bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adiponectin gene therapy of streptozotocin‐induced diabetic mice using hydrodynamic injection
Authors: Fukushima Masayoshi , Hattori Yoshiyuki , Tsukada Hideo , Koga Kimiko , Kajiwara Eiichi , Kawano Kumi , Kobayashi Tsuneo , Kamata Katsuo , Maitani Yoshie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBackgroundAdiponectin (Adipo), an adipocyte hormone involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism, has already been identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes. However, successful delivery of Adipo to the receptors is difficult due to their peptide characteristics. Receptors for Adipo are abundantly expressed in the liver and skeletal muscle.MethodsUptake of 2‐(N‐(7‐nitrobenz‐2‐oxa‐1,3‐diazol‐4‐yl)amino)‐2‐deoxyglucose (2‐NBDG) in hepatoblastoma HepG2 cells expressing Adipo was examined. Adipo‐expressing plasmid DNA (10–50 µg) in saline solution (0.1 ml/g body weight) was rapidly injected into the tail vein of 4‐week‐old diabetic mice after 4–6 weeks of treatment with streptozotocin (STZ). Uptake of glucose in diabetic mice also was measured using a planar positron imaging system featuring 18‐fluorodeoxyglucose.ResultsHepG2 cells expressing Adipo exhibited significantly increased 2‐NBDG uptake compared with cells transfected with control plasmid even in the absence of insulin. STZ‐induced diabetic mice showed decreased serum Adipo levels compared with non‐diabetic mice. A single hydrodynamic injection of 10–50 µg Adipo‐expressing plasmid DNA into diabetic mice led to approximately 10‐15‐fold elevation in serum Adipo levels, and resulted in decreased serum levels of glucose and triglyceride. As well as exhibiting higher levels of Adipo expression, diabetic mice also had higher hepatic glucose uptake than similar mice injected with control plasmid.ConclusionsWe report that STZ‐induced diabetic mice exhibited decreased Adipo levels and hyperglycemia which may be alleviated by hydrodynamic injection of the Adipo gene. This type of gene delivery system to the liver offers a different approach in developing novel treatments for type 1 and 2 diabetes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage glycosaminoglycan: Basic principles, imaging technique, and clinical applications
Authors: Gray Martha L. , Burstein Deborah , Kim Young‐Jo , Maroudas Alice 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMany new therapeutic strategies have been and are being developed to prevent, correct, or slow the progression of osteoarthritis. Our ability to evaluate the efficacy of these techniques, or to determine the situations for which they might provide the most benefit, critically depends on diagnostic measures that can serve as proxies for the present or predicted state of the cartilage. We focus here on a body of work surrounding the development of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques to noninvasively image the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) concentration of articular cartilage. These techniques are based on the concept of fixed charge in cartilage resulting from the glycosaminoglycans. Starting with sodium MRI, and the subsequent development of delayed gadolinium‐enhanced MRI of cartilage (dGEMRIC) based on proton MRI, these techniques permit “visualization” of the charged GAG distribution in cartilage in vitro or in vivo. The dGEMRIC technique has been used in preliminary clinical studies to understand treatment strategies and to monitor disease, and as such is allowing studies that a decade ago would have been impossible. This new technical capability offers the promises of speeding development of effective therapies and focusing their use in areas where they can be most successful. © 2007 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 26:281–291, 2008
Phenolics of Vaccinium berries and other fruit crops
Authors: Kalt Wilhelmina , MacKinnon Shawna , McDonald Jane , Vinqvist Melinda , Craft Cheryl , Howell Amy 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe concentrations and profiles of phenolics of selected fruit crops common in the Western diet, including several Vaccinium species, were examined to better understand how these crops may be useful sources of phenolic phytochemicals. Vaccinium fruit had a high phenolic concentration compared to non‐Vaccinium fruit. Some Vaccinium fruit were particularly rich in certain phenolic subgroups, especially anthocyanins and pro‐anthocyanidins. Among the pro‐anthocyanidin oligomers measured using fluorometric and mass spectroscopic detection, the trimers and tetramers were most abundant, while pro‐anthocyanidins with a degree of polymerization greater than 8 were least abundant. As biomedical studies determine which phenolic structures are associated with particular bioactivities, information on the phenolic concentration and profile of selected species will be useful in developing specific uses for fruit crops in human health. Methods were compared to assess the usefulness of simpler versus more sophisticated means of phenolic analysis. The phenolic components of fruit extracts were purified approximately 20‐fold, and not qualitatively altered, by C18 solid‐phase extraction. However, fruit extracts obtained from C18 solid‐phase extraction differed in their relative abundance of phenolic components. Colorimetric and HPLC‐DAD measures of phenolic concentration were correlated (R2 = 0.79), as was pro‐anthocyanidin concentration detected fluorometrically and by mass spectrometry (R2 = 0.44). Copyright © 2007 Crown in the right of Canada and Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of breed type, housing and feeding system on performance of growing pigs managed under organic conditions
Authors: Kelly Hilary RC , Browning Helen M , Day Jon EL , Martins Anne , Pearce Gareth P , Stopes Christopher , Edwards Sandra A 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: There is a need for information on the performance and carcass quality of pigs under different organic management systems. This study compared Duroc‐sired progeny from three maternal breed types when kept either at pasture or in housing with an outdoor run and offered ad libitum concentrate either alone or with fodder beet or grass/clover silage as additional forage.RESULTS: Liveweight gain, feed intake and the proportion of forages consumed did not differ between genotypes. Carcass fatness of progeny was lowest for a ‘modern’ genotype (Camborough 12) and highest for a ‘traditional’ purebred genotype (Saddleback), with a ‘crossbred traditional’ genotype (Saddleback × Duroc) being intermediate (11.4, 14.3 and 13.4 mm P2 respectively, standard error of mean (SEM) 0.27, P < 0.001). With a cereal‐based concentrate available ad libitum, intake of forages was low (<2% of dry matter intake). Although growth rate did not differ between housing systems, daily feed intake was greater at pasture (2.47 vs 2.22 kg meal equivalent, SEM 0.05, P < 0.001), giving poorer feed efficiency (P < 0.01). Pastured animals consumed less additional forage and had a higher killing‐out % but similar carcass fatness.CONCLUSION: For organic pig production to be financially sustainable, disadvantages arising from the genotype and/or rearing system chosen need to be offset by a market premium for the pigs produced. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative TOF‐SIMS and MALDI TOF‐MS analysis on different chromatographic planar substrates
Authors: Talian Ivan , Orinák Andrej , Preisler Jan , Heile Andreas , Onofrejová Lucie , Kaniansky Dušan , Arlinghaus Heinrich F. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA comparison is made between two high resolution, surface‐based, mass spectrometric methods: time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF‐SIMS) and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF‐MS) in indication of abietic and gibberellic acids molecular profiles on different chromatographic thin layers. The analytes were applied to silica gel chromatographic thin layers with SIMS on‐line interfacing channel, monolithic silica gel ultra‐thin layers, and thin layers specifically designed for direct Raman spectroscopic analysis. Two MALDI matrices were used in this research: ferulic acid and 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid. The silica gel SIMS‐interfacing channel strongly supported formation of numerous different MALDI MS fragments with abietic and gibberellic acids, and ferulic acid matrix. The most intense fragments belonged to [M–OH]+ and [M]+ ions from ferulic acid. Intense conjugates were detected with gibberellic acid. The MALDI MS spectrum from the monolithic silica gel surface showed very low analyte signal intensity and it was not possible to obtain MALDI spectra from a Raman spectroscopy treated chromatographic layer. The MALDI TOF MS gibberellic acid fragmentation profile was shielded by the matrix used and was accompanied by poor analyte identification. The most useful TOF‐SIMS analytical signal response was obtained from analytes separated on monolithic silica gel and a SIMS‐interfacing modified silica gel surface. New horizons with nanostructured surfaces call for high resolution MS methods (which cannot readily be miniaturised like many optical and electrochemical methods) to be integrated in chip and nanoscale detection systems.
Multiresidue determination of thermolabile insecticides in cereal products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: Evaluation with on‐column injection and conventional hot splitless injection
Authors: Zheng Ping , Hu Yan‐Yun , Sheng Xuan , Zhang Lei , Sun Hao , Sheng Guo‐Ping 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis communication presents a study on the simultaneous determination of thermolabile N‐methylcarbamate and organophosphorus insecticides in cereal products by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The thermal stability of the multiple insecticides was evaluated with conventional hot splitless injection and on‐column injection. The results obtained by GC–MS with these two injection techniques were compared in terms of the recovery, the limit of detection, the limit of qualification, and the reproducibility. With on‐column injection, the pesticide recoveries in cereal samples were better than 82%, with relative standard deviations lower than 5.4%. The limits of qualification for most insecticides were in the range of 0.009–0.08 mg/kg, i. e. lower than the maximum residue limits established for insecticides in cereal products by the European Union. The long‐term stability using on‐column injection for analysis of insecticides in real samples was evaluated and normal chromatographic performance could be obtained within 50 analyses. The results revealed that it was possible for application of on‐column injection in the analysis of thermolabile multiple insecticides in food sample after comprehensive sample clean‐up, despite the highly contaminated nature of the column system.
The rapid detection and identification of the impurities of simvastatin using high resolution sub 2 μm particle LC coupled to hybrid quadrupole time of flight MS operating with alternating high–low collision energy
Authors: Plumb Robert S. , Jones Michael D. , Rainville Paul , Castro‐Perez Jose M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe profiling and identification of impurities in raw pharmaceuticals or finished drug product is an essential part of the pharmaceutical manufacturing process. Critical to this process is the ability to confirm known, expected impurities and identify new impurities. LC coupled to electrospray MS is a powerful tool that has been employed for the identification of impurities, natural products, drug metabolites, and proteins. In this study, we show how sub 2 μm porous particle LC has been coupled to hybrid quadrupole orthogonal TOF mass spectrometer to profile and identify the impurities of the common cholesterol lowering drug simvastatin. The hybrid quadrupole TOF mass spectrometer was operated by alternating the collision cell energies to allow for the rapid, facile conformation of the identity of impurities. Using this process it was possible to identify all of the common impurities of simvastatin in a single 10 min run. During the analysis a new impurity of simvastatin was detected and identified as the saturated ring form of simvastatin.
Sponsor hospitality at the Olympic Games: an analysis of the implications for tourism
Authors: Brown Graham 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe study examined the impact on tourism of sponsor hospitality programmes at the Sydney Olympic Games. With preferential access to resources accorded to Olympic sponsors, new tourism networks were created. The role of the media, interpersonal communication and implicit messages using Olympic symbols are discussed. A survey of people invited by Olympic sponsors to attend the Sydney Olympic Games found that 80% of guests had not previously visited Australia. Positive evaluations of their experience at the Olympic Games, attending events and visiting the host city, created a desire to return and to recommend the destination to others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning transport for special events: a conceptual framework and future agenda for research
Authors: Robbins Derek , Dickinson Janet , Calver Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFacilitating successful access to special events is key to their success, yet a transport and events research agenda is still to emerge and transport is often peripheral to the tourism destination management literature. This paper uses a conceptual framework to analyse the transport implications of holding special events. The paper concludes with comment on where and when it is best to host events from a transport perspective and mechanisms to facilitate more sustainable travel choices to events within destination areas. The paper prepares the ground for further analysis and develops a future agenda for research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Planning for the great unknown: the challenge of promoting spectator‐driven sports event tourism
Authors: Wright Richard Keith 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSports event tourism has rapidly evolved into one of the most fashionable facets of the 21st Century. As a result, staging high‐profile fixtures are increasingly being seen as a prominent method of strengthening a destination's domestic and international image. Despite the plethora of academic interest in special event management, there remains an apparent lack of knowledge surrounding the role played by public sector tourism planners. This paper examines narratives from representatives of New Zealand‐based regional tourism organisations responsible for maximising the local benefits associated with hosting the 2005 British and Irish Lions Tour. While the ‘once in a lifetime’ nature of the six‐week nationwide series was undoubtedly its biggest selling point, it was equally to blame for a multitude of hurdles encountered by regional operators. The findings identify a host of logistical and resource‐based challenges, along with the manner in which such threats were overcome. Several recommendations are introduced, highlighting the need for consistent, yet flexible, approaches to regional sport event planning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk factors for Parkinson's disease and impaired olfaction in relatives of patients with Parkinson's disease
Authors: Siderowf Andrew , Jennings Danna , Connolly James , Doty Richard L. , Marek Kenneth , Stern Matthew B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOur objective was to assess the association between risk factors for Parkinson's disease (PD) and abnormal olfaction in first‐degree relatives of patients with PD. Factors including lower cigarette smoking and lower caffeine consumption have been associated with increased risk of PD. Idiopathic hyposmia has also been associated with an increased risk of PD. The relationship between risk factors for PD and impaired olfactory function has not been evaluated in relatives of PD patients. We conducted a mail survey of odor identification ability in 173 first‐degree relatives of PD patients using the 40‐item University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT). Respondents also completed a questionnaire inquiring about risk factors for PD including caffeine consumption, tobacco use, exercise, and exposures to heavy metals, well‐water, and pesticides. There was a direct relationship between olfactory performance and lifetime caffeine intake. After adjustment for age, gender, and smoking status, subjects who reported drinking 2 to 3 cups of caffeinated beverages per day (2.6 points higher 95% CI: 0.5, 4.5) and 4 or more cups per day (3.7 points higher, 95% CI: 0.6, 6.7) had significantly better UPSIT scores than those who consumed less than 1 cup per day. There was no significant relationship between olfactory performance and other risk factors. In conclusion, abnormal olfaction is associated with significantly lower lifetime caffeine consumption in first‐degree relatives of PD patients. Further research is warranted to determine whether a history of lower caffeine consumption confers additional risk for the development of PD in hyposmic relatives of PD patients. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
The international cooperative ataxia rating scale in Machado‐Joseph disease. Comparison with the unified multiple system atrophy rating scale
Authors: D'Abreu Anelyssa , Franca Marcondes , Lopes‐Cendes Iscia , Cendes Fernando 
Published: September 2007

AbstractOur purpose was to evaluate and compare the international cooperative ataxia rating scale (ICARS) and the unified multiple system atrophy rating scale (UMSARS) in patients with Machado‐Joseph disease (MJD). We assessed 52 consecutive subjects with MJD using each scale. Both scales had adequate internal consistency (α > 0.90), except for the oculomotor (OD) subscore (α = 0.08). Patients with dystonia had the highest scores in both scales, and symptoms other than ataxia clearly confounded the total ICARS score. There was a very strong correlation between the ICARS and UMSARS‐II (motor function), and the correlations between the ICARS and UMSARS‐I (r = 0.79) (history) and UMSARS‐IV (r = 0.69) (disability) were also statistically significant. We found no significant changes in scores after a mean interval of 7.7 months, although there was after a mean interval of 13.3 months. We conclude that the total ICARS score is a reliable method for longitudinal evaluation of ataxia in MJD, but a disease specific scale should be developed. © 2007 Movement Disorder Society
Cranial deformations in an Iron Age population from Münsingen‐Rain, Switzerland
Authors: Kutterer A. , Alt K. W. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper is an examination of cranial fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and deformations in the prehistoric population of Münsingen‐Rain (La Tène period, Switzerland). The material consists of 76 skulls. Three cases of craniosynostosis, one scaphocephalic skull with complete obliteration of the sagittal suture and two plagiocephalic skulls were identified. CT scans showed that premature closure of the frontosphenoidal suture caused these plagiocephalies. For three asymmetrically deformed skulls, differential diagnosis indicates torticollis (wry neck). Another four skulls exhibit strongly developed asymmetries of the cranium and mandible, but an aetiological diagnosis was not possible. In order to evaluate the degree of fluctuating asymmetry of the population, landmarks of the skulls were digitally measured in 3D and angle calculations were made. A reference group of 30 skulls was used for comparison. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Drug prescribing pattern at the medical outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in southwestern Nigeria
Authors: Enwere O. Okezie , Falade Catherine O. , Salako Babatunde L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPurposeAssessment of drug use patterns with World Health Organization (WHO) Drug Use Indicators is becoming increasingly necessary towards promoting rational drug use in the developing countries. This study aimed at assessing the drug prescription pattern at the Medical Outpatient Clinic (MOP), University College Hospital, Ibadan, using some WHO core drug use indicators.MethodsOne thousand four hundred and forty‐seven patient encounters were reviewed prospectively over a 2‐month period. Data were collected from patient case files immediately following consultation in each of the seven subspecialty clinics at the MOP. Prescribed medications were then reviewed for some drug use indicators including cost of medications. Cost was based on the current hospital pharmacy drug‐pricing list.ResultsOne thousand three hundred and seven (90.3%) prescriptions from 1447 patient encounters were reviewed. One hundred and forty (9.7%) encounters did not have prescriptions written out. The overall average number of drugs prescribed was 3.2 ± 1.47. Average percentage of drugs prescribed by generic names was 49.5% ± 31.2, while average percentage of drugs prescribed from the hospital essential drug list was 96% ± 14.0. The average cost of medications to patients/day was N = 126.0 ± 136.0 approximately $0.9 (USD). Results varied between subspecialties.ConclusionThe low percentage prescription of drugs by their generic name is responsible for the high cost of drugs to patients. Drug use studies are a necessary tool for assessing prescribing patterns in hospitals, recognizing areas for improvement and improving drug prescribing practices in these facilities. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polyethylene nanocomposites by gas‐phase polymerization of ethylene in the presence of a nanosilica‐supported zirconocene catalyst system
Authors: Reddy Chaganti Srinivasa , Ratna Debdatta , Das Chapal Kumar 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND: Much of the current research related to the development of in situ nanocomposites of olefins by polymerizing them with metallocenes in the presence of surface‐treated fillers is carried out in the slurry phase. In slurry‐phase methods a large amount of solvent is required and there is always a need of purification of the final product due to the possibility of traces of solvents present in the product. To overcome these drawbacks, to perform solvent‐free metallocene‐catalysed polymerizations with in situ incorporation of inorganic nanoparticles, we have used a gas‐phase polymerization technique as this does not require solvents and also utilizes monomer feed stocks efficiently.RESULTS: The catalyst used for the synthesis of in situ polyethylene nanocomposites by gas‐phase polymerization was nanosilica‐supported zirconocene. The fillers used were Cloisite‐20A, kaolin and nanosilica. Three different in situ polyethylene nanocomposites, i.e. Cloisite‐20A‐filled polyethylene (CFPE), kaolin‐filled polyethylene (KFPE) and nanosilica‐filled polyethylene (SFPE), were prepared by gas‐phase polymerization. The nanocomposites were obtained in the form of fine powder. The polyethylene content in the developed nanocomposites is in the orthorhombic crystalline phase. Using our approach, it is observed that the nanofillers are completely encapsulated by a thin layer of polyethylene. Significantly higher molecular weight polyethylene was formed in the case of KFPE in comparison to CFPE and SFPE. The thermal decomposition temperature, melting temperature and enthalpy are also observed to be higher for KFPE.CONCLUSIONS: The gas‐phase polymerization technique has been successfully carried out for the synthesis of in situ polyethylene nanocomposites. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Multi‐addressable supramolecular gels based on linear amino acid and bisthienylcyclopentene
Authors: Sevez Guillaume , Gan Jiaan , Pan Jianfeng , Sallenave Xavier , Colin Annie , Saadoui Hassan , Saleh Ahmed , Vögtle Fritz , Pozzo Jean‐Luc 
Published: September 2007

Abstract1,2‐Bisthienylperfluorocyclopentenes covalently linked to two aggregative side‐arms derived from 11‐aminoundecanoic acid have been designed to self‐assemble leading to the formation of supramolecular gels which could be reversibly and independently revealed or suppressed upon acidity, temperature changes and also light irradiation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.