bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of positive end expiratory pressure on the respiratory profile during one‐lung ventilation for thoracotomy*
Authors: Leong L. M. C. , Chatterjee S. , Gao F. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryIn this randomised controlled trial we examined the effects of four different levels of positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP at 0, 5, 8 or 10 cmH2O), added to the dependent lung, on respiratory profile and oxygenation during one lung ventilation. Forty‐six patients were recruited to receive one of the randomised PEEP levels during one lung ventilation. We did not find significant differences in lung compliance, intra‐operative or postoperative oxygenation amongst the four different groups. However, the physiological deadspace to tidal volume ventilation ratio was significantly lower in the 8 cmH2O PEEP group compared with the other levels of PEEP (p < 0.0001). We concluded that the use of PEEP (≤10 cmH2O) during one lung ventilation does not clinically improve lung compliance, intra‐operative or postoperative oxygenation despite a statistically significant reduction in the physiological deadspace to tidal volume ratio.
Transantarctic Basin: new insights from fission track and structural data from the USARP Mountains and adjacent areas (Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica)
Authors: Lisker F. , Läufer A. L. , Olesch M. , Rossetti F. , Schäfer T. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTThe USARP Mountains comprise two N–S‐aligned mountain ranges (Daniels Range, Pomerantz Tableland) located along the western margin of the Rennick Glacier in Northern Victoria Land (NVL). Four zircon and titanite fission track (FT) ages from granitic samples from the Pomerantz Tableland fall in a common range of 369–392 Ma. The apatite FT ages from 20 Granite Harbour Intrusive rocks sampled throughout the USARP Mountains are distinctively younger (86–270 Ma); their mean track lengths (MTL) vary between 11.0 and 13.9 μm. Six samples from Renirie Rocks and the Kavrayskiy Hills east of the USARP Mountains have even younger, concordant apatite FT ages of 43–71 Ma, and MTL of 12.2–14.0 μm. Thermal history modelling of the thermochronological data indicate that both the Daniels Range and Pomerantz Tableland experienced a common Phanerozoic geologic history consisting of a mid‐Devonian pulse of rapid denudation, followed by a protracted denudation stage between the Carboniferous and Jurassic. This latter period of denudation was contemporaneous with the formation of the Transantarctic Basin to the east. We consequently suggest that the USARP Mountains were one of the major source areas for the Beacon Supergroup that formed the fill of the Transantarctic Basin. Subsequent to the deposition of the Beacon sequence, the now‐outcropping rocks of the USARP Mountains were buried to a maximum depth of 4.2 km. A palaeogeothermal gradient of 25±8°C km−1 was inferred at the time of maximum burial. Inversion of the Transantarctic Basin due to the breakup of Gondwana, and in response to Cenozoic rifting and uplift of the Transantarctic Mountains, has triggered the final denudation stages recorded in NVL since the Cretaceous. Thereby, the amounts of denudation increase eastward. Whereas 2.4–4.2 km of crustal unloading are recognized for the USARP Mountains since the Cretaceous, more than 4 km of denudation has occurred towards the Rennick Graben alone since the Eocene. This denudation was associated with major fault activities involving early ENE–WSW to E–W‐directed extension. Related structures were reactivated by dominant NW–SE to NNW–SSE‐oriented right‐lateral shear genetically linked to the formation and inversion of the structural depression of the Rennick Graben in Cenozoic times.
Tectonic evolution of the Himalaya constrained by detrital 40Ar–39Ar, Sm–Nd and petrographic data from the Siwalik foreland basin succession, SW Nepal
Authors: Szulc A. G. , Najman Y. , Sinclair H. D. , Pringle M. , Bickle M. , Chapman H. , Garzanti E. , Andò S. , Huyghe P. , Mugnier J‐L. , Ojha T. , DeCelles P. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT40Ar–39Ar dating of detrital white micas, petrography and heavy mineral analysis and whole‐rock geochemistry has been applied to three time‐equivalent sections through the Siwalik Group molasse in SW Nepal [Tinau Khola section (12–6 Ma), Surai Khola section (12–1 Ma) and Karnali section (16–5 Ma)]. 40Ar–39Ar ages from 1415 single detrital white micas show a peak of ages between 20 and 15 Ma for all the three sections, corresponding to the period of most extensive exhumation of the Greater Himalaya. Lag times of less than 5 Myr persist until 10 Ma, indicating Greater Himalayan exhumation rates of up to 2.6 mm year−1, using one‐dimensional thermal modelling. There are few micas younger than 12 Ma, no lag times of less than 6 Myr after 10 Ma and whole‐rock geochemistry and petrography show a significant provenance change at 12 Ma indicating erosion from the Lesser Himalaya at this time. These changes suggest a switch in the dynamics of the orogen that took place during the 12–10 Ma period whereby most strain began to be accommodated by structures within the Lesser Himalaya as opposed to the Greater Himalaya. Consistent data from all three Siwalik sections suggest a lateral continuity in tectonic evolution for the central Himalayas.
The relationship between children’s and adolescents’ perceptions of parenting style and internal and external symptoms
Authors: Yahav R. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractBackground  This study examined the relationship between children’s and adolescents’ external (aggression or delinquent behaviour) and internal (depression and anxiety, somatic complaints or regressive behaviour) symptoms and their perceptions of parenting behaviour.Method  Participants were 159 children (83 boys and 76 girls) aged 10–17 years and were categorized into five groups. The two experimental groups included clearly defined externalizing (n = 35) and internalizing (n = 46) children. Two sibling groups and one non‐sibling group served as controls. The five groups were compared for subjective perceptions of maternal and paternal rejection, favouritism and overprotection.Results  No effects of age or gender were found. The results revealed that compared with non‐symptomatic children from different families and with non‐symptomatic siblings, both internalizing and externalizing children obtained higher scores on the variables examined. Externalizing children obtained the highest scores, while internalizing children obtained intermediate scores. The sibling comparison data revealed a gap between the perceptions of symptomatic children and their siblings: symptomatic children reported negative parenting practices towards both themselves and their siblings, whereas the opposite was true of sibling reports. The reports suggest that while both internalizing and externalizing symptoms are associated with negative perceptions of the parent–child interaction, this may be particularly the case among externalizing children.Conclusions  The importance of perceptions of reality, as opposed to objective circumstances, is discussed in the context of treatment.
Immunoglobulin constant heavy G chain genes as risk factors in childhood allergies
Authors: Oxelius V.‐A. , Bråbäck L. , Ahlstedt S. , Björkstén B. 
Published: December 2006

SummaryBackground
Several candidate genes have been found to be associated with the inflammatory response of IgE‐mediated allergy, so also the immunoglobulin constant heavy G chain (IGHG) genes. The IGHG genes are situated close to the IGHE gene on chromosome 14q32, 5′μ, δ, γ3, γ1, α1, γ2, γ4, ɛ, α2, 3′. They are inherited in a Mendelian fashion and expressed randomly in allelic exclusion. The alternative and functionally different γ3, γ1 and γ2 gene variants are found in four IGHG haplotypes, coding four B cell variants.Objective
The aim of this study was to assess the frequency of different IGHG genes in relation to phenotypes associated with allergy, in a case–control study.Methods
We identified the constant heavy‐chain genes of IgG in 198 allergic and non‐allergic children participating in the Phase II of the International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Children. The IGHG genes were assessed by the alternative serum IgG subclass allotypes expressing the alternative alleles of γ3, γ1 and γ2 genes, using ELISA and double immunodiffusion.Results
The IGHG*bfn haplotype (=B1 cells) and IGHG2*n allele dominated (51% vs. 24%, P=0.002) and the IGHG*bf‐n haplotype (=B2 cells) was infrequent (16% vs. 52%, P<0.001) in allergic children with a family history of allergy, clinical manifest allergy and positive skin prick test (SPT). The frequency of IGHG genes was similar in children with maternal and paternal heredity and in children with wheezing, eczema or rhinitis, as well as in children with different positive SPT. The IGHG*bfn haplotype with the IGHG2*n allele was strongly associated with heredity for allergy. The IGHG*bf‐n haplotype was inversely related to allergy.Conclusions
IgG allotypes, immunochemical and functional variants of IgG molecules from IGHG genes are associated with atopy. The IGHG*bfn haplotype (=B1 cells) with the IGHG2*n allele dominates, associated with an increased risk for atopy. In contrast, the IGHG*bf‐n haplotype (=B2 cells) with the IGHG2*‐n allele is associated with low risk.
How we do it: Improving the success of endoscopic pharyngeal pouch stapling
Authors: Jennings S.J. , Wild D.C. , Beasley N. , Sharp J.F. 
Published: December 2006

Key points• A simple technique to improve the success rate of endoscopic stapling diverticulotomy of pharyngeal pouches is described.• Equipment used is readily available.• This technique can be used in difficult cases when the pouch cannot be visualised using a Weerda diverticuloscope.• It reduces the need for conversion to an open surgical procedure with associated increased risk of complications.
Endoscopic versus open surgical interventions for inverted nasal papilloma: a systematic review
Authors: Karkos P.D. , Fyrmpas G. , Carrie S.C. , Swift A.C. 
Published: December 2006

Keypoints• Inverted nasal papilloma is a unique neoplasm characterised by a tendency to recur following excision, an association with malignancy and an ability to destroy bone.• The coexistence with nasal polyps (not always sent for histology), the lack of a universally accepted staging system and the fact that most data on Inverted papilloma come from tertiary centres (selected cases probably the most aggressive) account for the difficulty in determining its true incidence.• Treatment is surgical. The gold standard approach was an open radical procedure. The introduction of endoscopic surgery for primary or recurrent lesions has shown potential advantages. Lack of complications of open surgery together with improved access to specific nasal areas suggests that the endoscopic techniques in experienced hands and for selected lesions may be a good alternative.• The aim of this review was to assess the effectiveness of the endoscopic versus open techniques for management of inverted papilloma.• There is not enough evidence in the literature to support one or the other treatment option for management of inverted papilloma. There is a trend though towards endoscopic approach.• Ideal management should aim at complete removal of all diseased mucosa with creation of wide cavities and long term follow‐up to detect subsequent recurrence or malignant transformation.
An anatomical comparison of Blair and facelift incisions for parotid surgery
Authors: Nouraei S.A.R. , Al‐Yaghchi C. , Ahmed J. , Kirkpatrick N. , Mansuri S. , Singh A. , Grant W.E. 
Published: December 2006

Background:  The rhytidectomy approach for parotidectomy allows the incision to be hidden, and post‐operative scarring minimised. Furthermore, separate elevation of the Superficial Musculo‐Aponeurotic System (SMAS) reduces the incidence of Frey's syndrome, and provides vascularized soft tissue for contour reconstruction. The technique has gained popularity particularly with plastic surgeons, but concerns persist that with this approach, particularly with lesions located anteriorly, access to the gland may be inadequate, and facial nerve identification may be compromised.Materials and Methods:  We undertook an anatomical study to quantitatively compare the surgical access achieved using the facelift approach with the conventional Blair incision, by comparing the distances between the parotid edge and the retracted flaps.Results:  Despite reduced tissue elasticity due to formaldehyde fixation, it proved possible to demonstrate all regions of the parotid gland to the operating surgeon with either approach. There were no significant differences in the distance between the parotid edge and the retracted skin flaps (P > 0.1; paired t‐test).Conclusions:  The facelift approach provides at least equal access to all regions of the parotid gland when compared to a Blair's incision. It is a superior approach aesthetically and its more widespread use in parotid surgery is advocated.
Questionnaire analysis of the swallowing‐related outcomes following total laryngectomy
Authors: Kazi R. , Prasad V. , Venkitaraman R. , Nutting C.M. , Clarke P. , Rhys‐Evans P. , Harrington K.J. 
Published: December 2006

Objective:  To determine the effects of a total laryngectomy on the swallow and subsequent quality of life in head and neck cancer patients.Design:  Cross‐sectional single centre cohort study.Setting:  Head and Neck Oncology Unit, Tertiary Referral Unit.Patients:  Sixty‐two patients who underwent total laryngectomy at our centre participated in the study.Methods:  Subjects were stratified by age, sex, tumour stage, other procedures such as myotomy and nerve re‐implantation. Pharyngectomy, glossectomy, flap reconstruction, neck dissection and previous radio‐ and chemotherapy were also assessed to see if they affected swallow and subsequent quality of life. Main outcome was measured using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory questionnaire.Results:  Responses were received from 46 males and 16 females (response rate of 80.5%) with a mean age of 64.7 years (SD 9.4). Median follow‐up in patients was 90 months (range 1–276). The mean MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory total score in our series of patients was 77.7 (SD 16.6). MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory global score was 79.4 (SD 22.6), Emotional score was 77.7 (SD 17.8), Functional score 81.3 (SD 15.9) and Physical score was 74.1(SD 18). Statistically significant differences were seen between the emotional scores of glossectomised and non‐glossectomised patients (Mann Whitney, P = 0.04). No significant correlation was seen between the subscale scores and the remaining treatment variables such as age, gender, site, tumour stage, myotomy, nerve implantation, radiotherapy, reconstruction and major complications.Conclusion:  This questionnaire study is the largest of its type to assess the swallow of patients who have undergone laryngectomy at a single centre. The overall result confirmed that most patients had a subjectively good swallow. Only glossectomy and the method of PE segment closure were shown to significantly affect swallowing outcomes following surgery. We recommend further work especially prospective studies pre and post surgery using this or similarly validated instruments to fully assess swallow in the laryngectomy population.
Patterns of denitrification rates in European alluvial soils under various hydrological regimes
Authors: PINAY G. , GUMIERO B. , TABACCHI E. , GIMENEZ O. , TABACCHI‐PLANTY A. M. , HEFTING M. M. , BURT T. P. , BLACK V. A. , NILSSON C. , IORDACHE V. , BUREAU F. , VOUGHT L. , PETTS G. E. , DÉCAMPS H. 
Published: December 2006

Summary1. Denitrification in floodplain soils is one of the main biological processes emitting and reducing nitrous oxide, a greenhouse gas, and the main process responsible for the buffering capacity of riparian zones against diffuse nitrate pollution.2. The aim of this study was to measure denitrification rates under a wide range of current climatic conditions and hydrological regimes in Europe (from latitude 64°N to latitude 42°N and from longitude 2°W to longitude 25°E), in order to determine the response patterns of this microbial process under different climatic and hydrological conditions, and to identify denitrification proxies robust enough to be used at the European scale.3. Denitrification activity was significant in all the floodplain soils studied whatever the latitude. However, we found an increase in rates of an order of magnitude from high to mid latitudes. Maximum rates (above 30 g N m−2 month−1) were measured in the maritime conditions of the Trent floodplain. These rates are similar to mineralisation rates measured in alluvial soils and of the same order of magnitude as the amount of N stored in herbaceous plants in alluvial soils.4. We used Multivariate Adaptative Regression Splines to relate the response variable denitrification with five relevant predictors, namely soil moisture, temperature, silt plus clay, nitrate content and herbaceous plant biomass.5. Soil moisture, temperature, and nitrate were the three main control variables of microbial denitrification in alluvial soils in decreasing order of importance.6. The model developed for denitrification with interaction effects outperformed a pure additive model. Soil moisture was involved in all interactions, emphasising its importance in predicting denitrification.7. These results are discussed in the context of scenarios for future change in European hydrological regimes.
Evaluating psychodiagnostic decisions
Authors: Witteman Cilia L. M. , Harries Clare , Bekker Hilary L. , Van Aarle Edward J. M. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRationale  Several frameworks can be used to evaluate decision making. These may relate to different aspects of the decision‐making process, or concern the decision outcome. Evaluations of psychodiagnostic decisions have shown diagnosticians to be poor decision makers. In this essay we argue that this finding results from the evaluation of only one part of the diagnostic process.Method We put forward that evaluations are typically carried out by comparing clinicians’ behaviour to one of several normative models, for example hypothetico‐deductive reasoning. These models make strong assumptions about human reasoning capabilities, which make it almost impossible for people to measure up to them. The subsequent two parts of the psychodiagnostic process (causal explanation and treatment decisions), are typically not included in these evaluation studies. Treatment decisions are evaluated in effectiveness studies; that is, they are evaluated in terms of their outcomes, not in terms of the diagnosticians’ decision processes. Psychodiagnosticians’ causal explanation has hardly ever been the subject of evaluation. We argue that in order to achieve clinical excellence, this part of the psychodiagnostic process should also be well understood.Results and Conclusions In this essay we first describe evaluation of psychodiagnostic decision making. We then propose a framework to describe causal explanation, that is, a situation assessment in terms of a causal schema or a story or script. We identify and discuss the tools available for evaluating this part of the psychodiagnostic process.
Who makes the diagnosis? The role of clinical skills and diagnostic test results
Authors: Wahner‐Roedler Dietlind L. , Chaliki Swarna S. , Bauer Brent A. , Bundrick John B. , Bergstrom Larry R. , Lee Mark C. , Cha Stephen S. , Elkin Peter L. 
Published: December 2006

AbstractRationale, aims and objectives  Advances in medicine have led to a multitude of diagnostic tests. The contribution of the clinical skills of the general internist in the context of all these advances is unknown. Our objective was to assess the relative contributions of clinical skills and diagnostic test results in arriving at a final diagnosis.Methods  Records were retrospectively reviewed from 248 consecutive patients admitted to a general internal medicine hospital service during a 3‐month period in 2000. All diagnostic evaluations that yielded the final diagnosis were recorded along with the date and time they were performed. Diagnostic credit was given to the evaluation that yielded the diagnosis at the earliest point in time.Results  All cases had a firm diagnosis by 3 months after hospitalization. Of the 248 patients, 246 received a final diagnosis during hospitalization. The diagnoses were made by use of the clinical judgement of the general internist in 50.4% of the cases, a radiologic study in 31.7%, a blood test or culture result in 9.4%, biopsy findings in 3.3% and various other diagnostic studies (endoscopy, echocardiography, electromyography and electroencephalography) in 5.2%. Clinicians provided the correct diagnosis significantly more often than radiologic studies (P = 0.0015), which was the next most useful type of diagnostic evaluation.Conclusion  Although technology has become increasingly available in clinical practice, clinical expertise and skills are still important factors with respect to making correct, timely diagnoses in hospitalized patients.
Foot‐thumping as an alarm signal in macropodoid marsupials: prevalence and hypotheses of function
Authors: ROSE TANIA A. , MUNN ADAM J. , RAMP DANIEL , BANKS PETER B. 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT

Alarm signalling as a means to reduce predation risk is an important component of the behavioural repertoire of many species. It has previously been noted that many of the macropodoid marsupials (kangaroos, wallabies and rat‐kangaroos) produce a foot‐thump, an audible signal created by striking the ground with one or both feet, that is most likely an alarm signal.
The prevalence of foot‐thumping within the macropodoids and hypotheses of its function as an alarm signal have been poorly documented. To address this issue, we investigate the prevalence of foot‐thumping in macropodoids and interpret possible function according to current alarm signalling theory. Evidence for foot‐thumping was found in almost all macropodoids. In light of this, the behaviour appears to be a conservative trait that may have arisen alongside or followed the evolution of bipedal locomotion, and suggests that this trait carries significant benefits that transcend ecological and predation differences among species.
Nine alarm signal hypotheses were explored in order to determine the function of foot‐thumping in macropodoid marsupials. However, the existing evidence for consistent function remains inconclusive. Therefore, a series of predictions were developed to provide the foundation for future research to investigate more thoroughly the function of foot‐thumping in macropodoid marsupials.