bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medical economy and acid reflux diseases
Authors: Chang Full‐Young 
Published: November 2006

AbstractToday’s medicine is focused to improve the quality of life of patients. Hence, the increase in social health‐care utilization through patients themselves or a third party: the payer is apparently a burden to society. The negotiation between willingness of payers, expensive interventions, society acceptance, social costs, legal or moral encounters etc. remains unresolved. Knowing the medical economic analyses is obviously a way to reduce the nonsensical expenses and risks in daily practice. Of them, cost‐minimization analysis is the simplest form, which assumes that different approaches achieve the same outcome, therefore, the least expensive option is obtained. Cost‐utility analysis is not only to identify costs and outcomes of interventions but also to assign quality of life to suggest their likely acceptance by society. Cost–benefit analysis quantifies costs and benefits in monetary value of changing well‐being based on intervention and policy decision. Currently, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has been very common in the gastrointestinal clinics of modern societies. The direct GERD expenditures in terms of diagnosis, drug price, maintenance and surveillance in the event of Barrett’s epithelial change are considerable to payers and society. Now it is believed that the most effective treatment is the most economic measure, whereas the step‐up approach is almost abandoned because of the lack of economic value. On‐demand therapy for mild GERD looks ideal to save on expenses. Nevertheless, how to define an effective guideline in approaching and treating GERD remains evolving. It is also difficult to apply globally due to the existing discrepancies in terms of disease epidemiology, culture, social acceptance, economy, insurance system etc. In conclusion, as the health‐care costs and payer oversight continue to grow due to the advanced science, technology and evolving humanitarian angles, the daily medical practice should consider their effectiveness and cost–benefits in reducing the burden on society.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: UESUGI R. , OSAKABE MH. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSixteen microsatellite loci are described for the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae, which is an agricultural pest. The microsatellite loci were obtained through the construction of an enriched library; these loci exhibited polymorphisms (2–5 alleles per locus) and high levels of observed (0.033–0.667, average 0.415) and expected (0.033–0.602, average 0.336) heterozygosities. The isolated microsatellite markers are expected to be useful for the construction of a linkage map of this species.
Prevention of sudden cardiac death by n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Leaf Alexander 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere were already several epidemiologic studies that showed eating fish frequently seemed to reduce deaths from coronary heart disease. There were also observational and clinical trials, which more specifically showed that the reduction in cardiovascular deaths from eating fish were largely the result of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in fish oil for the prevention of sudden cardiac death (SCD). This led me to perform a clinical trial in which all subjects had an implanted cardioverter–defibrillator and were at very high risk of SCD. The results of this study and the mechanisms by which the n‐3 fish oil fatty acids prevent fatal cardiac arrhythmias will be the subject of this review.
Cassava‐enriched diet is not diabetogenic rather it aggravates diabetes in rats
Authors: Yessoufou Akadiri , Ategbo Jean‐Marc , Girard Aurelie , Prost Josiane , Dramane Karim L. , Moutairou Kabirou , Hichami Aziz , Khan Naim A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChronic intake of cassava has been thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of diabetes. We investigated the effects of dietary cassava (Manihot esculenta), which naturally contains cyanogenic glycosides, in the progression of diabetes mellitus in rats. Diabetes was induced by five mild doses of streptozotocin, in male Wistar rats which were fed a standard or cyanide‐free cassava (CFC) diet containing or not containing exogenous cyanide with or without methionine. Methionine was employed to counterbalance the toxic effects of cyanide. During diabetes progression, we determined glycaemia and antioxidant status, by measuring vitamin C levels and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH‐Px) and glutathione reductase (GSSG‐Red). Feeding CFC diet did not induce diabetes in control rats; rather this diet, in diabetic animals, aggravated hyperglycaemia the severity of which was increased in these animals fed CFC diet, supplemented with cyanide. Addition of methionine curtailed the toxic effects of cyanide supplementation in CFC diet‐fed diabetic animals. In standard diet‐fed animals, the activities of SOD, GSH‐Px and GSSG‐Red were lower in diabetic rats than control rats. Interestingly, all of the CFC diets with or without cyanide or methionine, increased vitamin C levels and antioxidant enzyme activities in both control and diabetic animals. However, supplementing cyanide to CFC diet (without methionine) curtailed SOD and GSH‐Px activities in diabetic rats. Our study shows that cassava diet containing cyanide is ‘diabetes‐aggravating’.
Judicial Globalization in the Service of Self-Government
Authors: Flaherty Martin S. 
Published: November 2006

For at least the past several decades, judges around the world have been looking beyond their own states' jurisprudence to international law and the decisions of foreign courts in order to apply domestic law. This widespread practice is part of a phenomenon that Anne-Marie Slaughter calls “judicial globalization.” The American judiciary, however, has exhibited a distinct diffidence toward the use of comparative and international law to decide domestic cases, a diffidence that extends to many elected officials as well… .Various defenses of the Supreme Court's reliance on international and comparative sources have been made, not least by some of the Supreme Court justices themselves. None of the defenses, however, have met the democratic objections head-on. Instead, justifications have mainly defended the general utility of referencing additional sources rather than the specific legitimacy of referencing sources from outside the U.S. legal system. The defenses to date fall short for at least two sets of reasons. They fail to grapple with legitimate concerns about the practice. In consequence, they offer no reasons for those opposed to this practice to reconsider their resistance.
A CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN BALANCED VARIETIES AND INVERSE MONOIDS
Authors: LAWSON MARK V. 
Published: November 2006

There is a well-known correspondence between varieties of algebras and fully invariant congruences on the appropriate term algebra. A special class of varieties are those which are balanced, meaning they can be described by equations in which the same variables appear on each side. In this paper, we prove that the above correspondence, restricted to balanced varieties, leads to a correspondence between balanced varieties and inverse monoids. In the case of unary algebras, we recover the theorem of Meakin and Sapir that establishes a bijection between congruences on the free monoid with n generators and wide, positively self-conjugate inverse submonoids of the polycyclic monoid on n generators. In the case of varieties generated by linear equations, meaning those equations where each variable occurs exactly once on each side, we can replace the clause monoid above by the linear clause monoid. In the case of algebras with a single operation of arity n, we prove that the linear clause monoid is isomorphic to the inverse monoid of right ideal isomorphisms between the finitely generated essential right ideals of the free monoid on n letters, a monoid previously studied by Birget in the course of work on the Thompson group V and its analogues. We show that Dehornoy's geometry monoid of a balanced variety is a special kind of inverse submonoid of ours. Finally, we construct groups from the inverse monoids associated with a balanced variety and examine some conditions under which they still reflect the structure of the underlying variety. Both free groups and Thompson's groups Vn,1 arise in this way.
Plutarch on Alcibiades' Return to Athens
Authors: Gygax Marc Domingo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA passage of Plutarch's biography of Alcibiades (Alc. 33.2) invites us to explore the way Athens rewarded its benefactors in the fifth and fourth century, especially the first awards of crowns to citizens. This article challenges the widespread assumption that Alcibiades' crowning with gold when he came back to Athens from his exile is an invention by Plutarch or a previous source. First, there is evidence that the crowning was known to other ancient authors. Furthermore, if one takes into consideration not only inscriptions, but also literary sources, Plutarch's report is not an isolated piece of information. It fits well in the history of the Athenian practice of bestowing honors. It has precedents in Athens, continuity after Alcibiades, parallels in other cities, and corresponds to the behavior one would expect from the dêmos as well as from a benefactor at the end of the fifth century. When viewed in this light, Plutarch's information may help us to understand the first stages of the institution of honoring fellow citizens, which was to become so important in later times.
Socrates' Therapeutic Use of Inconsistency in the Axiochus
Authors: O'Keefe Tim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe pseudo-Platonic dialogue Axiochus seems irremediably confused. Its author tosses together Platonic, Epicurean and Cynic arguments against the fear of death, apparently with no regard for their consistency. Whereas in the Apology Socrates argues that death is either annihilation or a relocation of the soul, and is a blessing either way, in the Axiochus Socrates seems to assert that death is both annihilation and a release of the soul from the body into a better realm.I argue that we can acquit the Axiochus from the charge of confusion if we pay attention to its genre, a consolation letter cast in dialogue form. The dialogue dramatizes a distinctive type of consolatory argumentative practice. Socrates' use of arguments with inconsistent premises, presented in propria persona, is only one of many ways in which he is willing to sacrifice argumentative hygiene for the sake of therapeutic effectiveness. These include appealing to emotion, tailoring arguments to the audience, and presenting invalid arguments so as to induce unjustified but comforting beliefs. In these respects, I think that Socrates' argumentative practice is best compared to PH III 280-1, where Sextus Empiricus says that the skeptic will deliberately use logically weak arguments as long as they work.
Dolphins in Popular Literature and Media
Authors: Reiss Diana , Sickler Jessica , Gruber Sarah , Boyle Paul , Elliott Elizabeth , Lemcke Katherine , Fraser John , Newman Barbara 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review of how dolphins are portrayed in popular media (including literature, film, television, and music) reveals four themes that may influence public acceptance of current scientific research into dolphin cognition. These themes are: (a) dolphin as peer to humans, of equal intelligence or at least capable of communicating with or helping humans; (b) the dolphin as the representation of a romantic notion of ideal freedom in nature, embodying principles of peace, harmony or love; (c) the dolphin as a naïve, innocent being that is subordinate and in need of human protection; and (d) the dolphin as superior to humans, potentially affiliating with a higher power or intelligence. This review revealed that the use of dolphins in humor reinforced or lampooned the four identified themes, indicating a common acceptance of these themes. The paper concludes with a discussion of the importance of considering popular narratives in the presentation of scientific research results.
Variation of Sicilian pond turtles, Emys trinacris – What makes a species cryptic?
Authors: Fritz Uwe , D'Angelo Stefania , Pennisi Maria Grazia , Valvo Mario Lo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Variation of the Sicilian pond turtle, Emys trinacris, is described, based on
morphological data of more than 200 adult and immature turtles and mtDNA
sequences of 31 new known-locality specimens. Emys trinacris is
morphologically more variable than thought before. There exist pronounced
population-specific differences. Adults are barely distinguishable from Emys
orbicularis galloitalica. Hatchlings of E. trinacris are, however,
significantly different patterned, allowing immediate species determination.
Moreover, hatchlings of E. trinacris seem to be on average smaller and
lighter than in E. orbicularis. This could be related with different
reproductive strategies. Coloration polymorphism of adult Sicilian pond
turtles comprises fair part of variation known in E. orbicularis. Thus,
adult E. trinacris might have preserved the whole array of variation of the
last common ancestor with E. orbicularis. We hypothesize that similarity of
certain southern E. orbicularis subspecies and E. trinacris on one hand and
pronounced differences in size, coloration and pattern of northern E.
orbicularis subspecies on the other result from stabilising selection in the
north. While dark coloration and large body-size seem to be beneficial in
the north, light coloration and small size could be simply not
disadvantageous in the south, allowing coloration polymorphisms in E.
trinacris and southern E. orbicularis subspecies. Further, the term 'cryptic
species' and its meaning in regard to species concepts and bar-coding is
discussed. It is concluded that species delineation based on mtDNA barcoding
requires application of a Phylogenetic Species Concept. Under the Biological
Species Concept, animal mtDNA is not always an ideal tool for delineating
species boundaries because taxa with monophyletic mitochondrial gene trees
are neither necessarily genetically isolated nor must represent the same
Biological Species. Cryptic species are nothing special in nature because
difficulties with their identification are due to deficits in cognitive
abilities of man. This is illustrated by the fact that distinct live stages
of 'cryptic species' may differ to various degrees from similar species, as
is the case in hatchlings and adults of E. trinacris and E. o.
galloitalica.
Chromosomal analysis of the leptodactylids Pleurodema diplolistris and Physalaemus nattereri (Amphibia, Anura)
Authors: Lourenço Luciana B. , Nascimento Josiane A.A. , Andrade Gilda V. , Rossa-Feres Denise C. , Recco-Pimentel Shirlei M. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Detailed characterizations of the karyotypes of the Brazilian leptodactylid
frogs Pleurodema diplolistris, the only species of Pleurodema not studied
cytogenetically so far, and Physalaemus nattereri, a species in the Ph.
biligonigerus group, are presented. Both karyotypes had 2n = 22 and their
chromosomes had a very similar morphology, except for pair 11, which was
metacentric in Pl. diplolistris and telocentric in Ph. nattereri. The
localization of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) and heterochromatic bands
allowed the differentiation of chromosomes that were morphologically
indistinguishable between these species, such as pairs 1, 3 and 10, which
showed interstitial C-bands in Ph. nattereri, and pair 8, that had an NOR
and an adjacent C-band in Pl. diplolistris. Pair 8 also has NOR-bearing
chromosomes in many other Pleurodema species. However, in these species, the
NOR is located proximal to the centromere on the short arm, while in Pl.
diplolistris it occurred distally on the long arm, a condition that may be
considered a derived state. In Ph. nattereri, the NOR occurred on chromosome
11 and differed from the other species of the Ph. biligonigerus group. In
contrast, C-banding revealed a heterochromatic block near the centromere on
the short arm of pair 3, a characteristic common to all members of this
group of Physalaemus.
Pointing the Way to Discovery: Using a Creative Writing Practice in Qualitative Research
Authors: Schulz Jennifer 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere are compelling possibilities for the ways in which creative writing practices can inform qualitative and collaborative research projects, particularly those projects devoted to phenomenological inquiry. This article lays out a specific research methodology based on a creative writing practice that is prompted by words and phrases evocative of a research question. This practice, called “pointing,” is explained through Gadamer's notion of understanding, play, and conversation as well as Heidegger's hermeneutical process. The use of such a practice in a specific collaborative research project on therapists' experience of hopelessness is described and implications for additional projects are proposed.
How Confucian are Contemporary Chinese? Construction of an Ideal Type and its Application to Three Chinese Communities
Authors: Yang Chung Fang , Chiu Chi Yue , Chan Kin Man , King Ambrose , Cheung Tak Sing , Chan Hoi Man 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs a major source of social values in East Asia, Confucianism assumes especial significance amidst the proliferation of instrumental rationality in modern societies. This study attempts to answer the question: how Confucian are contemporary Chinese? By way of constructing an ideal type of Confucian actors, which is then applied to a survey of three Chinese communities, this study tries to formulate a new perspective in depicting the character of modern Confucian actors, measured in terms of their dynamic proximity to the Confucian ideal type. Our approach marks a shift of emphasis, both empirically and methodologically, compared with previous work on this topic. On the empirical side, our study breaks with the long-standing, classical distinction between the 'gentleman' and the 'commoner' prevalent in Confucian discourse. Degrees of proximity to Confucian values are viewed in representational—i.e. non-evaluative—terms. In constructing the ideal type of Confucian actors, we distinguish between formal and substantive values in Confucianism. This analytical distinction allows our study to demonstrate the continued relevance of Confucianism. While substantive values change over time, the formal, analytical core that captures the essence of Confucianism continues to survive in the face of the vicissitudes of modernity and the spread of instrumental rationality.
Continental Shelf Submissions: The Record to Date
Authors: Parson Lindsay , Macnab Ron 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper reflects the situation at the end of 2005. At that time, four coastal States had completed their continental shelf submissions for transmittal to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS): Russia (2001), Brazil (2004), Australia (2004), and Ireland (2005).Of those four submissions, only Russia's has been subjected to a full review by the CLCS, which issued outer limit recommendations in 2002. Russia has responded to those recommendations by initiating a new round of field work in the Arctic, to obtain additional data that is intended to offset CLCS concerns. The Brazilian and Australian submissions are currently undergoing review by subcommissions of the CLCS, while the establishment of a subcommission to examine the Irish submission is imminent. The task of each subcommission is to prepare draft recommendations for review by the Commission at large.In general, the detailed contents of continental shelf submissions are not made public, nor are the deliberations of the CLCS concerning those submissions. In certain cases some of that information can be gleaned through unofficial channels, but for the most part interested parties must refer to the website of the UN's Division of Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea (DOALOS), which posts material of a more limited nature. Information derived largely from that official source will be used in this paper to outline what is known about the four submissions above.This exposition will be followed by brief reviews of: (a) the memberships of the first two Commissions and the four subcommissions; (b) the ability of Commission members to render advisory services to submitting States; and (c) the benefits to be gained by a submitting State when it sponsors a member of the Commission.
Thrombin-activatable procarboxypeptidase B regulates activated complement C5a in vivo
Authors: Nishimura Toshihiko , Myles Timothy , Piliposky Adrian M. , Kao Peter N. , Berry Gerald J. , Leung Lawrence L. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlasma procarboxypeptidase B (proCPB) is activated by the endothelial thrombin-prothrombomodulin complex. Activated (CPB) functions as a fibrinolysis inhibitor, but it may play a broader role by inactivating inflammatory mediators. To test this hypothesis, C5a-induced alveolitis was studied in wild-type (WT) and proCPB-deficient mice (proCPB−/−). C5a-induced alveolitis, as measured by cell counts and total protein contents in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, was markedly enhanced in the proCPB−/− mice. E229K thrombin, a thrombin mutant with minimal clotting activity but retaining its ability to activate protein C and proCPB, attenuated C5a-induced alveolitis in WT but not in proCPB−/− mice, indicating that its beneficial effect is mediated primarily by its activation of proCPB. Lung tissue histology confirmed these cellular inflammatory responses. Delayed administration of E229K thrombin after the C5a instillation was ineffective in reducing alveolitis in WT mice, suggesting that the beneficial effect of E229K thrombin is due to the direct inhibition of C5a by CPB. Our studies show that thrombin-activatable proCPB, in addition to its role in fibrinolysis, has intrinsic anti-inflammatory functions. Its activation, along with protein C, by the endothelial thrombin-TM complex represents a homeostatic response to counteract the inflammatory mediators generated at the site of vascular injury.
Donor-derived cells and human graft-versus-host disease of the skin
Authors: Murata Hideyuki , Janin Anne , Leboeuf Christophe , Soulier Jean , Gluckman Eliane , Meignin Veronique , Socie Gerard 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GvHD)–induced apoptosis of the skin targets both epidermal keratinocytes and dermal endothelial cells. We studied the donor-versus-recipient origin of GvHD of these target cells in skin of 18 sex-mismatched hematopoietic stem-cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. Combining XY fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and double immunostaining, and further 3D tissue Z-stack analysis, we found keratinocytes and endothelial cells of donor origin, but only in patients with GvHD. Using terminal dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay on sister sections, we found a correlation between the numbers of chimeric and apoptotic epidermal and endothelial cells. Moreover, donor-derived cells were more numerous and preferentially distributed in the areas of severe GvHD damage in biopsies performed early in the course of GvHD, whereas they were less numerous and found in the whole epidermis in late biopsies. Because donor-derived cells were found at the site and at the time of maximum tissue damage, they could contribute to epidermal and microvessel repair.
Rhenium-catalyzed Addition of Trimethylsilylacetylene to Aldimines
Authors: Kuninobu Yoichiro , Inoue Yuichi , Takai Kazuhiko 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
A rhenium complex, [ReBr(CO)3(thf)]2, catalyzes reactions of aldimines with trimethylsilylacetylene to give propargylamines in excellent yields. The reactions proceed at room temperature under solvent-free conditions.