bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GLYCOGEN IN THE DECIDUAL TISSUE OF THE RAT UTERUS
Authors: CECIL H. C. , BITMAN J. , CONNOLLY M. R. , WRENN T. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Glycogen was investigated in uteri of intact and progesterone-treated spayed rats with and without deciduomata. Samples of whole uterus, endometrium and myometrium were analysed. With development of deciduoma in intact animals the glycogen concentration of whole uterus increased from 68 to 125 mg./100 g. wet weight. There was no change in the myometrial glycogen concentration; i.e. 74 mg./100 g. without deciduoma and 73 mg./100 g. wet weight in the decidual myometrium. The endometrial glycogen content of decidual tissue was 221 mg./100 g. wet weight. Since myometrial glycogen was constant, the increases observed in the decidual tissue of whole uteri must be due to an increase in the amount of endometrium and/or an increase in the concentration of glycogen in the endometrium. As the deciduoma developed the proportion of endometrium increased from 9% in the uninjured horn to 34% in the injured horn. Thus, an increase in the amount of endometrium contributes to the increase in the glycogen concentration. Similar changes were observed in whole uterus, myometrium and endometrium of the spayed animals treated with progesterone. Previous work on uterine glycogen in rats indicated that oestrogens cause glycogen deposition and this occurs only in the myometrium, while progesterone exhibits no effect. The present results demonstrate that progesterone is responsible for the glycogen increase by stimulating the growth of endometrium—a glycogen-rich tissue. Since no endometrial tissue could be obtained from horns without decidual development, this study could not determine whether progesterone had any effect on glycogen deposition.
EFFECTS OF EXOGENOUS OESTROGEN ALONE AND IN COMBINATION WITH PROGESTERONE ON PREGNANCY IN THE INTACT MINK
Authors: COCHRANE R. L. , SHACKELFORD R. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Daily injections of a combination of 2·4 mg. of progesterone and 24 μg. of oestradiol benzoate for 12–20 days, beginning 7 to 22 days post coitum in mink, failed to hasten ovo-implantation and increase litter size. On the contrary, it caused most of the females to be barren in comparison to similar non-treated animals in the stock colony. Daily injections of a combination of 8 mg. of progesterone and 2 μg. of oestrone for 12 days beginning four days post coitum likewise failed to hasten ovo-implantation in the mink, as shown by the length of pregnancy. This latter treatment caused a reduction rather than an increase in number of live kits at birth in the females that had litters. Daily injections of 3 μg. of oestrone for 8 days beginning 9 days post coitum caused a prolongation of the period of gestation, and presumably of the period of delay in ovo-nidation, and a reduction in number of kits alive at 7 days.
STUDIES ON STEROIDAL ENOL ETHERS: ANTIGONADOTROPHIC ACTIVITY OF CYCLOPENTYL DERIVATIVES OF SOME ORALLY ACTIVE PROGESTINS
Authors: FALCONI G. , BRUNI G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Cyclopentyl enol ethers of some orally active progestational steroids have been compared with their parent compounds for their ability to inhibit hypersecretion of pituitary gonadotrophin in parabiotic rats (intact female—castrated male). Although in previous experiments enolic etherification altered the 'antioestrus' activity it did not change the antigonadotrophic potency either of 6α-methyl-17α-acetoxyprogesterone or 17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone acetate. The lack of parallelism between antigonadotrophic and 'antioestrus' activities is discussed.
THE EFFECT OF DERIVATIVES OF DITHIOCARBAMOYLHYDRAZINE ON HORMONE EXCRETION IN POSTMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: BELL E. T. , BROWN J. B. , FOTHERBY K. , LORAINE J. A. , ROBSON J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Estimations of human pituitary gonadotrophins (HPG), total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, total 17-oxosteroids and oestrogens have been performed in seven hospitalized postmenopausal subjects receiving treatment with the dithiocarbamoylhydrazine derivatives Compound 22365 and Compound 33828 (Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd.).
Both compounds were shown to be inhibitors of pituitary gonadotrophic function as indicated by urinary HPG assays; Compound 33828 was more active in this respect than Compound 22365.
When Compound 22365 was administered to individual subjects at two different dose levels the time taken for urinary HPG levels to return to pretreatment values was longer in the case of the higher dose.
Neither of the compounds studied produced any effect on adrenocortical function as judged by urinary assays of 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-oxosteroids and oestrogens.
Side effects were noted in two of the seven patients studied. In one subject with pre-existing liver damage it was necessary to stop treatment with Compound 22365 because of the development of mild jaundice.
CHANGES IN UTILIZATION OF THYROID HORMONE AND THYROXINE DISTRIBUTION SPACE IN SHEEP TREATED WITH STILBOESTROL
Authors: ŚLEBODZIŃSKI A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of 250 μg./day stilboestrol on thyroid hormone metabolism in sheep has been investigated.
2. After 5 days the conversion ratio was significantly increased and the rate of release of iodine from the thyroid also rose.
3. After 40 days the thyroxine utilization rate increased but the turnover rate was reduced. This effect was presumably due to a coincident increase in the plasma protein-bound iodine and the thyroxine distribution space.
4. It is suggested that small doses of oestrogen decrease tissue metabolism, inducing increased activity of the thyroid gland and a compensatory increase in the peripheral utilization of thyroid hormone.
NEUTRALIZATION OF ACTIVITY OF CIRCULATING GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES BY ANTISERUM TO RAT PITUITARY
Authors: CONTOPOULOS A. N. , HAYASHIDA T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Antiserum prepared by the immunization of rabbits, with homogenates of rat anterior pituitary gland according to a procedure previously outlined, was absorbed with homologous serum proteins and tissues to remove various non-specific antibodies.
Varying levels of plasma from gonadectomized male rats, containing high levels of gonadotrophic hormone activity, were injected into hypophysectomized, immature female rats. The simultaneous injection of antiserum resulted in complete neutralization of gonadotrophic hormone as judged by the inhibition of ovarian and uterine weight responses and the extent of follicular development in the ovaries of the rats used for the bioassay. The degree of inhibition was dependent upon the relative amount of antiserum employed. Normal rabbit serum did not have any inhibitory effect. No detectable non-specific or toxic effects were noted in the animals injected with antiserum.
INFLUENCE OF THYROIDECTOMY AND SUBSEQUENT REPLACEMENT THERAPY UPON CONDITIONED AVOIDANCE LEARNING IN THE RAT
Authors: EAYRS J. T. , LEVINE S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A shuttle-box technique (unconditioned stimulus—electric shock; conditioned stimulus—buzzer) has been used to study conditioned avoidance learning in rats thyroidectomized on the day of birth and during adult life. The effects of medication with thyroid hormone have also been examined.
2. Both classes of thyroidectomized rat made significantly more errors than did normal litter-mates, an effect which was more marked following neonatal thyroidectomy than in animals thyroidectomized when adult. As a result of thyroidectomy the latencies of the response to both conditioned and unconditioned stimuli increased but rate of performance and the number of inter-trial crossings was reduced.
3. Replacement therapy restored all these measures in the direction of normal. In most instances the differences in performance between normal and thyroidectomized rats of both classes was eliminated by medication, the behaviour of medicated thyroidectomized rats differing significantly from that of unmedicated animals and but little from the controls.
4. The relationship of these findings to the developmental and metabolic functions of the thyroid and to earlier behavioural studies on the significance of the age of thyroidectomy and medication are discussed.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EXCRETION OF WATER AND ELECTROLYTES IN THE DESERT RAT (DIPODOMYS SPECTABILIS SPECTABILIS M.) AND IN THE LABORATORY RAT
Authors: COLE PRISCILLA M. , JONES I. CHESTER , BELLAMY D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A comparison was made between two species of rodent, the banner-tailed kangaroo rat (Dipodomys spectabilis spectabilis M., a desert rat) and the laboratory rat. The sodium and potassium content of blood and muscle and the water content of muscle were similar and were affected in the same way by adrenalectomy. Antidiuretic activity of the blood and urine of the desert rat was higher than the published figures for the laboratory rat. Reference is made to unpublished work showing the capacity of the adrenal gland of the desert rat to synthesize cortisol and corticosterone (ratio 10:7) and aldosterone. Loads of water or saline or potassium chloride solution were given by stomach tube together with drugs and hormones (acetazoleamide, cortisone, anti-aldosterone compounds, vasopressin). The rate of excretion and the amount and composition of the urine were determined. Estimates were made of the rates of absorption from the gut and of glomerular filtration and these were of the same order in both species.
The desert rat showed a characteristic delay in the excretion of water and saline, called the diuretic lag. Only potassium chloride was excreted promptly and the diuretic lag supervened when anti-aldosterone was also administered. In general, the desert rat is able to reabsorb water in situations which demand water excretion in the laboratory rat. In similar circumstances the desert rat reabsorbs proportionately more sodium and excretes more potassium than the laboratory rat. The factors which occasion the diuretic lag and its termination are discussed and the possible contribution of aldosterone considered.
THE EFFECTS OF TRIIODO-l-THYRONINE AND l-THYROXINE ON THE OXYGEN CONSUMPTION AND BODY WEIGHTS OF RATS FED ON A DIET CONTAINING 0·05% PROPYLTHIOURACIL
Authors: HSIEH A. C. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of triiodo-l-thyronine (T3) and l-thyroxine (T4) on the oxygen consumption of normally fed rats and rats fed on a diet containing 0·05% propylthiouracil (PTU) have been determined over a dose range of 0·039 to 20 μg./day for T3 and 0·312 to 160 μg./day for T4.
PTU increases the sensitivity of rats to T3 but decreases their sensitivity to T4.
A bioassay of T3 using change in weight of PTU-fed rats after 5–7 days of daily subcutaneous injections has been performed. It is pointed out that the simplicity, sensitivity (dose range 0·05 to 0·2 μg./day) and precision (s/b ratio of about 0·13) may outbalance the disadvantage in length of time required for the assay.
THE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL NEUROSECRETORY SYSTEM IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERTENSION IN THE RAT
Authors: TALANTI S. , EISALO A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effect of experimental renal hypertension on the hypothalamo-hypophysial neurosecretory system was studied histologically. The amount of neurosecretory material decreased, especially in the neurohypophysis. A marked reduction in the nuclear volume of the neurosecretory ganglion cells occurred, while that of the cells of the other hypothalamic nuclei investigated remained unchanged. The results suggest that the activity of the neurosecretory system is diminished in the experimental conditions used.
TOTAL GONADOTROPHIC ACTIVITY IN THE URINE OF THE OVARIECTOMIZED, NORMAL AND PREGNANT EWE AND IN THAT OF THE RAM
Authors: MacGILLIVRAY A. J. , ROBERTSON H. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The detection of gonadotrophic activity in the urine of the ewe following ovariectomy has been extended to a study of the levels excreted during the breeding and non-breeding seasons. The presence of small amounts of gonadotrophic activity in the urine following ovariectomy has been confirmed, but owing to the fluctuating values obtained, no definite pattern of excretion was observed during a period of 16 months.
When the same techniques were applied to the urine of a normal ewe during the non-breeding season no gonadotrophic activity was detected. In a similar manner no gonadotrophic activity could be found in the urine of the cyclic ewe during a period of up to 5 days after the onset of oestrus (i.e. about 1 day before and 4 days after ovulation), at mid-cycle, or in the urine of a normal ram during the latter part of the breeding season.
The possible occurrence of gonadotrophic activity during early pregnancy was also investigated, but no such activity could be demonstrated during the period between 20 and 40 days after conception.
THE METABOLISM OF [4-14C]-PROGESTERONE BY ADRENOCORTICAL TISSUE FROM PATIENTS WITH CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: WARD PAMELA J. , GRANT J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The metabolism of [4-14C]-progesterone in vitro by adrenocortical tissue from three patients with Cushing's syndrome has been studied. The glands of two of these patients were hyperplastic and the third patient, a severely virilized girl, had a large adrenal tumour. Slices taken for study from the hyperplastic glands contained 'clear' fascicular and 'compact' reticular cells. The tumour slices were 'clear' cells.
The major metabolites in each case were 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 16α-hydroxyprogesterone, 11β-hydroxyandrost-4-ene-3,17-dione and corticosterone. Small amounts of 11-deoxycorticosterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testosterone were also formed.
The production of 16α-hydroxyprogesterone and testosterone from progesterone by adult human adrenal cortex tissue has not previously been described.
The results support the view that adrenal androgens may be synthesized in both fascicular and reticular cells, in contradiction to the older view that the zona reticularis is the site of androgen biosynthesis.
SEX DIFFERENCES IN GROWTH OF RATS, AND THEIR MODIFICATION BY A SINGLE INJECTION OF TESTOSTERONE PROPIONATE SHORTLY AFTER BIRTH
Authors: SWANSON H. E. , VAN DER WERFF TEN BOSCH J. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A single s.c. injection of 0·5 mg. testosterone propionate to rats aged 2 or 5 days affected development and subsequent activity of the reproductive tract, and somatic growth. As adults, females displayed prolonged vaginal oestrus with lack of ovulation and with uteri smaller than in control-injected animals likewise killed when in oestrus; males had smaller testes, seminal vesicles and ventral prostates.
Body growth increased in treated females and decreased in males. Data on specific gravity and weights of heart, liver and kidneys, indicate that both the normal sex difference and the changes in weight due to early androgen administration are attributable to overall differences in size and not to specific differences in any particular body component. These effects of the steroid appear to be comparable to those noted after castration at an early age.
THE METABOLISM OF 19-HYDROXYANDROST-4-ENE-3, 17-DIONE AND TESTOSTERONE BY HUMAN ADRENAL TISSUE
Authors: ENGEL L. L. , DIMOLINE ANN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Human adrenal tissue slices were incubated with C-19 steroids known to serve as precursors of the natural oestrogens. No convincing evidence for aromatization was obtained, although the tissues were able to carry out the transformation of testosterone to 11β,17β-dihydroxyandrost-4-en-3-one.
A COMPARISON OF TOPICAL AND SUBCUTANEOUS METHODS OF ADMINISTRATION OF SIXTEEN OESTROGENS
Authors: MORGAN C. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
This study showed that the application of hormones directly on the surface of the skin will result in uterine and vaginal weight stimulation, at times equal to and sometimes more effective than effects obtained by s.c. injection of the same hormones in the same concentration and over the same length of time. This effect was apparent, using sixteen different oestrogens. It was also shown that the uterine weight response is more sensitive and discriminatory in detecting differences between the potencies of oestrogens than is the vaginal weight response. The rank orders by both response variables, whether by topical or s.c. administration, were similar. It was shown statistically that the differences in potency of the sixteen oestrogens tested in this study are related more to certain molecular structure than to difference in solubility, molecular weight, or melting point. It was postulated that the potency of the oestrogens was related to their molecular structure and activity within the target organs.
THYROID AUTOGRAFTS IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED AND IN THYROXINE TREATED RATS
Authors: WILLIAMS E. D. , DONIACH I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rats were hypophysectomized and the left thyroid lobe auto-implanted subcutaneously to the anterior abdominal wall 3 weeks later. They were killed at intervals varying from 2 to 56 days after implantation. Twelve grafts were identified histologically in the twelve animals in which completeness of hypophysectomy was confirmed by serial section of the pituitary bed, extreme lowering of T/S ratio, marked loss of weight of adrenals and testes and loss of body weight. The follicles of the graft showed taller cells than those in the neck and intracytoplasmic PAS-positive droplets.
In a further series of rats production of TSH was suppressed by daily s.c. injections of thyroxine varying from 15 to 100 μg. One thyroid lobe was auto-implanted after 3 weeks' treatment, the thyroxine being continued afterwards. Animals were killed at intervals from 3 to 15 days. Thirty-two grafts were identified in the 36 thyroxine-treated rats. Autoradiographs at 6 and 24 hr. after administration of 50 μc 131I showed a greater iodine uptake in some follicles of the grafts than in any in the neck thyroid at 15 days. Measurement showed thyroid follicular cells in the graft to be twice as tall as those in the neck. It was concluded that the 'take' of thyroid grafts is independent of TSH and that their reparative growth is accompanied by an associated increased organic binding of iodine.
A COMPARISON OF PROTEIN-BINDING OF CORTISOL AS MEASURED BY EQUILIBRIUM DIALYSIS AND GEL FILTRATION
Authors: QUINCEY R. V. , GRAY C. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The binding of cortisol to plasma proteins at room temperature (22–25° c) and 37° c has been studied by equilibrium dialysis against 0·9% NaCl and by gel filtration of the dialysed plasma. The rate of dissociation of the cortisol-transcortin complex during gel filtration of plasma from both normal and oestrogen-treated subjects is a rapid process. The difference in the percentage of cortisol bound as determined by the two methods cannot, therefore, give an accurate measurement of the binding due to albumin.
ALDOSTERONE AND WATER AND SODIUM DISTRIBUTION IN NORMAL AND ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: LEONARD P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Adrenalectomy in the rat caused an increase of intracellular sodium, both total and relative concentration in heart tissue and a decrease of both in abdominal muscle. These changes were reversed after administration of aldosterone. When aldosterone was given in similar doses to normal animals no changes were observed. It was concluded that an increase in the intracellular sodium concentration of heart and/or other soft tissues, including the adrenals, may stimulate the secretion of aldosterone. A possible regulating system is discussed. It is suggested that total sodium and its intracellular concentration in muscle are influenced by the availability of aldosterone and sodium.
ALLOXAN DIABETES IN PREGNANT EWES
Authors: REID R. L. , HINKS N. T. , MILLS S. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Diabetes, uncomplicated by severe renal damage, was established in ewes, 115–135 days pregnant, by injection of 40 mg. alloxan/kg. body weight. The onset of severe hyperketonaemia was accompanied by loss of appetite and rapid loss of body weight, death ensuing usually after 10–16 days. Blood acetate levels were markedly elevated in the early stages of the syndrome, and declined as feed intake fell. It is concluded that the high levels are a consequence of a block in the metabolism of acetate absorbed from the gut. Levels remained above normal after complete loss of appetite, to a degree correlated with blood ketone level. Fasting blood glucose levels were reduced in pregnant ewes below those of non-pregnant ewes, to a degree which correlated with foetal weight. Hypoglycaemia was recorded in fasting diabetic ewes with triplets. Plasma cortisol levels were only slightly increased after alloxan, except in pre-mortal stages, when very high values were associated with terminal increases in blood glucose, NPN and creatinine levels.
A dose of 20 mg. alloxan/kg. temporarily increased blood glucose levels and induced a transitory diabetes in two of twelve ewes. Hyperglycaemia and mild ketosis occurred, but were not associated with loss of appetite or loss of body weight. A dose of 60 mg./kg. induced a diabetic-uraemic syndrome in three of eight ewes, characterized by gross elevation of glucose, NPN, creatinine, amino-N and cortisol levels. This syndrome occurred in only two of sixteen ewes after 40 mg. alloxan/kg.
A METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION AND ESTIMATION OF NEUTRAL STEROIDS IN THE URINE OF NEWBORN INFANTS
Authors: BIRCHALL KATHLEEN , CATHRO D. M. , FORSYTH CONSTANCE C. , MITCHELL F. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for the separation and estimation of neutral steroids in infant urine. The free steroids are obtained by a two-stage enzyme hydrolysis. Following preliminary chromatography, the extracts containing steroids of low and medium polarity are suitable for final resolution. The extract containing steroids of high polarity requires further purification by partition between ether-ethanol and aqueous ammonium sulphate, followed by reversed-phase paper chromatography. Final resolution of steroids in fractions of different polarity is achieved using Bush aqueous methanol systems. Losses incurred in the method are estimated by the use of 4-14C steroids.
THE MEASUREMENT OF URINARY PREGN-5-ENE-3β,17α,20α-TRIOL WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO THE STEIN-LEVENTHAL SYNDROME
Authors: STERN MARGARET I. , BARWELL JANE O. H. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A method is described for measuring the quantity of pregn-5-ene,3β,17α,20α-triol excreted in the urine. The procedure involves hydrolysis of the conjugates, then gradient elution chromatography, followed by colorimetric measurement of the steroid. It has been applied to the urine obtained from more than twenty patients attending a gynaecological hospital. Ten of the eleven patients with the Stein—Leventhal syndrome excreted amounts of Δ5-triol above that found in specimens from seventeen 'control' patients. Ten patients with the syndrome underwent wedge resection of the ovaries and six subsequently had a resumption of normal menstrual cycles. One patient is included in the survey who excreted Δ5-triol in abnormally large quantities but who has not undergone wedge resection. The 'control' patients were designated by the clinician as 'not Stein—Leventhal on clinical grounds' although most of them suffered from one or more of the clinical features of the syndrome.
RESPONSE OF X-IRRADIATED AND CRYPTORCHID TESTES TO ENDOGENOUS GONADOTROPHINS IN PARABIOTIC RATS
Authors: JOHNSON D. C. , WITSCHI E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Immature male rats were (1) exposed to X-rays, or (2) made cryptorchid, or (3) subjected to a combination of the two and placed in parabiosis with castrated males. Pairs were autopsied at various intervals up to 46 weeks and effects upon gonads and accessory sex organs evaluated.
Androgen production in response to endogenous gonadotrophins from a castrated animal is greater in irradiated than cryptorchid testes. The stresses imposed upon irradiated, intra-abdominal testes greatly reduces their capacity to produce androgen in response to gonadotrophins.