bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A family study of dermatoglyphic traits in India: Segregation analysis of accessory palmar triradii and the atd angle
Authors: Gilligan S. B. , Borecki I. B. , Mathew S. , Vijaykumar M. , Malhotra K. C. , Rao D. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAccessory triradii and the atd angle were examined via complex segregation analysis in order to evaluate possible genetic effects on these dermatoglyphic traits, measured in an endogamous Brahmin caste of peninsular India. The phenotypes considered included: presence of accessory palmar triradii a′ and d′, associated with the interdigital areas II and IV, respectively; presence of an accessory axial triradius tt′ associated with the proximal margin of the palm; and an arctanh‐transformation of the atd angle measurement. For all accessory triradii considered in the present investigation familial resemblance was evident. The most parsimonious model which could account for the observed resemblance was a multifactorial model that includes polygenic effects as well as transmissible environmental effects that are inherited in the same pattern as polygenes. Evidence of familial resemblance was also found for the arctanh‐transformed atd angle, which could be attributed, initially, to both a major effect and a multifactorial component. Tests of transmission of a putative major gene were performed which yielded results consistent with Mendelian transmission, although an alternative test of no transmission of the major effect also fit the data. In light of these contrasting results we are precluded from accepting with confidence the notion of a major gene influence on the atd angle. We have concluded that the accessory triradii a′, d′, and tt′, and the atd angle are influenced by multifactorial effects, including additive polygenes and possible environmental factors, such as intrauterine effects.
Distribution of HLA antigens in Kotas and Badagas of the Nilgiri Hills, South India
Authors: Selvakumar A. , Raj B. K. Mohan , Damodaran C. , Sekharan P. Chandra 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlood samples from 103 Kotas and 58 Badagas residing in the Nilgiri Hills, South India, were examined for HLA‐A and ‐B antigen profiles. The Kota group was characterized by fairly high frequencies of A2 and B7 antigens as well as the haplotype A2‐B7. The frequencies of Aw19, A28, and Bw22 were found to be higher in Badagas than in Kotas. The results are compared with the literature available on other Indian populations.
The age–sex structure of the slave population in Harris County, Texas: 1850 and 1860
Authors: Hutchinson Janis 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe effect of the slave system on demography can be revealed by examining the age–sex structure of slave populations. The age–sex structure of slaves in Harris County, Texas is investigated using the 1850 and 1860 slave schedules. Median ages for black and mulatto slaves suggest that the population was young. Population pyramids exhibit a narrow base and top with a broad middle. The high proportion of slaves between 10 and 30 years of age and the increase in population size between 1850 and 1860 were mainly related to the importation of slaves and only partly due to natural increase. The data also show that black slaves were older on small plantations while mulattoes were older on larger farms. It is suggested that differential treatment in terms of purchase practices, assignment of tasks, food allocation, and/ or differential susceptibility to infectious diseases may account for this pattern.
Admixture in a biologically African caste of Black Americans
Authors: Wienker Curtis W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSocial and historical factors account for much of the variation in European ancestry among different Black American populations, including that of McNary, Arizona. The Black population of McNary is socioculturally and geographically isolated. Admixture estimates based upon reflectometry and serological data suggest that this population has less than 5% European ancestry. Anthropometric and hemoglobin data also suggest that this population is more African in ancestry than other Black American populations. Admixture estimates for the population are complicated by several factors. Genetic drift has probably affected Black McNary; estimated effective population size (Ne) is 52.11 and the coefficient of breeding isolation is less than 50. Frequencies of the alleles B, O, and r support this hypothesis; they are quite atypical for a Black American group. Selective migration and occupational selection may also have influenced the current genetic composition of Black McNary. Over 80% of the Black residents of McNary were born in backwoods lumbering towns in the American South. Most Black families in McNary trace their economic reliance on lumbering back several generations. Historical sources and demographic data from Black McNary suggest that Southern Black millworking families formed an endogamous unit that produced this caste, which has a relatively small amount of European ancestry.
Polymorphisms in eruption sequence of permanent teeth in American children
Authors: Smith B. Holly , Garn Stanley M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis study provides basic descriptive data on the frequency of pairwise eruption sequences ascertained in cross‐sectional examination of 6,000 black and white American children in the Ten State Nutritional Survey of 1968–1970. All sex and race groups share a distinct pattern of sequence polymorphisms in terms of location, number, and level. Teeth in eruption phase I (M1, I1, I2) rarely reverse in sequence with those in phase II (C, P1, P2, and M2). Five sequences have variants that appear at ≥20% in all groups, with M1I1 vs. I1M1 approaching maximum polymorphic values of 50%/50%. The traditional notation for eruption sequences can be modified to reflect these important variants, giving the sequence M1 I1 I2 [P1 C P2] M2 for the maxilla and [M1 I1] I2 [C P1] [P2 M2] for the mandible. The location of major polymorphisms is explicable by close timing of teeth within phase I and, separately, teeth within phase II eruption. However, strong integration of development of physically adjacent teeth apparently acts to reduce substantially the number of sequence reversals. The Ten State Survey data provide a sound descriptive basis for two populations, yet precise comparative data are available for few other human groups or primate species.
Connective tissue responses in blacks in relation to disease: Further observations
Authors: Polednak Anthony P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAdditional information is presented in support of the hypothesis (Polednak: Am. J. Phys. Anthropol, 41:49–58, 1974) that in some black populations certain connective‐tissue responses, which are involved in protection against infection and repair after injury, also may predispose to specific chronic diseases. These diseases include some autoimmune disorders (i.e., systemic lupus erythematosus, sarcoidosis, and scleroderma) and various benign and malignant tumors involving connective‐tissue cells. Complex interactions between genetic factors (HLA and non‐HLA loci) and environmental agents may be involved both in the etiology of these autoimmune diseases and in population differences in the incidence of these diseases. A framework is reviewed whereby cellular responses to infectious agents, involving chiefly immunoglobulin‐producing cells and macrophages, may have consequences in terms of pathogenesis of specific chronic diseases more common in some black populations. The possible role of natural selection in maintaining some of these diseases is also considered, along with the need for involvement of biomedical anthropologists in their investigation.
Artificial grooves on the Krapina Neanderthal teeth
Authors: Frayer David W. , Russell Mary D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractGross and microscopic examination of the Krapina Neanderthal dental remains reveals the presence of artificial grooves along the cemento‐enamel junction of 14 teeth representing ten different individuals. The grooves display distinct morphological features including their consistent location (primarily on the mesial and/or distal root walls), their troughlike appearance, striations and/or polishing in the channel, and the ridges of reactive cementum bordering the groove. These grooves occur only on erupted, permanent teeth, and except for a single occurence on a lower 12, all are located on mandibular or maxillary P4‐M3. The morphological nature of the grooves is distinct and has been used to distinguish these grooves from root caries and other pathological or natural causes. Based on the close resemblance between artificial grooves at Krapina and those which have been attributed to toothpick use in other fossil and recent populations, we argue the Krapina Neanderthals were habitually probing the interproximal dental spaces with tools.
Isolation by distance in Middle Dalmatia—Yugoslavia
Authors: Rudan Pavao , Šimić Diana , Smolej‐Narančić Nina , Bennett Linda A. , Janićijević Branka , Jovanović Veljko , Lethbridge Margaret F. , Miličić Jasna , Roberts Derek F. , Sujoldžíc Anita , Szirovicza Lajos 
Published: February 2006

AbstractParameters of Malécot's isolation‐by‐distance model are estimated for biological (anthropometric head and body dimensions, morphometric dimensions of metacarpal bones, quantitative and qualitative dermatoglyphic traits, and physiological/cardiorespiratory/variables) and linguistic distances and migrational kinship on the island of Korčula and the Pelješac peninsula in Middle Dalmatia, Croatia, Yugoslavia. Resulting parameters and the fit of the model are compared, for both regions, as well as with results of similar analysis in other parts of the world. The fit of the model is highly significant for migrational kinship and linguistic distances and less so for biological traits. Differences between these two populations, which live under basically similar ecological conditions, are explained by variation in biological and sociocultural history.
Anthropometric evaluation of dysmorphology in craniofacial anomalies: Treacher Collins syndrome
Authors: Kolar J. C. , Munro I. R. , Farkas L. G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAdvances in surgical techniques for correction of craniofacial anomalies have necessitated the development of objective pre‐ and postoperative quantitative assessments. Standard anthropometric techniques, supplemented by additional methods oriented to specific clinical problems, have proved useful in defining surface dysmorphology in craniofacial patients. A series of 77 surface measurements of the head and face and 41 proportions were determined in 20 preoperative patients with Treacher Collins syndrome, a rare congenital defect of the first and second branchial arches. To permit comparison with age‐ and sex‐specific data for healthy North American children, the patient data were converted to standard (Z) scores. To test the hypothesis Z = 0, Student's t‐test was performed on all variables. The anthropometric findings verified many of the clinical findings in this syndrome. In addition, a number of previously unreported defects were found. The cranium was low and short with a low, narrow forehead and a narrow cranial base. The face was narrow and shallow, the mandible long and narrow, and the lower face receding. The eye fissures were short with an antimongoloid inclination, but the orbits were hyperteloric. The nasal root was high and wide, the nasofrontal angle open, and the bridge inclination low. The labial fissure was narrow, and the ears were microtic. Except in the nasal root the defects were hypoplastic. Most of these defects were either horizontal or anteroposterior. Recognition of the defective areas and their contribution to disproportions of the head and face is important in the development of surgical strategies.
Craniofacial variation and growth in the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi syndrome
Authors: Meaney F. John , Butler Merlin G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA study of anthropometric variation and craniofacial growth in individuals with the Prader‐Labhart‐Willi syndrome (PLWS) illustrates the utility of anthropometry in clinical evaluation and research. Anthropometric measurements, including head length and breadth, minimum frontal diameter, and head circumference, were obtained on 38 PLWS individuals (21 with chromosome 15 deletions) with an age range from 2 weeks to 39 years. No anthropometric differences were found between the two chromosome subgroups. A relative deceleration in the growth of certain craniofacial dimensions (head circumference and length) is suggested by the negative correlations between age and Z‐scores for the measurements. Raw values for minimum frontal diameter and head breadth were near or below the 5th percentile curve, while almost all values for head length and circumference fell within normal limits. The data support suggestions that dolichocephaly be considered an early diagnostic feature of PLWS. Furthermore, the status of narrow bifrontal diameter as a major feature of PLWS is confirmed.
Craniofacial pattern profile (CFPP) evaluation of facial dysmorphology in a familial syndrome with corneal anesthesia and multiple congenital anomalies
Authors: Saksena Sudha S. , Ramos‐Arroyo Maria A. , Hodes M. E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRoentgencephalometric findings are presented for a family with an unusual facial morphology. Twenty measurements defining the size and shape of major anatomic areas of the head and face were taken. The measurements were transformed into Z‐scores. Using the σz (i.e., standard deviation of the Z‐scores) value, an estimate of craniofacial pattern deviation from the norms was made for each family member. All members of this family have highly aberrant, i.e., dysmorphic, craniofacial pattern profiles.Familial as well as syndromic craniofacial similarities vs. dissimilarities between Z‐score values of pairs of family members were assessed by the Pearson's correlation coefficient rz. Results of correlation coefficients demonstrate a high level (far in excess of the expected value of rz0.05) of craniofacial pattern profile (CFPP) similarity between sibs and between sibs and their mother. This strongly suggests that the two sibs and their mother are the carrier of the same genetic syndrome.
Comparative study of normal, Crouzon, and Apert craniofacial morphology using finite element scaling analysis
Authors: Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFinite element scaling analysis is used to study differences in morphology between the craniofacial complex of normal individuals and those affected with the syndromes of Apert and Crouzon. Finite element scaling quantifies the differences in shape and size between forms without reference to any fixed, arbitrary registration point or orientation line and measures the amount of form change required to deform one object into another. Two dimensional coordinates of landmarks digitized from annual sets of cephalo‐metric radiographs were used in the analysis. A simple tabulation shows no difference in variances between the normal and pathological samples. A test of mean differences depicts the Apert and Crouzon morphologies as significantly different from normal. The Apert palate differs from normal in shape in the older age groups analyzed, and palatal size differences are most common at the posterior nasal spine. The Apert pituitary fossa and basi‐occiput are significantly larger than normal. The Crouzon pituitary fossa is also larger than normal, but the difference is not always significant. The typical morphology of the Crouzon nose is due more to differences in shape than size. The Crouzon basi‐occiput is significantly smaller than normal. An age association of the differences between the normal and pathological craniofacies was found in Apert syndrome but not in Crouzon syndrome. Apert syndrome is characterized by a more homogeneous pattern of craniofacial dysmorphology from 6 months to 18 years of age than Crouzon syndrome.
A radiographic study of porotic hyperostosis
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSkull lesions known as porotic hyperostosis have been of interest to researchers since the mid‐19th century. The etiology of porotic hyperostosis has long been a matter for speculation yet there has never been complete acceptance or substantiation of any one of the many theories proposed. Today the most widely accepted theory suggests that anemias of either acquired or genetic origin are responsible for porotic hyperostosis. The present study tests this hypothesis using criteria which were chosen after the examination of clinical radiographs of patients with various types of anemia. These criteria are: the presence of “hair‐on‐end” trabeculation, outer table thinning, texture changes, diploic thickening, orbital roof thickening, orbital rim changes, and the underdevelopment of frontal sinuses.A comparison of these criteria from the clinical X‐rays with X‐rays of skulls with porotic hyperostosis provides a more rigorous, repeatable, and standardized method upon which to base a diagnosis. This approach enables radiography to provide the necessary link between the clinical and anthropological with which to investigate the origin of porotic hyperostosis.
Porotic hyperostosis: New evidence to support the anemia theory
Authors: Stuart‐Macadam P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe etiology of skull lesions known as porotic hyperostosis has long been a matter for speculation. The most widely accepted theory at present suggests that an anemia, either acquired or genetic, is responsible for lesion development. However, acceptance of this theory is not universal and the nature of the relationship between orbital and vault lesions remains a controversial issue. This paper provides a much broader field of supportive evidence on which to base the anemia theory. This involves a synthesis of information from the clinical and anthropological literature as well as new data from two skeletal collections: Poundbury Camp, a Romano‐British series, and the Hodgson collection, a 19th century East Asian series. A comparison is made between clinical and anthropological data at the macroscopic, microscopic, radiographic, and demographic levels of analysis. This approach reveals the similarities in expression between clinically diagnosed anemias and porotic hyperostosis.
Cranial morphometry of early hominids: Facial region
Authors: Bilsborough A. , Wood B. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe report here on early hominid facial diversity, as part of a more extensive morphometric survey of cranial variability in Pliocene and early Pleistocene Hominidae. Univariate and multivariate techniques are used to summarise variation in facial proportions in South and East African hominids, and later Quaternary groups are included as comparators in order to scale the variation displayed.The results indicate that “robust” australopithecines have longer, broader faces than the “gracile” form, but that all australopithecine species show comparable degrees of facial projection. “Robust” crania are characterised by anteriorly situated, deep malar processes that slope forwards and downwards. Smaller hominid specimens, formally or informally assigned to Homo (H. habilis, KNM‐ER 1813, etc.), have individual facial dimensions that usually fall within the range of Australopithecus africanus, but which in combination reveal a significantly different morphological pattern; SK 847 shows similarly hominine facial proportions, which differ significantly from those of A. robustus specimens from Swartkrans. KNM‐ER 1470 possesses a facial pattern that is basically hominine, but which in some respects mimics that of “robust” australopithecines. Early specimens referred to H. erectus possess facial proportions that contrast markedly with those of other Villafranchian hominids and which suggest differing masticatory forces, possibly reflecting a shift in dietary niche.Overall the results indicate two broad patterns of facial proportions in Hominidae: one is characteristic of Pliocene/basal Pleistocene forms with opposite polarities represented by A. boisei and H. habilis; the other pattern, which typifies hominids from the later Lower Pleistocene onwards, is first found in specimens widely regarded as early representatives of H. erectus, but which differ in which certain respects from the face of later members of that species.
Lucy's length: Stature reconstruction in Australopithecus afarensis (A.L.288–1) with implications for other small‐bodied hominids
Authors: Jungers William L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNew stature estimates are provided for A.L.288‐1 (Australopithecus afarensis) based on (1) the relationship between femur length and stature in separate samples of human pygmies and pygmy chimpanzees and (2) model II regression alternatives to standard least‐squares methods. Estimates from the two samples are very similar and converge on a value of approximately 3′6″ for “Lucy.” These results are compared to prior estimates and extended to other small‐bodied hominids such as STS‐14 and O.H.62. A new foot‐to‐stature ratio is also estimated for A.L.288–1, and its potential biomechanical significance for gait is evaluated in comparison to other groups.
Morphology of Turkanapithecus kalakolensis from Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. , Leakey M. G. , Walker A. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe type specimen of Turkanapithecus kalakolensis recently recovered from northern Kenya preserves a partial cranium and mandible. This specimen, together with postcranial elements that are probably associated with it, and two additional specimens are described. The collection is compared with other Miocene hominoids.
Morphology of Afropithecus turkanensis from Kenya
Authors: Leakey R. E. , Leakey M. G. , Walker A. C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty‐six specimens of a large Miocene hominoid, Afropithecus turkanensis, recently recovered from northern Kenya preserve many morphological details that are described. The specimens include cranial, mandibular, and postcranial parts. They are compared briefly with other Miocene hominoids. It is suggested that Afropithecus may have affinities with Heliopithecus, Kenyapithecus, and the large hominoid from Moroto and Napak, although it is noted that the comparative material is limited in the number of common anatomical parts preserved.
Principal axis analysis of gene frequency data
Authors: Majumder Partha P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWhen a set of populations are compared in respect of gene frequencies, and the chi‐square test of heterogeneity is found to be significant, it is pertinent to find out whether the heterogeneity can be explained by a few linear combinations of the gene frequencies, and the total heterogeneity chi‐square value can be partitioned as the sum of heterogeneity chi‐square values contributed by the linear combinations. The present report describes such a method, and the linear combination that explains the maximum heterogeneity is called the principal axis. An application of this method is presented to find clusters of 31 Mongoloid tribal populations of eastern India using ABO gene frequency data.
Gene frequencies and admixture estimates in the state of Puebla, Mexico
Authors: Lisker Rubén , Pérez‐Briceño Rocío , Granados Julio , Babinsky Victoria 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree hundred ninety‐three individuals from the Universidad Autonoma de Puebla and its University Hospital were studied to determine the distribution of ABO, MN, Rh‐Hr, Duffy, and Diego blood groups; red cell hemoglobin and glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase variants; and serum haptoglobins, albumins, and factor Bf types. With the results we estimated that the proportions of black, indian, and white genes are 10.7%, 56.3%, and 33.0%, respectively, in a trihybrid model. Reasons are given as to why the black ancestry may be artificially high, and it is pointed out that independent confirmation with other markers is needed before the figure can be accepted as a true value.