bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aire fresco, un programa participativo y entre iguales para reducir el consumo de tabaco en el ámbito educativo
Authors: García-Vázquez Jose , García Ruiz Mercedes , Fernández Rodríguez Silvia , Garcimartin Carrera María , Rodríguez Vigil Laura , Mosquera Tenreiro Carmen 
Published: August 2008

Fundamento: En 2000, se puso en marcha el programa Aire fresco en los centros de secundaria de Asturias (España) para reducir o eliminar el tabaco en el ámbito educativo. Este estudio recoge la evaluación del proceso de esta intervención, que concluyó en 2005, en 23 centros de secundaria. Métodos: El programa duraba un curso escolar y ponía en marcha un proceso con seis acciones, con el objetivo final de implicar a alumnado, personal y madres/padres en el establecimiento y cumplimiento de nuevas normas. Estas seis acciones eran: información, propuestas del personal, propuestas del alumnado, establecimiento de nuevas normas, difusión y actividades de refuerzo. Entre otras actividades, se ofertaban un taller entre iguales para el alumnado y un taller para dejar de fumar para personal y madres/padres. El programa lo llevaron a cabo 23 centros que constituyeron, con su alumnado y profesorado, la población de estudio. Mediante cuestionarios, se recogieron datos de acciones realizadas, participación en las actividades y opinión de alumnado y profesorado. También se realizaron grupos focales para conocer las dificultades, logros y propuestas de mejora. Resultados: El 100% de los centros realizó actividades informativas, el 83% recogió propuestas del personal para limitar su consumo, el 91% las del alumnado, y el 70% estableció nuevas normas. Las opiniones de alumnado y profesorado sobre el programa, materiales y metodología fueron positivas. El taller para dejar de fumar se realizó en 18 centros y participaron 176 personas. Entre las que lo concluyeron, el 20% permanecía sin fumar a los seis meses. Conclusiones: Aire Fresco fue una intervención novedosa, satisfactoria y útil para regular el consumo de tabaco en los centros educativos. La filosofía del programa, que buscaba la participación de la comunidad educativa y lo convertía en un proyecto educativo de centro, fue una de las claves para lograr estos resultados. (Promot Educ 2008; 15(3): 52-57)
Priorities and uncertainties of administering chemotherapy in a pregnant woman with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer
Authors: Kanate Abraham S , Auber Miklos L , Higa Gerald M 
Published: August 2008

Background. The absence of treatment standards for the use of chemotherapy in pregnancy is due, in part, to the fact that cancer in the gravid female is relatively uncommon. Method. A case (of a pregnant woman with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer) is presented to explore this area of medical uncertainty. Result. Managed by a multi-disciplinary team, successful prolongation of gestation was achieved with an oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy regimen. Conclusion. A perspective of the ongoing conflict between prolonging the mother's life and preserving fetal development is highlighted. Although not life-saving, administration of chemotherapy in this woman was life-sparing. J Oncol Pharm Practice (2009) 15: 5—8.
Stress-related mucosal bleeding in critically ill oncology patients
Authors: Bruno Jeffrey J , Canada Todd W , Wakefield Chris D , Nates Joseph L 
Published: August 2008

Objective. To determine the incidence of stress-related mucosal bleeding (SRMB) in a critically ill oncology population receiving stress ulcer prophylaxis (SUP) with either a histamine-2 receptor antagonist (H2RA) or proton pump inhibitor (PPI). Design. Single-center, prospective, observational study. Setting. Fifty-two bed medical-surgical intensive care unit of an academic oncology institution. Patients. A convenience sample of 100 medical and surgical critically ill oncology patients who received intensive care for more than 24 hours and at least one dose of a H2RA or PPI for prevention of SRMB. Interventions. None. Measurements and Main Results. Patients were followed throughout their intensive care unit stay for the development of an overt and/or clinically significant gastrointestinal (GI) bleed. More patients received a PPI (n = 81) in contrast to a H2RA (n = 19) for SUP. Overall, 94 patients (94%) had at least one risk factor for a SRMB with four patients (4%) experiencing an event (overt bleed, n=3; clinically significant bleed, n =1). All cases of GI bleeding occurred in patients receiving a PPI. No ICU deaths were considered directly related to a GI bleed. Conclusions. The incidence of SRMB among high-risk critically ill oncology patients receiving SUP appears low; further, large-scale trials are needed to confirm this finding. J Oncol Pharm Practice (2009) 15: 9—16.
The impact of computerized prescribing on error rate in a department of Oncology/Hematology
Authors: Small Matthew DC , Pharm B. , Barrett Ann , Price Gill M 
Published: August 2008

Aims. A comparison of prescribing errors detected for computerized and spreadsheet prescriptions in the Department of Hematology and Oncology of the Norfolk and Norwich University hospital. Methods. A prospective audit of 1941 prescriptions for chemotherapy was made from January to September 2005. Each new cycle of chemotherapy ordered was monitored for prescribing errors, which were analyzed by method of prescription (computerized or spreadsheet), prescriber, type, and severity. Results. Computerized prescribing reduced errors by 42% (RR 0.58; 95% CI 0.47—0.72). Errors occurred in 20% of spreadsheet prescriptions compared with 12% of the computerized prescriptions. There was a significant difference in error rates of three different prescribers whichever prescribing system was used. The proportion of errors that were minor was reduced and serious was increased with little change in the proportion of significant or life-threatening errors. Conclusions. The impact of computerized prescribing on adverse drug events requires further evaluation. Prescriber training may be important in further reducing errors. The implementation of all the existing functions of the electronic system should lead to further reduction in errors.
Knowledge, beliefs and attitudes about HIV/AIDS-related issues, and the sources of knowledge among health care professionals in southern Nigeria
Authors: Umeh Chiamaka N. , Essien E. James , Ezedinachi Emmanuel N. , Ross Michael W. 
Published: August 2008

The HIV/AIDS pandemic has become one of the most important public health problems in recent times and it is having a profound impact on the lives of infected people and their families. There is an acknowledged burden of HIV/AIDS in Nigeria. As the prevalence of HIV/AIDS infection rises, health care professionals worldwide can expect greater clinical exposure to infected patients. The care of people living with AIDS presents a significant challenge to the health care sector. This study seeks to explore the relationship between sources of HIV/AIDS information and knowledge, and the relationship between knowledge of HIV/AIDS and care for people with AIDS among health care providers in three different levels of health care institutions in the southern region of Nigeria. Health care workers from two states in southern Nigeria completed a questionnaire that was designed to assess knowledge, attitudes and practices about HIV/AIDS. The sample was composed of 277 (65%) females and 135 (31.7%) males. The results showed a fair level of knowledge among all health care professionals, with the highest level of knowledge among the doctors and the lowest among laboratory workers. There was a significant gender difference in the level of knowledge but the data suggested that knowledge did not differ by hospital settings. There were generally negative feelings and views about the care of HIV/AIDS patients among the professionals, these views being worst at the community health centers and best at the government hospital. The greatest source of information for the majority of professionals was health talks/seminars, and those respondents who got their information from school scored the highest on the items on general knowledge of HIV/AIDS incidence, cause, transmission, and clinical treatment. This has important implications for future interventions designed for health care professionals including doctors, nurses and laboratory workers.
Determinants of family size in a Gulf Arab state: a comparison between two areas
Authors: Hamadeh Randah R. , Al-Roomi Khaldoon , Masuadi Emad 
Published: August 2008

Aims: The rapid economic transition in the Gulf Arab countries has resulted in marked changes in fertility and marriage patterns and a decrease in the number of children per family. Yet little is known about the determinants of family size in urban and less urban areas. Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out on 450 Kuwaiti women aged 20—60 years who attended health care centres in Al Asima and Al Jahra governorates. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered through face-to-face interview which included variables on socio-demographic characteristics, family size, actual and ideal spacing, marriage related variables, health conditions and utilization of health services. Both univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to identify the factors that affect family size. Results: The socio-economic indicators were significantly better in Al Asima, the capital, than in Al Jahra, a less urbanized area. On average, family size for the total sample was 5.97 + 0.114 with a larger size (6.27 + 0.242) in Al Jahra than in Al Asima (5.80 + 0.118) but without a significant difference. Al Jahra women reported a larger number of deliveries and past pregnancies but a lower usage of contraceptive measures. The total fertility rate was 3.65 in Al Asima, 3.84 in Al Jahra and 3.71 births per woman in the total population. Family size was inversely related to the educational level of women and their husbands. Currently employed women had a smaller family size (5.22 + 0.119) than the unemployed (6.81 + 0.187); p < 0.0005. Health problems in the interviewee or her husband played a minor role in the decision to have more children. Families where the husband was the decision-maker on the number of children had a significantly larger family size (6.91 + 0.451) than families where the couple both participated in the decision (5.83 + 0.129; p = 0.032). The duration of marriage, ideal number of children, age of women at last delivery, number of rooms and the crowding index had significant positive effects on family size, whereas age at first delivery, duration between two consecutive pregnancies and history of past abortions were inversely related to family size in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. Conclusions: Although women in the less urbanized areas in the Gulf Arab populations are more disadvantaged with respect to socio-economic characteristics than women in the more urbanized areas, there were no significant differences in family size in these contrasting communities. The impact of socio-demographic characteristics on family size was minor compared to factors related to fertility and the husband's desire to have more children. Fertility and family planning policies should consider these issues in order to promote more effective programmes.
Swedish experiences of a negotiated approach to carer assessment: the Carers Outcome Agreement Tool
Authors: Hanson Elizabeth , Magnusson Lennart , Nolan Janet 
Published: August 2008

Abstract Given that the majority of frail older people living at home are cared for by family members, ensuring appropriate and sensitive support services for family carers is a major policy priority globally. Such assessment of the needs and situation of individual carers is a crucial first step towards ensuring that they receive flexible, quality support services. However, existing assessment practice is still inadequate in many countries. This paper describes a negotiated approach to carer assessment, the Carers Outcome Agreement Tool (COAT) and briefly considers its development with carers and practitioners in an Anglo-Swedish development project (2003–2005) and subsequent implementation within five municipalities in Sweden (2006–2008). A participatory research design was adopted in both projects building on the ÄldreVäst Sjuhärad model, which is a user-focused approach to research and development. This paper provides a short summary of the COAT development before presenting the qualitative findings from the Swedish implementation project (2006–2008), which emerged from focus group interviews with COAT practitioners and telephone follow-up interviews with carers who had a first and second COAT assessment. The findings clearly highlight the value of COAT in enabling partnerships to be developed between carers and practitioners, which recognise the expertise of both parties. They also challenge providers to invest sufficient time and ‘ear-marked’ resources for family care support so that COAT becomes an integral part of a comprehensive long-term carer strategy, which feeds directly into local developments in service delivery and organisation.
The role of education and training in achieving change in care homes: a literature review
Authors: Nolan Mike , Davies Sue , Brown Jayne , Wilkinson Anna , Warnes Tony , McKee Kevin , Flannery Jo , Stasi Karen 
Published: August 2008

Abstract Care homes play a vital role in the provision of support for the frailest members of our society, and given the demographic trends their role will continue for the foreseeable future. However, there remain enduring concerns about the quality of care such homes provide. Training and education for staff are often seen as the key to raising standards and as such are widely promoted. This paper presents a conceptual review and synthesis of the literature on the role of education and training in initiating and supporting change in care homes. A systematic method to the identification of sources was adopted, and a rigorous three-stage approach to analysis applied. The review identifies the barriers and facilitators to change and concludes that education is a necessary but not a sufficient condition for success. Rather it is argued that the role and status of care homes needs to be raised, and that a relationship-centred approach to care adopted, which acknowledges the importance of attending to the needs of all those who live in, work in, or visit care homes.
Comparative mapping of quantitative trait loci associated with waterlogging tolerance in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)
Authors: Li Haobing , Vaillancourt René , Mendham Neville , Zhou Meixue 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Resistance to soil waterlogging stress is an important plant breeding objective in high rainfall or poorly drained areas across many countries in the world. The present study was conducted to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with waterlogging tolerance (e.g. leaf chlorosis, plant survival and biomass reduction) in barley and compare the QTLs identified across two seasons and in two different populations using a composite map constructed with SSRs, RFLP and Diversity Array Technology (DArT) markers.

Results
Twenty QTLs for waterlogging tolerance related traits were found in the two barley double haploid (DH) populations. Several of these QTLs were validated through replication of experiments across seasons or by co-location across populations. Some of these QTLs affected multiple waterlogging tolerance related traits, for example, QTL Qwt4-1 contributed not only to reducing barley leaf chlorosis, but also increasing plant biomass under waterlogging stress, whereas other QTLs controlled both leaf chlorosis and plant survival.

Conclusion
Improving waterlogging tolerance in barley is still at an early stage compared with other traits. QTLs identified in this study have made it possible to use marker assisted selection (MAS) in combination with traditional field selection to significantly enhance barley breeding for waterlogging tolerance. There may be some degree of homoeologous relationship between QTLs controlling barley waterlogging tolerance and that in other crops as discussed in this study.
Prevalence of prehypertension and its relationship to risk factors for cardiovascular disease in Jamaica: Analysis from a cross-sectional survey
Authors: Ferguson Trevor S , Younger Novie OM , Tulloch-Reid Marshall K , Wright Marilyn B Lawrence , Ward Elizabeth M , Ashley Deanna E , Wilks Rainford J 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Recent studies have documented an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in persons with systolic blood pressures of 120–139 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressures of 80–89 mmHg, classified as prehypertension in the Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. In this paper we estimate the prevalence of prehypertension in Jamaica and evaluate the relationship between prehypertension and other risk factors for CVD.

Methods
The study used data from participants in the Jamaica Lifestyle Survey conducted from 2000–2001. A sample of 2012 persons, 15–74 years old, completed an interviewer administered questionnaire and had anthropometric and blood pressure measurements performed by trained observers using standardized procedures. Fasting glucose and total cholesterol were measured using a capillary blood sample. Analysis yielded crude, and sex-specific prevalence estimates for prehypertension and other CVD risk factors. Odds ratios for associations of prehypertension with CVD risk factors were obtained using logistic regression.

Results
The prevalence of prehypertension among Jamaicans was 30% (95% confidence interval [CI] 27%–33%). Prehypertension was more common in males, 35% (CI 31%–39%), than females, 25% (CI 22%–28%). Almost 46% of participants were overweight; 19.7% were obese; 14.6% had hypercholesterolemia; 7.2% had diabetes mellitus and 17.8% smoked cigarettes. With the exception of cigarette smoking and low physical activity, all the CVD risk factors had significantly higher prevalence in the prehypertensive and hypertensive groups (p for trend < 0.001) compared to the normotensive group. Odds of obesity, overweight, high cholesterol and increased waist circumference were significantly higher among younger prehypertensive participants (15–44 years-old) when compared to normotensive young participants, but not among those 45–74 years-old. Among men, being prehypertensive increased the odds of having >/=3 CVD risk factors versus no risk factors almost three-fold (odds ratio [OR] 2.8 [CI 1.1–7.2]) while among women the odds of >/=3 CVD risk factors was increased two-fold (OR 2.0 [CI 1.3–3.8])

Conclusion
Prehypertension occurs in 30% of Jamaicans and is associated with increased prevalence of other CVD risk factors. Health-care providers should recognize the increased CVD risk of prehypertension and should seek to identify and treat modifiable risk factors in these persons.
Elective caesarean section versus vaginal delivery for preventing mother to child transmission of hepatitis B virus – a systematic review
Authors: Yang Jin , Zeng Xue-mei , Men Ya-lin , Zhao Lian-san 
Published: August 2008

Abstract

Background
Caesarean section before labor or before ruptured membranes ("elective caesarean section", or ECS) has been introduced as an intervention for preventing mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) of hepatitis B virus (HBV). Currently, no evidence that ECS versus vaginal delivery reduces the rate of MTCT of HBV has been generally provided. The aim of this review is to assess, from randomized control trails (RCTs), the efficacy and safety of ECS versus vaginal delivery in preventing mother-to-child HBV transmission.

Results
We searched Cochrane Pregnancy and Childbirth Group's Trials Register (January, 2008), the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (the Cochrane Library 2008, issue 1), PubMed (1950 to 2008), EMBASE (1974 to 2008), Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM) (1975 to 2008), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) (1979 to 2008), VIP database (1989 to 2008), as well as reference lists of relevant studies. Finally, four randomized trails involving 789 people were included. Based on meta-analysis, There was strong evidence that ECS versus vaginal delivery could effectively reduce the rate of MTCT of HBV (ECS: 10.5%; vaginal delivery: 28.0%). The difference between the two groups (ECS versus vaginal delivery) had statistical significance (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.28 to 0.60, P < 0.000001). No data regarding maternal morbidity or infant morbidity according to mode of delivery were available.

Conclusion
ECS appears to be effective in preventing MTCT of HBV and no postpartum morbidity (PPM) was reported. However, the conclusions of this review must be considered with great caution due to high risk of bias in each included study (graded C).
A fungal gall ofCatenella nipae(Caulacanthaceae, Rhodophyta) and a review ofCatenellocolax leeuwenii
Authors: Zuccarello Giuseppe C. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractGrowths were found on the surface ofCatenella nipaeat Patonga, New South Wales, Australia. Morphologically similar growths onC. impudicafrom Indonesia have been reported as the red algal parasiteCatenellocolax leeuwenii. The internal anatomy of the Australian growths showed that they all contained septate fungal hyphae. The hyphae formed spherical clusters that, in larger galls, produced inwardly directed hyphae terminating in spores. It is proposed in this paper that these galls are caused by fungal infection, as is the case in other algae. The lack of sexual structures precludes identification of this fungus to any definite species, although it is probably an ascomycete. Inspection of the type material ofC.leeuweniidid not reveal any parasites. The limited description of the parasite ofC. impudica, the proposed growths induced by fungi inC. nipae, and the lack of holotype specimens, warrants treating the generic nameCatenellocolaxwith caution until more collections from the type locality can be made.
Determination of ethylenic residues in wood and TMP of spruce by FT-Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Agarwal Umesh P. , Ralph Sally A. 
Published: August 2008

Abstract
A method based on FT-Raman spectroscopy is proposed for determining in situ concentrations of ethylenic residues in softwood lignin. Raman contributions at 1133 and 1654 cm-1, representing coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol structures, respectively, were used in quantifying these units in spruce wood with subsequent conversion to concentrations in lignin. For coniferaldehyde units, the intensity of the 1133 cm-1 peak was measured in the difference spectrum obtained by subtracting the bleached-wood spectrum from that of the unbleached. In the case of coniferyl alcohol residues, the intensity of the 1654 cm-1 band was calculated from the spectrum of extensively bleached wood. The concentrations of coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol units in spruce lignin were found to be 3.8% and 3.4%, respectively, and were in good agreement with values determined by conventional techniques. This quantification of the ethylenic residues was based on the Raman intensities of 1% coniferaldehyde and 1% coniferyl alcohol in bleached softwood kraft pulp. Initially, as background for this work, a number of suitable lignin model compounds and a softwood lignin model polymer (G-DHP) were used to calibrate the Raman method and demonstrate that the Raman technique was well suited for quantification of ethylenic structures. Experimental results demonstrated that thermomechanical pulping reduced the concentrations of coniferaldehyde and coniferyl alcohol residues in comparison to wood by 28% and 24%, respectively.