bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
25-Hydroxyvitamin D Deficiency and Diabetes Predict Reduced BMD in Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Elder Grahame J , Mackun Kenneth 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In this study of 242 patients with renal failure, women, patients with diabetes, and patients on peritoneal dialysis had the highest risk of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. Levels correlated positively to BMD Z scores, and hip BMD was inversely related to prevalent fracture. Increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels may benefit these patients.
Introduction: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (&lt;37 nM) is common in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) stage 5 (glomerular filtration rate &lt; 15 ml/min/1.73 m2 or on dialysis), but it is unclear if this deficiency is associated with bone disease and if supplementation is warranted.
Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected on 242 patients with CKD stage 5 caused by type 1 diabetes (33%), type 2 diabetes (2%), and other causes (65%), who were about to undergo kidney or kidney pancreas transplantation. Prevalent spinal fracture was assessed by X-ray and BMD by DXA.
Results: 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency was present in 28% of patients with diabetes versus 12% without (p &lt; 0.0001). Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) had lower levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D than patients on hemodialysis (HD; 49 ± 26 versus 77 ± 34 nM; p &lt; 0.0001), and women had lower levels than men (51 ± 25 versus 77 ± 35 pM; p &lt; 0.0001). BMD Z scores were within 1 SD of the mean at all sites, except in patients with diabetes (femoral neck Z score, −1.07 ± 1.2; p &lt; 0.0001) and patients who had undergone parathyroidectomy (lumbar spine Z score, 1.03 ± 1.34, femoral neck Z score, 1.24 ± 1.35; p &lt; 0.001 and p &lt; 0.0001, respectively). In multiple stepwise linear regression analysis, levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D correlated positively and intact PTH (iPTH) correlated negatively to Z scores at the lumbar spine and wrist. Time on dialysis correlated positively to Z scores at the femoral neck and lumbar spine. Diabetes and serum alkaline phosphatase levels correlated negatively with Z scores at the femoral neck. Lower femoral neck BMD was associated with an increased prevalence of vertebral fracture and fragility fracture at any site (p = 0.03 and p &lt; 0.03, respectively).
Conclusions: This study of patients with CKD stage 5 identifies women, patients with diabetes, and patients on PD as being at particular risk of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency. We describe positive associations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and BMD Z scores and an association between femoral neck BMD and fragility fracture at any site. Treatment to improve 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels may benefit these patients.
Decreased Fracture Risk in Users of Organic Nitrates: A Nationwide Case-Control Study
Authors: Rejnmark Lars , Vestergaard Peter , Mosekilde Leif 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
In a nationwide population-based pharmaco-epidemiological case-control study, including 124,655 subjects who had sustained a fracture during 2000 (cases) and 373,962 age- and sex-matched controls, we found an ∼15% reduced risk of fractures in users of organic nitrates. Thus, organic nitrates may protect against osteoporosis.
Introduction: Organic nitrates are widely used in the treatment of ischemic heart diseases. In addition, nitrates may affect bone. In vitro studies have shown that nitrates are able to inhibit bone resorption, and recent studies in humans have shown a positive effect on BMD and bone turnover.
Materials and Methods We studied the effect of organic nitrates on risk of fracture. We performed a population-based pharmaco-epidemiological case-control study with fracture in 2000 as outcome and use of nitrates (isosorbide mononitrate, isosorbide dinitrate, and nitroglycerin) during the previous 5 years as exposure variable. We used nationwide computerized registers to assess individual use of nitrates and related these data to individual fracture data and information on potential confounders. In the study, we included 124,655 subjects who had sustained a fracture during 2000 (cases) and 373,962 age- and sex-matched controls.
Results: After confounder adjustment, use of nitrates was associated with an 11% reduced risk of any fracture (OR = 0.89; 95% CI, 0.86–0.92) and a 15% reduced risk of hip fracture (OR = 0.85; 95% CI, 0.79–0.92). Risk of any fracture was reduced in both men and women, but risk of hip fracture was only reduced in women. Hip fracture risk was reduced dose-dependently. Use of nitrates with a short duration of action was associated with lower risk estimates than use of slow release preparations.
Conclusions: Treatment with nitrates is associated with a decreased risk of fracture. Further studies should determine whether a causal relationship exists.
QTL With Pleiotropic Effects on Serum Levels of Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase and Osteocalcin Maps to the Baboon Ortholog of Human Chromosome 6p23-21.3
Authors: Havill Lorena M , Rogers Jeffrey , Cox Laura A , Mahaney Michael C 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Bone ALP and OC are under partial genetic control. This study of 591 pedigreed baboons shows a QTL corresponding to human 6p23–21.3 that accounts for 25% (bone ALP) and 20% (OC) of the genetic variance. A gene affecting osteoblast activity, number, or recruitment likely resides in this area.
Bone ALP and OC are under partial genetic control. This study of 591 pedigreed baboons shows a QTL corresponding to human 6p23–21.3 that accounts for 25% (bone ALP) and 20% (OC) of the genetic variance. A gene affecting osteoblast activity, number, or recruitment likely resides in this area.
Introduction: Serum levels of bone alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and osteocalcin (OC) reflect osteoblast activity. Both of these measures are under partial genetic control. Genetic effects on bone ALP have not been previously localized to chromosomal regions in primates, nor has the degree to which genetic effects are shared (pleiotropic) between bone ALP and OC been studied.
Materials and Methods: We applied variance components methods to a sample of 591 adult pedigreed baboons to detect and quantify effects of genes that influence bone ALP and that have pleiotropic effects on bone ALP and OC. A univariate linkage analysis was conducted for bone ALP. Bivariate linkage analyses were conducted in areas for which the bone ALP results presented here and a previous univariate OC linkage analysis showed evidence for linkage on the same chromosome for both bone ALP and OC.
Results: A quantitative trait locus (QTL) for serum levels of bone ALP is evident on the baboon ortholog of human chromosomal region 6p (LOD 2.93). Thirty-seven percent (genetic correlation [ρG] =0.61) of the genetic variance in bone ALP and OC is caused by pleiotropic effects of the same gene(s). Bivariate linkage analysis revealed a QTL in the region corresponding to human chromosome 6p23–21.3, with the strongest evidence for bivariate linkage near D6S422 (LOD =2.97 at 22 cM from our pter-most marker). D6S422 maps to 20.4 Mb in the human genome. The QTL-specific heritability (h2) is 0.25 and 0.20 for bone ALP and OC, respectively.
Conclusions: This first formal test for shared genetic effects on two serum markers of osteoblast activity indicates that a significant pleiotropic effect on bone ALP and OC levels, and thus on bone formation, is detectible. The fact that this region corresponds to one on mouse chromosome 13 that has repeatedly yielded QTLs for BMD should encourage more intensive study of the effect of genes in this region on bone maintenance and turnover.
Leptin Is a Negative Independent Predictor of Areal BMD and Cortical Bone Size in Young Adult Swedish Men
Authors: Lorentzon Mattias , Landin Kerstin , Mellström Dan , Ohlsson Claes 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The association between leptin and areal BMD has been controversial, and the predictive role of leptin on cortical volumetric BMD and bone size has not previously been studied. We show that leptin is a negative independent predictor of aBMD (DXA), at several measured sites, and of cortical bone size (pQCT) in a large population of young men.
Introduction: Recent findings suggest that both adipose tissue (AT) and bone mass are regulated by leptin. Previous reports studying the association between leptin and areal BMD (aBMD) have yielded conflicting results. The role of leptin on volumetric BMD (vBMD) and bone size of the cortical and trabecular bone compartments has not previously been studied.
Materials and Methods: The Gothenburg Osteoporosis and Obesity Determinants (GOOD) study is a population-based study of 1068 men (age, 18.9 ± 0.6 [SD] years). aBMD of the total body, lumbar spine, femoral neck, both radii, and trochanter, as well as total body AT and lean mass (LM) were measured using DXA, whereas cortical and trabecular vBMD and bone size were measured by pQCT.
Results: Total body LM could explain a larger magnitude of the difference in the variation in aBMD and cortical bone size than what total body AT could (total body aBMD: LM 37.4% versus AT 8.7%; tibia cross-sectional area [CSA]: LM 46.8% versus AT 5.6%). The independent role of leptin on bone parameters was studied using a multiple linear regression model, including age, total body LM and AT, height, present physical activity, calcium intake, and smoking as covariates. Leptin was found to be a negative independent predictor of aBMD (total body: β =−0.08, p =0.01; lumbar spine: β =−0.13, p &lt; 0.01; trochanter: β =−0.09, p =0.01), as well as of the cortical bone size (CSA and thickness) of both the radius (CSA: β =−0.12, p &lt; 0.001) and tibia (CSA: β =−0.08, p &lt; 0.01), but not of the cortical or trabecular vBMD of these bones.
Conclusion: Our results indicate that LM has a greater impact on bone mass than AT. Our findings further show that leptin is a negative independent predictor of aBMD at several measured sites and of bone parameters reflecting cortical bone size, but not vBMD, in a large population of young Swedish men.
On the Increasing Fragility of Human Teeth With Age: A Deep-UV Resonance Raman Study
Authors: Ager Joel W , Nalla Ravi K , Balooch Guive , Kim Grace , Pugach Megan , Habelitz Stefan , Marshall Grayson W , Kinney John H , Ritchie Robert O 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
UV resonance Raman spectroscopy (UVRRS) using 244-nm excitation was used to study the impact of aging on human dentin. The intensity of a spectroscopic feature from the peptide bonds in the collagen increases with tissue age, similar to a finding reported previously for human cortical bone.
Introduction: The structural changes that lead to compromised mechanical properties with age in dentin and bone are under intense study. However, in situ analyses of the content and distribution of the mineral phase are more highly developed at present than equivalent probes of the organic phase.
Materials and Methods: Thirty-five human molars were divided into three groups: young/normal (23.3 ± 3.8 years); aged/transparent (74.3 ± 6.0 years), which had become transparent because of filling of the tubule lumens with mineral deposits; and aged/nontransparent (73.3 ± 5.7 years). Control experiments were performed by demineralizing normal dentin.
Results: Spectral features caused by both the amide backbone and resonance-enhanced side-chain vibrations were observed. This finding contrasts with reported Raman spectra of proteins in solution excited with similar UV wavelengths, where side chain vibrations, but not strong amide features, are observed. The strong intensity of the amide features observed from dentin is attributed to broadening of the resonance profile for the amide π → π* transition caused by the environment of the collagen molecules in dentin. With increasing age, the height of one specific amide vibration (amide I) becomes significantly higher when comparing teeth from donors with an average age of 23 years to those of 73 years (p &lt; 0.001). This trend of increasing amide I peak height with age is similar to that previously reported for human cortical bone. The amide I feature also increased in dentin that had been demineralized and dehydrated.
Conclusions: The similar trend of increasing amide I peak height with age in the UVRR spectra of both teeth and bone is surprising, given that only bone undergoes remodeling. However, by considering those observations together with this study of demineralized/dehydrated dentin and our prior work on dentin dehydrated with polar solvents, a consistent relationship between changes in the UVRR spectra and the collagen environment in the tissue can be developed.
Bone Fragility: Failure of Periosteal Apposition to Compensate for Increased Endocortical Resorption in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Szulc Pawel , Seeman Ego , Duboeuf François , Sornay-Rendu Elisabeth , Delmas Pierre D 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The increase in bone fragility after menopause results from reduced periosteal bone formation and increased endocortical resorption. Women with highest remodeling had greatest loss of bone mass and estimated bone strength, whereas those with low remodeling lost less bone and maintained estimated bone strength.
Introduction: Bone loss from the inner (endocortical) surface contributes to bone fragility, whereas deposition of bone on the outer (periosteal) surface is believed to be an adaptive response to maintain resistance to bending.
Materials and Methods: To test this hypothesis, changes in bone mass and estimated indices of bone geometry and strength of the one-third distal radius, bone turnover markers, and fracture incidence were measured annually in 821 women 30–89 years of age for 7.1 ± 2.5 years. The analyses were made in 151 premenopausal women, 33 perimenopausal women, 279 postmenopausal women, and 72 postmenopausal women receiving hormone replacement therapy (HRT).
Results: In premenopausal women, periosteal apposition increased the radius width, partly offsetting endocortical resorption; therefore, the estimated cortical thickness decreased. Outward displacement of the thinner cortex maintained bone mass and cortical area and increased estimated bending strength. Estimated endocortical resorption accelerated during perimenopause, whereas periosteal apposition decreased. Further cortical thinning occurred, but estimated bending strength was maintained by modest outward cortical displacement. Endocortical resorption accelerated further during the postmenopausal years, whereas periosteal apposition declined further; cortices thinned, but because outward displacement was minimal, estimated cortical area and bending strength now decreased. Women with highest remodeling had the greatest loss of bone mass and strength. Women with low remodeling lost less bone and maintained estimated bone strength. In HRT-treated women, loss of bone strength was partly prevented. These structural indices predicted incident fractures; a 1 SD lower section modulus doubled fracture risk.
Conclusions: Periosteal apposition does not increase after menopause to compensate for bone loss; it decreases. Bone fragility of osteoporosis is a consequence of reduced periosteal bone formation and increased endocortical resorption. Understanding the mechanisms of the age-related decline in periosteal apposition will identify new therapeutic targets. On the basis of our results, it may be speculated that the stimulation of periosteal apposition will increase bone width and improve skeletal strength.
Does Reduced Skeletal Loading Account for Age-Related Bone Loss?
Authors: Melton L Joseph , Riggs B Lawrence , Achenbach Sara J , Amin Shreyasee , Camp Jon J , Rouleau Peggy A , Robb Richard A , Oberg Ann L , Khosla Sundeep 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A leading theory suggests that decreasing activity and muscle mass is the main cause of age-related bone loss. However, in a population-based study of 375 women and 325 men (age, 21–97 years), we failed to find a close correspondence between these variables and changes in bone strength with aging.
Introduction: It has been suggested that bone strength is homeostatically adapted to habitual skeletal loading conditions and that bone loss could, therefore, result simply from age-related reductions in physical activity and muscle mass, but this notion has not been explored in detail.
Materials and Methods: In a stratified random sample of Rochester, MN, women and men 21–97 years of age, indices of bone strength, flexural rigidity (EI), and axial rigidity (EA) were estimated from central QCT measurements at the femoral neck and lumbar spine and pQCT measurements at the ultradistal radius, whereas habitual skeletal loading was assessed using lean body mass, total skeletal muscle mass (TSM), body weight, and physical activity. Using regression analysis, we tested the hypothesis (Ho) that bone strength per unit load did not vary with age.
Results and Conclusions: In these cross-sectional data, the null hypothesis of no age-related change was rejected in 72% of the strength-to-load ratios tested. For example, the ratio of femoral neck EI to TSM increased by 0.19%/year in women (p =0.008) and by 0.49%/year in men (p &lt; 0.001). There was no close correspondence between changes in habitual load and changes in bone strength, nor any consistent pattern. Moreover, interindividual variation in the strength-to-load ratios was substantial. These data suggest that the notion of reduced skeletal loading as the primary basis for age-related bone loss is oversimplified.
Missionary Ridge Fire Cost Assessment
Authors: Mackes Kurt H. , Lynch Dennis L. , Kelly Stephen K. , Eckhoff Mike 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCapturing the true cost of wildland fire events is critical for providing a sound basis for public policy. Recently, Lynch [1] suggested additional factors to consider in addition to suppression costs as a means for gaging a fire’s total cost. In this study a similar evaluation was done for the second largest fire in Colorado during the 2002 wildland fire season. The Missionary Ridge fire burned 70 475 acres of land in southwestern Colorado in June and July of 2002. Costs associated with the fire were analyzed and separated into three categories: (1) direct costs, (2) rehabilitation costs, and (3) impact costs. Direct costs during the fire were $90 276 323, rehabilitation costs totaled $8 732 608, and impact costs that occurred after fire containment through 2003 amounted to $50 499 849. Impact costs were still accruing at the time this study was completed. In addition, special values were also considered, including the death of a firefighter, wilderness acreage burned, and loss of sensitive species habitat. These costs were estimated to be $3 404 410. The total cost of the fire to date was estimated at $152 803 785 or more than $2168 per acre.
Placental Growth Factor-1 Potentiates Hematopoietic Progenitor Cell Mobilization Induced by Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor in Mice and Nonhuman Primates
Authors: Carlo-Stella Carmelo , Di Nicola Massimo , Longoni Paolo , Cleris Loredana , Lavazza Cristiana , Milani Raffaella , Milanesi Marco , Magni Michele , Pace Virgilio , Colotta Francesco , Avanzini Maria A. , Formelli Franca , Gianni Alessandro M. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The complex hematopoietic effects of placental growth factor (PlGF) prompted us to test in mice and nonhuman primates the mobilization of peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPCs) elicited by recombinant mouse PlGF-2 (rmPlGF-2) and recombinant human PlGF-1 (rhPlGF-1). PBPC mobilization was evaluated by assaying colony-forming cells (CFCs), high-proliferative potential-CFCs (HPP-CFCs), and long-term culture-initiating cells (LTC-ICs). In mice, both rmPlGF-2 and rhPlGF-1 used as single agents failed to mobilize PBPCs, whereas the combination of rhPlGF-1 and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) increased CFCs and LTC-ICs per milliliter of blood by four- and eightfold, respectively, as compared with rhG-CSF alone. rhPlGF-1 plus rhG-CSF significantly increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 plasma levels over rhG-CSF alone, suggesting a mechanistic explanation for rhPlGF-1/rhG-CSF synergism. In rhesus monkeys, rhPlGF-1 alone had no mobilization effect, whereas rhPlGF-1 (260 μg/kg per day) plus rhG-CSF (100 μg/kg per day) increased rhG-CSF-elicited mobilization of CFCs, HPP-CFCs, and LTC-ICs per milliliter of blood by 5-, 7-, and 15-fold, respectively. No specific toxicity was associated with the administration of rhPlGF-1 alone or in combination. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that rhPlGF-1 significantly increases rhG-CSF-elicited hematopoietic mobilization and provide a preclinical rationale for evaluating rhPlGF-1 in the clinical setting.
Do realistic reverberation levels reduce auditory distraction?
Authors: Perham Nick , Banbury Simon , Jones Dylan M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAcoustically treated ceilings and wall panels can be used as part of a strategy to reduce the impact of background sound on the health and performance of employees by decreasing the reverberation times of the office noise. In this article we examine the impact of two reverberation times upon task performance. A cognitive task known to be a sensitive index of auditory distraction (serial recall) was used to assess the degree of distraction associated with two types of ceiling: a hard ceiling, such as plasterboard, and a soft ceiling, such as an acoustically treated ceiling. Office noise (in the range 65–75 dB (A)) was found generally to be disruptive relative to a quiet control condition but there was no difference in performance with regard to the ceiling types. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glycosyl‐phosphatidyl‐inositol‐defective granulocytes from paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria patients show increased bacterial ingestion but reduced respiratory burst induction
Authors: Cacciapuoti Carmela , Terrazzano Giuseppe , Barone Lucia , Sica Michela , Becchimanzi Cristina , Rotoli Bruno , Ruggiero Giuseppina , Alfinito Fiorella 
Published: September 2006

AbstractParoxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) is characterized by the emergence of a GPI‐defective clonal hematopoiesis. Its clinical features are hemolytic anemia, cytopenia, and thrombosis. Circulating monocytes and granulocytes are largely GPI‐defective in PNH patients. This study aims to investigate the granulocyte functional properties in PNH. We analyzed bacterial‐dependent intracellular ingestion and the consequent activation of oxidative burst in GPI‐defective granulocytes from four neutropenic PNH patients. Our data show a significant increase in the ability of GPI‐defective granulocytes to ingest opsonized bacteria. In addition, an impaired respiratory burst effectiveness in response to two independent bacterial stimuli, the N‐formyl‐MetLeuPhe (fMLP) synthetic bacterial peptide and E. coli, was revealed. The occurrence of neutropenia and the severe impairment of oxidative burst, occurring in chronic granulomatosis disease, were unable to significantly affect phagocytosis. Thus, additional mechanisms, able to differentially affect ingestion ability and respiratory burst effectiveness, have to be hypothesized. The reduced burst effectiveness of GPI‐defective granulocytes was maintained after treatment with phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate, a pharmacological stimulus able to extensively recruit and to trigger intracellular protein kinase C (PKC). Moreover, blocking of PKC has been observed to severely affect granulocyte respiratory burst with a mild effect on the phagocytosis. These data suggest a role for a modulation of intracellular PKC in the pathogenesis of the impaired granulocyte oxidative burst. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.