bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in the Propensity to Live Alone: 1950–1976
Authors: Michael Robert T. , Fuchs Victor R. , Scott Sharon R. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The growth in single-person households is a pervasive behavioral phenomenon in the United States in the post-war period. In this paper we investigate determinants of the propensity to live alone, using 1970 data across states for single men and women ages 25 to 34 and for elderly widows. Income level appears to be a major determinant of the propensity to live alone. The estimated cross-state equations track about three-quarters of the increase in the propensity to live alone between 1950-1976and suggest that income growth has been the principal identified influence. Other variables found to affect (positively) the propensity to live alone include mobility, schooling level, and for young people a measure of social climate; non-whites appear to have a somewhat lower propensity to live alone.
Historical Notices of John Bunyan.
Authors: Hurst George 
Published: March 2007

As Mayor of Bedford when the statue of John Bunyan, presented to that town by the Duke of Bedford, was lately inaugurated, I was led to devote some attention to the history of the great dreamer. During my investigations I was led to the conclusion that his biographers have fallen into some errors.It is commonly stated that Bunyan was, about the year 1728, born at Elstow, a village near Bedford; this statement is certainly incorrect. He was born at Harrowden, a hamlet belonging to Cardington, a parish subsequently famous as the residence of the celebrated philanthropist, John Howard. The place is called Bunyan End, but it is now a ploughed field. It is not surprising that the mistake should have occurred, since the hamlet of Harrowden adjoins Elstow, and Bunyan, immediately after his marriage, occupied the cottage in the village which has been designated as his birth-place.
English Ships in the Reign of James I.
Authors: Marsden R. G. 
Published: March 2007

Introduction:The following list of ships' names occurring in documents of the reign of James I. (March 24, 1603, to March 27, 1625), has been compiled mainly from the following sources:High Court of Admiralty, Records.State Papers Domestic, Ireland, Colonial, East Indies, America, Venice.Historical MSS. Commission, Reports.Customs Rolls.Exchequer, Warrants for Issues, Issue Rolls, and K. R. Memoranda Rolls.MSS. (various) British Museum.Letter Book of the East India Company (Birdwood and Foster).Letters received by the East India Company (Stevens).Purchas, his Pilgrims.Hakluyt Society, Publications.Camden Society, Publications.
Anglo-Portuguese Trade in the Fifteenth Century
Authors: Childs Wendy R. 
Published: March 2007

My concern in this paper is essentially the complementary commercial links of the two countries against the background of political friendship.Eighty years ago Miss Shillington put forward a very positive picture of the strength of Anglo-Portuguese trade, and apart from some work by Professor Carus-Wilson and Dr Livermore, not much has been done on this trade since, although almost all other aspects of Portuguese activity in northern and Mediterranean markets and in exploration have been considered, and the relationship of northern trade in Portugal's seemingly dramatic expansion into colonial adventure has not infrequently been raised. Writers may passingly refer to Anglo-Portuguese trade as vigorous, regular, modest, increasing or decreasing: but on what scale? Is vigorous trade two, five, or ten ships a year in the context of Anglo-Portuguese trade? I first became interested in Portuguese trade years ago as I wrote on Castilian trade, when it seemed to me that, despite good political relations Anglo-Portuguese trade was modest, while the Basque and Castilian trade flourished in much less welcoming political circumstances. The approach of 1992 with its promised closer commercial links in the European community (now including Portugal) seems a good time to review England's medieval links with what is commonly called her oldest continuous ally and trading partner. What I intend to do in this paper is at once limited (to examine England's trade with Portugal and the Portuguese role in it) and very broad (to sweep a whole century to provide a context for this activity).
One of Us? William Camden and the Making of HistoryThe Camden Society Centenary Lecture
Authors: Collinson Patrick 
Published: March 2007

The Royal Historical Society will not be startled to learn that one of the best-informed essays on William Camden was written by its quondam president, Sir Maurice Powicke:A great book might be written about Camden, his life and his works, his wide circle of friends and correspondents and his humanity. It would be a very difficult book to write, for its author would have to be steeped in the social history of the time and to be familiar with the personal life, the friendships and all the correlated activities of scholars all over the western world in Camden's day. To recapture that society with learning and imaginative amplitude might well engage a fine and patient and sympathetic scholar in the work of a lifetime.
Making Mercantilism Work: London Merchants And Atlantic Trade in the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Zahedieh Nuala 
Published: March 2007

Authors of the surge of economic tracts and treatises published in late seventeenth-century England generally agreed that foreign trade underpinned the wealth, health, and strength of the nation. The merchant was herothe same to the body politick as the liver, veins and arteries are to the natural; for he both raises and distributes treasure the vital blood of the common weal. He is the steward of the kingdom's stock which by his good or ill-management does proportionably increase or languish. One of the most useful members in a state without whom it can never be opulent in peace nor consequently formidable in war.'
Reaction between chlorophosphazenes and silicon alkoxides—formation of temperature‐stable thermosetting materials
Authors: Emblem H. G. , Oxley C. E. , Trow S. A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe reaction between chlorophosphazenes and silicon alkoxides has been studied as a means of preparing temperature‐stable thermosetting resinous materials. If the silicon alkoxide is polyfunctional in straight‐chain lower alkoxy groups the usual reaction is elimination of alkyl chloride and formation of a thermosetting resinous product. The mechanism of this reaction is discussed. Other reactions occurring in the treatment of chlorophosphazenes with silicon alkoxides are also discussed. Asbestos laminates which retain much of their strength when heated to 500° for 50 hours in air can be prepared from the thermosetting resinous products resulting from the reaction between chlorophosphazenes and silicon alkoxides.
Micro‐float methods for studying diffusion in polymer solutions
Authors: Gordon M. , Polowiński S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe application of new methods for diffusion measurements by micro‐floats has been studied. A modified Gerlach method, the method of a float moving through the concentration gradient, and an electromagnetic balancing method were tried. It was found that by the last method coefficients of diffusion of macromolecules in solution can be measured. Experiments have been carried out using trimethyl trimesate in methanol and two sharp fractions of polystyrene in cyclohexane at the theta temperature. The results are compared with literature data.
Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the US Senate
Authors: Mancuso Maureen 
Published: March 2007

Filibuster: Obstruction and Lawmaking in the US Senate,
Gregory J. Wawro and Eric Schickler, Princeton: Princeton University
Press, 2006, pp. xx, 326.The US Senate presents observers with a paradox. It is a strong and
influential legislative chamber, whose strength and influence derive in
great part from unique rules and norms that not only allow but genuinely
celebrate obstructionism, and techniques that encourage the frustration of
the democratic majority by unrestricted parliamentary gamesmanship. The
filibuster—a tactic whose purpose is to prevent the accomplishment
of legislative business—is a fundamental, defining characteristic of
both Senate procedure and the Senate's institutional self-image. How
does the Senate—with its jealously guarded traditions of unlimited
debate, universal recognition, and disregard for germaneness—ever
manage to get anything done?
The Role of Intellectual Property Protection in the Business Strategy of University Spin-Off Biotech Companies in a Small Transition Economy
Authors: Mets Tõnis , Leego Merike , Talpsep Tiit , Varblane Urmas 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpin-off biotech companies often have difficulties in creating competitive advantage through protection of their intellectual property, due to their limited human and financial resources. Having considered the value of the intellectual property and questions of enforceability, spin-off companies should use patenting only for inventions with a high market value and high patent enforceability; otherwise, publishing early or keeping the invention a trade secret should be preferred. This allows the inventor to benefit from operational freedom while maintaining low costs. The impact of the protected intellectual property on the success of the firm depends on its speed of entry into the market and when it reaches break-even point. In a transition country with a poorly developed entrepreneurial environment, patents may expire before the spin-off company has produced any profit from its expenditures on the protection of the intellectual property. It should also be remembered that their products may contain modules which are already protected by other inventors. Consequently, a strategically fundamental issue for the success of spin-off firms is the careful selection of the markets in which to operate, and the choice of the proper degree and method of intellectual property protection.
Reordering the State (without Changing the Constitution): Russia under Putin's Rule, 2000-2008
Authors: Oversloot Hans 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn the present article, it is assumed that V.V. Putin will not have the 1993 Constitution of the Russian Federation changed in order to help him arrange for a prolonged stay as President of Russia after his second term expires in 2008. It is also assumed that there will be no constitutional changes as to the power and the position of the prime-minister which would allow for an immediate 'return' of V.V. Putin in another capacity, namely as prime-minister, with much the same powers as he presently holds as President. The author expects that Putin will be true to his word in that he will maintain the 1993 Constitution (with the exception of minor change), that he will show to be—to use the Russian constitutional terminology—the garant of this Constitution.Nevertheless, within the framework of the 1993 Constitution, substantial changes have been made in the ordering of the Russian state, by federal law, by other means. The subordination of the subjects of the Russian Federation to the federal center, the 'emancipation' of state-politics from party politics, the 'emancipation' of democracy itself from party-politics, the penetration of societal organizations by state institutions (upravliaemaia demokratiia or suverennaia demokratiia), and the accompanying (state-) ideological changes, which have come about especially during Putin's second term, all add up to what is expected to be a lasting legacy. Putin has not changed the 1993 Constitution; he has given it its definite reading (interpretation) as it were.
The Development of Family Policy
Authors: Wennemo Irene 
Published: March 2007

In the course of the postwar period, universal family support has been introduced in most industrialized nations. Governments may introduce such support in order to attain two policy objectives, raising fertility and increasing the economic well-being of families There have been two major types of universal support to families: different types of family tax reductions on the one hand and cash benefits on the other. In this paper, predictors of the growth of family benefit levels in these systems will be examined. The results indicate that benefit levels are influenced by national political trends. Left party strength has a significant impact on the level of cash benefits, but a weak negative one on tax reductions, the latter type of benefit being more advantageous for earners of high incomes. Religious party strength also has a rather strong influence on family support. In contrast, measures linked to modernization and industrialization do not exercise any strong effect on the extension of family support. Neither measures of economic development nor fertility demonstrate any consistent impact on benefit levels.
Maoism in Extremis, Liuism in Command: Economic Modernization as Strategy in Class Struggle in China
Authors: Khot Nitin 
Published: March 2007

Two centuries ago, a former European colony decided to catch up with Europe. It succeeded so well that the United States of America became a monster, in which the taints, the sickness and the inhumanity of Europe have grown to apalling dimensions. Comrades, have we not other work to do than to create a third Europe? —FRANTZ FANON
Studying Foreign Policy Prediction: Methodological Notes
Authors: Hörberg Thomas 
Published: March 2007

Hörberg, Th. Studying Foreign Policy Prediction: Methodological Notes. Cooperation and Conflict, XVI, 1981, 19-24. Studying the foreign policy prediction-making of political actors is a fairly new branch of political science. The development of methods for this type of studies is still in its infancy. This article contains a discussion of the basis for prediction-making, of a method for identifying predictions, and of problems concerning predictions which are given no or only partial expression.
The Bear on the Prowl: Moderately Greedy, Moderately Strong
Authors: Dunér Bertil 
Published: March 2007

Dunér, B. The Bear on the Prowl: Moderately Greedy, Moderately Strong. Coop eration and Conflict, XX, 1984, 23-40. The Soviet Union long remained fairly passive with regard to events in the Third World. Such is no longer the case. Soviet relations with the developing world have a strong military bent, the principal expression thereof being its military interventions in conflicts between developing countries. Many see the Soviet Union as a powerful and voracious predator which is beginning to stray far outside its traditional East European hunting grounds into the Third World to supply its needs. The validity of such ideas is tested in this article. It is shown how the assessment of Soviet interven tionism depends on the perspective. It is alleged that there is no general, practically useful knowledge of the motives behind the interventions. Moreover, the thesis is pursued that the Soviet Union's capacity to intervene has indeed increased but there is a risk of exaggerating this capacity, especially in so far as the Soviet Union's relations with allied Communist states are not judged aright.
The Paradox of Weak State Power: A Research and Literature Overview
Authors: Lindell Ulf , Persson Stefan 
Published: March 2007

The primary aim of this article is to present an inventory of the propositions that have been made concerning the ways in which small states can exercise influence over Great Powers. The paradox of relatively resourceless states sometimes being able to exercise substantial influence in international relations received some attention in the late 1960s and early 1970s. The weak state — powerful state relations have, however, also been dealt with in a number of more recent studies, some of which have discussed the 'paradox of weak state power'. In this article we revisit the subject area and take stock of the work by presenting the factors which have been mentioned as conceivable explanations to the phenom enon. The factors are divided into two groups, with four and three subcategories, respectively. The first group consists of the propositions which focus on 'power bases' and statements about the effects of various basic conditions in the international system. The second group contain the propositions which discuss more 'direct' conceivable causes, such as certain strategies and tactics open to the smaller states.
Behind the Submarine Crisis: Evolution of the Swedish Defence Doctrine and Soviet War Planning
Authors: Agrell Wilhelm 
Published: March 2007

Agrell, W. Behind the Submarine Crisis: Evolution of the Swedish Defence Doctrine and Soviet War Planning. Cooperation and Conflict, XXI, 1986, 197-217. In the 1980s Sweden has experienced a number of serious incidents involving foreign submarines. This 'submarine crisis' has affected Swedish foreign policy and Swedish- Soviet relations, but also the relevance of the defence policy and the flexibility of long- term planning. The submarine crisis can thus be regarded as a test of vital elements in policy and planning. Historically, the Swedish defence doctrine in the post-war period has been characterized by considerable inertia, only giving way to strong pressure from the formal or informal power-groups controlling various aspects of defence policy. New planning procedures have not made the system more sensitive to changes in the external premisses. A close analysis of alien underwater activity in Swedish waters indicates a turning point in the latter half of the 1970s with large coordinated penetrations being carried out deep into the archipelagoes. This indicates a major shift in Soviet war planning concerning Scandinavia, especially concerning operations against Sweden, on the outbreak of a conflict. Thus, the submarine crisis reveals a gap between the strategic assumptions forming the intellectual basis of the Swedish defence doctrine and the pattern in Soviet military activity and military preparations. The reaction of the Swedish planning system, and the historical experi ences lead, however, to the conclusion that presently there are no internal conditions for a change in the doctrine.
First U. N. Conference Held on International Travel and Tourism
Authors: McIntosh Robert W. 
Published: March 2007

Professor McIntosh is Extension Specialist in Tourist and Resort Service and Professor of Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional Management at Michigan State University. He was the only representative from a U.S. educational institution who attended the U.N. Conference. This year as many as 900,000 overseas visitors will come to the United States, representing a 22 percent increase over 1963 figures, according to the U.S. Travel Service. The largest number will come from Europe and many are expected to visit the New York Fair. An estimated 100,000 Japanese visitors are anticipated in Hawaii and the U.S. mainland due to the lifting of currency restrictions in Japan. Needless to say, nearly one million visitors from abroad represents considerable business for U.S. hotels. The American Hotel & Motel Association points out the need for foreign language versions of promotional material issued by State-side hotels and visitors bureaus. The AH&MA prom ises to see that such materials are delivered into the proper hands. AH&MA's booklet, Serving the International Visitor, is available at $1 from their headquarters at 221 West 57th Street, New York, N.Y. 10019.
Hospital Services Form Public Image
Authors: Card Bert 
Published: March 2007

A hospital with an eminent medical and profes sional staff, the latest in life-sustaining equipment and supporting laboratories, nutritious food, and dedicated employees may still have the public image of being antiquated, inefficient, and dingy. Why? Patients and their families are prone to judge and compare a hospital with a hotel. And because a hospital must build a tremendous amount of auxiliary services into its per-bed rate structure, the $65 to $130 daily rate for bed and board in a ward or semi-private room may seem excessive to the public. For a private hos pital room with bath, a $165 rate to the patient who is familiar with the rates for first-class hotel accommodations and services may appear to be outrageous. Particularly is this true when the patient-contact services and accommodations are drab, impersonal, and lacking in comfort at a time when the patient is confined and acutely aware of his surroundings. This article reviews what can be done to update and upgrade hospital environment so that the patient and his family gain a total feeling of the best possible medical care. — Ed.
Deviance as a Method of Coping
Authors: Smith Alexander B. , Pollack Harriet 
Published: March 2007

A deviant person is one who does something we would not do. Thus defined, deviance is subjective. But not all deviant conduct is culturally relative. Acts malum in se such as rape, murder, and assault are almost universally considered to be crimes. Noncriminal deviance, however, frequently exists more in the eye of the beholder than in the real world. Deviant conduct may be divided into three categories: crime, sin, and poor taste. Crime refers to those acts which are objectively and measurably harmful to the community and which cannot be tolerated by any society that wishes to continue as a stable organism. Violent crimes against the person and serious property crimes fall into this category. Sin refers to those actions which were originally prohibited by the dominant religion or religions of the community and which at various times may have been incorporated into secular law. Prostitution, gambling, drug use, alcohol consumption, and obscenity are examples of conduct that does no measurable damage to an unwilling victim; when such conduct breaks the law, it is frequently referred to as victimless crime. Poor taste refers to a whole host of social practices which are unpleasant and abrasive and which may or may not be symbolic of conduct that society may wish to prohibit. Overt public sexual practices, peculiar methods of dress, and the wearing of unpopular political symbols all fall into this category. Most deviants recognize that their conduct is personally destructive and may be socially harmful as well. Yet they continue to deviate from the socially prescribed norms because this conduct enables them to cope with the stresses that a highly organized society imposes on their personalities. Many forms of deviant conduct are tension relievers. Some create a short-lived euphoria, and some are acts of rebellion against socially pre scribed norms impossible to reach. In coping with deviance society must first look at what the deviant is attempting to tell us through his conduct. If other ways of relieving stress can be provided for him, he can be persuaded to conform. If he cannot conform and his conduct is violent, we must physically restrain him; if he is nonconforming and nonviolent, we should let him alone.
How to Retain Jurisdiction over Status Offenses
Authors: Gilman David 
Published: March 2007

Last spring the governor of Florida signed Senate Bill 165, which revised the state's juvenile code by reorganizing the Department of Health and Rehabilitative Services, eliminating the category of CINS ( Children in Need of Supervision), and expanding the definition of "dependent child" to include the persistent runaway, the truant, and the "ungovernable" child. The new law, which became effective on July 1, 1975, also redefines delinquency so that it now includes the ungovern able child who has a prior adjudication for ungovernability. This article discusses the effect of these revisions on the children ap pearing before the juvenile court and on the future of juvenile court reform.