bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How well can we track cohabitation using the sipp? A consideration of direct and inferred measures
Authors: Baughman Reagan , Dickert-Conlin Stacy , Houser Scott 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Cohabitation is an alternative to marriage and to living independently for an increasing number of Americans. Still, research that explores links between living arrangements and economic behavior is limited by a lack of data that explicitly identify cohabiting couples. To aid researchers in using the Survey of Income and Program Participation’s (SIPP) rich data to explore cohabitation issues, we consider direct and inferred measures of cohabitation. We find, first, that the use of inferred definitions (relative to direct measures) in the SIPP is likely to yield higher cohabitation rates in the United States by incorrectly coding roommates as cohabitors. Second, the SIPP (whether by direct or inferred measures) counts a significantly larger number of cohabiting couples than the widely used Current Population Survey (CPS). Third, spells of cohabitation occur less frequently and last longer when a direct measure of cohabitation is used than when either of the two inferred measures of cohabitation is used; ours is the first article to reveal this result.
Are black workers missing the connection? The effect of spatial distance and employee referrals on interfirm racial segregation
Authors: Mouw Ted 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
I use data on the hiring practices and spatial location of firms in four cities to model the process of interfirm racial segregation. When I control for the spatial location of the firm, the use of employee referrals reduced the probability of hiring a black worker by 75% in firms that are less than 10% black. Among all firms, the results suggest that employee referrals are just as important as the geographic location of the firm in generating employment segregation: both increase the predicted level of interfirm racial segregation among blue-collar workers in the cities studied by about 10%.
Fertility and development: evidence from Brazil
Authors: Potter Joseph E. , Schmertmann Carl P. , Cavenaghi Suzana M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing microdata from the Brazilian demographic censuses of 1960, 1970, 1980, and 1991, aggregated into 518 consistently defined spatial units called microregions, we estimated fertility and mortality and constructed indicators of development and living conditions in the rural and urban areas of the microregions in each census. We then estimated cross-sectional and fixed-effects models to answer questions about the degree to which changes in these indicators are associated with changes in fertility and whether the relationship between fertility and development shifts through time. We found strong and consistent relationships between the decline in fertility and measurable changes in social and economic circumstances.
Diversity and change in the institutional context of immigrant adaptation: California schools 1985–2000
Authors: Van Hook Jennifer , Balistreri Kelly Stamper 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article brings attention to a structural dimension of the schooling context that may affect the incorporation of immigrant youths. Using administrative data about students in California public schools, we found that Spanish-speaking, limited English-proficient (LEP) children have become increasingly more likely to attend schools with low-income, minority, and LEP students than other non-LEP and LEP groups. Nearly all the change in school composition can be attributed to statewide shifts in the composition of the school-aged population. But compositional changes have disproportionately occurred in schools attended by Spanish-speaking LEP students as a result of district-level patterns of segregation by income, race/ethnicity, and language.
Explaining trends in child support: Economic, demographic, and policy effects
Authors: Case Anne C. , Lin I-Fen , Mclanahan Sara S. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We use data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics to examine trends in the receipt of child support (and the determinants of trends) between 1968 and 1997. The findings suggest that political, demographic, and economic forces all exerted downward pressure on child-support payments during this 30-year period, with inflation, the shift to unilateral divorce, and declines in fertility and men’s earnings being more important during the earlier years and decreases in men’s earnings being more important during the later years. These negative forces were offset by the passage of new child-support legislation in the 1980s and 1990s, including numeric guidelines, universal withholding, and genetic testing.
Parental leave: The impact of recent legislation on parents’ leave taking
Authors: Han Wen-Jui , Waldfogel Jane 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We use data from the Survey of Income and Program Participation to examine the impact of leave entitlements on unpaid leave usage by men and women after the birth of a child from 1991 to 1999. The results indicate that legislation providing the right to unpaid leave has not affected men’s leave usage. The results for women are mixed: in some specifications, leave entitlements are associated with increased leave taking or longer leaves, but the results depend on how we define leave coverage. Our results point to the limited impact of unpaid leave policies and the potential importance of paid-leave policies.
The joint effects of marriage partners’ socioeconomic positions on the risk of divorce
Authors: Jalovaara Marika 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the joint effects of spouses’ socioeconomic positions on the risk of divorce in Finland. For couples in which both partners were at the lowest educational level, the risk of divorce was lower than could be expected on the basis of the previously documented overall inverse association between each spouse’s education and the risk of divorce. Women who were employed or were homemakers, and who had employed husbands, had comparatively stable marriages; couples in which the husband, the wife, or both partners were unemployed had an elevated risk of divorce. A husband’s high income decreased the risk of divorce, and a wife’s high income increased the risk at all levels of the other spouse’s income, but especially when the wife’s income exceeded the husband’s.
Do children from welfare families obtain less education?
Authors: Ku Inhoe , Plotnick Robert 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In this study, we analyzed whether parents’ receipt of welfare affects children’s educational attainment in early adulthood, independent of its effect through changing family income. We used data from the Panel Study of Income Dynamics with information on parents’ welfare receipt over the first 15 years of childhood. Cross-sectional results show that greater exposure to welfare is significantly associated with children’s poorer educational attainment. Family fixed-effect regressions also indicate a negative effect of exposure to welfare, but its overall pattern is less consistent. Although exposure to welfare in early childhood has no effect, in adolescence and, to a lesser degree, in middle childhood, its effect is often negative.
Cohabiting and marriage during young men’s career-development process
Authors: Oppenheimer Valerie Kincade 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing recently released cohabitation data for the male sample of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, first interviewed in 1979, I conducted multinomial discrete-time event-history analyses of how young men’s career-development process affects both the formation and the dissolution of cohabiting unions. For a substantial proportion of young men, cohabitation seemed to represent an adaptive strategy during a period of career immaturity, whereas marriage was a far more likely outcome for both stably employed cohabitors and noncohabitors alike. Earnings positively affected the entry into either a cohabiting or marital union but exhibited a strong threshold effect. Once the men were in cohabiting unions, however, earnings had little effect on the odds of marrying. Men with better long-run socioeconomic prospects were far more likely to marry from either the noncohabiting or cohabiting state, and this was particularly true for blacks.
Educational attainment and the transition to first marriage among Japanese women
Authors: Raymo James M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractI use data from a large nationally representative survey to examine the relationship between women’s educational attainment and the timing of first marriage in Japan. The results indicate that later marriage for highly educated women primarily reflects longer enrollment in school, that university education is increasingly associated with later and less marriage, and that the trend toward later and less marriage is occurring at all levels of educational attainment. These findings are consistent, albeit weakly, with the argument that higher education should be negatively associated with marriage only in countries in which gender relations make it particularly difficult for women to balance work and family.
Social security, age of retirement, and economic well-being: Intertemporal and demographic patterns among retired-worker beneficiaries
Authors: Haveman Robert , Holden Karen , Wilson Kathryn , Wolfe Barbara 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We examine the economic status of a sample of new recipients of social security retired-worker benefits shortly after their first receipt of benefits (1982) and 10 years later (1991). The probability that these retired-worker beneficiaries were poor or near-poor is positively and strongly associated with their acceptance of early retired-worker benefits. Early retirees, women who remained single, and women who lost their spouses experienced large declines in economic status over the decade following their first receipt of benefits. Although both women and men who first received benefits at younger ages had lower economic status than did those who became beneficiaries at older ages, this retirement age-related disadvantage increased over the decade for women but not for men.
Women’s status and domestic violence in rural Bangladesh: Individual- and community-level effects
Authors: Koenig Michael A. , Ahmed Saifuddin , Hossain Mian Bazle , Mozumder A. B. M. Khorshed Alam 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe explore the determinants of domestic violence in two rural areas of Bangladesh. We found increased education, higher socioeconomic status, non-Muslim religion, and extended family residence to be associated with lower risks of violence. The effects of women’s status on violence was found to be highly context-specific. In the more culturally conservative area, higher individual-level women’s autonomy and short-term membership in savings and credit groups were both associated with significantly elevated risks of violence, and community-level variables were unrelated to violence. In the less culturally conservative area, in contrast, individual-level women’s status indicators were unrelated to the risk of violence, and community-level measures of women’s status were associated with significantly lower risks of violence, presumably by reinforcing nascent normative changes in gender relations.
The reporting of sensitive behavior by adolescents: A methodological experiment in Kenya
Authors: Mensch Barbara S. , Hewett Paul C. , Erulkar Annabel S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDoes audio computer-assisted self-interviewing (ACASI) produce more valid reporting of sexual activity and related behaviors than face-to-face interviews or self-administered interviews? This analysis, based on data collected from over 6,000 unmarried adolescents in two districts of Kenya—Nyeri and Kisumu—indicates substantial and significant differences in reported rates of premarital sex across interview modes, although not always in the expected direction. Our assumption that girls underreport sexual activity in face-to-face interviews by comparison with ACASI is not confirmed by the Nyeri data, but our results from Kisumu are considerably more promising. As for boys, who we believe exaggerate their level of sexual activity in face-to-face interviews, a more nuanced set of expectations regarding the reporting of sensitive behaviors was offered; our results from Kisumu, although not always significant, by and large conform to expectations.
How an earnings supplement can affect union formation among low-income single mothers
Authors: Harknett Kristen , Gennetian Lisa A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractUsing data from an experimental evaluation in two Canadian provinces, we found that offering an earnings supplement to single mothers in place of welfare altered rates of marriage and cohabitation, but that the direction of the effects varied by province. Our findings suggest that research on the relationship between women’s economic well-being and marital decisions at the national level is likely to mask important variation at the local level. After eliminating several explanations for the opposite effects in the two provinces, we propose that local labor markets and local policy contexts are potentially important mediating characteristics of marriage and cohabitation.
Selective gender differences in childhood nutrition and immunization in rural India: The role of siblings
Authors: Pande Rohini P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article examines the role of the sex composition of surviving older siblings on gender differences in childhood nutrition and immunization, using data from the National Family Health Survey, India (1992–1993). Logit and ordered logit models were used for severe stunting and immunization, respectively. The results show selective neglect of children with certain sex and birth-order combinations that operate differentially for girls and boys. Both girls and boys who were born after multiple same-sex siblings experience poor outcomes, suggesting that parents want some balance in sex composition. However, the preference for sons persists, and boys who were born after multiple daughters have the best possible outcomes.
Early origins of the gradient: the relationship between socioeconomic status and infant mortality in the United States
Authors: Finch Brian Karl 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough relationships between social conditions and health have been documented for centuries, the past few decades have witnessed the emergence of socioeconomic gradients in health and mortality in most developed countries. These gradients indicate that health improves, although decreasingly so, at higher levels of socioeconomic status. To minimize problems with reverse causality, I tested competing hypotheses for observed socioeconomic gradients for infant mortality outcomes. I found no support for the income-inequality hypothesis and negligible support for the occupational-grade hypothesis. The results indicate that absolute material conditions are the most important determinants of socioeconomic effects on the risk of infant mortality and that while poverty has the most pronounced effect on risk, income is decreasingly salutary across the majority of the mortality gradient.
Rethinking the “early” decline of marital fertility in the united states
Authors: Hacker J. David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this article, I rely on new estimates of nineteenth-century mortality and the Integrated Public Use Microdata Series to construct new estimates of white fertility in the nineteenth-century United States. Unlike previous estimates that showed a long-term decline in overall fertility beginning at or before the turn of the nineteenth century, the new estimates suggest that U.S. fertility did not begin its secular decline until circa 1840. Moreover, new estimates of white marital fertility, based on “own-children” methods, suggest that the decline in marital fertility did not begin in the nation as a whole until after the Civil War (1861–1865).
Modeling momentum in gradual demographic transitions
Authors: Schoen Robert , Jonsson Stefan Hrafn 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The analysis of population momentum following a gradual decline in fertility to replacement level provides valuable insights into prospects for future population growth. Here, we extend recent work in the area by applying a new form of the quadratic hyperstable (QH) model, which relates exponentially changing fertility to the resultant exponentiated quadratic birth sequence. Modeling gradual transitions from an initial stable population to an ultimate stationary population indicates that such declines in fertility increase momentum by a product of two factors. The first factor is a previously noted continuation of stable growth for half the period of decline. The second is a not previously appreciated offsetting factor that reflects the interaction between the decline in fertility, the changing age pattern of fertility, and the changing age composition of the population. Numerical examples using both hypothetical and actual populations demonstrate that for declines of any length, the product of the two factors yields momentum values that closely agree with the results of population projections. The QH model can examine monotonic transitions between any two sets of constant vital rates. As a generalization of the fixed-rate stable model, it has great potential value in numerous areas of demographic analysis.
"Une Babylone Noire": Interracial Unions in Colonial Libreville, c. 1860-1914
Authors: Rich Jeremy (Jeremy McMaster) 
Published: February 2007

Capitale de la colonie franÃ§aise du Gabon, Libreville
devenait fameuse au dix-neuviÃ¨me siÃ¨cle pour
sa quantitÃ© Ã©levÃ©e d'unions mixtes
europÃ©ennes-africaines. Puisant dans les craintes de
proximitÃ© de cultures diverses et dans les idÃ©es de
dÃ©gÃ©nÃ©ration qui vont naÃ®tre en Europe Ã
cette Ã©poque, les europÃ©ens au Gabon dÃ©ployaient
des clichÃ©s d'une promiscuitÃ© des femmes Mpongwes ou
d'influences Ã©trangÃ¨res corruptrices pour dÃ©crire
les relations sexuelles Ã travers les frontiÃ¨res
raciales Ã Libreville. Les membres de diffÃ©rentes
communautÃ©s indigÃ¨nes et Ã©trangÃ¨res se
sont servis de l'image dÃ©favorable des maÃ®tresses Mpongwes
afin de critiquer Ã la fois le statut moral les uns des autres
et l'idÃ©e d'assimilation des Africains Ã la culture
et la religion europÃ©ennes. Ils l'ont aussi utilisÃ©e
Ã dÃ©rider les femmes africaines elles-mÃªmes. Les
histoires de la vie de deux femmes, Anyentyuwa et Marie Ndar, mettent en
Ã©vidence la diversitÃ© de motifs et de pratiques dans les
relations sexuelles interraciales: de l'exploitation et de la pression
familiale jusqu' au choix indÃ©pendant et une liaison avantageuse
pour les deux partenaires. Les histoires des deux femmes reflÃ¨tent
des tensions parmi les missionnaires sur le sujet d'assimilation,
mais elles tÃ©moignent Ã©galement de la complexitÃ©
d'interactions et d'auto-reprÃ©sentations que les femmes de
Libreville ont employÃ©es dans leurs nÃ©gociations avec les
discours coloniaux de race et de sexe.
The Love of God and the Radical Enlightenment: Mary Astell's Brush with Spinoza
Authors: Ellenzweig Sarah 
Published: February 2007

The essay argues that Mary Astell’s support of the theocentric philosophy of Nicolas Malebranche embroiled her in the fray of anti-Spinozism in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth century. Because of her dawning awareness of contemporaries’ associations of Malebranche’s occasionalism with the Spinozist doctrine of one substance, Astell retracted her previous endorsement of this theory in 1694. When contemporaries briefly turned the accusation of Spinozism against Locke and his followers in the early 1700s, however, Astell felt free to return to a support of Malebranche.
Afro-Mexican Slave Labor in the Obrajes de Paños of New Spain, Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Proctor Frank T. 
Published: February 2007

On April 5, 1723, Juan Joseph de Porras, a mulatto slave laboring in anobraje de paños(woolen textile mill) near Mexico City, appeared before the Holy Office of the Inquisition for blasphemy. According to the testimony of six slaves, including Porras’ wife, while his co-workers prepared to bed down for the night in the obraje Porras had blasphemed over a beating he had received from themayordomo(overseer) earlier in the day. Señor Pedregal, the owner of the obraje, testified that Porras was one of nearly thirty workers, all Afro-Mexican slaves or convicts, who lived and labored in his obraje without the freedom to leave.The case against Juan Joseph de Porras and dozens of others like it in the Mexican archives raise important questions, not only about the makeup of the colonial obraje labor force, but also about the importance of Afro-Mexican slavery in the middle of the colonial period. Was the Pedregal labor force, composed entirely of slaves and convicts, the exception or the rule within obrajes of New Spain? If it was not exceptional, how important were slaves to that obraje and others like it? What exactly was the demographic makeup of the obraje labor force in the middle of the colonial period? And, how might the answers to those questions change our understanding of the histories of labor and slavery in colonial Mexico?
Green by Choice? Cross-National Variations in Firms' Responses to EMS-Based Environmental Regimes
Authors: Kollman Kelly , Prakash Aseem 
Published: February 2007

Environmental Management Systems (EMSS) represent a new generation of voluntary “beyond compliance” environmental policies that neither set substantive goals nor specify final outcomes. As a result, many stakeholder groups are lukewarm toward them. Since 1993 two major supranational EMSs—ISO 14001 and the European Union's Environmental Management and Audit Scheme (EMAS)—have been introduced. Firms receive formal accreditation after their EMS has been certified by outside verifiers. This accreditation can potentially bestow monetary and nonmonetary benefits on these firms.Firm-level EMS adoption patterns in the United Kingdom, Germany, and the United States vary, thereby suggesting that national contexts influence firms' responses to them. In Germany and the U.K. a significant number of sites have become either ISO 14001 or EMAS certified, while the take-up of ISO 14001 in the U.S. (EMAS is available only to European sites) has been less enthusiastic.This article begins with the hypothesis that firms in countries with adversarial economies— where regulators and business are on less than friendly terms—are less likely to adopt EMS-based programs. This hypothesis explains why ISO 14001 take-up has been relatively high in the U.K. and relatively low in the U.S. However, it cannot explain (1) the high rate of take-up of both ISO 14001 and EMAS in Germany, where the stringency of environmental legislation has been a contentious issue between the government and industry and (2) why EMAS has been more popular in Germany than in the U.K. This article argues that the original hypothesis, while largely correct, is underspecified. To better explain the cross-national differences in EMS adoption, one must take into account the type of adversarial economy (adversarial legalism versus prescriptive interventionism) and the nature of the policy regime (procedural versus substantive).