bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparation and properties of new surfactants containingd‐glucosamine as the building block
Authors: Kida Toshiyuki , Yurugi Keiji , Masuyama Araki , Nakatsuji Yohji , Ono Daisuke , Takeda Tokuji 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThree types of new surfactants were prepared by usingN‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine as a starting material. The first type of surfactant, sodium methyl 4,6‐O‐alkylidene‐2‐(carboxyl‐atomethylamino)‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside, was prepared successively by the following treatments: methyl glucosidation ofN‐acetyl‐d‐glucosamine, transacetalization with an appropriate aldehyde dimethyl acetal, deacetylation, and finally reaction of the resulting methyl‐4,6‐O‐alkylidene‐2‐amino‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside (2‐amino precursor) with bromoacetic acid. The reaction of this 2‐amino precursor with methyl iodide yielded the second type of surfactant, methyl 4,6‐O‐alkylidene‐2‐deoxy‐2‐(trimethylammonio)‐d‐glucopyranoside iodide, in excellent yield. The last type of compound, sodium methyl 2‐acetamide‐4,6‐O‐alkylidene‐3‐O‐[1‐(carboxylato)‐ethyl]‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside, was synthesized by the reaction of methyl 2‐acetamide‐4,6‐O‐alkylidene‐2‐deoxy‐d‐glucopyranoside with 2‐chloropropionic acid. Concerning the two carboxylate types of surfactants, the compounds containing a C9 or C11 hydrophobic chain in the alkylidene part showed higher water solubility than the corresponding compounds containing a C7 hydrophobic chain. Both the micelle‐forming property and the ability to lower the surface tension of these carboxylate types of compounds increased with an increase in the length of the hydrophobic chain in the alkylidene part. These compounds can be applied to new acid‐decomposable types of cleavable surfactants because they contain an acetal group. The acetal bond of the ammonium type of compound was cleaved more slowly than that of the corresponding carboxylate types of surfactants in 2% aqueous HCI solution. The biodegradabilities of these compounds were also determined.
Identification of some acids from autoxidation of methyl linoleate
Authors: Horvat R. J. , McFadden W. H. , Ng H. , Lane W. G. , Lee A. , Lundin R. E. , Scherer J. R. , Shepherd A. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe acids from autoxidation of methyl linoleate have been analyzed as their methyl esters by combined capillary gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry (GC‐MS). The principal components were hexanoic, trans‐2‐octenoic, suberic and azelaic acid. Minor components included formic, pentanoic, heptanoic, trans‐2‐heptenoic, octanoic and nonanoic acid. In addition,trans‐2,3‐epoxy‐octanoic acid was isolated as its methyl ester by preparative GLC and was identified by means of NMR, high resolution MS, IR and by conversion to a known derivative.
Formation of the intense flavor compoundtrans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(E)‐2‐decenal in thermally treated fats
Authors: Gassenmeier Klaus , Schieberle Peter 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThermal degradation of several possible precursors of the intense flavor compoundtrans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(E)‐2‐decenal in model experiments revealed that the odorant is formed in significant yields from 13‐hydroperoxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HPOD) and 9‐hydroperoxy‐10,12‐octadecadienoic acid (9‐HPOD). Of these hydroperoxides, arising in equal amounts during autoxidation of linoleic acid, the 9‐HPOD was established as the more effective precursor. The key intermediates in the generation of the epoxyaldehyde were found to be 2,4‐decadienal, arising from 9‐HPOD, and 12,13‐epoxy‐9‐hydroperoxy‐10‐octadecenoic acid, a degradation product of 13‐HPOD. Isolation and characterization of the precursors from a baking margarine confirmed glycerine‐bound 9‐ and 13‐HPOD as the intermediates in the formation of the epoxyaldehyde during heating of fats that contain linoleic acid.
Liquid chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis of conjugated diene fatty acids in a partially hydrogenated fat
Authors: Banni Sebastiano , Day Billy W. , Evans Rhobert W. , Corongiu Francesco P. , Lombardi Benito 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA commercially available partially hydrogenated fat was analyzed for fatty acids containing conjugated dienes. The fatty acids were isolated by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and analyzed with a photodiode array detector and an atmospheric‐pressure ionization mass spectrometer. Conventional and second‐derivative ultraviolet (UV) spectra of the peaks eluting from the HPLC were recorded with the photodiode array detector, and peaks displaying second‐derivative UV spectra characteristic of the conjugated diene chromophore were analyzed by mass spectrometry. The UV and mass spectra of the fatty acids with conjugated dienes, present in the partially hydrogenated fat, were identical to those of reference preparations of linoleic acid isomers with conjugated dienes. The results obtained emphasize that care must be exercised in the interpretation of clinical and experimental data concerning the detection of conjugated dienes in tissues or body fluids of humans and experimental animals. The conjugated dienes may not reflect an ongoing process of lipid peroxidation, but may be of dietary origin.
Pretreatment efficiency for physical refining of sunflowerseed oil
Authors: Dimic Etelka , Karlovic Dj. , Turkulov J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe appropriate pretreatment of crude oil is of crucial significance for the application of physical refining. This paper presents a simplified process for the preparation of sunflowerseed oil by applying multistep acid degumming as the only pretreatment step. Amorphous silica hydrogel was used instead of treatment with bleaching earth. The results obtained showed that samples of crude‐pressed and extracted sunflowerseed oil differ significantly with respect to the content and composition of phosphatides, which is important for the pretreatment. The proper choice of oil and the application of multistep acid degumming results in an effective pretreatment of sunflowerseed oil for physical refining.
Trends in industrial uses of palm and lauric oils
Authors: Knaut J. , Richtler H. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn attempt is being made to determine the importance of palm and lauric oil today and in the coming years of this decade whereby their industrial use in western Europe is considered outside the field of human and animal nutrition. The basic oleochemicals like fatty acids, fatty acid methyl esters, fatty alcohols and their most important derivatives are discussed as the essential products. Detergents are one of the most significant areas of application for basic oleochemicals and their derivatives. Changes in the application profiles of the final products are expected for the detergent industry in the coming years. These tendencies have been scrutinized with respect to their influence on future demand for palm and lauric oil. The competitiveness of natural oil‐based oleochemicals versus ethylene‐and paraffin‐based synthetics is of great significance for the development of natural oils. It is attempted to elucidate the chances of natural oleochemicals in connection with petrochemical raw material developments.
Homogenous catalytic conjugation of polyunsaturated fats by chromium carbonyls
Authors: Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVarious arene‐Cr (CO)3 complexes and Cr(CO)6 are effective soluble catalysts for the conjugation of polyunsaturated fats. Methyl benzoate‐Cr(CO)3 is one of the most active catalysts. The following conjugation levels were obtained: methyl linoleate, 65%; methyl linolenate, 45%; the polyunsaturates in soybean and safflower oils, 73%; and in linseed oil 48%. Conjugated dienes from linoleate were predominantlycis,trans in configuration. Their double bonds were distributed between C5 and C16 of the fatty acid chain. Hydrogenation and dehydrogenation are side reactions, which seem to limit the yield of conjugated dienes from methyl linoleate. A conjugation mechanism is proposed that involves allyl‐HCr(CO)3 complexes as intermediates undergoing 1,3‐ and 1,5‐hydrogen shifts.
Photodecomposition of gossypol by ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Nomeir A. A. , Abou‐Donia M. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDecomposition of gossypol as a thin film or as a solution by ultraviolet irradiation was studied. The decomposition of gossypol followed monophasic exponential kinetics in which the rate of decomposition varied and depended upon the irradiation condition. The lowest rate of gossypol decomposition was observed as a thin film which showed a half‐life of 97 min, while the highest rate was attained as a solution in acetone as indicated by a half‐life of 4.5 min. Solutions in methanol and ethanol showed relatively lower rates of decomposition with similar half‐lives of approximately 50 min. Acetonitrile and chloroform solutions showed intermediate rates of decomposition for gossypol with half‐lives of 15 and 19 min, respectively. Although the degradation products of gossypol were not identified, their HPLC profiles were characteristic of the solvent used. HPLC profiles of gossypol degradation products in methanol, ethanol, acetone and acetonitrile were similar, each exhibiting two peaks with variable ratios depending on the solvent and the time of exposure. The degradation products of gossypol when irradiated as a thin film and as a solution in chloroform were different from those in other solvents. In all cases, when gossypol and/or its degradation products were continuously exposed to ultraviolet radiation, they decomposed to products no longer having an aromatic structure.
Lignan analysis in seed oils from fourSesamum species: Comparison of different chromatographic methods
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin A. , Appelqvist L. Å. , Yousif G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDifferent chromatographic methods, thin‐layer chromatography (TLC), gas chromatography (GC), gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and normal‐ and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), were compared for their ability to separate the different lignans present in fourSesamum species,viz., S. indicum Linn.,S. alatum Thonn., S. radiatum Schum & Thonn. andS. angustifolium (Oliv.) Engl. The advantages and limitations of each method are discussed, and a combination of methods is suggested for qualitative analyses. Two‐dimensional TLC was found to be a valuable qualitative technique and one‐dimensional TLC is useful for preparative purposes. GC is a good supplement for qualitative analysis, but it had many limitations as a quantitative tool—it involves many preparative steps, no suitable internal standard was found to be commercially available and the various lignans had markedly different response factors. GC/MS is a necessary techniqee to confirm the identity of the lignans present. HPLC is a one‐step technique suitable for quantitative analyses, and is fast and simple because it involves direct injection of oil solutions. Reversed‐phase HPLC was unable to separate sesamolin and sesangolin, but a normal‐phase silica column provided satisfactory separation for these two lignans. 2‐Episesalation ofS. alatum, however, did not elute from the normalphase column. Once lignans are identified, a relevant HPLC method can be used for quantitative analyses. Sesamin was present in large amounts inS. radiatum, in considerable amounts inS. indicum andS. angustifolium, and in small amounts inS. alatum. Sesamolin occurred in considerable amounts inS. indicum andS. angustifolium, but only in small amounts in the other two wild species studied.Sesamum alatum was characterized by high amounts of 2‐episesalatin, andS. angustifolium was characterized by high levels of sesangolin.
Cocoa butter extenders from Kokum (Garcinia indica) and Phulwara (Madhuca butyracea) butter
Authors: Reddy S. Yella , Prabhakar J. V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCocoa butter extenders, suitable for use in chocolate and confectionery, were prepared from Kokum fat and a Phulwara butter fraction. The latter fraction was prepared from Phulwara butter by two‐stage dry fractionation and blended with Kokum fat in selected proportions to obtain a series of hard butters with different melting profiles. The blends with higher proportions of Kokum fat were harder and hence may find application in warm climates. The blends with higher proportions of Kokum fat were harder and hence may find application in warm climates. The blends had solidification properties, fatty acid and triacylglycerol compositions similar to those of cocoa butter. In addition, they had narrow melting ranges like cocoa butter, and they were compatible with cocoa butter and have tolerance toward milk fat.
Oxidative stability of high‐fatty acid rice bran oil at different stages of refining
Authors: Yoon Suk Hoo , Kim Sun Ki 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe contents of natural antioxidants and the oxidative stability of rice bran oils at different refining steps were determined. Tocopherols and oryzanols were constant in crude and degummed oils but decreased in alkali‐refined, bleached and deodorized oils. The process of degumming, alkali‐refining, bleaching and deodorization removed 34% of the tocopherols and 51% of the oryzanols. During storage of deodorized oil for 7 wk, 34% of the tocopherols and 19% of the oryzanols were lost. The maximum weight gain, peroxide value and anisidine value were obtained from alkali‐refined oil during storage. The order of oxidation stability was crude ≥ degummed > bleached = deodorized > alkali‐refined oil.
Mechanism and kinetics of the CoCl2‐catalyzed esterification reaction of castor oil with oleic acid
Authors: Erdem‐Şenatalar A. , Erencek E. , Erciyes A. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe apparent orders of the Lewis acid‐catalyzed esterification reactions between castor oil and oleic acid are known to change with the catalyst used and with the reaction temperature. A mechanism is proposed in this study to explain the variations (with temperature) in the apparent orders of the cobalt chloride‐catalyzed esterification reaction between castor oil and oleic acid. According to the proposed mechanism, an acid‐catalyst intermediate forms in an initial, fast quasi‐equilibrium step, and this intermediate then reacts with the oil to yield the products and to regenerate the catalyst in the rate‐determining second step. A general rate expression, with an acid concentration term and a temperature‐dependent constant in the denominator, is derived from the proposed mechanism and is verified with data obtained at different temperatures.
Characteristics and composition of six malvaceae seeds and the oils
Authors: Rao K. Sundar , Lakshminarayana G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofSida veronicifolia Linn., syn.S. bumilis cav.,S. cordifolia Linn.,S. ovata Forsk.,S. mysorensis W & A., syn.S. urticaefolia W & A,S. rhombifolia var.retusa Masters andAbutilon crispum Medik. (Malvaceae) contained 15.5%, 11.5%, 12.1%, 13.2%, 20.2% and 12.5% oil, and 15.0%, 14.1%, 17.3%, 13.6%, 12.6% and 18.4% protein, respectively. Linoleic acid predominated (54.9–69.4%) as the fatty acid of all the oils, and malvalic (1.3–11.4%) and sterculic acids (0.4–1.1%) were significant.
Jojoba wax: Its esters and some of its minor components
Authors: Busson‐Breysse J. , Farines M. , Soulier J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA lack of reliability in the usual determinations of fatty acids and fatty alcohols of jojoba wax prompted us to propose an original method of hydrolysis and extraction, making it possible to better determine the composition of fatty acids and alcohols of the wax. High‐performance liquid chromatography fractionation of the wax allowed isolation of four main classes of esters (which differed by their partition number). The detailed study of these ester classes emphasized the way acids and alcohols are connected, and fourteen distinct esters were thus identified. Some triacylglycerols, free fatty alcohols and other minor components of jojoba wax were found and quantitated. Seven sterols were identified, four for the first time.
The alkyl glycidyl ether as synthetic building blocks
Authors: Urata Kouichi , Takaishi Naotake 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAlkyl glycidyl ether is one of the most useful key materials for industrial applications because the addition reaction of various kinds of nucleophilic reagents to the reactive epoxy bond of the glycidyl ethers has led to glyceryl ether derivatives. Glyceryl ether exhibits many interesting physical and pharmacological properties. The alkyl glycidyl ether can presently be produced at an industrial scale under the phase‐transfer catalytic Williamson ether synthesis. We have reviwwed some addition reactions of the alkyl glycidyl ether and possibilities for use as the building blocks for the syntheses of surfactants, pharmaceuticals, etc. that contain glyceryl ether skeletons. Typical examples of alkyl glyceryl ether derivatives include: amino ether as cosmetic material, and isodiglycerin mono‐ and dialkyl ethers and triglycerin monoalkyl ether as a cosmetic or a pharmacologically useful material, respectively. Another interesting reaction is the rearrangement of the epoxy bond of the alkyl glycidyl ether, which gives alkoxy ketone in a one‐pot synthesis.
Utilization of protein‐rich ethanol co‐products from corn in tilapia feed
Authors: Wu Y. Victor , Rosati Ronald , Sessa David J. , Brown Paul 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCorn distiller’s grains with solubles (CDGS), which is the residue from ethanol fermentation of corn, were incorporated in tilapia (a warm‐water fish) diets that contained either 36% protein without fish meal or 32% protein with and without fish meal. A 103‐day feeding study indicated that the three diets containing CDGS resulted in higher weights of tilapia than fish fed a commercial fish feed containing 36% protein and fish meal. The difference in weight gains between 32 and 36% protein diets was not significant. Incorporating fish meal (6%) in diet had no advantage over a diet without fish meal.
Diesel fuel from thermal decomposition of soybean oil
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Dykstra G. J. , Selke E. , Sorenson S. C. , Pryde E. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoybean oil was thermally decomposed and distilled in air or in nitrogen sparge with standard ASTM distillation apparatus. GC‐MS analysis showed that approximately 75% of the products were made up of alkanes, alkenes, aromatics and carboxylic acids with carbon numbers ranging from 4 to more than 20. Fuel properties of the pyrolyzed materials were characterized and compared with those of the parent oil. The pyrolyzates had lower viscosities and higher cetane numbers than the parent vegetable oil. Thermally decomposed soybean oil shows promise as alternative fuel for the direct‐injection diesel engine.
Synthesis and surface activity of maleic anhydride‐polyethylene glycol‐phthalic anhydride polymeric surfactants
Authors: Chen K. M. , Tsai C. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA novel series of polymeric surfactants has been synthesized by the reaction of maleic anhydride (MA), polyethylene glycol (PEG) and phthalic anhydride (PA). The unique structural features of these surfactants have been confirmed by IR, NMR and elemental analysis. These polymeric surfactants have been found to exhibit excellent surface active properties including surface tension, low‐foaming, solubilization, and dispersant properties in disperse dye systems.
Analysis of conjugated octadecatrienoic acids inmomordica balsamina seed oil by GLC and13C NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Gaydou E. M. , Miralles J. , Rasoazanakolona V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeparation of conjugated octadecatrienoic acids by open tubular gas liquid chromatography (GLC) was performed using glass capillary columns coated with Carbowax 20 M and with OV‐1. The equivalent chain length of geometrical isomers of the conjugated octadecatrienoic acids belonging to the two series C18:3Δ8.10.12 and C18:3Δ9.11.13 were determined. The application of these results to the study of theMomordica balsamina seed oil shows that this oil contains two conjugated octadecatrienoic fatty acids in appreciable amounts, punicic acid (50%) and α‐eleostearic acid (13%). The isomerization of conjugated acids inM. balsamina seed oil was followed for one year. Quantitation of octadecatrienoic acids using GLC gave results similar to those obtained with13C NMR.
Lipid composition of rice (Oryza sativa L.) bran
Authors: Hemavathy J. , Prabhakar J. V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe composition of lipids of bran from three varieties of rice is reported. Lipids extracted amounted to 21.9–23.0% of the bran dry weight and consisted of 88.1–89.2% neutral lipids, 6.3–7.0% glycolipids and 4.5–4.9% phospholipids. Neutral lipids consisted mostly of triacylglycerols (83.0–85.5%), monoacylglycerols (5.9–6.8%) and small amounts of diacylglycerols, sterols and free fatty acids. Three glycolipids and eight phospholipids were separated and characterized. Acylated steryl glucoside and digalactosyldiacylglycerol were the main glycolipids, while monogalactosylmonoacylglycerol was present in small amounts. The major phospholipids were phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. Phosphatidylglycerol, lysophosphatidylcholine, lysophosphatidylethanolamine and acyl‐phosphatidylethanolamine were present in small quantities.
Chemical and physical lipophilization of proteins
Authors: Kito Makoto 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWith a view to enhance the amphipathic nature of food proteins, chemical and physical modification were carried out. Soy glycinin and αS1‐casein were lipophilized by chemically attaching naturally occurring fatty acids to them. The covalent attachment of fatty acyl residues to these proteins caused an increase in their emulsification activity. Soy proteins and the maize protein, zein, were associated with soy lecithin and phosphatidate, respectively, by sonication. The emulsification activity of phospholipid‐protein complexes was greatly increased after they were treated with 50% ethanol or enzyme digestion.
Specific limited hydrolysis and phosphorylation of food proteins for improvement of functional and nutritional properties
Authors: Chobert Jean‐Marc , Sitohy Mahmoud , Whitaker John R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLimited specific hydrolysis of casein byStaphylococcus aureus V8 protease was used to produce 2% and 6.7% hydrolysates (2 and 6.7% of the peptide bonds hydrolyzed), each containing five polypeptides (by gel filtration) ranging in size from ∼ 16,000 to ∼1,000 daltons. The mixtures of polypeptides had substantially increased solubilities at pH 4.0–4.5, near the isoelectric point of casein. In general, the emulsifying activity index was less for the hydrolysates than for casein; the emulsion stability was higher for the 2% hydrolysate than was the emulsion from casein. Phosphorylation of zein markedly increased the water solubility of zein above and below pH 4. When the free amino acids tryptophan and/or lysine were added to zein in the presence of POC13, some amino acids were covalently bound to zein, in addition to covalent attachment of phosphate groups. Threonine did not become incorporated into zein by this method. These derivatives were much more soluble than zein above and below pH 4, the minimum solubility point. A derivative containing 0.98 mol P/mol of zein, along with 1.05% tryptophan and 0.24% lysine, had a relative growth effect onTetrahymena thermophili of 49% that of casein, in comparison to 4.5% for unmodified zein. All the modified zeins had improved emulsifying activity indices.