bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determination of molecular size and shape of hyperbranched polysaccharide in solution
Authors: Tao Yongzhen , Zhang Lina 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe chemical structure of a water‐soluble polysaccharide, coded as TM3b, extracted from sclerotia of Pleurotus tuber‐rigium was analyzed to be a hyperbranched β‐D‐glucan with β‐(1→6), β‐(1→4), and β‐(1→3)–linked residues, with degree of branching (DB) of 57.6%. The results from size‐exclusion chromatography combined with laser light scattering (SEC–LLS) revealed that the hyperbranched polysaccharide easily aggregated in 0.15 M aqueous NaCl, whereas it dispersed as individual chains in DMSO. The weight‐average molecular weight (Mw), radius of gyration, intrinsic viscosity, and chain density of TM3b in DMSO and in 0.15 M aqueous NaCl were measured with SEC–LLS, LLS, and viscometry. The results indicated that single chains and aggregates with aggregation number of 12 coexisted in the aqueous solution, whereas individual molecules of TM3b occurred in DMSO. In view of the molecular parameters, the aggregates in aqueous solution exhibited more compact chain structure than the individual molecules in DMSO. Furthermore, transmission electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy showed that all of the aggregates and individual molecules exhibited spherical particles in the solutions. This work provided the valuable information of chain conformation and molecular morphology of the hyperbranched polysaccharide in different solvents. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 83:414–423, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Ten years later: where is our common future now?
Authors: Ketola Tarja 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn 1996 a paper entitled ‘Where is our common future?’ in Sustainable Development maintained that the world's largest oil companies, the Seven Sisters, were two giant steps away from sustainable development in their 1993 environmental values, visions and policies. These factors matched the level of their business environment; hence, the Sisters had positioned themselves to meet the needs of their business environment, but not the needs of the ecological environment. This is a 10‐year follow‐up study of these findings.The analysis of the 2003 environmental values, visions, business environment, general strategic management and environmental policies of the current Four Sisters – BP(Amoco), ChevronTexaco, ExxonMobil and Shell – indicates that these companies have moved one step towards sustainable development. However, their business environment has moved two steps, firmly rooting itself in ecocentric sustainable development – and now runs ahead of the Sisters in principle but not yet in practice.In the long run, the Four Sisters need to exchange their technocentric values, traditional visions and conventional policies for ecocentric values, progressive visions and entrepreneurial policies to be able to participate in Our Common Future. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Influence of personality on ecological consumer behaviour
Authors: Fraj Elena , Martinez Eva 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
We have recently seen the appearance of many studies which attempt to discover the behaviour patterns of ecological consumers. For that reason, it seems necessary to analyse the variables that shape this consumer profile. In this study, we have focused on psychographic variables and, in particular, on personality features. Following a survey with a random sample of 573 individuals, we designed a theoretical model which included the Big‐Five Factor Structure scale and the environmental attitude dimension referred to as “actual commitment” to measure personality and ecological behaviour, respectively. We carried out several principal factor analyses in order to validate these scales and afterwards, we performed a structural equation analysis and a logit analysis. Findings support our hypotheses since they reveal that personality is a multifaceted concept, which is positively related to ecological behaviour. Firms should focus on those people who are characterised by personality features such as extroversion, agreeableness and conscientiousness in order to persuade them to demand their products.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Consumer stress‐handling strategies: theory and research findings
Authors: Mathur Anil , Moschis George P , Lee Euehun 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Although stress research has received increased attention in the behavioral and social sciences, it has been virtually ignored by marketing and consumer researchers. This paper attempts to advance the concept of stress as a viable construct in consumer studies. A conceptual model is developed based on theory and research, and cross‐sectional and longitudinal data are used to test specific hypotheses, producing results consistent with the general stress model.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does the introduction of the Euro have an effect on subjective hypotheses about the price‐quality relationship?
Authors: Molz Günter , Gielnik Michael 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Product prices are often considered to be an indicator for quality. In our experiment we focussed on the question if consumers' hypotheses can be biased by exchanging the digits on price displays due to currency changes. We found that high numbers in a price expressed in terms of a currency with a relatively low value (German Mark) lead to a higher perceived quality level than an equivalent price expressed in terms of relatively high listed currency (Euro). Contrary to our expectations we could not prove that this effect is stronger for premium than for low‐budget products.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exploring and Expanding the Structural Diversity of Self‐Assembling Dendrons through Combinations of AB, Constitutional Isomeric AB2, and AB3 Biphenyl‐4‐Methyl Ether Building Blocks
Authors: Percec Virgil , Holerca Marian N. , Nummelin Sami , Morrison John J. , Glodde Martin , Smidrkal Jan , Peterca Mihai , Rosen Brad M. , Uchida Satoshi , Balagurusamy Venkatachalapathy S. K. , Sienkowska Monika J. , Heiney Paul A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGeneral, efficient and inexpensive methods for the synthesis of dendritic building blocks methyl 3′,4′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate, 3′,5′‐dihydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate, and methyl 3′,4′,5′‐trihydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate were elaborated. In all syntheses the major step involved an inexpensive NiII‐catalyzed Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction. These three building blocks were employed together with methyl 4′‐hydroxybiphenyl‐4‐carboxylate in a convergent iterative strategy to synthesize seven libraries containing up to three generations of 3′,4′‐, 3′,5′‐, and 3′,4′,5′‐substituted biphenyl‐4‐methyl ether based amphiphilic dendrons. These dendrons self‐assemble into supramolecular dendrimers that self‐organize into periodic assemblies. Structural and retrostructural analysis of their assemblies demonstrated that these dendrons self‐assemble into hollow and non‐hollow supramolecular dendrimers exhibiting dimensions of up to twice those reported for architecturally related dendrons based on benzyl ether repeat units. These new dendrons expand the structural diversity and demonstrate the generality of the concept of self‐assembling dendrons based on amphiphilic arylmethyl ethers.
Pericyclic Reactions Involving Catalytic Metal–Vinylidene Complexes
Authors: Varela Jesús A. , Saá Carlos 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe formation of complex polycyclic systems from terminal alkynes based on the concept of pericyclic reactions of catalytic metal–vinylidenes is presented. Metal–vinylidenes, easily formed from terminal alkynes with catalytic amounts of several metal complexes, can be used in electrocyclizations, cycloadditions or sigmatropic rearrangements to afford valuable compounds.
Separation and aquatic toxicity of enantiomers of the organophosphorus insecticide trichloronate
Authors: Liu Weiping , Lin Kunde , Gan Jianying 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany of the organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) currently used are chiral and therefore consist of mixture of enantiomers. Despite the fact that the biological processes of chiral pesticides are enantioselective, the acute aquatic toxicity of chiral OPs with respect to enantioselectivity has so far received limited research. In this study, the enantiomeric separation and acute aquatic toxicity of trichloronate were investigated. Baseline enantioseparation of trichloronate was successfully achieved using high‐performance liquid chromatography on a Chiralcel OJ column, with a mobile phase of n‐hexane/n‐heptane/ethanol (90/5/5, v/v/v) at the flow rate of 1.0 ml min−1 and room temperature. The resolved enantiomers were characterized for their optical rotation and by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Significant differences were found between the enantiomers in acute aquatic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. The (−)‐trichloronate was 8–11 times more toxic to the test organisms than its (+)‐form, while the racemate showed intermediate toxicity. These results suggest that assessment of the environmental safety of chiral OPs should take stereospecificity into consideration. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bladder cancer risk as modified by family history and smoking
Authors: Lin Jie , Spitz Margaret R. , Dinney Colin P. , Etzel Carol J. , Grossman H. Barton , Wu Xifeng 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The familial risk of bladder cancer (BC) is not well understood and, to date, little attention has been paid to the joint effect of smoking and family history in modifying the risk of BC. The authors investigated the role of family history in association with the risk of BC.METHODS.Case and control probands were identified as part of an on‐going BC case–control study. The relative risk associated with a family history of BC was estimated.RESULTS.In total, 713 cases and 658 controls were included. In a case–control analysis, compared with individuals who never smoked and who had no family history of BC, probands who had smoked and who also had a positive family history were at 5.31‐fold increased risk of BC (P for interaction = .04). The 713 case probands and the 658 controls reported 5160 and 4816 first‐degree relatives, respectively. Compared with never‐smoking relatives who had probands diagnosed with BC at an older age (age >65 years), ever‐smoking relatives who had probands diagnosed at a younger age (ages 40–65 years) showed a 6.89‐fold (95% confidence interval, from 2.25‐fold to 21.12‐fold) increased risk. Similar results were obtained for the joint effects of family history of BC and smoking.CONCLUSIONS.The current results indicated that a positive family history of BC may have interacted with smoking habits to increase the risk of BC in the study population. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Connecting EIA to environmental management systems: lessons from industrial estate developments in England
Authors: Slinn Paul , Handley John , Jay Stephen A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper concerns the relationship between environmental assessment and environmental management systems in the context of recent industrial estate developments. Drawing on environmental statements and interviews with developers, an examination was carried out of the level of good practice in estate design and operation, and the way in which this was influenced by environmental impact assessment and environmental management systems. The study concludes that the environmental impact assessment system worked well within the context of land use planning, but that it failed to facilitate the planning of effective environmental management in practice, with the consequence that the projects examined failed to meet many of the good practice criteria against which they were tested. Finally, several recommendations are made to strengthen continuity between the two. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Chromosomal losses of regions on 5q and lack of high‐level amplifications at 8q24 are associated with favorable prognosis for ovarian serous carcinoma
Authors: Staebler Annette , Karberg Bianca , Behm Juliane , Kuhlmann Petra , Neubert Ulrike , Schmidt Hartmut , Korsching Eberhard , Bürger Horst , Lelle Ralph , Kiesel Ludwig , Böcker Werner , Shih Ie‐Ming , Buchweitz Olaf 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this study, we describe characteristic chromosomal alterations in a consecutive series of 96 serous ovarian tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. We analyze their association with different pathways of progression, histological grade, and clinical outcome. The most striking difference between low‐grade and high‐grade serous carcinomas was seen in a higher incidence of chromosomal gains at 3q and 20q and losses of 13q in the high‐grade carcinomas. In addition, high‐level amplifications were significantly more frequent in high‐grade carcinomas, specifically involving regions on 3q and 8q. Chromosomal amplifications of 19p and 19q and losses of 4q and 5q were among the most frequent changes found in both low‐grade and high‐grade carcinomas, distinguishing them from borderline tumors, which had very few recurrent alterations. The most significant impact on survival of patients with invasive carcinomas Stage II–IV was observed for high‐level amplifications of regions on 8q (mean overall survival (OS) 69 versus 27 months, P = 0.0006). Interestingly, low‐level gains on 8q do not show any impact compared to cases with no alteration. Surprisingly, chromosomal losses on 5q had a protective impact (mean OS 36 versus 76 months, P = 0.0007). Combination of both parameters resulted in two risk groups. Low risk: loss on 5q, no amplification on 8q (mean OS 84 months); high risk: no loss on 5q, amplification on 8q (mean OS 26 months). This difference is even more pronounced, if only cases with residual tumor of less than 2 cm are included, resulting in a 5‐year survival of 100% and 0% (P = 0.0005). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combination of a rapamycin analog (CCI‐779) and interferon‐γ is more effective than single agents in treating a mouse model of tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Lee Laifong , Sudentas Paul , Dabora Sandra L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a familial tumor syndrome characterized by the development of hamartomas in the brain, heart, kidney, and skin. Disease‐causing mutations in the TSC1 or TSC2 gene result in constitutive activation of the highly conserved mTOR signal transduction pathway, which regulates cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. The mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin (sirolimus), reduces disease severity in rodent models of TSC, and is currently in phase II clinical trials. The cytokine interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) is another potential therapeutic agent for TSC. A high‐expressing IFN‐γ allele is associated with a lower frequency of kidney tumors in TSC patients, and treatment with exogenous IFN‐γ reduces the severity of TSC‐related disease in mouse models. Here, we examine the effects of treating tumor‐bearing nude mice with a combination of a rapamycin analog (CCI‐779) and IFN‐γ. We observed that combination therapy was more effective than single agent therapy in reducing tumor growth and improving survival in this mouse model of TSC. Immunoblot and immunohistochemical analyses showed that tumors treated with CCI‐779 plus IFN‐γ had decreased cell proliferation and increased cell death in comparison with untreated tumors or tumors treated with either agent alone. We also observed that CCI‐779 resistance could develop with prolonged treatment. Taken together, our results show that targeting multiple cellular pathways is an effective strategy for treating TSC‐related tumors, and underscore the importance of investigating combination therapy in future clinical trials for patients with TSC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High incidence of familial breast cancer segregates with constitutional t(11;22)(q23;q11)
Authors: Wieland Ilse , Muschke Petra , Volleth Marianne , Röpke Albrecht , Pelz Antje‐Friederike , Stumm Markus , Wieacker Peter 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn a family with a high incidence of postmenopausal breast cancer and a case of glioblastoma, the constitutional translocation t(11;22)(q23;q11.2) was shown to segregate with the malignancies. The breakpoints in this family coincided with the common breakpoints in t(11;22) as shown by a translocation‐specific PCR assay. Loss of heterozygosity analysis of breast tumor tissue revealed deletion of the normal chromosome 22, but retention of der(22) in the tumor cells, suggesting a predisposing effect of the der(22) for breast and brain tumor development in this family. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐2 (MMP‐2) regulates astrocyte motility in connection with the actin cytoskeleton and integrins
Authors: Ogier Crystel , Bernard Anne , Chollet Anne‐Marie , LE Diguardher Thierry , Hanessian Stephen , Charton Gérard , Khrestchatisky Michel , Rivera Santiago 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMatrix Metalloproteinases (MMPs) play a role in migration of many cell types outside the central nervous system (CNS). Among neural cells, astrocytes are one of the main sources of MMPs in physiological and postlesional conditions. However, no data are available on the possible role of MMPs in astrocyte motility. Using an in vitro model of 2D migration and broad spectrum and selective MMP inhibitors, the authors demonstrated that MMP‐2, but not MMP‐9, is a key enzyme for astrocyte migration. In support of these data, the authors found constitutive expression of MMP‐2 in astrocytes, while MMP‐9 was nearly undetectable by gel zymography and immunocytochemical methods. The inhibition of migration by MMP inhibitors correlated with changes in cell morphology and in the organization of the actin cytoskeleton. In parallel, the characteristic focalized distribution of MMP‐2 at the migration front observed in control cells became more diffuse and internalized by treatments that inhibited migration. The disruption of actin by cytochalasin D caused the partial recruitment of MMP‐2 and gelatinolytic activity into actin aggregates, indicating a connection between the proteinase and the actin cytoskeleton. Finally, the authors found a co‐localization of β1‐integrin with MMP‐2 at the leading edge of migrating astrocytes. Altogether, these data provide the first evidence for the implication of MMP‐2 in astrocyte motility, probably through the interaction of the proteinase with β1‐integrin that could act as a linker between pericellular proteolysis and the actin cytoskeleton. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epileptogenic roles of astroglial death and regeneration in the dentate gyrus of experimental temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Kang Tae‐Cheon , Kim Duk‐Soo , Kwak Sung‐Eun , Kim Ji‐Eun , Won Moo Ho , Kim Dae‐Won , Choi Soo‐Young , Kwon Oh‐Shin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractRecent studies have demonstrated that blockade of neuronal death in the hippocampus cannot prevent epileptogenesis in various epileptic models. These reports indicate that neurodegeneration alone is insufficient to cause epilepsy, and that the role of astrocytes in epileptogenesis should be reconsidered. Therefore, the present study was designed to elucidate whether altered morphological organization or the functionalities of astrocytes induced by status epilepticus (SE) is responsible for epileptogenesis. Glial responses (reactive microgliosis followed by astroglial death) in the dentate gyrus induced by pilocarpine‐induced SE were found to precede neuronal damage and these alterations were closely related to abnormal neurotransmission related to altered vesicular glutamate and GABA transporter expressions, and mossy fiber sprouting in the dentate gyrus. In addition, newly generated astrocytes showed down‐regulated expressions of glutamine synthase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and glial GABA transporter. Taken together, our findings suggest that glial responses after SE may contribute to epileptogenesis and the acquisition of the properties of the epileptic hippocampus. Thus, we believe that it is worth considering new therapeutic approaches to epileptogenesis involving targeting the inactivation of microglia and protecting against astroglial loss. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Insolvency, tax and liquidation distributions: dividends, capital gains and the dead hand of the past
Authors: Duns John , Glover John 
Published: July 2006

AbstractShareholders are normally entitled to the surplus, if any, which remains after a liquidator has paid off the company's creditors and discharged all of its outstanding liabilities. Surplus distribution to shareholders is an anticipated event in the liquidation of a solvent company. Shareholders in insolvent companies, by contrast, are likely to be pleasantly surprised to receive surpluses prior to the cancellation of failed investments. Taxation liabilities are likely to arise for the shareholders in both events—under independent and, to a degree, inconsistent regimes provided by the Income Tax Assessment Act 1936 (Cwth) (‘ITAA36’) and the Income Tax Assessment Act 1997 (Cwth) (‘ITAA97’). This paper analyses Australian taxation of liquidation surpluses, noting historical factors and the approaches taken in four comparable tax jurisdictions. Company law applicable to liquidation surplus distributions is surveyed by way of introduction. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of the relative skin sensitization potency of siloranes and bis‐GMA using the local lymph node assay and QSAR predicted potency
Authors: Kostoryz E.L. , Zhu Q. , Zhao H. , Miller M. , Eick J.D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSiloranes are silicon and oxirane (epoxy) containing monomers used for new dental composite development. The siloranes 3,4‐epoxycyclohexylethyl‐cyclopolymethylsiloxane (Tet‐Sil) and bis‐3,4‐epoxycyclohexylethyl‐phenyl‐methylsilane (Ph‐Sil) have in common cycloaliphatic epoxy moieties. The epoxy group is of concern in their biocompatibility since most epoxy compounds are known skin sensitizers. The objective of this study was to determine the in vivo skin sensitization potency of the siloranes in the local lymph node assay. A comparison was made with well‐known chemical allergens, bis‐GMA and DNCB. Female mice (CBA/CaJ) were exposed topically (dorsum of both ears) to several doses of acetone:olive oil in the ratio of 4:1 v/v. Doses were defined by a predictive structure‐activity model (QSAR) for contact sensitization. Lymph node cell (LNC) proliferation was measured on the sixth day by incorporation of radioactive thymidine into DNA of lymph node cells. The effective concentration (EC3) that produced a 3‐fold stimulation in LNC proliferation relative to controls was extrapolated from dose‐response curves. DNCB was a strong sensitizer (EC3 = 0.06%). The EC3 values of Ph‐Sil and bis‐GMA were 19% and 45%, respectively, making these weak contact sensitizers. Tet‐Sil did not increase lymph node proliferation when compared with controls. In contrast to Tet‐Sil, the unpolymerized monomers Ph‐Sil and bis‐GMA have the capacity to induce LNC proliferation, characteristic of a T‐cell mediated skin contact sensitization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006