bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EMOTIONS THAT BUILD NETWORKS: GEOGRAPHIES OF HUMAN RIGHTS MOVEMENTS IN ARGENTINA AND BEYOND
Authors: BOSCO FERNANDO J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTSocial movement activists perform emotional labour that helps create and mobilise networks of collective action. The emotions of activism often contribute to social movements’ different organisational geographies. Two grassroots networks of human rights activists that originated in Argentina (the Madres de Plaza de Mayo and HIJOS) developed different emotional geographies over time. Both human rights movements were formed by relatives of victims of past human rights abuses and operated throughout Latin America and beyond. The movements incorporated activists and supporters who were linked by shared emotional bonds and by a common interpretation of the emotions of their activism. Activists in the two networks strategically deployed and framed the emotions of their activism in order to sustain it and to enhance possibilities for building broader networks of collective action. The comparison of these two human rights activist groups demonstrates that social movements’ organisational and geographic trajectories are often related to activists’ shared emotional connections and to the emotional labour that they perform through their networks.
PATTERNS OF PROMISING ENTREPRENEURIAL ACTIVITY IN EUROPEAN REGIONS
Authors: BOSMA NIELS , SCHUTJENS VERONIQUE 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThere is much attention for the role of entrepreneurship in enhancing regional or national growth. However, an absence of empirical entrepreneurship studies (i) including both national and regional measures of entrepreneurship and (ii) acknowledging the variation in types of entrepreneurship causes a gap in understanding the determinants and consequences of entrepreneurial behaviour and the actual spatial level involved. In this contribution we provide a first step towards bridging this gap. We use a large database from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) to create several indicators on regional, early‐stage entrepreneurial activity and map these for 125 regions in Europe. Our preliminary results confirm the importance of making a distinction between low and high ambition entrepreneurship. We find, however, that regional variation in high ambition early‐stage entrepreneurial activity is less pronounced as compared to overall early‐stage entrepreneurial activity. This suggests that national forces are more important to growth and innovation aspirations than to general early stage entrepreneurship.
The Impact of Managerial Entrenchment on Agency Costs: An Empirical Investigation Using UK Panel Data
Authors: Florackis Chrisostomos , Ozkan Aydin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract This paper empirically investigates the relationship between managerial entrenchment and agency costs for a large sample of UK firms over the period 1999–2005. To measure managerial entrenchment, we use detailed information on ownership and board structures and managerial compensation. We develop a managerial entrenchment index, which captures the extent to which managers have the ability and incentives to expropriate wealth from shareholders. Our findings, which are based on a dynamic panel data analysis, show that there is a strong negative relationship between managerial entrenchment and our inverse proxy for agency costs, namely asset turnover ratio. There is also evidence that short‐term debt and dividend payments work as effective corporate governance devices for UK firms. Finally, our findings reveal that agency costs are persistent over time. The results are robust to a number of alternative specifications, including varying measures of managerial entrenchment and agency costs.
Bugs with backpacks deter vision‐guided predation by jumping spiders
Authors: Jackson R. R. , Pollard S. D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAs a case study of how insects use masks as a defence against vision‐guided predators, an experimental study was carried out usingAcanthaspis petax, a reduviid bug (‘ant bug’) that covers itself with a ‘mask’, or ‘backpack’, made from carcasses of its preferred prey (ants), and three salticid spider species,Hyllussp.,Plexippussp. andThyenesp., salticids being predators with exceptionally acute vision. The ant bugs and the salticids were from the Lake Victoria region of East Africa. In each test, a salticid was presented with a live bug or a lure made from a dead bug, with the mask removed (‘naked’) or intact (‘masked’). Salticids made predatory responses to naked bugs significantly more often than to masked bugs. These findings suggest that salticids readily identify naked bugs as prey, but fail to identify masked bugs as prey.
Depolarization‐induced differentiation of PC12 cells is mediated by phospholipase D2 through the transcription factor CREB pathway
Authors: Banno Yoshiko , Nemoto Satoshi , Murakami Masashi , Kimura Masashi , Ueno Yoshihito , Ohguchi Kenji , Hara Akira , Okano Yukio , Kitade Yukio , Onozuka Minoru , Murate Takashi , Nozawa Yoshinori 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe present study examined the role of phospholipase D2 (PLD2) in the regulation of depolarization‐induced neurite outgrowth and the expression of growth‐associated protein‐43 (GAP‐43) and synapsin I in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Depolarization of PC12 cells with 50 mmol/L KCl increased neurite outgrowth and elevated mRNA and protein expression of GAP‐43 and synapsin I. These increases were suppressed by inhibition of Ca2+‐calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII), PLD, or mitogen‐activated protein kinase kinase (MEK). Knockdown of PLD2 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed the depolarization‐induced neurite outgrowth, and the increase in GAP‐43 and synapsin I expression. Depolarization evoked a Ca2+ rise that activated various signaling enzymes and the cAMP response element‐binding protein (CREB). Silencing CaMKIIδ by siRNA blocked KCl‐induced phosphorylation of proline‐rich protein tyrosine kinase 2 (Pyk2), Src kinase, and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). Inhibition of Src or MEK abolished phosphorylation of ERK and CREB. Furthermore, phosphorylation of Pyk2, ERK, and CREB was suppressed by the PLD inhibitor, 1‐butanol and transfection of PLD2 siRNA, whereas it was enhanced by over‐expression of wild‐type PLD2. Depolarization‐induced PLD2 activation was suppressed by CaMKII and Src inhibitors, but not by MEK or protein kinase A inhibitors. These results suggest that the signaling pathway of depolarization‐induced PLD2 activation was downstream of CaMKIIδ and Src, and upstream of Pyk2(Y881) and ERK/CREB, but independent of the protein kinase A. This is the first demonstration that PLD2 activation is involved in GAP‐43 and synapsin I expression during depolarization‐induced neuronal differentiation in PC12 cells.
Nicotinic acid in the treatment of hyperlipidaemia
Authors: Drexel Heinz 
Published: November 2007

AbstractNicotinic acid has been in use as a lipid‐lowering drug for five decades now. It is effective in lowering low‐density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol, triglycerides, and lipoprotein (a), and in increasing high‐density lipoprotein (HDL)‐cholesterol. All these effects are pronounced, and at present greater increase of HDL‐cholesterol cannot be obtained by any other drug. Patients with hypertriglyceridaemia/low HDL‐cholesterol are the most suitable candidates for being treated with this drug. This pattern is typical for type 2 diabetic patients, for patients with metabolic syndrome, and for those with impaired glucose tolerance. From a few studies, there is evidence that nicotinic acid is effective in reducing cardiovascular events. Although overall safety is good, the unpleasant side effect of flushing, albeit not harmful, precludes many patients from taking the drug. New formulations of intermediate release or a combination with anti‐flush compounds should increase the compliance with the drug.
Glitazones in the treatment of diabetes mellitus: clinical outcomes in large scale clinical trials
Authors: Charbonnel Bernard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOnly one large scale cardiovascular outcome study has been completed and published for the thiazolidines‐iones in type 2 diabetes, the PROactive study which demonstrates a strong trend in favour of a specific cardioprotective effect of pioglitazone. The other available data, published as meta‐analyses, suggest that there is a difference in this regard between pioglitazone and rosiglitazone.
Setting a new standard in achieving superior efficacy: ezetimibe + simvastatin
Authors: Farnier Michel 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEzetimibe with simvastatin in combination inhibits both the absorption and production of cholesterol. This dual mechanism of inhibition substantially increases the capacity to decrease levels of atherogenic low‐density lipoproteins, compared with that observed when either drug is used alone. Ezetimibe/simvastatin is more effective than atorvastatin or rosuvastatin monotherapy treatments in low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol lowering and getting more patients to goals. Ezetimibe/simvastatin offers an important treatment alternative to patients who respond inadequately even to high‐dose statin therapy.
The ARMYDA trials (Atorvastatin for Reduction of MYocardial Damage during Angioplasty) at Campus Bio‐Medico University: rationale, results and future horizons
Authors: Di Sciascio Germano 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMyocardial protection by atorvastation pretreatment was found in several trials applied to percutaneous coronary intervention by the ARMYDA study group. This article reviews those studies and explores future avenues.
Evaluation of the gene for inducible nitric oxide synthase as a radiosensitizer under hypoxic and oxic conditions
Authors: Turek M. , Padilla M. , Argyle D. J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe radiosensitizing effect of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was evaluated, in vitro, in a feline vaccine‐associated sarcoma (VAS) cell line and a canine osteosarcoma cell line (D17). The gene encoding the human iNOS was cloned into an expression plasmid under the control of a cytomegalovirus immediate early promoter. Transient transfections were performed in feline VAS cells and D17 cells. Nitric oxide was measured in the supernatant media 48 h later as an indirect measurement of iNOS expression. Cells were irradiated using cobalt‐60 under hypoxic or oxic conditions, and clonogenic assays were used to evaluate the effects of gene transfer on the sensitivity of cells to radiation. The results demonstrated that iNOS had no significant effect on improving the radiosensitivity of cells under oxic conditions. However, under hypoxic conditions, iNOS gene transfer significantly improved radiosensitization in osteosarcoma cells. These results demonstrate the feasibility of improving the outcome of radiotherapy in dogs with large bulky tumours using iNOS gene therapy.
Establishing the P–T path for Alpine Schist, Southern Alps near Hokitika, New Zealand
Authors: VRY J. K. , POWELL R. , WILLIAMS J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPressure–temperature pseudosections for ‘greyschist’ (metamorphosed greywacke and argillite) from the Alpine Schist (Haast Schist group) near Hokitika (Southern Alps, New Zealand) are used to gain new insights into its metamorphic history. The rocks were metamorphosed at relatively low‐grade conditions associated with the first appearance and initial growth of garnet in the stability field of albite. The measured and predicted garnet compositional zoning data are used to construct an overall P–T path by combining P–T path results from nearby rocks that have a range of MnO contents. The P–T path obtained is steep from ∼380 °C/2.5 kbar up to ∼490 °C/8.5 kbar, then recurves sharply with garnet growth continuing during early decompression to ∼500 °C/6.5 kbar. Most garnet growth in the study area took place in the stability field of albite, with oligoclase appearing only during decompression, when the peristerite gap was entered. On appearance of oligoclase, there is a marked decrease in the CaO content of garnet. The preservation of mineral assemblages from near‐peak temperature conditions can be understood in terms of the P–T path subsequently becoming tangential to water content contours, during cooling with further decompression.
Vegetation Colonization in a Restoring Tidal Marsh: A Remote Sensing Approach
Authors: Tuxen Karin A. , Schile Lisa M. , Kelly Maggi , Siegel Stuart W. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract Although remote sensing offers the ability to monitor wetland restoration, few have tested automated methods for quantifying vegetation change. We implemented a semiautomated technique using color infrared aerial photography and a common vegetation index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), to document vegetation colonization in a restoring salt marsh. Change in vegetation over a period of 10 years was analyzed using a postclassification comparison technique where each image year was classified individually into vegetated and nonvegetated areas using NDVI thresholds and then differenced between years to identify areas of vegetation change. Vegetated and nonvegetated areas were identified using this technique, as were areas and time periods of vegetation change. By comparing classified NDVI imagery, we calculated that 90% of our study site was vegetated 10 years after restoration. This study demonstrated that high‐resolution remotely sensed data can be analyzed with common geospatial software to monitor change in a rapidly vegetating wetland and that long time frames with yearly image acquisition are needed to quantify plant colonization rates. This method was effective at detecting change in vegetation over time in a variable tidal marsh environment using imagery that had inconsistent specifications and quality across years. Inconsistencies included interannual climate variation, phenology, and presence of algae, as well as differences in pixel size and image brightness. Our findings indicate that remote sensing is useful for postrestoration monitoring of tidal marsh ecosystems.
Association of blood pressure, obesity and serum homocysteine levels in healthy children
Authors: Papandreou D , Rousso I , Makedou A , Arvanitidou M , Mavromichalis I 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAim: Obesity, hypertension and total serum homocysteine levels are well‐known risk factors for cardiovascular disease in adults. However, there is limited data on the relation of these risk factors in children.Methods: Five hundred twenty‐four healthy school children aged 6–15 years participated in the study. BMI were used to categorize our subjects in normal overweight and obese groups based on Internationally Obesity Task Force criteria.Results: The prevalence of overweight and obesity was 21.1% and 8.4% for boys and 17.6% and 7.3% for girls, respectively. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and waist circumference (WC) were significantly higher in overweight and obese group compared to normal ones, whereas for homocysteine levels no difference was observed. Based on the results derived from the multiple regression analysis, BMI was positively related to energy intake (beta = 0.247, p < 0.001) and WC (beta = 0.014, p < 0.001). Both SBP and DBP were positively related to age ([beta = 0.251, p < 0.001] and [beta = 0.301, p < 0.001, respectively]), and BMI ([beta = 0.096, p < 0.001] and [beta = 0.022, p < 0.001], respectively).Conclusion: The current study revealed an association of blood pressure and WC with overweight and obesity in children, and even though these children may not have increased homocysteine levels, they still have enough reasons to reduce weight in order to avoid cardiovascular disease in their life later on.
The effect of awareness on the outcome of oral health performed by home care service providers
Authors: Shimoyama Kazuhiro , Chiba Yumi , Suzuki Yoriko 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:  The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlations amongst factors, such as knowledge, attitude, practice and oral health behaviour, in caregiver managers so as to improve the oral health of the dependent elderly.Methods:  Data were collected from a sample of 102 caregiver managers from home care service providers using a questionnaire. The respondents were divided into two groups: the group who were aware of effective oral care (A group) and the group who were unaware of effective oral care (U group). The evaluations were frequency distribution tables followed by chi‐squared tests of independence and Fisher’s exact test.Results:  Ninety percent of the respondents thought that dependent elderly needed to be provided with oral care and 77% had been trained in oral care. However, only 44% thought that they could provide appropriate oral care and only 52% had experienced its effect on oral health and general health. There was a significant difference in training by dental hygienists between the A group (36%) and the U group (11%). There was also a significant difference in learning of oral care skills.Conclusion:  The results suggested a high oral care awareness amongst caregiver managers and an inadequate oral care training system. To improve oral health of the dependent elderly, theoretical teaching alone is not sufficient when providing oral health education and a positive contact with the dental team, especially dental hygienists, is an important factor which supports oral care provided by caregivers.
Elders assessment of an evolving model of oral health
Authors: Brondani Mario A , Bryant S Ross , MacEntee Michael I 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:  To evaluate qualitatively a model of oral health through focus groups among elders.Methods:  The participants (30 women and 12 men; mean age: 75 years) attended one of six focus groups to discuss the relevance of the model to their oral health‐related beliefs and experiences, and transcripts of the narratives were analysed systematically for the components, associations and recommendations emerging from the discussions.Results:  The groups confirmed the relevance of the original components of the model with minor modifications, but felt that for completeness it required four additional components: diet; economic priorities; personal expectations; and health values and beliefs. They recommended that the negative connotations of limited activity, impairment and restricted participation were modified with the positive terms activity and participation, and they suggested that ellipses rather than concentric circles more aptly illustrate the dynamic and overlapping importance of the various components in the model.Conclusion:  The original model required additional components and graphic representation to accommodate all of the experiences and beliefs relating to the oral health of the elders who participated in this qualitative study.
Sexual Dysfunction and Associated Risk Factors in Women with End-Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Kettaş Elife , Çayan Filiz , Akbay Erdem , Kıykım Ahmet , Çayan Selahittin 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Introduction
End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is a serious illness which has severe negative effects on patients' lives and quality of life.

Aims
To prospectively compare sexual functions between the women with ESRD and healthy women, and also to investigate risk factors that may cause sexual dysfunction in women with ESRD.

Methods
The study included 249 women, and the women were divided into two groups: 131 women with ESRD and 118 healthy women as a control group. After obtaining demographic characteristics, sexual function was evaluated with a detailed 19-item questionnaire (The Female Sexual Function Index [FSFI]) assessing sexual desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain during sexual intercourse.

Main Outcome Measures
The FSFI scores were compared between the two groups, and risk factors that might cause sexual dysfunction were also investigated in the women with ESRD.

Results
The mean FSFI total score was significantly lower in the ESRD group (15.9 ± 10.4) than in the control group (22.2 ± 6.8) (P =0.001). The women with ESRD had also significantly lower mean score of sexual desire (P = 0.006), arousal (P = 0.001), lubrication (P =0.001), orgasm (P =0.001), satisfaction (P =0.001), and pain (P =0.024) than in the control group. To investigate risk factors for sexual dysfunction in the ESRD group, the women having hemodialysis, compared to the women having peritoneal dialysis, had a 5.23 times greater risk of developing sexual dysfunction (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
This study shows that women with ESRD have higher risk of sexual dysfunction than healthy women. Thus, women with ESRD should be consulted for sexual dysfunction to improve the quality of life.
Potential of partial rootzone drying as an alternative irrigation technique for potatoes (Solanum tuberosum)
Authors: Saeed H. , Grove I.G. , Kettlewell P.S. , Hall N.W. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe increasing demands on limited water supplies worldwide require the adoption of more efficient irrigation techniques for sustainable production in agriculture. Partial rootzone drying (PRD) is one of the techniques that offer potential saving of irrigation water. This technique involves alternate irrigation to two sides of a plant root system. The studies reported here investigated PRD irrigation regimes and the optimum time of starting PRD in potatoes grown in a protected environment. In the first experiment, plants of the potato cv. Estima were exposed to five different irrigation treatments and a fully watered control at tuber initiation. The treatment that performed most similar to the control was alternate PRD to field capacity (APRD100). This treatment produced similar total leaf area, haulm fresh and dry weights, plant water status and no significant yield reduction compared with the control plants. The APRD100 treatment utilised 29% less water and increased water use efficiency (WUE) by 19%. In the second experiment, the APRD100 irrigation was started at 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 weeks after plant emergence. Vegetative growth and yield increased with the delay of the APRD100. APRD100 started at 6 weeks after emergence did not significantly reduce fresh tuber yield but received 21% less total water with a 19% increase in WUE. The results indicate that PRD may have potential use in the potato crop for conserving irrigation water with minimal loss of yield.
Characterizing Vagueness
Authors: Eklund Matti 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article focuses on the question of what characterizes vagueness (in the sense of ‘vague’ relevant to philosophical discussions of vagueness). It is shown how this question differs from other questions in the vagueness literature, such as those of how the sorites paradox can be solved, what the logic of vagueness is, and what sort of indeterminacy vagueness is associated with. Recent work on the topic, including work by Patrick Greenough, Nicholas Smith, Brian Weatherson, and Matti Eklund, is discussed.