bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
'Theirs was a deeper purpose': The Pennsylvania Germans of Ontario and the Craft of the Homemaking Myth
Authors: Fair Ross 
Published: January 2007

The article analyses the immigrant narrative of the Pennsylvania Germans who settled Upper Canada between the 1780s and the 1830s, using Orm Øverland's framework of a 'homemaking myth.' The Pennsylvania-German myth first appeared in the 1890s and claimed a share of the United Empire Loyalists' foundational myth, drawing upon its themes of loyalty and sacrifice. Later authors modified and amplified these themes to distance the Pennsylvania Germans from the Germans whom Canadians were fighting in the First World War. Soon after the conflict, the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada recognized the Pennsylvania-German migration to Upper Canada as an event of national significance, highlighting the success of the homemaking myth's message. Throughout the rest of the twentieth century, authors contin ued to promote the theme of loyalty, but with the dawn of official multiculturalism in Canada the Pennsylvania Germans regained their Germanness, becoming founders of the German-Canadian community. The article suggests that the historical analysis of other immigrant groups in Canada may benefit from the interpretive framework provided by the homemaking myth, and argues that the Pennsylvania-German narrative highlights a need to rethink how local and amateur histories contribute to a shared sense of Canadian identity. Dans l'article, on analyse les récits d'Allemands de Pennsylvanie ayant immigré au Haut-Canada entre les années 1780 et les années 1830, Ã l'aide du modèle d'Orm Øverland d'un Â« homemaking myth Â». Le mythe des Allemands de Pennsylvanie est apparu pour la première fois au cours des années 1890 et s'est approprié une partie du mythe lié Ã la fondation des Loyalistes de l'Empire-Uni, en empruntant les thèmes de la loyauté et du sacrifice. Par la suite, les auteurs ont modifié et amplifié ces thèmes pour distinguer les Allemands de Pennsylvanie des Allemands que les Canadiens combattaient durant la Première Guerre mondiale. Peu après le conflit, la Commission des lieux et monuments historiques du Canada a reconnu que la migration des Allemands de Pennsylvanie vers le Haut-Canada a été un événement ayant une portée nationale, ce qui met en évidence le succès lié au message du homemaking myth. Pendant le reste du XXe siècle, les auteurs ont continué de promouvoir le thème de la loyauté. Toutefois, avec la montée du multiculturalisme officiel au Canada, les Allemands de Pennsylvanie sont redevenus Allemands, pour devenir les fondateurs de la communauté germano-canadienne. L'article montre que le modèle interprétatif du homemaking myth peut être utile dans l'étude d'autres groupes immigrants au Canada. De plus, on soutient que les récits des Allemands de Pennsylvanie soulignent Ã quel point il est nécessaire de revoir comment les histoires locales et amateurs contribuent au sentiment général d'identité canadienne.
The impact of parental death on school outcomes: Longitudinal evidence from South Africa
Authors: Case Anne , Ardington Cally 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
We analyze longitudinal data from a demographic surveillance area (DSA) in KwaZulu-Natal to examine the impact of parental death on children’s outcomes. The results show significant differences in the impact of mothers’ and fathers’ deaths. The loss of a child’s mother is a strong predictor of poor schooling outcomes. Maternal orphans are significantly less likely to be enrolled in school and have completed significantly fewer years of schooling, conditional on age, than children whose mothers are alive. Less money is spent on maternal orphans’ educations, on average, conditional on enrollment. Moreover, children whose mothers have died appear to be at an educational disadvantage when compared with non-orphaned children with whom they live. We use the timing of mothers’ deaths relative to children’s educational shortfalls to argue that mothers’ deaths have a causal effect on children’s educations. The loss of a child’s father is a significant correlate of poor household socioeconomic status. However, the death of a father between waves of the survey has no significant effect on subsequent asset ownership. Evidence from the South African 2001 Census suggests that the estimated effects of maternal deaths on children’s outcomes in the Africa Centre DSA reflect the reality for orphans throughout South Africa.
The History of Africanization and the Africanization of History
Authors: Brizuela-García Esperanza 
Published: January 2007

The idea of Africanization is arguably one of the most important and prevalent in African historiography and African studies. I first encountered this notion some eight years ago when I started graduate school. With a background in Mexican and Latin American history, I found it necessary to immerse myself in the historiography of Africa. It was in this process that I encountered the idea of Africanization. It was not always identified in this manner, but it was clear that historians were, in one way or another, articulating a concern about how “African” was African history.The objective of this paper is to examine the history of Africanization in African historiography. It departs from two basic premises. First, the issues that come with the idea of Africanization are more pronounced in the field of African history. When compared to other fields, such as Latin American history, this indigenizing of history is not given nearly so much attention. Second, the idea that African history needs to be Africanized has been taken for granted, and has not been critically examined. Here I will contend that the historical conditions that have framed the emergence and development of African historiography have made it necessary to emphasize the issue of Africanization. I will also argue that those conditions have changed in the past fifty years, and that the questions raised in the quest to Africanize history should be redefined in view of the new challenges for African history and of historiography at large.
Complexation Properties of the Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetraacetate Derivatives of Bis(aminomethyl)phosphinic Acid
Authors: Tircsó Gyula , Bényei Attila , Király Róbert , Lázár István , Pál Róbert , Brücher Ernő 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFour ligands, which can be considered as di‐ [both symmetric (L1) and asymmetric (L2)], tri‐ (L3), and tetraacetate (L4) derivatives of bis(aminomethyl)phosphinic acid (L0) have been synthesized and their complexation equilibria involving Mg2+, Ca2+, Ni2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, Cd2+, and Pb2+ have been studied by pH potentiometry. The first two protonation constants of the ligands are lower than those of the analogous diaminopolycarboxylates due to the electron‐withdrawing effect of the phosphinate group. The asymmetric ligands L2 and L3 and their complexes are protonated first at the primary (NH2) and secondary (NH) amine groups, respectively. The ligands L0, L1, L2, and L3 form the species ML, MLH, ML2, and ML2H whereas heptadentate L4 forms very stable ML complexes, protonated (MLH and MLH2) species and, unlike the other ligands, it also forms dinuclear M2L complexes. The stability constants of the complexes of L0, L1, L2, and L3 are generally lower, while those of the L4 are similar or higher, than those of the analogous diaminocarboxylate derivatives. The phosphinate group is not directly coordinated to the metal ions but may contribute to the stability by increasing the electrostatic interaction, which is significant for the complexes of L4. The 1H NMR spectra of complexes ZnL2, ZnL3, and ZnL4 show an AB multiplet pattern for the protons of the iminodiacetate moiety of the ligands, which indicates the long half‐life of the Zn2+–N bond and the rigid structure of this segment of the complexes. The solid‐state structure of the ligand [H5L3]Cl and complex K[CuL1]·H2O have been determined by X‐ray diffraction techniques. The arrangement of the ligand L1 is square planar around Cu2+ with two nitrogen and carboxylate oxygen donor atoms, although the axial proximity of a carboxylate and a phosphinate oxygen atom in two neighboring molecules results in a distorted octahedral coordination.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Microglia derived from aging mice exhibit an altered inflammatory profile
Authors: Sierra Amanda , Gottfried‐Blackmore Andres C. , McEwen Bruce S. , Bulloch Karen 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMicroglia play a critical role in neurodegenerative diseases and in the brain aging process. Yet, little is known about the functional dynamics of microglia during aging. Thus, using young and aging transgenic mice expressing enhanced‐green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the promoter of the c‐fms gene for macrophage‐colony stimulating factor receptor, we evaluated invivo‐induced inflammatory responses of EGFP‐expressing microglia sorted by flow cytometry. Aging microglia were characterized by the presence of lipofuscin granules, decreased processes complexity, altered granularity, and increased mRNA expression of both pro‐inflammatory (TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6) and anti‐inflammatory (IL‐10, TGFβ1) cytokines. Following lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge (1 mg/kg, 3 h), aging microglia exhibit increased basal expression of TNFα, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and IL‐10. Yet, the fold‐over‐basal LPS response remained constant across age, implying that the inflammatory machinery in aging microglia is functional and adjusted to the basal state. Gender differences were not overall observed across the treatments (age, LPS). The low but sustained production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines by aging microglia may have a profound impact in the brain aging process. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential effects of naturally occurring and synthetic organoselenium compounds on biomarkers in androgen responsive and androgen independent human prostate carcinoma cells
Authors: Pinto John T. , Sinha Raghu , Papp Kate , Facompre Nicole D. , Desai Dhimant , El‐Bayoumy Karam 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEpidemiological studies and clinical trials show that selenium supplementation results in reduction of prostate cancer incidence; however, the form of selenium and mechanisms underlying protection remain largely unknown. Toward this end, we compared the effects of naturally occurring selenomethionine (SM) and Se‐methylselenocysteine (MSC) and synthetic 1,4‐phenylenebis(methylene)selenocyanate (p‐XSC) andp‐xylylbis(methylselenide)p‐XMS) organoselenium compounds in androgen responsive (AR) LNCaP and its androgen independent clone (AI) LNCaP C4‐2 human prostate carcinoma cells on cell growth, secretion of prostate specific antigen (PSA), intracellular redox status and genomic profiles with emphasis on identifying redox sensitive genes. Bothp‐XSC andp‐XMS reduced cell number and total protein concentration compared to control‐treated AR and AI cells, while SM and MSC exhibited no effect on growth of AR and AI cells. SM,p‐XSC andp‐XMS but not MSC inhibited levels of secreted PSA in AR cells. SM, MSC andp‐XMS increased glutathione (GSH) levels in AI LNCaP cells. By contrast, in both cell types, onlyp‐XSC significantly decreased GSH concentrations to <50% of control suggesting either an increase in intracellular oxidative stress or a change in GSH/GSSG ratio. On the basis of RT‐PCR analysis, SM andp‐XSC increasedp53gene expression by 2‐fold in AR cells but not in AI cells and only SM enhanced epidermal growth factor receptor in AR cells. Depending on the structure, organoselenium compounds exhibit differential effects on growth, PSA secretion, oxidative stress and selective gene responses in human prostate cancer cells and suggest the potential of developing novel organoselenium compounds as chemopreventive agents in models of human prostate cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regulation of P53 stability in p53 mutated human and mouse hepatoma cells
Authors: Hailfinger Stephan , Jaworski Maike , Marx‐Stoelting Philip , Wanke Ines , Schwarz Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe tumor suppressor p53 is frequently mutated in cancer. We have investigated the regulation of P53 in p53 wild type mouse hepatoma cells (line 55.1c), in p53 heterozygeously mutated cells (56.1b) and in p53 defective cells (lines 56.1d, 70.4 and HUH7) under various experimental settings. The basal levels of P53 were low in 55.1c cells, but nuclear accumulation occurred upon UV‐irradiation. Similarly, UV‐exposure induced stabilization of P53 in the heterozygeously p53 mutated 56.1b hepatoma cells. By contrast, the 3 hepatoma lines, which lack transcriptionally active P53, demonstrated high basal nuclear concentrations of P53 protein and, unexpectedly, showed loss of P53 upon UV‐irradiation. Expression of p53 mRNA was also decreased in p53 defective cells after 24 hr post UV‐irradiation, which may be linked to induction of apoptosis of the irradiated cells under these conditions. Other stressors like H2O2 also mediated a decrease in P53 concentration in p53 defective cells. This effect occurred at very low concentrations and was already detectable 1–2 hr after exposure of cells. There were no signs of apoptosis of H2O2‐exposed cells at this time point and no significant changes in p53 mRNA or MDM2 level. These unexpected findings indicate a new aspect related to regulation of P53 stability in cells with a defect in the tumor suppressor protein. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Low adiponectin levels are associated with renal cell carcinoma: A case‐control study
Authors: Spyridopoulos Themistoklis N. , Petridou Eleni Th. , Skalkidou Alkistis , Dessypris Nick , Chrousos George P. , Mantzoros Christos S. , the Obesity and Cancer Oncology Group  
Published: January 2007

AbstractAdiponectin is a novel endogenous insulin sensitizer, secreted by mature adipocytes. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely associated with obesity and insulin resistance. Because obesity is a risk factor for renal cell carcinoma (RCC), we hypothesized that low adiponectin levels are associated with RCC. To evaluate this hypothesis, we conducted a case‐ control study of 70 patients with histologically confirmed RCC and 280 healthy controls matched by gender, age and county of residence. Study subjects were interviewed and blood samples were collected during a 32‐month period in Athens, Greece. Serum adiponectin levels were statistically, significantly and inversely associated with RCC when compared with controls (OR = 0.76, p = 0.05) and this association remained practically unchanged after controlling for BMI; the introduction of waist to hip ratio along with adiponectin in the multiple logistic regression analysis model rendered the association between adiponectin and RCC risk insignificant, indicating that altered levels of adiponectin may mediate the effect of central or intra‐abdominal obesity on RCC. Prospective studies as well as studies exploring underlying mechanisms are needed to fully explore the role of adiponectin in predicting future risk of RCC in humans. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
George Herbert Mead and the Allen controversy at the University of Wisconsin
Authors: Cook Gary A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis essay uses previously unpublished correspondence of George Herbert Mead to tell the story of his involvement in the aftermath of a political dispute that took place at the University of Wisconsin during the years 1914–1915. It seeks thereby to clarify the historical significance of an article he published on this controversy in late 1915. Taken together with relevant information about the educational activities of William H. Allen of the New York Bureau of Municipal Research, Mead's correspondence and article throw helpful light upon his understanding of how an educational survey of a university should proceed; they also show how he went about the task of evaluating a failed attempt at such a survey. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Retinoic acid and nerve growth factor induce differential regulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit expression in SN56 cells
Authors: Nilbratt Mats , Friberg Linda , Mousavi Malahat , Marutle Amelia , Nordberg Agneta 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRetinoic acid (RA) and nerve growth factor (NGF) have multiple functions in the regulation of neuronal development. In the present study, we characterized the expression of different nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes in the cholinergic SN56 cell line and investigated the roles of RA and NGF in the expression of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) and different nAChR subtypes. The nAChR agonist [3H]epibatidine was bound to two sites, with apparent affinities of 13 and 380 pM. RT‐PCR analysis revealed expression of α3, α4, α5, α7, β2, and β4 nAChR subunits. RA treatment induced morphological changes, and the mRNA level of ChAT was maximally elevated after 4 days of exposure. The density of [3H]epibatidine binding sites and the mRNA and protein level of the α3 and β2 nAChR subunits were also increased by RA‐induced differentiation. RA down‐regulated the mRNA and protein level of the α4 nAChR subunit, whereas no significant change was observed in the mRNA and protein level of the α7 nAChR subunit. NGF treatment increased the mRNA and protein level of the α3 and β2 nAChR subunits. No morphological effects of NGF were observed, and the mRNA level of ChAT and mRNA and protein level of the α4 and α7 nAChR subunits were not significantly altered. Validation was performed with real‐time RT‐PCR. The present results show that RA and NGF have different effects on the expression of ChAT and the morphology and the expression pattern of different nAChR subunits in cholinergic SN56 cells. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Observer design for a class of piecewise linear systems
Authors: Lj. Juloski A. , Heemels W. P. M. H. , Weiland S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this paper we present observer design procedures for a class of bi‐modal piecewise linear systems in both continuous and discrete time. We propose Luenberger‐type observers, and derive sufficient conditions for the observation error dynamics to be globally asymptotically stable, in the case when the system dynamics is continuous over the switching plane. When the dynamics is discontinuous, we derive conditions that guarantee that the relative estimation error with respect to the state of the observed system will be asymptotically small. The presented theory is illustrated with several examples. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of collaborative support to promote participation and commitment in software development teams
Authors: de Araujo Renata Mendes , Borges Marcos R. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis work discusses the use of collaborative technology as an element for extending software process culture within development teams. This discussion starts with the idea that collaboration support comprises an important element for software process improvement (SPI) and an agent for process learning. We argue that improving awareness information about work processes and about the collaboration intrinsic to it may help software development teams to better accept the idea of defining, standardizing and continuously improving their work. Our approach relies on the use of workflow systems for software process support. We have built an environment—PIEnvironment—by extending a commercial workflow system with awareness information mechanisms and participation channels. Through case studies, we have evaluated its use for the enactment of software process activities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uptake of artificial model remnant lipoprotein emulsions by the perfused rat liver
Authors: Redgrave Trevor G. , Maranhao Raul C. , Tercyak Anna M. , Lincoln Elizabeth C. , Brunengraber Henri 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn comparison with their precursor lipoproteins, the remnants of the triacylglycerol‐rich lipoproteins are reduced in contents of triacylglycerols and apolipoproteins AI and AIV, whereas the contents of cholesterol (free and esterified) and apolipoprotein E are increased. In this study, lipid emulsion models of remnant lipoproteins were used to explore which of these factors are necessary for physiological rates of remnant uptake by the perfused rat liver. Uptake rates of lipid emulsion models of remnant lipoproteins in the presence of apolipoprotein E were similar to in vivo uptake rates.
Chiral discrimination in the exchange of α‐tocopherol stereoisomers between plasma and red blood cells
Authors: Cheng S. C. , Burton G. W. , Ingold K. U. , Foster D. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe transport of 2R,4′R, 8′R‐α‐tocopherol and 2S,4′R,8′R‐α‐tocopherol from plasma into rat red blood cell membranes occurs with essentially no chiral discrimination. The previously demonstrated (10) preference of red blood cell membranes favoring 2R,4′R,8′R‐α‐tocopherol over the 2S,4′R, 8′R stereoisomer is shown to be due to better retention of the former compound, i.e., to preferential retention of natural vitamin E.
Unsaponifiable matter of green and blue‐green algal lipids as a factor of biochemical differentiation of their biomasses: I. Total unsaponifiable and hydrocarbon fraction
Authors: Paoletti C. , Pushparaj B. , Florenzano G. , Capella P. , Lercker G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAs part of a program to study the chemical composition of algal biomasses, the composition of the unsaponifiable matter of the lipids of ten algal species (fiveMyxophyceae and fiveChlorophyceae) was investigated. The total unsaponifiable content, its general composition, and the components of the hydrocarbon fraction are discussed in the present paper. The unsaponifiable content of green algae is constantly higher than that of the blue‐green ones, with the exception ofChlorella. In both algal classes, the major components are hydrocarbons and sterols. Blue‐green algae are richer in hydrocarbons, whereas the green ones contain higher amounts of sterols. In most of the species examined, at least 48 components are present in the hydrocarbon fraction. Each algal species shows a characteristic gas liquid chromatography pattern, but n‐C17 is always one of the most abundant components. Generally, the prokaryotic blue‐green algae show a simpler hydrocarbon composition than the eucaryotic green algae, which contain higher amounts of high mol wt components. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are generally present in very limited quantities, with the exception ofSpirulina sp. andChlorella, sp., which contain a C17 alkene. Green algae also contain appreciable amounts of a C27 monoene and of squalene.