bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of comparison questions in physiological detection of deception
Authors: HOROWITZ STEVEN W. , KIRCHER JOHN C. , HONTS CHARLES R. , RASKIN DAVID C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractComparison questions in physiological detection of deception were studied with 60 “guilty’ and 60 “innocent’ participants in a mock crime experiment. Different types of comparison questions were used in four conditions: relevant–irrelevant (R‐I) participants answered only relevant and neutral questions; trivial directed lie participants were instructed to lie to three of the six neutral questions; personal directed lie participants were instructed to lie to personally relevant questions; and probable lie participants received traditional probable lie comparison questions. Respiration, cardiovascular, vasomotor, and electrodermal activity were recorded. Manipulation of the comparison questions produced different patterns of physiological responses for innocent but not for guilty participants. The R‐I test produced an unacceptable rate of false positive decisions.
Development of 14 multiplexed microsatellite loci for raccoons Procyon lotor
Authors: FIKE JENNIFER A. , DRAUCH ANDREA M. , BEASLEY JAMES C. , DHARMARAJAN GUHA , RHODES OLIN E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn order to complement ecological information with genetic data we isolated and characterized 14 polymorphic microsatellite markers from raccoons (Procyon lotor). Three multiplexed panels comprising the loci were developed and 29 individuals from a contiguous habitat patch in northern Indiana, USA were genotyped. The number of alleles per locus ranged from four to 18, and overall heterozygosities ranged from 0.31 to 1.00. One locus was identified as possibly being X‐linked, since males appeared to be hemizygous. Data generated using these markers will be used to further our understanding of small‐scale raccoon population dynamics in a highly fragmented landscape.
Cultivation and drainage performance on former opencast coal mining land
Authors: Scullion J. , Mohammed A.R.A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The effect of various cultivation sequences on the performance of field drainage systems was investigated in a number of case studies carried out on former opencast coal mining land. Comparisons of drain flow patterns before and after cultivation indicated marked deteriorations in performance following preparation of the final seedbed. Neither mouldboard ploughing nor discing alone affected drain flow.Soil moisture, hydraulic conductivity and drain flow data suggested that drainage performance may have deteriorated as a result, initially, of secondary drainage channels being blocked with fine materials translocated from the seedbed. A subsequent collapse of tilth to form a surface pan reinforced this adverse effect. It was not clear to what extent the failure of secondary drainage channels contributed to this collapse.Implications for the management of former opencast land and the advantages of various cultivation techniques are discussed.
Soil salinization as an effect of grazing in a native grassland soil in the Flooding Pampa of Argentina
Authors: Lavado Raul S. , Taboada Miguel A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The salt regimes in soil under grazed and ungrazed natural grassland were compared on a Natraquoll in the Flooding Pampa of Argentina. The salt concentration in the topsoil of the grazed land increased sharply and episodically after flooding, whereas in the ungrazed land it did not.When the area was flooded groundwater rose and increased the salt content of the deep horizons. Thereafter the topsoil became salinized during drought when the atmospheric water demand was large. The evaporation from the soil surface in the grazed area was faster than in the enclosed field, being probably the cause of the accumulation of salts in the topsoil.
Changes in the microbial community and physico‐chemical characteristics of topsoils stockpiled during opencast mining
Authors: Harris J.A. , Birch P. , Short K.C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Experiments on the effects of stockpiling soil on an opencast coal mine in Derbyshire showed that there were significant changes in the microbial community. Numbers of aerobic bacteria in stored soils ranged from 0.5 to 12.8 ± 107 colony‐forming‐units (CFU)g‐1 with the smallest values being in the deepest parts of the oldest stores, whereas an adjacent undisturbed soil contained 6.6 ± 107 CFU g‐1. There was a greater effect on the numbers of fungal spores, which ranged from 0.1 to 6.7 ± 105 CFU g‐1 soil, all less than the 10 ± 105 CFU g‐1 recorded for the undisturbed control soil. The number of fungal spores in the deepest part of the older soil stores was only 1/100 of the number in the undisturbed soil. This was mirrored by the biomass values, as determined by adenosine triphosphate (ATP) assay. Values of ATP ranged from 0.38 to 13.13 nmol g‐1 as compared to 5.8 nmol g‐1 in the undisturbed soil. All three of these microbiological properties decreased in value with both age and depth of storage. Neither anaerobic nor spore‐forming bacterial numbers were greatly affected by storage.The pH values tended toward neutrality in the deeper parts of the soil stores, and there was less organic matter in the older stores.
Problems in the use of urea as a nitrogen fertilizer
Authors: Bremner J.M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. N‐(n‐butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) is the most effective compound currently available for retarding hydrolysis of urea fertilizer in soil and for decreasing ammonia volatilization and nitrite e accumulation in soils treated with urea. It is a poor inhibitor of plant or microbial urease, but decomposes quite rapidly in soil with formation of N‐(n‐butyl) phosphoric triamide, which is a potent inhibitor of urease activity.The adverse effects of urea fertilizers on seed germination and seedling growth in soil are due to ammonia produced through hydrolysis of urea by soil urease. They can be eliminated by addition of a urease inhibitor to these fertilizers.The leaf‐burn commonly observed after foliar fertilization of soybeans with urea results from accumulation of toxic amounts of urea in the soybean leaves rather than formation of toxic amounts of ammonia through urea hydrolysis by leaf urease. Leaf‐burn is accordingly increased rather than decreased by addition of a urease inhibitor to the urea fertilizer applied.
An approach to the identification of potentially toxic concentrations of manganese in soils
Authors: Goss M. J. , Carvalho M. J. G. P. R. , Cosimini V. , Fearnhead M. L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The tolerance of wheat plants to manganese is shown to depend on the magnesium concentration in shoot tissue, such that growth is a function of the ratio of the two ions Mg: Mn. This ratio in the plant (Rp) and in the soil solution (Rs) was related by the equation:ln Rp= 1.45+0.31 ln Rs.Values of Rp not limiting to growth need to be determined for different crops, but we conclude that corresponding values of Rs can be predicted using solution culture trials. They can then be used to identify remedial treatments in soils where manganese toxicity occurs. In the Eutric Cambisol examined, small amounts of calcium carbonate decreased manganese concentrations in the soil solution such that amounts of magnesium which could easily be applied to a field gave appropriate values of Rs for wheat.
Water availability in a restored soil
Authors: Davies R. , Younger A. , Chapman R. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The water contents of a restored and an undisturbed soil were monitored over two ‘dry’ growing seasons in order to examine the differences in crop water availability from different horizons. Bulk density was approximately 10% greater in the topsoil of restored land than in undisturbed land, and the water holding capacity was less, probably because there was less organic matter. In the subsoil a major problem was the inability of the soil to allow winter rainfall to recharge the water reserves. Bulk density and penetration resistance were greater in the restored subsoil than in the undisturbed subsoil. Increases in penetration resistance on drying may have restricted rooting activity, especially in the restored subsoil.Ripping of the subsoil to a depth greater than the usual 0.5 m, possibly early in the year in a grass crop to allow new root growth to exploit the cracks, may increase water availability for future dry seasons.
A soil‐diagnostic key to manage saline and waterlogged catchments in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia
Authors: Fitzpatrick R.W. , Cox J.W. , Fritsch E. , Hollingsworth I.D. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Dryland salinity in the Mt Lofty Ranges, South Australia has developed as a result of native vegetation being replaced with pastures that use less water. Groundwaters have risen and mobilized ions (sodium, chloride, sulphate and iron) stored within deeply weathered micaceous sandstones and schists. Salinity resulting from sodium chloride is common in agricultural catchments around Australia, but saline sulphidic soils (with sulphate and iron) have only been studied in South Australia. Salinity is also associated with waterlogging and secondary sodicity. The amelioration of dryland salinity and waterlogging involves management of whole catchments, not just the area that is currently saline. It is imperative that all processes operating in saline catchments and their interactions are clearly understood.Salinity, waterlogging, sodicity, sulphidization and water erosion were studied in four saline sub‐catchments in the Mt Lofty Ranges. Grey (bleached) and yellow mottles (iron depletions) or black and red stains (iron concentrations) develop under certain conditions of water saturation, salinization, sulphidization, sodification and water erosion in surface and subsurface horizons. The amounts of these diagnostic features were used to develop a farm planning key for managing saline catchments in the Mt Lofty Ranges. Using soil diagnostic features, soil‐water processes in saline catchments are easily identified by farmers and land managers. Management options (e.g. fencing, tree planting and drainage) are then targeted to specific soils and can be easily incorporated by agricultural advisers into farm management plans. We recommend that soil diagnostic features which help predict the onset of land degradation be used in the production of land capability maps for farm planning purposes.
Traffic and tillage effects on soil conditions and crop growth on a swelling clay soil
Authors: Chamen W.C.T. , Longstaff D.J. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract.Trafficked and non‐trafficked (12 m gantry) crop production systems, which had been maintained on an Evesham series 60% clay soil since 1986, were used again in 1993 during the cultivation and sowing of winter wheat. After a one year set‐aside break, mouldboard ploughing, tine cultivation and rotary digging were compared. Measurements were made of tillage energy, soil tilth, cone penetration resistance, biological activity and crop performance, and on specific plots, soil density, seedbed tilth and water release characteristics.Despite the one year's set‐aside break, the effect of the previously applied traffic treatments remained and resulted in a smaller specific plough resistance and tillage energy on the non‐trafficked soil. Tine cultivator draught however was greater on the non‐trafficked compared with the trafficked plots. The specific energy required for rotary digging on non‐trafficked soil was similar to that required during the ploughing of similar plots.A measure of indefinite biotic activity indicated that this was apparently greater on the non‐traffficked soil, while soil density was decreased by up to 18% in these conditions compared with the trafficked land. Average cone resistance over the depth range 0 to 0.5 m was 1.51 MPa on the trafficked, compared with 1.24 MPa on the non‐trafficked soil. Cone resistance also tended to be greater after tine cultivation compared with that after ploughing. Water release curves were interpreted as showing more macropores within the topsoil of the non‐trafficked compared with the trafficked plots. Tine cultivation on trafficked soil had more smaller pores than mouldboard plough cultivation. Winter wheat yield was increased by 25% (from 8 to 10 t/ha) on non‐trafficked compared with trafficked soil.
Influence of exchangeable potassium on soil erodibility
Authors: Auerswald K. , Kainz M. , Angermüller S. , Steindl H. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Regular application of slurry manure in large quantities is thought to degrade soil structure and increase erodibility. One hypothesis links this to the large input of potassium which increases the exchangeable potassium percentage (EPP) and, thereby, dispersion. The effect of EPP on erodibility was quantified in three experiments. In the laboratory, eleven rainfall experiments were conducted using a silty topsoil from a typic Hapludalf which was fertilized to EPPs of 4 to 18%. Field rainfall experiments on 22 Inceptisols and Alfisols were used to examine whether the long‐term application of monovalent cations (Na+, K+ and NH4+) with slurry manure had changed soil properties, especially erodibility. In addition, erodibilities of 32 soils determined with natural and simulated rains were taken from literature. The experiments on these 65 soils together covered a wide range of soils, slopes and rainfalls. Dispersion by a large percentage of highly hydrated ions (K+, Na+) reduced the infiltration rate faster, caused runoff up to 5 min earlier, and increased sediment concentrations by 15g/l compared to low EPP soils. These changes increased soil erodibility of the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) by 0.021 t × h/N × ha (where N = Newtons) for each 1% increase in EPP + ESP (exchangeable sodium percentage). The ESP contributed little to this increase as ESP was less than 1/10 of EPP in the experiments.Fields with long‐term manure application had similar chemical, physical and microbiological soil properties as fields without slurry manure except for slightly greater pH (+ 0.6) and P (+ 17 mg/kg) values. We conclude that, as long as the potassium input and output are balanced, the long‐term use of slurry manure does not increase erodibility.
A model for estimating soil moisture changes as an aid to irrigation scheduling and crop water‐use studies: I. Operational details and description
Authors: Bailey R.J. , Spackman E. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. A model was developed to predict evapotranspiration and soil moisture changes, which could be used either for scheduling irrigation or crop water‐use studies. The general form of the model is reported here, and its validation for sugarbeet and potatoes is described in a subsequent paper. The soil characteristics required are depth of topsoil, texture or available water capacity of topsoil and subsoil, and whether a significant slope exists. The plant characteristics required are species and planting date. Meteorological data used to calculate potential evapotranspiration are obtained from the Meteorological Office synoptic network, but local rainfall data are preferred.The model estimates potential evapotranspiration of a reference crop, and uses this to model canopy and root development for all crops at each location. Available options allow for observed data on canopy or root development to be incorporated into the simulations. Estimates of potential evapotranspiration for each crop are then adjusted to allow for the effects of water stress, taking soil characteristics, root depth and evapotranspiration demand into account.The model enables growers to reduce the risks of under‐ or over‐watering their crops and has proved successful in irrigation management.
Thin section studies of Calluna heathland soils subject to prescribed burning
Authors: Mallik A.U. , FitzPatrick E.A. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Soil microstructures and biological activity were studied in thin sections of Culluna heathland soils subject to periodic burning. Freely drained Brown Podzolic soils from a species‐rich heath at Dinnet Muir, Aberdeenshire, Scotland were compared with shallow Humo‐ferric Podzols with a thick humus layer (5–10 cm) supporting a species‐poor heath at Balmenach, Aberdeenshire.Structures with greater porosity occurred in all Dinnet soils and the most recently burned Balmenach soil. Burning led to an increase in soil porosity which gradually disappeared after a period of 2–3 years. Soils of the recently burned site had more enchytraeid worms than those burned ten years previously. Most of the Dinnet soil samples were dominated by extremely fine granular structure which could have been produced by flocculation of well decomposed organic matter or by enchytraeid worms. In recently burned sites the increase in soil macro‐ and microbial activities may lead to the formation of composite structures.Regular burning every 10–15 years has been the land management practice in Scottish heathlands to ensure the production of fresh browse of nutritious heather shoots for herbivores. The near‐ground microclimate and regeneration mechanisms of heathland plants are well adjusted to the periodic disturbance by fire. We found that the gradual decrease in surface soil porosity over time can be restored by prescribed burning. Soil structure and the distribution and continuity of pores in the soil profile directly affect soil water movement and retention. These factors have important ecological implications for post‐fire vegetation recovery.
Residue management for reducing evaporation in relation to soil type and evaporativity1
Authors: Prihar S.S. , Jalota S.K. , Steiner J.L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Usual residue‐management options are to remove the residue, use it as mulch with or without undercutting or to incorporate it into the soil. While the role of surface mulch in evaporation has been widely studied, the information on the effect on evaporation of mulch with undercutting or residue incorporated into soil, particularly in relation to soil type and evaporativity (Eo) is lacking. We studied the effect of wheat straw used in various ways on the course of evaporation loss from soil columns with three soils at Ludhiana, India and one soil at Bushland, Texas, USA, under two Eo's Energy‐limited evaporation rates under mulch (Eom) followed the soil‐specific relation Eom/Eo= a e(bRes+cEo), where Res is residue rate t/ha and a, b and c are constants; Eo, is expressed in mm/d. In an effort to model the total evaporation (CE) during the energy‐limited stage ‘U’ was obtained from appropriate CE versus time curves and (CE‐U) was regressed over (t ‐ ti)0.5 to obtain the slope ‘α’ (Ritchie 1972) for the soil‐limited evaporation stage. The observed ‘U’ was independent of mulch rate and Eo but was strongly affected by soil type, Values of ‘α’ decreased with increase in mulch rate and decrease in Eo and coarseness of soil.The otherwise short lived benefit of evaporation reduction with mulch per se, which peaked after a few days was maintained when residue was mixed with soil at the stage when evaporation reduction reached a maximum; this benefit continued for several weeks. Cumulative evaporation values computed from ‘U’ and ‘α’ agreed closely with the observed values under straw mulch for loamy sand and clay loam soils and for ‘undercut’ and ‘residue mixed’ treatments on all soils regardless of Eo, and for all situations under small Eo. However, for sandy loam and silt loam soils under Eo of 10 mm/d, the modified square root of the time function of Jalota et al. (1988) gave a better fit.
The estimation of losses of potassium and magnesium from chalky soils in southern England: laboratory studies
Authors: Heming S. D. , Rowell D. L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Ten chalk topsoils (0‐25 cm) were repacked into columns in the laboratory. After leaching similar to one year's throughflow in the field, loss of K was equivalent to between 9 and 74kg K/ha. This represented between 3 and 30% of the initial exchangeable K with which loss was poorly correlated. Loss was dependant on the soil solution concentration and was inversely proportional to potassium buffer power.The loss of magnesium in the same columns was between 10 and 22 kg Mg/ha (6‐21% of the initial exchangeable Mg). Magnesium loss was poorly correlated with exchangeable Mg.When KCl fertilizer was incorporated into the soils, the increase in leaching of potassium was 1–35% of the K addition. Application to the top of the column resulted in less leaching than when the K was incorporated. Leaching of magnesium was increased by up to 5 kg Mg/ha.Potassium leaching may be delayed by the underlying A/C horizon but pure chalk, with an extremely low buffer power for K, has little ability to retain K. Extremely calcareous topsoils were the most leaky although in practice it is the organic chalk soils on which it is most difficult to attain adequate K levels. On all chalk soils, maintenance of a high K level with K fertilizer is likely to cause unnecessary long‐term leaching losses. Annual, rather than biennial, fertilizer applications are to be preferred.
Soil physical properties of afforested and arable land
Authors: Messing I. , Alriksson A. , Johansson W. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. The effects of tree crops on the soil physical properties of former agricultural land were compared with those of ley in a rotation with cereals on adjacent sites. Five sites in southern Sweden were investigated focussing on soil water retention characteristics, dry bulk density, macroporosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity. Three of the sites were on light textured soils and two on clay soils. The tree crops were 30 to 35‐year‐old hybrid aspen, Populus deltoides, and silver birch, Betula pendula, and the ley crops were one to five years old.The light‐textured soils under tree crops showed bimodal pore size distributions in the macropore region, whereas under ley crops they showed unimodal distributions. Dry bulk densities were generally smaller and the macroporosities larger under tree crops compared with leyicereal crops. Saturated hydraulic conductivities tended to be larger under tree crops. Slopes of the linear regression lines between saturated hydraulic conductivity and each of the parameters dry bulk density, porosity and macroporosity were steeper in the soil under agricultural crops than under tree crops.Observed differences in physical properties were considered to be an effect of land use, which had brought about changes in aggregate stability, pore size distribution and pore continuity.
Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland
Authors: Oenema O. , Velthof G. L. , Yamulki S. , Jarvis S. C. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract. Grazing animals on managed pastures and rangelands have been identified recently as significant contributors to the global N2O budget. This paper summarizes relevant literature data on N2O emissions from dung, urine and grazed grassland, and provides an estimate of the contribution of grazing animals to the global N2O budget.The effects of grazing animals on N2O emission are brought about by the concentration of herbage N in urine and dung patches, and by the compaction of the soil due to treading and trampling. The limited amount of experimental data indicates that 0.1 to 0.7% of the N in dung and 0.1 to 3.8% of the N in urine is emitted to the atmosphere as N2O. There are no pertinent data about the effects of compaction by treading cattle on N2O emission yet. Integral effects of grazing animals have been obtained by comparing grazed pastures with mown‐only grassland. Grazing derived emissions, expressed as per cent of the amount of N excreted by grazing animals in dung and urine, range from 0.2 to 9.9%, with an overall mean of 2%. Using this emission factor and data statistics from FAO for numbers of animals, the global contribution of grazing animals was estimated at 1.55 Tg N2O‐N per year. This is slightly more than 10% of the global budget.