bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of the methanolic extract of hops using capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Arráez‐Román David , Cortacero‐Ramírez Sonia , Segura‐Carretero Antonio , Martín‐Lagos Contreras José‐Antonio , Fernández‐Gutiérrez Alberto 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHops are used almost exclusively for bitterness and flavor by brewers. We propose the first analytical application of CZE coupled to ESI‐MS for the separation and structural elucidation of organic compounds in the methanolic extracts of hops, and different extraction procedures of the plant material have been carried out. The proposed method permits the identification of hop polyphenols (flavonoids glycosides and chalcones), bitter acids (α‐acids and β‐acids), and their oxidation products. The optimization of CZE parameters (pH, concentration, and type of buffer) and ESI‐MS parameters (nature and flow rate of the sheath liquid, nebulizer pressure, drying gas flow rate, temperature, and compound stability) have permitted the development of a rapid, simple, direct, and straightforward CZE–ESI‐MS method for the identification of components of methanolic extracts from different hops used in the brewing process.
German policy perspectives on enhancing the quality of student learning by university teaching
Authors: Webler Wolff‐Dietrich 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTraditionally, the higher education sector in Germany has been research oriented. During their studies of ten to thirteen semesters, students have had close contact with research and have been motivated by new findings they have discovered themselves. Introducing a bachelor's‐ and master's‐style structure into the current system means in many cases losing this close contact at the bachelor's level. Only a few programs developed professionally maintain this link.
The role of histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser10 and Ser28) in cell growth and cell transformation
Authors: Dong Zigang , Bode Ann M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHistones are now regarded as integral and dynamic components of the machinery responsible for regulating gene transcription. Many types of cancer and other diseases are associated with translocations or mutations in chromatin‐modifying enzymes and regulatory proteins. Much of the work in our laboratory has focused on identifying novel histone H3 kinases and the role of histone H3 phosphorylation in cell proliferation and transformation. We are beginning to unravel the complexities of gene expression mediated by histone H3 phosphorylation, which is induced by a whole host of diverse stimuli. Dissimilar cells respond differentially to distinct stimuli, and induction of gene expression is dependent on the type of stimuli, duration and strength of stimuli, state of the cell and of course, specific cell type. Thus, regulation of histone modifications and resultant gene expression is not just one‐ or two‐dimensional but multidimensional, encompassing a huge array of factors. Significant findings such as the observation that histone H3 phosphorylation (Ser10) is critical for neoplastic cell transformation suggests that histone H3 may be a crucial target for cancer chemotherapy or genetic therapy in the future. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The impact of formal education and training on urodynamic practice in the United Kingdom: A survey
Authors: Ellis‐Jones Julie , Swithinbank Lucy , Abrams Paul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAimA previous survey of personnel performing urodynamics had shown that half of the respondents thought that their training had been inadequate. In order to address this the outcome of a 4‐day practical course for teaching urodynamics, which has been running since 1995 at the Bristol Urological Institute, was reviewed. We were not aware of any published studies that have assessed the impact of formal urodynamic training on clinical practice. With this in mind we set out to determine whether the education and training we had given had changed urodynamic practice in the UK.MethodsPostal questionnaires were sent out to 84 delegates who had attended the course over a 2‐year period (2001–2003). Paired questionnaires were used to assess urodynamic practice before and after the course and also to establish whether their practice had changed as a direct result of attending the certificate course.ResultsThe results suggested that 79% of those responders had changed their practice since completing the course. Significant changes to practice were observed in checking calibration, confidence in setting‐up equipment, interpretation of urodynamic traces and ability to check the accuracy of the results.ConclusionsThe results of this survey suggest that attendance at a recognised urodynamic training course has had an impact on clinical practice in the UK. Training and education raises the level of confidence and ability to perform and interpret urodynamic investigations, which has wide implications for the accuracy, reliability and consistency of urodynamic investigations performed by those without formal training. Neurourol. Urodynam. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Extraction of caesium from mosses and incorporation into an oxalate crystalline lattice
Authors: Nedić Olgica , Dragović Snežana 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe ratios of stable and radioactive isotopes in the environment are not constant and their effects on living organisms are not the same. Whilst radionuclides can be monitored by measuring their radioactivity levels, it is also important to determine the stable isotopes. The method described in this paper represents a simple and cheap process by which to extract caesium from moss, without significant destruction of the plant, and to incorporate the isolated caesium into a water‐soluble crystal. Ammonium oxalate and phosphoric acid are water‐soluble substances at 5% concentration but, when the solutions are combined, crystallisation occurs. Crystals were estimated to contain 68.30% O, 20.98% C, 4.68% H, 6.04% N and less than 0.01% P, corresponding to NH4HC2O4·H2C2O4·2H2O (C4H11NO10). The crystal mass did not vary with the species of moss, although the effectiveness of caesium extraction did. Typically, 73.0 ± 6.1% of the solubilised caesium was entrapped within the crystals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Video‐assisted Thyroidectomy: Report on the Experience of a Single Center in More than Four Hundred Cases
Authors: Lombardi Celestino Pio , Raffaelli Marco , Princi Pietro , De Crea Carmela , Bellantone Rocco 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundWe report on our series of patients selected for video‐assisted thyroidectomy (VAT) over a 7‐year period and discuss the results obtained.MethodsVideo‐assisted thyroidectomy is a gasless procedure performed under endoscopic vision through a single 1.5–2.0‐cm skin incision, using a technique very similar to conventional surgery. Eligibility criteria were these: thyroid nodules <35 mm; thyroid volume <30 ml; no previous conventional neck surgery. Small, low‐risk, papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTC) were considered eligible.ResultsA total of 473 VATs were attempted on 459 patients. Locoregional anesthesia was used in 15 patients. Conversion was necessary in 6 (difficult dissection in 1 case, large nodule size in 3, gross lymph node metastases in 2). Thyroid lobectomy was successfully performed in 110 cases, total thyroidectomy in 343, and completion thyroidectomy in 14. In 66 patients with carcinoma, central neck nodes were removed through the same access. Concomitant parathyroidectomy was performed in 14 patients. Pathology showed benign disease in 277 cases, PTC in 175, and medullary microcarcinoma in 1. Postoperative complications included 8 transient recurrent nerve palsies, 64 transient hypocalcemias, 3 definitive hypocalcemias, 1 postoperative hematoma, and 2 wound infections. Postoperative pain was minimal and the cosmetic result excellent. In patients with PTC no evidence of recurrent or residual disease was shown.ConclusionsIndications for VAT are still limited (20% of patients who require thyroidectomy). Nonetheless, in selected patients, it seems a valid option for thyroidectomy and it could be considered even preferable to conventional surgery because of its significant advantages, especially in terms of cosmetic result.
Patterns of spatial autocorrelation of assemblages of birds, floristics, physiognomy, and primary productivity in the central Great Basin, USA
Authors: Fleishman Erica , Mac Nally Ralph 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWe fitted spatial autocorrelation functions to distance‐based data for assemblages of birds and for three attributes of birds’ habitats at 140 locations, separated by up to 65 km, in the Great Basin (Nevada, USA). The three habitat characteristics were taxonomic composition of the vegetation, physical structure of the vegetation, and a measure of primary productivity, the normalized difference vegetation index, estimated from satellite imagery. We found that a spherical model was the best fit to data for avifaunal composition, vegetation composition, and primary productivity, but the distance at which spatial correlation effectively was zero differed substantially among data sets (c. 30 km for birds, 20 km for vegetation composition, and 60 km for primary productivity). A power‐law function was the best fit to data for vegetation structure, indicating that the structure of vegetation differed by similar amounts irrespective of distance between locations (up to the maximum distance measured). Our results suggested that the spatial structure of bird assemblages is more similar to vegetation composition than to either vegetation structure or primary productivity, but is autocorrelated over larger distances. We believe that the greater mobility of birds compared with plants may be responsible for this difference.
Stress as a cause of chronic recurrent vulvovaginal candidosis and the effectiveness of the conventional antimycotic therapy
Authors: Meyer Harald , Goettlicher Sigurd , Mendling Werner 
Published: April 2006

SummaryChronic Candida vulvovaginitis cannot, at present, be treated effectively with local or oral antimycotic medication. Göttlicher & Meyer [Vulvovaginalmykose. Klinische Ergebnisse einer epidemiologischen Langzeitstudie, Thieme, Stuttgart (1998); Mycoses41 (1998) 49] formulated a hypothesis to explain this fact. They say that stress is the main cause of vulvovaginal mycosis, and that frequently cited predisposing somatic risk factors are not causing the illness. Two research projects were carried out to test this hypothesis. The first project was conceived to provide direct evidence for two empirical statements derived from the Göttlicher–Meyer hypothesis: (i) stress as a predictor of vulvovaginitis is least valid as the commonly assumed somatic factors and (ii) combinations of factors that reliably discriminate index women from symptom‐free women point to aspects of psychosocial development, particularly stress, and not to somatic factors. Between March and November 1999, 309 successive patients were randomly chosen from those successively treated in one in‐patient and two out‐patient settings. Of those chosen, 117 had had at least one episode of vaginal candidosis within the 2 years prior to enlistment in the study. The remaining 192 patients had experienced no such illness. For the 117 index patients both of the above empirical statements were confirmed by statistical analyses. The second project was designed to test predictions concerning the ineffectiveness of traditional antimycotic treatment derived from the Göttlicher–Meyer hypothesis. Three different empirical statements were derived from the hypothesis – each based on the assumption of a Poisson distribution of relapses that remains uninfluenced by treatment attempts. Each of the statements was tested and confirmed in independent samples – the first in the sample used in project one, the second in a sample of 206 women insured by public Healths Management Organizations (HMOs) and the third in a sample of 179 women insured by private HMOs. Each patient had evidenced Candida albicans vulvovaginitis at least once in the time interval between 1996 and 2000. Statistical analyses confirmed each of the empirical statements, thereby substantiating the Göttlicher–Meyer hypothesis. The authors conclude that (i) psychosocial factors, particularly stress, are the primary causes of Candida albicans vulvovaginitis. Accompanying somatic factors are of little statistical significance in explaining occurrence and relapse. (ii) Traditional antimycotic treatment influences only the symptoms of the illness, not its causes, and has no effect on the probability of a relapse. Increased treatment effectiveness can be achieved only at the cost of a complete re‐orientation concerning the causes of vaginal mycosis. Interventions designed to strengthen the patients’ immune response are among the most promising.
Auftrag und Grenzen der Sozialen Krankenversicherung
Authors: Zweifel Peter 
Published: April 2006

Abstract This contribution seeks to answer two questions, (1) What are the reasons for a demand for social health insurance (SHI)?, and (2) What are the limits to the growth of SHI? A review of the reasons for the existence of SHI reveals that while economists have emphasized the possible contribution of SHI to efficiency, the available evidence points to public choice reasons, which also seem to explain better the growth of SHI. Indeed, since private insurance redistributes as well (albeit governed by chance), it is tempting for politicians to use SHI for systematic redistribution (the extent of which cannot easily be detected by net payers). Turning to the supply of SHI, two dimensions are studied in some detail, viz. efforts at product innovation and at risk selection. Competing suppliers of SHI, while hampered by risk adjustment which sanctions innovators for attracting the young, are predicted to invest in innovation. A monopolistic public SHI scheme, by way of contrast, does not need to select risks and, on the other hand, it is predicted to refrain from product innovation. This is but one limit to the growth of SHI; the ultimate one is citizens’ lack of willingness to pay for its continuing expansion, about which some evidence for the case of Switzerland is presented.
The Work of the British Government's Air Survey Committee And its Impact on Mapping in the Second World War
Authors: Collier Peter 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt has been asserted by Clough (1952), amongst others, that British Military Survey was poorly prepared for the outbreak of war in 1939. An examination of the work carried out between the wars by the Air Survey Committee would seem to contradict that view. In this paper, the work of the Air Survey Committee is discussed and a brief assessment made of the impact of its work on British mapping during the Second World War.
A Phase II Trial of Intraperitoneal Photodynamic Therapy for Patients with Peritoneal Carcinomatosis and Sarcomatosis
Authors: Hahn Stephen M. , Fraker Douglas L. , Mick Rosemarie , Metz James , Busch Theresa M. , Smith Debbie , Zhu Timothy , Rodriguez Carmen , Dimofte Andreea , Spitz Francis , Putt Mary , Rubin Stephen C. , Menon Chandrakala , Wang Hsing-Wen , Shin Daniel , Yodh Arjun , Glatstein Eli 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Purpose: A previous phase I trial of i.p. photodynamic therapy established the maximally tolerated dose of Photofrin (Axcan Pharma, Birmingham, AL)-mediated photodynamic therapy and showed encouraging efficacy. The primary objectives of this phase II study were to determine the efficacy and toxicities of i.p. photodynamic therapy in patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis and sarcomatosis.
Experimental Design: Patients received Photofrin 2.5 mg/kg i.v. 48 hours before debulking surgery. Intraoperative laser light was delivered to the peritoneal surfaces of the abdomen and pelvis. The outcomes of interest were (a) complete response, (b) failure-free survival time, and (c) overall survival time. Photosensitizer levels in tumor and normal tissues were measured.
Results: One hundred patients were enrolled into one of three strata (33 ovarian, 37 gastrointestinal, and 30 sarcoma). Twenty-nine patients did not receive light treatment. All 100 patients had progressed by the time of statistical analysis. The median failure-free survival and overall survival by strata were ovarian, 2.1 and 20.1 months; gastrointestinal cancers, 1.8 and 11.1 months; sarcoma, 3.7 and 21.9 months. Substantial fluid shifts were observed postoperatively, and the major toxicities were related to volume overload. Two patients died in the immediate postoperative period from bleeding, sepsis, adult respiratory distress syndrome, and cardiac ischemia.
Conclusions: Intraperitoneal Photofrin-mediated photodynamic therapy is feasible but does not lead to significant objective complete responses or long-term tumor control. Heterogeneity in photosensitizer uptake and tumor oxygenation, lack of tumor specificity for photosensitizer uptake, and the heterogeneity in tissue optical properties may account for the lack of efficacy observed.
Polydiacetylene Supramolecules Embedded in PVA Film for Strip-type Chemosensors
Authors: Kim Jong-Man , Chae Sang Kyun , Lee Young Bok , Lee Ji-Seok , Lee Gil Sun , Kim Tai-Young , Ahn Dong June 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Blue-to-red color change of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) films embedded with functional polydiacetylene supramolecules was observed by thermal stress or specific molecular recognition.
Matthew Simpson and the Mission of America
Authors: Kirby James E. 
Published: April 2006

In the American self-consciousness from its beginning to the present there has existed a firm conviction that this nation is destined, either by divine decree or circumstances, for a unique place among the peoples of the earth. One form of this is the assumption that the United States will provide the great example which others will want to follow. The classic expression of this was given by John Winthrop aboard the Arbella, but equally valid ones can be found in the words of modern Americans. Winthrop said:We shall find that the God of Israel is among us, when ten of us shall be able to resist a thousand of our enemies, when he shall make us a praise and glory, that men shall say of succeeding plantations ‘The Lord make it like that of New England.’ For we must consider that we shall be as a city upon a hill, the eyes of all people are upon us.
Preparation of temperature sensitive poly(vinylidene fluoride) hollow fiber membranes grafted with N‐isopropylacrylamide by a novel approach
Authors: Wang W. Y. , Chen L. , Yu X. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the present study, the temperature sensitive PVDF‐g‐NIPAAm HFM was prepared by grafting N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane (HFM) using a novel approach, alkaline treatment method. The structures of PVDF‐g‐NIPAAm HFM were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The effects of alkaline treatment time and grafting yield on the mechanical properties of PVDF HFM were measured and analyzed. In addition, the temperature sensitive behavior of PVDF‐g‐NIPAAm HFM and the effect of grafting yield on the temperature sensitive behavior were investigated by the flux of pure water and the rejection of ovalbumin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 833–837, 2006
Dyeing of chrome tanned collagen modified by in situ grafting with 2‐EHA and MAC
Authors: Masoud R. A. , Haroun A. A. , El‐Sayed N. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study deals with the modification of the chrome tanned collagen (leather) by in situ grafting with 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate (2‐EHA) and methacrylic acid (MAC) to improve its dyeability using Amecid Floxine 2GN (C.I. Acid Red 1) and Remazol Black B (C.I. Reactive Black 5). The optimum condition of in situ grafting has been evaluated. FTIR spectra of the ungrafted and the in situ grafted chrome tanned collagen showed that the corresponding band of the acrylate carbonyl ester occurs at 1730–1735 cm−1when compared with the ungrafted ones. The colorimetric data of the in situ grafted and dyed samples exhibited improvement in color shade, dye bath exhaustion, wash and light fastness relative to the ungrafted and dyed ones. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 174–179, 2006
Compatibility effect of reactive copolymers on polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends from commingled plastic wastes
Authors: Hong S. M. , Hwang S. S. , Choi J. S. , Choi H. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe report the compatibility effect on a recycled polypropylene/nylon (75/25) blend processed with reactive copolymers on the basis of morphological, mechanical, and rheological characteristics. Via a scanning electron microscopy investigation, we found improved surface morphologies with regular and fine domains in a recycled polypropylene/nylon (75/25) blend compatibilized with copolymers containing maleic anhydride as a reactive functional group [styrene–(ethylene/butylene)–styrene‐graft‐maleic anhydride copolymer and polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride]. Large increases in both the mechanical and rheological properties with the addition of the styrene–(ethylene/butylene)–styrene‐graft‐maleic anhydride copolymer could be interpreted with respect to a specific structure at the interface, showing a strong interfacial adhesion between recycled polypropylene and nylon. To confirm the existence of this structure, we used various dynamic rheological parameters: the Cox–Merz rule, storage modulus, and phase angle. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1188–1193, 2006
An idealized numerical simulation of mammatus‐like clouds
Authors: Kanak Katharine M. , Straka Jerry M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA three‐dimensional numerical simulation of mammatus‐like clouds is presented. A portion of a cirrus outflow anvil cloud is simulated including cloud ice and snow microphysical representations. The simulated mammatus clouds appear in a cellular pattern and are compared with the few available previously published physical observations of mammatus. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of two multi‐step self‐etch primer/adhesives on apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Gürpınar Özer Aylin , Beklen Arzu , Hukkanen Mika , Cehreli Zafer C. , Onur Mehmet Ali , Konttinen Yrjö T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractVarious in vitro studies have shown induction of apoptosis by monomers incorporated to dental restorative materials and adhesive resins, while information regarding the effect of monomer combinations as commercially available products on apopotis is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effetcs of two multi‐step self‐etch primer/adhesive systems on apoptosis of cultured primary human gingival fibroblasts. Cells were treated up to 48 h with Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Japan) and FL Bond (Shofu, Japan) at 1:1000 v:v ratio to determine cell proliferation, using 0.02 mM staurosporine as positive control. Apoptosis was assessed using propidium iodide/acridine orange (PI/AO) staining, compared to nontreated controls. When compared to FL Bond, exposure of gingival fibroblasts to Clearfil SE Primer and Clearfil SE Bond resulted in a higher degree of cell proliferation. PI/AO staining revealed typical morphological features of apoptosis in FL Bond and Staurosporine groups, while some cells cultured in the presence of primer and adhesive components of Clearfil SE Bond showed nuclear fragmentation, indicative of early apoptosis. Our results indicate that apoptotic potential of the multi‐step self‐etch adhesives were material‐dependent within the 48 h test period. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006