bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Large Amounts of Acid Applied in a Real-Time Flow Mixture for Cleaning a Pipeline while Maintaining Environmental Control
Authors: Suzart J. W. P , Souza D. M. , Conceição A. C. Farias , Santos K. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a method for pipeline cleaning in which large amounts of an acid mixture can be monitored in real-time. The acid concentration can also be modified to prevent environmental damage.
This method was applied to the scale-removal process, but the primary objective was real-time control of acid concentrations for minimizing environmental impact. This treatment completely cleaned the pipe without damaging the surrounding environment.
ARPEL's Approach to the Clean Development Mechanism
Authors: Lee Arthur 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Regional Association of Oil and Natural Gas Companies in Latin America and the Caribbean (ARPEL) has a comprehensive membership of state-owned and private oil and gas companies, representing more than 90% of the upstream and downstream operations in the Region. ARPEL is aware of the many concerns and uncertainties of the Kyoto Protocol, which include: Scientific uncertainties about climate change;Costs of emissions reductions;Impact on the demand of fossil fuels; andThe role of carbon sinks.
At the same time, ARPEL considers the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) to be a key provision of the Kyoto Protocol that needs to be carefully designed to ensure that the common objectives of greenhouse gas emissions reductions, technology development and transfer, and other benefits to numerous partners, stakeholders, and businesses in the Region, are achieved. If developed and implemented properly, the CDM can help build partnerships not only among our own Member Companies but also between the oil and gas industry with other industries, governments, and nongovernment organizations in the Region to reduce greenhouse gas emissions at the lowest cost while promoting new investments, development and transfer of technology, best practices, and sustainable development. This paper outlines ARPEL's interpretation of key provisions of the CDM and makes several recommendations that would strengthen the viability of the CDM in achieving these common objectives.
Design of High Angle Wells in the Santa Barbara Field, Eastern Venezuela
Authors: Flores D. , Gonzalez D. , Rueda M. , Russo A. , Clarembaux J. , Sorrentino Y. , Castillo L. , Villa J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Santa Barbara Field was discovered in 1988 and is one of the largest hydrocarbon accumulations along the Northern Monagas trend, Eastern Venezuela. The producing formations range from Cretaceous to Miocene age, and the area is structurally complex. For about forty percent of the area, a very abrasive, hard to drill, allochthonous wedge of early to late Cretaceous age, which gradually thickens to the north, has to be penetrated to reach the producing formations, increasing exploitation costs. The field is currently producing light oil and condensates at depths between 13,500 and 18,000 feet. The average temperature of the reservoirs is around 290°F and reservoir pressures range between 8,000 and 11500 psi, depending on relative depletion. Asphaltenes precipitation and sand production are some of the operational problems encountered. Furthermore, parts of the field lays underneath a few towns and villages that constrain a regular drainage with vertical wells. A project to inject 1,200 million cubic feet of gas to maintain reservoir pressure is under way. To minimize production problems, to maximize productivity and injectivity, and to improve profitability of the field, a multidisciplinary task force was formed to plan and design highly deviated wells. In this work, reservoir geology and petrophysics, geomechanical characteristics, reservoir simulation, wellbore stability, construction angle rates, drilling hydraulics and drillstring performance design are discussed. To minimize costs, rig capacity was limited to available equipment. A 75° high-angle well is currently being drilled underneath the El Tejero town to reach previously underdeveloped zones, and the preliminary results of the pilot well will be presented. Total measured depth will be 20,240 feet with a vertical section of 5,500 feet. Simulation results for this design show substantial increase in oil production over a vertical well in the target location using a monobore completion. The designs of a high-angle, gas-injector well and a deep multilateral in the allochthonous region are also discussed. The overall recovery factor of the field may well be increased if oil otherwise left behind in low permeability zones is penetrated by highly deviated wells.
Geological and Geophysical Integrated Methodology for Reservoir Characterization
Authors: dos Anjos C. E. G. , Zucchi H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Well measurements and seismic attributes can be used to derive multi-dimensional calibration functions that are applied to seismic attributes to map reservoir properties. Estimation of various properties is guided by multiple seismic attributes simultaneously. The estimates fit the well measurements and are guided by seismic data away from the wells. Significance estimation and error mapping provide a quantitative measure of confidence.
Specific seismic attributes have been found to correlate well with individual reservoir properties, thus improving the ability to map them. For example, interval velocity and acoustic impedance often correlate well with porosity.
This mapping process was used to define effective porosity and water saturation along the reservoir.
Studies of Sedimentological Heterogeneities and Their Impact in Fluid Flow Simulation
Authors: Carrasco B. N. , Portella R. C. M. , Becker M. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The fluid flow simulation response obtained using exposures of three depositional systems has important impact on predictive oil recovery as result of simplification processes through faciescaling and upscaling methods.
Based on complex geological models described, successively models have been simplified, so as to create a series of models by showing the ideal level of description of sedimentological aspects for oil reservoir faciescaling.
In the upscaling method, all of three depositional systems have been yielded reservoir attributes that resemble definitely with predictive models.
The difference between them is that in deep-water system, faciescaling method is not applied to transversal shale layers. However, it yielded good results from fluvial and eolian systems, in which most of shale layers are absent or less frequent and rather subparallel to themselves.
Upscaling method in three cases investigated worked well. It does not matter if shaly beds are parallel or transversal to fluid flow, or if shaly beds are hardly dipping or not. In fact, detailed geological descriptions always are needed to support upscaled results.
Uncertainty in Production Profiles on the Basis of Geostatistic Characterization and Flow Simulation
Authors: Salomão M. C. , Grell A. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The purpose of this work is to proceed uncertainties analysis with respectto the physical properties of a petroleum reservoir, in the process ofgeological characterization and flow simulation model. The approach is appliedin a real case of Campos Basin, in Brazil, and may be helpful to the decisionanalysis concerning the profitability of the exploitation project. The sequenceis performed in four parts: the quantification of the sources of uncertaintiesconcerning the reservoir volume; the quantification of the factors affectingthe oil recovery factor; the quantification of the uncertainty range of therecoverable volume; and the estimation of the production profiles. The firstpart is executed through geostatistic simulation of the net-to-gross variable, associated with variation on the position of the oil-water contact. The secondpart consists on the use of numerical simulation runs to verify the sensibilityof the recovery factor to the variation in the vertical permeability, therelative permeability to water, and the productivity index of the wells, themost important variables in this specific case. The effect of each factor issupposed to be independent of the others, and only two cases, representing thepessimist and the optimist case, are simulated for each variable. As thisindependence is not perfect, two additional simulation runs may be required toadjust the width of the distribution. Having the probability distributions ofthe oil volume and of the recovery factor, Monte Carlo simulations are used toobtain the distribution of the recoverable volume. Each value of reserve isrelated to a production profile, to obtain the cash flow of the project, andevaluate the uncertainty concerning to the economic parameters.
Mathematical Modeling of a VGO Hydrotreating Reactor
Authors: Lopez R. , Dassori C. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper presents a mathematical model developed for the operating simulation of a trickle-bed reactor. Furthermore, the model has been fixed to emulate the operation of the three reactors used at the gas oil hydrotreatment reactors available at Amuay refinery (PDVSA).
The differential mass balances of the chemical species present in the process system are defined based on the mass conservation equation at the gas and the liquid phase. Moreover, mass transfer resistance on the inner catalyst particle is evaluated in terms of the catalyst effectiveness factor. Also, mass transfer coefficients, gas solubilities and transport properties of the chemical species available in the gas and liquid phase are evaluated with the help of mathematical correlations obtained from gas oil desulfurization experiments adjusted at the operating conditions available in the Amuay refinery gas oil hydrotreatment units.
In addition, the model includes mathematical expressions for the rate of reaction (HDS and HDN) described with the help of kinetic equations of the Langmuir-Hinshelwood type. Furthermore, the kinetic parameters involved in the chemical reactions considered in the reactor model were estimated using a multidimensional simplex algorithm under the commercial reactor process conditions.
Optimizing Swabbing of Marginal Wells Through Simulation Studies
Authors: Pérez Anthony Alfaro 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Oil production through swabbing is an alternative method that becomes attractive when the production from a well is under the economic limit of any conventional system of extraction.
This operation consists of running a plunger with rubber cups into the well, submerge it in the existing liquid and pulling it up, repeating the procedure until drying the well or until it is economically profitable for the service company. After some days to restore the of fluid level the procedure is repeated.
The main objective of this work is to define the optimun frequency of intervention to maximize cumulative production (it is different to the maximum volume), thus resulting in maximize value.
The study allows to obtain sensibility analysis to important parameters as: Optimun extraction of annual cumulative volumeOptimun frequency of interventionMinimum levels of fluid that should be found in the wellsCost of each "swabbing run"Optimun annual expensesMaximum annual income
Santa Ines: Another Stratigraphic Prospect in QLC Block
Authors: Coria C. A , Risi D. H. , Franco A. E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Santa Ines prospect is located 7 Km north of Quiamare field in Quiamare-La Ceiba block (QLC), in Eastern Venezuela basin. This west plunging anticline is directly to the south of the Urica fault and in the front of deformation of the Serrania del Interior.
After the success in prospecting combination traps in Quiamare and Cerro Pelado fields, Santa Ines prospect appears to be an analog of these fields in terms of trap type and reservoir quality.
Parasequence correlations and paleocoastline orientation between QLC fields show a high chance of finding pinchouts in Middle Miocene shoreface reservoirs that could provide an updip stratigraphic closure to the trap. This situation is enhanced by the presence of a maximum flooding surface in the middle part of the target section.
Due to the very scarce seismic coverage, outcrop data and image interpretation were used to better define the structural closure of the narrow anticline nose.
A naturally fractured system is probably the main contributor to the reservoir porosity, as in Quiamare field reservoirs.
Due to the shallow location of the anticline, seal integrity is the key risk for the prospect.
Non Conventional Sucker Rod Pumping for Slim Hole Wells
Authors: Alva Mario , Alfaro Anthony 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Slim hole wells are usually associated to lifting efficiency problems, specially when completed with very reduced diameter, which is usual in marginal fields to decrease costs and improve profitability.
The objective of this work is to give insight into results obtained using a non-conventional sucker rod pumping in pumping wells of 2.7/8" in diameter. The principal characteristic of the system is the replacement of sucker rods by 1" maccarroni tubing, which reciprocate the pump plunger and direct the flow to the surface. The most important task was to calculate the appropiate pumping action as to have minimal risk to the well.
The same is considered in the modification of the equipment of subsurface (sucker rod pump and maccarroni), polished rod and stuffing box.
Operating Safety on New Maritime Terminal of Crude Oil Shipping
Authors: Marzocca Josè Luis 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this document we detail the main technical features and operational safety characteristics of the new offshore facilities belonging to Terminales Marítimas Patagónicas Sociedad Anónima (TERMAP S.A.) which are used for the shipping off all the crude oil produced in the San Jorge Gulf Basin.
The need to adapt business to the growing demands of markets and industries has led the Company to fulfill an ambitious project on the overhaul and revamping of its facilities of Caleta Córdova, Province of Chubut, and Caleta Olivia, Province of Santa Cruz.
Thus, major improvements were performed in order to diminish the shipping time and double the mooring capacity, allowing for the safe and efficient operation of up 160.000 DWT tankers, essential elements to increase the competitiveness of the local crude in the international market.
Utilization of Near Infrared Technologies in Gasoline Blending Systems
Authors: Bloise Guillermo Gerardo , Menez Hector 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the present time an important number of spectroscopic methods are becoming available for on line applications, to complement or to substitute traditional laboratory analysis and conventional on line analyser. This methods include ultra - violet (UV), visible (VIS), near infrared absorption (NIR), mediun infrared absorption (MID), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), Raman scattering, and mass spectrometry.
Specially the technology of the analysis systems based on the near infrared (NIR) has experienced an important development during the last five years and the application number of this technology in "on line measurements systems" in the petroleum industry has grown notably.
The objective of the present work is to show the characteristics and particularities of this technology and the result of one specific application, the measurement of quality component parameters in a gasoline blending.
The Argentina LPG Law: A Necessity That Cannot Be Postponed
Authors: Pozzo Carlos 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This document is divided into three parts. The first one reflects the structure of the sector. The second one is devoted to analyze its legal base. Finally the third part deals about the requirements of a new law and the discussion of the most important law projects managed in this moment.

Present situation. Description of the LPG market
The structure by companies of the LPG 2.4 million Tns is shown.
There exist 15 producers in a competitive market. The demand is shared by the domestic market and 900 thousand Tns of exports. The household and industrial consumption grew since 1994, notwithstanding the competition of the natural gas. The petrochemical plants also increased their demand.

Bottling Sector
Although there are 47 companies competing in this market, it is a disloyal competition. It is necessary to eliminate practices like the filling of other brands or outdated bottles and cylinders. The analysis of the rotation index of bottles shows the reality of this market. The bottling sector is suffering many transformations and is the source of many conflicts.

Bulk
This is the new way to sell LPG. Since 1995 it showed explosive growing figures. It is leaded by YPF Gas's aggressive marketing.

LPG Networks
The inactivity of this market and the position of the ENARGAS are analyzed. The obstinacy of setting low prices to protect the consumers affected the development of this interesting service.

Legislation that rules the sector
The role of the different resolutions of the Secretary of Energy and Commerce and also the laws of Trademarks, Consumer Defense and Competition Defense are analyzed.
The Police Power Control issued by the Secretary of Energy by Resolution N 227/98 attempted, with little success, to stop the infractions.
The collection of the VAT in origin by the LPG producers set by the Tax Agency Resolution N°820/00 limited the evasion

The New Law
The law N° 24.076 issued in 1992, that rules the transport and distribution of natural gas, in its 67th article establishes that the regulatory framework of the LPG will be set by a special law. This law has not been issued yet. Our ideas: It is necessary for a law to protect the customers from dangerous practices.More than 6 million bottles have to be refurbished within the next 3 years.Companies’ investments should be respected.This will imply the protection of trademarks and property of the bottles.Free market and efficient control systems are basic requirements.The link between the legal framework and the control agencies is an important issue to solve.
The projects of the Secretary of Energy, CEGLA and others are discussed.
Diesel Oil Market in Argentina: Distortion and Origin
Authors: Barreiro Lic. Eduardo Mario , Rey Ing. Fernando 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the Argentina fuel market, Diesel oil amounts more than 60% of the fuels volume. This percentage has been increasing over the years, arriving now to that figure, impossible to be covered by the local refineries, and obliging them to import more and more Diesel.
The required Diesel quality is uncommon in the South American markets. Though not as tough as the European and North American regulations, the norms and specs of our diesel are difficult to find in the region due to its relatively low sulfur content and high cetane number.
So the provision for that increasing market is not regional, and the import prices are getting higher: especially when Europe and United States are searching for the same product.
We present the reasons for which the customer has change its preference to Diesel engines, and the increasing percentage of the Diesel vehicles sold. We analyze the conversion to diesel in the Argentine refineries and it has changed with time.
We study how the refineries total conversion have changed, and how they have reached a physical limit that cannot be surpassed. Besides, they cannot refine more oil because the co produced virgin gasoline must be sold at very low prices.
We study the relative evolution of the taxes, responsible for the problem; we compare with taxes in other countries that have a similar problem and how they are trying to solve this situation.
Finally we present several proposals that might correct, when applied, the Diesel distorted market.
Automotive LPG Development
Authors: Wolff G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Automotive LPG is the most highly developed and widely used alternative fuel in the world. LPG having been included in the European Auto Oil 2 Program as part of the setting out of the fuel market of the future, and the fact that it aids in meeting the European Union air quality-related objectives at the lowest possible cost, means LPG's having clearly been recognized as a clean fuel, signifying a boost to its future development.
This study describes, first of all, the technical aspects of the use of LPG in both light and heavy duty vehicles. Of outstanding importance are the first-generation carburation systems, which were subsequently further improved by means of electronic control systems, in addition to what are known as third-generation gas-injection systems. In following, the advantages entailed in using LPG are discussed, focusing on its storage, the increase of the engine life and the lowering of regulated and non-regulated exhaust emissions. A description is also provided of the LPG's performances, that is, power and fuel consumption. Much of what is said is based on the findings of different in-house tests conducted by Repsol-YPF. Lastly, the main needs are set out as regards of an LPG's future development.
Project Management as an Investment Budget Controller
Authors: Fernández H. , Ardiani G. , Benitez L. , Munizaga F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Project Management (PM) is a tool used in many industries to track large development projects from basic engineering to finalization. The main goals of PM are meeting cost, quality and time objectives. This paper shows basic application characteristics of PM, the tools required in implementation, main problems and results.
Our challenge was to adapt this tool for tracking capital expenditures of projects exceeding their fiscal year budget, at different development stages and classified according to their nature (pipelines, treatment plants, electricity facilities, etc.) or to a common target (a particular field development) and with maintenance programs strongly linked to production.
The PM system was implemented at the Puesto Hernández field, Neuquen Basin, Argentina. Capital expenditures of this field amounted to $100 million. As a result of this implementation and better contract planning, budget deviations were reduced by 90%, and timing, cost and quality objectives were met despite changes to the Investments Plan due to internal and external factors.
In setting up the methodology, it was necessary to adapt Project Management to the accounting management system; develop procedures for programming tasks, tracking project progress and recording changes; coordinate different internal areas; optimize resource allocation; and correct deviations.
Log Normalization, a Very Important Task in the Petrophysical Evaluation for La Peña and Tundy Fields
Authors: Aguirre Omar , Antelo Roberto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The well logs available in the La Peña and Tundy fields have been logged for different service companies from the 60's (the oldest wells) up to the present time. The logging tool generations go from the oldest (Neutron in cps, Density gamma gamma, Microlog, Resistivity) to the modern technology (PI, CDL, CN, NMR, ect). This wide variety of logging tools technology made the normalization a critical step before getting into any Petrophysical Evaluation. Some logs corrections such as depth shift, wrong values corrections and eliminations, SP base line and others, were also applied before normalization. The main task of normalization was to obtain an homogeneous log data set because an important number of log traces showed signs of differing calibration and scaling. This became most apparent when the logs were displayed in cross sections and also when cross plots were compared with each other for different wells. This publication shows the importance, benefits and follows the log normalization procedure applied to 79 wells from La Peña field and the 9 wells from Tundy field. Once log normalization was performed, the wireline log data base obtained was consistent and homogeneous which let us count with reliable results in the petrophysical evaluation.