bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Midgut mitochondrial transhydrogenase in wandering stage larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: Vandock Kurt P. , Smith Stan L. , Fioravanti Carmen F. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMidgut mitochondria from fifth larval instar Manduca sexta exhibited a transhydrogenase that catalyzes the following reversible reaction: NADPH + NAD+ ↔ NADP+ + NADH. The NADPH‐forming transhydrogenation occurred as a nonenergy‐ and energy‐linked activity. Energy for the latter was derived from the electron transport–dependent utilization of NADH or succinate, or from Mg++‐dependent ATP hydrolysis by ATPase. The NADH‐forming and all of the NADPH‐forming reactions appeared optimal at pH 7.5, were stable to prolonged dialysis, and displayed thermal lability. N,N′‐dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCCD) inhibited the NADPH → NAD+ and energy‐linked NADH → NADP+ transhydrogenations, but not the nonenergy‐linked NADH → NADP+ reaction. Oligomycin only inhibited the ATP‐dependent energy‐linked activity. The NADH‐forming, nonenergy‐linked NADPH‐forming, and the energy‐linked NADPH‐forming activities were membrane‐associated in M. sexta mitochondria. This is the first demonstration of the reversibility of the M. sexta mitochondrial transhydrogenase and, more importantly, the occurrence of nonenergy‐linked and energy‐linked NADH → NADP+ transhydrogenations. The potential relationship of the transhydrogenase to the mitochondrial, NADPH‐utilizing ecdysone‐20 monooxygenase of M. sexta is considered. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 69:118‐126, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Plasma membrane permeabilization by 60‐ and 600‐ns electric pulses is determined by the absorbed dose
Authors: Ibey Bennett L. , Xiao Shu , Schoenbach Karl H. , Murphy Michael R. , Pakhomov Andrei G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe explored how the effect of plasma membrane permeabilization by nanosecond‐duration electric pulses (nsEP) depends on the physical characteristics of exposure. The resting membrane resistance (Rm) and membrane potential (MP) were measured in cultured GH3 and CHO cells by conventional whole‐cell patch‐clamp technique. Intact cells were exposed to a single nsEP (60 or 600 ns duration, 0–22 kV/cm), followed by patch‐clamp measurements after a 2–3 min delay. Consistent with earlier findings, nsEP caused long‐lasting Rm decrease, accompanied by the loss of MP. The threshold for these effects was about 6 kV/cm for 60 ns pulses, and about 1 kV/cm for 600 ns pulses. Further analysis established that it was neither pulse duration nor the E‐field amplitude per se, but the absorbed dose that determined the magnitude of the biological effect. In other words, exposure to nsEP at either pulse duration caused equal effects if the absorbed doses were equal. The threshold absorbed dose to produce plasma membrane effects in either GH3 or CHO cells at either pulse duration was found to be at or below 10 mJ/g. Despite being determined by the dose, the nsEP effect clearly is not thermal, as the maximum heating at the threshold dose is less than 0.01 °C. The use of the absorbed dose as a universal exposure metric may help to compare and quantify nsEP sensitivity of different cell types and of cells in different physiological conditions. The absorbed dose may also prove to be a more useful metric than the incident E‐field in determining safety limits for high peak, low average power EMF emissions. Bioelectromagnetics 30:92–99, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Umgelenkte Lamellen aus kohlefaserverstärktem Kunststoff für freistehende Spannglieder im Konstruktiven Ingenieurbau
Authors: Knippers Jan , Hwash Mohamed 
Published: October 2008

AbstractKohlenstofffaserverstärkter Kunststoff (CFK) besitzt eine Reihe von ausgezeichneten Eigenschaften mit weitreichenden Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im konstruktiven Ingenieurbau. So werden schon seit einigen Jahren CFK‐Lamellen für die Instandsetzung und nachträgliche Verstärkung von Bauteilen aus Stahlbeton eingesetzt.Solche Lamellen könnten auch als freie Spannglieder, z. B. für extern vorgespannte Stahlbetonbrücken oder für unterspannte Decken im Hochbau, Verwendung finden. Die Empfindlichkeit von Kohlestofffaserverstärktem Kunststoff für Beanspruchungen durch Querpressungen macht jedoch die konstruktive Gestaltung der Endverankerung und der Umlenkung auf einem Sattel schwierig.Für die Endverankerung liegen bereits Ansätze von verschiedenen Forschungseinrichtungen vor. In diesem Aufsatz werden die Ergebnisse von Versuchen zur Ermittlung des Einflusses einer Umlenkung auf die Bruchlast von CFK‐Lamellen veröffentlicht.
Brandschutz bei Tunneln
Authors: Haack Alfred 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDie tragischen Tunnelbrandereignisse der letzten Jahre haben in Fachkreisen europa‐ und weltweit eine erhebliche Diskussion ausgelöst. In Deutschland haben sie für eine umfassende Überarbeitung der Sicherheitsrichtlinien für Straßen‐ und Eisenbahntunnel gesorgt, bei der Europäischen Kommission zur Ausarbeitung von Direktiven bezüglich der sicherheitstechnischen Mindestausstattung von Straßentunneln und auch von Eisenbahntunneln. Diese Entwicklung wurde ergänzt durch intensive Forschungsaktivitäten im nationalen und internationalen Bereich.Die dabei gewonnenen Erkenntnisse fließen ein in Entwurf und Ausführung neuer Straßen‐ und Eisenbahntunnel. Dies gilt insbesondere auch für extrem lange Eisenbahntunnel, wie beispielsweise für den Brenner‐Basistunnel.
Brenner Basistunnel – Bau des Erkundungsstollens
Authors: Bergmeister Konrad 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDer Brenner Basistunnel verläuft von der Umfahrung von Innsbruck bzw. vom Innsbrucker Bahnhof nach Franzensfeste mit einer Länge von 55 km. Mit der Umfahrung Innsbruck beträgt die Gesamtlänge 62, 8 km, womit er zum längsten Eisenbahntunnel der Welt wird. Zwei parallel verlaufende Tunnelröhren mit einem etwa 12 m tiefer liegenden Erkundungsstollen kennzeichnen diesen Basistunnel. Zur baubetrieblichen Risikominimierung des Basistunnels, insbesondere jene Anteile die mit Tunnelvortriebsmaschinen vorgetrieben werden sollen, sind systematische Erkundungen mittels eines Stollens von großer Bedeutung. Derzeit wird am 10 km langen Erkundungsstollen Aicha – Mauls mit einer Tunnelbohrmaschine gearbeitet. Der Ausbau erfolgt mit dünnwandigen Betontübbingen. Dort werden auch spezielle Monitoringpunkte angebracht. Die Querschnittsoptimierung der Tübbinge, die betontechnologischen Studien und die geeigneten Bereiche für das Monitoring werden dargestellt.
Der Malmö Citytunnel, Schweden – Tunnelbau in Skandinavien
Authors: Förder Martin , Abel Frank , Tirpitz Ernst‐Rainer 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDer Citytunnel Malmö ist ein Eisenbahn‐Infrastrukturprojekt im Rahmen des Ausbaus des europäischen Hochgeschwindigkeitsnetzes, wobei neben der neuen Bahntrasse der ursprünglichen Sackbahnhof Malmö zu einem Durchgangsbahnhof erweitert wird und somit eine deutlich höhere Zug‐Taktzahl ermöglicht wird.Für die Tübbingauskleidung wurde deutsches Know‐how mit den Erfahrungen aus europäischen Nachbarländern sinnfällig kombiniert. Zur Ausführung kam ein Uni‐Ring mit glatter Ringfuge und Führungsstangen in den Längsfugen, wobei es keine Zwischenlagen in den ebenen Ringfugen und keine Tübbingverschraubung in den Längsfugen außer am Schluss‐Stein gab.Schon bei laufendem TBM‐Vortrieb wurden bereits die Querschläge zwischen den Tunnelröhren hergestellt. Bei einem Innendurchmesser der Tunnelröhren von 7.90 m war es für die zeitgleiche Ausführung wichtig, ein Öffnen der Tübbingringe ohne störende Aussteifung der erforderlichen Freiräume zu bewerkstelligen. Dies geschah mit Hilfe von Schubverzahnungselementen oberhalb und unterhalb der Öffnung.Die Herstellung der Pfeiler und der Kopfbalken im Bahnhof Triangeln erfolgte mit selbstverdichtenden Beton (SVB). Die hohe Anzahl an Anforderungen machte die Entwicklung des SVBs schwierig und führte schließlich zu einer komplexen Beton‐Rezeptur.
Rotational tools for factor analytic models
Authors: Paatero Pentti , Hopke Philip K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRotational ambiguity is a major problem in the application of factor analysis to a variety of multivariate mixture resolution problems and particularly important in the analysis of environmental data. As part of the development of an implementation of positive matrix factorization for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency to distribute in support of airborne particle source identification and apportionment, several tools have been developed to control the rotations and explore the extent of rotational solution space. This discussion of the nature of the rotational tools provides an understanding of these rotational tools as well as the basis for their incorporation into other implementations of least‐squares based solutions to the factor analysis problem. Several example algorithms are presented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dann machte ich mich allein auf den Weg, um den 11‐Uhr‐Zug zu erreichen. Sir Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981)
Authors: Roth Klaus 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNach der Entdeckung des Harnstoffzyklus im Jahr 1932 stieg die wissenschaftliche Reputation von Hans Adolf Krebs (1900–1981). Gleichzeitig zerfielen alle moralischen Werte einer demokratischen Gesellschaft durch den Aufstieg des Hitler‐Regimes und seinem Rassenwahn. Der Vergleich zwischen Labortagebüchern, persönlichen Briefwechseln, seiner Autobiographie und Erinnerungsstücken gibt Hinweise, wie es einem 32‐jährigen Wissenschaftler ergangen sein muss, der sich durch persönlichen und politischen Druck des Nazi‐Deutschlands gezwungen sah, sein Heimatland zu verlassen.
Warum Chilischoten scharf sind
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFrüchte existieren, um gefressen zu werden. Doch warum enthalten viele von ihnen abschreckende bittere oder scharfe Geschmacksstoffe, oder gar Toxine? Die Anwort fanden Forscher in wilden Chili‐Pflanzen in Bolivien.
Superscharfe dreidimensionale Nanoskopie
Authors: Welter Kira 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEin neu entwickeltes “Nanoskop” ermöglicht Aufnahmen in bisher ungeahnter 3D Schärfe: Forscher erreichten eine Auflösung von unter 45 Nanometern in allen drei Raumrichtungen. Dank der neuen Technik konnten die Wissenschaftler erstmals einen scharfen 3D‐Blick in die Nanowelt der Zellen werfen, ohne diese dabei zu zerstören. Selbst solche Proteine, die tief im Inneren von Zellorganellen versteckt sind, lassen sich mit dem neuen Mikroskop optimal abbilden.
Changes in cancer incidence in teenagers and young adults (ages 13 to 24 years) in England 1979‒2003
Authors: Alston Robert D. , Geraci Marco , Eden Tim O. B. , Moran Anthony , Rowan Steve , Birch Jillian M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.Cancer for teenagers and young adults represents a major source of morbidity and mortality. Trends in cancer incidence can provide pointers concerning how changes in the environment and in personal behavior affect cancer risks.METHODS.Data on 39,129 neoplasms in individuals ages 13 to 24 years who were diagnosed in England from 1979 to 2003 were analyzed. Variability in incidence by time period and differences in the time trends by age group, sex, and geographic region were analyzed using generalized linear models.RESULTS.Incidence rates of leukemias, lymphomas, central nervous system, bone, and germ cell tumors; melanoma; and carcinomas of the thyroid, ovary, cervix, and colon/rectum increased over time (all P < .01); whereas the incidence of carcinomas of the stomach and bladder decreased (both P < .01). These changes were consistent by age, sex, and region for most neoplasms. Melanoma incidence stabilized in southern England by 1993 but continued to increase in northern England (P = .001). The increase in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma was greater in individuals ages 20 to 24 year than in younger individuals, but the increase in Hodgkin lymphoma was confined to individuals ages 13 to 14 years.CONCLUSIONS.The changes in incidence rates may have been caused in part by environmental changes and in part by behavioral changes in young individuals. Some of these results can be used to inform public health campaigns, which can be constructed to encourage better lifestyle choices by young individuals. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Outcome of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia after second salvage therapy
Authors: O'Brien Susan , Thomas Deborah , Ravandi Farhad , Faderl Stefan , Cortes Jorge , Borthakur Gautum , Pierce Sherry , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Kantarjian Hagop M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND.The outcome of adults with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who undergo second salvage therapy has been characterized poorly. This is important with regard to investigational approaches aimed at helping this subset of patients. The objectives of the current study were to predict outcomes and determine the prognostic factors associated with second salvage therapy in patients with ALL.METHODS.In this study, 288 patients were analyzed who received second salvage therapy for ALL at the authors' institution.RESULTS.Overall, 53 patients (18%) achieved a complete response (CR). The median remission duration was 7 months and the median survival was 3 months. In multivariate analysis, prognostic factors that were associated independently with achieving CR were duration of first CR and platelet count. Patients with a first CR <36 months and platelet counts <50 × 109/L had an expected CR rate of 7%. In multivariate analysis, prognostic factors that were associated independently with survival were duration of first CR, percentage bone marrow blasts, platelet count, and albumin level. The expected 12‐month survival rates for patients with 0 or 1, 2, 3, or 4 adverse factors were 33%, 14%, 8%, and 0%, respectively. A repeat multivariate analysis using landmark assessment at 6 weeks selected achievement of CR as adding significantly to the survival benefit (P= .0001; hazard ratio, 0.51). Only 22 patients (8%) were able to undergo allogeneic stem cell transplantation as second salvage therapy, and their 1‐year survival rate was 18%.CONCLUSIONS.The outcome of adults with ALL undergoing second salvage therapy is poor. Novel effective therapies against ALL are needed in this subset of patients. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Comparative analysis of serotonin receptor (HTR1A/HTR1B families) and transporter (slc6a4a/b) gene expression in the zebrafish brain
Authors: Norton William H.J. , Folchert Anja , Bally‐Cuif Laure 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this study we analyze 5‐hydroxytryptamine [5‐HT]; serotonin) signaling in zebrafish, an increasingly popular vertebrate disease model. We compare and contrast expression of the 5‐HT transporter genesslc6a4aandslc6a4b, which identify 5‐HT‐producing neurons and three novel 5‐HT receptors,htr1aa,htr1ab, andhtr1bd.slc6a4aandslc6a4bare expressed in the raphe nuclei, retina, medulla oblongata, paraventricular organ, pretectal diencephalic complex, and caudal zone of the periventricular hypothalamus, in line with the expression profiles of homologues from other vertebrates. Our analysis of serotonin transporter (SERT)‐encoding genes also identifies parallel genetic pathways used to build the 5‐HT system in zebrafish. In cells in which 5‐HT is synthesized bytph1,slc6a4bis used for re‐uptake, whereastph2‐positive cells utilizeslc6a4a. The receptorshtr1aa,htr1ab, andhtr1bdalso show widespread expression in both the larval and adult brain. Receptor expression is seen in the superior raphe nucleus, retina, ventral telencephalon, optic tectum, thalamus, posterior tuberculum, cerebellum, hypothalamus, and reticular formation, thus implicating 5‐HT signaling in several neural circuits. We also examine larval brains double‐labeled with 5‐HTergic and dopaminergic pathway‐specific antibodies, to uncover the identity of some 5‐HTergic target neurons. Furthermore, comparison of the expression of transporter and receptor genes also allows us to map sites of autoreceptor activity within the brain. We detect autoreceptor activity in the pretectal diencephalic cluster (htr1aa‐,htr1ab‐,htr1bd‐, andslc6a4a‐positive), superior raphe nucleus (htr1aa‐,htr1ab‐, andslc6a4a‐positive), paraventricular organ (htr1aa‐,htr1ab‐,htr1bd‐, andslc6a4b‐positive), and the caudal zone of the periventricular hypothalamus (htr1ab‐ andslc6a4b‐positive). J. Comp. Neurol. 511:521–542, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Visualizing mechanosensory endings of TrkC‐expressing neurons in HS3ST‐2‐hPLAP mice
Authors: Hasegawa Hiroshi , Wang Fan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSomatosensory neurons are classified into three main types according to their modalities: nociceptive, thermal, and mechanosensory. Within each modality group, neurons can be further divided into morphologically and functionally distinct subclasses. Here we show that heparan sulfate D‐glucosaminyl 3‐O‐sulfotransferase 2 (HS3ST‐2) is a marker for specific subsets of TrkC‐expressing cutaneous low‐threshold mechanosensory and proprioceptive mechanosensory neurons. Two‐color in situ analysis revealed that almost all HS3ST‐2 signals colocalized with TrkC but not with TrkA or TrkB mRNA. To visualize the morphological subtypes of HS3ST‐2/TrkC‐expressing neurons, we generated a HS3ST‐2‐hPLAP knock‐in mouse line, in which HS3ST‐2‐expressing neurons and their projections are labeled by human placental alkaline phosphatase (hPLAP). AP staining in these mice demonstrated that sensory endings of muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs as well as the cutaneous mechanosensory Merkel and longitudinal lanceolate endings in the whiskers are strongly positive for hPLAP activity. In contrast, no nociceptive endings are labeled. In the glabrous and hairy skin, rare Merkel endings and transverse lanceolate endings are weakly stained. During development, each type of nerve endings forms at different time point. Muscle innervations differentiate first, followed by formation of cutaneous sensory endings. Our results revealed the subtype identities of TrkC‐positive mechanosensory neurons and demonstrated the usefulness of HS3ST‐2 as a genetic marker for these subclasses of neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 511:543–556, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Photothermal CVD of Carbon Thin Films using CH2I2 as the Precursor
Authors: Rashid Abdul , Landström Lars , Ottosson Mikael , Piglmayer Klaus 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThin carbon films are deposited via CVD from the precursor methylene iodide (CH2I2) using two different activation sources; a broadband IR lamp and a thermal plate. Large differences in deposition rates are observed when comparing the two sources of activation. The characteristics of the deposition kinetics of the highly sensitive system are also investigated by employing a split, symmetric reactor, and by using a qualitative model. Raman spectroscopy (RS) is used for microstructural characterization of the films. The lamp technique allows a simple and low‐cost experimental setup, for deposition of disordered carbon thin films at relatively low temperatures and high rates.
Density Investigation by X‐ray Reflectivity for Thin Films Synthesized Using Atmospheric CVD
Authors: Kishimoto Shinichi , Hashiguchi Tomoaki , Ohshio Shigeo , Saitoh Hidetoshi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe density of hafnia and titania films is investigated by an X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) analysis using an X‐ray diffractometer equipped with a relatively low power X‐ray source. Several films are prepared using a CVD technique operated under atmospheric pressure. The XRR profile of the hafnia films is obtained, and fitted with the assumption of the existence of an HfSiO intermediate layer on the Si substrate with a SiO2 layer. The density of the hafnia films is lower than that of the bulk crystal. On the other hand, the XRR profile of the titania films on the glass substrate can be fitted using a seven‐lamella model. The film density of titania is also lower than that of the bulk crystal. XRR analysis may become a powerful weapon to determine not only the structure model but also the crystallinity of each layer.
Synthesis, Characterisation, Complexation and Electrochemistry of Linear Tridentate FcE(CH2)3E′(CH2)3EFc (E, E′ = Se or Te) Ligands: X‐ray Crystal Structures of FcSe(CH2)3Se(CH2)3SeFc and [PtCl{FcSe(CH2)3Se(CH2)3SeFc}]PF6 {Fc = [Fe(η5‐C5H5)(η5‐C5H4)]}
Authors: Jing Su , Morley Christopher P. , Webster Christopher A. , Di Vaira Massimo 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA series of linear tridentate ligands, FcE(CH2)3E′(CH2)3EFc (E, E′ = Se or Te), was synthesised. Their chloropalladium(II) and chloroplatinum(II) complexes were also prepared. The new compounds were characterised by a range of spectroscopic and analytical techniques, including multinuclear NMR spectrometry and X‐ray crystallography. In an electrochemistry study of the complexes no communication between the ferrocenyl centres was observed, regardless of the through‐bond Fe···Fe distance.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Design of Neutral Metallomesogens from 5,5‐Dimethyldipyrromethane: Metal Ion Mediated Control of Folding and Hairpin Structures
Authors: Ames Kelly A. , Collinson Simon R. , Blake Alexander J. , Wilson Claire , Love Jason B. , Bruce Duncan W. , Donnio Bertrand , Guillon Daniel , Schröder Martin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNew ligands derived from 5,5‐dimethyldipyrromethane and their corresponding neutral complexes with ZnII and PdII are described. The ligands incorporate either a hexacatenar [H2(1n), n = 1, 10, 12, 14 and 16], tetracatenar [H2(2n), n = 1 and 16] or an extended dicatenar structure [H2(3n), n = 1and 16]. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations of [Zn2(11)2] and [Zn2(31)2] confirm a distorted tetrahedral geometry at ZnII to afford double‐stranded helical structures, while the PdII species [Pd(31)] shows a distorted square‐planar geometry with the ligand adopting an alternative hairpin conformation. The metal‐free hexacatenar ligands H2(1n) (n = 10, 12, 14, 16) and the corresponding complexes [Zn2(116)2] and [Pd(1n)] (n = 12, 14, 16) are not mesomorphic. However, the tetracatenar complex [Zn2(216)2] generates a smectic mesophase, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction, while [Pd(216)] and the metal‐free ligand H2(216) show no mesomorphic behaviour. Two of the extended dicatenar compounds, H2(316) and [Zn2(316)2] are non‐mesomorphic, while [Pd(316)] displays a smectic A phase.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Synthesis of Spherical Down‐ and Up‐Conversion NaYF4‐Based Nanophosphors with Tunable Size in Ethylene Glycol without Surfactants or Capping Additives (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 29/2008)
Authors: Nuñez Nuria O. , Míguez Hernán , Quintanilla Marta , Cantelar Eugenio , Cussó Fernando , Ocaña Manuel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe cover picture shows spherical nanoparticles consisting of NaYF4 co‐doped with Er3+/Yb3+, which have been synthesised through a procedure simpler and less harmful than other methods previously reported, since it does not require the use of surfactant or capping additives. As illustrated in the picture, these nanoparticles emit visible light in the green and red regions when irradiated with infrared (980 nm) radiation. This property, known as up‐conversion fluorescence, confers on the nanophosphors potential applications in several fields, including biotechnology. Details are discussed in the article by M. Ocaña et al. on p. 4517 ff.