bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of the Metabolic Syndrome in a Bulgarian Female Population Referred for Bone Density Testing
Authors: Boyanov Mihail A. , Christov V.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in Bulgarian women referred for bone density screening.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional clinical study. Subjects were 444 consecutive 30‐ to 75‐year‐old Bulgarian women recruited from the outpatients referred for bone density testing (mean age, 52.67 ± 15.19 years; mean BMI, 26.10 ± 5.71 kg/m2). Height (centimeters), weight (kilograms), and blood pressure were measured. BMI and waist‐to‐hip ratio were calculated. Fasting plasma glucose, blood lipids, and immunoreactive insulinemia (Bayer Corp.‐Diagnostics Div., Tarrytown, NY) were determined. Body composition was analyzed by bioimpedance on a leg‐to‐leg analyser (Tanita TBF‐215; Tanita Corporation, Tokyo, Japan).Results: Of all women, 56.76% had a BMI > 25 kg/m2, 45.95% had a waist circumference > 88 cm, and 64.64% had a waist‐to‐hip ratio > 0.8; 59.90% had hypertension; 4.05% had fasting plasma glucose > 7.0 mM, and 42.79% had fasting morning immunoreactive insulinemia = 16 UI/liter; 23.65% had hypercholesterolemia; and 26.35% had hypertriglyceridemia. The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in this sample, as defined by the National Cholesterol and Education Program‐Adult Treatment Panel III, was 34.91%, and by the modified World Health Organization definition was 37.16%.Discussion: We concluded that Bulgarian women 30 to 75 years old referred for bone density testing have a high prevalence of the metabolic syndrome. Therefore, large‐scale prevention programs are needed in this field.
Norepinephrine‐ and Epinephrine‐deficient Mice Gain Weight Normally on a High‐fat Diet
Authors: Ste. Marie Linda , Luquet Serge , Curtis Wendy , Palmiter Richard D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Signaling through adrenergic receptors (ARs) by norepinephrine (NE) and epinephrine (Epi) regulates weight gain when mice are fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) by controlling diet‐induced thermogenesis. Thus, one would predict that mice unable to make NE/Epi because of inactivation of the dopamine β‐hydroxylase gene (Dbh‐null mice) would have a propensity to become obese. We characterized the response of Dbh‐null and control mice to a HFD.Research Methods and Procedures: Dbh‐null and control mice were fed an HFD or a regular diet (RD) for 2 months. Body weight, adiposity, muscle triglyceride levels, and adipocyte size were measured, as were circulating leptin, adiponectin, triglyceride, glucose, and insulin levels. A glucose tolerance test was also preformed.Results: Dbh‐null mice gain weight normally on an HFD and have the same adiposity. Their serum triglyceride and leptin levels are normal, but adipocytes are ∼30% smaller than controls. Dbh‐null mice maintain low blood glucose levels and glucose tolerance when exposed to the HFD in contrast to controls.Discussion: Complete lack of NE/Epi does not predispose to obesity. Because mice lacking all three βARs become obese on an HFD, an imbalance of signaling through α‐ and βARs seems to be responsible for obesity. Surprisingly, Dbh‐null mice maintain glucose tolerance.
Increased A‐ring Reduction of Glucocorticoids in Obese Zucker Rats: Effects of Insulin Sensitization
Authors: Livingstone Dawn E.W. , McInnes Kerry J. , Walker Brian R. , Andrew Ruth 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity is associated with altered glucocorticoid metabolism, which may impact on hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis activity. Here we characterize hepatic 5α‐ and 5β‐reductase in obese rats and their responses to insulin sensitization.Research Methods and Procedures: Hepatic A‐ring reductase protein and mRNA were assessed in lean and obese Zucker rats after insulin sensitization with metformin or rosiglitazone (n = 7 to 8/group).Results: Hepatic 5α‐reductase 1 and 5β‐reductase mRNA and protein (p < 0.01) were increased in obese rats. Insulin sensitization ameliorated increased 5α‐reductase 1 mRNA in obese rats (p < 0.01) and partially reversed increased 5β‐reductase activity.Discussion: Hepatic clearance of glucocorticoids by 5α‐ and 5β‐reductase is increased in obese Zucker rats, and this increase in clearance is attenuated by insulin sensitization. This increased hepatic clearance may underpin compensatory activation of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis in obesity.
Regulation of Acetyl CoA Carboxylase and Carnitine Palmitoyl Transferase‐1 in Rat Adipocytes
Authors: Zang Yan , Wang Tong , Xie Weisheng , Wang‐Fischer Yan‐Lin , Getty Lisa , Han Jianrong , Corkey Barbara E. , Guo Wen 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACC) is a key enzyme in energy balance. It controls the synthesis of malonyl‐CoA, an allosteric inhibitor of carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1 (CPT‐I). CPT‐I is the gatekeeper of free fatty acid (FFA) oxidation. To test the hypothesis that both enzymes play critical roles in regulation of FFA partitioning in adipocytes, we compared enzyme mRNA expression and specific activity from fed, fasted, and diabetic rats.Research Methods and Procedures: Direct effects of nutritional state, insulin, and FFAs on CPT‐I and ACC mRNA expression were assessed in adipocytes, liver, and cultured adipose tissue explants. We also determined FFA partitioning in adipocytes from donors exposed to different nutritional conditions.Results: CPT‐I mRNA and activity decreased in adipocytes but increased in liver in response to fasting. ACC mRNA and activity decreased in both adipocytes and liver during fasting. These changes were not caused directly by fasting‐associated changes in plasma insulin and FFA concentrations because insulin suppressed CPT‐I mRNA and did not affect ACC mRNA in vitro, whereas exogenous oleate had no effect on either. Despite the decrease in adipocyte CPT‐I mRNA and specific activity, CO2 production from endogenous FFAs increased, suggesting increased FFA transport through CPT‐I for β‐oxidation.Discussion: Stimulation of FFA transport through CPT‐I occurs in both tissues, but CPT‐I mRNA and specific activity correlate with FFA transport in liver and not in adipocytes. We conclude that the mechanism responsible for increasing FFA oxidation in adipose tissue during fasting involves mainly allosteric regulation, whereas altered gene expression may play a central role in the liver.
PIXImus DXA with Different Software Needs Individual Calibration to Accurately Predict Fat Mass
Authors: Johnston Sarah L. , Peacock Wendy L. , Bell Lynn M. , Lonchampt Michel , Speakman John R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To validate GE PIXImus2 DXA fat mass (FM) estimates by chemical analysis, to compare previously published correction equations with an equation from our machine, and to determine intermachine variation.Research Methods and Procedures: C57BL/6J (n = 16) and Aston (n = 14) mice (including ob/ob), Siberian hamsters (Phodopus sungorus) (n = 15), and bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) (n = 37) were DXA scanned postmortem, dried, then fat extracted using a Soxhlet apparatus. We compared extracted FM with DXA‐predicted FM corrected using an equation designed using wild‐type animals from split‐sample validation and multiple regression and two previously published equations. Sixteen animals were scanned on both a GE PIXImus2 DXA in France and a second machine in the United Kingdom.Results: DXA underestimated FM of obese C57BL/6J by 1.4 ± 0.19 grams but overestimated FM for wild‐type C57BL/6J (2.0 ± 0.11 grams), bank voles (1.1 ± 0.09 grams), and hamsters (1.1 ± 0.13 grams). DXA‐predicted FM corrected using our equation accurately predicted extracted FM (accuracy 0.02 grams), but the other equations did not (accuracy, −1.3 and −1.8 grams; paired Student's t test, p < 0.001). Two similar DXA instruments gave the same FM for obese mutant but not lean wild‐type animals.Discussion: DXA using the same software could use the same correction equation to accurately predict FM for obese mutant but not lean wild‐type animals. PIXImus machines purchased with new software need validating to accurately predict FM.
Effect of Somatostatin Analog on Postprandial Satiation in Obesity
Authors: Cremonini Filippo , Camilleri Michael , Gonenne Jonathan , Stephens Debra , Oenning LaVonne , Baxter Kari , Foxx‐Orenstein Amy , Burton Duane 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Altered satiation may impact postprandial symptoms and potentially change food intake in obesity. Our aim was to compare effects of octreotide and placebo on postprandial symptoms, satiation, and gastric volumes in obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: In a randomized, parallel‐group, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study, 26 obese but otherwise healthy participants received 100 μg of octreotide or placebo subcutaneously 30 minutes before each study. Studies were performed on 2 separate days and included validated non‐invasive techniques: 99mTc‐single photon emission computed tomography imaging to measure fasting stomach volume and gastric volume changes after 90 mL of water and 240 mL of Ensure and a standardized nutrient drink test to measure the maximum tolerated volume and postprandial symptoms.Results: Relative to placebo, octreotide increased gastric volume after 90 mL of water; however, fasting and gastric volume change post‐Ensure and maximum tolerated volume of Ensure were not different. Octreotide decreased sensations of fullness (p = 0.035) and bloating (p = 0.05) and tended to reduce aggregate symptoms (p = 0.07) after the fully satiating meal.Discussion: In obese individuals, somatostatin analog significantly reduced postprandial sensations after a satiating meal without altering maximum tolerated meal volume or postnutrient gastric volume, suggesting an effect on upper gut sensation. The role of somatostatin as a permissive factor in the development of obesity by reducing postprandial sensations deserves further study.
Accelerometry‐Measured Activity or Sedentary Time and Overweight in Rural Boys and Girls
Authors: Treuth Margarita S. , Hou Ningqi , Young Deborah R. , Maynard L. Michele 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The aim of this study was to examine the association between overweight and physical activity or sedentary time measured by accelerometry in rural boys and girls 7 to 19 years old.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional study was conducted involving 130 girls and 99 boys in elementary, middle, and high school in rural Maryland. After weight, height, and body composition were measured, children wore an Actiwatch accelerometer for 6 days. Comparisons for activity counts were made between normal and overweight or at risk for overweight (at‐risk/overweight) participants (≥85th percentile of BMI). The associations between body composition and accelerometry‐defined activity levels (sedentary, light, moderate, and vigorous) were analyzed by age group for boys and girls.Results: Differences in total activity in counts per day or counts per minute were not observed between normal and at‐risk/overweight boys or girls in all age groups. No associations between measures of body composition and time spent in an activity level were seen in boys. Fat mass and percentage fat were positively correlated to time spent in sedentary activity (range r = 0.42 to 0.54, all p < 0.01) for girls. In contrast, fat mass and percentage fat were negatively related to time spent in light activity (range, r = −0.40 to −0.51, p < 0.05) for girls.Discussion: In girls, but not boys, greater body fat is associated with greater time spent being inactive, and lower levels of body fat are associated with more time spent in light activity. Physical activity interventions targeting inactive children in rural communities are warranted.
The Impact of Obesity on Primary Care Visits
Authors: Bertakis Klea D. , Azari Rahman 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To investigate the influence of patient obesity on primary care physician practice style.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a randomized, prospective study of 509 patients assigned for care by 105 primary care resident physicians. Patient data collected included sociodemographic information, self‐reported health status (Medical Outcomes Study Short Form‐36), evaluation for depression (Beck Depression Index), and satisfaction. Height and weight were measured to calculate the BMI. Videotapes of the visits were analyzed using the Davis Observation Code (DOC).Results: Regression equations were estimated relating obesity to visit length, each of the 20 individual DOC codes, and the six DOC Physician Practice Behavior Clusters, controlling for patient health status and sociodemographics. Obesity was not significantly associated with the length of the visit, but influenced what happened during the visit. Physicians spent less time educating obese patients about their health (p = 0.0062) and more time discussing exercise (p = 0.0075). Obesity was not related to discussions regarding nutrition. Physicians spent a greater portion of the visit on technical tasks when the patient was obese (p = 0.0528). Mean pre‐visit general satisfaction for obese patients was significantly lower than for non‐obese patients (p = 0.0069); however, there was no difference in post‐visit patient satisfaction.Discussion: Patient obesity impacts the medical visit. Further research can promote a greater understanding of the relationships between obese patients and their physicians.
Effect of Orlistat in Obese Patients with Binge Eating Disorder
Authors: Golay Alain , Laurent‐Jaccard Anne , Habicht Frank , Gachoud Jean‐Pierre , Chabloz Mireille , Kammer Anne , Schutz Yves 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Binge eating disorder represents a significant public health problem, with up to 50% of weight loss program participants displaying this disorder. In previous studies with orlistat, patients with binge eating disorder were excluded. The goal of this study was to assess the efficacy of orlistat in obese patients with binge eating disorder.Research Methods and Procedures: Eighty‐nine patients with clinically diagnosed binge eating disorder and a BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2 were randomized in double‐blind fashion to 24 weeks of treatment with 120 mg of orlistat or placebo three times daily, in combination with a mildly reduced‐calorie diet.Results: After 24 weeks, the mean weight loss from baseline for orlistat‐treated patients was significantly greater than for patients receiving placebo (−7.4% vs. −2.3%; p = 0.0001) (intent‐to‐treat analysis). The overall Eating Disorder Inventory 2 score at week 24 was significantly lower in patients treated with orlistat than in those in the placebo group (p = 0.011)Discussion: Orlistat may be considered as part of the management for patients with obesity and binge eating disorder.
Weight Status in Childhood as a Predictor of Becoming Overweight or Hypertensive in Early Adulthood**
Authors: Field Alison E. , Cook Nancy R. , Gillman Matthew W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the extent to which weight status in childhood or adolescence predicts becoming overweight or hypertensive by young adulthood.Research Methods and Procedures: We conducted a prospective study of 314 children, who were 8 to 15 years old at baseline, and were followed up 8 to 12 years later. Weight, height, and blood pressure were measured by trained research staff. Incident overweight was defined as BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 among participants who had not been overweight as children.Results: More male subjects (48.3%) than female subjects (23.5%) became overweight or obese between their first childhood visit and the young adult follow‐up (p < 0.001). Being in the upper one half of the normal weight range (i.e., BMI between the 50th and 84th percentiles for age and gender in childhood) was a good predictor of becoming overweight as a young adult. Compared with children with a BMI <50th percentile, girls and boys between the 50th and 74th percentiles of BMI were ∼5 times more likely [boys, odds ratio (OR) = 5.3, p = 0.002; girls, OR = 4.8, p = 0.07] and those with a BMI between the 75th and 84th percentiles were up to 20 times more likely (boys, OR = 4.3, p = 0.02; girls, OR = 20.2, p = 0.001) to become overweight. The incidence of high blood pressure was greater among the male subjects (12.3% vs. 1.9%). Compared with boys who had childhood BMI below the 75th percentile, boys between the 75th and 85th percentiles of BMI as children were four times more likely (OR = 3.6) and those at above the 85th percentile were five times more likely (OR = 5.1) to become hypertensive.Discussion: High normal weight status in childhood predicted becoming overweight or obese as an adult. Also, among the boys, elevated BMI in childhood predicted risk of hypertension in young adulthood.
Calcium and Dairy Intake and Measures of Obesity in Hyper‐ and Normocholesterolemic Children
Authors: Dixon L. Beth , Pellizzon Michael A. , Jawad Abbas F. , Tershakovec Andrew M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Calcium intake has been inversely associated with body weight and body fatness in adults and, to a lesser extent, in children. Dairy intake has been inversely associated with metabolic syndrome in overweight but not normal‐weight adults. We assessed whether intakes of calcium and dairy foods were associated with measures of obesity in hypercholesterolemic (HC) and normocholesterolemic (non‐HC) children at baseline and over 1 year.Research Methods and Procedures: Non‐obese 4‐ to 10‐year‐old HC and non‐HC children (342) completed three 24‐hour dietary recalls and provided measures of relative weight (BMI and BMI z scores) and adiposity (sum of skinfolds, trunk skinfolds) at baseline, 3, 6, and 12 months. Cross‐sectional and longitudinal regression analyses, stratified by cholesterol risk status (HC vs. non‐HC) and age (4 to 6 years and 7 to 10 years) and adjusted for potential confounders, were conducted.Results: After adjusting for age, sex, energy intake, and percentage energy from fat, calcium intake was inversely associated with BMI, sum of skinfolds, and trunk skinfolds at baseline and over 1 year in the 7‐ to 10‐year‐old non‐HC children. Results from the regression models also indicated an inverse relation between intake of dairy foods and measures of obesity at baseline in these children. Calcium or dairy intake was not associated with measures of obesity in HC children or in the 4‐ to 6‐year‐old non‐HC children.Discussion: These results suggest a complex relation among intake of calcium and dairy foods, measures of obesity, age, and serum cholesterol in children. Older children without risk of metabolic syndrome may benefit most from increased calcium intake.
Association of Plasma Resistin Levels with Coronary Heart Disease in Women
Authors: Pischon Tobias , Bamberger Christoph M. , Kratzsch Jürgen , Zyriax Birgit‐Christiane , Algenstaedt Petra , Boeing Heiner , Windler Eberhard 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the association between plasma resistin levels and the presence of coronary heart disease (CHD) in women.Research Methods and Procedures: Plasma resistin levels were measured in a case‐control study including 185 women with angiographically confirmed CHD and 227 population‐based female controls from the Coronary Risk Factors for Atherosclerosis in Women (CORA) study.Results: After adjustment for age, smoking, family history of myocardial infarction, retirement, education, physical activity, menopausal status, hormone replacement use, BMI, hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia, the odds ratio for CHD for women in the highest compared with lowest quintile of plasma resistin levels was 3.19 (95% confidence interval, 1.44 to 7.10; p log trend, 0.001). After additional adjustment for plasma C‐reactive protein levels, this association was substantially attenuated and no longer significant (odds ratio, 1.80; 95% confidence interval, 0.69 ti 4.69; p trend = 0.23).Discussion: These results suggest that plasma resistin levels are significantly associated with the presence of CHD in women; however, this association can largely be explained by concomitant inflammatory processes. Further studies are needed to determine the causal role of resistin in the development of CHD in humans.
Longitudinal Analyses among Overweight, Insulin Resistance, and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Children
Authors: Reinehr Thomas , de Sousa Gideon , Andler Werner 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: It has been questioned whether insulin resistance or obesity is the central abnormality contributing to the cardiovascular risk factors dyslipidemia and hypertension in obesity.Research Methods and Procedures: We studied weight status [SD score (SDS)‐BMI], lipids (triglycerides, low‐density lipoprotein‐ and high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol), blood pressure, and insulin resistance index [as homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) model] over a 1‐year period in 229 obese white children (median age 12 years).Results: Any degree of decrease in HOMA was associated with significant decreases in triglycerides (p < 0.001), systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), whereas the children with different changes in HOMA did not differ significantly in their weight changes. Only the children in the highest quartile of weight reduction (decrease in SDS‐BMI > 0.5) demonstrated a significant decrease in systolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.001), and triglycerides (p = 0.012), and an increase in high‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol (p = 0.023), whereas with a lower degree of weight loss, there were no significant changes in cardiovascular risk factors. In contrast with a lower degree of weight loss, a reduction of >0.5 SDS‐BMI was associated with a significant decrease in HOMA (p < 0.001).Discussion: Because blood pressure and triglycerides decreased with any degree of decrease in HOMA, independently of changes in weight status, these findings support the hypothesis that insulin resistance is the central abnormality contributing to these cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, improving insulin resistance seems more important than reducing overweight to prevent or treat hypertension and dyslipidemia in obese children.
The 2.3 Genotype of ESRRA23 of the ERRα Gene Is Associated with a Higher BMI Than the 2.2 Genotype
Authors: Kamei Yasutomi , Lwin Htay , Saito Kyoko , Yokoyama Tetsuji , Yoshiike Nobuo , Ezaki Osamu , Tanaka Heizo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractERRα (NR3B1) is an orphan nuclear receptor believed to be involved in energy metabolism and obesity. A 23‐base pair sequence in the 5′‐flanking region of the ERRα gene, referred to as ESRRA23, is polymorphic in human chromosomes. Here, we investigated the influence of the ESRRA23 polymorphism on obesity in 703 Japanese individuals by analyzing indices of obesity and related lifestyle factors. The frequency of genotypes was similar to that reported in whites. The 2.3‐genotype was associated with a significantly higher BMI than was the 2.2‐genotype. An increased number of ESRRA23 repeats may be a genetic factor in human obesity.