bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in phospholipids and acyl group composition of rat mammary gland during pregnant, lactating, and post‐weaning periods
Authors: Sun Grace Y. , Leung Benjamin S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe distribution of phospholipids as well as their fatty acid compositions of rat mammary tissues were examined during pregnant, lactating, and post‐weaning periods. There was no apparent change in phospholipids and their acyl groups during the early and late pregnant periods. However, tissue phospholipid composition was different during pregnant, early, and late lactating periods. After parturition, there was a marked increase in the proportion of diacyl‐glycerophosphorylcholine in the phospholipids of mammary tissue, but this proportion decreased gradually during lactation. The decrease in diacyl‐glycerophosphorylcholine during lactation was marked by a corresponding increase in diacyl‐glycerophosphorylethanolamine. Although the shorter chain fatty acids of triglycerides were increased during lactation, only a small proportion of these fatty acids was found in the phosphoglycerides. Marked changes in acyl group composition of individual phospholipids are found during these different physiological stages. In general, there was a rapid decrease in 20∶4 and an increase in 18∶2 in the major phosphoglycerides during parturition. The proportion of 20∶4 in the phosphoglycerides remained low throughout the entire lactating period, while that of 18∶2 continued to increase 2–3 fold. Most of the changes in acyl group of the phosphoglycerides during lactation returned to normal ca. 10 days after weaning. A possible relationship of the variation of phospholipid and acyl group compositions in mammary tissue to changes in hormonal pattern during different physiological stages is discussed.
Simple high vacuum distillation equipment for deodorizing fish oil for human consumption
Authors: Dinamarca E. , Garrido F. , Valenzuela A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple piece of glass equipment for deodorizing fish oil (sardine oil) by high vacuum distillation was designed and constructed. The equipment has a throughput of 450–500 ml/hr working at 140°C and at a constant pressure of 2×10−2 mm Hg. It reduces the peroxide value and the cholesterol content of the oil and improves the flavor without affecting the EPA and DHA content.
The processing of exogenous cholesterol in the alveolar compartment of the rat lung
Authors: Hayball Peter J. , Nicholas Terence E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe have examined the esterification of [3H]cholesterol following the intratracheal instillation of a tracer amount into the isolated rat lung perfused with Krebs bicarbonate containing 4.5% albumin. At 5, 30 and 60 min after instillation, lungs were lavaged at 2°C with 3×10 ml of 0.15 M NaCl, each volume instilled and withdrawn three times. Each lung was lavaged at only one time point. The saline recovered was centrifuged at 150 g (5 min) to sediment the macrophage‐rich fraction, leaving the surfactant in the supernatant. The amounts and specific activity of cholesterol and cholesteryl ester were measured following isolation by high performance liquid chromatography of the free cholesterol and the hydrolyzed ester‐derived cholesterol. There was a rapid fall in [3H]cholesterol in the surfactant fraction, accompanied by a reciprocal increase in [3H]cholesteryl ester. Likewise, there was a rapid increase in [3H]cholesteryl ester in the macrophage‐rich fraction, while the level of free [3H]cholesterol in that fraction remained very low. These data are consistent with exogenous cholesterol being rapidly esterified in the alveolus, and the ester then being cleared by the macrophages. We were unable to locate the actual site of esterification. Lipids
Specific susceptibility of docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid to peroxidation in aqueous solution
Authors: Bruna E. , Petit E. , Beljean‐Leymarie M. , Huynh S. , Nouvelot A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe peroxidation of different polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) after photoirradiation in aqueous solution was evaluated by measuring fatty acid loss and malonaldehyde production in medium. The oxidation rates of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), two highly unsaturated fatty acids of the n−3 series, were surprisingly lower (14 and 22%, respectively) than the oxidation rates of linoleic, α‐linolenic, γ‐linolenic, dihomo γ‐linolenic, and arachidonic acids (62–90%). The quantities of malonaldehyde (MA) produced were assayed simultaneously by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). MA production was found to be related to both the degree of unsaturation and the metabolic series of the fatty acid. The maximum value was observed with arachidonic acid (MA production from 2 mM arachidonic acid in aqueous solution was estimated at 44.9±6.0 μM by GC and 46.8 ±4.0 μM by HPLC). Eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid produced lower MA quantities compared to arachidonic acid (MA production from 2 mM EPA and 2 mM DHA was estimated at 17.9±1.5 μM and 37.9±0.7 μM, respectively, by GC, and 26.3±4.9 μM and 37.3±4.2 μM, respectively, by HPLC). The MA yield, defined as the amount of MA (nmols) produced per 100 nanomoles of oxidized fatty acid, was used to express the susceptibility of individual PUFA to peroxidation. The MA yield correlated well with the degree of unsaturation, but was independent of carbon chain length and metabolic series. The study suggests that adequate assessment of lipid peroxidation cannot be achieved by measuring MA formation alone, but it also requires knowledge of the fatty acid composition of the system studied.
Rapid headspace gas chromatography of hexanal as a measure of lipid peroxidation in biological samples
Authors: Frankel E. N. , Hu M. ‐L. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA rapid, sensitive and convenient capillary gas chromatographic‐headspace method was developed to determine hexanal as an important volatile decomposition product of hydroperoxides formed from n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in rat liver samples. Total volatiles were also determined as a measure of overall lipid peroxidation. Samples of headspace taken from sealed serum bottles incubated at 37°C were injected into a gas chromatograph. It was possible to make 15 determinations per hour. This method is convenient because no special sample manipulations are necessary. The addition of 0.5 mM ascorbic acid prior to gas chromatographic, analysis significantly increased hexanal production. The applicability of the method was demonstrated in studies of the effect of iron in the presence or absence of hydroperoxides of methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate andtert‐butyl hydroperoxide on rat liver homogenates, slices and microsomes. A rapid silica cartridge chromatographic procedure was used to purify hydroperoxides from autoxidized methyl linoleate and methyl linolenate, and hydroperoxy epidioxides (cyclic peroxides) from autoxidized methyl linolenate in 20–40 mg quantities. The hydroperoxides and hydroperoxy epidioxides of methyl linolenate were, effective inducers n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acid peroxidation in liver homogenates. Hexanal and thiobarbituric acid‐reacting substances were signficantly correlated in liver homogenates and microsomes but not in slices. This specific method for hexanal, a known product of peroxidation of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids, can be used as a good measure of lipid peroxidation.
Inhibition and induction of bile acid synthesis by ketoconazole effects on bile formation in the rat
Authors: Kuipers Folkert , Havinga Rick , Huijsmans Christine M. G. , Vonk Roel J. , Princen Hans M. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effects of ketoconazole, an antimycotic agent, and metyrapone, an inhibitor of mixed function oxidases, on bile acid synthesis were compared in the rat bothin vitro andin vivo. In rat liver microsomes, ketoconazole was much more potent than metyrapone in inhibiting the activity of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase, the rate‐limiting enzyme in the synthesis of bile acids. The I50 values were 0.42 μM and 0.91 mM for ketoconazole and metyrapone, respectively. Intraduodenal administration of ketoconazole caused a rapid, dose‐dependent reduction of bile acid synthesis in eight‐day bile diverted rats. A single dose of 50 mg/kg reduced bile acid synthesis to 5% of control value; the same dose of metyrapone caused a reduction to only 85%. Inhibition of bile acid synthesis by ketoconazole was followed by a marked overshoot. At 28 hr after injection of 50 mg/kg of the drug, formation of bile acids was stimulated maximally by 45% compared to control value and remained elevated for more than 20 hr thereafter. Synthesis of all primary bile acids was affected to the same extent. Cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase activity in livers of ketoconazole treated (30 mg/kg) rats with an intact enterohepatic circulation was increased by 70% at 16 hr after i.p. injection of the drug. During the very large decrease of biliary bile acid output with ketoconazole, bile flow rate was relatively increased, due to stimulation of the bile acid‐independent fraction of bile flow. The latter effect can probably be explained as caused by biliary secretion of osmotically active metabolites of ketoconazole.
Ozone‐induced alterations of lamellar body lipid and protein during alveolar injury and repair
Authors: Shelley Sue A. , Paciga June E. , Paterson James F. , Balis John U. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlveolar Type II cells in the rat respond to severe, acute ozone injury (3 ppm ozone for eight hours) by increasing their intracellular pool of surfactant; however, the newly stored surfactant is abnormal in composition. Lamellar bodies isolated between 24 and 96 hours after ozone exposure contained significantly more cholesterol in relation to phosphatidylcholine than did controls. By contrast, the cholesterol content of surfactant isolated from alveolar lavage remained unchanged throughout an 8‐day post‐ozone period. The total protein content of lamellar bodies in relation to phosphatidylcholine was significantly decreased at 24 and 48 hours post‐ozone. Analysis of lamellar body proteins by sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the amount of a 14 kDa proteolipid was greatly reduced at the end of the eight‐hour ozone exposure and remained low for at least 48 hours. This proteolipid appeared to be a specific lamellar body component since it was not detected in extracellular surfactant. The findings indicate that oxidative alveolar stress initiates characteristic alterations in both lipid and protein constituents of stored surfactant, without perturbation in the composition of extracellular surfactant.
Endoscopic control of the sphenopalatine artery for epistaxis: long-term results
Authors: Abdelkader M , Leong S C , White P S 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to prospectively evaluate post-operative cessation of bleeding and late recurrence of epistaxis in a cohort of patients treated by endoscopic ligation of the sphenopalatine artery. Participants comprised patients undergoing sphenopalatine artery ligation for posterior epistaxis at three east Scotland hospitals. Main outcome measures were recurrence of epistaxis in the immediate post-operative period and at long-term follow up (minimum nine months). Forty-three patients (30 men and 13 women) underwent 45 procedures; two patients underwent bilateral ligation. Two patients suffered recurrence as in-patients. Two patients experienced subsequent epistaxis requiring medical treatment. Two further patients suffered minor late epistaxis not requiring treatment. Success in preventing significant recurrence was 93 per cent. All recurrences requiring intervention occurred within one month of surgery. None of the patients in this series reported nasal complications. We found sphenopalatine artery ligation to be an effective means of achieving long-term control of posterior epistaxis.
Testing the self-medication hypothesis of depression and aggression in cannabis-dependent subjects
Authors: ARENDT MIKKEL , ROSENBERG RABEN , FJORDBACK LONE , BRANDHOLDT JACK , FOLDAGER LESLIE , SHER LEO , MUNK-JØRGENSEN POVL 
Published: January 2007

Background. A self-medication hypothesis has been proposed to explain the association between cannabis use and psychiatric and behavioral problems. However, little is known about the reasons for use and reactions while intoxicated in cannabis users who suffer from depression or problems controlling violent behavior.Method. We assessed 119 cannabis-dependent subjects using the Schedules of Clinical Assessment in Neuropsychiatry (SCAN), parts of the Addiction Severity Index (ASI), and questionnaires on reasons for cannabis use and reactions to cannabis use while intoxicated. Participants with lifetime depression and problems controlling violent behavior were compared to subjects without such problems. Validity of the groupings was corroborated by use of a psychiatric treatment register, previous use of psychotropic medication and convictions for violence.Results. Subjects with lifetime depression used cannabis for the same reasons as others. While under the influence of cannabis, they more often experienced depression, sadness, anxiety and paranoia, and they were less likely to report happiness or euphoria. Participants reporting problems controlling violent behavior more often used cannabis to decrease aggression, decrease suspiciousness, and for relaxation; while intoxicated they more often reacted with aggression.Conclusions. Subjects with prior depression do not use cannabis as a mean of self-medication. They are more likely to experience specific increases of adverse symptoms while under the influence of cannabis, and are less likely to experience specific symptom relief. There is some evidence that cannabis is used as a means of self-medication for problems controlling aggression.
LONG-TERM ANABOLIC THERAPY IN THE ELDERLY
Authors: LYE M. D. W. , RITCH A. E. S. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The anabolic agent stanozolol has been used to increase weight and activity in the elderly, but its long-term effects are largely unknown. A double-blind trial of stanozolol against placebo was continued for 12 months. Measurements of weight, fat, fat-free mass, behviour and activity were made at regular intervala, plus detailed biochemical and hermatological profiles. There were no differences between the two groups in respect of weight, fat, fat-free mass and activity levels. There were significant increase in hemoglobin at six and 12 months and packed cell volume at 12 months in the active group. No androgenic side-effects were encountered.
Characterization and properties of the DNA adducts formed from
N
-methyl-4-aminoazobenzene in rats during a carcinogenic treatment regimen
Authors: Tullis D.L. , Dooley K.L. , Miller D.W. , Baetcke K.P. , Kadlubar F.F. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Chronic oral administration of the carcinogenic aminoazo dye N -methyl-4-aminoazobenzene (MAB) to rats is known to result in the induction of liver tumors. In order to assess the role of carcinogen-DNA adduct formation in MAB hepatocarcinogenesis, male rats were fed 0.06% [3'- 3 H]MAB in the diet for 1, 3 or 5 weeks. Groups were sacrificed at 0, 24 and 72 h after dosing, and DNA was isolated from the liver and from two non-target tissues, the kidney and spleen. Upon enzymatic hydrolysis of the DNA, [ 3 H]aminoazo dye-nucleoside adduct levels in these tissues were determined by h.p.l.c. Rats concurrently administered unlabeled MAB for 5 weeks and continued on a control diet for 9 months developed hepatocellular carcinomas (16/30 animals). No tumors were observed in 21 rats given only control diets. After chronic administration of [ 3 H]MAB, three major MAB-DNA adducts were found in vivo : N -(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-MAB (C8-dG-MAB), 3-(deoxyguanosin- N 2 -yl)-MAB (N 2 -dG-MAB) and 3-(deoxyadenosin- N 6 -yl)-MAB (N 6 -dA-MAB). In addition, several minor products were identified as: (i) an (8,9)-purine ring-opened derivative of C8-dG-MAB that may represent an intermediate in DNA repair; (ii) N -guanosin-8-yl-MAB which is present due to trace RNA contamination; (iii) cis isomers of C8-dG-MAB and N -guanosin-8-yl-MAB, formed by photo-illumination during analyses; and (iv) N -(guanin-8-yl)-MAB, a deribosylated product resulting from thermal depurination of C8-dG-MAB. In addition, N -(deoxyguanosin-8-yl)-4-aminoazobenzene (C8-dG-AB), a major adduct previously detected in mouse liver after a single dose of 4-aminoazobenzene, was found in rat liver but appeared to be present in significant amounts only after chronic treatment with MAB. This product co-chromatographed with N 6 -dA-MAB but could be removed by selective decomposition in 0.1 N NaOH. For all tissues examined N 2 -dG-MAB and C8-dG-MAB were the major adducts observed with each accounting for 40-50% of the total carcinogen bound to DNA in rats that were sacrificed immediately after MAB feeding for 1, 3 or 5 weeks. The levels of total MAB-DNA adducts in the liver were 2–10 times greater than in the kidney or spleen and appeared to increase 2- to 3-fold over the dosing period. However, by 24–72 h after cessation of MAB treatment, hepatic C8-dG-MAB showed a rapid decline to levels similar to that found in non-target tissues. The minor adducts, N 6 -dA-MAB and C8-dG-AB, exhibited similar behavior and never accounted for &gt; 5–10% of the total DNA binding. In contrast, hepatic N 2 -dG-MAB was a persistent lesion throughout the treatment regimen; at 72 h after dosing, it accounted for 60–90% of the hepatic DNA adducts and was the only adduct whose levels correlated with target tissue specificity after a complete hepatocarcinogenic dose of MAB.
Interpretation of Security Council Resolutions under Chapter VII in the Aftermath of the Iraqi Crisis
Authors: Papastavridis Efthymios 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’ in 2003 raised many international legal questions, which all have been more or less addressed in the academic literature since then. However, the thrust of the relevant legal etiology pertained to the implementation of a series of UN Security Council Resolutions, whose hermeneutics, ie the rules of interpretation, in contrast to other issues, have been scarcely explored and elucidated. Accordingly, the purpose of this article is to address the latter question of the hermeneutics of Security Council Resolutions, and propound a coherent thesis in this respect, which would be applicable not only in the Iraqi conflict but even beyond. It will examine, first, whether the provisions of Articles 31–33 of VCLT are applicable eitheripso jureormutatis mutandisin this respect and then having deprecated both of these options, it will turn its focus to the question of which theoretical framework in relation to the hermeneutics in international law could better serve its purposes. Drawing insights from, amongst others, Stanley Fish, Ian Johnstone and Aharon Barak, it will be possible to propound the thesis that any relevantregulatio interpretationsshould pay due regard to the institutional setting of the ‘community’ of the Council, which in turn qualifies the ‘inter-subjective’ approach or the collective will of the Council in light of the object and purpose of the Charter, ie the maintenance of peace and security, as the most pertinent hermeneutic paradigm. Premised upon the latter, the article proceeds and articulates a rubric of interpretive principles and presumptions to be applied in this regard, which, at the end, will be tested in the case of ‘Operation Iraqi Freedom’.
Influence of Upper Airway Narrowing on the Effective Continuous Positive Airway Pressure Level
Authors: Kim Hyo Yeol , Min Jin‐Young , Cho Do‐Yeon , Chung Seung‐Kyu , Dhong Hun‐Jong 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground and Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between the continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) titration level and upper airway variables in obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS).Subjects and Methods: Forty‐seven patients suffering from OSAS were enrolled in this study. They were asked to answer a questionnaire about nasal stuffiness and mouth breathing, and the degree of tonsillar hypertrophy and shape of the oropharyngeal inlet were evaluated. The minimal cross‐sectional area (MCA) of the nasal cavity was measured with acoustic rhinometry, followed by optimal CPAP level titration. We compared optimal CPAP levels with body mass index (BMI), perceived nasal stuffiness, and anatomic upper airway narrowing.Results: The mean CPAP level was 6.32 ± 2.17 cm H2O. We found a significant correlation between CPAP levels and BMI (P = .01), apnea‐hypopnea index (P = .015), and the degree of tonsillar hypertrophy (P = .011). Furthermore, the CPAP level increased significantly with the MCA on the narrow side of the nasal cavity (P = .038) in patients with a BMI less than 25. Other variables, such as subjective symptoms and anatomic nasal airway occlusion in obese patients (BMI ≥ 25), revealed no correlation with the CPAP level.Conclusions: Upper airway occlusion including nasal obstruction or tonsillar hypertrophy might increase the effective CPAP level.
Reduction of Complication Rate in Percutaneous Dilation Tracheostomies
Authors: Bhatti Nasir , Mirski Marek , Tatlipinar Arzu , Koch Wayne M. , Goldenberg David 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIntroduction: Percutaneous dilation tracheotomy (PDT) is now an accepted alternative to surgical tracheotomy in certain patients. We began performing these procedures in 2000 and use it regularly in select intensive care unit patients requiring prolonged intubation and mechanical ventilation.Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review of consecutive PDTs performed in the Department of Otolaryngology‐Head and Neck Surgery at the John Hopkins Hospital between 2002 and 2005 was undertaken. Procedural and postoperative complications in an earlier group were compared with those in the later group for both frequency and severity.Results: Three hundred eighteen PDTs were performed on intensive care patients during this time period. All were performed using the Ciaglia method and the Cook Blue Rhino (Cook Medical Products, Bloomington, IN) set under direct bronchoscopic visualization. In group A (first 159 patients), there were a total of 12 complications (7.5%), including six cases of perioperative hemorrhage, whereas in group B (second 159 PDTs), there were seven complications (4.4%) with no cases of perioperative hemorrhage.Conclusions: PDT provides an easy and convenient alternative to open tracheotomy (OT) and should be added to the otolaryngologist's armamentarium of surgical airway procedures. The complication rate of PDT is low and similar to that of open operative tracheotomy. However, with experience and the use of strict protocols in both patient selection and PDT procedure, the complication rate can be significantly reduced further both in frequency and severity, making it even safer than an open operative tracheotomy.