bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supplementation of pre‐oxygenation in morbidly obese patients using nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation
Authors: Baraka A. S. , Taha S. K. , Siddik‐Sayyid S. M. , Kanazi G. E. , El‐Khatib M. F. , Dagher C. M. , Chehade J.‐M. A. , Abdallah F. W. , Hajj R. E. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryDuring apnoea following induction of anaesthesia, morbidly obese patients may suffer a rapid decrease in oxygen saturation. This study compares pre‐oxygenation alone with pre‐oxygenation followed by nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation on the onset of desaturation occurring during the subsequent apnoea. A randomised controlled trial was performed in 34 morbidly obese patients undergoing gastric bypass or gastric band surgery. Seventeen patients received nasopharyngeal oxygen supplementation following pre‐oxygenation (Study group, body mass index = 41.8 (6.9) kg.m−2), and the other 17 patients received pre‐oxygenation alone (Control group, body mass index = 42.7 (5.4) kg.m−2). Time from the onset of apnoea until Spo2 fell to 95% was compared between the two groups with a cut‐off of 4 min. In the control group, the Spo2 fell from 100% to 95% during the subsequent apnoea in 145 (27) s, with a significantly negative correlation (r2 = 0.66, p < 0.05) between the time to desaturation to 95% and the body mass index. In the study group, the Spo2 was maintained in 16 of 17 patients at 100% for 4 min when apnoea was terminated. In conclusion, nasopharyngeal oxygen insufflation following pre‐oxygenation in morbidly obese patients delays the onset of oxyhaemoglobin desaturation during the subsequent apnoea.
Internode length in Pisum. Further studies on the ‘micro’ gene, lm
Authors: Reid James B. , Ross John J. 
Published: July 2007

Reid, J. B. and Ross, J. J. 1988. Internode length in Pisum. Further studies on the ‘micro’ gene, lm. ‐ Physiol. Plant. 72: 547–554.In the garden pea, Pisum sativum L., gene lm confers the micro phenotype. The shoots of lm plants may be described as scaled‐down versions of comparable Lm plants, with reduced internode length, leaflet size and rate of leaf expansion. However, the first phenotypic effect of gene lm is on root morphology. The gene results in curling and reduced elongation of the roots and, eventually, degeneration of the root cortex. These changes commence prior to any major visible effects in the shoot. The primary action of the lm gene does not appear to be confined to the root system, however, since epicotyl grafts between Lm and lm plants showed no graft‐transmissible effects. The effects of gene lm are also apparent in dark‐grown plants. Microdwarf plants (lm le) respond well to gibberellin A1 (GA1), but do not elongate to the same extent as dwarf (Lm le) plants. The two genotypes contain the same complement of GA‐like substances. It is argued that gene lm is unlikely to be directly involved with GA‐metabolism or the reception of the GA signal, but rather reduces the GA response by influencing some aspect of normal cell development, which results in the wide range of pleiotropic effects observed. Consequently, it may be misleading to continue to classify this gene simply as an internode length mutant.
Role of abscisic acid in a Ca2+ second messenger system
Authors: Owen John H. 
Published: July 2007

Owen, J. H. 1988. Role of abscisic acid in a Ca2+ second messenger system. ‐ Physiol. Plant. 72:637–641.Recent investigations have shown that Ca2+ acts as a second messenger in plant cell coupling of response to stimulus. Data now suggests that abscisic acid (ABA) plays a role as Ca2+‘agonist’ in this Ca2+ messenger system, although the molecular basis of such an interaction has not yet been fully investigated. ABA appears to possess a universal Ca2+‘agonist’ role because it elicits responses in systems as diverse as mammalian contractile tissue and cyanobacteria. ABA may therefore be of a wider biological significance than previously recognised.
Toxic oxygen species and protective systems of the chloroplast
Authors: Salin Marvin L. 
Published: July 2007

Salin, M. L. 1988. Toxic oxygen species and protective systems of the chloroplast. ‐Physiol. Plant. 72: 681–689.As a consequence of living in an environment enriched in oxygen, which they themselves at least partially generate, photosynthetic organisms are exposed to large fluxes of oxyradicals and reactive oxygen species. Among these are superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radical and singlet oxygen. These highly reactive intermediates pose the threat of toxicity unless neutralized by scavenger substrates or enzymes. The production of oxyradicals and intermediates by chloroplasts as well as the means of protection are discussed in this review.
Electrophysiological evidence for the herbicidal mode of action of phosphonic acid esters
Authors: Linsel Gunter , Dahse Ingo , Müller Eberhard 
Published: July 2007

The electrical membrane potential of leaf cells of the higher aquatic plant Egeria densa Planchon, measured with microelectrodes, was immediately depolarized after treatment with 0.29 mM of the dialkyl phosphonic ester, O, O‐di‐n‐butyl‐(1‐n‐butylamino‐cyclohexyl)‐phosphonate (PABT). This depolarization was followed by a strong electrolyte efflux after ca 90 min. Active photosynthesis or respiration as well as an intact plasma membrane was essential for this effect. An increased concentration of thiobarbituric acid (TBA)‐reactive agents observed within this period suggests that membrane destruction by lipid peroxidation was responsible for the electrolyte efflux. Antioxidants such as α‐tocopherol (0.25 mM) and ascorbic acid (1 mM) stopped electrolyte efflux, but did not affect the depolarization.Fusicoccin (1 μM) prevented PABT‐induced membrane depolarization and the subsequent electrolyte efflux. Also, the ATPase inhibitor, DES (50 üM), as well as substances which stimulate the proton pump such as sucrose (30 mM), AIB (10 μM), and acetate (1 mM), prevented PABT‐mediated electrolyte efflux. The depolarizing effect of PABT was also obviated above pH 7.5. Thus, if the PABT‐induced depolarization was inhibited no membrane destruction occurred whereas depolarization alone was not a sufficient condition for the development of the PABT action. The initial depolarizing effect of PABT cannot be explained by a physical interaction with the lipid part of the plasma membrane. Thus, a metabolism‐driven mode of action connected to plasma membrane energization has to be assumed.
No Association of the ACTN3 Gene R577X Polymorphism with Endurance Performance in Ironman Triathlons
Authors: Saunders C. J. , September A. V. , Xenophontos S. L. , Cariolou M. A. , Anastassiades L. C. , Noakes T. D. , Collins M. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAlpha‐actinins are major structural components of the Z‐discs in skeletal muscle. Alpha‐actinin 3 is encoded by the ACTN3 gene and is expressed only in type II muscle fibres. Homozygosity for the nonsense mutation, 577X, within ACTN3 results in deficiency of α‐actinin‐3 but does not result in an abnormal muscular phenotype. Previous research has found an association of the 577R allele with sprinting and/or power performance. It has also been suggested that the 577X allele may confer an advantage during endurance events. Four hundred and fifty seven Caucasian male triathletes who completed either the 2000 and/or 2001 226 km South African Ironman Triathlons, and 143 Caucasian controls, were genotyped for the R577X mutation within the ACTN3 gene. There were no significant differences in either the genotype (P = 0.486) or allele (P = 0.375) frequencies within the fastest, middle of the field or slowest Caucasian male finishers and the control population. In conclusion, the R577X polymorphism within the ACTN3 gene was not associated with ultra‐endurance performance in the 2000 and 2001 South African Ironman Triathlons.
Design and Analysis of Genetic Association Studies to Finely Map a Locus Identified by Linkage Analysis: Assessment of the Extent to Which an Association Can Account for the Linkage
Authors: Hanson R. L. , Knowler W. C. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryAssociation studies are often used to finely map quantitative trait loci identified by linkage analysis. Once a polymorphism associated with the trait has been identified, it may be useful to conduct linkage analyses which adjust for this polymorphism to determine the extent to which the association accounts for the linkage signal. However, methods for conducting statistical significance tests for an observed reduction in the linkage signal are not well developed. In the present study we develop methods for assessment of the statistical significance of an observed reduction in the variance due to the linked locus, with variance components or with Haseman‐Elston linkage methods. Simulations indicate that these methods have appropriate levels of type I error and that, like other association statistics, their power depends on the magnitude of linkage disequilibrium between functional and marker alleles and on the extent of similarity between the frequency of the functional allele and the frequency of the associated marker allele. These methods can help determine which association results are likely due to strong linkage disequilibrium with functional alleles and, thus, can facilitate the selection of small chromosomal regions for more extensive study.
Meeting Needs and Rationing Care
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: July 2007

I think it is fair to say that there have been two overriding needs of the health care system in the United States for the past couple of decades. One of them is to provide an adequate minimal level of care for all, especially for the underinsured and for those who could be faced by catastrophic health care costs. That need points to an expansion of health care expenditures and to the creation of new programs and strategies. The second need is that of finding a permanent and effective way of controlling the constant escalation of health care costs, and of the proportion of health care costs in our overall economy. That need points to restraint and limitations, not constant expansion.We are left, then, with two apparently contradiaory needs, each pointing to a major problem, but each standing, it would seem, directly in the path of the other.
Regulating Research and Experimentation: A View from the UK
Authors: McLean Sheila A.M. 
Published: July 2007

A medical profession which did not seek improved means to conquer disease would be condemned for dereliction of its duty, Members of the public will not accept the current state of the medical arts as finite but feel justified in expecting the development of more effective therapies for illness, and the promotion of improved means of preventive care.With this assertion, the distinguished academic, Bernard Dickens, places research firmly in the domain of the public interest. Foster agrees, saying that, “[t]o improve medical care as much as we can, if not to perfect it, means that we have to accept the need for research.” Giesen adds a further emphasis to the search for medical advancements, saying that “freedom of research and scientific inquiry is, in itself, an important aspect of open societies.“
Storing Newborn Blood Spots: Modern Controversies
Authors: Kharaboyan Linda , Avard Denise , Knoppers Bartha Maria 
Published: July 2007

Though in existence for over thirty-five years, due to the increasing panoply of possible tests. Newborn screening programs are drawing public attention. Many jurisdictions have mandatory newborn screening programs for treatable disorders. Disorders are detected through tests on blood spots drawn from a newborn’s heel soon after birth and verified through a diagnostic test with follow-up. Unbeknownst to most parents, these blood spot cards are also stored thereafter. Indeed, while dried blood spots (DBSs) are primarily used for screening for health problems, experience demonstrates that they can be made useful in various contexts unrelated to screening.Newborn dried blood spots have taken on a new life as a result of developments in genetics and the increasing ability of bioinformatics to link DNA information with clinical data. Additionally, storage and secondary uses have been documented to occur without parental consent.
Epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus in the United States
Authors: Hariri Susan , McKenna Matthew T. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARY
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) epidemic emerged in the early 1980s with HIV infection as a highly lethal disease among men who have sex with men and among frequent recipients of blood product transfusions. Advances in the treatment of HIV infection have resulted in a fundamental shift in its epidemiology, to a potentially chronic and manageable condition. However, challenges in the prevention of this infection remain. In particular, increasing evidence suggests that transmission of drug-resistant virus is becoming more common and that the epidemic is having a profound impact on morbidity and mortality in ethnic and racial minority subgroups in the United States. New population-based data collection systems designed to describe trends in behaviors associated with HIV transmission and better methods for measuring the true incidence of transmission will better elucidate the characteristics of HIV infection in the United States and inform future public health policies.
Predictors of Self-Referral into a Cancer Genetics Registry
Authors: Henrikson Nora Beidler , Harris Julie N. , Bowen Deborah J. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Recruitment is a challenging part of developing and maintaining any population-based disease registry and different methods are used to increase enrollment. However, recruitment methods may attract different subgroups of individuals, so examining characteristics of samples recruited using different methods can help detect threats to the external validity of research results.
Objectives: There were two main objectives of this study: to examine differences between participants who were self-referred and those who were recruited into a cancer genetics registry and to identify predictors of self-referral status.
Methods: A cross-sectional survey was done with two groups of cancer genetics registry members (n = 268): (a) members recruited through self-referral and (b) members recruited through population-based sampling.
Results: There were no significant differences in demographic variables between the two samples except for education (higher in the self-referral group; P &lt; 0.01). The self-referral group showed significantly higher levels of anxiety, depression, and cancer history and was more likely to report the strongest response to statements about cancer risk, screening intentions, and views on genetic testing. Logistic regression modeling indicated these predictors of self-referral status: previous cancer diagnosis, viewing self as a candidate for genetic testing, education higher than high school, and wanting assistance with personal future risk (R2 = 0.41).
Conclusions: Our results suggest that whereas groups recruited via different strategies may seem to be the same based on demographic variables, underlying psychosocial variables differ between those self-referring and those recruited via population-based screening. To accurately estimate the generalizability of population-based studies or studies conducted using a cancer genetics registry, method of recruitment should be examined when interpreting and analyzing results. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1387–92)
Smoking and Colorectal Cancer: Different Effects by Type of Cigarettes?
Authors: Lüchtenborg Margreet , White Kami K.L. , Wilkens Lynne , Kolonel Laurence N. , Le Marchand Loïc 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Although smoking is suggested to be a risk factor for colorectal cancer, the evidence to date is conflicting and may be confounded. Moreover, the effect of tobacco smoke may vary by time since initiation, type of tobacco product, anatomic subsites, and among ethnic groups. Data were derived from two consecutive population-based case-control studies conducted among Caucasians, Japanese, Native Hawaiians, Filipinos, and Chinese in Hawaii, including 1,959 ethnicity-, sex-, and age-matched case-control pairs. A lifetime history of smoking for different tobacco products and information on other risk factors were obtained by in-person interviews. Odds ratios (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated using conditional logistic regression models with adjustment for potential confounders. Subjects who ever smoked were at an increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with never smokers (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.99-1.52 for men and OR, 1.27; 95% CI, 1.01-1.59 for women). Increasing quartiles of pack-years over all tobacco products showed a clear dose-dependent association in men [for the highest quartile, Q4 (&gt;40 pack-years) versus never smokers: OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.96; Ptrend = 0.002]. The dose-response trend was also present in women [for the highest quartile, Q4 (&gt;30 pack-years) versus never smokers: OR, 1.38; 95% CI, 0.91-1.95; Ptrend = 0.04] and each ethnic group. There was a suggestion of a difference in risk with type of tobacco product. Non-filtered cigarettes increased risk of both colon and rectal cancer [for Q4 versus never smokers: OR, 1.59; 95% CI, 1.15-2.21; Ptrend = 0.001 and OR, 1.84; 95% CI, 1.18-2.86; Ptrend = 0.02, respectively], whereas filtered cigarettes seemed to increase risk of rectal but not colon cancer (OR, 1.37; 95% CI, 0.88-2.13; Ptrend = 0.06 and OR, 1.05; 95% CI, 0.79-1.39; Ptrend = 0.98, respectively). The effect of smoking was not limited to the distant past, and accumulated pack-years of smoking seemed to be more important than the time in which smoking occurred. The data from this large study corroborate previous reports of a positive association between smoking and colorectal cancer and suggest that the association may vary by type of cigarette. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1341–7)
Quantitative Fluorescence Imaging Analysis for Cancer Biomarker Discovery: Application to β-Catenin in Archived Prostate Specimens
Authors: Huang Dali , Casale George P. , Tian Jun , Wehbi Nizar K. , Abrahams Neil A. , Kaleem Zahid , Smith Lynette M. , Johansson Sonny L. , Elkahwaji Johny E. , Hemstreet George P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe surprising disparity between the number of protein-encoding genes (∼30,000) in the human genome and the number of proteins (∼300,000) in the human proteome has inspired the development of translational proteomics aimed at protein expression profiling of disease states. Translational proteomics, which offers the promise of early disease detection and individualized therapy, requires new methods for the analysis of clinical specimens. We have developed quantitative flourescence imaging analysis (QFIA) for accurate, reproducible quantification of proteins in slide-mounted tissues. The method has been validated for the analysis of β-catenin in archived prostate specimens fixed in formalin. QFIA takes advantage of the linearity of fluorescence antibody signaling for tissue epitope content, a feature validated for β-catenin in methacarn-fixed prostate specimens analyzed by reverse-phase protein array analysis and QFIA (r = 0.97). QFIA of β-catenin in formaldehyde-fixed tissues correlated directly with β-catenin content (r = 0.86). Application of QFIA in a cross-sectional study of biopsies from 42 prostate cancer (PC) cases and 42 matched controls identified β-catenin as a potential field marker for PC. Receiver operating characteristic plots revealed that β-catenin expression in the normal-appearing acini of cancerous glands identified 42% (95% confidence intervals, 26-57%) of cancer cases, with 88% (95% confidence intervals, 80-96%) specificity. The marker may contribute to a PC biomarker panel. In conclusion, we report the development and validation of a new method for fluorescence quantification of proteins in archived tissues and its application to archived specimens for an evaluation of β-catenin expression as a biomarker for PC. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1371–81)
A Prospective Study of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Levels in Blood and Prostate Cancer Risk
Authors: Chavarro Jorge E. , Stampfer Meir J. , Li Haojie , Campos Hannia , Kurth Tobias , Ma Jing 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Background: Animal models suggest that n-3 fatty acids inhibit prostate cancer proliferation, whereas n-6 fatty acids promote it, but epidemiologic studies do not uniformly support these findings.
Methods: A nested case-control study was conducted among 14,916 apparently healthy men who provided blood samples in 1982. Blood fatty acid levels were determined for 476 men diagnosed with prostate cancer during a 13-year follow-up and their matched controls. Conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the relative risks (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of total, non-aggressive (stage A/B and Gleason &lt; 7) and aggressive (stage C/D, Gleason ≥ 7, subsequent distant metastasis or death) prostate cancer associated with blood levels of specific fatty acids expressed as percentages of total fatty acids.
Results: Whole blood levels of all long-chain n-3 fatty acids examined and of linoleic acid were inversely related to overall prostate cancer risk (RRQ5vs.Q1, 0.59; 95% CI, 0.38-0.93; Ptrend = 0.01 for total long-chain n-3 fatty acids and RRQ5vs.Q1, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.41-0.95; Ptrend = 0.03 for linoleic). Blood levels of γ-linolenic and dihomo-γ-linolenic acids, fatty acids resulting from the metabolism of linoleic acid, were directly associated with prostate cancer (RR, 1.41; 95% CI, 0.94-2.12; Ptrend = 0.05 for γ-linolenic and RR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.03-2.30; Ptrend = 0.02 for dihomo-γ-linolenic acid). Levels of arachidonic and α-linolenic acids were unrelated to prostate cancer.
Conclusions: Higher blood levels of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, mainly found in marine foods, and of linoleic acid, mainly found in non-hydrogenated vegetable oils, are associated with a reduced risk of prostate cancer. The direct associations of linoleic acid metabolites with prostate cancer risk deserve further investigation. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1364–70)