bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sexing cattle horn‐cores: problems and progress
Authors: Sykes N. , Symmons R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt has long been recognised that cattle horn‐cores are sexually dimorphic, and many methods have been developed using archaeological material for differentiating between specimens belonging to cows, bulls and oxen. Whilst these techniques have been adopted widely by zooarchaeologists, in particular those studying medieval and post‐medieval tannery and horn‐working assemblages, they are highly subjective and their reliability has never been tested using material from cattle of known sex. This paper seeks to redress the balance. It presents the results of a study of 19th and 20th century cattle horn‐cores, from animals of known age, sex and breed, which were examined and measured in order to test the validity of traditional horn‐core sexing techniques. Previously claimed traits of sexual variation are here refuted, and a new metrical threshold for separating the males and females of ‘medium‐horned’ and ‘long‐horned’ types are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Medieval whiplash? A case study
Authors: Holck P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMany people believe that so‐called whiplash injury or disease is something new, a highly disputed mixture of muscular pain and nervous symptoms in the head, neck and upper limbs caused by vehicular accidents. However, the term ‘whiplash’ is only a description of the mechanism—the quick extensive movement of the head caused by the acceleration of the body—for example, by a rear‐end car crash. Of course, there are many possible ways to achieve the same injury in the ligaments of the neck: for example, by falling from a horse or being knocked out in a fight. A male skeleton from the Middle Ages displays typical changes which lead us to believe that the person may have suffered from severe neck trauma years before his death. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molekularpharmakologie und medizinische Chemie der Fibrate. Wirkstoffe zur Senkung des Triglyceridspiegels
Authors: Steinhilber D. , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: February 2007

AbstractKardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen stellen weltweit die häufigste Todesursache dar. Störungen des Lipidstoffwechsels wie Hypertriglyceridämien und Hypercholesterolämien sind Risikofaktoren für die Ausbildung dieser Erkrankungen. Während hohe Triglyceridspiegel als alleiniger Marker für das Atheroskleroserisiko umstritten sind, scheint der Parameter bei der Assoziation mit niedrigen HDL‐Cholesterolspiegeln, Adipositas, Diabetes usw. ein signifikanter Marker darzustellen. Fibrate sind Fettsäuremimetika, welche den Triglyceridspiegel durch Aktivierung des nuklären Rezeptors PPARα senken. Die PPARα‐Aktivierung erhöht im Organismus den Abbau Triglycerid‐reicher Partikel, steigert die Hydrolyse von Triglyceriden, den Fettsäureabbau und senkt die Triglyceridsynthese. Diese Effekte kommen durch die PPARα‐vermittelte Modulation der Expression zahlreicher Gene des Lipidstoffwechsels zustande.
Fibrate bei Lipidstoffwechselstörungen: Klinischer Stellenwert
Authors: Kostner Karam M. , Kostner Gerhard M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFibrate sind seit über 35 Jahren im klinischen Einsatz. Ihre Wirkung auf molekularer und zellulärer Ebene ergibt sich aus der Aktivierung von PPAR‐α, einem nukleären Rezeptor mit ausgeprägter Wirkung auf Gene des Lipid‐Stoffwechsels. Die drei am häufigsten im klinischen Einsatz befindlichen Fibrate Bezafibrat, Fenofibrat und Gemfibrocil unterscheiden sich in ihrem Wirkungsspektrum und sollten daher differenziert eingesetzt werden. Fibrate werden heute vornehmlich bei isolierten Hypertriglyceridämien, erniedrigten HDL‐Werten und als Zusatztherapie zu anderen Lipidsenkern verwendet.
Nikotinsäure bei Fettstoffwechselstörungen: Molekularer Mechanismus und klinischer Stellenwert
Authors: Ahmed Kashan , Offermanns Stefan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPharmakologische Dosen von Nikotinsäure führen zu einer anhaltenden Veränderung des Lipid‐ und Lipoproteinprofils im Plasma. Insbesondere die Fähigkeit von Nikotinsäure, die Konzentration von HDL‐Cholesterin deutlich zu erhöhen, hat in den letzten Jahren zu einem gesteigerten Interesse an dem pharmakologischen Potenzial der Nikotinsäure geführt. Eingeschränkt wird der klinische Einsatz von Nikotinsäure durch meist harmlose, aber unangenehme unerwünschte Wirkungen, insbesondere durch das nach oraler Nikotinsäuregabe auftretende Flush‐Phänomen. Mit der Entdeckung des Nikotinsäure‐Rezeptors ist es gelungen, die Mechanismen der metabolischen und vaskulären Effekte der Nikotinsäure besser zu verstehen. Gegenwärtig werden verschiedene Strategien entwickelt und validiert, mit deren Hilfe das pharmakologische Potenzial von Nikotinsäure besser ausgeschöpft werden kann. Durch neuartige Komedikationen sowie durch die Entwicklung neuer Wirkstoffe, die als Agonisten am Nikotinsäurerezeptor wirken, werden in Zukunft möglicherweise neue Therapieoptionen auf der Basis der pharmakologischen Nikotinsäurewirkungen zur Verfügung stehen.
Der Einsatz von Fischöl bei Fettstoffwechselstörungen. Lipidsenkung ohne Medikamente
Authors: Wächtershäuser Astrid , Stein Jürgen 
Published: February 2007

Abstractω3‐Fettsäuren eignen sich hervorragend in der Therapie von Hypertriglyceridämien. Je nach genetischer Disposition können möglicherweise allein durch die Ernährungsumstellung die Triglyceride in den Normbereich gesenkt und eine medikamentöse Therapie umgangen werden. Daher sollte der diätetische Ansatz immer erste Therapieoption sein. Gegebenenfalls können auch Fischölkapseln zum Einsatz kommen. Bei Hypercholesterinämien können aufgrund widersprüchlicher Daten derzeit noch keine Empfehlung zum Einsatz von Fischöl gegeben werden.
Neue Targets und Wirkstoffe zur Behandlung von Fettstoffwechselstörungen: Arzneistoffe in der Pipeline
Authors: Rau Oliver , Zettl Heiko , Popescu Laura Nicoleta , Steinhilber Dieter , Schubert‐Zsilavecz Manfred 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie präventive Wirkung einer LDL‐Cholesterol‐Senkung mit Statinen bei Patienten mit Koronarerkrankung ist durch mehrere große Studien belegt und gilt als evidenzbasiert. Pathophysiologisch ebenso schlüssig erscheint das Konzept einer Steigerung von HDL‐Cholesterol zum Schutz gegen Atherosklerose.
Trivirus – Der Multivirus‐Killer
Authors: Chmiel Nicole , Cugurovic Oliviera , Lange Petra , Zimmermann Anja 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunsupprimierte Patienten sind einem hohen Risiko lebensbedrohlicher Krankheiten, u.a. ausgelöst durch Cytomegalieviren (CMV), Epstein‐Barr‐Viren (EBV) und Adenoviren, ausgesetzt. Bisher existieren auf diesem Gebiet kaum Therapiemöglichkeiten, die vorhandenen Mittel sind – wenn überhaupt – nur gegen CMV wirksam und auch dies wegen Resistenzen in einer höchst unbefriedigenden Weise. Eine aktuelle Publikation macht Hoffnungen, diesen Missstand zu relativieren.
Monomer conversion in a light‐cured dental resin containing 1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ propanedione photosensitizer
Authors: Schroeder Walter , Arenas Gustavo , Vallo Claudia 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe efficiency of 1‐phenyl‐1,2‐propanedione (PPD) photosensitizer for the photopolymerization of a dental resin based on 2,2‐bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloxyprop‐1‐oxy)phenyl]propane/triethylene glycol dimethacrylate was assessed. Experimental formulations containing PPD or/and camphorquinone (CQ) in combination with dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA), ethyl‐4‐dimethylaminobenzoate (EDMAB), 4‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)phenethyl alcohol (DMPOH) and N,N‐3,5‐tetramethylaniline (TMA) at different concentrations were studied. The photopolymerization was carried out by means of a commercial light‐emitting diode (LED) curing unit. Near‐infrared spectroscopy was used to follow the consumption of double bonds versus irradiation time. No significant differences in the conversion values among formulations prepared with PPD in combination with DMAEMA, DMPOH and TMA were found. In contrast, the conversion was markedly increased by the presence of EDMAB. At low concentrations of photosensitizer, when used in combination with DMAEMA and EDMAB, PPD resulted in a final conversion equivalent to CQ. However, when DMPOH and TMA were used, PPD was found to be less efficient than CQ. In addition, at high photoinitiator concentration, the effectiveness of PPD was less than that of CQ independently of the co‐initiator used. The replacement of some CQ by an equivalent amount of PPD resulted in similar final monomer conversion as formulations having the same amount of CQ alone. The LED light source employed emitted in the wavelength range 410–490 nm with a peak around 470 nm, whereas the maximum molar absorbance of PPD was in the UV region. However, the small overlap of the spectral distribution of the LED curing lamp and the PPD absorption spectrum was compensated by the large extinction coefficient of PPD. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Alternating poly(ester amide)s of glycolic acid and ω‐amino acids: Crystalline morphology and main crystallographic data
Authors: Botines Emma , Teresa Casas María , Puiggalí Jordi 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe unit cell parameters of two alternating poly(ester amide)s constituted by glycolic acid and ω‐amino acid units have been determined by interpretation of X‐ray and electron diffraction patterns. Orthorhombic unit cells containing two chain segments with a nonplanar conformation have been derived. The electron diffraction patterns were rather different from those characteristic of aliphatic polyamides and polyesters with a zig–zag conformation. Chain‐folded lamellar crystals have been obtained by isothermal crystallization of dilute diol or glycerine solutions and the crystalline habit has been studied by means of real space electron microscopy. Polyethylene decoration techniques have been applied to evaluate the regularity of the folding surfaces. Diffraction and morphologic data suggest that hydrogen bonds between amide groups were established along a single direction, which coincides with the preferential crystal growth direction. Spherulites prepared from both evaporation of formic acid solutions and melt crystallization have been also studied. Diffraction data indicate that hydrogen bonds are aligned along the spherulite radius. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 815–825, 2007
Effects of polymerization method on structure and properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes
Authors: Yamasaki Satoshi , Nishiguchi Daisuke , Kojio Ken , Furukawa Mutsuhisa 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of the dynamic polymerization method and temperature on the molecular aggregation structure and the mechanical and melting properties of thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) were successfully clarified. TPUs were prepared from poly (ethylene adipate) glycol (Mn = 2074), 4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediol by the one‐shot (OS) and the prepolymer (PP) methods in bulk at dynamic polymerization temperatures ranging from 140 to 230 °C. Glass‐transition temperatures (Tgs) of the soft segment and melting points (Tms) of the hard segment domains of OS‐TPUs increased and decreased, respectively, with increasing polymerization temperatures, but those of PP‐TPUs were almost independent of the polymerization temperature. Tgs of the soft segment and Tms of the hard segment domains of these TPUs polymerized above 190 °C were almost the same regardless of the polymerization method. Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) analyses of OS‐ and PP‐TPUs showed that the relative proton content of fast decay components, which corresponds to the hard segment domains, in these TPUs decreased with increasing polymerization temperatures. These results clearly show that the degree of microphase separation becomes weaker with increasing polymerization temperatures. The temperature dependence of dynamic storage modulus and loss tangent of OS‐TPUs coincided with those of PP‐TPUs at polymerization temperature above 190 °C. The apparent shear viscosity for OS‐ and PP‐TPUs polymerized above 190 °C approached a Newtonian behavior at low shear rates regardless of the polymerization method. These results indicate that TPUs polymerized at higher temperatures form almost the same molecular aggregation structures irrespective of the dynamic polymerization method. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 800–814, 2007
Nuclear androgen receptors in the epithelium and stroma of human benign prostatic hypertrophic glands
Authors: Lahtonen Riitta , Bolton Nicholas J. , Vihko Reijo , Kontturi Matti 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAndrogen receptors have been characterized and quantified in nuclear extracts of separated epithelium and stroma from human benign prostatic hypertrophic (BPH) glands. Tritiated dihydrotestosterone was used as the ligand and incubation was carried out at 15°C for 18–20 hr before separation of bound and free ligand using dextran‐coated charcoal. The results were analysed by Scatchard‐type analysis. The concentration of receptor was found to be significantly (p = 0.022) greater in stromal than in epithelial nuclei: 1765 ± 152 vs 1030 ± 227 fmol/mg DNA (SEM, n = 6). Fourteen competitors were tested and the results indicated the presence of specific androgen receptors rather than contaminating sex‐hormone‐binding globulin. This was also borne out by the results of agar gel electrophoresis and sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation studies. The results are in line with current opinion that prostatic stroma is an important androgen‐sensitive tissue, particularly in human BPH.
Fibrillar bodies in human prostate
Authors: Seman Gabriel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractElectron microscopy was used in an attempt to understand the initial but still obscure steps in the formation of corpora amylacea. To that effect, a specimen of hyperplastic prostate, selected by light microscopy for its abundance in corpora, was examined in the electron microscope. Hitherto unreported, small fibrillar bodies surrounded by glycogen granules were observed free or bound to the surface of acinar cells of the specimen. Fibrils of these bodies were different from amyloid fibrils of corpora. They were thinner, more electron dense, and branching. While the bodies were easily detected in semithin sections of the specimen, as well as in those of two other hyperplastic prostates, they were not seen in sections of their paraffin‐embedded counterparts. Neither were the bodies seen in histological preparations of 18 other prostate specimens (8 hyperplasias, 10 cancers). Whether the fibrillar bodies were precursors of corpora could not be demonstrated.
High‐risk group for benign prostatic hypertrophy
Authors: Araki Hirotaka , Watanabe Hiroki , Mishina Teruo , Nakao Masahiro 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA case control study was conducted on 100 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy (BPH) and 100 controls matched by age and residence. Interviews were performed by well‐ trained urologists using an original questionnaire. Matched‐pair analysis revealed the following characteristics and relative risks (RR) as being significantly (P < 0.05) different among the BPH patients versus the controls: higher educational background (RR = 2.77); not engaged in farming, forestry, or fishing (RR = 4.82); no environmental pollution at work (RR = 2.90); a present annual income of more than 2,400,000 yen (RR = 3.84); a previous annual income of more than 2,400,000 yen (RR = 3.82); practice the highest standard of living (RR = 4.24); more than two children (RR = 2.67); experienced first nocturnal emission before reaching the age of 20 (RR = 3.11); expending more than 10 min to complete one act of sexual intercourse (RR = 2.43); having no episode of sexual impotence that lasted more than 1 month (RR = 2.29); no family history of gastric ulcer (RR = 7.98); no family history of breast cancer (RR = 8.25); regular consumption of milk (RR = 2.25); irregular consumption of green and yellow vegetables (RR = 3.91); and pickles not consumed at every meal (RR = 1.99). Characteristics that did not achieve a high level of statistical significance (0.05 < P < 0.10) between cases and controls were as follows: past history of gonorrhea, urethritis, or prostatitis and syphilis (RR = 1.84, 2.76, and 4.26, respectively), and daily meat consumption (RR = 3.18). On the basis of interviews of the patients and cases reported in this study, we conclude that dietaly and sexual habits may be important factors which place individuals at a higher risk for developing BPH.
The etiology of prostate cancer: What does the epidemiology suggest?
Authors: Ross Ronald K. , Paganini‐Hill Annlia , Henderson Brian E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe two most important demographic characteristics of prostate cancer in Los Angeles are the high rates among blacks, which are two times those among whites and four times those among Asians, and the rapid increase in rates with age after age 40. Despite the high rates among blacks, a birth cohort analysis indicates that mortality rates among black men born after 1900 have decreased. In this report, epidemiologic and experimental evidence supporting each of three etiologic hypotheses–industrial exposure to cadmium, sexual transmission by an infectious agent, and endocrine factors–are reviewed. Evidence from descriptive data in Los Angeles suggests that only a small portion of cases might be attributable to industrial exposures. In a cohort study of Catholic priests, we found no deficit of prostate cancer mortality, strong evidence against sexual transmission of the disease. Experimental evidence and a limited amount of human data support an endocrine hypothesis. Preliminary results of a case‐control study of prostate cancer are presented, but these results are unable to distinguish among these hypotheses further. This study finds a substantial protective effect of vasectomy, an event that is accompanied by reduced prostatic function and size, but this result is thus far statistically insignificant.
Prostatic structure and function in relation to the etiology of prostatic cancer
Authors: Isaacs John T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper, studies by a large series of independent investigators are reviewed with regard to the basic structure and function of the prostate in an attempt to examine their relationship to prostatic cancer etiology. These studies demonstrate that the functional activities of the prostate involve secretion, transport, and reabsorption of a variety of materials into and out of the glandular lumen and that these activities are directly related to the basic structural organization of the gland. These functional activities are constantly occurring in the prostate even under basal (ie, nonejaculating) conditions. Due to these functional activities, the prostatic fluid in the glandular lumen is a complex mixture of a variety of components derived, not only from the synthetic activity of the glandular epithelial cells of the gland itself, but also from the blood serum. The levels of these components are continuously modulated, not only by the frequency of active ejaculation, but also, under basal conditions by the continuous interaction with the glandular prostatic cells lining the acinar lumen and ducts. A concept is presented that the initiation and/or promotion of prostatic carcinogenesis may well involve the chronic modulation/interaction of the prostatic glandular cells with their lumenal fluid.
Effect of castration and steroid treatments on the activity of some hydrolytic enzymes in dog prostate
Authors: Frenette Gilles , Dubé Jean Y. , Tremblay Roland R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdult mongrel dogs were castrated and treated by intramuscular injections of Sα‐androstane‐3α, 17β‐diol (androstanediol) alone or in combination with estradiol in order to find convenient enzymatic markers of hormone action in prostate. The activities of 15 hydrolytic enzymes were determined. Arginine esterase, acid sulfatase, and acid phosphatase were found to be the most sensitive markers of testicular hormones since they were decreased 18‐, 5‐ and 5‐fold respectively after 1 month of castration. The enzyme activities returned to precastration levels after 2 weeks of injection of androstanediol to castrated animals. The effect of androstanediol on the majority of the remaining enzymes was small. In general, the activities obtained after androstanediol treatment in combination with estradiol were similar to those obtained with androstanediol alone. Finally, β‐glucuronidase and neutral sulfatase were increased after castration, a finding that suggests that these enzymes are constitutents of stromal cells. These studies will provide a basis for future studies of hormone action in the dog prostate.
Course of localized adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by radical prostatectomy
Authors: Myers Robert P. , Fleming Thomas R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAmong 562 patients with histologic stage B‐1, B‐2, or C adenocarcinoma of the prostate treated by radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy, analysis revealed that increasing histologic stage, tumor size, degree of capsular invasion, seminal vesicle involvement, and histologic grade all were highly correlated with both local and systemic progression (log‐rank two‐sided P < 0.0001). No variable correlated with survival–a result that may reflect appropriate adjuvant therapy given at the time of progression. The death rate from prostatic cancer did appear to rise progressively with increase of stage. Overall, the projected 10‐year survival was 76%.
The patient, disease status, and treatment options for prostate cancer: Stages D1 and D2
Authors: Schmidt Joseph D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe treatment of choice for disseminated prostate cancer remains endocrine manipulation, either bilateral orchiectomy or exogenous estrogens. The recommended dose of diethylstilbestrol is I mg tid. Unanswered questions include: When should endocrine manipulation be instituted for the patient with advanced prostatic cancer? At the time of diagnosis, when clinical symptoms occur, or not at all? With few exceptions those patients relapsing after initial endocrine manipulation do not respond to successive attempts at further endocrine therapy. Much of the confusion in this regard relates to the variable response criteria used, inore often subjective than objective. Since the polyclonal theory of prostatic cancer is attractive, its logical extension is the evaluation of combinations of treatments including both endocrine manipulation and cytotoxic agents. Because the currently available antiandrogens and luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone agonists have mechanisms of action different from conventional estrogens or bilateral orchiectomy, they too may have a role in the multimodal treatment of advanced prostatic cancer.Therapy for stagc D1 prostatic cancer implies that information Is available either from pelvic lymphadenectomy or from fine‐needle aspiration cytology related to abnormal findings on CT scanning, lymphangiography, or excretory urography. Some evidence exists supporting the case for potential cure by radical prostatectomy when pelvic nodal involvement is minimal. Other options include standard external beam irradiation therapy, endocrine therapy with transurethral prostatic resection, and finally, observation until distant metastases occur. Because of the increased risk of distant metastases in patients with stage D1 prostatic cancer, adjuvant chemotherapy programs are rational with clinical trials now in progress.