bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Six and tweleve: The case for serious term limits
Authors: Crane Edward H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Framers of the American system of government had confidence in the judgment of the average citizen, and the concept of a citizen legislature — many would argue — is something they would have taken for granted. Under current conditions, legislators in Congress and the state houses can expect to spend 10 to 20 years in office before exercising meaningful influence. Are individuals capable of playing this waiting game patiently the kind of policy makers we need in a period of domestic and international crisis?
Electronic democracy in the 21st century
Authors: Kirschner Bruce H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe advent and wide availability and use of low‐cost, user friendly personal computer technology now offers a link between government and citizens that could revolutionize the nature of civic participation in the coming century. During the present decade, readily accessible public information utilities are likely to become major contributors to the resucitation and maintenance of civic infrastructure in U.S. communities.
Fractured decision making: Sunshine laws and the colliding groles of media and government
Authors: O'Looney John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe advent of open meetings laws combined with changes in the style and nature of political news reporting have transformed elected officials and the media into open antagonists in the policy‐making process, particularly during times of controversy or conflict. Alternative dispute resolution (ADR) techniques, involving policy makers, disputants and representatives of the press hold some promise for improving government‐media relations.
Building new arenas for civic renewal: Smaller American cities
Authors: Morse Suzanne W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHome to some 40 million Americans, smaller and medium‐size cities contribute an important dimension to the economic, social and cultural life of the nation and its regions. Sharing many characteristics with large cities — including the range of urban ills — smaller cities may possess some unique civic capacities to hasten their renewal. Moreover, their experiences may hold lessons for our largest urban centers.
Correlates of mother–premature infant interactions
Authors: Holditch‐Davis Diane , Schwartz Todd , Black Beth , Scher Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study's purpose was to examine whether child characteristics, child illness severity, maternal characteristics, maternal psychological well‐being, and paternal support influenced interactions between 108 premature infants and their mothers. Mothers with singletons or more infant illness stress showed more positive involvement. Mothers with less infant illness stress, less education, or less participation in caregiving by fathers showed more negative control. First‐time mothers and mothers of singletons provided more developmental stimulation. Children of younger and White mothers showed more social behaviors. Less maternal education and shorter period of mechanical ventilation were associated with greater developmental maturity. Greater maternal worry was related to more child irritability. These findings are consistent with the developmental science view that the mother–premature relationship is a complex, reciprocal process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 333–346, 2007
Taking the long view: The prenatal environment and early adolescent overweight
Authors: Salsberry Pamela J. , Reagan Patricia B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to assess the independent effects of the prenatal environment and cumulated social risks on the likelihood of being overweight at age 12/13 years. Maternal prepregnancy weight and smoking during pregnancy were the measures of prenatal exposures. Average lifetime per capita income and mother's lifetime marital status were the measures of cumulative social risks. Analysis of data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth's Child–Mother file indicated that exposures to tobacco smoke in utero, maternal prepregnancy overweight/obesity, and maternal unmarried status were significant risks for adolescent overweight. The risk for overweight was reduced by breastfeeding if the mother was overweight/obese prepregnancy. Prenatal and early life factors were related to adolescent overweight, providing an important window for intervention. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 297–307, 2007
Pediatric thyroid cancer arising after treatment for pleuropulmonary blastoma
Authors: Oue Takaharu , Inoue Masami , Kubota Akio , Kuwae Yuko , Kawa Keisei 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA 3‐year‐old female presented with a large tumor occupying the right thoracic space. Open biopsy revealed the pathological diagnosis of pleuropulmonary blastoma. After the first‐line chemotherapy, the patient underwent surgical resection, then two courses of high‐dose chemotherapy. Three years later, follicular carcinoma of the right thyroid lobe was found, so a right hemithyroidectomy was performed. Five months later, the thyroid tumor recurred. The remaining thyroid lobe was completely excised and radioiodine therapy was administered. The patient has remained tumor‐free for 3 years. The etiology and treatment of the uncommon combination of pleuropulmonary blastoma and thyroid carcinoma is discussed. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:901–902. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Action change in New Zealand mental health nursing: One team's perspective
Authors: O'Shea Moira , Reddy Luren 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes an attempt at effecting change with specific relevance to the discharge planning of clients from a New Zealand inpatient mental health unit to a community setting. It explores how a team of community mental health nurses, practising in an urban/rural area, used the concepts of practice development to endeavour to bring about change while still retaining a client‐centred focus. However, in their enthusiasm, they embarked on the road to practice change without undertaking some of the essential ground work. Nevertheless, although they did not achieve all they set out to achieve, they learned much in the process. In this paper, the authors outline their key learning points concerning the importance of engagement, communication, consistency and cooperation to the process and outcomes of practice change. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study on cost and life‐cycle analysis for 100 MW very large‐scale PV (VLS‐PV) systems in deserts using m‐Si, a‐Si, CdTe, and CIS modules
Authors: Ito Masakazu , Kato Kazuhiko , Komoto Keiichi , Kichimi Tetsuo , Kurokawa Kosuke 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper is a study of comparisons between five types of 100 MW Very Large‐Scale Photovoltaic Power Generation (VLS‐PV) Systems, from economic and environmental viewpoints. The authors designed VLS‐PV systems using typical PV modules of multi‐crystalline silicon (12·8% efficiency), high efficiency multi‐crystalline silicon (15·8%), amorphous silicon (6·9%), cadmium tellurium (9·0%), and copper indium selenium (11·0%), and evaluated them by Life‐Cycle Analysis (LCA). Cost, energy requirement, and CO2emissions were calculated. In addition, the authors evaluated generation cost, energy payback time (EPT), and CO2emission rates. As a result, it was found that the EPT is 1·5–2·5 years and the CO2emission rate is 9–16 g‐C/kWh. The generation cost was 11–12 US Cent/kWh on using 2 USD/W PV modules, and 19–20 US Cent/kWh on using 4 USD/W PV module price. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A further proteomic study on the effect of iron in the human pathogen Trichomonas vaginalis
Authors: De Jesus Jose Batista , Cuervo Patrícia , Junqueira Magno , Britto Constança , Costa e Silva‐Filho Fernando , Soares Maurílio Jose , Cupolillo Elisa , Fernandes Octavio , Domont Gilberto Barbosa 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIron is an essential element to support the growth and survival of Trichomonas vaginalis. It plays a critical role in the host–parasite interaction, and modulates the expression of virulence factors in this protozoan. In this work, parasites grown in iron‐rich and iron‐depleted media were analyzed by (i) light and scanning electron microscopy and (ii) 2‐DE and MS. Withdrawal of iron from the culture medium resulted in dramatic changes in both the morphology and in the proteome pattern of T. vaginalis. Trophozoites underwent transformation from ellipsoid or amoeboid forms to rounded cells, whose flagella and axostyle were internalized. Forty‐five proteins differentially expressed in parasites cultivated in the absence of iron were identified. In iron‐depleted parasites, enzymes involved in energetic metabolism, proteolysis and hydrogenosomal iron‐sulfur (Fe‐S) proteins were down‐regulated or even suppressed. Among up‐regulated proteins, six isoforms of actin were detected. In addition, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase, putative lactate dehydrogenase, and putative adenosine triphosphatase were also up‐regulated or were exclusively observed in gels related to iron‐depleted parasites. Our data demonstrate that iron has a pivotal role in the regulation of the morphological transformation of T. vaginalis and modulates the expression of both Fe‐S and non‐Fe‐S proteins in the parasite.
Over 55 A, 800 V high power AlGaN/GaN HFETs for power switching application
Authors: Ikeda Nariaki , Kato Kazuo , Kondoh Kazuo , Kambayashi Hiroshi , Li Jiang , Yoshida Seikoh 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe developed new ohmic electrodes combined with an Al‐silicide and a molybdenum for AlGaN/GaN HFETs to realize a high power switching application. As a result, the maximum drain current of the HFET was over 55 A and the breakdown voltage was about 800 V. The specific on‐state resistance of the HFET was smaller than that of a Si Cool MOSFET. Furthermore, we examined the dynamic characteristics. The turn‐off and turn‐on delay time were 14.8 nsec. and 8.4 nsec. at the condition of 100 V, respectively. These values were considerbly smaller compared with those of Si Cool MOSFETs. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimized technique for the calculation of carbon nanotube dispersion relationships
Authors: Marconcini Paolo , Macucci Massimo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe computation of the dispersion relations of carbon nanotubes can be optimized applying the zone‐folding technique only close to the graphene degeneration points. In order to achieve such an improvement, we propose a method that, using properly chosen unit vectors, allows to easily obtain the coordinates of the degeneration points inside the rectangular regions of the reciprocal space where the graphene dispersion relations are commonly cross‐sectioned. Finally, we show the results of the application of such a technique to the computation of the carbon nanotube energy bands. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Mg@C74 isomers: Calculated relative concentrations and comparison with Ca@C74
Authors: Uhlík Filip , Slanina Zdeněk , Nagase Shigeru 
Published: May 2007

AbstractComputations for two C74‐based endohedrals, Mg@C74 and Ca@C74, are presented. A set of four different C74 cages is considered, namely one isomer with isolated pentagons and three with pentagon–pentagon junctions. However, the endohedral based on the cage with isolated pentagons is the most important species in both systems. Special interest is paid to the Gibbs‐energy based evaluations of the production abundances for different metallofullerenes including saturated metal pressures into consideration. The predicted amount of Mg@C74 is about 5 orders of magnitude smaller than that of Ca@C74 for temperatures 1500–2000 K. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
STM imaging of carbon nanotube point defects
Authors: Osváth Z. , Tapasztó L. , Vértesy G. , Koós A. A. , Horváth Z. E. , Gyulai J. , Biró L. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this work the STM investigation of nanotube point defects created by ion irradiation (e.g. vacancies) is presented. The defects appeared as hillock‐like features on the STM images. These defects were compared with similar features observed on the STM images of as‐grown coiled carbon nanotubes. In this case the observed hillock‐like features were attributed to the non‐hexagonal carbon rings, which are responsible for the growth of bent and coiled nanotube structures. For irradiation, multi‐walled carbon nanotubes produced by the arc‐discharge method were dispersed on highly oriented pyrolitic graphite (HOPG) surface and irradiated with Ar+ ions of 30 keV, using a low dose of D = 5 × 1011 ions/cm2. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Transmission and localization in cavities of nanotubes
Authors: Jódar E. , Pérez‐Garrido A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe investigate electronic transport properties of carbon nanotubes sandwiched between other two carbon nanotubes. We call this kind of structure a cavity. We show that it may behave as a resonant box with quasi‐bound states. This is a consequence of the differences between the band structures for the central carbon nanotube and both ends. We also study these properties for multiple cavities, where we find that the number of oscillations in the transmission function increases with the number of cavities of our system. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nano‐modification of surface morphology of Teflon AF with VUV laser light
Authors: Sarantopoulou E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProcessing of Teflon AF surface was made with laser light at 157 nm with nano‐resolution control. Thin films of Teflon AF layers, 0.58 and 2.4 nm thick on the average, were removed following surface etching in nitrogen and vacuum respectively at 1 mJ/cm2. AFM imaging and mass spectroscopy, reveals functionalization and smoothing of exposed to light surfaces. Contrary to previous results with different fluoropolymers such as poly(2,2,2‐trifluoroethyl methacrylate), PTFEMA, the surface roughness of Teflon AF was reduced to 4 nm on the average, allowing modification of flow and binding of bio‐materials on Teflon AF. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Visible and infrared photoluminescence from erbium‐doped silicon nanocrystals produced by rf sputtering
Authors: Cerqueira M. F. , Losurdo M. , Monteiro T. , Stepikova M. , Soares M. J. , Peres M. , Alpuim P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractErbium‐doped low‐dimensional Si films with different microstructures were deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering on glass substrates by varying the hydrogen flow rate during deposition. Amorphous, micro‐ and nanocrystalline samples, consisting of Si nanocrystalls embedded in silicon‐based matrices with different structures, were achieved with optical properties in the visible and IR depending on nanocrystalline fraction and matrix structure and chemical composition. Structural characterization was performed by X‐ray diffraction in the grazing incidence geometry and Raman spectroscopy. The chemical composition was studied using RBS/ERD techniques. Spectroscopic ellipsometry was combined with the previous techniques to further resolve the film microstructure and composition. In particular, the distribution along the film thickness of the volume fractions of nanocrystalline/amorphous silicon and SiOx phases has been obtained.In this contribution we discuss visible and infrared photoluminescence as a function of sample microstructure and of the oxygen/hydrogen concentration ratio present in the matrix. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Size does matter: further studies in hand–pack interaction using computer simulation
Authors: Yoxall A. , Luxmoore J. , Rowson J. , Langley J. , Janson R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study expands on a previous work by the authors where it was shown through the use of ethnography and finite element models that a link exists between the choice of grip and joint stresses. Further finite element models are created to investigate the relationship between joint stresses and hand dimensions. This is an important area of research for inclusive design, since some of the most vulnerable members of society, such as elderly women, often exhibit extremes of physical dimensions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of package light transmittance on vitamin content of milk. Part 2: UHT whole milk
Authors: Saffert Alexander , Pieper Gabriele , Jetten Jan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work is the second part of a milk study evaluating the effect of package light transmittance on the vitamin content of milk, in this case on UHT whole milk. The milk was stored at three different light intensities in polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles with varying light transmittance as described by Saffert et al. (2006). Changes in the vitamin A, B2 and D3 content were monitored over a storage period of 12 weeks at 23°C. Losses in vitamins A and B2 were most pronounced in completely transparent PET bottles exposed to the highest light intensity. In these bottles, a reduction of the light intensity reduced the vitamin A loss from 88 to 66%, while in the case of vitamin B2 the complete decomposition was just delayed from 4 to 8 weeks storage. The vitamin D3 losses in clear PET bottles were almost independent of the light intensity. For pigmented PET bottles, the impact of package light transmittance and light intensity differed for each vitamin. An increase in package light transmittance and light intensity was found to be most decisive for vitamin B2 stability. In the case of vitamin D3, only the increase in light intensity was found to be of relevance, whereas for vitamin A stability the influence of increased package light transmittance and light intensity could not be clearly observed. In dark‐stored ‘control’ samples, the analysed vitamins were almost stable. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodology for the optimal component selection of electronic devices under reliability and cost constraints
Authors: Zafiropoulos E. P. , Dialynas E. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to present an efficient computational methodology for the reliability optimization of electronic devices under cost constraints. The system modeling for calculating the reliability indices of the electronic devices is based on Bayesian networks using the fault tree approach, in order to overcome the limitations of the series–parallel topology of the reliability block diagrams. Furthermore, the Bayesian network modeling for the reliability analysis provides greater flexibility for representing multiple failure modes and dependent failure events, and simplifies fault diagnosis and reliability allocation. The optimal selection of components is obtained using the simulated annealing algorithm, which has proved to be highly efficient in complex optimization problems where gradient‐based methods can not be applied. The reliability modeling and optimization methodology was implemented into a computer program in Matlab using a Bayesian network toolbox. The methodology was applied for the optimal selection of components for an electrical switch of power installations under reliability and cost constraints. The full enumeration of the solution space was calculated in order to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed optimization algorithm. The results obtained are excellent since a near optimum solution was found in a small fraction of the time needed for the complete enumeration (3%). All the optimum solutions found during consecutive runs of the optimization algorithm lay in the top 0.3% of the solutions that satisfy the reliability and cost constraints. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimum step‐stress for temperature accelerated life testing
Authors: Gouno Evans 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStep‐stress accelerated life testing is a design strategy where the stress is modified several times during the test. In this work we address the problem of designing such a test. We focus on temperature accelerated life testing and we address the problems of setting the step duration and the stress levels. Assuming an Arrhenius model, maximum likelihood estimates of the parameters are computed. Relying on the properties of these estimators we compare different criteria for assessing the optimality of the plans produced. Some tables are presented to illustrate the method. For a fixed number of steps and a set of temperatures, a table of optimal length steps can be computed. For fixed step lengths, sets of temperatures leading to optimal plans are also available. Thus, this work provides useful tools to help engineers make decisions in testing strategy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of individual‐ and aggregate‐level data
Authors: Sutton A. J. , Kendrick D. , Coupland C. A. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe methodology described here was developed for a systematic review and individual participant‐level meta‐analysis of home safety education and the provision of safety equipment for the prevention of childhood accidents. This review had a particular emphasis on exploring whether effectiveness was related to socio‐demographic characteristics previously shown to be associated with injury risk. Individual participant data were only made available to us for a proportion of the included studies. This resulted in the need for developing a new methodology to combine the available data most efficiently.Our objective was to develop a (random effects) meta‐analysis model that could synthesize both individual‐level and aggregate‐level binary outcome data while exploring the effects of binary covariates also available in a combination of individual participant and aggregate level data. To add further complication, the studies to be combined were a mixture of cluster and
individual participant‐allocated designs.A Bayesian model using Markov chain Monte Carlo methods to estimate parameters is described which efficiently synthesizes the data by allowing different models to be fitted to the different study design and data format combinations available. Initially we describe a model to estimate mean effects ignoring the influence of the covariates, and then extend it to include a binary covariate. The application of the method is illustrated by application to one outcome from the motivating home safety meta‐analysis for illustration. Using the same general approach, it would be possible to develop further ‘tailor made’ evidence synthesis models to synthesize all available evidence most effectively. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Streamlined variance calculations for semiparametric mixed models
Authors: Smith Andrew D. A. C. , Wand M. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSemiparametric mixed model analysis benefits from variability estimates such as standard errors of effect estimates and variability bars to accompany curve estimates. We show how the underlying variance calculations can be done extremely efficiently compared with the direct naïve approach. These streamlined calculations are linear in the number of subjects, representing a two orders of magnitude improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.