bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De l'étranger à l'immigré
Authors: Spire Alexis 
Published: October 2008

From foreigner to immigrant.
In 1990, the High Council on integration provided the term immigrant with a statistical content when it formulated the definition in demographic terms : "an immigrant is any person born as a foreigner in a foreign country". It thereby made foreignness a secondary criterion in the statistical system. Such social sleight of hand was the outcome of a long process of institutionalization in which both "wise men" and experts participated. Based on the distinction between "French by birth" and "French by acquisition", "immigrant" seems for the statistician a clear and rigorous category, but its actual use raises certain difficulties. A study of the evolution of declarations of nationality over time, based on the "Permanent Demographic Sample", shows a vagueness which tends to be masked in standard exploitations.
L'emprise des groupes
Authors: Reynaud Bénédicte 
Published: October 2008

The influence of conglomerates on French publishing in the early 1980s
With the entry of Havas and Matra into publishing at the start of the 1980s, the field began such a profound transformation that one could speak of the invention of a new sector, publication-communication, that views the book in the same way as any other product of communication. The present article explores the conditions of this metamorphosis, which has nothing natural about it, owing to the distance between the social worlds, to the difficult of exploiting a symbolic capital built up first by the founders of the publishing houses and then their heirs, and finally to the impossibility of gaining access to the network of specific relations and contacts necessary to the renewal of this capital. The author focuses first on the economic, political and symbolic interests the two groups have in occupying a dominant position in the publishing world. The process involved is not simply one of imposing economic logic on all other logics - political, cultural and symbolic. Finally these groups are shown to have succeeded in seizing power not only because they have a masterful grasp of financial engineering, but also because they are backed by banks and supported by the bureaucratic and political field. It has been possible to follow the steps that led to the Matra-Hachette and the Havas-Presses de la Cite mergers rather than to other combinations now known to have been possible and historically envisaged. The outeome was neither arbitrary nor foreordained by a State whose monolithic character is a mental construct : the people who count in the final alliances, while all coming from the bureaucratic and political field, embody specific logics and express different positions in this field.
Concessions et conversions à l'économie
Authors: Duval Julien 
Published: October 2008

Concesiones y conversiones en el periodismo económico
En este articulo se aborda la cuestión de la autonomía del subespacio periodístico constituido por las rúbricas económicas en los medios masivos de comunicación, en Francia, a fines de la década del 90, y se discute el problema de la independencia del periodismo respecto de la economia. El problema central no es tanto la posibilidad de que las redacciones informen "libremente" acerca de quienes, ya sean anunciantes o accionistas, financian la prensa escrita o los medios audiovisuales ; lo que se plantea es más bien si, en sus articulos y reportajes sobre el campo económico, los periodistas pueden adoptar un punto de vista que no esté totalmente determinado por dicho campo.
Este subespacio aparece como un lugar donde al mismo tiempo se ejercen fuerzas económicas y periodisticas. Desde esta óptica, el periodismo económico presenta semejanzas con los campos de producción cultural ; no obstante, la ambigúedad de las lógicas periodisticas es especialmente intensa en el periodismo económico, como lo demuestra concretamente la muy frecuente referencia a los intereses del lector, quien puede manifestar una reivindicación de autonomía, aunque también puede referirse a las profesiones comerciales. Partiendo de esta base, el análisis de correspondencias múltiples pone de manifiesto la estructura del subespacio. La posición dominante está ocupada por un periodismo que concentra los signos de profesionalismo, y que a la vez se ejerce en el marco de empresas privadas dependientes del campo económico ; ésta resulta ser una de las características más importantes del espacio. Cuando se recurre a análisis complementarios, tales como la técnica de elementos suplementarios y la exploración post-factorial, se confirma lo que ya se había observado en la estructura del espacio : en los medios de comunicación, el contenido de las paginas y las rúbricas económicas responde principalmente a la demanda de información práctica proveniente de "agentes económicos", sobre todo de ejecutivos y otras personas con poder de decisión. En la última parte del articulo se muestra el efecto de las transformaciones que se han producido durante los últimos veinte años en aquellos periódicos de mayor peso en el espacio. Dichas transformaciones contribuyen a dar cuenta del estado actual del periodismo económico, caracterizado por su escasa autonomia.
Une information précaire
Authors: Balbastre Gilles 
Published: October 2008

Une information précaire
Les pigistes, qui ont vu leur nombre littéralement exploser en l'espace d'une dizaine d'années, sont certainement la catégorie de journalistes pour qui l'augmentation des contraintes économiques et la concurrence exacerbée ont eu eu le plus de conséquences sur leur travail. La précarité économique dans laquelle se trouvent les pigistes les oblige littéralement à se transformer en vendeur de reportages. Ils doivent pour gagner leur vie trouver continuellement des sujets conformes au marché et les proposer aux différents acheteurs pour lesquels ils travaillent en espérant que d'autres concurrents n'ont pas eu la même idée. Cette nouvelle situation de travail, qui ressemble à certains égards à ce que peuvent vivre des journalistes titulaires sans pour autant atteindre ce degré de marchandisation, a de nombreuses incidences sur les pratiques professionnelles. Cette précarisation de la profession n'aurait cependant pas pu se développer aussi facilement sans l'adhésion des acteurs. Un certain nombre de raisons qui tiennent à la fois à l'histoire du champ journalistique et à certaines dispositions des journalistes font que le statut de pigiste possède un pouvoir d'attraction pour la profession. La transformation du pigiste en une sorte de « VRP » de l'information n'est pas nécessairement perçue comme telle et ne pose pas formellement problème à la majorité d'entre eux. reportages et le contrôle que les journalistes ont progressivement exercé sur ce même travail ont des effets sur les modes de traitement des documents. Contrairement à l'idée commune selon laquelle les reportages télévisés dépendraient d'abord des images, on montre que plus les journalistes jugent un sujet important et plus son montage est guidé, dès le départ, par les paroles enregistrées. En effet, bien que les documents récoltés ou diffusés soient audiovisuels, l'organisation des actualités télévisées repose sur une division et une hiérarchisation des modes de traitement selon la nature, sonore ou visuelle, du matériel. Le montage d'actualité a longtemps consisté à assembler des journalistes font que le statut de pigiste possède un pouvoir d'attraction pour la profession. La transformation du pigiste en une sorte de «VRP» de l'information n'est pas nécessairement perçue comme telle et ne pose pas formellement problème à la majorité d'entre eux.
"Sauver la vie"
Authors: Bourgon Jérôme 
Published: October 2008

« Salvar la vida ».

A partir del siglo XIV, los progresos de la autocracia produjeron la decadencia de la profesión jurídica en el seno de las instituciones chinas. Los juristas, divididos en categorías más o menos marginales, y hasta proscritas, preservaron su espiritu corporativo gracias a una profusa literatura profesionál. Ciertas máximas que se remontan al siglo XIII exigian que los juristas utilizasen su arte para "salvar la vida" de los acusados. Esta deontología sirvió para justificar el ejercicio oculto del derecho de gracia, al que quedaron supeditadas las prerrogativas del emperador. Al actuar de este modo, los juristas reivindicaban su profesión,
presentándola no como una simple competencia de indole buroerática, sino como una ciencia que permite interpretar aquellas normas por las que el Estado debe regirse.
Une prospérité précaire
Authors: Sullivan Teresa A. , Warren Elizabeth , Westbrook Jay Lawrence 
Published: October 2008

Precarious prosperity.
Concerning critical financial situations in the middle class.

The 1990s were a period of great prosperity in the United States and yet, paradoxically, personal bankruptcies rose sharply during this time period. This study analyses data from questionnaires completed by bankrupt debtors to learn the reasons for their bankruptcies. Job problems were the leading cause of bankruptcy, but divorce, medical debts, housing problems, and credit cards were also important causes. The debtors were typically middle class, with somewhat higher education that the population generally. The implication of the study is that a large number of Americans may be in precarious financial circumstances because of high debt levels. In the absence of a strong social welfare system, bankruptcy functions in the United States as a part of the social safety net. Brief comparisons are made to changes in bankruptcy in Europe and Canada.
Du suffrage censitaire au suffrage universel
Authors: Quéro Laurent , Voilliot Christophe 
Published: October 2008

Du suffrage censitaire au suffrage universel.
Évolution ou révolution des pratiques électorales?

L'étude des pratiques électorales à l'occasion des élections à l'Assemblée constituante des 23 et 24 avril 1848 fait apparaître des continuités avec les élections et les pratiques antérieures. Loin d'être une «révolution» dans les pratiques, qui n'auraient ainsi plus grand-chose à voir avec celles inscrites dans les trois modèles de configuration électorale observables lors des élections censitaires de la Monarchie de Juillet (domination notabiliaire, concurrence arbitrée et candidature ministérielle), le suffrage universel apparaît à cette occasion comme un processus complexe par lequel se prolongent, au prix d'adaptations multiples, les formes antérieures de domination et de nomination.
Constituer un catalogue littéraire
Authors: Serry Hervé 
Published: October 2008

Cómo constituir un catálogo literario. La importancia de las traducciones en la historia de Éditions du Seuil.

En la historia de la editorial francesa Le Seuil, la literatura extranjera tiene particular importancia. Para esta editorial fundada por autodidactas de la edición, las colecciones del ámbito extranjero han sido un vector prioritario en la acumulación del capital simbólico necesario para lograr reconocimiento. Le Seuil, editorial creada en 1934 bajo el doble legado del catolicismo y de la guerra, alcanza su verdadero desarrollo durante el decenio de 1950. A partir de un análisis cuantitativo de las publicaciones de literatura traducida, así como de las colecciones de las que forman parte, se muestra de qué manera la confianza que esta nueva editorial deposita en los autores extranjeros le permite situarse entre sus pares. Los escritores de la «nueva Alemania» (el
Grupo 47), que figuran entre las primeras glorias literarias de Le Seuil, también le hicieron posible manifestar sus ideas de editor comprometido. Desde mediados del decenio de 1970, los autores norteamericanos se tornan más visibles en el catálogo, signo de la institucionalización de Le Seuil en el campo editorial francés. Si bien el sector extranjero posee una economía específica, está integrado en la economía editorial general del editor y no logra funcionar con completa
autonomía.
Deux professions dans la tourmente
Authors: Sauviat Catherine 
Published: October 2008

Deux professions dans la tourmente.
L'audit et l'analyse financière.

Aux États-Unis, les auditeurs et les analystes financiers ont pour fonction de garantir la transparence et la fiabilité de l'information financière, nécessaires au contrôle du marché financier sur les entreprises. Les premiers sont chargés depuis les années 1930 du contrôle des comptes des entreprises qui font appel à l'épargne publique par l'organe de régulation des marchés boursiers américains, la SEC. Les seconds financiers prédisent la valeur future des entreprises pour les investisseurs. Ces dernières années, il est avéré qu'aucun de ces intermédiaires n'a joué correctement son rôle de «gardien» des marchés financiers et que ces professions ont non seulement failli à leurs codes éthiques mais ont également connu des conflits d'intérêt majeurs.
Du syncrétisme à la synthèse. Umbanda, une religion brésilienne / Front Syncretism to Synthesis. Umbanda, a Brazilian Religion
Authors: OriTiz Renato 
Published: October 2008

In R. Bastides work one theme appears constantly, that of the meeting of different civilizations and in particular the clash between black and white cultures in Brazil.
This article traces the origins and subsequent development of the Umbanda religion, and analyses its present social and religious characteristics, for it is an excellent field for studying Afro-Catholic syncretism in Brazil and also for testing the definition which R. B. suggests for this phenomenon in a study entitled « Collective memory and sociology of odd-jobs » (1970).
Population active, pratiques religieuses et espaces de référence. Etude statistique d'un millier de cantons ruraux français / Occupational Structure of the Labor Force, Religious Practices and Spatial Frame of Reference. A Statistical Study of a Thousand French Rural Counties
Authors: Terrenoire Jean-Paul 
Published: October 2008

Centered on the contextual determination of religions practice, this study, using multiple and stepwise regression techniques, finds a significant relationship between the internal variations of the occupational structure of the labor force and the fluctuations in the level of different Roman Catholic worship practices such as pascalisation (Easter duty), messalisation (Mass attendance) and cenalisation (frequent Communion).
Two spacial frames of reference are used in this study: the departement (thirty-four of these administrative districts grouping about thirty countries each are analysed), and the whole (empirical aggregate of the rural counties of these departments). The relationship is stronger and better explained in the first case. However, the departmental variations suggest that it is not a simple and uniform connection. All the observations have to be interpreted in terms of a genuine theory of the determination of religion by the economic basis of society.
La Fondation et les débuts de « La Vie Intellectuelle » (1928-1929). Contribution à l'histoire du catholicisme intransigeant / The Founding of "La Vie Intellectuelle" and Us Early Years. A Contribution to the History of Intransigent Catholicism
Authors: Tranvouez Yvon 
Published: October 2008

Founded in 1928 by Father Bemadot, the Catholic journal La Vie Intellectuelle is generally thought to have contributed with others to the gradual evolution towards an acceptance of the modern world. Can it be inferred then that it is the expression of an authentic model of liberal Catholicism? In its beginnings at least nothing could be further from the truth as is demonstrated by the record of its first two years of existence and the analysis of the corresponding numbers. In point of fact the editors engage in an unmitigated criticism of modern times: modern thought, modern society and modern art are viewed as being the unmistakable signs of dying world. For men who view the modern world as fatal deviation case of religious non-conformity, this state of crisis is inevitable.
It is indispensable to restore an order that is Christian in all its aspects intellectual social and artistic formed on the model of medieval Christianity but brought up-to-date the most important feature being the preservation of clerical power through the theory of indirect power. In their desire to obtain positive results the editors of La Vie Intellectuelle search for strategy for winning back the lost ground And yet in this respect they seem to know better what they reject than what they have to propose all the concrete positions which they are led to take belong to reformist tendency within the capitalist system.
New Religious Phenomena in Italy. Towards a Post-Catholic Era? / Nouveaux phénomènes religieux en Italie. Vers une ère post-catholique ?
Authors: Guizzardi Gustavo 
Published: October 2008

L'étude sociologique des mouvements religieux nés en marge de l'Eglise en Italie, depuis une trentaine d'années, en fait apparaître au moins deux traits originaux : leur rapport étroit à l'Eglise catholique institutionnelle et leur ambivalence, qui fait qu'ils se meuvent souvent entre le champ religieux et le champ politique et aboutissent, en grande partie, à l'éloignement radical de la sphère religieuse.
Après un bref rappel historique de l'origine de ces mouvements, VA. propose, afin de mieux saisir le phénomène, un schéma théorique général en six points : les changements de la stratification sociale; la sécularisation; le marxisme, dans ses aspects idéologiques et politiques; la protestation des jeunes; l'organisation et les structures de l'Eglise; la diversification historique de la société italienne.
L'État et les minorités religieuses en Espagne (du national-catholicisme à la construction démocratique) / The State and Religious Minorities in Spain (From the National Catholicism to the Democracy Building)
Authors: Rozenberg Danielle 
Published: October 2008

En un espacio de medio siglo, España ha vivido cambios profundos. De 1939 (llegada al poder del general Franco) a nuestros dias la sociedad española evolucionó de la dictadura a la democracia, la Iglesia católica renunció a la contra-reforma en nombre de la modernidad y las minorias religiosas accedieron al reconocimiento legal. Este proceso de secularisación "suave", en ruptura con los violentos afrontamientos del pasado, se restituye aqui en sus fases sucesivas y tomando en cuenta las dos religiones minoritarias de profundo arraigo en el territorio ibérico : el Judaismo y el Islam.
Esto nos lleva a analizar el modelo de regulación Estado/religiones actualmente en vigor en España y los usos politicos del pasado judio y musulman.
Entre la médiation politique et la recomposition sociale : l'Église catholique dans le conflit du Chiapas / Between Political Mediation and Social Realignment : the Catholic Church in the Chiapas Conflict
Authors: Tébar Pilar Gil 
Published: October 2008

The mobilization of the zapatistas represents the first revolutionary movement of a new type to appear in Latin America since the fall of the Berlin Wall. The movement has no international point of reference and is, instead, attempting to build its own momentum in reference to local issues and the Maya cultural identity. The Catholic Church has a twofold intervention in this process: on the one hand it supports the formation and emergence of new political actors, on the other, it acts as a mediating force between the zapatistas and the Mexican federal government.
The author studies this process of mediation in which Monsignor Ruiz has become an essential actor given the space and the function given him by the revolutionary movement and the indigenous organizations involved in the conflict. In this context the role of the Church is not limited to that of an active political agent (intervening through days of fast, pilgrimages, stations of the cross, reading of certain relevant passages of the Bible), but is also central in the processes of negociations (as in Central America) and pacification.
The struggle in Chiapas calls for a reassessment of concepts such as religion, politics and modernity in situations where the Church assumes functions that go beyond its traditional spheres of influence.
Modernité et sociétés paysannes : le rôle du religieux dans la recomposition des identités au Guatemala / Modernity and Peasant Societies : the Rôle of Religion in the Realignment of Identifies in Guatemala
Authors: Garcia-Ruiz Jesús 
Published: October 2008

The author studies the conflicts fostered by Rural Catholic Action within the peasant communities of Guatemala and analyzes their consequences and the relations between religion and politics in this context. He also analyzes the elements of continuity and rupture in the social structure traditionally organized around the binomial "brotherhood-regeduria".
In a second part, the author studies the structure of the movement at the national, regional and local levels, taking into account its strategies of conversion. On the one hand these strategies targeted the storekeepers, a social group hitherto marginal in the dominant agrarian social structure but for whose members the involvement in the movement was a way of transforming social relations and of occupying new positions of legitimacy and power. On the other hand, Catholic Action used the kin structures: the entire family would be tar geted for conversion, thereby the development of the organization would be strengthened through the system of alliance, since anyone who married a member of the movement had to join as well.
The author claims that Catholic Action, as an organic and highly organized movement, has contributed to the disruption of the indegenous rural commu nities by fostering within them new forms of power, of social relations and conflict. According to him, this process of disruption and encounter with modernity explains, to a large extent, the tremendous movement of conversion to the Protestant sects and churches coming from North-America in Guatemala in the recent decades. This social dislocation has created a breaking up of the social groups and of the traditional forms of associations, generating "free protons" which, in turn, are looking for new articulations, new social connections, new points of identification.
Les Enjeux politiques et identitaires du tantrisme dans la vallée de Katmandou, Népal / Identity and Political Challenges at Stake in the Tantrism of the Katmandu Valley, Nepal
Authors: Toffin Gérard 
Published: October 2008

Tantrism, which was introduced into the Kathmandu Valley at a very early date (seventh to eighth centuries), has played an important political and social role in the development of the Newar civilisation.
During the long Malla period (thirteenth to eighteenth centuries) this Tantric tradition was willingly used by the royal power to reorganise the local pantheon, to map the capitals of the kingdoms, to devise the religious geography of the Valley and, in a more general way, to reinforce the religious aspects connected with kingship. It rapidly became a distinctive feature of the Néwar culture and a means of unifying, to a certain point, the Buddhist and the Hindu sections of the population around common beliefs and rituals.
After the conquest of the Kathmandu Valley at the end of the eighteenth century by the Indo-Nepalese (or Parbatiyas) and the unification of Nepal under the aegis of the Shah dynasty, Tantrism became a means for the Newars to demonstrate their difference from the Parbatiyas, who were less oriented towards this tradition than them. Tensions arose between the two groups regarding the status of certain tutelary divinities and the respective religious authorities.
Still today, notwithstanding the unprecedent development of the Theravada movement in the Buddhist community, Tantrism continues to assume a not insignifiant role in Néwar society. Notably in terms of status (relation between the Rajopadhyaya Brahmans and Karmacarya saivaite priests) and of social control (dependence of the younger on the elder, the role of secrecy).
Briefly commented, these elements reveal social and cultural usages of religious tradition at different periods of history. They contribute to sociology of Tantrism, a sociology which could be extended to other regions of the Indian subcontinent.