bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The judicial arm of the occupation: the Israeli military courts in the occupied territories
Authors: Weill Sharon 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSince the beginning of the Israeli occupation more than 200,000 cases have been brought before military courts, where Palestinian civilians have been prosecuted and judged by the military authorities. However, despite the large number of judicial decisions, this jurisprudence has not received the attention it merits. Academic researchers and NGOs have usually examined the procedural rights of the accused and have only rarely dealt with other legal matters. This article aims to examine the preliminary issue of territorial jurisdiction. Through the analysis a process of judicial domination is revealed. It is a domination that facilitates extensive control of the military authorities over the Palestinian civilian population through their judicial powers.
Novel Cell type-specific aptamer-siRNA delivery system for HIV-1 therapy
Authors: Zhou Jiehua , Li Haitang , Li Shirley , Zaia John , Rossi John 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe successful use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for therapeutic purposes requires safe and efficient delivery to specific cells and tissues. Here we demonstrate cell type-specific delivery of anti-HIV siRNAs via fusion to an anti-gp120 aptamer. The envelope glycoprotein is expressed on the surface of HIV-1 infected cells, allowing binding and interalization of the aptamer-siRNA chimeric molecules. We demonstrate that the anti-gp120 aptamer-siRNA chimera is specifically taken up by cells expressing HIV-1 gp120, and the appended siRNA is processed by Dicer, releasing an anti-tat/rev siRNA which in turn inhibits HIV replication. We show for the first time a dual functioning aptamer-siRNA chimera in which both the aptamer and the siRNA portions have potent anti-HIV activities and that gp120 expressed on the surface of HIV infected cells can be used for aptamer mediated delivery of anti-HIV siRNAs.
Is the influence of variation in the ACE gene on the prospective risk of Type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men modified by obesity?
Authors: Muthumala Amal , Gable David R. , Palmen Jutta , Cooper Jackie A. , Stephens Jeffrey W. , Miller George J. , Humphries Steve E. 
Published: November 2007

There is strong evidence for the presence of a functional renin–angiotensin system in diabetogenic tissues, and ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors may improve glucose metabolism in those individuals at high risk of developing T2DM (Type 2 diabetes). In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that subjects with genetically lower plasma and tissue ACE activity, because of their ACE [I/D (insertion/deletion)] genotype, would have a lower risk of T2DM in 2642 healthy middle-aged Caucasian men (mean age, 56 years) followed-up for 15 years. Obesity was the strongest predictor of T2DM, with an HR (95% CI) [hazard ratio (95% confidence interval)] of 3.74 (2.66-5.26) (P&lt;0.0001). Overall there was no association between ACE genotype (II homozygotes, n=623; and D allele carriers, n=2019) and risk of T2DM, and although in lean men there was no genotype difference in risk in D allele carriers compared with II homozygotes [adjusted HR=0.75 (95% CI, 0.46–1.22)], in obese (body mass index &gt;30 kg/m2) men the risk of T2DM was higher [adjusted HR=4.26 (95% CI, 1.30–13.93)] with a genotype–obesity interaction of P=0.01. A similar pattern of risk was seen by re-analysis of a previously published case-control study, where D allele carriers had a non-significant 1.30 (0.97–1.74)-fold higher risk of developing T2DM than II homozygotes when non-obese, but a 1.79 (1.17–2.72) (P=0.007)-fold higher risk when obese. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm these findings. The ACE D allele may worsen glucose metabolism, which could raise the prospective T2DM risk in obese men, but not in lean men. In obesity, adipose tissue undergoes inflammatory infiltration and the subsequent higher levels of pro-inflammatory angiotensin II may explain this association.
Health-Related Quality of Life in Methylphenidate-Treated Children with Attention-Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder: Results from a Taiwanese Sample
Authors: Yang Pinchen , Hsu Hsiu-Yi , Chiou Shyh-Shin , Chao Mei-Chyn 
Published: November 2007

Objective: Attention-deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood. The purpose of the present study was to assess the health-related quality of life (HRQL) in methylphenidate-treated school-age children with ADHD as compared with healthy children in a Taiwanese population. Methods: Subjects were 6–15 years of age with ADHD who were currently receiving methylphenidate treatment (total n = 119). Subjects were compared to 129 healthy children recruited from the community. Child Health Questionnaire Parent Form-50 (CHQ-PF-50), a functional health status measure of HRQL was arranged for parents to complete. Disease-related variables were analysed to determine their relationship and predictive power with HRQL of children. Results: The HRQL of methylphenidate-treated children with ADHD was rated worse than that of community children in all the psychosocial subscales and the Psychosocial Summary Score of CHQ-PF-50. In addition, the problems of ADHD children interfered with family activities and family cohesion significantly. Moreover, improvement of ADHD core symptoms after medication treatment predicted higher psychosocial functioning. This effect was independent of children's current age, age receiving diagnosis, age starting and duration of medication treatment but was not independent of ADHD comorbidity. Conclusion: This study may serve as one of the cross-cultural validations of ADHD as a common concern for children and families worldwide. After methylphenidate treatment, parents of Taiwanese children with ADHD still reported them to have poorer health outcomes than control children across almost all domains of HRQL. Improvement of HRQL should be integrated in the overall treatment plan for children with ADHD.
Reasons why Young Adults do or do not Seek help for Alcohol Problems
Authors: Wells J. Elisabeth , Horwood L. John , Fergusson David M. 
Published: November 2007

Objective:To investigate reasons for seeking or not seeking help for alcohol problems in young adults and to report outcomes in those with problems who thought they did not need help. Methods:A total of 1003 members of a birth cohort were interviewed at age 25 about the period since the previous interview at age 21. DSM-IV diagnoses were made from reports of alcohol problems over the previous 4 years. Treatment contact for drinking or problems associated with drinking and reasons for seeking or not seeking help were reported. Alcohol consumption was reported for the year before interview. Results:Alcohol-specific treatment contact was uncommon: 26 of 351 with any alcohol problems made contact (7%). Even in the subgroup with alcohol dependence, only 24% made contact (13/55). Most (19/26) sought treatment because they felt they needed it. Of those with problems who did not seek help or advice, nearly all (96%) thought they did not need help. Approximately one-quarter thought the problem would get better by itself (29%) or did not think to seek help (25%). No more than 5% reported any other attitudinal or practical reason. Outcomes in the year before interview for those who thought they did not need help showed that 75% continued to experience problems and almost all drank well above guidelines at least on their heaviest drinking occasion. Only 43% had attempted to quit or cut down on their drinking. Conclusions:Alcohol-related problems were experienced by approximately one-third of these young adults but treatment contact for these problems was uncommon. Belief in ability to handle problems oneself was often not matched by action.
Stop Using Stuff: Trial of a Drug and Alcohol Intervention for Young People with Comorbid Mental Illness and Drug and Alcohol Problems
Authors: Kemp Rosalind , Harris Anthony , Vurel Erdal , Sitharthan Thiagarajan 
Published: November 2007

Objective: Substance abuse is a significant problem in the treatment of young people with their first psychosis. This study reports a randomized trial of a brief manualized cognitive behavioural therapy for substance abuse in young people with psychosis. Method: Subjects were randomized between the study treatment and a group treated as usual. Treatment was a four to six session brief cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) intervention developed specifically for this patient group – Stop Using Stuff (SUS). Results: Both groups improved across the trial. However, those exposed to the active treatment improved significantly on measures of the frequency of cannabis and alcohol abuse. Conclusions: Brief interventions in substance abuse in young people with psychosis can help moderate substance use in this difficult to treat group.
The Psychiatrists Training Initiative: Developing an Educational Framework for International Medical Graduates in Rural Psychiatry
Authors: Haines Maryellen , Haines Maryellen , Oakley Browne Mark 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to outline challenges and responses in providing a holistic approach to designing and delivering education to international medical graduates (IMGs) undertaking the role of consultant psychiatrists in a rural setting. This paper examines processes underpinning the educational framework with consideration to acculturation issues in Latrobe Regional Hospital's (LRH) Psychiatrists Training Initiative. Conclusions: To engage and encourage consultant psychiatrist IMGs in an Australian rural setting, it is paramount that educational frameworks incorporate strong elements of communication skills, cross cultural communication and language, with focus on the individual and the group as part of the community.
Cricketers and Mental Health Concerns
Authors: Hundertmark James 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper is to examine cricket history in order to illustrate some of the mental health issues present in Australia through the years. Conclusions: Mood disorders, suicide, and drug and alcohol issues are among problems that have beset top level cricketers. A range of factors have contributed to the psychiatric problems that cricketers have encountered. Educating players may be a beneficial preventative strategy.
When Killing Isn't Murder: Psychiatric and Psychological Defences to Murder when the Insanity Defence is not Applicable
Authors: Samuels Anthony , O'Driscoll Colmán , Allnutt Stephen 
Published: November 2007

Objective: This paper describes psychiatric and psychological defences to murder where the defence of insanity is not applicable. The charges of murder and manslaughter are outlined. Self-defence, sane and insane automatism, provocation, diminished responsibility, duress, necessity and novel defences are discussed. Conclusions: The complexities of psychological and psychiatric expert evidence are highlighted as well as the fact that legal decisions are not always consistent with medical or scientific theory. It is concluded that this is a controversial and evolving area of mental health law and mental health professionals have an educative role and a responsibility to provide testimony that is supported by the best possible evidence.
The NSW Mental Health Bill 2007: Implications for the Provision of Electroconvulsive Therapy
Authors: Loo Colleen 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The Mental Health Act in New South Wales (NSW) has recently been revised, resulting in the Mental Health Bill 2007, which has been submitted to the NSW Parliament to be passed as law. The new Bill includes some changes to the sections dealing with electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), particularly for involuntary patients. The implications of these changes for the provision of ECT in these patients are examined in this paper. Conclusions: New limits introduced in the Mental Health Bill 2007 may have potentially detrimental consequences for ECT therapy in involuntary patients and may inadvertently result in the provision of suboptimal ECT to these patients.
New for Old? Risperidone Long-Acting Injection in Older Patients
Authors: Hudson-Jessop Pamela , Hughes Brendan , Brinkley Neridah 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To describe six older patients who were treated with risperidone long-acting injection, and to discuss the role of this medication in a psychogeriatric setting. Method: Case series. Results: Of the six patients trialled on risperidone long-acting injection, two remain on this treatment. Of the other four, three required a change of treatment due to a combination of adverse side-effects and non-response, and one due to adverse side-effects alone. Conclusions: Risperidone long-acting injection may have a role to play in the management of older patients with psychotic disorders but further research is required.
Body Mass Index as a Screening Test for Metabolic Syndrome in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorders
Authors: Tirupati Srinivasan , Chua Ling-Ern 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The aim of this paper was to identify a simple screening measure for detecting metabolic syndrome (MetS) in people with schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders. Method: A total of 202 patients with chronic schizophrenia and schizoaffective disorders on antipsychotic medications were assessed for MetS using the criteria defined by the International Diabetes Federation. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was applied using body mass index (BMI) as the test variable for diagnosis of MetS. Results: The prevalence of MetS was 69.3%. Logistic regression analysis identified BMI and gender as significant predictors of MetS. ROC analysis identified BMI >28.7 as the criterion value with highest accuracy in terms of specificity and sensitivity. The likelihood ratios were robust at this cut-off score. The area under the curve was 0.75. Conclusion: BMI is a quick and easy measure, and can be used as a screening test for MetS in any clinical or community setting.
Therapists’ understandings and experiences of working with clients with problems of addiction: A pilot study using Q methodology
Authors: Shinebourne Pnina , Adams Martin 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis pilot study aims to increase our understanding of therapists’ subjective attitudes, beliefs, and experiences of working with clients with problems of addiction. The study yielded useful clarifications, arising from the finding that opinions about the nature of addiction support different approaches to therapy. In addition, it seems that diverse or conflicting attitudes and beliefs are likely to impact on the ability of therapists to work together effectively. Another objective was to test the feasibility of using Q methodology in this study and more broadly in qualitative research in psychotherapy. Participants were 13 therapists from a variety of backgrounds and working in a range of agencies. Using Q methodology, four distinctive factors were identified, indicating divergent understandings of addiction. Each factor is shown to be a multifaceted construct which does not correspond to any single theory or therapeutic orientation. It is suggested that the results have significant implications for therapists’ training and supervision. In addition, this study demonstrates the capacity of Q methodology to identify commonalities and diversity in viewpoints which do not conform to a priori conceptualisations. As a pilot study, this paper invites further discussion and research.
Spatial distribution of juvenile and adult female Tanner crabs (Chionoecetes bairdi) in a glacial fjord ecosystem: implications for recruitment processes
Authors: Nielsen Julie K. , Taggart S. James , Shirley Thomas C. , Mondragon Jennifer 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNielsen, J. K., Taggart, S. J., Shirley, T. C., and Mondragon, J. 2007. Spatial distribution of juvenile and adult female Tanner crabs (Chionoecetes bairdi) in a glacial fjord ecosystem: implications for recruitment processes. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 64: 1772–1784. A systematic pot survey in Glacier Bay, Alaska, was conducted to characterize the spatial distribution of juvenile and adult female Tanner crabs, and their association with depth and temperature. The information was used to infer important recruitment processes for Tanner crabs in glaciated ecosystems. High-catch areas for juvenile and adult female Tanner crabs were identified using local autocorrelation statistics. Spatial segregation by size class corresponded to features in the glacial landscape: high-catch areas for juveniles were located at the distal ends of two narrow glacial fjords, and high-catch areas for adults were located in the open waters of the central Bay. Juvenile female Tanner crabs were found at nearly all sampled depths (15–439 m) and temperatures (4–8°C), but the biggest catches were at depths <150 m where adults were scarce. Because adults may prey on or compete with juveniles, the distribution of juveniles could be influenced by the distribution of adults. Areas where adults or predators are scarce, such as glacially influenced fjords, could serve as refuges for juvenile Tanner crabs.
The effect of human disturbance on tree species composition and demographic structure in Kalinzu Forest Reserve, Uganda
Authors: Muhanguzi Hosea D. R. , Obua Joseph , Oryem‐Origa Hannington 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTree abundance and species composition in the mechanically logged, intensively pitsawn and minimally disturbed areas of Kalinzu Forest Reserve were determined. The spatial and diameter size‐class distribution of ten selected tree species representing pioneer, secondary colonizer, understorey, canopy, dominant and endangered species were also assessed. The species were: Musanga leo‐errerae, Trema orientalis, Funtumia africana, Strombosia scheffleri, Oxyansus speciosus, Parinari excelsa, Tabernaemontana holstii, Newtonia buchananii, Lovoa swynnertonii and Entandrophragma angolense. The mean stem density of all trees ≥0.5 m in height was 2809.1 per hectare and 150 species were enumerated in the three forest areas. Most individuals (47.73%) and species (75.0%) were recorded in the minimally disturbed and least in the mechanically logged areas. Of the selected species, F. africana was the most abundant (n = 789) and widely distributed in each of the areas. Entandrophragma angolense was the least abundant (n = 63) and most of its individuals (74.6%) were recorded in the minimally disturbed area. Funtumia africana and S. scheffleri (subcanopy), O. speciosus and T. holstii (understorey), N. buchananii (canopy) and P. excelsa (an upper canopy and a climax species of this forest reserve) had an inverse J‐shaped diameter size‐class structure while pioneer species (M. leo‐errerae and T. orientalis) had a bell‐shaped size‐class structure.
Deworming efficacy of Albizia anthelmintica in Uganda: preliminary findings
Authors: Gradé Jeanne T. , Tabuti John R. S. , Van Damme Patrick , Arble Bennett L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to evaluate the anthelmintic effectiveness of Albizia anthelmintica, as a first step in investigating the hypothesis that livestock self‐medicate. In July 2006, an observational study was conducted with 56 young female lambs, to validate A. anthelmintica efficacy. Faecal egg per gram for Coccidia, Strongyle‐type, Monezia, Strongyloides and Dicrocoelia eggs were counted and analysed. Results indicate that A. anthelmintica is effective in controlling infection with a variety of internal parasites in lambs, Monezia was the most sensitive. Furthermore, treatment of Strongyle‐type worms requires a biweekly dose of A. anthelmintica as an effective deworming protocol.
An inventory of medicinal plants used in treating poultry diseases in Jinja district, eastern Uganda
Authors: Bukenya‐Ziraba Remigius , Kamoga Dennis 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAn ethnobotanical study was conducted on medicinal plants used for treating poultry diseases in Busedde, Butagaya, Buwenge and Budondo subcounties in Jinja district, eastern Uganda, between August and September 2003. The study was intended to identify the plants, examine the mode of preparation and dosages administered. Methods used included systematic random selection of farmers, group discussions and semi‐structured questionnaires. A total of 88 plant species representing 47 families were recorded. Fabaceae was the most richly represented family in use with eleven species, followed by Asteraceae, Euphorbiaceae and Solanaceae, each with five species. From the entire collection of 88 species, 37 (42%) were herbs; 24 (27.27%) shrubs; eighteen (20.45%) trees while nine (10.22%) were climbers. Plant materials were collected from a range of habitats, including bush land, cultivated land, roadside, swamps, grazing land and compounds.
Diversity of indigenous fruit trees in the traditional cotton‐millet farming system: the case of Adwari subcounty, Lira district, Uganda
Authors: Agea Jacob G. , Obua Joseph , Kaboggoza John R. S. , Waiswa Daniel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA field survey on indigenous fruit tree species (IFTS) was conducted in Adwari subcounty, Lira district between August 2004 and March 2005. The objectives were to: determine IFTS diversity in the traditional farming system; generate a species priority list, characterize and document the values of IFTS as perceived by farmers; and develop criteria for selecting IFTS for on‐farm cultivation. A questionnaire designed to capture socio‐economic data was administered to 120 randomly selected respondents. Farm walks were conducted to identify and assess the proportion of farmland under IFTS. Preference ranking was used to generate a species priority list. On‐farm diversity of IFTS was analyzed using Shannon–Wiener’s diversity index (H′). DAFOR scale was used to rate occurrence of IFTS on‐farm. The diversity of IFTS was relatively high (H′ = 2.164) although the average proportion of farmland under IFTS cover was low (23.3 ± 5%). Vitellaria paradoxa, Vitex doniana, Anona senegalensis and Tamarindus indica were most preferred by local people. The choice of IFTS for on‐farm cultivation varied from their food, medicinal to cash values. There is a need to formulate clear policies and by‐laws to encourage on‐farm cultivation of IFTS.
Agroforestry practices in the buffer zone area of Mt Elgon National Park, eastern Uganda
Authors: Mukadasi Buyinza , Kaboggoza John R. , Nabalegwa M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the attitude of local people towards the contribution of agroforestry practices to socio‐economic development in the buffer zone area of Mt Elgon National Park, Uganda. Primary data were collected through formal household survey conducted during June–October 2004 with the use of questionnaires administered to 120 households selected randomly from Mutushet and Kortek Parishes. Data were analysed using chi‐squared test and logistic regression model. The results support the hypothesis that the attitude of people towards agroforestry practices is independent of existence of collaborative forest management, ethnic group, sedentary farming experience and family size but depends on main occupation, education status, distance from park boundary, damage caused by wild animals, landholding size and total livestock units owned. Factors that significantly influenced adoption of agroforestry technologies were age of the household head, education status, extension contact, family labour force and gender. There is need to intensify extension programmes in those areas where the majority of people have negative attitude towards agroforestry practices.