bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in joint position sense after surgically treated chronic lateral ankle instability
Authors: Halasi T , Kynsburg Á , Tállay A , Berkes I 
Published: October 2005

Background:A search of the literature shows that the effect of surgery on ankle proprioception has been hardly investigated.Objective:To examine the effect of anatomical reconstruction of the anterolateral capsuloligamentous complex on ankle joint position sense.Methods:A prospective study using the “slope box” test.Ten consecutive patients were included in the study, and 10 healthy athletes represented the control group.Results:Similar test-retest reliability rates (overall reliability 0.92; p  =  0.0013) were obtained to those of the original designers of the method. There were no significant differences with respect to side dominance (p  =  0.9216). Investigation of the characteristics of mean absolute estimate errors showed that the controls tested became error prone in the range of slope altitudes 7.5–25° in every direction, compared with the range 0–5° (range of p values 0.00003–0.00072). The results of the intervention group showed that, for the two main directions of interest (anterior and lateral), preoperative differences in mean absolute estimate errors between injured (anterior 3.91 (2.81)°; lateral 4.06 (2.85)°) and healthy (anterior 2.94 (2.21)°, lateral 3.19 (2.64)°) sides (anterior, p  =  0.0124; lateral, p  =  0.0250) had disappeared (postoperative differences: anterior, p  =  0.6906; lateral, p  =  0.4491). The afflicted ankle had improved significantly after surgery in both important directions (anterior, p<0.0001; lateral, p  =  0.0023).Conclusions:The study shows that differences in joint position sense between healthy and injured ankles disappeared as the result of surgery. Preoperative data show that proprioceptive malfunction is a cause of functional instability. If treatment is by means of surgery, the retensioning of the original anterolateral structures is inevitable, even if other grafting or surgical techniques are used.
Can exercise improve self esteem in children and young people? A systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Ekeland E , Heian F , Hagen K B 
Published: October 2005

A systematic review to determine if exercise alone or as part of a comprehensive intervention can improve self esteem in children and young people is described.Twenty three randomised controlled trials were analysed. A synthesis of several small, low quality trials indicates that exercise may have short term beneficial effects on self esteem in children and adolescents. However, high quality research on defined populations with adequate follow up is needed.
Partial rupture of the proximal Achilles tendon: a differential diagnostic problem in ultrasound imaging
Authors: Kayser R , Mahlfeld K , Heyde C E 
Published: October 2005

Objectives:The aim of this study was to determine whether ultrasound can correctly visualise partial ruptures of the proximal Achilles tendon.Method:This was a prospective study in which all chronic Achilles tendon injury patients seen at three centres in Germany from 1998 to 2003 were screened. All patients with clinical and/or sonographic signs of abnormalities in the region of the proximal third of the Achilles tendon and tendomuscular junction were included in the analysis. Each of these cases was evaluated by ultrasound following an assessment protocol. Patients with ambiguous ultrasound findings and/or clinical signs were additionally assessed by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Results:Sonomorphologic changes suggestive of an abnormality in the proximal third of the Achilles tendon were detected in 13 out of 320 patients (4.2%) with recurring Achilles tendon complaints. Thirteen patients had clinical signs but no sonographic changes in the tendon. The sonographic diagnosis was correct in 19 cases. In six of the 26 cases studied, MRI was needed to establish the correct diagnosis of partial intratendinous rupture of the proximal Achilles tendon. Sensitivity was 0.5, specificity was 0.81, and the overall agreement of the ultrasound examination was 61.5%. All patients were asymptomatic at follow up at a mean of 14 months (range 12–17 months) after surgery.Conclusions:Ultrasound is a useful tool for evaluation of proximal Achilles tendon complaints. However, ultrasound is not sufficiently reliable for diagnosis of all pathologies, especially partial ruptures of the Achilles tendon. Thus, the definitive diagnosis must be established by MRI.
Acute whole body vibration training increases vertical jump and flexibility performance in elite female field hockey players
Authors: Cochrane D J , Stannard S R 
Published: October 2005

Objective:To quantify the acute effect of whole body vibration (WBV) training on arm countermovement vertical jump (ACMVJ), grip strength, and flexibility performance.Methods:Eighteen female elite field hockey players each completed three interventions of WBV, control, and cycling in a balanced random manner. WBV was performed on a Galileo machine (26 Hz) with six different exercises being performed. For the control, the same six exercises were performed at 0 Hz, whilst cycling was performed at 50 W. Each intervention was 5 min in duration with ACMVJ, grip strength, and flexibility measurements being conducted pre and post intervention.Results:There was a positive interaction effect (intervention×pre-post) of enhanced ACMVJ (p<0.001) and flexibility (p<0.05) parameters following WBV; however no changes were observed after the control and cycling interventions. There was no interaction effect for grip strength following the three interventions.Conclusions:Acute WBV causes neural potentiation of the stretch reflex loop as shown by the improved ACMVJ and flexibility performance. Additionally, muscle groups less proportionally exposed to vibration do not exhibit physiological changes that potentiate muscular performance.
Retrieval of Cloud Microphysical Properties from MODIS and AIRS
Authors: Li Jun , Huang Hung-Lung , Liu Chian-Yi , Yang Ping , Schmit Timothy J. , Wei Heli , Weisz Elisabeth , Guan Li , Menzel W. Paul 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements from the NASA Earth Observing System Aqua satellite enable global monitoring of the distribution of clouds during day and night. The MODIS is able to provide a high-spatial-resolution (1–5 km) cloud mask, cloud classification mask, cloud-phase mask, cloud-top pressure (CTP), and effective cloud amount during both the daytime and the nighttime, as well as cloud particle size (CPS) and cloud optical thickness (COT) at 0.55 μm during the daytime. The AIRS high-spectral-resolution measurements reveal cloud properties with coarser spatial resolution (13.5 km at nadir). Combined, MODIS and AIRS provide cloud microphysical properties during both the daytime and nighttime. A fast cloudy radiative transfer model for AIRS that accounts for cloud scattering and absorption is described in this paper. One-dimensional variational (1DVAR) and minimum-residual (MR) methods are used to retrieve the CPS and COT from AIRS longwave window region (790–970 cm−1 or 10.31–12.66 μm, and 1050–1130 cm−1 or 8.85–9.52 μm) cloudy radiance measurements. In both 1DVAR and MR procedures, the CTP is derived from the AIRS radiances of carbon dioxide channels while the cloud-phase information is derived from the collocated MODIS 1-km phase mask for AIRS CPS and COT retrievals. In addition, the collocated 1-km MODIS cloud mask refines the AIRS cloud detection in both 1DVAR and MR procedures. The atmospheric temperature profile, moisture profile, and surface skin temperature used in the AIRS cloud retrieval processing are from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts forecast analysis. The results from 1DVAR are compared with the operational MODIS products and MR cloud microphysical property retrieval. A Hurricane Isabel case study shows that 1DVAR retrievals have a high correlation with either the operational MODIS cloud products or MR cloud property retrievals. 1DVAR provides an efficient way for cloud microphysical property retrieval during the daytime, and MR provides the cloud microphysical property retrievals during both the daytime and nighttime.
Deaths, Injuries, and Damages from Lightning in the United States in the 1890s in Comparison with the 1990s
Authors: Holle Ronald L. , López Raúl E. , Navarro Bradley C. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A reduction by a factor of 10 in the population-weighted rate of lightning-caused deaths over the last century has been determined in several previous studies. The reasons have been attributed to a number of factors, but none have been quantified in detail with a large dataset. Several thousand lightning-caused deaths, injuries, and reports of property damage in the United States from 1891 to 1894 were analyzed manually from descriptions provided by an 1895 data source. A similar manual analysis was made of information in the NOAA publication Storm Data 100 yr later, from 1991 to 1994. Comparisons show that the decrease in lightning risk to people coincides with a shift in population from rural to urban regions. Major changes in the types of property damaged by lightning between the two periods 100 yr apart are also shown. In addition, the results identify significant shifts in the kinds of incidents in which people and objects are impacted by lightning. This information can help in the development of better guidelines for lightning safety and education.
A Feasibility Study for Simultaneous Estimates of Water Vapor and Precipitation Parameters Using a Three-Frequency Radar
Authors: Meneghini R. , Liao L. , Tian L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The radar return powers from a three-frequency radar, with center frequency at 22.235 GHz and upper and lower frequencies chosen with equal water vapor absorption coefficients, can be used to estimate water vapor density and parameters of the precipitation. A linear combination of differential measurements between the center and lower frequencies on one hand and the upper and lower frequencies on the other provide an estimate of differential water vapor absorption. The coupling between the precipitation and water vapor estimates is generally weak but increases with bandwidth and the amount of non-Rayleigh scattering of the hydrometeors. The coupling leads to biases in the estimates of water vapor absorption that depend primarily on the phase state and the median mass diameter of the hydrometeors. For a down-looking radar, path-averaged estimates of water vapor absorption are possible under rain-free as well as raining conditions by using the surface returns at the three frequencies. Simulations of the water vapor attenuation retrieval show that the largest source of error typically arises from the variance in the measured radar return powers. Although the error can be mitigated by a combination of a high pulse repetition frequency, pulse compression, and averaging in range and time, the radar receiver must be stable over the averaging period. For fractional bandwidths of 20% or less, the potential exists for simultaneous measurements at the three frequencies with a single antenna and transceiver, thereby significantly reducing the cost and mass of the system.
The Effects of the Full Coriolis Force on the Structure and Motion of a Tropical Cyclone. Part I: Effects due to Vertical Motion
Authors: Liang Xudong , Chan Johnny C. L. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
In most dynamical studies of synoptic-scale phenomena, only the components of the Coriolis force contributed by the horizontal motion are considered, and only in the horizontal momentum equation. The other components are neglected based on a scale analysis. However, it is shown that such an analysis may not be fully valid in a tropical cyclone (TC) and that these terms should be included. The two neglected terms are 1) ew, the Coriolis force in the x-momentum equation due to vertical motion, and 2) we, the Coriolis force in the vertical equation of motion due to the zonal wind. In this paper, effects of the first term (i.e., ew) on the structure and motion of a TC are investigated through numerical simulations using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5).
The results suggest that after the ew term has been included, the structure of a TC even on an f plane is changed. A southwestward displacement of a TC center with a speed of ∼1 km h−1 is found in the f-plane experiment. On a β plane, inclusion of the ew term gives a vortex track that is generally west to southwest of the inherent northwestward track (due to the β effect). A scale analysis suggests that the ew term can be as large as half the magnitude of the horizontal acceleration. This term generates an asymmetric wind structure with a generally easterly flow near the center, which therefore causes the vortex to displace toward the southwest. A rainfall asymmetry consistent with the convergence associated with the wind asymmetry is also found and accounts for 10%–20% of the symmetric parts.
Evolution of a Cold Front Encountering Steep Quasi-2D Terrain: Coordinated Aircraft Observations on 8–9 December 2001 during IMPROVE-2
Authors: Bond N. A. , Smull B. F. , Stoelinga M. T. , Woods C. P. , Haase A. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Research aircraft observations from the 8–9 December 2001 case of the second phase of the Improvement of Microphysical Parameterization through Operational Verification Experiment (IMPROVE-2) describe the evolution of a wide cold-frontal rainband (WCFR) during its eastward advance from the Pacific coastline to a point 200 km inland over the Cascade Mountains of Oregon. This analysis has two objectives: first, to illustrate the rapid weakening of the circulation associated with a landfalling WCFR and the relationship of these changes to terrain-induced airflow modifications, and second, to quantify the degree to which this weakening impacted cloud microphysical properties such as liquid water content, ice particle concentrations, and precipitation rate. The kinematic structure of the WCFR is detailed using Doppler radar observations from a NOAA P-3 aircraft, while some concomitant cloud microphysical properties are documented using flight-level measurements from the University of Washington Convair-580 aircraft. An accompanying the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (PSU–NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) control simulation (nested to a horizontal resolution of 4 km over the IMPROVE-2 domain) provides a mesosynoptic context and thermodynamic information to complement the aircraft observations. To the authors’ knowledge, this case study represents the most complete documentation obtained to date of the rapid modifications that may occur when a frontal rainband progresses from coastal waters into a region of prominent terrain.
Cross-Barrier Flow during Orographic Precipitation Events: Results from MAP and IMPROVE
Authors: Medina Socorro , Smull Bradley F. , Houze Robert A. , Steiner Matthias 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Ground-based and airborne Doppler radar data collected during passage of frontal rainstorms over the European Alps and Cascade Mountains of Oregon are found to exhibit characteristic cross-barrier flow and precipitation patterns. A stably stratified layer of blocked (or partially blocked) low-momentum flow below mountain-crest level is separated from strong cross-barrier flow aloft by a concentrated layer of vertical wind shear. This shear layer slopes upward toward the mountain crest and persists for several hours as the storm passes over the mountain range. This pattern is remarkably similar from case to case and from one mountain range to the other. The orographically enhanced precipitation in these cases exhibits stratiform structure, marked by a radar bright band, which often drops to a lower height (indicating locally cooler conditions) immediately adjacent to the windward mountain slopes. A terrain-induced gravity wave produces strong downslope flow and spillover of precipitation onto the lee side of the barrier. An elevated reflectivity maximum appears above the mountain crest and extends a short distance (generally 20–40 km) upstream, apparently as a result of gravity wave lifting. While baroclinically induced shear may contribute to the observed pattern, two-dimensional idealized simulations indicate that, in the presence of sufficient upstream static stability, orographic effects alone are sufficient to support development of the upward-sloping shear layer on the windward side of the barrier. Furthermore, idealized simulations show that if there is preexisting vertical shear in the incident upstream flow, this shear is strengthened by the orography and that surface friction may also enhance the strength of the shear layer.
The repeatable sheared velocity pattern identified here is apparently an essential feature of cases in which stably stratified low-level flow associated with a baroclinic system impinges upon a sufficiently tall mountain range. Since the layer of orographically generated shear promotes turbulence, which has been shown to aid precipitation growth over the windward slopes, these stable flow dynamics represent a potentially important mechanism for orographic precipitation enhancement in association with the passage of frontal systems over mountainous terrain.
Interannual Variations of Total Ozone at Northern Midlatitudes Correlated with Stratospheric EP Flux and Potential Vorticity
Authors: Hood L. L. , Soukharev B. E. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
At northern midlatitudes over the 1979–2002 time period, column ozone trends are observed to have maximum negative amplitudes in February and March. Here, the portion of the observed ozone interannual variability and trends during these months that can be attributed to two specific dynamical transport processes is estimated using correlative and regression methods. In approximate agreement with a recent independent study, 18%–25% of the observed maximum negative trend is estimated to be due to long-term changes in the diabatic (Brewer–Dobson) circulation driven by global-scale changes in planetary wave [Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux] forcing. In addition, 27%–31% of the observed maximum midlatitude trend during these months is estimated to be due to long-term changes in local nonlinear synoptic wave forcing as deduced from correlated interannual variations of zonal mean ozone and Ertel’s potential vorticity. Like long-term decreases in the Brewer–Dobson circulation, this trend component reflects an overall net increase in the polar vortex strength, which is associated with increased numbers of anticyclonic, poleward-breaking Rossby waves at northern midlatitudes. Together, these components can explain approximately 50% of the observed maximum negative column ozone trend and interannual variance at northern midlatitudes in February and March. The combined empirical model also approximately simulates a leveling off or slight increase in column ozone anomalies that has been observed for some months and latitudes since the mid-1990s.
Mixed-Layer Budget Analysis of the Diurnal Cycle of Entrainment in Southeast Pacific Stratocumulus
Authors: Caldwell Peter , Bretherton Christopher S. , Wood Robert 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Mixed-layer budgets of boundary layer mass, moisture, and liquid water static energy are estimated from 6 days of data collected at 20°S, 85°W (a region of persistent stratocumulus) during the East Pacific Investigation of Climate (EPIC) stratocumulus cruise in 2001. These budgets are used to estimate a mean diurnal cycle of entrainment and, by diagnosing the fluxes of humidity and liquid water static energy necessary to maintain a mixed-layer structure, of buoyancy flux. Although the entrainment rates suggested by each of the budgets have significant uncertainty, the various methods are consistent in predicting a 6-day mean entrainment rate of 4 ± 1 mm s−1, with higher values at night and very little entrainment around local noon. The diurnal cycle of buoyancy flux suggests that drizzle, while only a small term in the boundary layer moisture budget, significantly reduces subcloud buoyancy flux and may induce weak decoupling of surface and cloud-layer turbulence during the early morning hours, a structure that is maintained throughout the day by shortwave warming. Finally, the diurnal cycle of entrainment diagnosed from three recently proposed entrainment closures is found to be consistent with the observationally derived values.
Modeling of the Melting Layer. Part III: The Density Effect
Authors: Zawadzki I. , Szyrmer W. , Bell C. , Fabry F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA model of the melting snow and its radar reflectivity is presented here. The main addition to previous description of the melting layer is the explicit introduction of snow density as a variable. The model is validated with radar observations. Differences in brightband intensity for comparable precipitation rates are related here to the coexistence of supercooled cloud water (SCW) with snow above the melting level leading to riming and change in snow density. Cases where riming was suspected were selected according to the characteristics of the vertical profile of reflectivity flux above the melting layer and vertical Doppler velocities faster than expected from low-density snow. For stratiform precipitation with a melting layer, high snow-to-rain velocity ratio indicates high-density snow and consequently a small peak-to-rain reflectivity difference is expected. This relationship was computed from the model and confirmed with vertically pointing radar observations. In spite of the complexity of the physical processes present in the melting layer the model appears to capture the essential elements.
Influence of Atmospheric Asymmetries on the Intensification of GFDL Model Forecast Hurricanes
Authors: Shapiro Lloyd J. , Möller J. Dominique 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Hurricanes Bertha of 1996 and Erin of 2001 both intensified rapidly during part of their time over the North Atlantic. A piecewise potential vorticity (PV) inversion is applied to model output from GFDL hurricane model forecasts to determine the contributions of atmospheric features in the hurricanes’ environment to their intensification. The diagnosis indicates that Hurricane Bertha’s rapid intensification was directly augmented by an upper-level trough to the north. The significant positive impact of the trough provides quantitative confirmation of the inference of other authors. By contrast environmental interactions associated with troughs to the east and west of Hurricane Erin did not contribute directly to its rapid intensification. The implication of this result is that factors other than the troughs, including sea surface temperature, were sufficient to effect Hurricane Erin’s strengthening. Enhanced upper-level outflow concentrated northeast of the hurricane’s center that was associated with upper-level PV features to the north of Erin, including those ahead of the long-wave trough to its west, could have had some indirect contribution to its intensification. The present authors’ previous piecewise inversion applied to a model forecast of Hurricane Opal of 1995 indicated that an approaching upper-level trough did not significantly contribute to the hurricane’s lower-tropospheric intensification. The conclusions of this paper demonstrate that this result is neither an exception nor the rule.