bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gender Analysis and Social Change: Testing the Water
Authors: Bacchi Carol , Eveline Joan , Binns Jennifer , Mackenzie Catherine , Harwood Susan 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper uses preliminary findings from an ARC-funded Linkage grant to speculate on the requirements for producing gender analysis as a change process. Gender analysis, commonly associated with gender mainstreaming, is a methodology aimed at ensuring that all projects, programs and policies are gender-inclusive and gender-sensitive. In the Linkage study existing models of gender analysis taken from Canada and The Netherlands are being tested for their usefulness in selected agencies in South Australia and Western Australia. The goal is to design gender analysis processes appropriate to specific Australian contexts. This paper reflects on the challenges and obstacles encountered in the project to date. It focuses in particular on the importance of creating space for extended debate and discussion of the concepts and issues relevant to gender equality and social change. The authors describe this space as “somewhere in the middle”.
Epistemic Community, Intellectuals, and Chinese Foreign Policy
Authors: Zhao Quansheng 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This article examines the formation of Chinese foreign policy from the perspective of epistemic community and intellectuals. The impact of this community on Chinese foreign policy has drawn broad attention among China watchers in the West. The key developments under Jiang and Hu are the increasingly active and multi-layered channels between the centre and the periphery. In this paper, I have developed a notion of seven channels between these two bodies. The types of policy mechanisms include consultations with policy-makers, internal reports, conferences and public policy debates, policy NGOs, outside-system discussions, overseas scholars, and the epistemic community. I argue that the recent developments in intellectual and think-tank participation in the foreign policy-making process in Beijing have achieved great progress, but at the same time there are also severe limitations. I call this phenomenon “limited interactions between the centre and the periphery”. One may anticipate that as civil society continues to develop in China, there will be further demand for policy input and increasing professionalism in both governmental agencies and think-tanks. It is likely that this will push intellectuals and scholars to play even greater roles in the years to come.
Ethnic Relations in Contemporary China: Cultural Tradition and Ethnic Policies Since 1949
Authors: Ma Rong 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
China has been a multi-ethnic political polity for over two thousand years. “Culturalisation” of ethnic minorities in peripheries has been a tradition in China deeply rooted in the Confucianism. This tradition resulted in a united-pluralistic polity with a huge population and the non-stop writing history throughout a series of dynasties. The People's Republic began to adopt the policies of the former USSR since the 1950s and gave ethnic minorities more political status, or what is called “politicisation” of ethnic minorities in China. This policy has improved socioeconomic development of minority groups and promoted group corporations but also has strengthened the group consciousness among the minorities. The collapse of the Soviet Union provides a lesson that this policy orientation might provide an institutional basis for national disintegration when internal and external powers work together. Meanwhile, the “equality de facto” has been the goal of official ethnic policy since the 1950s and many policies have been designed and practiced in favour of minority groups, but there also some debate on its social consequences which also need our attention.
Social Changes and Neighbourhood Policy in Shanghai
Authors: Liu Chunrong 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
This paper cites recent changes of neighbourhood governance in Shanghai to illustrate whether and how social changes and policymaking are related in a transitional context. I show that two decades of rapid social and economic reforms in urban China have weakened the organisational resources for sociopolitical mobilisation. The reforms also create vibrant neighbourhood spaces beyond the reach of the state. To accommodate the disorganised urban fabrics and ensure stability, the Shanghai government has become preoccupied with territorially based policy choices. These policy schemes geared from administrative mobilisation to deliberative incorporation, are ultimately structured by the post-reform social contexts. Implications of the emerging incorpo-rative policy for the relationship between state and residents are also discussed.
Impact of Reforms on the Labour System in China
Authors: Hoi Yee Rita Kwok 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Reform in the labour system in China signalled a major departure from the past socialist allocation system which equated the right to work, with life-long tenure employment, egalitarian wages, and comprehensive welfare for selective sectors of the urban workforce. A historical review of the evolutions of three major components of the labour system, namely employment, wage, and welfare, clearly indicates a total departure from the socialist ethos. Reliance on the market force in shaping new labour policies entails the glorification of competition and individual achievement. Under the principles of deregulation and decentralisation, lifelong employment is replaced by a contract labour system, wage is linked to performance and productivity, while the base comprehensive welfare package was replaced by a social security system.
Pasteurized whole milk confers reduced susceptibilities to the antimicrobial agents trimethoprim, gatifloxacin, cefotaxime and tetracycline via themarRABlocus inEscherichia coli
Authors: Peng Yang , Hernandez Ricardo L , Crow Robert R , Jones Suzanna E , Mathews Sara A , Arnold Ayanna M , Castillo Eliseo F , Moseley Jennifer M , Varela Manuel F 
Published: November 2008

We inoculated pasteurized whole milk withEscherichia colistrains GC4468 (intactmarRABlocus), JHC1096 (ΔmarRAB), or AG112 (ΔmarR), and incubated each overnight at 37°C. All strains were then recovered from the milk cultures, and susceptibilities to antimicrobial agents were determined by the E-test strip method (CLSI). Cells of strain GC4468, prior to culturing in milk, were susceptible to trimethoprim, gatifloxacin, cefotaxime and tetracycline. After culturing GC4468 in pasteurized milk, however, the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) increased 1·4-fold for trimethoprim (P⩽0·05), 1·5-fold for gatifloxacin (P⩽0·05), 2·0-fold for cefotaxime (P=0·008), and 1·4-fold for tetracycline (P⩾0·05). After culturing GC4468 on milk count agar the MICs were enhanced 3·4-fold for trimethoprim (P⩽0·05), 10-fold for gatifloxacin (P=0·001), 7·1-fold for cefotaxime (P=0·011), and 40·5-fold for tetracycline (P=0·074), but exhibiting tetracycline resistance with a mean MIC of 74·7±18·47 μg/ml (CLSI). The MICs of the antimicrobial agents for JHC1096 cells after culturing in pasteurized whole milk were indistinguishable (P⩾0·05) from baseline MICs measured before culturing in the same type of milk. Thus,Esch. colicells harbouring themarRABlocus exhibit reduced susceptibilities to multiple antimicrobial agents after culturing in pasteurized whole milk.
On the drag-out problem in liquid film theory
Authors: BENILOV E. S. , ZUBKOV V. S. 
Published: November 2008

We consider an infinite plate being withdrawn (at an angle α to the horizontal, with a constant velocity U) from an infinite pool of viscous liquid. Assuming that the effects of inertia and surface tension are weak, Derjaguin (C. R. Dokl. Acad. Sci. URSS, vol. 39, 1943, p. 13.) conjectured that the ‘load’ l, i.e. the thickness of the liquid film clinging to the plate, is l=(μU/ρgsinα)1/2, where ρ and μ are the liquid's density and viscosity, and g is the acceleration due to gravity.In the present work, the above formula is derived from the Stokes equations in the limit of small slopes of the plate (without this assumption, the formula is invalid). It is shown that the problem has infinitely many steady solutions, all of which are stable – but only one of these corresponds to Derjaguin's formula. This particular steady solution can only be singled out by matching it to a self-similar solution describing the non-steady part of the film between the pool and the film's ‘tip’.Even though the near-pool region where the steady state has been established expands with time, the upper, non-steady part of the film (with its thickness decreasing towards the tip) expands faster and, thus, occupies a larger portion of the plate. As a result, the mean thickness of the film is 1.5 times smaller than the load.
Cell cycle synchronization of canine ear fibroblasts for somatic cell nuclear transfer
Authors: Koo Ok Jae , Hossein Mohammad Shamim , Hong So Gun , Martinez-Conejero Jose A. , Lee Byeong Chun 
Published: November 2008

SummaryCycle synchronization of donor cells in the G0/G1stage is a crucial step for successful somatic cell nuclear transfer. In the present report, we evaluated the effects of contact inhibition, serum starvation and the reagents – dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO), roscovitine and cycloheximide (CHX) – on synchronization of canine fibroblasts at the G0/G1stage. Ear fibroblast cells were collected from a beagle dog, placed into culture and used for analysis at passages three to eight. The population doubling time was 36.5 h. The proportion of G0/G1cells was significantly increased by contact inhibition (77.1%) as compared with cycling cells (70.1%); however, extending the duration of culture did not induce further synchronization. After 24 h of serum starvation, cells were effectively synchronized at G0/G1(77.1%). Although synchronization was further increased gradually after 24 h and even showed significant difference after 72 h (82.8%) of starvation, the proportion of dead cells also significantly increased after 24 h. The percentage of cells at the G0/G1phase was increased (as compared with controls) after 72 h treatment with DMSO (76.1%) and after 48 h treatment with CHX (73.0%) or roscovitine (72.5%). However, the rate of cell death was increased after 24 and 72 h of treatment with DMSO and CHX, respectively. Thus, we recommend the use of roscovitine for cell cycle synchronization of canine ear fibroblasts as a preparatory step for SCNT.
Cervical priming in the first trimester: morphological and biochemical effects of misoprostol and isosorbide mononitrate
Authors: RADULOVIC NINA VUKAS , EKERHOVD ERLING , ABRAHAMSSON GUN , NORSTRÖM ANDERS 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjective. To evaluate morphological changes and inflammatory events in the uterine cervix following presurgical treatment with the prostaglandin analogue misoprostol or the nitric oxide donor isosorbide mononitrate (IMN). Design. Experimental study. Settings. Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden. Population of sample. Primigravid women (n = 32) scheduled for surgical termination of first trimester pregnancy, treated vaginally overnight with either misoprostol (200 μg), IMN (40 mg) or no treatment (controls). Methods. Before evacuation, cervical biopsies were obtained with the use of a Tru‐Cut® biopsy needle. Morphology was studied by electron microscopy. For assessment of inflammatory events the expression of the matrix metalloproteinases MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 was estimated by immunohistochemistry and interleukin IL‐8 was quantified by ELISA. Results. Misoprostol induced splitting and disorganization of the collagen fibres. Compared to specimens from women who had received no treatment, the granular endoplasmatic reticulum appeared enriched and dilated and the nuclear chromatin was clearly dispersed. Similar changes of a lesser degree were observed in specimens obtained from IMN‐treated women. Staining intensity for MMP‐1 and MMP‐9 was more evident in specimens obtained from IMN‐treated women compared to women who had received treatment with misoprostol or no treatment. The levels of IL‐8 were higher following treatment with misoprostol compared to IMN and controls. Conclusion. The study demonstrates that misoprostol as well as IMN induces morphological changes and inflammatory events of the cervix. Changes of the collagen network were more pronounced in samples obtained from women treated with misoprostol compared to IMN.
Cytidine deaminase genotype and toxicity of cytosine arabinoside therapy in children with acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Bhatla Deepika , Gerbing Robert B. , Alonzo Todd A. , Conner Heather , Ross Julie A. , Meshinchi Soheil , Zhai Xiaowen , Zamzow Tiffany , Mehta Parinda A. , Geiger Hartmut , Perentesis John , Davies Stella M. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryCytosine arabinoside (ara‐C) is irreversibly deaminated to a non‐toxic metabolite by cytidine deaminase (CDA). A common polymorphism, A79C, in the gene encoding cytidine deaminase (CDA) changes a lysine residue to glutamine resulting in decreased enzyme activity.CDAA79C genotypes were determined in 457 children with acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) treated on the Children’s Cancer Group (CCG) 2941 and 2961 protocols and analyzed the impact ofCDAgenotype on therapy outcomes. Postinduction treatment‐related mortality (TRM) was significantly elevated in children with the CC genotype (5‐year TRM 17 ± 13% CC vs. 7 ± 4% AA, 5 ± 4% AC,P = 0·05). This was more notable in children who received idarubicin, fludarabine, ara‐C, and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (IDA‐FLAG; ara‐C = 7590 mg/m2) (5‐year TRM 24 ± 21% CC vs. 6 ± 6% AA, 6 ± 7% AC,P = 0·07) as consolidation therapy compared to idarubicin, dexamethasone, cytarabine, thioguanine, etoposide and daunomycin (IDA‐DCTER; ara‐C = 800 mg/m2) (5‐year TRM 15 ± 20% CC vs. 8 ± 6% AA, 4 ± 6% AC;P = 0·29). Relapse‐free survival was non‐significantly increased in children with the CC genotype treated with IDA‐FLAG (76 ± 20% CC vs. 59 ± 12% AA and 55 ± 14% AC;P = 0·40). These data indicate that children with a low activityCDAgenotype are at increased risk of TRM with ara‐C based therapy for AML.
Thalidomide‐dexamethasone versus Interferon‐alpha‐dexamethasone as maintenance treatment after ThaDD induction for multiple myeloma: a prospective, multicentre, randomised study
Authors: Offidani Massimo , Corvatta Laura , Polloni Claudia , Piersantelli Maria‐Novella , Gentili Silvia , Galieni Piero , Visani Giuseppe , Alesiani Francesco , Catarini Massimo , Brunori Marino , Samori Arduino , Burattini Maurizio , Centurioni Riccardo , Ferranti Mario , Giuliodori Luciano , Candela Marco , Mele Anna , Marconi Monica , Leoni Pietro 
Published: November 2008

SummaryMaintenance therapy was explored in multiple myeloma (MM) patients after conventional thalidomide, dexamethasone and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (ThaDD). Patients with newly or relapsed MM obtaining at least minor response after 6 ThaDD courses, were randomised to receive α‐interferon (IFN) 3 MU 3 times a week or thalidomide 100 mg daily until relapse. Both groups also received pulsed dexamethasone 20 mg 4 d a month. Fifty‐one patients were randomized in the IFN‐dexamethasone (ID) arm and 52 in the thalidomide‐dexamethasone (TD) arm. The characteristics of two groups were similar. A significantly better 2‐years progression‐free survival (PFS; 63% vs. 32%; P = 0·024) and overall survival (84% vs. 68%; P = 0·030) was observed in the thalidomide arm. In high‐risk patients and in those achieving less than very good partial response after induction, TD fared better in term of PFS. Main side effects were peripheral neuropathy and constipation in TD group, fatigue, anorexia and haematological toxicity in ID arm. There was a 21% probability of discontinuation at 3 years in the thalidomide arm and 44% in the IFN arm (P = 0·014). Low‐dose thalidomide plus pulsed low‐dose dexamethasone after conventional thalidomide combination‐based therapy was also feasible in the long term, enabling significantly better residual disease control if compared with a standard maintenance therapy.
High‐dose Ara‐C and beam with autograft rescue in R‐CHOP responsive mantle cell lymphoma patients
Authors: Van’t Veer Mars B. , De Jong Daphne , MacKenzie Marius , Kluin‐Nelemans Hanneke C. , Van Oers Marinus H. J. , Zijlstra Jose , Hagenbeek Anton , Van Putten Wim L. J. 
Published: November 2008

SummaryMantle cell lymphoma (MCL) has a dismal outcome when treated with conventional chemotherapy. This single arm phase 2 study evaluated intensive consolidation treatment of patients with newly diagnosed MCL up to the age of 65 years, responsive to R‐CHOP (rituximab, cyclophosphamide, oncovin, adriamycin, prednisolone). Endpoints for evaluation were toxicity, failure‐free survival (FFS) and overall survival (OS). Eighty‐seven patients were treated with three cycles of R–CHOP. Sixty‐six patients responded to R‐CHOP with at least a partial response, 62 continued protocol treatment with high‐dose cytarabine (Ara‐C; 2000 mg/m2, bid. over 4 d) and 61 patients received rituximab and stem cell harvest, followed by BEAM (carmustine, etoposide, Ara‐C, melphalan) and autologous stem cell rescue. Non‐haematological toxicity, grades III and IV, was seen in 8% of the patients after R‐CHOP, in 22% after high‐dose Ara‐C and in 55% after BEAM. The overall response rate was 70% (complete response rate 64%, partial response rate 6%), FFS and OS at 4 years were 36 ± 7% and 66 ± 6%, respectively. The FFS and OS at 4 years from the evaluation after BEAM in the 61 R‐CHOP responsive patients was 46 ± 9% and 79 ± 7%, respectively. In conclusion, high‐dose Ara‐C and BEAM with stem cell rescue in newly diagnosed MCL patients responsive to R‐CHOP is a manageable treatment with respect to toxicity. This regimen leads to long‐term, but probably not durable, remissions.
When to end releases in reintroduction programmes: demographic rates and population viability analysis of bearded vultures in the Alps
Authors: Schaub Michael , Zink Richard , Beissmann Helmut , Sarrazin François , Arlettaz Raphaël 
Published: November 2008

SummaryReintroductions are commonly used for re‐establishing self‐sustainable populations in formerly inhabited areas. Reintroductions are expensive, and thus, it is worth performing a thorough demographic analysis of current and likely future population trajectories to guide strategic decisions on release policy.Bearded vulturesGypaetus barbatuswere exterminated from the Alps in the late 19th century, mainly due to human persecution. To re‐establish them, captive‐bred young have been released annually since 1986. Since the first successful breeding in the wild in 1997, the population has increased to 9 pairs in 2006. It is not known, however, for how long releases should be continued to obtain a self‐sustaining, viable population.We estimated age‐specific survival probabilities with a mark–resighting model and quantified fecundity rates of released individuals. Using the resulting demographic estimates, we built a stochastic population model to estimate population growth rates, and explored the value of continuing to release birds for varying periods into the future.Annual survival probabilities were high (first year of life, 0·88; later years, 0·96); average annual fecundity was 0·6 fledglings per breeding pair. Using the estimated survival probabilities, projected population growth rates would increase with additional years of releases. Yet, the population would grow, even if releases had stopped after 2006. Only if mortality increased by ≥ 50% would the population start to decline.Synthesis and applications.Our population dynamics model provides essential information to optimize decision‐making within a major reintroduction programme. From a demographic viewpoint, releases of captive‐raised bearded vultures can be ceased in the Alps. The resources freed could be redirected towards a close demographic surveillance of the free‐ranging population, with periodic evaluation of its viability and the option to release birds if deemed necessary. Birds available from the captive stock could be used for reintroductions in other areas where the bearded vulture is extinct.
Morphological and genetic structuring in the Utah Lake sucker complex
Authors: COLE D. D. , MOCK K. E. , CARDALL B. L. , CROWL T. A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPopulation decline in the federally endangered June sucker (Chasmistes liorus), a lakesucker unique to Utah Lake, Utah, has been attributed in part to hybridization with the more widespread Utah sucker (Catostomus ardens). As a group, suckers in Utah Lake exhibit considerable external morphological variation. Meristic and morphological ambiguities, presumably the result of hybridization, create a continuum of intermediate forms betweenChasmistesandCatostomusextremes and prevent definitive identification to species. Here we describe and evaluate the morphological and genetic variation in suckers in Utah Lake by comparing a morphological analysis with amplified fragment length polymorphism and microsatellite analyses. Suckers were morphologically differentiated using mouth characters associated with different feeding strategies: planktivory (June sucker) and benthivory (Utah sucker). Although we found no genetic evidence for a deep divergence between June and Utah morphs, significant, but slight population structuring accompanied the substantial morphological variation. Bayesian model‐based genetic clustering analyses detected two sucker populations in Utah Lake; however, these clusters were not strongly concordant with morphological groupings or between marker systems. The suckers in Utah Lake present an interesting dilemma regarding conservation: should one conserve (breed and stock) a subset of the morphotypic variation in the Utah Lake sucker complex, focusing on the endangered June sucker morphotype, or should one conserve both June sucker and Utah sucker morphotypes in this complex, possibly maximizing evolutionary potential? We explore this question in the context of current genetic and morphological variation in the Utah Lake sucker complex as well as historical information on this complex and other lakesuckers.