bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutaneous fungal granuloma in a horse
Authors: Schwarz Bianca , Burford John , Knottenbelt Derek 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis case report describes a 4‐year‐old‐horse with two cutaneous masses on the right crest of the neck. Biopsy revealed chronic nodular pyogranulomatous dermatitis and panniculitis. Giemsa and periodic acid‐Schiff stains showed focal spherical, yeast‐like organisms. A diagnosis of cutaneous fungal granuloma was made. The size of the masses decreased after oral treatment with fluconazole for 10 days combined with potassium iodide for 30 days, and the remaining masses were excised by laser. Lesions did not recur at the site. Fungal granuloma should be considered as a differential diagnosis in horses with cutaneous or subcutaneous nodules. A definitive diagnosis can only be achieved by histopathological examination or by culture of the affected tissue.
Seed Composition, Seedling Emergence and Early Seedling Vigour of Red Kidney Bean Seed Produced at Elevated Temperature and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Thomas J. M. G. , Prasad P. V. V. , Boote K. J. , Allen Jr L. H. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUnderstanding the influence of growth temperature and carbon dioxide (CO2) on seed quality in terms of seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and early seedling vigour is important under present and future climates. The objective of this study was to determine the combined effects of elevated temperature and CO2 during seed‐filling of parent plants on seed composition, subsequent seedling emergence and seedling vigour of red kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). Plants of cultivar ‘Montcalm’, were grown at daytime maximum/nighttime minimum sinusoidal temperature regimes of 28/18 and 34/24 °C at ambient CO2 (350 μmol mol−1) and at elevated CO2 (700 μmol mol−1) from emergence to maturity. Seed size and seed composition at maturity and subsequent per cent emergence, early seedling vigour (rate of development) and seedling dry matter production were measured. Elevated CO2 did not influence seed composition, emergence, or seedling vigour of seeds produced either at 28/18 or 34/24 °C. Seed produced at 34/24 °C had smaller seed size, decreased glucose concentration, but significantly increased concentrations of sucrose and raffinose compared to 28/18 °C. Elevated growth temperatures during seed production decreased the subsequent per cent emergence and seedling vigour of the seeds and seedling dry matter production of seed produced either at ambient or elevated CO2.
Health status differentials across rural and remote Australia
Authors: Phillips Andrew 
Published: January 2009

Abstract This paper describes mortality and disease patterns across five broad remoteness categories of Australia, with reference to the context in which those outcomes develop and are treated. Health and its outcomes become worse as remoteness increases. Some of this phenomenon reflects proportionally greater numbers of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people in remote areas coupled with their poorer overall health outcomes; however, mortality for non‐indigenous people is clearly higher outside compared with inside major cities. Migration of people seeking services likely reduces the size of interregional health disparity. Poorer health outcomes stem from worse risk factor profiles and average lower levels of income and of education, poorer physical and financial access to services, higher occupational and environmental risk, as well as factors unique to Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health. Little is known about the health benefits of living outside major cities. Diseases of the circulatory system and injuries account, respectively, for 40% and 18% of the excess mortality outside major cities. Death rates are declining over time in all (particularly remote) areas, but rates of death due to certain lung diseases in rural women are not, and rates of suicide have increased in remote areas. Ostensibly, prevalence of mental ill‐health appears roughly similar in all remoteness areas. Dental health is poorer and disability is more prevalent outside major cities, as are a range of infectious diseases. Although pertinent, the effects on rural health of climate change and resource degradation generally have not been addressed in this paper.
Influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on rural health
Authors: Beard John R. , Tomaska Nola , Earnest Arul , Summerhayes Richard , Morgan Geoff 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective:  To provide a framework for investigating the influence of socioeconomic and cultural factors on rural health. Design:  Discussion paper. Results:  Socioeconomic and cultural factors have long been thought to influence an individual's health. We suggest a framework for characterising these factors that comprises individual‐level (e.g. individual socioeconomic status, sex, race) and neighbourhood‐level dimensions (population composition, social environment, physical environment) operating both independently and through interaction. Recent spatial research suggests that in rural communities, socioeconomic disadvantage and indigenous status are two of the greatest underlying influences on health status. However, rural communities also face additional challenges associated with access to, and utilisation of, health care. The example is given of procedural angiography for individuals with an acute coronary event. Conclusions:  Socioeconomic and cultural factors specific to rural Australia are key influences on the health of residents. These range from individual‐level factors, such as rural stoicism, poverty and substance use norms, to neighbourhood‐level social characteristics, such as lack of services, migration out of rural areas of younger community members weakening traditionally high levels of social cohesion, and to environmental factors, such as climate change and access to services.
Key considerations in delivering appropriate and accessible health care for rural and remote populations: Discussant overview
Authors: Humphreys John S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractObjective:  To provide an overview of papers discussing optimal service delivery models for rural and remote Australia. Design:  A synthesis of overarching considerations guiding rural and remote health service policies. Setting:  Small rural and remote communities in Australia. Participants:  Invited delegates attending the Inaugural Rural and Remote Health Scientific Symposium in Brisbane 2008. Main outcome measures:  Key issues underpinning health service provision for small rural and remote communities. Results:  The formulation and implementation of effective health service provision policies must be underpinned by overarching health goals, agreed health service requirements, recognition of how rural and remote health contexts impact upon health service provision and the constraints limiting health service responses. Conclusion:  Systemic change is required in order to ensure equitable access to health care services in small rural and remote communities.
Relationship between vascular calcification, arterial stiffness and bone mineral density in a cross‐sectional study of prevalent Australian haemodialysis patients
Authors: TOUSSAINT NIGEL D , LAU KENNETH K , STRAUSS BOYD J , POLKINGHORNE KEVAN R , KERR PETER G 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYBackground:  Cardiovascular disease in dialysis patients is associated with increased vascular calcification (VC) and arterial stiffness, both inversely correlated with bone mineral density (BMD). Few studies have correlated VC in the dialysis population with measurements of BMD and arterial compliance.Methods:  We report cross‐sectional data on 45 haemodialysis (HD) patients assessing the prevalence of VC and its associations. Patients had computed tomography scans through abdominal aorta and superficial femoral arteries (SFA) to determine VC, pulse wave velocity (PWV) using SphygmoCor device measuring arterial stiffness, and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) to determine BMD.Results:  Patients, 64% male, 38% diabetic, had median age 58 years. Mean PWV was 8.7 ± 3.5 m/s and median aortic VC score 488.1 ± 298 Hounsfield units, with 91% having aortic VC present. In univariate linear regression analysis, aortic VC correlated positively with length of HD (P = 0.03) and diabetes (P = 0.06). Increasing PWV was positively associated with age (P = 0.001), diabetes (P = 0.05) and VC (aortic P = 0.08, SFA P = 0.01). In multivariate regression analysis, length of HD and diabetes were significantly associated with aortic VC, whereas age and diabetes were associated with SFA VC and PWV. Mean lumbar spine and femoral neck T‐scores on DXA were 0.14 and −1.66 respectively.Conclusion:  Increased VC and reduced arterial compliance, both closely related, are common in Australian HD patients. Both are associated with diabetes and increasing age, and greater aortic VC is seen with longer duration of dialysis.
Effect of anaemia on mortality, cardiovascular hospitalizations and end‐stage renal disease among patients with chronic kidney disease
Authors: THORP MICAH L , JOHNSON ERIC S , YANG XUIHAI , PETRIK AMANDA F , PLATT ROBERT , SMITH DAVID H 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYObjective:  To determine whether an independent association exists between anaemia and chronic kidney disease (CKD) outcomes in a quasi‐incidence cohort when patients' most recent laboratory values are considered.Methods:  We conducted a dynamic, retrospective cohort study among patients with incident CKD in a large health maintenance organization administrative data set. CKD was defined by two estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR). We measured the absolute rates for all‐cause mortality, cardiovascular hospitalizations and end‐stage renal disease.Results:  Our completed cases Cox regression model followed 5885 patients with both CKD and haemoglobin measures. For patients with the most severe anaemia (haemoglobin <10.5 g/dL), we estimated an increased rate of mortality (hazard ratio (HR) = 5.27, CI 4.37–6.35), cardiovascular hospitalizations (HR = 2.18, CI 1.76–2.70) and end‐stage renal disease (HR = 5.46, CI 3.38–8.82) when compared with patients who were not anaemic; the HR reflect time‐varying haemoglobins and eGFR.Conclusion:  Anaemia is a predictor of excess mortality, excess cardiovascular hospitalizations and excess end‐stage renal disease even when the progression of CKD is considered by controlling for time‐varying eGFR values.
Evaluation of a novel calpain inhibitor as a treatment for cataract
Authors: Lee Hannah YY , Morton James D , Robertson Lucinda JG , McDermott Joshua D , Bickerstaffe Roy , Abell Andrew D , Jones Matthew A , Mehrtens Janna M , Coxon James M 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPurpose:  The aim of this study is to evaluate the therapeutic potential of a newly synthesized calpain inhibitor, CAT0059, using a naturally occurring in vivo sheep cataract model.Methods:  The selectivity of CAT0059 was investigated by an in vitro protease assay. The efficacy of CAT0059 in preventing proteolysis of lens cytoskeletal proteins by calpain 2 was investigated using a lens‐based cell‐free method. The cytotoxicity and stability of CAT0059 in physiological conditions were examined using cultured sheep lenses. Protein binding of CAT0059 by ocular proteins was assessed and quantified by a modified high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. CAT0059 was formulated in an eye drop solution and as an eye ointment. These were applied in vivo daily to one eye of the cataract lambs, over a 67‐ and 97‐day trial period, respectively. The progression of cataracts in the treated and untreated eyes was assessed by an independent veterinary ophthalmologist using a slit‐lamp microscope.Results:  In vitro assays revealed that CAT0059 was selective for cysteine proteases and also protected lens cytoskeletal proteins from degradation. CAT0059 was stable in physiological conditions and non‐toxic to the lens. Only 15% of CAT0059 is bound to proteins in the aqueous humour but >90% bound to lens homogenate. The 67‐day CAT0059 eye drop treatment was not effective in slowing the rate of cataract development. However, application of CAT0059 in an eye ointment initially slowed cataract development compared with the untreated eye. This effect was temporary.Conclusions:  In vitro assays confirmed CAT0059 to be a potent calpain inhibitor. The two in vivo trials addressed the ability of CAT0059 to reach the lens and established its limitations as a therapeutic molecule for cataract treatment.
Temporal Dynamics Linking Aspects of Parent Monitoring with Early Adolescent Antisocial Behavior
Authors: Kiesner Jeff , Dishion Thomas J. , Poulin François , Pastore Massimiliano 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis longitudinal study examined the covariation between parents' use of control and solicitation, youth willingness to self‐disclose to parents, and youth antisocial behavior from ages 13 to 14. Structural equation analyses were conducted on a combined sample of Italian (N = 152) and French Canadian (N = 151) adolescents. Analyses tested for longitudinal cross‐lagged effects while controlling for stability and all concurrent associations. Although bivariate correlations showed consistent associations among these constructs, both concurrently and over one year, SEM results revealed virtually no cross‐lagged effects, after controlling for concurrent associations and stability. These findings suggest that the actual causal effects of parenting and youth behavior may best be conceptualized as occurring in the moment, rather than over extended periods of time. Results also showed that parental control and solicitation demonstrated very different associations with youth antisocial behavior, and should therefore be considered separately for research and prevention.
Resisting the Entrepreneurial City: Street Vendors' Struggle in Mexico City's Historic Center
Authors: CROSSA VERONICA 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRecent work on entrepreneurial urban governance has focused on the new forms of exclusion produced by neoliberal entrepreneurial urban strategies, arguing that local forms of social–spatial organization are being dismantled through practices ranging from the privatization of urban public space to the emergence of gated communities. By exploring the role of agency amid these changing structures of constraints, this article interrogates processes of socio‐spatial exclusion under entrepreneurial forms of urban governance. I argue that despite constraints placed upon different groups of affected citizens, excluded groups develop survival strategies that enable them to maintain a livelihood and in some cases empower them to thrive. I use the case of a recently implemented entrepreneurial policy in Mexico City called the Programa de Rescate (The Rescue Program). The prime objective of the policy is to revitalize and beautify the streets, buildings and central plaza of the city's Historic Center. Although this policy seeks an improvement in the quality of life for the local population, it excludes particular forms of social interaction that are central to the well‐being of a large sector of the population, particularly street vendors who rely on public spaces for their daily survival. I use the case of the Programa to show how street vendors have struggled to remain on the streets of Mexico City's Historic Center.Résumé Les travaux récents sur la gouvernance urbaine de type entrepreneurial s'intéressent surtout aux nouvelles formes d'exclusion que génèrent les stratégies urbaines néolibérales. Ils affirment que des formes locales d'organisation socio‐spatiale se désagrègent à cause de pratiques allant de la privatisation de l'espace public urbain à l'apparition de communautés privées sécurisées. En s'attachant au rôle de l'agence dans ces structures de contraintes évolutives, cet article examine les processus d'exclusion socio‐spatiale en cas de formes entrepreneuriales de gouvernance urbaine. Malgré les contraintes imposées aux différents groupes de citoyens concernés, les groupes exclus élaborent des stratégies de survie grâce auxquelles ils préservent leurs moyens de subsistance et se trouvent en mesure, dans certains cas, de prospérer. L'article prend le cas d'une politique publique de type entrepreneurial appliquée depuis peu à Mexico: Programa de Rescate (programme de sauvetage). En l'occurrence, il s'agit principalement de revitaliser et d'embellir les rues, les bâtiments et la place centrale du centre historique de la ville. Même si cette politique vise à améliorer la qualité de vie de la population locale, elle exclut certaines formes d'interaction sociale essentielles au bien‐être d'une grande part de la population, notamment des vendeurs ambulants dont la survie au quotidien dépend des espaces publics. Le cas du Programa permet de montrer comment ces vendeurs ont lutté pour rester dans les rues du centre historique de Mexico.
Effects of glutamate receptor activation on NG2‐glia in the rat optic nerve
Authors: Hamilton Nicola , Hubbard Paul S. , Butt Arthur M. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractNG2‐glia are a substantial population of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) that can be identified by their specific expression of the NG2 chondroitin sulphate (CSPG). NG2‐glia can generate oligodendrocytes, but it is unlikely this is their only function; indeed, they may be multipotent neural stem cells. Moreover, NG2‐glia are a highly reactive cell type and a major function is to help form the axon growth inhibitory glial scar in response to CNS injury. The factors that regulate these diverse behaviours of NG2‐glia are not fully resolved, but NG2‐glia express receptors to the neurotransmitter glutamate, which has known potent effects on other glia. Here, we have examined the actions of glutamate receptor activation on NG2‐glia in the rat optic nerve, a typical CNS white matter tract that does not contain neuronal cell bodies. Glutamate induces an increase in [Ca2+]i in immuno‐identified NG2‐glia in situ and in vitro. In addition, we examined the effects of glutamate receptor activation in vivo by focal injection of the glutamate receptor agonist kainate into the optic nerve; saline was injected in controls. Changes in glial and axonal function were determined at 7 days post injection (dpi), by immunohistochemistry and electrophysiological measurement of the compound action potential (CAP). Injection of kainate resulted in a highly localized ‘injury response’ in NG2‐glia, marked by dense labelling for NG2 at the lesion site, as compared to astrocytes, which displayed a more extensive reactive astrogliosis. Furthermore, injection of kainate resulted in an axonal conduction block. These glial and axonal changes were not observed following injection of saline vehicle. In addition, we provide evidence that endogenous glutamate induces calcium‐dependent phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK1/2), which may provide a potential mechanism by which glutamate‐mediated changes in raised intracellular calcium could regulate the observed gliosis. The results provide evidence that activation of AMPA‐kainate type ionotropic glutamate receptors evoke raised calcium in NG2‐glia and induces an injury response in NG2‐glia.
Extracellular matrix remodelling in human diabetic neuropathy
Authors: Hill Rebecca 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe extracellular matrix of peripheral nerve plays a vital role in terms of normal nerve fibre function and also in the regenerative response following nerve injury. Nerve fibre loss is a major feature of diabetic neuropathy; however, the regenerative response is limited and this may be associated with changes in the composition of the extracellular matrix. Glycoproteins and collagens are major components of the extracellular matrix and are known to be important in terms of axonal growth. This work has therefore examined whether changes in the expression of two major glycoproteins, laminin and tenascin, and three collagen types (IV, V and VI) occur in the endoneurial and perineurial connective tissue compartments of human diabetic nerve. Despite being known to have a positive effect in terms of axonal growth, laminin levels were not elevated in the diabetic nerves. However, the pattern of tenascin expression did differ between the two groups being found in association with axon myelin units in the diabetic samples only. The pattern of collagen IV expression was the same in both tissue groups and was not found to be up‐regulated. However, levels of collagen V and VI were both significantly increased in the endoneurium and for collagen VI also in the perineurium.
Dual role for neural crest cells during outflow tract septation in the neural crest‐deficient mutant Splotch2H
Authors: Bradshaw Lucy , Chaudhry Bill , Hildreth Victoria , Webb Sandra , Henderson Deborah J. 
Published: January 2009

Abstract Splotch2H (Sp2H) is a well‐recognized mouse model of neural crest cell (NCC) deficiency that develops a spectrum of cardiac outflow tract malformations including common arterial trunk, double outlet right ventricle, ventricular septal defects and pharyngeal arch artery patterning defects, as well as defects in other neural‐crest derived organ systems. These defects have been ascribed to reduced NCC in the pharyngeal and outflow regions. Here we provide a detailed map of NCC within the pharyngeal arches and outflow tract of Sp2H/Sp2H embryos and fetuses, relating this to the development of the abnormal anatomy of these structures. In the majority of Sp2H/Sp2H embryos we show that deficiency of NCC in the pharyngeal region results in a failure to stabilize, and early loss of, posterior pharyngeal arch arteries. Furthermore, marked reduction in the NCC‐derived mesenchyme in the dorsal wall of the aortic sac disrupts fusion with the distal outflow tract cushions, preventing the initiation of outflow tract septation and resulting in common arterial trunk. In around 25% of Sp2H/Sp2H embryos, posterior arch arteries are stabilized and fusion occurs between the dorsal wall of the aortic sac and the outflow cushions, initiating outflow tract septation; these embryos develop double outlet right ventricle. Thus, NCC are required in the pharyngeal region both for stabilization of posterior arch arteries and initiation of outflow tract septation. Loss of NCC also disrupts the distribution of second heart field cells in the pharyngeal and outflow regions. These secondary effects of NCC deficiency likely contribute to the overall outflow phenotype, suggesting that disrupted interactions between these two cell types may underlie many common outflow defects.
Coparenting behavior moderates longitudinal relations between effortful control and preschool children’s externalizing behavior
Authors: Schoppe‐Sullivan Sarah J. , Weldon Arielle H. , Claire Cook J. , Davis Evan F. , Buckley Catherine K. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Temperamental effortful control involves the voluntary control of attention and behavior. Deficits in effortful control put children at risk for developing externalizing behavior problems. Coparenting behavior, or the extent to which parents support or undermine each other’s parenting efforts, has also been identified as an important correlate of children’s socioemotional adjustment. The present study tested whether coparenting behavior moderated longitudinal relations between preschool children’s effortful control and their externalizing behavior.Methods:  Ninety‐two families (mother, father, 4‐year‐old child) participated. Parents’ coparenting behavior was observed during family interaction, and children’s effortful control was rated by parents. At that time and one year later, mothers and teachers reported on children’s externalizing behavior.Results:  Supportive coparenting behavior moderated longitudinal relations between children’s effortful control and mothers’ and teachers’ reports of their externalizing behavior, even when taking into account initial levels of externalizing behavior.Conclusions:  Effective coparenting served as a buffer for children, such that when parents displayed high levels of supportive coparenting behavior, the link between low effortful control and increases in externalizing behavior was not observed.