bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Routing selfish unsplittable traffic
Authors: Auletta Vincenzo , Prisco Roberto De , Penna Paolo , Persiano Giuseppe 
Published: November 2007

We consider general resource assignment games involvingselfish users/agentsin which users compete for resources and try to be assigned to those which maximize their own benefits (e.g., try to route their traffic through links which minimize the latency of their own traffic). We propose and study amechanism designapproach in which an allocation mechanism assigns users to resources and charges the users for using the resources so as to induce each user totruthfullyreport a private piece of information he/she holds (e.g., how much traffic he/she needs to transmit). This information is crucial for computing optimal (or close to optimal) allocations and an agent could misreport his/her information to induce the underlying allocation algorithm to output a solution which he/she likes more (e.g., which assigns better resources to him/her).For our resource allocation problems, we give analgorithmic characterizationof the solutions for which truth-telling is a Nash equilibrium. A natural application of these results is to a scheduling/routing problem which is the mechanism design counterpart of the selfish routing game of Koutsoupias and Papadimitriou [1999]: Each selfish user wants to route a piece of unsplittable traffic using one ofmlinks of different speeds so as to minimize his/herownlatency. Our mechanism design counterpart can be seen as the problem of schedulingselfish jobson parallel related machines and is the dual of the problem of scheduling (unselfish) jobs on parallelselfish machinesstudied by Archer and Tardos [2001].Koutsoupias and Papadimitriou studied an “anarchic” scenario in which each user chooses his/her own link, and this may produce Nash equilibria of cost Ω(logm/log logm) times the optimum. Our mechanism design counterpart is a possible way of reducing the effect of selfish behavior via suitable incentives to the agents (i.e., taxes for using the links). We indeed show that in the resulting game, it is possible to guarantee an approximation factor of 8 for any number of links/machines (this solution also works for online settings). However, it remains impossible to guarantee arbitrarily good approximate solutions, even for 2 links/machines and even if the allocation algorithm is allowed superpolynomial time. This result shows that our scheduling problem with selfish jobs is more difficult than the scheduling problem with selfish machines by Archer and Tardos (which admits exact solutions).We also study some generalizations of this basic problem.
Süleyman i and the Conquest of Hungary: Ottoman Manifest Destiny or a Delayed Reaction To Charles V's Universalist Vision
Authors: Murphey Rhoads 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt has commonly (and rather persistently) been assumed that Ottoman relations with Christian Europe in the early sixteenth century were governed by fixed and immutable religio-political imperatives, whose ultimate aim was the establishment of Muslim dominance over Europe. The present study examines the interplay between three dimensions- the domestic, the regional and the international- that affected imperial planning and policy formulation in the period 1520 to 1540 to test the validity of this assumption of Ottoman immutability. Seen within the wider context of an inherent Ottoman need to balance conflicting priorities in an era of imperial growth, the study concludes that the early part of Süleyman's reign represents an era not of immutability, but of exploration, consolidation, and evolving imperatives formulated in response to pressures (both domestic and international) whose character changed and whose intensity fluctuated over time.
When Science Develops Outside State Patronage: Dutch Studies in Japan At the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Horiuchi Annick 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIt is one of the peculiar features of the movement of translation of Western scientific treatises from Dutch into Japanese, known as Dutch learning (rangaku), that if first originated in Nagasaki with a group of Japanese interpreters. This group differed from the scholarly community of the capital, Edo, by both training and social status. This article shows how this difference contributes to explaining some of the particularities of rangaku in its initial phase. A case in point is Shizuki Tadao's introduction of Newtonian physics and astronomy. Yet, Sugita Genpaku, a major representative of the Edo scholarly community, gave an account of the beginning of Dutch learning that attempted to minimise, or even to erase, the contribution of the Nagasaki interpreters, who were dismissed as unscholarly. This attempt, too, is best understood in the light of the difference between the two communities.
Ethical Implications of Globalisation for Church, Religion and Society1
Authors: Mothlabi Mokgethi B.G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article explores the phenomenon of globalisation and its effects on the Third World, namely cultural, political and economic dominance by the West. While economic globalisation, accompanied by structural adjustment programs, is purported to enable economic development of the Third World, it has had the opposite effect, namely to tip the economic scales in favour of the West and thereby created further hardships in poorer Third World countries. Globalisation is therefore experienced as a new colonialism undergirded by exploitative political and economic relations. A global ethic is proposed as a way towards countering the ill effects of globalisation. Such an ethic is built on the two-fold foundation of human dignity and human responsibility. An exposition is given of the principles of a global ethic. Within the ambit of such an ethic moral and religious leaders are called upon to attend to the needs of local communities.
The Blood of Female Martyrs as the Sperm of the Early Church1
Authors: Vorster Johannes N. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo what extent did early Christian martyr stories function as empowering the female body and contributing to an independent view of her 'self' and 'identity'? In the light of claims, often motivated by political correctness, that certain early Christian traditions acknowledged, appreciated and promoted woman's agency in Graeco-Roman social interaction, it is argued that if the notion of a 'regulatory body' is taken into consideration, early Christian female bodies and identities were crushed both by the Roman Imperium and early Christian patriarchal leadership.
'Seeing' a Body Into Being: Reflections On Scholarly Interpretations of the Nature and Reality of Jesus' Resurrected Body
Authors: Craffert Pieter F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study is concerned with the rhetoric of inquiry into the nature and reality of Jesus' resurrected body. The current rationalistic debate is analysed in terms of three components: views on the nature of Jesus' resurrected body, what is meant by 'seeing' and the understanding of reality involved in different proposals. These are contrasted with a cultural sensitive reading which allows the existence of multiple realities, the existence of visionary bodies and visions as a way of seeing. It is argued that what is today taken to be the meaning of the biblical descriptions of the resurrected body (like Paul's 'soma pneumatikon') is the result of 'seeing a body into being'. It is researchers' view on seeing together with their respective world-views which determine what the nature of Jesus' resurrected body is and not so much what the sources say or do not say.
The Light of Origins. Beta Israel and the Return To Yerusalem
Authors: Zegeye Abebe 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis article looks at the issue of the origin of the Ethiopian Jews and how they have survived the odyssey of their return to Yerusalem. The questions of how and when ancient Judaic influences entered Ethiopia remain the subject of controversy. Their impact on the last surviving Ethiopian Jews, the Beta Israel, and the Ethiopian Jews' right of return to modern Israel are of undoubted importance today. This raises the issue of whether the religious ideal and the automatic right of all jews to emigrate to Israel are equally applied. Furthermore, the concrete experiences of the Ethiopian Jews in Israel compel one to ask new questions about the possibility of the Beta Israel beginning to rethink their relationship with Ethiopian society.
Screening for depression after stroke: an exploration of professionals' compliancewith guidelines
Authors: Hart Sharon , Morris Reg 
Published: November 2007

Objective: National guidelines recommend screening for poststroke depression, but compliance is low. This research studied staff compliance in stroke units using the theory of planned behaviour to investigate influences upon screening. Design: The study used a questionnaire based on a semi-structured interview and measuring the theory of planned behaviour components. Setting: Sixteen stroke units throughout the UK were included. Subjects: Seventy-five health care professionals in stroke services participated. Main measures: A postal questionnaire with 7-point rating scales and open-ended questions was used. Results: Response rates were low, but the 75 returns demonstrated poor compliance for screening, despite positive attitudes towards it. Five variables, including three of the theory of planned behaviour components, predicted intention to screen: perceived control over screening, perceived expectations of others (direct and indirect normative beliefs), awareness of guidelines and screening being part of routine assessment. Perceived expectations of others, perceived control and awareness of guidelines also differentiated those intending to screen from `non-intenders'. Being knowledgeable about screening, having screening in the job role and belief in its clinical value were additional facilitating factors, while time pressure and concerns about screening tests were barriers. Profession and psychology input were not associated with screening. Conclusions: The theory of planned behaviour provides a framework for understanding screening intentions. Both individual and organizational factors were associated with screening. Compliance may be enhanced by: training to increase knowledge and skills, providing evidence of the utility, increasing awareness of guidelines, support from colleagues and integrating mood assessment into job roles and routine assessment.
The impact of introducing an ICF-based rehabilitation tool on staff satisfaction with multidisciplinary team care in rheumatology: an exploratory study
Authors: Verhoef J. , Toussaint P.J. , Putter H. , Zwetsloot-Schonk J.H.M. , Vliet Vlieland T.P.M. 
Published: November 2007

Objective: To investigate the impact of introducing a rehabilitation tool on multidisciplinary team members' satisfaction with team functioning, team conferences and written information exchange. Design: Pretest posttest design. Setting: Day patient and inpatient wards of a rheumatology rehabilitation clinic. Subjects: Members of two multidisciplinary teams. Interventions: The introduction of an electronic version of the Rehabilitation Activities Profile. Main measures: The Group Environment Scale and questionnaires on satisfaction with team conferences and administrative procedures administered before (T1) and 12 months after (T2) the introduction of the Rehabilitation Activities Profile. Results: The Group Environment Scale cohesion subscale was significantly higher at T2 than at T1 in the day patient setting (mean difference 1.9; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.3; 3.4), whereas in the inpatient setting the Group Environment Scale cohesion and the order and organization subscales were significantly lower (mean differences -3.0; 95% CI -4.7; -1.3 and -2.7; 95% CI -4.3; -1.1, respectively). Satisfaction with team conferences was significantly higher at T2 compared with T1 in the day patient setting (mean difference total score 0.6; 95% CI 0.3; 1.0), but not in the inpatient setting (mean difference -0.3; 95% CI -0.7; 0.2). In both settings, the proportions of health professionals spending >10 minutes on administrative tasks per patient contact were significantly higher at T2 than at T1. Conclusions: In the day patient setting, the introduction of a rehabilitation tool had a positive effect on team members' satisfaction with team functioning and team conferences, whereas in the inpatient setting the effect was absent or the opposite. In both settings, the time spent on administrative tasks increased.
Edging the Change
Authors: McLaughlin Hugh , Young Alys , Hunt Ros 
Published: November 2007

• Summary: This article reports the findings of the Edge of Change Project which sought to enable specialist social services teams in three local authorities to improve services for Deaf and hard of hearing service users in line with the Best Practice Standards. In particular we highlight the characteristics of the three areas: the projects they chose; a flavour of how they addressed the projects; and identify potential lessons for those similarly seeking to improve services. • Findings: In particular we identify potential glimpses for meaningful change including: change being based on underpinning values, partnership with service users, effective communication, `seed money' creativity and a collegial style of management. The inhibitors of change identified include: `keeping the day-job going', underestimating the amount of time and resources required, staff changes, lack of technological support, and the need to be both looking in and out and the fact that external events can change everything. • Applications : The themes discussed are potentially generalizable and may be of help to those considering similar changes with specialist teams.
X-chromosome tiling path array detection of copy number variants in patients with chromosome X-linked mental retardation
Authors: Madrigal I , Rodríguez-Revenga L , Armengol L , González E , Rodriguez B , Badenas C , Sánchez A , Martínez F , Guitart M , Fernández-Carvajal I , Arranz JA , Tejada MI , Pérez-Jurado LA , Estivill X , Milà M 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Aproximately 5–10% of cases of mental retardation in males are due to copy number variations (CNV) on the X chromosome. Novel technologies, such as array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH), may help to uncover cryptic rearrangements in X-linked mental retardation (XLMR) patients. We have constructed an X-chromosome tiling path array using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BACs) and validated it using samples with cytogenetically defined copy number changes. We have studied 54 patients with idiopathic mental retardation and 20 controls subjects.

Results
Known genomic aberrations were reliably detected on the array and eight novel submicroscopic imbalances, likely causative for the mental retardation (MR) phenotype, were detected. Putatively pathogenic rearrangements included three deletions and five duplications (ranging between 82 kb to one Mb), all but two affecting genes previously known to be responsible for XLMR. Additionally, we describe different CNV regions with significant different frequencies in XLMR and control subjects (44% vs. 20%).

Conclusion
This tiling path array of the human X chromosome has proven successful for the detection and characterization of known rearrangements and novel CNVs in XLMR patients.
Functional, genetic and bioinformatic characterization of a calcium/calmodulin kinase gene in Sporothrix schenckii
Authors: Valle-Aviles Liz , Valentin-Berrios Shirley , Gonzalez-Mendez Ricardo R , Rodriguez-del Valle Nuri 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background

Sporothrix schenckii is a pathogenic, dimorphic fungus, the etiological agent of sporotrichosis, a subcutaneous lymphatic mycosis. Dimorphism in S. schenckii responds to second messengers such as cAMP and calcium, suggesting the possible involvement of a calcium/calmodulin kinase in its regulation. In this study we describe a novel calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase gene in S. schenckii, sscmk1, and the effects of inhibitors of calmodulin and calcium/calmodulin kinases on the yeast to mycelium transition and the yeast cell cycle.

Results
Using the PCR homology approach a new member of the calcium/calmodulin kinase family, SSCMK1, was identified in this fungus. The cDNA sequence of sscmk1 revealed an open reading frame of 1,221 nucleotides encoding a 407 amino acid protein with a predicted molecular weight of 45.6 kDa. The genomic sequence of sscmk1 revealed the same ORF interrupted by five introns. Bioinformatic analyses of SSCMK1 showed that this protein had the distinctive features that characterize a calcium/calmodulin protein kinase: a serine/threonine protein kinase domain and a calmodulin-binding domain. When compared to homologues from seven species of filamentous fungi, SSCMK1 showed substantial similarities, except for a large and highly variable region that encompasses positions 330 – 380 of the multiple sequence alignment. Inhibition studies using calmodulin inhibitor W-7, and calcium/calmodulin kinase inhibitors, KN-62 and lavendustin C, were found to inhibit budding by cells induced to re-enter the yeast cell cycle and to favor the yeast to mycelium transition.

Conclusion
This study constitutes the first evidence of the presence of a calcium/calmodulin kinase-encoding gene in S. schenckii and its possible involvement as an effector of dimorphism in this fungus. These results suggest that a calcium/calmodulin dependent signaling pathway could be involved in the regulation of dimorphism in this fungus. The results suggest that the calcium/calmodulin kinases of yeasts are evolutionarily distinct from those in filamentous fungi.
Prevalence of anemia and deficiency of iron, folic acid, and zinc in children younger than 2 years of age who use the health services provided by the Mexican Social Security Institute
Authors: Duque Ximena , Flores-Hernández Sergio , Flores-Huerta Samuel , Méndez-Ramírez Ignacio , Muñoz Sergio , Turnbull Bernardo , Martínez-Andrade Gloria , Ramos Rosa I , González-Unzaga Marco , Mendoza María E , Martínez Homero 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackgroundIn Mexico, as in other developing countries, micronutrient deficiencies are common in infants between 6 and 24 months of age and are an important public health problem. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of anemia and of iron, folic acid, and zinc deficiencies in Mexican children under 2 years of age who use the health care services provided by the Mexican Institute for Social Security (IMSS).MethodsA nationwide survey was conducted with a representative sample of children younger than 2 years of age, beneficiaries, and users of health care services provided by IMSS through its regular regimen (located in urban populations) and its Oportunidades program (services offered in rural areas). A subsample of 4,955 clinically healthy children was studied to determine their micronutrient status. A venous blood sample was drawn to determine hemoglobin, serum ferritin, percent of transferrin saturation, zinc, and folic acid. Descriptive statistics include point estimates and 95% confidence intervals for the sample and projections for the larger population from which the sample was drawn.ResultsTwenty percent of children younger than 2 years of age had anemia, and 27.8% (rural) to 32.6% (urban) had iron deficiency; more than 50% of anemia was not associated with low ferritin concentrations. Iron stores were more depleted as age increased. Low serum zinc and folic acid deficiencies were 28% and 10%, respectively, in the urban areas, and 13% and 8%, respectively, in rural areas. The prevalence of simultaneous iron and zinc deficiencies was 9.2% and 2.7% in urban and rural areas. Children with anemia have higher percentages of folic acid deficiency than children with normal iron status.ConclusionIron and zinc deficiencies constitute the principal micronutrient deficiencies in Mexican children younger than 2 years old who use the health care services provided by IMSS. Anemia not associated with low ferritin values was more prevalent than iron-deficiency anemia. The presence of micronutrient deficiencies at this early age calls for effective preventive public nutrition programs to address them.
Capacity management of nursing staff as a vehicle for organizational improvement
Authors: Elkhuizen Sylvia G , Bor Gert , Smeenk Marjolein , Klazinga Niek S , Bakker Piet JM 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Background
Capacity management systems create insight into required resources like staff and equipment. For inpatient hospital care, capacity management requires information on beds and nursing staff capacity, on a daily as well as annual basis. This paper presents a comprehensive capacity model that gives insight into required nursing staff capacity and opportunities to improve capacity utilization on a ward level.

Methods
A capacity model was developed to calculate required nursing staff capacity. The model used historical bed utilization, nurse-patient ratios, and parameters concerning contract hours to calculate beds and nursing staff needed per shift and the number of nurses needed on an annual basis in a ward. The model was applied to three different capacity management problems on three separate groups of hospital wards. The problems entailed operational, tactical, and strategic management issues: optimizing working processes on pediatric wards, predicting the consequences of reducing length of stay on nursing staff required on a cardiology ward, and calculating the nursing staff consequences of merging two internal medicine wards.

Results
It was possible to build a model based on easily available data that calculate the nursing staff capacity needed daily and annually and that accommodate organizational improvements. Organizational improvement processes were initiated in three different groups of wards. For two pediatric wards, the most important improvements were found to be improving working processes so that the agreed nurse-patient ratios could be attained. In the second case, for a cardiology ward, what-if analyses with the model showed that workload could be substantially lowered by reducing length of stay. The third case demonstrated the possible savings in capacity that could be achieved by merging two small internal medicine wards.

Conclusion
A comprehensive capacity model was developed and successfully applied to support capacity decisions on operational, tactical, and strategic levels. It appeared to be a useful tool for supporting discussions between wards and hospital management by giving objective and quantitative insight into staff and bed requirements. Moreover, the model was applied to initiate organizational improvements, which resulted in more efficient capacity utilization.
Prediction of psychosis: setting the stage
Authors: Yung Alison R. , McGorry Patrick D. 
Published: November 2007

SummaryTreating psychotic disorders in their earliest stages has become a key focus
for research and clinical care. This paper reviews evidence of the capacity
to identify those at increased risk for psychotic disorder and to intervene
in the identified, high-risk individuals to ameliorate the course of
disorder. Issues involved in preventive oriented clinical care are
addressed, such as risk/benefit considerations, ethical and safety issues
and the value of stage-specific interventions. Clinical predictors
identified in recent research, promising intervention trials and proposed
clinical practice guidelines are described. An approach based on active
engagement, support and monitoring, yet with a conservative approach to
medication use is advocated at present. Potential neurobiological processes
have been studied and reinforce the sense that this is a critical phase for
active treatment, and may prove helpful in understanding the process of
transition across stages of illness. More research is required in
prediction, neurobiology and treatment