bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatty acid and oil diversity of cupheaviscosissima: A source of medium‐ chain fatty acids
Authors: Knapp S. J. , Tagliani L. A. , Roath W. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCuphea viscosissima Jacq. is being developed as a commercial source of caprylic, capric, lauric, and myristic acids. Germplasm resources for characterizing the genetic diversity of this species became available following explorations by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) in 1986 and 1987. In this paper, we describe the fatty acid and oil percentage diversity of forty‐ two populations ofC. viscosissima collected from seven states within the United States. Caprylic (18.0%) and capric acid (69.9%) were the major fatty acids of these populations. The fatty acid percentage ranges were narrow for every fatty acid,e.g., 16.4 to 20.4% for caprylic acid and 66.6 to 71.3% for capric acid. The maximum lauric acid percentage was 3.4%. Oil ranged from 27.3 to 33.4%. Although the populations surveyed cover a fairly wide geographic range, they display limited fatty acid diversity. Surveys of germplasm from other parts of the range are needed to further characterize the fatty acid diversity of this species.
Chemical evaluation of egyptian citrus seeds as potential sources of vegetable oils
Authors: Habib M. A. , Hammam M. A. , Sakr A. A. , Ashoush Y. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeeds of the citrus fruits orange, mandarin, lime and grapefruit were analyzed. Petroleum ether‐extracted oils of such seeds amounted to more than 40% of each. Physical and chemical properties of the extracted oils are presented. Samples of the extracted oils were saponified and the unsaponifiables and fatty acid fractions isolated. The isolated unsaponifiables and fatty acids were analyzed by GLC. GLC analysis of the unsaponifiables revealed compositional patterns differ‐ent in number, type and relative concentration of fractions according to type of citrus seed oil, depending on the solvent system used for oil extraction and unsaponifiable matter isolation. The compositional patterns of the unsaponifiables were similar to that of cottonseed oil. Mandarin and grapefruit oils are free of cholesterol. The data demonstrate that the fatty acid compositional patterns of the oils differ; Mandarin seed oil contains the largest number of fatty acids, and grapefruit seed oil contains the lowest. The total amounts of volatile fatty acids in these oils are generally higher than those of other edible oils. Lime seed oil is similar, in the degree of unsaturation, to soybean oil. The orange oil pattern is similar to cottonseed oil. The amount of total essential fatty acids in lime seed oil is the highest of the oils studied.
A comparison by warburg respirometry and die‐away studies of the degradability of select nonionic surface‐active agents
Authors: Garrison L. J. , Matson R. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe relative biodegradability of several classes of nonionic surfactants have been determined by Shake Flask, Die‐Away and Warburg Respirometer tests. Analytical techniques used to follow the degradation processes involved the measurement of loss of surfactant properties (surface tension or foamability), colorimetric determinations and oxygen uptake studies. Nonionic products prepared from naturally occurring or synthesized straight chain hydrophobes were shown to exhibit based upon branched chain materials. A good correlation of data by the various analytical techniques was obtained on the straight chain based products.
Surfactants containing ethylene oxide: Relationship of structure to biodegradability
Authors: Steinle E. C. , Myerly R. C. , Vath C. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnionic ethoxy sulfate and nonionic ethoxylate surfactants were prepared from the following straight‐chain hydrophobes: fatty or Ziegler primary alcohols, oxo alcohols derived from straight‐chain olefins, secondary straight‐chain alcohols and straight‐chain alkylphenols. These were studied to relate biodegrability to the following elements of structure: the nature of the connecting link, its position of attachment to the hydrophobe, the chain length of the hydrophobe, and the length of the ethylene oxide chain used. Previously described methods were used to estimate both rate and completeness of degradation in river water as well as activated sludge environments.Data are presented to support the following conclusions.

All surfactants derived from straight‐chain primary and secondary alcohols are rapidly and completely degraded with loss of surfactant properties. The length of the ethylene oxide chain from zero up to ten units has no effect on the rate or the completeness of degradation. In such surfactants, the ethylene oxide chain is completely degraded.
In contrast, surfactants from straight‐chain alkylphenols are not as rapidly or as completely degraded as those described above. The position of attachment of the phenol ring to the straight‐chain has a large effect on degradability; normal or primary attachment leads to a faster rate of disappearance than secondary attachment. Nonionic surfactants from straight‐chain alkylphenols containing ten to twelve moles of ethylene oxide are not completely degradable.
Straight‐chain alkylbenzenes: Structure and performance property relations
Authors: Rubinfeld J. , Emery E. M. , Cross H. D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn intensive study of the mass spectral characteristics of straight‐chain alkylbenzenes has been made in conjuction with their ultimate performance as sulfonates in heavy duty formulations. Two variables of the alkylates, carbon‐chain length distribution (which fixes the mean mol wt) and phenyl position on the chain, have been successfully related to the observed dishwashing performances. Formulas are given which allow accurately predicting this performance criteria. The important role of phenyl position is illustrated by a detailed study of each phenyl isomer in the tetradecylbenzene series.
A colorimetric procedure for the estimation of fat acidity in peanuts and peanut meals
Authors: Bains G. S. , Rao S. V. , Bhatia D. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractModification of a colorimetric method for the estimation of free fatty acids in peanuts and its products is described. The material is extracted with benzene and a measured aliquot shaken with aqueos cupric acetate. The absorbance of the filtered coloured benzene layer is measured spectrophotometrically at 670 mॖ.The concomitant presence of peanut oil in the benzene solution of copper oleate has a negligible effect on the intensity of colour. The procedure can also be used for determining the fat acidity in sesame meals.
Quality assessment of used frying fats: A comparison of four methods
Authors: Billek G. , Guhr G. , Waibel J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe level of petroleum ether insoluble oxidized fatty acids in used frying fats is one of the recommended criteria for assessing their quality in Germany; however, the method of determination is time consuming and inaccurate. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) allows the determination of dimeric and oligomeric triglycerides in a heated fat irrespective of the presence of oxidized material. An indication of the total amount of polar and oxidized compounds can be obtained by liquid chromatography (LC) on a silica gel column in connection with a moving‐wire detector. A comparatively simple and quick method is the separation of polar and unpolar components in a used frying fat by means of column chromatography (CC) on silica gel. Over a large number of investigations, a good correlation was seen between the results obtained with GPC, LC, and CC and the amount of petroleum ether insoluble oxidized fatty acids isolated from used frying fats. Limits of the analytical data obtained by the new methods are proposed which indicate deterioration of used frying fats.
Cationic surf ACE‐active agents
Authors: Gawish S. M. , Hazzaa A. A. B. , Gebril B. EL‐Din 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA group of cationic surfactants of 2‐hydroxy‐3‐(2‐heptadecyl, pentadecyl or undecyl amido‐ethylamino) propane‐1‐triethyl ammonium hydro‐xides was prepared. These derivatives were purified and characterized by microanalysis, molecular weight determination, infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectra studies. Their surface and interfacial tensions were determined.
New non‐ionic surfactants: Alkyl polyoxyethylene diethers of isomeric dimethylxanthines
Authors: Sax Philip , Donbrow M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNovel isomeric nonionic surfactants of the poly‐oxyethylene (POE) ether type possessing terminal dimethylxanthine functions related to caffeine have been prepared using a polyoxyethylene cetyl mono‐ether as the starting material. The surface tension pro‐perties indicate that, compared to the parent com‐pound and its chloride derivative, these derivatives show pronounced changes in the critical micelle con‐centration (CMC) and pre‐CMC slope but relatively minor changes in the minimum surface tension value. The findings are discussed also in terms of efficiency and effectiveness of surfactants. The evidence indi‐cates that the structure of the terminal hydrophilic portion can have a significant effect on interfacial packing. The cloud points of the chloride derivative and the xanthine derivatives were considerably lower than that of the parent ether. Cloud point curves for the ether, the chloride, and the xanthines over the dilute concentration range show similar features.
Oil and protein analysis of whole rapeseed kernels by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Tkachuk R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOil, protein, chlorophyll and glucosinolate content were analyzed in whole rapeseed kernels by use of a near infrared reflectance technique. Oil and protein content could be estimated with high correlation and good accuracy when predicted results for 89 samples were compared to standard laboratory results. For oil, a multiple correlation coefficient (R) of 0.954 and a standard error of estimate (Sy) value of 0.83 were obtained when reflectance was measured at eight wavelengths. For protein, R = 0.964 and Sy = 0.88 were obtained when reflectance was measured at six wavelengths. Significantly lower correlations were obtained for prediction of chlorophyll (R = 0.506) and glucosinolate (R = 0.707) content, and presently near infrared data cannot be used to measure these two constituents. For the prediction of oil and protein, the levels of accuracy obtained are sufficient for many analytical purposes, and if needed, the accuracy can be improved by repeated measurements. The method is rapid, involves no sample preparation, and leaves intact, viable seed available for other purposes.
Changes in fatty acids during maturation of Coriandrum sativum seeds
Authors: Lakshminarayana1 G. , Rao K. V. S. A. , Devi K. Sita , Kaimal T. N. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChanges in fatty acids were studied during maturation ofCoriandrum sativumseeds. The seeds matured in 50 days after flowering. Lipid synthesis proceeded at a steady rate up to 40 days after flowering. Reductive ozonolysis of the monoenes followed by gas liquid Chromatographic analysis of the aldehydic fragments as dioxolanes of 1,3‐propanediol was employed to estimate petroselenate (octadeca‐cis‐6‐enoate) in the presence of oleate (octadeca‐cis‐9‐enoate). Petroselenic acid was the major fatty acid at all stages.
Rapid determination of free fatty acids in vegetable oils by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Williams M. G. , Macgee J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDetermination of the free fatty acids in small quantities of vegetable oil is accomplished by gas liquid chromatography. The free fatty acids are isolated from a hexane solution of the vegetable oil into an aqueous solution of trimethylphenylammonium hydroxide (TMPH). Due to the alkalinity of TMPH, the free fatty acids readily partition into this aqueous phase. Injection of the free fatty acid‐TMPH salts into a gas chromatograph results in pyrolytic methylation of the free fatty acid salts—yielding the methyl esters. Excellent results were obtained when this new procedure was used on neutral lipid oils containing known amounts of free fatty acids and compared with the results obtained by a modified BF3/MeOH esterification procedure. When compared to the AOCS titration procedure, this new procedure gave comparable results. This new procedure has advantages over the AOCS procedure: it is more sensitive and gives quantitative results for individual free fatty acids. This new procedure also has several advantages over the modified BF3/MeOH esterification procedure: it is easily and more rapidly performed, there is no deposition of glyceride on the column when the sample is injected, and because there is quantitative recovery, the new procedure is more sensitive and can be used on oils with a low weight percentage of free fatty acids.
Efficacy of the antioxidants BHA and BHT in palm olein during heating and frying
Authors: Augustin M. A. , Berry S. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) in retarding the deterioration of RBD palm olein during static heating (180 C) and frying operations was assessed by determining the peroxide, anisidine, acid and iodine values; absorbances at 232 and 268 nm; and the fatty acid composition of the oil. During static heating of the oil, BHA was found to be a more effective antioxidant than BHT whereas, during intermittent frying of potato chips, both the antioxidants were relatively ineffective in retarding the deterioration of the oil. The loss of BHT from the oil during static heating exceeded that of BHA. On the other hand, when potato chips were fried in the oil periodically, a higher loss of BHA was observed.
Optimization of industrial vegetable oil hydrogenators
Authors: Moharir A. S. , Bhatia S. , Saraf D. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA method to optimize the operation of industrial vegetable oil hydrogenators is proposed. The hydrogenation data from an operating plant are used to fit a simple mathematical model which is then used to select values for temperature and hydrogen pressure such that a desired product is obtained in minimum hydrogenation time, Methodology is suggested whereby any nonoptimal operation can be changed to optimal operation in a few trials.
Effect of heat on triglycerides of corn oil
Authors: Sahasrabudhe M. R. , Farn I. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractResults of a study on the effect of heating corn oil in air to a 200C temp are reported. Heated oil was separated on a silicic acid column into 8 fractions. The first four fractions, constituting about 62% original oil, were found to be unchanged triglycerides. The remaining 4 fractions constituted polymeric and degraded products of high molecular wt. Percentage losses from the respective positions in the oleo‐ and linoleoglyceride fractions suggest that fatty acids in primary positions are slightly more susceptible to heat than those in the 2‐position. Assuming a 1,3‐random 2‐random distribution, triglyceride fraction in the heated oil contained 6.7% trilinolein as compared to 17.7% in fresh oil. Evidence is presented which shows presence of branching in short chain unsaturated acids and of hydroxy acids in the saponified polymeric fractions.
Fatty acid composition of rice lipids by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Lugay J. C. , Juliano B. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGas‐liquid Chromatographic analysis of the methyl ester of lipids of four rice varieties showed that bran lipids had significantly higher mean contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, but lower contents of myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, and stearic acids than milled rice lipids. Nine fatty acids were detected. The principal components were oleic, linoleic, and palmitic, which also was confirmed by thin‐layer chromatography of the esters.
Search for new industrial oils, IX.Cuphea, a versatile source of fatty acids
Authors: Miller R. W. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Q. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeed oils from five species ofCuphea show three distinct patterns of fatty acid composition.C. hookeriana andC. painteri oils contain ca. 70% caprylic acid,C. ignea and C.llavea oils have over 80% capric acid, andC. carthagenensis oil contains 57% lauric and 18% capric acids.
Determination of double bond position in unsaturated triglycerides by analysis of the oxidation products by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tulloch A. P. , Craig B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOleic, linoleic, and linolenic esters and olive, sunflower, linseed, rapeseed, hydrogenated rape‐seed, and coriander oils have been oxidized by the permanganate‐periodate reagent. The relative amounts of the dibasic acids and of the mono‐basic acids produced were determined by gas liquid chromatography (GLC). These results were used in combination with the compositions of the oils, also found by GLC, to calculate the positions of the double bonds in the unsaturated fatty acids of the oils. Evidence for the presence of small amounts of 11‐octadecenoic acid and other unusual isomers was obtained.
Thermal decomposition of dimethyllaurylamine oxide
Authors: Shulman G. P. , Link W. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe principal reaction during thermal decom‐position of dimethyllaurylamine oxide is deoxy‐genation to dimethyllaurylamine; 1‐dodecene is also formed. The rates of amine oxide decomposi‐tion have been determined in the range of 80‐100C. Interpretation of the kinetic data shows that deoxygenation is a primary decomposition process. Comparison of the energy and entropy of activation for olefin formation (36.3 kcal, 12.4 e.u.) and amine formation (20.6 kcal, ‐30.8 e.u.) shows that these are competing processes with different transition states.
Textile Finishes
Authors: Tesoro Giullana C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe dynamic course of textile technology in the last two decades has brought to the market‐place fabrics manufactured from many fibers and combinations of fibers as well as fabrics chemically treated or “finished” to acquire spe‐cific functional properties and maintain them through multiple washing‐cycles. The most im‐portant classes of durable textile finishes are reviewed with reference to the chemical types, to the functions performed by the finish, and to the fabric substrates on which finish is generally used.Some of the problems associated with the wash‐ing of chemically treated fabrics are discussed, including impairment of fabric appearance or strength and impairment of performance through gradual removal of the finish. These problems can be minimized by adequate quality‐control programs in the textile industry, but truly optimum behavior of fabrics in washing would also require coordinated efforts on the part of those who manufacture consumer products and the cooperation of consumers as well.
Factors affecting the performance and appearance of laundered synthetic fabrics
Authors: Hunter Robert T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPublished work done on a group of selected natural and synthetic fabrics is reviewed. This work shows that, when laboratory‐controlled practical washing and home laundering are com‐pared, good correlation can be obtained although washing in the home was generally poorer than in the laboratory. Large losses in reflectance oc‐cur on certain fabrics in some families in the home‐laundry study. Polyester‐containing fabrics tend to gray by redeposition more than other fabrics investigated. The new permanent‐press fabrics seem more susceptible to redeposition than their untreated substrates, from which they are derived. A systematic screening of factors af‐fecting the performance of these fabrics in the laundry indicates that detergent under‐usage is a major factor for the failure of polyesters to perform as well as cotton. Laboratory‐scale deter‐gency and redeposition studies agree with the practical experiments. Further work on the relation of chromatic changes on this same group of fabrics is also re‐ported. The blue‐yellow scale was found to be extremely important in its effect on ultimate visual preference of the fabrics in this study. A unit change in apparent yellowness was found to be more than four times as important as a unit change in grayness in determining visual preferences. It was also shown that fabrics of a yellow hue were subjectively unsatisfactory to a panel of judges whereas fabrics with a blue‐white hue caused by brighteners tended to be acceptable irrespective of their grayness within reasonable limits. Thus optical brightener effects, or lack of them, appear to be the single most important detergent‐related factor in determining the laun‐dered appearance of these fabrics.
Chromatographic determination of neutrals in tall oil fatty acids, gum and wood rosin
Authors: Moseley P. B. , Stanley J. B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA simple analytical method for the determina‐tion of the neutrals (nonacidics) in tall oil fatty acids, gum and wood rosin has been developed. The method is based on the use of Chromatogra‐phic techniques for the separation of the acidic from the nonacidic fraction by using alumina as the adsorbent and acetone as the solvent. Data are presented which show good agreement between a calculated theoretical nonacidic content and the amount actually found by the chromatographie procedure as well as the standard AOCS procedure for unsaponifiables.
Carbonyls in oxidizing fat: XII. The isolation of free aldehydes from autoxidized triolein, trilinolein and trilinolenin
Authors: Ellis Rex , Gaddis A. M. , Currie G. T. , Powell S. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMethods of aldehyde isolation have been com‐pared in the separation of free aldehydes from autoxidizing triglycerides of pure unsaturated fatty acids. Vacuum distillation was the mildest method of aldehyde isolation. Amounts of decomposed monocarbonyl precursors were directly related to acidity of extraction conditions. Analysis of autoxidizing trilinolenin showed, after attainment of an early maximum, a decrease in monocarbonyl values from vacuum distillation and Girard T reagent methods. Known aldehydes isolated by the acid celite methods increased progressively. These results were considered to be due to a decline in monomeric hydroperoxides as related to free aldehydes, and decomposition of not only monomeric peroxides but also polymers by the acid celite methods. Amounts of decomposed monocarbonyl precursors (broken down) were directly related to acidity of extraction conditions. Analysis of autoxidizing trilinolenin showed a decrease in monocarbonyl values from vacuum distillation and Girard T reagent values and an increase in these values with (those of) the acid celite reaction methods. This was considered to be due to a decline in monomeric hydroperoxides and decomposition of polymers by the acid celite methods. Studies with autoxidizing lard demonstrated several factors having a strong influence on the amount of aldehydes isolated by the phosphoric acid celite reaction method. Passage through the column decreased hydroperoxide values 10−15%. Amount of monocarbonyl compounds was directly related to the time of exposure on the column. The yield of aldehydes decreased with increase in the amount of oxidized material applied to the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine reaction column.