bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Das Klassikerwörterbuch: Begründung und Erläuterung eines digitalen Wörterbuchprojekts zum differenten Wortschatz in der klassischen Literatur
Authors: Brückner Dominik , Knoop Ulrich 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article is a delineation of the „Projekt Klassikerwortschatz“ that collects and processes those words in german literature between ca. 1750 and 1900 which are semantically different in today's german due to language change. It is the aim of the project to publish a dictionary in print, on CD-ROM as well as on the internet that explains these words in order to help to understand the literary language of the german „classic period“. The dictionary will therefore be a beginning of an attempt to fill the gap between Reichmann's FWB, the DWB and the DWDS which curiously coincides with this important period of german literature. The article focuses on the survey phase, when voluntary readers marked those words that made it difficult for them to understand a passage, the digitalization and the processing within the computerized environment. The main focus is on the digital editorial system „Paula“ which has been developped specifically for the „Klassikerwörterbuch“ and enables the lexicographer to focus exclusively on the content of the article rather than its format.
Molecular Evolution and Population Genetic Analysis of Candidate Female Reproductive Genes in Drosophila
Authors: Panhuis Tami M , Swanson Willie J 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Molecular analyses in several taxa have consistently shown that genes involved in reproduction are rapidly evolving and subjected to positive selection. The mechanism behind this evolution is not clear, but several proposed hypotheses involve the coevolution between males and females. In Drosophila, several male reproductive proteins (Acps) involved in male–male and male–female interactions show evidence of rapid adaptive evolution. What has been missing from the Drosophila literature is the identification and analysis of female reproductive genes. Recently, an evolutionary expressed sequence tag analysis of Drosophila female reproductive tract genes identified 169 candidate female reproductive genes. Many of these candidate genes still await further molecular analysis and independent verification of positive selection. Our goal was to expand our understanding of the molecular evolution of Drosophila female reproductive genes with a detailed polymorphism and divergence study on seven additional candidate female reproductive genes and a reanalysis of two genes from the above study. We demonstrate that 6 candidate female genes of the 9 genes surveyed show evidence of positive selection using both polymorphism and divergence data. One of these proteins (CG17012) is modeled to reveal that the sites under selection fall around and within the active site of this protease, suggesting potential differences between species. We discuss our results in light of potential function as well as interaction with male reproductive proteins.
Performance of Marker-Based Relatedness Estimators in Natural Populations of Outbred Vertebrates
Authors: Csilléry Katalin , Johnson Toby , Beraldi Dario , Clutton-Brock Tim , Coltman Dave , Hansson Bengt , Spong Goran , Pemberton Josephine M 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Knowledge of relatedness between pairs of individuals plays an important role in many research areas including evolutionary biology, quantitative genetics, and conservation. Pairwise relatedness estimation methods based on genetic data from highly variable molecular markers are now used extensively as a substitute for pedigrees. Although the sampling variance of the estimators has been intensively studied for the most common simple genetic relationships, such as unrelated, half- and full-sib, or parent–offspring, little attention has been paid to the average performance of the estimators, by which we mean the performance across all pairs of individuals in a sample. Here we apply two measures to quantify the average performance: first, misclassification rates between pairs of genetic relationships and, second, the proportion of variance explained in the pairwise relatedness estimates by the true population relatedness composition (i.e., the frequencies of different relationships in the population). Using simulated data derived from exceptionally good quality marker and pedigree data from five long-term projects of natural populations, we demonstrate that the average performance depends mainly on the population relatedness composition and may be improved by the marker data quality only within the limits of the population relatedness composition. Our five examples of vertebrate breeding systems suggest that due to the remarkably low variance in relatedness across the population, marker-based estimates may often have low power to address research questions of interest.
Chemical Fractionation of Ellements in Airborne Particulate Matter: Primary Results on PM10 and PM2.5 Samples in the Lazio Region (Central Italy)
Authors: Astolfi Maria Luisa , Canepari Silvia , Cardarelli Enrico , Ghighi Silvano , Marzo Maria Letizia 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes how a two‐step chemical fractionation method that allows the determination of 17 elements in airborne particulate matter, has been applied to a monitoring campaign of PM10 and PM2.5 in the Lazio region (Italy). This method involved an extraction in a pH buffered aqueous solution followed by a microwave‐assisted acid digestion of the residue. With respect to the determination of the total elemental contents, the evaluation of a soluble fraction provides more reliable information on the presence and of the destiny of heavy metals in the environment. Furthermore, the pH buffered extraction conditions chosen, rendered the results independent of the intrinsic acidity of the collected samples and, although the chemical fractionation has a purely operational function, it facilitates the study of the relationship between the distribution of solubility and the different emission sources. Results are discussed in relation to the different concentration and the different degrees of solubility of the elements observed in two sampling sites; one in an urban and one in a rural environment. Since in‐parallel sampling of PM2.5 and PM10 were performed in both sites, the influence of particle size is also discussed.Behaviour of some tracers deriving from both vehicular traffic, with particular attention to re‐suspended road dusts, and naturally generated particulate matter, such as marine aerosol and Saharian dust, are discussed.
Biosorption of Au (III) and Cu (II) from Aqueous Solution by a Non‐Living Cetraria Islandica (L.) Ach.
Authors: Ekinci Dogan Canan , Turhan Kadir , Akcin Göksel , Aslan Ali 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBiosorption of Au(III) and Cu(II) from dilute aqueous solutions was investigated by biomass of the non‐living Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. The removal and recovery of gold and copper were studied by applying batch technique. The experimental parameters such as the pH of the solution, contact time, the amount of Cetraria islandica (L.) Ach. (dried lichen), the concentration of metals on retention and eluents kind and amount have been investigated. Au(III) and Cu(II) were adsorbed on the dried lichen at pH 3 and pH 8, respectively. Quantitative retention (≥90%) was obtained within 60 minutes for metals. Maximum capacity of 1.0 g of dried lichen for biosorption of Au(III) and Cu(II) were found as 7.4 mg of Au(III) and 19.2 mg of Cu(II). It was seen that the adsorption equilibrium data conformed well to the Langmuir model and Freundlich equation for Au(III) and only Freundlich equation for Cu(II). The method proposed in this study was applied to spiked mineral water analysis and metals adsorbed on the lichens were quantitatively (≥90%) recovered from mineral water samples by using 0.5 mol L‐1 HCl.
Partner's behavior, not reward distribution, determines success in an unequal cooperative task in capuchin monkeys
Authors: Brosnan Sarah F. , Freeman Cassiopeia , De Waal Frans B.M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt was recently demonstrated that capuchin monkeys notice and respond to distributional inequity, a trait that has been proposed to support the evolution of cooperation in the human species. However, it is unknown how capuchins react to inequitable rewards in an unrestricted cooperative paradigm in which they may freely choose both whether to participate and, within the bounds of their partner's behavior, which reward they will receive for their participation. We tested capuchin monkeys with such a design, using a cooperative barpull, which has been used with great success in the past. Contrary to our expectations, the equity of the reward distribution did not affect success or pulling behavior. However, the behavior of the partner in an unequal situation did affect overall success rates: pairs that had a tendency to alternate which individual received the higher‐value food in unequal reward situations were more than twice as successful in obtaining rewards than pairs in which one individual dominated the higher‐value food. This ability to equitably distribute rewards in inherently biased cooperative situations has profound implications for activities such as group hunts, in which multiple individuals work together for a single, monopolizable reward. Am. J. Primatol. 68:713–724, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intragroup lethal aggression in wild spider monkeys
Authors: Valero Alejandra , Schaffner Colleen M. , Vick Laura G. , Aureli Filippo , Ramos‐Fernandez Gabriel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe report the first evidence of intragroup coalitionary aggression leading to the death of a wild young adult male spider monkey. During a long‐term study of a well‐habituated community at the Otoch Ma'ax Yetel Kooh reserve in Yucatan, Mexico, a young adult male sustained severe injuries repeatedly between January and March 2002. On 1 April 2002 the same male was the victim of an intragroup attack by at least one adult male that resulted in his death. We highlight several causes of intragroup aggression that may account for the killing. Am. J. Primatol. 68:732–737, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Selective attention toward female secondary sexual color in male rhesus macaques
Authors: Waitt Corri , Gerald Melissa S. , Little Anthony C. , Kraiselburd Edmundo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPink‐to‐red anogenital and facial sexual skin occurs in females of many primate species. Since female sexual skin color varies with reproductive state, it has long been assumed that color acts to stimulate male sexual interest. Although there is supportive evidence for this as regards anogenital skin, it is unclear whether this is also the case for facial sexual skin. In this study we experimentally manipulated digital facial and hindquarter images of female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta) for color within the natural range of variation. The images were presented to adult male conspecifics to assess whether the males exhibited visual preferences for red vs. non‐red female coloration, and whether preferences varied with anatomical region. The males displayed significantly longer gaze durations in response to reddened versions of female hindquarters, but not to reddened versions of faces. This suggests that female facial coloration may serve an alternative purpose to that of attracting males, and that the signal function of sexual skin and the intended recipients may vary across anatomical regions. Am. J. Primatol. 68:738–744, 2006.© 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, spectral and antimicrobial studies of diorganotin(IV)3(2′‐hydroxyphenyl)‐5‐(4‐substituted phenyl) pyrazolinates
Authors: Tripathi U. N. , Venubabu G. , Safi Ahmad Mohd. , Rao Kolisetty S. S. , Srivastava A. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiorganotin(IV) dipyrazolinates of the type R2Sn(C15H12N2OX)2 [where C15H12N2OX = 3(2′‐Hydroxyphenyl)‐5(4‐X‐phenyl)pyrazoline {where X = H (a); CH3 (b); OCH3 (c); Cl (d) and R = Me, Prn and Ph}] have been synthesized by the reaction of R2SnCl2 with sodium salt of pyrazolines in 1:2 molar ratio, in anhydrous benzene. These newly synthesized derivatives have been characterized by elemental analysis (C, H, N, Cl and Sn), molecular weight measurement as well as spectral [IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C and 119Sn)] studies. The bidentate behaviour of the pyrazoline ligands was confirmed by IR, 1H and 13C NMR spectral data. A distorted trans‐octahedral structure around tin(IV) atom for R2Sn(C15H12N2OX)2 has been suggested. The free pyrazoline and diorganotin(IV) dipyrazolinates have also been screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activities. Some diorganotin(IV) dipyrazolinates exhibit higher antibacterial and antifungal effect than free ligand and some of the antibiotics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cure behavior of DGEBA vinyl ester–styrene resins near silane‐treated interfaces
Authors: Brill Russel P. , Palmese Giuseppe R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn experimental technique using FTIR‐ATR was developed for monitoring the copolymerization behavior of a DGEBA‐based vinyl ester (VE) and styrene (ST) near the surface of a germanium internal reflection element. The data were compared to previously obtained bulk measurements of the cure behavior. It was found that the extent of conversion may be slightly greater for ST and slightly lower for VE near an untreated interface compared to the bulk. The cure behavior of VE–ST in the vicinity of a germanium IRE surface treated with a styryl amine silane (Dow Corning Z‐6032) was also investigated. In this case the effect on the cure was more dramatic, as exhibited by a more rapid consumption of ST compared to VE, thus resulting in a greatly reduced final conversion of VE double bonds compared to the bulk. These results suggest that, in glass fiber–reinforced composites, such sizings could significantly alter the composition of the crosslinked network in the vicinity of a fiber surface with the potential for a lower Tg interphase being formed that is rich in homopolymerized styrene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2784–2792, 2006
Adsorption of Cr(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II) ions onto phenolated wood resin
Authors: Kara Ali , Acemioğlu Bilal , Alma M. Hakkı , Cebe Mustafa 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this study, phenolated wood resin was used an adsorbent for the removal of Cr(III), Ni(II), Zn(II), Co(II) ions by adsorption from aqueous solution. The adsorption of metal ions from solution was carried at different contact times, concentrations and pHs at room temperature (25°C). For individual metal ion, the amount of metal ions adsorbed per unit weight of phenolated wood resin at equilibrium time increased with increasing concentration and pH. Also, when the amounts of metal ions adsorbed are compared to each other, it was seen that this increase was order of Cr(III) > Ni(II) > Zn(II) > Co(II). This increase was order of Cr(III) > Ni(II) > Co(II) > Zn(II) for commercial phenol–formaldehyde resin. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process obeyed the intraparticle diffusion model. It was also determined that adsorption isotherm followed Langmuir and Freundlich models. Adsorption isotherm obtained for commercial phenol–formaldehyde resin was consistent with Freundlich model well. Adsorption capacities from Langmuir isotherm for commercial phenol–formaldehyde resin were higher than those of phenolated wood resin, in the case of individual metal ions. Original adsorption isotherm demonstrated the monolayer coverage of the surface of phenolated wood resin. Adsorption kinetic followed the intraparticle diffusion model. The positive values of ΔG° determined using the equilibrium constants showed that the adsorption was not of spontaneous nature. It was seen that values of distribution coefficient (KD) decreasing with metal ion concentration in solution at equilibrium (Ce) indicated that the occupation of active surface sites of adsorbent increased with metal ions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2838–2846, 2006
Synthesis and properties of polyurethane/clay nanocomposite by clay modified with polymeric methane diisocyanate
Authors: Seo W. J. , Sung Y. T. , Han S. J. , Kim Y. H. , Ryu O. H. , Lee H. S. , Kim W. N. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA polyurethane (PU)/clay nanocomposite was synthesized from polyol, polymeric 4,4′‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate (PMDI), and modified clay with PMDI. To achieve the modified clay with PMDI, the silanol group of the clay and the NCO group of the PMDI were reacted for 24 h at 50°C to form urethane linkage. Fourier transform IR analysis of the clay modified with the PMDI demonstrated that the NCO characteristic peak was observed in the clay after a modification reaction with PMDI. The results of the X‐ray pattern suggested that the clay layers were exfoliated from the PU/clay nanocomposite. From the results of the mechanical properties, the maximum values of the flexural and tensile strength were observed when 3 wt % clay based on PMDI was added into the PU/clay nanocomposites. The glass‐transition temperature and change in the heat capacity at glass transition temperature (ΔCp) of the PU/clay nanocomposite decreased with an increase in the modified clay content. We suggested that the decrease in the ΔCp with the modified clay content might be due to the increase of steric hindrance by the exfoliated clay layers. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2879–2883, 2006
Synthesis of an alginate–poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) superabsorbent hydrogel with low salt sensitivity and high pH sensitivity
Authors: Marandi G. Bagheri , Sharifnia N. , Hosseinzadeh H. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis and swelling behavior of a superabsorbing hydrogel based on sodium alginate (NaAlg) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN). The physical mixture of NaAlg and PAN was hydrolyzed with a solution of NaOH to yield an alginate–poly(sodium acrylate‐co‐acrylamide) [Alg–poly(NaAA‐co‐AAm)] superabsorbent hydrogel. A proposed mechanism for hydrogel formation was suggested, and the structure of the product was established with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of reaction variables were systematically optimized to achieve a hydrogel with a swelling capacity as high as possible. Under the optimized conditions concluded, the maximum capacity of swelling in distilled water was 610 g/g. The absorbency of the synthesized hydrogels was also measured in various salt solutions. The swelling ratios decreased with an increase in the ionic strength of the salt solutions. In addition, the swelling capacity was determined in solutions with pHs ranging from 1 to 13. The Alg–poly(NaAA‐co‐AAm) hydrogel exhibited pH responsiveness, so a swelling–deswelling pulsatile behavior was recorded at pHs 2 and 8. This on–off switching behavior made the hydrogel as a good candidate for the controlled delivery of bioactive agents. Finally, the swelling kinetics of the hydrogels with various particle sizes were preliminarily investigated as well. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 2927–2937, 2006
Thermal degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) and polyacrylamide with ascorbic acid
Authors: Vijayalakshmi S. P. , Raichur Ashok , Madras Giridhar 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe degradation of poly(ethylene oxide) and polyacrylamide in aqueous solution was studied with ascorbic acid. Gel permeation chromatograph was used to monitor molecular weight dynamics with time. A model based on continuous distribution kinetics showed that the experimental data matched well with theory. The results showed that the degradation of polymers is significantly enhanced in the presence of ascorbic acid. The degradation rate initially increased with ascorbic acid concentration but was independent of it at higher concentrations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3067–3072, 2006
A fast triangle to triangle intersection test for collision detection
Authors: Tropp Oren , Tal Ayellet , Shimshoni Ilan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe triangle‐to‐triangle intersection test is a basic component of all collision detection data structures and algorithms. This paper presents a fast method for testing whether two triangles embedded in three dimensions intersect. Our technique solves the basic sets of linear equations associated with the problem and exploits the strong relations between these sets to speed up their solution. Moreover, unlike previous techniques, with very little additional cost, the exact intersection coordinates can be determined. Finally, our technique uses general principles that can be applied to similar problems such as rectangle‐to‐rectangle intersection tests, and generally to problems where several equation sets are strongly related. We show that our algorithm saves about 20% of the mathematical operations used by the best previous triangle‐to‐triangle intersection algorithm. Our experiments also show that it runs 18.9% faster than the fastest previous algorithm on average for typical scenarios of collision detection (on Pentium 4). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability analysis of the Crank–Nicholson method for variable coefficient diffusion equation
Authors: Tadjeran Charles 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Crank–Nicholson method is a widely used method to obtain numerical approximations to the diffusion equation due to its accuracy and unconditional stability.When the diffusion coefficient is not a constant, the general approach is to obtain a discretization for the PDE in the same manner as the case for constant coefficients. In this paper, we show that the manner of this discretization may impact the stability of the resulting method and could lead to instability of the numerical solution. It is shown that the classical Crank–Nicholson method will fail to be unconditionally stable if the diffusion coefficient is computed at the time gridpoints instead of at the midpoints of the temporal subinterval. A numerical example is presented and compared with the exact analytical solution to examine its divergence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local volume‐conserving free surface smoothing
Authors: Sousa F. S. , Castelo A. , Nonato L. G. , Mangiavacchi N. , Cuminato J. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractRemoving high‐frequency undulations in surfaces is a problem that appears in different fields, such as computer graphics and computational fluid mechanics. This problem is typically handled by surface smoothing techniques, such as Laplacian filters, that eliminate high‐frequency undulations but degrade the volume encompassed by the surface. The need for conserving volume (or mass) rules out the use of such techniques in several application, as for example incompressible flows. In this work we present a smoothing technique that suppresses undulations while conserving local volumes, ensuring that the global mass is conserved. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is illustrated in synthetic datasets as well as in free surface flows simulation. Comparisons between our smoothing approach and the well‐known Laplacian filter are also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.