bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does compulsory or supervised community treatment reduce ‘revolving door’ care?
Authors: Kisely Stephen , Campbell Leslie Anne 
Published: October 2007

SummarySupervised community treatment to address ‘revolving door’ care is part of the new Mental Health Act in England and Wales. Two recent epidemiological studies in Australia (n> 118 000), as well as a systematic review of all previous literature using appropriately matched or randomised controls (n= 1108), suggest that it is unlikely to help.
Genotype effects of CHRNA7, CNR1 and COMT in schizophrenia: interactions with tobacco and cannabis use
Authors: Zammit Stanley , Spurlock Gillian , Williams Hywel , Norton Nadine , Williams Nigel , O'Donovan Michael C. , Owen Michael J. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundGenetic variations might modify associations between schizophrenia and cannabis or tobacco use.AimsTo examine whether variants within the cannabinoid receptor (CNR1) and α7 nicotinic receptor (CHRNA7) genes are associated with schizophrenia, and whether these effects vary according to cannabis or tobacco use. We also examined a putative interaction between cannabis and Val158Met within the catechol-O-methyltransferase gene (COMT).MethodGenotype effects of CHRNA7 and CNR1 were studied in a case–control sample of 750 individuals with schizophrenia and 688 controls, with interactions for these genes studied in small subsamples. A case-only design of 493 of the schizophrenia group was used to examine interactions between cannabis use and COMT.ResultsThere was no evidence of association between schizophrenia and CNR1 (OR=0.97, 95% CI 0.82–1.13) or CHRNA7 (OR=1.07, 95% CI 0.77–1.49) genotypes, or of interactions between tobacco use and CHRNA7, or cannabis use and CNR1 or COMT genotypes.ConclusionsNeither CNR1 nor CHRNA7 variation appears to alter the risk of schizophrenia. Furthermore, our results do not support the presence of different effects of cannabis use on schizophrenia according to variation within COMT.
Prevalence of depressive symptoms and syndromes in later life in ten European countries
Authors: Castro-Costa Erico , Dewey Michael , Stewart Robert , Banerjee Sube , Huppert Felicia , Mendonca-Lima Carlos , Bula Christophe , Reisches Friedel , Wancata Johannes , Ritchie Karen , Tsolaki Magda , Mateos Raimundo , Prince Martin 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundThe EURO–D, a 12-item self-report questionnaire for depression, was developed with the aim of facilitating cross-cultural research into late-life depression in Europe.AimsTo describe the national variation in depression symptoms and syndrome prevalence across ten European countries.MethodThe EURO–D was administered to cross-sectional nationally representative samples of non-institutionalised persons aged ≥50 years (n = 22 777). The effects of age, gender, education and cognitive functioning on individual symptoms and EURO–D factor scores were estimated. Country-specific depression prevalence rates and mean factor scores were re-estimated, adjusted for these compositional effects.ResultsThe prevalence of all symptoms was higher in the Latin ethno-lingual group of countries, especially symptoms related to motivation. Women scored higher on affective suffering; older people and those with impaired verbal fluency scored higher on motivation.ConclusionsThe prevalence of individual EURO–D symptoms and of probable depression (cut-off score ≥4) varied consistently between countries. Standardising for effects of age, gender, education and cognitive function suggested that these compositional factors did not account for the observed variation.
Economic evaluation of a randomised controlled trial for anorexia nervosa in adolescents
Authors: Byford Sarah , Barrett Barbara , Roberts Chris , Clark Andrew , Edwards Vanessa , Smethurst Nicola , Gowers Simon G. 
Published: October 2007

BackgroundYoung people with anorexia nervosa are often admitted to hospital for treatment. As well as being disruptive to school, family and social life, in-patient treatment is expensive, yet cost-effectiveness evidence is lacking.AimsCost-effectiveness analysis of three treatment strategies for adolescents with anorexia nervosa.MethodUK multicentre randomised, controlled trial comparing in-patient psychiatric treatment, specialist out-patient treatment and general out-patient treatment. Outcomes and costs assessed at baseline, 1 and 2 years.ResultsThere were 167 young people in the trial. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical outcome between the three groups at 2 years. The specialist out-patient group was less costly over the 2-year follow-up (mean total cost £26 738) than the in-patient (£34 531) and general out-patient treatment (£40 794) groups, but this result was not statistically significant. Exploration of the uncertainty associated with the costs and effects of the three treatments suggests that specialist out-patient treatment has the highest probability of being cost-effective.ConclusionsOn the basis of cost-effectiveness, these results support the provision of specialist out-patient services for adolescents with anorexia nervosa.
The medical model is dead – long live the medical model
Authors: Shah Premal , Mountain Deborah 
Published: October 2007

SummaryMany people criticise, and psychiatrists apologise, for the use of the ‘medical model’. We examine what is currently meant by this term and suggest a refinement of definition to reflect the ideals and contemporary practice of medicine. We propose that psychiatrists should use the medical model to improve and validate bio-psychosocial psychiatric medicine.
Are people with schizophrenia more logical than healthy volunteers?
Authors: Owen Gareth S. , Cutting John , David Anthony S. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryWe tested a phenomenological hypothesis about theoretical and practical rationality in people with schizophrenia. This hypothesis states that in schizophrenia there is an enhancement of theoretical rationality Our case–control experiment supported this hypothesis. Philosophical models of rationality that prioritise theoretical over practical rationality may thereby apply more in schizophrenic than in healthy states. The study is an example of how experimental psychopathology can illuminate areas of philosophical dispute that are difficult to settle by thought alone.
Feasibility of a structured risk assessment tool in general adult psychiatry admissions
Authors: Smith Helen , White Tom 
Published: October 2007

AIMS AND METHODTo assess the feasibility of using a structured risk assessment tool (Historical Clinical Risk 20-Item (HCR–20) Scale) in general adult psychiatry admissions and the characteristics of ‘high-risk’ patients. A notes review and interviews were used to conduct an HCR–20 assessment of 135 patients admitted to Murray Royal Hospital, Scotland.RESULTSPatients scoring higher on the HCR–20 were discharged earlier and more likely to have a diagnosis of personality disorder and a comorbid diagnosis.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSIt was possible to complete an HCR–20 assessment of over 80% of patients within 48 h of admission.
Recruitment into psychiatry: views of consultants in Scotland
Authors: Brown Tom M. , Addie Karen , Eagles John M. 
Published: October 2007

AIMS AND METHODBy use of a postal survey we sought to determine attitudes and beliefs about recruitment to psychiatry. Members of the Scottish Division of the Royal College of Psychiatrists were asked to complete a questionnaire asking their views on the importance of various factors in relation to recruitment (n=387).RESULTSResponse rates were low from non-consultants and we focused on the views of the 212 consultants (55%) who responded. The perceived low status of psychiatry among other doctors and the belief that individuals with psychiatric disorders are difficult to deal with emerged as the two most important factors seen to affect recruitment. Improving undergraduate teaching in psychiatry was deemed important in enhancing recruitment.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSDealing with stigma, within and out with the profession, and improving undergraduate exposure to psychiatry may be important in recruiting doctors to psychiatry.
Patients' views on the quality of care when receiving electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: Kershaw Kerry , Rayner Lauren , Chaplin Robert 
Published: October 2007

AIMS AND METHODTo examine patients' views on the quality of care they received before, during and after electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), a questionnaire was completed by 389 patients who had received ECT at ECT Accreditation Service (ECTAS) member clinics.RESULTSThe nine key standards set by ECTAS relating to quality of patient care were rated as having been met by 65% or more respondents. Most patients found staff friendly and reassuring and often commented on how this had helped reduce their anxiety prior to ECT. Patients were less positive about standards relating to being introduced to staff prior to ECT, and the quality of the waiting and post-recovery areas.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSPatient views are important indicators of quality of care and should be used to improve ECT practice. Anxiety about ECT is helped by supportive and caring staff. Improvements could be made to practices related to waiting for and recovering from ECT.
MTAS fiasco: lessons for psychiatry
Authors: Whelan Paul , Jarrett Peter , Meerten Maja , Forster Kate , Bhugra Dinesh 
Published: October 2007

AIMS AND METHODSThe recent Medical Training Application System (MTAS) has been fraught with problems. A survey of MTAS applicants from two London training schemes and a request for emails from trainees and trainers documenting problems with the system were undertaken with the aim of canvassing the views of candidates and shortlisters/interviewers about MTAS, and providing evidence of the system's failings.RESULTSA total of 101 candidates responded to the survey, and the first 92 emails sent to the Royal College of Psychiatrists were analysed. The majority of respondents (73%) were dissatisfied with MTAS and 63% thought the system unfair. UK and European Economic Area (EEA) applicants (71%) were more successful in being shortlisted than non-EEA candidates (48%). The majority of applicants (70%) planned to reapply in subsequent rounds if they failed to secure a training post.CLINICAL IMPLICATIONSBoth surveys showed clearly that the system was not working well. The trainees and trainers both felt that the system was flawed and that the reasons for the failure included a centralised system without any piloting, and the question design. In addition a lack of resources added to the stress and burden on both trainees and trainers.
Temperature Stress
Authors: HARWOOD JOHN L. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract:
Acanthamoeba castellanii (A. castellanii) is a common soil‐ or water‐borne protozoon that feeds on bacteria by phagocytosis. A. castellanii can grow between 4 and 32°C and has to adapt quickly to chilling in order to survive. We have identified a Δ12‐fatty acid desaturase as key to low temperature adaptation. The activity of this enzyme is mainly increased through gene expression and new protein synthesis. Interestingly, the activity can also be altered independently by dissolved oxygen levels. In addition, we have identified a gene for the Δ12‐desaturase, which, when expressed in yeast, catalyses Δ15‐desaturation also. Moreover, it is also capable of producing very unusual n‐1 polyunsaturated products.
Polymorphisms in the IDE-KIF11-HHEX Gene Locus Are Reproducibly Associated with Type 2 Diabetes in a Japanese Population
Authors: Furukawa Yasushi , Shimada Takeshi , Furuta Hiroto , Matsuno Shohei , Kusuyama Akiko , Doi Asako , Nishi Masahiro , Sasaki Hideyuki , Sanke Tokio , Nanjo Kishio 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
Context: A genome-wide association study in the French population has detected that novel single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IDE-KIF11-HHEX gene locus and the SLC30A8 gene locus are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes.
Objective: We investigated whether SNPs in these loci were associated with type 2 diabetes in Japanese.
Design: Two SNPs, rs7923837 and rs1111875, in the IDE-KIF11-HHEX gene locus and one SNP, rs13266634, in the SLC30A8 gene locus were genotyped in Japanese type 2 diabetic patients (n = 405) and in nondiabetic control subjects (n = 340) using the TaqMan genotyping assay system.
Results: The G allele of rs7923837 was associated with type 2 diabetes [odds ratio 1.66, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.28–2.15; P = 0.00014], following the same tendency as in the French population of the previous report. Heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the risk allele had odds ratios of 1.57 (95% CI 1.15–2.16; P = 0.0050) and 3.16 (95% CI 1.40–7.16; P = 0.0038) relative to noncarriers. Although the G allele was a major allele (66.5%) in the French population, it was a minor allele (23.8%) in Japanese. The G allele of rs1111875 was also associated with type 2 diabetes (odds ratio 1.42, 95% CI 1.13–1.78; P = 0.0024). Heterozygous and homozygous carriers of the risk allele had odds ratios of 1.31 (95% CI 0.97–1.77; P = 0.0810) and 2.40 (95% CI 1.34–4.32; P = 0.0028) relative to noncarriers. A significant association with type 2 diabetes was not observed for rs13266634.
Conclusions: Polymorphisms in the IDE-KIF11-HHEX gene locus are associated with susceptibility to type 2 diabetes across the boundary of race.
The Expression of Activin-βA- and -βB-Subunits, Follistatin, and Activin Type II Receptors in Fallopian Tubes Bearing an Ectopic Pregnancy
Authors: Refaat Bassem , Amer Saad , Ola Bolarinde , Chapman Neil , Ledger William 
Published: October 2007

AbstractContext: Ectopic pregnancy is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality with increasing incidence worldwide.Objective: We investigated whether epithelia from Fallopian tubes (FTs) bearing an ectopic pregnancy differ from normal tubes in expression of TGF-β family and related proteins and their receptors.Methodology: Because it is not possible to collect FTs from women carrying a healthy pregnancy, we studied tissue collected at the time of hysterectomy for benign disease. Women were injected with human chorionic gonadotropin in the days leading up to hysterectomy to produce a state of pseudopregnancy. Pseudopregnancy status was confirmed by the presence of high serum progesterone levels and the decidualization of the endometrium. Fifteen FTs bearing ectopic pregnancy and six pseudopregnant tubes were collected and examined using immunohistochemistry and quantitative RT-PCR.Results: Immunohistochemistry demonstrated clear staining for the βA- and βB-subunits, type II receptor group comprising the activin type IIA and type IIB receptors, and follistatin, which increased in intensity from the isthmus to the ampulla in both models. However, the intensity of expression of these molecules was stronger in the ectopic pregnancy group when compared with the pseudopregnant group. Quantitative RT-PCR showed significant decrease in mRNA levels of βA-subunit, activin type IIA and IIB receptors, and follistatin in ectopic group (P &lt; 0.05) but no changes in βB-subunit (P &gt; 0.05). Overall, there was an apparent paradox of high concentration of protein but low mRNA expression.Conclusion: Activin-A may stimulate tubal decidualization and trophoblast invasion. A better understanding of the mechanism by which an embryo implants in the tubal epithelium may lead to improved methods for early diagnosis and/or management of ectopic pregnancy.
Compliance with National Guidelines for the Management of Drug–Drug Interactions in Dutch Community Pharmacies
Authors: Buurma Henk , Schalekamp Tom , Egberts Antoine CG , Smet Peter AGM De 
Published: October 2007

Background: Pharmacists contribute to the detection and prevention of drug therapy–related problems, including drug–drug interactions. Little is known about compliance with pharmacy practice guidelines for the management of drug–drug interaction alerts. Objective: To measure the compliance of community pharmacists with Dutch guidelines for the management of drug–drug interactions and to determine patient- and prescriber-related determinants for noncompliance. Methods: Sixteen clinically relevant drug–drug interactions were included in the study based on certain described criteria. From June to August 2005, Dutch pharmacists (N = 149) collected alerts occurring in daily patient care for these interactions as well as information related to the patient, the alert itself, the prescriber, and the management of the alert. Noncompliance was measured by comparing the management executed by the pharmacy with the national guidelines. Results: Overall compliance with the guidelines was 69.3% (n = 423), with large differences between the various drug–drug interactions. Male sex (OR 2.25; 95% CI 1.52 to 3.31), oldest age (>75 y; OR 1.97; 95% CI 1.03 to 3.75), and polypharmacy (>7 medications; OR 2.35; 95% CI 1.46 to 3.80) were associated with a higher probability for noncompliance with the guidelines. Prescriber-related variables had no significant influence on guideline compliance. Substitution of one of the involved agents, recommended for most of the drug–drug Interactions, was executed in a small minority of cases. The outcome of interaction management, such as substitution, dose reduction, or temporary stop of one of the agents, was frequently inconsistent with the guidelines. Compliance rates were partly influenced by the ultimate decision made by the prescriber. In that way, pharmacies' compliance was not solely assessed. However, in only 22.5% of the cases was the drug–drug interaction presented to the prescriber. Conclusions: Noncompliance with Dutch guidelines for the management of drug–drug interaction alerts is common in community pharmacies. Further research into underlying reasons for noncompliance is warranted, such as the relation between pharmacist and prescriber in this context.
Patient Evaluation of a Community Pharmacy Medications Management Service
Authors: Tinelli Michela , Bond Christine , Blenkinsopp Alison , Jaffray Mariesha , Watson Margaret , Hannaford Philip 
Published: October 2007

Background: A patient-centered approach is increasingly recognized as an important component in the evaluation of healthcare services. Objective: To assess patient satisfaction with, attitudes toward, and expectations of or experience with community pharmacy in genera), and to evaluate the effect of the community pharmacy–led medications management service on these factors. Methods: Postal questionnaire surveys were completed at baseline and after 12 months (follow-up) as part of a randomized controlled trial of the service. The setting was 9 primary care organizations in England. Patients with coronary heart disease were recruited from general practice registers and randomly allocated to the intervention (pharmacy-led medications management service) or control group. Results: Survey response rates at baseline and follow-up were 88.4% (1232/1394) and 80.1% (1085/1355), respectively. The respondents indicated that they wanted pharmacists to provide dispensing, medications review, advice on medications and health, private consultation areas, and short visit times. At follow-up, intervention patients were more likely than control patients (p < 0.01) to rate the service provided by their pharmacist with a higher level of satisfaction, and most intervention patients stated a preference for seeing their physician to discuss their medications, although this was less marked than in control patients (76% vs 85%; p < 0.01). Intervention patients were also more willing than control patients to ask the pharmacist questions that they would be unable to ask a physician (20% vs 11%, respectively; p < 0.01), to ask the pharmacist questions about their medications (32% vs 18%, respectively; p < 0.01), and to recommend this practice to others (51% vs 40%, respectively; p < 0.01). Conclusions: Pharmacist intervention was associated with significant and positive changes in patient satisfaction. While patients probably continue to prefer a physician-led service, they value aspects of a pharmacy service. Patients generally preferred discussing medications with the family physician, but experiencing the community pharmacy-led service resulted in an attitudinal shift toward the pharmacist. These findings suggest a benefit in developing the community pharmacist's role as a reviewer of, and adviser on, patients' medications.
Impact of Patient and Plan Design Factors on Switching to Preferred Statin Therapy
Authors: Cox Emily R , Kulkarni Amit , Henderson Rochelle 
Published: October 2007

Background: Changing formulary status is a common strategy to encourage greater use of lower-cost brand and generic drugs. Objective: To examine the relationship between patient and plan design factors and formulary adherence after the formulary status change of atorvastatin. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional, cohort study of patients enrolled in one of 2139 commercial (no Medicare or Medicaid) plans that offer a 3-tier benefit design and changed atorvastatin from formulary to nonformulary status on January 1,2006. Adults on atorvastatin therapy who were receiving targeted communications in the fourth quarter of 2005 were included for analysis. We used bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analyses to examine the relationship between covariates and formulary adherence for patients receiving atorvastatin through retail or home delivery (HD) pharmacies. Results: A total of 211,083 patients met the study inclusion criteria, and more than 42% switched from atorvastatin to a formulary statin (33.1% retail, 51.6% HD). Patient-related factors that consistently and positively predicted switching across retail and HD channels included female sex, prior statin switching, and member outreach to the pharmacy benefit manager through telephone or Web use. Plan design factors that positively influenced switching to the preferred agent included step therapy, brand preferred/nonpreferred copayment differential, and among retail users, receipt of a rapid response education letter. Adoption of step therapy and the rapid-response program in retail settings increased the odds of switching by 1.3. Compared with patients who were paying a differential of $10 or less in retail channels, those who were paying $11–15, $16–20, and $21 and higher had increased odds of switching of 35% (95% CI 1.31 to 1.39), 41% (95% CI 1.37 to 1.46), and 80% (95% CI 1.74 to 1.86), respectively. In HD, compared with patients who were paying a differential of $15 or less, those who were paying $16–30, $31–40, and $41 and higher had increased odds of switching to a formulary preferred agent of 20% (95% CI 1.17 to 1.23), 23% (95% CI 1.19 to 1.26), and 59% (95% CI 1.55 to 1.64), respectively. Conclusions: Through appropriate program and plan design, plan sponsors’ impact on formulary adoption is maximized.
DVD Reviews
Authors: Udden James , Kramer Gary M , Bitel Anton , Scatton-Tessier Michelle , Broomer Stephen , Stanek Tom , Joll Harry 
Published: October 2007

Yi Yi (A One and a Two) (2000)
Cinema 16: European Short Films (2007)
Clean, Shaven (1993)
Eric Rohmer's Six Moral Tales The Criterion Collection. 2006 ISBN: 1-55940-989-4. 99.95
The Bakery Girl of Monceau (La Boulangre de Monceau, 1962)
Suzanne's Career (La Carrire de
Suzanne, 1963)
My Night at Maud's (Ma nuit chez Maud, 1969)
La Collectionneuse (1969)
Claire's Knee (Le Genou de Claire, 1970)
Love in the After-noon (L'Amour, laprs-midi, 1972)
R.W. Paul: The Collected Films, 18951908
Echoes of Forgotten Places: Urban Exploration, Industrial
Archeology, and the Aesthetics of Decay, (2005)
Army in the Shadows (L'Arme des ombres, 1969)
Biochemical and hormonal composition, cytological examination of thyroid cyst fluid, and comparison according to gender and color of cyst fluid
Authors: Demirci Hüseyin , Erdamar Hüsamettin , Bukan Neslihan , Dikmen Kürşat , Karakoç Ayhan , Arslan Metin 
Published: October 2007

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2007;45:1517–22.