bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The potential role for arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acids in protection against some central nervous system injuries in preterm infants
Authors: Crawford M. A. , Golfetto I. , Ghebremeskel K. , Min Y. , Moodley T. , Poston L. , Phylactos A. , Cunnane S. , Schmidt W. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe risk of central nervous, visual, and auditory damage increases from 2/1000 live births in the normal birthweight to >200/1000 as birthweight falls below 1500 g. Such babies are most likely to be born preterm. Advances in infant care have led to increasing numbers of very‐low‐birthweight, preterm infants surviving to school age with moderate to severe brain damage. Steroids are one of the current treatments, but they cause significant, long‐term problems. The evidence reported here suggests an additional approach to protecting the very preterm infant by supporting neurovascular membrane integrity. The complications of preterm, very‐low‐birthweight babies include bronchopulmonary dysplasia, retinopathy of prematurity, intraventricular hemorrhage, periventricular leukomalacia, and necrotizing enterocolitis, all of which have a vascular component. Arachidonic acid (AA) and DHA are essential, structural, and functional constituents of cell membranes. They are especially required for the growth and function of the brain and vascular systems, which are the primary biofocus of human fetal growth. Molecular dynamics and experimental evidence suggest that DHA could be the ligand for the retinoid X receptor (RXR) in neural tissue. RXR activation is an obligatory step in signaling to the nucleus and in the regulation of gene expression. Very preterm babies are born with minimal fat stores and suboptimal circulating levels of these nutrients. Postanatally, they lose the biomagnification of the proportions of AA and DHA by the placenta for the fetus. No current nutritional management repairs these deficits. The placental biomagnification profile highlights AA rather than DHA. The resultant fetal FA profile closely resembles that of the vascular endothelium and not the brain. Without this nourishment, cell membrane abnormalities would be predicted. We present a scientific rationale for a common pathogenic process in the complications of prematurity.
Diets could prevent many diseases
Authors: Lands William E. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe 2002 ISSFAL Meeting arranged a special evening discussion with professional dietitians about diet‐tissue‐disease relationships involving essential fatty acids and eicosanoids. The balance of eicosanoid precursors in human tissues differs widely, reflecting voluntary dietary choices among different groups worldwide. An empirical quantitative diet‐tissue relationship fits these diverse values as well as other research reports on essential fatty acid metabolism. Information for dietitians and nutritionists about essential fatty acids and eicosanoids is also given in two distance learning web sites, http://ods.od.nih.gov/eicosanoids/ and http:// efaeducation.nih.gov/, which facilitate dietitian education and diet counseling. These sites also have an innovative, interactive diet planning software program with the empirical equation embedded in it to help evaluate personal food choices in the context of the diet‐tissue‐disease relationship and other widely recommended dietary advice.
Fatty acids, the immune response, and autoimmunity: A question of n−6 essentiality and the balance between n−6 and n−3
Authors: Harbige Laurence S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe essentiality of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is described in relation to a thymus/thymocyte accretion of arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6, AA) in early development, and the high requirement of lymphoid and other cells of the immune system for AA and linoleic acid (18∶2n−6, LA) for membrane phospholipids. Low n−6 PUFA intakes enhance whereas high intakes decrease certain immune functions. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies for a role of AA metabolites in immune cell development and functions shows that they can limit or regulate cellular immune reactions and can induce deviation toward a T helper (Th)2‐like immune response. In contrast to the effects of the oxidative metabolites of AA, the longer‐chain n−6 PUFA produced by γ‐linolenic acid (18∶3n−6, GLA) feeding decreases the Th2 cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibody response. The n−6 PUFA, GLA, dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (20∶3n−6, DHLA) and AA, and certain oxidative metabolites of AA can also induce T‐regulatory cell activity, e.g., transforming growth factor (IGF)‐β‐producing T cells; GLA feeding studies also demonstrate reduced proinflammatory interleukin (IL)‐1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α production. Low intakes of long‐chain n−3 fatty acids (fish oils) enhance certain immune functions, whereas high intakes are inhibitory on a wide range of functions, e.g., antigen presentation, adhesion molecule expression, Th1 and th2 responses, proinflammatory cytokine and eicosanoid production, and they induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Vitamin E has a demonstrable critical role in long‐chain n−3 PUFA interactions with immune functions, often reversing the effects of fish oil. The effect of dietary fatty acids on animal autoimmune disease models depends on both the autoimmune model and the amount and type of fatty acids fed. Diets low in fat, essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD), or high in long‐chain n−3 PUFA from fish oils increase survival and reduce disease severity in spontaneous autoantibody‐mediated disease, whereas high‐fat LA‐rich diets increase disease severity. In experimentally induced T cell‐mediated autoimmune disease, EFAD diets or diets supplemented with long‐chain n−3 PUFA augment disease, whereas n−6 PUFA prevent or reduce the severity. In contrast, in both T cell‐ and antibody‐mediated autoimmune disease, the desaturated/elongated metabolites of LA are protective. PUFA of both the n−6 and n−3 families are clinically useful in human autoimmune‐inflammatory disorders, but the precise mechanisms by which these fatty acids exert their clinical effects are not well understood. Finally, the view that all n−6 PUFA are proinflammatory requires revision, in part, and their essential regulatory and developmental role in the immune system warrants appreciation.
Fish consumption and blood lipids in three ethinic groups of Québec (canada)
Authors: Dewailly Éric , Blanchet Carole , Gingras Suzanne , Lemieux Simone , Holub Bruce John 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to compare fish intake and plasma phospholipid concentrations of n−3 fatty acids, in particular of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), among representative population samples of Québecers, James Bay Cree, and Inuit of Nunavik (Canada). The relationships between these concentrations and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors were also investigated and compared in the three populations. In 1990–1992, the study subjects had participated in the extensive Santé Québec health surveys conducted in southern Québec, James Bay, and Nunavik. Significant differences in levels of CVD risk factors were found among these three populations. Globally, Inuit showed the lowest risk status for CVD compared with Cree and Québecers, despite the high prevalence of cigarette smoking and obesity. Daily fish intakes varied significantly among the three groups, averaging 13, 60, and 131 g for Québecers, Cree, and Inuit, respectively. Concentrations of EPA+DHA in plasma phospholipids were highest among Inuit (8.0%), second‐highest among Cree (3.9%), and lowest among Québecers (1.8%). When the three populations were grouped together, there was a positive association between concentrations of EPA+DHA stratified into quartiles and HDL cholesterol, with a significant relation in quartile 4 (EPA+DHA ≥4.04%). An inverse relation was also found betwen EPA+DHA and triacylglycerols in quartile 4. Our results indicate that increased consumption of fish as a source of n−3 fatty acids is beneficially associated with levels of HDL cholesterol and triacylglycerols.
Brain levels of N‐acylethanolamine phospholipids in mice during pentylenetetrazol‐induced seizure
Authors: Moesgaard Birthe , Hansen Henrik H. , Hansen Suzanne L. , Hansen Steen Honore , Petersen Gitte , Hansen Harald S. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe N‐acylethanolamine phospholipids (NAPE) are precursors for N‐acylethanolamines (NAE), including anandamide (20∶4‐NAE), which is a ligand for the cannabinoid receptors. Previously, NAPE were believed to be found only in injured tissue, e.g., after neurodegenerative insults. Neuronal injury may occur in response to seizure activity. Therefore, we investigated the effect of pentylenetetrazol (PTZ)‐induced seizures in PTZ‐kindled mice on the level of NAPE in the brain. Male NMRI mice were kindled with PTZ injections 3 times/wk, thereby developing clonic seizures in response to PTZ. Mice were killed within 30 min after the clonic seizure on the test day (12th injection) and the brains were collected. Eight species of NAPE were analyzed as the glycerophospho‐N‐acylethanolamines by high‐performance liquid chromatography‐coupled electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. No effect of the PTZ kindling on the NAPE levels in murine brains was observed. Total NAPE in control mice cortex (n=4) was 16.4±3.0 μmol/g wet weight of which 20∶4‐NAPE accounted for 3.6 mol%, and the major species was 16∶0‐NAPE, accounting for 52.1 mol%. Determination of the activity of NAPE‐hydrolyzing phospholipase D and of N‐acyltransferase in brain membrane preparations from adult and 3‐d‐old mice revealed an enzyme pattern in the adult mice that was favorable for NAE accumulation as opposed to NAPE accumulation. Thus, there was no difference in NAPE levels; at present, however, this does not exclude that NAE may accumulate during seizure.
Dietary intakes and food sources of omega‐6 and omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Meyer Barbara J. , Mann Neil J. , Lewis Janine L. , Milligan Greg C. , Sinclair Andrew J. , Howe Peter R. C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBoth n−6 and n−3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are recognized as essential nutrients in the human diet, yet reliable data on population intakes are limited. The aim of the present study was to ascertain the dietary intakes and food sources of individual n−6 and n−3 PUFA in the Australian population. An existing database with fatty acid composition data on 1690 foods was updated with newly validated data on 150 foods to estimate the fatty acid content of foods recorded as eaten by 10,851 adults in the 1995 Australian National Nutrition Survey. Average daily intakes of linoleic (LA), arachidonic (AA), α‐linolenic (LNA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA), and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids were 10.8, 0.052, 1.17, 0.056, 0.026, and 0.106 g, respectively, with longchain (LC) n−3 PUFA (addition of FPA, DPA, and DHA) totaling 0.189 g; median intakes were considerably lower (9.0 g LA, 0.024 g AA, 0.95 g LNA, 0.008 g EPA, 0.006 g DPA, 0.015 g DHA, and 0.029 g LC n−3 PUFA). Fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereal‐based products and cereals, vegetables, and nuts and seeds were important sources of n−6 PUFA, while cereal‐based products, fats and oils, meat and poultry, cereals, milk products, and vegetable products were sources of LNA. As expected, seafood was the main source of LC n−3 PUFA, contributing 71%, while meat and eggs contributed 20 and 6%, respectively. The results indicate that the majority of Australians are failing to meet intake recommendations for LC n−3 PUFA (>0.2 g per day) and emphasize the need for strategies, to increase the availability and consumption of n−3‐containing foods.
Fat, fishing patterns, and health among the bardi people of North Western Australia
Authors: Rouja Philippe Max , Dewailly Éric , Blanchet Carole ,   the Bardi Community
Published: December 2006

AbstractResearch into the resource use strategies of the Bardi Aboriginal People of One Arm Point, Western Australia, found that they maximize the consumption of specific beneficial marine FA. The Bardi assess the relative fatness of fish and animal species in their enviroment, procuring fish and marine species only when they are considered to be at their fattest stage: during specific seasons; at specific physiological life stages, or through on‐site evaluation. In June 1999 and September 2000, samples of fish, dugong, oyster, and turtle were collected by Bardi fishermen, focusing specifically on species considered to be high in fat content and very popular among the Bardi. Nine species were analyzed for total lipids and FA profile, which were determined by capillary GLC. Comparative lipid analysis established that the Bardi hunters' selection process between species and within species and the selection of specific fish fat deposits increase the levels of beneficial FA made available to the community. Bardi fishing and hunting patterns meet a demand for fat within the community and may protect many species of fish whose spawning season is inversely related to the accumulation of the specific gut fat deposits sought by the Bardi. These fat deposits make up for the relatively low levels of fat in the flesh of tropical fish. The Bardi model provides important insights into the nature of human‐environment interaction and expands our understanding of the role that warmer‐water fisheries can play in human health.
High‐DHA eggs: Feasibility as a means to enhance circulating DHA in mother and infant
Authors: Smuts Cornelius M. , Borod Emily , Peeples Jeanette M. , Carlson Susan E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDietary DHA enhances infant attention and visual development. Because the DHA content of red blood cells and plasma lipids varies approximately threefold in pregnancy, maternal DHA status may influence subsequent infant function. It would be feasible to study the effects of higher maternal DHA intake on infant development if dietary intake of DHA could be increased by a reliable means. This study was designed to determine whether women provided with one dozen high‐DHA hen eggs (135 mg DHA/egg) would consume the eggs and have higher blood DHA levels than women consuming ordinary eggs (18 mg DHA/egg). The study was a randomized, double‐masked comparison of the effect of eggs with different concentrations of DHA on intake and blood lipid DHA content of women and their infants. A third nonrandomized group ate few eggs. In this study, DHA intake reported from eggs was eightfold higher in the high‐DHA egg group compared to the ordinary egg group. Including all groups, DHA intake ranged from 0 to 284 mg/d. In this intake range, maternal blood lipid DHA content at enrollment best predicted DHA content at delivery, accounting for 36.5 and 51.7% of the variance in ordinary and high‐DHA egg intake groups, respectively. The high‐DHA vs. ordinary egg groups had similar maternal and cord blood lipid DHA, but there was a positive relationship between maternal plasma phospholipid DHA and daily DHA intake from eggs controlled for study duration (r=0.278, P=0.048). DHA intake and birth weight were also correlated (r=0.299, P=0.041). High‐DHA eggs were well accepted and increased DHA intake. Other benefits of DHA intake during pregnancy were also suggested.
Dietary intake of fish vs. formulations leads to higher plasma concentrations of n−3 fatty acids
Authors: Visioli Francesco , Risé Patrizia , Barassi Maria C. , Marangoni Franca , Galli Claudio 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe n−3 fatty acids from fish appear to be more efficacious, in terms of cardioprotection, than equivalent amounts provided as capsules. Volunteers were given, for 6 wk, either 100 g/d of salmon, providing 383 mg of EPA and 544 mg of DHA, esterified in glycerol lipids, or 1 or 3 capsules of fish oil/d, providing 150 mg of EPA and 106 mg of DHA or 450 mg of EPA and 318 mg of DHA, as ethyl esters. Further, we reevaluated data from a previous study carried out with the same design, i.e., with 3 and 6 capsules/d of fish oil, providing 1290 and 2580 mg/d EPA and 960 and 1920 mg/d DHA. Marked increments in plasma EPA and DHA concentrations (μg/mg total lipid) and percentages of total fatty acids were recorded at the end of treatment with either n−3 capsules or salmon. Net increments of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids were linearly and significantly correlated with the dose after capsule administration. Further, increments in plasma EPA and DHA concentration after salmon intake were significantly higher than after administration of capsules. The same increments would be obtained with at least two‐ and ninefold higher doses of EPA and DHA, respectively, if administered with capsules rather than salmon. We provide experimental evidence that n−3 fatty acids from fish are more effectively incorporated into plasma lipids than when administered as capsules and that increments in plasma concentrations of EPA and DHA given as capsules are linearly correlated with their intakes.
A biomarker of n−3 compliance in patients taking fish oil for rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Cleland Leslie G. , Proudman Susanna M. , Hall Cindy , Stamp Lisa K. , McWilliams Leah , Wylie Nicole , Neumann Mark , Gibson Robert A. , James Michael J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDietary fish oil supplements have been shown to have benefits in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), other inflammatory diseases, and in cardiovascular disease. As with any medical advice, variability will exist with regard to adherence and consequent biochemical or pharmacophysiologic effects. The aim was to explore the utility of plasma phospholipid EPA as a measure of n−3 PUFA intake and response to standardized therapeutic advice given in an outpatient or office practice setting, to increase dietary n−3 PUFA, including a fish oil supplement. Patients with early RA were given verbal and written advice to alter their dietary n−3 PUFA intake, including ingestion of 20 mL of bottled fish oil on juice daily. The advice included instructions to increase n−3 PUFA and to avoid foods rich in n−6 PUFA. Every 3 mon, blood samples were obtained for analysis of plasma phospholipid FA. Plasma phospholipid EPA was used as the primary index of n−3 PUFA intake. A diverse response was seen, with about one‐third of patients achieving a substantial elevation of plasma phospholipid EPA over the 12‐mon study period. A third had little change, with the remainder achieving intermediate levels. Data obtained longitudinally from individual patients indicated that substantial elevations of EPA (>5% total plasma phospholipid FA) could be maintained for more than 3 yr. Plasma phospholipid EPA is a convenient measure of adherence to advice to take a dietary n−3 PUFA‐rich fish oil supplement. This measure may prove a useful adjunct to intention to treat analyses in determining the effect of dietary fish oil supplements on long‐term outcomes in arthritis and other chronic inflammatory diseases. It may also provide a guide to the effectiveness of therapeutic and preventive messages designed to increase n−3 PUFA intake.
Influence of dietary long‐chain PUFA on premature baboon lung FA and dipalmitoyl PC composition
Authors: Chao Angela Chueh , Ziadeh Bassem I. , Diau Guan‐Yeu , Wijendran Vasuki , Sarkadi‐Nagy Eszter , Hsieh Andrea T. , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Brenna J. Thomas 
Published: December 2006

AbstractOne of the major survival challenges of premature birth is production of lung surfactant. The lipid component of surfactant, dipalmitoyl PC (DPPC), increases in concentration in the period before normal term birth via a net shift in FA composition away from unsaturates. We investigated the influence of dietary DHA and arachidonic acid (AA) on lung FA composition and DPPC concentration in term and preterm baboons. Pregnant animals/neonates were randomized to one of four groups: breast‐fed (B), term formula‐fed (T−), preterm formulafed (P−), and preterm fed formula supplemented with DHA‐AA (P+). Breast milk contained 0.68%wt DHA and the P+ group formula contained 0.61%wt DHA. In the preterm groups (P− and P+), pregnant females received a course of antenatal corticosteroids. At the adjusted age of 4 wk, neonate lung tissue was harvested, and FA composition and DPPC were analyzed. Palmitate was ∼28%wt of lung total FA and no significant differences were found among the four treatment groups. In contrast, DPPC in the B group lung tissue was significantly greater than DPPC in the unsupplemented groups, but not compared with the P+ group. The B and P+ groups were not significantly different in DHA and AA, but were different compared with the unsupplemented (T, P−) groups. These results indicate that LCP supplementation increases lung DHA and AA, without compromising overall lung 16∶0 or DPPC. The shift in FA composition toward greater unsaturation in the groups consuming LCP supported improved surfactant lipid concentration in preterm neonate lungs.
Enhancement of G protein‐coupled signaling by DHA phospholipids
Authors: Mitchell Drake C. , Niu Shui‐Lin , Litman Burton J. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe effect of phospholipid acyl chain and cholesterol composition on G protein‐coupled signaling was studied in native rod outer segment (ROS) disk and reconstituted membranes by measuring several steps in the visual transduction pathway. The cholesterol content of disk membranes was varied from 4 to 38 mol% cholesterol with methyl‐β‐cyclodextrin. The visual signal transduction system [rhodopsin, G protein (Gt), and phosphodiesterase (PDE)] was reconstituted with membranes containing various levels of phospholipid acyl chain unsaturation, with and without cholesterol. ROS membranes from rats raised on n−3 fatty acid‐deficient and‐adequate diets were also studied. The ability of rhodopsin to form the active metarhodopsin II conformation and bind Gt was diminished by a reduction in the level of DHA (22∶6n−3) acyl chains or an increase in membrane cholesterol. DHA acyl chain containing phospholipids minimized the inhibitory effects of cholesterol on the rate of rhodopsin‐Gt coupling. The activity of PDE, which is a measure of the integrated signal response, was reduced in membranes lacking or deficient in DHA acyl chains. PDE activity in membranes containing docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22∶5n−6) acyl chains, which replace DHA in n−3 fatty acid deficiency, was 50% lower than in DHA‐containing membranes. Our results indicate that efficient and rapid propagation of G protein‐coupled signaling is optimized by DHA phospholipid acyl chains.
Pathophysiologic role of redox status in blood platelet activation. Influence of docosahexaenoic acid
Authors: Lagarde M. , Calzada C. , Véricel E. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDecrease of platelet glutathione peroxidase activity results in increased life span of lipid hydroperoxides, especially the 12‐lipoxygenase product of arachidonic acid, 12‐HpETE. Phospholipase A2 activity is subsequently enhanced with the release of arachidonic acid, which results in higher thromboxane formation and platelet function. Docosahexaenoic acid may either potentiate platelet lipid peroxidation or lower it when used at high or low concentrations, respectively. In the case of slowing down lipid peroxidation, docosahexaenoic acid was specifically incorporated in plasmalogen ethanolamine phospholipids. This could have a relevant pathophysiologic role in atherothrombosis.