bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patterns of paternity and group fission in wild multimale mountain gorilla groups
Authors: Nsubuga Anthony M. , Robbins Martha M. , Boesch Christophe , Vigilant Linda 
Published: November 2007

AbstractTo understand variation among social systems, it is essential to know the relative reproductive success of individuals in group‐living species. Particularly interesting for such studies are taxa such as mountain gorillas in which both one‐male and multimale groups are common, because of the opportunity to estimate the costs and benefits to males of pursuing different reproductive strategies. We genotyped 68 individuals from two groups of multimale mountain gorilla groups in Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, Uganda to determine the distribution of paternity among the males. In both groups, the dominant male sired the majority of offspring. One group underwent a fission, and we found that the eight offspring assigned to the dominant silverback (and their mothers) remained with their father, while the two offspring of unknown paternity ended up in the small group headed by the formerly subordinate silverback. This is consistent with the proposal that the outcome of group fission in primates is not only influenced by maternal relationships among individuals, but also by patrilineal relationships. Results of this study show that subordinate males may gain reproductive benefits even while queuing for dominance status. Despite ecological differences between Bwindi and the Virunga Volcanoes, male mountain gorillas living in both populations benefit from remaining in multimale groups. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Leprosy in the early medieval Lauchheim community
Authors: Boldsen Jesper L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLeprosy was a well‐recognized and dreaded disease in medieval Europe (5th–15th century AD). It is reported to have reached Germany with the Roman invasion. A much larger fraction than previously assumed appears to have been affected by leprosy in the medieval period. This article estimates the frequency (i.e., the prevalence at death) of leprosy among adult people buried in the Lauchheim early medieval cemetery. Seven different dichotomous osteological lesions indicative of leprosy are analyzed, and it is possible to score at least one of these conditions on 110 adult skeletons (aged 15 or more). The scores were transformed to a statistic—λ (lambda)—indicating the likelihood that the person to whom the skeleton belonged suffered from leprosy. The analyses indicate that 16% (95% confidence interval: 9–23%) of adult people in Lauchheim died with osteological signs of leprosy. Leprosy was significantly more prevalent among men than women. The λ statistic indicates that people who died with signs of leprosy did not differ in the distribution of age at death from those who did not have such signs. Some of the leprosy‐related lesions had a statistically significant nonrandom dispersal on the cemetery; but there is no clear pattern to this and the significant results could be easily attributed to a type‐1 error in the statistical analysis. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isothermal kinetics of (E)‐4‐(4‐metoxyphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid release from a poly(acrylic acid‐co‐methacrylic acid) hydrogel
Authors: Adnadjevic Borivoj , Jovanovic Jelena , Krkljus Ivana 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA kinetic study of the release of the drug (E)‐4‐(4‐metoxyphenyl)‐4‐oxo‐2‐butenoic acid (MEPBA) from a poly(acrylic acid‐co‐methacrylic acid) (PAA‐co‐MA) hydrogel was performed. The isothermal kinetic curves of MEPBA release from the PAA‐co‐MA hydrogel in bidistilled water at different temperatures ranging from 20 to 40°C were determined. The reaction rate constants of the investigated process were determined with the initial rate, the saturation rate, and Peppas's semiempirical equation. Also, a model‐fitting method for the determination of the kinetics model of drug release was applied. The influence of α at the values of the kinetic parameters and the presence of a compensation effect was established. A procedure for the determination of the distribution function of the activation energies was developed. This procedure was based on the experimentally determined relationship between the activation energy and α. The mechanism of active compound release is discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Microparticle‐enhanced cultivation of filamentous microorganisms: Increased chloroperoxidase formation by Caldariomyces fumago as an example
Authors: Kaup Bjoern‐Arne , Ehrich Kristina , Pescheck Michael , Schrader Jens 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMicroparticle‐enhanced cultivation (MPEC) was applied as a novel method for improved biomass and product formation during cultivation of filamentous microorganisms. Exemplarily, chloroperoxidase (CPO) formation by Caldariomyces fumago was analyzed in the presence and absence of microparticles of different size. Particles of ∼500 µm in diameter had no effect on growth morphology or productivity of CPO formation by C. fumago. In contrast particles of ≤42 µm in diameter led to the dispersion of the C. fumago mycelia up to the level of single hyphae. Under these conditions the maximum specific productivity of CPO formation was enhanced about fivefold and an accumulated CPO activity in the culture supernatant of more than 1,000 U mL−1 was achieved after 10–12 days of cultivation. In addition, the novel cultivation method also showed a positive effect on growth characteristics of other filamentous microorganisms proven by the stimulation of single hyphae/cell formation. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 491–498. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using model membranes for the study of amyloid beta:lipid interactions and neurotoxicity
Authors: Vestergaard Mun'delanji , Hamada Tsutomu , Takagi Masahiro 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOne of the major tasks in understanding the etiopathogenesis of amyloid beta‐induced neurotoxicity of Alzheimer's disease (AD), is in fully capturing the large number of the biochemical processes that influence each other during the course of the disease, in vivo. Model membranes possess, as their main strength, the ability to enable the researcher to manipulate a ‘biological’ micro‐vesicle under a controlled environment. This review narrowly focuses on discussing the exploitation of model membranes for improved understanding of some of the mechanisms governing AD's amyloid beta‐induced neurotoxicity. Amyloid beta (Aβ) is cleaved from a membrane‐located amyloid precursor protein by membrane‐located enzymes. The relative spatial localization of the involved biomolecules within the membrane bilayer is crucial in influencing Aβ production, its aggregation on the membrane surface or insertion into the membrane, and fibril formation: all important processes in causing neurotoxicity. The lipid composition of the bilayer is similarly important. The review also attempts to highlight current and future challenges in using model membranes for studying biochemical processes. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2008;99: 753–763. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Simultaneous determination of saponins in flower buds of Panax notoginseng using high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Gao Xianfu , Dan Mo , Zhao Aihua , Xie Guoxiang , Jia Wei 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe flower buds of Panax notoginseng have been commonly used for the treatment of hypertension, vertigo, tinnitus and acute faucitis in China. The amount of total saponins in the flower buds is higher than in any other parts of P. notoginseng. However, the compositions of flower buds have not been quantified clearly until now. A sensitive and efficient high‐performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet (HPLC‐UV) method was developed for the first time to simultaneously quantify eight active saponins in the flower buds of P. notoginseng, including notoginsenoside R1 and ginsenosides Rg1, Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rd and F2. The analysis was performed on a reversed‐phase C18 column with gradient elution of acetonitrile and 0.01% aqueous formic acid. The proposed method provided good linearity, reproducibility and sensitivity for the simultaneous quantification of the investigated saponins with overall intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy of better than 4.1% (RSD) and higher than 95% (accuracy), respectively. The recoveries for all the saponins determined were in the range 94.7–104.8% with RSD better than 3.1%. Using the optimized method, we were able to analyze samples from different villages of Wenshan Prefecture, China, which is helpful for quality control of flower buds of P. notoginseng. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theory of mind functioning in mentally disordered offenders detained in high security psychiatric care: its relationship to clinical outcome, need and risk
Authors: Murphy David 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground Theory of mind (ToM) refers to the cognitive mechanisms that allow us to infer our own mental states and those of others. Whilst ToM deficits are frequently observed among individuals with schizophrenia, little is known about their relationship to functional outcome.Aims Among patients with schizophrenia in a high security hospital, to test whether ToM performance, in relation to other cognitive and clinical variables, is related to measures of subsequent clinical outcome.Methods ToM was assessed using the modified advanced test (MAT) and the revised eyes task (RET). Outcome, including ongoing need and risk, was assessed using the HoNOS secure, CANFOR and HCR‐20 respectively three years post ToM assessment.Results Performance on the RET was the only variable to be significantly correlated with the symptom ratings of the HoNOS secure and the HCR‐20 total scores. Performance on the RET also accounted for approximately half of the variance in the CANFOR ratings and a third in the risk management item ratings of the HCR‐20. Age, number of years diagnosed with schizophrenia and other aspects of cognition were also significantly correlated with the HoNOS security scale.Conclusions The results suggest that social perceptual ToM may be a useful prognostic indicator, but also that ToM impairments may represent an unmet need. Replication of the work with larger and more diverse samples of people with schizophrenia is necessary, as well as trials of therapeutic effort directed at improvement of ToM impairments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Photoinduced FeCp Bond Cleavage and Insertion Reactions of Strained Silicon‐ and Sulphur‐Bridged [1]Ferrocenophanes in the Presence of Transition‐Metal Carbonyls
Authors: Ieong Nga Sze , Chan Wing Yan , Lough Alan J. , Haddow Mairi F. , Manners Ian 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe photochemical reactions of the moderately strained sila[1]ferrocenophane [Fe(η‐C5H4)2SiPh2] (1) and the highly strained thia[1]ferrocenophane [Fe(η‐C5H4)2S] (8) with transition‐metal carbonyls ([Fe(CO)5], [Fe2(CO)9] and [Co2(CO)8]) have been studied. The use of metal carbonyls has allowed the products of photochemically induced Fe‐cyclopentadienyl (Cp) bond cleavage reactions in the [1]ferrocenophanes to be trapped as stable, characterisable products. During the course of these studies the synthesis of 8 from [Fe(η‐C5H4Li)2⋅TMEDA] (TMEDA=N,N,N′,N′‐tetramethylethylenediamine) and S(SO2Ph)2 has been significantly improved by a change of reaction solvent and temperature. Photochemical reaction of 1 with excess [Fe(CO)5] in THF gave the dinuclear complex [Fe2(CO)2(μ‐CO)2(η‐C5H4)2SiPh2] (9). The analogous photolytic reaction of 8 with [Fe(CO)5] in THF gave cyclic dimer [Fe(η‐C5H4)2S]2 (10) and [Fe2(CO)2(μ‐CO)2(η‐C5H4)2S] (11), with the former being the major product. Photolysis of 1 with [Co2(CO)8] afforded the remarkable tetrametallic dimer [(CO)2Co(η‐C5H4)SiPh2(η‐C5H4)Fe(CO)2]2 (13). The corresponding photochemical reaction of 8 with [Co2(CO)8] gave a trimetallic insertion product in high conversion, [Co(CO)4(CO)2Fe(η‐C5H4)S(η‐C5H4)Co(CO)2] (14). These reactivity studies show that UV light promotes FeCp bond cleavage reactions of both of the [1]ferrocenophanes 1 and 8. We have found that, whereas the less strained sila[1]ferrocenophane 1 requires photoactivation for FeCp bond insertions to occur, the highly strained thia[1]ferrocenophane 8 undergoes both irradiative and non‐irradiative insertions, although the latter occur at a slower rate. Our results suggest that such photoinduced bond cleavage reactions may be general and applicable to other related strained organometallic rings with π‐hydrocarbon ligands.
Generation and Utilization of Bio‐Fuels – National and International Trends
Authors: Munack Axel , Krahl Jürgen 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe utilization of plants as an energy source is an important contribution to reducing emissions of greenhouse gases. Biodiesel (rapeseed oil methyl ester) is the main commercially available biogenic fuel in Germany; however, pure vegetable oil and bio‐ethanol are becoming more and more important. Further classical pathways for energy production from biological sources are the burning of wood and straw as well as the production of biogas. Future fuels for combustion engines must be especially composed in order to meet the more stringently regulated exhaust gas limits. The so‐called Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis provides an opportunity to produce such fuels. This process enables the production of fuel from syngas (CO and H2). Syngas can be created from natural gas, a pathway that is used in the Shell Middle Distillate Synthesis (SMDS) process. Alternatively, syngas can also be generated using whole plants. Thus the farmer becomes an energy producer. This paper discusses potentials and limits of the above‐mentioned biogenic energy sources in principle and in detail, based on the example of Germany and the European Union. A maximum share of 25% of all fuels consumed can be estimated for bio‐fuels by summing up the various biogenic sources.
Probing Novel 1‐Aza‐9‐oxafluorenes as Selective GSK‐3β Inhibitors
Authors: Voigt Burkhardt , Krug Martin , Schächtele Christoph , Totzke Frank , Hilgeroth Andreas 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWithin the histopathology of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) certain hallmarks are beeing observed. The occurance of protein deposits belong to such characteristic features. Such deposits can be found extracellular as β‐amyloid (Aβ) plaques and intracellular as neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). In the search for novel AD therapeutics it became of great interest to investigate the formation of NFTs and their contribution to the AD symptomatic. NFTs consist of hyperphosphorylated tau protein. Within the phosphorylation process of tau protein two kinases are of great importance: cyclin dependent kinase 5 (cdk5) and its truncated regulatory subunit p25 and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK‐3β). The role of both kinases within the NFT formation process is still under debate. To better understand the pathophysiological process highly selective inhibitors of both kinases are of value. Known inhibitors lack the necessary selectivity. We developed novel 1‐aza‐9‐oxafluo‐renes as selective GSK‐3β inhibitors. Structure–activity relationships of a series of 4‐phenyl substituted derivatives are discussed. Variation of the 3‐side chain led to selective carbonyl amide derivatives with selectivity factors of more than 100 at the tested ATP competitor concentrations. Such selectivities permit specific investigation of the role of GSK‐3β within the NFT formation processes.
State self‐esteem ratings in women with bulimia nervosa and bulimia nervosa in remission
Authors: Daley Karen A. , Jimerson David C. , Heatherton Todd F. , Metzger Eran D. , Wolfe Barbara E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:Bulimia nervosa (BN) is associated with low self‐esteem. This study was designed to assess whether low self‐esteem persists in nondepressed individuals who have recovered from BN (BN‐R).Method:Study groups included BN (n = 22), BN‐R (n = 20), and healthy controls (n = 42). Participants were medication‐free, and none met criteria for current major depression. Assessment instruments included the State Self‐Esteem Scale (SSES), a self‐rating scale designed to measure state‐related changes in self‐esteem.Results:Consistent with previous reports, SSES scores for BN were lower than for controls (p < .001). For BN‐R, SSES scores were higher than for BN (p < .001), but lower than for controls (p < .025). For BN‐R, scores on the SSES Appearance subscale were inversely correlated with ratings of dietary restraint (p < .005).Conclusion:This study provides new evidence for persistent low self‐esteem following recovery from BN. Follow‐up studies are needed to assess whether low self‐esteem contributes to recurrent dieting and risk for relapse. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Changes in psychopathology and symptom severity in bulimia nervosa between 1993 and 2003
Authors: Vaught Amanda S. , Agras W. Stewart , Bryson Susan W. , Crow Scott J. , Halmi Katherine A. , Mitchell James E. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:This study investigated changes in symptom severity and the psychopathology of patients with bulimia nervosa between 1993 and 2003.Method:Pretreatment data of patients diagnosed with bulimia nervosa, collected between 1993 and 1997 from two multisite studies (N = 263), and from 2001 to 2003 from a third multisite study (N = 233) were compared for differences in psychopathology, eating disorder symptoms, and demographic characteristics.Results:There was a significant increase in baseline age between the cohorts (1993M = 28.7 ± 7.9, 2001M = 30.3 ± 8.7, p = 0.036) together with a decrease in personality disorders and in several aspects of eating disorder psychopathology. After controlling for age however, significant pretreatment differences were found only in the restraint subscale on the EDE.Conclusion:Results suggest that the presentation of individuals with bulimia nervosa has changed between 1993 and 2003, in that participants were older and demonstrated less dietary restraint. Hence, comparisons between samples and treatment trials over time must be made with caution. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
Acute liver damage and subsequent hypophosphatemia in malnourished patients: Case reports and review of literature
Authors: Saito Takatoshi , Tojo Katsuyoshi , Miyashita Yumi , Tominaga Mitsutoshi , Masai Akiko , Tajima Naoko 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:The relationship between liver damage and subsequent hypophosphatemia in malnourished patients will be discussed.Method:The authors report two malnourished females who developed severe liver damage and subsequent hypophosphatemia. Liver damage commenced suddenly after over a week of hospitalization and deteriorated rapidly. Although the precise pathology of the liver damage could not be determined and the specific cause was not identified, steatohepatitis associated with fatty liver might be considered.Results:Hypophosphatemia following liver damage was considered to be the result of hepatocyte regeneration and replacement of phosphorus was an effective treatment.Conclusion:Hypophosphatemia in these cases suggested improvement from liver damage; however, it is commonly known that hypophosphatemia has a central role in refeeding syndrome in malnourished patients. Therefore, it was concluded that attention should be paid to hypophosphatemia after liver damage. © 2007 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2008
A design‐variable‐based inelastic hysteretic model for beam–column connections
Authors: Yun Gun Jin , Ghaboussi Jamshid , Elnashai Amr S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a design‐variable‐based inelastic hysteretic model for beam–column connections. It has been well known that the load‐carrying capacity of connections heavily depends on the types and design variables even in the same connection type. Although many hysteretic connection models have been proposed, most of them are dependent on the specific connection type with presumed failure mechanisms. The proposed model can be responsive to variations both in design choices and in loading conditions. The proposed model consists of two modules: physical‐principle‐based module and neural network (NN)‐based module in which information flow from design space to response space is formulated in one complete model. Moreover, owing to robust learning capability of a new NN‐based module, the model can also learn complex dynamic evolutions in response space under earthquake loading conditions, such as yielding, post‐buckling and tearing, etc. Performance of the proposed model has been demonstrated with synthetic and experimental data of two connection types: extended‐end‐plate and top‐ and seat‐angle with double‐web‐angle connection. Furthermore, the design‐variable‐based model can be customized to any structural component beyond the application to beam–column connections. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Forecasting the price of crude oil via convenience yield predictions
Authors: Knetsch Thomas A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe paper develops an oil price forecasting technique which is based on the present value model of rational commodity pricing. The approach suggests shifting the forecasting problem to the marginal convenience yield, which can be derived from the cost‐of‐carry relationship. In a recursive out‐of‐sample analysis, forecast accuracy at horizons within one year is checked by the root mean squared error as well as the mean error and the frequency of a correct direction‐of‐change prediction. For all criteria employed, the proposed forecasting tool outperforms the approach of using futures prices as direct predictors of future spot prices.Vis‐à‐visthe random‐walk model, it does not significantly improve forecast accuracy but provides valuable statements on the direction of change. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Publicly funded medical savings accounts: expenditure and distributional impacts in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Hurley Jeremiah , Guindon G. Emmanuel , Rynard Vicki , Morgan Steve 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper presents the findings from simulations of the introduction of publicly funded medical savings accounts (MSAs) in the province of Ontario, Canada. The analysis exploits a unique data set linking population‐based health survey information with individual‐level information on all physician services and hospital services utilization over a four‐year period. The analysis provides greater detail along three dimensions than have previous analyses: (1) the distributional impacts of publicly funded MSAs across individuals of differing health statuses, incomes, ages, and current expenditures; (2) the impact of differing degrees of risk adjustment for MSA contributions; and (3) the impact of MSA funding over multiple years, incorporating year‐to‐year variation in spending at the individual level. In addition, it analyses more plausible designs for publicly funded MSAs than the existing studies. Government uses information available from year t − 1 to allocate its budget for year t in a manner that is ex ante fiscally neutral for the public sector: the government first withholds funds equal to expected catastrophic insurance payments under the MSA plan, and then allocates only the balance to individual MSA accounts. The government captures the savings associated with reduced health‐care utilization under MSAs and we examine deductibles that vary by income rather than by current health‐care expenditures. The impacts on public expenditures under these designs are more modest than in the previous studies and under plausible assumptions MSAs are predicted to decrease public expenditures. MSAs, however, are also predicted to have unavoidable negative distributional consequences with respect to both public expenditures and out‐of‐pocket spending. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.