bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A spray‐dried α‐olefin sulfonate from concept to marketplace
Authors: Cullotta C. P. , Shultz A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper examines the spray drying process, particularly the spray drying of α‐olefin sulfonates. Topics covered center on the spray drying process for α‐olefin sulfonates, important parameters and considerations in that spray drying process, and an examination of the product from the spray tower. Product development from laboratory to pilot plant is described with attendant translation to full‐scale facilities. At least 4 different cocurrent spray‐drier units are illustrated and key parameters are discussed.
Critical micelle concentration of lauric acid‐diethanolamine condensate by polarographic and spectrophotometric methods: A comparative study
Authors: Malik Wahid U. , Chand Puran 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe critical micelle concentration (cmc) values of surfactants obtained by different physical methods do not show any concordance especially in cases when determinations are made in presence of electrolytes. With lauric acid‐diethanolamine condensate, the behavior is altogether different.A comparison of the spectrophotometric and polarographic determinations, with and without the presence of extraneous electrolytes reveals that the cmc values in both cases are almost similar. The results indicate that the cmc values of nonionic surfactants are not affected by acids, bases and salts when added in low concentrations.
Vernolic acid esters as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Riser George R. , Riemenschneider R. W. , Witnauer Lee P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe methyl, propyl, butyl, isobutyl, hexyl, cyclohexyl, octyl, and 2‐ethylhexyl esters of vernolic (epoxyoleic) acid, a naturally‐occurring epoxy acid, were prepared and evaluated as plasticizers of polyvinyl chloride. All the esters showed good compatibility. The data indicated that they are excellent low temperature plasticizers having Tf temperatures below 蜢50C. They also have the added advantage of greatly increasing the heat stability of the polyvinyl chloride and improving the light stability. The results are compared with DOP and other epoxy‐containing plasticizers now being used commercially. These esters should not only be useful as primary plasticizers but also in combination with other plasticizers as plasticizer‐stabilizers.
Lipid changes in maturing oil‐bearing plants
Authors: McKillican Mary E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSeeds ofCrambe abyssinica C.D. 6619 and theBrassica napus varieties Golden and Zero‐erucic were collected at different stages of maturity and the free lipid extracted with hexane. The lipid thus obtained was separated into lipid classes by silicic acid column chromatography. The lipid classes were further examined by thin‐layer chromatography and the component fatty acids and sterols by gas‐liquid chromatography.The relative amounts of the lipid classes in crambe and both rape varieties varied as the seed matured and a period of great change occurred about 10 days after fertilization. The greatest change was in triglycerides and phospholipids plus glycolipids. Free fatty acids, present in immature seeds, has almost disappeared at maturity. The lipid classes of crambe and both types of rape were in similar proportion at maturity. Differences in phospholipid and glycolipid composition were found between crambe and rape and between immature and mature rape. The fatty acid composition differred between lipid classes and changed with maturity. Changes in 18‐carbon acids of Zero‐erucic rape were concurrent with the development of erucic and eicosenoic acids in Golden rape.
Utility of branched chain carboxylic acids in the manufacture of driers
Authors: Fischer Alfred 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTo be useful in the manufacture of driers, a carboxylic acid must yield lead, cobalt, manganese, calcium and zinc soaps which are soluble in paint vehicles and petroleum hydrocarbon thinners. The drying metal soaps of a number of saturated branched chain carboxylic acids were prepared to determine the relationship of acid structure to metal soap solubility. It was found that with the exception of 4‐ethyl‐5,5‐dimethyl‐hexanoic acid those branched chain acids containing at least six carbon atoms in the longest straight chain yielded soluble drying metal soaps and were therefore useful in drier manufacture. soluble 舠basic舡 lead soaps, pale‐colored manganese soaps and reddish purple cobalt soaps were obtained from acids lacking in alpha branching. Alpha‐branched acids yielded insoluble basic lead soaps, dark manganese soaps and dark blueviolet cobalt soaps.
Industrial hydrogenation of cottonseed oil: A compositional study
Authors: Sreenivasan B. , Holla K. S. , Ichaporia M. B. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIntermediate samples during a typical plant hydrogenation of cottonseed oil for vanaspati (shortening) manufacture have been examined for their fatty acid composition by gas‐liquid chromatography andtrans isomers content by infrared spectrophotometry. In the initial stages, hydrogenation of linoleate proceeds almost exclusively in preference to that of oleate. During this period,trans isomers are also formed at a rapid rate. It has been proposed that this high selectivity and hightrans isomer formation are linked to the formation of conjugated diene from linoleate as a first step in the hydrogenation. It has been found that a linear relationship exists between the linoleate content and thetrans isomers content or thek10.38 ॖ values of the glycerides. The practical utility of this plot is that it can be employed as a guide to arrest the process at any desired linoleate level.
trans Fatty Acid Content of Canadian Margarines Prior to Mandatory trans Fat Labelling
Authors: Ratnayake W. M. N. , Gagnon C. , Dumais L. , Lillycrop W. , Wong L. , Meleta M. , Calway P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDietary trans fatty acids (TFA) are of major concern because of their adverse effects on blood lipid levels and coronary heart disease. In Canada, margarines were significant sources of TFA during the 1980s and 1990s. However, this is expected to change with increased public awareness over their adverse health effects and the introduction of new legislature to include TFA content on the Nutritional Facts table of food labels. In this study, the TFA content of the top‐selling 29 Canadian margarines, which represented 96.3% of the market share, was determined by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography in order to assess the influence of regulatory development during the 3‐year transition period between the announcement of new food labelling regulations in Canada that require mandatory declaration of the trans fat content in most pre‐packaged foods in January 2003 and its enforcement on 12 December 2005. The 29 margarines included 15 tub margarines made from non‐hydrogenated vegetable oils (NHVO‐tub margarines), 11 tub margarines made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO‐tub margarines) and three print margarines, which were also made from partially hydrogenated vegetable oils (PHVO‐print margarines). The 15 NHVO tub‐margarines accounted for 71% of the total margarine market share and generally contained less than 2% TFA (mean value 0.9 ± 0.3% of total fatty acids). The mean total TFA contents of PHVO‐tub margarines and PHVO‐print margarines, were 20.0 ± 4.5% and 39.6 ± 3.5%, and their market shares were 19.3 and 6.0%, respectively. Although during the last 10 years, increasing number of soft tub margarines that contained very little trans fats have been made available in Canada, the PHVO‐tub‐ and ‐print margarines still contain high levels of trans fats similar to those margarines that were sold in the 1990s. The market share data suggest that the margarines prepared using NHVO and containing almost no TFA were preferred by Canadians over those margarines prepared using PHVO, even before the mandatory declaration of TFA content came into effect on 12 December 2005.
Die Genetik der bipolaren Störung
Authors: Cichon S. , Rietschel M. 
Published: August 2007

ZusammenfassungMit einer Lebenszeitprävalenz von 0,5–1,5% ist die bipolare (manisch-depressive) Störung eine in der Bevölkerung häufige psychiatrische Krankheit. Familien-, Zwillings- und Adoptionsuntersuchungen belegen, dass genetische Faktoren an der Krankheitsentstehung beteiligt sind. Genomweite Kopplungsuntersuchungen haben chromosomale Regionen nachgewiesen, in denen sich mit großer Wahrscheinlichkeit Krankheitsdispositionsgene befinden. Meta-Analysen deuten aber darauf hin, dass die Effekte der einzelnen Loci relativ begrenzt sind, was möglicherweise die Schwierigkeiten bei dem nachfolgenden Schritt der Genidentifizierung erklärt. In jüngster Zeit versprechen genomweite Assoziationsuntersuchungen unter Verwendung hunderttausender „single nucleotide polymorphisms“ (SNPs) in großen, phänotypisch gut charakterisierten Kohorten von Patienten und Kontrollen entscheidende Durchbrüche bei der Suche nach den beteiligten Genen.
The Arterial Switch Procedure for Transposition of the Great Arteries
Authors: DeBord Starla , Cherry Cecile , Hickey Carol 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTRANSPOSITION OF THE GREAT ARTERIES is the most common congenital heart defect among the birth defects that present with cyanosis during the early neonatal period.INFANTS WITH THIS CARDIAC BIRTH DEFECT, in which the aorta originates from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery originates from the left ventricle, usually do not survive without surgical intervention in the first few days of life.THE ARTERIAL SWITCH PROCEDURE, performed via a median sternotomy incision during cardiopulmonary bypass, restores the aorta and pulmonary artery to their normal anatomic positions. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 211‐226. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
Practice and Education: Partnering to Address the Perioperative Nursing Shortage
Authors: Trice Lucy B. , Brandvold Catherine , Bruno Elizabeth 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWITH THE GROWING SHORTAGE of nurses in the workforce, perioperative leaders are facing a significant challenge in recruiting new nurses who are committed to perioperative nursing.ONE MEDICAL CENTER in northern Florida developed a successful summer externship program to introduce nursing students to the perioperative environment. The program incorporates both didactic and clinical experiences.STUDENTS WHO COMPLETE the program are better prepared and motivated to choose a career in perioperative nursing. The retention rate for nurses from the externship program who were hired into the OR in which the program was conducted was 89% after two years. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 259‐264. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
Reviews
Authors: Scherffius Jo Ann , Harvey Mary Kay , Collins Lethia , Radford Mary 
Published: August 2007

Coaching for Emotional Intelligence: The Secret to Developing the Star Potential in Your Employees, Bob Wall, 2006, 256 pages, $24.95 hardcoverSave the First Dance for You—The Complete Nurse's Guide to Serving Your Profession, Your Patients, and Yourself, Doris Young, 2007, 215 pages, $29.95 hardcoverThe New Medicine$: How Drugs Are Created, Approved, Marketed, and Sold, Bernice Schacter, 2006, 280 pages, $44.95 hardcoverThe Best Medicine: Book of Cartoons, AORN, 2006, 86 pages, $15.95 members/$20.95 nonmembers softcover
Outsourcing of front‐end business processes: Quality, information, and customer contact
Authors: Balakrishnan Karthik , Mohan Usha , Seshadri Sridhar 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe examine the recent supply chain phenomenon of outsourcing front‐end business processes in this paper. Few, if any, of the existing theories provide satisfactory explanation for the rapid growth in this area. We use a model proposed by Sridhar and Balachandran [Sridhar, S.S., Balachandran, B.V. 1997. Incomplete information, task assignment, and managerial control systems. Manage. Sci. 43(6), 764–778] to determine the factors that might contribute to this phenomenon. Our analysis reveals that the ability of the vendor to forecast the task environment without bias and to gain sophistication in interpreting contract terms might make the firm indifferent between outsourcing and retaining front‐end processes in‐house. We validate our findings against the work of Apte and Mason [Apte, U.M., Mason, R.O., 1995. Global disaggregation of information‐intensive services. Manage. Sci. 41(7), 1250–1262], who develop a theoretical framework to identify criteria for companies to select services to be outsourced. They base their decisions predominantly on the nature of “customer contact.” The combined theories are shown to provide a rich framework for identifying customer‐facing tasks that can be outsourced.
Large-Reynolds-number asymptotic analysis of viscous centre modes in vortices
Authors: LE DIZÈS STÉPHANE , FABRE DAVID 
Published: August 2007

This paper presents a large-Reynolds-number asymptotic analysis of viscous centre modes on an arbitrary axisymmetrical vortex with an axial jet. For any azimuthal wavenumber m and axial wavenumber k, the frequency of these modes is given at leading order by ω0 = mΩ0 + kW0 where Ω0 and W0 are the angular and axial velocities of the vortex at its centre. These modes possess a multi-layer structure localized in an O(Re−1/6) neighbourhood of the vortex. By a multiple-scale matching analysis, we demonstrate the existence of three different families of viscous centre modes whose frequency expands as ω(n) ∼ ω0 + Re−1/3ω1 + Re−1/2ω(n)2. One of these families is shown to have unstable eigenmodes when H0 = 2Ω0k(2kΩ0 − mW2) < 0 where W2 is the second radial derivative of the axial flow in the centre. The growth rate of these modes is given at leading order by σ ∼ (3/2)(H0/4)1/3Re−1/3. Our results prove that any vortex with a jet (or jet with swirl) such that Ω0W2 ≠ 0 is unstable if the Reynolds number is sufficiently large. The spatial structure of the viscous centre modes is obtained and simple approximations which capture the main feature of the eigenmodes are also provided.The theoretical predictions are compared with numerical results for the q-vortex model (or Batchelor vortex) for Re ≥ 105. For all modes, a good agreement is demonstrated for both the frequency and the spatial structure.
ISOENZYME STUDIES OF GIARDIA LAMBLIA ISOLATED FROM SYMPTOMATIC CASES
Authors: Baveja Usha K , Jyoti AS , Kaur Manjit , Agarwal DS , Anand BS , Nanda R 
Published: August 2007

SummaryStrains of Giardia lamblia were isolated from symptomatic cases of giardiasis and axenized in the laboratory. Electrophoretic mobility patterns of four enzymes, viz., EC 5.3.1.9 glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI); EC 1.1.1,4.0.L‐malate; NADP+ Oxidoreductase (Oxaloacetate decarboxylating) (ME); EC 2.7.5.1 phosphoglucomutase (PGM); and EC 2.7.1.1 hexokinase (HK) of the lysates prepared from these isolates were studied using starch—gel. Based on differences in mobility patterns of PGM and HK, the four strains studied could be grouped into three different isoenzyme types (Zymodemes). ME mobility was identical in all the four strains. Some relative difference was seen in the mobility of GPI, though the pattern of mobility was similar in all the strains.
IMMUNOLOGICAL CONSEQUENCES OF INTESTINAL HELMINTH INFECTIONS. CELLULAR AND ANAMNESTIC RESPONSES TO OVALBUMIN
Authors: Price Patricia , Turner KJ 
Published: August 2007

SummaryDepressed IgG responses to ovalbumin administered with the inflammatory adjuvant, Al(OH)3, have previously been demonstrated in mice immunized 5 to 13 days after infection with Nematospiroides dubius, when the parasite is encysted in the intestinal mucosa or becoming established in the lumen. This report extends these findings to show that primary IgE and delayed‐type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses, the generation of antigen‐primed cells detectable in syngeneic irradiated recipients or in vitro and the recall of immunological memory are correspondingly impaired. Co‐transfer experiments using irradiated recipients demonstrated weak suppressor activity in spleen cells from infected mice which was not attributable to T cells. The results suggest that N. dubius administered before immunization can impair the development of many classes of antigen‐primed lymphocytes. The implications of this finding with respect to parasite survival are discussed.
IMPORT OF CARBAMYLPHOSPHATE SYNTHETASE AND ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMYLASE INTO MITOCHONDRIA OF RAT LIVER: DETECTION OF AGGREGATES OF ENZYME IN CYTOPLASM AND MITOCHONDRIA USING IMMUNOELECTRON MICROSCOPY WITH THE PROTEIN A‐GOLD METHOD
Authors: Brands Ruud , Hoogenraad Nicholas 
Published: August 2007

SummaryWe investigated the distribution of the nuclear encoded mitochondrial enzymes, carbamylphosphate synthetase (CPS; EC 6.3.4.16) and ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC; EC 2.1.3.3) in liver by immunocytochemistry on ultrathin sections using the protein A‐gold technique. Both enzymes were found to be present as aggregates in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes, in association with ER membranes adjacent to mitochondria. Clusters of the enzymes were also found inside the mitochondria. The aggregation of these enzymes was found only with antibodies to CPS and OTC and not with antibodies against albumin or with IgG from unimmunized serum, nor were aggregates found in cells other than hepatocytes. The results are suggestive of localized uptake of clusters of enzyme or co‐translational uptake of enzyme at discrete localizations and that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) associations may be necessary for uptake of the precursor forms of CPS and OTC. The possible involvement is discussed of micropinosomes which are seen associated with inner membrane, intermembrane space and outer membrane in mitochrondria obtained from a perinuclear pellet where ER and mitochondria are frequently found in close association.
PROTEIN COMPOSITION OF THE LUMINAL FLUID AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN VITRO BY THE OVIDUCTS AND UTERI OF OVARIECTOMIZED, PRO‐OESTRUS AND 5‐DAY PREGNANT RATS
Authors: Wang RX , Brooks DE 
Published: August 2007

SummarySerum, oviducal and uterine luminal fluid proteins from rats at three different physiological stages of reproduction were analysed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Protein synthesis and secretion were also studied by short–term incubation of tissue pieces in vitro with radioactive leucine. In ovariectomized animals and 5‐day pregnant animals, uterine weight and the protein content of the luminal fluid was significantly lower than in pro‐oestrus animals. These differences were much less marked in the oviduct. The protein patterns of oviducal fluid and uterine fluid were significantly different from those o f blood serum. However, certain proteins, such as those of 51, 56, 68 and 80K are clearly derived from blood serum. The protein profile of oviducal fluid and extracts of oviducal tissue showed no obvious differences at the three physiological stages. However, some differences at the three physiological stages were evident in proteins of uterine fluid and in extracts of uterine tissue.Oviducal and uterine tissue fragments incubated in vitro with radioactive leucine synthesized soluble proteins and released significant amounts of newly synthesized proteins into the incubation medium. However, specific proteins whose synthesis and secretion were selectively altered under the different physiological states appeared to be minor constituents of the total secretory profile. The extensive range of newly synthesized and secreted radioactive proteins revealed by gel fluorography suggests that most proteins present in luminal fluids are directly synthesized by oviducal and uterine tissue in vivo.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY AND COMPUTER SIMULATION OF THE TURNOVER OF CHOLINE IN ERYTHROCYTES OF PATIENTS TREATED WITH LITHIUM CARBONATE
Authors: Beilharz GR , Middlehurst CR , Kuchel PW , Hunt GE , Johnson GFS 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe mechanism by which choline accumulates in erythrocytes during treatment with lithium salts has been elucidated. A component of the study was a kinetic description of erythrocyte phospholipase‐D, which catalyses the release of intracellular choline from phospholipids. Apparent steady‐state kinetic parameters for calcium ions were determined: Km (± SD) = 0·6 ± 0·3 mmol/l aqueous cell volume and Vmax (± SD) = 12 + 4 μmol/l packed red blood cells (RBC) min−1. Competitive inhibition of the phospholipase‐D by barium ions was also observed. Other information concerning choline and lithium levels and red cell life‐time was obtained from the literature. Details of the kinetics were used to develop a comprehensive dynamic model of choline metabolism by erythrocytes. The scheme is as follows; phosphatidylcholine associated with high density lipoproteins exchanges with the erythrocyte membrane phospholipids, the neutral phospholipids undergo two dimensional translational and rotational motion and also flip between each layer of the bilayer thus becoming exposed to an intracellularly‐located phospholipase‐D, whereupon the choline is hydrolysed and released into the intracellular milieu. A choline transport protein, which is able to be inhibited by lithium, mediates the influx and efflux of choline. The differential equations that describe reactant flux in this scheme were integrated numerically and the choline accumulation profiles under various conditions of transport and enzyme inhibition are presented. Computer solution of the model, by using as input values plasma lithium levels in the upper limit of the therapeutic range, required that the red cell life‐time be reduced in order to explain the previously observed negative association between choline and increasing lithium levels.The results of the computer simulations under varying initial conditions of plasma and erythrocyte lithium and choline concentrations permit, for the first time, a comprehensive description of those factors affecting erythrocyte choline levels.