bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mitigating Principles
Authors: Mason Andrew 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn order to defend a version of the mitigation approach as opposed to the neutralization approach, a plausible set of principles that might constitute that approach must be identified. The strategy here is to work from the bottom up: to seek defensible principles to govern specific goods or specific aspects of people's circumstances, and then to see whether they can be grounded in more abstract principles. The chapter focuses on three areas: access to qualifications, the giving of gifts and bequests, and the effects of differences in natural talents and abilities. The principles that emerge should be thought of as working together to spell out what kind of impact differences in social circumstances and natural endowments may justly have upon access to advantage. These different principles have different characters: some are best understood as quasi-egalitarian, whilst others are grounded in a moderate version of the sufficiency view.
3 Asceticism, Heresy, and Early Christian Tradition
Authors: Hunter David G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Jovinian's accusations against ascetic extremists had a precedent in earlier Christian tradition. Ascetic elitism was opposed by a number of early Christian writers, including 1 Clement, Ignatius, and the author of the Pastoral Epistles. By the early third century, this opposition had hardened into the polarities of ‘orthodoxy’ and ‘heresy’. This anti‐heretical effort culminated in the writings of Irenaeus and Clement of Alexandria against the ‘encratite’ heresy, which anticipated the polemics of Jovinian. In the third century we also see the development of a ‘moderate encratism’ in the writings of Tertullian, Cyprian, and Origen, which later inspired the opponents of Jovinian, e.g. Ambrose and Jerome.
5 Mary Ever‐Virgin? Jovinian and Marian Heresy
Authors: Hunter David G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A survey of the history of the idea of Mary's virginitas in partu shows that the notion had only marginal support in the tradition of the first three centuries. Associated with both docetism and encratism, the doctrine was opposed even by ascetically minded teachers, such as Tertullian and Origen. In the late fourth century, however, the notion of Mary's virginitas in partu reappeared in the sermons of Zeno of Verona and the ascetical treatises of Ambrose; Jerome, by contrast, was more reticent about embracing the idea. Jovinian's opposition to the virginitas in partu, therefore, stood squarely in the mainstream of Christian opinion, as it had developed by the late fourth century.
7 After Jovinian: Marriage and Celibacy in Western Theology
Authors: Hunter David G. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The extreme positions taken by Jerome in his Adversus Jovinianum provoked numerous responses in the decades after Jovinian's condemnation. Friends, such as Pammachius and Domnio, demanded that Jerome explain himself or retract his words. Enemies, such as Rufinus of Aquileia, suggested that Jerome was guilty of the ‘Manichaean’ heresy. Others, such as Pelagius, Augustine, and the anonymous author of the Consultationes Zacchaei et Apollonii, quietly offered alternative views, without condemning Jerome directly. These efforts to find a via media between Jerome and Jovinian show the ongoing impact of Jovinian's arguments and the need for a more moderate approach to marriage and celibacy than Jerome had provided.
Virtues
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Regulative virtues epistemology does not give the concept of an intellectual virtue a foundational role in the development of a theory of knowledge. Instead, the virtues are a focus of analysis. Intellectual and moral virtues are not distinct categories of virtues, as other treatments have supposed them to be. The chapter attempts to answer such questions as: what makes a trait of personality a virtue? How are the intellectual virtues related to human nature? What accounts for competent, but divergent accounts of the virtues? What makes an intellectual virtue more than just an intellectual application of a virtue? Are virtues all ‘perfections’ of human nature? How are the tasks of the intellectual virtues divided among them? How are virtues individuated? How does motivation figure in the constitution of an intellectual virtue? Do all the virtues have a ‘motivational component’? If so, do they all have it in the same way?
Firmness
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Humans have a natural conservative tendency to hold onto what appear to them to be already achieved epistemic goods. Yet such voluntary intellectual practices as reading, conversing, studying, hypothesis testing, and soliciting testimony exert pressure toward epistemic change. These opposing tendencies admit two possible errors: on the one hand, holding so tightly to our achieved ways of thinking that we are rigid and dogmatic, and on the other, holding previous epistemic accomplishments so lightly that we never achieve any depth or knowledge, or become ironists or skeptics. The virtue of intellectual firmness is a kind of practical wisdom and proper intuition and proper flexibility about ‘hold’. Firmness is the cognitive analog of well-trained muscles (especially the gripping, hugging, biting ones) that nimbly adopt the strongest and lightest grips as varying circumstances demand.
Autonomy
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Intellectual autonomy reflects certain facts about the social nature of human agency — that to be effective (or to exist at all) actions must be prepared for by an education at the hands of the community; that actions are often socially coordinated; that people depend on their contemporaries for information, stimulation, and critical correction; that the intelligence with which an action is performed belongs to a tradition of practical intelligence that may be centuries or millennia old but that intelligent action is never algorithmically determined by such a tradition; that actions are always finally performed by individuals; that human beings often disagree about what should be done and that disagreements can often be settled by discussion in which each party shows an independent spirit. Intellectual autonomy is a wise disposition of balance between hetero-regulation and auto-regulation in intellectual practice.
Practical Wisdom
Authors: Roberts Robert C. , Wood W. Jay 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Practical wisdom is presupposed by each other virtue, because the virtuous person needs to be able to act intelligently in accordance with the virtue, in particular, unpredictably variable situations, as they arise. It is a kind of flexibility and insight, an ability to improvise. Intellectual practical wisdom is good judgment in intellectual practices, and the judgments the wise person makes are those characteristic of the love of knowledge, firmness in one's commitments to beliefs, understandings, and research programmes, courage and caution, autonomy, and generosity, among other virtues. They are not just characteristic of each of these virtues, but characteristic of the set of virtues in proper balance. This chapter concludes the book by reviewing the previously examined virtues from the perspective of the powers of judgment in intellectual practice that they involve.
The Rejection of Kantian Critique: Philosophy, Skepticism, and the Recovery of the Ancient Idea
Authors: Bristow William F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses an article Hegel published in the Critical Journal of Philosophy (in 1802) on the relation of philosophy to scepticism. It is shown that Hegel's attack on Schulze's scepticism — his strong rejection of Schulze's sceptical demands, taking the demands to be an expression, crude though they be, of distinctively modern epistemological demands — far from expressing Hegel's dismissal of epistemological scruples, itself expresses his strong epistemological scruples. Taking Hegel's case against Schulze's scepticism as a case against distinctively modern scepticism in general, Hegel's case calls to mind a strand of criticism of Cartesian or modern scepticism familiar to us in contemporary philosophy.
Instruction and Imagery in Proverbs 1-9
Authors: Weeks Stuart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProverbs 1-9 is often characterized as an anthology of materials, loosely related to the ‘instructions’ composed in Egypt and elsewhere, and possibly originating in an educational setting. This book argues that it is, instead, a sophisticated poetic work, with a basic unity of composition and message. Beginning with an examination of the Egyptian instructions, which are themselves poetic and testamentary rather than pedagogical, the study explores the way in which Proverbs 1-9 combines conventions of the instruction genre with a figurative representation of the reasons for instruction. Drawing on a traditional association of foreign women with the corruption and apostasy of Jewish youths-which was given added impetus by the post-exilic controversy over mixed marriages-Proverbs 1-9 sets a foreign seductress in opposition to a personified figure of Wisdom. The two compete for those youths who are uncommitted, and who can only hope to recognize which invitation they should accept if they have already received and internalized instruction. In this context, instruction is associated with the Torah, and is the prerequisite for the wisdom by which God's will can be recognized. These ideas, and elements of the imagery, persist into later Jewish literature, but the linking of wisdom with traditional concepts in Jewish piety goes back to Proverbs 1-9 itself.
Wisdom and the Character of Instruction
Authors: Weeks Stuart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWhere Proverbs 1-9 offers specific advice in chapter 3, this involves commendations of proper behaviour towards God and other humans, linked by an association of wisdom and teaching with God. The work also employs terms that strongly evoke the language of Jewish piety, reminding us that this is the religious and literary context from which it emerged. Against this background, the emphasis on instruction can be understood in terms of internalizing the Torah, and so enabling wisdom and fear of God, with the personification of Wisdom further developing the idea of receiving insight into the divine will. This is poetry, however, not precise allegory, and the personification also inhibits clear expression of the theme.
The Significance of Proverbs 1–9
Authors: Weeks Stuart 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The date and origin of Proverbs 1-9 are difficult to pin down, but its influence can be identified clearly in some subsequent Jewish literature (most notably Ben Sira and certain texts from Qumran). The imagery of the work is never reproduced in full, but elements of it are developed on the basis of an understanding close to that presented in this study. Proverbs 1-9 provides a link between these later texts and the other biblical wisdom texts; it also raises interesting questions about the way in which wisdom literature's focus upon the individual corresponds to the more corporate Deuteronomic literature in the post-exilic period. Proverbs 1-9 is an instruction, but that is not the key factor for determining its nature and meaning.
Methodism at the Crossroads
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe year 1784 represents a landmark in Methodist history as John Wesley established the Conference as his successor and ordained preachers for the United States. These events, which established de facto Methodist institutional independence from the Church of England, were foreshadowed by developments during the 1770s and early 1780s as separatists and Church‐Methodists agitated in support of conflicting visions of the Methodist future. These conflicts and the events of 1784 illustrate several important but understated themes of early Methodist history, such as the political nature of the Wesley brothers, the strong support for the Church of England within the ranks of laity and preachers, and how 19th century Methodist scholarship sanitized and distorted the movement's early history.
Concluding Remarks
Authors: Lloyd Gareth 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCharles Wesley's reputation has been affected by his sometimes difficult personality and the controversial views that he championed, which has resulted in comparative neglect of his life and ministry. A strong case can, however, be presented for Charles having made a more positive contribution to the long‐term success and character of Methodism than is commonly acknowledged. His championship of a considerable body of pro‐Anglican opinion within the movement helped to stave off separation until the movement was in a position to flourish independently of the Church of England and also contributed to the unique character of the Methodist Church. Detailed study of Charles Wesley's life and ministry underlines the case for a new examination of aspects of Methodist history, complementary to but separate from the traditional focus on John Wesley.
Introduction
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter establishes the four-part agenda. First, it adds to the understanding of international legitimacy by tracing its normative sources. Secondly, it contributes to the IR literature on norms, and their importance. Thirdly, it sheds further light on the historical evolution of international society. Finally, it provides a way of making the concept of world society more accessible. The introduction poses the key puzzling question: why does international society buy into human rights norms in the first place? It sketches the outline answer that this occurs in response to both world society action and world society claims; there is simultaneously a political and a normative process at work.
1 International Legitimacy: Encounters between International and World Society
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
This chapter establishes the theoretical framework. It develops the idea of legitimacy as a constitutive element of international society. However, international society is not autonomous, but has been exposed to normative influence from world society. This poses complex new questions about power and consensus where the two societies intersect. The concept of world society is traced, particularly through its English-School variant, and located in the work of Hedley Bull and John Vincent. Rather than the common idea that world society might be coming to displace international society, the suggestion is that the two societies have become complementary: key international society actors have formed coalitions with sectors of global civil society, while world society remains dependent on state actors for regulation and enforcement of norms.
2 Vienna and the Slave Trade, 1815
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe first case study is the Declaration against the slave trade made as part of the Congress of Vienna in 1815. How and why did this become an international concern, and with what results? The chapter analyses how the international diplomacy of slave trade abolition was interconnected with the domestic political pressures brought to bear, especially upon the British government, by William Wilberforce and the Abolition Society, especially when the terms of the first Treaty of Paris became known. It explores the combination of interest and principle in Castlereagh's foreign policy. It describes the nature and the methods of the transnational movement against the slave trade. Critically, however, the chapter also insists that the international Declaration against the trade established a new normative framework, intended as it was to shame those who would flout its provisions. The articulation of an accepted international legitimacy principle against the trade was to be of major importance in the longer term.
6 San Francisco and Human Rights, 1945
Authors: Clark Ian 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The draft proposals for the United Nations Charter that emerged from Dumbarton Oaks allowed only for one brief mention of human rights. The final version agreed at San Francisco gave human rights a much higher profile. Why did this change take place? There is a substantial body of literature that accounts for it exclusively in terms of the activities of the US Consultants (representatives of NGOs), attached to the US Delegation. However, the role of Latin American states, as well as of the Soviet Union, needs to be remembered. The chapter draws attention to the problems surrounding the heroic role of the US consultants. It traces the evolution of thinking about human rights during the war years, culminating in the attendance of some 1,200 representatives of NGOs at the San Francisco conference. There is no doubt, therefore, that state officials were conscious of wide public expectations on the human rights front. Since popular support for the UN would be vital to its future effectiveness, respect for human rights can be seen as a kind of ‘social wage’ in return. This gave the individual a new standing in international society and international law.
Rho‐kinase dependent organization of stress fibers and focal adhesions in cultured fibroblasts
Authors: Katoh Kazuo , Kano Yumiko , Ookawara Shigeo 
Published: May 2007

The activation of Rho‐kinase is known to modulate the organization of the actin‐based cytoskeletal systems, including the formation of stress fibers and focal adhesions. Rho‐kinase likely plays a more crucial and complex role in the organization of actin‐based cytoskeletal systems than in that of myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). In order to understand the role of Rho‐kinase in the organization of stress fibers and focal adhesions, we treated cultured fibroblasts with a Rho‐kinase inhibitor and analyzed the stress fiber and focal adhesion organization under conventional fluorescence microscopy and replica electron microscopy. Some of the cells were transfected with GFP‐labeled paxillin, actin or α‐actinin, and the effects of the inhibitor were monitored in the living cells. The Rho‐kinase inhibitor caused disassembly of the stress fibers and focal adhesions in the central portion of the cell within 1 h. However, the stress fibers and focal adhesions located in the cell periphery were not as severely affected by the Rho‐kinase inhibitor. The time‐lapse video recording revealed that when these cells were washed with a fresh medium in order to remove the Rho‐kinase inhibitor, the stress fibers and focal adhesions located in the center of the cell gradually reorganized and, within 1.5–2 h, the cells completely recovered. This observation strongly suggests that the activation of Rho‐kinase plays an important role in the organization of the central stress fibers and focal adhesions.
Protective effects of avocado and soya bean lipidic non‐saponifiables on proliferation of fibroblasts cultured in altered conditions
Authors: WEPIERRE J. , PAPIN A. , CORMIER M. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisNon‐saponifiables lipidic fraction of avocado and soya bean (PIAS) induces, when administered percutaneously, a stimulation of specific metabolism of fibroblasts (synthesis of soluble collagen, increase of the ratio soluble collagen/insoluble collagen). In investigating the mechanism through which unsaponifiables affect the fibroblast metabolism we studied their direct effect on proliferation and survival of human fibroblasts cultured in optimal and altered conditions.PIAS (10 μg/ml) induced a protective effect against cytotoxicity of dimethylformamide; proliferation of survival cells appeared after 2 days. Non‐saponifiables decreased the proliferation of fibroblasts cultivated in optimal conditions (10% FCS, 37°C). On the contrary, they had no effect when FCS was lower than 10% and they increased proliferation with incubation at 30°C.When fibroblasts were grown in a contractile matrice of collagen, non‐saponifiables decreased cell death and induced a proliferation in presence of epidermal growth factor (EGF).Our experiments demonstrate that PIAS have a protective effect on fibroblasts cultivated in abnormal conditions. These results explain activity of non‐saponifiables in some skin disfunctions or pathological states induced by disorders of conjunctive tissue.RésuméLes insaponifiables de l'huile d'Avocat et de Soja (PIAS) entrainent aprés administration par voie percutanée durant 15 jours chez le Rat, une stimulation de métabolisme spécifique des fibroblastes (synthèse de collagène soluble, augmentation du rapport collagène soluble/collagène insoluble). Ce travail a pour but de rechercher si cette action métabolique peut être reliée à une action directe des insaponifiables sur la prolifération des fibroblastes humain en culture dans des conditions optimales ou peu favorables.Le PIAS (10 μg/ml) protège les cellules contre les effets cytotoxiques du diméthylformamide. La prolifération cellulaire reprend au bout de 2 jours lorsque la concentration du solvant ne dépasse pas 1.5%.Les insaponifiables inhibent d'environ 20% la multiplication des fibroblastes cultivés en conditions optimales (37°C, 10% de SVF). En revanche, ils n'altèrent pas cette prolifération lorsque la teneur en SVF est infèrieure à 10% et ils augmentent le développement cellulaire lorsque l'incubation est partiellement réalisée à 30°C.Lorsque les fibroblastes sont cultivés dans un gel de collagène tres contractile, les insaponifiables diminuent la mortalité cellulaire et entrainent même une légère prolifération lorsque le milieu renferme de l'EGF.Ainsi le PIAS a un effet direct sur la prolifération cellulaire lorsque les fibroblastes sont cultivés dans des conditions d'agressions variées. Ceci pourait expliquer l'activié des insaponifiables dans diverses pathologies cutanées et muqueuses ou dans certaines altérations mineures de la peau qui ont pour origine des désordres du tissu conjonctif.
Effectiveness of macrogol and talcum base formulations of a new insect repellent N, N‐diethyl phenyl acetamide
Authors: PRAKASH S. , KUMAR S. , SURYANARAYANA M. V. S. , SHARMA R. K. , RAO K. M. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisThe effectiveness of macrogol and talcum base formulations of a new multi‐insect repellent N, N‐diethyl phenyl acetamide (DEPA) was studied against Aedes aegypti mosquitoes in the laboratory. The efficacy was compared with widely used repellent in India, viz. Dimethylphthalate. Twenty‐five per cent DEPA incorporated macrogol ointment and talcum base formulation offered more than 8 h and 6 h protection, as compared to DMP for 3 h and 1 h 30 min, respectively. The ointment was found to be stable as more than 99% DEPA was recovered by gas liquid chromatography after 6 months of storage at room temperature. The repellent formulations have not shown any gross adverse effect to the skin of albino rabbits.RésuméL'efficacité d'un nouvel agent repousseur d'insectes (le N, N‐diethyl phenyl acetamide) dans des formulations à base de macrogol et du talcL'efficacité des bases formulées à partir de macrogol et de talc pour un nouvel insecticide, N, N‐diethyl pnenyl acetamide (DEPA) a étéétudiée contre les moustiques Aedes aegypti en laboratoire. Cette efficacité a été comparée avec un insecticide couramment utilisé en Inde, le Dimethyl phthalate. 25% de DEPA incorporéà une base formulée à partir de pommade de macrogol et de talc a permis une protection respectivement de plus 5 h et de plus de8 h comparativement au DMP pour lequel la protection était respectivement de 3 h et 1 h 30. La pommade s'est avérée stable car plus de 99% de DEPA ont été identifiés par GLC après 6 mois de stockage à température ambiante. Les formulations d'insecticides n'ont révélé aucun effet adverse sur la peau des lapins albinos.