bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rising Sea Level and Prehistoric Cultural Ecology in Northern New England
Authors: Snow Dean R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSea level has been rising over the past 4 millennia along the coast of northern New England, but the rate of rise has been faster in the direction of the Bay of Fundy. In any given locality, the rate of rise has been steadily slowing during that time. These and other concurrent changes have complicated the study of shifts in prehistoric cultural ecology. This paper utilizes archaeological data from 2 important localities to unravel the complex interaction of evolving technology, changing sea level, shifts in marine resources, and probable changes in terrestrial flora and fauna over time. Locally specific natural limitations on cultural options are discussed.
Ridged Fields in the Rio Guayas Valley, Ecuador
Authors: Parsons James J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAerial reconnaissance and photography have established the existence of extensive tracts of ridged fields and planting platforms (bancos), apparently of pre-Columbian origin, in the overflow lands behind the natural levees of the Rio Guayas immediately north and east of Guayaquil, Ecuador. These vestiges of an ancient, labor-intensive agricultural system are similar in character to others that have been described in Bolivia, Colombia, and Surinam.
Some Archaeological Uses of Fish Remains
Authors: Casteel Richard W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe remains of fishes are a commonly encountered item in many archaeological sites, yet a thorough utilization of all the relevant information inherent in this material is rarely made by the archaeologist. Certain salient characteristics of the growth and ecology of fishes are presented. Examples are included using archaeological fish remains to indicate or substantiate such things as seasonal dating, absolute dating, estimates of prehistoric food resource locations, and environmental change. Examples will be presented from western North America and southern France.
Archaeological Applications of Factor, Cluster, and Proximity Analysis
Authors: Cowgill George L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn effort is made to give readers a good idea of what the techniques of factor, cluster, and proximity analyses are; of what are their good features and their limitations; and where one should look for further information. Archaeological uses of these techniques which are discussed include those of Hodson on La Tene brooches and on Mousterian assemblages, L. and S. Binford on Mousterian assemblages, Freeman and Brown on the Carter Ranch Pueblo, and the author on data from Teotihuacan, Mexico. The dangers of using correlations based on inadequate samples are stressed, and one necessary (though not sufficient) condition for sample adequacy is suggested. It is argued that proximity analysis, among other applications, is probably better than the Brainerd-Robinson approach for seriation.
The Use of Historic Analogs in Archaeology
Authors: Schuyler Robert L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHistorical sources are a potentially rich and as yet almost untouched source of specific and general analogies for use in archaeological interpretation. In particular, certain unique sources, such as Diderot’s Encyclopédie, offer many specific examples, but more generally history offers the archaeologist the chance to formulate broad analogies dealing with basic questions of cultural evolution.
A Mochica Painting at Pañamarca, Peru
Authors: Bonavía Duccio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA polychrome mural in the upper portion of the temple pyramid at Panamarca in the Nepena valley depicts a religious procession before a sacrifice. The main figures are a priest followed by two assistants, three prisoners, and a guard. The mural contains several motifs new to Mochica painting. It is assigned to Larco's fourth phase of Mochica culture, but some elements suggest the possibility of a somewhat later placement.
Joris van Speilbergen's Journal and a Site in the Huarmey Valley, Peru
Authors: Thompson Donald E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn illustration of the Huarmey Valley in Joris van Speilbergen's journal from the year 1615 shows a “ruined castle, occupied by our men.” In an archaeological survey conducted by the author, a site was located which is very likely to be the one occupied by van Speilbergen. The site appears to be Chimu or Inca in date on the basis of the plan, the construction of tapia adobe, and the high percentage of reduced-fired ceramics. Despite the small size and relative unimportance of the Huarmey Valley, the site, to judge by the illustration and the existing ruins, was a large and impressive structure of some importance to the Chimu and/or the Inca Empire.
Laboratory-scale Instrumental Neutron Activation for Archaeological Analysis
Authors: Johnson Ralph A. , Stross F. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeutron activation analysis has been used to determine manganese in a series of potsherd chips from sites in the Valley of Mexico. The application of this technique and the use of laboratory-scale commercial equipment is described. Such equipment can give results in this application that are comparable to those obtained with the much higher fluxes characteristic of large reactors.
Dating Lake Mohave Artifacts and Beaches
Authors: Warren Claude N. , Costa John de 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is generally accepted that Lake Mohave artifacts date from the closing phase of the last deglaciation when the lake stood at its highest level. A re-evaluation of published data shows that Lake Mohave artifacts date from the overflow period, but only after the lake had abandoned the highest or 946-foot beach. A radiocarbon date of 9640 ± 240 years has been obtained from Anodonta shells at levels between 925 and 930 feet. These shells have been interpreted as remains of animals stranded en masse during the final recession of the Pluvial lake. No evidence for such a catastrophic event has been presented, and there is some evidence which suggests the opposite. The Anodonta shells appear to represent remains of dead animals deposited when the lake stood somewhat higher than 930 feet. It is apparent that an interdisciplinary approach, involving geology, paleolimnology, and palynology, as well as archaeology, is needed if man's place in the history of Lake Mohave is to be understood.
A New Approach to Pottery Typology
Authors: Whallon Robert 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe standard typology of Owasco pottery from New York State is examined. This typology is ostensibly based on Krieger's definition of a type as a consistently recurring combination of attributes. The application of statistical techniques suggested by Spaulding, Sackett, and others as appropriate to the discovery of such types revealed that the standard Owasco typology does not exist in Krieger's terms. This typology, however, has been a reliable spatial and temporal indicator for many years. The real, underlying logic and foundations for this typology were therefore sought through a careful inspection of the actual type definitions. This made it clear that the definition and recognition of these pottery types depend on 2 important but unstated principles, the existence of a hierarchy of importance among attributes and the shifting of defining criteria from type to type. Krieger's definition of a type is thus seen to be inappropriate here and a type is recognized to be defined by proceeding through a hierarchical, "tree-type" series of decisions. Statistical procedures appropriate to discovering types according to this definition are developed, and their application to the Owasco material is seen to come close to duplicating the original typology. Such a tree-type structure based on the 2 principles just outlined closely resembles cultural classifications elicited by ethnologists. It is suggested therefore that the attribute association or "Spaulding" approach and the currently popular techniques of numerical taxonomy will not work for establishing space-time reflective types, not because the techniques are not well developed, but because the basic concept or definition of such a type on which they are based is inappropriate.
Arrowpoint or Dart Point: An Uninteresting Answer to a Tiresome Question
Authors: Corliss David W. 
Published: April 2006

In the July 1978 issue of American Antiquity, David Thomas examined the differences between the points of actual arrows and darts, and concluded that in many cases individual artifacts can be correctly identified as belonging to one or the other category on the basis of a certain combination of length, width, thickness, and neck width. His study involved a search for correlations between measurements of projectile points and measurements of the actual shafts found attached to them. In the end he was able to present a method that selects the correct propulsion mode 86 out of 100 times.In his analysis Thomas correctly points out how very little projectile points can tell us about the total arrow or dart, adding that certain investigators, myself included, should realize this. He suggests that we may be trying to reconstruct entire weapons from arrowheads; but to that charge I must plead not guilty for I confess that in my study I was perpetrating an even greater heresy than might have been dreamed of in Thomas’ philosophy.
Prehistoric Diet in Southwest Texas: The Coprolite Evidence
Authors: Bryant Vaughn M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis report discusses the various kinds of data that are recoverable from the analysis of human coprolites and demonstrates how these techniques are applied to the specific analysis of prehistoric human coprolites recovered from site 41 VV 162 in southwest Texas. The data from these 43 coprolite samples are used to: (1) reconstruct aboriginal diet patterns in southwest Texas between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500; (2) predict specific periods of seasonal site occupancy; (3) distinguish between pollen resulting from the eating of certain plant foods and background pollen resulting from the normal pollen rain; and (4) make limited generalizations concerning the regional paleoenvironment between 800 B.C. and A.D. 500.
Combined Thermal and X-Ray Diffraction Technique for Identification of Ceramicware Temper and Paste Minerals
Authors: Isphording Wayne C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe identification of the original paste and temper minerals present in ceramicware fragments can often be useful in determining if the fragments are indigenous to the area or whether they represent tradeware. To date, it has generally been believed that no certain means existed to identify the mineral constitutents once they were destroyed in the original kiln-firing operation. A new technique is described that permits the investigator to often identify both temper and the fine-grained paste materials as well. This method involves: (1) crushing the fragment to a fine powder; (2) heating the powder in a high temperature furnace to sufficient temperatures to cause the constituent ions present to recombine to form new, high temperature minerals; and (3) X-ray diffraction analysis to identify the new minerals. In many cases, identification of the resulting high temperature minerals will clearly indicate the composition of the original clay paste and temper. Examples are shown for the clay minerals kaolinite, montmorillonite and palygorskite. Diffractograms are also presented for comparison of ceramic fragments from Mexico and Alabama that contain the above minerals as original constituents.
Some Comments on Typologies in Archaeology and an Outline of a Methodology
Authors: Read Dwight W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractClassification is discussed as a procedure for maximizing information about a cultural system from archaeological data. This concept is made rigorous by defining typologies in terms of assumptions about patterning among variables that result from different artifacts being manufactured for use in different activities. Interval-scaled and nominal-scaled variables are considered independently, as the problem to be solved is different in the 2 cases. For continuous variables, the question is what divisions can be made, and for nominal variables, it is what divisions should be made. Two definitions for typologies are given, 1 for continuous variables and 1 for nominal variables. Cluster analysis and analysis of interaction and residuals in contingency tables are outlined as procedures for discovering types with continuous and nominal variables, respectively. Examples of each technique using archaeological data are given.
Tribe versus Chiefdom in Lower Central America
Authors: Creamer Winifred , Haas Jonathan 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt has commonly been argued that chiefdoms were the dominant form of prehispanic political organization in Lower Central America. Reexamination of the data base, however, reveals that tribal forms of organization were also present in Lower Central America at the time of Spanish contact and before. The salient characteristics of both tribes and chiefdoms are discussed, and criteria for identifying tribes and chiefdoms in the archaeological record are outlined. Data from the Central Provinces of Panama and the Gulf of Nicoya are then examined in light of these criteria. We argue that while a chiefdom form of organization prevailed in Panama, the Gulf of Nicoya was occupied by tribal groups immediately prior to contact with the Spanish.
Ethnoarchaeology and Behaviorism: Comments on Gilman's Review of Ethnography by Archaeologists
Authors: Adams William Hampton 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBehaviorism is but one part of the broader scope of ethnoarchaeological research and must be joined with historical approaches for proper understanding of the past.In her review of Ethnography by Archaeologists edited by Elisabeth Tooker {American Antiquity 49:442-443), Patricia Gilman emphasized one aspect of ethnoarchaeology, behaviorism, and faulted many of the contributors for not presenting general explanations of human behavior. Gilman primarily stresses the synchronic study of modern behavior as an analog for past behavior. While this is certainly a worthwhile endeavor for ethnographers, to equate such research with all of ethnoarchaeology is, I think, unduly restricting the definition. Such research is simply ethnography, because it places the researcher as an observer and interviewer in modern communities, examining behavioral and physical relationships among modern data. Rarely do such studies place this research in any evolutionary or historical framework.
Witchcraft and British Colonial Law
Authors: Browne G. St. J. Orde 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphWhen the early colonial legislators were first called upon to deal with the problem of witchcraft in Africa, the official view was the sceptical English one, but this had in practice to recognize the native's general and whole-hearted belief in the supernatural element in magical claims. The law therefore summarily dismissed the practitioner's pretentions to occult powers, but at the same time it was forced to take account of the numerous occasions on which magic furnished the powerful motive for some course of action. Certain anomalies therefore occur in the various ordinances, and some curious discrepancies are to be found in the records of cases tried under them.
Different clients, different needs? Practice issues in community‐based treatment for sex offenders
Authors: Allam Jayne , Middleton David , Browne Kevin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 1993, The West Midlands Probation Service set up a sex offender unit (SOU), the largest in England, with the aim of providing a specialist treatment service for sex offenders serving a community sentence. This article presents a brief description of the treatment programme and discusses some of the issues which have arisen during the design and implementation of the programme. Although cognitive‐behavioural groupwork is widely believed to be the most effective intervention for men who sexually abuse children, it is thought that there are some groups of offenders who may not derive maximum benefit from the standard programme and for whom it might be necessary to modify existing practice by providing alternative or complementary interventions. The SOU has attempted to address some of the problems identified by adapting the existing programme for clients with learning disabilities and for men who sexually abuse adult women. In addition, a victim‐to‐victimiser group is run parallel to the treatment group and is offered to clients who were themselves child victims of sexual abuse. As yet, the long‐term effectiveness of tailoring treatment to suit offender characteristics is not known. Nevertheless, client and staff feedback has been positive. Treatment providers elsewhere may not have the resources to run different groups for different categories of offender. However, sex offenders are not a homogeneous group and greater programme flexibility may be needed to provide effective treatment for clients and adequate protection to the public. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
General deviance and psychological distress: impact of family support/bonding over 12 years from adolescence to adulthood
Authors: Newcomb Michael D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractComorbidity occurs within and across various domains of human pathology and may be diverse manifestations of a single, general dysfunction in early family support and bonding. Family socialisation, pseudomaturity, and self‐derogation theories were tested using cross‐sectional and 12‐year prospective data from a community sample assessed in late adolescence (age 18) and again in adulthood (age 30). All of the hypotheses and expected findings received some support in the data analyses. these have confirmed that: (1) general deviance and psychological distress were significantly correlated for both men and women and therefore are overlapping and comorbid disorders; (2) both general distress and psychological distress were significantly predicted by family support/bonding in cross‐sectional analyses for men and women; (3) family support/bonding fully accounted for the cross‐sectional association between general deviance and psychological distress for men and substantially reduced the association between these constructs for the women; (4) over time family support/bonding reduced psychological distress for the women and general deviance for the men; (5) both theories of pseudomaturity and self‐derogation explained many of the prospective effects from late adolescence into adulthood; (6) sexual involvement, although an indicator of general deviance, related negatively with indicators of psychological distress; (7) different patterns were evident for the developmental periods of adolescence compared with adulthood; and (8) many of the processes differed by sex. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Synthesis of the Long Sought After Compound Pentafluoronitrosulfane, SF5NO2.
Authors: Lu Norman , Kumar H. P. Sampath , Fye James L. , Blanks Jian Sun , Thrasher Joseph S. , Willner Helge , Oberhammer Heinz 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Two Compounds Containing the Mixed Germanium—Vanadium Polyoxothioanion [V14Ge8O42S8]12‐.
Authors: Pitzschke Dragan , Wang Jing , Hoffmann Rolf‐Dieter , Poettgen Rainer , Bensch Wolfgang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Dimethylsulfoxide/Iodine‐Catalyzed Deprotection of Allyl Carboxylic Esters.
Authors: Taksande Kiran N. , Sakate Sachin S. , Lokhande Pradeep D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reversal of Enantioselectivity by Catalyst Protonation: Asymmetric Hydrocyanation of Imines with Oxazaborolidines.
Authors: Berkessel Albrecht , Mukherjee Santanu , Lex Johann 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Self‐Organization of Amphiphilic [60]Fullerene Derivatives in Nanorod‐Like Morphologies.
Authors: Brough Peter , Bonifazi Davide , Prato Maurizio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Epoxidation of α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes.
Authors: Sunden Henrik , Ibrahem Ismail , Cordova Armando 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Some Novel Derivatives of Benzofuran. Part 1. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of (Benzofuran‐2‐yl)(3‐phenyl‐3‐methylcyclobutyl) Ketoxime Derivatives.
Authors: Koca Murat , Servi Sueleyman , Kirilmis Cumhur , Ahmedzade Misir , Kazaz Cavit , Oezbek Berna , Oetuek Guelten 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
CAN‐ and Iodine‐Catalyzed Reaction of Indole or 1‐Methylindole with α,β‐Unsaturated Ketone or Aldehyde.
Authors: Ko Shengkai , Lin Chunchi , Tu Zhijay , Wang Yi‐Fu , Wang Chieh‐Chieh , Yao Ching‐Fa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Simple and Efficient One Step Synthesis of 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles Utilizing Polymer‐Supported Reagents and Microwave Heating.
Authors: Wang Ying , Sauer Daryl R. , Djuric Stevan W. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Novel Heterocyclic System: 3‐Chloro‐7,8‐dihydro[1,4]dioxino[2“.3”:4′,5′]benzo[4,5]imidazo[1,2‐c] [1,2,3]thiadiazole.
Authors: Labanauskas L. , Bucinskaite V. , Brukstus A. , Urbelis G. , Sharlauskas I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Transformations of Higher Terpenoids. Part 10. Intramolecular Cyclization of N‐Allyl‐ and N‐Propargyl‐16‐dialkylammoniomethyl‐12‐furfuryl‐13,14,15,16‐tetranorlabd anoid Bromides.
Authors: Kharitonov Yu. V. , Shults E. E. , Shakirov M. M. , Tolstikov G. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formal Syntheses of (.+‐.)‐Pinnaic Acid (I) and (.+‐.)‐Halichlorine (II).
Authors: Andrade Rodrigo B. , Martin Stephen F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.