bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISIS KARAKTERISTIK MATERI PAI BIDANG FIKIH PADA JENJANG MADRASAH TSANAWIYAH (MTS) DAN MADRASAH ALIYAH (MA)
Authors: Qalbi M. Dihyah , Muna Zahratul , Barni Mahyuddin 
Published: March 2024

Dalam mendidik seorang pendidika melakukan usaha sadar dalam proses mengembangkan potensi, kecerdasan, akhlak baik peserta didik guna menghadapi kehidupan dunia dan akhirat dengan disengaja dan direncanakan sematang mungkin. Maka sudah sepatutnya seorang pendidik mehamami jelas apa yang akan diajarkannya kepada peserta didik, tujuan dalam penulisan untuk menganalisis mata pelajaran fikih yang merupakan merupakan cabang dari Pendidikan Agama Islam pada jenjang Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) dan Madrasah Aliyah (MA). Dalam artikel ini mendeskripsikan dan menguraikan tentang karakteristik mata pelajaran fikih pada jenjang MTs dan MA yang ditulis menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah studi kepustakaan (library research) mengunakan analisis data kualitatif teridiri tiga tahapan, yaitu tahap reduksi data, display data, dan kesimpulan atau verifikasi. Manfaat dari tulisan ini adalah untuk menambah wawasan bagi pembaca mengenai karakteristik materi fikih pada jenjang MTs dan MA, dan karakteristik materi Fikih dari Dirjen Kelembagaan Agama Islam Depag RI tahun 2020 pada tingkat MTs dan MA masing-masing memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda, mulai dari isi materi, bobot materi maupun pendalaman materi. Kesimpulan dari penulisan ini masing-masing dari materi fikih pada tingkat MTs dan MA memiliki karakteristik yang berbeda, mulai dari isi materi, bobot materi maupun pendalaman materi dari tingkat kelas VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, dan XII. Tidak ada materi yang terulang walau menggunakan tema yang sama bisa jadi bobot materinya berbeda dengan yang sebelumnya atau pendalaman materinya berbeda, dari segi aspek psikologis, filosofis, sosiologis materi fikih ini dirasa sudah cukup cocok dengan siswa pada tingkat MTs dan MA
Patient satisfaction about the primary health care services in Anbar province, Iraq
Authors: Yahyaa Badeaa , Al-Rawi Ru’ya 
Published: March 2024

Background: Patient satisfaction determines care alignment with expectations, encompassing availability, cost, and environment, crucial for service quality. This study aims to investigate key determinants influencing patient satisfaction with Primary Health Care Centers (PHCC) in Anbar province, Iraq.
Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried from 15th November 2022 till 16th March 2023 across six PHCC using multistage sampling technique. Semi-structured questionnaire was recruited to interview patients. Descriptive and bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to identify significant factors affecting patients’ satisfaction toward PHCC.
Results: A total of 300 patients were included with mean age of 35.7 (+ 4.2), ranged 15-69 years. The PHCC attained an overall satisfaction rate of 64.7%. Patients voiced discontent primarily with waiting times for consultation (67.3%) and appointment scheduling (60.7%). However, 69.3% were content with the proximity to the PHCC. Doctors' conduct was praised by 82.0% of respondents, yet 56.7% noted a lack of health education programs. Management was appreciated by 70.0%, yet laboratory services were received by only 57.7%. Moreover, 75.0% reported essential drug unavailability, and 54.7% mentioned a lack of medical instruments. Factors associated with patients’ satisfaction were aged less than 40 years old (OR = 3.54, 95% CI: 2.44 to 5.21), being male (OR = 3.76, 95% CI: 2.68 to 6.15), unmarried (OR = 4.01, 95% CI: 3.06 to 8.4) and low educated OR = 2.77, 95% CI: 2.76 to 7.57).
Conclusion: Patients' satisfaction with PHCC is notably linked to proximity, respectful doctor behavior, privacy during examinations, and efficient management. Dissatisfaction arises from appointment scheduling, follow-up, and the unavailability of health education, instruments, and drugs.
Harnessing Biogas in India: A Sustainable Pathway for Sustainable Energy Development
Authors: Madheswaran Dinesh Kumar , Saravanan Jegadheeshwari , Jegadheeswaran Selvaraj , Subramanian Vengatesan 
Published: March 2024

The review underscores the pivotal role of the Indian biogas sector in addressing the challenges posed by inadequate sanitation practices, exploring how the biogas sector is a potentially transformative force for waste management and energy production. Decentralized biogas facilities utilizing various organic materials, including agricultural waste, kitchen waste, organic industrial waste, sewage sludge, and floral waste, have reshaped rural landscapes. These facilities electrify remote villages, benefiting over 5 million residents and reducing energy expenses by 40%. Critically, these efforts preserve vital ecosystems, exemplified by the rejuvenation of 10,000 hectares of mangroves in the Sundarbans, sequestering an impressive 500,000 metric tons of CO2 annually. Innovative technologies, such as the anaerobic digestion process and advanced biogas production systems featuring improved gas purification techniques, two-stage digesters, and optimized feedstock mixtures, play a crucial role in this sustainability journey. These advancements boost biogas yields by 20%. Importantly, byproducts like digestate are efficiently upcycled into 500 Mt of high-quality biofertilizers annually, significantly enhancing crop yield, particularly wheat and maize, by 15%. Moreover, the transformative impact extends to environmental sustainability by converting digestate into 1,000 Mt of biodegradable plastics, leading to a 30% reduction in traditional plastics usage. Government support and well-crafted policies have been instrumental, with subsidies driving the adoption of biogas digesters in 50,000 households, creating 5,000 jobs, and reducing methane emissions by 2 MMt annually. Biogas catalyzes integrated sustainability, accompanying cleaner environments, improved livelihoods, and resilient ecosystems by harmonizing sanitation, energy, and ecosystem preservation.

Received: 20 September 2023 | Revised: 27 December 2023 | Accepted: 26 February 2024

Conflicts of Interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement
The data that support the findings of this study are openly available upon reasonable request to the corresponding author.
The Need for the Green Economy Factors in Assessing the Development and Growth of Russian Raw Materials Companies
Authors: Ulanov Vladimir Leonidovich 
Published: March 2024

Approaches to assessing economic development and growth in the context of transition to a green and low-carbon economy are considered on the example of the Russian raw materials business. The implementation of carbon regulation leads not only to the expected environmental results but also to a change in market conditions. With the spread of protectionist measures and restrictions, the assessment of the former integral indicator is distorted. It is shown that the curtailment of long-term contracts for the supply of fossil fuels and restrictions on investments in traditional energy projects adjust the assessment. In this article, its author drew attention to the need to take into account the factors of the green economy in the context of the development and growth of Russian developing companies. Indices, ratings, as well as such indicator systems as environmental, social, and governance may be of interest as a criterion of success. One of the factors of sustainable development and growth of raw materials companies is the number of proven reserves of recoverable resources, the potential of hard-to-recover resource, and the inability to reproduce natural resources. Based on the analysis of dependencies, it is proposed to develop strategies, which allow us to identify new opportunities. The system for assessing economic development and economic growth of raw materials and energy companies, built on a single-criterion approach, should consider the conditions of subsurface use, the level of reserves, and use of additional indicators to consider the impact of external circumstances. The assessment of the Russian raw materials and energy business on market principles may show negative dynamics in the short term, but in the long term, expectations are optimistic. This situation is largely explained by the inconsistency of the set goals for climate protection and the delay or inadequacy of actions taken as an example.

Received: 5 December 2023 | Revised: 18 January 2024 | Accepted: 5 February 2024

Conflicts of Interest
The author declares that he has no conflicts of interest to this work.

Data Availability Statement
Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study.
Smart water applications vs information and communication technologies – an integrative selection framework
Authors: Oberascher Martin , Rauch Wolfgang , Sitzenfrei Robert 
Published: March 2024

In urban water infrastructure (UWI), information and communication technology (ICT) are presently concentrated on central facilities (e.g., treatment plant) or are installed at main points in the urban drainage or water distribution network, e.g., inlet points of district meter areas (DMA) or combined sewer overflow structures. In this regard, the Internet of Things (IoT) concept as part of smart city development enables a large-scale implementation of measuring equipment and allows the integration of decentralised elements into an overall controlled system. Consequently, reliable and suitable ICT is a key element for the exchange of measurement and control data as well as for the success of these systems. From a water engineering perspective, it is often difficult to choose the right ICT for the intended UWI application. Likewise, from an IoT technology perspective, it is often unclear what kind of UWI applications are feasible, making them difficult to efficiently implement. Aim of this work is to develop a first-decision making tool, which can be used by network operators, researcher, and stakeholders to support supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) development and to realise an efficient ICT system in the field of network-based UWI. In contrast to existing recommendations, our approach is based on a comprehensive review of required spatial and temporal resolution of measurement and control data for a wide range of different network-based UWI applications. Subsequently, this enables a targeted coordination with the properties of communication technologies (e.g., data rate, range, and quality of service) and leads to a significantly improved and integrative decision-making tool.Subsequently, we tested the functionality of the framework on two exemplary applications in UWI, namely (1) determining suitable communication technologies for an early warning system for leakage detection and localisation in water distribution networks (e.g., (W)M-Bus for water meters, LoRaWAN for water pressure sensors, and GPRS at inlet points of DMA), and (2) identifying feasible applications for an existing LoRaWAN network (e.g., monitoring micro-climate and automatic irrigation at nature-based solutions). Results from the framework application have been evaluated through a literature review on used communication technologies, and are found to be consistent with real-word applications. As conclusion, different communication technologies are necessary to satisfy different requirements associated with an integrative approach for “smart water cities”. Selected for possible publication in a Special Issue in the Journal of Hydroinformatics.
The impact of drinking water network model spatial and temporal scale on hydraulic metrics indicating discolouration risk
Authors: Lokk Reinar , Blokker Mirjam , Boxall Joby , Romano Michele , Provost Anna , Husband Stewart 
Published: March 2024

Matching model complexity to application and ensuring sufficient complexity to capture the emergent behaviour of interest is a perennial challenge. In this paper we define a model as the variables, parameters and factors that represent a particular place, time and situation, not the software or algorithms. Specifically, we explore the cross products of spatial and temporal scaling of water demands within extended period 1D network model simulations to predict the hydraulic conditions within individual drinking water pipes and the association of this with discolouration risk. High spatial scale hydraulic models investigated include mapping each customer with a unique demand node instead of the current practice of aggregated demand to nodes at the ends of pipe lengths. For demand profiling we compare top-down DMA inlet patterns at 15-minute resolution with bottom-up stochastic demand patterns down to 1 second timesteps. The value of the resulting increases in resolution of hydraulic model outputs are captured in a range of pipe specific metrics that are likely to be indicative of discolouration risk. Unlike water quality surrogate of water age or chlorine residual that aggregate time and pipe effects from source to point of interest, discolouration risk has been shown to be primarily a function of the hydraulic conditions in a specific length of pipe. Hence the additional effort to achieve high-resolution modelling simulations are perhaps warranted to manage discolouration. Results review proposed discolouration metrics by correlating with consumer reported discolouration events, showing how these change as a function of spatial and temporal resolution. For example, increasing temporal scale from 15 minutes to 1-minute results in a 15-fold increase in identifying flow reversal locations that can facilitate settling of network discolouration material and therefore pose a discolouration risk. High temporal scale is shown to capture the on/off nature of customer demands and the significant impact on peak velocities that are shown suppressed when using aggregated profiles. This work provides an indication of the optimal level of model resolution required to differentiate pipes according to discolouration risk and hence improve targeting of pro-active maintenance and discolouration management efficiency.
Advanced fire flow risk analysis using EPANET
Authors: Sinske Alexander Nicholas , De Klerk Altus Hugo , Van Heerden George Adrian 
Published: March 2024

A water reticulation system is key infrastructure that enables hydraulic water services. It is therefore a critical component in providing the full level of water service to a city’s consumers. Extended water outages and below minimal pressure is a risk for the water network and especially for fire flows. GLS has developed and implemented a multi-threaded client-server software application based on the latest open-source EPANET 2.2 hydraulic analysis engine which now enables city-wide fire flow risk analyses on a property-by-property basis in reasonable time. Previously it has been virtually impossible to assess the risk on a city-wide basis, for each and every property, and to consider the improvement of such risk in the master plan (MP) of the water distribution system. Hence, the focus of the MP has been the provision of flows and pressures for the peak hour demand scenario in the network. Consequently, many township developments, densifications, and land use re-zonings require a separate and focussed specific fire risk analysis to ensure the existing system is capable of providing the requisite fire flow and pressure. If not, specific additional MP items related to the fire requirements of the specific property have to be investigated and considered for implementation. The fire flow risk analysis produces a GIS-based heat map displaying a Fire Risk Compliance Score (FRCS) of areas and properties where the current system is inadequate to deliver the fire flows and pressures. Such a heat map provides valuable information that can be used to improve and prioritise the MP and minimise future additional ad-hoc analyses for specific properties or developments. The fire flow risk analysis also allows the identification of pressure management zones where adjustments to the pressure regime are required in order to ensure requisite fire flows/pressures are achieved. Various methodologies based on Pressure Driven Analysis and Demand Driven Analysis have been evaluated and tested on models from South African cities. Great care has been take to optimise the multi-threaded communication of the application with the EPANET engine to streamline performance and support concurrent hydraulic analyses. In addition, a concept of automatically creating unique fire events to reduce the number of analyses, has been introduced for large models. This has resulted in smaller cities that can be analysed on modern PCs with few processor cores in a few minutes and large cities that can be analysed in reasonable time on high-core cloud-computing platforms. Visualisation in GIS-based software greatly helps to control the analyses and interpret results visually. Critical areas can be identified on a broader scale and allows for a rational approach to decide where to focus on network augmentation, or alternatively to provide on-site fire fighting capabilities.
Data Driven Approach for Equitable Supply in Water Networks
Authors: R Adhityan , Kurian Varghese , Narasimhan Sridharakumar 
Published: March 2024

In many localities with limitations on the availability of water, Water Distribution Networks (WDNs) supply water only for a few hours in a day. In such networks, inefficient operational policies can lead to inequitable supply of water. This work proposes a data-driven approach for scheduling the supply side of WDNs for equitable distribution of available water. We formulate and solve a scheduling problem that makes use of flow measurements from the real network rather than a hydraulic model of the WDN. This helps reduce the effort required for model development and the errors arising out of it. Further, to avoid making excessive measurements on the network, we propose a heuristic for choosing measurements that are informative. In each step of this iterative procedure, a schedule is prepared using the available measurements and based on this, a new system state that has to be measured is identified. The iteration is completed when the measurements are made, and the database is updated. We demonstrate the advantages of this technique through simulations of a real WDN and also experiments performed on a lab-scale network.
VALIDITAS E-MODUL BERBASIS ESD TOPIK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA UNTUK SEKOLAH DASAR
Authors: Susanti Yunita , Hamdu Ghullam , Putri Agnestasia Ramadhani 
Published: March 2024

Dalam pembelajaran, diperlukan sebuah wadah berupa bahan ajar atau alat bantu ajar yang dapat memudahkan pendidik dalam menyampaikan materi di abad 21 yang menggunakan teknologi sebagai penunjang pembelajaran. Bahan pembelajaran harus berisi tidak hanya teks, tetapi juga elemen yang mampu menarik perhatian istilah-istilah penting dan terus memotivasi peserta didik dengan tetap berorientasi terhadap kompetensi yang ingin dicapai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menghasilkan bahan ajar berupa modul elektronik yang telah dikategorikan layak untuk diujicobakan. Penelitian ini menggunakan model pengembangan DBR atau Design Based Research. Namun, pada penelitian ini tidak melakukan uji coba pada peserta didik dikarenakan keterbatasan waktu, tenaga, dan sumber daya. Oleh karena itu pada tahap uji coba dan refleksi tidak dilaksanakan. Metode pengumpulan data yang digunakan adalah wawancara dan studi literatur. Instrumen pengumpulan data menggunakan kuisioner berbentuk rating scale yang diujikan kepada ahli media dan ahli materi menggunakan skala likert. Hasil perolehan penilaian pada validasi ahli media mendapatkan skor 91,6% dan ahli materi mendapatkan skor 91% dengan kategori sangat layak. Dengan kesimpulan bahwa pengembangan e-modul dinyatakan layak diujicobakan pada pembelajaran.
CARACTERIZAÇÃO DA ECLAMPSIA EM PACIENTES QUE APARECERAM NO HOSPITAL GERAL DA CELA 2021/2022
Authors: Kamalanga Herculano Calandula , Chaves Josias Justino Cambindja , Lukamba Edith Salomé Chipindo , Palanka Domingas Albino Munda , Nelson Maria de Fatima Feliciano , Palanca António Lumbombo Agostinho 
Published: March 2024

No presente trabalho fez-se uma abordagem acerca dos cuidados que se devem ministrar a doentes com eclampsia. A pré-eclâmpsia é uma doença multifatorial e multissistêmica, específica da gestação, classicamente diagnosticada pela presença de hipertensão arterial associada à proteinúria, que se manifesta em gestante previamente normotensa, após a 20ª semana de gestação. A presente investigação surge como necessidade para a preparação do trabalho de fim do curso, visando a obtenção do grau de técnico médio em enfermagem geral com o regulamento em vigor no Núcleo do Instituto Técnico de Saúde da Cela; Estudar o comportamento da Eclâmpsiaem pacientes internadas com diagnóstico da Eclâmpsiano Hospital Geral da Cela de Dezembro de 2021-Abril de 2022. O tipo de estudo utilizado para confeição do trabalho foi prospectivo, descritiva, quali-quantitativa, fundamental, de controle longitudinal, sendo realizada através de pesquisas bibliográficas e trabalho de campo para a recolha de dados com uma amostra de 30 gestantes; Os métodos utilizados foram, Métodos matemáticos, teóricos e empíricos; O perfil clínico epidemiológico foi caracterizado por mulheres jovens dos 14 à 30 anos de idade, de menor renda, e na sua maioria estudantes e que ignoram as consultas pré-natais.
A global dataset of the shape of drainage systems
Authors: He Chuanqi , Yang Ci-Jian , Turowski Jens M. , Ott Richard F. , Braun Jean , Tang Hui , Ghantous Shadi , Yuan Xiaoping , Stucky de Quay Gaia 
Published: March 2024

Abstract. Drainage basins delineate Earth's land surface into individual water collection units. Basin shape and river sinuosity determine water and sediment dynamics, affecting landscape evolution and connectivity between ecosystems and freshwater species. However, a high-resolution global dataset for the boundaries and geometry of basins is still missing. Using a 90 m resolution digital elevation model, we measured the areas, lengths, widths, aspect ratios, slopes, and elevations of basins over 50 km2 globally. Additionally, we calculated the lengths and sinuosities of the longest river channels within these 0.67 million basins. We built a new global dataset, Basin90m, to present the basins and rivers, as well as their morphological metrics. To highlight the use cases of Basin90m, we explored the correlations among morphological metrics, such as Hack's law. By comparing with HydroSHEDS, HydroATLAS, and Google Earth images, we demonstrated the high accuracy of Basin90m. Basin90m, available in shapefile format, can be used on various GIS platforms, including QGIS, ArcGIS, and GeoPandas. Basin90m has substantial application prospects in geomorphology, hydrology, and ecology. Basin90m is available at https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.6.2023.004 (He et al., 2023).