bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Random Filament Packing on the Transverse Stiffness of Unidirectional Composites
Authors: Adams Donald F. , Tsai Stephen W. 
Published: March 2007

Existing micromechanics analyses for the prediction of composite material properties, which are based upon the assumption of various idealized regular filament packings, indicate the significant influence of the assumed geometry on numerical results obtained. To represent the random filament packing of actual composite materials more accurately, a method of analyzing random arrays is presented in this paper. Although certain geometric constraints have necessarily been retained for mathematical reasons, it has been dem onstrated that as the degree of randomness is increased, the agree ment between analytical predictions and available experimental data is improved. Because of the necessary approximations and additional complexities involved in random array analyses, the methods presented here are not intended to replace regular array analyses, but rather to supplement them, indicating the influence of this difficult-to-predict characteristic of real materials.
On the Hygrothermal Response of Laminated Composite Systems †
Authors: Pipes R. Byron , Vinson Jack R. , Chou Tsu-Wei 
Published: March 2007

The hygroscopic nature of polymeric systems, which find widespread application as matrices in advanced composite materials, requires that dila tations induced by the absorption of moisture be considered m the stress analysis of composite laminates. Considerable attention has recently been focused upon the reduction m both strength and constitutive properties of fiber-reinforced polymeric composites at elevated temperatures when the composite has been subjected to environments which enhance moisture diffusion. This apparent degradation in elevated temperature properties may be magnified even more by residual stresses induced by both the hygroscopic and thermoelastic characteristics of the unidirectional com posite. A unified treatment of the hygrothermal response of the laminated composite plate element is derived. The analysis develops effective mois ture inplane force resultants and bending resultants, which when coupled with mechanical and thermal loadings, yield laminae stresses resulting from the total hygrothermal and mechanical loading environment. Solutions of the classical diffusion equation are obtained yielding mois ture profiles through the laminate thickness. Typical composite laminates consisting of T300/5208 graphite-epoxy are analyzed. Results reveal both the magnitude and distribution of hygrothermally induced stresses.
Stresses in Adhesive Joints Due To Moisture and Temperature
Authors: Weitsman Y. 
Published: March 2007

This paper presents an analysis of the bonding stresses at the interface between an adhesive layer and an adherent when the exposed edges of the adhesive absorb moisture or when the joint is subjected to an elevated temperature. The analysis is based upon variational principles and is therefore approximate in nature. Nevertheless, the results provide a satisfactory explanation to the debonding phenomena that were observed at the center of the adhesive joint as well as near the exposed edges. It is shown that the maximal interlaminar tensile-stress can occur at either of the above sites and that the exact location of the maximal stress depends on the geometry of the joint and on the progress of moisture-diffusion. It is also shown that the interlaminar shear-stress does not vanish at the point where the interface between adhesive and adherent intersects the free-edge. This is consistent with the exact solution that contains a corner- singularity at that point and contradicts several calculations which arbitrarily omitted this singularity.
Tensile Fracture of Laminates with Cracks
Authors: Aronsson Carl-Gustaf , Backlund Jan 
Published: March 2007

In this paper a method, called the Damage Zone Model (DZM), is used for predicting strength of composites with through-the-thickness cracks. The DZM is based on the two fundamental parameters unnotched tensile strength (σ0) and apparent fracture energy (G*c). The damage zone, developed at a notch in the composite, is modelled as a crack with cohesive forces acting on the crack surfaces. Redistribution of stresses and change in stiffness is accounted for in the model. For comparison, strengths are also calculated by semi-empirical methods such as the inherent flaw and the point stress criteria. Experimental results for three point bend (TPB), single edge notch (SEN) and compact tension (CT) quasi-isotropic carbon/epoxy specimens are presented. Some results for specimens made from randomly oriented short glass fiber/polyester specimens are also discussed. The damage zone model is shown to accurately predict fracture load, load- deformation behaviour and damage zone sizes in these types of laminates.
Thermoviscoelastic Analysis of Residual Stresses and Warpage in Composite Laminates
Authors: Wang T.-M. , Daniel I.M. , Gotro J.T. 
Published: March 2007

Linear thermoviscoelastic lamination theory was used to determine resid ual stresses and warpage in multidirectional woven-glass/epoxy laminates. The single "unidirectional" layer of the material was characterized by means of an accelerated proce dure. The material was assumed to be thermorheologically simple and the time-tempera ture superposition principle (TTSP) was used to obtain "master curves" for the viscoelastic properties. A numerical procedure was developed for determination of residual stresses and warp age, taking into consideration the irreversible polymerization shrinkage and boundary conditions during curing. Warpage was measured experimentally for [06/906] and [011/30] laminates using the projection moire method and results were in good agreement with the analytical prediction.
Breaking the Taboos: Further Reflections On Mothering
Authors: Robbins Joan Hamerman 
Published: March 2007

Three books have touched me deeply and expanded my consciousness. Each book is concerned with mothering or being mothered and the central role this has played in women's and men's lives. Everything we know about the human condition flows from the initial contact of the infant with its mother. Throughout our history we have not been able to separate child bearing from child rearing. For myriad reasons women have kept mothering their own special experience. In perpetuating this arrangement we all suffer: women by not experiencing their power in the wider world, men by not learning first hand how to be caring and nurturing humans, and infants by not having a primary experience of intimacy with fathers. The books discussed in this article offered me a framework within which to view these complex themes. The richness of the material lies in the perspec tive developed by these women writers. In this article I share my responses to these works, and then move on to indicate how my own thinking was in fluenced.
Delinquency Proneness of Urban and Rural Youth
Authors: Feldhusen John F. , Thurston John R. , Ager Elvira 
Published: March 2007

A total of 384 third, sixth, and ninth grade children, divided equally by displayed classroom behavior as socially approved or disapproved, by sex, and by home location as urban or rural, were studied. They were nominated by classroom teachers and interviewed and tested by trained social workers. Questionnaires were administered to the mother, father, and child, and several psychological tests were administered to the child. The inter viewers rated each child on the five Glueck factors for predicting juvenile delinquency and on four additional family background factors. Data were also gathered concerning the occupational and educational levels of the parents. The children whose classroom behavior was socially disap proved were rated more frequently in the delinquency-prone category on each of the five Glueck factors and on the four ad ditional family background ratings than the children whose classroom behavior was approved. The rural children were also rated more often in the delinquency-prone category than urban children on eight of the nine delinquency factors. A composite delinquency-proneness score for the five Glueck factors was also calculated for each child. The disapproved and the rural children were rated as more delinquency prone than the approved and urban on this composite score. Fathers and mothers of disapproved children were more frequently working in lower level occupations than fathers and mothers of approved children. The educational Ievels attained by mothers and fathers of approved and urban children exceeded the levels attained by parents of the disapproved and the rural children.
A System for Computer-Aided Probation Decision-Making
Authors: McEachern Alexander W. , Newman J. Robert 
Published: March 2007

This paper describes the application of a modern theory of decision-making and computer technology to the process of juve ni !e probation decision-making. It is based on approximately four years of research, in three phases: 1. A conceptual model of the juvenile probation process in California was developed that specified the major treatment and disposition points for probation officers. 2. A comprehensive follow-up study was made on 2,290 juve niles referred to probation departments in seven California coun ties. Background and personal information and complete proba tion records over a one-year period were gathered for each juvenile to predict what would happen to him as a result of background characteristics and what disposition-placement alternative he would receive. Two prediction criteria were used: (a) recidivism (the number of repeat offenses) and (b) behavior "improvement- deterioration" (the score on a scale that described each juvenile's behavior after the probation process as improved, staying the same, or getting worse). A conditional probability model to pre dict these criteria on the basis of the information variables was developed and tested. 3. Using the information and results of phase 2, an "on-line" computer system. was developed to aid probation officers to make decisions and recommendations about various treatments for individual youngsters. This system allows information relevant to each youth to be combined and presented to the officer on his request. One component of this system is a Bayesian decision model, designed to reduce the uncertainty of the probation decision-maker by allowing him to select whatever disposition- treatment alternative will have the highest probability of success.
Predicting Inmate Populations from Arrest, Court Disposition, and Recidivism Rates
Authors: Stollmack Stephen 
Published: March 2007

Mathematical models, incorporating arrest and indictment rates and conviction and incarceration percentages, are developed for pre dicting the number of inmates incarcerated (before and after sen tence) and on parole. The models are derived from deterministic differential equations arising from a basic input-output analysis of the correction subsystem. The deterministic projection equation is shown to be identical with that for the expected value of the number in service for an infinite server queuing system with exponential ser vice times. Results are also given for the case of general service-time distribution (the M/GI/∞ case). A generalized recidivism rate is incorporated as well as specific feedback from parole. The model applications use data from the criminal justice sys tem in Washington, D.C. Predictions are validated for sentenced inmates in facilities at Lorton, Va., and for presentence detainees at the D.C. Jail. Finally, quantified versions of the models are devel oped for sentenced inmates, parolees, and presentence detainees.
The Incapacitation of the Dangerous Offender: A Statistical Experiment
Authors: Van Dine Stephan , Dinitz Simon , Conrad John 
Published: March 2007

Wilson and van den Haag, in particular, have proposed a crime prevention and control approach based on the principle of incapacita tion. By incapacitation, these writers, and others, mean the mandatory imprisonment of career and repetitively violent offenders for lengthy periods. Such an approach, at the very least, would preclude the commission of street crimes by careerists for specified lengths of time. Several studies have attempted to validate the incapacitation model. Estimates of reduced crime as a result of incapacitation range from an improbable 80 percent to under 10 percent. These estimates are based on various assumptions and in not even one previous study were data collected specifically to test this model of crime prevention. This investigation represents a focused empirical attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of the incapacitation strategy. The study involved the universe of adult offenders who had been indicted for violent crimes in Franklin County, Ohio in 1973. We tested a series of hypothetical sentencing policies from the most stringent—a five year mandatory sentence on any prior felony conviction, whether violent or not—to far lighter sentences to determine the effects of adult incapacitation-oriented policies on this cohort of violators. The results suggest that the most stringent option would have prevented no more than 4.0 percent of the violent crimes in Franklin County in 1973. The reasons for this minimal impact of the incapacitation strategy are discussed. A short note suggests the impact of extending incapacitation policies to the juvenile system. 1. The cohort consists of all violent felony cases completed in 1973. Not all the cases began in 1973. Half the individuals were first booked in 1973 (50.0 percent), most of the rest in 1972 (45.6 percent) and the remainder in 1971 or before (4.4 percent). For simplicity in the study, the population is called the 1973 cohort and treated as if all cases began in 1973. This determination does not influence the re sults of the study, since the hypothetical in capacitation sentence is imposed on each per son's record individually.
The Computer Translation of Interrogatives from English to Malay
Authors: Tong Loong Cheong  
Published: March 2007

This report describes 3 classes of structures for English interro gatives and 4 classes for Malay interrogatives with the view of mapp ing between equivalent structures in the two languages. The result of this study is a computer grammar submodel for translating interro gatives in the English-Malay translation system being developed by the Computer-Aided-Translation research team at Universiti Sains Malaysia. Although only interrrogatives have been discussed in this report, this paper has also illustrated the general approach used in the development of computer translation grammar models. However, it should be pointed out that much simplification has been made in this paper in order to introduce an inherently complex process to the non- MT researcher. For example, only information on syntax is given on the intermediate structures and no information on semantics is men tioned. It is hoped that the omission of such details will not give rise to the false impression that computer translation is a simple process. Further work on interrogative structures will look into the inclu sion of stylistic variations, particularly in the use of the particle '-kah' with the questioned constituent.
Bilingual Education Among Minority Nationalities in China: a Study of the Naxi Pilot Project At Yilong, Yunnan
Authors: Feurer Hanny 
Published: March 2007

This article reports on the test results of a pilot project (PP), undertaken in 1986 at the Yilong school of northwestern Yunnan. The project involved teaching Naxi (a Sino-Tibetan language) and Chinese literacy to monolingual Naxi children. It aimed at facilitating the integration of these children into the regular curriculum. The objective of this paper is to compare the biliteracy and the regular Chinese literacy programs to determine if biliteracy had a positive effect on these minority language students. In 1992, we tested 60 students in oral Naxi/Chinese (production) and written Chinese (production and overall quality). The experimental group comprised 30 students of the PP (grades 5 and 6) and the control group, 30 of the regular parallel classes (R). Test score results in oral Naxi productivity were highly significant, suggesting that PP students were more verbal in L 1 than their R peers and reflecting higher self-esteem. However, there were no clear cross-language correlations for the oral skills. In spite of fewer periods of formal literacy instruction, the PP students' written holistic and structural scores in Chinese matched those of the regular classes. The biliteracy program, as a direct result of the PP's academic success, is currently (in 1996) an integrated part of Yilong's primary school curriculum. Since the early eighties, the Central Government of China has sponsored various bilingual programs among its 55 minority ethnic groups or nationalities (as referred to by Chinese scholars)' in order to facilitate the integration of students into the regular (Chinese) curriculum. For example, the multi-ethnic Province of Yunnan has 24 minority nationalities which constitute one third of the provincial population (or 10 million people). Therefore, this province was fertile ground for the government to implement a variety of bilingual programs at the elementary level.
Le caractère professionnel du sacerdoce
Authors: Schreuder Osmund 
Published: March 2007

The decrease in the number of vocations to the priesthood in the Netherlands can be explained by a loss of status in the priesthood among Dutch Catholics. This loss of status has its origin in the decline of function, which, in its turn is connected with the emancipation of Dutch Catholicism. Moreover, the priesthood is nowadays assessed according to the standards of other professions. Seen from this angle it appears professionally under-developed. Circumstantial evidence for this is the discussion on the role and authority of the priest; criticism of the training of priests; the heteronomy and powerlessness of the priestly role, as well as the absence of professional associations for priests. The sociologist concludes from this that the decrease in vocations, and, for the time being, criticism of the clergy, and unrest among priests will continue. These trends might be counter balanced by bringing the formal structure of the ministry into line with modern professional standards.
The priests in the Dutch Church Province number and functions
Authors: Poeisz Jos J. 
Published: March 2007

Ces dernières années, les organes directifs de l'Eglise catholique aux Pays- Bas ont montré un intérêt toujours plus grand pour une statistique systéma tique et continue sur tous les prêtres en Hollande et les prêtres hollandais actifs à l'étranger. Cet intérêt est surtout stimulé par le fait que le nombre d'ordinations accuse une baisse relative face à la croissance de la popula tion catholique. Il n'y a pas de doute que la tension déjà existant entre le nombre de fonctions à remplir et le nombre de prêtres disponibles augmentera encore. Ceci nécessite l'adaptation de la structure organique de la pastorale au nombre de prêtres disponibles. En vue d'une telle réstructuration il faut disposer d'une vue d'ensemble du nombre de prêtres disponibles. Cet article présente un résumé de la première statistique systé matique de tous les prêtres aux Pays-Bas et des prêtres hollandais actifs à l'étranger, sub-divisés selon les groupes d'âge, les fouctions et l'apparte nance au clergé diocésain ou religieux. 29.5% du nombre total des 14.190 prêtres hollandais appartiennent au clergé diocésain. Plus de la moitié des prêtres religieux vivant à l'étranger, le pourcentage de prêtres diocésains sur le total des prêtres habitant aux Pays-Bas est de 46,6%. D'une comparaison par groupes d'âge avec les catholiques masculins aux Pays-Bas à partir de 20 ans il résulte que le groupe âgé de 50 à 54 ans est le plus fortement représenté, c'est-à-dire 166 sur 10.000 hommes catholi ques masculins. Ce pourcentage diminue, et continue à diminuer lorsque cette compararson est faite avec les groupes d'âge plus jeune et plus vieux pour en arriver à presque la moitié pour les catégories plus jeunes. Dans l'analyse des fonctions on distingue six catégories premières: gouvernement central, éducation et formation scientifique, pastorale aux Pays-Bas même, fonctions sociales, ceux qui ne sont pas actifs dans la pastorale et ceux vivant à l'etranger ou dans les pays de mission. Chacune de ces catégories premières est ensuite élaborée, une élaboration qui met en évidence les différences entre prêtres diocésains et religieux.
Ex. prêtres en Espagne
Authors: Ruiz Olabuénaga José lgnacio 
Published: March 2007

This article presents the results of a research study con ducted in Spain, dealing with 115 ex-priests and 115 ex seminarians ; a certain number of priests and specialists have also been interviewed. The ex-priests have been studied either through personal interviews or through the analysis of clinical records with regard to those who have been to psychiatric centers. The analysis of the results shows four different types among the ex-priests. These types, which essentially confirm the hypotheses of preliminary work, are characterized res pectively by : anomic alienation, anomic routine, marginal position and cultural displacement. The main part of this article consists of the study of each of these four types. Next the Author tries to give a diagnosis of the present sacerdotal crisis. The construction of a series of scales and the analysis of the variance of the different groups are aimed at discovering the elements which distin guish the priests from the ex-priests, as also those which allow to distinguish between each of these four types of ex-priests. Finally the author proposes some working hypotheses and suggests several lines of research for later analyses.
The Sociology of the American Synagogue
Authors: Sklare Marshall 
Published: March 2007

Aux Etats-Unis la synagogue joue un rôle central dans la vie de la communauté juive. De nombreuses synagogues ont été construites depuis la fin de la guerre, et pas seulement dans les quartiers de pratique religieuse intense. Le taux d'affiliation, bien que variant selon l'importance de la ville, le statut économique et familial, est cependant très élevé. La raison en est liée à la situation des Juifs dans la société américaine et à la nécessité d'un point de regroupement pour la survivance du groupe. Selon les orientations et les commu nautés locales, les exigences de conformisme religieux sont plus ou moins accentuées. Le prototype de la synagogue américaine est le « centre synagogal », exerçant des fonctions qui dépassent le reli gieux : scolaires, de loisir, de rencontres diverses sous forme de clubs, etc. ; le bulletin synagogal annonce les événements familiaux. En Israël, par contre, la synagogue n'exerce pas les mêmes fonctions : l'étude et la prière sont les activités centrales et la survivance du groupe est assurée par la nation juive ; dans ce cas la synagogue a peu de signification sym bolique: elle existe comme un but en elle-même. La synagogue n'en reste pas moins une institution religieuse et certains voudraient la voir se définir plus clairement et plus strictement en ces termes. En fait, la diversité des for- mules est très grande : l'auteur en cite quelques types. Il n'em pêche que le centre synagogal reste l'innovation institutionnelle de base du Judaïsme américain.