bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of Total Water with a Tunable Diode Laser Hygrometer: Inlet Analysis, Calibration Procedure, and Ice Water Content Determination
Authors: Davis Sean M. , Hallar A. Gannet , Avallone Linnea M. , Engblom William 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe University of Colorado closed-path tunable diode laser hygrometer (CLH), a new instrument for the in situ measurement of enhanced total water (eTW, the sum of water vapor and condensed water enhanced by a subisokinetic inlet), has recently been flown aboard the NASA DC-8 and WB-57F aircrafts. The CLH has the sensitivity necessary to quantify the ice water content (IWC) of extremely thin subvisual cirrus clouds (∼0.1 mg m−3), while still providing measurements over a large range of conditions typical of upper-tropospheric cirrus (up to 1 g m−3). A key feature of the CLH is its subisokinetic inlet system, which is described in detail in this paper. The enhancement and evaporation of ice particles that results from the heated subisokinetic inlet is described both analytically and based on computational fluid dynamical simulations of the flow around the aircraft. Laboratory mixtures of water vapor with an accuracy of 2%–10% (2σ) were used to calibrate the CLH over a wide range of water vapor mixing ratios (∼50–50 000 ppm) and pressures (∼100–1000 mb). The water vapor retrieval algorithm, which is based on the CLH instrument properties as well as on the spectroscopic properties of the water absorption line, accurately fits the calibration data to within the uncertainty of the calibration mixtures and instrument signal-to-noise ratio. A method for calculating cirrus IWC from the CLH enhanced total water measurement is presented. In this method, the particle enhancement factor is determined from an independent particle size distribution measurement and the size-dependent CLH inlet efficiency. It is shown that despite the potentially large uncertainty in particle size measurements, the error introduced by this method adds ∼5% error to the IWC calculation. IWC accuracy ranges from 20% at the largest IWC to 50% at small IWC (&lt;5 mg m−3).
Knee Dislocation with Lateral Side Injury
Authors: Shelbourne K. Donald , Haro Marc S. , Gray Tinker 
Published: March 2007

Background Knee dislocations with lateral side injury are rare and disabling if not treated. Hypothesis An en masse surgical technique to repair the lateral side will provide good stability, and the posterior cruciate ligament will heal when left in situ. Study Design Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods Twenty-three patients underwent an en masse lateral side repair after knee dislocation injury; all but 1 patient had anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Physical examination included the International Knee Documentation Committee score, isokinetic strength testing, KT-2000 arthrometer testing, radiography (including varus stress), and magnetic resonance imaging scan. Patients were evaluated subjectively with several surveys. Results Mean objective evaluation occurred for 17 patients at 4.6 years postoperatively, and 21 subjective evaluations occurred for 21 patients at 5.6 years postoperatively. The objective overall grade was normal for 10 patients and nearly normal for 7 patients. Lateral laxity was graded as normal in 15 patients and 1+ in 2 patients. The posterior drawer was normal in all but 3 patients, who had 1+ posterior laxity. The postoperative varus stress radiography demonstrated a mean increase of 1.1 ± 1.7 mm (range, —1.2-4.7) between knees. Magnetic resonance scans showed that the lateral side was thickened but intact in all patients. The posterior cruciate ligament was viewed as healed or intact in all patients but was sometimes seen as elongated or buckled. The mean subjective total scores were 91.3 points for the IKDC survey, 93.0 for the modified Noyes survey, and 8.0 for an activity score, but scores were higher for patients who underwent surgery within 4 weeks from the injury. Conclusions The en masse surgical technique to repair the lateral side combined with an anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction after knee dislocation provides excellent long-term stability. The repaired lateral side and untreated posterior cruciate ligament heal with continuity. Patients can return to high levels of activity.
Assessment of Anterolateral Rotatory Instability in the Anterior Cruciate Ligament—Deficient Knee Using an Open Magnetic Resonance Imaging System
Authors: Okazaki Ken , Miura Hiromasa , Matsuda Shuich , Yasunaga Takefumi , Nakashima Hideaki , Konishi Kozo , Iwamoto Yukihide , Hashizume Makoto 
Published: March 2007

Background In the clinical evaluation of the anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knee, anterolateral rotatory instability is assessed by manual tests such as the pivot-shift test, which is subjective and not quantitative. Hypothesis The anterolateral rotatory instability in an anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knee can be quantified by our newly developed method using open magnetic resonance imaging. Study Design Controlled laboratory study. Methods Eighteen subjects with anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knees and 18 with normal knees were recruited. We administered the Slocum anterolateral rotatory instability test in the open magnetic resonance imaging scanner and scanned the sagittal view of the knee. The anterior displacements of the tibia at the medial and lateral compartments were measured. Furthermore, we examined 14 anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knees twice to assess intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility and evaluated the difference and interclass correlation coefficient of 2 measures. Results In the anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knee, displacement was 14.4 ± 5.5 mm at the lateral compartment and 1.6 ± 2.3 mm at the medial compartment; in the normal knee, displacement was 0.7 ± 1.9 mm and —1.1 ± 1.2 mm, respectively. The difference and interclass correlation coefficient between 2 repeated measures at the lateral compartment were 1.0 ± 0.7 mm and .98 for intraobserver reproducibility and 1.1 ± 0.7 mm and .91 for interobserver reproducibility. Conclusion This method is useful to assess the anterolateral rotatory instability of the anterior cruciate ligament—deficient knee. Clinical Relevance This method can be used in the clinical assessment of anterior cruciate ligament stability, such as comparing studies of graft positions or 2-bundle anatomic reconstruction and the conventional 1-bundle technique.
Strain-dependent resistance to allergen-induced lung pathophysiology in mice correlates with rate of apoptosis of lung-derived eosinophils
Authors: Tumes Damon J , Cormie James , Calvert Michael G , Stewart Kalev , Nassenstein Christina , Braun Armin , Foster Paul S , Dent Lindsay A 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough exposed to similar allergic and environmental stimuli, not all humans develop asthma. Similarly, mouse strains vary in the degree of pathophysiology seen following induction of experimental asthma. Three mouse strains (CBA/Ca, BALB/c, and C57BL/6) were used to determine if the extent and duration of inflammation influenced the degree of lung tissue damage in an OVA-induced allergic asthma model. Airways obstruction, leukocyte infiltration, edema, eosinophil accumulation, and degranulation were less severe in wild-type (wt) CBA/Ca mice than wt BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. F1 hybrids of CBA/Ca mice crossed with BALB/c or C57BL/6 mice had bronchoalveolar lavage leukocyte (BAL) and cell-free protein profiles similar to those of the respective disease-susceptible parental strain. IL-5 transgene expression on each of the three genetic backgrounds accentuated the difference between CBA/Ca and the other two strains. Importantly, even when overexpressing IL-5, CBA/Ca mice did not develop substantial airways obstruction. Eosinophils recovered from the airways of allergic wt and IL-5 transgenic (Tg) CBA/Ca mice entered apoptosis at a faster rate than eosinophils from the other parental strains and F1 hybrids. In contrast, eosinophils harvested from the peritoneal cavities of untreated CBA/Ca IL-5 Tg mice had a relatively low rate of apoptosis in vitro. The CBA/Ca mouse strain is therefore relatively resistant to experimental asthma, and this may be a consequence of a propensity for apoptosis of eosinophils recruited into the allergic lung. Restricting survival of a key effector cell may thus limit pathogenesis in this experimental model and in humans.
The Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) Precursor Is the Major Immunoreactive Form of BNP in Patients with Heart Failure
Authors: Seferian Karina R , Tamm Natalia N , Semenov Alexander G , Mukharyamova Kadriya S , Tolstaya Anastasya A , Koshkina Ekaterina V , Kara Andrei N , Krasnoselsky Mihail I , Apple Fred S , Esakova Tatiana V , Filatov Vladimir L , Katrukha Alexey G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Peptides derived from brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) precursor (proBNP), BNP, and the N-terminal fragment of proBNP (NT-proBNP) are used as biomarkers of heart failure. It remains unclear which forms of these peptides circulate in blood and which forms are measured by assays for these natriuretic peptides.
Methods: To design assays for immunodetection of proBNP, NT-proBNP, and BNP, we used a panel of BNP- and NT-proBNP–specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). All MAbs were tested in 2-site combinations in time-resolved fluoroimmunoassays with recombinant or synthetic antigens and plasma from heart failure (HF) patients. ProBNP and related molecules were assayed in HF plasma samples and plasma extracts by means of gel filtration fast protein liquid chromatography (FPLC) before and after protein fractionation on Sep-Pak C18 cartridges.
Results: The limits of detection for BNP, proBNP, and NT-proBNP assays were 0.4, 3, and 10 ng/L, respectively. Gel filtration-FPLC studies revealed 1 peak of NT-proBNP (∼25 kDa), 1 peak of proBNP (∼37 kDa), and 2 peaks of BNP immunoreactivity, a major peak (∼37 kDa) for proBNP, and a minor peak (∼4 kDa) for BNP. In patient plasma, the molar concentration of NT-proBNP was almost 10 times that of proBNP. The mean proBNP:BNP ratio in patient plasma was 6.3, ranging from 1.8 to 10.8.
Conclusions: ProBNP is the major BNP-immunoreactive form in human blood. The proBNP:BNP ratio in plasma samples is dependent on the methods used for sample handling and for the measurement of the peptides.
Simultaneous Quantification of Ghrelin and Desacyl-Ghrelin by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry in Plasma, Serum, and Cell Supernatants
Authors: Rauh Manfred , Gröschl Michael , Rascher Wolfgang 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: A sensitive method specific for ghrelins is needed for investigations of this gastrointestinal peptide. Our aim was to develop and validate a quantitative mass spectrometry (MS) method to measure ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin simultaneously.
Methods: After deproteinization by precipitation, we performed reversed-phase separation with a rapid 2-column online extraction design coupled to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for electrospray ionization MS detection. Chromatography was performed on a C18 monolithic column, with ammonium acetate buffer/methanol as the mobile phase and a chromatographic run time of 6 min/sample. The 4-fold–charged ions were used for multiple reaction monitoring experiments.
Results: The method was linear with injections of 0.01–10 ng. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.02 and 0.07 μg/L for ghrelin, respectively, and 0.03 and 0.35 μg/L for desacyl-ghrelin. Intra- and interday imprecision (CVs) were 9%–4% and 12%–6% at concentrations of 0.33–5.93 μg/L for ghrelin, respectively, and 16%–6% and 15%–8% at concentrations of 1.12–10.02 μg/L for desacyl-ghrelin. The mean (SD) recoveries in plasma of added ghrelin and desacyl-ghrelin were 95.8% (12%) and 101% (1.2%), respectively. Using kinetic modeling, we determined the mean (SD) periods of half-change (t1/2) of ghrelin to be 156 (16) min in EDTA plasma and 49 (1) min in Li-heparin plasma. Bland–Altman analysis showed that the median differences between EIA and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) for desacyl-ghrelin were −40% for plasma/serum samples and 85% for cell supernatants and for ghrelin were 6% for enriched plasma samples and 44% for cell supernatants.
Conclusion: Our HPLC-MS/MS procedure has excellent selectivity and sufficient limit of quantification to allow the monitoring of concentration–time profiles in biological matrices.
Multiple Biomarker Use for Detection of Adverse Events in Patients Presenting with Symptoms Suggestive of Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Apple Fred S , Pearce Lesly A , Chung Adrine , Ler Ranka , Murakami MaryAnn M 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: We investigated multiple biomarkers of various pathophysiologic pathways to determine their relationships with adverse outcomes in patients presenting with symptoms of acute coronary syndrome.
Methods: We obtained plasma specimens from 457 patients on admission and measured 7 biomarkers: myeloperoxidase (MPO), soluble CD40 ligand (CD40L), placental growth factor (PlGF), metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP), cardiac troponin I (cTnI), and N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP). We used the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease formula to calculate the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). Endpoints were cardiac events (myocardial infarction, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass graft, cardiac death) and all-cause mortality. We estimated cumulative event rates over a 4-month period with the Kaplan–Meier method and relative risk (RR) with the Cox proportional hazards model.
Results: Patients with increased PlGF, NT-proBNP, hsCRP, or cTnI or decreased eGFR had 11% to 20% higher all-cause mortality rates than patients with concentrations within reference intervals: 20.4% (eGFR), 16.0% (PlGF), 15.8% (hsCRP), 12.7% (NT-proBNP), and 11.3% (cTnI; all P ≤0.03). No differences in mortality rates were observed between those with increased vs normal concentrations of MPO, CD40L, or MMP-9. Decreased eGFR (RR 3.4, P = 0.004) and increased NT-proBNP (RR 7.9, P = 0.04) were independently predictive of mortality, and PlGF (RR 2.0, P = 0.08) approached significance. Patients with increased NT-proBNP (12.3%) or cTnI (33.8%) had higher cardiac event rates (each P &lt;0.02), with increased MPO (11.1%) showing a trend (P = 0.09). Patients in whom both cTnI and MPO were increased had a cardiac event rate of 43%.
Conclusion: Multiple biomarkers that are likely indicative of different underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms are independently predictive of increased risk for adverse events in patients with acute coronary syndrome.
Multiplex Genotyping of Cytochrome P450 Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms by Use of MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Misra Ashish , Hong Jun-Yan , Kim Sobin 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Polymorphisms in cytochrome P450 (CYP450) genes contribute to interindividual differences in the metabolism of xenobiotic chemicals, including the vast majority of drugs, and may lead to toxicity and adverse drug reactions. Studies on these polymorphisms in research and diagnostic settings typically involve large-scale genotyping and hence require high-throughput assays.
Methods: We used the previously developed solid-phase capture–single-base extension (SPC-SBE) approach for concurrent analysis of 40 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of CYP2C9 and 50 SNPs of CYP2A13, both genes belonging to the CYP450 family. Desired SNP-containing regions for each gene were amplified in a single-step multiplex PCR. We designed a library of primers to anneal immediately upstream of the selected SNPs and extended it with biotinylated terminators using PCR products as templates. Biotinylated extension products were isolated by affinity purification and analyzed with MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry to determine SNP genotypes.
Results: We analyzed 11 samples for CYP2C9 and 14 samples for CYP2A13 with unambiguous detection of SNPs in all samples. Many samples showed a high occurrence of heterozygotes for both genes, with as many as 10 of 50 SNPs appearing as heterozygotes in 1 sample genotyped for CYP2A13.
Conclusions: The SPC-SBE method provides an efficient means for genotyping SNPs from the CYP450 family. This approach is suitable for automation and can be extended to other genotyping applications.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Blood Lactate-to-Pyruvate Molar Ratio in the Differential Diagnosis of Congenital Lactic Acidosis
Authors: Debray François-Guillaume , Mitchell Grant A , Allard Pierre , Robinson Brian H , Hanley James A , Lambert Marie 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Background: Although the blood lactate-to-pyruvate (L:P) molar ratio is used to distinguish between pyruvate dehydrogenase deficiency (PDH-D) and other causes of congenital lactic acidosis (CLA), its diagnostic accuracy for differentiating between these 2 types of CLA has not been evaluated formally.
Methods: We conducted a retrospective study of all patients followed for mitochondrial diseases between 1985 and 2005 in a tertiary care pediatric hospital.
Results: At the recommended cut point of ∼25, individual median L:P ratio demonstrated low sensitivity and specificity (77% and 91%, respectively) for differentiating between patients with enzymatically proven PDH-D (n = 11) and those with mitochondrial disease but normal pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) activity (non-PDH; n = 35). We observed a strong positive association between L:P ratio and blood lactate in non-PDH CLA, whereas this association was weak in PDH-D CLA. Consequently, patient classification based on median L:P ratio showed improved diagnostic accuracy at higher lactate concentrations: for lactate &lt;2.5 mmol/L the area under the ROC curve was not statistically different from 0.5 (P = 0.3), whereas it was statistically different for lactate &gt;2.5 mmol/L. In the 2.5 to 5.0 mmol/L lactate category, the sensitivity and specificity at an optimal cut point of 18.4 were 93% (95% CI, 77%–99%) and 71% (95% CI, 20%–96%), respectively; for lactate &gt;5.0 mmol/L, with an optimal cut point of 25.8, sensitivity and specificity were 96% (95% CI, 77%–99%) and 100% (95% CI, 59%–100%), respectively.
Conclusion: Usefulness of the L:P ratio for differentiating non-PDH and PDH-D types of CLA increases at higher lactate concentrations.
Glycoprotein Ibα Promoter Drives Megakaryocytic Lineage-Restricted Expression After Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transduction Using a Self-Inactivating Lentiviral Vector
Authors: Lavenu-Bombled Cécile , Izac Brigitte , Legrand Faézeh , Cambot Marie , Vigier Agathe , Massé Jean-Marc , Dubart-Kupperschmitt Anne 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Megakaryocytic (MK) lineage is an attractive target for cell/gene therapy approaches, aiming at correcting platelet protein deficiencies. However, MK cells are short-lived cells, and their permanent modification requires modification of hematopoietic stem cells with an integrative vector such as a lentiviral vector. Glycoprotein (Gp) IIb promoter, the most studied among the MK regulatory sequences, is also active in stem cells. To strictly limit transgene expression to the MK lineage after transduction of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells with a lentiviral vector, we looked for a promoter activated later during MK differentiation. Human cord blood, bone marrow, and peripheral-blood mobilized CD34+ cells were transduced with a human immunodeficiency virus-derived self-inactivating lentiviral vector encoding the green fluorescent protein (GFP) under the transcriptional control of GpIbα, GpIIb, or EF1α gene regulatory sequences. Both GpIbα and GpIIb promoters restricted GFP expression (analyzed by flow cytometry and immunoelectron microscopy) in MK cells among the maturing progeny of transduced cells. However, only the GpIbα promoter was strictly MK-specific, whereas GpIIb promoter was leaky in immature progenitor cells not yet engaged in MK cell lineage differentiation. We thus demonstrate the pertinence of using a 328-base-pair fragment of the human GpIbα gene regulatory sequence, in the context of a lentiviral vector, to tightly restrict transgene expression to the MK lineage after transduction of human CD34+ hematopoietic cells.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Scaling behavior of convective mixing, with application to geological storage of CO2
Authors: Hassanzadeh Hassan , Pooladi‐Darvish Mehran , Keith David W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCO2 storage in deep saline aquifers is considered a possible option for mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions from anthropogenic sources. Understanding of the underlying mechanisms, such as convective mixing, that affect the long‐term fate of the injected CO2 in deep saline aquifers, is of prime importance. We present scaling analysis of the convective mixing of CO2 in saline aquifers based on direct numerical simulations. The convective mixing of CO2 in aquifers is studied, and three mixing periods are identified. It is found that, for Rayleigh numbers less than 600, mixing can be approximated by a scaling relationship for the Sherwood number, which is proportional to Ra1/2. Furthermore, it is shown that the onset of natural convection follows tDc∼Ra−2 and the wavelengths of the initial convective instabilities are proportional to Ra. Such findings give insight into understanding the mixing mechanisms and long term fate of the injected CO2 for large scale geological sequestration in deep saline aquifers. In addition, a criterion is developed that provides the appropriate numerical mesh resolution required for accurate modeling of convective mixing of CO2 in deep saline aquifers. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma: A report of 14 cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Soriano Andres O. , Thompson Michael A. , Admirand Joan H. , Fayad Luis E. , Rodriguez Alma M. , Romaguera Jorge E. , Hagemeister Fredrick B. , Pro Barbara 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFollicular dendritic cell sarcomas (FDCS) are grouped with the histiocytic and dendritic cell neoplasms. The natural history and response to different treatments have not been well established. The cases of 14 patients with FDCS who were seen at M. D. Anderson between 1995 and 2005 were reviewed. Median patient age was 48 years (range, 25–69 years). Histologically, four cases showed low‐grade features, three cases showed low‐grade features with focal high‐grade features, and five cases showed high‐grade features. Tumors were positive for CD21, CD23, and CD35 in 83, 90, and 44% of cases, respectively. Twelve (92%) of 13 tumors were strongly positive for epidermal growth factor receptor. Information on initial treatment was available in 11 patients, which included surgery alone in one patient, surgery and radiation in two, surgery and chemotherapy in one, chemotherapy alone in three, chemotherapy and radiation in one, surgery followed by radiation and chemotherapy in three patients. In eight patients the initial chemotherapy regimen was cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone. Complete remission was achieved in 7 (63%) of 11 patients. Ten patients were alive at a median follow up of 22 months, 3 (23%) of 13 had no evidence of disease, and 7 (53%) of 13 patients were alive with disease. Follicular sarcoma is an aggressive neoplasm. Although most of the patients initially responded to treatment, the majority of them (81%) relapsed. A better understanding of the biology of FDCS could guide our efforts in the development of new treatment modalities for this rare disease. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.