bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Circulating endotoxin-like substance(s) and altered hemostasis in horses with gastrointestinal disorders: An interim report
Authors: Meyers K. , Reed S. , Keck M. , Clem M. , Bayly W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twenty-three horses with clinical signs of gastrointestinal disease were evaluated once or serially during the course of the disease for the presence or absence of circulating endotoxin-like substances (et+ or et-) and whether the horses were negative, positive, or very positive for serum fibrin/fibrinogen degradation products (fdp-, fdp+, or fdp++). In addition, platelet count, activated partial thromboplastin time (aptt), and 1-stage prothrombin time (ospt) were measured. When examined initially, 5 horses were et-/fdp-, 8 were et-/fdp+, 7 were et+/fdp-, 3 were et+/fdp+, and none was et+/fdp++. Eight horses were evaluated serially and the following changes were noted: 1 et-/fdp- horse became et+/fdp++; 1 et-/fdp- horse became et-/fdp+; 1 et-/fdp- horse became et+/fdp-; 2 et-/fdp+ horses became et+/fdp++; 1 et+/fdp- horse became et+/fdp+ (++); and 2 et+/fdp- horses became et-/fdp-. At the last examination, 4 horses were et-/fdp- and all survived; 7 were et-/fdp+ and only 1 was euthanatized; 5 were et+/fdp- and only 2 were euthanatized; and 7 were et+/fdp+ or ++, and 5 horses died or were euthanatized. The relationship between et and fdp is discussed and a working model of endotoxemia and gastrointestinal disease in the horse is presented.
Effect of Corynebacterium parvum on bone marrow macrophage colony production, peripheral blood leukocytes, and histologic changes of tissues in calves
Authors: Al-Izzi S. A. , Maxie M. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An iv injection of formalin-killed Corynebacterium parvum in calves did not cause a marked increase in the number of bone marrow macrophage colonies or peripheral blood monocytes, granulocytes, or lymphocytes. In treated calves, the spleen increased in weight and there were macrophage infiltrations in liver, lungs, spleen, and lymph nodes. Lymphoid hyperplasia was observed in bronchial-associated lymphoid tissue, cortical areas of the thymus, and in primary and secondary follicles and the paracortical area of lymph nodes.
Anthelmintic efficacy of febantel against gastrointestinal helminths in calves
Authors: Ciordia H. , McCampbell H. C. , Stuedemann J. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Three dosage levels of febantel were tested for anthelmintic activities in calves under field conditions. A total of 20 feeder calves affected with naturally occurring gastrointestinal parasites were used in the controlled test. The calves were allotted to 4 groups of 5 each on the basis of degree of parasitism, body weight, age, and sex. Calves in groups II through IV were treated with febantel paste formulation at dosage levels of 5, 7.5, and 10 mg/kg of body weight; calves in group I were used as nonmedicated controls. Calves were euthanatized and necropsied 7 days after treatment. Medications were 97% to 100% effective against the adult forms of Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia pectinata, C oncophora, Nematodirus spathiger, and Oesophagostomum radiatum; 93% to 98% against Ostertagia ostertagi; and 78% to 95% against Trichuris sp. There were no differences in efficacies of the 3 dosage levels used against adult worms. Efficacy varied from 61% to 96% against larvae of O ostertagi. Activity was not detected against the tapeworm Moniezia benedeni. Medicated cattle did not show signs of intoxication.
Papillomatosis of the bovine teat (mammary papilla)
Authors: Olson Robert O. , Olson Carl , Easterday Bernard C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A 4th of 667 cattle examined at a Wisconsin abattoir had teat papillomas. Excised teat papillomas were sorted by gross morphologic characteristics into 3 groups: (i) atypical filiform, (ii) atypical flat, and (iii) typical fibropapilloma. Bovine papilloma virus capsid antigen was detected in thin-section slides of the 3 groups of teat papillomas by peroxidase-antiperoxidase assay. The bovine papilloma virus involved with the atypical papillomas could not be characterized by molecular hybridization, because enough pure virus could not be harvested. Homogenates of the 3 groups of teat papillomas were inoculated on 2 ponies and 4 calves. Typical fibro-papillomas were produced on the 4 calves, and fibromas, on the 2 ponies. Atypical papillomas were produced only in 2 heifers.
Radiographic morphometry and radiographic photodensitometry of the femur in the Beagle at 13 and 21 months
Authors: Delaquerriere-Richardson L. , Anderson C. , Jorch U. M. , Cook M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A study was made of x-ray morphometry and x-ray photodensitometry of bones of 2 small groups of healthy standardized colony-raised male research Beagles, ages 13 and 21 months. The morphometry and photodensitometry results were correlated to other variables of interest. The total width of the femur and its optical density to x-rays increased significantly with age and body weight, but not so the length of the femur nor the combined cortical thickness (cct). This last measurement (cct) did not increase in parallel with the whole length of the bone either. The cct/width ratio decreased as body weight increased. The clear-cut increase in the optical density of the whole bone is therefore explained by the age-related variations in bone envelope activity.
Bentiromide:xylose test in healthy cats
Authors: Sherding R. G. , Stradley R. P. , Rogers W. A. , Johnson S. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The N-benzoyl-l-tyrosyl-p-aminobenzoic acid (bentiromide):xylose test for simultaneous evaluation of pancreatic exocrine function and intestinal absorptive function was studied in 8 clinically healthy cats. Plasma p-aminobenzoic acid (paba) and xylose concentrations were determined before, and at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after, a solution of bentiromide (1 g/100 ml) and d-xylose (10 g/100 ml) was given orally at a dosage of 5 ml/kg of body weight.
The peak plasma concentrations for paba occurred between 60 and 120 minutes, with highest mean value at 90 minutes (7.5 ± 3.2 μg/ml), and for xylose between 30 and 120 minutes, with the highest mean value at 60 minutes (42.6 ± 17.8 mg/dl). Large sd in plasma paba and xylose concentrations indicated marked individual variation between healthy cats.
It was concluded that (i) large variations between clinically healthy cats may limit the diagnostic usefulness of the bentiromide:xylose test in the cat, and (ii) guidelines for interpretation of plasma paba and xylose concentrations reported previously for clinically healthy dogs could not be applied to cats because values were lower in cats.
Mycoplasma gateae arthritis and tenosynovitis in cats: Case report and experimental reproduction of the disease
Authors: Moise N. Sydney , Crissman James W. , Fairbrother John F. , Baldwin Charles 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Polyarthritis and tenosynovitis were diagnosed in a cat. Clinical signs of 2 months' duration included swollen limbs, painful joints (sensitive to touch), lameness, and pyrexia. Laboratory test data revealed hypogammaglobulinemia, hypoalbuminemia, leukocytosis, and mild anemia. The cat was euthanatized and necropsied; there were chronic necrotizing fibrinopurulent tenosynovitis and arthritis with bone and cartilage erosions. Cultural examinations of synovia were positive for Mycoplasma gateae, but bacterial and viral cultural examinations were negative.
Organisms propagated from the M gateae isolate were inoculated iv into 6 specific-pathogen-free cats—3 of these being subjected to immunosuppression induced with azathioprine. The 6 inoculated cats became lame 5 to 9 days later, and 5 became febrile. Cultural examinations of the pharynx in 4 cats were positive for M gateae and in 3 cats, the organism was isolated from various joints. Microscopically, arthritis and tenosynovitis were identified in all cats. Two specific-pathogen-free cats were used as controls (noninoculated); these did not become lame, had negative M gateae cultures, and were free of histopathologic abnormalities. Reproduction of disease with recovery of the causative agent indicates the pathogenicity of this particular isolate of M gateae in the cat when inoculated iv.
Effect of antioxidants on the proliferative response of canine lymphocytes in serum from dogs with vitamin E deficiency
Authors: Langweiler Marc , Sheffy Ben E. , Schultz Ronald D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The in vitro effect of vitamin E and 3 other antioxidants—ethoxyquin, 2-mercaptoethanol, and ascorbic acid—on proliferation of canine lymphocytes was examined. Lymphocytes from 2 groups of dogs given a vitamin E-deficient diet or whelped from a bitch fed such a diet were cultured with pooled samples of serum from dogs fed a vitamin E-deficient diet or whelped from a bitch fed such a diet, or normal canine serum, and stimulated with phytohemagglutinin. Added vitamin E enhanced the responsiveness in serum from the dogs with vitamin E deficiency, but not in normal canine serum. A similar effect was noted with added ethoxyquin and 2-mercaptoethanol. Ascorbic acid had no effect on proliferation in either serum pool. These results indicated that depressed lymphocyte responsiveness seen with serum from vitamin E-deficient dogs may, at least in part, be due to a loss of antioxidant activity in this serum.
Absorption in calves of amoxicillin, ampicillin, and oxytetracycline given in milk replacer, water, or an oral rehydration formulation
Authors: Palmer G. H. , Bywater R. J. , Stanton A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Oxytetracycline, amoxicillin or ampicillin suspended in milk replacer, water, or a glucose-glycine-electrolyte solution (gges) was orally given to calves (n = 64).
Oxytetracycline suspended in milk replacer gave lower relative bioavailability than when suspended in water (P < 0.01) or in gges (P < 0.001). Seemingly, the 63% binding (only partly reversible) of oxytetracycline suspended in milk replacer was responsible for low serum concentrations, whereas the greater water absorption from the gges was responsible for improved uptake of antibiotic.
Amoxicillin suspended in milk replacer had a delayed absorption, compared with that suspended in water, but the relative bioavailabilities from milk replacer and water were similar. In contrast, peak serum concentration and bioavailability were higher (P < 0.05) when amoxicillin was suspended in gges than when suspended in water. Binding of amoxicillin with milk replacer was comparatively low (16%) and was reversible.
Ampicillin suspended in gges gave a higher peak serum concentration (P < 0.05) than when suspended in milk replacer.
It, therefore, appeared that these antibiotics were more bioavailable when suspended in gges than when suspended in water or especially in milk replacer. Oxytetracycline was bound particularly strongly to milk replacer.
Postadulticide changes in Dirofilaria immitis-infected Beagles
Authors: Rawlings C. A. , Losonsky J. M. , Schaub R. G. , Greene C. E. , Keith J. C. , McCall J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Clinical, hematologic, arteriographic, radiographic, and morphologic responses to dying heartworms were characterized in 7 heartworm-infected Beagles after adulticide treatment. The Beagles had been infected 27 or 31 months previously with 99 or 100 infective Dirofilaria immitis (di) larvae. These dogs had di-induced pulmonary hypertension and pulmonary arteriographic and radiographic lesions.
Three weeks after adulticide, arteriography revealed intraluminal obstruction of blood flow to the caudal lung lobes. The obstruction to flow in tertiary arteries was worse and the dilatation in main pulmonary arteries was less severe at 3 weeks as compared with that in vessels before administration of the adulticide. Radiographically, focal areas of increased parenchymal densities developed about these caudal lobar arteries in all dogs after adulticide treatment. These lesions had decreased in severity by day 36 in all 6 survivors. A mild inflammatory response and occasional stress response were present in the leukograms after adulticide. Alanine transferase and alkaline phosphatase activity increased slightly. Results of coagulation studies, except platelet counts, were normal in all dogs.
At necropsy, none of the worms was alive, and all fragments of dead worms were in smaller branches (< 10 mm diameter), particularly in the right caudal lobe. Endothelial permeability was less in the large arteries as compared with that in dogs infected with live heartworms, but was more in the smaller arteries (< 10 mm diameter). These small arteries contained the dead heartworms and were within the area of increased parenchymal density, as seen radiographically. Scanning electron microscopy revealed changes on the surface of the large arteries that are typical for resolution of the villi of myointimal proliferation. Smaller arteries (< 10 mm diameter) had severe villus proliferation, especially in areas surrounding the dead fragments.
Staphylococcal protein A labeled with horseradish peroxidase for the immunohistologic diagnosis of canine autoimmune diseases
Authors: Seiler Robert J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Protein A, (pa) from Staphylococcus aureus conjugated to horseradish peroxidase (po) was used for the immunohistologic diagnosis of various canine autoimmune diseases. The use of pa for this and other immunologic procedures is dependent on the highly specific “pseudoimmune” affinity of pa for the Fc region of immunoglobulins (Ig). In the dog, this specificity is directed mainly toward IgG and to a lesser extent toward IgM. Horseradish peroxidase serves as a convenient marker of specifically localized pa.
Conjugates (po-pa) were prepared by the “improved periodate” method and purified by gel filtration. Typical preparations had an average molecular weight of approximately 120,000 daltons and analysis of the molar ratios of pa and po indicated that conjugates were mostly formed from dimers of pa coupled to single molecules of po. The conjugates were used in direct tests on the skin or kidney of dogs with pemphigus or glomerulonephritis, as well as in indirect tests of sera with antinuclear, pemphigus, bullous pemphigoid, and antithyroid (antithyroglobulin and antimicrosomal) antibodies. In all cases, the appropriate controls were negative and the staining pattern mirrored that seen with the conventional immunofluorescence.
The po-pa staining, as with immunoperoxidase methods, was permanent and may be examined by light microscopy, and the sections may be counterstained. A major advantage of po-pa conjugates was that they could be prepared from standard, easily available laboratory reagents, which should facilitate the standardization of methods in different laboratories. Also, the same conjugates could be applicable to immunohistologic diagnosis in several different animal species. Hence, it was concluded that the po-pa method is a reliable, simple, and useful immunohistologic procedure that should find more widespread use in the future.
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (immunoelectroosmosis) and serum electrophoretic pattern in serologic diagnosis of canine blastomycosis
Authors: Barta Ota , Hubbert Nancy L. , Pier Allan C. , Pourciau Susan S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Counterimmunoelectrophoresis (ciep) with blastomyces and histoplasma antigens was used in a serologic study of 181 dogs clinically suspected of having blastomycosis and of 8 dogs with confirmed blastomycosis or histoplasmosis. Thirteen of the 181 dogs, positive by ciep, were euthanatized, and the diagnosis was confirmed by cultivation and/or microscopic detection of Blastomyces dermatitidis. Additional ciep-positive dogs were confirmed by staining of aspirates collected in vivo. Radiographic support for the diagnosis was reported in 4 other dogs in which histoplasmosis was excluded by a negative ciep with histoplasma antigen.
The precipitating antibody may disappear during the course of the disease, as it did in 1 dog treated with amphotericin B, but not cured. This dog reverted from ciep-positive to ciep-negative within 17 months of treatment (with a weak reaction after 10 months of treatment). The ciep-detectable antibody was present only in 1 dog without a confirmation by histopathologic findings or cultivation among 24 well-documented cases and 181 total tested sera.
The ciep was more sensitive and specific than was the gel-diffusion precipitin test, eliminated the problems of anticomplementarity that often affected the results of complement-fixation tests with canine sera, and served well in detecting dogs with blastomycosis. Electrophoretic pattern of sera from ciep-positive dogs with blastomycosis showed a decrease in albumin and an increase in in α2- and often in β- and γ-globulins, with a substantial decrease of the albumin/globulin ratio.
Attempted immunization of cats against feline infectious peritonitis, using avirulent live virus or sublethal amounts of virulent virus
Authors: Pedersen Niels C. , Black John W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Kittens vaccinated with an avirulent biotype of the Black strain of feline infectious peritonitis virus (fipv; given oronasally) developed both indirect fluorescent and virus-neutralizing antibodies, but were not protected against oronasal challenge exposure with virulent virus. In fact, kittens vaccinated with avirulent virus were more readily infected than were nonvaccinated cats. A proportion of kittens could be immunized to fipv by giving sublethal amounts of virulent virus. This technique, however, was too inconsistent and hazardous to have clinical relevance.
The results of these studies indicated that humoral immunity was not protective in fipv infection. There was no correlation between fluorescent and virus-neutralizing antibodies and either disease or immunity. Immune serum from fipv-resistant cats failed to passively protect susceptible animals against virulent virus given intraperitoneally or oronasally, and as expected, actually sensitized them to infection. It was concluded that cell-mediated immunity was probably responsible for protection.
Effect of bacterial dose on pneumonia induced by aerosol exposure of calves to bovine herpesvirus-1 and Pasteurella haemolytica
Authors: Yates W. D G. , Jericho K. W. F. , Doige C. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Sixteen crossbred Hereford range calves were used to study the effects of Pasteurella haemolytica aerosols of various concentrations administered 4 days after they were exposed to a uniform aerosol of bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1).
All calves were given bhv-1 on day 0. On day 4, groups of 4 calves each were exposed to aerosols of P haemolytica generated from suspensions with the following concentrations: high (108/ml)—group 1, moderate (105/ml)—group 2, low (102/ml)—group 3, or none (control)—group 4.
All calves developed clinical signs of respiratory infectious bovine rhinotracheitis. Those in group 4 (controls) and group 3 (low bacterial concentration exposure) were near complete recovery by day 8. At necropsy, most calves in all groups had diphtheritic inflammation of the mucosal surfaces of the upper and lower respiratory tracts and lobular atelectasis of the lung parenchyma. Three of the group 2 calves (exposed to the moderate concentration of P haemolytica) and all group 1 calves became severely ill with fibrinous pneumonia; 3 in the latter group died by day 8.
For the conditions of this experiment, the 50% lethal dose was 1×107.1 bacteria/ml of suspension from which the aerosol was generated and 1 × 105.1 P haemolytica inhaled/calf. The 50% effective dose for fibrinous pneumonia was 1 × 104.1 P haemolytica/ml of suspension and 1 × 102.1 bacteria inhaled/calf. The term “inhaled” was used to mean the number of organisms estimated to be taken into the respiratory tract at the level of the nostrils.
The results indicated that there is a positive relationship between degree of exposure to P haemolytica and severity of pneumonia in this disease model.
Relationship between ingestion of the locoweed Oxytropis sericea and congestive right-sided heart failure in cattle
Authors: James L. F. , Hartley W. F. , Van Kampen K. R. , Nielsen Darwin 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
In field observations of young cattle grazing on certain high-altitude ranges infested with the locoweed Oxytropis sericea, a high frequency of clinical congestive right ventricular failure was identified. At necropsy of affected calves, there were right ventricular hypertrophy and dilation, subcutaneous edema, hydrothorax, diarrhea, and chronic passive congestion of liver. Microscopically, there was neurovisceral foamy cytoplasmic vacuolation, characteristic of locoism.
An experiment was set up to test the relationship of O sericea to congestive right-ventricular failure. Preliminary investigation supports the field observation.
Equine esophageal pressure profile
Authors: Stick John A. , Derksen Frederik J. , McNitt Denise L. , Chou C. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Esophageal motility was studied in 5 healthy adult horses, using a 4 side-hole catheter assembly continuously perfused with distilled water. Resting pressure and maximal pressures generated during swallowing were measured over the whole length of the esophagus (mean ± Sx = 132.7 ± 2.31 cm). Four functionally distinct regions of the esophagus were demonstrated: cranial esophageal sphincter, caudal esophageal sphincter, and “fast” and “slow” regions in the body of the esophagus.
The resting pressure of the cranial and caudal esophageal sphincters were 171.1 ± 20.45 (x ± Sx) and 10.5 ± 0.61 (x ± Sx) mm of Hg, respectively. The maximal pressure of the “fast” and the “slow” esophageal regions and caudal esophageal sphincter were 63.1 ± 3.75 (x ± Sx), 71.9 ± 3.65 (x ± Sx), and 63.1 ± 2.60 (x ± Sx) mm of Hg, respectively. The length of each region and duration of pressure events were quantitated, establishing an equine esophageal pressure profile.
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) disappearance rate and pathophysiologic changes after bilateral adrenalectomy in equids
Authors: Slone D. E. , Ganjam V. K. , Purohit R. C. , Ravis W. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six ponies and 1 horse were bilaterally adrenalectomized (badx). The survival time of 2 of the 7 animals after badx was 24 and 72 hours without supplemental corticosteroids. The cause of death was not related to the surgical technique. The biological half-life of cortisol (hydrocortisone) was estimated to be 2.1 ± 0.6 hours. The disappearance of cortisol in the horse was found to be biphasic, composed of redistribution and elimination phases. Pathophysiologic changes (ie, increased serum sodium and chloride, increased pcv, and decreased serum potassium) similar to those seen in other species after badx were found. Clearance of electrolytes was calculated, using the creatinine clearance method. These values were inversely correlated with the changes seen in serum electrolytes.
Alveolar lavage in dogs
Authors: Brown Nancy O. , Noone Kathy E. , Kurzman Ilene D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Alveolar lavage was performed in 10 healthy dogs. After tracheal intubation was done, a sterile fiberoptic bronchoscope was wedged in a distant bronchus and the lungs were lavaged with sterile saline solution. An average of 140 ml of saline solution was flushed into the lungs of each dog, and an average of 79% of the solution was recovered. Examination of the recovered fluid revealed average total cell counts of 6.4 × 106 cells/dog. Average differential cell counts were as follows: macrophages, 50.5%; lymphocytes, 46.0%; and neutrophils, 3.5%. Results of bacterial culture of the recovered fluid were negative in 8 dogs and positive in 2; Bordetella bronchiseptica was isolated in 1 dog and Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated in the other.