bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aquatic macroinvertebrates in the altes land, an intensely used orchard region in Germany: Correlation between community structure and potential for pesticide exposure
Authors: Schäfers Christoph , Hommen Udo , Dembinski Michael , Gonzalez-Valero Juan F. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractTo assess the impact of pesticides on aquatic organisms under realistic worst-case conditions, a macroinvertebrate community of small ditches was sampled at 40 sites of the orchard region Altes Land near Hamburg, Germany. To differentiate between pesticide impact and other variables, the ditches selected for sampling were located at different distances along grassland, unused apple orchards, and orchards managed with integrated and/or organic crop protection methods. Samples of macroinvertebrates were taken on five dates over two years. In addition to biological data, water chemistry and structural parameters were measured. For each sampling site, a potential for exposure was calculated on the basis of the distance of the ditch to the nearest row of trees and the depth and width of the ditch. The neighborhood to either grassland or orchards turned out to have a larger impact on the macroinvertebrate community than the potential for exposure. Therefore, grassland sites were omitted from further evaluation. Remaining sites were grouped into low exposure (sites at unused orchards), medium exposure (distance of 3–5 m [track] between trees and ditch), and high exposure (trees close to the ditch, mean distance ≤ 1.5 m). Principal response curves showed differences in community structure between the three exposure groups over time. Whereas for sites from the high exposure group significant differences from low exposure was observed in all seasons, significant differences between low and medium were observed only occasionally. Effects were less pronounced in samples taken at springtime before the starting pesticide applications, suggesting some community recovery. Species richness was negatively correlated to exposure potential. Isopoda, Eulamellibranchiata, and insects, especially Ephemeroptera, showed a high negative correlation with the potential for pesticide exposure, suggesting that these taxa are sensitive to the pesticide use in the orchards.
Modeling biphasic sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic contaminants in sediments
Authors: Chai Yunzhou , Kochetkov Alexander , Reible Danny D. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractA model was developed to predict biphasic sorption and desorption of hydrophobic organic compounds in contaminated sediments. The model was based on relatively rapid porous diffusion in amorphous organic carbon and slow solid-phase diffusion in condensed-phase organic carbon. The model was used to simulate measured solid–fluid phase desorption (rates and pore-water concentrations) for four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exhibiting a range of hydrophobicities (phenanthrene, anthracene, pyrene, and benzo[a]pyrene) in two field-contaminated sediments from Utica Harbor (Utica, NY, USA) and Rouge River (Detroit, MI, USA). Pore-water concentrations have been related to bioavailability, indicating the potential usefulness of the model to predict bioavailability. Key model parameters included the fraction of condensed-phase carbon (estimated by combustion at 375°C), partition coefficient to the condensed-phase carbon (estimated by desorption measurements on coal-like particles physically separated from Utica Harbor sediments), and diffusivity and ratio of volume to surface area of the condensed-phase organic matter (fitted to measured desorption data on both sediments and for the measured polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). Best fit for the diffusion coefficient in the condensed-phase organic matter was 8.5 × 10−20 m2/s, and ratio of volume to surface area was 2 μm. These parameters estimated measured pore-water concentrations of all polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in both sediments with an average error of 46% and a correlation coefficient of 0.76 and the fast-desorbing fractions (as measured by the fraction removed with a nonpolar polymeric sorbent XAD-2) with an average error of approximately 30% and a correlation coefficient of 0.54 (14% and 0.76, respectively, for all but benzo[a]pyrene). Modeling results were relatively insensitive to the two fitted parameters, with changes of an order of magnitude or more being required to affect the correlation between the model and observations significantly.
Use of a parallel artificial membrane system to evaluate passive absorption and elimination in small fish
Authors: Kwon Jung-Hwan , Katz Lynn E. , Liljestrand Howard M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
A parallel artificial lipid membrane system was developed to mimic passive mass transfer of hydrophobic organic chemicals in fish. In this physical model system, a membrane filter–supported lipid bilayer separates two aqueous phases that represent the external and internal aqueous environments of fish. To predict bioconcentration kinetics in small fish with this system, literature absorption and elimination rates were analyzed with an allometric diffusion model to quantify the mass transfer resistances in the aqueous and lipid phases of fish. The effect of the aqueous phase mass transfer resistance was controlled by adjusting stirring intensity to mimic bioconcentration rates in small fish. Twenty-three simple aromatic hydrocarbons were chosen as model compounds for purposes of evaluation. For most of the selected chemicals, literature absorption/elimination rates fall into the range predicted from measured membrane permeabilities and elimination rates of the selected chemicals determined by the diffusion model system.
Activation of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor by carbaryl: Computational evidence of the ability of carbaryl to assume a planar conformation
Authors: Casado Susana , Alonso Mercedes , Herradón Bernardo , Tarazona José V. , Navas José MA 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
It has been accepted that aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) ligands are compounds with two or more aromatic rings in a coplanar conformation. Although general agreement exists that carbaryl is able to activate the AhR, it has been proposed that such activation could occur through alternative pathways without ligand binding. This idea was supported by studies showing a planar conformation of carbaryl as unlikely. The objective of the present work was to clarify the process of AhR activation by carbaryl. In rat H4IIE cells permanently transfected with a luciferase gene under the indirect control of AhR, incubation with carbaryl led to an increase of luminescence. Ligand binding to the AhR was studied by means of a cell-free in vitro system in which the activation of AhR can occur only by ligand binding. In this system, exposure to carbaryl also led to activation of AhR. These results were similar to those obtained with the AhR model ligand β-naphthoflavone, although this compound exhibited higher potency than carbaryl in both assays. By means of computational modeling (molecular mechanics and quantum chemical calculations), the structural characteristics and electrostatic properties of carbaryl were described in detail, and it was observed that the substituent at C-1 and the naphthyl ring were not coplanar. Assuming that carbaryl would interact with the AhR through a hydrogen bond, this interaction was studied computationally using hydrogen fluoride as a model H-bond donor. Under this situation, the stabilization energy of the carbaryl molecule would permit it to adopt a planar conformation. These results are in accordance with the mechanism traditionally accepted for AhR activation: Binding of ligands in a planar conformation.
Late Cretaceous – Eocene interval of the Apulian passive margin in Albania (Kruje-Dajt and Makareshi massifs, Kruja Zone): facies, micro-organisms and sedimentary cycles of a shallow-water carbonate platform
Authors: Heba Grigor , Prichonnet Gilbert 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Two sections, respectively in the Kruje-Dajt and Makareshi massifs of the Kruja Zone carbonate platform (located in the Apulian passive margin of Albania), and representing a period which extends from the Late Cretaceous to the Eocene, have been studied from several points of view : biostratigraphy, lithology and sequence stratigraphy. The proposed biozonation for the Late Cretaceous which has been established with benthic foraminifera (CsB4, CsB5, CsB6 and CsB7) improves substantially the stratigraphy for this period in this region. Eleven different facies (F1 to F11) characterise the Upper Cretaceous-Paleocene-Eocene carbonate sediments, and are distinguished for the first time. Fourteen sequences in the Kruje-Dajt massif and seven sequences in the Makareshi massif are recognized, using sedimentological criteria and clearly distinguished according to an established model for calcareous facies of this platform. Intense early dolomitization (sebkha type) is generally superimposed to the facies. The two sections represent a mostly homogeneous environment, evolving from the infra to supratidal environments. However, small variations of subenvironments are observed and linked to local and temporary variations of the platform. They are attributed to frequent eustatic fluctuations, and in two cases at least to instabilities of the platform which had cause emergencies and temporal discontinuities at the end of Cretaceous and early Eocene times (ca 20 and 5 m.y.).
Effects of carprofen on renal function during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in dogs
Authors: Frendin Jan H. M. , Boström Ingrid M. , Kampa Naruepon , Eksell Per , Häggström Jens U. , Nyman Görel C. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate effects of carprofen on indices of renal function and results of serum bio-chemical analyses and effects on cardiovascular variables during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in dogs.
Animals—8 healthy male Beagles.
Procedures—A randomized crossover study was conducted with treatments including saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (0.08 mL/kg) and carprofen (4 mg/kg) administered IV. Saline solution or carprofen was administered 30 minutes before induction of anesthesia and immediately before administration of medetomidine (20 μg/kg, IM). Anesthesia was induced with propofol and maintained with inspired isoflurane in oxygen. Blood gas concentrations and ventilation were measured. Cardiovascular variables were continuously monitored via pulse contour cardiac output (CO) measurement. Renal function was assessed via glomerular filtration rate (GFR), renal blood flow (RBF), scintigraphy, serum biochemical analyses, urinalysis, and continuous CO measurements. Hematologic analysis was performed.
Results—Values did not differ significantly between the carprofen and saline solution groups. For both treatments, sedation and anesthesia caused changes in results of serum biochemical and hematologic analyses; a transient, significant increase in urine alkaline phosphatase activity; and blood flow diversion to the kidneys. The GFR increased significantly in both groups despite decreased CO, mean arterial pressure, and absolute RBF variables during anesthesia.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Carprofen administered IV before anesthesia did not cause detectable, significant adverse effects on renal function during medetomidine-propofol-isoflurane anesthesia in healthy Beagles.
Role of cholecystokinin in the gastric motor response to a meal in horses
Authors: Lorenzo-Figueras Mireia , Merritt Alfred M. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To measure plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) activity and the effect of a CCK-1 receptor antagonist on accommodation of the proximal portion of the stomach, and subsequent gastric emptying, in horses after ingestion of high-fat or high-carbohydrate meals.
Animals—6 healthy adult horses with gastric cannulas.
Procedures—In the first study, horses were offered a high-fat (8% fat) or a high-carbohydrate (3% fat) pelleted meal of identical volume, caloric density, and protein content. Related plasma CCK-like activity was measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA). In a separate experiment, a horse was fed a grain meal with corn oil and phenylalanine, and plasma CCK activity was assessed by bioassay. A second study evaluated the effect of a CCK-1 receptor antagonist, devazepide (0.1 mg/kg, IV), on gastric accommodation and emptying following a meal of grain supplemented with either corn oil (12.3% fat) or an isocaloric amount of glucose (2.9% fat). Gastric tone was measured by a barostat and emptying by the 13C-octanoic acid breath test.
Results—No plasma CCK-like activity was detected by RIA or bioassay before or after ingestion of meals. Preprandial devazepide did not alter the gastric accommodation response but did significantly shorten the gastric half-emptying time and time to peak breath 13CO2 content with the glucose-enriched meal.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In horses, CCK participates in regulating the gastric motor response to a meal. Compared with other species, horses may be more responsive to carbohydrate than fat. A vagovagal reflex most likely mediates this regulation, with CCK as a paracrine intermediary at the intestinal level.
In vitro analysis of nonthermal plasma as a disinfecting agent
Authors: Watts Ashlee E. , Fubini Susan L. , Vernier-Singer Margaret , Golkowski Czeslaw , Shin Sang , Todhunter Rory J. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine the effect of nonthermal plasma on Staphylococcus aureus, fibroblasts in monolayer culture, and clean and contaminated skin explants.
Sample Population—Normal skin from euthanized horses.
Procedures—S aureus organisms were plated and treated with nonthermal plasma followed by bacterial culture to assess viability. Fibroblasts in monolayer culture and the epidermal and dermal surfaces of clean and S aureus–contaminated skin explants were treated. The effects of distance and duration on the response to treatment were compared.
Results—Compared with controls, treatment with nonthermal plasma resulted in significantly decreased bacterial growth and significantly inhibited survival of fibroblasts in monolayer culture. When epidermal and dermal surfaces of skin explants were treated, there was no effect on production of normal fibroblasts during explant culture, except when extended exposure times of ≥ 2 minutes were used. Treatment with nonthermal plasma resulted in significantly lower bacterial counts after 24 hours of culture of S aureus–contaminated epidermis but not of dermis.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Nonthermal plasma resulted in bacterial decontamination of agar and epithelium; negative effects on fibroblasts in monolayer; and no negative effects on skin explants, except at long exposure times. Use of nonthermal plasma appears safe for treatment of epithelialized surfaces, may be safe for granulating wounds, and results in decontamination of S aureus. Investigations on the effects that nonthermal plasma may have on patient tissues are indicated with a clinically applicable delivery device.
Effects of ultraviolet radiation on 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 synthesis in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans)
Authors: Acierno Mark J. , Mitchell Mark A. , Roundtree Marlana K. , Zachariah Trevor T. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To determine whether there are increased concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitaminn D3 in red-eared slider turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans) after exposure to UV radiation.
Animals—12 yearling turtles recently removed from aestivation.
Procedures—Turtles were randomly allocated to 2 groups (6 turtles/group). An initial blood sample was collected from all turtles for measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations. Turtles of 1 group were then provided no supplemental lighting, whereas turtles of the other group were exposed to full-spectrum coil bulbs at a distance of 22.86 cm. The UV-A and UV-B radiation generated by the supplemental lighting was measured by use of a radiometer-photometer at weekly intervals. Measurements were collected 2.54 and 22.86 cm from the bulb surface. The study was continued for a 4-week period. At the end of the study, a second blood sample was collected from all turtles for measurement of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3.
Results—Mean ± SD 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 concentrations differed significantly between turtles provided supplemental UV radiation (71.7 ± 46.9 nmol/L) and those not provided UV radiation (31.4 ± 13.2 nmol/L).
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Appropriate husbandry recommendations for raising and maintaining red-eared slider turtles should include use of sunlight that is unobstructed by UV-B filtering material or provision of an artificial source of UV-B radiation.
Comparison of intraoperative pain responses following intratesticular or mesorchial injection of lidocaine in standing horses undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy
Authors: Joyce JoLynn , Hendrickson Dean A. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Objective—To compare pain responses in stallions undergoing standing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy following intratesticular or mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine.
Design—Clinical trial.
Animals—20 stallions with 1 or 2 undescended testes.
Procedures—Standing horses were administered a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and a caudal epidural injection of detomidine hydrochloride and underwent laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy. The undescended testis (1/horse) was grasped to determine the preoperative pain response (present vs absent) and assess severity of pain (by use of a visual analog scale [VAS]). The undescended testis or its mesorchium was injected with 2% lidocaine (10 mL); saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL) was injected in the untreated structure. Presence and severity of pain was determined by 2 individuals as the testis was grasped following infiltration and at the times of ligature placement and transection of the spermatic cord. Serum cortisol concentration was analyzed preoperatively, after ligation, and after transection. Presence or absence of signs of pain, severity of pain, and serum cortisol concentrations were compared within and between treatment groups.
Results—Detection of signs of pain and VAS pain scores did not differ between observers at any time point. Perceived pain responses associated with ligature placement differed significantly from preoperative responses. Pain responses and serum cortisol concentrations after intratesticular and mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine did not differ.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that intratesticular or mesorchial infiltration of lidocaine combined with administration of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug and caudal epidural injection of detomidine provides adequate analgesia in standing stallions undergoing laparoscopic cryptorchidectomy.
Management of bilateral choanal atresia in a foal
Authors: James Frances M. , Parente Eric J. , Palmer Jonathan E. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Case Description—A 1-day-old Standardbred foal with a history of extreme respiratory distress after birth consistent with upper airway obstruction was evaluated. A temporary tracheostomy tube was placed by the referring veterinarian.
Clinical Findings—On initial examination, there was evidence of hypoxic-ischemic syndrome, secondary to perinatal asphyxia. Endoscopy revealed obstruction of both nares at the level of the choanae; a diagnosis of bilateral choanal atresia was made.
Treatment and Outcome—The foal was anesthetized and underwent transendoscopic laser fenestration of the buccopharyngeal membranes. Three weeks after surgery, cicatricial narrowing of the choanae was apparent and further transendoscopic ablation was performed. Recurrent stenosis necessitated revision surgeries involving a combination of laser ablation with topical administration of mitomycin and, subsequently, a combination of radial incisions into the stenotic tissue and repeated bougienage with a cuffed endotracheal tube. The degree of stenosis decreased, and at 1 year of age, the horse was an appropriate size for its age, had choanae that were almost maximally open (> 85%), and had entered training. Mild stenosis was still evident when the horse was reexamined the following year, although there was no evidence of exercise intolerance or respiratory compromise.
Clinical Relevance—Bilateral choanal atresia in a foal can be successfully treated via transendoscopic fenestration of the buccopharyngeal membranes, enabling the horse to subsequently participate in athletic activities. Secondary problems resulting from initial asphyxia and recurrent stenosis at the surgical site can be overcome but may require prolonged and extensive treatment.
Woven Surface and Form
Authors: Simmonds Tristan , Self Martin , Bosia Daniel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe Advanced Geometry Unit (AGU) at Arup, founded by Cecil Balmond and Charles Walker, has become synonymous with a highly mathematical, topological approach to architecture. It has, however, collaborated on some of the most exciting experimental fabric structures of recent years, including Anish Kapoor's Marsyas at Tate Modern and Rem Koolhaas's Cosmic Egg at the Serpentine Gallery. Here, the unit's Tristan Simmonds, Martin Self and Daniel Bosia describe how the AGU has progressed research into textile techniques that encompass tailored biomorphic forms alongside knot diagrams. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sauerbruch Hutton
Authors: Merkel Jayne 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe bold curves and bright colours in Sauerbruch Hutton's work belie the reasoned, empirical approach they bring to every project. That approach has helped them win numerous competitions, which led to major commissions almost as soon as they opened their office in 1989. Jayne Merkel explains how this apparently whimsical architecture grows out of a commitment to existing context, energy conservation and creating a strong sense of place. The sensual experience the buildings provide, inside and out, is always uppermost in the architects' minds. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Project Units 2b and 2c, Nuovo Portello, Milan
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe once industrial area immediately surrounding Milan is undergoing a transformation. Valentina Croci describes a sizable development at Nuovo Portello currently being undertaken by the Milanese architect Cino Zucchi, on a site close to the old trade fair. She explains how Zucchi is, in this particularly fragmented urban context, seeking a solution that is ‘do‐it‐yourself city planning on a miniature scale’, while also drawing on his considerable practical and academic knowledge of Milanese housing design. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.