bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tyrosine hydroxylase- and neuropeptides-immunoreactive nerves in canine trachea
Authors: Yamamoto Yoshio , Ootsuka Tatsuya , Atoji Yasuro , Suzuki Yoshitaka 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine distribution of catecholaminergic
and peptidergic nerve fibers in canine
tracheas by use of immunohistochemistry.

Sample Population—10 tracheas collected from
healthy adult dogs after euthanasia.

Procedure—Structure of the nerve network and distribution
of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH)- and 6 types of
neuropeptide-containing nerves in canine tracheas
were immunohistochemically studied, using neurochemical
markers.

Results—Intraepithelial free nerve endings with
immunoreactivity for calcitonin gene-related peptide
(CGRP) and substance P (SP) were observed. Tyrosine
hydroxylase-, SP-, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)-,
and galanin (GAL)-immunoreactive nerve fibers were
observed within and around the submucosal seromucous
gland. In the smooth muscle layer, numerous
TH- and GAL-immunoreactive nerve fibers, a moderate
number of VIP- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-
immunoreactive nerve fibers, and a few SP- and
methionine enkephalin (ENK)-immunoreactive nerve
fibers were observed. Numerous nerve cell bodies
with VIP and GAL immunoreactivity and a few with
SP, ENK, and NPY immunoreactivity were observed.
Many TH-immunoreactive fibers were arranged in a
meshwork around blood vessels. Nerves with CGRP-,
SP-, VIP-, GAL-, ENK-, and NPY-immunoreactivity were
also observed around blood vessels.

Conclusions—Complex innervation, including catecholamine-
and neuropeptide-containing nerves,
which may be related to regulation of muscle contraction
and glandular secretion, are found in canine
tracheas. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1380–1383)
Evaluation of toxicokinetic variables and histologic appearance of arthropathic changes in juvenile rabbits after oral administration of an investigational fluoroquinolone, PD 117596
Authors: Johnson Ron J. , Black William D. , Sigler Robert E. , Baragi Vijaykumar M. , Gough Alec W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare toxicokinetic variables and
associated tissue drug concentrations with severity of
articular lesions in weight-bearing joints of juvenile
rabbits after oral administration of a fluoroquinolone.

Animals—Ten 6- to 7-week-old, 800- to 1,200-g, New
Zealand White rabbits.

Procedures—Rabbits were gavaged daily with the
fluoroquinolone PD 117596 at 500 mg/kg of body
weight for 5 days. Blood samples were collected on
day 4 at preestablished times, up to 24 hours after
drug administration. On day 5 gross lesion severity
and prevalence were evaluated in the major weight-bearing
joints, and tissue specimens were collected
(60 minutes after drug administration). Serum and tissue
drug concentrations were determined by microbiologic
plate assay.

Results—Macroscopically, treatment rabbits had a
high prevalence of arthropathy with the distal portion
of the femur having the highest prevalence and severity
of lesions. Grossly, alterations to articular cartilage
included 1 to 4 mm in diameter vesicles or erosions.
Histologically, vesicles were identified in the midzone
or close to the zone of calcified cartilage of treatment
rabbits. Chondrocyte cellularity was reduced in affected
areas, and perivesicular regions had reduced staining
with Safranin O. Correlation analysis of area under
the curve values with total scores for lesion severity
had a significant positive relationship.

Conclusions—Our findings support the use of juvenile
rabbits as a model for arthropathic changes
induced by fluoroquinolone administration. (Am J Vet
Res 2000;61:1396–1402)
Improved culture methods for isolation of Salmonella organisms from swine feces
Authors: Hoorfar J. , Mortensen A.Visby 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To compare 3 alternative culture techniques
for the detection of Salmonella organisms in
swine feces with a modification of the International
Standard Organization (ISO) 6579 standard protocol.

Sample Population—Fecal samples from swine
herds suspected of having Salmonella infections.

Procedure—4 experiments were performed to evaluate
the following: 1) diagnostic sensitivity of the
selective preenrichment and rapid isolation novel
technology (SPRINT) protocol, compared with that of
the modified ISO protocol; 2) detection limit of the
SPRINT protocol for Salmonella organisms; 3) use of
tetrathionate-novobiocin (TTN) broth, compared with
selenite cysteine (SC) broth for selective enrichment;
and 4) use of universal preenrichment (UPE) broth,
compared with buffered peptone water (BPW) for
preenrichment of samples prior to the use of modified
semisolid Rappaport-Vassiliadis (MSRV) plates.

Results—Comparing the Salmonella culture results
of 183 swine fecal samples, the diagnostic sensitivity
of the SPRINT protocol (0.86) was not significantly different
than the diagnostic sensitivity of the modified
ISO protocol (0.80), although it was 24 hours faster.
The SPRINT protocol could detect 5 of the 6 investigated
Salmonella serotypes at inoculation concentrations
of < 10 colony-forming units (CFU)/25 g of
uncontaminated feces. The TTN broth performed significantly
better than the SC broth for selective enrichment
of Salmonella organisms. There was no significant
difference in results of preenrichment of samples
between the use of UPE broth or BPW.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The SPRINT
protocol may provide a faster alternative for isolation
of Salmonella organisms from swine fecal samples.
Furthermore, the use of TTN broth instead of SC broth
may increase the sensitivity of the modified ISO 6579
protocol. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1426–1429)
Effect of dietary supplements containing antioxidants on attenuation of muscle damage in exercising sled dogs
Authors: Piercy Richard J. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , DiSilvestro Robert A. , Reinhart Gregory A. , Baskin Carole R. , Hayek Michael G. , Burr John R. , Swenson Richard A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether dietary antioxidants would attenuate exercise-induced increases in plasma creatine kinase (CK) activity in sled dogs.Animals—41 trained adult sled dogs.Procedure—Dogs, randomly assigned to 2 groups, received the same base diet throughout the study. After 8 weeks on that diet, 1 group (21 dogs) received a daily supplement containing vitamins E (457 U) and C (706 mg) and β-carotene (5.1 mg), and a control group (20 dogs) received a supplement containing minimal amounts of antioxidants. After 3 weeks, both groups performed identical endurance exercise on each of 3 days. Blood samples were collected before and 3 weeks after addition of supplements and after each day of exercise. Plasma was analyzed for vitamins E and C, retinol, uric acid, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations, total antioxidant status (TAS), and CK activity.Results—Feeding supplements containing antioxidants caused a significant increase in vitamin E concentration but did not change retinol or vitamin C concentrations or TAS. Exercise caused significantly higher CK activity, but did not cause a significant difference in CK activity between groups. Exercise was associated with significantly lower vitamin E, retinol, and cholesterol concentrations and TAS but significantly higher vitamin C, triglyceride, and uric acid concentrations in both groups.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of supplements containing the doses of antioxidants used here failed to attenuate exercise-induced increases in CK activity. Muscle damage in sled dogs, as measured by plasma CK activity, may be caused by a mechanism other than oxidant stress. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1438–1445)
Effects of tilmicosin phosphate, administered prior to transport or at time of arrival, and feeding of chlortetracycline, after arrival in a feedlot, on Mannheimia haemolytica in nasal secretions of transported steers
Authors: Frank Glynn H. , Duff Glenn C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine effects of time of administration of tilmicosin and feeding of chlortetracycline on colonization of the nasopharynx of transported cattle byMannheimia haemolytica(MH).Animals—454 steers (body weight, 200 kg).Procedure—3 studies included 4 truckloads of steers assembled and processed in the southeastern United States. For each truckload of steers, a third received tilmicosin before transportation (PRIOR), then all were transported to a feedlot in New Mexico (23 hours). At arrival (day 0), another third received tilmicosin (ARR). The remaining third did not receive tilmicosin (control steers [CTR]). Steers in studies 1 and 2 were housed in a feedlot, and steers in study 3 were housed on wheat pasture. One half of the steers from each group in studies 2 and 3 were fed chlortetracycline on days 5 to 9. Steer with signs of respiratory tract disease were treated. Nasal swab specimens were examined for MH to determine colonization.Results—PRIOR and ARR steers had a lower incidence of respiratory tract disease and MH colonization than CTR steers, but PRIOR and ARR steers did not differ. Feeding chlortetracycline did not have an effect.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Tilmicosin can inhibit MH from colonizing the nasopharynx of cattle. Because tilmicosin inhibits the growth of MH in the respiratory tract, medication with tilmicosin prior to transport should reduce the incidence of acute respiratory tract disease during the first week at the feedlot when calves are most susceptible to infectious organisms. (Am J Vet Res2000;61: 1479–1483)
Evaluation of a method using Proteus mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to experimentally induce dual infection of the urinary bladder in dogs
Authors: Bowles Mary H. , Welsh Ronald D. , Hoffman Jay , Turnwald Grant H. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate a method using Proteus
mirabilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa to experimentally
induce dual infection of the urinary bladder in
dogs.

Animals—6 healthy mixed-breed dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and cystitis
was induced by infusing a solution of salicylic acid in
ethanol into the bladder, followed by an inoculum containing
field isolates of P mirabilis and P aeruginosa.
Dogs were examined daily for 21 days after induction
of cystitis. On day 21, dogs were euthanatized, and
urinary bladder, renal pelvis, and prostate specimens
were submitted for bacterial culture.

Results—After induction of cystitis, all dogs had evidence
of thickening of the bladder wall, dysuria,
tenesmus, and hematuria. Urinalysis revealed proteinuria,
hematuria, and pyuria. All urine samples obtained
on day 21 yielded growth of P mirabilis, but P aeruginosa
was not cultured from any of these samples.
Proteus mirabilis was isolated from bladder, renal
pelvis, or prostate specimens from 4 dogs; P aeruginosa
was not isolated from any of the tissue specimens.

Conclusion—Results suggest that the method used
in the present study fails to induce dual infection of
the urinary bladder with P mirabilis and P aeruginosa.
The inability to establish a persistent dual infection
with this method may have been a result of insufficient
pathogenicity of the Pseudomonas isolate or an
inadequacy of the experimental design. (Am J Vet Res
2000;61:1484–1486)
Expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA in lymphoid tissue from swine experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium serovar 2
Authors: Hines II Murray E. , Frazier Kendall S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate in situ expression of inflammatory cytokine mRNA in lymphoid tissue of swine experimentally infected withMycobacterium aviumserovar 2.Animals—7 noninfected pigs and 7 pigs infected withM aviumserovar 2.Procedure—Expression of mRNA of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8 in formalin-fixed paraffin- embedded blocks of lymphoid tissue (lymph nodes and tonsil) of swine experimentally infected withM aviumserovar 2 was compared with that of noninfected pigs. Tissues were evaluated by use of morphologic localization of cytokine mRNA, using in situ hybridization at 160 days after inoculation.Results—A noticeable increase in mRNA expression for TNFα and mild increases in mRNA expression of IL-8 and IL-1β were detected in mandibular lymph nodes from infected swine, compared with noninfected swine. Mild increase in mRNA expression for IL-6 also was observed in tonsils from infected swine. Cytokine mRNA was detected in macrophages and lymphocytes, primarily within cortical follicles and adjacent mantle zones.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Expression of mRNA for inflammatory cytokines was increased in lymphoid tissue of infected swine, possibly resulting from local factors on, or secreted by,M avium. These results suggest that alterations in cytokine mRNA expression are important in the pathogenesis and clinical course of mycobacteriosis in swine. Modulation of the immune response by vaccines that selectively target cytokine expression and secretion in response to mycobacterial challenge may be effective in prevention of mycobacteriosis in swine. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1487–1491)
Cyclooxygenase expression in canine platelets and Madin-Darby canine kidney cells
Authors: Kay-Mugford Patricia A. , Benn Sally J. , LaMarre Jonathan , Conlon Peter D. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To examine cyclooxygenase (COX) expression in canine platelets and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells in culture.Sample Population—Canine platelets and MDCK cells.Procedure—Total RNA was recovered from isolated canine platelets and MDCK cells. Northern blot analysis and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RTPCR), using complementary DNA probes and primers designed from the human COX sequences, were used to determine COX-1 and -2 (cyclooxygenase isoforms 1 and 2) messenger RNA (mRNA) expression.Results—Following northern blot analysis, canine platelets were found to express only the 2.8-kb COX- 1 transcript; COX-2 was not detected. Canine MDCK cells expressed the 4.5-kb COX-2 transcript, in addition to the 2.8-kb COX-1 transcript. A single DNA band of 270 base pairs was identified following gel electrophoresis of the product obtained from RT-PCR of mRNA from canine platelets. Sequencing revealed that this PCR product was 90% homologous to a portion of the human COX-1 gene (Genbank M59979).Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Detection of COX-1 by RT-PCR of RNA obtained from canine platelets is a novel finding. The 90% homology of the PCR product with the human sequence suggests strong conservation between the canine and human COX-1 gene. Cloning and sequencing of the canine gene will be required to fully characterize homologous regions. Because of the importance of COX in the inflammatory process and as a potential target of currently available nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), a better understanding of canine COX may improve our ability to use NSAID appropriately, achieve efficacy, and avoid potential adverse drug effects in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1512–1516)
Morphologic alterations in the anterior lens capsule of canine eyes with cataracts
Authors: Bernays Michael E. , Peiffer Robert L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To examine the morphologic changes in
the anterior lens capsule and lens epithelium of
canine eyes with cataracts.

Sample Population—Anterior lens capsules from
the eyes of 25 dogs with cataracts and from an additional
10 canine globes with lenses subjectively
assessed to be normal.

Procedure—Thickness of each anterior lens capsule
was measured by use of a digital microscopic camera
and imaging software. All 25 capsules from eyes with
cataracts were submitted for light microscopy; 4 were
also submitted for electron microscopy.

Results—Thickness of the anterior lens capsule
increased with age for the normal lenses and the
lenses with cataracts; the change with age was similar
for both groups. Light microscopy revealed fibrous
metaplasia of lens epithelial cells in 7 of 25 anterior
lens capsules with focal thickenings of the posterior
aspect of the capsule. Electron microscopy revealed
deposition of collagen and basement membrane-like
material by fibroblast-like cells.

Conclusions—Results indicate that thickness of the
anterior lens capsule in dogs increases with age and
that this increase in thickness is not significantly different
between normal lenses and lenses with
cataracts. In addition, epithelial cells from lenses
with cataracts may undergo metaplasia to form
plaques composed of fibrous tissue and ectopic basement
membrane produced by epithelial cells. (Am J
Vet Res 2000;61:1517–1519)
Use of canine red blood cell with high concentrations of potassium, reduced glutathione, and free amino acid as host cells for in vitro cultivation of Babesia gibsoni
Authors: Yamasaki Masahiro , Asano Hiroyuki , Otsuka Yayoi , Yamato Osamu , Tajima Motoshi , Maede Yoshimitsu 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine the usefulness of canine RBC with high concentrations of potassium, reduced glutathione (GSH), and amino acid(ie, HK cells) for in vitro cultivation ofBabesia gibsoni.Animals—RBC were obtained from 3 dogs that had inherited HK cells and from 3 genetically unaffected dogs that, therefore, had RBC with lower potassium (LK) concentrations (ie, LK cells).Procedures—First,B gibsoniwere cultivated using HK or LK cells in alpha-modification of Eagle medium, consisting of Earle salts with glutamine and without ribosides, deoxyribosides, and sodium bicarbonate under a humidified atmosphere containing 5% CO2at 37 C. Second, parasites were cultivated with LK- or HK-cell lysates. Finally, HK cells were separated into 3 fractions (bottom, middle, top layers) by density gradient centrifugation, andB gibsoniwere cultivated with each of the HK-cell fractions. In addition, the concentrations of free amino acids and reduced glutathione (GSH) in each HK-cell fraction were measured.Results—B gibsonipreferentially multiplied in HK-cell cultures rather than in LK-cell cultures. Furthermore, the addition of HK-cell lysate to the culture medium resulted in enhanced multiplication of the parasites. Higher multiplication of the parasites was observed in HK cells from the top layer, compared with HK cells from the middle and bottom layers. The HK cells from the top layer had higher concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, and GSH, compared with HK cells from the middle and bottom layer.Conclusions—Canine HK cells are useful host cells for in vitro cultivation ofB gibsoni, and the high concentrations of glutamate, aspartate, and GSH may result in enhancement of multiplication of the parasites in HK cells. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:1520–1524)
Evaluation of intraocular pressure in eyes of clinically normal llamas and alpacas
Authors: Willis A. Michelle , Anderson David E. , Gemensky Anne J. , Wilkie David A. , Silveira Fernando 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To estimate intraocular pressure (IOP) in eyes of healthy camelids, using applanation tonometry.Animals—The eyes of 34 camelids (16 llamas [Lama glama] and 18 alpacas [L pacos]) that did not have major abnormalities of the ocular surface or intraocular abnormalities.Procedure—Tonometry measurements were obtained from each eye 3 times during a 24-hour period. Each measurement was the mean of several corneal applanations obtained by use of an applanation tonometer. Data were analyzed, using an ANOVA for a repeated-measures design.Results—Mean (± SEM) IOP of llamas and alpacas was 13.10 ± 0.35 and 14.85 ± 0.45 mm Hg, respectively. Range of IOP was 7 to 18 mm Hg for llamas and 11 to 21 mm Hg for alpacas. Mean IOP of llamas was significantly less than the mean IOP of alpacas. Significant differences in IOP were not detected between the right and left eye of animals. Significant differences in IOP were not attributed to sex, age, or time of measurement within llamas or alpacas.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Establishing the mean and range of IOP of clinically normal llamas and alpacas provides a frame of reference that is important for use in a complete ophthalmic examination of camelids, which can assist clinicians in the diagnosis of glaucoma and uveitis. Reasons for the difference in mean IOP between llamas and alpacas are unknown. Although the difference may be unimportant clinically, this finding reiterates the fact that caution must be used when extrapolating IOP among species. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1542–1544)
Maintenance energy requirements and the effect of diet on performance of racing Greyhounds
Authors: Hill Richard C. , Bloomberg Mark S. , Legrand-Defretin Veronique , Burger Ivan H. , Hillock Sean M. , Sundstrom Deborah A. , Jones Galin L. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objectives—To determine maintenance energy
requirements and effect of diet on performance of
racing Greyhounds.

Animals—7 adult racing Greyhounds.

Procedure—Dogs were fed a higher fat and protein
(HFP) or a lower fat and protein (LFP) diet for 8 weeks
in a crossover design. Dogs were exercised for 15
minutes twice daily in a paddock and raced 500 m
twice weekly. Blood gas, hematologic, and serum biochemical
analyses were performed before and after
racing, and race times were compared at the end of
each diet period.

Results—Mean race time was significantly shorter
(32.81± 0.65 seconds vs 33.05 ± 0.71 seconds), and
mean racing speed over 500 m was significantly
faster (15.25 ± 0.30 vs 15.13 ± 0.30 m·s–1) when dogs
were fed the HFP diet than when they were fed the
LFP diet. Diet had little or no effect on results of blood
gas, hematologic, and serum biochemical analyses,
except that Hct was 4% greater before and after racing
when the HFP diet was fed than when the LFP
diet was fed. Mean SD metabolizable energy intake
from weeks 1 through 16 was 155 ± 9 kcal·kg–0.75·d–1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Racing
Greyhounds ran faster when fed a diet containing
higher fat and protein and lower carbohydrate contents.
Their maintenance metabolizable energy
requirement was slightly higher than that of moderately
active dogs. (Am J Vet Res 2000;61:1566–1573)
Fungal flora on cutaneous and mucosal surfaces of cats infected with feline immunodeficiency virus or feline leukemia virus
Authors: Sierra Pascale , Guillot Jacques , Jacob Henri , Bussiéras Simone , Chermette René 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To compare cutaneous and mucosal mycoflora in cats infected with FIV or FeLV with that in noninfected cats.Animals—85 client-owned cats; 24 seropositive for FIV, 10 seropositive for FeLV, 1 seropositive for both viruses, and 50 seronegative for both viruses.Procedure—Cutaneous specimens were obtained from the coat and external acoustic meatus (ear canal) and mucosal specimens from the oropharynx and rectum. Fungi were isolated from specimens, using Sabouraud dextrose agar incubated at 27 or 37 C for cutaneous and mucosal specimens, respectively.Results—Fungal colonies were cultured from at least 1 specimen from 83 of 85 (97.6%) cats. The most common fungal isolates wereAspergillusspp (cultured from 59.3% of all specimens),Penicilliumspp (50.0%),Cladosporiumspp (44.2%),Scopulariopsisspp (41.8%), and lipophilic yeasts of the genusMalassezia(31.4%). A greater diversity of fungal genera was isolated from retrovirus-infected cats, andMalasseziaspp were more commonly recovered from these cats, compared with noninfected cats.Candida albicans,Cryptococcus neoformans, and dermatophytes (eg,Microsporum canis) were rarely isolated from any cat. Significant differences in frequency of isolation ofC neoformansand dermatophytes were not found between infected and noninfected cats.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats infected with FIV or FeLV may have a greater diversity of cutaneous and mucosal mycoflora than noninfected cats. However, infected cats may be no more likely than noninfected cats to expose humans to zoonotic fungi such asC albicans,C neoformans, andM canis. (Am J Vet Res2000;61:158–161)