bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characterization of an immune response gene in mice controlling IgE and IgG antibody responses to ragweed pollen extract and its 2,4‐dinitrophenylated derivative
Authors: Dorf M. E. , Newburger P. E. , Hamaoka T. , Katz D. H. , Benacerraf B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe strain distribution of IgE and IgG antibody responses to ragweed extract (RE) and its dinitrophenylated derivative (DNPRE) characterize a new immune response gene, Ir‐RE. Responder strains show higher primary and secondary levels of both antibody classes than nonresponders after immunization with these antigens in aluminium hydroxide gel, the differences being most marked at low doses, but present over a wide dose range (10 to 500 μg/mouse). High responses are associated with H‐2a, d, h, k, m, n and p types; low responses with H‐2b, f, i, j and u. The Ir‐RE gene has been mapped to the H‐2 region by the use of congenic resistant strains, and to the H2K‐Ir‐1 region with H‐2 recombinants. The high response allele is dominant and appears, by its regulation of anti‐hapten responses in the DNP‐RE hapten‐carrier system, to act at the cellular level of thymus‐derived lymphocytes. T cells possessing this gene control responses of IgG and IgE·B lymphocytes in a parallel fashion.
Selective binding of chemically defined antigenic peptides to mouse lymphocytes
Authors: Kelly Barbara , Kaye B. , Yoshizawa W. , Levy Julia Gerwing , Kilburn D. G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunologically active peptides containing either two different (N10C) or two identical (N8N) antigenic amino acid sequences, bridged by 10 and 8 glycine residues, respectively, were used to study antigen‐binding lymphocyte populations in BALB/c mice. Spleen cells from mice immunized with either N10C or N8N were treated with either normal rabbit serum or brain associated anti‐thymus (BA Θ) serum and subsequently examined by autoradiography for the numbers of cells binding 125I‐labeled N10C, and 125I‐labeled conjugates of either the C antigenic determinant or the N antigenic determinant with polyDglutamic acid. In unimmunized mice there were more cells binding the N determinant than the C determinant. After anti‐BA Θ treatment, the relative numbers of each population increased, implying that many of these cells were bone marrow‐derived. In N10C or N8N immunized mice, the numbers of cells binding the N determinant remained virtually unchanged after anti‐BA Θ treatment, indicating an equal distribution of these cells in both bone marrow or thymus‐derived populations. However, the C determinant binding population in N10C immunized animals appeared to be mainly of bone marrow origin. Since the C determinant exhibited mainly B cell reactivity, the role of thymus cells in immune responsiveness to a peptide (Cmal10C) containing two C determinants was examined. Only those mice which were reconstituted with both bone marrow and thymus cells after thymectomy and irradiation were capable of responding normally to this antigen, demonstrating thymus involvement even with antigens that appear to be mainly reactive with B cells.
Larval thymectomy and transplantation immunity in the urodele Pleurodeles waltlii Michah. (Salamandridae)
Authors: Charlemagne J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe effect of thymectomy at the mid‐larval stage of development on the skin allograft response in the urodele, Pleurodeles waltlii Michah, was examined. Two experimental series are described: in the first, noninbred animals were used and in the second, two inbred strains, A and B, were studied. In both series, larval thymectomy clearly resulted in abrogation of the skin allograft rejection response. Some thymectomized animals developed a wasting disease.
T cell dependence of B cell unresponsiveness in vitro
Authors: Waldmann H. , Munro A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAntigen‐specific high zone unresponsiveness to two thymus‐dependent antigens, TNP560KLH (2,4,6trinitrophenylkeyhole) limpet hemocyanin and TNP6FGG (2,4,6trinitrophenylfowl IgG), was induced in vitro. It was found that carrier recognition was required for its production, and that unresponsiveness was present at the level of B cells.Thymus‐derived cells were required to induce the unresponsive state in B cells.
Diversity of antibodies to cross‐reacting nitrophenyl haptens in inbred mice
Authors: Pink J. R. L. , Askonas Brigitte A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of cross‐reacting antigens to stimulate antibody responses of limited heterogeneity is described. The cross‐reacting haptens 2,4dinitrophenyl (DNP) and 2,4,6trinitrophenyl (TNP), coupled to ovalbumin or bovine IgG, were employed as immunogens in inbred CBA/J and C3H/He mice. Sera from mice primed with DNP‐protein and subsequently boosted with TNP coupled to the same carrier were examined by isoelectric focusing techniques. The anti‐DNP antibodies in these sera were shown to consist of the products of a small number (usually less than 4) of clones.The frequency of occurrence of anti‐DNP antibodies that were indistinguishable by isoelectric focusing techniques was estimated. In 2400 comparisons between antibodies in sera from 140 individual mice, a small number (5 to 7) of indistinguishable antibody pairs was found. It was estimated from these results that not less than about 500 different sorts of antibodies to DNP, strongly cross‐reacting with TNP, can be made by inbred mice immunized with these cross‐reacting antigens. The problem of natural selection for the ability to produce such a large variety of antibodies is discussed.
Histocompatibility antigens and genetic control of the immune response in guinea pigs. I. Specific inhibition of antigen‐induced lymphocyte stimulation by alloantisera
Authors: Geczy A. F. , de Weck A. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlloantisera raised by cross‐immunizing with lymphoid cells in outbred and inbred strains of guinea pigs have permitted the serological identification of several alleles of a GPL‐A locus, which differs from the 2/13 locus distinguishing NIH strain 2 and 13 guinea pigs. Five guinea pig strains, homozygous for GPL‐A and 2/13 antigens, were sequentially immunized with seven structurally unrelated antigens ((T,G)‐A–L, penicilloylated bovine IgG and poly‐L‐lysine, aspirin anhydride, phenetidine, horseradish peroxidase and DNP‐dodecapeptide). Considerable differences in the immune response were observed, as measured by skin tests and antigen‐induced lymphocyte stimulation in vitro.Addition of small amounts of alloantisera to the culture medium in several cases caused a marked inhibition of antigen‐induced stimulation. As demonstrated in some parental strains and especially in F1 hybrid animals, the inhibiting effect is not due to killing or blindfolding of the responding lymphocytes, but suggests a direct and specific interference of the corresponding alloantisera with the recognition of antigen by specific T cell receptors. It is not yet established whether our alloantisera contain antibodies not only to histocompatibility antigens, but also antibodies specific for antigen receptors. Alternatively, the results may reflect identity or close spatial arrangement between histocompatibility antigens and specific antigen receptors. In any case, the experimental models presented offer new possibilities in the investigation of the genetic control of the immune response and its linkage to histocompatibility antigens.
Are there Y‐linked histocompatibility antigens in man?
Authors: Oliver R. T. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAnalysis of three hundred and forty‐nine cadaver renal grafts has shown significantly better survival of female recipients of a male graft when compared to the survival of female recipients of a female graft. Survival of male grafts was intermediate between the two extremes of female recipient survival and no influence of donor sex was apparent.
Differentiation of T cell precursors in nude mice. Rejection of heart grafts of thymus donor strain
Authors: Seger R. , Rogers K. , Catty D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThymus grafted nude mice showed no tolerance to neonatal heart grafts of thymus donor origin. This finding is in contradiction with the Jerne hypothesis on the somatic generation of immune recognition and in agreement with Bretscher's hypothesis on generalized autoimmunity.
The role of cellular interaction in differentiating between the occurrence of immunological tolerance and immunity following antigenic challenge
Authors: McCullagh P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe response to antigenic challenge was examined in irradiated recipients of mixtures of lymphocytes from normal and sheep erythrocyte‐tolerant donors. If tolerant lymphocytes were cocultivated with normal cells in numbers similar to or greater than them, the responsiveness of the latter to subsequent challenge with sheep erythrocytes could be drastically impaired. However, the supplementation of an inoculum of normal lymphocytes with smaller numbers of tolerant cells resulted in a marked augmentation of the immune response. It is suggested that the expression of either tolerance or immunity after exposure of an animal to antigen is dependent on the size of the subpopulation of its lymphocytes that has been activated by that antigen.
Evidence for an association between immune responsiveness of chicken to (T, G)‐A–L and the major histocompatibility system
Authors: Günther E. , Balcarová J. , Hála K. , Rüde E. , Hraba T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe antibody response of different inbred chicken lines to the synthetic polypeptide (T, G)‐A–L is described. It is shown by analysis of backcross hybrids that a major gene controlling this response is linked to the major histocompatibility system of chicken. This result is discussed with respect to its relation to the structure of major histocompatibility systems of mammals.
Studies of hyperimmune restricted and partially restricted anti‐pneumococcal polysaccharide antibodies from allotype‐defined pedigreed rabbits. I. Preparative liquid isoelectric focusing of the antibodies and characterization of the isolated fractions by electrophoretic techniques
Authors: Freedman M. H. , Pincus J. H. , Yeger H. , McKenney Judith A. , Mage Rose G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFour heterozygous rabbits (a2 a2, b4 b5; a1 a2, b6 b9; a2 a2, b5 b9; a3 a3, b4 b5) and one homozygous rabbit (a2 a2, b6 b6) were hyperimmunized with either type 3 or 8 pneumococcal vaccines. Four antisera were partially restricted and one antiserum was highly restricted. The immunoglobulins (Ig) were obtained by salt precipitation, ion‐exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography. The total Ig, obtained by salt precipitation, were fractionated by preparative liquid isoelectric focusing (IEF) at various pH ranges. From each antiserum a number of fractions were obtained with significantly different isoelectric points. Many major fractions had reduced electrophoretic heterogeneity when compared with the Ig isolated before IEF. These fractions were tested for isoelectric purity by analytical IEF in polyacrylamide gels and by preparative refocusing over a narrow pH range. After complete reduction and alkylation, the light and heavy polypeptide chains of the focused antibody fractions were examined both by disc electrophoresis in alkaline urea gels and by IEF in polyacrylamide gels containing urea. From each antiserum, a number of fractions were obtained which yielded single light chains often with different electrophoretic mobilities. This method provided a successful means of preparatively obtaining different antibody fractions from a single antiserum.
A new, simple method for the preparation of lymphocytes bearing specific receptors
Authors: Haas W. , Schrader J. W. , Szenberg A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPurification of antigen‐specific spleen cells using solid phase immunoadsorbents has two main difficulties: (1) unspecific binding of lymphoid cells to the adsorbent and (2) detachment of cells bound to the adsorbent without affecting cell viability and function. Both difficulties have been overcome by using gelatin as a matrix for cellular immunoadsorbtion. Mouse spleen cells were fractionated at 4 °C in rotating tubes coated with a thin layer of 2,4‐dinitrophenyl (DNP)‐gelatin or FGG (fowl IgG)‐gelatin. Bound cells could be recovered by melting the gel matrix at 37 °C without affecting cell viability. The specificity of the binding of a small subpopulation of spleen cells to the adsorbent has been shown by: (1.) inhibition of the binding with free antigen, (2.) depletion of DNP‐gelatin binding cells by serial fractionation, (3.) a specific increase of binding cells in spleen cell populations from immunized mice; and (4.) a 30‐fold enrichment in the binding cell population, of antigen‐binding cells as determined in an indirect antigen‐binding assay. The capacity of cell populations enriched in specific antigen‐binding cells, to respond to a T‐independent antigen DNP‐polymerized flagellin, was tested in an adoptive‐transfer system. No evidence could be obtained of an enrichment of DNP‐specific antibody‐forming cell precursors in populations of normal spleen cells that had been enriched for antigen‐binding cells.Furthermore, the enrichment of antibody‐forming cell precursors from primed mice was only 4‐fold and thus not in accordance with the thirtyfold enrichment of antigen‐binding cells.The failure to find the expected degree of functional enrichment in populations of cells that are greatly enriched for specific antigen‐binding cells is discussed.
Etude morphométrique de certaines structures nucléoprotéiques des noyaux de lymphocytes cultivés in vitro en présence de phytohémagglutinine
Authors: Valkov I. , Moyne G. , Robineaux R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring blast transformation by phytohemagglutinin (PHA) of cultured guinea pig lymphocytes, a morphometric analysis of the variation in number of perichromatin granules relative to nuclear size and to decrements in the surface areas of condensed chromatin has been performed. Data were obtained by means of a Hewlett‐Packard 9810 A computer equipped with a device for quantitation of surface areas.It was demonstrated that those cells capable of being transformed by PHA had significantly less perichromatin granules (both before and after transformation) than did nontransformed, cultivated cells, suggesting that T cells could be distinguished from B cells by this criterion. Consequently, avian lymphocytes were examined and it was found that lymphocytes obtained from the avian bursa of Fabricius contained more perichromatin granules than did those harvested from the thymus.Both observations suggest that the number of perichromatin granules may be a sensitive index of lymphocyte type.
Restoration of the immune response to tobacco mosaic virus with homologous and heterologous thymus extracts in thymocyte‐depleted mice
Authors: Ströbel G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice are unable to form detectable antibodies to tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) after thymectomy and anti‐thymocyte serum treatment. These mice, when substituted with extracts of mouse or calf thymus, however, develop TMV‐specific humoral antibodies. On the basis of its behavior in dialysis and gel filtration, the biological activity is judged to be of low molecular weight.The mode of action of this substitution therapy is discussed in terms of the differentiation of precursor cells into functional T cells.
Generation of antibody dieversity. IV. Variation within single clones of antibody‐forming cells developing in vivo
Authors: Pilarski Linda M. , Cunningham A. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPrevious experimental work demonstrated that clonal variation occurs in vitro. The present experiments were designed to test for clonal variation in vivo. B cells were transferred at limiting dilution, with antigen, into irradiated recipients. Seven days later spleens were assayed for plaque‐forming cell (PFC) colonies. Control experiments showed that these PFC colonies were clones, that is, they were derived from a single B cell precursor. When the clones were analyzed for heterogeneity of the PFC population, using cross‐reactivity on various mixtures of red blood cells as a method of detecting differences in antibody specificity, form 23–83 % of the clones contained variants. By adjusting the amounts of helper activity and antigen available to a developing clone, we have been able to influence this variation; high levels of help and/or antigen favour pure clones, while low levels of either produce mainly mixed clones.
The association of H‐2 antigens and EAC receptors on the surface of peritoneal cells
Authors: Schlesinger M. , Chaouat M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe exposure of murine peritoneal cells to anti‐H‐2 sera results in a diminished expressoion of H‐2 antigen on the cell surface. Concomitant with this „H‐2 modulation”︁ the capacity of macrphages to bind sheep red blood cells coated with antibody and complement (EAC) was markedly diminished. In contrast, there was no change in the capacity of modulated macrophages to bind sheep red blood cells coated with antibody alone (EA). Antibodies to K end H‐2 specificities were more effective in reducing the binding of EAC than antibodies to D end H‐2 specificities. Exposure of peritoneal cells to θ or Ly antisera had no effect on the formation of EAC rosettes. Exposure of pertioneal cells to anti‐H‐2 sera, under conditions which would not allow moudulation of H‐2 antigens, also prevented the reduction of EAC binding. Thus, the EAC receptors and H‐2 antigenic specificities seem to be closely related on the surface of peritoneal cells, but constitute distinct cell surface structures. Perliminary evidence indicates that vinblastine, a microtubule depolymerizing agent, may disrupt the close association of EAC receptors and H‐2 antigens. It is suggested that the association of EAC receptors and K end H‐2 determinants on the membrane of macrphages may have implications for the regulations of the immune response by H‐2‐linked Ir genes.
Stimulation and inhibition of DNA synthesis in rat thymocytes: Action of concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin
Authors: Karsenti E. , Bornens M. , Avrameas S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWheat germ agglutinin, which has been found unable to stimulate rat thymocytes, is shown to strongly inhibit DNA synthesis of normal as well as concanavalin A‐stimulated cells.
Immunoglobulin determinants on the surface of lymphoid cells of carps
Authors: Emmrich F. , Richter R. F. , Ambrosius H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractImmunoglobulin determinants were detected by indirect immunofluorescence on the surface of numerous lymphocytes of perpheral blood, spleen, and pronephros of craps. The most interesting finding was the high proportion (65–68 %) of Ig+ lymphocytes in the thymus of early adult carps, possibly related to thymus function.
Differing mechanisms of tolerance and desensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene in guinea pigs
Authors: Polak L. , Geleick H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the present paper the mechanisms of tolerance and desensitization to dinitrochlorobenzene (DNCB) contact sensitivity in guinea pigs were investigated using the methods of adoptive sensitization of tolerant and normal syngeneic recipients and cyclophosphamide‐treatment of tolerant animals known to selectively inactivate suppressor lymphocytes.It was shown that desensitization of presensitized animals is caused by the direct effect of the intravenously injected hapten on the effector cells in the peripheral compartment. The immediate onset of unresponsiveness and its very short duration almost exclude the possible involvement of enhancing antibodies or suppressor cells.In the case of tolerance induced by pretreatment with dinitrobenzenesulfonic acid, suppressor cell activity is enhanced, preventing normal specific immunocompetent cells from recognizing the antigen and/or proliferating in the draining lymph nodes. Whether suppressor lymphocytes are of the B or T type is not yet known.
Characteristics of immunological memory in mice. II. Resistance of nonrecirculating memory cells to antigen‐mediated suppression of the secondary antibody response
Authors: Inchley C. J. , Black S. J. , Mackay Elizabeth A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMice were primed and subsequently challenged at various times with subcutaneous injections of sheep erythrocytes, and some characteristics of the secondary responses in the draining brachial and axillary lymph nodes were investigated. It was found that the secondary response within primed nodes was resistant to immunological preemption, a competition‐like phenomenon which severely depresses primary responses. Since it was also shown that circulating memory cells could be inhibited by preempting injections of antigen, it was concluded that the resistance of primed nodes to preemption was due to the presence within them of a nonrecirculating subpopulation of memory cells. The size of this population was dependent both on the amount of priming antigen and the time after priming.The observation that the response given by these cells remained unaffected by doses of antigen which could depress a primary response does not favor the view that suppression of immune responses by preemption or antigenic competition is due to a factor which acts directly and indiscriminately on all immunologically competent cells.
The immunological properties of haptens coupled to thymus‐independent carrier molecules. III. The role of the immunogenicity and mitogenicity of the carrier in the induction of primary IgM anti‐hapten responses
Authors: Klaus G. G. B. , Janossy G. , Humphrey J. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHapten (DNP‐lys) conjugates of two putatively nonimmunogenic polymers, hyaluronic acid and poly‐γ‐D‐glutamic acid, induce significant primary IgM anti‐DNP responses in C3H mice. Preparations of various immunogenic (Type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII), levan, E. coli lipopolysaccharide) and nonimmunogenic (hyaluronic acid and poly‐glutamic acid) polymers were tested for their ability to act as polyclonal mitogens in vitro. In serum‐containing spleen cell cultures, only lipopolysaccharide stimulated substantial cell proliferation. In serum‐free medium, and using high specific activity [3H]thymidine, lipopolysaccharide, levan, SIII and to a lesser degree hyaluronic acid induced significant thymidine incorporation. However, under the latter conditions cell survival and proliferation were much less impressive. There was no apparent correlation between the capacity of various polymers to induce lymphocyte proliferation and their „potency”︁ as carriers for the generation of a primary IgM anti‐DNP response. Furthermore while low doses of lipopolysaccharide elicited „polyclonal”︁ antibody formation in vivo, high doses of SIII, levan and hyaluronic acid did not.These results indicate that T cell‐independent B cell triggering is dependent on the polymeric nature of the antigen, and that polymers need not be immunogenic or mitogenic to act as carriers for the induction of primary IgM anti‐hapten antibody responses.