bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A prospective study of postpartum psychoses in a high‐risk group
Authors: McNeil T. F. , Persson‐Blennow I. , Binett B. , Harty B. , Karyd U.‐B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAmong the offspring of 88 pregnant index women with a history of nonorganic psychosis, offspring whose mothers developed postpartum psychotic episodes (PPPs) following birth (maximum n= 17) were compared with the remaining index offspring on emotional development during the first year of life, temperament characteristics during the first 2 years, and mental characteristics at 6 years of age. The maternal PPPs were not associated with any negative consequences for offspring development, and the offspring of PPP cases evidenced a number of more positive mental developmental characteristics than did other index offspring. Further comparison with offspring of normal‐risk controls also supported the conclusion of no negative effect caused by maternal PPPs. Choice of an appropriate comparison group for PPP cases is discussed.
An attempt to operationalize reactive delusional psychosis
Authors: Jørgensen P. , Jensen J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTReactive psychosis is a diagnostic concept widely used in Scandinavia but it is still a subject of discussion and controversy internationally. Inside Scandinavia the diagnosis is used according to varying criteria, which is one of the reasons for high diagnostic instability and a threat to the validity and reliability of the concept. This article presents an attempt to operationalize reactive delusional psychosis, to test its clinical utility in a pilot study, and to test the reliability of the individual items. More clinical studies based on operationalization, demarcation of the concept, and interrater reliability are needed to convince psychiatrists outside Scandinavia of the existence of reactive psychosis as a useful nosological concept in patients with good prognosis and who mainly need psychotherapy.
Insulin‐like growth factor I in depressed patients and controls
Authors: Lesch K.‐P. , Rupprecht R. , Müller U. , Pfüller H. , Beckmann H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTo explore the role of the somatomedin‐mediated long‐loop negative feedback mechanism in altered growth hormone (GH) secretory dynamics associated with depression, plasma IGF‐I concentrations were measured in 34 patients with a major depressive episode and matched healthy subjects. Compared with controls, depressed patients exhibited significantly increased plasma IGF‐I concentrations. In the patient group plasma IGF‐I concentrations were positively correlated with the maximum post‐dexamethasone plasma cortisol concentrations. Our data suggest that increased plasma IGF‐I concentration may reflect diurnal GH hypersecretion, contribute to deficient GH responses to dynamic challenges, and indicate an interrelationship between the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐somatotropic (HPS) and ‐adrenocortical (HPA) system regulation in depression.
Why low‐dose benzodiazepine‐dependent insomniacs can't escape their sleeping pills
Authors: Schneider‐Helmert D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPsychobiological aspects of low‐dose benzodiazepine dependence (LBD) and drug withdrawal were investigated in 76 middle‐aged and elderly chronic insomniacs in a sleep laboratory. Comparison with drug‐free insomniacs showed that LBD leads to a complete loss of hypnotic activity and substantial suppression of delta and REM sleep. Only small differences were found between benzodiazepines with different half‐life time. Upon withdrawal, recovery from this suppression, especially in REM sleep, occurred, while insomnia did not increase. The patients, however, reported sleeping longer while taking the drug compared with withdrawal. This misperception seems to be a specific effect of benzodiazepines, and contrasts with the full awareness of insomnia upon withdrawal. It is concluded that these effects play a leading role in the patients’ inability to escape their sleeping pills. The response of REM sleep to withdrawal should make this a useful measure to objectively confirm low‐dose benzodiazepine dependence.
A clinical study of reactive psychosis
Authors: Chavan B.S. , Kulhara P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTManifest psychopathology, life events, family history and personality traits were studied in a group of 22 patients diagnosed to have reactive psychosis. Individually matched healthy controls were also assessed for life events. The patient group had significantly higher weighted stress scores than the controls. Compared with Scandinavian patients, the study patients had more delusions, hallucinations and emotional syndrome.
A theoretical framework for linking the experience of dysfunctional parental rearing attitudes with manifest psychopathology (*)
Authors: Perris C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT The results of several investigations suggest a possible relationship between a subject's experience of the rearing attitudes of his parents and the later development of various kinds of psychopathological disorders. Most studies, however, are based on small populations and on dubious assumptions about linear causal relationships between parental rearing practices and poorly defined mental disorders.This article gives a theoretical background to a comprehensive multinational study of rearing practices and psychopathology, now in progress.It is suggested that dysfunctional parental rearing practices may contribute to the development of dysfunctional parental rearing practices may contribute to the development of dysfunctional self‐schemata by the offspring and that these dysfunctional self‐schemata represent an important pathogenetic link between rearing practices and psychopathological disorders.
Obsessive‐compulsive neurosis in relation to parental child‐rearing patterns amongst the Greek, Italian, and Anglo‐Australian subjects
Authors: Ehiobuche Iheanyi 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTObsessive‐compulsive neurosis was found to be manifest within a relatively normal (students) population. Obsessional subjects obtained from a clinical sample were compared with those obtained from normal students population on symptom, trait, resistance and interference scales of the Modified Leyton Obsessional Inventory with no significant differences in scores found. Obsessional subjects across three different ethnic/cultural backgrounds (Greeks, Italians and Anglo‐Australians) consistently rated their parents as more rejecting and overprotecting and less emotionally warm in their child‐rearing practices when compared with normal control subjects. The significant differences found between the obsessionals and the normal control subjects are considered as strongly indicative of the psychopathological conditions of the obsessionals found in a normal population and a differentiating factor between the two groups. Two sub‐classes of obsessive‐compulsive subjects were distinguished and compared in relation to their perceived parental rearing characteristics. But no significant differences were found. Thus, the notion that compulsive checkers as opposed to compulsive cleaners emerge from two different parental rearing patterns was not sustained in this instance.
Psychiatric and social problems among immigrants
Authors: Rack Philip H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT High rates of mental morbidity among migrants are common but not universal. Differences in rates may reflect factors in: (a) the country of origin; (b) the actual move; (c) the country of settlement. About 1.8 million people came to Britain in 1950–1970 from the West Indies and Indian subcontinent. They resembled Gastarbeiters in other European countries, except that as Commonwealth citizens they had the right of permanent residence. With their children (many of whom are now adults) they are 3.5% of Britain's population. Britain does not have a liberal compolitan culture in which newcomers are welcomed, and the situation has deteriorated in response to high unemployment, constrained public expenditure, and widening gulfs between income‐groups. Minority groups are scapegoated, and racial prejudice is more apparent than ever. Black people face obstacles in education and employment. Immigration laws which curtail the right to live in Britain have created insecurity, which is aggravated by insensitive policing and irresponsible press reporting. Institutions and authorities have been slow to respond to the different needs of new cultures. Riots receive more publicity than the daily violence which black people experience, which includes implicit contempt expressed as negative stereotypes, and explicit physical harassment.In this situation a high incidence of stress‐related disporders might be predicted. There has been insufficient community‐based research but one study of Indian and Pakistani samples showed them to have less mental and emotional disorder than indigenous controls. Research using mental hospital admission data gives conflicting results, but generally seems to show high admission rates among people of Caribbean background: they are more often admitted compulsorily, or detained in high security units. This does not apply to Asians. The difference between Asian and Afrocaribbean groups raises questions, since they arrived at about the same time and for similar reasons. Asians having their own languages, religions and culture, might have expected more adaptational difficulty than the Afro‐Caribbeans who understood English, were Christians, and had an education and culture modelled on an English pattern. Both are victims of racist hostility and discrimination. If the relationship between adaptation and mental illness were simple we might expect Asians to be more vulnerable than Afrocaribbeans: not the reverse. Perhaps variables in the country of settlement (see (c) above) are less important than was supposed, and more attention should be paid to variables (a) and (b).
Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal and ‐thyroid axis dysfunctions and decrements in the availability of L‐tryptophan as biological markers of suicidal ideation in major depressed females
Authors: Maes M. , Vandewoude M. , Schotte C. , Martin M. , Blockx P. , Scharpe S. , Cosyns P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSeveral neurochemical correlates of suicide were recently detected. Some authors found increased disorders in the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) and ‐thyroid (HPT) axes and disturbances in serotonergic neurotransmission in suicidal patients. In order to investigate the biological correlates of suicidal ideation, we measured the following: basal thyrotropin‐secreting hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), pre‐ and postdexamethasone cortisol, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) levels, the circulating concentrations of total L‐tryptophan (L‐TRP) and the ratio between L‐TRP and competing amino acids (CAA). The subjects were 17 suicidal and 17 nonsuicidal major depressed females matched for age and severity of illness. We found no significant differences in any of the above‐mentioned biological data between patients with suicidal ideation and those without.
Cortisol secretion in adolescents with major depressive disorder
Authors: Dahl R. , Puig‐Antich J. , Ryan N. , Nelson B. , Novacenko H. , Twomey J. , Williamson D. , Goetz R. , Ambrosini P. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPlasma cortisol concentrations were determined every 20 min for 24 h, in a nonstressful environment, among 48 rigorously assessed, mostly outpatient, drug‐free adolescent subjects during an episode of major depression (MDD) and among 40 normal adolescent subjects. There were no significant differences in the 24‐h mean, peak, or nadir, or the time of the nocturnal rise, in plasma cortisol in the 2 groups. Analyses of different subgroups of MDD adolescents according to suicidality, severity of depression, separation anxiety, psychotic subtype, endogenicity, duration of episode, and sex also revealed no significant group differences. Only one adolescent (with MDD) was identified clearly as a hypersecretor of cortisol. These results indicate that abnormalities of spontaneous cortisol secretion are an unusual finding among adolescents with major depression when studied in a nonstressful environment.
Functional impairment in tardive dyskinesia: medical and psychosocial dimensions*
Authors: Yassa R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe author presents 22 patients with tardive dyskinesia who were referred to him through consultation. Several patients had functional impairment caused by their movement disorder. Impaired gait was noted in 6 patients, speech impediment in 3 and thoughts of suicide in I. Psychosocial difficulties were reported in 12 patients. The author concludes that tardive dyskinesia can lead to difficulties in patients who are suffering from the severe form.
Towards selective and improved performance of the mental status examination
Authors: Rosenthal M. J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPerformance of mental status examinations (MSE) is often useful but is not warranted for all new patients, except for training, research, special request, or policy. Reasons for doing MSE must be weighed against possible detrimental effects on patients or on patient‐clinician relationships. Both sides are reviewed. Methods for ameliorating or preventing adverse effects are described. Validity of findings using MSE are frequently doubtful and examiners often misinterpret their significance. A decision tree is presented to help decide whether to use the MSE in particular instances.
Fatal poisonings with antidepressants in Finland 1985–1987
Authors: Vuori Erkki , Klaukka Timo , Lahti Tarja 
Published: August 2007

In Finland the majority of the users of antidepressants are women and old age people. In the 80's the number of fatal poisonings has increased. During the years 1985 ‐ 1987 58% of these poisonings were women who belonged to the younger age group of the users.The older tricyclic drugs are known to be more toxic, at least in overdose, than the newer antidepressants especially when they are compared to mianserin. Of the latter, however, lately more serious side effects have been reported. For this reason the use of the different kinds of antidepressants in Finland had changed: the sales of doxepin and amitriptyline have increased and those of maprotiline and mianserin have decreased.To study the role of antidepressants in sudden and unexpected deaths the fatality ratio (defined as fatalities divided by defined daily doses per 1000 inhabitant/day) was calculated for four most prescribed antidepressants. As to the sales, amitriptyline has to be considered to be the leading antidepressant followed by doxepin, mianserin and maprotiline. As a detection in the forensic toxicological screening the sales related ratios showed that maprotiline was most commonly found followed by doxepin, amitriptyline and mianserin. When an antidepressant was the cause of death the fatality ratio was highest for doxepin (6.4) followed by maprotiline (4.3). amitriptyline (4.0) and mianserin (1). In cases of established suicides the order was the same again.As a conclusion it can be said that when the risks of the use of antidepressants are evaluated the performance of a single drug must be considered as a whole: the side effects and its role and properties in intoxication versus the antidepressant benefits of the drug, since they are prescribed to depressed and hence patients with a tendency to suicide.
Torture of a Norwegian ship's crew
Authors: Weisæth Lars 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT During the summer of 1984, 14 seamen, the entire crew of a Norwegian ship, were seized upon arrival in Libya. They were kept under arrest for 67 days and subjected to psychological and physical torture because they were suspected of being enemies of the Libyan state. Within the first few days of imprisonment one seaman had been murdered, another had been abducted and was believed to be dead, and a third had been severely physically maltreated.The immediate reactions to the extreme stress were fear, depression and rage. Not a single seaman gave in to the torture.Shortly after their release, all the seamen underwent thorough medical examinations. Six of them suffered from clear‐cut post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and one more seaman developed the disorder two months later. In spite of comprehensive treatment, the same seven sailors, or 54% of the crew, still suffered from post‐traumatic stress disorder six months after their release.Used in conjunction with clinical interview, general mental status rating scales (GHQ 20, STAI, State Anxiety Inventory), and specific post‐traumatic rating scales (Amnesty Score, IES intrusion subscale, PTSS‐10) had a high sensitivity and specificity in discriminating between cases and non‐cases.
Urinary phenylacetic acid in panic disorder with and without depression
Authors: Sabelli H. C. , Javaid J. I. , Fawcett J. , Kravitz H. M. , Wynn P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPhenylacetic acid (PAA) excretion was measured in 39 patients who met criteria for panic disorder; 9 of these also had major depression, and 30 did not. Patients with panic and depression excreted 66 ± 23 mg/day of PAA, an amount significantly lower than in normal controls; patients with panic disorder but without depression excreted 104 ± 23 mg/day of PAA (not significantly lower than controls). The results support previous studies indicating that PAA excretion is a marker for depressive disorder.
Who commits patricide?
Authors: Singhal S. , Dutta A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe authors studied 10 men charged with patricide, including 2 men charged with both patricide and matricide and compared them with 10 schizophrenic patients who did not commit any crime. Eight patients who committed patricide were diagnosed as suffering from schizophrenic illness and 2 patients received a diagnosis of personality‐disorder. Seven schizophrenics who committed patricide and both personality‐disordered patients had a cruel and unusual relationship with their father. All were single at the time of patricide. The EMBU inventory revealed fathers to be more punitive than mothers and fathers favoured siblings more than the patients. Mothers were more overprotective and tolerant than fathers. Patricide patients’ fathers were more punitive and shaming than control patients’ fathers, and control patients’ fathers were more stimulating and depriving than patricide patients’ fathers. Patricide patients’ mothers were more overinvolved and tolerant than control patients’ mothers. A sense of relief was felt following the patricide rather than remorse. In contrast, the majority of patients in the control group described their father and mother as kind and affectionate. The EMBU inventory did not reveal any significant difference between father and mother.
Cerebrospinal fluid levels of somatostatin, corticotropin‐releasing hormone and corticotropin in alcoholism
Authors: Roy A. , DeJong J. , Gold P. , Rubinow D. , Adinoff B. , Ravitz B. , Waxman R. , Linnoila M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTReduced brain and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of somatostatin, corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) and corticotropin (ACTH) have been reported among neuropsychiatric patients with cognitive dysfunction. Alcoholism is a disorder in which associated neuropsychiatric disorders occur. Therefore, we compared CSF levels of somatostatin, CRH and ACTH in alcoholics (n= 100) and normal controls (n= 30). There were no significant differences between the groups in concentrations of the 3 peptides. Moreover, there were no significant correlations between concentrations of the peptides in CSF and computed tomographic measures of the size of brain ventricles. There were, however, significant correlations between CSF concentrations of CRH and ACTH and between CSF concentrations of CRH and somatostatin in both the alcoholic and control groups.
Patient interactions in four psychiatric wards
Authors: Sandford D. A. , Elzinga R. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article describes the interactions between patients and between patients and staff in 4 psychiatric wards. Two of the wards are acute admission units and 2 are for long‐stay chronic patients. The hospital is diagnostically streamed so that not only does the average length of stay vary between wards but so, for one ward, does the predominant diagnostic group. Patient interactions were analysed in terms of 5 major interactional categories: individual verbal, individual nonverbal, group verbal, group nonverbal and physical. The results show that, although there was little change in the overall level of verbal interaction as a function of chronicity, there were large shifts in patient‐patient and staff‐patient interaction rates. Variations between the 4 wards on the 4 other interactional categories are explained in terms of the known diagnostic characteristics of the patients.
The experience of dysmenorrhea and its relationship to personality variables
Authors: Holmlund U. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe aims of this study were: to relate women's subjective experience of primary dysmenorrhea to psychogenic needs assessed longitudinally at the age of 15 and at the age of 25 in a nonclinical sample; to compare the psychogenic needs of women with severe primary dysmenorrhea with those of other women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea; and to examine whether women with severe dysmenorrhea were less conventionally feminine than women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea. At 25 years, 42% of the women experienced dysmenorrhea and 15% experienced pain that limited their daily activity. Differences in psychogenic needs according to the Cesarec Marke Personality Scedule and in psychological masculinity and femininity according to the Attitude Interest Schedule were found in women with severe primary dysmenorrhea compared with women who never experienced dysmenorrhea. The results indicate that women with severe dysmenorrhea have less self‐esteem at 15 years, but compensate for this at 25 years by being more achievement‐oriented and aggressive than women who never experienced dysmenorrhea. Further, women with severe dysmenorrhea are more conventionally feminine than women who never have experienced dysmenorrhea.
Coping styles to basic disorders among schizophrenics
Authors: Takai A. , Uematsu M. , Kaiya H. , Inoue M. , Ueki H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTCoping efforts to subjectively experienced basic disorders were investigated by self‐report in 60 chronic schizophrenics in Japan, and the relationships to clinical and demographic variables, intelligence, personality, and attitude toward their illness were analyzed. Self‐reports on coping efforts were obtained for more than half of all subjectively experienced basic disorders, and the predominant technique was reported to be the approach oriented towards problem‐solving. Within each coping style, the behavioral change, divertive problem‐solving approach correlated negatively with hospitalization and symptoms, and the struggle, problem‐solving efforts without any effective results correlated positively with symptoms. Suggestions regarding integration of these self‐efforts into psychosocial treatment of schizophrenia are discussed.