bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vom (Un-)Sinn der Schreibvarianten
Authors: Jacobs Joachim 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The paper analyses systematic variations in the way words are separated by spaces (WS variations) in German. In particular, WS variations in the traditional German orthography are compared with WS variations after the spelling reform of 1996. Based on a general distinction between four different kinds of spelling variants and an analysis of the WS system before and after the reform in the framework of Optimality Theory, it is shown how and why the spelling reform lead to a drastic reduction of the possibilities to express semantic differences by WS variations. Furthermore it is argued that two recent revisions of the spelling reform, although they reintroduced many WS variants that were originally banned by the spelling reform, did not succeed in restoring these possibilities.
Infant Care Patterns at Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis Sites That Achieve Superior Childhood Lung Function
Authors: Padman Raj , McColley Susanna A. , Miller Dave P. , Konstan Michael W. , Morgan Wayne J. , Schechter Michael S. , Ren Clement L. , Wagener Jeffrey S. ,   for the Investigators and Coordinators of the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Previous analyses of the Epidemiologic Study of Cystic Fibrosis database revealed that sites with the highest average patient lung function monitor patients and treat with antibiotics more aggressively than those where average lung function is lowest. The aim of this study was to assess whether patterns of care for infants at cystic fibrosis sites with superior average lung function in 6- to 12-year-old children showed any differences from those at the lowest outcome sites.
METHODS. We divided cystic fibrosis sites with ≥20 patients who were 6 to 12 years of age into quartiles on the basis of median forced expiratory volume in 1 second of that age group in 2003 and compared demographic and clinical characteristics and treatment patterns during the first year of enrollment for patients who were aged 0 to 3 years at those sites in 1994 to 1999. The analysis included 755 infants from 12 upper quartile sites and 743 infants from 12 lower quartile sites.
RESULTS. Upper quartile sites had more infants whose disease was diagnosed by family history or newborn screening, fewer infants with symptoms at diagnosis, higher weight for age at enrollment, more white patients, and more ΔF508 homozygotes. Medical conditions and respiratory tract microbiology differed between sites. Infants at upper quartile sites had more office and sick visits; more respiratory tract cultures; and more frequent use of intravenous antibiotics, oral corticosteroids, mast cell stabilizers, and mucolytics; but they received less chest physiotherapy, inhaled bronchodilators, oral nutritional supplements, and pancreatic enzymes.
CONCLUSIONS. Both enrollment characteristics and infant care patterns are associated with lung function outcomes in later childhood. Our analysis suggests that pulmonary function of older children may be improved through specific interventions during the first 3 years of life.
Internet-Based Home Monitoring and Education of Children With Asthma Is Comparable to Ideal Office-Based Care: Results of a 1-Year Asthma In-Home Monitoring Trial
Authors: Chan Debora S. , Callahan Charles W. , Hatch-Pigott Virginia B. , Lawless Annette , Proffitt H. Lorraine , Manning Nola E. , Schweikert Mary , Malone Francis J. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. The goal was to determine whether home asthma telemonitoring with store-and-forward technology improved outcomes, compared with in-person, office-based visits.
METHODS. A total of 120 patients, 6 to 17 years of age, with persistent asthma were assigned randomly to the office-based or virtual group. The 2 groups followed the same ambulatory clinical pathway for 12 months. Office-based group patients received traditional in-person education and case management. Virtual group patients received computers, Internet connections, and in-home, Internet-based case management and received education through the study Web site. Disease control outcome measures included quality of life, utilization of services, and symptom control.
RESULTS. A total of 120 volunteers (45 female) were enrolled. The groups were clinically comparable (office-based: 22 female/38 male; mean age: 9.0 ± 3.0 years; virtual: 23 female/37 male; mean age: 10.2 ± 3.1 years). Virtual patients had higher metered-dose inhaler with valved holding chamber technique scores than did the office-based group at 52 weeks (94% vs 89%), had greater adherence to daily asthma symptom diary submission (35.4% vs 20.8%), had less participant time (636 vs 713 patient-months), and were older. Caregivers in both groups perceived an increase in quality of life and an increase in asthma knowledge scores from baseline. There were no other differences in therapeutic or disease control outcome measures.
CONCLUSIONS. Virtual group patients achieved excellent asthma therapeutic and disease control outcomes. Compared with those who received standardized office-based care, they were more adherent to diary submission and had better inhaler scores at 52 weeks. Store-and-forward telemedicine technology and case management provide additional tools to assist in the management of children with persistent asthma.
Screening for Depression in an Urban Pediatric Primary Care Clinic
Authors: Dubowitz Howard , Feigelman Susan , Lane Wendy , Prescott Leslie , Blackman Kenneth , Grube Lawrie , Meyer Walter , Tracy J. Kathleen 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES. The goals were to estimate the prevalence of parental depressive symptoms among parents at a pediatric primary care clinic and to evaluate the stability, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of a very brief screen for parental depression.METHODS. A total of 216 mothers (because 96% of caregivers were mothers, we use this term) bringing in children &lt;6 years of age for child health supervision completed a parent screening questionnaire in a primary care clinic. The parent screening questionnaire, a brief screen for psychosocial problems developed for the study, includes 2 questions on depressive symptoms. Mothers then completed the computerized study protocol within 2 months. This included the parent screening questionnaire as well as the Beck Depression Inventory II. Different combinations of the depression questions were evaluated against Beck Depression Inventory II clinical cutoff values.RESULTS. Twelve percent of the mothers met the Beck Depression Inventory II clinical cutoff value for at least moderate depressive symptoms. There was moderate stability of the screening questions. When a positive response to either or both of the 2 questions was considered, the sensitivity was 74%, the specificity was 80%, the positive predictive value was 36%, and the negative predictive value was 95%.CONCLUSIONS. Maternal depressive symptoms are prevalent. A very brief screen can identify reasonably those who could benefit from additional evaluation and possible treatment. This should benefit mothers, families, and children.
Auditory Neural Maturation After Exposure to Multiple Courses of Antenatal Betamethasone in Premature Infants as Evaluated by Auditory Brainstem Response
Authors: Amin Sanjiv B. , Guillet Ronnie 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine if multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone affect auditory neural maturation in 28 to 32 weeks' gestational age infants.PATIENTS AND METHODS. A retrospective cohort study was performed to compare auditory neural maturation between premature infants exposed to 1 course of betamethasone and infants exposed to ≥2 courses of betamethasone. Inclusion criteria included all 28 to 32 weeks' gestational age infants delivered between July 1996 and December 1998 who had auditory brainstem response testing performed (80-dB click stimuli at a repetition rate of 39.9/second) within 24 hours of postnatal life as part of bilirubin-auditory studies. Infants with toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes infections, chromosomal disorders, unstable conditions, exposure to antenatal dexamethasone, and exposure to &lt;1 complete course of betamethasone were excluded. Auditory waveforms were categorized into response types on response replicability and peak identification as types 1 through 4 (type 1 indicating most mature). Absolute and interpeak wave latencies were measured when applicable. Categorical and continuous variables were analyzed by using the χ2 test and Student's t test, respectively.RESULTS. Of 174 infants studied, 123 received antenatal steroids. Of these, 50 received 1 course and 29 received ≥2 courses of betamethasone. There were no significant differences in perinatal demographics between the 2 groups. After controlling for confounding variables, there was no significant difference in mean absolute wave latencies, mean interpeak latencies, or distribution of response type between the 2 groups. There also was no significant difference in any auditory brainstem response parameters between infants exposed to 1 course of betamethasone (n = 50) and infants exposed to &gt;2 courses of betamethasone (n = 17).CONCLUSION. Compared with a single recommended course of antenatal steroids, multiple courses of antenatal betamethasone are not associated with a deleterious effect on auditory neural maturation in 28 to 32 weeks' gestational age infants.
Neurodevelopmental Consequences of Early Traumatic Brain Injury in 3-Year-Old Children
Authors: Keenan Heather T. , Hooper Stephen R. , Wetherington Crista E. , Nocera Maryalice , Runyan Desmond K. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to determine cognitive and adaptive behavioral outcomes of children with traumatic brain injury acquired before age 2 years and to compare outcomes between inflicted versus noninflicted brain injury.PATIENTS AND METHODS. All North Carolina children hospitalized in an ICU for a traumatic brain injury before age 2 years between the years 2000 and 2001 were eligible for study entry. A total of 112 surviving children were prospectively identified, 52 (46%) of whom had complete follow-up. Thirty-one control children were recruited from preschool settings. Control subjects were chosen to be demographically similar to case subjects. Child measures of cognition and adaptive behavior at age 3 years were measured and compared between children with and without traumatic brain injury and children with inflicted and noninflicted traumatic brain injury.RESULTS. Sixty percent of injured children were &gt;1 SD below normal on cognitive testing. Forty percent of injured children scored &gt;1 SD below normal on adaptive behavior testing. Children with inflicted traumatic brain injury performed more poorly on tests of cognition and adaptive behavior. Glasgow Coma Scale ≥13, absence of seizures, income above twice the poverty guidelines, and high social capital were associated with improved outcomes. Injured children had lower scores than uninjured control children after adjustment for socioeconomic status.CONCLUSIONS. Very young children with mild-to-severe traumatic brain injury as measured by the Glasgow Coma Scale are at risk for global cognitive deficits more than a year after the time of injury. Inflicted brain injury is associated with more severe injury and worse outcomes. This is less optimistic than findings in this same cohort 1 year after injury. Family characteristics seem to play a role in recovery after injury.
Comparison of Current Health, Functional Limitations, and Health Care Use of Young Adults Who Were Born With Extremely Low Birth Weight and Normal Birth Weight
Authors: Saigal Saroj , Stoskopf Barbara , Boyle Michael , Paneth Nigel , Pinelli Janet , Streiner David , Goddeeris John 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the current health status, physical ability, functional limitations, and health care use of extremely low birth weight and normal birth weight young adults.
METHODS. A longitudinal study was conducted of a population-based cohort of 166 extremely low birth weight survivors (501–1000 g birth weight; 1977–1982 births) and a group of 145 sociodemographically comparable normal birth weight individuals. Current health status, history of illnesses, hospitalizations, use of health resources, and physical self-efficacy were assessed through questionnaires that were administered to the young adults by masked interviewers.
RESULTS. Individuals completed the assessments at a mean age of 23 years. Neurosensory impairments were identified in 27% of extremely low birth weight and 2% of normal birth weight individuals. No differences were reported in the current health status for physical or mental summary scores. Extremely low birth weight young adults reported a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions in the past 6 months. A significantly higher proportion of extremely low birth weight individuals had functional limitations in seeing, hearing, and dexterity and experienced clumsiness and learning difficulties. Except for prescription glasses, medications for depression, and home-care services for extremely low birth weight individuals, there were no significant differences between groups in use of health care resources. Extremely low birth weight individuals had significantly weaker hand grip strength and lower scores for physical self-efficacy, perceived physical ability, and physical self-confidence.
CONCLUSIONS. Extremely low birth weight young adults seem to enjoy similar current health status to their normal birth weight peers. However, they continue to have significantly poorer physical abilities and a higher prevalence of chronic health conditions and functional limitations. Contrary to expectations, they do not pose a significant burden to the health care system at young adulthood.
Identification of High Proliferative Potential Precursors with Hemangioblastic Activity in the Mouse Aorta-Gonad- Mesonephros Region
Authors: Yao Huiyu , Liu Bing , Wang Xiaoyan , Lan Yu , Hou Ning , Yang Xiao , Mao Ning 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Hemangioblast, a precursor possessing hematopoietic and endothelial potential, is identified as the blast colony-forming cell in the murine gastrulating embryos (E7.0–E7.5). Whether hemangioblast exists in the somite-stage embryos is unknown, even though hemogenic endothelium is regarded as the precursor of definitive hematopoiesis in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region. To address the issue, we developed a unique three-step assay of high proliferative potential (HPP) precursors. The AGM region contained a kind of HPP precursor that displayed hematopoietic self-renewal capacity and was able to differentiate into functional endothelial cells in vitro (i.e., incorporating DiI-acetylated low-density lipoprotein, expressing von Willebrand factors, and forming network structures in Matrigel). The clonal nature was verified by cell mixing assay. However, the bilineage precursor with high proliferative potential—the HPP-hemangioblast (HA)—was not readily detected in the yolk sac (E8.25–E12.5), embryonic circulation (E10.5), placenta (E10.5–E11.5), fetal liver (E11.5–E12.5), and even umbilical artery (E11.5), reflective of its strictly spatial-regulated ontogeny. Expression of CD45, a panhematopoietic marker, distinguished hematopoietic-restricted HPP–colony-forming cell from the bipotential HPP-HA. Finally, we revealed that basic fibroblast growth factor, other than vascular endothelial growth factor or transforming growth factor-β1, was a positive modulator of the HPP-HA proliferation. Taken together, the HPP-HA represents a novel model for definitive hemangioblast in the mouse AGM region and will shed light on molecular mechanisms underlying the hemangioblast development.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Salivary Enzyme Levels After Scaling and Interleukin‐1 Genotypes in Japanese Patients With Chronic Periodontitis
Authors: Yoshie Hiromasa , Tai Hideaki , Kobayashi Tetsuo , Oda‐Gou Emire , Nomura Yoshiaki , Numabe Yukihiro , Ito Kohichi , Kurihara Hidemi , Kamoi Kyuichi 
Published: March 2007

Background: Saliva has been used as a diagnostic fluid in medicine and dentistry. It is easy to collect using non‐invasive methods. The intracellular enzymes present in saliva have been studied as markers of periodontal disease. The purpose of this study was to determine the salivary enzyme levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) after scaling and to clarify the influence of interleukin (IL)‐1 genotypes on these enzyme levels.Methods: Forty‐nine Japanese patients with chronic periodontitis (24 men and 25 women; mean age: 55.1 years) were enrolled in this study. Measurements of clinical parameters including probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level (CAL), and bleeding on probing (BOP) and collections of stimulated whole mixed saliva were performed at baseline and 4 weeks after scaling. After evaluation of salivary AST, ALT, and LDH levels, DNA was extracted from various cells in whole saliva. IL‐1A+4845 G/T genotype was determined by polymerase chain reaction amplification, followed by enzyme digestion and electrophoresis. Statistical analysis was performed by the Wilcoxon signed‐rank and Mann‐Whitney U tests. A significant difference was set at P <0.05.Results: Mean PD, CAL, and BOP values significantly decreased after scaling (mean ± SE: 3.2 ± 0.1 mm to 2.6 ± 0.1 mm in PD; 3.9 ± 0.2 mm to 3.3 ± 0.2 mm in CAL; and 41% ± 4% to 18% ± 3% in BOP) (P <0.001). The values of AST, ALT, and LDH were 77.0 ± 7.5, 43.9 ± 5.5, and 753.4 ± 96.5 (units per liter [U/l]) at baseline, and significantly decreased to 55.5 ± 6.5, 30.0 ± 5.5, and 394.7 ± 34.0 (U/l) after scaling, respectively (P = 0.01, P = 0.006, and P <0.001). The carriage rate of the IL‐1A+4845 allele 2 was 24.5%. No difference was noted in the decrease in PD, CAL, and BOP after scaling between the carriers (N = 12) and non‐carriers (N = 37) of IL‐1A+4845 allele 2. However, the IL‐1A allele 2 non‐carriers displayed a significant decrease in salivary AST and ALT levels (P <0.001), in contrast to the carriers who did not show any changes in the salivary levels of the enzymes after scaling.Conclusions: These results documented that salivary AST, ALT, and LDH levels reflect inflammation and destruction of periodontal tissue, suggesting clinically useful markers following periodontal therapy. In addition, although IL‐1A+4845 alleles may not influence clinical parameters, they may influence post‐scaling values of salivary AST and ALT.
Anti‐Cardiolipin and Increased Serum Adhesion Molecule Levels in Patients With Aggressive Periodontitis
Authors: Schenkein Harvey A. , Best Al M. , Brooks Carol N. , Burmeister John A. , Arrowood James A. , Kontos Michael C. , Tew John G. 
Published: March 2007

Background: We observed that a significant proportion of patients with periodontitis have elevated serum levels of β2‐glycoprotein‐I–dependent anti‐cardiolipin (anti‐CL). These prothrombotic autoantibodies, commonly found to be elevated in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus and the antiphospholipid syndrome, are associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes, such as fetal involution, prematurity, and low birth weight, and with cardiovascular sequelae, such as atherosclerosis, stroke, and myocardial infarction. Anti‐CL is known to promote vascular inflammation and thrombosis.Methods: We measured serum levels of markers of vascular inflammation, including soluble intercellular adhesion molecule (sICAM)‐1, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule (sVCAM)‐1, and sE‐selectin, in 190 subjects with generalized aggressive or chronic periodontitis and in 90 periodontally healthy subjects.Results: sVCAM‐1 and sE‐selectin levels were significantly higher in patients with elevated anti‐CL (>1‐ U/ml). This relationship also was observed in the never‐smoker subset of subjects, even after correction for demographic and periodontal variables. Within the diagnostic categories, sICAM‐1, sVCAM‐1, and sE‐selectin were significantly higher in generalized aggressive periodontitis patients who had elevated anti‐CL compared to those with normal anti‐CL. Statistical correction for demographic and periodontal variables indicated that elevated anti‐CL remained significantly associated with increased sVCAM‐1 and sE‐selectin in generalized aggressive periodontitis patients.Conclusions: Systemic markers of vascular inflammation in patients with aggressive periodontitis are associated with elevated levels of anti‐CL. We hypothesize that a subset of periodontitis patients with elevated antiphospholipid antibodies could represent a subgroup at increased risk for obstetrical and cardiovascular sequelae.
Periodontitis Is Associated With Aggravation of Prediabetes in Zucker Fatty Rats
Authors: Pontes Andersen Carla C. , Flyvbjerg Allan , Buschard Karsten , Holmstrup Palle 
Published: March 2007

Background: Prediabetes is part of the natural history of type 2 diabetes. Few human studies have addressed the relationship between periodontitis and prediabetes. The Zucker fatty rat (ZFR) is a known model of prediabetes, characterized by hyperinsulinemia, dyslipidemia, and moderate hypertension. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether periodontitis affects the prediabetic state of ZFRs.Methods: Male adult ZFRs (fa/fa; N = 24) and their lean littermates (+/fa; N = 24) were studied. Periodontitis was induced with ligatures in half of the ZFRs and lean rats, whereas the other half served as controls. After 4 weeks, body weight, food intake, glucose tolerance, insulin resistance, free fatty acids, cytokines, and alveolar bone loss were recorded.Results: ZFRs with periodontitis presented increased glucose intolerance (P = 0.03) and a slight increase in fasting glucose from initial to final evaluation, as detected through paired analysis (P = 0.03). Among lean rats, those with periodontitis presented higher final glucose intolerance than those without periodontitis (P = 0.01). Furthermore, periodontitis in lean rats was associated with increased fasting glucose, insulin, and insulin resistance, as evaluated through paired analysis (P = 0.003, P = 0.008, and P = 0.001, respectively). Regarding alveolar bone analysis, ZFRs with periodontitis demonstrated significantly more bone loss compared to lean rats with periodontitis (P <0.001).Conclusions: Prediabetes worsened periodontitis, and periodontitis, in turn, was associated with deterioration of glucose metabolism in ZFRs, suggesting a progress toward diabetes. Furthermore, periodontitis also affected glucose regulation in lean rats.