bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intolerance of ambiguity and socio‐politico ideology: A multidimensional analysis
Authors: Sidanius Jim 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study tested the relative plausibility of three, main theories and/or hypotheses concerning the relationship between intolerance of ambiguity and socio‐politico ideology: (a) authoritarian personality theory, (b) the extremism hypothesis and (c) the context hypothesis. The sample consisted of 195 Swedish high school students randomly selected from five different high schools from greater Stockholm in the spring of 1974. Separate factor analyses of the Budner Intolerance of Ambiguity Scale and the S4 Conservatism Scale generated seven factors of ambiguity intolerance and five factors of socio‐politico ideology, Scattergram, correlation and trend analyses disclosed a number of statistically significant relationships between the various dimensions of ambiguity intolerance and socio‐politico ideology. The main trend of the results tended to confirm authoritarian personality theory concerning the relationship between intolerance of ambiguity and racism or ethnic prejudice. Furthermore, some support was found for the context hypothesis, with regards to the relationship between general intolerance of ambiguity and general conservatism, among other things. No support could be found for the extremism hypothesis.
Arbitrariness of frustration: Inhibition or instigation effects on aggression
Authors: Rule Brendan Gail , Dyck Ronald , Nesdale Andrew R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the present research was to assess the relative influence of instigation or inhibition in mediating retaliation after arbitrary or non‐arbitrary frustration. Sixty‐four men were asked to learn a concept that was being taught by a peer. Although all men were frustrated, half were deliberately frustrated while the other half were not deliberately frustrated by the teacher. Following the task, the learner was given the opportunity to prevent the teacher from gaining employment under conditions where his evaluation was either anonymous or to be made public. The results of a 2 × 2 analysis of variance yielded several significant effects. The data revealed that subjects rejected the teacher more when the frustration was arbitrary than when it was non‐arbitrary. Moreover, when the evaluation was anonymous, subjects rejected the teacher more than when the evaluation was to be made public. Furthermore, the difference in the amount of rejection expressed between arbitrary and non‐arbitrary conditions was greater when the evaluation was anonymous than when it was public. These results were interpreted as demonstrating the greater contribution of instigatory rather than inhibitory factors in expressing aggression following deliberate or non‐deliberate frustration.
Coalition formation: Political attitudes and power
Authors: Wilke Henk , Pruyn Jean , De Vries Gerjan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this study 2 theories have been tested: Minimum Range theory (de Swaan, 1970; Leierson, 1970) and Minimal Resource theory (Caplow, 1956; Riker, 1962; Gamson, 1964). In an experimental simulation (Runkel and McGrath, 1972)political attitudes (left, centre and right) and power differences (40 seats in parliament, 30 seats and 20 seats) have been induced.The results suggest that in the beginning of the bargaining process people communicate about the composition of the coalition programme. The minimal range theory may explain this behaviour: parties with more similar ideological interests do coalesce. Later on, one more often bargains about the division of the outcomes, i.e. portfolios. Minimum Resource theory only partly explains the formed coalitions. Minimal winning coalitions, which are predicted by Minimum Resource theory, are formed more often within centre‐left‐coalitions. This is not the case for centre‐right‐coalitions. It is discussed that the link between the parity norm and minimal winning coalitions, which is assumed by Minimum Resource theory, possiblv does not hold in this experiment. The parity norm being used by right together with centres strong position leads to the frequent occurrence of minimal winning centre‐left‐coalitions.
Social change and intergroup preferences in New Zealand
Authors: Vaughan Graham M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwelve hundred Maori and Pakeha (White, European) children in New Zealand ranging from five to twelve years of age, have been tested for intergroup preferences in a series of studies. These investigations spanned the years 1961–1970, and were conducted in four different regions, Previous analysis of these results had concentrated on the ontogeny of ethnic awareness and attitude development, and has not succeeded in relating distinct regional differences to population characteristics such as density or contact rate. The present study re‐examines available data, following Tajfe's recent theoretical developments relating social identity to the process of social change, Two judges independently rated the four New Zealand regions in question in terms of perceived status relationships between Maori and Pakeha, ranging from relatively static to relatively fluid. Both resorted to two major variables in the judging: rural versus urban, and year of study. Inter‐judge agreement for ratings was total across the four regions. The resulting dimension was conceived as one which could reflect a restructuring of intergroup choices as a consequence of social change. It was found that Maori children have shown a clear shift away from out‐group preference as a function of urbanism and of time. While the rural context may have offered a form of security via a more ‘classical’ Maori identity, the collapse of this system in an urban context reveals Maori/Pakeha social inequity for what it is, particularly in the eyes of older children. This trend has been accelerated in the seventies by a knowledge of minority group assertions elsewhere, particularly in the United States. There is some evidence of a shift in Pakeha behaviour too. Blatant in‐group preference has diminished as a facet of social change, though Pakehas could retrench if a militant pattern appeared in Maori behaviour.
Reactions to facial deformities: Autonomic and social psychological
Authors: Aamot Solveig 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the reaction to facial deformities and the evaluation of physical and social handicap in connection with rehabilitation.Threshold and latency time of 40 male and 40 female normal subjects, reaction to male and female deformed and non‐deformed faces (Jive of each) was measured by tachistoscopic procedure. In test 1 subjects responded ‘man’/‘woman’, in test 11 ‘deject’/ ‘normal’. In test 111 seven additional and the pictures of the ten deformities of rests I, II were scored on degree of handicap.Results by use of a quasi‐four‐way analysis of variance (tests 1, 11) and factor analvsis (III) show significant differences in reaction to deformity versus nondeformity (p < .01). Sex takes longer to report with deformed females (p < .05), deformity with females (p < .01); deformitylnormality is reported differently with own versus other sex (p < .05). Increasing degree of deformity does not correspond to increase in reaction time; slight deficiencies cause reactions indicating confusion.Several levels of discrimination ‐ autonomic and social psychological ‐ and the possible use of evaluation scales to reveal psychological problems of facial deformities are discussed.
Personality inference from voice quality: The loud voice of extroversion
Authors: Scherer Klaus R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInvestigated the process of personality inference from voice quality using 24 male American stimulus persons who served as subjects in simulated jury discussions. Applying a Brunswikian lens model of the inference process, criteria, distal cues, proximal cues and attributions were measured by independent groups of judges: personality criteria by three peers of each stimulus person and, on the basis of content‐masked voice samples, distal voice quality indicator cues by six phoneticians, proximal voice percept by ten naive judges, personality attributions by nine naive judges. Only extroversion attributions correlate significantly with the criterion, replicating earlier findings. For the inference of extroversion, contrary to other traits which apparently cannot be inferred accurately from voice quality, the following conditions are met: (a) the criterion is associated with ecologically valid voice energy cues (vocal effort and dynamic range), (b) these indicator cues are adequately represented as proximal voice percepts (particularly loudness and sharpness), and(c) percept utilization in the judges' inferential strategy corresponds to the association between criterion and distal indicator cues. Path‐analytic procedures are used to test empirically the adequacy of the inference model to (a) account for the variance in the attributions, and (b) explain significant correlations between criteria and attributions in terms of mediating variables.
Information search and attribution: Cognitive processes mediating the effect of false autonomic feedback
Authors: Liebhart Ernst H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAll published experiments using false autonomic feedback are reviewed and four sets of necessary conditions mediating its effects are proposed. These conditions convern (a) search for an explanation of the feedback, (b) availability of potentially explanatory context features, (c) causal attribution of the feedback, and (d) salience of the perceived causes. Conflicting results, including outcomes of cognitive desensitization, are explicable by reference to these conditions. Evidence supports the attributional theory of emotional behaviour and the assumed equivalence of actual and fictitious arousal although the boundary conditions of the latter postulate need still be explored.
Attitudinal effects of the use of evaluatively biased language
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Pancer S. Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn an experiment to study the effects on attitudes of requiring subjects to use evaluatively biased language, 84 schoolchildren aged 13–14 years completed a questionnaire to measure their attitudes on the issue of adult authority over teenagers, before and after writing an essay on this issue in which they were either required to incorporate words from a list all of which implied a positive evaluation of a pro‐authority position or a negative evaluation of an anti‐authority position (pro‐bias condition), or required to incorporate words where the implied evaluations were reversed (anti‐bias condition), or were given no words to incorporate (control condition). Relative to controls, pro‐bias subjects showed as a shift towards a more pro position and anti‐bias subjects became more anti irrespective of their initial attitudes (pro‐bias versus anti‐bias comparison, p<.01). However, when tested 6 days later most of this effect had disappeared, particularly in the case of subjects whose initial attitudes were least pro. At this final session, subjects also rated attitude statements on the issue in terms of scales constructed from the pro‐bias and anti‐bias word lists. In accordance with previous research, the more pro subjects' attitudes, the more they showed greater polarization of judgement on the pro‐bias than the anti‐bias scales (p<.000l). It is concluded that a person's attitude may be related to the kind of evaluative language he will apply to an issue, and that when a person is induced to use language implying a particular evaluation of an issue, he may change his attitude, at least in the short term, so as to be more congruent with the language he has used.
Factors affecting balance, agreement and positivity biases in POQ and POX triads
Authors: White C. J. Mower 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis review considers experiments which have tested triadic balance in POX and POQ structures. It is pointed out that balance is only one bias which affects subjects' responses to these structures. Of the others the most important are agreement and P/O positivity; these three biases act independently of each other and therefore should be considered as separate influences on subjects' responses. In addition, because they act independently, Newcomb's (1968) theory of interpersonal balance cannot be an adequate explanation of their operation. In an attempt to discover the different influences on balance, agreement, and positivity biases, experiments concerned with balance theory are reviewed in three sections: (1) a classification based on experimental task, (2) a classification based on characteristics of the triad, and (3) personality variables. It is concluded that there are different influences on the different biases, and that any attempt to assess their relative strength must consider the influences upon them. Finally, it is suggested that the view of biases as methods of encoding information about social structures should consider that such methods can be varied by subjects' knowledge or assumptions about that social structure.
Effects of knowledge of self‐interest and social relationship upon the use of equity, utilitarian, and Rawlsian principles of allocation
Authors: Curtis Rebecca C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSubjects played a game and were told they had the high score, low score, or were not informed which score was their own. They were previously led to like or dislike the other. Relative performance was generally considered in allocating rewards, indicating the use of an equity principle. Performance was not used as a criteria for allocation, however, by subjects who were uncertain of their score in positive social relationships and poor performers in negative social relationships. When given a chance to increase the total group reward by deviating from the distribution ratio believed most equitable, most subjects did so. This finding indicated that a utilitarian type of principle was clearly used in conjunction with the equity principle. Few subjects, however, followed the Rawlsian principle that inequality is only tolerable when an unequal allocation gives more to each person than an equal allocation.
Social comparison and group interest in ingroup favouritism
Authors: Turner J. C. , Brown R. J. , Tajfel H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the effects of reward magnitude and comparability of the outgroup on minimal intergroup discrimination where self‐interest was related to ingroup profit. Favouritism towards own group is hypothesized to arise from intergroup comparisons to enhance self‐esteem as well as instrumental rivalry for group and self‐interest. Sixty‐two fourteen to fifteen years' old school‐boys and girls were randomly assigned to a high or low reward condition in which they distributed monetary rewards, via choice‐matrices, to the ingroup and a relevant comparison outgroup, and the ingroup and an irrelevant comparison outgroup. Monetary self‐interest was explicitly and directly linked to ingroup's absolute profit. Ss sacrificed group and personal gain to achieve intergroup differences in monetary outcomes favouring the ingroup; and were less fair and more discriminatory towards the relevant than irrelevant outgroup. especially with High Rewards.
Categorization, attitude and memory for the source of attitude statements
Authors: Eiser J. Richard , Van Der Pllgt Joop , Gossop Michael R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a study of factors influencing recognition‐memory for the sources of attitude statements, a final sample of 107 subjects, aged 15–16, first rated their agreement with 24 statements concerning drug‐use, 12 of which were attributed to one, and 12 to another, fictitiously named newspaper. Later, the statements were re shown to subjects with half the names altered, and subjects had to indicate which names were correct (i.e., unaltered). Discrimination sensitivity was very significantly higher in a condition where the initial relationship between the sources and the statements was systematic, so that the 12 most pro‐drug statements were attributed to one newspaper and the 12 most anti‐drug statements to the other, than in two conditions where the initial relationship was random, in which discrimination was at chance level. In the first of these conditions, subjects were also more likely to claim that the attributed source was correct if they had previously agreed with the statement. overall, subjects were more accurate in discriminating correct and incorrect sources for statements to which they had previously given a more moderate, or a more negative response on the agreement scale.
Favourableness of leadership situations studied with information integration theory
Authors: Singh Ramadhar , Bohra Kayyum A. , Dalal Ajit K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn Fiedler's contingency theory, situation favourableness for leader depends upon three situational variables — Group Atmosphere, Task Structure and Position Power. Each variable is dichotomized as high or low to define a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial cube with eight octants, and correlations between leadership style and effectiveness are plotted against the octants. To place these octants along a one‐dimensional scale of favourableness, Fiedler assumes that Group Atmosphere is most important and Position Power is least important, and that the situational variables combine according to an adding rule. In four judgmental experiments conducted during different periods of national emergency in India, favourableness of leadership situations was studied with the methods of Anderson's information integration theory. Results indicated (a) that relative importance of situational variables changed across situations, (b) that situational variables were averaged in judgment of situation favourableness, and (c) that spacing of octants on the horizontal axis according to their functional measurement values generated a considerably better bow‐shaped curve for correlation between leadership style and effectiveness than was obtained with Fiedler's octant scale. Judgmental experiments seemed to have great potential for providing a more analytic approach to further work on contingency theory and leadership behaviour.
Political socialization: A multivariate analysis of Swedish political attitude and preference data
Authors: Sidanius Jim , Ekehammar Bo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStudied the socio‐political attitudes and political party preferences of 532 Swedish high school students as a function of seven background variables: (I) the mother's political party preference, (2) the father's political party preference, (3) the mother's education, (4) the father's education, (5) the mother's income, (6) the father's income and (7) social class identification. Multiple classification analysis and multivariate nominal analysis were used to uncover the most important possible determinants of political socialization of the youth in both bivariate and multivariate aspects. The results showed that, of the seven predictor or background variables studied, only three had any substantial relationship with socio‐political attitudes and political party preferences of the youth: (a) the mother's political party preference, (b) class identification and (c) the father's political party preference in that general order of importance. Furthermore, the superiority of the mother's political party preference over the father's political party preference was especially marked for girls. Among other things, the results also disclosed that ‘left‐wing’ youth tended to be more loyal to parental political beliefs than ‘moderate’ and ‘right‐wing’ youth. Several alternative explanations were proposed for these findings.
Social psychology at the crossroads: Its encounter with cognitive and ecological psychology and the interactive perspective
Authors: Zavalloni Marisa , Louis‐Guerin Christiane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article discusses the implications for social psychology of recent developments in the neighbouring fields of cognitive and ecological psychology. The authors stress the importance of studying the cognitive processes directly instead of inferring them as hypothetical constructs from aggregate responses. This paradigmatic shift implies a change in the conduct of research from the traditional nomothetic perspective to a neo‐idiographic one. A method of representational contextualization is offred to generate the affective and cognitive deep structure from surface, first order data. This structure identified as the internal environment, reflects simultaneously the construction of reality by a situated individual and the recoding rules operating in such a construction.
The Influence of structural relationships on coalition formation in four‐person apex games
Authors: Kahan James P. , Rapoport Amnon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEight quartets of subjects each played eight different versions of a 4‐person apex game twice, in a computer‐controlled coalition formation experiment. The eight games were cast into a 2 × 2 factorial mold in which (i) the central apex player was either weak or strong in terms of the outcomes available to Apex coalitions, and (ii) the outcomes to players not in coalitions varied, such that the outside opportunities of the Base players were not necessarily equal.The data were analyzed from the point of view of coalition frequencies, payoff allocations, and a bargaining process examination of the computer‐recorded protocols. The H competitive bargaining set is shown to be a first‐order predictor of payoff allocations, but differences not accountable by that model are also manifest. The manipulation of the strength of the Apex player affected coalition frequencies such that strong Apex players were in more coalitions than weak Apex players. Somewhat contrary to expectation, no effect for differential outside opportunities of Base players were shown. The analysis of the bargaining protocols revealed structural and psychological factors not considered in present mathematical models that must be incorporated into any model aspiring to provide a coherent description of coalition formation processes.
A modified proportional change model of attitude change by group discussion
Authors: Brandstätter Hermann , Klein‐Moddenborg Volker 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe data of two experiments of dyadic group discussion have been reanalysed. An extended proportional change model was designed to explain the actual process of attitude change. The model is defined by two parameters. The first represents the impact of single pro‐arguments and single con‐arguments on the attitude or decision preference. The second describes the resistance to further change that increases with the distance from the initial position. It was hypothesized that the first parameter should be higher and the second lower, with a similar partner than with a dissimilar one. The prediction was confirmed for the first parameter only. A comparison of the extended proportional change model to related models concludes the report.
Behavioural style and group cohesiveness as sources of minority influence
Authors: Wolf Sharon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBehavioural style and group cohesiveness were tested as sources of minority influence under conditions in which rejection of the minority from the group was possible and under conditions in which it was not. Female subjects (N = 120) were led to believe that they were interacting as a group and that they held a majority position on a relevant issue. The influence agent, ostensibly one of the group members, advocated a minority position throughout their interaction. Three variables were manipulated: group cohesiveness (high or low), behavioural style of the deviate (high or low consistency) and opportunity for rejection of the deviate from the group (possible or not possible). It was predicted that the deviate would be more influential under high cohesive than under low cohesive conditions and that she would be most influential when she was highly consistent and there was no opportunity to reject her. Although both hypotheses were confirmed, unexpected minority influence effects were also found.