bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measured Height Loss Predicts Fractures in Middle-Aged and Older Men and Women: The EPIC-Norfolk Prospective Population Study
Authors: Moayyeri Alireza , Luben Robert N , Bingham Sheila A , Welch Ailsa A , Wareham Nicholas J , Khaw Kay-Tee 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
In this large population-based prospective study among middle-aged and older men and women, we found that height loss of &gt;2 cm over a period of 4 yr is a significant predictor of future fractures. Serial measurement of height is, therefore, recommended among the elderly people.
Introduction: Height change can be easily measured and may contribute to fracture risk prediction. We assessed measured height loss and fracture incidence in a prospective population study.
Materials and Methods: Height was measured in participants in the Norfolk cohort of the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer (EPIC-Norfolk) between 1993 and 1997 and repeated between 1997 and 2000. Incident fractures to 2006 were ascertained by hospital record linkage.
Results: In 14,921 men and women 42–82 yr of age, during a mean follow-up period of 7.1 yr, there were 390 fractures, including 122 hip fractures. Prior annual height loss in those who had an incident fracture (1.8 ± 0.3 [SD] mm) was significantly greater than other participants (0.9 ± 0.2 mm; p &lt; 0.001). Participants with annual height loss &gt;0.5 cm had an age- and sex-adjusted hazard ratio of any fracture of 1.76 (95% CI, 1.16–2.67) and of hip fracture of 2.08 (95% CI, 1.07–4.05) compared with those with no height loss. Each 1 cm/yr height loss was associated with a hazard ratio of 1.86 (95% CI, 1.28–2.72) for all fractures and 2.24 (95% CI, 1.23–4.09) for hip fracture after adjustment for age, sex, past history of fracture, smoking, body mass index, alcohol intake, and heel ultrasound measures. Annual height loss of 1 cm was comparable to having a past history of fracture and equivalent to being ∼14 yr older in chronological age in terms of the magnitude of relationship with fracture risk.
Conclusions: Middle-aged and older men and women with annual height loss &gt;0.5 cm are at increased risk of hip and any fracture. Serial height measurements can contribute to fracture risk prediction.
A New Heterozygous Mutation (R714C) of the Osteopetrosis Gene, Pleckstrin Homolog Domain Containing Family M (With Run Domain) Member 1 (PLEKHM1), Impairs Vesicular Acidification and Increases TRACP Secretion in Osteoclasts
Authors: Del Fattore Andrea , Fornari Rachele , Van Wesenbeeck Liesbeth , de Freitas Fenna , Timmermans Jean-Pierre , Peruzzi Barbara , Cappariello Alfredo , Rucci Nadia , Spera Giovanni , Helfrich Miep H , Van Hul Wim , Migliaccio Silvia , Teti Anna 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We studied phenotypic and cellular aspects in a patient with a heterozygous mutation of the PLEKHM1 gene and obtained some indications regarding the role of the protein in bone cell function. Plekhm1 is involved in osteoclast endosomal vesicle acidification and TRACP exocytosis, contributing to events involved in osteoclast–osteoblast cross-talk.
Introduction: The gene PLEKHM1 encodes a nonsecretory adaptor protein that localizes to endosomal vesicles. A highly truncated Plekhm1 protein was previously found in a patient with intermediate autosomal recessive osteopetrosis.
Materials and Methods: We describe a new heterozygous mutation in the PLEKHM1 gene in a patient presenting with low vertebral and femoral T-scores and areas of focal sclerosis. Clinical evaluation, mutational analysis, assessment of in vitro osteoclast morphology and activity, transfection studies, and evaluation of osteoclast–osteoblast cross-talk were carried out.
Results: Direct DNA sequencing showed a heterozygous C to T substitution on cDNA position 2140 of the PLEKHM1 gene, predicted to lead to an R714C mutant protein. The mutation was not found in 104 control chromosomes. In vitro, patient's osteoclasts showed normal formation rate, morphology, number of nuclei, and actin rings but lower TRACP activity and higher endosomal pH than control osteoclasts. The patient had high serum PTH and TRACP, despite low TRACP activity in osteoclasts in vitro. HEK293 cells overexpressing either wildtype or Plekhm1-R714C showed no difference in localization of the variants, and co-transfection with a TRACP vector confirmed low TRACP activity in cells carrying the R714C mutation. RAW 264.7 osteoclast-like cells expressing the Plekhm1-R714C variant also showed low TRACP activity and reduced ability to acidify endosomal compartments compared with cells expressing the wildtype protein. Reduced intracellular TRACP was caused by increased protein secretion rather than reduced expression. TRACP-containing conditioned medium was able to increase osteoblast alkaline phosphatase, suggesting the focal osteosclerosis is a result of increased osteoclast–osteoblast coupling.
Conclusions: We provide further evidence for a role of Plekhm-1 in osteoclasts by showing that a novel mutation in PLEKHM1 is associated with a complex bone phenotype of generalized osteopenia combined with “focal osteosclerosis.” Our data suggest that the mutation affects endosomal acidification/maturation and TRACP exocytosis, with implications for osteoclast–osteoblast cross-talk.
Finite Element Analysis Based on In Vivo HR-pQCT Images of the Distal Radius Is Associated With Wrist Fracture in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Boutroy Stephanie , Van Rietbergen Bert , Sornay-Rendu Elisabeth , Munoz Francoise , Bouxsein Mary L , Delmas Pierre D 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
BMD, bone microarchitecture, and bone mechanical properties assessed in vivo by finite element analysis were associated with wrist fracture in postmenopausal women.
Introduction: Many fractures occur in individuals with normal BMD. Assessment of bone mechanical properties by finite element analysis (FEA) may improve identification of those at high risk for fracture.
Materials and Methods: We used HR-pQCT to assess volumetric bone density, microarchitecture, and μFE-derived bone mechanical properties at the radius in 33 postmenopausal women with a prior history of fragility wrist fracture and 33 age-matched controls from the OFELY cohort. Radius areal BMD (aBMD) was also measured by DXA. Associations between density, microarchitecture, mechanical parameters and fracture status were evaluated by univariate logistic regression analysis and expressed as ORs (with 95% CIs) per SD change. We also conducted a principal components (PCs) analysis (PCA) to reduce the number of parameters and study their association (OR) with wrist fracture.
Results: Areal and volumetric densities, cortical thickness, trabecular number, and mechanical parameters such as estimated failure load, stiffness, and the proportion of load carried by the trabecular bone at the distal and proximal sites were associated with wrist fracture (p &lt; 0.05). The PCA revealed five independent components that jointly explained 86.2% of the total variability of bone characteristics. The first PC included FE-estimated failure load, areal and volumetric BMD, and cortical thickness, explaining 51% of the variance with an OR for wrist fracture = 2.49 (95% CI, 1.32–4.72). Remaining PCs did not include any density parameters. The second PC included trabecular architecture, explaining 12% of the variance, with an OR = 1.82 (95% CI, 0.94–3.52). The third PC included the proportion of the load carried by cortical versus trabecular bone, assessed by FEA, explaining 9% of the variance, and had an OR = 1.61 (95% CI, 0.94–2.77). Thus, the proportion of load carried by cortical versus trabecular bone seems to be associated with wrist fracture independently of BMD and microarchitecture (included in the first and second PC, respectively).
Conclusions: These results suggest that bone mechanical properties assessed by μFE may provide information about skeletal fragility and fracture risk not assessed by BMD or architecture measurements alone and are therefore likely to enhance the prediction of wrist fracture risk.
Association of Changes in Oxidative and Proinflammatory States with Changes in Vascular Function after a Lifestyle Modification Trial Among Obese Children
Authors: Kelishadi Roya , Hashemi Mohammad , Mohammadifard Noushin , Asgary Sedigheh , Khavarian Noushin 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background: The association of changes in oxidative and proinflammatory states with vascular function after diet and exercise intervention among obese children has not been previously explored.
Methods: In this 6-week diet and exercise intervention study in 35 obese children, age 12 to 18 years, we evaluated the relationship between changes in anthropometric indices, measures of insulin resistance, C-reactive protein (CRP), oxidized LDL (ox-LDL), and oxidative stress markers with changes in carotid intima-media thickness (C-IMT) and flow mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery.
Results: At the end of the study, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and percentage body fat were decreased (P &lt;0.05), but participants remained overweight (BMI ≥ 95th percentile). Although FMD improved (P &lt;0.05), the improvement in C-IMT did not reach statistical significance. The changes in BMI, waist circumference, fat mass, ox-LDL, malondialdehyde (MDA), CRP, insulin, and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) had an inverse correlation with the changes in mean FMD after adjustment for age and sex, with the highest correlations documented for ox-LDL, CRP, and WC. The age- and sex-adjusted changes in ox-LDL, waist circumference, CRP, MDA, and body fat mass had the highest correlations with changes in C-IMT.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that a common inflammatory stress condition associated with childhood obesity, notably with abdominal fat deposition, may play a role in the development of the earliest stages of proatherosclerotic inflammatory processes and subsequent vascular dysfunction. These changes might be partially reversible by short-term diet and exercise intervention, even if patients do not reach ideal body weight.
A Revised Procedure for the Construction of a 3-Parameter JR Resistance Curve and the Determination of Initiation Toughness J0.2
Authors: Wardle Graham 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Fracture toughness testing procedures often advocate the use of a 3-parameter offset power law fit to define a resistance curve, and subsequently an estimate of initiation toughness (e.g., J0.2). JR=A+α(Δa)β. Experience has indicated that the fit coefficients A, α, and β are highly variable. What is required is a consistent method of estimating A and thus α and β to reflect physical sense. In this paper it is proposed that the offset A is defined using a J-elastic term Je given by A=Je=W/2(σy2∕E′)f(ao∕W). Experimental data are provided in support of the use of Je for a well characterized A533B-1 steel. Tests were made at ambient temperature using geometrically scaled plain-sided and side-grooved compact C(T) specimens of sizes 20&lt;W&lt;200mm. The fixing of A through the use of Je provides less variable α and β parameters. The exponent β is found to be independent of W, noting that βSG&lt;βplain, as is the α coefficient for side-grooved specimens (αSG). The α coefficient for plain-sided specimens (αplain) may be related to specimen width and thus thickness (B) for geometrically-scaled specimens, noting that α∞ approximates to αSG. αplain=α∞(1+1∕B). The results indicate that the JR curves and thus J0.2 vary with specimen width W. For conventional laboratory-sized C(T) specimens (i.e., 25&lt;W&lt;100mm) the variation in J0.2 with a size over this range is of the same order as the general level of scatter observed in the J0.2 measurement. However, for specimen sizes outside of this range size effects may be predicted.
Formulas for Product Strength Modeling
Authors: Nadarajah Saralees , Kotz Samuel 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The concept of stress strength inference plays an important role in modeling problems with respect to testing and evaluation of products. The lifetime failure rate of a product can be expressed by the probability FR=Pr(X2&lt;X1), where X1 and X2 are some random variables representing the lifetime maximum stress and the strength of the product. In this note, we derive a comprehensive collection of formulas for FR by assuming the most commonly known models for X1 and X2. We feel that this work could serve as a useful reference for product strength modeling.
Effect of Hail Impact on Thermally Tempered Glass Substrates Used for Processing CdTe PV Modules
Authors: Shimpi Tushar M. , Barth Kurt L. , Enzenroth Robert Al. , Sampath W. S. , Manivannan V. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
The IEEE 1262 standard provides qualification tests and specification to evaluate photovoltaic (PV) modules intended for power generation applications. The hail impact test is one of the tests. It is conducted to verify that the module will withstand a simulated hail impact without damage. The modules are tested with 1-in. diameter ice balls traveling at a velocity of 52 miles/h. Based on the results, the use of 3-mm tempered glass substrate for processing is recommended to withstand the hail impact test. The stresses developed by the samples during the hail impact test have been estimated.
Correlations Between Depth of Water Penetration, Chloride Permeability, and Coefficient of Chloride Diffusion in Plain, Silica Fume, and Fly Ash Cement Concretes
Authors: Ahmad Shamsad , Al-Kutti Walid A. , Baghabra Al-Amoudi Omar S. , Maslehuddin Mohammed 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
An experimental study was conducted to evaluate correlations between the depth of water penetration, chloride permeability, and coefficient of chloride diffusion in plain, silica fume, and fly ash cement concretes. A total of 27 concrete mixtures were prepared by varying the water to cementitious materials ratio and cementitious materials content and using Type I, fly ash (20 %), and silica fume (7.5 %) cements. The test results were statistically analyzed to develop correlations between the depth of water penetration, chloride permeability, and coefficient of chloride diffusion. A good correlation was noted between the depth of water penetration and chloride diffusion, and chloride permeability and coefficient of chloride diffusion (R2&gt;0.80).
Growth Modulation during Juvenile Rearing Can Reduce Rates of Residualism in the Progeny of Wild Steelhead Broodstock
Authors: Sharpe Cameron S. , Beckman Brian R. , Cooper Kathleen A. , Hulett Patrick L. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Residualism is the failure of some hatchery-reared salmonid juveniles to out-migrate as smolts with the rest of their cohort. We released hatchery-reared juveniles from domesticated- and wild-origin broodstock steelhead and measured their relative rates of residualism. The residualism rate exhibited by the offspring of wild broodstock was more than one order of magnitude greater than that of domesticated stock. Further, we experimentally manipulated the growth trajectories of juvenile offspring of wild broodstock to decrease the size variance among released fish. Our expectation was that fewer fish would be too small or too large to smolt as yearlings. Small fish placed on an aggressive rearing regimen (reared separately from larger fish, fed more food more often) residualized at a lower rate than did comparable control fish (reared with large fish without supplemental feeding). We saw no effect of a lower feeding regimen on the residualism rate of large fish, but the lower feeding regimen did not significantly affect size during rearing. Residual steelhead were bimodally distributed by size. Most residual fish were male; among these fish, 11-ketotestosterone levels and visual scores of gonadal development indicated that 42% were mature or maturing. All fish showed the expected patterns of change in gill Na+,K+-ATPase and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) associated with smoltification, and small fish placed on the aggressive rearing regimen showed slightly, but significantly, higher IGF-I levels than did comparable control fish.
Selection of Spawning Sites by Coho Salmon in a Northern California Stream
Authors: Mull Kristin E. , Wilzbach Margaret A. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
We assessed the relative importance of various factors contributing to spawning site use by a population of threatened coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in Freshwater Creek, California, and created a predictive model of spawning habitat selection based on logistic regression analysis. We excluded sampling sites that previous studies had established as unsuitable on the basis of depth and substrate criteria and asked why fish chose particular locations and not others in seemingly suitable habitat. We evaluated surface water velocity, depth, substrate size composition, gravel inflow rates, vertical hydraulic gradient, geomorphic channel units, hyporheic water physicochemistry, cover, and proximity to other redds not in sampling sites during the 2004–2005 spawning season. In univariate comparisons with unused sites, coho salmon selected sites with a smaller median particle diameter, a larger percentage of gravel–pebble substrate, and higher gravel inflow rates. Based on multivariate logistic regression, the probability of a site's being used for spawning was best modeled as a positive function of the gravel–pebble fraction of the substrate, location at a pool or run tail, and the presence of existing redds in close proximity to the site. This model explained 38% of the variation in the data and was a better predictor of spawning habitat use than a more traditional model based on depth, velocity, and substrate. Our results highlight the potential importance of social behavior in contributing to habitat selection by spawning salmonids.
Bridging the Energy Gap: Anadromous Blueback Herring Feeding in the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers, New York
Authors: Simonin Paul W. , Limburg Karin E. , Machut Leonard S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAdult blueback herring Alosa aestivalis (N = 116) were collected during the 1999, 2000, and 2002‐2004 spawning runs from sites on the Hudson and Mohawk rivers, and gut contents were analyzed. Thirty‐four fish (33% of those examined) were found to contain food material. Food items were present in 41% of Mohawk River samples and 11% of Hudson River samples; all Hudson River fish containing food were captured in small tributaries above the head of tide. Hudson River fish predominantly consumed zooplankton, while Mohawk River fish consumed benthic aquatic insects in large quantities, including Baetidae, Ephemeridae, and Chironomidae. Using stable isotope analysis and a mixing model, we found that fish collected later in the season had significantly decreased marine‐derived C. Condition indices of later‐season fish were equal to or greater than those of fish collected earlier in the season. Blueback herring in this system may face increased energy requirements as they migrate farther upstream during spawning runs, and feeding may provide energy subsidies needed to maintain fitness over their expanded migratory range.
Environmental benefits and social cost – an example of combining Bayesian networks and economic models for analysing pesticide management instruments
Authors: Henriksen H.J. , Kjær J. , Brüsh W. , Jacobsen L.-B. , Jensen J.D. , Grinderslev D. , Andersen P. 
Published: November 2007

There is a need for introducing interdisciplinary tools and approaches in water management for participatory integrated assessment of water protection costs and environmental benefits for different management scenarios. This is required for the Water Framework Directive. Bayesian belief networks (BN) are one example of a possible tool for participatory integrated assessment. BNs allow knowledge and data from economic, social and hydrological domains to be integrated in a transparent, coherent and equitable way. The paper reports on the construction of a BN to assess impacts of pesticide management actions on agricultural economics and groundwater and drinking water quality, with the overall aim of exploring complexity and uncertainties.
With the participatory BN learning process data, expert knowledge and modelling results were combined into a cost-efficiency and cost-benefit analysis, BN being based on a focused dialogue between participating domain experts and end-users of the research. The instruments analysed by the constructed BN were taxes on pesticides and herbicides, and pesticide-free buffer zones around field edges and water abstraction wells.
A study of the quality and hygienic conditions of spring water in Mongolia
Authors: Badrakh Altanzagas , Chultemdorji Tsolmon , Hagan Robert , Govind Salik , Tserendorj Tsevegdorj , Vanya Delgermaa , Dalaijamts Chimeddulam , Shinee Enhtsetseg 
Published: November 2007

An assessment on quality and hygienic conditions of spring water was undertaken in Mongolia in 2004 with financial and technical support from the World Health Organization through AGFUND.
Methodology: A total of 127 springs, 99 from rural areas and 28 from Ulaanbaatar city were included in the study. The study included hygienic conditions, physical, microbiological and chemical parameters of springs. Based on the results of laboratory analysis, the quality of springs were classified into five degrees of contamination.
Results: The majority of springs studied and especially in UB city and the Central region had poor hygienic conditions such as low flow rate, turbidity or pollution sources in the vicinity of springs. 78% of the total studied springs did not have any protection or upgrade and 22% have only wooden, iron and stone fences. The water quality parameters such as hardness, total dissolved solids, oxygen demand, nitrogenous compounds, total microbial count, Escherichia coli were also significantly higher in springs located in UB city, the Central region and the East region. 47.6% of all studied aimag's (countryside) spring water were significantly polluted by more than three parameters especially E. coli, ammonia, oxygen demand, which indicated a recent contamination by human and animal excreta in water.
Conclusion: The current study revealed that the majority of springs in peri urban areas close to UB city and the Central region had poor hygienic conditions. Different levels of contamination using both microbiological and chemical tests were found in studied springs. It is recommended that regular assessment of spring water quality be undertaken to create awareness among communities and local authorities for further protection and upgrading of spring water sources.
Modeling short-range ordering in solutions
Authors: Pelton Arthur D. , Kang Youn-Bae 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Various aspects of the modeling of short-range order in binary and ternary solutions using the Bragg – Williams (random mixing), associate, and quasichemical models are examined. The models are compared with respect to their ability to predict properties of ternary solutions from optimized binary model parameters in the presence of short-range order. It is shown how introducing short-range order through the quasichemical model can explain the observed flattened shape of most miscibility gaps. The combination of the quasichemical model for nearest-neighbor short-range order with the Bragg – Williams model for the remaining lattice interactions is described.