bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental and Theoretical Study of the Electromagnetic Propagation Tool in Layered and Homogeneous Media
Authors: Safinya K. A. , Clark B. , Habashy T. M. , Randall C. , Perez-Falcon A. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryWe report a detailed experimental and theoretical study of the electromagnetic propagation tool (EPT™) in homogeneous and layered media. In this study, we measured the tool response in a number of homogeneous media, the standoff response in three formations, and the field maps for the magnetic field components parallel to the tool pad. We compared the experimental results to four theoretical models of different complexities. The best agreement is obtained with the model that takes into account the dominant geometric effects of EPT structure and the effect of the mutual coupling between the different slots. This study of EPT response is limited to relatively fresh fluids.
Predicting Reservoir-Condition PV Compressibility From Hydrostatic-Stress Laboratory Data
Authors: Andersen Mark A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Laboratory PV reduction data can be converted into reservoir-condition formation compressibility through a nonlinear elastic model. Data demonstrate the validity of the theory for consolidated sandstone. The algorithm described requires a nonlinear fitting routine available in many computer subroutine libraries to obtain the prediction parameters.
Flow Distribution in a Roller Jet Bit Determined From Hot-Wire Anemometry Measurements
Authors: Gavignet A. A. , Bradbury L. J. , Quetier F. P. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In current practice, the optimization of drilling hydraulics consists of the selection of nozzle sizes that maximize either jet impact or hydraulic power at the nozzle. But what is required for a real optimization is the knowledge of the hydraulic forces available for cleaning at the rock face, not at the nozzle. This paper shows the results of hot-wire anemometry experiments that provide insight into the flow distribution in a jet bit. Direct measurements of the flow field, including turbulence levels, are reported and discussed.
How to Live with Proration of Water Floods In Lansing-Kansas City Fields, Kansas
Authors: Funk E.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
While the impact of relatively large amounts of waterflood oil production has caused some waterflood proration, reduction of input rates or restriction of stimulated production endangers ultimate oil recovery. Water flood proration may safely be applied to new projects using a preset project allowable. Operators may thereby develop in stages so that stimulated wells produce at capacities within the project allowable.
Project allowables are best suited to large projects. A State unitization law is needed to encourage formation of most of the possible large projects. Stage development cooperatively within a preset allowable is possible, but the existing haphazard projects in the Lansing-Kansas City fields need capacity allowables. Haphazard injection is inefficient and must be discouraged.
Prorated water floods must use not less than a minimum efficient input rate. High recovery efficiency dictates low pumping fluid levels and the avoidance of wellbore restrictions. Suddenly applied waterflood proration will reduce ultimate oil recovery, but selective application by wells will reduce the loss. Selection requires good data on each well's current performance and general condition.

Introduction
Water flooding has, from the process's inception some 40 years ago, continually grown. Until recent years, the many remarkable production increases obtained by water flooding were universally acclaimed by the industry. Likewise, it was unthinkable to restrict waterflood production rates because the process in itself is a sound act of conservation. The economic facts of life in the domestic oil production field now so favor water flooding that it was inevitable to hear some operators, having few properties under flood, clamor for proration of water floods.
Kansas, as well as several other states, has seen its Corporation Commission recognize the clamor for proration of water floods. For the most part the Kansas Commission used stop-gap measures at first. Recent actions show a fairly consistent policy that operators may expect some proration of water floods. Operators must admit that both pressure maintenance and secondary recovery activities can be handled in such a manner that no damage will result from fairly applied and properly administered proration.
In-Situ Gel Calculations in Complex Reservoir Systems Using a New Chemical Flood Simulator
Authors: Scott T. , Roberts L. J. , Sharpe S. R. , Clifford P. J. , Sorbie K. S. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThis paper presents results for a series of calculations on the deep emplacement of a polymer gel in a stratified reservoir model. These calculations were performed with a new chemical flooding simulator that has the facility to describe generalized chemical reactions between components. This code is described, and preliminary calculations on an in-situ gel treatment in a large model reservoir are presented. We find that to obtain significant amounts of incremental oil while avoiding very large pressure buildup, the polymer gel system must have the correct combination of long gelation times and good permeability-reducing properties in the high-permeability streak (residual resistance factor FR~ 10 to 40 in the cases studied here). No commercial polymer/ crosslinker systems are currently available that have the very long gel times required to obtain deep emplacement in a large reservoir system.
Recognition of Waterflood Sweep and Formation Lithology in a Giant Egyptian Oil Field by Applied Petrophysics
Authors: LaChance D. P. , Winston R. T. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents a simplified formation-evaluation methodology that was successfully applied to the study of a giant Egyptian oil field. This method could resolve formation lithology and injected water saturations with a high degree of confidence. Observed core lithologies were matched with openhole log responses to generate lithology windows in a lithoporosity plot. Resolution of formation lithology by openhole logs required plotting the log responses on the lithoporosity plot and determining the lithology window in which the data fell. Formation intervals swept by injection water were found by analysis of two calculated water saturations (formation water and injection water) together with lithology and field-history information. This work relied heavily on the first successful full-zone core obtained in the field, which was cored and handled with fiberglass core barrels.
This paper includes field case histories and techniques that may be useful. The methods are simple, can be related to actual data instead of theoretical or calculated data, and provide results that fit reasonable expectations. Finally, the lithology determination method is easy to computerize.
Field Evaluation of Catalytic Deoxygenation Process for Oxygen Scavenging in Oilfield Waters
Authors: Cantu L. A. , Harrison L. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
An extended field test at the Grubb Lease, San Miguelito field, Ventura, CA, has shown that the catalytic deoxygenation (Cadeox™) process is an effective new oxygen-scavenging method for oilfield injection waters. The process can reduce oxygen concentration from the saturation level in seawater (about 8 ppm) to substantially below the corrosive level (≤_0.01 ppm) with less than 60 seconds of contact time. The process is effective at temperatures as low as 5°C [41 °F] and at a water pH range of 4 to 10.
The Cadeox process uses a simple hydrogen and oxygen reaction to remove corrosive oxygen from injection waters. Palladium-impregnated anion-exchange resin beads in a packed column are used as reaction sites for H2 and O2 to form water.
New Degasser/Desurger Design Solves Gas Separation Problems
Authors: Hertz Darryl W. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A new degasser/desurger design has demonstrated superior gas separation characteristics compared with a conventionally designed flume separator in oilfield production, battery service. These new degasser units have been in continuous sour service for 3 years in the Salt Creek field. They have efficiently removed gas from surging liquid volumes of up to 170,000 BFPD [27 030 m3/d fluid] and cost much less than conventionally designed two-phase separators.
Investigation of Unexpectedly Low Field-Observed Fluid Mobilities During Some CO2 Tertiary Floods
Authors: Patel P. D. , Christman P. G. , Gardner J. W. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPhase behavior, inorganic precipitation, and wettability are investigated as possible reasons for the unexpectedly low field-observed mobilities during some CO2 floods, in particular, the Denver Unit, Wasson field CO2 pilot. The observed mobility was not a near-wellbore effect and probably played a major role in reservoir sweep: the low effective permeability offset the detrimentally low CO2 viscosity. Experimental and simulation studies, supplemented by literature data, lead to the conclusion that rock wettability could be the root cause of these low fluid mobilities. Phase behavior effects, though they may play a role, are not necessary to explain the injectivity behavior, and inorganic precipitates probably have little effect under the conditions investigated here. Thus, current simulator modeling of low fluid mobilities, which are based on arbitrary permeability reduction factors allegedly caused by phase behavior, appears unjustifiable even though overall simulator results may be acceptable.
System Grounding of Electric Submersible Pumps
Authors: Solomon J. H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
To ground or not to ground? That is the question. This paper assists in answering that question. Proper system grounding of electrical submersible pumps has long been an issue for debate. Some believe that an ungrounded system is best, whereas others are equally convinced that the opposite is true. Many are not aware of how important the correct answer may be.
The Effect of Circulating Media and Nozzle Design on Rock Bit Performance
Authors: Payne L.L. 
Published: December 2007

In an attempt to discover the effect of various circulating media and nozzledesigns on rock bit performance, a series of laboratory and field tests havebeen conducted. Although it is possible to conduct experiments in thelaboratory, actual conditions existing in the bored hole cannot be duplicated.Consequently, most laboratory results require confirmation from fieldapplication. However, notwithstanding the limitations, interesting andinformative results obtained from laboratory tests may aid in planning futureinvestigations.

Circulation of Air or Gas
Laboratory experiments conducted over several years proved that this type ofmedium was superior to a drilling fluid insofar as rock bit performance isconsidered. A special bit, mounted on a drill press and used for testingformation cores received from various fields, consistently indicated higherdrillability than actually obtained in practice. In the laboratory, air wasused to cool the cutters and to remove cuttings. Drilling was conducted underatmospheric pressure and this no doubt had a partial effect upon the morefavorable drilling rate obtained in the laboratory.
Extensive field tests were conducted in the fall of 1949 to determine therelative merits of circulating air compared to water while drilling a softlimestone encountered in a Michigan limestone quarry. The initial test ofcirculating air confirmed previous laboratory indications. On-bottom drillingtime per foot of hole was reduced 50 per cent compared to previous resultsobtained while circulating water. Bearing life materially increased whilecirculating air and the footage per bit was doubled over the results obtainedwith water. The on-bottom drilling cost per foot of hole was reduced byhalf.
A second field test was conducted in a Michigan dolomite quarry. On-bottomdrilling time per foot of hole was reduced by 20 per cent and the amount ofhole drilled per bit was doubled. A substantial reduction in total drillingcost per foot of hole resulted. The holes drilled vary in depth from 50'Ft to120'Ft. At these depths pressure on the formation differed only slightly whiledrilling with water or air. The results proved rather conclusively that whendrilling in the absence of sub-surface water flow a rock bit will performbetter with air used in the circulating system.
During 1950 a major operator became interested in circulating air onseismograph, rigs. Considerable difficulty had been encountered in Canadaduring the winter months because of the extreme cold freezing the circulatingfluid. Furthermore, in many areas a ready source of water is not available andmust be trucked to the rigs.
Gamma-Ray-Absorption Techniques Improve Analysis of Core Displacement Tests
Authors: Nicholls C. I. , Heaviside J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A gamma-ray-absorption apparatus for monitoring fluid saturations in core displacements is described along with the design principles, their implementation, and an accurate calibration procedure. The apparatus is capable of measuring fluid saturations to ~ 1% in 10 seconds for a 4-mm [0.16-in.] slice of a 38-mm [1.5-in.] -diameter core.
The apparatus has been useci to study a variety of displacement processes, including miscible and immiscible. Examples of its application combined with distributed pressure measurements are demonstrated for relative permeability experiments.
An Extraordinary Drilling Challenge in the Rocky Mountain Overthrust Belt
Authors: Swanson J. D. , Brandt I. M. , Johnston R. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
The rugged northwest Wyoming overthrust presented a significant drilling challenge. The evaluation of the Madison formation below 16,500 ft [5029 m] in the Broad Canyon No. 1 exploratory well was the culmination of 6 years of drilling activity in the area. Two previous wells, drilled from essentially the same location, failed to reach the Mississippian objective and were abandoned after numerous drilling problems. Drilling through the Madison objective was completed on the third well, Broad Canyon No. 1, after 500 days of continuous operations. The setting and cementing of deep, large-diameter casing strings and the eventual drilling of a liner through a plastic flowing eyaporite zone highlighted the successful drilling program.
Adsorption and Chlorination of Mutual Solvents Used in Acidizing
Authors: King G. E. , Lee R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Loss of mutual solvents during acidizing can be severe, depending on the type of product. Results showed that some mutual solvents can penetrate deeply into a test formation. Chlorination of mutual solvents by HCl was also considered and was found to be minimal when the treatments were designed properly.
A Simplified Method for Determining Gas-Well Deliverability
Authors: Chase Robert W. , Anthony Ted M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents a simplified method for predicting the performance of a gas well. A method for determining the deliverability of an unfractured gas well by use of a single-point flow test and a dimensionless Vogel-type inflow performance curve was proposed by Mishra and Caudle. Their procedure necessitates the calculation of real-gas pseudopressures for shut-in and flowing bottomhole pressures (BHP) obtained from pressure-buildup and stabilized-flow tests, respectively. This paper offers a simplification of this technique in which a range of pressure values is defined over which pressure-squared terms can be substituted for pseudopressures. A comparison is made between results obtained from analysis of well-test data on several gas wells made with conventional multipoint test methods, with the Mishra-Caudle technique, and with the simplified method presented in this paper. The simplified method offers the engineer who might not have access to a pseudopressure computer program or pseudopressure tables a method for estimating gas-well deliverabilities. The method of Mishra and Caudle and the simplified method were both observed to yield slightly conservative estimates of gas-well deliverabilities compared with the deliverabilities calculated from multipoint flow-test analyses. The simplified technique was found to be useful for predicting the performance of fractured gas wells as well as unfractured wells.
Effect of Stimulation on the Performance of Devonian Shale Gas Wells
Authors: Zuber M. D. , Lee W. J. , Gatens J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper presents the results of a study of the effect of various stimulation methods on Devonian shale reservoirs and compares the economics of the stimulation alternatives. Formation permeability anisotropy and induced fracture wing length are the key factors that determine the optimal stimulation technique. Induced fracture conductivity and orientation’ are also important.
A Philosophy for Exploration
Authors: Pyle Howard C. 
Published: December 2007

Factors Influencing Exploration
Oil finding is not a precise science; therefore, it must be guided along philosophic lines. Oil is where you find it, and potential oil areas can be classified as either fairway or long-shot, with all shades of gradation between the two.
True fairway areas, themselves, have many gradations and classifications. In South Texas along the Frio-Vicksburg trend, for example, oil is found from 4,000 to 6,000 ft in wells which cost a bare $50,000. The majority of land there is held in small tracts, and it is not uncommon for a wildcat well to be drilled on a 320-acre lease. The ratio of discovery to dry hole is good, but it is exceedingly difficult to find large oil accumulations. Nothing is more discouraging than to have made a discovery or two and then find that only 1 million bbl have been added to reserves. Admittedly 1 million bbl of oil is a real asset, but for the company that produces that amount in a week or a month it does not help much to maintain reserves.
The Miocene belt of Coastal Louisiana is another typical fairway area. Ratios of discoveries to dry holes are favorable there also, and leases on relatively large tracts of land are sometimes available. Producing sands are sometimes thick, and discovery often leads to developing important large oil and gas reserves. On the other hand, most of the area is inaccessible and the pay sands are deep. Wells usually cost more than $250,000 to drill and, in some areas, can consistently cost twice that much. Large reserves can be discovered so that costs per barrel for finding oil are competitive. In such an area, the larger companies can hope to build reserves.
Other factors influence the choice of an area for exploration. Competition is always present, and the type of this competition is an important consideration. Areas such as South Texas are ideally suited for the small operator, to whom drilling of a $50,000 well is a big event in the year. The small operator will find ready financial assistance from the "high tax rate boys", and he probably will spread his risk by having only a piece of several wildcats. Something about being in the 75 to 90 per cent tax bracket causes people to want to participate in any old play-particularly in the last quarter of the tax year. As a result of this urge and the willing cooperation of small wild-catters, lease costs, royalty rates and brokers overrides all increase-and the sizes of lease blocks decrease. A pattern becomes established for the area.
Some Theoretical Aspects of Underground Combustion in Segregated Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Gottfried Byron S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is concerned with possible transport mechanisms which occur during segregated burning (i.e., burning in an oil reservoir in which the oilbearing formation is overlain by a "clean" porous zone containing only gas). Two analytical models are presented. In the first, burning is assumed to occur at the gas-oil interface, and the dominant mechanism is taken to be the rate at which oxygen diffuses to the interface. The second model assumes that combustion occurs within the clean zone, with the dominant mechanism being the mechanism of fuel deposition from the oil-bearing formation to the clean zone. Comparison of the results of the analyses with limited experimental data indicates that the latter mechanism is much more plausible. Both models are idealized representations of the actual process and are somewhat conjectural, however, owing to t he lack of more definitive laboratory or field data.

INTRODUCTION
In recent years there has been considerable theoretical and experimental research directed toward understanding the recovery of crude oil by underground combustion. Although two different recovery schemes have been proposed, known as forward and reverse combustion, it is only forward combustion that shows promise of becoming a practical recovery technique.17
Most of the analyses of the forward combustion process have considered it to be piston like; i.e., oil is displaced by a vertical combustion zone which, with its ensuing gases, pushes the oil forward as the flame front is propagated through the reservoir.1-8,11,12,14-16 However, information gained in field pilot studies indicates that, at least to a certain extent, forward combustion proceeds in a segregated manner in oil reservoirs.1 An ideal segregated system is one in which the oil-bearing formation is overlain by a "clean" porous zone containing only gas. The location of the combustion zone in such a system is not immediately evident, although combustion is believed to occur either at the gas-oil interface or within the clean zone. In either case, the combustion zone may be horizontal and it moves in parallel rather than in series with the produced oil.
The purpose of this paper is to explore the likely mechanisms by which segregated burning can occur, and to determine the sensitivity of the resulting models to changes in various physical parameters. Two governing mechanisms are considered: the case of a horizontal combustion zone at the gas-oil interface with the rate of combustion governed by the rate at which oxygen diffuses to the interface, and the case of combustion within the clean zone with the combustion process controlled by the transport of fuel from the oilbearing formation to the clean zone. Both models are somewhat hypothetical and involve considerable simplification of the actual process. However, the results allow some preliminary understanding of segregated burning which is useful in the absence of more definitive laboratory or field pilot data.