bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolation of inoue‐melnick virus from human colorectal carcinoma cell lines
Authors: Inouel Y. K. , Nishibe Y. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInoue‐Melnick virus (IMV) was isolated from five of six human colorectal carcinoma cell lines, whereas the virus was not isolated from three normal colon‐derived cell lines, three pancreas carcinoma cell lines, two bladder carcinoma cell lines, one kidney adenocarcinoma cell line, and one cervical carcinoma cell line. IMV synthesis was remarkably enhanced in the colorectal carcinoma cell lines by treatment with 5‐bromodeoxyuridine (BUDR). However, virus was not detected in any of the other cell lines in spite of BUDR treatment. Five strains of virus isolated from colorectal carcinoma cell lines were subsequently identified by the neutralization test as intermediate‐type IMV.
Seroepidemiology of hepatitis a, b, and d viruses and human t‐lymphocyte tropic viruses in japanese drug abusers
Authors: Kiyosawa Kendo , Oofusa Hirokazu , Saitoh Hiroshi , Sodeyama Takeshi , Tanaka Eiji , Furuta Seiichi , Itoh Susumu , Ogata Hiroyuki , Kobuchi Hideko , Kameko Mitsuaki , Kanai Masamitsu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo evaluate the prevalence of hepatitis virus markers and human T‐cell lymphotropic virus infections among drug abusers in Japan, serum samples were collected from 91 male drug abusers at the Shinshu University Hospital and the rehabilitation facility in Matsumoto and from 519 healthy male blood donors as controls. Sera were tested for antibody to hepatitis A virus (anti‐HAV), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti‐HBs), antibody to hepatitis B core antigen (anti‐HBc), immunoglobuline M anti‐HBc (IgM anti‐HBc), antibody to hepatitis D virus (anti‐HDV), antibody to HTLV type 1 (anti‐HTLV 1), and antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (anti‐HIV). The prevalence of anti‐HAV was 13.2% in drug abusers and 10.8% in controls (not significant). The prevalences of HBsAg, anti‐HBs, anti‐HBc and exposure rate to hepatitis B virus (HBV) were 4.4%, 24.2%, 31.9%, and 35.2%, respectively, in drug abusers and 0.8%,6.7%, 9.6%, and 9.6% in controls. The exposure rate to HBV was significantly different (P < 0.001). IgM anti‐HBc and anti‐HDV were not detected in any sera. Anti‐HTLV I was detected in three drug abusers (3.3%) and in one (0.2%) of the controls (P < 0.01). All sera were negative for anti‐HIV in all subjects. Infection with HBV and HTLV I is more common among drug abusers than in the general population of blood donors in Japan.
Detection of rubella virus antigen by one‐step time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay and by enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Scalia Guido , Gerna Giuseppe , Halonen Pekka E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA one‐step time‐resolved fluoroimmunoassay (TR‐FIA) and a conventional two‐step enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for the detection of rubella virus antigen were developed. Two noncompetitive mouse monoclonal antibodies reactive with epitopes on the E1 polypeptide of rubella virus served as immunoreagents. One of the monoclones (7A6) was used for coating the solid phase, and the other (2C3) was labeled with either Europium chelate or with horseradish peroxidase. For TR‐FIA, the specimen was incubated simultaneously with the label at 4°C overnight. EIA required an overnight incubation with the specimen and after washing another 1 hr of incubation at 37°C with the conjugate. The sensitivity of TR‐FIA was 10 pg in an assay volume of 100 μl and the sensitivity of EIA was between 50 and 100 pg. Antigens could be detected by TR‐FIA in supernatant of cultures of Vero cells 48 hr after inoculation with approximately 1 TCID 50, while cytopathogenic effect (CPE) at that time was detected only in cultures inoculated with 105 TCID50 or more. Virus mixed with human amniotic fluid containing antirubella‐specific IgG was detectable after an incubation at 37°C for 5 days. The assays may find applications in prenatal diagnosis of intrauterine rubella infection, in early identification of viral antigens in cell culture and in monitoring production, concentration, and purification of rubella antigen for antibody assays.
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 p24 production and antigenic variation in tissue culture of isolates with various growth characteristics
Authors: Sundqvist Vivi‐Anne , Albert Jan , Ohlsson Eva , Hinkula Jorma , Fenyö Eva Maria , Wahren Britta 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) reacting with different epitopes of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 core protein p24 (HIV p24) were used either singly or in combination as tracers in enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays. The culture supernatant of 215 samples of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 112 patients were measured for HIV p24 and reverse transcriptase (RT) activity during cultivation. One hundred forty‐one cultures were positive for HIV p24 and 122 for RT after 32 days of cultivation. After 8–9 days, HIV p24 was detected in 50.4% and RT in 27.8% of the cultures later judged as HIV positive. Two patients seemed to have substrains of HIV‐1 not reactive with one of the Mabs.
Cocaine injection and ethnicity in parenteral drug users during the early years of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) epidemic in new york city
Authors: Novick David M. , Trigg Harold L. , Des Jarlais Don C. , Friedman Samuel R. , Vlahov David , Kreek Mary Jeanne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractParenteral drug users have a high prevalence of infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the etiologic agent of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). New York City has had a prolonged and extensive epidemic of HIV infection and AIDS. In this study, we analyze, in relation to antibody to HIV (anti‐HIV), available data from sera from parenteral drug users collected in New York City during 1978 through 1983 in the course of studies of liver disease. Among parenteral users of both heroin and cocaine, 30 (52%) of 58 had anti‐HIV, compared with six (13%) of 48 injectors of heroin only (P < 0.0001). Only two (11%) of 18 white patients were HIV‐infected, compared with 34 (39%) of 88 black or Hispanic patients (P = 0.03). No other factors studied were linked to anti‐HIV. In a multiple logistic regression, anti‐HIV was significantly more common in parenteral users of both cocaine and heroin (P < 0.0001), black patients (P = 0.02), and Hispanic patients (P = 0.049). We conclude that parenteral users of both cocaine and heroin as well as black and Hispanic patients were disproportionately HIV‐infected during the early years of the HIV epidemic. Use of cocaine and heroin as well as ethnicity were independently linked to anti‐HIV. Measures to prevent or treat drug use, HIV infection, and other medical problems while addressing the specific needs of cocaine users and black and Hispanic patients are urgently needed.
Detection by antibody probes of human papillomavirus type 6 E5 proteins in respiratory papillomata
Authors: Chen Show‐Li , Mounts Phoebe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have demonstrated the expression of proteins arising from the E5a and E5b open reading frames (ORFs) of human papillomavirus type 6c (HPV‐6c) in respiratory tract papillomata. Recombinant plasmids were constructed to express the ORFs in the bacterial vectors pATH and pRIT2T. Fusion proteins were purified and injected into rabbits to produce polyclonal antibodies. Characterized antibodies generated against these fusion proteins were used in immunoperoxidase assays to identify the presence and distribution of HPV‐6 E5 proteins in biopsy specimens of respiratory tract papillomata. The results showed that the E5a and E5b proteins were distributed throughout the thickness of the epithelium in the papillomata but not in the basal layer. The proteins were found in nuclei and in the cytoplasm of koilocytotic cells. Positive reactivity with a similar distribution in the epithelium and subcellular location was obtained in papillomata induced by other HPV‐6 subtypes. This cross‐reactivity was not unexpected, since nucleotide and amino acid (aa) sequence comparisons between HPV‐6c and ‐6e demonstrated 79% sequence identity with 15 aa substitutions in the 91 aa of E5a. The E5b ORF of HPV‐6c has the potential to encode a protein of 74 aa that differed at 28 positions compared with the 72 aa of HPV‐6e.
Cytomegalovirus cultures during maintenance DHPG therapy for cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Jennens Ian D. , Lucas Charles R. , Murray Sandland A. , Maclean Hector , Hayes Kathleen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNine patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis on maintenance therapy with ganciclovir: 9(1,3‐dihydroxy‐2‐propoxymethyl) guanine (DHPG) at high dose (30 mg/kg/week) or low dose (20 mg/kg/week) were tested every 1–2 weeks for CMV isolation from blood, saliva, and urine. Duration of therapy ranged from 1.5 to 12 months (average 5.3 months). During pretreatment and low‐dose and high‐dose maintenance therapy, CMV was isolated from 48/59 (81%), 90/211 (43%), and 40/290 (14%) of specimens, respectively. Three patients with progressive retinitis had viraemia more frequently than did six patients with stable retinitis, CMV being isolated from 29/47 (62%) and 17/121 (14%) of blood samples, respectively.
Three serotypes of norwalk‐like virus demonstrated by solid‐phase immune electron microscopy
Authors: Lewis David C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSolid phase immune electron microscopy (SPIEM) was used to investigate the serological differences between Norwalk‐like virus (NLV) strains from five different outbreaks within the United Kingdom.The existence of two previously demonstrated serotypes, Lewis et al. (Journal of Clinical Microbiology 26:938–942, 1988), was confirmed by the use of whole convalescent sera and purified IgM. A third serotype was found to be the agent of two recent hospital outbreaks and could similarly be typed by use of whole sera or pure IgM. Paired sera were available for two of the three serotypes and demonstrated rising antibody levels. These antibody rises were also specific for the infecting serotype. However, two serum pairs from a later outbreak gave antibody rises to all three serotypes, although much higher counts were produced with the infecting serotype.SPIEM is a useful method for distinguishing NLV serotypes and can also be used to detect specific IgM and to demonstrate seroconversion. Cross‐reacting antibodies, possibly anamnestic in origin, can occur after natural infection and could cause confusion in typing virus unless further evidence of the identity of the infecting agent is obtained.
Frequent shedding of human herpesvirus 6 in saliva
Authors: Harnett G. B. , Farr T. J. , Pietroboni G. R. , Bucens M. R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have previously reported the isolation of HHV‐6 from saliva samples. Because these isolations were made in PHA‐stimulated lymphocytes from healthy adults, which may occasionally contain endogenous HHV‐6, it was desirable to repeat this work using cord blood lymphocytes. In this study 18 isolations of viruses provisionally characterized as HHV‐6 were made from 19 saliva samples by centrifugally enhanced inoculation into PHA‐stimulated cord blood lymphocytes. HHV‐6 was not found in 10 pernasal aspirates, 50 endocervical swabs, or 30 male urethral swabs. It is concluded that HHV‐6 is usually present in the saliva of most adults and that this affords a possible explanation of the high infection rate with this virus in young children.
HIV antibodies in whole saliva detected by ELISA and western blot assays
Authors: Holmström P. , Syrjänen S. , Laine P. , Valle S‐L. , Suni J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPaired serum and saliva samples were tested by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot (WB) for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibodies. The study group included 36 individuals known to be HIV seropositive and 14 healthy, seronegative controls. HIV antibodies were detected in all but one of the saliva samples of the seropositive subjects. In this particular patient, seroconversion was documented 1 week earlier by sequential testings. A further saliva sample obtained 2 months later was ELISA positive for salivary HIV antibodies.Antibodies against HIV proteins gp 120 and gp 160 were detected by Western blot assay in all saliva specimens taken from HIV seropositive subjects (including the ELISA‐negative patient who seroconverted. Antibodies against other viral proteins (p65, p51, gp41, p35, p24 p18) were found in saliva haphazardly without any clear‐cut correlation with the clinical stage of the disease. Pretreatment of the saliva with protease inhibitor was essential for the diagnostic use of saliva for the detection of HIV antibodies by Western blot assay.Calculation of the ratio of titres in serum to those in saliva showed the highest ratios in symptomless subjects (mean ± SD; 1844 ± 1412) and the lowest in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) (mean ± SD; 811 ± 445). The ratio of serum to saliva by ELISA showed a positive correlation with salivary flow rate, indicating a dilution of salivary HIV antibodies with increasing salivary flow rate. The gingival bleeding index was negatively correlated with the ratio, supporting the concept that salivary HIV antibodies transudate from blood to saliva via gingival fluid.
Overview of biological effects of addition of DNA molecules to cells
Authors: Temin Howard M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInjected DNA proceeds with certain probabilities through the following steps: degradation by serum nucleases, adsorption to cells, uptake into cells, ligation to other DNA, mutation, expression of unintegrated DNA, integration, expression of integrated DNA, and activation of or inactivation of cellular genes. The maximal probability per DNA molecule of each of these steps is estimated based on experimental results in cell culture with transfection of DNA and with infection by retroviruses. A maximum cumulative probability of having a harmful effect is calculated to be less than 10−16 to 10−19 per DNA molecule from a cell without activated proto‐oncogenes or active viral oncogenes. The most frequent harmful effects considered are inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene and activation of a proto‐oncogene. Such inactivation and activation in a cell that could give rise to cancer would increase the age‐standardized incidence of cancer by a small amount. The amount of increase would differ among individuals depending upon their genotypes and their environments. Thus, the magnitude of the increase will depend upon the frequency of more sensitive individuals. The probability of an increased incidence of cancer as a possible effect of the vaccination should be compared to the number of DNA molecules to be injected per person and to the protective effects of a successful HBV vaccine.
High levels of Epstein‐Barr virus in the oropharynx: A predictor of disease progression in human immunodeficiency virus infection
Authors: Diaz‐Mitoma Francisco , Ruiz Alejandra , Flowerdew Gordon , Houston Stanley , Romanowski Barbara , Kovithavongs T. , Preiksaitis Jutta , Tyrrell D. Lorne 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe role of Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) on the progression of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is not well defined. The objective of this prospective study was to determine the prevalence of EBV excretion and the rol that EBV might have on HIV disease progression. Fifty‐two homosexual males were studied, all of whom had positive EBV serology. Twenty‐four of the 27 HIV‐seropositive and 14 of the 25 HIV‐seronegative subjects had detectable levels of EBV DNA in oropharyngeal cells. In addition to a greater prevalence of detectable EBV, the level of excretion was higher among HIV‐seropositives than among HIV‐seronegatives, and higher among group III than among group II HIV‐seropositive men. These results are consistent with earlier studies showing a relationship between immunosuppression and EBV reactivation. The EBV excretion levels in a control group of 52 age‐matched heterosexual males were substantially lower than those found in the homosexual group.In a proportional hazards regression analysis EBV excretion was found to be the best single predictor of progression of HIV infection (P<0.001). HIV p24 core antigenemia (P=0.048) and low EBNA (P=0.024) were significant predictors independent of EBV excretion. Whether EV directly accelerates the time to progression or is merely a marker of underlying subclinical immunosuppression remains an open question.
Antiviral strategies in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: I. Establishment of an in vitro system using the duck hepatitis B virus model
Authors: Bishop Naomi , Civitico Gilda , Wang Yanyan , Guo Kejian , Birch Chris , Gust Ian , Locarnini Stephen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrimary duck hepatocyte (PDH) cultures were established from ducklings congenitally infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), plated onto feeder cell layers of irradiated human embryonic lung fibroblasts, and observed for 2 to 3 weeks. This system permitted the survival of the PDH in a differentiated form free of fibroblastic overgrowth for at least 3 weeks. The hepatocytes were shown to contain all the replicative DNA intermediates found during DHBV replication as well as the DHBV structural proteins PRE‐S1, PRE‐S2, and S of duck hepatitis B surface antigen (DHBsAg). The pool of supercoiled (SC) DHBV DNA increased dramatically from days 10 to 14 postplating. This PDH‐feeder cell layer cell culture model provides a convenient system to study the effects of conventional inhibitors of DHBV replication and compounds targeted at the supercoiled form of DHBV DNA. This approach should allow the evaluation of a variety of strategies for treating chronic carriers of hepadnaviruses.
Comparative studies of HSV‐1 antigens solubilised from infected cells by using non‐ionic or zwitterionic detergents
Authors: Jennings R. , Erturk M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHSV‐1 antigen preparations solubilised from Vero cells by using either the non‐ionic detergent Nonidet P40 or the zwitterionic detergent Empigen BB, and purified on sucrose density gradients or over a sucrose cushion, were tested by ELISA with anti‐HSV‐1 glycoprotein monoclonal antibodies and by radioimmunoprecipitation (RIP) with polyclonal HSV‐1 antiserum. Amongst several proteins detected in these preparations, the four major HSV‐1 glycoproteins, gB, gC, gD, and gE, were found to be present. Differences between NP40 or Empigensolubilised HSV‐1 antigen preparations with respect to two of these glycoproteins, gB and gE, were detected by using a small panel of monoclonal antibodies. Comparative studies in mice showed the Empigen‐solubilised HSV‐1 antigen preparations elicited greater antibody responses and greater protection against lethal HSV‐1 challenge infection than the NP40‐solubilised preparation.
Nosocomial outbreak of neonatal gastroenteritis caused by a new serotype 4, subtype 4B human rotavirus
Authors: Gerna Giuseppe , Forster Johannes , Parea Maurizio , Sarasini Antonella , Di Matteo Angela , Baldanti Fausto , Langosch Beate , Schmidt Sigrid , Battaglia Massimo 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA nosocomial outbreak of rotavirus gastroenteritis involving 52 newborns occurred between June and September 1988 at the University Children's Hospital of Freiburg, Federal Republic of Germany. Stools from 27 representative patients were examined for rotavirus serotypes, using a monoclonal antibody‐based enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. The electropherotype was also examined by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of genomic RNA. As many as 18 patients were found to be infected by serotype 4, subtype 4B strain, and in all of them the same electropherotype was detected. Although rotavirus from the remaining nine patients could not be typed, the electropherotype in four was identical to that of the serotype 4, subtype 4B strain. Thus, most of the patients in the outbreak were infected by the same rotavirus strain. Retrospective epidemiological studies showed that the 4B strain began to circulate at the hospital in January 1988, whereas only rotavirus serotypes 1, 3, and 4A were detected in 1985–1987. The primary case of the outbreak was presumably a newborn with acute gastroenteritis, admitted to the hospital from a small maternity unit in the same urban area. During the outbreak, 12 of 44 healthy newborns in the nurseries of the Children's Hospital and other maternity hospitals were found to be asymptomatic rotavirus carriers, and in three of the newborns the same 4B strain was detected. This is the first reported outbreak caused by a serotype 4, subtype 4B strain.
Colposcopy, punch biopsy, in situ DNA hybridization, and the polymerase chain reaction in searching for genital human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in women with normal PAP smears
Authors: Syrjänen Stina , Saastamoinen Jukka , Chang Fuju , Ji Hongxiu , Syrjänen Kari 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo assess the prevalence of HPV infection in the genital tracts of women with normal PAP smears, a random series of 109 women was reexamined using colposcopy, a further PAP smear, and punch biopsies taken from the cervix (in 33 cases) vagina (212 cases), and anus (20 cases). The biopsy material was examined using routine histological investigations, in situ hybridization (ISH) with a 35S‐labelled DNA probe cocktail (HPV 6,11,16,18), and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect HPV DNA. Changes consistent with HPV infection were seen in 6.9% (18/262) of the biopsy specimens. Seven biopsy specimens (2.7%) from seven different women were found to contain HPV DNA using ISH. All of these ISH‐positive lesions were diagnosed as morphologically characteristic HPV lesions: six flat condylomas and one papilary condyloma. Using PCR, the HPV DNA detection rate was highest in the cervical biopsy specimens (50%) and lowest (28.6%) in the anal biopsy specimens. A total of 35.5% of the 93 biopsy specimens studied using PCR contained HPV DNA. The commonest type was HPV 11 (54.5%), followed by HPV 18 (33.3%). Four of the nine biopsy specimens (44.4%) from colposcopically normal areas proved HPV DNA‐positive using PCR. Of 17 biopsy specimens in which the histology was normal, seven were examined using PCR and three were DNA‐positive. The discovery of HPV DNA using PCR in 32/92 of the biopsy specimens (34.8%) which had been found to be HPV DNA‐negative when routine ISH was used is noteworthy. The results suggest that the light microscopy criteria currently used in diagnosing HPV infections are of no value in predicting latent HPV infections and that acetowhite staining is unable to distinguish between subclinical and latent infections on the one hand and changes unrelated to HPV on the other.
Study of anti‐dengue NS1 antibody by Western blot
Authors: Kuno G. , Vorndam A. V. , Gubler D. J. , Gómez I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of anti‐nonstructural protein (NS1) antibody in natural dengue infections has been suspected to be associated with development of dengue haemorrhagic fever (DHF). The Western blot technique was used to study the dynamics of the immune response to NS1 and to determine the frequency of anti‐NS1 antibody among confirmed dengue patients in Indonesia, where DHF is common, and in Puerto Rico, where DHF is less frequently observed. Anti‐NS1 antibody was rarely found in those with primary infections in either group. The antibody occurred at a significantly higher frequency in acute‐phase serum samples from secondary infections in Indonesia than in those from Puerto Rico. No difference was observed, however, in Indonesian patients with secondary infection who had dengue fever or DHF.