bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A gut feeling of the PXR, PPAR and NF‐κB connection
Authors: Wahli W. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Bowel diseases reveal the complex interplay of sensing and signalling pathways in maintaining healthy homeostasis of the intestine. Recent studies of the xenobiotic nuclear receptor, pregnane X receptor and the inflammatory mediator nuclear transcription factor kappaB (NF‐κB) reveal a functional link between xenobiotic neutralization and inflammation and explain how certain xenobiotics can affect the immune response. Furthermore, another nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been shown to produce beneficial effects in experimental inflammatory bowel diseases by repression of NF‐κB thereby reducing inflammation, whilst its close relative PPARβ/δ appears at a central position in signalling pathways involved in the progression of colon cancer. Recently accumulated knowledge on the action of these nuclear receptors and NF‐κB in intestinal homeostasis may provide the rationale for the development of innovative treatment strategies with selective receptor modulators.
Neuro‐glial crosstalk in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Neunlist M. , Van Landeghem L. , Bourreille A. , Savidge T. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract.Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a multifactorial disease in which environmental, immune and genetic factors are involved in the pathogenesis. Although biological therapies (antibodies anti‐tumour necrosis factor‐α or anti‐integrin) have considerably improved the symptoms and quality of life of IBD patients, some drawbacks have emerged limiting their long‐term use. In addition, prevention of relapses and treatment of resistant ulcers remains a clinical challenge. In this context, a better understanding of the pathophysiology of IBD and the development of novel therapeutic intervention would benefit from further basic and preclinical research into the role of the cellular microenvironment and the interaction between its cellular constituents. In this context, the role of the enteric nervous system (ENS) in the regulation of the intestinal epithelial barrier (IEB) and the gut immune response has fuelled an increased interest in the last few years. Recent advances, summarized in this review, have highlighted the ENS as playing a key role in the control of IEB functions and gut immune homeostasis, and that alterations of the ENS could be directly associated in the development of IBD and its associated symptoms.
HISTOCHEMICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDIES OF PRIMARY SENSORY NEURONS IN MICE WITH DYSTONIA MUSCULORUM. I. ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE AND LYSOSOMAL HYDROLASES
Authors: HANKER J. S. , PEACH R. 
Published: May 2008

Histochemical and ultrastructural studies of primary sensory neurons in mice with dystonia musculorum. I. Acetylcholinesterase and lysosomal hydrolasesEnzyme histochemical and fine structural studies were performed on mice with a hereditary sensory neuropathy (dystonia musculorum). The dystonic mice were compared with normal litter mates. Acetylcholinesterase activity was studied in trigeminal and spinal ganglia and sensory receptors as well as in sympathetic ganglia. Lysosomal hydrolases and ultrastructural features were studied in the trigeminal and spinal ganglia. Striking changes in the amount and distribution of enzymic activity were observed in the perikarya of sensory ganglion neurons in dystonic mice. Perikaryal involvement was indicated by displacement of the nucleus, enlargement of the perikaryon, peripheral location of Nissl substance, loss of enzymic activity and an increase in the number of neurofilaments–features similar to those that follow physical interruption of the axon. The focal axonal swellings that occurred along sensory nerve fibers contained concentrations of lysosomal hydrolases and sometimes acetylcholinesterase activity. They were generally more numerous in the nerve fibers located distal to the ganglion rather than proximal to it. At the ultrastructural level these swellings contained lysosomal bodies and remnants of organelles. Some abnormalities in the myelin and the size of paranodal gaps were also observed. These results are discussed in relation to interruptions in axoplasmic flow and experimental neuropathies including those of the ‘dying‐back’ type.
INVASION OF SCHWANN CELLS INTO THE SPINAL CORD OF THE RAT FOLLOWING LOCAL INJECTIONS OF LYSOLECITHIN
Authors: BLAKEMORE W. F. 
Published: May 2008

NVASION OF SCHWANN CELLS INTO THE SPINAL CORD OF THE RAT FOLLOWING LOCAL INJECTIONS OF LYSOLECITHINFocal areas of primary demyelination were induced in the spinal cord of rats by local injection of lysolecithin. In addition to loss of myelin there was also loss of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in some parts of the demyelinated area. All demyelinated axons were subsequently remyelinated either by oligodendrocytes or by Schwann cells. Schwann cells remyelinated axons in the centre of the lesion and beneath the pia; the remaining axons were remyelinated by oligodendrocytes. By three months after the lesion the two types of remyelinated fibres were always separated from each other by astrocytes covered by basement membrane. It was concluded that the glial limiting membrane (basement membrane‐covered astrocytes) normally inhibits Schwann cell entry into the spinal cord. When this is destroyed they can enter, but when it becomes re‐established their free migration into the neuropil is once again inhibited.
MYOPATHY WITH MINICORES IN SIBLINGS
Authors: LAKE B. D. , CAVANAGH N. , WILSON J. 
Published: May 2008

Myopathy with minicores in siblingsA muscle biopsy from a 5 year old boy with a myopathic disorder showed a wide range of fibre diameters, Type 1 fibre predominance and focal loss of ‘ATPase’ activity in some fibres. Electron microscopy showed, in about 10% of fibres, localized distortions and loss of Z‐lines within compactly grouped myofibrils with preservation of glycogen and mitochondria. His younger sibling, aged 1 year, who was only mildly hypotonic, showed similar but less marked abnormalities on muscle biopsy. These changes are those described in ‘multicore disease’, but it is suggested that the term ‘minicore’ might be more appropriate to avoid confusion with central core disease in which multiple cores are often found. Because of the preservation of mitochondria and glycogen, and the slightly atypical staining of Type 1 fibres it is suggested that the disorder might be caused by an abnormality of myosin or actin.
MYELINATION OF THE OVINE CNS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO BORDER DISEASE. I. QUALITATIVE ASPECTS*
Authors: BARLOW R. M. , STOREY I. JANICE 
Published: May 2008

Myelination of the ovine CNS with special reference to Border disease. I. qualitative aspectsA detailed qualitative study of the process of myelination in the dorsal funiculus of a series of ovine fetuses of known gestational age has been made and compared with age‐matched fetuses affected with experimental Border disease (hypomyelino‐genesis congenita). The fetuses, obtained by hysterectomy, were perfused with glutaraldehyde and examined by light and electron microscopy. It was found that the process of myelination in the normal fetal sheep is similar to that in other mammalian species. In Border disease the irregularities of axon profile which occur briefly during their normal premyelination enlargement tend not to resolve. This change is associated with slow and inadequate myelination and a large increase in and persistence of Type III glial cells. These cells contain hydrophilic lipids, butshow little evidence of phagocytosis.
A NEW METHOD FOR MEASURING CRANIAL CAVITY VOLUME AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE ASSESSMENT OF CEREBRAL ATROPHY AT AUTOPSY
Authors: DAVIS P. J. M. , WRIGHT E. A. 
Published: May 2008

A new method for measuring cranial cavity volume and its application to the assessment of cerebral atrophy at autopsyCranial cavity volume has been measured at autopsy by occupying the cranial cavity completely with a lubricated balloon filled with water while the calvarium was held in place by a rigid metal coronet. The pressure in the balloon was raised to 150 mm Hg and the water‐filled balloon removed and weighed. Brain volume has been measured by an accurate displacement method. Repeat measurements showed a difference of no more than 8 ml and usually less than 5 ml. The ratio between the brain volume and the cranial cavity volume has been found to be constant in young adults 20–55 years old (92.2±SEM 1.6%). Cerebral atrophy has been measured by observing the deviation from this relationship. We have found a striking decrease in brain volume in normal old people. This is not due to water loss as brain density change with age was found to be slight.
MULTIPLE SCLEROSIS AND EXPERIMENTAL ALLERGIC ENCEPHALOMYELITIS: SPECIFIC DEMYELINATION OF CNS IN CULTURE
Authors: BORNSTEIN M. B. , RAINE C. S. 
Published: May 2008

Multiple sclerosis and experimental allergic encephalomyelitis: specific demyelination of CNS in cultureCultures of mouse spinal cord tissue coupled to dorsal root ganglia, in which both CNS and PNS myelin develop, have been exposed for various periods of time to sera from patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and animals with experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced by inoculation with whole CNS tissue in complete Freund's adjuvant. In both instances (MS and EAE), there was a selective depletion of CNS myelin with no adverse effect visible on PNS myelin in the same cultures. Prolonged exposure to demyelinating sera led to a sclerotic appearance in the CNS portion of cultures while PNS myelination progressed unimpeded. The results lend weight to the hypothesis that MS results from an immunological mechanism directed specifically against the CNS.
CHANGING PATTERNS OF AXONAL REACTION DURING NEURONAL DEVELOPMENT. A STUDY IN THE DEVELOPING CHICKEN NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: HOUTHOFF H. J. , DRUKKER J. 
Published: May 2008

Houthoff H. J. & Drukker J. (1977) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 3, 441–451Changing patterns of axonal reaction during neuronal development: a study in the developing chicken nervous systemAge dependency of axonal reaction patterns was studied in the lumbosacral spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia following unilateral sciatic nerve section in grown chickens and in chick embryos, by histochemical and histological methods. A marked change in reaction pattern coincides with the onset of rapid neuronal growth and, after this the axonal reaction is comparable to the pattern in adult fowls. The axonal reaction thus appears not to be influenced by the degree of dendritic growth, by the type and size of the neurones, by glial and satellite cell proliferation or by the presence of myelination. Before this moment, axotomy leads to a massive loss of postmitotic neuroblasts, resulting in reduction in size of the ipsilateral motor column and the dorsal root ganglia. The time between the end of neuroblast proliferation and neuronal development is a highly vulnerable period in development. The hypothesis is brought forward that this highly vulnerable period is related to the initiation of axonal contacts between neuroblasts and their peripheral targets.
SCHWANN CELL RESPONSES DURING RECURRENT DEMYELINATION AND THEIR RELEVANCE TO ONION‐BULB FORMATION
Authors: RAINE C. S. 
Published: May 2008

Raine C.S. (1977) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 3, 453–470Schwann cell responses during recurrent demyelination and their relevance to onion‐bulb formationMorphological findings from the spinal nerve roots of six rabbits afflicted with chronic, relapsing EAE are presented. The fate of the Schwann cell subsequent to demyelination has been followed. It has been found that the original Schwann cell does not effect remyelination and that pockets of its cytoplasm are displaced by a new remyelinating cell. These pockets assume positions lateral to the main fibre, sometimes invested by cytoplasm from a separate, apparently healthy Schwann cell. At times during remyelination, difficulty was encountered in determining which profiles were axonal and which were Schwannian. However, plasmalemmal specialisations peculiar to Schwann cells, some of them described here for the first time, permitted positive identication in most cases. After several episodes of demyelination, each followed by rapid remyelination, supernumerary Schwann cells were common but, over the 24‐month period of study, profiles consistent only with primitive onion‐bulb formations were found. It is concluded that advanced (typical) onion‐bulb formation is not a feature of repeated demyelination per se but rather belongs to the hereditary, metabolic defects of the PNS, conditions in which the Schwann cell might be rendered impotent to form myelin.
AXON SPROUTING INTO SEGMENTS OF RAT SPINAL CORD ADJACENT TO THE SITE OF A PREVIOUS TRANSECTION
Authors: MATTHEWS M. A. , ONGE M. F. ST. , FACIANE C. L. , GELDERD J. B. 
Published: May 2008

Axon sprouting into segments of rat spinal cord adjacent to the site of a previous transectionTransection of the spinal cord in adult Long‐Evans Hooded rats is followed by the formation of a connective tissue matrix in the lesion site and the rapid erosion of the neural elements above and below this zone particularly within the dorsal white columns. In the period between 15–45 days after operation two significant events begin to occur. First the injured surfaces of the divided cord become invested by a glial limiting membrane (glia limitans) and, concomitantly, large numbers of axons ensheathed by Schwann cells sprout into the scar matrix and along the eroded dorsal column region. The injured surface of the spinal cord is highly irregular with deep, collagen‐filled rifts into which the sprouting axons may probe and penetrate into the adjacent normal neuropil. Electron microscopic examination generally reveals the interposed glia limitans and that these fibres are usually restricted to the peripheral environment. However, as some axons approach the reconstituting glia limitans, they are enveloped by an astrocytic cytoplasmic process which may either displace the Schwann cell or encompass it together with the enclosed axons. This last phenomenon appears to precede the entry of some axons into the neuropil and suggests that the glia limitans may not necessarily represent an impenetrable barrier to the passage of regenerating nxons into the CNS. Apparent maintenance of most of these fibres for periods of up to 3 months may suggest that viable, functional synapses were established upon available neuronal elements, but clear evidence of this could not be documented.
ADULT METACHROMATIC LEUCODYSTROPHY: CLINICOPATHOLOGICAL REPORT OF TWO FAMILIAL CASES WITH SLOW COURSE
Authors: TAGLIAVINI F. , PIETRINI V. , PILLERI G. , TRABATTONI G. , LECHI A. 
Published: May 2008

Tagliavini F., Pietrini V., Pilleri G., Trabattoni G. & Lechi A. (1979) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology5, 233–243Abstract Case report. Adult metachromatic leucodystrophy: clinicopathological report of two familial cases with slow courseTwo cases of adult metachromatic leucodystrophy in one family are reported. The main clinical features in both were predominantly psychiatric with alcoholism and an extremely long duration of the illness. Neuropathological examination revealed a similar distribution of the lesions in both, and scanty metachromatic accumulation in the CNS and not at all elsewhere. The great variability of the lengths of the courses is stressed. The duration in no way seems to be linked to the age of onset, except in the typical infantile form. The authors argue that different lengths of history correlate with distinct neuropathological findings, and may possibly be related to qualitative differences in the involved enzyme disturbance. Therefore, the authors suggest that the classification based on the age of onset be enlarged with a further one distinguishing between ‘rapid’ and ‘slow’ course types.
FOETAL THYROIDECTOMY AND BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IN THE SHEEP
Authors: McINTOSH G. H. , BAGHURST KATRINE I. , POTTER B. J. , HETZEL B. S. 
Published: May 2008

Foetal thyroidectomy and brain development in the sheepSheep foetuses were surgically thyroidectomized at 50–60 days gestation, when thyroid function begins, and the pregnancy was then allowed to continue until 90, 120 or 150 days (term). At these times the foetuses were removed by caesarean delivery, exsanguinated, weighed and dissected. The central nervous system was divided—cerebral hemispheres, brain stem, cerebellum and spinal cord for subsequent analysis. Comparison was made with sham operations on seven foetuses. Thyroidectomy led to a fall in body weight (24.77;) and brain weight (11.7%) at 120 days and 150 days, 31.1% and 24.5% respectively. The hemispheres showed the greatest change and the cerebellum the least. DNA and protein contents were reduced in the hemispheres and cerebellum at 150 days, while in the brain stem and spinal cord the DNA content was not significantly affected. Protein content was, however, reduced indicating a reduced cell size, but not a reduced cell number as in the other two regions. Somatic changes included reduced wool growth, delayed osseous development in the limbs (X‐ray assessment) a reduced heart weight (39.1%) and an increased pituitary weight (48.1%). The thyroidectomized lambs failed to survive for more than a few hours after birth or caesarean delivery at 150 days. The findings indicate significant effects of foetal thyroidectomy on brain development in the sheep late in pregnancy along with other evidence of foetal hypothyroidism.
A QUANTITATIVE LIFESPAN STUDY OF CHANGES IN CELL NUMBER, CELL DIVISION AND CELL DEATH IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE MOUSE FOREBRAIN
Authors: STURROCK R. R. 
Published: May 2008

A quantitative lifespan study of changes in cell number, cell division and cell death in various regions of the mouse forebrainA quantitative study of changes in total cell number was carried out in the indusium griseum and anterior commissure from fetal life to old age in the mouse brain. The changes in the number of mitotic and pyknotic cells were recorded in the indusium griseum, anterior commissure, subependymal and ependymal layers over the same period. The number of neurons which are produced and which migrate to the indusium griseum are in excess of the number eventually required and the surplus neurons are lost by cell death in late gestation and early postnatal life while synapto‐genesis and neuronal differentiation is taking place. This neuronal loss is associated with a rapid turnover of glia. Most first generation glia, or their immediate precursors, are produced prenatally, in parallel but one day behind neurons. There is no large burst of mitotic activity in the postnatal brain which gives rise to the myelination gliosis which is probably largely a migratory phenomenon. Cell division continues throughout life in all parts of the brain studied. The greatest mitotic activity is centred in the subependymal layer where mitotic cells substantially outnumber pyknotic ones. There is a gradual decrease in mitotic activity in the subependymal layer up to 9 months of age with fairly constant mitotic activity thereafter. Mitotic activity in the indusium griseum levels out at 3 months post‐natum with mitotic and pyknotic cells present in roughly equal numbers thereafter. Mitotic activity in all parts of the anterior commissure levels out at 6 months postnatum and remains constant thereafter. Mitotic and pyknotic cells are present in similar numbers except for a peak in pyknotic cells at 9 months. Cell number in the indusium griseum and anterior commissure is fairly constant between 3 and 9 months, but glial number begins to decrease in all parts of the anterior commissure from 12 to 22 months. In the indusium griseum the number of glia increased slightly between 6 and 22 months. The number of neurons fluctuated during the first week after birth then remained constant until 18 months. There was a significant decrease in the number of neurons between 18 and 22 months.
SPIRAL MEMBRANE CYLINDERS IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE OF A PATIENT WITH MELORHEOSTOSIS
Authors: McDOUGALL JENNIFER , WILES C. M. , EDWARDS R. H. T. 
Published: May 2008

Case report. Spiral membrane cylinders in the skeletal muscle of a patient with melorheostosisSpiral membrane cylinders have been found in the quadriceps muscle of a patient with melorheostosis. These structures were confined to type II fibres in the leg affected by the bone disease. The possible origins of such structures are discussed.
NEURONAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL GLIOMAS
Authors: LANTOS P. L. , PILKINGTON G. J. 
Published: May 2008

Lantos P.L. & Pilkington G.J. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 255–266Neuronal changes in experimental gliomas Gliomas were induced transplacentally by the administration of ethylnitro‐sourea to pregnant rats on the 15th day of gestation. The fine structure of neurones involved in these tumours was studied in order to assess the changes caused by neoplasia. The severity of the neuronal damage depended on their location, those within the tumours being more affected than those in the neighbouring brain. The histological type and grade of malignancy also influenced the changes: periventricular pleomorphic gliomas and ependymomas of high‐grade malignancy caused the most severe alterations. Neurones displayed a spectrum of appearances from apparent normality to complete necrosis. Both nucleus and cytoplasm were affected: of the cytoplasmic organelles the rough‐surfaced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria showed the most striking changes. There were many lipofuscin granules and autophagic vacuoles. Axons underwent advanced degeneration: swollen mitochondria, disrupted vesicles and vacuoles, disintegrated microtubules, irregular filaments and unidentified debris were sometimes seen. Disintegration of myelin sheaths frequently occurred with consequent engulfing of their debris by macrophages and reacting astrocytes. The neuronal satellites–mainly oligodendrocytes–were often replaced by neoplastic glial cells. Hydrolytic ‘marker’ enzymes were demonstrated in neurones at various stages of degeneration. In all cases neurones displayed low acid phosphatase activity, while thiamine pyrophosphatase activity decreased with increasing neuronal degeneration.
REMODELLING DURING REMYELINATION IN THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
Authors: BONNAUD‐TOULZE EVELYNE N. , RAINE C. S. 
Published: May 2008

Bonnaud‐Toulze E.N. & Raine C.S. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6,279–290Remodelling during remyelination in the peripheral nervous systemMorphologic analysis of longitudinal sections of lumbar anterior root tissue from rabbits at different stages of chronic experimental allergic encephalomyelitis has revealed new information on Schwann cell behaviour during early remyelination. Some short remyelinated internodes were displaced laterally towards nodes as other internodes elongated in a stepise fashion to occupy the vacated axonal segments. This suggests that a Schwann cell possesses the ability to remodel its myelin sheath after the initial establishment of the internode. Subaxolemmal densification was found to be formed wherever pairs of Schwann cells overlapped and gap junctions were observed between young Schwann cells.
THE CONTUSION INDEX: A QUANTITATIVE APPROACH TO CEREBRAL CONTUSIONS IN HEAD INJURY
Authors: ADAMS J. H. , SCOTT GRACE , PARKER LILIAN S. , GRAHAM D. I. , DOYLE D. 
Published: May 2008

Adams J.H., Scott G., Parker L.S., Graham D.I. & Doyle D. (1980) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 6, 319–324The contusion index: a quantitative approach to cerebral contusions in head injuryA quantitative means of assessing contusions of the brain (the ‘contusion index’) following head injury has been devised. Its derivation and application to a consecutive series of 151 cases are described.