bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zum Verständnis der politischen Aktion Lassalles
Authors: Mayer Gustav 
Published: December 2008

The present study is based on the vast number of letters written by and addressed to Lassalle, which have only been discovered during the last twenty years, and which have hitherto hardly been regarded seriously by historians. This study does not deal with the theories of the famous propagandist, but only with his political activity. It investigates his real motives for drafting the programme of the Allgemeine Deutsche Arbeiterverein; for what he was agitating; and why he failed to attain his object. A short analysis of the internal situation of Prussia adds to a better understanding of the real possibilities, of Lassalle's schemes.Special attention has been paid to the arguments which Lassalle used to convince Bismarck of the necessity of granting a general suffrage—the principal item of his programme—, and the analysis of his attitude towards the monarchial system of Poland and the caesarism of Napoleon III. His friend Rodbertus wanted to persuade him that caesarism was the "signatura temporis" for future Europe, and that consequently the dictatorial system had far better chances to succeed in solving the problem of the proletariat than democracy. But Lassalle was too much of a politician to let himself be persuaded that in the long run it would be possible to divorce the social elements from politics.Finally the author compares the way in which Lassalle tried to influence the political outlook of his age with that of his rivals Marx and Engels.
Hoofdtrekken der Nederlandsche arbeidersbeweging in de jaren 1876 tot 1886
Authors: Rüter A. J. C. 
Published: December 2008

The present first volume of a study of the Dutch working-class movement between 1876 and 1886, covers the period from 1876 to 1883, in which each of the three currents of this movement found its definite course.First of all the origin of the three large working men's organizations, their ideology and activity are sketched. In 1871 the A. N. W. V. (Algemeen Ncderlandsch Werklieden-Verbond — General Dutch Workers' Union) was founded in opposition to the First International, which had a small branch in Holland. This union was general in name, but liberal in character; it acknowledged private ownership and aimed at reconciliating the classes of society. In 1877 the Calvinist workmen, repelled by the Liberalism of the A. N. W. V., founded a society of their own, named Patrimonium. They also desired peace, but in a christianized, patriarchal society, in which the social distinctions ordained by God were mitigated by Christian love and fellow-feeling. In 1881 the S. D. B. (Sociaal Democratische Bond — Social Democratic Union) finally united all the scattered adherents of Socialism. This society soon came under the leadership of the ex-minister of religion Domela Nieuwenhuis. Though in its economic principles the influence of Marx was apparent, it was certainly not Marxist in character; in these years the socialists really lived in an eschatological expectation of salvation.
Der Bauernkrieg in Ostpreussen 1525
Authors: Carsten F. L. 
Published: December 2008

The above article, a chapter from a larger work on the socio-historical foundation of Prussia, deals with the only peasants' revolt of importance that ever took place in Germany east of the Elbe. In September 1525, when in western Germany the after-effects of the great revolt were ebbing down, the peasants in the recently secularized dukedom of Prussia revolted against the rising nobility. The course of the peasants' action and the insufficient assistance they received from the town of Konigsberg and its citizens are sketched separately from material gathered from a contemporary chronicle. Already five days after the outbreak of the revolt and before serious acts of violence had occurred, the aristocratic town-council of Königsberg effected peace between the peasants and the nobility. After the return of the duke from Germany, severe punishments were inflicted, followed in the next year by the statutory regulation of all the new peasants' obligations.Special attention deserve: the close connection between the peasant movement and contemporary unrests in Konigsberg; the influence that radiated from there; the lack of support from the towns as the cause of the speedy break-down of the revolt; its pronouncedly political character, hardly influenced by religious ideas and aiming at rooting out the aristocratic “weeds”. The leading elements of the revolt were the well-to-do, self-confident, free peasants—of German as well as of Polish descent—and not the mostly impoverished serfs, which proves that no peasants' revolts occurred east of the Elbe not because of the favourable condition of the peasants there, and that also in this one particular case socially higher situated elements were sooner inclined to revolt against suppression.
Gall-Dokumente
Authors: Stein Hans 
Published: December 2008

About Ludwig Gall (1791–1863), the first propagandist in Germany between 1825 and 1835 of the ideas of Owen, Saint-Simon and Fourier, no documents from public archives have until now been published. Nor were there any documents known before written by himself. This greatly adds to the value of the present publication.The preface and the documents published throw some light on Gall's work as substitute secretary of the Gewerbeverein at Coblenz, on his travels in the countries of the Danube monarchy, and his relations with the Hungarian government. In the above article the author tells us something about this little-known period of Gall's life, sketching for example the part Gall played in the flight of Franz Pulszky's wife and his meeting with the authoress Malwida von Meysenbug.
FastMap: Fast eQTL mapping in homozygous populations
Authors: Gatti Daniel M. , Shabalin Andrey A. , Lam Tieu-Chong , Wright Fred A. , Rusyn Ivan , Nobel Andrew B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Gene expression Quantitative Trait Locus (eQTL) mapping measures the association between transcript expression and genotype in order to find genomic locations likely to regulate transcript expression. The availability of both gene expression and high-density genotype data has improved our ability to perform eQTL mapping in inbred mouse and other homozygous populations. However, existing eQTL mapping software does not scale well when the number of transcripts and markers are on the order of 105 and 105–106, respectively.
Results: We propose a new method, FastMap, for fast and efficient eQTL mapping in homozygous inbred populations with binary allele calls. FastMap exploits the discrete nature and structure of the measured single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). In particular, SNPs are organized into a Hamming distance-based tree that minimizes the number of arithmetic operations required to calculate the association of a SNP by making use of the association of its parent SNP in the tree. FastMap's tree can be used to perform both single marker mapping and haplotype association mapping over an m-SNP window. These performance enhancements also permit permutation-based significance testing.
Availability: The FastMap program and source code are available at the website: http://cebc.unc.edu/fastmap86.html
Contact: iir@unc.edu; nobel@email.unc.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Web‐based self‐help for problem drinkers: a pragmatic randomized trial
Authors: Riper Heleen , Kramer Jeannet , Smit Filip , Conijn Barbara , Schippers Gerard , Cuijpers Pim 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  Self‐help interventions for adult problem drinkers in the general population have proved effective. The question is whether this also holds for self‐help interventions delivered over the internet.Design  We conducted a pragmatic randomized trial with two parallel groups, using block randomization stratified for gender and with follow‐up at 6 months.Setting  The intervention and trial were conducted online in the Netherlands in 2003–2004.Participants  We selected 261 adult problem drinkers from the general population with a weekly alcohol consumption above 210 g of ethanol for men or 140 g for women, or consuming at least 60 g (men) or 40 g (women) at least 1 day a week over the past 3 months. Participants were randomized to either the experimental drinking less (DL) condition or to the control condition (PBA).Intervention  DL is a web‐based, multi‐component, interactive self‐help intervention for problem drinkers without therapist guidance. The recommended treatment period is 6 weeks. The intervention is based on cognitive–behavioural and self‐control principles. The control group received access to an online psychoeducational brochure on alcohol use (PBA).Outcome measures  We assessed the following outcome measures at 6‐month follow‐up: (i) the percentage of participants who had reduced their drinking levels to within the normative limits of the Dutch guideline for low‐risk drinking; and (ii) the reduction in mean weekly alcohol consumption.Findings  At follow‐up, 17.2% of the intervention group participants had reduced their drinking successfully to within the guideline norms; in the control group this was 5.4% [odds ratio (OR) = 3.66; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–10.8; P = 0.006; number needed to treat (NNT) = 8.5]. The intervention subjects decreased their mean weekly alcohol consumption significantly more than control subjects, with a difference of 12.0 standardized units (95% CI 5.9–18.1; P < 0.001; standardized mean difference 0.40).Conclusions  To our knowledge this is one of the first randomized controlled trials on a web‐based self‐help intervention without therapist guidance for self‐referred problem drinkers among the adult general population. The intervention showed itself to be effective in reducing problem drinking in the community.
Psychiatric comorbidity in young cocaine users: induced versus independent disorders
Authors: Herrero M. Jesús , Domingo‐Salvany Antonia , Torrens Marta , Brugal M. Teresa ,   the ITINERE Investigators
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  To examine the psychiatric status of young cocaine users using a validated instrument for the evaluation of psychiatric comorbidity, emphasizing the distinction between independent and induced psychiatric conditions.Design  Cross‐sectional study.Setting  Barcelona, Spain.Participants  A cohort of 139 young (18–30 years) adult current regular cocaine users.Measurements  The Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Disorders (PRISM‐IV, which produces diagnoses according to DSM‐IV criteria, including Axis II antisocial and borderline personality disorders).Findings  Nearly 42.5% of the subjects presented psychiatric comorbidity. The most common Axis I diagnoses were mood disorders (26.6%) and anxiety disorders (13%). Increasing age, having ever received treatment for drug use and freebase cocaine use were associated with substance‐induced disorders diagnoses relative to primary Axis I disorders.Conclusions  This study has shown a relatively high prevalence of psychiatric comorbidity in cocaine users recruited in non‐clinical settings. Future studies examining potential differential factors associated with primary versus substance‐induced disorders are necessary to optimize the implementation of more suitable approaching programmes for young regular cocaine users.
Randomized controlled trial of the effects of completing the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test questionnaire on self‐reported hazardous drinking
Authors: McCambridge Jim , Day Maria 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAims  The direct effects of screening on drinking behaviour have not previously been evaluated experimentally. We tested whether screening reduces self‐reported hazardous drinking in comparison with a non‐screened control group.Design  Two‐arm randomized controlled trial (RCT), with both groups blinded to the true nature of the study.Setting and participants  A total of 421 university students aged 18–24 years, recruited in five London student unions.Interventions  Both groups completed a brief pen‐and‐paper general health and socio‐demographic questionnaire, which for the experimental group also included the 10‐item Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) screening questionnaire.Measurements  The primary outcome was the between‐group difference in AUDIT score at 2–3‐month follow‐up. Eight secondary outcomes comprised other aspects of hazardous drinking, including dedicated measures of alcohol consumption, problems and dependence.Findings  A statistically significant effect size of 0.23 (0.01–0.45) was detected on the designated primary outcome. The marginal nature of the statistical significance of this effect was apparent in additional analyses with covariates. Statistically significant differences were also obtained in three of eight secondary outcomes, and the observed effect sizes were not dissimilar to the known effects of brief interventions.Conclusions  It is unclear to what extent these findings represent the effects of screening alone, a Hawthorne effect in which drinking behaviour has changed in response to monitoring, or whether they indicate reporting bias. These possibilities have important implications both for the dissemination of screening as an intervention in its own right and for behavioural intervention trials methodology.
Neither interleukin‐4 receptor α expression on CD4+ T cells, or macrophages and neutrophils is required for protective immunity to Trichinella spiralis
Authors: Michels Chesney E. , Scales Hannah E. , Saunders Karin A. , McGowan S. , Brombracher Frank , Alexander James , Lawrence Catherine E. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe T helper type 2 (Th2) mediated expulsion of the gastrointestinal nematode Trichinella spiralis requires interleukin‐4 receptor α (IL‐4Rα) expression on both bone‐marrow‐derived and non‐bone‐marrow‐derived cells. To more definitively investigate the role of IL‐4/IL‐13 responsiveness in the development of protective immunity to T. spiralis, cell‐specific IL‐4Rα signalling on CD4+ T cells (Lckcre IL‐4Rα−/flox) and macrophages/neutrophils (LysMcre IL‐4Rα−/flox) was analysed on the BALB/c background. Infection of wild‐type and control IL‐4Rα−/flox mice induced a Th2‐type immune response with elevated IL‐4 cytokine production, parasite‐specific immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1), total IgE, intestinal mastocytosis and enteropathy. In contrast, global IL‐4Rα‐deficient BALB/c mice showed reduced worm expulsion, antibody production, intestinal mastocytosis and gut pathology. BALB/c mice generated with cell‐specific deletion of IL‐4Rα on CD4+ T lymphocytes or macrophages/neutrophils, controlled gastrointestinal helminth infection by eliciting a protective immune response comparable to that observed with wild‐type and IL‐4Rα−/flox controls. Together, this shows that the development of host protective Th2 responses accompanied by parasite loss is independent of IL‐4Rα expression on CD4+ T cells and macrophages/neutrophils.
Pulp revascularization of necrotic bilateral bicuspids using a modified novel technique to eliminate potential coronal discolouration: a case report
Authors: Reynolds K. , Johnson J. D. , Cohenca N. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim  To present a case report in which the pulp of two bilateral mandibular premolars with dens evaginatus were revascularized using a modified novel technique to avoid undesired crown discolouration.Summary  Recently, regeneration of necrotic pulps has become an alternative conservative treatment option for young permanent teeth with immature roots and is a subject of great interest in the field of endodontics. This novel procedure exploits the full potential of the pulp for dentine deposition and produces a stronger mature root that is better able to withstand the forces than can result in fracture. However, the current protocol has potential clinical and biological complications. Amongst them, crown discolouration, development of resistant bacterial strains and allergic reaction to the intracanal medication. In the case presented, a modified technique to avoid undesired crown discolouration was applied sealing the dentinal tubules of the chamber, thus avoiding any contact between the tri‐antibiotic paste and the dentinal walls.Key learning points  • Sealing the dentinal tubules of the chamber prevents the undesirable crown discolouration produced by tri‐antibiotic medication whilst maintaining the revascularization potential of the pulp.• Further research is warranted to seek an alternative infection control protocol capable of preventing possible allergic reactions and development of resistant strains of bacteria, as well as a biological material capable of inducing angiogenesis and allow a more predictable scaffold and tissue regeneration.
Stress distribution of three NiTi rotary files under bending and torsional conditions using a mathematic analysis
Authors: Kim T. O. , Cheung G. S. P. , Lee J. M. , Kim B. M. , Hur B. , Kim H. C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim  To compare and evaluate the stress distribution of three NiTi instruments of various cross‐sectional configurations under bending or torsional condition using a finite‐element analysis model.Methodology  Three NiTi files (ProFile, ProTaper and ProTaper Universal) were scanned using Micro‐CT to produce a three‐dimensional digital model. The behaviour of the instrument under bending or torsional loads was analysed mathematically in software (ABAQUS V6.5‐1), taking into consideration the nonlinear mechanical characteristic of NiTi material.Results  ProFile showed the greatest flexibility, followed by ProTaper Universal and ProTaper. The highest stress was observed at the surface near the cutting edge and the base of (opposing) flutes during cantilever bending. Concentration of stresses was observed at the bottom of the flutes in ProFile and ProTaper Universal instruments in torsion. The stress was more evenly distributed over the surface of ProTaper initially, which then concentrated at the middle of the convex sides when the amount of angular deflection was increased.Conclusion  Incorporating a U‐shaped groove in the middle of each side of the convex‐triangular design lowers the flexural rigidity of the origin ProTaper design. Bending leads to the highest surface stress at or near the cutting edge of the instrument. Stress concentration occurs at the bottom of the flute when the instrument is subjected to torsion.
Necrotic pulp tissue dissolution by passive ultrasonic irrigation in simulated accessory canals: impact of canal location and angulation
Authors: Al‐Jadaa A. , Paqué F. , Attin T. , Zehnder M. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim  To evaluate whether passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) of 2.5% NaOCl would dissolve necrotic pulp tissue from simulated accessory root canals (SACs) better than passive placement of the irrigant, when temperature was equilibrated between the two treatments.Methodology  Transparent root canal models (n = 6) were made from epoxy resin. SACs of 0.2 mm diameter were placed at defined angles and positions in the mid‐canal and apical area. SACs were filled with necrotic bovine pulp tissue. PUI was performed five times for 1 min each with irrigant replenishment after every minute. Main canal temperature was measured after each minute, and a digital photograph was taken. In control experiments, mock treatments were performed with the same set‐up without activation of the file using heated NaOCl to mimic the temperature created by PUI. Experiments were repeated five times. Digital photographs were analysed for the distance of dissolved tissue into the SACs in mm. Overall comparison (sum of dissolved tissue from all five accessory canals) between treatments was performed using paired t‐test. Differences between SAC angulation and position after PUI were investigated using anova/Bonferroni (alpha < 0.05).Results  Passive ultrasonic irrigation caused a rise in irrigant temperature in the main canal to 53.5 ± 2.7 °C after the fifth minute. PUI dissolved a total of 6.4 ± 2.1 mm, mock treatment controlled for heat: 1.4 ± 0.6 mm (P < 0.05). No significant influence of SAC position or angulation was found.Conclusions  Passive ultrasonic irrigation promotes positive tissue‐dissolving effects beyond a rise in irrigant temperature.
Chronic urticaria: the autoimmune paradigm
Authors: Philpott H. , Kette F. , Hissaria P. , Gillis D. , Smith W. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractChronic urticaria is a disease consisting of spontaneous pruritic welts, present on all or most days for more than 6 weeks. It is commonly supposed to be allergic in origin, although allergy is not the cause in the majority of cases, and it has therefore been termed ‘chronic idiopathic urticaria’. Recent evidence indicates that at least a subset of patients in whom no extrinsic or internal cause can be identified are in fact autoimmune in origin. This is based mainly on the detection of pathogenic autoantibodies to the high‐affinity immunoglobulin E receptor FcɛR1, which are thought to activate cutaneous mast cells. In this article, we review the evidence that has given rise to this autoimmune ‘paradigm’ and its impact on diagnosis and management.
Cerebral venous thrombosis associated with ulcerative colitis
Authors: De Cruz P. , Lust M. , Trost N. , Wall A. , Gerraty R. , Connell W. R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThromboembolic complications, such as deep venous thrombosis and pulmonary embolism, are well recognized in patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We describe three cases of cerebral venous thrombosis complicating ulcerative colitis. Cerebral venous thrombosis is a rare but potentially devastating complication of IBD, and the diagnosis needs to be considered in any patient with IBD presenting with neurological symptoms.
Enhancement of Identifying Cancer Specialists through the Linkage of Medicare Claims to Additional Sources of Physician Specialty
Authors: Pollack Lori A. , Adamache Walter , Eheman Christie R. , Ryerson A. Blythe , Richardson Lisa C. 
Published: December 2008

Objective. To examine the number of cancer specialists identified in three national datasets, the effect of combining these datasets, and the use of refinement rules to classify physicians as cancer specialists.Data Sources. 1992–2003 linked Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare data and a cancer‐free comparison population of Medicare beneficiaries, Unique Physician Identification Number (UPIN) Registry, and the American Medical Association (AMA) Masterfile.Study Design. We compared differences in counts of cancer specialists identified in Medicare claims only with the number obtained by combining data sources and after using rules to refine specialty identification.Data Extraction. We analyzed physician specialty variables provided on Medicare claims, along with the specialties obtained by linkage of unencrypted UPINs on Medicare claims to the UPIN Registry, the AMA Masterfile, and all sources combined.Principle Findings. Medicare claims identified the fewest number of cancer specialists (n=11,721) compared with 19,753 who were identified when we combined all three datasets. The percentage increase identified by combining datasets varied by subspecialty (187 percent for surgical oncologists to 50 percent for radiation oncologists). Rules created to refine identification most affected the count of radiation oncologists.Conclusions. Researchers should consider taking the additional effort and cost to refine classification by using additional data sources based on their study objectives.