bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of surveillance methods for small incidence rates
Authors: Sego Landon H. , Woodall William H. , Reynolds Marion R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA number of methods have been proposed for detecting an increase in the incidence rate of a rare health event, such as a congenital malformation. Among these are the sets method, two modifications of the sets method, and the CUSUM method based on the Poisson distribution. We consider the situation where data are observed as a sequence of Bernoulli trials and propose the Bernoulli CUSUM chart as a desirable method for the surveillance of rare health events. We compared the performance of the sets method and its modifications with that of the Bernoulli CUSUM chart under a wide variety of circumstances. Chart design parameters were chosen to satisfy a minimax criteria. We used the steady‐state average run length to measure chart performance instead of the average run length (ARL), which was used in nearly all previous comparisons involving the sets method or its modifications. Except in a very few instances, we found that the Bernoulli CUSUM chart has better steady‐state ARL performance than
the sets method and its modifications for the extensive number of cases considered. Thus, we recommend the use of the Bernoulli CUSUM chart to monitor small incidence rates and provide practical advice for its implementation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recent technologies of joints for HV and EHV XLPE cables in Japan
Authors: Toya Atsuhi , Shimazu Masaki , Umeda Shinji , Nishikawa Satoshi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn Japan, XLPE cables are widely used for transmission lines and it is estimated that the ratio of XLPE will increase even more. The Investigation Committee of The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan (IEEJ), consisting of engineers from universities, all power utilities, all the major cable manufacturers, etc., has investigated the trend of the accessories (joint and termination) for XLPE cables of 66 kV and above in Japan for 3 years. This paper reports the results of this investigation. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Technical trends of high voltage and large capacity underground power cables
Authors: Morishita Yukinobu 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA 275 kV cross‐linked polyethylene (XLPE) cable with a large size conductor is mainly used for large‐capacity underground transmission lines in Japan. Furthermore, 275 kV gas insulated transmission line (GIL), which has a larger transmission capacity than 275 kV XLPE cable, has been developed and is in operation. The achievements regarding high voltage, large capacity underground transmission lines applied by the Chubu Electric Power Company will be introduced. In addition to these technologies, recent technical trends such as Rubber Blocked Joints (RBJ) will be presented. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Behavior of surfactant mixtures in model oily‐soil detergency studies
Authors: Aronson M. P. , Gum M. L. , Goddard E. D. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA study of roll‐up in a model oily‐soil detergent system has shown that the addition of a second surfactant in a minor amount to an effective detergent can either enhance or inhibit roll‐up. Which effect takes place depends on the relative surface activity of the components, the levels used, and, for ionic surfactants, the electrolyte content. Addition of anionic surfactants can reduce the performance of an effective nonionic under low ionic strength/low hardness conditions. However, in high ionic strength/high hardness solutions, where the anionic is effective, the situation is reversed and addition of the nonionic component can, in some cases, reduce the rate of roll‐up. Roll‐up behavior appears to be controlled by the oil/ water interfacial tension. When the interfacial tension increases above a critical value, roll‐up is inhibited. A theory that has been used to predict surface tensions of mixtures is also useful in estimating oil/water interfacial tensions. The theory provides an understanding of why the interfacial tension can rise when mixed micelles are formed.
Surfactants in coal technology
Authors: Schick M. J. , Villa J. L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe principal uses of surfactants and related compounds in coal technology are the control of coal dust, the purification of coal from admixtures by flotation, the dispersion of coal in water for transportation through pipelines and as a fuel system, the dispersion of coal in fuel with subsequent burning of the coal/oil mixture, demineralization of coal, freeze‐conditioning agents and side‐car release agents for railroad transport of coal. These applications have been reviewed in this order. This overview demonstrates that the use of surfactants in coal technology is rapidly growing with the increasing interest in utilizing coal as a source of energy and that basic studies are in progress to explain the underlying surface chemical phenomenon.
Role of Fatty Acid Binding Proteins and Long Chain Fatty Acids in Modulating Nuclear Receptors and Gene Transcription
Authors: Schroeder Friedhelm , Petrescu Anca D. , Huang Huan , Atshaves Barbara P. , McIntosh Avery L. , Martin Gregory G. , Hostetler Heather A. , Vespa Aude , Landrock Danilo , Landrock Kerstin K. , Payne H. Ross , Kier Ann B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAbnormal energy regulation may significantly contribute to the pathogenesis of obesity, diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. For rapid control of energy homeostasis, allosteric and posttranslational events activate or alter activity of key metabolic enzymes. For longer impact, transcriptional regulation is more effective, especially in response to nutrients such as long chain fatty acids (LCFA). Recent advances provide insights into how poorly water‐soluble lipid nutrients [LCFA; retinoic acid (RA)] and their metabolites (long chain fatty acyl Coenzyme A, LCFA‐CoA) reach nuclei, bind their cognate ligand‐activated receptors, and regulate transcription for signaling lipid and glucose catabolism or storage: (i) while serum and cytoplasmic LCFA levels are in the 200 μM–mM range, real‐time imaging recently revealed that LCFA and LCFA‐CoA are also located within nuclei (nM range); (ii) sensitive fluorescence binding assays show that LCFA‐activated nuclear receptors [peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐α (PPARα) and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4α (HNF4α)] exhibit high affinity (low nM Kds) for LCFA (PPARα) and/or LCFA‐CoA (PPARα, HNF4α)—in the same range as nuclear levels of these ligands; (iii) live and fixed cell immunolabeling and imaging revealed that some cytoplasmic lipid binding proteins [liver fatty acid binding protein (L‐FABP), acyl CoA binding protein (ACBP), cellular retinoic acid binding protein‐2 (CRABP‐2)] enter nuclei, bind nuclear receptors (PPARα, HNF4α, CRABP‐2), and activate transcription of genes in fatty acid and glucose metabolism; and (iv) studies with gene ablated mice provided physiological relevance of LCFA and LCFA‐CoA binding proteins in nuclear signaling. This led to the hypothesis that cytoplasmic lipid binding proteins transfer and channel lipidic ligands into nuclei for initiating nuclear receptor transcriptional activity to provide new lipid nutrient signaling pathways that affect lipid and glucose catabolism and storage.
A new episode of low back pain: Who relies on bed rest?
Authors: Verbunt Jeanine A. , Sieben Judith , Vlaeyen Johan W.S. , Portegijs Piet , Knottnerus J. André 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBed rest has been shown to be an ineffective treatment for non‐specific low back pain (LBP). Despite this, during a new episode of pain some patients still rely on bed rest. Which patients choose bed rest is however unknown. The objectives of the present study were, firstly, to assess characteristics of patients choosing bed rest in (sub)acute pain and secondly to study whether prolonged bed rest in the (sub)acute phase of pain will result in long term disability. A prospective longitudinal cohort study included 282 patients with non‐specific LBP for less than 7 weeks. Main outcome measures were duration of bed rest (in three categories) and disability. Results showed that 33% of patients with (sub)acute LBP had bed rest, but only 8% stayed in bed for more than four days. An ordinal regression analysis revealed that behavioural factors (catastrophizing (OR=1.05 per bed rest category p<0.01)) and fear of injury (OR=1.05 per category p<0.01) rather than specific pain related factors (pain history (OR=0.61 per category p=0.16) and pain intensity (OR=1.00 per category p=0.63)) were associated with bed rest. Patients with prolonged bed rest in an early phase of pain were still more disabled after one year (p<0.01). Based on these results we conclude that prolonged bed rest in the early phase of pain is associated with a higher long term disability level. In preventing low back disability, GP screening for catastrophizing and fear of injury in LBP patients who had prolonged bed rest merits consideration.
A community program for women's health and development: Implications for the long‐term care of women with fistulas
Authors: Mohammad R.H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Women's Health and Development project, also known as FORWARD, was set up to improve the social, economic, and health status of women affected with vesico‐vaginal fistulas. The project takes a holistic approach not only by providing surgical repair and rehabilitation, but also through the development of skills that will help women improve their physical and economic well‐being. In addition, to prevent vesico‐vaginal fistulas in young women, the project organizes campaigns to bring about a culture fostering the education and empowerment of women. These campaigns also raise awareness on general health, reproductive health and rights, and the necessity of integrating women into mainstream community development programs. In 2006, the project was in its seventh year and still recording success.
Management of dementia with a cerebrovascular component
Authors: Bocti Christian , Black Sandra , Frank Chris 
Published: September 2007

BackgroundCerebrovascular disease (CVD) has been reconceptualized as an important factor in cognitive decline and dementia. The concept of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) has been introduced to capture the whole spectrum of cognitive decline associated with CVD, and to emphasize the possibility of early intervention on vascular risk factors.MethodsIntervention studies in prevention and symptomatic therapy of dementia associated with CVD are reviewed.ResultsWe present recommendations based on the review of current literature. There is some evidence that treating hypertension can prevent cognitive decline. Galantamine has shown some benefit in the symptomatic treatment of possible Alzheimer's disease with CVD and donepezil has shown some benefits in vascular dementia. Other pharmacologic interventions lack sufficient empirical support.ConclusionsA more pro‐active stance towards cognitive decline of vascular etiology is warranted, with some evidence supporting both prevention and symptomatic therapy.
PLAYS AND PLAYERS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Mencken finds reprieve by becoming a drama critic. An older critic gives him valuable advice that becomes the mainstay of Mencken's style: in order to get a crowd, you must give them a show. Mencken finds his true métier, and promotes the controversial and liberating plays of George Bernard Shaw and Henrik Ibsen. Professionally, he publishes a book of poetry (Ventures Into Verse) and becomes City Editor of the Herald. In his personal life, he begins to date actresses and starts a new musical group called, The Saturday Night Club.
THE DRY MILLENNIUM DAWNS
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The 1920s began with the advent of the Eighteenth Amendment, Prohibition, which Mencken viewed as the ultimate violation of the civil liberties that he cherished. His battle against Prohibition was accompanied by his efforts to reinvigorate the Baltimore Sun, to make it free to deal honestly and realistically with politicians and the American scene. Mencken's efforts to embrace these ideals in his newspaper prepare the reader to comprehend his disillusionment with the practice of journalism in the years ahead. For the next eighteen years until 1938, Mencken wrote a weekly “Monday Article”, different from “The Free Lance” diatribes that he wrote years earlier. Without straining for effect, Mencken addressed issues of civil liberty and free speech, and became a leading national voice.
OF POLITICS AND PROSE
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
With Mencken's acerbic column and a new staff, the Baltimore Sun becomes a leading chronicler of national news. Mencken took great pleasure in covering politics, but his reputation as a catalyst in American letters also rose in stature as The American Language became a bestseller. With Prejudices: Second Series, Mencken became the instigator of the Southern renaissance. Black intellectuals, among them James Weldon Johnson and W. E. B. Du Bois welcomed Mencken as an important force in the Harlem renaissance. However, just as Mencken was being hailed as a major influence on a new generation of American writers, his old mentor, James Huneker, died.
THE SCOPES TRIAL
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents a history of the famous Scopes Monkey Trial of 1925, when famed lawyer Clarence Darrow defended John Thomas Scopes, a schoolteacher in Dayton, Tennessee, for teaching the theory of evolution. Leading the prosecution was Christian fundamentalist, William Jennings Bryan, whom Mencken had encountered as a reporter years before. The chapter focuses on Mencken's crucial role in the trial, and the positive and negative influence he exerted.
THE GERMAN VALENTINO
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Mencken's complex relationships with women between 1927-1928. He was torn with conflicting emotions over actress Aileen Pringle; opera singer Gretchen Hood; former girlfriend, the now-divorced Marion Bloom; and Southern writer Sara Haardt. Although Mencken was drawn to all these women, he felt a kinship with Sara Haardt, who seemed to share his quiet values more than any other.
“HAPPY DAYS ARE HERE AGAIN”
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Tired and depressed, Mencken took a Caribbean cruise with Sara Haardt before turning his attention to the 1932 presidential elections. Initially, Mencken found the effects of the Depression greatly exaggerated. He was the product of the 1893 Depression, and of a city that weathered the economic downturn better than most. When he realized that the Depression was real, he casted his vote for Democratic presidential candidate Franklin D. Roosevelt, whose stunning victory and action to repeal the Prohibition elicited Mencken's admiration. The chapter ends with Mencken downing the first mug of real beer, as he celebrated the return of “the essential liberties of man”.
A WINTER OF HORROR
Authors: Rodgers Marion Elizabeth 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Sara Haardt Mencken's fragile health continued to fail and she died on May 31, 1935. “When I married Sara,” Mencken mourned, “the doctors said she could live more than three years. Actually, she lived five, so that I had two more years of happiness than I had any right to expect.” He edited a collection of her short stories (Southern Album) and decided to leave the apartment they shared on Cathedral Street and move back to his family home.
6 Epilogue
Authors: Kaster Robert A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis epilogue explores the uniquely Roman ethical concept of wholeness (integritas), the term that gives its name to the modern concept of “integrity”. It shows how the ancient concept differs from the modern in being less concerned with notions of inwardness, autonomy, and authenticity, and more concerned with a kind of “baseline” or “threshold” ethical soundness, of the sort that would be displayed by someone who correctly experienced the emotions studied in the books earlier chapters.
Influences on Upland System Structure I: Aspen Woodland
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAspen in western North America grows in clones, and reproduces from root shoots (ramets) that replace short-lived (100-130 year) trees. Elk browse leaves and low branches producing browse lines, peel the bark of medium-age and young trees, browse off young ramets preventing reestablishment, and convert understories to low-diversity stands of grasses and annuals. Clones outside the park in the absence of ungulates, inside park exclosures, and in early park photographs, have mixed-age ramets, no highlines, and diverse understories of shrubs and perennial forbs. Contrary to natural-regulation advocates, photographic and dencrochronological evidence shows that aspens were a significant component of the vegetation before 1872 and in early park years. There has been no tree recruitment in the northern range since the 1920s, one-third of clones in early photographs have disappeared, the area of surviving clones has declined 80%, and associated biota of browsed clones has declined, all attributed primarily to elk browsing rather than other factors proposed by natural-regulation advocates.
Influences on Upland System Structure IV: The Ungulate Guild
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNutritional research on northern-range elk and park-wide bison shows catabolic decline and mortality increase through winters, and as functions of population size and winter severity, collectively indicating usurpation of the range resource and intraspecific competition. Bighorn sheep numbers declined from the 1920s until about the 1960s, increased during and immediately after the elk population low, and then declined again in the 1980s and 1990s when they occurred at low population viability. Contrary to one hypothesis, the bison population increased steadily from the 1960s, except for slight population reductions in the 1980s and 1990s, until it reached ~3,000 when animals began leaving the park. Mule deer declined from the early 1900s to 1958-1970, and increased substantially by the 1980s and 1990s when they began wintering outside the park. Pronghorns, numbering in the thousands in early park years, now exist at low population viability. With speculative estimates, elk numbers and biomass increased 3.2x between park establishment and the 1990s; the other four species together declined 67% in numbers and 40% in biomass.
Influences on Ecosystem Function II: Historical Perturbations in Small Lake Basins
Authors: Hamilton Wayne L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractReanalysis of previously published data on trends in sedimentation rates over time in eight small lakes in the northern range shows variations associated with elevation and character of lake basin (kettle lakes or lakes in slide-deposit terrain) that must be taken into account in evaluating whether sedimentation rates have changed over time in response to increases in the elk herd. Total sedimentation rates and those of allogenic silica increased in most lakes between park establishment and the 1980s-1990s. Total organic sedimentation rates, and those of biogenic silica and phosphorus, increased during park history indicating eutrophication. Two species of diatoms characteristic of eutrophic conditions increased during park history in three of five lakes. Although more comprehensive research is needed on this question, an increase in the northern herd is the most probable hypothesis to explain the evidence from this preliminary study.
Influences on Ecosystem Function III: Bioenergetics
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFive of six studies of annual, net above-ground production (ANPP) in ungrazed herbaceous vegetation in or near the northern range have produced values from 52.8-110.6 g/m2. One extensive study of unbrowsed sagebrush production on the northern range placed ANPP at 101.4 g/m2. Estimates of the proportion of herbaceous ANPP removed by the northern herd — largely taken in winter when the vegetation is dormant — have ranged between 5% in earlier studies to 42% more recently. But subjective appraisals and obvious nutritional shortage in elk and bison suggest nearly complete utilization. Although inferred from some studies, the available evidence does not point to overcompensation in the native northern-range grasses. The large numbers and variety of ungulates in the 20th century migrating between seasonal ranges have prompted some authors to call Yellowstone the North American Serengeti. But the short, high-latitude and high-elevation growing season, and prevalence of C3 rather than C4 grasses are differences that distinguish the contemporary northern range. The low densities of ungulates in prehistory also made Yellowstone quite different from the Serengeti before park establishment.
Influences on Ecosystem Function IV: Nitrogen Biogeochemistry
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractUngulate grazing, primarily by elk and bison, accelerates nitrogen cycling within the northern-range system by consumption, digestion, excretion, and subsequent mineralization. Ungulate use does not in and of itself increase or decrease the total nitrogen content of the system. The content is determined by input-output processes that include fixation, denitrification, volatilization, soil erosion, aerosol transport, and seasonal elk movements. Without measurements of the input-output processes, no nitrogen budget for the system can be formulated.
Why the Science Missed the Mark
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractResearch by Yellowstone biologists was administered by the park until 1993, when they were transferred out of the National Park Service (NPS). Park northern-range research since 1971 has largely supported the natural-regulation hypothesis, which has provided a scientific rationale for the politically coerced natural-regulation policy. Park research since 1971 has produced inferences on the northern range that are contrary to pre-1971 research and post-1971 research not supported by the park, because contrary evidence has been ignored; evidence has been used selectively, hypotheses have been proposed for which there was no supporting evidence, and subsequently treated as confirmed, careless scholarship; and administrative actions coercing compliance with the natural-regulation hypothesis. Scientific objectivity in park research could be fostered by placing it in an independent NPS division that reports to the NPS director. But such a move is administratively unlikely because former park biologists are now in the Biological Resources Division of the US Geological Survey, and the park has moved to ‘backfill’ its vacated research program.
The Science–Policy Interface
Authors: Wagner Frederic H. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPublic resources are managed to satisfy societal values, and policies are set to prescribe management programs that satisfy those values. Science does not set policies but provides a factual environment in which policies can be set. The natural-regulation policy was set internally within NPS, a procedure that tends to promote ownership of the policy and resistance to critical scientific evidence. Scientific objectivity is more likely to be promoted with policies set externally by representatives of all interest groups as in the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management. Effective administration of national parks requires explicit goals for the purposes of the areas, and freedom to employ whatever management is needed to achieve the goals.