bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quantitative studies on antigenic recognition. II. Kinetics of the recognition event
Authors: Ramseier H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRecognition of transplantation antigens by immunocompetent rat or mouse cells was measured quantitatively by determinations of a product of antigenic recognition (PAR). This product is present in supernatants of in vitro cultures of lymphoid cell mixtures from genetically dissimilar normal animals and also in those of cells from specifically presensitized animals and donor‐type cellular antigens.Studies on kinetic aspects of PAR formation were done employing immunological one‐way reactions in which one of the partners of the cell mixtures was of parental and the other of appropriate F1 hybrid origin.The degree of recognition, as measured by the amount of PAR discernible, depended on many factors. Duration of contact of competent cells and recognizable antigen in relation to antigenic specificity, particularly the degree of incompatibility, had a marked effect. The process was also influenced by the number of cells participating, by this number and the time of cocultivation, and by whether recognizing cells were from animals sensitized to transplantation antigens or from normal animals. The different tempos of antigenic recognition could be used to demonstrate specificity of the response.Formation of PAR appeared to be a process regulated by an inhibitory substance. The action of an inhibitor could be demonstrated and shown to be species specific, but not strain specific. Suggestive evidence is presented for the view that the regulatory influence of the inhibitor is at the level of PAR formation.
Genetics of the immune response. I. The immune response to the phage fd in high and low responding inbred strains of mice
Authors: Kölsch E. , Diller Eva , Weber G. , Davies A. J. S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe immune response to the bacteriophage fd has been analyzed in several inbred strains of mice.The inactivation curve of bacteriophage fd by specific antisera follows initially first order kinetics and finally levels off gradually. The strength of the antisera has been characterized primarily by the velocity constant K of the inactivation kinetics. Two other methods, endpoint and plateau determination, have been used for the analysis of selected problems.The threshold dose for priming for a secondary response varies widely among the strains tested. Low responding strains have a hundred‐ to thousandfold higher threshold dose than high responding strains. High responsiveness is dominant over low responsiveness in genetical analysis and inherited as a single dominant trait. The dose for an optimal response in high and low responders lies within the same range at about 1 × 109 fd/g body weight. Further increase of the priming dose leads in all except one strain to a suppression of the response probably due to partial high zone paralysis. One strain of mice, CBA/MH, shows a dose response curve different from the others. No suppression of the response with high priming doses is found.The cooperating role of thymus derived cells and of macrophages has been tested. The previous uptake of antigen by macrophages probably prevents induction of high zone paralysis. No evidence has been found for macrophages being responsible for high and low responsiveness. The immune response to phage fd is strongly thymus dependent. The response of animals lacking thymic influence is below the response of low responders.
Immunological unresponsiveness against the 4‐Hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitro‐phenacetyl (NNP) hapten in different lymphoid cell populations
Authors: Möller Erna , Sjöberg O. , Mäkelä O. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice which received repeated injections of the hapten 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitro‐phenacetyl (NNP) conjugated to BSA showed a reduced immune response to NNP when challenged with NNP coupled to heterologous red blood cells.The antibody secreting cell response was more depressed than the response of cells capable of specifically binding the antigen. The data are consistent with the assumption that the unresponsive state was more pronounced in the thymus derived cell population than in the bursa‐equivalent lymphoid cell population.
Impairment of humoral antibody response in neonatally thymectomized and irradiated chickens
Authors: Iványi J. , Salerno A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe recovery of humoral antibody responsiveness in chickens following sub‐lethal irradiation at hatching is thymus‐dependent: the antibody response to 5 × 107 or 5 × 109 sheep erythrocytes between 2 and 6 weeks was significantly suppressed in thymectomized‐irradiated chickens in comparison with irradiated controls. An impairment of response to human serum albumin was observed only with a low dose of antigen (0.5 mg/kg), but not with 100 mg/kg. Both hemagglutinating (mainly IgM) and antigen‐binding (mainly IgG) antibodies were affected. The secondary response to both antigens was also inhibited.
Suppression of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis by a synthetic polypeptide
Authors: Teitelbaum Dvora , Meshorer A. , Hirshfeld T. , Arnon Ruth , Sela M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree random basic copolymers of amino acids were tested for their effect on experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE). One of these copolymers denoted as Cop 1, composed of alanine, glutamic acid, lysine and tyrosine, with a molecular weight of 23 000, showed a marked suppressive effect on the disease. The intravenous administration of Cop 1 in physiological saline, as late as 5 days following the challenge with the disease‐inducing dose of the basic encephalitogenic protein, reduced the clinical incidence of EAE from 64% in the control group to 22%; the histological lesions were also decreased both in prevalence and in severity. The suppressive effect on the disease attained by the synthetic copolymer is of the same order of magnitude as that previously reported for the basic encephalitogen.The effect of the copolymers appears to be specific, since neither an acidic amino acid copolymer, nor unrelated basic proteins, had any protective action. On the other hand, a second batch of Cop 1 showed activity identical to that of the first batch. The potential applicability of this non‐encephalitogenic and non‐immunosuppressive material is discussed.
Detection of homocytotropic antibody associated with a unique immunoglobulin class in the bovine species
Authors: Hammer D. K. , Kickhöfen B. , Schmid Thersilla 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHomocytotropic antibodies capable of sensitizing calf skin were demonstrated in serum of cows as early as 7 to 9 days following antigenic stimulation with rabbit serum albumin. In addition, the antibody was present in colostrum of the immunized dam and was taken up by the intestine of the newborn calf as an intact molecule. Skin‐sensitizing activity was also detected in calf urine after uptake of colostrum. Evidence is presented for an anamnestic response, suggesting the existence of an immunological memory for the formation of skin‐sensitizing antibodies. The homocytotropic antibody was shown to be heat labile and sensitive to treatment with 2‐mercaptoethanol. Time course studies revealed that homocytotropic antibodies persist in calf skin for at least 8 weeks.The immunoglobulin class associated with homocytotropic activity was enriched from appropriate antisera by salt precipitation, DEAE‐cellulose chromatography and gel filtration on Sephadex G‐200 columns. The final preparation was still capable of sensitizing calf skin for positive PCA reactions using a minimum dose of 0.009 μg N. The homocytotropic activity of the vinal fraction could not be removed by antibodies specific for the IgG class, but was completely blocked by antibodies against the fraction enriched in homocytotropic activity. The immunoglobulin class associated with skin‐sensitizing activity possesses antigenic determinants which are lacking in μ‐, α‐, and γ‐chains. The results indicate that the homocytotropic activity in the bovine species is associated with a unique immunoglobulin class analogous to human IgE.
Reconstitution of a thymus cell‐deprived immune system by syngeneic and allogeneic thymocytes in vitro
Authors: Schimpl Anneliese , Wecker E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse spleen cell suspensions deprived of their T cells by treatment with anti‐Θ‐serum and complement exhibit a drastically reduced immune response to sheep red blood cells in vitro. Syngeneic thymocytes generally fail to reconstitute the system. A full response can, however, be obtained by the addition of thymocytes from syngeneic mice pretreated with hydrocortisone, or by the addition of allogeneic thymocytes.
The secretion of a Bence‐Jones type light chain from a mouse plasmacytoma
Authors: Melchers F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA mouse myeloma light chain is synthesized by MOPC 41A myeloma plasma cells as the only immunoglobulin chain. After being synthesized the light chain migrates through different subcellular structures of plasma cells in a way very similar to that of other immunoglobulins: from rough membranes into smooth membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum and from there out of the cells. Radioactive mannose, galactose and fucose are incorporated into MOPC 41 A cells at rates and in amounts comparable to other immunoglobulin‐producing tumor plasma cells, indicating that no large pools of these sugars exist inside these cells. However, intracellular as well as secreted MOPC 41 A light chains do contain very little, if any, radioactivity stemming from these sugars. It is concluded that MOPC 41 A light chain is secreted with less than 0.1 residues of either mannose, galactose or fucose, and that the intracellular form of the light chain contains less than 0.2 residues of either of these sugars. Since an intracellular pool of free glucosamine cannot be ruled out, it remains to be seen whether MOPC 41 A light chain is also devoid of N‐acetyl‐glucosamine residues. The results are discussed in relation to hypotheses which postulate that addition of carbohydrate residues is requisite for transport and secretion of immunoglobulins.
Competition of antigens during induction of low zone tolerance
Authors: Liacopoulos P. , Couderc J. , Gille M. F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractInduction of low zone tolerance in mice after injection of either ultracen‐trifuged BGG or low doses of BSA was accompanied by competition of these antigens with immunization to the unrelated antigen OVA, although this competitive effect was less and of shorter duration as compared to the inhibitory effect observed during induction of high zone tolerance with either pneumococcal S III polysaccharide or high doses of BSA. Conversely, medium immunizing doses of BSA resulted in hyperimmunization to both BSA and the test antigen OVA.These results suggest that tolerance is induced through the same mechanism in the low as in the high zone of antigen dosage. A scheme is proposed in order to explain the induction of low and high zone tolerance which postulates that a characteristic quantitative antigen‐to‐cell ratio determines the induction of either tolerance or immunization.
Studies on antibody avidity at the cellular level. Effects of immunological paralysis and administered antibody
Authors: Andersson B. , Wigzell H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe avidity of antibodies produced by single cells has been studied using inhibition of hemolytic plaque formation by free antigen as a test system. The effect of a paralyzing injection of antigen into mice immunized with heterologous albumins was studied. After a lag period of approximately two days the number of plaque‐forming cells (PFC) decreased in the paralyzed mice. The PFC that remained in the paralyzed animals released antibodies with a low avidity for the antigen as compared to control PFC. The impact of an injection of antibody into immune mice was then studied. A reduction in the number of PFC was found in the antiserum suppressed animals. The remaining PFC released antibody of a relatively high avidity for the antigen. The data support the concept of a similar binding constant for the cell‐associated antibody‐like receptor operating in induction of immunity and paralysis and the antibody released from the cell after stimulation.
The asynchronous development of immunological memory in helper (T) and precursor (B) cell lines
Authors: Cunningham A. J. , Sercarz E. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA simple method is described for distinguishing helper (T) and precursor (B) immunological memory: it depends on the sequential use of 2 cross‐reacting antigens for priming and challenge. Using cow and sheep erythrocytes, we have followed the asynchronous development of helper and precursor memory.Helper (T) memory is optimal 4 – 6 days after a wide range of antigen doses (2 × 104 –2 × 109 red blood cells). It reaches rather higher levels after very small injections, but persists longer after high doses.Precursor (B) memory requires a large amount of antigen for optimal development (2 × 107 – 2 × 109 red blood cells). It increases for at least 2 months after priming. B‐memory cells defined by the cross‐reactive criterion are insensitive to anti‐theta serum but require the presence of T cells for their effective stimulation by antigen. Precursor memory does not appear to be carried by the antibody‐forming cells themselves. It is more sensitive to irradiation damage than T memory.Memory of either kind leads to increased production of both IgM and IgG antibody‐forming cells. Helper memory cells seem to be able to interact with virgin B cells in the normal spleen.
Intercellular communication in cell‐mediated cytotoxicity. Fluorescein transfer between H‐2d target cells and H‐2b lymphocytes in vitro
Authors: Sellin D. , Wallach D. F. H. , Fischer H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFluorescein permeable junctions occur infrequently between unsensitized C57BL/6 lymphocytes (H‐2b) and DBA/2 mastocytoma cells (H‐2d), but the incidence of such junctions increases significantly with lymphocytes from animals sensitized against the mastocytes. The mastocytoma cells were labeled intracellularly with fluorescein using permeant (non‐fluorescent) fluorescein dipropionate which is hydrolyzed to free fluorescein within the cells; they were additionally stained with neutral red.As an in vitro model of cell‐mediated cytotoxicity the Brunner system was used in which close contact is a prerequisite of cell lysis. With contacts of aggressor cells to targets fluorescein permeable junctions were found in 17 out of 23 experiments, or 168 times, when sensitized spleen cells from female C57BL mice took part in the reaction. This incidence is significantly greater than in control experiments with normal spleen cells, when fluorescein permeable junctions were observed only 28 times and in only 9 out of 23 experiments.
Lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency states: a study of membrane‐associated immunoglobulins
Authors: Siegal F. P. , Pernis B. , Kunkel H. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe peripheral blood lymphocytes from fourteen patients with various types of immunodeficiency states were studied with respect to surface immunoglobulins by the fluorescent antibody technique. The results obtained ranged from a complete absence of immunoglobulin‐bearing lymphocytes in certain patients to normal levels in others. Serial determinations in each patient gave similar results. Three male children with the X‐linked form of the disease and very low serum immunoglobulins had no lymphocytes that stained for immunoglobulins. However, two brothers and a third boy who presumably also had this type of disease, had immunoglobulin‐bearing lymphocytes in the low normal range. Of special interest was an adult female patient with a thymoma who showed no such lymphocytes. Patients with the common variable type of immunodeficiency all had some staining lymphocytes numbering from a very few to within the normal range.The findings indicate that this approach provides important information regarding the basic defects in certain of these patients, and various hypotheses are proposed.
An immunofluorescence study on the specificity of antibodies synthesized in separate cells after the administration of an immunogen with double specificity
Authors: Hijmans W. , Schuit Henrica R. E. , Teiko Y. , Schechter I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe question whether cells can synthesize antibodies with two specificities was studied in lymph nodes of rabbits. The immunogen was poly‐D L ‐ alanylated human serum albumin which possesses distinct antigenic specificities. Tests were carried out with antibodies, conjugated to fluorescein and rhodamine, directed against the poly‐alanine and the protein moieties of the immunogen. Onwards the 20th postimmunization day, no cells with double specificity were detected.
Studies on the induction of antibody synthesis against sulfanilic acid in rabbits. 1. Effect of the number of hapten molecules introduced in homologous protein on antibody synthesis against the hapten and the new antigenic determinants
Authors: Rubin B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe present experiments were carried out in order to elucidate further the following three questions:

Is there any difference in “helper activity” between the diazotized rabbit serum albumin (RSA) molecule and the bovine γ‐globulin (BGG) molecule in the induction mechanism of antibody synthesis to sulfanilic acid (Sulf) in rabbits?
Is there an optimal hapten density on a homologous carrier molecule for induction of and maximum antibody synthesis against sulfanilic acid?
Does the hapten density affect the expression of, and antibody synthesis against the new antigenic determinants introduced through the haptencoupling reaction?

Carrier antibody titers against diazotized RSA and BGG in the rabbits were significantly different when measured between day 7 and day 30, the BGG titer being higher. Thus, the higher anti‐Sulf antibody response observed in rabbits challenged with Sulf10 BGG compared to the anti‐Sulf response to Sulf11 RSA can presumably be related to a higher immunogenicity and thereby a more effective “helper” property of the BGG molecule.Anti‐Sulf antibody titers of similar magnitude were observed when using Sulf11 ‐, Sulf23 ‐, and Sulf40 RSA as immunogens, Sulf4 RSA elicitating a somewhat lower anti‐Sulf response. The anti‐Sulf antibodies produced against the different SulfRSA conjugates showed increasing proportions of 19 S antibodies with increasing hapten density.Antibody synthesis against new antigenic determinants was observed when using Sulf4‐, and Sulf11 RSA as immunogens, not observed when using Sulf23, and Sulf40 RSA. This finding was in agreement with the in vitro reactivity of the SulfRSA conjugates against sheep anti‐RSA: Sulf4 and Sulf11 RSA reacted with anti‐RSA, Sulf23, and Sulf40 RSA did not. These results are discussed on the basis of the cellular cooperation hypothesis, and multivalent binding of high density conjugates onto antibody‐forming precursor cells is proposed as a mechanism alternative to cellular cooperation.
Thymus dependence of the antibody response in chickens: Variation with dose of antigen and type of antibody affected
Authors: Droege W. , Malchow D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractNeonatal thymectomy reduces the agglutinin response of chickens immunized with Brucella abortus and rabbit erythrocytes at 6 weeks of age. The response to low doses of Brucella antigen is more markedly affected than that to high antigen doses, and 2‐mercaptoethanol resistant antibody is more affected than 2‐mercaptoethanol‐sensitive antibody. Six week old neonatally thymectomized birds have an average body weight 15 ‐ 25% lower than sham operated or untreated control animals. The findings are compared with similar observations in mice.
Renewal and fate in the mammalian thymus: Mechanisms and inferences of thymocytokinetics
Authors: Bryant B. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractQuantitation of cortical thymocyte kinetics in adolescent Swiss Webster mice, using techniques of mitotic counting and [3H]TdR labeling, indicate that proliferating (P) cells and nonproliferating (Q) cells had cycle and compartment transit times of approximately 9 and 72 hours, respectively. The data also suggested that P cells may have existed in numbers greater than needed for Q cell formation, Studies of whole thymus 125I‐DNA regression after [125 I]UdR administration in mice and guinea pigs, in conjunction with the [3H]TdR data, confirmed the cortical P cell excess and indicated that it expressed a P1 to Q to P2 cytodifferentiation pathway not involving cell loss from the thymus before the end of the Q cell maturation compartmentt. Most of the matured Q cell disappeared, probably via intrathymic death. Only 2.5 to 10% of Q cells differentiated to P2 cells, according to preliminary estimation. Whole thymus P2 cell production in adolescent mice was estimated at 50 × 106 cells per day, sufficient to replace blood lymphocytes 5 times daily. However, additional estimates suggest that, if all P2 cells emigrated, less than 2.5% of them contributed to the peripheral long‐lived, thymus‐derived, lymphocyte pool. The functional and homeostatic relationships between these peripheral cells and thymic P2 cells are presently unresolved.
Chemistry and biology of the anaphylatoxin related serum peptide system. II. Purification, crystallization and properties of cocytotaxin, a basic peptide from rat serum
Authors: Wissler J. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIt could be demonstrated that besides classical anaphylatoxin another stable peptide is formed in vitro by the contact reaction of mammalian serum with hydrophilic, insoluble substances of high molecular weight, e.g. dextran, yeast or preformed immune complexes.This newly detected peptide, called tentatively “cocytotaxin” has been separated from classical anaphylatoxin. It was crystallized in a molecular homogenous state. The basic peptide has a molecular weight of 8500, as determined by gel chromatography, and consists of one peptide unit. Though cocytotaxin is similar in its physicochemical behavior to classical anaphylatoxin, it displays no anaphylatoxin activity. Furthermore, cocytotaxin alone elicites no significant chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes.
Chemistry and biology of the anaphylatoxin related serum peptide system. III. Evaluation of leucotactic activity as a property of a new peptide system with classical anaphylatoxin and cocytotaxin as components
Authors: Wissler J. H. , Stecher Vera J. , Sorkin E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPreparations of crystallized classical anaphylatoxin (CAT) from hog, rat and guinea pig serum display no significant chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes. A newly discovered and crystallized basic peptide from hog, rat and guinea pig serum, tentatively called cocytotaxin (CCT), which is similar in its physicochemical behavior to CAT, displays neither significant CAT activity nor significant chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes.Recombination of CAT and CCT in different molar ratios leads to chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes in vitro. Such activity was ascribed by previous authors to a molecular property of other anaphylatoxin preparations. Chromatographically it was possible to demonstrate that our “chemotactically active” CAT preparations are paucidisperse systems. Furthermore, evidence is presented that chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes of CAT preparations still containing CCT is not due to formation of a stable complex of the two peptides.Based on the results presented, it is concluded that chemotactic activity for neutrophil leucocytes is, in this instance, a property of a peptide system for which the name “anaphylatoxin‐related leucotactic peptide system” (ACLsystem) is suggested. Phenomenologically, two types of biological activities are at present known to be elicited by the ACL‐system:1. anaphylatoxin activity as a property of the CAT molecule.2. chemotaxis for neutrophil leucocytes as a property of the combined action of CAT and CCT within the ACL‐system.