bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stochastic Properties of the Foraging Behavior of Six Species of Migratory Shorebirds
Authors: Baker Myron Charles 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA statistical description of the temporal and sequential organization of foraging behavior in six species of migrant shorebirds is presented. Intervals between successive pr.edation attempts produce distributions approximating gamma or exponential probability laws. These distributions undergo seasonal changes in the direction of more shorter intervals in winter. The events constituting the intervals between predation attempts exhibit ecologically meaningful relationships and their analysis has provided some insight into the mechanisms of behavioral control. Testable hypotheses may be suggested from these results. Sequential patterns of foraging events show strong second order redundancy (Markovian) but have weaker dependencies extending over higher orders. As a result of this analysis it was found that stereotypy in foraging behavior was higher in winter. The findings of this detailed analysis of hunting strategy correspond to the results of a coarse analysis of behavior reported previously (BAKER, I97I). The methods used here may be generally useful in studying the evolution of ecological behavior.
Extinction, Disinhibition and Spontaneous Recovery of the Pecking Response in Young Herring Gulls
Authors: Nyström Mats 
Published: June 2008

AbstractRed, blue and white stimulus strips were repeatedly presented for I5 sec., with I5 sec. pauses between trials, to three different groups (N=I0, I0 and I8, respective) of two-day old herring gulls. The pecking response to these colours gradually extinguished, requiring I2I, 55 and 36 pecks in the respective group until the criterion (three consecutive trials of zero frequency) was reached. Since the blue and the red group revealed similar pretest frequency (before extinction) there was evidence for a flatter regression to the red stimulus. This was further supported by the similarity between the blue and the white group on other parameter values during extinction. The finding was taken as a partial explanation of the divergent results obtained earlier concerning the peak colour preference in this species; investigations build around repeated stimulus presentations would favour a red preference. A test stimulus of different colour presented after complete extinction gave rise to a strong disinhibition of the response. There was a limited degree of stimulus generalization evident through disinhibitional effects toward darker achromatic stimuli presented after extinction to the white stimulus. The response showed an exponential rate of spontaneous recovery, reaching the original strength within about three hours. In general, the pecking response showed characteristics during extinction in common with responses studied hitherto.
Territoriality and the Influence of Females On the Spacing of Males in the Cockroach, Nauphoeta Cinerea
Authors: Ewing Leonie S. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract(I) The first aim of the study was to extend earlicr observations on the effect of density on social structure and in particular to see if all males in a group became territorial at very low density. The second aim was to determine the social organisation of females in relation to territorial males. (2) Most males were observed to become territorial at very low density but there was a definite limit to the tendacy to spread out. A few males were not territorial and the behaviour of these animals is described. (3) The females formed a group, usually but not always, on a male-occupied territory. Unreceptive, virgin females introduced into the observation tank remained inactive for the first few days. In these females activity and exploration were correlated with the onset of receptivity. Some females mated at this time and then moved on until they joined the female group. Others joined the female group immediately and mated with the territory owner if one was present. Once females had joined the group they did not leave except for brief sallies or to give birth to their young. The female group did however move en masse and sometimes moved the entire length of the tank. (4) One of the most obvious effects of the females was on the pattern of male territory holding. Competition for territory centred round the female group and several males took up residence with the females during the day. Either one of these males became a despot or a hierarchy of dominance developed. At night the top-dominant chased the others off his territory. These males, with the exception of a few very low-ranking males, then set-up territories on adjacent rest-sited and made occasional attempts to rejoin the female group. This sequence of events was repeated each day. (5) The second obvious effect of the females was on the amount of fighting. Males were alone more often than they were with females but when females were present there was more fighting. (I) The relationship between hierarchy and territory is discussed and conclusions are drawn about the function of territory and the limitations of the territorial system in Nauphoeta.
Habituation in a Protozoan Vorticella Conyallaria
Authors: Patterson David J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe response of Vorticella convallaria to electrical and mechanical stimuli was investigated. It was shown that: (I) V. convallaria becomes habituatcd independently to both mechanical and electrical stimuli if these are repeated at I0 sec. intervals. (2) The habituation is more rapid to lower intensities of stimuli. (3) The form of the response curve is similar for both types of stimulus. (4) No habituation was obtained when the animals were stimulated while in deionized water. No response was obtained while they were placed in a solution of CaCl2 but continuous contraction was induced in a solution of KOH. Other potassium and sodium salts in deionized water gave response curves similar to those obtained under normal conditions.
Der Politische Einfluss Des Islams in Indonesien
Authors: Poetzelberger H.A. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDie vorliegende Untersuchung befaßt sich nicht allgemein mit der Geschichte und Bedeutung des Islams als staatsformender Kraft in Indonesien, sondern beschränkt sich auf die aktuellen Bestrebungen der mohammedanischen Parteien Indonesiens, den Islam zur Grundlage der Staatsverfassung und des staatlichen Lebens überhaupt zu erheben. Sie fußt auf den Protokollen der in Bandung tagenden Konstituante, sowie auf dem persönlichen Erleben des politischen Geschehens in Indonesien während der letzten Jahre.
The History of the Rechabites— an Initial Commentary
Authors: Knights Chris H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article is the third in a series of studies on The History of the Rechabites. The first, "The Story of Zosimus or The History of the Rechabites?,"1 established the independent identity of this text within the Christian monastic work, The Story of Zosimus, and was a sort of prolegomena to the study of this text. The second, "Towards a Critical-Introduction to The History of the Rechabites,"2 sought to address the standard introductory issues, such as date, original language, provenance and purpose. The present paper seeks to examine the text verse-by-verse, and to offer a commentary on it. Or, rather, an initial commentary. No commentary of any sort has ever been offered on the Greek text of HistRech before, and it would be foolhardy to claim that any one scholar could perceive all the allusions and meanings in a particular text at a first attempt. This commentary, then, is offered in the same spirit as my two previous studies on HistRech: as a step along the way towards unravelling the meaning of this pseudepigraphon about the Rechabites, not as the last word on the subject.
Diplomacy and Domestic Devotion: Embassy Chapels and the Toleration of Religious Dissent in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Kaplan Benjamin J. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn the wake of Europe's religious wars, it became accepted that embassies could include chapels where forms of Christianity illegal in the host country could be practiced. In theory, only ambassadors and their entourage had the right to worship in such chapels, but in practice the latter became bases for full-fledged congregations of native religious dissenters. Constructed out of residential space, the chapels belonged to a broader category of edifice, the "clandestine church." They helped give birth to the modern doctrine of "extraterritoriality."
Parliamentary Life in the Crown of Aragon: Cortes, Juntas De Brazos, and Other Corporate Bodies
Authors: Gil Xavier 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Cortes of Aragon, Catalonia, and Valencia were well known in Renaissance times for their mature institutional development and their capacity to counterbalance the tendency of monarchs towards authoritarianism. But, from the mid sixteenth century onwards, they were summoned by kings at increasingly long intervals, thus losing part of their visibility in the political scene. But this did not exactly mean parliamentary decline. As Cortes became rarer, lesser corporate bodies, ultimately deriving from the Cortes themselves, acquired an enhanced political status. Different sorts of meetings of estates (brazos) and small committees of members of the estates, while already known in previous times, won a more active role by the late sixteenth century and were a major, if not crucial, factor in the different political crises of the seventeenth century. This article contributes to the current reassessment of the Cortes by emphasizing the role of these bodies, focusing on their interplay with the Cortes, with some comparative remarks on other such bodies in Europe.
Retail, Monopoly, and Privilege: the Dissolution of the Fishmongers' Guild of Venice, 1599
Authors: Shaw James E. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn 1599, centuries of tradition came to an end when the Venetian fishmongers' guild was dissolved. In the late sixteenth century, the government had increasingly adopted a position that linked retailers to the crime of "monopoly," abusing their position at the expense of consumers. However, this simplistic conception of economic behavior proved disastrously misguided, and only a few years later the guild had to be restored. This humiliating reversal of government policy led to an important reappraisal of the role of retail guilds, and nothing similar would be attempted until the eighteenth century.
The Study of Religions in Norway1
Authors: Finnestad Ragnhild Bjerre 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIn Norway, the study of religions has been conducted as a discipline in its own right, as well as integrated into other disciplines exploring human culture. This presentation will concentrate on the former, following two themes: its persistent institutional autonomy, and its varying cross-disciplinary preferences. To a certain extent, the freedom of choosing cross-disciplinary partners could be seen as conditioned by the institutional autonomy of the discipline.
Czech Religious Studies: Past, Present, Future'
Authors: Horyna Bretislav 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Czech academic study of religions has a rich, eventful and sometimes paradoxical history. To be sure, it is a history that is difficult for some readers to imagine since they reside in a complex but nevertheless transparent context, one both scientifically and academically structured. In this essay I will chart the development of the Czech study of religions, and evaluate its basic elements and central issues. In order to avoid the confusion of too many names, texts and schools, I will concentrate on the major trends in research and the methodological basis in each phase of its development. In writing this historical survey I stress the present situation and the preconditions for the further development of the study of religions; the past, whatever it may be, belongs to the past and it must not be regarded as an excuse for the current situation.
Categorical Designations and Methodological Reductionism: Gnosticism as Case Study1
Authors: Tite Philip L. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractDebate continues between reductionists and non-reductionists over sui generis discourse within the academic study of religion. In this article, Gnosticism is explored as a case study for applying methodological reductionism to categorical designations. Metaphysical reductionist approaches to Gnosticism have been present in the field, rendering "Gnosticism" as a transhistorical phenomenon which is irreducible to social scientific methods. After discussing the phenomenological approach of Hans Fonas and the cognitive approach of Ioan Couliano, this article, rejecting both ontological and metaphysical reduction, advocates the application of methodological reductionism. Methodological reduction helps to shift classifications away from conflation with reality to be seen, instead, as analytical devices for theorizing first-order data. A relative approach to the function of classification tools enables us to explore the modes of relation within particular classificatio constructions.
Reflections On Religion, Modernization, and Violence in the Islamic Middle East
Authors: Kingston Paul 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis essay examines the social role played by, and social reasons for, violence in the Islamic Middle East. In doing so, it aims to counteract a persistent tendency in the literature to igreore the complexity of the relationship between religion and violence, on the one hand, and larger issues of socio-political and economic change, on the other, in favor of a more simplistic approach that views so-called militant or radical Islam primarily as a cause of violence in the region. The essay argues that explanations of "religious" violence can never be divorced from a thorough understanding of the historical formation and present social dynamics of the various nation-states in the region.
"It's About Us": Religious Studies as Human Science
Authors: Orye Lieve 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article argues that, in order to understand religious studies's debate over reductionism, one should take the social-historical context of the debate and the fteld's subject matter into account. Martin Kusch's work on folk psychology and Ian Hacking's work on 'human kinds' provide an example of how this can take place. The article argues that the study of religion is part of the human sciences and that this area differs from the natural sciences precisely insomuch as the former's subject matter involves a learning reflexive human being. However, large parts of the study of religion exemplify a co-called 'inferior' science-or, as some would say, theology-insomuch as these areas have developed a myopia by looking through distorting Christian glasses. This form of the field seems based on 'knowledge ex nihilo', a shortcoming for a human science because it lacks any conscious reflection on its, and its subject matter's, involvement in society.
Asceticism, Religion, and Biological Evolution'
Authors: Bronkhorst Johannes 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis article initially argues that asceticism and related phenomena in classical India and in Christian antiquity suggest the existence of a universal, shared, innate human predisposition. After providing descriptive data on the widespread belief in a soul distinct from the body, along with cross-cultural accounts of ascetic practices, the article turns to a general reflection concerning the characteristics of an innate disposition termed the 'ascetic instinct' in light of other such dispositions, notably the 'language instinct' hypothesized to exist by some linguists. Further evidence in support of the proposed ascetic instinct, this time drawn mainly from tribal societies, is also presented. The article concludes by drawing on recent research on language and symbolic thinking to propose how this counter-reproductive universal arose and how it has survived in human beings.
The Gospel of Philip and Clement of Alexandria
Authors: Van Eijk A.H.C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractIt is the purpose* of this article to study in more detail than has been done the parallelism between saying 23 of the Gospel of Philip (Codex III Nag Hammadi, 104,26-105,19) and three passages from Clement of Alexandria's Pedagogue (1,38,1-3 ; 43,2-3 ; 2,19,3-20,1). This parallelism remained unnoticed in the two main existing commentaries on Ev.Phil., the one by R. M. Wilson (1962), and the other by J. E. Ménard (1967).1 We shall first deal at some length with Ev.Phil. 23, and pay special attention to what it has to say on the resurrection and the Eucharist, drawing parallels with other sayings of this Gospel, and also with the writings of theologians of the Great Church. We shall then turn to the relevant passages from Clement's Pedagogue, and try to take away some obstacles which have hindered the understanding of Clement's allusive language in these passages. Finally, we shall make some remarks on the "demarcation-lines" that are usually drawn between the various kinds of theology in the second and third century.
Death as a Spiritual Marriage: Individual and Ecclesial Eschatology
Authors: Rush Alfred C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractBeginning with Osee, Yahweh's relationship with Israel is described in terms of marriage. The basic, underlying theme is the love of the husband that overcomes the infidelities of his spouse, his covenanted people.1 This marriage theme of love later finds many nuanced expressions in the Old Testament.2 The Church, as the Spouse of Christ, is the continuation and fulfillment of the Old Testament theme.3 "Since the Church of the New Testament succeeds the Synagogue of the Old Testament, it naturally takes over not only the general idea of the People of God, but also the metaphorical language of bridal mysticism in the prophetic books; God unites himself with Redeemed mankind with the tenderness and constancy of a lover."4
The Valentinian Claim To Esoteric Exegesis of Romans as Basis for Anthropological Theory
Authors: Pagels Elaine H. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractInvestigation of Valentinian exegesis of Romans indicates that certain gnostic theologians claim to have developed their anthropological theory from an esoteric exegesis of Romans. While most Christians read the epistle "literally", as Paul's discussion of the contrast between the revelation to Israel and the revelation in Christ, these exegetes read it allegorically. Accordingly, they claim, what Paul describes as the situation of "the Jews" who stand "in the law" (cf. Rm. 2.12; 3.19), subject to "sin" and "death" (8.2 f.) allegorically describes the situation of psychic Christians. They, as "Jews", worship the "God of the Jews" (3.29), the demiurge, whose law requires them to earn their salvation "from works" (4.2). Conversely, Paul's discussion of the "Gentiles", who, "outside the law", have in their hearts the "law by nature" (2.12-15) describes the situation of the pneumatics. These receive redemption entirely "apart from the law" (3.21), "without works" (3.28). They are the elect foreordained by the Father (8.29f.), redeemed "through faith", "according to grace" (3.21-30). This analysis suggests that the traditional framework for interpreting gnostic anthropology - either in terms of "determinism" (Bultmann, 1941) or of "free will" (L. Schottroff, 1969) - proves inadequate. Such anthropological terms as the "natures" (φστδ) or their designation as "hylic/psychic/pneumatic" instead are intended to present a modified theory of election, allegedly Pauline. They are intended to differentiate between the psychics' salvation, effected by choice "through works", on the one hand, and the pneumatics' redemption through divine election on the other — an election received "through faith", and "by grace".
"Unsere Hände Den Armen Öffnen" Das Opus Monasticum Der Pachomianer
Authors: Joest Christoph 
Published: June 2008

AbstractEs ist erfreulich, daß der große ägyptische Mönchsvater Pachom (287-347)1 auch unter protestantischen Autoren zunehmend in seiner Bedeutung erkannt und gewürdigt wird. Heinrich Holze geht in seiner Habilitationsschrift "Erfahrung und Theologie"2 mehrfach mit großem Verständnis für seine Leistung auf ihn ein und hat auch einige wertvolle Aufsätze über den Stellenwert der Heiligen Schrift und die Gebetspraxis bei den Pachomiancm veröffentlicht.3 Dabei beruft er sich mehrfach auf einen Text der Pachom-Vita, der scheinbar das opus monasticum der Mönche, also die Grundpfeiler monastischen Lebens, in klassischer und aus anderen Zusammenhängen genugsam bekannter Weise enthält: unablässiges Gebet, Nachtwachen, "Meditation" des Gesetzes Gottes und Handarbeit.4 Das Besondere der Leistung Pachoms, so könnte man schlußfolgern, bestünde dann darin, daß er diese Weisungen zum ersten Mal formuliert hat. Es ist meine Überzeugung, daß der fragliche Text, wenn man ihn so versteht, seiner eigentlichen Pointe beraubt wird, weil er von dem Klosterwesen späterer Zeit rückwärts gewandt betrachtet und von diesem Verständnis aus begriffen und eingeordnet wird. Im folgenden will ich zunächst das Zitat im Zusammenhang der Argumentation bei Holze darstellen, dann die erwähnte Stelle im vollen Wortlaut und im Kontext der Pachom-Vita untersuchen und abschließend das spezifisch Pachomianische aufgrund des behandelten Textes aufzeigen.
Die Mahlgebete in Didache Kap. 9-10 Ein Neuer Status Quaestionis
Authors: Rordorf Willy 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSeit dem letzten Status quaestionis über die Forschung zu diesen Didache-Kapiteln,1 den ich im Zusammenhang mit meiner Vorbereitung der Didache-Ausgabe in den Sources Chretiennes2 schrieb, sind 20 Jahre verflossen. Im Blick auf die Neuauflage ist es an der Zeit, die inzwischen erschienene Literatur aufzuarbeiten und kritisch darzustellen. Der besseren Uebersichtlichkeit halber werde ich nicht strikt chronologisch vorgehen, sondern die Materie in zwei Kapitel einteilen, wobei es dann allerdings unvermeidlich ist, dass die eine oder andere Arbeit an verschiedenen Stellen auftaucht. Zuerst werde ich ein textkritisches Problem erwähnen, das mit der alten koptischen Uebersetzung der Didache zusammenhängt und aus dem in letzter Zeit weitreichende Folgerungen gezogen worden sind; anschliessend muss ich-wie könnte es anders sein?-eingehend auf die alte und wohl kaum je ganz zu lösende Streitfrage zurückkommen, ob es sich in den Mahlgebeten von Didache 9-10 lediglich um eine rituelle Mahlfeier handelt oder ob wir darin eine etwas besondere Form der Eucharistie zu sehen haben, oder ob Didache 9-10 eher Anlass gibt zur Annahme, dass die beiden, Mahlfeier und Eucharistie, als aufeinander folgend anzusehen sind.
L'Obscurcissement Du Soleil En Plein Jour. Quelques Réflexions Des Pères Commentateurs De La Septante Des Prophètes
Authors: Brottier Laurence 
Published: June 2008

AbstractPlusieurs péricopes du Dodekapropheton (Am 8, 9;J1 2, 10; 3, 4 (2, 31); 4 (3), 15; Za 14, 5-7) annoncent l'obscurcissement du soleil en plein jour. Ces textes énigmatiques ont stimulé l'activité herméneutique des Pères grecs. On voit apparaître ces versets à travers la littérature patristique dans des genres littéraires fort différents, des catéchèses à la correspondance, de l'apologétique à l'homélie de circonstance. La présente étude prend en compte, outre des exégèses ponctuelles, les commentaires continus des Antiochiens et de Cyrille d'Alexandrie ainsi que les scholies inédites d'Hésychius de Jérusalem. Les versets en question sont éclairés soit par le Nouveau Testament qui permet de voir en eux une annonce des bouleversements liés à la Passion du Christ, soit par une réflexion psychologique qui les considère comme l'expression des plus extrêmes bouleversements de l'âme humaine.