bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Report of Alfalfa mosaic, Bean common mosaic, and Broad bean stain viruses in Macrotyloma axillare
Authors: Edeme J. , Hanson J. 
Published: May 2007

Chlorotic mottling, mosaic, malformation, and rolling were observed on leaves of the forage legume species Macrotyloma axillare at the International Livestock Research Institute seed multiplication site in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia, in September 1999. M. axillare is a drought-resistant forage legume and a vigorous plant that is palatable to livestock. Disease assessment studies have shown that there can be a 46% reduction in the pod and dry-matter yield of plants infected with Alfalfa mosaic (AMV), Bean common mosaic (BCMV), and Broad bean stain (BBSV) viruses. Diseased leaf tissue (100 g) was tested for AMV, BCMV, and BBSV by antigen-coated plate enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Eighteen samples from four diseased plants were replicated six times for each virus. Nicotiana benthamiana was used as a negative control. Visual inspection and data obtained from the enzyme immunosorbent assay (EIA) reader indicated that M. axillare was infected with BCMV, BBSV, and AMV. A pairwise comparison of the mean EIA data for the viruses and against the healthy control also indicated that M. axillare was infected with BCMV, BBSV, and AMV. This is the first report of BCMV, BBSV, and AMV on M. axillare. These viruses are of importance in quarantine because they can reduce pod yield in legumes by 40% (1). Reference: (1) A. V. Bogdan. 1977. Tropical Pasture and Fodder Plants. Longman Group Limited, New York.
First Report of White Pine Blister Rust in Colorado
Authors: Johnson D. W. , Jacobi W. R. 
Published: May 2007

In June 1999, a survey was conducted north and west of Redfeather Lakes, CO (≈64 km northwest of Fort Collins) to determine the extent of white pine blister rust, caused by Cronartium ribicola. To date the disease has not been reported in Colorado on any of the known hosts. The survey was initiated after the disease was reported on limber pine, Pinus flexilis, in 1998. A total of 65 sections were traveled by driving passable roads within three townships in Larimer County in northern Colorado. Infected limber pines were observed in nine sections. Incidence of infected trees ranged from 3 to 50% of trees sampled. A minimum of 10 trees was sampled at each location. Where trees were more abundant, 40 trees were sampled. The highest incidence of blister rust was observed near the Colorado and Wyoming state line along Cherokee Park Road. Both main stem and branch cankers were observed. Cankers appeared to be 3 to 5 years old. Mortality of entire trees was not observed. Ribes spp. were observed in the vicinity of infected limber pines. However, no infection was noted on these alternate rust hosts. Infected trees were observed 18 km south of the Colorado and Wyoming state line. The southward spread of the disease into northern Colorado from infection sites in Wyoming appears to have proceeded slowly since reports of the disease in southern Wyoming during the 1970s (1). Blister rust has the potential to spread throughout the range of white pines in Colorado, which includes scattered populations of both limber and bristlecone pines, P. aristata, located along the Continental Divide from Wyoming to the Colorado and New Mexico state line. References: (1) D. B. Brown. Plant Dis. Rep. 62:905, 1978.
First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Glomerella cingulata on Passion Fruit in Argentina
Authors: Wolcan S. , Larran S. 
Published: May 2007

Passion fruit (Passiflora edulis Sims.) is a subtropical fruit recently cultivated in Misiones Province, Argentina. In spring 1997, a severe epidemic of anthracnose was observed. Disease incidence was ≍95%, causing high yield losses. Sunken, gray lesions on the whole surface of young fruits were observed. Under humid conditions, acervuli containing masses of spores and dark setae were found within lesions. On leaves, tendrils, and twigs, circular and irregular brown spots with darker edges were observed. Abortion of flowers also was recorded. Cultures on potato dextrose agar yielded abundant, gray aerial mycelium and one-celled, hyaline, oblong conidia with obtuse or rounded ends (11.2 to 15.0 × 3.8 to 4.6 μm). Perithecia were scarce (90.2 to 220.0 μm). Asci were not conspicuous, and ascospores measured 10.8 to 23.4 × 3.5 to 7.0 μm. Based on morphological characteristics, the fungus was identified as Glomerella cingulata (anamorph Colletotrichum gloeosporioides) (2). Fruits and leaves of P. edulis with and without wounds were sprayed with a conidial suspension (106/ml) and incubated in plastic bags for 48 h. Lesions similar to original symptoms were observed after 2 weeks only on wounded leaves and fruits. G. cingulata was reisolated, confirming Koch's postulates. This disease has been recorded in Brazil and Japan (1). This is the first report of G. cingulata on passion fruit in Argentina. Reference: (1) E. Francisco Neto et al. Summa Phytopathol. 21:25, 1995. (2) J. A. von Arx. Phytopathol. Z. 29:413, 1957.
First Report of a Phytoplasma-Associated Leaf Yellowing Syndrome of Palma Jipi Plants in Southern México
Authors: Cordova I. , Oropeza C. , Almeyda H. , Harrison N. A. 
Published: May 2007

The palm-like monocot Palma Jipi (Carludovica palmata, Cyclanthaceae), from which Panama hats are traditionally made, is important to the rural economy of southern Mexico and other Latin American countries. A lethal decline of C. palmata plants was first recognized by farmers at Kalkini in the state of Campeche, Mexico, during 1994. Characterized by a progressive yellowing of successively younger leaves, affected plants died within a few weeks after the onset of this primary symptom. Annual losses estimated at 10% of the naturalized C. palmata population have since occurred in the vicinity of Kalkini, an area in which coconut lethal yellowing (LY) disease is also prevalent. The close proximity and superficially similar symptomatology of these two diseases suggested that both might share a common etiology. DNA samples were obtained from five diseased and five healthy C. palmata plants by small scale extraction of immature leaf bases and assessed for phytoplasma DNA by use of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) at laboratories in Mérida, INIFAP/Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León (Nuevo León) and the University of Florida (Fort Lauderdale). Samples from symptomatic plants consistently tested positive by PCR employing universal rRNA primers (P1/P7), which amplify a 1.8-kb phytoplasma rDNA product (4), and negative when LY-specific primers LYF1/LYR1 (1) or MMF/MMR (3) were used. No PCR products were evident when DNAs of symptomless plants were evaluated with these primer combinations. Fragment patterns resolved by 8% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of rDNA digested separately with either AluI, BamHI, BstUI, DdeI, DraI, EcoRI, HaeIII, HhaI, HinfI, MspI, RsaI, Sau3AI, TaqI, or Tru9I endonucleases revealed no differences between phytoplasma isolates associated with five C. palmata plants. Collectively, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns generated with key enzymes AluI, BamHI, DraI, and HaeIII clearly differentiated the C. palmata yellows (CPY) phytoplasma from LY and other known phytoplasmas previously characterized by this means (2). A sequence homology of 99.21% between 16S rDNA of CPY (1,537 bp; GenBank accession, AF237615) and LY (1,524 bp; accession, U18747) indicated that these strains were very similar. This relationship was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rDNA sequence, which placed both strains into the same phytoplasma subclade. References: (1) N. A. Harrison et al. Plant Pathol. 43:998, 1994. (2) I.-M. Lee et al. Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol. 48:1153, 1998. (3) J. P. Martínez-Soriano et al. Rev. Mex. Fitopat. 12:75, 1994. (4) C. D. Smart et al. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62: 2988, 1996.
First Report of a Leaf Blight and Bulb Decay of Onion by Pantoea ananitas in Colorado
Authors: Schwartz H. F. , Otto K. 
Published: May 2007

Sweet Spanish onion (Allium cepa L.) cultivars grown in southern Colorado displayed symptoms of foliar blight and bulb rotting after bulb initiation in early July of 1997, 1998, and 1999. This disease appears identical to that reported from infected onions in Georgia in 1997 (1). Leaf blighting began as whitish to tan lesions, which rapidly coalesced, causing a general wilt, discoloration, and death of affected foliage. A yellow-cream to light orange discoloration progressed into bulbs, resulting in the rotting of neck tissue and between scales. Infection of more than 70% of onion plants exposed to heavy rain and storm damage after bulb initiation occurred in scattered fields in Otero County. Gram negative, rod-shaped, yellow-colored bacteria were consistently recovered from infected foliar and bulb tissues on nutrient agar during this 3-year period. Physiological tests showed that the bacteria utilized glucose in an oxidative and fermentative manner and were catalase positive and oxidase negative. Two strains recovered during 1997 were identified by Microbe Inotech Laboratories (St. Louis, MO) as Pantoea ananas by gas-chromatography fatty acid methyl ester analysis, with similarity indices of 0.70 and 0.79. A literature search determined that the accepted classification is now Pantoea ananatis Serrano (2). To confirm pathogenicity, a 0.5- to 1.0-ml suspension of bacteria (108 CFU/ml sdw) of one of the strains was injected into firm onion bulbs (7.5 to 10.0 cm diameter). After incubation for 14 days at 22°C in enclosed plastic bags in the dark, bulbs were cut in half and scored for visual evidence of yellow to tan discoloration and initial dry rotting prior to reisolation of the pathogen from five of eight inoculated bulbs. No discoloration or disease developed on eight control bulbs injected with water. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. ananatis from onion grown in Colorado and the western United States. References: (1) R. D. Gitaitis and J. D. Gay. Plant Dis. 81:1096, 1997. (2) H. G. Truper and L. de Clari. Int. J. System. Bacteriol. 47:908, 1997.
Tomato curly stunt virus, a New Begomovirus of Tomato Within the Tomato yellow leaf curl virus-IS Cluster in South Africa
Authors: Pietersen G. , Idris A. M. , Krüger K. , Brown J. K. 
Published: May 2007

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) causes a serious disease of tomato in many countries throughout the world. Preliminary reports suggested that TYLC disease was present in 1997 in South Africa. In 1998 140 ha of tomato fields in the Onderberg area were assessed for possible presence of TYLCV. Symptoms like those caused by TYLCV isolates in Israel were observed in most fields, and disease incidence ranged from <1 to 50%. Yield losses in individual plants ranged from negligible to 100% and appeared related to the age of the plants at time of infection. Two isolates of the suspect virus were experimentally transmitted from symptomatic tomato to virus-free, glasshouse-grown tomato seedlings by colony. Field and colony whiteflies were identified as the Bemisia tabaci based on mt COI sequence analysis (1). Attempts to transmit the suspect begomovirus by sap inoculation between tomato plants were unsuccessful. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification with degenerate PCR primers (2) that permit detection of the coat protein gene (AV1) and the common region (CR) of other begomoviruses yielded an amplicon of the expected size (2,100 bp), suggesting begomovirus association with diseased tomato plants. Nucleotide (nt) sequence analysis of AV1 for both tomato isolate AF261885 indicated that they were indistinguishable and shared less than 78% sequence identity with other well-studied begomoviruses, indicating a distinct, previously undescribed begomovirus species. AV1 sequence comparisons also revealed that its closest relatives were members of the TYLCV cluster, which includes South African cassava mosaic virus (77.4%) (AF11785), East African cassava mosaic virus (77.3%) (AJ006459), and TYLCV-IS (76.2%) (X15656). The theoretical Rep binding element in the CR, TCGGT, was identical to TYLCV-IS and Cotton leaf curl virus-Pakistan (AJ002448) (AJ002449). Here, we provisionally designate this new tomato-infecting begomoviral species, Tomato curly stunt virus from South Africa (ToCSV-SA). References: (1) D. R. Frohlich et al. Mol. Ecol. 8:1683, 1999. (2) A. M. Idris and J. K. Brown. Phytopathology 88:648, 1998.
Take-All Root Rot of St. Augustinegrass: First Report in Mississippi
Authors: Tomaso-Peterson M. , Trevathan L. E. , Gonzalez M. S. 
Published: May 2007

Take-all root rot has been reported as a destructive disease of St. Augustinegrass home lawns in Florida and Alabama (1). In June 1998 and 1999, St. Augustinegrass home lawns in central Mississippi developed chlorotic, thinning patches ranging from 0.5 to 4.5 m in diameter. By August of each summer, plants within affected patches were necrotic and dead. Roots of affected St. Augustinegrass were necrotic and shorter than those of unaffected plants; nodes on stolons were necrotic, and lesions developed on internodes. Ectotrophic runner hyphae and dark brown, lobed hyphopodia were visible on roots and aboveground plant parts, respectively. Symptomatic tissues collected from St. Augustinegrass home lawns were plated onto potato dextrose agar (PDA); the incitant of take-all root rot, Gaeumannomyces graminis(Sacc.) Arx & Olivier var. graminis, was isolated. Verification of G. graminis var. graminis was based on colony morphology and taxonomic identification consistent with the description by Walker (2). G. graminis var. graminis isolated from symptomatic St. Augustinegrass was grown on sterile tall fescue seed and incorporated into sterile sand/peat moss mix. Asymptomatic St. Augustinegrass sprigs were washed, and roots were removed prior to planting in infested and noninfested soil. Plants were cultured in the greenhouse for 60 days. St. Augustinegrass planted into noninfested soil was asymptomatic while plants collected from G. graminis var. graminis-infested soil were symptomatic for take-all root rot. Crowns and roots of affected plants were necrotic; leaves were chlorotic and necrotic. Both runner hyphae and lobed hyphopodia were visible. G. graminis var. graminis was reisolated from symptomatic tissues and confirmed as the incitant of take-all root rot. This is the first report of take-all root rot of St. Augustinegrass in Mississippi. References: (1) M. Elliott. Plant Dis. 77:206, 1993. (2) J. Walker. Trans. Br. Mycol. Soc. 58:427, 1972.
Pumpkin Fruit Rot in North Carolina Caused by Phytophthora nicotianae
Authors: Holmes G. J. 
Published: May 2007

In 1999, during an evaluation of pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo) fruit for susceptibility to naturally occurring postharvest diseases, a soft rot of unknown etiology was noted. No fungal growth or sporulation was seen on the fruit surface and no root or crown rot was observed in the field. When fruit were cross-sectioned, masses of white, floccose mycelium covering large sections of the seed cavity were observed. Rot was observed in 21 fruit (6.4% of the total). The fungus was isolated from symptomatic fruit on a modified P10ARPH agar medium, semi-selective for Phytophthora spp. (2). Isolates from eight fruit formed papillate, ovoid sporangia, abundant chlamydospores, and colonies characteristic of P. nicotianae (1). No oospores were produced. Four sound pumpkin fruit (cv. Early Autumn) were inoculated with four isolates (one isolate per fruit). Each isolate was recovered from a different fruit. Pumpkins were surface sterilized at the point of inoculation by wetting with 70% ethanol. Inoculation was done by removing a small amount of mycelium from pure culture using a sterile, wooden toothpick and inserting it 2 cm deep into opposite sides of the mid section of sound fruit (two inoculations per fruit). Control fruit were punctured with sterile toothpicks (once per fruit). First symptoms appeared 4 days after inoculation at room temperature (22 to 24°C). Symptoms consisted of circular, water-soaked areas originating from the point of inoculation. Average diameter (based on four measurements on two fruit) of the water-soaked lesions were 3 cm at first appearance (i.e., 4 days) and 11 cm 10 days after inoculation. No symptoms developed on controls. When symptomatic fruit were cross-sectioned, masses of white, floccose mycelium were noted. Reisolation of this mycelium onto selective medium yielded P. nicotianae, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. This is the first report of P. nicotianae causing fruit rot of pumpkins. References: (1) D. C. Erwin and O. K. Ribeiro. 1996. Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN. (2) H. D. Shew. Phytopathology 77:1090, 1987.
First Report of Impatiens necrotic spot virus in the Czech Republic
Authors: Mertelik J. , Mokra V. , Gotzova B. , Gabrielova S. 
Published: May 2007

Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV) was found for the first time in the Czech Republic in 1999 in Columnea sp. and Curcuma sp. plants that were imported. They were grown in a garden among other ornamental crops. By June 2000, INSV was detected in 17 ornamental plant species in several gardening establishments never having received imported plants. Frankliniella occidentalis thrips were present at the sites of INSV infection. Natural INSV infection was found also in Stellaria media, which is an important weed species in our conditions. INSV was identified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using polyclonal antibodies to INSV from Loewe Biochemica, Germany, and from Bioreba, Switzerland. The virus was transmitted in sap to Nicotiana benthamiana and Datura stramonium (1). Virus particles typical of a tospovirus were detected by electron microscopy. INSV is the second tospovirus member occurring in the Czech Republic. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) has occurred in this country since 1992 (2) and to date has been detected in more than 100 plant species including ornamentals, vegetables, and weeds. TSWV became a serious problem in glasshouse grown crops. From the epidemiological point of view the situation of INSV dissemination seems to be similar to that of TSWV. References: (1) M. Daughtrey et al. Plant Dis. 81:1220, 1997. (2) J. Mertelik and V. Mokra. Acta Virol. 42:348, 1998.
First Record of Barley yellow striate mosaic virus, Barley stripe mosaic virus, and Wheat dwarf virus Infecting Cereal Crops in Tunisia
Authors: Najar A. , Makkouk K. M. , Kumari S. G. 
Published: May 2007

A survey conducted during April 2000 to identify viruses infecting cereal crops in different regions (Beja, Bizerte, Cap-bon, Jendouba, Kairouan, Siliana, and Zaghouan) of Tunisia covered 15 barley, 21 durum wheat, and 7 bread wheat randomly selected fields. Virus incidences were determined on the basis of laboratory testing of 100 to 200 randomly collected samples from each field. A total of 5,227 random (1,654 barley, 2,546 durum wheat, and 1,027 bread wheat) and 1,430 symptomatic (451 barley, 746 durum wheat, and 233 bread wheat) samples were collected. Samples were tested for the presence of five different viruses by tissueblot immunoassay (TBIA) (1) at the Virology Laboratory of INRAT. Antisera used were for Barley stripe mosaic virus (2), Barley yellow dwarf virus (PAV serotype) (2), Wheat streak mosaic virus (3), Barley yellow striate mosaic virus (BYSMV) provided by E. Luisoni, IFA, Turino, Italy (4), and Wheat dwarf virus (WDV) provided by J. Vacke, Research Institute of Crop Production, Prague, Chech Republic. BYDVPAV was detected in seven barley (from three fields), 25 durum wheat (10 fields), and eight bread wheat (three fields) samples from all except the Siliana region. BYSMV was detected in three barley (three fields), 16 durum wheat (six fields), and four bread wheat (three fields) samples from the Beja, Bizerte, Cap-bon, Jendouba, and Siliana regions. WDV was detected in five barley (three fields), nine durum wheat (four fields), and four bread wheat (one field) samples from the Beja, Cap-bon, and Bizerte regions. BSMV was detected in 49 barley (six fields) and 25 durum wheat (five fields) samples from the Beja, Bizerte, Cap-bon, Kairouan, and Zaghouan regions. This is the first record of BYSMV, BSMV, and WDV infecting cereal crops in Tunisia, but their incidence in fields was less than 1%. However, BSMV incidence was 10.5% in one barley field from the Cap-bon region. Virus incidence in symptomatic plants was a bit higher and ranged from 0.8% for WDV in bread wheat to 6% for BSMV in barley. References: (1) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994. (2) K. M. Makkouk and S. G. Kumari. Rachis Newsl. 12(1/2):24, 1993. (3) K. M. Makkouk and S. G. Kumari. Rachis Newsl. 16(1/2):74, 1997. (4) R. G. Milne et al. Intervirology 25:83, 1986.
First Record of Faba bean necrotic yellows virus and Beet western yellows virus Infecting Faba Bean in Tunisia
Authors: Najar Asma , Makkouk Khaled M. , Kumari Safaa G. 
Published: May 2007

A survey was conducted in April 2000 to identify viruses infecting faba bean (Vicia faba L.) in seven regions (Beja, Bizerte, Cap-bon, Jendouba, Kairouan, Siliana, and Zaghouan) of Tunisia. Around 4,000 random samples were collected from 34 fields (100 to 200 samples per field). Samples were tested by tissue-blot immunoassay procedure (2) at the Virology Laboratory of INRAT for the presence of 14 different viruses. All antisera used were specific, including those for Faba bean necrotic yellows virus (FBNYV) (1) and Beet western yellows virus (BWYV) (ATCC-PVAS-647). Broad bean mottle, a beetle-transmitted and seedborne virus, was the most abundant with an average incidence of 2.3%. The highest disease incidence occurred with BWYV, which was in 20 and FBNYV in 4 of 98 random samples from a field in the Siliana region; and with BWYV in 7 and BBMV in 21 of 120 samples from a field in the Jendouba region. Other viruses such as broad bean stain, cucumber mosaic, and bean leaf roll were detected rarely (<1%). This is the first record of FBNYV and BWYV infecting faba bean in Tunisia. BWYV was detected in 1.2% of the samples tested collected from 20 fields comprising all seven regions. FBNYV was detected in 0.9% of the samples tested collected from 13 fields comprising all except the Capbon region. References: (1) A. Franz et al. Ann. Appl. Biol. 128:255, 1996. (2) K. M. Makkouk and A. Comeau. Eur. J. Plant Pathol. 100:71, 1994.
A New Geminivirus Associated with a Yellow Leaf Curl Disease of Pepper in Thailand
Authors: Samretwanich K. , Chiemsombat P. , Kittipakorn K. , Ikegami M. 
Published: May 2007

Pepper (Capsicum anuum) plants affected with yellow leaf curl disease were observed at Kanchanaburi in central Thailand in 1995. Three naturally infected pepper plants showing yellow leaf curl were collected and virus cultures maintained in pepper plants. Transmission experiments were carried out with the whitefly vector (Bemisia tabaci Genn.). Acquisition and inoculation threshold periods were 1 h and 30 min, respectively. The latent period was 10 h. Symptoms in cultured plants were the same as those observed in field plants. DNA was extracted from these cultured plants and amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with geminivirus-specific degenerate primers (1). A PCR product of 2.7 kbp was amplified and cloned. Three independent clones were sequenced and analyzed, and an identical 32-base stem loop region and the unique sequence (TGGGGTC) of putative Rep binding site were found in the intergenic region (IR). The B component could not be detected. The nucleotide sequence of the coat protein gene was compared with 28 well-studied whitefly-transmitted geminiviruses. Our geminivirus showed the highest sequence similarity (85%) with Tomato leaf curl virus from Taiwan (TwToLCV: GeneBank accession number U88692), suggesting that it is a new geminivirus. Therefore, it is designated Pepper yellow leaf curl virus. Reference: (1) M. R. Rojas et al. Plant Dis. 77: 340, 1993.