bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's understanding of psychological problems displayed by their peers: a review of the literature
Authors: Hennessy E. , Swords L. , Heary C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  There is a widespread consensus in the literature that children who have psychological problems are more likely than other children to be excluded or rejected by their peers. The existence of this phenomenon has been established, primarily with the use of research on their sociometric status within groups of peers. Much less research has been performed on the way in which children develop attitudes and behavioural intentions towards peers with problems.Aims  The primary aim of this article is to introduce readers to research on children's understanding of the nature of common childhood psychological problems, with a view to exploring the factors that might contribute to the development of negative attitudes and behaviour.Method  Relevant publications were identified through searches of electronic databases and articles in print.Results  From the early years of primary school, children are able to identify peers whose behaviour deviates from the norm and to suggest causes for the behaviour of peers with psychological problems. Furthermore, their beliefs about peers' personal responsibility for these problems appear to be a significant determinant of attitudes and behavioural intentions. The article identifies the need for more research on the role of factors such as gender and personal contact in determining children's understanding of, and attitudes towards, peers with psychological problems. In addition, the article calls for more research on mental health education programmes and the extension of these programmes to younger children, given the fact that even young primary school children appear to have beliefs about the causes of psychological problems and negative attitudes to peers who display such problems.Conclusions  Research on children's understanding of mental health can make an important contribution to our understanding of why children with problems are so much more likely to be excluded from their peer group.
Evergreen leaf respiration acclimates to long‐term nocturnal warming under field conditions
Authors: BRUHN DAN , EGERTON JOHN J. G. , LOVEYS BETH R. , BALL MARILYN C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAcclimation of plant respiration rates (R) to climate warming is highly variable and many results appear contradictory. We tested the recently suggested hypotheses that pre‐existing, long‐lived leaves should exhibit a relatively limited ability for R to acclimate to climate warming, and that acclimation would occur via changes in the short‐term temperature sensitivity of respiration. Seedlings of a subalpine, evergreen tree species (Eucalyptus pauciflora) were grown under naturally fluctuating conditions within its natural distribution. We used a free air temperature increase (FATI) system of infra‐red ceramic lamps to raise night‐time leaf temperatures by 0.3±0.1, 1.3±0.1, and 2.2±0.1 °C above ambient for 1 year. Light‐saturated assimilation rates and plant growth did not change with nocturnal FATI treatments. Leaf R measured at prevailing temperatures did not differ between FATI treatments. Within each FATI treatment, nocturnal leaf R was highly sensitive to artificial temperature changes within minutes, and also correlated strongly with natural nocturnal and seasonal temperature variation. The corresponding values of Q10 of R varied according to time scale of measurements, but did not vary between FATI treatments. Instead, acclimation of R to nocturnal FATI occurred through changes in the base rate of respiration.
Nitrate leaching from three afforestation chronosequences on former arable land in Denmark
Authors: HANSEN KARIN , ROSENQVIST LARS , VESTERDAL LARS , GUNDERSEN PER 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn regions dominated by agricultural activities, nitrogen (N) is recognized as a major pollutant in aquatic environments. In north‐western Europe, afforestation of agricultural land is part of a strategy to improve water quality. In Denmark, former arable land has been afforested during the past 40–50 years. This study evaluated the effect of afforestation of former arable land on nitrate leaching, based on three afforestation chronosequences. Precipitation, canopy throughfall and soil water were collected and soil moisture was monitored at two Danish locations, Vestskoven (nutrient‐rich, medium deposition) and Gejlvang (nutrient‐poor, high deposition). Afforestation was performed using Norway spruce [Picea abies (Karst.) L.] and common oak (Quercus robur L.) at Vestskoven and Norway spruce at Gejlvang. The results suggest that afforestation of former arable land initially leads to lower nitrate leaching than that occurring under the former agricultural land use, and largely below the standard of 50 mg NO−3 L−1 for groundwater to be utilized as drinking water. Nitrate concentrations became almost negligible in forest stands of 5–20 years of age. However, after canopy closure (>20 years) nitrate concentrations below the root zone and nitrate leaching tended to increase. This was attributed to increased N deposition with increasing canopy development and decreased N demand once the most N‐rich biomass compartments had been built up. Nitrate leaching started to increase at a throughfall deposition level of about 10 kg N ha−1 yr−1. Compared with nutrient‐poor sandy soils, nutrient‐rich clayey soils appeared more vulnerable to disturbance of the N cycle and to increased N deposition, leading to N saturation and enhanced nitrate leaching. In approximately the first 35 years after afforestation, nitrate leaching below the root zone was generally higher below oak than below Norway spruce.
Trends and temperature response in the phenology of crops in Germany
Authors: ESTRELLA NICOLE , SPARKS TIM H. , MENZEL ANNETTE 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe phenology of 78 agricultural and horticultural events from a national survey in Germany spanning the years 1951–2004 is examined. The majority of events are significantly earlier now than 53 years ago, with a mean advance of 1.1–1.3 days per decade. The mean trends for ‘true phases’, such as emergence and flowering, of annual and perennial crops are not significantly different, although more trends (78% vs. 46%) are significant for annual crops. We attempt to remove the influence of technological advance or altered farming practices on phenology by detrending the respective time series by linear regression of date (day number) on year. Subsequently, we estimate responses to mean monthly and seasonal temperature by correlation and regression in two ways; with and without removing the year trend first. Nearly all (97%) correlation coefficients are negative, suggesting earlier events in warmer years. Between 82% and 94% of the coefficients with seasonal spring and summer temperatures are significant. The conservative estimate (detrended) of mean temperature response against mean March–May temperature (−3.73 days °C−1) is significantly less than the full estimate (−4.31 days °C−1), the ‘true’ size of phenological temperature response may lie in between. Perennial crops exhibited a significantly higher temperature response to mean spring temperature than the annual crops.
Fall incidence and fall prevention practices at acute care hospitals in Singapore: a retrospective audit
Authors: Koh Serena Siew Lin , Manias Elizabeth , Hutchinson Alison M. , Johnston Linda 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective  To investigate the incidence of falls and explore fall prevention practices at acute care hospitals in Singapore.Design  A retrospective audit to collect baseline data on (1) incidence of falls (patient fall rates and fall injury rates) and (2) fall prevention practices, was conducted in five acute care hospitals in Singapore from December 2004 to March 2005.Study participants  Medical record data (n = 6000) of patients admitted into the medical, surgical and geriatric units in the five hospitals.Outcome measures  Fall incidence was obtained from the hospital’s fall databases and incident reports for the period of June 2003 to May 2004. In total, 6000 medical records from five hospitals were randomly selected, retrieved and reviewed to determine whether falls, fall assessments and interventions were being initiated and documented.Results  The number of fallers for all hospitals was 825. Analysis showed that patient fall rates ranged from 0.68 to 1.44 per 1000 patient days, and the proportion of falls associated with injury ranged from 27.4% to 71.7%. The use of a fall risk assessment tool by nurses was recorded in 77% of all the nursing records.Conclusion  This study has laid the foundation for further research for fall prevention in Singapore by describing current fall rates, fall‐associated injury rates and the status of fall prevention practices in acute care settings. The results will be used to inform the development of a tailored multifaceted strategy to facilitate the implementation of Fall Prevention Clinical Practice Guidelines to reduce the burden of falls and fall injuries in hospitals in Singapore.
Evaluating waiting time effect on health outcomes at admission: a prospective randomized study on patients with osteoarthritis of the knee joint
Authors: Hirvonen Johanna , Blom Marja , Tuominen Ulla , Seitsalo Seppo , Lehto Matti , Paavolainen Pekka , Hietaniemi Kalevi , Rissanen Pekka , Sintonen Harri 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAims  To evaluate the effect of waiting on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), pain and physical function in patients awaiting primary total knee replacement (TKR) due to osteoarthritis.Methods  Some 438 patients awaiting TKR were randomized to a short waiting time (WT) group (≤3 months) or a non‐fixed WT group. In the final assessment, 310 patients (213 women) with a mean age of 68 years were included. HRQoL was measured on being placed on the waiting list and again at hospital admission using the generic 15D. Patients’ self‐report pain and physical function were evaluated using a scale modified from the Knee Society Clinical Rating System.Results  The median WTs for patients with short and non‐fixed WT were 73 days (range 8–600 days) and 266 days (range 28–818 days), respectively. At admission, as assessed by the intention‐to‐treat analysis, there were no statistically significant differences between the groups in the 15D total score and disease‐specific pain and function.Conclusions  Our study showed that longer WT did not result in worse pre‐operative HRQoL.
Responses of cetaceans to anthropogenic noise
Authors: NOWACEK DOUGLAS P. , THORNE LESLEY H. , JOHNSTON DAVID W. , TYACK PETER L. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSince the last thorough review of the effects of anthropogenic noise on cetaceans in 1995, a substantial number of research reports has been published and our ability to document response(s), or the lack thereof, has improved. While rigorous measurement of responses remains important, there is an increased need to interpret observed actions in the context of population‐level consequences and acceptable exposure levels. There has been little change in the sources of noise, with the notable addition of noise from wind farms and novel acoustic deterrent and harassment devices (ADDs/AHDs). Overall, the noise sources of primary concern are ships, seismic exploration, sonars of all types and some AHDs.Responses to noise fall into three main categories: behavioural, acoustic and physiological. We reviewed reports of the first two exhaustively, reviewing all peer‐reviewed literature since 1995 with exceptions only for emerging subjects. Furthermore, we fully review only those studies for which received sound characteristics (amplitude and frequency) are reported, because interpreting what elicits responses or lack of responses is impossible without this exposure information. Behavioural responses include changes in surfacing, diving and heading patterns. Acoustic responses include changes in type or timing of vocalizations relative to the noise source. For physiological responses we address the issues of auditory threshold shifts and ‘stress’, albeit in a more limited capacity; a thorough review of physiological consequences is beyond the scope of this paper.Overall, we found significant progress in the documentation of responses of cetaceans to various noise sources. However, we are concerned about the lack of investigation into the potential effects of prevalent noise sources such as commercial sonars, depth finders and fisheries acoustics gear. Furthermore, we were surprised at the number of experiments that failed to report any information about the sound exposure experienced by their experimental subjects. Conducting experiments with cetaceans is challenging and opportunities are limited, so use of the latter should be maximized and include rigorous measurements and or modelling of exposure.
Small cysteine‐rich peptides resembling antimicrobial peptides have been under‐predicted in plants
Authors: Silverstein Kevin A.T. , Moskal William A. , Wu Hank C. , Underwood Beverly A. , Graham Michelle A. , Town Christopher D. , VandenBosch Kathryn A. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMulticellular organisms produce small cysteine‐rich antimicrobial peptides as an innate defense against pathogens. While defensins, a well‐known class of such peptides, are common among eukaryotes, there are other classes restricted to the plant kingdom. These include thionins, lipid transfer proteins and snakins. In earlier work, we identified several divergent classes of small putatively secreted cysteine‐rich peptides (CRPs) in legumes [Graham et al. (2004)Plant Physiol. 135, 1179–97]. Here, we built sequence motif models for each of these classes of peptides, and iteratively searched for related sequences within the comprehensive UniProt protein dataset, the Institute for Genomic Research’s 33 plant gene indices, and the entire genomes of the model dicot, Arabidopsis thaliana, and the model monocot and crop species, Oryza sativa (rice). Using this search strategy, we identified ∼13 000 plant genes encoding peptides with common features: (i) an N‐terminal signal peptide, (ii) a small divergent charged or polar mature peptide with conserved cysteines, (iii) a similar intron/exon structure, (iv) spatial clustering in the genomes studied, and (v) overrepresentation in expressed sequences from reproductive structures of specific taxa. The identified genes include classes of defensins, thionins, lipid transfer proteins, and snakins, plus other protease inhibitors, pollen allergens, and uncharacterized gene families. We estimate that these classes of genes account for ∼2–3% of the gene repertoire of each model species. Although 24% of the genes identified were not annotated in the latest Arabidopsis genome releases (TIGR5, TAIR6), we confirmed expression via RT‐PCR for 59% of the sequences attempted. These findings highlight limitations in current annotation procedures for small divergent peptide classes.
Butyrophilin‐like 2 gene is associated with ulcerative colitis in the Japanese under strong linkage disequilibrium with HLA‐DRB1*1502
Authors: Mochida A. , Kinouchi Y. , Negoro K. , Takahashi S. , Takagi S. , Nomura E. , Kakuta Y. , Tosa M. , Shimosegawa T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe human leukocyte antigen (HLA) region has been implicated in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), which is classified into Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Recently, an association between sarcoidosis and the butyrophilin‐like 2 (BTNL2) gene was reported. BTNL2 is located in the HLA region and its messenger RNA is expressed most abundantly in the intestine. In this study, we performed a case–control association study of BTNL2 in the Japanese patients with IBD and performed linkage disequilibrium (LD) analysis between BTNL2 and HLA‐DRB1. We analyzed eight polymorphisms selected after direct sequencing and found that none of the polymorphisms were associated with the Japanese CD cohort. In contrast, five polymorphisms were significantly associated with UC, especially three single nucleotide polymorphisms (BTNL2_19, BTNL2_22 and BTNL2_23) were associated as a haplotype. The most frequent haplotype (GGC haplotype) was a low‐risk haplotype (P= 0.000052), whereas the other TCT haplotype was a high‐risk haplotype (P= 0.0000085). Among the eight polymorphisms, the strongest association with UC was found in BTNL2_19 (OR = 1.92, P= 0.0000035). As expected, the BTNL2_19‐T allele showed strong LD with DRB1*1502 (D′= 0.92). When BTNL2_19 was tested as conditional on the DRB1*1502 carrier status, the significant association disappeared, suggesting that the association was because of its strong LD with DRB1*1502. We conclude that BTNL2 does not contribute to the susceptibility to Japanese CD but is associated with Japanese UC because of the strong LD with HLA‐DRB1*1502. The strong LD between BTNL2 and HLA‐DRB1 raises another issue about the potential role of BTNL2 in other diseases associated with HLA‐DRB1.
The distribution of major histocompatibility complex class I polymorphic Alu insertions and their associations with HLA alleles in a Chinese population from Malaysia
Authors: Dunn D. S. , Choy M. K. , Phipps M. E. , Kulski J. K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe frequency and association of polymorphic Alu insertions (POALINs) with human leucocyte antigen (HLA) class I genes within the class I genomic region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) have been reported previously for three populations: the Australian Caucasian, Japanese and north‐eastern Thai populations. Here, we report on the individual insertion frequency of the five POALINs within the MHC class I region, their HLA‐A and HLA‐B associations, the POALIN haplotype frequencies and the HLA‐A/POALIN four‐loci haplotype frequencies in the Malaysian Chinese population. The phylogenetic relationship of the four populations based on the five POALIN allele frequencies was also examined. In the Malaysian Chinese population, the POALIN AluyHG was present at the highest frequency (0.560), followed by AluyHJ (0.300), AluyMICB (0.170), AluyTF (0.040) and AluyHF (0.030). The most frequent five‐loci POALIN haplotype of the 16 inferred haplotypes was the AluyHG single insertion haplotype at a frequency of 0.489. Strong associations were present between AluyHJ and HLA‐A24, HLA‐A33 and HLA‐A11 and between AluyHG and HLA‐A2, HLA‐A24 and HLA‐A11, and these were reflected by the inferred haplotype frequencies constructed from the combination of the HLA‐A locus and the AluyHG, AluyHJ and AluyHF loci. The strongest association of AluyMICB was with the HLA‐B54 allele (five of five), whereas the associations with the other 17 HLA‐B alleles were weak, moderate or undetermined. Phylogenetic analysis of the five POALIN allele frequencies places the Malaysian Chinese closest to the Japanese and north‐eastern Thai populations in the same cluster and separate to the Australian Caucasian population. The MHC POALINs are confirmed in this study to be informative genetic markers in lineage (haplotype) analysis, population genetics and evolutionary relationships, especially in studying the MHC genomic region.
Stressful memories and psychological distress in adult mechanically ventilated intensive care patients – a 2‐month follow‐up study
Authors: Samuelson K. A. M. , Lundberg D. , Fridlund B. 
Published: June 2007

Aim:  To investigate patients’ psychological distress in relation to memory and stressful experiences in the intensive care unit (ICU), and to identify early predictors for the development of high levels of acute post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)‐related symptoms.Methods:  A prospective cohort study was performed over 18 months in two general ICUs, including 313 intubated mechanically ventilated adults admitted for more than 24 h, 226 of whom completed the study. Patients were interviewed 5 days and 2 months post‐ICU concerning their memories and psychological distress. The instruments used were the ICU Memory Tool, ICU Stressful Experience Questionnaire, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Impact of Event Scale‐Revised (IES‐R).Results:  High symptom levels of anxiety, depression and acute PTSD 2 months post‐ICU were present in 4.9%, 7.5% and 8.4% of the 226 patients, respectively. Psychological distress 2 months post‐ICU was associated with experiences of the ICU rated as extremely stressful and with high levels of anxiety and depression 5 days post‐ICU, but not with amnesia or delusional memories without factual recall of the ICU. Female sex, signs of agitation (increasing proportion of Motor Activity Assessment Scale scores of 4–6) and feelings of extreme fear during the ICU stay were significantly and independently associated with IES‐R scores of 30 or more.Conclusions:  Extremely stressful experiences of the ICU are associated with subsequent psychological distress. Female sex, agitation and extreme fear during the ICU stay seem to increase the risk of developing high levels of acute PTSD‐related symptoms.
Changing Caveolin‐1 and Oxytocin Receptor Distribution in The Ageing Human Prostate
Authors: Herbert Z. , Bötticher G. , Aschoff A. , Sendemir E. , Zermann D.‐H. , Arnold R. , Mall G. , Jirikowski G. F. 
Published: June 2007

SummarySeveral observations suggest that caveolin‐1 has an important role in control of cell proliferation and cancerogenesis. For instance, oxytocin provokes a proliferative response in the prostate tissue when the oxytocin receptor is localized mainly in caveolin‐1‐enriched domains and an anti‐proliferative effect when the same receptor is not localized in caveolae. Moreover, oxytocin concentrations are elevated in prostate tissue of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). In this study the expression pattern of the molecules caveolin‐1, oxytocin receptor, androgen receptor and p21 (cell cycle arrest indicator) was investigated in the prostate tissue of BPH patients and of young controls.We found that both caveolin‐1 and oxytocin receptor expression is drastically increased with age in both smooth muscle and epithelium of the prostate. We also found a significantly increased co‐localization of the oxytocin receptor with caveolin‐1 in both the muscle and the epithelium, especially in BPH patients. Androgen receptor and p21 staining was found throughout the prostate but did not change significantly with age or in BPH patients.We conclude that oxytocin may have a proliferative effect on the prostate tissue through the caveolae‐associated receptors and thus contribute to BPH. This process seems to be androgen receptor independent.