bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consequences of Cortical Dysplasia During Development in Rats
Authors: Holmes Gregory L. , Sarkisian Matthew , Ben‐Ari Yehezkel , Liu Zhao , Chevassus‐Au‐Louis Nicolas 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Purpose:To determine whether focal cortical dysplasia alters excitability in regions distant to the region of the dysplasia. Methods; We studied the physiological consequences of cortical dysplasia induced by either m e or three freeze lesions at birth. Seizure susceptibility was assessed at age 35 days by unygdala kindling. C‐fos immunoataining was performed after kainic acid‐induced seizures at 10. 20, or 30 days to evaluate the patterns of neuronal activation. Results: Freeze lesions consistently produced uniform regions of dysplasia. No significant differences in seizure susceptibility, as measured by afterdischarge threshold and kindling rate. were seen between controls and rats receiving either one or three freeze lesions. C‐fos activation after kainic acid injection was not observed in the region of the dysplasia. However, rats with freeze lesions at age 30 days dcinonstrated asymmetric c‐fos staining with greater staining in CAI ipsilateral. than contralateral, to the lesion. Conclusions: Focal cortical dysplasia resuIts in enhnncemen of c‐fos activation in regions outside the borders of the dysplasia. However, as indicated by kindling rate. the functional con sequences of these alterations do not appear to be robust.
New Antiepileptic Drugs: Comparison of Key Clinical Trials
Authors: Cramer Joyce A. , Fisher Robert , Ben‐Menachem Elinor , French Jacqueline , Mattson Richard H. 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Purpose: Data accrued from clinical trials of five new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are compared for efficacy in reducing seizures and self‐reported adverse events as a basis of selection among new AEDs. Drawbacks to use of these data also are demonstrated. Methods: A review of double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trials of a new AED or placebo added to a standard AED provided data on reduction of complex partial seizures (CPSs). Success is 50% fewer CPSs with a new AED or placebo; Overall Improvement is the success rate with drug minus the success rate with placebo. Adverse events were tabulated from product‐labeling lists of COSTART items (incidence, 5%). The Summary Complaint score is the total number of reports of individual events for each AED. Results: Efficacy data demonstrate differences in Overall Improvement rates among five new AEDs and placebos (p =0.001). However, rates of response to placebo also differed significantly among trials (p = 0.01). Adverse events predominantly affect central nervous system, psychiatric, and general body systems. However, patients in the placebo control groups did not consistently report adverse effects. Summary Complaint scores differ among the five new AEDs, but variability in use of COSTART terms nullifies comparisons. Conclusions: Comparisons of data for five new AEDs provide information for selection among treatments when a second drug is needed to improve control of CPSs. However, significant differences among the control groups and other problems make comparisons between trials problematic. The final choice should be based on the need of the individual patient for superior seizure control versus minimal adverse effects.
Idiopathic Rolandic Epilepsy with “Interictal” Facial Myoclonia and Oromotor Deficit: A Longitudinal EEG and PET Study
Authors: de Saint‐Martin A. , Petiau C. , Massa R. , Maquet P. , Marescaux C. , Hirsch E. , Metz‐Lutz M‐N. 
Published: November 2007

Summary: Purpose: The prognosis of benign epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BECTS) is always favorable as far as the epilepsy is concerned. However, some data suggest that affected children may be at risk for minor cognitive impairment. We report here the longitudinal study of a young girl demonstrating that BECTS also may be associated with severe motor disturbances. Methods: BECTS (rare left oromotor seizures, right rolandic spike‐waves activated during sleep) started at the age of 3 years 6 months in a gir! with normal initial psychomotor development. Her clinical, neuropsychological, and EEG status was assessed every 3–6 months. Regional cerebral glucose metabolism was measured by using the [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose‐positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) method. Results: Between the age of 5 and 6 years, the girl had (a) increased seizure frequency; (b) brief perioral and palpebral myoclonic jerks, concomitant with the spike component of interictal spike‐waves, and (c) persistent but fluctuating oromotor deficits (drooling, dysarthria, dysphagia). The EEG showed a marked increase in abundance and amplitude of wake and sleep interictal abnormalities, which became bilateral. Awake FDG‐PET revealed a bilateral increase of glucose metabolism in opercular regions. A complete and definitive EEG and clinical remission occurred at age 5 years 11 months and has persisted since (present age, 7 years 9 months). Conclusions: This case confirms that during BECTS, epileptiform dysfunctions within rolandic areas may induce “interictal” positive or negative oromotor symptoms, independent of classic seizures.
Nitric Oxide Synthase Expression in the Cerebral Cortex of Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: González‐Hernández Tomás , García‐Marín Victor , Perez‐Delgado María del Mar , González‐González María Ligia , Rancel‐Torres Nélida , González‐Feria Luis 
Published: November 2007

Summary Purpose: Nitric oxide (NO), a short‐lived radical synthesized from L‐arginine by activation of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS), has been implicated in the pathophysiology of epilepsy by some investigators. However, the current data about NO and NOS in epilepsy are controversial and are derived only from animal models of epilepsy. In this study we investigated possible changes in NOS expression in the cerebral cortex of patients with epilepsy. Methods: Qualitative and quantitative parameters of the im‐munolabeling pattern of the neuronal, endothelial, and inducible isoforms of NOS were analyzed in biopsy material obtained from patients with short and long seizure history and from patients without epilepsy. Results: The comparative study showed that in the cerebral cortex of patients with epilepsy, particularly in those with a long seizure history, the number and labeling intensity of NOS‐positive neurons increased, and that a subpopulation of nonpy‐ramidal GABAergic neurons (type H NOS neurons) was responsible for this phenomenon. Conclusions: The fact that NOS upregulation is more evident in patients with a long seizure history suggests that this is a consequence of seizures, acting probably as an adaptative response to the sustained release of excitatory amino acids.
Hyperhomocysteinemia in women with advanced breast cancer
Authors: GATT A. , MAKRIS A. , CLADD H. , BURCOMBE R. J. , SMITH J. M. , COOPER P. , THOMPSON D. , MAKRIS M. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPatients with malignancy have an increased risk of venous thromboembolic disease but the pathophysiology of this association has not been precisely defined. Hyperhomocysteinemia has become established as one of the commonest conditions associated with venous and arterial thrombosis. We examined the prevalence of hyperhomocysteinemia in women with early (group A, n = 31), metastatic breast cancer (group B, n = 41) and in a group of healthy females (group C, n = 29). Blood samples were collected at diagnosis or prior to treatment. We measured both total plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and red cell folate (RCF). The Mean (SD) tHcy were group A – 9.43 μmol/l (5.6), group B – 11.34 μmol/l (5.1) and group C – 7.9 μmol/l (1.5). A total of 39% of patients with metastatic and 22.6% with early breast cancer had tHcy concentrations above the upper limit of normal. Women with metastatic disease had significantly higher tHcy compared with controls (P < 0.01) but not when compared with women with early breast cancer. Also, no difference was observed when women with early disease were compared with controls. We found no correlation between age and tHcy. Lower RCF levels were identified in group B compared with group A, but this does not fully explain the increased tHcy levels seen within the same group. We conclude that hyperhomocysteinemia is common in women with advanced breast cancer. This observation could explain the high rate of venous thrombosis in women with metastatic breast malignancy.
The Effects of Air Preheat and Number of Orifices on Flow and
Emissions in an RQL Mixing Section
Authors: Holdeman James D. , Chang Clarence T. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
This study was motivated by a goal to understand the mixing and emissions in the rich-burn/quick-mix/lean-burn combustor scheme that has been proposed to minimize the formation of oxides of nitrogen (NOx) in gas turbine combustors. The study reported in this paper was a reacting jet-in-crossflow experiment at atmospheric pressure in a cylindrical duct. The jets were injected from the perimeter of the duct through round-hole orifices into a fuel-rich mainstream flow. The number of orifices investigated in this study gave over- to optimum to underpenetrating jets at a jet-to-mainstream momentum-flux ratio of 57. The size of individual orifices was decreased as their number increased to maintain a constant total area. The jet-to-mainstream mass-flow ratio was held constant at 2.5. The experiments focused on the effects of the number of orifices and inlet air preheat and were conducted in a facility that provided the capability for independent variation of jet and main inlet air preheat temperature. The number of orifices was found to have a significant effect on mixing and the distributions of species, but very little effect on overall NOx emissions, suggesting that an aerodynamically optimum mixer may not minimize NOx emissions. Air preheat was found to have very little effect on mixing and the distributions of major species, but preheat did increase NOx emissions significantly. Although the air jets injected in the quick-mix section of a RQL combustor may comprise over 70% of the total air flow, the overall NOx emission levels were found to be more sensitive to mainstream air preheat than to jet stream air preheat.
CLASSIFICATION OF TANGLE SOLUTIONS FOR INTEGRASES, A PROTEIN FAMILY THAT CHANGES DNA TOPOLOGY
Authors: BUCK DOROTHY , MARCOTTE CYNTHIA VERJOVSKY 
Published: November 2007

A generic integrase protein, when acting on circular DNA, often changes the DNA topology by transforming unknotted circles into torus knots and links. Two systems of tangle equations — corresponding to two possible orientations of two DNA subsequences — arise when modelling this transformation.With no a priori assumptions on the constituent tangles, we utilize Dehn surgery arguments to completely classify the tangle solutions for each of the two systems. A key step is to combine work of our previous paper [10] with recent results of Kronheimer, Mrowka, Ozsváth and Szabó [39] and work of Ernst [23] to show a certain prime tangle must in fact be a Montesinos tangle.These tangle solutions are divided into three classes, common to both systems, plus a fourth class for one system that contains the sole Montesinos tangle. We discuss the possible biological implications of our classification, and of this novel solution.
AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF HIERARCHICAL DIVISION FOR MESH-STRUCTURED NETWORKS
Authors: WANG DAJIN 
Published: November 2007

A parallel/distributed system consists of a collection of processes, which are distributed over a network of processors, and work in a cooperative manner to fulfill various tasks. A hierarchical approach is to group and organize the distributed processes into a logical hierarchy of multiple levels to achieve better system performance. It has been proposed as an effective way to solve various problems in distributed computing, such as distributed monitoring, resource scheduling, and network routing. In [21], we studied hierarchical configuration for mesh and hypercube networks to the end of achieving better system performance. In particular, we proposed theoretically optimal hierarchy for mesh and hypercube, so that the total traffic flow over the network is minimized. In this paper, we present the experimental results to establish the practical relevance of mesh hierarchy proposed in [21]. We simulated situations for multi-level division, real network loading scenarios, random data aggregation rates, and different division sizes other than derived in [21]. The simulation results not only show that the analytically obtained hierarchy works well for many realistic settings, but also offer some useful insights into the proposed hierarchy scheme.
Strategies for reducing sampling errors in exploration and resource definition drilling programmes for gold deposits
Authors: Stanley Clifford R. , Smee Barry W. 
Published: November 2007

Sampling error is the degree to which the concentration of an element differs from the true element concentration of the material from which the sample was collected. Gold mineralization commonly exhibits sampling errors as large as 50–100%. As a result, collection and preparation of drill samples from Au mineralization can provide significant challenges for the geoscientist, largely because of the coarse particulate nature of Au. To avoid this, geoscientists have opted to collect and prepare larger drill samples to reduce the magnitude of this ‘nugget effect’. Unfortunately, the ‘nugget effect’ can cause sampling error at any stage of sample treatment when sub-sampling takes place. Knowledge of the magnitude of error at each sub-sampling step is necessary to identify strategies to reduce overall error. This is because reduction of only the largest component of measurement error will reduce total measurement error in the most numerically efficient and effective manner. With knowledge of the various components of sampling, preparation and analysis costs, the sample treatment strategy that will most cost-effectively reduce sampling error can be identified. Regrettably, the typical absolute and relative errors that occur during sample collection and preparation of sub-samples with finer particle sizes are not generally known for many Au deposits.
Results from three Au drilling projects document the magnitude of sampling, preparation and analytical errors experienced, and range from 22 to 46%, 7 to 20%, and 1 to 13%, respectively. These results are derived from large, laboratory-blind, duplicate quality control/quality assessment (QA/QC) programmes involving sample treatment protocols that would be considered to be appropriate for coarse Au-bearing samples. These QA/QC programmes measured the sampling errors, and ensured that they were minimized on these projects.
In general, results indicate that a very large component of total measurement error is introduced during the collection of the initial sample, and that subordinate amounts of error are introduced during preparation and analysis. As a result, undertaking extraordinary efforts to reduce preparation or analytical errors does not result in a significant total measurement error reduction. In contrast, the collection of larger initial samples can result in the substantial reduction of total measurement error.
Lithogeochemical constraints on the host rock, hydrothermal alteration and weathering of the Groundrush gold deposit
Authors: Murphy D.M.K. , Stanley C.R. 
Published: November 2007

Lithogeochemical research at the Groundrush gold deposit, Tanami region, Northern Territory, has identified new lithologies and provides a new understanding of the hydrothermal alteration, metamorphism and weathering processes that have affected the suite of metamorphosed igneous host rocks. Metamorphosed hornblende–chlorite–plagioclase-bearing mafic–intermediate intrusive rocks were classified, using conserved constituents, as dolerite and previously unrecognized basaltic andesite and diorite, the last of which hosts Au mineralization. The diorite forms a steeply dipping dyke, whereas the dolerites are sills intruding clastic sedimentary rocks.
Major element geochemical variation in dolerite is consistent with the fractionation of plagioclase and pyroxene, whereas diorite is more chemically homogenous and does not exhibit evidence of fractional crystallization. Hydrothermal alteration, principally developed within the diorite, was accompanied by addition of S and carbonate, and the loss of Ca and Na, giving rise to a propylitic hydrothermal alteration assemblage of chlorite, albite, carbonate and pyrite.

A regolith profile of
c.
40 m thickness overlies these rocks. If originally present, Fe-rich upper units have been removed. The major weathering processes observed in the regolith profile are: (1) sulphur oxidation and (in diorite), calcite dissolution at 40 m depth; (2) ferrolysis (Fe oxidation) and the production of smectite, goethite and quartz from chlorite and hornblende at 20 m depth; (3) breakdown of albite to kaolinite, breakdown of apatite, and deposition of secondary carbonate in the top 5 to 15 m.

No evidence for significant near-surface gold depletion is evident, suggesting that regolith processes remobilizing gold were generally not operating to any significant extent. However, gold was leached from a metre-scale quartz vein, possibly as thiosulphate complexes formed from pyrrhotite oxidation in a relatively low-oxygen environment.
Reproducibility of the Caregiver Strain Index and the Caregiver Reaction Assessment in partners of stroke patients living in the Dutch community
Authors: Post Marcel W.M. , Festen Helma , van de Port Ingrid G. , Visser-Meily Johanna M.A. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To examine the reproducibility and responsiveness of two often-used instruments for caregiver burden: the Caregiver Strain Index and the Caregiver Reaction Assessment. Design: Repeated administration of self-report questionnaires three years post stroke. Subjects: Convenience sample of partners of stroke patients. Methods: Weighted kappa and percentage agreement at item level and intraclass correlations (ICCs) for subscale and total scores. Responsiveness was expressed as smallest detectable difference (SDD) and standard error of measurement (SEM). Results: Reproducibility of the total Caregiver Strain Index score (N = 26) was very good (0.93; 95% confidence interval 0.84—0.97). For the Caregiver Reaction Assessment (N = 21), the subscales disrupted schedule, financial problems and health problems showed sufficient reproducibility (ICC 0.79—0.86), but the ICCs of the subscales lack of family support (0.67) and self-esteem (0.58) were insufficient. Relating the SDD and SEM to the standard deviation and maximum scale range, responsiveness appears moderate for the Caregiver Strain Index and unsatisfactory for the Caregiver Reaction Assessment. Conclusion: The Caregiver Strain Index showed good reproducibility and moderate responsiveness. The Caregiver Reaction Assessment showed insufficient reproducibility and responsiveness.
A Traceless Solid-phase Synthesis of 1,4-Diazabicyclo[3,3,1]octan-3-ones
Authors: Saruta Kunio , Ogiku Tsuyoshi 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
A novel synthesis of 1,4-diazabicyclo[3,3,1]octan-3-one derivatives using a traceless-solid-phase approach is described, in which many kinds of 1,4-diazabicyclo[3,3,1]octan-3-one derivatives have been efficiently obtained in high purity, based on an intramolecular alkylation of tertiary amines followed by an elimination of desired tertiary amines from the generated quarternary ammonium salts.
Homocoupling of Aryl Halides Using Catalytic System of Palladium and Phosphite
Authors: Moon Jeongju , Nam Hyungoog , Ju Jinhun , Jeong Miso , Lee Sunwoo 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The palladium-catalyzed homocoupling of aryl halides was carried out using phosphite ligands. The optimized reaction conditions were Pd2(dba)3, phosphite 1, and NaOt-Bu in diglyme, and the desired homocoupling products were afforded in moderate to good yields.
Self-assembly and Solvatochromic Fiber Formation of 4,5-Bis(dodecylthio)tetrathiafulvalene-4′-carboxylic Acid and Its Derivatives
Authors: Enozawa Hideo , Honna Youhei , Iyoda Masahiko 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
TTF-carboxylic acid 2 exhibits gelling ability for hexane and cyclohexane to form an orange fibrous material and shows solvatochromism both in solution and in the fiber formation to produce a reddish-purple fibrous material from acetonitrile. Moreover, the corresponding ester 1 forms yellow fibers from acetonitrile. However, the tetrabutylammonium salt 3 produces fine microcrystals without gel or fiber formation.
Delayed pubertal onset and development in German children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: cross-sectional analysis of recent data from the DPV diabetes documentation and quality management system
Authors: Rohrer Tilman , Stierkorb Eva , Heger Sabine , Karges Beate , Raile Klemens , Schwab K Otfried , Holl Reinhard W , _ _ 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the effect of type 1 diabetes on pubertal onset and development, and to identify factors potentially affecting puberty, including glycemic control, relative diabetes duration, body mass index standard delta score (BMI SDS), insulin dose, and intensity of insulin therapy.Research design and methodsInitiated in 1990, the Diabetes-Patienten-Verlaufsdaten (DPV) is an ongoing, prospective longitudinal follow-up program to benchmark the quality of diabetes care provided to, predominantly, pediatric patients. Data collection for this non-interventional audit was carried out at 202 German diabetes treatment centers. Patient recruitment was done by referral, clinic/hospital ascertainment, or self-report. Data were analyzed for subcohorts of 1218–2409 boys and 579–2640 girls from a cohort of 24 385 pediatric type 1 diabetic patients. Selection was based on ethnicity and availability of data on Tanner stage 2, or higher, of genital and pubic hair development (boys) or breast and pubic hair development, and menarche (girls).ResultsBoys showed significant (P<0.05) delay (years) in mean ages at onset of genital development (12.0 (±0.9) years) and pubarche (12.2 (±0.4) years). In girls, mean ages at thelarche (11.4 (±0.5) years), pubarche (11.5 (±0.1) years), and menarche (13.2 (±0.5) years) were significantly delayed compared with the general population. Sexual maturity (Tanner stage 5) was not delayed in either sex. Elevated glycohemoglobin and decreased BMI SDS were associated with significantly delayed pubertal onset, whereas relative diabetes duration and insulin dose were not.ConclusionsPubertal onset, but not sexual maturity, is delayed in children with type 1 diabetes. Delay increases with higher glycohemoglobin and lower BMI SDS.