bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Development of Children’s Understanding of Common Psychological Problems
Authors: Hennessy Eilis , Heary Caroline 
Published: May 2008

Background:  The aim of the present study was to explore children’s beliefs about the causes of psychological problems and their beliefs about potential sources of help for peers experiencing these problems. Despite its importance this is an area that has received relatively little attention from researchers.Methods:  One hundred and sixteen children were read short vignettes in focus groups or individual interviews. The vignettes described the behaviour of hypothetical children with ADHD, conduct disorder and depression. Following each vignette children were asked questions about the likely causes of the behaviour and possible sources of help. A cross sectional research design was used with equal numbers of boys and girls of three age groups, the average age of the children in each group was: 8.4 years; 11.5 years and 14.3 years respectively.Results:  Children of all ages were able to offer a range of explanations for the behaviour of the children described in the vignettes and these explanations varied systematically with age and the nature of the behaviour described. The majority of children believed that behaviour could change and that help to support change could be provided by family and friends.Conclusions:  Results confirm and extend the findings of earlier studies that there are developmental changes in children’s understanding of some common psychological problems.
What Makes a Good CAMHS Primary Mental Health Worker?
Authors: Bradley Sally , Hickey Nicole , Kramer Tami , Elena Garralda M. 
Published: May 2008

Background:  The role of primary mental health worker (PMHW) in CAMHS was established in 1995 although comparatively little research has explored the attributes required to successfully undertake this role.Method:  Qualitative interviews with PMHWs and staff working in primary care were conducted and thematic analysis was performed.Results:  In addition to clinical skills and mental health knowledge all respondents consistently emphasised the importance of inter‐personal attributes such as general accessibility, flexibility, and self‐motivation.Conclusions:  Both professional competencies and inter‐personal skills are perceived as important characteristics for PMHWs. It therefore seems appropriate for these to be made more explicit in competency frameworks.
The Efficacy of a Relational Treatment for Maltreated Children and their Families
Authors: Sprang Ginny 
Published: May 2008

Background:  The objective of this study was to assess the effects of participation in a relational intervention program on child abuse potential, parenting stress and child behaviour in maltreated children and their foster parents.Methods:  A convenience sample of participants (N = 53) were randomly assigned to an immediate treatment or a wait‐list control condition and completed pre and post test measures.Results:  Participant’s mean pretest scores were equivalent between groups. Post‐intervention, treatment participants had significantly lower scores on total child abuse potential, parenting stress, and child internalising and externalising behaviour than control subjects. Engagement in treatment was a significant predictor of positive change in reported child behaviour.Conclusions:  This intervention was effective in decreasing symptoms in respondents who were at high‐risk for placement disruption.
Effects of a Consumer Driven Health Plan on Pharmaceutical Spending and Utilization
Authors: Parente Stephen T. , Feldman Roger , Chen Song 
Published: May 2008

Objectives. To compare pharmaceutical spending and utilization in a consumer driven health plan (CDHP) with a three‐tier pharmacy benefit design, and to examine whether the CDHP creates incentives to reduce pharmaceutical spending and utilization for chronically ill patients, generic or brand name drugs, and mail‐order drugs.Study Design. Retrospective insurance claims analysis from a large employer that introduced a CDHP in 2001 in addition to a point of service (POS) plan and a preferred provider organization (PPO), both of which used a three‐tier pharmacy benefit.Methods. Difference‐in‐differences regression models were estimated for drug spending and utilization. Control variables included the employee's income, age, and gender, number of covered lives per contract, election of flexible spending account, health status, concurrent health shock, cohort, and time trend.Results. CDHP pharmaceutical expenditures were lower than those in the POS cohort in 1 year without differences in the use of brand name drugs. We find limited evidence of less drug consumption by CDHP enrollees with chronic illnesses, and some evidence of less generic drug use and more mail‐order drug use among CDHP members.Conclusions. The CDHP is cost‐neutral or cost‐saving to both the employer and the employee compared with three‐tier benefits with no differences in brand name drug use.
Effect of Prescription Drug Coverage on Health of the Elderly
Authors: Khan Nasreen , Kaestner Robert , Lin Swu‐Jane 
Published: May 2008

Objective. To estimate the effect of prescription drug insurance on health, as measured by self‐reported poor health status, functional disability, and hospitalization among the elderly.Data. Analyses are based on a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized elderly (≥65 years of age) from the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey (MCBS) for years 1992–2000.Study Design. Estimates are obtained using multivariable regression models that control for observed characteristics and unmeasured person‐specific effects (i.e., fixed effects).Principal Findings. In general, prescription drug insurance was not associated with significant changes in self‐reported health, functional disability, and hospitalization. The lone exception was for prescription drug coverage obtained through a Medicare HMO. In this case, prescription drug insurance decreased functional disability slightly. Among those elderly with chronic illness and older (71 years or more) elderly, prescription drug insurance was associated with slightly improved functional disability.Conclusions. Findings suggest that prescription drug coverage had little effect on health or hospitalization for the general population of elderly, but may have some health benefits for chronically ill or older elderly.
How Far is the ‘Rhetoric of Inclusion; Reality of Exclusion’ Argument Applicable to the Relationship of Afro‐Latin Americans to the Nation‐State?
Authors: Creighton Helen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis essay won the 2007History CompassGraduate Essay Prize, Caribbean & Latin America Section.The national identity and the ethnic composition of Latin American nations are frequently perceived asmestizo– a mixture of European and indigenous – and as a consequence the black ethnic and cultural component has often been overlooked or studiously ignored by Latin American nationalists. This article explores the identity of those of African origin within Latin America, with a particular focus on Brazil, Cuba and Colombia, and looks at how and why the mechanisms of inclusion and exclusion functioned – socially, culturally, politically and economically – within the rhetoric of the twentieth‐century Latin American nation‐state. It focuses on how terms such as ‘mestizaje’ (involving a celebration of racial mixing principally concentrating on the mix of European and indigenous) and ‘racial democracy’ have been used in Latin America and how they have often been implicit forces for the exclusion of Afro‐Latin Americans alongside more explicitly exclusionary policies based on the ideas of whitening and Social Darwinism. There is also an exploration of black self‐definition, including political participation and cultural identities, within Latin America and how these have been accommodated or undermined within the state‐endorsed national image.
An Introduction to Medieval Environmental History
Authors: Arnold Ellen F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMedieval environmental history is a dynamic and growing field, and this article introduces some of the topics and regions that have become central to the field. As this article argues, environmental history takes advantage of new and exciting sources and methods but is also deeply rooted in older questions of medieval history. After an introduction to the range of topics this discipline works with, this article discusses in greater detail a few of the representative topics that environmental historians are exploring: climate and ecological history, the history of agriculture and water, religious history, and landscape studies. Since it is no longer possible to provide a survey of all work on the medieval environment, it also discusses a few of the regions (such as the Mediterranean and the Low Countries) that have been extensively studied. This article is intended to encourage medievalists to read further in environmental history, and to use the provided readings as a gateway to accessing the broader discipline.
Survival of red blood cells after transfusion: a comparison between red cells concentrates of different storage periods
Authors: Luten Marleen , Roerdinkholder‐Stoelwinder Bregt , Schaap Nicolaas P.M. , De Grip Willem J. , Bos Harry J. , Bosman Giel J.C.G.M. 
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: The use of fresh red blood cells (RBCs) is recommended for critically ill patients and patients undergoing surgery, although there is no conclusive evidence that this is beneficial. In this follow‐up study, the short‐term and the long‐term recovery of irradiated, leukoreduced RBCs transfused after either a short storage (SS) or a long storage (LS) period were compared. By consecutive transfusion of RBCs with a SS and LS period, a direct comparison of their survival within the same patient was possible.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Ten transfusion‐requiring patients each received a SS RCCs (stored 0‐10 days) and a LS RCCs (stored 25‐35 days) consecutively. Short‐term and long‐term survival of the transfused RBCs was followed by flow cytometry using natural differences in RBC antigens between donors and patients. Posttransfusion recovery (PTR) was measured at several time points after transfusion.RESULTS: The mean 24‐hour PTR of SS RBCs is 86.4 ± 17.8 percent and that of LS RBCs 73.5 ± 13.7 percent. After the first 24 hours, the mean times to reach a PTR of 50 percent of the 24‐hour PTR (T50) and mean potential life spans (mPLs) of the surviving SS and LS RBCs (41 and 116 days and 41 and 114 days, respectively) do not differ.CONCLUSIONS: The mean 24‐hour PTR of both SS and LS RBCs complies with the guidelines, even in a compromised patient population. The 24‐hour PTR of SS RBCs, however, is significantly higher than that of LS RBCs. The remaining population of SS and LS RBCs has a nearly identical long‐term survival. Therefore, depletion of the removal‐prone RBCs before transfusion may be an efficient approach for product improvement.
The effects of cryopreservation on red blood cell microvesiculation, phosphatidylserine externalization, and CD47 expression
Authors: Holovati Jelena L. , Wong Kenneth A. , Webster Jarret M. , Acker Jason P. 
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Since the 1950s, cryopreservation has been used in transfusion medicine for long‐term storage of phenotypically rare red blood cells (RBCs). Recent reports have identified phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure, loss of CD47 expression, and membrane microvesiculation as important indicators of RBC storage lesion and in vivo survival. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of RBC cryopreservation and prefreeze storage length on these novel markers of membrane injury and to correlate them to traditional RBC quality indicators.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Leukoreduced RBC units were collected in citrate‐phosphate‐dextrose (CPD)–saline‐adenine‐glucose‐mannitol (SAGM), hypothermically stored (1‐6°C) for 2 to 3 days or 13 to 14 days after collection, and then cryopreserved in 40 percent (wt/vol) glycerol. In vitro RBC quality was assessed before freeze, after thaw, and 24 hours after thaw by evaluating RBC recovery, hemolysis, sterility, residual glycerol, adenosine triphosphate, extracellular potassium, RBC indices, and morphology. RBC membrane microvesiculation, PS externalization, and CD47 expression changes were evaluated using flow cytometry.RESULTS: Leukoreduced CPD‐SAGM RBCs showed acceptable in vitro quality after deglycerolization, according to conventional assays. Cryopreservation alone did not induce significant changes in PS exposure, CD47 expression, and membrane microvesiculation. Prolonged prefreeze storage, however, resulted in a significant increase in RBC PS exposure and microvesiculation after 24 hours of postthaw hypothermic storage (1‐6°C). No significant changes in CD47 expression were detected.CONCLUSION: High‐glycerol cryopreservation does not induce microvesiculation, PS exposure, and loss of CD47 expression in RBC membranes. Since prolonged prefreeze storage can result in RBC membrane injury during the postdeglycerolization storage period, more defined criteria for this variable should be adopted.
Leaf growth signals the onset of effective plant resistance against Hessian fly larvae
Authors: Anderson Karin G. , Harris Marion O. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFor plant resistance that is induced rather than constitutive, the precise timing of a sequence of events must be considered (i.e., initial detection of the insect by the plant's surveillance systems, up‐regulation of signaling and defense pathways, achievement of effective levels of defense, and finally down‐regulation of signaling and defense). Here, we provide a timeline for the interaction between resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (Poaceae) and the Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor (Say) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). To create this timeline, we measured the daily growth of the third, fourth, and fifth leaves of susceptible and resistant plants. Because each leaf had a different spatial relationship to the site of larval attack (i.e., the sheath epidermal cells of the third leaf) and a different pattern of growth relative to the 3–5 days that larvae attacked resistant plants, we learned different things from each leaf. The third leaf shows how quickly responses of susceptible and resistant plants diverge (i.e., 36–60 h after initial larval attack). The fourth leaf shows that, for both susceptible and resistant plants, negative effects of larval attack extend beyond the third leaf. These negative effects are more severe for susceptible plants, but even in resistant plants continue for several days after larvae have died. The fifth leaf is interesting because it shows how rapidly the resistant plant recovers from larval attack. Thus, 204–348 h after initial attack, a time when the fourth leaf of resistant plants is showing reduced growth and the fifth leaf of susceptible plants is showing zero growth, the fifth leaf of resistant plants shows a small increase in growth. Grasses with resistance gene‐mediated resistance may have a two‐fold strategy, using resistance mechanisms to stop Hessian fly larvae from further attack and tolerance mechanisms to protect resources for future plant growth.
Polymorphous light eruption
Authors: Hönigsmann Herbert 
Published: May 2008

SummaryPolymorphous light eruption is the most common photodermatosis, with a prevalence of as high as 10–20% in Western Europe and in the USA. It starts during the second and third decades of life. Although not life‐threatening it can severely impair the quality of life, in particular during leisure activities and in outdoors workers. Polymorphous light eruption belongs to the group of so‐called idiopathic photodermatoses. This term denotes dermatoses that occur in otherwise healthy individuals from exposure to sunlight or artificial light without the intervention of an exogenous photosensitizing agent. These diseases have two factors in common: they are precipitated by ultraviolet or visible radiation; and their exact pathomechanism remains obscure but is presumably immunologic in nature.
Mitochondrial dysfunction and cellular stress progression after ultraviolet B irradiation in human keratinocytes
Authors: Paz Mariela L. , González Maglio Daniel H. , Weill Federico S. , Bustamante Juanita , Leoni Juliana 
Published: May 2008

SummaryBackground: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is the major environmental harmful factor that affects human skin. UVB radiation is known to be a potent inducer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and has also been associated with the generation of nitric oxide (NO), all of which have been implicated in various skin disorders. It is well known that mitochondria can also be affected by UVB, leading to alterations in their membrane structure and permeabilization with cytochrome c release, which consequently affects the cell function. However, the loss of keratinocyte mitochondrial function generated by UVB, as well as its kinetics, has not been characterized completely.Methods: We evaluated the effect of UVB irradiation on HaCat cells' mitochondrial function, assessed by membrane potential loss and superoxide anion (O2•−) production, correlating with apoptosis, p53 expression, ROS levels and NO production, 0, 6, 12, 24 and 48 h post‐irradiation.Results: HaCat cells progressed toward apoptotic cell death as the time post‐irradiation increased, with the highest levels found 48 h after irradiation. Increased levels of ROS were observed 6 h after irradiation while high O2•− levels and mitochondrial membrane depolarization were detected 12 h post‐UVB. Nevertheless, NO production was not significantly increased at any of the evaluated times.Conclusions: The kinetics of mitochondrial dysfunction after UVB irradiation in human keratinocytes progressed in a time post‐irradiation‐dependent manner, and they are closely related to cell death. However, there are certain levels of apoptosis, although low, in the absence of mitochondrial alterations. In addition, our data suggest that ROS play a greater role in keratinocyte UVB damage than reactive nitrogen species.
Topical retinoids in acne – an evidence‐based overview
Authors: Thielitz Anja , Abdel‐Naser Mohamed B. , Fluhr Joachim W. , Zouboulis Christos C. , Gollnick Harald 
Published: May 2008

SummaryTopical retinoids are important tools in the management of acne because they act against comedones and microcomedones and have direct anti‐inflammatory effects. The substances approved for acne treatment comprise tretinoin (all‐trans‐retinoic acid),isotretinoin (13‐cis retinoic acid) as well as the synthetic third‐generation polyaromatic retinoids adapalene and tazarotene,the latter being approved for acne treatment in the US only.Retinaldehyde is used in cosmetic preparations against acne.All topical retinoids are effective as single agents in mild to moderate acne but differ in efficacy and tolerability. Tazarotene 0.1% is more effective than tretinoin 0.025% or 0.1% microsphere gel or adapalene 0.1% gel or cream (EBM‐level 2c). Adapalene 0.1% is equally effective to tretinoin 0.025% or tretinoin microsphere 0.1% gel or tretinoin 0.05% cream or isotretinoin 0.05% gel (EBM‐level 2c). Adapalene 0.1% gel is significantly better tolerated than tazarotene 0.1% gel, tretinoin 0.025% and tretinoin 0.05% gel, tretinoin 0.05% cream,tretinoin microsphere 0.1% gel or isotretinoin 0.05% gel (EBM‐level 2c).The safety profile of topical retinoids differs from their systemic counterparts and is related mainly to local adverse effects, such as erythema, dry‐ness,itching and stinging.The currently available evidence justifies the use of topical retinoids in most types of acne and during maintenance treatment.
Current recommendations for prevention and therapy of extravasation reactions in dermato‐oncology
Authors: Kähler Katharina C. , Mustroph Dieter , Hauschild Axel 
Published: May 2008

SummaryDespite the introduction of many targeted therapies, a wide variety of cytostatic agents are still frequently used in dermato‐oncology. In order to avoid further morbidity in tumor patients, prevention of extravasation reactions is of highest importance. The optimal management of extravasation requires an early diagnosis, the application of specific antidotes and a well‐trained oncology team.
Mechanisms of Preventive Effect of Nicorandil on Ischaemia‐Induced Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia in Isolated Arterially Perfused Canine Left Ventricular Wedges
Authors: Hirose Masamichi , Tsujino Natsuko , Nakada Tsutomu , Yano Shiharu , Imamura Hiroshi , Yamada Mitsuhiko 
Published: May 2008

Abstract: Whether nicorandil is effective at preventing ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) during acute myocardial ischaemia is still controversial. We examined effects of nicorandil on the induction of VT during acute myocardial ischaemia. Optical action potentials were recorded from the entire transmural wall of arterially perfused canine left ventricular wedges. Ischaemia was produced by arterial occlusion for 20 min. During endocardial pacing, nicorandil shortened mean action potential duration (APD) in the transmural wall before ischaemia and further shortened it during ischaemia without increasing dispersion of APD. HMR1098, a selective blocker of sarcolemmal ATP‐sensitive K+channels, inhibited the shortening of APD by nicorandil before and during ischaemia. Ischaemia decreased transmural conduction velocity (CV). Nicorandil partially restored CV to a similar extent in the absence and presence of HMR1098. In contrast, HMR1098 did not suppress the ischaemic conduction slowing in the absence of nicorandil. Nicorandil suppressed the increased dispersion of local CV during ischaemia. Isochrone maps on the initiation of VT showed that reentry in the transmural surface resulted from the excitation of the epicardial region of transmural surface. Nicorandil significantly increased the size of non‐excited area in the epicardial region of the transmural wall, thereby significantly reducing the incidence of VT induced during ischaemia. HMR1098 inhibited this effect of nicorandil. These results suggest that nicorandil prevents VT during acute global ischaemia primarily by augmenting the inactivation of epicardial muscle through the activation of sarcolemmal KATPchannels.
In Vitro Activities of Tigecycline against Clinical Isolates of
Aeromonas
,
Vibrio
, and
Salmonella
Species in Taiwan
Authors: Liu Chia-Ying , Huang Yu-Tsung , Liao Chun-Hsing , Hsueh Po-Ren 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACT

All 198
Salmonella
isolates (58.6% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline), 92
Vibrio
isolates (4.4% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline), and 200 of 201
Aeromonas
isolates (39.3% of isolates were resistant to tetracycline; 1
A. caviae
isolate had a tigecycline MIC of 4 μg/ml) in our study were susceptible to tigecycline, by U. S. Food and Drug Administration criteria for
Enterobacteriaceae
.