bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Use of Pure Carbon Stomata (Biocarbon) in Urinary Diversion
Authors: HARZMANN R. , BICHLER K.‐H. , IDELER V. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A new synthetic material, Biocarbon, has the advantages of tissue compatibility and chemical inactivity, so that there is minimal salt sedimentation.Experiments with animals extending over a period of more than 2 years showed good healing after various surgical and urological operations.Biocarbon stomata were then used for vesicostomies in 6 patients. The period of follow‐up has been 15 months.We conclude that Biocarbon implants used for ureterocutaneostomies and for various conduit operations can improve the care of stoma patients.
Radical Cystectomy for Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: CLARK P. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A personal series of 50 radical cystectomies has been reviewed to decide whether it is a justifiable operation and, if so, when it should be performed.In spite of the fact that radical cystectomy had a higher operative mortality than simple cystectomy and was sometimes followed by lymphoedema, in patients with invaded iliac lymph nodes it was followed by a 25% 5‐year survival. It appears, therefore, to be a justifiable procedure.It is recommended that simple cystectomy should be performed for patients with papillomatosis, carcinoma in situ, and as a salvage procedure after radiotherapy has failed, and that radical cystectomy should be reserved for elective cases of invasive vesical tumours, and for those patients who are found at exploration to have obvious metastatic deposits in the iliac lymph nodes.
Urethral Injury and Fractured Pelvis
Authors: GLASS R. E. , FLYNN J. T. , KING J. B. , BLANDY J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In 333 consecutive cases of fractures of th pelvis admitted as emergencies to one hospital 53% were in males, of whom 34 had suspicious clinical signs of urethral or vesical injury.In 15 patients catheterisation was performed uneventfully and in no case did this make the injury worse; in 8 an attempt at primary realignment was performed, resulting in 4 cases without any stricture, and 2 who needed annual dilatation only. In 4 additional cases associated laceration of teh bladder was repaired which one had no stricture and 2 needed infrequent dilatations. In a further 41 cases a catherter was used and led to no strictures.Among 67 males with post‐tramatic urethral injures caused by pelvic fracture the best results were seen when the 2 ends were urethral injuries caused by pelvic fracture the best entirely, and in 17 others it led to an easy urethroplasty. Difficult strictures occurred in servere injuries with uncorrected displacement of the soft parts. Where feasible, early surgical repair appears to give the best chance of minimislng the severity of subsequent urethral stricture.
The Effect of Exogenous Prostaglandins F2αand E2and lndomethacin on Micturition
Authors: KHALAF I. M. , GHONEIM M. A. , ELHlLALl M. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The influence of exogenous infusion of prostaglandins (PGs) of the F2αand E2series and of indomethacin on micturition cycles was investigated in 30 anaesthetised female dogs. In 30 other animals, urethrovesical disconnection was performed to study the action of PGs and of indomethacin without the muscle continuity factors.In the intact animal model during vesical distension, PGElproduced a significant urethral pressure drop and a dose‐dependent reduction in the threshold micturition volume. PGF2αproduced a significant urethral pressure rise. At doses higher than 0.3 μg/kg, PGF2αreduced the threshold micturition volume. On the other hand, indomethacin significantly increased the threshold micturition volume and reduced the maximum intravesical pressure.In the disconnected model, PGE2produced a dose‐dependent decrease in the resting urethral pressure and hardly affected the intravesical pressure; PGF2αproduced a dose‐dependent increase in both urethral and intravesical pressures.Thus it is suggested that endogenous PG release during vesical distension could play a facilitatory role in micturition.
Incontinence Following Transurethral Resection of the Bladder Neck in the Female
Authors: BHATNAGAR B. N. S. , BARNES R. W. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Incontinence is an unwelcome complication of transurethral resection (TUR) of the bladder neck in the female. A computerised analysis of 238 procedures performed during the period 1940 to 1972 was carried out to assess the morbidity due to this complication and to evaluate possible predisposing factors.Initially 1 5.2% of patients were incontinent but 70% of these soon became continent without further treatment. The remaining 4.7% were treated by surgical or other measures. The incidence of incontinence was unrelated to the amount of tissue removed or to the number of operations, but was significantly lower when the operation was done for polypi of the bladder neck and significantly higher in patients with a cystocele or urethrocele. It seems possible to reduce the incidence of incontinence by careful selection of cases.
A Comparative Study of the Human External Sphincter and Periurethral Levator Ani Muscles
Authors: GOSLING J. A. , DIXON J. S. , CRITCHLEY HILARY O. D. , THOMPSON SALLY‐ANN 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Specimens from the human male and female external urethral sphincter and the periurethral levator ani muscle have been examined using histochemical and electron microscopic techniques.In both sexes the external sphincter consists of a single population of type I (slow twitch) fibres with a mean diameter of 1 7.47±0.7 μm in the absence of muscle spindles. In contrast, the periurethral levator ani possesses muscle spindles and the constituent fibres form a heterogeneous population of type I and type II (fast twitch) fibres, with mean diameters of 45.5±0.8 μm and 59.5±3.4 μm respectively.These findings indicate that the external urethral sphincter is functionally adapted to maintain tone over prolonged periods and may be of considerable importance in producing active urethral closure during continence. The anatomical location and fibre characteristics of the levator ani muscle suggest that these fibres actively assist in urethral closure, particularly during events which cause elevation of intra‐abdominal pressure.In view of the differences in fibre characteristics between the external urethral sphincter and the levator ani, EMG activity recorded from a single site in the levator ani may not be representative of the functional status either of other levator ani muscle fibres or of the external urethral sphincter.
The Role of N‐nitrosamine in Carcinogenesis at the Ureterocolic Anastomosis
Authors: STEWART M. , HILL M. J. , PUGH R. C. B. , WILLIAMS J. P. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Seven cases of colonic tumours occurring at the ureterocolic anastomosis (UCA) in patients diverted for benign disease are presented and comparisons made with existing literature.There appears to be a definite increase in the incidence of colonic malignancy in patients with this diversion. A theory of carcinogenesis involving bacterial activation of endogenously formed N‐nitrosamine is suggested. Preliminary results of rectal urine analysis support this theory in that high concentrations of N‐nitrosamine have been found and mutagens demonstrated.
Different Cystometric Types of Deficient Micturition Reflex Control in Female Urinary Incontinence with Special Reference to the Effect of Parasympatholytic Treatment
Authors: MEYHOFF H. H. , NORDLING J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The effect of 4 weeks' treatment with emepronium bromide in 20 incontinent female patients with detrusor hyperreflexia was compared to the effect in 20 patients who did not have uninhibited detrusor contractions during filling cystometry but who were unable to suppress a voluntarily induced detrusor contraction.In both groups, 65% benefited from the drug and no statistically significant differences were seen in the decrease in frequency of voiding and incontinence episodes during treatment. There were no differences between the groups for age, type and degree of urinary incontinence, and radiological findings of bladder suspension defects.In these patients it is important to perform cystometry, including detrusor reflex activation procedures and the testing of their ability to suppress a voluntarily induced detrusor contraction.
Elastin and Collagen in the Normal and Obstructed Urinary Bladder
Authors: CORTIVO R. , PAGANO F. , PASSERINI G. , ABATANGELO G. , CASTELLANI I. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Histological and chemical studies were carried out on the elastin and collagen content of the normal and the obstructed urinary bladder wall. The observations were made on 3 different age groups: (1) 3‐month‐old children with vesical outlet obstruction, (2) children aged between 4 and 8 years with partial vesical obstruction, and (3) adults with a chronically obstructed bladder.An increase in elastic tissue was shown only in the newborn and in the adults. The collagen did not vary in any of the cases studied. The elastin showed an increase in polar amino acids in the pathological organs compared with the normal. A similar increase in elastin was observed in normal individuals as a result of the ageing process.
Osteitis Pubis: Treatment by Heparinisation
Authors: MERIMSKY E. , CANETTI R. , FIRSTATER M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Three cases of osteitis pubis following prostatectomy, herniorrhaphy and combined prostatectorny and herniorrhaphy are presented.Each case was successfully treated by intravenous heparin after other treatments had failed.
Characteristics of the Urethral Pressure Profile in Flaccid Male Paraplegics
Authors: CLARKE S. J. , THOMAS D. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— Several aspects of urethral function were studied in an attempt to identify the factors causing urinary retention in the flaccid paraplegic patient.The urethral pressure was much higher in all patients at the external sphincter than at the bladder neck. In patients studied sequentially, even from very early following injury, there was little variation in the maximum urethral closure pressure. Radiological studies showed the point of maximal resistance to be distal to the verumontanum. The urethral pressure at this point was largely abolished by phentolamine infusion. There was no variation in the activity of this region with bladder filling or postural change.It is concluded that in flaccid male paraplegics the major component of urethral resistance is constant, adrenergically innervated muscular resistance in the external sphincter region.
The Single Ectopic Ureter and the Dysplastic Kidney
Authors: SCOTT J. E. S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Eight children, 3 girls and 5 boys, with single ectopic ureters arising from non‐concentrating kidneys are described. Two children, both girls, complained of persistent wetting with a pattern suggestive of ectopic ureter: 2 of the boys presented in the neonatal period with massive abdominal distension: the remaining children developed a urinary infection or chronic urinary retention.Diagnosis depends on an appreciation of the possibility that a non‐concentrating kidney on intravenous urography may be giving rise to an ectopic ureter and, in the boys, on a correct interpretation of cystourethrographic findings. Careful endoscopic examination of the urethra and in the girls of the vagina also will lead to the identification of the ectopic ureteric orifice in most cases. When the ectopic ureter joins the male genital tract there may be anextravesical ureterocele which can be recognised cystoscopically.The condition is treated by nephroureterectomy.
Teflon Tape Suspension for the Control of Stress Incontinence
Authors: CATO R. J. , MURRAY A. G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Vaginal surgery for the relief of stress incontinence has a failure rate which is unacceptable. Since 1964 the authors have combined in the management of female urinary disorders. Where surgery was indicated the combined approach was used as the primary procedure.The bladder neck was elevated by a technique of suspension using 2 mm Teflon tape, via the cave of Retzius. It was not a sling. The results of 100 consecutive operations are presented.The team approach has led to a better understanding and management of all varieties of female bladder problems.
Surgical Correction of Torsion of the Penis
Authors: AZMY A. , ECKSTEIN H. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Torsion of the penis is a rare anomaly, believed to be due to abnormal skin attachment and not to any structural abnormality of the corpora. The rotation is usually to the left in a counter‐clockwise fashion. The urethral meatus is placed in an oblique position and the median raphe makes a spiral curve from the base of the penis towards the meatus.Three boys with congenital torsion of the penis are reported. A corrective operation for this condition is described.Penile torsion was first described by Verneuil in 1857, but in the past no operative correction was recommended, since attempts to move the skin around were believed not to correct the spiral alignment of the corpora cavernosa.
The Diagnosis and Management of Acute Scrotal Conditions in Boys
Authors: Hemalatha V. , Rickwood A. M. K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a consecutive series of 69 boys with an acute scrotal condition, 55% were suffering from torsion of a testicular appendage, 22% from torsion of the testis and the remainder from idiopathic scrotal oedema or epididymitis. The general clinical features and specific scrotal findings in each of these conditions are compared and contrasted.It is concluded that on clinical grounds alone, torsion of the testis can be excluded in many boys presenting with an acute scrotal condition. The implications for management are discussed.
The Effect of pH on the Urinary Inhibition of Calcium Oxalate Crystal Growth
Authors: Tiselius H.‐G. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urinary inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth was measured in metastable solutions of sodium oxalate and calcium chloride at different pH.Inhibition of calcium oxalate crystal growth in urine from patients with calcium oxalate stone disease increased with increasing pH. The increase was most pronounced between pH 5.5 and 7.0Sodium pyrophosphate in a similar way inhibited calcium oxalate crystal growth in this pH interval, and between pH 6.0 and 7.5 there was also a slight increase in the inhibiting activity by chondroitin sulphate and citrate.Approximative correction factors were calculated in order to obtain a more appropriate value of the inhibition index when urine pH was different from 6.0, and a reasonably good correlation was obtained between inhibition indices calculated by means of the correction factor and inhibition indices derived from direct measurements of the crystal growth rate in solutions with different pH
The Influence of Renal Prostaglandins on Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) and Calcium Excretion in Urolithiasis
Authors: BUCK A. C. , SAMPSON W. F. , LOTE C. J. , BLACKLOCK N. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a clinical study of 275 idiopathic stone formers the GFR was significantly raised in hypercalciuric patients compared with normal controls P<0.001). The possibility that the mechanism underlying hypercalciuria and raised GFR may be prostaglandin‐mediated was considered because it is now well established that prostaglandins regulate intra‐renal haemodynamics and influence tubular electrolyte excretion.Experiments were performed in conscious Sprague Dawley rats to determine the changes in calcium and sodium excretion following prostaglandin synthetase inhibition with indomethacin. Both calcium and sodium excretion together with urine flow were significantly reduced (P<0.002). Further experiments were performed in anaesthetised monkeys (Macacca fascicularis) to see if the inhibitory effect of indomethacin was reversible. Exogenous prostaglandin (PGE2) infusion resulted in a marked calciuretic response without producing changes in GFR or blood pressure.Selected hypercalciuric patients were treated with indomethacin, which resulted in a significant fall in urinary calcium excretion (P<0.001). This clinical and experimental study suggests that PGE2is the hormone which determines the renal handling of calcium by controlling renal tubular function.
The Place of Extended Pyelolithotomy (Gil‐Vernet Operation) in the Management of Renal Staghorn CalcuIi
Authors: WOODHOUSE C. R. J. , FARRELL C. R. , PARIS A. M. I. , BLANDY J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In the 17 years up to 1979 189 kidneys have had an extended pyelolithotomy for staghorn calculus and have been followed up. In only 1 of 96 unilateral cases did a stone form in a normal contralateral kidney, whatever the outcome of surgery on the affected side. Seven early nephrectomies were performed for non‐function and in 6 bilateral cases, with advanced renal failure, surgery did not arrest the loss of renal function. Regrowth of stone occurred in 43 cases (complete staghorns in 24). Regrowth did not occur in 1 8 of 20 incompletely cleared kidneys nor in 22 of 41 with persistent infection. Renal function was improved in 1 3 of 1 5 cases where it had not already deteriorated beyond a critical point.It is concluded that unilateral staghorn stones may be treated in their own right, without fear of compromising a normal contralateral kidney; that regrowth of stones is not inevitable, even with incomplete clearance; and that renal function is usually improved by surgery.
Radiotherapy and Cystectomy for T3 Bladder Carcinoma
Authors: HALL R. R. , HEATH A. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The survival of 1 02 patients with category T3 transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder treated by pre‐operative radiotherapy and radical cystectomy has been analysed according to the degree of down‐staging of tumour as assessed by the depth of infiltration of cancer in the operative specimen. Five‐year survival was 60% for patients showing evidence o down‐staging compared with 30% when persistent deeply invasive tumour was present at the time of cystectomy.Analysis of available data suggests that survival of patients with category T3 bladder cancer is determined by the response of the tumour to initial radiotherapy rather than the dose of radiotherapy or the addition of cystectomy. Despite radical treatment, the survival of patients with locally advanced bladder cancer is poor; alternative, more effective forms of therapy should be sought.
Urinary Continence in Children with Neurogenic Bladders
Authors: Kaye K. , van Blerk P. J. P. 
Published: November 2008

Summary —Seventy‐three children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction were assessed for urinary continence over periods ranging from 6 months to 4 years.Acceptable continence was achieved in 35 (48%), the majority by means of intermittent clean catheterisation, usually with drug manipulation. Two children had to be diverted purely for intractable incontinence. A plan of management for children with neurogenic bladder dysfunction is described.
Intravenous Urography in the Follow‐up of Carcinoma of the Bladder
Authors: Booth C. M. , Kellett M. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—A urographic survey of 250 patients being followed for bladder cancer revealed 3 unsuspected ureteric tumours and 18 cases of ureteric obstruction. The tumours occurred in patients always affected by bladder recurrences and the obstructions were largely due to treatment of paraureteric bladder tumours by cystodiathermy or radiotherapy.Regular follow‐up intravenous urography is therefore unnecessary except in patients with frequent recurrences, but we advocate radionuclide renography as an essential, inexpensive screening test to rule out ureteric obstruction following the treatment of paraureteric tumours.
The Structure of the Bladder Neck in Male Bladder Neck Obstruction
Authors: BOOTH C. M. , SHAH P. J. R. , MILROY E. J. G. , THOMPSON SALLY‐ANN , GOSLING J. A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— A light microscope and neurohistochemical study is presented of full thickness biopsies from the bladder neck of 10 middle‐aged males with urodynamically proven bladder neck obstruction.Apart from varying degrees of collagen deposition in seven cases, no abnormality was present in the detrusor and pre‐prostatic components of the bladder neck muscles or in the distribution of cholinergic nerve fibres. The normal noradrenergic innervation to the pre‐prostatic sphincter was absent in all specimens; this may be age‐related.
Accuracy of Transcutaneous Aspiration Biopsy in the Definitive Assessment of Nodal Involvement in Prostatic Carcinoma
Authors: LUCIANI L. , PISCIOLI F. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY— The inaccuracy of lymphangiography in predicting nodal involvement and the complications of pelvic lymphadenectomy prompted us to evaluate other methods of staging prostatic cancer. On the basis of the results obtained in 24 patients with carcinoma of the prostate, the authors suggest transcutaneous fluoroscopy‐guided fine needle aspiration biopsy as a satisfactory alternative to lymphadenectomy. In 95.8% of patients pelvic lymphadenectomy confirmed the cytological findings of transcutaneous aspiration biopsy of pelvic lymph nodes using a “long‐bevelled, side‐holed” thin needle.It is considered essential to perform aspiration biopsy on most of the pelvic lymph node chains spacified, regardless of lymphographic diagnosis.
Perinatal Ultrasound Monitoring: Early Detection and Treatment of Congenital Uropathy
Authors: DELL'AGNOLA C. A. , TOMASELLI V. , FERRAZZI E. , KUSTERMANN A. , NlCOLlNl U. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In childhood, delay in the diagnosis of congenital obstructive or refluxing urinary tract pathology can contribute to progressive renal failure.Ultrasound examination is a safe and reliable means of investigating the urinary system pre‐andpost‐natally. We describe 13 children investigated with ultrasound during the perinatal period. In 10, pathology was identified in utero, confirmed after birth and treated surgically within 1 month. This indicates that perinatal ultrasonography is a valuable technique.
Suprapubic Prostatectomy
Authors: O'SULLIVAN D. C. 
Published: November 2008

Combined Technique1Summary— Three hundred and fifty‐one consecutive prostatectomies have been carried out using a combined suprapubic approach for the enucleation of the adenoma and a transurethral approach to control bleeding. Removal of any residual tissue in the prostatic fossa and removal of a wedge from the bladder neck are done with the resectoscope. The procedure is reserved for larger adenomas not suitable for transurethral resection.
Combined Bipedal Lymphangiography, CT Scanning and Transabdominal Lymph Node Aspiration Cytology for Node Staging in Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: KHAN O. , PEARSE ELIZABETH , BOWLEY N. , WILLIAMS G. , KRAUSZ T. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Forty‐two patients with carcinoma of the prostate have been studied by bipedal lymphangiography, abdominal CT scanning and percutaneous transabdominal lymph node aspiration cytology to try to increase the accuracy of lymph node staging. The use of two independent radiologists to report the lymphangiograms did not improve the accuracy of reporting. CT scanning was of value only in patients in whom the lymph nodes were not opacified on lymphangiography.Aspiration cytology was positive in 8 of the 40 patients who were studied. There was no morbidity. Six of these 8 patients had MO disease, three had TO tumours and were not on treatment. A poor correlation was found between the presence of lymph node metastases and the Gleason score. Percutaneous transabdominal lymph node aspiration cytology is a safe procedure. When positive, it avoids the need for a staging lymphadenectomy and so helps to identify those patients for whom local treatment is not applicable.