bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paleobiogeographical extinction patterns of Permian brachiopods in the Asian–western Pacific region
Authors: Shu-Zhong Shen , Shi G. R. 
Published: July 2006

Spatial and temporal variations in biological diversity are critical in understanding the role of biogeographical regulation (if any) on mass extinctions. An analysis based on a latest database of the stratigraphic ranges of 89 Permian brachiopod families, 422 genera, and 2059 species within the Boreal, Paleoequatorial, and Gondwanan Realms in the Asian–western Pacific region suggests two discrete mass extinctions, each possibly with different causes. Using species/family rarefaction analysis, we constructed diversity curves for late Artinskian–Kungurian, Roadian–Wordian, Capitanian, and Wuchiapingian intervals for filtering out uneven sampling intensities. The end-Changhsingian (latest Permian) extinction eliminated 87–90% of genera and 94–96% of species of Brachiopoda. The timing of the end-Changhsingian extinction of brachiopods in the carbonate settings of South China and southern Tibet indicates that brachiopods suffered a rapid extinction within a short interval just below the Permian/Triassic boundary.In comparison, the end-Guadalupian/late Guadalupian extinction is less profound and varies temporally in different realms. Brachiopods in the western Pacific sector of the Boreal Realm nearly disappeared by the end-Guadalupian but experienced a relatively long-term press extinction spanning the entire Guadalupian in the Gondwanan Realm. The end-Guadalupian brachiopod diversity fall is not well reflected at the timescale used here in the Paleoequatorial Realm because the life-depleted early Wuchiapingian was overlapped by a rapid radiation phase in the late Wuchiapingian. The Guadalupian fall appears to be related to the dramatic reduction of habitat area for the brachiopods, which itself is associated with the withdrawal of seawater from continental Pangea and the closure of the Sino-Mongolian seaway by the end-Guadalupian.
Nanocasting: A Versatile Strategy for Creating Nanostructured Porous Materials
Authors: Lu A.‐H. , Schüth F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractNanocasting is a powerful method for creating materials that are more difficult to synthesize by conventional processes. We summarize recent developments in the synthesis of various structured porous solids, covering silica, carbon, and other nonsiliceous solids that are created by a nanocasting pathway. Structure replication on the nanometer length scale allows materials' properties to be manipulated in a controlled manner, such as tunable composition, controllable structure and morphology, and specific functionality. The nanocasting pathway with hard templates opens the door to the design of highly porous solids with multifunctional properties and interesting application perspectives.
Cover Picture: Surfactant‐Mediated Generation of Iso‐Oriented Dense and Mesoporous Crystalline Metal‐Oxide Layers (Adv. Mater. 14/2006)
Authors: Brezesinski T. , Groenewolt M. , Pinna N. , Amenitsch H. , Antonietti M. , Smarsly B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor certain metal oxides (e.g., MoO3) ordered mesoporous films can be obtained with the nanocrystals in the pore walls being uniformly oriented with respect to the substrate by applying evaporation‐induced self‐assembly followed by heating. This surprisingly facile process, described by Smarsly and co‐workers on p. 1827, works on different polar substrates (glass, metals, etc.) for oxides with anisotropic unit cells, based on the interaction with surfactants during nucleation (“soft‐epitaxy”).
Inside Front Cover: Anisotropic Growth of PbSe Nanocrystals on Au–Fe3O4 Hybrid Nanoparticles (Adv. Mater. 14/2006)
Authors: Shi W. , Sahoo Y. , Zeng H. , Ding Y. , Swihart M. T. , Prasad P. N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPbSe nanorods and branched nanorods can be grown using binary Au/Fe3O4 nanoparticles as seeds, as reported by Swihart, Zeng, Prasad, and co‐workers on p. 1889. PbSe nucleates on the Au portion of the seed particle and grows anisotropically as one or more straight or branched nanorods. The background images show PbSe nanorods (top), and ternary Fe3O4–Au–PbSe hybrid nanocrystals (bottom). High‐resolution TEM images show Fe3O4(purple)–Au(gold)–PbSe (green) ternary nanocrystals. A ball‐and‐stick cartoon model illustrates the approximate size of these structures relative to the individual atoms.
Steady‐state and transient analysis of a CH4–catalytic partial oxidation reformer
Authors: Tavazzi Ivan , Maestri Matteo , Beretta Alessandra , Groppi Gianpiero , Tronconi Enrico , Forzatti Pio 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this work dynamic and steady‐state CH4 partial oxidation tests, performed in an insulated lab‐scale reactor over a Rh‐based catalyst supported onto Al2O3 spheres, are presented and discussed. To gain insight in the complex observed phenomena a previously developed 1D heterogeneous mathematical model of adiabatic reactor was applied to data analysis. The model implemented an indirect reaction scheme independently derived in previous works. In experiments at low flow rates the heat dispersion significantly affected the steady‐state response of the reactor; the process was governed by thermodynamics. By increasing the flow rate the catalytic bed progressively heated up and the adiabatic behavior was approached as a result of the predominance of the reaction enthalpy release over the heat losses; a kinetic effect of contact time was observed. Under these conditions start‐up dynamics of the process were acquired. The temporal evolution of the product distribution along with the shape of axial temperature profiles at steady state were consistent with the occurrence of an indirect reaction path leading to the formation of synthesis gas. A sensitivity analysis showed that the description of the temperature profiles and conversion/selectivity performances at steady state is greatly influenced by the rate of the reforming reactions; the simulation of the reactor start‐up dynamics is highly sensitive to the initial solid temperature. The comparison between measured temperature profiles and model predictions suggested that the thermocouple measurements were mainly influenced by the temperature of the flowing gas. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Freshwater mussel assemblage structure in a regulated river in the Lower Mississippi River Alluvial Basin, USA
Authors: Haag Wendell R. , Warren Melvin L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper documents a diverse, reproducing freshwater mussel community (20 species) in Lower Lake — an impounded, regulated portion of the Little Tallahatchie River below Sardis Dam in Panola Co., Mississippi, USA.Despite being regulated and impounded, the lake has a heterogeneous array of habitats that differ markedly in mussel community attributes. Four distinct habitat types were identified based on current velocity and substrate characteristics, representing a gradient from habitats having lotic characteristics to lentic habitats. All four habitat types supported mussels, but habitats most resembling unimpounded, lotic situations (relatively higher current velocity and coarser substrate) had the highest mussel abundance and species density (10.1 mussels m−2, 1.8 species m−2, respectively). Lentic habitats (no flow, fine substrate) were characterized by lower abundance and species density (2.0 mussels m−2, 0.8 species m−2, respectively), but supported mussel assemblages distinctive from lotic habitats.Evidence of strong recent recruitment was observed for most species in the lake and was observed in all four habitat types.Although impounded and regulated, Lower Lake represents one of the few areas of stable large‐stream habitat in the region. The presence of a diverse, healthy mussel community in this highly modified habitat suggests that a large component of the regional mussel fauna is relatively resilient and adaptable and is limited primarily by the absence of stable river reaches. Management actions that increase stream stability are likely to result in expansion of the mussel fauna and restoration of a valuable component of ecosystem function in this region.Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Response of the riverine fish community to the construction and operation of a diversion hydropower plant in central Chile
Authors: Habit Evelyn , Belk Mark C. , Parra Oscar 
Published: July 2006

AbstractChilean rivers have a large potential for hydropower development, and they also contain a unique native fish fauna with a high level of endemism. Several diversion hydropower plants have recently been constructed in Chile; however, the response of fish communities to these new hydropower plant designs is not well known.Responses of native and non‐native fish to the construction and operation of a new hydropower plant that diverts water from two rivers were quantified. The Laja River is highly regulated and manipulated with three older (40 yr) dam‐based hydropower plants and irrigation diversions located upstream from the new facility. In contrast, the Rucúe River has no other hydropower facilities and is comparatively undisturbed.Prior to construction, the Laja River had a fish community with lower species richness compared with the Rucúe River. The fish community structure in the Laja River was dramatically altered after the new hydropower facility began operation. On the other hand, in the Rucúe River, even though abundance of fish declined, there was less of a change in the total fish community structure. The fish community in the Rucúe River exhibited greater resistance to change compared with the Laja River.The species most affected were the introduced salmonids and an endangered native speciesPercilia irwini.Although diversion hydropower designs may have less impact than traditional dam‐based hydropower facilities, results of this study indicate that diversion hydropower structures can cause large changes in the fish community.Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing for correspondence between coral reef invertebrate diversity and marine park designation on the Masoala Peninsula of eastern Madagascar
Authors: McClanahan T.R. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Justifying the designation of protected areas often depends on the ability to select areas in good ecological conditions, with high taxonomic richness, and unique habitats or species assemblage characteristics.
The ecology of scleractinian coral and prosobranch snails were examined along the Masoala Peninsula of north‐eastern Madagascar using rapid assessment methods to evaluate the correspondence between unique invertebrate faunal characteristics and park designation.
The reefs along this peninsula are in good ecological condition and have a coral and snail fauna similar to most of the western Indian Ocean, with no indications of local endemism in these groups. There was no relationship between the taxonomic richness of snails and corals. Corals were better at distinguishing locations based on taxonomic richness while snails were better based on unique faunal characteristics.
Corals had the highest taxonomic richness on the extreme windward north and south and the lowest richness on the leeward side of the peninsula. The leeward side did, however, have an unusual habitat of corals growing on granite rock with a unique coral and snail fauna. A northern and southern assemblage characterized snail fauna on the windward side of the peninsula.
The composite findings indicate that the currently designated park areas cover two of the three areas that have either high diversity or unique faunas.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alien and endemic flora at reference and non‐reference sites in Mediterranean‐type streams in Portugal
Authors: Aguiar Francisca C. , Ferreira M. Teresa , Albuquerque António , Moreira Ilídio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A comparison was made between a variety of alien and endemic plant species from 272 aquatic and riparian habitats in Portuguese Mediterranean‐type streams in reference condition — i.e. near‐natural river corridors — and non‐reference condition. The objective was to detect differences in relative proportion and cover between these species groups. The differences in endemic and alien flora from siliceous and calcareous river types were also analysed. Environmental and human disturbance factors were related with the richness and cover of both species groups.
A total of 568 species were found, of which 44 were alien and 28 were endemic. Alien species were present at 91% of the surveyed locations, and were consistently more widespread at non‐reference sites than at reference ones for both river types, with calcareous sites having a higher invasibility. Endemic species occurred at 45% of the sampling sites and displayed a significantly lower richness and cover than their alien counterparts.
Alien richness and cover were positively related to direct human disturbance within the river systems, and with floodplain uses such as urban occupation, intensive agriculture, and nutrient inputs. Endemic species also respond to anthropogenic variables, rather than to climatic and geographical ones, with richness and cover increasing as human impacts on fluvial systems and related floodplains decrease.
Comprehensive control of alien invasive species and the protection of endemic plant populations will require attempts at monitoring ecological river integrity, and the achievement of ‘good ecological status’ — one of the goals of the European Union's Water Framework Directive. Portuguese riparian areas must be managed in such a way as to protect the relatively few preserved riparian habitats by lowering the direct and indirect pressures in fluvial corridors and thus preventing future alien plant invasions.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Priority habitats for the conservation of large river fish in the Ganges river basin
Authors: Sarkar Uttam Kumar , Bain Mark B. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Three classes of habitat used by groups of fish species classified as conservation and management priorities were developed for the Gerua River (also known as the Girwa River, Karnali River) in the Ganges river basin. This river is large (mean annual discharge ca 1500 m3 s−1, up to 900 m wide), surrounded by protected lands of India and Nepal, and upstream of major diversions and river alterations.
Fish and habitat sampling was conducted at 45 sites from 2000 to 2003. Data were analysed for 2172 fish of 14 species. Species and life stages found occupying a statistically distinct subset of the river habitats were grouped to identify classes of river habitat for conservation.
Most species and life‐stage groups specialized on specific habitat conditions revealed by multivariate analyses of variance and a principal component analysis. The most numerous and diverse group (six species, 15 life stages) was associated with deep depositional habitats with sandy substrate. Two species covering three life stages were primarily oriented to erosional habitat marked by fast current velocity with pebble and cobble substrate. A third group of three species of adults and juveniles were intermediate in habitat use.
River conservation for fish faunas should maintain both erosional and depositional channel habitats with depths, substrates, and current velocity inclusive of the ranges reported. The erosional and depositional nature of the key habitats requires that rivers be maintained with flows capable of channel‐forming functions.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative assessment of stream acidity using diatoms and macroinvertebrates: implications for river management and conservation
Authors: Lewis Bethan R. , Jüttner Ingrid , Reynolds Brian , Ormerod S.J. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Macroinvertebrates and phytobenthic organisms (e.g. diatoms) are frequently used as bioindicators of water quality, yet few studies compare their effectiveness despite both being emphasized in the EC Water Framework Directive.
Here, as a case study, the efficacy of each group in assessing acid–base status in the catchment of the Welsh River Wye was evaluated from surveys in 2 years.
Ordination showed that both diatom and macroinvertebrate assemblages varied highly significantly with pH, alkalinity and calcium concentrations. Moreover, ordination scores were highly inter‐correlated between these groups in both study years.
There were also contrasts, with diatoms and macroinvertebrates changing in differing ways with catchment land‐use and channel hydromorphology. These differing responses suggest complementary indicator value, while variation in generation times between diatoms and macroinvertebrates suggests potentially contrasting speeds of response to variations over different timescales.
These data reveal that significant water quality problems in the River Wye, a proposed Special Area of Conservation, are generated from the continued acidification of low‐order, headwater streams and this has considerable significance for the objectives of the Water Framework Directive, and the EC Habitats Directive.
Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Learning to classify documents according to genre
Authors: Finn Aidan , Kushmerick Nicholas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCurrent document‐retrieval tools succeed in locating large numbers of documents relevant to a given query. While search results may be relevant according to the topic of the documents, it is more difficult to identify which of the relevant documents are most suitable for a particular user. Automatic genre analysis (i.e., the ability to distinguish documents according to style) would be a useful tool for identifying documents that are most suitable for a particular user. We investigate the use of machine learning for automatic genre classification. We introduce the idea of domain transfer—genre classifiers should be reusable across multiple topics—which does not arise in standard text classification. We investigate different features for building genre classifiers and their ability to transfer across multiple‐topic domains. We also show how different feature‐sets can be used in conjunction with each other to improve performance and reduce the number of documents that need to be labeled.
Feature instability as a criterion for selecting potential style markers
Authors: Koppel Moshe , Akiva Navot , Dagan Ido 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe introduce a new measure on linguistic features, called stability, which captures the extent to which a language element such as a word or a syntactic construct is replaceable by semantically equivalent elements. This measure may be perceived as quantifying the degree of available “synonymy” for a language item. We show that frequent, but unstable, features are especially useful as discriminators of an author's writing style.
A qualitative feature‐based characterization of 2D architectural style
Authors: Jupp Julie R. , Gero John S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractArchitectural plans are design diagrams that describe building layout where space is planned according to design requirements. Style in architecture is generally characterized as common features appearing in a particular class of building design. This research seeks to address how to recognize architectural design style from a 2D plan diagram. We explore this question in a computational encoder‐analyzer (E‐A) model for 2D plans, where a characterization of 2D style is based on qualitative spatial representation and information theoretic measures. In a preliminary study of a prominent architect's plans, we demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach. We conclude by discussing practical applications of automated plan recognition and classification in design support tools.
Technology clusters: Using multidimensional scaling to evaluate and structure technology clusters
Authors: Vishwanath Arun , Chen Hao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEmpirical evidence suggests that the ownership of related products that form a technology cluster is significantly better than the attributes of an innovation at predicting adoption. The treatment of technology clusters, however, has been ad hoc and study specific: Researchers often make a priori assumptions about the relationships between technologies and measure ownership using lists of functionally related technology, without any systematic reasoning. Hence, the authors set out to examine empirically the composition of technology clusters and the differences, if any, in clusters of technologies formed by adopters and nonadopters. Using the Galileo system of multidimensional scaling and the associational diffusion framework, the dissimilarities between 30 technology concepts were scored by adopters and nonadopters. Results indicate clear differences in conceptualization of clusters: Adopters tend to relate technologies based on their functional similarity; here, innovations are perceived to be complementary, and hence, adoption of one technology spurs the adoption of related technologies. On the other hand, nonadopters tend to relate technologies using a stricter ascendancy of association where the adoption of an innovation makes subsequent innovations redundant. The results question the measurement approaches and present an alternative methodology.
Author Cocitation Analysis is to intellectual structure as Web Colink Analysis is to …?
Authors: Zuccala Alesia 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAuthor Cocitation Analysis (ACA) and Web Colink Analysis (WCA) are examined as sister techniques in the related fields of bibliometrics and webometrics. Comparisons are made between the two techniques based on their data retrieval, mapping, and interpretation procedures, using mathematics as the subject in focus. An ACA is carried out and interpreted for a group of participants (authors) involved in an Isaac Newton Institute (2000) workshop—Singularity Theory and Its Applications to Wave Propagation Theory and Dynamical Systems—and compared/contrasted with a WCA for a list of international mathematics research institute home pages on the Web. Although the practice of ACA may be used to inform a WCA, the two techniques do not share many elements in common. The most important departure between ACA and WCA exists at the interpretive stage when ACA maps become meaningful in light of citation theory, and WCA maps require interpretation based on hyperlink theory. Much of the research concerning link theory and motivations for linking is still new; therefore further studies based on colinking are needed, mainly map‐based studies, to understand what makes a Web colink structure meaningful.