bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isokinetic versus isotonic variable-resistance training
Authors: Smith Michael J. , Melton Paul 
Published: June 2007

A study of isokinetic exercise and isotonic variable- resistance training divided 12 individuals into four groups: 1) control; 2) isotonic variable-resistance training; 3) low-speed isokinetic (5, 10, and 15 rpm); and 4) high-speed isokinetic training (30, 40, and 50 rpm). All exercised groups showed good gains in strength when tested isometrically, isotonically, and isokinetically. However, when the individuals were tested for motor performance, the high-speed isoki netic group dominated (5.38% gain in the vertical jump versus 3.87% for the slow isokinetic, and 1.57% for the isotonic variable resistance; 9.14% gain in the standing broadjump versus 0.42% and 0.28%; and 10.11% gain in the 40-yard dash versus 1.12% and 1.35%). Training should be specific in all training and reha bilitation programs, with the athlete/patient training in the manner most similar to his athletic event or per formance.
Stress reactions involving the pars interarticularis in young athletes
Authors: Jackson Douglas W. , Wiltse Leon L. , Dingeman Robert D. , Hayes Michael 
Published: June 2007

A stress reaction involving the pars interarticularis of the lumbar spine was confirmed in seven young ath letes with a positive technetium pyrophosphate bone scan. No pars defects were detectable on their lum bosacral roentgenograms, which included oblique views. The return to normal levels of radioactive up take on repeat bone scans correlated closely with their clinical course. If the bony reaction is recognized early, it may heal at a subroentgenographic level and prevent the development of lumbar spondylolysis. These early lesions usually show unilateral in creased uptake at one lumbar level on the bone scan and, initially, the athlete localizes the pain to the corresponding unilateral lumbar paraspinous area. The "one-legged hyperextension test" is positive on the ipsilateral side and aggravates the pain. Treatment consists of avoiding the aggravating ac tivities and resting. The average time for return to pain-free competition was 7.3 months. These devel oping defects may be the source of considerable prolonged disability in the young athlete, particularly if undiagnosed and untreated.
A chronicle of injuries of an American intercollegiate football team
Authors: Canale S. Terry , Cantler Edwin D. , Sisk T. David , Freeman Barney L. 
Published: June 2007

Many studies concerning the injuries occuring in high school and intercollegiate football have been re ported, including those emphasizing the number and type of injuries, geographic distribution of injuries, and the rate of injury compared to position, condition ing, officiating, equipment, and type of playing sur face. This report focuses on the individual player involved in a sports program for four or five years and emphasizes the statistical probability of that individual sustaining an injury during his playing career. Conclusions, drawn from statistics compiled at Memphis State University from 1975 through 1979, involved 265 athletes. These 265 athletes sustained 283 injuries during this period. Of these 283 injuries, 69% were mild, 20% were moderate, and 11% were severe. The knee was most often involved and suf fered the most severe injuries. Ankle injuries ac counted for the second highest incidence of injury, but these were primarily mild or moderate injuries. The defensive line, especially the defensive ends, received the greatest percentage of injuries. The prob ability of injury for the individual player was found to be 106.7% for a five-year participant, 99.1% for a four-year participant, and 46.6% for a one-year par ticipant.
Weight training-related injuries in the high school athlete
Authors: Brady Thomas A. , Cahill Bernard R. , Bodnar Leslie M. 
Published: June 2007

Eighty young athletes with weight training-related in juries were seen from August 1976 to August 1980. In 37 of the 80 athletes, it was difficult to pinpoint the cause of injury since the history revealed, in addition to weight training, either a program of running exces sive mileage or participation in repetitive lap running in the gymnasium. The injuries of the remaining 43 athletes had a direct causal relationship to the weight training program. Twenty-nine developed lumbosacral pain. Seven of the 29 were hospitalized, and four required surgical treatment. Anterior iliac spine avulsion occurred in six cases, and laceration of the knee meniscus occurred as an initial injury in four athletes who required sur gery. Four athletes developed cervical sprain. Universal Gym (Cedar Rapids, IA), Leaper (Strength/Fitness Systems, Independence MO) Or thotron (Lumex Inc., Bay Shore, NY), and free weights were used either singly or in combination by these young athletes in weight training.
An analysis of roller skating injuries
Authors: Ferkel Richard D. , Mai Larry L. , Ullis Karlis C. , Finerman Gerald A.M. 
Published: June 2007

This study retrospectively examines 186 patients treated for roller skating-related injuries. The average patient age was 25.3 years, with males comprising 44% and females 56% of the patients. Of the 202 injuries, there were 130 fractures and 72 soft tissue injuries. The majority of the injuries involved the wrist (47%), while the elbow ranked second (14%) and the ankle third (10%). All fractures of the tibia- fibula and ankle involved a rotational mechanism, with 75% of ankle fractures involving the posterior malleo lus. Ankle fractures accounted for 46% of all surgical cases. Although inexperienced skaters were involved in 77% of all accidents, experienced skaters' injuries required surgery twice as often. Female roller skaters were more frequently injured, but males had three times more operations. Over 90% of the skaters wore no protection. Skaters who seldom participated in other sports had a higher probability of being injured earlier, especially on their first try. This study indicates that roller skating injuries are influenced by skating experience, surface texture, skate type and quality, and protective equipment.
Physicians' legal responsibilities in managing ski trauma
Authors: Ferguson Cherry G. 
Published: June 2007

Orthopaedic specialists and family physicians practic ing in skiing communities are faced with unavoidable, stringent, and expanding legal responsibilities to properly manage ski trauma. Their legal obligations apply to each component of clinical case manage ment : (1) diagnosis; (2) treatment; and (3) rehabilita tion. Neither medically nor legally is any one aspect less critical than another.Concomitant with accelerating rates of participation in sports, it is clear that the law is demanding more from specialists and also primary care physicians whose practice is increasingly involving musculoskel etal athletic injuries.The legal responsibilities and liabilities of both gen eralists and specialists are extensively reviewed in this report. The principles apply to the management of all athletic trauma by physicians.
Extraarticular fluid dissection in tissues during arthroscopy
Authors: Noyes Frank R. , Spievack Edward S. 
Published: June 2007

Significant fluid extravasation occurred in four knees undergoing arthroscopic meniscectomy. In one knee, a partial compromise of peripheral blood flow was transiently detected. In cadaver studies, with the joint only moderately distended, a mean pressure of 158 mm of mercury was measured. With flexion of the knee to 90°, a mean pressure of 216 mm of mercury was recorded and rupture of the synovial pouch occurred in all knees. The fluid extravasated into the thigh due to rupture of the suprapatellar pouch. Fluoresceine labeled saline was utilized to follow the course of the extravasated fluid. The saline was found to loculate about the superficial femoral artery, easily dissecting up to the femoral triangle. Elevated femoral artery pressures and quadriceps muscle interstitial pres sures were documented at a relatively early point during the course of fluid extravasation. A second pathway of extravasation of intraarticular fluid was by rupture of the semimembranous bursa. The saline then dissected beneath the pes anserinus and into the calf muscles. The study arrived at the following conclusions. First, fluid extravasation may initially occur in a subtle man ner. The surgeon should be aware of any lack of joint distension, increased fluid to distend the joint, or increased thigh tension during arthroscopy indicating extravasation. Second, joint distension should be avoided prior to knee flexion past 30 to 45° since the added compression on the fluid may easily rupture the synovial pouch. Third, caution is required in using inflow irrigation systems that exert pressure to distend the joint; an adequate outflow system is mandatory to avoid excessive joint distension during arthroscopic procedures.
Incidence of soccer injuries and their relation to training and team success
Authors: Ekstrand Jan , Gillquist Jan , Möller Margareta , Oberg Birgitta , Liljedahl Sten-Otto 
Published: June 2007

One hundred-eighty players in a male soccer senior division of 12 teams were observed prospectively for 1 year to study the risk of soccer injuries in relation to exposure and to establish the connection between training, injuries, and team success. Totally, more than 100 hours of practice were analyzed. All injuries were examined by the same orthopaedic surgeon. On the average, each team played 36 games and had 95 practice sessions with 66% attendance of selected players. A direct correlation was noted be tween team success and the amount of training. Teams with more than average training showed a diminishing number of injuries. A high practice-to- game ratio seems to be advantageous. One injury every third game and every ninth practice session was documented. For the individual player the incidence of injury was 7.6/1000 practice hours and 16.9/1000 game hours. The incidence of injury was higher at training camps. Correlation was noted between the design of the train ing and the incidence of injuries. The duration of warming up seemed adequate, but its content did not appear to be satisfactory from a clinical point of view. Redesign of the warm-up with more emphasis on flexibility and the addition of a cool-down is suggested to reduce injuries.
Preliminary report on the Jones, Ellison, Slocum (JES) repair for symptomatic anterior cruciate deficient knees
Authors: Ritter Merrill A. , Leaming Eric S. , McCarroll John R. 
Published: June 2007

A modified Jones intraarticular anterior cruciate re construction was combined with a distal iliotibial band transfer (Ellison) and a pes anserinus transfer (Slo cum) for patients with symptomatic anterior cruciate deficient knees. The procedure was performed on 15 young (average age, 22.5 years) athletes, in a single operation through a long, straight, anterior, midline incision. Preoperatively, all 15 patients (15 knees) had symp tomatic instability and all but one had a positive pivot shift. At follow up (averaging 39 month range 24-60 months) 13 (93%) had the pivot shift eliminated and only one, with 36 months followup, had instability on return to sports. Postoperatively, patients were im mobilized 3 weeks and then were started on a physical therapy program which ended in return to sports at 1 year.
Intermittent claudication in young athletes: Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome
Authors: Lysens Roeland J. , Renson Luc M. , Ostyn Michel S. , Stalpaert Georges 
Published: June 2007

The intermittent compression of the popliteal artery by the medial of the gastrocnemius muscle is one of the causes of intermittent claudication in young athletes. In this report we present two such cases which emphasize the importance of the clinical aspects of this pathologic entity. Early diagnosis of the entrapped ar teries eventually leads to diagnosis of thrombosis and peripheral ischemia. The popliteal entrapment syn drome should not be confused with chronic posterior compartment syndrome during exercise.
The athletic polydrug abuse phenomenon
Authors: Hill James A. , Suker Jacob R. , Sachs Kalman , Brigham Craig 
Published: June 2007

A case of a power weight lifter who is ingesting large doses of anabolic steroids plus other drugs to counter act their short-term side effects is presented. This type of polydrug abuse phenomenon which is unique to the competitive athlete is widespread despite the lack of convincing evidence that anabolic steroids increase muscular strength. The vast extent of this drug abuse problem is poorly appreciated by the gen eral medical community. The potential complications of the long-term usage of these drugs such as liver failure, hepatocellular car cinoma, and peliosis hepatitis make these drugs ex tremely dangerous.
Acute tears of the posterior cruciate ligament: Clinical study and results of operative treatment in 27 cases
Authors: Bianchi Mario 
Published: June 2007

Twenty-seven knees (in 27 patients) operated on for acute posterior cruciate ligament tears at the Istituto Ortopedico "G. Pini" of Milan from 1974 to 1979 are documented according to injury, type and degree of instability, surgical technique, and treatment.Materials for this study came from clinical evaluations, roentgenograms, and operative observations. Inability to obtain follow-up data eliminated two cases from the results. Followup on the other patients ranged from 2 to 5 years and consisted in part of individual interviews conducted after reintroduction into working and sport ing activity. Three separate gradings of the results were assessed: objective, subjective, and functional. The overall results in the objective category were 48% good, 44% fair, and 8% poor. Functional gradings were 55% good and 45% fair, while subjectively patients reported 70% good and 30% fair results.
Articular and ligamentous contributions to the stability of the elbow joint
Authors: Morrey Bernard F. , An Kai-Nan 
Published: June 2007

This preliminary study of four elbow specimens inves tigates the relationship of articular geometry and liga mentous structures in providing stability to the elbow joint. A technique is presented that describes the con straining features of varus-valgus and distraction in extension and at 90° of elbow flexion. Valgus stability is equally divided among the medial collateral ligament, anterior capsule, and bony articulation in full extension; whereas, at 90° of flexion the contribution of the ante rior capsule is assumed by the medial collateral ligament which provides approximately 55% of the stabilizing contribution to valgus stress. Varus stress is noted to be resisted primarily by the anterior capsule (32%) and the joint articulation (55%) with only a small (14%) contribution from the radial collateral ligament. At 90° of flexion, little change is noted in the contribution to the radial collateral ligament (9%), but the anterior capsule offers only 13%, with the remaining stability (75%) arising from the joint articulation. In extension, the soft tissue resistance to distraction is provided minimally by either the radial (5%) or the medial (5%) collateral ligaments, and thus primarily originates from the anterior capsule (85%). At 90° of flexion, however, the capsule offers virtually no resistance to distraction (8%). The radial collateral ligament contributes 10% of the stability, while the medial collateral ligament ac counts for 78% of the resistance to distraction in this position. Too few specimens have been studied to form any conclusions for direct clinical applications at this time. However, the technique provides a reliable tool with additional studies for different positions and loading conditions underway. These efforts should disclose useful information that might be applied to the manage ment of chronic elbow instability, radial head or olecra non fracture, the design and implantation of elbow prostheses, or provide a rationale for other reconstruc tive procedures.
Traumatic osteitis pubis: The gracilis syndrome
Authors: Wiley James J. 
Published: June 2007

The "gracilis syndrome," a fatigue fracture of traumatic etiology involving the bony origin of the gracilis muscle at the pubic symphysis, is akin to traumatic osteitis pubis and injuries of the adductor longus muscle origin. It is a well-recognized and reported injury in European athletes, but has received less attention in North Amer ica. This paper describes a case of this syndrome in a 23-year-old male athlete with a 2-year history of groin, perineal and medial thigh pain, of gradual onset, asso ciated with his participation in rather violent contact sports. The only positive finding on examination was the belated appearance of local tenderness over the symphysis pubis. Radiographically, a bony fragment, including the inferior corner of his left pubis at the symphysis, could be identified. This lesion was surgi cally excised, and the patient was relieved of his symp toms. The histopathological features of the fragment revealed both viable and nonviable bony trabeculae embedded in fibrous tissue, suggesting that the lesion is an avulsion type of fatigue fracture with the avulsion related to the directional pull of the gracilis muscle.
Achilles tendinitis and peritendinitis: Etiology and treatment
Authors: Clement D.B. , Taunton J.E. , Smart G.W. 
Published: June 2007

One hundred nine runners were treated conservatively without immobilization for overuse injury to the Achilles tendon. Treatment strategies were directed toward re habilitation of the gastrocnemius/soleus muscle-tendon unit, control of inflammation and pain, and control of biomechanical parameters. One fair, 12 good, and 73 excellent results were reported, with a mean recovery time of 5 week.Followup was incomplete in 23 cases. The three most prevalent etiological factors were overtraining (82 cases), functional overpronation (61 cases), and gastrocnemius/soleus insufficiency (41 cases). The authors speculate that runners are susceptible to Achilles tendinitis with peritendinitis due to micro- trauma produced by the eccentric loading of fatigued muscle, excess pronation producing whipping action of the Achilles tendon, and/or vascular blanching of the Achilles tendon produced by conflicting internal and external rotatory forces imparted to the tibia by simul taneous pronation and knee extension. Virtually all cases of Achilles tendon injury appear to result from structural or dynamic disturbances in normal lower leg mechanics and require active treatment regimens which attempt to establish normal function to prevent recur rence.
Meniscal tears and associated anterior cruciate ligament tears in athletes: Course of treatment
Authors: Puddu Giancarlo , Ferretti Andrea , Mariani Pierpaolo , La Spesa Francesco 
Published: June 2007

Sixty-two athletes whose injured knees had negligible instability were found to have an absent or functionless anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) at the time of medial meniscectomy. After a mean of 52 months of followup, 51 patients were examined; 24 (47%) had returned to full sports activities, whereas 27 (53%) acknowledged incidents of the knee "giving way" or having completely given up sports because of instability. By analyzing the following variables, the jerk test, the type of meniscal lesion, and the type of sports engaged, we formulated a rating system to be used intraopera tively for determining the need for combining meniscec tomy with a ligament reconstruction.
Anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction with a loop or double thickness of semitendinosus tendon
Authors: Ellera Gomes Joao Luiz , Marczyk Luiz Roberto S. 
Published: June 2007

This is a report on the use of a loop or double thickness of the semitendinosus tendon to reconstruct the ante rior cruciate ligament in 26 patients. Through this method the tensile strength of the graft becomes greater than the tensile strength of the normal anterior cruciate ligament. The looped, free tendon is fixed tightly in holes in the femur and tibia by means of a bone plug obtained with the trephine used to cut these holes. The tight fit of the tendon in the femur and tibia creates a close relation ship between graft and host and hence rapid revascu larization of the tendon graft. As a measure of function, the pivot-shift test, Lachman's test, and anterior drawer sign were performed pre- and postoperatively. There was a good result in 23 and a fair result in 3 cases. The average follow-up period is 3 years.
Slow-pitch softball injuries
Authors: Wheeler Bruce R. 
Published: June 2007

A prospective investigation of slow-pitch softball inju ries incurred in Hawaii was undertaken to study the nature of these injuries and analyze their causes. The injured players were involved in league softball with referees. There were 83 athletes and 93 injuries. A retrospective review of all Army softball-related admis sions was also done. Thirty-five athletes or 42% were injuried while sliding, 29 "foot first" and the remainder "hand first." Twenty- five of 27 ankle injuries caused by sliding included 20 fractures, 3 sprains, and 2 complete closed posterior dislocations. Analysis of these injuries suggests that the injury occurs when the individual uses the base to rapidly decelerate and avoid overrunning the base. Eighty-four percent of the athletes were injured from three mechanisms; 42% from sliding, 25% from "jam ming" injuries, and 17% from falls. The only preventable group of injuries appears to be the sliding injuries. Recessing the bases, using "quick release" rather than anchored bases, teaching safer sliding techniques, or eliminating the slide are sug gested as means of preventing these injuries.
Heat illness in the athlete
Authors: Murphy Robert J. 
Published: June 2007

Heat illness is one of the most common causes of disability in American football and there are frequent deaths caused by heatstroke. A better understanding of the physiology of heatstroke has changed the man ner of the approach to heat problems in the past 25 years. Sweating is the way the body dissipates the internal heat produced by muscular exercise. Since sweat is hypotonic, the result of excessive loss of weight through sweating is a water deficit in the body. The clinical disorders resulting from exercise in hot and humid environment are heat cramps, heat syncope, heat exhaustion, and heatstroke. Ways to prevent problems from heat illness include conditioning for the exercise, identifying the individuals who are most sus ceptible to heat problems, wearing proper clothing with as much skin as possible exposed to the air, evaluating the environmental conditions on the field, and providing adequate amounts of water on the field. Replacement of salt after practice through the use of electrolyte solutions and heavy salting of the food is important. However, the key to prevention of problems associated with environmental heat is to provide plenty of water before, during, and after the exercise.
Femoral nerve block in knee joint surgery
Authors: Ringrose Neville H. , Cross Mervyn J. 
Published: June 2007

Assessment is made of the effectiveness of femoral nerve block, administered either before or after surgery, in supplementing postoperative analgesia for knee joint (anterior cruciate) reconstruction surgery. Femoral nerve block, performed before surgery, with Bupivacaine 0.5%, reduced intramuscular opiate ad ministration by 80% in the recovery room and 40% in the first 24 postoperative hours. An effective and rapidly performed technique for fem oral nerve block is described.