bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE HYPOPHYSIAL CONTROL OF THE X-RAY STERILIZED OVARY
Authors: INGRAM D. L. , MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adult rats which had been previously sterilized by means of X-rays were hypophysectomized a fortnight after the onset of continuous vaginal cornification (which begins within 40 days of X-irradiation [Mandl & Zuckerman, 1956]). The animals, including non-irradiated hypophysectomized controls, were killed at periods of 5–70 days after hypophysectomy.
Cornified cells disappeared from the vaginal smear of non-irradiated rats within 3, and of irradiated rats within 4 days after hypophysectomy. The ovaries involuted rapidly in both groups of animals. Stromal cells decreased in size and post-hypophysectomy 'deficiency cells' appeared. On the other hand, the rate of uterine involution was slower in the X-irradiated animals after hypophysectomy than in the non-irradiated hypophysectomized controls. This finding indicates that in the absence of the pituitary, the X-irradiated ovary can produce more oestrogen than a non-irradiated ovary, or that the oestrogen it produces is biologically more active.
After treatment with gonadotrophin, the 'deficiency cells' in the ovaries of both groups of animals disappeared. The X-irradiated hypophysectomized animals responded to the gonadotrophin less vigorously (as judged by an increase in ovarian and uterine size) than did the hypophysectomized controls.
THE SECRETION OF OESTROGEN AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: INGRAM D. L. , MANDL ANITA M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The uterus involutes more rapidly in ovariectomized than in hypophysectomized rats (experimental period 4–90 days), while removal of the ovaries hastens uterine involution after hypophysectomy (experimental period 22–60 days). The inference is that the ovary produces small amounts of oestrogen in the absence of the pituitary.
THE RELATION BETWEEN LIVER GROWTH AND SOMATIC GROWTH IN THE RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , PEARCE WINIFRED M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The persistent high calorie intake and rapid somatic growth in young rats, which was initiated by a super-abundant milk supply in the first weeks of life, was accompanied by an accelerated growth in the size and number of cells in the liver. The adult concentration of serum protein was also attained earlier.
An increased food intake in the adult which was produced by hypothalamic lesions, did not significantly affect growth of the skeleton, but it had the same effect on the liver as very rapid somatic growth. The increase in weight of the liver could not be accounted for merely by increased consumption of protein. If part of the liver was removed from an adult rat, both the rate of regeneration and the ultimate size and composition of the remainder were also determined by the calorie intake. The increased size of the liver of hyperphagic rats was associated with a greater blood volume, and consequently an increase in total serum protein, although the concentration of serum protein remained normal.
Although hyperphagia after hypothalamic lesions may continue for many weeks, with a progressive increase in obesity, the maximum weight of the liver was often achieved within 1 or 2 days. The chemical composition of the liver, however, changed progressively, and the effects closely resembled those brought about by insulin in the liver of diabetic rats. The similarity suggested that insulin might regulate the metabolic adaptation of the liver to a very high intake of food.
LIVER GROWTH IN THE LACTATING RAT
Authors: KENNEDY G. C. , PEARCE WINIFRED M. , PARROTT DELPHINE M. V. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
During the 2nd and 3rd weeks of lactation the liver of the rat hypertrophied to approximately twice its normal size. There was a smaller, but significant, increase in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) content, indicating an increase in cell number. The increase in liver protein was reversible, but that in DNA was not. These effects appeared to be due to changes in the intake of food.
THE EFFECT OF ADRENALECTOMY AND ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES ON THE HAIR GROWTH CYCLE IN THE RABBIT AND RAT
Authors: WHITELEY H. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of cortisone and adrenalectomy on the hair regrowth cycle of the rat and rabbit was investigated.
It was found that bilateral adrenalectomy had no effect on the rate of regrowth of hair or on the quality of the coat in the rabbit, but there was decreased mitotic activity of the follicles on the 2nd and 7th day of the regrowth cycle and increased mitotic activity of the epidermis on the 7th day of this cycle. In the rat bilateral adrenalectomy, apart from causing a generalized wave of hair growth, which was not observed in the rabbit, had no effect on the hair regrowth cycle.
The local application of hydrocortisone had a slight inhibitory action in the early stages of the cycle, but i.m. injection of cortisone produced profound inhibition. In the rabbit doses of 12·5 mg/kg body weight caused suppression of the usual regrowth cycle, but in some animals the outercoat hairs were unaffected. There was depression of the mitotic activity of the epidermis on the 7th and 10th days of the cycle. If cortisone was given during different stages of the regrowth cycle growth of undercoat hair was much more inhibited than that of the outercoat hair. Similar results were observed in the rat.
These results are discussed and it is postulated that the difference in response between the two types of hair might be related to differences in blood supply of the outercoat and undercoat hairs.
THE EFFECTS OF NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL EXTRACTS ON WATER TRANSFER ACROSS THE WALL OF THE ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER OF THE TOAD BUFO MARINUS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An in vitro preparation of the urinary bladder of Bufo marinus is described.
2. Small doses of 'Pituitrin' markedly increase the rate of water transfer across the bladder wall when the solutions inside the bladder are hypotonic.
3. Passive movement is small and increases slightly with increases in the osmotic gradient across the bladder wall. It is unaffected by changes in substrate levels or any of the metabolic inhibitors tested except for cyanide which increases it in some cases.
4. The vasopressor neurohypophysial fraction is more active than the oxytocic one in increasing water transfer across the bladder wall.
5. The increase in water transfer depends on an intact oxygen supply and sufficient glucose or pyruvate.
6. Iodoacetate, malonate, cyanide, 2–4-dinitrophenol, and bubbling 5% CO2+95% O2 through Ringer's solution inhibit the water transfer in response to neurohypophysial extract.
7. Diamox is only an effective inhibitor at very high concentrations.
8. The possible mechanism of the water transfer is discussed.
CYTOLOGICAL APPEARANCES IN THE NORMAL AND ACTIVATED PARATHYROID OF THE RAT
Authors: LEVER J. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The normal and experimental parathyroid of the rat has been studied as follows: (a) histochemical demonstration of nucleic acids; (b) electron microscopy; (c) cell counts and estimations of gland mass from histological preparations.
2. Within a single cell type cytological variation probably reflects functional differences: at one extreme is a cell with expanded endoplasmic reticulum and swollen mitochondria, contrasting with a cell containing compact mitochondria and unexpanded endoplasmic reticulum.
3. Small parenchymal groups have a common cytology different from other groups.
4. A light-dark cell contrast is not an obvious normal feature, although some cells containing slightly more cytoplasmic 'Palade' granules [Palade, 1955] are consequently more electron opaque than others.
5. A simple compensatory hypertrophy (two-fold by the 7th week) of the remaining gland follows unilateral parathyroidectomy.
6. In the parathyroid activated by phosphate administration or bilateral nephrectomy there is a marked dark-light cell contrast. The dark cell greatly predominates and contains a high cytoplasmic concentration of Palade granules besides an expanded endoplasmic reticulum.
7. There is a marked increase in histochemically demonstrable ribonucleic acid (RNA) (cytoplasmic) in the activated parathyroid, and also an increase in cell size.
8. These observations suggest that a state of increased parathyroid activity is associated with: an absolute increase in number of cytoplasmic Palade granules, an expanded endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondrial swelling, intensification of cytoplasmic RNA staining, and an increase in cell size.
THE ACTION OF DIFFERENT PREPARATIONS OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN ON THE MOUSE OVARY
Authors: LAMOND D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Dose-response data were obtained for five human chorionic gonadotrophin and one pregnant mares' serum preparations, using both the uterine weight and ovarian weight criteria, and employing a single injection technique. A wide range of doses which gave similar log-dose uterine response curves resulted in significantly different log dose-ovarian response curves.
Several possible explanations for the divergent results are presented.
THE EXPERIMENTAL INDUCTION OF SUPERFOETATION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: EDWARDS R. G. , FOWLER RUTH E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Superfoetation has been induced experimentally in the mouse by treating females with gonadotrophins twice within a short period. Successive ovulations resulted from the treatments. After each treatment with gonadotrophins the females were paired with males, or were artificially inseminated, the spermatozoa carrying distinctive gene markers so that the paternity of offspring could be identified. If females were mated after one treatment and artificially inseminated after the other, embryos differing in age by 2½-3 days could develop from conception to birth in the same female. No examples of superfoetation were found when females mated in response to both treatments or when the difference in age of embryos from the first and second treatments was 3½-4 days; few females, however, could be induced to mate in response to each treatment.
In the experiments in which the age difference of the embryos was 2½-3 days, the second treatment with gonadotrophins delayed the transit of the first set of embryos along the uterine tubes. This often resulted in the blastocysts from the first treatment and the recently ovulated pronucleate eggs from the second treatment being found together in the tubes. Both groups of embryos apparently then moved normally along the tubes, implanted in the uterus at or about the same time, and were probably born simultaneously. If the age difference was 3½-4 days, transit of the first set of embryos was not delayed and many of these embryos were destroyed in the uterus.
The incidence of successive ovulations and the response of the female tract to repeated injections of gonadotrophins, the duration of the fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa in the female tract, aspects of sperm transport, and the possibility of increasing the incidence of mixed litters are discussed.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF TETRAHYDROCORTICOSTERONE AND OF SOME αβ-UNSATURATED KETONIC COMPOUNDS SIMULATING ADRENAL STEROID METABOLITES IN URINE
Authors: HOLNESS N. J. , GRAY C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The α-ketolic steroid R6, previously described by de Courcy, Bush, Gray & Lunnon [1953], has been identified as tetrahydrocorticosterone. The structures of X6 and some other αβ-unsaturated ketones appearing on chromatograms of urine extracts and giving the Bush soda fluorescence reaction are discussed. Four of these compounds are of exogenous origin and follow the ingestion of citrus fruits.
ROLE OF THE HYPOTHALAMUS IN PITUITARY-THYROID INTERPLAY
Authors: D'ANGELO S. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experimental analysis of the rat's hypothalamic-hypophysial-thyroid system, utilizing stereotaxic, radiometric, histochemical, and bioassay procedures, indicated that electrolytic lesions in the anterior and tuberal portions of the hypothalamus altered thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) secretion in the adenohypophysis and reduced thyroid function (histology and 131I release from the gland). Inhibition of thyroidal radio-iodine release was found within 2 weeks after hypothalamic destruction and was greater in rats which became obese. Significant reduction in titres of circulating TSH also occurred. TSH concentration in the smaller pituitaries of animals in which lesions had been made remained normal, but total hormonal stores decreased.
Thyroxine and triiodothyronine suppressed markedly and equally TSH secretion in the adenohypophyses of operated and intact rats; triiodothyronine was more potent (about 5:1). Hypothalamic damage did not prevent the re-accumulation of TSH in pituitaries previously depleted of their hormone by propylthiouracil; pituitary TSH concentrations rebounded to supranormal levels, but titres in blood decreased to subnormal values. The physiological and histochemical changes induced in the adenohypophyses of rats with lesions strongly implicated the basophils (β cells) in the genesis of TSH. All anterior pituitary cell types were affected in hypothalamic deficiency, but only the β basophils persisted when TSH stores were high, or disappeared when the pituitary was depleted of TSH with exogenous thyroid hormone.
The experimental results indicated that the hypothalamus modulates the activity of the pituitary-thyroid system by influencing production and release of TSH by the pituitary. Hypothalamic regulation of TSH secretion exists for normal conditions as well as for those situations in which enhanced TSH secretion is required. The maintenance of abundant TSH reserves in the adenohypophysis, their depletion after thyroid hormone, and their re-accumulation after goitrogen withdrawal, nevertheless revealed: (1) that the 'isolated' rat pituitary possesses a good measure of autonomous TSH function; (2) that thyroid hormone can act directly on the adenohypophysis independently of the hypothalamus; and (3) that the basic thyroid-pituitary servomechanism is systemically controlled by circulatory levels of thyroid hormone and is not under neural domination.
THE RELATIONSHIP OF HYPERGLYCAEMIA TO HYPERLIPAEMIA AND KETONAEMIA IN DEPANCREATIZED BABOONS (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: GILLMAN J. , GILBERT CHRISTINE , ALLAN J. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of pancreatectomy on the blood sugar and on the serum lipids and ketone bodies has been examined in fifteen male baboons while receiving insulin as well as during periods of insulin deprivation. In insulin-treated baboons, a daily hyperglycaemia, alternating with periods of reduced blood-sugar concentration, was not associated with the development of a lipaemia. During insulin withdrawal, it was shown that (1) hyperlipaemia, cholesterolaemia, phospholipaemia and ketonaemia developed consistently in all baboons; (2) hyperglycaemia preceded lipaemia by 24–48 hr; (3) the triglycerides were the most sensitive fraction of the serum lipids, largely accounting for the initial lipaemia following insulin deprivation and showing the most rapid decline during the 24 hr following the re-administration of insulin; and (4) insulin exerted a transitory action on the blood sugar but a more prolonged one on the serum lipids. It is suggested that this differential action of insulin on the blood sugar and on the blood fats might assist in interpreting the seeming inconsistency between the severity of the diabetes and the observed levels of the blood fats in man.
No direct relationship could be established between the severity of the lipaemia or of the hyperglycaemia and the severity of the ketosis in insulin-deprived, depancreatized baboons. It is suggested that the wide variations in the levels of the serum lipids and of the ketone bodies following insulin withdrawal are indicative of subtle individual differences in the relative intensity of activity of the endocrine glands, particularly the adrenal cortex, the thyroid and the pituitary, in each baboon at any given moment.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTROGENS, PREGNANEDIOL AND GONADOTROPHINS DURING THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Authors: BROWN J. B. , KLOPPER A. , LORAINE J. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The urinary excretion of oestrogens, pregnanediol and pituitary gonadotrophins has been studied throughout nine ovulatory menstrual cycles.
2. The pattern of hormone excretion was relatively constant from one individual to another, but the actual amounts excreted varied considerably in different individuals.
3. In none of the subjects studied did the mid-cycle peak in gonadotrophin precede the oestrogen peak.
4. The increase in urinary pregnanediol during the luteal phase occurred at the same time as or just before the rise in basal temperature and 1–4 days after the oestrogen peak.
5. There was no correlation between the amounts of oestrogens and pregnanediol excreted during the luteal phase of the cycle.
6. When gonadotrophin assays were conducted by the mouse uterus test and that depending on the prostate of the hypophysectomized rat, the results obtained agreed very closely at all stages of the cycle.
7. In one subject a marked rise in gonadotrophin output was observed as early as 9 days after a successful artificial insemination.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE FERTILITY AND OTHER CHARACTERISTICS OF DEEP-FROZEN BULL SEMEN
Authors: MARTIN I. , EMMENS C. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The fertility of twelve types of deep-frozen bull semen was investigated in a factorial test involving 1469 first-service cows. Factors examined were dilution rate (30, 20 and 13·3 million spermatozoa/ml., using 1 ml. per insemination), sugar in the diluent (fructose or arabinose) and equilibration time (1 hr or 18 hr). Only the last-named had a significant effect on fertility, 1 hr of equilibration yielding semen of somewhat lower fertility than 18 hr (58·4 v. 65·3% of non-returns to service at 3 months).
The seminal motility and revival rate were also studied in stored samples. Motility was affected by the sugar used and by dilution, but not by equilibration time. The revival rate was affected only by equilibration time, but all such effects were small.
THE RESPONSE OF THE MAMMARY GLAND OF THE MALE MOUSE TO PROGESTERONE AND HUMAN MAMMOTROPHIC SUBSTANCES
Authors: SCOWEN E. F. , HADFIELD J. , DONATH E. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. Five strains of mice primarily insensitive to mammotrophic substances in human urine and anterior pituitary gland were all equally sensitive to the mammotrophic action of progesterone. The sensitive Strong A 2 strain also reacted to progesterone. The reaction in this strain was somewhat enhanced when compared with the other five strains.
2. Two insensitive strains became responsive to the human mammotrophic substances after treatment with progesterone. The response to human whole anterior pituitary substance after progesterone was present and enhanced in the sensitive Strong A 2 strain.
3. A preparation of human growth hormone produced a mammotrophic response in the mouse similar to that of human whole pituitary. Within the limits of the experiment the major mammotrophic potency of the pituitary appeared to be extracted in the growth hormone fraction.
THE INFLUENCE OF ACTH AND CORTISOL UPON SKIN HOMOGRAFTS IN THE RAT
Authors: HAMER J. D. , KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Homografts of skin exchanged between two strains of rat survive for an average of 8·8 days.
Survival time is increased to 14·1 days by the daily administration (beginning on the day following operation) of 4·0 mg cortisol, but 2 i.u. ACTH (Cortrophin 'Z') daily has no effect (survival time = 9·0 days).
If, however, treatment with ACTH is begun 28 days before operation the homografts survive for 17 days (Cortrophin 'Z') and for 11·4 days (Acthar gel).
The normal processes of wound repair are slowed down in proportion to the influence of treatment on the immunity reaction.
The results conform to the view that prolonged treatment with ACTH alters the ratio of cortisol/corticosterone secreted by the adrenal cortex.
OBSERVATIONS ON PSEUDOPREGNANCY IN THE MOUSE
Authors: DEWAR A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
From 20 to 50% of sexually mature female mice, grouped together in large cages but isolated from males since weaning, were found to be pseudopregnant as indicated by abeyance of oestrus, vaginal mucification, weight changes and mammary development. Such 'extra-coital' pseudopregnancies occurred independently of experimental handling in grouped females but were also observed, although much less frequently, in isolated mice subjected to daily examination.
The duration of pseudopregnancy was found to be longer and much more variable than has previously been suggested.
THE EFFECTS OF IONIC CHANGES ON WATER TRANSFER ACROSS THE ISOLATED URINARY BLADDER OF THE TOAD BUFO MARINUS
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effects of ionic changes in the bath fluids on water transfer across an in vitro preparation of the urinary bladder of the toad Bufo marinus were investigated.
2. Calcium was necessary to maintain the normal low permeability of the bladder to water in the absence of Pituitrin. Magnesium, strontium and manganese but not barium could substitute for calcium.
3. With low concentration of calcium there was a reduction in the water transfer across the bladder wall in response to Pituitrin and no other divalent ion could substitute for calcium.
4. Exclusion of potassium from the serosal side of the bladder reduced the water transfer in the presence of Pituitrin. Increase in potassium concentration above normal levels also inhibited the response to hormone. When no Pituitrin was present there was no change in water loss from the bladder with alterations in potassium concentration. Absence of potassium from the epithelial side of the bladder had no effect whether Pituitrin was present or not.
5. The presence of sodium on the epithelial side increased the water transfer in response to Pituitrin and neither lithium, choline nor potassium could substitute for it. Replacement of 50% of the sodium chloride on the serosal side of the bladder by choline chloride decreased the water transfer in response to Pituitrin.
EFFECT OF STIMULATION DERIVED FROM OTHER ANIMALS OF THE SAME SPECIES ON OESTROUS CYCLES IN MICE
Authors: LAMOND D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The pattern of mating following the introduction of a male to pairs of female mice was not consistent with an hypothesis of random mating over a 5-day period, as would be expected if the average cycle length were 5 days. The majority of mice mated on the 3rd and 4th days after introduction of the male. The age of the females was shown to significantly affect the distribution of mating and also the length of the gestation period.
2. When female mice were placed in groups of four after having been housed singly, a prolonged dioestrus was shown to occur. This effect was not apparent when a male was included.
3. The period of anoestrus, which normally follows extirpation of the olfactory bulb, was significantly reduced in mice with impaired vision.
4. The results serve to emphasize that the oestrous cycle in the mouse is easily influenced by external factors and that the effect of one factor may be modified by another.