bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static and Dynamic Mechanical Properties of Vinylester Resin Matrix Composites Filled with Fly Ash
Authors: Ray Dipa , Bhattacharya Debadrita , Mohanty Amar K. , Drzal Lawrence T. , Misra Manjusri 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: Vinylester resin matrix composites were prepared with a fly ash loading of 30, 40, 50 and 60 wt.‐%. Flexural properties of the composites were investigated. It was found that the flexural strength was lowered in all the filled composites, but the flexural modulus showed a significant increase of 10, 57, 112% in case of 30, 40 and 50 wt.‐% fly‐ash‐loaded composites respectively, compared to the neat resin. However, there was a decrease in the mechanical properties in case of 60 wt.‐% fly‐ash‐filled composites. The dynamic mechanical analysis was carried out to obtain information about the matrix‐filler interaction at the interface. The storage modulus value at room temperature was highest for the 50 wt.‐% fly‐ash‐filled composites, corroborating with the observed flexural modulus value. The fractured surfaces were examined under SEM and were correlated with the mechanical properties.Large voids evident in the 60 wt.‐% fly‐ash‐filled composites.magnified imageLarge voids evident in the 60 wt.‐% fly‐ash‐filled composites.
Enhanced Interfacial Adhesion of Bioflour‐Filled Poly(propylene) Biocomposites by Electron‐Beam Irradiation
Authors: Kim Hee‐Soo , Kim Sumin , Kim Hyun‐Joong 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: The effect of electron‐beam (EB) irradiation on interfacial adhesion in bioflour (rice‐husk flour, RHF)‐filled poly(propylene) (PP) biocomposites in which either only the RHF had been EB irradiated or the whole biocomposite had been EB irradiated was examined at different EB‐irradiation doses. The tensile strengths of PP–RHF biocomposites with EB‐irradiated RHF and EB‐irradiated PP and PP–RHF biocomposites were slightly higher than those of the nonirradiated samples. The improved interfacial adhesion of PP–RHF biocomposites with EB radiated RHF and the EB‐irradiated PP–RHF biocomposites compared with the nonirradiated samples was confirmed by the morphological characteristics. In addition, the thermal stability of EB‐treated biocomposites was slightly higher than those of nonirradiated samples at the irradiation doses of 2 and 5 Mrad. However, at the high irradiation dose (30 Mrad), the tensile strengths of the biocomposites were slightly decreased by main‐chain scission (degradation) of PP and RHF. Attenuated total reflectance FT‐IR and X‐ray‐photoelectron‐spectroscopy findings confirmed this result by showing that that EB irradiation changed the functional groups of RHF, PP, and the biocomposites and improved the surface characteristics of the biocomposites. The thermal characteristics of the EB‐irradiated PP and biocomposites were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry. From the results, we concluded that use of low‐dose EB radiation increases the interfacial adhesion between matrix polymer and biofiller.
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Hydrophobicity of Polyaniline Microspheres Deposited on a Glass Substrate
Authors: Ding Hangjun , Zhu Changjin , Zhou Zhiming , Wan Meixiang , Wei Yen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSummary: A highly hydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 148.0° has been constructed by depositing salicylic acid‐doped polyaniline (PANI‐SA) spheres on a glass substrate using a template‐free method. The hydrophobicity originates from the contribution of the air trapped in the inter‐space of a rough surface aggregated by micro‐ and nanospheres. Moreover, the deposition time strongly affects the hydrophobicity of the PANI‐SA spheres deposited on the substrate. The formation mechanism and hydrophobic origin of the PANI‐SA spheres deposited on the substrate are discussed.The PANI films prepared at 60 min polymerization time is composed of co‐existing nano‐ and microspheres (left). The ability of the layers to trap large amounts of air makes the surface highly hydrophobic and results in a water contact angle of 148.0° (right).magnified imageThe PANI films prepared at 60 min polymerization time is composed of co‐existing nano‐ and microspheres (left). The ability of the layers to trap large amounts of air makes the surface highly hydrophobic and results in a water contact angle of 148.0° (right).
Electron ionisation and fast‐atom bombardment mass spectrometry study of diaryl carbonates
Authors: Pinto Vitor , Norberto Fátima , Pamplona Teresa , Fernandez M. Tereza , Duarte M. Filomena 
Published: July 2006

AbstractElectron ionisation mass spectrometry studies were performed previously for p‐diphenyl carbonate and some monosubstituted diphenyl carbonates. In this work, p‐diphenyl carbonate and p‐methoxyphenylphenyl carbonate are re‐examined, and p‐chlorophenyl phenyl carbonate and two disubstituted diphenyl carbonates, bis (p‐chlorophenyl) carbonate and p‐methoxyphenyl‐p‐fluorophenyl carbonate, are studied for the first time. The previously established fragmentation routes were observed for all compounds investigated. Some other different sequences were observed, and a fragmentation path, other than decarboxylation, of the molecular ion is proposed.In the fast‐atom bombardment study it was observed that the M+./[MH]+ ion abundance ratio increased from 0.44 for compound 1 to 2.95 for compound 5. [MH]+ is not a dominant ion in most of compounds studied, in spite of the presence of a carbonyl group, a strong proton acceptor. The presence of two oxygen atoms bonded to the carbonyl group appears to induce delocalisation of the electron pairs, thus deactivating the carbonyl site for protonation. In addition, m‐nitrobenzyl alcohol (NBA) being a relatively aprotic/hydrophobic matrix reinforces the deactivation for protonation. Because the carbonate group and NBA are common features to the study, the contributions of the substituents were taken into account to explain the different behaviour of the five compounds with respect to protonation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate mass measurement using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry for structure elucidation of designer drug analogs of tadalafil, vardenafil and sildenafil in herbal and pharmaceutical matrices
Authors: Gratz Samuel R. , Gamble Bryan M. , Flurer Rick A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPhosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE‐5) inhibitors are a class of drugs used primarily in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved PDE‐5 inhibitors include sildenafil citrate, vardenafil hydrochloride and tadalafil. In this study, accurate mass measurements were made by electrospray ionization (ESI) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICRMS) to elucidate the structures of sildenafil, tadalafil and vardenafil analogs that were found in products marketed as dietary supplements. Initial detection of these analogs was accomplished through routine screening of suspect samples by liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization multi‐stage mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐MSn) on a low‐resolution ion trap instrument. The chromatographic behavior and mass spectrometric fragmentation patterns observed were often similar to those observed for FDA approved PDE‐5 inhibitors. The mass accuracy and resolving power associated with FTICRMS allows for the determination of elemental compositions. Elucidation of the product ion structures for the analogs was accomplished through the use of accurate mass measurements with the aid of Mass Frontier software (version 4.0). Using FTICRMS, accurate masses with measurement errors averaging <0.4 ppm were achieved, allowing assignment of one possible elemental formula to each fragment ion. The mass measurement errors associated with [M + H]+ for the analogs aminotadalafil, piperidino vardenafil, hydroxyacetildenafil and piperidino acetildenafil were 0.1, 0.0, 0.1 and 0.5 ppm, respectively. Based on the accuracy of the measurements, structural assignments could be made with a high degree of confidence. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does understory vegetation reflect the history of fluvial disturbance in a riparian forest?
Authors: Kamisako Masato , Sannoh Keinosuke , Kamitani Tomohiko 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe have examined the relationship between the history of fluvial disturbance and understory vegetation in a riparian forest. The study site was divided into three sites, by use of aerial photographs and topographical maps, with different histories of fluvial disturbance: (1) Fagus‐type on land that has not been flooded for the last 39 years, at least; (2) Populus‐type on land that has not been flooded since debris flow occurred 34 years ago; and (3) Salix‐type on land that has been flooded periodically from an abandoned channel since debris flow occurred 34 years ago. Species richness in the Salix‐type was significantly higher than in the other types. Detrended correspondence analysis revealed obvious floristic differences among the three canopy types. Canonical correspondence analysis showed that herbaceous species were mainly found on lower plots with high moss cover, implying that moss layers may capture seeds transported by the stream. Tall herbs occurred in less shaded plots and on higher plots, suggesting that their rapid growth prevented the occurrence of other species. Fagus‐type was dominated by species with ingested fruits which depended on animals for their dispersal. Populus and Salix‐types were dominated by species with wind dispersal or no dispersal mechanism, which depended on physical phenomena for dispersal. Attributes of current understory vegetation were connected with historical events, suggesting that riparian vegetation reflects the history of fluvial disturbance.
Flight capabilities and feeding habits of silphine beetles: are flightless species really “carrion beetles”?
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi , Kubota Kohei , Kagaya Takashi , Abe Toshio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe determined the flight capabilities and feeding habits of adults of nine silphine beetle species and illustrated their relationship. We examined the silphine beetles for the presence or absence of flight muscles and estimated their feeding habits by comparing the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios for them with those of necrophagous nicrophorine species and carnivorous carabine species. Three species (Silpha longicornis, S. perforata and Phosphuga atrata) completely lacked individuals with flight muscles, and one species (Eusilpha japonica) showed flight muscle dimorphism. Stable isotope analysis suggested that these species were carnivores, mainly feeding on soil invertebrates. Most flight species showed higher isotopic ratios than the flightless species. Some of them have isotopic ratios close to those of the nicrophorine species, suggesting that these species mainly feed on vertebrate carcasses. Flightless silphine species would have limited ability to search for patchy and unpredictable carcass resources. Further studies are necessary to understand the adaptive evolution of flight capability and the feeding habits in this group.
Health outcomes in adolescence: Associations with family, friends and school engagement
Authors: Carter Melissa , McGee Rob , Taylor Barry , Williams Sheila 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAimTo examine the associations between connectedness to family and friends, and school engagement, and selected health compromising and health promoting behaviours in a sample of New Zealand adolescents.MethodsA web‐based survey was designed and administered to a random sample of 652 Year 11 students aged 16 years from all Dunedin (NZ) high schools between 30th July and 31st October 2001. Connectedness to family and friends, and school engagement were assessed, together with reports of various health compromising and health promoting behaviours. Logistic regression was used to determine the extent to which these family, friends and school variables were related to health compromising and health promoting behaviours.ResultsSchool engagement was strongly related to both low levels of health compromising and high levels of health promoting behaviours. Connectedness to family was associated primarily with fewer reports of suicidal ideation and increased reports of physical activity. Connectedness to friends was associated in the main with increased reports of health compromising behaviours.ConclusionThis study reinforces the importance of school and family as support networks for young people. School may well play an especially important role in health promotion among young people. The mechanisms by which engagement with school operates need to be explored further.
Developmental assessment of competence from early childhood to middle adolescence
Authors: Obradović Jelena , van Dulmen Manfred H.M. , Yates Tuppett M. , Carlson Elizabeth A. , Egeland Byron 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThis study represents a developmentally informed, empirically validated examination of competence across multiple domains (Social, Cognitive, Emotional well‐being), gender and age (early childhood, middle childhood, early adolescence, middle adolescence). Competence indicators were created and the structure of these domains was tested using multi‐method, multi‐informant data collected on 191 participants drawn from a prospective study of at‐risk children. The results indicated that inter‐individual differences in Cognitive and Social competence were stable across time, whereas inter‐individual differences in Emotional well‐being were stable only between early and middle adolescence. While the strength of stability of Cognitive competence was similar across different time points, the stability of Social competence declined after middle childhood, suggesting more inter‐individual variability with regard to change. The findings also indicated that both the structure and the stability of competence are similar for boys and girls.
Predicting juvenile Baltic cod (Gadus morhua) age from body and otolith size measurements
Authors: Fey Dariusz P. , Linkowski Tomasz B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Six age-prediction models based on otolith size (weight, length, and width) and fish size (standard length, SL, and weight) were developed for juvenile Baltic cod Gadus morhua (SL, 40–153 mm; age, 90–230 d). Models were built based on stepwise selection and compared using the Akaike information criterion (AIC). Reference age was estimated by counting the growth increments in the transverse sections of sagittal otoliths (n = 310). Final comparison of the utility of the six models was based on the AIC. The best model included SL, fish weight, and sampling month as independent variables. Sampling month was added to account for differences in fish growth, after it was shown that otolith size at age was related to differences in somatic growth. The predicted age of all juveniles collected between 1991 and 1995 was used to estimate their hatch dates and growth rates. The average growth rate was 0.78 mm d−1 when estimated from predicted ages (1990–1995; n = 2036) and 0.73 mm d−1 when age based on direct increment enumeration was used (1990–1993; n = 310).
Loss of regional population structure in Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., following stocking
Authors: Ayllon Fernando , Martinez Jose L. , Garcia-Vazquez Eva 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Many wild Atlantic salmon populations have been stocked with cultured fish during the past century. To evaluate the degree and the direction of the resulting genetic changes in wild southern European populations of Atlantic salmon, the variation at microsatellite loci was examined in historical and modern scale samples from five Spanish and two French rivers. Significant genetic differentiation between neighbouring rivers, which is typical of Atlantic salmon and which existed before stocking, appears to have been lost after only a decade of stocking with fish of foreign origin. Apparent introgression of foreign-origin genes into local gene pools was detected in the populations studied. These results indicate that stocking risks the loss of genetic diversity in wild salmon populations.
Fish are attracted to vessels
Authors: Røstad Anders , Kaartvedt Stein , Klevjer Thor A. , Melle Webjørn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFish rapidly accumulated below research vessels (RVs) at anchor, kept stationary by dynamic satellite positioning, or freely drifting. This happened by day and night, beneath vessels with different noise levels, in fjords and the open ocean, comprised different species assemblages of fish, and spanned depths of several hundred metres. Acoustic backscatter (fish abundance) increased by more than an order of magnitude in less than an hour. One of the study sites was characterized by much ship traffic, and intermittent, strong decreases in the local fish aggregation beneath the RV were caused by fish swimming towards passing commercial vessels, before returning to the stationary RV. The study suggests more complex relationships between fish, vessels, and noise than previously anticipated. If fish are commonly attracted to vessels, this has implications for fish abundance estimates and basic ecological research.
Variation in the frequency of skipped spawning in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) off Newfoundland and Labrador
Authors: Rideout R.M. , Morgan M.J. , Lilly G.R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Macroscopic maturity data collected between January and March of 1978–2004 during groundfish surveys were analysed to determine the frequency of skipped spawning for Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) populations in the Northwest Atlantic. Nearly 18% of the 6583 potential female spawners sampled during this period would not have spawned in the subsequent spawning season. The frequency of skipped spawning was much higher on the Flemish Cap (NAFO Division 3M, ∼33%) and off the south coast of Newfoundland (Subdivision 3Ps, ∼21%) than that in three areas off eastern Newfoundland and southern Labrador (Divisions 3L, ∼8%; 3K, ∼3%; and 2J, <1%). Annual variation in the frequency of skipped spawning was apparent in all areas. Skipped spawning was most common in fish of medium size (60–79 cm). Non-reproductive cod were characterized by lower liver condition than reproductive cod, but not a lower gutted condition. Generalized linear models suggested that relative liver weight was the best predictor of spawning probability, and that age, length, and relative body condition were not good predictors. Models of spawning probability based on relative liver condition suggest that female fish in poor condition in 3KL are more likely to spawn than fish of equal condition in areas 3M and 3Ps.
Characterizing and structuring a new make‐to‐forecast production strategy
Authors: Meredith Jack , Akinc Umit 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTo date, the theory of production in operations management has lacked a production strategy for one major segment of the manufacturing industry. For large engineered equipment, a relatively recent but increasingly common production strategy has arisen to better meet today's competitive pressures for faster delivery of more customized products without increasing costs. A hybrid of the make‐to‐order (MTO) and make‐to‐stock (MTS) production strategies, manufacturers launch major product models to a demand forecast (MTS) and then modify the partially completed products as the actual orders arrive (MTO), a production strategy we refer to as make‐to‐forecast (MTF).This paper has two purposes: (1) it describes and conceptualizes the MTF situation in a variety of industries and places the MTF strategy among the other major production strategies in the theory of production and (2) it analyzes decision rules for matching partially completed units to incoming customer orders—one of the unique and perhaps most demanding challenges of the MTF environment. It shows that two order matching rules developed in the paper outperform the ad hoc rules commonly used in practice. We test and confirm the generalizability of the superior performance of these two rules in 13 different industry variations of the MTF production situation. Last, the insights provided by the model are discussed in terms of their practical relevance.
Learning from the first Operations Management textbook
Authors: Voss Christopher A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDe Re Metallica by Georgius Agricola was published in 1556. It is arguably the first Operations Management textbook. In it the author describes the management and technologies of the mining and metallurgical industry of the period. Using the translation by Herbert and Lou Hoover, this paper reviews the book both to compare it with contemporary writing on Operations Management in process industries, and to draw lessons from its impact. Many areas which we see as contemporary, such as ethical and environmental issues, are explicitly addressed in the book although with a different view of their impact than today. The book describes how the operations should be organized and managed, the role of the foreman, and the education and training required. The characteristics of process industries as described by Agricola are compared to modern views. The most enduring lesson from this remarkable book is the importance of systematic capture and dissemination of knowledge in Operations Management.
Towards 100 years of educating the information professions at UCL SLAIS
Authors: Dawson Andy , Brown David 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to introduce the theme of this special issue which contains a selection of papers written by the staff of UCL SLAIS.Design/methodology/approachThe history of the School is briefly described and its philosophy of taking a broad and inclusive approach to professional education is reviewed.FindingsThere is considerable benefit to professional education in an institution which incorporates all branches of information work, and retains a sense of the value of traditional skills in tandem with an exploitation of new technologies. The contributors to this issue reflect this both by the range of disciplines which they represent and by the range of topics, from the most traditional to the most modern, and demonstrate the synergy between them.Originality/valueThe article provides an introduction to the special issue and promotes the value of an inclusive approach to professional education in the information disciplines.
Effect of chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of cast iron in sulphur‐bearing pollutant environments
Authors: Xia Cao , Chunchun Xu 
Published: July 2006

PurposeThe main purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of cast iron in an atmosphere with sulphur‐bearing pollutants.Design/methodology/approachPeriodic wet‐dry tests, surface tension tests, electrochemical impedance (EIS) measurements, stereoscopic microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive atomic X‐ray analysis were used to investigate the corrosion processes and products. Weight loss measurements, electrochemical theory, as well as ion adsorption theory and penetration theory were used to explain the corrosion process.FindingsThe experimental results demonstrated that weight loss measurement approximately obeyed the relationship: ΔW=AtB. With addition of NaCl, the value of A decreased, whereas B increased. It is worth noting that NaCl acted as an inhibitor in the HSO3− bearing pollutant during the initial corrosion stage. However, as corrosion continued, the penetration effect of chloride and the different characteristics of the corrosion products tended to dominate the corrosion process, which led to changes of the corrosion rate. Both the EIS measurements and surface tension tests agreed well with the results of weight loss measurements.Originality/valueThe initial corrosion stage showed good agreement with associated surface activity. The paper explains the effect of chloride on the atmospheric corrosion of cast iron in sulphur bearing pollutants from a new viewpoint.