bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EPIDEMIC ADENOVIRUS INCLUSIONS BODY HEPATITIS OF THE CHICKEN IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: Wells R. J. H. , Westbury H. A. , Harrigan K. E. , Coleman G. D. C. , Beilharz R. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: The occurrence of inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) on 11 properties in Australia is described. The 6 Victorian cases occurred between 1967 and 1973 and were identified as incidental findings accompanying other diseases or occurred as ill‐defined, minor economic disease episodes. In well‐managed flocks the extra mortality attributable to IBH was as low as 1.8% which represented a 50% increase in total mortality. The 1973 epidemic in New South Wales on 5 related farms resulted in flock mortality of 8.4% to 32.3% and an average mortality of 19.5% of 814,000 birds. For uninfected flocks of 307,000 birds the average mortality was 8.5%. Higher mortality in male flocks was statistically highly significant as was lowered efficiency of feed conversion. Growth rate in both sexes was depressed by about 0.15 kg in 70 days and heavy downgrading at processing occurred. Secondary infections were important.The cardinal features of IBH were a fatal necrotising hepatitis with Cowdry type‐A intranuclear inclusion body formation; secondary bacterial infections were also important causes of loss.
PARTURIENT PARESIS OF COWS: BLOOD GLUCOSE LEVELS
Authors: Fenwick D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY During 1967, 1968 and 1969, blood samples were taken from 83 cows affected by parturient paresis. Whole blood glucose estimations were made on these samples. The range was 1.33 to 10.22 mmol/1 with an average of 3.94 mmol/1. Eighteen cows known to have been affected less than 4 hours had average levels of 3.06 ± 1.11 mmol/1. All (except one) “previously untreated” cows with levels less than 3.33 mmol/1 were on their feet within 10 minutes whereas cows with higher levels than this had a 28.6% delayed recovery rate.The evidence suggests that low levels have no clinical significance but that higher levels are significant in that they occur as a result of prolongation of attacks of parturient paresis.
TESTICULAR PATHOLOGY OF MERINO RAMS
Authors: Watt D.A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The scrotal contents of 2,281 Merino rams of wide age range examined at 3 abattoirs in Perth, Western Australia, showed a 40% prevalence of rams with 1 or more gross lesions.The percentage prevalence of gross lesions found on autopsy were: adhesions 21, testicular atrophy/hypoplasia 14, testicular calcification 13, congenital cyst of the epididymis 6, cryptorchidism 4, chronic epididymitis/scrotal abscesses 2, varicocoele 2, testicular aplasia1, seminoma1. The prevalence of lesions increased with age of rams.Testicular atrophy was often present when varicocoele, chronic epididymitis and scrotal abscess affected that side of the scrotal sac. Corynebacterium spp was the most frequent isolate from chronic epididymitis. Actinobacillus seminis was isolated once and Brucella ovis was not isolated.About 20% of the rams showed lesions compatible with a diagnosis of reproductive unsoundness. A large proportion of lesions were revealed only after removal of the scrotum and most of these did not appear to affect normal spermatogenesis except for an estimated 9% of rams, which showed mild atrophy/hypoplasia. Samples of these testes showed mild to moderate changes in spermatogenesis on histopathology. It was postulated that the latter group of rams might represent those ill‐defined clinical cases which show equivocal results on appraisal of semen samples despite the presence of palpably normal testes.
ADMINISTRATION OF A VACCINE PREPARED FROM THE AUSTRALIAN V4 STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS BY AEROSOL AND DRINKING WATER
Authors: Kim S. J. , Spradbrow P. B. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY An experimental vaccine containing the avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was used to vaccinate 3‐ or 6‐week‐old chickens by aerosol and drinking water application. The chickens lacked maternally derived antibody to Newcastle disease virus.When the vaccine virus was diluted in tap water more than 90% of the infectivity was destroyed immediately. The addition of 0.25% skim milk prevented this loss and there was no loss in distilled water. Rates of inactivation at 37°C were similar in tap water and distilled water and were unaffected by the addition of skim milk.Both methods of vaccination resulted in the production of haemagglutination‐inhibition antibodies which persisted for at least 8 to 12 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol vaccination was significantly better than that following drinking water vaccination. No clinical disease was induced by exposure to vaccine virus.Serum neutralisation antibodies paralleled those detected by haemagglutination‐inhibition in chicks vaccinated once by drinking water. After revaccination through the drinking water, haemagglutination‐inhibition antibodies were boosted temporarily while neutralising antibodies were maintained at an enhanced level.From chickens vaccinated by aerosol, Newcastle disease virus was recovered for 10 days from lungs and for 7 days from tracheas and caecal tonsils. Peak viraemia was detected 2 and 3 days after vaccination while both neutralising and haemagglutination‐inhibition antibodies became detectable 5 days after vaccination.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN VACCINATION AGAINST BOVINE BRUCELLOSIS*
Authors: Alton G. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Recent research in vaccination against bovine brucellosis has been directed towards reducing the serological response to vaccination and to developing serological tests better able to distinguish vaccinal titres from those resulting from field infection. In the case of strain 19 vaccination, developments such as reducing the dose of vaccine and improving serological tests have so reduced the serological response as to allow adult vaccination to be carried out in combination with eradication by test and slaughter. B. abortus 45/20 vaccine is being increasingly used as a combined diagnostic aid and protective agent. Progress has been made in identifying antibodies produced in response to this vaccine.
BOVINE HERPESVIRUS 1 ‐ INFECTION OF THE UPPER ALIMENTARY TRACT OF CATTLE AND ITS ASSOCIATION WITH A SEVERE MORTALITY
Authors: Rogers R. J. , Knott S. G. , Eaves F. W. , Clague R. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A severe cattle mortality in which 132 out of 340 animals died on a property in southern Queensland was investigated. Clinical signs shown by affected animals included fever, inappetance, depression, lethargy, salivation, diarrhoea, ataxia, and ulceration of the oral cavity. The most common lesions seen at autopsy of 6 affected animals were ulceration of the tongue, gums, dental pad and buccal mucosa, linear ulceration of the caudal third of the oesophagus, mild catarrhal enteritis and necrosis of lymph nodes draining areas of ulceration.Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BHV 1) was isolated from 3 out of 5 animals from which virus isolation was attempted. BHV 1 was recovered from oesophageal ulcers, retropharyngeal lymph nodes, blood clot, and swabs from ulcers in the oral cavity but not from spleen, liver or mesenteric lymph node. Serum neutralising (SN) antibody to BHV 1 was detected in 4 out of 12 affected animals in the second of paired serum samples but not in the first. Mucosal Disease (MD) virus was not recovered from any of 17 animals from which isolation was attempted but moderate MD SN titres, without a rise on paired sera, were detected in affected animals.Fever, depression, inappetance, ulceration of the upper alimentary tract, and adrenal necrosis were produced in 2 susceptible animals following inoculation with third passage cell culture fluid containing BHV 1. A serological response to BHV 1, but not to MD virus was detected in one of the cattle infected experimentally.
CHRONIC METHYLMERCURIALISM IN THE CAT
Authors: Gruber T. A. , Costigan P. , Wilkinson G. T. , Searight A. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY The mercury levels in 69 muscle samples from fish weighing from 0.3 to 200 kg caught in Moreton Bay, Queensland, in the latter half of 1976 ranged from 10 to 2,030 ng/g. Mercury levels in blood samples from 53 humans and 100 dogs in Brisbane almost all contained 10 ng/ml while the level in 162 cats sampled ranged from 10 to 329 ng/ml.Chronic methylmercurialism developed in 2 cats dosed daily with methylmercury, bound to cysteine, at the rate of 0.6 mg/kg body weight for 74 and 77 days respectively. Terminal clinical signs included anorexia, weight loss, knuckling over at the carpus and tarsus. hypermetria initially involving the forelegs and later the hindlegs, sluggish reflexes, paresis involving all limbs, persistent crying, apparent blindness, tonic and clonic convulsions and salivation. Pathological changes were confined to the nervous system and included degeneration of neurones and perivascular cuffing in the cerebrocortical grey matter, focal atrophy of the granular layer, focal sponglosus of the molecular layer and degeneration and loss of Purkinje cells in the cerebellum and demyelination in the fibre tracts of the dorsal funiculus, mainly the fasciculus cuneatus and in the lateral and ventral corticospinal tracts. Terminal blood methylmercury levels were in excess of 18 μg/ml, while brain methylmercury levels ranged from 21.0 to 28.4 μg/g. The liver and kidney contained the highest total levels of mercury of 50 to 80 μg/g, of which 23 to 37% was inorganic.
EFFECTS OF XYLAZINE HYDROCHLORIDE ON URINE IN CATTLE*
Authors: Thurmon J. C. , Nelson D. R. , Hartsfield S. M. , Rumore C. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Urine volume, urine pH, and urine glucose concentration were monitored for up to 24 hours after physiological saline or one of two dosage levels (0.22 mg/kg or 0.44 mg / kg) of xylazine was administered to cows. During the first 2 hours after xylazine was given. urine output was greatly increased (relative to the control animals), with the high dosage group having more output than the low dosage group. The influence of the drug on urine volume had ended by 5 hours after injection when urine output in both dosage groups had returned to that of the control group.Glucose was detected in the urine of xylazine treated animals, beginning at 15 to 30 minutes after injection, reached a maximun at 2 hours, and was undetectable at 5 to 6 hours. Urine pH decreased in control and treated animals, but in treated animals the pH began to increase 2 hr after treatment.
A COMPARISON OF 4 SEROLOGICAL TESTS IN THE DETECTION OF HUMORAL ANTIBODIES TO ANAPLASMOSIS IN CATTLE
Authors: Wilson A. J. , Trueman K. F. , Spinks G. , McSorley A. F. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A capillary agglutination (CA), a complement fixation (CF), a plate agglutination (PT) and an indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test to detect humoral antibodies to Anaplasma marginale are described. Serums from 3, 4 or 5 groups of cattle were used to examine the efficiency of the tests.Agreement between all 4 tests was 86.6%. Agreement between pairs of tests was greater. The CF test was the most sensitive while the PT test was the least sensitive. However the PT could be carried out very rapidly and was suggested as the best screening test, providing improved antigen preparation techniques could increase sensitivity.The CA, CF and IFA tests all showed a stronger homologous antibody reaction when A. marginale antigen was tested against serums obtained from cattle infected with either A. marginale or A. centrale. Antibodies in the A. marginale serums were first detected by day 7 post‐inoculation, rose to a peak around day 29 and were still present on day 200. Antibodies in the A. centrale serums were first detected by day 29 rose to a peak around day 50 and had disappeared by day 150.
TOXICITY OF LEUCAENA LEUCOCEPHALA
Authors: Jones R. J. , Blunt C. G. , Nurnberg B. I. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Steers fed a sole diet of Leucaena leucocephala cv. Peru (leucaena), rapidly developed a hypothyroid condition. Total serum thyroxine (T4) levels declined from c 120 n mol litre‐1 to 13 n mol litre‐1 within six weeks of full leucaena feeding. Associated with the hypothyroidism was a decline in feed intake, poor weight gain, hair loss, excessive salivation and the development of lesions on the oesophagus of some animals. Light steers (119 kg) were more severely affected than heavy steers (220 kg) and two light steers died.During the eight week period of full leucaena feeding animals gained only 0.18 kg head‐1 day‐1 compared with 0.73 kg head‐1day‐1 for steers fed cowpea (Vigna sinensis) hay.Supplementation with minerals (Fe, Cu, Zn) significantly increased mean daily intake (85.4 v 68.9 g/kg0.75), daily liveweight gain, (334 v 14 g), and serum T3 resin uptake (42.5 v 39.6%); decreased hair loss and skin lesions but did not alleviate the low serum T4 levels.lodine supplementation did not affect intake, bodyweight gain, serum T4 levels, serum T3 uptake or toxicity scores compared with unsupplemented leucaena fed steers.When the leucaena fed animals were subsequently fed cowpea hay, appetite improved and the serum T4 levels returned to normal within two weeks. For the heavy steers over this period, weight gain was similar to the controls; however, the light steers continued to gain poorly.
PREGNANCY RATES AND NON‐RETURN RATES FOLLOWING ARTIFICIAL AND NATURAL BREEDING IN DAIRY HERDS
Authors: Williamson N. B. , Morris R. S. , Anderson G. A. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY Information routinely supplied during the conduct of a dairy herd health program was analysed to evaluate the performance of artificial breeding in Victoria. A comparison was made between 60 to 90‐day non‐return rates (supplied by artificial breeding centres) and pregnancy rates (determined by manual pregnancy diagnosis) for first artificial inseminations in 108 herd years in which both items were available in the 1973 and 1974 breeding seasons. The values were 69.3% and 58.2% respectively (P <0.001).Non‐return rates and conception rates were found to decline as herd size increased. Pregnancy rates to first artificial and natural services did not differ significantly from each other but pregnancy rates were significantly more variable to natural than artificial service (P < 0.001). The mean pregnancy rate to artificial insemination for all herd years studied was 57.5% and the pregnancy rate to natural service was 58.0%.
A STUDY OF THE EPIDEMIOLOGY OF ANAPLASMA MARGINALE INFECTIONS OF CATTLE IN SOUTHERN QUEENSLAND: CLINICAL DISEASE AND THE PREVALENCE OF COMPLEMENT FIXING ANTIBODIES
Authors: Rogers R. J. , Blight G. W. , Knott S. G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A total of 386 clinical outbreaks of anaplasmosis were confirmed in Queensland south of the 22nd parallel over the period 1967 to 1976. Seventy‐eight per cent of these outbreaks occurred during autumn and winter and only 6.8% involved cattle less than 1 year of age compared with 54.8% for cattle more than 3 years old. Dairy breeds were involved in 48.1% of 258 outbreaks compared with 51.9% for beef breeds. Bos taurus beef breeds were involved in 90.7% of 118 outbreaks compared with 9.3% for Bos indicus crossbreds. Approximately 3 times as much clinical disease per head of population was confirmed in tick (Boophilus microplus) infested southern Queensland south of the 25th parallel (south zone) than in areas between the 25th and 22nd parallel (north zone).A survey was conducted during 1975 in which 3,810 cattle from 241 herds were sampled on the basis of the distribution of the cattle population. The prevalence of CF reactors in tick‐infested areas was 42.1% of 3,026 samples compared with 0.4% of 784 samples from tick‐free areas. The prevalence in the north zone was 52.3% compared to 30.2% for the south zone and it also varied with the type of animal sampled. The prevalence in Bos taurus cattle was significantly greater than in Bos indicus types and it increased with age of the animal. No significant difference in susceptibility to infection attributable to sex could be demonstrated. Animals exposed to heavy to medium tick infestations had significantly more CF reactors than those exposed to light infestation. Higher stocking densities were associated with higher prevalence levels.Thus anaplasmosis is predominantly a disease of autumn and winter and of cattle greater than 1 year of age. Both clinical and subclinical infection occur only in tick‐infested areas and B. microplus is considered to be the main, if not the only vector. Both clinical and inapparent infection are more frequent in Bos taurus than in Bos indicus types.
A HEALTH PROGRAM FOR COMMERCIAL DAIRY HERDS
Authors: Morris R. S. , Blood D. C. , Williamson N. B. , Cannon C. M. , Cannon R. M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY A study of mastitis prevalence in 10 herds which participated in a herd health program is reported for varying periods, up to a maximum of 10 years. The program was based on teat dipping with idophor or sodium hypochlorite teat dip, regular maintenance of the milking machine, and selective dry period treatment of quarters which were classified as infected on the basis of California Mastitis Test score and bacteriological examination of milk samples taken before drying off.The procedures reduced mastitis prealence (measured in cows being dried off), incidence of clinical mastitis, and disposal of cows due to mastitis. Results obtained were similar to those found in short‐term studies of control programs based on teat dipping and dry period therapy. The only significant difficulty which arose in maintaining the control program over 10 years was loss of enthusiam by farmers for teat dipping. This was usually induced by teat irritation problems apparently caused by teat dipping. The use of a monitoring procedure for mastitis prevalence was important in persuading farmers to return to the use of teat dip.
THE SEROLOGICAL RESPONSE OF CHICKENS TO AUSTRALIAN LENTOGENIC STRAINS OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS
Authors: Kim S. J. , Spradbrow P. B. , Chung Y. S. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Australian lentogenic Newcastle disease viruses were evaluated as uninactivated vaccines in Australian chickens, the response being evaluated by the production of haemagglutination‐inhibition (HI) antibodies. Two viruses, V4 and PM9, induced high levels of antibody and were readily transmissible between chickens by contact exposure. Three other viruses were poorly immunogenic and poorly transmissible.Chickens vaccinated intramuscularly with the V4 strain produced higher HI antibody titres than chickens vaccinated by the orotracheal, intranasal and intraocular routes. HI antibody titres in chickens vaccinated with the V4 strain reached peak levels 3 to 5 weeks after vaccination and waned considerably during the next 2 to 4 weeks. However, low levels of HI antibody persisted for at least 36 weeks after vaccination.Intramuscular vaccination with the V4 strain of one‐day‐old chicks lacking maternal antibody to Newcastle disease virus resulted in 42–70% mortality and the survivors developed very high titres of HI antibody. Similar chickens inoculated orotracheally showed signs of depression and developed high titres of HI antibody, but there were no mortalities. Chickens 1‐, 2‐, 3‐ and 4‐weeks‐old and lacking maternally derived HI antibody to Newcastle disease virus suffered no adverse reaction to intramuscular or orotracheal vaccination. The antibody response of the 1‐week‐old chickens was considerably poorer than that of the older chickens.Following orotracheal vaccination with the V4 strain, chickens with low levels of maternally derived antibody responded with low levels of HI antibody. On the other hand, in the progeny of hens hyperimmunised with the V4 strain the production of active antibody following orotracheal vaccination was delayed until the level of passive antibody had declined considerably. There was no response to intramuscular vaccination in congenitally hyperimmune chickens.The minimum HI antibody inducing dose of V4 vaccine, when measured 3 weeks after vaccination of 6‐weeks‐old chickens, was 105.6 50% egg infectious doses.
BRUCELLA CULTURES TYPED BY THE WHO BRUCELLOSIS CENTRE AT THE COMMONWEALTH SERUM LABORATORIES, MELBOURNE
Authors: Ekers B.M. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY: Results of the typing of Brucella cultures received at the WHO Brucellosis Centre.*** CSL, Melbourne, from 1968–1976 are presented. The distribution of the biotypes of cultures recovered throughout Australia is shown on a host and State basis and atypical cultures are discussed.Cultures identified from Australia were Br. abortus, biotypes 1, 2 and 4 and Strain 19; Br. suis, biotype 1 and Br. ovis. Br. melitensis biotypes 1, 2 and 3 were recorded only as exotic human infections from the Mediterranean area and from laboratory infections. Br. abortus. biotype 1 was the most common bovine and human isolate and was found in horses, a goat and a sheep. There was a low incidence of Br. abortus, biotype 2 in cattle and it was found in 1 horse. Br. abortus, biotype 3 was not found in Australia but was submitted from Tanzania. Br. abortus, biotype 4 was rare in cattle and was found once in a horse. Br. abortus, Strain 19 was found occasionally in cattle and once from a test guinea pig. Br. suis, biotype 1 was found in both man and pigs in Queensland and New South Wales whereas biotype 3 was isolated only in New Guinea from pigs and cattle. Br. ovis was submitted from 3 States. Br. canis has not been found in Australia.
THE POTENTIAL OF SOME SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS FOR CONTROL OF THE CATTLE TICK (BOOPHILUS MICROPLUS)
Authors: Nolan J. , Roulston W. J. , Schnitzerling H. J. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARY As part of a continuing programme to aid in the development of new acaricides, the potentials of three synthetic pyrethroids, permethrin, cypermethrin and decamethrin, were assessed against a range of resistant strains of the cattle tick (Boophilus microplus).The compounds were shown to be acaricidal, with decamethrin the most effective, giving efficient control of susceptible and organo‐phosphorus resistant strains of the cattle tick at concentrations as low as one fifth of those previously used for any commercial acaricide. However higher concentrations were required for satisfactory control of the DDT‐resistant strain.Permethrin‐selection of a field strain containing a low percentage of DDT‐resistant ticks led to rapid development of resistance to a level equivalent to that of the DDT‐resistant strain. Further selection increased resistance to permethrin to a higher level than that shown in the DDT‐resistant strain. This increased resistance to permethrin appears to be restricted mainly to this compound and is not associated with a marked increase in resistance to cypermethrin, decamethrin or DDT. The potential of organo‐phosphorus compounds to potentiate the pyrethroids when the two classes of compounds are used as mixtures against the pyrethroidresistant and susceptible strains was confirmed.