bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Income Transfers and Work Effort: The Netherlands and the United States in the 1970s
Authors: Wolfe Barbara L. , Jong Philip R. De , Haveman Robert H. , Halberstadt Victor , Goudswaard Kees P. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe growing leniency and generosity of public income support systems has been hypothesized to negatively affect work effort. The magnitude of this effect is estimated for the U. S. and the Netherlands in the 1970s, using a three‐stage Probit‐OLS model employed on micro data sets. Individuals are viewed as choosing the number of hours worked on the basis of expected labor income, expected transfer income, labor market and demographic characteristics and health. The elasticity of annual hours worked with respect to expected transfer income was estimated to be ‐0.22 for U. S. and ‐0.82 (1980) for the Netherlands. Combining these elasticities with the annual percentage increases in transfer generosity yields a yearly reduction in the number of hours worked of 0.65% for the U. S. and 2.7% for the Netherlands during the 1970s. These results suggest that growing transfers have had a substantial and negative impact on desired work effort and thus on production and economic performance, especially in the Netherlands.
Does Korea Trace Japan's Footsteps? A Macroeconomic Appraisal
Authors: H.Yoo Jang 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYKorean economic growth is often believed to be patterned after Japan's. There are, however, as many differences as there are similarities between the two. From time‐series analyses and estimation of various macroeconomic functions, this study has found that the two are significantly different in (1) initial development conditions, (2) socio‐political environment, (3) the role of defense spending, (4) the labor demand and supply, (5) the world's trade conditions, (6) behavior toward risk and uncertainty, (7) the role of foreign savings, among others. To give a meaningful lesson to other LDCs, this study suggests that the time has come for development economists to scrutinize the economic growth of Korea in order to identify the true contributing factors to such an economic success.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGOft wird postuliert, dass die ökonomische Entwicklung Koreas nach japanischem Muster verlaufe. Mit der vorliegenden Studie wird versucht zu zeigen, dass aber ebensoviele unterschiedliche wie gemeinsame Elemente vorhanden sind. Mit Hilfe von Zeitreihenanalysen und ökonometrischen Schätzungen von makroökonomi‐schen Zusammenhängen werden Unterschiede gefunden (1) in der ursprünglichen Entwicklungssituation, (2) im sozialpolitischen Umfeld, (3) im Umfang der Rüstungs‐ausgaben, (4) in der Arbeitsmarktlage, (5) in der Aussenhandelssituation, (6) im Verhalten gegenüber Risiko und Unsicherheit und (7) im Ausmass ausländischer Ersparnisse. Die Analyse des koreanischen Wirtschaftswachstums und seiner Ursa‐chen kann auch für andere wenig entwickelte Länder nützlich sein.RÉSUMÉOn croit souvent que la croissance économique de la Corée est une réplique de celle du Japon. En fait, il y a, entre elles deux, autant de ressemblances que de différences. A partir ď analyses de séries chronologiques et gra&#x030c;ce áľ estimation de plusieurs fonctions macroéconomiques, cette étude montre que les deux croissances sont significativernent différentes, au moins dans les domaines suivants: (1) conditions initiales du développement; (2) environnement socio‐politique; (3) r&#x006f;&#x030c;le du budget de la défense; (4) marché du travail; (5) conditions du commerce international; (6) comportement envers le risque et ľincertitude; (7) r&#x006f;&#x030c;le de ľépargne étrangere. Pour aider ďautres P.V.D., cette étude suggère enfin aux économistes du développement ďaccorder plus ď attention à la croissance économique de la Corée, afin ďintensifier les vrais facteurs de ce succès économique.
Evolution and Stability of Cooperation without Enforceable Contracts
Authors: Witt Ulrich 
Published: May 2007

ZUSAMMENFASSUNGökonomische Transaktionen können oft nicht auf der Basis erschöpfender rechtlicher Regelungen und vereinbarter Zwangsmittel abgewickelt werden. Es ist dann nicht auszuschliessen, dass eine Seite ihre Verpflichtungen unzulänglich erfüllt, während die andere sie in vollem Umfang leistet. Eine ähnliche Situation kann auftreten, wenn formelle rechtliche Ansprüche zwar bestehen, sich aber wegen prohibitiver Durchsetzungskosten nicht realisieren lassen. Der Logik des Gefangenen Dilemmas folgend sind in solchen Situationen regelmässig Anreize zu einem nicht oder nicht vollständigen Erfüllen von Vereinbarungen zu erwarten. Dennoch finden Transaktionen häufig auf einer scheinbar so wenig gesicherten Basis statt, ohne dass es zu einer Verletzung der wechselseitigen Verpflichtungen kommt. Zur Erklärung dieses empirischen Phänomens wird eine Theorie des häufigkeitsabhängigen Lernverhaltens vorgeschlagen, das in verschiedenen Gruppen der interagierenden Individuen auftritt. Der Ansatz lässt sich verallgemeinern, um die Bedingungen zu klären, unter denen in einem evolutorischen Prozess eine Vielzahl gesellschaftlicher Gefangenen‐Dilemma‐Situationen vermieden wird.
The Determinants of Protection in Developing Countries: An Extended Interest‐Group Approach
Authors: Amelung Torsten 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYThe political economy of protection attributes the erection of trade barriers to interest group activities, preferences of the electorates and nationalist ideologies on part of the politicians. The respective empirical models, which have already been confirmed for a number of industrialized countries, are also applicable for developing and newly industrializing countries. However, as the survey of empirical studies on these countries shows, the explanatory power of these models is quite low. For this reason, this paper develops an extended interest‐group approach, which also includes suppliers and purchasers which might form an opposition against the increasing protection. The empirical evidence for the case of Brazil shows that this extended interest group model substantially improves the results of the estimations.
Metropolitan Concentration in Developing Countries
Authors: Petrakos George , Brada Josef C. 
Published: May 2007

SUMMARYWe examine the economic, political and cultural determinants of urban concentration in developing countries using a sample of 53 countries. We find that as countries develop, urban concentration, measured as the largest city's share of the population, at first increases and then decreases. We also find that foreign investment influences concentration in a similar way since foreign investors tend to locate in the main city at low levels of development but are willing to locate outside the center in more developed countries. Political and cultural factors such as lack of democracy, government instability and religiously and ethically homogeneous populations all contribute to high levels of urban concentration. For many developing countries these non‐economic factors have led to primate cities whose size far exceeds what would be justified by economic considerations.
Cooperative Inter‐Firm Relations: A Game Theoretic Approach and Application to the Furniture Industry
Authors: Parkin Richard J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn this paper I argue that potential Marshallian external economies may be realised through cooperative inter‐firm relations. Knowledge spillovers, the use of specialised machinery, the development of a local market for special skills, and the joint provision of sector services are modeled as Prisoner's Dilemma games. The model investigates the impact of changing payoffs and non‐random pairing of agents on the viability and stability of the cooperative outcome. This model is then applied to the furniture industries of Italy and London in the 1980s.ZusammenfassungDiese Studie argumentiert, dass potentielle Marshallianische Extemalitäten realisiert werden können durch kooperative Beziehungen zwischen Firmen. Wissenstransfer, die Benutzung von Spezialmaschinen, die Entwicklung eines lokalen Marktes für spezialisierte Fähigkeiten, und die gemeinsame Erstellung sektoraler Dienstleistungen sind als Prisoner's Dilemma Spiele modelliert. Das Modell untersucht den Effekt von sich ändernden Gewinnen und von nicht‐zufälligen Zusammenstellungen von Spielerpaaren auf die Möglichkeit und Stabilität des kooperativen Resultats. Dieses Modell wird dann auf die Möbelindustrien Italiens und Londons während der 1980er Jahre angewendet.RésuméDans cette article je postule que les economies extemes de Marshall peuvent potentiellement être réalisées à travers des relations de coopération entre compagnies. Les retombées de savoir, I'utilisation de machines spécialisées, le développement d'un marché local pour des competences spécifiques, et l'approvisionnement joint de services de secteur sont conçus comme jeu de Prisoner's Dilemma. Je me sers du modèle pour analyser les effets sur la viabilité et la stabilité du résultat coopératif, produits par la modification de deux suppositions: d'abord, en changeant le gain résultant de la cooperation mutuelle, et ensuite en considérant la situation où les chances qu'un joueur rencontre un autre joueur de même genre sont plus grandes que celles produites par le hasard. Ce modèle est ensuite appliqué aux industries de meubles d'Italie et de Londres dans les années 1980.
The Problem With Pegged Exchange Rates
Authors: Schuler Kurt 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe 1990s have seen several big currency crises. Some observers argue that the crises show ‘fixed’ exchange rates are unsustainable. Dozens of countries have sustained such exchange rates for years or decades, though. Differences between pegged and fixed exchange rates explain why some exchange rates have lasted while others have succumbed to speculative attacks.ZusammenfassungDie neunziger Jahre haben mehrcre grosse Währungskrisen erlebt. Einige Beobachter behaupten, solche Krisen zeigen, dass feste Wechselkurse nicht haltbar seien. Dennnoch hat eine Reihe anderer Lander solche Wechselkurse jahre‐ oder jahrzehntelang aufrechterhalten. Unterschiede zwischen einem Wechselkurs, der in Bandbreiten schwanken darf (‘pegged’) und einem absolut festen Wechsclkurs erklären, warum sich einige Wechselkurse durchgesetzt haben, wührend andere spekulativen Angriffen zum Opfer gefallen sind.RésuméLes années 1990 ont connu plusieurs crises monétaires importantes. Quelques observateurs affirment que ces crises démontrent que les taux de change ‘fixes’ sont indéfendables. Pourtant, des douzaines de pays ont soutenu des tels taux de change pendant des décennies, même des siècles. Cela s'explique par la différence entre les taux de change vraiment fixes et les taux de change fixes mais ajustables (‘pegged’).
MANAGERIAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH COMPANY PERFORMANCE‐PART II. A CONTINGENCY ANALYSIS
Authors: Child John 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn Part I of this paper we examined the possibility that certain managerial and organizational characteristics were associated with company performance under a wide range of operating conditions. Part II now turns to an alternative theory of performance which has attracted more attention in recent years. This is contingency theory, which enable a company to cope better with its particular operating conditions. In other words, the factors associated with high performance are expected to vary along with differences in a company's context‐especially with differences in its environment, size and technology.
RESEARCH QUESTIONNARES USED IN ASSESSING TRAINING IN SOCIAL SKILLS: A RESEARCH NOTE
Authors: Cooper Cary L. , Oddie Henry 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn recent years a number of examples of social skill training have emerged. These have included techniques to improve an employee's relationship with customers, to encourage better relations between colleagues, to renew and develop organizations, and to promote personal growth. Many of these approaches have increasingly been reported in the literature with a concomitant interest in training evaluation. In a large study by the authors, evaluating various methods of social skill training in the catering industry, a number of new questionnaires and techniques of measurement were advanced. It was felt that people interested in appraisal of training in social skills (in different contexts) might be interested in seeing this package of research tools. Questionnaries are included which measure trainee perceptual change (self‐image, ideal‐image, others‐images and self‐esteem), change in trainees’ awareness of organizational variables (i.e. understanding colleagues’ jobs), change in trainees’ behaviour at work, and an assessment of trainees’ plans in transferring social skill learning to their work environments. One of the most interesting techniques described is the use of an adapted Kelly Repertory Grid in generating bi‐polar adjectival scales for use in assessing change in trainees’ perception.
THE FACTOR METHOD OF CALCULATING DISCRETION IN A FLEXIBLE WORK HOUR SCHEDULE
Authors: Lee R. A. , Young W. McEwan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThere has been a pronounced reluctance to experiment with flexible work schedules in so‐called production areas, because of fears that the discretion granted individuals in their use of time would result in a fall in productivity. This article describes a first approach to calculating the amount of flexibility that can be given a group of employees in a production unit, in order to ensure that, even when they exploit the discretion to the full extent, there will always be work for everyone and other, interdependent, production units (or customers) do not suffer.
A CROSS‐FUNCTIONAL COMPARISON OF PRESCRIBED VERSUS PREFERRED PATTERNS OF MANAGERIAL STRUCTURE
Authors: O'Connor Edward J. , Farrow Dana L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious research indicates that effective operating systems adopt structural patterns appropriate to their environmental uncertainty. Production units have typically been found to require more structure than comparable research organizations. The current findings document a consistent mismatch between the relative structural levels desired by research and production managers and the structural levels currently recommended for their respective functions. Implications regarding this conflict between organizational efficiency and employee attitudes are presented.
DIFFERENCES IN BELIEFS ABOUT WORK BETWEEN MANAGERS AND BLUE‐COLLAR WORKERS
Authors: Dickson John W. , Buchholz Rogene A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe beliefs about work of managers and blue‐collar workers in the U.S.A. and Scotland were determined through a questionnaire. Both managers and blue‐collar workers strongly endorsed humanistic beliefs and were indifferent to the work ethic. Blue‐collar workers endorsed more strongly than managers beliefs about worker exploitation and the value of participation. In Scotland, there was a wide difference in the perceived value of leisure between managers and workers. It appears that the Scottish respondents hold fewer independent beliefs than their U. S. counterparts.
MOTIVATION, ORIENTATIONS AND THE ACTION PERSPECTIVE: AN ALTERNATIVE FRAMEWORK
Authors: Wynn Paul S. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe paper commences by suggesting that the traditional social action model of workplace behaviour, which focuses on the concept of orientation to work, is an inadequate model for explaining work motivation. It suggests that the deficiencies result from an inadequate definition of motivation and confusion about the concept of orientation. An alternative model is developed which replaces the concept of orientation with the twin concepts of motivation to work and attachment to work. The final part of the paper suggests how this alternative model may be operationalized and discusses the benefits that this formulation has for both academics and practising managers.
SELF REGULATION, CRISIS MANAGEMENT AND PREVENTIVE MEDICINE: THE EVOLUTION OF U.K. BANK SUPERVISION
Authors: Metcalfe J. L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis article examines the transition in bank supervision from an ideology of self‐regulation to a more open‐ended, preventive‐medicine approach. It explores the processes by which the supervisors are developing a realistic and relevant appreciation of the banking system as a network of organizations [1].
R & D SUBSYSTEM CLIMATE AS A FUNCTION OF PERSONAL AND ORGANIZATIONAL FACTORS
Authors: Paolillo Joseph G. P. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTProfessional‐technical employee perceptions of the R and D subsystem climate were believed to be influenced by personal, joint personal‐situational, and situational characteristics. One hundred and five professional‐technical employees, above the technical level, from seven organizations cooperated in a study to ascertain the factors which contribute to the formation of subsystem climate perceptions. The findings failed to support the expected relationship between personal characteristics and subsystem climate, but did indicate that joint personal‐situational factors accounted for significant amounts of variance in climate perceptions.
COMPLEXITY AND CLEAVAGE: DUAL EXPLANATIONS OF STRATEGIC DECISION‐MAKING [I]
Authors: Astley W. Graham , Axelsson Runo , Butler Richard J. , Hickson David J. , Wilson David C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a framework for the comparative analysis of strategic decision‐making processes. It draws together and integrates predominant but previously disparate theories of decision‐making. Examples are given of how decision‐making processes may be characterized and, hence, facilitate comparison across all types of strategic decisions. Explanation of why decision processes may differ is from two perspectives. First, the complexity of the topic may lead to particular characteristics of the decision process. Secondly, the cleavage of interests which a topic arouses may also lead to particular aspects of decision processes. We argue that each decision topic has varying levels of both complexity and cleavage and four examples of strategic decisions are analyzed on these dimensions. We identify four profiles of decision‐making processes associated with varying levels of complexity and cleavage and we finally suggest that our model may explain and empirically demonstrate variations across a large number of diverse strategic decisions.
WHAT IS THE PROBLEM OF RETRENCHMENT IN HIGHER EDUCATION? [I]
Authors: Petrie Hugh G. , Alpert Daniel 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTSingle‐ and double‐loop organizational learning are discussed in the context of retrenchment in higher education. A model of the research university illuminates impediments to internal resource reallocation, programme elimination and integrative leadership, and suggests the need for alternatives to usual efforts to increase efficiency while retaining existing norms, goals, and organizational structures.
MANAGING MARKETS: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE MAKE‐BUY DECISION
Authors: Butler Richard , Carney M. G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe concept of a managed market is developed and is seen as especially suitable for complex transactions as an alternative to internal hierarchical organization. It is argued that a number of augmenting processes, namely trust, routinization and mutual adjustment, usually associated with internal organization, can be used to good effect in a market. Hence the paper develops an approach to make‐buy decisions through a transactions cost model and exemplifies the augmenting processes in three case studies from branches of the engineering industry.
FINANCIAL CUTBACK DECISIONS BY PRIORITY SCALING
Authors: Algie J. , Mallen G. , Foster W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reports the application of the priority scaling method to financial cutback decisions in a social services organization, and provides an overview of the priority scaling method.The method is used to elicit a weighted scale of individual and group priorities between options from paired‐comparison exercises, together with a measure of internal consistency of judgment. The weighted scale of option priorities may be adjusted to align with the relative values individuals and groups assign to the multiple criteria which guide their judgments, and a measure of internal coherence of judgment obtained. Decision‐makers’ allocations of resources may be inferred from their priority weightings together with budgets for each option. Applying the method in reverse, decision‐makers’ implied priorities may be directly inferred from proposed budget cuts. A set of reliability tests are incorporated in rigorous versions of the method.
THE USE OF GROUNDED THEORY FOR THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Turner Barry A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTQualitative social research generates large amounts of non‐standard data which make analysis problematic. This discussion advocates the use of grounded theory as a way of handling these problems. The approach is illustrated, in the context of organizational research, by three cases of grounded theoretical analyses: (a) a study of face‐to‐face interaction in a hospital between nurses and patients’ relatives; (b) a field‐study based on the complex organizational interrelationships associated with small batch production manufacturing; and (c) a documentary‐based analysis of the organizational pre‐conditions of large‐scale accidents. The discussion of the cases stresses the manner in which the qualitative data collected were manipulated in order to give them theoretical shape.
DIVERSIFICATION WITHIN AUSTRALIAN MANUFACTURING ENTERPRISE
Authors: Chenhall Robert H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examines diversification of the activities of business organizations. The meaning of diversification has been ambiguous in many studies that have used the concept as a way of describing strategic resource allocation decisions within firms. Many previous studies of diversification have suffered from a number of deficiencies. Some studies have observed the consequences of firms’ resource allocation and made inferences about the influence of organizational and external environmental factors on managers’ decisions affecting diversification. Other studies, that have been concerned with investigating diversification from a focus within the firm, have often adopted a molecular approach, being concerned with a limited number of organizational or environmental characteristics. In an attempt to redress these deficiencies, a contingency theory framework is used to describe and, in part, explain the formulation of decisions affecting diversification. This involves developing an unambiguous definition of diversification, and identifying organizational and external environmental characteristics that may be used to aid understanding of why firms diversify their activities in different ways.
DEVIL'S ADVOCACY IN MANAGERIAL DECISION‐MAKING
Authors: Schwenk Charles R. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThere is some debate about the potential value of using devil's advocates in top‐level organizational decision‐making. In this paper, the contrasting views on this question are summarized briefly and the field and laboratory research on the devil's advocate and related techniques is discussed. This research is then used as the basis for detailed suggestions on the effective use of devil's advocates in improving managerial decisions.