bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The calculation of weight factors for tristimulus integration
Authors: Fairman Hugh S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article defines the method of calculation of weight sets for tristimulus integration published by the ASTM in its Method E 308–85. The preparation of weight sets for any measurement interval or wavelength range by Lagrange cubic interpolation from standard tables of data at other intervals is described. In addition, methods of truncating weight sets to wavelength ranges of less than 360 nm to 830 nm are discussed. The importance of calculating and maintaining the chromaticity of the neutral point is noted. An example of calculation of a set of weights is given in an Appendix, along with an example computer program that will calculate a set of weights at 20 nm intervals from standard illuminant‐observer data given at 1 nm intervals.
Towards a uniform color space: A better formula to describe the munsell and OSA color scales
Authors: Seim Thorstein , Valberg Arne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn improved quantitative description of the equidistant color and lightness spacing of the Munsell and OSA‐UCS Systems is presented. The basic idea is to apply physiologically acceptable hyperbolic response functions to relate light absorption in and the excitation of the three cone types with visual response. A similar nonlinear equation describes the relationship between the luminance factor Y and a lightness magnitude. Subsequent linear combinations of the nonlinear functions describe opponent‐color transformations. The resulting formulation, called the SVF formula, is superior to the best available empirical formulae, such as CIELAB and CIELUV, in describing the Munsell color space, and it performs even better than the OSA L g j formula on the OSA‐UCS data.
Measurement and specification of the colors of the polychromatic roof of the altamira cave
Authors: Fernández P. L. , Quindós L. S. , Soto J. , Villar E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractColor measurements were carried out in September, 1981, and again in January, 1982, on a total of 102 color zones in 12 different figures in the polychromatic roof of the Paintings Room of the Altamira Cave. The comparative study was carried out to evaluate any seasonal variations in reflectance and color between these two months, in which the humidity of the rock base for the paintings differs widely. No differences outside of experimental error were found.
Prediction of color appearance under various adapting conditions
Authors: Nayatani Y. , Takahama K. , Sobagaki H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA model of color vision is given to predict color appearance of object colors under various illuminants and illuminance levels. The model constitutes a uniform color‐appearance space under any adapting condition, and can predict the metric quantities relating to the following color perceptions: (1) constant‐hue loci, (2) the Munsell color scheme, (3) the increase of brightness contrast of nonselective samples with increasing adapting‐illuminance level, (4) the Helson‐Judd effect, and (5) the increase of colorfulness of chromatic samples with increasing adapting‐illuminance level.
Individual differences in luminous efficiency measured by flicker photometry
Authors: Luria S. M. , Neri David F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIndividual differences in luminous efficiency were determined for color‐normal observers at photopic and mesopic light levels by flicker photometry. The standard deviations of the settings made by 52 observers at photopic levels did not exceed 0.1 log unit. Variability was greatest at the extremes of the spectrum, and it did not increase appreciably at mesopic levels. Heterochromatic matches made by one observer using flicker photometry would probably be acceptable to most other observers. The variability has heretofore been assumed to be greater than it apparently is because of conventions used in reporting the data.
The story of the DIN color system
Authors: Richter Manfred , Witt Klaus 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe DIN Color Chart rests on a development of more than 40 years. It belongs to a group of color order systems that attempt to show equal distances in defined color series. The choice of hue, saturation, and darkness degree as a function of relative luminance factor, and the extended use of colorimetry for interpolations and extrapolations are characteristic elements of this color system. As results of the nature of the colorimetric definitions, several compromises give rise to deviations of the color series from purely psychological ordering. The main aim is technical application in close connection with colorimetry.
Talking about color…
Authors: Wright W. D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe are pleased to initiate, with this issue, the column “Talking About Color …”, which Professor W. David Wright has agreed to write for this journal. It is indeed a privilege to provide, on a continuing basis, thoughts about color from this distinguished colorist and educator. Our thanks go also to the incoming Editor‐in‐Chief, Rolf G. Kuehni, for suggesting and arranging for Dr. Wright's column. We expect it to appear in each issue.
Colour‐difference ellipsoids for five CIE colour centres
Authors: Cheung M. , Rigg B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFollowing the CIE guidelines for coordinated research on colour‐difference evaluation, sets of dyed wool samples were produced near each of the five CIE reference colours, the colour differences within each set ranging from 1 to 9 CIE‐LAB units. Ratio assessments were used to determine discrimination ellipsoids for illuminants D65 and A. Ratio and grey‐scale assessments involving pairs from all five colours were used to bring the visual data onto a common scale consistent with previous results. The ellipsoids for the red and green centres were compared with those obtained previously for the same centres. The agreement was rather better for the green colour, even though the substrates and sizes of colour‐differences were different in this case. The chromaticity‐discrimination ellipses generally agreed well with those obtained earlier for similar colours. The CMC (1 : 1) formula agreed better with the experimental results than did the CIELAB formula.
Reflection and transmission of polymer liquid‐crystal coatings and their application to decorative arts and stained glass
Authors: Makow David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPolymer liquid crystals produce color by light interference from their molecular layers. The colors show additive properties, are highly saturated, have an expanded color gamut, and change with angle of viewing. They produce more stable and durable coatings than most other liquid crystals and they adhere well to the substrate. Experimental work was carried out confirming the above properties. It has been also demonstrated that the spectral reflectance of colored substrates can be modified by coating them with polymer liquid crystals. In addition to painting and sculpture they are also of interest in a wide variety of decorative uses and in light transmission applications such as in stained glass. Examples using these materials are shown and discussed.
Fluorescence and kubelka‐munk theory
Authors: Bonham James S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn expression is derived for the spectral radiance factor of a thick sample of material which scatters and absorbs light, and to which has been added a fluorescent dye. It is also shown how to work backwards, calculating absorption and emission spectra of the dye from measurements on dyed and undyed samples. This theory has practical application in colorant formulation, and examples using up to three dyes to colour paper are discussed.
A system of photometry and colorimetry based on cone excitations
Authors: Boynton Robert M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA system of photometry and colorimetry is proposed that is based upon cone action spectra. Instead of X, Y, Z tristimulus values, the new system divides the visual stimulus into L, M, and S components, which are related to the relative excitation levels of the three classes of human cone photoreceptors (long‐wavelength‐sensitive L, middle‐wavelength‐sensitive M, and short‐wavelength‐sensitive S). On the assumption that luminance is proportional to L + M, with S cones making no contribution to it, a chromaticity diagram results in which the relation between chromaticity coordinates and cone excitations is transparent, rather than inadvertently obscured as in the CIE system.
Correction methods for integrating‐sphere measurement of hemispherical reflectance
Authors: Clarke F. J. J. , Compton J. Anne 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIntegrating‐sphere reflectometers in spectrophotometers and colorimeters suffer from several types of systematic error. The properties of an ideal sphere and the main shortcomings of practical spheres are discussed. Some common errors that occur in measurements of hemispherical reflectance have been investigated using a Cary 14 spectrophotometer fitted with two different integrating spheres: a Cary type 1411 attachment and another made at NPL using a G. E.‐Hardy spectrophotometer sphere. The methods described here can be applied to almost any sphere instrument, and possible solutions to problems with other sphere designs are also suggested. It is shown that significant corrections are necessary in many cases.
Improving color constancy of object colors
Authors: Thornton William A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn a study of improving the color constancy of object colors, the spectral reflectances of the eight CIE color‐rendering test samples (Munsell painted papers) were chosen as reference reflectance distributions. Many other distributions, more highly structured than those of the reference set, were synthesized by computer so as to be rendered by illuminant D65 at the chromaticity at which one or another of the CIE‐Munsell samples is rendered by D65. The chromaticities, at which each of the synthesized reflectances is rendered by each of 30 additional illuminants, define both dominant wavelength and chroma vector for the resulting 50,000 illuminant–sample combinations. For most natural illuminants, and for present commercial lamplights, color constancy is maximized by synthesizing each sample reflectance from three relatively narrow components, 50–60 nm at half height, peaking at wavelengths near 450 nm, 530 nm, and 610 nm.
Simplified match formulation for fluorescent color specimens
Authors: Döring Günter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMatch formulation for fluorescent color specimens is much more difficult than for nonfluorescent color specimens, because both the reflected radiation and the fluorescent radiation must be taken into account. A simple method is described that allows match formulation for fluorescent colors within a small region around an initial color. This method uses a correction matrix and tries to minimize the differences in x, y, and Y and not the differences in the spectral radiance factors. The calculated match formulae are composed of four components, which can be fluorescent or non‐fluorescent enamels. The mode of operation of the method described is demonstrated for green, yellow, and red fluorescent color specimens.
CIE Method for Calculating Tristimulus Values
Authors: Billmeyer Fred W. , Fairman Hugh S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBetween 1981 and 1983, a working Group of USTC‐1.3 of the CIE prepared new recommendations giving for the first time detailed instructions for the calculation of CIE tristimulus values, for inclusion in Publication CIE No. 15.2, a revision of the CIE document on colorimetry first published in 1971. The new recommendations state that the standard method of performing the integration forming the basic definition of tristimulus values shall be by summation at a wavelength interval of 1 nm over the wavelength ranCe 360–830 nm, but that for most colorimetric purposes the approximation of summation at a 5‐nm interval over the range 380–780 nm should suffice. Recognizing that measured data fulfilling these requirements are not usually available, recommendations were also made concerning abridgement, interpolation, extrapolation, truncation, and the calculation of weighting factors. Although tables of weighting factors were not included in the recommendations to the CIE, they have since been calculated in cooperation with the Working Group and published by the ASTM. This article describes the recommendations, now accepted by the CIE and providing clear and complete guidelines for the uniform calculation of CIE tristimulus values.
Lightfastness of pigmented handmade papers
Authors: Levison Henry W. , Sutil Francisca , Vanderbrink E. T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractArtists are making pigmented handmade papers in increasing numbers to be certain that the color of the paper is lightfast. The lightfastness of handmade papers colored with commonly used pigments was tested. Three methods were used: (1) exposure to a measured 1260 MJ/m2 outdoors to the sun under glass; (2) exposure in the laboratory to daylight fluorescent lamps; and (3) exposure in a window monitored by Blue Wools. Burnt umber and the yellow and red iron oxides were lightfast as expected. Excellent, or sufficiently lightfast, were Pigment Yellow 65 and the lightfast form of Pigment Yellow 74, the phthalocyanine blue and green, ultramarine blue, and the Quinacridone reds if used in sufficiem strength. If the Quinacridones were weaker they were classified as Good in lightfastness along with Pigment Yellow 97. Classified as Fair were the higher‐strength form of Pigment Yellow 74 and the naphthol red with AS‐D coupling. Unsatisfactory, or fugitive, were the lithol and toluidine reds, weaker use of the higher‐strength form of Pigment Yellow 74, and an unidentified organic yellow pigment.
Statistical confirmation of Thornton's zero‐crossing conjecture for metameric blacks
Authors: Brill Michael H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn an effort to use statistics to arbitrate the recent debate about the clustering of zero crossings of metameric blacks, the statistically‐most‐significant metameric black was determined as a linear combination of the mean daylight and the first three daylight phases. This spectrum, S4(Λ), is orthogonal to all the 1931 CIE color matching functions, and has zero crossings near 450, 540, and 610 nm. W. Thornton observed that these wavelengths tend to be crossover points for real reflectances that are metameric under some daylight. For the present work, a metameric black is defined as a difference between two matching spectral power distributions rather than between two matching spectral reflectances. The zero crossings of S4(Λ) amply confirm the zero‐crossing conjecture for metameric blacks.
KDDML‐G: a grid‐enabled knowledge discovery system
Authors: Romei Andrea , Sciolla Matteo , Turini Franco , Valentini Marlis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractKDDML‐G is a middleware language and system for knowledge discovery on the grid. The challenge that motivated the development of a grid‐enabled version of the ‘standalone’ KDDML (Knowledge Discovery in Databases Markup Language) environment was on one side to exploit the parallelism offered by the grid environment, and on the other side to overcome the problem of data immovability, a quite frequent restriction on real‐world data collections that has principally a privacy‐preserving purpose. The last question is addressed by moving the code and ‘mining’ the data ‘on the place’, that is by adapting the computation to the availability and localization of the data. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐Hydration of the MgNO3+ Cation in the Gas Phase
Authors: Jagoda‐Cwiklik Barbara , Jungwirth Pavel , Rulíšek Lubomír , Milko Petr , Roithová Jana , Lemaire Joël , Maitre Philippe , Ortega Jean Michel , Schröder Detlef 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCoordination complexes of the magnesium nitrate cation with water [MgNO3(H2O)n]+ up to n=7 are investigated by experiment and theory. The fragmentation patterns of [MgNO3(H2O)n]+ clusters generated via electrospray ionization indicate a considerable change in stability between n=3 and 4. Further, ion–molecule reactions of mass‐selected [MgNO3(H2O)n]+ cations with D2O reveal the occurrence of consecutive replacement of water ligands by heavy water, and in this respect the complexes with n=4 and 5 are somewhat more reactive than their smaller homologs with n=1–3 as well as the larger clusters with n=6 and 7. For the latter two ions, the theory suggests the existence of isomers, such as complexes with monodentate nitrato ligands as well as solvent‐separated ion pairs with a common solvation shell. The reactions observed and the ion thermochemistry are discussed in the context of ab initio calculations, which also reveal the structures of the various hydrated cation complexes.
The Water Framework Directive and agricultural nitrate pollution: will great expectations in Brussels be dashed in Lower Saxony?
Authors: Kastens Britta , Newig Jens 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper discusses the opportunities and constraints regarding the effective implementation of the European Water Framework Directive (WFD) in the area of diffuse nitrate pollution. Owing to the subsidiarity principle and a new procedural mode of governance, the WFD only sets distinct environmental targets, leaving most decisions on how to operationalize and institutionalize the reduction of diffuse nitrate pollution to the member states. This is a particular challenge for Germany, where lower scale regions have become the main implementers of European water policy. Successful implementation of the WFD, i.e. the actual improvement of water quality, depends on a series of key contextual and contingent factors, operating at a regional scale. In a Northwest German region with intensive agriculture and severe nitrate pollution, we analyse the historical and economic context and actor network of the region as well as the influence of environmental groups on public participation, the potential of biogas technology and new financial options. Besides the specific influence of these factors on the implementation process, we explore the uncertainties and difficulties surrounding European legislation and its operationalization in Germany and on a regional scale. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Hydrothermal Syntheses and Characterizations of Three Coordination Polymers Based on Mixed Organic Ligands
Authors: Yang Guo‐Ping , Wang Yao‐Yu , Ma Lu‐Fang , Liu Jian‐Qiang , Wu Ya‐Pan , Wu Wei‐Ping , Shi Qi‐Zhen 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThree new coordination polymers, namely {[Cu2(bptc)(4,4′‐bpy)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (1), {Cu2(bptc)(bpe)(H2O)6}n (2), and {[Mn(H2bptc)(H2O)4]·2bpe}n (3) [H4bptc = 3,3′,4,4′‐biphenyltetracarboxylic acid, 4,4′‐bpy = 4,4′‐bipyridine, bpe = trans‐1,2‐bis(4‐pyridyl)ethene], were rationally designed and hydrothermally synthesized at different pH values. Their structures were determined by X‐ray diffraction on single crystals. Compound 1 exhibits a 3D network with 1D open channels that contain free solvent water molecules, and two kinds of chiral, helical, hydrogen‐bonded chains exist in the neighboring holes. Both compounds 2 and 3 show a 3D supramolecular network that is connected through hydrogen bonds. Compound 2 also shows weak Cu···O semicoordinated interactions that are based on 1D chains. Importantly, bptc reveals three different coordination modes in these compounds: the four carboxylic groups combine with metal ions by bis(monodentate) and bis(chelate) fashions in 1, whereas only two carboxylic groups are bis(monodentate) in 2 and 3, respectively, and the 4,4′‐carboxylic groups are protonated in 3. The elemental analysis, IR spectra, UV/Vis spectra, and TG analysis for compounds 1, 2, and 3 are discussed. Additionally, the XRPD is also studied for compound 1. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography for the separation of fatty acids in milk
Authors: Vlaeminck Bruno , Harynuk James , Fievez Veerle , Marriott Philip 
Published: June 2007

AbstractComprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) is a recent technique, rapidly gaining importance for the analysis of complex samples. Here, we evaluate the potential of GC×GC for the analysis of the fatty acid profile of milk from dairy cows fed either a control diet or the control diet supplemented with marine algae. Fatty acids were separated using two column combinations, a nonpolar/polar arrangement and a polar/nonpolar arrangement. Due to the difference in separation mechanism of the two columns, GC×GC resulted in an improved separation compared with analysis on the same column set without the use of the modulator. Displaying the peaks in a 2‐D contour plot showed a well‐ordered structure of fatty acids according to their number of carbon atoms and degree of unsaturation, facilitating identification of known and unknown compounds. Based on these relations, identification of carbon number and degree of unsaturation of several 22‐fatty acids was possible. The large difference between the 22‐fatty acids from milk fat of cows fed the control and the marine algae‐containing diet suggest that rumen hydrogenation of 22:6 n‐3 results in a similar complex profile of hydrogenation intermediates as observed for 18:2 n‐6 and 18:3 n‐3. In conclusion, this experiment suggests GC×GC to be a powerful technique for the analysis of fatty acids. Nevertheless, further research on the optimization of GC×GC is needed to increase separation of trans‐ and cis‐18:1 isomers, which may require a longer and/or more selective 1D column.
Microglial PHOX and Mac‐1 are essential to the enhanced dopaminergic neurodegeneration elicited by A30P and A53T mutant alpha‐synuclein
Authors: Zhang Wei , Dallas Shannon , Zhang Dan , Guo Jian‐Ping , Pang Hao , Wilson Belinda , Miller David S. , Chen Biao , Zhang Wanqin , McGeer Patrick L. , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Zhang Jing 
Published: June 2007

Abstractα‐Synuclein, a gene whose mutations, duplication, and triplication has been linked to autosomal dominant familial Parkinson's disease (fPD), appears to play a central role in the pathogenesis of sporadic PD (sPD) as well. Enhancement of neurodegeneration induced by mutant α‐synuclein has been attributed to date largely to faster formation of α‐synuclein aggregates in neurons. Recently, we reported that microglial activation enhances wild type (WT) α‐synuclein‐elicited dopaminergic neurodegeneration. In the present study, using a primary mesencephalic culture system, we tested whether mutated α‐synuclein could activate microglia more powerfully than WT α‐synuclein, thereby contributing to the accelerated neurodegeneration observed in fPD. The results showed that α‐synuclein with the A30P or A53T mutations caused greater microglial activation than WT α‐synuclein. Furthermore, the extent of microglial activation paralleled the degree of dopaminergic neurotoxicity induced by WT and mutant α‐synuclein. Mutant α‐synuclein also induced greater production of reactive oxygen species than WT α‐synuclein by NADPH oxidase (PHOX), and PHOX activation was linked to direct activation of macrophage antigen‐1 (Mac‐1) receptor, rather than α‐synuclein internalization via scavenger receptors. These results have, for the first time, demonstrated that microglia are also critical in enhanced neurotoxicity induced by mutant α‐synuclein. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.