bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pt–Co multilayers: Interface effects at the monolayer limit
Authors: Angelakeris M. , Papaioannou E. Th. , Poulopoulos P. , Vlachos A. , Natsiopoulos G. , Wilhelm F. , Rogalev A. , Flevaris N. K. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis work focuses on the structural and magnetic features of Pt–Co multilayers prepared by e‐beam evaporation. In order to examine interface and induced magnetism effects, the layer thickness was always kept under 4 monolayers. X‐ray diffraction spectra revealed the multilayer nature of the samples while magnetometry measurements recorded tuneable perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and enhanced magnetization values due to the high degree of Pt‐polarization in a ferromagnetic environment. The experimental technique that allows one to study induced magnetism is the X‐ray magnetic circular dichroism, which provides quantitative information on spin and orbital magnetic moments. Enhanced Pt contribution on the perpendicular anisotropy was evidenced, while the induced (spin, orbital and total) magnetic moments, and the ratio orbital‐to‐spin magnetic moments were derived by application of the sum rules. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Interaction between helium and vacancy in plutonium by embedded atom method
Authors: Ao Bingyun , Wang Xiaolin , Hu Wangyu , Yang Jianyu 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe formation energies of small HenVmclusters (nandmdenote the number of He atoms and vacancy, respectively) in Pu have been calculated with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations using the embedded atom method (EAM) potential, the Morse potential and the Lennard–Jones potential for describing the interactions of Pu–Pu, Pu–He and He–He, respectively. The binding energies of an interstitial He atom, an isolated vacancy and a self‐interstitial Pu atom to a HenVmcluster are also obtained from the calculated formation energies of the clusters. All the binding energies mainly depend on the He‐vacancy ratio (n/m) of clusters rather than the clusters size. With the increase of then/mratio, the binding energies of a He atom and a Pu atom to a HenVmcluster decrease with the ratio, and the binding energy of a vacancy to a HenVmcluster increases. He atoms act as a catalyst for the formation of HenVmclusters. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On the composition of Caribbean maritime aerosol particles measured during RICO
Authors: Peter Justin R. , Blyth Alan M. , Brooks Barbara , McQuaid James B. , Lingard Justin J. N. , Smith Mike H. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObservations of aerosol‐particle (AP) composition obtained via volatility measurements during the ‘Rain In Cumulus over the Ocean’ (RICO) experiment are presented. The measurements show that sub‐cloud APs with a radius rp ≤ 0.2 µm are composed mainly of ammonium sulphate, while APs with a radius rp ≥ 0.2 µm are composed mainly of sea salt. The AP distribution also contains an indeterminate non‐volatile component (rp ≤ 0.4 µm), which could be either elemental carbon or mineral dust. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Metabolite identification of small interfering RNA duplex by high‐resolution accurate mass spectrometry
Authors: Zou Yan , Tiller Philip , Chen I‐Wu , Beverly Michael , Hochman Jerome 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOn‐line liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization high‐resolution mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐HRMS) using an LTQ‐Orbitrap mass spectrometer was employed to investigate the metabolite profiles of a model siRNA duplex designated HBV263. The HBV263 duplex was incubated in rat and human serum and liver microsomes in vitro. The siRNA drug and its metabolites were then extracted using a liquid‐liquid extraction followed by solid‐phase extraction (LLE‐SPE), and analyzed by LC/ESI‐MS. High‐resolution accurate mass data enabled differentiation between two possible metabolite sequences with a monoisotopic molecular mass difference of less than 1 Da. ProMass deconvolution software was used to provide semi‐automated data processing. In vitro serum and liver microsome incubation samples afforded different metabolite patterns: the antisense strand of the duplex was degraded preferentially in rat and human serum, while the sense strand of the duplex was less stable in rat and human liver microsomes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterisation of the peptaibiome of the biocontrol fungus Trichoderma atroviride by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Stoppacher Norbert , Zeilinger Susanne , Omann Markus , Lassahn Paul‐Gerhard , Roitinger Andreas , Krska Rudolf , Schuhmacher Rainer 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe present study describes the liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS)‐based screening and characterisation of linear antibiotic α‐aminoisobutyric acid (Aib)‐containing non‐ribosomal peptides (NRP) in culture samples of the filamentous fungus Trichoderma atroviride ATCC 74058. Fungal culture filtrates were enriched by solid‐phase extraction (SPE) and separated by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), prior to mass spectrometric (MS) and tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis on a triple quadrupole‐linear ion trap tandem mass spectrometer. A workflow consisting of two alternative screening strategies was applied to search for NRP. Various MS full scan and MS/MS measurement modes led to the identification of 16 trichorzianines and diagnostic in‐source fragment ions of another four trichorzianines. Furthermore, we detected 15 novel Aib‐containing peptides with putative molecular weights ranging from 951.7 to 1043.7 g/mol (monoisotopic masses), composed of up to 9 amino acids. While the amino acid sequences of the novel peptaibiotics showed typical microheterogeneity and consisted of the amino acids Leu/Ile, Aib, Ser, Val/Iva, Gly, Ac‐Aib, Tyr and Phe, the mass increments at the C‐termini of the peptides were not assignable to any residues described in the literature. The amino acid sequences were confirmed and structure proposals made for both molecule termini by high‐resolution MS and MS/MS analysis. We propose the group name ‘trichoatrokontins’ for the newly identified peptaibiotics. As no other peptaibiotics were found in the culture samples, the peptaibiome of the investigated strain of T. atroviride consists of at least 20 trichorzianines and 15 trichoatrokontins. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The impact of small and large impoundments on freshwater mussel distribution in the Hawkesbury‐Nepean River, southeastern Australia
Authors: Brainwood Meredith , Burgin Shelley , Byrne Maria 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe influence of weirs on the distribution of freshwater mussels was investigated in the Hawkesbury‐Nepean River, Australia. Distribution of species and densities of size classes were strongly correlated with catchment level factors (e.g. location around a major impoundment, stream order). At catchment scale, weir height, presence of a fish barrier, fish ladder type and position above or below small weirs did not influence the presence/absence of mussel populations. Lower mussel densities in the upper catchment may therefore reflect inhibition of host fish migration.Where present, weir height and geomorphic reach type were linked to differences in densities among species. Geomorphic reach‐based differences were reflected by the Hyridella species, but not Velesunio ambiguus. When population structure was described by size class distribution, there were significant differences between densities of small and medium mussels from weirs above, compared to weirs below, a major impoundment, but not for large mussels. Upstream populations may therefore be functionally extinct. Distribution of mussel size classes differed among geomorphic reach types with highest densities for each class found in the least human‐impacted reaches. Small mussels were almost invariably found below the major impoundment, most frequently below weirs.Distribution patterns were inconsistent across species, suggesting habitat preference. V. ambiguus and Hyridella australis were most abundant in shale reaches, where assemblages were influenced by fish ladder type. Hyridella depressa and H. australis dominated in sandstone gorges and straights with assemblage density related to weir height. In upper catchment sandstone reaches, mussel assemblages comprising predominantly V. ambiguus were influenced by fish ladder type and weir height.While multiple factors defined localized distribution, large impoundments were linked with reduced population densities. The probable mechanism is the restriction of host fish movement and resulting lack of recruitment. In the Hawkesbury‐Nepean River, smaller weirs also seriously impacted recruitment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrologic impacts of small‐scale instream diversions for frost and heat protection in the California wine country
Authors: Deitch Matthew J. , Kondolf G. Mathias , Merenlender Adina M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThough many river studies have documented the impacts of large water projects on stream hydrology, few have described the effects of dispersed, small‐scale water projects on streamflow or aquatic ecosystems. We used streamflow and air temperature data collected in the northern California wine country to characterize the influence of small instream diversions on streamflow. On cold spring mornings when air temperatures approached 0°C, flow in streams draining catchments with upstream vineyards receded abruptly, by as much as 95% over hours, corresponding to times when water is used to protect grape buds from freezing; flow rose to near previous levels following periods of water need. Streams with no upstream vineyards showed no such changes in flow. Flow was also depressed in reaches below vineyards on hot summer days, when grape growers commonly use water for heat protection. Our results demonstrate that the changes in flow caused by dispersed small instream diversions may be brief in duration, requiring continuous short‐interval monitoring to adequately describe how such diversions affect the flow regime. Depending on the timing and abundance of such diversions in a drainage network, the changes in streamflow they cause may be an important limiting factor to valued biotic resources throughout the region. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrological and sediment transport dynamics of flushing flows: implications for management in large Mediterranean Rivers
Authors: Batalla Ramon J. , Vericat Damià 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFlushing flows have been implemented in the lower Ebro River since 2003, with the principle objective of removing excess macrophytes. This paper describes the hydrology and sediment transport of these flushing flows in comparison with natural floods and discusses their effects in terms of riverbed adjustments. During flushing flows suspended sediment, concentration is more constant and double that of natural floods, although discharge is lower. Flashiness, measured as the rate of discharge increase per unit time, is an order of magnitude higher during flushing flows than during natural events. Consequently, flushing flows exhibit higher transport capacity than their natural counterparts despite their considerably lower magnitude and duration. Flushing flows remove up to 95% of macrophytes close to the dam, but their effectiveness reduces with distance downstream. Despite several constraints, flushing flows have significant potential to entrain and transport sediment and careful management of these releases may, therefore, play an important role in enhancing physical habitat in the river and supply sediment to the delta. The River Ebro case study shows that flushing flows are not incompatible with HEP production, and may actually result in a positive trade‐off due to reduced clogging of water intakes. Nevertheless, it remains important to reassess their effectiveness regularly and monitor adverse geomorphic effects such as riverbed degradation. In summary, flushing flows are an important instrument of river management, but one which must be employed as part of a spectrum of approaches to enhance physical habitat conditions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Meta‐analysis of summary survival curve data
Authors: Arends Lidia R. , Hunink M. G. Myriam , Stijnen Theo 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe use of standard univariate fixed‐ and random‐effects models in meta‐analysis has become well known in the last 20 years. However, these models are unsuitable for meta‐analysis of clinical trials that present multiple survival estimates (usually illustrated by a survival curve) during a follow‐up period. Therefore, special methods are needed to combine the survival curve data from different trials in a meta‐analysis. For this purpose, only fixed‐effects models have been suggested in the literature. In this paper, we propose a multivariate random‐effects model for joint analysis of survival proportions reported at multiple time points and in different studies, to be combined in a meta‐analysis. The model could be seen as a generalization of the fixed‐effects model of Dear (Biometrics 1994; 50:989–1002). We illustrate the method by using a simulated data example as well as using a clinical data example of meta‐analysis with aggregated survival curve data. All analyses can be carried out with standard general linear MIXED model software. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Xenogenic demineralized bone matrix and fresh autogenous cortical bone effects on experimental bone healing: radiological, histopathological and biomechanical evaluation
Authors: Bigham A. S. , Dehghani S. N. , Shafiei Z. , Torabi Nezhad S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackgroundBone grafting is used to enhance healing in osteotomies, arthrodesis, and multifragmentary fractures and to replace bony loss resulting from neoplasia or cysts. They are source of osteoprogenitor cells and induce bone formation and provide mechanical support for vascular and bone ingrowth. Autografts are used commonly but quantity of harvested bone is limited. The aim of this study is to evaluate autograft and new xenogenic bovine demineralized bone matrix (DBM) effects on bone healing process.Materials and methodsTwenty male White New Zealand rabbits were used in this study. In group I (n = 10) the defect was filled by xenogenic DBM and in autograft group the defect was filled by fresh autogenous cortical graft and fixed by cercelage wire. Radiological, histopathological and biomechanical evaluations were performed blindly and results scored and analyzed statistically.ResultsStatistical tests did not reveal any significant differences between two groups on the 14th postoperative day radiographically (P > 0.05). There was a significant difference for union on 28th and 42nd postoperative days and for remodeling at on the 56th postoperative day radiologically (P < 0.05). Statistical tests did not support any significant differences between two groups for radiological bone formation (P > 0.05). Histopathological and biomechanical evaluation revealed no significant differences between two groups.ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that satisfactory healing occurred in rabbit radius defect filled with xenogenic bovine DBM. Complications were not identified and healing was faster, same as in cortical autogenous grafting.
Quality of embryonic bodies and seeding density effects on neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells
Authors: Zhou Jun‐Mei , Xing Feng‐Ying , Shi Jian‐Jun , Fang Zhen‐Fu , Chen Xue‐Jin , Chen Fang 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMouse embryonic stem (ES) cells can be differentiated into neural lineage cells, but the differentiation efficiency remains low. This study revealed two important factors that influence the neural differentiation efficiency of mouse ES cells: the first is the quality of embryonic bodies (EBs); good quality of EBs consistently originated from a suspension culture of 1 × 105 ES cells/ml serum‐free chemically defined neural inducing medium and they exhibited a smooth round shape, with a dark central region surrounded by a light band. Such EBs are capable of attaining high neural differentiation efficiency. However, poor quality EBs originated from a suspension culture of 1 × 106 ES cells/ml serum‐free chemically defined neural inducing medium and exhibited an irregular shape or adhered to the bottom of the dish; they displayed low neural differentiation efficiency. The second factor is the seeding density of EBs: a low seeding density (5 EBs/cm2) induced cells to differentiate into a more caudalized subtypes compared to the cells obtained from high seeding density (20 EBs/cm2). These findings provided fresh insight into the neural induction of mouse ES cells.
Impact of the microgravity environment in a 3‐dimensional clinostat on osteoblast‐ and osteoclast‐like cells
Authors: Makihira Seicho , Kawahara Yumi , Yuge Louis , Mine Yuichi , Nikawa Hiroki 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMechanical unloading conditions result in decreases in bone mineral density and quantity, which may be partly attributed to an imbalance in bone formation and resorption. To investigate the effect of mechanical unloading on osteoblast and osteoclast differentiation, and the expression of RANKL and OPG genes in osteoblasts, we used a three‐dimensional (3D) clinostat system simulating microgravity to culture MC3T3‐E1 and RAW264.7 cells. Long‐term exposure (7 days) of MC3T3‐E1 cells to microgravity in the 3D clinostat inhibited the expression of Runx2, Osterix, type I collagen αI chain, RANKL and OPG genes. Similarly, 3D clinostat exposure inhibited the enhancement of β3‐integrin gene expression, which normally induced by sRANKL stimulation in RAW264.7 cells. These results, taken together, demonstrate that long‐term 3D clinostat exposure inhibits the differentiation of MC3T3‐E1 cells together with suppression of RANKL and OPG gene expression, as well as the RANKL‐dependent cellular fusion of RAW264.7 cells, suggesting that long‐term mechanical unloading suppresses bone formation and resorption.
Herbal medicine Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to reduces paclitaxel‐induced painful peripheral neuropathy in mice
Authors: Hidaka Takao , Shima Tomoko , Nagira Kiyofumi , Ieki Masahiro , Nakamura Takafumi , Aono Yukiko , Kuraishi Yasushi , Arai Takashi , Saito Shigeru 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTObjectives: Paclitaxel is widely used in cancer chemotherapy for the treatment of solid tumors such as breast, ovarian and lung cancer. However, it sometimes induces moderate to severe muscle pain, and impairs the patients’ quality of life. An appropriate method for relieving this pain is not well established. Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to, a herbal medicine, is known to relieve menstrual pain, muscle spasm, and muscle pain, and its effectiveness is expected. To ascertain the effectiveness of Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to on paclitaxel‐induced pain, we investigated the effects of Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to and its constituent herbal medicines in a mouse model.Methods: Seven‐week‐old male ddY mice were used. To make a mouse model of paclitaxel‐induced pain, different single, intraperitoneally injected doses of this drug were tested in various groups of mice, and the optimal dose was determined. To estimate the effects of Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to, the constituent herbal medicines Shakuyaku and Kanzo, and loxoprofen sodium as a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug on paclitaxel‐induced pain, mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia of the hind paw were assessed.Results: Paclitaxel administered at a dose of 10mg/kg or more produced allodynia and hyperalgesia; the time courses were similar to those of pain after paclitaxel administration in cancer patients. Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to significantly relieved the allodynia and hyperalgesia induced by paclitaxel (10mg/kg). Shakuyaku and Kanzo inhibited the allodynia and hyperalgesia to some extent, but not significantly, while loxoprofen sodium was without effects.Conclusions: A single administration of paclitaxel (10mg/kg) produced allodynia and hyperalgesia in mice, suggesting that it could be used as an animal model resembling the painful conditions observed in humans medicated with this drug. Using this model, Shakuyaku‐kanzo‐to was shown to relieve paclitaxel‐induced painful peripheral neuropathy.
Protective role of melatonin on PCB (Aroclor 1254) induced oxidative stress and changes in acetylcholine esterase and membrane bound ATPases in cerebellum, cerebral cortex and hippocampus of adult rat brain
Authors: Venkataraman Prabhu , Krishnamoorthy Gunasekaran , Vengatesh Ganapathy , Srinivasan Narasimhan , Aruldhas Maria Michael , Arunakaran Jagadeesan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are one of the environmental toxicants and neurotoxic compounds which induce the production of free radicals leading to oxidative stress. Membrane proteins that control ion gradients across organellar and plasma membranes appear to be particularly susceptible to oxidation induced changes. Melatonin plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases as an antioxidant and neuroprotector. The aim of this study was to determine the protective role of melatonin on PCB (Aroclor 1254) induced changes in activities of membrane bound ATPases and acetylcholine esterase in selected brain regions of adult rats. Group I: rats intraperitoneally (i.p.) administered corn oil (vehicle) for 30 days. Group II: rats injected i.p. with Aroclor 1254 (PCB) at 2 mg/kg bw/day for 30 days. Groups III and IV: rats intraperitoneally received melatonin (5 or 10 mg/kg bw/day) simultaneously with Aroclor 1254 for 30 days. Groups V and VI: rats intraperitoneally received melatonin (5 or 10 mg/kg bw/day) alone for 30 days. After 30 days, rats were sacrificed and the brain regions were dissected to cerebral cortex (Cc), cerebellum (C) and hippocampus (H). Lipid peroxidation (LPO), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), hydroxyl radical (*OH) and the activities of Na+K+ ATPase, Ca2+ ATPase, Mg2+ ATPase and acetyl cholinesterase were determined. Reduced glutathione (GSH) level was also determined. Melatonin levels in serum was measured by enzyme labeled immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Activities of all the enzymes and GSH level were decreased while an increase in H2O2, *OH and LPO were observed in brain regions of PCB treated animals. Melatonin levels in serum was decreased in PCB exposed animals. Exogenous melatonin supplementation retrieved all the parameters, significantly. These results suggest that PCB alters membrane bound ATPases and cholinergic function by inducing oxidative stress in brain regions, which can be protected by melatonin.
Increased induction of apoptosis by Propionibacterium freudenreichii TL133 in colonic mucosal crypts of human microbiota-associated rats treated with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Lan Annaïg , Bruneau Aurélia , Bensaada Martine , Philippe Catherine , Bellaud Pascale , Rabot Sylvie , Jan Gwénaël 
Published: May 2008

Propionibacterium freudenreichii, a food-grade bacterium able to kill colon cancer cell lines in vitro by apoptosis, may exert an anticarcinogenic effect in vivo. To assess this hypothesis, we administered daily 2 × 1010 colony-forming units (CFU) of P. freudenreichii TL133 to human microbiota-associated (HMA) rats for 18 d. Either saline or 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was also administered on days 13 and 17 and rats were killed on day 19. The levels of apoptosis and proliferation in the mid and distal colon were assessed by terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labelling (TUNEL) and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunolabelling, respectively. The administration of P. freudenreichii TL133 significantly increased the number of apoptotic cells in DMH-treated rats compared to those given DMH only (P < 0·01). Furthermore, propionibacteria were able to decrease the proliferation index in the distal colon after treatment with DMH (P < 0·01). Conversely, propionibacteria alone did not exert such an effect on healthy colonic mucosa. P. freudenreichii TL133 thus facilitated the elimination of damaged cells by apoptosis in the rat colon after genotoxic insult and may play a protective role against colon cancer.