bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vidale receives Macelwane Medal
Authors: Mooney Walter , Vidale John E. 
Published: October 2006

The James B. Macelwane Medal, which is given for significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by a young scientist of outstanding ability, was presented to John E. Vidale at the 1994 Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony on December 7, 1994, in San Francisco. The award citation and Vidale's response are given here.“Scientific discovery most often comes from the creative exploitation of newly available data to address long‐standing problems. John Vidale, who shares the 1994 Macelwane Medal, has excelled in this regard. His contributions in seismological studies of Earth structure and earthquake sources have been an inspiration to geophysicists throughout the world. His numerous publications in the leading journals Nature and Science over the past 4 years already well exceeds the number of papers accepted by these two journals in a typical scientific career. John selects data like ripe fruit waiting to be plucked, and utilizes it wisely.
Global change researchers assess projections of climate change
Authors: Barron Eric J. 
Published: October 2006

In October 1994 climate researchers met at the Forum on Global Change Modeling to create a consensus document summarizing the debate on issues related to the use of climate models to influence policy. The charge to the Forum was to develop a brief statement on the credibility of projections of climate change provided by General Circulation Models. The Forum focused specifically on the climate aspects of the entire global change issue, not on emission scenarios, the consequences of change to ecosystems and natural resource systems, or the socio‐economic implications and potential for responses.The Forum report put thoughts on this often divisive issue into perspective for use by the Government Accounting Office in developing and considering national policy options. The forum was organized in response to requests from the White House Office of Science and Technology by the Subcommitteeon Global Change Research, abranch of the new Committee on Earth and Natural Resources set up by the Clinton administration.
Global positioning finds applications in geosciences research
Authors: Ware Randolph , Businger Steve 
Published: October 2006

Continuous global positioning satellite tracking networks are being established by a variety of national and international organizations to provide basic infrastructure for space‐age navigation, surveying, science, engineering, and atmospheric sensing. The emerging networks present opportunities for a variety of geoscience applications. To make the most of these opportunities, the geoscience community should clarify and communicate its research goals to organizations establishing global positioning networks.Soon after the space age began, it was recognized that the orbits of satellites provided a valuable reference frame for global navigation systems. Today, the 24‐satellite Global Positioning System (GPS) operated by the Department of Defense is the most widely used system, followed by a smaller group of Russian satellites called GLONASS. These systems may be augmented by future commercial low‐Earth orbit communication and positioning satellite services.
Workshop held to expand the horizons of heterogeneity research
Authors: Silliman Stephen E. 
Published: October 2006

Intermediate‐Scale Experiments (ISEs)—controlled experiments on porous media that contain physical and/or chemical heterogeneities—are valuable research tools for addressing transport and coupled processes hypotheses. ISEs' unique capabilities stand to benefit research in the scaling of measurements, the study of subsurface microbial populations, and the characterization of coupled processes. But although these experiments have been used for over a decade, applying them presents a number of challenges.Much work lies ahead in making ISEs more applicable to field problems; increasing their interaction with theoretical, field, numerical, and batch‐scale efforts; scaling the knowledge gained from ISEs to interpret field‐scale mechanisms; and in developing nonintrusive and nondestructive sampling techniques. The biggest challenge is integrating ISEs into programs that incorporate a number of research techniques as well as several scales of measurement.
Jupiter: The Giant Planet
Authors: Johnson Torrence V. 
Published: October 2006

In writing Jupiter: The Giant Planet, Reta Beebe accepted a tremendous challenge: to encapsulate our current understanding of the entire Jovian system and make it understandable to a diverse audience of both technical and nontechnical readers. She has succeeded remarkably well, and the book will reward readers of all levels of scientific background.The book is a compact, high‐quality production, with a handsome cover dominated by Jupiter. The color plates are excellently reproduced and well chosen. The graphics and illustrations are clean and well integrated with the text. Some of the black and white photographs suffer from contrast problems but are mostly adequate for their purpose. A future edition of this work would benefit from using more recent digital versions of the Galilean satellite maps.
AGU moves further into the electronic age
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

One of the most ambitious tasks underway at AGU is the development of a prototype electronic journal that will incorporate animation and sound. (See the Editorial, front page, this issue.) This electronic journal will allow readers to assimilate information interactively and will give authors a forum in which to publish results that cannot be presented effectively in a traditional, printed journal.The new journal is just one component of AGU's growing electronic communication arsenal. The Information Technology Committee gathered in March to assess the electronic products currently in development and to create a 3‐year action plan to move forward in this exciting arena.
WMO Conference averts a “data war”
Authors: Wakefield Julie 
Published: October 2006

Negotiations at the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Conference in Geneva during the past few weeks appear to have averted an all‐out “data war” over the exchange of international weather data—at least for now.Last week, policymakers were moving toward a compromise position, consistent with the U.S. position going into the conference. The compromise position would continue to support a policy of free and open exchange of data and would render unnecessary the European proposal to set up a two‐tier system for the exchange of weather data. In addition, the compromise position would recognize the right of any country to place restrictions on its data through licensing and copyright agreements.
[Comment on ’”Debate over free exchange of data roils geohysical world” by Julie Wakefield”] Geophysics data: Neither free nor cheap in today's political, economic climate
Authors: Hoskins Hartley 
Published: October 2006

A Feb. 14, 1995, Eos article, “Debate Over Free Exchange of Data Roils Geophysical World,” discussed a controversial proposal to develop a three‐tiered system for meteorological data exchange. In response to the call for related Forum pieces, I offer the following comments.Environmental data does not come cheap. The real costs of environmental data are frequently “buried” in the budgets of the multipurpose infrastructures that gather the information. Costs include instrumentation and calibration, siting and access, technical support, and data processing. Many producers and consumers probably do not know the actual “cost per information unit.” Smart systems, with communications links, are reducing acquisition costs; but the trend is countered by increasingly sophisticated and costly sensor technology and acquisition schemes.
Sakhalin earthquake renews concerns about seismic safety in the former Soviet Union
Authors: Leith William 
Published: October 2006

On May 28,1995, a shallow, Ms = 7.6 earthquake struck the northeastern portion of Sakhalin Island, which lies north of Japan in the western part of the Sea of Okhotsk. Most of the oil town of Neftegorsk (Figure 1) was leveled; of its 3000 inhabitants, as many as 2000 may have died. This earthquake is the worst natural disaster to strike the former Soviet Union since 1988, when an Ms = 6.8 earthquake occurred in a populated region of Armenia, killing more than 25,000.Building damage was reported as far north as Okha, 125 kilometers north of Neftegorsk. Ground shaking ruptured the main oil pipeline in at least twelve places between the epicentral area and Okha, and caused the spillage of oil from a storage tank.
Experiment tests use of acoustics to monitor temperature and ice in Arctic Ocean
Authors: Mikhalevsky Peter N. , Baggeroer Arthur B. , Gavrilov Alexander , Slavinsky Mark 
Published: October 2006

A recent experiment conducted to test whether Arctic Ocean temperature change and sea ice thickness and roughness can be monitored using long‐range, low‐frequency acoustics was a resounding success. The Transarctic Acoustic Propagation (TAP) experiment, conducted in April 1994, showed that acoustic thermometry can be used to collect year‐round data in this critical, sensitive part of the global climate system.The oceanographic structure of the Arctic and the depth distribution of the acoustic modes make the Arctic especially suitable for acoustic thermometry. In fact, acoustic thermometry has many advantages for collecting climate data in the Arctic over satellite, icebreaker, or submarine. Longterm observations of the changes in acoustic phase, travel time, and amplitude of many transarctic paths could provide synoptic measurements of Arctic Ocean temperature and sea ice properties, particularly average ice thickness [Mikhalevsky et al., 1991]. Arctic Ocean temperature change is impossible to obtain with satellites, and synoptic longterm monitoring is difficult and expensive with ice breakers and submarines.
Gravity and isostatic anomaly maps of Greece produced
Authors: Lagios E. , Chailas S. , Hipkin R. G. 
Published: October 2006

A gravity anomaly map of Greece was first compiled in the early 1970s [Makris and Stavrou, 1984] from all available gravity data collected by different Hellenic institutions. However, to compose this map the data had to be smoothed to the point that many of the smaller‐wavelength gravity anomalies were lost. New work begun in 1987 has resulted in the publication of an updated map [Lagios et al., 1994] and an isostatic anomaly map derived from it.The gravity data cover the area between east longitudes 19° and 27° and north latitudes 32° and 42°, organized in files of 100‐km squares and grouped in 10‐km squares using UTM zone 34 coordinates. Most of the data on land come from the gravity observations of Makris and Stavrou [1984] with additional data from the Institute of Geology and Mining Exploration, the Public Oil Corporation of Greece, and Athens University. These data were checked using techniques similar to those used in compiling the gravity anomaly map of the United States, but the horizontal gradient was used as a check rather than the gravity difference. Marine data were digitized from the maps of Morelli et al. [1975a, 1975b]. All gravity anomaly values are referred to the IGSN‐71 system, reduced with the standard Bouger density of 2.67 Mg/m3. We estimate the errors of the anomalies in the continental part of Greece to be ±0.9 mGal; this is expected to be smaller over fairly flat regions. For stations whose height has been determined by leveling, the error is only ±0.3 mGal. For the marine areas, the errors are about ±5 mGal [Morelli, 1990].
Bering Glacier resumes its surge
Authors: Molnia Bruce F. 
Published: October 2006

Bering Glacier has started to surge again following a 7‐month period of minor retreat and near‐stagnation. Part of the terminus advanced about 750 m between May 19 and June 1.Bering—the largest surging temperate glacier on Earth—recently experienced a major, 17‐month‐long surge that ended in September 1994. That surge displaced the terminus by a maximum of about 9 km and caused a substantial increase in iceberg production. It also covered the islands within Vitus Lake completely or partially with ice [Eos, 74, 321–322, 521; Eos, 75, 549] and caused significant changes in the lake's size, bathymetry, hydrology, and water chemistry. The latest surge is overriding two of these islands, which are home to many species of waterfowl, including the endangered dusky snow goose, at the peak of the nesting season.
Proposed changes to AGU Bylaws
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

A number of changes to AGU's Bylaws were approved by Council at its June 1, 1995, meeting. Before changes to the Bylaws can become effective, they must be published for the membership and then be voted upon affirmatively a second time by Council. Comments on the Bylaw changes under consideration may be addressed to the Statutes and Bylaws Committee at AGU headquarters. Committee members are John R. Ritter, Chair; John S. Dickey, Jr.; Timothy E. Eastman; Kenneth Fox; Stephen C. Komor; and Leonard J. Pietrafesa.The full statement of the Statutes and Bylaws as amended through May 1994 is published in the AGU Handbook, supplement to Eos, January 31, 1995.
Instructional computing in space physics moves ahead
Authors: Russell C. T. , Omidi N. 
Published: October 2006

As the number of spacecraft stationed in the Earth's magnetosphere exponentiates and society becomes more technologically sophisticated and dependent on these spacebased resources, both the importance of space physics and the need to train people in this field will increase.Space physics is a very difficult subject for students to master. Both mechanical and electromagnetic forces are important. The treatment of problems can be very mathematical, and the scale sizes of phenomena are usually such that laboratory studies become impossible, and experimentation, when possible at all, must be carried out in deep space. Fortunately, computers have evolved to the point that they are able to greatly facilitate instruction in space physics.
New instrument platform tested at Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Rudnicki M. D. , German C. R. , Kirk R. E. , Sinha M. , Elderfield H. , Riches S. 
Published: October 2006

BRIDGET, a deep‐towed instrument platform for water column studies in the deep ocean, was deployed for the first time at a recently discovered hydrothermally active vent site in the axial valley of the Mid‐Atlantic Ridge. Its ability to tow and to closely control sampling devices and sensors should lead to more detailed plume mapping and better sampling of the water column above active hydrothermal sites.In September 1994 BRIDGET was deployed at the Rainbow vent site, which is located [German et al., 1994] south of the Azores at 36°;15′N. The hydrothermal activity is located at Rainbow Ridge, a topographic high that rises to 2000 m depth from the valley floor at >3000 m depth (Figure 1). Preliminary interpretation of side‐scan sonar data [Parson et al., 1994] suggests that Rainbow does not appear to be part of a currently active axial volcanic ridge.
Outstanding student paper
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

One presentation in the Geomagnetism and Paleomagnetism Section was named Outstanding Student Paper at AGU's Spring Meeting in Baltimore, Md.Weixin Xu was honored for his presentation of “Alteration of fine‐grained tianomagnetite in the interstitial glass of pillow basalts from the Atlantic Ocean: A component of the decrease in NRM intensity with aging.” Xu attended the Zhejiang University in China, where he obtained a B.A. in geology. He received an M.S. in petroleum geologyo in July 1985 from the Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development, Beijing, China. In September 1991, he started a Ph.D. program in rock magnetism at the University of Michigan. His research involves the use of electron microscopy, XRD, and rock magnetic measurements, and the study of magnetic minerals in mid‐Atlantic ocean floor basalts, Stillwater gabbros, and Rocky Mountain carbonates.
Chinese CFCs
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

China has announced that it will accelerate its plans to phase out ozone‐depleting substances by 5 years, moving the deadline from 2010 to 2005. Government officials indicated that a recent influx of financial aid pledges from international donors would enable the nation's home appliance industry to make the equipment upgrades and conversions necessary to implement a quicker phase‐out.The announcement came from Jiang Feng, home appliance production chief of the Chinese General Association of Light Industry, who declared that the nation would no longer use CFCs in refrigerators after 2005. According to the China News Service, China is currently the largest producer of ozone‐depleting substances of the developing nations of the world.
Appropriations for science move ahead in Congress
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Both the House and the Senate have acted on HR 1977, the FY 1996 Interior Department Appropriations Bill, which includes funding for the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Because each chamber produced its own version of the bill, a conference committee of members must reconcile differences between the versions. When the conference committee has completed its work, the bill will be sent back to each chamber for a final vote.In the House version, USGS received a total of $686.9 million. However the National Biological Survey funds comprised $112.9 million, leaving $574 million for the original USGS functions. The Senate approved the $577.5 million for USGS, without the Biological Survey.
House Science Committee Acts on NIST Laboratories
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Committees in both chambers of Congress are considering bills to dismantle the Department of Commerce, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The main bill in the House, HR 1756, sponsored by Rep. Dick Chrysler (R‐Mich.), has been referred to 11 different committees, each of which has jurisdiction over some part of it. In September, the House Science Committee, chaired by Robert Walker (R‐Pa.), held a hearing on the proposal and marked up the portions of Chrysler's bill relating to science and technology.In addition to abolishing the Commerce Department, Chrysler's bill would mandate selling NIST's laboratories and those of NOAA's Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research “to a private sector entity intending to perform substantially the same functions as were performed by the laboratories.” It also would terminate NIST's Advanced Technology Program (ATP) and Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP).
Interdisciplinary atmospheric research featured at IUGG Meeting
Authors: Roper Robert 
Published: October 2006

In spite of the general climate of uncertainty that exists almost world‐wide about future funding for atmospheric research, the International Association of Meteorology and Atmospheric Sciences (IAMAS) continues to serve as a focal point and clearinghouse for both fundamental and applied research, principally through its sponsorship of meetings and symposia.At the recent International Union of Geophysics and Geodesy Assembly in Boulder, Colo., IAMAS jointly sponsored a number of symposia and sessions spanning the breadth and depth of the IAMAS involvement in science. Ranging from ocean and atmosphere‐global change through clouds, convection and large scale flows, radiation budget studies and land surface process modeling, to remote sensing algorithms in hydrology, the effects of Pinatubo, equatorial atmosphere and ionosphere interactions, middle atmosphere dynamics and chemistry, and climate variability and forcing, the interdisciplinary nature of IAMAS involvement is obvious. Even the “IAMAS only” sponsored sessions, on such topics as tropospheric ozone, atmospheric electrodynamics, the boundary layer and its mesoscale impact, stratospheric processes and their role in climate, and atmosphere‐ocean behavior have interdisciplinary complexities and are of major importance to humanity and the sustainability of the environment.
House considers science authorization
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The House of Representatives will soon consider a massive science authorization bill. It is uncertain what will become of this legislation, but the bill is notable for its attempt to broadly set science policy and funding priorities.H.R. 2405, the Omnibus Civilian Science Authorization Act of 1995, was introduced by House Science Committee Chairman Robert Walker (R‐Pa.) on September 27. Joining Walker in cosponsoring the bill are his four subcommittee chairs: Constance Morella (R‐Md.), Steven Schiff (R‐N.Mex.), Dana Rohrabacher (R‐Calif.), and James Sensenbrenner (R‐Wis.). The bill is a combination of seven authorization bills which the committee has previously considered, setting forth the funding limits and program direction for some or all of the programs of the National Science Foundation, NASA, Department of Energy, National Institue of Standards and Technology, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Protection Agency, and the U.S. Fire Administration.
Remedies proposed for China's groundwater problems
Authors: Loaiciga Hugo A. 
Published: October 2006

Groundwater experts and hydrologists from China and 10 other nations recently gathered in Beijing to exchange state‐of‐the‐art scientific and technological knowledge on groundwater hydrology, modeling, remediation, and management. The participants also reviewed groundwater environmental conditions in China, identified key problems, and made recommendations to help guide the nation's groundwater policy.The Regional Workshop on Ground Water Contamination, held from July 31 to August 4, 1995, was the fifth of a series of regional workshops sponsored by the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment of the United Nations Environmental Program. Earlier workshops were held in Thailand (1991), Costa Rica (1993), the Czech Republic (1994), and Australia (1994).
Recent warming event in the Pacific may be an El Niño
Authors: Timothy Liu W. , Tang Wenqing , Fu Lee‐Lueng 
Published: October 2006

A recent anomalous warming event in the tropical Pacific consists of a series of intraseasonal episodes, observations from four spaceborne sensors and simulation by an ocean general circulation model show. Four distinct groups of equatorial westerly wind anomalies near the date line were observed by scatterometer from July through December 1994. The wind anomalies initiated eastward propagating, downwelling Kelvin waves. These waves, in turn, caused a rise in sea level that was registered by an altimeter. Surface‐warming episodes related to the Kelvin waves were observed by a visible‐infrared radiometer.Unlike the El Niño events of the 1980s, equatorial warming events in the 1990s are more frequent, last for shorter periods, and are less intense. Whether the 1994 warming can be classified as an El Niño is being debated.
Small watersheds used to study water transport, pollution, more
Authors: Church M. Robbins 
Published: October 2006

As John Muir, the eminent American naturalist and founder of the Sierra Club wrote, “When we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the universe.” Attempting to understand and predict the response of an ecosystem to large‐scale stresses such as acid deposition, nonpoint source pollution, or climate change exemplifies this truth. This effort requires the integration of knowledge from a range of physical and biological sciences spanning hydrology and geochemistry to microbial and community ecology.One approach to studying ecosystems is to divide the landscape into small watersheds, which enables input and output budgets for solutes to be constructed. Such budgets can constrain the the problem of comprehending and quantifying mechanisms operating in the ecosystem. The hydrochemistry and biogeochemistry of small watersheds are the subject of “Comparative Analyses of Small Watersheds,” session H‐16 of the Fall Meeting.