bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Baclofen Blocks Expression and Sensitization of Anxiety‐Like Behavior in an Animal Model of Repeated Stress and Ethanol Withdrawal
Authors: Knapp Darin J. , Overstreet David H. , Breese George R. 
Published: February 2007

Background:Repeated exposures to forced ethanol diets (EDs) or restraint stress sensitize anxiety‐like behavior during a future ethanol withdrawal. The present investigation assessed whether pretreatment of rats with agents targeting receptor systems thought to be important in treating relapse in alcoholic patients would prevent sensitization of anxiety‐like behavior.Methods:Groups of rats were exposed to either (1) three 5‐day cycles of ED with 2 days of withdrawal between cycles, (2) continuous ED, or (3) 5 days of ED in a single cycle preceded by 2 episodes of restraint stress 6 days apart. Drugs [baclofen, acamprosate, naloxone, lamotrigine, ifenprodil, dizocilpine (MK‐801), CGS19755, diazepam, flumazenil, or 6‐methyl‐2‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine] were given prophylactically during the first and second withdrawal periods only or, in separate baclofen experiments, acutely during the third withdrawal or during withdrawal from continuous ED. Baclofen administration preceded each stress session in the stress‐withdrawal protocols. Anxiety‐like behavior was assessed in the social interaction (SI) test 5 hours after the ethanol was removed or after 3 days of abstinence.Results:Baclofen (1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/kg), flumazenil (5 mg/kg), and diazepam (1 mg/kg) blocked the reduction in SI induced by ethanol withdrawal. Among the drugs that alter glutamate function, only acamprosate (300 mg/kg) was effective. In the stress protocols, baclofen (5 mg/kg) given before each of the 2 restraint stress sessions before ethanol exposure or before stress during abstinence also attenuated SI deficits.Conclusions:These findings suggest that GABABand GABAA, but not glutamate or opioid mechanisms, are involved in adaptive changes associated with anxiety‐like behavior induced by these repeated ethanol‐withdrawal and stress‐withdrawal paradigms. The lack of action of agents attenuating different aspects of glutamate function suggests that acamprosate's action is related to some other, as yet undetermined, mechanism.
Multidimensionality of the Alcohol Withdrawal Symptom Checklist: A Factor Analysis of the Alcohol Withdrawal Symptom Checklist and CIWA‐Ar
Authors: Pittman Brian , Gueorguieva Ralitza , Krupitsky Evgeny , Rudenko Anatoly A. , Flannery Barbara A. , Krystal John H. 
Published: February 2007

Background: This study evaluated the factor structure of 2 scales for measuring the severity of the alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS): a self‐rated scale, the Alcohol Withdrawal Symptoms Checklist (AWSC), and an observer‐rated scale, the Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment—Alcohol, Revised (CIWA‐Ar).Methods: Alcohol‐dependent male inpatients [n=127, age: 43.0±9.7 (mean±SD) years] were recruited from an inpatient treatment unit. Both measures of AWS were assessed repeatedly during the initial week of sobriety in these patients. An exploratory factor analysis was applied to the data collected on the first study day.Results: Five independent factors accounted for 64% of total variance in the AWSC: autonomic arousal, depression, nausea and vomiting, alcohol craving, and tension/anxiety. Three items (abdominal pain, hallucinations, confusion) could not be included in the analysis due to insufficient variance. Three dimensions identified for the CIWA‐Ar (autonomic arousal, nausea and vomiting, tension/anxiety) were also captured by the ASWC. Total AWSC scores correlated well with total CIWA‐Ar scores (r=0.72), supporting validity of the AWSC. Lower correlations between total CIWA‐Ar and the 5 factors (r=0.32–0.52) suggested that the CIWA‐Ar and AWSC factors had discriminative value.Conclusions: Self‐rated measures of AWS could play an important role in complementing observer‐rated measures in clinical and research settings. In this sample, the AWSC appeared to identify multiple dimensions of AWS with face validity for clinical relevance.
An easy‐to‐run method for routine analysis of eumelanin and pheomelanin in pigmented tissues
Authors: Panzella Lucia , Manini Paola , Monfrecola Giuseppe , D'Ischia Marco , Napolitano Alessandra 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA procedure for analysis of melanin‐pigmented tissues based on alkaline hydrogen peroxide degradation coupled with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) ultraviolet determination of pyrrole‐2,3,5‐tricarboxylic acid (PTCA) for eumelanin and 6‐(2‐amino‐2‐carboxyethyl)‐2‐carboxy‐4‐hydroxybenzothiazole (BTCA) and 1,3‐thiazole‐2,4,5‐tricarboxylic acid for pheomelanin was recently developed. Despite advantages related to the degradation conditions and sample handling, a decrease of the reproducibility and resolution was observed after several chromatographic runs. We report herein an improved chromatographic methodology for simultaneous determination of PTCA and BTCA as representative markers of eumelanin and pheomelanin, respectively, based on the use of an octadecylsilane column with polar end‐capping with 1% formic acid (pH 2.8)/methanol as the eluant. The method requires conventional HPLC equipments and gives very good peak shapes and resolution, without need of ion pair reagents or high salt concentrations in the mobile phase. The intra‐assay precision of the analytical runs was satisfactory with CV values ≤4.0% (n = 5) for the two markers which did not exceed 8% after 50 consecutive injections on the column over 1 week. The peak area ratios at 254 and 280 nm (A280/A254: PTCA = 1.1, BTCA = 0.6) proved a valuable parameter for reliable identification of the structural markers even in the most complex degradation mixtures. The method can be applied to various eumelanin and pheomelanin pigmented tissues, including mammalian hair, skin and irides, and is amenable to be employed in population screening studies.
Quantification of Ca2+ binding to melanin supports the hypothesis that melanosomes serve a functional role in regulating calcium homeostasis
Authors: Bush William D. , Simon John D. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryCalcium regulation in melanocytes affects numerous biological pathways including protecting the redox balance in the cell and regulating the supply of substrate, l‐tyrosine, for melanogenesis. The pigment contained in the melanocytes, melanin, has been implicated in maintaining calcium homeostasis in the cell and is known to be involved with calcium ion regulation in the inner ear. Herein, the association constant for Ca2+ binding to Sepia melanin is determined by isothermal titration calorimetry to be 3.3 (±0.2) × 103/M. This value is comparable with other well‐established intracellular calcium‐binding proteins that serve to buffer calcium concentrations, lending further support to the hypothesis that melanosomes serve as intracellular mediators of calcium homeostasis in melanocytes. Using this binding constant and the data from a fluorescent Ca2+ displacement assay, the pKa of the carboxyl group coordinated to Ca2+ is determined to be 3.1 ± 0.1.
Measuring change in dry‐mouth symptoms over time using the Xerostomia Inventory
Authors: Thomson W. Murray 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  To examine the responsiveness to change of the Xerostomia Inventory (XI).Background:  The XI is an 11‐item summated rating scale which results in a single continuous scale score representing the severity of chronic xerostomia. While the XI has been used as an outcome measure in clinical research, the magnitude of a clinically meaningful change score has yet to be determined.Methods:  This study comprises a secondary analysis of data from a longitudinal study of changes in xerostomia symptoms in two groups whose symptom trajectories were likely to differ substantially: the normal group was a convenience sample of asymptomatic middle‐aged and older individuals with otherwise stable perceptions of mouth dryness; and the onset group comprised patients who were about to undergo radiotherapy for head/neck cancer (and would therefore be expected to develop more severe xerostomia after the baseline measurements). Statistical analyses examined cross‐sectional construct validity and internal consistency, test‐retest reliability and the measure's responsiveness and longitudinal construct validity. The mean change scores of those for whom ‘a little’ improvement was reported were used to determine the minimally important difference for the XI.Results:  Over two‐thirds of the onset group members reported dry mouth ‘frequently’ or ‘always’ at follow‐up (2 months) and there was a concomitant increase in their mean XI score. Test‐retest reliability was acceptable. Examination of within‐individual change among those who changed and those for whom stability was observed, showed that only those who worsened had significantly greater XI scores at follow‐up. The minimally important difference to reflect deterioration in xerostomia symptoms was determined to be 6 scale points. Between baseline and 2 months, the XI scores of 32 participants (33.7%) deteriorated by the minimally important difference (7.1% and 54.7% respectively among the normal and onset groups; p < 0.0001).Conclusion:  The validity and responsiveness of the XI appear to be acceptable, and a change in XI score of 6 or more points is clinically meaningful.
Dental status and dental caries in 85‐year‐old Danes
Authors: Vilstrup Lene , Holm‐Pedersen Poul , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Avlund Kirsten 
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  This study reports findings on the dental status and the prevalence of dental caries among a group of 85‐year‐old Danes from the Glostrup 1914 Cohort, Denmark. The purpose of the study was to analyse whether caries experience was related to number of teeth and to indicators of functional ability and cognitive function.Methods:  A total of 191 individuals (78 men and 113 women) participated in a cross‐sectional population study conducted in 2000. Using mobile dental equipment, a clinical oral examination and an interview were administered to all participants in their homes. Functional ability was measured by the Mob‐H scale and cognitive function was assessed by the Mini‐Mental State Examination.Results:  Fifty‐nine per cent of the participants had their own natural teeth and for the dentate participants, the mean number of teeth was 13 (range 1–27). A high prevalence of active caries on coronal and root surfaces was observed. Older adults with few natural teeth had a higher prevalence of active coronal and root caries and a higher unmet treatment need than older adults with many teeth. Further, the study showed that 85‐year‐old persons with reduced functional ability and cognitive impairment tended to have more active caries than 85‐year‐olds with no impairment.Conclusions:  A substantial proportion of 85‐year‐old individuals had retained a natural dentition; however, active dental caries is a problem of concern among the most elderly.
Biocompatibility of denture base acrylic resins evaluated in culture of L929 cells. Effect of polymerisation cycle and post‐polymerisation treatments
Authors: Jorge Janaina Habib , Giampaolo Eunice Teresinha , Vergani Carlos Eduardo , Machado Ana Lúcia , Pavarina Ana Cláudia , Carlos Iracilda Zeppone 
Published: February 2007

Objective:  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of two post‐polymerisation treatments and different cycles of polymerisation on the cytotoxicity of two denture base resins.Materials and methods:  The resins tested were Lucitone 550 and QC 20. Discs of resins were fabricated following the manufacturer's instructions. Lucitone 550 was processed by long cycle or short cycle. The resin QC 20 was processed by reverse cycle or normal cycle. The specimens were divided into groups: (i) post‐polymerised in microwave for 3 min at 500 W; (ii) post‐polymerised in water‐bath at 55°C for 60 min and (iii) without post‐polymerisation. Eluates were prepared by placing three discs into a sterile glass vial with 9 ml of Eagle's medium and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. L929 cells were seeded into 96 well culture plates and DNA synthesis was assessed by 3H‐thymidine incorporation assay.Results:  The results were submitted to two‐way anova and Tukey HSD test. QC 20 specimens polymerised by the normal cycle and submitted to microwave post‐polymerisation were graded as moderately cytotoxic. Similar results were observed for Lucitone 550 processed by long cycle without post‐polymerisation. The other experimental groups were graded as not cytotoxic. After water‐bath post‐polymerisation, specimens of Lucitone 550 processed by long cycle produced significantly lower inhibition of DNA synthesis than the other groups.Conclusion:  The long cycle increased the cytotoxicity of Lucitone 550 and water‐bath post‐polymerisation reduced the cytotoxicity of Lucitone 550 processed by long cycle.
Effects of 11‐month interventions on oral cleanliness among the long‐term hospitalised elderly
Authors: Peltola Petteri , Vehkalahti Miira M. , Simoila Riitta 
Published: February 2007

Objectives: This trial studied the effects of interventions on the oral cleanliness of the long‐term hospitalised elderly.Background: Oral cleanliness is mostly poor in long‐term facilities. While many agree on the importance of oral hygiene education for nursing personnel, little information and agreement exists on how to organise this education in geriatric institutions.Materials and methods: This is a longitudinal study with interventions. After a baseline clinical examination, the patient wards were divided into three groups (A, B and C) and the type of intervention was randomly assigned. In group A, dental hygienists provided oral hygiene measures for the subjects once every 3 weeks. In group B, the nursing staff first received hands‐on instructions after which they assumed responsibility for the subjects’ daily oral hygiene. Group C served as a control. Denture hygiene and dental hygiene were recorded at baseline and in the end of the 11‐month study period. In total, 130 subjects completed the interventions; their mean age was 82.9 years.Results: The best outcome in both denture and dental hygiene occurred when nursing staff at the wards took care of hygiene (group B). The increase in the proportion of those with good denture hygiene was the most prominent in group B (from 11% to 56%). The proportion of subjects with poor overall dental hygiene decreased from 61% at baseline to 57% in the end, for group B from 80% to 48%.Conclusions: Organised oral health education of the nursing staff should receive more attention.
Salutogenic factors that may enhance lifelong oral health in an elderly Japanese population
Authors: Morita Ichizo , Nakagaki Haruo , Kato Kazuo , Murakami Taeko , Tsuboi Shinji , Hayashizaki Junko , Toyama Atsushi , Hashimoto Masanori , Simozato Tsukasa , Morishita Norikazu , Kawanaga Tetsuhiro , Igo Junko , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: February 2007

Objectives:  The objective of this study was to assess which factors affected the maintenance of more than 20 teeth in Japanese patients aged 80 years and older, using a life‐course perspective.Subjects and methods:  The oral examination was carried out by dentists. The questionnaire asked about family background, background during various stages of growing up, tooth brushing, snacking, job history, health examination, war experience, number of children, oral health condition and dietary preferences. Some of the questions asked about conditions when they were a primary school student, 20 years old, 40 years old and 60 years old. Multivariable logistic‐regression analysis was used to adjust for sex at significant life stages.Results:  The group with mothers who did not prefer sweet food had an approximately four times greater chance of having ≥20 teeth compared with the group with mothers who preferred sweet food. Those participants who did not prefer sweet food themselves were approximately three to five times more likely to be in the ≥20 tooth group compared with those who preferred sweet food at all stages of their life course. Non‐smokers and those who quit smoking were three times more likely to be in the ≥20 tooth group than those who smoked throughout the years from 20 to 60 years of age.Conclusions:  Factors associated with the maintenance of a sufficient number of functioning teeth were: not having a mother with a preference for sweet food, not having a preference for sweet food themselves and not smoking over a long period.
‘Inadequate’ dietary habits and mastication in elderly men
Authors: Liedberg Birgitta , Stoltze Kaj , Norlén Per , Öwall Bengt 
Published: February 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to re‐evaluate data about oral status, mastication and nutrition in elderly men in Malmö, Sweden, recorded in 1985–1987, to assess associations between inadequate dietary habits, oral conditions and masticatory function.Materials and methods: Four hundred and eighty‐one men, aged 67–68, participated in a comprehensive health examination, including tooth and denture status and masticatory tests. A separate study of dietary habits and nutritional status was made. Ninety‐five men had inadequate dietary habits. The databases of dental/denture status, mastication, nutritional status and social network factors were re‐evaluated for assessment of associations.Results: No significant differences between those with adequate or inadequate nutrition were found with regard to the number of teeth, occlusal contacts or removable dentures. Also self‐assessed chewing did not show any differences.Conclusion: Inadequate dietary habits were independent of teeth and denture status. Some correlations to social network conditions could be identified. Overweight, obesity, low physical activity and high alcohol intake were more common among those with inadequate nutritional intake.
EFFECTS OF EMULSIFIERS ON CRYSTAL BEHAVIOR OF PALM OIL BLENDS ON SLOW CRYSTALLIZATION
Authors: MISKANDAR M.S. , MAN Y.B. CHE , RAHMAN R. ABDUL , AINI I. NOR , YUSOFF M.S.A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT The effects of sorbitan tristearate (STS) and soy lecithin on blends of palm oil (PO) and olein by slow crystallization were studied. The blends of PO and olein were melted at 80C for 30 min and slowly cooled at a rate of 0.7C/min for 32 min and at 20 ± 0.1C for 48 min. Nuclear magnetic resonance was used to measure the solid fat content (SFC) development. Crystallization without emulsifier was influenced by trisaturated and disaturated triacylglycerol content of PO manifesting significant (P < 0.05) changes in SFC, crystal dispersion and viscosity, but emulsifiers in the blends disturbed these behaviors. The reaction of lecithin was very selective and was determined that at 0.03%, it generally served as a crystal promoter, while at 0.06–0.09%, it was a crystal inhibitor. Viscosity was closely related to the crystal dispersion in the liquid. The blends had low viscosity with 0.03% lecithin, while blends with high trisaturate content had high viscosity with 0.06% lecithin. STS was generally a crystal inhibitor, although at various levels, it was a crystal promoter for the middle‐range saturates. Slow crystallization process of PO and olein blends with 0.03% lecithin produced homogenous crystals with low SFC and viscosity for fluidized products.
STABILIZATION OF SUNFLOWER OIL WITHMORINGA OLEIFERALEAVES UNDER AMBIENT STORAGE
Authors: ANWAR FAROOQ , SIDDIQ ASMA , IQBAL SHAHID , ASI M. RAFIQUE 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect ofMoringa oleiferaleaves on the stability of sunflower oil (SFO) was investigated. The samples ofM. oleiferaleaves were extracted using 80 and 100% methanol, and 80 and 100% acetone, respectively. Preliminary assessment of antioxidant activity of the extracts was carried out by the estimation of total phenolic contents (TPCs), loss of β‐carotene and percent inhibition of peroxidation in linoleic acid. The TPC of different solvent extracts ofM. oleiferaleaves was 5.32–8.00 g/100 g (dry mass basis). The level of inhibition of peroxidation in the linoleic acid system was 85.00–91.86%. Furthermore, preheated refined, bleached and deodorized (RBD) SFO samples were stabilized with crude extracts at a concentration of 600 ppm and subjected to ambient storage for 2 months. The progression of oxidation was followed by the measurement of peroxide value, conjugated dienes, conjugated trienes, andp‐anisidine values. The overall order of antioxidant efficacy of the extracts ofM. oleiferaleaves, as determined by various antioxidant assays and oxidation parameters, was as follows: 80% methanolic extract,>100% methanolic extract,>80% acetone extract and>100% acetone extract.
THE EFFECT OF D‐ALPHA‐TOCOPHEROL ON THE SOLUBILIZATION OF DIPALMITOYLPHOSPHATIDYLCHOLINE MEMBRANE BY ANIONIC DETERGENT SODIUM DODECYL SULFATE
Authors: DWIECKI KRZYSZTOF , GÓRNAŚ PAWEŁ , JACKOWIAK HANNA , NOGALA‐KAŁUCKA MAŁGORZATA , POLEWSKI KRZYSZTOF 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT The effect of D‐alpha‐tocopherol (alpha‐T) on phospholipid dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) membrane solubilization in their gel phase by anionic detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate has been studied using fluorescence spectroscopy, turbidometric and optical microscopy methods. The solubilization process of DPPC occurs in the range of seconds, whereas the equilibration of the resulting mixed micelles occurs over a much longer timescale. The turbidity changes reflecting the membrane solubilization depended on the D‐alpha‐T/DPPC ratios and detergent concentration. Increasing alpha‐T concentration embedded into DPPC membrane, up to 10 mol%, decreases the solubility of the membrane by 45%. Endogenous alpha‐T fluorescence indicated that during solubilization, the formation of detergent/alpha‐T/phosphatidylcholine aggregates occurred, which led to the mixed micelle formation. Images of the vesicles obtained by optical micros copy visualized that DPPC membrane solubilization and showed that the presence of alpha‐T in the membrane increases its resistance to detergent solubilization. The observed processes were discussed on the basis of the hydrophobic–hydrophilic balance in the bilayer.
FATTY ACID REGIODISTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF DIVERGENT ANIMAL TRIACYLGLYCEROL SAMPLES – A POSSIBLE APPROACH FOR SPECIES DIFFERENTIATION
Authors: SZABÓ ANDRÁS , FÉBEL HEDVIG , SUGÁR LÁSZLÓ , ROMVÁRI RÓBERT 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Possible species specificity was tested in storage lipids of red deer, moose, wild boar, extensively farmed pig, badger, rabbit and goose, by fatty acid positional distribution analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) and 2‐monoacylglycerols (2MAG). All species were proven to preferentially store monoenoic and n‐6 polyenoic fatty acids in TAGs, and had higher chain length and unsaturation (except pigs) at the sn‐2 position. More symmetric fatty acids were proven to acylate preferentially at the sn‐2 position. In the native TAGs, the high abundance of odd‐chain‐length fatty acids was specific for the ruminants and rabbit. Ruminants had n‐6/n‐3 ratios close to 1, as was the badger, while all other species showed n‐6 dominance. In 2MAGs, pigs had lower unsaturation, in a species‐specific manner. The occurrence frequency of n‐9 acids was lower at the sn‐2 position only in pigs. The determination of the fatty acid positional distribution seems to be powerful in sample differentiation.