bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of keratinized gingiva for gingival health
Authors: Wennström J. , Lindhe J. , Nyman S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was carried out in the Beagle dog in order to determine if variations of the width of the zone of keratinized gingiva occur in the canine dentition, if the width alters during the development of destructive periodontitis and if, subsequent to surgical excision of the periodontal lesion, the regenerated gingival margin differs from that of a normal, noninflamed gingiva. Five dogs were used. A baseline examination comprised assessments of dental plaque, gingival conditions and width of the zone of keratinized gingiva. Cotton floss ligatures were placed around the teeth on the right side of the jaws and plaque was allowed to accumulate in order to induce periodontal tissue breakdown. After 150 days the inflamed periodontal tissues around the experimental teeth were removed surgically using a “gingivectomy” or a flap procedure. In the “gingivectomy” procedure the entire zone of the keratinized gingiva was excised whereas the main part of the keratinized tissue was maintained with the flap procedure. During a healing period of 120 days plaque control was carried out daily. On the left side of the jaws (control side) a careful toothcleaning program was performed during the entire observation period of 270 days. Clinical examinations of all control and experimental tooth units were repeated on days 150 and 270. Biopsies were sampled from both sides of the jaws on day 270. In histological sections the free gingival tissue was subjected to histometric assessments and a stereologic analysis based on a standardized morphometric point‐counting procedure. In addition, the number of leukocytes residing within the junctional epithelium was determined.The results showed that in Beagle dogs the width of the keratinized gingiva (WKG), on the facial aspect of premolars and molars, varies between 2 and 6 mm. During a period of 270 days of careful plaque control, the WKG was maintained unaltered. In comparison, a phase of experimental periodontitis resulted in a substantial decrease of the WKG. Subsequent to the excision of the inflamed periodontal tissues, which in some cases included the entire zone of the keratinized gingiva, a new free gingival unit developed. In most respects the structural composition of this regenerated gingival unit was similar to that of a normal control unit. Furthermore, in the absence of plaque, the regenerated soft tissue was free from signs of inflammation independent of presence or absence or width of the keratinized zone.
Dental prophylaxis for youths in their late teens I. Clinical effect of different preventive regimes on oral hygiene, gingivitis and dental caries
Authors: Hamp Sven‐Erik , Johansson Lars‐Åke 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effect of a dental prophylactic program based on systematic plaque control has been tested during a 3‐year period on youths aged 16–19 years. During their last year at comprehensive school they received professional tooth cleaning every third week by specially trained dental hygiene nurses. At the end of this first experimental year the subjects were offered continued prophylaxis of the same type against caries and gingivitis during 2 more years. Interested subjects were divided equally at random into test groups A and B. In the second year group A received professional tooth cleaning once a month and in the third year once each 6 months. Group B was offered, both in the second and third years, only two prophylactic sessions each year according to this model. Test group C comprised the subjects who expressed no interest in continued professional tooth cleaning. A control group, group D, consisted of pupils of the same ages from a neighboring school area. These received in the first experimental year a prophylactic program based on mouthrinsing each second week with 0.2% sodium fluoride solution. After this first year neither test group C nor the control group D participated in any organized dental health care program.After the first year there were significant differences among the groups, the plaque and gingival indices in the control group D being significantly higher than in test groups A, B and C. At the end of the third year significant improvements in these indices had taken place in groups A and B. The corresponding values in groups C and D did not differ significantly at the three recordings. Significant correlations existed between the plaque and gingivitis scores at the end of the experimental period within the respective groups.Significantly more dental caries (new DPS) developed in the control group D than in test groups A and B during the period of the experiment: on average 3.3 versus 1.0 and 1.2 new DFS, respectively. The figure for caries increment in group C was 2.0. Regardless of grouping, individuals with caries increment during the experimental period had a significantly higher number of risk factors, here defined as the total of upper or lower quartile values for lactobacillus counts, secretion rate and buffering capacity of the saliva, than individuals without caries increment.
Histologic probe position in treated and untreated human periodontal tissues
Authors: Fowler Clifford , Garrett Steve , Crigger Max , Egelberg Jan 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study was designed to histologically determine the relationship of the periodontal probe tip to the periodontal tissues during probing of untreated periodontal pockets and periodontal pockets treated with oral hygiene and root planing. Human, condemned, single rooted teeth with buccal probing pocket depth at least 6 mm were used. Two groups of specimens were included: 12 untreated teeth from six patients and 15 treated teeth from 10 patients.In the treated group, the effects of therapy were monitored clinically every 2 weeks until maximum improvement had taken place. A periodontal probe tip was then inserted on the buccal aspect of the tooth using 0.50 N pressure, and block section biopsies were taken. The histologic examination of the untreated teeth showed that the probe tip penetrated beyond the apical termination of the functional epithelium and into the subjacent connective tissue by a mean of 0.45 ±0.34 mm, whereas in the treated specimens the probe stopped coronally to this landmark by a mean of 0.73±0.80 mm.This study demonstrated that the probe tip most often does not reach the base of the junctional epithelium in pockets treated by plaque control and root planing, and that clinical measurements of attachment levels are not reliable in determining the true histologic level of connective tissue attachment.
Bone loss of furcated mandibular molars
Authors: Björn Anna‐Lisa , Hjort Peter 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Periodontal bone destruction adjacent to furcations of molar roots has been considered to be unfavourable for the prognosis of the involved teeth. Several alternative modes of treatment have been reported. The objective of this study was to find out how important the furcation problem is.A study was conducted on the prevalence, degree and development of bone destruction between the roots of furcated mandibular molars in a sample of 221 individuals observed over a period of 13 years.The state of the interradicular bone septa was assessed from orthopantomographs and bite‐wing radiographs. Radiographs were available from 1965, 1971, 1974 and 1978. The degree of bone destruction was measured in relation to the root length.About 90% of remaining molars (in 1965) were furcated. The frequency of bone destruction increased from 18% in 1965 to 32% in 1978.Only 1.1‐2.7% of the molars had bone loss affecting more than 50% of the distance vertex to apex. About 9%) of the furcated molars were lost during the observation period. However, the percentage of teeth lost due to progressive furcation involvement during the 13 years was estimated to be only 2.5%.
Scaling and root planing in shallow pockets
Authors: Lindhe Jan , Nyman Sture , Karring Thorkild 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present study was undertaken to enable histological assessment of attachment level alterations following repeated scaling and root planing in periodontal sites with “normal” sulcus/pocket depth. Two monkeys (Macaca cynomolgus) were used. During a period of 6 months, scaling was carried out once every 2 weeks at the buccal surfaces of premolars and molars on the right side of the jaws. The contralateral teeth served as untreated controls. Six months after the completion of treatment (1 year after the start of the experiment), the animals were sacrificed and histological sections of all test and control teeth were produced. In these sections the distances between the cemento‐enamel junction (CEJ) and the apical extent of the junctional epithelium (JE) and between the JE and the alveolar bone crest (BC) were measured.The results revealed that repeated scaling and planing resulted in an average loss of connective tissue attachment amounting to 0.39 mm and in a corresponding recession of the alveolar bone crest. The findings are discussed in relation to recent observations from clinical trials demonstrating loss of clinical attachment following repeated scaling and root planing in sites with shallow gingival pockets.
Sutureless gingival grafting
Authors: Miller Neal A. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Suturing a gingival graft is often the most time‐consuming stage of the grafting procedure, especially in regions of difficult access. Previously, it has been suggested that a combination of adhesive cellophane and cyanoacrylate may be used to immobilise the graft without suturing. The technique presented here attempts to simplify further sutureless grafting with the following modifications:

Bandage tape is used instead of adhesive cellophane.
The tape is not placed on the teeth but on the attached gingiva on either side of the graft site.
The use of cyanoacrylate is discarded.

The success of the procedure depends on complete haemostasis as any moisture will prevent the tape from adhering to the gingiva. Inherent advantages of sutureless grafting accomplished with the use of bandage tape are:

The graft lies flat on the recipient site and is kept under slight pressure by the tape.
Minimal blood clot is present between the graft and the recipient site.
The “wick” effect of the sutures is eliminated.
The chair side time is greatly reduced.
A shorter appointment and no sutures to remove imply less discomfort for the patient.

The technique is contraindicated should the patient present an allergic background to bandage tape.
Effects of a carbohydrate‐free diet and sugar substitutes on dental plaque accumulation
Authors: Rateitschak‐Plüss Edith M. , Guggenheim Bernhard 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Plaque accumulation and characteristics were determined gravimetrically, planimetrically, visually, and microbiologically in 24 human subjects who consumed a carbohydrate‐free diet for 4 days. In addition, the effects of xylitol‐, sorbitol‐ and sucrose‐containing can dies upon plaque formed during consumption of the diet were ascertained. Experimental design was such that all 24 subjects traversed each 4‐day test period; a 9‐day interval between test periods was observed. All plaque measurement methods demonstrated that the subjects in all groups, including a control group which received no candies, accumulated significant amounts of dental plaque. No significant differences in plaque amount could be detected among the xylitol, sorbitol and control groups. However, subjects receiving sucrose‐containing candies clearly exhibited larger amounts of plaque.The bacteriological investigations corroborated the clinical observations. The number of microbial colonies from plaque samples taken from the sucrose test group was clearly higher than in the other three groups. In addition, the number of bacteria in plaque samples from the sorbitol group was higher than in the xylitol group. A statistically significant increase in the proportion of anaerobic sorbitol‐and xylitol‐fermenting bacteria was detected in the sorbitol and xylitol test groups during the 4‐day test periods.
Effects of extended systemic and topical folate supplementation on gingivitis of pregnancy
Authors: Thomson Maria E. , Pack Angela R. C. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract A former double‐blind study evaluated the effect of a 14–day period of systemic and topical folate supplementation on gingival inflammation during pregnancy (Pack & Thomson 1980). The current experiment was similar to the earlier one except that supplementation was for 28 days during the eighth month only. Thirty women during their 32nd week of pregnancy were randomly divided into three equal groups. Control Group A received placebo mouthwash (MW) and placebo tablets; Group B received placebo MW and one 5 mg folate tablet daily; Group C received placebo tablets and rinsed with folate MW twice daily for 1 min. At the beginning and end of the experimental period, oral status was determined using a plaque index (PII) and a gingival index (GI). Each subject furnished a 1–week diet record which was analysed for dietary folate. No differences in parameters existed between groups at the commencement of the study except for folate levels which were lower in Group B.Results confirmed the findings of the former experiment. Group C showed highly significant improvement in Gl despite no significant changes in PII (0.00 < p < 0.01), whilst in Group B, changes in gingival health were not statistically significant (0.05 < p < 0.10). No significant changes were demonstrated in Group A. Folate levels increased significantly in Groups B and C. Dietary folate was similar in all groups.
“Critical probing depths” in periodontal therapy
Authors: Lindhe J. , Socransky S. S. , Nyman S. , Haffajee A. , Westfelt E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The present investigation was carried out on 15 individuals who were referred for treatment of moderately advanced periodontal disease. All patients were first subjected to a Baseline examination comprising assessment of oral hygiene and gingival conditions, probing depths and attachment levels. Following case presentation and instructions in oral hygiene measures, the patients were given periodontal treatment utilizing a split mouth design. In one side of the jaw scaling and root planing were performed in conjunction with a modified Widman flap procedure while in the contralateral jaw quadrants the treatment was restricted to scaling and root planing only. The period from initial treatment to 6 months after treatment was considered to be the Healing phase and from 6–24 months after treatment the maintenance phase. During the healing phase the patients were recalled for professional tooth cleaning once every 2 weeks. During the maintenance phase the interval between the recall appointments was extended to 3 months. Reexaminations were carried out 6, 12 and 24 months after the completion of active treatment.The results revealed that treatment resulted in loss of clinical attachment in sites with initially shallow pockets, while sites with initially deep pockets gained clinical attachment. With the use of regression analysis “critical probing depths” were calculated for the two methods of treatment used. It was found that the critical probing depth value for scaling and root planing was significantly smaller than the corresponding value for scaling and root planing used in combination with modified Widman flap surgery (2.9 vs 4.2 mm). In addition, the surgical modality of therapy resulted in more attachment loss than the non‐surgical approach when used in sites with initially shallow pockets. On the other hand, in sites with initial probing depths above the critical probing depth value more gain of clinical attachment occurred following Widman flap surgery than following scaling and root planing.The data obtained from the reexaminations 12 and 24 months after active treatment demonstrated that the probing depths and the attachment levels obtained following active therapy and healing were maintained more or less unchanged during a maintenance care period which involved careful prophylaxis once every 3 months. However, the data also disclosed that the level of oral hygiene maintained by the patients during healing and maintenance was more critical for the resulting probing depths and attachment levels than the mode of initial therapy used. Thus, sites which during the maintenance period were found to be free from supragingival plaque were associated with shallow pockets and maintained attachment levels. In contrast, sites which harboured plaque exhibited increasing probing depths and further attachment loss.
Effects of anti‐epileptic drug treatment with carbamazepine or phenytoin on the oral state of children and adolescents
Authors: Lundström ÅSa , Eeg‐Olofsson Orvar , Hamp Sven‐Erik 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Oral conditions were studied in 48 children and adolescents who, during short or long periods, had been assigned to anti‐epileptic drug treatment with carbamazepine or phenytoin. The individuals were diagnosed as suffering from partial seizures or generalized tonic‐clonic seizures and were distributed between three test groups according to the drug selected for treatment; patients on active carbamazepine (I) or phenytoin (II) medication, and patients previously treated with phenytoin (III). Untreated, newly diagnosed epileptics served as controls.The results showed that individuals treated with carbamazepine for an average of 3 years displayed no intra‐oral side‐effects from the drug treatment. Compared with those on carbamazepine medication the subjects treated with phenytoin demonstrated a significantly greater number of gingival units with increased probing depths, lower saliva secretion rates and lower salivary buffer capacities. In all groups a majority of the individuals showed unsatisfactory plaque control. As a consequence of the results of the investigation it appears justified, from a dental point of view, to support carbamazepine as the first drug of choice for treatment of the types of seizures mentioned.
A 3‐year study of hemisectioned molars
Authors: ERPENSTEIN HEINZ 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Over a period of 1–7 (average 2.9) years, 34 hemisectioned molars were examined clinically and radiographically. All patients were kept on a 3–6 month recall system.The indications for hemisectioning were periodontal in 9 cases and endodontic in 20 cases. In 4 cases extensive carious destruction, and in 4 case an external granuloma led to hemisectioning. Mainly mandibular molars were treated (27). Root resectioning was carried out on only 7 maxillary molars. 22 of the treated teeth were used as distal abutments for small fixed bridges. For a further 3 the same was planned. The remaining treated teeth were singly crowned.Of the 34 treated molars, 7 were considered failures, 6 for endodontic reasons (apical periodontitis) and only 1 for periodontal reasons. No correlation between failure and the length of the follow‐up period was found.With 17 of the 34 molars a significant reduction in periodontal pocket depths was recorded between commencement of treatment and the final examination. No difference in periodontal pocket depth or in the height of the alveolar crest was found between hemisectioned and non‐hemisectioned surfaces.The mobility of hemisectioned molars was difficult to judge because 22 of the 31 crowned teeth were used as abutments for bridges. 17 of the 22 bridges were firm, 4 showed mobility of 1°, and 1 mobility of II°. Of the singly crowned teeth, only 1 exhibited mobility of III°.This study indicates that the prognosis for hemisectioned teeth is favourable. Failures were primarily endodontic in origin rather than periodontal. Periodontal damage can be kept to a minimum by regularly reviewing oral hygiene standards. Treated teeth may be used as abutments for small bridges if attention is paid to achieving optimal articulation.
Comparison of statistical methods of analysis of data from clinical periodontal trials
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Lindhe J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract Data from clinical trials have commonly been analyzed by seeking differences between means of clinical measurements in groups treated in different ways. Such differences may be difficult to interpret clinically and fail to impart meaningful information to the research worker or clinician.Attachment level measurements taken from a group of well‐maintained patients, initially treated by either scaling or Widman flap surgery, were artificially manipulated to impose known changes on the scaled group. Data from individual sites were analyzed by the t‐test and Mann‐Whitney test; and frequency distributions by the Kolmogorov‐Smirnov 2‐sample lest and ridit analysis, Extreme changes were sought by the Moses test for extreme reactions and by creating contingency tables in which changes below arbitrary thresholds of change were eliminated. Examination of the results indicated that the mean was sensitive to small changes in large numbers of sites but insensitive to major changes in a smaller number of sites. Since the latter changes may be of significance to the research worker and clinician, it is recommended that the mean (or median values) be supplemented with the presentation of the frequency distribution of changes and an analysis seeking large changes in few sites.
Clinical parameters as predictors of destructive periodontal disease activity
Authors: Haffajee A. D. , Socransky S. S. , Goodson J. M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present investigation was to evaluate the usefulness of clinical measurements of periodontal disease in predicting destructive periodontal disease activity. Periodontal status was monitored at 3414 sites in a total of 22 subjects. Repeat attachment level measurements recorded at 2‐month intervals were analyzed by the tolerance method to detect destructive periodontal disease activity. The number of sites that showed or did not show activity and the absence or presence of a clinical parameter before and after the monitoring period were computed. The diagnostic sensitivity of a clinical parameter in predicting disease was expressed as the proportion of sites showing attachment loss which exhibited that parameter. Diagnostic specificity was expressed as the proportion of sites not exhibiting the clinical parameter and not showing attachment loss. In addition, the probability of false positive and false negative diagnoses were computed, using the assumption that the destructive periodontal disease activity rate of sites at risk was 3%.The sensitivity of clinical measurements of gingival redness, plaque, suppuration and bleeding on probing ranged from 0.03 (suppuration) to 0.42 (plaque). Specificity of these measurements was better, ranging from 0.71 for plaque to 0,97 for‐suppuration. Disease activity was most often. associated with shallow pockets, but shallow pockets by far dominated she‐sites at risk‐. Thus; pocket‐depth: of <4mm was a sensitive diagnostic test for disease activity (0.69), but the measured specificity of 0.25 indicated that it would be a poor predictor of disease activity. Molar teeth and interproximal surfaces were more likely sites of disease activity than other teeth or surfaces with sensitivity values of 0.52 and 0.83, and specificity values of 0.2S and 0.34, respectively. The probability of detecting false positives was high using any of the clinical parameters ranging from 0.95–0.97. Because no clinical parameter demonstrated high sensitivity and high specificity values, none of the clinical parameters used individually or in combination were found useful in predicting disease activity at individual sites.