bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural Study of Endoreticulatus durforti N. Sp., a New Microsporidian Parasite of the Intestinal Epithelium of Artemia (Crustacea, Anostraca)
Authors: MARTINEZ M. ASUNCION , VIVARES CHRISTIAN P. , BOUIX GEORGES 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT. A new microsporidian parasite of the Artemia intestinal epithelium has been studied. The microsporidium developed within a membranous parasitophorous vesicle from the host rough endoplasmic reticulum consisting of two membranes, with the proximal one usually lacking ribosomes.All developmental stages had isolated nuclei. Unikaryotic meronts developed into merogonial plasmodia. Merogonial division occurred by binary fission and rosette‐shaped fragmentation. In young sporonts, an electron‐lucent space, corresponding to the developing endospore, was immediately observed between both the plasmalemma and the exospore primordium. Sporogonial division occurred also by rosette‐shaped fragmentation, resulting in at least eight sporoblasts that developed directly into spores. Fresh spores were 1.7 × 0.9 μm in size and oval‐shaped. The 8–11 coil isofilar polar filament was arranged in two rows. The polaroplast was bipartite. The nature of the parasitophorous envelope, host‐parasite interaction, developmental cycle and taxonomy are discussed.
Resistance of sugarcane borer to Bacillus thuringiensis Cry1Ab toxin
Authors: Huang Fangneng , Leonard B. Rogers , Wu Xiaoyi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sugarcane borer, Diatraea saccharalis (F.) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), strain (F52‐3‐R) was developed from F3 survivors of a single‐pair mating on commercial Cry1Ab Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) corn plants in the greenhouse. The susceptibility of a Bt‐susceptible and the F52‐3‐R strain of D. saccharalis to trypsin‐activated Cry1Ab toxin was determined in a laboratory bioassay. Neonate‐stage larvae were fed a meridic diet incorporating Cry1Ab toxin at a concentration range of 0.0625 to 32 µg g−1. Larval mortality, larval weight, and number of surviving larvae that did not gain significant weight (<0.1 mg per larva) were recorded on the 7th day after inoculation. The F52‐3‐R strain demonstrated a significant level of resistance to the activated Cry1Ab toxin. Larval mortality of the Bt‐susceptible strain increased in response to higher concentrations of Cry1Ab toxin, exceeding 75% at 32 µg g−1, whereas mortality of the F52‐3‐R strain was below 8% across all Cry1Ab concentrations. Using a measure of practical mortality (larvae either died or gained no weight), the median lethal concentration (LC50) of the F52‐3‐R strain was 102‐fold greater than that of the Bt‐susceptible insects. Larval growth of both Bt‐susceptible and F52‐3‐R strains was inhibited on Cry1Ab‐treated diet, but the inhibition of the F52‐3‐R strain was significantly less than that of the Bt‐susceptible insects. These results confirm that the survival of the F52‐3‐R strain on commercial Bt corn plants was related to Cry1Ab protein resistance and suggest that this strain may have considerable value in studying resistance management strategies for Bt corn.
Sex pheromone of the larch caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus superans, from northeastern China
Authors: Kong Xiang‐Bo , Zhao Cheng‐Hua , Wang Rui 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe larch caterpillar moth, Dendrolimus superans Butler (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae), is a serious pest in the northeastern part of China. In order to develop an effective method for monitoring D. superans, we began a project to identify the sex pheromone of D. superans and preliminary results were published in a note in 2001. Here we report complete laboratory and field results to support the identification. (Z,E)‐5,7‐Dodecadienal, (Z,E)‐5,7‐dodecadienol, (Z)‐5‐dodecenol, and (Z)‐5‐dodecenal (100:95:75:71) were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and coupled GC‐mass spectrometry in extracts of pheromone glands of female D. superans. However, only (Z,E)‐5,7‐dodecadienal elicited strong responses from conspecific male antennae in coupled GC‐electroantennography studies. Field tests with synthetic compounds indicated that baits containing (Z,E)‐5,7‐dodecadienal as a single component attracted male D. superans moths, whereas addition of one, two, or all three of the possible minor components did not increase the attractiveness of lures. (Z,E)‐5,7‐Dodecadienyl acetate, one of the pheromone components in sympatric Dendrolimus species, was antagonistic, but the analog (Z,E)‐5,7‐dodecadienyl propionate, another pheromone component in sympatric Dendrolimus species, was not. Since 2005, pheromone traps baited with (Z,E)‐5,7‐dodecadienal have been used effectively for monitoring populations of D. superans in various areas of northeastern China.
Protective effects of baicalin on ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats
Authors: Cai X. , Li C. , Du G. , Cao Z. 
Published: May 2007

Background and Objective:  Baicalin is a flavonoid compound purified from the medicinal plant, Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, and has been reported to possess anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant activities. The purpose of this study was to test the ability of baicalin to influence the progression of experimental periodontitis in rats, as well as the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase.Material and Methods:  Adult male Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to placement of a nylon thread around the bilateral lower first molars and killed after 7 d. Baicalin (50, 100 or 200 mg/kg) was supplied to the animals by oral gavage, starting 1 d before the induction of periodontitis. The ligature group consisted of rats subjected to periodontitis and receiving vehicle (0.5% carboxymethylcellulose) alone. The alveolar bone loss and the area fraction occupied by collagen fibers were assessed. The expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase protein in the gingiva were detected by immunohistochemistry and western blotting.Results:  Baicalin‐treated groups presented with lower alveolar bone loss than that of the ligature group, reaching statistical significance at the dose of 200 mg/kg (p = 0.009). The area fraction of collagen fibers was significantly higher in the baicalin (200 mg/kg)‐treated group than in the ligature group (p = 0.047). Baicalin treatment significantly down‐regulated the protein expression for cyclooxygenase‐2 (p = 0.000) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (p = 0.003), compared with the ligature group.Conclusion:  Baicalin protects against tissue damage in ligature‐induced periodontitis in rats, which might be mediated, in part, by its inhibitory effect on the expression of cyclooxygenase‐2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase. These activities could support the continued investigation of baicalin as a potential therapeutic agent in periodontal disease.
Cellular basis of verruciform xanthoma: immunohistochemical and ultrastructural characterization
Authors: Ide F , Obara K , Yamada H , Mishima K , Saito I , Kusama K 
Published: May 2007

Background:  Verruciform xanthoma (VX) holds two basic pathogenic interests: (1) Why and how do macrophage foam cells accumulate exclusively in the sub‐basal papillae? and (2) What underlies the disease chronicity? Moreover, an unsolved question is which came first – epithelial hyperplasia or foam cell collection?Materials and methods:  We analyzed 36 oral mucosal lesions to dissect a series of linked cellular changes in VX using immunohistochemical and ultrastructural techniques.Results:  Macrophage scavenger receptor‐1 (MSR‐1), monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 (MCP‐1), CCR2, and oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL) were all expressed by foam cells. VX epithelium showed reactivity for MCP‐1, HLA‐DR and IL8 in varying degrees, and showed a nearly 40% reduction in Langerhans cell density. In sub‐epithelial inflammatory infiltrates, CD8+ T cells preponderated (>70%), but only a minority were positive for granzyme B (<1%). Keratinocyte/basal lamina complex exhibited disruption of basal lamina, squamatization and cytolysis of basal cells, fragmentation of desmosomes, and intraepithelial migration of macrophages. In severely inflamed papillae, necrotic foam cells were scavenged by adjacent macrophages.Conclusions:  Under synergistic regulation of T cells, MCP‐1/CCR2‐mediated macrophage recruitment in the sub‐basal papillae and the lysosomal engulfment of epithelial lipids by MSR‐1‐bearing macrophages may be central in VX formation. Once developed, ox‐LDL‐induced foam cell necrosis and macrophage‐dependent debris disposal may cyclically perpetuate VX.
‘So Common‐Hackneyed in the Eyes of Men’: Banal Shakespeare and the Eighteenth‐Century Novel
Authors: Rumbold Kate 
Published: May 2007

Abstract This essay was runner‐up in the 2006 Literature Compass Graduate Essay Prize, Eighteenth Century Section. Scholars of Shakespeare's reception still conclude that he was elevated in the eighteenth century from provincial playwright to ‘secular scripture’, his words reverently spoken ‘everywhere’. This article proposes that there was a negative side to this omnipresence. Through the lens of the eighteenth‐century novel, it examines the hitherto unstudied phenomenon of ‘banal Shakespeare’: a Shakespeare whose phrases are overused by polite society. It focuses on those instances in the fiction of Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Sarah Fielding and Laurence Sterne when the novelists deliberately have their characters quote Shakespeare in ways that are trite, clichéd or compelled by society. Asking whether ‘banal Shakespeare’ is a threat, or an aid, to the ‘rise of bardolatry’, this article contributes a new sense of the multiple, ambiguous meanings of ‘Shakespeare’ in the eighteenth century, and develops the study of novelistic quotation.
A study of two sitting positions in frail, older, non‐mobile and totally dependent residents of aged care facilities
Authors: Nitz Jennifer C , Hourigan Susan R , Steer Marie E 
Published: May 2007

Objectives:  To determine the effect of two ‘sitting‐out’ positions among frail, elderly, non‐mobile and totally dependent aged care residents. Methods:  Ten frail elderly women older than 75 years undertook evaluation. Oxygen saturation, blood pressure and heart rate were measured in reclined (< 25 degrees from horizontal) and upright (> 75 degrees from horizontal) sitting to determine the change in these parameters induced by position.Results:  There was a significant increase in oxygen saturation (P = 0.000) systolic (P = 0.000) and diastolic blood pressure (P = 0.034) and heart rate (P = 0.000) when subjects were moved from the reclined sitting position to upright sitting. The recordings were sustained during the measuring periods independent of position. There was no evidence of postural hypotension induced in the upright sitting position.Conclusions:  Results indicate the superiority of the upright sitting position for potential tissue oxygenation. Adopting the upright sitting position may enable participation in functional activities, thereby improving quality of life.
Are Complex A and the Orphan stream related?
Authors: Jin Shoko , Lynden-Bell D. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
We consider the possibility that the Galactic neutral hydrogen stream Complex A and the stellar Orphan stream are related, and use this hypothesis to determine possible distances to Complex A and the Orphan stream, and line-of-sight velocities for the latter. The method presented uses our current knowledge of the projected positions of the streams, as well as line-of-sight velocities for Complex A, and we show that a solution exists in which the two streams share the same orbit. If Complex A and the Orphan stream are on this orbit, our calculations suggest the Orphan stream to be at an average distance of 9 kpc, with heliocentric radial velocities of approximately −95 km s−1. Complex A would be ahead of the Orphan stream in the same wrap of the orbit, with an average distance of 4 kpc, which is consistent with the distance constraints determined through interstellar absorption line techniques.
NOTE ON “EXPERTS VERSUS CONSUMERS: A COMPARISON”
Authors: DUGLE JANIS 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA recent article (Moskowitz 1996) presented “evidence” to demonstrate that consumer and expert panels are equally competent for rating products on their descriptive attributes. The purpose of this note is to show that the evidence presented by the Moskowitz article is of dubious value for the purpose of comparing panels. Some examples: the claim that the spread of the means indicates one panel's ability to discriminate better than the other is misleading —panel variability must be taken into account. Whereas the article's interpretation of high and low correlations favors consumers, there is another interpretation that favors experts, and neither opinion necessarily follows from the data. Also, a claim that both panels have equal predictive ability because principal component prediction models yield high R2 values will be demonstrated to have minimal statistical substance by comparing the results to a similar analysis simulated with random data.
SENSORY EVALUATION OF MANGO DRINKS USING FUZZY LOGIC
Authors: JAYA S. , DAS H. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThree brands of ready to serve mango drinks namely ‘Frooti’, ‘Real’and ‘Slice’that are available in the market were used for sensory evaluation along with the vacuum dried reconstituted mango powder drink. Mango powder was produced from mango pulp of ‘Totapuri’variety with addition of Maltodextrin, Glycerol monostearate and Tri calcium phosphate at rate of 0.62, 0.015 and 0.015 kg per kg dry mango solid, respectively. These ingredients were added for getting a nonsticky free flowing powder. The pulp along with the ingredients was dried in a vacuum drier at 70 ± 2C and 710–750 mm Hg vacuum. Fuzzy logic analysis was used for finding out the best of the three market mango drinks. BrimA index (a criterion for acceptance of fruit juice) and total solid (kg per kg drink) of the reconstituted mango drink was adjusted based on the BrimA index and total solid values of the best market drink. The reconstituted mango drink satisfied the quality criteria set for ‘mouth feel’but not the color, smell and taste.
THE DESIGN OF REPLICATED DIFFERENCE TESTS
Authors: MEYNERS MICHAEL , BROCKHOFF PER BRUUN 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTWe show that adding replications in replicated difference tests results in larger power and smaller variance when the number of assessors is fixed. On the other hand, when the number of total assessments is fixed, the power usually decreases and the variability increases whenever replications are considered instead of different assessors. The appropriate numbers of assessor needed to gain the same power and variability, respectively, when replications are used will be given. It is shown that the number of assessors might indeed be reduced, but this has to be paid for by an increasing total number of assessments. We show that two key models, namely the mixture binomial and a corrected version of the Beta‐binomial model, are quite similar with respect to the properties of interest. We provide tables from which, according to her/his requirements, the investigator might find an appropriate setting with respect to the number of assessors and replications.
REEXAMINING THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN BODY SIZE AND TONAL SIGNALS FREQUENCY IN WHALES: A COMPARATIVE APPROACH USING A NOVEL PHYLOGENY
Authors: May‐Collado Laura J. , Agnarsson Ingi , Wartzok Douglas 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA negative relationship between cetacean body size and tonal sound minimum and maximum frequencies has been demonstrated in several studies using standard statistical approaches where species are considered independent data points. Such studies, however, fail to account for known dependencies among related species—shared similarity due to common ancestry. Here we test these hypotheses by generating the most complete species level cetacean phylogeny to date, which we then use to reconstruct the evolutionary history of body size and standard tonal sounds parameters (minimum, maximum, and center frequency). Our results show that when phylogenetic relationships are considered the correlation between body size (length or mass) and minimum frequency is corroborated with approximately 27% of the variation in tonal sound frequency being explained by body size compared to 86% to 93% explained when phylogenetic relationships are not considered. Central frequency also correlates with body size in toothed whales, but for other tonal sound frequency parameters, including maximum frequency, this hypothesized correlation disappears. Therefore, constraints imposed by body size seem to have played a role in the evolution of minimum frequency but alternative hypotheses are required to explain variation in maximum frequency.
BLUE WHALE VISUAL AND ACOUSTIC ENCOUNTER RATES IN THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA BIGHT
Authors: Oleson Erin M. , Calambokidis John , Barlow Jay , Hildebrand John A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe relationship between blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus) visual and acoustic encounter rates was quantitatively evaluated using hourly counts of detected whales during shipboard surveys off southern California. Encounter rates were estimated using temporal, geographic, and weather variables within a generalized additive model framework. Visual encounters (2.06 animals/h, CV = 0.10) varied with subregion, Julian day, time of day, and year. Acoustic encounters of whales producing pulsed A and tonal B call sequences (song; 0.65 animals/h, CV = 0.06) varied by Julian day, survey mode (transit or stationary), and subregion, and encounters of whales producing downswept (D) calls (0.41 animals/h, CV = 0.09) varied by Julian day and the number of animals seen. Inclusion of Julian day in all models reflects the seasonal occurrence of blue whales off southern California; however, the seasonal peak in visual encounters and acoustic encounters of D calling whales (July–August) was offset from the peak in acoustic encounters of singing whales (August–September). The relationship between visual and acoustic encounter rates varied regionally, with significant differences in several northern regions. The number of whales heard D calling was positively related to the number of animals seen, whereas the number of singing whales was not related to visual encounter rate.
Maternal Self‐Report of Oral Health in 4‐Year‐Old Pacific Children from South Auckland, New Zealand: Findings from the Pacific Islands Families Study
Authors: Schluter Philip J. , Durward Callum , Cartwright Susan , Paterson Janis 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: To report on the oral health risk in a disadvantaged group of 4‐year‐old Pacific children and their mothers living in South Auckland, New Zealand.Methods: The Pacific Islands Families study follows a cohort of Pacific infants born in 2000. Maternal self‐report of mother and child’s oral health practices and child’s filling and extraction experience was undertaken at interview approximately 4 years postpartum.Results: Overall, 1,048 mothers of children were interviewed. Children’s reported oral health practices were generally poor, with 47 percent brushing ≤1/day, 47 percent having no adult assistance with brushing, 57 percent routinely snacking or drinking immediately prior to bed, and 26 percent yet to receive their first dental checkup. Maternal practices were also poor, with 34 percent brushing ≤1/day and 50 percent having never seen or last visiting a dentist over 5 years ago. Significant differences were seen in many practices between the major ethnic subgroups. Of children attending the school dental service, 22 percent were reported having at least one filling and/or extraction. In multivariable analyses, variables corresponding to mother’s toothbrushing frequency, child snacking or drinking prior to bed, and duration of breastfeeding were significantly associated with reported filling and/or extraction experience; but no difference was seen between the three major maternal ethnic subgroups.Conclusions: Many mothers and their Pacific children have poor basic oral hygiene and dietary practices that increase the oral health risk in these children. Culturally appropriate and targeted strategies aimed at these modifiable practices need to be widely promoted so that the oral health burden carried by Pacific children can be reduced.
Oral Cancer Prevention and Early Detection Knowledge and Practices of Illinois Dentists – A Brief Communication
Authors: LeHew Charles W. , Kaste Linda M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: The purpose of the study was to assess Illinois dentists’ self‐reported knowledge and practices concerning oral cancer prevention, early detection, and management as a baseline prior to conducting interventions designed to increase dentists’ capacity to detect and manage oral cancers and counsel their patients about risk reduction.Methods: A weighted sample to represent licensed dentists in 19 counties yielded 518 dentists who responded to a 38‐item mailed survey in 2004.Results: Over 92 percent of the dentists reported providing oral cancer exams. However, many are not doing them properly or at frequent intervals. Over two‐thirds had oral cancer continuing education, but 40 percent had it more than 2 years prior to the survey. Training in risk counseling was rare.Conclusions: Interventions are needed to assure appropriate skill and knowledge levels for oral cancer early detection, management, and risk counseling by Illinois dentists.
Socioeconomic Inequalities in Child Oral Health: A Comparison of Discrete and Composite Area‐Based Measures
Authors: Armfield Jason M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives: This study aims to examine the relationship between child caries prevalence and six discrete area‐based measures of socioeconomic status (SES). Comparisons were also made of the discrete SES measures and the Socio‐Economic Index for Areas (SEIFA) composite index in explaining child caries experience.Methods: Oral health data were electronically captured for 58,463 4‐ to 16‐year‐old children enrolled in the School Dental Service of South Australia in 2001. Socioeconomic measures for the same year were extracted from Basic Community Profiles for postcodes available from the Australian Bureau of Statistics.Results: There were generally consistent linear relationships between caries prevalence and SES with children having poorer oral health residing in areas of greater socioeconomic disadvantage. This was evident across all SES measures, although some variations were shown for some measures. Children from more socioeconomically disadvantaged areas had higher odds of having either one or more decayed, missing, or filled teeth or four or more decayed, missing, or filled teeth. Most discrete SES measures explained a significant amount of the variance in oral disease beyond that accounted for by the composite SEIFA index.Conclusions: Pervasive social inequality in child oral health exists in Australia. Specific area‐based measures of SES are valuable in documenting these inequalities and may be more meaningful than composite area‐based indices of SES.