bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corrosion Aspects of Copper in a Crystalline Bedrock Environment - with Regard to Life Prediction of a Container in a Nuclear Waste Repository
Authors: Sjöblom R 
Published: March 2009

A disposal system for high-level and long-lived radioactive waste should provide for adequate isolation of radionuclides from the bio-sphere.
During the work of finding such a system, and in demonstrating its long-term isolation, certain unprecedented requirements become apparent: the disposal system must function over very long times without any need for maintenance or repair. Furthermore, no experience from operation can be made available for the analysis, and there will be no results from tests with durations comparable in magnitude to the life-time of the facility.
In the systems studied in Sweden and Finland, copper containers are deposited in crystalline bedrock with bentonite as a backfill. The groundwater is reducing and the flow is very low due to the low permeability of the bentonite clay and of the rock near the deposition hole.
The chemical durability of a container in such a disposal system will depend primarily on three factors: the mechanical tensile stresses in the container, the chemical environment, and the copper material itself. The tensile stresses depend on manufacturing factors as well as external forces. The chemical environment will depend on the composition of the groundwater, theibentonite clay and possibly also phenomena that might take place in the vicinity of the container. The copper material can corrode primarily by oxidation or sulphidation. If the salt concentration is high (and a reducible specie is available), copper may also react by forming chloride complexes.
If the copper container has thick walls, penetration by general corrosion will take considerable time. It is nevertheless of interest to study general corrosion since - at least under certain conditions - it will give rise to a protective and passivating surface layer. Such a layer may be of significance when the possibilities of localized corrosion and stress corrosion cracking are to be evaluated. It is pointed out that the development of localized corrosion is strongly dependent on the specific chemistry. Concern is expressed regarding certain treacherous aspects of stress corrosion cracking. Areas of research that may be fertile to pursue have also been identified.
A point is made that the safety analyses and scenarios should include both probable and less probable developments. Examples are given of the latter type.
A suggestion is made that samples of the container and of container material be left in the repository to enable evaluation and thus to facilitate improvements that future generations might wish to make.
Masonry Cements — A Laboratory Investigation
Authors: Ribar JW , Dubovoy VS 
Published: March 2009

Effects of masonry cement mortars and clay brick units on flexural bond (ASTM C 1072) and on water penetration of masonry wall assemblies (ASTM C 514) were investigated. The test variables included 20 masonry cements and 11 types of brick, each representing materials produced in different areas of the United States.
Regardless of the composition of individual masonry cements, flexural bond in wall assemblies was generally in excess of 100 psi. Also, single-wythe wall assemblies exhibited satisfactory watertightness.
Flexural bond tests of prisms built with the above materials combinations showed that brick properties such as Initial Rate of Absorption (IRA) and surface texture together with mortar properties are primary factors in the development of bond strength.
The Development of Ready Mixed Mortar in the United States
Authors: Gates RE , Nelson RL , Pistilli MF 
Published: March 2009

The introduction of Ready-Mixed or Extended-Life Mortar to the masonry industry in the United States in the early 1980's prompted the American Society for Testing and Materials to initiate development of a specification for Ready-Mixed Mortar. The development of this specification was under ASTM Committee C12, on Mortars, and Sub- Committee C12.03, on Specifications. The Sub-Committee commissioned a task group, designated C12.03.7, to develop the specification. The authors of this paper are some of the members of that task group. The data presented is a compilation of information that was submitted by members of the task group in evaluation of ready-mixed mortar. Both laboratory- and field-developed data have been submitted.
Ready-Mixed Mortar is best defined as “Mortar consisting of cementitious materials, aggregate water, and set control admixtures which are measured and mixed at a central location using weight or volume control equipment. This mortar is delivered to a construction site and shall have a workability period in excess of 2-1/2 hours.”.
The data that is presented in this paper represents testing of Ready-Mixed Mortar for basic physical properties such as compressive strength, air content, water retention, and workability. Additional properties such as bond strength of ready-mix mortars to masonry units, bond strength of ready mixed mortar to steel, water permeance, and compressive strength of masonry prisms, employing ready-mixed mortar have also been examined.
Corrosion of Reinforcing Steel and Wall Ties in Masonry Systems
Authors: Haver CA , Keeling DL , Somayaji S , Jones D , Heidersbach RH 
Published: March 2009

The corrosion of metal associated with masonry systems is controversial. Little research has appeared on the subject, even though corrosion has been associated with multimillion dollar failures of masonry facades on buildings and other structures.
This report reviews the available literature on corrosion in masonry and compares this literature with the more abundant literature on corrosion in concrete. Corrosion patterns and performance are discussed based on analyses of metal removed from a seawall in California and a building facade in Illinois.
A Critical Review of Field Adapting ASTM E 514 Water Permeability Test Method
Authors: Brown MT 
Published: March 2009

This paper investigates the use of a field adapted ASTM E 514 water permeability test which is currently used by masonry consultants to document moisture penetration problems in brick masonry. There is a growing debate of whether this adapted test method can appropriately be used to decide if a masonry wall is considered a failure regarding moisture penetration.
It is the intent of this adapted test method to follow the requirements of ASTM's E 514-74 test method except the test is used on in-place walls. However, additional differences between the actual and adapted test methods significantly alter the results and interpretation of the test. Information on the differences between the two test methods is needed by engineers, architects and building owners so that informative decisions can be made on the appropriateness of the field adapted ASTM E 514 water permeability test method.
An Initial Effort to Use the Corrosion Rate Measurements for Estimating Rebar Durability
Authors: Andrade C , Alonso MC , Gonzalez JA 
Published: March 2009

The approach presented here is an attempt to implement the values of corrosion intensity which have been measured in laboratory tests, in the framework of the service life prediction analysis for corroding structures. First of all, the model on service life suggested by Tuuti was considered, and only the propagation period model has been analyzed in this paper.
In order to expand the proposal, different steps were covered: (1) the definition of an unacceptable level of deterioration, taking into consideration the levels suggested by the Comité Eurointernational du Béton (CEB) in its Bulletin No. 162, in order to define the urgency of intervention in a damaged structure; (2) the reduction in bar diameter or bar section was taken as the determining parameter in failure risk, assuming that this decrease in section occurs either in a generalized form or in the zones of the structure in which the load-carrying capacity may be significantly affected; and (3) the ranges of possible corrosion intensity values were introduced in Tuuti's model for calculating the reduction in bar section in function of the life of the structure. Some examples for bars of 10 and 20 mm ϕ were presented. Finally, the limitations and the improvements of the proposal are discussed.
Comparison of the Polarization Resistance Technique to the Macrocell Corrosion Technique
Authors: Berke NS , Shen DF , Sundberg KM 
Published: March 2009

Reinforced concrete structures are often subjected to chloride intrusion from deicing salts or marine environments or both. The chloride ions disrupt the normal passivity of steel in concrete initiating corrosion. The corrosion can lead to structural failure of the concrete due to the increased volume of the corrosion products which results in cracking and scaling. Much work is underway to determine the corrosion rate of steel in concrete to determine the benefits of a particular protection system or to ascertain current condition of the steel.
Polarization resistance can be used to compare different protection systems and to determine the corrosion rate at a given time. The technique involves the use of a potentiostat or galvanostat, and ideally means to correct for ohmic resistance in the concrete. Though relatively easy to perform, it requires a potentiostat with a means of correcting for ohmic resistance and occasionally a better than superficial understanding of corrosion theory.
The Macrocell corrosion technique involves the measurement of the galvanic current passing between a layer of steel in a chloride rich top mat and a low chloride bottom mat which acts as a cathode. A resistor is placed between the two mats, and the macrocell current is determined by measuring the voltage drop across the resistor. This technique is most applicable when comparing corrosion protection systems in the laboratory.
In this paper, we compare polarization resistance measurements to macrocell measurements on the same specimens. Whenever the macrocell technique indicates severe corrosion is in progress, the polarization resistance technique also shows corrosion to be occurring. However, the polarization resistance technique is able to determine localized corrosion in addition to the macrocell corrosion effect. In several cases, this is present in the absence of a macrocell current. Furthermore, even when the macrocell technique shows the presence of corrosion, rates can be significantly underestimated due to localized rates. When calcium nitrite is present in the concrete, localized corrosion rates remain low.
Automated Fatigue and Fracture Laboratory with Multiple Load Frames and Single Host Computer System
Authors: Sunder R 
Published: March 2009

An automated fatigue and fracture laboratory was recently set up at the National Aeronautical Laboratory. Six servohydraulic load frames are connected to a single multi-user, time-sharing computer system, through dedicated microprocessor-based interfaces. The host computer system includes resources for post processing of test data, output of test results and their storage and retrieval.
Application software was developed for automated crack growth testing under a variety of constant-amplitude and spectrum load test conditions including K-control and on-line fatigue cycle analysis. Automated crack length measurement is through unloading compliance.
Dynamic Compaction/Stone Columns - Test Sections for Construction Control and Performance Evaluation at an Uncontrolled Landfill Site
Authors: Snethen DR , Homan MH 
Published: March 2009

Completion of a portion of the highway loop around Tulsa, Oklahoma, required that State Highway 11 (SH-11) cross an old strip mine/uncontrolled landfill area located in north central Tulsa. A grade separation was required where SH-11 crossed Yale Avenue, a major city street. The entire project involves the bridge structure, approach embankments with a maximum height of approximately 9 m and the roadway paving. The foundation conditions varied from remnants of intact shale existing between the strip mined areas to layers of disturbed shale covering layers of trash varying in thickness from approximately 1 m to nearly 6 m. At both ends of the project, ground water was present.
Dynamic compaction was selected over other options (i.e. grouting or elevated roadway) to prepare the foundation material to support the embankments. As part of the dynamic compaction quality assurance program, three instrumented field test sections were constructed to verify the adequacy of dynamic compaction. In the portion of the project where the thickness of the trash layers was the greatest, the potential for additional settlement following dynamic compaction seemed large, so it was decided to support that section of the embankment on stone columns constructed using the dynamic compaction process. An on-site evaluation of different impact sequences was conducted to determine the most efficient method for stone column construction. Approximately 95 stone columns were constructed, using the selected procedure, in the area with the thickest trash. Following completion of the embankment, several locations were instrumented (settlement gages and piezometers) to observe the long term settlement performance of the embankment.
Dynamic compaction of the materials resulted in average settlement over the approximately 9 hectare site of 66 cm. Reasonable strength improvements were measured at each of the test sites. Settlement records show a maximum settlement of approximately 30 cm since completion of the embankment in Spring 1986. The major portion of the settlement occurred rather quickly (i.e. in a few months) with subsequent settlement being minimal.
Lateral Static Densification at Monaco Design, Construction and Testing
Authors: Gambin MP 
Published: March 2009

The so-called “Compaction Grouting” technique is now being used in France under various names. Due to a large research programme launched a few years ago, Soletanche was in a position to develop a more scientific approach to this process when it is used as a soil improvement method.
This paper describes the various rules used for design with their background and gives an example of a lateral static densification job.
The positive role of microshearing in sandy soil and that of solid mortar columns in clayey soils is described.
Impact of Standards and Certification on Environmental Impairment Liability Insurance Programs
Authors: Gulledge WP 
Published: March 2009

Environmental impairment liability (EIL) insurance is available for petroleum storage tank and other environmental exposures. Recent standards and performance criteria for leak detection for underground storage tanks (USTs) and other technical standards for USTs have been both a benefit and an interference to risk-based underwriting of storage tank EIL insurance programs. Insurance underwriters and state financial responsibility program administrators are confronted with confusing information to manage these environmental risks.
Standards and certification are also key issues for site assessment programs. Recent activities from ASTM and the Institute for Environmental Auditing (IEA) have addressed the need to increase the professional stature of site assessments and environmental management. Reaction and acceptance of these efforts by the users have been mixed. Ultimately, these efforts will greatly impact insurance coverage for environmental risks.
Screening Methodology for Selecting Clean-Up Technologies at Leaking Underground Storage Tank Sites
Authors: Fan C-Y , Tafuri AN 
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a methodology for evaluating site conditions and for screening various remediation technologies that may be applicable to cleaning up releases of petroleum products from underground storage tanks (UST). The methodology enables the user to develop a conceptual understanding of site conditions before the completion of extensive field studies, define remediation goals, evaluate technologies capable of meeting remediation goals, and identify monitoring requirements during and after remediation.
Working with site-assessment data, the methodology provides an approach for a preliminary determination of petroleum product location in unsaturated and saturated zones and for evaluating the likelihood of pollutant migration within a site's soil matrix. Worksheets then guide the evaluation of how site conditions pertain to factors that favor or inhibit the success of specific technologies.
Influence of Two Adjuvants on Rain-Washing Characteristics of Glyphosate Deposits from Trembling Aspen Foliage, Following a Field Spray Application
Authors: Leung JW , Webster GRB 
Published: March 2009

Three end-use mixtures, Vision-W, Vision-Ethomeen-W and Vision-Silwet-W, were prepared from Vision®, a formulation concentrate of glyphosate, without and with Ethomeen® T/25 and Silwet® L-77 adjuvants. The mixtures were sprayed at a dosage rate of 1 kg of glyphosate in 35 L per ha, over young trembling aspen trees selected in a one-year-old cut-over site in northern Ontario, Canada, using the Herbi® spinning disc atomizer. Samples of foliage were collected at 1.0 h after glyphosate treatment to determine the initial deposits of glyphosate. At 36 h after treatment, the trees were subjected to a simulated rainfall of 5 mm using a Solo® backpack sprayer. Foliar samples were collected prior to and after rainfall, to determine the rain-washing characteristics of the residual deposits.
The Herbi atomizer provided large droplets of the three end-use mixtures with a volume median diameter of about 300 to 350 μm. Foliar deposition was almost quantitative because 95% of the applied glyphosate was deposited initially on foliage. The average amount of glyphosate washed-off in the rainfall was 55% for Vision-W, 40% for Vision-Ethomeen-W and 36% for Vision-Silwet-W. The data thus indicated a reduction of 15% and 19% in the amount of glyphosate washed off from foliage, when Ethomeen and Silwet adjuvants were present in the end-use mixtures.
The Relation of the Pourability of Suspension Concentrates to their Viscoelasticity
Authors: Dexter RW , Szamosi J 
Published: March 2009

The pouring characteristics from 1 liter HDPE containers have been determined for a number of commercially available suspension concentrates and model solutions with controlled rheology. The pouring phenomenon was observed to occur in two phases: a rapid continuous stream over approximately the first 30 seconds, followed by a slower, dropwise drainage. The rheology of the fluids was measured using a Rheometrics RFS II variable strain rheometer in the dynamic mode. It was found that the weight of formulation remaining in the container after 1 minute's pour out correlated well with the viscous modulus of the fluid. The subsequent rate of drainage of the formulation from the container was dependent upon the elastic modulus of the formulation. Guidelines for development of formulations with efficient pour properties are given.
The rinsing properties of several model fluids were examined. The rinsing efficiency was markedly dependent upon the amount of residue remaining after the initial pour and drain. It appears that the more elastic fluids do not wash off the container walls as effectively as the less elastic ones.
Effect of Polyethylene Glycol on the Adsorption of Polymeric Surface Active Agent and the Stability of Concentrated Suspensions
Authors: Memula S , Jimenez A , Berger CH 
Published: March 2009

The adsorption and the configuration of the polymeric surfactant at the solid / liquid interface are vital to the steric and electrostatic stability of suspension concentrates. The process of adsorption and the adsorption layer thickness to obtain the most stable system is a complex task and depends on many factors.
This paper discusses the stages involved in the optimization of a suspension concentrate and the results of a study of the effect of polyethylene glycol on adsorption of block polymer where the molecular weights of two components are varied. A model system was chosen to study various physico chemical properties such as adsorption, wetting, contact angle, dynamic surface tension, dilution performance, suspensibility, freeze-thaw stability, particle size, and rheology. Our results showed interesting correlations between these properties and the structure of the polymeric surfactant.
Effects of Solvents on Polymeric and Elastomeric Materials in Agricultural Chemical Systems
Authors: Sandler RL , Verbelen RA 
Published: March 2009

The objective of this study was to provide a source of compatibility data between commercially available polymeric and elastomeric materials and solvents used in the Agricultural Chemical Industry The following solvents were selected: aromatics; alkylbenzene predominantly C10, alkylnaphthalene predominantly C10–12, naphthalene depleted alkylnaphthalene C11–12, aliphatic; aromatic free C11–12 hydrocarbon solvent, isoparaffin; primarily C14 and C23 paraffinic petroleum oil These solvents were tested with the following materials: high density polyethylene, fluorinated high density polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, nitrile butyl rubber, ethylene propylene rubber, polychloroprene, perfluoroalkoxy resin, and vinylidene fluoride.
The results of the elastomeric tests showed that perfluoroalkoxy and vinylidene fluoride resins are excellent choices for all of the solvents tested, ethylene propylene rubber was shown to be the poorest choice of all With respect to the polymeric tests, the second and third degree fluorinated high density polyethylene materials were compatible with all of the solvents. Polyvinyl chloride, however, was not compatible with aromatic solvents
As a word of caution, the information in this paper can only be used as a starting point in the selection of polymeric and elastomeric materials with compatible Ag-Chem solvents The Agricultural Industry must combined this information with additional information such as choice of active ingredients, surfactants, and application systems before the final selection of packaging and seal materials can be made
The Effect of Diluent Oils on the Electrostatic Atomization of Some Insecticides
Authors: Downer RA , Hall FR , Escallon EC , Chapple AC 
Published: March 2009

Concern for environmental contamination, operator safety and economics has led to a desire to apply pesticides in as low an application volume as possible without loss of efficiency of the application device or pesticidal activity. One way to accomplish this is by use of electrostatic applicators, some of which require oil instead of water as the pesticide diluent.
The objective of this study was to determine the effect of different concentrations of Ambush 2E, Capture 2E, and Asana XL, mixed with Terra Prime Oil II, on the droplet spectra produced by an electrostatic atomizer. Each mixture was atomized using a single ligament nozzle. Droplet spectra were determined using an Aerometrics PDPA-100D phase/Doppler particle analyzer.
Ambush had the greatest effect on oil atomization. Ambush at 10% concentration gave the best atomization characteristics across the most suitable voltage range. Increasing the concentration of Capture gave a decrease in Dv0.5. With Capture at 20%, stable atomization was only attainable between 15 and 30 kv. Asana XL showed less change in Dv0.5 than either Capture or Ambush.
The resistivity of all the test mixtures was measured and was shown to be a key parameter in determining the potential atomization characteristics of the spray cloud.