bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Potentiation of malathion by other insecticides against Musca domestica
Authors: Gera Ramesh , Gupta Dalip S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐seven insecticides, including organochlorine, organophosphorus compounds and carbamates were tried for potentiation of the toxic effect of malathion. Carbaryl, diazinon, fenthion, gamma‐BHC, parathion and tetrachlorvinphos potentiated the action of malathion. Fourteen insecticides gave additive effects while seven proved antagonistic. Insecticides which showed potentiation, were further tested by mixing with malathion in the ratios of 1:9, 3:7, 5:5, 7:3 and 9:1. All the five combinations in the six mixtures gave potentiating effects. Maximum potentiation of 17.6 times was observed in 1:9 combination of malathion and gamma‐BHC. The proportions in which the insecticides were mixed had a pronounced effect on the toxic effect of malathion.
Decision factors in barley mildew control in South‐East Scotland
Authors: Gilmour James 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe use of a mildew‐susceptible barley variety, Golden Promise, has drawn attention to the problem of mildew in south‐east Scotland. The increased intensity of disease has also influenced the potential value of the more resistant varieties. Whilst it is not possible to evaluate all the significant factors which result in severe mildew situations, the recommendation that winter barley should not be grown is thought to reduce the overwintering levels of disease. Trials have shown the benefits to be derived from using fungicidal seed treatments on a susceptible variety, although similar effects have also been found with single sprays. In this case, however, problems of timing and damage caused by wheelings have to be considered. In economic terms the many factors associated with barley mildew lead one to the view that blanket recommendations are inappropriate. Risk analyses are being considered as an aid to the decision making.
Uptake and translocation of ethofumesate in sugar‐beet plants
Authors: Eshel Jacob , Zimdahl Robert L. , Schweizer Edward E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe uptake and translocation of 14C‐labelled ethofumesate [(±)‐2‐ethoxy‐2,3‐dihydro‐3,3‐dimethylbenzofuran‐5‐yl methanesulphonate] was studied in sugar‐beet seedlings following soil and foliar applications. After soil applications, the roots absorbed and translocated to the foliage more ethofumesate or its metabolites than did the emerging hypocotyls. Ethofumesate or its metabolites did not accumulate in either roots or hypocotyls after exposure to treated soil. When sugar‐beet leaves were treated with the herbicide at the two‐leaf stage, acropetal translocation was rapid but there was no translocation out of the treated leaves. Furthermore, ethofumesate or its metabolites were not translocated basipetally after either soil or foliar application.
Ultraviolet spectrophotometric determination of the purity of technical pyrazon
Authors: Šustek Ján , Livař Milan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method for the analysis of technical samples of the herbicide pyrazon is described. A double‐beam recording spectrophotometer with digital data recording accessory was used in the analysis of the multicomponent mixtures. The absorbances were measured in the u.v. region between 346 and 282 nm. Two alternative u.v. spectrophotometric methods are presented which allow the determination of all three components in technical products of pyrazon without any preliminary separation.
Metabolism of [3H]triforine in barley grown in the field: The unbound radioactive residue
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Decallonne Jacques R. , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBarley was sown and grown normally in an experimental field. At the growth stage J,Growth stage J: during the stem extension stage; second node of stem formed and next‐to‐last leaf just visible.
the aerial part of the plants was sprayed with an aqueous emulsion of a mixture of triforine and [3H]triforine (uniformly labelled in the piperazine ring) using the recommended dose rate of about 240g triforine ha−1. The barley was harvested when ripe and the straw and grain were analysed separately. The total radioactivity concentration was 20 times higher in straw than in grain. In straw and grain, 12 and 25% respectively of the total incorporated radioactivity in each of these tissues was methanol soluble. The composition of the methanol‐soluble radioactive residue was investigated and was shown to contain triforine and its metabolites which were free and unbound in barley straw and grain. No radioactive piperazine was observed, in spite of the high detection sensitivity for radioactivity. The concentrations of triforine and its identified metabolites in straw and grain respectively (mg kg−1, relative to the fresh weight of tissue) were: triforine, 0.034 and 0.0018; N‐[(2,2,2‐trichloro‐1‐(piperazin‐1‐yl)ethyl]formamide), 0.009 and 0.0006; iminodiacetic acid, 0.021 and 0.001; glycine, 0.043 and 0.0033. Other radioactive water‐soluble and very polar, unidentified compounds were observed, corresponding to advanced metabolic products of triforine.
Relationships between acidity/alkalinity and pH and their importance to pesticide specifications
Authors: Niessen Heinz J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn current national and international specifications, acidity and alkalinity on the one hand and pH on the other, are being used as quality criteria for pesticides. These two criteria are by no means interchangeable and the choice must be made on a product‐specific basis. The experimental results clearly show that acidity limits are suitable quality criteria for active ingredients that form acidic decomposition products, and for their emulsifiable concentrates. For powder formulations the nature of the fillers used may seriously influence acidity figures, so that their value may be questionable. It is suggested that acidity limits be deleted for neutral active ingredients which do not form acid decomposition products. A suitable quality criterion for aqueous salt solutions of, for example, phenoxyalkanoic acids, is pH but it may also be used where active ingredients are known to decompose in certain pH ranges.
Absorption and metabolism of permethrin and cypermethrin in the cockroach and the cotton‐leafworm larvae
Authors: Holden J. Stuart 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPermethrin was metabolised by attack at the ester bond, in vivo by adult cockroaches, Periplaneta americana and in vitro by esterase preparations. Metabolites retaining the ester linkage could not be detected. In all cases, the (1RS)‐trans‐isomer (transpermethrin) was more labile than the (1RS)‐cis‐isomer. Cypermethrin was metabolised at one‐fifth the rate for permethrin. In‐vitro and in‐vivo studies with synergists indicated that cleavage of the ester bond in permethrin can be both oxidative for the (1RS)‐cis‐isomer and hydrolytic for the (1RS)‐trans‐isomer. The penetration of permethrin through the cuticle of the cockroach was significantly greater than that of cypermethrin. The penetration and metabolism of permethrin and cypermethrin in sixth‐instar larvae of susceptible and resistant strains of the Egyptian cotton‐leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis, were studied as possible factors in resistance. No significant differences were found. It is suggested that the major resistance factor to permethrin in S. littoralis is probably non‐metabolic.
The development of a screening method to estimate contact toxicity of pyrethroids against wood‐boring marine crustacea, Limnoria spp.
Authors: Rutherford Donald , Reay Richard C. , Ford Martyn G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA bioassay method has been developed for the screening of pyrethroids for contact toxicity against Limnoria species which should prove suitable for insecticides with low water‐solubility. Less than 1% of a topically applied dose of cypermethrin (4.8 ng per isopod) was lost to the sea‐water from the body surface; the pharmacokinetics of cypermethrin in the isopod accounted for the fate of the remainder. LD50 parameter estimates obtained by this method represent measurements of absolute toxicity; NRDC 161b proved the most effective of three pyrethroids tested.
Performance and uptake of some carbendazim‐producing fungicides applied as seed treatments to spring barley, in relation to their physicochemical properties
Authors: Graham‐Bryce Ian J. , Nicholls Peter H. , Williams Ian H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe performance of carbendazim and its chemical precursors benomyl, thiophanatemethyl and methyl 4‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐3‐thioallophanate (I) ( “NF48” ) as systemic fungicidal seed treatments on barley was investigated. In field trials all treatments significantly decreased smut (Ustilago nuda) at 3.2 g kg‐1 of seed; the order of effectiveness was I > benomyl > thiophanate‐methyl > carbendazim. Control of barley mildew (Erysiphe graminis) followed a similar pattern but results were less clear‐cut. Measurements of uptake and translocation from seeds, treated with radiolabelled fungicide and planted in pots of Woburn soil in a controlled environment room, showed that seedlings accumulated much more I than the other compounds over 28 days. This substantial early uptake into leaves could explain why I was particularly effective against smut in the field trials. Comparisons of amounts taken up. with solubility in water, octanol/water partition coefficient, extent of adsorption on soil and pKa values suggested that the effects of these properties on availability in the soil solution may be more important than their influence on penetration into the root in determining relative uptake and disease control in the case of localised applications such as seed treatments.
Structure—activity relationship for some substituted dialkyl vinyl phosphates
Authors: Fulde Stefan , Kroczynaski Józef , Malinowski Henryk 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe biological activity against the house fly, Musca domestica L., is reported for a series of dialkyl 2‐bromo‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)vinyl phosphates. Maximum activity and the lowest degree of synergism with piperonyl butoxide were found with the dimethyl ester. Good activity was also shown by the diethyl ester. Both these compounds, used at the same dose, inhibited fly‐head acetylcholinesterase. Compounds with longer alkyl chains were less effective and did not inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
Chlorpyrifos‐methyl plus bioresmethrin; Methacrifos; Pirimiphos‐methyl plus bioresmethrin; and synergised bioresmethrin as grain protectants for wheat
Authors: Bengston Mervyn , Connell Meville , Davies Richard A. H. , Desmarchelier James M. , Elder W. Brian , Hart Richard J. , Phillips Mervyn P. , Ridley Edward G. , Ripp B. Eric , Snelson John T. , Sticka Rex 
Published: November 2006

AbstractField trials with various pesticide combinations were carried out on bulk wheat in commercial silos in Queensland, South Australia and Western Australia. Laboratory bioassays on samples of treated grain at intervals over 8 months using malathion‐susceptible and malathion‐resistant strains established the following orders of efficacy: against Sitophilus oryzae (L.), chlorpyrifos‐methyl 10 mg kg−1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg−1 = methacrifos 15 mg kg−1 in aerated storage > pirimiphos‐methyl 4 or 6 mg kg−1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg−1 = bioresmethrin 4 mg kg−1 + piperonyl butoxide 16 mg kg−1; against Rhyzopertha dominica (F.), bioresmethrin 4 mg kg−1 + piperonyl butoxide 16 mg kg−1 > methacrifos 15 mg kg−1 > chlorpyrifos‐methyl 10 mg kg−1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg−1 = pirimiphos‐methyl 4 or 6 mg kg−1 + bioresmethrin 1 mg kg−1. All treatments completely prevented production of progeny in Sitophilus granarius (L.), Tribolium castaneum (Herbst), T. confusum Jackquelin du Val and Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.). The biological efficacy of methacrifos was greater and the rate of degradation lower in aerated than in non‐aerated storage. Residue levels of all compounds were determined chemically and were below proposed international residue levels to be considered by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.
Chemistry and biosynthesis of natural pyrethrins
Authors: Crombie Leslie 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA short account is given of the occurrence, separation, and properties of the insecticidal ester pyrethrins from Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium. Methods for the synthesis of the two component acids, chrysanthemic and 'chrysanthemumdicarboxylic acid' [3‐(2‐carboxyprop‐1‐enyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acid], and the alcohols (rethrolones) are surveyed, and brief consideration is given to the limited knowledge of the biosynthesis of this group of compounds.
A new synthesis of natural pyrethrins
Authors: Székely Istvan , Lovász‐Gáspár Marianna , Kovács Gábor 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA synthesis route, based on a by‐product of a prostaglandin synthesis, provides access to rethrolones and rethrins with the same stereochemistry at the ring C‐4 position as the natural compounds. For cinerin I, the overall yield is good and the product is a mixture of side‐chain E and Z isomers. The Z:E ratio varies from 3:1 to 10:1 depending on the conditions employed.
The optical isomers of α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 3‐(1,2‐dibromo‐2,2‐dichloroethyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclo‐propanecarboxylate and their insecticidal activities
Authors: Ackermann Peter , Bourgeois François , Drabek Jozef 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBromination of the dichlorovinyl group of cypermethrin yielded a new compound which is a highly potent insecticide. This dibromo adduct has four asymmetric centres and therefore can exist as a mixture of 16 stereoisomers. To establish the influence of the absolute configuration at the chiral centres on the biological activities of these isomers, each of the isomers was isolated; their insecticidal activities against larvae of Heliothis virescens, and adult Calliphora erythrocephala and Blattella germanica were then determined and compared with those of (S)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (1R)‐cis‐3‐(2,2‐dibromovinyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylate (deltamethrin NRDC 161), of fenvalerate, and of the eight stereoisomers of cyper methrin.
The degradation of aldicarb and oxamyl in soil
Authors: Bromilow Richard H. , Baker Robert J. , Freeman Martin A. H. , Görög Katrina 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe breakdown of oxamyl was studied in three downland chalk soils, a peat loam, a sandy loam, and the same sandy loam modified by adding peat. The kinetics of aldicarb degradation via its sulphoxide and aldoxycarb (aldicarb sulphone) were also studied in these two sandy loam soils. All the reactions followed first‐order kinetics, the reaction being faster in the original than in the modified sandy loam. Rates of reaction were slower at low moisture contents, and decreased markedly when the temperature was reduced from 10 to 5°C though less so than from 15 to 10°C.
Action of pesticides on earthworms. Part IV: Uptake and elimination of oxamyl compared with carbofuran
Authors: Stenersen JØRgen , Øien Nils 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUptake and excretion of the two carbamates, oxamyl and carbofuran, which differ greatly in their toxicity to earthworms, were studied in one worm species; the metabolism of oxamyl was studied in six worm species. Carbofuran was taken up by the worms at a much higher rate (13 times greater) than oxamyl when the worms were dipped in aqueous solutions of the pesticides. The relative rates of elimination were the same (half‐life 2.5 h). Metabolism of oxamyl was low in all the earthworms studied. The low rate of uptake may therefore be the main factor for the safety of oxamyl in respect of these important non‐target organisms.
The effect of the fruit container on a commodity treatment of mangoes with 1,2‐dibromoethane against the queensland fruit fly, Dacus tryoni (froggatt)
Authors: Swaine Gordon , Corcoran Robert J. , Cranny Anne E. , Davey Marguerite A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFruit packed in fibreboard cartons required a higher dosage of 1,2‐dibromoethane (EBD) for an effective commodity treatment than fruit packed in polystyrene trays. This was due to considerably greater sorption of EDB by fibreboard compared with polystyrene, as indicated by concentration‐time products. However, compensating factors in the form of a lower sorption of EDB by the fruit itself when in fibreboard cartons, and a residual fumigant effect for fruit in such cartons, reduced the expected increase in dosage requirement. The required dosages of EDB for effective treatments were 20 g m−3 in fibreboard cartons and 16 g m−3 in polystyrene trays, for 2 h at 20°C.
Dissipation rates of insecticides in six minor vegetable crops grown on organic soils in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Braun Heinz E. , Ritcey Gwen M. , Frank Richard , McEwen Freeman L. , Ripley Brian D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDissipation rates of diazinon, endosulfan, leptophos, methamidophos, methomyl, parathion and pirimicarb were studied on five minor vegetable crops, including cos and head lettuce, endive, cauliflower and Chinese cabbage. Residues from foliar treatment generally followed an exponential rate of decline. The number of days for residues to drop to below acceptable tolerances was highly dependent on the magnitude of the initial residue; large variations in initial residues were observed between years, between insecticides, and between crop types. Residues of five insecticides and two fungicides used in furrow treatments for onions intended for pickling were determined in the onions at harvest and after pickling. Fensulfothion and fonofos levels were below the accepted tolerance of 0.1 mg kg−1 at harvest, while chlorfenvinphos, chlorpyrifos and ethion were present above this level; fungicide residues were not detected. Following pickling, only ethion residues were still present in the onions at levels greater than 0.1 mg kg−1.
Cross‐resistance spectrum in pyrethroid‐resistant Culex quinquefasciatus
Authors: Priester Thomas M. , Georghiou George P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStrains of Culex quinquefasciatus Say, selected with biopermethrin [(1R)‐trans‐permethrin] or with (1R)‐cis‐permethrin, were examined in the larval stage for crossresistance to 30 pyrethroids, DDT, dieldrin, temephos, propoxur, and two organotin compounds. The (1R)‐trans‐Permethrin‐R strain [resistance factor (RF) = 4100‐fold] and the (1R)‐cis‐Permethrin‐R strain (RF= 450‐fold) of C. quinquefasciutus were cross‐resistant to all pyrethroids tested [RF= 12‐fold for an allethrin isomer to about 6000‐fold for (RS,RS)‐fenvalerate] as well as to DDT (RF= about 2000‐fold). However, they were not significantly Cross‐resistant to dieldrin, temephos, propoxur, and the two organotin compounds. Changes in the alcohol moiety, structural isomerism, and susceptibility of the cyclopropane C‐3 side chain to oxidative attack are important factors in determining the level of cross‐resistance to various pyrethroids. Limited synergism of the pyrethroids by S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate and piperonyl butoxide (PB), and of DDT by chlorfenethol and PB, suggested that some non‐metabolic mechanism, such as kdr, may be an important component of resistance to pyrethroids as well as to DDT in this mosquito.
Dissipation rates in soil of 1,2‐dichloropropane and 1,3‐ and 2,3‐dichloropropenes
Authors: van Dijk Hendrik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of dissipation in soil and chloride‐ion release, of the main components of dichloropropane‐dichloropropene mixtures used as nematicides, were studied in sealed glass containers at different temperatures and moisture conditions. Half‐lives of (Z)‐ and (E)‐1,3‐dichloropropenes at 20°C in soils were found to vary from 3 to 25 days; those of 1,2‐dichloropropane and 2,3‐dichloropropene were about four times and twice as long, respectively. The dissipation rates changed by a factor of about 2 per 10°C change in temperature. Judging from the release rates of waterextractable inorganic chloride in the soil (0‐4% per week), the total degradation of all components applied at normal field rates was extremely slow. This indicated the formation of residues containing covalently bound chlorine. Only in ‘enrichment cultures’ was complete degradation indicated.
Simulation of herbicide persistence in soil; a revised computer model
Authors: Walker Allan , Barnes Anthony 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEmpirical equations were used to calculate the moisture content of surface soil from measurements of rainfall and daily maximum and minimum air temperatures. Air temperatures were also used to calculate soil temperatures. There was good agreement between calculated and measured moisture contents and temperatures from Wellesbourne and from some sites in North America. The equations were incorporated into a simulation model for the prediction of herbicide persistence. Results from the model were essentially the same, whether calculated or measured soil moistures and temperatures were used in the calculations.
The extraction, estimation and persistence of benodanil fungicide in tobacco tissues
Authors: Cole James S. , Zvenyika Zvenyika 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe results of determinations of benodanil, extracted with acetone from freeze‐dried tobacco leaves and estimated by thin‐layer chromatography and bioautography, correlated well with those obtained by Soxhlet‐extraction with acetone‐light petroleum and determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. A greater percentage of the amounts applied was usually recovered from leaves than from stems and more was always recovered 10 days after application than after 1 day. Similar changes in extractability with time were found in field samples; less was extracted from roots, stems and leaves at transplanting (2 days after treatment) than several days later. Comparatively large amounts of benodanil were present in roots, stems and leaves, 4 weeks after transplanting, and stem damage from Rhizoctonia solani was restricted.
A review of methods for the determination of polychlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides
Authors: Baker Paul G. , Hoodless Richard A. , Tyler Joseph F. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA review is presented of the analytical methods for the detection and determination of polychlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxins and polychlorodibenzofurans in phenoxyalkanoic acid herbicides.
Preparations for the treatment of pruning wounds
Authors: Gendle Peter , Clifford Derek R. , Mercer Peter C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBenodanil, triadimefon or triadimenol, prepared as solutions (30 g litre−1) in a mixture of N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone and xylene(1+ 9 by volume), or benodanil, prepared by diluting an emulsified concentrate with water, were applied to the surface of stumps produced by removing branches from apple trees. The active ingredients penetrated in fungitoxic amounts at least 6 cm below the wound surface, except when diluted benodanil e. c. was used. No such penetration occurred when the stumps were treated with acrylic paints containing the same ingredients. Triadimefon and triadimenol persisted within the wood for at least 273 days. No treatment inhibited callus formation but none appeared to enhance it. There were more saprophytic fungi in samples taken from treated than from untreated stumps, and the number of microorganisms present in the wood decreased with distance from the wound surface. Only one basidiomycete fungus was present in wood samples taken 273 days after treatments were carried out.