bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DC‐module of doublecortin: Dynamics, domain boundaries, and functional implications
Authors: Cierpicki Tomasz , Kim Myung Hee , Cooper David R. , Derewenda Urszula , Bushweller John H. , Derewenda Zygmunt S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe doublecortin‐like (DC) domains, which usually occur in tandem, constitute novel microtubule‐binding modules. They were first identified in doublecortin (DCX), a protein expressed in migrating neurons, and in the doublecortin‐like kinase (DCLK). They are also found in other proteins, including the RP1 gene product which—when mutated—causes a form of inherited blindness. We previously reported an X‐ray structure of the N‐terminal DC domain of DCLK (N‐DCLK), and a solution structure of an analogous module of human doublecortin (N‐DCX). These studies showed that the DC domain has a tertiary fold closely reminiscent of ubiquitin and similar to several GTPase‐binding domains. We now report an X‐ray structure of a mutant of N‐DCX, in which the C‐terminal fragment (residues 139–147) unexpectedly shows an altered, “open” conformation. However, heteronuclear NMR data show that this C‐terminal fragment is only transiently open in solution, and assumes a predominantly “closed” conformation. While the “open” conformation may be artificially stabilized by crystal packing interactions, the observed switching between the “open” and “closed” conformations, which shortens the linker between the two DC‐domains by ∼20 Å, is likely to be of functional importance in the control of tubulin polymerization and microtubule bundling by doublecortin. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Induction of wheat and maize glutathione S‐transferase by some herbicide safeners and their effect on enzyme activity against butachlor and terbuthylazine
Authors: Scarponi Luciano , Quagliarini Elisa , Del Buono Daniele 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe expression of glutathione S‐transferase (GST) activity in wheat and maize shoots was investigated in response to treatments with the herbicide safeners benoxacor, cloquintocet‐mexyl, fenchlorazole‐ethyl, fenclorim, fluxofenim and oxabetrinil. These safeners significantly enhanced the GST activity towards 1‐chloro‐2,4‐dinitrobenzene (CDNB) as a ‘standard’ substrate, with the exception of oxabetrinil in maize. The enhancements of GST (CDNB) activity were found to be concomitant with increases in Vmax (the reaction rate when the enzyme is fully saturated by the substrate) in wheat following cloquintocet‐mexyl and fenchlorazole‐ethyl treatments, and in maize following fenchlorazole‐ethyl treatment. Otherwise, decreases in Vmax were observed in wheat and maize following fenclorim and fluxofenim treatments. With the exception of oxabetrinil, all the safeners significantly reduced the apparent KM (the substrate concentration required for 50% of maximum GST activity) of both wheat and maize GST. The Vmax and KM variations following safener treatments are discussed in terms of an increased expression of GST enzymes and an increased affinity for the CDNB substrate. The activity of wheat and maize GST was also assayed towards butachlor and terbuthylazine respectively; the results indicate the ability of cloquintocet‐mexyl, fenchlorazole‐ethyl and fluxofenim to enhance the enzyme activity in wheat and of benoxacor and fenchlorazole‐ethyl to do so in maize. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling the leaching of imazapyr in a railway embankment
Authors: Jarvis Nicholas J , Almqvist Sara , Stenström John , Börjesson Elisabet , Jonsson Erik , Torstensson Lennart 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe use of herbicides on railway tracks is known to present a risk to groundwater, but little is known of the mechanisms influencing leaching through the coarse material used to construct railway embankments. Therefore, in the present study, four different models based on the convection–dispersion equation (CDE) were compared with previously reported field data on the leaching of imazapyr. In particular, the significance of non‐equilibrium processes was investigated by comparing different CDE formulations accounting for preferential finger flow, particle‐facilitated transport and kinetic sorption. The traditional CDE assuming ‘local equilibrium’ based on 24 h batch sorption data gave poor results (model efficiency − 1.1). It strongly underestimated leaching of imazapyr in the first 4 months following application, thus confirming the importance of non‐equilibrium transport processes. Accounting for short‐term sorption kinetics made little difference, giving similar results to the ‘local equilibrium’ CDE simulation. A simulation accounting for particle‐facilitated transport could accurately match this accelerated transport, and also gave the best overall fit to the data (model efficiency 0.76). However, not even this model could match the long‐term retention of imazapyr residues observed close to the soil surface more than 1 year after application, and it also underestimated the time of breakthrough to groundwater. This strongly suggests that a long‐term retention/sorption process not included in any of the models tested (i.e. sorption hysteresis or bound residues) acted to retard leaching. The formation of ‘protected’ residues was also indicated by a much slower degradation of imazapyr more than 1 year after application. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Common traditional Chinese medicinal herbs for dysmenorrhea
Authors: Jia Wei , Wang Xiaorong , Xu Desheng , Zhao Aihua , Zhang Yongyu 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDysmenorrhea is painful menstrual cramps, which negatively impacts the quality of life of those diagnosed. The paper reviews traditional Chinese medicine's treatment of dysmenorrhea through the use of combination‐herbal‐formula therapeutics. These herbal treatments are effective for dysmenorrhea with minimal side effects. Pharmacological studies suggest Chinese herbal dysmenorrhea therapies likely decrease prostaglandin levels, modulate nitric oxide, increase plasma β‐endorphin (β‐EP) levels, block calcium‐channels and improve microcirculation. Conventional therapy for dysmenorrhea, which usually includes non‐steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), provides symptomatic relief but has increasing adverse effects with long‐term use. Therefore, Chinese herbal medicines, including simple herbal and combination formulas, are perhaps the ideal therapeutics of choice. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of modified citrus pectin on urinary excretion of toxic elements
Authors: Eliaz Isaac , Hotchkiss Arland T. , Fishman Marshall L. , Rode Dorena 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of modified citrus pectin (MCP) on the urinary excretion of toxic elements in healthy individuals. MCP is a reduced molecular weight pectin (weight‐average molar mass = 15400) that is mostly linear homogalacturonan with a 3.8% degree of esterification and approximately 10% rhamnogalacturonan II based on the presence of 2‐keto‐3‐deoxy‐octonic acid. Subjects ingested 15 g of MCP (PectaSol®, EcoNugenics® Inc., Santa Rosa, California 95407) each day for 5 days and 20 g on day 6. Twenty‐four hour urine samples were collected on day 1 and day 6 for comparison with baseline. The urine samples were analysed for toxic and essential elements. In the first 24 h of MCP administration the urinary excretion of arsenic increased significantly (130%, p < 0.05). On day 6, urinary excretion was increased significantly for cadmium (150%, p < 0.05). In addition, lead showed a dramatic increase in excretion (560%, p < 0.08). This pilot trial provides the first evidence that oral administration of MCP increases significantly the urinary excretion of toxic metals in subjects with a ‘normal’ body load of metals. It is suggested that systemic chelation of toxic metals by MCP may in part be attributable to the presence of rhamnogalacturonan II, which has been shown previously to chelate metals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel Fluorous Glycol Derivatives for the Immobilization of Boronic Acids
Authors: Huang Yangen , Qing Feng‐Ling 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new class of fluorous 1,2‐diols has been synthesized and the applications of these diols have been were demonstrated on the immobilization of boronic acids. The separation of the fluorous boronates can be achieved by a simple fluorous liquid–liquid extraction. Partition coefficient KD of four fluorous boronates has been determined.
Mixture Synthesis of Fluorous Ketals: Mitsunobu Reaction of Homologous 3‐Perfluoroalkyl‐propanols with Hexafluoroacetone Sesquihydrate and Collective Determination of Fluorophilicity Values
Authors: Rábai József , Bálint Ana‐Maria , Szíjjártó Csongor , Szabó Dénes 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe reaction of hexafluoroacetone sesquihydrate (1, 2 mmol) with a mixture of 3‐perfluoroalkyl‐propanols (CnF2n+1 (CH2)3OH; 2a–d: n=4, 6, 8, 10; 1 mmol each) in an ether solution using the classical Ph3P/diisopropyl azodicarboxylate reagent pair afforded a mixture of ten ketals [(CF3)2C(O(CH2)3CnF2n+1)2, 3{a–d}×{a–d}]. The mixture of the ten fluorophilic ketals was easily separated from side products using fluorous extraction (FC‐72/CH3OH). The composition of this fluorous ketal mixture was quantitatively analyzed by GC, and the results obtained were in agreement with predictable trends based on a statistical model. A method for collective fluorophilicity determination of the individual fluorous ketals was supplemented with the calculation of fluorous isotherms and the analysis of gas chromatographic elution orders.
A New Fluorous Methoxymethyl (FMOM) Protecting Group for Alcohols
Authors: Curran Dennis P. , Ogoe Claude 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA new fluorous analogue of the popular MOM (methoxymethyl) protecting group can be introduced by reactions of alcohols with 1H,1H,2H,2H,3H,3H‐perfluoroundecyloxymethyl chloride (C8F17(CH2)3OCH2Cl) and the resulting fluorous methoxymethyl (FMOM) adducts can be deprotected under Brønsted or Lewis acidic conditions. The results suggest that the FMOM protecting group will find use in a number of fluorous synthesis settings.
A Useful Guideline for Rapid Separation and Identification of Fluorous Compounds by β‐Cyclodextrin Columns
Authors: Mikami Koichi , Tonoi Takayuki , Matsuzawa Hiroshi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe ratio of retention time and fluorine content of fluorous compounds is found to be linearly correlated on β‐cyclodextrin columns. This finding can be used as a guideline for rapid separation and identification of fluorous compounds.
Simultaneous determination of seventeen glucocorticoids residues in milk and eggs by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Cui Xiaoliang , Shao Bing , Zhao Rong , Yang Yi , Hu Jianying , Tu Xiaoming 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA comprehensive analytical method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of seventeen glucocorticoid residues in eggs and milk. The mass spectrometer parameters, the composition of the mobile phase and the sample preparation method were firstly optimized to obtain maximum sensitivity. The samples were deconjugated with β‐glucuronidase/arylsulfatase enzyme and concentrated using an Oasis HLB solid‐phase extraction cartridge, followed by cleanup with a dual Sep‐pak silica and aminopropyl cartridge. The analytes were quantified by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography (using a C18 column)/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC/ESI‐MS/MS) operating in the negative ion mode. The assay for the 17 glucocorticoids was linear over the range of 1–200 µg/L for milk and egg samples with a high correlation coefficient (>0.99). The limits of quantification (LOQs) for the target analytes were 0.04–1.27 µg/kg for the egg samples and 0.03–0.73 µg/kg for the milk samples. The average extraction recoveries of the glucocorticoids from eggs and milk at two concentration levels (spiked at 0.40 and 2.00 µg/kg) were 65.6–118.7% and 61.5–119.6%, respectively, with relative standard deviations between 1.8–17.0% and 2.4–18.4%, respectively. Because of its high sensitivity, good precision and specificity, the method was found to be suitable for trace analysis of synthetic and natural glucocorticoids in complex biosamples such as eggs and milk. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Top‐down analysis of basic proteins by microchip capillary electrophoresis mass spectrometry
Authors: Akashi Satoko , Suzuki Koichi , Arai Akihiro , Yamada Naoyuki , Suzuki Ei‐Ichiro , Hirayama Kazuo , Nakamura Shin , Nishimura Yoshifumi 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe original article to which this Erratum refers was published in Rapid Commun. Mass Spectrom. 2006; 20: 1932–1938.
A comparative analysis of sustainable fishery development indicator systems in Australia and Canada
Authors: Liu Wen Hong , Ou Ching Hsiewn 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper comparatively analyzes the systems in Australia and Canada from the perspective of the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation's Technical Guidelines for Responsible Fisheries No. 8. The results show that the key factors in the success of the Australian system are public participation, selecting an indicator with its objectives and improving management performance by the evaluation of the system. Further, the boundaries of the SFDIS should be the same as the boundaries of the management units and fisheries should be examined independently. The framework chosen by the Canadian system is more all‐round, and can be combined with the PSR framework to maximize the management effects. Finally, techniques and specialist software such as fuzzy AHP etc. are ‘well‐suited to measuring weights and have the potential to be applied elsewhere’. Visual presentation is the best way to promote communication with the public. The United Nations Food and Agriculture Organisation's kite diagram and the Sustainable Development Committee's dashboard of sustainability are two excellent visualizations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Management of water bird shooting by voluntary agreements in Denmark
Authors: Schou Jesper S. , Bregnballe Thomas 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGame shooting is free in national territorial waters to any Danish citizen with a valid hunting license. In areas of importance for migrating water birds this has led to a high level of disturbance. Therefore, a number of locations free of shooting and other activities disturbing the water birds were implemented in Denmark in the period 1993–2001. The problem of water bird disturbances has a number of similarities with the ‘tragedy of the commons’, which is well known from resource economics, particularly the open access to use the resource. In this paper we apply the ‘tragedy of the commons’ framework to describe the management aspects of water bird shooting and we report from an empirical survey on the use of voluntary agreements among hunters for co‐ordinating the shooting in local areas. Based on a questionnaire survey, we show that voluntary agreement among hunters has improved the local shooting in a number of cases. In combination with results from controlled experiments of the interaction between shooting frequency and disturbance of water birds, this indicates that preservation of water birds can be compatible with self‐regulated shooting where disturbance is kept at a low intensity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
A semi‐parametric Bayesian approach to average bioequivalence
Authors: Ghosh Pulak , Rosner Gary L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBioequivalence assessment is an issue of great interest. Development of statistical methods for assessing bioequivalence is an important area of research for statisticians. Bioequivalence is usually determined based on the normal distribution. We relax this assumption and develop a semi‐parametric mixed model for bioequivalence data. The proposed method is quite flexible and practically meaningful. Our proposed method is based on a mixture normal distribution and a non‐parametric Bayesian approach using a Dirichlet process mixture prior. A numerical example illustrates the use of our procedure. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Calcium release‐activated calcium channels as signal transducers in T‐cells
Authors: Griesemer Désirée , Löffler Birgit , Kummerow Carsten , Quintana Ariel , Schwarz Eva C. , Hoth Markus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStimulation of T‐cell receptors by professional antigen presenting cells initiates several signaling cascades which finally lead to T‐cell activation and proliferation. One of the cascades induces a rise of the cytoplasmic IP3 concentration, which releases Ca2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum. This Ca2+ release alone, however, is not sufficient to activate Ca2+ dependent signal transduction and gene transcription in T‐cells. For T‐cell activation and proliferation, a sustained Ca2+ entry over the plasma membrane is needed. This Ca2+ entry is called storeoperated Ca2+ (SOC) entry, because it is activated by depletion of the Ca2+ stores. The first and best‐characterized member of the SOC channels is the Ca2+ release‐activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channel which is the predominant Ca2+ influx pathway in T‐cells. CRAC channels are highly selective for Ca2+ over all other cations and are responsible for the Ca2+ entry and subsequent sustained elevation of the intracellular Ca2+ concentration which is required for T‐cell activation. We discuss the role of CRAC channels for T‐cell activation and their potential to determine the quality and quantity of the T‐cell response.
An algebraic approach to generate super‐set of perfect complementary codes for interference‐free CDMA
Authors: Chen Hsiao‐Hwa , Chu Shin‐Wei , Kuroyanagi N. , Vinck A. J. Han 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces an algebraic approach to generate the super‐set of perfect complementary (PC) codes suitable for new generation CDMA applications, characterized by isotropic multiple access interference (MAI) free and multipath interference (MI) free properties. The code design methodology proposed in this paper takes into account major impairing factors existing in real applications, such as MAI, MI, asynchronous transmissions, and random signs in consecutive symbols, such that a CDMA system using the generated codes can insure a truly interference‐free operation. Two important facts will be revealed by the analysis given in this paper. First, implementation of an interference‐free CDMA will never be possible unless using complementary code sets, such as the PC code sets generated in this paper. In other words, all traditional spreading codes working on an one‐code‐per‐user basis are not useful for implementation of an MAI‐free and MI‐free CDMA system. Second, to enable the interference‐free CDMA operation, the flock size of the PC codes should be made equal to the set size of the codes, implying that a PC code set can support as many users as the flock size of the code set. A systematic search has been carried out to generate the super‐set of various PC codes with the help of carefully selected seed codes belonging to distinct sub‐sets. This paper will also propose an implementation scheme based on multi‐carrier CDMA architecture and its performance is compared by simulations with the ones using traditional spreading codes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Activities in the IAEA X‐ray fluorescence laboratory at Seibersdorf
Authors: Markowicz A. , Wegrzynek D. , Bamford S. , Chinea‐Cano E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the specific philosophy behind the functioning of the IAEA XRF Laboratory at Seibersdorf and its role in the XRF community. Some examples of the research and development activities and the results obtained are given. They include methodological development and construction of XRF instruments in order to extend the applicability range of the XRF technique, particularly in support of applications of the analytical technique in developing IAEA member states. The contribution of the laboratory to the training in methodology and applications of XRF techniques and to development of QA/QC procedures is also emphasised. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring the incidence of escaped farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., in rivers and fisheries of the United Kingdom and Ireland: current progress and recommendations for future programmes
Authors: Walker Alan M. , Beveridge Malcolm C.M. , Crozier Walter , Ó Maoiléidigh Niall , Milner Nigel 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An inevitable consequence of the development of the Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L., farming industry in coastal waters of the British Isles has been the loss of farmed salmon to the wild, their occurrence in inshore waters and rivers, and their appearance in coastal and freshwater fisheries. Monitoring programmes have been developed throughout the British Isles, variously using scientific sampling, catch records from coastal or freshwater fisheries or both, and scientific sampling of catches from in-river traps. We compare the results of these monitoring programmes with regional production and the numbers of escapees reported from marine fish farms. We also consider the effectiveness of the programmes for assessing the prevalence of farmed salmon that escape from marine cages. Finally, we make recommendations for improvements to these programmes and for the development of best practice, including the scientific sampling of in-river spawning stocks through fishery-independent sources, identification of fish origin based on at least two methods, assessment of the degree of incorrect classification, and the timely and accurate reporting of all escapes.
A Pronounced Dry Event Recorded Around 4.2 ka in Brine Sediments from the Northern Red Sea
Authors: Arz Helge W. , Lamy Frank , Pätzold Jürgen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPartly laminated sediments were sampled from the brine-filled, anoxic Shaban Deep basin in the northern Red Sea. At about 4200 cal yr BP more than two millennia of anoxic sedimentation is replaced by a sub-oxic facies strongly suggesting the episodic absence of the brine. At the same time stable oxygen isotopes from surface dwelling foraminifera show a sharp increase (within less than 100 yr) pointing to a strong positive salinity anomaly at the sea surface. This major evaporation event significantly enhanced the renewal of deep water and the subsequent ventilation of the small Shaban Deep basin. The timing and strength of the reconstructed environmental changes around 4200 cal yr BP suggest that this event is the regional expression of a major drought event, which is widely observed in the neighboring regions, and which strongly affected Middle East agricultural civilizations.
Theoretical analysis of ozone generation by pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen
Authors: WEI L. S. , ZHOU J. H. , WANG Z. H. , CEN K. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe use of very short high-voltage pulses combined with a dielectric layer results in high-energy electrons that dissociate oxygen molecules into atoms, which are a prerequisite for the subsequent production of ozone by collisions with oxygen molecules and third particles. The production of ozone depends on both the electrical and the physical parameters. For ozone generation by pulsed dielectric barrier discharge in oxygen, a mathematical model, which describes the relation between ozone concentration and these parameters that are of importance in its design, is developed according to dimensional analysis theory. A formula considering the ozone destruction factor is derived for predicting the characteristics of the ozone generation, within the range of the corona inception voltage to the gap breakdown voltage. The trend showing the dependence of the concentration of ozone in oxygen on these parameters generally agrees with the experimental results, thus confirming the validity of the mathematical model.