bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controlling Gas Channeling and Altering it to a Kind of Natural Gas Lift in an Iranian Offshore Oil Field
Authors: Nezhad Mohsen Dabiri , Darani Hesam Sheikh 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper examines and compares Natural and Artificial Gas Lift performance of one of the Iranian Offshore fields. Before the results of this study, gas channeling from the upper gas layer, a phenomenon which causes gas streams to pierce into some of the wellbores, was characterized as a negative effect which should be treated or repaired. On the other hand, regarding that this is a fractured under-saturated reservoir with an active aquifer mechanism, it was foreseen that applying immiscible gas and water injection in this reservoir in order to increase recovery factor are ineffective; and studies supported this idea. With respect to the growing amount of water production, need to further study Artificial Lift Methods was assumed essential. Considering operational conditions and abundance of excessive gas in this field, a gas lift system was designed and the optimum injection points with best recoveries were identified. However, reservoir simulation surprisingly demonstrated that when gas channeling from the upper gas layer is taken into account, oil production rates exhibit a significant increase. This could be interpreted as Natural Gas Lift.
In this paper, we indicate how accidental gas channeling in the wells of this reservoir has prompted oil production rate to raise. Results of well modeling by PROSPER software, considering different flow scenarios, were imported into reservoir simulator and final recoveries were observed during a certain time period. Conclusively, it is suggested that controlling gas channeling in these wells by employing Natural Gas Lift Technology would maintain oil production capacity. According to the results, total field oil recovery factor would be almost 4 percent more than natural depletion during 21 years and that would be the most economical, applicable and effective way to improve recovery factor in this reservoir.
Liver Enzyme Alterations in HCV-Monoinfected and HCV/HIV-Coinfected Patients
Authors: Langohr Klaus , Sanvisens Arantza , Fuster Daniel , Tor Jordi , Serra Isabel , Rey-Joly Celestino , Rivas Inmaculada , Muga Roberto 
Published: November 2008

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is the most common blood-borne infection in developed countries and co-infection with the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is frequent in individuals with history of injecting drug use (IDU).We aimed to analyze liver transaminases in HCV monoinfected and HCV/HIV co-infected patients to assess the effect of HIV infection on liver enzyme elevations.We studied 429 current IDUs admitted to substance abuse treatment (82.5% males). Serum samples for liver tests, HIV infection and viral hepatitis serologies were obtained at admission. Results: Median age was 30 years (IQR:27-34), median duration of IDU was 10 years (IQR:5-14), 52% of patients were HCV/HIV co-infected, 40.8% were HCV monoinfected, and 7.2% were HCV and HIV- seronegatives. Elevated AST was associated with male gender and lower CD8+cell count in the HCV monoinfected patients, and with age and lower cholesterol in the HCV/HIV coinfected subjects. ALT elevation was associated with younger age, higher body mass index and male gender in the monoinfected patients, and with higher CD4+cell counts and lower cholesterol in the co-infected group. Male sex was strongly associated with elevated ALT and AST transaminase in the monoinfected but not in dual-infected subjects.These data suggest that the effect of gender on liver enzymes may be lost in patients with HIV infection. The overall differences observed between groups regarding liver enzyme elevations are of clinical relevance in the management of IDUs with chronic hepatitis C.
Impaired Hyperglycemia-Induced Delay in Gastric Emptying in Patients With Type 1 Diabetes Deficient for Islet Amyloid Polypeptide
Authors: Woerle Hans J. , Albrecht Max , Linke Rainer , Zschau Silvia , Neumann Christoph , Nicolaus Mathias , Gerich John E. , Göke Burkhard , Schirra Joerg 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—Slowing of gastric emptying by hyperglycemia, a physiological response to minimize postprandial hyperglycemia, may be impaired in patients with type 1 diabetes. The causes and consequences on glucose homeostasis are unknown.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Consequences of euglycemia- and hyperglycemia-induced changes in gastric emptying on postprandial glucose fluxes and excursions were studied in 10 healthy subjects and 15 type 1 diabetic subjects after ingestion of a mixed meal using the double isotope approach ([6,6-2H2] and [1-13C]glucose) and scintigraphic measurements of gastric emptying.RESULTS—Gastric emptying was greater in type 1 diabetic subjects (90–120 min, P &lt; 0.03), and 50% retention times were comparable in healthy subjects and type 1 diabetic subjects (167 ± 8 vs. 152 ± 10, P = 0.32). Hyperglycemia markedly delayed gastric emptying in healthy subjects but did not alter it in type 1 diabetic subjects (50% retention time 222 ± 18 vs. 167 ± 8 min, P = 0.003 and 148 ± 9 vs. 152 ± 10 min, P = 0.51). Plasma islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP) increased approximately fourfold in healthy subjects (P &lt; 0.001), whereas it was undetectable in type 1 diabetic subjects. IAPP replacement, using the analog pramlintide, in type 1 diabetic subjects slowed gastric emptying to a comparable extent, as did hyperglycemia in healthy subjects (P &lt; 0.14), and greatly reduced postprandial hyperglycemia (P &lt; 00.1). Meal-derived glucose appearance in plasma (10.7 ± 0.5 vs. 6.8 ± 0.7 μmol · kg−1 · min−1, P &lt; 0.001) was reduced, and splanchnic glucose sequestration increased (14.0 ± 3.0 vs. 25.0 ± 6.0%, P = 0.04).CONCLUSIONS—In patients with type 1 diabetes the ability to delay gastric emptying in response to hyperglycemia is impaired. This impairment contributes to exaggerated rates of meal-derived glucose appearance and, ultimately, postprandial glucose excursions.
Depression and Type 2 Diabetes Over the Lifespan
Authors: Mezuk Briana , Eaton William W. , Albrecht Sandra , Golden Sherita Hill 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—It has been argued that the relationship between depression and diabetes is bi-directional, but this hypothesis has not been explicitly tested. This systematic review examines the bi-directional prospective relationships between depression and type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A search was conducted using Medline for publications from 1950 through 2007. Reviewers assessed the eligibility of each report by exposure/outcome measurement and study design. Only comparative prospective studies of depression and type 2 diabetes that excluded prevalent cases of depression (for diabetes predicting depression) or diabetes (for depression predicting diabetes) were included. Two sets of pooled risk estimates were calculated using random effects: depression predicting type 2 diabetes and type 2 diabetes predicting depression.
RESULTS—Of 42 full-text publications reviewed, 13 met eligibility for depression predicting onset of diabetes, representing 6,916 incident cases. Seven met criteria for diabetes predicting onset of depression, representing 6,414 incident cases. The pooled relative risk (RR) for incident depression associated with baseline diabetes was 1.15 (95% CI 1.02–1.30). The RR for incident diabetes associated with baseline depression was 1.60 (1.37–1.88).
CONCLUSIONS—Depression is associated with a 60% increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is associated with only modest increased risk of depression. Future research should focus on identifying mechanisms linking these conditions.
Nationally Representative Medical Costs of Diabetes by Time Since Diagnosis
Authors: Trogdon Justin G. , Hylands Thomas 
Published: November 2008

OBJECTIVE—This study provides nationally representative estimates for the U.S. of medical expenditures associated with diabetes by years since initial diagnosis.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Expenditures are estimated using cross-sectional regression analysis on the 2000–2004 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey linked to the 1998–2003 National Health Interview Survey (n = 46,203). The primary variables of interest are an indicator for self-reported diabetes and the years since diabetes diagnosis.
RESULTS—Under the base specification, a 50-year-old person just diagnosed with diabetes has medical expenditures that are 4,174 USD higher than an identical person without diabetes. On average, each additional year with diabetes increases annual medical expenditures by $158 (standard error = $38) above and beyond increases in medical expenditures due to aging. Conditional on diabetes complications, each additional year with diabetes increases annual medical expenditures by $75 (standard error = $55). Diabetes increases medical expenditures at any age, and the cumulative effect grows over time.
CONCLUSIONS—The results show the expected trajectory of medical expenditures after diagnosis of diabetes, highlighting the benefits of prevention and control as well as informing cost-effectiveness models of diabetes interventions.
Pod Yield and Mineral Concentration of Four Peanut Cultivars Following Gypsum Application With Subsurface Drip Irrigation
Authors: Sorensen Ronald B. , Butts Christopher L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A 2-year study (2004 and 2005) was conducted where gypsum was applied to four peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars and irrigated with subsurface drip to determine pod yield and mineral concentration of peanut plants and kernels. Gypsum rates were none, 560 and 1120 kg/ha. Peanut cultivars were C99R, Georgia Green (GG), NCV-11 (NCV), and GA-O2C (O2C). Irrigation was applied daily with subsurface drip irrigation except when precipitation exceeded the estimated daily water requirement. Average soil Ca and S concentrations increased as gypsum was applied, 5% and 20%, respectively, compared with the non-treated control. The average soil calcium to potassium (Ca∶K) ratio increased to 9.8∶1 compared with 7.6∶1 prior to applying calcium. When averaged across calcium rates, peanut leaves had 3 and 14 times higher calcium and 1.4 times higher S concentrations compared with pegs and pods, respectively. The cultivars GG and NCV had the same pod yield. Cultivars C99R and O2C had the same yield as NCV but were less than GG. Germination rates were higher when gypsum was added compared to the non-treated control and with cultivars C99R and O2C. There was no difference in vigor by gypsum application rate. Kernel Ca concentration was higher with the addition of gypsum compared to the non-treated control. Cold test germination seed vigor increased with C99R and O2C compared with GG and NCV.
Variation Among Virginia Market-Type Peanut Genotypes in Susceptibility to Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus Vectored by Thrips (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)
Authors: Riniker S. D. , Brandenburg R. L. , Kennedy G. G. , Isleib T. G. , Jordan D. L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), a thrips-vectored tospovirus, is an important pathogen of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Development of tolerant cultivars has proven to be one of the most promising methods to manage the disease. Twenty-four genotypes of virginia market-type peanut were monitored in field tests for thrips damage, and TSWV incidence and severity during 2004 and 2005 in North Carolina. The cultivar Gregory had a higher density of adult thrips in foliage than any other genotype, while breeding lines N01057 and N03054E had the lowest density. No significant correlation was detected between thrips density or injury and TSWV incidence. Line N03036EJ had the greatest TSWV incidence, but did not differ from cultivars Gregory or Perry in incidence. Line N00033 had the least TSWV incidence and differed from the cultivars Gregory and Perry. The occurrence of late-season chlorosis or peanut yellowing death (PYD) was highly correlated with TSWV infection (P &lt; 0.0001). Breeding line N02051ol had the greatest incidence of PYD, but did not differ statistically from Gregory or Perry. Lines N03023EF and N01083 had the least PYD incidence. Plants infected with TSWV not expressing foliar symptoms were found in far greater abundance than plants that were infected and symptomatic. Line N03036EJ had the greatest proportion of infected but asymptomatic plants; line N03054E had the least. Susceptible lines are more likely to become infected, rather than just more likely to show spotted wilt symptoms.
Designing Sampling Plans to Detect Foreign Material in Bulk Lots of Shelled Peanut1
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Slate A. B. , Giesbrecht F. G. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
When food manufacturers specify a maximum limit for the amount of foreign material (FM) in the lot, handlers estimate the true percent FM in a commercial lot by measuring FM in a small sample taken from the lot before shipment to a food manufacturer. Because of the uncertainty (variability) in FM among samples taken from the same lot, it is difficult to obtain a precise estimate of the true FM in the lot. The objectives of this study were to (1) measure the variability and FM distribution among sample test results when estimating the true lot proportion of FM in a lot of shelled peanuts, (2) compare the measured variability and FM distribution among sample test results to that predicted by the binomial distribution, (3) develop a computer model, based upon the binomial distribution, to evaluate the performance (buyer's risk and seller's risk) of sampling plan designs used to estimate FM in a bulk lot of shelled peanuts, and (4) demonstrate with the model the effect of increasing sample size to reduce misclassification of lots.
Eighty-eight samples, 9 kg (20 lb) each, were selected at random from each of six commercial lots of shelled medium runner peanuts. The percent FM (PFM), based upon number of kernels was determined for each sample. The mean, variance, and distribution among the 88 sample test results were calculated for each of the six lots. Results indicated that the variance and distribution among the 88 sample test results are very similar to that predicted by the binomial distribution. The performance of various sampling plan designs was demonstrated using the binomial distribution.
Evaluation of Resistance to Cylindrocladium Parasiticum of Runner-Type Peanut in The Greenhouse and Field
Authors: Dong W. B. , Brenneman T. B. , Holbrook C. C. , Culbreath A. K. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Identification and utilization of peanut cultivars with resistance to Cylindrocladium black rot (CBR) is a desirable approach to manage this disease. The objectives of this study were to improve greenhouse and field screening techniques for resistance to CBR, and to evaluate the reaction of selected runner-type peanut genotypes. Georgia-02C (moderately resistant to CBR) and C-99R (CBR-susceptible) were used in comparing the effectiveness of different inoculation methods in the greenhouse. Disease development was affected by both size and density of microsclerotia in soil. Use of microsclerotia at a size of ≥150 to &lt;250 µm and a density of 1 to 5 microsclerotia/g soil provided the best separation the CBR-resistant cultivar Georgia-02C and the susceptible C-99R based on root rot severity. Genotypes with varying resistance to CBR were evaluated by growth in a naturally infested field, and by inoculating plants in the field and greenhouse. Disease incidence and severity at harvest were the most effective parameters for evaluating CBR resistance in the field and greenhouse, respectively. The cultivars Georgia-02C and Georganic had the lowest disease incidence, whereas C-99R and DP-1 had the highest disease incidence in a naturally infested field in 2005 and 2006. Incidence of CBR was moderate for Georgia-01R in both years, but was inconsistent for C34-24-85. Georgia-02C and Georganic also showed partial resistance to CBR in greenhouse tests. Inoculated plants in the field had similar reaction with Georgia-02C and Georganic showing higher CBR resistance than C-99R and DP-1 in both 2006 and 2007. The root rot severities for genotypes Georgia-02C and Georganic were lower than those for C-99R and DP-1. Incidence of CBR in the naturally infested field was significantly correlated with CBR incidence in the inoculated plants in the field (r  =  0.84, P ≤ 0.01), but neither was correlated with disease ratings for greenhouse experiments. Peanut genotypes are most reliably screened by inoculating plants in the field or using uniformly infested fields. Further study is needed to improve greenhouse screening procedures.
The Impact of Interfacial Mixing on Förster Transfer at Conjugated Polymer Heterojunctions
Authors: Higgins Anthony M. , Cadby Ashley , Lidzey David G. , Dalgliesh Robert M. , Geoghegan Mark , Jones Richard A. L. , Martin Simon J. , Heriot Sasha Y. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractNeutron reflectivity and photoluminescence measurements are reported on bilayers of polyfluorene‐based conjugated polymers. By using a novel thermal processing procedure it is possible to control the width of the interface between poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene) (F8) and poly(9,9‐dioctylfluorene‐alt‐benzothiadiazole) (F8BT), and measure the impact of interfacial roughness on the resonant energy transfer of excitons at the interface (Förster transfer). It is found that increasing the root mean square (rms) roughness of the F8/F8BT interface over the range of ∼1 nm to ∼5 nm leads to a greatly enhanced Förster transfer from F8 to F8BT molecules. By comparing photoluminescence measurements with simple calculations it is concluded that the level of enhancement of the F8BT peak at rough interfaces can only be adequately explained if mixing of F8 and F8BT at a molecular level dominates over the interfacial roughness due to thermally excited capillary waves.
Distinct Nanostructures from a Molecular Shuttle: Effects of Shuttling Movement on Nanostructural Morphologies
Authors: Zhou Weidong , Xu Jialiang , Zheng Haiyan , Yin Xiaodong , Zuo Zicheng , Liu Huibiao , Li Yuliang 
Published: November 2008

AbstractA solvent driven molecular shuttle that contains a TCBD chromophore and in which the macrocycle can be positioned close to or far from the TCBD unit with a change of solvent is prepared. Several distinct nanostructures are obtained by control of the shuttling movement of the macrocycle: i) in a mixed solvent of CHCl3/n‐C6H14 (1/1, v/v), the macrocycle locates at the peptide station, and interlaced nanofibers form as a result of the extended intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions of the TCBD units; ii) in a solvent of dimethyl sulfoxide, the macrocycle moves along the long alkyl‐chain, and worm‐like nanoparticles form because the macrocycle obstructs the intermolecular dipole–dipole interactions of the TCBD units. This system confirms that the molecular aggregation behaviors can be controlled by the shuttling movement of the macrocycle. Exploitation of the molecular shuttle to control the molecular aggregation behaviors will provide greater understanding in the field of molecular shuttle applications.
Heat capacity measurement by flow calorimetry: An exact analysis
Authors: Hei T. K. , Raal J. D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe principal unsolved problem in flow calorimetry for liquid heat capacity measurement accurate accounting for heat loss from the heater lead‐in wires as a function of system properties is analyzed by exact procedures for a five‐zone calorimeter model. Temperature distributions in the fluid, and bi‐metal wire are obtained from solutions of the governing third‐order ODE in the fluid temperature for realistic boundary conditions. Conductive heat losses at the fluid exit qHL/q̇ are large (up to 20% of energy input), and physical property and flow rate dependent. A new correlating equation for (qHL/q̇) gives separately and explicitly, for the first time, its dependence on calorimeter characteristics, flow rates and fluid properties. Experiments on five pure liquids confirmed the predictions of the theoretical model and produced Cp values in close agreement with literature data. Fluid friction and small convection heat losses (UiAi (ΔT)lm) were accounted for experimentally. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Novel biodegradable flocculating agents prepared by grafting polyacrylamide to Konjac
Authors: Xie Chenxin , Feng Yujun , Cao Weiping , Teng Houkai , Li Jufeng , Lu Zhiyong 
Published: November 2008

AbstractGrafting copolymers of polyacrylamide (PAM) with Konjac gum (KGM) have been synthesized using ceric‐ion‐induced initiation technique. The copolymers were characterized using several instrumental techniques, including infrared (IR) spectroscopy, elementary analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), size exclusion chromatography (SEC) analysis, and intrinsic viscosity to confirm the success of grafting. The flocculation performance of graft copolymers was characterized by two methods. One was to study the relationship between the flocculants doses in kaolin suspension and the supernatant transmittance, and the other is to examine the time dependence of sediment height of kaolin suspensions. It was found that the graft copolymer is better than KGM and pure PAM. Biodegradation behavior was testified by monitoring the decay of relative viscosities, and approved by KGM ether bonds breaking in IR spectra and the molecule weight reduction in SEC analysis. The results indicate that the grafted KGM copolymers have improved both, flocculation performance and better biodegradable properties than the unmodified parent KGM and pure PAM. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Study of the biodegradation behavior of soy protein‐grafted polyethylene by the soil burial method
Authors: Kaur Inderjeet , Bhalla T. C. , Deepika N. , Gautam Neena 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this article, we report on the biodegradation of soy‐protein‐grafted polyethylene, which was successfully synthesized by a graft copolymerization method with benzoyl peroxide as the radical initiator. The biodegradation behavior of the grafted polyethylene was ascertained by a soil burial test. The weight‐loss percentage was measured as a function of the number of days, and it was observed that the percentage weight loss increased with increasing number of days. To further substantiate the degradation, microanalysis of the soil containing the samples was carried out. An increase in microorganism colonies was observed with increasing number of days. The hydrolysis of the samples taken from the soil after a specified number of days also corroborated the findings and revealed a continuous loss of weight. The effect of the degradation of the grafted samples on the growth of plants (wheat and soybean) was studied, and we observed that the products of degradation were not harmful to the growth of the plants. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009