bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Allergic Rhinitis: Clinical Practice Guideline
Authors: Fornadley John A. , Corey Jacquelynne P. , Osguthorpe J. David , Powell Jeffrey P. , Emanuel Ivor A. , Boyles John H. , Watson Theodore A. , Hurst David S. , Bryant James L. , Pershall Kim E. , Renfro Bonnie L. 
Published: November 2005

This guideline was compiled by members of a standing committee of the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy. The intent of this guideline is to provide practitioners, referring physicians, patients, third‐party payers, and cognizant government authorities with the fundamental principles involved in the diagnosis and treatment of the patient with allergic rhinitis.Although developed solely through the American Academy of Otolaryngic Allergy, the statements and recommendations are drawn from the entire spectrum of English‐speaking literature from the United States and Europe. Articles were independently reviewed by members of the Committee, many of whom sit on editorial review boards for major professional publications.A grading system was used to categorize individual articles to demonstrate the format used to arrive at conclusions. The grade is recorded at the end of each article reference. The grading scale follows:Grade A: A study involving prospective or well‐selected retrospective patient populations. The conclusions drawn are well supported by the scientific work. Little controversy relating to these conclusions would be expected.Grade B: A scientific study executed without major flaws. Limitations may exist such that the conclusions drawn remain subject to controversy.Grade C: An anecdotal or case report study.
A study of scoring patterns at national level eventing competitions in the UK
Authors: Whitaker TC , Hill J 
Published: November 2005

AbstractEventing is a three-phased discipline with a stratified progressive performance structure. Sample data (10%) were analysed from all horses competing within the UK (n = 53 890) during 2003 at all five levels of competition (intro, pre-novice, novice, intermediate, advanced). Five performance penalty score contributors were examined (dressage score, show jumping time faults, show jumping jump faults, cross-country jumping faults and cross-country time faults – independent variables) with regard to their effect on final ranking in competition (dependent variable). Percentage accruement of penalty points showed dressage to be the largest contributor (69%) at the intro level, falling to 53% at the advanced level. The show jumping phase was the smallest percentage contributor (greatest influence seen at the novice level, 9%). The influence of cross-country increased as the level of competition became more difficult (greatest at the advanced level, 42%). Linear regression analysis was undertaken with the use of a standardized linear model. The models accounted for between 75 and 83% of all variance dependent on level. Accession of data to the model was almost identical from novice level upwards, with cross-country time and dressage faults exerting the greatest influence. At the lower levels of competition a more complex picture of accession was observed. The use of regression analysis supported the stated sporting aims of eventings governing bodies.
LogoBar: bar graph visualization of protein logos with gaps
Authors: Pérez-Bercoff Åsa , Koch Johan , Bürglin Thomas R. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Summary: LogoBar is a Java application to display protein sequence logos. In our software gaps are accounted for when calculating the information content present at each residue position in a multiple alignment. The resulting logo is displayed as a graph consisting of bars, although traditional letter representation is also possible. Amino acids are displayed from the bottom up with decreasing frequencies i.e. the most abundant residue is placed at the bottom of the logo. The bars can be color-coded according to user specifications. Gaps in the alignment are also displayed, either on top or at the bottom of the logo. Furthermore, residues can either be arranged according to their relative abundance or grouped according to user criteria to emphasize the conserved nature of particular positions.
Availability: LogoBar and further documentation is available at
Contact: thomas.burglin@biosci.ki.se
An efficient comprehensive search algorithm for tagSNP selection using linkage disequilibrium criteria
Authors: Qin Zhaohui S. , Gopalakrishnan Shyam , Abecasis Gonçalo R. 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Motivation: Selecting SNP markers for genome-wide association studies is an important and challenging task. The goal is to minimize the number of markers selected for genotyping in a particular platform and therefore reduce genotyping cost while simultaneously maximizing the information content provided by selected markers.
Results: We devised an improved algorithm for tagSNP selection using the pairwise r2 criterion. We first break down large marker sets into disjoint pieces, where more exhaustive searches can replace the greedy algorithm for tagSNP selection. These exhaustive searches lead to smaller tagSNP sets being generated. In addition, our method evaluates multiple solutions that are equivalent according to the linkage disequilibrium criteria to accommodate additional constraints. Its performance was assessed using HapMap data.
Availability: A computer program named FESTA has been developed based on this algorithm. The program is freely available and can be downloaded at
Contact: qin@umich.edu
Supplementary information:
Different cytokine profiles in patients with a history of gangrenous or phlegmonous appendicitis
Authors: Rubér M , Berg A , Ekerfelt C , Olaison G , Andersson R E 
Published: November 2005

SummaryAppendicitis is one of the most common and costly acute abdominal states of illnesses. Previous studies suggest two types of appendicitis which may be different entities, one which may resolve spontaneously and another that progresses to gangrene and perforation. Gangrenous appendicitis has a positive association to states of Th1 mediated immunity whereas Th2 associated immune states are associated with lower risk of appendicitis. This study investigated the inflammatory response pattern in patients previously appendicectomized for gangrenous (n = 7), or phlegmonous appendicitis (n = 8) and those with a non-inflamed appendix (n = 5). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were analysed with ELISPOT analysis for number of spontaneous or antigen/mitogen stimulated IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-12 secreting cells or with ELISA for concentration of spontaneous or antigen/mitogen stimulated IFN-γ, IL-5 and IL-10. Spontaneously IL-10 secreting cells/100 000 lymphocytes were increased in the gangrenous group compared to the phlegmonous group (P = 0·015). The median concentration of IL-10 secreted after Tetanus toxoid (TT)-stimulation were higher in the gangrenous group and the control group, than the phlegmonous group (P = 0·048 and P = 0·027, respectively). The median concentration of TT induced IFN-γ secretion was higher for the gangrenous group compared to both the phlegmonous group and the control group (P = 0·037 and P = 0·003). Individuals with a history of gangrenous appendicitis demonstrated ability to increased IL-10 and IFN-γ production. The increased IFN-γ may support the notion of gangrenous appendicitis as an uncontrolled Th1 mediated inflammatory response and increased IL-10 may speculatively indicate the involvement of cytotoxic cells in the progression to perforation.
The impact of maternal stress on pregnancy outcome in a well‐educated Caucasian population
Authors: Krabbendam Lydia , Smits Luc , De Bie Rob , Bastiaanssen Janneke , Stelma Foekje , Van Os Jim 
Published: November 2005

SummaryThe aim of the study was to examine the association between stress and pregnancy outcome after adjustment for possible confounding and mediating variables. A prospective cohort study of 5511 pregnancies was conducted in 2001–03 in the Netherlands. A standardised questionnaire collecting demographics and mental health data was administered at 14 and 30 weeks of pregnancy. Medical data on the pregnancy and delivery were obtained from obstetricians and midwives. The results showed that a high level of perceived stress at 14 weeks of pregnancy increased the risk for delivery of an infant that was small‐for‐gestational‐age (OR = 1.26 [95% CI 1.01, 1.56]), but the association was reduced after adjustment for the possible confounding effects of demographic variables (OR = 1.16 [95% CI 0.92, 1.47]). The results do not support a direct relationship between perceived stress and adverse pregnancy outcome. Demographic variables may explain the association between psychosocial stress and pregnancy outcome to a significant degree.
Does reducing infant mortality depend on preventing low birthweight? An analysis of temporal trends in the Americas
Authors: Kramer Michael S. , Barros Fernando C. , Demissie Kitaw , Liu Shiliang , Kiely John , Joseph K. S. 
Published: November 2005

SummaryLow birthweight (LBW) is highly associated with death during infancy, and countries with the highest LBW rates also have the highest infant mortality rates. We compared temporal trends in LBW with both overall and birthweight‐specific infant mortality in United States, Canada, Argentina, Chile, and Uruguay over two time periods, using cohort and cross‐sectional analysis of national population‐based vital statistics for 1985–89 and 1995–98. Infant mortality diminished substantially (RR = 0.60–0.80 for the later vs. earlier periods) and to a similar degree in all birthweight categories in all five study countries, despite an increase in LBW in the US and Uruguay, minimal changes in Canada and Argentina, and a decrease in Chile. The strength of the (positive) association between LBW and overall infant mortality diminished over the two time periods (from rs = +0.80 to +0.25 and RR per SD increase in LBW rate from 2.13 [2.09, 2.17] to 1.76 [1.74, 1.79]). The proportion of infant deaths occurring among LBW infants was negatively correlated with overall infant mortality in both time periods (rs = −0.30 and −0.60, RR = 0.68 [0.67, 0.68] and 0.47 [0.46, 0.47]). Developed and less developed countries in the Americas have succeeded in reducing infant mortality in all birthweight groups despite inconsistent changes in LBW rates, and none has achieved this success primarily by reducing LBW. Although our results are not necessarily generalisable to the least developed countries in South Asia and sub‐Saharan Africa, it is likely that all countries can substantially reduce their infant mortality rates by improving the care of infants at normal and low birthweights.
Full Bicycle Dynamic Model for Interactive Bicycle Simulator
Authors: He Qichang , Fan Xiumin , Ma Dengzhe 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
An interactive bicycle simulator with six degrees of freedom motion system could bring the rider a very realistic riding feeling. An important component of the simulator is the full bicycle dynamic model that simulated the two-wheeled bicycle dynamics. It consists of two slightly coupled submodels: The stability submodel and the vibration submodel. The stability submodel solves the stability of the bicycle under rider’s active maneuvers and the vibration submodel evaluates the vibration response of the bicycle due to uneven road surface. The model was validated by several experiments and successfully applied to the interactive bicycle simulator.
Endoscopy waiting times and impact of the two week wait scheme on diagnosis and outcome of upper gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Spahos T , Hindmarsh A , Cameron E , Tighe M R , Igali L , Pearson D , Rhodes M , Lewis M P N 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The NHS has introduced the two week wait scheme to detect upper gastrointestinal cancers at an early stage and improve survival rates The aim of this study was to assess the impact of this scheme and changes in endoscopy waiting times on tumour stage and resection rates over a four year period. Data were analysed prospectively for all patients diagnosed with oesophagogastric cancer between September 1998 and September 2002 and from those referred under the two week wait scheme since its introduction in 2000. Of those tumours diagnosed by this scheme (15%) only 5% were early disease (stage 1 or 2). Patients with early cancer, mainly diagnosed by routine gastroscopy, do not present with symptoms meeting the two week wait criteria. An increase in the resection rates for early disease will most probably be seen with a reduction in routine endoscopy waiting times.
Access and equity to cancer care in the USA: a review and assessment
Authors: Siminoff L A , Ross L 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Cancer represents a serious threat to the health of women and men living in the USA. As the second leading cause of death, it claims about 500 000 lives annually. Health disparities occur when there are differences in the incidence, prevalence, mortality, and burden of disease among specific sub-populations within a specified region. For decades, disparities have been reported among Americans from racial/ethnic minority groups and those from low income groups. African Americans, the largest racial minority group in the USA, have the highest cancer incidence and mortality rates in the USA; it is about 10% higher in African Americans than in white people. Inequities in insurance status among Americans adversely affect their ability to obtain the entire range of cancer care. Those who are members of ethnic minorities and the working poor are especially apt to have poorer access to care and reduced quality of cancer care services as a result.
A rare cause of mediastinal expansion with a massive pleural effusion
Authors: Šubrt Z , Ferko A , Papík Z , Vacek Z , Sedláček Z 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The authors present a case of a 53 year old woman, who was admitted to hospital because of an unusual cause of massive pleural effusion. During diagnostic examination the mediastinal propagation of the pancreatic pseudocyst was discovered as a complication of the chronic calcifying pancreatitis. The patient was operated on and the pseudocyst was resolved by Roux-en-Y cystjejunostomy. The diagnostics and treatment of this unusual pancreatic pseudocyst spreading is discussed.
Is the paraneoplastic syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion in lung cancer always attributable to the small cell variety?
Authors: Tho L M , Ferry D R 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion is a well recognised paraneoplastic phenomenon and the vast majority are associated with small cell lung carcinoma. Rarely however, the non-small cell variety can sometimes be responsible and this report describes such an occurrence. Uniquely in this case, after chemotherapy the paraneoplastic SIADH improved in parallel with a tumour response and this has not been reported previously.
LPE Growth of In1-xGaxP1-zAsz (z ≦0.01) on (1 0 0) GaAs Substrates and Its Lattice Constants and Photoluminescence
Authors: Mukai Seiji , Matsuzaki Masatoshi , Shimada Jun'ichi 
Published: November 2005

The LPE Growth of In1-x
Ga
x
P1-z
As
z
(z ≦0.01) on (1 0 0) GaAs substrates is described with stress on the relation between the compositions of source melts and the quality of grown crystals. The melt in equilibrium with In1-x
Ga
x
P0.99As0.01 lattice-matched to GaAs at 785°C is found to consist of 0.87 at.% of Ga, 2.66 at.% of P, 0.05 at.% of As and the rest In. Lattice constants strained in the direction of growth of the layers grown from melts supersaturated by 4°C were pinned near to a value 0.3% larger than that of GaAs substrates. However, the pinning was not observed for wafers grown from melts supersaturated by more than 8.6°C. The photoluminescence of the wafers is also reported.
Carrier Density Profiles in Zn- and Cd-Diffused InP
Authors: Ando Hiroaki , Susa Nobuhiko , Kanbe Hiroshi 
Published: November 2005

This letter reports on studies of Zn and Cd diffusion in (100) n-InP single crystals, carried out using Zn3P2 and Cd3P2 sources. When n-InP background carrier density N
D is lower than 1016 cm-3, two diffusion fronts are observed and a p+-n--n junction is formed for Zn and Cd diffusion. A p+-n one-sided abrupt junction is formed when N
D is 1016–1017 cm-3. The carrier density profiles were observed through EBIC measurement, van der Pauw method, C-V measurement using a Schottky barrier contact, and diffusion velocity dependence on n-InP background carrier density.
A Thermodynamical Study of the Growth Rate of Epitaxial Silicon from SiI4
Authors: Seki Hisashi , Araki Hidemaro 
Published: November 2005

Epitaxial layers of silicon have been grown on silicon substrates by the hydrogen reduction of SiI4. The deposition rate was studied as functions of the composition of the SiI4-H2 mixture, the reaction temperature, and the flow rate of the mixture.
A theoretical expression for the deposition rate has been developed based on a thermodynamical consideration. Only two reactions,

SiI4+2H2=Si+4HI and SiI4+Si=2SiI2

were taken into account.
The experimental results are well explained by this theory.
Molecular cytogenetic characterization and chromosomal distribution of the satellite DNA in the genome of <i>Oxya hyla intricata</i> (Orthoptera: Catantopidae)
Authors: Yoshimura A. , Nakata A. , Kuro-o M. , Obara Y. , Ando Y. 
Published: November 2005

The genomic DNA of the grasshopper <i>(Oxya hyla intricata)</i> was subjected to electrophoresis after digestion with <i>Hae</i>III, and the result showed two bands of highly repetitive DNA, approximately 200 and 400 bp in length. The 200-bp <i>Hae</i>III-digested fragment was cloned and characterized by sequencing and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The results showed the presence of two distinct satellite DNA (stDNA) families: one consisting of a 169-bp repeated element having an A+T content of 60.9% and the other consisting of a 204-bp repeated element having an A+T content of 53.9%. No significant homology between the two stDNA families was observed. FISH showed that the chromosomal locations of these families are different from each other. The 169-bp element was located in the C-band-positive regions of the short arms of most of the chromosomes, whereas the 204-bp element was located in the centromeric regions of three chromosome pairs. These results imply that the origins of these two DNA families are different. The results of zoo-blot hybridization to the genomic DNA from four <i>Oxya</i> species, <i>O. hyla intricata</i>, <i>O. japonica japonica</i>, <i>O. chinensis formosana</i>, and <i>O. yezoensis</i>, suggest that the two stDNA families found in the present study are species-specific for <i>O. hyla intricata</i>.
Transient memory impairment after acute dose of 75mg 3.4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine
Authors: Kuypers Kim P. C. , Ramaekers Jan G. 
Published: November 2005

A range of studies has indicated that users of 3.4-Methylene-dioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ‘Ecstasy’) display cognitive deficits, particularly memory impairment, as compared to non-drug using controls. Yet it is difficult to determine whether these deficits are caused by MDMA or some other confounding factor, such as polydrug use. The present study was designed to establish the direct relation between MDMA and memory impairment under placebo-controlled conditions. Eighteen recreational MDMA users participated in a double blind, placebo controlled, 3-way crossover design. They were treated with placebo, MDMA 75mg and methylphenidate 20mg. Memory tests were conducted between 1.5-2h (intoxication phase) and between 25.5-26h (withdrawal phase) post dosing. Results showed that a single dose of MDMA caused impairment of immediate and delayed recall on a verbal learning task during the intoxication phase. However, there was no residual memory impairment during the withdrawal phase. Subjects reported more fatigue and less vigour, but no symptoms of depression during the withdrawal phase of MDMA treatment. Methylphenidate did not affect memory or mood at any time of testing. A single dose of MDMA produces transient memory impairment.
Isolation of human β-defensin-4 in lung tissue and its increase in lower respiratory tract infection
Authors: Yanagi Shigehisa , Ashitani Jun-ichi , Ishimoto Hiroshi , Date Yukari , Mukae Hiroshi , Chino Naoyoshi , Nakazato Masamitsu 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Human β-defensin-4 (hBD-4), a new member of the β-defensin family, was discovered by an analysis of the genomic sequence. The objective of this study was to clarify hBD-4 expression in human lung tissue, along with the inducible expression in response to infectious stimuli, localization, and antimicrobial activities of hBD-4 peptides. We also investigated the participation of hBD-4 in chronic lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI) by measuring the concentrations of hBD-4 peptides in human bronchial epithelial lining fluid (ELF).

Methods
The antimicrobial activity of synthetic hBD-4 peptides against E. coli and P. aeruginosa was measured by radial diffusion and colony count assays. We identified hBD-4 in homogenated human lung tissue by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with a radioimmunoassay (RIA). Localization of hBD-4 was studied through immunohistochemical analysis (IHC). We investigated the effects of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on hBD-4 expression and its release from small airway epithelial cells (SAEC). We collected ELF from patients with chronic LRTI using bronchoscopic microsampling to measure hBD-4 concentrations by RIA.

Results
hBD-4 exhibited salt-sensitive antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa. We detected the presence of hBD-4 peptides in human lung tissue. IHC demonstrated the localization of hBD-4-producing cells in bronchial and bronchiolar epithelium. The levels of hBD-4 peptides released from LPS-treated SAECs were higher than those of untreated control cells. ELF hBD-4 was detectable in 4 of 6 patients with chronic LRTI, while the amounts in controls were all below the detectable level.

Conclusion
This study suggested that hBD-4 plays a significant role in the innate immunity of the lower respiratory tract.
Avoid, attack or do both? Behavioral and physiological adaptations in natural enemies faced with novel hosts
Authors: Vacher Corinne , Brown Sam P , Hochberg Michael E 
Published: November 2005

Abstract

Background
Confronted with well-defended, novel hosts, should an enemy invest in avoidance of these hosts (behavioral adaptation), neutralization of the defensive innovation (physiological adaptation) or both? Although simultaneous investment in both adaptations may first appear to be redundant, several empirical studies have suggested a reinforcement of physiological resistance to host defenses with additional avoidance behaviors. To explain this paradox, we develop a mathematical model describing the joint evolution of behavioral and physiological adaptations on the part of natural enemies to their host defenses. Our specific goals are (i) to derive the conditions that may favor the simultaneous investment in avoidance and physiological resistance and (ii) to study the factors that govern the relative investment in each adaptation mode.

Results
Our results show that (i) a simultaneous investment may be optimal if the fitness costs of the adaptive traits are accelerating and the probability of encountering defended hosts is low. When (i) holds, we find that (ii) the more that defended hosts are rare and/or spatially aggregated, the more behavioral adaptation is favored.

Conclusion
Despite their interference, physiological resistance to host defensive innovations and avoidance of these same defenses are two strategies in which it may be optimal for an enemy to invest in simultaneously. The relative allocation to each strategy greatly depends on host spatial structure. We discuss the implications of our findings for the management of invasive plant species and the management of pest resistance to new crop protectants or varieties.