bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Controls on permeability: implications for stone weathering
Authors: McKinley J. M. , Warke P. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the light of a well-researched relationship between rock properties and susceptibility of stone to weathering, the role of permeability in weathering is examined. A review of weathering studies indicates the varied use and nature of porosity data, but the paucity of permeability studies in weathering trials. Key factors that control porosity and permeability, depositional characteristics and diagenetic processes are discussed and investigated, with a view to discussing the implications for stone weathering. Results from experimental studies on a range of rock types comprising sandstone, limestone and granite are presented. The relevance of permeability measurement is explored in terms of spatial mapping and quantitative assessment of the deterioration of natural building stone. Increased knowledge and appreciation of the inherited characteristics of a rock is demonstrated to provide valuable insight and a greater understanding of how natural stone heterogeneity is accentuated and exploited by weathering and continued exposure to moisture and salts. Mapping the spatial distribution of permeability provides greater insight into the extent of variability in stone deterioration and presents the possibility of monitoring and predicting the hydraulic properties of stone and how these are modified by weathering processes.
Overview of recent knowledge of patinas on stone monuments: the Spanish experience
Authors: Vazquez-Calvo C. , Alvarez de Buergo M. , Fort R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The historic treatment of stonework has often been linked to the artificial application of patinas, mainly for aesthetic and protective reasons. Increasingly, however, researchers have identified a possible combined origin for patinas that has linked natural, biological processes to those associated with an artificial, man-made origin. This suggests that, although coatings may have been initially applied on purpose, they transform over time with the aid of micro-organisms and other chemical interactions. The original mixture applied to create a patina could include lime and/or gypsum, water, natural pigments and organic additives. However, their present-day mineralogy is varied and includes a wide range of minerals from calcium carbonates to calcium sulphates, calcium oxalates, calcium phosphates, silicates (quartz, feldspar, clay minerals) and iron oxides/hydroxides. Patinas have been studied in detail in Greece and Italy, but rarely in Spain. In this paper, existing knowledge on Spanish patinas is co-ordinated and previous and current research summarized. Emphasis is placed on artificial patinas initially applied to protect stone. These both appear to effectively protect the stone substrates on which they were applied and provide an insight into historical techniques of stone conservation. Because of this their preservation should be a strong consideration in restoration projects. Ongoing research focuses on the challenges of reproducing patinas, based on historical references.
From myth to Earth education and science communication
Authors: Lanza Tiziana , Negrete Aquiles 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThere is a longstanding and intimate relationship between myths and the Earth. Myths represent human beings in childhood when a primitive language made of symbols transmitted the wisdom necessary to live in harmony with nature. Today science uses mainly the language of data. Nevertheless, myths and legends are still popular and part of our culture, and the Earth sciences remain confined mostly to the world of scientists. This paper is an attempt, from the perspective of science communication, to provide a theory that uses myths and legends to stimulate the curiosity of the man in the street about the planet we live on. Recent studies have demonstrated that fictional stories can be used to convey science to the general public in an accurate, memorable and enjoyable way. Following these ideas, we believe that myths can be a useful tool for Earth science studies, learning and popularization.
Folklore and earthquakes: Native American oral traditions from Cascadia compared with written traditions from Japan
Authors: Ludwin Ruth S. , Smits Gregory J. , Carver D. , James K. , Jonientz-Trisler C. , McMillan A. D. , Losey R. , Dennis R. , Rasmussen J. , De Los Angeles A. , Buerge D. , Thrush C. P. , Clague J. , Bowechop J. , Wray J. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article examines local myth and folklore related to earthquakes, landslides, and tsunamis in oral traditions from Cascadia (part of the northern Pacific coast of North America) and in written traditions from Japan, particularly in the Edo (present-day Tokyo) region. Local folklore corresponds closely to geological evidence and geological events in at least some cases, and the symbolic language of myth and folklore can be a useful supplement to conventional geological evidence for constructing an accurate historical record of geological activity. At a deep, archetypical level, Japan, Cascadia, and many of the world's cultures appear to share similar themes in their conception of earthquakes. Although folklore from Cascadia is fragmentary, and the written record short, the evolution of Japanese earthquake folklore has been well documented over a long period of history and illustrates the interaction of folklore with dynamic social conditions.
Band-e-Amir Lakes and Dragon Valley (Bamiyan): myths and seismicity in Afghanistan
Authors: Bourrouilh-Le Jan F. G. , Akram B. , Schvoerer M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Located SW of the Hindu Kush range, the Band-e-Amir lakes and other continental bioherms around Bamiyan are famous for their ordering into terraces and their great variety of colours. Numerous legends, the earliest likely dating to the establishment of the Zoroastrian religion, refer to the topography, ecology, and colours of the lakes and seismic activity of the area. The lakes have been formed by the chemical and biologically-induced build-up of semicircular or successive linear travertine dams. The discovery of a highly truncated karstic network located at an elevation of around 4000 m. along the base of Maastrichtian carbonate cliffs surrounding the lakes, may explain the presence of this carbonate sedimentation which has fluctuated with time and was responsible for legendary floods. Localized at the eastern end of the Herat strike-slip fault, the timing and duration of the build-ups and lakes are under the influence of intense seismic activity, partially due to the seismic activity of the nearby Hindu Kush, in relation to the northern drift of the Afghan Gondwanian block towards the Eurasiatic plate. These bioherms and lakes occur in an area of high risk; a zone of floods, freezing temperatures, earthquakes and rock avalanches caused by the high altitude and location in the Himalayan alpine belt. These natural features have affected local populations beginning with the movement into the area of more or less sedentary people, apparently coming from the Bactrian province. Such a fragile biological and sedimentological environment should be maintained by organized governmental assistance, with a primary goal of protecting the local inhabitants, but also preserving this exceptional environment for others to enjoy.
Exploding lakes in myth and reality: an African case study
Authors: Shanklin Eugenia 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In the night of 21 August, 1986. Lake Nyos, a crater lake in the Cameroon Grassfields of West Central Africa, ‘exploded’ and sent out a cloud of carbon dioxide that killed more than 1800 people. Ultimately the causes of the explosion were scientifically determined to have been limnological. They were part of a process, much like the opening of a champagne bottle, in which carbon dioxide that has collected at the bottom rises quickly to the top and, following the ‘pop’ of the cork, sends out a liquid mixture of wine and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide at the bottom of small Lake Nyos (roughly the size and shape of New York's Chrysler Building; 319m in height) was disturbed by an unknown force that caused it to ‘pop’ out as a deadly cloud about 700 m long, deep and wide. Stories about ‘misbehaving’ or exploding lakes had circulated in the region for many years before the 1986 explosion, and continue to circulate. This article summarizes eighty years of myth collection carried out by ethnographers, historians, administrators and missionaries who visited prior to the 1986 explosion. It also adds information about myth transformations and new folklore explanations for the Nyos explosion over 13 years following the explosion, and contributes to the discussion of implications for disaster relief in any large-scale catastrophe.
Cosmogenic mega-tsunami in the Australia region: are they supported by Aboriginal and Maori legends?
Authors: Bryant E. , Walsh G. , Abbott D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Mega-tsunami have affected much of the coastline of Australia over the past millennium. Such catastrophic waves have left an imprint consisting predominently of bedrock sculpturing of the rocky coastline and deposition of marine sediments to elevations reaching 130 m above sea level. One of the largest of these events occurred in eastern Australia in the fifteenth century. This event may be related to the Mahuika impact crater found at 48.3 S, 166.4 E on the continental shelf 250 km south of New Zealand. A comet at least 500 m in diameter formed the crater. Maori and Aboriginal legends allude to significant cosmogenic events in the region, while Aboriginal legends about tsunami are common along the eastern Australian coast. Evidence for legends that could describe the impact of a cosmogenic tsunami also exists in NW Australia. Here geological evidence of a single mega-tsunami as recent as in the seventeenth century covers 1500 km of coastline. We term this event Wandjina after the artwork related to the legends. More attention should be given to oral traditions in searching globally for other sites of significant mega-tsunami.
A model for simulating the dispersal tracks of sand grains in coastal areas: ‘SandTrack’
Authors: Soulsby R. L. , Mead C. T. , Wild B. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new model is described that simulates the paths taken by a large number of identified (‘tagged’) sand grains in coastal areas in response to waves and currents. A number of practical applications require such a Lagrangian approach, as distinct from the more traditional Eulerian calculations of the transport rates of bulk quantities of identical, non-tagged, grains. Such applications might include studies on the dispersal of dredged spoil, or on the release of contaminated particulate material.

The particle-tracking algorithm determining the movement of tagged grains takes account of the following processes:

burial and re-emergence

initiation of motion and entrainment by combined waves and currents

bedload transport

suspended transport

turbulent diffusion.

A novel method of simulating these processes has been devised, by formulating functions to parameterize each of them, and then specifying a grain speed as the product of the functions. The particle-tracking algorithm is implemented within HR Wallingford's SEDPLUME-RW model, originally devised to track the dispersal of muddy sediments. This in turn is driven by currents and waves computed by the hydrodynamic model TELEMAC. A validation exercise simulating dispersal of radioactive sand tracer measured in the 1960s in Morecambe Bay is described.
The use of particle tracking in sediment transport studies: a review
Authors: Black Kevin S. , Athey Sam , Wilson Peter , Evans Darren 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
New European environmental legislation such as the Shellfish and Habitats Directives, together with the more recent Water Framework Directive, are driving new and fresh approaches to sediment management. Regional authorities, environment protection agencies and consultants are increasingly being required to adopt a holistic, system-wide appreciation of sediment flux in aquatic systems. Increasingly, and necessarily, there is a need to describe sediment (and contaminant) transport pathways on dynamically variable and spatially distributed scales rather than at single point localities. ‘Particle tracking’, or as it is also known ‘particle’ or ‘sediment tracing’, providing certain assumptions are satisfied, offers a practical methodology for the assessment of transport pathways of a variety of sediments across wider temporal and spatial scales, and is available for silts, sands, granules, pebbles and cobbles. Although not a new technique, particle tracking has experienced a resurgence of interest and application by geologists, hydrologists and oceanographers principally as a result of the arrival of new, innovative manufacturing and measurement technologies. These have overcome previous limitations presented by the method, and have also provided a foundation for silt tracking that previously did not exist. The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the particle tracking methodology in the modern context, with a bias towards the practicalities of conducting a tracking experiment. We present a detailed summary of the factors and considerations involved in conducting tracking studies, including an assessment of tolerance limits on synthetic tracers and the importance of appropriate sampling strategies. In addition, we highlight the principal technical limitations of the method. We summarise the historical background regarding the use of the particle tracking method outlining the dominance of studies on sand transport and the paucity of silt tracking studies, and draw attention to some of the potential areas of application of this innovative approach.
Mesoscale changes in present-day nearshore surface sediments and bedforms off the north coast of Ireland
Authors: McDowell J. Lyn , Knight Jasper , Quinn Rory 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The distribution and spatial patterns of surficial nearshore sediments off the north coast of Ireland were mapped in detail using three repeated (over one year total duration) dual-frequency (100–500 kHz) side-scan sonar surveys which were ground-truthed using a bucket-grab sediment sampler. In the study area (40 km
2
, < 30 m water depth), three acoustic facies were identified (interpreted as sand, gravel, and bedrock). Planar sand with small sand waves dominates most of the study area; bedforms developed on sand and gravel substrates are located around the margins of a bedrock-floored bathymetric trench. Unusual sea-going gravel ‘ribbons’, which morphologically resemble rip current chutes, feed into the trench. Temporal changes in substrate and bedform patterns, mapped from the side-scan sonar data, suggest bedform development and facies boundary migration (by > 100 m distance) over the winter season followed by sediment migration back again during the summer. Generally, substrate and bedform mobility is likely to be related to changes in the relative strengths of waves and tides along this exposed, mesotidal coast. More specifically, tidal asymmetry and the formation of a headland leeside eddy can account for scouring of the trench, trench-flank bedform patterns developed in sand, and the formation of the gravel ribbons.
An application of sediment trend analysis to Carmarthen Bay, Bristol Channel
Authors: Cooper Bill , McLaren Patrick 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Carmarthen Bay is a large embayment on the northern coast of the Bristol Channel; a location that is exposed directly exposed to both Atlantic waves and a macro-tidal environment. Until recently this embayment was comparatively poorly described in terms of its sediment regime. In particular, limited data were available to identify sediment types and sediment exchanges with the offshore.
The Bristol Channel is an active interest area for marine aggregate extraction, with the majority of licenses falling in Welsh Territorial Waters. To enable the Government View procedure on marine aggregate extraction in this area to develop with a more complete understanding a research project (Bristol Channel Marine Aggregates: Resource and Constraints, also commonly referred to as BCMA) was commissioned. This research project identified Carmarthen Bay as a strategic unit of the overall sediment regime, and defined a programme of primary research in this area to improve understanding of sediment exchanges. A key part of this research has been an application of sediment trend analysis (STA). This paper describes components of the STA technique, the rationale for its application, the survey design, results and subsequent interpretation of the information in the context of determining probable patterns of net sediment transport across Carmarthen Bay.
A mixed ophiuroid—stylophoran assemblage (Echinodermata) from the Middle Ordovician (Llandeilian) of western Brittany, France
Authors: Hunter Aaron W. , Lefebvre Bertrand , Régnault Serge , Roussel Philippe , Claverie Roland 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

In the abandoned slate quarry of Guernanic, Gourin (Morbihan, France), a single horizon (Upper Member of the Schistes de Postolonnec Formation) has yielded an exquisitely preserved Llandeilian (Middle Ordovician) echinoderm assemblage composed of the ophiuroid
Taeniaster armoricanus
sp. nov. and the mitrate
Mitrocystella incipiens
. These two groups of echinoderms represent the first fossils formally described from the Middle Ordovician of the Gourin area. The brittlestar
T. armoricanus
sp. nov. is the third and oldest ophiuroid reported so far in the Palaeozoic of the Armorican Massif. The mitrate
Mitrocystella
is also described for the first time from western Brittany. Taphonomic features of this ophiuroid-stylophoran aggregation suggest that it probably corresponds to the rapid burial of a life assemblage in an otherwise quiet and moderately deep setting (shelf) below, but close to, storm wave base. This echinoderm association represents the oldest evidence for a gregarious mode of life for ophiuroids, as well as the oldest indisputable example of a mixed ophiuroid-stylophoran meadow.
Frasnian carbonate mounds from Belgium:sedimentology and palaeoceanography
Authors: Boulvain Frédéric 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The facies architecture, sedimentary dynamics and palaeogeographic evolution were reconstructed for a number of middle-late Frasnian carbonate mounds from the south side of the Dinant Synclinorium (Belgium). Nine facies were recognized in the buildups, each characterized by a specific range of textures and assemblage of organisms: spiculitic wackestone with stromatactis (facies Pm1), which becomes progressively enriched in crinoids and corals (Pm2); grey or pinkish limestone with stromatactis, corals and stromatoporoids (A3–L3, Pm3); grey limestone with corals, peloids and dasycladales (A4–L4, Pm4); grey, microbial limestone (A5–L5, Pm5); grey limestone with dendroid stromatoporoids (A6–L6); grey, laminar fenestral limestone, (A7–L7); and grey, bioturbated limestone (A8–L8). Sedimentological evidence suggests that facies Pm1 and Pm2 correspond to iron bacteria-sponge-dominated communities, developing in a quiet aphotic and hypoxic environment. A3–L3 developed between storm and fair-weather wave base, in an oligophotic environment. Facies A5–L5 developed close to fair-weather wave base. Facies A6–L6 and the fenestral limestone A7–L7 correspond to an environment with slightly restricted water circulation. Facies A8–L8 developed at subtidal depths in a quiet, lagoonal environment. The main differences between the middle and late Frasnian mounds concern facies architecture, and are a consequence of different palaeoceanographic settings. The large flattened middle Frasnian Arche and Lion buildups show limited vertical differentiation, large-scale progradation features, extensive exportation of material towards off-reef environment and development of inner lagoonal facies. They grew offshore from a well-developed carbonate platform with a healthy carbonate factory. Middle Frasnian sea-level fluctuations were relatively mild, and sedimentation was able to keep up with sea-level rise. At the opposite extreme, during the late Frasnian, severe eustatic rises, together with rising oceanic hypoxic conditions, were responsible for frequent collapses of the carbonate factory, drowning of the middle Frasnian carbonate platform, and development of buildups with relatively limited lateral extension, high vertical facies differentiation, low potential for material exportation and high content in microaerophilic iron bacteria.
After the collapse of stromatoporid-coral reefs — the Famennian and Dinantian reefs of Belgium: much more than Waulsortian mounds
Authors: Aretz Markus , Chevaliers Emmanuel 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Reef development in the Famennian and Carboniferous successions of Belgium is more common than previously thought, and 10 broad time intervals of reef development can be differentiated. Reef formation is due to a variety of reef fabrics. Microbial communities are important for most reef frameworks, and often crucial for formation and stabilization of frameworks. Larger skeletal frameworks are rare. However, the interaction of skeletal bioconstructors and microbial communities is common, and results in successful reef building. However, microbial communities are still the backbone of these reefs.
The majority of reefs are small, and a significant number formed in environments of restricted marine facies. Large reefs developed only in the late Tournaisian and late Visean. Their initiation and formation was controlled by the geometry of the shelf.
Three hierarchical levels, discussed below under the headings paleobiology, local environment, and regional and global environment, controlled reef formation. Important limiting factors were relative water depth, sea-level oscillations, climate, shelf geometry and the needs of the individual bioconstructor.
In general, Belgian reef diversity reflects the global picture, but significant differences can be recognized in the different time slices. In particular, the abundance of middle Visean reefs is a unique feature. The onset of the Variscian orogeny terminated all reef development in Belgium, and reefs younger than late Visean are unknown.
The late Atokan (Moscovian, Pennsylvanian) chaetetid accumulations of Sierra Agua Verde, Sonora (NW Mexico): composition, facies and palaeoenvironmental signals
Authors: Almazán-Vázquezi Emilio , Buitrón-Sánchez Blanca E. , Vachard Daniel , Mendoza-Madera Cynthia , Gómez-Espinosa Catalina 
Published: December 2007

Abstract

The La Joya Formation of the Sierra Agua Verde, Sonora (NW Mexico) is late Atokan in age, equivalent to the early late Moscovian (Podolskian) and fusulinid biozone A3. In this alternance of cherty limestones and thin shaly beds, fusulinellid or anchicodiacean (‘phylloid algae’) wackestones-packstones and crinoidal rudstones-grainstones are the predominant microfacies, but chaetetid boundstones are conspicuous. These chaetetid occurrences of the Sierra Agua Verde are compared with the accumulations of Arizona, Texas, Kansas and Nevada (USA), and the Cantabric Cordillera (Spain). In Sonora, the environments with chaetetids were quiet, and located below wave base. Shallower facies with staffellids and
Komia
generally top the chaetetids. Because of the associated micritic deposits, the chaetetids have inhabited probably a soft or firm substrate. As a result of the disphotic-aphotic reconstructed environments, the possible symbionts of the chaetetids are more probably heterotrophic bacteria than autotrophic algae. The most comparable ecological conditions exist in the Atokan Marble Falls Formation of central Texas (USA). Chaetetids are not mentioned in the southern suspect terranes of Mexico, but were possibly present because these regions were located along the probable migration way to Peru, the southernmost area where Pennsylvanian chaetetids are known.