bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors influencing the decision to donate: racial and ethnic comparisons
Authors: Glynn Simone A. , Schreiber George B. , Murphy Edward L. , Kessler Debra , Higgins Martha , Wright David J. , Mathew Sunitha , Tu Yongling , King Melissa , Smith James W. ,   Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study
Published: April 2006

BACKGROUND:  Understanding factors that encourage different racial and ethnic groups to donate is crucial for donor recruitment and retention.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A 28‐item self‐administered questionnaire was completed in 2003 by 1862 Asian, 1479 black, 1641 Hispanic, and 2940 White US donors who had given whole blood within the past year. With a 1 to 5 scale, donors were asked to rate the importance of 17 factors in their last donation decision. Logistic regression was conducted to compare the odds of a factor being important or very important (score of 4 or 5) in one’s decision to donate between race or ethnic groups, stratified by first‐time and repeat status.RESULTS:  More than 90 percent of each respondent group cited a desire, responsibility, or perceived duty to help others as an important or very important motivator. Being asked to donate at work was also an important motivator for all race and ethnic groups (56‐70%). Getting the results of a health screen appealed to many (approx. 30% found it important or very important) and was most important to Black and Hispanic donors (odds ratios of 1.3‐1.9 compared to White donors; p < 0.003).CONCLUSION:  Recruitment and retention programs should build on people’s sense of social responsibility. Direct requests to donate are particularly effective motivators. Of a variety of incentives evaluated, offering more comprehensive health screens may motivate many donors, especially Black and Hispanic donors.
Estimating food demand in Paraguay from household survey data
Authors: Alfonzo Leonardo , Peterson Hikaru Hanawa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe estimate a food demand system in Paraguay based on the 1997 national household survey, considering 12 food categories. To obtain demand elasticity estimates from household survey data accounting for quality effects, measurement errors, and censored observations, price indexes are obtained from ordinary least squares predictions of changes in unitary values caused by spatial and temporal variations, and the two‐step estimation procedure (Shonkwiler and Yen, 1999) is applied. Our approach yields reasonable estimates of combined quantity and quality responses with respect to price. Results suggest distinct consumption behavior in urban and rural areas, particularly for chicken, eggs, dairy, and fats and oils, which are likely because of differences in the food distribution system and availability of nonmarket food sources.
Endothelial stroma programs hematopoietic stem cells to differentiate into regulatory dendritic cells through IL-10
Authors: Tang Hua , Guo Zhenhong , Zhang Minghui , Wang Jianli , Chen Guoyou , Cao Xuetao 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRegulatory dendritic cells (DCs) have been reported recently, but their origin is poorly understood. Our previous study demonstrated that splenic stroma can drive mature DCs to proliferate and differentiate into regulatory DCs, and their natural counterpart with similar regulatory function in normal spleens has been identified. Considering that the spleen microenvironment supports hematopoiesis and that hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are found in spleens of adult mice, we wondered whether splenic microenvironment could differentiate HSCs into regulatory DCs. In this report, we demonstrate that endothelial splenic stroma induce HSCs to differentiate into a distinct regulatory DC subset with high expression of CD11b but low expression of Ia. CD11bhiIalo DCs secreting high levels of TGF-β, IL-10, and NO can suppress T-cell proliferation both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CD11bhiIalo DCs have the ability to potently suppress allo-DTH in vivo, indicating their preventive or therapeutic perspectives for some immunologic disorders. The inhibitory function of CD11bhiIalo DCs is mediated through NO but not through induction of regulatory T (Treg) cells or T-cell anergy. IL-10, which is secreted by endothelial splenic stroma, plays a critical role in the differentiation of the regulatory CD11bhiIalo DCs from HSCs. These results suggest that splenic microenvironment may physiologically induce regulatory DC differentiation in situ.
The effect of pre-pregnancy body mass index and gestational weight gain on pregnancy outcomes in urban care settings in Urmia-Iran
Authors: Yekta Zahra , Ayatollahi Haleh , Porali Reza , Farzin Azadeh 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Nutritional status of women has been considered an important prognostic indicator of pregnancy outcomes. Few studies have evaluated patterns of weight gain and pre-pregnancy body mass index in developing regions where malnutrition and poor weight gain as well as maternal obesity have significant influences on the pregnancy outcome. This study aims to show effect of pregnancy body mass index and the corresponding gestational weight gain on the outcome of pregnancy.

Methods
On a prospective cross sectional study, two hundred and seventy women from urban areas of Northwest Iran were recruited for participation during their first eight weeks of pregnancy. Body mass index (BMI) was categorized and gestational weight gain was divided into two groups of normal and abnormal based on recommendations of Institute of Medicine (IOM) published in 1990. Chi square and one way ANOVA were used in the univariate analysis of the association between weight gain and corresponding adverse outcomes including cesarean, preterm labor and low neonatal birth weight. Adjusted odds ratios for adverse outcomes were determined by multiple logistic regression models, while controlling for the following factors: maternal age, parity, and education.

Results
Both pre-pregnancy BMI < 19 and abnormal weight gain during pregnancy were found to be associated with low neonatal birth weight defined as < 2500 g. Abnormal weight gain, during pregnancy was not related to an increased risk of preterm labor or cesarean delivery but it was highly associated with low birth weight (LBW)(P < 0.05).

Conclusion
Low pre-pregnancy BMI is an established risk factor for LBW. Abnormal gestational weight gain may further complicate the pregnancy as an additional risk factor for neonatal LBW. All women, regardless of their pre-pregnancy BMI may be at risk for abnormal weight gain and hence low birth weight. Pre-pregnancy and gestation nutritional assessments remain significant part of all prenatal visits.
Are there differences in all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality between immigrants in Sweden and in their country of birth? A follow-up study of total populations
Authors: Gadd Malin , Johansson Sven-Erik , Sundquist Jan , Wändell Per 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
Mortality from cardiovascular diseases is higher among immigrants than native Swedes. It is not clear whether the high mortality persists from the country of birth or is a result of migration. The purpose of the present study was to analyse whether all-cause and coronary heart disease mortality differ between immigrants in Sweden and in the country of birth.

Methods
Two cohorts including the total population from Swedish national registers and WHO were defined. All-cause and CHD mortality are presented as age-adjusted incidence rates and incidence density ratios (IDR) in eight immigrant groups in Sweden and in their country of birth. The data were analysed using Poisson regression.

Results
The all-cause mortality risk was lower among seven of eight male immigrant groups (IDR 0.39–0.97) and among six of eight female immigrant groups (IDR 0.42–0.81) than in their country of birth. The CHD mortality risk was significantly lower in male immigrants from Norway (IDR = 0.84), Finland (IDR = 0.91), Germany (IDR = 0.84) and Hungary (IDR = 0.59) and among female immigrants from Germany (IDR = 0.66) and Hungary (IDR = 0.54) than in their country of birth. In contrast, there was a significantly higher CHD mortality risk in male immigrants from Southern Europe (IDR = 1.23) than in their country of birth.

Conclusion
The all-cause mortality risk was lower in the majority of immigrant groups in Sweden than in their country of birth. The differences in CHD mortality risks were more complex. For countries with high CHD mortality, such as Finland and Hungary, the risk was lower among immigrants in Sweden than in their country of birth. For low-risk countries in South Europe, the risk was higher in immigrants in Sweden than in South Europe.
Measuring social capital in a known disadvantaged urban community – health policy implications
Authors: Taylor Anne W , Williams Carmel , Dal Grande Eleonora , Herriot Michelle 
Published: April 2006

Abstract

Background
To assess the social capital profile of a known disadvantaged area a large cross-sectional survey was undertaken. The social capital profile of this area was compared to data from the whole of the state. The overall health status of the disadvantaged area was assessed in relation to a wide variety of social capital related variables. Univariate and multivariate analysis were undertaken.

Results
In the univariate analysis many statistically significant differences were found between the respondents in the disadvantaged area and the state estimates including overall health status, perceived attributes of the neighbourhood, levels of trust, community involvement and social activities. In the multivariate analysis very few variables were found to be statistically significantly associated with poorer health status. The variables that jointly predicted poorer health status in the disadvantaged area were older age, lower income, low sport participation, non-seeking help from neighbours and non-attendance at public meetings.

Conclusion
Measuring social capital on a population level is complex and the use of epidemiologically-based population surveys does not produce overly valuable results. The inter-relational/dependence dichotomy of social capital is not yet fully understood making meaningful measurement in the broader population extremely difficult and hence is of questionable value for policy decision making.
Androgen Receptor Ligand-Binding Domain Interaction and Nuclear Receptor Specificity of FXXLF and LXXLL Motifs as Determined by L/F Swapping
Authors: Dubbink Hendrikus J. , Hersmus Remko , Pike Ashley C. W. , Molier Michel , Brinkmann Albert O. , Jenster Guido , Trapman Jan 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) ligand-binding domain (LBD) binds FXXLF motifs, present in the AR N-terminal domain and AR-specific cofactors, and some LXXLL motifs of nuclear receptor coactivators. We demonstrated that in the context of the AR FXXLF motif many different amino acid residues at positions +2 and +3 are compatible with strong AR LBD interaction, although a preference for E at +2 and K or R at +3 was found. Pairwise systematic analysis of F/L swaps at +1 and +5 in FXXLF and LXXLL motifs showed: 1) F to L substitutions in natural FXXLF motifs abolished AR LBD interaction; 2) binding of interacting LXXLL motifs was unchanged or increased upon L to F substitutions; 3) certain noninteracting LXXLL motifs became strongly AR-interacting FXXLF motifs; whereas 4) other nonbinders remained unaffected by L to F substitutions. All FXXLF motifs, but not the corresponding LXXLL motifs, displayed a strong preference for AR LBD. Progesterone receptor LBD interacted with some FXXLF motifs, albeit always less efficiently than corresponding LXXLL motifs. AR LBD interaction of most FXXLF and LXXLL peptides depended on classical charge clamp residue K720, whereas E897 was less important. Other charged residues lining the AR coactivator-binding groove, K717 and R726, modulated optimal peptide binding. Interestingly, these four charged residues affected binding of individual peptides independent of an F or L at +1 and +5 in swap experiments. In conclusion, F residues determine strong and selective peptide interactions with AR. Sequences flanking the core motif determine the specific mode of FXXLF and LXXLL interactions.
Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging to Measure Facial Soft Tissue Depth
Authors: Pluym J. Vander , Shan W. W. , Taher Z. , Beaulieu C. , Plewes C. , Peterson A. E. , Beattie O. B. , Bamforth J. S. 
Published: April 2006

Objective: To investigate the feasibility of using magnetic resonance imaging to estimate facial tissue depth at standard anthropological facial landmarks. Design: Standard facial landmarks were marked with magnetic resonance imaging opaque markers on 10 normal subjects. Three observers estimated facial tissue depth at these landmarks on up to three separate occasions, and comparisons were made among the observers. Setting: The study was conducted with volunteers at the University of Alberta Biomechanical Engineering unit. Participants: The volunteers were healthy individuals of both sexes between the ages of 18 and 30 years. Main Outcome Measures: The technical error of measurement among observers was used as the main indicator of precision of measurement. Results: Measurements of tissue depth showed tolerable technical error of measurement and were precisely measured within and among observers. Conclusions: Magnetic resonance images can be used to estimate tissue depth in human faces with precision.
Governments de Facto
Authors: Wheeler Everett P. 
Published: April 2006

International law, perhaps more than any other branch of the science, is progressive. In its study, the elements of this progress should be traced to their origin. International law has been a growth of mutual understanding between nations, developed out of necessities of particular situations, ripening gradually from precedent to precedent and finally formulated and codified in international conventions and treaties. Of these the most notable are the conventions adopted at the two conferences held at The Hague in 1899 and 1907.It is not surprising to find that times of war have given rise to many of the rules which nations have gradually come to recognize and embodied in the system which has become common to them all. In times of peace the situation adapts itself more readily to the requirements of each nation. War necessarily displaces the ordinary course of business and human conduct.
The French Spoliation Claims. Part III
Authors: King George A. 
Published: April 2006

The jurisdictional act of 1885 providesThat the provisions of this act shall not extend to such claims as were embraced in the convention between the United States and the French Republic concluded on the 30th day of April, 1800.The question has sometimes been asked, whether these French spoliation claims were not pressed by our government against France after the conclusion of the treaty of September 30, 1800, which has always been relied upon as surrendering the rights of these claimants to France for a valuable consideration.We have seen that Napoleon in ratifiying the convention of 1800, did so with the proviso “that by this retrenchment the two states renounce the respective pretensions, which are the object of the said article,” that is, “the indemnities mutually due, or claimed.” The claims here referred to were, on our side, for seizure of our ships and cargoes.
The Arbitration Treaties and the Senate Amendments
Authors: Dennis William Cullen 
Published: April 2006

Referring to the identic general arbitration treaties recently
negotiated with Great Britain and France, President Taft remarks, in a
recent magazine article: “They have amended the treaty in the Senate and
have put in so many exceptions that really it is very doubtful whether the
adoption of such a treaty will be a step forward.”
It is the purpose of the present article to consider the Senate
amendments to the arbitration treaties with a view to offering some
suggestions upon the question which President Taft thus raises, namely,
whether or not the exchange of ratifications and putting into effect of the
general arbitration treaties with Great Britain and France, as amended by
the Senate, will or will not be a step forward toward the goal of peace
through justice. As a foundation for an intelligent discussion of this
question it seems desirable to emphasize some points with regard to the
purpose and fundamental theory of the treaties as originally drawn and the
success with which this theory has been embodied in the language of the
treaties.
There appears to be one thing about which nearly all the friends of the
treaties may be said to have agreed, that is, that the chief value of the
treaties, as negotiated, was indirect and general, not immediate and
definite as between the contracting parties. They were chiefly valuable, not
because these particular treaties would prevent war between the signatory
nations, for “war between the United States and England or the United States
and France was inconceivable if not impossible.”
Capture After Capitulation: A Juristic Anachronism
Authors: Kingsbury Howard Thayer 
Published: April 2006

One of the earliest mitigations of the horrors of war, particularly in
its incidence upon private individuals, was the custom of sparing the
inhabitants of a surrendered city in their persons and property, instead of
subjecting them to the rapine and pillage which usually followed a capture
by storm. Even the Mosaic Code made this exception in the midst of its
barbarities, although the doomed cities of Canaan were excluded from the
benefits of the exception. Both the general savagery and the one humane
departure from it are well exemplified by verses ten to sixteen of the
twentieth chapter of Deuteronomy:

10.
When thou comest nigh unto a city to fight against it, then
proclaim peace unto it.

11.
And it shall be, if it make thee answer of peace, and open
unto thee,,then it shall be, that all the people that is found
therein shall be tributaries unto thee, and they shall serve
thee.

12.
And if it will make no peace with thee, but will make war
against thee, then thou shalt besiege it.

13.
And when the Lord thy God hath delivered it into thine
hands, thou shalt smite every male thereof with the edge of the
sword;

14.
But the women, and the little ones, and the cattle, and all
that is in the city, even all the spoil thereof, shalt thou take
unto thyself; and thou shalt eat the spoil of thine enemies,
which the Lord thy God hath given thee.

15.
Thus shalt thou do unto all the cities which are very far
off from thee, which are not of the cities of these
nations.

16.
But of the cities of these people, which the Lord thy God
doth give thee for an inheritance, thou shalt save alive nothing
that breatheth.
International Aerial Navigation and the Peace Conference
Authors: Kuhn Arthur K. 
Published: April 2006

Aërial navigation, owing to the unusual impetus given to it by the Great War, now promises to result in one of the most profound influences affecting the conditions of modern civilization. It is difficult to realize that only twenty years have elapsed since the program of the First Hague Conference proposed “to prohibit the throwing of projectiles or explosives of any kind from balloons, or by any similar means”; and that one of the express causes inducing the nations of the world to agree to the proposal was the undeveloped character of the art of aviation. Although the treaty was short-lived and expired in 1905, the art had so greatly advanced that a complete change of the attitude of many governments had taken place and the renewal of the treaty was out of the question.The opening of the war inaugurated a feverish competition to perfect every possible type of aircraft for use in attack as well as for reconnaissance. The stern demands of military tactics introduced an entirely new phase in the development of aerial navigation.
The Law of Angary
Authors: Harley J. Eugene 
Published: April 2006

The origin of the right of angary is traceable to early Roman times, and a study of its origin and development throws much light on the right as it is understood today. Several writers on international law refer to the first chapter, 41st verse, of Saint Matthew’s Gospel, as showing a possible origin of the term angary. This verse reads:
Quicumque te angariaverit mille passus, vade cum illo et alia duo. (And whosoever shall compel thee to go one mile, go with him two.)The Greek word for compel or force is also cited, and it is clear that the idea of compelling some service was linked up with the early notion of angary.The following passage from the Justinian Code (529 A.D.) shows the word angary in its noun form, and shows that all classes alike were subject to the law:
Nullus penitus cuius libet ordinis seu dignitatis, vel sacrosancta ecclesia, vel domus regia tempore expeditionis excusationem angariarum seu parangarium habeat.
The Hellenic Crisis from the Point of View of Constitutional and International Law Part III
Authors: Ion Theodore P. 
Published: April 2006

The third part of the essay on the Hellenic Crisis, which has happily received a satisfactory solution, will deal with the incidents which are connected with the law of nations and inquire as to how far the European belligerents in their dealings with Greece, and the Greek Government in its relations with them, adhered to the tenets and usages of international law.The points to be here discussed are of a manifold character.First, it will be examined whether the serious charge made by the Entente Powers against Constantine, the ex-King of the Hellenes, that he violated the obligations arising out of the Treaty of Alliance between Greece and Serbia, by which the two states bound themselves to assist each other for the defense of their respective territories in case of attack by a third Power, and particularly by Bulgaria, is well founded according to the letter and spirit of the instrument of alliance.Secondly, whether the military occupation of portions of the territory of the Hellenic Kingdom by both sets of belligerents, the seizure of its war material and other public property, and particularly the coercive measures employed by the Entente Powers against the Government and people of Greece and their forcible intervention in the internal affairs of that country, can be justified either by reason of treaty stipulations or on account of the unneutral conduct of the then King and his government towards the Entente Allies. The first point to be examined is the obligation arising out of the treaty of alliance between Greece and Serbia.
Some Observations on the Conduct of our Foreign Relations
Authors: Hughes Charles E. 
Published: April 2006

I desire to take this opportunity to present some observations on the conduct of our foreign relations, not to define particular policies, but to consider method and control.Recent developments abroad have marked the passing of the old diplomacy and the introduction of more direct and flexible methods responsive to democratic sentiment. Peace-loving democracies have not been willing to rest content with traditions and practices which failed to avert the great catastrophe of the world war. Public criticism in some instances overshot the mark and becoming emotional enjoyed the luxury of a bitter and indiscriminate condemnation. The most skilled diplomats of Europe were charged with having become “enmeshed in formulae and the jargon of diplomacy”; with having “ceased to be conscious of pregnant realities”. More potent than the critics were the exigencies due to the war which required the constant contact and direct interchanges of responsible leaders.