bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Notes on American Theridiid Spiders
Authors: Levi Herbert W. 
Published: April 2008

About 195 species of theridiid spiders are known from north of
Mexico, about 800 in all the Americas. Among them are our commonest
spiders but also numerous rare species. This is the first addition
to my revisions of spiders of this family. Similar additions will
be made periodically as it becomes necessary to report on new species,
describe the other sex of species known from only males or females,
record habitat notes of rare species and make corrections.For their assistance I want to thank Miss M. E. Galiano of Buenos
Aires, Mr. V. D. Roth of the Southwestern Research Station of the
American Museum of Natural History, who collected specimens of
rare Arizona species, and Dr. W. J. Gertsch, who made me aware of
an error in my revision of the genus Tidarren and facilitated the loan
of Latrodectus mactans hesperus. This research is in part supported
by Public Health Research Grant AI‐01944 from the National Institute
of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.
Visual and Acoustical Social Displays by the Grasshopper Arphia Conspersa (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Willey Robert B. , Willey Ruth L. 
Published: April 2008

Many species of the Oedipodinae (band‐wing grasshoppers) exhibit
strikingly diverse social interactions invoking visual and acoustical
communication between the sexes and between individuals of the
same sex (Otte, 1968, 1969).The present paper is an account of the communication system of
Arphia conspersa and will serve as an introduction to quantitative
and experimental analyses of specific aspects of the behavior of this
and other species.
Carbon Dioxide, a Releaser for Digging Behavior in Solenopsis Geminata (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)
Authors: Hangartner Walter 
Published: April 2008

The behavior of ants digging through sand or clay in the direction
of trapped nestmates has been described by Belt (1874) and Lafleur
(I940). Wilson (1958) showed that in Pogonomyrmex badius
(Latreille) this behavior pattern is released by a volatile substance
originating from the mandibular glands. Later, McGurk et al.
(1966) identified the responsible compound as 4‐methyl‐3‐heptanone.
At the same time, Blum and Warter (1966) isolated 2‐heptanone
from Conomyrma pyramica (Roger) and described its function as
the releaser of alarm and digging behavior. Spangler (1968) reported
that not only whole workers, but also amputated parts as well
as larvae and pupae of Pogonomyrmex occidentalis (Cresson) attract
workers of this species and release digging behavior. Forrest (1963)
studied Lasius flavus nearcticus and four species of Acanthomyops and
found that workers also dig to free ants of another species but attack
them as soon as they are released.During studies on a colony of Solenopsis geminata (Fabricius),
I noticed that returning foragers started to remove a plug of cotton
used to block the entrance of an artificial nest immediately after its
mounting, even if the position of the entrance was rotated through
180°. During most of these actions, they used their mandibles to
chew away small pieces of the obstacle. The purpose of the present
paper is to report on the finding that this behavior is released by the
carbon dioxide produced by the ants trapped inside the nest.
The Genus Priotomis in Argentina(Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae)
Authors: Porter Charles C. 
Published: April 2008

The genus Priotomis (Townes, 1969, p. 292) was placed by its
author in the subtribe Lymeonina of the ichneumonid tribe Mesostenini.
While data provided by a study of the new species treated
in this article do not controvert that placement it is well to emphasize
that Priotomis shows a number of singularly aberrant characters
unparalleled among other genera of its subtribe. For example, the
presence of a series of teeth on the dorsal valve of the ovipositor tip
recalls the Baryceratina rather than the Lymeonina, whereas the
specialized, twisted mandibular apex is not found in any other mesostenine
genus.Priotomis was described from a unique female collected in the
wet subtropical forest of Santa Catarina State in southern Brasil.
Now, however, another specimen has come to light, from the invernally
deciduous Chaco Forest o northwest Argentina, and this form,
while agreeing perfectly with Townes′ diagnosis of Priotoms, differs
in so many respects from its Brazilian congener that it must be
recognized as a separate species.
Young Larvae of Veromessor Pergandei(Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Myrmicinae)
Authors: Wheeler George C. , Wheeler Jeanette 
Published: April 2008

Time was when it seemed every myrmecologist wanted to work on
Veromessor pergandei, but we can find no mention of it in the last
eight years of Zoological Record. When we lived with it in Death
Valley and southern Nevada it became one of our favorite ants.To differentiate instars we would like the following specimens: a
first instar inside an egg; a second instar inside a first instar that is
ready to moult; a third instar inside a second ready to moult; etc; a
mature larva; a prepupa. Fortunately our V. pergandei material
meets all the requirements, except the first. V. pergandei is polymorphic,
which presents another problem: when does subcaste differentiation
begin? How can one tell whether a small larva is the
young of a major or a mature of a minim; or whether a mediumsized
larva is the mature of an intermediate worker or the halfgrown
larva of a major? In V. pergandei subcaste differences
apparently begin in the fourth instar and are manifested only in size.V. pergandei presents another problem: there are two body
shapes for mature worker larvae. We have no explanation for this.
New Genera and Species of NeotropicalAmiseginae (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)
Authors: Kimsey Lynn Siri 
Published: April 2008

The Canadian National Collection (OTTAWA) has one of the
largest, if not the largest collection of neotropical Amiseginae in the
world. In a sample of about 700 unidentified specimens sent to me
by Lubomir Masher from this collection there were many new taxa,
including representatives of a new genus. In addition, material was
borrowed from the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard
University (J. M. Carpenter), Cambridge, Massachusetts, the American
Entomological Institute, Gainesville, Florida (H. Townes,
GAINESVILLE), and the U.S. National Museum, Washington, D.C.
(K. V. Krombein, WASHINGTON). The new species of Adelphe are
described separately (Kimsey 1986). The remaining new taxa are
included below.The following abbreviations are used: F = flagellomere, MOD = midocellus diameter, PD = puncture diameter and T = gastral tergum.
The Neotropical Orb‐Weaver Genera Epeiroides, Bertrana and Amazonepeira (Araneae: Araneidae).
Authors: Levi Herbert W. 
Published: April 2008

Most Neotropical spider specimens preserved in museums were
collected by ornithologists, entomologists or amateur naturalists,
who picked up spiders when their preferred organisms could not be
found. Invariably such collectors bring back the biggest, showiest
spiders. Only in recent years have arachnologists themselves collected,
concentrating on the less conspicuous but often more interesting
spiders that previously were overlooked. Tiny spiders
frequently show greater diversity in structure than larger ones, and
have more species in the Holarctic region. At present we know much
less about the minute Neotropical Araneidae than about the larger
species.For most of these spiders there is no literature other than catalog
citations. Often the second citation is a misidentification, and many
species, when found again, were given new names (e.g. Bertrana
striotaca), because making a new species is much easier than checking
previous descriptions and examining their types.
Ten Years of Measurements of Tropical Upper-Tropospheric Water Vapor by MOZAIC. Part II: Assessing the ECMWF Humidity Analysis
Authors: Luo Zhengzhao , Kley Dieter , Johnson Richard H. , Smit Herman 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In a recent publication (Part I), the authors introduced a data source—Measurement of Ozone and Water Vapor by Airbus In-Service Aircraft (MOZAIC)—for monitoring and studying upper-tropospheric water vapor (UTWV) and analyzed 10 yr (1994–2004) of MOZAIC measurements of tropical UTWV in its climatology, variability, transport, and relation to deep convection. In this study (Part II), MOZAIC is used to assess the ECMWF humidity analysis over the tropics, taking advantage of the unique nature of the MOZAIC data, namely, the long data record, near-global coverage, and high accuracy.
In parallel to Part I, the ECMWF UTWV analysis is assessed against MOZAIC in the following five aspects: 1) annual cycle, 2) vertical structure, 3) probability density functions (PDFs), 4) moisture flux divergence, and 5) interannual variability. The annual cycle of the ECMWF UTWV shows a similar pattern as MOZAIC but has an overall dry bias of about 10%–30% relative humidity with respect to ice (RHi). The dry biases are larger in the deep tropics than the subtropics and larger over the Asian monsoon region than the tropical Atlantic region. The increase in RH with height (from about 300 to 200 hPa) as observed by MOZAIC is largely missing in the ECMWF analysis, which has a roughly constant RH profile. The bimodal distribution of tropical UTWV is well established in MOZAIC, but for ECMWF, the moist mode is abruptly cut off at 100% RHi due to the lack of ice supersaturation (ISS) in the forecast model. Lack of ISS capability is, however, not the only cause for the dry bias in the ECMWF; it also has more occurrences of lower humidity compared to MOZAIC. There is also evidence that ECMWF underestimates the range of upper-tropospheric humidity (UTH) variation. A comparison of moisture flux divergence is conducted to assess the ability of ECMWF to capture the divergent transport of water vapor. It is shown that the ECMWF can represent the distribution of this quantity fairly well, although the dry bias leads to some underestimate of the magnitude. Finally, the authors show a comparison of the ECMWF and MOZAIC depictions of the interannual variation of UTWV during the 1997/98 ENSO event as an illustration that UTWV variations are more difficult to capture than those of the UT temperature.
Optimizations for the EcoPod field identification tool
Authors: Manoharan Aswath , Stamberger Jeannie , Yu YuanYuan , Paepcke Andreas 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
We sketch our species identification tool for palm sized computers that helps knowledgeable observers with census activities. An algorithm turns an identification matrix into a minimal length series of questions that guide the operator towards identification. Historic observation data from the census geographic area helps minimize question volume. We explore how much historic data is required to boost performance, and whether the use of history negatively impacts identification of rare species. We also explore how characteristics of the matrix interact with the algorithm, and how best to predict the probability of observing a previously unseen species.

Results
Point counts of birds taken at Stanford University's Jasper Ridge Biological Preserve between 2000 and 2005 were used to examine the algorithm. A computer identified species by correctly answering, and counting the algorithm's questions. We also explored how the character density of the key matrix and the theoretical minimum number of questions for each bird in the matrix influenced the algorithm. Our investigation of the required probability smoothing determined whether Laplace smoothing of observation probabilities was sufficient, or whether the more complex Good-Turing technique is required.

Conclusion
Historic data improved identification speed, but only impacted the top 25% most frequently observed birds. For rare birds the history based algorithms did not impose a noticeable penalty in the number of questions required for identification. For our dataset neither age of the historic data, nor the number of observation years impacted the algorithm. Density of characters for different taxa in the identification matrix did not impact the algorithms. Intrinsic differences in identifying different birds did affect the algorithm, but the differences affected the baseline method of not using historic data to exactly the same degree. We found that Laplace smoothing performed better for rare species than Simple Good-Turing, and that, contrary to expectation, the technique did not then adversely affect identification performance for frequently observed birds.
A comparison of oxidative stress in smokers and non-smokers: an in vivo human quantitative study of n-3 lipid peroxidation
Authors: Puri Basant K , Treasaden Ian H , Cocchi Massimo , Tsaluchidu Sofia , Tonello Lucio , Ross Brian M 
Published: April 2008

Abstract

Background
Cigarette smoking is believed to cause oxidative stress by several mechanisms, including direct damage by radical species and the inflammatory response induced by smoking, and would therefore be expected to cause increased lipid peroxidation. The aim was to carry out the first study of the relationship of smoking in humans to the level of n-3 lipid peroxidation indexed by the level of ethane in exhaled breath.

Methods
Samples of alveolar air were obtained from 11 smokers and 18 non-smokers. The air samples were analyzed for ethane using mass spectrometry.

Results
The two groups of subjects were matched with respect to age and gender. The mean cumulative smoking status of the smokers was 11.8 (standard error 2.5) pack-years. The mean level of ethane in the alveolar breath of the group of smokers (2.53 (0.55) ppb) was not significantly different from that of the group of non-smokers (2.59 (0.29) ppb; p = 0.92). With all 29 subjects included, the Spearman rank correlation coefficient between ethane levels and cumulative smoking status was -0.11 (p = 0.58), while an analysis including only the smokers yielded a corresponding correlation coefficient of 0.11 (p = 0.75).

Conclusion
Our results show no evidence that cigarette smoking is related to increased n-3 lipid peroxidation as measured by expired ethane.
Minireview: Nuclear Receptors and Breast Cancer
Authors: Conzen Suzanne D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUntil recently, the study of nuclear receptor (NR) function in breast cancer biology has been largely limited to estrogen and progesterone receptors. The development of reliable gene expression arrays, real-time quantitative RT-PCR, and immunohistochemical techniques for studying NR superfamily members in primary human breast cancers has now revealed the presence and potential importance of several additional NRs in the biology of breast cancer. These include receptors for steroid hormones (including androgens and corticosteroids), fat-soluble vitamins A and D, fatty acids, and xenobiotic lipids derived from diet. It is now clear that after NR activation, both genomic and nongenomic NR pathways can coordinately activate growth factor signaling pathways. Advances in our understanding of both NR functional networks and epithelial cell growth factor signaling pathways have revealed a frequent interplay between NR and epithelial cell growth factor family signaling that is clinically relevant to breast cancer. Understanding how growth factor receptors and their downstream kinases are activated by NRs (and vice-versa) is a central goal for maximizing treatment opportunities in breast cancer. In addition to the estrogen receptor, it is predicted that modulating the activity of other NRs will soon provide novel prevention and treatment approaches for breast cancer patients.
Standardization of C-Peptide Measurements
Authors: Little Randie R , Rohlfing Curt L , Tennill Alethea L , Madsen Richard W , Polonsky Kenneth S , Myers Gary L , Greenbaum Carla J , Palmer Jerry P , Rogatsky Eduard , Stein Daniel T 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Background: C-peptide is a marker of insulin secretion in diabetic patients. We assessed within- and between-laboratory imprecision of C-peptide assays and determined whether serum calibrators with values assigned by mass spectrometry could be used to harmonize C-peptide results.
Methods: We sent 40 different serum samples to 15 laboratories, which used 9 different routine C-peptide assay methods. We also sent matched plasma samples to another laboratory for C-peptide analysis with a reference mass spectrometry method. Each laboratory analyzed 8 of these samples in duplicate on each of 4 days to evaluate within- and between-day imprecision. The same 8 samples were also used to normalize the results for the remaining samples to the mass spectrometry reference method.
Results: Within- and between-run CVs ranged from &lt;2% to &gt;10% and from &lt;2% to &gt;18%, respectively. Normalizing the results with serum samples significantly improved the comparability among laboratories and methods. After normalization, the differences among laboratories in mean response were no longer statistically significant (P = 0.24), with least-squares means of 0.93–1.02.
Conclusions: C-peptide results generated by different methods and laboratories do not always agree, especially at higher C-peptide concentrations. Within-laboratory imprecision also varied, with some methods giving much more consistent results than others. These data show that calibrating C-peptide measurement to a reference method can increase comparability between laboratories.
Behaviors and Attitudes Towards Snowsport Safety in Australia
Authors: Dickson Tracey 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
In order to develop and implement effective snowsport safety strategies, it is essential to understand the behaviors and attitudes of snowsport participants towards snowsport safety. In Australia, there is little published research on snowsport safety even though there are an estimated 2 000 000 skier days annually. This exploratory study, using an on-line survey, seeks to begin to understand the behaviors and attitudes of Australian snowsport participants towards safety upon which further research may be built. The results suggest that additional efforts need to be made to inform people of the real level of risk in snowsports and where, in a resort, the injuries are most likely to occur. In addition, informing people of the benefits of wearing protective equipment will assist protective equipment usage. Key targets for improved safety messages regarding protective equipment usage include alpine skiers, beginners, and females.
Competition Potential between Saugers and Walleyes in Nonnative Sympatry
Authors: Bellgraph Brian J. , Guy Christopher S. , Gardner William M. , Leathe Steven A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSauger Sander canadensis populations throughout North America have exhibited declines over the past few decades. Various factors may be contribute to the reduced population abundance of saugers in the middle Missouri River of Montana, including interspecific competition with walleyes Sander vitreus. We compared the seasonal migrations, habitat use, and diets of both species in the middle Missouri River to assess competition potential. Before the presumed spawning period, 96% of saugers and 57% of walleyes migrated as far as 264 kilometers downstream. After spawning, both species returned to previously occupied river reaches and demonstrated site fidelity during the nonmigratory season. Habitat use by saugers and walleyes was similar at three hierarchical spatial scales. Diet overlap was high during the spring and summer and moderate during autumn. Resource overlap of saugers and walleyes in the middle Missouri River of Montana suggests that the competition potential between these species is high, which may preclude the recovery of native sauger populations where resources are limiting.
Rainwater storage tank as a remedy for a local urban flood control
Authors: Kim Youngjin , Han Mooyoung 
Published: April 2008

Surcharge runoff over the capacity of drainage pipes is one of main flood breaking factors in urban area. Change into larger pipes is costly and time consuming solution. Rainwater tanks can be a sustainable solution for the control of heavy runoff.
The Rainfall-Storage-Drain(RSD) model is developed for the design of rainwater tanks of flood control. Design rainfall of Huff's distribution and runoff analysis on building rooftop makes inflow curves into the tanks. Through a water balance equation, tank volume versus peak flow curves can determine the minimum tank volume needed for controlled peak flow value of a design period. The case study in Seoul City shows a tank of 29 L/m2 can control the runoff of 30-years with the drainage pipes of 10-years design period. The RSD model can give simple and easy curves to understand for tank capacity determination in a local flood condition.
Plasma C5 Glucose–to–2H2O Ratio Does Not Provide an Accurate Assessment of Gluconeogenesis During Hyperinsulinemic-Euglycemic Clamps in Either Nondiabetic or Diabetic Humans
Authors: Basu Rita , Chandramouli Visvanathan , Dicke Betty , Landau Bernard R. , Rizza Robert A. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Measurement of plasma C2 glucose enrichment is cumbersome. Therefore, the plasma C5 glucose–to–2H2O rather than the plasma C5-to-C2 glucose ratio commonly has been used to measure gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis during hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. The validity of this approach is unknown.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Ten nondiabetic and 10 diabetic subjects ingested 2H2O the evening before study. The following morning, insulin was infused at a rate of 0.6 mU · kg−1 · min−1 and glucose was clamped at ∼5.3 mmol/l for 5 h. Plasma C5 glucose, C2 glucose, and 2H2O enrichments were measured hourly from 2 h onward.
RESULTS—Plasma C2 glucose and plasma 2H2O enrichment were equal in both groups before the clamp, resulting in equivalent estimates of gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. In contrast, plasma C2 glucose and plasma C5 glucose enrichments fell throughout the clamp, whereas plasma 2H2O enrichment remained unchanged. Since the C5 glucose concentration and, hence, the C5 glucose–to–2H2O ratio is influenced by both gluconeogenesis and glucose clearance, whereas the C5-to-C2 glucose ratio is only influenced by gluconeogenesis, the C5 glucose–to–2H2O ratio overestimated (P &lt; 0.01) gluconeogenesis during the clamp. This resulted in biologically implausible negative (i.e., calculated rates of gluconeogenesis exceeding total endogenous glucose production) rates of glycogenolysis in both the nondiabetic and diabetic subjects.
CONCLUSIONS—Plasma C5 glucose–to–2H2O ratio does not provide an accurate assessment of gluconeogenesis in nondiabetic or diabetic subjects during a traditional (i.e., 2–3 h) hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. The conclusions of studies that have used this approach need to be reevaluated.
Effect of Surface Treatments and Different Adhesives on the Hybrid Layer Thickness of Non-carious Cervical Lesions
Authors: Eliguzeloglu E. , Omurlu H. , Eskitascioglu G. , Belli S. 
Published: April 2008

Clinical Relevance
The quality of the hybrid layer created in non-carious cervical sclerotic lesions may determine the longevity of cervical composite restorations.
Kinetic study of the decomposition of Prussian Blue electrocatalytic layer during cathodic reduction of hydrogen peroxide
Authors: Araminaitė Rūta , Garjonytė Rasa , Malinauskas Albertas 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Kinetic study on the decomposition of Prussian Blue electrocatalytic layer during electrochemical reduction of hydrogen peroxide has been studied in relation to biosensor application of this electrocatalyst. The decomposition has been shown to proceed as a nearly exponential decay process and the corresponding first-order rate coefficients were determined. It has been shown that the decomposition proceeds about 10 times faster in pH 7.3 buffer solution as compared to pH 5.5 buffer. A linear dependence of the decomposition rate on the concentration of hydrogen peroxide has been found.