bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health resource utilization associated with switching to risperidone long‐acting injection
Authors: Young C. L. , Taylor D. M. 
Published: February 2006

Objective  Studies have shown oral risperidone and conventional depot antipsychotics decrease direct healthcare costs largely by reducing hospitalization. Our aim was to assess the effect on bed stay of risperidone injection prescribed in normal clinical practice.Method  Patients prescribed risperidone long‐acting injection (RLAI) were identified and followed‐up for 1 year. Resource use data were collected for 3 years before and for 1 year after the initiation of RLAI. The main outcome measure was bed stay before and after the prescription of RLAI.Results  Outcome data were available for 250 subjects. Eighty‐one subjects (32.4%) completed 1 year's treatment. Days spent in hospital increased from (mean number/patient) 31 in year −3 to 44 in year −2 to 90 in year −1 to 141 in year +1. Direct healthcare costs increased accordingly. Outcome for RLAI continuers was similar to that of discontinuers.Conclusion  Switching to RLAI was associated with a continuation of the trend for increased bed stay and use of healthcare resources.
The cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with schizophrenia
Authors: Filik R. , Sipos A. , Kehoe P. G. , Burns T. , Cooper S. J. , Stevens H. , Laugharne R. , Young G. , Perrington S. , McKendrick J. , Stephenson D. , Harrison G. 
Published: February 2006

Objective:  To examine the cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with severe mental illness (SMI) and compare findings with the Health Surveys for England.Method:  A prospective, multi‐centre observational prevalence study of 602 patients with schizophrenia‐related psychoses carried out in six locations across the UK over 24 months.Results:  Compared with general population subjects, people with SMI reported higher rates of angina and respiratory symptoms and had poor lung function. Much of this increased risk could be explained by lifestyle risk factors; there were increased levels of obesity among younger people with SMI.Conclusion:  Key indicators of the cardiovascular and respiratory health of people with SMI are poor compared with those of the general population. Care plans should prioritize interventions to attenuate lifestyle risk factors. Evidence of increasing obesity in younger patients is of particular concern, predicting even greater health needs in the future.
What do dendrites and their synapses tell the neuron?
Authors: Segev Idan 
Published: February 2006

This essay looks at the historical significance of four APS classic papers that are freely available online:Rall W.Distinguishing theoretical synaptic potentials computed for different soma-dendritic distributions of synaptic input. J Neurophysiol 30: 1138–1168, 1967 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/30/5/1138 ).Rall W, Burke RE, Smith TG, Nelson PG, and Frank K.Dendritic location of synapses and possible mechanisms for the monosynaptic EPSP in motoneurons. J Neurophysiol 30: 1169–1193, 1967 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/30/5/1169 ).Rall W and Shepherd GM.Theoretical reconstruction of field potentials and dendrodendritic synaptic interactions in olfactory bulb. J Neurophysiol 31: 884–915, 1968 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/31/6/884 ).Segev I and Rall W.Computational study of an excitable dendritic spine. J Neurophysiol 60: 499–523, 1988 ( http://jn.physiology.org/cgi/reprint/60/2/499 ).
Renal Function and Outcome From Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting
Authors: Hillis Graham S. , Croal Bernie L. , Buchan Keith G. , El-Shafei Hussein , Gibson George , Jeffrey Robert R. , Millar Colin G.M. , Prescott Gordon J. , Cuthbertson Brian H. 
Published: February 2006

Background—Severe renal dysfunction is associated with a worse outcome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). Less is known about the effects of milder degrees of renal impairment, and previous studies have relied on levels of serum creatinine, an insensitive indicator of renal function. Recent studies have suggested that estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) is a more discriminatory measure. However, data on the utility of eGFR in predicting outcome from CABG are limited.Methods and Results—We studied 2067 consecutive patients undergoing CABG. Demographic and clinical data were collected preoperatively, and patients were followed up a median of 2.3 years after surgery. Estimated GFR was calculated from the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease equation. The primary outcome was all-cause mortality. Mean±SD eGFR was 57.9±17.6 mL/min per 1.73 m2in the 158 patients who died during follow-up compared with 64.7±13.8 mL/min per 1.73 m2in survivors (hazard ratio [HR], 0.71 per 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, 0.64 to 0.80;P<0.001). Estimated GFR was an independent predictor of mortality in both models with other individual univariable predictors (HR, 0.80 per 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, 0.72 to 0.89;P<0.001) and the European system for cardiac operative risk evaluation (HR, 0.88 per 10 mL/min per 1.73 m2; 95% CI, 0.78 to 0.98;P=0.02).Conclusions—Estimated GFR is a powerful and independent predictor of mortality after CABG.
Exploring the Sensitivity of the Australian Climate to Regional Land-Cover-Change Scenarios under Increasing CO2 Concentrations and Warmer Temperatures
Authors: Narisma G. T. , Pitman A. J. 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
The potential role of the impacts of land-cover changes (LCCs) in the Australian climate is investigated within the context of increasing CO2 concentrations and temperature. Specifically, it is explored if possible scenarios for LCC can moderate or amplify CO2-induced changes in climate over Australia. The January climate of Australia is simulated under three different land-cover-change scenarios using a high-resolution regional climate model. The land-cover-change scenarios include a steady-state land cover that is equivalent to current land cover, a low-reforestation scenario that recovers approximately 25% of the trees replaced by grasslands within the last 200 yr, and a high-reforestation scenario that recovers at least 75% of the deforested regions. The model was driven by boundary conditions taken from transitory climate simulations from a general circulation model that included two climate scenarios based on two projected scenarios of CO2 concentration increase. The results show that reforestation has the potential to reduce the projected increase in Australian temperatures in 2050 and 2100 by as much as 40% and 20%, respectively. This cooling effect, however, is highly localized and occurs only in regions of reforestation. The results therefore hint that the potential of reforestation to moderate the impact of global warming may be significantly limited by the spatial scale of reforestation. In terms of deforestation, results show that any future land clearing can exacerbate the projected warming in certain regions of Australia. Carbon-related variables are also analyzed and results show that changes in net CO2 flux may be influenced more by soil respiration than by photosynthesis. The results herein encourage studies on the inclusion of land-cover-change scenarios in future climate change projection simulations of the Australian climate.
Prospective analysis of TEL/AML1-positive patients treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Consortium Protocol 95-01
Authors: Loh Mignon L. , Goldwasser Meredith A. , Silverman Lewis B. , Poon Wing-Man , Vattikuti Shashaank , Cardoso Angelo , Neuberg Donna S. , Shannon Kevin M. , Sallan Stephen E. , Gilliland D. Gary 
Published: February 2006

Abstract
In a retrospective analysis, we previously reported that children whose leukemia cells harbored the TEL/AML1 gene rearrangement have excellent outcomes. From 1996 to 2000, we conducted a prospective study to determine the incidence and outcomes of children with TEL/AML1-positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Children with newly diagnosed ALL were treated on DFCI ALL Consortium Protocol 95-01. Patients were risk stratified primarily by current National Cancer Institute (NCI)–Rome risk criteria. With a median follow-up of 5.2 years, the 5-year event-free survival for TEL/AML1-positive patients was 89% compared with 80% for TEL/AML1-negative B-precursor patients (P = .05). The 5-year overall survival rate was 97% among TEL/AML-positive patients compared with 89% among TEL/AML1-negative patients (P = .03). However, in a multivariable analysis, risk group (age and leukocyte count at diagnosis) and asparaginase treatment group, but not TEL/AML1 status, were found to be independent predictors of outcome. We conclude that TEL/AML1-positive patients have excellent outcomes, confirming our previous findings. However, factors such as age at diagnosis and presenting leukocyte count should be taken into consideration when treating this group of patients.
Disturbed Sleep and Its Relationship to Alcohol Use
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Friedmann Peter D. 
Published: February 2006

Study Objectives To review evidence of an association between disturbed sleep and alcohol use. Design We searched MEDLINE, PSYCHINFO, ETOH, BIBLIOSLEEP and the Rutgers Alcohol Studies databases between January 1966 and August 2002. Search terms included alcohol-related disorders or alcoholism in combination with sleep, sleep initiation and maintenance disorders, or sleep apnea syndromes. The search produced over 440 citations. We reviewed 107 relevant articles, of which 60 included quantitative measures of both alcohol use and sleep. Measurements and Results Behavioral studies suggest that up to 2 to 3 standard drinks before bedtime initially promotes sleep, but these effects diminish in as few as 3 days of continued use. Clinical investigations support a relationship between sleep disturbance and alcohol use, but variability in the definition and measurement of these domains and a preponderance of cross-sectional studies make uncertain the strength and direction of the association. Conclusions The association of insomnia with alcohol use disorders suggests that the clinical evaluation of patients with sleep problems should include a careful assessment of alcohol use. Future studies of this relationship should employ prospective designs with standardized, validated measures of both sleep and alcohol use. Rigorous treatment studies for chronic insomnia in alcohol dependent patients are also needed.
Provider Satisfaction with Office-Based Treatment of Opioid Dependence
Authors: Becker William C. , Fiellin David A. 
Published: February 2006

Purpose New federal regulations allow for office-based treatment of opioid dependent patients with opioid agonist medication (e.g., buprenorphine). We sought to evaluate the literature on office-based physicians’ acceptance of this practice. Methods We searched the MEDLINE database for original research examining office-based providers’ acceptance or satisfaction with office-based treatment. Articles included in the analysis met the following criteria: (1) discussed the treatment of patients with substance abuse disorders, (2) focused on the treatment of opioid dependent patients, (3) discussed treatment with opioid agonist therapy, (4) discussed treatment by office-based physicians, (5) presented original research, and (6) provided data examining physician acceptance or satisfaction. Results Eight studies met the criteria. Their heterogeneity precluded aggregate analysis. Four of 8 studies revealed that providers had a positive perception concerning the efficacy of opioid agonist treatment, 4/8 indicated that providers believed that opioid dependent patients were more complex than others in their practices, and 3/8 studies indicated the need for additional support services. Conclusions There are few studies of provider satisfaction with office-based treatment of opioid dependence. This literature reveals overall provider acceptance of this practice but highlights the need for support services. Further research, designed to identify the barriers to provider satisfaction with office-based opioid agonist therapy, is needed to ensure that these barriers do not limit expansion of this practice.
Effect of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-ß1) released from a scaffold on chondrogenesis in an osteochondral defect model in the rabbit
Authors: Cucchiarini Magali , Sohier Jerome , Mitosch Karin , Kaul Gunter , Zurakowski David , Bezemer Jeroen , Kohn Dieter , Madry Henning 
Published: February 2006

AbstractArticular cartilage repair might be stimulated by the controlled delivery of therapeutic factors. We tested the hypotheses whether TGF-ß1 can be released from a polymeric scaffold over a prolonged period of time in vitro and whether its transplantation modulates cartilage repair in vivo. Unloaded control or TGF-ß1 poly(ether-ester) copolymeric scaffolds were applied to osteochondral defects in the knee joints of rabbits. In vitro, a cumulative dose of 9 ng TGF-ß1 was released over 4 weeks. In vivo, there were no adverse effects on the synovial membrane. Defects treated with TGF-ß1 scaffolds showed no significant difference in individual parameters of chondrogenesis and in the average cartilage repair score after 3 weeks. There was a trend towards a smaller area (42.5 %) of the repair tissue that stained positive for safranin O in defects receiving TGF-ß1 scaffolds. The data indicate that TGF-ß1 is released from emulsion-coated scaffolds over a prolonged period of time in vitro and that application of these scaffolds does not significantly modulate cartilage repair after 3 weeks in vivo. Future studies need to address the importance of TGF-ß1 dose and release rate to modulate chondrogenesis.
Mechanical Reinforcement of Polymers Using Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Coleman J. N. , Khan U. , Gun'ko Y. K. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractOwing to their unique mechanical properties, carbon nanotubes are considered to be ideal candidates for polymer reinforcement. However, a large amount of work must be done in order to realize their full potential. Effective processing of nanotubes and polymers to fabricate new ultra‐strong composite materials is still a great challenge. This Review explores the progress that has already been made in the area of mechanical reinforcement of polymers using carbon nanotubes. First, the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes and the system requirements to maximize reinforcement are discussed. Then, main methods described in the literature to produce and process polymer–nanotube composites are considered and analyzed. After that, mechanical properties of various nanotube–polymer composites prepared by different techniques are critically analyzed and compared. Finally, remaining problems, the achievements so far, and the research that needs to be done in the future are discussed.
Infectious mononucleosis and risk for multiple sclerosis: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Thacker Evan L. , Mirzaei Fariba , Ascherio Alberto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo characterize the association between infectious mononucleosis (IM), a frequent clinical manifestation of primary Epstein–Barr virus infection after childhood, and the risk for multiple sclerosis (MS).MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of case–control and cohort studies of IM and MS.ResultsThe combined relative risk of MS after IM from 14 studies was 2.3 (95% confidence interval, 1.7–3.0; p < 10−8). Potential sources of heterogeneity (ie, study design, MS definition, and latitude) barely influenced our results.InterpretationWe conclude that Epstein–Barr virus infection manifesting as IM in adolescents and young adults is a risk factor for MS. Ann Neurol 2006; 59:499–503
Best practices and future visions for search user interfaces
Authors: Resnick Marc L. , Vaughan Misha W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe authors describe a set of best practices that were developed to assist in the design of search user interfaces. Search user interfaces represent a challenging design domain because novices who have no desire to learn the mechanics of search engine architecture or algorithms often use them. These can lead to frustration and task failure when it is not addressed by the user interface. The best practices are organized into five domains: the corpus, search algorithms, user and task context, the search interface, and mobility. In each section the authors present an introduction to the design challenges related to the domain and a set of best practices for creating a user interface that facilitates effective use by a broad population of users and tasks.
Designing a search user interface for a digital library
Authors: Davis Lynne 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe author describes some of the challenges, decisions, and processes that affected the design and development of the search user interface for Version 2 of the Digital Library for Earth System Education (DLESE; www.dlese.org), released July 29, 2003. The DLESE is a community‐led effort funded by the National Science Foundation and is part of the National Science Digital Library (NSDL).
Search histories for user support in user interfaces
Authors: Komlodi Anita , Soergel Dagobert , Marchionini Gary 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe authors describe user interface tools based on search histories to support legal information seekers. The design of the tools was informed by the results of a user study (Komlodi, 2002a) that examined the use of human memory, external memory aids, and search histories in legal information seeking and derived interface design recommendations for information storage and retrieval systems. The data collected were analyzed to identify potential task areas where search histories can support information seeking and use. The results show that many information‐seeking tasks can take advantage of automatically and manually recorded history information. These findings encouraged the design of user interface tools building on search history information: direct search history displays, history‐enabled scratchpad facilities, and organized results collection tools.
“I'm feeling lucky”: The role of emotions in seeking information on the Web
Authors: Kalbach James 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent research highlights the potential relevance of emotions in interface design. People can no longer be modeled as purely goal‐driven, task‐solving agents: They also have affective motivations for their choices and behavior implying an extended mandate for search design. Absent from current Web design practice, however, is a pattern for emotive criticism and design reflecting these new directions. Further, discussion of emotions and Web design is not limited to visual design or aesthetic appeal: Emotions users have as they interact with information also have design implications. The author outlines a framework for understanding users' emotional states as they seek information on the Web. It is inspired largely by Carol Kuhlthau's (1991, 1993, 1999) work in library services, particularly her information searching process (ISP), which is adapted to Web design practice. A staged approach resembling traditional models of information seeking behavior is presented here as the basis for creating appropriate search and navigation systems. This user‐centered framework is flexible and solution‐oriented, enjoys longevity, and considers affective factors. Its aim is a more comprehensive, conceptual analysis of the user's entire information search experience.
Improving Internet interaction: From theory to practice
Authors: Beale Russell 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Internet is a medium for education, entertainment, communication, and personal expression. User behavior has developed three main modalities for using this medium effectively—searching, browsing, and monitoring—which are supported to different degrees by conventional tools. Understanding the nature of the interaction allows us to design and implement a system called Mitsukeru to support browsing behaviors, while retaining the free‐form movements between other interaction styles. The system uses agent‐based modeling and look‐ahead to provide informative yet nonintrusive guidance to the user, and is described in detail.
Cross‐Evaluation: A new model for information system evaluation
Authors: Sun Ying , Kantor Paul B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this article, we introduce a new information system evaluation method and report on its application to a collaborative information seeking system, AntWorld. The key innovation of the new method is to use precisely the same group of users who work with the system as judges, a system we call Cross‐Evaluation. In the new method, we also propose to assess the system at the level of task completion. The obvious potential limitation of this method is that individuals may be inclined to think more highly of the materials that they themselves have found and are almost certain to think more highly of their own work product than they do of the products built by others. The keys to neutralizing this problem are careful design and a corresponding analytical model based on analysis of variance. We model the several measures of task completion with a linear model of five effects, describing the users who interact with the system, the system used to finish the task, the task itself, the behavior of individuals as judges, and the self‐judgment bias. Our analytical method successfully isolates the effect of each variable. This approach provides a successful model to make concrete the “three‐realities” paradigm, which calls for “real tasks,” “real users,” and “real systems.”
Conceptual analysis of parallel corpus collected from the Web
Authors: Li Kar Wing , Yang Christopher C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAs illustrated by the World Wide Web, the volume of information in languages other than English has grown significantly in recent years. This highlights the importance of multilingual corpora. Much effort has been devoted to the compilation of multilingual corpora for the purpose of cross‐lingual information retrieval and machine translation. Existing parallel corpora mostly involve European languages, such as English–French and English–Spanish. There is still a lack of parallel corpora between European languages and Asian languages. In the authors' previous work, an alignment method to identify one‐to‐one Chinese and English title pairs was developed to construct an English–Chinese parallel corpus that works automatically from the World Wide Web, and a 100% precision and 87% recall were obtained. Careful analysis of these results has helped the authors to understand how the alignment method can be improved. A conceptual analysis was conducted, which includes the analysis of conceptual equivalent and conceptual information alternation in the aligned and nonaligned English–Chinese title pairs that are obtained by the alignment method. The result of the analysis not only reflects the characteristics of parallel corpora, but also gives insight into the strengths and weaknesses of the alignment method. In particular, conceptual alternation, such as omission and addition, is found to have a significant impact on the performance of the alignment method.