bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ironic value of loyalty: Dispute resolution strategies in worker cooperatives and conventional organizations
Authors: Hoffmann Elizabeth A. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractEmployee retention and satisfaction are key concerns for employers. In this article, I explore a variety of worker characteristics that affect how workers respond to troubling events and circumstances in the workplace. I examine how they approach their workplace problems, focusing on the value of their loyalty and how this loyalty might affect their problem‐related decisions. This research suggests that worker loyalty presents an irony for managers, which I call the ironic value of loyalty: workers with greater loyalty are less likely to exit when they encounter workplace problems, decreasing turnover problems, yet when more loyal workers choose to remain at work, they are more likely to raise grievances, either formally or informally, to confront the problems. Thus, worker loyalty appears both to solve and create problems for managers dealing with worker discontent.
Leadership styles and leadership change in human and community service organizations
Authors: Schmid Hillel 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article describes and analyzes leadership styles and leadership change in human and community service organizations. Based on the assumption that leadership styles must adapt to changing environments, four case studies of human and community service organizations are presented in an effort to determine the appropriate leadership style for each of the organizations described at different stages of the organizational life cycle. Emphasis is placed on the need to adapt leadership styles to the unique circumstances that prevail in the organization, based on a theoretical model that integrates different perspectives on leadership roles. The main argument is that in order to be effective, leaders must develop awareness of and sensitivity to changing situations and organizational constraints. Specifically, they should know when to adopt a task‐oriented style versus a people‐oriented style and when to adopt an internal versus an external orientation
How does accountability affect mission? The case of a nonprofit serving immigrants and refugees
Authors: Christensen Rachel A. , Ebrahim Alnoor 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article examines accountability processes in a nonprofit organization serving immigrants and refugees, with special attention to their impacts on mission‐based activities. The research finds that upward accountability requirements of donors do not necessarily yield improved mission achievement, and practitioners thus have to navigate a complex environment of pressures. We identify a series of strategies that nonprofit executives and staff use to manage the tensions between upward accountability and mission: a prioritization of lateral accountability, staff empowerment through organizational slack, and a tight coupling of evaluation with job tasks. The findings suggest that funders and nonprofits might gain more from investing in internal grantee capacities for lateral communication and coordination than by soliciting more detailed reporting
Interorganizational trust, boundary spanning, and humanitarian relief coordination
Authors: Stephenson Jr. Max , Schnitzer Marcy H. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThis article examines the frequently cited argument that coordination issues in humanitarian relief can be addressed more effectively with greater centralized authority and argues for a new conceptualization of aid delivery. The former position suggests a hierarchical, top‐down view of the humanitarian relief theater, while this analysis contends that the relief implementation structure may be better conceived as consisting of a network of loosely coupled semiautonomous organizations (Weick, 1976). A network approach allows examination of aid coordination dynamics at multiple levels of analysis: individual (professional and personal), organizational and interorganizational (operational), and strategic (structural/contextual). So viewed, factors that influence relief delivery, including contextual or strategic conditions and organization‐scale concerns, may either encourage or dissuade coordination across institutional boundaries. We argue that trust is a key precondition to coordination and that its extension is in turn conditioned by a number of strategic and operating‐level factors. We concentrate on operational coordination, as strategic concerns are not often open to the control of lone organizational actors. Our analysis rests in part on in‐depth interviews (each consisted of open‐ended questions and lasted an average of ninety to one hundred minutes) with a small sample of experienced international nongovernmental organization relief professionals who were engaged in aid efforts in Kosovo following the 1999 intervention by the North Atlantic Treaty Organization in that region.
Asymptotics for some nonlinear damped wave equation: finite time convergence versus exponential decay results
Authors: Baji B. , Cabot A. , Díaz J.I. 
Published: December 2006

Given a bounded open set

\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}

and a continuous convex function

\Phi \:\text{:}L^{2}(\Omega )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}

, let us consider the following damped wave equation

\tag{S}
u_{tt}−\mathrm{\Delta }u + \partial \Phi (u_{t}) \ni 0,\:(t,x) \in (0, + \infty ) \times \Omega ,

under Dirichlet boundary conditions. The notation

∂Φ

refers to the subdifferential of

Φ

in the sense of convex analysis. The nonlinear term

∂Φ

allows to modelize a large variety of friction problems. Among them, the case

\Phi = | \cdot |_{L^{1}}

corresponds to a Coulomb friction, equal to the opposite of the velocity sign. After we have proved the existence and uniqueness of a solution to (S), our main purpose is to study the asymptotic properties of the dynamical system (S). In two significant situations, we bring to light an interesting phenomenon of dichotomy: either the solution converges in a finite time or the speed of convergence is exponential as

t\rightarrow + \infty

. We also give conditions which ensure the finite time stabilization of (S) toward some stationary solution.

Résumé

Etant donné un ouvert borné

\Omega \subset \mathbb{R}^{n}

et une fonction convexe continue

\Phi \:\text{:}L^{2}(\Omega )\rightarrow \mathbb{R}

, considérons l'équation des ondes amorties suivante :

\tag{S}
u_{tt}−\mathrm{\Delta }u + \partial \Phi (u_{t}) \ni 0,\:(t,x) \in (0, + \infty ) \times \Omega ,

avec conditions de Dirichlet au bord. La notation

∂Φ

désigne le sous-différentiel de

Φ

au sens de l'analyse convexe. Le terme non-linéaire

∂Φ

permet de modéliser une grande variété de problèmes avec frottement. Le cas

\Phi = | \cdot |_{L^{1}}

correspond au frottement de Coulomb, égal à l'opposé du signe de la vitesse. Après avoir établi l'existence et l'unicité d'une solution de (S), notre principal objectif est d'étudier les propriétés asymptotiques du système dynamique (S). Dans deux situations significatives, on met en évidence un phénomène intéressant de dichotomie : la solution converge en temps fini, ou bien la vitesse de convergence est exponentielle lorsque

t\rightarrow + \infty

. On donne également des conditions qui garantissent la stabilisation en temps fini de (S) vers une solution stationnaire.
Third‐trimester erythrocytapheresis in pregnant patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Gilli S.C. , De Paula E.V. , Biscaro F.P. , Marques J.F. , Costa F.F. , Saad S.T. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective: To evaluate the effects of prophylactic transfusion by means of erythrocytapheresis at the beginning of the third trimester of pregnancy in women with sickle cell disease (SCD). Methods: A cohort of 14 pregnant women with SCD who received prophylactic erythrocytapheresis transfusions at the beginning of the third trimester was retrospectively compared with a cohort of 17 pregnant women who received simple prophylactic transfusions for no indication other than SCD severity. Results: Prophylactic erythrocytapheresis transfusions were associated with a lower risk of intrauterine growth restriction (OR, 0.11; 95% confidence interval, 0.01–1.00) and oligohydramnios (OR, 0.65; 95% confidence interval, 0.45–0.92) in pregnant women with SCD. Conclusion: These results suggest that erythrocytapheresis transfusions are beneficial in women with SCD who are in the third trimester of pregnancy. Given the decrease in transfusion risks, this therapy deserves further evaluation in future trials.
The role of APICS in professionalizing operations management
Authors: Lummus Rhonda R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractThe APICS organization is the professional association most closely affiliated with operations management practitioners. The organization is widely known for their Certified in Production and Inventory Management (CPIM) program that assesses individual knowledge in the field of production and inventory management. APICS and the CPIM certification have played a major role in elevating the professionalism of individuals who work in operations management. This paper will detail a history of APICS and the CPIM certification and describe the role of academics in the development of the certification.
Planning effort as an effective risk management tool
Authors: Zwikael Ofer , Sadeh Arik 
Published: December 2006

AbstractIn project management, high levels of risk are considered to be a significant obstacle for project success. This paper investigates whether improving the project plan can lead to improved success for high‐risk projects. A quality of planning index was designed to explore how the presence of high risk affects the quality of planning and project success. The index includes managerial aspects such as costs, human resources, procurement and quality, as well as organizational support aspects based on organization maturity models. In a field study based on data collected from 202 project managers regarding their most recent projects, it was found that the levels of risk at the beginning of projects has no effect on their final success. Drilling down to find an explanation for this surprising phenomenon, we found that in the presence of high risk, project managers significantly improve their project plans. Hence, in high‐risk projects, better project plans improve all four dimensions of project success: schedule overrun, cost overrun, technical performance and customer satisfaction. However, in low‐risk projects, better project plans did not contribute to reducing schedule or cost overruns. In other words, while endless risk management tools are developed, we found that improving the project plan is a more effective managerial tool in dealing with high‐risk projects. Finally, the paper presents the most common planning tools currently being used in high‐risk projects.
Alternatives to Chromatographic Separations
Authors: Thömmes Jörg , Etzel Mark 
Published: December 2006

AbstractUp to now, the productivity of mammalian cell culture has been perceived as limiting the productivity of the industrial manufacture of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Dramatic improvements in cell culture performance have changed this picture, and the throughput of antibody purification processes is gaining increasing attention. Although chromatographic separations currently are the centerpiece of antibody purification, mostly due to their high resolving power, it becomes more and more apparent that there may be limitations at the very large scale. This review will discuss a number of alternatives to chromatographic antibody purification, with a particular emphasis on the ability to increase throughput and overcome traditional drawbacks of column chromatography. Specifically, precipitation, membrane chromatography, high‐resolution ultrafiltration, crystallization, and high‐pressure refolding will be evaluated as potential large scale unit operations for industrial antibody production.
Rotational Analysis of the D2Σ-X2Σ Transition of CaCl
Authors: L-E Berg  , L Klynning  , H Martin  , A Pereira  , P Royen  
Published: December 2006

The absorption spectrum of gaseous CaCl in the wavelength region 2990-3300 Å has been studied using a King furnace. Ten bands belonging to theD2Σ-X2Σ transition have been analyzed and both vibrational and rotational constants have been evaluated. The following molecular constants have been determined (cm-1):X2ΣD2ΣTe0.031 110.934(5)ωe370.201423.254(7)ωexe1.37321.581(3)ωeye9.3 × 10-31.6(4) × 10-3ωeze-4.8 × 10-4-2.9(2) × 10-4Be0.152 2330.162 975 4(8)αe7.92 × 10-47.968(2) × 10-4De1.068 × 10-71.0090(3) × 10-7γe1.38 × 10-31.2 × 10-3The figures in parentheses stand for one standard deviation in the last digit for the computed quantity.
Ectopic Expression of ABSCISIC ACID 2/GLUCOSE INSENSITIVE 1 in Arabidopsis Promotes Seed Dormancy and Stress Tolerance
Authors: Lin Pei-Chi , Hwang San-Gwang , Endo Akira , Okamoto Masanori , Koshiba Tomokazu , Cheng Wan-Hsing 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Abscisic acid (ABA) is an important phytohormone that plays a critical role in seed development, dormancy, and stress tolerance. 9-cis-Epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase is the key enzyme controlling ABA biosynthesis and stress tolerance. In this study, we investigated the effect of ectopic expression of another ABA biosynthesis gene, ABA2 (or GLUCOSE INSENSITIVE 1 [GIN1]) encoding a short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). We show that ABA2-overexpressing transgenic plants with elevated ABA levels exhibited seed germination delay and more tolerance to salinity than wild type when grown on agar plates and/or in soil. However, the germination delay was abolished in transgenic plants showing ABA levels over 2-fold higher than that of wild type grown on 250 mm NaCl. The data suggest that there are distinct mechanisms underlying ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination under diverse stress. The ABA-deficient mutant aba2, with a shorter primary root, can be restored to normal root growth by exogenous application of ABA, whereas transgenic plants overexpressing ABA2 showed normal root growth. The data reflect that the basal levels of ABA are essential for maintaining normal primary root elongation. Furthermore, analysis of ABA2 promoter activity with ABA2∷β-glucuronidase transgenic plants revealed that the promoter activity was enhanced by multiple prolonged stresses, such as drought, salinity, cold, and flooding, but not by short-term stress treatments. Coincidently, prolonged drought stress treatment led to the up-regulation of ABA biosynthetic and sugar-related genes. Thus, the data support ABA2 as a late expression gene that might have a fine-tuning function in mediating ABA biosynthesis through primary metabolic changes in response to stress.
Two Arabidopsis Genes (IPMS1 and IPMS2) Encode Isopropylmalate Synthase, the Branchpoint Step in the Biosynthesis of Leucine
Authors: de Kraker Jan-Willem , Luck Katrin , Textor Susanne , Tokuhisa James G. , Gershenzon Jonathan 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Heterologous expression of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) IPMS1 (At1g18500) and IPMS2 (At1g74040) cDNAs in Escherichia coli yields isopropylmalate synthases (IPMSs; EC 2.3.3.13). These enzymes catalyze the first dedicated step in leucine (Leu) biosynthesis, an aldol-type condensation of acetyl-coenzyme A (CoA) and 2-oxoisovalerate yielding isopropylmalate. Most biochemical properties of IPMS1 and IPMS2 are similar: broad pH optimum around pH 8.5, Mg2+ as cofactor, feedback inhibition by Leu, K m for 2-oxoisovalerate of approximately 300 μ m, and a V max of approximately 2 × 103 μmol min−1 g−1. However, IPMS1 and IPMS2 differ in their K m for acetyl-CoA (45 μ m and 16 μ m, respectively) and apparent quaternary structure (dimer and tetramer, respectively). A knockout insertion mutant for IPMS1 showed an increase in valine content but no changes in Leu content; two insertion mutants for IPMS2 did not show any changes in soluble amino acid content. Apparently, in planta each gene can adequately compensate for the absence of the other, consistent with available microarray and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction data that show that both genes are expressed in all organs at all developmental stages. Both encoded proteins accept 2-oxo acid substrates in vitro ranging in length from glyoxylate to 2-oxohexanoate, and catalyze at a low rate the condensation of acetyl-CoA and 4-methylthio-2-oxobutyrate, i.e. a reaction involved in glucosinolate chain elongation normally catalyzed by methylthioalkylmalate synthases. The evolutionary relationship between IPMS and methylthioalkylmalate synthase enzymes is discussed in view of their amino acid sequence identity (60%) and overlap in substrate specificity.
Silverleaf Whitefly Induces Salicylic Acid Defenses and Suppresses Effectual Jasmonic Acid Defenses
Authors: Zarate Sonia I. , Kempema Louisa A. , Walling Linda L. 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
The basal defenses important in curtailing the development of the phloem-feeding silverleaf whitefly (Bemisia tabaci type B; SLWF) on Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) were investigated. Sentinel defense gene RNAs were monitored in SLWF-infested and control plants. Salicylic acid (SA)-responsive gene transcripts accumulated locally (PR1, BGL2, PR5, SID2, EDS5, PAD4) and systemically (PR1, BGL2, PR5) during SLWF nymph feeding. In contrast, jasmonic acid (JA)- and ethylene-dependent RNAs (PDF1.2, VSP1, HEL, THI2.1, FAD3, ERS1, ERF1) were repressed or not modulated in SLWF-infested leaves. To test for a role of SA and JA pathways in basal defense, SLWF development on mutant and transgenic lines that constitutively activate or impair defense pathways was determined. By monitoring the percentage of SLWF nymphs in each instar, we show that mutants that activate SA defenses (cim10) or impair JA defenses (coi1) accelerated SLWF nymphal development. Reciprocally, mutants that activate JA defenses (cev1) or impair SA defenses (npr1, NahG) slowed SLWF nymphal development. Furthermore, when npr1 plants, which do not activate downstream SA defenses, were treated with methyl jasmonate, a dramatic delay in nymph development was observed. Collectively, these results showed that SLWF-repressed, JA-regulated defenses were associated with basal defense to the SLWF.
Transgenic Tobacco Plants Overexpressing Chloroplastic Ferredoxin-NADP(H) Reductase Display Normal Rates of Photosynthesis and Increased Tolerance to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Rodriguez Ramiro E. , Lodeyro Anabella , Poli Hugo O. , Zurbriggen Matias , Peisker Martin , Palatnik Javier F. , Tognetti Vanesa B. , Tschiersch Henning , Hajirezaei Mohammad-Reza , Valle Estela M. , Carrillo Néstor 
Published: December 2006

Abstract
Ferredoxin-NADP(H) reductase (FNR) catalyzes the last step of photosynthetic electron transport in chloroplasts, driving electrons from reduced ferredoxin to NADP+. This reaction is rate limiting for photosynthesis under a wide range of illumination conditions, as revealed by analysis of plants transformed with an antisense version of the FNR gene. To investigate whether accumulation of this flavoprotein over wild-type levels could improve photosynthetic efficiency and growth, we generated transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) plants expressing a pea (Pisum sativum) FNR targeted to chloroplasts. The alien product distributed between the thylakoid membranes and the chloroplast stroma. Transformants grown at 150 or 700 μmol quanta m−2 s−1 displayed wild-type phenotypes regardless of FNR content. Thylakoids isolated from plants with a 5-fold FNR increase over the wild type displayed only moderate stimulation (approximately 20%) in the rates of electron transport from water to NADP+. In contrast, when donors of photosystem I were used to drive NADP+ photoreduction, the activity was 3- to 4-fold higher than the wild-type controls. Plants expressing various levels of FNR (from 1- to 3.6-fold over the wild type) failed to show significant differences in CO2 assimilation rates when assayed over a range of light intensities and CO2 concentrations. Transgenic lines exhibited enhanced tolerance to photooxidative damage and redox-cycling herbicides that propagate reactive oxygen species. The results suggest that photosynthetic electron transport has several rate-limiting steps, with FNR catalyzing just one of them.
Proteome Dynamics during Plastid Differentiation in Rice
Authors: Kleffmann Torsten , von Zychlinski Anne , Russenberger Doris , Hirsch-Hoffmann Matthias , Gehrig Peter , Gruissem Wilhelm , Baginsky Sacha 
Published: December 2006

AbstractWe have analyzed proteome dynamics during light-induced development of rice (Oryza sativa) chloroplasts from etioplasts using quantitative two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tandem mass spectrometry protein identification. In the dark, the etioplast allocates the main proportion of total protein mass to carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism and a surprisingly high number of proteins to the regulation and expression of plastid genes. Chaperones, proteins for photosynthetic energy metabolism, and enzymes of the tetrapyrrole pathway were identified among the most abundant etioplast proteins. The detection of 13 N-terminal acetylated peptides allowed us to map the exact localization of the transit peptide cleavage site, demonstrating good agreement with the prediction for most proteins. Based on the quantitative etioplast proteome map, we examined early light-induced changes during chloroplast development. The transition from heterotrophic metabolism to photosynthesis-supported autotrophic metabolism was already detectable 2 h after illumination and affected most essential metabolic modules. Enzymes in carbohydrate metabolism, photosynthesis, and gene expression were up-regulated, whereas enzymes in amino acid and fatty acid metabolism were significantly decreased in relative abundance. Enzymes involved in nucleotide metabolism, tetrapyrrole biosynthesis, and redox regulation remained unchanged. Phosphoprotein-specific staining at different time points during chloroplast development revealed light-induced phosphorylation of a nuclear-encoded plastid RNA-binding protein, consistent with changes in plastid RNA metabolism. Quantitative information about all identified proteins and their regulation by light is available in plprot, the plastid proteome database (http://www.plprot.ethz.ch).
Strategies for Functional Validation of Genes Involved in Reproductive Stages of Orchids
Authors: Lu Hsiang-Chia , Chen Hong-Hwa , Tsai Wen-Chieh , Chen Wen-Huei , Su Hong-Ji , Chang Doris Chi-Ning , Yeh Hsin-Hung 
Published: December 2006

AbstractPlants in the largest family of angiosperms, Orchidaceae, are diverse in both specialized pollination and ecological strategies and provide a rich source for investigating evolutionary relationships and developmental biology. However, studies in orchids have been hindered by several challenges that include low transformation efficiency and long regeneration time. To overcome such obstacles, we selected a symptomless cymbidium mosaic virus (CymMV) isolate for constructing virus-induced gene-silencing vectors. The feasibility of the virus vectors was first assessed with use of an orchid phytoene desaturase gene. The vector was able to induce gene silencing in orchids; however, because of the slow growth of orchids, the commonly used phytoene desaturase gene was not a good visual marker in orchids. We inserted a 150-nucleotide unique region of a B-class MADS-box family gene, PeMADS6, into pCymMV-pro60. The transcription level of PeMADS6 in inoculated Phalaenopsis plants was reduced by up to 73%, but no effect was observed for other MADS-box family genes. In contrast, in Phalaenopsis plants inoculated with CymMV transcripts containing 500 nucleotides of PeMADS6, a conserved region among MADS-box genes, the transcription level of PeMADS6 and the B- and C-class MADS-box genes was reduced by up to 97.8% as compared with plants inoculated with the vector alone. Flower morphology was affected in the MADS-box family gene-silenced plants as well. This in vivo experiment demonstrates an efficient way to study genes involved in the reproductive stage of plants with a long life cycle.