bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Approach for Perineural Injection of the Lateral Palmar Nerve in the Horse
Authors: CASTRO FERNANDO A. , SCHUMACHER JAMES S. , PAUWELS FREDERIK , BLACKFORD JAMES T. 
Published: November 2005

Objective— To evaluate the accuracy of a new technique for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve and to determine frequency of inadvertent injection into the carpal synovial sheath with this technique.Study Design— Prospective experimental study.Animals— Thirty equine cadaver forelimbs.Methods— Each of 3 clinicians injected 0.5 mL of a 1% aqueous solution of new methylene blue as a marker at the medial aspect of the accessory carpal bone of 10 limbs. Immediately after each injection, the lateral palmar nerve was identified by dissection of and inspected for proximity of dye, and the carpal synovial sheath was inspected for the presence of dye.Results— New methylene blue solution was observed to surround the nerve (29 limbs) or to lie within 2 mm of it (1 limb). Dye was not found in the carpal synovial sheath of any specimen.Conclusions— Using this technique, perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve can be consistently achieved, and the carpal synovial sheath is unlikely to be penetrated by the needle during the procedure.Clinical Relevance— The technique described provides an accurate and simple method for perineural injection of the lateral palmar nerve proximal to the origin of its deep branch. This technique can be used to anesthetize the lateral palmar nerve for diagnosis of pain originating in the palmaroproximal aspect of the metacarpus without risk of inadvertently desensitizing structures within the carpal synovial sheath.
Evaluation of a Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System®for Use in Equine Laryngoplasty
Authors: SCHERZER SABINE , HAINISCH EDMUND K. 
Published: November 2005

ObjectiveTo report the use of a nylon suture system (Canine Cranial Cruciate Ligament Repair System®; Securos Inc Veterinary Orthopedics) as a prosthesis for equine laryngoplasty.Study DesignExperimental and prospective clinical study.AnimalsCadaver specimens (n=5) and 7 horses with left laryngeal hemiplegia.MethodsA commercially available monofilament nylon suture system was implanted as a laryngeal prosthesis. Arytenoid cartilage abduction was achieved with a tensioning device applied to the suture prosthesis during transnasal endoscopic observation. Suture fixation was achieved with crimping clamps and a crimping device.ResultsThe nylon suture system was suitable as a laryngeal prosthesis for arytenoid cartilage abduction. The ratchet mechanism of the tensioning device facilitated abduction of the arytenoid cartilage and suture fixation was achieved by the crimped clamp without any loss of tension. Postoperatively, there was a slight loss of tension in 4 horses and complete loss of tension in 1 horse because of cartilage failure. After convalescence, none of the horses had abnormal respiratory noise, exercise intolerance or cough.ConclusionsA nylon suture system designed for canine cranial cruciate ligament repair was used successfully as a laryngeal prosthesis and facilitated control of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction during laryngoplasty.Clinical RelevanceFor improved control of the degree of arytenoid cartilage abduction during laryngoplasty, use of a nylon suture system with metal crimps should be considered.
Investigation of the Immediate Analgesic Effects of Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy for Treatment of Navicular Disease in Horses
Authors: BROWN KEITH E. , NICKELS FRANK A. , CARON JOHN P. , MULLINEAUX DAVID R. , CLAYTON HILARY M. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives— To measure the acute analgesic properties of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) in horses with navicular disease using objective ground reaction forces (GRF).Study Design— Prospective study.Animals— Nine client‐owned horses with unilateral forelimb lameness caused by navicular disease.Methods— Horses were trotted at 3 m/s over a force plate to record pre‐treatment GRF of the lame and contra‐lateral forelimbs. After ESWT of the lame limb, applied with a radial unit to each of the frog and heel bulb areas with 1500 pulses at 4 bar and 10 Hz, GRF measurements were repeated at 15 minutes and 24‐hour intervals for 7 days. From the 5 trials recorded at each time, peak vertical force (PVF) was calculated and averaged. Data were compared between limbs and over time using a 2‐way repeated‐measures ANOVA.Results— Mean (±SD) PVF was significantly different between lame (day 1; 4339±626 N) and contra‐lateral (day 1; 5236±515 N) limbs pre‐treatment (P<.05). After ESWT treatment, this difference remained unchanged at 15 minutes and from days 1 to 7. To confirm navicular disease, palmar digital analgesia significantly reduced the lameness (lame 5144±430 N; contralateral 5082±586 N; P>.05).Conclusions— Single ESWT treatment applied in this manner does not influence lameness in horses with navicular disease.Clinical Relevance— Although many equine regulatory commissions currently ban the use of ESWT before competition, our results suggest that such regulations may be unfounded. Further research is required to determine the long‐term analgesic properties of this frequently used treatment modality in equine athletes.
Use of the Anderson Sling Suspension System for Recovery of Horses from General Anesthesia
Authors: TAYLOR ERIN L. , GALUPPO LARRY D. , STEFFEY EUGENE P. , SCARLETT CHRISTINE C. , MADIGAN JOHN E. 
Published: November 2005

Objective— To describe a sling recovery system (Anderson Sling) for horses and to evaluate outcome of high‐risk horses recovered from general anesthesia by a sling.Study Design— Retrospective study.Sample Population— Horses (n=24) recovered from general anesthesia.Methods— Complete medical and anesthetic records (1996–2003) for horses recovered from general anesthesia using the Anderson Sling system were evaluated retrospectively. Information retrieved included anesthetic protocol, surgical procedure, recovery protocol, recovery time, and quality of the recovery. Horses were recovered from anesthesia supported by the Anderson Sling in a standing position within a traditional padded equine recovery stall.Results— Twenty‐four horses had 32 assisted recoveries; 31 events were successful. No complications associated with the sling or recovery system protocol occurred. One horse was intolerant of the sling's support and was reanesthetized and recovered successfully using head and tail ropes.Conclusion— The Anderson Sling recovery system is an effective and safe way to recover horses that are at increased risk for injury associated with adverse events during recovery from general anesthesia.Clinical Relevance— The Anderson Sling system should be considered for assisted recovery of equine patients from general anesthesia.
Ex Vivo Strength Comparison of Bioabsorbable Tendon Plates and Bioabsorbable Suture in a 3‐Loop Pulley Pattern for Repair of Transected Flexor Tendons from Horse Cadavers
Authors: JENSON PAUL W. , LILLICH JAMES D. , ROUSH JAMES K. , GAUGHAN EARL M. 
Published: November 2005

Objective— To test the failure strength and energy of 2 bioabsorbable implants applied to transected deep digital flexor tendons (DDFT) from adult horses.Study Design— Ex vivo biomechanical experiment.Sample Population— Twelve pairs of deep digital flexor tendons harvested from the forelimbs of fresh equine cadavers.Methods— Poly‐l‐lactic acid tendon plates were custom manufactured for application to the cylindrical surface of an adult equine deep digital flexor tendon. Twelve pairs of DDFTs were transected 2 cm distal to the insertion of the distal check ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon. One tendon of each pair was randomly selected for repair with a biodegradable plate or a 3‐loop pulley method. Size 2 polydioxanone suture was used in both repairs. Repairs were tested in tension to failure, with peak force (PF) and total energy (TE) at repair failure recorded in Newtons (N) and Joules (J), respectively. A paired t‐test was used for statistical evaluation with a significant level set at P≤.05.Results— Mean±SD PF for failure of plated tendons (1507.08±184.34 N) was significantly greater than for sutured tendons (460.86±60.93 N). TE was also significantly greater for failure of plated tendons versus sutured tendons.Conclusions— Plate fixation of transected cadaver DDFTs appear to have superior immediate failure strength than 3‐loop pulley repairs.Clinical Relevance— Whereas in vivo testing is required, a bioabsorbable tendon plate may provide initial increased strength to support tendon healing and decrease external coaptation requirements.
Measurement of Articular Cartilage Stiffness of the Femoropatellar, Tarsocrural, and Metatarsophalangeal Joints in Horses and Comparison with Biochemical Data
Authors: GARCIA‐SECO ELENA , WILSON DAVID A. , COOK JAMES L. , KUROKI KEIICHI , KREEGER JOHN M. , KEEGAN KEVIN G. 
Published: November 2005

Objective— To determine normal cartilage stiffness values in different weight‐bearing and non‐weight‐bearing areas of 3 different equine joints, and to evaluate the relationship between cartilage stiffness and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) and collagen content.Study Design— Compressive stiffness of the articular cartilage was measured in 8 horse cadaver femoropatellar (FP), tarsocrural (TC), and metatarsophalangeal (MT) joints. Gross evaluation, collagen content, GAG content, and histologic appearance were assessed for each measurement location.Animals— Eight equine cadavers (4 intact females, 4 castrated males; 7 Quarter Horse or Quarter Horse type, 1 Arabian; aged 4–12 years, weighing 400–550 kg)Methods— The articular surfaces of 8 equine cadaver FP, TC, and MT joints were grossly evaluated for signs of articular cartilage pathology. Stiffness at preselected sites (FP joint—6 sites; TC joint—3 sites; MT joint—4 sites) was determined using an arthroscopic indentation instrument. Biochemical composition (collagen, GAG content) and histologic evaluation (modified Mankin score) were assessed for each measurement site.Results— All cartilage from all sites evaluated was determined to be normal based on macroscopic and histologic assessments. No significant correlation between Mankin scores and cartilage stiffness values was observed. Site differences in cartilage stiffness were measured in all 3 joints (P<.001). GAG or collagen content had a significant positive correlation with stiffness values in 6 of 13 sites (P<.05, r>0.622, r2>0.387).Conclusion— Relative cartilage stiffness values measured in healthy equine joints are site dependent and can be measured using an indentation device intended for arthroscopic application.Clinical Relevance— An indentation instrument provided an objective means of determining relative compressive stiffness of articular cartilage. Further research needs to be performed to confirm the site and joint differences observed in this study in clinically normal horses and to determine if the tester can be used clinically to predict articular cartilage pathology.
An In Vitro Evaluation of Plate Luting Using Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones with a Limited Contact‐Dynamic Compression Plate
Authors: SOD GARY A. , HUBERT JEREMY D. , MARTIN GEORGE S. , GILL MARJORIE S. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives—To evaluate the effects of plate luting on the biomechanical properties of a broad limited contact‐dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones.Study Design—In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by LC‐DCP fixation, with 1 of the pair luted with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA).Animal PopulationTen pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones.Methods—Ten pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 2 test groups (5 pairs each) for (1) palmarodorsal 4‐point bending single cycle to failure testing and (2) palmarodorsal 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing. The LC‐DCP (8 hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of each pair of MC3 bones. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques. All MC3 bones had mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies. One of the matched pairs of LC‐DCP‐MC3 constructs were randomly chosen to be luted with PMMA. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group; significance was set atP<.05.Results—Mean palmarodorsal 4‐point bending yield bending moment, failure bending moment of the LC‐DCP fixation with luting was not significantly different (P>.05) than those of the LC‐DCP fixation without luting. Mean cycles to failure for palmarodorsal 4‐point bending was significantly (P<.0003) greater, with a 7.2‐fold increase, for the LC‐DCP fixation with luting compared with the LC‐DCP fixation without luting.Conclusion—Luting the broad LC‐DCP with PMMA in the fixation osteotomized equine MC3 bones increases the fatigue life of cyclic loading for palmarodorsal 4‐point bending under the in vitro conditions studied.Clinical Relevance—The cyclic fatigue data supports the conclusion that luted broad LC‐DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the non‐luted broad LC‐DCP fixation in osteotomized equine MC3 bones.
An In Vitro Biomechanical Comparison of a Limited‐Contact Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation with a Dynamic Compression Plate Fixation of Osteotomized Equine Third Metacarpal Bones
Authors: SOD GARY A. , HUBERT JEREMY D. , MARTIN GEORGE S. , GILL MARJORIE S. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives—To compare the monotonic biomechanical properties and fatigue life of a broad, limited contact, dynamic compression plate (LC‐DCP) fixation with a broad, dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation to repair osteotomized equine 3rd metacarpal (MC3) bones.Study Design—In vitro biomechanical testing of paired cadaveric equine MC3 with a mid‐diaphyseal osteotomy, stabilized by 1 of 2 methods for fracture fixation.Animal Population—Twelve pairs of adult equine cadaveric MC3 bones.Methods—Twelve pairs of equine MC3 were divided into 3 test groups (4 pairs each) for (1) 4‐point bending single cycle to failure testing, (2) 4‐point bending cyclic fatigue testing, and (3) torsional single cycle to failure testing. An LC‐DCP (8‐hole, 4.5 mm) was applied to the dorsal surface of 1 randomly selected bone from each pair. One DCP (8‐hole, 4.5 mm broad) was applied dorsally to the contralateral bone from each pair. All plates and screws were applied using standard AO/ASIF techniques to MC3 bones that had mid‐diaphyseal osteotomies. Mean test variable values for each method were compared using a paired t‐test within each group. Significance was set atP<.05.Results—The mean 4‐point bending yield load, yield bending moment, composite rigidity, failure load, and failure bending moment of LC‐DCP fixation were significantly greater (P<.01) than those of broad DCP fixation. Mean cycles to failure for 4‐point bending was significantly (P<.001) greater for broad DCP fixation compared with broad LC‐DCP fixation. Mean yield load, mean composite rigidity, and mean failure load in torsion was significantly (P<.02) greater for broad LC‐DCP fixation compared with broad DCP fixation.Conclusion—Broad LC‐DCP offers increased stability in static overload testing, however, it offers significantly less stability in cyclic fatigue testing.Clinical Relevance—The clinical relevance of the cyclic fatigue data supports the conclusion that the broad DCP fixation is biomechanically superior to the broad LC‐DCP fixation in osteotomized equine MC3 bones despite the results of the static overload testing.
Effects of Topical Nitroglycerine Patches and Ointment on Digital Venous Plasma Nitric Oxide Concentrations and Digital Blood Flow in Healthy Conscious Horses
Authors: GILHOOLY MEAGHAN H. , EADES SUSAN C. , STOKES ASHLEY M. , MOORE RUSTIN M. 
Published: November 2005

Objective—To measure and compare palmar digital venous plasma nitric oxide (NO) concentrations and digital arterial blood flow after application of topical nitroglycerine (NTG).Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Healthy adult horses (n=8).Methods—Digital blood flow was measured by an ultrasonic Doppler flow probe surgically implanted around the medial palmar digital artery. Blood was collected from a catheter placed in the medial palmar digital vein for quantification of NO. NTG patches, NTG ointment or control patches were placed over the palmar digital vessels at the level of the fetlock. Two horses had an intra‐arterial infusion of an NTG solution into the medial palmar digital artery in a pilot study.Results—Digital arterial blood flow did not change significantly with application of the NTG patches, NTG ointment, or control patches. There were no statistically significant or biologically important changes in digital venous NO concentrations across time or between treated and control horses. In the pilot study, digital arterial blood flow and palmar digital venous NO concentrations increased with intra‐arterial infusion of NTG.Conclusions—In clinically healthy horses, digital arterial blood flow and digital venous plasma NO concentrations did not change significantly with application of the NTG patches/ointment. These treatments are unlikely to have an effect on the digital vasculature of laminitic horses, however, further investigation is warranted.Clinical Relevance—Although NTG patches have been used as a method of decreasing vasomotor tone and improving digital blood flow in horses with laminitis, this study provides evidence in healthy conscious horses that this treatment is not effective in altering digital blood flow.
Synovial Fluid and Plasma Concentrations of Ceftiofur After Regional Intravenous Perfusion in the Horse
Authors: PILLE FREDERIK , DE BAERE SIEGRID , CEELEN LIESBETH , DEWULF JEROEN , CROUBELS SISKA , GASTHUYS FRANK , DE BACKER PATRICK , MARTENS ANN 
Published: November 2005

Objective—To determine radiocarpal (RC) joint synovial fluid and plasma ceftiofur concentrations after regional intravenous perfusion (RIP) and systemic intravenous (IV) administration.Study Design—Experimental cross‐over study.Animals—Five normal adult horses.Methods—One RC joint was randomly selected for RIP and the contralateral RC joint was sampled to determine intrasynovial ceftiofur concentrations after IV administration. Wash‐out between IV and RIP was ≥14 days. After surgical introduction of an intraarticular catheter, ceftiofur (2 g) was administered under general anesthesia either IV or by RIP after tourniquet application. Plasma and synovial fluid were collected over 24 hours. Samples were analyzed using high‐performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection and the results were statistically analyzed using a linear mixed effect model.Results—Mean synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations were consistently higher after RIP than after IV administration and were > 1 μg/mL (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] for common pathogens) for >24 hours. Mean synovial fluid peak concentration of ceftiofur after RIP and IV administration was 392.7±103.29 μg/mL at 0.5 hours postinjection (HPI) and 2.72±0.31 μg/mL at 1 HPI, respectively. Large variations in synovial fluid and plasma ceftiofur concentrations were observed between horses regardless of administration technique. RIP did not cause adverse effects.Conclusions—Under the present experimental conditions RIP with ceftiofur (2 g) induced significantly higher intraarticular antibiotic concentrations in the RC joint in comparison with IV administration. Moreover, after RIP, synovial fluid ceftiofur concentrations remain above the MIC for common pathogens (1 μg/mL) for > 24 hours. No adverse effects from the technique or the antibiotic were observed.Clinical relevance—RIP with high doses of ceftiofur may be a beneficial adjunctive therapy when treating equine synovial infections which are caused by cephalosporin susceptible microorganisms.
Medullary Plasma Pharmacokinetics of Vancomycin After Intravenous and Intraosseous Perfusion of the Proximal Phalanx in Horses
Authors: RUBIO‐MARTÍNEZ LUIS , LÓPEZ‐SANROMÁN JAVIER , CRUZ ANTONIO M. , SANTOS MARTÍN , SAN ROMÁN FIDEL 
Published: November 2005

Objective—To study the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in plasma obtained from the medullary sinusoids of the proximal phalanx (P1) after intravenous (IV) and intraosseous (IO) regional limb perfusion (RLP).Study Design—Experimental study.Animals—Twelve horses.Methods—IV and IO RLP were performed in 2 groups (n=6) of horses. Vancomycin hydrochloride (300 mg in 60 mL 0.9% NaCl) was randomly infused in 1 front limb, with the contralateral limb as control (60 mL 0.9% NaCl). A hole was drilled in the lateral cortex of P1, and blood samples from the medullary sinusoids of P1 were collected before infusion, and 15, 30, 45, 65, and 90 minutes after beginning infusion. Samples were centrifuged and plasma vancomycin concentrations determined. Vancomycin concentrations were compared over time and between routes using a 2‐way repeated measures ANOVA. Pharmacokinetic variables were compared with a Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Significance was set atP<.05.Results—No vancomycin‐induced clinical side effects such as lameness or swelling were observed. Both techniques, IV and IO, produced high vancomycin concentrations in the sinusoidal plasma of the P1, which remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration value for methicillin‐resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) during the 90 minutes study. Concentrations and pharmacokinetic variables were not significantly different comparing both routes.Conclusions—IV and IO routes produced similar antimicrobial perfusion of the medullary cavity of P1.Clinical Relevance—Either IV or IO routes for perfusion are likely to be equally selected when planning RLP with vancomycin.
Indications, Surgical Technique, and Long‐term Experience with Laparoscopic Closure of the Nephrosplenic Space in Standing Horses
Authors: RÖCKEN MICHAEL , SCHUBERT CHRISTINE , MOSEL GESINE , LITZKE LUTZ F. 
Published: November 2005

Objective—To describe surgical technique and outcome after laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space for treatment of recurrent left dorsal displacement of the left colon (LDDLC) in standing horses.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Forty‐four horses with LDDLC.Methods—Laparoscopic portals were located in the left flank region. After administration of etilefrin intravenously to contract the spleen, the dorsal splenic margin was sutured to the nephrosplenic ligament to obliterate the nephrosplenic space. Horses were re‐examined (≤3 years) for history of recurrence. In addition, medical records of 4,852 horses treated for colic over 16 years were evaluated to establish incidence of LDDLC and recurrence after treatment.Results—Splenic contraction facilitated suture placement and closure of the nephrosplenic space was achieved without complications. LDDLC recurrence did not occur although 5 horses had subsequent episodes of colic; 4 horses had displacement of the ascending colon between the spleen and body wall. Review of medical records revealed an incidence of LDDLC of 6% and recurrence of 21% in a population of horses with signs of colic.Conclusion—Laparoscopic closure of the nephrosplenic space, facilitated by etilefrin‐induced splenic contraction can be efficiently performed in standing horses.Clinical Relevance—Laparoscopic ablation of the nephrosplenic space should be considered in horses that are predisposed to recurrent LDDLC.