bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydrology of Glacierized Basins
Authors: Willis Ian 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe presence of snow and ice and the lack of vegetation and soil make the hydrology of glacierized basins very different to that of equivalent nonglacierized basins. This article discusses how the characteristics of glacierized basins control their runoff regime and its interannual, intraannual, and intraseasonal variability. The magnitudes and patterns of seasonal water storage and release associated with the snowpack, firn layers, and englacial and subglacial drainage systems are also considered. The controls on flooding in glacierized catchments are discussed with specific reference to the catastrophic drainage of ice‐dammed subglacial and ice‐marginal lakes, moraine‐dammed proglacial lakes, and drainage of water from the englacial/subglacial drainage network that may be triggered by high surface melting or rainstorms. Finally, the effects of climate change on runoff regimes, water storage, and floods are assessed. The similarities and differences between the hydrological regimes of mid‐, high‐, and low‐latitude basins containing glaciers with different thermal regimes are highlighted.
Sediment and Solute Transport in Glacial Meltwater Streams
Authors: Tranter Martyn 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

This review documents the suspended sediment and major ion concentrations of glacial runoff, with a view to understanding the controls on sediment and solute fluxes from glaciated catchments. The sediment yield from glaciated catchments (those with >30% glacial cover) is often an order of magnitude greater than those of similar, nonglaciated catchments. Remarkably, sediment yield from glacier basins scales with basin area, most likely as a consequence of thicker ice thicknesses and ice fluxes, which increase the rate of subglacial erosion. The rate of glacial erosion usually exceeds the rate of transport of material from the catchment, so that following deglaciation sediment yield remains high for periods of 10
3
–10
5
years. The concentration of ions in glacial runoff is typically less than that of temperate river waters, yet the solute yield from glaciated catchments is similar to that of temperate catchments when scaled by specific runoff. Glaciers are particularly efficient in dissolving carbonates, sulfides, fluid inclusions, and the surfaces of silicate minerals. This is a consequence of the production of fine‐grained, geochemically reactive sediments in subglacial environments and the high water flux through many glaciated catchments. Subglacial chemical weathering is microbially mediated. Hence, glacier beds act as refugia for microbial life, which spans the range from fully oxic to fully anoxic conditions.
Modeling of the Global Water Cycle – Analytical Models
Authors: Liu Yongqiang , Avissar Roni 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBoth numerical and analytical models of coupled atmosphere and its underlying ground components (land, ocean, ice) are useful tools for modeling the global and regional water cycle. Unlike complex three‐dimensional climate models, which need very large computing resources and involve a large number of complicated interactions often difficult to interpret, analytical models are able to provide more direct and intuitive figures of variability and processes in a highly simplified system. They can be a good and efficient alternative modeling tool, especially for studying continental water cycle. This article describes the analytical models developed based on the soil and atmospheric water and energy conservation equations. A fourth‐order model is used to illustrate the perturbation equation, solutions, and physical interpretation. Our understanding of some water cycle variability issues, including timescale, persistence, and major physical parameters and processes, obtained from the analytical models is presented.
Global River Carbon Biogeochemistry
Authors: Richey Jeffrey E 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The fluxes of dissolved and particulate carbon from land through fluvial systems to the oceans and to the atmosphere represent important pathways in the global carbon cycle. The processes controlling the distributions of solute species in river waters are established initially by weathering within the watershed, and physical transport via runoff. Superimposed on the underlying geochemical and physical processes is production and mineralization by terrestrial and aquatic biota. These factors play out differentially across the world's river basins, producing chemical signatures that vary from river to river. As a global aggregate, there would appear to be a net sink (between continental sedimentation and marine sedimentation and dissolution) of ∼1 to 1.5 Pg year
−1
. These sinks are partially compensated for by the outgassing. These processes are geographically very dispersed, with the continental sedimentation occurring in northern temperate regions, and much of the marine sedimentation and outgassing occurring in more tropical regions.
Markets for Watershed Services
Authors: Tognetti Sylvia S , Aylward Bruce , Mendoza Guillermo F 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Increasing degradation of watersheds has led to increased recognition of the services they provide in various forms of support for livelihoods and general well‐being, as well as to a greater willingness to pay for them and to cooperate in initiatives to protect them. This is reflected in numerous initiatives, in which market‐based instruments and other supporting institutional arrangements are used as a way to create incentives and to recover the costs of watershed protection, as well as to allocate water more efficiently among various uses. Many of these payment initiatives have focused narrowly on the role of forests in the hydrological regime as a way to justify funding for their conservation, but should be developed in the context of basin‐wide management objectives, which provide a framework for considering the full range of interests that share a common river basin in the context of specific ecosystem functions that support them, and for identifying and quantifying trade‐offs associated with various management options. In addition to forests, this would include consideration of the relative values of all types of land cover and land uses such as wetlands, riparian areas, steep slopes, roads, and management practices. It also requires an accounting for the role of human consumption in the modification of the hydrological cycle, so that these changes can be distinguished from natural variation, and so as to be able to distinguish biophysical from economic causes of scarcity. Economic justification for an initiative may also require that initiatives aimed at protection of freshwater supplies be part of a package of approaches designed to capture the value of multiple ecosystem services found in landscapes, and to resolve conflict among various uses. Given the heterogeneity of landscapes and the site‐specific nature of ecosystem services, a key challenge is to develop the capacity for place‐based approaches to monitoring and assessment. This article provides an overview of the types of economic instruments and institutional arrangements used to capture the value of watershed services, the assumptions on which they are based, institutional challenges faced in implementing them, and the kinds of scientific information needed to identify economic trade‐offs, inform stakeholder negotiations, and support decision‐making.
Acceleration of the Global Hydrologic Cycle
Authors: Roads John , Oglesby Robert , Hoffman Forrest , Robertson Franklin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

The global hydrologic cycle, which can be conceptually described as evaporation of water vapor from the ocean, transport of water vapor by atmospheric winds to land regions, condensation, and precipitation of atmospheric water back to the surface, and subsequent transport, by streams, of this water back to the ocean, may intensify or accelerate in the future, as the planet warms owing to an increasing greenhouse resulting from increasing emissions of anthropogenic gases. As in many previous studies, increased hydrologic fluxes are found in a 100‐year integration of the NCAR Coupled Climate System Model when forced with increasing CO
2
levels. That is, as the earth warms, the evaporation increases, which not only increases the precipitation rate, but also the subsequent moisture convergence to land regions. However, if this increase in the cycling rate by various processes is measured with respect to the changing atmospheric and surface water reservoirs, then the atmospheric hydrologic cycle may appear to be actually deaccelerating since the atmospheric reservoir in this model is influenced more by the temperature changes than the actual transformation processes are. By contrast the land surface water reservoirs are less affected and thus there does appear to be an accelerated land surface hydrologic cycle, especially at high latitudes, and a coupled land‐atmosphere acceleration, at least over land regions. There are also important regional differences.
Role and Importance of Cryospheric Processes in Climate System
Authors: McConnell Joseph R 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The cryosphere, which includes seasonal snow, frozen ground, sea ice, glaciers, ice caps, and ice sheets, is one of Earth's five main regimes together with the atmosphere, biosphere, hydrosphere, and pedosphere. It is estimated that the cryosphere contains about 1.8% of all water on Earth but nearly 70% of the freshwater. Interactions between snow and ice cover and the radiation budget make the cryosphere especially important to climate at local to global scales, while strong positive feedback mechanisms mean that the cryosphere is particularly sensitive to climate change. Impurities trapped in glaciers and ice sheets archive detailed, high‐time resolution records of the Earth's changing climate and hydrologic cycle over the past million years. These and other records document repeated variations in the size of the cryosphere including very large, long‐duration changes such as the glacial and interglacial periods as well as much smaller, though still important changes such as the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age during the last two millennia. The cryosphere is shrinking rapidly in response to the current warming, particularly in the Northern Hemisphere.
Data Visualization
Authors: Knopf George K. , Sangole Archana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractData visualization exploits statistical, computer graphics, and geometric modeling techniques to transform numeric or symbolic datasets into visual displays that enable analysts to observe patterns in a more intuitive and efficient manner. These diverse techniques reduce both the quantity and the dimensionality of the data to a manageable size, and encode as much information as possible into simple graphical forms and displays. Critical information is represented as differences in color, size, shape, and the relative proximity of graphical icons in the display space. Techniques that generate graphical representations from strings of numeric data are usually referred to as scientific visualization methods. Information visualization, on the other hand, focuses on document databases and information spaces. Scientific data and information visualization techniques are becoming increasingly more important in medicine as clinical staff, practicing physicians, and biomedical engineers need to explore and analyze large complex databases. A deeper understanding of the correlations and interrelationships between constituent data vectors or segments of textual information will lead to improved medical care. Although visualization is a data‐dependent process, the statistical and geometric modeling techniques can be used to synthesize, graphically represent, and analyze these diverse forms of data.
Micromechanical Devices
Authors: Martel Sylvain 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe miniaturization of mechanical systems, and more specifically micromechanical devices, promise new opportunities in many biomedical applications because of their specific characteristics. These micromechanical devices are much smaller, lighter, faster (e.g., higher resonant frequency), and often more precise or sensitive than their macroscopic counterparts. In particular, micromechanical devices present opportunities in assisting in diagnostic, surgical, and therapeutic applications. Micromechanical devices are also often referred to as micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMS) when combined with electronics, and when conceived for a particular biotechnology‐based application, they are often referred to as bioMEMS (bio‐micro‐electromechanical systems). Today, micromechanical devices exist in many environments such as automotive, consumer, industrial, aerospace, and biomedical. Biomedical applications for micromechanical devices are an area that is forecast to experience substantial growth. An example is the implantable and disposable blood pressure sensor, one of the earliest bioMEMS applications, which continues to grow. MEMS‐based lab‐on‐a‐chip for point‐of‐care diagnostics on a patient is another promising application in biomedical where the time and cost associated with conventional methods can be reduced significantly. Of particular interest in the biomedical field are micromechanical devices such as microtransducers in the form of micromechanical sensors and micromechanical actuators including micromotors.
Nerve Stimulation
Authors: Grill Warren M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis chapter describes electrical activation of the nervous system with an emphasis on stimulation of peripheral nerve fibers. Electrical stimulation of the nervous system is a widespread method to study the form and function of the nervous system and a technique to restore function following disease or injury. The objective of this chapter is to present the fundamental principles underlying nerve fiber excitation, and the focus is on electrical stimulation of peripheral myelinated nerve fibers. The fundamental understanding provided by quantitative analysis is required for rational design and interpretation of therapies employing electrical stimulation.
Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Electrical Stimulation Treatment
Authors: Sahin Mesut , Huang Jingtao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is an intermittent occlusion of the upper airways resulting in frequent arousals during sleep. It is a prevalent problem among middle‐aged overweight males. Neuromuscular and anatomical factors play a major role predisposing the upper‐airways for obstructions. The limited success of current therapies and the strong correlation of the obstructions with the upper‐airway muscle mechanics has inspired researchers to apply the experience gained in the field of functional electrical stimulation to this common sleep disorder. A number of upper airway muscles have been tested in animal models and human subjects for their potential to remove or prevent the obstructions. Electrical activation of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue through the stimulation of the XIIth cranial (hypoglossal) nerve stands out as the most promising approach today. In this article, we review these recent attempts to treat OSA by electrical activation of the upper‐airway muscles.
Sleep
Authors: Achermann Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSleep is a reversible, periodical state of quiescence that is more than the absence of being awake—it is an active state that is regulated. Typical changes in the pattern of the electroencephalogram (EEG) serve to discriminate sleep and waking. Modern sleep research is intimately linked to the ability of recording the EEG and to its quantitative analysis. The cyclic alternation of the two basic sleep states, non rapid‐eye‐movement (non REM) sleep and rapid‐eye‐movement (REM) sleep, is one of the hallmarks of sleep. Sleep homeostasis denotes a basic principle of sleep regulation. A sleep deficit elicits a compensatory increase in the intensity and duration of sleep, whereas excessive sleep reduces sleep propensity. EEG slow‐wave activity (SWA), a correlate of sleep intensity, serves as an indicator of sleep homeostasis in nonREM sleep. The level of SWA is determined by the duration of prior sleep and waking. Recent evidence exists for a local use‐dependent facet of sleep regulation. Selective unihemispheric regional cerebral activation during waking gives rise to a predominant increase of sleep intensity in the previously activated region as reflected by enhancement of SWA.
Spinal Cord Stimulation System
Authors: Guo Songfeng , Brown Karl , Grindle Garrett , Zipfel Emily 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSpinal cord stimulation (SCS) is an advanced therapy and method of pain management for certain types of chronic pain. SCS has thus far been shown to be more effective for neuropathic forms of pain than for nociceptive forms of pain. The history of electrical stimulation for pain relief is reviewed as well as the basic anatomy of the spinal cord. Although its exact mechanisms are still unknown, SCS involves both neurophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological mechanisms to achieve paresthesia. The implantable pulse generator (IPG) and external radio frequency (RF) spinal cord stimulators, their parameters, and implantation procedures are described. Future success of SCS will depend on improving the model for SCS's mechanisms, improving the patient selection criteria, and optimizing the lead configuration for improved pain relief.
Skin Lesions: Burns
Authors: Roa Laura M. , Reina-Tosina Javier , Gómez-Cía Tomás 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Burn injuries are one of the most aggressive lesions that the human body can suffer with certain probabilities of survival. Recent advances on the treatment of critical burn patients have run in parallel with beneficial contributions from different fields of biomedical engineering, ranging from modeling and simulation techniques to tissue engineering to information technologies and communications applied to this life‐threatening trauma. The use of mathematical models has led to a better understanding of the physiopathology of the burn patient, and relying on their capabilities for knowledge generation and integration, it has been possible to propose therapies with the quantification of the loss of fluids, electrolytes, and colloids as a function of burn extent and depth and the time interval since the injury. The reconstruction of skin is another challenge for plastic surgeons that has improved by applying tissue engineering concepts. Especially in recent years, the improvement of information technologies and communications has played a fundamental role in improving the quality of the treatment to burn patients, with telemedicine as a clear example.
Cover Picture: Controlling Microstructure in Magnesium Alloys: A Combined Thermodynamic, Experimental and Simulation Approach (Adv. Eng. Mater. 4/2006)
Authors: Böttger B. , Eiken J. , Ohno M. , Klaus G. , Fehlbier M. , Schmid‐Fetzer R. , Steinbach I. , Bührig‐Polaczek A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe cover picture shows four different microstructures of magnesium alloys resulting from different grain refinement mechanisms. More about a combined thermodynamic, experimental and simulation approach for controlling microstructure in magnesium alloys can be found in the paper by Böttger et al. on page 241 in this issue.
Catalytic kinetics of quaternary ammonium poly(styrene‐co‐methylstyrene) resin
Authors: Wu Ho‐Shing , Lin Hung‐Ju 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe catalytic kinetics and synthesis of poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) resin of different degrees of crosslinkages and ring substitutions were investigated by copolymerizing styrene and chloromethylstyrene through crosslinking with divinylbenzene. Poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) quaternary ammonium salt was obtained with activating poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) resin with tertiary amine. More than 20 types of poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) quaternary ammonium catalyst were prepared, with reaction conditions including immobilized time (0.125∼4 days), concentration of tertiary amine (0.1∼2 kmol/m3), kinds of solvents in immobilization (methanol, ethyl alcohol, and DMF), and kinds of tertiary amines (trimethylamine, triethylamine, tripropylamine, tri‐n‐butylamine, tri‐n‐pentylamine, tri‐n‐hexylamine, and tri‐n‐octylamine). These catalysts were used to achieve the optimum allylation of phenol. The reactions were conducted and studied individually with either equal mole or equal weight of catalyst. The best reactivity for the allylation of phenol was obtained when the structure of the quaternary ammonium catalyst was 10% degree of ring substitution and 2% degree of crosslinkage activating with trihexylamine. The turnover number and the effectiveness factor were also calculated. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
How many work‐related injuries requiring hospitalization in British Columbia are claimed for workers' compensation?
Authors: Alamgir Hasanat , Koehoorn Mieke , Ostry Aleck , Tompa Emile , Demers Paul A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundWorkplace compensation claims datasets represent an important source of information on work‐related injuries. This study investigated the concordance between hospital discharge records and workers' compensation records for work‐related serious injuries among a cohort of sawmill workers in British Columbia (BC), Canada. It also examined the extent to which workers' compensation capturing patterns varied by cause, severity of injuries, and demographic characteristics of workers.MethodsWork‐related injuries were identified in hospitalization records between April 1989 and December 1998, and were matched by dates and description of injury to compensation records.ResultsThe agreement between the hospital records and compensation records was good (κ = 0.84, P < 0.01). A lower claim reporting rate for work‐related hospitalization was observed for older and non‐white workers. More serious injuries defined by longer length of stay and emergency admissions were more likely to be reported. Falls, struck against, and overexertion injuries had lower reporting rates; whereas, machinery‐related, cutting/piercing, and caught in/between injuries had higher reporting rates.ConclusionsWhen compared with hospital discharge records, the compensation agency underreported incidents of serious work‐related injuries by 10–15% among the sawmill workers. Am. J. Ind. Med. 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.