bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Global planning on the Mars Exploration Rovers: Software integration and surface testing
Authors: Carsten Joseph , Rankin Arturo , Ferguson Dave , Stentz Anthony 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn January 2004, NASA's twin Mars Exploration Rovers (MERs), Spirit and Opportunity, began searching the surface of Mars for evidence of past water activity. To localize and approach scientifically interesting targets, the rovers employ an onboard navigation system. Given the latency in sending commands from Earth to the Martian rovers (and in receiving return data), a high level of navigational autonomy is desirable. Autonomous navigation with hazard avoidance (AutoNav) is currently performed using a local path planner called GESTALT (grid‐based estimation of surface traversability applied to local terrain) that incorporates terrain and obstacle information generated from stereo cameras. GESTALT works well at guiding the rovers around narrow and isolated hazards; however, it is susceptible to failure when clusters of closely spaced, nontraversable rocks form extended obstacles. In May 2005, a new technology task was initiated at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory to address this limitation. Specifically, a version of the Field D* global path planner was integrated into MER flight software, enabling simultaneous local and global planning during AutoNav. A revised version of AutoNav was then uploaded to the rovers during the summer of 2006. In this paper we describe how this integration of global planning into the MER flight software was performed and provide results from both the MER surface system test bed rover and five fully autonomous runs by Opportunity on Mars. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward extraplanetary under‐ice exploration: Robotic steps in the Arctic
Authors: Kunz Clayton , Murphy Chris , Singh Hanumant , Pontbriand Claire , Sohn Robert A. , Singh Sandipa , Sato Taichi , Roman Chris , Nakamura Ko‐ichi , Jakuba Michael , Eustice Ryan , Camilli Richard , Bailey John 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper describes the design and use of two new autonomous underwater vehicles, Jaguar and Puma, which were deployed in the summer of 2007 at sites at 85°N latitude in the ice‐covered Arctic Ocean to search for hydrothermal vents. These robots are the first to be deployed and recovered through ice to the deep ocean (>3,500 m) for scientific research. We examine the mechanical design, software architecture, navigation considerations, sensor suite, and issues with deployment and recovery in the ice based on the missions they carried out. Successful recoveries of vehicles deployed under the ice require two‐way acoustic communication, flexible navigation strategies, redundant localization hardware, and software that can cope with several different kinds of failure. The ability to direct an autonomous underwater vehicle via the low‐bandwidth and intermittently functional acoustic channel is of particular importance. On the basis of our experiences, we also discuss the applicability of the technology and operational approaches of this expedition to the exploration of Jupiter's ice‐covered moon Europa. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying the source of infection for HIV‐infected hemophiliacs in the U.K. from 1979 to 1984
Authors: Jewell Nicholas P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThere is considerable literature on the risk of HIV infection for individuals suffering from hemophilia A in the United Kingdom (U.K.) during the period 1979–1984 when the sources of Factor VIII clotting factor were contaminated with HIV. Toward the end of this period, several investigators reported HIV prevalence among hemophiliacs, often classified by the severity of disease and, to some extent, the source of the clotting factor with which individuals were infused. In the U.K., hemophilia A patients typically received clotting factor from the local National Health Service (NHS) supplies or from commercial product usually imported from the United States. Litigation on behalf of U.K. hemophiliacs, their survivors, and estates remains unresolved, cases in which it becomes important to quantify the fraction of U.K. hemophiliac HIV infections attributable to imported blood product. For HIV‐infected individuals who received Factor VIII from one source exclusively, the source of infection is clear, assuming no other risk factors. For patients who used both types of clotting factor, the source of infection is uncertain. For the U.K. as a whole, we produce quantitative estimates of the conditional probability of infection due to a specific source, based on HIV prevalence in groups exclusively exposed to a specific source and the percentage of clotting factor that was imported. With plausible estimates of these input parameters, an estimate of the conditional probability of infection due to imported product is 0.93 (95 per cent CI: 0.90–0.96). This estimate is relatively insensitive to changes in input parameters, but may vary over subgroups of hemophiliacs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitivity analysis to investigate the impact of a missing covariate on survival analyses using cancer registry data
Authors: Egleston Brian L. , Wong Yu‐Ning 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHaving substantial missing data is a common problem in administrative and cancer registry data. We propose a sensitivity analysis to evaluate the impact of a covariate that is potentially missing not at random in survival analyses using Weibull proportional hazards regressions. We apply the method to an investigation of the impact of missing grade on post‐surgical mortality outcomes in individuals with metastatic kidney cancer. Data came from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) registry which provides population‐based information on those undergoing cytoreductive nephrectomy. Tumor grade is an important component of risk stratification for patients with both localized and metastatic kidney cancer. Many individuals in SEER with metastatic kidney cancer are missing tumor grade information. We found that surgery was protective, but that the magnitude of the effect depended on assumptions about the relationship of grade with missingness. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persons with AIDS and their support persons: stress and life satisfaction
Authors: Darling Carol Anderson , Olmstead Spencer B. , Tiggleman Cornelius 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the role of historical family functioning, family stress, coping, perceived impact of acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), and health stress upon the life satisfaction of persons with AIDS (PWAs) and their support persons. Utilizing Family Stress Theory, a survey research design was employed involving 114 PWAs and 114 support persons. Historical family functioning was indirectly related to life satisfaction as mediated by family coping. Current family stress was indirectly related to life satisfaction as mediated by perception of stress. Female support persons experienced greater perceptions of caregiver stress. Family and health‐care professionals need to be aware of the importance of family stress and coping as they influence the health stress and life satisfaction of PWAs and their support persons. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elasticity Mapping of Pore‐Suspending Native Cell Membranes
Authors: Lorenz Bärbel , Mey Ingo , Steltenkamp Siegfried , Fine Tamir , Rommel Christina , Müller Martin Michael , Maiwald Alexander , Wegener Joachim , Steinem Claudia , Janshoff Andreas 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe mechanics of cellular membranes are governed by a non‐equilibrium composite framework consisting of the semiflexible filamentous cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix proteins linked to the lipid bilayer. While elasticity information of plasma membranes has mainly been obtained from whole cell analysis, techniques that allow addressing local mechanical properties of cell membranes are desirable to learn how their lipid and protein composition is reflected in the elastic behavior on local length scales. Introduced here is an approach based on basolateral membranes of polar epithelial Madin–Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells, prepared on a highly ordered porous substrate that allows elastic mapping on a submicrometer‐length scale. A strong correlation between the density of actin filaments and the measured membrane elasticity is found. Spatially resolved indentation experiments carried out with atomic force and fluorescence microscope permit relation of the supramolecular structure to the elasticity of cellular membranes. It is shown that the elastic response of the pore spanning cell membranes is governed by local bending modules rather than lateral tension.
Advancements Toward the Greener Processing of Engineered Nanomaterials—Effect of Core Size on the Dispersibility and Transport of Gold Nanocrystals in Near‐Critical Solvents
Authors: Fernandez Carlos A. , Bekhazi Jacky G. , Hoppes Emily M. , Wiacek Robert J. , Fryxell Glen E. , Bays J. Timothy , Warner Marvin G. , Wang Chongmin , Hutchison James E. , Addleman R. Shane 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe ability to process and purify engineered nanomaterials using near critical or supercritical fluids (NcFs or ScFs) has enormous potential for the application at various stages of the development of green nanomaterials. The dispersibility of octanethiol‐stabilized gold nanocrystals of different core sizes is explored, which were chosen to serve as model nanomaterials of general interest in compressed ethane and propane over a wide range of fluid conditions. Both solvents have enormous potential for the environmentally benign processing and transport of engineered nanomaterials due to their nominal toxicity and high degree of tunability and processability that can essentially eliminate solvent waste. The dispersibility is determined by measuring the absorption spectra of dispersions of various sizes of nanocrystals in NcFs. To better understand the obtained results three models, the total interaction theory, the sedimentation coefficient equation, and the Chrastil method, are discussed. Nanoparticle dispersibility versus density plots are strongly dependent on nanoparticle size and solvent conditions, with the dispersion of larger nanocrystals more dependent on changes of pressure or density at a given temperature. For the range of nanoparticle sizes studied, compressed ethane at 25 °C leads to a greater tunability of nanoparticle dispersion when compared with compressed propane at 65 °C. For equivalent pressures, compressed propane is found to provide better solubility than ethane due to its higher density. The results quantitatively demonstrate that NcFs can offer pressure‐tunable, size‐selective control of nanoparticle solvation and transport at easily obtainable temperature and pressure conditions. These capabilities provide clear advantages over conventional solvents and direct application to various nanomaterials processes, such as synthesis, separation, transport, and purification of nanocrystals.
Simultaneous Fabrication of Very High Aspect Ratio Positive Nano‐ to Milliscale Structures
Authors: Chen Long Qing , Chan‐Park Mary B. , Zhang Qing , Chen Peng , Li Chang Ming , Li Sai 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA simple and inexpensive technique for the simultaneous fabrication of positive (i.e., protruding), very high aspect (>10) ratio nanostructures together with micro‐ or millistructures is developed. The method involves using residual patterns of thin‐film over‐etching (RPTO) to produce sub‐micro‐/nanoscale features. The residual thin‐film nanopattern is used as an etching mask for Si deep reactive ion etching. The etched Si structures are further reduced in size by Si thermal oxidation to produce amorphous SiO2, which is subsequently etched away by HF. Two arrays of positive Si nanowalls are demonstrated with this combined RPTO‐SiO2‐HF technique. One array has a feature size of 150 nm and an aspect ratio of 26.7 and another has a feature size of 50 nm and an aspect ratio of 15. No other parallel reduction technique can achieve such a very high aspect ratio for 50‐nm‐wide nanowalls. As a demonstration of the technique to simultaneously achieve nano‐ and milliscale features, a simple Si nanofluidic master mold with positive features with dimensions varying continuously from 1 mm to 200 nm and a highest aspect ratio of 6.75 is fabricated; the narrow 200‐nm section is 4.5 mm long. This Si master mold is then used as a mold for UV embossing. The embossed open channels are then closed by a cover with glue bonding. A high aspect ratio is necessary to produce unblocked closed channels after the cover bonding process of the nanofluidic chip. The combined method of RPTO, Si thermal oxidation, and HF etching can be used to make complex nanofluidic systems and nano‐/micro‐/millistructures for diverse applications.
Site‐Controlled InGaAs Quantum Dots with Tunable Emission Energy
Authors: Felici Marco , Gallo Pascal , Mohan Arun , Dwir Benjamin , Rudra Alok , Kapon Eli 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSemiconductor quantum‐dot (QD) systems offering perfect site control and tunable emission energy are essential for numerous nanophotonic device applications involving spatial and spectral matching of dots with optical cavities. Herein, the properties of ordered InGaAs/GaAs QDs grown by organometallic chemical vapor deposition on substrates patterned with pyramidal recesses are reported. The seeded growth of a single QD inside each pyramid results in near‐perfect (<10 nm) control of the QD position. Moreover, efficient and uniform photoluminescence (inhomogeneous broadening <10 meV) is observed from ordered arrays of such dots. The QD emission energy can be finely tuned by varying 1) the pyramid size and 2) its position within specific patterns. This tunability is brought about by the patterning of both the chemical properties and the surface curvature features of the substrate, which allows local control of the adatom fluxes that determine the QD thickness and composition.
Dual‐Functional Alginic Acid Hybrid Nanospheres for Cell Imaging and Drug Delivery
Authors: Guo Rui , Li Rutian , Li Xiaolin , Zhang Leyang , Jiang Xiqun , Liu Baorui 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAn effective and facile approach to prepare gold‐nanoparticle‐encapsulated alginic acid‐poly[2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] monodisperse hybrid nanospheres (ALG–PDEA–Au) is developed by using monodisperse ALG–PDEA nanospheres as a precursor nanoparticulate reaction system. This approach utilizes particle‐interior chemistry, which avoids additional reductant or laborious separation process and, moreover, elegantly ensures that all the gold nanoparticles are located inside the hybrid nanospheres and every nanosphere is loaded with gold nanoparticles. These obtained ALG–PDEA–Au hybrid nanospheres have not only uniform size, similar surface properties, and good biocompatibility but also unique optical properties provided by the embedded gold nanoparticles. It is demonstrated that negatively charged ALG–PDEA–Au hybrid nanospheres can be internalized by human colorectal LoVo cancer cells and hence act as novel optical‐contrast reagents in tumor‐cell imaging by optical microscopy. Moreover, these hybrid nanospheres can also serve as biocompatible carriers for the loading and delivery of an anti‐cancer drug doxorubicin. In vitro cell viability tests reveal that drug‐loaded ALG–PDEA–Au hybrid nanospheres exhibit similar tumor cell inhibition to the free drug doxorubicin. Therefore, the obtained hybrid nanospheres successfully combine two functions, that is, cell imaging and drug delivery, into one single system, and may be of great application potential in other biomedical‐related areas.
Conceiving methods and innovative approaches for tall building structure systems
Authors: Shi Jianguang , Han Tong 
Published: February 2009

AbstractConceiving tall building structure systems is a major step in the plan and design of tall buildings. Through summarizing the basic components and the basic lateral elements in various tall building structures, four conceiving methods for tall building structure systems are presented: (1) intercombination or alone forming by the basic lateral elements, (2) intercombination of different structures, (3) adding basic components in structure systems and (4) replacing basic components in structure systems. With these methods, designers could be able to establish the needed structure system to meet architectural functions, spatial arrangement, facade and other conditions, and these conceiving methods are helpful to architects or engineers to innovate the structure system in their special project. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A nonlinear model to rank association rules based on semantic similarity and genetic network programing
Authors: Yang Guangfei , Shimada Kaoru , Mabu Shingo , Hirasawa Kotaro 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMany methods have been studied for mining association rules efficiently. However, because these methods usually generate a large number of rules, it is still a heavy burden for the users to find the most interesting ones. In this paper, we propose a novel method for finding what the user is interested in by assigning several keywords, like searching documents on the Web using search engines. By considering both the semantic similarity between the rules and keywords, and the statistical information like support, confidence, chi‐squared value, etc. we could rank the rules by a new method named RuleRank, where evolutionary methods are applied to find the optimal ranking model. Experiments show that our approach is effective for the users to find what they want. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Haptic motion control for physical human support
Authors: Shimono Tomoyuki , Katsura Seiichiro , Ohnishi Kouhei 
Published: February 2009

AbstractFuture robots and mechatronic systems will be required to physically support human activities. In order to reach the stage of real human‐friendly physical support, they should acquire many functions such as the recognition of the real world based on complicated human actions, the transmission of the ambient information in harmony with human sensation, and so on. Since haptic sensation, as well as visual information and auditory sensation are so important for human activities, haptic motion control is one of the most important issues for the purpose. This paper now presents some haptic motion control techniques as the fundamental technology for the realization of future physical human support. Copyright © 2009 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Bladder mass detected during early pregnancy
Authors: Sharma Davendra M. , Butt Aurangzeb , Saleemi Asad , Chitale Sudhanshu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe authors describe a case history of a pregnant woman who presented with brown vaginal discharge at eight weeks' gestation and was found to have a bladder lesion. The case highlights the importance of an early accurate diagnosis and a cautious, multidisciplinary approach to management. Copyright © 2009 Wiley Interface Ltd
An energy‐efficient transmission mechanism for VoIP over IEEE 802.11 WLAN
Authors: Tsao Shiao‐Li , Huang Chung‐Huei 
Published: February 2009

AbstractVoice over IP (VoIP) over WLAN (VoWLAN) is an important application for public and private WLANs. However, VoWLAN systems suffer from several technical challenges such as power consumption of a WLAN station (STA) and service capacity of an access point (AP), making the commercial deployment of a large‐scale VoWLAN service problematic. This study presents a cross‐layer and energy‐efficient mechanism for transmitting VoIP packets over IEEE 802.11 WLAN. The proposed mechanism considers the characteristics of voice packets that can tolerate certain loss, and dynamically disables the medium access control (MAC) layer acknowledgement for voice packets. In doing so, the time and energy consumed to transmit and receive voice packets for an STA can be reduced. Simulation results demonstrate that the mechanism improves the energy efficiency of a VoWLAN STA and WLAN utilization without sacrificing voice qualities. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rsf1p is required for an efficient metabolic shift from fermentative to glycerol‐based respiratory growth in S. cerevisiae
Authors: Roberts III George G. , Hudson Alan P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPrevious studies from this laboratory indicated that the product of the RSF1 gene of S. cerevisiae is present in both nucleus and mitochondria, and they suggested that Rsf1p acts as a transcriptional modulator. To investigate this latter question, we performed transcriptome profiling of an rsf1 mutant strain and its wild‐type parent during a shift from glucose‐based fermentative to glycerol‐based respiratory growth to identify genes whose expression is regulated by Rsf1p. Loss of Rsf1p engendered a decrease in transcript levels from many genes encoding components of the electron transport chain and various other mitochondrially‐localized products. The earlier studies further showed that rsf1 cells exhibit a growth defect on medium containing glycerol, but not ethanol, as sole carbon source. Importantly, transcriptome profiling of the rsf1 mutant during shift from glucose‐ to glycerol‐based medium revealed that the product of this gene plays a major role in both orchestration of the transition to, and maintenance of, efficient growth on glycerol as sole carbon source. An increase in transcript levels from genes encoding products that function in the stress response, and an imbalance between expression of genes encoding glycerol anabolic and catabolic enzymes, was observed in the rsf1 mutant during steady‐state growth on glycerol‐ but not ethanol‐based medium; this suggests the presence of partially separate transcriptional regulatory systems for transition to respiratory growth on each of these two carbon sources. Genes whose expression is affected by loss of Rsf1p, which lacks a known DNA‐binding motif, lack a common DNA sequence motif in their upstream regions. These and other data presented here strongly suggest that the transcriptional effects exerted by Rsf1p are mediated via interaction with other transcription factors. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.