bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibrating and Evaluating Reanalysis Surface Temperature Error by Topographic Correction
Authors: Zhao Tianbao , Guo Weidong , Fu Congbin 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBased on the observed daily surface air temperature data from 597 stations over continental China and two sets of reanalysis data [NCEP–NCAR and 40-yr ECMWF Re-Analysis (ERA-40)] during 1979–2001, the altitude effects in calibrating and evaluating reanalyzed surface temperature errors are studied. The results indicate that the accuracy of interpolated surface temperature from the reanalyzed gridpoint value or the station observations depends much on the altitudes of original data. Bias of interpolated temperature is usually in proportion to the increase of local elevation and topographical complexity. Notable improvements of interpolated surface temperature have been achieved through “topographic correction,” especially for ERA-40, which highlights the necessity of removal of “elevation-induced bias” when using and evaluating reanalyzed surface temperature.
Systematic Variation of Summertime Tropical Cyclone Activity in the Western North Pacific in Relation to the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Kim Joo-Hong , Ho Chang-Hoi , Kim Hyeong-Seog , Sui Chung-Hsiung , Park Seon Ki 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The variability of observed tropical cyclone (TC) activity (i.e., genesis, track, and landfall) in the western North Pacific (WNP) is examined in relation to the various categories of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) during summer (June–September) for the period 1979–2004. The MJO categories are defined based on the empirical orthogonal function analysis of outgoing longwave radiation data.
The number of TCs increases when the MJO-related convection center is located in the WNP. The axis of a preferable genesis region systematically shifts like a seesaw in response to changes in the large-scale environments associated with both the eastward and northward propagation of the MJO and the intraseasonal variability of the WNP subtropical high. Furthermore, the authors show that the density of TC tracks in each MJO category depends on the systematic shift in the main genesis regions at first order. Also, the shift is affected by the prevailing large-scale steering flows in each MJO category. When the MJO-related convection center is found in the equatorial Indian Ocean (the tropical WNP), a dense area of tracks migrates eastward (westward). The effects of extreme ENSO events and the variations occurring during ENSO neutral years are also examined.
A statistical analysis of TC landfalls by MJO category is applied in seven selected subareas: the Philippines, Vietnam, South China, Taiwan, East China, Korea, and Japan. While a robust and significant modulation in the number of TC landfalls is observed in south China, Korea, and Japan, the modulation is marginal in the remaining four subareas.
Sensitivity of an Ocean General Circulation Model to a Parameterization of Near-Surface Eddy Fluxes
Authors: Danabasoglu Gokhan , Ferrari Raffaele , McWilliams James C. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
A simplified version of the near-boundary eddy flux parameterization developed recently by Ferrari et al. has been implemented in the NCAR Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) ocean component for the surface boundary only. This scheme includes the effects of diabatic mesoscale fluxes within the surface layer. The experiments with the new parameterization show significant improvements compared to a control integration that tapers the effects of the eddies as the surface is approached. Such surface tapering is typical of present implementations of eddy transport in some current ocean models. The comparison is also promising versus available observations and results from an eddy-resolving model. These improvements include the elimination of strong, near-surface, eddy-induced circulations and a better heat transport profile in the upper ocean. The experiments with the new scheme also show reduced abyssal cooling and diminished trends in the potential temperature drifts. Furthermore, the need for any ad hoc, near-surface taper functions is eliminated. The impact of the new parameterization is mostly associated with the modified eddy-induced velocity treatment near the surface. The new parameterization acts in the depth range exposed to enhanced turbulent mixing at the ocean surface. This depth range includes the actively turbulent boundary layer and a transition layer underneath, composed of waters intermittently exposed to mixing. The mixed layer, that is, the regions of weak stratification at the ocean surface, is found to be a good proxy for the sum of the boundary layer depth and transition layer thickness.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Precipitation in Greece and Surrounding Regions Based on Global Precipitation Climatology Project Data
Authors: Hatzianastassiou N. , Katsoulis B. , Pnevmatikos J. , Antakis V. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
In this study, the spatial and temporal distribution of precipitation in the broader Greek area is investigated for the 26-yr period 1979–2004 by using monthly mean satellite-based data, with complete spatial coverage, taken from the Global Precipitation Climatology Project (GPCP). The results show that there exists a clear contrast between the more rainy western Greek area (rainside) and the drier eastern one (rainshadow), whereas there is little precipitation over the islands, particularly in the southern parts. The computed long-term areal mean annual precipitation amount averaged for the study area is equal to P = 639.8 ± 44.8 mm yr−1, showing a decreasing trend of −2.32 mm yr−1 or −60.3 mm over the 26-yr study period, which corresponds to −9.4%. This decrease of precipitation, arising primarily in winter and secondarily in spring, is the result of a decreasing trend from 1979 through the 1980s, against an increase during the 1990s through the early 2000s, followed again by a decrease up to the year 2004. The performed analysis reveals an increasing trend of precipitation in the central and northern parts of the study region, contrary to an identified decreasing trend in the southern parts, which is indicative of threatening desertification processes in those areas in the context of climatic changes in the climatically sensitive Mediterranean basin. In addition, the analysis shows that the precipitation decrease is due to a corresponding decrease of maximum precipitation against rather unchanged minimum precipitation amounts. The analysis indicates that the changing precipitation patterns in the region during winter are significantly anticorrelated with the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index values, against a positive correlation during summer, highlighting thus the role of large-scale circulation patterns for regional climates. The GPCP precipitation data are satisfactorily correlated with instrumental measurements from 36 stations uniformly distributed over the study area (correlation coefficient R = 0.74 for all stations; R = 0.63–0.91 for individual stations).
What Has Changed the Proportion of Intense Hurricanes in the Last 30 Years?
Authors: Wu Liguang , Wang Bin 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The recently reported increase in the proportion of intense hurricanes is considerably larger than those projected by the maximum potential intensity (MPI) theory and the results of numerical simulation. To reconcile this discrepancy, the authors examined the best-track datasets for the North Atlantic (NA), western North Pacific (WNP), and eastern North Pacific (ENP) basins. It was found that the changes in the tropical cyclone formation locations and prevailing tracks may have contributed to the changes in the proportion of the intense hurricanes over the past 30 yr. The authors suggest that the changes in the formation locations and prevailing tracks have a profound impact on the basinwide tropical cyclone intensity. Thus, how the atmospheric circulation in the tropical cyclone basins responds to the global warming may be a critical factor in understanding the impacts of global warming on tropical cyclone intensity.
On the Changes in the Number and Intensity of North Atlantic Tropical Cyclones
Authors: Briggs William M. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBayesian statistical models were developed for the number of tropical cyclones, the rate at which these cyclones became hurricanes, and the rate at which hurricanes became category 4+ storms in the North Atlantic using data from 1966 to 2006 and from 1975 to 2006. It is found that, controlling for the cold tongue index (CTI), North Atlantic Oscillation index (NAOI), and the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO), it is improbable that the number of tropical cyclones has linearly increased since 1966, but that the number has increased since 1975. The differences between these two results have to do with the numbers of storms at the start of these two periods: it was easier to say a linear increase was present starting from circa 1975 since the storms in that period were at a low point. The rate at which storms become hurricanes appears to have decreased, and the rate at which category 4+ storms evolved from hurricanes appears to have increased. Both of these results are also dependent on the starting year. Storm intensity was also investigated by measuring the distribution of individual storm lifetimes in days, storm track length, and Emanuel’s power dissipation index. Little evidence was found that mean individual storm intensity has changed through time, but it is noted that the variability of intensity has certainly increased. Any increase in cumulative yearly storm intensity and potential destructiveness is therefore due to the increasing number of storms and not due to any increase in the intensity of individual storms. CTI was not always significant, but lower CTIs were associated with more storms, higher rates of conversion, and higher intensities. NAOI was only weakly associated: the effect was negative for the number of storms, the rate of hurricanes evolving from storms, and intensity, but it was positive for the rate of category 4+ storms evolving from hurricanes. AMO was rarely significant except in explaining the number of storms using the 1966–2006 data. Its direction was always positive as expected; however, higher values of the AMO were associated with more storms, higher rates of conversion, and higher intensities.
Hemispherical Asymmetry of Tropical Precipitation in ECHAM5/MPI-OM during El Niño and under Global Warming
Authors: Chou Chia , Tu Jien-Yi 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Similarities and differences between El Niño and global warming are examined in hemispherical and zonal tropical precipitation changes of the ECHAM5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model (MPI-OM) simulations. Similarities include hemispherical asymmetry of tropical precipitation changes. This precipitation asymmetry varies with season. In the boreal summer and autumn (winter and spring), positive precipitation anomalies are found over the Northern (Southern) Hemisphere and negative precipitation anomalies are found over the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere. This precipitation asymmetry in both the El Niño and global warming cases is associated with the seasonal migration of the Hadley circulation; however, their causes are different. In El Niño, a meridional moisture gradient between convective and subsidence regions is the fundamental basis for inducing the asymmetry. Over the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, convection is enhanced by less effective static stability. Over the margins of the ascending branch, convection is suppressed by the import of dry air from the descending branch. In global warming, low-level moisture is enhanced significantly due to warmer tropospheric temperatures. This enhances vertical moisture transport over the ascending branch of the Hadley circulation, so convection is strengthened. Over the descending branch, the mean Hadley circulation tends to transport relatively drier air downward, so convection is reduced.
Influence of the Meridional Overturning Circulation on Tropical Atlantic Climate and Variability
Authors: Haarsma Reindert J. , Campos Edmo , Hazeleger Wilco , Severijns Camiel 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
The influence of the meridional overturning circulation on tropical Atlantic climate and variability has been investigated using the atmosphere–ocean coupled model Speedy-MICOM (Miami Isopycnic Coordinate Ocean Model). In the ocean model MICOM the strength of the meridional overturning cell can be regulated by specifying the lateral boundary conditions. In case of a collapse of the basinwide meridional overturning cell the SST response in the Atlantic is characterized by a dipole with a cooling in the North Atlantic and a warming in the tropical and South Atlantic. The cooling in the North Atlantic is due to the decrease in the strength of the western boundary currents, which reduces the northward advection of heat. The warming in the tropical Atlantic is caused by a reduced ventilation of water originating from the South Atlantic. This effect is most prominent in the eastern tropical Atlantic during boreal summer when the mixed layer attains its minimum depth. As a consequence the seasonal cycle as well as the interannual variability in SST is reduced. The characteristics of the cold tongue mode are changed: the variability in the eastern equatorial region is strongly reduced and the largest variability is now in the Benguela, Angola region. Because of the deepening of the equatorial thermocline, variations in the thermocline depth in the eastern tropical Atlantic no longer significantly affect the mixed layer temperature. The gradient mode remains unaltered. The warming of the tropical Atlantic enhances and shifts the Hadley circulation. Together with the cooling in the North Atlantic, this increases the strength of the subtropical jet and the baroclinicity over the North Atlantic.
Fatigue Behavior of Aramid Nonwoven Fabrics Under Hot-Press Conditions
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Miwa Minoru , Yokoi Teruyuki 
Published: March 2008

Nonwovens used as components of laminated cushion materials for multi-daylight press molding are subjected to repeated hot-press fatiguing. Preferred heat-resistant nonwovens show little change in mechanical properties such as tensile and compression after repeated fatiguing. In Part III, needle-punched nonwovens had superior recovery from hot-press fatiguing compared with paper-like nonwovens and four-ply wovens, because the 3-D fiber arrangement (fibers arranged in the thickness direction) provided by the needle caused these fibers to behave like springs in the nonwovens. In Part VI, the 3-D fiber arrangement was maintained by the stable base fabrics after repeated fatiguing, and was one of the important factors determining the mechanical properties of these nonwovens. The 3-D fiber arrangement can be mainly constructed by the barb and throat of the needle. In this study, we discuss the influences of the barb and throat shapes on fiber arrangement and fiber-to-fiber entanglement. In particular, we discuss the relationship between the cross-sectional area of the throat and compression-recovery properties. Three kinds of nonwovens prepared with different needle types are subjected to repeated hot-press fatiguing treatments, and their compression-recovery behaviors are analyzed. The nonwoven made by the needle with the large cross-sectional throat area is thinner, very elastic, and provides good recovery from compression. This is because the fibers arranged in the thickness direction by the needles get more tightly entangled and may behave somewhat like springs during compression and recovery.
Textile Materials and the Time Factor
Authors: Leaderman Herbert 
Published: March 2008

Some relations between stress, strain, and time in high mole cular weight organic materials are discussed. In the light of these relations a better interpretation can be given to the conventional stress-strain test than is possible in terms of the mechanical proper ties of metals. The properties of primary creep, secondary creep, swelling and thermo-recovery, and mechanical conditioning which are found in long-chain substances are discussed in detail, together with some results that have been obtained on silk and rayon.
Technological and Industrial Trends
Authors: Soule Roland P. 
Published: March 2008

This is the second of two articles which present an abstract of an address by Dr. Roland P. Soule, delivered before the January meeting of the Industrial Research Institute. In the first article, which appeared in the previous issue of TEXTILE RESEARCH, Dr. Soule out lined changes which have been taking place in research and technology and discussed the impact of these changes on corporate profits and corporate policies. A simile was drawn between the life cycle of a typical industrial product and that of a human being: "Corporate profits can no more be per petuated without new products than family names can be perpetuated with out new children." Reprints of these two articles bound in pamphlet form will be available on request from Textile Research Insti tute, Inc., 10 East 40th St., New York 16, N. Y.
Staining of Viscose Rayon Cross Sections
Authors: Hermanst P.H. 
Published: March 2008

If short cuttings of viscose fibers are exposed to solutions of certain dyes like Solophenyl Fast Blue Green BL and Sky Blue FF it is seen that the skin resists penetration of the dye for a considerable length of time, whereas the dye diffuses readily into the core from the fiber end. This phenomenon, designated as "anisotropic diffusion," gives a ready explanation of the selective staining of the core in fiber sections by a number of dyes. The penetration x of the dye into the core with time t has been measured for one dye and a number of fiber samples; it conforms to the equation xt-½ = constant. The speed of penetra tion varies over several orders of magnitude in the samples investigated, including ordinary tire cord and Lilienfeld rayons. After a very long time at room temperature, and much faster if the temperature is raised sufficiently, the dye also penetrates into the skin. At equilibrium absorption both, skin and core become stained; often, not always, depending on the dye used, the core remains stained to a darker shade than the skin when either sections or fibers are dyed. Attention is drawn to the striking fact that Bordeaux Extra is an example of a dye which readily penetrates the skin, although it is also a tetrazo dye with almost the same molecular size as Sky Blue FF, which does not. In sections dyed to equilibrium, the dye readily bleeds off the core on washing with water, whereas the skin remains stained. This provides an easy means to obtain selective staining of the skin with a number of dyes. The Victoria Blue technique for selective skin dyeing disclosed by Morehead and Sisson is discussed and a much simplified modification of it is recommended. The differential staining of viscose and cuprammonium rayon with dye mixtures such as Neocarmin W is explained by the absence of a skin in cuprammonium rayon. It is shown that Lilienfeld-process rayon also has a skin exhibiting similar properties towards dyes as ordinary viscose rayon.
An Investigation of the Relationship Between Polymer Structure and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Stein Richard S. , Tobolsky Arthur V. 
Published: March 2008

Much progress in the understanding of the mechanical properties of high polymeric substances has been made in the past few years. The theory of the mechanical properties of rubberlike systems has been developed by Guth, James, Gee, Treloar, and others; those of fiberlike materials have been studied by Mark, Harris, Eyring, Halsey, and others; and, also, a theory for the double refraction of these materials has been developed by Kuhn and Treloar. In this paper some of these developments are critically reviewed and correlated. The general problems involved in specifying the viscoelastic properties of a polymer are considered and the role of the prevailing theories within this framework is discussed. The application of the technique of simultaneous measurement of stress and birefringence for time-dependent behavior of these systems is considered. It is shown that through its use the mechanical behavior of complex systems may be resolved into more fundamental contributions. The method is applied in an experimental survey of the mechanicat-optical properties of ma terials varying in nature from ideal rubbers to polycrystalline plastics.
Moisture Determination in Textiles by Electrical Meters: Part IV
Authors: Whitwell John C. , Bowen Carol F. , Tonert Richard K. 
Published: March 2008

Previous studies of the precision of various types of electrical moisture meters [8-10] are extended to include meters for sheet materials. The experimental results are analyzed in a manner similar to that previously used and the techniques are extended to cover position and tension effects which could not be covered practically with the bulk materials previously used. The analysis of precision indicates the following: the instrument which is applicable to continuously moving sheets, such as warps or fabric, has a precision equal to that obtainable from ovens; the instrument in which the sample to be tested is clamped between the electrodes is approximately twice as precise as ovens. Precautions in the interpretation of these results are indicated.
The Kinetics of Wool Dyeing
Authors: Alexander P. , Hudson R.F. 
Published: March 2008

It is shown that the rate controlling mechanism of dyeing wool with the simple acid dye Acid Orange II can be diffusion through an unstirred film of liquid or diffusion through the fiber. At low concentrations of dye, the diffusion of dye through an unstirred film of liquid is the slower of the two processes, whatever the degree of agitation. At higher concentrations of dye, the rate controlling step changes from diffusion through liquid film to diffusion through solid when the stirring of the solution is increased beyond the point at which the reaction becomes stirring- independent and the activation energy, determined from the temperature coefficient, changes from approximately 5 to 13 kg.-cal./mole. At high concentrations of dye the diffusion of dye through the fiber proceeds from a saturated concentration on the fiber surface, which action can be readily treated quantitatively. At low dye concentrations the diffusion through the unstirred liquid film can also be treated by the simple diffusion law. In the intermediate range of dye concentrations, however, the diffusion into the fiber proceeds from a varying concentration on the fiber surface and is treated on the basis of a semi-empirical relationship. From consideration of the diffusion coefficient and the apparent energy of activation it is con cluded that dye is not transported through pores, but rather that the swollen fiber behaves like a gel and diffusion occurs by displacement of peptide molecules.
Mechanical Properties and the Structure of Hair
Authors: Reese Cecil E. , Eyring Henry 
Published: March 2008

A simple quantitative method for determining the amount of mechanical strength contributed by the various types of bonds in hair fiber has been developed. The effects of various types of reagents, such as acids, bases, oxidizing agents, and reducing agents, are discussed. The reaction between various chemical agents and hair fibers has been found to be first- order with respect to the reagent and also with respect to the bonds to be broken. The effect of temperature is discussed. Using the theory of absolute reaction rates, the heats and entropies of activation for the reaction have been calculated. The rate of diffusion into hair has been considered. Using Fick's second law of diffusion, the diffusion coefficient of hydroxyl ion in hair has been calculated. Also applying the theory of absolute reaction rates, the values for the heat and entropy of activation have been calculated.