bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
X-Ray Structure, Ligand Substitution, and Other Properties of Trinuclear Ruthenium Complex, [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ-C6H5COO)6(py)3](PF6) (py = pyridine), and X-Ray Structure of Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex, [Ru2(μ-C6H5COO)4Cl]
Authors: Abe Masaaki , Sasaki Yoichi , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Ito Tasuku 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Crystal structure of an oxo-benzoate-bridged trinuclear ruthenium complex, [Ru3(μ3-O)(μ-C6H5COO)6(py)3](PF6) (py = pyridine) (1), was determined for the first time for the complexes with a Ru3(III,III,III)(μ3-O) core. The complex crystallizes in hexagonal space group P63 with a = 13.619(6), c = 19.204(9) Å, V = 3085(3) Å3, and Z = 2. The Ru···Ru distance of 3.350(2) Å is similar to those of the trinuclear complexes of other metal ions, [MIII3(μ3-O)(μ-RCOO)6(L)3]+ (L = neutral unidentate ligand). The complex in 0.1 M (n-C4H9)4NPF6-acetonitrile at 20 °C shows four reversible one-electron processes at E1⁄2 = +1.58, +0.71, −0.26, and −1.54 V vs. Ag/Ag+ (0.1 M AgClO4). It undergoes pyridine-d5 exchange with the first-order rate constant, 4.9 × 10−6 s−1 at 60 °C ([1] = 4.7 mM, [py-d5] = 387 mM). Small modification of the synthetic procedure of the trinuclear complex leads to the precipitation of the crystals of well-known type of dimeric ruthenium (II,III) complex, [Ru2(μ-C6H5COO)4Cl], which crystallizes in monoclinic space group C2/c with a = 21.668(10), b = 10.741(8), c = 12.797(5) Å, β = 110.22(4)°, V = 2795(3) Å3, and Z = 4. The crystal contains infinite zig-zag chain of ···Cl–Ru–Ru–Cl···along c-axis with Ru–Ru–Cl of 175.5(1)°, Ru–Cl–Ru of 118.1(1)°, and the Ru–Ru distance of 2.290(1) Å.
Luminol Chemiluminescence-Delay Method for Determination of Copper(II)
Authors: Kamidate Tamio , Ishikawa Atsushi , Watanabe Hiroto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The copper(II)-catalyzed oxidation of cysteamine with oxygen was carried out in a basic medium involving luminol. After preferential oxidation of cysteamine to disulfide, a Cu(II)-catalyzed luminol chemiluminescence (CL) reaction was subsequently commenced with hydrogen peroxide accumulated during the oxidation of cysteamine. Thus, a delay time from reaction initiation to a sharp flash of CL was observed. This delayed CL of luminol was applied to the determination of copper(II) by measuring the delay time or CL intensities. The delay time and the CL intensity at maximum light emission were linearly correlated with the Cu(II) concentration over the range from the detection limit of 3.0 × 10−6 to 2.0 × 10−5 M. The relative standard deviation of the CL intensity and the delay time in five successive experiments was 3.0% at 1.0 × 10−5 M of Cu(II). The tolerance limits of Fe(III), Ni(II), and Zn(II) in the present method were 20- to 100-times higher than those in the conventional luminol CL method.
Correlation between the ortho-Positronium Pick-off Annihilation Lifetime and the Free Volume in Molecular Liquids and Polymers
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshinori , Haraya Kenji , Kamiya Yoshinori , Hattori Shigeru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A good correlation between the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) pick-off annihilation lifetime and the free volume, computed as the difference between the specific volume at room temperature and that at 0 K, is reported for molecular liquids and polymers. Bondi’s group contribution approach was employed for estimating the specific volume at 0 K. The o-Ps lifetimes in molecular solids, such as phenanthrene deviate considerably from the correlation. It is suggested that a bubble may be formed around Ps in liquids and polymers, but not in the low-molecular-weight crystalline solids. A correlation is presented between the diffusion coefficients of Ar and the lifetimes of o-Ps in both liquids and polymers.
On the Sorption of d-Metal Ions on Mixed Phosphates of the 4-th Group Elements
Authors: Bortun Anatoly Ivanovich , Budovitskaya Tatjana Antonovna , Strelko Vladimir Vasiljevich 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mixed titanium–zirconium, tin–zirconium, and tin–titanium phosphates containing different amounts of the 4-th group elements were synthesized and their ion-exchange properties towards Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, and Cr3+ ions were studied. The values of the equilibrium costants of the ion-exchange reactions of the d-metal sorptions from acetate and chloride solutions were calculated. It was found that the sorbents affinity to the transitional metal ions greatly depended on their chemical composition; enriching of tin-containing samples with Zr and, especially, with Ti increases the affinity to Co2+ ions; enrichment of titanium-zirconium containing ionites with Zr increases their affinity to Cu2+ ions, etc. It is suggested that the observed changes in the selectivity of the inorganic ion-exchangers are connected with the possibility of creating in their structure adsorption centers with different geometrical parameters depending on the dimensions of the 4-th group elements.
Kinetics and Mechanism of Substitution of Aqua-Ligands from cis-Diaquobis-[2-(m-tolylazo)pyridine]ruthenium(II) Complex by 1,10-Phenanthroline in Aqueous Medium
Authors: Mahanti Bibekananda , De Gauri Sankar 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The kinetics of substitution of aqua-ligands from above title complex by 1,10-phenanthroline in aqueous medium has bean studied spectrophotometrically at different temperatures (40–55 °C). The following rate law has been established for the reaction systems at pH 5.6.

where L and tap represent 1,10-phenanthroline and 2-(m-tolylazo)pyridine respectively, k1 is the water dissociation rate constant of [Ru(tap)2(H2O)2]2+ (i.e. complex 1), k−1 is the aquation rate constant, and k2 is the ligand capturing rate constant of the penta coordinated intermediate, [Ru(tap)2(H2O)]2+. Ionic strength has a very little effect on the rate constants. The rate increases with the increase in pH in the range of 4.5 to 6.0. Activation parameters (ΔH≠ and ΔS≠) were also calculated. Experimental results are consistent with a dissociative mechanism. The solvent effect study was used to verify the mechanistic conclusion.
Microdetermination of Rhenium with Sodium Pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III) and Thiocyanate
Authors: Wahi Anu , Kakkar Lajpat Rai 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A highly simple and sensitive method for the microdetermination of perrhenate ion was developed which is based on the formation of a mixed ligand complex with thiocyanate and pentacyanonitrosylferrate(III) (nitroprusside) in the presence of tin(II) chloride as reductant. The dark yellowish-brown species thus obtained was quantitatively extractable into 3-methyl-1-butanol whose absorption was measured at 410 nm. A large number of transition elements including Pt-metals do not cause any interference in the method and the results obtained are quite reproducible with a standard deviation of 0.002. The method obeys Beer’s law in the range of 0.91–2.57 ppm of Re with molar absorptivity and Sandell’s sensitivity of 3.86 × 104 dm3 mol−1 cm−1 and 0.0048 μg-Re cm−2, respectively. The method handles satisfactorily the analysis of a wide variety of samples. Rhenium, thiocyanate and nitroprusside in the extracted species were found to be in a respective ratio of 2 : 3 : 1.
Study of Photochemical Reactions of Decamethylcyclopentagermane
Authors: Mochida Kunio , Tokura Satoshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photolysis of decamethylcyclopentagermane (1) in cyclohexane at room temperature proceeds readily along with the generation of dimethylgermylene to give octamethylcyclotetragermane. Photochemically generated dimethylgermylene reacts with 2,3-dimethylbuta-1,3-diene or carbon tetrachloride to give 1,1,3,4-tetramethyl-1-germa-3-cyclopentene or chlorodimethyl(trichloromethyl)germane, respectively. The transient absorption of 1 in cyclohexane at 490 nm, obtained by laser flash photolysis, is due to dimethylgermylene at 293 K. The reaction rates of dimethylgermylene with some trapping agents are examined. In 3-methylpentane, dimethylgermylene also shows an absorption band at 506 nm at 77 K. The photo-generated dimethylgermylene appears to be in the singlet ground state.
High-Pressure Effect on the Radical Reduction of Spin Probes in Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Yamaguchi Takeo , Takata Masaki , Kimoto Eiji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The radical reduction of spin probes in human erythrocytes was studied using neutral radicals such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxyl (Tempo) and 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxy-l-piperidinyloxyl (Tempol), and anion radical, 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-phosphoryl-1-piperidinyloxyl (Tempo phosphate). On the basis of the differences in the reduction rate of spin probes in intact erythrocytes, 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate-treated erythrocytes, and hemolysate, it was found that Tempo and Tempol permeate the lipid bilayer, while Tempo phosphate is transported by a band 3 protein. Under high presssure, the reaction of nitroxide radicals with reductants in cytosol was accelerated and the transport of the anion radical by the band 3 protein was suppressed.
Studies in Vilsmeier–Haack Reaction. IX. Synthesis and Application of Novel Heterocyclo-Substituted Furo[2,3-c:5,4-c′]dipyrazole Derivatives
Authors: Awad Ibrahim M A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The Vilsmeier-Haack reaction on 4,4′-bi-4H-pyrazole-5,5′(1H, 1H′)-dione brought about the formation of one methyl group, chloro substitution of a carbonyl group in the 5-position, and the cyclization of the 5-chloro-3-(2-amino-1-formylethenyl)derivative in one step to give the corresponding furo[2,3-c:5,4-c′]dipyrazole (3). Treatment of 3 with some secondary heterocyclic amines gave the aminomethylene derivatives 6–8. Interaction of 3 with hydroxylamine hydrochloride, hydrazine hydrate and phenylhydrazine afforded the corresponding isoxazolyl and pyrazolyl derivatives 9–11 which have been screened in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activities.
Silver(I) Oxide Catalyzed Oxidation of o-Allyl- and o-(1-Propenyl)phenols
Authors: Iyer Meera R , Trivedi Girish K 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The oxidation behavior of o-alkenylphenols towards a one-electron transfer agent, silver(I) oxide, was studied. Oxidation of an o-(1-alkenyl)phenol yields a dimeric product via the intermediacy of a quinonemethide radical. However, in the case of an o-(2-alkenyl)phenol where the γ-carbon bears substituents, a 2H-chromene is the product. During the course of this study, carpanone, a naturally-occurring lignan, was synthesized.
Time-Resolved ESR Studies on Photosensitized Reaction of Maleic Anhydride in Alcohols: CIDEP Memory Transfer in Spin-Adduct Formation
Authors: Ohara Keishi , Murai Hisao , Kuwata Keiji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A triplet photosensitization reaction of maleic anhydride with alcohols and the subsequent secondary reaction were studied by a time-resolved ESR method. The hydrogen abstraction reaction of the C=C bond site of maleic anhydride in the excited triplet state was examined and discussed as the primary step. The adduct radical formed in the secondary reaction between maleic anhydride and alcohol radicals showed a characteristic E/A-shaped hyperfine line(s). This phenomenon can be explained by the CIDEP “memory transfer” of the multiplet (E/A) spin polarization of the alcohol radicals to the adduct radical. The spin-lattice relaxation times of the excited triplet state of xanthone as the sensitizer in 2-propanol and cyclohexanol were also estimated.
A Time-Resolved EPR Study on the Photochemical α-Cleavage of Benzoin and Related Molecules
Authors: Mukai Masahiro , Yamauchi Seigo , Hirota Noboru , Koyanagi Motohiko , Futami Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The photochemical α-cleavage reactions of benzoin, benzoin methyl ether (BME) and deoxybenzoin (DOB) in methylcyclohexane and benzene have been studied by means of the time-resolved EPR technique. Strong emissive CIDEP spectra of the radicals produced by the α-cleavage reactions are observed in benzoin and BME. From the analysis of the hyperfine splittings they are assigned as benzoyl and α-hydroxybenzyl radicals in the case of benzoin and benzoyl and α-methoxybenzyl radicals in BME. It is clearly shown that the cleavage reaction takes place in the T1(nπ*) states of these carbonyls and the triplet mechanism (TM) is mainly responsible for the CIDEP spectra. From the time profile of the CIDEP signals it is also shown that the produced radicals react almost exclusively with each other. In the case of DOB, the α-cleavage is found to be much less efficient and a hydrogen abstraction reaction is more dominant at room temperature. It is concluded that the cleavage rate constant (kc) is in the order, kc (BME) &gt; kc (benzoin) &gt;&gt; kc (DOB).
Band Assignment of Anomalously Strong Absorption Band of 2,6-Diaminopyridine by Interaction with Acetic Acid
Authors: Inuzuka Kozo , Fujimoto Akira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Upon the addition of acetic acid to 2,6-diaminopyridine in isooctane, a new anomalously strong band appears near 340 nm over 2 × 10−3 mol dm−3. The corresponding band was, on the basis of the results of a molecular orbital calculation and spectroscopic experiment, assigned to the π–π* absorption band of (E)-6-amino-2(1H)-pyridinimine (tautomer) formed through the hydrogen-bond formation of 2,6-diaminopyridine with two acetic acid molecules.
Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectra of Isomeric Picolines Adsorbed on Silver Sols
Authors: Sarkar Uttam Kumar , Chakrabarti Subhasis , Misra Tridibendra Narayan 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Raman spectra of 2-, 3-, and 4-methylpyridines (MePys) are obtained in the bulk phase, in aqueous solution and in the adsorbed state on silver sol. Addition of the MePys to Ag-sol results in aggregation of the Ag-particles showing characteristic charge transfer (CT) bands. Significant surface enhancement of Raman bands is observed. Both the estimated enhancement factor and the absorption maximum of CT band are in inverse parallel relationship with the electron density of the N atom as reflected by the Hammett σ value of the substituent. It is inferred that the charge transfer interaction between the absorbates and the metal particles contributes to the enhancement mechanism. SER spectra of MePys adsorbed on Ag-sol are compared with the reported spectra of these molecules adsorbed on Ag-electrode and the difference in the surface structure is discussed. Some new bands appear in the SER spectra and some vibrational modes show SERS selectivity. These experimental observations provide information about the orientation of the molecules on the metal surface.
Relation between the Vibrational Wavepacket Propagation Formalism and the Time-Correlation Function Formalism for Absorption and Raman Scattering
Authors: Lee Soo-Y 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
By a proper choice of the system Hamiltonian and the dipole or polarizability operators, we show that the widely used wavepacket propagation formalism for optical absorption presented by Heller (J. Chem. Phys., 68, 2066 (1978)) and vibrational Raman scattering by Lee and Heller (J. Chem. Phys., 71, 4777 (1979)) can be derived from the dipole and polarizability correlation function formalisms, respectively, presented by Gordon (Adv. Magn. Reson., 3, 1 (1968)). Gordon focused on processes in the ground electronic state, whereas Heller et al. dealt with optical processs involving excited electronic states. The cases of an isolated molecule and of a molecule in a bath where only pure electronic dephasing occurs are both considered in this paper.
Motions of Methylammonium Ions in (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9 Crystals Studied by 1H NMR
Authors: Koziol Piotr , Furukawa Yoshihiro , Nakamura Daiyu , Jakubas Ryszard 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The molecular motions and phase transitions at 147 and 111 K in solid tris(methylammonium) nonaiododiantimonate(III), (CH3NH3)3Sb2I9, were investigated by measuring the temperature dependences of the proton spin-lattice relaxation times (T1 and T1ρ) in the static and rotating frames and the second moment (M2) of 1H NMR absorption above 90 K. In room-temperature phase I, it was revealed that the cations underego a rapid overall rotation. The cations in low-temperature phases II and III were shown to have almost fixed orientations in the crystals, but performed a rapid C3 reorientation about the C–N bond axis.
Mercury(63P1)-Photosensitized Decomposition of Tetramethyllead
Authors: Yamamoto Shunzo , Inoue Satomi , Sueishi Yoshimi , Nishimura Norio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Mercury(63P1)-photosensitized decomposition of tetramethyllead was investigated at 393 K and at pressures from 260 to 6700 Pa. Ethane and methane were detected as gaseous products. From the pressure dependences of the yields of ethane and methane, and from the effects of O2 and H2 on the yield of ethane, it was deduced that the main initial reactions involve Pb–C bond cleavage.
Thermodynamic Studies on the Complexation of Alkaline-Earth Metal Ions with o-Phenylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Nakasuka Noriyuki , Sawaragi (née Kunimatsu) Mihoko , Matsumura Kazunori , Tanaka Motoharu 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Potentiometric and calorimetric studies were carried out for the complexation of o-phenylenediamine-N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetate (PhDTA, L4−) with alkaline-earth metal ions (M2+) in aqueous solutions at 25.0 °C and 1.0 M (NaClO4). The formation constants (log KML) obtained are 6.48 (Be), 6,481 (Mg), 8.27 (Ca), 5.47 (Sr), and 3.99 (Ba), respectively. The changes in enthalpy (/kJ mol−1) are 45.5 (Be), 34.3 (Mg), −14.0 (Ca), 2.7 (Sr), and 2.5 (Ba), respectively.
Preparation of Aromatic Iodoacetyl Derivatives by Direct Iodination with a Potassium Iodide–Potassium Iodate–Sulfuric Acid System
Authors: Okamoto Tsuyoshi , Kakinami Takaaki , Nishimura Tetsuo , Hermawan Irwan- , Kajigaeshi Shoji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of aromatic acetyl derivatives with potassium iodide and potassium iodate in acetic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid at room temperature gave iodoacethyl derivatives in good yields.
Allylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Catalytic Amount of Indium
Authors: Araki Shuki , Jin Shun-Ji , Idou Yoshiyuki , Butsugan Yasuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Allylation of aldehyde and ketone, and prenylation of 2-chlorobenzoquinone were achieved by using a combination of a catalytic amount of indium(III) chloride and metallic aluminium or zinc.
Metallic Nickel-Catalyzed Reduction of Aryl Halides with Zinc Powder and Ethanol
Authors: Sakai Mutsuji , Lee Ming-San , Yamaguchi Kôji , Kawai Yasuyuki , Sasaki Ken , Sakakibara Yasumasa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Aryl halides were exclusively reduced in ethanol to give the corresponding arenes in the presence of zinc powder and a catalytic amount of metallic nickel under nitrogen. The reduction was accelerated by adding excess zinc powder to the catalyst system. A probable reaction pathway is presented.
Catalytic Acid Fluoride Synthesis via Carbonylation of Organic Bromides in the Presence Potassium Fluoride
Authors: Okano Tamon , Harada Nobuyuki , Kiji Jitsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Various aryl bromides were carbonylated under an atmospheric pressure of carbon monoxide in DMF in the presence of potassium fluoride to give aroyl fluorides in excellent yields. The carbonylation was promoted by the addition of phase transfer catalysts, but the contamination with water reduced the selectivity.
A Facile Synthesis of Sulfoxides by Oxidation of Sulfides with Sodium Bromite in an Aprotic Solvent in the Presence of Clay Minerals
Authors: Hirano Masao , Kudo Hiroyuki , Morimoto Takashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The title oxidation has been performed in dichloromethane in the presence of “wet”-montmorillonite and -kaolin. The substrates studied include dialkyl, alkyl aryl, diaryl, and cyclic sulfides, which give the corresponding sulfoxides in good yields under neutral and mild conditions.
The Isomerism of the (Ethylenediamine-N,N′-dipropionato)(ethylenediamine)cobalt(III) Ion and Its Stereoselective Isomerization Reaction
Authors: Kawaguchi Hiroshi , Maruyama Noboru , Ama Tomoharu , Yasui Takaji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three isomers (one α and two β) of [Co(eddp)(en)]+ were prepared and optically resolved. The stereochemistry was studied on the basis of absorption, CD, and 13C NMR spectral data. Two β isomers, β(e-1) and β(e-2), were conformational diastereomers arising from a difference of the chirality around one of the asymmetric N atoms in a coordinated eddp ligand. The β(e-1) β(e-2) change was an inversion reaction at the asymmetric sec-N atom in the in-plane β-alaninate ring of the coordinated eddp, and the rate was slow. The α β(e-1) or β(e-2) change (coordination-site exchange reaction) was stereoselective and could be explained by the Co–O bond rupture mechanism proposed for Co(III)–edda complexes.
Intercalation and Bilayer Formation of Phospholipids in γ-Type Layered Transition Metal Phosphates
Authors: Kanzaki Yasushi , Abe Mitsuo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Intercalation of natural phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine (PEA) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), into inorganic layered compounds was examined in ethanol and chloroform solutions. γ-Type titanium(IV) phosphate and zirconium(IV) phosphate were selected as host layered compounds. They are strong solid acids and also known as inorganic ion exchangers. The intercalation of PEA was propagated in chloroform solution in the presence of n-alkylamine forming a bilayers of PEA–alkylamine mixture. The direct reaction of PEA with γ-phosphates was not successful. On the other hand PC reacted directly with the layered compounds either in the chloroform or in the ethanol solution of PC and successfully formed bilayers.
Comparison of 2,4-Hexadienoic with 1-Hexanoic Acids as Extractant for Copper(II)
Authors: Yamada Hiromichi , Kato Chizuko , Mizuta Masateru 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
2,4-Hexadienoic and 1-hexanoic acids have been evaluated as extractant for copper(II). The extraction was carried out using benzene and 1-octanol as solvent at 25 °C and aqueous ionic strength of 0.1 mol dm−3 (NaClO4). The stoichiometry of the extracted species and their extraction constants were determined by graphical method. The extraction of copper(II) with 2,4-hexadienoic acid has been found to proceed through a mechanism different from that with 1-hexanoic acid. 2,4-Hexadienoic acid has been proved to be similar in the extraction behavior for copper(II) to benzoic acid. While, 1-hexanoic acid as extractant for copper(II) has been demonstrated to resemble decanoic acid.
Selective Ion Transport in Acetonitrile Across the Ionophore-Immobilized Polymer Membranes Used as the Sensor of the Ion-Selective Electrodes
Authors: Nakamura Toshio , Ueda Takahiro , Fujimori Kunihide 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A conductometric study was carried out concerning the selective ion transport of alkali and alkaline earth metal ions, mainly in acetonitrile (AN), across a membrane of polyacrylamide (PAA) coupled to such ionophores as tetraethylene glycol monododecyl ether, hexaethylene glycol monododecyl ether, dibenzo-18-crown-6, and cryptand222B. A sintered glass filter membrane was impregnated with PAA-ionophores and the conductivity of the solution of one side of the membrane was measured in order to monitor the ion transport across the membrane from the opposite side. Alkali and alkaline earth metal ions could pass across the ionophore-free PAA membrane, but the ions were entrapped in the PAA-ionophore membranes. Tetraethylammonium and perchlorate ions, however, could pass across both the PAA and the PAA-ionophore membranes. The entrapped ions could pass across the PAA-ionophore membranes if a complexing reagent was added to the solution on one side of the membrane by forming complexes with the reagent. The limiting equivalent conductivities and the ion association constants of (Li-12C4)+ClO4−, (Li-Cryp22)+ClO4−, (K-DB18C6)+ClO4−, (K-Cryp222)+ClO4−, (Mg-12C4)2+2ClO4−, (Ba-DB18C6)2+2ClO4−, (Ba-Cryp22)2+2ClO4−, and (Ba-Cryp222)2+2ClO4− were determined. The limiting equivalent conductivities were used to compare the relative conductivity values among different species obtained the conductometric measurements of ion transport across the membrane.