bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating soybean seed protein and oil concentration before harvest
Authors: Yaklich R. W. , Vinyard B. T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTemperature and precipitation during the growing season have been shown to influence the protein and oil composition of the soybean [Glycine max L. Merr.] seed. A method based on these parameters was developed to estimate protein and oil concentrations of the seed before harvest. This method was developed with protein and oil data and temperature and precipitation data from the Uniform Soybean Tests, Southern Region, for the years 1975 to 1983. Classification and regression “tree‐based” analyses were used to determine the month and numeric value (“splitting point”) of the environmental variable that correctly classified the variation from median protein and oil composition for the 126 location‐years. Temperature in September was most influential in determining the splitting point for three of the four variables. Oil concentrations from the location‐years were separated into low vs. high median‐based boundary categories most readily by the September sum of minimum temperatures. Total protein and oil concentrations from the location‐years were classified best by September growing degree days. Protein‐to‐oil ratios were best separated by the September mean minimum temperature. The August mean maximum temperature best separated protein concentration. These data demonstrate that temperature during specific months of the crop year were useful in estimating the final concentration of protein and oil in the seed and could be used by seed processors to estimate seed composition before harvest.
Rheometry and polymorphism of cocoa butter during crystallization under static and stirring conditions
Authors: Toro‐Vazquez Jorge F. , Pérez‐Martínez David , Dibildox‐Alvarado Elena , Charó‐Alonso Miriam , Reyes‐Hernández Jaime 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this work the association between polymorphism and the crystal network structure developed by the TAG of cocoa butter (CB) was investigated under static and stirring crystallization conditions using a dynamic mechanical spectrometer. The results obtained showed that parameters obtained through oscillatory rheometry (i.e., phase shift angle, δ) followed the polymorphism of CB during static crystallization. Although standard DSC was not capable of differentiating the α to β′ phase transformation from the direct β′ crystallization from CB melt, δ rheograms measured these two processes separately. Additionally, through oscillatory rheometry, we followed the dimensionality of the crystal network during CB crystallization. Within this context, the pre‐exponential term (In γ) from the weak‐link regime equation for colloidal dispersions was much more sensitive than the fractal dimension (D) to differences in crystal size, spatial distribution of the crystal network, and melting temperature of the β′ phase of CB. On the other hand, torque measurements obtained during CB crystallization under stirring conditions showed a shear rate effect that favored TAG development in the β phase at temperatures of 19, 22, and 26.5°C, particularly at shear rates of 120 and 400 rpm. In contrast, under static conditions CB did not develop in the β phase at any of the crystallization temperatures investigated (i.e., 18 to 26.5°C).
Proposal of a uniform color scale for virgin olive oils
Authors: Melgosa M. , Huertas R. , Hita E. , Roa J. M. , Heredia F. J. , Alba J. , Moyano M. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new color scale was developed from a broad data set of 1700 virgin olive oil samples over four crop seasons, which can be considered highly representative of the whole color range of virgin olive oils available in Spain. This color scale provides a new set of 60 color standards, improving the results achieved by the old 60‐color standards proposed by the bromthymol blue method. Seeking the greatest possibility of including a near match between colors of virgin olive oils and proposed standards, we developed our new color scale using a recent uniform color space, with standards placed in a regular rhombohedral lattice like the one employed by the Uniform Color Scales of the Optical Society of America. The average color difference between each of the 1700 virgin olive oils and its nearest standard is reduced from 8.17 CIELAB units, using the bromthymol blue standards, to 3.99 CIELAB units using the new standards. Within a color tolerance of 7.0 CIELAB units, 93.2% of our virgin olive oils can be classified with the new standards, but only 59.1% with the bromthymol blue ones. In the interest of future adoption, the performance of the new color standards should be tested by industry and researchers.
Investigation of soy protein‐kymene®adhesive systems for wood composites
Authors: Li Kaichang , Peshkova Svetlana , Geng Xinglian 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study investigated a new adhesive system, consisting of soy protein isolate (SPI) and Kymene®557H (simply called Kymene) (a commercial wet‐strength agent for paper), that was prepared by mixing SPI and Kymene. Wood composites bonded with SPI‐Kymene adhesive preparations had shear strengths comparable to or higher than those bonded with commercial phenol formaldehyde resins. Wood composites bonded with the new adhesive system had high water resistance and retained relatively high strength even after they had undergone a boiling‐water test. The new adhesive system is formaldehyde‐free, easy to use, and environmentally friendly. Kymene was proposed to serve as a curing agent in SPI‐Kymene adhesives.
Measurement of fat content of food with single‐sided NMR
Authors: Guthausen Andreas , Guthausen Gisela , Kamlowski Andreas , Todt Harald , Burk Wolfgang , Schmalbein Dieter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFat content is one of the important parameters of quality control in many food products. Several techniques are used to determine the amount of fat in a given product. In this work, the applicability of a portable dedicated nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analyzer to measure the fat content in a packaged product without destruction of the material was examined. Two different low‐field NMR methods, namely, a ratio method and a relaxation time method, were applied and discussed. The processed NMR signal was linearly correlated with the fat content obtained by reference methods. The linear correlation allowed the application of single‐sided NMR for fat measurements.
Quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans
Authors: Gutierrez Elizabeth , Wang Tong , Fehr Walter R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybean is believed to be a rich source of sphingolipids, a class of polar lipids with desirable biological activities. Analytical methods for sphingolipids vary, and quantitative data for sphingolipids in foods, including soybeans, are scarce. the objectives of this study were to establish a method for quantification of sphingolipids in soybeans and to determine whether genotype, stage of maturity, and growing location affect sphingolipid content in soybeans. Separation of neutral lipids and interfering polar lipids from sphingolipids by saponification, transesterification, and solvent partition was studied. Solvent partition accompanied by TLC purification was determined to be the most accurate sample preparation method for HPLC quantification of cerebroside. There were significant differences in cerebroside concentration among genotypes, with a range of 142 to 492 nmol/g seed (dry wt basis). The differences in cerebroside concentration between immature and mature seeds of one genotype and between two seed production locations of one genotype were considerable but not statistically significant.
Modification of margarine fats by enzymatic interesterification: Evaluation of a solid‐fat‐content‐based exponential model with two groups of oil blends
Authors: Zhang Hong , Pedersen Lars Saaby , Kristensen Dorther , Adler‐Nissen Jens , Christian Holm Hans 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipozyme TL IM‐catalyzed interesterification for the modification of margarine fats was carried out in a batch reactor at 70°C with a lipase dosage of 4%. Solid fat content (SFC) was used to monitor the reaction progress. Lipase‐catalyzed interesterification, which led to changes in the SFC, was assumed to be a first‐order reversible reaction. Accordingly, the change in SFC vs. reaction time was described by an exponential model. The model contained three parameters, each with a particular physical or chemical meaning: (i) the initial SFC (SFC0), (ii) the change in SFC (ΔSFC) from the initial to the equilibrium state, and (iii) the reaction rate constant value (k). SFCo and ΔSFC were related to only the types of blends and the blend ratios. The rate constant k was related to lipase activity on a given oil blend. Evaluation of the model was carried out with two groups of oil blends, i.e., palm stearin/coconut oil in weight ratios of 90∶10, 80∶20, and 70∶30, and soybean oil/fully hydrogenated soybean oil in weight ratios of 80∶20, 65∶35, and 50∶50. Correlation coefficients higher than 0.99 between the experimental and predicted values were observed for SFC at temperatures above 30°C. The model is useful for predicting changes in the SFC during lipase‐catalyzed interesterification with a selected group of oil blends. It also can be used to control the process when particular SFC values are targeted.
Regulating Telecommunications Interception and Access in the Twenty‐first Century: Technological Evolution or Legal Revolution?
1
Authors: Bronitt Simon , Stellios James 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This article reviews the expansion of federal telecommunications interception powers, focusing on the watershed reforms enacted in 2006. The new statutory frameworks governing interception of ‘live’ and ‘stored communications’ are compared and contrasted, with a particular focus on their impact on human rights such as privacy and the fair trial. The article identifies significant regulatory loopholes and deficiencies in this new system, casting doubt on the usefulness of adopting a ‘balancing’ model to guide either macro‐level policy development or micro‐level decision‐making relating to individual warrants.
Conceptualisation of Terrorism in Modelling Tools: Critical Reflexive Approach
Authors: Resnyansky Lucy 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper outlines a critical reflexive approach to an assessment of modelling/simulation tools. The concepts of terrorism and terrorism threat in modelling literature are analysed and compared with the contesting definitions of terrorism in political science and counter‐terrorism discourse. Possible social implications of using particular concepts of terrorism and terrorism threat are identified. This study discusses how modellers provide better support to counter‐terrorism analysis and decision making, by taking the above‐mentioned approach.
NvMap: automated analysis of NMR chemical shift perturbation data
Authors: Fukui Lisa , Chen Yuan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSummary: NMR chemical shift perturbation experiments are widely used to define binding sites in biomolecular complexes. Especially in the case of high throughput screening of ligands, rapid analysis of NMR spectra is essential. NvMap extends NMRViewJ and provides a means for rapid assignments and book-keeping of NMR titration spectra. Our module offers options to analyze multiple titration spectra both separately and sequentially, where the sequential spectra are analyzed either two at a time or all simultaneously. The first option is suitable for slow or intermediate exchange rates between free and bound proteins. The latter option is particularly useful for fast exchange situations and can compensate for the lack of indicators for overlapped peaks. Our module also provides a simple user interface to automate the analysis process from dataset to peak list. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our program using NMR spectra of SUMO in complexes with three different peptides.Availability: NvMap is available on the web atContact: ychen@coh.orgSupplemental information: Manual pages and test spectra will be available on the web at the above site.
Female infertility in mice deficient in midkine and pleiotrophin, which form a distinct family of growth factors
Authors: Muramatsu Hisako , Zou Peng , Kurosawa Nobuyuki , Ichihara‐Tanaka Keiko , Maruyama Kiyoko , Inoh Kazuhiko , Sakai Takayuki , Chen Lan , Sato Masahiro , Muramatsu Takashi 
Published: November 2006

Midkine and pleiotrophin form a family of growth factors. Mice deficient in one of the genes show few abnormalities on reproduction and development. To understand their roles in these processes, we produced mice deficient in both genes; the double deficient mice were born in only one third the number expected by Mendelian segregation and 4 weeks after birth weighed about half as much as wild‐type mice. Most of the female double deficient mice were infertile. In these mice, the numbers of mature follicles and of ova at ovulation were reduced compared to numbers in wild‐type mice. Both midkine and pleiotrophin were expressed in the follicular epithelium and granulosa cells of the ovary. The expression of these factors in the uterus was dramatically altered during the estrous cycle. The diestrus and proestrus periods were long and the estrus period was short in the double deficient mice, indicating the role of the factors in the estrous cycle. Furthermore, vaginal abnormality was found in about half of the double deficient mice. These abnormalities in combination resulted in female infertility. Therefore, midkine and pleiotrophin, together with their signaling receptors, play important roles in the female reproductive system.
Obesity and associated cardiovascular risk factors in Iranian children: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: HAMIDI ANAHITA , FAKHRZADEH HOSSEIN , MOAYYERI ALIREZA , POUREBRAHIM RASSUL , HESHMAT RAMIN , NOORI MASOUMEH , REZAEIKHAH YALDA , LARIJANI BAGHER 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Obesity is a growing public health problem in developing countries considering its association with cardiovascular risk factors. Relationship between childhood obesity and these risk factors has not been attested in the Iranian population before. The aim of the present study was to investigate frequency of cardiovascular risk factors and their association with severity of obesity in a sample of Iranian obese children.Methods: A total of 13 086 children aged 7–12 years were screened and those with waist circumference = 90th percentile of their age were invited for further evaluations. Participants were divided into two groups of overweight or obese according to International Obesity Task Force criteria. Cardiovascular risk factors were defined as high fasting total cholesterol, high low density lipoprotein, low high density lipoprotein, high triglycerides, and systolic or diastolic hypertension. These factors were compared between obese and overweight children and their correlations with body mass index and other measures of obesity were tested.Results: Of 532 children (274 boys, mean age 9.5 ± 1.3) enrolled in the study, 194 were overweight and 338 were obese. Mean levels of triglyceride and Apo‐lipoprotein B in obese children were significantly higher than overweight participants. A total of 81.9% of obese children and 75.4% of overweight children had at least one cardiovascular risk factor. There were significant correlations between body mass index and systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, serum triglyceride, and Apo‐lipoprotein B levels (P values <0.01).Conclusion: The high prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in overweight and obese children and positive correlation of these factors with severity of obesity emphasizes the need for prevention and control of childhood obesity from early stages.
Skin test reactivity to molds in pre‐school children with newly diagnosed asthma
Authors: KORHONEN KAJ , MÄHÖNEN SAARA , HYVÄRINEN ANNE , NEVALAINEN AINO , HUSMAN TUULA , PEKKANEN JUHA , KORPPI MATTI 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence of sensitization to molds and to house dust mites (HDM) in pre‐school children with newly‐diagnosed asthma.Methods: From 1996 to 2000, 122 children 1 to 6 years of age with fresh asthma treated in the Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland, were recruited in the study; 94% attended. Skin prick tests were performed to common inhalant allergens and to 10 molds. The homes were surveyed for moisture damage.Results: A majority of the houses had signs of dampness and moisture. One‐third of the children reacted to inhalant allergens. There were 11 positive reactions to molds in five children who all reacted to at least one animal dander or seasonal pollen. Aspergillus fumigatus, Botrytis cinerea, and Cladosporium herbarum were the most common mold allergens. There were only two children with positive reactions to HDM, and none of them reacted to molds. No associations were found between the presence or degree of moisture problems at home and mold or HDM allergy.Conclusion: Sensitization to molds seems to play only a minor role in pre‐school children with newly‐diagnosed asthma in a northern climate where the incidences of mold and HDM allergies are rather low.
Gastrointestinal perforation in very low‐birthweight infants
Authors: KAWASE YASUHIRO , ISHII TETSUYA , ARAI HIROKO , UGA NAOKI 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Spontaneous isolated gastrointestinal perforation (SIP) in very low‐birthweight infants has been reported as a different disease entity from necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). The objective of this study was to investigate the incidence and risk factors of NEC and SIP.Methods: The authors reviewed the medical records of very low‐birthweight infants who were admitted to Toho University Perinatal Center, Tokyo, Japan, between 1 January 1991 and 31 December 2002. The diagnosis of NEC was made with the finding of bloody gastric fluid or stool, abdominal distention, and abnormal abdominal X‐ray findings such as pneumatosis intestinalis or fixed dilated intestinal loops. SIP was defined at laparotomy as the presence of an isolated gastrointestinal perforation surrounded by normal appearing bowel.Results: A total of 556 very low‐birthweight infants were included in this study. Of those, 15 infants were excluded because of major anomalies. Out of 541 infants, 14 were diagnosed to have NEC or gastrointestinal perforation. In total, 13 infants had gastrointestinal perforation and 10 were confirmed as SIP. Two SIP suggestive cases were included in SIP cases. There was only one case of NEC (0.2%) during 12 years in the authors’ institute. Eight SIP cases had antenatal nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAID). The treatment with antenatal NSAID was significantly associated with the incidence of SIP (p<0.001).Conclusion: The authors experienced only one proven case of NEC (0.2%), 12 cases of SIP (2.2%) among 556 very low‐birthweight infants admitted during 12 years. Antenenatal NSAID were strongly associated with SIP.
Modified symbolic play test for Oriental children
Authors: CHU MANDY MAN‐YEE , LEE WING‐CHEONG , LEUNG JOY LOK‐SUM , WONG VIRGINIA 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground:Symbolic play test (SPT) is a simple test for screening preverbal language in children. This test had been validated in English‐speaking children. However, the toys may not be useful for other cultures such as Orientals like Chinese, Japanese, Koreans or Thais as they use chopsticks and bowls as eating utensils rather than spoon, fork or knife. The aim of this study was to find a set of miniature toys suitable for children of Oriental ethnic origin in order to get a reliable language test.Methods:Altogether 140 children were recruited into this study. This included 62 control children and 78 with idiopathic developmental delay. The original SPT was applied together with an additional set of miniature toys appropriate for Oriental culture (i.e. modified version of SPT) by modifying play items in situations 3 and 4 to suit the Chinese culture. The authors replaced the knife, fork and plate with chopsticks and bowl in situation 3 and replaced the tractor and trailer with train carts in situation 4. For the ease of comparison, the authors segregated the age groups with the same age range as the original English‐based SPT: less than 20 months (N= 11); 21–30 months (N= 45); 31–40 months (N= 43); 41–50 months (N= 21), and more than 50 months (N= 4).Results:The mean scores of the cohort was higher (14.83) with the modified version of SPT than when the original SPT was used (13.64). A statistically significant increase in the mean score in situation 3 (3.67–3.24 = 0.43), situation 4 (3.76–3.36 = 0.40) and the overall score (14.83–13.64 = 1.19) was obtained when the modified SPT was used instead of the original SPT (all withP< 0.001).Conclusion:The authors recommend replacing play items like spoon, knife, fork and plate with Oriental culture‐based items like chopsticks and bowl for the modified SPT (Oriental version). Users of the test should have a set of toy train carts available to supplement the tractor and trailer as these toys were not commonly seen in real life for Oriental children. The authors hope that the modified SPT can be used reliably to assess for preverbal ability of Oriental children, especially Chinese children.
Appraising agricultural greenhouse gas mitigation potentials: effects of alternative assumptions
Authors: Schneider Uwe A. , McCarl Bruce A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is interest in society in general and in the agricultural and forestry sectors concerning a land‐based role in greenhouse gas mitigation reduction. Numerous studies have estimated the potential supply schedules at which agriculture and forestry could produce greenhouse gas offsets. However, such studies vary widely in critical assumptions regarding economic market adjustments, allowed scope of mitigation alternatives, and region of focus. Here, we examine the effects of using different assumptions on the total emission mitigation supply curve from agriculture and forestry in the United States. To do this we employ the U.S.‐based Agricultural Sector and Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Model and find that variations in such factors can have profound effects on the results. Differences between commonly employed methods shift economic mitigation potentials from –55 to + 85%. The bias is stronger at higher carbon prices due to afforestation and energy crop plantations that reduce supply of traditional commodities. Lower carbon prices promote management changes with smaller impacts on commodity supply.
SEGMENTATION OF BEEF JOINT IMAGES USING HISTOGRAM THRESHOLDING
Authors: ZHENG CHAOXIN , SUN DA‐WEN , ZHENG LIYUN 
Published: November 2006

ABSTRACT Four histogram‐based thresholding methods, i.e., one‐dimensional (1‐D) histogram variance, 1‐D histogram entropy, two‐dimensional (2‐D) histogram variance and 2‐D histogram entropy, were proposed to segment the images of beef joints (raw, cooked and cooled) automatically from the background. The 2‐D histogram‐based methods incorporate a fast algorithm to reduce the calculation time, thus increasing the speed greatly. All the four methods were applied to 15 beef joint images captured from a video camera, and the methods including pixel classification, object overlap and object contrast for the evaluation of segmentation results were then employed to compare the performances or the abilities of the four different segmenting methods. Results indicate that the 2‐D histogram variance thresholding method can accomplish the segmentation task with the most satisfactory performance.