bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-Scale Cloud Activity over the Maritime Continent and the Western Pacific as Revealed by Satellite Data
Authors: Kondo Yoshimi , Higuchi Atsushi , Nakamura Kenji 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Cloud systems over the Maritime Continent and the tropical western Pacific defined by the Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (GMS) were tracked, and their evolution was compared with cloud parameters [e.g., minimum blackbody brightness temperature (TBB), cloud area size, TBB gradient at cloud edges]. In addition, cloud systems observed by the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) were examined, and the relationship with precipitation was investigated. Analysis areas were divided into four regions: open ocean, coastal sea, coasts, and land.
Cloud systems that did not split from or merge with other systems (28% of a total of 290 717 cloud systems) showed common features on cloud parameters in spite of different lifetimes or their locations. While the minimum TBB appeared in the beginning of their lifetimes, the cloud area was still expanding. At the time of first detection, the TBB gradient at the edge of the cloud system was the maximum and decreased with time. The rain rate was maximized when the TBB was at a minimum or earlier. For example, a system with the lifetime of 5 h over the ocean has a minimum TBB 2 h after the occurrence, a maximum area at 3 h, a maximum TBB gradient at 1 h, and a maximum rain rate at 1 h. Vertical development was significant in coasts, while remarkable horizontal expansion appeared over land. In particular, precipitation ice and storm height profiles showed differences among regions.
A Comparison of Simulated Clouds to ISCCP Data
Authors: Meinke Insa 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
An evaluation of the cloud parameterization scheme in the High-Resolution Regional Model (HRM) of the Deutscher Wetterdienst was conducted using data from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP). Uncertainties in the model and in the measurements were first quantified. Then, criteria for comparisons of simulated and measured data were chosen in order to identify model deficiencies. The simulated clouds were subsequently classified by their parameterization so model deficiencies could be easily attributed to a certain parameterization scheme. Following this evaluation, an overestimation of simulated mean cloud amount was identified as a deficiency of the HRM. The overestimation occurred mainly during the night and was due to an overprediction of subscale clouds at low-level emissivity heights. At medium-level emissivity heights during the day, the cloud amount is underpredicted. This leads to an underestimation of the diurnal cycle. These deficiencies were connected with the relative humidity parameterization used to characterize subscale cloudiness.
Multiscale Aspects of Convective Systems Associated with an Intraseasonal Oscillation over the Indonesian Maritime Continent
Authors: Shibagaki Yoshiaki , Shimomai Toyoshi , Kozu Toshiaki , Mori Shuichi , Fujiyoshi Yasushi , Hashiguchi Hiroyuki , Yamamoto Masayuki K. , Fukao Shoichiro , Yamanaka Manabu D. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Multiscale aspects of convective systems over the Indonesian Maritime Continent in the convectively active phase of an intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) during November 2002 are studied using Geostationary Meteorological Satellite infrared data and ground-based observational data from X-band rain radar, equatorial atmosphere radar, L-band boundary layer radar, and upper-air soundings at Koto Tabang (KT; 0.20°S, 100.32°E; 865 m above mean sea level), West Sumatera, Indonesia. In the analysis period, four super cloud clusters (SCCs; horizontal scale of 2000–4000 km), associated with an ISO, are seen to propagate eastward from the eastern Indian Ocean to the Indonesian Maritime Continent. The SCCs are recognized as envelopes of convection, composed of meso-α-scale cloud clusters (MαCCs; horizontal scale of 500–1000 km) propagating westward. When SCCs reach the Indonesian Maritime Continent, the envelopes disappear but MαCCs are clearly observed. Over Sumatera, the evolution and structure of a distinct MαCC is closely related to the organization of localized cloud systems with a diurnal cycle. The cloud systems are characterized by westward-propagating meso-β-scale cloud clusters (MβCCs; horizontal scale of ∼100 km) developed in eastern Sumatera, and an orographic cloud system formed over a mountain range in western Sumatera. Ground-based observations further revealed the internal structure of the orographic cloud system around KT. A meso-β-scale convective precipitation system with eastward propagation (E-MβCP; horizontal scale of ∼40 km) is found with the formation of the orographic cloud system. This is associated with a low-level wind change from easterly to westerly, considered to be local circulation over the mountain range. The E-MβCP also indicates a multicell structure composed of several meso-γ-scale convective precipitation systems (horizontal scale of &lt;10 km) with multiple evolution stages (formation, development, and dissipation).
Document delivery as a source for bibliometric analyses: the case of Subito
Authors: Schloegl Christian , Gorraiz Juan 
Published: June 2006

This paper deals with a bibliometric analysis of data from the document delivery service Subito. After a short introduction, Subito will be presented briefly. The main part reports on the design and the results of the study, which covers the following major topics • distribution of article orders to journals, • identification of the core journals which contribute to most article supplies, • subject distribution of the most requested journals, • relation between the most requested (Subito) and the most cited journals (SCI), • differences in age of ordered and cited articles, and • dependency of journal requests on their subscription rates. As will be shown, most Subito article orders are covered by a relatively small number of journals, most of which are from life sciences, especially medicine. There is only a slight overlap between the most requested and the most cited journals suggesting that these two indicators represent different concepts. This is also confirmed by different obsolescence characteristics. The share of current publications is much higher among ordered than among cited articles. Finally, there was no evidence that articles of journals with higher subscription rates are ordered more often.
Grumpy Humpy should bow out
Authors: White Michael 
Published: June 2006

The Guardian assistant editor and former political editor believes the BBC's famously prickly inquisitor should consider retirement and comments: "When the familiar voice of Grumpy Humpy (my private designation) greets me it is often not long before I am shouting back at the set. Usually it is along the lines of 'You can't say that, John', or 'Let the man finish the sentence, John.' I realise I am not alone in shouting at the radio, a more intimate medium than TV; nor in sometimes wishing that Radio 4's national treasure should be reburied or, at the very least, dropped down a deep well to cool off."
T.S. Eliot’s Idea of the Clerisy, and its Discussion by Karl Mannheim and Michael Polanyi in the Context of J.H. Oldham’s Moot
Authors: Mullins Phil , Jacobs Struan 
Published: June 2006

In 1938, Joseph Oldham, a leading British Christian ecumenist, formed a discussion group that came to be known as the Moot. The Moot met in a retreat setting for several long weekends each year until early 1947, its discussions carefully organized and convened by Oldham. More than anything else, the discussions of the Moot revolved around the topic of order and, more particularly, around the problem of how order might be restored in British society and culture in the context of a ‘world turned upside down’. Oldham and most members of the group sought a central place for Christian ideas and ideals in British social life. A striking feature of the Moot was the intellectual stature and the diversity of interests of its members. Among its 16 or so regular members were Oldham (1874-1969), his close friend T.S. Eliot (1888-1963) and Karl Mannheim (1893-1947). Among the later ‘visitors’ to Moot meetings was Michael Polanyi (1891-1976), who first came to the 20th Moot meeting in June of 1944.1 This article presents several papers that were produced for the Moot discussion of 15-18 December 1944 by Eliot, Mannheim and Polanyi. These papers have intrinsic and historical interest, and are published together for the first time here. The initial paper, written by Eliot, treats the role in society of ‘the clerisy’2 - a term borrowed from Samuel Taylor Coleridge that points to an intellectual elite or vanguard. Eliot requested that Oldham solicit responses to his paper from Mannheim and Polanyi. Mannheim’s response was a set of detailed answers to four questions that Eliot posed at the end of his essay. Polanyi’s response was a short, coherent essay, which he identified as ‘my own position with respect’ to Eliot’s discussion; his essay outlines a brief account of the role of the clerisy in science.3 Eliot wrote short comments on the responses of both Mannheim and Polanyi. These five pieces, which have a natural unity, should be of interest to anyone working in the history of social thought. We have abridged only Mannheim’s lengthy response and have eliminated a few lines of illustrative material from Eliot’s reply to Mannheim, but these excisions in no way detract from the clarity of the authors’ perspectives in this rich trilogue.
New Methods for Tool Failure Detection in Micromilling
Authors: Gandarias E , Dimov S , Pham D T , Ivanov A , Popov K , Lizarralde R , Arrazola P J 
Published: June 2006

A major issue in micromilling is unpredictable tool life and premature tool failure. The specific acoustic footprint and very small removal rates during machining as well as the use of small diameter cutters makes the detection of tool breakage a very difficult task. Thus, it is essential to develop new tool monitoring systems to increase the process productivity, reduce machining costs, and at the same time improve the precision and quality of machined components. This paper analyses three cost-effective and reliable methods for tool breakage detection: an on-line laser system, an on-line tool-workpiece voltage monitoring system, and a programming solution employing an off-line laser system. In order to verify the capability of these three methods, a series of experiments were conducted on an ultra-precision micromilling machine. This involved the machining of test parts in brass, aluminium, steel, and polymethylmethacryate (PMMA) with cutters from 0.5 mm down to 0.1 mm in diameter. The results of these tests are analysed and the technological capabilities of the three studied monitoring approaches are then compared. In addition, the possibility of developing an integrated solution that combines the capabilities of these three monitoring methods is discussed and conclusions made about the feasibility of such an approach.
High-pressure chamber measurements
Authors: Jacobson B. O. 
Published: June 2006

Results from the design of a high-pressure chamber and its components, recently developed at the Lund Institute of Technology, are presented. The results show that at high pressures, when the lubricants have solidified, the density varies linearly with the pressure and the shear strength also increases nearly linearly with pressure. This is also true for the investigated gasses when they are compressed through the liquid into the solid state. Also waxes, which are solid at room pressure and temperature, show the same type of linearity. The high-pressure chamber has been used for pressures up to 3.3 GPa for a large number of compression experiments in the present form. It has been used for compressibility, shear strength, and viscosity measurements, and gasses, liquids, semi-solids (greases), and solids have been investigated.
Investigations on power losses in high-speed gears
Authors: Diab Y , Ville F , Velex P 
Published: June 2006

Power losses in high-speed gears come from the friction between the teeth (sliding and rolling), the lubrication process (dip or jet lubrication), the pumping of a gas-lubricant mixture during the meshing, and the losses associated with windage effects. The authors have developed different approaches to analyse the contribution of each power loss source, namely: (a) the windage losses based on simplified air flow models neglecting the influence of the lubricant, which compare well with the experimental evidence from a specific test bench; (b) an original model of gas trapping in the intertooth time-varying spaces, which has been validated using the experimental findings on a spur gear test rig in which pressure transducers have been placed at the bottom of the space between two teeth; (b) tooth friction, by introducing into a three-dimensional dynamic model of gears a new traction law based on measurements from a two-disc machine which accounts for lubricant properties and surface finish. The combination of the three models allows for the prediction of gear efficiency over a wide range of speeds and loads for jet-lubricated geared units. This approach also makes it possible to improve tooth geometry and gearbox design to minimize power losses and heat generation. The procedure is illustrated in several industrial applications.
Extraction and tribological investigation of top piston ring zone oil from a gasoline engine
Authors: Lee P. M. , Priest M , Stark M. S. , Wilkinson J. J. , Smith Lindsay J. R. , Taylor R. I. , Chung S 
Published: June 2006

With tightening emission regulations, increased expected fuel economy, and longer drain intervals impacting on lubricant formulation, greater understanding of how oil degrades in an automotive engine is becoming ever more important. Equally significant is the effect that this degraded lubricant has on the tribological operation of the engine, particularly its overall internal friction and component wear In a previous paper, four tests to degrade oil in a single cylinder engine were reported [1]. These tests were set up such that the lubricating oil was degraded in the ring pack before returning to the sump, where it was sampled and chemical and rheological analysis undertaken. This paper reports the extension of this work using the same Hydra engine and describes how oil has additionally been extracted from the rear of the top piston ring during engine operation. This extracted oil has then been subjected to similar analysis as the sump oil samples in the previous tests, along with additional analysis to look at the tribological properties of the oil using tribometers. The results clearly show significant differences in the rheological, tribological, and chemical properties of the fresh oil and used sump oil samples when compared with the top ring zone (TRZ) oil samples, particularly the effect of load on the levels of volatiles present in the TRZ samples and their effect on traction and friction coefficient values during tribological testing.
Approximate model for unsteady finite porous journal bearings fluid film force calculation
Authors: D'Agostino V , Ruggiero A , Senatore A 
Published: June 2006

This article focuses on an analytical approximate fluid film pressure solution in finite porous journal bearings. Exploring the dynamic behaviour of a rotor on porous bearings, such as the fluid film force, the authors find in an analytical model an effective approach to provide a more readable description of the interaction between rotor and bearings. Furthermore, this kind of method for analysing the behaviour of a system is more effective than a numerical procedure and allows covering not only the individual case, but also the whole class to which the system in question belongs. The proposed model provides a quick analytical calculation of the fluid film force for different values of the permeability factor, aspect ratio, and eccentricity ratio in the whole domain of dynamic states. The results are in good agreement with those achieved using the numerical solutions.
Simulated fuel dilution and friction-modifier effects on piston ring friction
Authors: Smith O , Priest M , Taylor R. I. , Price R , Cantlay A , Coy R. C. 
Published: June 2006

Government legislation, customer requirement, and pressure from the original equipment manufacturers (OEM) continually pushes the issue of increased vehicle fuel economy to the forefront. Lubricant manufacturers responded by creating low viscosity lubricants with complex additive packages capable of reducing total engine friction while maintaining the useful life of the engine. An important component in the lubricant additive package is the friction modifier, whose job is to reduce the sliding friction of components operating in the boundary lubrication regime. It is widely agreed that 40-60 per cent of mechanical friction can be attributed to the piston/ring/cylinder wall interface, much of which is as a result of the compression ring whose lubrication is kept purposely minimal to control exhaust emissions. A logical progression to research suggests utilizing fuel to administer friction modifier directly to the top ring zone of the engine, the area where its effects are most beneficial. This article describes a series of tests conducted using a Plint TE-77 reciprocating tribometer to investigate the synergy of lubricant and fuel containing friction modifier at the top ring zone. A computational model has been modified and utilized to further investigate the potential impact of administering friction modifier at the top ring zone via the fuel.
Catalysis on Electron Transfer and the Mechanistic Insight into Redox Reactions
Authors: Fukuzumi Shunichi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Both thermal and photoinduced electron transfer reactions from one-electron reductants to various organic oxidants such as carbonyl compounds are catalyzed by the presence of acids and metal ions. The acceleration of rates of electron transfer is ascribed to the thermodynamic stabilization of products of electron transfer by the protonation or complexation with metal ions, which results in the positive shift of the reduction potentials of oxidants. In the case of Mg2+-catalyzed electron transfer reduction of p-benzoquinone derivatives, the formation of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 complexes between semiquinone radical anion and Mg2+ is confirmed by the transient absorption spectra as well as by the ESR spectra. From the spectral change at different Mg2+ concentrations is determined the formation constant (K2) of the 1 : 2 complex. The K2 values of various semiquinone anions determined from the direct detection of the Mg2+ complexes agree well with those estimated from the kinetic analysis on the Mg2+-catalyzed electron transfer reactions. The direct spectroscopic detection of complexes between the semiquinone radical anions and Mg2+, combined with the kinetic analysis of the catalytic effects of Mg2+ on not only the electron transfer reactions but also on various reactions involving p-benzoquinone derivatives such as Mg2+-catalyzed Diels–Alder reactions of anthracenes with p-benzoquinone derivatives, provides a confirmative basis for delineating the catalytic mechanisms of Mg2+ on various types of reactions. A remarkable increase in the reactivity of the photoexcited states of carbonyl compounds in the electron transfer reactions is also found by the complexation with Mg2+. The photoexcitation of the Mg2+ complex results in strong fluorescence in contrast with the nonfluorescent excited states of uncomplexed carbonyl compounds. Thus, various redox reactions of carbonyl compounds via photoinduced electron transfer are made possible by the catalysis of metal ions which form complexes with carbonyl compounds. The fundamental concept and the scope of catalysis on electron transfer are reviewed in this account to provide some insight into the mechanistic viability.
The Electrical Behavior of Charge-Transfer Salts Based on an Unsymmetrical Donor Bis(ethylenedithio)diselenadithiafulvalene (STF): Disorder Effect on the Transport Properties
Authors: Naito Toshio , Kobayashi Hayao , Kobayashi Akiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The hybrid donor between bis(ethylenedithio)tetrathiafulvalene and -tetraselenafulvalene (ET and BETS, respectively) has been synthesized and the electrical properties together with the crystal structures of its cation radical salts investigated. All of the crystals studied by X-ray structural analysis turned out to have an orientational disorder at the donor site. Although some of the charge-transfer salts were found to be isostructural with the corresponding ET and/or BETS salts, not all of their electrical properties are parallel to them; some are similar, others are significantly different from those of the parent donor salts. Such a trend indicates that the effect of the disorder on the electrical behavior might not be always equal, and should depend on some factor(s) yet to be clarified.
Thermodynamic Study of the Effects of Monovalent Cations on Dimerization of a Dianionic Azo Dye, 2-[(2-Hydroxy-1-naphthyl)azo]-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonate, in Aqueous Salt Solution
Authors: Murakami Kiyofumi , Kimura Yuko , Saito Masahiko 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
Thermodynamics of the dimerization of 2-[(2-hydroxy-1-naphthyl)azo]-5-[(4-sulfonatophenyl)azo]benzenesulfonate in the presence of 0.05 mol dm−3 alkali metal cations and tetralkylammonium cations has been studied spectrophotometrically. From the dimerization constant and its temperature dependence, the values of standard enthalpy change and entropy change of dimerization have been calculated. The results show that both of them increase in the order of K+ &lt; Li+ &lt; Na+ &lt; Rb+ &lt; Cs+ and NH4+ &lt; (CH3)4N+ &lt; (C2H5)4N+ &lt; (C3H7)4N+, and further, an enthalpy–entropy compensation relation with the compensation temperature of 300 K does hold. Dimer structure has also been examined using exciton theory. The angle between long molecular axes of monomers in the dimer lies in 43—44° for Na+, K+, Rb+, and Cs+, and is about 52° for Li+, but, that for tetralkylammonium cations has a tendency to increase with an increase in the size of the alkyl chain up to tetraethylammonium ion and somewhat decreases for tetrapropylammonium ion, i.e., 38° (NH4+) &lt; 41° ((CH3)4N+) &lt; 59° ((C2H5)4N+) &gt; 46° ((C3H7)4N+). These results clearly show the participation of the cations in the thermodynamic and structural properties of the dimerization. By comparing the data with those in the absence of added salt, the results have been interpreted in terms of the condensation of cations around the dimer and the hydration structure of cations.
Rayleigh Light-Scattering Spectroscopy: Application to the Determination of Proteins Using Bromopyrogallol Red
Authors: Ma Chun Qi , Li Ke An , Tong Shen Yang 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
A method for the quantitation of proteins in aqueous solution involving the binding of bromopyrogallol red to proteins under acidic conditions has been developed. The binding of the dye to proteins is accompanied by an enhancement of Rayleigh light scattering at 332 nm; the scattering intensity is linear over the range 0.136—6.80 μg ml−1. The reaction is completed immediately after mixing dye and protein solutions, and the scattering signal is stable for at least 3 h. There are very few interference with the method, most of which can be minimized by dilution.
Distribution Study of the Hydration of Nitric Acid in Dodecane
Authors: Naganawa Hirochika , Tachimori Shoichi 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The hydration of nitric acid in dodecane was determined on the basis of the acid and water distribution between aqueous acid solutions and dodecane at 298 K. By analyzing the distribution data, mono- and decahydrate of nitric acid in addition to the anhydrous acid were found in dodecane. The solvent influence on the formation of the acid hydrates in dodecane was also compared with the results obtained in benzene.