bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dorsal calcaneocuboid ligament versus lateral ankle ligament repair: a case-control study
Authors: Lohrer H , Nauck T , Arentz S , Vogl T J 
Published: August 2006

Objective:Anatomic reconstruction is the treatment of choice for lateral ankle ligament instability. A similar technique has recently been described for stabilisation of a chronic unstable calcaneocuboid joint as an alternative to the previously proposed tenodesis and arthrodesis procedures.Methods:Five consecutive young females experiencing recurrent giving way of six calcaneocuboid joints were treated operatively during a 4 year period using anatomic ligament repair reinforced by a periosteal flap. Results were compared to five patients who underwent anatomic lateral ankle ligament repair in a case-control design. Outcome was measured using the Foot and Ankle Outcome Score, physical examination, and stress radiographic and MRI (calcaneocuboid group) investigation. Functional neuromuscular performance was evaluated by isokinetic torque measurements, posturometry, single-leg drop jumps, and single-leg long jumps.Results:Outcome scores at follow up (5–61 months after surgery) revealed excellent results for both groups. No relevant difference was found between the affected legs and the non-affected legs or between groups with respect to the outcome measures. MRI exhibited ligament-like structures at the repaired dorsal calcaneocuboid joints in five out of six joints.Conclusions:Results of anatomic repair of unstable lateral ankle and isolated calcaneocuboid joint instability equally lead to excellent results.
Immunoglobulin responses to a repeated bout of downhill running
Authors: McKune A J , Smith L L , Semple S J , Mokethwa B , Wadee A A 
Published: August 2006

Objective:To examine the effect of downhill running on immunoglobulin responses.Method:Eleven untrained men performed 2 × 60 minute bouts of downhill running (−13.5% gradient), at a speed eliciting 75% of their V̇o2peakon a level grade. Two runs were spaced 14 days apart. Serum samples were collected before, after, and every hour for 12 hours and every 24 hours for six days. Serum total creatine kinase and immunoglobulin isotypes and subclasses were measured, and results were analysed using a repeated measures analysis of variance (12 hour period, 2 × 14; 24 hour intervals, 2 × 6, p⩽0.05).Results:There was a significant interaction effect for creatine kinase (activity lower after run 2 than after run 1, 6–24 h) and exercise effect, with the serum concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, IgG4, and IgE lower, and IgM higher, after run 2.Conclusion:Lower concentrations of IgG1, IgG2, and IgE after run 2 may reflect a dampened autoimmune inflammatory response to autoantigens and enhanced autoantigen clearance mediated by the upregulation of IgM.
Six minute walk distance is greater when performed in a group than alone
Authors: Grindrod D , Paton C D , Knez W L , O’Brien B J 
Published: August 2006

Objective:To investigate whether the distance covered in the six minute walk test was affected by walking with a group of others in comparison with performing the test alone.Methods:Eight healthy men (mean (SD) age 21.0 (0.9) years) and eight healthy women (mean (SD) age 20.8 (2.0) years) performed in random order two six minute walk tests either alone or in a group of four on two separate occasions one week apart.Results:Distance covered increased significantly from a mean of 653 (61) m in the individual male tests to 735 (79) m in the male group tests (p<0.05), and 616 (75) m in the individual female tests to 701 (54) m in the female group tests (p<0.01). The men increased the distance walked in six minutes by 12.5% and the women by 13.7% when they performed the test as a group.Conclusion:Performing the six minute walk test in a group facilitates its execution.
Classification of functional recovery of anterior cruciate ligament copers, non-copers, and adapters
Authors: Button K , van Deursen R , Price P 
Published: August 2006

Objectives:(a) To identify whether differences exist in the pattern of recovery with respect to functional outcomes for acutely ruptured anterior cruciate ligament deficient (ACLD) copers, adapters, and non-copers. (b) To identify clinically relevant outcomes that could distinguish between three functional subgroups.Methods:A longitudinal study was used to measure gait variables and distance hop at regular intervals after injury using a digital camcorder and computer for quantitative analysis. A sample of 63 ACLD subjects entered the study; 42 subjects were measured at least three times. At 12–36 months after injury, subjects were classified as functional copers, adapters, or non-copers on the basis of which of their preinjury activities they had resumed. To determine the pattern of recovery, repeated measurements were analysed using a least squares fit of the data.Results:17% of ACLD subjects were classified as functional copers, 45% as adapters, and 38% as non-copers. Only 5% of those who participated in high demand activities before injury returned to them. ACLD copers had recovered above the control mean for all gait variables by 40 days after the injury. Hopping distance did not recover to the control mean. Non-copers struggled to recover to control limits and remained borderline for all the gait variables.Conclusions:Distinctive patterns of functional recovery for three subgroups of ACLD subjects have been identified. Gait variables and activity level before injury were the most useful variables for distinguishing between the subgroups. If potential for recovery is identified early after injury, then appropriate treatment can be given.
Osteogenic index of step exercise depending on choreographic movements, session duration, and stepping rate
Authors: Santos-Rocha R A , Oliveira C S , Veloso A P 
Published: August 2006

Background:Step exercise has been promoted as a low impact physical activity recommended for the improvement of cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness. This recreational activity might also be recommended to improve bone health since mechanical load plays an important role in the normal development of the skeleton.Methods:Our main purpose was to characterised 100 step sessions and to calculated osteogenic index (OI) according to Turner and Robling: OI (one session) = peak ground reaction force(BW)*ln(number of loading cycles+1).Results:Main results (mean±SD) were as follows: OI was 12.0±0.8; peak ground reaction force (GRF) was 1.40±0.10 times body weight (BW); session duration was 38.6±8.3 min; stepping rate was 134.6±4.7 beats per minute (bpm); the movements performed most often were marching, knee hop, side leg, L step, and over the top; and the number of loading cycles was 4194.1±1055.2. OI and GRF increased significantly when stepping rate was higher than 135 bpm. This stepping rate might be used as a reference for higher intensity classes. A frequency of two to three sessions per week of step exercise is recommended.Conclusions:Despite the benefits that have been stated when step classes are structured correctly and adapted to the participants, further research is needed concerning biomechanical load, exercise prescription, and injury prevention.
Effects of leg resistance training on arterial function in older men
Authors: Maeda S , Otsuki T , Iemitsu M , Kamioka M , Sugawara J , Kuno S , Ajisaka R , Tanaka H 
Published: August 2006

Background:Little information is available on the effect of strength training on vascular function, particularly in older people.Objective:To determine the effect of resistance training on arterial stiffness and endothelial function in older adults.Method:Eleven healthy men (mean (SEM) age 64 (1) years) performed 12 weeks of resistance training involving knee flexion and extension (three sets a day, two days a week).Results:Resistance training increased maximal muscle power by 16% (p<0.0001). Arterial stiffness as assessed by aortic pulse wave velocity did not change with resistance training. Plasma concentration of nitric oxide (NO), measured as its stable end product (nitrite/nitrate), had increased (p<0.05) after resistance training (61.2 (10.4)v39.6 (3.2) μmol/l). There was no change in plasma concentration of endothelin-1.Conclusion:The results suggest that short term resistance training may increase NO production without stiffening central arteries in healthy older men.
Anthropometric risk factors for patellar tendon injury among volleyball players
Authors: Malliaras P , Cook J L , Kent P M 
Published: August 2006

Objective:Abnormal imaging in the patellar tendon reveals pathology that is often associated with knee pain. Anthropometric measures of body size and mass, such as height, weight and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), have been individually associated with abnormal imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the anthropometric factors that have the strongest relationship with abnormal imaging in volleyball players.Methods:Height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist girth, hip girth and WHR were measured in a cohort of 113 competitive volleyball players (73 men, 40 women). The univariate (ANOVA) and multivariable (discriminant function analysis) association between abnormal imaging and these anthropometric factors were investigated.Results:No significant association was found in the female volleyball players. A significant univariate association was observed between abnormal imaging and heavier weight, greater BMI, larger waist and hip girth and larger WHR in the male volleyball players. Waist girth was the only factor that retained this association in a multivariable model (p<0.05).Conclusions:Men with a waist girth greater than 83 cm seem to be at greater risk of developing patellar tendon pathology. There may be both mechanical and biochemical reasons for this increased risk.
Contract Law Harmonization and Regional Integration: Can the CIS Learn From the EU?
Authors: Ferrari Elena Ioriatti , Dragneva Rilka 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this article, the authors discuss the experience of the EU in pursuing contract law harmonization in relation to similar developments in the Commonwealth of Independent States (hereinafter, "the CIS") and consider its potential learning effects for the processes in the CIS. They start by noting several key general features of the EU and the CIS (also making reference to some of the more advanced regional sub-groupings within the CIS) which bear on the comparability of the two formations; namely, the degree of diversity of member states, the level of economic integration achieved, and the strength of (common) institutions, insofar as they affect the issue of contract law harmonization in the respective regional formation.The authors continue by discussing the specific experience of the EU, followed by that of the CIS. In doing so, they distinguish between two main mechanisms: conflicts of laws unification and substantive unification. The main focus is on the instruments developed regionally (i.e., agreements and legislative acts as well as "soft" model laws), yet, the authors also note the membership in key instruments of international unification. Drs Dragneva and Ioriatti conclude by identifying a number of possible learning points for the CIS in relation to the substance or scope of the harmonization process, the instruments used for it, and the process of pursuing harmonization itself.
Bulgarian Criminal Procedure: The New Philosophy and Issues of Approximation
Authors: Marinova Gergana 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe Bulgarian legal system forms part of the continental legal family and shares the main features of continental law. One of them is the codification of the main branches of law, among which is Criminal Procedure. In Bulgaria—as in all European countries—the Code of Criminal Procedure (CCP) is the main source of procedural rules of law. It was adopted in 1974 and entered into force in 1975; it was notable in its similarity to the CCP of the Soviet Union.Since 1975, it has been subjected to a vast number of amendments, most of which were introduced after 1990 as a consequence of radical changes in the Bulgarian political, economic, and legal system. Some of the amendments to CCP have brought the criminal justice system in line with the new 1991 Bulgarian Constitution and with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR)—ratified by the Republic of Bulgaria in 1992—as well as with other international acts and obligations, signed or undertaken by Bulgaria. Other amendments have provided for conceptually new institutions, unknown prior to this period in the development of Bulgarian procedural theory and practice.In short, Bulgarian criminal procedure has—since 1990—been undergoing a period of major reform, the most significant expression of which is to be seen in amendments to CCP, adopted in 1999. They represent what is called a "new philosophy" of criminal procedure. The basic elements thereof are:— instituting judicial control over investigative acts and coercive measures affecting fundamental human rights (detention, house arrest, committing a person to a psychiatric hospital for examination, prohibition against leaving the country, searches, seizures, etc.);— speeding up and simplifying the criminal process;— introducing more adversarial elements into judicial proceedings;— introducing police investigation as an alternative to preliminary investigations under which most criminal offenses would be investigated by police officers through more informal police investigative procedures than those of the more formal preliminary investigation.
1939-1945: Environmental Aspects of the War in Europe
Authors: Tikhomirov Sergey 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWorld War II made it clear that the realization of the potential of existing military technology and methods for using it—along with the extraction of natural resources during the prosecution of the war—constitute a man-made burden for the environment threatening the sustainability of the ecosystems of the combatant countries. The discovery of this danger to the environment was made possible by the implementation of the doctrine of "total destruction" that was conducted under Hitler's direction.The subsequent sixty years have shown, however, that progress in society has been too slow with respect to the subordination of military expediency to environmental sensibility and the adoption of measures toward the ecologization of armed combat. An important strategic resource for resolving the environmental problem of armed conflicts—time—is being lost much more quickly than states are taking steps aimed at the elimination of the threat that was revealed by World War II and that has increased multifold in the six intervening decades.Using historical hindsight, the author proposes his own view of the problem from the perspective of international law.
Horizontal Transmission in the Hippocratic Tradition
Authors: Craik Elizabeth 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe problem of intertextuality in the Hippocratic Corpus is addressed, with particular reference to Prorrhetic 1 and Coan Prognoses, which have blocks of prognostic material in common and which replicate passages of Epidemics. The relation between medical prognosis and religious divination is discussed. It is discovered that identical aphoristic wording is accompanied and probably safeguarded by metrical patterns, and argued that the compilers were amalgamating early sources of traditional wisdom, possibly from shrines in Thessaly, with later 'scientific' material. The term horizontal transmission, borrowed from textual criticism, describes the complex process of interpenetration seen in the Hippocratic tradition.
Persuasive Γελωζ: Public Speaking and the Use of Laughter
Authors: Spatharas Dimos 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper aims to interpret the function of laughter in Greek oratory. Investigation of relevant passages in the preserved speeches of the Attic orators and rhetorical meta-texts shows how laughter propels the establishment of each one of the three kinds of εντεχνoι πíστειζ ('artistic' proofs), namely argument, êthos and pathos.
The Opening of On Interpretation: Toward a More Literal Reading
Authors: Walz Matthew 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAristotle begins On Interpretation with an analysis of the existence of linguistic entities as both physical and meaningful. Two things have been lacking for a full appreciation of this analysis: a more literal translation of the passage and an ample understanding of the distinction between symbols and signs. In this article, therefore, I first offer a translation of this opening passage (16a1-9) that allows the import of Aristotle's thinking to strike the reader. Then I articulate the distinction between symbol and sign so crucial to understanding this passage. Aristotle employs this distinction, I argue, in order to show how the linguistic entities he defines later in On Interpretation (that is, name, verb, denial, affirmation, declaration, and articulation) are both conventional and natural, owing to their being both symbols and signs, respectively. Finally, I suggest why Aristotle's analysis of how linguistic entities exist as both physical and meaningful is fitting, since man himself, "the animal that has speech," lives at the boundary between nature and intelligence.
Akrasia in the Protagoras and the Republic
Authors: Morris Michael 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAlthough it is a commonplace that the Protagoras and the Republic present diffent views of akrasia, the nature of the difference is not well understood. I argue that the logic of the famous argument in the Protagoras turns just on two crucial assumptions: that desiring is having evaluative beliefs (or that valuing is desiring), and that no one can have contradictory preferences at the same time; hedonism is not essential to the logic of the argument. And the logic of the argument for the division of the soul in the Republic requires the rejection of just the second of these assumptions, but not the evaluative conception of desire. I also maintain that Plato was aware, at the time of composition, of these features of the argumentation of his dialogues. Finally, I argue that there is reason to think that, even at the time of the Protagoras, Plato held the conception of the soul expressed in the Republic, and not anything like that expressed in the famous argument of the Protagoras. The Protagoras view, even without hedonism, is a poor expression of the thesis that virtue is knowledge.
Food-deprivation affects tongue extrusions as well as attractivity and proceptivity components of sexual behavior in the lizard, Sceloporus jarrovii
Authors: Parker  , Punzo  
Published: August 2006

AbstractExperiments were conducted to assess the effect of various levels of food deprivation (1, 2, 3, or 4-day periods) on tongue extrusions as well as attractivity and proceptivity components of sexual behavior in the sceloperine lizard Sceloporus jarrovii. Results showed sex differences with respect to effects of food deprivation on the attractiveness of male and female lizard odors toward conspecifics (attractivity). Males spent more time extruding their tongue to touch blocks containing odors of ad libitum-fed females as compared to odors from females deprived of food for 4 days, while spending a similar amount of time investigating blocks containing odors of ad libitum-fed females and females deprived of food for less than 4 days. In contrast, females spent similar amounts of time investigating odors associated with ad libitum-fed as well as food-deprived conspecifics. Results also showed that one day of food deprivation was sufficient to inhibit the desire to initiate or maintain contact with opposite-sex conspecifics (receptivity).
Niccolò da Reggio's Translations of Galen and their Reception in France
Authors: McVaugh Michael 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn the first half of the fourteenth century, Niccolò da Reggio translated more than fifty works by Galen from Greek into Latin, and by mid-century most if not all of them had reached the papal court at Avignon, where Guy de Chauliac praised their accuracy and cited them regularly in his Great Surgery of 1363. Yet contemporary physicians at nearby Montpellier almost never referred to them, ordinarily preferring to quote from the older Arabic-Latin translations. Examining a particular context, the ways in which urological conditions were described in the old and new versions of Galen, suggests that medical teachers and commentators may have found it difficult to give up the familiarity of the traditional language in favor of Niccolò's new terminology.
Medicine and Moral Virtue in the Expositio Problematum Aristotelis of Peter of Abano
Authors: Klemm Matthew 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis paper examines a set of questions concerning moralia in Peter of Abano's Expositio Problematum (1310) and shows that its author takes a naturalistic approach, heavily reliant on medical doctrine, to propose that not only the lower virtues, but also those dependent on the rational soul, are closely tied to physiological states. For the irrational soul, this close connection with the body is not surprising. However, in the case of the rational virtues, the dependence on the body is more unusual and offers a significant example of Peter's application of medical doctrine beyond the established bounds of the discipline. His is a very different approach to human virtue than that of his contemporaries, and it blurs the distinction between moral virtue and natural virtue throughout his exposition. At the same time, this commentary offers insight into Peter's broader position on the soul.
The extension of the western limb, Bushveld Complex (South Africa), at Cullinan Diamond Mine
Authors: Cawthorn R.G. , McKenna N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractMafic rocks of the Bushveld Complex at the southeastern end of the western limb, intersected in bore core from the Cullinan Diamond Mine, are described. A 260 m thick ultramafic body of orthopyroxene and chromite cumulate rocks, with mg# – 100*Mg/(Mg+Fe) – values from 77 to 84 and 0.25 to 0.5% Cr2O3 in the pyroxene, is considered to have affinity to the Critical Zone. Such an interpretation considerably extends the eastern limit of Critical Zone rocks of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex. The whole-rock composition of the lower, chilled basal contact of this body has 10% MgO and 500 ppm Cr, and is comparable to magmas considered parental to the Bushveld Complex. Due to intrusion of a younger sill, the upper contact is not preserved in the bore core. The cumulate rocks have higher interstitial component, inferred from incompatible trace element abundances (Zr, Ti and K), than normal Critical Zone rocks, interpreted to be a result of more rapid cooling due to proximity to the basal contact. The near-constancy of mg# in the pyroxene in the entire succession suggests that large volumes of magma flowed through this conduit, with only the liquidus phases of orthopyroxene and chromite being precipitated.Five generations of sills, intruded into the underlying metasedimentary rocks, are identified. The oldest is tholeiitic, and was metamorphosed prior to the emplacement of the Bushveld Complex. The second equates to the magma proposed as being parental to the Bushveld Complex (2060 Ma). The third represents the products of differentiation of that magma. The fourth is syenitic, and related to the Pienaars River Alkaline Complex (1430–1300 Ma). The fifth is tholeiitic (1150 Ma), and cuts the Cullinan kimberlite.