bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An indirect approach to imply trade-off shapes: population level patterns in resistance suggest a decreasingly costly resistance mechanism in a model insect system
Authors: Mealor M. A. , Boots M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Trade-offs between life history and other traits play a key role in shaping the evolution of individuals. It is well established theoretically that the shapes of trade-off curves are as crucial to the evolutionary outcome as their strengths. However, measuring the shape of these relationships directly is often impractical. Here we use an indirect approach that examines the patterns seen within a population and then use theory to infer the shape of the trade-off curve. Using a bioassay we found that most individuals had either high susceptibility or relatively high resistance to a microparasite in a lepidopteran host population. According to general theory, this type of pattern in resistance would be most likely with a deceleratingly costly impact on fitness of increasing resistance. The implications and generality of the approach are discussed, along with the implications of the results to our understanding of the nature of innate resistance to parasites.
CD4+ T‐Cell Responses Against the VP1‐Unique Region in Individuals with Recent and Persistent Parvovirus B19 Infection
Authors: Lindner J. , Barabas S. , Saar K. , Altmann D. , Pfister A. , Fleck M. , Deml L. , Modrow S. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryTo date cellular immune responses against parvovirus B19 (B19) have not been studied extensively. The aim of this study was to examine the T‐cell response against the VP1‐unique region as the immunodominant part of the viral structural protein VP1 in individuals with different courses of B19 infection. Therefore, a group of 13 parvovirus‐positive probands was separated into subgroups characterized for recent or acute, past or persistent infection by means of the presence of specific immunoglobulin (Ig)M and IgG isotypes and of viral DNA in blood and tissue. Transiently transfected B‐cells expressing VP1‐unique region were used in ELISpot assays to investigate T‐cell responses directed against the VP1‐unique region in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of individual donors. Significant numbers of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) secreting lymphocytes were detectable in PBMC of all individuals with recent, acute or persistent B19 infection, but not in PBMC of donors with past B19 infection and seronegative individuals. A more detailed analysis of IFN‐γ producing cells by intracellular cytokine staining by flow cytometry revealed, that CD4+ T cells but not CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTL) were the major subpopulation of IFN‐γ producing cells. These data strongly suggest the need of virus protein production for the maintenance of VP1‐unique region‐specific CD4+ T‐helper cell responses in B19‐infected individuals.
An Annotated Historical Account of Canine Parvovirus
Authors: Carmichael L. E. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryA brief annotated history of canine parvovirus‐type 2 (CPV‐2) and its variants is summarized with emphasis on the most significant contributions of individuals involved in the initial recognition of CPV‐2 and subsequent discoveries that have advanced our knowledge of the nature and evolution of this novel canine virus.Time has obscured the observations of many veterinary clinicians and researchers throughout the world who sensed the presence of a new disease when CPV‐2 first made its appearance in 1978 and then, within 1–2 years, spread worldwide. Since 1979, nearly 600 articles, papers, numerous text chapters and monographs have been published on the subject of CPV‐2. The early history is well known by veterinary infectious diseases specialists and noteworthy publications are recorded on the National Library of Medicine (USA) website, PubMed and in review articles. Because of the great number of publications, it is not practicable to cite them individually; however, reference is made to certain individuals, reviews and selected papers that I consider particularly relevant to the history of progress in the understanding of CPV‐2 and the disease it causes.The clinical disease caused by CPV‐2 and its variants, the immune response to infection or vaccines, host range and the development of practical diagnostic assays are noted in historical context. The basic biological properties and the physical, molecular and antigenic structure of CPV‐2 and its variants are also discussed briefly. Finally, key players who have contributed to the antigenic and DNA sequence (evolutionary) relationships between CPV‐2 and the other autonomous parvoviruses of carnivores are noted and hypotheses regarding the origin and evolution of CPV‐2 and its variants are mentioned.
Antibody Levels and Protection to Canine Parvovirus Type 2
Authors: Elia G. , Cavalli A. , Cirone F. , Lorusso E. , Camero M. , Buonavoglia D. , Tempesta M. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe relationship between maternally derived antibody (MDA) levels and protection to canine parvovirus (CPV) infection in pups is reported. Twelve pups with a wide range of haemagglutination inhibiting (HI) titres of MDA to CPV were divided into four groups, with each group balanced for antibody titres. The dogs were inoculated with a field CPV‐2b strain and clinical signs, virus shedding and antibody response were assessed. The CPV was not detected in the faeces of dogs with HI titres of 320 at any time. In dogs with HI titres up to 160, active CPV replication after challenge was demonstrated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The successful infection of dogs with HI titres of 80 and 160 was confirmed by seroconversion, evaluated at day 14 post‐infection. These findings demonstrated that CPV infection could also occur in the presence of MDA HI titres (≥80) usually considered fully protective.
Microbiological investigation of methane‐ and hydrocarbon‐discharging mud volcanoes in the Carpathian Mountains, Romania
Authors: Alain Karine , Holler Thomas , Musat Florin , Elvert Marcus , Treude Tina , Krüger Martin 
Published: October 2005

SummaryPaclele Mici is a terrestrial mud volcano field located in the Carpathian Mountains (Romania), where thermal alteration of sedimentary organic compounds leads to methane, higher hydrocarbons and other petroleum compounds that are continuously released into the environment. The hydrocarbons represent potential substrates for microorganisms. We studied lipid biomarkers, stable isotope ratios, the effect of substrate (methane, other organic compounds) addition and 16S rRNA genes to gain insights into the hitherto unknown microbial community at this site. Quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction analysis demonstrated that bacteria were much more abundant than archaea. Phylogenetic analyses of 16S rDNA clone sequences indicated the presence of bacterial and archaeal lineages generally associated with the methane cycle (methanogens, aerobic and anaerobic methanotrophs), the sulfur cycle (sulfate reducers), and groups linked to the anaerobic degradation of alkanes or aromatic hydrocarbons. The presence of sulfate reducers, methanogens and methanotrophs in this habitat was also confirmed by concurrent surveys of lipid biomarkers and their isotopic signatures. Incubation experiments with several common and complex substrates revealed the potential of the indigenous microbial community for sulfate reduction, methanogenesis and aerobic methanotrophy. Additionally, consistently to the detection of methane‐oxidizing archaea (ANME) and 13C‐depleted archaeal lipids, a weak but significant activity of anaerobic methane oxidation was measured by radiotracer techniques and in vitro. This survey is the first to report the presence and activity of ANME in a terrestrial environment.
Microbial degradation of street dust polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in microcosms simulating diffuse pollution of urban soil
Authors: Johnsen Anders R. , De Lipthay Julia R. , Sørensen Søren J. , Ekelund Flemming , Christensen Peter , Andersen Ole , Karlson Ulrich , Jacobsen Carsten S. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryDiffuse pollution with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of topsoil in urban regions has caused increasing concerns in recent years. We simulated diffuse pollution of soil in microcosms by spiking sandy topsoil (A‐horizon) and coarse, mineral subsoil (C‐horizon) with street dust (PM63) isolated from municipal street sweepings from central Copenhagen. The microbial communities adapted to PAH degradation in microcosms spiked with street dust in both A‐horizon and C‐horizon soils, in spite of low PAH‐concentrations. The increased potential for PAH degradation was demonstrated on several levels: by slowly diminishing PAH‐concentrations, increased mineralization of14C‐PAHs, increasing numbers of PAH degraders and increased prevalence ofnahandpdo1PAH degradation genes, i.e. the microbial communities quickly adapted to PAH degradation. Three‐ and 4‐ring PAHs from the street dust were biodegraded to some extent (10–20%), but 5‐ and 6‐ring PAHs were not biodegraded in spite of frequent soil mixing and high PAH degradation potentials. In addition to biodegradation, leaching of 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐ring PAHs from the A‐horizon to the C‐horizon seems to reduce PAH‐levels in surface soil. Over time, levels of 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐ring PAHs in surface soil may reach equilibrium between input and the combination of biodegradation and leaching. However, levels of the environmentally critical 5‐ and 6‐ring PAHs will probably continue to rise. We presume that sorption to black carbon particles is responsible for the persistence and low bioaccessibility of 5‐ and 6‐ring PAHs in diffusely polluted soil.
Recurrent herpes labialis during isotretinoin therapy: is there a role for photosensitivity?
Authors: Yazici AC , Baz K , Ikizoglu G 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIsotretinoin (13‐cis‐retinoic acid) is one of the synthetic retinoids derived from vitamin A. Vitamin A derivatives demonstrate virucidal activity, both in vivo and in vitro. Isotretinoin has been used for the treatment of recurrent herpes simplex with encouraging results. However, we present a case with frequent attacks of herpes labialis during isotretinoin therapy for acne, who had a marked decrease in frequency of recurrences following strict use of sunscreens.
A comparison of pure and comorbid CD/ODD and depression
Authors: Ezpeleta Lourdes , Domènech Josep M. , Angold Adrian 
Published: October 2005

Background:  We studied the symptomatology of conduct/oppositional defiant disorder and major depression/dysthymic disorder in ‘pure’ and comorbid presentations.Method:  The sample comprised 382 children of 8 to 17 years of age attending for psychiatric outpatient consultation. Ninety‐two had depressive disorders without conduct disorders, 165 conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder without depressive disorders and 125 had both.Results:  In general, there were few differences in the distributions of the symptoms of shared disorders between the pure and the comorbid groups. Comorbidity accentuated depressive and emotional symptoms and functional impairment. After controlling for the presence of other disorders and severity of symptoms, comorbid children were more globally impaired than the pure conduct group and more impaired than the pure depressive group in school, the home, and in relationships with other people.Conclusions:  The clinical presentations of ‘pure’ and comorbid depressive and conduct disorders are similar. Differences found in phenomenology and in functional impairment between the groups have implications for treatment planning and for nosology.
Plants actively control nitrogen cycling: uncorking the microbial bottleneck
Authors: Chapman Samantha K. , Langley J. Adam , Hart Stephen C. , Koch George W. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryEcologists have tried to link plant species composition and ecosystem properties since the inception of the ecosystem concept in ecology. Many have observed that biological communities could feed back to, and not simply result from, soil properties. But which group of organisms, plants or microorganisms, drive those feedback systems? Recent research asserts that soil microorganisms preclude plant species feedback to soil nitrogen (N) transformations due to strong microbial control of soil N cycling. It has been well documented that litter properties influence soil N cycling. In this review, we stress that under many circumstances plant species exert a major influence over soil N cycling rates via unique N attainment strategies, thus influencing soil N availability and their own fitness. We offer two testable mechanisms by which plants impart active control on the N cycle and thereby allow for plant–litter–soil–plant feedback. Finally, we describe the characteristics of plants and ecosystems that are most likely to exhibit feedback.
Young People and Contemporary Art
Authors: Illeris Helene 
Published: October 2005

AbstractIn this article empirical examples are used to connect theories about young people, contemporary art forms and learning. The first part of the article introduces the new forms of consciousness which, according to the youth researchers Birgitte Simonsen and Thomas Ziehe, characterize young people of today. In the second part, the qualities of contemporary art forms experienced by young people are connected to the theories of the French art critic Nicholas Borriaud regarding ‘relational aesthetics’. Finally, the third part of the article discusses four preconditions for learning, which were experienced as positive by the young people included in the empirical material: ‘the hook’, ‘the experience of otherness’, ‘social interaction’, and ‘meta‐reflection’.
Attitudes to Making Art in the Primary School
Authors: Watts Robert 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRecent research suggests that the majority of primary school teachers in the UK believe that the purpose of teaching art and design is to develop skills associated with creativity, communication and expression. This article is based on research into the attitudes held by primary school pupils towards making art. The reflective nature of many of the responses to the survey provides persuasive evidence of young children's capacity for absorbing relatively complex ideas, which in turn has implications for teacher expectations of pupil learning in art and design.
Educating Turkish Primary School Teachers in Visual Arts: the Past and the Future
Authors: Ilhan Ayse C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractEvery educational system should meet certain criteria that establish quality in teaching and learning. These criteria are often provided by aims and objectives listed in school curricula. After describing and commenting on the history of school education in Turkey, the main question posed in this research is how to change the Turkish primary school education in visual arts so that its quality will improve. After analysing the situation, this work provides an outline of how this may be achieved. In the future, the insights gained may be very useful for an incorporation of European standards into the Turkish educational system.
Concealed/Revealed
Authors: Parsons Kate 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis article deals with a cross‐cultural, interdisciplinary approach to sculpture in a practice‐based PhD. The research centred on context in relationship to the Giriama Commemorative Grave Posts of Kenya and my art practice in the UK. This heuristic investigation culminated in the construction of wall and floor fragments relating to vernacular architecture in both cultures. The natural environment and my previous teaching experience in Kenya had a major impact on the work. The self‐reflexive and visual aspects of the research were documented through diaries and photographic record. Feelings of vulnerability and insecurity led to the main theme of mortality. The practical work progressed through themes of binary opposition and semiotic reference in particular reference to the materials and processes I used. The first body of work was shown to an African audience at the National Museum of Kenya, and then later work at the Brunei Gallery, School of Oriental and African Studies, London. This reinforced the significance of familiar readings of the work through cultural context and symbolic recognition, often reflecting a culturally specific interpretation.
Calcite–graphite isotope thermometry in amphibolite facies marble, Bancroft, Ontario
Authors: DUNN S. R. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis study presents calcite–graphite carbon isotope fractionations for 32 samples from marble in the northern Elzevir terrane of the Central Metasedimentary Belt, Grenville Province, southern Ontario, Canada. These results are compared with temperatures calculated by calcite–dolomite thermometry (15 samples), garnet–biotite thermometry (four samples) and garnet–hornblende thermometry (three samples). Δcal‐grvalues vary regularly across the area from >6.5‰ in the south to 4.0‰ in the north, which corresponds to temperatures of 525 °C in the south to 650 °C in the north. Previous empirical calibration of the calcite–graphite thermometer agrees very well with calcite–dolomite, garnet–biotite and garnet–hornblende thermometry, whereas, theoretical calibrations compare less well with the independent thermometry. Isograds in marble based on the reactions rutile + calcite + quartz =titanite and tremolite + calcite + quartz = diopside, span temperatures of 525–600 °C and are consistent with calculated temperature–X(CO2) relations. Results of this study compare favourably with large‐scale regional isotherms, however, local variation is greater than that revealed by large‐scale sampling strategies. It remains unclear whether the temperature–Δcal‐grrelationship observed in natural materials below 650 °C represents equilibrium fractionations or not, but the regularity and consistency apparent in this study demonstrate its utility for thermometry in amphibolite facies marble.
Interpreting prograde‐growth histories of Al2SiO5 triple‐point rocks using oxygen‐isotope thermometry: an example from the Truchas Mountains, USA
Authors: LARSON T. E. , SHARP Z. D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractOxygen‐isotope compositions of kyanite, andalusite, prismatic sillimanite and fibrolite from the Proterozoic terrane in the Truchas Mountains, New Mexico differ from one another, suggesting that these minerals did not grow in equilibrium at the Al2SiO5 (AS) polymorph‐invariant point as previously suggested. Instead, oxygen‐isotope temperature estimates indicate that growth of kyanite, andalusite and prismatic sillimanite occurred at c. 575, 615 and 640 °C respectively. Temperature estimates reported in this paper are interpreted as those of growth for the different AS polymorphs, which are not necessarily the same as peak metamorphic temperatures for this terrane. Two distinct temperature estimates of c. 580 °C and c. 700 °C are calculated for most fibrolite samples, with two samples yielding clear evidence of quartz‐fibrolite oxygen‐isotope disequilibrium. These data indicate that locally, and potentially regionally, oxygen‐isotope disequilibrium between quartz and fibrolite may have resulted from rapid fibrolite nucleation. Pressures of mineral growth that were extrapolated from oxygen‐isotope thermometry results and calculated using petrological constraints suggest that kyanite and one generation of fibrolite grew during M1 at 5 kbar, and that andalusite, prismatic sillimanite and a second generation of fibrolite grew during M2 at 3.5 kbar. M1 and M2 therefore represent two distinct metamorphic events that occurred at different crustal levels. The ability of the AS polymorphs to retain δ18O values of crystallization make these minerals ideal to model prograde‐growth histories of mineral assemblages in metamorphic terranes and to understand more clearly the pressure–temperature histories of multiple metamorphic events.
Case‐parent Triads: Estimating Single‐ and Double‐dose Effects of Fetal and Maternal Disease Gene Haplotypes
Authors: GJESSING H. K. , LIE R. T. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryCase‐parent triad data are considered a robust basis for studying association between variants of a gene and a disease. Methods evaluating statistical significance of association, like the TDT‐test and its extensions, are frequently used. When there are prior hypotheses of a causal effect of the gene under study, however, methods measuring penetrance of alleles or haplotypes as relative risks will be more informative. Log‐linear models have been proposed as a flexible tool for such relative risk estimation. We demonstrate an extension of the log‐linear model to a natural framework for also estimating effects of multiple alleles or haplotypes, incorporating both single‐ and double‐dose effects. The model also incorporates effects of single‐ and double‐dose maternal haplotypes on a fetus during pregnancy. Unknown phase of haplotypes as well as missing parents are accounted for by the EM algorithm. A number of numerical improvements to maximum likelihood estimation are also implemented to facilitate a larger number of haplotypes. Software for these analyses, HAPLIN, is publicly available through our web site. As an illustration we have re‐analyzed data on the MSX1 homeobox‐gene on chromosome 4 to show how haplotypes may influence the risk of oral clefts.
Multiple Imputation of Missing Genotype Data for Unrelated Individuals
Authors: Souverein O. W. , Zwinderman A. H. , Tanck M. W. T. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryThe objective of this study was to investigate the performance of multiple imputation of missing genotype data for unrelated individuals using the polytomous logistic regression model, focusing on different missingness mechanisms, percentages of missing data, and imputation models. A complete dataset of 581 individuals, each analysed for eight biallelic polymorphisms and the quantitative phenotype HDL‐C, was used. From this dataset one hundred replicates with missing data were created, in different ways for different scenarios. The performance was assessed by comparing the mean bias in parameter estimates, the root mean squared standard errors, and the genotype‐imputation error rates. Overall, the mean bias was small in all scenarios, and in most scenarios the mean did not differ significantly from ‘no bias’. Including polymorphisms that are highly correlated in the imputation model reduced the genotype‐imputation error rate and increased precision of the parameter estimates. The method works well for data that are missing completely at random, and for data that are missing at random. In conclusion, our results indicate that multiple imputation with the polytomous logistic regression model can be used for association studies to deal with the problem of missing genotype data, when attention is paid to the imputation model and the percentage of missing data.