bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Postoperative pain
Authors: NAY P. G. , ELLIOTT S. M. , HARROP‐GRIFFITHS A. W. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryA study of 43 patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting was conducted in order to compare pre‐operative expectation of pain severity and duration to actual postoperative experience. As judged by linear visual analogue scores, patients expected more pain than they experienced (p = 0.0359). For the majority of patients, pain duration was less than expected. Eighty‐four per cent of patients reported that their pain was better or the same as expected. Ninety‐five per cent of patients were satisfied or very satisfied with postoperative analgesia. The authors conclude that, although the standard of postoperative analgesia after coronary artery bypass grafting remains objectively poor (the median postoperative pain score was 4 on a 10 cm linear visual analogue pain score), patients are usually satisfied with their pain relief. The authors suggest that this may be related to patients’pre‐operative overestimation of postoperative pain severity. The authors caution against giving patients unrealistic expectations of the quality of postoperative analgesia.
Control of end‐tidal carbon dioxide during IPPV
Authors: SCOTT P. V. , HADEN R. M. , JONES R. P. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryWe have described a method for control of end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension during intermittent positive pressure ventilation in a model lung and in 19 adults during general anaesthesia supplemented by central or peripheral neural blockade. The inspiratory and expiratory limbs of an open or a circle anaesthesia system were interconnected and ventilated simultaneously in a variable manner during inspiration. The flow of mixed‐expired gas, normally one‐way, became to‐and‐fro (variable functional apparatus deadspace, or‘virtual’deadspace). At minute volume ventilation > = 100 ml.kg ‐1.min‐1 (patients), the value of end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension was varied reproducibly within the range 4.1–6.5 (SD 0.1) kPa independently of fresh gas flow or other prescribed patterns of ventilation. At a steady state, stable nominated values of end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension within the range were attained. By how much any given intra‐operative value of end‐tidal carbon dioxide tension may be said to affect peri‐operative outcome is debatable, but during surgery any change in a nominated value may usefully indicate a change in the steady state.
Lumbar epidurography with multi‐orifice and single orifice epidural catheters
Authors: MAGIDES A. D. , SPRIGG A. , RICHMOND M. N. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe spread of iohexol in the epidural space was studied using two types of epidural catheter. Twenty pre‐menopausal women undergoing hysterectomy received lumbar epidural analgesia via either multi‐orifice or single orifice catheters. Twenty‐four hours after surgery, iohexol was injected before catheter removal with the patient lying supine. Whereas there was no significant difference in the total number of vertebral segments covered by dye or the total number of segments reached above or below the level of epidural insertion, spread was more even to the right and left of midline using the single orifice catheters. Sacral spread of dye was only observed when a single orifice catheter was used. Epidural catheter design affects the distribution of solutions in the epidural space, with single orifice epidural catheters producing more even distribution of dye with sacral extension.
Induction of anaesthesia with midazolam and a target‐controlled propofol infusion
Authors: TZABAR Y. , BRYDON C. , GILLIES G. W. A. 
Published: February 2007

Summary Eighty patients premedicated with temazepam were allocated randomly to receive an intravenous bolus of midazolam (either 0, 1, 2 or 4mg) 4min before a propofol infusion using a system designed to maintain a target blood concentration of 3 μg.ml‐1. Anaesthesia was successfully induced within 3 min of starting the infusion in 45% of patients receiving no midazolam. This rose to 70%, 85% and 95% in the groups receiving 1, 2 and 4 mg midazolam boluses respectively (p < 0.005). There were reductions in arterial blood pressure 3 min after starting the infusion in all groups but there was no significant difference between the groups. Apnoea was rare. Small doses of midazolam usefully enhance the effect of a propofol infusion administered at a dose which by itself would not induce anaesthesia in a majority of patients.
The delivery of oxygen by a Venturi T piece
Authors: CAMPBELL D. J. , FAIRFIELD M. C. 
Published: February 2007

Summary We have evaluated the performance of the Intersurgical 40% Oxygen Recovery T‐Kit in ten healthy volunteers, Inspired oxygen and end‐tidal carbon dioxide. concentrations were measured during normal respiration and with variations in respiratory rate and depth. The performance of the device was then studied after modifications to the inspiratory limb, the expiratory, limb and the arrangement of the attachments to the T ‐piece. The standard arrangement of the T piece was associated with inadequate inspired oxygen concentration (31.9±0.6%), independent of respiratory rate and depth. All three modifications increased the inspired oxygen concentration, the longer expiratory limb to 34.6% (p < 0.01)and the altered T piece arrangement to 37.3% (p < 0.01). The highest inspired oxygen concentration of 40.3% (p < 0.01)was obtained by increasing the length of the inspiratory limb.
Arnold‐Chiari malformation in pregnancy
Authors: Semple D. A. , McClure J. H. , Wallace E. M. 
Published: February 2007

Summary We report the case of a 30‐year‐old pregnant woman with an Arnold‐Chiari malformation, who presented with severe pregnancy‐induced hypertension at 30 weeks gestation. She was known to have had a difficult tracheal intubation during a previous general anaesthetic. Caesarean section was performed under an incremental epidural anaesthetic block.
Anaesthesia for electroconvulsive therapy Personnel and facilities
Authors: Lee D. , Kenny M. , Harrop‐Griffiths W. 
Published: February 2007

Summary In order to compare the anaesthetic staffing and facilities provided for patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy with those provided for patients undergoing elective cystoscopy, a confidential telephone enquiry was conducted. An anaesthetist in each of the 40 hospitals where clectroconvulsive therapy is performed in three Health Regions chosen at random was questioned. The results show that a high standard of care is provided for patients undergoing elective cystoscopy in terms of pre‐operative assessment anaesthetic assistance, intra‐operative monitoring and postoperative recovery facilities. The standards of care and of facilities for patients undergoing electroconvulsive therapy are substantially inferior and commonly fall short of accepted national guidelines.
The effect of ondansetron on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of temazepam
Authors: PRESTON G. C. , KEENE O. N. , PALMER J. L. 
Published: February 2007

Summary The objective of this study was to determine the effects of ondansetron on the pharmacokinetics of temazepam and on pharmacodynamics relevant to its use as oral premedication. Twenty‐four healthy volunteers (12 of each sex) were administered the following oral treatments in a randomised, double‐blind crossover design: temazepam 20 mg plus placebo; or temazepam 20 mg plus ondansetron 8 mg. Blood samples were taken for plasma temazepam assay at intervals up to 32 h after administration. In addition, a brief battery of psychomotor tests was administered 1 h prior to dosing and 1 and 4 h after dosing. Analysis of the derived pharmacokinetic parameters showed no differences between the treatments described above. Analysis of data from the dynamic measures likewise showed no difference between the treatments. It was concluded that the co‐administration of ondansetron did not influence the pharmacokinetics or pharmacodynamic actions of temazepam.
The use of absorbent materials for the disposal of controlled drugs
Authors: TARLING M. M. , VAN DEN BERG N. , STRUNIN L. , WALTON A. 
Published: February 2007

Summary The Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland's most recent publication on controlled drugs notes that the Environmental Protection Act (1992) does not permit the disposal of controlled drugs into the water sewerage system. The Association suggests that, in order to conform to the Misuse of Drugs Regulations (1985). controlled drugs may best be disposed of using some sort of absorbent material, for example a small amount of cat litter or wallpaper paste, in the bottom of a sharps bin. The absorbent capacity of three types of cat litter, wallpaper paste and a commercial absorbent material were tested. Both the commercial absorbent and wallpaper paste displayed limited absorbent qualities unless the container was agitated. The cat litter, Snowflake, absorbed more controlled drug than the others (one‐way ANOVA, F2.12= 250.85, p < 0.01). The use of absorbent materials in sharps bins for the disposal of controlled drugs in clinical areas has limitations and may not be suitable. It is concluded, therefore, that small volumes of controlled drugs should be disposed of directly into clinical waste and that large volumes should be dealt with using a commercial absorbent in its own container.
Torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia following coronary artery spasm during general anaesthesia
Authors: Mizutani K. , Toyoda Y. , Kubota H. 
Published: February 2007

Summary We present a patient who suffered two episodes of torsade de pointes ventricular tachycardia during general anaesthesia for abdominal surgery. The first occurred on suctioning of the tracheobronchial tree and the second while anaesthesia was light. Since ST segment elevation was in each case noted before the onset of torsade de pointes, coronary artery spasm was suspected to be the cause. An intravenous infusion of nitroglycerine was effective in treating and preventing these episodes. These findings suggest that coronary artery dilators such as nitroglycerine are indicated for initial treatment of torsade de pointes following coronary artery spasm in order to facilitate recovery from myocardial ischaemia.
The effect of posture on late postoperative oxygenation
Authors: MYNSTER T. , JENSEN L. M. , JENSEN F. G. , KEHLET H. , ROSENBERG J. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryTwelve patients had their arterial oxygen saturation measured pre‐operatively and on days 1, 4 and 7 after laparotomy. Measurements were performed in the supine, sitting and standing positions on each day. Arterial oxygen saturation was significantly higher during sitting and standing on days 1 and 4 after operation compared with the supine position (p < 0.05). These results give further evidence for the benefits of patient mobilisation after major surgery.
The influence of cold on the recovery of three neuromuscular blocking agents in man
Authors: ENGLAND A. J. , WU X. , RICHARDS K. M. , REDAI I. , FELDMAN S. A. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe Arrhenius hypothesis suggests that change in temperature has a less marked effect on the rate of physical processes than on biological reactions. We have investigated the process underlying recovery from neuromuscular block in man by studying the effect of cooling on the rate of recovery from depolarising and non‐depolarising block. Vecuronium, rocuronium and decamethonium (C10) neuromuscular block were investigated using the isolated forearm technique on awake human volunteers. In these experiments, one arm was cooled whilst the other was used as control. Moderate hypothermia decreased the rate of recovery from all three agents, but this was significantly less marked with the depolarising drug. The mean Q10 (the anticipated change in rate of a reaction across a 10°C temperature gradient) of the rate of recovery for vecuronium was 3.21, rocuronium 2.86 and decamethonium 1.29. This suggests a different process in the recovery of these two types of drug. According to the Arrhenius hypothesis this would suggest that the recovery from non‐depolarising drugs is likely to involve a biochemical mechanism and that recovery from decamethonium is controlled by a physical process.
The effect of increasing the dose of buprenorphine on the haemodynamic response associated with tracheal intubation
Authors: Khan F. A. , Kamal R. S. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryThe effect of buprenorphine on the haemodynamic response to tracheal intubation was studied at two dose levels, 2.5 μg.kg‐1 and 5 μg.kg‐1, in a placebo‐controlled double‐blind trial in 75 patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectoniy. The study drugs were administered intravenously 8 min before induction of anaesthesia with thiopentone 5 mg.kg‐1 and vecuronium 0.1 mg/kg‐1. Buprenorphine 2.5 μg.kg‐1 caused 50% attenuation of the blood pressure response whereas 5 μg.kg‐1 caused 70% attenuation compared to the saline placebo. The maximum increase in heart rate was 14% of the control value after 2.5 μg.kg‐1 and 11% after 5 μg.kg‐1 of buprenorphine. A significant difference in heart rate was also observed between the two buprenorphine groups at 5 and 10 min after intubation. Blood pressure and heart rate both showed a significant fall from baseline values 10 min after intubation in both buprenorphine groups, with the changes being greater in the 5 μg.kg‐1 group. We recommend the use of 2.5 μg.kg‐1 buprenorphine for attenuation of the hypertensive response to intubation in major abdominal surgery.
Alternative splicing of pre‐mRNAs of Arabidopsis serine/arginine‐rich proteins: regulation by hormones and stresses
Authors: Palusa Saiprasad Goud , Ali Gul Shad , Reddy Anireddy S.N. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryPrecursor mRNAs with introns can undergo alternative splicing (AS) to produce structurally and functionally different proteins from the same gene. Here, we show that the pre‐mRNAs of Arabidopsis genes that encode serine/arginine‐rich (SR) proteins, a conserved family of splicing regulators in eukaryotes, are extensively alternatively spliced. Remarkably about 95 transcripts are produced from only 15 genes, thereby increasing the complexity of the SR gene family transcriptome by six‐fold. The AS of some SR genes is controlled in a developmental and tissue‐specific manner. Interestingly, among the various hormones and abiotic stresses tested, temperature stress (cold and heat) dramatically altered the AS of pre‐mRNAs of several SR genes, whereas hormones altered the splicing of only three SR genes. These results indicate that abiotic stresses regulate the AS of the pre‐mRNAs of SR genes to produce different isoforms of SR proteins that are likely to have altered function(s) in pre‐mRNA splicing. Sequence analysis of splice variants revealed that predicted proteins from a majority of these variants either lack one or more modular domains or contain truncated domains. Because of the modular nature of the various domains in SR proteins, the proteins produced from splice variants are likely to have distinct functions. Together our results indicate that Arabidopsis SR genes generate surprisingly large transcriptome complexity, which is altered by stresses and hormones.
Centromere dynamics in the primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae
Authors: Maruyama Shinichiro , Kuroiwa Haruko , Miyagishima Shin‐ya , Tanaka Kan , Kuroiwa Tsuneyoshi 
Published: February 2007

SummaryCentromeres are universally conserved functional units in eukaryotic linear chromosomes, but little is known about the structure and dynamics of the centromere in lower photosynthetic eukaryotes. Here we report the identification of a centromere marker protein CENH3 and visualization of centromere dynamics in the ultra‐small primitive red alga Cyanidioschyzon merolae. Immunoblotting and immunofluorescence microscopy showed that CENH3 increased rapidly during S phase, followed by a drastic reconstitution into two discrete foci adjacent to the spindle poles at metaphase, suggesting the cell‐cycle‐regulated expression of CENH3. Immunoelectron microscopy revealed that the CENH3 signals were associated with the nuclear envelope, implying interplay between the kinetochore complex and the nuclear envelope. These results demonstrate dynamic centromere reconstitution during the cell cycle in an organism in which the chromosomes do not condense at metaphase.
Exploring intercultural communication through literature and film
Authors: CONDON JOHN 
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Students of intercultural communication have utilized almost exclusively the writings of social scientists. Literature (prose fiction, poetry and biography) and film have been little used except to illustrate what social scientists have discussed. The potential of literature and film for our understanding of intercultural relations is conisderable, however, and can be explored both through the analysis of cultural patterns expressed in the works, and in the analysis of intercultural themes, of conflicts and resolutions by the characters, in novels, biographies and films. A recent study of the latter kind identified several significant ‘coping mechanisms’ of ethnic minorities in the United States which distinguished those who prevailed in a world of cultural pressures from those who did not. Such attitudes and abilities had been overlooked in the methods and goals of most social‐science writings. Moreover, there is evidence that literature majors in college have performed better in some intercultural encounters—as US Peace Corps volunteers—than have graduates of programs in the social or physical sciences.There are many problems, however, in drawing upon literature and film. One problem is the possibility for gross distortion of a people by a writer or filmmaker whose audience has no means of checking against reality. These images, in fact, can receive such wide acceptance that future audiences expect to have this image confirmed in subsequent works (‘standardization of error’). Even very good works, when they achieve the status of ‘classics’, lead readers and audiences to want more books and films which reconfirm a simplified and outdated image. This works against smaller, poorer and non‐English‐speaking societies especially, as only those works which fit the expectations of English‐speaking readers or viewers elsewhere are likely to be translated and published or produced.Literature allows for a much more varied manner of story telling than does the conventional social‐science genre. It allows for more varied points of view, more emotional involvement, and the taking of a stand on issues; in addition, it can draw upon all of the resources that evoke an experience rather than being about experiences. We need to utilize more fully the power of the image and word in our understanding of intercultural communication.
World Englishes in TESOL programs: an infusion model of curricular innovation
Authors: BROWN KIMBERLEY 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: It has been recognized (e.g. Kachru, 1988) that it is time for a paradigm shift which takes into account the changing roles and functions of English around the world to occur in linguistic research and language pedagogy. Possible explanations for the relatively slow infusion of this paradigm into TESOL preparatory programs are presented.This paper also explores structural impediments to curriculum design and teaching practices which incorporate a World Englishes perspective. These impediments include student background schemata; text availability and level of difficulty; supporting material availability; e.g. library journal and audio‐visual holdings; and availability of workshops and short‐term coursework for individuals who have not taught a World Englishes course before.Eight recommendations are made to promote the incorporation of a World Englishes perspective within TESOL Methods courses and within the broader language education community.
Discourse problems in argumentative writing
Authors: AL‐HAQ FAWWAZ AL‐ABED , AHMED AHMED S. E. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT: This study aims to investigate the discourse problems in argumentative writing. To achieve this objective, the researchers collected a sample of 62 essays written by the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th level students at the Department of English and Translation, Imam Muhammad Ibn Saud Islamic University. The study also aims to propose a checklist for composing and evaluating argumentative writing, and to examine the significance of differences in the three levels of samples.The corpus has been analyzed, classified, and discussed. Plausible explanations for the areas of difficulty are provided, conclusions are drawn, and implications are accordingly suggested.
Susceptibility of Helicobacter pylori to the Bactericidal Activity of Human Serum
Authors: Gonzalez‐Valencia Gerardo , Perez‐Perez Guillermo I. , Washburn Ronald G. , Blaser Martin J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACT Background.Human serum represents an important barrier to the entry of most mucosal organisms into tissues and to the systemic circulation. If at all present, Helicobacter pylori within gastric tissue is rare, and bacteremia for this organism has been described only once. Methods. To assess the susceptibility of H. pylori to the bactericidal activity present in normal human serum (NHS), we examined 13 H. pylori isolates. To assess the contributions of the classical and alternative complement pathways to killing, we added either C2‐deficient or factor B‐deficient serum, respectively, to heat‐inactivated NHS. Also we assessed the ability of the strains to bind 125I‐C3. Results.After incubation for 60 minutes at 37°C, all 13 H. pylori strains were killed by NHS; heating to 56°C for 30 minutes ablated killing, indicating complement dependence for this phenomenon. In the absence of an antibody source, there was no killing when either an alternative or classical complement pathway source was used. Adding B‐deficient serum to heat‐inactivated normal human serum did not restore killing, but adding C2‐deficient serum permitted partial killing. All of the 13 strains bound 125I‐C3. Although the kinetics varied from strain to strain, C3 bound was significantly correlated (r= 0.61, p= 0.03) with serum susceptibility. Conclusions.
H. pylori are susceptible to complement, alternative pathway activation appears critical, and C3 binding is a major locus of variability.