bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-temperature high-elongation resistance strain gauges
Authors: Bertodo R 
Published: July 2007

The paper outlines an investigation undertaken in an attempt to evolve an electrical-resistance strain gauge for the measurement of slowly varying strains in the range ±5 per cent over the temperature interval 20°C-400°C in oxidizing environments. A critical review of published work suggested that few pertinent data existed for plastically strained conductors and that only alloys having a high degree of electrical stability and a strain sensitivity close to 2·0 would be suitable. Two alloys appeared to possess such properties, namely one containing nearly equal molecular proportions of nickel and copper and one approximating to 4(Ni3Cr)Ni3Al. Subsequent tests on long free spcimens revealed that the electrical stability was dictated by metallurgical factors and in some way related to the fatigue ductility. Only the nickel-chromium-aluminium alloy was adequately stable, electrically and metallurgically, over the temperature range of interest, provided it was in the disordered annealed condition. Measurement errors became too high at fatigue strains above ±1·5 per cent at 400°C. Tests were carried out on flat-grid gauges with bonding media having shear strengths in excess of about 1000 lb/in2, this being the apparent limiting value for faithful transfer of strains of up to ±1·5 per cent from the specimen to the strin-sensing grid. These largely corroborated earlier tests on free specimens and suggested that strains of up to ±11/2 per cent could be detected with an error of about 10 per cent at 400°C. The zero drift amounted to an equivalent strin of 400 μin/in and this required separate correcton. The problems of temperature compensation for slow cycling rates were similar to those met in conventional steady-strain measurements with electrical-resistance strain gauges and were in no way alleviated by the high strain output available.
Inclusion of shear deflection in the stiffness matrix for a beam element
Authors: Severn R T 
Published: July 2007

Shear-deflection terms arise naturally in a finite beam element in bending if the stiffness matrix is obtained on the basis of stress assumption, rather than the more usual displacement assumption. If the displacement assumption is used, an erroneous addition of the shear-deflection terms to the bending terms can be made if an apparently straightforward approach is utilized.
A new method of determining the isoclinic parameter
Authors: Cernosek J , Perla M 
Published: July 2007

The isoclinic parameter can be determined from points of intersection of two systems of characteristic lines called secondary isochromatics. These lines, along which the light intensity is a minimum, can be observed in monochromatic light in an originally linear polariscope with two crossed quarter-wave plates in which the polarizer and analyser have been rotated through small angles in opposite direction. The theory of the polariscope, based on Jones's metric equations, is given and the influence of imperfect quarter-wave plates is discussed. The effect of light of incorrect wave-length on the resulting error is considered. A disc loaded by two opposite compression forces is used for demonstration of the methods.
Directional effects of prestrain in steel
Authors: Pascoe K J 
Published: July 2007

Tension and compression tests were made on specimens cut from a steel plate which had been prestrained by 1·3 per cent, the specimens being at various angles to the prestraining axis. The Bauschinger effect was evident and a similar effect existed to a lesser degree for specimens with axes perpendicular to the straining direction. Longitudinal and transverse specimens were also tested from plates prestrained in tension by 3 and 5 per cent. The Bauschinger effect was well marked in the longitudinal compression tests but work hardening dominated in the transverse direction.
Reviews
Authors: Karantonis Pamela , Nash Paul , MacDonald Laura , Miller Ray 
Published: July 2007

Singing Opera in Germany A Practical Guide, Marita Knobel and Brigitte Steinert (eds Jutta Schmoll-Barthel and Diana Rothaug) (2005)Brenreiter: Kassel, 216 pp., ISBN 3761816731 (pbk), 18.00.Saints in the Limelight: Representations of the Religious Quest on the Post-1945 Operatic Stage, Dimension and Diversity Series No. 5, Siglind Bruhn, (2003)Hillsdale, NY: Pendragon Press, xxvi 636 pp., ISBN 1576470962 (pbk), 36.00Musical Theater and American Culture, David Walsh and Len Platt, (2003)Westport, CT and London: Praeger, 200 pp., ISBN 027598057X (hbk), 36.99Before the Parade Passes By: Gower Champion and the Glorious American Musical, John Anthony Gilvey, (2005)New York: St Martin's Press, 371 pp., ISBN 0312337760 (pbk), 20.00
Mortality and GH deficiency: a nationwide study
Authors: Stochholm Kirstine , Gravholt Claus Højbjerg , Laursen Torben , Laurberg Peter , Andersen Marianne , Kristensen Lars Østergaard , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla , Christiansen Jens Sandahl , Frydenberg Morten , Green Anders 
Published: July 2007

Objective: To estimate the mortality in Denmark in patients suffering from GH deficiency (GHD).
Design: Mortality was analyzed in 1794 GHD patients and 8014 controls matched on age and gender. All records in GHD patients were studied and additional morbidity noted. Patients were divided into childhood onset (CO) and adult onset (AO), discriminated by an age cutoff below or above 18 years at onset of GHD.
Method: Data on death were identified in national registries. Sex- and cause-specific mortalities were identified in CO and AO GHD when compared with controls.
Results: Mortality was increased in CO and AO GHD in both genders, when compared with controls. The hazard ratio (HR) for CO males was 8.3 (95% confidence interval (CI) 4.5–15.1) and for females 9.4 (CI 4.6–19.4). For AO males, HR was 1.9 (CI 1.7–2.2) and for females 3.4 (CI 2.9–4.0). We found a significantly higher HR in AO females versus AO males, both compared with controls (P < 0.001). In AO, mortality was increased due to cancer in all subgroups, due to circulatory diseases in all age groups for females and for males in the oldest age group. For CO, the increased mortality was due to cancer.
Conclusions: We found a significantly increased mortality in GHD patients when compared with controls, possibly due to their hypopituitary status. Mortality was increased in AO female patients when compared with males. For CO and AO GHD, different causes of significantly increased mortality were identified.
A prospective study of sex steroids, sex hormone-binding globulin, and non-vertebral fractures in women and men: the Tromsø Study
Authors: Bjørnerem Åshild , Ahmed Luai Awad , Joakimsen Ragnar Martin , Berntsen Gro K Rosvold , Fønnebø Vinjar , Jørgensen Lone , Øian Pål , Seeman Ego , Straume Bjørn 
Published: July 2007

Objectives: As bone fragility is partly the result of sex hormone deficiency, we sought to determine whether circulating sex steroids or sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) predicts non-vertebral fractures.
Methods: Forearm bone mineral density (BMD), total estradiol and testosterone, calculated free levels, and SHBG were measured in 1386 postmenopausal women and 1364 men aged 50–84 years at baseline in the Tromsø Study (1994–1995). Non-vertebral fractures were documented between 1994 and 2005.
Results: During 8.4 years (range 0.01–10.4) of follow-up, 281 women and 105 men suffered non-vertebral fractures. For both sexes, fracture cases had lower BMD and higher SHBG, but sex steroids were not lower. Each standard deviation (s.d.) increase in SHBG increased non-vertebral fracture risk in women (hazards ratio (HR) 1.17; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03–1.33) and men (HR 1.26; 95% CI 1.03–1.54). After further adjustment for BMD, the risk was not statistically significant in women (HR 1.09; 95% CI 0.95–1.24) or men (HR 1.22; 95% CI 0.99–1.49). Each s.d. decrease in BMD increased fracture risk in women (HR 1.36; 95% CI 1.19–1.56) and men (HR 1.41; 95% CI 1.15–1.73). Fracture rates were highest in participants with SHBG in the highest tertile and BMD in the lowest tertile and were 37.9 and 17.0 per 1000 person-years in women and men respectively. However, in both sexes the combination of BMD and SHBG was no better predictor of fracture risk than BMD alone. Sex steroids were not associated with fracture risk.
Conclusions: Measurements of sex steroids or SHBG are unlikely to assist in decision making regarding fracture risk susceptibility.
Thyroglobulin detection in fine-needle aspirates of cervical lymph nodes: a technique for the diagnosis of metastatic differentiated thyroid cancer
Authors: Cunha Nuno , Rodrigues Fernando , Curado Fátima , Ilhéu Olga , Cruz Carlos , Naidenov Plamen , Rascão Maria João , Ganho João , Gomes Idílio , Pereira Henriques , Real Odete , Figueiredo Paulo , Campos Beatriz , Valido Frederico 
Published: July 2007

Background: Fine-needle aspiration cytology is frequently used for differential diagnosis of neck masses of unknown origin. Inconclusive and even false-negative results are not uncommon.
Aim: To evaluate the utility of thyroglobulin (Tg) measurement in fine-needle aspirates (FNA-Tg) for detecting cervical lymph node (CLNs) metastases from differentiated thyroid carcinomas.
Methods: An ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration was done in 67 patients with 83 suspicious enlarged CLNs to obtain material for cytology and Tg measurement in the needle washout, using an immunometric chemiluminescent assay. Measurement of anti-Tg antibodies (FNA-TgAb) was also carried out in half of all the aspirates. Subjects were divided into two groups: one of 16 patients awaiting thyroidectomy and the other of 51 patients in follow-up after surgery.
Results: The first group of patients had positive FNA biopsy (FNAB-Tg) in 14 out of the 18 studied CLNs with a range of 3.2–43 352 ng/ml, while FNAB-cytology indicated metastasis in only 8 out of the 14 CLNs with positive histology. A total of 65 CLNs were studied in the follow-up group. Lymphadenectomy was performed in 23 patients and 28 aspirated CLNs were removed. Histology confirmed the diagnosis of metastasis suggested by FNAB-Tg in 20 CLNs and of reactive lymphadenitis in the remaining 8 CLNs. FNAB-cytology was positive in only 11 CLNs. Sensitivity of FNAB-Tg was not affected by the studied FNAB-TgAb.
Conclusions: The FNAB-Tg achieved a sensitivity of 100% in both groups. FNAB-Tg is an easy and inexpensive technique which proved to increase the diagnostic of cytology in the early diagnosis of papillary carcinoma recurrence to CLN even in the presence of serum TgAb.
Long-term management in five cases of TSH-secreting pituitary adenomas: a single center study and review of the literature
Authors: Kienitz Tina , Quinkler Marcus , Strasburger Christian J , Ventz Manfred 
Published: July 2007

Objective: TSH-secreting pituitary tumors (TSH-omas) are a rare cause of hyperthyroidism and account for <1% of all pituitary adenomas. Failure to recognize the presence of a TSH-oma may result in dramatic consequences such as thyroid ablation that may cause further growth in pituitary tumor. The primary goal of the treatment of TSH-omas is to remove the pituitary tumor. Medical treatment includes dopaminergic agonists or somatostatin analogs.
Methods and results: We report five cases of TSH-oma diagnosed between 1997 and 2006 and review the literature. All the patients are females with an age range from 54 to 65 years at diagnosis. Four of the five patients had at least one event of thyroid surgery due to goiter or nodule of unknown dignity. Three of the five patients had a stroke before the diagnosis of TSH-oma, probably due to hypertension, or smoking and contraceptive treatment. One patient with invasive tumor growth received stereotactic radiotherapy (and developed panhypopituitarism after operation), another patient received somatostatin analogs preoperatively and successfully underwent transsphenoidal operation. Three of the five patients received dopaminergic agonists (bromocriptine 5 mg daily or cabergoline 0.5–0.75 mg per week), because they refused surgical therapy or the tumor was stable under dopaminergic therapy. All patients have been followed-up for 2.5–8 years. A normalization of circulating thyroid hormone levels was achieved in all patients. The patient who underwent operation shows no recurrence of the disease. The other patients have a stable pituitary mass without signs of growth.
Conclusion: We report the successful long-term treatment of TSH-omas with different therapies.
Insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin for the biochemical diagnosis of hypoglycaemia related to endogenous hyperinsulinism
Authors: Vezzosi D , Bennet A , Fauvel J , Caron P 
Published: July 2007

Objective: We evaluated the respective value of insulin, C-peptide and proinsulin levels in 33 patients with endogenous hyperinsulinism and in 67 controls to determine the best parameters and thresholds to make or to rule out the diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism.
Results: When blood glucose levels were below 2.5 mmol/l, insulin was <21 pmol/l in 8–35% of the patients and in all controls; C-peptide was >0.2 nmol/l in all insulinomas but not in the nesidioblastosis or in the controls; proinsulin was >5 pmol/l in all patients but not in the controls. When fasting blood glucose levels reached 2.5–3.3 mmol/l, proinsulin was <22 pmol/l in all the controls and >22 pmol/l in 74% of the patients. Proinsulin after an overnight fast was below 22 pmol/l in all non-obese controls and above 22 pmol/l in 73% of non-obese patients.
Conclusion: Proinsulin levels above 5 pmol/l with blood glucose levels below 2.5 mmol/l during a 72 h fast test represent the best criterion for the diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism, reaching 100% diagnostic specificity and sensitivity. Concomitant C-peptide levels above 0.2 nmol/l also make the diagnosis of all our insulinoma patients, not the diagnosis of nesidioblastosis, while insulin levels have much less diagnostic accuracy. Whether proinsulin levels above 22 pmol/l could also make the diagnosis of endogenous hyperinsulinism in part of the patients at the time of fasting blood glucose levels between 2.5 and 3.3 mmol/l or after an overnight fast in non-obese subjects needs further study.
Dose Response and Efficacy of a Live, Attenuated Human Rotavirus Vaccine in Mexican Infants
Authors: Ruiz-Palacios Guillermo M. , Guerrero M. Lourdes , Bautista-Márquez Aurora , Ortega-Gallegos Hilda , Tuz-Dzib Fernando , Reyes-González Leticia , Rosales-Pedraza Gustavo , Martínez-López Julia , Castañón-Acosta Erika , Cervantes Yolanda , Costa-Clemens SueAnn , DeVos Beatrice 
Published: July 2007

OBJECTIVE. Immunization against rotavirus has been proposed as the most cost-effective intervention to reduce the disease burden associated with this infection worldwide. The objective of this study was to determine the dose response, immunogenicity, and efficacy of 2 doses of an oral, attenuated monovalent G1[P8] human rotavirus vaccine in children from the same setting in Mexico, where the natural protection against rotavirus infection was studied.
METHODS. From June 2001 through May 2003, 405 healthy infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 vaccine groups (virus concentrations 104.7, 105.2, and 105.8 infectious units) and to a placebo group and were monitored to the age of 2 years. The vaccine/placebo was administered concurrently with diphtheria-tetanus toxoid-pertussis/hepatitis B/Haemophilus influenzae type b vaccine at 2 and 4 months of age. After the administration of the first vaccine/placebo dose, weekly home visits to collect information regarding infant health were conducted. Stool samples were collected during each gastroenteritis episode and tested for rotavirus antigen and serotype.
RESULTS. The vaccine was well tolerated and induced a greater rate of seroconversion than observed in infants who received placebo. For the pooled vaccine groups, efficacy after 2 oral doses was 80% and 95% against any and severe rotavirus gastroenteritis, respectively. Efficacy was 100% against severe rotavirus gastroenteritis and 70% against severe gastroenteritis of any cause with the vaccine at the highest virus concentration (105.8 infectious units). The predominant infecting rotavirus serotype in this cohort was wild-type G1 (85%). Adverse events, including fever, irritability, loss of appetite, cough, diarrhea, and vomiting, were similar among vaccinees and placebo recipients.
CONCLUSION. This new oral, live, attenuated human rotavirus vaccine was safe, immunogenic, and highly efficacious in preventing any and, more importantly, severe rotavirus gastroenteritis in healthy infants. This vaccine produced comparable protection to natural infection.
Head Posture in Cleft Lip and Palate Patients with Oronasal Fistula and Its Relationship with Craniofacial Morphology
Authors: Yücel-Eroğlu Emel , Gulsen Ayşe , Uner Oktay 
Published: July 2007

Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between head posture and craniofacial morphology in nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate children with oronasal fistula. Patients: A total of 31 cleft lip and palate patients with a mean skeletal age of 7.59 (±2.11) years were involved. Fifteen had complete unilateral cleft lip and palate, 13 had complete bilateral cleft lip and palate, and three had complete cleft palate. Each of the cleft patients was matched with a noncleft Class I subject, on the basis of sex and skeletal age. Design: Lateral cephalograms were taken of all subjects in the standardized upright posture and in orthoposition. Sixteen postural parameters and 44 morphological parameters were evaluated. Results: The correlations with the cranio-cervical and mandibulo-cervical parameters indicated a trend of retrusion in the incisors with extention of the head. The positive nontopographical relationship between the nasolabial angle and some of the postural parameters supplemented the retrusion tendency in the upper incisors with head extension. Vertical skeletal morphological parameters correlated with the postural parameters. Cranio-cervical parameters seemed to be mostly related to mandibular position. Conclusion: Most of the cranio-cervical parameters measured confirmed an increased cranio-cervical angulation in the cleft sample when compared to controls. This head posture change was associated with alterations in tooth position and craniofacial morphology when comparisons were made to the control group.
Palatal Surface Area of Maxillary Plaster Casts—A Comparison between Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Measurements
Authors: Darvann Tron A. , Hermann Nuno V. , Ersbøll Bjarne K. , Kreiborg Sven , Berkowitz Samuel 
Published: July 2007

Objective: To investigate the relationship between corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements on maxillary plaster casts taken from photographs and three-dimensional surface scans, respectively. Materials and Methods: Corresponding two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements of selected linear distances, curve lengths, and (surface) areas were carried out on maxillary plaster casts from individuals with unilateral or bilateral cleft lip and palate. The relationship between two-dimensional and three-dimensional measurements was investigated using linear regression. Results and Conclusions: Error sources in the measurement of three-dimensional palatal segment surface area from a two-dimensional photograph were identified as photographic distortion (2.7%), interobserver error (3.3%), variability in the orientation of the plaster cast (3.2%), and natural shape variation (4.6%). The total error of determining the cleft area/palate surface area ratio was 15%. In population studies, the effect of using two-dimensional measurements is a decrease of discriminating power. In well-calibrated setups, a two-dimensional measurement of the cleft area/palate surface area ratio may be converted to a three-dimensional measurement by use of a multiplication factor of 0.75.
Maternal Smoking during Early Pregnancy, GSTP1 and EPHX1 Variants, and Risk of Isolated Orofacial Clefts
Authors: Ramirez Dorian , Lammer Edward J. , Iovannisci David M. , Laurent Cecile , Finnell Richard H. , Shaw Gary M. 
Published: July 2007

Objective: To examine the interactions between four fetal xenobiotic metabolizing gene polymorphisms, maternal cigarette smoking, and risk for oral cleft defects. Design and Participants: California population–based case-control study of 431 infants born with isolated orofacial clefts and 299 nonmalformed controls. Main Outcome Measures: Infants were genotyped for functional polymorphisms of the detoxification enzymes microsomal epoxide hydrolase-1 (EPHX1 T→C [Tyr113His], and A→G [His139Arg]), and glutathione-S transferase Pi-1 (GSTP1 A→G [Ile105Val] and C→T [Ala114Val]), and risks for cleft outcomes were measured for gene only and gene-maternal smoking effects. Results: Although smoking was associated with an increased risk for isolated cleft lip ± palate, we found no independent associations of genotypes of EPHX1-codon 113 or GSTP1-codon 105 polymorphisms for either isolated cleft lip ± palate or isolated cleft palate. The heterozygote genotype for the EPHX1-codon 139 polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of isolated cleft palate (odds ratio = 1.6 [95% confidence interval, 1.0 to 2.6]). Infant EPHX1 and GTSP1 polymorphic variants did not appreciably alter the risks for clefts associated with maternal smoking, nor were any EPHX1 combined genotype-specific risks found. Infant genotypes of the GSTP1-codon 105 polymorphism, combined with glutathione-S-transferase-μ-1 null genotypes, did not appreciably alter the risk of orofacial clefts. Conclusions: Our results suggest that genetic variation of the detoxification enzymes EPHX1 and GSTP1 did not increase the risks of orofacial clefting, nor do they influence the risks associated with maternal smoking.
Frequency of Le Fort I Osteotomy after Repaired Cleft Lip and Palate or Cleft Palate
Authors: Good Phoebe M. , Mulliken John B. , Padwa Bonnie L. 
Published: July 2007

Objective: Diminished maxillary growth is a consequence of labiopalatal repair, and many patients with cleft lip and palate require Le Fort I advancement. The goal of this study was to determine the frequency of maxillary hypoplasia as measured by need for Le Fort I. Subjects: Retrospective cohort study of males born before 1987 and females before 1989. Records of 173 patients with cleft lip and palate and 34 with cleft palate were reviewed. Methods: Documented age, gender, cleft type, and need for Le Fort I. Pearson chi-square and Fischer's exact analyses were performed to evaluate the frequency of Le Fort I. Results: Of 217 patients with cleft lip and palate or cleft palate, 40 were syndromic; of the remaining 177 patients, 69 had cleft lip, 78 had cleft lip and palate, and 30 had cleft palate. Thirty-seven of 177 patients (20.9%) required Le Fort I, subcategorized by cleft type: 0/69 for cleft lip, 37/78 for cleft lip and palate, and 0/35 for cleft palate (p < .0001). Of the 37/78 (47.4%) cleft lip and palate patients, the frequency of Le Fort I correlated with severity: 5/22 unilateral incomplete cleft lip and palate; 16/33 unilateral complete cleft lip and palate; 1/2 bilateral incomplete cleft lip and palate; 2/4 bilateral asymmetric complete/incomplete cleft lip and palate; 13/17 bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (p < .05). Conclusion: Overall frequency of Le Fort I was 20.9% in patients with cleft lip and palate and cleft palate. Of those with cleft lip and palate, 47.7% required maxillary advancement, but none with isolated cleft lip or cleft palate required correction. Frequency of Le Fort I osteotomy correlated with the spectrum of severity of labiopalatal clefting.