bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 11 Pensions in Brazil: Reaching the Limits of Parametric Reform in Latin America
Authors: Matijascic Milko , Kay Stephen J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes Brazil's social security system and the highly contentious reform process. While much of the rest of the South American region moved toward individual accounts, Brazil engaged in parametric reforms. Recently, the country introduced the fator previdenci ário, a system akin to a notional DC system, whereby contributions and benefits are strictly linked but contributions do not go into individual-funded savings accounts. Although a few political leaders have favoured private accounts, individual accounts never received much political support, and the transition costs are considered potentially prohibitive, reaching as high as 201% of GDP. Structural reform is complicated by the fact that the social security system is codified in the 1988 constitution, which means that any structural reform needs to go through the laborious and politically costly constitutional amendment process. It is argued that administrative and legislative reforms that would make the system more efficient and equitable are possible even when support for constitutional reform is lacking.
Chapter 12 Costa Rica's Pension Reform: A Decade of Negotiated Incremental Change
Authors: Franzoni Juliana Martínez 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
During the past two decades, Costa Rica has transformed its pension system into a ‘mixed model’ that combines collective and individual savings. This chapter focuses on the structural reform approved in 2000 and in effect since May 2001 and the parametric reform approved in May 2005. The 2000 reform created a multipillar system, which included the R égimen de Invalidez, Vejez y Muerte (RIVM, or the Disability, Old-Age, and Survivorship Regime). The RIVM was created in 1943 and currently reaches nine out of every ten insured workers in the country. The 2005 parametric reform modified requirements and benefits of the RIVM and created new benefits while seeking to strengthen the collective capitalization system. Both reforms strengthened the administrative effectiveness of the RIVM. The chapter discusses the main historical characteristics of the pension system, focusing on the RIVM; describes the political context for the design and adoption of the main reforms of the past five years; and explains both reforms in detail. It also examines the strengths and weaknesses of the implementation process and concludes with an exploration of tensions within the Costa Rican pension reform.
Chapter 14 Uruguay: A Mixed Reform
Authors: Saldain Rodolfo 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter describes Uruguay's 1995 pension reform, which is based on a multipillar or mixed, system, with contributions and benefits linked to both a state-managed PAYGO system and privately managed individual savings accounts. Since its implementation, the reform faced challenges arising from its design, turbulent financial markets, and difficulties with respect to political and social acceptance. The new pension system emerged in good condition after the country's worst financial crisis, which happened in 2002. The system now faces renewed political challenges after the election of a political coalition that had opposed the creation of the new mixed system. However, the lack of a viable alternative to the 1995 reform suggests that current policies will be maintained, though it is likely that policymakers will make advisable and necessary adjustments.
Chapter 16 Epilogue: The Future of Retirement Systems in the Americas
Authors: Mitchell Olivia S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter presents lessons that can be learnt from pension reform in the Americas. Among these are that precision in speaking and thinking about social security is essential but too often ignored, and that reforming retirement systems takes patience and, in fact, the process is never over. Suggestions to make retirement systems more resilient are also presented.
1 Divine Qualities
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter introduces divine qualities, contexts in which they are found, and ways in which they can constitute a helpful lens for understanding how Romans thought about themselves. It explains the terms in which they are explored in the rest of the book. They are thought of as a congnitive vocabulary, individual elements of which are situated in the overlap between religion and qualities associated with Romans. The forms in which divine qualities were expressed in Rome (statues, temples, festival days, coins, dramas) were resources that themselves constituted and created opportunities to engage with each quality. This gives us insights into processes by which individuals and groups forged conceptions of community. The chapter emphasizes the fluidity of any boundary between divine qualities, other qualities, and other deities, and explains both the choice of label ‘divine quality’ and the decision to represent divine qualities in small capitals (pietas).
Introducing New God(desse)s (?)
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explains the dangers of making absolute claims about geographical or conceptual orgins for divine qualities, and of positing overly clear‐cut ‘Greek’/‘Roman’ dichotomies, pointing out some of the problematic consequences in older and more recent work. It focuses instead on claims made about their origins, in Republican evidence, including that of Varro and Cicero, and in later stories, especially in Livy and also in Pliny the Elder for example, taking account of the nature of the sources in which these claims survive. The chapter explores the stories told about the introduction of cult and foundation of temples or shrines to divine qualities in Rome during the ‘Struggle of the Orders’ (pudicitia plebeia, salus, concordia, victoria), the Punic Wars (fides, spes, libertas, mens, ops, concordia, and perhaps honos), and the early second‐century bc (pietas).
Staging Divine Qualities
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter argues that New Comedy, especially Plautus, gives us insights into a lively preoccupation with divine qualities in the third/second centuries bc. It considers evidence from plays of Plautus, Terence, comic fragments, and fragments from dramas on Roman subjects (fabulae praetextae), proposing a role for virtus in Naevius' Clastidium. It probes the connections between plays and temples and their consequences, and explores differences between qualities with long‐established cult and more recent recipients, taking pietas as a case study. The chapter shows that divine qualities were used in these plays to discuss questions about ‘who we are’. Qualities receiving or about to receive public cult in the city were drawn on in a variety of ways by a disparate range of different characters in these comedies staged in front of heterogeneous audiences. This has potentially important consequences for our understanding of the relevance of such qualities to non‐élite social strata.
Capitolizing on Divine Qualities
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the late second and early first centuries bc and considers the temple foundations and refoundations that are attested for this period, including the competition of Marius with Catulus and with Sulla. Many of these cluster around the Forum and Capitol. The most important hill in Rome was reshaped in terms of divine qualities, creating and recharging both cognitive and physical spaces. The chapter also explores the flowering of numismatic imagery in the same years, from the 130s bc. This opening up of the coin-field as a resource was itself presided over by moneta, and other divine qualities, represented as female figure, head, or attribute with accompanying legend, began to form a fruitful means of framing and expressing a variety of numismatic messages.
On the Civic Stage
Authors: Clark Anna J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines different ways in which people came into contact with temples, statues, and other representations of divine qualities. It explores festivals and rites honouring divine qualities; senate‐meetings in temples to divine qualities, and the extent to which this created opportunities for contemporaries and later writers to draw on the qualities in question; visits to artwork in temples; setting up statues of people in temples; the use of temples as reference points; and the reporting of prodigies involving temples or statues. The geographical and social range of those making surviving epigraphic dedications to individual divine qualities is explored. Taken together, these varied engagements show that divine qualities continued to be ‘good to think with’ for a variety of people both in and outside Rome, from senators to slaves.
Introduction
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a brief discussion of the characteristics of a Greek tragedy. It then explains the purpose of the book, which is to shed new light on one of the central concerns of tragedy, and contribute to the understanding of the peculiar quiddity of this inescapably absorbing genre. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Inherited Guilt
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter pursues a line of enquiry suggested by the consideration of Herodotus in Chapter 1. It asks whether those unfortunate descendants in tragedy who are punished for the sins of their fathers are presented as innocent in and of themselves. It also considers the functioning of inherited guilt, its place and its workings within the architecture and the emotional and conceptual dynamics of the plays in which it appears. It argues that the study of inherited guilt must take account of the intimate and indissoluble connection between the dramatic and emotional aspect of tragedy and its conceptual burden in order to do justice to the richness and complexity of these texts. The tragedians do not examine inherited guilt aridly or in a vacuum: they weave it into the structure of their plays, introducing it at crucial moments and making it a central part of the emotional dynamics of the texts.
Curses
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates the highly charged and emotive utterance that is the tragic curse, and considers its status as a causal factor in those plays in which it is important. It starts by distinguishing the concept of a curse from that of inherited guilt. It then identifies the essence of the tragic curse by means of a thought-experiment involving the substitution of defixiones (the so-called ‘curse-tablets’ or ‘binding spells’) in some tragic passages where in fact we find curses. It argues that the consideration of tragic curses raises a crucial issue concerning the hierarchy of interpretative priorities that we bring to our engagement with these texts. The investigation of curses thus strikes at the heart of the interpretation of tragedy.
6 Fate, Freedom, Decision Making: Eteocles and Others
Authors: Sewell‐Rutter N. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter investigates the agency and decision-making processes of the mortals in tragedy on whom the weight of supernatural causation rests. It considers successively fate, mortal freedom, and the processes of decision, with particular emphasis on the so-called ‘decision’ scene of Eteocles in Aeschylus' Septem contra Thebas. This last phase of the investigation does not pretend to be exhaustive in itself, but rather seeks to examine certain relevant aspects of these phenomena as they present themselves to the student of familial corruption and supernatural causation. It asks how divine necessity meshes with mortal agency in certain relevant cases, and whether the former imperils the latter.
Feeding the Democracy
Authors: Moreno Alfonso 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis study shows how Classical Athens, the largest and historically most important of the Greek city‐states, depended for its survival on a supply of grain from overseas sources, especially (in the fifth century bc) the conquered territories of its Aegean empire, and (in the fourth century) the distant steppes of Scythia (modern Ukraine and southern Russia). This trade was central to Athenian politics, and is here found to have been organized and controlled by powerful elites, a conclusion that challenges prevailing interpretations of Athenian democracy. New light is also cast on the nature of Athenian imperialism; the relationship of the city of Athens and its countryside; the relevance to the Athenian economy of fourth‐century rhetorical and philosophical schools (particularly that of Isocrates) and other elite networks; and the history of the Bosporan Kingdom in the northern Black Sea. A wealth of ancient textual evidence (from history, oratory, and drama) is presented alongside archaeology, aerial photography, epigraphy, and iconography. Revolutionary new discoveries, like the Grain‐Tax Law of 374/3 bc, and the vast building complexes lining the Crimean coast of the Azov Sea, are discussed comprehensively with older evidence, like the golden treasures from Graeco‐Scythian graves. Decades of foreign scholarship and discovery (especially in Russian) are synthesized and made accessible to English readers. Moving from the edges of the Greek world, to the islands of the Aegean, to the prosperous demes of Attica and the courtrooms and popular assemblies of Athens, this book presents a sweeping reinterpretation of Athenian economy and society.
1 The Emergence of Ambrosiaster
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The chapter begins by explaining that two major Latin works, a set of Commentaries on all the Pauline epistles save Hebrews, and 127 Quaestiones on the Old and New Testaments are now known as the work of a single author, an anonymous author who has for over 300 years been referred to as Ambrosiaster. There have been several distinct stages in the emergence of Ambrosiaster. In the earliest phase of their circulation, portions of the Quaestiones and Commentaries were attributed by their readers to various different authors or they were said to be written anonymously. This confusion over the authorship of Ambrosiaster's works is further reflected in the manuscript tradition.
3 Ambrosiaster's Ecclesiastical Context
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Ambrosiaster's position in and attitude towards the Roman church in the 370s and 380s. Some of the Quaestiones in particular contain clues that leads to the belief that they originated as sermons or lectures, and the possibility that Ambrosiaster wrote homiletic texts suggests he was, in fact, a cleric. The Quaestiones are given precedence in this analysis, because they are less uniform in nature than the Commentaries and contain more clues to the circumstances of their composition and delivery.
4 Social Hierarchies
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Ambrosiaster's attitudes toward natural social hierarchies in creation. These attitudes provide the necessary starting point for any investigation of his ideas about political, institutionalized forms of domination (such as that of the emperor over his subjects) because he used the same language for both sorts of hierarchy, which allowed him to narrow the gap between social and political forms of domination. Ambrosiaster presented man and woman's domination over the animals and man's domination over woman as inherently natural, ordained at the very moment of creation by God. Slavery, however — considered both metaphysically as slavery to sin and literally as institutional slavery — was identified as a postlapsarian system of subjection and therefore unnatural.
6 Divine Kingship
Authors: Lunn-Rockliffe Sophie 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores Ambrosiaster's ideas about kingship and emperorship (interchangeable in his usage). His ideas drew together themes from his cosmology, anthropology, and ecclesiology. He insisted that God's singularity was reflected in the creation of a single man, and in the existence of kings and bishops. A recurring feature of his writing on kings, often scriptural kings, is that they had the ‘image of God’.
Omitted Quotation Marks
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the phenomenon of omitted quotation marks (D11). Some theorists hold that quotation marks (or any other linguistic indicator) are unrequired for quotation. The data that allegedly support this claim are considered. It is argued that the data marshaled in support of the Quotation Without Quotation Marks thesis are not only irrelevant to traditional theories of quotation; there are plenty of strategies traditional theories can use to accommodate it.
‘Impure’ Direct Quotes
Authors: Cappelen Herman , Lepore Ernie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSome theorists argue that the data surrounding the practice of mixed quotation establish that it is not a real form of quotation (and in so doing they present a particular interpretation of (D7) and (D8)). In particular, these theorists argue that quotation marks in mixed quotes can be dropped without a loss of meaning. This chapter examines these data and their various interpretations. It is argued that “impure quotes” do not pose a challenge to a theory of quotation, though they do present a challenge for a theory of the saying relation.
Introduction
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This introductory chapter begins with a summary of the book, which is intended as a sequel to God and Enchantment of Place: Reclaiming Human Experience. The book continues the work of its predecessor in showing the range of artistic and cultural experience that theology must pay more attention to. But while God and Enchantment of Place focused on place, this book focuses on the human body — how the body might mediate the experience of God. An overview of the three parts of the book is presented.
Food and Drink
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines food and drink in all its variety, in particular the impact they had historically on people's perceptions. The discussion exposes the degree to which modern attitudes to food and drink necessarily — or only accidentally — preclude mediation of the divine through our experience of the various ways in which our bodies are sustained. The first part of the chapter is devoted to food. The second part examines the symbolism of water and wine first before turning to more general questions about drink and the various other ways in which it is given symbolic significance. In the case of water and wine, attention is drawn to how closer examination of the multivalent character of their symbolism has the potential to enrich current understandings of the two major Christian sacraments. The final section considers the various ways in which both alcoholic and non-alcoholic stimulants (tea and coffee in particular) have, in appropriate contexts, also been seen as opening the human mind to wider perceptions of reality.
Classical Music
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the religious experience through the power of music, in particular classical music. It begins with a detailed discussion of the sort of reservations that generated Christian resistance to instrumental music. It then considers the neglected features of the biblical witness that, in fact, strongly support a more positive approach, not least in the book of Chronicles. It is argued that as in the Temple's worship envisaged in Chronicles, so elsewhere music can help break down the barriers between the invisible world of the divine and our own. In other words, certain features of music help an already present God to be perceived. The works of some key composers in the classical tradition are examined, including Bach, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Mahler, and Bruckner.
Pop Music
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter explores the aesthetics of pop music in general and then focuses on how specific artists might facilitate religious experience. It examines not just ‘light’ popular music, but also the various types to which Christians have sometimes taken most exception, among them hard rock and rap. Artists considered include the Beatles, Madonna, Bob Dylan, Bruce Springsteen, U2, Nick Cave, and The Bad Seeds.
Blues, Musicals and Opera
Authors: Brown David 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter begins by exploring how blues, jazz, and soul originated out of spirituals and in part as a legitimate protest against the failure of the religious genre to deal adequately with life and all its problems. Opera, for some aficionados, has become an alternative to religion, not least in the way it opens up the viewer and listener to a world of mystery or magic. Whether there is any essential conflict between opera and religion is examined. It is argued that the themes of such music rightly widen the range of religious experience beyond the church door. Without such a contribution Christianity would be seriously impoverished, given that its worship fights shy of so many of the dilemmas of ordinary life.
4 Policy, Politics, and Political Determinism
Authors: Echevarria II Antulio J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter discusses how Clausewitz saw the relationship between war and policy and war and politics. Some scholars have focused more on the former than the latter. In parts of On War, Clausewitz succumbed to political determinism, excluding the roles of culture and technology in warfare, or subsuming them under the term politics.
Introduction
Authors: Strachan Hew , Herberg‐Rothe Andreas 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Since the end of the Cold War, the status of Clausewitz's On War as the pre-eminent text on its subject has been challenged, most notably by Martin van Creveld, John Keegan, and Mary Kaldor. Their criticisms have rested on assumptions about the perceived changes in war's character since the end of the Cold War, but they have not always distinguished between what is genuinely new and what seems to be new. Moreover, their reading of On War has itself been unduly shaped by the considerations which dominated in the Cold War. The chapters in this book are based on a more inclusive reading of the original text.
1 Clausewitz and the Dialectics of War
Authors: Strachan Hew 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Clausewitz's On War aroused controversy from its first publication in 1832-4, and the validity of its interpretation of war's nature was challenged in the wake of both world wars and in the Cold War. Those who condemn Clausewitz today as the exponent of an outdated form of inter-state war therefore form part of a familiar tradition. They are however guilty of reading Clausewitz's text selectively. Because he used dialectics as a means to understanding war, he himself provided counters to many of his best known propositions.
The Instrument: Clausewitz on Aims and Objectives in War
Authors: Moran Daniel 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Clausewitz's arguments about the instrumental nature of war, and considers the degree to which political aims and objectives may guide military operations. Clausewitz's ideas in this area have not lost their saliency under modern conditions, while some forms of violence may be more amenable to instrumental analysis than others. An understanding of military aims and objectives, while essential to strategic clarity, does not afford complete intellectual mastery over the multifaceted reality of war, nor does it guarantee strategic success.