated thermocouples and combinations of bare-bead thermocouples with different diameters were used to record temperatures at multiple locations during idealized enclosure fires, and the results were compared with measurements using typical bare-bead thermocouples.
The largest uncertainties were found for thermocouples located in relatively cool regions subject to high radiative fluxes. The aspirated thermocouples measured significantly lower temperatures in the cool regions than the bare-bead thermocouples, but the errors were only reduced by 8090%. A simple model for heat transfer processes in bare-bead and aspirated thermocouples successfully predicts the experimental trends.
The multiple bare-bead thermocouples could not be used for temperature correction because significant temperature fluctuations were present with time scales comparable to the response times of the thermocouples.
Fire Safety Test Furnace Characterization Unit
Authors: Keltner N , Nash L , Beitel J , Parker A , Welsh S , Gilda B 
Published: April 2008

In standardized fire safety tests such as IMO Res. A 754 (18), ASTM E119, or ISO 834, the furnace temperature is controlled to a standard time-temperature curve [1,2]. The assumption is made that thermal exposure in these tests will be repeatable and can be described by the measured furnace temperature. The significant variations that occur in test results indicate this assumption is not well founded.
Fire safety test results are influenced by both the temperature of the furnace and by heat transfer in the furnace. The heat transfer depends not only on the furnace temperature and how it is measured but also on the design of the furnace and the test unit. In developing engineering models of fire performance and performance-based codes, there is a need to understand both aspects of thermal exposure — temperature and heat transfer.
To begin to address these problems, the U. S. Coast Guard's Research and Development Center authorized a study of furnace tests. The study documented important factors in current test methods that lead to large uncertainties in the fire safety test results.
To attempt to understand and reduce these large uncertainties, the Coast Guard authorized the development of a Furnace Characterization Unit (FCU). The FCU was built, calibrated using a special electric heater at Sandia National Laboratories, and then used to characterize temperature and heat transfer in a large, gas-fired test furnace at Underwriters Laboratories. This paper reports the results of this multi-year effort.
What Do We Know About Ski Injury Research that Relates Binding Function to Knee and Lower Leg Injuries?
Authors: Shealy JE , Ettlinger CF , Johnson RJ 
Published: April 2008

This review paper presents what is generally accepted today as scientific certainty in the field of alpine skiing; it is based upon knowledge that has been published in the peer-reviewed literature, presented at scientific meetings, or from other sources such as ski trade and consumer publications.
The contents of the review come from a multitude of worldwide research, as well as from the 29-year case control study by the authors. In that case control study, the release binding system performance for controls and selected injury diagnosis groups has been evaluated under simulated loads using a device defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard F504 Standard Test Method for Measuring the Quasi-Static Release Moments of Alpine Ski Bindings, or by other test devices as defined by F1061 Specifications for Ski Binding Test Devices.
The paper concentrates on common lower extremity injuries in skiing related to the unique mechanical properties of the ski-binding-boot system. It does not address non-lower extremity injuries, such as head, neck, upper body, etc. except in the context of possible inadvertent system release resulting in injury.
Injuries in Alpine Skiers, Telemarkers and Snowboarders at Norwegian Ski Resorts
Authors: Ekeland A , Rødven A 
Published: April 2008

A central ski patrol-based registration of skiing and snowboarding injuries was performed by the Norwegian Ski Lift Association during the winter seasons 1998/1999 and 1999/2000.
Totals of 562 injured skiers and 41582 000 lift transports were recorded during the two seasons, giving an injury rate of 1.3 injured skier per 1000 skier days or per 10 000 lift transports. Most of the injuries occurred during alpine skiing (51%) and snowboarding (40%), whereas telemark skiing accounted for 9% of the injuries. Wrist injuries were common among injured snowboarders (27%) compared to only 4% for alpine and 3% for telemark skiers (P &lt; 0.001). Snowboarders also suffered more arm injuries (12%) than alpine skiers (5%) and telemarkers (4%) (P &lt; 0.001). In contrast injured telemark skiers had a higher percentage of hand injuries (14%) than alpine skiers (9%) and snowboarders (6%) (P &lt; 0.001). The knee was the main injury location in alpine skiers (28%) compared to 13% among telemarkers and only 6% among snowboarders (P &lt; 0.001), but the percentage of knee injuries was almost twice as high for females compared to males in all three disciplines (P &lt; 0.001).
As percent of all injuries injured snowboarders suffered more fractures (34%) than alpine (20%) and telemark skiers (18%) (P &lt; 0.001), but fractures of the lower leg were uncommon among snowboarders (1%) and telemarkers (2%) compared to alpine skiers (7%) (P &lt; 0.001). Lower leg fractures accounted for 3.5% of the injured alpine skiers 20 years and older compared to 5% for adolescents aged 13 – 19 years and 17% for skiers 12 years and younger (P &lt; 0.001).
In conclusion, injured alpine skiers were most prone to knee injuries, and lower leg fractures were still a common injury in children. Injured snowboarders were most prone to suffer wrist injuries and injured telemark skiers hand injuries. The percentage of knee injuries among females was almost twice that of males in all three disciplines.