bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biofabrication of antibodies and antigens via IgG‐binding domain engineered with activatable pentatyrosine pro‐tag
Authors: Wu Hsuan‐Chen , Shi Xiao‐Wen , Tsao Chen‐Yu , Lewandowski Angela T. , Fernandes Rohan , Hung Chi‐Wei , DeShong Philip , Kobatake Eiry , Valdes James J. , Payne Gregory F. , Bentley William E. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWe report the assembly of seven different antibodies (and two antigens) into functional supramolecular structures that are specifically designed to facilitate integration into devices using entirely biologically based bottom‐up fabrication. This is enabled by the creation of an engineered IgG‐binding domain (HG3T) with an N‐terminal hexahistidine tag that facilitates purification and a C‐terminal enzyme‐activatable pentatyrosine “pro‐tag” that facilitates covalent coupling to the pH stimuli‐responsive polysaccharide, chitosan. Because we confer pH‐stimuli responsiveness to the IgG‐binding domain, it can be electrodeposited or otherwise assembled into many configurations. Importantly, we demonstrate the loading of both HG3T and antibodies can be achieved in a linear fashion so that quantitative assessment of antibodies and antigens is feasible. Our demonstration formats include: conventional multiwell plates, micropatterned electrodes, and fiber networks. We believe biologically based fabrication (i.e., biofabrication) provides bottom‐up hierarchical assembly of a variety of nanoscale components for applications that range from point‐of‐care diagnostics to smart fabrics. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 231–240. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fractionation of β‐Lactoglobulin from whey by mixed matrix membrane ion exchange chromatography
Authors: Saufi Syed M. , Fee Conan J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMixed matrix membranes (MMMs), which incorporate adsorptive particles during membrane casting, can be prepared simply and have performances that are competitive with other membrane chromatography materials. The application of MMM chromatography for fractionation of β‐Lactoglobulin from bovine whey is described in this article. MMM chromatography was prepared using ethylene vinyl alcohol polymer and lewatit anion exchange resin to form a flat sheet membrane. The membrane was characterized in terms of structure and its static and dynamic binding capacities were measured. The optimum binding for β‐Lactoglobulin was found to be at pH 6.0 using 20 mM sodium phosphate buffer. The MMM had a static binding capacity of 120 mg/g membrane (36 mg/mL membrane) and 90 mg/g membrane (27 mg/mL membrane) for β‐Lactoglobulin and α‐Lactalbumin, respectively. In batch fractionation of whey, the MMM showed selective binding towards β‐Lactoglobulin compared to other proteins. The dynamic binding capacity of β‐Lactoglobulin in whey solution was about 80 mg/g membrane (24 mg β‐Lac/mL of MMM), which is promising for whey fractionation using this technology. This is the first reported application of MMM chromatography to a dairy feed stream. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 138–147. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Enzyme Test Bench,” a high‐throughput enzyme characterization technique including the long‐term stability
Authors: Rachinskiy Kirill , Schultze Hergen , Boy Matthias , Bornscheuer Uwe , Büchs Jochen 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA new high throughput technique for enzyme characterization with specific attention to the long term stability, called “Enzyme Test Bench,” is presented. The concept of the Enzyme Test Bench consists of short term enzyme tests in 96‐well microtiter plates under partly extreme conditions to predict the enzyme long term stability under moderate conditions. The technique is based on the mathematical modeling of temperature dependent enzyme activation and deactivation. Adapting the temperature profiles in sequential experiments by optimal non‐linear experimental design, the long term deactivation effects can be purposefully accelerated and detected within hours. During the experiment the enzyme activity is measured online to estimate the model parameters from the obtained data. Thus, the enzyme activity and long term stability can be calculated as a function of temperature. The engineered instrumentation provides for simultaneous automated assaying by fluorescent measurements, mixing and homogenous temperature control in the range of 10–85 ± 0.5°C. A universal fluorescent assay for online acquisition of ester hydrolysis reactions by pH‐shift is developed and established. The developed instrumentation and assay are applied to characterize two esterases. The results of the characterization, carried out in microtiter plates applying short term experiments of hours, are in good agreement with the results of long term experiments at different temperatures in 1 L stirred tank reactors of a week. Thus, the new technique allows for both: the enzyme screening with regard to the long term stability and the choice of the optimal process temperature regarding such process parameters as turn over number, space time yield or optimal process duration. The comparison of the temperature dependent behavior of both characterized enzymes clearly demonstrates that the frequently applied estimation of long term stability at moderate temperatures by simple activity measurements after exposing the enzymes to elevated temperatures may lead to suboptimal enzyme selection. Thus, temperature dependent enzyme characterization is essential in primary screening to predict its long term behavior. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2009;103: 305–322. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A virtual electric machine laboratory for synchronous machine application
Authors: Tanyildizi E. , Orhan A. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEngineering education can reach the desired level if practical laboratory works are given together with the theory. In electrical engineering education, if foundation costs are considered the electrical machine labs become very important. Due to the increasing number of students accessing the university educational structures, the cost of laboratories for didactical electric machine applications is going to be very high. In this study, virtual laboratory, which is found to have wide application field in recent years, is introduced. For this purpose, a virtual electrical machine lab for electrical engineering lab courses is developed. An example of application was presented for the control of synchronous motor and no‐load and blocked rotor test of synchronous generator. Moreover, this study explores the learning effect related to different learning styles of web‐based virtual lab that has developed in electric engineering students. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 187–195, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20133
A compulsory yet motivating question/answer game to teach computer fundamentals
Authors: Natvig Lasse , Sindre Guttorm , Djupdal Asbjørn 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAge of Computers is a web‐based multi‐player game for teaching computer fundamentals to undergraduate engineering students. The storyline of the game is linked to the historical periods (epochs) of computers, and the content is organized in rooms or places on a map where the player moves around to answer questions and solve puzzles. This paper reports on the usage of the game in a course with 250 undergraduate students. Both questionnaire surveys and observations of student behavior indicate that the game was positively received even if the students were obliged to use it in the context of the course. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Comput Appl Eng Educ 17: 167–179, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com); DOI 10.1002/cae20173
Emotional reactions, coping and long‐term consequences of perceived discrimination among the Mapuche people of Chile
Authors: Mellor David , Merino María Eugenia , Saiz José L. , Quilaqueo Daniel 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAlthough a substantial body of research has now documented the negative mental and physical health impacts of discrimination on various minority/non‐dominant groups, little has been reported on the impacts of such discrimination on indigenous populations. In this study, we investigated the self‐reported emotional reactions, coping responses and long‐term impacts of discriminatory experiences among 50 Mapuche adults in Chile. The limited literature suggests that a substantial proportion of the Chilean majority society is prejudiced and discriminatory towards the indigenous Mapuche population, and that the Mapuche experience discrimination. Interviews with participants indicated that discrimination was psychologically wounding, and aroused anger, undifferentiated bad feelings, shame and a sense of powerlessness. Participants responded with self‐protective, self‐controlled or confronting actions. Although negative long‐term effects were reported, ethnic re‐affirmation and strengthening of bonds within the Mapuche community were positive outcomes that seem to provide resilience for the participants. This does not discount however, the need for more research assessing the impacts of discrimination in Chile nor the need for anti‐discrimination measures to be implemented. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ex vivo Activities of β‐Lapachone and α‐Lapachone on Macrophages: A Quantitative Pharmacological Analysis Based on Amperometric Monitoring of Oxidative Bursts by Single Cells
Authors: Ferreira Danielle C. M. , Tapsoba Issa , Arbault Stéphane , Bouret Yann , Alexandre Moreira Magna Suzana , Ventura Pinto Antônio , Goulart Marília O. F. , Amatore Christian 
Published: January 2009

AbstractArtificial synapses for femtomolar detection: Amperometry at platinized carbon fibre electrodes has been used to unravel the complexity of β‐lapachone's effects on cellular oxidative stress. α‐Lapachone, the pharmacologically inactive para‐quinone isomer, did not display such characteristics, but over longer incubation periods both quinones induced apoptosis. The observed effects were interpreted in terms of two mechanisms involving opposite reactivities of quinones in living cells.magnified imageβ‐Lapachone (1) has been widely used for its pharmacological activity, particularly against cancer. However, its mechanism of action at the cellular level remains unclear, although a common major hypothesis involves its prooxidant properties. Electrochemical measurements with microelectrodes were taken in order to quantitatively investigate the activity of 1 at different concentrations and several incubation times, on the oxidative bursts released by single macrophages. The exact natures of the electroactive reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) released by macrophages under the effect of 1 were characterized, and their fluxes were measured quantitatively. This allowed the reconstruction of the primary O2.− and NO production by the cells. In the first hour, at 10 μM, the decrease in the oxidative burst involved mainly RNS, while the amount of H2O2 was found to be higher than in controls. After a longer incubation time—that is, 4 h—at 1 μM, the total amount of ROS and RNS had increased, with significant enhancements of H2O2 and NO. In contrast, α‐lapachone, the pharmacologically inactive para‐quinone isomer, was unable to increase the production of RONS by macrophages significantly. Over much longer incubation periods (about one day), however, each quinone induced cell death by apoptosis. All these effects were interpreted by consideration of two different mechanisms involving opposite reactivities of quinones in living cells.
Isolation of Phospholipase D Mutants Having Phosphatidylinositol‐Synthesizing Activity with Positional Specificity on myo‐Inositol
Authors: Masayama Atsushi , Tsukada Kaori , Ikeda Chika , Nakano Hideo , Iwasaki Yugo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEnzyme‐mediated synthesis of phosphatidylinositol: Engineered phospholipase D enzymes enable the synthesis of phosphatidylinositol by transphosphatidylation. The 1‐ or 3‐hydroxy group of myo‐inositol is selectively reacted.magnified imagePhospholipase D (PLD) mutants that have phosphatidylinositol (PI)‐synthesizing activity with positional selectivity towards 1‐ or 3‐OH groups of myo‐inositol have been isolated. A mutant PLD library, in which site‐directed saturation mutations were introduced in vitro at positions 187, 191, and 385 of the wild‐type PLD of Streptomyces antibioticus, was screened for PI‐synthesizing mutants. TLC and HPLC analyses of the PI synthesized by the isolated mutant PLDs revealed that three mutants, namely 187D/191Y/385R (DYR), 187A/191Y/385R (AYR), and 187M/191Y/385R (MYR), selectively generated 1‐ or 3‐PI among the other possible PI positional isomers. Taking into account the consensus sequence of the three mutants, a series of mutants, 187X/191Y/385R (XYR), was constructed and analyzed. Almost all the XYR mutants generated 1(3)‐PI selectively, thus suggesting that the Y385R mutation contributed to the selectivity for the 1(3)‐PI synthesis. The XYR mutants showed similar phosphatidylcholine‐hydrolyzing activity among the mutants, but the PI‐synthesizing activities were different depending on the amino acid at position 187. In particular, aromatic amino acids at position 187 greatly reduced the PI‐synthesizing activity. The ratios of 1‐PI versus 3‐PI in the PIs synthesized with the XYR mutants were analyzed by selective hydrolysis with PI‐specific phospholipase C. It was found that 187H/191Y/385R (HYR) generated 1‐PI more than 3‐PI (ratio=7:3), whereas 187T/191Y/385R (TYR) generated 1‐PI less than 3‐PI (ratio=2:8). This confirmed that the amino acid at position 187 determined the selectivity between 1‐PI and 3‐PI formation.
Left coronary artery thrombus characterized by a fully automatic three‐dimensional gated reconstruction
Authors: Schoonenberg Gert A.F. , Garcia Joel A. , Carroll John D. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractRotational coronary angiography and subsequent automatic modeling or reconstruction can result in clinically valuable three‐dimensional (3D) representations of the coronaries. From these 3D representations information can be derived for specific coronary segments, such as lesion length, vessel diameter, bifurcation angles, and optimal viewing angles. In this case report, we highlight the characterization of a left coronary artery thrombus by a fully automatic 3D gated reconstruction. This case also shows that detailed 3D morphology of a lesion can be assessed during percutaneous coronary interventions using rotational coronary angiography and subsequent automated image processing. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical outcomes using aggressive approach to anatomic screening and endovascular revascularization in a veterans affairs population with critical limb ischemia
Authors: Shah Alap P. , Klein Andrew J. , Sterrett Andrew , Messenger John C. , Albert Stephen , Nehler Mark R. , Hiatt William R. , Casserly Ivan P. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackground: This study sought to examine the impact of an aggressive approach to anatomic screening and endovascular revascularization in a veterans administration population with critical limb ischemia (CLI) on the primary treatments received and overall clinical outcomes. Methods: The baseline clinical and angiographic characteristics and clinical outcomes of the first consecutive fifty veterans who were referred for the evaluation and treatment of CLI using the strategy outlined were assessed by retrospective review of the computerized medical record and angiographic data. Results: Among the entire cohort, the primary treatments received were as follows – revascularization n = 44 (88%), primary amputation n = 1 (2%), medical treatment n = 3 (6%), and primary minor amputation n = 2 (4%). Endovascular revascularization was the dominant mode of revascularization (94%), with a procedural success rate of 91%. Repeat revascularization was required in 19% of patients who had an initially successful endovascular procedure. A total of eight deaths and four major amputations occurred in the entire cohort over a mean follow‐up of 397 ± 190 days. The 1‐year Kaplan‐Meier estimates for survival and amputation‐free survival for the entire cohort were 90 and 81%, respectively. Resolution of rest pain or complete wound healing was achieved in 85% of patients at a mean of 157 ±126 days. Conclusions: An aggressive approach to anatomic screening and contemporary endovascular treatment of CLI resulted in a higher rate of revascularization as the primary treatment for CLI than previously reported, and was associated with high rates of overall and amputation‐free survival. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Nanoparticle‐Supported and Magnetically Recoverable Ruthenium Hydroxide Catalyst: Efficient Hydration of Nitriles to Amides in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Polshettiwar Vivek , Varma Rajender S. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMagnetic attraction not filtration: A magnetic nanoparticle‐supported ruthenium hydroxide catalyst (see figure) was readily prepared from inexpensive starting materials and shown to catalyze the hydration of nitriles with excellent yield in a benign aqueous medium. Catalyst recovery using an external magnetic field, superior activity, and the inherent stability of the catalyst system are additional sustainable attributes of this protocol.magnified imageNo Abstract
Highly Enantioselective Conjugate Additions of Aldehydes to Vinyl Sulfones
Authors: Landa Aitor , Maestro Miguel , Masdeu Carme , Puente Ángel , Vera Silvia , Oiarbide Mikel , Palomo Claudio 
Published: January 2009

AbstractJoined together, organocatalysts aldehydes and sulfones: A diaryl prolinol silyl ether was found to catalyse efficiently and enantioselectively the conjugate addition of aldehydes to vinyl sulfones (see scheme). The ample synthetic utility of the resulting adducts is illustrated.magnified imageNo Abstract
Cost‐effectiveness analysis of lapatinib in HER‐2–positive advanced breast cancer
Authors: Le Quang A. , Hay Joel W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:A recent clinical trial demonstrated that the addition of lapatinib to capecitabine in the treatment of HER‐2–positive advanced breast cancer (ABC) significantly increases median time to progression. The objective of the current analysis was to assess the cost‐effectiveness of this therapy from the US societal perspective.METHODS:A Markov model comprising 4 health states (stable disease, respond‐to‐therapy, disease progression, and death) was developed to estimate the projected‐lifetime clinical and economic implications of this therapy. The model used Monte Carlo simulation to imitate the clinical course of a typical patient with ABC and updated with response rates and major adverse effects. Transition probabilities were estimated based on the results from the EGF100151 and EGF20002 clinical trials of lapatinib. Health state utilities, direct and indirect costs of the therapy, major adverse events, laboratory tests, and costs of disease progression were obtained from published sources. The model used a 3% discount rate and reported in 2007 US dollars.RESULTS:Over a lifetime, the addition of lapatinib to capecitabine as combination therapy was estimated to cost an additional $19,630, with an expected gain of 0.12 quality‐adjusted life years (QALY) or an incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of $166,113 per QALY gained. The 95% confidence limits of the ICER ranged from $158,000 to $215,000/QALY. A cost‐effectiveness acceptability curve indicated less than 1% probability that the ICER would be lower than $100,000/QALY.CONCLUSIONS:Compared with commonly accepted willingness‐to‐pay thresholds in oncology treatment, the addition of lapatinib to capecitabine is not clearly cost‐effective; and most likely to result in an ICER somewhat higher than the societal willingness‐to‐pay threshold limits. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Stereotactic radiotherapy for unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas
Authors: Chang Daniel T. , Schellenberg Devin , Shen John , Kim Jeff , Goodman Karyn A. , Fisher George A. , Ford James M. , Desser Terry , Quon Andrew , Koong Albert C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND:The authors report on the local control and toxicity of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients with unresectable pancreatic adenocarcinoma.METHODS:Seventy‐seven patients with unresectable adenocarcinoma of the pancreas received 25 gray (Gy) in 1 fraction. Forty‐five patients (58%) had locally advanced disease, 11 patients (14%) had medically inoperable disease, 15 patients (19%) had metastatic disease, and 6 patients (8%) had locally recurrent disease. Nine patients (12%) had received prior chemoradiotherapy. Sixteen patients (21%) received between 45 to 54 Gy of fractionated radiotherapy and SBRT. Various gemcitabine‐based chemotherapy regimens were received by 74 patients (96%), but 3 patients (4%) did not receive chemotherapy until they had distant failure.RESULTS:The median follow‐up was 6 months (range, 3‐31 months) and, among surviving patients, it was 12 months (range, 3‐31 months). The overall rates of freedom from local progression (FFLP) at 6 months and 12 months were 91% and 84%, respectively. The 6‐ and 12‐month isolated local recurrence rates were 5% and 5%, respectively. There was no difference in the 12‐month FFLP rate based on tumor location (head/uncinate, 91% vs body/tail, 86%; P = .52). The progression‐free survival (PFS) rates at 6 months and 12 months were 26% and 9%, respectively. The PFS rate at 6 months was superior for patients who had nonmetastatic disease versus patients who had metastatic disease (28% vs 15%; P = .05). The overall survival (OS) rates at 6 months and 12 months from SBRT were 56% and 21%, respectively. Four patients (5%) experienced grade ≥2 acute toxicity. Three patients (4%) experienced grade 2 late toxicity, and 7 patients (9%) experienced grade ≥3 late toxicity. At 6 months and 12 months, the rates of grade ≥2 late toxicity were 11% and 25%, respectively.CONCLUSIONS:SBRT for pancreatic adenocarcinoma was effective for local control with associated risk of toxicity and should be used with rigorous attention to quality assurance. Efforts to reduce complications are warranted. Distant metastases account for the vast majority of disease‐related mortality. Cancer 2009. © 2008 American Cancer Society.