bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prefrontal Activity and Diagnostic Monitoring of Memory Retrieval: fMRI of the Criterial Recollection Task
Authors: Gallo David A. , Kensinger Elizabeth A. , Schacter Daniel L. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
According to the distinctiveness heuristic, subjects rely more on detailed recollections (and less on familiarity) when memory is tested for pictures relative to words, leading to reduced false recognition. If so, then neural regions that have been implicated in effortful postretrieval monitoring (e.g., dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) might be recruited less heavily when trying to remember pictures. We tested this prediction with the criterial recollection task. Subjects studied black words, paired with either the same word in red font or a corresponding colored picture. Red words were repeated at study to equate recognition hits for red words and pictures. During fMRI scanning, alternating red word memory tests and picture memory tests were given, using only white words as test stimuli (say “yes” only if you recollect a corresponding red word or picture, respectively). These tests were designed so that subjects had to rely on memory for the criterial information. Replicating prior behavioral work, we found enhanced rejection of lures on the picture test compared to the red word test, indicating that subjects had used a distinctiveness heuristic. Critically, dorsolateral prefrontal activity was reduced when rejecting familiar lures on the picture test, relative to the red word test. These findings indicate that reducing false recognition via the distinctiveness heuristic is not heavily dependent on frontally mediated postretrieval monitoring processes.
Morphological Processing in a Second Language: Behavioral and Event-related Brain Potential Evidence for Storage and Decomposition
Authors: Hahne Anja , Mueller Jutta L. , Clahsen Harald 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This study reports the results of two behavioral and two event-related brain potential experiments examining the processing of inflected words in second-language (L2) learners with Russian as their native language. Two different subsystems of German inflection were studied, participial inflection and noun plurals. For participial forms, L2 learners were found to widely generalize the -t suffixation rule in a nonce-word elicitation task, and in the event-related brain potential experiment, they showed an anterior negativity followed by a P600-both results resembling previous findings from native speakers of German on the same materials. For plural formation, the L2 learners displayed different preference patterns for regular and irregular forms in an off-line plural judgment task. Regular and irregular plural forms also differed clearly with regard to their brain responses. Whereas overapplications of the -s plural rule produced a P600 component, overapplications of irregular patterns elicited an N400. In contrast to native speakers of German, however, the L2 learners did not show an anterior negativity for -s plural overapplications. Taken together, the results show clear dissociations between regular and irregular inflection for both morphological subsystems. We argue that the two processing routes posited by dual-mechanism models of inflection (lexical storage and morphological decomposition) are also employed by L2 learners.
Dissociating Task-set Selection from Task-set Inhibition in the Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Mayr Ulrich , Diedrichsen Jörn , Ivry Richard , Keele Steven W. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Patients with focal lesions in the left (n = 7) and right (n = 4) prefrontal cortex were compared with controls (n = 16) in a task-switching experiment using four different, simple spatial tasks. Each of these tasks involved a left-right decision, either regarding an arrow, the word “left” or “right”, a circle position, or the direction of a moving line. We compared performance on trials that required rule switches versus rule repetitions (local switch costs) and we compared performance between blocks with bivalent stimuli (two dimensions present) and blocks with univalent stimuli (only one dimension present) to assess global switch costs. Patients with left prefrontal lesions, but not patients with right prefrontal lesions, exhibited increased costs on trials in which the relevant dimension switched (local switch costs), but also on no-switch trials with bivalent stimuli (global costs). We also assessed task-set inhibition in the form of the backward-inhibition effect [increased response times to recently abandoned tasks; Mayr, U., & Keele, S. Changing internal constraints on action: The role of backward inhibition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 129, 4-26, 2000]. Although left frontal patients showed normal inhibition, right frontal patients showed no evidence for inhibition. These results suggest a neurocognitive dissociation between task-set selection and inhibition.
The Status of Allies in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Arabian Society
Authors: Landau-Tasseron Ella 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn pre-Islamic and early Islamic times many tribes accepted outsiders into their midst by means of a certain type of alliance. In this article I investigate the integration and the status of such allies within the host tribes. As indicators of integration, I examine marriage and adoption cases involving allies, and the way in which allies used tribal nisbas. The status of allies is reflected in accounts of their conduct and the ways in which they were treated. I conclude that there were no strict rules governing the integration of allies; and that not all allies shared the same status even though they belonged to the same category.
On the Horizontal Scale of Elevation Dependence of Australian Monthly Precipitation
Authors: Sharples Jason J. , Hutchinson Michael F. , Jellett Damian R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Determination of the scale of the interaction between precipitation and topography is important for the accurate interpolation of rainfall in mountainous areas and also provides insight into the physical processes involved. In this paper, trivariate thin-plate smoothing splines are used to investigate the scale of interaction between monthly precipitation and topography by interpolating monthly rainfall over three subregions of the Australian continent, incorporating different climatic conditions and rainfall types. The interpolations are based upon elevations derived from digital elevation models (DEMs) of various resolutions. All of the DEMs are local averages of version 2.0 of the 9-s-resolution DEM of Australia. The results suggest that the optimal scale of the interaction between precipitation and topography, as it pertains to the elevation-dependent interpolation of monthly precipitation in Australia, is between 5 and 10 km. This is in agreement with results of similar studies that addressed daily precipitation over Switzerland.
Interannual Variability of Water Demand and Summer Climate in Albuquerque, New Mexico
Authors: Gutzler David S. , Nims Joshua S. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The effects of interannual climate variability on water demand in Albuquerque, New Mexico, are assessed. This city provides an ideal setting for examining the effects of climate on urban water demand, because at present the municipal water supply is derived entirely from groundwater, making supply insensitive to short-term climate variability. There is little correlation between interannual variability of climate and total water demand—a result that is consistent with several previous studies. However, summertime residential demand, which composes about one-quarter of total annual demand in Albuquerque, is significantly correlated with summer-season precipitation and average daily maximum temperature. Furthermore, regressions derived from year-to-year changes in these variables are shown to isolate the climatic modulation of residential water demand effectively. Over 60% of the variance of year-to-year changes in summer residential demand is accounted for by interannual temperature and precipitation changes when using a straightforward linear regression model, with precipitation being the primary correlate. Long-term trends in water demand follow population growth closely until 1994, after which time a major water conservation effort led to absolute decreases in demand in subsequent years. The effectiveness of the conservation efforts can be quantified by applying the regression model, thus removing the year-to-year variations associated with short-term climate fluctuations estimated from the preconservation period. The preconservation regression provides a good fit to interannual summer residential demand in subsequent years, demonstrating that the regression model has successfully isolated the climatic component of water demand. The quality of this fit during a period of sharply reduced demand suggests that the conservation program has effectively targeted the nonclimatically sensitive component of water demand and has sharpened the climatically sensitive component of demand to a level closer to the consumption that is “climatically needed.”
Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part I: Microphysical Data and Models
Authors: Baum Bryan A. , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Yang Ping , Bedka Sarah T. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This study reports on the use of in situ data obtained in midlatitude and tropical ice clouds from airborne sampling probes and balloon-borne replicators as the basis for the development of bulk scattering models for use in satellite remote sensing applications. Airborne sampling instrumentation includes the two-dimensional cloud (2D-C), two-dimensional precipitation (2D-P), high-volume precipitation spectrometer (HVPS), cloud particle imager (CPI), and NCAR video ice particle sampler (VIPS) probes. Herein the development of a comprehensive set of microphysical models based on in situ measurements of particle size distributions (PSDs) is discussed. Two parameters are developed and examined: ice water content (IWC) and median mass diameter Dm. Comparisons are provided between the IWC and Dm values derived from in situ measurements obtained during a series of field campaigns held in the midlatitude and tropical regions and those calculated from a set of modeled ice particles used for light-scattering calculations. The ice particle types considered in this study include droxtals, hexagonal plates, solid columns, hollow columns, aggregates, and 3D bullet rosettes. It is shown that no single habit accurately replicates the derived IWC and Dm values, but a mixture of habits can significantly improve the comparison of these bulk microphysical properties. In addition, the relationship between Dm and the effective particle size Deff, defined as 1.5 times the ratio of ice particle volume to projected area for a given PSD, is investigated. Based on these results, a subset of microphysical models is chosen as the basis for the development of ice cloud bulk scattering models in Part II of this study.
Bulk Scattering Properties for the Remote Sensing of Ice Clouds. Part II: Narrowband Models
Authors: Baum Bryan A. , Yang Ping , Heymsfield Andrew J. , Platnick Steven , King Michael D. , Hu Y-X. , Bedka Sarah T. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This study examines the development of bulk single-scattering properties of ice clouds, including single-scattering albedo, asymmetry factor, and phase function, for a set of 1117 particle size distributions obtained from analysis of the First International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project Regional Experiment (FIRE)-I, FIRE-II, Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program intensive observation period, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Kwajalein Experiment (KWAJEX), and the Cirrus Regional Study of Tropical Anvils and Cirrus Layers (CRYSTAL) Florida Area Cirrus Experiment (FACE) data. The primary focus is to develop band-averaged models appropriate for use by the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) imager on the Earth Observing System Terra and Aqua platforms, specifically for bands located at wavelengths of 0.65, 1.64, 2.13, and 3.75 μm. The results indicate that there are substantial differences in the bulk scattering properties of ice clouds formed in areas of deep convection and those that exist in areas of much lower updraft velocities. Band-averaged bulk scattering property results obtained from a particle-size-dependent mixture of ice crystal habits are compared with those obtained assuming only solid hexagonal columns. The single-scattering albedo is lower for hexagonal columns than for a habit mixture for the 1.64-, 2.13-, and 3.75-μm bands, with the differences increasing with wavelength. In contrast, the asymmetry factors obtained from the habit mixture and only the solid hexagonal column are most different at 0.65 μm, with the differences decreasing as wavelength increases. At 3.75 μm, the asymmetry factor results from the two habit assumptions are almost indistinguishable. The asymmetry factor, single-scattering albedo, and scattering phase functions are also compared with the MODIS version-1 (V1) models. Differences between the current and V1 models can be traced to the microphysical models and specifically to the number of both the smallest and the largest particles assumed in the size distributions.
Simple Empirical Models for Estimating the Increase in the Central Pressure of Tropical Cyclones after Landfall along the Coastline of the United States
Authors: Vickery Peter J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Modeling the increase in the central pressure of tropical cyclones following landfall plays a critical role in the estimation of the hurricane wind hazard at locations removed from the coastline. This paper describes the development of simple empirical models for estimating the rate at which tropical cyclones decay after making landfall. For storms making landfall along the Gulf of Mexico Coast and the coast of the Florida Peninsula, it is shown that the rate of storm filling is proportional to the central pressure difference and translation speed at the time of landfall and is inversely proportional to the radius to maximum winds. Along the Atlantic Coast the effect of radius to maximum winds does not play as significant a role in the rate of storm decay as compared with that seen in Florida and along the Gulf Coast. The models developed here can readily be included in any hurricane simulation model designed for estimating wind speeds in the United States.
Evaluation of Snow Depth and Soil Temperatures Predicted by the Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme Coupled with the Fifth-Generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model
Authors: Narapusetty Balachandrudu , Mölders Nicole 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The Hydro–Thermodynamic Soil–Vegetation Scheme (HTSVS) coupled in a two-way mode with the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Meteorological Model (MM5) is evaluated for a typical snowmelt episode in the Baltic region by means of observations at 25 soil temperature, 355 snow-depth, and 344 precipitation sites that have, in total, 1000, 1775, and 1720 measurements, respectively. The performance with respect to predicted near-surface meteorological fields is evaluated using reanalysis data. Snow depth depends on snow metamorphism, sublimation, and snowfall. Because in the coupled model these processes are affected by the predicted surface radiation fluxes and cloud and precipitation processes, sensitivity studies are performed with two different cloud microphysical schemes and/or radiation schemes. Skill scores are calculated as a quality measure for the coupled model’s performance for a typical forecast range of 120 h for a typical spring (snowmelt) weather situation in the Baltic region. Discrepancies between predicted and observed snow-depth changes relate to the coupling. Enhanced water supply to the atmosphere, which results from water that was assumed to be open in MM5 but was actually ice covered in nature, finally leads to an overestimation of snowfall (input to HTSVS) and changes in snow depth (output). The resolution-dependent discrepancies between the terrain height in the model and real world also lead to snowfall where none occurred. For heavy snowfall the performance of the coupled model with respect to predicted snow-depth changes becomes nearly independent of the choice of the cloud microphysical and radiation schemes. As compared with observed changes in snow depth, the coupled model simulation using the Schultz scheme in conjunction with the radiation scheme from the Community Climate Model, version 2, (CCM2) predicts snow-depth changes of less than 2.5 mm considerably better than the other combinations that were tested. For thick snowpacks, the accuracy of the snow-depth decrease resulting from metamorphism strongly depends on the initial value of snow density. The coupled model acceptably captures the soil temperature diurnal cycles, the observed soil temperature increase with time, and the soil temperature behavior with depth. In general, discrepancies between simulated and observed soil temperatures decrease with soil depth. Simulations performed with the so-called CLOUD radiation scheme capture soil temperature minima and maxima better than do simulations performed with the CCM2 scheme.
A Large-Droplet Mode and Prognostic Number Concentration of Cloud Droplets in the Colorado State University Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS). Part II: Sensitivity to a Colorado Winter Snowfall Event
Authors: Saleeby Stephen M. , Cotton William R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This paper is the second in a two-part series describing recent additions to the microphysics module of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) at Colorado State University. These changes include the addition of a large-cloud-droplet mode (40–80 μm in diameter) into the liquid-droplet spectrum and the parameterization of cloud-droplet nucleation through activation of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and giant CCN (GCCN). The large-droplet mode was introduced to represent more precisely the natural dual mode of the cloud-droplet distribution. The parameterized droplet nucleation replaces the former estimation of cloud-droplet formation solely from supersaturation calculations. In Part I of this series, details of the improvements to the microphysics were presented, including the set of equations governing the development of cloud droplets in the Lagrangian parcel model that was employed to parameterize this complex process. Supercell simulations were examined with respect to the model sensitivity to the presence and concentration of large cloud droplets, CCN, and GCCN. Part II examines the sensitivity of the model microphysics to imposed aerosol variations in a wintertime snowfall event that occurred over Colorado on 28–29 February 2004. Model analyses and sensitivity are compared with the real-time forecast version 4.3 of RAMS as well as selected snowpack telemetry (SNOTEL) accumulated precipitation data and surface data from Storm Peak Laboratory in Steamboat Springs, Colorado.
Wintertime Cold-Air Pools in the Bavarian Danube Valley Basin: Data Analysis and Idealized Numerical Simulations
Authors: Zängl Günther 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
This paper investigates wintertime cold-air pools in a basinlike part of the Danube Valley, located in the German state of Bavaria. Specifically, the focus is on cold-pool events restricted to the basin area, that is, not extending to the more elevated parts of the Alpine foreland. An analysis of observational data indicates that the delay of warm-air advection in the basin area relative to the Alpine foreland plays a major role in these events. However, the relationship between warming in the Alpine foreland and a temperature deficit in the northeast–southwest-oriented basin appears to depend sensitively on the ambient wind direction. A statistically significant correlation is found only for westerly and southerly wind directions but not for easterly directions. To examine the dynamical reasons for this phenomenon, idealized numerical simulations have been conducted. They are initialized with a pronounced cold pool in the basin area and examine the response of the cold pool to the dynamical forcing imposed by a geostrophically balanced large-scale wind field of various directions and strengths. Sensitivity tests consider the effects of the surrounding mountain ranges and of turbulent vertical mixing. The model results indicate that the most important dynamical processes capable of dissolving cold-air pools in a large basin are (i) ageostrophic advection of the cold air toward lower ambient pressure and (ii) downstream advection by the ambient flow. The former might also be interpreted as an adjustment of the cold air to the external pressure gradient, which can be balanced by the development of a spatial gradient in cold-pool depth. In principle, both advection processes are most effective in the along-basin direction because the advected air does not have to surmount significant topographic obstacles. However, a combination of several effects induced by the surrounding mountain ranges—for example, upstream flow deceleration and wake formation—modifies the dependence of the cold-pool persistence on the ambient wind direction. In agreement with observational data, the simulations with full topography predict a higher tendency for cold-pool persistence in the Danube basin for westerly and southerly flow than for easterly flow. Turbulent vertical mixing is found to make a significant contribution to the erosion of cold pools, but its effect is smaller than the sensitivity to the ambient wind direction.
Numerical Experiments on the Seasonal Variations of the Oyashio near the East Coast of Japan
Authors: Tatebe Hiroaki , Yasuda Ichiro 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Seasonal variations of the Oyashio near the east coast of Japan are examined using a simple layered model with a localized diapycnal transport due to the strong tidal mixing around the Kuril Islands. The modeled southernmost latitude is located at around 40°N in spring and 42°N in autumn. The southwestward Oyashio transport in the upper layers and depth-integrated transport become large (small) during winter–spring (summer–autumn). These results are in agreement with observations. The seasonal variation of the southernmost latitude is mainly caused by the baroclinic velocity anomalies off Tohoku and Hokkaido, Japan, which have been excited by the wind stress changes along the west coast of North America, the Kamchatka Peninsula, and the model northern boundary. This is different from the previous studies that emphasized the importance of direct barotropic response of the ocean to the basin-scale wind stress changes. For comparison, an additional experiment in which the diapycnal transport around the Kuril Islands is not included is performed. In this case, the annual-mean Oyashio does not extend south of the wind-driven gyre boundary and the variation of the southernmost latitude is small, even though the baroclinic velocity anomalies are similar to the ones in the case with the diapycnal transport. This is because the annual-mean Oyashio velocities are larger than the anomalies and cannot be distorted, whereas the annual-mean Oyashio in the case with diapycnal transport is weak in intrusion of the wind-driven gyre boundary and can be easily changed by the velocity anomalies. It is suggested that the reproduction of the seasonal variation of the Oyashio southernmost latitude depends on whether the annual-mean Oyashio intrusion could be reproduced adequately in the numerical model.