bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attitudes of community pharmacists in the Netherlands towards adverse drug reaction reporting
Authors: Mes K , den Berg L T W de Jong-van , Van Grootheest A C 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Objective
To gain insight into the attitude and behaviour of community pharmacists in the Netherlands with respect to the reporting of adverse drug reactions (ADRs).

Method
A questionnaire survey was conducted among a stratified random sample of 200 community pharmacists from the membership list of the Royal Dutch Society for the Advancement of Pharmacy. The structured questionnaire covered knowledge of the Dutch ADR reporting system, attitudes to involvement in reporting ADRs and self-reported behaviour. Demographic details were requested and used to assess the representativeness of responders in relation to the total population of Dutch community pharmacists. The number of self-reported ADR reports was compared with those actually received by the nation's ADR centre.

Key findings
The response rate was 73 per cent (n=147) after one reminder. Community pharmacists regarded the reporting of ADRs as an integral part of their professional duties and they did not report experiencing any major barriers to reporting. This is reflected in the frequency and number of ADR reports received by the national pharmacovigilance centre. Comparison of pharmacists' self-reported numbers of ADR reports with actual reports received indicated that pharmacists overestimated the number of reports they made. The most frequently mentioned barriers to reporting were: the adverse effect assumed to be already known (32 per cent), the reporting procedure too time consuming (25 per cent), and uncertainty concerning the causal relationship between ADR and drug (25 per cent). Feedback was mentioned most commonly as the chief impetus for reporting, and this referred both to feedback on the report submitted and general feedback as provided in publications. Although consultation with the attending clinician before submitting a report is not compulsory in the Netherlands, 55 per cent of the pharmacists saw this as an important aspect in the reporting process.

Conclusions
Community pharmacists in the Netherlands are knowledgeable about reporting ADRs and highly motivated to do so. This positive attitude towards reporting adverse events is based on the established tradition of pharmacist reporting in the Netherlands.
Preparation, Crystal Structure and Electrical Properties of 2-Cyclopentanylidene-1,3-dithiolo[4,5-d]tetrathiafulvalene Derivatives
Authors: Misaki Yohji , Kawakami Kazuya , Nishikawa Hiroyuki , Fujiwara Hideki , Yamabe Tokio , Shiro Motoo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The title compounds (1) were prepared as the donor components for organic conductors. The molecular and crystal structures of bis(methylthio) derivative were determined by X-ray diffractional analysis. Among charge-transfer complexes and cation radical salts of 1 prepared so far, I3− salt of unsubstituted-1 and IBr2− salt of methylenedithio-1 showed metallic temperature dependence of conductivities.
The Cyclodehydration Route to the Asymmetric Total Synthesis of the Marine Natural Product Isolated from the Brown Alga, Notheia Anomala
Authors: Chikashita Hidenori , Nakamura Yusuke , Uemura Hiromitsu , Itoh Kazuyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The asymmetric total synthesis of (6S,7S,9R,10R)-6,9-epoxy-nonadec-18-ene-7,10-diol, which is a lipid diol component of the brown alga, Notheia anomala, was performed via the stereocontrolled LiAlH4 reduction of the cyclic hemiketal intermediate followed by the stereospecific one-step cyclodehydration of the resulting anti 1,4-diol.
Halogen-Exchange Fluorination of Aromatic Halides with HF or HF-Base
Authors: Fukuhara Tsuyoshi , Yoneda Norihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Heteroaromatic halides such as 2-chloropyrimidines and 2-chloropyridines, and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene underwent halogen-exchange fluorination with the treatment of HF or HF-base solutions to afford the corresponding fluorides in good yields.
Polymorphism of Model Glycosphingolipids Evidenced by Calorimetric and Polarizing Microscopic Study
Authors: Shimizu Toshimi , Minamikawa Hiroyuki , Murakami Teiichi , Hato Masakatsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Novel glycolipids having a l-serine derivative as the hydrophobic region, have been synthesized as a model glycosphingolipid. Differential Scanning Calorimetry and polarizing microscopic study of the aqueous dispersion exhibited a polymorphism similar to that observed for certain glycosphingolipids. Significantly higher chain order-disorder transition temperature was also observed for a galactolipid than for a glucolipid.
Novel Cycloaddition Reactions of Methacryloyl Isocyanate with Enamines
Authors: Tsuge Otohiko , Hatta Taizo , Mizuguchi Ryuzo , Kato Hisayoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Methacryloyl isocyanate (MAI) functioned as an ambident heterodiene in the cycloaddition reactions. Thus, enamines added not only to the acyl isocyanato moiety, but also to the enone moiety in MAI. Regiochemistry of this cycloaddition markedly depended on the reaction conditions. The pathways for the formation of products are also described.
Fabrication of a Polymer Trilayer Structure Acting as a Photoelectric Cell at Interdigitated Array Microelectrodes
Authors: Sakamoto Katsura , Aramaki Kunitsugu , Nishihara Hiroshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
A convenient fabrication method of a polymer trilayer photoelectric cell has been developed. The device is constructed by electropolymerization of [Co(C5H4CCl=CHCHO)2]PF6 and Fe2(C10H8)(C10H7CCl=CHCHO) at indium-tin oxide (ITO) interdigitated microarray (IDA) electrodes followed by a coverage with a film of soluble poly(3-n-hexylthiophene). Relationship of redox potentials for the three layers and the photocurrent spectrum indicate the acceptor-sensitizer-donor (A-S-D)-type photoelectron-transfer mechanism.
Electrostatic Sieve Separation of Dextransulfate and Dextran by Negatively Charged Ultrafiltration Membranes
Authors: Kobayashi Takaomi , Miyamoto Takuro , Nagai Toshihiko , Fujii Nobuyuki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Electrostatic sieve separation of dextransulfate (DS) and dextran (D). having similar molecular size, with negatively charged ultrafiltration membranes of poly(acrylonitrile-co-sodium styrenesulfonate) was carried out. The charged membrane has high rejection to DS with separation factor αD/DS of approximately 25.
Selective Halofluorination of Alkenes with Tetrabutylphosphonium Dihydrogentrifluoride in Combination with N-Halosuccinimide or 1,3-Dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin
Authors: Uchibori Yukitaka , Umeno Masayuki , Seto Hideharu , Yoshioka Hirosuke 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Alkenes and their functionalized derivatives were readily converted to the corresponding halofluorides with tetrabutylphosphonium dihydrogentrifluoride as combined with N-halosuccinimides or 1,3-dibromo-5,5-dimethylhydantoin in highly regio-, stereo-, and chemoselective manners. In particular, alkenes having a oxirane or primary hydroxyl group also underwent halofluorination selectively in good yields.
Evidence for an 1,7-O,O′-Intramolecular Acyl Migration
Authors: Victory Pedro , Borrell José I , Batllori Xavier , Teixidó Jordi , Civit Pau , Alvarez-Larena Angel 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The intramolecular nature of the 1,7-O,O′-acyl migration observed during the column chromatography of the diazonium coupling products of methyl 3-acetoxy-6-hydroxy-2-methoxypentafulvene-1-carboxylate was determined by isotopic labeling and mass spectrometry. A cooperative transportation by the hydrazono group is proposed to explain this fact.
Intercalation of Alkyl-bridged Biferrocene Compounds into VOPO4 and Gel-V2O5 Interlayer Spaces
Authors: Okuno Shoji , Matsubayashi Gen-etsu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Alkyl-bridged biferrocene compounds, Fc(CH2)nFc [Fc = (C5H5)Fe(C5H4); n = 1 and 2] were intercalated into the VOPO4 and V2O5 interlayer spaces by the redox reaction between the ferrocenyl (Fc) group and the V(V) ion site. Further oxidation of the Fc center in the interlayer space depends on its proximity to another V(V) ion site.
Direct Disulfide Formation from 2-Quinolinylmethyl Thioethers with Iron(III) or Copper(II) Salt
Authors: Yoshizawa Hidenori , Otaka Akira , Habashita Hiromu , Fujii Nobutaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
2-Quinolinylmethyl thioethers were efficiently cleaved to generate the corresponding symmetrical disulfides using the following systems; FeCl3/N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF)/H2O, FeCl3/ethanol (EtOH)/H2O, and CuCl2/DMF/H2O. The 2-quinolinylmethyl group was utilized as a thiol protecting group in the synthesis of a model peptide.
Tandem Cyclization of Enynyl and Diynyl Alkyllithiums
Authors: Bailey William F , Ovaska Timo V 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Undec-10-en-5-ynyllithium, generated from the corresponding iodide by low-temperature lithium – iodine exchange, undergoes two sequential 5-exo cyclizations when warmed to room temperature to afford 2-methyl-1-cyclopentylidenecyclopentane in 85% yield. Attempted tandem cyclization of an analogous diacetylenic alkyllithium was less successful.
Acidic Cesium Salts of Keggin-type Heteropolytungstic Acids as Insoluble Solid Acid Catalysts for Estenfication and Hydrolysis Reactions
Authors: Izumi Yusuke , Ono Michiyoshi , Ogawa Mayumi , Urabe Kazuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Acidic cesium salts of the Keggin-type heteropolyacids, Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40 and Cs2.5H1.5SiW12O40, retained their strong acidity in water-containing organic media, and worked as insoluble, efficient acid catalysts in the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate and the estenfication of acetic acid with ethanol. Silica-bound Cs2.5H0.5PW12O40, a newly prepared composite, was an active and easily recoverable solid acid catalyst for the hydrolysis of ethyl acetate with excess water.
ESR of Excited Quintet States in 3,3′-Dinitrenobenzophenone
Authors: Nimura Shigeaki , Kikuchi Osamu , Ohana Tsuguyori , Yabe Akira , Kaise Masahiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Two excited quintet states of 3,3′-dinitrenobenzophenone were observed by ESR in frozen organic matrix. One of their zero field splitting parameters were estimated to be D = 0.168 cm−1 and E = 0.024 cm−1.
Intermolecular Radical Addition of 1-Alkoxyalkyl Radicals to Vinyl Derivatives
Authors: Nishiyama Yutaka , Yamamoto Hisayuki , Nakata Shinji , Ishii Yasutaka 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
1-Alkoxyalkyl radicals [R1R2(OR3)C·], which were generated from 1-alkoxy-1-(phenylseleno)alkanes [R1R2C(OR3)SePh] and n-Bu3SnH in the precence of AIBN, participate effectively in intermolecular addition to vinyl compounds bearing electron-withdrawing or radical stabilizing substituents to give the corresponding ethers in moderate to good yields.
Conformational Change of a Macrobicyclic Complex. Structure of Free Ligand and Interactions with DMSO
Authors: Sato Tadanobu , Sakai Ken , Tsubomura Taro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
An X-ray crystal structure determination has been carried out on a free macrobicyclic ligand pytren (1,4,12,15,18,26,31,39,42,43,44,-undeca-azapentacyclo-[13.13.13.16,10.120,24.133,37]-tetratetraconta-4,6(42),7,9,11,18,20(43),21,23,25,31,33(44),34,36,38-pentadecane). It shows a different conformation from its Ba complex for direction of lone pairs of the six imine nitrogen atoms. Addition of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to the acetonitrile solution of the Ba complex causes the conformational change of pytren ligand and driving out of the Ba ion from the cavity due to interactions of the complex with DMSO.
The Preparation of V2O5 by Ozone Oxidation of VOSO4 Solution for Cathode Active Material of Lithium Secondary Battery
Authors: Sato Yuichi , Matsueda Naoto , Tokugawa Hideaki , Kobayakawa Koichi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
By oxidizing an aqueous solution of VOSO4 by using ozone, yellowish black, powder-like deposit was obtained, the composition of which coincided with V2O5. This deposit had the intermediate structure between crystalline and amorphous V2O5 and gave a high capacity of 175 Ah/kg as a cathode active material in a Li secondary battery.
XAFS Study on the Pyrochlore-Type Bi2−XNdXRu2O7 Solid-Solutions
Authors: Moriga Toshihiro , Yamamoto Tohru , Inoue Tatsuo , Ashida Toshifumi , Nakabayashi Ichiro 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The pyrochlore-type Bi2−XNdXRu2O7 solid-solutions with temperature-dependent metal-semiconductor transition have been characterized by XAFS spectroscopy. The Bi-O length in the solid-solutions is compressed in the compositional region above x = 1.4 where the metallic temperature dependence changes to semiconducting.
Synthesis of New Dilactone-type Fluorescent Dyes and Their Fluorochromic Properties
Authors: Yoshida Katsuhira , Yamanaka Yuki , Ueno Yasunobu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
New dilactone-type fluorescent dyes have been synthesized starting from 1,4-naphthoquinone and m-(dialkylamino)phenols. Both the fluorescence maxima and intensities of the dyes were drastically changed depending on solvent polarity. The dyes also showed good fluorescent dichroic properties in an ordered nematic liquid crystal.
Tin(II) Chloride Catalyzed Synthesis of β-d-Ribonucleosides
Authors: Mukaiyama Teruaki , Matsutani Takafumi , Shimomura Naoyuki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Several β-d-ribonucleosides are stereoselectively synthesized in high yields from methyl 2,3,5-tri-O-benzoyl-β-d-ribofuranosyl carbonate and trimethylsilylated nucleoside bases such as pertrimethylsilylated uracil and adenine under mild conditions by using a catalytic amount of tin(II) chloride, a weak Lewis acid.
DEMS Study of NO2− Reduction on Pt(100) Electrode in Alkaline Solution
Authors: Gao Yunzhi , Kita Hideaki , Hattori Hideshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Newly developed “one point touch” DEMS (Differential Electrochemical Mass Spectrometer) was applied to a small Pt single crystal electrode of ca. 0.1 cm2 and succeeded to follow the electrode reactions of NO2− in situ, together with voltammogram at a potential sweep of 2–10 mVs−1. It was confirmed that NO2− is reduced to NH3 at Pt(100) in 0.2–0.5 V (RHE). NH3 is oxidized exclusively to N2 around 0.6 V (RHE).
Convenient Syntheses of N,N-Dialkylselenoamides and N,N,N′,N′-Tetraalkylselenoureas by Treating Terminal gem-Dihaloalkanes, Chloroform, or Sodium Trichloroacetate with a Base, Elemental Selenium, and Amines
Authors: Takikawa Yuji , Yamaguchi Minoru , Sasaki Tohru , Ohnishi Kenji , Shimada Kazuaki 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Treatment of terminal gem-dihaloalkanes, chloroform, or sodium trichloroacetate with elemental selenium in the presence of NaH and an excess amount of primary or secondary amines gave selenoamides and selenoureas in modest yields.
Specific Inclusion of Water by N-Methyldeoxycholanamide Revealed by the Crystal Structure of the Hemihydrate
Authors: Sada Kazuki , Hishikawa Yukio , Kondo Takashi , Miyata Mikiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
N-Methyldeoxycholanamide specifically includes water instead of organic substances, which is in contrast to deoxycholic acid and deoxycholanamide. Such a specific inclusion behaviour is reasonably explained by the crystal structure of the hemihydrate. The N-methyl group induces a ladder-like hydrogen bonding scheme involving water, The resulting molecular arrangement inhibits an inclusion of organic guests.
Electrical Deformation of Thermotropic Liquid-Crystalline Polymer Gels
Authors: Kishi Ryoichi , Suzuki Yasuzo , Ichijo Hisao , Hirasa Okihiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Liquid-crystalline elastomer carrying cyanobiphenyl side groups was synthesized by radical copolymerization of 6-(4′-cyanobiphenyl-4-yloxy)hexyl acrylate and hexamethylene diacrylate. Liquid-crystalline elastomer was swollen in a low molecular weight liqud crystal. Swollen elastomer in the nematic phase quickly deformed by application of DC voltage.
Perfect Enantioselective Hydrolysis of Amino Acid Esters by Modified α-Chymotrypsin
Authors: Ueoka Ryuichi , Okai Jiro , Shimada Kenji , Segawa Daisuke , Nakata Takashi , Okai Hideo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The perfect enantioselective catalysis was obtained for the hydrolytic cleavage of p-nitrophenyl N-dodecanoyl-D(L)-phenylalaninates through the modified enzyme (Decanoyl-α-Chymotrypsin).
Convolutamines A-E, Novel β-Phenylethylamine Alkaloids from Marine Bryozoan Amathia convoluta
Authors: Zhang Hui-ping , Kamano Yoshiaki , Kizu Haruhisa , Itokawa Hideji , Pettit George R , Herald Cherry L 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Convolutamines A-E, novel cytotoxic alkaloids, have been isolated from Floridian bryozoan Amathia convoluta and the structures have been elucidated on the basis of extensive spectroscopic data.
Gas-Phase Coordination Reaction of C2H4 onto W(CO)4. Direct Observation of the Internal Excitation in the Coordination Product
Authors: Takeda Hideki , Jyo-o Motohiro , Ishikawa Yo-ichi , Arai Shigeyoshi 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Time-resolved infrared absorption spectra were observed following the pulsed 266-nm photolysis of W(CO)6 in the presence of C2H4 in the gas phase at room temperature. The transient spectra showed that the coordination of C2H4 onto “naked” coordinatively bisunsaturated tungsten carbonyl W(CO)4 resulted in the formation of internally excited W(CO)4(η2-C2H4)*.
Fabrication of Polymeric Light Emitting Diodes Based on Poly(p-phenylene vinylene) LB Films
Authors: Wu Aiping , Jikei Mitsutoshi , Kakimoto Masa-aki , Imai Yoshio , Ukishima Sadayuki , Takahashi Yoshikazu 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Novel polymeric light emitting diodes based on poly(p-phenylene vinylene) and polyimide LB films were fabricated. The former and the latter were used as the light emitting layer and the hole transporting layer, respectively. The results indicated that charge injection and electroluminescent efficiency were improved remarkably by the incorporation of the polyimide hole transporting layer.
Chiral Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Asymmetric Diels-Alder Reactions of (E)-1-Phenylsulfonyl-3-alken-2-ones with Cyclopentadiene
Authors: Wada Eiji , Pei Wen , Kanemasa Shuji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Highly enantio- and endo-selective Diels-Alder reactions of (E)-1-phenylsulfonyl-3-alken-2-ones, a new type of chelating dienophile, with cyclopentadiene are achieved by the aid of a catalytic amount of chiral titanium catalysts. Mode of enantioselectivities depend upon the size of aryl substituents involved in the chiral ligands; dramatic reversal of selectivities is observed.
Multi-Tetrathiafulvalene Systems. New Donors Containing Two or Three Tetrathiafulvalene-Substituents at 1,3- and 1,3,5-Positions of Aromatic Rings
Authors: Iyoda Masahiko , Fukuda Mitsuhiro , Yoshida Masato , Sasaki Shigeru 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
New donors having two or three tetrathiafulvalene moieties at 1,3- and 1,3,5-positions of the aromatic rings have been synthesized in order to examine the interactions of tetrathiafulvalene radical-cations in the diradical-dication or triradical-trication states. The molecular structures of two neutral donors have been determined and the conductivity of the CT complexes of the new donors have been measured.
Two Novel Cyclic Peptides, Yunnanins A and B from Stellaria yunnanensis
Authors: Morita Hiroshi , Shishido Akira , Kayashita Takashi , Shimomura Masako , Takeya Koichi , Itokawa Hideji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Two novel cyclic peptides, named yunnanins A and B, have been isolated from Stellaria yunnanensis (Caryophyllaceae) and their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic evidence and chemical degradation.
Clinical and laboratory aspects of thyroid autoantibodies
Authors: Sinclair David 
Published: April 2006

This review describes the aetiology of the major thyroid antigens. Iodination of thyroglobulin produces multiple antigen configurations which are functionally active but immunologically distinct. The thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) receptor is a two-subunit glycoprotein; the extracellular A subunit is recognized by thyroid stimulating antibodies, while those antibodies recognizing the B subunit, located much nearer the cell surface, appear to function as blocking antibodies. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO), originally described as thyroid microsomal antigen, is present on the apical surface of thyroid follicular cells and is the antigen involved in cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Multiple B-cell-reactive epitopes exist, each giving rise to different antibodies. The aetiology and mechanics of the autoimmune cellular and antibody responses involves a combination of human leucocyte antigen (HLA) linkage, genetics and environmental factors to determine the initial and subsequent stages of the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. Depending on the antibody, a combination of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for TPO and thyroglobulin and bioassays and/or radioimmunoassay for TSH receptor antibodies are used to estimate their concentrations. The other conditions with which autoimmune thyroid diseases are associated include, for example, pernicious anaemia, connective tissue disorders, diabetes, coeliac disease, mood disorders like depression and fertility-related problems such as miscarriage, infertility, in vitro fertilization failure, pre-term delivery and postpartum thyroiditis. Often, there is no cause-and-effect relationship between them and it is debatable in some cases whether it is worthwhile monitoring patients with autoimmune thyroid disease for other conditions or vice versa. The review also itemizes the circumstances in which it might be useful to measure each antibody (i.e. the use of TPO antibodies in investigation of goitre, diagnosis of Graves' and Hashimoto's disease and the prediction of risk of developing hypothyroidism during subclinical thyroid disease; TSH receptor antibodies in maternal and neonatal hyperthyroidism and thyroglobulin antibodies in the monitoring and treatment of thyroid carcinoma). Finally, taking the current literature into account, an algorithm is recommended for the most effective use of these antibodies in the investigation of autoimmune thyroid disease.
The effect of thyroid dysfunction on N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide concentrations
Authors: Manuchehri Alireza M , Jayagopal Vijay , Kilpatrick Eric S , Atkin Stephen L 
Published: April 2006

Background: B-type natriuretic peptides and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptides (NT-proBNP) have been suggested as being useful for the diagnosis of congestive heart failure. We have shown previously that changes in thyroid function are associated with changes in concentrations of other low molecular weight molecules. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether similar changes occurred with NT-proBNP concentrations following treatment of thyroid dysfunction. Methods: Seventeen patients (12 female, 5 male, age range 24-77 years) with newly diagnosed hypothyroidism and 21 patients (16 female, 5 male, age range 21-66 years) with newly diagnosed hyperthyroidism had NT-proBNP measured at baseline and when they subsequently became euthyroid. Results: NT-proBNP levels were not significantly different in the hyperthyroid group from the hypothyroid, either before ( P = 0.706) or after treatment to euthyroidism ( P = 0.170). The hypothyroid group showed a rise in NT-proBNP after treatment ( P < 0.001). There was a marginally significant fall in the NT-proBNP levels in the hyperthyroid group ( P = 0.05). However, these changes were within the expected wide range of biological variability of NT-proBNP shown in earlier studies. Conclusions: Hypothyroidism alters NT-proBNP concentrations, but the magnitude of this effect may be lost in the wide biological variability of natriuretic peptides and this statistically significant finding is not likely to be of clinical relevance.