bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact in the UK of the Central and Eastern European HIV epidemics
Authors: DELPECH V. C. , YIN Z. , ABERNETHY J. , HILL C. , LOGAN L. , CHADBORN T. R. , RICE B. D. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYDespite increasing migration, the impact of HIV epidemics from Central and Eastern Europe (C&EE) on the UK HIV epidemic remains small. C&EE-born adults comprised 1·2% of adults newly diagnosed with HIV in the UK between 2000 and 2007. Most C&EE-born women probably acquired their infection heterosexually in C&EE. In contrast, 59% of C&EE-born men reported sex with men, half of whom probably acquired their infection in the UK. Previously undiagnosed HIV prevalence in C&EE-born sexual-health-clinic attendees was low (2007, 0·5%) as was overall HIV prevalence in C&EE-born women giving birth in England (2007, <0·1%). The high proportion of men who have sex with men (MSM) suggests under-reporting of this group in C&EE HIV statistics and/or migration of MSM to the UK. In addition to reducing HIV transmission in injecting drug users, preventative efforts aimed at C&EE-born MSM both within their country of origin and the UK are required.
A Spectral Erdős–Stone–Bollobás Theorem
Authors: NIKIFOROV VLADIMIR 
Published: February 2009

Let r ≥ 3 and (c/rr)r log n ≥ 1. If G is a graph of order n and its largest eigenvalue μ(G) satisfies

then G contains a complete r-partite subgraph with r − 1 parts of size ⌊(c/rr)r log n⌋ and one part of size greater than n1−cr−1.This result implies the Erdős–Stone–Bollobás theorem, the essential quantitative form of the Erdős–Stone theorem. Another easy consequence is that if F1, F2, . . . are r-chromatic graphs satisfying v(Fn) = o(log n), then
Simplex Stability
Authors: MUBAYI DHRUV , RAMADURAI RESHMA 
Published: February 2009

A d-simplex is a collection of d + 1 sets such that every d of them has non-empty intersection and the intersection of all of them is empty. Fix k ≥ d + 2 ≥ 3 and let be a family of k-element subsets of an n-element set that contains no d-simplex. We prove that if $|\cG| \geq (1 - o(1))\binom{n-1 }{k-1}$, then there is a vertex x of such that the number of sets in omitting x is o(nk−1) (here o(1)→ 0 and n → ∞). A similar result when n/k is bounded from above was recently proved in [10].Our main result is actually stronger, and implies that if $|\cG| > (1 + \epsilon)\binom{n-1 }{ k-1}$ for any ϵ < 0 and n sufficiently large, then contains d + 2 sets A, A1, . . . ,Ad+1 such that the Ais form a d-simplex, and A contains an element of ∩j≠iAj for each i. This generalizes, in asymptotic form, a recent result of Vestraëte and the first author [18], who proved it for d = 1, ϵ = 0 and n ≥ 2k.
Fibroblasts from the new-born male testicle of Guangxi Bama mini-pig (Sus scrofa) can support nuclear transferred embryo development in vitro
Authors: Liu Hong-Bo , Lv Pei-Ru , Yang Xiao-Gan , Qin Xiao-E , Pi Dao-Yuan , Lu Yang-Qing , Lu Ke-Huan , Lu Sheng-Sheng , Li Dong-sheng 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMiniature pigs are valuable for research in xenotransplantation and as models for investigating human diseases. Although many mammalian species have been cloned, the success rates have been very low, especially in the pig. In the present study, an attempt was made to optimize somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) protocols for use in the production of the Guangxi Bama mini-pig. Firstly, mini-pig fibroblast cells from a new-born Guangxi Bama piglet were isolated and cultured. Cell type was identified by fluorescence immunocytochemistry (ICC); the cells expressed cimentin, but not cytoceratin and follicular stimulation hormone receptor (FSHR). Secondly, the optimal cell cycle synchronization protocol for treating fibroblast cells from the newborn piglet's testicle was investigated by contact inhibition and serum starvation. When fibroblast cells were treated by contact inhibition, a higher fusion (66.0% vs. 58.3%, p > 0.05) and blastocyst production (20.8% vs. 15.1, p > 0.05) rates were obtained than with serum starvation. Thirdly, to examine the ability of old cells to be morphologically remodelled after activation, testicular fibroblasts (passage 10–14) were introduced into enucleated oocytes; enlarged nuclei were formed in most of the reconstructed embryos at 6 h and enlarged nuclei or distinct pseudopronuclei were formed in nearly all the reconstructed embryos at 12 h. The old donor cell could be morphologically remodelled correctly and was competent to support embryo development to the blastocyst in vitro. Fourthly, the in vitro development potential of the cloned embryos was investigated using two types of donor cell: ear fibroblasts and low or high passage testicular fibroblasts. The rate of fusion was highest using low passage testicle fibroblasts (84.5% vs. 69.8% and 80.0%, p < 0.05), as was development to the blastocyst stage (14.6% vs. 7.7% and 6.3%, p < 0.05). Finally, the effect of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) on parthenogenetic and cloned embryo development was examined. The PHA had no significant effect on the parthenogenetic embryos, but cloned embryo development to the blastocyst stage was significantly increased by PHA (10μg/ml), (13.4% vs. 5.6% and 5.6%, p < 0.05).
Reduced Skeletal Muscle Capillarization and Glucose Intolerance
Authors: PRIOR STEVEN J. , MCKENZIE MICHAEL J. , JOSEPH LYNDON J. , IVEY FREDERICK M. , MACKO RICHARD F. , HAFER‐MACKO CHARLENE E. , RYAN ALICE S. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: Reduced capillarization in hemiparetic skeletal muscle of chronic stroke patients can limit insulin, glucose, and oxygen supply to muscle, thereby contributing to impaired glucose metabolism and cardiovascular deconditioning. We hypothesized that compared to sedentary controls, stroke subjects have reduced skeletal muscle capillarization that is associated with glucose intolerance and reduced peak oxygen consumption (Vo2peak). Methods: Twelve chronic stroke subjects (ages, 62.1±2.8 years), and matched sedentary controls with impaired (n=12) or normal (n=12) glucose tolerance underwent oral glucose tolerance tests, exercise tests, and vastus lateralis biopsies. Results: Stroke subjects had lower capillarization in hemiparetic muscle than in nonparetic muscle and normal glucose tolerant controls (∼22 and ∼28%, respectively; P<0.05) and had similar bilateral capillarization, compared to controls with impaired glucose tolerance. Capillary density in hemiparetic muscle inversely correlated with 120‐minute glucose (r=−0.70, P<0.01) and glucose area under the curve (r=−0.78, P<0.01). Vo2peak was ∼40% lower in stroke subjects, compared to controls (P<0.001), but did not correlate with capillarization (P=n.s.). Conclusions: Hemiparetic muscle capillarization is reduced after stroke, and reduced capillarization is associated with glucose intolerance in stroke and control subjects. Interventions to increase skeletal muscle capillarization may prove beneficial for improving glucose metabolism in chronic stroke patients.
Impact of Arteriogenesis in Plastic Surgery: Choke Vessel Growth Proceeds via Arteriogenic Mechanisms in the Rat Dorsal Island Skin Flap
Authors: WILLIAMS BLAIR A. , CURRIE R. WILLIAM , MORRIS STEVEN F. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTObjective: We examined the molecular mediators of postoperative choke‐vessel growth. Our focus was the possible overlap between choke‐vessel growth and arteriogenesis.Methods: A rat perforator flap model, encompassing four vascular territories, was used. Flaps were surgically elevated, re‐inset, and allowed to survive for one, three, five, or seven days. Tissue samples for Western and histological analyses were collected from the choke zone along the dorsal midline. Tissue from territories linked by the choke zone was analyzed to distinguish between global and local effects. The proteins examined included CD11b, ICAM‐1, and MMP‐2, three markers associated with arteriogenesis, as well as Hsp70 and vascular endothelial growth factor, markers of physiological stress and hypoxia/ischemia.Results: Arteriogenesis markers, as shown by Western analysis, increased at three and five days after flap elevation, and the increase was localized by immunohistochemistry to the growing arteries and veins. The marker of physiological stress increased at Days 5 and 7. The hypoxia‐ischemia marker did not increase in the choke zone.Conclusions: The growth of choke arteries and veins proceeds in an inflammatory environment that resembles arteriogenesis. Ischemia did not appear to play a role in choke‐vessel changes.
gcExplorer: interactive exploration of gene clusters
Authors: Scharl Theresa , Leisch Friedrich 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Summary: Cluster analysis plays an important role in the analysis of gene expression data since the early beginning of microarray studies and is routinely used to find groups of genes with common expression pattern. In order to make cluster analysis helpful for users, visualization of cluster solutions is of utmost importance. Here, we present the new R package gcExplorer for the interactive exploration of gene clusters. gcExplorer facilitates the interpretation of cluster results and allows to investigate extensive information about clusters.
Availability: The latest release of gcExplorer is always available at the Comprehensive R Archive Network CRAN: http://cran.R-project.org/package=gcExplorer. See the README file in the package for detailed installation instructions.
Contact: theresa.scharl@ci.tuwien.ac.at
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Cell therapy generates a favourable chemokine gradient for stem cell recruitment into the infarcted heart in rabbits
Authors: Lee Bai‐Chin , Hsu Hsiu‐Ching , Tseng Wen‐Yih I. , Chen Ching‐Yi , Lin Hung‐Ju , Ho Yi‐Lwun , Su Ming‐Jai , Chen Ming‐Fong 
Published: February 2009

AimsStem cell recruitment into the heart is determined by a concentration gradient of stromal‐derived factor 1 (SDF‐1) from bone marrow to peripheral blood and from blood to injured myocardium. However, this gradient is decreased in chronic myocardial infarction (MI). This study evaluated the effect of cell therapy using bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) on an SDF‐1 gradient in post‐infarction rabbits.Methods and resultsMyocardial infarction was induced in male New Zealand white rabbits (2.5–3 kg) by ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery. Two months later, the rabbits were randomized to either saline or BMSC (2 × 106 autologous BMSCs injected into the left ventricular cavity) treatment. Four weeks after therapy, the SDF‐1 gradients from bone marrow to blood and from blood to myocardium increased in the BMSC group compared with the saline group. This was accompanied by an increase in cells positive for CD34, CD117, and STRO‐1 in the myocardium, resulting in more capillary density, better cardiac function, and a decrease in infarct size.ConclusionGeneration of an SDF‐1 gradient towards the heart is a novel effect of BMSC‐based cell therapy. This effect facilitates stem cell recruitment into remodelled myocardium and supports improvement in cardiac function.
European cardiac resynchronization therapy survey: rationale and design
Authors:   The CRT Survey Scientific Committee
Published: February 2009

AimsThe European cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) Survey is a joint initiative taken by the Heart Failure Association (HFA) and European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) of the European Society of Cardiology. The primary objective is to describe the current European practice and routines associated with CRT/CRT‐D implantations based on a wide range of sampling in 13 countries.Methods and resultsThe data collected should provide useful information, including demographics and clinical characteristics, diagnostic criteria, implantation routines and techniques, short‐term outcomes, adverse experience, and assessment of adherence to guideline recommendations.
Simulation-based management strategy evaluation: ignorance disguised as mathematics?
Authors: Rochet Marie-Joëlle , Rice Jake C. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Rochet, M-J. and Rice, J. C. 2009. Simulation-based management strategy evaluation: ignorance disguised as mathematics? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 754–762. Simulation-based management strategy evaluations are increasingly developed and used for science advice in support of fisheries management, along with risk evaluation and decision analysis. These methods tackle the problem of uncertainty in fisheries systems and data by modelling uncertainty in two ways. For quantities that are difficult to measure accurately or are inherently variable, variables are replaced by probability distributions, and system dynamics are simulated by Monte Carlo simulations, drawing numbers from these distributions. For processes that are not fully understood, arrays of model formulations that might underlie the observed patterns are developed, each is assumed successively, and the results of the corresponding arrays of model results are then combined. We argue that these approaches have several paradoxical features. Stochastic modelling of uncertainty is paradoxical, because it implies knowing more than deterministic approaches: to know the distribution of a quantity requires more information than only estimating its expected value. To combine the results of Monte Carlo simulations with different model formulations may be paradoxical if outcomes of concern are unlikely under some formulations but very likely under others, whereas the reported uncertainty from combined results may produce a risk level that does not occur under any plausible assumed formulation. Moreover, risk estimates of the probability of undesirable outcomes are often statements about likelihood of events that were seldom observed and lie in the tails of the simulated distributions, where the results of Monte Carlo simulation are the least reliable. These potential paradoxes lead us to suggest that greater attention be given to alternative methods to evaluate risks or management strategies, such as qualitative methods and empirical post hoc analyses.
Osteosarcomas of the Larynx
Authors: Athré Raghu S. , Vories Andrew , Mudrovich Steven , Ducic Yadranko 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to review the etiology, presentation, treatment, and prognosis in patients with osteosarcoma of the larynx using an illustrative case example.Study Design: Case report and literature review.Methods: A case is reported, and a review of all available published cases of osteosarcoma of the larynx is presented.Results: Osteosarcoma of the larynx may be a difficult clinical diagnosis. To be able to reach the correct diagnosis, a high index of suspicion and due diligence in obtaining deep biopsy specimens are important. Treatment is primarily surgical. Outcomes for this disease are generally poor, with most patients dying of the disease as a result of pulmonary metastasis.Conclusion: Osteosarcoma of the larynx is a rare entity, with only 14 cases reported to date. Pathological confirmation of osteoid is required for diagnosis. It is likely that aggressive surgical intervention directed at complete tumor extirpation is the treatment of choice, although long‐term prognosis is poor.
Surface Electromyography of Continuous Drinking in Healthy Adults
Authors: Vaiman Michael , Gabriel Chaim , Eviatar Ephraim , Segal Samuel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives: To give a description of normal surface electromyography (sEMG) aspects of uninterrupted (continuous) drinking and to establish normal sEMG values for swallowing 100 mL of water.Study Design: Prospective observational study of healthy volunteers.Subjects: Four hundred twenty apparently healthy male and female volunteers divided into three age groups (18–40, 41–65, 66+ years).Methods: The evaluated parameters included the total duration, number of swallows, amount of water per swallow, and voltage of the EMG activity of the orbicularis oris, masseter, and submental‐submandibular muscles and the infrahyoid muscle groups covered by the m. platysma.Results: The overall normal mean values for duration, number of swallows, and amplitude of muscle activity during continuous drinking were compiled. The age‐related increase in duration of swallows and of total drinking time was significant only in the older group (95% confidence interval, P < .05). There were no significant sex‐related differences for any age group (P ≥ .05). The mean electric activity (in μV) varied insignificantly among the age groups. The activity of the m. orbicularis oris was the least informative. An unexpectedly significant number of healthy subjects (14.25%, P < .05) performed a dry swallow after drinking.Conclusion: The establishment of normal sEMG levels now makes this modality applicable for evaluating the swallowing mechanism among adults for potentially identifying and ruling out abnormalities. Its simplicity, noninvasiveness, and low level of discomfort also make it highly suitable for screening purposes.
Expression of Interleukin‐8 Receptor A Predicts Poor Outcome in Patients With Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Horikawa Toshiyuki , Kaizaki Yasuharu , Kato Hideaki , Furukawa Mitsuru , Yoshizaki Tomokazu 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The authors recently demonstrated that interleukin‐8 (IL‐8) is induced by Epstein‐Barr virus encoding latent membrane protein 1 and that IL‐8 is overexpressed in tumor cells and correlates significantly with angiogenesis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The present objective was to investigate the expressions and the roles of IL‐8 receptors in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Study Design: Retrospective patient file review and immunohistochemical study of tissues of patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.Methods: The authors examined the expressions of two high‐affinity IL‐8 receptors, IL‐8 receptor A (IL8RA) and IL‐8 receptor B (IL8RB), in 30 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma by immunohistochemical analysis.Results: As expected, both IL‐8 receptors were expressed on microvessels in tumor nests and surrounding stroma. Interestingly, they were also abundantly expressed on tumor cells. The expressions of IL8RA and IL8RB had no associations with gender, metastasis, or clinical stage. However, the expression of IL8RA in tumors significantly correlated with a shorter overall survival rate (P = .0045). Although the estimated 5‐year overall survival rate for IL8RA‐negative patients was 68.2%, that in IL8RA‐positive patients was only 33.3%.Conclusion: The study results suggest that the expression of IL8RA in tumor cells becomes an important indicator of poor prognosis in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Disequilibrium after Cochlear Implantation Caused by a Perilymph Fistula
Authors: Kusuma Shashidhar , Liou Steve , Haynes David S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives: Cochlear implantation has become a safe and effective method for the auditory rehabilitation of the profoundly hearing impaired. Incidence of disequilibrium and vertigo after cochlear implantation ranges from 13% to 74% in the literature. Most patients report resolution of these symptoms with medical therapy and vestibular rehabilitation. We present a case of persistent disequilibrium after cochlear implantation. Further workup of this patient revealed radiographic findings suggestive of a perilymphatic fistula, with immediate and complete resolution of symptoms after exploratory tympanotomy and packing around the cochleostomy.Study Design: Case report.Methods: A retrospective chart review of a patient with postoperative disequilibrium unresponsive to maximal medical and vestibular rehabilitation therapy.Results: Diagnostic workup of the patient included a temporal bone computed tomography (CT) scan, which revealed air in the vestibule and the ampulla of the superior and lateral semicircular canals. After failure of 5 months of conservative therapy, the patient was taken to the operating room for middle ear exploration and repacking of the cochleostomy site. The patient reported immediate and complete resolution of vertigo postoperatively.Conclusion: We present a case of disequilibrium as a result of an apparent perilymphatic fistula after cochlear implantation that was refractory to standard therapy. In such cases, appropriate workup should include a temporal bone CT scan to look for air in the vestibule or other abnormalities that may indicate potential etiology. Surprisingly, this patient had immediate and complete resolution of symptoms after surgery. If conservative therapy fails, middle ear exploration by way of an exploratory tympanotomy and packing of the cochleostomy with periosteum and muscle is a viable option and may lead to resolution of symptoms.
Common Clinical Features of Children With Enlarged Vestibular Aqueduct and Mondini Dysplasia
Authors: Wu Chen‐Chi , Chen Yuh‐Shyang , Chen Pei‐Jer , Hsu Chuan‐Jen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The purpose of the study was to investigate the etiological factors and the audiological data of different types of inner ear malformations, which the authors thought might be helpful in elucidating the inter‐relation among malformations and shedding light on pathogenesis.Study Design: Retrospective study from 1998 to 2002 at a tertiary care university hospital.Methods: One hundred sixty consecutive children with a total of 302 affected ears undergoing high‐resolution computed tomography of the temporal bone for sensorineural hearing loss were enrolled. The image results were correlated with causes and origins, hearing loss patterns, hearing levels, and audiogram configurations.Results: Inner ear malformation was present in 114 (38%) ears. The most common malformations were enlarged vestibular aqueduct, incomplete partition of cochlea (Mondini dysplasia), large vestibule, and semicircular canal dysplasia, presenting either as isolated finding or in combination. Eighty‐four (74%) ears had abnormalities confined to these four malformations; only 30 (26%) ears showed other malformations. Patients with complex of enlarged vestibular aqueduct, Mondini dysplasia, large vestibule, and semicircular canal dysplasia (EMVS complex) demonstrated a significantly higher incidence of fluctuating hearing loss (93%) and a better hearing level compared with those with other malformations. Homogeneity in audiological features among these four malformations was also disclosed.Conclusion: The authors identified a distinct clinical entity, the EMVS complex, which is characterized by fluctuating hearing loss and a better hearing level. The authors proposed that malformations belonging to this complex result from a common pathogenetic mechanism.
Serotonin Inputs to Laryngeal Constrictor Motoneurons in the Rat
Authors: Berkowitz Robert G. , Sun Qi‐Jian , Goodchild Ann K. , Pilowsky Paul M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives/Hypothesis: The objective was to demonstrate close appositions between serotonin‐immunoreactive boutons and laryngeal constrictor (LCon) motoneurons in Sprague‐Dawley rats.Study Design: Animal experimental.Methods: LCon motoneurons were identified functionally by their antidromic responses to stimulation of the recurrent laryngeal nerve and postinspiratory modulation and were filled by intracellular injection of biotin amide (n = 6). The medulla was sectioned and, using immunohistochemical analysis, examined by light microscopy.Results: Serotonin appositions were found on all 6 LCon motoneurons, with an average number of 17 ± 6 close appositions per neuron.Conclusion: In comparison with the authors' previous study of inspiratory laryngeal motoneurons, the number of serotonin close appositions with LCon motoneurons was similar to that found with posterior cricoarytenoid motoneurons, but significantly less than that found with cricothyroid motoneurons. This finding may represent a basis for differences in tonic activity of laryngeal muscles observed in relation to the sleep‐wake cycle.