bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbiota of the Dorsum of the Tongue After Plaque Accumulation: An Experimental Study in Humans
Authors: Faveri Marcelo , Feres Magda , Shibli Jamil Awad , Hayacibara Roberto F. , Hayacibara Mitsue M. , de Figueiredo Luciene Cristina 
Published: September 2006

Background: The purpose of the present investigation was to determine the effect of the absence of tongue hygiene on the microbiota of the dorsum of the tongue.Methods: Ten volunteers (aged 19 to 22 years) entered the study at baseline and were instructed to abstain from tongue cleaning for 7 days, followed by a period of 3 days without any kind of oral hygiene. Subsequently, a period of 21 days of washout was employed, and this protocol was repeated three times. Microbiological samples were obtained from the dorsum of the tongue at baseline and at the end of the period of coating accumulation and analyzed using the checkerboard DNA‐DNA hybridization technique.Results: The species found in highest mean counts at baseline and day 10 were Prevotella melaninogenica and Veillonella parvula. The mean bacterial total counts enhanced significantly during the study (from 17.1 × 106 to 33.7 × 106). Proportions of red and blue complexes and levels of 18 species also increased after the period of coating accumulation, including several periodontal pathogens, such as Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, Streptococcus constellatus, Tannerella forsythensis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and P. melaninogenica.Conclusion: The tongue surface could be an important reservoir for periodontal pathogens and may play a role in the recolonization of tooth surfaces and in the etiology of oral halitosis.
Salivary Histamine Level as a Predictor of Periodontal Disease in Type 2 Diabetic and Non‐Diabetic Subjects
Authors: Venza Mario , Visalli Maria , Cucinotta Maria , Cicciù Domenico , Passi Pietro , Teti Diana 
Published: September 2006

Background: Some previous investigations underscored the role of histamine in periodontal disease, especially in diabetic patients, but the behavior of this inflammatory mediator in the early phases of periodontal involvement remains unclear. The aim of the present study was to correlate the presence of histamine in saliva with clinical parameters in healthy, periodontitis‐affected, and diabetic subjects to ascertain whether this amine may serve as a predictive index of periodontal risk.Methods: For this purpose, subjects were selected as follows: 1) with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus; 2) with neither diabetes nor periodontitis; 3) with no diabetes but with chronic, untreated periodontal disease. Histamine salivary levels were measured at the initial time (T0) and after 6, 12, and 24 months using high‐performance liquid chromatography. The main periodontal indexes were recorded at the same time intervals.Results: At T0, a very typical shape of the histamine chromatogram was found for all patients of the three groups; at this time, the salivary histamine levels of diabetic patients were increased and comparable to those of healthy patients with periodontal disease, whereas healthy subjects with no periodontitis showed reduced histamine levels. Further controls at 6, 12, and 24 months showed a statistically significant correlation between the increase of salivary histamine and the worsening of the periodontal indexes in diabetic and non‐diabetic subjects.Conclusion: These results suggest that salivary histamine may serve as a predictive index in the prevention of periodontal disease.
Association of Matrix Metalloproteinase‐9 Promoter Gene Polymorphism With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Keles Gonca Cayir , Gunes Sezgin , Sumer A. Pinar , Sumer Mahmut , Kara Nurten , Bagci Hasan , Koprulu Hulya 
Published: September 2006

Background: Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are related to tissue destruction and remodeling events in periodontal diseases. A single nucleotide polymorphism in the promoter region of human MMP‐9 gene is associated with the risk of some inflammatory diseases. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the association between MMP‐9 promoter polymorphism and severe generalized chronic periodontitis in a Turkish population.Methods: Samples of venous blood and DNA were obtained from 70 severe generalized chronic periodontitis patients and 70 healthy subjects. The alleles of the C/T polymorphism at position −1562 in the promoter region of the MMP‐9 gene were distinguished by cutting with the SphI restriction enzyme. Genotype and allele frequencies were calculated, and data were analyzed by the χ2 test.Results: There was a significant difference in MMP‐9 genotypes between chronic periodontitis patients and healthy controls. The odds ratios for the CT genotype and the combination of CT and TT genotypes were 0.4 (95% confidence interval, 0.17 to 0.93; P = 0.02) and 0.37 (95% confidence interval, 016 to 0.85; P = 0.01) relative to the subjects with the CC genotype, respectively.Conclusion: MMP‐9 promoter gene polymorphism seems to be associated with severe generalized chronic periodontitis.
Paradental Cyst: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Kanno Cláudia M. , Gulinelli Jéssica L. , Nagata Maria J.H. , Soubhia Ana M.P. , Crivelini Marcelo M. 
Published: September 2006

Background: The paradental cyst is an odontogenic lesion of inflammatory origin that has few clinical signs and symptoms apart from recurring acute episodes. A well‐defined radiolucency associated with the roots or distal to the crown may be seen radiographically. The purpose of this article is to report on different aspects of two cases involving paradental cysts. In the first case, the patient complained about recurring pericoronitis. A semilunar‐shaped radiolucency on the distal aspect of the mandibular third molar was noted on the periapical radiograph. In the second case, the patient's main complaint was chronic trauma of the overlying mucosa. Radiographs revealed an enlarged pericoronal space.Methods: In both cases, the mandibular third molar was extracted due to a lack of space. Lesional samples were sent for histopathologic analysis.Results: In the first case, the drainage of cystic fluid and a regular concavity were found during tooth removal. In the second case, a nodular lesion was found adhering to the disto‐buccal surface of the tooth arising from the distal wall of a periodontal pocket. The histopathologic analysis revealed a hyperplastic stratified squamous epithelium with arcading lining a fibrous capsule with inflammatory infiltrate, resulting in a final diagnosis of a paradental cyst.Conclusions: The presence of a paradental cyst should be considered when recurrent inflammatory periodontal processes are associated with partially erupted vital teeth, even when characteristic radiographic findings are absent. Definitive diagnosis requires a clinicopathologic correlation incorporating surgical, radiographic, and histologic findings.
Periodontal Disease and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Geismar Karen , Stoltze Kaj , Sigurd Bjarne , Gyntelberg Finn , Holmstrup Palle 
Published: September 2006

Background: Several epidemiological studies have demonstrated an association between periodontal disease and coronary heart disease (CHD). The association could be a result of confounding by mutual risk factors. The present study was undertaken in a Danish population to reveal the significance of common risk factors.Methods: The investigation was conducted as a case‐control study comprising 250 individuals: 110 individuals with verified CHD from a Department of Cardiovascular Medicine and 140 control individuals without CHD from the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Information on diabetic status, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, school attendance, household income, body weight and height, triglyceride, and serum cholesterol was obtained. Full‐mouth probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), bleeding on probing (BOP), and alveolar bone level (ABL) on radiographs were registered. ABL was stratified into ABL1 = ABL ≤2 mm; ABL2 = ABL >2 to ≤4 mm; and ABL3 = ABL >4 mm. Multiple logistic regression models with stepwise backward elimination were used allowing variables with P <0.15 to enter the multivariate analysis.Results: The CHD group had a significantly lower outcome with respect to PD, BOP, CAL, and ABL. For participants <60 years old, only risk factors such as smoking and diabetic status entered the multivariate analysis. For the ABL3 group, there was a significant association with CHD for participants <60 years old, the odds ratio being 6.6 (1.69 to 25.6). For participants ≥60 years old, there was no association.Conclusions: The present study showed a positive association between periodontal disease and CHD in agreement with several other studies. The association was highly age dependent and could only be attributed to diabetes and smoking to some extent.
Matrix Metalloproteinase‐1 Gene Polymorphism in Renal Transplant Patients With and Without Gingival Enlargement
Authors: Kurzawski Mateusz , Drozdzik Agnieszka , Dembowska Ewa , Pawlik Andrzej , Banach Jadwiga , Drozdzik Marek 
Published: September 2006

Background: Gingival enlargement frequently occurs in transplant patients receiving immunosuppressive drugs. It was hypothesized that gingival enlargement associated with cyclosporin use results in a disturbance of the homeostatic balance, which is characterized by an increase in the number of fibroblasts and volume of the extracellular matrix. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) serves as an initiator of extracellular matrix destruction. The aim of this study was to determine whether there is an association between genotypes of the MMP‐1 gene and gingival enlargement in kidney transplant patients.Methods: Sixty‐one unrelated kidney transplant patients with gingival enlargement and 121 control transplant patients without enlargement were enrolled in the study. Six months after transplantation, all patients were given medication, which included cyclosporin A, and gingival enlargement was assessed. MMP‐1 polymorphism was determined using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) assay.Results: In kidney transplant patients with gingival enlargement, the mean score of gingival enlargement was 1.42 ± 0.63, whereas in control subjects, it was 0.0. There were no significant differences in the frequency of −1607 1G>2G alleles and genotypes between patients with and without gingival enlargement. In all subjects (N = 182) and in patients without gingival enlargement, the genotype distribution met Hardy‐Weinberg equilibrium criteria, whereas in patients with gingival enlargement, it was markedly different (P <0.06). There was a trend for carriers of at least the 1G allele to have an increased risk of gingival enlargement, but the trend was not statistically significant (odds ratio, 2.32; P <0.073).Conclusion: No association between the MMP‐1 gene polymorphism and gingival enlargement was revealed in kidney transplant patients who were administered cyclosporin A as a principal immunosuppressive agent.
Interleukin‐10 Haplotype Frequencies in Children With Gingivitis
Authors: Dashash Mayssoon , Drucker David B. , Blinkhorn Anthony S. 
Published: September 2006

Background: Polymorphisms in the promoter region of the interleukin (IL)‐10 gene have been identified at positions −1082 (G→A), −819 (C→T), and −592 (C→A). Linkage disequilibrium between alleles −819*C, and −592*C was observed. A previous study addressed the association between the −1082*A allele and gingivitis in white Caucasian children. The aim of this case‐control study was to test whether differences could exist between children with and without gingivitis in the distribution of IL‐10 alleles and haplotypes at positions −1082, −819, and −592.Methods: A total of 248 subjects aged 8 to 12 years from the University Dental Hospital of Manchester were enrolled in this study. According to gingival and bleeding on probing indices, 84 children were classified as controls and 164 as children with gingivitis. Amplification refractory mutation system–polymerase chain reaction (ARMS‐PCR) was used for genotyping IL‐10 polymorphisms. Allele and haplotype frequencies were calculated by direct counting and by a haplotype frequency estimation (EH) program. Differences between subjects with gingivitis and controls in the frequency of haplotypes were determined by a χ2 test of homogeneity.Results: The GCC/GCC genotype, which has been associated with increased production of IL‐10, was significantly more frequent in controls than in children with gingivitis (36% versus 23%) (P = 0.036). In addition, there was a marginally significant difference between controls and cases in the frequency of haplotypes (P = 0.06). The GCC haplotype was more frequent in controls than in children with gingivitis (60% versus 50%). In contrast, the ACC and ATA haplotypes were more frequent in children with gingivitis (27% and 23% versus 19% and 21% in controls).Conclusion: These findings suggest that IL‐10 gene promoter polymorphisms could have an active role in the pathogenesis of gingivitis in Caucasian children.
Assessment of Single Nucleotide Polymorphism at IL‐1A+4845 and IL‐1B+3954 as Genetic Susceptibility Test for Chronic Periodontitis in Maharashtrian Ethnicity
Authors: Agrawal Amit A. , Kapley Atya , Yeltiwar Ramreddy K. , Purohit Hemant J. 
Published: September 2006

Background: The inflammatory response that is directed in large part by proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐1 is genetically determined, with some people having a more vigorous response than others to the same stimulus. The reason for this is speculated that the dysregulated production of IL‐1 in some individuals overrides the feedback mechanisms that normally master the dose of inflammation to a level sufficient to fight microbial invasion without long‐lasting damage to the tissues involved. The aims of the present study were to determine the distribution of IL‐1 gene polymorphism (IL‐1A+4845 and IL‐1B+3954) and their association with periodontal disease severity and to determine the significance of detecting the composite genotype (IL‐1A allele2 + IL‐1B allele2) versus detecting either of them alone.Methods: A total of 120 subjects were included and divided into four groups of 30 subjects each, namely, healthy, mild, moderate, and severe periodontitis groups. After a complete clinical examination, DNA was isolated from 0.5 ml blood. Specific primers were used to detect the presence of IL‐1 gene polymorphism with the help of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and subsequent allele detection with restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) and separation by gel electrophoresis.Results: The distribution of the allele1 homozygous genotype was 3% in the severe periodontitis group, and the distribution for the allele2 genotype was 30%. A higly significant difference (Wilcoxon signed‐rank test; P <0.001) was seen between subjects positive and negative for the composite genotype.Conclusions: Results of the present study reinforced the association of the IL‐1 genotype as a risk factor for severe chronic periodontitis. Positivity for the composite genotype was found to be significantly associated with severe chronic periodontitis (odds ratio [OR] = 12.42).
Long‐Term Success of Implants Replacing a Single Molar
Authors: Levin Liran , Laviv Amir , Schwartz‐Arad Devorah 
Published: September 2006

Background: The aim of this study was to assess the long‐term success and survival rates of implants replacing a single molar between two natural teeth and to evaluate the influence of implant characteristics on implant success.Methods: The study was based on a consecutive cohort of 81 patients who received implants to replace a single molar between the years 1994 and 2004. Inclusion criteria for patients were having an implant replacing a molar between two natural teeth and follow‐up data of at least 6 months. Data were recorded regarding the incidence of complications and success and survival rates of these implants.Results: The range of follow‐up was from 6 to 125 months (mean: 36 months). Smoking was reported by 18.5% of patients. The replacement of a mandibular molar was more frequent (87.7%), with 25.9% of the implants placed immediately after tooth extraction. Two implants were used to replace a single molar in seven patients (8.6%). The failure rate was 7.4% (six implants failed: three had broken necks, and three failed because of infection or bone loss). Complications included suppuration in 11.1% of implants and a pocket around the implant in two patients (2.5%). No relation was found among failure, complications, timing of implant placement, and smoking habits.Conclusion: A single implant can serve as a good long‐term and predictable treatment modality to replace a single molar with low complication and failure rates.
Systematic Review of the Association Between Respiratory Diseases and Oral Health
Authors: Azarpazhooh Amir , Leake James L. 
Published: September 2006

Background: The purpose of this review was to investigate evidence for a possible etiological association between oral health and pneumonia or other respiratory diseases.Methods: The following data sources were used: Ovid MEDLINE (In‐Process & Other Non‐Indexed Citations, Daily Update, and OLDMEDLINE); Cumulative Index to Nursing & Allied Health Literature; Evidence Based Medicine of Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials; Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews; Database of Abstracts of Reviews of Effects; EMBASE; Health and Psychosocial Instruments; HealthSTAR; International Pharmaceutical Abstracts; PubMed; and Google Scholar from the earliest record until July 2005. Studies were selected from randomized controlled clinical trials and longitudinal, cohort, case‐control, and epidemiological studies. Searches were limited to English language and human studies.Results: A total of 728 articles were searched for relevancy, determined by article title, abstract, and full copy, resulting in a yield of 19 studies that met our inclusion criteria. These articles were read and scored independently by the reviewers to obtain the evidence for this review: 1) the potential risk factors for pneumonia were identified as the presence of cariogenic and periodontal pathogens, dental decay, and poor oral hygiene in five studies; 2) a weak association between periodontal disease and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) was identified in four poor to fair studies; and 3) 10 studies were retained providing evidence that interventions aiming to improve oral health reduced the progression or occurrence of pneumonia.Conclusions: 1) There is fair evidence (II‐2, grade B recommendation) of an association of pneumonia with oral health (odds ratio [OR] = 1.2 to 9.6 depending on oral health indicators). 2) There is poor evidence of a weak association (OR <2.0) between COPD and oral health (II‐2/3, grade C recommendation). 3) There is good evidence (I, grade A recommendation) that improved oral hygiene and frequent professional oral health care reduces the progression or occurrence of respiratory diseases among high‐risk elderly adults living in nursing homes and especially those in intensive care units (ICUs) (number needed to treat [NNT] = 2 to 16; relative risk reduction [RRR] = 34% to 83%).
Osteoinductive Ability of Human Allograft Formulations
Authors: Boyan Barbara D. , Ranly Don M. , McMillan Jacquelyn , Sunwoo MoonHae , Roche Karen , Schwartz Zvi 
Published: September 2006

Background: Bone graft materials are needed in periodontics that are osteoinductive, have good handling characteristics, and have physical properties that provide appropriate stiffness for the treatment site. Demineralized freeze‐dried bone allograft (DFDBA), also called demineralized bone matrix (DBM), is osteoinductive but requires a carrier to meet the other clinical objectives, thereby decreasing the DBM content per volume of the bone graft material. The present study determined whether the DBM content of a carrier formulation is an important variable with respect to its effectiveness as an osteoinductive material.Methods: The immunocompromised Nu/Nu mouse‐muscle implantation assay of osteoinductivity was used to test human DBM formulated with hyaluronic acid (HY) and cancellous and cortical bone granules from the same donor: DBM alone (11 mg); DBM (11 mg):HY, 55:45, weight/weight (wt/wt); DBM (6.4 mg):HY, 32:68, wt/wt; DBM mixed with cortical and cancellous bone chips 1:4 (DBMC) (11 mg total, of which 2.2 mg was DBM); DBMC (11 mg):HY, 55:45, wt/wt; heat‐treated DBM (11 mg); HY alone; and positive‐control DBM (11 mg). Osteoinduction was scored using a qualitative scale and by histomorphometry.Results: Results showed that all DBM was osteoinductive and the addition of HY did not change this as long as the amount of DBM used was held constant. The reduction in the absolute amount of DBM resulted in a reduced osteoinduction score, reduced ossicle area, and reduced new bone formation. The addition of HY also caused a decrease in the amount of residual non‐vital bone particles, particularly when DBMC was implanted. Results were donor dependent.Conclusion: This study showed the importance of DBM content and donor variability in osteoinductivity of DBM formulations with improved handling and stiffness characteristics.
Periodontal Status in Smokers and Never‐Smokers: Clinical Findings and Real‐Time Polymerase Chain Reaction Quantification of Putative Periodontal Pathogens
Authors: Gomes Sabrina C. , Piccinin Flavia B. , Oppermann Rui V. , Susin Cristiano , Nonnenmacher Claudia I. , Mutters Reinier , Marcantonio Rosemary A.C. 
Published: September 2006

Background: Smoking is a well‐known risk factor for destructive periodontal disease, but its relationship with periodontal status and subgingival microbiota remains unclear. Inherent limitations of microbiological methods previously used may partly explain these mixed results, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has been presented as a valid alternative. The aim of the present study was to investigate the clinical condition and microbiological profile of patients with chronic periodontitis as related to the habit of smoking.Methods: Fifty patients (33 to 59 years old), 25 smokers and 25 never‐smokers, constituted the sample. The visible plaque index (VPI), gingival bleeding index (GBI), bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) volume were recorded. Real‐time PCR quantified Porphyromonas gingivalis, Micromonas micros, Dialister pneumosintes, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and total bacteria in subgingival samples.Results: Smokers and never‐smokers showed similar values for VPI, GBI, and BOP. Smokers had deeper PD in buccal/lingual sites and higher CAL independently of the tooth surface. The GCF volume was smaller in smokers, independent of the PD. Similar amounts of total bacteria and P. gingivalis were observed for both groups. Significantly higher numbers of D. pneumosintes and M. micros were present in smokers and associated with moderate and deep pockets. When heavy smokers were considered, higher counts of total bacteria, M. micros, and D. pneumosintes were observed.Conclusions: Smoking seems to have a detrimental impact on the periodontal status and microbiological profile of patients with periodontitis. Compared to never‐smokers, smokers had deeper pockets, greater periodontal destruction, and higher counts of some putative periodontal pathogens.