bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Determines the Position and Intensity of the South Atlantic Anticyclone in Austral Winter?—An AGCM Study
Authors: Richter Ingo , Mechoso Carlos R. , Robertson Andrew W. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The South Atlantic anticyclone is a major feature of the austral winter climatology. An atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) is used to study the dynamics of the South Atlantic anticyclone by means of control simulations and experiments to investigate sensitivity to prescribed orography, sea surface temperatures, and soil wetness. The South Atlantic anticyclone in the first control simulation is unrealistically zonally elongated and centered too far west—errors typical of coupled ocean–atmosphere GCMs. Results of the sensitivity experiments suggest that these deficiencies are associated with another family of systematic model errors: the overprediction of convection over the tropical land surfaces, particularly over eastern tropical Africa and India, and the concurrent large-scale westward shift in the divergence center at upper levels and the convergence center at lower levels. The results also confirm the important role of South American and African orography in localizing the South Atlantic anticyclone over the ocean. Other factors, however, like the regional zonal gradients of sea surface temperatures, are found to have only a minor impact on the anticyclone. To further substantiate these findings, the wintertime anticyclone is examined using a revised version of the atmospheric GCM. Improvements are found in both the anticyclone as well as the Asia–African summer monsoon circulations. The results demonstrate the existence of links between intensity and structure of the wintertime South Atlantic anticyclone and the major summer monsoons in the Northern Hemisphere.
Increased Runoff from Melt from the Greenland Ice Sheet: A Response to Global Warming
Authors: Hanna Edward , Huybrechts Philippe , Steffen Konrad , Cappelen John , Huff Russell , Shuman Christopher , Irvine-Fynn Tristram , Wise Stephen , Griffiths Michael 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The authors attribute significantly increased Greenland summer warmth and Greenland Ice Sheet melt and runoff since 1990 to global warming. Southern Greenland coastal and Northern Hemisphere summer temperatures were uncorrelated between the 1960s and early 1990s but were significantly positively correlated thereafter. This relationship appears to have been modulated by the North Atlantic Oscillation, whose summer index was significantly (negatively) correlated with southern Greenland summer temperatures until the early 1990s but not thereafter. Significant warming in southern Greenland since ∼1990, as also evidenced from Swiss Camp on the west flank of the ice sheet, therefore reflects general Northern Hemisphere and global warming. Summer 2003 was the warmest since at least 1958 in coastal southern Greenland. The second warmest coastal summer 2005 had the most extensive anomalously warm conditions over the ablation zone of the ice sheet, which caused a record melt extent. The year 2006 was the third warmest in coastal southern Greenland and had the third-highest modeled runoff in the last 49 yr from the ice sheet; five of the nine highest runoff years occurred since 2001 inclusive. Significantly rising runoff since 1958 was largely compensated by increased precipitation and snow accumulation. Also, as observed since 1987 in a single composite record at Summit, summer temperatures near the top of the ice sheet have declined slightly but not significantly, suggesting the overall ice sheet is experiencing a dichotomous response to the recent general warming: possible reasons include the ice sheet’s high thermal inertia, higher atmospheric cooling, or changes in regional wind, cloud, and/or radiation patterns.
On Vertical Differentiation of Sex Roles: Age Classes among the Nyakusa and Patterns of Interaction in Swedish Children's Books
Authors: Liljeström Rita 
Published: January 2008

The article relates two systems of interaction to each other: the organization of the ascriptive categories age and sex among the Nyakusa and a content analysis of relations in girls' and boys' books. In both cases a pattern has been noted, in which men have their own age and sex category as principal norm-sender, while women to a greater extent receive norms from three categories: the older generation and from each gender in their own age group. . Male and female conformity can thus be related to different norm-senders and to the prevalent rank-order of the norm-sending categories. The greater homogeneity and the higher rank of the male pattern of interaction provides a basis for a more universalistic value orientation and thereby a socialization into positions on higher levels of system in Parsons' structural hierarchy, whereas the particular weighing between inconsistent norm-sending categories ties the individal to the primary base level of social systems. The perspective of subordination is illustrated by the different sanctions that Nyakusa men and women have at their disposal and the consistent idea of different characteristics of men and women in youth literature. The comparative description is based on an implicit assumption that the mutual category-conformity of men and women's isolation into private roles (privatisizing) contributes to the maintenance of the prevalent distribution of women and men on low and high levels of organization in terms of the structural hierarchy of Parsons.
On the Validity of the Symptom Check List-90 (Scl90): a Comparison of Diagnostic Self-Ratings in General Practice Patients and 'Normals', Based On the Hebrew Version
Authors: Roskin Michael , Dasberg Haim 
Published: January 2008

The short clinical diagnostic self-rating scale for emotional and somatic concerns — Symptom Check List-90 (SCL-90) - was translated into everyday Hebrew and tested on 131 subjects for: 1. Construct validity, using item analysis. 2. Discriminating validity on a gradient of general practice patients and 'normal' controls. The Hebrew SCL-90 was found to retain its validity and to be easily administered and scored in non-treatment situations. It was also used as a tool for generating and substantiating hypotheses on psychosomatic and psychosocial interrelationships. The success of anxiolytic drugs in the treatment of neurotic patients depends, in part, on factors that are not drug-related. Among these factors is the nature of the neurotic complaint, or the composition of the symptom syndrome. Therefore, as part of its larger study on anxiolytic drugs, the Community Mental Health Centre of Northern Jerusalem, Israel, sought a self-diagnostic psychometric instrument that could differentiate among subjects in terms of symptom syndromes, and that could also reflect change as a result of drug treatment. The Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ) was the first questionnaire considered for this purpose(2): A validation study of the Hebrew version showed that the Hebrew MHQ was 'a valid scale enabling accurate segregation of sub-populations differing in their clinical status'.(3) But the MHQ subscales were not sufficiently specific, since three of them showed some overlapping. Moreover there were only 48 items, and the questionnaire allowed only 'yes/no' answers. These two factors, therefore, tended to lower the reliability of the questionnaire. Consequently the search for a self-diagnostic instrument continued, and the SCL-90 was considered(4). The SCL-90 is a self-report clinical rating scale that is longer than the MHQ (90 items, which reflect nine primary symptom dimensions) and has a range of five answers for each item. According to its authors the 'SCL-90 has been designed as a general measure of psychiatric outpatient symptomatology for use in both clinical and research situations, and was developed with primary emphasis on validity as a criterion measure in clinical drug trials where the principal focus is on the relative efficacy of psychotherapeutic agents'.(5) It was, therefore, decided to conduct a pilot study attempting to validate a Hebrew version of the SCL-90. No inter-country or interlingual comparisons are intended. In the present study, the Hebrew version of the SCL-90 is investigated for its construct and discriminatory validity. An item analysis will be presented.
Fracture Behavior of a Nonlinear Woven Fabric Material
Authors: Ko William L. 
Published: January 2008

Fracture behavior of a nonlinear coated woven fabric material is studied. Some Mode 1 crack extension data of monolayered and laminated sheets of this material are presented. It is shown that by proper graphical "shifting" of the experimental data, the fracture behavior of the monolayered and laminated nonlinear fabric materials can be explained in view of the Hedgepeth [1] linear discrete fracture theory. 1 A product of Uniroyal Industrial Coated Fabrics, Mishawaka, Indiana. 2In the shear test the relative distance of the sliding sides was maintained constant.
Flame-Resistant Cellulose Esters
Authors: Isaacs P. , Lewin M. , Sello S.B. , Stevens C.V. 
Published: January 2008

The alkaline hydrolytic stability of the phosphate and sulfate esters of cellulose is sufficient to withstand multiple home launderings without saponification of the ester linkage. However, the impairment of the flame resistance by the ion exchange properties of cellulose phosphate and the severe afterglow of cellulose sulfate have hindered the acceptance of such esterification reactions as durable flame-retarding finishes. A single step method, based upon a combination of the sulfation and phoslohorylation reactions, has been developed to impart flame and glow resistance to cellulosic substrates; it is durable, even to hard water launderings without the necessity of regeneration. Ammonium sulfamate is used as the sulfating agent, and phosphoric triamides, as phosphorylating agents. Optimum performance is obtained at a sulfur content of approximately 2% and a phosphorus/ sulfur ratio greater than 1.3. The incorporation of methylolated amide crosslinkers into the formulation helps to minimize the adverse side effects of the treatment on the physical properties.
Periodate Oxidation of Benzoylated Cotton
Authors: Chatterjee S.M. 
Published: January 2008

Purified cotton yarn was partially benzoylated, with and without tension, to three low DS values averaging from 0.2 to 0.6, to retain the fibrous structure of cotton. Benzoylated and untreated yarns were oxidized by sodium metaperiodate at room temperature (32°C) for different periods (4-48 h). The oxidized samples were analyzed for their reducing power in terms of copper number. The percentage accessibility to periodate oxidation was calculated from oxygen consumption values. In most cases oxygen consumed, copper number of oxidized samples, and accessibility of benzoylated cellulose on periodate oxidation were influenced by the DS but unaffected by tensional forces on the yarn during benzoylation. Benzoylated cotton cellulose is shown to undergo oxidation at slower rate (assessed in terms of rate constant and percentage accessibility) than untreated cotton cellulose, indicating blocking of the secondary hydroxyl groups of cellulose by benzoyl groups. Further, the rate of oxidation was slower at higher DS and was independent of the tensional forces.
Conservative Treatment for Osteochondrosis of the Humeral Capitellum
Authors: Matsuura Tetsuya , Kashiwaguchi Shinji , Iwase Takenobu , Takeda Yoshitsugu , Yasui Natsuo 
Published: January 2008

Background Conservative treatment is recommended for the early stage of osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum. However, the outcome of conservative treatment has not been well documented. Hypothesis Osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum detected at an early stage responds well to conservative treatment. Study Design Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods We retrospectively reviewed 176 patients with osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum. There were 134 lesions that were stage I (radiolucent area) in patients with a mean age of 11.5 years and 42 lesions that were stage II (nondisplaced fragments) in patients with a mean age of 13.9 years based on anteroposterior radiographs of the elbow in 45° of flexion. Conservative treatment was performed on 101 patients. The remaining 75 patients did not follow the authors’ advice. Conservative treatment consisted of discontinuation of heavy use of the elbow for at least 6 months. Follow-up radiographs were taken at 1 -month intervals. At a mean follow-up of 24 months, all patients were evaluated clinically and radiographically. Results Conservative management produced healing in 90.5% of stage I lesions and 52.9% of stage II lesions. The mean period required for healing was 14.9 months in stage I and 12.3 months in stage II. Sixty-six of 84 (78.6%) stage I patients and 9 of 17 (52.9%) stage II patients returned to competitive-level baseball. Of the 75 patients who did not follow our advice, healing was observed in 17 (22.7%). The healing rate was higher for the 101 patients who followed our advice as opposed to the 75 patients who did not. Conclusion Osteochondrosis of the humeral capitellum can be successfully treated conservatively if treatment is begun in an early stage of the disease.
Time Studies as a Tool for Analyses and of Collection Economy
Authors: Nilsson P. 
Published: January 2008

During the 1970's collection of household waste in the City of Copenhagen was modernized by the introduction of plastic bins and 300- to 800-1 containers. In some areas an increase in crew-size from two to three men per collection vehicle took place in the same period. Particularly, the increase in crew-size gave rise to disputes with the trade union and led to the execution of a comprehensive time study programme. As a result of the time studies a system of standard times was obtained, which, by simple formulae, enables the calculation of the nominal time necessary for any collection route. Collection of household waste in Copenhagen is done from the yard and the formulae take into account the distance from the kerb as well as stairs and other possible obstacles. The primary aim of the time studies has been to design a wage system that ensures a proportionality between wage and working hours, In addition to this, the time studies have formed a basis for comparisons between the total economy of collection schemes based on different types and sizes of receptacles and different frequencies of collection. Further, the time studies have yielded data for calculating the economic effect of increasing the crew-size from two to three men.
Utilization of Landfills as Building Sites
Authors: Stearns R.P. , Petoyan G.S. 
Published: January 2008

Landfill gas (LFG) control measures and operating experience are described for two landfill sites which have been developed in the City of Carson, California. Investigations began in 1975 to develop a completed 10.5-ha Class II landfill site (household and commercial wastes) as a six-screen drive-in theatre including projection and concession facilities. LFG control facilities include 30 extraction wells for on-site protection, 19 perimeter extraction wells for migration control, blower/flare facilities and a subslab membrane and automatic gas detection system for backup protection during active system downtime. Investigations for the second site began in 1977 to develop 3.8 ha of a 7.2-ha Class II landfill site as a truck sales and service centre. LFG control facilities include 14 extraction wells, blower/flare facilities and a subslab membrane. Ongoing operation and maintenance of LFG control facilities is required at both sites to permit continued site occupancy. Activities include blower/flare maintenance, well field monitoring and adjustment, site settlement inspection and repair, monitoring system calibration and maintenance, etc. Buildings at both locations are supported on foundation piles driven through the former landfilied materials.
Volatile Organic Compounds as Indicators of Municipal Solid Waste Leachate Contamination
Authors: Sabel Gretchen V. , Clark Thomas P. 
Published: January 2008

Due to their apparent mobility in many soil types and the analytical sensitivity of tests used for their detection, volatile organic compounds (VOC) may prove to be useful indicators of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate contamination. Data were collected from the analysis of leachates and from monitoring wells at sites where ground water was contaminated by MSW landfill leachates. Results of the leachate analyses show some volatiles to be ubiquitous in leachates. Commonly detected compounds include the priority pollutants toluene; methylene chloride ; 1,1,2-trichloroethylene; 1,1-dichloroethane; ethylbenzene; benzene and trans-1,1-dichloroethylene. The non-priority pollutant parameters acetone, 2-propanol and xylene were also common in leachate.
Waste Recovery the Tanning Industry
Authors: Collivignarelli C. , Barducci G. 
Published: January 2008

The tanning of hides is a traditional and important sector of Italian industry. Recovery operations of raw materials and energy in this sector range from operations which have been tested through years of industrial practice to experimental initiatives with promising prospects. One of the most interesting forms is the recovery of chrome from exhausted tanning baths: this process allows cost saving of up to 50% and is about to be applied in a large centralized plant at S. Croce Valdarno in Tuscany. Another operation is the recovery of sodium sulphide from the lime pit bath, carried out by means of ultrafiltration, Energy can be recovered with the anaerobic digestion of chrome-free tanning sludges (mixed with pulverized shreds): the yield in biogas can be comparable with that obtained with domestic sludges. The composting technique can be applied to digested tanning sludge and shreds, in some cases mixed with pre-sorted domestic waste. All the processes described have the important effect of reducing the pollution load connected with liquid and solid wastes from the tanning industry, as well as the recovery of economical resources.
Utilization By Trees in Hungary
Authors: Gal Janos 
Published: January 2008

Pot and field experiments with liquid sewage-sludge, for improving poor sandy soil and its utilization by forestry, have been conducted by the Afforestation Department of the University for Forestry and Timber Industry since 1977 for VITUKI (Research Institute for Water Management). The following tree species were involved in the experiments: Italian poplar, "Robusta" poplar, white willow and black locust. Doses of sludge used were 0 (control), 500, 1000, 2000, 3000 and 4000 m3 ha-1. There were four repetitions, treatments being multiply repeated. From this experiment the following conclusions can be drawn. Best results were attained when "I-214" poplar was fertilized with a sewage-studge dose of 1000 m3 ha -1. This treatment was carried out in the dormant season and repeated in a second year. The best dose for "Robusta" poplar was 500 m3 ha-1. In the case of "I-214" poplar, doses of sludge greater than indicated above resulted in positive effects, but these were somewhat reduced by the harmful salt concentrations caused by the sludge. For "Robusta" popular, 2000 and 3000 m3 ha-1 doses were of negative effect in comparison with the control plants. There was no justifiable positive effect of sludge treatment for other tree species. Weeds have proved to be good indicators for the degree of sludge treatment. The more sludge had been given to it the more weedy was the soil. Untreated control plots were practically weedless. There was no evidence that toxic materials and heavy metals would accumulate in the trees at higher quantities of sludge.
Mercury From Hogdalen Incineration Plant in Stockholm, 1972-1985
Authors: Westergard Bengt 
Published: January 2008

Measurements of mercury in flue gases from the Högdalen incinerator (which burns most of the garbage in Stockholm), taken before the electrostatic precipitator (ESP), provide some information on the contents of this metal in the municipal garbage. Total mercury increased from about 1 to nearly 5 g tonne-1 of refuse from 1972 to 1982. At this time a campaign to collect mercury batteries in Sweden was started and approximately half of the mercury sold in batteries has been accounted for in collections. Since the compaign started, the mercury content of flue gases has dropped to about 2 g tonne-1 as shown in Table 1. Over the same period particulate cadmium averaged 3.2 g tonne-1 and particulate lead 80 g tonne-1. Maximum fluctuations of single measurements have been from 0.5 to 2 times the average.
The Specific Role of Cadmium and Mercury in Municipal Solid Waste Incineration
Authors: Vogg H. , Braun H. , Metzger M. , Schneider J. 
Published: January 2008

Requirements with respect to reducing the emission of pollutants, in particular dust constituents such as heavy metals, especially cadmium and mercury are imposed on processes of municipal solid waste incineration. In the process of incineration, cadmium is volatilized as cadmium chloride to a considerable extent. In a series of in situ measurements it has been demonstrated that 99% of this cadmium condenses on dust particles and can be removed together with fly ash. The cadmium concentration in clean flue gas dusts amounts to about 2000 μg g-1. Therefore dust emission values should not be higher than 20-30 mg dust Nm-3. The ultimate disposal of filter ash increasingly poses difficulties on account of the mobility of cadmium. More than 80% of all mercury is released into the gas phase. The optimization of the various flue gas purification techniques depends on information about the mercury species occurring at the boiler outlet. In order to clarify the speciation the condensation and solubility behaviour of samples is referred to. In the crude gas mercury (II)-chloride and, to a lesser extent, mercury (I)-chloride are present. The occurrence of metallic mercury can be excluded. The mechanism underlying mercury removal by the dry sorption and wet scrubbing techniques is clarified. Recommendations are given for improving the removal efficiency.
Critical Review: Measurement of Mercury Combustion Aerosols in Emissions From Stationary Sources
Authors: Shendrikar Arun D. , Ensor D.S. 
Published: January 2008

This review attempts to critically evaluate mercury aerosol emissions due to toxic and hazardous waste incineration. Since the literature surveyed indicated that sufficient information does not exist on this subject the technical discussion deals primarily with the emissions of mercury due to fossil fuel (e.g. coal) combustion.Sampling methods commonly used to evaluate mercury emissions from utility stacks are discussed. The limitations of such methods are pointed out, and attempts by the authors and others to improve collection efficiency are also mentioned. The problems of sample instability are mentioned, and data on mercury size-dependent emissions are included. Commonly used analytical methods for mercury quantification are discussed and their limitations pointed out. Detection limits of some of the ideal analytical methods are also tabulated. Conclusions and recommendations for future work in the area of mercury emissions due to refuse incineration are also given.