bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Outbreak of Sugarcane Mosaic in Commercial Sugarcane Cultivar CP 72-2086, in Florida
Authors: Comstock J. C. , Mirkov T. E. 
Published: May 2007

In May 1996, an outbreak of sugarcane mosaic virus (SCMV) was detected in Florida affecting a major commercial sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid) cultivar, CP 72-2086. Identification of SCMV was confirmed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with SCMV antiserum (ATCC no. PVAS 115), and by reverse transcription(RT)-PCR (1,2). The strain of SCMV was identified as E with an RT-PCR-based restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis (1). Although SCMV strain E has been detected in Florida for many decades, it had been confined primarily to S. officinarum clones, to occasional susceptible sugarcane clones in breeding programs, and to various grasses throughout the sugarcane production area. CP 72-2086 plus seven other sugarcane cultivars and 10 sorghum cultivars reacted similarly to inoculation with the isolate of SCMV found recently on CP 72-2086 and an isolate of SCMV collected in 1986. CP 72-2086 was released in 1982 and currently is the second most widely grown cultivar, constituting 18.0% of the commercial sugarcane area in Florida. At the epicenter of infection, located 11 km southeast of Canal Point, over 50% of CP 72-2086 plants had SCMV symptoms. The incidence of mosaic decreased rapidly away from the epicenter. No SCMV was observed in the western area of the sugarcane production area, west of South Bay, FL. References: (1) T. E. Mirkov and J. E. Irvine. Sugar y Azucar 9:23, 1996. (2) G. R. Smith et al. Plant Dis. 78:557, 1994.
Isolation of Acremonium Species Causing Postharvest Decay of Peaches in Spain
Authors: Fernández-Trujillo J. P. , Martínez J. A. , Salmerón M. C. , Artés F. 
Published: May 2007

Two Acremonium spp., A. tubakii and A. rutilum, were isolated from rotted peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch ‘Miraflores’) after ripening at 15 and 20°C, respectively, for 10 days. Fruit harvested in September 1994 in Mula (Murcia) at a firm-ripe stage of maturity were either nontreated or washed with water at 18°C and sorted in a packing line. Sorted fruit were treated with an aqueous dilution of iprodione (Rovral 50% WP Rhône-Poulenc Agrochimie, Paris, France) at 2 g·liter-1, pH = 7, and 18°C for 5 min. Half of the iprodione-treated fruit were forced-air pre-cooled to reach 0°C at the endosperm in about 12 h. Isolations of fungi were made from subepidermic tissue of decay margins of fruit with potato dextrose agar (PDA). Fungal species were identified after axenic cultures were grown on PDA for 10 days at 30°C. Acremonium spp. were identified based on microscopic morphology of asexual reproduction structures, using taxonomic keys. No other fungi were isolated from fruit decayed by Acremonium spp. A. tubakii decayed 1.7% of the iprodionetreated and pre-cooled fruit ripened at 15 or 20°C and the fruit treated by iprodione without pre-cooling but ripened at 20°C. These fruit were completely decomposed and oozed liquid. Colonies of this species were light colored, with nonramified, nonseptate, and hyaline conidiophores. The one-cell, ovate, and hyaline conidia of the fungus were enclosed in slimy heads. A. tubakii did not cause any brown discoloration of the PDA media. A. rutilum affected 3.2% of the iprodione-treated fruit ripened at 20°C. In contrast to A. tubakii infection, A. rutilum affected only the surface of fruit, which remained dry. Cultures of A. rutilum were white to pink and the conidia were one-celled, ovate, and hyaline, forming a head on the tip of the nonramified conidiophores. Conidia were long, nonseptate, and distinct from the somatic hyphae. Acremonium spp. probably developed on injuries caused by handling and/or treatments, because these rots did not occur on untreated fruit. Rhizopus nigricans, and to a lesser extent other fungi such as Alternaria, Cladosporium, and Penicillium spp., also commonly caused decay of sampled fruit. A. tubakii is a ubiquitous soil fungus reported from various European countries. A. rutilum isolated from diseased apples were pathogenic upon reinoculation (1). Both fungi were not found in the Spanish type culture collection of 1990. Other Acremonium spp. have been identified in melon roots in Spain (2). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of Acremonium spp. causing decay of peach in Spain. References: (1) C. Brooks et al. Phytopathology 4:403, 1914. (2) J. García-Jiménez et al. Plant Dis. 78:416, 1994.
Phytophthora Root and Crown Rot of Sage Caused by Phytophthora cryptogea in California
Authors: Koike S. T. , Henderson D. M. , MacDonald J. D. , Ali-Shtayeh M. S. 
Published: May 2007

In 1996, commercial plantings of sage (Salvia officinalis) in the Salinas Valley in Monterey County, CA, were affected by a root and crown disease. Roots were necrotic, and crowns and lower stems turned black. Affected plants withered and died. A Phytophthora sp. was consistently isolated from roots and stems of the symptomatic plants. The species was identified as Phytophthora cryptogea based upon the formation of hyphal swellings, morphology of sporangia and oospores, and growth at cardinal temperatures (1). Pathogenicity of representative isolates was confirmed by applying 2 ml of a zoospore suspension (2.0 × 105 zoospores per ml) to roots and crowns of 3-month-old potted sage plants. After treatment, plants were placed for 24 h in shallow trays of water to saturate the root zone, then were removed from trays and incubated in a greenhouse. After 4 days, foliage of all inoculated plants began to wilt. After 7 days, plant crowns and stems turned black and the plants collapsed. P. cryptogea was reisolated and recharacterized from all plants. Control plants, which were treated with water and then handled in the same way as inoculated plants, did not develop any symptoms. The tests were repeated and the results were similar. This is the first report of P. cryptogea attacking commercial plantings of sage. The authors also detected this disease in experimental plantings of sage in Stanislaus County in 1990. Reference: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN.
First Report of Grapevine Kober Stem Grooving in the United States
Authors: Golino D. A. , Rowhani A. , Sim S. , Cunningham M. , Smith R. 
Published: May 2007

The last decade has brought extensive new plantings of grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) to California vineyards. In some vineyards, severe viruslike problems have been observed (2). To ascertain possible causal agent(s), extensive testing for grapevine viruses was initiated. Testing included a 2-year woody index on indicators V. rupestris cv. Saint George, LN 33, V. vinifera cv. Cabernet Franc, and Kober 5BB. To our knowledge, this is the first field survey for grape virus diseases in the United States that includes woody indexing on Kober 5BB, a relatively new indicator for the grapevine rugose wood diseases (1). A Sonoma County field selection of Sauvignon Blanc grafted to the rootstock Freedom was included in these tests; the 2-year-old vines exhibited stunting, leaf rolling, leaf yellowing, wood necrosis, and pitting symptoms at the graft union. When indexed on the four indicators, the following disease symptoms were observed: stem pitting on V. rupestris; corky bark on LN 33; leafroll on Cabernet Franc; and stem grooving on Kober 5BB. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay confirmed the presence of grapevine leafroll-associated viruses 2, and 3, as well as Grapevine Virus A, which is associated with Kober stem grooving. The Sauvignon Blanc selection appears to be infected with several grapevine viruses, as is often the case when virus symptoms in vineyards are severe. Among these disease agents, only Kober stem grooving is reported to cause the severe pitting and grooving symptoms observed on the indicator Kober 5BB (1). This is the first report of Kober stem grooving in the United States. References: (1) R. Garau et al. Vitis 33:161, 1994. (2) D. A. Golino. Am. J. Enol. Vitic. 44:148, 1993.
First Report of Mycoleptodiscus terrestris Infecting Forage Legumes and Soybeans in Wisconsin
Authors: Smith R. R. , Grau C. R. , Gray L. E. 
Published: May 2007

Soilborne plant pathogens are regarded as important causes of failures of newly established and mature stands of forage legumes and reduced yield of soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) in the North Central Region of the U.S. Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) plants exhibited decaying roots and stems in yield trials in 1994 and 1995 at the Arlington Agricultural Research Station, Arlington, WI. After first harvest, over 40% of the plants failed to produce regrowth or regrowth was extremely slow. Dark brown lesions were evident on root and crown tissue and occasionally spread to newly initiated stem tissue. A fungus resembling Mycoleptodiscus terrestris was isolated from birdsfoot trefoil by placing surface-disinfested plant tissue on potato dextrose agar (PDA) amended with 10 ppm chlorotetracycline or tetracycline and 100 μl liter-1 of tergitol. Isolates of M. terrestris produced dark green mycelium and black scerotia on PDA. These same isolates also produced conidia with characteristics similar to those described by Ostazeski (1) for M. terrestris when cultures were grown on gamma ray-sterilized chrysanthemum leaf pieces positioned on the surface of 2% water agar on petri dishes. The setaed conidia were generally two-celled and oval, and measured 24 to 30 × 4.5 to 7.4 μm. Isolates were also obtained from soybean plants that expressed a premature decline symptom at the R6 to R7 growth stage. Soybean plants in two commercial fields initially expressed curled leaves followed by defoliation. Lower stems expressed a gray-tan discoloration of the cortical tissue. Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), red clover (Trifolium pratense L.), birdsfoot trefoil, and soybean were inoculated with isolates of M. terrestris. All crop species expressed symptoms and M. terrestris was recovered from symptomatic tissue. M. terrestris isolates have also been baited from other soils from southern Wisconsin with red clover, birdsfoot trefoil, and soybean. Although recognized in states south of Wisconsin, M. terrestris has not been implicated previously in poor health of forage legumes and soybeans in Wisconsin. This report provides evidence that M. terrestris inhabits agricultural soils farther north than previously recognized. References: (1) S. A. Ostazeski. 1967. Mycologia 59:970-975.
Occurrence of Wilt Disease Caused by Verticillium dahliae on Ailanthus glandulosa in Greece
Authors: Skarmoutsos G. , Skarmoutsou H. 
Published: May 2007

Ailanthus glandulosa is an introduced tree species in Greece used as ornamental and is considered resistant to both fungal and insect attacks. However, since 1992, a great number of A. glandulosa plants of different ages and in different parts of northern Greece have been dying. The phenomenon appeared either in single trees or in groups, and the number of affected plants increased from year to year. The symptoms were characteristic of a wilt disease. Dieback started on one or more branches and gradually spread, or whole trees were affected from the beginning. Death may occur during spring when trees do not resume their activity or later in the summer. Leaves wilt, turn yellow and fall in a short time. Trees may die in 1 to 3 years depending on their age. In cross sections of branches a continuous discoloured ring or arc was present in the outermost sapwood. Isolations made from dying trees from 25 different locations have yielded V. dahliae, a pathogen known to cause vascular wilt on many plant hosts, including Ailanthus (1). Isolations made from healthy trees did not yield the fungus. Abundant mycelium developed in the host vessels of infected trees; the hyphae were cylindrical, hyaline, and septate. On malt agar fungal cultures developed quickly and were initially a whitish to cream color that later turned black due to the formation of microsclerotia. In culture, microsclerotia started to form centrally and were dark brown to black, consisting of swollen globular cells that formed irregular masses variable in shape. The fungus also produced abundant verticillate conidiophores with phialides and conidia. This is a first report of Verticillium wilt on A. glandulosa in Greece. Reference: (1) G. Arnaud et al. Rev. Pathol. Veg. Entomol. Agric. Fr. 17:227, 1930.
First Report of Cucumber Mosaic Cucumovirus Subgroup 1 in South Africa, from Banana with Infectious Chlorosis
Authors: Pietersen G. , Staples M. S. , Kasdorf G. G. F. , Thomas J. E. 
Published: May 2007

Cucumber mosaic cucumovirus (CMV) is the etiological agent of infectious chlorosis disease in bananas (Musa spp.). In South Africa, diagnosis of CMV on banana has been based only on symptoms (1). A Grande Naine (Cavendish, AAA) plant with typical infectious chlorosis disease was obtained from Letsitele. Sap from this plant was inoculated to indicator plants. Virus was isolated by two serial local lesion transfers on Chenopodium quinoa and maintained on Nicotiana benthamiana. It was identified as a subgroup I CMV based on its reaction to CMV DTL-, but not CMV ToRS- monoclonal antibodies in double antibody sandwich (DAS)—enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The identity was further confirmed by the polyhedral particle morphology under the electron microscope by negatively staining, and decoration in immunoelectron microscopy with antiserum to a local tomato isolate of CMV. Infectious chlorosis disease symptoms were induced by sap inoculation to healthy Grande Naine plants, and the virus detected by ELISA. This is the first confirmed diagnosis of CMV on bananas in South Africa. The isolate was deposited in the PPRI Virus Collection. Reference: (1) B. Q. Manicom. 1993. Pages 102–103 in: Handbook of banana growing in South Africa. J. C. Robinson, ed. Agric. Res. Counc., Inst. Trop. Subtrop.Crops, Nelspruit, South Africa.
Tomato Mosaic Tobamovirus, Causal Agent of a Severe Disease of Pepino (Solanum muricatum)
Authors: Prohens J. , Soler S. , Pérez-Benlloch L. , Nuez F. 
Published: May 2007

Pepino (Solanum muricatum Aiton), a vegetatively propagated herbaceous crop from the Andes, is esteemed for its edible, juicy, and fragrant fruits. Its cultivation as a crop for diversification is increasing in many frost-free areas throughout the world (2). In 1994, a severe viruslike disease, previously undescribed, was observed on pepino plants in Valencia, Spain. The disease has continued to cause economic losses in pepino plantings in subsequent years. Symptoms, which are exacerbated at temperatures above 30°C, include dark and light green mosaic predominantly in young leaves, leaf puckering and distortion, short internodes, fruit deformation, delay in ripening, and yield reduction. Samples from affected plants were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All samples displaying viruslike symptoms reacted positively with antiserum made against tomato mosaic tobamovirus (ToMV) but not with antisera made against alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus, cucumber mosaic cucumovirus, potato Y potyvirus, tobacco mosaic tobamovirus, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus, or tomato yellow leaf curl bigeminivirus. A leaf extract from diseased plants was heated at 72°C for 10 min. This treatment inactivates most plant viruses but does not eliminate infectivity of ToMV (1). Inoculation of a collection of pepino clones resulted in the development of symptoms in most clones. Symptomatic clones were also ELISA-positive for ToMV. A few clones showed a hypersensitive reaction, which consisted of the development of necrotic lesions in the inoculated area. New growth on these clones was asymptomatic and ELISA-negative for ToMV. These results clearly point to a causal relationship between ToMV infection and the observed disease. The initial source of the infection should be eliminated from commercial plantings, as ToMV is easily transmitted when the pepino plants are trellised and pruned. Special care must also be taken to ensure that mother plants from which cuttings are taken are free from this virus. In addition, ToMV is usually found in meristematic tissues, even after thermotherapy and chemotherapy treatments are applied, making the regeneration of virus-free plants from infected clones by meristem tip culture difficult. Therefore, it seems that the best strategy against this disease is the development of resistant cultivars. References: (1) H. Laterrot. Ann. Amélior. Plant. 23:287, 1973; (2) J. Prohens et al. Econ. Bot. 50:355, 1996.
First Report on the Multiplication of Tomato Spotted Wilt Tospovirus in Tobacco Thrips, Frankliniella fusca
Authors: Pappu H. R. , Todd J. W. , Culbreath A. K. , Bandla M. D. , Sherwood J. L. 
Published: May 2007

In Georgia, tomato spotted wilt tospovirus (TSWV) causes significant losses in peanut, tobacco, tomato, and pepper. Transmission of TSWV in Georgia primarily is by tobacco thrips (TT), Frankliniella fusca (Hinds), and western flower thrips, F. occidentalis (Pergande), with TT being the predominant vector species in peanut (2). TSWV must be acquired at the larval stage for the adult to transmit the virus. Detection of NSs (a non-structural TSWV protein present only following virus replication) in thrips by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is a reliable indicator that the virus had multiplied in the vector and thus the vector is competent to transmit TSWV. While this has been accomplished with F. occidentalis (1), information is lacking for F. fusca, the predominant vector in Georgia and other states in the Southeast. Thus, the nature of the TSWV-TT association was investigated and the proportion of transmitters in a field population determined in 1,436 individual adult TT collected from sticky cards positioned in selected peanut fields in south Georgia. Additionally, 650 larvae collected from volunteer peanut plants were reared to adults in the laboratory and the resulting 295 adult TT were individually evaluated by ELISA. Of those collected from the sticky cards, NSs was detected in 8% of the adult insects, indicating that the virus had multiplied in TT. NSs was not detected in control TT that had no access to the virus. Of the adult TT that emerged from larvae collected from volunteer peanuts, 6.1% were positive for NSs. Our study provides the first immunological evidence that TSWV multiplies in TT. References: (1) M. D. Bandla et al. Phytopathology 84:1427, 1994. (2) J. R. Chamberlin et al. J. Econ. Entomol. 86:40, 1993.
First Report of Basil Leaf Spot Caused by Pseudomonas cichorii in Louisiana and Cultivar Screening Results
Authors: Holcomb G. E. , Cox P. J. 
Published: May 2007

A leaf spot of basil, Ocimum basilicum L., was observed on container-grown and field plantings of cultivars Aussie Sweet and Sweet Basil. The disease was of minor importance under field conditions, but was of potential economic importance in seedling production. Gray to black, watersoaked, necrotic spots commonly developed at leaf margins. Large numbers of bacteria were released from cut lesions when viewed by light microscopy. Single colony bacterial isolates were established on nutrient dextrose agar (NDA) and yeast extract-dextrose-calcium carbonate agar (YDC). Pathogencity tests were performed by misting a water suspension containing 104 bacterial cells per ml on healthy basil plants. Plants were held for 24 h in a dew chamber at 26°C and then moved to a greenhouse for observation. Typical leaf spots developed on inoculated plants in 2 days, but not on healthy control plants, and the bacterium was reisolated. The bacterium was characterized as a gram-negative, motile rod, negative for potato rot test, positive in tobacco hypersensitivity test, and oxidase positive. Isolates were identified as Pseudomonas cichorii according to the Biolog Microplate system (similarities ranged from 0.937 to 0.995). Screening tests were conducted by inoculating 15 basil cultivars, six replicates each, and rating them for disease severity based on a scale of 1 to 5 in which 1 = no disease and 5 = dead plants. Cultivars most resistant to bacterial leaf spot (ratings in parentheses are averages of two tests and those followed by the same letter are not significantly different according to Tukey's Studentized Range Test, P = 0.05) were Green Bouquet (2.0 a), Piccolo (2.2 a), Mrs. Burn's Lemon (2.2 a), Genovese (2.4 a), and Dark Opal (2.5 ab). Moderately susceptible cultivars were Bush Green (2.8 abc), Sweet Basil (2.8 abc), Large Green (2.9 abcd), Lemon (3.1 abcd), and Mexican Spice (3.6 bcd). The most susceptible cultivars were Lettuce Leaved (3.8 cd), Thai (3.8 cd), Napoletano (4.0 de), Green Ruffles (5.0 e), and Purple Ruffles (5.0 e). Bacterial leaf spot of basil caused by P. cichorii was first reported in the U.S. from Florida (1). Other bacterial diseases reported on basil include leaf blight from Egypt caused by P. syringae (2) and leaf necrosis from California caused by P. viridiflava (3). This is the first report on the occurrence of basil bacterial leaf spot in Louisiana and the first reported information on cultivar susceptibility. References: (1) S. M. Burgess et al. Proc. Fla. State Hortic. Soc. 99:249, 1986. (2) S. A. M. El-Sadek et al. Assiut J. Agric. Sci. 22:2, 1991. (3) E. L. Little et al. Plant Dis. 78:831, 1994.
First Report of Fusarium Wilt on Paris Daisy (Argyranthemum[Dendranthema] frutescens)
Authors: Garibaldi A. , Minuto A. , Gullino M. L. 
Published: May 2007

Paris daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens) is an economically important crop on the Riviera Ligure (Northern Italy), where approximately 10 million plants per year are produced for export. In September 1997, a serious wilt of plants (cv. Camilla) grown in plastic pots (14 to 18 cm in diameter) was observed. The leaves of the affected plants turned yellow unilaterally and eventually wilted. Both yellowing and wilting progressed acropetally. Eventually, affected plants were completely wilted and the stems showed dark blue-black necrosis. An intense brown discoloration of the vascular system was evident, particularly after yellowing of the foliage was visible. Fusarium oxysporum was consistantly isolated from diseased plants on Komada's medium (1). Two monoconidial isolates of F. oxysporum freshly isolated from A. frutescens wilted plants were used for artificial inoculation of healthy cv. Camilla plants in order to complete Koch's postulates. Rooted cuttings were inoculated by a root dip (for 30 s, with 5 × 107 CFU per ml) and by infesting soil (1 × 103 CFU per ml of soil). Inoculation was carried out on 20 plants belonging to five cultivars. Noninoculated plants of each cultivar served as control. Plants were maintained in a glasshouse at 22 to 23°C. Symptoms developed 13 to 14 days after and were similar to those observed on naturally infected plants. F. oxysporum was consistantly reisolated from artificially inoculated plants. Fusarium wilt of A. frutescens is favored by temperatures higher than 20°C. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Fusarium wilt on A. frutescens. Reference: (1) H. Komada. Rev. Plant Prot. Res. 8:114, 1975.