bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Young–Simpson syndrome (YSS), a variant of del(1)(p36) syndrome?
Authors: Robinson Deanne Mraz , Meagher Cecilia C. , Orlowski Craig C. , Lagoe Erin Caine , Fong Chin‐To 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Young–Simpson syndrome (YSS) and 1p36 deletion syndrome are both characterized by facial and heart abnormalities, congenital hypothyroidism, and severe growth and developmental retardation. However, the YSS is characterized by the presence of blepharophimosis and epicanthus inversus, findings not described in monosomy 1p36 patients. We describe a girl with YSS, who presented with the typical facial findings, global retardation, congenital hypothyroidism, and congenital dilated cardiomyopathy. Comparative genomic hybridization chromosomal microarray analysis showed a 1p36.3 deletion, a finding not previously reported in other YSS cases. We propose that YSS is a variant of the 1p36 deletion syndrome. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tetralogy of Fallot associated with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries in a patient with interstitial deletion of 16q21–q22.1
Authors: Yamamoto Toshiyuki , Dowa Yuri , Ueda Hideaki , Kawataki Motoyoshi , Asou Toshihide , Sasaki Yuki , Harada Naoki , Matsumoto Naomichi , Matsuoka Rumiko , Kurosawa Kenji 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA newborn male had an interstitial deletion of 16q21–q22.1 accompanying tetralogy of Fallot associated with pulmonary atresia and major aortopulmonary collateral arteries (MAPCA), dysmorphic craniofacial features, failure to thrive, and severe psychomotor developmental delay. When the deletion in this patient and other reported patients are compared, the 16q22 region appears to be the smallest region for 16q deletion syndrome. Since over 50% of patients with the deletion of 16q22 region have congenital heart disease, there may be a responsible gene in this region. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal dominant spondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome: Phenotypic homogeneity and genetic heterogeneity
Authors: Isidor B. , Cormier‐Daire V. , Le Merrer M. , Lefrancois T. , Hamel A. , Le Caignec C. , David A. , Jacquemont S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSpondylocarpotarsal synostosis syndrome (SCT) (OMIM 272460), originally thought to be a failure of normal spine segmentation, is characterized by progressive fusion of vertebras and associates unsegmented bars, scoliosis, short stature, carpal and tarsal synostosis. Cleft palate, sensorineural or mixed hearing loss, joint limitation, clinodactyly, and dental enamel hypoplasia are variable manifestations. Twenty‐five patients have been reported. Thirteen affected individuals were siblings from six families and four of these families were consanguineous. In four of those families, Krakow et al. [Krakow et al. (2004) Nat Genet 36:405–410] found homozygosity or compound heterozygosity for mutations in the gene encoding FLNB. This confirmed autosomal recessive inheritance of the disorder. We report on two new patients (a mother and her son) representing the first case of autosomal dominant inheritance. These patients met the clinical and radiological criteria for SCT and did not present any features which could exclude this diagnosis. Molecular analysis failed to identify mutations in NOG and FLNB. SCT is therefore, genetically heterogeneous. Both dominant and autosomal recessive forms of inheritance should be considered during genetic counseling. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Boundaries and clines in the West Eurasian Y‐chromosome landscape: Insights from the European part of Russia
Authors: Fechner Angela , Quinque Dominique , Rychkov Sergey , Morozowa Irina , Naumova Oksana , Schneider Yuriy , Willuweit Sascha , Zhukova Olga , Roewer Lutz , Stoneking Mark , Nasidze Ivan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrevious studies of Y chromosome variation have revealed that western Europe, the Volga‐Ural region, and the Caucasus differ dramatically with respect to Y‐SNP haplogroup composition. The European part of Russia is situated in between these three regions; to determine if these differences reflect clines or boundaries in the Y‐chromosome landscape, we analyzed 12 Y‐SNPs in 545 males from 12 populations from the European part of Russia. The majority of Russian Y chromosomes (from 74% to 94%) belong to three Y chromosomal lineages [I‐M170, R1a1‐M17, and N3‐TAT] that are also frequent in the rest of east Europe, north Europe, and/or in the Volga‐Ural region. We find significant but low correlations between haplogroup frequencies and the geographic location of populations, suggesting gradual change in the Y chromosome gene pool across western Eurasia. However, we also find some significant boundaries between populations, suggesting that both isolation and migration have influenced the Y chromosome landscape. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Placental efficiency and intrauterine resource allocation strategies in the common marmoset pregnancy
Authors: Rutherford Julienne N. , Tardif Suzette D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMothers and fetuses are expected to be in some degree of conflict over the allocation of maternal resources to fetal growth in the intrauterine environment. Variation in placental structure and function may be one way a fetus can communicate need and quality to its mother, potentially manipulating maternal investment in its favor. Whereas common marmosets typically produce twin litters, they regularly give birth to triplet litters in captivity. The addition of another fetus is a potential drain on maternal resource availability and thus a source of elevated conflict over resource allocation. Marmoset littermates share a single placental mass, so that differences in the ratio of fetal to placental weight across litter categories suggest the presence of differential intrauterine strategies of resource allocation. The fetal/placental weight ratio was calculated for 26 marmoset pregnancies, representing both twin and triplet litters, to test the hypothesis that triplet fetuses respond to intrauterine conflict by soliciting placental overgrowth as a means of accessing maternal resources. In fact, relative to fetal mass, the triplet marmoset placenta is significantly undergrown, with individual triplets associated with less placental mass than their twin counterparts, suggesting that the triplet placenta is relatively more efficient in its support of fetal growth. There still may be an important role for maternal‐fetal conflict in the programming of placental structure and function. Placental adaptations that solicit potential increases of maternal investment may occur at the microscopic or metabolic level, and thus may not be reflected in the size of the placenta as a whole. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Manual lateralization in early primates: A comparison of two mouse lemur species
Authors: Leliveld Lisette M.C. , Scheumann Marina , Zimmermann Elke 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn humans, 90% of the population is right handed. Although population hand preference has been found in some primate species, the evolution of manual lateralization in primates is not yet clear. To gain insight into manual lateralization of ancestral primates, we studied hand usage in unspecialized quadrupedal, nocturnal lemurs, using a large sample size. We compared two closely related mouse lemur species to explore the variation of hand preference within the same genus. We tested 44 gray mouse lemurs and 19 Goodman's mouse lemurs in a forced food grasping task. The tests were videotaped. Measures of hand preference (i.e. the hand that is spontaneously chosen for a specific task) and successful hand usage (i.e. the hand that is successful in completing a specific task) were taken to explore manual lateralization. Both species showed manual lateralization at an individual, but not at a population level. Goodman's mouse lemurs showed stronger individual hand preferences than gray mouse lemurs. This suggests that strength in hand preference is variable within the same genus. No sex and age effects were found. The hand preference of offspring was negatively correlated to that of their mothers, but not correlated to that of their fathers. Thus, no clear genetic effect can be derived from these results. In the Goodman's mouse lemurs, hand preference increased with increasing task experience. However, successful hand usage was not affected by task experience, suggesting that successful hand usage is a more stable measurement for manual lateralization than hand preference. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fractal analysis of morphology of PE/PA blends: Composition
Authors: Chen Xu‐Huang , Shi Wen‐Xiong , Yang Shi‐Hai , Li Yun‐Yan , Ma Gui‐Qiu , Sheng Jing 
Published: May 2008

AbstractComposition effect on the phase morphology in polyethylene (PE) with polyamide (PA) blends was investigated by pattern analysis of scanning electron micrographs. The average diameter denoted as dg is defined to discuss the morphology of the blends and further, different fractal dimensions, DM and DN, were introduced to characterize the phase morphology. Scale function SN(r) and SM(r) are defined to study the selfsimilarity of the phase morphology. The plots of SN(r)/SN(r)m (the maximum of SN(r)) versus r/rm (the maximum of r) and SM(r)/SM(r)m (the maximum of SM(r)) versus r/rm showed the selfsimilar formation of the phase pattern. Furthermore, we calculated the fractal dimension D of different PE/PA blends. The results showed that the fractal dimension was an effective parameter to describe the spacial distribution of dispersed particles. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Polyethylene/boron nitride composites for space radiation shielding
Authors: Harrison Courtney , Weaver Sean , Bertelsen Craig , Burgett Eric , Hertel Nolan , Grulke Eric 
Published: May 2008

AbstractComposites made with boron might be absorbers of low energy neutrons, and could be used for structural materials for spacecraft. Polyethylene/boron nitride composites were fabricated using conventional polymer processing techniques, and were evaluated for mechanical and radiation shielding properties. The boron nitride powder surfaces were also functionalized to improve interfacial adhesion. Addition of neat boron nitride to an injection molding grade HDPE increased the tensile modulus from 588 to 735 MPa with 15 vol % filler. The bonding of a trifunctional alkoxysilane to the powder surface prior to processing increases the composite modulus to 856 MPa at the same loading. Scanning electron microscopy of fracture surfaces verified that the silane‐treated powders had improved adhesion at the filler/polymer interface. Radiation shielding measurements of a 2 wt % boron nitride composite were improved over those of the neat polyethylene. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis, characterization, and adsorption capacity of crosslinked starch microspheres with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide
Authors: Zhao Xin‐Fa , Li Zhong‐Jin , Wang Lei , Lai Xiao‐Juan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCrosslinked starch microspheres (CSMs) were prepared in an inverse suspension system. Scanning electron microscopy observation indicated that the CSMs were uniform in granularity with a smooth spherical particulate surface. The particle size analysis revealed that the average diameter was 18.2 μm and that 85.8% of the microspheres were of a diameter below 30 μm. The structural characteristics of the carbonyl group and the second acrylamide by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of the CSMs showed that the soluble starch obviously crosslinked with N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide. The physical properties of the CSMs were analyzed by way of X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. The results show that the crosslinking resulted in an increase in thermal stability and a decrease in crystallinity of the CSMs compared with soluble starch. The adsorption capacity of the CSMs increased with increasing concentration of methylene blue. The lower temperature was in favor of the adsorption capacity of the CSMs. The adsorption mode of methylene blue by the CSMs agreed more with the Langmuir isothermal equation. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis and characterization of organically modified attapulgite/polyurethane nanocomposites
Authors: Wang Chia‐Hao , Auad Maria L. , Marcovich Norma E. , Nutt Steven 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPolyurethane (PU) nanocomposites filled with attapulgite (ATT) nanorods were synthesized and characterized with thermal analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical testing. The formulations were based on 4,4′‐methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI), polytetrahydrofuran, 1,4‐butanediol, and inorganic ATT premodified with MDI. The original and premodified ATT (ATT–OH and ATT–MDI) nanorods were characterized with thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The analysis revealed that 17 wt % MDI was grafted/adsorbed onto the surface of ATT as a result of the modification. Pristine PU and ATT–MDI/PU nanocomposites were characterized with scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, and TGA. The mechanical tests and DMA showed an increase in the storage modulus and Young's modulus with increasing ATT–MDI content. The crystallinity of the hard and soft segments and thermal stability showed enhancements over those of the neat resin. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Network structure/mechanical property relationship in multimethacrylates—Derivatives of nadic anhydride
Authors: Podgórski Maciej , Matynia Tadeusz 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn this article the syntheses of dimethacrylate and trimethacrylate esters as well as the mechanical and thermal properties of their copolymers with methyl methacrylate and styrene are investigated. The esters were obtained from acidic derivatives of nadic anhydride and glycidyl methacrylate. The addition reaction of glycidyl methacrylate and the acidic compound was carried out in the presence of basic catalyst—tetraethylammonium bromide. The monomers and resins were UV cured in the presence of a suitable photoinitiator which was 2,2‐dimethoxy‐2‐phenyloacetophenone. The prepared polymers were subjected to different studies concerning evaluation of their mechanical properties, thermal stability, dynamic mechanical behavior (DMA) as well as the estimation of the content of unreacted double bonds in the final product. The results proved their good thermal and mechanical properties. The degree of unsaturated bonds conversion was found to be growing with the amount of monovinyl monomer in the copolymer. Trimethacrylate‐based copolymers are characterized by a greater content of double bonds present in the obtained material compared to that of dimethacrylate‐based copolymers. As indicated by DMA the network structures of the copolymers seem to be more heterogeneous with the increasing weight fraction of trimethacrylate as well as dimethacrylate monomer. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Study on the acidic hydrolysis process of poly(N‐vinylformamide/acrylonitrile) fiber
Authors: Chen Quan , Dong Liang , Ye Guangdou , Xu Jianjun 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA convenient method of preparing chelating fiber with amine groups on the fiber surface was developed. The precursor polymer of Poly(N‐vinylformamide/acrylonitrile) (P(NVF/AN)) was synthesized via solution polymerization, using N‐vinylforaimde as a functional monomer. The solution of P(NVF/AN) was spun through a wet spinning method and the precursor fiber was hydrolyzed in the hydrochloric acid solution to convert formamide moieties to the corresponding amine. The influence of hydrolytic conditions on hydrolysis degree, such as hydrolysis temperature, hydrolysis time, and hydrochloric acid concentrations were examined experimentally. The hydrolysis degree of the precursor fiber was evaluated by potentiometric and conductometric titrations. The changes of the structure and properties of the fibers were characterized through infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and tensile strength tester. The results showed that the hydrolysis degree was limited in acidic hydrolysis because of the electrostatic repulsion among the cationic amine groups and proton. The hydrolysis degree of precursor fiber reached nearly 60%, and the chelating fiber remained the adequate mechanical properties under the suitable hydrolysis condition. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Influence of heat treatment on the properties of shape memory fibers. I. Crystallinity, hydrogen bonding, and shape memory effect
Authors: Meng Qinghao , Hu Jinlian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractShape memory fibers (SMFs) were prepared via melt spinning. The fibers underwent different heat treatments to eliminate internal stress and structure deficiency caused during melt spinning. The influences of heat treatments on the SMF crystallinity, molecular orientation, hydrogen bonding, and shape memory behavior were studied. It was found with increasing heat‐treatment temperature, the soft segment crystallinity, crystallite dimension, and microphase separation increased, and the hydrogen bonding in the hard segment phase increased. Low temperature heat treatments decreased the shape recovery ratios while increasing the shape fixity ratios as a result of internal stress releasing and molecules disorientation. High temperature heat treatments increased the hard segment stability. Increasing heat‐treatment temperature resulted in the improvement of both the shape recovery and fixity, because it promoted the phase separation. The results from DSC, DMA, XRD, and FTIR were used to illustrate the mechanism governing these properties difference. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Corrosion protective bi‐layered composites of polyaniline and poly(o‐anisidine) on low carbon steel
Authors: Chaudhari Sudeshna , Patil P. P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBi‐layered composites of polyaniline (PANI) and poly(o‐anisidine) (POA) were investigated for corrosion protection of low carbon steel (LCS). In this work, homopolymers and bi‐layers of PANI and POA were electropolymerized on LCS from an aqueous salicylate solution by using cyclic voltammetry. These coatings were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Corrosion tests were carried out in aqueous 3% NaCl solution for LCS coated with PANI, POA, bi‐layered POA/PANI (POA on top of the PANI) or PANI/POA (PANI on top of the POA) composites using open circuit potential (OCP) measurements, potentiodynamic polarization technique, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The single layer of PANI and POA protected the LCS in 3% NaCl for 8 and 16 h, respectively. The bi‐layered composite coatings provide effective protection to LCS for a longer time than a single layered PANI or POA coating. However, the corrosion protection offered to LCS depends on the deposition order of polymer layers in the composite. The PANI/POA composite provides better protection to LCS against corrosion than POA/PANI coating. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis, characterization and swelling behavior of chitosan‐sucrose as a novel full‐polysaccharide superabsorbent hydrogel
Authors: Pourjavadi Ali , Aghajani Vagrik , Ghasemzadeh Hossein 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA novel full‐polysaccharide hydrogel was prepared by crosslinking of chitosan with periodate‐oxidized sucrose. A tetraaldehyde molecule is synthesized via periodate oxidation of sucrose and then applied as a crosslinking agent to form a new hydrogel network. A mechanism for the superabsorbent hydrogel formation via reductive N‐alkylation was also suggested. The structure of the hydrogel was confirmed by FTIR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). It is shown that crosslinking of chitosan can improve its thermal stability. The effects of crosslinker concentration, pH, and inorganic salt on the swelling behavior of the hydrogel were studied. The results indicate that the hydrogel has good pH sensitivity and pH reversible response. The smart hydrogels may have potential applications in the controlled delivery of bioactive agents and for wound‐dressing application © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Unsaturated Aldehydes as Alkene Equivalents in the Diels–Alder Reaction
Authors: Taarning Esben , Madsen Robert 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA one‐pot procedure is described for using α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes as olefin equivalents in the Diels–Alder reaction. The method combines the normal electron demand cycloaddition with aldehyde dienophiles and the rhodium‐catalyzed decarbonylation of aldehydes to afford cyclohexenes with no electron‐withdrawing substituents. In this way, the aldehyde group serves as a traceless control element to direct the cycloaddition reaction. The Diels–Alder reactions are performed in a diglyme solution in the presence of a catalytic amount of boron trifluoride etherate. Subsequent quenching of the Lewis acid, addition of 0.3 % of [Rh(dppp)2Cl] and heating to reflux achieves the ensuing decarbonylation to afford the product cyclohexenes. Under these conditions, acrolein, crotonaldehyde and cinnamaldehyde have been reacted with a variety of 1,3‐dienes to afford cyclohexenes in overall yields between 53 and 88 %. In these transformations, the three aldehydes serve as equivalents of ethylene, propylene and styrene, respectively.
Studies of Finite Molecular Chains: Synthesis, Structural, Magnetic and Inelastic Neutron Scattering Studies of Hexa‐ and Heptanuclear Chromium Horseshoes
Authors: Ochsenbein Stefan T. , Tuna Floriana , Rancan Marzio , Davies Rachel S. G. , Muryn Christopher A. , Waldmann Oliver , Bircher Roland , Sieber Andreas , Carver Graham , Mutka Hannu , Fernandez‐Alonso Felix , Podlesnyak Andrew , Engelhardt Larry P. , Timco Grigore A. , Güdel Hans U. , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe report the synthesis and structural characterisation of a family of finite molecular chains, specifically [{[R2NH2]3[Cr6F11(O2CCMe3)10]}2] (in which R=nPr 1, Et 2, nBu 3), [{Et2NH}2{[Et2NH2]3[Cr7F12(O2CCMe3)12][HO2CCMe3]2}2] (4), [{[Me2NH2]3[Cr6F11(O2CCMe3)10]⋅2.5 H2O}4] (5) and [{[iPr2NH2]3[Cr7F12(O2CCMe3)12]}2] (6). The structures all contain horseshoes of chromium centres, with each Cr⋅⋅⋅Cr contact within the horseshoe bridged by a fluoride and two pivalates. The horseshoes are linked through hydrogen bonds to the secondary ammonium cations in the structure, leading to di‐ and tetra‐horseshoe structures. Through magnetic measurements and inelastic neutron scattering studies we have determined the exchange coupling constants in 1 and 6. In 1 it is possible to distinguish two exchange interactions, JA=−1.1 meV and JB=−1.4 meV; JA is the exchange interactions at the tips of the horseshoe and JB is the exchange within the body of the horseshoe (1 meV=8.066 cm−1). For 6 only one interaction was needed to model the data: J=−1.18 meV. The single‐ion anisotropy parameters for CrIII were also derived for the two compounds as: for 1, DCr=−0.028 meV and |ECr|=0.005 meV; for 6, DCr=−0.031 meV. Magnetic‐field‐dependent inelastic neutron scattering experiments on 1 allowed the Zeeman splitting of the first two excited states and level crossings to be observed. For the tetramer of horseshoes (5), quantum Monte Carlo calculations were used to fit the magnetic susceptibility behaviour, giving two exchange interactions within the horseshoe (−1.32 and −1.65 meV) and a weak inter‐horseshoe coupling of +0.12 meV. Multi‐frequency variable‐temperature EPR studies on 1, 2 and 6 have also been performed, allowing further characterisation of the spin Hamiltonian parameters of these chains.