bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deconstructing the Lone Genius Myth: Toward a Contextual View of Creativity
Authors: Montuori Alfonso , Purser Ronald E. 
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the social dimensions of creativity through a discussion of the "myth of the lone genius" and an outline of existing research. The authors argue thatAmerican individualism and methodological reductionism have prevented laypersons and researchers from fully exploring the implications of the larger sociohistorical context, both in terms of the research on the creative person/process and the actual discourse of creativity itself. Examples are used to demonstrate the social nature of the creative process using a systems/ ecological perspective. The authors believe inquiry into the social dimensions of creativity provides an important entry point into a host of pressing methodological, philosophical, gender, and cultural issues which they hope will prompt much further interdisciplinary research. It doesn't matter how many times we tell the familiar story of Bach writing each week for the honest burghers of Leipzig, or Mozart's relations with the courtly musical patrons of his day; audiences still prefer to think of the musical creator as a man closeted with his idea, unsullied by the rough and tumble of the world around him. -Aaron Copland Music and Imagination
The Rewards of Allah
Authors: Smith Daniel L. 
Published: March 2007

`Let evil be rewarded with like evil. But he that forgives and seeks reconciliation shall be rewarded by Allah. He does not love those that do wrong...' Sura 42:40 `... come to terms with your opponent in good time while you are still on the way to the court...' Matthew 5:25 In the analysis of warfare and conflict, Peace Studies rarely directs attention to unique cultural symbolism and motifs that are critical elements of the popular support and perception of warfare. Conflicts are represented and perpetuated in the minds of participants according to the symbols and motifs of their culture and history. Meaningful traditions of strength and power, drawn from the cultural background of those involved, must be countered with positive symbols of reconciliation and coexistence that are not imposed by outside `mediators' or analysts, but drawn from the cultural identity of the people themselves. In this study, such symbols are located within the Jewish and Palestinian traditions. Detailed attention is given to the Palestinian ceremony of reconciliation known as the `Sulha', as an illustration of the kind of cultural analysis that Peace Studies must include within its areas of concern.
Socio-Economic Status and Delinquent Behavior: A Retest
Authors: Akers Ronald L. 
Published: March 2007

Some years ago F. Ivan Nye conducted a study in Washington in which he strongly questioned the traditional findings of a pre ponderance of delinquent behavior among the lower classes. Using self-reported behavior rather than official criteria, he found no sig nificant relationship between delinquent behavior and socio-economic status. The respondents in that study were the students of high schools in three small communities. The present paper reports a retest of the hypothesis of that study in an urban community. Using essentially the same procedure as the Nye study and employing Nye-Short delinquent behavior scale items and other items from that study, anonymous questionnaires were adminis tered to 992 junior high school students in a large Northeastern Ohio community. Delinquent behavior was self-reported, and socio- economic status was determined by employing the North-Hatt occupational prestige scale to rank the occupations of the respond ents' fathers. A number of significance tests revealed no significant differences in delinquent behavior by socio-economic status, and correlational analysis revealed no correlation between the two variables. The results confirmed those of the Nye study. Thus, those theories of delinquency positing a disproportionate amount of delinquent behavior in the lower socio-economic levels are again met with empirical contradiction, this time in a large city.
An Evaluation of a Treatment Control Project for Narcotics Offenders: Phases I & II
Authors: Burkhart Walter R. , Sathmary Arthur 
Published: March 2007

This study describes the results of the first three years of operation of California's ongoing Narcotic Treatment-Control Project, estab lished by legislation in 1959. The program provides for: (1) assignment of parolees with a history of narcotics use to 30-man caseloads supervised by specially trained agents; (2) weekly narcotic detection testing of the parolees; and (3) mandatory short-term reconfinement and treatment for those detected reverting to narcotics us. Findings show that administration of nalline testing was accom panied by a significant decrease in those using narcotics, and in jail and prison returns. There was some indication that the full program, including treatment, is making the program of control further effective. Treatment aspects are currently under further evaluation.
Processing Juvenile Delinquency in Two Cities
Authors: Figueira-McDonough Josefina 
Published: March 2007

A fundamental proposition in labeling theory is that stigmatization and alienation are conducive to the perpetuation of deviant behavior. From this perspective, the steady increase in juvenile delinquency in the past two decades has been linked to the expansion of functions exercised by the juvenile courts (increasing its potential for stigmatization) and the uncertainty of the courts' processing styles (leading to alienation). This study examines two related hypotheses subsumed by this theoretical explanation. First, because of a sup posed breakdown in alternative informal controls, urban court systems tend to expand their jurisdictions and to process large numbers of juveniles. Second, because they process so many cases. the courts tend to displace their goals. In order to explore these propositions, two juvenile court systems. one in Brazil and the other in the United States, were compared. Both function in metropolitan centers with similar ecological profiles. The cross-national scope of the design enhances the range of variation for the hypotheses at issue, and it provides a way to assess the extent to which they might be culture-bound. The data show that the United States court processed ten times more juve niles than the Brazilian court. This indicates that the direct association be tween metropolitan pressures and court expansion is not universal. The evidence supports the second hypothesis: The court processing a greater number of juveniles was found to have displaced the traditional mandates of juvenile justice.
How Big Is the Gap and How To Narrow It? an Investigation Into the Active and Passive Vocabulary Knowledge of L2 Learners
Authors: Fan May 
Published: March 2007

It is generally believed that L2 learners know more words of the target language than they can actually use them. The aim of this study is to find out more about this gap and the ways to narrow it. The subjects under study were several groups of sub-degree students and the instruments for data collection included an active and a passive vocabulary test as well as a questionnaire. There was no evidence to indicate a consistent ratio between active and passive vocabulary knowledge and the relationship between them has been found to be more complicated than it appears to be. On the other hand, learning strategies which help to enhance active vocabulary knowledge have been identified. These and other findings of the study will be of interest to researchers in similar areas as well EAP teachers who are concerned about improving the vocabulary knowledge of their students. The author is indebted to the Hong Kong Polytechnic University for funding the project and Professor Paul Nation for providing the long version of the Word Levels Test used in the study.
Interpersonal Strategies: Investigating Interlanguage Corpora
Authors: Flowerdew Lynne 
Published: March 2007

Findings from corpus-based research are increasingly being exploited for the creation of teaching materials. Although such studies provide valuable insights into language use, they are mostly based on 'expert' corpora and therefore cannot tell us about what is not known by students. In order for materials to address students' deficiencies fully, insights gleaned from interlanguage corpora could usefully be used to complement those from 'expert' corpora for course design. Several valuable studies on interpersonal strategies in scientific discourse have been undertaken and the area of pragmatic failure is also well documented in the literature on contrastive rhetoric. However, it would also be useful to examine these strategies from a learner corpus-based perspective. This paper outlines the findings from an error analysis of interpersonal strategies of a 200,000-word sub-section of the HKUST Learner Corpus. These findings not only provide useful insights into students' deficiencies in this area but have also been used to shape and refine classroom materials.
Learners' Needs, Attitudes and Motivation Towards the Self-Access Mode of Language Learning
Authors: Detaramani Champa , Shuk Im Chan Irene 
Published: March 2007

The self-access approach to language learning requires learners to be responsible, diligent, and motivated. However, very little research has been done in this field. Thus, the aims of this study are to ascertain the needs of the learners and to investigate their attitudes and motivation towards this mode of learning. A questionnaire was administered to collect the data from 585 learners and in-depth interviews were conducted with 5% of the sample. Statistical analyses suggest that the learners consider the major roles of self-access centres are to help them learn English independently and equip them for their studies and future careers. They prefer multi-media materials and facilities which focus on speaking, listening and English for the work place. The analysis and the qualitative data from the interviews show that learners have strong extrinsic motivation to improve their English, yet they seem to be reluctant to use the self-access mode of language learning. It is also found that learners who are keen on using the self-access centre have a stronger desire to improve their English, have higher intrinsic motivation and more positive attitudes towards learning English.
The image of the priest in the eyes of parishioners in three rural parishes
Authors: Piwowarski Wladyslaw 
Published: March 2007

L'auteur s'efforce de montrer quel est le rôle du curé à l'intérieur des trois paroisses rurales retenues pour son enquête. Il essaye dans ce but d'anal yser le contenu de la mentalité des paroissiens et s'interroge sur la manière dont ceux-ci voient et jugent l'autorité et l'action de leurs curés. L'enquête a été distribuée individuellement à 50 % des familles catho liques de ces paroisses. L'auteur a obtenu 173 réponses, ce qui représente 36,4% de l'ensemble des familles catholiques appartenant aux paroisses où s'est déroulé l'enquête. Ce questionnaire, qui comptait 23 questions, peut se répartir en trois grandes parties: — La première a pour but de sonder l'authenticité de la foi de l'échan tillon interrogé et son attitude vis-à-vis de ses prêtres. Elle le fait par le biais de questions de ce style: le prêtre est-il nécessaire dans les relations avec Dieu? (96,5 % de réponses affirmatives); dans sa vie privée, le prêtre est-il un homme comme les autres? (51,4 % de 'oui'); y a-t-il un lien entre les reproches adressés aux prêtres et ceux qu'on adresse à l'Eglise? (pour 98,3% les deux ne sont pas liés); à la question de savoir si les paroissiens souhaiteraient avoir un prêtre dans la famille, 34,5 % répondent affirmativement pour des motivations religieuses et 31,5% répondent dans le même sens, mais pour des motifs de prestige. — Dans la seconde partie de son questionnaire, l'auteur essaye de mesurer l'autorité et le prestige du prêtre (estime dans 90,2% des cas, mais pas nécessairement pour des motivations religieuses). Il analyse ensuite la position matérielle du prêtre et constate que, contrairement à la situation d'avant-guerre, le clergé disparaît en tant que couche sociale privilégiée; sa fonction socio-culturelle diminue, spécialement parmi les jeunes, tandis que sa fonction religieuse se spécifie. — Dans la troisième partie, il étudie l'action pastorale du prêtre et sa personnalité: à 90,7 %, la population est satisfaite des relations qu'elle entretient avec son clergé, mais critique de manière assez nette sa vie personnelle (± 30%). Sur base de l'analyse de ce matériel, l'auteur tente d'élaborer une typologie des paroissiens; il distingue 4 types parmi ceux-ci: 1°) les catholiques dont la foi s'exprime de manière populaire et traditionnelle, 2°) les catholiques dont le comportement révèle une religion partielle ment approfondie, 3°) ceux qui affichent une certaine indifférence religieuse, 4°) les catholiques pour qui cette indifférence religieuse est totale.
Inheritance Practices on a Catholic Island: Youngest-Son Inheritance (Ultimogeniture) on Kuroshima, Nagasaki Prefecture
Authors: Naito Kanji 
Published: March 2007

L'ile de Kuroshima compte 90 % de catholiques et les coutumes con cernant l'héritage sont en opposition avec celles du reste de la population japonaise, et cela malgré le code civil. La population ne dépasse pas 2.000 habitants : 7 hameaux sont catholiques et 1 bouddhiste. La re- cherche a porté sur 3 d'entre eux : 2 catholiques et 1 bouddhiste, à titre de comparaison. En fait, parmi les catholiques on note qu'une faible majorité seule ment prône l'héritage du fils cadet, tandis que chez les bouddhistes une forte majorité pratique l'héritage du fils aîné. Plusieurs explications ont été données à ce phénomène de l'ultimo géniture, fort lié à la charge de parents arrivés à un âge avancé. On a parlé de la pauvreté, du type d'agriculture, des migrations de travail. L'Auteur estime que dans le cas étudié, cela s'explique comme un mé canisme réduisant les tensions dans la famille. L'Auteur se demande si le fait que la population soit catholique cons titue une variable explicative. Une étude effectuée sur une autre ile semble indiquer que trois facteurs pourraient jouer : l'attitude vis-à-vis de la limitation des naissances, l'égalité religieuse de tous les enfants et l'importance d'avoir un fils, si possible l'aîné, prêtre. L'Auteur estime que cela n'est pas vérifié. Il ne nie pas une certaine influence religieuse, mais celle-ci n'est pas exclusive. Il faudrait plutôt trouver une explica tion dans le fait que le groupe catholique n'a jamais accepté complète ment le système familial japonais. Des compléments historiques sont donnés en conclusion.
Les effets de la mobilité spatiale sur les communautés chrétiennes du centre du Tokyo
Authors: Inouye Aiko 
Published: March 2007

The problem which was studied was that of the influence of population mobility on church attendence in the centre of Tōkyō. As a result of changing residence, the members of the Protestant churches are drawn from all over the city. The author has selected twelve of these churches and compiled demographical data, together with information obtained from the church registers, about their members. He has divided the members according to how far they are living from their church, and then compared the monthly attendence of different groups. The younger groups tended to be living near the church, the age group 24 to 40 were more dispersed but the older age group again tended to live close by, and in fact formed the majority group in the centre. This appeared to have an influence on the stability of the congregations, as is seen in the fact that in spite of forming only 14.3% of the members those living close by were the most active. Regular attendence not only fell according to distance, but the proportion of women also declined and in the most distant group, men formed the majority ; the overall monthly attendence as a percentage per area working outwards from the centre were as follows : 68.6, 60.4, 54.4, 37.1, 26.9, and 0.0.
La participation catholique dans le mouvement du renouveau charismatique
Authors: Thompson John R. 
Published: March 2007

This paper reports a pilot study of " Catholic Pentecostals," or as they are now more commonly known, " Catholic Charismatics." The study is based on participant observation and interviews among Catholics from 3 prayer groups in Southern California. The study was completed in June, 1972. It forms the basis of continuing research for a dissertation. Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal is considered as a renewal movement in relation to the Catholic Church. The analysis seeks to discover tendencies experienced by Catholic charismatics with respect to participation in the Catholic Church, and the ways in which these tendencies are compatible or incompatible with aspects of the Catholic Church. To analyze tendencies experienced by Catholic charismatics, a typology developed by Ernst Troeltsch is employed. Socio logists are familiar with the church-sect typology associated with Trocltsch. Few are familiar with a third type elaborated by Troeltsch: mysticism. It is this third type, mysticism. that this writer has found fruitful in analyzing aspects of Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal. The outlook of a " typical " Catholic charismatic is des cribed, with the intention and hope that : first, important aspects of a participant's experience are accurately and contextually represented: and, secondly, essential features of participants outlook are shown to correspond to the mystical type. Finally, a comparison is made of aspects of participants' outlook (mystical type) in relation to the Catholic Church (church-type : sacraments, hierarchy). The points of com parison are : 1) relationship between sacramental baptism and " baptism in the Spirit;" 2) Eucharist ; 3) basis of authority. Such a comparison will make more explicit aspects of the relationship between Catholic participation in the Charismatic Renewal and membership in the Catholic Church.
Orthodoxy and Economy : A Dialogue with Alfred Müller - Armack
Authors: Papaderos Alexander 
Published: March 2007

L'auteur entreprend un « dialogue » avec le professeur allemand Alfred Müller-Armack sur la base de l'étude de ce dernier Zur Religionssoziologie de europäischen Ostens. Alfred Müller est le premier a avoir essayé de soumettre l'Eglise Orthodoxe européenne au contrôle de l'expérience acquise par la sociologie de la religion au cours des recherches effectuées au sujet de congrégations occidentales. Le présent dialogue se limite au problème des relations entre Orthodoxie et économie, et spécialement dans le territoire hellenique durant la période byzantine et post-byzantine. La présente analyse confirme l'idée fondamentale d'A. Müller selon laquelle dans la vie byzantine, le dogme et en général les pouvoirs qui découlent « des grands systèmes métaphysiques » influencent d'une façon décisive les processus sociaux et avec eux, la formation de différents « styles éco nomiques ». Cependant, l'étude des problèmes particuliers montre que certaines idées de Müller sont très générales et ont comme point de départ l'image de l'Orthodoxie répandue en Occident. Cette image se révêle incomplète et même parfois erronée lorsqu'elle est confrontée avec les données objectives. L'Auteur montre le caractère incomplet de l'opinion générale ment admise (et en particulier par Müller) selon laquelle l'Orthodoxie, tournée avec insistance vers les valeurs méta physiques, se révélerait non seulement indifférente au dé roulement des affaires terrestres mais cultiverait parmi les fidèles une mentalité ne favorisant pas la production éco nomique. Malgré l'existence d'une telle tendance, il y a beaucoup de données confirmant une attitude beaucoup plus positive des orthodoxes envers les réalités terrestres.
Les pèlerinages dans l'Afrique traditionnelle
Authors: RIVIÈRE Claude 
Published: March 2007

Strating with experiences originating in the main religions of salvation, one could tend to believe that pilgrimage is a constant factor within the anthropology of religions. However, such a belief is based more upon a particular inventory of the more or less `modern” times of the history of Europe and Asia than on a typical if not exhaustive knowledge of all religious traditions. There is a double question: does pilgrimage exist in the so-called archaic or traditional religions?; and is there everywhere a move to a sacred place, with performance of specific rites? The author produces some elements of an answer to both questions, based upon his knowledge of traditional Africa. Although this knowledge is only fragmentary, and restricted to Guinea and Togo, it is nevertheless possible to define some stimulating guidelines on the topic of pilgrimage within the framework of a conception of the universe which differs both from the traditional Christian perspective and from the space representation developed from Euclidean geometry. In Africa, gods and goddesses are carried away by people to areas where myths and rites may vary considerably from one place or group to another. Religions have predominantly commemorating, initiating or healing functions. The question is whether such a concept gives birth to so-called “memory places” analogous to the pilgrimage places familiar to our societies, and if one of the main objectives of religion was to dominate wide geographical areas by pinpointing sanctuaries.
L'appartenance religieuse comme voie d'accès à la rationalité moderne: évolution des militants jacistes des années 1950-60
Authors: MORLET Joël 
Published: March 2007

This article, resuming the issue of the JAC (Agricultural Catholic Youth) in France and the link between religious convictions and economic changes, deals this time with the building-up and evolution of the personality system. It brings to light three periods, distinguishing three different styles of generations of JAC militants, and focuses mainly on the second generation, i.e. that of 1945-61. For this period, the specific kind of generation is basically due to the fact that the JAC is the scene of a new transaction evolving between the rural society experiencing the rapid modernization of agriculture and the Church which would soon face the Vatican II Council. Thus, this article endeavours to describe how the religious mediation — both cultural and social — operated. Compared with the “non-jacists” and with the following period of the JAC, this generation appears to be most original, and this article is concerned with the evolution of the “jacists” of that period. Did the religious mediation keep on operating, and how? Study of certain social “trajectories” reveals a divergent evolution encompassing: the reproduction mode of the “jacist” habitus, through their involvement in the CMR (Christians in the Rural World); the conversion and revival of religious reading through their contesting the prevailing economic and social development; and other religious involvements in addition to the imposition of secular logics.