bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The importance of self‐examination in the earliest diagnosis of multiple primary cutaneous melanomas: a report of 47 cases
Authors: Manganoni AM , Farisoglio C , Tucci G , Facchetti F , Calzavara Pinton PG 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  Development of more than one primary melanoma in a patient is a relatively uncommon but well‐recognized phenomenon. Its frequency has ranged from 1.2% to 8.2% in several series. This subgroup of patients with multiple primary lesions has not been characterized sufficiently. We report the experience of the Melanoma Unit of University Hospital Spedali Civili of Brescia, Italy.Method  Study subjects were drawn from 1240 patients with histologically confirmed melanoma, including melanoma in situ. From this group, multiple melanomas developed in 47 patients (3.79%). Every one of our patients has been taught to perform self‐examination of the skin to detect suspicious pigmented lesions.Results  Of the 47 patients described in this study, 38 had two primary melanomas, 7 had three melanomas and 2 had 5 and 10 melanomas, respectively. Mean age at first diagnosis was 46.2 years. The majority of subsequent melanomas (74.5%) were removed within 5 years of the initial operation. Synchronous lesions were found in 10 patients. In male patients, the lesion appeared most frequently on the trunk; in female patients, melanoma appeared mostly on the lower extremities. The second primary melanomas developed in the same anatomic region from the first in 53.2% of our patients. The proportion of in situ to invasive melanomas was greater for the second melanomas compared with the first melanomas. Regarding invasive melanomas, the mean thickness of the first melanomas was 1.31 mm compared with 0.66 mm for the second ones. Dividing patients into two groups, of more and less than 50, it is highlighted that in older patients synchronous lesions appear more frequently (36.4% vs. 8.0%); the median time interval between sequential melanomas is longer (84 vs. 63.7 months); and the ratio between the primary and secondary melanoma mean thickness is lower (1.21 : 1.08 vs. 1.43 : 0.63 mm).Conclusions  The study confirms that second primary melanoma is usually thinner than the first lesion, and it is more common in the same region of the body as the initial melanoma. The highest risk for a second melanoma is during the first 5 years, but a much longer time interval of 28 years is possible. Continued medical follow‐up with complete skin examinations seems prudent, but it is very important to promote self‐skin evaluation in patients to detect not only metastases but also subsequent primary melanomas in their earliest phases.
Psoriasis in Norwegian twins: contribution of genetic and environmental effects
Authors: Grjibovski AM , Olsen AO , Magnus P , Harris JR 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  Psoriasis is a chronic T‐cell‐mediated immunological skin disease with a complex pathogenesis where both genetic and environmental factors are involved.Objective  To study the conditional and relative risk of developing psoriasis in identical and fraternal twins whose co‐twin has a positive history of the disease and to estimate the relative contribution of genetic and environmental factors on the liability for psoriasis in Norway.Methods  Self‐reported history of psoriasis in twins from the population‐based Norwegian Twin Panel (N = 8045) was studied. Absolute and relative risks of developing psoriasis conditioned on the positive history of psoriasis in a co‐twin were calculated by Kaplan–Meier survival analysis and Cox regression, respectively. Structural equation modelling was used to estimate genetic and environmental variance components.Results  Altogether, 334 (4.2%) of the twins reported having psoriasis. No difference in prevalence of the disease across sexes and zygosity groups was found. Identical twins were more likely to develop psoriasis than fraternal twins if a co‐twin reported having the disease. The best‐fitting model showed that additive genetic effects could explain 66% of the variation in liability for psoriasis in this population, and the remaining 34% was due to non‐shared environmental influences.Conclusions  High heritability due to additive genetic effects together with considerable environmental contribution to the liability of psoriasis support the current opinion on the multifactorial aetiology of the disease. No sex‐specific patterns of heritability of psoriasis were found.
ADHD and gender: are risks and sequela of ADHD the same for boys and girls?
Authors: Bauermeister José J. , Shrout Patrick E. , Chávez Ligia , Rubio‐Stipec Maritza , Ramírez Rafael , Padilla Lymaries , Anderson Adrianne , García Pedro , Canino Glorisa 
Published: June 2007

Background:  Research comparing treatment‐referred boys and girls with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has yielded equivocal results. Contradictory findings may be associated with differential referral practices or unexplored interactions of gender with ADHD subtypes.Method:  We examined possible gender differences in ADHD and its subtypes among children aged 4 to 17 in a representative community sample (N = 1896) in Puerto Rico. Caretakers provided information through the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (version IV) and a battery of impairment, family relations, child problems, comorbidity and treatment measures.Results:  ADHD was 2.3 times more common in boys than girls, but with one exception there was little evidence that the patterns of associations of ADHD with correlates were different for boys and girls. The exception was school suspension, which was more common among ADHD boys than girls. Additional gender interactions were found when ADHD subtypes were considered. Among those with combined type (n = 50), boys were more likely to be comorbid with mood disorders than girls. For those with the inattentive type (n = 47), girls were more likely to be comorbid with anxiety disorders than boys.Conclusions:  Our findings lend cross‐cultural generalizability to recent reports that gender does not interact with correlates for ADHD overall, but that it may play a role in subtypes.
Psychological distress amongst AIDS‐orphaned children in urban South Africa
Authors: Cluver Lucie , Gardner Frances , Operario Don 
Published: June 2007

Background:  South Africa is predicted to have 2.3 million children orphaned by Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) by 2020 (Actuarial Society of South Africa, 2005). There is little knowledge about impacts of AIDS‐related bereavement on children, to aid planning of services. This study aimed to investigate psychological consequences of AIDS orphanhood in urban township areas of Cape Town, South Africa, compared to control groups of children and adolescents orphaned by other causes, and non‐orphans.Method:  One thousand and twenty‐five children and adolescents (aged 10–19) were interviewed using socio‐demographic questionnaires and standardised scales for assessing depression, anxiety, post‐traumatic stress, peer problems, delinquency and conduct problems.Results:  Controlling for socio‐demographic factors such as age, gender, formal/informal dwelling and age at orphanhood, children orphaned by AIDS were more likely to report symptoms of depression, peer relationship problems, post‐traumatic stress, delinquency and conduct problems than both children orphaned by other causes and non‐orphaned children. Anxiety showed no differences. AIDS‐orphaned children were more likely to report suicidal ideation. Compared to Western norms, AIDS‐orphaned children showed higher levels of internalising problems and delinquency, but lower levels of conduct problems.Conclusions:  Children orphaned by AIDS may be a particularly vulnerable group in terms of emotional and, to a lesser extent, behavioural problems. Intervention programs are necessary to ameliorate the psychological sequelae of losing a parent to AIDS.
Music and American Culture
Authors: Marcus Kenneth H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractScholars in American cultural history, ethnic studies, folklore, and musicology have increasingly placed music in its social and cultural context. This article surveys recent scholarship on popular music, country music and classical music, with an interest in determining how race and ethnicity, gender, and class have influenced the performance and production of music. This interdisciplinary research has illuminated issues as diverse as ethnic and regional identity, the degree of agency among artists, and Cold War politics. Despite some shortcomings in its application, such research continues to offer scholars much material regarding the many connections between music and American culture.
Avoidance of Alcohol‐Related Stimuli in Alcohol‐Dependent Inpatients
Authors: Townshend J. M. , Duka T. 
Published: June 2007

Background: Previous research has shown an attentional bias toward drug‐related stimuli in heavy social drinkers. Attentional orientation to drug‐related cues may lead to increased craving and preoccupation with the drug and impaired ability to focus attention on nondrug‐related activities, resulting in renewed drug taking or relapse from drug abstinence.Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether alcohol‐dependent inpatients would differ in their selective attention toward alcohol‐related stimuli in comparison with a group of social drinking controls.Method: Thirty‐five alcohol‐dependent inpatients were compared with a group of 39 social drinking controls matched for age, sex, and verbal IQ. Attentional bias was assessed using alcohol‐related pictures in a dot probe detection task. Questionnaires were used to examine outcome expectancies after alcohol consumption, anxiety, mood, and craving.Results: The alcoholic inpatients showed a bias away from the alcohol‐related stimuli, scored higher on alcohol outcome expectancies, and on anxiety measures (both state and trait). They also presented with more negative mood compared with the control group. Craving was higher in the alcoholic group for the factor “loss of control over drinking.”Conclusions: Alcoholic inpatients undergoing treatment based on the 12‐step treatment of Alcoholics Anonymous (Minnesota model), which includes counseling, and intensive group, individual, and family psychotherapy, show an avoidance for drug‐related stimuli and a perception of loss of control over drinking. We suggest that their increased perception of loss of control over drinking produces the avoidance from the drug‐related stimuli.
Randomized‐Controlled Trial of a Telephone and Mail Intervention for Alcohol Use Disorders: Three‐Month Drinking Outcomes
Authors: Brown Richard L. , Saunders Laura A. , Bobula James A. , Mundt Marlon P. , Koch Paul E. 
Published: June 2007

Background: Alcohol screening, brief intervention, and referral to specialized treatment (ASBIR) reduce drinking and related harms. Unanswered questions are how to manage nondependent patients with poor response to brief interventions, how to manage dependent patients who do not obtain treatment, and how to ensure population‐wide delivery of ASBIR. Telephone‐administered counseling may provide answers.Methods: We conducted a 12‐month randomized controlled trial of a telephone and mail intervention for non‐treatment–seeking primary care patients with alcohol use disorders. We enrolled 897 subjects after systematic screening in 18 primary care clinic waiting rooms in and around Madison and Milwaukee, Wisconsin, and subsequent telephone‐administered diagnostic interviews. Experimental subjects received up to six sessions of protocol‐driven telephone counseling based on principles of motivational interviewing and stages of readiness to change. Control subjects received a pamphlet on healthy lifestyles. The paper reports on 3‐month drinking outcomes for men and women with alcohol abuse and dependence.Results: Male experimental subjects (N=199) manifested a 30.6% decline in risky drinking days, compared with a 8.3% decline in controls (N=201, p<0.001). The total consumption declined by 17.3% compared with 12.9% by controls (p=0.001). Female experimental subjects (N=246) manifested a 17.2% decrease in risky drinking days compared with an 11.5% decrease by controls (N=251; p=NS) and a 13.9% decline in total consumption compared with 11.0% by controls (p=NS). Greater numbers of telephone counseling sessions were associated with greater declines in drinking.Conclusion: Following systematic screening, a six‐session telephone and mail intervention is more effective than a pamphlet in reducing drinking at 3 months for non‐treatment–seeking men with alcohol abuse and dependence. An intervention effect of the enrollment procedures may have obscured further intervention effectiveness. Telephone counseling shows promise for non‐treatment–seeking primary care patients with alcohol use disorders.
Effects of Selective Opioid Receptor Antagonists on Alcohol‐Induced and Nicotine‐Induced Antinociception
Authors: Campbell Vera Combs , Taylor Robert Emory , Tizabi Yousef 
Published: June 2007

Background: Despite synergistic increases in risks of various cancers, the incidence of concomitant smoking and drinking remains high. An additive or synergistic analgesic effect of combined alcohol and nicotine may contribute to their coabuse. Recently, we provided evidence that doses of alcohol and nicotine that are ineffective in inducing an antinociceptive effect alone, when combined, can induce such an effect. Moreover, this antinociceptive effect could be attenuated by pretreatment with the nonselective opioid antagonist naloxone. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of selective opioid receptor subtypes (μ, δ, and κ) in mediating the antinociceptive effects of alcohol, nicotine, and their combination.Methods: Adult male Wistar rats were administered selective opioid antagonists, d‐Phe–Cys–Tyr–d‐Trp–Arg–Thr–Pen–Thr‐NH2 (CTAP, for μ receptor, 1.0 mg/kg), naltrindole (for δ receptors, 10 mg/kg), and norbinaltorphimine (nor‐BNI, for κ receptor, 10 mg/kg) before injection of alcohol, nicotine or their combination. The animals were tested in hot‐plate and tail‐flick assays, representing nociception mediated predominantly via brain or spinal pathways, respectively. All the injections were administered acutely and the nociceptive tests were carried out 20 minutes after alcohol and 10 minutes after nicotine administration.Results: In general, the antagonists were more effective in blocking the effects of alcohol, nicotine, or their combination in the tail‐flick versus the hot‐plate assay. CTAP was most effective in blocking the effects of alcohol alone and nicotine alone in the tail‐flick test, whereas in the hot‐plate test both CTAP and naltrindole were more effective than nor‐BNI. All 3 antagonists had a very similar profile in attenuating the combination of alcohol and nicotine effect in the hot‐plate assay. None of the antagonists had a significant effect against the highest alcohol–nicotine dose in this test. In the tail‐flick test, however, CTAP and naltrindole were more effective than nor‐BNI in attenuating the highest alcohol–nicotine dose.Conclusions: The data suggest the utility of all 3 opioid antagonists in blocking the effects of alcohol, nicotine, or their combination in spinally mediated antinociception. Although the supraspinally mediated antinociception was also attenuated by the opioid antagonists, further investigation of combination doses of these antagonists in fully blocking the supraspinal effects or attenuating voluntary alcohol and nicotine intake is warranted.
Effects of a Moderate Evening Alcohol Dose. II: Performance
Authors: Rupp Tracy L. , Acebo Christine , Seifer Ronald , Carskadon Mary A. 
Published: June 2007

Background: This second of a pair of papers investigates the effects of a moderate dose of alcohol and staying up late on driving simulation performance and simple visual reaction time (RT) at a known circadian phase in well‐rested young adults.Methods: Twenty‐nine adults (9 males), ages 21 to 25 years, spent 1 week on an at‐home stabilization schedule of 8.5 to 9 hours, followed by 3 nonconsecutive nights in‐lab: adaptation, placebo, and alcohol. Performance task practice occurred on 3 occasions before the study. Alcohol (vodka; 0.54 g/kg men; 0.49 g/kg women mixed with tonic) was consumed over 30 minutes ending 1 hour before normal bedtime; the same quantity of beverage was given on placebo. Driving simulation (with drive‐only and dual‐task drive and subtract components) and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) testing occurred before and after alcohol/placebo ingestion. Breath alcohol concentration (BrAC) readings were taken before all test sessions. Saliva samples were taken approximately every 30 minutes to determine circadian phase.Results: Driving simulation and PVT variables significantly deteriorated with increasing time awake. Driving simulator lane variability was worse with alcohol compared with placebo at 15.5 hours awake. No PVT variable showed an effect of alcohol.Conclusions: Driving simulation performance deteriorated with extended waking and with alcohol; driving was most impaired at the peak alcohol level. The PVT, less complex than the driving simulation, did not show effects of alcohol, a finding consistent with previous literature that disruptive effects of low alcohol concentrations increase with task complexity. Overall, simulated driving performance is significantly impaired late at night when even a moderate dose of alcohol is consumed.
A New Variance Ratio Test of Random Walk in Emerging Markets: A Revisit
Authors: Al‐Khazali Osamah M. , Ding David K. , Pyun Chong Soo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUsing a nonparametric variance ratio (VR) test, we revisit the empirical validity of the random walk hypothesis in eight emerging markets in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). After correcting for measurement biases caused by thin and infrequent trading prevalent in nascent and small stock markets, we cannot reject the random walk hypothesis for the MENA markets. We conclude that a nonparametric VR test is appropriate for emerging stock markets, and argue that our findings can reconcile previously contradictory results regarding the efficiency of MENA markets.
Victorian Framings of the Mind: Recent Work on Mid‐Nineteenth Century Theories of the Unconscious, Memory, and Emotion
Authors: Matus Jill L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSurveying recent work by literary critics and historians on Victorian psychology, this article begins with an account of the disciplinary and theoretical shifts that have influenced the way psychology as a field has been reconceptualized in the past decades and then focuses on critical studies that address such topics as the role of Victorian periodicals in the emergence of psychology as a discipline and the persistence of Victorian conceptions of the soul alongside increasingly materialist accounts of mind. It is surprising that, given the richness and depth of recent historical work on the psyche in the Victorian period, it has not informed contemporary trauma theory, the genealogical exploration of which seldom pushes back beyond Freud and then only to focus on the medico‐legal discourse around the railway accident. The second part of the article acknowledges the salience of trauma studies in literary criticism today but points to the theoretical and historical problems of applying contemporary definitions of trauma to Victorian literature. Research on Victorian architectures of the psyche (in particular, states of altered consciousness, theories of memory, trance, emotion, and involuntary thought or ‘unconscious cerebration’) can offer a fuller account of the emergence of trauma as a concept than critics have previously recognized. A historicist account of the theories of mind on which trauma as a concept is dependent may also elucidate the ideological freight of recurrent, structuring binaries such as agency/passivity in both Victorian texts and contemporary trauma and emotion theory.
Regional water quality management for the Karun–Dez River basin, Iran
Authors: Afkhami Mehran , Shariat Mahmood , Jaafarzadeh Nemat , Ghadiri Hossein , Nabizadeh Ramin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTo achieve water quality goals in a river basin, a water quality management model (WQMM) has been developed through the geographic information system (GIS) approach and a mathematical water quality model. The developed model has been applied to the Karun and Dez Rivers, where water quality has decreased due to heavy pollutant loads from Khuzestan province cities and surrounding areas. Pollution sources, land use, geographic features and measured water quality data of the river basin were incorporated into the Arc‐View GIS database. With the database, the management model calculated management type and management cost for each management project in the river basin. Until now, river management policy for polluted rivers in Iran first penalizes pollution sources and then constructs treatment plants for the pollution sources whose wastewater is released untreated and for which the wastewater quality goal of the Iranian Department of Environment is not met. Different management projects with a time programme were proposed and they were compared with the results of the river quality without any management approach. It became clear that the results based on the management approach were much better than those for the unmanaged condition from the viewpoint of the achievement of water quality goals and cost optimization.
The Medical Device Amendments of 1976
Authors: Needleman Gordon 
Published: June 2007

by Gordon Needleman, Esq.On May 28 1976 President Ford signed the Medical Device Amendments of 1976 (Amendments) to the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) which substantially increase regulatory control of medical devices The Amendments are the first major Federal legislation concerning the regulation of medical devices since the FDCA of 1938 This article presents a summary of the background leading to the Amendments and 115 important provisions.BackgroundThe legislative history of the 1938 Act indicates it was intended to provide limited Food and Drug Administration (FDA) control over medical devices In 1938 most medical devices were of simple Construction and operation allowing health practitioners to easily determine if the devices were functioning properly Under the 1938 Act, the FDA functions were mainly surveillance and policing Tho policing was accomplished through the Federal Court system an expensive and time-consuming Process.
Mass. Supreme Judicial Court Reverses Conviction of Dr. Kenneth Edelin
Authors: Glantz Leonard H. 
Published: June 2007

On April 12,1974 Dr. Kenneth Edelin was indicted for manslaughter in connection with a legal abortion he performed at Boston City Hospital. Specifically he was charged with causing the death of the baby boy who, the prosecution charged, was born as the result of a hysterotomy. After a lengthy trial that consisted almost exclusively of complex medical testimony Dr. Edelin was found guilty of the charge. On December 17, 1976 the Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court reversed the verdict and ordered that a judgment of acquittal be entered.All six judges who heard the case voted to reverse the conviction with five Justices deciding that a judgment of acquittal should be entered. These five Justices found that there was insufficient evidence lo go to a jury on the issue of whether Or. Edelin was guilty of wanton or reckless conduct, and that motions for a directed verdict of acquittal should have been granted by the trial judge. Three of the live Justices would have reached the same result on both the grounds that there was insufficient evidence of live birth. and that there was a prejudicial divergence between the accusation and the instructions to the jury.