bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genes Required for Osmoregulation and Apical Secretion in Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Liégeois Samuel , Benedetto Alexandre , Michaux Grégoire , Belliard Guillaume , Labouesse Michel 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Few studies have investigated whether or not there is an interdependence between osmoregulation and vesicular trafficking. We previously showed that in Caenorhabditis elegans che-14 mutations affect osmoregulation, cuticle secretion, and sensory organ development. We report the identification of seven lethal mutations displaying che-14-like phenotypes, which define four new genes, rdy-1–rdy-4 (rod-like larval lethality and dye-filling defective). rdy-1, rdy-2, and rdy-4 mutations affect excretory canal function and cuticle formation. Moreover, rdy-1 and rdy-2 mutations reduce the amount of matrix material normally secreted by sheath cells in the amphid channel. In contrast, rdy-3 mutants have short cystic excretory canals, suggesting that it acts in a different process. rdy-1 encodes the vacuolar H+-ATPase a-subunit VHA-5, whereas rdy-2 encodes a new tetraspan protein. We suggest that RDY-1/VHA-5 acts upstream of RDY-2 and CHE-14 in some tissues, since it is required for their delivery to the epidermal, but not the amphid sheath, apical plasma membrane. Hence, the RDY-1/VHA-5 trafficking function appears essential in some cells and its proton pump function essential in others. Finally, we show that RDY-1/VHA-5 distribution changes prior to molting in parallel with that of actin microfilaments and propose a model for molting whereby actin provides a spatial cue for secretion.
Functional Deficiency in IL-7 Caused by an N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea-Induced Point Mutation
Authors: Feng Jianxun , Wang Hongsheng , Morse Herbert C 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU)-induced mutagenesis provides a powerful approach for identifying genes involved in immune regulation and diseases. Here we describe a new mutant strain, HLB368, with hereditary leukopenia. At necropsy, the mutant mice had very small thymuses and spleens. All but the inguinal nodes were absent and there were no Peyer's patches. By flow cytometry, the ratios of T-cell subsets were normal, but B-cell development was blocked at the pre-pro-B-cell stage. The development of B1 and marginal zone B cells was relatively normal. The mutation was mapped to chromosome 3 between D3Mit221 and D3Mit224, a region that contains the Il7 gene. cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of Il7 revealed a T-to-C missense transition resulting in a change of Leu to Pro within the leader peptide that would be predicted to inhibit secretion. In keeping with this concept, we found that in vitro treatment of B-cell progenitors from mutant mice with IL-7 induced them to differentiate into pre-BII cells. Phenotypic comparisons of HLB368 with genetically targeted Il7 null mice showed many similarities along with a few differences, indicating that this ENU-induced mutant carries a novel allele. This new strain thus provides a new model for studying the functions of IL-7 on a pure C57BL/6 background.
Mammalian mRNA Splice-Isoform Selection Is Tightly Controlled
Authors: Chisa Jennifer L , Burke David T 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Post-transcriptional RNA processing is an important regulatory control mechanism for determining the phenotype of eukaryotic cells. The processing of a transcribed RNA species into alternative splice isoforms yields products that can perform different functions. Each type of cell in a multi-cellular organism is presumed to actively control the relative quantities of alternative splice isoforms. In this study, the alternatively spliced isoforms of five mRNA transcription units were examined by quantitative reverse transcription–PCR amplification. We show that interindividual variation in splice-isoform selection is very highly constrained when measured in a large population of genetically diverse mice (i.e., full siblings; N = 150). Remarkably, splice-isoform ratios are among the most invariant phenotypes measured in this population and are confirmed in a second, genetically distinct population. In addition, the patterns of splice-isoform selection show tissue-specific and age-related changes. We propose that splice-isoform selection is exceptionally robust to genetic and environmental variability and may provide a control point for cellular homeostasis. As a consequence, splice-isoform ratios may be useful as a practical quantitative measure of the physiological status of cells and tissues.
Development of a Near-Isogenic Line Population ofArabidopsis thalianaand Comparison of Mapping Power With a Recombinant Inbred Line Population
Authors: Keurentjes Joost J B , Bentsink Leónie , Alonso-Blanco Carlos , Hanhart Corrie J , Blankestijn-De Vries Hetty , Effgen Sigi , Vreugdenhil Dick , Koornneef Maarten 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn Arabidopsis recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations are widely used for quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses. However, mapping analyses with this type of population can be limited because of the masking effects of major QTL and epistatic interactions of multiple QTL. An alternative type of immortal experimental population commonly used in plant species are sets of introgression lines. Here we introduce the development of a genomewide coverage near-isogenic line (NIL) population of Arabidopsis thaliana, by introgressing genomic regions from the Cape Verde Islands (Cvi) accession into the Landsberg erecta (Ler) genetic background. We have empirically compared the QTL mapping power of this new population with an already existing RIL population derived from the same parents. For that, we analyzed and mapped QTL affecting six developmental traits with different heritability. Overall, in the NIL population smaller-effect QTL than in the RIL population could be detected although the localization resolution was lower. Furthermore, we estimated the effect of population size and of the number of replicates on the detection power of QTL affecting the developmental traits. In general, population size is more important than the number of replicates to increase the mapping power of RILs, whereas for NILs several replicates are absolutely required. These analyses are expected to facilitate experimental design for QTL mapping using these two common types of segregating populations.
Cis-Regulatory Elements in the Accord Retrotransposon Result in Tissue-Specific Expression of the Drosophila melanogaster Insecticide Resistance Gene Cyp6g1
Authors: Chung Henry , Bogwitz Michael R , McCart Caroline , Andrianopoulos Alex , ffrench-Constant Richard H , Batterham Philip , Daborn Phillip J 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Transposable elements are a major mutation source and powerful agents of adaptive change. Some transposable element insertions in genomes increase to a high frequency because of the selective advantage the mutant phenotype provides. Cyp6g1-mediated insecticide resistance in Drosophila melanogaster is due to the upregulation of the cytochrome P450 gene Cyp6g1, leading to the resistance to a variety of insecticide classes. The upregulation of Cyp6g1 is correlated with the presence of the long terminal repeat (LTR) of an Accord retrotransposon inserted 291bp upstream of the Cyp6g1 transcription start site. This resistant allele (DDT-R) is currently at a high frequency in D. melanogaster populations around the world. Here, we characterize the spatial expression of Cyp6g1 in insecticide-resistant and -susceptible strains. We show that the Accord LTR insertion is indeed the resistance-associated mutation and demonstrate that the Accord LTR carries regulatory sequences that increase the expression of Cyp6g1 in tissues important for detoxification, the midgut, Malpighian tubules, and the fat body. This study provides a significant example of how changes in tissue-specific gene expression caused by transposable-element insertions can contribute to adaptation.
Deterministic and Stochastic Regimes of Asexual Evolution on Rugged Fitness Landscapes
Authors: Jain Kavita , Krug Joachim 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
We study the adaptation dynamics of an initially maladapted asexual population with genotypes represented by binary sequences of length L. The population evolves in a maximally rugged fitness landscape with a large number of local optima. We find that whether the evolutionary trajectory is deterministic or stochastic depends on the effective mutational distance deff up to which the population can spread in genotype space. For deff = L, the deterministic quasi-species theory operates while for deff &lt; 1, the evolution is completely stochastic. Between these two limiting cases, the dynamics are described by a local quasi-species theory below a crossover time T× while above T× the population gets trapped at a local fitness peak and manages to find a better peak via either stochastic tunneling or double mutations. In the stochastic regime deff &lt; 1, we identify two subregimes associated with clonal interference and uphill adaptive walks, respectively. We argue that our findings are relevant to the interpretation of evolution experiments with microbial populations.
Evolutionary Conservation of the FLOWERING LOCUS C-Mediated Vernalization Response: Evidence From the Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Reeves Patrick A , He Yuehui , Schmitz Robert J , Amasino Richard M , Panella Lee W , Richards Christopher M 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
In many plant species, exposure to a prolonged period of cold during the winter promotes flowering in the spring, a process termed vernalization. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the vernalization requirement of winter-annual ecotypes is caused by the MADS-box gene FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC), which is a repressor of flowering. During the vernalization process, FLC is downregulated by alteration of its chromatin structure, thereby permitting flowering to occur. In wheat, a vernalization requirement is imposed by a different repressor of flowering, suggesting that some components of the regulatory network controlling the vernalization response differ between monocots and dicots. The extent to which the molecular mechanisms underlying vernalization have been conserved during the diversification of the angiosperms is not well understood. Using phylogenetic analysis, we identified homologs of FLC in species representing the three major eudicot lineages. FLC homologs have not previously been documented outside the plant family Brassicaceae. We show that the sugar beet FLC homolog BvFL1 functions as a repressor of flowering in transgenic Arabidopsis and is downregulated in response to cold in sugar beet. Cold-induced downregulation of an FLC-like floral repressor may be a central feature of the vernalization response in at least half of eudicot species.
Adverse Events Associated With Pediatric Spinal Manipulation: A Systematic Review
Authors: Vohra Sunita , Johnston Bradley C. , Cramer Kristie , Humphreys Kim 
Published: December 2006

BACKGROUND. Spinal manipulation is a noninvasive manual procedure applied to specific body tissues with therapeutic intent. Although spinal manipulation is commonly used in children, there is limited understanding of the pediatric risk estimates.OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to systematically identify and synthesize available data on adverse events associated with pediatric spinal manipulation.METHODS. A comprehensive search was performed of 8 major electronic databases (eg, Medline, AMED, MANTIS) from inception to June 2004 irrespective of language. Reports were included if they (1) were a primary investigation of spinal manipulation (eg, observation studies, controlled trials, surveys), (2) included a study population of children who were aged 18 years or younger, and (3) reported data on adverse events. Data were summarized to demonstrate the nature and severity of adverse events that may result rather than their incidence.RESULTS. Thirteen studies (2 randomized trials, 11 observational reports) were identified for inclusion. We identified 14 cases of direct adverse events involving neurologic or musculoskeletal events. Nine cases involved serious adverse events (eg, subarachnoidal hemorrhage, paraplegia), 2 involved moderately adverse events that required medical attention (eg, severe headache), and 3 involved minor adverse events (eg, midback soreness). Another 20 cases of indirect adverse events involved delayed diagnosis (eg, diabetes, neuroblastoma) and/or inappropriate provision of spinal manipulation for serious medical conditions (ie, meningitis, rhabdomyosarcoma).CONCLUSIONS. Serious adverse events may be associated with pediatric spinal manipulation; neither causation nor incidence rates can be inferred from observational data. Conduct of a prospective population-based active surveillance study is required to properly assess the possibility of rare, yet serious, adverse events as a result of spinal manipulation on pediatric patients.
Successful Field Pilot of In-Depth Colloidal Dispersion Gel (CDG) Technology in Daqing Oil Field
Authors: Chang Harry L. , Sui Xingguang , Xiao Long , Guo Zhidong , Yao Yuming , Xiao Yuguo , Chen Gang , Song Kaoping , Mack James C. 
Published: December 2006

Summary
The first large-scale colloidal dispersion gel (CDG) pilot test was conducted in the largest oil field in China, Daqing oil field. The project was initiated in May 1999, and injection of chemical slugs was completed in May 2003.
This paper provides detailed descriptions of the gel-system characterization, chemical-slug optimization, project execution, performance analysis, injection facility design, and economics. The improvements of permeability variation and sweep efficiency were demonstrated by lower water cut, higher oil rate, improved injection profiles, and the increase of the total dissolved solids (TDS) in production wells.
The ultimate incremental oil recovery (defined as the amount of oil recovered above the projected waterflood recovery at 98% water cut) in the pilot area would be approximately 15% of the original oil in place (OOIP). The economic analysis showed that the chemical costs were approximately U.S. $2.72 per barrel of incremental oil recovered. Results are presented in 15 tables and 8 figures.
Oral Antidiabetic Drugs
Authors: Bischoff Hilmar 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Stimulators of Insulin Secretion2.1.Sulfonylureas and Related Compounds2.2.Benzoic Acid Derivatives2.3.Amino Acid Derivatives2.4.Mode of Action2.5.New Insulinotropic Mechanisms2.5.1.Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibition2.5.2.Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV Inhibitors in Clinical Development3.Biguanides4.Inhibitors of Intestinal Carbohydrate Digestion4.1.α‐Glucosidase Inhibitors4.1.1.Mode of Action4.1.2.Pharmacology4.1.3.Individual Compounds4.2.Plant Fibers5.Enhancers of Insulin Action5.1.Mode of Action5.2.Pharmacology of PPARγ agonists5.3.Thiazolidine‐2,4‐Dione Derivatives (Glitazones)The review describes all oral drugs used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus which are marketed or in late clinical development. Stimulators of insulin secretion are the most prescribed class of antidiabetic drugs. These compounds increase insulin secretion from pancreatic β‐cells via the closure of the ATP‐sensitive K+channel. Sulfonylurea (SU) derivatives bind to the SU receptor on a regulatory protein of the ATP‐sensitive K+channel. Since various binding sites exist, also other compounds like benzoic acid or amino acid derivatives are able to bind and to stimulate insulin secretion via the closure of the ATP‐sensitive K+ channel. Very new mechanisms, not yet approved and still in late clinical development, prevent the degradation of glucagons‐like‐peptide‐1 (GLP‐1), an intestinal hormone, which stimulates insulin secretion by increasing intracellular cAMP levels of β‐cells. Those compounds, which inhibit the GLP‐1 degrading enzyme dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), sustain the insulinotropic effect of GLP‐1. The antidiabetic action of biguanides, only metformin is marketed today, is still not fully understood. Metformin improves insulin sensitivity probably by an increase in peripheral glucose utilization and additionally metformin reduces hepatic gluconeogenesis. Alpha‐glucosidase inhibitors are enzyme inhibitors of small intestinal carbohydrate digesting glucosidases. They display their antidiabetic effect by delaying the postprandial (pp) carbohydrate absorption resulting in reduced pp hyperglycemia and ‐insulinemia, which finally improves insulin sensitivity. Enhancers of insulin action are ligands of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPARγ). PPARs belong to the nuclear receptor family of ligand‐activated transcription factors. The major antidiabetic and blood glucose lowering effect of the PPARγ agonists is the improvement of insulin sensitivity, however, the mechanism is not fully elucidated yet.
Artists' Colors
Authors: Müller Hugo , Müller Wolfgang , Wehner Manfred , Liewald Heike 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Organic Pigments

3.

Inorganic Pigments

3.1.

White Inorganic Pigments

3.2.

Colored Inorganic Pigments

3.3.

Black Pigments

3.4.

Fillers

4.

Dyes for Silk Painting

5.

Binders

6.

Quality Factors

7.

Commercially Available Artists' Colors and Materials

7.1.

Oil Colors

7.2.

Acrylic Paints

7.3.

Watercolor (Aquarell)

7.4.

Pastels

7.5.

Gouache and Distemper (Tempera)

7.6.

Powdered Pigments

7.7.

Silk Paints

7.8.

Paints for Graphic Techniques

7.9.

Other Artists' Materials

Artists'; colors represent just a small sector of the paint industry, the total invoiced sales in Europe were about 222.7 × 10
6
€ in 2004, the production of artists' colors in Germany amounted to about 4180 t with a value of 67.1 × 10
6
€ in 2004. Artists' colors are mixtures of three major components: pigments, binders, and fillers.

Pigments determine the hue, hiding power, and tinting strength of artists' colors. Binders enable the pigments to adhere to the substrate. Fillers can influence optical properties such as whiteness and hiding power, rheological behavior, mechanical properties, and resistance to weathering and chemicals.
The commercially available artists' colors and materials are the following types: oil colors, acrylic paints, watercolors, pastels, gouache and tempera, powdered pigments, silk paints, paints for graphic techniques, and others artists' materials such as primers and varnishes.
Clays
Authors: Murray Haydn H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Structure and Composition of Clay Minerals3.Geology and Occurrence of Major Clay Deposits3.1.Kaolin3.2.Smectite3.3.Palygorskite and Sepiolite3.4.Miscellaneous Clays4.Mining and Processing4.1.Kaolin4.1.1.Dry Process4.1.2.Wet Process4.1.3.Combined Dry and Wet Processing4.1.4.Special Processes4.2.Smectite4.3.Palygorskite and Sepiolite5.Properties and Uses5.1.Kaolin5.1.1.Physical Properties5.1.2.Paper5.1.3.Paint5.1.4.Ceramics5.1.5.Rubber5.1.6.Plastics5.1.7.Ink5.1.8.Catalysts5.1.9.Fiberglass5.2.Smectite5.3.Palygorskite and Sepiolites6.Environmental Aspects7.Production and ConsumptionClays are important industrial minerals that are utilized around the world. The clay minerals and materials discussed here are kaolins, smectites, palygorskite and sepiolite, and miscellaneous or common clays. Kaolin is both a rock term and a group minerals name for kaolinite, dickite, nacrite, and halloysite. Bentonite is a rock term and the dominant minerals in bentonite are smectites, which is a group mineral name. Important minerals in the smectite group are sodium, calcium, magnesium, iron, and lithium montmorillonites. Miscellaneous or common clays include shales, mudstones, soil clays, lacustrine clays, glacial tills, and so on, which are used for making brick, tile, other structural clay products, and stoneware pottery. They are usually comprised of a mixture of clay and nonclay minerals, the most common of which are illite, chlorite, mixed‐layer clays, and quartz. The geology and location of clay deposits that are marketed regionally and worldwide are described. Structure, composition, and chemical and physical properties of the clay minerals are discussed. These control the many industrial applications of clay minerals and materials. Important applications are described. World production figures of the various clays are given as of 2004. A brief discussion on health‐related and environmental issues is included.
Glucose and Glucose‐Containing Syrups
Authors: Schenck Fred W. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction and History

2.

Properties of Glucose

2.1.

Structure

2.2.

Physical Properties

2.3.

Chemical Properties

3.

Raw Materials

4.

General Principles of Starch Hydrolysis

4.1.

Production and Properties of Acid Glucose Syrups

4.2.

Production and Properties of Acid ‐ Enzyme Glucose Syrups

4.3.

Production and Properties of Enzyme ‐ Enzyme Glucose Syrups

5.

Production of Solid Glucose

5.1

Production of Total sugars

5.2

Production of Pure Crystalline Products

6.

Glucose ‐ Fructose Syrups

6.1.

Properties

6.2.

Production

6.3.

High‐Fructose Syrups from Inulin

7.

Analysis

8.

Legal Aspects

9.

Storage and Transportation

10.

Uses

11.

Economic Aspects

12.

Physiological Properties and Toxicology of Glucose
Phosphorus Compounds, Organic
Authors: Svara Jürgen , Weferling Norbert , Hofmann Thomas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Phosphines2.1.Properties2.2.Production2.2.1.Primary and Secondary Phosphines2.2.2.Tertiary Phosphines2.3.Uses3.Halophosphines3.1.Properties3.2.Production3.3.Uses4.Phosphonium Salts4.1.Properties4.2.Production4.3.Uses5.Phosphine Oxides and Sulfides5.1.Properties5.2.Production5.3.Uses6.Phosphonous Acid Derivatives6.1.Production6.2.Properties and Uses7.Phosphinic Acids and their Derivatives7.1.Properties7.2.Production7.3.Phosphinic Acids and Phosphinate Esters7.4.Thiophosphinates7.5.Other Phosphinic Acid Derivatives8.Phosphites and Hydrogenphosphonates8.1.Properties8.2.Production8.3.Trialkyl Phosphites8.4.Triaryl Phosphites and Alkyl Aryl Phosphites8.5.Dialkyl and Diaryl Phosphonates8.6.Alkyl Phosphonates9.Phosphonic Acids and their Derivatives9.1.Properties9.2.Production9.3.Phosphonic Acids and Phosphonocarboxylic Acids9.4.Esters of Phosphonic Acid9.5.Other Derivatives of Phosphonic Acid10.Esters of Phosphoric Acid10.1.Properties10.2.Production10.3.Trialkyl Phosphates10.4.Triaryl and Alkyl Aryl Phosphates10.5.Mono‐ and Dialkyl Phosphates11.Esters of Thiophosphoric Acid11.1.Properties11.2.Production11.3.Monothiophosphates11.4.Dithiophosphates12.Economic Aspects13.Toxicology
Photoelectricity
Authors: Lutz Manfred 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.External Photoeffect3.Internal Photoeffect4.Applications4.1.Light Sensors and Detectors4.2.Solar Cells4.3.Imaging SystemsPhotoelectricity is one of the key phenomena of today's imaging and communication technologies. In general, photoelectricity is understood as the interaction of photons with solids, resulting either in a liberation of electrons (external photoeffect) or in an enhanced electrical conductivity (internal photoeffect). Both effects are discussed particularly with regard to the basic principles and materials involved.Photoelectricity with its link between light flux and electrical current was the basis for a huge technical and scientific effort directed to enhance, extend, and diversify devices in their functions as light sensors and detectors and later as image pick‐up systems which enable transmission, processing, display, and printout of the received optical information; e.g., solar cells and sensor arrays for digital still and video cameras.