bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of leaching and runoff losses of selenium from seleniferous soils through simulated rainfall
Authors: Dhillon Surjit Kaur , Dhillon Karaj Singh , Kohli Anshuman , Khera Kishan Lal 
Published: April 2008

AbstractExperiments were conducted to study drainage and runoff losses of selenium (Se) from two seleniferous soils (from Simbly containing total Se 850 μg [kg soil]–1 and from Barwa containing 1310 μg [kg soil]–1) under simulated rainfall (250–260 mm in three rainstorms) conditions. Rainfall intensities ranged from 56 to 120 mm h–1 with uniformity coefficients ranging from 70.6% to 84.2%. Selenium lost through drainage (sum of drainage from initially saturated soil for 24 h and through dry and wet runs) was 0.15% and 0.11% of total Se content in the two soils. In soils having similar pH and organic‐C content, losses of Se through drainage as well as runoff were defined by total Se, water‐soluble Se, CaCO3 content, and texture of the soils. The amount of runoff water was almost two times in the soil with fine texture and less infiltration rate than in the other and that same trend was observed with respect to loss of sediment. The soil with higher CaCO3 content and water‐soluble Se lost more Se with moving water both through leaching and runoff, whereas the other soil with fine texture lost greater amount of Se with the sediment. Total Se lost through drainage as well as runoff was 0.29% of the native Se present in both the soils suggesting that significant amount of Se could be lost from seleniferous soils during irrigation and rainfall events.
Evidence of microbial control of Hg0emissions from uncontaminated terrestrial soils
Authors: Fritsche Johannes , Obrist Daniel , Alewell Christine 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIt is known that in wetland soils and soils contaminated with mercury (Hg), direct biotic reduction of Hg2+ to Hg0 leads to Hg0 emissions to the atmosphere. In terrestrial soils, numerous factors have been reported that control Hg0 emissions, but it is still unclear if biotic processes are also important. In this study, microbiological activity of Cambisol monoliths from a subalpine grassland with Hg concentrations of approx. 100 ng g–1 were manipulated in laboratory incubation experiments. Elemental Hg emissions were recorded together with CO2 emission rates as proxy for microbiological respiration. Emissions of Hg0 increased from approx. 5 ng m–2 h–1 up to 130 ng m–2 h–1 with stimulated biological activity (glucose addition, increase in temperature) and decreased with inhibited activity (chloroform fumigation, autoclaving, drying). Similar patterns with evasion rates of >90 ng m–2 h–1 were observed after dried soils were remoistened again. Our results indicated that processes leading to Hg0 emissions from uncontaminated terrestrial soils are at least partly controlled by biotic processes. However, it is still uncertain if Hg0 emission is caused directly by biotic reduction of Hg2+ or indirectly by abiotic reduction, induced by products of microbiological degradation, e.g., humic acids.
The base saturation in acidified Swiss forest soils on calcareous and noncalcareous parent material. A pH–base saturation anomaly
Authors: Blaser Peter , Graf Pannatier Elisabeth , Walthert Lorenz 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLong‐term soil acidification leads to lower pH values and to a concomitant decrease in base saturation (BS). The relationship between pH and base saturation (BS) in acidified forest soils can be disturbed by processes such as nutrient cycling by vegetation, temporary saturation by ground water that comes into contact with calcareous material, or by upward diffusion of base cations from deeper horizons. This paper examines the relationship between pH and BS in Swiss forest soils developed from calcareous and noncalcareous parent material and identifies some of the factors that can affect the BS in the decalcified parts of soils derived from calcareous parent material. The decalcified zone in the latter soils has a higher BS on average compared to soils from noncalcareous parent material, but their pH values are identical. In the pH range 4.0–4.5, the difference in BS may vary by a factor of three. The mean BS in the decalcified zone tends to decrease with increasing depth of the calcareous layer. The water regime also affects the BS in soils on calcareous parent material. In soils temporarily saturated by groundwater (gleysols), the BS in the decalcified zone is always high (85%–100%) because of the continuous contact between the soil water and the calcareous parent material. In addition, the inhibited drainage impedes the depletion of base cations in these soils. In contrast, soils that are temporarily saturated by rainwater are depleted in base cations due to the alternating wetting‐and‐drying regime and the associated leaching of dissolved ions. In such soils, the depletion of base cations is strongly related to the extent of hydromorphy. Stagnogleyic soils, with the longest period of water saturation, have the highest depletion levels. We conclude that in such soils, the diffusion of base cations from deeper zones is strongly compensated by leaching from the very acidic soil horizons. The pH–base saturation anomaly has consequences for some of the methods used to calculate the critical loads of acidity for forest soils in Switzerland, with many soils being less sensitive than previously reported.
Water supply and growing season influence glucosinolate concentration and composition in turnip root (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera L.)
Authors: Zhang Hongyan , Schonhof Ilona , Krumbein Angelika , Gutezeit Bodo , Li Long , Stützel Hartmut , Schreiner Monika 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe overall objective of this study was to determine whether growing season, water supply, and their interaction influence glucosinolate (GSL) concentration and composition in turnip roots (Brassica rapa ssp. rapifera L.). Field experiments on a loamy soil in Großbeeren, Germany, were conducted in the spring‐summer (SS), summer‐autumn (SA), and autumn‐winter (AW) growing seasons. Each experiment included three water‐supply treatments with 25%, 50%, and 75% of available soil water (ASW) as lower thresholds. We found that the total GSL concentration in turnip roots was 1774–3221 μmol (kg fresh matter [FM])–1 and the dominant GSL was aromatic gluconasturtiin (GST) with concentrations of 1004–1628 μmol (kg FM)–1 in turnip roots. Total, aliphatic, and some specific individual GSLs in turnip roots were significantly influenced by water supply, growing season, and their interaction, due to the variations of the root sulfur (S) concentration, climatic conditions, or both. The influence of water supply on GSL concentration was modified by growing season, which in turn influenced S concentration in turnips. In the SS season, the 25%‐ASW water treatment enhanced concentrations of total GSLs by 52% and 47%, aliphatic GSLs by 60% and 131%, and aromatic GSLs by 47% and 21% when compared to the 50%‐ and 75%‐ASW water treatments, respectively. No reduction of root yield was observed, although the shoot yield was reduced by limited water supply. In SA and AW, total GSL concentration did not change under different water‐supply levels, but concentration of individual aliphatic and indole GSLs did. Based on these results, growers can adjust their irrigation and S‐fertilization practices to growing season in order to optimize turnip quality in terms of GSL concentration and composition, while still obtaining higher root yield and enabling better resource utilization.
Proton release by nodulated roots varies among common bean genotypes (Phaseolus vulgaris) under phosphorus deficiency
Authors: Kouas Saber , Alkama Nora , Abdelly Chedly , Drevon Jean‐Jacques 
Published: April 2008

AbstractResponses of proton release to phosphorus (P) availability by nodulated roots of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were investigated for lines BAT 477 and CocoT, inoculated with Rhizobium tropici CIAT 899 in hydroaeroponic culture under glasshouse conditions. Phosphorus was supplied as KH2PO4 at 15 and 60 μmol plant–1 week–1 (15P and 60P). Proton release was higher for BAT 477 than for CocoT under both P supplies. However, it was higher for 60P than 15P, whatever the line. The ratio of proton release per unit biomass of nodulated root was higher for BAT 477 than for CocoT, independent of P deficiency. Proton release was correlated with the nodulated‐root respiration for both genotypes and with the nodule respiration linked with nitrogen fixation for CocoT. Thus, the nodulation was more limited by 15P than root and shoot growth and more in CocoT than in BAT 477. It is concluded that independent of symbiotic N2 fixation, proton release was higher in BAT 477 than in CocoT and that the nodulated legume releases a substantial amount of protons into its rhizosphere that is correlated with its nitrogen fixation that eventually depends upon the nodule permeability to O2 diffusion.
Effects of potassium supply on growth and yield of safflower as compared to sunflower§
Authors: Abbadi Jehad , Gerendás Jóska , Sattelmacher Burkhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSafflower may have a certain production potential under German conditions, particularly in organic farming where the putatively low nutrient requirement is highly welcomed. However, current knowledge regarding the nutrient requirements of safflower as compared to similar oil crops is limited. It was thus the aim of this study to determine the growth and yield response of safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) as compared to sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) with respect to potassium (K) supply. Three safflower and two sunflower plants were cultivated in 5 L Mitscherlich pots. Both species responded strongly to increasing K supply with respect to plant growth and yield. Growth and yield of safflower increased up to 1 g K per pot, while the optimum for sunflower was 3.0 g K per pot. Safflower out‐yielded sunflower at low K supply, while at high K level, the opposite was observed. Supply of K affected virtually all yield components in both species, though to different degree. The number of capitula in safflower was only slightly affected, and the number of achenes per capitulum was only reduced under severe K deficiency, while single‐achene mass increased with increasing K supply. In sunflower, the number of achenes per capitulum strongly responded to the K supply, as did the single‐achene mass. Oil yield in safflower was affected by K deficiency mainly due to reduced achene yield, not oil concentration. However, oil yield in sunflower was severely affected by low K supply due to both reduced achene yield and lowered oil concentration. Multiple‐regression analyses indicate that in sunflower, the stem dry matter (DM) and the total amount of K accumulated in the aboveground biomass were most important, while in safflower the total amount of K and N accumulated had the highest impact. It is concluded that sunflower is more sensitive to inadequate K supply than safflower.
Morphology and physiology of zinc‐stressed mulberry plants
Authors: Kumar Tewari Rajesh , Kumar Praveen , Nand Sharma Parma 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this study was to induce symptoms of zinc deficiency and Zn excess and to relate the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the altered cellular redox environment to the effects of Zn stress in mulberry (Morus alba L.) cv. Kanva‐2 plants. The antioxidative responses of Zn‐stressed mulberry plants were studied by determining malondialdehyde content (MDA, a measure of lipid peroxidation) as indicator of oxidative damage and the ratio of dehydroascorbate (DHA) to ascorbic acid (AsA) as an index of the cellular redox state. The Zn‐deficiency effects appeared as faint paling and upward cupping of the young emerging leaves. The paling intensified with time, and affected leaves finally developed necrotic spots. At advanced stage of Zn deficiency, newly emerged leaves were spindle‐shaped, pale, and small in size. Apart from their stunted appearance, the plants supplied excess Zn did not show any specific visible symptom. Leaf water status of mulberry plant was affected in Zn‐stressed plants. Deficient leaves had decreased water potential (Ψ) and specific water content (SWC), contained less tissue Zn, less chloroplastic pigments, and high tissue Fe and Mn concentrations. However, excess supply of Zn was found to increase Ψ and decrease tissue Fe. Both hydrogen peroxide and MDA accumulated in leaves of Zn‐stressed plants. While the concentration of DHA did not vary in Zn‐deficient leaves, it was increased in leaves of plants supplied excess Zn. The ratio of the redox couple (DHA to AsA) was increased both in Zn‐deficient or Zn‐excess plants. The activities of superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7), and ascorbate peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.11) increased in Zn‐stressed plants. The results suggest that deficiency or excess of Zn aggravates oxidative stress through enhanced generation of ROS and a disturbed redox homeostasis in mulberry plants.
Detection of vibrational overtone excitation in methane by laser‐induced grating spectroscopy
Authors: Kozlov D. N. , Radi P. P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLaser‐induced grating spectroscopy is applied to measure weak overtone and combination bands of methane between 11 170 and 11 980 cm−1 at pressures ranging from 0.2 to 4 bar and ambient temperature. The background‐free method yields rotationally resolved spectra of transitions exhibiting cross‐sections as low as ≈ 10−26 cm2/molecule. The technique is suitable for clarifying the near‐infrared spectra of planetary objects and to provide data for the development and verification of new models describing the complex energy structure of highly vibrationally excited molecules. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study on SERRS of rhodamine 6G adsorbed on Ag2 cluster: chemical mechanism via intermolecular or intramolecular charge transfer
Authors: Liu Shasha , Wan Songbo , Chen Maodu , Sun Mengtao 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe problem of the chemical enhancement of rhodamine 6G (R6G) adsorbed on silver cluster has been theoretically investigated by charge difference densities (CDDs) to show the direct charge transfer (CT) evidence. For surface‐enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) of R6G excited at 514.5 nm, the enhancements of v(151) and v(154) result from weak intermolecular (from Ag to R6G) CT and the strong intramolecular CT [similar to that of resonance Raman scattering (RRS) of R6G], respectively. The possibility of the SERRS of R6G contributed from pure intermolecular CT is also discussed, when the incident light is close to the new metal–R6G CT excited state at 1571.4 nm. Meanwhile compared with the absorption process the fluorescence yield of R6G is investigated by transition densities and CCDs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectroscopy speciation of natural and anthropogenic solid phases in river and estuarine sediments with appreciable amount of clay and organic matter
Authors: Villanueva U. , Raposo J. C. , Castro K. , de Diego A. , Arana G. , Madariaga J. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA new methodology is proposed in order to perform direct Raman measurements in sediments with high content in clay and organic matter with a reduced pre‐treatment.Following this method, different compounds were found within the samples, some of them were assigned as natural compounds (clay, iron oxide, pyrite, aragonite, calcite, silicates and quartz) and the others were included in the group that comes from the human activity (titanium oxide, phthalocyanine blue, phthalocyanine green, gypsum, calcium arsenate, lead oxide, zinc oxide, sodium sulfide and iron hydroxioxide).The study of the presence of these polluting agents and their differentiation from the compounds that belong to the sediments as natural compounds is fundamental in order to understand the mobility/retention processes of the pollutants, and thus, their bioavailability. Also the speciation studies of solid phase downstream a wastewater treatment plant can be the basis to diagnose the adequate functioning of the facility.This work shows the applicability of Raman spectroscopy to perform speciation studies in the solid phases of natural and anthropogenic compounds present in river and estuarine sediments with appreciable content in clay and organic matter. The differentiation between natural and anthropogenic compounds is of fundamental interest because the potential toxicity of a metal (i.e. arsenic) in a natural compound (i.e. arsenopyrite) is not the same as in a newly formed synthetic compound in the river system due to an anthropogenic input (i.e. calcium arsenate). This illustrates the importance of the analysis of solid phases present in sediments because most of the polluting agents can be found in a different molecular configuration than the natural one. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparison of the selective excitation of molecular modes in gas and liquid phase using femtosecond pulse shaping
Authors: Scaria A. , Konradi J. , Namboodiri V. , Materny A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA feedback‐controlled optimization in a femtosecond coherent‐anti Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) process is applied to selectively excite or suppress vibrational modes in the gas and liquid phase. The optimal control experiments are performed on carbon disulfide and toluene molecules. Here our aim is to understand whether the interaction of the molecules with the surrounding medium affects the optimization process. The CARS excitation was chosen to be not in resonance with an electronic transition in the molecule but to excite different vibrational modes coherently. A pure phase modulation of the Stokes pulse resulted in changes of the ratio of the Raman lines observed in the nonlinear scattering spectrum. This could also be achieved when no temporal shift between the pump and Stokes laser resulted in a simple change of the Raman resonances. The relative intensities of the Raman lines could be changed more effectively in the liquid phase than in the gas phase. The higher density in the condensed matter, which hinders free rotation and makes interactions between molecules an important factor, obviously seems to influence the control mechanism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman studies and optical properties of some (PbO)x(Bi2O3)0.2(B2O3)0.8−x glasses
Authors: Kotkova Katerina , Ticha Helena , Tichy Ladislav 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFive (PbO)x(Bi2O3)0.2(B2O3)0.8−x glasses, where x = 0, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 and 0.6, were prepared. The dilatometric glass transition temperature (Tg) was found in the region 470 (x = 0)≥ Tg ( °C) ≥ 347 (x = 0.6), and the density (ρ) varied within 4.57 (x = 0) ≤ ρ (g/cm3) ≤ 8.31 (x = 0.6). Raman spectra indicated the conversion of BO3 to BO4 entities for low x values but for x > 0.3, namely, for x → 0.6, back‐conversion occurred, most probably. From the measurements of the optical transmission on very thin bulk samples, the room temperature optical gap values (Eg) were determined to be in the range 4.03 (x = 0)≥ Eg (eV) ≥ 3.08 (x = 0.6). The temperature (T) dependence of the optical gap (Eg(T)) in the region 300 ≤ T(K) ≤ 600 was examined and approximated by a linear relationship of the form of Eg(T) = Eg(0)− γT, where γ × 10−4(eV/K) varied from 5.1 to 6.8. The non‐linear refractive index (n2) was estimated from the optical gap values and it was found to correspond to the n2 values calculated from the experimental third‐order non‐linear optical susceptibility taken from the literature. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal history and manufacturing processes of Roman panes studied by Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Raffaëlly‐Veslin Laure , Champagnon Bernard , Lesage François 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDuring the Roman period, glass window panes could be made by two processes: they may be cast, or blown by the cylinder‐blown method. The thermal history and the fictive temperatures (Tf) of both sides of the pane are different depending on the process employed. The wavenumber of some Raman peaks depends on the fictive temperature of the studied sample. Calibration curves are drawn with some annealed samples, which are used to determine the fictive temperature of the window glass sides. This method is applied with success to different archaeological panes to obtain their thermal history and, by this way, their manufacturing process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ chemical analysis of modern organic tattooing inks and pigments by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Poon Kelvin W. C. , Dadour Ian R. , McKinley Allan J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe chemical composition of tattooing pigments has varied greatly over time according to available technologies and materials. Beginning with naturally derived plant and animal extracts, to coloured inorganic oxides and salts, through to the modern industrial organic pigments favoured in today's tattooing studios. The demand for tattooing is steadily growing as it gains cultural popularity and acceptance in today's society, but ironically, increasing numbers of individuals are seeking laser removal of their tattoos for a variety of reasons. Organic pigments are favoured for tattooing because of their high tinting strength, light fastness, enzymatic resistance, dispersion and relatively inexpensive production costs. Adverse reactions have been reported for some organic inks, as well as potential complications, during laser removal procedures stemming from the unintentional creation of toxic by‐products. Currently, regulatory bodies such as the US Food and Drug Administration have not approved any coloured inks to be injected into the skin, and tattoo ink manufacturers often do not disclose the ingredients in their products to maintain proprietary knowledge of their creations. A methodology was established using micro‐Raman spectroscopy on an animal model to correctly identify the constituents of a selection of modern, organic tattoo inks in situ or post procedure, within the skin. This may serve as a preliminary tool prior to engaging in Q‐switched laser removals to assess the risks of producing potentially hazardous compounds. Likewise, the pigments responsible for causing adverse reactions in some patients may be quickly identified to hasten any corresponding treatment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Field‐free molecular alignment of CO2 mixtures in presence of collisional relaxation
Authors: Vieillard T. , Chaussard F. , Sugny D. , Lavorel B. , Faucher O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe present work explores the extension of the concept of short‐pulse‐induced alignment to dissipative environments within quantum mechanical density matrix formalism (Liouville equation) from the weak to the strong field regime. This is illustrated within the example of the CO2 molecule in mixture with Ar and He, at room temperature, for which a steep decrease of the alignment is observed at moderate pressure because of the collisional relaxation. The field‐free alignment is measured by a polarization technique where the degree of alignment is monitored in the time domain by measuring the resulting transient birefringence with a probe pulse Raman induced polarization spectroscopy (RIPS) Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.