bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(π+σ)‐double aromatic and π,σ‐mixed aromatic boron compounds with two electrons delocalized over three centers
Authors: Hofmann Matthias , Berndt Armin 
Published: April 2006

AbstractUsing Schleyer's measure for aromaticity, computed nuclear independent chemical shifts (NICS), we review molecules with two electrons delocalized cyclically over three centers: one class with two π‐ as well as two σ‐electrons, i.e. (π + σ)‐double aromatics and a second class with two electrons intermediate between π and σ, i.e. π,σ‐mixed aromatics. These classes show distinctly different patterns of NICS values. On this basis, sila‐, germa‐, and stannaboriranes, recently presented by Jemmis et al., are shown to be the first π,σ‐mixed aromatics which are not homoaromatics. “Improvement of overlap by pyramidalization” a building principle introduced by Haddon in 1988, is the key to understanding the structure of π,σ‐mixed aromatics. New representatives with large aromatic stabilization energies (up to 60 kcal mol−1) and very strong pyramidalizations at tricoordinate B, C, and Si centers (up to 63°) are designed by computations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:224–237, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20225
Effect of the plate thermal resistance on the heat transfer performance of a corrugated thin plate heat exchanger
Authors: Iwai Hiroshi , Tatsumi Kazuya , Suzuki Kenjiro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo‐dimensional conjugate conduction/convection numerical simulations were carried out for flow and thermal fields in a unit model of a counter‐flow‐type corrugated thin plate heat exchanger core. The effects of the thermal resistance of the solid plate, namely the variation of the plate thickness and the difference of the plate material, on the heat exchanger performance were examined in the Reynolds number range of 100<Re<400. Higher temperature effectiveness was obtained for a thicker plate at any Reynolds number, which was a unique feature of corrugated thin plate geometry. Detailed discussions on the thermal fields revealed that restricting the heat conduction along the plate by making the plate thinner or choosing a low thermal conductivity material causes a larger plate temperature variation along the plate, and, consequently, a smaller amount of thermal energy exchanged between two fluids. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(3): 209–223, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20110
The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the finned tube banks in forced convection (effects of fin height on heat transfer characteristics)
Authors: Kawaguchi Kiyoshi , Okui Kenichi , Asai Toshihiro , Hasegawa Yutaka 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent years the requirement for the reduction of energy consumption has been increasing to solve the problems of global warming and the shortage of petroleum resources. For example, in the power generation field, as thermal power generation occupies 60% of the power generation demand, considerable improvement of thermal efficiency is required. This paper describes the heat transfer characteristics of finned tube banks used for the heat exchanger in thermal power generation that were clarified by testing serrated finned tube banks with different fin heights for improved higher heat transfer and conventional spiral finned tube banks with different fin height. Then an equation to predict the heat transfer coefficient which is necessary for the design of the heat exchanger was proposed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res, 35(3): 194–208, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20111
The role of the Madden–Julian Oscillation in the El Niño and Indian drought of 2002
Authors: Saith Neena , Slingo Julia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn 2002 India experienced a severe drought, one among the five worst droughts since records began in 1871, notable for its countrywide influence. The drought was primarily due to an unprecedented break in the monsoon during July, which persisted for almost the whole month and affected most of the sub‐continent. The failure of the monsoon in 2002 was not predicted and India was not prepared for the devastating impacts on, for example, agriculture. This paper documents the evolution of the 2002 Indian summer monsoon and considers the possible factors that contributed to the drought and the failure of the forecasts.The development of the 2002/2003 El Niño and the unusually high levels of Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO) activity during the monsoon season are identified as the central players. The 2002/2003 El Niño was characterised by very high sea‐surface temperatures (SSTs) in the central Pacific that developed rapidly during the monsoon season. It is suggested that the unusual character of the developing El Niño was associated with the MJO and was a consequence of the eastward extension of the West Pacific Warm Pool, brought about primarily by a series of westerly wind events (WWEs) as part of the eastward movement of the active phase of the MJO.During the boreal summer, the MJO is usually characterised by northward movement, but in 2002 the northward component of the MJO was weak and the MJO was dominated by a strong eastward component, probably driven by the abnormally high SSTs in the central Pacific. It is suggested that a positive feedback existed between the developing El Niño and the eastward component of the MJO, which weakened the active phases of the monsoon. In particular, the unprecedented monsoon break in July could be associated with the juxtaposition of strong MJO activity with a developing El Niño, both of which interfered constructively with each other to produce major perturbations to the distribution of tropical heating. Subsequently, the main impact of the developing El Niño was a modulation of the Walker circulation that led to the overall suppression of the Indian monsoon during thess latter part of the season.It is argued that the unique combination of a rapidly developing El Niño and strong MJO activity, which was timed within the seasonal cycle to have maximum impact on the Indian summer monsoon, meant that prediction of the prolonged break in July and the seasonally deficient rainfall was a challenge for both the empirical and dynamical forecasting systems. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
In vivo study on the healing of bone defects treated with bone marrow stromal cells, platelet‐rich plasma, and freeze‐dried bone allografts, alone and in combination
Authors: Dallari D. , Fini M. , Stagni C. , Torricelli P. , Nicoli Aldini N. , Giavaresi G. , Cenni E. , Baldini N. , Cenacchi A. , Bassi A. , Giardino R. , Fornasari P.M. , Giunti A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe repair of confined trabecular bone defects in rabbits treated by autologous bone marrow stromal cells (BMSC), platelet‐rich plasma (PRP), freeze‐dried bone allografts (FDBA) alone and in combination (BMSC + PRP; FDBA + BMSC; FDBA + PRP; FDBA + PRP + BMSC) was compared. A critical size defect was created in the distal part of the femurs of 48 adult rabbits. Histology and histomorphometry were used in the evaluation of healing at 2, 4, and 12 weeks after surgery. The healing rate (%) was calculated by measuring the residual bone defect area. Architecture of the newly formed bone was compared with that of bone at the same distal femur area of healthy rabbits. The defect healing rate was higher in PRP + BMSC, FDBA + PRP, FDBA + BMSC, and FDBA + PRP + BMSC treatments, while lower values were achieved with PRP treatment at all experimental times. The highest bone‐healing rate at 2 weeks was achieved with FDBA + PRP + BMSC treatment, which resulted significantly different from PRP (p < 0.05) and BMSC (p < 0.05) treatments. At 4 weeks, the bone‐healing rate increased except for PRP treatment. Finally, the bone‐healing rate of FDBA + PRP, FDBA + BMSC, and FDBA + PRP + BMSC was significantly higher than that of PRP at 12 weeks (p < 0.05). At 12 weeks, significant differences still existed between PRP, BMSC, and FDBA groups and normal bone (p < 0.05). These results showed that the combination of FDBA, BMSC and PRP permitted an acceleration in bone healing and bone remodeling processes. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Histological and scanning electron microscopy analyses of bone/implant interface using the novel Bonelike® synthetic bone graft
Authors: Gutierres M. , Hussain N. Sooraj , Lopes M.A. , Afonso A. , Cabral A.T. , Almeida L. , Santos J.D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSynthetic bone grafts provide an alternative to autografts and allografts. Bonelike® is a patented synthetic bone graft that mimics the mineral composition of bone. The aim of the present work was to assess the biological behavior of Bonelike® graft in humans, before using the material in orthopedic applications of bone regeneration, for example, in opening wedge high tibial osteotomies for medial knee osteoarthritis. Bonelike® granules were implanted in cortical bone of 11 patients undergoing osteotomies, and new bone formation, osteoconductive properties, and resorption characteristics of the granules were analyzed. The granules ranged from 500 to 1000 µm and were implanted in the lateral aspect of the tibia. The patients' mean age was 59 years (range 48 to 70 years); there were eight women and three men, all suffering from medial compartment osteoarthritis of the knee. At surgery, a 1 × 1 × 1‐cm cortical defect was created 3 cm distal to the entry point of the screws, in line with the long axis of tibia. The implanted Bonelike® graft sample was extracted for analysis during removal of the metallic prosthesis after implantation times of 6, 9, and 12 months. Radiological follow‐up, scanning electron microscopy, histological analysis, and histomorphometric measurements were conducted on the retrieved samples to assess bone regeneration in the defect area. Osteoconductive capacity was demonstrated by extensive mature bone formation around the implanted granules and high levels of percentage bone‐to‐graft contact (from 67–84%). Bonelike® acted as an excellent bioactive scaffold, allowing the migration, proliferation, and differentiation of bone cells on its surface, and therefore regeneration of the defects was achieved in a rapid, controlled manner. Our results suggest that Bonelike® graft is an excellent candidate for orthopedic applications where rapid new bone formation is a fundamental requirement. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Safety of, and biological and functional response to, a novel metallic implant for the management of focal full‐thickness cartilage defects: Preliminary assessment in an animal model out to 1 year
Authors: Kirker‐Head Carl A. , Van Sickle David C. , Ek Steve W. , McCool John C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractFocal full‐thickness cartilage lesions of the human medial femoral condyle (MFC) can cause pain and functional impairment. Affected middle‐aged patients respond unpredictably to existing treatments and knee arthroplasty may be required, prompting risk of revision. This study assesses the safety of, and biological and functional response to, a metallic resurfacing implant which may delay or obviate the need for traditional arthroplasty. The anatomic contour of the surgically exposed MFC of six adult goats was digitally mapped and an 11 mm diameter full‐thickness osteochondral defect was created. An anchor‐based Co–Cr resurfacing implant, matching the mapped articular contour, was implanted. Each goat's contralateral unoperated femorotibial joint was used as a control. Postoperative outcome was assessed by lameness examination, radiography, arthroscopy, synoviocentesis, necropsy, and histology up to 26 (n = 3) or 52 (n = 3) weeks. By postoperative week (POW) 4, goats demonstrated normal range of motion, no joint effusion, and only mild lameness in the operated limb. By POW 26 the animals were sound with only occasional very mild lameness. Arthroscopy at POW 14 revealed moderate synovial inflammation and a chondral membrane extending centrally across the implant surface. Radiographs at POWs 14 to 52 implied implant stability in the operated joints, as well as subchondral bone remodeling and mild exostosis formation in the operated and contralateral unoperated joints of some goats. By POW 26, histology revealed new trabecular bone abutting the implant. At POWs 26 and 52 MFC cartilage was metachromatic and intact in the operated and unoperated femorotibial joints. Proximal tibiae of some operated and unoperated limbs demonstrated limited subchondral bone remodeling and foci of articular cartilage fibrillation and thinning. The chondral membrane crossing the prosthesis possessed a metachromatic matrix containing singular and clustered chondrocytes. Our data imply the safety, biocompatibility, and functionality of the implant. Focal articular damage was documented in the operated joints at POWs 26 and 52, but lesions were much reduced over those previously reported in untreated defects. Expanded animal or preclinical human studies are justified. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Time‐resolved photoacoustic calorimetry as a tool to determine rate constants of hydrogen‐abstraction reactions
Authors: Nunes Paulo M. , Correia Catarina F. , Borges Dos Santos Rui M. , Martinho Simões José A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe hydrogen‐abstraction reaction from phenol by tert‐butoxyl radical was used to test time‐resolved photoacoustic calorimetry (TR‐PAC) as a method to obtain kinetic data. Absolute rate constants for this reaction were determined in benzene and in the 298–312 K temperature range, using a temperature‐controlled photoacoustic calorimeter, yielding an average value of 3.5 × 108 M−1 s−1. This is in good agreement with the literature results obtained by laser flash photolysis (LFP). Kinetic solvent effects (KSE) in the same reaction were also studied using acetonitrile, carbon tetrachloride, and ethyl acetate as solvents. The results obtained by TR‐PAC are close to those derived by LFP (using the cumyloxyl radical as the abstracting species) and follow the expected trend based on the KSE. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 38: 357–363, 2006
Radial point interpolation based finite difference method for mechanics problems
Authors: Liu G. R. , Zhang Jian , Li Hua , Lam K. Y. , Kee Bernard B. T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA radial point interpolation based finite difference method (RFDM) is proposed in this paper. In this novel method, radial point interpolation using local irregular nodes is used together with the conventional finite difference procedure to achieve both the adaptivity to irregular domain and the stability in the solution that is often encountered in the collocation methods. A least‐square technique is adopted, which leads to a system matrix with good properties such as symmetry and positive definiteness. Several numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and stability of the RFDM for problems with complex shapes and regular and extremely irregular nodes. The results are examined in detail in comparison with other numerical approaches such as the radial point collocation method that uses local nodes, conventional finite difference and finite element methods. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Long‐term remission of children with relapsed and secondary anaplastic large cell non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (ALCL) following treatment with pulsed dexamethasone and low dose etoposide
Authors: Stockklausner Clemens , Behnisch Wolfgang , Mechtersheimer Gunhild , Möller Peter , Kulozik Andreas E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAnaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL) accounts for approximately 15% of childhood NHL. Relapsed ALCL represents a formidable challenge because outcome is poor despite the use of high‐dose chemotherapy regimens. We report two patients with relapsed T‐type and 0‐type ALCL who achieved long‐term 3rd and 4th remissions with 4‐weekly oral dexamethasone (DEX) and etoposide pulses for 2 years. This regimen also induced and maintained remission in a third patient with Nijmegen breakage syndrome (NBS) with secondary T‐type ALCL. These patients demonstrate that low‐intensity oral chemotherapy can induce long‐term remissions and offer a curative perspective in refractory, relapsed and secondary ALCL. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:126–129. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Role of chemotherapy resistance genes in outcome of neuroblastoma
Authors: de Cremoux Patricia , Jourdan‐Da‐Silva Nathalie , Couturier Jérôme , Tran‐Perennou Carine , Schleiermacher Gudrun , Fehlbaum Pascale , Doz François , Mosseri Véronique , Delattre Olivier , Klijanienko Jerzy , Vielh Philippe , Michon Jean 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundNeuroblastoma is a heterogeneous pediatric disease. Most patients with localized disease usually have a favorable prognosis, but patients with advanced disease have a poor prognosis despite combination chemotherapy. Treatment failure may be attributable to resistance to cytotoxic drugs.ProcedureUsing quantitative RT‐PCR, we investigated the clinical significance of the level of mRNA expression of multidrug resistance genes (MDR1, MRP1, MRP5, LRP) in a series of 29 advanced neuroblastoma samples.ResultsAt the end of induction chemotherapy, 48% of patients achieved a clinical complete response, 28% achieved a partial response or stable disease, and 24% presented progressive disease. MDR1 mRNA overexpression (i.e., mRNA level >2 copies of MDR1 gene) was observed in 74% of samples, and MRP1, MRP5, LRP overexpression was observed less frequently (30, 33, and 33% of samples, respectively). None of these parameters were predictive of response, relapse, or survival. However, clinical response to treatment was highly predictive of relapse‐free survival and overall survival.ConclusionsHigh expression of these multidrug resistance genes in advanced neuroblastoma is not the main parameter of response to cytotoxic drugs; clinical response to treatment remains the most important parameter in predicting the prognosis of patients with advanced neuroblastoma, until other relevant laboratory parameters have been identified. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:311–317. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Individual and simultaneous swelling of amphiphilic conetworks in water and n‐heptane
Authors: He Chunju , Erdodi G. , Kennedy J. P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA series of amphiphilic conetworks of different compositions comprising poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(dimethylsiloxane) nanodomains were made, and their cocontinuity was characterized via separate swelling in water and n‐heptane and simultaneous swelling in water/n‐heptane mixtures. The extent and rate of swelling were determined and analyzed. The swelling of the cocontinuous hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) and hydrophobic poly(dimethylsiloxane) domains progressed independently of each other, and morphological changes, which occurred during swelling, influenced the rate of swelling. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1474–1481, 2006
Black holes and rings of minimal 5‐dim. supergravity
Authors: Behrndt K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn this talk, I will summarize recent developments in 5‐dimensional supergravity. This includes a discussion about black ring solutions, we will see how one can construct regular (bubbling) solutions with the same charges as black holes and finally will explore the close relationship between 4‐ and 5‐dimensional supersymmetric stationary solutions.
New results for AdS/CFT and beyond
Authors: Bertolini M. , Bigazzi F. , Cotrone A.L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe report on some recent results within the string/gauge theory correspondence, both in the conformal and in the non conformal cases, for a recently found class of 𝒩 = 1 dual pairs. These results provide the first cross check of AdS/CFT and field theory techniques like a‐maximization. Moreover, they furnish new examples of cascading gauge theories and the first instance of 4d dynamical supersymmetry breaking embedded in the correspondence.
Instantons on D7 brane probes and AdS/CFT with flavour
Authors: Apreda R. , Erdmenger J. , Evans N. , Große J. , Guralnik Z. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractRecent work on adding flavour to the generalized AdS/CFT correspondence is reviewed. In particular, we consider instanton configurations on two coincident D7 brane probes. These are matched to the Higgs branch of the dual field theory. In AdS5 × S5, the instanton generates a flow of the meson spectrum. For non‐supersymmetric gravity backgrounds, the Higgs branch is lifted by a potential with non‐trivial physical implications. Based on talk given by J. Erdmenger.
Standard model statistics of a type II orientifold
Authors: Gmeiner F. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe analyse four‐dimensional, supersymmetric intersecting D‐brane models in a toroidal orientifold background from a statistical perspective. The distribution and correlation of observables, like gauge groups and couplings, are discussed. We focus on models with a Standard Model‐like gauge sector, derive frequency distributions for their occurence and analyse the properties of the hidden sector.
Partition function of dyonic black holes in N = 4 string theory
Authors: Käppeli J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe dominant contribution to the semicanonical partition function of dyonic black holes of N = 4 string theory is computed for generic charges, generalizing recent results of Shih and Yin. The result is compared to the black hole free energy obtained from the conjectured relation to topological strings. If certain perturbative corrections are included agreement is found to subleading order. These corrections modify the conjectured relation and implement covariance with respect to electric‐magnetic duality transformations.
Continuous families of conformal field theories from string theory
Authors: Mateos T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe discuss the interplay between field theories and string theory in the quest for new fixed points of the renormalization group. First, we use the recent ideas of Lunin and Maldacena (LM) to make new predictions about the so‐called γ‐deformation of 𝒩 = 4 by taking a Penrose limit which leads to a solvable string theory background. We then extend the LM construction to deal with three dimensional field theories, we study the supersymmetry preservation of the γ‐deformed backgrounds, and we obtain the lagrangian deformations of the corresponding dual field theories.
Renormalization‐group flows and charge transmutation in string theory
Authors: Orlando D. , Petropoulos P.M. , Sfetsos K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe analyze the behaviour of heterotic squashed‐Wess–Zumino–Witten backgrounds under renormalization‐group flow. The flows we consider are driven by perturbation creating extra gauge fluxes. We show how the conformal point acts as an attractor from both the target‐space and world‐sheet points of view. We also address the question of instabilities created by the presence of closed time‐like curves in string backgrounds.
Non‐critical string duals of four‐dimensional CFTs with fundamental matter
Authors: Bigazzi F. , Casero R. , Cotrone A.L. , Paredes A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe two‐derivative approximation to non‐critical strings is used as a qualitative tool to find solutions dual to four dimensional CFTs with matter in the fundamental. Two solutions are discussed: an $AdS_5 \times \tilde{S}^3$, which is dual to an 𝒩 = 1 SCFT only for a ratio of ${{N_f}\over{N_c}}$ and an AdS5 which is proposed to be dual to 𝒩 = 0 QCD in the conformal window. All solutions have curvatures of the order of the string scale. This contribution is based on [1].