bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To what extent might N2 limit dive performance in king penguins?
Authors: Fahlman A. , Schmidt A. , Jones D. R. , Bostrom B. L. , Handrich Y. 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARY
A mathematical model was used to explore if elevated levels of N2, and risk of decompression sickness (DCS), could limit dive performance (duration and depth) in king penguins (Aptenodytes patagonicus). The model allowed prediction of blood and tissue (central circulation, muscle, brain and fat) N2 tensions(PN2) based on different cardiac outputs and blood flow distributions. Estimated mixed venous PN2 agreed with values observed during forced dives in a compression chamber used to validate the assumptions of the model. During bouts of foraging dives, estimated mixed venous and tissue PN2 increased as the bout progressed. Estimated mean maximum mixed venous PN2 upon return to the surface after a dive was 4.56±0.18 atmospheres absolute (ATA;range: 4.37–4.78 ATA). This is equivalent to N2 levels causing a 50% DCS incidence in terrestrial animals of similar mass. Bout termination events were not associated with extreme mixed venous N2levels. Fat PN2 was positively correlated with bout duration and the highest estimated fat PN2occurred at the end of a dive bout. The model suggested that short and shallow dives occurring between dive bouts help to reduce supersaturation and thereby DCS risk. Furthermore, adipose tissue could also help reduce DCS risk during the first few dives in a bout by functioning as a sink to buffer extreme levels of N2.
Interdependence of Ca2+ and proton movements in trout hepatocytes
Authors: Ahmed Khaled H. , Pelster Bernd 
Published: September 2007

SUMMARYThis study was undertaken to investigate possible interrelationships between Ca2+ homeostasis and pH regulation in trout hepatocytes. Exposure of cells to Ca2+ mobilizing agents ionomycin (0.5 μmol l–1) and thapsigargin (0.1 μmol l–1)induced an increase in intracellular pH (pHi) that was dependent on Ca2+ influx from the extracellular medium as well as Ca2+ release from intracellular pools. Surprisingly, this increase in pHi and intracellular Ca2+ concentration,[Ca2+]i, was not accompanied by any change in proton secretion. By contrast, removal of extracellular Ca2+(Ca2+e) using EGTA (0.5 mmol l–1)briefly increased proton secretion rate with no apparent effect on pHi, while chelation of Ca2+i using BAPTA-AM (25 μmol l–1) resulted in a drop in pHi and a sustained increase in proton secretion rate. [Ca2+]i therefore affected intracellular proton distribution and/or proton production and also affected the distribution of protons across the cell membrane. Accordingly, changes in pHi were not always compensated for by proton secretion across the cell membrane.Alteration in pHe below and above normal values induced a slow,continuous increase in [Ca2+]i with a tendency to stabilize upon exposure to high pHe values. Rapid pHi increase induced by NH4Cl was accompanied by an elevation in[Ca2+]i from both extracellular and intracellular compartments. Ca2+e appeared to be involved in pHi regulation following NH4Cl-induced alkalinization whereas neither removal of Ca2+e nor chelation of Ca2+i affected pHi recovery following Na-propionate exposure. Similarly, [Ca2+]i increase induced by hypertonicity appeared to be a consequence of the changes in pHi as Na-free medium as well as cariporide diminished the hypertonicity-induced increase in[Ca2+]i. These results imply that a compensatory relationship between changes in pHi and proton secretion across cell plasma membrane is not always present. Consequently, calculating proton extrusion from buffering capacity and rate of pHi change cannot be taken as an absolute alternative for measuring proton secretion rate, at least in response to Ca2+ mobilizing agents.
ISIS 301012 Gene Therapy for Hypercholesterolemia: Sense, Antisense, or Nonsense?
Authors: Ito Matthew K 
Published: September 2007

Objective: To present an overview of antisense technology and to review and assess available literature on the chemistry, pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, drug interactions, preclinical and clinical studies, dosing, and adverse events of ISIS 301012 in the treatment of hyperlipidemia. Data Sources: PubMed database searches were conducted from 1966 to May 2007 using the search terms ISIS 301012. antisense, oligonucleotide, hypercholesterolemia. hyperlipidemia, and apolipoprotein B. Bibliographies of relevant review articles and information from the manufacturer were reviewed for additional references. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Available English-language literature, including abstracts, preclinical, and clinical trials, review articles, and scientific presentations were examined. Data Synthesis: Apolipoprotein B is an important structural protein on the surface of atherogenic lipoproteins such as remnant very-low-density lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein and facilitates the clearance of these particles from the circulation by binding to the low-density lipoprotein receptor. Overproduction of apolipoprotein B or reduced receptor-mediated clearance of lipoproteins leads to elevaled serum cholesterol levels and premature atherosclerosis. ISIS 301012 is an antisense oligonucleotide that inhibits apolipoprotein B production by binding directly to and reducing the expression of apolipoprotein B messenger RNA. In a clinical trial, ISIS 301012 50–400 mg administered weekly via subcutaneous injection (or 4 weeks reduced apolipoprotein B by 14.3–47.4% and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol by 5.9–40% al 55 days. The most frequent adverse event was injection-site erythema that resotved spontaneously. Studies are ongoing to further define the safety, efficacy, and pharmacokinetics of ISIS 301012 as add-on therapy in patients with heterozygous and homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. No pharmacokinetic interactions have been demonstrated with ezetimibe and simvastatin. Conclusions: ISIS 301012 is the first agent to enter clinical trials utilizing an antisense mechanism for reducing the production of apolipoprotein B. Further studies are needed to verify its safety, efficacy, and position of therapy in the dyslipidemic patient.
Molecular evidence forChondrophycus poiteauivar.gemmiferuscomb. etstat. nov. (Ceramiales, Rhodophyta) from the Mexican Caribbean Sea: implications for the taxonomy of theLaurenciacomplex
Authors: Díaz-Larrea Jhoana , Sentíes Abel , Fujii Mutue T. , Pedroche Francisco F. , Oliveira Mariana C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMolecular studies were carried out onChondrophycus gemmiferusandC. poiteaui(Rhodomelaceae) from the Mexican Caribbean Sea. These species are morphologically related, but differ mainly in the presence of the apiculate projection of epidermal cells near the apices of branches. Both species belong toChondrophycus,as indicated by the presence of two periaxial cells per axial segment and a 90° arrangement of tetrasporangia, but share characteristics withLaurenciaspecies (e.g., presence of secondary pit connections between adjacent epidermal cells). The phylogenetic position of these species was inferred by an analysis of chloroplast-encodedrbcL gene sequences of 21 taxa, using two members of the Rhodomelaceae and two of the Ceramiaceae as outgroups. The results corroborate the taxonomy of theLaurenciacomplex, which comprises the generaLaurencia, ChondrophycusandOsmundea, and indicate thatrbcL provides an adequate phylogenetic signal to study the intergeneric and interspecific relationships within the complex. In spite of this, relationships within the clade formed byC. gemmiferusandC. poiteauiwere not resolved by any analysis because of the low level of genetic variation between theirrbcL sequences (0.01–0.02%). On the basis of both molecular data and morphological similarities, we concluded thatC. gemmiferusshould be considered as a variety ofC. poiteauiand the following new combination is proposed:Chondrophycus poiteauivar.gemmiferus(Harvey) comb. etstat. nov.
Southern Harmony: Catholic-Protestant Relations in the Antebellum South
Authors: Stern Andrew 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis essay seeks to recover the experiences of Catholics in the antebellum South by focusing on their relations with Protestants. It argues that, despite incidents of animosity, many southern Protestants accepted and supported Catholics, and Catholics integrated themselves into southern society while maintaining their distinct religious identity. Catholic–Protestant cooperation was most clear in the public spaces the two groups shared. Protestants funded Catholic churches, schools, and hospitals, while Catholics also contributed to Protestant causes. Beyond financial support, each group participated in the institutions created by the other. Catholics and Protestants worshipped in each other's churches, studied in each other's schools, and recovered or died in each other's hospitals. This essay explores a series of hypotheses for the cooperation. It argues that Protestants valued Catholic contributions to southern society; it contends that effective Catholic leaders demonstrated the compatibility of Catholicism and American ideals and institutions; and it examines Catholic attitudes towards slavery as a ground for religious harmony. Catholics proved themselves to be useful citizens, true Americans, and loyal Southerners, and their Protestant neighbors approvingly took note. Catholic–Protestant cooperation complicates the dominant historiographical view of interreligious animosity and offers a model of religious pluralism in an unexpected place and time.
Chondrogenic Potential of Human Adult Mesenchymal Stem Cells Is Independent of Age or Osteoarthritis Etiology
Authors: Scharstuhl Alwin , Schewe Bernhard , Benz Karin , Gaissmaier Christoph , Bühring Hans-Jörg , Stoop Reinout 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease strongly correlated with history of joint trauma, joint dysplasia, and advanced age. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are promising cells for biological cartilage regeneration. Conflicting data have been published concerning the availability of MSCs from the iliac crest, depending on age and overall physical fitness. Here, we analyzed whether the availability and chondrogenic differentiation capacity of MSCs isolated from the femoral shaft as an alternative source is age- or OA etiology-dependent. MSCs were isolated from the bone marrow (BM) of 98 patients, categorized into three OA-etiology groups (age-related, joint trauma, joint dysplasia) at the time of total hip replacement. All BM samples were characterized for cell yield, proliferation capacity, and phenotype. Chondrogenic differentiation was studied using micromass culture and analyzed by histology, immunohistochemistry, and quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Significant volumes of viable BM (up to 25 ml) could be harvested from the femoral shaft without observing donor-site morbidity, typically containing &gt;107 mononuclear cells per milliliter. No correlation of age or OA etiology with the number of mononuclear cells in BM, MSC yield, or cell size was found. Proliferative capacity and cellular spectrum of the harvested cells were independent of age and cause of OA. From all tested donors, MSCs could be differentiated into the chondrogenic lineage. We conclude that, irrespective of age and OA etiology, sufficient numbers of MSCs can be isolated and that these cells possess an adequate chondrogenic differentiation potential. Therefore, a therapeutic application of MSCs for cartilage regeneration of OA lesions seems feasible.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Ground improvement solutions for motorway widening schemes and new highway embankment construction over soft ground
Authors: Serridge C. J. , Synac O. 
Published: September 2007

Over recent years both motorway/highway widening and new highway construction schemes have become increasingly fast track and complex. As such it is not always possible to permit sufficient time within the construction programme to allow settlement to occur for new embankments, particularly over soft ground, without some form of ground improvement. Some important steps in achieving successful ground improvement implementation are: adequate geotechnical site investigation; an appropriate design and review process; consideration of the interfacing of different ground improvement techniques; preliminary trials; monitoring, testing and quality control. Dependent upon the soil profile and geometry, this can be achieved in critical zones using a combination of ground improvement techniques such as vibro concrete columns (VCCs), vibro stone columns (VSCs) and vertical band drains (VBDs), to control settlements and also smooth out the settlement profile on the approach to rigid (piled) bridge abutments to ensure acceptable vehicle ride quality and reduce maintenance. These aspects are discussed, based upon ground improvement experiences on recent motorway widening and new highway construction schemes over soft ground in the UK. Au cours des dernières années, les projets d'élargissement des grands axes routiers et de construction de nouveaux grands axes sont devenus de plus en plus «urgents» et toujours plus complexes. En conséquence, il n'est pas toujours possible de disposer de délais suffisants, dans le programme de construction, pour permettre le tassement de nouveaux talus, en particulier sur des sols boulants, sans une certaine bonification du sol. Parmi les mesures importantes permettant de réaliser un renforcement réussi du sol, on indiquera les suivantes: recherches géotechniques adéquates sur le site; méthode appropriée d'étude et de révision; examen de l'interface entre différentes techniques de bonification du sol; essais préliminaires; contrôles, essais et contrôle de la qualité. En fonction du profil et de la géométrie du sol, ceci peut être réalisé, dans des zones critiques, avec une combinaison de techniques de bonification du sol, comme les colonnes vibrobéton (VCC), les colonne de vibro-pierre (VSC) et les drains à bande verticale (VBD) pour suivre l'affaissement et réduire les profils d'affaissement à proximité de la culée de ponts rigides (sur piles) afin d'assurer la qualité acceptable de la circulation automobile et la réduction de l'entretien. Ces aspects sont discutés sur la base des expériences de bonification des sols réalisées récemment dans le cadre de l'élargissement d'autoroutes et de projets de construction de nouveaux grands axes routiers sur des terrains boulants, au Royaume-Uni
Acute silver toxicity in the euryhaline copepodAcartia tonsa: Influence of salinity and food
Authors: Pedroso Mariana Saia , Bersano José Guilherme Filho , Bianchini Adalto 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe euryhaline copepod Acartia tonsa was exposed to silver (AgNO3) in either the absence or the presence of food (diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii; 2 × 104 cells/ml). Standard static-renewal toxicity tests that included a fixed photoperiod of 16: 8 h light:dark and temperature (20°C) were run in three different salinities (5, 15, and 30 ppt) together with measurements of pH, ions (Na+, Cl−, K+, SO2−4, Mg2+, and Ca2+), alkalinity, dissolved organic carbon, and total and dissolved (0.45 μm) silver concentrations in the experimental media. In the absence of food, the 48-h EC50 (concentration causing effect to 50% of the individuals tested) values based on total and dissolved silver concentrations were 11.6, 87.2, and 163.2 μg Ag/L and 7.1, 79.2, and 154.6 μg Ag/L at salinities 5, 15, and 30 ppt, respectively. In the presence of food, they were 62.1, 98.5, and 238.4 μg Ag/L and 48.4, 52.3, and 190.9 μg Ag/L, respectively. In all experimental conditions, most of the toxic silver fraction was in the dissolved phase, regardless of salinity or the presence of food in the water. In either the absence or the presence of food, acute silver toxicity was salinity dependent, decreasing as salinity increased. Data indicate that changes in water chemistry can account for the differences in acute silver toxicity in the absence of food, but not in the presence of food, suggesting that A. tonsa requires extra energy to cope with the stressful conditions imposed by acute silver exposure and ionoregulatory requirements in low salinities. These findings indicate the need for incorporation of both salinity and food (organic carbon) in a future biotic ligand model (BLM) version for estuarine and marine conditions, which could be validated and calibrated using the euryhaline copepod A. tonsa.
Acute and chronic toxicity of glyphosate compounds to glochidia and juveniles of Lampsilis siliquoidea (unionidae)
Authors: Bringolf Robert B. , Cope W. Gregory , Mosher Shad , Barnhart M. Chris , Shea Damian 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Native freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) are among the most imperiled faunal groups in the world. Factors contributing to the decline of mussel populations likely include pesticides and other aquatic contaminants; however, there is a paucity of data regarding the toxicity of even the most globally distributed pesticides, including glyphosate, to mussels. Therefore, the toxicity of several forms of glyphosate, its formulations, and a surfactant (MON 0818) used in several glyphosate formulations was determined for early life stages of Lampsilis siliquoidea, a native freshwater mussel. Acute and chronic toxicity tests were performed with a newly established American Society of Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard guide for conducting toxicity tests with freshwater mussels. Roundup®, its active ingredient, the technical-grade isopropylamine (IPA) salt of glyphosate, IPA alone, and MON 0818 (the surfactant in Roundup formulations) were each acutely toxic to L. siliquoidea glochidia. MON 0818 was most toxic of the compounds tested and the 48-h median effective concentration (0.5 mg/L) for L. siliquoidea glochidia is the lowest reported for any aquatic organism tested to date. Juvenile L. siliquoidea were also acutely sensitive to MON 0818, Roundup, glyphosate IPA salt, and IPA alone. Technical-grade glyphosate and Aqua Star® were not acutely toxic to glochidia or juveniles. Ranking of relative chronic toxicity of the glyphosate-related compounds to juvenile mussels was similar to the ranking of relative acute toxicity to juveniles. Growth data from chronic tests was largely inconclusive. In summary, these results indicate that L. siliquoidea, a representative of the nearly 300 freshwater mussel taxa in North America, is among the most sensitive aquatic organisms tested to date with glyphosate-based chemicals and the surfactant MON 0818.
Acute toxicity of copper, ammonia, and chlorine to glochidia and juveniles of freshwater mussels (unionidae)
Authors: Wang Ning , Ingersoll Christopher G. , Hardesty Douglas K. , Ivey Christopher D. , Kunz James L. , May Thomas W. , Dwyer F. James , Roberts Andy D. , Augspurger Tom , Kane Cynthia M. , Neves Richard J. , Barnhart M. Chris 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The objective of the present study was to determine acute toxicity of copper, ammonia, or chlorine to larval (glochidia) and juvenile mussels using the recently published American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Standard guide for conducting laboratory toxicity tests with freshwater mussels. Toxicity tests were conducted with glochidia (24- to 48-h exposures) and juveniles (96-h exposures) of up to 11 mussel species in reconstituted ASTM hard water using copper, ammonia, or chlorine as a toxicant. Copper and ammonia tests also were conducted with five commonly tested species, including cladocerans (Daphnia magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia; 48-h exposures), amphipod (Hyalella azteca; 48-h exposures), rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss; 96-h exposures), and fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas; 96-h exposures). Median effective concentrations (EC50s) for commonly tested species were &gt;58 μg Cu/L (except 15 μg Cu/L for C. dubia) and &gt;13 mg total ammonia N/L, whereas the EC50s for mussels in most cases were &lt;45 μg Cu/L or &lt;12 mg N/L and were often at or below the final acute values (FAVs) used to derive the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 1996 acute water quality criterion (WQC) for copper and 1999 acute WQC for ammonia. However, the chlorine EC50s for mussels generally were &gt;40 μg/L and above the FAV in the WQC for chlorine. The results indicate that the early life stages of mussels generally were more sensitive to copper and ammonia than other organisms and that, including mussel toxicity data in a revision to the WQC, would lower the WQC for copper or ammonia. Furthermore, including additional mussel data in 2007 WQC for copper based on biotic ligand model would further lower the WQC.
Are songbirds at risk from lead at small arms ranges? An application of the spatially explicit exposure model
Authors: Johnson Mark S. , Wickwire Ward Theodore , Quinn Michael J. , Ziolkowski David J. , Burmistrov Dima , Menzie Charles A. , Geraghty Ciaran , Minnich Michael , Parsons Patrick J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractUse of small arms during training is an important activity associated with the development and proficiency of soldiers. These weapons traditionally have used copper-jacketed lead projectiles; the copper facilitates the oxidation of the metallic lead resulting in more mobile oxides and carbonates. Consequently, many ranges at installations have high soil concentrations of lead. Many of these ranges are no longer used and have become habitat for wildlife. To address the potential for adverse effects from lead exposure in songbirds, we compared the outputs of traditional deterministic exposure models with a spatial model and compared the results of both with blood-lead levels from songbird species at two small arms range complexes. An integrative data collection procedure was used and incorporated into the spatially explicit exposure model (SEEM) for two small arms range sites. Site-specific data were used to refine model input parameters. These data included lead soil concentrations, analysis of lead concentrations in nestling food items, acid-insoluble ash content of feces (to estimate soil ingestion), location and mapping of singing males, and nest site location and characteristics. Territorial males also were spot-mapped to determine likelihood of breeding activity. Modeled estimates of risk were compared with blood and feather lead levels of adults and nestlings. Overall, edge species had higher blood-lead concentrations; however, most had concentrations below subclinical effect levels. Conventional deterministic methods produced risk estimates exceeding 10-fold the highest SEEM estimates. The spatially explicit exposure model provided good agreement with field observations and therefore produced more accurate risk estimates. The present study provides support for the application of spatial methods over conventional deterministic methods.