bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aging of Thin-Slices of PIR Foams Manufactured with Alternative Blowing Agents
Authors: Booth J.R. , Graves R.S. , Yarbrough D.W. 
Published: March 2007

Chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs) have historically been used to achieve superior thermal performance in closed-cell polymeric foams. The de terioration (aging) of thermal performance during the influx of gaseous components from the atmosphere, and the efflux of the insulating blowing agents usually takes place over a period of many years. The realization that atmospheric emissions of CFCs were having a detrimental effect on the environment increased the need for reliable and timely methods for the evaluation and selection of alternative insulating blowing agents for polymeric foam insulations. Accelerated aging at elevated temperatures has been suggested, but this method has practical limitations and often provides unreliable results. Thin-slice aging of closed-cell core at room temperature has achieved meaningful accelerations. In this paper, techniques which allow the required evaluation times to be reduced to acceptable values, without reduction of reliability will be discussed. A polyurethane modified isocyanurate (PIR) slabstock foam containing CFC-11, produced for a Joint Industry and Government Study was thin sliced to 1.3, 2.5 and 5.1 mm, and aged (at room temperature) for four months. Apparent thermal conduc tivities, k, were measured with a 100 × 100 mm heat flow meter (HFM) apparatus at Granville Research Center. The results were compared with k for slices of 10, 19 and 33 mm thickness of the same foam measured over a three-year period at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). The results confirm that (very) thin-slice accelerated aging can, in a timely manner, produce reliable parameters describing the long-term aging performance of closed- cell polymeric foams manufactured with alternative blowing agents.
Hygrothermal Performance of Protected Membrane Roof Systems: Part 2: Experimental Verification
Authors: Hens H. 
Published: March 2007

In a previous paper by the same author [1], a simplified analysis of the heat and moisture response of protected membrane roofs (PMR) was discussed. The analysis included a Δ U-correction to the thermal transmission coefficient U of the equivalent, conventional roof to account for the effects of percolation, evapora tion, and butt joint losses between the insulation boards. This second paper presents experimental results. The hygrothermal performances of five Protected Membrane Roof systems (PMR) were monitored to a varying degree of completeness for a number of years in the period between 1981-1992. The systems included extruded polystyrene boards, mineral fibre boards, a composite foam-concrete board manufactured with expanded polystyrene, and a composite foam-concrete board manufactured with extruded polystyrene. The monitoring indicated that the heat and moisture response of a protected mem brane roof is substantially reduced when ponding water is present either below or above the insulation. The reduction increases when the vapour diffusion resistance of the insulation material is low. Both conclusions supported the Δ U-correction, derived from the simple model. They have prompted changes in the design of PMRs and modifications to the corresponding design rules.
Evaluation as Advocacy
Authors: Greene Jennifer C. 
Published: March 2007

The argument advanced in this article is that advocacy in evaluation is inevitable. This is so when advocacy is understood not as program partisanship or contaminating bias, but rather as a value commitment to a particular regulative ideal (of rational decision making, interpretive meaning, community activism). The regulative ideal for evaluation advanced in this discussion is a commitment to democratic pluralism. These ideas are illustrated and substantiated with three case examples. The question is not whether we should take sides, since we inevitably will, but rather whose side are we on? (Becker, 1967, p. 239).
Insecurity and State Formation in the Global Military Order:
Authors: KRAUSE KEITH 
Published: March 2007

This article argues that within the European state system, the struggle to control the institutions and instruments of organized violence produced an externally-oriented conception of security that rested upon the unconditional legitimacy of the state, a societal consensus over basic values and the near-elimination of violence from political life, which permitted a strong identification of the security of the state with the security of its citizens. The conditions for such identification do not hold in many parts of the world, and hence this conception cannot address either the threats to state structures or regimes that do not emerge from other states, or the threats that states and regimes can pose to their own citizens or societies. A more historically-sensitive three-dimensional matrix for studying security on regional/interstate, state/regime and societal/individual levels possesses greater explanatory power, while remaining true to the traditional concerns of security studies with the role and influence of institutions and instruments of organized violence. Such an approach, which is rooted in an account of the role of institutions of organized violence in state formation processes, is used to present a more nuanced account of the processes of `military development' in the modern Middle East.
Reconstituting Security?
Authors: MUTIMER DAVID 
Published: March 2007

[The five permanent members of the Security Council] noted the threats to peace and stability posed by the proliferation of nuclear weapons, chemical and biological weapons, and missiles, and undertook to seek effective measures of non-proliferation and arms control in a fair, reasonable, comprehensive and balanced manner on a global as well as a regional basis. (Permanent Five Members of the UN Security Council, 1991) The end of the Cold War creates an important moment both politically and analytically.... But if it turns out that despite the dissolution of the blocs, strategic practices remain largely intact, then this suggests another character to the nature of international life. It may turn out that the interpretive and discursive resources that animated the Cold War are more persistent and less amenable to restructuring than celebrants of a new world order might claim. (Klein, 1994: 121-2)
Selling Mother's Love?
Authors: Knight John 
Published: March 2007

This article examines rural-based mail order food businesses in Japan known as furusatokai. The sale of furusatokai produce takes place by means of a gift- like idiom in which the relationship between producer and consumer is likened to that between village parents and migrant children. The furusatokai is a Japanese example of the symbolic personalization of commodities. A particular enterprise is analysed in relation to the ostensive entre preneurial vision of its founder for whom the maternal furusatokai products would appeal first and foremost to migrant sons in the city. However, this filiocentric vision of market demand has proved to be at odds with the actual profile of consumers. Instead, it is suggested that the maternal appeal of the furusatokai is better understood as providing consumer reassurance in a market situation of quality uncertainty.
The Fuzzy Matrix of `My Type' in Intrapsychic Sexual Scripting
Authors: Whittier David Knapp , Simon William 
Published: March 2007

More than 20 years ago, Plummer noted that: ...there are few studies that have enquired into the content of sexual meanings; and knowledge of their forms, nature and range is virtually non-existent. Similarly, little is known about the sources used for building up sexual meanings, and only fractionally more about the learning processes involved in the transmission of them. (Plummer, 1975: 30) And to a large extent this is still true. An individual's personal sexual culture can tell us at least as much about the who, what, when, how and where he or she will engage in sexual behaviour as would the results of psychological measures (like `locus of control', `self esteem', etc.) that we might have administered.1 In this article, we describe in detail what is meant by intrapsychic scripting in sexual scripting theory and examine some of the most general aspects of the problematics of intrapsychic scripting of sexual desire, particularly as they find expression in specific interpersonal and masturbatory behaviours. That is, the exhibition of several major domains of meaning as they are contained in the subject's reports of their sexuality can illustrate this conceptualization of sexuality at the level of the intrapsychic script. The illustrations in this article are drawn from the tape-recorded interviews with four men who participated in a study of the sexual thoughts and behaviours of a larger number of gay-identified men living in the Houston area.
Pantomimes of pain, distress, repose and lability: the world of the preterm baby
Authors: Carter Bernadette 
Published: March 2007

■ Little research exists in relation to the world of the preterm baby nursed in moderate- to high-dependency neonatal units ■ A constructivist approach allowed study of the responses of preterm babies to painful stimuli in relation to other patterns of behaviour ■ Heuristic analysis demonstrated four pantomimes: repose, lability, distress and pain ■ Babies used active self-coping strategies to contain pain, distress and lability ■ Babies signalled the need for support with both characteristic hand positions and grosser movements ■ The need for supportive, skilled nursing care and close assessment of behavioural state is indicated
Review : Assessing clinical competence of practitioners in children's nursing diploma programmes
Authors: Parker Pamela M. , Sheldon Lesley M. 
Published: March 2007

■ Children's nursing is a speciality that is particularly complex and challenging, and to be skilled and competent, nurses need to have the practical/technical dexterity, knowledge base and experience to care for the child as a whole ■ To assess practice-based experience, students are exposed to children in a variety of settings, the aim being to enable them to practice as safe and competent practitioners, meeting child and family needs for nursing intervention in both hospital and community settings ■ It is vital that the assessment of practice in all these settings encompasses the skills that are essential to a practitioner who is a 'competent performer' ■ Clinical learning outcomes are used for practice-based assessment, and the tool used is a written action plan which also identifies the actions, resources, time frame for achievement and how this achievement will be validated
A Study of Practitioners' Opinions Regarding Desirability of Selected Future Events, Time Period Predictions, and Choice of Actions in the Field of Adult Education
Authors: Hoare Carol H. 
Published: March 2007

In this study, 15 future events were incorporated into a questionnaire which asked practitioners to state opinions regarding desirability and projected time periods for the occurrence of events and to indicate actions that should be taken in adult education to plan for those futures. The instrument was mailed to 601 randomly selected practitioners, from the individual membership of the Adult Education Association of the U.S.A. A response rate of 86% was obtained. Data analysis led to the following interpretations: (1) Denial of the proximity and intensity of change is apparent in many practitioners' responses. (2) Changes in work which provide release time for study or leisure are viewed as predominantly desirable while events which portray constriction of work opportunities are undesirable. (3) Unless actions are directed to the elderly, work, or educational events, practitioners do not uniformly see themselves involved in social events. (4) A limited role is perceived for adult education in a global context.
The Division 17 Principles Concerning the Counseling/Psychotherapy of Women
Authors: Fitzgerald Louise F. , Nutt Roberta 
Published: March 2007

In 1978 the Division of Counseling Psychology of the American Psychological Association (APA) approved the Principles Concerning the Counseling and Psychotherapy of Women as an official policy statement for the Division. These Principles, subsequently endorsed by Divisions 16,29, and 35, have also served as a general resource document for the APA, and are cited as a resource in the Guidelines for the Provision of Counseling Psychological Services (APA, 1983). Almost from the inception of the Principles, the Division 17 Committee on Women, which authored them, had anticipated the need for an extensive exposition of each principle, to guide psychologists seeking to implement both their spirit and their content. Thus, the present document, which presents the background and rationale for each principle as well as suggestions for implementation, was born. The result of over 5 years of work, the document has been extensively reviewed, revised, and again reviewed-not only by the committee and its various resource and support persons but also by psychologists from all across the country, both within and without Division 17. The process of cooperation, incorporation, and revision has been both frustrating and inspiring, as we worked to produce a document that could stand as a guide to our science and our profession for at least a decade. The final version was approved by the Division 17 Executive Committee at its 1984 midyear meeting. This document is the product of literally hundreds of women (and men) who have contributed time, thought, and effort over nearly half a decade to bring this project to fruition, and thus, to contribute to the welfare of women everywhere. Although it bears our names, we are intensely aware that it is truly a cooperative product of the committee, the division, and ultimately, our profession as a whole.
The Family in Latin America: A Gender Approach
Authors: Salles Vania , Tuirán Rodolfo 
Published: March 2007

The paper examines recent transformations in Latin American families, emphasizing commonalities between different countries. Such changes are embedded in cultural and historical processes of change that provide the broad interpretational context within which to view the observed microsocial transformations in familial relations. These changes have affected household composition as well as the existing array of family types. The main transformations observed are illustrated by drawing from a selective set of work. We argue that changes in family life and the foundational relations in the family are in need of reconceptualization capable of capturing the new dimensions that have emerged, and reexamining the main theoretical and analytical schemes underlying the sociology of the family of the past decades. Among emerging approaches, we argue that the feminist view that adopts a critical and reflexive stance on past family research opens new vistas, as it seeks to study the family not merely as an institution, but as a nexus of organized social relations of a different order, including solidarity and conflict, power and authority, and rights and obligations. An important contribution of the feminist approach is to study relational asymmetries (between gender or generations) inherent in the unfolding of family life.
Non Linear Viscoelastic Behavior of Polypropylene and Glass Reinforced Polypropylene in Creep
Authors: Vidya Bhushan Gupta  , Lahiri Jhumur 
Published: March 2007

The non-linear visco-elastic behavior of various thermoplastic materials has long ago been established. A vast field, however, remains unexplored, firstly, in finding out workable theories for actual engineering applications with their limits of applicability specified, and secondly, in understanding the physical mechanisms which control the manifestation of non-linear visco elastic behavior in these polymeric materials. An attempt to understand these phenomena has been made by performing 6 hrs isothermal creep tests on unreinforced and glass-fibre reinforced polypropylene samples under uniaxial tension. In the case of the homopolymer, experiments were performed under different stress levels and at various temperatures up to 60 °C. Stress levels were chosen in such a way that maximum strain level always remained below 3%. This was done in order to achieve complete recovery druing the successive recovery cycle. Validity of an equation of the form ε = εo + ε+tn has been tested. It is found that ε o in the above equation is approximately a linear function of stress and is weakly dependent on temperature, whereas ε+ is a non-linear function of stress and is strongly temperature-dependent. The exponent n, however, is a constant independent of both stress and temperature. With incorporation of glass fibers appreciable increase in the modulus and slowing down of time dependent deformation were achieved.
An Approximate Theory for Predicting the Moduli of Uni-Directional Laminates with Non-Linear Stress/Strain Behavior
Authors: Frost S.R. 
Published: March 2007

An approximate theory for predicting the non-linear behaviour of long fibre composites is presented. The theory combines linear elastic fibre properties with non- linear elastic matrix properties to determine the stress/strain behaviour of a uni-directional laminate. On comparison with experimental data for the stress/strain behaviour of a uni directional Carbon fibre/PEEK laminate, predictions agree well with measurement. For on-axis loading, fibre effects dominate and non-linear effects are unimportant. For off-axis loading, matrix effects dominate and consequently non-linear effects are significant, par ticularly the non-linear shear stress/strain behaviour.
Isothermal and Nonisothermal Fatigue Behavior of a Metal Matrix Composite
Authors: Gabb T.P. , Gayda J. , Mackay R.A. 
Published: March 2007

The isothermal and nonisothermal fatigue resistance of a metal matrix com posite (MMC) consisting of Ti-15V-3Cr-3Al-3Sn (Ti-15-3) matrix reinforced by 33 v/o continuous SiC fibers was investigated. The fibers were nominally oriented parallel to the specimen axis. Isothermal fatigue tests were performed in air at 300 and 550°C. In non isothermal fatigue tests, each load excursion at 300°C or 550°C was preceded by a tem perature excursion from 300 to 550°C at zero load. The MMC had good isothermal fatigue resistance at 300 and 550°C at low cyclic stresses, with fatigue cracks initiating from fiber-matrix interfaces and foil laminations. At high cyclic stresses, stress relaxation in the matrix reduced isothermal composite fatigue resistance at 550°C. Nonisothermal fatigue loading substantially degraded composite fatigue resistance. This degradation was produced by a thermomechanical fatigue damage mechanism associated with the fiber-matrix interfaces.
The Darkness of God
Authors: Wren-Lewis John 
Published: March 2007

This article describes a radical and lasting change of consciousness that has overtaken the author as a result of nearly dying by poisoning in 1983. The initial experience lacked almost all the dramatic features that have attracted popular attention in the many accounts of "near-death experiences" appearing over the past decade such as "out-of-body" travel, passage through a tunnel, review of earlier life, or encounter with apparently supernatural entities. It was more in the nature of a dissolution into a Nirvanic or void-state of undifferentiated aliveness, but it produced a major and apparently permanent awareness-shift far beyond the emotional reorientations that are commonly reported to follow close encounters with death. The change seems to correspond closely with traditional religious descriptions of mystical "awakening" to experiential unity with the essence of all being, from which viewpoint the mystical perception of reality is seen as simple normal consciousness rather than an "altered state," while socalled ordinary consciousness is recognized to be a clouded condition wherein awareness has become bogged down in an illusion of separate selfhood confronting an alien environment. This change of viewpoint represents a complete antithesis to the author's prior religious background, which involved total skepticism of all mystical claims and of near-death experience reports. The overall experience provides independent confirmation to the change of direction that was becoming apparent, unbeknownst to the author, in the main body of research on near-death experiences (NDEs) in the early 1980s. Interest was being focused on the changes of consciousness that undeniably sometimes occur in crisis-situations, as phenomena of great scientific and human interest in their own right, rather than on inevitably contentious arguments about whether or not NDEs provide glimpses of another world beyond the grave. By viewing NDE phenomena in this new perspective, the author is able to suggest a possible psychodynamic mechanism underlying the clouding of everyday consciousness and, on this basis, to propose guidelines for future research towards less drastic means of inducing "awakening." I said to my soul, be still, and let the dark come upon you, which shall be the darkness of god. T.S. Eliot
The MMPI Characteristics of Incarcerated Females
Authors: Hannum Thomas E. , Warman Roy E. 
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory admission scores of 139 inmates of the Iowa Women's Reformatory were analyzed in order to determine the MMPI characteristics of a group of female prison inmates. The mean scores on each of the scales were computed and a mean profile determined. In addition each of the 139 test protocols was coded according to the Total (Welsh) coding system and an analysis made by noting the fre quency of appearance of each scale as one of the first three or last three digits in these coded profiles. Because of the magnitude of the scores the mean scores yielded somewhat differing results from those obtained from the analysis of the coded profiles. The profile developed from the mean scores showed Scale 4 (Psychopathic deviate), Scale 6 (Paranoia), and Scale 9 (Hypomania) as the first three digits in the mean coded profile. However, in analyzing the coded profiles it was found that Scale 9 appeared almost as frequently in the last three digits as it did in the first three. In this female prisoner group, Scale 1 (Hypochondriasis) and Scale 5 (Masculinity-Femininity) were the most characteristic low scales. Among the validating scales, the F-scale was found to be elevated as has been noted in comparable studies by other researchers. General agreement with findings from studies of other delin quent or criminal groups is noted, although the latter typically have been male prisoners. Some areas of disagreement are pointed out and discussed.
Historical Perspectives of Gang Research
Authors: Hardman Dale G. 
Published: March 2007

Systematic study of gangs has been largely confined to this century. Five clear periods of development can be identified, two of them overlapping: 1900-1930—a pioneering period; 1930-1943 —an era emphasizing social causality; 1940-1950—a decade of search for causal factors; 1942-1962—a period of disciplined observation which focused on the dynamics of ganging; 1950-1960—a decade of theorizing. The pioneer period appears to have been the most fertile era; subsequent theory and research largely confirm and extend the pioneers' work. The factor studies made heartening contribu tions ; though stemming from an empirical base with no unifying theory, they showed remarkable congruence in their findings; the observation studies showed less agreement. Studies with a single theoretical base show considerable discord in both theory and research findings. There is little consensus among gang theorists and researchers, and theorists pay little attention to available findings in elaborat ing new theory. There seems to be no "best" theory or research method.