bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The health-promoting school: organisation and policy development in Welsh secondary schools
Authors: Nutbeam Don , Clarkson Jo , Phillips Karin , Everett Vince , Hill Anne , Catford John 
Published: March 2007

THE Welsh Heart Programme was established in 1985 as a national demonstration project to promote health, and to reduce the risks of cardiovascular dis ease among the population of Wales. The develop ment of a youth health project has been an important element, and to provide information for planning, monitoring and evaluation, two surveys were under taken in 1986. The first provided information on children's health behaviour, knowledge and attitudes. The second, reported here, investigated curriculum development for health education, the school environment, and family and community links. From a random sample of 81 secondary schools, 75 responded to the survey by means of a self-com pletion questionnaire. More than three-quarters reported having a planned health education pro gramme, but the results suggest that many pupils are either receiving disjointed programmes, or no health education at all. Most of the schools with planned programmes reported having a designated member of staff as health education co-ordinator, most of whom had received in-service training. The results suggest that a reasonable base exists for the development of health promotion strategies aimed at young people, although there is clear scope for further development. Priority issues are attention to the timing of health education programmes, teaching methods, and continued in-service support for teachers. The wider development of supporting school policies, as well as closer and more active links with families and local communities are also advocated.
Review Article Case Management: an Update
Authors: Holloway Frank , Carson Jerome 
Published: March 2007

Background: Case management in its various forms represents a major innova tion in mental health care. Its efficacy remains controversial. Aims: To update after a decade a previous review article (Holloway, 1991). Methods: Descriptive literature and controlled trials of case management and its derivative Assertive Community Treatment (ACT) was accessed through four comprehensive and systematic reviews of the literature, repeated Medline and Embase searches and personal contacts. Results and Conclusions: The concept of case management has continued to evolve over the past decade. No controlled trial has been published exploring the model of the case manager as a service broker without responsibility for the provision of care. Basic case management principles have frequently been incorporated within routine clinical practice. Published controlled trials of ACT, which were almost exclusively carried out in North America, have shown markedly positive results. However caution is required in extrapolating these findings to routine clinical practice within different systems of health and social care. Case management is not in itself an effective treatment for severe mental illness.
Clinician-Rated Symptoms and Signs of Depression in Aged Finns
Authors: Kivelä Sirkka-Liisa , Pahkala Kimmo 
Published: March 2007

The study describes symptoms and signs of depression in elderly (60 years or over) Finns. Lists of symptoms and signs assessed by the examining physicians in a popula tion study were used in rating, and the symptoms and signs of persons diagnosed as depressed were compared to those of persons who were not depressed. The commonest symptoms both in men and women were sleep disturbances, fatiguability, loss of interest, depressed mood, loss of activity, pains, pessimism and sense of uselessness. In addition, worry was a common symptom in women. Hallucina tions and other delusions than those about unforgivable behaviour were very uncom mon. Loss of libido did not strongly indicate occurrence of depression, and in persons aged 70 years or over it could not be included in symptoms of depression. Sex dif ferences in the commonest symptoms of depression were evident: worry, crying spells, helplessness, loneliness, suicidal ideas and pains were more common in depressed women than in depressed men. Some age differences in symptoms were also found both in men and in women. Sad expression was a common sign of depression in both sexes. In addition, slow movements, scarcity of gestures and slow speech were quite common signs in depressed men and stooping posture was quite common in depressed women.
A Community Mental Health Team to Serve Revolving Door Patients the Doddington Edward Wilson (Dew) Mental Health Team 1984-1988
Authors: McLean E.K. , Leibowiiz Judy A. 
Published: March 2007

This is a descriptive paper. It outlines the running of a specialist service aimed to meet the needs of long-term mentally ill patients who live in community settings in an inner urban district of London. The service functions in an outreach model from an office base on a large public housing estate. No patient care premises are available on site, consequently all patient activities are carried out in public rooms and other non-mental-health venues. The staffing of the Team and details of its organisational practice are described: demographic and clinical statistics for two years' working are presented. Advantages and disadvantages of the outreach model are discussed. The need for such a specialist service in contrast to the traditional generic service model is argued. The paper is intended as a basic description to underlie current evaluative studies. No evaluation data are presented here.
The Frequency of Depressive Symptoms in a General Population with Reference to DSM-III
Authors: Lindal Eirikur , Stefansson Jon G. 
Published: March 2007

The frequency with which symptoms of depression are found among subjects with either a lifetime diagnosis of depression or dysthymia and among subjects with no psychiatric disorders, are analysed. The data is derived from a large study (n=862) on the lifetime prevalence of mental disorders which was conducted in Iceland. The survey instrument was the NIMH-Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Results from 379 subjects are reported in this study, these subjects have either experienced a Major Depressive Episode (n=46), dysthymia (n=32) or have no psychiatric disorder (n=301). The frequency of symptoms are grouped together in hierarchical tables and displayed and analysed. In the hierarchical groupings of symptoms, males were found to report more grave symptoms of suicide than were females, both in the depression and dysthymic groups. In a comorbidity correlation between these and other disorders, sex differences emerged in the diagnosis of Tobacco Dependence, with women exhibiting higher frequencies of dependence when found in the depressed group.
Single and Repeated Admissions to a Mental Health Center: Demographic, Clinical and Use of Service Characteristics
Authors: Swigar Mary E. , Astrachan Boris , Levine Michael A. , Mayfield Violet , Radovich Carol 
Published: March 2007

Eight hundred and forty one patients with 1,135 consecutive admissions to a university-affiliated mental health center were studied to examine patterns of treatment program use. Twenty two percent of patients had repeat admissions accounting for 42% of hospital episodes. Single admission and repeater groups are compared, and differences among repeater subgroups with progressively greater numbers of admissions per patient are described. Only 10 patients with the highest number of admissions during the study period also were very high utilizers of all services (inpatient, crisis, day hospital, regional chronic state hospital). These patients' characteristics are discussed with implications for future study.
The 1983 Mental Health Act in Five Local Authorities: a Study of the Practice of Approved Social Workers
Authors: Hatfield Barbara , Mohamad Hadi , Huxley Peter 
Published: March 2007

This paper represents the first report of an ongoing collaborative project and charts the activities of social workers undertaking their duties within the framework of the 1983 Mental Health Act in five English Local Authorities for one year. Social workers are involved in a range of duties under the Act, but most commonly they are involved in assessments with a view to compulsory detention. The characteristics of people assessed are examined, and a profile emerges of vulnerable subgroups, typically younger men, older women, and people living in socially impoverished situations. Considerable variation between Authorities is found in terms of numbers of assessments, and in numbers of detentions. Low levels of 'diversion' into alternative care are identified. Comparisons are made with a major national study which took place four years earlier. Higher rates of detention are found on average, but lower rates of use of emergency provision (Section 4). An examination of the organisational context within which Approved Social Workers (ASWs) practice reveals a great deal of variation between authorities in terms of the ongoing experience of assessments available to ASWs. Social workers based in Emergency Duty Teams and Hospital Teams are compared, and a distinctive profile of their work emerges, the hospital-based ASVVs being more likely to be assessing 'known' people, often already in hospital, and referred for assessment by consultants. The implications of these findings for the management and deployment of Approved Social Workers are briefly discussed. The emphasis is upon the role of the ASW in terms of balancing the rights and needs of people assessed under the Act.
Users' Satisfaction with Mental Health Services
Authors: Vicente Benjamin , Vielma Mabel , Jenner F. Alec , Mezzina Roberto , Lliapas Iannis 
Published: March 2007

The opinion and level of satisfaction of the users of three different mental health services are presented as a way of evaluating the outcome of institutional and community approaches to psychiatric services. The information was collected in the cities of Concepcion (Chile), Sheffield (England) and Trieste (Italy) interviewing a sample of the users of the psychiatric services using a questionnaire specifically designed to suit the study's aims. The patients in Sheffield tended to support an eventual move towards a more community based service while the relatives appeared more interested in a general improvement of the traditional institutional facilities. In Trieste, patients as well as relatives are fully supportive of the community based services and reasonably aware of the difficulties. They want to improve things in the community. Finally, Chilean users show a considerable adherence to the more traditional and institutionalised ways of offering services and the levels of satisfaction were very high considering the conditions in which the help was delivered.
The Taps Project. 29: Residential Care Provision in North London: a Representative Sample of Ten Facilities for Mentally Ill People
Authors: Lewis Ann , Trieman Noam 
Published: March 2007

Described are ten residential facilities, which represent examples of different residential arrangements available for mentally-ill people in a north London region. Administrative issues, daily routine, physical layout, and other aspects regarding residents and staff are addressed. The environmental features of the facilities were rated by using structured assessments. The facilities, though run by various agencies and providing different levels of care, demonstrate a common set of principles and practices, which formulates a framework for successful care Generally, there has been no indication of any shortcomings in providing a reliable and good standard of care.
Suicide in Trinidad and Tobago: Associations With Measures of Social Distress
Authors: Hutchinson Gerard A. , Simeon Donald T. 
Published: March 2007

Using national statistics for the period 1973-1992, associations were examined between suicide rates and measures of social distress in Trinidad and Tobago. The latter included unemployment, serious crimes, emigration rates and admissions to the country's psychiatric hospital. There was a 319% increase in male suicide rates, from 4.96/100,000 in 1978 to 20.76/100,000 in 1992. Although there were fluctuations in the rate for females, it remained below 8/100,000. Over the 15-year period examined, there was a 51 % increase in serious crime while male and female unemployment increased by 89% and 33% respectively. There was a 63% fall in the rate of permanent emigration while male and female admissions to the psychiatric hospital fell by 28% and 19% respectively. There were significant positive associa tions between male suicide and serious crimes as well as with male and female unemployment (p < 0.01). Male suicide rates were also negatively associated with the male admissions to the psychiatric hospital (p < 0.01). Female suicide rates were positively associated with serious crime and male unemployment (p < 0.01). Although it is not possible to determine whether the observed associations were causal, the results suggest that social distress may be an important contributor to the suicide rate in Trinidad and Tobago, particularly among men. The organisation of preventive strategies for suicidal behaviour must therefore include measures to counter the experience of social distress in this setting.
OCD in Bahrain: a Phenomenological Profile
Authors: Shooka A. , Al-Haddad M.K. , Raees A. 
Published: March 2007

Fifty patients with a primary diagnosis of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) were studied during the course of the year 1994 from a phenomenological point of view in order to delineate the various forms and contents of obsessions and compulsions. An attempt was made to highlight the frequency with which the different forms and contents occur. Six types of obsessions were identified: doubts, thoughts, fear (phobia), images, impulses and miscellaneous. Compulsive acts were classified into two types: yielding and controlling. The contents of obsessions could be classified into eight broad categories as relating to: dirt and contamination, germs, aggression, sex, religion, blasphemy, illness and indecisiveness. Thirty eight percent of the patients displayed obses sional thoughts related to dirt and contamination, while forty per cent showed religious and blasphemous obsessional thoughts and doubts. Fifty six percent of the patients had compulsions of which 36% were multiple, while 20% displayed only a single compulsion. The paper discusses these findings and emphasizes the role played by socio- cultural and religious factors in shaping the character of an obsessional thought content.
Process Modeling of Composite Materials: Residual Stress Development during Cure. Part I. Model Formulation
Authors: White S.R. , Hahn H.T. 
Published: March 2007

In the production of composite parts the pertinent processing parameters are time, temperature, and pressure. A judicious choice of these three parameters pro duces composites which are fully cured, compacted, and of high quality. Slight deviations from the recommended processing conditions can result in unacceptable quality. One of the most significant problems in the processing of composites is residual stresses. Processing-induced residual stresses can be high enough to cause cracking within the matrix even before mechanical loading. This microcracking of the matrix can expose the fibers to degradation by chemical attack. Strength is adversely affected by residual stresses since a pre-loading has been introduced. The topics considered and discussion presented in this paper have been chosen to ad dress the issue of understanding how residual stresses develop during processing and how they can be predicted. A process model has been developed which can be used to predict the residual stress history during the curing of composite laminates. This model includes the effects of chemical and thermal strains and assumes the material to exhibit linear, vis coelastic behavior. A phenomenological model is used to predict the degree of cure history during the cure cycle. Mechanical properties are allowed to develop based on a functional dependence on the cure state (degree of cure) and the transverse compliance is taken as the only time-dependent compliance. Simultaneous application of the cure kinetics and a vis coelastic stress analysis yields the residual moments and curvatures for unsymmetric cross-ply laminates. An experimental correlation is provided in an accompanying paper.
'Monday I'Ve Got Friday On My Mind': Working Time in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Barnes Alison , Fieldes Diane 
Published: March 2007

It is commonly argued that the drive towards flexible working hours is an important arena in which the interests of employers and workers can be reconciled to mutual benefit through workplace bargaining. Against this, others suggest that the potential for mutual gain is illusory, that the needs of workers and employers are conflictual, and that this conflict occurs as much in the field of working hours as it does over wages. In this article we set up the broad argument and then provide a case study that analyses the debate over working time reorganisation in the Australian hospitality industry in the late 1990s. We focus particularly on the hospitality award simplification decision of 1997 and the penalty rates decision of 1998. The arguments in the Australian Industrial Relations Commission, the various responses to the decision, and subsequent developments in the industry all illustrate conflicting interests between employers and employees on the question of working time. Current preoccupations with working time include the capacity of flexible working hours to reconcile the needs and desires of workers and employers. Counterposed to this view are arguments that highlight the disparity between the rhetoric of hours flexibility and the reality as experienced by Australian workers, particularly women.
Industrial Relations and Professional Team Sports in Australia
Authors: Dabscheck Braham 
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the formation of the Victorian Football League Players' Association and gives an account of their development during 1974. The emergence of the V.F.L.P.A. is set against the background of an industry circumscribed by a series of monopsonistic controls which severely limit the employment opportunities of footballers; of the growth of similar associations in a number of overseas professional sports; and growing industrial tensions in a number of Australian sports. For students of Australia's system of industrial relations the emergence of the V.F.L.P.A. should be of interest in the sense that it appears that collective bargaining will be the method through which rules of the workplace will be determined. Both the internal activities and the external machinations of the V.F.L.P.A. are examined in some detail. Particular attention is paid to the V.F.L.P.A.'s concern with internal communications and to reasons for the V.F.L.'s rather lukewarm opposition to the formation of the V.F.L.P.A. The conclusion, on the basis of overseas experience, offers some policy recommendations to help improve the cohesiveness and effectiveness of the V.F.L.P.A.
Principles Underlying the Preference-to-Unionists Awards in Industrial Law
Authors: Latinier Paul 
Published: March 2007

Preference awards such as the following are common: 'As between members of the — Union and other persons offering or desiring service or employment at the same time, preference shall be given to such members at the time of engagement or retrenchment, other relevant things being equal." It is the purpose of this paper to examine the principles under which awards of preference have been made by federal arbitration tribunals, To do so, this paper surveys virtually all the reported decisions of the Common wealth industrial tribunals over the last seventy-five years to provide an examination of the legal nature and rationale of preference-to-unionist awards. The paper opens by examining the four principles given by one of the architects of the Conciliation and Arbitration Act, H. B. Higgins, justifying an award of preference under this Act with the positive encouragement of trade unionism as the first and fundamental reason. These are now largely built into the Act as s. 47(2). The paper continues with a survey of other principles which have been advanced since that time expanding the scope of a preference-to-unionists award as preference has developed as a standard clause of so many Commonwealth and State industrial awards. The paper also notes comments made by tribunals to the effect that an award cannot be made if various consequences, such as monopoly of employment or compulsory unionism, are said to result, and examines the realities of this contention, which, if correct, would destroy the practical operation of so many preference awards.
(Un)equal Pay for Work of Equal Value
Authors: Thornton Margaret 
Published: March 2007

The significant gap between men's and women's wages in Australia has been reinforced by sociological, economic and judicial factors. The implementation of the principle of 'equal pay for equal work' has done little to remedy the inequity for the majority of women in the workforce, who are engaged in sex-segregated occupa tions, because they have not been considered to perform 'work of the same or a like nature'. Analysis of the Universities (Equal Pay) Case illustrates, however, that the introduction of the broader principle of 'equal pay for work of equal ualue' is under mined if applicants still endeavour to demonstrate that women are engaged in work identical in nature to a predominantly male classification. Such an approach is inappropriate in the case of women clerical workers since the number of men involved in keyboard and transcription work is minuscule. This work has become stigmatised as per se inferior and as justifying a low rate of pay regardless of other administrative duties performed. An 'equal valtre' case should be able to be framed in such a way that the work of women in female-dominated occupations can be compared systematically with that of men employed in discrete, male-dominated occupations in the community in respect of education, training and expertise required.