bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment on Tolerance Representation and Tolerance Analysis in Assemblies
Authors: Trabelsi Ali , Delchambre Alain 
Published: March 2007

Due to the difficulty of modeling the manufacturing deviations reliably, the existing geometric models, to date, have only con sidered the exact description of parts and assemblies. Yet, the tolerance representation and propagation issues in assemblies are crucial to answer parallel design of product and process queries. Many formal and informal methods have been developed. However, most proved special cases of the ANSI Y14.5M-82 specification standard. Also, the descriptions provided in actual solid and feature based de sign modelers are inadequate to ascertain a clear taxonomy of tolerance specifications, neither do they help address the assembly toler ance analysis and/or synthesis issues. The paper purposes to discuss the tolerance representation schemes as well as their underlying philosophies. Then, because toler ance analysis and tolerance synthesis in assemblies are required, among other tasks, to assign functional tolerances, measure the manufacturability and the interchangeability of parts in assemblies, ease tolerance inspection and evaluate costs of alternative assembly sequences, we shall assess deterministic and statistical methods.
Cross-Cultural Issues in Personality and Career Assessment
Authors: Marsella Anthony J. , Leong Frederick T. L. 
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to discuss some important issues regarding cross-cultural personality and career assessment. Within the last decade, this topic has received increased attention because of a growing awareness of the cultural bias inherent in many of our major personality assessment instruments (e.g., Dana; 1993, Marsella & Kameoka, 1989). The present article is divided into four major sections. The first section discusses the importance of the cross-cultural perspective in psychology and discusses such issues as reducing ethnocentric bias in psychology through the use of comparative cultural studies and culturally sensitive research methods. This section also includes a brief discussion of the concepts of ethnocentricity, culture, and ethnocultural identity, all of which are essential for understanding the assessment of personality across cultures. The second section discusses the complex relationships between culture and personality, including the possibility that the very concept of personality may be culturally constructed. The third section discusses some of the conceptual and methodological issues involved in personality assessment across cultures, with a special emphasis on psychometric equivalency (i.e., linguistic, conceptual, scale, and normative) across cultures. The fourth section provides a conceptual framework for integrating the cross-cultural issues of personality assessment to career assessment.
Programming Environments for Parallel and Distributed Computing: a Comparison of P4, Pvm, Linda, and Tcgmsg
Authors: Mattson Timothy G. 
Published: March 2007

Parallel programmers must choose from a confusing array of parallel programming environments. When success has to be measured by the success of applica tion-software development rather than theoretical re search, the choice must be made quickly without the luxury of experimentation. In this paper, we help the programmer make this choice by looking closely at four of the most heavily used portable programming environments—p4, PVM, TCGMSG, and Linda. For each of these programming environments, we look at three different programs: one that computes π by numerical integration and two that benchmark communication performance. The four programming environments are analyzed in terms of performance, support, ease of coding, and ease of debugging.
Parental power and gender revolution
Authors: Bengtsson Margot 
Published: March 2007

Imagine a scale with two opposite poles: at the one end, there are rigid rules and strict taboos, at the other, relativism and a lack of boundaries - 'anything goes'. The modernisation of our society can be described as a movement along this scale, away from restrictions, impositions, rules and taboos. We have gained greater tolerance and greater individual freedom. Authorities are questioned, not just those with power in society but also parents and adults in general. In today's society, maturation is no ideal; youth is what is celebrated. To a large extent, these changes have been for the better; but how are standards transferred from generation to generation in a society obsessed with youth, where nothing is taken for granted and nothing impossible?
Review : Nursing the preterm surgical neonate
Authors: Hancock Julia 
Published: March 2007

■ The preterm neonate's response to surgery manifests in all body systems. ■ Necrotising Enterocolitis (NEC) is an acute gastro-intestinal emergency requiring surgical intervention. ■ Severe NEC may require the removal of infarcted bowel. ■ Examining the response to surgery in the preterm neonate with NEC offers nurses a rationale for their post-operative care. ■ Both physiological and psychological responses need to be understood in the light of family centred care.
Review : Enhancing the state of play in children's nursing
Authors: Hall Carol , Reet Mary 
Published: March 2007

■ Play is recognised as an essential component of a child's life. ■ Playing with children in hospital can aid nurses in assessing, communicating and providing nursing care. ■ Play workshops can facilitate nursing students' understanding of the importance and benefits of play. ■ Play can benefit children, health carers and parents in the hospital setting. ■ Play workshops encourage children's nurses to view play as an integral part of their role.
Quality counts: auditing day-surgery services
Authors: Feasey Sue 
Published: March 2007

■ Clinical audit is a valuable tool in the drive towards quality. ■ Day-case surgery is designed to keep children within their families. ■ Parents of children having day-case surgery must be adequately informed and supported. ■ A telephone call following day-case surgery appears to give parents effective support. ■ Children experience few problems immediately following day-case surgery
Evaluating preceptorship arrangements in a paediatric setting
Authors: Farrell Mike , Chakrabarti Angela 
Published: March 2007

■ Preceptorship can be a valuable support mechanism for newly qualified nurses. ■ Both preceptors and preceptees need support to ensure effective preceptorship arrangements. ■ Maintaining effective preceptorship arrangements can be challenging for preceptees, preceptors and the organisation. ■ Further research is required to explore the full potential of preceptorship.
Review : Informed consent? A child's right to autonomy
Authors: Drake Claire 
Published: March 2007

■ There is a need for legal clarification of the concept of informed consent in minors. ■ Paediatric nurses need to take a more active role in advocating for the 'Gillick competent' minor. ■ The concept of informed consent continues to provide challenges for practice in paediatric nursing. ■ Informed willing consent in 'Gillick competent' minors requires working effectively in partnership with the child, family and multidisciplinary team.
Review : A model for implementing the "Scope of Professional Practice"
Authors: Chippendale Melanie , Gardner Helen 
Published: March 2007

■ Safe and effective administration of intravenous therapy to children is essential. ■ The training, education and assessment (TEA) programme aimed to integrate the essence of the Scope of Professional Practice with a competency based approach to teaching and assessing essential skills. ■ The TEA programme was developed to reflect the Scope of Professional Practice, individual accountability, and current best evidence. ■ A significant part of the programme is the development of an innovative assessment document providing individuals with documented evidence of related knowledge and skills which can form part of their Professional Portfolio. ■ The TEA programme has been implemented within the trust in line with trust clinical governance strategy. ■ The framework for implementing this programme has also been used for developing TEA for other expanded roles within the trust. ■ Further comprehensive evaluation of the programme through areas such as audit of practice and clinical incidence analysis is needed. ■ Further research to broaden the evidence base for practice is also needed. These will be initiated through established clinical governance frameworks.
Resistance to TGF-β1 correlates with aberrant expression of TGF-β receptor II in human B-cell lymphoma cell lines
Authors: Chen Gang , Ghosh Paritosh , Osawa Hiroshi , Sasaki Carl Y. , Rezanka Louis , Yang Jiandong , O'Farrell Thomas J. , Longo Dan L. 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Resistance to transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1–mediated growth suppression in tumor cells is often associated with the functional loss of TGF-β receptors. Here we describe two B-cell lymphoma cell lines (DB and RL) that differ in their sensitivity to TGF-β1–mediated growth suppression. The TGF-β1–resistant cell line DB lacked functional TGF-β receptor II (TβRII) in contrast to the TGF-β–responsive cell line RL, whereas both cell lines had comparable levels of receptor I (TβRI). Lack of functional TβRII was correlated with the lack of TGF-β1–induced nuclear translocation of phospho-Smad3 and phospho-Smad2, the lack of nuclear expression of p21Cip1/WAF1, and the down-regulation of c-Myc in DB cells. Transfection of wild-type, but not a C-terminal–truncated, form of TβRII rendered the DB cell line responsive to TGF-β1–mediated growth suppression. Analysis of the TβRII gene in DB cells revealed the absence of TβRII message, which was reversed upon 5′-azacytidine treatment, indicating that the promoter methylation might be the cause of gene silencing. Promoter analysis revealed CpG methylations at −25 and −140 that correlated with the gene silencing. These data suggest that promoter methylation plays an important role in TβRII gene silencing and subsequent development of a TGF-β1–resistant phenotype by some B-cell lymphoma cells.
Singlet Oxygen Production in the Reaction of Potassium Superoxide with Chlorine
Authors: Li Qingwei , Chen Fang , Zhao Weili , Xu Mingxiu , Fang Benjie , Zhang Yuelong , Duo Liping , Jin Yuqi , Sang Fengting 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The study of singlet oxygen (1O2) emission showed that the 1O2 could be efficiently produced in the reaction of solid potassium superoxide (KO2) particles with chlorine gas (Cl2), which only occurred on the surface of solid KO2 particles. The liquid water may accelerate the reaction of Cl2 with KO2 and make a complete conversion of KO2 to 1O2. The KO2 had a similar efficiency for 1O2 production as the alkali metal peroxides (such as Li2O2 and Na2O2) as reacting with Cl2.
Grafting of Ethylene Glycol Chains in Lignin during the Solvolysis for Biomass Conversion Using Ethylene Carbonate/Ethylene Glycol System
Authors: Kubo Satoshi , Yamada Tatsuhiko , Hashida Koh , Ono Hirokuni 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Solvolysis using mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate (EC) and ethylene glycol (EG) was applied to softwood. In this solvolysis, EG was substituted for hydroxy groups in the lignin molecules. Chain extension reaction of substituted EG occurred during the solvolysis, and DP = 3.0 of oligo EG chains are grafted by 60-min reaction. Linear EG chains are introduced into lignin molecules during the biomass conversion process without additional chemical modification.
Maximal Ca2+ i stimulation of cardiac Na+/Ca2+ exchange requires simultaneous alkalinization and binding of PtdIns-4,5-P2 to the exchanger
Authors: Posada Velia , Beaugé Luis , Berberián Graciela 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUsing bovine heart sarcolemma vesicles we studied the effects of protons and phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate (PtdIns-4,5-P2) on the affinity of the mammalian Na+/Ca2+exchanger (NCX1) for intracellular Ca2+. By following the effects of extravesicular ligands in inside-out vesicles, their interactions with sites of NCX1 facing the intracellular medium were investigated. Two Na+-gradient-dependent fluxes were studied: Ca2+uptake and Ca2+release. PtdIns-4,5-P2 binding to NCX1 was investigated in parallel. Without MgATP (no ‘de novo’ synthesis of PtdIns-4,5-P2), alkalinization increased the affinity for Ca2+and the PtdIns-4,5-P2 bound to NCX1. Vesicles depleted of phosphoinositides were insensitive to alkalinization, but became responsive following addition of exogenous PtdIns-4,5-P2 or PtdIns plus MgATP. Acidification reduced the affinity for Ca2+ev; this was only partially reversed by MgATP, despite the increase in bound PtdIns-4,5-P2 to levels observed with alkalinization. Inhibition of Ca2+uptake by increasing extravesicular [Na+] indicates that it is related to H+iand Na+isynergistic inhibition of the Ca2+iregulatory site. Therefore, the affinity of the NCX1 Ca2+iregulatory site for Ca2+was maximal when both intracellular alkalinization and an increase in PtdIns-4,5-P2 bound to NCX1 (not just of the total membrane PtdIns-4,5-P2) occurred simultaneously. In addition, protons influenced the distribution, or the exposure, of PtdIns-4,5-P2 molecules in the surroundings and/or on the exchanger protein.
Specific inhibition of interleukin-13 activity by a recombinant human single-chain immunoglobulin domain directed against the IL-13 receptor α1 chain
Authors: Knackmuss Stefan , Krause Sebastian , Engel Kathrin , Reusch Uwe , Virchow J. Christian , Mueller Thomas , Kraich Michael , Little Melvin , Luttmann Werner , Friedrich Karlheinz 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInterleukin-13 (IL-13) is a T-cell-derived pleiotropic cytokine of particular medical importance because of its critical role in the development of allergic asthma. The effects of IL-13 on its target cells are mediated through a dimeric transmembrane receptor (IL-13R), which shares the IL-4Rα subunit with the IL-4R system, but contains as a specific component the IL-13Rα1 chain. We have generated a set of single-chain Fv fragments with specific binding capacity to the extracellular domain of the human IL-13Rα1 receptor. Bacteriophage clones displaying receptor-binding antibody domains were selected from both naive and synthetic libraries by repetitive panning on recombinant and cell surface-expressed recombinant IL-13Rα1. Their specific reactivity with native human IL-13Rα1 expressed on the surface of transfected cells was demonstrated by flow cytometry. One binder that specifically interfered with cell activation by IL-13 was extensively characterized. This scFv inhibited IL-13-driven gene transcription and cell proliferation in test cell lines, as well as IL-13-induced activation of primary human monocytes in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50below 300 nM. This novel reagent thus constitutes a valuable tool for the further elucidation of IL-13 function in disease and offers potential therapeutic perspectives.
Role of Diabetologist in Evaluating Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Nathan David M , Fogel Howard A , Godine John E , Lou Peter L , D'Amico Donald J , Regan Charles DJ , Topping Trexler M 
Published: March 2007

objective
To evaluate the ability of diabetologists to screen diabetic patients for diabetic retinopathy.

Research Design and Methods
Comparison of eye examination performed by diabetologists with direct ophthalmoscopy through an undilated pupil and by ophthalmologists through a dilated pupil with seven-field stereoscopic fundus photography (gold standard). The study consisted of 67 insulin-dependent and non-insulin-dependent diabetic outpatients attending a diabetes clinic.

Results
On the basis of fundus photography, patients were classified as having no or insignificant (30%), minimal (31%), moderate (24%), or severe (15%) retinopathy. The diabetologists and ophthalmologists performed similarly in their ability to classify severity of diabetic retinopathy accurately. When no or insignificant retinopathy (isolated microaneurysms only) was detected by examination, clinically significant retinopathy detected by fundus photography was highly unlikely (&lt; 5%). On the other hand, if more than isolated microaneurysms were seen on examination, all examiners missed more severe lesions detected by fundus photography. Patients with corrected visual acuity worse than 20/30 had a high likelihood (100%) of moderate or severe retinopathy.

Conclusions
Motivated well-trained diabetologists can screen for diabetic retinopathy. The absence of detectable lesions by direct ophthalmoscopy indicates that automatic referral to an ophthalmologist is not necessary. However, if any level of retinopathy is detected or corrected acuity is worse than 20/30, referral to an ophthalmologist is required. In this setting, fundus photography is advised because it is the most sensitive means of detecting clinically significant retinopathy. If other nonophthalmologists can be trained to achieve similar results, current recommendations for ophthalmologic referral that require annual ophthalmologic examinations for most diabetic patients may need to be reconsidered.
Link Between Hypertension and Diabetes Mellitus Epidemiological Study of Chinese Adults in Taiwan
Authors: Tai Tong-Yuan , Chuang Lee-Ming , Chen Chien-Jen , Lin Boniface J 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To elucidate the relationship between hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes.

Research Design and Methods
The study consisted of a random sample of adults aged ≥ 40 yr from the Ta-An district of Taipei City and 5 of 12 villages of Taiwan province, which had established primary health-care centers since 1984. A total of 11,478 subjects were recruited into the survey with a response rate of 65.3 and 72%, respectively. Blood glucose and blood pressure levels were measured, and a structured questionnaire was given to each participant. Those identified as having diabetes received further blood tests for lipids and creatinine and were evaluated for vascular complications.

Results
The age- and sex-adjusted prevalence of hypertension among diabetic subjects was twice that of nondiabetic subjects (30.6 vs. 16.4%, P &lt; 0.0005). Hypertensive subjects had a higher prevalence of diabetes than normotensive subjects (10.2 vs. 4.9%, P &lt; 0.0005). Among hypertensive subjects, the prevalence of diabetes was 12.7% for those taking antihypertensive drugs and 9.1% for those not taking any drug (P &lt; 0.05). The prevalence of diabetes significantly increased as mean arterial pressure rose, whether the subjects were stratified by various factors. Multiple regression analysis, including sex, age, body mass index, and other risk factors as independent variables, also showed a significant association between diabetes and hypertension.

Conclusions
The univariate and multivariate analyses revealed that there seemed to be a tight link between hypertension and non-insulin-dependent diabetes. Family history of diabetes, diabetes duration, diabetes regimen, control of blood glucose, and the presence of nephropathy, as attested by proteinuria, did not contribute to the risk of hypertension. Further studies are necessary to determine whether these two conditions are causally related.
Relationship Between Habitual Physical Activity and Insulin Levels Among Nondiabetic Men and Women: San Luis Valley Diabetes Study
Authors: Regensteiner Judith G , Mayer Elizabeth J , Shetterly Susan M , Eckel Robert H , Haskell William L , Marshall Julie A , Baxter Judith , Hamman Richard F 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To determine whether higher levels of physical activity would be associated with lower fasting insulin and C-peptide levels in a free-living nondiabetic population.

Research Design and Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted with a Hispanic and non-Hispanic white population of 442 men and 489 women with normal glucose tolerance (by World Health Organization criteria) in two rural Colorado counties. Total physical activity was assessed by a 7-day physical activity recall from which metabolic equivalents were estimated. Relationships between metabolic equivalents and fasting insulin and C-peptide were assessed while considering obesity, age, and other risk factors known to influence fasting insulin levels.

Results
Among all subjects, univariate analyses showed that higher activity levels were associated with lower mean fasting insulin and C-peptide levels (P &lt; or equal to 0.05). Multiple linear regression showed that higher activity was significantly associated with lower values of log fasting insulin and C-peptide levels in men only (P &lt; 0.001) independent of obesity, fat distribution, and age. Men in the highest tertile of activity had an adjusted mean fasting insulin level of 59.2 pM and fasting C-peptide level of 0.5 nM compared with a fasting insulin level of 72.7 pM and fasting C-peptide level of 0.6 mM for men in the lowest tertile of activity. The magnitude of the inverse association between activity and insulin was greatest in older rather than younger men. Physical activity was not associated with fasting insulin or C-peptide levels in women in the multivariate analyses.

Conclusions
Based on cross-sectional data, we conclude that higher levels of habitual physical activity are associated with lower fasting insulin and C-peptide levels in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white men.
Skin Reactive Hyperemia in Diabetic Patients: A Study by Laser Doppler Flowmetry
Authors: Tur Ethel , Yosipovitch Gil , Bar-On Yael 
Published: March 2007

Objective
To assess whether laser Doppler flowmetry could detect differences in the cutaneous response to postischemic reactive hyperemia between patients with non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and nondiabetic controls and among subgroups of NIDDM patients.

Research Design and Methods
We measured the cutaneous blood flow on the forearms during the postischemic reactive hyperemia test in diabetic patients and nondiabetic controls. Subjects were 25 patients with NIDDM from the outpatient clinics of dermatology, ophthalmology, and endocrinology and 25 nondiabetic volunteers matched for sex and age. Of the patients with NIDDM, 14 had proliferative retinopathy, and 13 were obese. Cutaneous postischemic reactive hyperemia test monitored by measuring the cutaneous blood flow with laser Doppler flowmetry was used. Peak blood flow (P) after arterial occlusion, the time required to reach this peak (Tp) and the ratio (K) between these two quantities (K = P/Tp) were measured.

Results
In diabetic patients, P was significantly lower (P &lt; 0.02) than in nondiabetic control subjects. In diabetic patients with proliferative retinopathy, K was lower (P &lt; 0.05) than in diabetic patients without retinopathy. Diabetic patients with a body mass index (BMI; wt/ht2) &lt; 25 kg/m2 had a longer Tp (P &lt; 0.002), whereas the control group BMI did not affect this parameter. The combination of retinopathy and BMI &lt; 25 gave the longest Tp values (P &lt; 0.0001).

Conclusions
Postischemic hyperemia tests in diabetic patients reveal cutaneous microcirculatory changes in the forearm (lower P). Advanced retinopathy is associated with functional disturbances (lower K), especially when combined with a low BMI (&lt; 25; longer Tp).