bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GHRH Treatment: Studies in an Animal Model
Authors: SHAKUTSUI S. , ABE H. , CHIHARA K. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.Shakatsui, S., Abe, H. and Chihara, K. (Division of Metabolism and Nutrition, International Centre for Medical Research, and the Third Division, Department of Medicine, Kobe University School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan). GHRH treatment: studies in an animal model. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 349 101, 1989.This study examined the effects of chronic deletion of circulating growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) and/or somatostatin (SRIF) on normal growing male rats, as well as the effects of exogenous GHRH (1–29)NH2 and/or SMS 201–995 administration on the growth of rats with hypothalamic ablation. Passive immunization with anti‐rat GHRH goat γ‐globulin (GHRH‐Ab) for 3 weeks caused a marked decrease in the levels of pituitary GH mRNA and severe growth failure. Treatment with anti‐SRIF goat γ‐globulin (SRIF‐Ab) for 3 weeks produced a more modest decrease in GH mRNA levels in the pituitary and a slight hut significant inhibition of normal somatic growth. Hypothalamic ablation produced a marked decrease in the level of mRNA in the pituitary. Chronic continuous administration of GHRH (1–29)NH2 stimulated pituitary GH synthesis, elevated serum levels of insulin‐like growth factor I and increased body weight gain in rats with hypothalamic ahlation treated with replacement doses of cortisone, testosterone and L‐thyroxine. Combined treatment with GHRH (1–29)NH2 and SMS 201–995 appeared to promote the effect of GHRH on pituitary GH release and somatic growth in these animals. The results suggest that continuous administration of GHRH will be useful in the treatment of children with growth retardation resulting from hypothalamic disorders. In children with combined GHRH and somatostatin deficiencies, the addition of somatostatin to a GHRH treatment regimen may produce better results.
Growth Hormone Response to Overnight Growth Hormone‐Releasing Hormone Infusion and Oral Pyridostigmine in Children with Short Stature
Authors: ROSS R.J.M. , SAVAGE M.O. , KIRK J.M.W. , BESSER G.M. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.Ross, R.J.M., Savage, M.O., Kirk, J.M.W. and Besser, G.M. (Departments of Endocrinology and Child Health, St Bartholomew's Hospital, London, UK). Growth hormone response to overnight growth hormone‐releasing hormone infusion and oral pyridostigmine in children with short stature. Acta Paediatr Scand [Suppl] 349: 114, 1989.The development of a long‐acting or depot preparation of growth hormone‐releasing hormone (GHRH) may have many advantages over conventional treatment (with GH) of GH‐deficient children. Pyridostigmine, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, has been shown to augment basal GH secretion and the GH response to GHRH in short children. It may thus provide adjuvant therapy to depot GHRH. The GH response to a nocturnal subcutaneous infusion of GHRH (1–29)NH2 in doses of 5 and 10 pg/kg/hour was investigated in five short, slowly growing children. The effect of oral pyridostigmine 60 mg on nocturnal GH secretion and the GH response to a nocturnal infusion was also examined. The subcutaneous infusion of GHRH augmented pulsatile GH release in all five children. There was a dose‐related response to subcutaneous GHRH for the GH area under the curve and mean GH pulse amplitude, but no change in the number of pulses. There was a significant rise in the mean baseline GH concentration during the GHRH infusion compared with placebo. Pyridostigmine had no effect on either basal or stimulated GH secretion.
Growth and Growth Hormone Secretion in Children Following Treatment of Brain Tumours with Radiotherapy
Authors: DARENDELILER F. , LIVESEY E. A. , HINDMARSH P. C. , BROOK C. G. D. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. We have studied the growth of 144 children after treatment of brain tumours distant from the hypothalamo‐pituitary axis. All had cranial irradiation and 87 spinal irradiation. In 56 patients observed without intervention for 3 years, height SDS in the cranial (CR) group (n= 20) declined from 0.02 to ‐0.44 and in the craniospinal (CS) group (n= 36) from ‐0.28 to ‐ 1.11. Failure of spinal growth had a marked effect in the CS group. The onset of puberty was slightly but not significantly advanced; median ages at onset of puberty were 10.3 years in girls and 12.1 years in boys.Of the total group 86.4% had clinical and biochemical evidence of growth hormone insufficiency. Fifty‐two children, 33 (28 CS; 5 CR) of whom were prepubertal, received biosynthetic human growth hormone, in a dose of 15 mU/m2/week by daily injection for a period of one year. Height velocity SDS increased significantly in both groups from ‐2.74 to + 1.90 (CS) and from ‐1.0 to +4.26 (CR). Spinal response to GH treatment was restricted in the craniospinal group.
Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Treatment in Short Children with Chronic Renal Disease, before Transplantation or with Functioning Renal Transplants: an Interim Report on Five European Studies
Authors: JOHANSSON G. , SIETNIEKS A. , JANSSENS F. , PROESMANS W. , VANDERSCHUEREN‐LODEWEYCKX M. , HOLMBERG C. , SIPILÄ I. , BROYER M. , RAPPAPORT R. , ALBERTSSON‐WIKLAND K. , BERG U. , JODAL U. , REES L. , RIGDEN S.P.A. , PREECE M.A. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACTABSTRACT.Growth retardation is common in children with chronic renal disease. Final adult height is often reduced, even in children with a functioning renal transplant. The five European studies considered here aim to investigate the efficacy and safety of recombinant human growth hormone therapy (rhGH) in two groups of short children with chronic renal disease. The first group comprises 29 prepubertal children with preterminal chronic renal failure (i.e. before renal transplantation), and the second group comprises 39 prepubertal and pubertal children with functioning renal transplants. The median bone age retardation in the groups at the start of treatment was between 2.2 and 3.7 years; this did not change during the first year of treatment. This interim report concentrates on patients who have been treated for at least 1 year (i.e. 22 children from the first group, and 28 children from the transplant group (15 prepubertal and 13 pubertal children). The median height velocity increased from 4.8 cm/year to 10.0 cm/year in the first group (the chronic renal failure group), from 2.6 cm/year to 6.2 cm/year in prepubertal children with renal transplants and from 3.8 cm/year to 6.7 cm/year in pubertal children with renal transplants. The corresponding changes in height velocity SDS were from ‐1.3 to 5.1 for the chronic renal failure group and ‐2.8 to 2.3 for the prepubertal children with renal transplants. Renal function declined in the chronic renal failure group but this decline corresponded to expected progression of the disease. Some of the children with renal transplants showed a decreased renal function, which in most cases was explained by non‐compliance or chronic rejection.
Medulloblastoma in Nordic Children. III Long Term Growth and Endocrine Sequelae
Authors: JACOBSEN B. BROCK , GARWICZ S. , GLOMSTEIN A. , JONMUNDSSON G. , KRUUS S. , YSSING M. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Growth and endocrine status of 38 Nordic children surviving from medulloblastoma were reevaluated 5–15 years after the diagnosis. Group I included children treated before the age of 10, and group II were the patients > 10 years at onset of tumour therapy. The median time interval from diagnosis to reexamination was 9 and 7 8/12 years in groups I and II (p>0.1). The trunchal and standing height were highly affected at the follow‐up. The median standing height standard deviation score (SDS) was ‐2.0 in group I and ‐ 1.7 in group II. The corresponding median sitting height SDS was ‐2.5 in group I and +2.0 in group II. Growth hormone deficiency was found in 23 % of the patients, and only in group I. In both groups 69 96 had increased serum TSH concentrations (median 6.5 mU/I, range 1.3–30 mU/I) in spite of normal free T4 and total T3 levels. Hypogonadism and ACTH deficiency were rarely seen.Conclusion: In patients treated for medulloblastoma, particularly when treated in early childhood, pronounced alterations appear in growth and endocrine systems. In the general clinical control of these patients anthropometric and endocrinological tests have to be included.
Efficacy of Two Doses of RIT 4237 Bovine Rotavirus Vaccine for Prevention of Rotavirus Diarrhoea
Authors: VESIKARI TIMO , RUUSKA TARJA , DELEM ANDRÉE , ANDRÉ FRANCIS E. , BEARDS GRAHAM M. , FLEWETT THOMAS H. 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT. Vesikari T., Ruuska T., Delem A., André F. E., Beards G. M. and Flewett T. H. (Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland, and the Biological Division, Smith Kline RIT Rixensart, Belgium and WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Human Rotaviruses, East Birmingham Hospital, Birmingham, U.K.). Efficacy of two doses of RIT 4237 bovine rotavirus vaccine for prevention of rotavirus diarrhoea. Acta Paediatr Scand 80: 173, 1991.Candidate oral bovine rotavirus vaccine RIT 4237 or placebo was given to 252 Finnish infants at birth and at 7 months of age. No vaccine‐associated reactions were observed. Primary rotavirus ELISA IgM responses were detected in 36% of the infants after the first vaccination; after the second dose 68% of the vaccinees were seropositive for rotavirus ELISA IgG antibody. The infants remained in clinical follow‐up over two rotavirus epidemic seasons (total 28 months). Counted from child years in follow‐up the overall vaccine protection rate was 43%. The clinical severity of rotavirus episodes was assessed using numerical score 0–20. Vaccine protection rate for cases with score ≥7 was 57% and for cases with score ≥11 it was 89%. It is concluded that vaccination with bovine rotavirus vaccine at birth and at 7 months of age, with the second dose given shortly before rotavirus epidemic season, protects infants against moderately severe and severe rotavirus diarrhoea in the first 2 years of life.
Salt and Fluid Homeostasis in Protein Energy Malnutrition
Authors: ZETTERSTRÖM ROLF 
Published: January 2008

Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) during early childhood is very often associated with edema. In fact, the well‐known Wellcome classification of PEM from 1970 is based upon the reduction in weight in relation to age and whether edema is present or absent. In this presentation our knowledge of the disturbance in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis as seen in PEM will be reviewed. The implication of this disturbance for the treatment of acute dehydration in children with PEM will also be discussed.A balanced fluid and salt homeostasis is the prerequisite of physiological compartment volumes and efficient nutritional supply. Under physiological conditions water requirement is related to the requirement of salt at the same time as water balance is regulated by antidiuretic hormone.
Aluminium in the neonate related to parenteral nutrition
Authors: Moreno A , Domínguez C , Ballabriga A 
Published: January 2008

Moreno A, Domínguez C, Ballabriga A. Aluminium in the neonate related to parenteral nutrition. Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:25–9. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253Sources of aluminium loading and exposure in preterm and full‐term newborns were studied. Parenteral nutrition solutions were the main source of aluminium representing 88.7% of total aluminium intake. Blood and urine aluminium levels were followed over a 28‐day period in a group of 26 preterm and 9 term infants while receiving parenteral nutrition (duration 15.6 ± 8.7 days) and later when being formula fed. Urine levels were followed up to 13 weeks in a subgroup of the neonates. Serum aluminium levels (0.86 ± 0.38 μmol/l) and urine aluminium/crcatinine ratio (1.52 ± 0.81 μmol/mmol) were increased when the infants were receiving parenteral nutrition compared with the control group (p<0.001). The urine aluminium/creatinine ratio remained high up to 10 weeks following withdrawal of parenteral nutrition and suggested tissular loading. This was confirmed after high aluminium levels were found in post‐mortem brain and bone samples from two preterm and one full‐term infant. We conclude that both preterm and full‐term neonates are susceptible to accumulation of aluminium in tissue while receiving parenteral nutrition.
Multisystem triglyceride storage disorder without ichthyosis in two siblings
Authors: Wessalowski R , Schroten H , Neuen‐Jacob E , Reichmann H , Melnik BC , Lenard HG , Voit Th 
Published: January 2008

Wessalowski R, Schroten H, Neuen‐Jacob E, Reichmann H, Melnik BC, Lenard HG, Voit Th. Acta Paediatr 1994;83:93–8. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253A four‐year‐old boy presented with hepatomegaly, vacuolized granulocytes (Jordans' anomaly) and slightly progressive myopathy as signs of multisystem triglyceride storage disease. The nine‐year‐old sister of the patient also showed Jordans' anomaly and early fatigability, but no overt weakness. Biochemical analysis revealed normal values for carnitines, carnitine palmityl transferase in serum and striated muscle, and β‐oxidation enzymes in striated muscle. Distribution of non‐membrane‐bound lipids in granulocytes, fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells and striated muscle was compatible with Chanarin‐Dorfman syndrome. In contrast to Chanarin‐Dorfman syndrome, our patients lacked congenital ichthyosis.
Munchausen syndrome by proxy: an unexpected cause of severe chronic diarrhoea in a child
Authors: Carlson J , Fernlund P , Ivarsson S‐A , Jakobsson I , Neiderud J , Nilsson KO , Svensson M , Swanstein U 
Published: January 2008

Carlson J, Fernlund P, Ivarsson S‐A, Jakobsson I, Neiderud J, Nilsson KO, Svensson M, Swanstein U. Munchausen syndrome by proxy: an unexpected cause of severe chronic diarrhoea in a child. Acta Pædiatr 1994;83:119–21. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253A six‐year‐old boy with severe intermittent diarrhoea was subjected to extensive diagnostic investigation and treatment before the administration of a laxative (sodium sulphate) by his mother was discovered. Early suspicion and analysis of faecal fluid for electrolytes and known laxative substances would have prevented the hazardous clinical course of this case.
Why is there an increased risk for sudden infant death in prone sleeping? Fear paralysis and atrial stretch reflexes implicated?
Authors: Kaada Birger 
Published: January 2008

Kaada B. Why is there an increased risk for sudden infant death in prone sleeping? Fear paralysis and atrial stretch reflexes implicated. Acta Prediatr 1994;83:548–57. Stockholm. ISSN 0803–5253A number or recent reports have indicated a higher risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in the prone sleeping position, compared with the supine position. However, the biological mechanisms for this increased risk have not been established. For this report, two biological explanations are proposed, each of which may be influenced by altered sleeping position in such a way that they may create conditions for increased triggering of SIDS.
Weaning practices in children up to 19 months of age in Madrid
Authors: Van Den Boom SAM , Kimber AC , Morgan JB 
Published: January 2008

The weaning practices of 344 children in Madrid, aged 3‐19 months, were investigated by controlled interview of their mothers or caretakers. The results were compared with national and international guidelines for the introduction of complementary foods; there are no Spanish guidelines. We found only minor differences between the practices in three different socioeconomic groups. Generally, mothers in Madrid followed national and international guidelines well. However, more attention should be paid to aspects such as the timing of the introduction of the first complementary food, the nature of gluten, the addition of salt and sugar to baby meals and the introduction of potentially allergenic foods. Also, manufacturers of baby foods that are sold in Spain could play a useful role by reducing the number of ingredients used in products advised for the initial phase of weaning and by avoiding the use of salt and sugar in their products.Complementary food, infant nutrition, socioeconomic group, weaning SAM van den Boom, Dona Juana I de Castillo 56, 4‐A, 28027 Madrid, Spain
Interleukin‐6 in cerebrospinal fluid of patients with central nervous system infections
Authors: Matsuzono Y , Narita M , Akutsu Y , Togashi T 
Published: January 2008

Interleukin(IL)‐6 levels were measured in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples from pediatric patients with central nervous system (CNS) infections by means of an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Mean IL‐6 concentrations in CSF samples from patients with bacterial meningitis (49017 44 730 pg/ml) were significantly higher than those in patients with aseptic meningitis (10761572 pg/ml) or encephalitis (409835 pg/ml). In aseptic meningitis and encephalitis, IL‐6 levels in serum were within the lower ranges (< 100 pg/ml), in contrast with the highly elevated levels found in bacterial meningitis (14 33218 385 pg/ml). In 5 of the 15 patients with encephalitis, elevated levels of IL‐6 were observed in the initial CSF samples despite normal findings of routine CSF examinations. Also, sequential CSF samples revealed that there was an increase in the CSF cell count in two of the five patients. These results validated the potential of measuring IL‐6 in CSF samples for the purpose of providing additional information on routine laboratory test results. D Central nervous system infection, cerebrospinal fluid, children, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, interleukin‐6. M Narita, Department of Pediatrics, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, N 15 W 7, Kita‐ku, Sapporo 060, Japan
Short versus long initial prednisone treatment in steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome in children
Authors: Ksiek J , Wyszyska T 
Published: January 2008

A total of 184 children aged, 13 months to 11 years, suffering from their first attack of steroid‐responsive nephrotic syndrome were included in a randomized study. They were treated according to three treatment protocols. All children received l‐2mg of prednisone/kg body weight/day (up to 80 mg daily) for 4 weeks, and thereafter 1 mg/kg body weight/48 h for the next 4 weeks. Treatment was discontinued at this point in 44 children (protocol A); in 68 (protocol B) the dose was reduced by 25% each week, tapering off to 0 at the end of the third month, while in 72 children (protocol C), after the first 2 months of initial treatment the dose was reduced by 25% each month and tapered off to 0 by the end of the sixth month. All patients completed a 2‐year follow‐up period after withdrawal of prednisone. Treatment results were expressed as: percentage of children relapse‐free within the first 6 months and 2 years after withdrawal of treatment, and average number of relapses per patient per year. The best results were obtained in children who had been treated for 6 months: 65.3% of them remained relapse‐free within the first 6 months and 50% over the entire 2‐year follow‐up period; the number of relapses per patient per year in this group was 0.49. The respective values for children treated 2 and 3 months were: 36.4% and 32.4% for the 6‐month period; 27.3% and 20.6% for the 2‐year period; the numbers of relapses per patient per year were 0.79 and 0.77, respectively. The frequency of corticosteroid side effects such as transient hypertension and cushingoid obesity during the initial treatment, and growth retardation or recurrent “respiratory tract” infections observed during the following 2‐year follow‐up period, did not increase after prolongation of the initial treatment.Initial treatment period, steroid‐sensitive nephrotic syndrome J Ksiek, Department of Nephrology, Child Health Centre, 04‐736 Warsaw, Poland
Frequency, clinical and laboratory features of thyroiditis in girls with Turner's syndrome
Authors: Radetti G , Mazzanti L , Paganini C , Bernasconi S , Russo G , Rigon F , Cacciari E 
Published: January 2008

A total of 478 patients, mean age 15.5 (3.6‐25.3) years, suffering from Turner's syndrome, were studied in order to determine the frequency of autoimmune thyroiditis, which is defined as the presence of antithyroid antibodies (AT‐Ab) and typical ultrasound findings. We found 106 (22.2%) patients positive for AT‐Ab and of those 49 (10%) also had positive ultrasound findings, and were therefore considered to be affected by thyroiditis. This frequency is significantly higher (p < 0.001) than that seen in the normal population. Goitre was detected on clinical examination in only 16 (33%) and by ultrasound in 19 (39%) patients. Hormonal evaluation showed that 17 patients were euthyroid, 27 had compensated hypothyroidism, 2 were hypothyroid and 3 were in a hyperthyroid phase. Clinical signs or symptoms of hypothyroidism were absent in all hypothyroid patients. In patients with thyroiditis, neither a higher frequency of malformations and autoimmune diseases nor a correlation with karyotype, oestrogens or growth hormone therapy was found.Antithyroid antibodies, thyroiditis, thyroid hormones, thyroid ultrasound, Turner's syndrome G Radetti, Department of Paediatrics, Regional Hospital of Bolzano, via L Boehler 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy
Birth asphyxia: incidence, clinical course and outcome in a Swedish population
Authors: Thornberg E , Thiringer K , Odeback A , Milsom I 
Published: January 2008

A total of 42 203 live infants were born in Goteborg in 1985‐1991, and 292 term infants had Apgar scores < 7 at 5 min. Infants with congenital malformations, infections and opioid‐induced respiratory depression were excluded and thus 227 infants were included in the birth asphyxia group, which formed the basis of this retrospective study. Clinical signs of mild, moderate or severe hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) were present in 65 infants, and in another 10 infants, sedated and on controlled ventilation, HIE was assumed but grading was not possible. The incidences of Apgar scores < 7 at 5 min, birth asphyxia and birth asphyxia with HIE were 6.9, 5.4 and 1.8 per 1000 live born infants: 95% of infants resuscitated with bag and mask ventilation only, did well, compared with 1 of 11 in whom resuscitation included adrenaline. Seizures occurred in 27 of 227 infants, beginning in 18 infants within 12 h of birth. Small‐for‐gestational‐age (SGA) infants were overrepresented in the birth asphyxia group but not in the birth asphyxia‐HIE group. All infants with severe HIE died or developed neurological damage. Half of the infants with moderate, and all of the infants with mild, HIE were reported to be normal at 18 months of age. A total of 0.3 per 1000 live born infants died and 0.2 per 1000 developed a neurological disability related to birth asphyxia. The disabilities were dyskinetic (4), tetraplegic (2), spastic diplegic (2), cerebral palsy and mild neuromotor dysfunction (1). The relatively low incidences of birth asphyxia and HIE were probably due to effective antenatal care.Asphyxia neonatorum, cerebral palsy, hypoxic‐ischemic encephalopathy, incidence, outcome, population, resuscitation, seizures, term infant E Thornberg, Department of Pediatric Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Östra Hospital, S‐416 85 Göteborg, Sweden
Postoperative chylous ascites
Authors: Mladini‐Vuli D , Krelj V , Balarin L , Saraga M , Budimir D , Vukic Z 
Published: January 2008

The case of an infant, aged 2 months and 23 days, with chylous ascites after nephrectomy is reported. Nephrectomy was performed because of a large hydronephrosis. Chylous ascites was treated with medium‐chain triglycerides, diet and cholestyramine. After 3 days the volume of the abdomen was reduced and on day 8 chylous ascites was not visible clinically or ultrasonographically. D Cholestyramine, chylous ascites, infant, medium‐chain triglycerides. D Mladini‐Vulic, Sukoianska 37, 58000 Split, Croatia