bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Siloxanverbindungen der Übergangsmetalle
Authors: Schindler F. , Schmidbaur H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHeterosiloxane von Übergangselementen — bisher kennt man derartige Verbindungen von Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, U, Re, Fe, Co, Ni und Pt — enthalten als Charakteristikum die Gruppierung Si–O–X. Die meisten dieser Verbindungen werden aus Silanolen, Silanolaten, Acyloxysilanen, Disiloxanen oder Alkoxysilanen hergestellt, d.h. aus Verbindungen, die bereits eine Si–O‐Bindung enthalten. Das Übergangselement kann z.B. als Halogenid, als metallorganische Verbindung, als Alkoxyverbindung oder als Oxid eingesetzt werden. Manche sauerstoff‐freien Si‐Verbindungen reagieren mit sauer‐stoffhaltigen Übergangsmetallverbindungen ebenfalls zu Heterosiloxanen. Einige dieser Verbindungen, z.B. einige Titanosiloxane, sind recht stabil, während sich Chromosiloxane explosionsartig zersetzen. Neben monomeren liegen oft auch oligomere und hochpolymere Heterosiloxane vor.
On the evolution of adjudicated contests and the principle of invidious
Authors: Thorngate Warren 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLimited resources (e.g. jobs research grants, welfare, attention) are often allocated to those who desire them according to assessments of merit or deservingness made by presumably neutral judges. The resulting adjudicated contests are, in principle, more fair than other means of allocation: market economies, violence, privilege, kickbacks, etc. However, as adjudicated contests evolve they tend to attract an increasing number of qualified contestants. If resources do not expand to reward these contestants, additional tests of merit or deservingness are often invoked to make increasingly small contestant discriminations. These additional tests are shown to be breeding grounds of invidious selection vitiating the principle of fairness that characterizes the contests in which they are employed. The causes and consequences of invidious selection are discussed, as are some possibilities of their avoidance.
A direct test of the original version of regret theory
Authors: Cagno Daniela Di , Hey John D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper reports on a direct experimental test of the original version of Regret Theory using a total of 64 subjects in three groups. The experiment, which was run on PCs, was designed to elicit from subjects' responses the two key elements in this theory: namely the basic utility function, and the regret/rejoicing function. It was also designed to provide a quick direct test of the implications of the theory. We found that the evidence refuted this original version of Regret Theory.
Covariation assessment in rank order data
Authors: Bettman James R. , Creyer Elizabeth H. , John Deborah Roedder , Scott Carol A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to investigate how individuals assess covariation with rank order data. In both studies, subjects were given sets of rank order data, each set consisting of ten items ranked on two characteristics, and were asked to estimate the degree of relationship for each set. Contrary to previous research, subjects' estimates of covariation in this task were quite sensitive to actual levels of correlation in the data and remained unaffected by simple variations in the way rank order data were presented. More importantly, it appeared that this sensitivity to covariation was due likely to the use of a simple heuristic referred to here as the total discrepancy heuristic. These findings are discussed in terms of the availability of simple heuristics in rank‐ordered versus other types of data and the consequences of using such heuristics in decision‐making contexts.
The generality of the relation between familiarity and judged validity
Authors: Arkes Hal R. , Hackett Catherine , Boehm Larry 
Published: July 2007

AbstractUsing factual information of uncertain truth value as the stimulus material, previous investigators have found that repeated statements are rated more valid than non‐repeated statements. Experiments 1 and 1A were designed to determine if this effect would also occur for opinion statements and for statements initially rated either true or false. Subjects were exposed to a 108‐statement list one week and a second list of the same length a week later. This second list was comprised of some of the statements seen earlier plus some statements seen for the first time. Results suggested that all types of repeated statements are rated as more valid than their non‐repeated counterparts. Experiment 2 demonstrated that the validity‐enhancing effect of repetition does not occur in subject domains about which a person claims not be knowledgeable. From the results of both studies we concluded that familiarity is a basis for the judged validity of statements. The relation between this phenomenon and the judged validity of decisions and predictions was also discussed.
Axiomatic measures of perceived risk: Some tests and extensions
Authors: Weber Elke U. , Bottom William P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe history of axiomatic measurement of perceived risk of unidimensional risky choice alternatives is briefly reviewed. Experiments 1 and 2 present data that distinguish between two general classes of risk functions (those that assume that gain and loss components of an alternative combine additively versus multiplicatively) on empirical grounds. The most viable risk model on the basis of these and other results is described. Experiment 3 presents data that call into question the descriptive adequacy of some of this risk model's assumptions, in particular the expectation principle. Suggestions for possible modifications are made.
Across‐persons versus within‐persons tests of expectancy‐value models: A methodological note
Authors: Nickerson Carol A. , McClelland Gary H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been asserted that (I) tests of expectancy‐value models require within‐persons analyses and that (2) within‐persons analyses yield better predictions of behavioral tendencies than do across‐persons analyses. The first assertion is correct; the second is not. Justification for within‐persons tests of expectancy‐value models must be made on theoretical rather than empirical grounds.
Random error in additive decompositions of multiattribute utility
Authors: Ravinder H. V. , Kleinmuntz Don N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDecomposition is a common strategy for dealing with the complexity of multiattribute decision problems. A cognitively demanding task is broken down into tasks requiring simpler, perhaps easier, judgments which can then be aggregated. But individual judgments can be inconsistent in systematic or random fashion and when aggregated there is the possibility of propagation of this inconsistency. In this paper inconsistency in the form of random error is investigated in the context of additive decomposition of multiattribute utility. The process of aggregation of random error is studied and a comparison made with random error in holistic estimates of multiattribute utility. Conditions under which decomposition improves the consistency of the multiattribute utility estimate are presented and discussed.
Risk perception in Poland: A comparison with three other countries
Authors: Goszczynska Maryla , Tyszka Tadeusz , Slovlc Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study is a cross‐cultural comparison of risk perception. A psychometric approach has been followed in order to examine quantitative risk judgments of different hazards and the ratings of these same hazards on various risk‐characteristic scales. A list of hazards was used that is comparable with other samples (American, Hungarian, Norwegian), but a certain number of hazards of an entirely different kind were added (e.g. social tensions, shortages of consumer goods) because these are important today for Polish society. In spite of the different list of hazards, the basic factor structure of risk perception turned out to be essentially the same as the structure found in other studies. There was considerable agreement in risk perceptions in the Polish and American samples. We also discovered a number of idiosyncratic qualities of risk perception in Poland, generally indicating the importance of the availability heuristic.
Impacts of artificial intelligence on organizational decision making
Authors: Lawrence Thomas 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOf all of the new technologies emerging in the late 20th century, the production of artificial intelligence may provide the most profound impacts on organizational decision making. Because the development of artificial intelligence technologies and models has largely been based on psychological models of human cognition, the effects of their implementation in complex social settings have not been thoroughly examined. This paper is an attempt to generate research which will develop a comprehensive understanding of the impacts of artificial intelligence and its role in complex organizations. A set of 11 hypotheses has been developed which examine the relationships between artificial intelligence technologies and the dimensions of organizational decision making. It is argued here that the implementation of expert systems will lead to less complex and political decision processes, while the implementation of natural language systems will lead to more complex and political decision processes.
Confidence depends on level of aggregation
Authors: Sniezek Janet A. , Buckley Timothy 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe credible intervals that people set around their point estimates are typically too narrow (cf. Lichtenstein, Fischhoff, & Phillips, 1982). That is, a set of many such intervals does not contain the actual values of the criterion variables as often as it should given the probability assigned to this event for each estimate. The typical interpretation of such data is that people are overconfident about the accuracy of their judgments. This paper presents data from two studies showing the typical levels of overconfidence for individual estimates of unknown quantities. However, data from the same subjects on a different measure of confidence for the same items, their own global assessment for the set of multiple estimates as a whole, showed significantly lower levels of confidence and overconfidence than their average individual assessment for items in the set. It is argued that the event and global assessments of judgment quality are fundamentally different and are affected by unique psychological processes. Finally, we discuss the implications of a difference between confidence in single and multiple estimates for confidence research and theory.
Corporate foreign exchange risk management: A study in decision making under uncertainty
Authors: Steil Benn 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the management of foreign exchange risk in multinational corporations in light of the conclusions of previous empirical and theoretical investigations into decision making under uncertainty. Cognitive perceptions of risk and uncertainty are shown to underlie the hedging decisions made by corporate treasury managers, which are often demonstrably sub‐optimal in a Bayesian expected utility framework. The findings suggest that simple principal‐agent approaches to explaining seemingly sub‐optimal corporate risk management preferences are inadequate inasmuch as they fail to account for the markedly different perspectives on risk and uncertainty taken by financial economists (qua economists) and corporate financial risk managers.
Methodological issues in judgment and decision‐making research: Concurrent verbal protocol validity and simultaneous traces of process
Authors: Biggs Stanley F. , Rosman Andrew J. , Sergenian Gail K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper examines two dimensions of concurrent verbal protocol validity. First, whether verbalization affects process and outcome (reactivity) was examined by comparing concurrent verbal protocol traces with those from a computer search process tracing method, the latter being a complete trace of information acquisition from experimental materials. Earlier findings that verbalization affects time were confirmed. However, verbalization did not affect amount and pattern of acquisition or accuracy of judgments. Second, whether concurrent verbal protocols are complete was examined by comparing concurrent verbal protocol and computer traces that were simultaneously obtained in a treatment in which subjects verbalized as they acquired information from the computer. The verbal traces less completely captured information acquisition behavior than computer search. This suggests that, although concurrent verbal protocols provide greater insight into decision behavior than computer search, the latter is a more reliable information‐acquisition trace. Thus, if information acquisition is of primary interest and if computer search activities can be naturally integrated into performing the primary task, computer search is preferred to concurrent verbal protocols. However, if information use or retrieval from long‐term memory is of primary interest, concurrent verbal protocols are preferred to computer search. Finally, this paper examined whether the simultaneous use of concurrent verbal protocols and computer search provides traces of information acquisition and use that are as complete as when each method is independently applied. Although computer search tended to limit subjects verbalizations of evaluative operators, this effect may be eliminated by practice on the computer prior to collecting data.
Caveats on a process‐tracing measure and a remedy
Authors: Böckenholt Ulf , Hynan Linda S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn process‐tracing studies, a frequently used index describes whether information selection behavior is attribute — or alternativewise. The performance of this index is investigated under the assumption that subjects select information in a random fashion. The results show that the index may lead to inaccurate conclusions regarding the information‐acquisition strategy of a subject. In addition, a Monte Carlo study is conducted that examines the sensitivity of the index to strategy changes. An alternative index is derived and a latent‐class model is proposed for a parsimonious representation of individual differences in information acquisition.
Psychological determinants of decision attitude
Authors: Beattie Jane , Baron Jonathan , Hershey John C. , Spranca Mark D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDecision attitude — an analog of risk attitude — is the propensity to make (or avoid making) a decision: in decision aversion, a person finds it more desirable to receive through fiat the better of two options than to have a choice between them; in decision seeking, the choice is more desirable, even though it can lead to nothing better than the best option. Both decision aversion and decision seeking were found in hypothetical scenarios. Experimental manipulations and subjects' justifications point to anticipated regret, fear of blame for poor outcomes, and desire for equitable distributions as sources of decision aversion. One source of decision seeking (for self) and decision aversion (when deciding for others) appears to be the desire for the self‐determination of the affected parties. We consider the implications of our results for personal choice and public policy decisions.
Subjective randomization in one‐and two‐person games
Authors: Budescu David V. , Rapoport Amnon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFollowing the study by Rapoport and Budescu (1992), two experiments are reported whose main purpose is to compare the generation of random sequences in one‐ and two‐person games. The first experiment addresses the generation of trinary series in two‐person zerosum games with asymmetric players. The second examines the generation of binary series using a between‐subjects design, and compares the cognitive processes operating in one‐ and two‐person games. Although both types of games result in similar deviations from randomness, they seem to induce qualitatively different cognitive processes.
The effects of prior expectations and outcome knowledge on polygraph examiners' decisions
Authors: Elaad Eitan , Ginton Avital , Ben‐Shakhar Gershon 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe present study deals with the question of whether judgments made by experts working in familiar contexts are affected by prior expectations and beliefs. Two experiments in which prior expectations were manipulated were designed to determine whether and to what extent polygraph examiners are affected by their prior expectations when analyzing and interpreting polygraph charts. Prior expectations affected the examiners' judgments when the polygraph charts did not include clear indications of guilt or innocence, but when the objective physiological evidence included strong indications which clearly contradicted the examiner's expectations, judgments were not affected by these expectations. Theoretical and practical implications of these results are discussed.
Blind justice: Fairness to groups and the do‐no‐harm principle
Authors: Baron Jonathan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPeople are reluctant to harm some people in order to help others, even when the harm is less than the forgone help (the harm resulting from not acting). The present studies use hypothetical scenarios to argue that these judgments go against what the subjects themselves would take to be the best overall outcome. When the outcomes in question are income gains and losses for two groups of farmers, subjects judge the harm they would not impose through their action to be smaller than the harm they would impose through inaction. Some subjects refuse to reduce cure rates for one group of AIDS patients in order to increase cure rates more for another group, even when group membership was unknowable to anyone, so that, from each patient's point of view, the change would increase the probability of cure. Likewise, they resisted a vaccine that reduced overall mortality in one group but increased deaths from side effects in another group, even when, again, group membership was unknowable. Some people apply a do‐no‐harm principle to groups without apparent understanding of how such a principle might be justified in terms of its consequences. The capacity for such judgments makes them vulnerable to learning principles that have no justification at all.
Implicit diagnosticity in an information‐buying task. How do we use the information that we bring with us to a problem?
Authors: Van Wallendael Lori R. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPast research suggests that people may make use of diagnosticity information when explicit data regarding P(D | H) and P(D | ˜ H) are given to them. However, people fall victim to pseudodiagnosticity biases and ignore P(D | ˜ H) when such data must be actively sought. This series of four experiments utilized judgment problems in which subjects have knowledge of P(D | ˜ H) but must recognize the relevance of that knowledge for the judgment at hand. It was hypothesized that subjects who genuinely understood the role of P(D | ˜ H) in hypothesis testing would respond to this manipulation of implicit diagnosticity by exhibiting greater confidence and lesser information buying when given evidence of relatively high diagnosticity. In the first three studies, subjects attempted to judge the guilt or innocence of suspects in several fictional crimes. In the fourth experiment, subjects attempted to judge the club membership status of students at their own university. Greater amounts of information were bought when the only available information was of low diagnosticity. Subjects also expressed greater confidence in judgments made using highly diagnostic information. However, within the legal scenario, sensitivity to diagnosticity was dependent upon the implication of the cues received. Results are discussed with respect to Bayesian probability, expected value theory, and a confidence criterion model of information purchasing.
Perceived social context and risk preference: A re‐examination of framing effects in a life‐death decision problem
Authors: Wang X. T. , Johnston Victor S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis study examines the effects of perceived group context on subjects risk attitudes and their sensitivity to the framing of choice outcomes in a ‘life‐death’ decision problem. It seeks to uncover the psychological mechanisms underlying decision‐making biases by systematically manipulating the decision context in which the ‘life‐death’ problem was described. The study revealed that subjects risk preferences varied as a function of the experimental manipulations. Previously observed reversals in preferences (framing effects) appeared in large‐group contexts and disappeared in small‐group and family contexts. When considering the fate of small groups, subjects unambiguously favored the probabilistic outcome, no matter how the ‘life‐death’ decision problem was framed. The empirical data obtained from the present study suggest that human choice patterns are behaviorally distinguishable across large‐group, small‐group, and family social contexts.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Ba Atoms with NO2, O3 and Cl2: Dynamic Consequences of the Divalent Nature of Barium
Authors: DAVIS H. F. , SUITS A. G. , HOU H. , LEE Y. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of the Boride LaNi12B6.
Authors: KUZ'MA YU. B. , ZAVALII L. V. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: The Thermal Dehydration of K2AlF5×H2O
Authors: WALLIS B. , BENTRUP U. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Structure of a Molybdenum(V) Phosphate β‐KMo2P3O13.
Authors: LECLAIRE A. , BOREL M. M. , GRANDIN A. , RAVEAU B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid Solutions of the Type (Ni,M)2P2O7
Authors: ERICSSON T. , NORD A. G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
ChemInform Abstract: Hydrothermal Modification of Crystalline Imperfections in a Platinum Sol.
Authors: DUFF D. G. , EDWARDS P. P. , KIRKLAND A. I. , JEFFERSON D. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.