bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Honoring the 75th anniversary of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons
Authors: Laws Edward R. 
Published: January 2008

Ever since the Journal of Neurosurgery (JNS) published its first volume in 1944, the journal has reflected the scientific, technical, and clinical evolution of our specialty and parent organization, first called the Harvey Cushing Society and later the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. The JNS has been an uncompromising arbiter of progress in our specialty, and its superb editorial stewardship has led to its recognition as the premier journal in the field. The impact rating of JNS and its wide circulation among neurosurgeons worldwide are two of the many reasons why most of the truly innovative and paradigm-shifting advances in neurosurgery have been published in its pages.
As part of the 75th anniversary of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons celebration, the JNS Publishing Group has initiated a project of reviewing papers published over the years that have had the highest impact factor and greatest scientific interest: papers that have heralded new knowledge, new concepts, and new techniques that have been at the heart of modern neurosurgery and its continuing excitement and progress. We hope you will enjoy these articles and the accompanying commentaries. In this issue we present the next paper in this series.
Preclinical Chemotherapeutic Tumor Models of Common Childhood Cancers: Solid Tumors, Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia, and Disseminated Neuroblastoma
Authors: Morton Christopher L. , Papa Rachel A. , Lock Richard B. , Houghton Peter J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis unit presents three models used in the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Program of the National Cancer Institute (NCI) for preclinical testing of new chemical entities (NCEs), along with appropriate methods for data analysis. The first is the classical subcutaneous xenograft model used for many solid tumors, the second is the disseminated human leukemia model established by Lock and colleagues, and the third is a disseminated model of neuroblastoma that recapitulates many of the characteristics of advanced clinical disease. Curr. Protoc. Pharmacol. 39:14.8.1‐14.8.21. © 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Integrated environmental product innovation and impacts on company competitiveness: a case study of the automotive industry in the region of Munich
Authors: Triebswetter Ursula , Wackerbauer Johann 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the impact of integrated environmental product innovations on company competitiveness. In a regional case study about automotive, rail and commercial vehicle firms in Southern Germany it is found that integrated environmental product innovation is driven by factors such as regulatory pressure, the search for competitive advantages and technological lead as well as customer pressure. Regulatory pressure includes sector policies, such as emission standards, and wider non‐sector energy conservation issues, at both national and international levels. For instance, EU directives on future use of renewable energy as well as national goals for reaching the Kyoto protocol play an important role in driving innovation. The study finds that integrated environmental product innovations driven by regulatory pressure produce similar competitiveness impacts as innovations undertaken voluntarily by companies. Such results yield supporting evidence for the so‐called ‘Porter hypothesis’, which assumes that environmental legislation stimulates innovation and leads to ‘win–win’ situations – the simultaneous reduction of pollution and increase in productivity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Complexes of Vanadium(V) Oxide Trifluoride with Nitrogen and Oxygen Donor Ligands: Coordination Chemistry and Some Fluorination Reactions
Authors: Davis Martin F. , Levason William , Paterson James , Reid Gillian , Webster Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract[VOF3(MeCN)], obtained by dissolving VOF3 in dry acetonitrile, is a useful synthon for the preparation of complexes of the oxide‐fluoride, and the reaction with 2,2′‐bipyridyl, 1,10‐phenanthroline, Me2N(CH2)2NMe2 and Ph2P(O)CH2P(O)Ph2 (L–L), or Ph3PO, Me3PO, Ph3AsO, pyridine and pyridine N‐oxide (L), produces the complexes [VOF3(L–L)] or [VOF3(L)2] respectively. These were characterised by microanalysis, IR, UV/Vis and multinuclear NMR [51V, 19F{1H}, 31P{1H}, 1H] spectroscopy, the data showing them to besix‐coordinate with trans F–V–F units and the neutralligands trans to O and F, respectively. X‐ray crystal structures of [VOF3(1,10‐phenanthroline)], [VOF3(Ph3PO)2] and [VOF3(pyNO)2] confirm the geometry, although the first two exhibit O/F disorder trans to the neutral ligand. Unstable complexes with ether and thioether ligands including [VOF3{MeO(CH2)2OMe}], [VOF3{MeS(CH2)2SMe}] and [VOF3(15‐crown‐5)] are also described; these decompose rapidly even in the solid state, with fluorination of the ligands. The [VOF3(Ph3AsO)2] also decomposes in solutionto a mixture of products including Ph3AsF2 and [V6O12F4(Ph3AsO)2(Ph2AsO2)2] identified crystallographically. Comparisons with complexes of VOCl3 are also described.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Preparing for a motor perturbation: Early implication of primary motor and somatosensory cortices
Authors: de Graaf Jozina B. , Frolov Alexey , Fiocchi Michel , Nazarian Bruno , Anton Jean‐Luc , Pailhous Jean , Bonnard Mireille 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlthough preparation of voluntary movement has been extensively studied, very few human neuroimaging studies have examined preparation of an intentional reaction to a motor perturbation. This latter type of preparation is fundamental for adaptive motor capabilities in everyday life because it allows a desired motor output to be maintained despite changes in external forces. Using fMRI, we studied how the sensorimotor cortical network is implicated in preparing to react to a mechanical motor perturbation. While maintaining a given wrist angle against a small force, subjects were instructed to prepare a reaction to a subsequent wrist angle displacement. This reaction consisted of, either resisting the imposed movement, or remaining passive. During the preparation of both reactions we found an early implication of M1 and S1 but no implication at all of the higher order motor area preSMA. This is clearly different from what has been found for voluntary movement preparation. These results show that the sensorimotor network activation during preparation of voluntary motor acts depends on whether one expects a motor perturbation to occur: when external forces can interfere with ongoing motor acts, the primary sensorimotor areas must be ready to react as quickly as possible to perturbations that could prevent the goal of the ongoing motor act from being achieved. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biomimetic apatite formation and biocompatibility on chemically treated Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy
Authors: Park Il Song , Choi Un Jae , Yi Ho Keun , Park Byung Keon , Lee Min Ho , Bae Tae Sung 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAlkali treatment of the Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloys with subsequent heat treatment has been adopted as an important surface treatment procedure for apatite formation in dental implants. This study examined the effects of alkali treatment on the precipitation of apatite on a Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy. All samples were immersed in a Hanks' Balanced Salts Solution [simulated body fluid (SBF)] at pH 7.4 and 36.5 °C for 15 days. The surface structural changes of samples due to the alkali treatment and immersing in SBF were analyzed by XRD, SEM and XPS. The cell toxicity was evaluated based on the optical density of the surviving cells. The samples were implanted into the abdominal connective tissue of mice for 4 weeks. A sodium titanate hydrogel layer was formed after immersion in an NaOH solution. A dense and uniform bone‐like apatite layer precipitated on the alkali and heat‐treated Ti‐6Al‐7Nb alloy in the SBF. There was a significant difference in cell toxicity between the treated and untreated Ti‐6Al‐7Nb (P < 0.05). The thickness of the fibrous capsule formed around the implant body was decreased significantly by the alkali and heat treatment (P < 0.05). The alkali treatment samples showed a better biocompatibility than the commercial metal samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Diagnosis of Fabry Disease via Analysis of Family History
Authors: Laney Dawn A. , Fernhoff Paul M. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFabry disease is an X‐linked lysosomal storage condition caused by a deficiency of α‐galactosidase A. In order to determine the average number of family members who are diagnosed with Fabry disease following the diagnosis of a proband, four lysosomal storage disease centers across the United States reviewed the completed pedigrees of their Fabry disease patients. In addition, data from three Fabry disease families from other centers were submitted by patients directly. The pedigree review found 74 probands (54 males and 20 females) who had 357 diagnosed family members, of which 223 were female (60.5%) and 146 were male (39.5%). Analysis found that, on average, there were five family members diagnosed with Fabry disease for every proband. Now that enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) is available for the treatment of Fabry disease, this finding emphasizes the need for all health care professionals to ensure a detailed pedigree has been constructed for each patient affected by Fabry disease and to encourage testing and evaluation of all at‐risk family members.
Local and distant effects of isolated calf muscle lengthening in children with cerebral palsy and equinus gait
Authors: Lofterød Bjørn , Terjesen Terje 
Published: January 2008

Purpose The purpose was to assess the local and distant effects of isolated calf muscle lengthening in ambulant children with cerebral palsy. Methods The study included fifteen ambulant children with cerebral palsy (nine with diplegia and six with hemiplegia), average age 8.8 years, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) level I and II. None of the children had previously undergone orthopaedic surgery, apart from one child who had tendo-achilles lengthening (TAL) nine years earlier. All the children underwent pre and post-operative clinical examination and three-dimensional gait analysis (gait analysis). Twenty calf muscle lengthenings were performed, ten TAL and ten gastrocnemius recessions (GR). Results Post-operative ankle kinematics showed significant improvements in all parameters. Ankle power during push-off increased, but only significantly after TAL. Only one limb (5%) was over-corrected. Four limbs (20%) were under-corrected and one of these limbs remained in mild equinus position in stance. There was one recurrent equinus (5%) during the follow-up period of three years (range: 13–55 months). Distant effects on joints and segments were more marked in diplegia than in hemiplegia. Ten of 17 kinematic parameters distant from the ankle joint improved significant post-operatively when the preoperative values were 1SD below or above the mean of the normal material. There was no significant deterioration in any of the measured parameters. Conclusion The improvement in ankle kinematics and kinetics supported the experience of other studies. The distant effects, which have previously not been evaluated in three planes, showed improvement in several kinematic parameters indicating that additional surgery in selected patients could be abandoned or delayed.
Whole-Genome Amplification by Improved Primer Extension Preamplification PCR (I-PEP-PCR)
Authors: Arneson Nona , Hughes Simon , Houlston Richard , Done Susan 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONPCR-based whole-genome amplification (WGA) has the goal of generating microgram quantities of genome-representative DNA from picogram or nanogram amounts of starting material. This amplification should introduce little, or ideally no, representational bias. In contrast to other techniques for WGA, PCR-based methods are generally less affected by DNA quality and are more applicable to DNA extracted from various sources (fixed and fresh tissues). Primer extension preamplification PCR (PEP-PCR), in contrast to degenerate oligonucleotide primed PCR (DOP-PCR), uses totally degenerate 15-mer PCR primers. An additional difference is that in PEP-PCR, the number of potential priming sites is orders of magnitude larger. The effectiveness of PEP-PCR has been increased by several alterations. The improved PEP (I-PEP) PCR approach, described in this protocol, uses a DNA polymerase cocktail that includes Taq DNA polymerase (to carry out the primer extension as in a traditional PCR) and a proofreading DNA polymerase (to provide 3′-to-5′-exonuclease activity, excising misincorporated nucleotides that slow the progression of Taq DNA polymerase). The result is far more efficient WGA, with increased fidelity due to the removal of the misincorporated nucleotides. Similar to DOP-PCR, PEP-PCR generates a smear of DNA fragments that are visible on an agarose gel.
Using In Ovo Electroporation to Transfect Cells in Avian Somites
Authors: Chen Ya-Xiong , Krull Catherine E. 
Published: January 2008

INTRODUCTIONIn ovo electroporation is an efficient approach for manipulating gene expression in multiple tissues of the chicken embryo, which greatly facilitates functional analysis of the role of specific genes during development. A successful protocol to deliver plasmid DNA into a specific tissue has to meet three basic criteria: high efficiency of transfection, low mortality of embryos, and localization of transfected cells. In this protocol, we describe an in ovo electroporation procedure for targeting muscle precursor cells in the lateral dermomyotome and axial skeletal precursor cells in the sclerotome of the somites of stage 15 chicken embryos. At this stage, the microinjection of DNA solution into individual somites is relatively easy, and the orientation of the electrodes directs the negatively charged DNA into the target tissues. The range of electrical current used is adjusted to maximize the transfection but minimize the mortality of the embryos.
A revision of the Oriental stonefly genus Phanoperla (Plecoptera: Perlidae)
Authors: ZWICK PETER 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe genus Phanoperla (=Dyaperla Banks, 1939) (Plecoptera: Perlidae: Perlini) is revised and generic diagnoses are provided for adults and larvae. Diagnostic and constitutive characters of the tribe Neoperlini are discussed, and Chinoperla Zwick, 1980, is shown to be the closest relative of Phanoperla. Many past misidentifications of Phanoperla species have been corrected by the use of characters recently recognized as important, namely the structure of the internal genitalia of male and female specimens and particularly the complex pattern of spines on the male penial sac made visible by eversion of this structure, and details of sculpturing of the egg chorion.The following species of Phanoperla are recognized: amorpha sp.n.; anomala (Banks, 1939); bakeri (Banks, 1924); ceylonica Kawai, 1975; comuta sp.n.; flaveola (Klapálek, 1921), comb.n. (=clarissa (Banks, 1913), syn.n.), (=Neoperla hageni Banks, 1920, syn.n.), (=N.consimilis Banks, 1924, syn.n.); guttata sp.n.; himalayana Zwick, 1977 (=siwalika Harper, 1977); limosa (Hagen, 1858); maculata sp.n.; maindroni (Navas, 1926), comb.n.; malayana sp.n.; minutissima (Enderlein, 1909); nana sp.n.; nervosa Banks, 1939; nuwara Kawai, 1975; omega sp.n.; pallipennis (Banks, 1938); parva sp.n.;pumilio (Klapálek, 1921), comb.n.; peniculus Kawai, 1969a; schmidi sp.n.; sertispina Jewett, 1975; srilanka sp.n.; sumatrae sp.n.; testacea (Hagen, 1858); wedda sp.n. P.claggi (Banks, 1938) is a nomen nudum.All species are (re‐)described and figured; all primary types have been examined. A key to species is provided. Most species can be assigned to one of seven species groups which are defined. Phanoperla is endemic to the Oriental Region. Species groups are generally widespread, but individual species are in most cases known only from restricted areas.
The Papuan tortricine genus Heterochorista and the systematic position of the Sparganothini (Lepidoptera, Tortricidae)
Authors: HORAK MARIANNE 
Published: January 2008

ABSTRACT.The previously monotypic Papuan genus Heterochorista Diakonoff, 1952 is revised and twenty‐one species are recognized. Nikolaia Diakonoff, 1953 is synonymized, syn.n. with Heterochorista. The following six species are placed in new combination in Heterochorista: Nikolaia melanopsygma Diakonoff, N.inumbrata Diakonoff, N.aperta Diakonoff, Isochorista papuana Diakonoff, I.polysperma Diakonoff and Dicellitis chrysonetha Diakonoff. Thirteen new species are added to Heterochorista: acomata sp.n., rostrata sp.n., trivialis sp.n., ornata sp.n., prisca sp.n., punctulata sp.n., rufulimaculata sp.n., classeyiana sp.n., spinosa sp.n., signata sp.n., fulgens sp.n., nitida sp.n. and aura sp.n. A checklist and a key to species are provided, and adults and male and female genitalia are described and illustrated. The phylogeny of Heterochorista is outlined on the basis of a cladistic character analysis and the genus is referred to the base of the Sparganothini. The apomorphies characterizing this tribe are reviewed with regard to their phylogenetic significance and the relationship between Sparganothini, Archipini and Atterini is briefly discussed.
Revision of the East African grasshopper genus Kassongia with a description of a new, closely related taxon, Labidioloryma gen.n. (Orthoptera: Acrididae: Hemiacridinae)
Authors: GRUNSHAW J. P. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe African forest dwelling Hemiacridine grasshopper genus Kassongia I. Bolivar, 1908, is revised. Keys are provided to the males of the species and subspecies. Three new species, maculifemur sp.n., rufogeniculata sp.n., subfuscata sp.n., and one subspecies, flavovittata microptera subsp.n., are described. Labidioloryma gen.n., with type‐species Labidioloryma strictoforcepts sp.n. from Malawi, is described and allocated to the Loryma genus‐group (sensu Brown, 1959, 1973).
An electrophoretic and morphological study of three Ecdyonurus species (Ephemeroptera: Heptageniidae) occurring in the British Isles
Authors: HEFTI DANIEL , HUMPESCH UWE H. , TOMKA IVAN 
Published: January 2008

Abstract The objective was to investigate the validity of three closely‐related British species: Ecdyonurus dispar, E. venosus and E. torrentis. The species were characterized by eleven enzyme‐substrates and fifteen different enzyme‐loci, comparisons being made not only between species but also between five populations of E.dispar (three from Britain, one from France, one from Switzerland), two populations of E.venosus and two populations of E. torrentis (one from Britain, one from Switzerland for both species).Four monomorph enzyme‐loci (aldolase, mannose phosphate isomerase, arginine phosphokinase, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐2) exhibited interspecific differences in their mobilities and therefore validated the conclusion that E. dispar, E. venosus and E. torrentis are distinct species. There were no monomorph enzyme‐loci that were different between populations of the same species. There were, however, some intraspecific differences revealed by the presence of polymorphic enzyme‐loci: seven in E.dispar (retinol dehydrogenase, hexokinase‐1 and 2, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐!, malate dehydrogenase‐1, phospho‐glucomutase, indophenol oxidase‐2), three in E. venosus (glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐1, malate dehydrogenase‐1, phospho‐glucomutase) and three in E. torrentis (hexokinase‐1, glutamate‐oxaloacetate transaminase‐1, malate dehydrogenase‐1).The morphological characters of larvae and adults were examined and some were used in new keys to larvae and adults.
Soft scale insects (Homoptera: Coccidae) on Tillandsia in Central America*
Authors: BEN‐DOV Y. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractA new genus of soft scale insect (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), Tillancoccus, and two new species T. mexicanus and T. tillandsiae are described and illustrated from the adult females. The new species are recorded from Tillandsia plants in Guatemala, Honduras and Mexico.
The polyphyletic origin of endoparasitism in the cyclostome lineages of Braconidae (Hymenoptera)
Authors: WHITFIELD JAMES B. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract. The evolution of endoparasitism in braconid wasps is demonstrably polyphyletic, not only within the family as a whole but even within the rogadine/exothecine assemblage of genera. A cladistic analysis of rogadine and exothecine genera, coupled with an optimization approach to estimating ancestral character states, is used to analyse the evolution of various aspects of endoparasitism within this assemblage. At least two independent origins of endoparasitism are hypothesized‐one in the Rodagini and the other in an assemblage including the Gnaptodontini, Opiinae and Alysiinae.Phylogenetic analyses and hypotheses can be useful not only in interpreting evolutionary trends, but in guiding and providing insights into more general comparative behavioural and physiological studies of parasitism.
THE FLAVIN‐SENSITIZED PHOTOINACTIVATION OF TRYPSIN*
Authors: Ghiron Camillo A. , Spikes John D. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The kinetics of the flavin‐sensitized photoinactivation of trypsin were investigated. Essentially similar results were obtained with riboflavin and with riboflavin‐5′‐phosphate (FMN) as sensitizers, while flavin‐adenine dinucleotide had only a very small sensitizing effect. The rate of the inactivation reaction was found to be directly proportional to light intensity over the range examined. The time‐course of the trypsin inactivation as measured by three assays could be fitted to first‐order kinetics.The rate of trypsin inactivation was identical as measured by the casein and benzoylargi‐nine ethyl ester assays, while a more rapid rate was observed as measured by the hemoglobin assay. These results are interpreted by postulating the existence of a “damaged” class of molecules after illumination uhich appears to be labile to post‐illumination heating or to 5 M urea.The t37 value for trypsin inactivation, as corrected for the fraction of light absorbed, increased linearly with dye concentration. The trypsin concentration dependence of the reaction was found to be different in acid and basic solution. Trypsin had an inhibitory effect on the rate of photobleaching of the dye. Our results do not conform fully with any one of the several mechanisms that have been proposed to explain photodynamic action.
ON PHOTOREACTIONS OF ANTHRACENE IN SOLID MATRIX—I. PHOTODIMERIZATION
Authors: Bernas A. , Leonardi D. , Renaud M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract— The influence of a surrounding transparent matrix on the photochemical behavior of an absorbing solute has been investigated on the particular case of anthracene in KBr, KCl and in HBO2 and B2O3 glasses. In KBr compressed powders, dianthracene formation occurs with a high yield, whereas it is forbidden or negligible for pure crystalline anthracene.Experiments show that the anthracene molecules are associated in microcrystals and suggest that the dimerization reaction occurs at the interface between KBr and anthracene crystals.Such an influence of the heterogeneity of the irradiated medium may have implications in photobiology where heterogeneous structures are the general rule.