bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drinking on television: a content analysis of recent alcohol portrayal
Authors: PENDLETON LAURA L. , SMITH CHRISTOPHER , ROBERTS JOHN L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe portrayal of alcohol on British television was examined in a systematic sample of 50 programmes broadcast in 1988. Nearly three‐quarters of the programmes contained visual or verbal references to alcohol. On average, there was a reference to alcohol in every six and a half minutes of programming. Alcohol was most prominently featured in fictional programmes, particularly in one soap opera, Eastenders. A third of the programmes showed specific brands of alcohol. It is estimated that the portrayal of alcohol in Britain's most popular programmes is worth £487 million of free promotion to the alcohol industry per annum. Nevertheless, in comparison with an earlier study, carried out in 1986, there appeared to be fewer alcohol images. A number of recommendations are made for further action and monitoring of alcohol portrayal.
Selective effects of alcohol on Wisconsin card sorting test performance
Authors: LYVERS MICHAEL F. , MALTZMAN IRVING 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Social drinker volunteers were randomly assigned to the four cells of a balanced placebo design, with 10 males and 10 females per cell. They consumed a beverage which contained either tonic water only, or tonic water plus sufficient vodka to induce peak blood alcohol levels of approximately 0.05%. Subjects then completed a computer version of the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST) in two runs. Compared to tonic only, beverage alcohol selectively increased per cent perseverative errors as well as other measures of perseveration and the number of trials, p<0.05. Results are interpreted in terms of an hypothesised differential action on functions of the frontal cortex in addition to possible non‐specific effects of alcohol. Issues pertaining to expectancy interpretations are also discussed.
In‐patient withdrawal from long‐term benzodiazepine use
Authors: JOUGHIN N. , TATA P. , COLLINS M. , HOOPER C. , FALKOWSKI J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTwenty‐one patients completed an intensive in‐patient and out‐patient group‐based programme, to achieve withdrawal from long‐term benzodiazepine dependence. By 6‐month follow‐up (post‐withdrawal), eight patients (38%) had achieved a ‘good’ outcome. Generally, patients demonstrated moderate levels of psychiatric morbidity and depression in the pre‐withdrawal phase; a diagnosis of a depressive disorder being associated with either an ‘intermediate’ or ‘poor’ outcome in comparison to patients receiving a diagnosis of anxiety disorder, who showed a predominantly ‘good’ outcome. Two patients committed suicide some time after withdrawal. Additionally, older patients fared less well than their younger counterparts. We conclude that maintenance benzodiazepine prescription, rather than withdrawal, may be the preferred treatment for some dependent patients. Furthermore, more data are required regarding the association, and causality, between depression and benzodiazepine withdrawal in long‐term users.
The study of transitions in the route of drug use: the route from one route to another
Authors: STRANG JOHN , JARLAIS DON C. DES , GRIFFITHS PAUL , GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRoute of administration of various drugs is an area of study to which specific attention must be paid in study of different HIV risks of drug use by various routes. If changes in route are seen in individuals or within populations, then study of these transitions in route may identify new approaches which could be developed in HIV prevention. The consideration in this paper is based around ten questions: (i) What is a transition? (ii) Do routes of administration vary by time and place? (Hi) Is choice of route influenced by availability of drug paraphernalia? (iv) How does the context influence initial choice of administration, and possible subsequent transitions? (v) Are lapse and relapse meaningful concepts? (vi) Transitions: how much of it is going on? (vii) How much does change of route (with the same drug) signify a change of drug effect, its significance, or its relationship with other risk behaviour? (viii) Is change of route of use of one drug always accompanied by the same change of route of other drugs? (ix) Injectors/non‐injectors and sharers/non‐sharers: do these behavioural characteristics exist as categories or are they distributed along a continuum? (x) Are transitions reversible? This paper is accompanied by two research reports which describe explorations into the extent and nature of transitions amongst heroin users.
Extent and nature of transitions of route among heroin addicts in treatment—preliminary data from the Drug Transitions Study
Authors: GRIFFITHS PAUL , GOSSOP MICHAEL , POWIS BEVERLY , STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPreliminary data are presented here from a study of drug transitions in the UK. These support the contention that differences in route of administration are likely to be reflected in differing patterns of drug use, and associated with differing health risks for the individual drug user. Heroin ‘chasers’ were found to have robust and long‐term patterns of heroin use and could not merely be considered as pre‐injectors. They were also younger. No differences were found in the typical daily doses prior to entering treatment between chasers and injectors. Subjects who usually ‘chased the dragon’ but who would also inject were less likely to have shared injecting equipment in the past. Transitions between different routes of use were found in most directions. However, changes from ‘chasing’ to injection were most common. Year of initiation into heroin use was also related to initial route of use.
Persuading general practitioners to prescribe–good husbandry or a recipe for chaos?
Authors: GREENWOOD JUDY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEdinburgh's Community Drug Problem Service was set up three years ago in response to the high prevalence of HIV infection amongst local injecting drug users and the lack of existing statutory drug services in Lothian. From the outset, a policy of shared care and substitute prescribing by the druguser's general practitioner (GP) was adopted. Over 800 referrals later, this discussion paper looks at the methods used to persuade GPs to cooperate in longterm drug management, and examines the advantages, disadvantages and outcome of such a shared care approach.
Changes in HIV risk behaviors among intravenous drug users in San Juan, Puerto Rico
Authors: COLÓN HÉCTOR MANUEL , ROBLES RAFAELA RIVERA , SAHAI HARDEO , MATOS TOMÁS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractStrategies for reaching intravenous drug users (IVDUs) not in treatment and reducing risk behaviors are urgently needed to reduce the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic. Of special concern is the need to detect which types of risk behaviors are more likely to change and which are resistant to change. The present paper analyzes changes occurring in HIV transmission risk behaviors among 778 IVDUs not in treatment, in the city of San Juan, Puerto Rico. Results show discontinuation rates of risk behaviors to be substantial. Discontinuation rates of injection equipment sharing practices varied from 33% in shared use of cookers to 74.2% in sharing needles with strangers. Drug injection and use of shooting galleries were also reduced, although to a lesser extent (8.5% and 19.3% respectively). Among protective behaviors, use of new needles was found to increase nearly twice as much as the use of bleach (20.6% vs. 11.3% respectively). The results suggest the need to understand the factors facilitating/inhibiting change in specific behaviors and the need to study the stability of these changes over longer periods of time.
Levels of drunkenness of customers leaving licensed premises in Perth, Western Australia: a comparison of high and low ‘;risk’ premises
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM , RYDON PHIL , GIANATTI SONIA , JENKINS EVAN , OVENDEN CLAUDIA , SYED DAVID 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA measure of the risk of licensed premises having customers involved in road traffic accidents and drink‐driving offences was utilised in order to identify seven ‘High Risk’ and eight ‘Low Risk’ premises in metropolitan Penh, Western Australia. This measure, or ‘Risk Ratio’, was defined as the ratio of incidents of alcohol‐related harm to an estimate of on‐premises alcohol sales for a particular establishment. A study was conducted to test the hypothesis that a High Risk status would be associated with greater levels of customer intoxication. Interviews concerning drinking behaaviour and breathalyser readings were collected from 74.2% of 414 customers exiting from the chosen premises between 8 p.m. and midnight on Friday and Saturday nights. High Risk premises had three times more customers whose readings were in excess of 0.15 mg/ml (p < 0.01). The proportion of customers with BAL's above 0.15 correlated strongly with the premises' Risk Ratio(r = 0.63, p < 0.01). There were also significantly more patrons from High than from Low Risk establishments who were rated as appearing moderately or severely intoxicated but refused to be interviewed or breath‐tested. It is argued that these results support the need for strategies which aim to reduce very high levels of intoxication on licensed premises in order to reduce alcohol‐related accidents, injuries and offences.
Recreational MDMA use in Sydney: a profile of ‘Ecstasy’ users and their experiences with the drug
Authors: SOLOWIJ NADIA , HALL WAYNE , LEE NICOLE 
Published: January 2006

Abstract‘Ecstasy’ (3,4‐methylenedioxymethampketamine or MDMA) is a recreational drug that is gaining popularity world wide. There is a paucity of research regarding the ways in which Ecstasy is used and the nature of its effects. A ‘snowball’ peer network technique was used to recruit 100 users who completed anonymous questionnaires. The research revealed that Ecstasy is primarily used by infrequent recreational drug users for ‘fun’ at dance parties and social gatherings. The primary reported effects of Ecstasy were a ‘positive mood state’ and feelings of intimacy and closeness to others. The secondary effects of Ecstasy were the stimulant effects of energy and activation, and the psychedelic effects of insight and perceptual and sensual enhancement. Ecstasy was reported to share the properties of both amphetamines and hallucinogens in the nature of its side effects and residual effects which were no more severe than those of the latter two classes of drug. It appeared Ecstasy was not conducive to regular and frequent use, because tolerance was reported to develop to the positive effects of Ecstasy, while negative effects increased with use. Although few problems associated with the recreational use of Ecstasy have surfaced to date, animal research has shown it to be neurotoxic to serotonergic nerve terminals. Caution must be observed until further research can determine the level of hazard in humans.
Early onset of drinking as a risk factor for lifetime alcohol‐related problems
Authors: CHOU S. PATRICIA , PICKERING ROGER P. 
Published: January 2006

The Data Note Series is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry at the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), USAAbstractHeavy drinking among students has been a major public health concern over the past decade. A nationally representative 1988 survey on drinking practices and related problems examined the effect of age of onset of drinking on lifetime alcohol‐related problems. Prevalence estimates were obtained for major demographic subgroups of the population. Results and implications are discussed in the context of minimum legal drinking age.
Bromocriptine and cocaine cue reactivity in cocaine‐dependent patients
Authors: KRANZLER HENRY R. , BAUER LANCE O. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBased on previous reports that bromocriptine, a postsynaptic dopamine agonist, reduced cocaine craving and prevented relapse in cocaine‐dependent subjects, effects of the drug were evaluated in 20 cocaine‐dependent males in an inpatient drug rehabilitation programme. The subjective and physiologic effects of exposure to both cocaine‐associated and neutral stimuli, presented using videotapes, were measured at one‐week intervals. Between laboratory sessions subjects received either bromocriptine (1.25 mg bid) or a matched placebo, administered in double‐blind fashion. Compared with the neutral videotape, the cocaine videotape elicited both a greater desire to use cocaine and more symptoms associated with cocaine self‐administration. These results support an appetitive conditioning model of cocaine effects. Bromocriptine, however, had no effect on the cocaine‐cue‐associated reactivity, which declined over the 1‐week interval in both treatment groups. Methodological differences among studies that have examined the effects of bromocnptine in cocaine‐dependent subjects may explain the variable findings observed.
The consequences of a change in formulation of methadone prescribed in a drug clinic
Authors: STEELS M. D. , HAMILTON M. , MCLEAN P. C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMethadone mixture DTP (Img in 1 ml) is a safe non‐injectable alternative to methadone tablets (5mg). It also allows for a more gradual detoxification from opiate dependence. For these reasons it was decided to ‘rationalise’ our prescribing so that methadone in mixture form only would be dispensed. At the beginning of 1989, 66 opiate‐dependent patients were receiving methadone tablets, 61 the methadone mixture. We report the consequences of instituting a policy change which was clearly very unpopular with patients. Of the 66 patients receiving methadone tablets prior to the change to mixture, 53 were represcribed tablets by the end of the 3‐month follow‐up period. In many cases this was because of an intense resistance to the change over, physical complications of methadone mixture occurred in very few. We were able to observe a decline in social stability and an increased use of non‐prescribed drugs in some patients who changed to methadone mixture. More far‐reaching consequences of the change included an increase in chemist break‐ins, an increase in the street value of methadone tablets and greater hostility and threatening behaviour towards staff. These changes reflect psychological rather than pharacological or pharmacokinetic effects.
Knowledge of AIDS and HIV among various groups
Authors: RALSTON G. E. , DOW M. G. T. , ROTHWELL B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo date, no cure has been found for HIV/AIDS. Prevention has therefore been the immediate principal aim and a didactic approach has been given a primary role. Studies from the USA indicate that knowledge level may be dictated by membership of particular subcultural groups and the perceived relevance of HIV/AIDS to these groups. This study investigates knowledge among four groups: homosexual; single heterosexual; IV drug users; and a ‘married’ group. Results indicate some gaps in knowledge and a greater knowledge base among one of the high risk groups, the homosexual group.
Motivation to withdraw from heroin: a factor‐analytic study
Authors: MURPHY PHILIP N. , BENTALL RICHARD P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA 30‐item motivation scale and a locus of control scale were given to 165 heroin users within the first 2 days of a new attempt to withdraw from heroin. Factor analysis of the motivation items revealed three factors, the largest of which was labelled ‘private affairs motivation’ (factor one), and accounted for 26.5% of the variance. A significant positive correlation was found between scores on this factor and the I sub‐scale for locus of control. The other two factors were labelled ‘external constraints’ (7.2% of the variance) and ‘negative effects of heroin use’ (6.6% of the variance). There was a tendency for subjects attending community drug teams to have lower scores on these factors than those attending other types of agencies, especially inpatient detoxification wards. Further research is required to examine the relationship between the different motivations to withdraw from heroin and other important variables such as withdrawal outcome.
‘Enabling’ of male problem drinkers in work groups
Authors: ROMAN PAUL M. , BLUM TERRY C. , MARTIN JACK K. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTheoretical understanding of the effects of groups on the development and the maintenance of adult problem drinking is sparse. Sociological theories predict that adult problem drinkers find support for their behavior among those with similar drinking patterns. By contrast, a widely diffused clinical conceptualization posits that ‘significant others’ who are not problem drinkers facilitate the maintenance of problem drinking. Several previous lines of research lead to the hypothesis that observed delays in identification and referral of problem drinkers in the workplace may be due to supportive relationships between problem drinkers and their co‐workers and supervisors. Data from the 1973–77 Quality of Employment Panel Survey are utilized to provide a longitudinal test of this hypothesis among employed men. Results support the existence of enabling in the workplace. Data comparing ‘enabled’ and ‘non‐enabled’ problem drinking workers fail to support four possible explanations of enabling.
Alcohol consumption among Israeli youth—1989: epidemiology and demographics
Authors: BARNEA ZIPORA , RAHAV GIORA , TEICHMAN MEIR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEpidemiological and sociodemographic findings on alcohol (wine, beer, hard liquor) consumption among the Israeli youth are presented. Three samples of adolescents, aged 12–18, were studied by means of an anonymous self‐report questionnaire: a nationwide representative sample of high school students; a sample of detached youth; and a sample of inmates in institutions for juvenile delinquents. Alcohol consumption was assessed by three indices: frequency of use during the last year, use during the last month and use during the last week. Since alcohol is imbibed ceremonially in the Jewish tradition, only non‐ritualistic consumption of alcoholic beverages was considered. Prevalence of drinking during the last year was 58%, during the last month 42% and during the last week 25%. Thus, it appears that Israeli youth are approaching the drinking prevalence of European adolescents. The results clearly indicate that alcohol consumption is concentrated among groups of deviant adolescents. These adolescents consume all types of alcoholic beverages at rates considerably exceeding those found among high school students. As for the effect of sociodemographic variables, the results strongly support previous findings showing that the patterns and contexts of alcohol use among Israeli youth are similar to those found among youth in other cultures.
Life‐style factors and social circumstances of syringe sharing in injecting drug users
Authors: DONOGHOE MARTIN C. , DOLAN KATE A. , STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMeasures taken to reduce HIV risk by injecting drug users have been reported in many countries, but a minority of injectors continue to engage in risky practices. In an ongoing cohort study, 207 drug injectors were interviewed and anonymously tested for HIV antibodies in saliva in 1989. Injectors reporting recent syringe sharing were compared with those not recently sharing; injecting events where sharing did and did not take place were examined. Those recently sharing syringes differed significantly from the non‐sharers on several factors, including: use of heroin, dihydrocodeine and temazepam; injection of heroin, temazepam and prescribed methadone; accommodation and contact with other injectors; means of financial support and recent involvement in crime; secondary sources of injecting equipment and unsafe disposal; employment of HIV protective strategies; treatment contact with general practitioners; number of sexual partners and injecting status of sexual partners. The two groups were not significantly different in terms of attendance at syringe‐exchange schemes and self‐reported HIV antibody status. Syringe sharing would appear to be related to social circumstances and life‐style factors rather than just individual choices and motivation.
Drug and alcohol medical education: evaluation of a national programme
Authors: ROCHE ANN M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn recognition of inadequacies in drug and alcohol medical education, funds were allocated to all Australian medical schools in 1988 to appoint co‐ordinators to develop and implement drug and alcohol curricula. This programme was broadly modelled on the Career Teacher Programme successfully implemented in North America in the 1970s and early 1980s. During 1989 all but one of Australia's 10 medical schools made drug and alcohol co‐ordinator appointments. Appointees came from diverse backgrounds including general practice, psychiatry, internal medicine, psychology and social work. The present study is a process evaluation and forms the first examination of the programme. Overall, findings indicated the programme to have achieved a 158% increase in drug and alcohol teaching hours, a 383% increase in the number of electives and a 109% increase in student places for elective!. These effects occurred even though the average duration of co‐ordinators’appointments was only 15 months. Implications of these recent developments are discussed in terms of teaching strategies, clinical experience and the inclusion of key educational issues such as early intervention. Recommendations are made for a continuation of the programme and for future outcome evaluation.
Trends in the development of alcohol and drug treatment services in Ontario: a replication and extension of a previous study
Authors: RUSH BRIAN , TYAS SUZANNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper summarizes the major trends in the development of alcohol and drug treatment services in Ontario from 1979 to 1989. Data were obtained from all treatment services in the province by surveys undertaken in 1980, 1983, 1986 and 1989. Supplementary archival data are included on the use of American treatment programs by Ontario residents over a similar time period. Across the period of analysis, there has been a rapid increase in the number of alcohol and drug programs (130 to 217), their total cost ($44.4 million to $77.1 million) and the total treatment caseload (30356 to 61 622). With respect to different types of services, the largest growth in capacity has occurred for specialized assessment/referral centres. Use of short‐term residential resources within the province has risen slightly but this has been augmented by a rapid increase in the use of similar programs in the United States. Contrary to expectations from research evidence and provincial policy initiatives, only modest gains have been experienced with non‐residential treatment alternatives compared to the increases in availability and utilization of residential treatment programs.
ADH and ALDH genotype profiles in Caucasians with alcohol‐related problems and controls
Authors: GILDER FAY J. , HODGKINSON STEVE , MURRAY ROBIN M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEighty‐two Caucasian patients receiving treatment for alcohol‐related problems and eighty four controls were DNA typed for variants in the alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH2 and ADH3) and mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDHJ gene loci. No association was observed between individual, or combined gene frequencies and the presence of alcohol‐related problems.