bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐photon microscopy shows that somatic release can be a quantitatively significant component of serotonergic neurotransmission in the mammalian brain
Authors: Kaushalya S.K. , Desai R. , Arumugam S. , Ghosh H. , Balaji J. , Maiti S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractRecent experiments on monoaminergic neurons have shown that neurotransmission can originate from somatic release. However, little is known about the quantity of monoamine available to be released through this extrasynaptic pathway or about the intracellular dynamics that mediate such release. Using three‐photon microscopy, we directly imaged serotonin autofluorescence and investigated the total serotonin content, release competence, and release kinetics of somatic serotonergic vesicles in the dorsal raphe neurons of the rat. We found that the somata of primary cultured neurons contain a large number of serotonin‐filled vesicles arranged in a perinuclear fashion. A similar distribution is also observed in fresh tissue slice preparations obtained from the rat dorsal raphe. We estimate that the soma of a cultured neuron on an average contains about 9 fmoles of serotonin in about 450 vesicles (or vesicle clusters) of ≤370 nm average diameter. A substantial fraction (>30%) of this serotonin is released with a time scale of several minutes by K+‐induced depolarization or by para‐chloroamphetamine treatment. The amount of releasable serotonin stored in the somatic vesicles is comparable to the total serotonin content of all the synaptic vesicles in a raphe neuron, indicating that somatic release can potentially play a major role in serotonergic neurotransmission in the mammalian brain. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Polyhydroxylated fullerene derivative C60(OH)24 prevents mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage in an MPP+‐induced cellular model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Cai Xiaoqing , Jia Haiqun , Liu Zhongbo , Hou Bei , Luo Cheng , Feng Zhihui , Li Wenxin , Liu Jiankang 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTo find effective agents for Parkinson's disease (PD) prevention and therapy, we examined the protective effects of the polyhydroxylated fullerene derivative C60(OH)24 in a 1‐methyl‐4‐phenylpyridinium (MPP+)‐induced acute cellular PD model in human neuroblastoma cells and the free radical scavenging effects in this model with an electron spin resonance (ESR) spectrometer. Pretreatment with C60(OH)24 at concentrations greater than 20 μM showed significant protective effects on MPP+‐induced loss in cell viability, decreases in mitochondrial function (including mitochondrial membrane potential and activities of complex I and II), and increases in the levels of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage to DNA and proteins. In addition, C60(OH)24 acts as a phase 2 enzyme inducer to protect cells from MPP+‐induced decreases in expression of nuclear factor‐E2‐related factor 2, expression and activity of γ‐glutamyl cysteine ligase and level of glutathione. The ESR study showed that C60(OH)24 is a powerful radical scavenger for superoxide, hydroxyl, and lipid radicals. These data suggest that C60(OH)24 is a mitochondrial protective antioxidant with direct radical scavenging activity and indirect antioxidant inducing activity. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The p75 receptor is associated with inflammatory thermal hypersensitivity
Authors: Watanabe Tomoko , Ito Toshinori , Inoue Gen , Ohtori Seiji , Kitajo Keiko , Doya Hideo , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Yamashita Toshihide 
Published: August 2008

AbstractInflammatory pain, characterized by a decrease in the nociceptive threshold, arises through the actions of inflammatory mediators, and one of the key molecules is nerve growth factor (NGF). Here we report that the administration of neutralizing antibody to the neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) blocks hyperalgesia, which develops with complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)‐induced inflammation or with an intraplantar injection of NGF. Although CFA injection results in the up‐regulation of calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) levels in the primary sensory neurons, blocking p75NTRabolishes this effect. We further demonstrate that pro‐NGF is the predominant ligand of p75NTRin vivo. Plasmin treatment, which is intended to decompose pro‐NGF, ameliorates CFA‐induced hyperalgesia. In addition, an intraplantar injection of pro‐NGF induces hyperalgesia. These data together suggest that pro‐NGF, as well as mature NGF, binding to p75NTRplays an important role in inflammation‐induced hyperalgesia. Interference in the binding may provide a therapeutic approach for the treatment of inflammatory pain. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Heterogeneous effects of distinct tocopherol analogues on NO release, cell volume, and cell death in microglial cells
Authors: Sacha Beata , Zierler Susanna , Lehnardt Seija , Weber Joerg R. , Kerschbaum Hubert H. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractTocopherols (vitamin E) are potent antioxidants as well as modulators of enzymes involved in signal transduction, like nitric oxide synthase (NOS). In primary murine microglial cells and in the microglial cell line BV‐2, α‐, γ‐, and δ‐tocopherol and α‐tocopherol acid succinate, respectively, promote nitric oxide (NO) release. The NOS inhibitors aminoguanidine and NG‐methyl‐L‐arginine (L‐NMMA) suppressed α‐ and γ‐tocopherol‐induced NO release, but had no significant effect on δ‐tocopherol‐ and α‐tocopherol acid succinate–induced NO release. In BV‐2 cells, but not in primary microglial cells, γ‐ and δ‐tocopherol and α‐tocopherol acid succinate, respectively, led to cell death, characterized by exposition of phosphatidylserine on the cell surface, chromatin condensation, changes in cell volume, and formation of blebs on the cell surface. Aminoguanidine, L‐NMMA, and the NO scavenger 2‐phenyl‐4,4,5,5‐tetramethylimidazoline‐1‐oxyl 3‐oxide (PTIO) enhanced apoptosis in γ‐tocopherol‐exposed cells and suppressed apoptosis in δ‐tocopherol‐treated cells, but had no effect on cells supplemented with α‐tocopherol acid succinate. The NO donors sodium nitroprusside and 2‐(N,N‐diethylamino)‐diazenolate 2‐oxide enhanced apoptosis in γ‐ or δ‐tocopherol‐treated cells, but rescued cells from α‐tocopherol acid succinate–induced cell death. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of the mitochondrial uncoupling agent, 2,4‐dinitrophenol, or the nitroxide antioxidant, Tempol, on synaptic or nonsynaptic mitochondria after spinal cord injury
Authors: Patel Samir P. , Sullivan Patrick G. , Pandya Jignesh D. , Rabchevsky Alexander G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe recently documented the progressive nature of mitochondrial dysfunction over 24 hr after contusion spinal cord injury (SCI), but the underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. We investigated the effects of targeting two distinct possible mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction by using the mitochondrial uncoupler 2,4‐dinitrophenol (2,4‐DNP) or the nitroxide antioxidant Tempol after contusion SCI in rats. A novel aspect of this study was that all assessments were made in both synaptosomal (neuronal)‐ and nonsynaptosomal (glial and neuronal soma)‐derived mitochondria 24 hr after injury. Mitochondrial uncouplers target Ca2+ cycling and subsequent reactive oxygen species production in mitochondria after injury. When 2,4‐DNP was injected 15 and 30 min after injury, mitochondrial function was preserved in both populations compared with vehicle‐treated rats, whereas 1 hr postinjury treatment was ineffective. Conversely, targeting peroxynitrite with Tempol failed to maintain normal bioenergetics in synaptic mitochondria, but was effective in nonsynaptic mitochondria when administered 15 min after injury. When administered at 15 and 30 min after injury, increased hydroxynonenal, 3‐NT, and protein carbonyl levels were significantly reduced by 2,4‐DNP, whereas Tempol only reduced 3‐NT and protein carbonyls after SCI. Despite such antioxidant effects, only 2,4‐DNP was effective in preventing mitochondrial dysfunction, indicating that mitochondrial Ca2+ overload may be the key mechanism involved in acute mitochondrial damage after SCI. Collectively, our observations demonstrate the significant role that mitochondrial dysfunction plays in SCI neuropathology. Moreover, they indicate that combinatorial therapeutic approaches targeting different populations of mitochondria holds great potential in fostering neuroprotection after acute SCI. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neuroprotective effects of acetyl‐L‐carnitine on neuropathic pain and apoptosis: A role for the nicotinic receptor
Authors: Di Cesare Mannelli Lorenzo , Ghelardini Carla , Calvani Menotti , Nicolai Raffaella , Mosconi Luigi , Toscano Annarita , Pacini Alessandra , Bartolini Alessandro 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSeveral pathologies related to nervous tissue alterations are characterized by a chronic pain syndrome defined by persistent or paroxysmal pain independent or dependent on a stimulus. Pathophysiological mechanisms related to neuropathic disease are associated with mitochondrial dysfunctions that lead to an activation of the apoptotic cascade. In a model of peripheral neuropathy obtained by the loose ligation of the rat sciatic nerve, acetyl‐L‐Carnitine (ALCAR; 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally [i.p.] twice daily for 14 days) was able to reduce hyperalgesia and apoptosis. In the present study, different mechanisms for the analgesic and the antineuropathic effect of ALCAR are described. The muscarinic blocker atropine (5 mg/kg i.p.) injected simultaneously with ALCAR did not antagonize the ALCAR antihyperalgesic effect on the paw‐pressure test but significantly reduced the analgesic effect of ALCAR. Conversely, the antineuropathic effect of ALCAR was prevented by cotreatment with the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine (2 mg/kg i.p. twice daily for 14 days). A pharmacological silencing of the nicotinic receptors significantly reduced the X‐linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein–related protective effect of ALCAR on the apoptosis induced by ligation of the sciatic nerve. Taken together, these data highlight the relevance of nicotinic modulation in neuropathy treatment. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: Putative mechanisms and novel approaches
Authors: Kolias Angelos G. , Sen Jon , Belli Antonio 
Published: August 2008

AbstractCerebral vasospasm is a potentially incapacitating or lethal complication in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). The development of effective preventative and therapeutic interventions has been largely hindered by the fact that the underlying pathogenic mechanisms of cerebral vasospasm remain poorly understood. However, intensive research during the last 3 decades has identified certain mechanisms that possibly play a role in its development. Experimental data suggest that calcium‐dependent and ‐independent vasoconstriction is taking place during vasospasm. It appears that the breakdown products of blood in the subarachnoid space are involved, through direct and/or indirect pathways, in the development of vasospasm after SAH. Free radicals reactions, an imbalance between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator substances (endothelium derived substances, e.g., nitric oxide, endothelin; arachidonic acid metabolites, e.g., prostaglandins, prostacyclin), inflammatory processes, an upheaval of neuronal mechanisms that regulate vascular tone, endothelial proliferation, and apoptosis have all been put forward as causative and/or pathogenic factors. Translational research in the field of vasospasm has traditionally aimed to identify agents/interventions in order to block the cascades initiated after SAH. The combination of novel approaches such as cerebral microdialysis, magnetic resonance spectroscopy, proteomics, and lipidomics could serve a dual purpose: elucidating the complex pathobiochemistry of vasospasm and providing clinicians with tools for early detection of this feared complication. The purpose of this Mini‐Review is to provide an overview of the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm and of novel approaches used in basic and translational research. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A study of the effect of JB particles on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cells by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Bhowmick T. K. , Pyrgiotakis G. , Finton K. , Suresh A. K. , Kane S. G. , Moudgil B. , Bellare Jayesh R. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe mechanism of interaction of particulate matter with living system is not completely understood. Evaluation of the effect of particulate Indian traditional medicine JB(JB) on Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) cells is the major focus of the present study. In India, JB is considered as a rejuvenating medicine and used for the treatment of diseases such as diabetes and age‐related eye diseases, as well as a health promoting tonic by the traditional practitioners. In presence of JB, higher growth has been observed at the late stationary growth phase of yeast. Ultra‐structure analysis using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has shown that JB‐treated yeast cells have better morphology over control in the late stationary growth phase. In this investigation, cellular response from yeast cells after interaction with JB particles was measured using Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy—a noninvasive tool to distinguish between particle‐treated and untreated cells—revealed that treatment with JB is able to slow the degradation of cellular components (e.g. DNA, proteins and lipids) with the aging of yeast cells. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ nucleation and growth of silver nanoparticles in membrane materials: a controllable roughened SERS substrate with high reproducibility
Authors: Zhou Ji , Xu Shuping , Xu Weiqing , Zhao Bing , Ozaki Yukihiro 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA controllable roughened silver surface with high surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) activity and high reproducibility has been developed in this study. This silver surface was prepared by silver nucleation in polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) and silver‐enlarged growth. First, the small Ag nuclei were synthesized by NaBH4 in situ reduction of Ag ions on a surface of PEMs. Then the small Ag nuclei formed were effectively enlarged by using a mixture of commercially available reagents named Li Silver. The optical properties and morphologies of the silver substrates have been investigated by ultraviolet–visible (UV–vis) spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The UV–vis and AFM results revealed that the small Ag nuclei separately appeared on the PEMs after NaBH4 in situ reduction. The size of the enlarged Ag nanoparticles can be easily controlled with the immersing cycle in Li Silver. 4‐Mercaptopyridine (4‐MPY) and Rhodamine 6G (R6G) have been used as Raman probes to evaluate the properties of the new SERS substrates. It has been found that the enhancement factor of R6G reached ∼109 after treatment in Li Silver. Reproducibility has been investigated using the SERS signal intensity at 1094 cm−1 of 4‐MPY. Signals collected over multiple spots within the same substrate resulted in a relative standard deviation (RSD) of 6.38%, while an RSD of 10.33% was measured in signals collected from different substrates. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl tellurite mineral moctezumite PbUO2(TeO3)2
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Čejka Jiří , Dickfos Marilla J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe uranyl tellurite mineral moctezumite, Pb(UO2)(TeO3)2, was studied by Raman spectroscopy and complemented with infrared spectroscopy. The presence of the stretching and bending vibrations of uranyl (UO2)2+ and tellurite (TeO3)2− ions was inferred, and the observed bands were assigned to uranyl and tellurite units vibrations. UO bond lengths calculated from the spectra with two empirical relations are close to those inferred from the X‐ray single‐crystal structure of moctezumite. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electron–phonon coupling and vibrational modes contributing to linear electro‐optic effect of the efficient NLO chromophore 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐N‐methyl‐4′‐toluene sulfonate (DAST) from their vibrational spectra
Authors: Vijayakumar T. , Hubert Joe I. , Reghunadhan Nair C. P. , Jazbinsek Mojca , Jayakumar V. S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe optimized geometry and structural features of the most prospective electro‐optic crystal 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐N‐methyl‐4′‐toluene sulfonate (DAST), and the vibrational spectral investigations have been comprehensively described with the near infrared Fourier transform (NIR FT) Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectra supported by the density functional theoretical (DFT) computations to elucidate the contribution of vibrational modes to the linear electro‐optic (LEO) effect. Mulliken population analysis and natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis have also been carried out to analyze the effects of intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), intramolecular hydrogen bonding and hyperconjugative interactions on the geometries. The influence of CT interaction between the phenyl ring and the dimethylamino group of the nonlinear optical (NLO) chromophore on the endocyclic and exocyclic angles, and the electronic effects such as hyperconjugation and back‐donation on the methyl hydrogen atoms have been examined. The concurrent intense activation of Raman and IR activities of the effective conjugation vibrational coordinate, which significantly contributes to the LEO effect resulting from the strong electron–phonon (e/ph) coupling, has been analyzed in detail. The effects of frontier orbitals, highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO), transition of electron density (ED) transfer and the influence of planarity in the stilbazolium ring on the first hyperpolarizability are also discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopic study of the uranyl selenite mineral demesmaekerite Pb2Cu5(UO2)2(SeO3)6(OH)6·2H2O
Authors: Frost Ray L. , Čejka Jiří , Dickfos Marilla J. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe Raman spectrum of the uranyl selenite mineral demesmaekerite was studied, complemented by the infrared spectrum and tentatively interpreted. The observed bands were attributed to the stretching and bending vibrations of (UO2)2+, (SeO3)2− and OH groupings. UO bond lengths in uranyl and OH···O hydrogen bond lengths were calculated from Raman and/or infrared spectra and compared with published data. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A safe and effective method to implant a totally implantable access port in patients with synchronous bilateral mastectomies: Modified femoral vein approach
Authors: Chen Shih‐Yi , Lin Chien‐Hua , Chang Hao‐Ming , Hsu Huan‐Ming , Yu Jyh‐Cherng 
Published: August 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to develop a modified method to implant a totally implantable access port (TIAP) using the femoral vein approach.MethodsWe designed a modified method using the femoral vein approach to implant a TIAP in patients with synchronous bilateral breast cancer requiring bilateral mastectomy and postoperative chemotherapy. TIAP implantation was performed with parenteral sedation and local anesthesia in the operating room. All patients were followed for at least 12 months and the complications of TIAP were recorded.ResultsIn this retrospective study, 86 patients received the TIAP using the modified femoral vein approach. All patients had a history of bilateral breast cancer and underwent bilateral mastectomy. The early complication rate within the first 30 postoperative days was 2.3% and involved groin hematoma caused by missed puncture to the femoral artery during the operation. The late postoperative complication rates were 2.3% caused by local port infection, 1.2% by groin wound infection, and 3.5% by catheter occlusion. There were no complications associated with TIAP disconnection or systemic infection.ConclusionTraditional implantation of TIAP through the subclavian vein or cephalic vein is simple and is used worldwide. However, both the percutaneous puncture and cutdown methods have limitations and risks. We describe a safe and effective method using the modified femoral vein approach for specific patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2008;98:?–?. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CZE separation of strawberry anthocyanins with acidic buffer and comparison with HPLC
Authors: Comandini Patrizia , Blanda Giampaolo , Cardinali Andrea , Cerretani Lorenzo , Bendini Alessandra , Caboni Maria Fiorenza 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAnthocyanins, the major colourants of strawberries, are polar pigments that are positively charged at low pH. Herein, we have assessed a new analytical method for the separation of anthocyanins using CZE. Acidic buffer solutions (pH <2) were employed in order to maintain pigments in the cation flavylium form and achieve high molar absorptivity at 510 nm. These spectral properties enabled us to identify strawberry anthocyanins in a preliminary stage by detection in the visible range, although the method was optimised at 280 nm to obtain the best S/N. The effects of buffer composition highlighted the necessity of adding an organic modifier to the running buffer to obtain a suitable separation. The electrophoretic method permitted the separation of the three main anthocyanins of strawberry extracts, namely pelargonidin 3‐glucoside (Pg‐glu), pelargonidin 3‐rutinoside and cyanidin 3‐glucoside. The electrophoretic results, expressed as retention time and separation efficiency of the major anthocyanin (Pg‐glu), were compared to those achieved in HPLC, the analytical technique traditionally used for the investigation of anthocyanins in vegetable matrix. The content of Pg‐glu in strawberries (cv. Camarosa), calculated with HPCE and HPLC methods, resulted respectively in 11.41 mg/L and 11.37 mg/L.
Fast, noninvasive and simultaneous near‐infrared spectroscopic characterisation of physicochemical stationary phases' properties: From silica particles towards monoliths
Authors: Petter Christine H. , Heigl Nico , Bonn Günther K. , Huck Christian W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe design of novel stationary phases is a permanent demanding challenge in chromatographic separation science to enable analysis with enhanced selectivity, specificity and speed. Therefore, the characterisation of chemical and physical properties is next to calculation of chromatographic parameters essential. Conventionally, chemical parameters including surface coverage are determined by burning combustion or frontal analysis, physical parameters including particle size, pore size, pore volume and surface area are determined by SEM, mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET). All these methods are time consuming, invasive and require besides special equipment some special trained laboratory staff. Therefore, we introduced near‐infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) as a noninvasive, easy‐to‐handle technology with wavenumber ranging from 4000 to 10 000 cm–1 enabling analysis within only a few seconds at higher precision than the conventional methods. Investigated materials comprise porous and nonporous silica gel, carbon‐based nanomaterials (fullerenes), polymer beads and monoliths. Different carriers themselves and their kind of derivatisations (RP, normal‐phase, ion‐exchanger, IMAC (immobilised metal affinity chromatography), affinity) can be determined by applying principal component analysis (PCA) of recorded spectra. Partial least square regression (PLSR) enables the determination of particle size, pore size, pore volume, porosity, total porosity and surface area with one single measurement. For the optimised design of well‐defined polymer beads and monoliths, real‐time in situ monitoring to control, e. g. particle and pore sizes as well as monomer content during the polymerisation process, can be extremely helpful. In this article, the advantages of this fast, noninvasive high‐throughput NIRS methods are summarised, discussed in detail and different applications of the individual characterised materials are shown.