bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR NEW MALLOMONAS TAXA (MALLOMONADACEAE, CHRYSOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Nicholls Kenneth H. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThree new species and one new variety of Mallomonas (Mallomonadaceae, Chrysophyceae) were discovered in Ontario, Canada. Descriptions based on electron microscopy of silica scale structure are provided for Mallomonas inornata sp. nov., Mallomonas perfossa sp. nov., Mallomonas sexangularis sp. nov. and Mallomonas guttata var. simplex var. nov. The relationships of the scale structures of the new taxa with those known for other similar species are discussed. About 80 Mallomonas species and subspecies now are known from North America.
MODULATION OF PHOTOSYNTHETIC CARBON ASSIMILATION IN SELENASTRUM CAPRICORNUTUM (CHLOROPHYCEAE) BY cAMP: AN ELECTROGENIC MECHANISM?1
Authors: Francko David A. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTLaboratory batch cultures of the unicellular alga Selenastrum capricornutum Printz (Chlorophyceae) were used as a model system to test the hypothesis that the regulatory molecule cAMP may alter algal photo synthetic carbon assimilation (PCA) rates via an electrogenic mechanism. In one series of experiments, cells were resuspended in cAMP‐free media subsequently augmented with 0.5 nmol·L−1to 0.1 μmol·L−1of added cAMP, concentrations paralleling dissolved cAMP levels in lake water and culture filtrates but insufficient to result in short‐term increases in intracellular cAMP content. cAMP‐treated cells were moderately and transiently hypopolarized concomitant with a reduction in PCA capacity. Media and intracellular pH and quinacrine fluorescence quenching rates were also altered, with similar effects on PCA, but specific effects appeared to be associated with diel cycles. Higher concentrations of added cAMP (10 μmol·L−1to 10 mmol·L−1) further hypopolarized the transmembrane potential, greatly enhanced PCA rates, acidified the cell interior, and enhanced quinacrine quenching rates. With the exception of cGMP, no nucleotide derivative examined elicited the same effects. Inhibitors of plasmalemma ATPase and NADH oxidase activity also hypopolarized the membrane potential but inhibited PCA rates. Collectively, the data support the cAMP‐electrogenic thesis, but the mechanism, although resembling features of H+/ ion‐cotrans‐port, may in fact be more complex.
INFRAGENERIC TAXONOMY OF AHNFELTIA (AHNFELTIALES, RHODOPHYTA)1
Authors: Maggs Christine A. , McLachlan Jack L. , Saunders Gary W. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTAhnfeltia plicata (Hudson) Fries, the type species of Ahnfeltia Fries, is reported to be a widespread alga which is an important source of agar. However, after characterizing type material and representative populations of A. plicata, we found that several taxa usually considered to be synonyms of A. plicata instead represent separate species with differing geographic distributions. Ahnfeltia plicata sensu stricto is characterized by the development of external carposporophytes on female sori that are present only on mature axes. Pseudocarposporophytes bearing monosporangia and cortical monosporangial sori occur on both young and old axes. Characteristic vegetative features include long medullary cells and cortical growth rings. Ahnfeltia plicata s.s. is circumpolar in both hemispheres and is harvested for agar in the White Sea. Ahnfeltia setacea (Kútzing) Schmitz from the Falkland Islands, Gymnogongrus comosus Kützing from Chile and Gymnogongrus filiformis Kützing from southern Argentina appear to be synonymous with A. plicata. Ahnfeltia fastigiata (Postels et Ruprecht) Makienko, from the North Pacific, differs from A. plicata principally in the development of female sori and carposporophytes only near apices; medullary cells are shorter and cortical growth rings, cortical monosporangia and pseudocarposporophytes are not formed. It is dioecious and its life history involves the development from carpospores of a crustose Porphyrodiscus tetrasporophyte. We suggest that A. plicata var. tobuchiensis Kanno et Matsubara, the principal form of Ahnfeltia utilized for agar production in the North Pacific, represents an unattached ecad of A. fastigiata. Ahnfeltia elongata Montagne, known only from Chile and with carposporophytes restricted to main axes, is more closely related to A. plicata than to A. fastigiata. Thalli are large and regularly dichotomous, with long medullary cells, and do not form pseudocarposporophytes or monosporangia.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR ANOMALOUS SIZE SCALING OF RESPIRATION IN PHYTOPLANKTON1
Authors: Lewis William M. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTRespiration per unit mass decreases as organism size increases among metazoans and heterotrophic unicells. The rate of decrease is described by a power function of organism mass; the exponent of the power function is 0.75 (Three‐fourths Rule). Previously unanalyzed respiration rates for 11 species of phytoplankton ranging in size over four orders of magnitude show a size‐scaling exponent of 1.13 (SE, ±0.15), which is statistically different from 0.75. This result confirms the result of an earlier study of eight phytoplankton species indicating that size scaling of respiration is absent or minimal in phytoplankton, in contrast to the pattern of heterotrophic unicells. The size‐related range of respiration rates per unit mass across the full size spectrum of phytoplankton would be approximately 18–fold if respiration were scaled according to the Three‐fourths Rule. If respiration does not scale with size or scales minimally with size, as suggested by present evidence, the size‐related range of rates will be much smaller or negligible. The apparent anomaly of size scaling for phytoplankton respiration is potentially of great ecological and adaptive significance in unicellular algae.
PHOTOACCLIMATION AND GROWTH RATE RESPONSES OF ULVA ROTUNDATA (CHLOROPHYTA) TO INTRADAY VARIATIONS IN GROWTH IRRADIANCE1
Authors: Henley William J. , Ramus J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTA vegetative clone of the chlorophyte macroalga Ulva rotundata was maintained in an outdoor continuous flow system under nutrient sufficient conditions and various light regimes. Step changes between 9 and 100% incident irradiance (Io) were employed to simulate cloud passage. Temporary (1–4 h) midday (Io)perturbations evoked net changes in growth rate (μ) and chlorophyll (chl) content. Under Io alternating at various periodicities from 15 min to 7 h, net μ was the average of the μ under steady state 9 and 100% Io, regardless of periodicity. However, the μ in alternating light was considerably less than μ under steady state 55% Io(≃ 9%+ 100%/2), as expected based on the nonlinear shape of the μ‐I relationship. Unlike μ, chl content depended primarily on the total daily irradiance, probably clue to the slower response of chl compared to photosynthetic rate. On time scales ≥ one day, chl was linearly correlated with light‐regulated daily μ under both steady state and intraday fluctuating irradiance, consistent with photosynthetic feedback regulation of chl concentration.
LUXURY PHOSPHATE UPTAKE AND VARIATION OF INTRACELLULAR METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN HETEROSIGMA AKASHIWO (RAPHIDOPHYCEAE)1
Authors: Watanabe MasatMaka , Takamatsu Takejiro , Kohata Kunio , Kunugi Masayuki , Kawashima Munetsugu , Koyama Mutsuo 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe effectr of phosphate starvation and subsequent uptake on distribution and concentration of phosphate metabolic intermediates and metals were studied in Heterosigma akashiwo (Hada) Hada by 31P‐NMR spectroscopy, neutron activation analysis and ESR spectroscopy. Excess orthophosphate (4.5 μM Pi, as NaH2PO4) added to a medium with P‐depleted H. akashiwo cells was rapidly taken up resulting in an increase in P cell quota (qp)from 68.2 to 99.6 fmol. cell‐1in 2 h and to 156.3 fmol. cell‐1in 6 h. After three days, qp approached about 190 fmol. cell−1. Polyphosphate (PPi) rapidly increased from 0 to 11.4 fmol· cell−1in 2 h and to 24.7 fmol·cell−1in 6 h. Diel variation of cell quota indicated that cellular Pi increase was synchronized with cellular PPi decrease and vice versa. The average chain length of PPi increased from ca. 0 to ca. 10.2 phosphate residues in 2 h after addition of Pi and one day later, from ca. 9.8 to ca. 12.5.The cell quota of Mn (qMn), and to a lesser extent Co, increased rapidly from 4.87 fg. cell−1in the P‐ starved condition to 50.48 fg·cell−12 h afer addition of Pi but decreased to 8.63 fg. Cell−1by 6 h. Concentrations of Zn, As, Hf, Cu and sometimes Al, Mg, K, and Ca changed in a manner opposite to that of Mn and Co. The excretion of these cations, which was synchronized with the uptake of Mn and Co, may be important for a charge balancing in the cells. The ESR spectra showed that the high cellular Mn observed at 2 h after P addition was Mn2+which was taken up by the cells rather than adsorbed on the cell surface. These data combined with PPi data suggested that the behavior of qMn is synchronized with the behavior of average chain length of PPi.
COMPETITION BETWEEN STAURASTRUM LUETKEMUELLERII (CHLOROPHYCEAE) AND MICROCYSTIS AERUGINOSA(CYANOPHYCEAE) UNDER VARYING MODES OF PHOSPHATE SUPPLY1
Authors: Olsen Yngvar , Vaddtein Olav , Andersen Tom , Jensen Arne 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe desmid Staurastrum luetkemuellerii Donat et Ruttner and the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa Kütz. were grown in mixed cultures with various phosphate (Pi) additions. One pulse of Pi each day (semi‐continuous cultures) favored M. aeruginosa whereas S. luetkemuellerii was favored when the same quantity of Pi was supplied continuously (chemostats). Both species coexisted under P limitation provided that the nutrient was supplied in an appropriate mode.The ability of each species to compete for P depended on their Pi uptake characteristics and their capability to retain the accumulated Pi. High affinity in uptake at low Pi concentrations contributed considerably to the growth eficiency of S. luetkemuellerii under continuous supply of PiM. aeruginosa was, however, consistently superior to S. luetkemuellerii in accuniulatiug the newly added P, but had a high rate of Pi release. In both ‐types of cultures, a net high of P went from M. aeruginosa to S. luetkemuellerii.The kinetic characteristics of the two species were used to simulate the outcome of competition experiments. Simulations agreed with the experimental data f both uptake and Pi release were considered in the model.The zlariable P*(the concentration of Pi at which the net uptake is equal to μ·QP is a function of uptake and release of Pi but could not explain the chemostat results. S. luetkemuellerii was the winner in many experiments even if its P*was higher thou that of M. aeruginosa. Thus, in the present case Pc (the concentration at which the net uptake is zero) was a better predictor of the ability to compete for Pi under steady state as well as transient conditions in the Pi supply.
RESPONSES OF THE ACIDOPHILIC ALGA EUGLENA MUTABILIS (EUGLENOPHYCEAE) TO CARBON ENRICHMENT AT pH 31
Authors: Olaueson Mary M. , Stokes Pamela M. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTA defined medium (MAM) simulating acid mine drainage waters was developed which supported reproducible growth rates of three axenic strains of Euglena mutabilis Schmitz. Growth responses to various pHs and carbon sources were examined under defined culture conditions. A lab strain and two 5eld isolates, tested over pH range 1.5‐9.0, grew best under acidic conditions (pH < 5.5) with highest growth rates at pH 3‐4. Photoauxotrophic growth rates of all strains at pH 3 were improved significantly over unstirred batch controls by bubbling with air and even more by enrichment with 5% CO2 in air. These results confirmed inorganic carbon limitation in batch culture. Organic carbon substrates were tested as possible carbon supplements in batch culture at pH 3. None of the strains survived in the dark on any of the twenty organic sources added. In the light, the lab strain exhibited some photoheterotrophic growth potential on glucose, sucrose, ethanol, and amino acids but growth was inhibited by acetate. Field strains showed little or no growth improvement with any organic substrate addition. Under simultaneous enrichment with acetate and 5% CO2 acetate continued to be inhibitory. Simultaneous enrichment with glucose and 5% CO2 gave higher yields of the lab strain than with CO2 alone but did not enhance growth of the field strain. We conclude that E. mutabilis is an acidophilic photoauxotroph which appears unable to use organic carbon supplements for growth even under conditions of carbon limitation.
NITRITE UPTAKE TRANSIENTS AND CONSEQUENCES FOR IN VIVO ALGAL NITRATE REDUCTASE ASSAYS
Authors: Brinkhuis Boudewijn H. , Renzhi Li , Chaoyuan Wu , Xun‐sen Jiang 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTWe conducted in vivo nitrate reductase (NR) assays with the commercially important brown seaweed, Laminaria japonica Aresch., and present evidence that significant, sustained nitrite uptake can occur under typical assay conditions. Thus, we caution investigators to determine the importance of nitrite uptake prior to conducting similar in vivo NR assays in this and other algal species. Further, we observed high initial nitrite uptake from sea‐water medium supplemented with nitrite at concentrations found in coastal seawater of Qingdao, People's Republic of China. The pattern of initial uptake was unlike that described previously as “surge uptake” or “rapid uptake” in seaweeds, but it was similar to that recently reported for rapid ammonium uptake in phytoplankton. A high initial uptake rate lasted for a few minutes, followed by a rapid decline, a transient increase and a subsequent decline to stable uptake rates after ca. 1 h. This is the first report of such initially high inorganic nitrogen uptake in seaweeds. The significance of nitrite uptake in seaweeds may have been underestimated. Seaweeds may be able to exploit short‐duration nitrite pulses, as has been observed for ammonium in phytoplankton populations.
THE RED ALGAL EPIPHYTESMICROCLADIA COULTERIANDM. CALIFORNICA(RHODOPHYCEAE, CERAMIACEAE). II. BASIPHYTE SPECIFICITY1
Authors: Gonzalez Mariela A. , Goff Lynda J. 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACTThe phenomenon of basiphyte specificity in the settlement and growth of the red algal epiphytesMicrocladia californicaFarl. andM. coulteriHarv. was examined by studying the interface with their respective basiphytes and by cross‐inoculation experiments.Microcladia californicaattaches only to the surface of its single basiphyteEgregia menziesii(Aresch.) Turn. whereasM. coulteripenetrates the tissue of a wide range of basiphytes. The pattern of primary rhizoid development in both epiphytes determines the mode of attachment and may influence the range of basiphytes possible for each epiphyte. Cross‐inoculation experiments show thatMicrocladia californicais not able to colonize the basiphytes ofM. coulteri, IridaeaandPrionitis, orUlva.The mechanisms by which these algae restrict the growth of epiphytes include short life‐span, “cuticle peeling” and chemical defense.Microcladia coulteri, which naturally colonizesIridaeaandPrionitis, has evolved mechanisms to counteract the antifouling effects of those basiphytes. The question of whyEgregiais the exclusive substratum forM. californicaremains undetermined. However, Egregia may provide the appropriate ecological conditions and a surface topography conductive toM. californicaspore settlement and growth.
Anatomic Characteristics of the Left Atrial Isthmus in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: Lessons from Computed Tomographic Images
Authors: CHIANG SHUO‐JU , TSAO HSUAN‐MING , WU MEI‐HAN , TAI CHING‐TAI , CHANG SHIH‐LIN , WONGCHAROEN WANWARANG , LIN YENN‐JIANG , LO LI‐WEI , CHEN YI‐JEN , SHEU MING‐HUEI , CHANG CHENG‐YEN , CHEN SHIH‐ANN 
Published: November 2006

Introduction: Left atrial (LA) isthmus ablation was reported to improve the success rate of catheter ablation of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF). LA isthmus ablation could also cure a subset of LA flutter. Therefore, understanding the anatomy of the LA isthmus is important for performing the ablation effectively. Methods and Results: Group I included 45 patients (40 male, mean age = 50 ± 13 years) with paroxysmal AF who underwent catheter ablation. Group II included 45 patients (37 male, mean age = 54 ± 10 years) without a history of AF. They underwent a 16‐slice multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scan to delineate the LA structures before the ablation procedure. The average length of the LA isthmus was longer in group I than in group II (lateral isthmus: 3.30 ± 0.68 vs 2.71 ± 0.60 cm, P < 0.001; medial isthmus: 5.12 ± 0.94 vs 4.45 ± 0.63 cm, P < 0.001), and morphological patterns of lateral and medial isthmus were similar between groups. In addition, the average depth of lateral isthmus was similar between groups (0.62 ± 0.32 vs 0.55 ± 0.33 cm, P = 0.41), but the average depth of medial isthmus was larger in group I than in group II (0.60 ± 0.32 vs 0.44 ± 0.25 cm, P = 0.01). The medial isthmus had more ridges, as compared to the lateral isthmus (13% vs 0%, P = 0.026). Furthermore, the distances between esophagus and lateral isthmus were longer in group I than in group II (at the middle of isthmus and mitral annulus level: 21.0 ± 4.8 vs 18.4 ± 6.0 mm, P < 0.001; and 37.1 ± 5.7 vs 29.6 ± 8.1 mm, P < 0.001, respectively). Conclusion: The LA isthmus was longer in the AF patients. The morphology of the isthmus was variable. Compared with the lateral isthmus, the medial isthmus was longer and had more ridges. A peculiar configuration of the isthmus provided by CT images could influence the ablation strategy.
Adapted preparation technique for screw‐type implants: explorative in vitro pilot study in a porcine bone model
Authors: Beer Andreas , Gahleitner André , Holm Anders , Birkfellner Wolfgang , Homolka Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of adapted preparation on the insertion torque of self‐tapping implants in cancellous bone. In adapted preparation, bone condensation – and thus, insertion torque – is controlled by changing the diameter of the drilling.Material and methods: After preparation of cancellous porcine vertebral bone with drills of 2.85, 3, 3.15 or 3.35 mm final diameters, Brånemark sytem® Mk III implants (3.75 × 11.5 mm) were inserted in 141 sites. During implantation, the insertion torque was recorded. Prior to implant insertion, bone mineralization (bone mineral density (BMD)) was measured with dental quantative computed tomography. The BMD values measured at the implant position were correlated with insertion torque for varying bone condensation.Results: Based on the average torque recorded during implant insertion into the pre‐drilled canals with a diameter of 3 mm, torque increased by approximately 17% on reducing the diameter of the drill by 5% (to 2.85 mm). On increasing the diameter of the osteotomy to 3.15 mm (5%) or 3.35 mm (12%), torque values decreased by approximately 21% and 50%, respectively.Conclusion: The results demonstrate a correlation between primary stability (average insertion torque) and the diameter of the implant bed on using a screw‐shaped implant. Thus, using an individualized bone mineralization‐dependent drilling technique, optimized torque values could be achieved in all tested bone qualities with BMDs ranging from 330 to 500 mg/cm3. The results indicate that using a bone‐dependent drilling technique, higher torque values can also be achieved in poor bone using an individualized drilling resulting in higher bone condensation. As immediate function is dependent on primary stability (high insertion torque), this indicates that primary stability can be increased using a modified drilling technique in lesser mineralized bone.
Judicial diversity, the woman judge and fairy tale endings
Authors: Rackley Erika 
Published: November 2006

The story of the woman judge as one of exclusion and isolation plagued with allegations of bias is well documented. Interestingly, despite significant differences in time and place, a common theme unites these tales: the woman judge is a dangerous outsider, a threat to the aesthetic norm. The judicial climate, at least in most of the common law world, is somewhat chilly: reactions to her presence on the bench vary from the largely indifferent to the downright hostile. Why is this? After all, most people, perhaps acknowledging the political and democratic gains underlying calls for a more representative judiciary, would wish to encourage – or at least not discourage – judicial diversity.Taking the stories of the woman judge as its starting point, this paper contends that underlying these tales is an image of the judge that is as much intuitive as it is reasoned; that our understanding of the judge and judging is as much derived from the imagination as from what is conventionally considered as rational thought. Thus, the paper deploys the narrative strategies of fairy tales in an attempt to disrupt the imaginative hold of familiar yet particular images that infuse and distort current discourses on adjudication. It suggests that despite the Department for Constitutional Affairs’ ongoing quest to increase diversity within the judiciary, current initiatives do not confront fully these instinctive images. As a result, their narrative of inclusiveness and difference fails. In response, the paper appeals to the imagination as a route toward engendering new conceptions on the judge and judging, the possibility of truly diverse judiciaries and, perhaps, a fairy tale ending to the woman judge’s story.
Neuropsychiatric symptoms in past users of sheep dip and other pesticides
Authors: Solomon Christine , Poole Jason , Palmer Keith T , Peveler Robert , Coggon David 
Published: November 2006

Objectives:To explore the prevalence and pattern of neuropsychiatric symptoms in past users of sheep dip and other pesticides.Methods:From a postal survey of men born between 1933 and 1977 and resident in three rural areas of England and Wales (response rate 31%), data were obtained on lifetime history of work with pesticides, neurological symptoms in the past month, current mental health and tendency to be troubled by non-neurological somatic symptoms (summarised as a somatising tendency score). Risk factors for current neuropsychiatric symptoms were assessed by modified Cox regression.Results:Data were available for 9844 men, including 1913 who had worked with sheep dip, 832 with other insecticides but not sheep dip and 990 with other pesticides but never with sheep dip or insecticides. Neurological symptoms were consistently 20–60% more common in past users of sheep dip than in men who had never worked with pesticides, but their prevalence was also higher in men who had worked only with pesticides other than sheep dip or insecticides. They clustered strongly within individuals, but this clustering was not specific to men who had worked with sheep dip. Reporting of three or more neurological symptoms was associated with somatising tendency (prevalence ratio (PR) 15.0, 95% CI 11.4 to 19.5, for the highest vs the lowest category of somatisation) and was more common in users of sheep dip (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.6), other insecticides (PR 1.4, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.8) and other pesticides (PR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0 to 1.7) than in non-users. Among users of sheep dip, prevalence was higher in men who had dipped most often, but not in those who had worked with sheep dip concentrate. Past use of pesticides was not associated with current anxiety or depression.Conclusion:Neurological symptoms are more common in men who have worked with sheep dip, but the association is not specific to sheep dip or insecticides. A toxic cause for the excess cannot be ruled out, but several features of our observations suggest that psychological mechanisms have a role.