bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of polyurethane by superfine protein powder
Authors: Xu Weilin , Fang Jian , Cui Weigang , Huang Jianhua 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPhysical blending was employed to prepare blend films, using superfine wool powder and polyurethane (PU) resin. Scanning electronic microscope photos showed that wool powder had good compatibility with PU in the solvent N,N‐dimethylformamide. The wool powder was uniformly distributed in the films without apparent agglomeration. In the X‐ray diffraction results, the height of the X‐ray diffraction peak decreased gradually with the addition of the wool powder, which implied that the addition of the wool powder could increase the amorphous ratio of the films. Thermogravimetric analysis indicated that the thermal stability of the PU resin decreased with the increase in the wool powder ratio in it. Additionally, the dynamic mechanical analysis result indicated that the ratio of the wool powder had no significant influence on the soft‐segments, but the dynamic storage modulus of the PU films would increase with the increase in wool powder ratio. In addition, the crystal of the PU was destroyed by the wool powder during the drying process at a certain temperature, and this increased the moving probability of the macromolecule chains in PU. With the increase in the ratio of the wool powder, there was an evident decrease in the stress at break, elongation at break, and breaking energy of the blend films, but the water vapor permeability and moisture regain of the blend polyurethane films increased significantly. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:617–622, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Bubble coalescence in foaming process of polymers
Authors: Taki Kentaro , Tabata Kazuhide , Kihara Shin‐ichi , Ohshima Masahiro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis paper investigates the effect of rheological behavior on dynamics of bubble coalescence. In situ observations on polymers with different rheological behaviors were conducted to study coalescence dynamics. Four patterns of interface deformation were observed. Deformation during coalescence was analyzed by applying image‐processing schemes and rheological models to the in situ observations. Polymer with Newtonian behavior showed nucleation and coalescence of spherical bubbles that created a planar interface. The planar interface was deformed by a combination of biaxial and planar elongational flows. Coalescence in polymers with non‐Newtonian behavior is characterized by penetration with a parabolic shaped interface. The deformation of parabolic interface was due to biaxial elongational flow. However, the interface deformation of the polymer with cross‐linked structure was due to an integration of biaxial and elongational flow. Further, cross‐linking was also observed to have an effect on coalescence time. POLYM. ENG. SCI. 46:680–690, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Electrochemical polymerization of aniline in phosphoric acid
Authors: Eftekhari Ali , Afshani Roghie 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe electrochemical synthesis of common conductive polymers such as polyaniline in phosphoric acid is a little different from that in other acidic media such as sulfuric acid. Electropolymerization in phosphoric acid is difficult, and this electrolyte medium is not applicable for this purpose. However, it is possible to overcome this problem by the addition of a small amount of sulfuric acid. In this case, the electropolymerization process can be successfully performed when the phosphate ion is doped. For instance, polyaniline films electrodeposited from an electrolyte solution of phosphoric acid have good stabilities and useful morphologies. Interestingly, phosphate doping results in the formation of nanostructures, whereas the polymer surface is macroscopically smooth. In an appropriate ratio, a mixed electrolyte of H3PO4 and H2SO4 can be used for the electropolymerization of aniline; thus, H2SO4 acts as a required agent for successful polymer growth, and H3PO4 acts as a doping agent. In this case, a small amount of sulfate is incorporated into the polymer matrix, which does not participate in the electrochemical insertion/extraction process. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3304–3311, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of a film‐forming, crosslinked, amphiphilic block copolymer of butadiene and acrylamide
Authors: Bajpai Anjali , Dixit Neeraj 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn amphiphilic block copolymer of acrylamide and butadiene was synthesized by the polymerization of acrylamide in the presence of the crosslinker N,N′‐methylene bisacrylamide initiated by a hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene/V(V) macroredox initiator. The product had good film‐forming ability. It was characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, viscosity, swelling, and microhardness measurements, scanning electron micrography, and differential scanning calorimetry. A good film was obtained from the block copolymer with a greater proportion of butadiene; it had greater permeability for nonpolar solvents, and it was poorly permeable to water and other polar solvents. The film swelled in polar and nonpolar solvents and had almost the same capacity for the loading and release of hydrophilic and hydrophobic dyes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3290–3303, 2006
Thermal‐initiated reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization of methyl methacrylate in the presence of oxygen
Authors: Zhang Zhengbiao , Zhu Xiulin , Zhu Jian , Cheng Zhenping , Zhu Shiping 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA novel reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) of methyl methacrylate (MMA) in the presence of oxygen was carried out for the first time without added chemical initiators. The polymerization was mediated by 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl 1‐dithionaphthalate (CPDN) or cumyl dithionaphthalenoate (CDN) as RAFT agent. The polymerization demonstrated the features of a living/controlled radical polymerization. The polymerization rate increased with oxygen concentration. Polymers with molecular weight Mn up to 520,000 g/mol, polydispersity Mw/Mn ∼1.46 and RAFT efficiency Mn,th/Mn,GPC ∼1.026 in the case of CPDN and Mn ∼331,500 g/mol, Mw/Mn ∼1.35, and Mn,th/Mn,GPC ∼1.137 in the case of CDN were obtained. The possible mechanism of the thermal‐initiated RAFT polymerization of MMA in the presence of oxygen was discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3343–3354, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of poly(arylene ether)s containing 6‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one or 6‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)pyridazine moieties
Authors: Xu J. , Meng Y. Z. , Wang S. J. , Hay A. S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of novel soluble pyridazinone‐ or pyridazine‐containing poly(arylene ether)s were prepared by a polycondensation reaction. The pyridazinone monomer, 6‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one (1), was synthesized from the corresponding acetophenone and glyoxylic acid in a simple one‐pot reaction. The pyridazinone monomer was successfully copolymerized with bisphenol A (BPA) or 1,2‐dihydro‐4‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)phthalazin‐1(2H)‐one (DHPZ) and bis(4‐fluorophenyl)sulfone to form high‐molecular‐weight polymers. The copolymers had inherent viscosities of 0.5–0.9 dL/g. The glass‐transition temperatures (Tg's) of the copolymers synthesized with BPA increased with increasing content of the pyridazinone monomer. The Tg's of the copolymers synthesized from DHPZ with different pyridazinone contents were similar to those of the two homopolymers. The homopolymers showed Tg's from 202 to 291 °C by differential scanning calorimetry. The 5% weight loss temperatures in nitrogen measured by thermogravimetric analysis were in the range of 411–500 °C. 4‐(6‐Chloropyridazin‐3‐yl)phenol (2) was synthesized from 1 via a simple one‐pot reaction. 2 was copolymerized with 4,4′‐isopropylidenediphenol and bis(4‐fluorophenyl)sulfone to form high‐Tg polymers. The copolymers with less than 80 mol % pyridazinone or chloropyridazine monomers were soluble in chlorinated solvents such as chloroform. The copolymers with higher pyridazinone contents and homopolymers were not soluble in chlorinated solvents but were still soluble in dipolar aprotic solvents such as N‐methylpyrrolidinone. The soluble polymers could be cast into flexible films from solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3328–3335, 2006
Postmodification of poly(9‐alkyl‐9H‐carbazole‐2,7‐diyl)s as a route to new main‐chain‐functionalized carbazole polymers
Authors: Iraqi Ahmed , Pegington Ruth C. , Simmance Timothy G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe postmodification of poly[9‐(2‐hexyldecyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐2,7‐diyl] (P1) upon its reaction with N‐bromosuccinimide affords exclusive and full bromination of the 3,6‐positions of the carbazole repeat units to yield poly[3,6‐dibromo‐9‐(2‐hexyldecyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐2,7‐diyl] (P2). Brominated polymer P2 can be used as a precursor for further functionalization at the 3,6‐positions with the desired functional group to afford other useful polymers. Polymer P2 has hence been reacted with copper(I) cyanide to afford poly[3,6‐dicyano‐9‐(2‐hexyldecyl)‐9H‐carbazole‐2,7‐diyl] (P3). Full substitution of the bromide groups with nitrile‐functional groups has been achieved. The preparation and structural characterization of polymers P2 and P3 are presented together with studies on their electronic conjugation and photoluminescence properties. Cyclic voltammetry studies on polymer P3 indicate that the new polymer is easier to reduce (n‐dope) but more difficult to oxidize than its unsubstituted counterpart (P1) as a result of the introduction of the electron‐withdrawing nitrile‐functional groups at the 3,6‐positions on the carbazole repeat units on the polymer chains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 3336–3342, 2006
Open versus arthroscopic subacromial decompression: analysis of one‐year results
Authors: T'Jonck L , Lysens R , De Smet L , Bellemans J , Stoffelen D , Tirez B , Witvrouw E 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe results of open subacromial decompression (OSD) were compared with arthroscopic subacromial decompression (ASD) after 1 year in 32 subjects (4 bilateral), and the correlation between the two shoulder rating scales for impingement was documented. Patients were evaluated clinically on the modified University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) shoulder rating scale, and Constant scale. Scapular position and rotation were evaluated as well as a rotation and abduction shoulder strength test using the Cybex II dynamometer. No parameters revealed significant differences between the groups, except for the UCLA score which indicated an advantage for the ASD group (p=0.046). The OSD group scored 24.5 (5.45) on the UCLA scale and 73.8 (18.9) on the Constant scale, whereas the ASD group scored 28.3 (5.6) and 80.8 (16.4). To study the correlation between both scales, the Pearson correlation product‐moment coefficient was calculated and a high correlation (r=0.81) obtained. Less mobility was found in the operated arm for all parameters, with the exception of glenohumeral abduction in both groups and passive elevation in the OSD group. Only in the OSD group did the scapula in the operated extremity show more abduction of the inferior angle of the scapula. Weaker abduction strength in the operated side was found in the ASD group, whereas in the OSD group there was significantly less adduction and external rotation strength at 180°/s en 240°/s. We conclude that after one year the open group tends to catch up with the arthroscopic patients and that the main benefits after arthroscopic surgery as described in literature are more evident in the shorter period. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Intratester and intertester reliability and criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for active knee flexion in healthy subjects
Authors: Brosseau Lucie , Tousignant Michel , Budd Julie , Chartier Nathalie , Duciaume Louise , Plamondon Sherry , O'Sullivan Joseph P , O'Donoghue Shayne , Balmer Suzanne 
Published: March 2006

AbstractBackground and PurposeA new parallelogram goniometer was designed by the Rehabilitation Centre of the Royal Ottawa Health Care Group in 1983. The advantage of using such a goniometer is that the clinician is not required to estimate the joint axis of rotation when taking a measurement. The parallelogram goniometer has obtained a good intratester and intertester reliability when measuring active range of motion of hip abduction on eight individuals with hip pathologies. However, the validity of the parallelogram goniometer has not been examined. The purposes of this study were to examine the intratester and intertester reliability and the criterion validity of the parallelogram and universal goniometers for active knee flexion on healthy individuals.SubjectsSixty healthy university students (44 females and 16 males; mean age of 20.6 yrs.) participated to this study.MethodsMeasurements with the universal and parallelogram goniometers were taken in two different positions, the smaller and larger angles of active knee flexion. All measurements were taken by two trained testers. A radiograph was taken in both positions to serve as the ‘gold standard’. The sequence of the measurements and radiographs were randomly selected. The intra and intertester reliability of both goniometers were established by calculating the intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) using the repeated‐measures ANOVA. The criterion validity was examined by calculating Pearson product‐moment correlation coefficients (r) between each goniometric and radiologic measurements. A 0.05 level of significance was chosen for each statistical test.ResultsIntratester reliability ranged from good to excellent for the small angles (ICC=0.85 and 0.87) and the large angles (ICC=0.91 and 0.96) when using the parallelogram goniometer. Intertester reliability was fair for the small angles of flexion (ICC=0.43 to 0.52) and good to excellent for the large angles of flexion (ICC=0.82 to 0.88). The parallelogram goniometer was found to have greater validity when measuring the large angles of knee flexion (r=0.73 and 0.77) compared to the small angles of knee flexion (r=0.33 and 0.41). Similar results of reliability and validity were obtained with the universal goniometer.ConclusionThe results of this study have clinical importance. The use of the parallelogram goniometer was found to be as reliable and valid as the universal goniometer when measuring active knee flexion. However, the parallelogram goniometer offered clinicians the advantages of obtaining precise angular measurements with fewer adjustments, and a faster application technique. Further studies on the parallelogram goniometer are necessary among individuals presenting with altered range of motion at different joints. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Ethical reasoning in physical therapy and occupational therapy
Authors: Barnitt Rosemary , Partridge Cecily 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe purpose of the study was to describe and then compare ethical dilemmas reported by eight physical therapists and eight occupational therapists. A co‐operative research method was adopted with the therapists participating in the analysis of the transcripts of the interviews. The analysis was carried out using a ‘multiple’ readings methods taken from hermeneutic phenomenology. Results showed that the context or setting of the dilemma had a major effect on the therapists' reasoning. Features which emerged from the context were the site of the dilemma, the work group, the patient group and the hierarchical or power relations in operation. Physical therapists and occupational therapists showed differences in reasoning style with the former more likely to adopt a diagnostic or procedural style, and the latter a narrative style. Dealing with ethical dilemmas was found to be a skilled and stressful aspect of practice. Capacity to deal with the dilemmas was negatively influenced by uncertainty of outcome, emotional sequelae of the event, and social pressure to behave in certain ways. Positive influences included previous experience with similar dilemmas, time for reflection, and support from peers. Copyright © 1997 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
High pressure – high temperature studies and reactivity of γ‐Mo2N and δ‐MoN
Authors: Machon D. , Daisenberger D. , Soignard E. , Shen G. , Kawashima T. , Takayama‐Muromachi E. , McMillan P. F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA combination of high pressure – high temperature synthesis and laser‐heated diamond anvil cell experiments, using synchrotron X‐ray diffraction has been used to investigate the phases in the Mo2N–MoN system under these conditions. Under conditions of high nitrogen activity, δ‐MoN appears to be a limiting phase i.e. there is no evidence for formation of new compounds such as Mo3N4 or Mo3N5, that are encountered in the Zr–N, Hf–N or Ta–N systems. When γ‐Mo2N is heated or prepared under conditions of high N2 activity, δ‐MoN is formed. The results indicate (a ) that there is no stable cubic stoichiometric “γ‐MoN” phase formed even under conditions of high pressure – high temperature and high N2 activity, and (b ) that no solid solution is formed between γ‐Mo2N and δ‐MoN. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Nanoparticle morphology in FeCo–Al2O3 granular films with tunneling giant magnetoresistance
Authors: Wang Changzheng , Zhang Yiqing , Xiao Xiaoguang , Hu Haiquan , Rong Yonghua 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA series of FeCo–Al2O3 granular films were prepared by a magnetron‐controlled sputtering system. The tunneling giant magnetoresistance and nanoparticle morphology of FeCo particles in FeCo–Al2O3 granular films were directly determined utilizing a conventional four‐probe method and TEM (HRTEM) observation, respectively. The results indicated that the tunneling giant magnetoresistance can reach a maximum of 6.9% at about 32.8 vol% FeCo particles, so far the highest value reported at room temperature and under an applied field of 12.5 kOe. Meanwhile, the sensitivity of TMR also reaches a maximum at about 32.8 vol% FeCo particles. In addition, TEM and HRTEM observation disclosed that FeCo–Al2O3 films consist of FeCo nanoparticles with bcc structure or amorphous FeCo phase dispersed in amorphous or crystalline Al2O3 matrix. For films with lower volume fraction of FeCo particles, the size distribution of FeCo particles satisfied a log‐normal function. With increasing volume fraction of FeCo particles, the size distribution of FeCo particles deviated gradually from a log‐normal function. Meanwhile, the average size of FeCo particles increased monotonically with increasing volume fraction of FeCo particles, leading to the fact that TMR can reach a peak value at a certain middle particle size. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Charge selective contact on ultra‐thin In(OH)xSy/Pb(OH)xSy heterostructure prepared by SILAR
Authors: Gavrilov S. , Oja I. , Lim B. , Belaidi A. , Bohne W. , Strub E. , Röhrich J. , Lux‐Steiner M.‐Ch. , Dittrich Th. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUltra‐thin In(OH)x Sy /Pb(OH)x Sy heterostructures were formed by the wet chemical SILAR (successive ion layer adsorption and reaction) technique. ERDA (elastic recoil detection analysis) was used for stoichiometry analysis. The heterocontacts were conditioned by joint annealing of the two layers at different low temperatures in air. The charge selectivity was demonstrated with various small area solar cell structures. The results are discussed on the base of formation of bonds between sulphide clusters and passivation of defects with hydrogen containing species in hydroxy‐sulphides. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spectroscopic investigation of YAG crystal doped with tetrahedrally coordinated V3+ ions
Authors: Ma Jian , Du Maolu , Miao Feng 
Published: March 2006

AbstractCrystals of yttrium aluminum garnet (YAG) doped with tetrahedrally coordinated V3+ ions were grown using the Czochralski method in a highly pure argon atmosphere. The absorption and transmission spectra of trivalent vanadium in YAG crystals have been measured at room temperature. Seven bands were observed in which two bands centered at 370 nm (27027 cm–1), 800 nm (12500 cm–1) are reported for the first time. We also present the crystal‐field calculations of tetrahedrally coordinated V3+ impurity systems in YAG crystal. These calculation results are in good agreement with the optical experiment data. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Structure, stability and electronic properties of composite Mo1–xNbxS2 nanotubes
Authors: Ivanovskaya V. V. , Heine T. , Gemming S. , Seifert G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe effect of Mo → Nb substitution on the electronic structure of MoS2 nanotubes has been investigated using the density functional tight binding method (DFTB). It has been found that composite Mo1–x Nbx S2 nanotubes (with Nb contents of 5, 10 and 25 at%) are more stable than the corresponding pure tubes, especially for larger tube diameters. The defect‐formation energy indicates that the most stable dopant arrangement is a NbS2 stripe along the tube direction. However, entropy effects may favor a random arrangement of Nb dopant atoms at high temperatures in the tubes with a larger diameter. All of the studied Mo1–x Nbx S2 nanotubes have metallic properties, independent of their chirality, diameters and ordering type of substitutional atoms. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Electronic states and local structures of Cu ions in electrodeposited thin films of Cu and Cu2O from X‐ray absorption spectra
Authors: Wijesundera R. P. , Hidaka M. , Siripala W. , Choi Sun‐Hee , Sung Nark Eon , Kim Min Gyu , Lee Jay Min 
Published: March 2006

AbstractX‐ray absorption spectra near Cu K edges have been obtained for Cu and Cu2O thin films potentiostatically electrodeposited in an acetate bath. The electronic states of Cu ions and the local structures around these ions are studied using X‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) and extended X‐ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) spectroscopy, respectively. The inner strains in micro‐size crystals of the electrodeposited Cu thin film are less than those of a commercial Cu foil. The partial electronic states of Cu ions near the Fermi level (E F) and the local structure around these ions show a systematic transformation from a Cu2O single phase (Phase I), to a Cu2O–Cu intermediate phase (Phase II) and a Cu single phase (Phase III) in thin films electrodeposited on titanium substrates for the deposition potential range of –100 to –900 mV. Phase II consists of independent Cu2O‐like and Cu‐like local structures, but not a Cu2O–Cu complex. Phase II is also characterized by a transition region from the semiconductor Cu2O to the metal Cu for the Cu electronic state having a p‐like character near the Fermi level in the oxygen O‐2p conduction band. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Critical behavior studies in La1–xAgxMnO3 double‐exchange ferromagnet
Authors: Kar Manoranjan , Perumal A. , Ravi S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA systematic low‐field ac susceptibility measurement was carried out to study the critical phenomena of La1–x Agx MnO3 (x = 0.10 and 0.15) system near its ferromagnetic to paramagnetic phase transition by determining the Curie temperature and asymptotic magnetic susceptibility critical exponent. The obtained values of critical exponent in the actual critical region (ACR) are in good agreement with the values predicted by the three‐dimensional Heisenberg Model. The width of the ACR decreases with increasing Ag concentration. The observed critical behavior is discussed based on the finite clusters plus ferromagnetic matrix model. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)