bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hair cadmium content: Is it a biological indicator of the body burden of cadmium for the occupationally exposed worker?
Authors: Ellis Kenneth J. , Yasumura Seiichi , Cohn Stanton H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe primary objective of this study was to evaluate the cadmium (Cd) levels measured in scalp hair as a potential predictive index of the body burden of Cd. In vivo measurements of kidney and liver Cd along with hair, blood, and urine Cd levels were obtained in 29 industrially‐exposed workers and ten control subjects. The relationship of hair Cd levels to the Cd values for the kidney, liver, blood, and urine were tested using nonparametric analyses. In the control group no statistically significant correlations were found. In the Cd‐exposed workers with more than one year of employment there were weak correlations (p ≤ 0.05); however, the relationships were not sufficiently quantitative for predicting the status of an individual worker. Furthermore, when workers with less than one year of exposure were included in the analysis, no significant correlations were obtained. Although this latter group of workers had low body burdens of Cd, exceptionally high Cd concentrations were found in their hair ‐ an observation that was unexpected. It was concluded that hair Cd levels are not a good index of body burden of Cd in the industrially‐exposed individual.
Life span and organ pathology in rats after life‐long noise exposure
Authors: Borg Erik , Järplid Bertil 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe role of ambient sound level in longevity, cause of death, and incidence of disease was investigated in rats. Two hundred twenty‐seven rats (154 Sprague‐Dawley (N), 73 spontaneously hypertensive Wistar (SH)), were housed in three sound isolated boxes and subjected to controlled acoustic milieus from approximately three months of age until their natural death. Thirty‐nine of the N rats were kept as external controls in a regular animal room. In one of the boxes, no noise was introduced (control). In the other two, the rats were exposed, respectively, to a frequency‐modulated, chopped noise with an equivalent level of 80 dB Leqand 100 dB Leq, ten hours daily. It was found that the SH animals had a shorter life span and a higher incidence of cardiovascular disease than the N rats but a lower rate of malignant tumors. No measurable effects on life span or total incidence of disease were seen. Minor differences in incidence of various disease entities were observed but were not consistent across groups. The results do not support the hypothesis that physical sound environment represents a significant cause of somatic disease.
Zymbal gland carcinomas in rats following exposure to benzene by inhalation
Authors: Maltoni Cesare , Cotti Giuliano , Valgimigli Loretta , Mandrioli Angela 
Published: April 2007

AbstractContinuous exposure by inhalation to 200‐300 ppm of benzene, for 4‐7 hours daily, 5 days weekly, causes the onset of zymbal gland carcinomas in male and female Sprague‐Dawley rats. This report deals with the results 86 weeks after the start of the experiment. At this stage 227 out of 269 treated animals and 256 out of 307 controls are still alive. The surviving animals will be kept under observation until spontaneous death occurs.
The possible role of direct ingestion on the overall absorption of cadmium or arsenic in workers exposed to CdO or As2O3 dust
Authors: Roels Harry , Buchet Jean‐Pierre , True J. , Croquet F. , Lauwerys Robert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSix volunteers (two office and four cadmium (Cd)‐exposed workers, all nonsmokers) from an electric condenser factory participated in a study involving the measurement of cadmium in air and in dust, the evaluation of hand and mouth contamination by cadmium, and the determination of fecal cadmium. The mean levels of total airborne cadmium measured with static and personal samplers were for the exposed workers 9.5 and 16.7 μg/m3, respectively, and for the office workers 0.3 and 0.5 μg/m3, respectively. In the office workers, hand contamination by Cd hardly changes over the workday (less than 10 μg/hand), whereas in the exposed workers important hand contamination by Cd was observed (up to 1,200 μg/hand during the workday and up to 300 μg/hand before lunch or before leaving the factory). Mouth contamination by Cd is rather similar in both groups on Monday morning, but increases 20‐ to 50‐fold on Friday afternoon in the Cd workers against a slight increase for the office workers. The concentration of Cd in the feces was not much different between Sunday and Friday in the office workers, whereas in the exposed workers it was higher on Friday than on Sunday. There is suggestive evidence from a comparative study of fecal cadmium in two Cd‐exposed volunteers who carried out their jobs with and without gloves that direct cadmium intake from hand contamination may contribute to the overall Cd absorption. A limited study in a glassware factory (As2O3 exposure) involving the measurement of total airborne arsenic, the determination of urinary arsenic, and the evaluation of hand and mouth contamination by arsenic before and after the workshift suggests that the high urinary arsenic levels (300 μg/g creatinine) are likely to be more related to an increased oral intake from contaminated hands than to an increased absorption from the lungs.
Classical syndromes in occupational medicine: Phosphorus necrosis—A classical occupational disease
Authors: Felton Jean Spencer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA disease nearly extinct in occupational health history is phosphorus necrosis, previously seen in near‐epidemic proportions among workers making phosphorus‐containing matches. Similar destructive lesions were encountered early in the 20th century among personnel fabricating fireworks. Through the diligent efforts of an economist and a supportive congressman, legislation was passed in 1912 placing a tax on phosphorus matches, and because of the fiscal burden resulting, a nontoxic substitute for elemental phosphorus was adopted by all manufacturers. Today phosphorus necrosis is extremely rare, but the former presence of the disease points up both apathy and courage in the identification and eradication of a remarkably disfiguring work‐caused disease.
Malignant pericardial mesotheliomas and asbestos exposure: A case report
Authors: Beck Bernd , Konetzke Gerhard , Ludwig Volker , Röthig Werner , Sturm Wolf 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThree cases of malignant pericardial mesotheliomas are presented with evidence of occupational asbestos exposure. Examination results are compared with findings from experimental and epidemiological research on biological effects of asbestos dust. There are sufficient indications that time‐limited effects of asbestos dust established either by measurements or assessment of the amount of concentration after a latency of more than 20 years are apt to result in the development of mesotheliomas of the pleura and peritoneum and, moreover, the pericardium. It is suggested that malignant pericardial mesothelioma also be recognized as another form of occupational disease caused by asbestos dust.
Occupation and oral cancer among women in the South
Authors: Winn Deborah M. , Blot William J. , Shy Carl M. , Fraumeni Joseph F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA case‐control interview study among 232 North Carolina women with oral or pharyngeal cancer and 410 matched controls evaluated the contribution of occupation to the high risk of this cancer among females in the South. Review of detailed occupational histories found no overall elevated odds ratios for employment in the textile, apparel, or hosiery industry, the major employer of women in the area. Risks also did not increase with years worked in the industry. The findings thus fail to confirm an association reported in surveys in the United States and Great Britain. A new clue to occupational factors was suggested by the excess risk associated with the electronics industry in coastal North Carolina, independent of the participants' tobacco habits.
Multiple myeloma in cosmetologists
Authors: Guidotti Sylvana , Wright William E. , Peters John M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn an hypothesis‐generating activity, data in a population‐based cancer registry were analyzed according to occupation and industry. The number of cases of multiple myeloma was found to be excessive for females in the occupation “cosmetologists, hairdressers and manicurists.” Race did not explain the excess. People in this occupation have potential exposure to a number of chemicals that produce mutations in bacteria. Studies should be done to investigate the hypothesis that these chemicals cause multiple myeloma in cosmetologists.
Autoantibodies in coalminers: Their relationship to the development of progressive massive fibrosis
Authors: Boyd Janice E. , Robertson Maura D. , Davis J. M. G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSera from 2421 coalminers, representing all the radiological categories of pneumoconiosis, and from 260 healthy blood donors, as controls, were examined for antinuclear factor and rheumatoid factor. Antinuclear factors were present in 21.5% of sera from the controls and in 23.1% from the coalminers' group. Rheumatoid factor was present in 5.3% of coalminers and as expected occurred particularly in the few men with progressive massive fibrosis who also had rheumatoid disease. The combined prevalence of both factors showed an increase with age at all disease levels and a significant association with pneumoconiosis category only in men older than 60 years. This study provides no evidence that autoantibodies are likely to be of value in detecting men predisposed to the development of massive fibrosis other than those with rheumatoid disease.
Accelerated loss of FEV‐1 in polyurethane production workers: A four‐year prospective study
Authors: Wegman David H. , Musk A. William , Main David M. , Pagnotto Leonard D. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA four‐year longitudinal study of ventilatory function in polyurethane‐foam production workers exposed to toluene diisocyanate (TDI) revealed a dose‐response relationship between average exposure to TDI and change in forced expiratory volume per second (FEV‐1). Workers with mean exposure in excess of 0.0035 ppm showed a greater rate of decline of FEV‐1 over the four‐year period than that expected from aging. Factors other than TDI exposure (sex, smoking history, history of atopy) do not account for the loss. The current threshold limit value (TLV) for exposure to TDI in industry (0.02 ppm) does not protect workers from accelerated impairment of ventilatory capacity.
Emergence of occupational medical services outside the workplace
Authors: Rosenstock Linda , Heyer Nicholas H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA new type of occupational medicine clinic has recently emerged in the United States. These clinics are multispecialty in staffing, are located in hospital outpatient departments, and are affiliated with academic medical centers. Their primary goal is to provide personal health and medical services including diagnosis, treatment, and follow‐through of occupationally related diseases. Approximately 15 such clinics have been established in the last several years.A review of the medical, economic, and social forces that have historically shaped the content and scope of occupational medical and health services for workers explains in large part the reasons why many of these clinics have now come into being. Characteristics of eight of these clinics are reviewed in detail. These clinics provide a setting for inter‐disciplinary and interspecialty education of personnel and offer the medical community a demonstration of a means for better recognition and treatment of occupationally related illnesses.
Multiple primary cancers following exposure to benzidine and beta‐naphthylamine
Authors: Morinaga K. , Oshima A. , Hara I. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe incidence of second primary cancers has been ascertained in 3,322 employees who had worked from 1950 to 1978 in industries in Japan that manufactured benzidine and beta‐naphthylamine. Of the 244 workers who had suffered from and died of cancer of the genitourinary organs (first primary cancer), 11 (all male) had subsequent primary, histologically confirmed cancers of the liver, gallbladder, bile duct, large intestine, and lung. A control group of 177 male bladder cancer patients, assembled from the Osaka Cancer Registry during 1965‐1975, showed eight cases of a second primary, five being stomach cancer. No stomach cancer was observed in the study cohort. A statistically significant excess risk for liver, gall bladder, and bile duct cancer (p < 0.05) was found The number of observed deaths from respiratory cancer was greater than expected, though not statistically significant. These findings appear to confirm previous clinical data suggesting an increased occurrence of multiple primary cancers in workers exposed to benzidine/beta‐naphthylamine, pointing to a pluripotential action of these carcinogens.
Epidemiological study of nasal and nasopharyngeal cancer and their relation to phenoxy acid or chlorophenol exposure
Authors: Hardell Lennart , Johansson Bo , Axelson Olav 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSoft tissue sarcoma and malignant lymphoma have been related to exposure to chlorinated phenoxy acids or chlorophenols as well as exposure to organic solvents and malignant lymphoma. However, colon cancer studied by the same case‐referent design did not show any such associations, which helps to rule out alleged systematical bias of the study approach. Further considerations about exposure routes for phenoxy acids and chlorophenols suggested that nasal and nasopharyngeal cancers should be studied. Forty‐four cases with nasal cancer and 27 cases with nasopharyngeal cancer were eligible for study during 1970‐1979 together with 541 referents, as utilized also in the aforementioned studies. Exposure to phenoxy acids gave formally a doubled but insignificant risk for the studied cancer types. Exposure to chlorophenols, as present particularly in woodwork, was related to an about sevenfold and significant increase in the risk for both cancer types. In woodworkers without exposure to chlorophenols there was an approximate normal risk, but cabinet makers, even without exposure to chlorophenols, had nearly doubled (but insignificant) risk of nasal cancer.
Biological monitoring of acrylonitrile exposure
Authors: Houthuijs Danny , Remijn Bregt , Willems Han , Boleij Jan , Biersteker Klaas 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study was made of the excretion pattern of acrylonitrile (AN) in urine of 15 AN‐exposed workers. During a 7‐day working period with the following 2 days off, the workers delivered all their urines separately. Exposure data, collected by personal monitoring, showed a mean 8‐hour TWA value of 0.13 ppm. The excretion of AN in urine (AN(U)) showed a typical pattern; concentrations peaked at the end or shortly after the end of the workday and decreased rapidly until the beginning of the next workday. A control group of 41 nonexposed workers of the same company showed a significant increase of AN(U) with increasing number of cigarettes smoked. The AN(U) concentrations of the exposed workers however were, despite the low exposure, much higher than those of the controls, both during the workdays and during the days off. Biological monitoring of AN‐exposed workers by assessing AN(U) therefore seems a very sensitive exposure evaluation method, especially because it accounts for inhalation as well as skin penetration as routes for entering the body.
Statistical study of the correlation between mercury exposure (TWA) and urinary mercury concentrations in chloralkali workers
Authors: Mattiussi Renzo , Armeli Giuseppe , Bareggi Vittorio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe present report completes a previous study made on three chloralkali plants that was presented at the 8th International Conference on Occupational Health in the Chemical Industry, Tokyo, 1980, with the final results from five plants located in various regions of Italy. A total of 14,339 measurements of mercury in air and 8,042 determinations of mercury in urine were considered. The total number of workers involved was 275.On the basis of these data, we believe it can be concluded that, as previously reported, a correlation exists between mercury concentrations in the air and in the urine of exposed workers. This correlation is such that for exposures in the order of the present TLV (0.05 mg/m3), the value of the Z ratio (ratio between mean urinary mercury values expressed in mg/l and mean airborne mercury concentrations expressed in mg/m3) is 1.3, while the urinary mercury values vary from 0.051 mg/l to 0.078 mg/l with a mean value of 0.065 mg/l.
Asbestos as a systemic carcinogen: The evidence from eleven cohorts
Authors: Goldsmith John R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMost known occupational carcinogens are site‐specific, which implies that they are “complete” carcinogens with both “initiating” and “promoting” properties (Berenblum's terminology). Excess cancer at gastrointestinal sites among cohorts occupationally exposed to asbestos has been interpreted as reflecting additional site‐specific effects, although excess at other sites has also been observed in some studies. The hypothesis that excess cancer at gastrointestinal sites cannot be distinguished from excess cancer at all nonpulmonary sites is tested by data from New York‐New Jersey insulation workers working in 1943; similar workers employed after 1943; U.S.‐Canadian insulation workers; London factory workers, male and female; Quebec miners and millers; retired U.S. factory workers; U.S. shipyard insulators; Italian shipyard workers in Genoa; Amosite factory workers; and U.S. factory workers. Excluding lung cancer and mesothelioma, observed‐expected ratios for nonpulmonary cancer mortality range from 0.97 to 2.78, and do not differ significantly from gastrointestinal ratios. A dose‐response gradient is observed for both ratios, when dose is estimated from lung cancer ratios, or in some studies, measured exposures. Site‐specificity is unlikely for nonpulmonary cancer associated with asbestos exposure more than 20 years previously. Systemic carcinogenesis may be an example of promotion or impairment by asbestos of some cancer defense mechanism; immunological mechanisms have been suggested by Turner‐Warwick and Parkes. Prospective studies are indicated.
Exposure limits and medical surveillance in occupational health
Authors: Rantanen Jorma , Aitio Antero , Hemminki Kari , Järvisalo Jorma , Lindström Kari , Tossavainen Antti , Vainio Harri 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe standards for pollutants in workplace air constitute a social consensus or agreement about acceptable levels of occupational hygiene. This agreement to exposures up to these limits inevitably includes a finite risk to the health of the workers. The numeric values of standards are needed to assess the requirements for ventilation and other occupational hygiene conditions. Planning and everyday practice in industry also need hygienic stan‐ dards so that practical hygienic and safety measures can be maintained. These standards are not, however, levels below which there is no risk to health. While the hygienic stan‐ dard itself carries acceptance of a certain risk, doctors cannot ethically accept any health risk to workers whatever the source of exposure. Thus personnel working in occupa‐ tional health have to think about the risks of ill health even when the hygienic standards are met. The physician in occupational health has to be especially concerned to discover and estimate the risks to anyone particularly susceptible to exposures within the hygien‐ ically acceptable conditions. To do this, the occupational health physician uses medical examinations and specific investigations. In the follow‐up of workers, health occupa‐ tional health personnel use medical examinations in order to detect possible risks or to assess the general health status of individual workers. Health examinations are also used to detect specific injuries caused by the agents to which workers are known to be exposed in their work.
A case‐control study of employment experience and lung cancer among rubber workers
Authors: Delzell Elizabeth , Andjelkovich Dragana , Tyroler Herman A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this case‐control study the detailed employment histories of 121 rubber plant employees who died of lung cancer from 1964 through 1973 were compared to those of 448 plant employees (controls) who died of other causes during the same calendar period. All subjects were white male hourly employees. Lung cancer cases and controls were matched individually on year of birth and year of first hire at the plant. Results of matched analyses indicated that there was no association between lung cancer mortality and employment in either rubber compounding and mixing jobs or curing jobs. Men who had worked for at least five years in rubber reclaim operations, where there was potentially heavy exposure to particulates and fumes, experienced a twofold increase in lung cancer risk. In addition, there was a 70% excess of lung cancer risk among men employed in making special products, where the primary production activity was fuel cell manufacturing. The latter two findings were marginally statistically significant.
Features of asbestos‐exposed and unexposed mesothelioma
Authors: Hirsch A , Brochard P. , De Cremoux H. , Erkan L. , Sebastien P. , Di Menza L. , Bignon J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThirty‐six histologically confirmed cases of pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma have been observed in a chest unit over a period of 53 months. The past asbestos exposure was assessed by a standardized questionnaire in all cases and the asbestos lung burden was determined by means of mineralogical analysis of lung‐related biological specimens (sputum, bronchoalveolar lavage fluid, lung tissues) in 28 cases. The results of these two methods were found in good agreement. Past asbestos exposure has been definitely implicated in 17 cases and definitely eliminated in 10 cases. The results were nonconclusive in other cases. The group with definite past asbestos exposure was different from the nonasbestos‐exposed group by clinical, biological, pathological, and prognosis features that were analyzed. In cases without past asbestos exposure there were no other possible causative agents. Younger age and similar incidence in men and women suggest an environmental or natural disease.
Does occupational exposure to silica cause lung cancer?
Authors: Goldsmith David F. , Guidotti Tee L. , Johnston Donald R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSilica is not generally considered to be a carcinogen, however, occupations characterized by high exposure to crystalline silica have excessive rates of lung cancer mortality. Respiratory cancer excesses have been reported from North America and from Europe for the following dusty trades in which exposure to silica is a common factor: iron and steel foundry workers, steel casting workers, sand blasters, metal molders, nonuranium miners, and ceramic workers. These findings have been reinforced by two reports from the Swedish Pneumoconiosis Register and the Ontario Ministry of Labor indicating that silicotics have statistically significant risks of lung cancer mortality. Animal studies suggest that silica can be an initiating carcinogen or can act as a cocarcinogen or promoter when combined with benzo(a)pyrene. We propose three candidate hypotheses and two pathways for silicocarcinogenesis.