bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genesis of a Three-Phase Subsea Metering System
Authors: Dowty E. L. , Hatton G. J. , Durrett M. G. , Dean T. L. , Jiskoot R. J. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes the development of a three-phase metering system for installation on seabed templates at or near subsea wellheads. It tracks the development of the system from its conception through continuing tests on a production platform in the North Sea. The paper also reviews modification of the original design as a result of 1989 offshore tests.
Continuous Improvement in Drilling Performance: A Challenge for the Industry
Authors: Buchan Robert 
Published: December 2007

Summary
In 1990, extensive drilling activity was matched by significant improvements in drilling performance across a range of North Sea blocks. Major reductions in well costs were achieved as a result. The paper describes how a fresh approach to well planning and design led to these improvements and how continuous improvement is possible by creating an environment for innovation that includes teamwork, risk analysis, and a "value for money" approach to well planning.
New Water-Based Muds for Tertiary Shale Control
Authors: Reid P. I. , Minton R. C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
This paper describes laboratory and field assessments of a series of inhibitive water muds developed by BP. RCS 1 contains cationic starch to control fluid loss and to inhibit shale expansion further. RCS 2 is a highly inhibitive version of RCS 1 containing polyglycerol. RCS 3, the most inhibitive mud of the series, contains a phosphate salt and polyglycerol. Levels of inhibition appear close to those of oil-based mud.
Model Study of Foam as a Sealant for Leaks in Gas Storage Reservoirs
Authors: Bernard George G. , Holm L.W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Previous studies have shown that foam, because of its unique structure, reduces gas flow in porous media. This blocking action of foam appears to be especially suitable for sealing leaks in underground gas storage reservoirs. Such reservoirs often have permeable areas in the overlying caprock that allow permeable areas in the overlying caprock that allow vertical migration of gas from the storage zone to the upper formations. The escaped gas represents both a safety hazard and an economic loss.
Our objectives in this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of foam in preventing the escape of gas from a leaky gas storage reservoir and to find the foaming agents that were most suitable for this purpose.
We simulated the behavior of a leaky gas reservoir with a sandstone model and found that foam was 99-percent effective in reducing leakage of gas through the model.
The amount of foaming agent required to seal a leak depends on the adsorption-desorption properties of the agent. After testing many foaming agents, we concluded that best results are obtained with certain modified anionic esters of relatively low molecular weight. Less than 0.3 lb of such agents is required per barrel of pore space in Berea sandstone.
This study indicates that foam generation should be an effective and economical method for reducing or stopping gas leakage from an underground storage reservoir.

Introduction
The practicality of underground gas storage is greatly dependent upon the confinement that the caprock provides for the formation to be used as a storage reservoir. In spite of numerous precautions, several gas storage projects are plagued by vertical migration of gas from the intended storage zone to upper formations. Such gas leaks pose a safety hazard and represent an economic loss. If leakage is very high, the storage operation may be uneconomical.
In at least one cases the leak problem is minimized by periodically collecting the escaped gas from the upper formation and reinjecting it into the storage reservoir. While such a solution is feasible, it is economically unattractive because the leak limits pressures and gas injection rates. Furthermore, energy must be expended in order to circulate the escaped gas.
Recent studies have shown that foam, because of its unique structure, reduces gas flow in porous media. This blocking action of foam appears to be uniquely suitable for sealing leaks in underground gas storage reservoirs. Our objectives in this study were to determine the effectiveness of foam in reducing gas flow in a model of a "leaky" gas storage reservoir and to find foaming agents most suitable for this purpose.
Foams as Blocking Agents in Porous Media
Authors: Albrecht Robert A. , Marsden Sullivan S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Although foam usually will flow in porous media, under certain controllable conditions it can also be used to block the flow of gas, both in unconsolidated sand packs and in sandstones. After steady gas or foam flow has been established at a certain injection pressure pi, the pressure is decreased until flow pressure pi, the pressure is decreased until flow ceases at a certain blocking pressure pb. When flow is then reestablished at a second, higher pi, blocking can again occur at another pb that will usually be greater than the first pi. The relationship between pi and Pb depends on the type of porous medium and the foamer solution saturation in the porous medium. A process is suggested whereby porous medium. A process is suggested whereby this phenomenon might be used to impede or block leakage in natural gas storage projects.

Introduction
The practice of storing natural gas in underground porous rocks has developed rapidly, and it now is porous rocks has developed rapidly, and it now is the major way of meeting peak demands in urban areas of the U. S. Many of these storage projects have been plagued with gas leakage problems that have, in some cases, presented safety hazards and resulted in sizeable economic losses. Usually these leaks are due to such natural factors as faults and fractures, or to such engineering factors as poor cement jobs and wells that were improperly abandoned. For the latter, various remedies such as spot cementing have been tried but not always with great success.
In recent years several research groups have been studying the flow properties of aqueous foams and their application to various petroleum engineering problems. Most of this work has been done under problems. Most of this work has been done under experimental conditions such that the foam would flow in either tubes or porous media. However, under some extreme or unusual experimental conditions, flow in porous media becomes very difficult or even impossible. This factor also has suggested m us as well as to others that foam can be used as a gas flow impeder or as a sealant for leaks in gas storage reservoirs. In such a process, the natural ability of porous media to process, the natural ability of porous media to generate foam would be utilized by injecting a slug of foamer solution and following this with gas to form the foam in situ.
This paper presents preliminary results of a sandy on the blockage of gas flow by foam in porous media. It also describes how this approach might be applied to a field process for sealing leaks in natural gas storage reservoirs. Throughout this report, we use the term "foam" to describe any dispersed gas-liquid system in which the liquid is the continuous phase, and the gas is the discontinuous phase.
Automated Geological Evaluation of Continuous Slim-Hole Cores
Authors: Spain David R. , Morris Steven A. , Penn John T. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Slim-hole continuous coring and drilling techniques applied to oil exploration are receiving wide recognition. Slim-hole coring methods produce high-quality continuous cores that yield valuable exploration information. Amoco Production Co.'s geological evaluation modules furnish an on-site automated instrumentation system to extract a maximum of information from the core, thus providing the vital link in developing high-speed slim-hole coring into an integrated exploration tool.
"Inverse logging" (logging the core instead of the borehole) is the primary goal of on-site geological evaluation. Up-hole measurements on cores include gamma scan, magnetic susceptibility, infrared mineralogy, ultraviolet fluorescence, nuclear magnetic resonance porosity, and pyrolysis (source rock) data; macroscopic and microscopic video images for analysis and archiving; and sedimentological/lithological description.
Continuous rock samples through entire basin-filling sequences are used to calibrate seismic and well log data. This information provides insight into opportunities and risks associated with exploration and development in all types of basins.

Introduction
In recent years it has become apparent that the oil and gas industry needs major innovative changes to improve exploration effectiveness and decrease the costs of finding. The results of studies done to assess the technical risk associated with exploration and development indicate a need to better understand the actual geological and geophysical characteristics of reservoir, seal, and source packages. In both basin reconnaissance and subtle-trap exploration modes, the need has never been greater to pursue the acquisition of continuous cores actively to better analyze subsurface hydrocarbon systems and improve technical databases.
Continuous cores acquired through complete sedimentary sections enhance geological and geophysical data. Direct observation of lithology, sedimentary structures, fossils, reservoir pore geometry, source-rock characteristics, seal characteristics, and petrophysical rock properties permits fact (instead of interpreted, indirect information) to guide subsequent exploration and exploitation programs.
Traditional slim-hole continuous coring and drilling techniques are receiving wide recognition in their application to oil exploration; core analytical capabilities are considered deficient and present a challenge to the oil industry. Automated geological analysis of continuous slim-hole cores results in on-site, real-time evaluation. The geological evaluation modules provide the critical link for connecting high-speed slim-hole coring into an integrated exploration system, and, thus, have the potential to revolutionize exploration and development philosophies and create entirely new oil and gas paradigms. Slim-hole drilling and on-site evaluation can be applied to all phases of exploration and development, including rank wildcat well analysis, field development studies, and regional trend or basin analysis studies.
Accounting for Silica Precipitation in the Design of Sandstone Acidizing
Authors: da Motta E. P. , Plavnik Benjamin , Schecter R. S. , Hill A. D. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Mud-acid treatments normally are designed by approximating the complex mineralogy of a sandstone with a "lumping" procedure. Minerals are classified as either fast- or slow-reacting and the rates of their reaction with HF are determined by analysis of the acid effluent from acidized core plugs. For most treatments carried out at modest temperatures and reasonable rates, this approach is satisfactory. In this paper, we show that at higher reaction temperatures, the simple two-mineral dissolution model does not apply because an intermediate product of the HF reaction with quartz, feldspars, and clays (H2SiF6) begins to react further with both clays and feldspars. This new reaction must be included to model data. The additional reaction, not observed at lower temperatures, has important consequences. For example, the acid injection rate is no longer critical. The analysis presented here shows that retarded acids are unnecessary. Contrary to previous concepts, mud acid itself provides a deep-penetrating capability. This surprising result may account for the high percentage of successful treatments even when this treatment is carried out under a wide range of conditions.
What Difference Does Internal-Taper Length Make on Drillpipe Fatigue Life?
Authors: Wilson G. E. , Shepard J. S. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Premature drillpipe failure is a serious drilling problem. Such failures normally occur in internal-upset (IU) and internal, external-upset (IEU) drillpipe in the internal taper (Miu) or near where the IU blends into the drillpipe tube ID. This paper illustrates some of these types of failures and offers a new long-taper, thick-wall upset as a solution.
Prevention of Bit Balling in Shales—Preliminary Results
Authors: Roy Sanjit , Cooper G. A. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Bit balling is a major problem that occurs during drilling of a formation containing water-sensitive clays, such as shales. This paper discusses a new technique for eliminating this problem that establishes an electric potential between the formation and the bit with the bit as the cathode. Laboratory drilling experiments in Pierre shale showed that, under favorable conditions, bit balling was reduced. The rate of penetration (ROP) doubled when the bit was negatively charged with respect to the rock, compared with the case where no potential was applied. This method suggests a new approach to reducing bit balling without toxic chemicals or oil-based muds, which are subject to serious environmental restrictions.
Drillstring Imaging—An Interpretation of Surface Drilling Vibrations
Authors: Booer A. K. , Meehan R. J. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A brief review of drillstring vibration literature is followed by the development of a model-based approach to analyze drillstring vibrations. The resulting image calculated from vibration data allows identification of interaction points between the wellbore and the drillstring. Field data examples are given.
Foam in Porous Media: Characteristics and Potential Applications
Authors: Raza S. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A laboratory study was made of the variables which affect the generation, propagation, quality und nature of foam produced inside a porous medium. It is shown that foam can be generated and propagated in porous media representative of reservoir rocks at pressure levels ranging from atmospheric to 1,000 psig, and under pressure differentials ranging from 1.0 to 50 psi/ft. The quality of foam depends on the type of foaming agent, the concentration of foaming solution, the physical properties of the porous medium, the pressure level, and the composition and saturation of fluids present. The nature of foam depends upon the type of foaming agent and its concentration in the foaming solution.
The study shows that the flow behavior of foam in a porous medium is a complex one which cannot he correctly described in terms of the high apparent viscosity of foam. Also, the concept of relative permeability is not applicable to the flow of foam due to the associative nature of its components.
On the basis of the discussed characteristics of foam, several applications of foam are suggested in oil recovery processes.
Instant Well-Log Inversion With a Parallel Computer
Authors: Kimminau S. J. , Trivedi H. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Well-log analysis requires several vectors of input data to be inverted with a physical model that produces more vectors of output data. The problem is inherently suited to either vectorization or parallelization. PLATO (parallel log analysis, timely output) is a research prototype system that uses a parallel architecture computer with memory-mapped graphics to invert vector data and display the result rapidly.
By combining this high-performance computing and display system with a graphical user interface, the analyst can interact with the system in "real time" and can visualize the result of changing parameters on up to 1, 000 levels of computed volumes and reconstructed logs. It is expected that such "instant" inversion will remove the main disadvantages frequently cited for simultaneous analysis methods, namely difficulty in assessing sensitivity to different parameters and slow output response.
Although the prototype system uses highly specific features of a parallel processor, a subsequent version has been implemented on a conventional (serial) workstation with less performance but adequate functionality to preserve the apparently instant response. PLATO demonstrates the feasibility of petroleum computing applications combining an intuitive graphical interface, high-performance computing of physical models, and real-time output graphics.
From DOS to UNIX: An Independent's Experience
Authors: Hepguler Gokhan , Meehan D. Nathan 
Published: December 2007

Summary
Union Pacific Resources Co. (UPRC) is a large independent operator with about 100 petroleum engineers. UPRC has a reasonably sophisticated PC network with many hundreds of PC's connected by several local area network (LAN) servers. Essentially all engineers have a 386-based PC on their desks with access to a host of software packages, peripheral devices, and mainframe computers. Many engineers have acquired 486-based PC's. UPRC's solution has involved migrating from a DOS-based platform on individual users' desks to UNIX workstations. Dozens of UNIX workstations are networked; some are "on the desk, " while others are located in central locations. Reservoir simulation, geostatistical modeling, image processing, and log analysis are now done exclusively on the UNIX workstations. Numerous DOS-based programs, however, have not yet been migrated into the UNIX environment.
This paper describes the topography of both PC DOS and UNIX workstation networks in UPRC and examines the flow of information in each network configuration to identify differences. The successes and failures of various techniques for providing access to both platforms are presented.
Field Installation of a Distributed Database Application—Concept vs. Reality
Authors: Evans E. L. , Berry M. R. , Goings M. C. 
Published: December 2007

Summary
A PC-based equipment-failure reporting system was designed as a distributed database over a wide area network (WAN). Speed-related communication problems were encountered, necessitating program redesign. In the original design, data for local failures were to reside in several local field offices. Division-level reporting was to be accomplished by concatenating the field offices' databases over the network. Validation information was to reside in several small databases on the division fileserver. These data were to be accessed by the field offices as a remote link. The program executables were to reside on yet another fileserver belonging to the service organization that maintained the program code. Both the field and division offices were to access the program code as a remote link.
It soon became apparent that the communications link between the division and field offices was too slow for both division failure reporting and field failure validation. Although not encountered, a break anywhere in the chain of communications would disable the application in all locations. These problems were overcome by actually running from local copies of the files but continuing to treat the various files as if they were in remote locations. Maintenance routines were created to update the local copies.
This paper discusses the network and communications facilities in place, the original design, the performance encountered, the design changes, and current performance. A brief discussion of possible future modifications is included.
A Simple Low Cost Method for Determining the P.I. of High Gas-Oil Ratio Pumping Wells
Authors: Deax David W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Determining productivity index (PI) is a problem that confronts operators in many areas problem that confronts operators in many areas where beam units are used. With sucker rod pumping, it is not uncommon for equipment to pumping, it is not uncommon for equipment to be over or under designed because of a lack of productivity information. This paper describes a simple, low-cost technique for determining the PI of a pumping well which will be referred to as the "shut-in annulus" test. The method is especially useful in areas where gas and foam limit the use of conventional fluid level techniques. A two-pen recorder is used to measure tubing and casing pressure, permitting an accurate estimate of working pressure at pump depth. Using this information along with data on static pressure, producing rate, and gas-oil ratio, the PI can be calculated.
A comparison of calculations by this method to measurements with bottom-hole pressure gauges was made, and the results pressure gauges was made, and the results showed that the "shut-in annulus" test gives a reliable estimate of PI. A group of deep, gaseous pumping wells was then tested using this technique. No productivity information was available at the time of testing, but all of the wells were suspected of having additional producing capacity. PI's were calculated and changes in production equipment were made to satisfy the requirements of individual wells. Based on the results of testing, it is concluded that the method gives a reliable estimate of PI, and it has consistently proven to be a good "yard-stick" for production purposes.

Introduction
Accurate productivity index (PI) information is needed to design artificial lift equipment and its importance is increased where there are no allowable restrictions. Many methods with varying accuracy are used to find the PI of beam pumped wells. A common method is to fix the working fluid level using a well sounder and calculate flowing bottom-hole pressure with an estimated gradient; however, gas, foam or paraffin frequently cause erroneous results. Another method is to run a gauge below the pump to record pressure while the well is produced. This procedure is not widely used because of time and expense.
This paper describes a simple, low-cost technique (called the "Shut-In Annulus Test") for determining the PI of a pumping well.
Development of an Antiwhirl Core Bit
Authors: Sinor L. A. , Warren T. M. , Armagost W. K. 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe application of whirl-reducing technology to core bits has provided significantly improved coring performance. Laboratory and field tests show that the elimination of bit whirl reduces core jamming problems and produces cores that are smoother, closer to gauge diameter, and less fractured than those drilled with standard polycrystalline-diamond-compact (PDC) core bits. Eliminating bit whirl also results in a more efficient cutting process, which can lead to improved rates of penetration. Utilizing the antiwhirl core-bit technology can improve the economics of conventional coring operations significantly and also can make wireline-retrievable coring with conventional rigs and drillstrings a practical alternative.