bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Properties of the methylene group in 1,4‐Dienes. I. Catalytic polymerization of 1,4‐Pentadiene
Authors: Grummitt Oliver , Chudd C. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryAttempts to obtain 1,3‐pentadiene from the uncatalyzed or catalyzed isomerization of 1,4‐pentadiene at 200–250° were not successful. Dimers and higher polymers were formed, presumably by conjugation and addition reactions. The activity of several catalysts was measured by the yields of polymer. Sodium hydroxide was most effective, followed by sulfur dioxide,beta‐chloroanthraquinone, anthraquinone‐beta‐carboxylic acid, and anthraquinone in order of decreasing activity. In 1,4 and 1,3‐pentadiene mixtures, anthraquinone and sulfur dioxide catalyze slightly the formation of high polymers, but sodium hydroxide catalyzes both total polymer and dimer. The quinones are believed to function in 1,4 to 1,3‐diene isomerization by a free radical mechanism, sulfur dioxide and sodium hydroxide by polar mechanisms. These results are related to the polymerization of non‐conjugated drying oils.
A comparison of commercially used phenolic antioxidants in edible animal fats
Authors: Gearhart W. M. , Stuckey B. N. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryButylated hydroxyanisole, butylated hydroxytoluene, and propyl gallate were compared for antioxidant efficiency alone and in combination with each other in lard. A comparison of the physical properties of these three antioxidants was also made.BHA was found to synergize with propyl gallate to produce the best all‐around antioxidant. The mixture of BHA and BHT produced the best carry‐through stability in lard, particularly when higher temperatures were used. Propyl gallate alone produces the best AOM stability in lard.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. I. Solubilities of cottonseed, peanut, sesame, and soybean oils in aqueous ethanol
Authors: Rao Rama Kanth , Krishna M. G. , Zaheer S. H. , Arnold L. K. 
Published: May 2007

SummarySolubilities of cottonseed, peanut, sesame, and soybean oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions at various temperatures were determined directly. Solubility curves for the four oils in aqueous alcoholic solutions are presented.The critical solution temperaturesversus alcoholic concentrations data have been plotted and are in complete agreement with the previously published data of Japanese workers in each case. It is observed that the critical solution temperature increases with the moisture content of the alcohol, and in each case the relationship is linear. The pressure in the system also varies directly with the temperature, the maximum being approximately 20 p.s.i.g.
A simple iodine‐number refractometer for testing flaxseed and soybeans
Authors: Hunt W. Haward , Neustadt M. H. , Shurkus A. A. , Zeleny Lawrence 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA simple, relatively inexpensive refractometer has been developed for use in testing flaxseed and soybeans for oil iodine number. The refractometer reads directly in iodine‐number units and the temperature correction thermometer is likewise calibrated to read directly in iodine‐number units. With this refractometer and a simple, hand‐operated laboratory hydraulic press, an operator with little technical training can test flaxseed or soybean samples for oil iodine numbers at the rate of about one test every five minutes. It is anticipated that this instrument will prove to be very useful in the routine testing of flaxseed, soybeans, and possibly certain other oil‐bearing seeds.
Peptization of soybean meal protein. Effect of method of dispersion and age of beans
Authors: Smith Allan K. , Belter Paul A. , Johnsen Vernon L. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsFrom the data collected thus far on the dispersion of the nitrogen compounds of soybean meal, it is not feasible to recommend a procedure that will be equally suitable for all analytical situations.The several factors influencing the dispersion of soybean meal protein in water, such as time, temperature, method of stirring, and pH value of the solution, emphasize the empirical nature of the determination and the need for selecting a standard procedure to suit a given need.A 30‐minute water extraction at room temperature and at a water‐to‐meal ratio of 40∶1 will serve to differentiate between soybean meals that have had comparatively little denaturing treatment and in cases in which highly precise values are not required. When better check results are required, they can be obtained by using a longer extraction period.The drastically denatured meals can be differentiated better by dispersion in sodium lauryl sulfate solution at pH 8.0 than by dispersion in water. The nature of the results indicate that further research with protein dispersing agents will lead to a better method than is now available.
Characterization of nonvolatile compounds formed during thermal oxidation of 1‐linoleyl‐2,3 distearin III. Evidence for presence of dimeric fatty acids
Authors: Perkins E. G. , Wantland L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPure 1‐linoleyl‐2,3‐distearin, which had been subjected to thermal oxidation at 200C, was separated into its polar fatty acid fraction by solvent partitioning. Further fractionation was achieved via thin layer chromatography and partition column chromatography. These data, as well as data obtained from combined gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry, indicated the presence of dimeric compounds.
Solubilization of orange OT and dimethylaminoazobenzene
Authors: Rigg M. Wesley , Liu Fred W. J. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

Solubilization data have been obtained for aqueous solutions of Na‐laurate, K‐ laute, dodecylamine‐HCL, Tween 20, Span 20, N‐dodecyl‐alanine‐HCl, Na‐oleate, Tergitol 4, and Ultrawet K, using the water insoluble dyes, Orange OT, and dimethylaminoazobenzene as the solubilized substances. Results indicate that the dye solubility method is fairly reproducible. Filtration of samples was found to be an important part of the technique.

A slight excess of fatty acid or of alkali in Na‐ and K‐laurate solutions was found to have no appreciable effect on solubilization.

In agreement with Kolthoff's but not with Mc‐Bain's findings, the Na‐ and K‐laurates were found to yield the same solubilization of either DMAB or Orange OT, indicating that the solubilizing species in solution depends upon the nature of the long chain ion.

Agreement on solubilization for dodecylamine‐HCl with previous workers is poor.

The present work indicates no solubilization below the critical micelle concentration. The apparent solubilization reported by Kolthoff was attributed to suspended dye.

The use of solubilization data in the determination of critical micelle concentration is examined, and values are compared with previous works.
Production of gossypol from cottonseed gums. Preliminary cost study
Authors: Koltun S. P. , Decossas K. M. , Pominski Joseph , Pons W. A. , Patton E. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBased on operations of a hypothetical gossypol‐extraction plant, it is estimated that crude gossypol‐acetic acid can be produced at a cost of $2.64 per pound at an annual production of 113,500 lbs.; that pure gossypol‐acetic acid can be produced at a cost of $3.80 per pound at an annual production of 100,200 lbs; and that pure gossypol will cost $5.55 per pound at an annual production of 81,000 lbs. By marketing the phosphatides instead of returning them to the gums, the cost of producing pure gossypol will be $3.91 per pound at an annual production of 81,000 lbs. These costs were estimated by assuming that Phase I of the process would be accomplished simultaneously with oil mill‐extraction operations, and Phases II and III during remainder of the season.It is readily apparent that gossypol or gossypol‐acetic acid as produced are not inexpensive chemicals and would probably have to be produced for specialized uses, such as pharmaceuticals and the like, where the cost of these chemicals would not be prohibitive. Should product evaluation research now under way establish specific uses for gossypol and its intermediates, a demand for sizeable quantities of these materials might result.
Pharmaceutical‐grade sterols from tall oil
Authors: Steiner Charles S. , Fritz Earle 
Published: May 2007

SummaryA process has been developed for producing pharmaceutically‐pure sterols from tall oil pitch. The process consists of the propane fractionation of the pitch, saponification of the overhead fraction in methanol, fractional crystallization, centrifuging, washing, and drying. A plant to produce 1,000 lbs. of sterols per day was brought into operation.
Antioxidant activity of polar lipids from nitrite‐treated cooked and processed meats
Authors: Zubillaga M. P. , Maerker G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPolar lipids having considerable antioxidant effect on linoleic acid have been isolated from nitrite‐treated, laboratory‐cooked ground pork and beef during and after four weeks’ storage at 4 C. The antioxidant activity of these polar lipids is 1.5–3 times greater than that of untreated meats. Antioxidatively active polar lipids have also been found in commercially processed, nitrite‐containing meats, including pepperoni, ham, frankfurters and bacon.The antioxidant activity of active polar lipids was stable on storage and partially survived treatment with acids and bases and conversion to methyl esters. Separation of the active polar lipids or the active methyl esters by classes gave no fraction in which the antioxidant activity was highly concentrated; however, it seemed to be more highly associated with the polyunsaturates fraction of the methyl esters. Indications are that more than one antioxidant factor is involved and that at least one is associated with the acyl portion of the polar lipids.
Alcoholic extraction of vegetable oils. V. Pilot plant extraction of cottonseed by aqueous ethanol
Authors: Rao Rama Kanth , Arnold Lionel K. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryCottonseed flakes were extracted by aqueous ethanol in a countercurrent pilot plant unit to determine the effect of operating variables and the optimum operating conditions.This investigation has shown that direct extraction of cottonseed, using aqueous ethanol as a solvent, is a feasible process in the type of equipment developed previously in this laboratory. The optimum operating conditions for the ethanol extraction of cottonseed have been established.The pilot plant extractions have shown that in this process a prime quality of crude oil and lightcolored meal of good quality, with negligible free gossypol content, are obtained.
A modified indophenol‐xylene extraction method for the determination of ascorbic acid in soybeans
Authors: Weakley F. B. , McKinney L. L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe indophenol‐xylene extraction method used to estimate ascorbic acid was modified to eliminate appreciable sulfhydryl interference encountered when extracts of soybeans are assayed for this vitamin. The sulfhydryl interference was eliminated by means ofp‐chloromercuribenzoic acid (p‐CMB). This reagent did not affect the indophenol color nor did it interfere in the estimation of true ascorbic acid. The ascorbic acid values for soybeans germinated up to four days, as determined by the modifiedmethod, were 15% to 54% lower than the values obtained by the standard procedure (15), in which sulfhydryl groups are not masked. Ungerminated soybeans assayed by the modified method contained no ascorbic acid. The vitamin appeared shortly after the start of germination and increased rapidly to 470 p.p.m. in four days. The ascorbic acid found was predominantly, if not all, in the reduced form. The ascorbic acid content of freshly harvested Kanrich green soybeans as determined by the modified method was 20–25% lower than that obtained by the nomal method. Present data indicate possible sulfhydryl interference in ascorbic acid values previously reported in soybean germination studies that employed indophenol methods of assay. Paper chromatography was used to establish the presence of ascorbic acid and sulfhydryl groups in acid extracts of the germinated soybeans.
Hydrogen peroxide variables in increasing epoxidation efficiency
Authors: Sack Milton , Wohlers H. C. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryVariations in quantity and concentration of hydrogen peroxide were studied in epoxidation of soybean oil by using the partially preformed peracetic acid epoxidation method.Use of a hydrogen peroxide/olefin mole ratio as low as 1.05/1 yields epoxidized soybean oil that meets the low iodine number and high epoxide content characteristics required for stabilizer‐plasticizer use.Use of a hydrogen peroxide/olefin mole ratio as low as 0.50/1 results in more than 95% hydrogen peroxide utilization and yields epoxidized soybean oil containing more than two epoxide groups per molecule. Products of this type may be of interest for recently proposed applications in alkyd, polyester, and epoxy resins.Increasing the hydrogen peroxide concentration to 70% in epoxidation permits reduction of acetic acid usage to half that required when 50% hydrogen peroxide is used. Agitation control is also necessary for optimum results. A two‐step epoxidation method can be used to avoid formation of potentially detonable mixtures in epoxidation with 70% hydrogen peroxide by the partially preformed peracetic acid method.
Castor oil‐derived plasticizers. Some nitrogen‐containing derivatives as plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer and cellulose acetate resins
Authors: Magne Frank C. , Dupuy Harold P. , Goldblatt Leo A. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEight nitrogen‐containing derivatives of ricinoleic acid, namely, 4‐ricinoleoylmorpholine, 4‐(12‐hydroxystearoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐acetoxyoleoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐acetoxystearoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxyoleoyl) morpholine, 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxystearoyl) morpholine, 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)‐9‐octadecene, and 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)octadecane were screened for their plasticizer characteristics. 1,12‐Diacetoxy‐9‐octadecene and 1,12‐diacetoxyoctadecane were also screened to compare cyanoethylated with acetylated derivatives.All of these materials, except 4‐(12‐hydroxystearoyl)morpholine, were found to be satisfactory primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer. In general, these derivatives are quite similar to di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate in plasticizing performance. However 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)‐9‐octadecene and 1,12‐bis(β‐cyanoethoxy)octadecane have exceptionally good low‐temperature properties. It was also found that 4‐ricinoleoylmorpholine, 4‐(12‐acetoxyoleoyl)morphine, 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxyoleoyl)morpholine, and 4‐(12‐β‐cyanoethoxystearoyl)morpholine were satisfactory plasticizers for cellulose acetate.
Neuropathology of mitochondrial diseases
Authors: Filosto Massimiliano , Tomelleri Giuliano , Tonin Paola , Scarpelli Mauro , Vattemi Gaetano , Rizzuto Nicolò , Padovani Alessandro , Simonati Alessandro 
Published: May 2007

The term “mitochondrial diseases” (MD) refers to a group of disorders related to respiratory chain dysfunction. Clinical features are usually extremely heterogeneous because MD may involve several tissues with different degrees of severity. Muscle and brain are mostly affected, probably because of their high dependence on oxidative metabolism.
Muscle can be the only affected tissue or involved as a part of a multi-system disease; ragged red fibers, accumulation of structurally altered mitochondria and cytochrome-c-oxidase (COX) negative fibers are the main pathological features.
In mitochondrial encephalopathies, central nervous system (CNS) structures are affected according to different patterns of distribution and severity. Characteristic lesions are neuronal loss, vasculo-necrotic changes, gliosis, demyelination and spongy degeneration.
In accordance with either grey matter or white matter involvement two main groups of diseases may be distinguished. Neuronal loss and vasculo-necrotic multifocal lesions are the common features of grey matter involvement; demyelination and spongy degeneration occur when white matter is affected, often associated with less severe lesions of the grey structures.
Grey matter lesions are prevalent in MERRF, MELAS, Alpers and Leigh syndromes. White matter involvement is always seen in Kearns-Sayre syndrome and was recently described in mtDNA depletion syndrome linked to dGK mutations and in the rare conditions associated with complex I and II deficiency.
In this review we describe the main histopathological features of muscle and CNS lesions in mitochondrial diseases.
Heart transplantation in heart failure: The prognostic importance of body mass index at time of surgery and subsequent weight changes
Authors: Clark Andrew L. , Knosalla Christoph , Birks Emma , Loebe Matthias , Davos Constantinos H. , Tsang Sui , Negassa Abdissa , Yacoub Magdi , Hetzer Roland , Coats Andrew J.S. , Anker Stefan D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundHeart transplantation is an important treatment for end‐stage chronic heart failure. We studied the effect of body mass index (BMI), and the effect of subsequent weight change, on survival following transplantation in 1902 consecutive patients.Methods and resultsPatients were recruited from: London (n=553), Berlin (N=971) and Boston (N=378). Patients suitable for transplantation due to symptoms, low left ventricular ejection fraction (≤30%) and peak oxygen consumption (≤16 ml kg−1 min−1) (N=237) were used as a comparator. In surviving transplanted patients, average duration of follow‐up was 80 (SD 34) months. There were 805 deaths. One year survival was 72.7% (95% CI 72.68–72.72) and 5 year survival was 60.96% (61.94–61.99). Baseline BMI did not effect survival either as a continuous variable (hazard ratio (95% CI): 1.02; 0.99–1.04). Weight loss between transplant and 3 months was associated with worse survival (HR (95% CI) 2.6 (1.42–4.74)) compared with those who gained weight. In the reference group, increasing body mass index was related to survival.ConclusionsChronic heart failure patients with very low body weight can be transplanted successfully. The presence of underweight need not be an exclusion criterion for heart transplantation. Underweight patients appear to have a greater benefit from transplantation. Body weight increases after transplantation are not associated with adverse prognosis.
Le Thalle, Les Apothecies Et Les Asques Du Peltigera Rufescens (Weis)Humb. (Discolichen, Peltigeracee)
Authors: Letroutt-Galinou Marie-Agnes , Lallemant R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe thallus of Peltigera rufescens has a cladomian structure. It is developed from axial filaments which are lodged in the veins and from which are developed several, short, ventral pleuridia and numerous well-developed, which are developed, dorsal ramifications.The latter form the remainder of the thallus.The ascocarps develop directly from a small number of marginal, dorsal pleuridia which form a well-delimited primordium from which is built up a primary corpus, similar to the type formed in graphidian and lecanorian species. To this is added a parathecial apparatus. Although this development is to be qualified lecanorian, certain peculiarities may be noted; these are a very long angiocarpic stadium in the course of which are built up a parathecioid envelope and a marginal crown, the characters of which are intermediate between those of primary and secondary elements.The asci are bitunicate and ‘archaeascé’.
A Lichen Flora of Northumberland
Authors: Gilbert O. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA lichen flora of Northumberland is presented; it accepts 589 species. During the preparation of this work 7 lichens new to Britain and 271 new to the county were discovered. Complementing the species inventory is an analysis of factors affecting lichen distribution, a description of the major lichen habitats and a section on the history of lichen recording. Extensive tracts of semi-natural vegetation, steep climatic gradients and some of the least polluted air in England provide conditions suitable for a rich lichen flora; 40% of the British species have been recorded. Particularly notable habitats are sandstone crags in the uplands, Whin Sill (basalt) outcrops and sites contaminated with heavy metals. The County contains a major parkland, and several sites with a lichen flora characteristic of ancient woodland. A short list of lichenicolous fungi is included.
The Species of Chrysothrix
Authors: Laundon J. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe lichen genus Chrysothrix Mont, is shown to comprise four species: C. candelaris (L.) Laundon comb, nov., C. chlorina (Ach.) Laundon comb, nov., C. chrysophthalma (P. James) P. James & Laundon comb, nov., and C. pavonii (Fr.) Laundon comb. nov. (C. noli-tangere (Mont.) Mont.). The genera Pulveraria Ach. and Temnospora Massal. are placed in the synonymy of Chrysothrix nom. cons., and all bright yellow, leprose, sterile lichens with pulvinic acid derivatives, formerly included in Lepraria and Crocynia, are referred to the genus. Chrysothrix oceanica Rasanen is excluded; it probably belongs to Caloplaca. A key to and detailed accounts of the recognized species are included. There are three chemotypes of Chrysothrix candelaris, one of which is probably of hybrid origin.
II. Industrial Metal Fallout Pattern From Lichen And Soil Assays
Authors: Goyal R. , Seaward M. R. D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe value of terricolous lichens as bioindicators of industrial metal fallout patterns is investigated; the widely-known inverse relationship between the metal content of lichens, as well as their associated soils, and the distance from the pollution source was found to be affected by microclimatic factors dependent upon soil surface topography and the local vegetation. Samples of lichen vegetation and their associated soils from Risby Warren, North Lincolnshire, were analysed for Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. Enhanced concentrations of Fe and Mn in the lichen, soil and air samples were indicative of their emission from the nearby Scunthorpe steelworks. The highest concentrations of all metals analysed were found to be in the top layer (0-5 cm) of the soils.
Umbilicaria Propagulifera New to The Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Topham P. B. , Seaward M. R. D. , Bylińska E. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUmbilicaria propagulifera (Vainio) Llano is reported as new to Poland. A morphological description is given and its distribution in both southern and northern hemispheres is established. U. vellea var. dendrophora is considered to be a synonym. The chemistry of U. propagulifera is variable. Its affinities within the genus and its possible relationship, as a species pair, with U. cylindrica are discussed.
A key to the Lichen-Forming, Parasitic, Parasymbiotic and Saprophytic Fungi Occurring on Lichens in the British Isles
Authors: Hawksworth D. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn artificial key for the identification of 218 lichen-forming, parasitic, parasymbiotic and saprophytic fungi reported as occurring on lichens in the British Isles is provided. Agyrium flavescens Rehm, Cyphelium marcianum B. de Lesd., Scutula krempelhuberi Körber and Stigmidium solorinaria (Vainio) comb. nov. are reported from the British Isles for the first time, and three further new combinations are made: Bacidia killiasii (Hepp) comb, nov., Pleospilis ascaridiella (Nyl.) comb. nov. and Polycoccum gelidaria (Mudd) comb. nov. References to publications in which further information on the species can be found are included. Illustrations of the spores of 141 species and an index to the names of fungi and hosts are also presented.
Further Nomenclature and Chemical Notes on Pseudocyphellaria in New Zealand
Authors: Galloway D. J. , James P. W. , Wilkins A. L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNomenclatural notes on the following taxa are provided: Pseudocyphellaria billardierii, P. carpoloma, P. faveolata, P. rufovirescens and P. subvariabilis. Detailed chemical profiles are given for all described species of Pseudocyphellaria in New Zealand. Pseudocyphellaria ardesiaca, P. degelii, P. durietzii, P. fimbriata, P. fimbriatoides, P. gretae, P. knightii, P. maculata and P. sericeofulva spp. nov. are described for the first time.