bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and Evaluation of Thermal Protective Flightsuits. Part II: Instrumented Mannequin Evaluation
Authors: Crown Elizabeth M. , Ackerman Mark Y. , Dale J. Douglas , Tan Yi-bin 
Published: October 2007

Flightsuit designs incorporating variation on four parameters of interest (one-piece vs two-piece, loose vs close fit, closure system, and seam type) were developed following a functional design process and using CAD procedures (Part I). Prototype garments were produced for each of three phases of instrumented mannequin testing of thermal protection. Fabrics used in the prototypes included a meta-aramid/carbon blend (phases 1 and 3), an FR viscose/meta-aramid blend (phases 2 and 3), and a meta-aramidlpbi blend (phase 3). Style, fit, and closure system each had small but significant effects on the thermal protection provided by flightsuits. Loose-fitting garments provided better protection than close-fitting ones if the fullness was controlled by appropriate closures. Close-fitting cuff closures on sleeves and pant legs were more effective than were zipper closures. A stand-up collar offered better protection for the neck than a convertible collar. Two-piece flightsuits provided somewhat greater protection than one-piece coveralls, mainly due to the effect of garment layering below the waist. These effects were detected when flightsuits were tested without underwear. The style effect was masked when the garments were worn over long thermal protective underwear, demonstrating the effectiveness of garment layering. Thus, for best assurance of thermal protection, flight personnel should wear long protective underwear under flightsuits at all times; in climates where this underwear might not be suitable, it is recommended that one-and two-piece flightsuits be made in a more loosely-fitting style and incorporate a stand-up collar and adjustable cuffs on sleeves and pant legs.
Public Capital Project Appraisal: A Real Cause for Concern and for Whom?
Authors: Milne Robin G. 
Published: October 2007

This study finds further evidence of discrepancies between theory and practice in the evaluation of capital schemes in the public sector. This is a common pheno menon in the private sector too, despite its apparently greater incentive to use the formal approach recommended by the Treasury. Proposals by the Controller and Auditor General - that the public sector should alter its practice to conform to the Treasury's guidelines - may be less appropriate than fresh thinking about what these guidelines should be, especially the uses of discounting (DCF) to represent the opportunity cost of capital, and of sensitivity analysis and probability theory to cope with risk and uncertainty. In other respects there is evidence of much more conformity of practice with theory than a study by the Controller and Auditor General would suggest.
The Politics of Local Fiscal Reform
Authors: Midwinter Arthur 
Published: October 2007

From April 1989, Scotland will have a new system of local government finance. Domestic rates (a property tax) will be abolished and replaced by a community charge payable by all adults aged eighteen years and over, with a few exceptions, and with a system of rebates for people with low incomes. Business rates (non- domestic sector) will remain, but only allowed to increase in line with the previous year's rate of inflation, and eventually forming part of a new British Uniform Business Rate (UBR) following harmonisation of valuation practice with England and Wales. This article sets out the political background to reform, the diagnosis of the Conservative Government and the basis of the new system, reviews the problems faced in implementation, and analyses the outcomes of the first year of the new system. Finally, an alternative interpretation to that of the New Right of the likely consequences of the reforms is offered.
The Shaping of the Fulton Report on the Civil Service
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K. 
Published: October 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68, and to the still unpublished oral evidence that the Committee received, which has been officially granted to the author, enables the manner in which the Committee shaped its Report, and particularly the controversial opening Chapter of that Report to be studied fully for the first time. * The author gratefully acknowledges the support of the Economic and Social Research Council. The work was funded by E.S.R.C. award R000231033. The material drawn from the papers of the Fulton Committee of 1966-68 (PRO: BA1/1-97), and hence, from within the period still covered by the Thirty Year Rule is reproduced by permission of the Secretary of the Cabinet and Head of the Home Civil Service, and the Keeper of the Public Records. The papers of Lord Simey of Toxteth, which are referred to in the text, are housed in the University of Liverpool. The papers of Lord Fulton of Falmer will be eventually housed in the University of Sussex but they are now available to scholars. The papers of Lord Crowther-Hunt are to be housed eventually in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, but they will be unavailable to scholars for the foreseeable future, and scholars should note that the box numbers given relate to the provisional sort.
The Globalization of Public Services Production: Can Government be 'Best in World'?
Authors: Dunleavy Patrick 
Published: October 2007

New public management strategies (NPM) constitute a powerful model of how virtually all aspects of public services production can be brought to more closely approximate those in private industry. Although the full NPM agenda is only partially implemented in some countries, it has already had enormous impacts in creating a proto-market in the public services. This 'market' may remain a domain of diversified, small-scale, mainly single-country provider organizations. Or it may develop on more oligopolistic and trans-national lines as a new field of big corporate dominance. Private sector trends in the evolution of service industries, changing information technology, organizational patterns and commodification processes make the corporate option more likely. Inside government agencies bureau-shaping motivations sustain the NPM approach and create a strong disposition towards embracing radical outsourcing, and residualizing government's implementation roles, a direction reinforced by the marketization of public services. Transnational pressures on nation states to standardize policies will powerfully erode the existing single- country distinctiveness of public service markets, increasing the potential for dominance by large corporations. These developments are likely to erode the 'core competencies' of government, undermining the state's ability to act even as an 'intelligent consumer' in the face of increasing concentrations of expertise, investment and implementation with corporate actors.
Getting Politics out of Health?: Ministers, Managers and the Market
Authors: Baggott Rob 
Published: October 2007

It has from time to time been argued that health should be taken out of politics. In recent years this view has persisted, most notably in ministerial statements, as the government has pursued policies which appear to have the potential to remove the NHS from the political arena. Meanwhile, the political profile of health issues has continued to rise. This article explores the meaning of depoliticisation in relation to healthcare, and assesses the political implications of the Conservative government's reforms. The article notes that depoliticisation can be interpreted in a variety of ways in relation to health care. It argues that the potential of policies to remove health care from the political arena has not as yet been realised, and is unlikely to be realised in the foreseeable future. It also argues that there should be more, not less, public debate about the future of health care in Britain, and, in this sense at least, health should not be taken out of politics.
The Fulton Committee's Management Consultancy Group: The Blocks of Civil Service Work examined
Authors: Fry Geoffrey K. 
Published: October 2007

Early access to the papers of the Fulton Committee on the Home Civil Service of 1966-68 which was officially granted to the author enables the programme of work pursued by the Committee's Management Consultancy Group to be examined in detail for the first time. More than a quarter of a century later, the work of the Fulton Committee on the Civil Service has long since receded into history. Indeed, the present observer has had the opportunity to write the history of the Fulton Committee itself from the original documents. One important part of the published work that resulted was concerned with the Committee's management Consultancy Group (Fry, 1991, pp.423-39; Fry, 1993, pp.57-71), the body that added a form of manageri alism to the Fulton Committee's essentially Fabian agenda. The basis for the Management Consultancy Group's analysis was to be found in the 23 blocks of Civil Service work which it examined. These blocks were listed in Appendix II to the Group's report. What was never published was the Group's original plan of work, and this gap in knowledge is closed by the information in the tables which follow.
Designing Sound : Developing Computer Support for Creativity in Music Education
Authors: Ellis Phil 
Published: October 2007

Designing Sound is the title of a research and development project, and also of resulting computer music software and curriculum materials. Too often the production of computer software has been driven by commercial pressures, not educational needs. A five year project ran from 1987 involving a number of schools in England in a program of action research. A computer program to support creativity in music education with children from 4 - 19 years of age was developed and published from this project. The software enables all children to become involved in composing as a curriculum activity, whatever their musical ability. Supporting materials provide guidelines for classroom applications and include approaches to the assessment of creative work. Criteria for evaluating educational software in curriculum music are proposed, and the program has been written in versions which will run on a range of computers. Designing Sound represents a concept in the use of new technology in music. Future developments may enable this philosophy to be incorporated into multimedia computer platforms.
Singing Teachers and Voice Science - An Evaluation of Voice Teaching in Australian Tertiary Institutions
Authors: Callaghan Jean 
Published: October 2007

The article documents a qualitative research project which evaluated the voice pedagogy of singing teachers in Australian tertiary institutions, particularly in relation to their use of recent voice science findings. The literature of voice science relevant to singing was surveyed and extended interviews were conducted with 50 singing teachers. Using the methodology of grounded theory, the interview data were analysed in categories identified as common to both voice science and practitioner understandings. It was clear from the results of the study that most singing pedagogy in Australian tertiary institutions is practised with incomplete knowledge of vocal physiology and acoustics, and/or misinformation with respect to some aspects of vocal functioning. Since the results of physiological, acoustic and other scientific research conducted in recent decades constitute a valuable addition to the body of knowledge traditionally used in singing pedagogy, the study has implications for the professional education of singing teachers for the 21st century.
Development of Highly Breathable and Effective Blood/Viral Barrier Laminates of Microporous Films, Staple Fibers and Nonwovens
Authors: Wadsworth Larry C. , Allen H. Charles 
Published: October 2007

In recent years it has been widely known that 3-ply laminates consisting of an inner core of microporous (MP) film and outer layers of spunbond (SB) or meltblown (MB) nonwovens will pass the test for resistance to penetration of synthetic blood (ASTM F 1670); whereas, SB/MB/SB (SMS) laminates will generally not pass this test. Only recently have manufactures begun to make the claim that laminates of MP film with SB and MB nonwovens pass the more rigorous test for resistance to blood-borne virus (ASTM F1671). Nevertheless, laminates developed at the Textiles and Nonwovens Development Center (TANDEC) through sponsorship from Cotton Incorporated, which consistently pass both ASTM F1670 and ASTM F 1671, were first disclosed at INDA-TEC '95. These laminates combine one or more layers of MP film with MB and/or SB webs, as well, but a major difference is that a staple fiber "dry-layer" web is incorporated downstream of the MP film to either absorb (hydrophilic staple fiber webs) or adsorb (hydrophobic staple webs) any minute amount of virus-containing blood that may penetrate the MP film. Since our first disclosure, the mechanisms of this phenomena have been further studied by utilizing dry-layers consisting of thermally bonded 100% polypropylene (PP) staple fiber web that has been scoured (hydrophobic), scoured and plasma treated (hydrophilic), and by using dry-layer blends of 60% cotton/40% hydrophilic (wettable fiber finish) PP.
Normativity and Practical Judgement
Authors: O'Neill Onora 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNorms are apt for reasoning because they have propositional structure and content; they are practical because they aim to guide action, rather than to describe aspects of the world. These two features hold equally of norms construed sociologically as the norms of specific social groups, and of norms conceived abstractly as principles of action. On either view, norms are indeterminate while acts are particular and determinate. Consequently norms cannot fully specify which particular act is to be done. Are they then not genuinely action-guiding unless supplemented by practical judgment? Yet accounts of practical judgement are often thin, sometimes seeing it as blind, unreasoned 'picking' of one rather than another enactment of a norm. However, on another view practical judgement carries the substantive task of seeking ways of acting that satisfy a plurality of norms, which can be both reasoned and practical.
Gittinsite-type M1+-M3+-diarsenates (M1+ = Li,Na; M3+ = Al, Sc,Ga): insights into an unexpected isotypy and crystal chemistry of diarsenates
Authors: Schwendtner K. , Kolitsch U. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractHemimorphic crystals of four M1+-M3+-diarsenates (M1+ = Li, Na; M3+ = Al, Sc, Ga) were prepared by mild hydrothermal methods (T = 493 K) at very low pH values of ~1–1.5. The crystalst ructures of all compounds were determined using single-crystal X-ray diffraction data (Mo-Kα, CCD detector, 293 K) and were found to be isotypic with gittinsite (CaZrSi2O7), and the later described synthetic compound LiFeAs2O7. Crystaldat a for LiAlAs2O7, LiScAs2O7, LiGaAs2O7 and NaScAs2O7, respectively, are: space group C2 (no. 5), a = 6.583(1), 6.790(1), 6.638(1), 6.959(1), b = 8.007(2), 8.532(2), 8.181(2), 8.712(2), c = 4.635(1), 4.845(1), 4.696(1), 4.817(1) Å, β = 104.13(3), 103.75(3), 104.01(3), 102.05(3)°, V = 236.92(9), 272.64(9), 247.43(9), 285.6(1) Å3; Z = 2. The structure models were refined anisotropically to R1(F) = 0.0152, 0.0157, 0.0144, 0.0199, respectively.The non-centrosymmetric framework structure contains isolated As2O7 groups (in staggered configuration; As–O–As angles show a narrow range between 130.32(16) and 139.8(2)°) which share their O ligands with MO6 (M = Al, Sc, Ga) octahedra and distorted Li/NaO4 tetrahedra. The strongly distorted LiO4 tetrahedra exhibit an average Li–O bond length of 2.071 Å, but four longer Li–O bonds (between 2.781–3.042 Å) also contribute to give a reasonable bond-valence sum for the Li atoms, and reflect an effective [4+4]-coordination. The Na compound is also characterized by four short and four long Na–O bonds; the Na atom appears slightly overbonded. The average Sc–O bond length in the two Sc representatives is 2.083 and 2.097 Å.Details of the topology and crystal chemistry are discussed in comparison with those of gittinsite and other diarsenates, and correlations are noted. A reevaluation of the geometry of As2O7 groups in 58 presently known and structurally characterized inorganic diarsenates shows a mean As–O–As angle of 124.2° (excluding 180° angles). The As–O bond lengths to the central bridging O atom are elongated to a mean value of 1.755 Å, whereas all other bond lengths are shortened (mean value 1.666 Å); the overall mean As–O bond length is 1.688 Å.
Infrared reflectance of single-crystal jarandolite, CaB3O4(OH)3
Authors: Nikolić P. M. , Đurić S. , Paraskevopoulos K. M. , Zorba T. T. , Luković D. , Savić S. , Blagojević V. , Nikolić M. V. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractPolarized far- and mid-infrared reflectance spectra were measured at room temperature for the new mineral species jarandolite, CaB3O4(OH)3, for the two principal directions. Thirty three vibration modes for and 32 for were observed and analysed numerically. Symmetry analysis predicts 41 and 40 vibration modes that include lattice and O–H modes. Mode assignment was made based on the structure of jarandolite. The values of the mode frequencies (ωTO), the damping factors (γ) and the oscillator strength (S) of each oscillator were obtained by fitting to a Lorentz model.
True and brittle micas: composition and solid-solution series
Authors: Tischendorf G. , Förster H.-J. , Gottesmann B. , Rieder M. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMicas incorporate a wide variety of elements in their crystal structures. Elements occurring in significant concentrations in micas include: Si,IVAl,IVFe3+, B and Be in the tetrahedral sheet; Ti,VIAl,VIFe3+, Mn3+, Cr, V, Fe2+, Mn2+, Mg and Li in the octahedral sheet; K, Na, Rb, Cs, NH4, Ca and Ba in the interlayer; and O, OH, F, Cl and S as anions. Extensive substitutions within these groups of elements form compositionally varied micas as members of different solid-solution series. The most common true K micas (94% of almost 6750 mica analyses) belong to three dominant solid-solution series (phlogopite–annite, siderophyllite–polylithionite and muscovite–celadonite). Theirclassification parameters include: Mg/(Mg+Fetot) [=Mg#] formicas withVIR >2.5 a.p.f.u. andVIAl <0.5 a.p.f.u.; Fetot/(Fetot+Li) [=Fe#] formicas withVIR >2.5 a.p.f.u. andVIAl >0.5 a.p.f.u.; andVIAl/(VIAl+Fetot+Mg) [=Al#] formicas withVIR <2.5 a.p.f.u. The common true K micas plot predominantly within and between these series and have Mg6Li <0.3 a.p.f.u. Tainiolite is a mica with Mg6Li >0.7 a.p.f.u., or, fortr ansitional stages, 0.3–0.7 a.p.f.u. Some true K mica end-members, especially phlogopite, annite and muscovite, form binary solid solutions with non-K true micas and with brittle micas (6% of the micas studied). Graphical presentation of true K micas using the coordinates Mg minus Li (=mgli) and VIFetot+Mn+Ti minusVIAl (= feal) depends on theirclassification according toVIR andVIAl, complemented with the 50/50 rule.
α2-Macroglobulin binds CpG oligodeoxynucleotides and enhances their immunostimulatory properties by a receptor-dependent mechanism
Authors: Anderson Ryan B , Cianciolo George J , Kennedy Margaret N , Pizzo Salvatore V 
Published: October 2007

AbstractCpG oligodeoxynucleotides (ODN) stimulate the immune system and are under evaluation as treatments and vaccine adjuvants for infectious diseases, cancer, and immune system disorders. Although they have shown promising results in numerous clinical trials, the ultimate use of CpG ODN-based therapeutics may hinge on improved pharmacokinetics and reduced systemic side-effects. CpG ODN efficacy and potency might be enhanced greatly by packaging them into particles that protect them from degradation and specifically target them for uptake by immune-competent cells. The plasma proteinase inhibitor α2-macroglobulin (α2M) binds numerous biologically active macromolecules, including cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors, and can modulate their activity. Molecules bound to α2M are protected from interactions with neighboring macromolecules and are targeted for receptor-mediated uptake by immune-competent cells. Here, we report that activated α2M (α2M∗) binds CpG ODN and enhances their immunostimulatory properties significantly. Murine macrophages treated with α2M∗-ODN complexes respond more rapidly and produce a greater cytokine response than induced by free CpG ODN. Using human PBMC, α2M∗-ODN complexes exhibit fourfold enhanced potency and 15-fold greater efficacy for stimulating production of inflammatory cytokines. α2M∗ targets delivery of CpG ODN specifically to immune-competent cells, which endocytose the complexes sixfold more rapidly than free CpG ODN. CpG ODN bound to α2M∗ are also protected from degradation by nucleases. This novel targeting technology may improve CpG ODN-based therapeutics by increasing efficacy at reduced doses, thus reducing side-effects and cost.
American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline: Recommendations for Venous Thromboembolism Prophylaxis and Treatment in Patients With Cancer
Authors: Lyman Gary H. , Khorana Alok A. , Falanga Anna , Clarke-Pearson Daniel , Flowers Christopher , Jahanzeb Mohammad , Kakkar Ajay , Kuderer Nicole M. , Levine Mark N. , Liebman Howard , Mendelson David , Raskob Gary , Somerfield Mark R. , Thodiyil Paul , Trent David , Francis Charles W. 
Published: October 2007

Purpose To develop guideline recommendations for the use of anticoagulation in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE) in patients with cancer. Methods A comprehensive systematic review of the medical literature on the prevention and treatment of VTE in cancer patients was conducted and reviewed by a panel of content and methodology experts. Following discussion of the results, the panel drafted recommendations for the use of anticoagulation in patients with malignant disease. Results The results of randomized controlled trials of primary and secondary VTE medical prophylaxis, surgical prophylaxis, VTE treatment, and the impact of anticoagulation on survival of patients with cancer were reviewed. Recommendations were developed on the prevention of VTE in hospitalized, ambulatory, and surgical cancer patients as well as patients with established VTE, and for use of anticoagulants in cancer patients without VTE to improve survival. Conclusion Recommendations of the American Society of Clinical Oncology VTE Guideline Panel include (1) all hospitalized cancer patients should be considered for VTE prophylaxis with anticoagulants in the absence of bleeding or other contraindications; (2) routine prophylaxis of ambulatory cancer patients with anticoagulation is not recommended, with the exception of patients receiving thalidomide or lenalidomide; (3) patients undergoing major surgery for malignant disease should be considered for pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis; (4) low molecular weight heparin represents the preferred agent for both the initial and continuing treatment of cancer patients with established VTE; and (5) the impact of anticoagulants on cancer patient survival requires additional study and cannot be recommended at present.
Rapid Synthesis of Biodiesel Fuels at Room Temperature in the Presence of Dimethyl Ether
Authors: Guan Guoqing , Kusakabe Katsuki , Sakurai Nozomi , Moriyama Kimiko 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Vegetable oil such as corn, sunflower, rapeseed, soybean, and palm oil was completely transesterified into biodiesel fuel at short time because of high mass-transfer rate in the homogeneous solution formed by adding environmental-friendly solvent of dimethyl ether (DME).