bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Disease and Diabetes: Beyond Blood Pressure and Lipids
Authors: Dokken Betsy B. 
Published: August 2008

In BriefThe pathophysiology of the link between diabetes and cardiovascular disease(CVD) is complex and multifactorial. Understanding these profound mechanisms of disease can help clinicians identify and treat CVD in patients with diabetes, as well as help patients prevent these potentially devastating complications. This article reviews the biological basis of the link between diabetes and CVD, from defects in the vasculature to the cellular and molecular mechanisms specific to insulin-resistant states and hyperglycemia. It concludes with a discussion of heart failure in diabetes, a clinical entity that demonstrates many of the mechanisms discussed.
Management of Peripheral Arterial Disease
Authors: Steffen Lyn M. , Duprez Daniel A. , Boucher Jackie L. , Ershow Abby G. , Hirsch Alan T. 
Published: August 2008

In BriefPeripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a common atherosclerotic disease affecting the quality of life of &gt; 8 million Americans. PAD is characterized by atherosclerotic stenoses of arteries that supply the lower extremities and is associated with a marked increase in the short-term risk of heart attack, stroke, amputation, and death. Adherence to pharmacological therapies and modification of lifestyle factors, including increasing moderate physical activity along with supervised exercise, smoking cessation, and a healthy dietary intake, are central to the successful management of PAD. The improvement of an adverse cardiovascular risk profile is a proven and crucial strategy to lower the risk of major morbid and mortal events for individuals with PAD.
Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease in People With Diabetes Through Lifestyle Modification: Current Evidence-Based Recommendations
Authors: Pereira Raquel Franzini , Franz Marion J. 
Published: August 2008

In Brief
People with diabetes are at much higher risk for cardiovascular disease(CVD) than the average population. Evidence-based, prioritized, and strategic management of CVD risk factors among people with diabetes is necessary for the improvement of its burden on disability, morbidity, mortality, and high health care costs. Risk factors for diabetes and CVD are similar, and most can be effectively decreased by lifestyle modification. Medical nutrition therapy and other lifestyle recommendations for CVD prevention and treatment are discussed.
Formations of lattice ordered groups and of GMV-algebras
Authors: Jakubík Ján 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A class of lattice ordered groups is called a formation if it is closed with respect to homomorphic images and finite subdirect products. Analogously we define the formation of GMV-algebras. Let us denote by ℱ1 and ℱ2 the collection of all formations of lattice ordered groups or of GMV-algebras, respectively. Both ℱ1 and ℱ2 are partially ordered by the class-theoretical inclusion. We prove that ℱ1 satisfies the infinite distributivity law

and that ℱ2 is isomorphic to a principal ideal of ℱ1.
Lessons from the origins of eyewitness testimony research in Europe
Authors: Sporer Siegfried Ludwig 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAfter 100 years of research I look back at the beginnings of the psychology of eyewitness testimony to assess the ‘progress’ researchers have made. Specifically, I review the origins of (experimental) psychological research at the first three decades of the 20th century in Central Europe which quickly expanded around the world. Both eyewitness errors (e.g. due to suggestive questioning) as well as intentional distortions of the truth (lies) were thoroughly studied at that time. An eyewitness statement was considered a joint product of cognitive factors and of interrogation. It is argued that many of the central issues that are at the focus of study today had already been addressed in this early period, perhaps even with a broader scope than much contemporary writing. At the end, I propose an integrative model of the psychology of testimony that may help to organise past and future research. Ten theses that address unresolved issues and suggestions for solutions after 100 years of research are outlined. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hugo who? G. F. Arnold's alternative early approach to psychology and law
Authors: Bornstein Brian H. , Penrod Steven D. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractHugo Münsterberg is widely regarded as the founder of the discipline of psychology and law, and the publication of his book On the Witness Stand (1908) is considered the signal event in its founding. However, numerous other researchers were conducting and publishing research on psycholegal topics in the late 1800s and early 1900s, and at least one other book on psychology and law—G. F. Arnold's Psychology Applied to Legal Evidence and Other Constructions of Law (1906)—appeared prior to the publication of Münsterberg's work. The present paper contrasts these two seminal publications, focussing on their relevance to the ‘basic‐versus‐applied’ debate in contemporary eyewitness memory research and exploring reasons why Münsterberg has been so influential while Arnold has been largely ignored. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the impact of estimator variables on eyewitness identification: A fruitful marriage of practical problem solving and psychological theorizing
Authors: Deffenbacher Kenneth A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe trier of fact has the practical problem of trying to estimate the impact of several estimator variables on the reliability of an eyewitness's identification. Until relatively recently, psychologists were either unsure as to the direction and magnitude of effect on eyewitness memory of certain estimator variables (e.g. heightened stress) or could offer the trier of fact only vague empirical generalizations (e.g. forgetting increases over time, most rapidly at first). At present, however, a number of meta‐analytic reviews of the effects of certain estimator variables have accumulated, as have a number of theoretical analyses of their operation in the eyewitness identification context, theoretical treatments resulting from fruitful application of theories from cognitive psychology and behavioural neuroscience. The combined accumulations are now sufficient to constitute a ‘critical mass’ of knowledge, thereby permitting the trier of fact to gain more precise information regarding the impact of these estimator variables on the fidelity of eyewitness report. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Münsterberg's legacy: What does eyewitness research tell us about the reliability of eyewitness testimony?
Authors: Memon Amina , Mastroberardino Serena , Fraser Joanne 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMünsterberg alerted us about the fallibility of eyewitness memory 100 years ago and we have come far in our understanding of the factors contributing to eyewitness error. A healthy empirical literature, including several meta‐analytic reviews, suggests progress has been made in understanding the impact of various estimator and system variables on eyewitness performance. We begin by acknowledging Münsterberg's pioneering studies of eyewitness fallibility. We then turn to the methodological contribution of Buckhout (1974), a follower of Münsterberg. A selective review of research then highlights the scientific merits and pitfalls of the laboratory and archival approach to studying eyewitness behaviour. We end with a discussion of what experts can really tell the courts about the causal and associative relationships between various estimator and system variables. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Applications of Nanoparticles in Biology
Authors: De Mrinmoy , Ghosh Partha S. , Rotello Vincent M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe wide variety of core materials available, coupled with tunable surface properties, make nanoparticles an excellent platform for a broad range of biological and biomedical applications. This Review provides an introduction to nanoparticle–biomolecular interactions as well as recent applications of nanoparticles in biological sensing, delivery, and imaging of live cells and tissues.magnified image
Nanoscale Ionic Materials
Authors: Rodriguez Robert , Herrera Rafael , Archer Lynden A. , Giannelis Emmanuel P. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPolymer nanocomposites (nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix) have been the subject of intense research for almost two decades in both academic and industrial settings. This interest has been fueled by the ability of nanocomposites to not only improve the performance of polymers, but also by their ability to introduce new properties. Yet, there are still challenges that polymer nanocomposites must overcome to reach their full potential. In this Research News article we discuss a new class of hybrids termed nanoparticle ionic materials (NIMS). NIMS are organic–inorganic hybrid materials comprising a nanoparticle core functionalized with a covalently tethered ionic corona. They are facilely engineered to display flow properties that span the range from glassy solids to free flowing liquids. These new systems have unique properties that can overcome some of the challenges facing nanocomosite materials.
Robust detection and accommodation of incipient component and actuator faults in nonlinear distributed processes
Authors: Armaou Antonios , Demetriou Michael A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA class of nonlinear distributed processes with component and actuator faults is presented. An adaptive detection observer with a time varying threshold is proposed that provides additional robustness with respect to false declarations of faults and minimizes the fault detection time. Additionally, an adaptive diagnostic observer is proposed that is subsequently utilized in an automated control reconfiguration scheme that accommodates the component and actuator faults. An integrated optimal actuator location and fault accommodation scheme is provided in which the actuator locations are chosen in order to provide additional robustness with respect to actuator and component faults. Simulation studies of the Kuramoto‐Sivashinsky nonlinear partial differential equation are included to demonstrate the proposed fault detection and accommodation scheme. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Simultaneous synthesis of property‐based water reuse/recycle and interception networks for batch processes
Authors: Ng Denny Kok Sum , Foo Dominic Chwan Yee , Rabie Arwa , El‐Halwagi Mahmoud M. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA systematic technique is introduced for the synthesis of cost‐effective batch water networks with the placement of interception devices. Utilizing the new concept of property integration, a property‐based approach is adopted. The water streams (sources) are characterized by a number of key properties, and water‐using units (sinks) are bound with property constraints. The problem also considers a number of interception devices that can be used to modify the properties of the streams to optimize the reuse/recycle of process streams and minimize fresh resources. A source‐tank‐interception‐tank‐sink representation is developed. Storage tanks are used throughout the network to enable mixing, storage, and dispatch of the reused/recycled water streams. The procedure is supported by an optimization formulation whose solution identifies optimal allocation of sources to tanks, interception devices, and sinks. The solution also determines an optimal policy for operating the water network. A case study is solved to illustrate the important aspects of the devised procedure. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Molecular dynamics simulation studies of CO2 – [bmim][PF6] solutions: Effect of CO2 concentration
Authors: Bhargava B. L. , Krishna A. C. , Balasubramanian S. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMolecular dynamics simulations have been carried out on CO2 – [bmim][PF6] mixtures using a refined atomistic potential model for the ionic liquid, at different concentrations of CO2. The expansion in volume as a function of added CO2 was found to agree well with experiments at all but the highest concentration. Significant concentration dependent differences in the radial distribution function of CO2 around the anion have been observed. These differences have been attributed to the specific interaction between CO2 and the anions. The diffusion coefficients of the ions and of CO2 have been found to increase with increase in CO2 concentration. The rotational relaxation of CO2 molecule in solution is found to be biexponential, and the mean relaxation times decreases with increasing CO2 concentration. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A critical analysis of the acceleration length and pressure profile of single‐particle systems in a circulating fluidized bed
Authors: Das Mitali , Meikap B. C. , Saha R. K. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractA study was conducted to explore the hydrodynamic behaviors using both Geldart group A and B materials in a circulating fluidized bed unit consisting of fast column (riser) of 0.1016 m i.d. and 5.62 m height. The materials tested were 120 µm of the fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, 166 µm of iron ore, 215 µm of coal and five types of sand particles, ranging in size from 300 to 622 µm. The superficial air velocity ranged between 2.01 and 4.681 m/s and solid fluxes of 12.5–50 kg/m2s. Riser static pressure profiles were measured for the FCC catalyst, coal, iron ore and sand particles. Acceleration lengths were determined from the data, and using these and other data from the literature two correlations for the acceleration length were established for Geldart's group A and B particles. Copyright © 2008 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Li ion conduction behavior of hybrid polymer electrolytes based on PEMA
Authors: Rajendran S. , Prabhu M. Ramesh , Rani M. Usha 
Published: August 2008

AbstractPoly(vinyl chloride)/Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PVC)/(PEMA)‐based blend polymer electrolytes comprising a combination of PC (Propylene carbonate) as a plasticizer and LiClO4 as a salt have been prepared by solvent casting technique with varying salt concentration ratios systematically. The prepared electrolytes were subjected to X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, conductivity studies, thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis and Scanning electron microscopic studies. PVC/PEMA polymer blend electrolyte with 8 wt % of lithium salt exhibited ionic conductivity of the order of 10−3 S/cm at room temperature. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Synthesis of poly(p‐phenylene diamine) and its corrosion inhibition effect on iron in 1M HCl
Authors: Manivel P. , Sathiyanarayanan S. , Venkatachari G. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWater‐soluble poly(p‐phenylene diamine) was chemically synthesized. Its corrosion inhibition performance was evaluated for iron corrosion in 1M HCl at various concentrations, and the results were compared with that of the monomer. The corrosion inhibition properties were evaluated by polarization techniques and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The results showed that poly(p‐phenylene diamine) was a more efficient corrosion inhibitor than the monomer and gave an 85% inhibition efficiency at a concentration of 50 ppm, whereas the monomer gave an efficiency of 73% at 5000 ppm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Ionic Transformations in Extremely Nonpolar Fluorous Media: Easily Recoverable Phase‐Transfer Catalysts for Halide‐Substitution Reactions
Authors: Mandal Debaprasad , Jurisch Markus , Consorti Crestina S. , Gladysz John A. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractSolutions of the fluorous alkyl halides Rf8(CH2)mX (Rfn=(CF2)n−1CF3; m=2, 3; X=Cl, Br, I) in perfluoromethylcyclohexane or perfluoromethyldecalin are inert towards solid or aqueous NaCl, NaBr, KI, KCN, and NaOAc. However, halide substitution occurs in the presence of fluorous phosphonium salts (Rf8(CH2)2)(Rf6(CH2)2)3P+X− (X=I (1), Br (3)) and (Rf8(CH2)2)4P+I− (10 mol %), which are soluble in the fluorous solvents under the reaction conditions (76–100 °C). Stoichiometric reactions of a) 1 with Rf8(CH2)2Br and b) 3 with Rf8(CH2)2I were conducted under homogenous conditions in perfluoromethyldecalin at 100 °C and yielded the same Rf8(CH2)2I/Rf8(CH2)2Br equilibrium ratio (≈60:40). This shows that ionic displacements can take place in extremely nonpolar fluorous phases and suggests a classical phase‐transfer mechanism for the catalyzed reactions. Interestingly, the nonfluorous salt (CH3(CH2)11)(CH3(CH2)7)3P+I− (4) also catalyzes halide substitutions, but under triphasic conditions with 4 suspended between the lower fluorous and upper aqueous layers. NMR experiments established very low solubilities in both phases, which suggests interfacial catalysis. Catalyst 1 is easily recycled, optimally by simple precipitation onto teflon tape.
Attitudes toward Out‐groups and the perception of consensus: All feet do not wear one shoe
Authors: Pedersen Anne , Griffiths Brian , Watt Susan E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAlthough social perception research has been carried out across a number of diverse domains, to the best of our knowledge, studies have not directly assessed the relationship between attitudes toward the out‐group and perceptions of community support for those attitudes. In the present research, we report the findings of a study conducted in Western Australia using data collected from 653 participants from three different locations. The main thrust of our study was the accuracy of beliefs about consensus as it related to attitudes toward two marginalized groups: Indigenous Australians and asylum seekers. With respect to their attitudes toward these two groups, our respondents were placed in seven categories corresponding to their responses to our seven point attitude scales. Three main findings emerged. First, respondents at all seven levels overestimated community support for their views with respect to both Indigenous Australians and asylum seekers. Second, as respondents in both groups became more rejecting, their estimates of community support progressively increased in a linear fashion. Third, respondents in the more negative categories were significantly less accurate in their estimates than those in the more positive categories. How these findings might contribute to programmes designed to reduce prejudice is discussed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Granular Temperature in Bubbling Fluidized Beds
Authors: Huang X. , Liu Z. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractIn the CFD simulation of industrial‐scale bubbling fluidized beds, coarse grids are necessary due to limited computation resources, which creates a problem about how to characterize the effect of meso‐scale bubbling structures on the particulate phase stresses and inter‐phase interaction force. In this paper, the two‐phase theory of bubbling fluidization is applied in the analysis of the fluctuation characteristics of solid volume fractions and then it was used to establish a simple model for granular temperature in bubbling fluidized beds, which is based on the local pseudo‐thermal energy balance. It was shown that the granular temperature obtained experimentally is well predicted by the present model.
New Layered Rare‐Earth Hydroxides with Anion‐Exchange Properties
Authors: Geng Fengxia , Xin Hao , Matsushita Yoshitaka , Ma Renzhi , Tanaka Masahiko , Izumi Fujio , Iyi Nobuo , Sasaki Takayoshi 
Published: August 2008

AbstractWe report the synthesis of a new series of layered hydroxides based on rare‐earth elements with a composition of RE(OH)2.5Cl0.5⋅0.8 H2O (RE: Eu, Tb, etc.) through the homogeneous precipitation of RECl3⋅x H2O with hexamethylenetetramine (HMT). Rietveld analysis combined with direct methods revealed an orthorhombic layered structure comprising a positively charged layer of [RE(OH)2.5(H2O)0.8]0.5+ and interlayer Cl− ions. The Cl− ions were readily exchangeable for various anions (NO3−, SO42−, dodecylsulfonate, etc.) at ambient temperature. Photoluminescence studies showed that the compounds display typical RE3+ emission. With rare‐earth‐based host layers and tunable interlayer guests, the new compounds may be of interest for optoelectronic, magnetic, catalytic, and biomedical materials.
Tailored Polymer‐Supported Templates in Dynamic Combinatorial Libraries: Simultaneous Selection, Amplification and Isolation of Synthetic Receptors
Authors: Besenius Pol , Cormack Peter A. G. , Liu Jingyuan , Otto Sijbren , Sanders Jeremy K. M. , Sherrington David C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractThe thermodynamically controlled synthesis and isolation of macrocyclic receptors from dynamic combinatorial libraries has been achieved in a single step using a polymer‐supported template. The templates were cinchona alkaloids which show interesting enantio‐ and diastereoselective molecular recognition events in libraries based on pseudo‐dipeptide building blocks. The synthetic routes used to derivatise the alkaloids and attach them to polymer supports minimised any influence of the tethering linkage on the templating activity. Systematic studies have been carried out to probe how the polymer morphology and the template loading affect the selectivity and isolation yield of the macrocyclic receptors. Molecular recognition between solid‐phase bound templates and selected receptors also enabled their affinity‐type chromatographic separation.
PAMAM Structure‐Based Multifunctional Fluorescent Conjugates for Improved Fluorescent Labelling of Biomacromolecules
Authors: Wängler C. , Moldenhauer G. , Saffrich R. , Knapp E.‐M. , Beijer B. , Schnölzer M. , Wängler B. , Eisenhut M. , Haberkorn U. , Mier W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractFluorescent probes are of increasing interest in medicinal and biological applications for the elucidation of the structures and functions of healthy as well as tumour cells. The quality of these investigations is determined by the intensity of the fluorescence signal. High dye/carrier ratios give strong signals. However, these are achieved by the occupation of a high number of derivatisation sites and therefore are accompanied by strong structural alterations of the carrier. Hence, polyvalent substances containing a high number of fluorescent dyes would be favourable because they would allow the introduction of many dyes at one position of the compound to be labelled.A large number of different dyes have been investigated to determine the efficiency of coupling to a dendrimer scaffold and the fluorescence properties of the oligomeric dyes, but compounds that fulfil the requirements of both strong fluorescence signals and reactivities are rare. Herein we describe the synthesis and characterisation of dye oligomers containing dansyl‐, 7‐nitro‐2,1,3‐benzoxadiazol‐4‐yl‐ (NBD), coumarin‐343, 5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein and sulforhodamine B2 moieties based on polyamidoamine (PAMAM) dendrimers. The PAMAM dendrimers were synthesised by an improved protocol that yielded highly homogeneous scaffolds with up to 128 conjugation sites. When comparing the fluorescent properties of the dye oligomers it was found that only the dansylated dendrimers met the requirements of enhanced fluorescence signals. The dendrimer containing 16 fluorescent dyes was conjugated to the anti‐epidermal‐growth‐factor receptor (EGFR) antibody hMAb425 as a model compound to show the applicability of the dye multimer compounds. This conjugate revealed a preserved immunoreactivity of 54 %.We demonstrate the applicability of the dye oligomers to the efficient and applicable labelling of proteins and other large molecules that enables high dye concentrations and therefore high contrasts in fluorescence applications.