bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haematological and hepatotoxic effects of isoprocarb in chicken
Authors: Rahman M. F. , Siddiqui M. K. J. , Mahboob M. , Mustafa M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe haematological and hepatotoxic effects were studied after oral administration of Isoprocarb at 75, 112.5 and 150 mg kg−1 daily for 21 days in male and female chicken Gallus gallus domesticus (White Leghorns). The toxic effects as observed 10 or 21 days after medication include a statistically significant reduction in haemoglobin (Hb) content, haematocrit (Ht), protein and serum glutamate pyruvate transaminase (SGPT), and an increase in glucose, serum glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase (SOOT) and serum acid phosphatase (SAP) activities of male and female chicken. The changes in other haematological parameters were generally insignificant, except for one or two doses in RBC, WBC, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and chloride. A significant inhibition of RBC acetylcholinesterase was noticed after 21 days of dosing only at the high dose (150 mg kg−1) in hens. The decrease in food intake and body weights of males and females indicated the overt signs of toxicity. In addition to haematological alterations, the results suggest both hepatotoxic and stress effects and pinpoint that these early biochemical changes induced by Isoprocarb may be predictive of pesticide toxicity.
Comparative study of toxic lead effect on gill and haemoglobin of tilapia fish
Authors: Tabche L. M. , Martinez C. M. , Sanchez‐Hidalgo E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to determine the 72‐h LC50 of lead for tilapia fish (Oreochromis hornorum), as well as the effect of exposure to sublethal lead concentrations (15, 23, 31, 39 and 47% of the LC50) on gill tissue lysosomal membranes of the fish and the haemoglobin concentration in blood. The LC50 value was found to be 202 mg Pb2+ l−1. Exposure to sublethal lead concentrations for 72 h showed significant increases in the lability of gill lysosomal membranes, measured by the release of acid phosphatase. Changes in membrane lability and in haemoglobin concentration were dependent on the amount of lead used during the exposure. We considered that the membrane lability is an adequate parameter to assay for monitoring lead contamination in water, because it is more sensitive than the haemoglobin concentration in blood.
In vivo percutaneous absorption studies of volatile organic solvents in hairless mice II. Toluene, ethylbenzene and aniline
Authors: Susten Allan S. , Niemeier Richard W. , Simon Stephen D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPercutaneous absorption studies were conducted with three single‐ring, radiolabeled aromatic solvents (benzene derivatives) using a recently described direct method for studying volatile chemicals in hairless mice. Total absorption, determined from the sums of radioactivity found in the excreta, expired breath and carcass, was 2.1%, 3.4% and 4.7% of the nominal dose for toluene, ethylbenzene and aniline, respectively. Breath decay curves indicated that absorption of toluene and ethylbenzene was complete by 15 min after application and that by this time the excretion rate of aniline exceeded the absorption rate. Evaporation rates were used to derive estimated contact times, and these in turn were used in conjunction with the absorbed doses to estimate percutaneous absorption rates. Equivalent dermal exposures (cm2 · min) that would yield body burdens equivalent to those expected following 8‐h inhalations at existing US permissible exposure limits during light work were calculated. The data indicate that dermal absorption of these compounds could approach or exceed that from inhalation under some work conditions. Correlations between absorption and various physical properties were evaluated using Spearman's correlation coefficients. The physical properties evaluated included volatility, solubility, octanol/water partition coefficients and melting points. For this limited series of benzene derivatives, two measures of volatility, i.e. vapor pressure and boiling point, were the only physical properties significantly correlated with percutaneous absorption.
Urinary N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase activity in lead‐exposed workers
Authors: Endo Ginji , Horiguchi Shun'Ichi , Kiyota Ikuko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe adverse effects of long‐term exposure to lead dust on renal tubular functions were studied in 39 male and 7 female workers in a secondary lead refinery. Laboratory examinations showed low or moderate lead absorption levels. The N‐acetyl‐β‐D‐glucosaminidase (NAG) activity in urine showed significant correlation with each of the lead exposure indices. NAG activity increased remarkably in lead workers with blood lead (PbB) above 80 μg 100g−1.Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) showed significant correlation with PbB and logarithmic urine δ‐amino‐levulinic acid (log(ALAU)), but not with urine lead (PbU) and logarithmic urine coproporphyrin (log(CPU)).All the other indices of renal function were almost within the normal range and showed no correlation with lead indices.This study suggests that moderate lead absorption may cause renal tubular impairment, and NAG can be one of the most sensitive indices for estimating renal dysfunction due to lead poisoning.
An evaluation of the epidermal carcinogenic potential of cutting fluids
Authors: McKee R. H. , Scala R. A. , Chauzy C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEpidermal cancer in humans has been associated with industrial exposure to products derived from unrefined petroleum distillates. Because of this association many of these products, including cutting fluids, are now normally produced from highly refined lubricant base oils. Since highly refined oils are not dermally carcinogenic, one would predict that formulated products prepared from these oils would similarly be nontumorigenic. However, there are experimental data that suggest that fresh cutting fluids might be dermally carcinogenic and that industrial usage might increase the carcinogenic hazard. The current studies evaluated solvent‐extracted lubricant base oils and several products, including fresh and used cutting fluids and certain related industrial oils. These materials were all tested for tumorigenic potential in mouse epidermal carcinogenesis bioassays. None of the solvent‐extracted lubricant base oils were dermal carcinogens. Similarly, the cutting fluids and industrial oils formulated from these base oils were not dermally carcinogenic. Finally, there was no evidence that industrial usage influenced the carcinogenic potential of these oils. It was concluded that solvent‐extracted oils and the products derived from these oils pose minimal skin cancer hazards when used under appropriate conditions in industrial settings.
Toxicity of mixtures of parathion, toxaphene and/or 2,4‐D in mice
Authors: Kuntz David J. , Rao N. G. S. , Berg Ivan E. , Khattree Ravindra , Chaturvedi Arvind K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of the mixtures of parathion (PA), toxaphene (TOX) and/or 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D) was studied in ICR male mice (21–24 g) by oral intubation, in corn oil, daily for up to 14 days. On Day 15, the exposure was discontinued, and animals were monitored for an additional period of 7 days for the possible reversibility of the toxicity. The body weight gain decreased with the mixtures, as well as with the individual agricultural chemicals (ACs), during the 14‐day period. The cholinesterase (ChE) activity in the serum and brain was inhibited in the animals of the groups of PA (1–10 mg kg−1) and PA (5 mg kg−1)‐containing mixtures. TOX (50–200 mg kg−1) caused initial inhibitory effects of 20–65% on the serum ChE (Day 1) before producing increases of 53–64% in the enzyme activity by Day 15, with little effects on the brain ChE levels. 2,4‐D (50–200 mg kg−1) resulted in significantly elevated levels of the serum ChE, with substantial decreases in the brain ChE activity. The serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase level was up (38–630%) in TOX (50 mg kg−1), 2,4‐D (50 mg kg−1) or their mixture group. No pathological changes at the light microscopic level in the brain and liver were noticed. TOX and TOX‐containing mixtures significantly increased the liver/body weight ratio and decreased the pentobarbital (60 mg kg−1, i.p., in saline)‐induced sleep. When TOX (50 mg kg−1) and PA (5 mg kg−1) + TOX (50 mg kg−1) groups were examined, the dilatation of the hepatic endoplasmic reticulum was distinguished and the decrease in the level of pentobarbital in the serum, brain, liver and kidneys was noted. The effects produced by these chemicals singly, as well as by their mixtures, appeared to be reversible in nature. The toxic effects exhibited by the mixtures of PA (5 mg kg−1), TOX (50 mg kg−1) and/or 2,4‐D (50 mg kg−1) were found to be the resultant of the effects showed by their components individually.
Prevention by silymarin of membrane alterations in acute CCI4 liver damage
Authors: Muriel Pablo , Mourelle Marisabel 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe effect of silymarin on liver lipid peroxidation and membrane lipid alterations induced by an acute dose of CCI4 was studied. Four groups of animals were treated with CCI4, CCI4 + silymarin, silymarin and its vehicles. CCI4 was given orally (0.4 g 100 g−1 body wt.) and silymarin was administered i.p. All animals were sacrificed 24 h after the treatments. Liver lipid peroxidation was measured and plasma membranes were isolated. Alkaline phosphatase (AP) and gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) were measured in plasma membranes. Membrane lipids were extracted and then analysed by thin‐layer chromatography by measuring the phosphorus of the phospholipids in each spot. Liver lipid peroxidation was increased about three times in the group receiving CCI4 only. Silymarin cotreatment prevented this increase. Phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) decreased, while phosphatidylinositol (PI) increased in the plasma membranes isolated from the CCI4‐treated group. Animals that received CCI4 + silymarin showed no decrease in PEA content. A partial prevention of the decrease in phosphatidylinositol content was also observed in plasma membranes of animals treated with silymarin in addition to CCI4. CCI4 decreased gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (GGTP) and alkaline phosphatase (AP) membrane activities. Silymarin cotreatment prevented the AP (completely) and the GGTP (partially) falls caused by CCI4. Silymarin by itself increased AP membrane activity.A significant relationship between the membrane content of phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) and the AP activity was observed in plasma membranes of treated animals and in normal liver membranes enriched with PEA. These results indicate that silymarin can protect against the alterations induced by CCI4 on the liver plasma membrane through its antioxidant properties by modifying the plasma membrane phospholipid content.
Mechanism of testicular atrophy induced by Di‐n‐butyl phthalate in rats. Part 2. The effects on some testicular enzymes
Authors: Fukuoka Masamichi , Zhou Yu , Tanaka Akira , Ikemoto Isao , Machida Toyohei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA single oral dose of di‐n‐butyl phthalate (DBF) to male rats caused histologically a sloughing of the germ cells at 6 h. On Days 1 and 2 more severe sloughing was seen, followed by atrophy and the dissociation of the germ cells from the Sertoli cells and the spermatogonia. Biochemically, there was elevation of γ‐glutamyi transferase, a decrease in sorbitol levels at 3 h and a decrease in the activity of aldose reductase at 6 h, in the testes of treated rats. This was followed by decreases in fructose levels and increases in the activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and in lactate levels at 12 h, and decreases in the activities of sorbitol dehydrogenase and succinate dehydrogenase on Day 2. LDH isoenzymes 4 and 5 increased at 6 h prior to the increase in lactate levels. Increases in the levels of inositol and the activities of alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase were also observed. Thus, these data suggest that DBF‐induced testicutar toxichy is caused by, a shortage of energy fuels from glucose metabolism or by an anoxia.
A note on fitting one‐compartment models: Non‐linear least squares versus linear least squares using transformed data
Authors: Bailer A. John , Portier Christopher J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDrug concentrations in one‐compartment systems are frequently modeled using a single exponential function. Two methods of estimation are commonly used for determining the parameters of such a model. In the first method, non‐linear least‐squares regression is used to calculate the parameters. In the second method, the data are first transformed by a logarithmic function, and then the log‐concentration data are fit using linear least‐squares regression. The assumptions for fitting these models are discussed with special emphasis on which data points are most influential in determining parameter values. The similarities between fitting a linear regression model to the log‐concentration data and fitting a weighted regression model to the original data are noted. An example is presented that illustrates the differences in fitting a model to the log‐transformed data versus fitting unweighted and weighted models to the original‐scale data.
The role of iron and glutathione in t‐butyl hydroperoxide‐induced damage towards isolated perfused rat livers
Authors: Younes Maged , Strubeit Otfried 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe hepatotoxic and lipid peroxidative potentials of t‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BuOOH) towards isolated perfused rat livers were investigated at doses of 1 and 3 mmol I−1. t‐BuOOH led to a concentration‐dependent release of cytosolic (glutamate‐pyruvate transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase) and mitochondrial (glutamate dehydrogenase) enzymes, an accumulation of calcium in the liver, a marked depletion of hepatic glutathione and an enhanced release of it into the perfusate, as well as an enhanced formation and release of malondialdehyde (MDA) by the liver. These effects were blocked in the presence of the potent iron chelator deferrioxamine, and enhanced in livers from iron‐overloaded as well as in livers from glutathione‐depleted rats. Our results indicate that the hepatotoxic and pro‐oxidant actions of organic hydroperoxides depend upon the presence of ionized iron as a catalyst of radical‐forming breakdown reactions, and are potentiated by impairment of glutathione‐dependent detoxification reactions.
Formation of methemoglobin and metmyoglobin using 8‐aminoquinoline derivatives or sodium nitrite and subsequent reaction with cyanide
Authors: Steinhaus Ralph K. , Baskin Steven I. , Clark James H. , Kirby Stephen D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe kinetics of the oxidation of hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb) by sodium nitrite, 8‐[(4‐amino‐1‐methylbutyl)amino]‐6‐methoxy‐quinoline diphosphate (primaquine), 6‐methoxy‐8‐(6‐diethvlaminohexylamino)‐4‐meihyl‐quinoline dihydrochloride (WR6026) and 8‐[(4‐amino‐1‐methylbutyl)amino]‐2,6‐diniethoxy‐4‐methyl‐5‐[(3‐trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]quinoline succinate (WR238,605) were studied at pH values ranging from 7.4 to 7.6 and at 37 ± 1°C. The reaction between Hb and primaquine, WR6026 and WR238,605 resulted in precipitation, as did the reaction between Mb and WR238,605. The reaction between nitrite ion (NO2−) and Hb showed a lag period followed by an autocatalytic phase. The data in this study are consistent with and substantiate the proposed mechanism for the Hb–NO2− oxidation reaction. The reaction between Mb and NO2− at higher NO2− concentrations also showed a lag period followed by an autocatalytic period, while at lower NO2− concentrations no lag period was seen. The data suggest a shift in rate constant at these lower NO2− concentrations. The reaction between Mb and both WR6026 and primaquine followed a two‐term rate law with oxidant‐dependent and ‐independent terms. Concentration–effect curve data, along with these results, suggest the presence of a catalytic pathway. The rates of formation of cyanomethemoglobin and cyanometinyoglobin complexes from cyanide ion and methemoglobin (MHb) and metmyoglobin (MMb), respectively, were followed in the presence of the heme oxidants. The rate constants were all within a narrow range and suggest that complexation of cyanide by MHb and MMb is not affected by the presence of oxidants.
Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies of diuretics in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice 1. Hydrochlorothiazide
Authors: Bucher John R. , Huff James , Haseman Joseph K. , Eustis Scot L. , Elwell M. R. , Davis William E. , Meierhenry Earl F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractToxicology and carcinogenesis studies of hydrochlorothiazide, a benzothiadiazide diuretic, were conducted by administering diets containing the drug to both sexes of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in 15‐day, 13‐week and 2‐year studies. No rats died during the 15‐day or 13‐week studies at dietary concentrations of up to 50 000 ppm. Deaths of male mice in the top dose group in the 13‐week study were likely to be related to chemical administration. In the prechronic studies, increased nephrosis and mineralization at the kidney corticomedullary junction were the primary toxic effects of hydrochlorothiazide observed in rats. In mice, chemical‐related effects included nephrosis and calculi, inflammation and epithelial hyperplasia in the urinary bladder. In 2‐year studies using dietary concentrations of 0, 250, 500 and 2000 ppm in rats and 0, 2500 and 5000 ppm in mice, survival of dosed and control groups of rats and mice was similar, as were body weights of mice. Dosed groups of male and female rats were uniformly lighter than controls (up to 25%) throughout the studies. Severe chronic renal disease with secondary parathyroid hyperplasia and fibrous osteodystrophy of the bone were attributed to chemical administration in rats. No neoplasms in rats or female mice or non‐neoplastic lesions in mice were associated with hydrochlorothiazide. In high‐dose male mice, liver neoplasms were increased but were not considered to be related to hydrochlorothiazide administration because of an unusually low incidence in the control group relative to historical controls.
Toxicology and carcinogenicity studies of diuretics in F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice 2. Furosemide
Authors: Bucher John R. , Huff James , Haseman Joseph K. , Eustis Scot L. , Davis William E. , Meierhenry Earl F. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractToxicology and carcinogenesis studies of furosemide, a widely used diuretic, were conducted by administering diets containing the drug to both sexes of F344 rats and B6C3F1 mice in 14‐day, 13‐week and 2‐year studies. Deaths occurred among rats and mice receiving diets containing 46 000 ppm furosemide in 14‐day studies, and animals given diets containing lower concentrations lost weight. No deaths were seen in 13‐week studies using top concentrations ranging from 10 000 to 20 000 ppm, but animals at higher concentrations had lower weight gains than controls. Nephrosis in rats and mice was the only significant compound‐related lesion observed in the prechronic studies. In 2‐year studies, rats received diets containing 0, 350 or 700 ppm furosemide and mice received diets containing 0, 700 or 1400 ppm furosemide. Survival of dosed and control rats of both sexes and male mice was similar; survival of high‐dose female mice was lower than controls. Nephropathy was increased in male rats and in male and female mice. In female mice, increased malignant tumors of the mammary gland were associated with furosemide administration. In male rats, marginal increases in tubular cell neoplasms of the kidney and in meningiomas of the brain were observed in dosed animals, but these were not considered to be related clearly to exposure to furosemide.
The effect of sodium tetrathionate on cyanide conversion to thiocyanate by enzymatic and non‐enzymatic mechanisms
Authors: Baskin Steven I. , Kirby Stephen D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSodium tetrathionate has been proposed as a cyanide antidote despite its reported toxicology and inhibitory effect on rhodanese. We investigated the effectof tetrathionate and an analog, dithionite, on rhodanese activity because of their structural similarily to thiosulfate, a known sulfane sulfur donor for this enzyme. Rhodanese activity of guinea pig liver homogenate was assayed by measuring the formation of ferric thicyanate complex at 460 nm. With thiosulfate as a substrate, the Km for rhodanese was 6.7 mM and the Vmax was 0.67 μmol thiocyanate min−1 mg−1 protein. The conversion of cyanide to thiocyanate by rhodanese was inhibited in the presence of terathionate at the millimolar concentration (e.g. 1 mM) range. Dithionite had a negligible effect on rhodanese activity. Netiher thiosulfate (1–100 mM) nor dithionite produced significant amounts of thiocyanate from cyanide spontaneously (i.e. non‐enzymatically). However, in the absence of rhodanese, tetrathionate (1.0, 10.0 and 100.0 mM) produced a dose‐dependent increase in thiocyanate. These data suggest that tetrathionate detoxifies cyanide non‐enzymatically, which may, in part, account for its antidotal effects.
Biochemical and histopathological changes following dermal exposure to paraphenylene diamine in guinea pigs
Authors: Mathur A. K. , Gupta B. N. , Narang S. , Singh S. , Mathur N. , Singh A. , Shukla L. J. , Shanker Ravi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe guinea pigs were dermally exposed to paraphenylene diamine (PPI) at a dose level of 0.1 ml day−1 of a 1.0% (w/v) solution of PPD for 1, 3, 5 and 7 days. The absorption of PPD and its effects on lipid peroxidation, glutathione, histamine and several enzymes were assessed in skin and serum. Histopathological changes in liver, kidney and skin were examined also. The findings of the study indicated that PPD exposure resulted in significantly increased levels of lipid peroxidation and histamine contents in skin. The activity of enzymes increased significantly in skin and serum. PPD exposure also showed degenerative changes in liver and hyperkeratosis together with infiltration of cells in the dermis. Biochemical defects and histopathological changes in skin and serum correlated with the duration of exposure.
Antidotal effects of dimercaptosuccinic acid
Authors: Ding Guang‐Sheng , Liang You‐Yi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDimercaptosuccinic acid (DMS), HOOC‐CH(SH)‐CH(SH)‐COOH, was first developed in China as an effective antidote for poisoning from many heavy metals, such as Pb, Hg, As, Cd, Sb, TI, Au, Zn, Ni, Pt, Ag, Co and Sn. DMS increases the excretion of Ce, Pm, Sr and Po from the body. Hundreds of patients suffering from hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease) have been treated successfully with DMS. Recently, DMS was found to be effective also in treating certain non‐metallic intoxications, like some of the new non‐phosphate pesticides and mushroom poisonings.
Changes in urinary proximal tubule parameters in neonatal rats exposed to cadmium chloride during pregnancy
Authors: Saillenfait A. M. , Payan J. P. , Brondeau M. T. , Zissu D. , de Ceaurriz J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were injected intraperitoneally with physiological saline solution (vehicle) or cadmium chloride (CdCI2) at 2.0 or 2.5 mg kg−1 on days 8, 10, 12 and 14 of gestation. On postnatal day (PND) 3, 12 or 49, the offspring were examined for 8‐ or 24‐h urinary excretion of β2‐microglobulin (β2‐m), metallothionein (MT) and urinary activity of three proximal tubular enzymes: gammaglutamyl transferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and N‐acetyl‐β‐glucosaminidase (NAG).Treatment with CdCI2 did not affect growth or survival of offspring. Significant decreases in the urinary excretion of GGT, ALP and NAG were observed on PND 3, at both doses. Exposure to 4 × 2.5 mg kg−1 resulted in functional deficit of the proximal tubule on PND 3, as evidenced by the significant increase in β2‐m. Except for a slight but significant increase of β2‐m in 49‐day‐old males, all the other urinary parameters returned to control values on PND 12. There was no effect on MT.Results from this study show that prenatal exposure to CdCI2 can induce significant changes in the kidney biochemistry of rats in the early postnatal period.