bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alcohol consumption among unemployed youths: results from a prospective study
Authors: JANLERT URBAN , HAMMARSTRÖM ANNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA prospective study, including all 1083 pupils in the final year of compulsory schooling in a municipality in northern Sweden, was performed. Ninety‐seven point nine per cent of the pupils were followed up after five years. They completed a comprehensive self‐administered questionnaire including questions on alcohol consumption. Among men a positive correlation between long‐standing unemployment (> 20 weeks) and alcohol consumption at the beginning and at the end of the study, as well as the change in consumption during the follow‐up period was seen. This correlation was still present when earlier alcohol consumption and socio‐economic variables were controlled for. In women there was a positive correlation between unemployment and the level of alcohol consumption, but a negative correlation between unemployment and change in consumption. When controlling for motherhood and alcohol intake at the start of the study the correlation turned positive. Unemployment among women did not seem to affect recruitment to the high consumption group. Our remits support the suggestion that unemployment may be a risk indicator for increasing alcohol consumption among young people, particularly in young men.
Cigarette smoking and cognitive performance
Authors: SPILICH GEORGE J. , JUNE LORRAINE , RENNER JUDITH 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhile some investigations into the relationship between smoking and cognitive performance have reported that smoking facilitates performance, other research has come to the opposite conclusion. A review of the literature suggests that this variance in results may be due to differences among studies in design (comparing smokers only with deprived smokers rather than with non‐smokers) and also to differences in task demands. Therefore, performance of smokers having just smoked, matched smokers deprived for a brief period, and also non‐smokers was contrasted on a series of tasks which ranged from repetitive and perceptually‐bound tasks to complex, dynamic tasks dependent upon long‐term memory. It was found that while cigarette smoking had no negative effect upon performance for simple perceptual tasks, smoking was found to exert measurable negative effects upon performance for more complex information processing tasks.
The anatomy of a follow‐up
Authors: TWITCHELL GEOFFREY R. , HERTZOG CAROL A. , KLEIN JEFFERY L. , SCHUCKIT MARC A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis article describes the methods that were used to maximize subject retention in an 8–12 year follow‐up study of 454 men. Guidelines and suggestions are given regarding follow‐up structure, strategies to relocate lost subjects, and efforts to maintain contact and ensure subject cooperation. Through these methods all 454 subjects have been located, and at the present time an estimated 98% or greater will be completely evaluated at follow‐up. Hopefully these suggestions will be helpful to researchers and clinicians interested in longitudinal studies.
The Fifth Thomas James Okey Memorial Lecture: Research and practice: the necessary symbiosis
Authors: STRANG JOHN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhat relationship should exist between research and practice in the field of addictive behaviour? Are the perspectives essentially independent, or is there a necessary interaction? The extent of productive interaction is considered in three examples; (i) detoxification, (ii) stable abstinence, and (iii) goals other than abstinence. Changes are occurring in the drugs being used, the extents and types of associated co‐morbidity, the levels of public and professional concern, and the explanatory paradigms which are dominant; and so it will be increasingly important for both practitioners and researchers to be sensitive and reactive to these changing circumstances. The most productive state for both research and practice will exist when they both feed off, and feed into each other–when there is indeed a necessary symbiosis.
Providing drug injectors with easier access to sterile injecting equipment: a description of a pharmacy based scheme
Authors: MCKEGANEY NEIL , BARNARD MARINA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this short paper we describe the operation of a pharmacy‐based scheme operating in Glasgow to provide injecting drug users with sterile injecting equipment. The operation of the scheme is described under a number of headings: its physical location, the policy of selling injecting equipment, the return of previously used equipment, counseling and referral, and, the style of working of pharmacy staff. It is shown that while retail pharmacies may be an important point of contact with injecting drug users it should not be assumed that pharmacy staff already possess the requisite skills for working in this area. There is a need for pharmacists’and their staff to be able to draw upon the experience of colleagues working in this area in order to benefit from a pool of common experience. In addition there is a need to provide staff with access to appropriate back‐up and support services.
Self‐reports by alcohol and drug abuse inpatients: factors affecting reliability and validity
Authors: BROWN JOSEPH , KRANZLER HENRY R. , BOCA FRANCES K. DEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe reliability and validity of self‐report data regarding substance abuse has often been questioned. To determine how best to enhance the veracity of self‐report, three factors which might affect self‐report veracity were examined: alcohol status at time of interview; level of cognitive functioning; and method of self‐report data collection. Subjects were 234 admissions to an inpatient substance abuse treatment unit. Self‐report data were collected via both personal interview on the day of admission and questionnaire within the first week of stay. Self‐reports concerned use of alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana in the days preceding admission. Test–retest reliability for the questionnaire data produced reliability coefficients of 0.88, 0.91, and 0.88, for alcohol, cocaine, and marijuana, respectively. Variation in inter‐test interval had virtually no effect upon reliability coefficients. Interview data were compared to toxicologic analyses of blood and urine samples collected on admission. Overall, this comparison showed self‐reports to be valid, with a 97% agreement between verbal report and laboratory data for alcohol, 93% for cocaine, and 84% for marijuana. The comparison of interview data with questionnaire responses also showed self‐reports to be valid: 90% agreement for alcohol, 93% for cocaine, and 81% for marijuana. Level of cognitive function did not influence the validity of self‐reports for any of the three substances. Recent consumption of alcohol also had no statistically significant effect on the validity of self‐reported marijuana use, regardless of the operational form of validity tested. However, BAC‐negative subjects produced a significantly greater validity coefficient for self‐reported cocaine use (kappa = 0.87) than did BAC‐positive patients (kappa = 0.43), when interview data were compared with toxicologic measures. A similar finding was not uncovered when interview and questionnaire data were compared. An interaction between admission alcohol status and cognitive function was uncovered for cocaine self‐reports when interview data was compared with toxicologic measures. The rate of agreement for alcohol‐negative subjects is quite high for both cognitively impaired and unimpaired subjects (M = 93% and M = 94%, respectively) as well as for alcohol‐positive, cognitively unimpaired subjects (M = 94%), but not for alcohol–positive, cognitively impaired subjects (M = 67%). Results are discussed in terms of threats to the validity of self‐report and strategies for the optimization of response accuracy.
Treatment dependence: preliminary description of yet another syndrome
Authors: BELL JAMES 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe last decade has witnessed an expansion of treatment services and research into alcoholism and addiction. As so often happens when attempting to find solutions to pressing individual and social problems, the solutions have come to acquire an importance of their own, obscuring the problems they were intended to solve. Many programmes are characterized by stereotyped approaches to treatment, which seem more in line with the needs of the staff than with the problems of the clients. The hopes that treatment for addictions will solve some of the problems of contemporary society have given treatment a salience which cannot be justified in terms of results. Frustrated at the results of treatment, clinic staff intensify their efforts and attribute the shortcomings of treatment to a lack of client motivation. There are disconcerting parallels between these behaviours in clinicians and the behavioural changes of the Alcohol Dependence Syndrome. The label‘Treatment dependence syndrome’is proposed to characterize a pattern of individual and institutional behaviour which is both self‐perpetuating and self‐defeating.
Recent liver cirrhosis declines: estimates of the impact of alcohol abuse treatment and alcoholics anonymous
Authors: SMART REGINALD G. , MANN ROBERT E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines the proposition that increased treatment for alcohol abuse and Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) membership can account for a large pan of the recent declines in cirrhosis mortality and morbidity. Data on treatment and AA membership in the USA between 1979 and 1987 and in Ontario between 1975 and 1986 are used, together with estimates of cirrhosis risk and the likely impact of treatment and AA membership. The results show that increased treatment levels and AA membership could account for all of the reductions in cirrhosis deaths and hospital admissions in Ontario. In the USA all of the deaths and about 40% of the admissions could be accounted for by these factors.
Structural changes in the hippocampal formation after long‐term alcohol consumption and withdrawal in the rat
Authors: PAULA‐BARBOSA M. M. , BRANDÃO F. , MADEIRA M. D. , CADETE‐LEITE A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effects of long‐term alcohol consumption and withdrawal upon the structure of the rat hippocampal formation were studied by applying morphometric methods to material processed for light and electron microscopy. The somatostatinergic neurons of the hilus zvere aha studied. Groups of 6 rats were treated as follows: (a) given alcohol for 6, 12 and 18 months; (b) paired controls; and (c) rats switched to a normal diet in the 6 months after 6 and 12 month!, of alcohol intake. A progressive loss of hippocampal neurons after chronic alcohol consumption was found. The loss was aggravated during withdrawal from alcohol, with the exception of the hilar cells. The dendrites of granule cells front the alcohol‐treated rats displayed signs of regrowing, but they did not do so in rats withdrawn from alcohol. The synapses between mossy fibre terminals and CA3 dendrites appear to be rather resistant to alcohol insult, and evidence of morphological plasticity mas found in withdrawn rats. If an homology can be established between humans and rodents then the changes observed in alcohol‐fed rats can be regarded as underpinning some of the functional and behavioural alterations depicted under these circumstances, The peculiar changes found in some nerve cell populations after withdrawal of alcohol could be related to the deficient or incomplete functional recovery often seen after abstinence from alcohol.
The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) in a routine health examination of long‐term unemployed
Authors: CLAUSSEN BJØRGULF , AASLAND OLAF GJERLØW 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA representative sample of 310 long‐term unemployed in Norway was followed for 2 years with clinical examinations and the AUDIT questionnaire. 30% of the men and 8% of the women scored over the cut‐off point for an alcohol use disorder. This gives a probable prevalence of 16%. The test predicted return to employment in this sample. The AUDIT answers were also used as a basis for dividing into three groups:‘normal',‘hazardous’ and‘harmful'. At 2 year follow‐up, 27% had changed group, 32 respondents to the worse and 24 to the better. This‘unstable’ group was characterized by weaker social network and more frequent drinking. The AUDIT was judged as a useful instrument both in a routine health examination and as an epidemiological tool.
ICD‐10 harmful use of alcohol and the alcohol dependence syndrome: prevalence and implications
Authors: GRANT BRIDGET F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData from a 1988 survey on United States drinking practices and related problems was used to derive the prevalence and population estimates of harmful use of alcohol and the alcohol dependence syndrome as defined in the ICD‐10 Clinical Descriptions and Diagnostic Guidelines Version (ICD‐10‐CDDG). Corresponding estimates were also presented for ICD‐10‐CDDG diagnoses that incorporated the duration criterion of the ICD‐10‐Diagnostic Criteria for Research Version (ICD‐10‐DCR). The prevalence of ICD‐10 harmful use and dependence combined, with and without the duration criterion, were 5.2% and 7.1%, respectively. Corresponding harmful use rates were negligible (0.27%). Implications of the extremely low prevalence of harmful use in the US population and the impact of the duration criterion on the rates are discussed in terms of the fundamental nature of alcohol use disorders as syndromes and the viability of the harmful use of alcohol category as originally conceptualized.
Attachment among adult children of alcoholics
Authors: EL‐GUEBALY NADY , WEST MALCOLM , MATICKA‐TYNDALE ELEANOR , POOL MARY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDisturbed or impoverished relationships have been identified as a predominant feature of adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs). Recently, the concept of co‐dependency has been advanced to depict the interpersonal difficulties of these individuals, but lacks definitional rigor. The notion that childhood experiences with parents are ‘carried forward’ to affect attitudes and behaviors relevant to later intimate relationships is also consistent with attachment theory. This study examined the patterns of attachment of ACOAs as compared to adult children of non alcoholics (ACONAs). A cross‐sectional sample of 203 individuals attending either a short term hospital based outpatient psychiatric program or a community based alcoholism treatment program was included in this study. Results supported the hypothesis that female ACOAs had a distinctive dysfunctional attachment profile. There were no significant differences in the attachment styles of male ACOAs as compared to ACONAs, or male substance abusers as compared to non‐abusers.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books Reviewed in this Article: Kava: The Pacific Drug VINCENT LEBOT, MARK MERLIN & LAMONT LINDSTROM Alcohol Addiction and Self‐Regulation: A Controlled Trial of a Relapse Prevention Program for Finnish Inpatient Alcoholics ANJA KOSKI‐JÄNNES Cure, Care or Control–Alcoholism Treatment in Sixteen Countries HARALD KLINGEMANN, JUKKA‐PEKKA TAKALA & JEFFREY HUNT (Eds) Social Problems around the Baltic Sea JUSSI SIMPURA & CHRISTOFFER TIGERSTEDT (Eds) Self‐Control and the Addictive Behaviours NICK HEATHER, WILLIAM R. MILLER & JANET GREELEY (Eds) Alcohol and Illness—The Epidemiological Viewpoint JOHN C. DUFFY (Ed.)
Suicide, alcohol, and divorce; aspects of gender and family integration
Authors: ROSSOW INGEBORG 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBoth over time and between countries within our cultural domain there seems to be a persistent male predominance in the suicide rate. Based on Durkheim's theory of social integration as a key issue in egoistic suicide, the present study aimed at analyzing two empirically operational aspects of social disintegrative factors on the male and female suicide rates in Norway; namely alcohol consumption and divorce. Times series analyses on differenced data from 1911 to 1990 showed that both alcohol consumption and divorce were independently and statistically significantly associated with the male suicide rate, but not with the female suicide rate. The results are discussed on basis of gender roles and social integration.
Predictors of successful smoking cessation following advice from nurses in general practice
Authors: SANDERS DIANA , PEVELER ROBERT , MANT DAVID , FOWLER GODFREY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAt follow‐up of 751 subjects receiving a brief nurse‐administered anti‐smoking intervention in general practice, 135 subjects (18%) reported stopping smoking, of whom 44 (6%) reported sustained cessation for one year. The demographic, social and attitudinal characteristics of these subjects were compared with 616 subjects who continued to smoke. The most important predictors of cessation were intention to stop (OR 5.1, 95% CI 2.1–12.0), personal rating of likelihood of cessation (OR 4.9, 95% CI 2.8–8.5), nurse rating of likelihood of cessation (OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.2–7.4), and smoking habit of partner (1.9, 95% CI 1.3–2.9). As practice nurses are able to distinguish likely quitters from those who are not motivated and less likely to succeed, it is important to decide whether it is more cost effective to target support at the motivated or to spend more time encouraging less motivated. The most challenging, but possibly the most rewarding, task is to try to reduce the high proportion of new ex‐smokers who relapse. Although 41.1% (95% CI 28.1, 58.0) of those expressing a definite intention to stop smoking gave up, only 17.9% (95% CI 8.9, 30.4) achieved sustained cessation. However, as sustained cessation is strongly predicted by social variables, suck as marital status and time spent in the company of smokers, preventing relapse may not be easy to achieve through medical intervention alone.
Recycling with nicotine patches in smoking cessation
Authors: TØNNESEN PHILIP , NØRREGAARD JESPER , SÄWE URBAIN , SIMONSEN KÅRE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe aim was to evaluate if recycling of failures from a smoking cessation study may be of value. The study comprised 126 smokers (50%) of 252 failures, from a double‐blind smoking cessation trial with nicotine patch, who accepted recycling after 1 year. Subjects were allocated nicotine patches delivering 15, 20 or 25 mg of nicotine (over 16 hours) according to their base‐line saliva cotinine concentrations in an open trial. The treatment period was 12 weeks followed by tapering over 6 weeks. The percentage of quitters after 3, 12, 26, and 52 weeks was 44, 20, 7 and 6%, respectively. After 26 weeks, all subjects had relapsed in the group previously treated with active nicotine patch compared with 12% abstainers in the previous placebo subjects. The sustained abstinence rate without slips after one year was 2%. Recycling does not seem to be of long‐term clinical relevance in our set‐up for subjects initially treated with nicotine, but of some value in subjects quitting without nicotine therapy initially.
The association between severity of DSM‐III‐R alcohol dependence and medical and social consequences
Authors: CAETANO RAUL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the relationship between severity of dependence and medical and social consequences in a clinical sample. Respondents constitute a sample of 219 men and 162 women interviewed in nine alcohol programs in a Northern California county. Results suggest that the number of dependence indicators reported by respondents is a valid indicator of severity of alcohol dependence, and that there is a positive relationship between the number of indicators and the number of medical and social consequences reported by respondents. When specific medical and social consequences are examined, an analysis restricted to men only, the number of dependence indicators is associated with stomach, heart and liver problems, DTs, hallucinations, public drunkenness, family arguments and serious accidents, but it is not associated with drunk driving arrests and job problems.
Discriminating needle exchange attenders from non‐attenders
Authors: FRISCHER MARTIN , ELLIOTT LAWRENCE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn 1990, approximately 1500 of Glasgow's estimated 9400 injecting drug users attended the city's four needle and syringe exchanges. In the same year, a multisite and citywide strategy was used to interview an estimated 5% sample of the city's injectors using an internationally agreed WHO structured schedule. Of the 503 injectors who participated in the study 54% (n = 272) had made use of exchanges in the last 6 months (including 165 injectors recruited from exchanges), while the remaining 46% (n = 231) had not. Twenty‐seven variables were entered into a stepwise discriminant analysis to predict group membership (attenders vs. non‐attenders). Fourteen variables emerged in the final discriminant function, which explained 17.3% of the variance between the two groups. Comparison of the model to random classification of cases resulted in a third fewer cases being wrongly assigned. Needle exchange attenders report injecting fewer drugs, less injecting with and passing on of used equipment and greater use of condoms with casual partners, compared to non‐attenders. They also had greater knowledge of AIDS and had made and maintained more harm reduction changes, although they were less likely to have received treatment than non‐attenders. The finding that attenders were less likely to inject with or pass on used needles and syringes is discussed in the context of availability of clean equipment and perception of risk. Variables reflecting lifestyle such as housing, employment and prison experience were not found to have any discriminatory power.
Comparing DSM‐III‐R and ICD‐10 substance use disorders
Authors: COTTLER LINDA B. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAt the present, the DSM‐III‐R is nearing the final stages of metamorphosis to DSM‐IV. A series of field trials has been completed which has focused the attention on coverage of the different systems, the impact of social and legal problems on crossing the diagnostic threshold, the importance of subtyping by tolerance and withdrawal, the exclusionary diagnosis of abuse, the duration criterion, and other nosological comparisons. The focus of Ms Data Note is the comparison of rates between DSM‐III, III‐R, and both the old and new ICD‐10 diagnostic systems, using data from the DSM‐IV Substance Use Disorders Field Trials. Especially noteworthy is the inclusion of African Americans, females, and a population with a range of diagnoses and use patterns. Comparisons of DSM‐III, III‐R and ICD‐10 substance use diagnoses among alcohol, nicotine, cannabis, cocaine substance users indicate considerable agreement for dependence but less similarities between systems for abuse and harmful use. These findings suggest that the dependence criteria may be more stable than those chosen to represent abuse and harmful use. Mare work needs to be done to evaluate the differences and similarities of the diagnostic systems.
Book Reviews
Authors: GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

Books Reviewed in this Article: AIDS, Drugs and Sexual Risk: Lives in the Balance NEIL MCKEGANY & MARINA BARNARD Cocaine: Scientific and Social Dimensions Treatment of Cocaine Abuse: An Annotated Bibliography JOHN J. MILETICH Alcohol and Drugs, The Scottish Experience M. PLANT, E. B. RITSON & R. ROBERTSON (Eds) Alcohol in Human Violence KAI PERNANEN Natural Experiments with Decreased Availability of Alcoholic Beverages: Finnish Alcohol Strikes in 1972 and 1985—Vol. 10 ESA ÖSTERBERG & SIRKKA‐LIISA SÄILÄ (Eds) A Rum State. Alcohol and State Policy in Australia 1788–1988 MILTON LEWIS (Ed.)