bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of European Union funding on tourism in the Grampian Region
Authors: Nash Robert , Koyabe Doris , Stansbie Paul 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe European Union (EU) has no specific tourism policy. Even though there are divergent views on its involvement in regional development, there is a consensus on the fact that the EU is involved by its principle role of ‘Subsidiarity’. There is also continued participation of the EU in activities related to tourism development in the community. Undoubtedly, the EU is having an impact on regional development of members states. Research carried out shows the contribution of the EU in regional development and tourism. The EU funding has tended to focus on peripheral areas and where traditional industries are declining. Tourism related projects (such as visitor attractions) have benefited from such funding programmes, on the assumption that these projects will create employment and increase visitor numbers, as well as promote the economies of these regions. Consequently, this paper considers the contributions of EU funding of tourism attractions in the Aberdeen and Grampian region of Scotland and issues affecting the effectiveness of the attractions themselves. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G2019S LRRK2 mutation in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease in Russia
Authors: Pchelina Sofya N. , Yakimovskii Andrei F. , Ivanova Olga N. , Emelianov Anton K. , Zakharchuk Andrei H. , Schwarzman Alexander L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAmong mutations associated with autosomal dominant and sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD) the G2019S substitution in the leucine‐rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) gene is the most frequently identified. To estimate its frequency in Russia, we analyzed 208 patients with PD from the Northwestern region of Russia. Of these, 51 patients were probands from families with PD compatible with autosomal dominant inheritance. The control group represented 161 subjects without neurological disorders settled in the same region. The frequency of the G2019S mutation was greater in familial PD (2 [3.9%] of 51) than in sporadic PD (1 [0.6%] of 157). In addition, this mutation was found in the proband's father, who also had PD, in 1 PD family, and in 1 carrier without signs of PD at age 40 in another PD family. All carriers were heterozygous for the G2019S mutation and reported the Ashkenazi Jewish origin. The mutation was not found in the control group. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's disease in Africa: A systematic review of epidemiologic and genetic studies
Authors: Okubadejo Njideka U. , Bower James H. , Rocca Walter A. , Maraganore Demetrius M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) occurs worldwide, but little is known about PD in Africa. We systematically reviewed publications on PD in Africa, with emphasis on epidemiologic and genetic studies. Articles published between 1944 and December 2004 were identified using several strategies. The studies emanated from 13 African countries (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Senegal, Ghana, Togo, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Zimbabwe, and South Africa). The publications fell into four categories: clinical series (n = 17), prevalence studies (n = 7), incidence studies (n = 1), and genetic studies (n = 3). The clinical series documented the occurrence of PD in Africa and described its clinical characteristics. The prevalence studies suggested some intracontinental geographic variation in PD prevalence. Overall, the prevalence figures and the incidence rates of PD in Africa appeared lower than those reported for European and North American populations. Few genetic studies of PD have been reported from Africa, and none in blacks. There are no case–control or cohort studies of PD reported from Africa. This review provides a summary of PD research in Africa over the past 60 years and highlights the information gaps and potential areas for future research. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Existence and exponential stability in Lr‐spaces of stationary Navier–Stokes flows with prescribed flux in infinite cylindrical domains
Authors: Ri Myong‐Hwan , Farwig Reinhard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe prove existence, uniqueness and exponential stability of stationary Navier–Stokes flows with prescribed flux in an unbounded cylinder of ℝn,n⩾3, with several exits to infinity provided the total flux and external force are sufficiently small. The proofs are based on analytic semigroup theory, perturbation theory and Lr − Lq‐estimates of a perturbation of the Stokes operator in Lq‐spaces. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structural elucidation of nitro‐substituted five‐membered aromatic heterocycles utilizing GIAO DFT calculations
Authors: Katritzky Alan R. , Akhmedov Novruz G. , Doskocz Jacek , Hall C. Dennis , Akhmedova Rena G. , Majumder Suman 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe GIAO (Gauge Including Atomic Orbitals) DFT (Density Functional Theory) method is applied at the B3LYP/6–31+G(d,p)//B3LYP/6–31+G(d), B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6–31+G(d), B3LYP/6–311+G (2d,p)//B3LYP/6–31+G(d) and B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p)//B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) levels of theory for the calculation of proton and carbon chemicals shifts and coupling constants for 25 nitro‐substituted five‐membered heterocycles. Difference (1D NOE) spectra in combination with long‐range gHMBC experiments were used as tools for the structural elucidation of nitro‐substituted five‐membered heterocycles. The assigned NMR data (chemical shifts and coupling constants) for all compounds were found to be in good agreement with theoretical calculations using the GIAO DFT method. The magnitudes of one‐bond (1JCH) and long‐range (nJCH, n > 1) coupling constants were utilized for unambiguous differentiation between regioisomers of nitro‐substituted five‐membered heterocycles. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hybrid approximation algorithm with Kriging and quadratic polynomial‐based approach for approximate optimization
Authors: Sakata S. , Ashida F. , Zako M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a new hybrid algorithm that uses a Kriging and quadratic polynomial‐based approach for approximate optimization. The Kriging method is used for generating a global approximation model, and the polynomial‐based approximation method is used for generating a local approximation model.The Kriging system is only used to construct a polynomial‐based locally approximate model by estimating some function values and Hessian components of an estimated surface. The number of Kriging estimations can be reduced in comparison with direct Kriging‐based optimization, and a local optimum solution on an approximated surface can be clearly estimated without use of an optimization procedure based on a local appropriate quadratic polynomial model.Numerical examples of engineering optimization using the proposed method illustrate validity and effectiveness of the proposed method. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A preconditioned conjugate gradient approach to structural reanalysis for general layout modifications
Authors: Li Zhengguang , Wu Baisheng 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper presents a preconditioned conjugate gradient approach to structural static reanalysis for general layout modifications. It is suitable for all types of layout modifications, including the general case in which some original members and nodes are deleted and other new members and nodes are added concurrently. The approach is based on the preconditioned conjugate gradient technique. The preconditioner is constructed, and an efficient implementation for applying the preconditioner is presented, which requires the factorization of the stiffness matrix corresponding to the newly added degrees of freedom only. In particular, the approach can adaptively monitor the accuracy of approximate solutions. Numerical examples show that the condition number of the preconditioned matrix is remarkably reduced. Therefore, the fast convergence and accurate results can be achieved by the approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimization of structural dynamic behaviour based on effective modal parameters
Authors: Besset S. , Jézéquel L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractOptimization of complex structures often leads to high calculation costs. Indeed, the structure has to be frequently reanalysed in order to update the optimization criteria. We propose an optimization method based on effective modal parameters. These parameters are close to the modal matrices used for the modal analysis of a structure. Thus, once the structure has been analysed, it becomes very easy to calculate optimization criteria. First, we will explain the modal analysis that we will use in this paper. A modal model will be used to analyse the hollow parts of the structure. The modal analysis of the whole structure will be performed using substructuring and ‘double modal synthesis’ proposed by Jezequel. Secondly, we will explain how to obtain effective modal parameters and their use for optimization. Finally, we will show the efficiency of these parameters through the optimization of a complex structure, using two types of optimization methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual dimorphism in limb bones of ibex (Capra ibex L.): mixture analysis applied to modern and fossil data
Authors: Fernández H. , Monchot H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEstimating sex ratios of fossil bone assemblages is an important step in the determination of demographic profiles, which are essential for understanding the palaeobiology and palaeoethology of any particular species, as well as its exploitation patterns by humans. This is especially true for ibex (Capra ibex), which was a main source of food for hominids during Pleistocene times. Classical methods for determining sexual dimorphism and sex ratio, such as analyses using uni‐ and bivariate plots, are based on an arbitrary fixing of limits between sexes. Here we use a more robust statistical method termed mixture analysis (MA) to determine the sex of postcranial remains (long bones, metapodials and tarsals) from ibex. For the first time, we apply MA to both a modern and a fossil sample of one species, by using metric data taken from (i) a collection of present‐day ibex skeletons and (ii) a Palaeolithic sample of the same species. Our results clearly show that the forelimb (humerus and radius) is more dimorphic than the hindlimb (femur and tibia) and is therefore better suited for sexing ibex. It also appears that metapodials should be used carefully for estimating sex ratios. On the basis of these results, we propose a classification of bone measurements that are more or less reliable for sexing ibex. The results of MA applied to the ibex fossil bones from the Upper Palaeolithic site of the Observatoire (Monaco) lead us to the conclusion that this assemblage consists of a majority of males. The quantitative estimations calculated by the MA make it possible to compare the size of Pleistocene and modern ibex for the whole set of variables used in this study. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating forward and reverse proteomics to unravel protein function
Authors: Palcy Sandrine , Chevet Eric 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTo date, proteomics approaches have aimed to either identify novel proteins or change in protein expression/modification in various organisms under normal or disease conditions. One major aspect of functional proteomics is to identify protein biological properties in a given context, however, forward proteomics approaches alone cannot complete this goal. Indeed, with the increasing successes of such proteomics‐based research strategies and the subsequent increasing amounts of proteins identified with unknown molecular functions, approaches allowing for systematic analyses of protein functions are desired. In this review, we propose to depict the complementarities of forward and reverse proteomics approaches in the definite understanding of protein functions. This dual strategy requires a data integration loop which allows for systematic characterization of protein function(s). The details of the integrative process combining both in silico and experimental resources and tools are presented. Altogether, we believe that the integration of forward and reverse proteomics approaches supported by bioinformatics will provide an efficient path towards systems biology.
Crystal structure of human TMDP, a testis‐specific dual specificity protein phosphatase: Implications for substrate specificity
Authors: Kim Seung Jun , Jeong Dae‐Gwin , Yoon Tae‐Sung , Son Jeong‐Hee , Cho Somi Kim , Ryu Seong Eon , Kim Jae‐Hoon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe testis‐ and skeletal‐muscle‐specific dual‐specificity phosphatase (TMDP) is a member of the dual‐specificity phosphatase (DSP) subgroup of protein tyrosine phosphatases. TMDP has similar activities toward both tyrosine and threonine phosphorylated substrates, and is supposed to be involved in spermatogenesis. Here, we report the crystal structure of human TMDP at a resolution of 2.4 Å. In spite of high sequence similarity with other DSPs, the crystal structure of TMDP shows distinct structural motifs and surface properties. In TMDP, the α1–β1 loop, a substrate recognition motif is located further away from the active site loop in comparison to prototype DSP Vaccinia H1 related phophatase (VHR), which preferentially dephosphorylates tyrosine phosphorylated substrates and down‐regulates MAP kinase signaling. Residues in the active site residues of TMDP are smaller in size and more hydrophobic than those of VHR. In addition, TMDP cannot be aligned with VHR in loop β3–α4. These differences in the active site of TMDP result in a flat and wide pocket structure, allowing equal binding of phosphotyrosine and phosphothreonine substrates. Proteins 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and conversion electron Mössbauer study of Fe3O4/α‐Fe2O3 composite films
Authors: Niu Z. P. , Wang Y. , Li F. S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFe3O4 and Fe3O4/α‐Fe2O3 composite films have been prepared from a sintered Fe2O3 target, using an rf magnetron sputtering apparatus with various argon pressures. The phase and magnetic properties of the samples have been characterized by X‐ray‐diffraction (XRD) measurements, conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy (CEMS), and a vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). With the increasing argon pressure during sputtering, the increase of the average center shift of Mössbauer lines indicates the decreasing valency state of Fe ions induced by the enhancement of presumed oxygen loss. An enhanced magnetoresistance (MR) has been found in the Fe3O4/α‐Fe2O3 composite film that was prepared under an Ar pressure of 1.0 Pa. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization mass spectrometric characterization of Harpagophytum in equine urine and plasma
Authors: Colas Cyril , Garcia Patrice , Popot Marie‐Agnès , Bonnaire Yves , Bouchonnet Stéphane 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA method has been developed for the analysis and characterization in equine urine and plasma of iridoid glycosides: harpagide, harpagoside and 8‐para‐coumaroyl harpagide, which are the main active principles of Harpagophytum, a plant with antiinflammatory properties. The method involves liquid chromatography coupled with positive electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The addition of sodium or lithium chloride instead of formic acid in the eluting solvent has been studied in order to enhance the signal and to modify the ion's internal energy. Fragmentation pathways and associated patterns are proposed for each analyte. A comparison of three types of mass spectrometer: a 3D ion trap, a triple quadrupole and a linear ion trap, has been conducted. The 3D ion trap was selected for drug screening analysis whereas the linear ion trap was retained for identification and quantitation analysis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the immunomodulator laquinimod in human plasma by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry; development, validation and application of two methods in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling
Authors: Sennbro Carl Johan , Olin Magnus , Edman Karin , Hansson Gunnar , Gunnarsson Per Olov , Svensson Leif D 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLaquinimod (ABR‐215062) is a synthetic compound currently undergoing clinical development for oral treatment of multiple sclerosis. The present paper describes the development, validation and clinical application of two rapid and sensitive methods for the determination of ABR‐215062 in human plasma. Both methods use liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) with electrospray ionization in positive mode and a stable isotope (13C6)‐labeled ABR‐215062 as internal standard for calibration. The selected reaction monitoring was based on the transitions m/z 357.1 → 236.1 for ABR‐215062, and either m/z 363.2 → 236.1 or 365.2 → 238.1 for 13C6‐ABR‐215062. Method 1, aimed and validated for low level determinations (0.4–100 nmol/L) of ABR‐215062, utilizes solid‐phase extraction followed by isocratic elution. Method 2, aimed and validated for wide range determinations (0.75–15000 nmol/L) of ABR‐215062, utilizes protein precipitation followed by fast gradient elution. The methods were validated with respect to selectivity, lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), dynamic range, precision, accuracy, extraction recovery and ruggedness. Furthermore, the stability of low level ABR‐215062 in plasma was investigated. The methods were also applied in clinical trials. The LLOQs were 0.4 and 0.75 nmol/L for methods 1 and 2, respectively. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision for the methods were 1.6–3.5% and 2.1–5.7%. The extraction recoveries were 90–97% for both methods. ABR‐215062 was stable in plasma for at least 3 months when stored at −20°C. In conclusion, our developed methods were found to be selective, sensitive, robust and suitable for applications in clinical pharmacokinetic profiling. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nickel quantification in serum by a validated sector‐field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry method: assessment of tentative reference values for an Italian population
Authors: Bocca Beatrice , Forte Giovanni , Ronchi Anna , Gaggeri Raffaella , Alimonti Alessandro , Minoia Claudio 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe daily exposure to Ni from food, industrial processes, jewellery and coins makes the determination of Ni in human serum an important way to monitor the health status in non‐occupationally exposed subjects. To this end, a method based on sector‐field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was developed and validated. The limits of detection (LoD) and quantification (LoQ), sensitivity, linearity range, trueness, repeatability, within‐laboratory reproducibility and robustness were the considered issues of the validation process. The uncertainty associated with the measurements was also calculated, according to the Eurachem/Citac Guide. The method LoD and LoQ were 0.03 and 0.09 ng mL−1, linearity was over two order of magnitude, trueness was −3.57%, and the repeatability and reproducibility showed relative standard deviations equal to 4.56% and 6.52%, respectively. The relative expanded uncertainty was 21.8% at the Ni levels found in the general population. The tentative reference value for serum Ni was 0.466 ± 0.160 ng mL−1 with a related interval between 0.226 and 1.026 ng mL−1. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An objective means of diagnosing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa using 15N/14N and 13C/12C ratios in hair
Authors: Hatch Kent A. , Crawford Morgan A. , Kunz Amanda W. , Thomsen Steven R. , Eggett Dennis L. , Nelson Stephen T. , Roeder Beverly L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAn objective means based on the carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis of five hairs per individual is presented for distinguishing between individuals with anorexia nervosa and/or bulimia nervosa from non‐clinical individuals (i.e. clinically normal controls). Using discriminant analysis, an algorithm has been developed that provides both sensitivity and specificity of 80% in making diagnoses of individuals with these eating disorders. With further refinements, the results suggest that it may be also possible to distinguish between individuals with anorexia or bulimia. Finally, the study shows the value of conducting blind tests and using larger sample sizes of both control and treatment groups. Both groups are needed to validate the diagnostic value of a method and to provide measures of sensitivity and specificity of any diagnostic test. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Macrodynamic feedback interaction between trade and production
Authors: Eitelberg Eduard 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSome significant aspects of dynamic behaviour of price level and economic activity are directly related to macroeconomic interaction between trade and production feedback loops. It is shown how this simple interaction can give, and likely has given, rise to macroeconomic business cycles as well as to counter‐intuitively slow responses to disturbances or commands. It is suggested that many puzzling deviations from economic equilibrium are caused by nonlinear interaction between feedback loops with independent regulators in macro‐ and microeconomy. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A benchmarking framework for methods to design flexible business processes
Authors: Daoudi Feriel , Nurcan Selmin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe assumption made in this article is that flexible processes require specific design methods. The choice of a method for modelling flexible processes depends on many criteria and situations that we gathered in a benchmarking framework. The user can use it as a decision support tool to choose the appropriate method in order to design flexible business processes in a given project situation. This framework also includes managerial concerns such as the time and the budget of the project. We use three enterprise modelling techniques to illustrate how to use the proposed framework. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The desirability function in evaluation of the response of phytoplankton communities to toxicants
Authors: Kaitala Seppo , Maximov Viktor N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe response of phytoplankton communities to copper, cadmium, zinc, and pentachlorophenolate in 24‐factorial experiments were investigated. Seven experiments lasting from three to five days were carried out. During each experiment, 16 bottles were incubated in situ. Different species had different responses to the toxicants. For evaluation of the response of the whole community the desirability function was used. The densities of abundant species in the control bottle were used as a reference and considered as desirable. All exceptions more than one standard deviation from the control were considered detrimental. The value of the overall desirability function D was calculated as a geometrical mean of the values of the desirability function for n single speciesD = (d1d2…dn)1/n.The overall desirability function values in the factorial experiments were treated by regression analyses. In all experiments, the responses of the phytoplankton community to the toxicants were similar. In general, copper caused the greatest change in phytoplankton communities.