bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modality, mood, and change of modal meanings: A new perspective
Authors: Narrog Heiko 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
This paper has two goals. The first is to develop a
cross-linguistically valid model of modality and mood that captures the most
important dimensions along which modal expressions vary. I posit a model with
two such dimensions, one of volitivity, and one of event-orientation vs.
speaker-orientation, mood being placed at the speaker-oriented end relative to
modality proper. The second goal is to provide a new perspective on semantic
change of modal expressions on the basis of the proposed model. I argue that
unidirectional change along the event-oriented / speaker-oriented dimension is
the one overarching tendency of semantic change in modals. This stands in
contrast to the widespread perception that change from deontic to epistemic is
the dominant tendency. The directionality suggested in this new model is also
more comprehensive than previously proposed tendencies of change, such as ‘‘from
agent-oriented to epistemic’’, ‘‘from agent-oriented to speaker-oriented’’, and
‘‘from participant-internal to participant-external’’, as it better accounts for
various kinds of change that have been previously neglected, including change
from epistemic to deontic.
Humor enhancers in the study of humorous literature
Authors: Triezenberg Katrina 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the treatment of literary humor. Attardo has extended the SSTH/GTVH (Raskin 1985; Attardo and Raskin 1991) to longer humorous literary texts, not simply sequences of jokes (Attardo 2001; Attardo et al. 2002). While the GTVH knowledge resources may be the necessary conditions for the presence of textual humor, I maintain that they are insufficient to completely describe the humor of any literary text. Literary texts do have the formal properties of all texts, but they are also art, and as such resist purely formal interpretation and description. To reduce literary art to linguistic formalisms would be deeply disturbing; therefore, the linguistic method should, at a certain point in the analysis, be supplemented by the literary method. This assertion is supported by the discovery of humor enhancers in humorous texts, which condition the reader for humor reception, thus enhancing humor while containing no discernible script opposition. These enhancers are both outside of Raskin's formal description of humor and Attardo's formal description of textual content. Subscribing to Raskin's theory of limited applications and recognizing Attardo's ability to push the GTVH into literary analysis, I suggest that literary humor is best treated by its own theory and propose the enhancers as its components.
Policy, Regulation and Attitudes towards Agricultural Biotechnology in Japan
Authors: Inaba Masakazu , Macer Darryl 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOne of the central questions in the development of international biotechnology policy is whether persons have the same concepts of benefit and risk between countries, and how these views influence the policy. This paper presents results of recent research on people's attitudes to biotechnology in Japan, including analysis of comments on the benefits, risks and moral acceptability of biotechnology as viewed from different sectors of society. Two samples were obtained from mail response surveys in the year 2000, from the general public (N=297) and scientists (N=370), and one from the general public in 2003 (N=377). Then the paper reviews some of the laws, policies and practice relating to agricultural biotechnology in Japan.
Queensland’s Biodiscovery Act 2004
Authors: Spranger Tade M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundAs one of the so called megadiversity countries, Australia hosts an estimated 10–13 % of the total biodiversity of the planet. Its biological resources include plants, animals and microorganisms living on land, below ground, in inland waters, and at sea. Australia’s bioregions span a range of climates from tropical to Antarctic and from dry to wet. In addition, about 75 % of Australian species are endemic. Unlike most of the other megadiversity states, the Australian industry also provides the means which are necessary to exploit plant and animal genetic resources. Currently, Australia has a relatively immature bioprospecting industry, in which only a small number of companies and organisations are involved. This situation is very likely to be changed in the foreseeable future, though.
Pharmacogenomics: An In-House Advantage?
Authors: Borchardt Paul E. , Fernandez Dennis S. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionWith the expectation that future drug approval may hinge on pharmacogenomic testing of patients, what are the advantages of the in-house testing of patient samples compared to supplying diagnostic kits? The genetic testing industry provides an interesting reference from which to examine this question. The genetic testing industry falls chiefly under the less stringent, regulatory oversight of the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) and not the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Genetic testing is also a service and not a product, with different, perhaps lesser, legal liabilities. Additionally, in-house testing may provide unique business advantages. This article examines the genetic testing industry and how the benefits of in-house testing may apply to the nascent pharmacogenomics industry.
Joke shop names
Authors: Toolan Michael 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Why does an ordinary suburban laundry call itself
Soap Opera ? Why does a
local hairdressers announce itself as Snip Joint
? What motivates these playful namings, and do they reflect a shift in
societal attitudes to language, laundries and hairdressers? This paper examines
a range of ‘joke shop names’ of the kind found on many contemporary British high
streets (as elsewhere), and offers a commentary on their linguistic structure,
semantic tendencies, as well as suggesting some of their interpersonal functions
and effects. Such names enact or perform difference; for joke shop name
establishments, the naming asserts and demonstrates that the proprietor and
perhaps the staff, the modus operandi, the ambience, the treatment of customers,
and so on, are non-standard by the expectations of normal mainstream businesses.
Among other claims, I propose that joke shop names are almost the opposite of
the processes of image-conscious logo-fashioning, the branding and re-branding
of businesses, organizations and institutions that seems to be particularly
actively pursued at present, driven by competitive and often globalizing
forces.
Birth of St. Mary (St. Anne’s parturition) in the light of messages from medical education: Three examples from Croatian sacral heritage
Authors: Škrobonja Ante , Muzur Amir , Kontošić Ivica 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Christian tradition treats birth in several characteristic
motives. The most frequent is the Birth of Jesus Christ,
while much rarer is the apocryphal motive of the birth
of St. Mary. By analyzing three paintings from Croatian
16–17th-century sacral-art heritage, depicting the parturition of St. Anne (St. Mary's Mother), the authors of
this paper are trying to define the role of ethnomedical
notions in the formation of modern medical and general
culture.
The semiotics of intercultural exchange: Ostensive definition and digital reason
Authors: Ruthrof Horst 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The paper distinguishes two forms of intercultural
exchange, negotiation between cultures at a personal level and global exchange.
In the first case, Ostensive Definition appears to be crucial. The paper
attempts an intersemiotic rehabilitation of OD in response to Wittgenstein and
Quine. In global intercultural exchange the ‘universal grammar’ of digital
reason appears to be the crucial component to be analysed. Both forms of
negotiation, the paper argues, rely on Vorstellung as an essential
ingredient. Yet Vorstellung is missing from the traditional
theorisation of both OD and the digital bitstream. The paper concludes with a
ubiquity thesis of Vorstellung.
Die Europäisierung des Strafrechtsaus der polnischen Sicht
Authors: Zoll Andrzej 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Es würde den Rahmen dieses Referats sprengen, wollte man ausführlich die Strafrechtsinstitute in vergleichender Sicht darstellen. Von Bedeutung kann,wie mir scheint, eine Darstellung der wichtigsten Ausgangspunkte für eine Debatte über die Annäherung der Strafbarkeitsgrundsätze in den Mitgliedstaatender Europäischen Union sein. Die Frage, ob dies überhaupt möglichsei, war bereits Gegenstand zahlreicher Diskussionen und Überlegungen.Seit 1991 fanden in Deutschland mindestens vier große Konferenzen zudiesem Thema statt. Und wie es bei solchen Fragen nicht selten der Fall ist,gingen die Meinungen zu einer möglichen Annäherung im Allgemeinen, undzur Notwendigkeit eines europäischen Strafrechts im Sinne einer supranationalen Strafrechtsordnung im Besonderen stark auseinander, und sindnach wie vor geteilt. Es besteht heute kein Zweifel darüber, dass ein europäisches Wirtschaftsrecht bereits Tatsache ist, dass an einem europäischen Verwaltungsrechtgearbeitet wird, dass für die Schaffung des europäischen Zivilrechts sehr viel getan wurde. Warum kommt es also dann zu Bedenken,wenn von einem europäischen Strafrecht die Rede ist? Es wird oft betont,dass es gerade das Strafrecht sei, in dem die Souveränität eines Staates imhöchsten Grad zum Ausdruck kommt. In dem Recht zu strafen, d.h. zubestimmen, welche Verhaltensweisen auf dem jeweiligen Gebiet strafwürdigzu sein haben, und welche Strafen für solche Verhaltensweisen vorzusehensind, kommt die Souveränität eines Staates am deutlichsten zum Ausdruck.
Diskussionsbeiträge der Strafrechtslehrertagung 2005in Frankfurt/Oder
Authors: Heger Martin 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Vom 5. bis 8. Mai 2005 – ein Jahr vor dem 500. Geburtstag der Viadrina sowie dem 15. Geburtstag der Europa-Universität – fand an der Europa- Universität Viadrina in Frankfurt/Oder unter dem Schwerpunktthema „Transnationale Grundlagen des Strafrechts“ die Tagung der deutschsprachigen Strafrechtslehrerinnen und Strafrechtslehrer statt. Sie wurde von den Frankfurter Professoren Heghmanns, Joerden, Scheffler und Wolf sowieihren Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeitern vorzüglich organisiert.
Die Frankfurter Tagung konnte mit dieser inhaltlichen Zielsetzung an die unter dem Eindruck der fortschreitenden Europäisierung des Strafrechts im November 2003 in Dresden abgehaltene außerordentliche Strafrechtslehrertagung anknüpfen. Mit Ausnahme der in dieser Form neu in das Programm der Strafrechtslehrertagungen aufgenommenen Schlussdiskussion zu dem Thema „Krieg dem Terror“ ordneten sich alle behandelten Themen aus den Gebieten des Strafrechts, der Gesetzgebungslehre sowie des Strafverfahrensrechts in dieses Oberthema ein. Die gegenüber der Strafrechtslehrertagung in Bayreuth 2003 vorgenommene Reduzierung der Themen ermöglichte nicht nur die ausführliche und prominent besetzte Schlussdiskussion, sondern hatte auch den beabsichtigten Effekt, mehr Zeit für die Diskussion der einzelnen Referate zur Verfügung zu stellen. Neuland betrat die Frankfurter Tagung überdies räumlich und personell, denn angesichts der Brückenstellung der Europa-Universität zum Nachbarland Polen fand nicht nur eine Sitzung in der jenseits der Oder gelegenen Stadt Słubice statt; vielmehr beteiligten sich erstmals in der Geschichte der Strafrechtslehrertagungen polnische Strafrechtslehrer an der inhaltlichen Gestaltung durch die Übernahme einer Diskussionsleitung sowie eines Referats. Verbindungen zu Polen kennzeichneten schließlich auch das Rahmenprogramm, das auch eine ganztägige Exkursion nach Poznań, den Sitz der Partneruniversität der Viadrina, umfasste; der gemeinsame Ausflug wurde schließlich durch eine Darbietung des Chors der Adam-Mickiewicz-Universität Poznań gekrönt.
Die Entwicklung der Strafjustiz in Südafrika seit 1994
Authors: Fernandez Lovell , Nerlich Volker 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In den 1950er Jahren stellte der spätere südafrikanische Präsident P. W. Botha fest: „Wer die Vorherrschaft der Weißen in Südafrika sichern will, muss allesstaatliche Handeln diesem Ziel unterordnen“. Es überrascht nicht, dass das Strafrecht und die Strafjustiz eine zentrale Rolle bei der Umsetzung der Apartheidpolitik einnahmen.
Über zehn Jahre sind vergangen, seit Südafrika eine demokratische Verfassung erhalten hat und die Rassentrennung endgültig abgeschafftwurde. Dieser Beitrag untersucht, wie sich die südafrikanische Strafjustiz indieser Zeit entwickelt hat. Zunächst wird kurz die Rolle der Strafjustiz im Apartheidstaat beleuchtet (I.). Sodann wird die Reform des Straf- und Strafverfahrensrechtsdargestellt (II.). Schließlich wird der Umbau der Institutionen– Staatsanwaltschaft, Gerichte, Polizei und Strafanstalten – beschrieben(III.). Eine Darstellung der Rolle der Strafjustiz bei der Aufarbeitung des Apartheidunrechts schließt den Beitrag ab (IV.).
Effects of phosphate and ionic strength upon uranium(VI) sorption onto alumina as a function of pH
Authors: Zhijun Guo , Feihu Guo , Zuyi Tao 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe sorption edges and the sorption isotherms of UO22+onto alumina were determined by a batch technique in the presence and absence of phosphate at pH range 3–6, ionic strength range 0.05–0.5 mol/L and UO22+concentrations 10-5–10-4mol/L. The dependence of sorption percentage of UO22+onto Al2O3as a function of initial concentration of phosphate was also investigated. The effects of phosphate and ionic strength on the sorption of UO22+onto Al2O3as a function of pH were emphatically investigated. It was found that the pH value and the presence of phosphate play a very important role in the UO22+sorption onto Al2O3, even if the concentration of phosphate is only a half of the concentration of UO22+. The sorption steeply increases with increasing pH from 3 to 6, and the sorption is enhanced with increasing concentration of phosphate at sorption percentage lower than 97%. The ionic strength is insensitive to UO22+sorption in the ionic strength range from 0.05 to 0.1 mol/L KNO3, while the sorption is slightly decreased with increasing ionic strength from 0.1 to 0.5 mol/L. The enhanced sorption of UO22+is attributed to the formation of ternary surface complexes involving UO22+and phosphate.
Deepwater Core Comparison With Answers From a Real-Time Petrophysical Evaluation
Authors: Poulin M. , Hidore J. , Sutiyono S. , Herron M. , Herron S. , Seleznev N. , Grau J. , Horkowitz J. , Chabernaud T. , Alden M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A recently introduced rapid petrophysical wireline evaluation has been tested and demonstrated to provide accurate petrophysical answers in a deepwater Gulf of Mexico well. This new interpretation scheme uses the combination of elemental concentrations from nuclear capture spectroscopy logs and standard neutron, density, resistivity, or "triple-combo" log measurements to get a more accurate description of the lithology and matrix parameters. Of particular value in the interpretation are the straightforward computation of matrix density from elemental concentrations and the resulting accurate porosity. Accurate clay and porosity values combine to provide a good estimate of permeability. These are all integrated with resistivity logs to estimate water saturation and irreducible water saturation to complete the petrophysical interpretation (Herron et al. 2002).
In this study, the rapid petrophysical evaluations of porosity, permeability, and irreducible water saturation are demonstrated to agree well with core data. Initial disagreement between the interpreted lithology and core data jeopardized future use of the new interpretation, but on further investigation, the discrepancies were proved to be caused by the core measurements, not the wireline data. Therefore, part of the study focuses on the reanalysis and evaluation of core samples.
Psychological Methods and Anthropological Problems
Authors: Bartlett F. C. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn this paper I do not propose to try to discuss those contributions made in the name of psychology to anthropological research and explanation which are already well known. Most of these have been made in the interests of some general theory. They involve assumptions concerning which there is legitimate and sharp division of opinion. My task is the less controversial one of attempting a survey of developments of psychological research which have taken place during the last ten or fifteen years, with a view to indicating the ways in which they may be of service to the anthropologist.
The Teaching of African Languages in African Schools: A Need for Improvement
Authors: Elliott A. V. P. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphGreat progress has been made in recent years in the study of African languages and in the construction of suitable and standardized orthographies. This work has had several aims, among them those of bringing order out of confusion and of ensuring that the sounds of the spoken word shall be adequately represented in writing. There is, however, one all-important and far-reaching aim, referred to by Professor Westermann in The International Review of Missions. ‘Orthography and the evolution of a standard language are means to an end, and the end is a vernacular literature.’
The Hadzapi or Watindega of Tanganyika Territory
Authors: Bleek D. F. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn the northern part of the Central Province of Tanganyika Territory, near the swamp or lake marked on maps as Lake Eyasi, dwells a tribe of hunters speaking a clicking language which is related to the Bushman and Hottentot tongues. These people call themselves Hadzapi (singular Hadza); neighbouring tribes call them by various names, of which the Isanzu term Watindega (singular Mutindega) is probably the best known. Mr. J. F. Bagshawe has contributed some papers to the Journal of the African Society on ‘The Peoples of the Happy Valley’ in which he includes this tribe, calling them the Kangeju, probably the name given to them by their neighbours to the east. The Masai are said to call them the Ashi.
The Evolution of the South African Native Mind
Authors: Huss Bernard 
Published: April 2006

Opening Paragraph‘One must be a native in order to understand the native.’ So we are categorically told by one of our prominent native leaders. Justified race-pride of an awakening people may have prompted that leader to say so, but he can hardly have meant to say that the native mind shall for ever be a sealed book to us. Otherwise we could retort and claim that one must be a European in order to understand the European mind which finds its expression in our culture, and we could quote instances where we see African people trying to do what they believe Europeans do, with but poor or deplorable results.
Das Leben des Kindes im Nsungli-Stamm
Authors: Sieber D. und J. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphVorbemerkungen : Der Nsungli-Stamm bewohnt ein Gebiet im nördlichen Kamerun unter britischem Mandat. Es erstreckt sich von etwa 6° 5′ N. bis 6° 45′ N. und von 10° 30′ bis 11° 15′ O. Das Gelände ist vorwiegend welliges Hochland von 1600 bis 2300 m. Man unterscheidet zwei Jahreszeiten: die Trockenzeit und die Regenzeit. Erstere beginnt Anfang November. Im März setzen in der Regel wieder die ersten Regen ein. Die eigentlichen Regenmonate sind Juli bis Oktober. Bedingt durch die Höhenlage hat das Nsungli-Land eine für afrikanische Verhältnisse recht niedrige Temperatur. Meist sind morgens 7 h nicht mehr als 9-12° C. Mittags steigt das Thermometer auf 20-28° C, um am Abend wieder auf 15-18° C zu fallen. Bei Einwirkung der rauhen NO. Winde geht die Temperatur auch noch unter 7° C zurück.
The Present Linguistic Situation in Ibo Country
Authors: Green Margaret M. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphA Bird's eye view of the present Ibo linguistic situation is not in one sense an inspiriting prospect. A rich profusion of dialects makes intercommunication a problem both for the 3 1/4 million Ibo-speaking people themselves and for the Europeans who live among them. The European attempt—a gallant effort in the face of extreme difficulty—to produce a lingua franca known as Union Ibo will be regarded either as a mitigating factor or an added complication according to the onlooker's point of view. In any case it has become to some extent a bone of contention as has also the question of orthography. Two different scripts are at present in use in the country, adding thus to the difficulty of the Ibo who wants to read and write his own language and of the European who wishes to learn it. And the lot of the Europeans faced by a difficult tonal and dialect-riven language is made harder by the fact that few if any of them get adequate linguistic training before going to the country or enough time to work at the language after arriving in it.
The Religion of the Pagan Tribes of the White Nile
Authors: Seligman C. G. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIt is now possible to give an outline of the religious ideas of the more important tribes of the White Nile between Khartum and the southern boundary of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Actually our knowledge is not so excessively limited as would appear from the following narrative; for lack of space I have omitted much that might be said of rain-makers, totemism, and the cult of the dead, and have avoided all discussion of sacred spears (a considerable cult) and the ‘People of the Nile’ and their river cattle.
Education and the Social Adjustment of the Primitive Peoples of Africa to European Culture
Authors: Mumford W. Bryant 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe problem of the social adjustment of primitive races to European culture is one which is being and has been faced by a considerable number of officials and settlers in the various tropical countries of the world. Many of those who may read these words will have a far wider experience than the writer. To these men of experience the writer appeals for criticisms and suggestions. The article is written in the spirit of one who is anxious to learn. It is an attempt to think out the part schools should or could play in the general problem of social adjustment. It suggests how, by preserving and developing African tradition and culture in the schools, Africa may be helped to make a happy and satisfactory adjustment to her changed social environment following increasing contacts with Europe and the world. It outlines an experiment to be tried at Iringa, Tanganyika Territory.
An Outline of the Native Conception of Education in Africa
Authors: Hoernlé A. W. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIt may seem a very ambitious task to attempt even an outline of the native conception of education in so large an area as Africa, with its varying races and languages, its great variety in types of social organization. Nevertheless, there are certain fundamental aspects of these African cultures which are identical in them all, and which differ profoundly from those which form the foundation of our own educational needs. If we wish to understand and to help these African peoples, it is essential that we should learn to look at their culture and their world with their eyes, in order that we may know the basis of the faith by which they live, otherwise we run a grave risk of inadvertently destroying the foundations of social organization and belief which make life, not only tolerable, but possible at all.