bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The correlation of washability with the rate of surfactant adsorption
Authors: Vandegrift A. E. , Rutkowski Reverly J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA relation between the rate of adsorption of surfactant molecules at a gas‐liquid interface and the soil removal ability of the surfactant solution is presented. The relation is of the form SR=A+Bk+Ck2 where SR is the percentage soil removed, A, B, and C are constants, and k is the first order rate constant for the adsorption process. The relation is empirical and as yet has not been coupled with a fundamental explanation of the detergency process on a molecular scale.The maximum soil removal does not always occur at the highest rate constant but may reach a maximum at an intermediate value. The soil removal process seems to be different above the CMC than below it. For the different surfactants studied, the soil removal is higher for the surfactant with larger rate constants.The rate of surfactant adsorption was obtained from dynamic surface tension measurements made with the oscillating jet technique. Soil removal information was obtained from laboratory tests using a Terg‐O‐Tometer and reflectance measurements on standard cloth swatches. Cationic, nonionic, and anionic surfactants were studied. Specifically, the surfactants were Triton X‐100 (an octyl phenol with 8 or 9 ethylene oxide units), NaDBS (sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate), and CTAB (cetyl trimethylammonium bromide). The surface tension time range of 5 to 60 milliseconds and soil removal ability of these surfactants was investigated over the temperature range of 20 to 60C, and the concentration range of 0.0003 to 0.009 M.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. III. Identification of nonacidic volatile decomposition products of corn oil
Authors: Krishnamurthy R. G. , Chang Stephen S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA total of 45 compounds were identified and an additional 20 compounds were tentatively identified in the nonacidic volatile decomposition products produced by corn oil under conditions simulating commercial deep fat frying. The 65 compounds consisted of 11 hydrocarbons, 7 alcohols, 2 esters, 6 lactones, 21 aldehydes, 9 ketones, and 9 aromatic compounds. Including the 30 acidic compounds reported in a previous paper, a total of 95 compounds have been identified as volatile decomposition products of corn oil.The chemical structure of the identified compounds and the postulated mechanisms of their formation revealed some of the chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. Many of the identified compounds had interesting odor characteristics. It is concluded that their effect on human health when inhaled or ingested should be investigated.
Dimer acid structures. The dehydro‐dimer from methyl stearate and di‐tertiary‐butyl peroxide
Authors: Harrison S. A. , Peterson L. E. , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious work by Sutton, and by Harrison, McCaleb and Wheeler has shown that methyl stearate is converted to dimers plus higher polymers by the action of di‐t‐butyl peroxide. The latter suggested that in the dimer, there was considerable linkage at carbon 2, the carbon ॅ‐ to the COOCH3 group, since the dimer ester was incompletely saponified by the usual procedures.Further proof of ॅ‐linkage is now presented. A fraction which is predominantly ॅ‐,ॅ艂‐linked dimer was isolated as the nonpolymeric cyclic anhydride (ॅ‐,ॅ艂‐dicetyl succinic anhydride) by molecular distillation from the linear polymeric non‐ॅ‐linked polyanhydride. The isolated cyclic anhydride appeared identical with a synthetic ॅ‐,ॅ艂‐dicetyl succinic anhydride, whose synthesis is described.The original dimer ester, the ॅ‐,ॅ艂‐cyclic anhydride fraction, and the dimethyl ester derived from it, were examined by mass spectrometry. The expected mol wt were confirmed by the parent ion peaks. Fragmentation patterns indicated appreciable ॅ‐linkage in the original dimer ester, and almost exclusive ॅ‐linkage in the ester from the isolated cyclic anhydride. Aside from preference for the ॅ‐position, joining appears to be randomly distributed.
Vinyl esters of some aldehydic acid acetals
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Moore D. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVinylation of azelaaldehydic and brassylaldehydic acid cyclic acetals from ethylene glycol gave excellent yields of the vinyl esters. Under conditions of the vinyl exchange reaction used, acyclic acetals from monohydric alcohols cleaved to give enol‐ethers as major, inseparable impurities. Radical‐initiated polymerization of the pure vinyl esters of the aldehydic‐acid cyclic acetals resulted in crosslinking when initiation was by either peroxide or azobis (isobutyronitrile).
Fatty acids of doxantha seed oil
Authors: Chisholm Mary J. , Hopkins C. Y. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe seed oil ofDoxantha unguis‐cati was found to have the following fatty acid composition:cis‐9‐hexadecenoic 64,cis‐11‐octadecenoic 15, oleic 4, hexadecadienoic 1, linoleic 4, palmitic 12 and stearic <1%. The significance of the unusual fat composition is discussed in relation to biosynthetic mechanisms.
Gas‐chromatographic determination of residual hexane in hexane‐extracted soybean flakes
Authors: Black L. T. , Mustakas G. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method was developed to determine residual hexane in hexane‐extracted soybean flakes by gasliquid chromatography (GLC). After residual hexane was extracted with pure isooctane, the quantity extracted was determined by GLC. Analyses were run on three different columns. Column efficiency was varied to obtain maximum speed and accuracy. An attenautor was used to amplify the low‐signal output of the extracted residual hexane.Accuracy of the method was established by analyzing soybean flakes containing 0.01舑7.5% added hexane. The lower limit of accuracy is approx 0.02%, and the time required for analysis is ca. one hr.Residual hexane present in other kinds of hexane‐extracted oilseed flakes might also be analyzed by this method. It is probable that extraction solvents other than hexane which are infinitely soluble in isooctane can also be determined by the method proposed.
Triacylglycerols of winter butterfat containing configurational isomers of monoenoic fatty acyl residues. I. Disaturated monoenoic triacylglycerols
Authors: Laakso Päivi , Kallio Heikki 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe triacylglycerols of winter butterfat were fractionated according to the type and degree of unsaturation into six fractions by silver ion high‐performance liquid chromatography (Ag‐HPLC). The acyl carbon number distribution of the triacylglycerols in each fraction was elucidated by reversed‐phase HPLC and mass spectrometry (MS). The MS analysis of each fraction gave deprotonated triacylglycerol [M ‐ H]− ions which were produced by chemical ionization with ammonia. The daughter spectrum of each of the [M ‐ H]− ions provided information on its fatty acid constituents. Successful fractionation of triacylglycerols differing in the configuration of one fatty acyl residue by Ag‐HPLC was important because geometrical isomers could not be distinguished by the MS system used. In addition to the fatty acid compositions, reversed‐phase HPLC analysis demonstrated the purity of the collected fractions: molecules having acis‐trans difference were separated nearly to the baseline. Triacylglycerols differing in the configuration of one fatty acyl residue were not equally distributed in relation to their acyl carbon numbers. This indicates that during the biosynthesis of triacylglycerols,cis‐ andtrans‐fatty acids are processed differently. Although the fatty acid compositions of the corresponding molecular weight species of disaturatedtrans‐ and disaturatedcis‐monoenoic triacylglycerols were similar, there may be differences in the amounts of different fatty acid combinations or in the distribution of fatty acids between the primary and secondary glycerol positions. In addition to the main components, it was possible to analyze minor triacylglycerols, such as molecules containing one odd‐chain fatty acid, by the MS system used.
Determination of positional distribution of short‐chain fatty acids in bovine milk fat on chiral columns
Authors: Itabashi Yutaka , Myher John J. , Kuksis Arnis 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe positional distribution of acetic and butyric acids in bovine milk fat triacylglycerols was determined by chiral‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) of the derived diacylglycerols. Enriched fractions of acetic and butyric acid‐containing triacylglycerols were isolated by normal‐phase thin‐layer chromatography (TLC) from a molecular distillate of butter oil, and they were fully hydrogenated. Mixedsn‐1,2(2,3)‐ andX‐1,3‐diacylglycerols of short‐ and long‐chainlength, which were generated by partial Grignard degradation of the hydrogenated triacylglycerols, were isolated by borate‐TLC. The enantiomericsn‐1,2‐andsn‐2,3‐diacylglycerols and theX‐1,3‐diacylglycerols as their 3,5‐dinitrophenylurethanes were resolved by HPLC on chiral columns. Both acetic and butyric acids were exclusively associated with thesn‐ 2,3‐ andX‐1,3‐diacylglycerols of short and long chainlength. These results establish the presence of acetic and butyric acids in thesn‐3‐position of bovine milk fat triacylglycerols. Other short‐and medium‐chainlength acids were found in progressively increasing proportions also in thesn‐1‐ andsn‐2‐positions.
Factors affecting the content of tocopherol in soybean oil
Authors: Chu Yan‐Hwa , Lin Jiuh‐Yaw 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe state of soybeans prior to extraction affected the tocopherol content of crude soybean oils. Soybean flakes with a thickness of 0.16–0.33 mm had higher extracted oil yield but a slightly lower tocopherol content of the oils than did cracked beans and thicker bean flakes. Highmoisture content and long storage of soybeans resulted in lower tocopherol content in the crude oils, with moisture content being more important than storage time at decreasing the tocopherol content of oils. Soybean oil from stored beans with 15±1% moisture content led to a more significant decrease in the tocopherol content than did oil from stored beans with low (12%) or high (18%) moisture contents. Soybean flakes contaminated with oxidized oil had a significant effect on the decrease of the tocopherol content in crude oils. The high amount of phospholipids in crude soybean oil might result in a smaller decrease in the tocopherol content of oil during heating.
Increasing n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid content of fish oil by temperature control of lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis
Authors: Yamane Tsuneo , Suzuki Tomomasa , Hoshino Tamotsu 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn attempt was made to further increase the content of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n‐3 PUFA) of fish oil by lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis (reaction between fish oil and n‐3 PUFA‐enriched free fatty acid) without solvent. A bioreactor system was constructed composed of a water‐jacketed packed‐bed column and a substrate reservoir with a circulation pipeline between the packed‐bed column and the reservoir. By keeping the temperature of the reservoir at −10°C (for the first 20 h), followed by −20°C (for the subsequent 40 h) during the batch acidolysis, crystals of free fatty acid appeared, which were removed intermittently by a cotton plug packed in the tip of the outlet pipe in the reservoir. The n‐3 PUFA content of the triacylglycerol fraction increased a further 10% by the reduced temperature of the reservoir.
Dormancy of alpine and subalpine perennial forbs
Authors: Yoshie Fumio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDepth of dormancy of alpine and subalpine perennial forbs in autumn was investigated, which was judged by the number of days required for growth initiation at 24 °C. The depth of dormancy differed depending on Raunkiaer's life‐form and shoot habits. Chamaephytes with perennial shoot‐axes showed shallower dormancy than hemicryptophytes with annual shoot‐axes, and geophytes with annual shoot‐axes showed the deepest dormancy. The results strongly suggest that the dormancy is more endogenously controlled in forbs less hardy to freezing stress. Potential growth ability of alpine herbaceous chamaephytes in autumn is an adaptive advantage, since they utilize the short vegetative period as long as possible. All of the species with annual shoot‐axes had winter buds covered with scales. In plants with perennial shoot‐axes, percentage of winter buds covered with scales increased with increasing depth of dormancy. The results indicate that the shoot apices are well protected by bud scales in forbs with a long endogeneous‐dormant period.
Parental concerns about childhood obesity and the strategies employed to prevent unhealthy weight gain in children
Authors: Crawford David , Timperio Anna , Telford Amanda , Salmon Jo 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectivesTo describe parental concerns about their child's weight, to determine the proportion of parents taking preventive action to avoid obesity in their children and the predictors of taking preventive action, and to describe the strategies adopted by parents.DesignA cross-sectional survey was conducted. Children's heights and weights were measured, and parents completed a questionnaire that included measures of their own weight status, perceptions of their child's weight, concerns about their child's current weight and future weight as an adolescent and adult, and the strategies used to prevent obesity.SettingThe study was conducted in Melbourne, Australia.SubjectsA total of 291 families of children aged 5–6 years and 919 families of children aged 10–12 years participated.ResultsEighty-nine per cent of parents of overweight 5–6-year-olds and 63% of parents of overweight 10–12-year-olds were unaware their child was overweight. Seventy-one per cent of parents of overweight 5–6-year-olds and 43% of parents of overweight 10–12-year-olds were not concerned about their child's current weight. Although 31% of parents of 5–6-year-olds and 43% of parents of 10–12-year-olds were taking action to prevent unhealthy weight gain in their children, less-educated parents were less likely to do so.ConclusionsPublic health programmes are required to raise parental recognition of childhood overweight and of related risk behaviours, and to provide parents with practical strategies to prevent unhealthy weight gain in their children.
On Kinematic Singularities of Transversity Amplitudes
Authors: Nils Johannesson  
Published: February 2007

A method given by Trueman for obtaining the kinematic singularities of helicity amplitudes is applied to the transversity amplitudes introduced by Kotánski.
The results are in agreement with those found by other methods. In two cases, viz. the physical boundary singularities and the s = 0 singularities for equal incoming and outgoing masses, more explicit formulae are worked out.
Solubility of major cations and Cu, Zn and Cd in soil extracts of some contaminated agricultural soils near a zinc smelter in Norway: modelling with a multisurface extension of WHAM
Authors: Almås Å. R. , Lofts S. , Mulder J. , Tipping E. 
Published: February 2007

SummaryMechanistic modelling offers a means of simulating the speciation and solubility of trace metals in soils. The WHAM/Model VI model has previously been used to simulate pH buffering and Al solubility in acid soils, and metal partitioning in very organic soils, but has not previously been applied to agricultural soils. Here we have extended the WHAM/Model VI framework to include surface complexation to oxides, and cation exchange, and applied it to batch titrations of limed agricultural soils contaminated by emissions of Cd and Zn from a metal smelter. In contrast to previous studies on forest soils, model predictions were most sensitive to the size of the geochemically ‘active’ soil Ca pool. Following optimization of this pool the model reproduced trends in pH and major cations well. Blind predictions of soil metal concentrations (Cu, Zn and Cd), from estimates of the active soil metal concentrations obtained by extraction with 0.22 m HNO3, were mostly very reasonable. Where predicted metal solubility was different, the model could be fitted to the data by optimizing the size of the active metal pool. In some cases the optimized metal pool was unrealistically large, which indicates a possible deficiency in the way the model considers binding activity and competition. Organic matter was the dominant binding phase in these soils. These results support the contention that speciation modelling has great promise in providing a holistic description of ion chemistry in soils for both major and trace elements.
The biomechanics of Cornus canadensis stamens are ideal for catapulting pollen vertically
Authors: WHITAKER D. L. , WEBSTER L. A. , EDWARDS J. 
Published: February 2007

Summary

Rapid movements in fungi and plants have evolved in different species to facilitate the dispersal of spores and seeds. The mechanisms of action can differ among species, but the effectiveness of these movements has rarely, if ever, been tested. Here we show through a quantitative biomechanical analysis that the stamens of Cornus canadensis L. (bunchberry) are ideal for catapulting pollen vertically at high speeds.
We develop a biomechanical model to describe the explosive launch of pollen from the flowers of bunchberry. The model determines the equation of motion for the stamens based only on the morphology and measurements of the parts of the stamens. To measure the motion of the stamens to compare with our model, we analysed individual frames of a video taken at 10 000 fps.
The thecae of adjacent stamens dehisce in bud so that the stomia face each other, retaining pollen between neighbouring anthers. As the flowers open, pollen is accelerated vertically as long as the thecae remain in contact. Pollen is released only when the anthers move horizontally and separate.
The observed motion of the stamens matches the results from our model through release of the pollen. The model reveals that pollen release (horizontal movement of the anthers) occurs only after the vertical speed is at its maximum. Thus, for this particular catapult mechanism, the morphology of the stamens is optimal for launching light, dry pollen straight upwards at high speed. Pollen launched vertically at high speed both enhances insect pollination by helping to making pollen stick on visiting insects, and also allows for successful wind pollination by propelling pollen into the air column. Seed set by inflorescences in pollinator‐exclosure cages further supports the ability of this flower to use wind as a pollination mechanism.
Effects of feeding different ensiled forages on the productivity and nutrient‐use efficiency of finishing lambs
Authors: Marley C. L. , Fychan R. , Fraser M. D. , Sanderson R. , Jones R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effects of offering ensiled red clover (Trifolium pratense), lucerne (Medicago sativa), pea (Pisum sativum), kale (Brassica oleracea) and hybrid ryegrass (Lolium hybridicum) on the productivity and nutrient‐use efficiency of lambs were investigated. Forages were cut, wilted for 24 h and ensiled as round bales. A hundred Suffolk‐cross lambs, aged 8 months, were offered grass silage during a 5‐week standardization period and then group‐housed for 14 d and offered ad libitum access to a treatment silage. For the measurement period, lambs were split into four replicate groups of five lambs per treatment. Dry matter intake and live weight were recorded every 7 d over 56 d. The chemical composition of the silages differed for all the variables measured. Lambs offered pea silage had a very low liveweight gain and this treatment was discontinued after 21 d. Lambs offered the other forages had a higher liveweight gain than lambs offered ryegrass silage (P < 0·001). Food conversion and nitrogen‐use efficiency were higher in lambs offered the red clover, lucerne and kale silages compared with those offered ensiled ryegrass (P < 0·001). These findings demonstrate the potential for using ensiled alternative forages rather than ryegrass to increase the productivity and nutrient use efficiency of livestock systems.
Prevalence of four putative periodontopathic bacteria in saliva of a group of Brazilian children with mixed dentition: 1‐year longitudinal study
Authors: SAKAI VIVIEN T. , CAMPOS MARINELE R. , MACHADO MARIA APARECIDA A. M. , LAURIS JOSÉ ROBERTO P. , GREENE ANDREW S. , SANTOS CARLOS F. 
Published: February 2007

Aim.  This study aimed at evaluating the prevalence of putative periodontal pathogens (Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella nigrescens, Treponema denticola) in saliva of children with mixed dentition at two different time points, correlating these findings with a clinical parameter of gingival health.Design.  Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection was used to determine the prevalence of these bacteria in saliva of 64 children in 2003 and 60 children in 2004. Gingival health was assessed by gingival index.Result.  Sixty‐two (96.9%) and 50 (83.3%) children presented low gingival inflammation, whereas 2 (3.1%) and 10 (16.7%) had moderate scores in 2003 and 2004, respectively. Majority of the children (81.3% in 2003 and 73.3% in 2004) had detectable levels of at least one of the bacteria. The prevalence found was of 4.7% and 1.7% for A. actinomycetemcomitans, 6.3% and 8.3% for P. gingivalis, 23.4% and 48.3% for P. nigrescens (P < 0.05), and 71.9% and 50% for T. denticola (P < 0.05) in 2003 and 2004, respectively. No significant relationship between gingival index and presence of these bacteria and combination of different species was found.Conclusion.  A high percentage of children harboured at least one of the putative periodontal pathogens in saliva, but presented periodontally healthy conditions.
Deep‐sea hydrocarbon seep gastropod Bathynerita naticoidea responds to cues from the habitat‐providing mussel Bathymodiolus childressi
Authors: Dattagupta Sharmishtha , Martin Jonathan , Liao Shu‐min , Carney Robert S. , Fisher Charles R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract Bathynerita naticoidea (Gastropoda: Neritidae) is a numerically dominant heterotrophic gastropod found at hydrocarbon seep sites on the upper Louisiana slope of the Gulf of Mexico. Snails of this species are commonly associated with beds of the methanotrophic mussel Bathymodiolus childressi (Bivalvia: Mytilidae), and their population structure mirrors that of the mussels they are found among. Previous studies have shown that these snails feed on bacteria and decomposing periostracum on the B. childressi shell. We predicted that B. naticoidea might be attracted to cues specific to its preferred habitat, such as dissolved methane, mucus from conspecific snails, or metabolites produced by B. childressi mussels. To examine this, we used a flow‐through Y‐maze system to investigate the behavior of B. naticoidea exposed to these potential cues. We found that the nerite is not attracted to methane, but is strongly attracted to seawater conditioned with B. childressi. The attractant appears to be specific to this type of mussel, and is not a soluble cue produced by conspecific snails.