bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical Resistance Sensors Record Spring Flow Timing, Grand Canyon, Arizona
Authors: Adams Eric A. , Monroe Stephen A. , Springer Abraham E. , Blasch Kyle W. , Bills Donald J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSprings along the south rim of the Grand Canyon, Arizona, are important ecological and cultural resources in Grand Canyon National Park and are discharge points for regional and local aquifers of the Coconino Plateau. This study evaluated the applicability of electrical resistance (ER) sensors for measuring diffuse, low‐stage (<1.0 cm) intermittent and ephemeral flow in the steep, rocky spring‐fed tributaries of the south rim. ER sensors were used to conduct a baseline survey of spring flow timing at eight sites in three spring‐fed tributaries in Grand Canyon. Sensors were attached to a nearly vertical rock wall at a spring outlet and were installed in alluvial and bedrock channels. Spring flow timing data inferred by the ER sensors were consistent with observations during site visits, with flow events recorded with collocated streamflow gauging stations and with local precipitation gauges. ER sensors were able to distinguish the presence of flow along nearly vertical rock surfaces with flow depths between 0.3 and 1.0 cm. Laboratory experiments confirmed the ability of the sensors to monitor the timing of diffuse flow on impervious surfaces. A comparison of flow patterns along the stream reaches and at springs identified the timing and location of perennial and intermittent flow, and periods of increased evapotranspiration.
Bejan’s Heatlines and Masslines for Convection Visualization and
Analysis
Authors: Costa V. A. F. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Heatlines were proposed in 1983 by Kimura and Bejan (1983) as adequate tools for visualization and analysis of convection heat transfer. The masslines, their equivalent to apply to convection mass transfer, were proposed in 1987 by Trevisan and Bejan. These visualization and analysis tools proved to be useful, and their application in the fields of convective heat and/or mass transfer is still increasing. When the heat function and/or the mass function are made dimensionless in an adequate way, their values are closely related with the Nusselt and/or Sherwood numbers. The basics of the method were established in the 1980(s), and some novelties were subsequently added in order to increase the applicability range and facility of use of such visualization tools. Main steps included their use in unsteady problems, their use in polar cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems, development of similarity expressions for the heat function in laminar convective boundary layers, application of the method to turbulent flow problems, unification of the streamline, heatline, and massline methods (involving isotropic or anisotropic media), and the extension and unification of the method to apply to reacting flows. The method is now well established, and the efforts made towards unification resulted in very useful tools for visualization and analysis, which can be easily included in software packages for numerical heat transfer and fluid flow. This review describes the origins and evolution of the heatlines and masslines as visualization and analysis tools, from their first steps to the present.
Constitutive Models for Wave Propagation in Soils
Authors: Bloom Frederick 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A survey is provided of the various constitutive models that have been used to study the phenomena of wave propagation in soils. While different material models have been proposed for the response of soils, it is now generally understood that no single model may be used over the entire range of pressures which are typically studied. The constitutive models reviewed in this paper include a number of effective stress and multiphase models, the volume distribution function model, and various versions of the P−α model. Also discussed are classical elastic-plastic models, models possessing different elastic constants in loading and unloading, variable modulus models, and capped elastic-plastic models.
Directional, Regional, and Layer Variations of Mechanical Properties of Esophageal Tissue and its Interpretation Using a Structure-Based Constitutive Model
Authors: Yang W. , Fung T. C. , Chian K. S. , Chong C. K. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The esophagus, like other soft tissues, exhibits nonlinear and anisotropic mechanical properties. As a composite structure, the properties of the outer muscle and inner mucosal layer are different. It is expected that the complex mechanical properties will induce nonhomogeneous stress distributions in the wall and nonuniform tissue remodeling. Both are important factors which influence the function of mechanosensitive receptor located in various layers of the wall. Hence, the characterization of the mechanical properties is essential to understand the neuromuscular motion of the esophagus. In this study, the uniaxial tensile tests were conducted along two mutually orthogonal directions of porcine esophageal tissue to identify the directional (circumferential and axial), regional (abdominal, thoracic, and cervical), and layer (muscle and mucosa) variations of the mechanical properties. A structure-based constitutive model, which took the architectures of the tissue’s microstructures into account, was applied to describe the mechanical behavior of the esophagus. Results showed that the constitutive model successfully described the mechanical behavior and provided robust estimates of the material parameters. In conclusion, the model was demonstrated to be a good descriptor of the mechanical properties of the esophagus and it was able to facilitate the directional, layer, and regional comparisons of the mechanical properties in terms of the associated material parameters.
Microplane Constitutive Model and Computational Framework for Blood Vessel Tissue
Authors: Caner Ferhun C. , Carol Ignacio 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
This paper presents a nonlinearly elastic anisotropic microplane formulation in 3D for computational constitutive modeling of arterial soft tissue in the passive regime. The constitutive modeling of arterial (and other biological) soft tissue is crucial for accurate finite element calculations, which in turn are essential for design of implants, surgical procedures, bioartificial tissue, as well as determination of effect of progressive diseases on tissues and implants. The model presented is defined at a lower scale (mesoscale) than the conventional macroscale and it incorporates the effect of all the (collagen) fibers which are anisotropic structural components distributed in all directions within the tissue material in addition to that of isotropic bulk tissue. It is shown that the proposed model not only reproduces Holzapfel’s recent model but also improves on it by accounting for the actual three-dimensional distribution of fiber orientation in the arterial wall, which endows the model with advanced capabilities in simulation of remodeling of soft tissue. The formulation is flexible so that its parameters could be adjusted to represent the arterial wall either as a single material or a material composed of several layers in finite element analyses of arteries. Explicit algorithms for both the material subroutine and the explicit integration with dynamic relaxation of equations of motion using finite element method are given. To circumvent the slow convergence of the standard dynamic relaxation and small time steps dictated by the stability of the explicit integrator, an adaptive dynamic relaxation technique that ensures stability and fastest possible convergence rates is developed. Incompressibility is enforced using penalty method with an updated penalty parameter. The model is used to simulate experimental data from the literature demonstrating that the model response is in excellent agreement with the data. An experimental procedure to determine the distribution of fiber directions in 3D for biological soft tissue is suggested in accordance with the microplane concept. It is also argued that this microplane formulation could be modified or extended to model many other phenomena of interest in biomechanics.
Mechanical Characterization of Anisotropic Planar Biological Soft
Tissues Using Large Indentation: A Computational Feasibility
Study
Authors: Cox Martijn A. J. , Driessen Niels J. B. , Bouten Carlijn V. C. , Baaijens Frank P. T. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Traditionally, the complex mechanical behavior of planar soft biological tissues is characterized by (multi)axial tensile testing. While uniaxial tests do not provide sufficient information for a full characterization of the material anisotropy, biaxial tensile tests are difficult to perform and tethering effects limit the analyses to a small central portion of the test sample. In both cases, determination of local mechanical properties is not trivial. Local mechanical characterization may be performed by indentation testing. Conventional indentation tests, however, often assume linear elastic and isotropic material properties, and therefore these tests are of limited use in characterizing the nonlinear, anisotropic material behavior typical for planar soft biological tissues. In this study, a spherical indentation experiment assuming large deformations is proposed. A finite element model of the aortic valve leaflet demonstrates that combining force and deformation gradient data, one single indentation test provides sufficient information to characterize the local material behavior. Parameter estimation is used to fit the computational model to simulated experimental data. The aortic valve leaflet is chosen as a typical example. However, the proposed method is expected to apply for the mechanical characterization of planar soft biological materials in general.
La dissolution du chlorure cuivreux formé par oxydation électrochimique du cuivre
Authors: Brossard Robert-Louis 
Published: May 2006

We have studied the dissolution of copper chloride formed by the electrochemical oxidation of copper immersed in aqueous lithium chloride. The pH was maintained between 3 and 5 while the concentration of LiCl in solution was varied between 2.36 × 10−2 M to 16.5 × 10−2 M. The corrosion product accumulating on the electrode consists of crystals of nantokite (CuCl) formed by precipitation.The presence of this precipitate contributes to the local enrichment of the solution which is close to saturation near the electrode. This enrichment is revealed by an electrode voltage in a well characterized open circuit. This current is about −40 mV (/ECS) on a stationary electrode. The complete dissolution of CuCl coincides with a rapid drop in voltage which allows the transition time τ to be defined from which the speed of dissolution of CuCl has been calculated. For example, the speed of dissolution is 0.15 ± 0.01 mC s−1 cm2 in a current equivalent for a stationary electrode in the presence of 2.36 × 10−2 M of dissolved LiCl. This is also constant until the complete disappearance of the precipitate.In another study, the use of a rotating disc electrode shows that the dissolution is completely dominated by the diffusion of ionic species in the liquid phase. The experimental results are compatible with the presence of CuCl2− as the diffusing species. [Journal Translation]
MOTION GENERATION AND CONTROL FOR THE PNEUMATIC BIPED "LUCY"
Authors: VERRELST BJÖRN , VERMEULEN JIMMY , VANDERBORGHT BRAM , VAN HAM RONALD , NAUDET JORIS , LEFEBER DIRK , DAERDEN FRANK , VAN DAMME MICHAEL 
Published: May 2006

This paper reports on the control structure of the pneumatic biped "Lucy." The robot is actuated with pleated pneumatic artificial muscles which have interesting characteristics that can be exploited for legged machines. They have a high power-to-weight ratio, an adaptable compliance and they can reduce impact effects. The current control architecture focuses on the trajectory generator and the tracking controller, which is divided into a computed torque controller, a delta-p unit, a PI position controller and a pressure bang-bang controller. The trajectory generator provides polynomial joint trajectories while the computed torque, combined with the delta-p unit, calculates the required muscle pressure levels. The PI and bang-bang controller work at a pressure level to cope with modeling errors and to set the pressures in each muscle. The control design is divided into single support and double support, where specifically the computed torque differs for these two phases. The proposed control architecture is evaluated with a full hybrid dynamic simulation model of the biped. This simulator combines the dynamical behavior of the robot with the thermodynamical effects that take place in the muscle-valves system. The observed hardware limitations of the real robot and expected model errors are taken into account in order to give a realistic qualitative evaluation of the control performance and to test the robustness. A preliminary implementation of the presented controller on the real biped, representing a walking motion of the robot while both feet are in the air, is discussed. This first implementation shows already promising results concerning tracking performance of the proposed control architecture. It confirms that the pneumatic tracking system can be used for a dynamic application such as a biped walking robot.
Uptake Rates for Breast Cancer Genetic Testing: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ropka Mary E. , Wenzel Jennifer , Phillips Elayne K. , Siadaty Mir , Philbrick John T. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Individuals and families dealing with the possibility of hereditary cancer risk face numerous decisions, including whether to obtain genetic testing. The purpose of this article is to determine what is known about the rate at which people obtain cancer genetic testing.
Methods: Using MEDLINE, CINAHL, and PSYCHINFO plus reviewing reference lists of relevant articles, we identified 40 studies in May 2002 that addressed breast cancer–related decisions, enrolled adult participants, were published in 1990 or more recently, were peer-reviewed primary clinical studies, addressed genetic testing either alone or in combination with genetic counseling, and reported rates at which participants showed interest in and/or underwent cancer genetic testing. Information regarding study design, participants, and genetic testing uptake rates was recorded. Each article was reviewed for methodologic quality using a flexible quality review system applicable to all study types.
Results: Of the 40 studies, 25 provided information about hypothetical genetic testing decisions, 14 about real decisions, and 1 about both. Mean hypothetical uptake was 66% (range, 20-96%) and real uptake was 59% (range, 25-96%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses found that decision type (real/hypothetical), personal and family history of breast cancer, and variability in sampling strategy, recruitment setting, and criteria for real and hypothetical uptake were independently associated with uptake. Our systematic review identified additional explanations for uptake variability (investigator influences, small sample sizes, variability in target populations, lack of clearly described sampling strategies, sampling methods open to bias, and variability in reporting associated risk factors).
Conclusion: In addition to clinical characteristics, research methodologic issues are likely to be major determinants of variability in published breast cancer genetic testing uptake rates. An understanding of these issues will clarify to clinicians why their clinical experience may not be congruent with published rates and help guide future research. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):840–55)
Value for the Future and Breast Cancer–Preventive Health Behavior
Authors: Gurmankin Levy Andrea , Micco Ellyn , Putt Mary , Armstrong Katrina 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Background: Time preference, or the extent to which people discount future benefits in favor of immediate benefits, might represent an important determinant of preventive health behavior, but the little research thus far on this association has yielded mixed results. This study examined the association between future time preference and use of genetic counseling for BRCA1/2 testing and how this association may differ from the relationship between future time preference and mammography screening and self-breast examination.
Experimental Design: A health system–based case-control study with a nested cross-sectional survey. Eight hundred women who saw a primary care physician in the University of Pennsylvania Health System in the 3 years before the study, of whom 234 had undergone BRCA1/2 counseling (cases) and of whom 566 had not (controls).
Results: Placing a relatively greater value on future benefits than present benefits was strongly associated with use of BRCA1/2 counseling [odds ratio (OR), 3.0 for one-point increase in future time preference; 95% confidence intervals (CI), 1.9-4.9]. Future time preference was weakly associated with adherence to annual mammography (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 0.81-2.2), and was not associated with monthly self-breast examination (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 0.75-1.4). A stronger future orientation was seen in women who had higher levels of education (P = 0.0021) or income (P = 0.0011).
Conclusion: Time preference is strongly associated with use of BRCA1/2 counseling. Time preference is more weakly associated with mammography adherence and is not associated with breast self-examination. This variation may reflect the degree to which the behavior is seen as related to future risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):955–60)
Mesothelin Variant 1 Is Released from Tumor Cells as a Diagnostic Marker
Authors: Hellstrom Ingegerd , Raycraft John , Kanan Sandra , Sardesai Niranjan Y. , Verch Thorsten , Yang Yi , Hellstrom Karl Erik 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe mesothelin family comprises (at least) three variants and includes the precursor for megakaryocyte potentiating factor (MPF). Assaying soluble mesothelin-related protein (SMRP) molecules in serum and other body fluids from patients with certain cancers can provide diagnostically useful information. We have constructed fusion proteins of mesothelin variants 1, 2, and 3, made monoclonal antibodies, and investigated the binding specificity of these and three previously generated monoclonal antibodies to each of the three mesothelin variants. According to flow cytometry, the molecule that is most frequently expressed at the surface of cells from ovarian carcinomas and certain other tumors is mesothelin variant 1. Similarly, SMRP released into ascites from a patient with ovarian carcinoma was shown to have a molecular weight of ∼40 kDa and, according to sequencing, to be variant 1. A published sandwich ELISA was shown to detect variants 1 and 3 and to be much more sensitive than a newly constructed ELISA, which detects only variant 3, the former being positive in 28 of 41 (68%) sera from patients with ovarian cancer as compared with 6 of 41 sera (15%). A standard curve was constructed to measure SMRP with a limit of detection of 200 pg/mL to facilitate future quantitative studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):1014–20) (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):1014-1019)
The Effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 Polymorphisms on Micronucleus Frequencies in Human Lymphocytes In vivo
Authors: Kirsch-Volders Micheline , Mateuca Raluca Antonina , Roelants Mathieu , Tremp Annie , Zeiger Errol , Bonassi Stefano , Holland Nina , Chang Wushou Peter , Aka Peter Vande , DeBoeck Marlies , Godderis Lode , Haufroid Vincent , Ishikawa Hitoshi , Laffon Blanca , Marcos Ricardo , Migliore Lucia , Norppa Hannu , Teixeira Joao Paulo , Zijno Andrea , Fenech Michael 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The influence of genetic polymorphisms in GSTM1 and GSTT1 genes on micronucleus frequencies in human peripheral blood lymphocytes was assessed through a pooled analysis of data from seven laboratories that did biomonitoring studies using the in vivo cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. A total of 301 nonoccupationally exposed individuals (207 males and 94 females) and 343 workers (237 males and 106 females) occupationally exposed to known or suspected genotoxic substances were analyzed by Poisson regression. The results of the pooled analysis indicate that the GSTT1 null subjects had lower micronucleus frequencies than their positive counterparts in the total population (frequency ratio, 0.55; 95% confidence interval, 0.33-0.89). The protective effect of this genotype is reversed with increasing age, with a frequency ratio of 1.33 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-1.68) in subjects aged 60 years. A significant overall increase in micronucleus frequency with age and gender (P &lt; 0.001 and P = 0.024, respectively) was observed, females having higher micronucleus frequencies than males, when occupationally exposed (P = 0.002). Nonoccupationally exposed smokers had lower micronucleus frequencies than nonsmokers (P = 0.001), whereas no significant difference in micronucleus level was observed between smokers and nonsmokers in the occupationally exposed group (P = 0.79). This study confirms that pooled analyses, by increasing the statistical power, are adequate for assessing the involvement of genetic variants on genome stability and for resolving discrepancies among individual studies. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):1038–42)
A Phase II Study with Antioxidants, Both in the Diet and Supplemented, Pharmaconutritional Support, Progestagen, and Anti-Cyclooxygenase-2 Showing Efficacy and Safety in Patients with Cancer-Related Anorexia/Cachexia and Oxidative Stress
Authors: Mantovani Giovanni , Macciò Antonio , Madeddu Clelia , Gramignano Giulia , Lusso Maria Rita , Serpe Roberto , Massa Elena , Astara Giorgio , Deiana Laura 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Purpose: To test the efficacy and safety of an integrated treatment based on a pharmaconutritional support, antioxidants, and drugs, all given orally, in a population of advanced cancer patients with cancer-related anorexia/cachexia and oxidative stress.
Patients and Methods: An open early-phase II study was designed according to the Simon two-stage design. The integrated treatment consisted of diet with high polyphenols content (400 mg), antioxidant treatment (300 mg/d α-lipoic acid + 2.7 g/d carbocysteine lysine salt + 400 mg/d vitamin E + 30,000 IU/d vitamin A + 500 mg/d vitamin C), and pharmaconutritional support enriched with 2 cans per day (n-3)-PUFA (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid), 500 mg/d medroxyprogesterone acetate, and 200 mg/d selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor celecoxib. The treatment duration was 4 months. The following variables were evaluated: (a) clinical (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status); (b) nutritional [lean body mass (LBM), appetite, and resting energy expenditure]; (c) laboratory [proinflammatory cytokines and leptin, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and antioxidant enzymes]; (d) quality of life (European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30, Euro QL-5D, and MFSI-SF).
Results: From July 2002 to January 2005, 44 patients were enrolled. Of these, 39 completed the treatment and were assessable. Body weight increased significantly from baseline as did LBM and appetite. There was an important decrease of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α, and a negative relationship worthy of note was only found between LBM and IL-6 changes. As for quality of life evaluation, there was a marked improvement in the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30, Euro QL-5DVAS, and multidimensional fatigue symptom inventory-short form scores. At the end of the study, 22 of the 39 patients were “responders” or “high responders.” The minimum required was 21; therefore, the treatment was effective and more importantly was shown to be safe.
Conclusion: The efficacy and safety of the treatment have been shown by the study; therefore, a randomized phase III study is warranted. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(5):1030–4)