bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visiting the Mentally Handicapped in Residential Care
Authors: Colledge Julian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryVarious characteristics of residents of a large hospital for the mentally handicapped were investigated in order to find any associations between these characteristics and the frequency of visiting by parents. The findings suggest that early attachment of the parents to the subjects is of more importance for visiting than present skills and behaviour. The most frequently visited subjects were more likely to recognize people, have some speech and have had a normal appearance as a baby. The unvisited subjects were more likely to have been born with an abnormal appearance and into homes with pre-existing social and emotional problems.
A Stepped Forty-Eight Hour Manic-Depressive Cycle
Authors: Paschalis C. , Pavlou A. , Papadimitriou A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper describes a patient with an almost 48-hour manic-depressive cycle but with a daily shift of the switching time, the latter having itself a cycle of five days. The mood change always occurred gradually and during the day, never at night. Between manic and depressive phases there was a difference in the frequency of the EEG alpha rhythm. The patient showed a good response to lithium treatment.
Social and Psychological Functioning of the Ageing Male Homosexual
Authors: Bennett Keith C. , Thompson Norman L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe stereotype of the older male homosexual is one of disengagement from the homosexual world, loneliness, rejection, depression and unhappiness. This typical picture of the ageing homosexual is not supported by the findings from 478 homosexual men in Australia with diverse backgrounds. There are no age differences in psychological well-being and involvement in the gay community. The older homosexual does believe he has less control for his sexual orientation and attempts to hide his homosexuality more than his younger counterparts. These latter findings appear to be generational differences. Implications for professionals working with homosexuals and their parents are briefly discussed.
Some Measures of Goal Attainment in Focussed Integrated Active Psychotherapy: A Study of Fifteen Cases
Authors: Ryle Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe psychotherapeutic treatment of 15 patients is described. The goals were defined in terms of target problems and target dilemmas, traps and snags, and the outcome was assessed by rating these or with a symptom questionnaire and a dyad repertory grid before and after treatment. Patients who rated dilemmas as resolved showed appropriate changes in construct correlations on the dyad grid.
Bipolar Affective Psychosis with Onset before Age 16 Years Report of 10 Cases
Authors: Hassanyeh F. , Davison K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTen patients, 5 male and 5 female, with bipolar psychosis beginning before the age of 16 years, mean 14.1 years, are described. Difficulties in diagnosis in this age group are discussed and background factors of possible aetiological importance analysed. Lithium therapy was effective in 6 out of 7 patients.
The Assessment of the Ego States
Authors: Falkowski W. , Ben-Tovim David I. , Bland J. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe hypothesis that ego states, as defined in Transactional Analysis, are distinct and identifiable phenomena was tested. Ten TA therapists were asked to assess which of the three ego states, Parent, Adult or Child, were present in forty statements extracted from the tape of a family therapy session. The level of agreement reached was statistically highly significant. There was a certain amount of inter-rater variability, and potential sources of disagreement are discussed.
Psychiatric Morbidity in Elderly Surgical Patients
Authors: Millar Henry R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred patients aged 65 and over were psychiatrically assessed before and in the first week after elective surgery. Thirteen were psychiatrically ill before operation and 21 developed post-operative illness. Post-operative confusional states (14 patients) were associated with physical complications but not with environmental or pre-operative psychiatric variables. Affective disorders either improved following successful surgery (5 patients) persisted or developed after operation in association with continuing physical illness (6 patients).
Hallucinatory Experiences of Prelingually Profoundly Deaf Schizophrenics
Authors: Critchley E. M. R. , Denmark John C. , Warren Frank , Wilson Kathleen A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe communication difficulties of prelingually profoundly deaf patients render psychiatric diagnosis extremely difficult. A study of 12 prelingually profoundly deaf schizophrenic patients revealed that visual hallucinations occurred in 10, and 10 also had experiences analogous to auditory hallucinations although voices may not have been heard.
The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression I. Development, Reliability and Validation
Authors: Carroll Bernard J. , Feinberg Michael , Smouse Peter E. , Rawson Sarah G. , Greden John F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe Carroll rating scale (CRS) was developed as a self rating instrument for depression, closely matching the information content and specific items of the Hamilton rating scale (HRS). The CRS was found to have acceptable face validity and reliability. The concurrent validity of the CRS was acceptable, based on comparisons with the HRS and the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The internal consistency of the CRS was very similar to that of the HRS. The CRS contained information about HRS scores beyond what could be predicted from BDI scores, but the BDI did not predict HRS scores beyond what could be predicted from CRS scores. The CRS and BDI scores were strongly correlated and both had access to a subjective dimension of depression that could not be predicted from HRS scores. The complementary uses of self ratings and observer ratings are evident from these results. The CRS may be a useful alternative to the BDI as a self rating scale, with the additional advantage of closer correspondence to the HRS.
The Carroll Rating Scale for Depression II. Factor Analyses of the Feature Profiles
Authors: Smouse Peter E. , Feinberg Michael , Carroll Bernard J. , Park Myoung H. , Rawson Sarah G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFactor analyses were conducted for the Hamilton depression rating scale (HRS) and the self administered Carroll counterpart (CRS). The factor loadings for the respective first factors were similar; those for the respective second factors showed strict sign consistency but only moderate consistency of magnitude; the loadings for the respective third factors showed no particular consistency. The first three CRS and first three HRS factor scores were computed for each individual and correlations were computed from these factor scores. The first and second factors were highly correlated but the third factors were negatively correlated indicating that they were not measuring the same thing. The first factors of the CRS and HRS correlated highly with their respective raw total scores and were indices of the severity of illness. The self-administered CRS (with matching weights) is a credible alternative to the HRS for routine clinical assessment of the severity of depression.
Inhibition of In Vitro Production of Aldosterone by Manic-Depressive Sera
Authors: Hullin R. P. , Levell M. J. , O'Brien M. J. , Toumba K. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySerum samples from psychiatric patients were added to incubations of rat adrenal cortical cells synthesizing aldosterone. A high proportion of sera from patients with bipolar manic-depressive psychosis inhibited aldosterone production, but chronic in-patients without affective disorders gave few inhibitory sera. Inhibition was greatest in depression, lowest during normal affect. In one patient studied through 11 affective cycles the inhibitor score increased during transitions from mania to depression, showing a significant regression on time. The possible relationship of this in vitro phenomenon to the defect of aldosterone regulation in manic-depressive psychosis is discussed.
The Essence of Psychotherapy
Authors: Greben Stanley E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychotherapy and the changes it produces can be understood in terms of simple basic essentials. Intensive and longstanding clinical experience demonstrates its therapeutic potency. Those factors in the therapist which are most important in leading to change are described. The significance of the therapeutic relationship is discussed, as well as the necessity of its candid and intensive examination during the therapy, if marked change is to occur. What is not psychotherapy is also explored.
Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques IV. Experimental Study: Four Contrasting Styles
Authors: Rutter M. , Cox A. , Egert S. , Holbrook D. , Everitt B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe development and definition of four contrasting interview styles is described. The four styles were designed using different permutations of techniques which, on the basis of an earlier naturalistic study, appeared to be most effective in eliciting either factual information or feelings. A ‘sounding board’ style utilized a minimal activity approach; an ‘active psychotherapy’ style actively sought to explore feelings and to bring out emotional links and meanings; a ‘structured’ style adopted an active cross-questioning approach; and a ‘systematic exploratory’ style aimed to combine a high use of both fact-oriented and feeling-oriented techniques. Quantitative measures based on video-tape and audio-tape analysis showed that two experienced interviewers could be trained to adopt these four very different styles and yet remain feeling and appearing natural. An experimental design to compare the four styles is described.
A Study of Naloxone with Schizophrenic and Manic Patients
Authors: Sethi Brij B. , Prakash Rudra 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEleven schizophrenic and three manic patients were randomly administered 0.3 mg/Kg b.wt. of naloxone or placebo in a drug-free state using a double blind procedure. BPRS and CGI were employed for making periodic assessment of mental status; the MRS was additionally used for manic patients. The authors discuss their findings, which are essentially negative.
Impaired Cerebral Dominance and Schizophrenia
Authors: Chaugule V. B. , Master R. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA total of 150 psychiatric patients—schizophrenics, affective psychotics and neurotics—were compared with 150 normal controls for handedness. Schizophrenics were significantly more likely to be non-dextrals (i.e. not completely right handed) than controls. Affective psychotics and neurotics were not significantly different from controls.
The Role of Maintenance Therapy and Relatives' Expressed Emotion in Relapse of Schizophrenia: A Two-Year Follow-up
Authors: Leff Julian , Vaughn Christine 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA two-year follow-up study was conducted, mainly from case notes, of patients who had originally taken part in a study of the influence of relatives' expressed emotion on schizophrenic relapse. It was found that in the two years following discharge from hospital patients from high expressed emotion homes had a significantly greater relapse rate than those from low expressed emotion homes.The prophylactic effect of maintenance drugs was no longer evident for patients from high expressed emotion homes at the two-year follow-up. By contrast, a significant protective effect of maintenance therapy emerged for patients from low expressed emotion homes.The interpretation of these findings is discussed.
Propranolol in Schizophrenia
Authors: Peet M. , Middlemiss D. N. , Yates R. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTen hospitalized chronic schizophrenic patients were given chlorpromazine alone and chlorpromazine plus high dose propranolol in two 7-week treatment periods according to a randomized crossover design. In the six patients who completed the whole study, plasma levels of chlorpromazine and chlorpromazine sulphoxide, total serum levels of neuroleptic and serum levels of prolactin were consistently and significantly elevated during treatment with chlorpromazine plus propranolol relative to levels during treatment with chlorpromazine alone. These effects are sufficient to explain previously reported clinical improvement in schizophrenic patients given propranolol in addition to neuroleptics.
The Symptomatology of Puerperal Illnesses
Authors: Dean C. , Kendell R. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWomen who had a psychiatric illness requiring hospital admission within 90 days of delivery were compared with a control group matched for age, Research Diagnostic Criteria diagnosis and year of admission. Those with a diagnosis of major depressive disorder differed significantly from non-puerperal controls in being more deluded or hallucinated, more labile and more disorientated. There was no difference between puerperal and control cases of major depressive or manic disorder with respect to treatment received, or responded to, or length of stay in hospital.
Life Events and Depression in a Kenyan Setting
Authors: Vadher A. , Ndetei D. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThirty Kenyan patients of black African origin undergoing treatment for clinical depression in Nairobi, and 40 matched non-psychiatrically disturbed controls in the community were studied for life events using the Brown-Harris model. It was found that the depressed group had significantly more life events (P <0.001 with Yates correction for continuity) in the twelve months preceding the onset of their depression than the controls in the same period. These results are similar to those obtained by several workers in Western settings. Their implication for the practice of psychiatry in an African context is examined, and some myths about psychiatry in Africa re-examined.
Studies of Depressive Symptoms in Schizophrenia
Authors: Johnson D. A. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDepression assessed by clinical examination and Hamilton rating scale was found in half of 37 untreated new acute schizophrenics, and in about a third of chronic schizophrenics who relapsed whether treated with depot injections (89) or not (79). A significant part of depressive illness in schizophrenics is thus not drug-related. However, depression was commoner in those on higher doses of depot neuroleptic (P <.05) or who showed extrapyramidal side effects (P <.001), suggesting that drugs can play a part. Patients maintained in remission on moderate doses of depot drug had the lowest prevalence of depression.
The Efficacy of Cognitive Therapy in Depression: A Treatment Trial Using Cognitive Therapy and Pharmacotherapy, each Alone and in Combination
Authors: Blackburn I. M. , Bishop S. , Glen A. I. M. , Whalley L. J. , Christie J. E. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryWe report an extensive study which compares cognitive therapy, antidepressant drugs and a combination of these two, in depressed patients seen either in general practice or an out-patient department. One-hundred and forty patients were screened for primary major depression and 64 patients completed the trial. All were rated on seven measures of mood, including independent observer-rated and self-rated depression and scales of anxiety and irritability. Patients were randomly assigned to cognitive therapy, antidepressants or a combination of the two. The antidepressant drug group did less well in both hospital and general practice and combination treatment was superior to drug treatment in both hospital and general practice. In general practice, cognitive therapy was superior to drug treatment. The presence of endogenous features did not affect response to treatment. The results are discussed in terms of Beck's cognitive theory of depression and factors of presumed causal importance of depression in general practice.
Patterns of Self-Reported Symptoms in Chronic Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Palmer R. L. , Ekisa E. G. , Winbow A. J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe patterns of self-reported symptoms in 103 chronic psychiatric patients were examined using the Delusions-Symptoms-Sign Inventory (DSSI). The subjects were all those able to co-operate drawn from the total population of psychiatric patients in Leicestershire who had been in continuous in-patient or day-patient care for over one year. A majority reported dysthymic symptoms and some sort of delusions. Three-quarters produced patterns of response predicted by the hierarchy hypothesis of Foulds.
Neuroendocrine Mechanisms and the Aetiology of Male and Female Homosexuality
Authors: MacCulloch Malcolm J. , Waddington John L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTheories on the classification and aetiology of male homosexuality are reviewed, particularly recent hypotheses on the role of prenatal hormonal influences on brain sexual differentiation and subsequent sexual object choice in the male. Female as well as male brain sexual differentiation may be hormonally determined, and so primary homosexuality in both sexes may be due to abnormalities in foetal exposure to hormones, leading first to physical mis-differentiation and later to homosexual behaviour in genetically and phenotypically normal men and women.
A Follow-up Study of Severe Puerperal Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Da Silva Lalitha , Johnstone Eve C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe outcome in clinical and social terms of a psychiatric illness arising within 1 year of confinement or termination of pregnancy and requiring on-going care was studied after a period of 1–6 years in 47 women. The outcome was related to the earlier features of the illness and to personal and historical features. Social impairment and continuing psychopathology occurred in many cases. The only factor which significantly related to poor outcome was an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia.
Hereditary Factors in the Pathogenesis of Affective Illnesses
Authors: Jakimow-Venulet Barbara 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe purpose of the study was verification of a genetic distinction between bipolar and unipolar affective illness and investigation of hypotheses concerning the mode of genetic transmission of both illnesses. The investigation demonstrated a difference between a group of 150 probands with bipolar affective illness and 50 probands with unipolar affective illness.A genetic-correlation analysis of both diseases showed that they are determined by different, partly correlated liabilities. Evaluation of the mode of inheritance suggests a multifactorial mode of inheritance of both affective illnesses: although genetic factors are of basic importance, continuously acting environmental factors also have a significant influence on the manifestation of the illness. The results suggest possible heterogeneity of both illnesses from the genetic standpoint.
Quantitative Determination of Immunoglobulins in CSF and Plasma of Chronic Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Delisi Lynn E. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Potkin Steven , Neckers Leonard M. , Shiling David J. , Wyatt Richard Jed 
Published: August 2008

SummaryImmunoglobulins, IgG, IgA and IgM were quantified in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and plasma from chronic schizophrenic patients and controls using an immunofluorescent antibody technique. A generalized reduction in immunoglobulin levels was observed in the schizophrenic patients compared with controls. While this study supports other reports of abnormal immune functioning in schizophrenia, it failed to replicate previous findings of elevations in CSF IgG and elevations in serum IgA. The aetiology and significance of these findings are hypothesized but remain elusive.
Affective Disorder in Mothers of Young Children
Authors: Bromet Evelyn J. , Solomon Zahava H. , Dunn Leslie O. , Nicklas Nancy N. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis research assessed the rate of affective disorder in 124 mothers of preschool children, which was found to be lower than in earlier studies, i.e. twelve per cent during the child-rearing years, and eight per cent in the year before interview. In half of those mothers who had an affective episode during the child-rearing years, its onset had predated the birth of the first child. We investigated sociodemographic and social support variables in relation to clinical and subclinical disturbance and found only modest associations.The apparent discrepancy between the present findings and those of previous research is discussed in relation to environmental and methodological factors.
The Relative Timing of Psychiatric Disorder in Parents and Children
Authors: Hobbs Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe high incidence of psychiatric disorder in parents of disturbed children is usually explained in reactive terms implying a relationship in time. The records of children attending a child psychiatric service and the psychiatric records of their parents were examined and the time between episodes of illness in parent and child were calculated. Fathers' illnesses preceded those of their daughters, but in general, there was little evidence of any close relationship
Immunological Indices in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Presenile Dementia of the Alzheimer Type
Authors: Jonker C. , Eikelenboom P. , Tavenier P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn ten patients with presenile dementia of the Alzheimer type and in a control group the levels of the different immunoglobulins were determined in both serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and gel electrophoretic techniques used to determine possible oligoclonal bands in the gamma-globulin region. There is no indication that patients with Alzheimer disease produce immunoglobulins within the central nervous system.
Elevated Serum Levels of Lactoferrin and Eosinophil Cationic Protein in Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Hällgren R. , Venge P. , Wistedt B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe serum levels of lactoferrin, eosinophil cationic protein (ECP), lysozyme and β2-microglobulin have been measured in schizophrenic patients in an attempt to elucidate the activity and turnover of neutrophil and eosinophil granulocytes, macrophages/monocytes and lymphocytes, respectively. Serum-lactoferrin and serum-ECP levels were significantly (P <0.001) higher in the patient group as compared to healthy controls in contrast to blood cell counts and serum-lysozyme and serum-β2-microglobulin levels which all were within normal limits. The results were not affected by anti-psychotic therapy. A significant correlation was found between serum-ECP and serum-lactoferrin levels which may suggest a common underlying cause of the elevated levels. The findings suggest an increased eosinophil and neutrophil activity and/or turnover in schizophrenia and may have a bearing on the well-known altered inflammatory response associated with this syndrome.
Side Effects and Placebo Amplification
Authors: Thomson Richard 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA sample of placebo-controlled tricyclic antidepressant studies was examined retrospectively to determine whether there was any difference in the relative efficacy of the tricyclic when it was compared against an inert placebo as against an active (atropine) placebo with anticholinergic side effects. Fewer studies showed a significant difference between atropine placebo and drug than between inert placebo and drug. The possibilities that atropine has a specific antidepressant effect or that side effects amplify placebo responses are considered.
Urinary Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor and Benzodiazepine Withdrawal
Authors: Petursson H. , Bhattacharya S. K. , Glover Vivette , Sandler M. , Lader M. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA characteristic withdrawal reaction following the cessation of long-term benzodiazepine treatment in seven patients was accompanied by a significant increase in output of urinary monoamine oxidase inhibitor. This finding provides further support for the concept that the urinary inhibitor excretion pattern may be related to stress or anxiety.