bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Natural Gas Production From the Mississippian Age "Second Berea" Sandstone in Southeastern Ohio
Authors: Tomastik T. E. , Cavender M. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The "Second Berea" Sandstone has been a prime oil and gas target in southeastern Ohio since the late 1890's. Rapid development of this horizon took place in southeastern Ohio during the 1920's and 1930"s. The introduction of hydraulic fracturing renewed interest in the "Second Berea' during the 1950's to 1960's. Dramatic price increases in the late 1970's to mid-1980's again stimulated exploration and development of the "Second Berea". Today, development of this reservoir now includes several thousand wells and encompasses an area covering 5 counties and 36 civil townships.
The "Second Berea" Sandstone is Mississippian in age and was deposited as a regressive barrier island system, which extended from Gallia County in the south to Muskingum County in the north. This unit is a very fine-to medium-grained, sub-angular to rounded, slightly shaley sandstone. Porosity varies between 6 to 14 percent, while permeability ranges from 0.012 to 0.097 millidarcies. Unit thickness varies from 0 to over 30 feet (9.84 m). Depths to the "Second Berea" range between 1000 to 2000 feet (328.08 to 656.17 m).
Natural gas production data was obtained from 111 "Second Berea" wells currently owned and operated by Columbia Natural Resources. These wells were originally drilled and completed by the Ohio Fuel Gas Company between the early 1920's to the early 1960's. Total cumulative natural gas production ranges from 40 MMscf (13.97 m3/s) to over 500 MMscf (174.60 m3/s), and averages about 134 MMscf (46.79 m3/s) per well.
An Application of an Expert System for Bailing Operation Management: Field Case Study
Authors: Yu J. P. , Suhy T. E. , Cheong P. , Yang J. R. , Zhao D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The success of a bailing operation depends solely on management in order to keep the operation economical. A novel approach to solve this management challenge is to use an expert system. To automate the bailing evaluation the required knowledge base was divided into one main frame and two subframes. The non-quantitive data are translated to computer form using the rule-based approach. The main frame determines the number of wells for bailing and each subframe handles operational problems.
This paper presents field applications. About twenty wells were selected and pertinent data were stored in database form. Primary priority of the bailing wells were set according to the predicted bailing gain and date with a special decline curve analysis program. Then, the expert system evaluated individual well according to the operational constraints and problems. Since the expert system interacted with the database system, one database file listed all the bailing wells and the other list all the operational problems for future reference. The bailing operation is found to be more efficient and economical.
Hydraulic Fracturing Techniques Used for Stimulation of Coalbed Methane Wells
Authors: McDaniel B. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Methane gas from wells completed exclusively in coal seams has become a major energy resource in the USA, and it is being evaluated in many other countries. In all but a very few cases, stimulation by hydraulic fracturing is required for adequate production rates. The application of fracturing to improve degasification of coal beds prior to mining began in 1974, but in recent years its application has expanded such that many completions are independent of any expected future mining operations. Wells are often completed in multiple coal seams with possibly hundreds of feet between the completion zones.
The hydraulic fracturing fluids, equipment, and designs used for coalbed methane wells have seen major evolutionary changes from the early treatments when completing in seams to be mined. When fracturing became common in coal seams where mining was not being considered, roof integrity was no longer a concern and the treatment designs began to undergo more accelerated changes.
This paper will trace the historical application of hydraulic fracturing in the two major commercial coalbed methane producing areas: The Black Warrior Basin of Northern Alabama and the San Juan Basin of Northwest New Mexico/Southwest Colorado. Recent applications in the Raton and Piceance Basins of Colorado and the Central Appalachian Basin will also be addressed.
Horizontal Drilling Success Offshore Abu Dhabi
Authors: Muriby A. C. , Youssef M. , Mostafa A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The oil industry's remarkable achievements in horizontal drilling encouraged Upper Zakum Development Company, ZADCO, under the auspices of Abu Dhabi National Oil Company, ADNOC, and in cooperation with Abu Dhabi Marine Operating Company, ADMA-OPCO, to consider and successfully implement the medium-radius technique in two low-productivity wells of west Upper Zakum Field.
This paper will discuss the strategies used for planning the two wells. Operational aspects and experience gained will also be detailed.
Transition Zone Exploration – A New Seismic Approach
Authors: Ebed Atef 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Transition zones (coastal areas connecting marine and onshore) are known to constitute a hazard in seismic exploration. The establishment of accurate ties between various modes of seismic surveys (Land, Shallow Marine and Marine) should therefore be carefully considered/achieved during both data acquisition and processing phases.
Variations in water depth, sea bottom topography, the crossing of small islands and/or reefal bodies normally impose constraints on the selection of optimum data acquisition parameters. Flexibility/versatility of methods and equipment are of utmost importance in securing adequate results. Multi-various combination of energy sources (airgun, dynamite, vibroseis etc.) and receivers (hydrophones, geophones, marshphones etc.) could be used within the one and the same survey to secure maximum continuity of seismic reflections.
Seismic data acquired in the transition areas require the application of special processing parameters due to amplitude and phase distortion resulting from the use of various sources and receivers. Sophisticated and advanced processing techniques are therefore essential to generate continuous and well matched seismic sections across the transition areas.
Optimum processing results can only be achieved in case good quality data is acquired. This should enable better identification of subsurface structures and stratigraphie plays that may be present, and consequently enhance possibilities for the detection of hydrocarbons.
Seismic data acquired and processed through the application of new techniques undoubtedly reveal better definition and resolution of subsurface traps, when compared to data recorded using old methods.
All examples and illustrations presented in this paper were extracted from seismic data, acquired in ADNOC Concession Areas, in Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
Correlation of PVT Properties for U.A.E. Crudes
Authors: Dokla Mahmoud E. , Osman Mohammed E. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
PVT properties are important reservoir parameters. Correlations are used whenever experimentally derived PVT data are not available. No universal PVT correlation is available and data from local regions are expected to give better approximation to estimated PVT values.
Available PVT data from UAE reservoirs was used to obtain correlation equations for bubble point pressure and oil FVF as function of oil specific gravity, gas gravity, solution GOR, and reservoir temperature. Error bounds of the obtained correlations are calculated and compared to other correlations available in the literature. The correlations of this study result in lower errors and should work better for UAE crudes.
Gas Condensate Reservoir Evaluation Using an Equation of State PVT Package
Authors: Savary D. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Gas-condensate reservoirs are among the most difficult problems in practical Reservoir Engineering. In case the reservoir is saturated (which is the most frequent) it is impossible to obtain a representative reservoir fluid sample, because any production will create a draw down at well bore level, and some condensed liquid will be left in the formation.
On the other hand, behaviour of a gas-condensate reservoir is mainly controlled by fluid properties, and accurate knowledge of these PVT characteristics is required.
The former methods for PVT calculations (corresponding states law, K-value correlations) were rather tedious and of limited accuracy. The introduction of Equation of State and progress in computers has resulted in modern PVT packages which can accurately simulate fluid behaviour with a reasonable work involved.
The objective of this paper is to illustrate how such a modern PVT package can help in solving practical reservoir engineering problems on a gas-condensate field offshore Abu Dhabi.
Example shown includes:
Reconstitution of the original reservoir fluid using a sample obtained at flowing pressure below dew-point. Calculation of initial gas composition change with depth in the reservoir, down to the gas-oil contact. Condensate-gas ratios measured in various conditions during life of the reservoir can vary a lot: a PVT package helps in explaining these differences and selecting the best data. Performance of lean gas injection into a depleted reservoir containing immobile condensed liquid, and how it improves condensate recovery.
Application of Short-Radius Lateral Drilling Technology in the Divided Neutral Zone Between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait
Authors: Kumamoto K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In 1989 short-radius lateral drilling technology was applied in the Khafji Field which is situated in the Divided Neutral Zone between Saudi Arabia and Kuwait.
First two lateral holes, with a combined horizontal displacement of 1389 ft, were drilled in a limestone which has two porous oil-bearing layers separated by a tight limestone, starting from one existing vertical production well. The aim in so doing was to enhance the rate of oil production.
A third lateral hole, with a horizontal displacement of 309 ft, was drilled in an unconsolidated oil-bearing sand formation which is characterised by bands of sloughing shale, starting from another existing vertical production well which was suffering water coning. From the standpoint of wellbore stability this sand formation had been considered to be too unstable to carry out horizontal drilling. The aim in view here was also to enhance the rate of oil production. However, the main intention was to prevent the problem of water coning.
Lateral drilling in the limestone was completed without any difficulty.
Inclination was able to be controlled by changing the bottom hole assembly. Drilling was carried out-until the allowable maximum rotary torque was reached.
However, during lateral drilling in the. sand formation many problems occurred – i.e. low rate of penetration, short bit life, severe dragging during trips, differentially stuck, etc. These problems were due to the high mud weight which was considered to be necessary as a result of an analysis, taken together, of a microfrac test and a rock mechanics study which had been carried out. The aim here was to stop the hole collapsing. In this case inclination was not controllable. The well path kept on rising continuously.
This paper will discuss how the well was drilled, the problems encountered in the process and how these were overcome.
Safah Field: A Case History of Field Development
Authors: Vadgama U. , Ellison R. E. , Gustav S. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Safah field located 415 kilometers west of Muscat, The Sultanate of Oman, produces 42 degree API oil from the Upper Shuaiba Formation of Lower Cretaceous age. The paper describes how the operator has cost effectively developed the so called "marginal" field where the average well produces about 250 BOPD. The paper presents the geology and reservoir parameters along with the reservoir simulation results used to determine the well spacing. It reviews the on going gas injection project as describes the future development plans.
Hydrocarbon Generation and Migration in the Paleozoic Sequence of Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abu-Ali M. A. , Franz U. A. , Shen J. , Monnier F. , Mahmoud M. D. , Chambers T. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper is a progress report on geochemical studies of the Pre-Khuff Paleozoic Sequence in Saudi Arabia, summarizing current laboratory results from both Saudi Aramco and U.S. Companies and their preliminary interpretations.
Oil-oil and oil-source rock correlations indicate that Pre-Khuff Paleozoic oils and condensates are closely related to each other because they have a common source, the "hot shale" at the base of the Qusaiba shale Member of the Qalibah Formation. Oils and condensates in the Hawtah trend have been generated from highly mature Qusaiba shales. Since Paleozoic source rock maturities are no more than marginal in the producing trend, hydrocarbons must have migrated generally westward from the presently overmature Udaynan depocenter of the Rub-Al-Khali Embayment. Indeed, maturity measurements and computer-assisted maturity modeling clearly indicate that oil generation and updip migration commenced as long as about 160 million years ago (MA). Residual oil was cracked into condensate and gas when the depocenter passed into a higher temperature regime beyond the oil window, approximately 90 MA. Thus, the light hydrocarbons produced in the Hawtah trend can be considered the result of a "natural refinery" process at depths in excess of approximately 13,000 ft. (3962m) and temperatures around 350°F (177°C). Late stage non-hydrocarbon gases should be co-generated in the very overmature depocenter (over 2% Ro) at present. The likely source for such gases is pyrobitumen, the residue of cracked oil. Pyrobitumen is found in many deep wells where it has a pore-plugging effect. Advantageously all of the hydrocarbons are sulfur-poor because the initial kerogen was sulfur-poor. This difference between Saudi Arabian Paleozoic and Mesozoic oils is extremely important economically!
Use of Oil-Base Gel System for Multiple Proppant Fracturing of Horizontal Wells
Authors: McCabe M. A. , Champetier J-L. , Edwards M. G. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes the planning, laboratory evaluation, and fluid system development for a fracturing treatment on a horizontal completion in the Sahmah Field, Sultanate of Oman. The Sahmah field consists of two reservoirs, the Lower and Upper Haushi, part of the Permian age. The Upper Haushi comprises a sandstone formation overlying a dolomite bed. The sandstone is deep, hot, and has low permeability with pockets of moderate permeabilities throughout. In the past, improvement in productivity has been successful with hydraulic fracturing treatments. A horizontal completion in the sandstone with a combination of multiple fracturing treatments placed in the horizontal wellbore was considered as a method for optimizing production in the Sahmah field.
The isolation of the field created logistic and well servicing problems, so four separate hydraulic fracturing treatments, to be performed prior to flowback, were planned. The laboratory testing carried out for fluid selection and fracture modeling for the horizontal completion form the basis of this paper.
Casing Design Considerations for Horizontal Wells
Authors: El-Sayed A-A. H. , Khalaf F. , Ghzaly S. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Horizontal Drilling is now a well established technique with growing popularity for exploiting a number of reservoirs which would otherwise be noncommercial. However a horizontal well requires a substantial engineering work compared to conventional directional drilling. Significant advances in drilling technology have made it possible to drill horizontally in almost any situation by using very specialized tools. But some inherent weaknesses to this technique still exist, like casing design. Most of the reported horizontal wells are completed with open hole or slotted liner. This type of completion is simple and inexpensive, but may not furnish enough support to the walls of the well to allow for long well life.
This paper discusses casing design considerations for horizontal wells. It addresses the type and nature of loads applied on casing strings set in horizontal wells; examples of these loads are torque and drag, formation subsidence, effect of perforations, and bending loads. A design method for casing string under loads that prevail in horizontal wells is also included. The proposed design method shows that the horizontal section needs high collapse resistance pipe or thick-wall pipe to avoid casing failure due to non-conventional loads that prevails in horizontal wells.
Prediction of Stratigraphic and Areal Occurrences of Jilh High Pressure in Bahrain Field
Authors: Mohamed A. N. M. , Khalaf A. S. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Bahrain field is an asymmetrical anticline trending in the North South direction. The sedimentary column extends from Cambrian Saq Sandstone to the Miocene reefal deposits, exposed on the surface.
Jilh Formation is of Middle Triassic age. It is named after Jilh Al-Ishan escarpment, Lat 24° 04′ North, Long. 45° 46′ East, in Saudi Arabia across which the type section was measured. The top of Jilh is marked by a regional unconformity that has caused the complete erosion of the Minjoor Sandstone of upper Triassic and the partial erosion of Jilh Formation in the Bahrain Field. The preserved thickness of the Jilh Formation in Bahrain Field ranges from 800 feet (244 meters) on the crest to 1380 feet (420 meters) on the flanks.
Extremely high pressures were encountered in the Jilh Formation at depths ranging from 7000 to 8000 feet (2135-2440 meters). These abnormally pressured zones are usually associated with gaseous brines and have pressure gradients ranging from .65 to .88 PSI/FT (1.5 to 2.03 gram/cc).
The lateral pressure compartmentation necessary for creating the abnormally pressured zones is apparently formed by the central graben faults and the perpendicular minor antithetic faults. The pressurized brines are believed to have been sourced from the clayey sections of the Jilh Formation.
The Jilh high pressure zones are difficult to drill through unless the depth and the lateral distribution of these abnormal pressures are known. This paper will attempt to describe an approach for predicting the occurrences of abnormal high pressure zones in the Jilh formation ahead of drilling to facilitate the casing design and minimize risks normally associated with such phenomenon.
A Simplified Method for Computing Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide/Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Compositional Simulation
Authors: Mohammed S. A. , Wattenbarger R. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A K-value method, which is designed for fast computation, is presented. The method relates the K-value of each component with its boiling temperature, critical temperature and pressure, the mixture's pressure and convergence pressure, and overall compositional changes. Experimental data, from routine PVT tests of the mixture, are used to calibrate the K-value correlation.
A PVT simulator was developed to model the routine PVT laboratory tests. This simulator generates the K-value correlation for the mixture and employs a least squares-linear programming optimization routine to fine tune the correlation such that the simulated PVT behavior matches the actual one.
Nine reservoir fluid samples, four of them included carbon dioxide miscibility, were used to demonstrate and test the applicability of the new K-value method. The method has proven successful for predicting the phase behavior of hydrocarbon systems as well as the carbon dioxide-hydrocarbon mixtures.
The new method was compared with Peng-Robinson, Soave-Redlich-Kwong, and Schmidt-Wenzel equations of state which were embodied as options in the PVT model. The comparisons of the fluid samples have shown that the new method is reliable and is faster than the equations of state by a factor of seven to twenty. The method requires no iterations, less computer memory, less input data, and fewer tuning parameters than equation of state methods.
Comparison of Formation Microscanner Images to Cores in Sandstone Reservoirs, Saudi Arabia
Authors: McNaboe G. J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The Formation MicroScanner (FMS) tool was first run in Saudi Arabia in 1986. Since then, both the tool and software used for viewing and manipulating the FMS images have been improved. Recent developments in interactive software by Schlumberger have greatly increased the usefulness and ease of interpreting the FMS images. The FMS log is better than the dipmeter because it allows calculation of dips in the presence of fractures and in zones of poor lateral continuity.
The FMS uses arrays of microresistivity sensors to make high resolution images of the borehole. The images are displayed on a variable intensity color scale with sufficient resolution to enable comparison to core photographs. Detailed FMS analysis requires the use of an interactive computer-graphics workstation for image enhancement and dip calculations.
The FMS images were found to be effective in the interpretation of sedimentary structures, paleocurrent direction, thin bed analysis, depositional environment, and fracture identification. Because of the photo-like quality of the images, features such as concretions, rip-up clasts, bioturbation, flaser bedding, and grain size changes can often be identified. Also faint crossbedding in core may be more obvious on the images as the microresistivity contrast is often greater than the visual contrast.
Once the FMS images have been calibrated with core data, the FMS log can be an effective way to reduce the need for core in offset wells. At times a FMS image is better than conventional core since true dip azimuth and magnitude can be calculated.
Analysis and Evaluation of Tubing-Conveyed Perforating vs. Through-Tubing Perforating
Authors: Sobh A. A. S. , El Sharkawi A. W. M. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
In GUPCO'S operations, different perforation types and techniques had been used for new completions, workovers, conversions and drill stem tests in Gulf of Suez and Western desert fields.
This paper presents a case study of Tubing Conveyed under-balance Perforating (TCP) jobs versus Through Tubing Perforation (TTP) jobs and Casing gun perforation jobs conducted in GUPCO'S fields during the period from January 1980 until April 1991.
In the past the conventional over-balance perforating types, TTP (Through Tubing) and Casing perforations, were being used in all perforation jobs performed till late 1983. In October 1983 the under-balance tubing conveyed perforating technique was used for the first time in the well M-107 in E1 Morgan field. As a result, the well was produced 7500 BFPD with 6% W.C. Then the TCP applications increased sharply and become the most usable perforation type today.
The perforation job is the most important step in the well completion as it represents the last portion of the reservoir inflow. Consequently, it directly affects the well productivity.
The determination of the proper perforation type and technique will results in both cost savings and improving well productivity.
This paper documents only those perforation jobs performed utilizing rigs including new completions, recompletions, conversions and workovers. More than 1600 rig jobs were performed during the period from January 1980 until April 1991. Out of these jobs, 993 perforation jobs were conducted and will be analyzed in this paper.