bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Vitamin A and Zinc Supplementation on Gastrointestinal Parasitic Infections Among Mexican Children
Authors: Long Kurt Z. , Rosado Jorge L. , Montoya Yura , de Lourdes Solano Maria , Hertzmark Ellen , DuPont Herbert L. , Santos Jose Ignacio 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. Gastrointestinal parasites continue to be an important cause of morbidity and stunting among children in developing countries. We evaluated the effect of vitamin A and zinc supplementation on infections by Giardia lamblia, Ascaris lumbricoides, and Entamoeba histolytica.METHODS. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial was conducted among 707 children who were 6 to 15 months of age and from periurban areas of Mexico City, Mexico, between January 2000 and May 2002. Children, who were assigned to receive either vitamin A every 2 months, a daily zinc supplement, a combined vitamin A and zinc supplement, or a placebo, were followed for 1 year. The primary end points were the 12-month rates and durations of infection for the 3 parasites and rates of parasite-associated diarrheal disease as determined in stools collected once a month and after diarrheal episodes.RESULTS. G lamblia infections were reduced and A lumbricoides infections increased among children in the combined vitamin A and zinc group or the zinc alone group, respectively. Durations of Giardia infections were reduced among children in all 3 treatment arms, whereas Ascaris infections were reduced in the vitamin A and zinc group. In contrast, E histolytica infection durations were longer among zinc-supplemented children. Finally, E histolytica–and A lumbricoides–associated diarrheal episodes were reduced among children who received zinc alone or a combined vitamin A and zinc supplement, respectively.CONCLUSIONS. We found that vitamin A and zinc supplementation was associated with distinct parasite-specific health outcomes. Vitamin A plus zinc reduces G lamblia incidence, whereas zinc supplementation increases A lumbricoides incidence but decreases E histolytica–associated diarrhea.
Prehospital Preparedness for Pediatric Mass-Casualty Events
Authors: Shirm Steve , Liggin Rebecca , Dick Rhonda , Graham James 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES. Recent events have reiterated the need for well-coordinated planning for mass-casualty events, including those that involve children. The objective of this study was to document the preparedness of prehospital emergency medical services agencies in the United States for the care of children who are involved in mass-casualty events.METHODS. A national list of all licensed prehospital emergency medical services agencies was prepared through contact with each state's emergency medical services office. A survey was mailed to 3748 emergency medical services agencies that were selected randomly from the national list in November 2004; a second survey was mailed to nonresponders in March 2005. Descriptive statistics were used to describe study variables.RESULTS. Most (72.9%) agencies reported having a written plan for response to a mass-casualty event, but only 248 (13.3%) reported having pediatric-specific mass-casualty event plans. Most (69%) services reported that they did not have a specific plan for response to a mass-casualty event at a school. Most (62.1%) agencies reported that their mass-casualty event plan does not include provisions for people with special health care needs. Only 19.2% of the services reported using a pediatric-specific triage protocol for mass-casualty events, and 12.3% reported having a pediatrician involved in their medical control. Although most (69.3%) agencies reported participation in a local or regional disaster drill in the past year, fewer than half of those that participated in drills (49.0%) included pediatric victims.CONCLUSIONS. Although children are among the most vulnerable in the event of disaster, there are substantial deficiencies in the preparedness plans of prehospital emergency medical services agencies in the United States for the care of children in a mass-casualty event.
Sleep Duration From Ages 1 to 10 Years: Variability and Stability in Comparison With Growth
Authors: Jenni Oskar G. , Molinari Luciano , Caflisch Jon A. , Largo Remo H. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to describe the variability of sleep duration (time in bed per 24 hours) in healthy children from 1 to 10 years of age in comparison with growth measures.METHODS. A total of 305 children were followed with structured sleep-related interviews and measurements of height and weight 12, 18, and 24 months after birth and then at annual intervals until 10 years of age. SD scores were calculated, and smooth curves were fitted by smoothing splines through the SD scores. The long-term variability channel within children (units SD score) was defined as the difference between the maximum and the minimum of the smooth curves and the short-term variability channel (units SD score) as the difference of the largest and the smallest deviations of the original SD scores from the smooth curve.RESULTS. Sleep duration remained within a long-term variability channel &lt;0.5 SD score in 21% of the children (34% for height, 21% for weight). Nearly every second child (46%) stayed within a long-term variability channel &lt;1.0 SD score (76% for height, 64% for weight). Sleep duration of ∼90% of all children ran within a long-term variability channel of &lt;2.0 SD score (corresponding, eg, to the range between the 2nd and the 50th percentile). No single child's sleep duration remained within a short-term variability channel &lt;0.5 SD score, indicating fluctuations from year to year (60% for height, 53% for weight). An association between aspects of sleep duration and somatic growth was not observed at any age.CONCLUSIONS. Sleep duration during early and middle childhood shows large variability among children, as well as trait-like long-term stability and state-like yearly fluctuations within children. An individual approach to the child's sleep behavior is needed; expectations in terms of appropriate sleep duration of the child should be adjusted to the individual sleep need.
Effectiveness of Previous Mumps Vaccination During a Summer Camp Outbreak
Authors: Schaffzin Joshua K. , Pollock Lynn , Schulte Cynthia , Henry Kyle , Dayan Gustavo , Blog Debra , Smith Perry 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES. Mumps is a vaccine-preventable disease that may cause outbreaks. In July 2005, an outbreak of mumps occurred during a children's summer camp in upstate New York. An investigation was initiated to describe the cases and evaluate vaccine effectiveness.
METHODS. A retrospective cohort study was conducted among 541 children from the United States and abroad who attended a 1- or 2-month overnight summer camp. Patients with mumps were interviewed; serologic analysis was conducted for 6 case patients. Vaccine effectiveness was calculated by retrospective review of immunization records for 507 attendees who were eligible for vaccination and had verified immunization history.
RESULTS. Thirty-one camp attendees were identified as having mumps (attack rate: 5.7%); 5 (83%) of 6 patients tested had positivity for mumps immunoglobulin M. Of the 507 participants (including 29 patients) with available immunization history, 440 (including 16 [87%] patients) were 2-dose recipients of mumps vaccine (attack rate: 3.6%); 46 participants (including 4 [9%] patients) were 1-dose recipients (attack rate: 8.7%); and 21 (including 9 [4%] patients) were unvaccinated (attack rate: 42.9%). Vaccine effectiveness was 92% for 2 doses and 80% for 1 dose.
CONCLUSIONS. Outbreaks of mumps in settings such as summer camps can occur despite high vaccination rates. Vaccine effectiveness for 2 mumps vaccinations was greater than vaccine effectiveness for 1 mumps vaccination. Therefore, recommendation of 2 mumps vaccinations for summer camp participants continues to be appropriate. Control of mumps disease relies on broad vaccination coupled with correct clinical diagnosis and strict control measures.
Postdischarge Infant Mortality Among Very Low Birth Weight Infants: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Kugelman Amir , Reichman Brian , Chistyakov Irena , Boyko Valentina , Levitski Orna , Lerner-Geva Liat , Riskin Arieh , Bader David ,   in collaboration with the Israel Neonatal Network
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to identify factors that were associated with death after discharge from the NICU of very low birth weight infants in a population-based study.METHODS. From a national cohort of 13430 very low birth weight infants who were born in Israel from 1995 to 2003, 10602 infants were discharged from the hospital and composed the study population. Demographic and clinical data regarding the pregnancy, delivery, and neonatal course were obtained from the Israel national very low birth weight infant database. Data on each case of death during the postdischarge period until 1 year of age were provided by the Ministry of Health from national linked birth and death certificates. Univariate analyses and a multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the perinatal and neonatal risk factors for postdischarge death.RESULTS. The postdischarge mortality rate was 7.5 per 1000 (80 of 10602 infants discharged from the hospital). The death rate was significantly higher in non-Jewish infants, infants who were born to young mothers, and infants who were born to low-educated mothers. After adjustment for demographic characteristics and perinatal and neonatal variables, postdischarge mortality was independently associated with congenital malformations, neonatal seizures, necrotizing enterocolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.CONCLUSION. Although the postdischarge death rate was relatively low in our cohort of very low birth weight infants, attention should be focused on the subgroups of infants who are at higher risk to decrease their mortality further.
Susceptibility to Nicotine Dependence: The Development and Assessment of Nicotine Dependence in Youth 2 Study
Authors: DiFranza Joseph R. , Savageau Judith A. , Fletcher Kenneth , Pbert Lori , O'Loughlin Jennifer , McNeill Ann D. , Ockene Judith K. , Friedman Karen , Hazelton Jennifer , Wood Connie , Dussault Gretchen , Wellman Robert J. 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to identify characteristics that predict progression from the first inhalation of a cigarette to dependence. We studied a cohort of 1246 public school 6th-graders in 6 Massachusetts communities (mean age at baseline: 12.2 years).METHODS. We conducted a 4-year prospective study using 11 interviews. We assessed 45 risk factors and measured diminished autonomy over tobacco with the Hooked on Nicotine Checklist and evaluated tobacco dependence according to the International Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision. Cox proportional-hazards models were used.RESULTS. Among 217 youths who had inhaled from a cigarette, the loss of autonomy over tobacco was predicted by feeling relaxed the first time inhaling from a cigarette and depressed mood. Tobacco dependence was predicted by feeling relaxed, familiarity with Joe Camel, novelty seeking, and depressed mood.CONCLUSIONS. Once exposure to nicotine had occurred, remarkably few risk factors for smoking consistently contributed to individual differences in susceptibility to the development of dependence or loss of autonomy. An experience of relaxation in response to the first dose of nicotine was the strongest predictor of both dependence and lost autonomy. This association was not explained by trait anxiety or any of the other measured psychosocial factors. These results are discussed in relation to the theory that the process of dependence is initiated by the first dose of nicotine.
Overweight, Race, and Psychological Distress in Children in the Childhood Asthma Management Program
Authors: Bender Bruce G. , Fuhlbrigge Anne , Walders Natalie , Zhang Lening 
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE. The purpose of this work was to determine whether overweight in youth with mild-to-moderate asthma occurs with increased frequency and is accompanied by impaired psychological functioning.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. The interrelationships among BMI and demographic and psychological characteristics were examined in 1005 children (aged 5–12 years) enrolled in the Childhood Asthma Management Program and seen for repeated visits over 4½ years.
RESULTS. Baseline rates of overweight (BMI for age: ≥95th percentile) were comparable, but rates of overweight risk (BMI for age: 85th to &lt;95th percentile) among children in the Childhood Asthma Management Program were elevated in comparison with the general population of children in the United States. Rates of overweight and overweight risk did not increase over the course of the longitudinal study. Overweight and overweight risk were more frequent among black and Hispanic than white children, although they were not higher relative to same-race groups in the general population. Overweight at baseline was associated with lower IQ, more social withdrawal, and greater internalized psychological distress. As the children became older, the overweight group demonstrated increased evidence of behavior problems and decreased physical activity.
CONCLUSIONS. This study identifies an increase in overweight risk but not overweight in children with mild-to-moderate asthma. Comorbidity between asthma and overweight may be underestimated, because children with severe asthma and those from impoverished backgrounds were not represented in this sample. For the 14% of children who were overweight, some associated psychological difficulties were present in childhood, and additional problems were seen during adolescence. These results suggest a need for programs that encourage greater vigilance and intervention for overweight children with asthma.
Chapter Glancing: Noticing and Naming Chapter Openings
Authors: Morgan Denise N. , Williams Jeffery L. 
Published: October 2007

Writers carefully include critical information in the opening lines of their chapters, but students often gloss over these beginning sentences, missing information that could help them better comprehend the text. To address this concern, the authors created a strategy that prompts students to examine the opening lines of chapters, helping readers notice and name what is seen, thus deepening their understanding and engagement.This article describes the Chapter Glancing strategy, showing teachers how to lift up the opening lines of chapters to help students examine the information embedded there. The strategy prompts students to predict and infer as they notice and name aspects of the text that hold promise for future understandings. By illuminating what readers do, Chapter Glancing becomes a useful strategy that students transfer into their own reading. How to introduce this strategy to students and the variations for using this strategy are addressed.
Technical Note: An Addendum to Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands— I. The Relation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity
Authors: Waxman M. H. , Thomas E. C. 
Published: September 2007

With regard to the article we published in 1974, "Electrical Conductivities in Shaly Sands—I. The Relation Between Hydrocarbon Saturation and Resistivity Index; II. The Temperature Coefficient of Electrical Conductivity," it has come to our attention that we inadvertently neglected to publish an updated version of Fig. 16. We apologize for this oversight on our part; we believed the revised Fig. 16 had been published. To remedy this oversight, we provide an update to the original 1974 version of Fig. 16 in the article.
We thank the management of Shell International E&P, Inc. for permission to publish these data.
Novel Techniques for Measuring Heavy-Oil Fluid Properties
Authors: Goodarzi N. , Bryan J. , Mai A. , Kantzas A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Investigating the properties of live heavy oil, as pressure declines from the original reservoir pressure to ambient pressure, can aid in interpreting and simulating the response of heavy-oil reservoirs undergoing primary production. Foamy oil has a distinctly different and more complex behavior compared to conventional oil as the reservoir pressure depletes and the gas leaves solution from the oil. Solution gas separates very slowly from the oil; thus, conventional pressure/volume/temperature (PVT) measurements are not trivial to perform. In this paper, we present novel experiments that utilize X-ray computerized assisted technology (CT) scanning and low field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques. These nondestructive tomographic methods are capable of providing unique in-situ measurements of how oil properties change as pressure depletes in a PVT cell. Specifically, this paper details measurements of oil density, oil and gas formation volume factor, solution gas/oil ratio, (GOR), and oil viscosity as a function of pressure. Experiments were initially performed at a slow rate, as in conventional PVT tests, allowing equilibrium to be reached at each pressure step. These results are compared to non-equilibrium tests, whereby pressure declines linearly with time, as in coreflood experiments. The incremental benefit of the proposed techniques is that they provide more detailed information about the oil, which improves our understanding of foamy-oil properties.
Optimization of Well Performance in a Selective Subsea Sand-Control Completion, Offshore Nigeria
Authors: Guinot Frédéric , Ezeukwu Toni E. , Stenger Bruno A. 
Published: October 2007

Summary
Developing the Okwori field (offshore Nigeria) required the combination of several recent technological advances. The subsea development targeted multiple oil-bearing zones in all wells with the requirement that each zone could be operated independently. Expandable sand-screen (ESS) strings were deployed within casing for up to four zones to prevent sand production from unconsolidated-sandstone reservoirs. Independent control of all zones was made possible by use of remotely operated surface-controlled sliding-sleeve units [(ROSS) trademark of Weatherford U.K.]
Losses experienced after perforating required the use of loss-control material (LCM) for well control. Initial LCM formulation appeared to yield formation damage. A special effort ensued to design optimal LCM pills to meet project requirements. This paper presents the completion issues associated with the project, the optimization of the LCM pills, and the design and placement aspect of the remedial treatment associated with this type of completion. The evolution of the completion efficiency for each zone throughout the learning curve is presented and discussed.
Pressure Prediction and Drilling Challenges in a Deepwater Subsalt Well from Offshore Nova Scotia, Canada
Authors: Marland Chris , Nicholas Simon , Cox Wayne , Flannery Chris , Thistle Bruce 
Published: October 2007

Summary
Modern-day oil exploration pushes operators into harsher and more-difficult drilling environments in the search for hydrocarbon reserves. Eastern Canada is one of those environments where deep water and the need to penetrate through thick salt sheets greatly increases difficulties faced by drillers. This paper describes a case history of deepwater subsalt drilling and examines the requirements for success. This paper also details the challenges using seismic data, of prewell planning for dealing with high pore-pressures and variable fracture gradients. Experience shows that prewell engineering differs considerably from conditions actually encountered that require rapid adjustments based on actual well data. In the case reported here, a fluid influx occurred at a depth where planning indicated a significantly lower pore-pressure. This influx directly led to losing a bottomhole assembly (BHA), sidetracking, and a re-evaluation of the well data and pore-pressure regimes possible at that depth.
This paper also highlights the need for flexible well designs able to respond to unanticipated drilling hazards and wellbore problems. In the case history reported here, the 11¾-in. casing was set 511 m higher than originally planned because of pore-pressure increases. This decision had a significant effect later in the well construction program, requiring the use of expandable casing not originally in the well program.
This paper illustrates on-the-fly modification of drilling designs to rapidly deploy unplanned equipment, the use of unconventional borehole sizes, and the use of newer technology such as rotarysteerable assemblies for side-track kickoff. The paper will also discuss the optimized use of hole openers and expandable casing and the potential effects of expandable casing on subsequent hole-opener use. These dynamic modifications and immediate implementation of lessons learned allowed successful drilling to a record depth for eastern Canada.
Application of adaptive lattice filters to internal model control
Authors: Nikolakopoulos G. , Tzes A. , Koveos Y. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAn adaptive internal model control (IMC) framework is proposed in this article for infinite impulse response systems. The innovation in this study stems from the relaxed assumption that the controller needs to knowa priorithe system order. To bypass this restriction, a lattice filter identifies the system's order as well as its reflection coefficients. Within the IMC structure, a lattice‐based controller is utilized in the forward path in cascade with a low‐pass detuning filter. The controller self‐configures its structure according to the estimated system order, while the filter's bandwidth increases as the identifier estimates more accurately the system dynamics. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Combination chemotherapy with low‐dose cytarabine, homoharringtonine, and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor priming in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia
Authors: Zhang Wang‐Gang , Wang Fang‐Xia , Chen Yin‐Xia , Cao Xin‐Mei , He Ai‐Li , Liu Jie , Ma Xiao‐Rong , Zhao Wan‐Hong , Liu Su‐Hu , Wang Jian‐Li 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAs sensitization of leukemic cells with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐csf) can enhance the cytotoxicity of chemotherapy in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), a pilot study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of G‐csf priming combined with low‐dose chemotherapy in patients with relapsed and refractory AML. The regimen, G‐HA, consisted of cytarabine 7.5 mg/m2/12 hr by subcutaneous injection, days 1–14, homoharringtonine 1.5 mg/m2/day by intravenous continuous infusion, days 1–14, and G‐csf 150 μg/m2/day by subcutaneous injection, days 0–14. Thirty‐six AML patients were enrolled, 23 refractory and 13 relapsed. Eighteen patients (50%, 95% confidence interval: 33–67%) achieved complete remission (CR) with a median CR duration of 7.2 months, and two elderly patients continued a regimen of maintenance therapy and remained in remission for 26.3 and 14.1 months, respectively, as of last follow‐up. Eight patients (22%) experienced neutropenia (median duration: 6 days; range: 2–22 days). Thirteen of the 36 (36%) developed severe infections. Grade 1–2 nonhematologic toxicities were documented, including nausea and vomiting (20%), liver function abnormality (6%), and heart function abnormality (6%). No central nervous system and kidney toxicity was observed. The G‐HA regimen is effective in remission induction for refractory and relapsed AML patients and well tolerated in maintenance therapy in some subgroups of elderly patients. Further studies are necessary to elucidate optimum dose and schedule for this regimen to enhance the treatment efficacy of relapsed or refractory AML patients. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.