bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micromorphological characteristics and lignin distribution in bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) degraded by the white rot fungus Lentinus edodes
Authors: Kim Jong Sik , Lee Kwang Ho , Cho Chang Hyun , Koch Gerald , Kim Yoon Soo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Little is known about the decay pattern of bamboo by wood decay fungi, and the information available on fungal degradation of wood from other plant taxa cannot form the basis for understanding wood decay in bamboo because of differences in lignin composition and distribution. The present work was undertaken to elucidate the degradation pattern of bamboo by a lignin-degrading white rot fungus Lentinus edodes using various microscopic techniques, with a particular focus on the relation of bamboo lignin composition to the decay patterns produced by this fungus. Small blocks of bamboo, Phyllostachys pubescens, were examined after 16 weeks of incubation with the white rot fungus L. edodes. The compound middle lamellae (CML), including the cell corner regions, were preferentially degraded at an early stage of decay, whereas the fiber secondary walls remained largely intact at this point. Bamboo fiber walls were also eroded from the cell lumen side but the extent of degradation was limited. The FT-IR bands assigned to lignin exhibited a significant decrease. Cellular ultraviolet microspectrophotometric investigation showed that CML and vessel walls were composed of not only guaiacyl and syringyl unit (GS lignin) but also grass lignin. In contrast, the secondary wall of fibers consisted mainly of the GS lignin. Even though the CML and vessel walls exhibited higher lignin concentration, these cell walls were nevertheless degraded. The preferential degradation of the CML over the fiber secondary walls strongly suggested the involvement of not only enzyme systems of the white rot fungus but also a relationship to physicochemical properties of bamboo cell walls, particularly the influence of lignin composition and distribution.
Brought-along identities and the dynamics of ideology: Accomplishing bivalent stances in a multilingual interaction
Authors: Williams Ashley M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper examines how the interconnected aspects of the stance triangle (Du Bois 2007) allow speakers to tap into multiple ideological layers as they take a stance and reveal intra-ethnic group tensions. Using a detailed interaction analysis of a Chinese American family's multilingual interaction, the paper explores how such ideological dynamics are associated with stance, and considers their relationship to emergent (Bucholtz and Hall 2004a; 2004b; 2005) and brought-along identities. Specifically, the paper analyzes how seemingly conflicting bivalent stances towards an increasingly dominant language (Mandarin) and its speakers discursively frame that group and their language as both similar to and different from the interaction's speakers and their own language (Cantonese). Through this downplaying and highlighting of similarities and differences, the participants' interaction captures not only the dynamics of an individual's identity but also the larger ideological dynamics of an ethnic community as its structure, and what it means to be a member, change over time.
Once a broker, always a broker: Non-professional interpreting as identity accomplishment in multigenerational Italian–English bilingual family interaction
Authors: Del Torto Lisa M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper explores interpreting in three-generational Italian–English bilingual families as a complex language brokering activity. Recent studies approach non-professional interpreting as language brokering in which bilinguals (often children) interpret for non-bilinguals (adults) in institutional settings (Hall 2004; Valdés 2003). These studies focus on brokering between minority group ‘insiders’ and majority group ‘outsiders’. My research extends these approaches, focusing on brokering in Italian–English bilingual family meal-time conversations. Second-generation family members have served as interpreters for their parents in institutional contexts since migrating as children over fifty years ago. They extend this practice to the family context, brokering between first- and third-generation family members in two ways. Triggered interpreting occurs when speakers verbally request clarification or when second-generation family members perceive conversational sequence problems. Non-triggered interpreting is neither requested nor sequentially triggered. Second-generation family members report playing an intermediary role unifying flanking generations. They act to bridge perceived linguistic and cultural gaps between their Italian-dominant immigrant parents and their English-dominant Canadian/US-born children. Interpretation in multi-generational conversations is one way through which these bridging roles and identities are accomplished locally in mundane interaction. The analysis includes an examination of spontaneous conversational data and participants' metacommentary and retrospective accounts of language brokering.
Accomplishing difference in bilingual interaction: Translation as backwards-oriented medium repair
Authors: Greer Tim 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Speakers often perform impromptu translations during bilingual interaction. Such translations can hold a wide variety of socio-pragmatic functions including reiteration, emphasis, recasting, and repair. When translations occur in multi-party talk where the interactants are of mixed linguistic proficiencies, they may also serve to include interlocutors who have been excluded from prior talk that was delivered in their weaker language. In this respect, translations re-partition interactants in an inclusive way. Making use of both conversation analysis (CA) and membership categorization analysis (MCA), this paper examines a collection of such post-exclusionary translations video-recorded among Japanese–English bilingual teenagers at an international school. A detailed sequential analysis of this bilingual practice reveals that the act of translation makes relevant various elements of the speakers' and recipients' identities. When a bilingual speaker offers a translation to someone, he or she casts the recipient in the category of novice (or ‘non-native’), often even despite real-time claims to comprehension from that person. Indeed, the study found that when non-natives offered a receipt token after a turn delivered in a medium that was not assumed to belong to them, it often prompted the speaker to repeat the prior turn in the recipient's preferred medium.
Finding identity: Theory and data
Authors: Bucholtz Mary , Hall Kira 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This commentary responds to the papers in the special issue ‘Accomplishing identity in bilingual interaction’ and particularly to the use of Bucholtz and Hall's (2004a, 2004b, 2005) framework for the linguistic analysis of identities in interaction. The commentary focuses on the relationship between theory and empirical work, with attention to the role of ethnographic context in the analysis of both microlevel interaction and macrolevel sociopolitical and sociohistorical processes, the place of language ideologies in the interactional construction of bilingual identities, and the necessity to ground theoretical claims in rigorous empirical analysis.
Eigennamenerkennung zwischen morphologischer Analyse und Part-of-Speech Tagging: ein automatentheoriebasierter Ansatz
Authors: Didakowski Jörg , Geyken Alexander , Hanneforth Thomas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPrevious rule-based approaches for Named Entity Recognition (NER) in German base NER on Part-of-Speech tagged texts. We present a new approach where NER is situated between morphological analysis and Part-of-Speech Tagging and model the NER-grammar entirely with weighted finite state transducers (WFST). We show that NER strategies like the resolution of proper noun/common noun or company-name/family-name ambiguities can be formulated as a best path function of a WFST. The frequently used second pass resolution of coreferential Named Entities can be formulated as a re-assignment of appropriate weights. A prototypical NE recognition system built on the basis of WSFT and large lexical resources was tested on a manually annotated corpus of 65,000 tokens. The results show that our system compares in recall and precision to existing rule-based approaches.
Robuste Auszeichnung Grammatischer Funktionen
Authors: Klenner Manfred 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe introduce a robust and shallow approach for grammatical role labeling (dependency labeling) where data-driven and theory-driven aspects are combined in a principled way. A classifier provides empirically justified weights, linguistic theory contributes well-motivated global restrictions, both are combined under the regiment of optimization. The empirical results of our approach are promising. However, we have made idealized assumptions (small inventory of dependency relations and treebank-derived chunks) that clearly must be replaced by a realistic setting.
Annotation for and Robust Parsing of Discourse Structure on Unrestricted Texts
Authors: Baldridge Jason , Asher Nicholas , Hunter Julie 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPredicting discourse structure on naturally occurring texts and dialogs is challenging and computationally intensive. Attempts to construct hand-built systems have run into problems both in how to specify the required knowledge and how to perform the necessary computations in an efficient manner. Data-driven approaches have recently been shown to be successful for handling challenging aspects of discourse without using lots of fine-grained semantic detail, but they require annotated material for training. We describe our effort to annotate Segmented Discourse Representation Structures on Wall Street Journal texts, arguing that graph-based representations are necessary for adequately capturing the dependencies found in the data. We then explore two data-driven parsing strategies for recovering discourse structures. We show that the generative PCFG model of Baldridge & Lascarides (2005b) is inherently limited by its inability to incorporate new features when learning from small data sets, and we show how recent developments in dependency parsing and discriminative learning can be utilized to get around this problem and thereby improve parsing accuracy. Results from exploratory experiments on Verbmobil dialogs and our annotated news wire texts are given; these results suggest that these methods do indeed enhance performance and have the potential for significant further improvements by developing richer feature sets.
Role of Twinning and Slip in Deformation of a Zr-2.5Nb Tube
Authors: Kim Young S. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Tensile tests were conducted from RT to 400°C on tensile specimens taken from the tangential direction (TD) and the longitudinal direction (LD) of a Zr-2.5Nb tube with a strong tangential texture. When tensile stresses were applied to the TD with the tensile axis normal to the basal plane, {101¯2} twinning was activated. With the tensile stresses applied to the LD, however, &lt;a&gt; slip only was activated. The activation of twinning and slip in the TD and the LD, respectively, caused the tensile properties of the Zr-2.5Nb tube to become anisotropic, leading to higher yield and tensile strengths, and lower uniform and tensile elongations in the TD when compared to those in the LD. Furthermore, twinning promoted softening soon after yielding only in the TD, and localized deformation, while the &lt;a&gt; slip on the prism plane caused a larger strain hardening after yielding. With increasing temperature, the primary deformation mode changed from twinning to &lt;c+a&gt; slip in the TD and &lt;a&gt; slip to &lt;c+a&gt; slip in the LD, resulting in negative temperature dependences for the extent of strain hardening and tensile elongation of the Zr-2.5Nb tube in both directions. The yield stress plateau is discussed in view of the activation of twinning or &lt;c+a&gt; slip with a higher critical resolved shear stress that is strongly temperature dependent.
Out-of-equilibrium charge density distribution of spin crossover complexes from steady-state photocrystallographic measurements: experimental methodology and results
Authors: Pillet Sébastien , Legrand Vincent , Weber Hans-Peter , Souhassou Mohamed , Létard Jean-François , Guionneau Philippe , Lecomte Claude 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The electron density distribution of a light-induced molecular excited state, i.e. the high spin metastable state of [Fe(phen)2(NCS)2], was determined from steady-state photocrystallographic measurements. We defined the experimental conditions under which the accuracy of the measured diffraction data is compatible with an electron density analysis. These include: (i) a large structural and electronic contrast between high spin (HS) and low spin (LS) states, (ii) an efficient photoconversion under light irradiation and (iii) slow relaxation of the HS metastable state. Multipolar modeling of the electron density yielded a deformation density and 3d-orbital populations for Fe(II) characteristic of a high spin (t
2g
4
e
g
2) electron configuration and support the assumption of significant σ-donation and π-backbonding of the Fe—N interactions. The electron density distribution in the intermolecular regions confirms anisotropic intermolecular interactions with possibly a layer topology parallel to the orthorhombic (ab) plane, related to the system cooperativity.
Light-induced phase separation (LIPS) into like-spin phases observed by Laue neutron diffraction on a single crystal of [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2
Authors: Varret François , Boukheddaden Kamel , Goujon Antoine , Gillon Béatrice , McIntyre Garry J. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
We have followed the photo-transformation, the light-induced thermal hysteresis, and the light-induced phase separation (LIPS) into like-spin phases on a [Fe(ptz)6](BF4)2 single crystal, in the quenched rhombohedral phase, through the analysis of neutron Laue diffraction patterns. In agreement with the analysis of previous magnetic measurements, phase separation was observed in the close vicinity of the static light-induced instability, but not otherwise. The positions of the Laue spots were analysed in terms of variation in the a/c lattice-parameter ratio which is well correlated with the variation of the high-spin fraction predicted by a simple homogeneous mean-field model. Using a mapped version of the same model, we analyzed the line shapes of the Laue spots during photo-excitation and relaxation experiments so as to determine the width of the distribution of irradiation intensities, a crucial parameter in phase separation. The predictions of the mapped model failed to reproduce the rapid initial kinetics of the phase separation process, but were in agreement with the further evolution. These features are attributed to a nucleation and growth process, for which the crossover from microscopic to macroscopic regimes has been observed.
State of the art and opportunities in probing photoinduced phase transitions in molecular materials by conventional and picosecond X-ray diffraction
Authors: Collet Eric , Buron-Le Cointe Marylise , Lorenc Maciej , Cailleau Hervé 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The optical control of the macroscopic physical properties (magnetic, optical …) of a material by laser irradiation is gaining interest through the emerging field of photoinduced phase transitions. Light-induced changes of the macroscopic state of a material involves subtle coupling between the electronic and structural degrees of freedom, which are essential to stabilize the photo-excited state, different in nature from the stable state. Therefore the new experimental field of photocrystallography plays a key role. It goes far beyond simple structural analysis under laser excitation. By playing on different physical parameters and developing the techniques and analysis, one can investigate new out of equilibrium physics through light-driven cooperative dynamics and transformations in materials. This paper is reviewing different aspects of the use of photocrystallography to investigate the nature, the mechanisms and the dynamics of photoinduced phase transitions for photo-steady or long-lived states, as well as transformations driven by an ultra-short light pulse. We also give a brief overview on recent advances in time-resolved crystallography with 100 ps resolution.
Real-time studies of reversible lattice dynamics by femtosecond X-ray diffraction
Authors: v. Korff Schmising Clemens , Bargheer Matias , Woerner Michael , Elsaesser Thomas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Ultrafast X-ray diffraction allows for observing structural dynamics of condensed matter in real-time, in this way directly probing reversible and irreversible geometry changes on atomic length and time scales. This article reports recent progress in this rapidly developing field, focusing on experimental work performed with laser-driven X-ray sources. After an introduction into the state-of-the-art methods for generation and measurement, we discuss coherent lattice motions of ferroelectric nanolayered systems and structural dynamics related to polar dipole solvation in bulk molecular crystals.
Exploiting EXAFS and XANES for time-resolved molecular structures in liquids
Authors: Bressler Christian , Abela Rafael , Chergui Majed 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Time-resolved X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy with picosecond temporal resolution is a new method to observe electronic and geometric structures of short-lived reaction intermediates. It combines an intense femtosecond laser source synchronized to the X-ray pulses delivered by a synchrotron Swiss light source (SLS). We present key experiments on charge transfer reactions as well as spin-crossover processes in coordination chemistry compounds next to solvation dynamics studies of photogenerated atomic radicals. These examples emphasize the observables at hand using ultrafast XAFS techniques, which include the density of states, full and even partial changes in oxidation state, and internuclear distances with milli-Angström accuracy. An outlook towards femtosecond studies and biologically relevant systems stresses the high potential of XAFS methods using new femtosecond X-ray sources like free electron lasers (XFELs).
Home-based time-resolved photo small angle X-ray diffraction and its applications
Authors: Quevedo Wilson , Petri Marcel , Techert Simone 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
An experimental outline will be given for home-based time-resolved photo small angle X-ray diffraction apparatus. Depending on the time-resolution of the optical laser excitation source, the readout time of the detector and their relative time jitter, time resolutions down to some hundred microseconds might be achieved. Even though the X-ray flux might be low, as expected for sealed tube kind of sources, experiments with a sufficient signal/noise ratio can be performed by applying a stroboscopic mode. The method of photo small angle X-ray scattering will be applied to photo-sensitized liquid crystal systems demonstrating the possibility of photo-inducing a phase transition between a liquid crystal and a microemulsion phase in this type of material.
DFT study of crystalline nitrosyl compounds
Authors: Delley Bernard 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Nitrosyl linkage isomer compounds are investigated with density functional theory for realistic crystal structures. As compared to free anion models, significant differences are found for various properties. At the metastable state S1, a crystal environment contribution of 30–40 cm−1 to the red shift exists. The barrier against thermal decomposition of S1 in SNP is significantly lowered by 300 meV.
DFT study of metastable linkage isomers of six-coordinate ruthenium nitrosyl complexes
Authors: Sizova Olga V. , Lubimova Olga O. , Sizov Vladimir V. , Ivanova Nina V. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The linkage isomers of the [M(NO)(CN)5]2− (M = Fe, Ru, Os), [Ru(NO)Cl5]2−, trans-[Ru(NO)(NH3)4(L)]q+ (L = NH3, H2O, nicotinamide, imidazole, pyridine, pyrazine, NO2
−, OH−, Cl−), and trans-[Ru(NO)L4(OH)]q (L = pyridine, NO2
−) ions are studied by density functional theory. DFT calculations show that the electronic ground-state potential surface of these nitrosyl complexes has the local minima corresponding to η
2-NO and η
1-O linkage isomers, of which the former is characterized by lower energy. The stationary points on the ground state potential energy surface along the GS → MS2 → MS1 path for the [M(NO)(CN)5]2− (M = Fe, Ru, Os) and [Ru(NO)Cl5]2− complexes were found. The calculations of infrared spectra of linkage isomers [Ru(NO)Cl5]2− and [Ru(NO)(CN)5]2− are carried out. The analysis of quantum chemical bond orders indicates a noticeable delocalization of π-electron density along the Ltrans—M—NO axis and a possibility of direct interactions between NO and equatorial ligands in the structures with the bent {MNO} group.
Applications of photocrystallography: a future perspective
Authors: Cole Jacqueline M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The applied potential of photocrystallography is discussed herein. In particular, its ability to help realise new generation ‘smart’ materials for the opto-electronics industry, alternative photovoltaic solar cells, and health science, is discussed. Where relevant photocrystallographic studies have already been reported, examples are given and put into the context of potential device applicability. In certain areas of photonics research, there are no current photocrystallographic results specifically pertaining to the perceived application described. Here, the likely type of results is projected since this perspective is designed deliberately to look ahead as to what advances photo-crystallography could bring to the photonics research area that continues to develop so rapidly. Brief reference to global economic, environmental and health considerations are also made in relevant places in order to put the subject onto a world setting.
Schizosaccharomyces pombeBub3 Is Dispensable for Mitotic Arrest Following Perturbed Spindle Formation
Authors: Tange Yoshie , Niwa Osami 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe core proteins of the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC), Mads, Bubs, and Mps1, first identified in the budding yeast, are thought to be functionally and structurally conserved through evolution. We found that fission yeast Bub3 is dispensable for SAC, as bub3 null mutants blocked mitotic progression when spindle formation was disrupted. Consistently, the bub3 mutation only weakly affected the stability of minichromosome Ch16 compared with other SAC mutants. Fission yeast Rae1 has sequence homology with Bub3. The bub3 rae1 double mutant and rae1 single mutant did not have defective SAC, suggesting that these genes do not have overlapping roles for SAC. Observations of living cells revealed that the duration of the mitotic prometaphase/metaphase was longer in the bub3 mutant and was Mad2 dependent. Further, the bub3 mutant was defective in sister centromere association during metaphase. Together, these findings suggest that fission yeast Bub3 is required for normal spindle dynamics, but not for SAC.