bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns among Indonesian Adults Hospitalized with Pneumonia
Authors: Akhmad Afan Fatkhur , Ulfa Maria , Azuma Momoyo 
Published: February 2024

Introduction: Pneumonia continues to be a global issue with significant morbidity and mortality rates. Increased multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pneumonia, aging populations, chronically ill patients, and inadequate initial antibiotic therapy increase hospitalized pneumonia patients' morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to analyze the microbiological pattern and choose a therapy based on local antibiotic susceptibility patterns.
Methods: From January 2020 to December 2022, a retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted on hospitalized pneumonia patients at Haji General Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. Data from medical records were gathered to illustrate patient features, bacterial culture, and antimicrobial susceptibility tests. This study included 172 patients. In this study, no specific statistical analysis was performed. The data were reported as a percentage (%).
Results: The patients were mostly 56-65 years old (36.6%) and male (55.2%). The most common comorbidities were cardiovascular disease (17.3%), and the others were diabetes mellitus (14.0%), cerebral vascular attack (CVA) (10.7%), and coronavirus infection (8.9%). Based on the sputum culture, the bacteria identified were Klebsiella pneumoniae (25.0%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (20.9%), Acinetobacter baumannii (15.7%), and Escherichia coli (11.6%). The most common bacteria isolated from sputum cultures was Klebsiella pneumoniae, which was more susceptible to amikacin and meropenem.
Conclusion: Only amikacin was an antibiotic susceptible to four primary pathogens. Rates of resistance to ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone were high, and these empiric antibiotics should be used with caution in these patients.
Femoral Nailing in a Porcine Model Causes Bone Marrow Emboli in the Lungs and Systemic Emboli in the Heart and Brain
Authors: Kristiansen Steinar , Jarmund Anders Hagen , Hilmo Jonas , Mollnes Tom Eirik , Leth-Olsen Martin , Nyrnes Siri Ann , Nilsen Bent Aksel , Grønli Renathe Henriksen , Faldaas Bjørn Ove , Storm Benjamin , Espenes Arild , Nielsen Erik Waage 
Published: February 2024

Background:
Shaft fractures of the femur are commonly treated with intramedullary nailing, which can release bone marrow emboli into the bloodstream. Emboli can travel to the lungs, impairing gas exchange and causing inflammation. Occasionally, emboli traverse from the pulmonary to the systemic circulation, hindering perfusion and resulting in injuries such as heart and brain infarctions, known as fat embolism syndrome. We studied the extent of systemic bone marrow embolization in a pig model.

Methods:
Twelve anesthetized pigs underwent bilateral intramedullary nailing of the femur, while 3 animals served as sham controls. Monitoring included transesophageal echocardiography (TEE), pulse oximetry, electrocardiography, arterial blood pressure measurement, and blood gas and troponin-I analysis. After surgery, animals were monitored for 240 minutes before euthanasia. Post mortem, the heart, lungs, and brain were biopsied.

Results:
Bone marrow emboli were found in the heart and lungs of all 12 of the pigs that underwent intramedullary nailing and in the brains of 11 of them. No emboli were found in the sham group. The pigs subjected to intramedullary nailing exhibited significant hypoxia (PaO2/FiO2 ratio, 410 mm Hg [95% confidence interval (CI), 310 to 510) compared with the sham group (594 mm Hg [95% CI, 528 to 660]). The nailing group exhibited ST-segment alterations consistent with myocardial ischemia and a significant increase in the troponin-I level compared with the sham group (1,580 ng/L [95% CI, 0 to 3,456] versus 241 ng/L [95% CI, 0 to 625] at the 240-minute time point; p = 0.005). TEE detected emboli in the right ventricular outflow tract, but not systemically, in the nailing group.

Conclusions:
Bilateral intramedullary nailing caused bone marrow emboli in the lungs and systemic emboli in the heart and brain in this pig model. The observed clinical manifestations were consistent with coronary and pulmonary emboli. TEE detected pulmonary but not systemic embolization.

Clinical Relevance:
Femoral intramedullary nailing in humans is likely to result in embolization as described in our pig model. Focused monitoring is necessary for detection of fat embolism syndrome. Absence of visual emboli in the left ventricle on TEE does not exclude the occurrence of systemic bone marrow emboli.
Casing Runnability Indicator While Drilling: Adaptive Threading of Engineering with Real Time Data
Authors: Samuel Robello , Kumar Kiran , Nakhle Amol 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to track and predict the best way to run the casing string while the specific hole segment of the well is drilled. Several variables with estimated indications are monitored in real-time, and a comprehensive index is used to measure the runnability of the casing. An evaluation of whether the casing can be run without a short landing is provided by the approach created by combining geometrical and mechanical parameter calculations. This gives the opportunity to make more modifications while the well is being drilled.
Generally speaking, the borehole quality used to run the casing has an impact on the "smoothness" that links the wellbore geometry and mechanical system used to drill the portion of the well. It is feasible to determine the runnability of the casing for a particular hole size using complex equations represented with common sense and real-time drilling parameters. Wellbore tortuosity, borehole torsion, wellprofile energy, casing push through force, margin of slackoff force, and overpull margin all work together to facilitate the assessment of a suggested wellpath in order to ascertain the runnability of the casing. For operations like running casing in curve building sections or to total depth on lengthy laterals, combining operational experience and trajectory parameters in a methodology has shown to be an effective way to estimate operational risk. Furthermore, this study addresses the ways in which the runnability metrics can be adjusted in realtime with actual drilling and survey details. Furthermore, this study addresses the ways in which runnability measurements can be used to predict or identify other difficulties, such as intricate stimulation tasks, artificial lift functionality, and potential well servicing issues that could result from undesired curvature, borehole torsion, and wellbore drift.
Lifua-A: An Enhanced Methodology for Installing a Stacked Template Structure (STS) With a Jack-Up Rig
Authors: Naive Philamer T. , Ardian Iwan , Costa Susana , Ariyo Adeolu , Desai Amit , Kettless Glen E. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper describes the new methodologies, complex engineering work, and fit-for-purpose processes that were adapted in the design, fabrication, load-out, and installation of the heaviest and largest stacked template structure (STS) installed by a jack-up rig to date.
Lifua is one of the marginal fields within the Block 0 concession in offshore Angola. The development plan for these marginal fields requires short-cycle and cost-effective designs to be economically feasible. Utilizing a minimum functional objective approach, Lifua-A was planned as a proof-of-concept for this strategy which involves a repeatable solution developing a standard wellhead platform design, standard well designs and a factory-repeatable platform fabrication, installation and well execution process.
The STS design was the selected solution for the development of the Lifua field. This rig-installable platform design was first developed and installed in offshore Indonesia in 1995 with slots for three wells and rated for 150 ft of water depth. Lifua-A STS is a ten-well platform with a planned installation at a water depth of 205 ft. As a result, a new enhanced STS design and installation procedure was required. As the structural design work and fabrication progressed, the technical requirements for the jack-up rig were also developed. Upon contracting the rig, detailed engineering work was undertaken to modify the rig's cantilever system to meet the lifting and installation requirements of the STS modules. The upgrade increased the rig's cantilever longitudinal skidding capability to 85 ft with a lifting capacity of 400MT. In addition, engineering work was carried out to size and install a hydraulic hammer on the rig floor to drive the 42-in. and 36-in. conductors. Finally, the laying of the subsea flexible production flowline, thermoplastic composite water injection pipeline, and subsea power cable were all engineered in a way where they could be pulled in and up the STS platform from the rig floor utilizing a drillpipe-sling assembly and a winch cable.
The installation of the Lifua-A STS was executed according to plan, achieving the short-cycle objective by delivering the project within three years from FID to first oil. In addition, the project planning and execution was successfully carried out during the COVID pandemic. One key success factor was having the cross-functional groups working together as one team, from the development of the design to fabricating the structures and actual offshore installation. Lifua-A unlocked the marginal reserves of the Lifua field by stretching the limit of the application of the STS. This success opens the possibility of utilizing the same solution to other similar marginal fields.
Well Construction in the Era of Big Data: It's not Data Analytics, It's Engineering with Data
Authors: Payette G. S. , Bailey J. R. , Pastusek P. E. , Witt-Doerring Y. , Kostov N. , Shukla K. , Haugen S. G. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
In this paper we make the case that data science captures value in well construction when data analysis methods, such as machine learning, are underpinned by first principles derived from physics and engineering and supported by deep domain expertise.
Despite receiving wide attention in recent years, many organizations currently struggle to derive value from their data science efforts. In our experience, disappointment arises for a multitude of reasons, which we discuss in detail. Key issues that often hinder value capture include poor data management, challenges in working with WITSML data, lack of well construction domain expertise by data science teams, inadequate use of physics and engineering and failure to adopt data science solutions into existing or new well construction workflows.
Although by no means comprehensive, we provide a summary of important data that pertains to the well construction process. We further discuss high-level areas where data science can add value to well construction through analysis of such data. Data science initiatives typically fit within at least one of the following categories: Historical Studies, Well Planning, Real-Time Well Construction Execution and Post-Drill Learning Capture. Historical studies are often good places for data science teams to initially focus their efforts. However, as insights are drawn and potential for value is shown, organizations should consider extending capabilities developed to carry-out historical studies to support well planning and real-time well construction execution workflows.
A large portion of this paper is dedicated to discussing ways that organizations can work to improve their abilities to derive value from data science efforts. Most of the discussion focuses on steps that data science teams can take today. However, our commentary on data management and governance is more forward looking. Important topics which we cover include:
Data management and governance. Serving data to data scientists. Working with WITSML data. Basic skills and technologies needed by data science teams. Importance of building common capabilities for working with data. Need for physics and engineering to inform data analysis. Importance of identifying data quality issues. Importance of activity-based data filtering when working with WITSML data. Dysfunction detection using WITSML data. Application of statistics and machine learning.
We conclude by examining several historical data science case studies for well construction. Each example highlights the need to connect data and some physical or engineering process (i.e., "engineering with data") to deliver value through data science.
Case Study: Deep Insights from Downhole Sensing Unlocks Extended Bit Footage for Economic Drilling of Vibration Prone Abrasive Sandstones in Central USA
Authors: Hanafy A. , Kueck A. , Pauli A. , Huang X. , Bomidi J. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Targeting deep reach laterals in vibration prone interbedded abrasive sandstones requires multiple bits to complete the prolific pay zones in Central USA. Excessive cutter wear coupled with extreme torque fluctuation in such targets results in reduced ROP and premature failure of BHA components. Early POOH leads to 24 to 48 hours of non-productive time due to BHA tripping. This puts huge economic risk on such challenging pay zones. This study exhibits detailed analysis of downhole and in-bit sensing data to increase the operational stability window enabling enhanced bit durability and smoother drilling conditions for economic drilling of long laterals.
The proposed bit's operation optimization framework is built using a detailed analysis for an in-bit high-frequency sensing gyro and accelerometers data correlated to the geo-steering unit vibrational and Gamma-ray data. The data analysis identified High-Frequency Torsional Oscillation (HFTO) prone formations and HFTO event frequencies, amplitudes and durations while drilling through lithologies with different rock strengths. The findings from the analysis of the field data are cross referenced to the bit response in lab experiments using in-bit sensing while drilling custom built rock cores under high confinement pressure. The result of this work is used to accurately model the drill bit performance to develop best practices to operate them. An operational stability map and a drilling guideline were built and communicated with the region for longer reach and stable drilling.
The data analysis showed a correlation between the lithology shaleness factor and the bits susceptibility to trigger HFTO among other vibrational events. The higher the shale content on the GR track the lower the HFTO excitation probability. These findings were mirrored in the lab while drilling interbedded cores at high confining pressure and it was used to calibrate our drilling models for bit optimization. The application of the drilling guidelines on operating 9 bits resulted in a total savings of $500K per well and 4 days less of non-productive tripping. The guided drilling practices increased the drilled footage per bit by 50%, while reaching the same dull state as previous runs. The control of the bit HFTO and vibrational response decreased the frequency of premature BHA equipment failure enabling longer intervals and less unnecessary tripping.
The absence of wire line logging in long reach laterals limits the understanding of targeted zones. This framework enables gaining deeper formation insights that unlock the optimization of capable drill bits. The adoption of such practice is promising longer footage per bit, less downhole vibrational issues, and economic completion of challenging interbedded abrasive across the world.
Mitigating Drilling Dysfunction: Stopping HFTO Where it Starts
Authors: Johnson Ashley , Panayirci Murat , Scott Dave , Gjertsen Ole , Cazares Lucia 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
This paper presents development of a system to test the origins of high-frequency torsional oscillation (HFTO) and identify the physical cause that allow for building information, which will alleviate this damaging dysfunction.
It will present field data where the actual amplitude of HFTO is a complex function of many parameters in which both drill-bit speed and weight on the bit are extremely significant. The HFTO amplitude will increase with both parameters to a peak and then a further increase will reduce the actual vibration.
To characterize these relations, a facility was built in our Research Centre in Cambridge, UK, to test HFTO in a laboratory environment. A torsional equivalent to a mass spring resonator was used. The facility allows for drilling under identical drilling conditions with HFTO enabled or disabled.
It will be shown that the origin of HFTO is at the actual cutting structure contact with the formation. The HFTO is not driven by the broadband bit drilling noise but by the actual bit cutter's interaction with the formation rock. It is these interactions that drive the speed and weight on bit (WOB) characteristics observed in downhole operations.
The characteristics and scale of the dysfunction are dependent upon the formation, the cutting structure, as well as the cutter profiles. This new knowledge will enable bits to be built that will alleviate HFTO rather than drive it.
Using Big Data to Spotlight HFTO
Authors: Bhoite Sameer , Johnson Ashley , Mukhtar Adeel , Long David , Singh Suchita , Peot Nicholas 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
High frequency torsional oscillation (HFTO) is a major contributing factor to the drilling dynamics-related bottomhole assembly (BHA) failures. These failures are costly because they not only damage the drilling tools but also cause significant nonproductive time (NPT) to the operational activity. It is therefore highly desirable to measure and mitigate this dysfunction in real time.
We have built a high-performance drilling dynamics module, which enables real-time or recorded mode measurements of this HFTO phenomenon. Using this measurement, we can deliver actionable insights to the rig or the rig crew in real time. With data from more than 3000 runs, we can build a clearer understanding of the real characteristics of HFTO, its drivers, and the effects it has on our drilling systems.
We show that with increasing Weight on Bit (WOB) the amplitude of the HFTO will increase. However, at high WOB the dysfunction amplitude will drop, while the ROP continues to rise. As such there is a sweet spot with high ROP and low HFTO.
By integrating this database of drilling dysfunctions with our records of tool damage and nonproductive time, we can map the effect of HFTO onto different failure criteria. As a result, we can define new and better operational standards and generate real-time insights into what damage is more likely to occur and how to change drilling parameters, if needed, to prevent it or determine if the vibration will pass without incident.
We also show that although the rotary steerable tools we use are sensitive to the effect of HFTO, our measurement while drilling (MWD) tools are not. For this latter group the probability of damage is the same for runs with and without HFTO.
This paper discusses the method and results for this study.
Saving Pipe One Joint at a Time: The Use of Welded Wear Bands to Protect Drill Pipe Tubes in Abrasive Formations
Authors: Wells Austin J. , Doles David , Tappin MaeBeth , Reese Jobe A. , Morgan Ryan , Kroger Jason , Horton III Tom , Anderson Mark , Broussard Steve 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
As operators actively manage their costs of drilling, reducing cost in one area can increase it in another. Millions of horizontal feet drilled across North American shale basins has effectively eradicated existing drill pipe fleets. In addition, the rise of 5-1/2 inch variants in land-based Extended Reach Drilling (ERD) wells has made drill pipe more difficult and costly to replace, so keeping drill pipe in service for as long as possible is paramount to improving its total cost of ownership as well as to ameliorate the risk of replacement when supply chains preclude availability. In two continuous trials, drill pipe was protected using welded wear bands near the center of the tubes, with the downhole effect on the pipe carefully measured and analyzed.
Using a ground-breaking, low heat input welding process, protective weld material was applied to drill pipe tube bodies used in the Jonah Field and Midland Basin. These protected the most vulnerable areas of the tubes from wear and mitigated DBR/downgrade. The protected drill pipe was thoroughly inspected after being used in both the Jonah Field and Midland Basin, and relevant technical inputs were recorded for every run in the Jonah Field. Extensive measurements were taken of the wear bands run-over-run to evaluate their effectiveness throughout the trials.
The technical need for protected drill pipe was twofold, effective rock destruction when drilling through hard, abrasive sandstone coupled with the economic need to deliver 2-2.5-mile laterals. For the trials, inspections – including dimensional, visual, Magnetic Particle Inspection (MPI), and Ultrasonic Testing (UT) – were completed on pipe following multiple lateral runs and wells. These data were used to measure and monitor material loss of both the wear bands and drill pipe body and indicated that the wear bands were effectively protecting the drill pipe while wearing at measurable rates. Revolutions, calculated side forces, and lithology were tracked on a run-to-run basis in the Jonah Field to assist with normalizing the measured wear rates and evaluating the effectiveness of the trial wear bands. All this revealed successful runs with the wear bands present.
The value of this improved welding method is that it extends the life of the drill pipe, significantly decreasing the total cost of ownership for operators. Although these trials were limited in scope, a meaningful ROI will be achieved at scale, with all or most of the drill pipe protected with the longest-lasting wear bands. Because the wear bands cost less than 25% of a new joint of pipe and allow the pipe to last up to twice as long, this Return On Investment (ROI) is substantial.
Experimental Setup to Investigate the Permeability of Annular Cement to Fluid Flow
Authors: Opedal N. , Feneuil B. , Wiggen E. , Taghipour A. , Skorpa R. 
Published: February 2024

Abstract
Well integrity issues have been widely studied in the oil and gas sector; however, with storage wells (e.g. towards natural gas, CO2 and H2), new challenges may arise due to the reactivity of the stored fluid in contact with well barrier materials, including migration and leakage of fluids. It is therefore essential to study the reaction of fluids with cement in well conditions to be able to predict the evolution of the cement annulus when exposed to fluids.
We have performed fluid flow experiments through realistic cracks in an annular cement sheath in a downscaled wellbore section. Two different experimental procedures to measure fluid flow have been investigated. The setup consists of a steel casing, cement sheath and surrounding rock. This setup provides a unique possibility to perform pressure cycling experiments to investigate cement sheath integrity and subsequent flow measurement across the 30—cm long cement sheath.
We compare the evolution of the flow rate of both gas (N2) and brine (liquid). Fluid flow testing with N2 and brine provides a reference measurement of the micro annuli permeability for both liquid and gas phases. As nitrogen does not react with cement, it provides a reference flow measurement. This paper reports initial and new results, measuring fluid flow as a function of inner casing pressure of a downscaled wellbore section.