bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Complementary Feeding Practices in Preterm Infants: An Observational Study in a Cohort of Italian Infants
Authors: Fanaro Silvia , Borsari Gloria , Vigi Vittorio 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBackground:There are no evidence‐based guidelines for weaning preterm infants, and the timing of weaning and the diet offered tend to reflect tradition and marketing rather than medical advice.Procedures:In a survey of complementary feeding practices in preterm infants conducted at the University Hospital of Ferrara, Italy, we evaluated the effect of sex, gestational age (GA), birth weight (BW), and milk feeding, and of the mother's age, education, and professional status, on weaning.Results:Complete data were available for 156 infants. Solid food was introduced, on average, 22.2 weeks after birth and 15.1 weeks after term; 6.5% of infants (considering chronological age) and 60.9% (considering corrected age) were weaned before 4 months; 18% of infants weighed <5 kg at weaning (most had low GA and BW). Among maternal factors, only age significantly influenced the weaning schedule. Milk feeding did not affect initiation of weaning; however, formula‐fed infants, most of whom had lower GA and BW, were lighter and younger (from term) than were their counterparts. The first solid food was mashed fruit in 46.8% of cases. Meat and gluten were offered 5 and 7 weeks (average) after the initiation of weaning.Conclusions:A matter of concern emerging from our study is that in almost 50% of cases, the first solid food offered to infants is low in energy density, and its protein, iron, and zinc content is negligible. It is evident that despite the lack of a general consensus, mothers of preterm babies should receive customized instructions from family pediatricians and health caregivers about weaning.
The Institutional Context of Multicultural Education: What Is Your Institutional Curriculum?
Authors: Murray-García Jann L. , García Jorge A. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract

Recently revised accreditation standards require medical schools and residency training programs to integrate multicultural training into their curricula. Most multicultural training models concern the educational outcomes of individual trainees who have received digestible “units” of multicultural education or “cultural competence” training designed for trainees’ individual consumption. Few have taken a critical perspective on how an individual trainee must learn, change his or her behavior, and sustain that behavioral change within a specific institutional context.
The authors discuss the educational impact of one’s institutional learning environment—the institution’s ethos, teachers, modeling, policies, and processes—on the multicultural education of physician trainees. A usable conceptual model is offered with which educators can identify those dimensions of one’s “institutional curriculum” that may enhance or obstruct trainees’ optimal learning and behavior change regarding issues of multiculturalism in medicine. Comparisons are drawn to the recent medical literature concerning professionalism education and the hidden curriculum. Distinctions are drawn between overlapping areas of planned, received, intended, and unintended learning and values, as communicated from faculty, attendings, and residents to students. Ways of maximizing ideal learning and minimizing unintended consequences are discussed.
The goal is for medical educators to be able to ask, What is the institutional curriculum of my training program regarding issues of race, difference, etc? What elements of that institutional curriculum can be recaptured and reclaimed as consistent with and supportive of tenets of excellent patient care for all?
Olfactory Function Following Nasal Surgery
Authors: Pade Jürgen , Hummel Thomas 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: This prospective study aimed to investigate predictors of nasal surgery in terms of olfactory function.Study Design: Prospective study.Methods: A total of 775 patients were included in this prospective study (482 men, 293 women; age range 10–81 years, mean age 41 years, standard deviation = 15.3 y). Prior to surgery, patients received a detailed otorhinolaryngologic examination including nasal endoscopy. Olfactory function was assessed with a standardized odor identification test (“Sniffin' Sticks”). In 356 patients, olfactory function was retested 4 months after surgery (63–339 days after surgery; mean 128 days, standard deviation = 29 days); 206 of these patients received sinus surgery, while 150 received surgery involving the septum.Results: Using a conservative definition of change of olfactory function, following sinus surgery, improvement of the sense of smell was found in 23%, no change was seen in 68%, and decreased function was seen in 9% of the patients; in patients with septum surgery, improvement was seen in 13%, no change in 81%, and decreased function in 7%. Patients exhibiting a postoperative decrease of olfactory function had significantly higher preoperative olfactory scores than patients who experienced improvement. In terms of the sense of smell, nasal surgery produced the highest success rates in patients with eosinophilia and a high degree of polyposis. Neither age nor sex had a major impact on the outcome of surgery in terms of olfactory function.Conclusions: These results in a large group of patients confirm previous work. Apart from apparent success in 13 to 23% of patients, there is also a small but significant group of patients (7 to 9%) in whom olfactory function decreases after surgery. Because this decrease was mostly found in patients with relatively good preoperative olfactory function, this group should receive specific attention when counseling patients about the potential risks of nasal surgery.
Predicting the Need for Azathioprine at First Presentation in Children With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Mossop Hilary , Davies P , Murphy MS 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTObjective:Although azathioprine usually is reserved for inflammatory bowel disease that proves difficult to control, routine early use has recently been advocated for children with Crohn disease. However, this practice carries with it an increased risk of adverse reactions. The objective of this study was to look for characteristics at first presentation that may identify those likely to benefit from early azathioprine.Patients and Methods:Study setting was a tertiary pediatric gastroenterology department. Retrospective cohort study of 156 children (93 Crohn disease, 47 ulcerative colitis, 16 indeterminate colitis), comparing characteristics at presentation in those who did and did not eventually require azathioprine. Azathioprine was reserved for patients with frequent relapses and steroid dependence/resistance. Twenty variables were examined, including patient and disease characteristics and initial treatment response. These were analysed using Kaplan‐Meier survival curves, log‐rank tests, and Cox proportional hazard regression.Results:Median follow‐up was 3.9 years (range 0.5–10.6 years). Azathioprine was used in 36% with Crohn disease and 40% with ulcerative colitis. Median time to commencing azathioprine was 14 months (range 3–77.5 months). Multifactorial analysis revealed an association with endoscopic colitis severity in Crohn disease (P < 0.02). However, only 50% with severe Crohn colitis actually needed azathioprine. There was an association with need for intravenous corticosteroids for induction of remission in Crohn disease (P < 0.006) and ulcerative colitis (P < 0.05). Of these patients, 75% required azathioprine.Conclusions:These findings support the early use of azathioprine in children who require intravenous corticosteroids to induce initial remission. No other characteristics examined were of clinical utility in predicting need for azathioprine.
Hepatocarcinoma in Viral and Metabolic Liver Disease
Authors: Rosenthal Philip 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTIt is becoming increasingly evident that children, like adults, with chronic viral or metabolic liver diseases are at risk for the development of hepatocarcinoma. The aims of this article are to review the risk factors for hepatocarcinoma in chronic viral or metabolic liver disease, outline potential pathogenic mechanisms of hepatocarcinoma, and describe surveillance strategies, clinical evaluation, and management of hepatocarcinoma in children.
Update on Progressive Familial Intrahepatic Cholestasis
Authors: Alissa Feras T , Jaffe Ronald , Shneider Benjamin L 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThree distinct forms of familial intrahepatic cholestasis are the result of mutations in the ATP8B1, ABCB11, and ABCB4 genes. The pathophysiologies of the latter 2 of these diseases are well characterized and are the result of abnormalities in canalicular excretion of bile acids and phospholipids, respectively. The molecular pathophysiology of the systemic disease associated with mutations in ATP8B1 remains unclear. In all of these diseases, wide variations in clinical phenotypes have been observed. The variability can be ascribed at least in part to predicted genotype:phenotype correlations. Disease‐ and genotype‐specific prognoses and therapeutic approaches may exist, although much more information needs to be ascertained before clinicians can confidently make decisions based on genetic information.
Combined effects of wheat competition and 2,4‐D amine on phenoxy herbicide resistant Raphanus raphanistrum populations
Authors: WALSH M J , MAGUIRE N , POWLES S B 
Published: March 2009

SummaryPhenoxy herbicides are integral to the control of Raphanus raphanistrum populations in Australian crop production systems, but the development of phenoxy resistant R. raphanistrum populations poses a major threat to the sustainability of these systems. In dose–response pot studies, phenoxy herbicide resistant R. raphanistrum populations, WARR12 and WARR20, suffered large biomass reductions following treatment with recommended or higher application rates of phenoxy herbicides. This indicates the presence of a weak resistance mechanism where treated plants, although surviving, are affected by these herbicides. Subsequently, the competitive ability of 2,4‐D amine treated or untreated WARR12 and WARR20 populations with wheat was assessed using a target‐neighbourhood experiment. The combination of wheat competition and 2,4‐D amine application resulted in control of the resistant WARR12 population, but not the WARR20 population. Wheat crop competition alone resulted in large (>40%) biomass reductions of WARR12 and WARR20 populations. However, the application of the recommended rate of 2,4‐D amine caused a large (>75%) reduction in WARR12 biomass, but had a reduced effect on WARR20 biomass. These studies possibly explain the largely successful control of R. raphanistrum populations being achieved with phenoxy herbicides in cropping systems across the Western Australia wheatbelt. However, the results also indicated that the strategy of combining crop competition with phenoxy herbicides for the control of this weed is likely to be an effective option in the short‐term only.
The Incidence of Du in Blood Donors in Yorkshire with Special Reference to the ccDuee Phenotype
Authors: DARNBOROUGH J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryAll the apparent Rh negative donor samples from several consecutive blood donor sessions were tested for the Du antigen and were Rh phenotyped. Figures are presented giving the incidence of all the Rh negative phenotypes and of the Du antigen in apparent D negatives.The overall dangers of the undetected ccDuee donor to Rh negative patients are discussed and do not appear great enough in a white population to justify the work involved in testing apparent cde/cde donors for this factor.RésuméParmi 7852 donneurs de sang examinés avec deux sérums anti‐D se trouvérent 1528 donneurs négatifs. Chez ces derniers, les facteurs C, E et Du furent recherchés. Les fréquences des phénotypes ainsi trouvés sont données en détail.Le danger que représente le donneur ccDuee pour un malade Rh négatif est discuté, et il ressort des résultats obtenus que ce danger est trop petit pour justifier le travail considérable qu'exige le dépistement, chez les donneurs apparemment cde/cde, du facteur Du.ZusammenfassungAus einer Serie von 7852 in einem größeren Spendezentrum gemachten Blutentnahmen wurden 1528 Blutproben bei der Routineprüfung (mit zwei Anti‐D‐Seren) Rh‐negativ befunden. Diese Blutproben wurden weiter auf das Vorkommen von C, E und Du untersucht. Die Häufigkeiten der verschiedenen auf diese Weise gefundenen Rhesus‐Phänotypen sind angegeben.Die Gefahr, welche der nicht erkannte ccDuee‐Blutspender für Rh negative Empfänger darstellt, wird besprochen. Die Ergebnisse der vorliegenden Arbeit weisen daraufhin, daß diese Gefahr bei einer weißen Bevölkerung zu gering ist, urn die Mehrarbeit zu rechtfertigen, die das Auffinden des Du‐Faktors bei anscheinend cde/cde‐Blutspendern erfordert.
Beeinflussung der Properdinaktivitat durch Erythrozyten‐ Stromata
Authors: MARTIN Helmut , VOSS Jutta 
Published: March 2009

ZusammenfassungAus unseren Versuchen ziehen wir folgende Schlüsse:

PNH‐Erythrozyten hämolysieren, wie von Pillemer und Mitarb. mitgeteilt wurde, nur in Gegenwart von Properdin.
Aus normalen menschlichen Erythrozyten läßt sich ein polysaccharidhaltiges Substrat herstellen, das, ähnlich wie Zymosan, Properdin zu absorbieren vermag. Dabei wird der Komplementtiter auchbei Inkubationstemperaturen von 37°C nicht wesentlich beeinträchtigt.
Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß das Properdinsystem auch für die normale Hämolyse von Bedeutung ist.
Es grbt offenbar physiologische Hemmfaktoren des Properdinsystems.

Summary

As reported by Pillemer et al., PNH erythrocytes are hemolyzed only in the presence of properdin.
A polysaccharide substrate can be prepared from normal human erythrocytes which, like zymosan, is able to absorb properdin. This absorption does not fix complement appreciably, even when it is carried out at 37°C.
It is suggested that the properdin system is also important for normal hemolysis.
The existence of physiological inhibitors of the properdin system has been demonstrated.

RésuméNous tirons de nos expériences les conclusions suivantes:

Les érythrocytes PNH sont hémolysées, comme l'ont montré Pillemer et ses collaborateurs, seulement en présence de properdine.
On peut préparer à partir d'érythrocytes hurnains normaux un substrat riche en polysaccharide qui, comme le zymosane, est capable d'absorber la properdine. Cette réaction, même A 37°, ne fixe pas le complement en quantités appréciables.
Il est donc vraisemblable que la properdine est importante pour l'hémolyse normale.
Il est évident qu'il existe des inhibiteurs physiologiques de la properdine.
Haemolytic Anaemias with Unusual Serology
Authors: Weiner W. , Gordon E. G. , Kidd P. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryThree cases of haemolytic anaemia are described with an unusual serology which suggests that they are somewhat outside the accepted classification of acquired haemolytic anaemias.RésuméLes auteurs décrivent trois cas d'anémie hémolytique présentant des phéno mènes sérologiques inhabituels, ce qui laisse supposer que ces cas se trouvent quelque peu en debors de la classification habituelle des anémies hémolytiques acguises.ZusammenfassungEs werden drei Fälle von hämolytischer Anämie beschrieben, deren serologische Befunde etwas außerhalb der üblichen Einteilung der erworbenen hämolytisch en Anämien liegen.
The Ena Antigen and Antibody A Genetical Modification of Human Red Cells Affecting their Blood Grouping Reactions
Authors: Darnborough J. , Dunsford I. , Wallace Josephine A. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. The red cells from a 23‐year‐old pregnant woman gave very unusual blood grouping reactions and her serum contained a ‘new’ antibody active against a very high incidence antigen.The reactions of various unrelated blood group antigens are modified, in some cases enhanced and in others depressed, the total picture being strongly reminiscent of the effects of proteolytic enzyme treatment. It is suggested that these effects can only be due to some factor affecting the red cell structure possibly by modifying the cell envelope.This modifying factor is genetically determined and shows dosage effect. Of nine siblings three are apparently homozygous and four heterozygous for this factor, the other two being ‘normal’. It is extremely rare, no further examples having been found in 18,472 blood donors.The antibody is undoubtedly immune, probably due to a blood transfusion two years previously. 12,509 donors have been tested with it but the only compatible red cells are those of the three homozygous siblings, i.e. the propositus, one sister and one brother. The antibody is therefore related to the modifying factor.Two codominant genes Ena and Enb are postulated, Enb being exceedingly rare. It is suggested that these genes determine not only the presence of the corresponding antigens Ena and Enb but also the structure of the red cell.
A Detailed Serological Study on the Prediction and Diagnosis of ABO Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (ABO HD)
Authors: Voak D. , Bowley C. C. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. An evaluation is given of haemolysin, neutralisation, thermostability, saline titration, anti‐Ap antibody absorption and 2‐mercapto‐ethanol studies on the sera from 178 clinically affected ABO HD cases and 130 control cases.The antiglobulin titre on the 2‐mercapto‐ethanol treated sera which determines the IgG titre was the best procedure used for the demonstration of significant immune anti‐A/B antibodies in the maternal sera.The screen series on 5,704 sera from group 0 mothers for the detection of immune anti‐A/B and the attempted prediction of ABO HD revealed that ABO HD occurs with a frequency of about 0.8%. Exchange transfusion was needed in six cases i.e. about 0.1% of all the infants of group O mothers screened.The minimum criteria for the diagnosis of ABO HD are the serological demonstration of incompatible anti‐A/B antibodies in an eluate prepared from the baby' red cells, accompanied by the clinical observation of jaundice, or more rarely pallor due to anaemia, in the infant during the first few days following birth.In the absence of elution or serum studies on a blood sample from the baby, the presence of an incompatible high titre (>256) IgG antibody in the maternal serum provides good presumptive evidence that the baby may be suffering from ABO HD.
Stability of Immune Serum Globulin During Storage: Effects of Modifications in the Fractionation Scheme
Authors: Painter R. H. , Minta J. O. 
Published: March 2009

Summary. Data are presented which show the extent of fragmentation found in Immune Serum Globulin (ISG) stored for various intervals of time at 2°C. As an assay of fragmentation in ISG preparations, gel filtration analysis was found to give results which correlated well with those obtained by ultracentrifugation.The pH at which the fraction III is separated in the cold ethanol fractionation process, Method 9, has been shown to be important in determining the stability of the fraction II separated subsequently. When fraction III was precipitated at pH 5.4 instead of pH 5.15‐5.2 the fraction II separated subsequently under the usual conditions yielded ISG solutions which were stable at 2°C. The antibody in this preparation appeared to be normal in quality but reduced in quantity by about 15%. Removal of the fraction III at pH values below pH 5.2 allowed the separation of fraction II which yielded ISG solutions which readily underwent fragmentation during storage.
The Detection and Quantitation of Diphtheria and Tetanus Antibodies in Human Plasma or Serum by Counterelectrophoresis
Authors: Sgouris T. J. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryCounterelectrophoresis has been found to be a rapid, reproducible and inexpensive means of screening human plasma and serum for diphtheria and tetanus antibody. The minimal detectable level was five international units per ml and methods of increasing sensitivity as well as quantitation of these antibodies is discussed.
Demonstration of Ferritin‐Labelled Antibodies Bound to Human Erythrocytes Fixed with Glutaraldehyde1
Authors: Matsukura Y. 
Published: March 2009

SummaryIn this immuno‐electron microscopic study, the capability of the combining antibody and the agglutinability was examined in glutaraldehyde‐fixed erythrocytes.Glutaraldehyde‐fixed human red cells preserved a strong ability to bind specific antibodies as unfixed cells, even though they decrease in agglutinability.As the fixed cells were separated from one another, even when were agglutinating, the localization of antibodies on a cell in the fixed cells was very clear. The number of A antigen sites per red ceil of different phenotypes was estimated individually as each values of single cell but not as mean value of many cells.It was confirmed that the ability of the combining antibody varied greatly from cell to cell in the same blood of umbilical cord.
Leka, a New Platelet Antigen Absent in Glanzmann's Thrombasthenia
Authors: Boizard Bernadette , Wautier Jean‐Luc 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe serum of a patient who developed a posttransfusion purpura contained antibodies directed against a previously undescribed platelet antigen Leka. The antiplatelet activity was present in the IgG fraction and was detected by immunofluorescence, 51Cr lysis and 14C‐serotonin release. The frequency of the Leka phenotype in the French population is 98.18%. Leka does not appear to be sex‐linked and seems to be closely related to the Baka antigen. The Leka antigen is not expressed on thrombasthenic platelets but is found on platelets from patients with the Bernard‐Soulier syndrome which suggests that this antigen is carried by platelet glycoproteins IIb and/or IIIa.
Effect of ABO Group, Secretor Status and Sex on Cold Hemagglutinins in Normal Adults1
Authors: Dube Volker E. , Tanaka Michio , Chmiel Joan , Anderson Byron 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe ABO group, Lewis type and secretor status were determined in 546 normal individuals (241 male, 305 female). Their serum was tested at 4°C for agglutination of group O red blood cells; the antibody was presumed to be auto‐anti‐I; the results were expressed as a score. Among non‐A female donors, the score was higher for secretors than nonsecretors (p<0.05). Among non‐A secretors of both sexes, female donors had a higher score than male donors (p<0.05). These results suggest that the level of anti‐I in the serum of normal individuals may be affected by the donor's ABO group, secretor status and sex.
Measurement of Fragments of the Third Component of Human Complement on Erythrocytes by a New Immunochemical Method
Authors: Szymanski I.O. , Odgren P.R. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis paper describes a new antiglobulin consumption method to quantitate the fragments of the third component of human complement (C3) on red blood cell (RBC) membranes. Zymosan‐bound C3, which can be stored frozen at ‐80°C for years, was used as a standard in these tests. Using anti‐C3c antibody, zymosan‐bound C3 could be calibrated against soluble converted C3 (β1A), but not against soluble, native C3 (β1C). Calibration with several commercial serum standards yielded virtually identical values. Approximately 79.8±28.2 C3d molecules (mean±1 SD, n = 50) were detected on normal, freshly collected RBC by this method, whereas no C3c fragments were noted. EC43, prepared by dilution of blood samples with low ionic strength solution, had between 650 and 3,100 C3 molecules/RBC when measured with anti‐C3c and between 1,140 and 6,500 C3 molecules when measured with anti‐C3d. These data indicated that part of the C3b molecules on EC43 had cleaved to C3d. EC43 are reported to have up to 200,000 C3 molecules when measured by other techniques. To resolve this discrepancy, EC43 were prepared by dialysis of blood samples against a low ionic strength solution. About 97.5% of C3 remained in plasma after dialysis supporting the results of our tests. The new assay is an accurate and sensitive method of quantitating C3 fragments bound to RBC in vivo and in vitro.