bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis B virus X‐gene product: A promiscuous transcriptional activator
Authors: Rossner Michael T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe disease state induced by infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) is manifest in varying ways characterised by the extent of liver inflammation and damage and viral persistence. In a small percentage of cases, primary infection leads to fulminant hepatitis resulting in severe liver dysfunction with very high mortality. Primary infection is most often resolved by complete clearance of the virus and development of immune memory to counter reinfection, but 5‐10% of infected adults develop chronic infection characterised by the persistence of viral antigens in the serum and accompanied by varying degrees of hepatic injury. This disease state may continue after integration of HBV DNA into the hepatocyte genome from which transcription of viral antigen genes may continue in the absence of virion production. Chronically infected patients are predisposed to developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) [Szmuness, 1978] with more than 100‐fold greater probability than non‐infected individuals [Beasley, et al., 1981]. Hepatitis B constitutes a major worldwide health problem with the number of chronically infected people currently estimated in excess of 250 million.HBV is the prototype member of the family of hepadnaviridae, which includes hepatitis viruses isolated from the woodchuck (WHV) [Summers et al., 1978], ground squirrel (GSHV) [Marion et al., 1980], Pekin duck (DHBV) [Mason et al., 1980], and grey heron (HHV) [Sprengel et al., 1988]. This taxonomy is derived from the relative hepatropism of virus family members, their common virion morphology, genome size, structure and organisation, and common mechanism of genome replication, which proceeds through reverse transcription of an RNA intermediate [Summers and Mason, 1982] in a manner analogous to that of retroviruses. All the viruses exhibit a strict host specificity, the human virus replicating only in man and a small number of higher apes.HBV has a partially double stranded, open‐circular genome of 3.2 kilobases (kb) which contains four open reading frames (ORFs) including the S‐gene encoding the surface antigen and the C‐gene encoding the core antigen (Fig. 1 ). A large ORF encompassing most of the viral genome encodes the viral polymerase while the fourth ORF encodes a protein of 154 amino acid residues which has been termed the X antigen (HBxAg) because the function of this product in the viral lifecycle is still under intensive investigation.
Replication and cytopathaology of human parvovirus B19 in human umbilical cord blood erythroid progenitor cells
Authors: Sosa Carlos E. , Mahony James B. , Luinstra Kathleen E. , Sternbach Marion , Chernesky Max A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHuman parvovirus B19 productively infected erythroid progenitor (EP) cells from umbilical cord blood, in vitro as shown by an increase of viral DNA in supernatant fluid assayed by dot blot hybridization and liquid scintillation counting. Progeny virus was released into the supernatant fluid of CD34+ EP cells which had been purified by immunomagnetic separation. This supernatant fluid was infectious for bone marrow cells. Erythroid bursts infected with virus showed characteristic cytopathic effect by electron microscopy consisting of cytoplasmic vacuolization, marginated chromatin, and nuclear inclusions of lattice or crystalline arrays. Cultures of umbilical cord blood EP cells may be useful for the propagation of parvovirus 619 serological testing reagents and the study of virus‐host cell interactions.
Mucosal T cell distribution during infection with respiratory syncytial virus
Authors: Kimpen Jan L. L. , Rich Gary A. , Mohar Claudia K. , Ogra Pearay L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractGroups of 12‐week‐old Balb/c mice were inoculated intranasally with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and sacrificed at regular intervals after infection. T lymphocyte subset distribution was determined in lung tissue, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), peripheral blood, and spleen by means of flow cytometry employing monoclonal antibodies against the T cell membrane antigens Thyl.2 (pan‐T), Ly2 (CD8), and L3T4 (CD4). Thyl.2′ cells increased in the lung from 35.4% of total lymphocytes before infection to 47.6% on day 7 after infection. This increase was largely accounted for by an increase in Ly2+ cells, which manifested a rise from 7.8% preinfection to 19.8% on day 7. The level of L3T4+ cells remained constant (27.9% preinfection vs. 25.2% on day 7). The L3T4+/Ly2+ ratio in the lungs reached a nadir 7 days post infection (1.5 vs. 3.5 before infection). The total cell count in BAL increased more than tenfold during the first week after infection. At the same time Thyl.2+ cells in the BAL increased from 41.1% of total lymphocytes on day 1 to 85.3% on day 7. Ly2+ influx was the most important (5.8% on day 1 vs. 41.1% on day 7). L3T4+ cell levels increased from 17.2% on day 1 to 40.1% on day 7. RSV‐specific lymphocyte transformation was observed in BAL and blood but not in the lung tissue and spleen on day 7 postinfection. The disappearance of infectious virus in the lung correlated directly to the peak appearance of Ly2+ T cells in the lung tissue and BAL.
Differential IgG avidity to rubella virus structural proteins
Authors: Mauracher Christoph A. , Mitchell Leslie Ann , Tingle Aubrey J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAvidity maturation of IgG antibody responses directed against the structural proteins of rubella virus ( E1, E2, and C) as well as whole rubella virus (RV) was assessed at sequential time intervals in 7 individuals following serologically confirmed wild rubella infection. Individual structural proteins were purified from tissue culture supernatants by differential centrifugation, followed by preparative SDS‐PAGE under non‐reducing conditions. Avidity of IgG anti‐rubella responses was measured by using the 8 M urea elution technique and results expressed as an elution ratio [ER(%)]. A low mean ER(%) of 23% was determined for E1‐specific IgG responses during the 10‐20 day period following onset of clinical rubella, with subsequent maturation of avidity ER(%) values to 52%, 75%, and 84% at 3 months, 1 year, and 2 years, respectively, post‐rubella. In contrast, IgG anti‐E2 responses showed minimal avidity maturation with ER(%) values of 20%, 29%, 30%, and 31% over the same time intervals. Similarly, responses to the capsid protein (C) remained at low avidity ER(%) values of 21%, 29%, 36%, and 35% over the 2 year follow‐up period. The avidity maturation values for IgG directed against whole RV preparations paralleled observations for E1 ‐specific responses with ER(%) values of 23%, 52% 85%, and 87%, respectively. These data support the need to assess individual protein‐specific antibody avidities in order to more fully understand viral‐specific immune responses.
Infection enhancement of influenza A NWS virus in primary murine macrophages by anti‐hemagglutinin monoclonal antibody
Authors: Ochiai Hiroshi , Kurokawa Masahiko , Matsui Shoko , Yamamoto Tatsuru , Kuroki Yoshito , Kishimoto Chiharu , Shiraki Kimiyasu 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibody‐dependent enhancement (ADE) of influenza A NWS virus infection was investigated in primary murine macrophages (Mø,) using antihemagglutinin(HA) monoclonal antibody (mAB). Contrary to previous reports of abortive influenza virus infection in primary Mø, this study demonstrated that the NWS virus replicated productively in both resident peritoneal Mø, and thioglycolate‐elicited peritoneal Mø, providing cleavage of the HA was achieved by trypsin; 5 μMg/ml of trypsin was the optimum concentration for the induction of infectivity. Under multiplecycle growth conditions in the presence of mAB at various concentrations in trypsin‐containing media, ADE was demonstrated in both Mø, in the presence of subneutralizing concentrations of mAB. Flow cytometric analysis showed that the mechanism of virus entry into Mø, could be through HA to specific virus receptors, or HA plus antibody to Fc receptors. These results indicate that ADE of the NWS virus infection actually occurs on Fc receptor‐bearing primary murine Mø, depending on the concentration of antibody in the presence of the appropriate protease for cleavage of viral HA.
High rate of multiple genital HPV infections detected by DNA hybridization
Authors: Lauricella‐Lefebvre M.‐A. , Piette J. , Lifrange E. , Lambotte R. , Gerard P. , Rentier B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCervical smears collected from 450 patients involved in a clinical follow‐up of cervical human papillomaviruses (HPV) infections were screened for the presence of HPV 6b, 11, 16, and 18 DNA by both dot blot and southern blot hybridization methods. Using very high stringency hybridization assays, the four HPV types could be easily distinguished by dot blotting. After a preliminary clinical sorting, 42.9% of the samples were found to be HPV‐positive. Among the samples infected by a single HPV, type 16 was the most frequent (25.4% of the positive samples) followed by 6b (19.7%), 11 (8.3%), and 18 (7.2%). Double or even multiple infections by the different HPV types were detected at a very high rate (39.4% of the positive samples).
HIV‐1 reverse transcriptase inhibiting antibody titer in serum: Relation to disease progression and to core‐antibody levels
Authors: Neumüller Magnus , Karlsson Anders , Lennerstrand Johan , Källander Clas F. R. , Sandstrdm Erik , Holmberg Viveca , Gronowitz J. Simon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new assay for detecting inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity (the RT‐i REA) was developed. This assay was standardized for screening serum samples for reverse transcriptase inhibiting antibodies (RT‐iAb). High specificity (100%) and sensitivity (<98%) were achieved with samples from HIV‐negative individuals and HIV‐in‐fected individuals. The RT‐i REA was also used in a study of the titers of RT‐iAb in serum samples obtained from 33 HIV‐infected homosexual men. The results confirmed the relation between decreasing RT‐iAb levels and progression to late stages of the disease. Furthermore, a falling RT‐ iAb titer was observed in 14 of 15 individuals experiencing periods of severe clinical symptoms attributed to HIV‐activity. In 7 of the patients the decline in RT‐iAb titer began prior to severe clinical symptoms. The fall in RT‐iAb titer also correlated with a reduction in core Ab level. The core Ab level has previously been reported to be a disease progression marker with considerable prognostic value. However, whereas all patients were positive for RT‐iAb, 8 of the 33 patients did not have detectable core Ab. The use of RT‐iAb titer as a marker of disease progression is discussed.
Serologic differentiation of human T lymphotropic virus type I from type II infection by synthetic peptide immunoassays
Authors: Roberts Chester R. , Mitra Rita , Hyams Kenneth , Brodine Stephanie K. , Lal Renu B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSynthetic peptide‐based serologic assays (Select‐HTLV and SynthEIA) that distinguish the closely related human T‐cell lymphotropic virus types I (HTLV‐I) and II (HTLV‐II) were tested blindly for their ability to correctly identify infection caused by either virus type. Of 57 HTLV‐I and 38 HTLV‐II specimens from individuals whose infections were confirmed by polymerase chain reaction, the Select‐HTLV assay categorized 56(98%) as HTLV‐I, 36 (95%) as HTLV‐II, and 3 (3%) as nontypeable. Similarly, the SynthEIA assay categorized 54 (95%) as HTLV‐I, 29 (76%) as HTLV‐II, and 12 (13%) as nontypeable. More importantly, no specimen was wrongly classified by either assay (100% specificity). Further, analysis of serial specimens from six patients also demonstrated concordant results with the PCR findings. Our results suggest that serotyping of HTLV infections can be achieved reliably by these peptide assays, thus the need for technically complex PCR‐based HTLV typing, while not eliminated, can be greatly reduced.
Detection of multiple Epstein‐Barr viral strains in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients
Authors: Gratama J. W. , Lennette E. T. , Lönnqvist B. , Oosterveer M. A. P. , Klein G. , Ringdén O. , Ernberg I. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have previously shown in 3 allogeneic bone‐marrow transplant (BMT) recipients that complete replacement of recipient marrow was associated with the elimination of the pretransplant Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) strain of the recipient. To study the kinetics of EBV elimination and rein‐fection in more detail, we have performed a longitudinal study of BMT recipients combining serology, virus isolation from mouthwashes and peripheral blood, and EBV strain characterization.Oropharyngeal EBV excretion was found to persist after the cytoreductive therapy prior to BMT, whereas EBV‐carrying cells in the blood were detected only after 5 weeks following BMT. During the first month post‐BMT, 2 different EBV strains could be isolated from sequential mouthwashes of 3 patients. The initial strains were found to persist up to 7, 21, and 29 days post‐BMT, whereas the subsequent strains appeared at 21, 42, and 34 days post‐BMT, respectively. Thus, the original EBV strain may persist only for a limited time after BMT, and the oropharyngeal epithelium may be reinfected by a new EBV strain from the blood within 3 weeks.With respect to the coexistence of multiple EBV strains, 2 patterns were evident. From the day 62 mouthwash of 1 patient, 1 Type A and 1 Type B strain were isolated. From the day 180 mouthwash of a second patient, a dominant Type A strain was recovered, together with 6 “variant” strains that differed from each other by only a single EBNA protein (EBNA 1). This pattern may be explained by viral recombinations during replication, which may form the basis for the vast polymorphism of EBV observed in unrelated individuals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Infections of the cervix uteri with human papillomavirus and Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Claas Eric C. J. , Melchers Willem J. G. , Niesters Hubert G. M. , van Muyden Ruud , Stolz Ernst , Quint Wim G. V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractApart from infection with human papillomavirus (HPV), other microorganisms may be involved in the development of cervical neoplasia. To study concomitant infections with HPV and Chlamydia trachomatis, cervical specimens from 4 groups of women were examined for the presence of these microorganisms by the polymerase chain reaction. The first group consisted of 143 consecutive samples from women with no cytological abnormalities who participated in a triennial screening program to prevent cervical cancer. In this group 2 samples were found positive for HPV and 2 additional samples were found positive for C. trachomatis. In the second group of 46 cytologically abnormal smears, HPV DNA was detected in 71.7% of the samples and C. trachomatis in 4.3%. In a third group of 94 histological abnormal biopsies, the HPV prevalence ranged from 15% in mild dysplastic lesions up to 92% in invasive cervical carcinomas. Only 2 biopsies of this group (2.1%) were found positive for C. trachornatis. Finally, a group of cervical scrapes was obtained from women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. In 52 samples positive for C. trachornatis and 60 samples negative for C. trachomatis, no significant (P = 0.57) difference in the frequency of HPV infections was found (11.5% and 8.3%, respectively). The data show that in these study groups HPV and C. trachomatis are independently occurring agents. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of enteroviruses in endomyocardial biopsy by molecular approach
Authors: Petitjean J. , Kopecka H. , Freymuth F. , Langlard J. M. , Scanu P. , Galateau F. , Bouhour J. B. , Ferriere M. , Charbonneau P. , Komajda M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEnteroviruses are considered to be the most common agents implicated in myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Recent studies have suggested persistent enterovirus infection in chronic disease showing the presence of enteroviral RNA in the myocardium. We used gene amplification by PCR which can demonstrate directly the presence of enteroviral sequences in endomyocardial biopsies. The primers were chosen in the 5′ non‐coding region of the genome representing highly conserved sequences among enteroviruses and therefore allowed the amplification of the majority of enteroviruses. The hybridization of the amplified products was effected with specific general riboprobe derived from 5′ non‐coding sequences internal of the amplified fragments. The results include 105 patients distributed in 6 groups: 45 idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathies with 66.7%, 17 alcoholic cardiomyopathies with 52.9%, 10 myocarditis with 30%, 5 multifactorial cardiomyopathies with 40%, 5 patients with immunosuppressive therapy with 100%, and 23 control group without viral etiology with 39.1% positive samples. The study suggested a positive link between viral infection and cardiomyopathies, but did not allow a direct relation between enterovirus infection and idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy to be established.
Prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatitis C virus‐RNA in an urban population
Authors: Rapicetta M. , Attili A. F. , Mele A. , de Santis A. , Chionne P. , Cristiano K. , Spada E. , Giuliani E. , Carli L. , Goffredo F. , Capocaccia L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSeveral studies had been carried out on anti‐hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in populations with blood exposure risks and in blood donors. New tests are now available which allow the in‐ vestigation to extend to other parameters such as antibody type and HCV‐RNA.In this study the prevalence of anti‐HCV c100‐3 and the associated epidemiological, clinical, and virological markers were evaluated in subjects from an urban population located in central Italy. In positive cases the time persistence of HCV‐ RNA and anti‐HCV antibody pattern was studied. For this purpose, sera from 1,484 randomly sampled individuals, aged 30–69 years, collected in 1985 and stored at −80°C were retrospectively tested. The prevalence was 0.87% (i.e., 13 anti‐HCV c100‐3 positive cases). A significant association was observed with raised alanine transaminase (ALT) levels (P < 0.001). Paired serum samples from 11 out of the 13 subjects collected in 1985 and 1991 were tested by nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers from the 5′ non‐coding region and by 4‐RIBA. Concordant RIBA patterns between 1985 and 1991 were observed in the majority of positive paired sera (7/9) as well as for HCV‐RNA (619). HCV‐RNA was present in sera simultaneously positive to both types of antibody or to anti‐cl00‐3 or anti‐c22 alone. A wide spectrum of viral and antibody patterns in anti‐HCV c100‐3 positive sera was ob‐ served in this urban population and persisted for at least 6 years. © 1992 Witey‐Liss, Inc. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conservation of HPV‐16 E6/E7 ORF sequences in a cervical carcinoma
Authors: Cone Richard W. , Minson Anthony C. , Smith Michael R. , McDougall James K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA cervical carcinoma that contained human papillomavirus (HPV)‐l6 homologous DNA was analyzed. Each tumor cell genome contained a single, incomplete copy of HPV‐16 DNA. The E6 and E7 open reading frames (ORFs) were com‐ pletely conserved relative to other published HPV‐I6 sequences. Much of the non‐coding region (NCR) was free of base changes, including complete conservation of several regulatory elements. Multiple mutations were identified in the remaining integrated HPV‐16 DNA, which was composed of parts of the L1 and E1 ORFs. The extraordinary conservation of the E6/E7 DNA sequence, as compared with other regions of the integrated HPV‐16 DNA, supports the role of E6/E7 in tumorigenesis. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Donated organ as a source of cytomegalovirus in orthotopic liver transplantation
Authors: Sutherland Sheena , Bracken Paul , Wreghitt Tim G. , O'Grady John , Calne Roy Y. , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe importance of the donated organ as a source of CMV was assessed in 120 patients following orthotopic liver transplant and the CMV infections that developed in these patients were graded by severity. Forty‐four recipients were CMV antibody negative pre‐transplant. Eighteen of these received organs from CMV antibody positive donors and 15 (83%) developed primary CMV infections, 13 (87%) of which were symptomatic. Twenty‐six received organs from CMV antibody negative donors and only 2 (8%) became CMV positive post transplant (P < 0.001). These data suggest that there would be a considerable advantage in matching CMV antibody negative recipients with negative donors. Forty‐five percent of secondary infections were asymptomatic compared with 12% of primary infections, and only 11% became disseminated compared with 53% of primary infections. The secondary infections that followed transplantation of an organ from a CMV antibody positive donor were more likely to be symptomatic and were more severe than those in patients who received seronegative livers. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐ and posttreatment serum antibody responses to HPV 16 E2 and HSV 2 ICP8 proteins in women with cervical carcinoma
Authors: Lehtinen Matti , Leminen Arto , Kuoppala Tapio , Tiikkainen Mirja , Lehtinen Tuula , Lehtovirta Pentti , Punnonen Reijo , Vesterinen Ervo , Paavonen Jorma 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSerum antibodies to early proteins of human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16 E2 protein) and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV 2 ICP8) can be measured by ELISA. In the serum of 122 newly diagnosed cervical carcinoma patients and age‐matched controls, enhanced IgA antibody levels to an HPV‐16 E2 protein derived peptide no. 245 indicated a 9.5‐fold (95% confidence limits 2.8–57.2) relative risk of cervical carcinoma. No significant risk was found with a corresponding HPV 6 E2 peptide or HSV 2 ICP8. To evaluate the HPV 16 E2 peptide as a possible tumor marker for cervical carcinoma serial postoperative serum samples were tested from 27 women with cervical carcinoma. Antibody responses t o the HPV 16 E2 peptide depended on the clinical stage. Stage I and II patients showed decreasing posttreatment IgA and/or IgG antipeptide antibody levels. Stage III and IV patients initially showed decreasing antipeptide antibody levels followed by increasing levels. These patients also showed increasing IgG antibody levels to the HSV 2 ICP8. However, increasing antibody levels to the HPV 16 E2 peptide indicated significantly (P < 0.05) worse 2‐year disease free survival (recurring disease) than did stable or decreasing antibody levels. The results suggest that serum antipeptide antibodies to the HPV 16 E2 peptide no. 245 can be used for the monitoring of cervical carcinoma. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.