bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid therapy for the traumatized patient
Authors: Driessen Bernd , Brainard Benjamin 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective:To review the rationale behind and experiences with traditional and newly evolving concepts of fluid therapy in the traumatized patient, and to review conventional and novel fluid preparations for use in trauma resuscitation.Data sources:Human and veterinary clinical and research studies.Human data synthesis:Current treatment guidelines recommend aggressive fluid resuscitation with lactated ringers solution (LRS) or saline as optimum management of hemorrhagic shock in trauma, regardless of whether bleeding is controlled or not. The rationale behind this strategy is to restore intravascular volume as rapidly as possible to ensure adequate vital organ perfusion. Recently, this strategy has been challenged, especially in patients with uncontrolled hemorrhage, as neither laboratory evidence nor clinical trials support this practice. Current research indicates that vigorous fluid infusion may exacerbate bleeding and cause severe hemodilution, both impairing resuscitation outcome. As a result, a new line of thinking is emerging that balances the risks and benefits of intravenous volume infusion by offering the clinician alternative treatment strategies and emphasizes continuous endpoint‐oriented monitoring. ‘Hypotensive’ or ‘hypovolemic’ resuscitation techniques as well as initial volume replacement with fluids other than LRS or saline (e.g., hypertonic saline [HTS], HTS with dextran 70 [HTS‐D]) have been introduced in human medical practice as additional options for treatment of victims of trauma under certain circumstances. Clinical studies evaluating the use of hemoglobin‐based oxygen carriers (HBOCs) in the trauma setting are underway and may soon lead to an expansion of the fluid arsenal available to the clinician for treatment of trauma patients.Veterinary data synthesis:Based on available animal data, neither strict guidelines nor a clear fluid preference for resuscitation of traumatic shock have been defined. Although systematic clinical trials are missing, combinations of crystalloid and colloid (natural or artificial) appear to be as effective for resuscitation as crystalloid alone. Judicious use of an HBOC (e.g., Oxyglobin®) as a substitute for blood/red blood cells may be recommended in situations where whole blood or pRBCs are not or not yet available.Conclusions:The search for optimal methods of fluid resuscitation in trauma is ongoing. At this point the best solution is a differentiated approach to fluid therapy, one that tailors type and volume of resuscitation solution(s) used to the type and severity of injury in an individual patient and uses monitoring of perfusion and oxygenation parameters to guide resuscitation. Crystalloid fluids are effective for resuscitation but may need to be combined with or replaced by colloidal fluids in certain clinical situations.
Comparative cardiovascular and pulmonary effects of sedatives and anesthetic agents and anesthetic drug selection for the trauma patient
Authors: Haskins Steve C. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractObjective:To integrate and compare the effects of tranquilizer/sedatives and anesthetic drugs on various parameters of cardiovascular function in normal dogs and in dogs stressed by hypovolemia, anemia, and endotoxemia, and to discuss the relative merits and appropriate precautions of anesthetic drugs with respect to specific patient physiologic complications.Data sources:Personal data and experiences in conjunction with veterinary and human clinical and research studies.Human and veterinary data synthesis:Drugs that produce calming, sedation, muscle relaxation, analgesia, and loss of consciousness have the potential to produce marked cardiorespiratory effects particularly in hemorrhaged, hypovolemic‐traumatized animals. Acute but key cardiovascular components that are affected by sedative and anesthetic drugs include heart rate and rhythm, venous return (preload), systemic vascular resistance (afterload), and myocardial contractile (inotropic) and relaxation (lusitropic) properties. In addition, all sedative and anesthetic drugs alter or depress normal baroreceptor reflex activity, thereby inhibiting or eliminating the animal's normal physiologic response to decreases in arterial blood pressure and predisposing to tissue hypoperfusion, decreased oxygen delivery, and oxygenation. Oxygen delivery needs to be adequate to meet the metabolic (oxygen) requirements of the patient. Decreases in oxygen delivery to tissues increases oxygen extraction, thereby maintaining tissue oxygenation (supply‐independent oxygen consumption phase) until compensatory processes reach their limit and any further decrease in oxygen delivery causes a decrease in oxygen consumption (supply‐dependent oxygen consumption phase). The critical oxygen delivery that defines the transition between these 2 phases is generally higher in the anesthetized state than in the awake state. The effect of anesthetics on critical oxygen delivery at comparable anesthetic dosages is pentobarbital=ketamine>alfentanil>etomidate=propofol>inhalational anesthetics. Anesthetics generally decrease oxygen consumption from the awake, baseline state; exceptions are ketamine and ether. Ketamine, however, increases oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction.Conclusions:The transition from the awake to the anesthetized state is a huge imposition on the physiology of animals and, therefore, should be accomplished with great care and proper vigilance. Rapid, ‘crash’ induction of anesthesia should be avoided in hypotension‐prone animals and slow, prolonged induction should be avoided in animals with respiratory disorders. It is not recommended to implement an unfamiliar protocol in critical patients, even if it might be pharmacologically preferable. Familiarity with an anesthetic drug is a very important reason for its selection.
Functions of histone H2A variants
Authors: LI Shaohua , LIU Honglin 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTOne way that cells alter their chromatin structure is by incorporating histone variants into their nucleosomes. Unlike canonical histones, which are deposited behind the replication fork during the S‐phase of cell division, the accumulation of histone variants is independent of DNA replication. However, among the histone variants, H2A variants play an important role in DNA replication, damage repair, recombination and gene expression. This paper provides a review of H2A histone variants and their functions, exchange in the chromatin and depositional modes by specific chaperones.
Comparison of genetic improvement for litter size at birth by direct and indirect selection in swine herd
Authors: SATOH Masahiro 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTResponses to selection for number of piglets born alive (NBA) by the total number of piglets born (TNB), the NBA, and the NBA plus number of piglets born dead (NBD) were compared using the accuracy of selection and expected genetic gain calculated from the selection index with family information and the real response to selection, using data generated by Monte Carlo computer simulation. The accuracy of selection for NBA selected by TNB was higher than that by NBA only if the genetic correlation between TNB and NBA was close to 1.0, or the value of heritability for the TNB was much larger than that for the NBA. The accuracy of selection for the NBA selected by the combination of the TNB and the NBA was generally highest in the three selection methods in each family structure. Selection by the TNB resulted in the greatest expected genetic gain for the TNB among the selection methods. In the best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) selection, the genetic gain for the NBA accumulated by the NBA tended to be similar to that accumulated by the combination of the NBA and the NBD, and both genetic gains at generation 10 were significantly larger than that by the TNB (P < 0.001). The accumulated responses selected by the two‐trait animal model BLUP estimated from genetic parameters with errors were similar to those estimated from the true parameters, and there was no significant difference between them. These results indicate that selection by the NBA or by the NBA and the NBD gives more genetic improvement in the NBA than that by the TNB.
Involvement of vascular endothelial growth factor in the formation of the thecal layer and vasculature during follicular development in the ovaries of neonatal female rats
Authors: IIJIMA Koji , TAWARA Yukiko , SHIMIZU Takashi , YOGO Keiichiro , SASADA Hiroshi , SATO Eimei 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTVascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an important angiogenic factor in the ovary, but the localization of VEGF in the ovary of neonatal animals is poorly understood. A clear understanding of the relationship between the formation of the thecal layer and the cell‐specific expression of the VEGF system during follicular development in the neonatal ovary is still lacking. Immature female Wistar‐Imamichi rats used in this study were killed by decapitation 5, 7, 9 and 11 days after birth, and their ovaries were removed and subjected to histological and immunohistochemical observation. The number of primordial follicles had decreased in the ovaries at day 11 compared with that at day 5. The number of secondary follicles significantly increased with age. In the morphological observation of secondary follicles, we found that the theca layer (70 µm in diameter of follicles) began to form at day 9 and was completely formed at day 11. An endothelial cell marker, CD31, VEGF and Flk‐1 were located in the stromal tissues in the ovaries on each day examined after birth. In particular, in the ovaries at day 9 and day 11, when the secondary follicles appeared, CD31, VEGF and Flk‐1 were expressed in the theca layer. Flt‐1 was expressed in the oocytes of the ovaries at day 5 and day 7, and the sites of its expression changed to stromal and thecal tissues at day 9 and day 11. In conclusion, we provide the first evidence that the theca layer of secondary follicles begin to form at day 9 after birth and that VEGF and Flk‐1 may be able to stimulate the differentiation of stromal‐interstitial cells into thecal cells and the formation of the thecal vasculature in the neonatal rat ovaries, suggesting that the VEGF system may be involved in the formation of the thecal layer and vasculature during folliculogenesis in the neonatal rat.
The effect of exogenous purine supply on the endogenous excretion of purine derivatives in the urine of growing lambs
Authors: FUJIHARA Tsutomu , SHEM Martin N. , MATSUI Tohru 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTAn experiment was made to determine the absorption of purine metabolites in dietary nucleic acids through the digestive tract, and also to determine the utilization of nucleic acids absorbed in the body, using growing lambs. Two pairs of 120‐ and 180‐day‐old twin female lambs with a bodyweight of 18.2–19.0 kg were kept in metabolism crates and fed on purine‐free milk replacement (MR) with supplements of exogenous purine (purine base or purine nucleoside) at a level of 0.2 mmol/BW0.75/d for 5 consecutive days, and thereafter they were maintained in the crates for 4 days. The daily amount of exogenous purine supply was calculated based on the urinary excreted purine derivatives (PD) in lambs fed on milk replacement alone. A urine sample was collected daily for 9 consecutive days, and the urinary excretion of PD was determined daily. Urinary PD excretion opened to increase within 24 h after the dose of purine bases, and the level was recovered on 3 days after ceasing the exogenous purine supply. The recovery of PD in the urine was about 70% of the purine supplement. When purine nucleosides were added to the feed, urinary PD excretion was initiated within 24 h after dosing, and the values were recovered after ending the purine nucleoside supply. The recovery rate of PD in the urine was only 30% of the supplemented purine. The plasma allantoin levels were almost similar after feeding purine bases and purine nucleosides, and the values were mostly in the range (40–60 µmol/L). These findings indicate that an exogenous purine can be directly incorporated into the body, and the purine as nucleoside is more effectively utilized for the synthesis of nucleic acids than as a purine base in the body of growing lambs.
The effects of potato pulp and feeding level of supplements on digestibility, in situ forage degradation and ruminal fermentation in beef steers
Authors: SUGIMOTO Masahito , SAITO Waka , OOI Motoki , SATO Yukinobu , SAITO Toshiro , MORI Kiyokazu 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTSix ruminally cannulated Wagyu (Japanese Black) steers (average initial bodyweight (BW) 387 ± 29 kg) were used in a split‐plot design experiment, comprising a 3 × 3 Latin square design (whole plot) and a randomized block design (subplot). The whole plot treatments were three different feeding levels of supplemental diet, fed at 0.2, 0.4 and 0.6% of BW, on a dry matter (DM) basis. Subplot treatments were two different supplemental diets: a potato pulp silage‐based diet (PPS) and a grain‐based diet (GRAIN). Chopped, medium‐quality cool‐season grass hay (predominately Timothy, Phleum pratense L) was fed daily at 0.7% BW (on a DM basis) as the basal diet. Each period consisted of 21 d, which included 11 d of adaptation to the diets and 10 d of the collection period. Chromium oxide was used as an indigestible marker. In situ forage degradation was measured using the nylon bag technique. The dry matter intake increased (linear; P < 0.01) as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Digestibility was not affected by any treatments. The GRAIN diet tended to decrease the rate of in situ forage degradation as the feeding level increased, but this trend was not found in the steers fed the PPS diet. Steers fed the GRAIN diet had a lower (P < 0.1) ruminal pH compared with steers fed the PPS diet. Ruminal pH was not significantly affected by feeding level; however, it was numerically higher for steers supplemented at 0.2% per BW than that for the steers supplemented above 0.4% per BW due probably to the higher starch intake. The total volatile fatty acids concentration numerically increased as the feeding level increased and was not affected by the diet. Increasing the feeding level decreased (linear, P < 0.01) the proportion of acetate. Neither diet nor the feeding level had any effects on the proportion of ruminal propionate. The results suggested that, for steers fed the PPS diet, there are not adverse effects on forage digestion in the rumen that occur as the feeding level is increased.
Changes in single‐unit activity in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus of goats during feeding
Authors: NAGAMINE Itsuki , SUNAGAWA Katsunori , SHINJO Akihisa 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study we used a single‐unit activity (SUA) recording electrode to investigate the existence of appetite‐regulating neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (VMH) in goats. Five male Japanese Saanen goats were used. The animals were fed at 10.00 hours with alfalfa hay cubes, and at 16.00 hours with concentrate feed and hay. The animals were allowed free access to drinking water. The present experiment consisted of two treatments, non‐infusion (NI) and an intra‐ruminal water infusion (RWI). The SUA recordings were carried out continuously over a 130 min period beginning 10 min prior to the commencement of morning feeding. In the RWI treatment, warm water was infused intra‐ruminally before the SUA recording. Eating rates in the NI treatment decreased sharply by the time 40 min had elapsed and then remained at low levels. In the RWI treatment, eating rates decreased by the time 50 min had elapsed and then remained at low levels. This study recorded 19 units, of which four units increased their firing rates when the animals became satiated (i.e. when eating rates declined to low levels) in both treatments. The four units were located in the VMH. The results suggest that cells located in the VMH of goats are active in the control of hay intake.
Treatment of cow‐waste slurry by a microbial fuel cell and the properties of the treated slurry as a liquid manure
Authors: YOKOYAMA Hiroshi , OHMORI Hideyuki , ISHIDA Mitsuyoshi , WAKI Miyoko , TANAKA Yasuo 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTResource recycling and the proper treatment of animal waste to reduce its environmental impact are currently important issues for the livestock industry. A microbial fuel cell (MFC), a new type of bioreactor, is expected to play roles in both waste‐water purification and energy recovery. However, the generation of electricity from cow waste has not yet been examined. In this study, using an MFC, we examined the possibility of generating electricity from dairy‐cow waste slurry, and analyzed the properties of the treated slurry as liquid manure for resource recycling. The MFC treatment of the slurry generated electricity in a dose‐dependent manner, and the maximum power output by the MFC from a 1 g of chemical oxygen demand/L slurry was 0.34 mW/m2. After the MFC treatment, 84% of the biological oxygen demand in the slurry was removed and three essential fertilizer elements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) were retained at 84, 70, and 91% levels, respectively. The amount of ammonia nitrogen in the slurry, as an element of fast‐release fertilizer, was increased by 1.9‐fold. Although the treated slurry displayed properties that made it preferable as liquid manure, further studies to improve the electrical power output by the MFC are required for practical use.
Biochemical and Structural Characterization of the Secreted Chorismate Mutase (Rv1885c) from
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H
37
R
v
: an *AroQ Enzyme Not Regulated by the Aromatic Amino Acids
Authors: Kim Sook-Kyung , Reddy Sathyavelu K. , Nelson Bryant C. , Vasquez Gregory B. , Davis Andrew , Howard Andrew J. , Patterson Sean , Gilliland Gary L. , Ladner Jane E. , Reddy Prasad T. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

The gene Rv1885c from the genome of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
H
37
R
v
encodes a monofunctional and secreted chorismate mutase (*MtCM) with a 33-amino-acid cleavable signal sequence; hence, it belongs to the *AroQ class of chorismate mutases. Consistent with the heterologously expressed *MtCM having periplasmic destination in
Escherichia coli
and the absence of a discrete periplasmic compartment in
M. tuberculosis
, we show here that *MtCM secretes into the culture filtrate of
M. tuberculosis
. *MtCM functions as a homodimer and exhibits a dimeric state of the protein at a concentration as low as 5 nM. *MtCM exhibits simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with a

K
m

of 0.5 ± 0.05 mM and a
k
cat
of 60 s
−1
per active site (at 37°C and pH 7.5). The crystal structure of *MtCM has been determined at 1.7 Å resolution (Protein Data Bank identifier 2F6L). The protein has an all alpha-helical structure, and the active site is formed within a single chain without any contribution from the second chain in the dimer. Analysis of the structure shows a novel fold topology for the protein with a topologically rearranged helix containing Arg
134
. We provide evidence by site-directed mutagenesis that the residues Arg
49
, Lys
60
, Arg
72
, Thr
105
, Glu
109
, and Arg
134
constitute the catalytic site; the numbering of the residues includes the signal sequence. Our investigation on the effect of phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan on *MtCM shows that *MtCM is not regulated by the aromatic amino acids. Consistent with this observation, the X-ray structure of *MtCM does not have an allosteric regulatory site.
A Homologue of the 3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl Carrier Protein) Synthase III Gene Located in the Glycosylation Island of
Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tabaci Regulates Virulence Factors via
N
-Acyl Homoserine Lactone and Fatty Acid Synthesis
Authors: Taguchi Fumiko , Ogawa Yujiro , Takeuchi Kasumi , Suzuki Tomoko , Toyoda Kazuhiro , Shiraishi Tomonori , Ichinose Yuki 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas syringae
pv. tabaci 6605 possesses a genetic region involved in flagellin glycosylation. This region is composed of three open reading frames:
orf1
,
orf2
, and
orf3
. Our previous study revealed that
orf1
and
orf2
encode glycosyltransferases; on the other hand,
orf3
has no role in posttranslational modification of flagellin. Although the function of Orf3 remained unclear, an
orf3
deletion mutant (Δ
orf3
mutant) had reduced virulence on tobacco plants. Orf3 shows significant homology to a 3-oxoacyl-(acyl carrier protein) synthase III in the fatty acid elongation cycle. The Δ
orf3
mutant had a significantly reduced ability to form acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs), which are quorum-sensing molecules, suggesting that Orf3 is required for AHL synthesis. In comparison with the wild-type strain, swarming motility, biosurfactant production, and tolerance to H
2
O
2
and antibiotics were enhanced in the Δ
orf3
mutant. A scanning electron micrograph of inoculated bacteria on the tobacco leaf surface revealed that there is little extracellular polymeric substance matrix surrounding the cells in the Δ
orf3
mutant. The phenotypes of the Δ
orf3
mutant and an AHL synthesis (Δ
psyI
) mutant were similar, although the mutant-specific characteristics were more extreme in the Δ
orf3
mutant. The swarming motility of the Δ
orf3
mutant was greater than that of the Δ
psyI
mutant. This was attributed to the synergistic effects of the overproduction of biosurfactants and/or alternative fatty acid metabolism in the Δ
orf3
mutant. Furthermore, the amounts of iron and biosurfactant seem to be involved in biofilm development under quorum-sensing regulation in
P. syringae
pv. tabaci 6605.
Comparative Genetics of the rdar Morphotype inSalmonella
Authors: White A. P. , Surette M. G. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTTheSalmonellardar morphotype is a distinct, rough and dry colony morphology formed by the extracellular interaction of thin aggregative fimbriae (Tafi or curli), cellulose, and other polysaccharides. Cells in rdar colonies are more resistant to desiccation and exogenous stresses, which is hypothesized to aid in the passage of pathogenicSalmonellaspp. between hosts. Here we analyzed the genetic and phenotypic conservation of the rdar morphotype throughout the entireSalmonellagenus. The rdar morphotype was conserved in 90% of 80 isolates representing all 7Salmonellagroups; however, the frequency was only 31% in a reference set of 16 strains (Salmonella referencecollection C [SARC]). Comparative gene expression analysis was used to separatecis- andtrans-acting effects on promoter activity for the 16 SARC strains, focusing on the 780-bp intergenic region containing divergent promoters for the master regulator of the rdar morphotype (agfD) and the Tafi structural genes (agfB). Surprisingly, promoter functionality was conserved in most isolates, and loss of the phenotype was due primarily to defects intrans-acting regulatory factors. We hypothesize thattransdifferences have been caused by domestication, whereascisdifferences, detected forSalmonella entericasubsp.arizonaeisolates, may reflect an evolutionary change in lifestyle. Our results demonstrate that the rdar morphotype is conserved throughout the salmonellae, but they also emphasize that regulation is an important source of variability among isolates.