bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF LUCERNE, GRASS AND CLOVER UNDER DIEEERENT SYSTEMS OE MANAGEMENT
Authors: Davies W. Ellis , Davies R. O. , Harvard A. 
Published: April 2006

The yields of two varieties of lucerne sown alone and in associalion with each of three grasses were compared with similar red clover/grass mixtures over the period 1953–56 under two levels of nitrogenous and potassic fertilizers and two cutting treatments. The main object of the experiment was to gain a wider knowledge of the productivity and chemical composition of lucerne sown alone, and in mixtures, under relatively high rainfall conditions.The highest production was obtained from Du Puits and its mixtures, which exceeded Grimm and S 123 red clover mixtures. The yields of the lucerne/grass mixtures were not significantly better than those of the pure sown lucerne. Under the most favourable conditions for lucerne, Du Puits eliminated practically all the sown grasses, viz., S 23 ryegrass, S 51 timothy and S 215 meadow fescue.The application of nitrogen encouraged the growth of the grasses, often at the expense of the legume, especially the slower growing Grimm and S 123. The effect on Du Puits was less marked, but in no case was there a stibstantial increase in actual legume yield. Increasing the level of potassium, although not immediately affecting the yield, proved beneficial to lucerne survival in the later years. The protein yield from the best lucerne plots was found to be double that from pure grass swards heavily fertilized with nitrogen.Three cuts of lucerne in the first two harvest years had a disastrous effecl on the carry‐over of lucerne from the second to the third year. Both varieties of lucerne and their mixtures behaved in a similar fashion, although S 123 red clover appeared to be indifferent to these conditions. It is suggested that the cause of this was the unfavourable weather experienced in 1954.
THE EFFECT OF WHITE CLOVER AND NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER ON THE PRODUCTION OF A SWARD
Authors: Cowling D. W. 
Published: April 2006

Three‐year leys of cocksfoot/white clover and cocksfoot alone were dressed with 0, 35, 105 and 210 lb. N per acre every year to provide information on the effect of clover and N on annual production.White clover contributed 40% of the dry‐matter yield but its presence was responsible for 77% of this yield where no N was used: it was responsible for less than 8%, and contributed 5%, where 210 lb. N per acre was applied annually, lt was estimated that grass alone receiving 160 lb. N per acre would yield as much dry matter as a mixed sward receiving none.Clover had the indirect effect of raising yield of nitrogen in the companion grass by 60 lb. per acre per year. A maximum of l06 lb. was recorded in 1958.The response of the tnixed sward averaged 10 lb. of dry matter per lb. N. Prevailing economic circumstances will determine if this level is satisfactory in practice.The recovery of N by grass alone varied from 54% at the lowest level of N to 80% at the highest. On mixed swards apparent recovery was negative or low: N was to a large extent only replacing the effect of clover which was suppressed by its use.Factors influencing response and the difference between that obtained under experimental and practical conditions are discussed.The use of N to produce out‐of‐season grass may give good response, but may cause a reduction in clover contribution.
THE INFLUENCE OF SEASONAL CHANGES IN LIGHT ENERGY ON LEAF AND TILLER DEVELOPMENT IN RYEGRASS, TIMOTHY AND MEADOW FESCUE
Authors: Patel A. S. , Cooper J. P. 
Published: April 2006

The importance of leaf area as a determinant of yield in herbage crops is now widely realized. Selection for a rapid increase in leaf area might therefore be a useful approach to the problem of breeding for yield.The present paper describes the seasonal changes in two important components of leaf area, rate of leaf and tiller production, in contrasting varieties of ryegrass, timothy and meadow fescue. The regular seasonal variation in these components in the glasshouse is shown to be determined primarily by available light energy, the species and varieties differing in their response to changes in light energy. The possibilities of selection for these components of leaf area are discussed, but it is pointed out that individual leaf size must also be considered.
CHANGES IN THE CHARACTERS OF LUCERNE VARIETIES WHEN GROWN FOR SEED UNDER CONDITIONS DIFFERING FROM THOSE OF THEIR COUNTRY OF ORIGIN
Authors: Zaleski A. 
Published: April 2006

An investigation into the effect of different environments on lucerne varieties seeded in southern latitudes was carried out at Cambridge on spaced‐plants and on yield trials during 1954–60. The varieties Flandria (northern French), Provence (southern French), and Grimm (Canadian) were multiplied in Cyprus for two generations under the control of the Department of Agriculture there. The English variety Eynsford was multiplied in countries of the Mediterranean area for one generation under the supervision of the O.E.E.C. and F.A.O.Morphological and physiological changes took place in Flandria. Eynsford and Grimm, the significance of which in relation to the generation, the authenticity of variety and the yield of fodder are discussed.
THE EFFECT OF WHITE CLOVER, FERTILIZER NITROGEN AND SIMULATED ANIMAL RESIDUES ON YIELD OF GRASSLAND HERBAGE
Authors: Holliday R. , Wilman D. 
Published: April 2006

An experiment is described which measures the effects of white clover, fertilizer nitrogen and simulated animal residues, alone and in all combinations, on total herbage production from a perennial ryegrass sward. Yields of oven‐dry herbage and of nitrogen are quoted. Two cuts were taken in the seedling year and four to six in each of three full harvest years.Yield response to fertilizer nitrogen was similar to that in some other experiments in the U.K., while the beneficial effect of clover on yield was rather greater.Negative nitrogen ± clover and positive nitrogen ± animal residues interactions were found throughout the yield data. There was a positive clover ± animal residues interaction in the first harvest year (dry‐matter yield only), and a negative nitrogen ± clover ± animal residues interaction in the second harvest year.The results are discussed in relation to other published work and to their application in practice.
THE YIELDS OF LUCERNE VARIETIES IN WEST WALES
Authors: Davies W. Ellis , Tyler B. F. 
Published: April 2006

Nine varieties of lucerne were grown at the Welsh Plant Breeding Station in broadcast plots, without a companion grass, and three cuts of each variety were taken each year for three years.None of the newer varieties significantly outyielded the control variety Du Puits, although Alfa and G.P.R.l. produced 6% and 4% more dry matter. Cardinal gave a similar yield to the control; Omega and G.P.R.2 produced considerably less. A new late variety AF1 yielded 8% less dry matter than Du Puits but was equal to it in yield of crude protein. Vernal and Provence were very markedly inferior to all other varieties.The average yields of the lucerne fraction were 5910, 11,850 and 10,160 Ib/acre in the first, second and third harvest years. Unsown grass contributed from one‐half to one ton per acre per annum, in inverse proportion to yield of lucerne; the contribution was greatest in the first cut, but was negligible in the last two cuts.Data were also collected on susceptibility to leaf spot (Pseudopeziza medicaginis) and on plant counts.
THE EFFECT OF IRRIGATION AND STOCKING RATE ON THE OUTPUT FROM A SWARD
Authors: Bone J. S. , Tayler R. S. 
Published: April 2006

In view of the paucity of information on the effect of grassland irrigation on livestock production, a grazing experiment was made in 1960 and 1961 in which the response to irrigation was measured at two dairy‐cow stocking rates. The method and herbage results are described.The increases in herbage utilized as a result of irrigation were comparable with the results of cutting experiments, averaging 342 lb of ash‐free organic matter per acre‐inch of water used. Irrigation also increased the uniformity of herbage production.
GRASSLAND RECORDING. III
Authors: Baker R. D. 
Published: April 2006

A previous paper (2) reported that the utilized‐stareh‐equivalent (U.S.E.) system did not reflect the quantity or quality of herbage consumed better than a much simpler cow‐day (C.D.) system, and. in all the cases studied, the correlation between U.S.E. and CD. was greater than + 0·877.The existing methods of C.D. evaluation are unsatisfactory because methods of equating classes of stock arc widely different and many are arbitrary.An examination has been made of published measurements of herbage intake of groups of sheep and cattle. A regression analysis of cattle intakes gave the equation: dry matter intake (lb) = 0·0234 liveweight + 0·7.The use of this equation is advocated as a basis for assessing the relative herbage intake of cattle and sheep of known liveweights in order to compute the total herbage consumption corrected to C.D.
EFFECT OF DENSITY OF PLANT POPULATION, PHOTOPERIOD, TEMPERATURE AND LIGHT INTENSITY ON INFLORESCENCE FORMATION IN WHITE CLOVER
Authors: Zaleski A. 
Published: April 2006

During 1959–62 a study was nmdc of the effect or the density of plant population, photoperiod, temperature and light intensity on stolon rornialion, floral induetion, bud expansion and inflorescence development in S184 white clover.The density of the plant population alfected not only stolon and inflorescence formation, but also the root system. The‘open’ sward with about 60 plants per sq. yd gave the highest number of inflorescences per unit area, and al the same time contained few plants with tap roots.White clover had a long‐day photoperiodjc requirement, but there was variation between the individual plants in their requirements of daylength, temperature and light intensity.Overwintering did not appear to be essential for floral induction and primordia development. Too low or too high temperatures during the overwintering period appeared, respectively, to delay or stimulate vegetative growth, while both extremes of temperature seemed to delay floral induction and reduce inflorescence formation. A medium range of temperature (40°–55°F) followed by an increasing temperature, daylength and light intensity, appeared to be most satisfactory for primordia initiation and flowering.There is some inter‐relation between temperature and light intensity, but light intensity stimulates vegetative growth and development of the primordia, as well as being essential for the formation of numerous inflorescences.
THE YIELDS AND COMPOSITION OF LUCERNE, GRASS AND CLOVER UNDER DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF MANAGEMENT
Authors: Davies W. Ellis 
Published: April 2006

The mean yields of 4 varieties of lucerne were compared under 5 methods of growing: broadcast with and without grass; drills 2 ft apart; alternate lucerne/grass drills 1 ft apart; spaced plants. One cut was harvested in the sowing year and 3 cuts a year for the next 3 years.The alternate lucerne/grass drills yielded 20% less dry matter than the comparable broadcast plots. Broadcasting and sowing in alternate drills had the same effect on the pattern of lucerne/grass competition. The meadow fescue companion produced its highest yield at the first cut and there was a marked drop during each year and from year to year. There was little evidence of nitrogen transfer from the lucerne to the grass.
GRASSLAND MANAGEMENT AND MILK PRODUCTION AT THE HANNAH INSTITUTE, 1958–62
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

Details are given of the system of grassland management used on the farm of the Hannah Dairy Research Institute in the 5‐year period 1958–62, when the aim was to inerease production economically by achieving a balance between the use of grass, grassland conservation products, home‐grown cereals and the minimum amount of purchased feeds.Over the period the number of cows and lst‐calf heifers increased from 50 to 53, while the total annual milk production increased from 41,000 to 50,000 gal. The yield of milk increased from 820 to 945 gal. per cow, and from 300 to 380 gal. per acre. Concentrate usage declined from 2.5 to 1.8 lb per gal.The margin of milk sales less purchased feed rose from £111 to £129 per cow in the 5 years and the net output averaged £59 per acre. The health of the stock was excellent.
SOME IMPLICATIONS OF DEATH AND DECAY IN PASTURE PRODUCTION*
Authors: Hunt L. A. 
Published: April 2006

Study of the growth of an undefoliated stand of Italian ryegrass showed that the yields of leaf blade, leaf sheath, and dead matter remained fairly constant for 10 weeks in winter, although individual tillers produced a new leaf every 16–19 days. From these data it is estimated that approximately 8 lb. of dry matter/acre/day was lost through the death and subsequent decomposition of plant tissue.Investigation of the recovery growth of a closely defoliated perennial ryegrass sward in summer showed that the yields of leaf blade and leaf sheath increased rapidly with time until there was sufficient foliage to intercept virtually all of the noon light and slowly thereafter; whereas the yield of senescent and dead material increased slowly at first and rapidly later. It is suggested that the rate at which dry matter accumulated beyond the stage of complete light interception depended to a large extent upon the rate of tissue decay.Determinations of the composition of the stubble of a perennial ryegrass sward which was leniently defoliated at weekly intervals in late summer showed that the proportion of leaf blade in the material necessary to intercept 90–95% of the noon light decreased with time, whilst the proportion of dead matter increased. It is pointed out that the rate of dry‐matter accumulation was probably affected throughout by factors which determined the rate of decomposition of dead material. The conclusion drawn is that pasture production is likely to be good only when grazing or cutting management ensures that dry‐matter losses by decay are kept to a minimum, whilst gains by photosynthesis continue at a high level. The results of some cutting trials are discussed in these terms.
THE RESIDUAL VALUE OVER THIRTEEN YEARS OF ROCK PHOSPHATE AND SUPERPHOSPHATE ON A PERMANENT GRASS SWARD
Authors: Edwards G. H. A. 
Published: April 2006

Over 13 years, 12 cwt/ac of ground rock phosphate (29% P2O5) were applied to an old grass sward, either completely in the first year or in equal amounts in each of the first 4 years; alternatively, 18 cwt superphosphate/ac were applied either in 3 equal amounts at 4–yearly intervals, or in equal amounts annually over the first 12 years.In the first year, the larger dressing of superphosphate gave the best response, measured as fresh herbage cut in mid–July each year, but during the next 7 years all methods of application gave similar yields. Dressings of rock phosphate gave progressively poorer response after 7 years and plots so treated were not significantly better than the control in the final year. At the end of the experiment, plots receiving annual applications of superphosphate yielded most herbage and those which had received superphosphate at 4–yearly intervals still showed a significant response. Phosphate in rock phosphate applied as a single dressing was two–thirds as effective over an 8–year period as that in superphosphate applied annually.The small difference over 12 years in phosphate uptake from 3 dressings of superphosphate compared with its equivalent in annual applications suggested that little phosphate fixation was taking place. The fact that a single dressing of rock phosphate was able to maintain yields and phosphate uptake close to that obtained from annual applications over 7 years supports this and suggests that the failure to utilize one third of the phosphate in rock phosphate was mostly due to initial insolubility.
GRASSLAND SYSTEMS*
Authors: Holmes W. , Allanson G. 
Published: April 2006

Reference is made to the contrast between actual and potential yields from grassland, to the main factors affecting the development of effective grassland systems for dairy cows and to the technical developments which are now available. The unrealized potential for simplification and increased output from grazing systems is stressed.The available information on the effect of mechanical grazing and storage feeding systems is reviewed and the practical advantages and problems of these systems summarized.Simple calculations are made of the capital involved in large herd organization and the increases in herbage yield or efficiency of use needed to justify this additional expenditure. For large herds a relatively small increase (10%) in output per acre would justify the annual capital charge and feed cost for mechanical harvesting or tower silage; greater increases would be needed for grass drying (22%) or for tower silos in smaller (100‐cow) herds (16%). Other important but less tangible factors influencing the choice of system are referred to.It is considered that unless herbage yields can be greatly increased by the use of mechanical grazing compared with normal grazing, the practical difficulties of this method outweigh its advantages. If tower silos allow more efficient conservation and easier feeding, they may be worthwhile, but the search should continue for cheaper alternatives. Only in very large‐scale enterprises can grass drying, solely to produce cattle feed, be justified, although this method offers the greatest potential.In view of the complexities, it is suggested that computer models may help to resolve such problems and one such study is briefly described.
SALINITY EFFECTS ON ROOTS AND TOPS OF BERMUDA GRASS
Authors: Youngner V. B. , Lunt O. R. 
Published: April 2006

Bermuda‐grass varieties, cut at weekly intervals, differed in salt tolerance when grown in 20 m. eq./l. Hoagland's Solution No. 1 plus 0, 80, 160, 240, and 320. m. eq./l. sodium and calcium chlorides. Weights of above‐ground parts decreased while root weight to top weight ratios increased with increased salinity. Highest root weights were obtained at the intermediate to high salt levels.Explanations proposed for the root‐growth stimulation are: maintenance of a high photosynthetic rate despite retardation of top growth, reduced percentage defoliation resulting from top growth retardation or a differential response of tops and roots to growth hormones.
CHANGES IN THE BOTANICAL COMPOSITION OF A SOWN PASTURE ON THE CHALK IN KENT 1956–64
Authors: Wells T. C. E. 
Published: April 2006

Changes in the cover of three grasses and two clovers sown in ploughed downland were measured annually for 8 years. Perennial ryegrass and cocksfoot were the most persistent of the sown species. Wild white clover increased in the first 3 years, but then decreased considerably, probably as a result of heavy grazing in the spring of 1960, and subsequently never recovered.Invasion by weed species and the rate of reversion of sown leys on the chalk to permanent downland is discussed.
AMMONIA AS A SOURCE OF NITROGEN FOR GRASS SWARDS
Authors: Cowltng D. W. 
Published: April 2006

Aqueous ammonia was injected to a depth of 10 cm into small grass plots in late winter at rates equivalent to 200 and 400 kg N per ha. The effect on yield of DM, seasonal distribution of yield and uptake of N in the herbage was compared with that of single or split applications of ammonium nitrate. Two levels of supplementary irrigation were given in summer. The method of injection minimised damage to the sward and loss of ammonia by volatilization.Aqueous ammonia and ammonium nitrate (single application) gave similar yields of dry matter, uptake of N and distribution of yield over the season. Ammonia was no more effective than ammonium nitrate under dry conditions. A single application in February of 200 kg N/ha as ammonium nitrate gave a greater total annual yield than the same quantity of N as ammonia or as a split dressing of the solid fertilizer. At 400 kg N/ha, split application gave the highest yields. The uptakes of N in the harvested grass was similar, in each irrigation treatment and at each level of N, for the three methods of applying N, The apparent recovery was low.Aqueous ammonia, efficiently injected, was a satisfactory form of N for grass at the first cut, but it did not provide a continuing supply of N for crops harvested later in that season.
SOME EFFECTS OF SOIL‐WATER CONDITIONS AND SOIL TEMPERATURE ON THE ROOTS OF GRASSES AND CLOVER
Authors: Garwood E. A. 
Published: April 2006

The effects of soil water conditions and soil temperatures on the growth of grass and clover roots and on the number of new adventitious roots were examined in the field and in glasshouse experiments.Although significantly more new roots were produced when swards were irrigated during extremely dry periods, the effect was small, In general, irrigation appeared to have little effect on the seasonal pattern of production of new roots from the base of the plant.High soil temperatures affected root growth. Branching of roots was increased by high temperatures, but the number of new roots formed at the base of the tillers was decreased, and the mean diameter of the roots was decreased. A multiple regression analysis of the number of new roots beneath a unit area of sward with soil‐water conditions and soil temperatures at the time of sampling gave a significant inverse relationship with soil temperature. No relationship could be demonstrated
THE PRODUCTION OF DRY MATTER BY SWARDS OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS, DIFFERING IN AVERAGE AGE OF FOLIAGE
Authors: Anslow R. C. 
Published: April 2006

Leaves of different ages were removed 7 times between June and October. Each defoliation was timed to match the appearance of successive leaves on each tiller. The removal of leaves at progressively younger stages reduced total production above ground, but the most severe treatment, the removal of all expanded leaves repeatedly, still produced about 75% as much as the least severely defoliated sward. Clipping with shears 3 times reduced yield as much as removing all expanded leaves 7 times. A crop allowed to grow untouched apparently produced more than any defoliated treatment, but this may have been an artefact.The lower production following increasingly drastic defoliation was not associated with reduced concentrations of nitrogen or potassium in the foliage removed, or in the crop left behind. The total quantity of these elements recovered in the crop was greatest in those treatments where least dry matter was produced. Explanations for the results depend on the capacity of swards of predominantly young leaves to assimilate carbon more rapidly than those containing old and senescent tissue.
THE EFFECT OF PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS ON DIET SELECTION BY GRAZING EWES
Authors: McManus W. R. , Arnold G. W. , Ball Judith 
Published: April 2006

The effect of the physiological status of grazing ewes on diet selection was studied, using ewes with oesophageal fistulae. The diets of dry ewes grazing Phalaris annual grasses and subterranean clover pastures, over a range of availabilities, were compared with those of ewes in various stages of pregnancy and lactation. There were no significant differences at any stage of reproduction in the botanical composition of the diets. However, small differences in diet digestibility, soluble carbohydrate and nitrogen content were found during pregnancy and lactation. These occurred at all levels of availability of pasture. The differences did not appear to have nutritional significance in the particular pasture ecosystems studied because levels of N, soluble carbohydrates and digestibility of the diet were such that selection for survival was unlikely to be necessary.It is concluded that dry fistulated ewes can be used to obtain samples for assessing diet N and soluble carbohydrate contents for ewes in other physiological states. The use of in vitro digestibility tests of diets of dry ewes to assess diet digestibility for ewes in other physiological states may be subject to error.