bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PITUITARY LUTEINIZING HORMONE (LH), FOLLICLE STIMULATING HORMONE (FSH) AND PROLACTIN FROM BIRTH TO PUBERTY IN FEMALE AND MALE RATS
Authors: Döhler K.-D. , von zur Mühlen A. , Döhler U. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Pituitary content and concentration of LH, FSH and prolactin were measured by radioimmunoassay (RIA) at 2-day intervals from birth to puberty in female and male rats. During the first 2 to 3 weeks of life all hormones were low in pituitary content and concentration in both sexes. They all increased in females during the third and fourth week, but decreased sharply during the days before vaginal opening. During the first ovulatory cycle pituitary content and concentration of LH and prolactin increased again, FSH, however, remained low. In males, pituitary LH, FSH and prolactin content reached peak levels during puberty. Our results show a distinct sexual dimorphism for pituitary FSH. Pituitary LH and prolactin content and concentration patterns show similar tendencies in both sexes with a delay of several days in males. The dramatic changes in female pituitary hormone concentrations just before the first ovulation were not detected in males before the first occurrence of mature spermatozoa in the tubuli of the testes.
SECRETIN: HIGH PLASMA LEVELS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Trimble Elisabeth R. , Buchanan K. D. , Hadden D. R. , Montgomery D. A. D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma immunoreactive secretin levels were measured in 22 newly diagnosed non-ketotic, maturity-onset diabetics and 10 healthy control subjects during 50 gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). The test was repeated in the diabetic group after 6 months' dietary treatment. At diagnosis the fasting secretin levels in the diabetics were higher than in control subjects but fell within the normal range following dietary treatment. In the diabetics there was a significant positive correlation between the fasting glucose and fasting secretin levels at the time of diagnosis. Suppression of secretin levels occurred during the OGTT, both in diabetic and control subjects.
DECREASE OF NON-SUPPRESSIBLE INSULIN-LIKE ACTIVITY AFTER PANCREATECTOMY AND NORMALIZATION BY INSULIN THERAPY
Authors: Eigenmann J. E. , Becker M. , Kammermann B. , Leemann W. , Heimann R. , Zapf J. , Froesch E. R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Non-suppressible insulin-like activity (NSILA-S) was determined in 5 dogs before and after pancreatectomy and again during insulin therapy. All NSILA-S determinations were carried out on serum samples which were passed over Sephadex G-50 columns equilibrated with 1 m acetic acid. The levels of NSILA-S decreased drastically shortly after pancreatectomy and rose slowly after institution of insulin therapy, to normal levels. During the period of severe diabetes after pancreatectomy the concentration of growth hormone was elevated. These findings indicate that 1) the pancreas cannot be the site of synthesis and release of NSILA-S, 2) NSILA-S levels do not always parallel growth hormone levels and 3) the synthesis and secretion of NSILA-S among other factors is under the control of insulin.
IN VITRO TEMPORAL cAMP AND CORTISOL RESPONSES TO ACTH BY THE NORMAL HUMAN ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Honn Kenneth V. , Chavin Walter 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The in vitro temporal cAMP and cortisol responses of normal human adrenocortical tissue to ACTH were evaluated. ACTH stimulated rapid increases in cAMP levels and cortisol output, however, significantly increased cAMP levels preceded steroid output only at the higher ACTH doses studied. Cortisol output plateaued with ACTH (10–100 mIU/ml) while cAMP levels continued to increase. The findings indicate that the unitary role of cAMP as the second messenger of ACTH action in the human adrenal cannot be assumed from data derived from lower forms and that the mechanism of action of ACTH in the human may be modulated by additional factors.
A NEW ASSAY METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF OESTROGEN RECEPTORS
Authors: Asai Masafusa 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A new assay method was developed to determine the quantity of oestrogen cytoplasmic receptors which are capable of associating with acceptor sites on chromatin. The quantity of oestrogen receptor complexes associated with chromatin is of paramount importance in the mechanism of action of oestrogen. This method is based on the specific binding properties of oestrogen to the receptor and on the binding of the complex to chromatin. Cytosol was pre-incubated with [3H] oestradiol-17β ([3H]Oe2) to form a complex, and further incubated with a constant amount of chromatin. After this the quantity of [3H]Oe2 cytosol receptor complexes specifically associated with the chromatin was determined. The binding activity of the chromatin to the [3H]Oe2 receptor complex was stable for at least six months in 0.15 m NaCl at −20°C. This method enables us to determine the quantity of the biologically active oestrogen receptors more specifically than with other methods.
URINARY GONADOTROPHINS AND LUTEINIZING HORMONE-RELEASING HORMONE (LH-RH) LIKE IMMUNOREACTIVITY DURING THREE NORMAL REPRODUCTIVE CYCLES
Authors: Bourguignon J. P. , Franchimont P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Highly specific and sensitive radioimmunological methods were applied to determine the levels of LH-RH like immunoreactivity in urine previously extracted by spherosil and methanol, and to assay the gonadotrophins, after extraction with acetone.
The endogenous urinary LH-RH like immunoreactivity material was identified by chromatography on Sephadex G25, as having physicochemical properties similar to those of the hormone found in unextracted urine after iv injection of synthetic LH-RH, but different from those of the synthetic decapeptide.
The LH-RH like immunoreactivity and the gonadotrophins were assayed in daily collected urine during the reproductive cycle of 3 normal women. A midcycle peak of both FSH and LH was found in each subject. No increases of LH-RH like immunoreactivity were found before or concomittant with the gonadotrophins surge. But peaks of urinary LH-RH like immunoreactivity were observed during the luteal phase, without subsequent increase of gonadotrophin secretion.
EFFECT OF PIRIBEDIL ON PLASMA PROLACTIN LEVELS IN WOMEN WITH PUERPERAL OR PATHOLOGICAL HYPERPROLACTINAEMIA
Authors: Müller Eugenio E. , Genazzani Andrea R. , Murru Serena , Fioretti Piero 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
In women with physiological puerperal hyperprolactinaemia, acute administration of Piribedil (100 mg po), a drug which stimulates dopamine receptor sites, was as effective as that of 2-Br-α-ergocryptine (CB 154, 5 mg po) in suppressing the elevated baseline plasma prolactin (PRL) levels. In two hyperprolactinaemic women with radiological evidence of an intrasellar pituitary tumour, Piribedil (100 mg po), in contrast to CB 154 (5 mg po), failed to modify plasma PRL levels, whereas in 3 other hyperprolactinaemic women with no radiological evidence of pituitary tumour, its effect was not clear-cut, even though it could not be differentiated from that of CB 154. These results indicate that Piribedil is an effective suppressor of plasma PRL levels in the human and suggest that its action is more evident in puerperal than in pathological hyperprolactinaemia.
GROWTH HORMONE RELEASING FACTOR AND THE BIOASSAY-RADIOIMMUNOASSAY PARADOX REVISITED
Authors: Vodian Morton A. , Nicoll Charles S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Relationships between depletion of growth hormone (GH) from the rat adenohypophysis and its release into the circulation were re-evaluated using bioassay (BA: rat tibia test) and radioimmunoassay (RIA). Anaesthetized male rats were injected with a putative growth hormone releasing factor ("GRF") and killed 15 and 30 min later. For the assays, the plasma and adenohypophyses were pooled; the latter were separated into granule and cytosol fractions prior to assay.
Fifteen minutes after "GRF" injection the BA recorded a 75 % depletion of GH from the granular fraction but the RIA measured a loss of only 13 %. By 30 min both assays recorded restoration of pituitary GH. Only slight changes occurred in the levels of BA- or RIA-detectable GH in the cytosol fractions. The massive depletion of bioassayable GH from the granule fraction was accompanied by a large increase (3.2 mU/ml) in the plasma concentration of BA-detectable hormone by 15 min. The slight depletion of RIA-detectable GH that occurred during this time was associated with a meagre increase (0.05 mU/ml) in the plasma level of immunoreactive GH. The plasma concentration of BA- and RIA-detectable GH did not change significantly between 15 and 30 min.
Analysis of the relationship between depletion of GH from the pituitary and its release into the extrapituitary compartment disclosed that the BA recordings of these events were in excellent quantitative agreement but RIA measurements were not. The results confirm that biologically active GH can be depleted from and released by the adenohypophysis in vivo independently of RIA-detectable GH.
BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF HIGH DOSE OF DES-ASP1-,ILEU8-ANGIOTENSIN II IN MAN
Authors: Kono Tsuyoshi , Oseko Fumimaro , Ikeda Fumitake , Nanno Masataka , Endo Jiro 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The biological activity of high doses of des-asp1-,ileu8-angiotensin II (AIIIA) was studied in man. In 5 normal men an intravenous infusion of 600 ng/kg/min of AIIIA for 30 min caused a slight rise in blood pressure, a decrease in plasma renin activity and an increase in plasma aldosterone. This dose inhibited pressor and steroidogenic actions of angiotensin II infused into the same 5 normal men at a rate of 20 ng/kg/min for 30 min. These results are considerably different from our previous report using lower dose (200 ng/kg/min) of AIIIA and indicate that in man AIIIA has both agonist and antagonist activities on the peripheral arterioles as well as on the adrenal cortex.
HCG-BINDING CAPACITY OF THE RAT OVARY DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Siebers J. W. , Wuttke W. , Engel W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
During pregnancy, binding of 125I-labelled HCG to the rat ovary increases markedly from the 3rd to the 17th day of pregnancy but is reduced drastically at the end of pregnancy and after delivery. At the 17th day of pregnancy the HCG-binding capacity of the rat ovary is raised 76-fold in comparison to oestrous rats (17th day of pregnancy: 128 × 10−15 mol/mg wet weight; oestrus: 1.67 × 10−15 mol/mg wet weight). It is assumed that only LH receptors not occupied by endogenous hormone are covered by our assay. The high number of "free" ovarian HCG receptors during pregnancy apparently represents "spare" receptors, the functional significance of which remains unclear. It is suggested that the metabolic activity of the ovarian luteal cells during pregnancy is not restricted by the number of HCG receptors present, but through the level of the endogenous gonadotrophic hormone and/or some unknown factors residing in the luteal cell.
IMMUNOCHEMICAL COMPARISONS BETWEEN A LOW MOLECULAR WEIGHT ADENOHYPOPHYSEAL CONSTITUENT AND THE GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Hall H. , Dubois M. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A biologically active peptide (called sperm-releasing substance, abbreviated SRS) with a molecular weight of about 5000, prepared from bovine adenohypophyses, has been compared with the known adenohypophyseal glycoprotein hormones using immunological methods. By means of immunofluorescence it can be seen that antisera against SRS have an affinity for the gonadotrophic cells in the anterior pituitary. Using complement fixation assay and immunodiffusion, no similarity between SRS and FSH can be found, while there are great resemblances between the reactions of LH and those of SRS. From the radioimmunoassay studies, it can be seen that the α-subunit of LH reacts in the same way as SRS in the different systems. However, using immunofluorescence, the antiserum against SRS has an affinity for the gonadotrophic cells only, like anti-LHβ, and not for the thyrotrophic cells, as has anti-LHa. The reasons for these different results are discussed.
ECTOPIC ACTH SYNDROME AND MEDULLARY THYROID CARCINOMA
Authors: Keusch G. , Binswanger U. , Dambacher M. A. , Fischer J. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A 40 year old patient with medullary thyroid carcinoma subsequently developed Cushing's syndrome with presumably ectopic ACTH formation. The immunoreactive calcitonin in the plasma was greatly and ACTH slightly increased. Despite the excessively high calcitonin concentration the patient finally developed a serious osteoporosis which presumably resulted from Cushing's syndrome. In this case at least, a raised endogenous plasma calcitonin level did not prevent an osteoporosis caused by hypercortisolism. The autopsy revealed a bilateral hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex and a normal pituitary gland suggesting that Cushing's syndrome was probably caused by an ectopic ACTH source.
Twenty-two additional cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma with Cusing's syndrome reported in the literature have been reviewed. Eighteen out of 23 patients were alkalotic which is typical of an ectopic ACTH production. In these patients the characteristic clinical signs of hypercortisolism were nearly as frequently observed (70 %) as in patients with non-ectopic Cushing's syndrome (91 %). An ectopic Cushing's syndrome occurs only in 2–4 % of advanced cases of medullary thyroid carcinoma and is a serious complication. Among the 23 patients 18 died with an average survival time of only 4.5 months after the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome was established.
THYROXINE METABOLISM IN DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Zaninovich A. A. , Brown T. J. , Boado R. , Bromage N. R. , Matty A. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The metabolism of thyroxine (T4) was determined in untreated and in insulin-treated diabetic rats. The results were compared with those obtained in a control group. Male Wistar rats weighing approximately 200 g were made diabetic by the intraperitoneal administration of streptozotocin (6.5 mg/100 g body weight) and 17 of those with blood sugar levels above 500 mg/100 ml were studied. In addition, 11 insulin-treated diabetic and 18 control rats were investigated. All the animals were injected intravenously with a tracer dose of [125I]T4 (1 μCi and 0.015 μg). After this blood samples were obtained by cardiac puncture at 16, 24, 40 and 48 h. The 24-h urinary excretion of inorganic 125iodide was also determined. The parameters of T4 metabolism were obtained by the least squares method and by an extrapolation technique. In untreated diabetic rats the fractional T4 turnover was 4.4%h, the distribution space 36.7 ml/100 g body weight, metabolic clearance 1.57 ml/100 g/h and urinary clearance 0.33 ml/100 g/h. The 24-h urinary excretion of 125iodide was 21.3 % of the injected radioactivity. Of these values the distribution space (P < 0.001) and metabolic clearance (P < 0.05) were significantly increased above those in the control animals. In insulin-treated rats all parameters were within normal values. Among these groups the serum T4 concentration was measured in 6 control, 5 untreated diabetic and 6 insulin-treated animals. The untreated diabetic animals had a significantly decreased serum T4 level but this was balanced by an enlarged distribution space so that the final hormone degradation was normal. In addition, the T4 binding activity of serum was assessed by the in vitro red cells uptake of [125I] T4 and by determining the proportion of serum free T4. Both these indices indicated a decrease in serum binding activity in the diabetic animals. The data suggest that the fall in serum T4 levels observed in the untreated diabetic rats was the result of decreased plasma binding of T4 and an increase in distribution space precipitated by lack of insulin.
ISLET CONTENTS OF CYCLIC 3′,5′-GUANOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE UNDER CONDITIONS WHICH AFFECT THE CYCLIC 3′,5′-ADENOSINE MONOPHOSPHATE
Authors: Gagerman Eva , Hellman Bo 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The sensitivity of the radioimmunoassay for cGMP was considerably increased by previous 2′-O-succinylation of the nucleotide. The basal content of cGMP in β-cell-rich pancreatic islets isolated from ob/ob-mice was similar to that of cAMP, i. e. about 3 μmoles per kg dry weight. Extracellular Ca2+ was a prerequisite for maintaining this amount of cGMP. The islet cGMP differed from cAMP in being only slightly enhanced or not affected at all when the islets were exposed to high concentrations of glucose, the sulphydryl reagents chloromercuribenzene-p-sulphonic acid and iodoacetamide, or the potent phosphodiesterase inhibitor 3-isobutyl-l-methylxanthine. The data obtained suggest that the turnover rate for cGMP is much slower than that for cAMP in the pancreatic β-cells. The interrelationships between the two cyclic nucleotides do not seem to fit into a simple pattern of antagonism.
SOMATOMEDIN PRODUCTION IN NORMAL ADULTS AND CIRRHOTIC PATIENTS
Authors: Schimpff R. M. , Lebrec D. , Donnadieu M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The somatomedin (SM) activity was measured in blood samples withdrawn simultaneously from hepatic (HV) and peripheral (PV) veins in 10 adult patients without liver disease (control group) and in 18 alcoholic patients with cirrhosis.
SM activity in the control group was 1.27 ± 0.18 U/ml (mean ± sem) in the HV and 1.00 ± 0.17 U/ml in the PV. In patients with cirrhosis the SM activity was respectively 0.50 ± 0.05 and 0.56 ± 0.06 U/ml. SM activity was greater in the normal subjects than in the cirrhotic patients (P < 0.001 when SM activity measured in the HV, and P < 0.01 when measured in the PV).
Close examination of the means of differences of SM activity between the HV and PV, showed that the differences were significantly different from 0 in control only (P < 0.02). At least, this difference (0.275 ± 0.093 U/ml) is greater (P < 0.01) than the one observed in cirrhotic patients (0.066 ± 0.036 U/ml).
In 16 subjects, the hepatic blood flow was measured, and the mean hepatic SM activity production was estimated to be 398 ± 334 U/min in 6 subjects from the control group, and 16 U/min in 10 patients with cirrhosis. The difference is significant (P < 0.01). The relationship between SM activity, biochemical liver function parameters, hepatic blood flow and immunoreactive growth hormone were also studied. The results confirm that the liver is involved in serum somatomedin activity generation.
IN VITRO RESPONSES OF FOCAL HYPERPLASTIC TISSUE OF THE HUMAN ADRENAL ZONA FASCICULATA TO ACTH
Authors: Honn Kenneth V. , Chavin Walter , Singhakowinta Amnuay 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The temporal cAMP, cortisol and aldosterone responses to ACTH of focal hyperplasia of the zona fasciculata and of normal human adrenocortical tissue were investigated. ACTH significantly increased cAMP levels (1 min) and cortisol output (2 min) in normal adrenal tissue but not in hyperplastic tissue. However, following ACTH treatment cortisol and aldosterone production were depressed in the abnormal adrenal tissue below the untreated or the ACTH stimulated normal adrenal tissue. In addition, basal cortisol and aldosterone production of the hyperplastic adrenal tissue was elevated above that of the normal adrenal tissue. These findings suggest that the cAMP second messenger concept may be only one of several mechanisms in the modulation of human adrenocortical function.
PRE-OVULATORY CHANGES IN RAT FOLLICULAR CYCLIC AMP AND SENSITIVITY TO GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: Nilsson L. , Hillensjö T. , Ekholm C. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Stimulation of ovarian follicles by high concentrations of gonadotrophins has been reported to induce a refractory state in the follicles to further stimulation by the same agent. The present study was undertaken to determine whether a physiological gonadotrophic stimulus would induce a similar desensitization.
The levels of cyclic AMP (cAMP) were measured in rat pre-ovulatory follicles before and after the estimated period of gonadotrophin release. The PMSG injected pre-pubertal rat was used as a model of spontaneous ovulation as previously described. Follicles were explanted before and after the period of gonadotrophin release on the day before ovulation (day 30 in the present model) and cAMP was measured either directly or after 1–2 h of incubation. The follicles explanted in the evening of day 30 showed higher levels of cAMP than those isolated in the same morning irrespective of their being incubated or not. Follicular lactic acid production and progesterone synthesis as measured in the incubation medium showed the same pattern. The increase in all three parameters in "evening follicles" could be prevented by giving the animals pentobarbitone before the estimated gonadotrophin release. When the follicles were extirpated in the evening of day 30 and incubated in the presence of LH or FSH, significantly higher concentrations of the two hormones were needed to elicit a further increase in cAMP as compared to follicles isolated in the morning of the same day or from rats treated with pentobarbitone.
It is concluded that the pre-ovulatory surge of gonadotrophins induces a desensitization of the cAMP system of rat ovarian follicles toward further action by LH or FSH. This refractory state, however, is not complete but relative under physiological conditions.
In the rat, the duration of this phenomenon seems to coincide with the slight but significant elevation of follicular cAMP and to last from a few hours after the gonadotrophin surge up to ovulation. Possible mechanisms of this effect as well as its purpose are discussed.
FAILURE OF LUTEINIZING HORMONE - RELEASING HORMONE AND INSULIN TO FURTHER AUGMENT THYROTROPHIN RELEASE IN PRIMARY HYPOTHYROIDISM
Authors: Harrower A. D. B. , Yap P. L. , Cameron E. H. D. , Lidgard G. P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of luteinizing hormone - releasing hormone (LH-RH) and insulin-induced hypoglycaemia on the release of thyrotrophin (TSH) was studied in five patients with primary hypothyroidism. All five patients had elevated TSH levels with an exaggerated rise in response to thyrotrophin-releasing hormone (TRH). No rise over control values was found after LH-RH or insulin indicating that despite the augmentation of TSH release in primary hypothyroidism there is no alteration of the specificity of the thyrotroph response.
THE EFFECT OF A PLACENTAL MAMMOTROPHIN AND CORTISOL ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF RAT MAMMARY GLAND IN ORGAN CULTURE
Authors: Njio K. D. , Peters J. M. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Mammary gland explants obtained from 13 days pregnant rats were cultured for 3, 6 and 9 days in the presence of serum of either virgin rats or 13 days pregnant rats. Insulin was added alone or in combination with cortisol. The way these different forms of treatment affected the ultrastructure was studied.
With virgin rat serum plus insulin alone the mammary gland regressed to a lower state of development comparable to that of the virgin rat in vivo. When virgin rat serum was replaced by 13 days pregnant rat serum - which contains rat chorionic mammotrophin - the initial development was maintained, but synthesis of secretory products ceased.
When cortisol was added to the virgin rat serum plus insulin, cortisol maintained the differentiated state originally present. Even some secretory activity was induced, but at a minimal level. With cortisol added to the pregnant rat serum plus insulin, the explants were stimulated to synthetize and extrude secretion products.