bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geomorphology and age of the Oxygen isotope stage 2 (last lowstand) sequence boundary on the northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf
Authors: Simms A. R. , Anderson J. B. , Milliken K. T. , Taha Z. P. , Wellner J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The sequence boundary associated with the last glacial-eustatic lowstand was mapped across the northwestern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. The geomorphology of incised fluvial valleys varies widely across the shelf. These differences are due to differences in shelf physiography and the interval of the eustatic cycle the valleys were occupied. Incision begins during the falling limb of sea level and results in terraced valleys. Rivers that abandoned their valleys during the fall in sea level to cut new valleys during the lowstand generally have u-shaped profiles. Incised valleys connected to turbidite systems only occurred in two valleys (the Colorado and Rio Grande), but this may be because sea level did not fall below the shelf break during the last eustatic cycle. Some valleys deepen in an offshore direction, others become shallower. The timing of fluvial incision was constrained using radiocarbon dates so that incision can be tied directly to the sea-level curve for the last glacial-eustatic cycle. The results show that the fluvial incision occurred throughout the falling limb of sea level and lowstand; however, maximum incision occurred during the lowest position of sea level. The resulting surface has significant relief, extends across the shelf, and has time significance. The associated conformable surface, on the other hand, is much harder to recognize and occurs at different stratigraphic levels relative to different shelf-margin deltas.
Seismic stratigraphic and geomorphic analysis of deep-marine deposition along the West African continental margin
Authors: Hadler-Jacobsen F. , Gardner M. H. , Borer J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The West African continental margin evolution is preserved in a small source-distant setting (20 x 30 km area) by changes in lobe-channel-levee seismic geomorphological elements within a threefold seismic stratigraphic hierarchy. The
C
. 32 Ma depositional record of rift, drift and depositional outbuilding of the margin by gravity-driven adjustment, deformation and deposition produced a hierarchy of second- through fourth-order stratigraphic cycles bounded by laterally continuous fine-grained drapes inferred to record prolonged periods of sediment starvation. The margin outbuilding phase, the focus of this contribution, consists of three second-order adjustment bounded cycles (ABCs) that record major adjustment and/or modification of the deep-marine depositional system. Seven third-order cycles also show changes in depositional trend and seismic facies architecture. Ten fourth-order cycles, best resolved within the upper part of the succession, consist of multiple, wedge-shaped and compensating, lobe-channel-levee complexes up to 20 km wide. These complexes show an upward increase in channel-levee and decrease in lobe proportion. They also show an upward change from lobes incised by sinuous channels to channels deflected to lobe flanks. Outcrop and shallow core-calibrated analogues from the Permian Brushy Canyon Formation, and modern Amazon and Zaire Fans help constrain these patterns. Changes in the sediment composition and volume of subaqueous flows at their point of origin, and subsequent gravitational deformation, syn-sedimentary mass-wasting and large-scale fan avulsion punctuating deep-marine sedimentation, adjust deep-marine depositional pattern during basin margin outbuilding. Lobe-channel-levee distributions in this sediment source-distant setting record a progressive increase in local topographic relief and gradient related to the basinward migration of deformation during depositional outbuilding of the continental margin. Two important conclusions derived from this record include (1) the importance of local seabed topography and gradient on producing changes in depositional pattern, and (2) that repeated and cyclic changes in these patterns reflect adjustment/deformation within, and probably restricted to, the deep-marine record. Integrated seismic stratigraphic and geomorphic analysis delineates multiple scales of these adjustment-bounded cycles. The evolving map patterns record adjustment by shifts in geomorphic pattern and orientation. These local geomorphic changes can be used to predict longer-term and larger-scale changes in the depositional record of the continental margin evolution. This analytical approach should have general utility along high shelf-to-basin relief margins with similar gravity-driven deformation.
Using multi-attribute neural networks classification for seismic carbonate fades mapping: a workflow example from mid-Cretaceous Persian Gulf deposits
Authors: Baaske U. P. , Mutti M. , Baioni F. , Bertozzi G. , Naini M. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Seismic facies mapping in large seismic surveys can be time consuming, even if only a basic overview of the facies distribution is needed. Therefore this study outlines an approach for the use of volume-based seismic attributes from 2D surveys for automated seismic facies mapping within carbonate settings. The study area is located in the central Persian Gulf, offshore Iran. The interval of interest is the mid-Cretaceous Sarvak Formation, which is part of the extensive Cretaceous shallow-water carbonate platform of the eastern Arabian Plate. A set of nine volume-based seismic attributes, calculated from time, amplitude and frequency information of post-stacked 2D seismic data, was chosen to characterize geological information within the interval of interest. The volume-based attributes were supplemented by two grid-based attributes to highlight structural elements. The geological significance of each attribute was evaluated by comparing it with results of seismic sedimentological/geomorphological studies. Furthermore, statistical methods were applied to highlight direct relationships amongst the attributes. The results of these tests were then used to choose a limited set of attributes for neural network-based multi-attribute classifications. The results show that seismic attributes derived from 2D surveys can be used to map basic seismic facies types in carbonate settings and that the outlined, general approach might be applied in other studies.
A formal model of annotations of digital content
Authors: Agosti Maristella , Ferro Nicola 
Published: December 2007

This article is a study of the themes and issues concerning the annotation of digital contents, such as textual documents, images, and multimedia documents in general. These digital contents are automatically managed by different kinds of digital library management systems and more generally by different kinds of information management systems.
Even though this topic has already been partially studied by other researchers, the previous research work on annotations has left many open issues. These issues concern the lack of clarity about what an annotation is, what its features are, and how it is used. These issues are mainly due to the fact that models and systems for annotations have only been developed for specific purposes. As a result, there is only a fragmentary picture of the annotation and its management, and this is tied to specific contexts of use and lacks-general validity.
The aim of the article is to provide a unified and integrated picture of the annotation, ranging from defining what an annotation is to providing a formal model. The key ideas of the model are: the distinction between the meaning and the sign of the annotation, which represent the semantics and the materialization of an annotation, respectively; the clear formalization of the temporal dimension involved with annotations; and the introduction of a distributed hypertext between digital contents and annotations. Therefore, the proposed formal model captures both syntactic and semantic aspects of the annotations. Furthermore, it is built on previously existing models and may be seen as an extension of them.
Semantic annotation of frequent patterns
Authors: Mei Qiaozhu , Xin Dong , Cheng Hong , Han Jiawei , Zhai Chengxiang 
Published: December 2007

Using frequent patterns to analyze data has been one of the fundamental approaches in many data mining applications. Research in frequent pattern mining has so far mostly focused on developing efficient algorithms to discover various kinds of frequent patterns, but little attention has been paid to the important next step—interpreting the discovered frequent patterns. Although the compression and summarization of frequent patterns has been studied in some recent work, the proposed techniques there can only annotate a frequent pattern with nonsemantical information (e.g., support), which provides only limited help for a user to understand the patterns.
In this article, we study the novel problem of generating semantic annotations for frequent patterns. The goal is to discover the hidden meanings of a frequent pattern by annotating it with in-depth, concise, and structured information. We propose a general approach to generate such an annotation for a frequent pattern by constructing its context model, selecting informative context indicators, and extracting representative transactions and semantically similar patterns. This general approach can well incorporate the user's prior knowledge, and has potentially many applications, such as generating a dictionary-like description for a pattern, finding synonym patterns, discovering semantic relations, and summarizing semantic classes of a set of frequent patterns. Experiments on different datasets show that our approach is effective in generating semantic pattern annotations.
Priority sampling for estimation of arbitrary subset sums
Authors: Duffield Nick , Lund Carsten , Thorup Mikkel 
Published: December 2007

From a high-volume stream of weighted items, we want to create a generic sample of a certain limited size that we can later use to estimate the total weight of arbitrary subsets. Applied to Internet traffic analysis, the items could be records summarizing the flows of packets streaming by a router. Subsets could be flow records from different time intervals of a worm attack whose signature is later determined. The samples taken in the past thus allow us to trace the history of the attack even though the worm was unknown at the time of sampling.
Estimation from the samples must be accurate even with heavy-tailed distributions where most of the weight is concentrated on a few heavy items. We want the sample to be weight sensitive, giving priority to heavy items. At the same time, we want sampling without replacement in order to avoid selecting heavy items multiple times. To fulfill these requirements we introduce priority sampling, which is the first weight-sensitive sampling scheme without replacement that works in a streaming context and is suitable for estimating subset sums. Testing priority sampling on Internet traffic analysis, we found it to perform an order of magnitude better than previous schemes.

Priority sampling is simple to define and implement: we consider a steam of items
i
= 0,…,
n
− 1 with weights
w

i

. For each item
i
, we generate a random number α

i

∈ (0,1] and create a priority
q

i

=
w

i

/α

i

. The sample
S
consists of the
k
highest priority items. Let τ be the (
k
+ 1)th highest priority. Each sampled item
i
in
S
gets a weight estimate
ŵ

i

= max{
w

i

, τ}, while nonsampled items get weight estimate
ŵ

i

= 0.

Magically, it turns out that the weight estimates are unbiased, that is, E[
ŵ

i

] =
w

i

, and by linearity of expectation, we get unbiased estimators over any subset sum simply by adding the sampled weight estimates from the subset. Also, we can estimate the variance of the estimates, and find, surprisingly, that the covariance between estimates
ŵ

i

and
ŵ

j

of different weights is zero.

Finally, we conjecture an extremely strong near-optimality; namely that for any weight sequence, there exists no specialized scheme for sampling
k
items with unbiased weight estimators that gets smaller variance sum than priority sampling with
k
+ 1 items. Szegedy settled this conjecture at STOC'06.
Routing and network design with robustness to changing or uncertain traffic demands
Authors: Chekuri Chandra 
Published: December 2007

A new class of network design problems were introduced by Fingerhut et al. [26], and independently by Duffield et al. [20], to address, among other things, the issue of uncertainty in the demand matrix. The so-called hose model (the term was coined in [20]) for demand matrices from [26, 20] was subsequently generalized to the polyhedral model by Ben-Ameur and Kerivin [11, 10]. In a different direction, Räacke [51] showed the existence of good randomized oblivious routings in all undirected graphs. This was followed by a proof of the polynomial time solvability of an optimal oblivious routing scheme [7].
One can view the above developments in a common framework of robust optimization. We give a survey of these developments and related work with the aim of providing a unified picture. We also highlight the remaining open problems.
Public Theology, the Ethics of Belief and the Challenge of Divine Hiddenness
Authors: Anderson Owen 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article considers the claim made by William Clifford that no belief should be held without sufficient reason and its implications for belief in God and public theology. Responses to Clifford, notably by William James, have tended to emphasize the personal side of religious belief. Public theology assumes a means for settling disputes through rational argument. However, David Hume and Immanuel Kant raised significant challenges to belief in God, and this developed during the nineteenth century into a rejection of public theology. This article traces the intellectual history behind Clifford's claim, and argues that, by the time that Freud offers his claim that belief in God is immature, the justification for public theology has been undermined. By clearly identifying the challenge facing public theology, this article lays the framework for constructing a response to the critique of reason given by Kant and the scepticism of Hume. If public theology is to be defended, this response is both necessary and timely.
Notions of the Public and Doing Theology
Authors: Smit Dirkie 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe notion 'public' can have widely different meanings and, accordingly, many also understand the notion 'public theology' in different ways. Why would some who regard themselves as doing public theology prefer certain notions of 'public', while others prefer different understandings? In the first part, the article distinguishes three broad types of understanding the notion 'public'; ranging from a technical and almost prescriptive sense, following Habermas' description of the public sphere, to a vague and almost descriptive sense, following Tracy's description of all theological discourse as public. The second part serves as reminder of the similar range of possible meanings of the notion 'public theology', roughly corresponding to this wide spectrum of uses of 'public'. The third and final section then briefly reflects on the question why certain theologians prefer to do certain forms of public theology, suggesting both sociological reasons, like Tracy's 'elective affinities', as well as theological reasons; fundamentally different ways of viewing God and divine involvement in the world.
Canada's implementation of the Paragraph 6 Decision: is it sustainable public policy?
Authors: Cohen-Kohler Jillian C , Esmail Laura C , Cosio Andre Perez 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

Background
Following the Implementation of Paragraph 6 of the Doha Declaration on TRIPS and Public Health, Canada was among the first countries globally to amend its patent law, which resulted in Canada's Access to Medicines Regime (CAMR). CAMR allows the production and export of generic drugs to developing countries without the requisite manufacturing capacity to undertake a domestic compulsory license. CAMR has been the subject of much criticism lodged at its inability to ensure fast access to urgent medicines for least developing and developing countries in need. Only recently did the Canadian government grant Apotex the compulsory licenses required under CAMR to produce and export antiretroviral therapy to Rwanda's population.

Methods
The objective of this research is to investigate whether the CAMR can feasibly achieve its humanitarian objectives given the political interests embedded in the crafting of the legislation. We used a political economy framework to analyze the effect of varied institutions, political processes, and economic interests on public policy outcomes. In-depth, semi-structured interviews were conducted with nineteen key stakeholders from government, civil society and industry. Qualitative data analysis was performed using open-coding for themes, analyzing by stakeholder group.

Results
CAMR is removed from the realities of developing countries and the pharmaceutical market. The legislation needs to include commercial incentives to galvanize the generic drug industry to make use of this legislation. CAMR assumes that developing country governments have the requisite knowledge and human resource capacity to make use of the regime, which is not the case. The legislation does not offer sufficient incentives for countries to turn to Canada when needed drugs may be procured cheaply from countries such as India. In the long term, developing and least developing countries seek sustainable solutions to meet the health needs of their population, including developing their own capacity and local industries.

Conclusion
CAMR is symbolically meaningful but in practice, limited. The Rwanda case will be noteworthy in terms of the future of the legislation. To meet its intended international health objectives, this legislation needs to be better informed of developing country needs and global pharmaceutical market imperatives. Finally, we contend that serious public policy change cannot strike a balance between all vested interests. Above all, any feasible policy that aims to facilitate compulsory licensing must prioritize public health over trade or economic interests.
Contribution of telomerase RNA retrotranscription to DNA double-strand break repair during mammalian genome evolution
Authors: Nergadze Solomon G , Santagostino Marco Andrea , Salzano Alberto , Mondello Chiara , Giulotto Elena 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Background
In vertebrates, tandem arrays of TTAGGG hexamers are present at both telomeres and intrachromosomal sites (interstitial telomeric sequences (ITSs)). We previously showed that, in primates, ITSs were inserted during the repair of DNA double-strand breaks and proposed that they could arise from either the capture of telomeric fragments or the action of telomerase.

Results
An extensive comparative analysis of two primate (Homo sapiens and Pan troglodytes) and two rodent (Mus musculus and Rattus norvegicus) genomes allowed us to describe organization and insertion mechanisms of all the informative ITSs present in the four species. Two novel observations support the hypothesis of telomerase involvement in ITS insertion: in a highly significant fraction of informative loci, the ITSs were introduced at break sites where a few nucleotides homologous to the telomeric hexamer were exposed; in the rodent genomes, complex ITS loci are present in which a retrotranscribed fragment of the telomerase RNA, far away from the canonical template, was inserted together with the telomeric repeats. Moreover, mutational analysis of the TTAGGG arrays in the different species suggests that they were inserted as exact telomeric hexamers, further supporting the participation of telomerase in ITS formation.

Conclusion
These results strongly suggest that telomerase was utilized, in some instances, for the repair of DNA double-strand breaks occurring in the genomes of rodents and primates during evolution. The presence, in the rodent genomes, of sequences retrotranscribed from the telomerase RNA strengthens the hypothesis of the origin of telomerase from an ancient retrotransposon.
TNF-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is expressed throughout myeloid development, resulting in a broad distribution among neutrophil granules
Authors: Simons Mark P , Leidal Kevin G , Nauseef William M , Griffith Thomas S 
Published: December 2007

AbstractTRAIL induces apoptosis in a variety of tumor cells. Our laboratory found that human neutrophils contain an intracellular reservoir of prefabricated TRAIL that is released after stimulation with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin. In this study, we examined the subcellular distribution of TRAIL in freshly isolated neutrophils. Neutrophil granules, secretory vesicles (SV), and plasma membrane vesicles were isolated by subcellular fractionation, followed by free-flow electrophoresis, and examined by ELISA and immunoblot. TRAIL was found in all membrane-bound fractions with the highest amounts in the fractions enriched in azurophilic granule (AG) and SV. Immunofluorescence confocal microscopy showed that TRAIL colocalized independently with myeloperoxidase (MPO), lactoferrin (LF), and albumin, respective markers of AG, specific granules, and SV. Furthermore, immunotransmission electron microscopy demonstrated that TRAIL colocalized intracellularly with MPO and albumin. We examined TRAIL expression in PLB-985 cells induced with dimethylformamide and in CD34-positive stem cells treated with G-CSF. Quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that TRAIL was expressed in each stage of development, whereas MPO and LF were only expressed at distinct times during differentiation. Collectively, these findings suggest that TRAIL is expressed throughout neutrophil development, resulting in a broad distribution among different granule subtypes.
γδ T cells mitigate the organ injury and mortality of sepsis
Authors: Tschöp Johannes , Martignoni André , Goetzman Holly S , Choi Lisa G , Wang Quan , Noel John G , Ogle Cora K , Pritts Timothy A , Johannigman Jay A , Lentsch Alex B , Caldwell Charles C 
Published: December 2007

AbstractSepsis is a difficult condition to treat and is associated with a high mortality rate. Sepsis is known to cause a marked depletion of lymphocytes, although the function of different lymphocyte subsets in the response to sepsis is unclear. γδ T cells are found largely in epithelial-rich tissues, and previous studies of γδ T cells in models of sepsis have yielded divergent results. In the present study, we examined the function of γδ T cells during sepsis in mice using cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Mice deficient in γδ T cells had decreased survival times and increased tissue damage after CLP compared with wild-type mice. Furthermore, bacterial load was increased in γδ T cell-deficient mice, yet antibiotic treatment did not change mortality. Additionally, we found that recruitment of neutrophils and myeloid suppressor cells to the site of infection was diminished in γδ T cell-deficient mice. Finally, we found that circulating levels of IFN-γ were increased, and systemic levels of IL-10 were decreased in γδ T cell-deficient mice after CLP compared with wild-type mice. γδ T cell-deficient mice also had increased intestinal permeability after CLP compared with wild-type mice. Neutralization of IFN-γ abrogated the increase in intestinal permeability in γδ T cell-deficient mice. The intestines taken from γδ T cell-deficient mice had decreased myeloperoxidase yet had increased tissue damage as compared with wild-type mice. Collectively, our data suggest that γδ T cells modulate the response to sepsis and may be a potential therapeutic target.