bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Catalysis
Authors: Haller Gary L. , Resasco Daniel E. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

Kinds of Catalysis

Homogeneous Catalysis

Enzyme Catalysis

Heterogeneous Catalysis

History

Adsorption of Gases On Solid Surfaces

Types of Adsorption

Adsorption Isotherms

Dissociative Adsorption

Thermal Desorption

Types of Catalytic Materials

Supported and High‐Area Catalysts

Supported Metal Catalysts

Supported Nonmetal Catalysts

Amorphous Oxide Catalysts

Zeolites

Unsupported Catalysts

Single‐Crystal Catalysts

Preparation and Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts

Preparation

Incorporation of the Active Components on the Support

Drying and Calcination

Thermal Activation

Characterization

Kinetics of Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactions

Elementary Steps

Unimolecular Reactions on Surfaces

Mechanisms of Heterogeneous Catalysis

Chemical Enhancement/ Poisoning of Catalytic Activity

Catalyst Promoters

Catalyst Poisons

Heterogeneous Catalytic Reactors

Industrial Catalytic Processes

Pollution Control

Selective Oxidation

Cracking

Reforming

Summary
Catastrophe Theory
Authors: Gilmore Robert 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

What It Is

The Program of Catastrophe Theory

Three Theorems from Elementary Calculus

Implicit Function Theorem

M
orse Lemma

T
hom Splitting Lemma

T
hom Classification Theorem

T
hom's List of Elementary Catastrophes

Why a List of Perturbations is Required

Geometry of the Fold and the Cusp

Geometry of the Fold Catastrophe

Geometry of the Cusp Catastrophe

Bifurcation Sets for the Three‐Dimensional Catastrophes

Perturbations of Gradient Dynamical Systems

Why It Exists

A Simple Example

General Procedure

A More Complicated Example

How It Works

Catastrophe Conventions

Catastrophe Flags

Modality

Sudden Jumps

Inaccessibility

Sensitivity

Hysteresis

Divergence of Linear Response

Time Dilation (Critical Slowing Down, Mode Softening)

Anomalous Variance

The Dangers of Design Optimization

Elementary Catastrophes in Nonlinear Dynamics

Appendix: A Brief History of Catastrophe Theory
Cryogenics
Authors: Bozler Hans M. , Gould Christopher M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionWhat Happens at Low Temperatures?Production of Low TemperaturesThermal InsulationCryogenic Refrigeration Using FluidsStirling CryocoolerJoule–Brayton Recuperative RefrigeratorJoule–Thomson RefrigeratorEvaporative Coolers—1 K, 0.3 KDilution RefrigerationMagnetic RefrigeratorsIntroduction to Spin Entropy and Adiabatic DemagnetizationDemagnetization of Paramagnetic MaterialsNuclear DemagnetizationMeasurement of Low TemperaturesTemperature ScalesThe Absolute Temperature ScaleOther Temperature ScalesInternational Temperature Scale of 1990 (ITS‐90)Classes of ThermometersPractical ThermometersConstant‐Volume Gas ThermometerThermocouplesCryogenic‐Liquid Vapor PressureResistance ThermometersDiode‐Voltage ThermometersCapacitance ThermometersFerromagnetic and Antiferromagnetic Frequency ShiftsElectron Paramagnetic SusceptibilityNuclear Susceptibility3HeMelting PressureNoise ThermometryNuclear OrientationQuasiparticle Damping ThermometryNuclear Quadrupole Thermometry (NQT)Second‐Law ThermometryHow Low Can We Go?Negative TemperaturesPresent Ultralow‐Temperature LimitsAcknowledgments
Crystal Growth
Authors: Schönherr Erich 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionPhysical and Technical PrinciplesDriving Force, Undercooling, and SupersaturationFormation of an Initial CrystalCrystal GrowthMass Transfer of Crystal Species and their IncorporationMass Transport through Chemical ReactionsHeat Transfer into the CrystalGrowth Rates from Theoretical ModelsPrinciples of Crystal‐Growth ProceduresCrystal Growth in Monocomponent SystemsCrystal Growth in Multicomponent SystemsSelection of Crystal‐Growth MethodBasic Components of Crystal‐growth EquipmentContainersHeating ApparatusResistance HeaterInduction HeaterOther Heat SourcesTemperature ControlGrowth‐Rate ControlEnvironmentTechniques of Crystal GrowthTechniques of Crystal Growth from the Vapor PhasePizzarello MethodTemperature Gradient TechniqueTemperature Difference TechniqueTechniques for Crystal Growth from the Liquid PhaseCzochralski TechniqueBridgman TechniqueTemperature Gradient TechniqueLiquid‐Zone TechniquesTechniques of Crystal Growth from a SolutionSolvent EvaporationTemperature Difference TechniquesTechniques with Gel MediaSlow‐Cooling TechniquesTechniques of Crystal Growth from the Solid Phase (Recrystallization)Techniques of Thin‐film GrowthLiquid‐Phase EpitaxyChemical Vapor EpitaxyMolecular‐Beam EpitaxyCharacterization of CrystalsMorphologySegregation of ImpuritiesSegregation CoefficientsImpurity Distribution through Zone RefiningPrecipitationStructural DefectsPoint DefectsLine DefectsTwo‐Dimensional DefectsExamples of ApplicationsCzochralski TechniquesEdge‐Defined Film‐Fed GrowthDendritic Silicon Web GrowthFloat Zoning of SiliconHigh‐Pressure Technique of Diamond Growth
Electromagnetic Radiation
Authors: Ford George W. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

Introduction

the Fundamental Equations

M
axwell–
L
orentz Equations in Vacuum

The Conservation Laws

Charge Conservation

Energy Conservation

Momentum Conservation

Plane Waves

General Integration Theory

Integration of the Maxwell Equations—The Scalar and Vector Potentials

Radiation by a Hertzian Dipole—The Larmor Formula

Radiation by a Confined Source

Multipole Radiation

Radiation by a Half‐Wave Antenna

Radiation by A Moving Point Charge

The
L
iénard‐
W
iechert Potentials

The Radiated Power

Synchrotron Radiation

The Fields

The Radiated Power

Radiation Reaction

the
M
axwell Equations in Material Media

The
M
axwell Equations

Plane‐Wave Solutions

General Integration Theory

The
F
resnel Formulas

Radiation by A Dipole Above A Half‐space

C
herenkov Radiation and Stopping Power

C
herenkov Radiation

Energy Loss by Charged Particles
Equations of State
Authors: Ross Marvin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionFundamental PrinciplesIntermolecular ForcesStatistical ThermodynamicsOverview of the Phase DiagramCritical PointLaw of Corresponding StatesMelting of SolidsSuperfluidsPlasmas—TheSaha‐Boltzmann Ionization EquationStatistical Mechanics of FluidsVirial Expansion for a One‐Component GasVan derWaals EquationComputer Simulations—Exact ResultsPerturbation TheoryIntegral‐Equation Theoriesthe Theory of SolidsThe Local‐Density ApproximationTheMie‐Grüneisen Equation of StateThermal Electron PropertiesEmpirical Equations of StateMatter At Extreme ConditionsStatic ExperimentsShock‐Wave ExperimentsPressure‐Induced TransitionsMetallic State at Ultrahigh DensityStatistical Atom ModelsShell‐Structure Effects in Compressed SolidsAcknowledgment
Gravitation and General Relativity
Authors: Schutz Bernard F. , Will Clifford M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:IntroductionGeneral Relativity and Relativistic GravityGravitation Theory: An OverviewRelativistic Gravity in PhysicsWhere Relativistic Gravity Is ImportantFundamental Ideas and New Concepts of General RelativityThe Incorporation of Newtonian GravityBasic Ingredients of General RelativityGeneral Relativity: Gravity as GeometrySources of Gravity: How Matter Creates the GeometryOther Theories of GravityA Cosmological Term inEinstein's EquationsSome Consequences of Einstein's Field EquationsMomentum and Stress Also Make GravityGravitomagnetismGravitational CollapseBlack‐Hole TheoryBlack Holes in the Eighteenth CenturyBlack Holes in General RelativitySingularities Inside the HoleBlack Holes Have No HairBlack‐Hole ThermodynamicsWormholesGravitational WavesThe Necessity of Gravitational WavesThe Interaction of Gravitational Waves with MatterWave Emission: The Quadrupole FormulaApplications of General RelativityRelativistic Stars (Pulsars) and Gravitational CollapseBlack Holes inX‐Ray Binaries and in Galactic CentersGravitational LensingSolar System and Stellar OrbitsCosmology, Inflation, and the Origins of the UniverseTests of Gravitational Theories and Their Technological DemandsTests of theEinstein Equivalence PrincipleTests of Special RelativityTheEötvös Experiment, the Weak Equivalence Principle, and the Fifth ForceGravitational RedshiftSolar‐System Tests of General RelativityThe Deflection and Retardation of LightMercury's Perihelion AdvanceTest of the Strong Equivalence PrincipleThe Binary Pulsar: An Astronomical Relativity LaboratoryFuture Work in Experimental GravitationSearch for Gravitomagnetic EffectsTests of theEinstein Equivalence PrincipleFurther Fifth‐Force SearchesGravitational‐wave Detection: A Technological FrontierLikely Sources of Detectable WavesSupernovaeCoalescing BinariesPulsarsOrdinary BinariesCosmological BackgroundUnexpected SourcesDetectorsBar‐Type DetectorsLaser‐Interferometric DetectorsSpace‐Based Detectors
Differential expression of phosphacan/RPTPβ isoforms in the developing mouse visual system
Authors: Klausmeyer Alice , Garwood Jeremy , Faissner Andreas 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan DSD‐1‐PG/phosphacan represents one of four splice variants of receptor‐protein‐tyrosine‐phosphatase‐beta/zeta (RPTPβ/ζ). This receptor is expressed by glial cells and occurs in two isoforms, RPTPβlongand RPTPβshort. The secreted forms phosphacan and phosphacan short isoform (PSI) bind to extracellular matrix and adhesion molecules and might mediate astroglial effects on neuronal differentiation. Phosphacan and RPTPβlongboth carry the DSD‐1 epitope, a glycosaminoglycan modification that is involved in stimulating neurite outgrowth of embryonic rat mesencephalic and hippocampal neurons in a polycationic environment. Additionally, phosphacan inhibits neurite outgrowth of embryonic DRG neurons in the presence of laminin. In the light of these functional properties we examined the expression patterns of the DSD‐1 epitope and phosphacan isoforms in the developing mouse visual system. During retinal development the DSD‐1 epitope appears around embryonic day (E)13, peaks around postnatal day (P)6, and is downregulated from P9 to adolescence. By comparison, the phosphacan core protein is first detectable at E12, reaches maximal levels around P14, and persists, although at lower levels, to adulthood. The DSD‐1 epitope is restricted to the nerve fiber and the inner plexiform layers. In contrast, the phosphacan core protein immunoreactivity extends from the nerve fiber layer to the outer plexiform layer. The level of expression of the phosphacan/RPTPβ gene was investigated by reverse‐transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. These experiments suggest that there is a shift in the expression patterns of the different phosphacan/RPTPβ isoforms during late embryonic and postnatal development. In situ hybridization experiments support the conclusion that at least one of the phosphacan/RPTPβ isoforms in the retina is expressed by neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:659–679, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distribution of the voltage‐gated sodium channel Nav1.7 in the rat: Expression in the autonomic and endocrine systems
Authors: Morinville Anne , Fundin Bengt , Meury Luc , Juréus Anders , Sandberg Kristian , Krupp Johannes , Ahmad Sultan , O'Donnell Dajan 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIt is generally accepted that the voltage‐gated, tetrodotoxin‐sensitive sodium channel, NaV1.7, is selectively expressed in peripheral ganglia. However, global deletion in mice of NaV1.7 leads to death shortly after birth (Nassar et al. [2004] Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101:12706–12711), suggesting that this ion channel might be more widely expressed. To understand better the potential physiological function of this ion channel, we examined NaV1.7 expression in the rat by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. As expected, highest mRNA expression levels are found in peripheral ganglia, and the protein is expressed within these ganglion cells and on the projections of these neurons in the central nervous system. Importantly, we found that NaV1.7 is present in discrete rat brain regions, and the unique distribution pattern implies a central involvement in endocrine and autonomic systems as well as analgesia. In addition, NaV1.7 expression was detected in the pituitary and adrenal glands. These results indicate that NaV1.7 is not only involved in the processing of sensory information but also participates in the regulation of autonomic and endocrine systems; more specifically, it could be implicated in such vital functions as fluid homeostasis and cardiovascular control. J. Comp. Neurol. 504:680–689, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
CYP3A4 and pregnane X receptor humanized mice
Authors: Gonzalez Frank J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMarked species differences exist in P450 expression and activities. In order to produce mouse models that can be used to more accurately predict human drug and carcinogen metabolism, P450‐ and xenobiotic receptor humanized mice are being prepared using bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC) and P1 phage artificial chromosomes (PAC) genomic clones. In some cases, transgenic mice carrying the human genes are bred with null‐mice to produce fully humanized mice. Mice expressing human CYP1A1, CYP1A2, CYP2E1, CYP2D6, CYP3A4, and CYP3A7 were generated and characterized. Studies with the CYP3A4‐humanized (hCYP3A4) mouse line revealed new information on the physiological function of this P450 and its role in drug metabolism in vivo. With this mouse line, CYP3A4, under certain circumstances, was found to alter the serum levels of estrogen resulting in deficient lactation and low pup survival as a result of underdeveloped mammary glands. This hCYP3A4 mouse established the importance of intestinal CYP3A4 in the pharmacokinetics of orally administered drugs. The hCYP3A4 mice were also used to establish the mechanisms of potential gender differences in CYP3A4 expression (adult female > adult male) that could account for human gender differences in drug metabolism and response. The pregnane X receptor (PXR) is also involved in induction of drug metabolism through its target genes including CYP3A4. Since species differences exist in ligand specificity between human and mice, a PXR‐humanized mouse (hPXR) was produced that responds to human PXR activators such as rifampicin but does not respond to the rodent activator pregnenalone 16α‐carbonitrile. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:158–162, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20173
Genes of the antioxidant response undergo upregulation in a rodent model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Lickteig Andrew J. , Fisher Craig D. , Augustine Lisa M. , Cherrington Nathan J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease encompasses a spectrum of hepatic pathologies ranging from simple fatty liver to an inflammatory state known as nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). NASH is also characterized by severe hepatic oxidative stress. The goal of this study was to determine whether genes of the antioxidant response are induced in rodent models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. To simulate simple fatty liver and NASH, respectively, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were fed a high‐fat (HF) or a methionine and choline‐deficient (MCD) diet for 8 weeks. Key marker genes of the antioxidant response that are known to undergo upregulation via activation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2‐Related Factor 2 were measured using the branched DNA signal amplification assay. Messenger RNA levels of the antioxidant response, including NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase‐1 (Nqo1), Glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic (Gclc), and Heme oxygenase‐1 (Ho‐1), were significantly induced in MCD rat liver but not in HF rat liver. Furthermore, Nqo1 protein expression and activity underwent significant upregulation in MCD rat liver but not in HF rat liver. These data strongly indicate that the pathology induced by the MCD dietary model of NASH results in upregulation of the antioxidant response in rats. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 21:216–220, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/jbt.20177
On the Initiation of High Explosives by Laser Radiation
Authors: Rubenchik Alexander M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe problem of laser initiation of high explosives in munitions is considered. In this situation, the laser illuminates a small spot on the casing, and lateral thermal transport affects the initiation temperature. We use a variational method to calculate the critical temperature for explosives' initiation as a function of the laser spot size for common high explosives. The effect of the dwelling time of the irradiation is then evaluated. We demonstrate that in typical situations the critical temperature is determined by the dwelling time rather than by the laser spot size.
Statistical approach to measure the efficacy of anthelmintic treatment on horse farms
Authors: VIDYASHANKAR A. N. , KAPLAN R. M. , CHAN S. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYResistance to anthelmintics in gastrointestinal nematodes of livestock is a serious problem and appropriate methods are required to identify and quantify resistance. However, quantification and assessment of resistance depend on an accurate measure of treatment efficacy, and current methodologies fail to properly address the issue. The fecal egg count reduction test (FECRT) is the practical gold standard for measuring anthelmintic efficacy on farms, but these types of data are fraught with high variability that greatly impacts the accuracy of inference on efficacy. This paper develops a statistical model to measure, assess, and evaluate the efficacy of the anthelmintic treatment on horse farms as determined by FECRT. Novel robust bootstrap methods are developed to analyse the data and are compared to other suggested methods in the literature in terms of Type I error and power. The results demonstrate that the bootstrap methods have an optimal Type I error rate and high power to detect differences between the presumed and true efficacy without the need to know the true distribution of pre-treatment egg counts. Finally, data from multiple farms are studied and statistical models developed that take into account between-farm variability. Our analysis establishes that if inter-farm variability is not taken into account, misleading conclusions about resistance can be made.
Evaluation of immunoglobulin G4 subclass antibody in a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the serodiagnosis of human fascioliasis
Authors: TANTRAWATPAN C. , MALEEWONG W. , WONGKHAM C. , WONGKHAM S. , INTAPAN P. M. , NAKASHIMA K. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYTo improve the diagnosis of human fascioliasis caused byFasciola gigantica, we developed a peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (peptide-based ELISA) based on the detection of specific IgG4 subclass antibody. Two identified B-cell epitopes ofF. giganticacathepsin L1 were synthesized as single synthetic peptides, acetyl-DKIDWRESGYVTELKDQGNC-carboxamide (peptide L) and acetyl-DKIDWRESGYVTEVKDQGNC-carboxamide (peptide V), and their diagnostic potential was evaluated. The sera of 25 patients infected withF. gigantica, 212 patients with other parasitic infections, 32 cholangiocarcinoma patients and 57 healthy controls were analysed. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and positive and negative predictive values of this assay were the same with both peptides at 100%, 99·7%, 99·7%, 96·2% and 100%, respectively. These highly sensitive and specific peptide-based ELISAs for the detection of specific IgG4 antibody could be useful for laboratory diagnosis of human fascioliasis in future large-scale surveys throughout Southeast Asia where this disease is prevalent.
Fixed points of abelian actions on S2
Authors: FRANKS JOHN , HANDEL MICHAEL , PARWANI KAMLESH 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe prove that if ${\mathcal F}$ is a finitely generated abelian group of orientation preserving C1 diffeomorphisms of $\mathbb {R}^2$ which leaves invariant a compact set then there is a common fixed point for all elements of ${\mathcal F}$. We also show that if ${\mathcal F}$ is any abelian subgroup of orientation preserving C1 diffeomorphisms of S2 then there is a common fixed point for all elements of a subgroup of ${\mathcal F}$ with index at most two.
R&D progress at JAEA towards production of high power and large-area negative ion beams for ITER
Authors: Hanada M. , Inoue T. , Kashiwagi M. , Taniguchi M. , Tobari H. , Watanabe K. , Umeda N. , Dairaku M. , Ikeda Y. , Sakamoto K. 
Published: August 2007

This paper reports the progress of R&D towards the ITER neutral beam (NB) system at the Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) during 2004–2006. In the accelerator development, an H−ion beam of 146 A m−2was accelerated up to 836 keV in a vacuum insulated accelerator with five acceleration stages. This is the first production of a high power density beam at MeV range energy, which is more than twice as high as those of the existing NB systems for large experimental reactors such as JT-60U and LHD. The ITER NB system requires a high voltage (HV) bushing as an electric feedthrough to the vacuum insulated accelerator from the gas insulated power supply. A full-size (1.56 m in diameter and 0.292 m in height) insulator ring made of alumina ceramic has been successfully fabricated for HV bushing, as a result of the technological development of a new cold iso-static press.Long pulse operations of JT-60U negative ion sources with a large extraction area of 0.45 × 1.1 m2are in progress. From the two ion sources, D−ion beams of 21 A (90 A m−2), 320 keV have been produced for 21 s. As a consequence, injection of 3.2 MW D0beams was achieved. Thus, the long pulse operation of the negative ion based NB system has been demonstrated with multi-tens of ampere of D−ions extracted from the ion extraction area relevant to the ITER NB design (0.6 × 1.5 m2). For long pulse operation of such powerful beams, the negative ion uniformity over the wide extraction area is an essential issue to avoid excess power loading on the accelerator grids. By adopting a new magnetic configuration with the so-called ‘tent-shaped filter’, the uniformity of the JAEA 10 A source (extraction area: 0.13 × 0.22 m2) was improved by 8%, which fulfilled the ITER requirement.