bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Equilibration and Circulation of Red Sea Outflow Water in the Western Gulf of Aden*
Authors: Bower Amy S. , Johns William E. , Fratantoni David M. , Peters Hartmut 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Hydrographic, direct velocity, and subsurface float observations from the 2001 Red Sea Outflow Experiment (REDSOX) are analyzed to investigate the gravitational and dynamical adjustment of the Red Sea Outflow Water (RSOW) where it is injected into the open ocean in the western Gulf of Aden. During the winter REDSOX cruise, when outflow transport was large, several intermediate-depth salinity maxima (product waters) were formed from various bathymetrically confined branches of the outflow plume, ranging in depth from 400 to 800 m and in potential density from 27.0 to 27.5 σθ, a result of different mixing intensity along each branch. The outflow product waters were not dense enough to sink to the seafloor during either the summer or winter REDSOX cruises, but analysis of previous hydrographic and mooring data and results from a one-dimensional plume model suggest that they may be so during wintertime surges of strong outflow currents, or about 20% of the time during winter. Once vertically equilibrated in the Gulf of Aden, the shallowest RSOW was strongly influenced by mesoscale eddies that swept it farther into the gulf. The deeper RSOW was initially more confined by the walls of the Tadjura Rift, but eventually it escaped from the rift and was advected mainly southward along the continental slope. There was no evidence of a continuous boundary undercurrent of RSOW similar to the Mediterranean Undercurrent in the Gulf of Cadiz. This is explained by considering 1) the variability in outflow transport and 2) several different criteria for separation of a jet at a sharp corner, which indicate that the outflow currents should separate from the boundary where they are injected into the gulf.
An Assessment of Orthobaric Density in the Global Ocean
Authors: McDougall Trevor J. , Jackett David R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Orthobaric density has recently been advanced as a new density variable for displaying ocean data and as a coordinate for ocean modeling. Here the extent to which orthobaric density surfaces are neutral is quantified and it is found that orthobaric density surfaces are less neutral in the World Ocean than are potential density surfaces referenced to 2000 dbar. Another property that is important for a vertical coordinate of a layered model is the quasi-material nature of the coordinate and it is shown that orthobaric density surfaces are significantly non-quasi-material. These limitations of orthobaric density arise because of its inability to accurately accommodate differences between water masses at fixed values of pressure and in situ density such as occur between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere portions of the World Ocean. It is shown that special forms of orthobaric density can be quite accurate if they are formed for an individual ocean basin and used only in that basin. While orthobaric density can be made to be approximately neutral in a single ocean basin, this is not possible in both the Northern and Southern Hemisphere portions of the Atlantic Ocean. While the helical nature of neutral trajectories (equivalently, the ill-defined nature of neutral surfaces) limits the neutrality of all types of density surface, the inability of orthobaric density surfaces to accurately accommodate more than one ocean basin is a much greater limitation.
Low-Frequency Basin Modes in a Two-Layer Quasigeostrophic Model in the Presence of a Mean Gyre Flow*
Authors: Ben Jelloul Mahdi , Huck Thierry 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The spectrum of baroclinic basin modes is investigated in a two-layer wind-driven quasigeostrophic model through weakly nonlinear multiple time-scale expansion in the Burger number. The baroclinic basin modes are mainly advected by a barotropic steady Sverdrup flow. Emphasis is given to the regularizing influence of dispersion rather than to dissipation. In the inviscid large-scale limit, that is, for basin scale considerably larger than the Rossby radius of deformation, all of the basin modes are neutral. Their typology is then numerically examined (with some necessary dissipation), and their frequency and spatial properties are discussed. Three types of modes arise for some wind forcing strong enough to produce a recirculating gyre with closed geostrophic contours: the classical Rossby basin modes deformed by the mean flow (shadow modes), stationary modes, and recirculating pool modes, the two latter being trapped in the closed-contours pool. Focus is made here on the recirculating modes that could have very low frequencies for moderate recirculating gyres. Strong gyres lead to higher frequencies, and recirculating modes resonate with deformed Rossby basin modes.
Improved Oceanic Cool-Skin Corrections Using a Refined Solar Penetration Model
Authors: Wick Gary A. , Ohlmann J. Carter , Fairall Christopher W. , Jessup Andrew T. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The oceanic near-surface temperature profile must be accurately characterized to enable precise determination of air–sea heat exchange and satellite retrievals of sea surface temperature. An improved solar transmission parameterization is integrated into existing models for the oceanic warm layer and cool skin within the Tropical Ocean and Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean–Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE) bulk flux model to improve the accuracy of predictions of the temperature profile and corresponding heat flux components. Application of the revised bulk flux model to data from 12 diverse cruises demonstrates that the improved parameterization results in significant changes to the predicted cool-skin effect and latent heat fluxes at low wind speeds with high solar radiation due to reduced absorption of solar radiation just below the surface. Daytime skin-layer cooling is predicted to increase by 0.03 K on average but by more than 0.25 K for winds below 1 m s−1 and surface irradiance exceeding 900 W m−2. Predicted changes to the warm-layer correction were smaller but exceeded 0.1 K below 1 m s−1. Average latent and sensible heat fluxes changed by 1 W m−2, but the latent flux decreased by 5 W m−2 near winds of 0.5 m s−1 and surface irradiance of 950 W m−2. Comparison with direct observations of skin-layer cooling demonstrated, in particular, that use of the improved solar transmission model resulted in the reduction of previous systematic overestimates of diurnal skin-layer warming. Similar results can be achieved using a simplified treatment of solar absorption with an appropriate estimate of the fraction of incident solar radiation absorbed within the skin layer.
Erosion of a Surface Vortex by a Seamount on the β Plane
Authors: Herbette Steven , Morel Yves , Arhan Michel 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
This paper investigates the behavior of a surface-intensified anticyclone encountering a seamount on the β plane in a stratified ocean. The eddy may be strongly eroded, and sometimes subdivided, provided that it gets close enough to the seamount. In case of subdivision, the detached part has a vertical structure different from that of the initial eddy, and a subsurface vortex may result. The basic erosion mechanism previously observed with f-plane experiments is still active on the β plane. Deep fluid motions induced by the initial vortex across the isobaths generate topographic vortices whose upper parts exert a shear/strain on the initial eddy, causing its filamentation. On the β plane, this process is further complicated by the presence of additional eddies created by fluid motion across the planetary vorticity gradient. Experiments without any topography show that these eddies by themselves can erode the initial vortex. In particular, a deep positive potential vorticity pole influences the near-bottom signature of the original vortex with a strong temporal variability. This reflects on the manner in which the surface eddy feels an underlying seamount. Sensitivity experiments show that the eddy erosion rate after encountering a seamount can no longer be related to basic parameters such as the minimum eddy–seamount distance, as it was on the f plane. The additional vorticity poles influencing the eddy on the β plane make the result of the eddy–seamount encounter very sensitive to small variations of the initial conditions, and impossible to predict.
Relationships between Tracer Ages and Potential Vorticity in Unsteady Wind-Driven Circulations
Authors: Zhang Hong , Haine Thomas W. N. , Waugh Darryn W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe relationships between different tracer ages and between tracer age and potential vorticity are examined by simulating barotropic double-gyre circulations. The unsteady model flow crudely represents aspects of the midlatitude, middepth ocean circulation including inhomogeneous and anisotropic variability. Temporal variations range in scale from weeks to years, although the statistics are stationary. These variations have a large impact on the time-averaged tracer age fields. Transport properties of the tracer age fields that have been proved for steady flow are shown to also apply to unsteady flow and are illustrated in this circulation. Variability of tracer ages from ideal age tracer, linear, and exponential transient tracers is highly coordinated in phase and amplitude and is explained using simple theory. These relationships between different tracer ages are of practical benefit to the problem of interpreting tracer ages from the real ocean or from general circulation models. There is also a close link between temporal anomalies of tracer age and potential vorticity throughout a significant fraction of the domain. There are highly significant anticorrelations between ideal age and potential vorticity in the subtropical gyre and midbasin jet region, but correlation in the central subpolar gyre and eastern part of the domain is not significant. The existence of the relationship is insensitive to the character of the flow, the tracer sources, and the potential vorticity dynamics. Its structure may be understood by considering the different time-mean states of the tracer age and potential vorticity, the different tracer sources and sinks, and the effect of variability in the flow. Prediction of the correlation without knowledge of the time-mean fields is a harder problem, however. Detecting the correlation between potential vorticity and tracer age in the real ocean will be difficult with typical synoptic oceanographic transect data that are well-sampled in space, but sparse in time. Nevertheless, it is reasonable to suppose the correlation exists in some places.
The Dispersion Relation for Planetary Waves in the Presence of Mean Flow and Topography. Part II: Two-Dimensional Examples and Global Results
Authors: Killworth Peter D. , Blundell Jeffrey R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
The one-dimensional examples of the dispersion relation for planetary waves under the Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin–Jeffreys (WKBJ) assumption given in Part I are extended to two dimensions and analyzed globally. The dispersion relations are complicated, and there is a nontrivial lower bound to the frequency given by the column maximum of what would be the local Doppler shift to the frequency. This generates short waves of a much higher frequency than would be expected from traditional theory; these waves can have larger phase velocities than long waves but do not appear to have faster group velocities. The longer waves possess phase speeds in excellent agreement with recent remotely sensed data. Waves cannot propagate efficiently across ocean basins, suggesting that mechanisms other than eastern boundary generation may be playing a role in the ubiquitous nature of planetary waves.
Harshlight: a "corrective make-up" program for microarray chips
Authors: Suárez-Fariñas Mayte , Pellegrino Maurizio , Wittkowski Knut M , Magnasco Marcelo O 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundMicroscopists are familiar with many blemishes that fluorescence images can have due to dust and debris, glass flaws, uneven distribution of fluids or surface coatings, etc. Microarray scans do show similar artifacts, which might affect subsequent analysis. Although all but the starkest blemishes are hard to find by the unaided eye, particularly in high-density oligonucleotide arrays (HDONAs), few tools are available to help with the detection of those defects.ResultsWe develop a novel tool,Harshlight, for the automatic detection and masking of blemishes in HDONA microarray chips.Harshlightuses a combination of statistic and image processing methods to identify three different types of defects: localized blemishes affecting a few probes, diffuse defects affecting larger areas, and extended defects which may invalidate an entire chip.ConclusionWe demonstrate the use ofHarshlightcan materially improve analysis of HDONA chips, especially for experiments with subtle changes between samples. For the widely used MAS5 algorithm, we show that compact blemishes cause an average of 8 gene expression values per chip to change by more than 50%, two of them by more than twofold; our masking algorithm restores about two thirds of this damage. Large-scale artifacts are successfully detected and eliminated.
Coronary artery bypass grafting and sensorineural hearing loss, a cohort study
Authors: Ashraf Omer 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBackgroundSudden sensorineural hearing loss is routinely encountered by the otologist. The etiology is varied and often identifiable. One of the relatively less frequent causes is surgery. Apart from being an established entity with otological surgeries, sensorineural hearing loss has also been known to occur after non-otological procedures under general anesthesia. Commonest amongst these procedures is cardiopulmonary bypass, an association that has long been recognized. However, despite the proposition of diverse hypotheses in the past, the pathophysiology remains unclear.MethodsThe study is a prospective matched cohort study that will be carried out in Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan. Participants among exposed would include all those patients who would be undergoing coronary artery bypass surgery in the hospital who fall under the criteria for inclusion. Unexposed group would comprise of patients undergoing a non-bypass procedure of similar duration under the same type of anesthesia who meet the selection criteria. Both these groups will undergo audiometric testing at our hospital on three different occasions during the course of this study. Initially before the procedure to test the baseline hearing capacity; then one week after the procedure to assess any changes in hearing ability following the surgery; and finally a third audiogram at six weeks follow-up to assess further changes in any hearing deficits noted during the second phase of testing. Certain variables including the subjects' demographics and those concerning the procedure itself will be noted and used later for risk factors analysis. A detailed past medical and surgical history will also be obtained. Data analysis would include calculation of relative risk and significance of the results, by running the chi-square test. Other statistical tests like Fisher exact test may then be employed to facilitate data interpretation. Continuous scale may then be employed and multivariate linear regression used.DiscussionThis study is planned to obtain a better understanding of the correlation between sudden sensorineural hearing loss and cardiopulmonary bypass. Being the first major cohort trial in this line of investigation, the project is designed to identify the existence of any significant relationship between cardiopulmonary bypass and sensorineural hearing deficit.
Quality indicators for cardiac care: national standards in a community context
Authors: Putnam Wayne , Bower Kelly Nicol , Cox Jafna , Twohig Peter , Pottie Kevin , Jackson Lois , Burge Frederick 
Published: December 2005

Objective: Public reporting of health data is well established in the United States and in the United Kingdom, and is assumed to promote better health care through informed choice by consumers. To be successful, reporting systems must have the support of physicians, but their opinions have been mixed. The purpose of this study was to explore with practising physicians the perceived usefulness of, and barriers to use of, quality indicators in the care of acute myocardial infarction and congestive heart failure, and the contexts in which these issues arise. Methods: Six focus groups were conducted in small-, medium- and large-sized communities in two provinces in Canada. Subjects were family physicians, emergency physicians, internists and cardiologists. Data were analysed inductively. Results: Our participants were generally supportive of the quality indicators, with concerns expressed regarding interpretation of data from measures created by 'experts' but applied in the context of community hospitals and community-based practice. Content analysis disclosed that a majority of the indicators was acceptable; few were outright unacceptable. Inductive analysis revealed two contextual concerns: issues arising from the structure and organization of the health care system, such as equitable access to health care resources and discontinuity or fragmentation of the system, and patient-related issues, such as compliance with medications post-discharge and costs of medications. Conclusions: There is general support for this set of quality indicators, with the caveat that data should be carefully interpreted in the context of each community in which they are applied.
Impact of administrative restrictions on antibiotic use and expenditure in Ontario: time series analysis
Authors: Marshall Deborah , Gough Jacqueline , Grootendorst Paul , Buitendyk Melanie , Jaszewski Barbara , Simonyi Susan , Jivraj Farah , MacLeod Stuart 
Published: December 2005

Objective: In a potential attempt to guide antibiotic prescribing based on current clinical evidence and mitigate the spread of antibiotic resistance, in March 2001 the Ontario Drug Benefit programme restricted reimbursement of two fluoroquinolone antibiotics – ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin – to its beneficiaries. Our objective was to determine the impact of this policy on the volume and cost of antibiotic prescribing. Method: Weekly administrative data on antibiotic prescribing volumes and expenditures were analysed between January 1999 and September 2002 to estimate the effect of the policy changes using time series analysis. Results: The policy changes were associated with a statistically significant shift downwards for the fluoroquinolones as a category (1905 fewer prescriptions each week, representing a saving of Can&dollar;105,707 a week), driven by a decrease in prescriptions for ciprofloxacin (2084 fewer prescriptions a week, saving Can&dollar;129,421 a week). Nitrofurantoin (200 more prescriptions a week, costing an extra Can&dollar;2082 a week) and trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (532 more prescriptions a week, costing an extra Can&dollar;1473 a week) demonstrated a statistically significant shift upwards. The latter also showed a decrease in trend and nitrofurantoin an increase in trend during the time period. There was no statistically significant change in either the total number of antibiotic prescriptions or expenditures associated with the policy of limiting their use. Conclusions: Although no direct cause and effect can be shown with these observational data, the results suggest that the change in reimbursement policy to restrict prescribing of fluoroquinolones decreased their use and associated expenditures. These decreases were offset by increases in the use of other antibiotics. The balance of consequent benefit and harm of these shifts in prescribing patterns needs to be examined carefully. Alternative solutions to encourage appropriate use of antibiotics deserve exploration.
Suicidality in clinical practice: Anxieties and answers
Authors: Rudd M. David 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session is devoted to suicidality in clinical practice, with coverage of a broad range of topics. After summarizing some of the problems and recent advances in clinical suicidology, I provide a brief overview of the articles. Included are the more broadly defined issues of risk management and psychotherapy with suicidal individuals, along with more specific topics such as risk assessment, no‐suicide contracts, and the risk of suicide with the use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) by children and adolescents. Most of the articles feature case vignettes and provide practitioners with clinical recommendations, and all of the articles have clear and important clinical implications. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 157–159, 2006.
Risk management with suicidal patients
Authors: Berman Alan L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe patient who is at‐risk for suicide is complex and is difficult to evaluate and treat effectively. Should suicidal behavior occur, the clinician faces the potential wrath of bereaved survivors and their externalized blame exercised through a malpractice suit. The clinician's duty of care to a patient is to act affirmatively to protect a patient from violent acts against self. A finding of malpractice is established if the court finds that this duty was breached, through an act of omission or commission relative to the standard of care, and that this breach was proximately related to the patient's suicidal behavior. This article discusses the standard of care and factors that determine liability in a suicide death of a patient. An extensive list of recommendations for competent caregiving for the at‐risk patient and risk management guidelines are then presented. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 171–184, 2006.
Clinical applications of the interpersonal‐psychological theory of attempted and completed suicide
Authors: Stellrecht Nadia E. , Gordon Kathryn H. , Van Orden Kimberly , Witte Tracy K. , Wingate LaRicka R. , Cukrowicz Kelly C. , Butler Melanie , Schmidt Norman B. , Fitzpatrick Kathleen Kara , Jr. Thomas E. Joiner 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article reviews the interpersonal‐psychological theory of attempted and completed suicide and describes its applications in suicide risk assessment, crisis intervention, and skills‐based psychotherapies. Three components are necessary, but not sufficient, for an individual to die by suicide: (1) the acquired capability to enact lethal self‐injury, (2) a sense that one is a burden on others, and (3) the sense that one does not belong to a valued social group. We suggest that therapeutic interventions should focus on ascertaining the presence of these components and work to amend the cognitive distortions, negative interpersonal response styles, and ineffective coping behaviors that serve to maintain suicidal urges. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 62: 211–222, 2006.