bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cross‐cultural assessment of attitudes of business students toward business ethics
Authors: Peppas Spero C. , Yu Tyler T. 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine whether undergraduate and graduate business students in China and the USA share similar attitudes with regard to business ethics.Design/methodology/approachUsing an instrument derived from Becker and Fritzsche, this study measured attitudes toward eight business ethics value statements. In addition, the survey asked respondents to report the degree to which they believed that reports of corporate irresponsibility had influenced their responses to the survey. Tests of significance were used to determine significant differences.FindingsDespite advances in communication, the influence of foreign firms now operating in China, and the return to China of nationals who were educated in the USA, of eight business ethics value statements examined, significant differences between the Chinese and US respondents were found in all but one case.Research limitations/implicationsThe data were drawn from the southern USA and from eastern China. Future researchers may wish to replicate the study using samples from diverse geographical areas in each country. This study could also be replicated to assess similarities and differences between management and student samples.Originality/valueThe results of this study point out significant differences between Chinese and US evaluations of the business ethics value statements examined. Given a history of years with little interaction between these two nations and the cultural distance between China and the USA, studies such as this provide useful information in the process of helping the people of these two nations better understand one another. The findings should prove especially useful to those concerned with the increasingly important issue of ethics in business operations.
Experiential learning exercises for tourism and hospitality executive training
Authors: Martin Drew , Woodside Arch G. 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThe purpose of this Editorial is to introduce the reader to seven training exercises in tourism.Design/methodology/approachIntroduces the papers in this special issue.FindingsEffective learning requires doing–practice–failure–interpreting–experiencing success, rather than listening and watching.Originality/valueProvides an introduction to experiential learning exercises for tourism and hospitality executive training.
Executive training exercise in sport event leverage
Authors: O'Brien Danny , Chalip Laurence 
Published: September 2007

PurposeSome sport event stakeholders now look beyond “impact” to achieving longer‐term, sustainable outcomes. This move away from anex post, outcomes orientation towards anex ante, strategic approach refers to the phenomenon of event leveraging. This paper aims to introduce readers to the concept, and poses practical exercises to challenge current thinking on sport event impacts.Design/methodology/approachThis paper provides an introduction to the literature on the strategic leveraging of sport events and presents three theoretical models depicting various aspects of event leverage. The paper includes training exercises on the subject of sport event leverage along with possible answers.FindingsBuilding on prior work, this paper proposes a new model for social leverage. The model and the related discussion highlight potential synergies between economic and social leverage.Research limitations/implicationsAs the proposed model for social leverage is essentially exploratory, it remains empirically untested. This represents an obvious challenge for further research.Practical implicationsThis paper recognizes that, particularly in the last decade, a paradigm shift has taken place in parts of the international events community, and provides a challenge and potential direction for event practitioners to continue the path towards achieving the triple bottom line of economic, social and environmental benefits for host communities.Originality/valueThe social leverage model breaks new ground in the (sport) events field, as does the push towards sustainability and a more triple bottom line approach to event outcomes.
Tourist harassment: review of the literature and destination responses
Authors: McElroy Jerome L. , Tarlow Peter , Carlisle Karin 
Published: September 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to review the very limited literature on tourist harassment, discusses determinants and offers some policy suggestions for controlling the problem. Some emphasis is given to the Caribbean where harassment has been a long‐standing issue.Design/methodology/approachIn order to gauge the extent and patterns of harassment, an exhaustive review of the literature is conducted and two recent case studies on Barbados and Marmaris, Turkey are extensively summarized.FindingsResults indicate harassment is an increasing problem with global dimensions. Vendor persistence is the main type, followed by drug peddling and sexual harassment with most incidents occurring at the beach and/or shopping areas and the least at hotels. Regarding underlying determinants, the literature emphasizes host‐guest socio‐economic distances while the case studies emphasize cultural differences.Research limitations/implicationsAlthough the research review is limited principally to third‐world destinations, suggested best practice policy directions are useful for mature destinations in developed countries. They include: involving all tourism stakeholders in addressing the issue, promoting programs to enhance resident‐visitor mutual understanding, improving reporting mechanisms and systematic tracking of the problem and, in the long run, integrating those at the margin who comprise most of the harassers into the tourism mainstream.Originality/valueThe paper fills a gap in the literature on a growing concern and concludes with two training exercises to deepen understanding of the issue.
Management exercises and trainer's note in sustainable tourism and dynamics
Authors: Johnston Robert J. , Tyrrell Timothy J. 
Published: September 2007

PurposeTo provide training exercises that will help tourism planners and analysts better understand the fundamentals of tourism sustainability and dynamics.Design/methodology/approachThe paper is organized as a presentation of tools and conceptual models, followed by associated training exercises and answers. The first exercise addresses basic concepts of sustainability as applied to tourism development. The second addresses the use of phase diagrams to illustrate the dynamic behavior and change of tourism‐related economic and environmental conditions over time.FindingsOperational definitions of sustainable tourism generally are consistent with a wide variety of outcomes for a tourist destination. Exercises demonstrate that operational definitions of tourism sustainability require numerous choices and tradeoffs, and are more complex than is suggested by common discourse.Practical implicationsGiven that the most desirable sustainable outcomes for tourism differ across groups, the search for sustainable tourism outcomes must combine environmentally sustainable outcomes (which are often many) with socially acceptable compromise solutions that lie somewhere between the optima for each distinct group. No amount of searching, bargaining, or stakeholder education will reveal a universal sustainable solution that maximizes benefits to all affected groups. In the vast majority of cases no optimal solution exists.Originality/valueThe paper provides tools and conceptual frameworks that characterize potential conflicts, hazards, and tradeoffs implicit in the choice among different sustainable or non‐sustainable outcomes for tourism.
Enhancing the stability and solubility of TEV protease using in silico design
Authors: Cabrita Lisa D. , Gilis Dimitri , Robertson Amy L. , Dehouck Yves , Rooman Marianne , Bottomley Stephen P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe ability to rationally increase the stability and solubility of recombinant proteins has long been a goal of biotechnology and has significant implications for biomedical research. Poorly soluble enzymes, for example, result in the need for larger reaction volumes, longer incubation times, and more restricted reaction conditions, all of which increase the cost and have a negative impact on the feasibility of the process. Rational design is achieved here by means of the PoPMuSiC program, which performs in silico predictions of stability changes upon single‐site mutations. We have used this program to increase the stability of the tobacco etch virus (TEV) protein. TEV is a 27‐kDa nuclear inclusion protease with stringent specificity that is commonly used for the removal of solubility tags during protein purification protocols. However, while recombinant TEV can be produced in large quantities, a limitation is its relatively poor solubility (generally ∼1 mg/mL), which means that large volumes and often long incubation times are required for efficient cleavage. Following PoPMuSiC analysis of TEV, five variants predicted to be more stable than the wild type were selected for experimental analysis of their stability, solubility, and activity. Of these, two were found to enhance the solubility of TEV without compromising its functional activity. In addition, a fully active double mutant was found to remain soluble at concentrations in excess of 40 mg/mL. This modified TEV appears thus as an interesting candidate to be used in recombinant protein technology.
Functional analysis of the GTPases EngA and YhbZ encoded bySalmonella typhimurium
Authors: Lamb Heather K. , Thompson Paul , Elliott Catherine , Charles Ian G. , Richards Jamie , Lockyer Michael , Watkins Nicholas , Nichols Charles , Stammers David K. , Bagshaw Clive R. , Cooper Alan , Hawkins Alastair R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractTheS.typhimuriumgenome encodes proteins, designated EngA and YhbZ, which have a high sequence identity with the GTPases EngA/Der and ObgE/CgtAEofEscherichia coli. The wild‐type activity of theE. coliproteins is essential for normal ribosome maturation and cell viability. In order to characterize the potential involvement of theSalmonella typhimuriumEngA and YhbZ proteins in ribosome biology, we used high stringency affinity chromatography experiments to identify strongly binding ribosomal partner proteins. A combination of biochemical and microcalorimetric analysis was then used to characterize these protein:protein interactions and quantify nucleotide binding affinities. These experiments show that YhbZ specifically interacts with the pseudouridine synthase RluD (KD= 2 μM and 1:1 stoichiometry), and we show for the first time that EngA can interact with the ribosomal structural protein S7. Thermodynamic analysis shows both EngA and YhbZ bind GDP with a higher affinity than GTP (20‐fold difference for EngA and 3.8‐fold for YhbZ), and that the two nucleotide binding sites in EngA show a 5.3‐fold difference in affinity for GDP. We report a fluorescence assay for nucleotide binding to EngA and YhbZ, which is suitable for identifying inhibitors specific for this ligand‐binding site, which would potentially inhibit their biological functions. The interactions of YhbZ with ribosome structural proteins that we identify may demonstrate a previously unreported additional function for this class of GTPase: that of ensuring delivery of rRNA modifying enzymes to the appropriate region of the ribosome.
Cd36, a class B scavenger receptor, functions as a monomer to bind acetylated and oxidized low‐density lipoproteins
Authors: Martin Catherine A. , Longman Emma , Wooding Carol , Hoosdally Sarah J. , Ali Saira , Aitman Timothy J. , Gutmann Daniel A.P. , Freemont Paul S. , Byrne Bernadette , Linton Kenneth J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractCd36 is a small‐molecular‐weight integral membrane protein expressed in a diverse, but select, range of cell types. It has an equally diverse range of ligands and physiological functions, which has implicated Cd36 in a number of diseases including insulin resistance, diabetes, and, most notably, atherosclerosis. The protein is reported to reside in detergent‐resistant microdomains within the plasma membrane and to form homo‐ and hetero‐intermolecular interactions. These data suggest that this class B scavenger receptor may gain functionality for ligand binding, and/or ligand internalization, by formation of protein complexes at the cell surface. Here, we have overexpressed Cd36 in insect cells, purified the recombinant protein to homogeneity, and analyzed its stability and solubility in a variety of nonionic and zwitterionic detergents. Octylglucoside conferred the greatest degree of stability, and by analytical ultracentrifugation we show that the protein is monomeric. A solid‐phase ligand‐binding assay demonstrated that the purified monomeric protein retains high affinity for acetylated and oxidized low‐density lipoproteins. Therefore, no accessory proteins are required for interaction with ligand, and binding is a property of the monomeric fold of the protein. Thus, the highly purified and functional Cd36 should be suitable for crystallization in octylglucoside, and the in vitro ligand‐binding assay represents a promising screen for identification of bioactive molecules targeting atherogenesis at the level of ligand binding.
A high‐resolution solution structure of a trypanosomatid FYVE domain
Authors: Mertens Haydyn D.T. , Callaghan Judy M. , Swarbrick James D. , McConville Malcolm J. , Gooley Paul R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFYVE domain proteins play key roles in regulating membrane traffic in eukaryotic cells. The FYVE domain displays a remarkable specificity for the head group of the target lipid, phosphatidylinositol 3‐phosphate (PtdIns[3]P). We have identified five putative FYVE domain proteins in the genome of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major, three of which are predicted to contain a functional PtdIns(3)P‐binding site. The FYVE domain of one of these proteins, LmFYVE‐1, bound PtdIns(3)P in liposome‐binding assays and targeted GFP to acidified late endosomes/lysosomes in mammalian cells. The high‐resolution solution structure of its N‐terminal FYVE domain (LmFYVE‐1[1–79]) was solved by nuclear magnetic resonance. Functionally significant clusters of residues of the LmFYVE‐1 domain involved in PtdIns(3)P binding and dependence on low pH for tight binding were identified. This structure is the first trypanosomatid membrane trafficking protein to be determined and has been refined to high precision and accuracy using residual dipolar couplings.
Deuterium exchange and mass spectrometry reveal the interaction differences of two synthetic modulators of RXRα LBD
Authors: Yan Xuguang , Pérez Efrén , Leid Mark , Schimerlik Michael I. , de Lera Angel R. , Deinzer Max L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractProtein amide hydrogen/deuterium (H/D) exchange was used to compare the interactions of two antagonists, UVI 2112 and UVI 3003, with that of the agonist, 9‐cis‐retinoic acid, upon binding to the human retinoid X receptor alpha ligand‐binding domain (hRXRα LBD) homodimer. Analysis of the H/D content by mass spectrometry showed that in comparison to 9‐cis‐retinoic acid, the antagonists provide much greater protection toward deuterium exchange‐in throughout the protein, suggesting that the protein–antagonist complex adopts a more restricted conformation or ensemble of conformations in which solvent accesses to amide protons are reduced. A comparison between the two antagonists shows that UVI 3003 is more protective in the C‐terminal region due to the extra hydrophobic interactions derived from the atoms in the benzene ring of the carboxylic acid chain. It was less protective within regions comprising peptides 271–278 and 326–330 due to differences in conformational orientation, and/or shorter carboxylic acid chain length. Decreased deuterium exchange‐in in the segment 234–239 where the residues do not involve interactions with the ligand was observed with the two antagonists, but not with 9‐cis‐RA. The amide protons of helix 12 of the agonist‐ or antagonist‐occupied protein in solution have the same deuterium exchange rates as the unliganded protein, supporting a suggestion made previously that helix 12 can cover the occupied binding cavity only with the cofactor present to adjust its location.
Optimization of the inefficient translation initiation region of the cpxP gene from Escherichia coli
Authors: Miot Marika , Betton Jean‐Michel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Escherichia coli Cpx envelope stress system is comprised of three proteins; the periplasmic regulatory CpxP, the inner membrane sensor kinase CpxA, and the cytoplasmic transcriptional activator CpxR. Although misfolded envelope proteins activate the Cpx system, the molecular mechanism by which this signal is sensed remains largely unknown. In an attempt to reconstitute the Cpx system from purified proteins, we failed to produce the small CpxP protein in its natural periplasmic compartment, but a high protein level was achieved when it was produced in the cytoplasm. Silent base mutations in the first codons of the cpxP gene encoding the signal sequence or substitution by two well‐characterized signal sequences, those of MalE and DsbA, resulted in a large increase of the CpxP level in the periplasm. Our results support the hypothesis that periplasmic expression could be inhibited by sequence elements in the early coding signal sequence region of cpxP.
Conformational change of erythroid α‐spectrin at the tetramerization site upon binding β‐spectrin
Authors: Long Fei , McElheny Dan , Jiang Shaokai , Park Sunghyouk , Caffrey Michael S. , Fung Leslie W.‐M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe previously determined the solution structures of the first 156 residues of human erythroid α‐spectrin (SpαI‐1–156, or simply Spα). Spα consists of the tetramerization site of α‐spectrin and associates with a model β‐spectrin protein (Spβ) with an affinity similar to that of native α‐ and β‐spectrin. Upon αβ−complex formation, our previous results indicate that there is an increase in helicity in the complex, suggesting conformational change in either Spα or Spβ or in both. We have now used isothermal titration calorimetry, circular dichroism, static and dynamic light scattering, and solution NMR methods to investigate properties of the complex as well as the conformation of Spα in the complex. The results reveal a highly asymmetric complex, with a Perrin shape parameter of 1.23, which could correspond to a prolate ellipsoid with a major axis of about five and a minor axis of about one. We identified 12 residues, five prior to and seven following the partial domain helix in Spα that moved freely relative to the structural domain in the absence of Spβ but when in the complex moved with a mobility similar to that of the structural domain. Thus, it appears that the association with Spβ induced an unstructured‐to‐helical conformational transition in these residues to produce a rigid and asymmetric complex. Our findings may provide insight toward understanding different association affinities of αβ−spectrin at the tetramerization site for erythroid and non‐erythroid spectrin and a possible mechanism to understand some of the clinical mutations, such as L49F of α‐spectrin, which occur outside the functional partial domain region.
Topical dorsal skin immersion in seawater induces apoptosis and proliferation in hairless mice
Authors: PAN Min Hong , JIANG Shao Jun , LIU Xiao Hong , RAO Qiu , ZHOU Zhi Yi , MA Heng Hui , ZHOU Xiao Jun 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTRecreational and occupational exposure to seawater (SW), have increased but the effect of SW on skin has not been elucidated. The purpose of present study was to assess the effects of SW immersion on the dorsal skin in hairless mice. Adult hairless mice were individually immersed in SW for 3 h, 6 h and 12 h; then, full‐thickness dorsal skin of 2 cm diameter was excised for pathological examination (light microscope), apoptosis detection (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated 2′‐deoxyuridine 5′‐triphosphate nick end labeling [TUNEL]) and proliferation index evaluation (immunohistochemistry). Normal and normal saline (NS)‐immersed skin were used as controls. Histological examination revealed that there were randomly distributed cell deaths, presenting cell shrinkage, condensation of nuclear chromatin and eosinophilic cytoplasm in the epidermis, and neutrophil infiltration in the dermis, after SW immersion. Moreover, TUNEL showed low levels of apoptosis in normal (9.07 ± 0.70%) and NS‐immersed skin (9.99 ± 1.22%). There was an apparent increase in the 6‐h and 12‐h SW immersed groups (29.90 ± 6.85%, P < 0.01; 45.46 ± 6.12%, P < 0.01, respectively). Ki‐67 antigen was located in the basal layer of the epidermis and hair follicles, the rates of Ki‐67‐positive cells were 7.90 ± 1.45% and 7.76 ± 1.52% in normal and NS‐immersed skin, respectively, and in the 12‐h SW immersed group, the rate of Ki‐67‐positive cells reached 23.85 ± 4.21% (threefold, P < 0.01). In each group, the rate of apoptosis was higher than that of proliferation. We conclude that SW immersion can cause time‐dependent apoptosis and proliferation in the epidermis, and the overall effect of SW immersion is injury to the epidermis.
Majocchi's granuloma of the face in an immunocompetent patient
Authors: GILL Meenu , SACHDEVA Bhavna , GILL Paramjeet S. , ARORA Brijbala , DEEP Antariksh , KARAN Jai 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTMajocchi's granuloma is a condition with chronic erythematous and indurated plaques that is a result of the rupture of a dermatophyte‐infected infundibulum as a result of trauma. It is frequently seen on the anterior aspect of the legs of women. Herein, we present a case of Majocchi's granuloma of face, a site rarely involved, in an immunocompetent patient. Diagnosis was confirmed by histological and mycological examination. Histological examination revealed hyphae and arthrospores in the hair follicles and in the dermis with a diffuse dermal infiltrate consisting of lymphoplasmacytic cells, and focal collections of epithelioid cells, neutrophils and mild interstitial edema. Mycological examination confirmed the presence of fungus, Trichophyton rubrum, and the diagnosis of Majocchi's granuloma of the face was made. No concrete predisposing factor was found to be associated with the occurrence of the lesions on the face. However, the history of prolonged veiling of the face by a cloth by the patient, perhaps contributing to the occurrence of lesions on face, is a point of dubious significance.
Diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage as a fatal complication of Schönlein–Henoch purpura
Authors: USUI Keiko , OCHIAI Toyoko , MUTO Ritsuko , ABE Ikuko , AIKAWA Miwa , KIKUSHIMA Kimio , NAGAO Ken 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTWe report a case of a 69‐year‐old man with Schönlein–Henoch purpura who developed diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage. He complained of dyspnea and hemoptysis while he was treated with steroids for gastroenteropathy associated with Schönlein–Henoch purpura. The drop in his hemoglobin levels and diffuse ground‐glass opacity at all levels of the lung fields on chest computed tomography were a significant clue to diagnosis. Despite pulse therapy, no clinical improvement of the lung was achieved, and he died on the 36th day after the admission. Although the combination of the corticosteroid and immunosuppressive agents is normally recommended, diffuse pulmonary hemorrhage could become a fatal complication in elderly Schönlein–Henoch patients.