bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food restriction markedly increases dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) in a rat model of obesity as assessed with in‐vivo μPET imaging ([11C] raclopride) and in‐vitro ([3H] spiperone) autoradiography
Authors: Thanos Panayotis K. , Michaelides Michael , Piyis Yiannis K. , Wang Gene‐Jack , Volkow Nora D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIntroduction:Dopamine (DA) regulates food intake by modulating food reward and motivation but its involvement in obesity is much less understood. Recent evidence points to the involvement of leptin in the DA‐related modulation of food intake. Here we assess DA D2 receptors (D2R) in a genetic rodent obesity model characterized by leptin‐receptor deficiency and assess the influence of food restriction on these receptors.Methods:We compared D2R levels between Zucker Obese (fa/fa) and Lean (Fa/Fa) rats at 1 and 4 months of age and in two different feeding conditions (restricted and unrestricted food access) using in‐vivo μPET imaging ([11C] raclopride, which is a method sensitive to competition with endogenous DA) and in‐vitro ([3H] spiperone washed to ensure no competition with endogenous DA) autoradiography (ARG).Results:Both ARG and μPET showed that D2R were higher at 1 month than at 4 months of age and that food restricted animals had higher D2R than unrestricted animals. However there were significant differences in the results obtained at 4 months between ARG and μPET. ARG showed that at 1 month and at 4 months unrestricted lean rats (Le U) had significantly higher D2R binding than obese unrestricted rats (Ob U) but showed no differences between restricted obese (Ob R) and restricted lean rats (Le R). It also showed that D2R decline between 1 and 4 months of age was significantly attenuated in food restricted rats [both obese and lean]. In contrast, μPET showed that at 4 months of age, Ob U showed greater D2R availability than Le U rats but like ARG showed no differences between Ob R and Le R rats.Conclusion:The lower D2R binding in Ob U than Le U rats observed with ARG most likely reflects decreases in striatal D2 receptors levels whereas the increased availability observed with μPET is likely to reflect reduced DA release (resulting in decreased competition with endogenous DA). Lack of a significant difference between Ob R and Le R suggests that the differences in dopamine activity and D2R levels between Ob and Le Zucker rats are modulated by access to food. The ARG finding of an attenuation of the age‐related loss of D2R binding corroborates previous studies of the salutary effects of food restriction in the aging process. Because [11C] raclopride is sensitive to competition with endogenous DA, the higher D2R binding in obese rats with raclopride despite the lower D2R levels shown with spiperone could reflect lower extracellular DA in the Ob rats and merits further investigation. Synapse 62:50–61, 2008. Published 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Erratum: Student affect and conceptual understanding in learning chemistry
Authors: Nieswandt Martina 
Published: October 2007

AbstractIn this article (Journal of Research in Science Teaching 2007;44(7):908–937. DOI 10.1002/tea.20169 © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.), part of the author's affiliation had been inadvertently omitted.The corrected affiliation appears above. For the reader's information, the acronym “OISE/UT” stands for “Ontario Institute for Studies in Education of the University of Toronto.”The author regrets any inconvenience this may have caused.
How useful is the lung‐to‐head ratio in predicting outcome in the fetus with congenital diaphragmatic hernia? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ba'ath M. E. , Jesudason E. C. , Losty P. D. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjectiveFetal surgery to improve lung growth comprises tracheal occlusion in selected ‘high‐risk’ fetuses with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH). Sonographically measured fetal lung‐to‐head ratio (LHR) is utilized to recruit candidates for fetal surgery. This study provides a meta‐analysis of the evidence regarding the prognostic use of lung‐to‐head ratio measurements in fetal CDH.MethodsMEDLINE, SCOPUS and ISI PROCEEDINGS databases were searched for MeSH terms: lung, head, hernia and ratio. References in retrieved studies were also searched. Studies were categorized as follows: Phase I studies measured normal fetal LHR; Phase II studies compared fetal LHR in CDH survivors and non‐survivors (if LHR informed therapy decisions or LHR was not measured during the window for intervention (< 32 weeks' gestation), studies were excluded); Phase III studies used LHR to guide selection for fetal surgery (non‐randomized trials were excluded); Phase IV studies measured CDH survival before and after LHR application in clinical practice.ResultsThe one Phase I study showed that LHR varied substantially with gestation and technique. No complete studies met the selection criteria for Phase II: meta‐analysis of subgroups revealed similar LHR in CDH survivors and non‐survivors. A single Phase III study revealed no benefit for LHR‐directed fetal surgery. No Phase IV studies were identified.ConclusionThe prognostic use of LHR in fetal CDH entered clinical practice prior to publication of robust normal data and is not supported by current evidence. Application of a structured approach to any ‘new’ prognostic test could improve its validity and clinical application. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deconvolution of continuous internal bremsstrahlung spectra of 32P, 85Kr and 143Pr
Authors: Almaz Ekrem , Cengiz Ahmet 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn efficient method of deconvolution of the internal bremsstrahlung (IB) spectra accompanying the β‐decay in 32P, 85Kr and 143Pr is presented. Experimental data is taken from the literature. The usual experimental values are folded with the response matrix of the detector system, and the Gold iteration technique is employed to deconvolve the detector response function for the continuous IB photon spectra. The response function of the detector is calculated using the peak to total ratio and the energy resolution of the detector. The results of the deconvolved IB spectra along with the theoretical calculations are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfur determination on stone monuments with a transportable EDXRF system
Authors: Diana M. , Gabrielli N. , Ridolfi S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAn important part of the world's cultural heritage is represented by stone monuments. A very dangerous weathering process that deteriorates stone monuments and is caused by human activity is air pollution. One of the worst pollutants for stone monuments is associated with sulfur compounds, especially with gypsum. Gypsum is a rather soluble compound that may be washed away by rain. It leaves the surface of the stone clean but eroded and open to new corrosive processes.With transportable energy dispersive x‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) instruments it is possible to conduct in situ investigations, mappings, registrations and evaluations of the stone‐degradation phenomena related to sulfate formation on stone and stone‐like materials by quantifying sulfur concentrations directly associated with the presence of gypsum.The EDXRF instrument used in this project is a commercial system comprising a miniaturized low‐power, air‐cooled tungsten x‐ray tube and a silicon drift detector (SDD) Peltier‐cooled detector.The EDXRF instrument was calibrated using a series of standard samples specifically developed for this project with a sulfur content ranging from 0.5 to 15%. Correlating the sulfur peak counts with sulfur concentrations, a straight calibration line (R2 = 0.9985) was obtained. Several high voltage levels of the x‐ray tube were tried to define the best operating conditions. The silicon escape peak of calcium had to be accounted for owing to its interference with the sulfur peak.In this paper we shall discuss the working method adopted and the results achieved following the examination of a number of stone monuments such as the “Fanciulla di Anzio” and other ancient Roman statues housed in the Roman National Museum, and the Sarcophagus of Pope Boniface VIII sculpted by Arnolfo di Cambio and situated in the Crypt of the Vatican Basilica. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psychiatric Disorders in Clinical Genetics I: Addressing Family Histories of Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Peay Holly L. , Veach Patricia McCarthy , Palmer Christina G. S. , Rosen‐Sheidley Beth , Gettig Elizabeth , Austin Jehannine C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis is the first article of a two‐part professional development series addressing genetic counseling for personal and family histories of psychiatric disorders. It is based on an Educational Breakout Session presented by the Psychiatric Special Interest Group of the National Society of Genetic Counselors at the 2006 Annual Education Conference. This article examines issues that arise in addressing family histories of psychiatric illness, while the second article in the series considers the generation and provision of individualized recurrence risks for psychiatric disorders. In this article we discuss the importance of managing uncertainty for affected individuals and their close family members who have been referred to genetics for a number of different indications. We then use four simulated cases to make recommendations about the scope and timing of discussions related to the psychiatric family history.
Advantage of early seedling emergence in Fagus crenata: importance of cotyledon stage for predator escape and pathogen avoidance
Authors: Abe Midori , Honda Ayako , Hoshizaki Kazuhiko , Miguchi Hideo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo examine how early‐emerging seedlings take advantage of establishment in a deciduous forest, we explored the relationships among the emergence date, growth stage and major causes of mortality (damping‐off by fungi and predation by rodents) in seedlings of Fagus crenata. The emergence of current‐year seedlings and their survival and damage were followed at short (3–7 days in early spring) intervals for a growing season. The growth stage was divided into two stages, with only cotyledons (CT stage) and with true leaves (TL stage). The survival rate was negatively correlated with the emergence date, indicating the advantage of early seedling emergence. This advantage was largely explained by the lower occurrence of damping‐off. In contrast, seedling predation occurred independently of the emergence date, but depended strongly on the developmental stage. Rodents consumed a considerable number of seeds during the early period after emergence, and strongly preferred CT‐stage over TL‐stage seedlings throughout the growing season. Therefore, seedling predation was inferred to be concentrated in a relatively short period while the remaining seeds were depleted and CT‐stage seedlings were abundant. The seedling stage synchronously shifted from the CT to TL stage. This growth‐stage transition was independent of the emergence date and appeared to correspond with the timing of seed depletion. Delayed stage transition resulted in a disproportionately high risk of damping‐off later in the season. Our results indicate that early seedling emergence is advantageous for F. crenata for resistance to pathogens and that the timing of growth‐stage progression of seedlings appears important to escape predation because of the distinct food preference of predators.
Breathing in India, c. 1890
Authors: GREEN NILE 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis essay examines a series of ‘Hindustani’ meditation manuals from the high colonial period against a sample of etiquette and medicinal works from the same era. In doing so, the essay has two principal aims, one specific to the Indian past and one pertaining to more general historical enquiry. The first aim is to subvert a longstanding trend in the ‘history’ of religions which has understood meditational practices through a paradigm of the mystical and transcendent. In its place, the essay examines such practices—and in particular their written, and printed, formulation—within the ideological and technological contexts in which they were written. In short, meditation is historicised, and its ‘Hindu’ and ‘Muslim’ expressions, compared in the process. The second aim is more ambitious: to test the limits of historical knowledge by asking whether it is possible to recount a history of breathing. In reassembling a political economy of respiration from a range of colonial writings, the essay thus hopes to form a listening device for the intimate rhythms of corporeal history. In doing so, it may suggest ways to recount a connected and necessarily political history of the body, the spirit and the world.
Plasmodium falciparumduring pregnancy: a puzzling parasite tissue adhesion tropism
Authors: NUNES M. C. , SCHERF A. 
Published: October 2007

SUMMARYP. falciparummalaria severely affects pregnant women and children. Despite immunity through lifelong exposure to malaria, pregnant women become susceptible to infections causing anaemia, abortions and low birth weight. They experience massive accumulation of infected erythrocytes (IEs) in the placenta. Adhesion of IEs to host endothelial receptors is mediated by members of a large diverse protein family calledP. falciparumerythrocyte membrane protein 1 (PfEMP1). Pregnancy malaria is generally associated with the emergence of a distinct subset of parasites expressing a unique PfEMP1 that binds to the host-receptor chondroitin sulfate A (CSA). Resistance to pregnancy malaria is associated with the acquisition of antibodies that block IEs binding to placental CSA. The absence (or rare occurrence) of CSA-binding parasites in malaria patients (children, men and non-pregnant women) suggests that these parasites become virulent only during pregnancy. The molecular mechanisms used byP. falciparumto achieve the timely expression of the Pf-CSA ligand in pregnant women remain puzzling. In this review we will discuss two hypothetical mechanisms by which CSA-binding parasites may arise during pregnancy. The first, a selection process by the placenta of a distinct sub-population ofP. falciparumexpressing a particular PfEMP1. The second, an induction mechanism that facilitates the expression of a particular PfEMP1 protein by specific host factor(s) present only during pregnancy.
To what extent does meaning mediate adaptation to cancer? The relationship between physical suffering, meaning in life, and connection to others in adjustment to cancer
Authors: Lethborg Carrie , Aranda Sanchia , Cox Shelley , Kissane David 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTObjectives:This study builds on previous work that explored the lived experience of meaning in advanced cancer. The aims were to explore the associations of suffering (physical and existential distress) and coping (via social support) with psychological distress and global meaning using a battery of instruments among adults attending an Australian metropolitan cancer service (n= 100).Methods:The contribution of suffering and coping via social support to psychological distress and meaning were examined using a variety of statistical methods. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to further examine relative contributions to both psychological distress and global meaning.Results:Physical and existential distress were found to be positively associated with psychological distress whereas high social support and personal meaning are related to lower levels of psychological distress. Social support was the strongest correlate of global meaning whereas high levels of existential distress were related to lower levels of global meaning. On the basis of this study, it is concluded that the factors related to suffering clearly promote psychological distress, and the reverse is true for global meaning for those living with cancer.Significance of results:This study speaks to the clinical complexity of the dynamic experience of suffering and meaning in cancer. We need to better understand the impact of physical suffering and meaning in the lives of this population and to actively work toward the enhancement of social support and connection with others for this group. Optimal palliative and family-centered care blended with therapies that promote a sense of meaning of life lived appear crucial to ameliorate suffering.
Detection and treatment of akathisia in advanced cancer patients during adjuvant analgesic therapy with tricyclic antidepressants: Case reports and review of the literature
Authors: Onishi Hideki , Yamamoto Wataru , Wada Makoto , Nishida Tomomi , Wada Mei , Sunagawa Yu , Miya Toshimichi , Kawanishi Chiaki , Narabayashi Masaru , Sasaki Yasutsuna 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTObjective:There is substantial evidence that tricyclic antidepressants are effective in the management of chronic pain, including cancer pain. In oncological settings, these agents are used as adjuvant analgesic drugs. However, cases of akathisia due to tricyclic antidepressants used as adjuvant analgesic therapy have not previously been reported.Case reports:Two cancer patients experiencing chronic pain who were refractory to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids were prescribed amoxapine as an adjuvant analgesic therapy for neuropathic pain. These patients developed inner restlessness and restless physical movements after amoxapine was prescribed. Although symptoms were atypical, akathisia was suspected and discontinuation of amoxapine resolved the symptoms.Results and significance of results:Akathisia should be considered in patients receiving adjuvant analgesic therapy with tricyclic antidepressants. Early detection and appropriate treatment will relieve this distressing symptom. Restless movements involving parts of the body other than the legs may be the clue to the diagnosis.
Population level functional diversity in a microbial community revealed by comparative genomic and metagenomic analyses
Authors: Bhaya Devaki , Grossman Arthur R , Steunou Anne-Soisig , Khuri Natalia , Cohan Frederick M , Hamamura Natsuko , Melendrez Melanie C , Bateson Mary M , Ward David M , Heidelberg John F 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
In microbial mat communities of Yellowstone hot springs, ribosomal RNA (rRNA) sequence diversity patterns indicate the presence of closely related bacterial populations along environmental gradients of temperature and light. To identify the functional bases for adaptation, we sequenced the genomes of two cyanobacterial (Synechococcus OS-A and OS-B′) isolates representing ecologically distinct populations that dominate at different temperatures and are major primary producers in the mat. There was a marked lack of conserved large-scale gene order between the two Synechococcus genomes, indicative of extensive genomic rearrangements. Comparative genomic analyses showed that the isolates shared a large fraction of their gene content at high identity, yet, differences in phosphate and nitrogen utilization pathways indicated that they have adapted differentially to nutrient fluxes, possibly by the acquisition of genes by lateral gene transfer or their loss in certain populations. Comparisons of the Synechococcus genomes to metagenomic sequences derived from mats where these Synechococcus stains were originally isolated, revealed new facets of microbial diversity. First, Synechococcus populations at the lower temperature regions of the mat showed greater sequence diversity than those at high temperatures, consistent with a greater number of ecologically distinct populations at the lower temperature. Second, we found evidence of a specialized population that is apparently very closely related to Synechococcus OS-B′, but contains genes that function in the uptake of reduced ferrous iron. In situ expression studies demonstrated that these genes are differentially expressed over the diel cycle, with highest expression when the mats are anoxic and iron may be in the reduced state. Genomic information from these mat-specific isolates and metagenomic information can be coupled to detect naturally occurring populations that are associated with different functionalities, not always represented by isolates, but which may nevertheless be important for niche partitioning and the establishment of microbial community structure.
Contrast-enhanced multi-shot echo-planar FLAIR in the depiction of metastatic tumors of the brain: comparison with contrast-enhanced spin-echo T1-weighted imaging
Authors: Tomura N. , Narita K. , Takahashi S. , Otani T. , Sakuma I. , Yasuda K. , Nishii T. , Watarai J. 
Published: October 2007

Background: The usefulness of fast fluid-attenuated inversion-recovery (FLAIR) sequences after administration of contrast medium (f-FLAIR (+)) has been shown in depicting brain tumors including metastases and meningeal carcinomatosis. Contrast-enhanced multi-shot echo-planar FLAIR (Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+)), comprising combined sequences of f-FLAIR (+) and Ms-EPI, may provide the advantages of f-FLAIR (+) along with rapid acquisition. Purpose: To compare Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) with post-contrast spin-echo T1-weighted imaging (SE-T1WI (+)) in the depiction of brain metastases. Material and Methods: In 14 patients with metastatic tumors of the brain, spin-echo precontrast T1-weighted imaging (SE-T1WI (−)), fast spin-echo T2-weighted imaging (FSE-T2WI), fast-FLAIR, SE-T1WI (+), and Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) were acquired. For qualitative evaluation of SE-T1WI (+) and Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+), receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed in two different readers. For quantitative analysis, the intensity ratios (intensity of tumor divided by intensity of peritumoral region) in SE-T1WI (+) and Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) were compared. Results: Although pre-contrast f-FLAIR detected 84 of 106 tumors, Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) detected 98 of 106 tumors. In the ROC analysis for observers A and B, Az values in SE-T1WI (+) did not differ from values in Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+). Quantitatively, the intensity ratio in Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) also did not differ from that in SE-T1WI (+). Conclusion: Detectability of brain metastases with Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) is almost similar to that with SE-T1WI (+). Ms-EPI-FLAIR (+) could be an alternative to SE-T1WI (+) in the depiction of brain metastases.
Ultrasound versus magnetic resonance arthrography in acetabular labral tear diagnostics: a prospective comparison in 20 dysplastic hips
Authors: Troelsen A. , Jacobsen S. , Bolvig L. , Gelineck J. , Rømer L. , Søballe K. 
Published: October 2007

Background: Acetabular labral tears are highly associated with hip dysplasia. Magnetic resonance arthrography (MR arthrography) is the expensive and time-consuming contemporary gold-standard method in the radiological assessment of acetabular labral tears. Purpose: To assess the diagnostic ability of noninvasive ultrasound (US) examination compared to MR arthrography in diagnosing acetabular labral tears in dysplastic hip joints. Material and Methods: The study compared US examination and MR arthrography diagnosis of labral tears in 20 consecutively referred dysplastic hip joints. Results: The ability to diagnose acetabular labral tears upon US examination was calculated: sensitivity 44%, specificity 75%, positive predictive value 88%, and negative predictive value 25%. Conclusion: The ability of US examination in diagnosing acetabular labral tears is not yet good enough. The technique is still to be developed, and more experience, especially with the interpretation of US examinations, is needed.