bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
General Principles of Law as Applied by International Criminal Courts and Tribunals
Authors: Raimondo Fabián 
Published: February 2008

AbstractInternational lawyers usually disregard the vital functions that general principles of law may play in the decisions of international courts and tribunals. The relative indifference in these principles should lead to a renewed attention in the legal regime of the general principles of law as a source of public international law. As far as international criminal law is concerned, general principles of law may be crucial to the outcome of an international trial, inter alia because the conviction of an accused in respect of a particular charge may depend on the existence of a given defence under this source. This article examines the role that general principles of law have played in the decisions of international criminal courts and tribunals. In particular, it aims at analysing their alleged 'subsidiary' nature, their process of determination, and their transposition from national legal systems into international law. It concludes that general principles of law have played a significant role not only by filling legal gaps, but also by being a fundamental means for the interpretation of legal rules and the enhancement of legal reasoning.
Development of a Land Surface Model Including Cloud Water Deposition on Vegetation
Authors: Katata Genki , Nagai Haruyasu , Wrzesinsky Thomas , Klemm Otto , Eugster Werner , Burkard Reto 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
A land surface model including cloud (fog) water deposition on vegetation was developed to better predict the heat and water exchanges between the biosphere and atmosphere. A new scheme to calculate cloud water deposition on vegetation was implemented in this model. High performance of the model was confirmed by comparison of calculated heat and cloud water flux over a forest with measurements. The new model provided a better prediction of measured turbulent and gravitational fluxes of cloud water over the canopy than the commonly used cloud water deposition model. In addition, simple linear relationships between wind speed over the canopy (|U|) and deposition velocity of cloud water (Vdep) were found both in measurements and in the calculations. Numerical experiments using the model were performed to study the influences of two types of leaves (needle and broad leaves) and canopy structure parameters (total leaf area index and canopy height) on Vdep. When the size of broad leaves is small, they can capture larger amounts of cloud water than needle leaves with the same canopy structure. The relationship between aerodynamic and canopy conductances for cloud water at a given total leaf area density (LAD) strongly influenced Vdep. From this, it was found that trees whose LAD ≈ 0.1 m2 m−3 are the most efficient structures for cloud water deposition. A simple expression for the slope of Vdep plotted against LAD obtained from the experiments can be useful for predicting total cloud water deposition to forests on large spatial scales.
A Qualitative Study of Barriers to Mental Health Services Utilisation Among Migrants From Mainland China in South-East Sydney
Authors: Blignault Ilse , Ponzio Vince , Ye Rong  , Eisenbruch Maurice 
Published: February 2008

Background: Chinese-language speakers comprise the largest non-English speaking population in Australia but they have among the lowest rates of mental health services utilisation. Material: A bilingual (Mandarin/English) researcher conducted in-depth interviews with China-born mental health patients and members of the general community, and mental health service providers. Discussion: Participants identified several factors that limit access to mental healthcare as well as the quality of care received: mental health literacy, communication difficulties, stigma, confidentiality concerns, service constraints and discrimination. Cross-cultural communication was not just a matter of hearing individual words but also appreciating idioms and cultural and social references. Conclusion: Findings have implications for the prevention and treatment of mental disorders among migrants from China, and caution against assuming heterogeneity within ethnic groups. Mental health services must become more culturally competent in their attempts to engage the target group and to deliver both acute and continuing care.
Together We Can
Authors: Rosenkoetter Sharon E. 
Published: February 2008

T ogether we can do this ... ," Gracie remembers saying to herself many times the first year. "Together we can make a great learning experience for the children. " Gracie is a Head Start teacher. Her co-teachers are Mimi, an early childhood special educator; Paula, a paraprofessional; Sandra, a Title I teacher; Kerri, who is paid by the state preschool program; and Joan and David, child care providers. Several therapists are present part-time. Together this team operates two large classrooms with 35 children attending at each of two sessions per day. The space can be-and usually is-subdivided into smaller pods of children and teachers. Eight of the children in the morning group and seven in the afternoon group have special needs, some quite significant. Several children arrive for child care as early as 6:45 AM, and others stay as late as 5:15. Some children attend for three hours and some for four hours, while other children receive extended care and education. The children funded by the state preschool program attend just two days per week on alternating schedules. Together ... this team has created a blended preschool program.
Local and systemic induction of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cell population by non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: Mittal Sajjan , Marshall Neil A. , Duncan Linda , Culligan Dominic J. , Barker Robert N. , Vickers Mark A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractRegulatory T (Treg) cells contribute to immune evasion by malignancies. To investigate their importance in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), we enumerated Treg cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and involved tissues from 30 patients. CD25+FoxP3+CD127lowCD4+ Treg cells were increased markedly in PBMCs (median = 20.4% CD4 T cells, n = 20) versus healthy controls (median = 3.2%, n = 13, P < .001) regardless of lymphoma subtype, and correlated with disease stage and serum lactate dehydrogenase (Rs = 0.79, P < .001). T-cell hyporesponsiveness was reversed by depleting CD25+ cells, or by adding anti–CTLA-4, supporting the view that Treg cells explain the systemic immunosuppression seen in NHL. A high proportion of Treg cells was also present in involved tissues (median = 38.8% CD4 T cells, n = 15) versus reactive nodes (median = 11.6%, n = 2, P = .02). When autologous CD25− PBMC fractions were incubated with tumor cells from patients (n = 6) in vitro, there was consistent strong induction and then expansion of cells with the CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ phenotype of classic “natural” Treg cells. This population was confirmed to be suppressive in function. Direct cell-cell interaction of tumor cells with CD25− PBMCs was important in Treg induction, although there was heterogeneity in the mechanisms responsible. We conclude that NHL cells are powerful inducers of Treg cells, which may represent a new therapeutic target.
Evaluation of the cytogenetic aberration pattern in amyloid light chain amyloidosis as compared with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance reveals common pathways of karyotypic instability
Authors: Bochtler Tilmann , Hegenbart Ute , Cremer Friedrich W. , Heiss Christiane , Benner Axel , Hose Dirk , Moos Marion , Bila Jelena , Bartram Claus R. , Ho Anthony D. , Goldschmidt Hartmut , Jauch Anna , Schonland Stefan O. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractChromosomal aberrations (CAs) have emerged as important pathogenetic and prognostic factors in plasma cell disorders. Using interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis, we evaluated CAs in a series of 75 patients with amyloid light chain amyloidosis (AL) as compared with 127 patients with monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS). We investigated IgH translocations t(11;14), t(4;14), and t(14;16) as well as gains of 1q21, 11q23, and 19q13 and deletions of 8p21, 13q14, and 17p13, detecting at least one CA in 89% of the patients. Translocation t(11;14) was the most frequent aberration in AL, with 47% versus 26% in MGUS (P = .03), and was strongly associated with the lack of an intact immunoglobulin (P < .001), thus contributing to the frequent light chain subtype in AL. Other frequent aberrations in AL included deletion of 13q14 and gain of 1q21, which were shared by MGUS at comparable frequencies. The progression to multiple myeloma (MM) stage I was paralleled by an increased frequency of gain of 1q21 (P = .001) in both groups. Similar branching patterns were observed in an oncogenetic tree model, indicating a common mechanism of underlying karyotypic instability in these plasma cell disorders.
Membrane environment rather than tissue factor expression determines thrombin formation triggered by monocytic cells undergoing apoptosis
Authors: Stampfuss Jan Julius , Censarek Petra , Bein Daniela , Schrör Karsten , Grandoch Maria , Naber Christoph , Weber Artur-Aron 
Published: February 2008

AbstractMonocyte apoptosis is an important determinant of atherothrombosis. Two major mechanisms for apoptosis-associated thrombogenicity have been described: exposure of negatively charged membrane phospholipids and up-regulation of tissue factor (TF). However, the relative importance of these mechanisms is unclear. Thus, procoagulant functions (thrombin generation) of apoptotic (staurosporine, 2 μM, 24 h) U937 cells versus cell-derived microparticles (MPs) were studied. In apoptotic U937 cells, a significant increase in TF mRNA (real-time PCR), surface expression of TF (flow cytometry), and total cellular amount of TF (Western blotting) was observed. Control cells only minimally triggered thrombin generation (endogenous thrombin potential), and apoptotic cells were highly procoagulant. However, addition of negatively charged membranes completely restored the thrombin generation capacity of control U937 cells to the levels of apoptotic cells. MPs (defined as CD45+ particles of subcellular size), derived from apoptotic U937 cells, were highly procoagulant but did not exhibit an increased TF expression or annexin V binding. Taken together, our data support the concept that the membrane environment, independent of TF expression, determines the extent of thrombin formation triggered by apoptosis of monocytic cells. Externalization of negatively charged phospholipids represents the most important mechanisms for whole cells. Additional yet unknown mechanisms appear to be involved in the procoagulant actions of MPs derived from apoptotic monocytes.
Preventive Care for Colorectal Cancer Survivors: A 5-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Snyder Claire F. , Earle Craig C. , Herbert Robert J. , Neville Bridget A. , Blackford Amanda L. , Frick Kevin D. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose To explore the mix of physician specialties that long-term survivors visit and how the mix relates to preventive care. Patients and Methods Using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results–Medicare database, we conducted a retrospective, longitudinal study of stage I to III Medicare fee-for-service colorectal cancer patients diagnosed in 1997. We examined physician visits and preventive care each year for 5 years, starting 366 days postdiagnosis, and how preventive service receipt related to the physician mix seen: primary care provider (PCP) only, oncologist only, both, or neither. Results A total of 1,541 patients met the eligibility criteria (mean age, 76; 43% male; 85% white). During 5 years, PCP visits increased from a mean of 4.2 to 4.7 (P < .0001), and oncology visits decreased from 1.3 to 0.5 (P < .0001). Survivor care by PCPs only increased from 44% to 62%, whereas shared care by PCPs and oncologists dropped from 37% to 21% (P < .0001). Survivors who saw both PCPs and oncologists were most likely to receive influenza vaccination, mammograms, and cervical cancer screening; survivors who saw PCPs only were most likely to receive cholesterol screening and bone densitometry. Higher socioeconomic status was associated with increased influenza vaccination, mammograms, and cervical cancer screening (P < .05). Over time, there was a decrease in mammography and cervical cancer screening and an increase in influenza vaccination (P < .05). Conclusion As oncologists become less involved in survivor care, cancer-related screening decreases significantly. These results support the need for survivorship care plans that explicitly outline the roles of PCPs and oncologists in sharing care for cancer survivors, and how these roles may change over time.
Phase I Trial of Nelarabine in Indolent Leukemias
Authors: Gandhi Varsha , Tam Constantine , O'Brien Susan , Jewell Roxanne C. , Rodriguez Carlos O. , Lerner Susan , Plunkett William , Keating Michael J. 
Published: February 2008

Purpose To test whether nelarabine is an effective agent for indolent leukemias and to evaluate whether there is a relationship between cellular pharmacokinetics of the analog triphosphate and clinical responses. Patients and Methods Thirty-five patients with relapsed/refractory leukemias (n = 24, B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and n = 11, T-cell prolymphocytic leukemia) were entered onto three different protocols. For schedule A, patient received nelarabine daily for 5 days, whereas for schedule B, nelarabine was administered on days 1, 3, and 5. Schedule C was similar to schedule B except that fludarabine was also infused. Plasma and cellular pharmacokinetics were studied during the first cycle. Results Responses were achieved in 20%, 15%, and 63% of patients receiving schedule A, B, and C, respectively. Histologic category, number of prior therapies, and fludarabine refractoriness did not influence the response rate. The most common nonhematologic toxicity was peripheral neuropathy. Grade 4 neutropenia and thrombocytopenia complicated 23% and 26% of courses respectively, and were significantly more frequent among patients with pre-existing marrow failure. Pharmacokinetics of plasma nelarabine and arabinosylguanine (ara-G) and of cellular ara-G triphosphate (ara-GTP) were similar in the two groups of diagnoses, and the elimination of ara-GTP from leukemia cells was slow (median, > 24 hours). The median peak intracellular concentrations of ara-GTP were significantly different (P = .0003) between responders (440 μmol/L; range, 35 to 1,438 μmol/L; n = 10) and nonresponders (50 μmol/L; range, 22 to 178 μmol/L; n = 15). Conclusion Nelarabine is an effective regimen against indolent leukemias, and combining it with fludarabine was most promising. Determination of tumor cell ara-GTP levels may provide a predictive test for response to nelarabine.
Wood-adhesive interactions in a PVAc latex
Authors: López-Suevos Francisco , Frazier Charles E. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Static rheological analysis based on time/temperature equivalence was applied to freestanding poly(vinyl acetate-co-N-methylolacrylamide) (PVAc-co-NMA) adhesive films and to wood-bonded films (composites) containing two types of crosslinking: 1) AlCl3 catalysis of NMA comonomer, and 2) the same AlCl3 catalysis plus additional crosslinking using a phenolic resol additive, PF. The glass/rubber relaxations for bulk poly(vinyl acetate), PVAc, and in some cases for the poly(vinyl alcohol) interfacial agent (PVOH) also, were evaluated by the empirical Kohlrausch-Williams-Watts (KWW) coupling model. The KWW coupling analysis revealed that accelerated weathering dramatically decreased PVAc segmental coupling in neat films; the PF additive slightly mitigated this weathering effect. In comparison to neat films, composite specimens exhibited increased PVAc coupling for all sample types, demonstrating a significant wood-adhesive interaction. In contrast to neat films, the PF additive completely negated the effects of accelerated weathering in composite specimens. Since PF prevented weathering-induced changes to the PVAc relaxation (in composites), the phenolic additive influenced the bulk adhesive and its effects were not restricted to PVOH crosslinking at the interparticle boundaries. The wood-adhesive interaction was not only detected through the PVAc relaxation but also in the PVOH glass transition. Furthermore, the PF borne weather resistance was dependent upon the presence or absence of wood, suggesting a PF/wood interaction. It is unknown if the putative PF/wood interaction is direct or possibly indirect through wood alteration of PVAc and PVOH.
Profile production in multi-veneer sheets by continuous roll forming
Authors: Srinivasan Narayana , Jayaraman Krishnan , Bhattacharyya Debes 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Roll forming is a rapid operation that employs consecutive roll stations to progressively deform a strip into a desired profile. The continuous nature of the process coupled with its versatility and speed makes it extremely attractive for producing lightweight, structurally efficient components from sheet materials. This paper describes the roll forming of plywood by heated rolls, which is an innovative concept that can increase the range of usage and add value to the end products. Deformation length measurements from static roll bend tests were carried out to determine the roll spacing and the results agree well with the values predicted by a modified theory based on the minimisation of the total deformation energy for a rigid-plastic material. The deformation lengths, such as in metals and composite sheets, depend essentially on the geometric parameters of the profiles produced and are practically independent of the mechanical properties of the work material. Further, the real-time strain measurements by strain gauges bonded on the roll formed specimens show that the strain profiles compare reasonably well with those obtained for metallic and continuous fibre-reinforced thermoplastic sheets. Finally, the macroscopic deformation of veneer sheets due to roll forming has been analysed kinematically by means of grid strain analysis and the geometric conformance of the product has been determined.
Short-Term Effects of an Educational Program on Health-Seeking Behavior for Infections in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Venmans Leonie M.A.J. , Gorter Kees J. , Hak Eelko , Rutten Guy E.H.M. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to assess the short-term effects of an educational program on (determinants of) self-reported health-seeking behavior for infections of the urinary tract (UTIs) and lower respiratory tract (LRTIs) in patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In a randomized controlled trial, 1,124 patients with type 2 diabetes aged between 44 and 85 years participated. The intervention consisted of a multifaceted educational program with an interactive meeting, a leaflet, a Web site, and a consultation with the diabetes care provider. The program focused on the needs of patients, apparent from a prior focus group and questionnaire study. The primary outcome measure was an indicator of health-seeking behavior for UTIs and LRTIs, defined as the proportion of participants with a positive score on at least seven of nine determinants, six from the Health Belief Model and the additional three domains of knowledge, need for information, and intention. The primary outcome was measured with questionnaires at baseline and after 5 months.
RESULTS—Complete outcome data were available for 468 intervention group patients and 472 control group patients. In all, 68% of the intervention group patients attended the meeting. At baseline, 28% of the participants from the intervention group had a positive score on seven of the nine determinants, compared with 27% from the control group. After the educational program, these percentages were 53 and 32%, respectively (P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Our educational program positively influenced determinants of health-seeking behavior for common infections in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes- and Nondiabetes-Related Lower Extremity Amputation Incidence Before and After the Introduction of Better Organized Diabetes Foot Care
Authors: Canavan Ronan J. , Unwin Nigel C. , Kelly William F. , Connolly Vincent M. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—There is a lack of continuous longitudinal population-based data on lower extremity amputation (LEA) in the U.K. We present here accurate data on trends in diabetes-related (DR) LEAs and non-DRLEAs in the South Tees area over a continuous 5-year period.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—All cases of LEA from 1 July 1995 to 30 June 2000 within the area were identified. Estimated ascertainment using capture-recapture analysis approached 100% for LEAs in the area. Data were collected longitudinally using the standard method of the Global Lower Extremity Amputation Study protocol.
RESULTS—Over 5 years there were 454 LEAs (66.3% men) in the South Tees area, of which 223 were diabetes related (49.1%). Among individuals with diabetes, LEA rates went from 564.3 in the first year to 176.0 of 100,000 persons with diabetes in the fifth year. Over the same period, non-DRLEAs increased from 12.3 to 22.8 of 100,000 persons without diabetes. The relative risk of a person with diabetes undergoing an LEA went from being 46 times that of a person without diabetes to 7.7 at the end of the 5 years. The biggest improvement in LEA incidence was seen in the reduction of repeat major DRLEAs.
CONCLUSIONS—Our data show that in the South Tees area at a time when major non-DRLEA rates increased, major DRLEA rates have fallen. These diverging trends mark a significant improvement in care for patients with diabetic foot disease as a result of better organized diabetes care.
Trends and Disparities in U.S. Emergency Department Visits for Hypoglycemia, 1993–2005
Authors: Ginde Adit A. , Espinola Janice A. , Camargo Carlos A. 
Published: February 2008

OBJECTIVE—To characterize the epidemiology of hypoglycemia in U.S. emergency departments.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We analyzed data from the 1993–2005 National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey and evaluated trends and disparities over time.
RESULTS—There were ∼5 million emergency department visits for hypoglycemia from 1993–2005, and 25% resulted in hospital admission. The visit rate per 1,000 of the diabetic population was 34 (95% CI 30–37) and did not change significantly during the study period (P = 0.70 for trend). These visit rates were higher in patients aged &lt;45 years (n = 62) and ≥75 years (n = 54) versus those aged 45–74 years (n = 21), in female (n = 37) versus male (n = 30) patients, in black (n = 40) vs. white (n = 25) patients, and in Hispanic (n = 21) versus non-Hispanic (n = 12) patients (all P &lt; 0.001).
CONCLUSIONS—Greater emphasis on intensive glycemic control has not resulted in increased emergency department visit rates for hypoglycemia. We identified demographic disparities, however, that merit further evaluation. The emergency department provides an important opportunity for epidemiologic study and intervention for severe hypoglycemia.