bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral Oxymorphone for Pain Management
Authors: Chamberlin Kevin W , Cottle Mark , Neville Rebecca , Tan Jennifer 
Published: June 2007

Objective To describe the pharmacology, safety and efficacy, and rationale for use of oral oxymorphone for the management of acute and chronic moderate-to-severe pain. Data Sources A PubMed/MEDLINE search (1966-March 2007) was conducted using the following terms: oral oxymorphone, oxymorphone, EN 3202, EN 3203, Opana, and Opana ER. Manufacturer-provided data (package inserts) and abstracts presented at the American Pain Society meetings (2003–2006) were also reviewed. Study Selection and Data Extraction Human studies evaluating the safety and efficacy of oral oxymorphone in pain management were considered; animal and non–English-language data were excluded. Data Synthesis Oral oxymorphone is a semisynthetic opioid agonist that is specific for the μ-opioid receptor and approved to treat both acute and chronic pain. Unlike other opioids, such as oxycodone, oxymorphone does not bind to the κ-opioid receptor. Due to extensive liver metabolism, oral oxymorphone is contraindicated in patients with moderate-to-severe hepatic impairment; however, no clinically significant CYP3A4, 2C9, or 2D6 mediated drug-drug interactions have been noted. Elderly patients may experience a 40% increase in plasma concentrations, while renally impaired patients may have a 57–65% increase in bioavailability. Food can increase the rate of absorption by as much as 50%, necessitating dosing either 1 hour before or 2 hours after a meal. Oxymorphone's primary adverse effects are similar to those of other opioids: nausea, vomiting, pruritus, pyrexia, and constipation. Conclusions Oxymorphone is an oral therapeutic option approved for the treatment of acute and chronic moderate-to-severe pain. Oxymorphone has a safety and efficacy profile similar to that of other commonly used pure opioids (morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone). Like oxycodone and morphine, oxymorphone also has immediate-release and extended-re lease formulations. Since cost alone is not yet favorable for oxymorphone over oxycodone or morphine, further studies of comparative efficacy targeting potential advantages of oxymorphone over other opioids are necessary before considering it for addition to a formulary.
Hematopoietic Stem Cells Derived From Adult Donors Are Not a Source of Pancreatic β-Cells in Adult Nondiabetic Humans
Authors: Butler Alexandra E. , Huang Andrew , Rao P. Nagesh , Bhushan Anil , Hogan William J. , Rizza Robert A. , Butler Peter C. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by an ∼98 and ∼65% loss of pancreatic β-cells, respectively. Efforts to reverse either form of diabetes increasingly focus on the possibility of promoting β-cell replacement and/or regeneration. Islet transplantation has been explored, but it does not provide long-term insulin independence. One possible source of β-cell regeneration is hematopoietic stem cells. In mice, there are conflicting data as to whether hematopoietic stem cells contribute to pancreatic β-cells. We sought to establish whether hematopoietic stem cells (derived from adult donors) transdifferentiate into pancreatic β-cells in adult humans.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We addressed this in 31 human pancreata obtained at autopsy from hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients who had received their transplant from a donor of the opposite sex.
RESULTS—Whereas some donor-derived cells were observed in the nonendocrine pancreata, no pancreatic β-cells were identified that were derived from donor hematopoietic stem cells, including two cases with type 2 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—We conclude that hematopoietic stem cells derived from adult donors contribute minimally to pancreatic β-cells in nondiabetic adult humans. These data do not rule out the possibility that hematopoietic stem cells contribute to pancreatic β-cells in childhood or in individuals with type 1 diabetes.
Updated and Revised Diabetes Family Conflict Scale
Authors: Hood Korey K. , Butler Deborah A. , Anderson Barbara J. , Laffel Lori M.B. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE— The purpose of this study was to update the Diabetes Family Conflict Scale (DFCS) in the era of intensive diabetes management and provide an indication of its psychometric properties.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— The revised DFCS and measures of negative emotions around blood glucose monitoring (BGM), quality of life, and perceived parental burden from diabetes management were completed by 202 children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes and their primary caregivers. Insulin regimen, adherence, and glycemic control were also assessed.
RESULTS— The revised DFCS demonstrated strong psychometric properties. There was acceptable internal consistency for child and caregiver forms of the DFCS. Factor analysis revealed two factors related to direct and indirect management tasks. Both child (r = 0.27, P &lt; 0.01) and caregiver (r = 0.26, P &lt; 0.01) DFCS scores were correlated with A1C values. Multivariate analysis of factors usually associated with A1C values showed an additive, independent contribution of diabetes-specific family conflict to the prediction of glycemic control: F (12,189) = 6.17, P &lt; 0.01, R2 = 0.28. Conflict around direct management tasks (e.g., BGM) was a more important predictor of higher A1C levels than conflict around indirect management tasks (e.g., telling friends about diabetes).
CONCLUSIONS— The revised and updated DFCS demonstrates strong psychometric properties and can be used as a tool for measuring the level of diabetes-specific conflict in families with children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes.
A Prospective Study of Overall Diet Quality and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes in Women
Authors: Fung Teresa T. , McCullough Marjorie , van Dam Rob M. , Hu Frank B. 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE— The aim of this article was to assess the association between the Alternate Healthy Eating Index (AHEI) and risk of type 2 diabetes in women.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— A total of 80,029 women aged 38–63 years in the Nurses’ Health Study were followed from 1984 to 2002. The AHEI score was computed from dietary information collected from five repeated food frequency questionnaires administered between 1984 and 1998. Relative risks (RRs) for type 2 diabetes were calculated using Cox proportional hazards models and adjusted for known diabetes risk factors. We also examined how changes in score in 4, 6–8, and 10–12 years are associated with diabetes risk.
RESULTS— We ascertained 5,183 incident cases of type 2 diabetes during 18 years of follow-up. Women who scored high on the AHEI had a lower risk (RR comparing top to bottom score quintile 0.64 [95% CI 0.58–0.71], Ptrend &lt; 0.0001) for diabetes. Women with consistently high AHEI scores throughout follow-up, compared with those with consistently low scores, had the lowest risk for diabetes. In addition, women whose AHEI scores improved during follow-up, even during recent years, had a lower risk of diabetes than did women whose (low) score did not change.
CONCLUSIONS— A higher AHEI score is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes in women. Therefore, the AHEI score may be a useful clinical tool to assess diet quality and to recommend for the prevention of diabetes.
Fasting and Postprandial Glycoxidative and Lipoxidative Stress Are Increased in Women With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Schindhelm Roger K. , Alssema Marjan , Scheffer Peter G. , Diamant Michaela , Dekker Jacqueline M. , Barto Rob , Nijpels Giel , Kostense Piet J. , Heine Robert J. , Schalkwijk Casper G. , Teerlink Tom 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE— We studied acute changes in markers of glycoxidative and lipoxidative stress, including oxidized LDL, Nε-(carboxyethyl)-lysine (CEL), Nε-(carboxymethyl)-lysine (CML), and 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), following two consecutive meals.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Postmenopausal women (27 with normal glucose metabolism [NGM], 26 with type 2 diabetes) received two consecutive fat-rich meals and two consecutive carbohydrate-rich meals on two occasions. Glucose and triglyceride concentrations were measured at baseline and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 h following breakfast; lunch was given at 4 h. Oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio, CEL, CML, and 3DG were measured at baseline and at 8 h.
RESULTS— Fasting oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio, 3DG, and CML were higher in women with type 2 diabetes compared with women with NGM and were comparable to the postprandial values at 8 h in NGM. Postprandial rises in the oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio and 3DG were similar in both groups. However, the oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio increased more after the fat-rich meals, whereas CML and 3DG increased more after the carbohydrate-rich meals. After the fat-rich meals, the increase in the oxidized LDL–to–LDL cholesterol ratio correlated with postprandial triglycerides, whereas the increase in 3DG was correlated with postprandial glucose.
CONCLUSIONS— The acute changes in markers of glycoxidative and lipoxidative stress in both type 2 diabetes and NGM suggest that postabsorptive oxidative stress may partly underlie the association of postprandial derangements and cardiovascular risk.
Degree of Obesity and Glucose Allostasis Are Major Effectors of Glucose Tolerance Dynamics in Obese Youth
Authors: Weiss Ram , Cali Anna M. , Dziura James , Burgert Tania S. , Tamborlane William V. , Caprio Sonia 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE— One of the signals for the β-cell to maintain an adequate response to worsening insulin sensitivity is elevated ambient glycemia, namely the concept of “glucose allostasis.” We examined whether glucose allostasis can be demonstrated using oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) and the effects of the dynamics of β-cell demand on longitudinal changes of glucose tolerance in obese youth.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— A cross-sectional analysis of 784 OGTTs of obese youth was used to demonstrate the concept of allostasis, and a longitudinal assessment of 181 subjects was used to examine the effects of changes in β-cell demand and the degree of obesity on glucose tolerance.
RESULTS— Glucose allostasis can be demonstrated using indexes derived from an OGTT. Increasing β-cell demand and the degree of obesity at baseline were independently related to elevations in ambient glycemia over time. Baseline BMI Z score was a significant contributor to elevated glucose levels on the second OGTT, while the change in degree of obesity during follow-up was not.
CONCLUSIONS— Increasing β-cell demand related to worsening insulin sensitivity and the degree of obesity per se have independent roles in the development of elevated glucose levels over time. This implicates that peripheral insulin sensitization and/or β-cell enhancement alongside a significant reduction in obesity may be needed to prevent the development of altered glucose metabolism in obese youth.
Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion Determined by Homeostasis Model Assessment and Risk of Diabetes in a Multiethnic Cohort of Women
Authors: Song Yiqing , Manson JoAnn E. , Tinker Lesley , Howard Barbara V. , Kuller Lewis H. , Nathan Lauren , Rifai Nader , Liu Simin 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE— The homeostasis model assessment (HOMA), based on plasma levels of fasting glucose and insulin, has been widely validated and applied for quantifying insulin resistance and β-cell function. However, prospective data regarding its relation to diabetes risk in ethnically diverse populations are limited.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— Among 82,069 women who were aged 50–79 years, free of cardiovascular disease or diabetes, and participating in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study, we conducted a nested case-control study to prospectively examine the relations of HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β-cell function (HOMA-B) with diabetes risk. During a median follow-up period of 5.9 years, 1,584 diabetic patients were matched with 2,198 control subjects by age, ethnicity, clinical center, time of blood draw, and follow-up time.
RESULTS— Baseline levels of fasting glucose, insulin, and HOMA-IR were each significantly higher among case compared with control subjects, while HOMA-B was lower (all P values &lt;0.0001). After adjustment for matching factors and diabetes risk factors, all four markers were significantly associated with diabetes risk; the estimated relative risks per SD increment were 3.54 (95% CI 3.02–4.13) for fasting glucose, 2.25 (1.99–2.54) for fasting insulin, 3.40 (2.95–3.92) for HOMA-IR, and 0.57(0.51–0.63) for HOMA-B. While no statistically significant multiplicative interactions were observed between these markers and ethnicity, the associations of both HOMA-IR and HOMA-B with diabetes risk remained significant and robust in each ethnic group, including whites, blacks, Hispanics, and Asians/Pacific Islanders. When evaluated jointly, the relations of HOMA-IR and HOMA-B with diabetes risk appeared to be independent and additive. HOMA-IR was more strongly associated with an increased risk than were other markers after we excluded those with fasting glucose ≥126 mg/dl at baseline.
CONCLUSIONS— High HOMA-IR and low HOMA-B were independently and consistently associated with an increased diabetes risk in a multiethnic cohort of U.S. postmenopausal women. These data suggest the value of HOMA indexes for diabetes risk in epidemiologic studies.
Electrooptical behaviour and control of a suspended particle device
Authors: Vergaz R. , Pena J. , Barrios D. , Pérez I. , Torres J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA suspended particle device is made by electrophoretic rod-shape particles suspended in an organic gel. These particles can twist and order with an applied voltage. The light crossing the material suffers more or less scattering according to that voltage. A commercial device is analyzed in this work. Several electrical models are tested, being the best one a series configuration including a shunt double layer capacitance and a Warburg element. Main parameter errors are below 2%, showing the quality of this new electrical model for this kind of devices. A quick method to improve the manufacturing process on-line is also proposed. Impedance measurements will be fitted to the selected electrical model, in order to check physical aspects such as charge diffusion lengths and response times. An electronic driver to obtain several levels of device transmission has been also developed, being its linearity demonstrated too. Colour changes are negligible for the main part of the bleaching process. All these features allow the use of this set in domotics application.
Multicomponent multicompartment model for Fischer–Tropsch SCBR
Authors: Iliuta Ion , Larachi Faïçal , Anfray Jérôme , Dromard Nicolas , Schweich Daniel 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) in which a syngas is converted into a wide range of paraffins, olefins, and oxygenates, has found renewed interest in the context of indirect conversion of natural gas. Slurry bubble column reactors (SBCR) rank high among the candidate reactors for FTS. Despite their simple construction, their design are still uncertain because of the fragmented understanding about FTS chemistry, the reactor fluid mechanics, heat and mass transfer, the thermodynamics, and how these phenomena are intermingled in the reactor. A multicomponent/compartment model was developed to account for a detailed hydrodynamics where upon were tied the Fischer–Tropsch and water‐gas‐shift reactions, the thermodynamics and thermal effects, the variable gas flow‐rate because of chemical/physical contraction, and gas and slurry (re)circulation and percompartment back‐mixing. A Cobased mechanistic kinetics accounting for olefin re‐adsorption was used to describe paraffin and olefin formation and vapor–liquid equilibria were evaluated using a Peng‐Robinson/Marano‐Holder model. The model was used to analyze the effects of catalyst loading, temperature, gas velocity, water‐gas shift, and gas contraction on the performance of SBCRs. The simulated behavior for commercial‐scale SBCR was discussed in the light of a sensitivity analysis of the model outputs with regard to the hydrodynamic, the heat and mass transfer parameters. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Rituximab‐induced interstitial lung disease
Authors: Wagner Stephanie A. , Mehta Apurva C. , Laber Damian A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study is to characterize rituximab‐induced interstitial lung disease (R‐ILD). The information on all reported cases of R‐ILD was reviewed. This analysis focused on patient characteristics, underlying disease, rituximab dosing schedule, and R‐ILD characteristic‐like symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, and outcomes. Sixteen cases of R‐ILD, including our two cases, have been reported in the literature. Commonalities include older age, clinical presentation, computerized tomography findings, pulmonary function tests, and biopsy findings. Therapy included corticosteroids and broad spectrum antibiotics. Prognosis has been variable. Patients who worsen despite corticosteroids have a poor outcome. The pathogenesis of R‐ILD is largely unknown. Potential explanations for R‐ILD may include the induction and release of cytotoxic substances. R‐ILD is a rare but potentially fatal pulmonary toxicity due to rituximab. R‐ILD should be considered in patients who present with dyspnea, fever, and cough, and there is no clear evidence of infection. Prompt diagnosis and treatment with corticosteroids is essential. Am. J. Hematol. 82:916–919, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determinants and characteristics of mean corpuscular volume and hemoglobin concentration in white HFE C282Y homozygotes in the hemochromatosis and iron overload screening study
Authors: McLaren Christine E. , Barton James C. , Gordeuk Victor R. , Wu Lu , Adams Paul C. , Reboussin David M. , Speechley Mark , Chang Henry , Acton Ronald T. , Harris Emily L. , Ruggiero Andrea M. , Castro Oswaldo 
Published: June 2007

AbstractElevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is common in persons with hemochromatosis associated with HFE C282Y homozygosity. We evaluated data from the subset of non‐Hispanic white participants in the Hemochromatosis and Iron Overload Screening Study to determine if elevated MCV in C282Y homozygotes is related to this genotype or to serum iron measures. Regression analysis was used to model MCV and Hb from transferrin saturation (TfSat), serum ferritin (SF), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell count, age, HFE genotype, Field Center, and presence of liver‐related abnormalities in C282Y homozygotes and control subjects without HFE mutations (wt/wt genotype). Mean MCV was higher in C282Y homozygotes than in HFE wt/wt controls (94.4 vs. 89.7 fL in women; 95.3 vs. 91.2 fL in men; P < 0.0001 for both). These differences were largely associated with increased mean TfSat and SF in C282Y homozygotes. Adjusted mean MCV was 92.0 fL (95% confidence interval, 91.1, 92.9) in female C282Y homozygotes and 90.9 fL (90.3, 91.5) in controls. Among women with SF in the reference range 20–200 μg/L, adjusted mean MCV was 92.9 fL, (91.7, 94.2) in C282Y homozygotes, 1.8 fL higher than in controls (P = 0.013). The adjusted mean MCV of male C282Y homozygotes and controls was similar (P = 0.30). Adjusted mean Hb was 0.2 g/dL higher in women with C282Y/C282Y than in controls. Greater mean MCV in C282Y homozygosity reflects increased mean TfSat and mean SF in men and women; an additional effect of genotype on MCV and Hb was detected in women. Am. J. Hematol. 82:898–905, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The β‐globin gene cluster distribution revisited—Patterns in Native American populations
Authors: Callegari‐Jacques Sidia M. , Crossetti Shaiane G. , Kohlrausch Fabiana B. , Salzano Francisco M. , Tsuneto Luiza T. , Petzl‐Erler Maria Luiza , Hill Kim , Hurtado A. Magdalena , Hutz Mara H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractNew frequencies for the β‐globin gene cluster haplotypes are presented for the Aché (N = 82 individuals), Guarani (N = 76), and Kaingang (N = 54), three Native South American populations that live in an area between parallels 20°S and 30°S not covered by previous studies at this locus. The haplotype frequencies obtained for the three populations are within the interval observed for 28 other Native American populations. The Aché show much less haplotypes (five) than the other two populations (9–10), the haplotype prevalences being more similar to those of the Guarani than to the Kaingang. The Native American total heterozygosity was about half (0.41) that obtained for the African populations (0.71), but was not much different from those obtained for other continents. A geographical pattern was disclosed in South America by mapping the frequencies of the most common haplotype (haplotype 2), and by means of spatial correlation analysis. The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) and pairwise FST data suggest three distinct sectors for the genetic landscape of Native South America: the Andes, the Center/Southeast region, and the Amazon. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
“Zuzu” strikes again—Morphological affinities of the early holocene human skeleton from Toca dos Coqueiros, Piaui, Brazil
Authors: Hubbe Mark , Neves Walter A. , do Amaral Heleno Licurgo , Guidon Niéde 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Serra da Capivara National Park in northeastern Brazil is one of the richest archaeological regions in South America. Nonetheless, so far only two paleoindian skeletons have been exhumed from the local rockshelters. The oldest one (9870 ± 50 BP; CAL 11060 ± 50), uncovered in Toca dos Coqueiros and known as “Zuzu,” represents a rare opportunity to explore the biological relationships of paleoindian groups living in northeastern Brazil. As previously demonstrated, South and Central America Paleoindians present skull morphology distinct from the one found nowadays in Amerindians and similar to Australo‐Melanesians. Here we test the hypothesis that Zuzu shows higher morphological affinity with Paleoindians. However, Zuzu is a controversial skeleton since previous osteological assessments have disagreed on several aspects, especially regarding its sex. Thus, we compared Zuzu to males and females independently. Morphological affinities were assessed through clustering of principal components considering 18 worldwide populations and through principal components analysis of the individual dispersion of five key regions for America's settlement. The results obtained do not allow us to refute the hypothesis, expanding the known geographical dispersion of the Paleoindian morphology into northeast Brazil. To contribute to the discussion regarding Zuzu's sex, a new estimation is presented based on visual inspection of cranial and post‐cranial markers, complemented by a discriminant analysis of its morphology in relation to the paleoindian sample. The results favor a male classification and are consistent with the mortuary offerings found in the burial, yet do not agree with a molecular determination. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.