bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extent of Urban Growth and Agricultural Displacement in Post-War Britain
Authors: Best Robin H. 
Published: October 2006

The rate of urban growth at the expense of agricultural land should not be exaggerated. Between 1960 and 1965 it amounted to about 44,000 acres a year in Great Britain. This scale of loss is a third less than the peak attained in pre-war years and, although there have been considerable annual fluctuations in the post-war period, no sustained increase in the rate of transfer has been evident. Notable contrasts in urban growth exist between and within different regions of the country, the highest land demands being concentrated along a belt running from Lancashire to London. From 1960 and 2000 it is estimated that the total urban area of England and Wales will extend by a further 1,600,000-1,700,000 acres, but it will then still only cover 15-16 per cent. of the whole land surface. A comparison is made with the United States where about 1,000,000 acres annually are being transferred into urban use.
Changing Spatial Patterns in the Journey-to-Work : a comparison of the 1966 and 1971 Census Data in London
Authors: Mogridge M.J.H. 
Published: October 2006

The 1966 and 1971 census journey-to-work data for London has been analysed by traffic zone of origin and destination (residence and workplace), using LTS and GLTS traffic zones respectively. The 10 per cent sample, or some 400,000 journeys, is thus analysed by some 1000 zones for each of which coordinate references or geo-codes of their centroids are available. Direct distances for the journey length between the centroids, and for the distance of the centroid from the city centre can thus be calculated, using for the city centre a point near Piccadilly Circus which is the centre of population. These distances can be chopped into 2 km bands, and the following analyses performed: (a) median trip lengths can be obtained, by distance of the trip end from the city centre, in total and by mode; (b) numbers of workplaces and residences, by distance from the centre, in total and by mode; (c) modal split, by distance of the trip end from the city centre; (d) the workplace-based trip length distributions are calibrated by gamma distributions (but not the residence-based). The results show an increase in median trip lengths of 2-3 per cent per annum overall, over the 5 years, but the detailed switching between modes as car ownership increases shows that, by mode, the trip length distributions are much more constant, only rail and car trips from workplaces showing any substantial increase (of 2 per cent per annum). Goodwin's theory of utility implies a particular spread factor for the gamma calibrations of trip length. The observed distributions do not conform to this. These suggest that for bus trips the taper of generalised cost with distance is important, and more crucially for city structure, that for rail and car travel the trade-off between rent and transport costs is important, giving radial rather than orbital travel.
Building an abbreviation dictionary using a term recognition approach
Authors: Okazaki Naoaki , Ananiadou Sophia 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Motivation: Acronyms result from a highly productive type of term variation and trigger the need for an acronym dictionary to establish associations between acronyms and their expanded forms.
Results: We propose a novel method for recognizing acronym definitions in a text collection. Assuming a word sequence co-occurring frequently with a parenthetical expression to be a potential expanded form, our method identifies acronym definitions in a similar manner to the statistical term recognition task. Applied to the whole MEDLINE (7 811 582 abstracts), the implemented system extracted 886 755 acronym candidates and recognized 300 954 expanded forms in reasonable time. Our method outperformed base-line systems, achieving 99% precision and 82–95% recall on our evaluation corpus that roughly emulates the whole MEDLINE.
Availability and Supplementary information: The implementations and supplementary information are available at our web site:
Contact: okazaki@mi.ci.i.u-tokyo.ac.jp
Induction of matrix metalloproteinase gene expression in an endothelial cell line by direct interaction with malignant cells
Authors: Hasebe Yuki , Egawa Kiyoshi , Shibanuma Motoko , Nose Kiyoshi 
Published: October 2006

Mouse endothelial TKD2 cells in monolayers were cocultured with various human cell lines for 24 h, and the expression of several secreted matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and cell adhesion molecules was examined by real‐time reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction using mouse‐specific primers. Coculture with normal fibroblasts did not elicit the expression of these molecules, but coculture with cancer cells induced the expression of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 mRNA in endothelial cells, and in normal mouse embryonic fibroblasts. The induction of MMP mRNA was dependent on direct cell adhesion, as separate culture of A549 cells in Boyden chambers did not induce MMP mRNA, and neutralizing antibody against VLA‐4 abolished the induction. An inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate kinase strongly suppressed the induction of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 mRNA, and expression of the dominant‐negative mutant of phosphatidylinositol‐3‐phosphate kinase also decreased the induction. It was suggested that intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were increased in TKD2 cells following adhesion to cancer cells. ROS scavengers decreased the levels of MMP induction, and roterone, an inhibitor of mitochondrial complex I, strongly suppressed the induction of MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10. The depletion of mitochondria in TKD2 cells decreased the induction of MMP‐9, but the induction of MMP‐3 and MMP‐10 was not affected. These results indicate that the adhesion of cancer cells to endothelial cells activates several distinct signaling pathways to induce MMP gene expression, and the pathways for MMP‐3, MMP‐9 and MMP‐10 are partly different. For the induction of MMP‐9, mitochondria participate in induction, possibly through the production of ROS. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 58–67)
OCIA domain containing 2 is highly expressed in adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with bronchioloalveolar carcinoma component and is associated with better prognosis
Authors: Ishiyama Tadashi , Kano Junko , Anami Yoichi , Onuki Takuya , Iijima Tatsuo , Morisita Yukio , Yokota Jun , Noguchi Masayuki 
Published: October 2006

Although lung adenocarcinoma is a major cause of cancer death worldwide, details of its molecular carcinogenesis and stepwise progression are still unclear. To characterize the sequential progression from bronchioloalveolar adenocarcinoma of the lung (BAC, in situ carcinoma) to adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component, polymerase chain reaction‐based cDNA suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) was carried out using two representative cases of BAC (non‐invasive tumors) and adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC (invasive tumors). Through differential screening, virtual reverse northern hybridization and quantitative real‐time reverse‐transcription–polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) we selected five genes (TncRNA, OCIAD2, ANXA2, TMED4 and LGALS4) that were expressed at significantly higher levels in invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC. After in situ hybridization and qRT‐PCR analyses, we confirmed that only the OCIAD2 gene showed significantly higher expression in the tumor cells of invasive adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC than in BAC (P = 0.026). We then carried out in situ hybridization of OCIAD2 in 56 adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component and assessed the correlation between OCIAD2 expression and clinicopathological features. In contrast to our expectation, the patients with OCIAD2 expression showed a better clinical outcome than those without OCIAD2 expression, and OCIAD2 expression showed an inverse correlation with lymphatic invasion, blood vessel invasion and lymph node metastasis. These results suggest that OCIAD2 begins to express at the progression from in situ to invasive carcinoma, and is associated with the favorable prognosis of adenocarcinoma mixed subtype with BAC component. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 50–57)
Characterization of major and trace elements in sclerotium grains
Authors: Watanabe M. , Inoue Y. , Sakagami N. , Bolormaa O. , Kawasaki K. , Hiradate S. , Fujitake N. , Ohta H. 
Published: October 2006

SummarySclerotium grains in soil contain humus‐metal complexes that are probably produced from fungal metabolites. The characterization of major elements in sclerotium grains collected from volcanic ash soils in Mt Myoko was examined by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FT‐IR spectrometry and CHN analysis, and the concentration of trace elements was determined by PIXE (particle induced X‐ray emission spectrometer) analysis. The content of major elements, C, H, N, O and Al, was approximately 47.6, 3.32, 0.78, 30.2 and 1.4% by mass, respectively. Trace elements such as Ti, Cr, Mn, Cu, Zn, Br and Pb were detected in the grains at concentrations between 10 and 100 μg g−1. Functional carbon groups for the whole grain were characterized by the dominance of O‐alkyl C associated with aromatic C. The comparison between the surface and subsurface (matrix) of the grain showed that the concentrations of O, C and N were relatively greater on the surface of sclerotium grains than in the matrix. The proportion of carbon having C–O, C=O, and O–C=O bonds, O and N showed a tendency to decrease from the surface towards the matrix. The proportion of C assigned as C–C and/or C–H bonds had a tendency to increase towards the matrix associated with Al.
Genetic differentiation ofAgrostis capillarisin a grassland system with stable heterogeneity due to terricolous ants
Authors: ROTHANZL JAN , KOTOUČOVÁ MAGDALENA , HRABINOVÁ IVANA , PLAČKOVÁ IVANA , HERBEN TOMÁŠ 
Published: October 2006

SummaryWe examined whether two different grassland microhabitats forming a stable mosaic (anthills and surrounding grassland) are colonized by different genotypes of a common grass,Agrostis capillaris, and thus maintain genetic variation in the species.The potential of individualAgrostisgenotypes, coming from different microhabitats, to withstand burial by ants was examined under experimental burial conditions. The same genotypes were then planted into these microhabitats in a reciprocal fashion to test whether their performance differs according to their source microhabitat. Isozymes were used to identify genet diversities and mean genet sizes at the microhabitats. They were also used to determine whether there is any indication that different genets occupy each of these microhabitats.The burial experiment showed a high genetic variation between clones, both in overall performance (mean over both environments) and in their plastic response to burial. Variation in the way individual clones respond differently to changes in their environment was observed. In contrast to the response in the burial experiment, no clone–origin interaction was found in the transplant experiment. The performance of all plants on the anthills was significantly lower than on other habitats.Isozyme analyses showed that the number of genets (per ramet sampled) on anthills is significantly lower than in the surrounding grassland. It also indicated a partial separation of genets into these microhabitats compared with homogeneous grassland conditions.The harsh environment of anthills therefore acts as a filter for the total pool ofAgrostisgenets in the grassland, with only the fastest growing clones able to survive under these conditions. AsAgrostisis capable of extensive clonal growth, it is able to cross microhabitats given sufficient time. Isozyme data showed that the contribution from generative reproduction is very low. Such a system indicates some ‘genet sorting’ through vegetative growth instead of genetic differentiation.
Dispersal limitation may result in the unimodal productivity‐diversity relationship: a new explanation for a general pattern
Authors: PÄRTEL MEELIS , ZOBEL MARTIN 
Published: October 2006

Summary

Variation in diversity with habitat productivity has long been a central ecological topic. Plant diversity is mostly highest at intermediate productivity, exhibiting the unimodal (so‐called ‘hump‐back’) relationship. This relationship has been explained by both evolutionary and ecological processes, but the potential role of dispersal limitation has not been considered.
We used European flora data to show that dispersal limitation may contribute to the unimodal productivity‐diversity relationship. Species were characterized by their habitat productivity preference and dispersal probability (determined by the number of seeds and the presence of a dispersal syndrome). We calculated average relative dispersal probabilities for species assemblages occurring preferentially in different habitat productivity levels.
At low productivity levels, species without dispersal syndromes predominate (R2 = 0.89), but at high productivity levels, species with a low number of seeds are common (R2 = 0.89). The total relative dispersal probability, combining both the dispersal probabilities attributable to the number of seeds and to the presence of dispersal syndrome, had a unimodal relationship with habitat productivity (R2 = 0.86). Thus, the unimodal productivity‐diversity relationship may arise due to the minimal dispersal limitation of local richness in conditions of moderately low productivity. At very low productivity, the lack of dispersal syndromes may limit dispersal. At high productivity, the low number of seeds may limit dispersal.
Consequently, in conditions where species pool size and biotic interactions do not vary along productivity gradients, the variation in dispersal probabilities with productivity alone can produce unimodal relationships between diversity and productivity. Thus, dispersal limitation may contribute to the observed diversity pattern and ecosystem functioning to a greater extent than usually assumed.
Characterization of nanostructured binary molybdenum oxide catalyst precursors for propene oxidation
Authors: WAGNER J. B. , OTHMAN N. D. , SU D. S. , HAMID S. B. A. , SCHLÖGL R. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryHigh‐resolution transmission electron microscopy characterization of molybdenum oxide catalyst precursors is carried out for a better understanding of the mechanisms leading to the active catalytic material. The precipitated material consists of both large‐unit cell crystals and randomly orientated clusters on a 3–5 nm scale. The crystalline clusters are embedded in non‐crystalline material, preventing the formation of large well‐defined inactive orthorhombic MoO3 crystals during activation of the catalyst material.
Modulated structures in Ni–Al–Cr alloy
Authors: JEZIERSKA ELŻBIETA , PILAWA MIROSŁAW 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe crystal structures of the different modulated and layered martensites in Ni–Al–Cr alloy have been observed. The layered martensite can be well described by the L10 lattice with seven‐layered or five‐layered long‐period stacking of {110} close‐packed planes of the parent phase. Modulated martensite is considered as a lattice oscillation by shuffling of atoms.
Interfacial reactions and silicate formation in highly dispersed Lu2O3– SiO2 system
Authors: KĘPIŃSKI L. , KRAJCZYK L. , DROZD M. 
Published: October 2006

SummarySolid state interface reactions in highly dispersed Lu2O3– SiO2 binary oxide system were studied at 600–1100 °C with X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The results show that at 600–900 °C an amorphous, nanometer thick Lu‐O‐Si layer covering SiO2 particles exists in the system. At higher temperatures the breakage of the layer into amorphous islands occurs and crystalline silicates with various structures are formed. In particular, Lu4[Si3O10][SiO4] silicate, analogue of B‐type Dy – Tm disilicates, forms at 1000 °C.
Microstructure and electrical properties of diborides modified by rapid thermal annealing
Authors: ZAGOZDZON‐WOSIK W. , RUSAKOVA I. , DARNE C. , ZHANG Z.‐H. , VAN DER HEIDE P. , MAJHI P. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryDiborides of Ti, Hf and Zr are thermally, mechanically and chemically stable with good thermal and electrical conductivity. We tested their properties in front‐end processes used in Si integrated circuits (IC). Films were deposited by e‐beam evaporation either on Si, for the formation of contacts to the source/drain (S/D) regions, or on Si oxides, for the formation of metal gates in p‐type metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (PMOS) transistors. We focused on their crystallization caused by rapid thermal processing (RTP) at temperatures up to 1100 °C. Transmission electron microscopy was used for identification of nanocrystallites of TiB2, ZrB2, and HfB2. The grain growth was correlated with temperature and time of RTP. Of all borides, HfB2 resulted in the most complete crystallization with little amorphous phase left. There was no crystallographic degradation of the interface with Si or dielectrics, except for extreme thermal budgets. Complementary techniques were used for monitoring chemical stability and electrical parameters of test structures to assess the role of recrystallization in device behaviour.
Advances and problems with TEM characterization of Cr/CrN multilayer coatings
Authors: MORGIEL J. , MAJOR L. , MAJOR B. , LACKNER J. M. , NISTOR L. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMultilayer Cr/CrN/Cr/Cr(N,C) and Cr/CrN with 8 and 32 layer coatings were deposited on austenite substrates using pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique. The microstructure observations were performed using Philips CM20™, TECNAI G2 F20 – TWIN™ and JEOL EX4000™ transmission microscopes. The performed experiments indicated that lowering the argon flow from 60 to 30 cm3/s during chromium ablation changes buffer layers microstructure from nearly amorphous to nano‐crystalline. The nitride or carbo‐nitride layers turned out to be less sensitive to changes in nitrogen flow during deposition. The columnar microstructure of Cr layers is coarser than those in CrN ones under the same deposition condition. This observation proved also that relying on PLD technique as thin as 30 nm layers might be formed within multilayer Cr/CrN coatings.
Identification and quantification of microstructures formed during nanocrystallization of amorphous (Fe, Co)‐Nb‐(Si, B) systems
Authors: DEANKO M. , KEPAPTSOGLOU D. M. , MULLER D. , JANICKOVIC D. , SKORVANEK I. , HRISTOFOROU E. , SVEC P. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe effect of addition of Si and variation of the Fe/Co ratio on the evolution of the nanostructure was studied in a modification of the Fe–Nb–B system. The entire system (Fe, Co)73Nb7(Si, B)20 was prepared in an amorphous state by rapid quenching using the planar flow casting method over a wide range of Fe/Co atomic ratios, ranging from 0 to 1. Nanocrystallization was investigated by evolution of the electrical resistivity with time and temperature. The microstructural analysis was performed using transmission electron microscopy as well as electron and X‐ray diffraction. The results from microscopy observations were used to determine the distribution of grain size, which in these alloys attain very small dimensions of ∼5–8 nm. New algorithms of microscope image analysis were used for grain size determination, crucial for quantifying the microprocesses controlling nucleation and growth from the amorphous rapidly quenched phase.
Microstructure evolution and strain localization in Cu and Cu‐8Al single crystals subjected to channel‐die compression
Authors: LEWANDOWSKA MAŁGORZATA , S̀WIĄTNICKI WIESŁAW , PIĄTKOWSKI ANDRZEJ , JASIEǸSKI ZDZISŁAW 
Published: October 2006

SummarySingle crystals of pure Cu and Cu‐8%Al with two initial orientations, {112}〈111〉 and {112}〈110〉, were subjected to monotonic compression in channel‐die at room temperature (293 K). The dislocation microstructure and local crystallography were investigated by transmission electron microscopy after different amounts of deformation. Various factors, such as initial single crystal orientation, chemical composition and amount of plastic deformation, were analysed in order to determine their influence on the microstructure evolution, local orientation variations and strain localization phenomena.
Metal particles in a ceramic matrix − scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy characterization
Authors: KONOPKA K. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThis paper is concerned with ceramic matrix (Al2O3) composites with introduced metal particles (Ni, Fe). The composites were obtained via sintering of powders under very high pressure (2.5 GPa). Scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy were chosen as the tools for the identification and description of the shape, size and distribution of the metal particles. The Al2O3–Ni composite contained agglomerates of the Ni particles surrounded by ceramic grains and nanometre‐size Ni particles located inside the ceramic grains and at the ceramic grain boundaries. In the Al2O3–Fe composite, the Fe particles were mostly surrounded by ceramic grains. Moreover, holes left by the Fe particles were found. The high pressure used in the fabrication of the composites changed the shape of the metal and ceramic powder grains via plastic deformation.
Pecularities of nanocrystal formation in rapidly quenched (FeCo)MoCuB amorphous alloys
Authors: KEPAPTSOGLOU D. M. , PALUGA M. , DEANKO M. , MÜLLER D. , CONDE C. F. , HRISTOFOROU E. , JANIČKOVIČ D. , ŠVEC P. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe effect of the substitution of Fe by Co on the enhancement of glass‐forming ability limits and subsequent nanocrystallization was studied in a rapidly quenched amorphous system (FexCoy)79Mo8Cu1B12 for y/x ranging from 0 to 1. The effect of Cu on nanocrystallization was investigated by comparison with Cu‐free amorphous Fe80Mo8B12. Systems partially crystallized at the surface layer were prepared for y/x = 0 using different quenching conditions. The effect of heat treatment of master alloys used for ribbon casting was also assessed. The microstructure and surface/bulk crystallization effects were analysed using transmission electron microscopy and electron and X‐ray diffraction in relation to the expected enhancement of high‐temperature soft magnetic properties, drastically reduced grain sizes (∼5 nm) and Co content. Unusual surface phenomena were observed, indicating the origin of possible nucleation sites for preferential crystallization in samples with low Co content.
Influence of tungsten on microstructure of mechanically alloyed γ‐TiAl
Authors: DYMEK S. , WRÓBEL M. , BLICHARSKI M. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThis article presents preliminary results of the processing and characterization of γ‐TiAl alloy modified by W addition. An alloy with the target chemical composition of TiAl−5W (at.%) was synthesized by mechanical alloying. Two methods were used for powder compaction: hot pressing at 1300 °C and hot extrusion at 1100 °C. Hot extrusion turned out to be a superior consolidation technique over hot pressing. The matrix of final alloy was composed of a phase based on TiAl and a minor amount of Ti3Al. The grain size in the extruded alloy was much smaller than in the hot‐pressed one. Minute W particles formed a dispersoid.