bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microcomputers and Microprocessors in Urology: Present and Future
Authors: GLEN E. S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Urology departments have a heavy outpatient workload requiring efficient secretarial, appointments and records services. Microcomputers are relatively inexpensive and can facilitate efficient routine clinical and research work. Unlike mainframe computers, formal training is not usually required, a simple introduction being sufficient for the enthusiast.An Apple computer is used in this department for word processing incorporating standard letters, paragraphs and phrases. With more sophisticated programs urological screening by computer interrogation could be linked to an appointments system to coordinate investigations, minimising hospital visits.Microprocessors can facilitate a wide variety of measurement recording and data handling. Urodynamic measurements can be computed and graphs superimposed to facilitate interpretation.
Management of Renal Carcinoma—A Questionnaire Survey
Authors: RITCHIE A. W. S. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Questionnaires on the management of renal carcinoma were returned by 134 British urologists. Analysis revealed that ultrasound is used, as a routine investigation, by 93% of the respondents, whereas abdominal CT scanning is used routinely by only 16%.Renal arterial embolisation is used by 60% of respondents; a further 12% indicated that, having tried the technique, they had given it up. Of 81 surgeons using embolisation, 44% were hopeful that it offered systemic benefit to the patient and 54% delay nephrectomy after embolisation. Regression of metastases following treatment was reported by 58 surgeons.Details of metastatic regression in 60 patients revealed that pulmonary metastases were involved in 83%. Embolisation featured in the management of only 11 such patients.
Inhibition of Experimental Nephrocalcinosis with a Prostaglandin Synthetase Inhibitor
Authors: BUCK A. C. , DAVIES R. LI. , LEAKER B. , MOFFAT D. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Nephrocalcinosis was induced in a group of experimental rats by means of intraperitoneal injections of 10% calcium gluconate. Two further groups of rats were treated with indomethacin and flurbiprofen (Froben) before receiving the i.p. calcium gluconate, to study the effects of prostaglandin inhibition on the process of renal parenchymal calcification. Tissue calcification was studied by means of contact microradiography and histology. Quantitative calcium analysis was by means of energy dispersive analysis of X‐rays (EDAX).There was a marked inhibition of cortical nephrocalcinosis and a significantly reduced calcium concentration (P0.005) in the animals treated with a prostaglandin inhibitor compared with the animals given i.p. calcium gluconate alone.This study suggests that prostaglandins are involved in the process of renal parenchymal calcification and may be aetiologically significant in the pathogenesis of stone formation.
Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide in the Normal and Unstable Bladder
Authors: GU J. , RESTORICK J. M. , BLANK M. A. , HUANG W. M. , POLAK J. M. , BLOOM S. R. , MUNDY A. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The possible involvement in idiopathic detrusor instability of a newly discovered type of autonomic nerve containing vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) has been studied. Immunocytochemistry and radioimmunoassay, using specific antibodies against VIP, were carried out on 20 biopsy specimens from the bladders of patients with detrusor instability and 20 specimens from control patients.The concentration of VIP in the unstable bladders was found to be markedly reduced from 36.52 ± 4.8 pmol/g (mean ± SEM) to 7.62 ± 1.84 pmol/g (P0.01). The number of VIP immunoreactive nerves was greatly decreased in all of the layers but particularly in the muscle layer of the unstable bladder in comparison with the controls. These findings may provide important information about the mechanism of this disorder.
Bladder Instability. is the Primary Defect in the Urethra?
Authors: HINDMARSH J. R. , GOSLING P. T. , DEANE A. M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The urethral response to bladder filling has been studied by synchronous measurement of four points in the proximal urethra and bladder using microtip transducers. Twelve male patients with urodynamically proven bladder instability had falls in urethral closure pressure of 30 cm of water 3 s before the unstable detrusor contraction. There was a lack of awareness of the urethral relaxation, the sensation of urgency occurring only when the detrusor contracted.The suggestion is made that the sequence of events occurring in these patients with bladder instability is fundamentally no different from a normal voiding sequence and that it may be more appropriate to re‐educate the muscles of the proximal urethra than to treat the detrusor instability.
Progress in Transrectal Ultrasonography for Prostatic Disease
Authors: OKAFOR P. I. S. , WILD S. R. , BEYNON L. L. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The accuracy of ultrasonographic measurement of volumetric changes within the prostate was assessed using a hand‐held transrectal probe. This was effected by comparing the ultrasonically calculated weight change following TURP with the measured weight of resected prostatic tissue in a group of 30 patients with benign prostatic hypertrophy. A high correlation was found (r =0.978) in BPH, but potential difficulties were found in applying the method to the malignant prostate.In the 30 benign cases studied, ultrasound indicated the presence of calculi in 60% of patients and an echo pattern consistent with malignant tissue in 23%. These findings suggest a poor diagnostic accuracy for the technique.
Incidental Carcinoma of the Prostate: Selection for Deferred Treatment
Authors: BEYNON L. L. , BUSUTTIL A. , NEWSAM J. E. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Fifty‐one of 212 consecutive patients with prostatic cancer presented with incidentally diagnosed (TO) cancer. The average age at presentation was 73 years and follow‐up ranged from 1 to 62 months. Deferred treatment was selected in 39 cases, 10 of which progressed. Of 15 deaths only 3 were related to prostate cancer and these were patients who had presented with metastases.Histological grading by the Gleason system demonstrated a significant correlation with metastatic stage at presentation and tumour bulk, but not with age or progression in deferred treatment cases.It is concluded that there is a need to subdivide patients presenting with incidental carcinoma, that tumour bulk correlates with histological grade and that future treatment protocols for TO disease should stratify for histological grade.
Treatment of Advanced Prostatic Cancer with Buserelin, an Analogue of Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone
Authors: WAXMAN J. H. , WASS J. A. H. , HENDRY W. F. , WHITFIELD H. N. , BARY P. , BESSER G. M. , MALPAS J. S. , OLIVER R. T. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Twenty‐two consecutive patients with newly diagnosed symptomatic, locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer were treated with intranasal buserelin, a long‐acting analogue of gonadotrophin releasing hormone, in divided dosages of between 600 and 1000 pg daily. Suppression of testosterone occurred in 1 of 5 patients treated with 600 μgdaily and in all 17 patients receiving 1000 μgdaily. Two of 5 patients treated with the 600 μg regimen and 16 of 17 patients receiving the 1000 μg regimen showed subjective and objective evidence of disease regression. Follow‐up was from 1 to 16 months (mean 7.1 months); 6 patients have relapsed during this period.Buserelin offers an effective alternative medical treatment of carcinoma of the prostate and, apart from impotence, does not have the side effects of oestrogens.
Phenacetin‐Containing Analgesics and Cancer of the Bladder or Renal Pelvis in Women
Authors: McCREDIE MARGARET , STEWART J. H. , FORD JOYCE M. , MacLENNAN R. A. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— In a case‐control investigation of 154 women with cancer of the bladder and 440 female population controls spanning the same age range, the relative risk for this cancer was 2.6 in consumers of phenacetin‐containing analgesics and 2.7 in tobacco smokers. The relative risks for cancer of the renal pelvis, determined for 31 cases, were 5.4 with phenacetin and 4.7 with tobacco. Increasing consumption of either agent increased the risk for cancer at each of the two sites, while a synergistic rather than purely additive effect was apparent when both phenacetin‐containing analgesics and tobacco had been taken. Consumption of analgesic preparations which contained no phenacetin did not increase the risk of developing cancer at either site.The evidence indicates that phenacetin is a clinically important carcinogen for the lower as well as for the upper urinary tract.
The Use of Urinary Flow Rates Obtained from Voided Volumes Less than 150 ml in the Assessment of Voiding Ability
Authors: MARSHALL V. R. , RYALL ROSEMARY L. , AUSTIN M. L. , SINCLAIR G. R. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— The initial slope of the curve relating peak urinary flow rate to voided volume was found to predict an individual's flow rate at bladder volumes of 200 ml or more in normal subjects and Those with symptoms of outflow obstruction. The numerical value of this initial slope was found to decline in a hyperbolic fashion with increasing age. A similar decrease was observed for peak urinary flow rates at bladder volumes between 200 and 300 ml.The use of initial slope as an index of voiding ability would appear to be just as effective in discriminating between normal and obstructed men as a single flow rate determination at a large volume and would be of most benefit in those patients unable to void large volumes of urine.
Ureaplasma urealyticum and Upper Urinary Tract Stones
Authors: Hedelin H. , Brorson J.‐E. , Grenabo L. , Pettersson S. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The occurrence of bacteria and Ureaplasma urealyticum in the upper urinary tract was studied in 50 patients operated on for renal stones. Cultures were performed on voided urine, pelvic urine obtained during surgery and the stone. The chemical composition of the stones was analysed.Twenty‐six stones were of metabolic origin and 24 infection‐induced, i.e. composed of struvite and/or carbonate‐apatite. Ureaplasma urealyticum was cultured from the upper urinary tract in 1 patient with metabolic stones, and in 7 with infection stones. In 4 of these 7 patients no other urease‐producing micro‐organism was detected, suggesting that Ureaplasma urealyticum may have been associated with stone formation in these patients.
Effects of High Intake of Dietary Animal Protein on Mineral Metabolism and Urinary Supersaturation of Calcium Oxalate in Renal Stone Formers
Authors: Fellström B. , Danielson B. G. , Karlström Brita , Lithell H. , Ljunghall S. , Vessby B. , Wide L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
The metabolic effects of a high protein diet (HPD) were studied in eight patients with idiopathic recurrent calcium oxalate stones.On the HPD there was a 35% increase in urinary calcium concomitant with increased excretion of cyclic AMP and hydroxyproline. These findings point to an enhanced resorption of bone, possibly secondary to increased renal loss of calcium. The urinary citrate decreased by 25% along with reduced serum standard bicarbonate and urinary pH. The high formation of acid metabolites might also have adverse effects on calcium balance and bone.Urinary oxalate excretion was not affected nor were there any significant changes in the calculated urinary supersaturation of calcium oxalate, if changes in urinary citrate, pH, sulphate, sodium, phosphate and volume were also considered.This study suggests that the possible negative influence on the propensity to form renal stones of a diet rich in animal protein is probably due to reduced urinary inhibitory activity.
High Serum Prolactin Associated with Poor Prognosis in Carcinoma of the Prostate
Authors: MEE A. D. , KHAN O. , MASHITER K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Seventy patients with carcinoma of the prostate have had regular estimations of serum prolactin levels during a 10‐month period, and were followed up for a further 6 months. Of 21 patients who recorded at least one high serum prolactin, 10 (48%) died during these 16 months, while of 50 with normal prolactin, only 2 (4%) died. Ten (21%) of the 47 patients on oestrogen or anti‐androgen therapy died, and 9 of these had a high prolactin. This contrasts with 2 (14%) deaths of 14 who had had either bilateral orchiectomy or radiotherapy to the prostate. One of the 2 who died had a high prolactin.It is concluded that an elevated serum prolactin in treated carcinoma of the prostate is associated with progression of the disease and a poor prognosis.
Antisperm Antibodies and Male Infertility
Authors: UPADHYAYA MEENA , HIBBARD B. M. , WALKER SHEILA M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Two hundred males attending a fertility clinic and 65 men who had fathered one or more children were screened for sperm antibodies using sperm agglutination and immobilisation tests. The incidence of sperm antibodies was significantly higher in the former group.Agglutinin and immobilisin were not related to sperm concentration, morphology, ejaculate volume, seminal plasma zinc, magnesium, acid phosphatase and fructose. However, sperm motility and viability were significantly reduced in the presence of sperm antibodies.There appeared to be no relationship between the presence of antisperm antibodies and Mycoplasma, aerobic or anaerobic organisms. There was a positive correlation between agglutinating and immobilising antibodies in serum and seminal plasma. This study suggests that sperm antibodies at a significant titre may lower male fertility.
Chemotherapy before Radiotherapy for T3 Bladder Cancer; A Pilot Study
Authors: KAYE S. B. , MacFARLANE J. R. , McHATTlE I. , HART A. J. L. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Seventeen patients with stage T3 bladder cancer were treated in a pilot study of initial chemotherapy (four courses of cyclophosphamide, methotrexate and 5‐fluorouracil) followed by megavoltage radiotherapy 6000 cGy) to the bladder. Chemotherapy was well tolerated and did not lead to any increase in toxicity from the radiotherapy.Assessment of response in all cases was not possible because of the variable extent of the initial biopsy. Of the 12 patients in whom assessment was possible, there was no objective change in 9 (4 cases of T3a; 5 cases of T3b) and there was objective evidence of disease progression in 3 (2 cases of T3a; 1 case of T3b).Thirteen patients have now died and the median survival for patients in this study was 27 months, with a 3‐year survival rate of 26%. Three patients died with recurrence in the pelvis, 5 with both local and metastatic disease, 2 with metastases only, and 3 from other causes.These data indicate that this particular form of chemotherapy given as initial treatment for T3 bladder cancer does not appear to lead to an improvement in the results obtainable from radiotherapy alone.
Cystectomy for Carcinoma of the Bilharzial Bladder 126 Patients 10 Years later
Authors: GHONEIM M. A. , ASHAMALLA A. , GABALLA M. A. , IBRAHIM E. I. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Our experience with 126 cases of bilharzial bladder cancer treated by radical cystectomy and followed up for at least 10 years is outlined.The operative mortality rate was 13.5%. The 5‐ and 10‐year survival rates were 32.6 and 23% respectively. The difference between the two figures can be attributed to mortality from natural ageing rather than recurrence of cancer. Analysis of survival figures revealed that the tumour grade was the most important prognostic factor. Most treatment failures were due to local recurrence which developed soon after treatment.
Monoclonal Antibodies to Detect A, Band H Blood Group Isoantigens in Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder: a Means of Predicting Invasive Recurrences
Authors: STEPHENSON T. J. , WILLIAMS J. L. , GELSTHORPE K. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Monoclonal antibodies to A, B and H blood group isoantigens (Bgi) have been used in an indirect immunoperoxidase technique to study the expression of BGI in both normal and malignant transitional epithelium in patients of all blood groups.BGI was detectable in all 15 biopsies of normal transitional epithelium and in 28 of 50 (56%) stage pTa and pTI transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder (Tccb). In the tumours failing to express BGI there was a 55% invasive recurrence rate at 5 years compared with 14% in those tumours expressing BGI. The difference was significant at the P < 0. 01 level.The recent availability of a monoclonal antibody to H isoantigen expressed in group O patients, in addition to monoclonal anti A and anti B, has made possible the inclusion of patients of all blood groups into a study using a standard immunoperoxidase technique without the need for specially processed biopsy material. The advantages of this technique compared with the earlier methods are discussed with reference to its possible role in identifying those patients at highest risk of developing invasive recurrence of their tumour.
A Comparison Between Ultrasonography and Laparoscopy in Localising the Impalpable Undescended Testis
Authors: MALONE P. S. , GUINEY E. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— in 11 boys, 3 of whom had bilateral and 8 unilateral impalpable testes, ultrasonography was used to identify the location of the testes. The results of ultrasonography are compared with those of laparoscopy in the same patients.The testes were absent in two instances. The remaining 12 testes were accurately located by laparoscopy. Ultrasonography demonstrated the testes in only two cases.
Post‐treatment Fertility in Patients with Testicular Cancer.: II. Influence of Cis‐platin‐based Combination Chemotherapy and of Retroperitoneal Surgery on Hormone and Sperm Cell Production
Authors: FOSSÅ SOPHIE D. , OUS S. , ÅBYHOLM T. , NORMAN N. , LOEB M. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Active sperm production was observed in 20 of 35 patients with testicular cancer 1 year after discontinuation of all treatment (retroperitoneal surgery only: 13; cis‐platin‐based chemotherapy (CVB) ± other treatment: 22). The percentage of patients who regained spermatogenesis increased slightly after a further 1 to 2 years. Fourteen patients (of 121 under observation) impregnated their wives (after retroperitoneal surgery: 9; after CVB ± other therapy: 5). The individual serum FSH values correlated significantly with the results of sperm analysis: an FSH value ≥20 iu/l indicated azoospermia in 8 of 12 patients, whereas only 5 of 30 patients with FSH levels ≤12 iu/l were azoospermic. Serum testosterone and pituitary serum LH were virtually unaffected by the treatment.In conclusion, 1 to 3 years after cis‐platin‐based multi‐modality treatment for testicular cancer, 50 to 60% of patients have active spermatogenesis and fatherhood can be achieved by a significant number of them.
DNA/RNA Ratio in Bladder Cancer: a Factor Indicating the Recurrence Rate?
Authors: HADJISSOTIRIOU G. G. , GREEN D. K. , McINTYRE M. A. , HARGREAVE T. B. , CHISHOLM G. D. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— Flow cytometry (FCM) was used to monitor 24 patients receiving intravesical mitomycin C (MMC) therapy. The patients were selected for MMC therapy because of multiple low stage bladder tumours which had not been cleared by previous endoscopic management. The response to treatment was monitored with cystoscopy, cytology, mucosal biopsies and flow cytometry.Follow‐up was for a minimum of 12 months and 19 patients (79%) remained free of tumour. Four patients developed recurrences 6 months after therapy (16.5%) and one showed no response. There were no partial responders. The flow patterns of the four patients who developed recurrence showed an increased RNA/DNA ratio; this was detected after the third MMC instillation and remained throughout the follow‐up period. The patients who did not develop recurrence demonstrated either a 1:1 or decreased RNA/DNA ratio. The increased RNA/DNA ratio appears to precede cystoscopic, urine cytology or biopsy evidence of recurrence. If this is confirmed in a larger series it could be used to select patients at high risk for recurrence who would be suitable for alternative therapy.
Is Delayed Treatment Justified in Carcinoma of the Prostate?
Authors: PARKER M. C. , COOK A. , RIDDLE P. R. , FRYATT I. , O'SULLIVAN J. , SHEARER R. J. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— We report a retrospective survey of 263 patients with prostate cancer presenting between 1975 and 1979, with a minimum follow‐up period of 5 years. We have evaluated the effects of anti‐cancer therapy on survival and disease‐free interval. The mean survival time of all patients was 39.6 months.Of 91 patients (37.7%) with demonstrable bone metastases at presentation, 64 (70.3%) have died of prostatic cancer, the mean duration of survival being 25 months. There was no difference in terms of response to treatment or of duration of symptom‐free life between patients treated by immediate hormone manipulation and those in whom treatment was delayed.Of 115 patients without metastases at presentation, 42 (36.5%) received no anti‐cancer treatment. Thirty‐seven (32.2%) have died of unrelated causes and 39 (33.9%) are alive and well.Neither survival nor subjective response to treatment was adversely affected by delaying treatment.
The Pressure‐Volume Plot and Prediction of Treatment Outcome in Female Incontinence
Authors: WHEELAHAN J. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary— A graphic representation of the micturition cycle by a pressure‐volume plot has been obtained in 120 women, both incontinent patients and normal controls.The pattern of contraction during voiding allowed prediction of the outcome of treatment. Patients with urethral sphincter incompetence and a sustained detrusor contraction had a good result from colposuspension even if detrusor instability was found during filling. Where the urethral sphincter was competent, patients with urge incontinence with or without detrusor instability during filling cystometry had a good response to drugs, providing a sustained detrusor contraction was present during voiding. Urethral sphincter incompetence was characterised by a low detrusor voiding pressure.
Long‐term Management of Patients who have had Urinary Diversions into Colon
Authors: SILVERMAN S. H. , WOODHOUSE C. R. J. , STRPCHAN J. R. , CUMMING J. , KEIGHLEY M.R. B. 
Published: November 2008

Summary—
Thirty‐four patients with urinary‐colonic diversions have been followed up for 13 to 41 years (mean 20.3). The commonest long‐term complication was hyperchloraemic acidosis (50%). The most serious was neoplasm at the anastomotic site: benign lesions occurred in three patients and carcinomas in two (15%).Staining for sialomucins in colonic biopsies adjacent to the anastomoses was positive in 17 of 19 patients. It has been suggested that this represents a pre‐malignant change.Analysis of faecal flora in 17 diverted patients and 27 controls revealed a significant difference in the carriage rate and viable count of Peptostreptococcus species. This finding has not been reported previously and the species could have a role in the aetiology of the neoplasms.