bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molecular Properties of 2-Pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic Acid (PDC) as a Stable Metabolic Intermediate of Lignin Isolated by Fractional Precipitation with Na+ Ion
Authors: Michinobu Tsuyoshi , Bito Masami , Yamada Yoshiko , Katayama Yoshihiro , Noguchi Keiichi , Masai Eiji , Nakamura Masaya , Ohara Seiji , Shigehara Kiyotaka 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A chemically stable metabolic intermediate of lignin, 2-pyrone-4,6-dicarboxylic acid (PDC), was isolated, and the molecular properties were comprehensively investigated by using thermal analysis, optical spectroscopy, potentiometric titration, and X-ray crystallography. UV absorption spectra of PDC did not show any solvent effects, whereas the fluorescence spectra displayed distinct solvatochromism. Despite the fairly good planarity of the PDC geometry, dual fluorescence was observed in some small donor number solvents. The emission behaviors are thought to be due to the significant twist between the pyrone ring and carboxylate substituents, found in the X-ray crystal structures of the Na+ complex. The crystal structure also showed the intermolecular, centrosymmetric short hydrogen bonding of the carboxylate moieties with an O···H···O distance of 0.2452 nm, which made it possible to assign the pKa values to the molecular structure. PDC was thermally stable and could be sublimed even at atmospheric pressure, offering the preparation possibility of ultra-thin films by vapor-deposition techniques. The fact that the chemically and thermally stable compound possessing many attractive functions, such as unique emission, facile sublimation, and strong acidity, resulting in exceptionally short intermolecular contacts, can be obtained from biomass on a large quantity will lead to establishment of carbon neutral system in future industry.
The Obstinate Passion of Foreign Exchange Professionals: Technical Analysis
Authors: Menkhoff Lukas , Taylor Mark P 
Published: December 2007

Technical analysis involves the prediction of asset price movements from inductive analysis of past movements. We establish a number of stylized facts, including that technical analysis is widespread in the foreign exchange market and that it may be profitable. We then analyze four arguments that have been put forward to explain this: that the market may not be fully rational; that technical analysis may exploit the influence of official interventions; that it may be an efficient form of information processing; and that it may inform on nonfundamental influences. While each may have some validity, the latter is the most plausible.As for the foreign exchange, it is almost as romantic as young love, and quite as resistant to formulae.
Cost-Benefit Analysis and the Personal Social Services
Authors: Ratcliffe Donald 
Published: December 2007

Cost-benefit analysis has become increasingly important over the past ten years as an aid to government decision making in policy areas that have a major economic effect. Transport was one of the first areas in which cost-benefit analysis was employed. More recently, the use of cost-benefit analysis to aid investment decisions in local authority social service departments has been increasingly discussed. This paper proposes to examine the application of cost-benefit techniques in this relatively untried field of social services in light of experience gained from observation of cost-benefit’s role in the area of transport. The organisational contexts in which decisions are made are different, as are the criteria that have been applied in the two areas. Therefore, the application of cost-benefit techniques depends as much on an understanding of the area to which they are applied, as on competence in the handling of the techniques themselves.
The paper focusses on three interdependent problems of particular importance to the use of cost-benefit analysis in the personal social services—the boundary problem (specifying the relevant factors); the valuation problem; and the problem of accounting for the benefits of adaptability.
HO/RT1Culture: Cultivating Police Use of Home Office Road Traffic 1 Form to Identify Active Serious Offenders
Authors: Roach Jason 
Published: December 2007

Self-selection policing is the term given to the identification of serious active offenders by dint of their commission of more minor infractions. The paper explores the feasibility of using the non-production of documentation as required after the issue of an instruction to do so (form HO/RT1) as a way of identifying active, serious offenders. Such non-producers (no shows): were more likely to have recorded offence histories on the Police National Computer (PNC); had offence histories comprising two or more offences, significantly more than offending ‘shows’; had offended more recently than offending ‘shows’; were found to have an offence history including serious offences; typically offended after HO/RT1 issue, demonstrating that their offending was more current than historical. The implications of these results for operational policing are contended to be substantial, and are discussed.
Sources of Variation of Commonly Measured Serum Analytes in 6 Asian Cities and Consideration of Common Reference Intervals
Authors: Ichihara Kiyoshi , Itoh Yoshihisa , Lam Christopher W K , Poon Priscilla M K , Kim Jeong-Ho , Kyono Hiroshi , Chandrawening Naning , Muliaty Dewi ,   Science Committee for the Asian-Pacific Federation of Clinical Biochemistry
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background: In a previous study to determine the feasibility of common reference intervals in Asia, we found significant differences among populations from 6 cities. In this study, we attempted to define the sources of these differences.
Methods: We enrolled 580 healthy volunteers (279 men, 301 women, 20–62 years old), after a selection process that was based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, and used a lifestyle questionnaire. All sera were obtained at a basal state and frozen at −80 °C until the collective assay was done. We measured 21 basic chemical analytes and 10 serum proteins.
Results: We used 3-level nested ANOVA to separate the variation (SD) into between-city (SD-city), between-sex (SD-sex), between-age (SD-age), and between-individual (SD-indiv) components. SD-indiv corresponds to one-quarter of the “pure” reference interval obtained after removing variations due to city, sex, and age. The SD-sex to SD-indiv ratio was &gt;0.8 for creatinine, urate, retinol-binding protein, and transthyretin. We observed high SD-city to SD-indiv ratios, ranging from 0.4 to 0.7, for 11 analytes including lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), electrolytes, IgG, and complement components and SD-age to SD-indiv ratios &gt;0.4 for LDH, alkaline phosphatase, and total cholesterol. Multiple regression analysis demonstrated several other relevant sources of variation, including body mass index, alcohol consumption, and cigarette smoking, although their contributions were generally smaller than those for sex, region, or age.
Conclusion: We observed unacceptably large regional differences in measured values of some analytes even after adjustment for age, sex, and lifestyle variables. Genetic and environmental factors may account for the residual differences.
Data and grammar: Means and individuals
Authors: Den Dikken Marcel , Bernstein Judy B , Tortora Christina , Zanuttini Raffaella 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

1. Introduction

In the abstract of his target piece, Featherston states that ‘it is no longer tenable for syntactic theories to be constructed on the evidence of a single person's judgements’. In our commentary, we focus on this issue and on (what we perceive to be) Featherston's claims that individual speakers' judgments are intrinsically unreliable and ‘noisy’, that variation among individuals' judgments should be smoothed out by averaging the judgments of a large pool of informants, and that only this golden mean counts as genuine data. We argue that these claims are at odds with the basic premises of Chomskian linguistics, which is centered on the I-language of the individual speaker/hearer, not the E-language of the speech community. This is not to say that the way generative grammar approaches and accumulates its data is in no need of improvement: we will make some specific recommendations of our own to this end in the last section of our commentary.
Carrots – perfect as vegetables, but please not as a main dish
Authors: Fanselow Gisbert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
0. One of the merits of generative syntax is that it has broadened the data base for syntactic research in a very profound way. There was, e.g., little (if any) discussion of the role syntax plays for anaphoric and pronominal binding before generative syntax came into being, and there was little or no knowledge about restrictions on the placement of elements into the left periphery of clauses, such as the island constraints of Ross (1967) or the crossover phenomena (Postal 1971). The pertinent facts were simply not known before generative grammar. The debate concerning the configurationality of German in the eighties of the last century is a further case in point; it led to the discovery of a multitude of facts about German syntax. This rapid and deep expansion of the empirical base of syntax was due to at least two factors: first, only highly predictive theories such as generative syntax can guide scientists as to where to look for interesting data, and the full acceptance of native speaker judgments as linguistic evidence yields an easy way of (dis-)confirming model assumptions – which was particularly important in times of limited corpus sizes and the absence of effective methods for searching in corpora.
As a matter of facts – comments on Featherston's sticks and carrots
Authors: Haider Hubert 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
It is easy to agree and equally easy to disagree with the two main positions of Sam Featherston, respectively, namely, that grammar theory would benefit from improving standards of data assessment, and, that syntactic well-formedness is inherently gradient rather than dichotomist. I subscribe to the first position and I see good grounds for not subscribing to the second claim. Since the two positions are dependent, denying the second has implications for accepting the first.
Commentary on Sam Featherston, ‘Data in generative grammar: The stick and the carrot‘
Authors: Newmeyer Frederick J 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since Featherston (henceforth ‘F’) has labeled me as a ‘conservative supporter of generative practice’ (272), I would guess that he expects me to devote my commentary to a defense of this practice. My first thought was to invoke what in Anglo-American legal tradition is called the ‘tu quoque defense’, essentially the rebuttal that, guilty as I may be, ‘you did it too’. That turned out not to be a viable option, since, to my knowledge, F has not published in syntactic theory per se. I will therefore broaden my defense to one of ‘omnes quoque’. From the title of his paper to its conclusion F implies that there is something intrinsic to generative grammar that invites partisans of that framework to construct syntactic theories on the evidence of a single person's judgments. Nothing could be farther from the truth. The great bulk of publications in cognitive and functional linguistics follow the same practice. Of course, rhetorically many of the latter decry the use of linguists' own intuitions as data. For example, in his editor's introduction to an important collections of papers in cognitivefunctional linguistics, Tomasello 1998: xiii deplores the data that are used in generative grammar, which ‘are almost always disembodied sentences that analysts have made up ad hoc’. Yet only two contributors to the volume (Wallace Chafe and Paul Hopper) present segments of natural discourse, neither filling even a page of text. All of the other contributions employ examples constructed by the linguists themselves. It is quite difficult to find any work in cognitive linguistics (and functional linguists are only slightly better) that uses multiple informants. It seems almost disingenuous of F to fault generativists for what (for better or worse) is standard practice in the field, regardless of theoretical allegiance.
Reply
Authors: Featherston Sam 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The commenting authors have provided thoughtful contributions which I read with pleasure. All of them lend their weight to the call for work in synax to improve its empirical practice and apply a little more rigour in its treatment of data. The contributors also differ from my own positions in a number of ways, but most clearly on the issue of the theoretical construct grammaticality. They debate the virtues of my adoption of a gradient model of well-formedness, and discuss whether and to what extent the findings of empirical studies can bear upon the issue, an important topic for workers in the field to explore if work is to become more empirically adequate. Since the aim of my article was to stimulate debate, these differences can only be welcome, since they provide the reader with a direct comparison. The goal of this volume will have been achieved if each reader first, notes the degree of consensus on the issue of the reform of practice in syntactic theory, and second, is able to weigh up the differentpositions adopted on the way forward.
Microstructure Evolution in Zr Alloys during Irradiation: Dose, Dose Rate, and Impurity Dependence
Authors: Griffiths M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The performance of zirconium alloys in BWR, PWR, and PHWR nuclear reactors is dependent on the microstructure. Accordingly, the characterization of the microstructure is an integral part of any study conducted to develop models for in-reactor performance. Although the as-fabricated microstructure (texture, grain size, dislocation density, and phase or precipitate distribution) determines the basic physical properties of a given component, there are changes that occur during irradiation that can have a significant effect on these properties. Microstructures that illustrate specific features of the radiation damage that forms in Zr alloys will be illustrated and discussed in terms of the dose, dose rate, and impurity factors that are applicable.
Cancer of the Nasal Cavity in the Pediatric Population
Authors: Benoit Margo McKenna , Bhattacharyya Neil , Faquin William , Cunningham Michael 
Published: December 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to investigate the clinical manifestations and diagnostic range of malignant entities presenting as a nasal mass in the pediatric population.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. A retrospective cohort analysis was conducted at a specialty hospital and a tertiary care university hospital. Patients aged between birth and 18 years and diagnosed with a malignancy that arose within the nasal cavity between the years 1991 and 2006 were included. This institution-specific patient group was compared with a similar cohort of patients extracted from the national Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. The main outcome measures were the incidence, presentation, and diagnoses of nasal cancer presenting in this population.
RESULTS. Sixteen patients with nasal malignancies presented institutionally in the defined pediatric age group. Patient age at the time of diagnosis ranged from 7 months to 17 years, with a slight male predominance. The main presenting symptoms were unilateral nasal congestion and ophthalmologic complaints. The median time from presentation to diagnosis was 7 weeks; patients who presented with nonspecific complaints, such as nasal obstruction, headache, and fatigue, were given a diagnosis, on average, later than those who presented with focal manifestations. Nationwide, 47 patients were identified from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results database. In both subject groups, the most common diagnoses were rhabdomyosarcoma (37.5% institutionally and 23% in the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results group) and esthesioneuroblastoma (25% institutionally and 28% Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results). In the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results cohort, the overall mean survival rate was 188 months.
CONCLUSIONS. Nasal cancer in the pediatric population often presents with nonspecific signs and symptoms, and a high index of suspicion is necessary for a timely diagnosis. Soft tissue sarcomas are expectedly common. The relative high frequency of esthesioneuroblastoma is particularly noteworthy.
Nonstandard Arithmetic and Reverse Mathematics
Authors: Keisler H. Jerome 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe show that each of the five basic theories of second order arithmetic that play a central role in reverse mathematics has a natural counterpart in the language of nonstandard arithmetic. In the earlier paper [3] we introduced saturation principles in nonstandard arithmetic which are equivalent in strength to strong choice axioms in second order arithmetic. This paper studies principles which are equivalent in strength to weaker theories in second order arithmetic.
Classifying the Provably Total Functions of PA
Authors: Weiermann Andreas 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe give a self-contained and streamlined version of the classification of the provably computable functions of PA. The emphasis is put on illuminating as well as seems possible the intrinsic computational character of the standard cut elimination process. The article is intended to be suitable for teaching purposes and just requires basic familiarity with PA and the ordinals below ε0. (Familiarity with a cut elimination theorem for a Gentzen or Tait calculus is helpful but not presupposed).
Gödel's Program Revisited Part I: The Turn to Phenomenology
Authors: Hauser Kai 
Published: December 2007

AbstractConvinced that the classically undecidable problems of mathematics possess determinate truth values, Gödel issued a programmatic call to search for new axioms for their solution. The platonism underlying his belief in the determinateness of those questions in combination with his conception of intuition as a kind of perception have struck many of his readers as highly problematic. Following Gödel's own suggestion, this article explores ideas from phenomenology to specify a meaning for his mathematical realism that allows for a defensible epistemology.
Describing Groups
Authors: Nies André 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTwo ways of describing a group are considered. 1. A group isfinite-automaton presentableif its elements can be represented by strings over a finite alphabet, in such a way that the set of representing strings and the group operation can be recognized by finite automata. 2. An infinite f.g. group isquasi-finitely axiomatizableif there is a description consisting of a single first-order sentence, together with the information that the group is finitely generated. In the first part of the paper we survey examples of FA-presentable groups, but also discuss theorems restricting this class. In the second part, we give examples of quasi-finitely axiomatizable groups, consider the algebraic content of the notion, and compare it to the notion of a group which is a prime model. We also show that if a structure is bi-interpretable in parameters with the ring of integers, then it is prime and quasi-finitely axiomatizable.
Valuation structure
Authors: Zhu Zhaohui , Pan Zhenghua , Chen Shifu , Zhu Wujia 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper introduces valuation structures associated with preferential models. Based on KLM valuation structures, we present a canonical approach to obtain injective preferential models for any preferential relation satisfying the property INJ, and give uniform proofs of representation theorems for injective preferential relations appeared in the literature. In particular, we show that, in any propositional language (finite or infinite), a preferential inference relation satisfies INJ if and only if it can be represented by a standard preferential model. This conclusion generalizes the result obtained by Freund. In addition, we prove that, when the language is finite, our framework is sufficient to establish a representation theorem for any injective relation.
Unique decomposition in classifiable theories
Authors: Hart Bradd , Hrushovski Ehud , Laskowski Michael C. 
Published: December 2007

By a classifiable theory we shall mean a theory which is superstable, without the dimensional order property, which has prime models over pairs. In order to define what we mean by unique decomposition, we remind the reader of several definitions and results. We adopt the usual conventions of stability theory and work inside a large saturated model of a fixed classifiable theory T; for instance, if we write M ⊆ N for models of T, M and N we are thinking of these models as elementary submodels of this fixed saturated models; so, in particular, M is an elementary submodel of N. Although the results will not depend on it, we will assume that T is countable to ease notation.We do adopt one piece of notation which is not completely standard: if T is classifiable, M0 ⊆ Mi for i = 1, 2 are models of T and M1 is independent from M2 over M0 then we write M1M2 for the prime model over M1 ∪ M2.
Some weak fragments of HA and certain closure properties
Authors: Moniri Morteza , Moniri Mojtaba 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe show that Intuitionistic Open Induction iop is not closed under the rule DNS(Ǝ1). This is established by constructing a Kripke model of iop + ¬Ly(2y > x), where Ly(2y > x) is universally quantified on x. On the other hand, we prove that iop is equivalent with the intuitionistic theory axiomatized by PA− plus the scheme of weak ¬¬ LNP for open formulas, where universal quantification on the parameters precedes double negation. We also show that for any open formula φ(y) having only y free. (PA−)i ⊢ Lyφ(y). We observe that the theories iop, i∀1 and iΠ1 are closed under Friedman's translation by negated formulas and so under VR and IP. We include some remarks on the classical worlds in Kripke models of iop.
Relation algebra reducts of cylindric algebras and an application to proof theory
Authors: Hirsch Robin , Hodkinson Ian , Maddux Roger D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe confirm a conjecture, about neat embeddings of cylindric algebras, made in 1969 by J. D. Monk, and a later conjecture by Maddux about relation algebras obtained from cylindric algebras. These results in algebraic logic have the following consequence for predicate logic: for every finite cardinal α ≥ 3 there is a logically valid sentence X, in a first-order language ℒ with equality and exactly one nonlogical binary relation symbol E, such that X contains only 3 variables (each of which may occur arbitrarily many times), X has a proof containing exactly α + 1 variables, but X has no proof containing only α variables. This solves a problem posed by Tarski and Givant in 1987.
On modal logics betweenK × K × KandS5 × S5 × S5
Authors: Hirsch R. , Hodkinson I. , Kurucz A. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe prove that everyn-modal logic betweenKnandS5nis undecidable, whenever n ≥ 3. We also show that each of these logics is non-finitely axiomatizable, lacks the product finite model property, and there is no algorithm deciding whether a finite frame validates the logic. These results answer several questions of Gabbay and Shehtman. The proofs combine the modal logic technique of Yankov–Fine frame formulas with algebraic logic results of Halmos, Johnson and Monk, and give a reduction of the (undecidable) representation problem of finite relation algebras.