bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Studies of Oil Withdrawal From Salt Cavities by Freshwater Injection
Authors: Reda Daniel C. , Russo Anthony J. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe U.S. Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) program coordinates storage of crude oil in underground salt caverns. Oil removed from these caverns by the injection of water into a brine volume located beneath the oil will be recovered through a production pipe near the top of the cavern. The critical question concerning this procedure was whether the crude oil would protect the salt walls from dissolution on exposure to unsaturated brine following oil/brine interface passage.Oil/brine/salt interactions were investigated experimentally. Cylindrical cavities were created by hollowing out salt cores from one end, leaving the circular wall and bottom as an integral piece. In four experiments, a salt cavity was placed vertically in a pressure vessel and was filled with crude oil overlying a saturated-brine "pocket." The vessel was sealed and pressurized to actual SPR-cavern pressure. Fresh water was injected down a tube into the brine pocket, displacing the oil upward for recovery through a production tube. A traversable gamma-beam densitometer positioned above the initial saturated-brine/oil interface defined the presence or absence of salt dissolution (cavity shape change) during the transient oil-withdrawal process. Such measurements showed salt-wall recession immediately following interface passage in all tests; i.e., crude-oil adherence and/or penetration at the salt wall failed to protect the salt from dissolution when exposed to unsaturated brine. Measured post-test cavity shapes corroborated the transient results. Both transient and steady-state measurements were in good agreement with numerical predictions generated by sansmic (Sandia Solution-Mining Code) once "no oil-layer protection" was assumed.
Strength Development of 2CaO/SiO2-Silica Cement Under High-Temperature and High-Pressure Conditions
Authors: Sasaki S. , Kobayashi W. , Okabayashi S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
To cement deep oil wells and high-temperature geothermal wells, special cements with superior cementing properties, hardening characteristics, and durability under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions are required. Therefore, we have been accumulating technical data on a special cement consisting of 2CaO/SiO2 and silica.
In this paper, strength development at 290 to 842°F [143 to 450°C] was investigated for the mixtures of three 2CaO/SiO2 modifications (γ, β, and α′) and quartz. Various analyses were carried out on hardened specimens, and the mechanism of hydrothermal reaction for these mixtures is discussed.
Within the limits of this experiment, we conclude that the strength of 2CaO/SiO2-quartz mixtures depends on 2CaO/SiO2 modifications, curing temperature, and curing time, but the influences of curing pressure and increasing rate of temperature are relatively minor. Moreover, we assume that the difference of reaction rate of 2CaO/SiO2 and quartz, the type of hydration products, and the producing conditions will result in the difference of strength, depending on 2CaO/SiO2 modification.
Vinyl Sulfonate Copolymers for High-Temperature Filtration Control of Water-Based Muds
Authors: Perricone A. C. , Enright D. P. , Lucas J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the properties of two synthetic high-molecular-weight vinyl sulfonate copolymers and their use in water-based muds for controlling high-temperature filtration properties. Vinyl sulfonate copolymers are more effective at high temperatures because they are not depolymerized by the hydrolytic and oxidative environments of the drilling mud, as are derivatives of polysaccharides, and they do not form insoluble salts in the presence of electrolytes.
Laboratory tests show that these copolymers are effective filtration-control agents for water-based muds over a wide range of electrolyte concentrations and that they remain effective after aging at 350°F [177°C]. The effectiveness of these copolymers has been demonstrated in field tests.
Permeability Reduction of Unconsolidated Media Caused by Stress-Induced Silica Dissolution
Authors: Udell K. S. , Lofy J. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Permeability measurements were made on glass beads and Ottawa sand under uniform confining stress conditions. Extreme permeability reduction (95%) of the glass beads was observed at temperatures exceeding 150°C [302°F] and a confining pressure of 13.8 MPa [2,000 psi] with distilled water as the flowing fluid. Permeability reduction (40%) in the Ottawa sand was also observed at high temperature and confining pressure. Effluent analysis revealed high concentrations of silica. Subsequent 300-hour experiments with Ottawa sand exhibited a steady decrease in permeability with time. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs of postexperiment cores indicate that the permeability reduction is caused mainly by stress-induced silica dissolution at grain contacts.
Design and Construction of a Pilot Steamdrive Project in a Remote Desert Environment
Authors: Haines Michael R. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A pilot steamdrive test has begun in the Marmul oil field in south Oman. It is intended that 1,774 U.S. tons/D [1610 Mg/d] of dry saturated steam will be injected into the test area for approximately 5 years to test the steamdrive process quantitatively. The surface facilities, consisting of a water treatment plant and steam generators, have been designed for reliable operation in the hot, remote desert environment.
Experience With Permanent Bottomhole Pressure/Temperature Gauges in a North Sea Oil Field
Authors: Gallivan J. D. , Kilvington L. J. , Shere A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The Beatrice oil field has been on production since 1981. Each production well is equipped with an electrical submersible pump (ESP) and a permanent bottomhole pressure/temperature gauge (PTG) that provides a continuous readout at surface. The gauge was installed primarily to monitor pump intake pressure and to avoid operation when the pressure falls below bubblepoint.
Gauge specification and installation are described. Analysis of reliability in 87 completions in 23 wells is provided. An improvement in reliability over the 3-year period (1982-84) is associated with improved isolation of the gauge signal cable.
An example of well-performance monitoring is provided for a problem well kept on production. Analysis of pressure buildups and interwell interference tests is discussed, showing how gauge data have helped refine reservoir description and guide reservoir management.
Dynamic Fluid-Loss Measurement of Oil-Mud Additives
Authors: Wyant Reece E. , Reed Ron , Sifferman Thomas R. , Wooten Susan O. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The objective of this laboratory study was to correlate the dynamic fluid loss (DFL) with the static [API high-temperature/high-pressure (HTHP)] fluid loss, the sticking coefficient, and the fluid-loss-control-agent (FLCA) concentration in oil muds. This was done as a continuing effort to use oil-mud FLCA's more efficiently in the field and to reduce pipe-sticking problems associated with deviated holes. Data were obtained with 13-lbm/gal [1558-kg/m3] inverted-emulsion muds by use of four different types of FLCA's over wide concentration ranges, but within the limits of reasonable field usage.
The DFL data (at 250°F [121 °C] and 500-psi [3447-kPa] differential pressure) were obtained with newly developed cells in which filtration occurs in an annulus around a central permeable core. An asymmetric buildup of mud solids and fluid channeling in the annulus suggest a mechanism that would greatly increase pipe-sticking tendencies in deviated wellbores.
The DFL decreased with decreasing static fluid loss. The laboratory-measured sticking coefficient, which should correlate with differential-pressure sticking in the field, was reduced as fluid loss decreased. The fluid loss generally decreased with increasing FLCA concentrations, with the major reductions occurring at concentrations of about 4 lbm/bbl [11.4 kg/m3].
Entrapment and Mobilization of Residual Oil in Bead Packs
Authors: Morrow N. R. , Chatzis I. , Taber J. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Phase behavior, interfacial tension (IFT), viscosity, and density data were determined for the system 2% CaCl2 brine/isopropyl alcohol (IPA)/isooctane. Liquid pairs from this system were used in a test of capillary number as a correlating function for mobilization of residual oil in geometrically similar porous media as provided by bead packs. Close correlation of results was obtained for a more than five-fold variation in permeability and a more than six-fold variation in IFT. Extensive investigation was also made of the change in trapped oil saturation given by vertical upward flooding; the ratio of gravity to capillary forces varied more than 100-fold. A correlation between trapped oil saturation and Bond number was obtained that was in good agreement with previous results obtained for gas entrapment. However, capillary numbers for entrapment of a given reduced residual oil saturation (ROS) were found to be slightly higher than those for entrapment of gas.
Relative permeabilities were independent of whether the trapped phase was oil or gas and were determined mainly by the magnitude of the trapped nonwetting-phase saturation.
Capillary numbers for mobilization of residual oil from bead packs were much higher than typical values for sandstones. For bead packs that had been consolidated by sintering, capillary numbers for prevention of entrapment increased and those for mobilization decreased. The net result was that differences in capillary numbers for mobilization and entrapment were greatly reduced and results became more akin to relationships observed for consolidated sandstones.
Inexpensive Casing-Supported Drilling Templates
Authors: Harrington J. P. , Williams L. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Three types of inexpensive casing-supported templates have been designed and developed for use as spacer templates for tieback operations or for simple subsea completions. Two of the template concepts have been used in three areas of the southern North Sea. The design principles and running procedures are described, and the design of ancillary equipment used in the diverless installation of these templates is also illustrated.
Drilling and Producing Operations Utilizing a Tension-Leg Platform
Authors: Irelan R. E. , Alldredge C. G. , Downie W. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The Hutton field, discovered in 1973, is located in U.K. Block 211/28 about 275 miles [440 km] off the Shetland Islands in 485 ft [148 m] of water. The 1979 decision to proceed with field development was significant because the structure selected would become the world's first commercial tension-leg platform (TLP). This operational review covers the predrilling and completion of the first 10 wells from a semisubmersible drilling rig, their subsequent tieback to the TLP, and the startup activity from an integrated-deck philosophy with production operations from a platform with moving trees, flexible flowlines, and production riser tensioners.
Deepwater Diverless Technology Applied to Shallow-Water Operations in Hostile Environments
Authors: Harrington J. P. , Williams L. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Deepwater diverless technology has been successfully applied to shallow-water drilling operations in hostile environments of the North Sea to minimize lost rig time. This technology encompasses currently available instruments and equipment, with state-of-the-art design, and operations procedures. The use of sector-scanning sonar, acoustic positioning systems, and silicon-intensified-target (SIT) low-light-level subsea TV cameras to position rigs and to install underwater templates is described. Design principles that allow the diverless installation of templates and underwater wellheads are discussed. The use of deepwater operating procedures on two shallow-water locations in the North Sea is also described. The economic advantages of using deepwater technology in these locations are illustrated.
Dispersion Attendant Sodium/ Hydrogen Ion Exchange in Reservoir Sands
Authors: Jensen J. A. , Gillis J. V. , Radke C. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Chromatographic lag observed upon injection of dilute alkali into reservoir sands is now well explained in terms of sodium/hydrogen ion exchange. However, the spread of the eluting hydroxide is more extreme than that associated with axial dispersion. We postulate an additional mass-transfer resistance caused by molecular diffusion in a microporous clay fraction. A quantitative model for this diffusion resistance is presented that compares favorably with experimental hydroxide histories from a water-saturated Berea sandstone. Both thin-section and scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of the Berea rock confirm the presence of microporous regions of clay fines.
Laboratory Studies of Microscopic Dispersion Phenomena
Authors: Blackwell R.J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents the results of a laboratory investigation of the process by which one fluid is displaced from a porous medium by a second fluid which is miscible with the first. The study included investigations of the microscopic mixing processes and of the gross displacement behavior. The results of this study are useful in scaling small bench-scale models or reactors to represent larger systems such as oil reservoirs or large, fixed bed reactors.
Mixing in both the direction of flow and perpendicular to the direction of flow was measured in sand-packed columns. Dispersion coefficients were calculated from data obtained over a range of rates for various fluid pairs and sand-grain sizes. The data are presented by plotting the ratios of the dispersion coefficients divided by the molecular diffusivity vs a dimensionless parameter relating the forward transport by convection to lateral transport by diffusion. It was found that both longitudinal and lateral mixing are governed by molecular diffusion at low rates and by convection at high rates. At high rates, however, the lateral dispersion coefficients are about 1/24th those in the longitudinal direction. The ratio of lateral to longitudinal dispersion coefficients is compared with that predicted by various mathematical models of the pore system in a packed bed.
The use of dispersion coefficients in scaling laboratory models to represent solvent floods in oil reservoirs is discussed briefly.

Introduction
The physical processes involved in the displacement of one fluid from a porous medium by a second fluid which is miscible with the first are fundamentally important in many diverse fields. For example, chemical engineers have been particularly concerned with the relationship of such fundamental aspects of displacement processes as the distribution of heat and mass, and the effect of fluid mixing on reactor efficiency. The specific problem of fluid mixing in fixed bed reactors has been investigated by Bernard and Wilhelm and others. Because high reactor efficiencies often require turbulent motion of the fluids within the individual flow channels of the porous medium, the emphasis in most of these studies has centered on fluid mixing in the turbulent or almost turbulent flow regimes. The mixing between miscible fluids in the laminar flow regime at very low Reynold's numbers is of particular interest in the field of and in recovery of oil.
Stresses Caused by Bit Loading at the Center of the Hole
Authors: Cheatham J.B. , Wilhoit J.C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although an oil well is a long cylindrical hole with an irregular bottom, it appears likely that the nature of the stress concentration at the bottom of the hole can be ascertained from an analysis of the stresses around a short cylindrical cavity with rounded corners and smooth bottom. Such a cavity is studied primarily because it leads more readily to a solution to the problem by the use of stress functions in this paper the stress distribution around a short cylindrical cavity subjected to bit loading, overburden and drilling fluid pressures is determined by means of an analytical solution which approximately satisfies the boundary conditions of the problem. From this solution the stresses at the corner of the hole are calculated to be about 35 per cent lower than comparable results obtained by photoelastic and relaxation analyses. This difference is apparently due to the large radius of curvature at the corner of the cavity in the present analysis. Since good agreement is obtained between the results of this analysis and the stresses calculated for a similar loading on a semi-infinite elastic solid, it is concluded that the bit action in the region near the center of the hole is not appreciably affected by the presence of the sides of the hole.

Introduction
Much has been written concerning drilling "under down-hole conditions" and pertaining to the stress distribution in the rock at the bottom of an oil well. For example, it is known that identical rocks can be drilled more rapidly at the surface than under subsurface conditions of pressure and stress. Information on the behavior of rocks under loading can be obtained from triaxial test data. From such tests it is found that rocks exhibit brittle failure when the confining pressure and pore pressure are equal, but the mode of failure may change to ductile as the difference between the confining pressure and the pore pressure is increased. Brittle failure implies that there is very little permanent deformation before fracture, whereas ductile failure indicates that permanent deformation takes place before fracture. Some rocks are ductile at differential pressures of 5,000 psi, but other rocks are brittle even at differential pressures of more than 50,000 psi.
Corrosion and Cracking of Steel in Production of Gas With Liquid H2S and Brine
Authors: Mlyssaka Aklhiro , Denpo Kozo , Ogawa Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Laboratory autoclave tests were carried out to investigate the corrosion and cracking behaviors of steels in brine- saturated liquid HjS. Traditional low-alloy steels and 13% Cr steel underwent severe corrosion and sulfide stress cracking (SSC). On the basis of the test results, anti-SSC steel and high-chromium and -molybdenum stainless steel were selected as candidate materials for the environments. The corrosion mechanism of steel in the solution was attributed to the promotion of cathodic reaction of H2S reduction resulting from the catalytic effect of water in liquid H2S.
Corrosion Reduction in Production Tubing With the Aid of a Phase-Equillbrium Model
Authors: Reinhardt J. R. , Powell T. S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A model is described that predicts where the corrosion of production tubing caused by condensed water in gascondensate wells is most likely to occur. The prediction is made by combining flash equations and thermodynamic equilibrium principles within a computer algorithm for use with a personal computer.
An Approximate Method for Determining Areal Sweep Efficiency and Flow Capacity in Formations with Anisotropic Permeability
Authors: Mortada M. , Nabor G.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The effects of anisotropic or directional permeability on the areal sweep efficiency and the flow capacity are examined. The paper points out the importance of taking directional permeability into consideration in planning a flood. It analyzes the two-dimensional flow pattern associated with the skewed line drive for a unit mobility ratio. The direct and staggered line drives are treated as special cases of the skewed line drive. Analytical expressions are developed for the areal sweep efficiency at breakthrough and the flow capacity. They are related to the spacing between like wells, the distance between a row of injectors and the nearest row of producers, and the degree of skewness of the line drive. The latter quantity is defined such that it is equal to zero for the direct line drive and equals one-half for the staggered line drive. The a real sweep efficiency and the flow capacity depend also on the orientation of the flood pattern with respect to the principal axis of anisotropy. The paper provides a simple method for determining the a real sweep efficiency and the flow capacity for a formation in which the permeability in the bedding plane is anisotropic.

Introduction
Directional or anisotropic permeability is manifested by the ability of the formation to conduct fluids more readily along certain preferred directions. This situation occurs in many producing formations and is usually attributed to depositional features in which the sand grains are oriented in a preferred direction. In some cases it results from the formation of a major and a minor fracture system. Directional permeability should be taken into account in many phases of the production and exploration activities. Recognizing its existence in the formation of interest and planning accordingly can lead to increased recovery and substantial savings. For instance, the areal sweep efficiency in a water flood depends to a great extent on the orientation of the flood pattern with respect to the principal axis of permeability. Anisotropic permeability is specified by the directions of its three principal axes and the permeability along each axis. The principal axes of permeability are mutually perpendicular. This paper deals with the areal sweep efficiency at breakthrough and the flow capacity for formations with anisotropic permeability. The flood pattern considered consists of alternate rows of injecting and producing wells. The rows of wells are parallel and form a developed, skewed line drive which is illustrated in Fig. 1. The staggered and direct line drives are treated as special cases of the skewed line drive.
The Response of the Electromagnetic Propagation Tool to Bed Boundaries
Authors: Anderson Barbara I. , Safinya Kambiz Ali , Habashy Tarek M. , Davidson Andrew , Gilmore Rowan 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Because of its high vertical resolution, the electromagnetic propagation tool (EPTSM) has proved to be valuable in thin bed analysis, in addition to its primary use in determining water-filled porosity. Using computer models corroborated by experimenta data, we analyze the response of the EPT to bed boundaries, showing that thin beds just under 2 in. [5.08 cm] can be resolved, and the response to even thinner beds may be predicted.
Well-Test Analysis for Solution-Gas-Drive Reservoirs: Part 2—Buildup Analysis
Authors: Serra Kelsen V. , Peres Alvaro M. M. , Reynolds Albert C. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis work presents new analysis methods for pressure-buildup data from a well completed in a solution-gas-drive reservoir. New procedures for estimating effective phase permeabilities as functions of pressure and saturation are presented.