bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productin of Basic Fetoprotein in Human Peripheral Lymphocytes during Blastic Transformation
Authors: FUJITA Y. , FUJITA N. , NAKAMURA T. , GOTO T. , FUJII T. , HIRAMORI N. , KIDA T. , SAKAI M. , NAKAGAKI Y. , IWASAKI Y. , NAKAGAWA M. 
Published: June 2006

To clarify the significance of basic fetoprotein (BFP) in lymphocytes, we investigated whether BFP is produced in lymphocytes during blastic transformation. Peripheral blood lymphocytes obtained from 14 adults were cultured under the stimulation of lectins. The concentration of BFP in the culture medium (extracellular BFP) was estimated serially. The incorporation of [6‐3 H] thymidine was assayed simultaneously. The intracellular BFP was measured by dual flow cytometry for DNA and BFP. A lymph node was studies immunohistochemically. Serum BFP was measured in four cases of lumphocytic leukaemia. In two cases, dual staining was performed. The intracellular BFP of the mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes was increased within 24 h. The extracellular BFP was increased exponentially from 72 h. The extracellular BFP at 96 h did not correlate with the [3H]‐thymidine incorporation. The intracellular BFP increase began in G1 phase. Immunostaining showed that the B cells also produced BFP. Theserum BFP level in leukaemia was high in 1 of 4 cases and the leukaemic cells in two cases showed high intracellular BFP content. These observations indicate that BFP is produced in activated human lymphocytes and in lymphocytic leukaemic cells. The production of BFP during blastic transformation will be a useful new in vitro model for studying the biological role of BFP, and BFP labelling may offer some new possibilities for study of lymphocytes.
The Influence of I‐E on the Generation of Autoantibody and Specific Suppression in Rat Erythrocyte‐Immunized Mice
Authors: ELLIOTT J. I. , COOKE A. 
Published: June 2006

A portion of the antibodies produced by mice in response to the injection of rat erythrocytes (RRBC) cross‐react with autologus red cells. When spleen cells from mice so immunized are transferred to naive syngeneic recipients, the recipient mice produce high anti‐RRBC antibody titres but little or no autoantibody. This phenomenon has been attributed to the action of suppressor T cells. To date, the only mouse strain which consistently fails to demonstrate specific suppression of the autoantibody response is the SJL, which lacks the I‐E molecules suggested to be important in the generation of suppressor T cells.The results presented here show that some, but not all, I‐E negative strains of mice are capable of exhibiting transferable suppression of RRBC‐induced antibodies.
B Lymphoblasts show Oxidase Activity in Response to Cross‐Linking of Surface IgM and HLA‐DR
Authors: FURUKAWA K. , TENGLER R. , NAKAMURA M. , URWYLER A. , DE WECK A. L. , KANEGASAKI S. , MALY F.‐E. 
Published: June 2006

Human B lymphocytes express components of the superoxide generating system of phagocytes, NADPH oxidase. We studied regulation of this ‘B‐cell oxidase’ during in vitro blast transformation, using Lucigenin‐amplified chemiluminescence (CL) to detect superoxide release. While freshly isolated tonsil B lymphocytes showed no CL responses, culture with phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and ionomycin induced susceptibility to CL triggering by anti‐IgM and anti‐HLA‐DR. Maximal effects were observed after 3 days of culture with 0.4 ng/ml PMA+1μg/ml ionomycin. Cells from such B lymphoblast cultures showed no CL responses to opsonized zymosan. In contrast, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, where monocytes are the predominant oxidant source, showed CL responses to opsonized zymosan but not to anti‐IgM and anti‐HLA‐DR, either before or afterculture with PMA+ionomycin.Culture of B cells with the surface immunoglobulin cross‐linking agent staphylococcus aureus Cowan 1 also led to emergence of a CL response to anti‐IgM, which was enhanced by interferon‐γ. Interestingly, markedly fewer B blasts than freshly isolated B lymphocytes expressed cytochrome b‐558 surface antigen. Thus, the B‐cell oxidase is up‐regulated during blast transformation and can be triggered via surface IgM and HLA‐DR; however, this appears to be restricted to a subset of B lymphoblasts.
Transplantation of Cultured Thymic Fragments in Congenitally Athymic and Euthymic Rats Culture with Deoxyguanosine or Cyclosporin A does not influence the Histologic Characteristics and Outcome after Transplantation in Syngeneic and Allogeneic Combinations
Authors: MARTíN‐FONTECHA A. , BROEKHUIZEN R. , DE HEER C. , ZAPATA A. , SCHUURMAN H.‐J. 
Published: June 2006

Cultured thymic fragments (CTF) from WAG/CPB(RTU and DA/01a (RT1a rats were prepared in the presence or absence of 2′ deoxyguanosine or cyclosporine A, and subsequently transplanted under the kidney capsule of congenitally athymic and euthymic WAG CPB recipients. The rationale of the culture supplements was that these may affect the disappearance of medullary dendritic cells, with subsequent induction of allotolerance. However, the immunohistology of the CTF showed more RTI class II‐positive cells than keratin‐positive cells, indicative of the maintenance of dendritic cells. Grafts in athymic animals showed the recovery of the original thymic architecture within 6 weeks utter transplantation. The influx of host‐derived lymphocytes was accompanied by an influx of dendritic cells in the deculla‐like area and macrophages in the cortex. A similar recovery was observed for syngeneic CTF in euthymic recipients. In addition lymphocytic infiltration was seen in the connective tissue surrounding the epithelial areas. Allogeneic grafts in euthymic animals were rejected within 3 weeks after transplantation. This outcome of the transplanted CTF under different conditions was not affected by the supplementation of the thymic culture before transplantation with 2′ deoxyguanosine or cyclosporine A.We conclude that there is no tolerance induction after transplantation in euthymic allogeneic rats of CTF prepared in the presence of 2′ deoxyguanosine. This conclusion is in contrast to date in the mouse, which may be explained by the maintenance of dendrite cells during culture. A chimaeric state of donor‐derived epithelium and host‐derived dendritic cells is obtained by transplantation of allografts in arthymic rats.
T Cells Cloned from Human Rheumatoid Synovial Membrane Functionally Represent the Th 1 Subset
Authors: MILTENBURG A. M. M. , VAN LAAR J. M. , DE KUIPER R. , DAHA M. R. , BREEDVELD F. C. 
Published: June 2006

The presence of activated T cells in the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) suggests a role for these cells in the pathogenesis of the disease, Recent evidence indicates that human T cells may fall into functional categories dependent on their cytokine profile and cytotoxic capacity. The human Th 1 subset is cytolytic and produces high levels of IFN–gamma whereas the Th2 type of T cell produces IL–4. In order to investigate whether Th 1 or Th 2 type cells are present in the inflammatory synovial membrane in RA. a panel of synovial membrane derived T–cell clones (n=19) was generated and studied functionally. Anti–CD3–induced cytotoxicity assays were performed to demonstrate the cytotoxic potential of clones. Except for two, all clones were cytotytic in this lest. Clone cells were activated Io initiate cytokine production and assessment of the cytokine levels showed that all clones produced large amounts of IFN–gamma (18 out of 19 clones: over 50,000 pg/ ml) whereas IL–4 was absent or present in minimal amounts (17 out of 19 clones: less than 1000 pg/ml). The production of IL–1, IL–2 and IL–6 was variable.The functional characteristics of the clones studied indicate that they may resemble the Th 1 subtype of T ceils. Our data suggest a relation between Th1–type functions and the chronic inflammation characteristic of RA.
Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus disease in organ transplant recipients with oral ganciclovir or oral acyclovir prophylaxis
Authors: Rubin R.H. , Kemmerly S.A. , Conti D. , Doran M. , Murray B.M. , Neylan J.F. , Pappas C. , Pitts D. , Avery R. , Pavlakis M. , Del Busto R. , DeNofrio D. , Blumberg E.A. , Schoenfeld D.A. , Donohue T. , Fisher S.A. , Fishman J.A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract: Background: Optimal prophylaxis against cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease for organ transplant patients at risk for primary infection (donor seropositive, recipient seronegative, D+R−) remains to be determined. We hypothesized that prolonged oral ganciclovir therapy following intravenous therapy would provide increased protection. Methods: A total of 155 evaluable D+R− organ transplant recipients from 13 transplant centers were entered into the study: all received intravenous ganciclovir (5 mg/kg/day) for 5–10 days and then either oral acyclovir (400 mg tid) or oral ganciclovir (1 g tid) for an additional 12 weeks. Patients were assigned to their treatment groups at a central randomization site, with a separate randomization scheme for each of the organs transplanted (kidney, heart, or liver). In the case of kidney transplants, the patients were stratified according to source of the kidney (living related vs. cadaveric donor). The primary endpoint was the incidence of CMV disease in the first six months post‐transplant. Results: Treatment with oral ganciclovir was associated with a significant decrease in the incidence of symptomatic disease or viremia when compared with the oral acyclovir group (32% vs. 50%, P<0.05). This difference was most marked in terms of tissue invasive disease: only 3 of 15 symptomatic patients in the ganciclovir group vs. 10 of 21 in the acyclovir group developed tissue‐invasive infection (P<0.05). There was a significant difference in the time to CMV disease or viremia in the two groups: mean time 212±17 days post‐transplant for the acyclovir group vs. 291±13 days for the ganciclovir group (P<0.001). The incidence of allograft rejection was 34% in the ganciclovir group and 46% in the acyclovir group (P=NS). Leukopenia was more common in the ganciclovir group (P<0.05), but in no case did it require drug discontinuation. Ganciclovir resistance did not develop in this study. Conclusion: Prophylaxis with oral ganciclovir following a brief course of intravenous ganciclovir provides useful protection against primary CMV disease.
Airway management in two of newborns with Pierre Robin Sequence: the use of disposable vs multiple use LMA for fiberoptic intubation
Authors: CAIN JUDI M. , MASON LINDA J. , MARTIN ROBERT D. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryIn this article, we discuss the use of LMAs as a conduit to intubate the trachea of two Pierre Robin Sequence infants. Multiple use LMAs will admit larger diameter tracheal tubes (TT) than their disposable counterparts. Increased friction with the surface of the TT makes passing even small diameter tubes through the lumen of the disposable LMA difficult.
Rapid population declines of Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) and red‐headed vulture (Sarcogyps calvus) in India
Authors: Cuthbert R. , Green R. E. , Ranade S. , Saravanan S. , Pain D. J. , Prakash V. , Cunningham A. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSince the early 1990s, large and rapid population declines of three species of vulture (Gyps spp.) endemic to south Asia have occurred on the Indian subcontinent and have led to these species being listed by IUCN as critically endangered. Evidence of rates of population decline, cause of death and toxicity is consistent with these declines being caused by poisoning of vultures through the ingestion of tissues from livestock treated with the anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac. In this paper, analysis of repeated surveys in and near protected areas widely spread across India shows that populations of two other vulture species, Egyptian vulture Neophron percnopterus and red‐headed vulture Sarcogyps calvus, have also declined markedly and rapidly, but probably with a later onset than Gyps vultures in the same region. The declines continued at least up to 2003. It is recommended that these two species are considered for inclusion in the IUCN Red List and for urgent remedial conservation measures. Research is needed to determine whether or not the principal cause of these declines is diclofenac poisoning and to establish population trends in other scavenging birds in the Indian subcontinent.
Health Risk Behavior of Rural Low‐Income Expectant Fathers
Authors: Everett Kevin D. , Bullock Linda , Gage Jeffrey D. , Longo Daniel R. , Geden Elizabeth , Madsen Richard 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: To assess expectant fathers' health risk behaviors and attitudes about pregnancy‐related health issues. Pregnancy may be viewed as a teachable moment: a time when women are receptive to health advice and take action to improve their health and the health of their babies. Pregnancy may also be a teachable moment for expectant fathers, although men's behaviors are rarely considered as part of prenatal care or in associated research.Design: Cross‐sectional prevalence study.Sample: Rural low‐income expectant fathers (N=138) whose pregnant partners had enrolled in a Medicaid managed care health plan.Measurement: A telephone survey measuring five health risk behaviors, sociodemographic variables, and pregnancy‐ and behavior change‐related attitudes.Results: Analyses found the following: 49.3% smoked cigarettes; 30.4% engaged in hazardous drinking in the past month; 27.5% had very low physical activity levels; 94.9% had at‐risk fruit/vegetable intake; and 42% had weight‐related health risk (25.4% met body mass index [BMI] criteria for obesity). Further, 47.9% of the men engaged in three or more of five assessed health risk behaviors.Conclusions: This sample of expectant fathers engages in high rates of health risk behaviors. Failure to address the health risk behavior of men during prenatal care represents a missed opportunity to improve paternal, maternal, and family health.
Adherence to Latent Tuberculosis Infection Therapy Among Latino Immigrants
Authors: Ailinger Rita L. , Moore Jean B. , Nguyen Nga , Lasus Howard 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Background: One third of the world population is infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the United States, a key component for eliminating tuberculosis (TB) is treating latent TB infection (LTBI) in high‐risk persons such as immigrants.Objective: Examine the prevalence of adherence to LTBI therapy and the influence of basic conditioning factors on adherence among Latino immigrants, guided by Orem's Self‐Care Deficit Theory. Adherence was treated as a health deviation self‐care requisite; the self‐care practice of taking daily medication for 9 months is essential to LTBI adherence. Conditioning factors include gender, age, sociocultural factors, environment, and health state.Design: Exploratory, cross‐sectional.Sample: Nonprobability sample (n=53) of Latino immigrants attending an urban public health clinic in the Washington, DC metropolitan area.Methods: Participants completed a brief questionnaire documenting selected conditioning factors, and 9‐month adherence to LTBI therapy was determined from their medical records.Results: Adherence dropped from 98% in month 2 to 72% at 9 months. The mean number of months adherent was 7.4. Adherence was not significantly associated with gender, country of origin, languages spoken, age, education, or years in the United States. Adherence was slightly lower (t=2.059, p=.059) in persons who knew someone with TB.Conclusions: Nurses should emphasize the importance of adherence for the full 9 months to this population.
Using Participatory Action Research to Provide Health Promotion for Disadvantaged Elders in Shaanxi Province, China
Authors: Liu Ming , Gao Rui , Pusari Nirmala 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: The objectives of the study were to (a) determine health promotion issues concerning disadvantaged elders, (b) identify social, economic, environmental, and personal factors that adversely influence disadvantaged elders' health, and (c) enable various stakeholders working within a coordinated framework to promote health among elders.Design: A participatory action research (PAR) model was used over a 2‐year period in a remote disadvantaged rural village in Shaanxi province, China.Sample: Participants were 20 elders and 5 local administrators including government officers and village leaders.Results: Three themes were identified, including (a) health is the absence of illness and the ability to sustain self‐sufficiency; (b) diseases are inevitable among elders; and (c) cost is the key barrier to accessing health services. Action plans were developed and plans were implemented by the participants and project team.Conclusions: The project demonstrated that PAR is an optimum research method, which allows researchers to facilitate collaboration with all participants through research and supports democratic dialogue and deliberation through the participation process. Interpersonal relationship skills of researchers are crucially important in building cooperation among all stakeholders. Local government mobilization is essential for successful implementation and sustainability of the project.
Correlates of Public Health Workforce Acceptance of Smallpox Immunization in Virginia
Authors: Bryant‐Genevier Marthe , Sommer Sandra , McMahon Ann , Ball Robert , Braun M. Miles 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objective: By October 24, 2003, 38,577 of 500,000 targeted civilians received smallpox vaccine in the Pre‐Event Smallpox Vaccination Campaign, Phase I. We investigated reasons for the low vaccination uptake.Design: Cross‐sectional survey, conducted in May 2004.Sample: We surveyed 225 health care personnel, potential members of smallpox response teams in Virginia, who were offered vaccination. We assessed respondents' acceptance of vaccination and its association with factors potentially influencing vaccination: perceptions of vaccine safety, contraindications, concerns about bioterrorism, and workplace influences.Results: Among nonvaccinees (n=44), 70% had a contraindication to the vaccine compared with 8% among vaccinees (n=132). The desire to prepare America for potential bioterrorist attack was associated with acceptance of smallpox vaccination (odds ratio [OR]: 17.7, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6–85.9). Among respondents with contraindications, vaccinees reported more often than nonvaccinees having been asked by their supervisors to be vaccinated (OR: 5; 95% CI: 1.1–22.1) and to have been concerned that their vaccination choice would affect positively their job evaluation (OR: 11; 95% CI: 1.6–81.1).Conclusion: Concerns about bioterrorism and willingness to help in the preparedness effort were motivations for vaccination. Continued vigilance to avoid vaccination of those with contraindications is needed.
Differences Between Parish Nurses and Parish Nurse Associates: Results of a Statewide Survey of an Ecumenical Network
Authors: Mosack Victoria , Medvene Louis J. , Wescott JoVeta 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: To gather data that would help a parish nurse network to better understand its participants and to explore differences between parish nurses who had completed the basic preparation class versus those who had not in terms of engagement in activities.Design, Sample, and Measurements: A mail survey, including items related to communal orientation, was developed and sent to members of a state‐wide parish nurse network (n=265), with 165 surveys returned for a 62% response rate for this descriptive study.Results: Approximately half of the parish nurses indicated that they entered this specialty through church contacts (27.0%) or through the encouragement of family/friends (22.7%). Nurses not completing parish nursing education/training (47%) were significantly more likely to (a) be younger (55 vs. 59 years of age), (b) work fewer hours (8 vs. 16), and (c) provide fewer activities/services for their congregations (4.8 vs. 6.2). Overall, the nurses described themselves as being “communally oriented,” that is, desiring to give and receive benefits in response to others' needs.Conclusions: The findings support previous speculations that some self‐identified parish nurses function in an “associate” role. Such associates lack the basic preparation class in parish nursing and work fewer hours each month.
Evaluating Content Validity and Test–Retest Reliability of the Children's Health Risk Behavior Scale
Authors: Riesch Susan K. , Anderson Lori S. , Angresano Nicole , Canty‐Mitchell Janie , Johnson Deborah L. , Krainuwat Kerada 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT
Objectives: Describe the instrument development process and report the validity and reliability of the Children's Health Risk Behavior Scale (CHRBS), a scale designed to screen for health risk behaviors among youth aged 10–13 Years.Methods: Domain identification and item generation using the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance Survey from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and testing relevance and test–retest reliability among a target audience sample of 77 fifth graders in their classrooms in two separate public school districts.Results: Youth performed their tasks as expert item reviewers effectively. Twenty‐one items comprise the CHRBS with a reading level determined to be at the third grade.Conclusions: We have developed a reliable and valid measure to assess late elementary youth's participation in health risk behavior.
Development of a Gerodontology course in Athens: a pilot study
Authors: Kossioni A. E. , Karkazis H. C. 
Published: June 2006

Aim:  To describe the development of an undergraduate Gerodontology course in Athens Dental School.Background:  Because of demographic changes, undergraduate dental curricula should place appropriate emphasis on the oral care of the elderly. Therefore, the Athens Dental School Curriculum Committee authorised the development of a new Gerodontology course.Methods:  The new course was introduced in the 10th (final) semester of undergraduate studies. Teaching responsibilities were shared amongst staff from various Dental School departments and the National Health System. The course was elective and mainly didactic, consisting of seminars within the Dental School, educational visits to hospitals and geriatric day centres and elective clinical work in the comprehensive care clinic. The students evaluated the course at the end of the semester and indicated its strengths and weaknesses from their perspective.Conclusion:  The new course was generally satisfying. Based on the experience and evaluation of the first pilot year and taking into consideration the existing barriers, we plan to improve and expand educational activities, mainly including improved methods of teaching and assessment, and more clinical assignments.
Attitudes of dental and medical students in their first and final years of undergraduate study to oral health behaviour
Authors: Rong W. S. , Wang W. J. , Yip H. K. 
Published: June 2006

Objective:  To compare differences in attitude to oral health behaviour amongst medical and dental students when they were in years 1 and 5 of University study respectively.Methods:  Medical and dental students of Peking University in Beijing, China were invited to take part in this study. The original version of the Hiroshima University‐Dental Behavioural Inventory (HU‐DBI) was written in Japanese. After testing the validity of both English and Chinese versions, the revised Chinese version of the HU‐DBI was administered to new medical and dental students. In their final year of University study, the same questionnaire was again administered.Results:  Significant differences were found for 13 of 21 items, reflecting an improvement in oral health attitudes and behaviour in final year dental students when compared with the time they were entrants. This difference was not found to be significant in the sample of medical students.Conclusions:  There were significant differences in oral health attitudes and behaviours in dental students between entrance to University and the final year of their study. The same was not found to be true for medical students.