bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Psychiatric Care of People with Intellectual Disabilities: The Perceptions of Consultant Psychiatrists in Victoria
Authors: Lennox Nicholas , Chaplin Robert 
Published: November 2007

Objective: This study was undertaken to establish the perceptions of psychiatrists regarding the care of people with intellectual disabilities. Method: A 28-item self-administered questionnaire was developed, piloted and sent on two occasions to 467 psychiatrists who receive the newsletter of the Victorian branch of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists. The questionnaire incorporated a Likert scale to document the opinions of the respondents. Results: A response rate of 51.1 % was achieved. The respondents indicated that, in their opinion, people with intellectual disabilities receive a poor standard of care in the inpatient and community setting. To improve this situation, the following strategies were recommended: the development of improved liaison between services; improved training for all personnel who provide services to people with intellectual disabilities; the development of greater resources; and support for professionals working in the area. The study also indicates that there is a core group of very interested psychiatrists who are currently practising and that people with intellectual disabilities are accessing private psychiatric services. In addition, the results suggest that diagnostic overshadowing is not a major barrier to psychiatric assessment, and that disorders which were presumed to be commonly overlooked by doctors (such as depression) are in fact frequently being diagnosed. Conclusions: Despite some positive findings, the majority of psychiatrists who responded held major concerns about the situation of people with intellectual disabilities. To improve the care provided to these people, it is recommended that these concerns are addressed by the psychiatric profession and responsible government departments in conjunction with university departments of psychiatry.
Psychiatric Disorder among Adolescents in Custody
Authors: Richards Ian 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To determine the diagnostic breakdown and comorbid patterns of 100 consecutive cases referred for psychiatric consultation at juvenile detention centres, and to compare diagnoses according to gender and legal status. Method: Diagnoses were made at the time of an initial semi-structured clinical interview, and reviewed after follow-up. Results: There was an appreciable minority of young offenders with non-behaviour disordered diagnoses as well as a large number with conduct disorder and substance abuse. Conduct disorder and affective disorder were most influential on adjustment in the community. Conclusion: Psychiatric initiatives are essential in the management of serious young offenders.
The Status of Ethics Education in Australasian Psychiatry
Authors: Coverdale John H. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To determine to what extent ethics is taught and how it is taught to psychiatrists-in-training across Australasia. Method: Anonymous mail-out survey of training directors. Results: The questionnaire was completed by 23 of 25 training directors (response rate = 92%) who reported on 625 trainee psychiatrists. Individual one-to-one case supervision was adopted by 96% of the programs for teaching ethics; formal teaching in seminars or lectures was chosen as the second most common method in 70% of programs. Topics most commonly taught in formal seminars were so taught in only 70% of programs or less. Conclusion: A uniform curriculum in psychiatric ethics is needed. The results are discussed in relation to identified needs for improvement.
Descriptors of Depression: The Importance of Agreed Definitions
Authors: Parker Gordon , Sengoz Ayse 
Published: November 2007

Objective: We suggest that some descriptors and criteria of depressive features lack clarity or are overinclusive, with definitional limitations and vagaries in rating options, leading to variable ratings of similar items across differing measures as well as cloudy interpretation of positive ratings. Method: We illustrate these limitations by reference to two items: ‘guilt’ and ‘distinct quality of mood’. Results: We note problems emerging from confounded and imprecise definitions. Conclusions: We emphasise the need for definitions of depressive descriptors possessing greater specificity.
The Aversiveness of Specific Emotional States Associated with Binge-Eating in Obese Subjects
Authors: Kenardy Justin , Arnow Bruce , Agras W. Stewart 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The aim of this study was to examine the hypothesis that non-purge-related binge-eating in obesity is maintained by a ‘trade-off’ in which a highly aversive emotional state is exchanged for a less aversive state. Method: Ninety-eight obese binge-eaters meeting the DSM-IV criteria for binge-eating disorder [1] were contrasted with 65 non-binge-eating controls on their perceived distress associated with negative mood states usually experienced before and after binges. Results: Binge-eaters reported significantly greater distress and lower tolerance of negative mood compared to controls. Furthermore, when compared with controls, binge-eaters reported that emotions typically reported before binges (e.g. anger) were more aversive than those reported after (e.g. guilt). Conclusions: These results were interpreted as supporting the ‘trade-off’ theory and have implications for the treatment of binge-eating disorder.
Drug Strategies and Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia
Authors: Pantelis Christos , Barnes Thomas R.E. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives: The aims of the paper are to review the notion of treatment resis- tance in schizophrenia and consider the factors important in determining non- responsiveness to standard neuroleptic treatment, and to review the strategies currently available in the treatment of such patients, including an evaluation of recently-introduced, novel drug treatments. Method: A selective review of the literature relating to treatment resistance was undertaken using medline searches, followed by cross-checking for further articles identified in these references. Results: The various treatment approaches available are considered, including adjunctive treatment with lithium or carbamazepine. The risks and benefits of high dose antipsychotic treatment are discussed. The possible benefits and side-effects of new treatments, particularly the atypical neuroleptics, are also reviewed. Conclusions: The reasons why a proportion of patients with schizophrenia fail to respond to standard neuroleptic treatment are ill-understood. Nevertheless, initial assessment should include identification of any factors that may be related to a patient's poor response, such as poor compliance, substance use or epilepsy. This may help to determine an appropriate treatment strategy. There is a need to be systematic and to ensure that patients be given an adequate trial of each treatment tested in terms of duration and dosage. The available evidence does not support the use of high doses of neuroleptics for the majority of patients. Adjunctive treatments, such as lithium, carbamazepine or benzodiazepines may be beneficial in non-responsive patients, particularly if certain target symptoms are present. Atypical neuroleptics, particularly clozapine, have proved particularly effective in non-responsive patients as well as those sensitive to the motor side-effects of standard drugs. However, the high risk of agranulocytosis with clozapine is a problem; also, the drug and the necessary haematological monitoring are expensive. There are hints that some of the other, new, atypical neuroleptics have some benefit in non-responsive patients, but controlled studies are required.
Progress and Evaluation of a Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry Service to an Obstetric-Gynaecology Hospital
Authors: Phillips Nicole , Dennerstein Lorraine , Farish Stephen 
Published: November 2007

Objective: Recently we described the establishment and first 6 months of a psychiatric consultation-liaison service to a Melbourne obstetric-gynaecology teaching hospital. The follow-up report evaluates the service in two ways: first, it compares referral data for the 12 months of 1992 with that of the first 6 months of operation in 1990; and second, it reports on results of a survey of referrer and patient satisfaction with the service. Method: Referral data were collected for the data comparison from the consultation-liaison referral book and patients' files. Referrer and patient satisfaction was evaluated by questionnaires sent to 45 medical staff, 7 charge nurses, and 100 consecutive patients. Result: A fairly constant referral rate for inpatients has emerged at 0.8%, this very low referral rate being some cause for concern. An internal shift in the type of referrals over time has developed, with an increase in obstetric and a decrease in gynaecology referrals. High referrer satisfaction, with 86% of the doctors finding the consultation(s) “very” or “quite” helpful, and high patient satisfaction, with 83% of respondents having found the consul tat ion(s) “very” or “quite” helpful, was found. Conclusions: Despite high referrer and consumer satisfaction, and objective evidence of need, this pioneering consultation-liaison service in obstetric-gynaecology continues to be grossly under-utilised. Increasing the referral rate will be one of the greatest challenges in the future of this service.
Computer AIDS to Treatment in Psychiatry
Authors: Kirkby Kenneth Clifford , Lambert Timothy J. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: A critical discussion is presented of computer-administered treatments in psychiatry, focusing on the results of outcome studies, the range of approaches under investigation, and advantages and disadvantages of this treatment approach. Method: A selective review of controlled outcome studies, comparing computer and human therapist administered treatments in clinical populations was made. Results: The small number of studies reported suggest that computer administered forms are no less effective than human therapists for circumscribed, structured cognitive and behavioural interventions, and are acceptable to patients. Conclusions: Putative computer-administered treatments will become commonplace. They will require thorough evaluation of benefits, risks and costs to determine their proper role in relation to the alternative treatments available.
Use of Interpreters in Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: Baxter Helen , Cheng Louis Yang-Ching 
Published: November 2007

Objective: This paper was written after one of the authors treated a case by individual therapy using an interpreter, as patient and therapist spoke different languages. There is little literature on this subject, and this paper describes our findings and recommendations for using this approach. Method: A 15-year-old Chinese, Cantonese-speaking in-patient in Hong Kong was treated with individual psychodynamic psychotherapy by an English- speaking Caucasian psychotherapist. The Chinese interpreter attended each session, and therapy was supervised by a bilingual Chinese supervisor. The alternative was to not carry out any therapy, as there was no other therapist available. Results: The patient was treated for a total of 32 sessions. Issues involving language and culture differences between therapist and patient, issues of therapy in a triadic situation involving group dynamics, and specific therapy difficulties raised by the presence of the interpreter are discussed. Conclusion: Therapy was not as effective as hoped, but the patient made some improvements. Finding a suitable interpreter is difficult and their role must be well defined. A bilingual supervisor is also needed to monitor the translation as well as supervising the therapist. Psychotherapy through an interpreter is feasible but not ideal.
Sleeping with the Past: The Ethics of Post-Termination Patient-Therapist Sexual Contact
Authors: Ryan Christopher James , Anderson Josephine 
Published: November 2007

Objective: The aim of the paper is to devise an ethical argument to support the contention that post-termination patient–therapist sexual contact (PTSC) is always unethical.Method: Arguments both defending and condemning post-termination PTSC are reviewed and their strengths and weaknesses explored.Results: Analysis of these arguments reveals a strong case for the universal condemnation of post-termination PTSC.Conclusions: Ethical codes, including that of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, should be amended to explicitly prohibit post-termination PTSC.
Clinical Practice Issues in Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry
Authors: Wright Murray , Samuels Anthony , Streimer Jeffrey 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To overview and highlight the issues currently challenging and confronting consultation-liaison (C-L) psychiatry and to present them for discussion in a wider forum. Method: Following preliminary discussions, the authors (members of the New South Wales C-L Interest Group) undertook to selectively review a number of issues relevant to C-L psychiatry. A preliminary paper was prepared and then presented to the membership of the interest group. Feedback from this meeting was incorporated into the final version of the paper. Results: Issues selected as a nidus for further discussion include economic issues, changing models of C–L practice, service issues as well as ethical issues. In addition, recognition of C–L psychiatry as a true subspeciality is foreshadowed. Conclusion: This paper highlights some of the challenges for C–L psychiatry both now and in the future. Intuitive beliefs in our efficacy will not suffice in this era of economic rationalisation. Disciplined and focused research substantiating our value is imperative. Subspecialty recognition is likely to ensure uniformity of standards as well as providing the structure and direction required to consolidate C–L psychiatry's future.
The Reverend Samuel Marsden and the Beginning of the Mental Health Services
Authors: Dax Eric Cunningham 
Published: November 2007

Remarkably little is recorded to suggest that lunacy was regarded as a problem in the transports, by the reported suicides or the reactions to starvation, privation and cruelty in the early years of settlement [1]. Nevertheless, in 1787, Phillip, the first Governor of New South Wales, was specifically directed to exercise powers regarding the insane. Part of these orders were: “Wee have thought fit to entrust you with the care and commitment of the said ideots and lunaticks and their estates” [2]. From then onwards nothing is heard of “the lunaticks” until after Samuel Marsden was given official duties in this field.
Triaxial tests to determine a microstructure-based snow viscosity law
Authors: Bartelt Perry , Moos Markus Von 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a new triaxial testing apparatus designed to determine the creep (viscoelastic) behavior of snow. The device is deformation-controlled and can apply strain rates between 10–7 s–1 and 10–2s–1 in tension and compression. The sample volume change is determined by measuring the displaced pore-air volume. During winters 1997/98 and 1998/99, >100 compression and tension tests were carried out. It is shown that snow is a highly non-linear but ideal viscoelastic material with a strong strain-rate dependency. A selection of test results is provided. We show how snow viscosity varies with density and strain rate. In a final analysis we interpret our results with respect to snow microstructure in order to develop microstructure-based constitutive relations which can be implemented in finite-element programs. Our results clearly show that for snow densities and strain rates tested, straining of the grain bonds is the primary mechanism of deformation within the snow ice lattice.
Model of structure and mechanical properties of dry granular snow
Authors: Golubev Vladimir N. , Frolov Anatoly D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe paper discusses the verification of a previously developed structural dry-snow model based on the regular packing of isometric grains connected by rigid bonds. Using this model, we consider the probable snow-compaction mechanisms at different snow-density ranges (from new to dense snow), limited by critical densities corresponding to the real values of the structural indices of the model: texture looseness, bond rigidity and coordination number. We also obtain the analytic expression for longitudinal wive velocity and for bulk compressibility of snow as functions of density and structural indices. The calculation enables us for the first time to show the whole range of possible values of these important characteristics and to deduce the most probable configuration of the ice matrix in snow of various densities corresponding to the experimental data available on the snow-texture peculiarities and elastic-wave velocities. The model can be used to comprehend the changes in snow mechanical properties during compaction, as well as the steps by which it proceeds.
Interferometric analysis of the deformation pattern of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, compared to field measurements and numerical modeling
Authors: Rack Wolfgang , Doake Christopher S. M. , Rott Helmut , Siegel Andreas , Skvarca Pedro 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe motion field of the northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula, was analyzed using radar interferometry in combination with field measurements and finite-element model calculations. The ice shelf between Jason Peninsula and Seal Nunataks has been in steady retreat since January 1995. Model calculations suggest that the ice shelf is in a stage of irreversible retreat since the last calving events in summer 1998/99. The interferometric analysis is based on synthetic-aperture radar data of the tandem mission of European remote-sensing satellites ERS-1 and –2 in austral spring 1995. The phase contributions due to tidal motion were estimated from the vertical displacement at those parts of the grounding zone where the horizontal motion is close to zero" in order to separate the vertical and horizontal motion components over the ice shelf. Satellite-derived velocities compare well with the long-term field measurements along a transverse and a longitudinal profile. The real interferograms and synthetic interferograms, calculated from model velocities, show reasonable agreement over the main parts of the ice shelf, but differ in the boundary zones where the details are not resolved by the model.
Reducing the uncertainty in the contribution of Greenland to sea-level rise in the 20th and 21st centuries
Authors: Bugnion Véronique 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThree methods to calculate summer snow- and ice melt are combined with a simplified climate model to estimate past, present and future values of accumulation and ablation on the Greenland ice sheet. This allows the reliability of the computationally efficient temperature-based parameterizations of melting to be compared to that of a more complicated physical model of the snow cover which calculates explicitly the formation of meltwater, refreezing and runoff. Six runs are subject to the same observed climatic forcing over the 20th century with different model parameters chosen. The range of change in sea level which accompanies these six runs is ωlcm. Because of a near-perfect cancellation between increases in accumulation and runoff, for a reference climate scenario similar to the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s IS92a, the Greenland ice sheet is not expected to contribute significantly to changes in the ocean level over the 21st century. The uncertainty in these predictions is estimated by repeating the calculation for a range of climate-change scenarios.
Laboratory measurement of the shear strength of ice-filled rock joints
Authors: Davies Michael C. R. , Hamza Omar , Lumsden Bruce W. , Harris Charles 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo assess the safety against failure of rock slopes in cold regions, such as high mountain areas, where stability is potentially maintained by ice in rock discontinuities, the shear strength of ice-filled rock joints was investigated in a series of direct shear-box tests. To permit control and repeatability, the experiments were conducted using simulated rock specimens. These were cast in the laboratory using high-strength concrete. Laboratory measurements showed that at a constant rate of shearing, the interface shear strength between ice and a joint surface of repeatable roughness is a function of both temperature and normal stress.
Snowmelt lysimeters in the evaluation of snowmelt models
Authors: Kattelmann Richard 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSnowmelt lysimeters have been used occasionally to provide a physical measurement for testing models of snowpack energy balance and/or meltwater production. Despite the attractiveness of using records of snowpack outflow for comparison with model results, there are many difficulties with using such data for this purpose. The basic problem is poor correspondence between melt produced at the snow surface and water arriving at the base of the snowpack on a unit-area basis. Unenclosed snowmelt lysimeters allow lateral flow of water into and out of the column of snow overlying the collector. The well-known lateral flow of water in a snowpack allows the effective contributing area at the snowpack surface to be different from the surface area of the collector. Data from several years at two research stations in the Sierra Nevada, California, U.S.A., illustrate the great variability of water flux measured by several collectors. However, the mean of accumulated outflow for a melt season from all the collectors tended to be close to the water equivalence of the overlying snowpack at the onset of snowmelt. Therefore, there is some hope that a set of small snowmelt lysimeters or a few large collectors can adequately sample outflow from the base of the snowpack.