bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas‐phase‐assisted surface polymerization of methyl methacrylate with Fe(0)/TsCl initiator system
Authors: Andou Yoshito , Yasutake Mikio , Jeong Jae‐Mun , Kaneko Masao , Nishida Haruo , Endo Takeshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo obtain a high polymer coated Fe(0) surface, gas‐phase‐assisted surface polymerization (GASP) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was investigated using a zero‐valent iron (Fe(0))/p‐toluene sulfonylchloride (TsCl) initiator system, resulting in successful high polymer production on the solid surface. GASP was found to be initiated by radical species that might have been generated via redox reactions with Fe(0), Fe(II), Fe(III), and TsCl. From 1H‐NMR analysis, the p‐toluene sulfonyl group was found at one end of the polymer chain. The molecular weight of obtained PMMA drastically decreased with increase in the composition ratio of Fe(0) in the initiator system, and increased with increase in polymer yield. From the results, it was assumed that the physically controlled polymerization of MMA proceeded by immobilized active species at gas–solid interfaces. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1879–1886, 2007
Binding properties of polyamidoamine dendrimers
Authors: Klajnert B. , Pastucha A. , Shcharbin D. , Bryszewska M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDendrimers are globular, hyperbranched polymers possessing a high concentration of surface functional groups and internal cavities. These unique features make them good host molecules for small ligands. To reveal relationships between dendrimer size and its encapsulating properties, the interactions of the fourth and the sixth generations of polyamidoamine dendrimers (PAMAM G4 and PAMAM G6) with a fluorescent dye 1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonate (ANS) were studied. Because ANS is a fluorescent molecule and its fluorescence is very sensitive to changes in its microenvironment, it was possible to use spectrofluorometric methods to evaluate the interactions with dendrimers. A double fluorometric titration method was used to estimate a binding constant and the number of binding centers. There were two types of dendrimer binding centers characterized by different affinity towards ANS. For PAMAM G4, the values of Kb and n for low‐affinity and high‐affinity sites equaled to 2.6 × 105, 0.60 and 3.70 × 106, 0.34, respectively, whereas in the case of PAMAM G6, these values equaled to 1.2 × 105, 76.34 and 1.38 × 106, 22.73. It was observed that the size of the dendrimer had a strong impact on the number of ANS molecules that interacted with dendrimers and their location within the macromolecule. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2036–2040, 2007
Curing behavior and thermal properties of multifunctional epoxy resin with methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Du Zhongjie , Zhang Chen , Li Congju , Li Hangquan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe curing behavior and thermal properties of bisphenol A type novolac epoxy resin (bisANER) with methylhexahydrophthalic anhydride (MHHPA) at an anhydride/epoxy group ratio of 0.85 was studied with Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and thermogravimetry. The results showed that the FTIR absorption intensity of anhydride and epoxide decreased during the curing reaction, and the absorption peak of ester appeared. The dynamic curing energies were determined as 48.5 and 54.1 kJ/mol with Kissinger and Flynn–Wall–Ozawa methods, respectively. DSC measurements showed that as higher is the curing temperature, higher is the glass transition. The thermal degradation of the cured bisANER/MHHPA network was identified as two steps: the breaking or detaching of OH, CH2, CH3, OCO and COC, etc., taking place between 300 and 450°C; and the carbonizing or oxidating of aromatic rings occurring above 450°C. The kinetics of the degradation reaction was studied with Coats–Redfern method showing a first‐order process. In addition, vinyl cyclohexene dioxide (VCD) was employed as a reactive diluent for bisANER (VCD/bisANER = 1 : 2 w/w) and cured with MHHPA, and the obtained network had a higher Tg and a slight lower degradation temperature than the undiluted system. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2041–2048, 2007
Stability and copolymerization of concentrated emulsion of styrene and butyl acrylate in the presence of polyurethane macromonomer
Authors: Zhang Hongtao , Duan Lingli , Chen Li , Huang He 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the stability and copolymerization of concentrated emulsion of styrene (St) and butyl acrylate (BA) in the presence of polyurethane macromonomer (DPUA), which contains CC at one end. First, the DPUA macromonomer was synthesized from the appropriate amount of 2,4‐diisocyanate (TDI), polypropylene glycol (PPG), 2‐hydroxyethyl methylacrylate (HEMA), dimethylolpropionic acid (DMPA), and triethylamine (TEA) by four steps. Then, the DPUA was dissolved in St‐BA monomer mixtures. The DPUA/St‐BA concentrated emulsion copolymerization using sodium dodecyl sulfate/cetyl alcohol (SDS/CA) as composite surfactant and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as liquid film reinforcer, and ammonium persulfate/sodium hydrogen sulfate (APS/SHS) as redox initiator system was carried out at 30°C. The effect of NCO/OH molar ratio, surfactants' concentration, mass ratio of DPUA/St‐BA, initiators' concentration, volume fraction of the monomer phase (Φ), and temperature on the stability or the copolymerization of the concentrated emulsion of DPUA/St‐BA were investigated. The average size and distribution of the latex particles obtained under different conditions were also analyzed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1992–1999, 2007
Chitosan phosphate induced better thermal characteristics to cotton fabric
Authors: Abou‐Okeil A. , El‐Shafie A. , Hebeish A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChitosan phosphate was prepared and applied at different concentrations with and without low formaldehyde N‐methylol finishing agent (resin) to cotton fabrics. Chitosan phosphate was characterized by FTIR, nitrogen content, and phosphorus content. The so‐treated fabrics were monitored for thermogravimetric analysis (maximum decomposition temperature and residue contents after decomposition), nitrogen content, phosphorus content, tensile strength, and elongation at break. Results indicate that extent of reaction of chitosan phosphate with the cotton fabric relies on concentration of the former; increasing the concentration of the resin has practically no effect on this reaction though the resin functions as a chemical bridge between the chitosan phosphate and the cotton fabric. On the other hand, the nitrogen of the resin and the phosphorus of chitosan undergo synergetic effect and enhance the thermal properties of the treated cotton. Strength properties display higher values in the presence than in the absence of chitosan phosphate when the latter was used along with the resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2021–2026, 2007
Preparation of polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate blend fibers through wet‐spinning
Authors: Barani H. , Bahrami S. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFibers containing both polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and cellulose acetate (CA) were prepared through wet‐spinning by using N,N‐dimethylformamide (DMF) as a solvent. Compatibility of PAN and cellulose acetate blend (PCB) fibers was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and infrared (IR) spectrophotometry. The absorptive capacity and mechanical properties of the fibers were measured. It was observed that the surface and the cross section of PAN fibers were quite smooth and free from voids and microcracks, whereas cracks and voids were present on the surface and cross section of blend fibers, which increased with the incorporation of CA in the blend. Moisture regains of blend fibers were quite high while their tensile properties showed a partial decrease. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2000–2005, 2007
Flow and thermal characteristics of cationic dyeable nylon 6/cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) polyblended polymers and filaments
Authors: Shu Yao‐Chi , Hsiao Kai‐Jen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCationic dyeable nylon 6 (CD‐N6) and cationic dyeable poly(ethylene terephthalate) (CD‐PET) polymers were extruded (in the proportions of 75/25, 50/50, 25/75) from one melt twin‐screw extruders to prepare three CD‐N6/CD‐PET polyblended polymers and then spin filaments. The molar ratio of 5‐sodium sulfonate dimethyl isophthalate (5‐SSDMI) for CD‐N6 and CD‐PET polymers were 2.01% and 2.04%, respectively. This study investigated the flow and thermal characteristics of CD‐N6/CD‐PET polyblended polymers and filaments using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), potentiometer, a rheometer, the density gradient, wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction (WAXD), and extension stress–strain measurement. Flow behavior of CD‐N6/CD‐PET polyblended polymers exhibited negative‐deviation blends (NDB), and the 50/50 blend of CD‐N6/CD‐PET showed a minimum value of the melt viscosity. Experimental results of the DSC indicated CD‐N6 and CD‐PET molecules formed an immiscible system. Particularly, a double endothermic peak was observed from CD‐N6, CD‐PET and their polyblended filaments. The tenacity of CD‐N6/CD‐PET polyblended filaments decreased initially and then increased as the CD‐PET content increased. Crystallinities and densities of CD‐N6/CD‐PET polyblended filaments were the linear relation with the blend ratio. The miscibility parameter μ values of CD‐N6/CD‐PET all samples were less than zero. It indicated the electrostatic repulsion was evident between CD‐N6 and CD‐PET molecules. From the experimental data, the CD‐N6 and CD‐PET polymers were identified to be immiscible. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2049–2056, 2007
Blends of high density polyethylene and ethylene/1‐octene copolymers: Structure and properties
Authors: Adhikari Rameshwar , Godehardt Reinhold , Lebek Werner , Michler Goerg H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe morphology formation in the blends comprising a high density polyethylene (HDPE) and selected ethylene/1‐octene copolymers (EOCs) was studied with variation of blend compositions using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The binary HDPE/EOC blends studied showed well phase‐separated structures (macrophase separation) in consistence with individual melting and crystallization behavior of the blend components. For the blends comprising low 1‐octene content copolymers, the lamellar stacks of one of the phases were found to exist side by side with that of the another phase giving rise to leaflet vein‐like appearance. The formation of large HDPE lamellae particularly longer than in the pure state has been explained by considering the different melting points of the blend components. The study of strain induced structural changes in an HDPE/EOC blend revealed that at large strains, the extensive stretching of the soft EOC phase is accompanied by buckling of HDPE lamellar stack along the strain axis and subsequent microfibrils formation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 1887–1893, 2007
Insect dispersal does not limit the biological recovery of streams from acidification
Authors: Masters Zoe , Peteresen Irene , Hildrew Alan G. , Ormerod S.J. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The ecological recovery of streams from large‐scale perturbations, such as acidification, requires aquatic insects to disperse between catchments. While adults can usually fly, dispersal is seldom observed directly. Catches of insects in transects of traps perpendicular from streams suggest that lateral adult dispersal is limited. This paper evaluates whether this could explain limited biological recovery in streams recovering chemically from acidification.
At the replicate Llyn Brianne experimental catchments (Wales), Malaise traps (2000) and benthic sampling (1985–2005) were used to appraise inter‐catchment dispersal in acid‐sensitive Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera. The results provide direct evidence for inter‐catchment dispersal: eight species from three Orders were caught as adults alongside acid streams where larvae never occurred in 21 years' benthic sampling.
These data refute the hypothesis that limited dispersal per se explains delayed biological recovery from acidification in Welsh streams. Other factors affecting colonization (e.g. ‘propagule pressure’, mating or oviposition behaviour) and persistence (e.g. continued acid episodes) must be involved, with the first of these possibilities still poorly understood. These data add to a growing body of literature illustrating insect dispersal between catchments, and they have wider relevance to the recovery and restoration of river ecosystems following basin‐scale impacts.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An assessment of the usability of an Internet‐based education system in a cross‐cultural environment: The case of the Interreg crossborder program in Central Europe
Authors: Blažič Borka Jerman , Law Effie Lai‐Chong , Arh Tanja 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this article, we assess the usability in an Internet‐based system for e‐learning in a cross‐cultural environment. The context of the evaluation and testing was a training program launched with the intention of introducing and promoting a new way of learning about and understanding the emerging technologies in regions with a low educational level and a high unemployment rate. The aim of the study was to assess the usability of the e‐learning system with different methods and approaches to get a good assessment of its learnability and applicability in various circumstances.
Comparing different fractions of a factorial design: a metal cutting case study
Authors: Mønness E. , Linsley M. J. , Garzon I. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFull factorial designs of a significant size are very rarely performed in industry due to the number of trials involved and unavailable time and resources. The data in this paper were obtained from a six‐factor full factorial (26) designed experiment that was conducted to determine the optimum operating conditions for a steel milling operation. Fractional‐factorial designs 2 (one‐eighth) and 2 (one‐fourth, using a fold‐over from the one‐eighth) are compared with the full 26 design. Four of the 2 are de‐aliased by adding four more runs. In addition, two 12‐run Plackett–Burman experiments and their combination into a fold‐over 24‐run experiment are considered.Many of the one‐eighth fractional‐factorial designs reveal some significant effects, but the size of the estimates varies much due to aliasing. Adding four more runs improves the estimation considerably. The one‐quarter fraction designs yield satisfactory results, compared to the full factorial, if the ‘correct’ parameterization is assumed. The Plackett–Burman experiments, estimating all main effects, always perform worse than the equivalent regular designs (which have fewer runs). When considering a reduced model many of the different designs are more or less identical. The paper provides empirical evidence for managers and engineers that the choice of an experimental design is very important and highlights how designs of a minimal size may not always result in productive findings. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relation between reduced serum melatonin levels and zinc in rats with induced hypothyroidism
Authors: Belviranli Muaz , Baltaci Abdulkerim Kasim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of the study was to explore the changes in melatonin and zinc levels in rats with induced hypothyroidism. Thirty adult male rats used in the study were allocated to three groups with equal numbers. Group 1: General control group which was not subjected to any procedure. Group 2: Sham‐hypothyroidism group to which was administered 10 mg kg−1 intraperitoneal (i.p.) physiologic saline (0.09% NaCl) for 4 weeks. Group 3: Hypothyroidism group which was supplemented with intraperitoneal 10 mg kg−1 propylthiouracil (PTU) for 4 weeks. Blood samples collected from all animals at the end of the study by decapitation were analysed for serum Total T4 (TT4), Total T3 (TT3), Free T4 (FT4), Free T3 (FT3) (ELISA) as well as for melatonin (RIA) hormones and zinc levels (atomic emission). Comparison of the study groups in terms of thyroid hormones, melatonin and zinc levels showed that TT4, TT3, FT4, FT3, melatonin and zinc levels in group 3 were lower than those in groups 1 and 2 ( p < 0.01). These parameters were not different in groups 1 and 2. The results of the study demonstrate that PTU supplementation for 4 weeks results in a significant inhibition in both melatonin and zinc levels. Inhibited melatonin levels may result from the decrease in zinc levels. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The direct chiral separations of fungicide enantiomers on amylopectin based chiral stationary phase by HPLC
Authors: Wang Peng , Liu Donghui , Jiang Shuren , Gu Xu , Zhou Zhiqiang 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAmylopectin‐tris(phenylcarbamate) was synthesized and coated to aminopropylsilica to prepare chiral stationary phase. The chiral separations of fungicide enantiomers were performed by the CSP using high‐performance liquid chromatography. Mobile phase was n‐hexane and isopropanol, and flow rate was 1.0 ml/min. Detection wavelength was 230 nm. The influence of the percentage of isopropanol in the mobile phase on the separations was studied. Twelve chiral fungicides were tested and seven of them were found to show stereoselectivity on the CSP. The enantiomers of metalaxyl and benalaxyl got near baseline separations and myclobutanil, hexconazole, tebuconazole, uniconazole, and paclobutrazol enantiomers were completely separated. The decreasing percentage of isopropanol in the mobile phase resulted in better separation and longer analysis time. The enantiomers were identified by a circular dichroism (CD) detector and the CD spectra of the individual enantiomers were also studied by online scanning. Chirality, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Helicobacter pylori‐negative gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma
Authors: Nakamura Shotaro , Matsumoto Takayuki , Ye Hongtao , Nakamura Shigeo , Suekane Hiroshi , Matsumoto Hiroshi , Yao Takashi , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Du Ming‐Qing , Iida Mitsuo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.The majority of gastric mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma develops in Helicobacter pylori‐associated chronic gastritis. Little is still known regarding the clinicopathologic features of gastric MALT lymphoma not associated with H. pylori infection.METHODS.One hundred thirty‐seven patients with gastric MALT lymphoma, in whom H. pylori status was evaluated using at least both serology and histology, were enrolled. Clinical, histopathologic, and molecular findings were compared between H. pylori‐negative group (n = 12; 9%) and H. pylori‐positive group (n = 125; 91%). t(11;18)(q21;q21) was investigated by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization.RESULTS.In cases without diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) component, H. pylori‐negative lymphomas located more frequently in the proximal stomach (70%), less frequently appeared as superficial type (40%), and frequently invaded the submucosa or beyond (70%). Histologically, lymphoepithelial lesions (57%), lymphoid follicles (43%), and background mucosal atrophy (50%) in the H. pylori‐negative group were less frequent than in the H. pylori‐positive group (91%, 93%, and 100%, respectively). The frequencies of t(11;18)(q21;q21) (100%) and BCL10 nuclear expression (100%) in the H. pylori‐negative group were significantly higher than in the H. pylori‐positive group (2% and 27%, respectively). Response to antibiotic treatment was observed not only in the H. pylori‐positive group (75%), but also in the H. pylori‐negative group (2 of 7 patients, 29%). In cases with a DLBCL component, such differences were not observed between the 2 groups.CONCLUSIONS.H. pylori‐negative gastric MALT lymphoma is characterized by frequent t(11;18)(q21;q21). Antibiotic treatment should be considered also for this disease, although cases with t(11;18)(q21;q21) may need additional strategies. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Evaluation of denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography as a rapid detection method for identification of epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in nonsmall‐cell lung cancer
Authors: Cohen Victor , Agulnik Jason S. , Jarry Jonathan , Batist Gerald , Small David , Kreisman Harvey , Adriana Tejada Neely , Miller Wilson H. , Chong George 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Somatic mutations of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) gene in nonsmall‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) may predict responsiveness to tyrosine kinase inhibitors. These mutations are commonly identified using DNA sequencing methods. Although considered the gold standard, this approach is time‐consuming. In addition, this approach requires large diagnostic specimens and a high ratio of tumor‐to‐normal‐tissue DNA for optimal results. The use of denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC) as a method to screen for the 2 predominant EGFR mutations is reported.METHODS.Clinical specimens from 104 NSCLC patients were analyzed for EGFR mutations in exons 19 and 21. After DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR), both direct sequencing and dHPLC were performed and the results were compared.RESULTS.Sequencing revealed a total of 7 mutations: 3 deletion mutations in exon 19 and 4 missense mutations in exon 21. dHPLC showed the presence of genomic alterations in 23 samples, including the 7 identified by sequencing plus 16 additional samples (10 in exon 19 and 1 in exon 21). dHPLC fractions were isolated, reamplified, and sequenced to confirm the results. In serial dilution studies, dHPLC was able to detect mutations in samples containing as little as 1.6% to 6.25% mutated DNA, whereas direct sequencing required at least 30%.CONCLUSIONS.dHPLC is an efficient and more sensitive method for screening for genomic alterations in exons 19 and 21 of the EGFR gene compared with direct sequence analysis. These data suggest that dHPLC should be implemented as a screening tool for detection of EGFR mutations. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
How corporate social responsibility is defined: an analysis of 37 definitions
Authors: Dahlsrud Alexander 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDespite numerous efforts to bring about a clear and unbiased definition of CSR, there is still some confusion as to how CSR should be defined. In this paper five dimensions of CSR are developed through a content analysis of existing CSR definitions. Frequency counts are used to analyse how often these dimensions are invoked. The analysis shows that the existing definitions are to a large degree congruent. Thus it is concluded that the confusion is not so much about how CSR is defined, as about how CSR is socially constructed in a specific context. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.