bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Patrimonios vivos y cultura experimental: resignificación del patrimonio a través de la participación de habitantes de El Bordo, Pachuca, México
Authors: Ordaz Bulos David , Sánchez Fonseca Luis Francisco 
Published: March 2024

Este trabajo analiza la resignificación del patrimonio a través de un proceso de participación impulsado por habitantes de El Bordo en conjunto con varios colectivos ciudadanos, que tuvo lugar entre el 2021 y 2023. El análisis se enfoca en dos proyectos guiados por la cultura experimental y la noción de patrimonios vivos: el Laboratorio Ciudadano El Bordo (LCB) y el proyecto: Arquitecturas para la Memoria El Bordo, que dio como resultado la construcción del paradero de transporte público llamado “Módulo de Equipamiento Urbano El Bordo” (MEB).
La localidad de El Bordo está ubicada en la zona norte de la ciudad Pachuca de Soto, Hidalgo, México. Es parte de un paisaje en el que la minería ha operado desde hace más de cinco siglos, y poseé una multiplicidad de elementos patrimoniales que han sido históricamente poco valorados. El Bordo se encuentra en un contexto periférico que enfrenta profundas problemáticas sociales, reflejadas en la falta de servicios básicos adecuados y el acceso general a los derechos.
El artículo comienza con una descripción del contexto posminero en el que está El Bordo. Posteriormente, profundiza en las características de la localidad y hace un recuento de las acciones de participación que han ocurrido en ella. Después aborda las nociones de patrimonios vivos y cultura experimental, con foco en las dos iniciativas ya mencionadas: el LCB y el proyecto Arquitecturas para la memoria El Bordo. Y por último, se muestran los aprendizajes de este proceso participativo, que logró la construcción de un bien común a través de la innovación social.
Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Labor Market Outcomes of Women with Children in Mexico
Authors: Juarez Laura , Villaseñor Paula 
Published: March 2024

This paper estimates the effects of having children at home on the labor market outcomes of women in Mexico during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic. Our findings suggest that women with children at home experienced some additional negative impacts on their labor supply immediately after school and daycare closures, compared to women without children. However, such impacts began to revert in the third quarter of 2020. One year after the onset of the pandemic, women with children increased their labor supply relatively more than women without them, despite ongoing school closures, suggesting a dominance of a negative income effect. Effects by the age of children are consistent with the reopening of daycare centers in 2020 not schools. We also find suggestive evidence that, for women employed both before and one year into the pandemic, having children at home induces industry changes and slightly decreases their job formality.

JEL Classification Codes: J13; J22
Impact of Various Heat Treatments on the Microstructure Evolution and Mechanical Properties of Hot Forged 18CrNiMo7-6 Steel
Authors: Mandal Paranjayee , Al Mamun Abdullah , Da Silva Laurie , Lalvani Himanshu , Perez Marcos , Muir Lisa 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Carburizing is a method of enhancing the surface properties of components, primarily made from low to medium carbon steels, such as shafts, gears, bearings, etc. Carburized parts are generally quenched and tempered before being put into service; however, after quenching of carburized parts further annealing and hardening treatments can be employed before final tempering. This work analyses the impact of the two aforementioned heat treatment approaches on the development of subsequent microstructures and mechanical properties of hot forged 18CrNiMo7-6 steel. Moreover, this study aims to understand the impact of normalizing treatments prior to the two aforementioned heat treatment routes. Microstructural and mechanical tests were conducted on four as forged flat cylinder components that received a combination of the abovementioned heat treatments. In general, better microstructure refinement, in terms of prior austenite grain size (PAGS), was obtained for carburized parts that received the intermediate annealing and hardening treatments after quenching and prior to the final tempering. Additionally, further refinement of the martensitic pockets/blocks was observed for parts that did not receive a normalizing treatment prior to carburization. The studied heat treatments appear to have a negligible effect on the mechanical properties of the hot forged flat cylinder components.
Endothermic Generator Advanced Diagnostics
Authors: Kominek Alex D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In the continuing effort to improve the quality and consistency of gas produced from an endothermic gas generator, several enhancements have been developed and implemented to diagnose abnormal operating conditions. Typically the variables monitored, controlled, and alarmed on gas generators were limited to the temperature of the heating chamber and the dew point of the gas being generated. As instrumentation has evolved, additional monitoring has been implemented, reducing the instances of sending “bad” endothermic gas into a process critical furnace. The new diagnostic tools allow predictive maintenance to be applied to endothermic gas generators.
Metallurgical Sample Preparation Study for Compound Layer Examination in Nitrided Components
Authors: Rowan Olga K. , Birky Zachary S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Microstructural examination of a nitrided part is the most commonly used method for evaluating nitriding material and process performance. Microstructural evaluation also helps to validate that the process ran as intended and produced the desired nitrided case characteristics. However, sample preparation is often complicated by the partial or complete breakaway of the compound layer and may affect the accuracy of the conclusions made. A set of experiments was performed to evaluate the effect of two saw cutting methods, the use of metal foil for sample mounting, and the use of Ni plating before cutting. Microstructures of 12 experimental conditions were analyzed. Recommendations were made for the nitrided sample preparation best practice to analyze compound layer uniformity and thickness.
Influence of Vanadium Microalloying on the Microstructure of Induction Hardened 1045 Steel Shafts
Authors: Rothleutner Lee , Van Tyne Chester , Goldstein Robert 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Vanadium microalloying additions are common in medium carbon ferrite-pearlite steel shafts. The increased load capacity provided by vanadium carbonitride precipitation is beneficial in many applications. Induction hardening can further increase the surface strength of a component; however, the implications of the vanadium carbonitride precipitates on microstructural evolution during induction hardening are unclear. Evidence that vanadium microalloying influences the microstructural evolution of the induction hardened case as well as the case/core transition regions are presented in the current study. Vanadium increases the amount of non-martensitic transformation products in the case while decreasing austenite formation kinetics in the case/core transition region. Observations in induction-hardened shafts were supported by Gleeble physical simulations of computer simulated thermal profiles. Characterization was conducted using scanning electron microscopy, dilatometry, and microhardness testing.
A Novel Integrated Tool for Parametric Geometry Generation and Simulation for Induction Hardening of Gears
Authors: Capone Luigino , Petzold Thomas , Hoemberg Dietmar , Ivanov Dmitry 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Application of 3D finite element method (FEM) simulation for induction hardening of gears is still a time-consuming and expensive task. The significant cost of a simulation remains in the manual preparation of the 3D description of geometry. In the current work, we propose to complement the numeric simulations with automatic geometry generation based on a parametric representation of a gear and an induction coil. The parameters used to describe a gear are module, pitch diameter, and pressure angle. The circular coil is described by the height, external and internal diameters. FEM computations are implemented to solve magneto-quasi-static Maxwell’s equations. A demonstration of the possibilities of the proposed approach via a parametric study is presented by varying the module of a gear while keeping a constant number of teeth. A heuristic tuning of heating power frequency- time is presented here and compared to the classical semi-analytical equations and 2D simulations.
Successful Application of Intensive Quenching, Including the Elimination of Carburizing
Authors: Rylicki Edward 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Intensive water quenching (IQ) is not a new technology. It goes back over 50 years in Russia and 18 years in the USA. The use of IQ after induction through-heating on “Limited Hardenability” Steels to eliminate the long carburization cycle for case hardened parts is one of many successful applications of IQ.
A New Standard Guide for Induction Heat Treating – Explanation of ASTM A1100
Authors: Frame Lesley D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
After several years’ effort, a new standard guide has been approved and published by ASTM International that will fill a lacunae in the field of induction heat treating. A1100 – Standard Guide for Qualification and Control of Induction Heat Treating, includes a detailed description of the process variables that can affect induction heat treated long products. ASTM A1100 also provides guidance on the creation of manufacturing procedures and evaluation of induction heating operations.
Boriding of AISI 440B Stainless Steel and Coating Characterization
Authors: Bonella de Oliveira Pedro Gabriel , Junior Aureliano Ricardo Tadeu , Edson Mariani Fábio , Edward Totten George , Carlos Casteletti Luiz 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The AISI 440B (DIN 1.2210, X90CrMoV18) steel is one of the hardest among martensitic stainless steels. This type of steel is used in a variety of industrial applications where wear and corrosion are determinant, such as molds, parts and tools for the automotive and biomedical industries. Their superior mechanical properties are due to its high carbon (0.75-0.95 % C) and chromium (16-18% Cr) contents. Suitable coatings can increase wear resistance and expand these materials usability range. Boride coatings, with their high hardness and wear resistance are good candidates for this purpose. Boride layers were obtained by boriding treatment in a salt bath (a mixture of sodium borate and aluminum). The layer properties, such as hardness, thickness, layer/substrate interface morphology and phases formed are influenced by steel composition. In this work, the layers produced on AISI 440B steel were harder, thinner, with a smoother interface when compared to plain carbon steels due the larger amount of alloying elements. In order to evaluate mechanical properties of borided layers in samples of stainless steel AISI 440B, Optical Microscopy (OM) microstructural analysis, Vickers microhardness tests and micro-adhesive and micro-abrasive wear resistance tests were performed. The layers produced exhibited a hardness close to 2250 HV and excellent wear resistance far superior to that of substrate.
Nitriding and Ferritic Nitrocarburizing Atmospheres - Prediction and Control
Authors: Bernard William J. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Numerous trademarked, standardized or proprietary nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing recipes and control methods are used in industrial furnaces. Surface Combustion has developed a new tool to predict the in-process composition of nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing atmospheres from these different processes. In addition, the activities and potentials of carbon, nitrogen and oxygen can be found, leading to prediction of the associated equilibrium phase on the part surface. The theory behind the tool and the application of the tool to control nitriding and ferritic nitrocarburizing atmospheres will be discussed. An overview of different equipment designs that can use the tool will also be presented.
Effects of Composition, Starting Microstructure, and Tempering Conditions on the Changes in Core Properties after a Simulated Nitride Thermal Cycle
Authors: Klemm-Toole Jonah , Findley Kip , Cryderman Robert , Burnett Michael 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Dilatometry and transmission electron microscopy were used to characterize the effects of V content, Si content, tempering temperature and starting microstructure on the hardness and microstructural evolution of a 0.4 wt pct carbon steel after a simulated nitriding thermal cycle. When tempered at 500 °C, significant amounts of V are left in solution leading to precipitation during the nitride thermal cycle increasing the hardness and dilation strain. Increases in Si content also lead to higher core hardness after nitriding, but Si does not significantly increase dilation strain during nitriding. Bainite starting microstructures produced less dilation strain during nitriding compared to martensite starting microstructures when tempered at 500 °C.
Low-Pressure Carburizing of Powder Metal Components
Authors: Heuer Volker , Schmitt Gunther , Kauffmann Philipp , Faerber Katharina , Lawcock Roger , Shivanath Rohith 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Transmission-manufacturers constantly need to adapt their products and manufacturing technologies to meet future’s market and legislation requirements such as cost-efficiency, running-smoothness and drivetrain-agility. Components made of powder metal (“PM-components”) are established in today’s transmission industry as a cost efficient alternative even for high strength and high precision powertrain applications. The PM-material and the applied heat treatment processes have made significant improvements in recent years. One major step in the development was to combine the freedom in alloying-concepts of the PM-technology with the advantages of the Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) heat treatment process. PM-components must be case-hardened to meet design-intent regarding wear resistance and strength. But when case hardening PM-components using a conventional atmospheric carburizing process, this can lead to serious overcarburizing and even massive carbide-formation. Another major challenge when using the conventional process is to clean PM-parts after the traditional oil-quenching process. Therefore, the process of Low Pressure Carburizing (LPC) combined with High Pressure Gas Quenching (HPGQ) was adapted to the special needs of serial production of PM-components. This heat treatment process offers significant benefits, such as: - no overcarburizing and excessive carbide-formation due to precise diffusion of carbon into the components - reproducible microstructures from part to part and from load to load - clean and shiny parts after quenching - superior control of distortion, - no intergranular oxidation, - better fatigue resistance and - the benefits of an environmentally friendly process. Over the past 25 years, Stackpole and ALD worked on powder metal technology and advanced heat treatment processes. Material, process and equipment have seen significant improvements over the last decades to offer true benefits. This presentation will give an insight into benefits and challenges of PM-components heat treated in low pressure with subsequent gas quenching. The paper refers to the industrial series production of components and it refers to R&D - case studies as well.
Vapor Deposition of Metallic Coatings by Very Low Pressure Plasma Spraying
Authors: Vautherin B. , Planche M.-P. , Bolot R. , Montavon G. , Quet A. , Bianchi L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Very low pressure plasma spraying (VLPPS) has been used to manufacture thin, dense, finely-structured ceramic coatings for various applications. This paper presents the results of work in which VLPPS is used to deposit metal. Aluminum was chosen as a demonstrative material, due to its moderate vaporization enthalpy (38.23 KJ·cm-3), with the objectives of better understanding the behavior of a solid precursor injected into the plasma jet, leading to the formation of vapors, and controlling the factors affecting coating structure. Nearly dense aluminum coatings were successfully deposited by VLPPS at 100 Pa with an intermediate power (45 kW) plasma torch. Optical emission spectroscopy (OES) was used to observe the behavior of the metal powder injected into the plasma jet, and simplified CFD modeling provided a better understanding of thermophysical mechanisms. The effect of powder size distribution, substrate temperature, and spray distance were studied. Coatings were characterized by SEM observations and Vickers microhardness measurements.
Effects of Dry-Ice Blasting On Plasma-Sprayed Thermal Barrier Coatings
Authors: Dong S.-J. , Song B. , Liao H.-L. , Coddet C. , Hansz B. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study assesses the effects of dry ice blasting on the lifetime and durability of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). Three sets of TBCs consisting of a CoNiCrAlY bond coat and YSZ topcoat were deposited by air plasma spraying, each set with a different dry ice blasting treatment. Different microstructures were obtained in both the bond coat and topcoat depending on blasting conditions. Bond coat oxidation and thermal shock lifetime of the TBC are also shown to vary with the blasting treatment. TBCs where both the bond coat and topcoat are dry-ice blasted proved to be the most durable with the biggest improvement in lifetime. They also exhibited the most regular surface roughness.
High Performance Arc Sprayed Coatings for Active Corrosion Protection in Offshore Applications
Authors: Kroemmer Werner 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This work assesses various ways of improving the corrosion protection and service life of thermally sprayed coatings used in offshore structures. Test results show that improvement is possible even in the case of Zn-Al15 spray coatings and, that in some cases, coating thickness can be reduced without loss of corrosion protection. Test samples were prepared by arc and cold-gas spraying and some of the coatings were sealed. The protective characteristics of the various coating systems were evaluated in a 25-week cyclic aging test as defined in ISO 20340. The results are compared based on the degree of blistering, rusting, and corrosion penetration at the scratch as well as adhesion to the substrate.
Effects of Spark Plasma Sintering Treatment for Cold-Sprayed Metallic Coatings
Authors: Ito K. , Ogawa K. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the effects of spark plasma sintering (SPS) on the microstructure and properties of cold-sprayed metallic coatings. Water-atomized Cu powder was deposited on Al 5052 substrates by high-pressure cold gas spraying, and the resulting coatings were treated by spark plasma sintering and annealing heat treatment (AHT) at 200°C, 300°C, and 400 °C. To assess the effects of diffusion generated by pulsed dc power, a vertical load was not applied in the SPS system. In addition, a short duration time was used to inhibit crystal grain growth. Treated specimens were evaluated by SEM, EBSD, and hardness and tensile testing. The findings show that the microstructure and hardness of SPS specimens treated at 300 °C are close to that of AHT specimens treated at 400 °C. Tensile strength, however, is clearly higher in the SPS300 specimens, indicating that pulsed dc power accelerates particle interdiffusion due to Joule heating and electromigration, thereby increasing adhesion strength between particles in the coating.
Mechanical Properties of Cold-Sprayed Ti-6Al-4V Coatings
Authors: List A. , Lyphout C. , Villa M. , Gärtner F. , Klassen T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The present study deals with the production and characterization of Ti-6Al-4V coatings produced by cold spraying. All experiments were performed using nitrogen as the process gas. By systematic variation of spray parameters up to a nitrogen gas temperature of 1000 °C and pressure of 5 MPa, the coatings could be tuned for optimum mechanical properties. Attainable coating properties are described in terms of a newly introduced coating quality parameter based on the ratio of particle velocity to critical velocity. The new parameter, η, is used both to interpret and predict coating properties.
Optional Facilities for Low Pressure Cold Spray
Authors: Shkodkin A. , Kashirin A. , Klyuev O. , Buzdygar T. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper reviews the capabilities of portable low pressure cold spraying systems and presents examples of the repairs that have been made and the different materials involved. It discusses the recent development of ceramic nozzle inserts that extend continuous operating time to more than 10 h and non-pressurized rotating-vibratory powder feeders that provide higher, more stable powder feed rates for production environments.
Microstructure Influence on Electromagnetic Properties of Thermal Sprayed Ferromagnetic Composites
Authors: Brousse-Pereira E. , Neige J. , Pereira S. , Wittmann-Teneze K. , Adenot-Engelvin A.L. , Bianchi L. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In this study, ceramic-matrix composites consisting of elongated metal (CoNbZr) particles in a cordierite (MgAlSiO) matrix were produced by plasma spraying. The metal powder was injected into the plasma jet downstream of the ceramic powder to minimize metal decomposition and oxidation. The microstructure and composition of cermet coatings containing 5, 10, and 20 vol% metal were analyzed by SEM and XRD and their electromagnetic properties were evaluated via saturation magnetization, permittivity, and permeability measurements. As expected, flake-shaped metallic particles were obtained and all coatings exhibited soft ferromagnetic behavior.
A Coupled Model between Robot Trajectories and Thermal History of the Workpiece during Thermal Spray Operation
Authors: Bolot R. , Deng S. , Cai Z. , Liao H. , Montavon G. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The aim of this work is to develop a model that predicts coating thickness based on thermal spray robot trajectories and the thermal history of the workpiece. To test the model, an alumina layer is deposited on a steel substrate by air plasma spraying. Robot path coordinates are stored in a text file and used to compute substrate temperature fields by solving the transient heat conservation equation during torch displacement. The contributions of the impinging plasma jet and molten particle stream are accounted for in the model. The distribution of matter in the particle spray is used to simulate coating formation and determine coating thickness.
High Productivity PS-PVD Process
Authors: Barth A. , Gindrat M. , Usai S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Plasma spray-physical vapor deposition (PS-PVD) has been developed over the past years to produce columnar structured deposits for thermal barrier applications. The non line-of-sight process makes it possible to deposit coatings on complex components in a single production step. The fundamentals of PS-PVD have been well studied and the knowledge obtained is being used to scale up the process. This paper presents initial results on concepts that have been implemented to increase production rates as well as process efficiency.