bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern of Dermal Deposition Resulting from Mixing/Loading and Ground Application of 2,4-D Dimethylamine Salt
Authors: Grover R , Cessna AJ , Muir NI , Riedel D , Franklin CA 
Published: February 2009

Regional dermal deposition of the dimethylamine salt of 2,4-(dichlorophenoxy) acetic acid (2,4-D DMA) on farmers when handling, mixing, and spraying the herbicide was determined following 30 separate exposures. Before each spraying operation, the farmers were issued a standardized set of laundered cotton clothing that covered most of the body with two layers of clothing. Dermal samplers were placed under the clothing at nine locations and also on the neck and head regions. Two additional dermal samplers, attached over the clothing in the chest and elbow regions, provided direct comparison of outside/inside deposits.
Three distinct levels of dermal deposits could be clearly ascertained. The lowest median 2,4-D (acid equivalent; a.e.) deposit densities occurred under two layers of cotton clothing. These densities were quite uniform and indicated a greatly reduced but nevertheless general permeation of the herbicide through two layers of protective clothing. Somewhat higher median deposit densities were found on exposed body regions less likely to be contaminated during the mixing process, such as the head, neck, and outside elbow regions. The highest median deposit densities occurred on regions of the body most likely to be contaminated during the mixing process, that is, the wrist and chest regions. In the two body regions (chest and left elbow) where direct comparison could be made between deposits outside and beneath the clothing, a significant protective effect was observed, with the median deposit density suggesting a three- to eight-fold protective effect. It may, however, be pointed out that the overall body deposits, minus the hand regions, were only 10 to 20% of the total body deposits and thus, when protective garments equivalent to those used in this study are worn, hand protection must remain a major concern when spraying herbicides with ground-rigs.
Comparison of a Thermal Test Battery Analysis and Field Assessments of Thermal Comfort of Protective Apparel for Pesticide Application
Authors: Hassenboehler CB , Nigg HN , DeJonge JO 
Published: February 2009

Protective apparel fabrics designed to reduce dermal exposure during pesticide spraying procedures were evaluated relative to thermal comfort under sweating/high heat stress conditions. Preliminary results from field tests conducted in Florida were compared to thermal comfort predictions inferred from a battery of thermal tests on the fabrics.
The thermal battery consisted of thermal transmittance with simultaneous moisture transport, a profile of air permeability over a range of differential pressure, and a radiant temperature parameter introduced as the clothing radiant temperature. The performance of a fabric in each specific test was graded on a 10-point scale system. Higher points were awarded according to the fabrics' ability to relieve or lower heat stress associated with thermal discomfort. Individual and cumulative thermal comfort scores were compared to field test results. The effect of heat, moisture, and air transport on thermal comfort as inferred from the thermal test battery data provides a reasonable indicator of actual field study thermal comfort testing.
Strategies for Laundering Protective Apparel Fabric Sequentially Contaminated with Methyl Parathion
Authors: Goodman CJ , Laughlin JM , Gold RE 
Published: February 2009

Fabrics were contaminated daily with methyl parathion for up to five days, laundered, and residues before and after laundering determined. Two fabrics (100% cotton and 50/50% cotton/polyester) of two finishes (unfinished and fluorocarbon soil-repellent) were studied with one-half the specimens laundered daily following contamination and the other half laundered only on the last day following daily contamination.
Gas chromatographic analysis showed that methyl parathion soiling was additive over the five-day period at each additional contamination. The soil-repellent finish was effective through two launderings in limiting sorption of pesticide. In specimens laundered daily, post-laundering residues were similar across each of the five days. Differences in laundered fabric attributable to the fiber content of the specimen and to the functional finish were observed.
Soiling increased across the five days with no laundering such that the washing process was not as effective in removal of the methyl parathion residues. When specimens were contaminated repeatedly and lundered only once, the analysis of wash water showed sizable contaminate; however, when the specimens were laundered daily, proportionately less contamination was evident.
Chlorpyrifos Residues in Protective Apparel Fabrics Following Commercial or Consumer Refurbishment
Authors: Laughlin JM , Lamplot J , Gold RE 
Published: February 2009

This study examined the effectiveness of home laundering with a fabric softener and commercial laundering with starch on the removal of pesticide residues from fabric specimens. A 0.2-mL aliquot of chlorpyrifos (0.5% AI, emulsifiable concentrate) was pipetted onto fabric specimens cut from two fabrics (100% cotton and 50% cotton/50% polyester) with two finishes (unfinished or fluorocarbon soil-repellent finished). Laundering treatments included commercial laundering with and without starch, and home laundering with and without fabric softener. The most significant factor in removal by laundering and in contamination level before laundering was the soil-repellent (SR) finish. The soil-repellent finish inhibited absorption of chemical on the controls; however, any treatment that involved laundering diminished the effectiveness of the SR finish. Pesticide removal was similar between the unfinished specimens and the SR finished specimens.
Additional aqueous solutions in commercial laundering did not result in greater residue removal. A single application of starch or fabric softener did not affect pesticide absorption. Starch and fabric softener were not shown to be effective laundry auxilaries in lowering pesticide residues and did not affect after-laundering residue levels when specimens had been laundered with these auxiliaries prior to contamination.
Test Method Development and Evaluation of Protective Clothing Items Used in Agricultural Pesticide Operations
Authors: Ehntholt DJ , Almeida RF , Beltis KJ , Cerundolo DL , Schwope AD , Whelan RH , Royer MD , Nielsen AP 
Published: February 2009

Protective clothing is the principal defense of millions of farm workers and pesticide mixers/applicators against skin contamination by pesticides. Unfortunately, few data are available in the public domain to permit the identification of appropriate protective items for specific categories and types of pesticides and pesticide formulations. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has therefore sponsored an effort to produce, assemble, and critically evaluate data on the effectiveness of protective clothing for agricultural uses. This paper describes (1) efforts to develop a rapid screening method for determining the compatibility of various glove materials with selected pesticides and (2) comparative analyses of collection media for use with the ASTM Test Method for Resistance of Protective Clothing Materials to Permeation by Liquids and Gases (F 739-85) permeation cell in tests of low-volatility, low-water-solubility active ingredients in pesticide formulations.
Two methods for the rapid screening of protective glove-pesticide formulation compatibilities were tested. Results obtained with a draft ASTM Test Method for Evaluating Protective Clothing Materials for Resistance to Degradation by Liquid Chemicals suggest that inappropriate formulation-glove combinations may be identified by their excessive weight increase after 1-h exposure.
Permeation testing to determine breakthrough times and measure the permeation of formulation components using the ASTM F 739-85 cell and selected gloves and pesticide formulations is a major focus of this program. However, the collection medium to be used in this test when evaluating low-volatility, low-water-solubility pesticides poses a particular program. Various media (water, aqueous surfactant solutions, aqueous alcohol solutions, and solid phase collection materials) were tested using actual pesticide formulations spiked with 14C-labeled active ingredients. A solid silicone rubber material was identified as the most efficient material for collection of parathion and ethion. It has now been used with several protective glove materials and two concentrated pesticide formulations.
Field Evaluation of Protective Clothing: Experimental Designs
Authors: Nigg HN , Stamper JH 
Published: February 2009

Field evaluation of the protection afforded pesticide workers by apparel lis an emerging research area. The design of experiments is critical for obtaining unequivocal data upon which to base recommendations.
The simplest design is a penetration study using collection devices inside and outside the clothing. The residues on inside devices are compared with the residues on outside devices to calculate “protection.” The residue proportion between inside and outside devices may be as large as 1:99. Although proportions this large are helpful for establishing statistical differences, this design still presents certain problems for the analyst.
A second design utilizes urine only. A 24-h urine specimen is collected. The worker wears the garment for one week and removes it the next. Changes in the concentration of residues in urine allow calculation of protection. This design may be flawed by extraneous exposure, uncertainties about urinary excretion kinetics, or nonurinary excretion routes.
A third design combines the first two, but unfortunately a new set of experimental considerations then emerges.
This manuscript discusses the statistical, chemical, metabolic, and human problems inherent in the three designs, with special reference to the experimental goal of each design.
Exterior Wall Systems Performance and Design Criteria: Should These Vary with Different Types of Cladding Systems—Glass Fiber Reinforced Cement, Stone, Metal, Glass—Panel, Frame, or Veneer?
Authors: Smith GH 
Published: February 2009

This paper will discuss the difference between performance criteria and design criteria, how performance criteria can affect selection of material and support system, and how each different material and support system may have different design criteria which must be addressed.
This paper will present an overview of the subject keyed into specific project experiences and is intended to serve as a reminder of topics to be addressed by designer in material and system selection and construction document preparation.
Thermoanalytical Studies on Simple and Mixed Lanthanide Complexes
Authors: Rao VR 
Published: February 2009

Thermogravimetry (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA) of simple and mixed lanthanide complexes have been studied. These studies gave very interesting results and led to the following conclusions:
(1) The presence of water molecules either in a lattice or coordinated was indicated in a thermal study of (a) neodymium barbiturate simple complexes and its oxine mixed complexes, (b) dysprosium dimethyl-glyoximate and diacetylmonoximate, and (c) samarium phenanthroline, N-phenylurea, and N-N' diphenylurea simple complexes.
(2) One could postulate different routes of decomposition. However, on close examination of the results of TG and DTA, only one route of decomposition is possible. Examples of such cases are (a) gadolinium-dimethyl-glyoxime-diphenylthiourea mixed complex and (b) gadolinium thiourea-urea-mixed complex.
(3) Based on a study of thermal analysis, the possible routes of decomposition and formation of intermediates can be postulated. The intermediates formed do sometimes have a definite composition. They can be isolated and their composition established. Sometimes, such intermediates cannot be synthesized by normal methods. Hence, the study of thermal analyses leads to the synthesis of certain complexes that, under normal conditions, are difficult to synthesize. Such an example is the formation of the gadolinium-thiourea simple complex in a thermal study of the mixed complex of Gadolinium-dimethyl-glyoxime-thiourea.
(4) The study of thermal analyses of several simple and mixed lanthanide complexes indicated that certain ligands such as dimethyl-glyoxime, diacetylmonoxime, and thiourea exhibit the same thermal stability in both simple and mixed completes. The thermal stability of the above ligands in simple and mixed lanthanide complexes is discussed.
Thermogravimetry as a Diagnostic Aid to Bench Scale Kentucky Oil Shale Retorting Studies
Authors: Harris MB , Rubel AM , Carter SD , Davis E 
Published: February 2009

Compositional analysis by thermogravimetry (TG) was used to determine the moisture, volatile matter (VM), carbon dioxide from carbonate minerals, fixed carbon (FC), and ash from Kentucky oil shale. This analysis provided a rapid method of screening Kentucky oil shale for potential oil yields. The volatile matter released up to 550°C correlated with oil yield as determined by Fischer assay (R2 = 0.918) for 29 samples from a core drilled in Madison County, KY.
Determination of volatile matter and fixed carbon by TG in spent shale samples from both fixed and fluid bed bench scale retorts proved useful in assessing the effects of varying retorting conditions on the chemistry of Kentucky oil shale pyrolysis. Oil yields obtained under a wide range of retorting conditions were inversely related to the ratio of fixed carbon in the spent shale to the fixed carbon in the raw shale (FC ratio). This ratio provided evidence of the magnitude of secondary reactions in oil yield losses during retorting as a function of processing conditions. Release of volatile matter from the shale during retorting depended on the maximum temperature experienced by the shale and the type of reactor used. The FC ratio and the percentage of volatile matter removed from the shale were used to perform retorting diagnostics for the Kentucky Energy Cabinet Laboratory's (KECL) fluid bed oil shale miniplant.
Thermogravimetry as a Tool for Determining Combustion Efficiency and Calcium Utilization of a Fluidized Bed Combustion Furnace
Authors: Culmo RF , Fyans RL 
Published: February 2009

Coal, the most abundant natural fossil fuel, is projected to be a major source of energy well into the next century. Because of this, much experimentation an development has been directed toward using this fossil fuel effectively. Coal's disadvantage is that much of it is high in sulfur. Consequently, its use in fossil fuel power plants poses a major emissions problem.
This work was performed to learn how thermogravimetry can be used to determine the combustion and sulfur scrubbing efficiency of a fluidized bed combustion furnace used in these power plants.
In this furnace design, a fuel mixture of coal and limestone is used. The limestone is added to remove the sulfur through an in situ scrubbing technique. The fluidized bed design employs high pressure air to both feed the fuel and provide oxygen for combustion. This method causes the fuel to levitate, essentially simulating a fluid mass. This levitation of the fuel mixture provides for more efficient combustion and also enhances the reaction of the calcium oxide with the sulfur oxides that evolve from the coal. Analysis of both the fly ash and bed ash resulting from the combustion should provide a measure of the effectiveness of sulfur oxide removal and combustion efficiency.
The Perkin-Elmer TGA 7 [1] was employed to analyze these ashes for unburned fuel and unreacted calcium oxide. These analyses were performed using three different atmospheres—nitrogen, oxygen and carbon dioxide. Nitrogen was used to remove water and any calcium carbonate. Oxygen was used to oxidize and thereby determine the amount of any unburned fuel. Carbon dioxide was used to recombine calcium carbonate from any unreacted calcium oxide and thereby determine the calcium oxide content.
Static Electrification in Power Transformers
Authors: Crofts DW 
Published: February 2009

The subject of static electrification and related transformer failures has gained the attention of the industry in the last decade. To some extent electrification activity occurs with flowing insulating oil passing over insulation items within every transformer. The extent of the electrification determines whether or not this activity is detrimental to the dielectric integrity of the transformer.
Within the paper, failures are described—two of which occurred on the TU Electric system. Several others have occurred in the United States and even more worldwide. Many of the actual failures have not been well documented and statistical information is lacking in the literature.
Electrification activity is enhanced by many variables which are described in the text. Methods of minimizing detrimental activity are discussed and the need for monitoring techniques is stressed.
RCRA Laboratory Certification
Authors: Hirst RR , Stainken DM , Fischer RL , Stauber KL 
Published: February 2009

The Office of Quality Assurance (OQA) within the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection develops laboratory standards for the Department's Safe Drinking Water and NPDES (NJPDES) programs, and administers a laboratory certification program. The existing certification program was first promulgated for drinking water in 1977. Certification for water and wastewater was offered beginning in 1981. The USEPA Region II RCRA staff incorporated a work output in the FY 1986 USEPA/NJDEP RCRA Interagency Agreement which requires the Department to begin evaluating compliance and performance of analytical laboratories which report measurement data to the Agency and the Department with respect to the RCRA program. OQA made a decision to develop a laboratory certification program for waste analyses (RCRA) and to incorporate such a program into its current regulations.
The RCRA laboratory certification program, as it is currently proposed, would provide laboratories with certification in four major categories: waste characterization, inorganics, organics, and miscellaneous analyses. Laboratories will be certified by individual parameter or analysis under the categories of waste characterization, inorganics (AAS), and miscellaneous analyses. For organics analyses, laboratories will be certified for entire analytical methods rather than by individual analytes (for example, a laboratory will be certified for all parameters covered under SW-846 Method 8240 rather than by each individual analyte listed in the method). Laboratories will be requested at the time they apply for certification to designate which matrices (aqueous and/or nonaqueous) will be analyzed under their RCRA certification. The program will require, along with NJDEP's RCRA regulations, that all laboratories which submit RCRA compliance data to the Department must be certified for the applicable parameters or methods.
The new regulations will cover administrative procedures for the program, such as annual fees for certification, laboratory personnel qualifications, proficiency evaluation, on-site inspections, and enforcement. Many new administrative proposals are incorporated into the proposed regulations, including a more efficient enforcement procedure which will apply to drinking water, water/wastewater, and waste analysis certifications.
Development of the waste analysis certification program has also raised many other issues which are under review at OQA, such as development of performance evaluation samples, analytical method development and validation, method equivalency procedures, and, in the long term, establishment of laboratory performance standards and uniform quality control procedures.
Comparative Study of Preparative and Analytical Techniques for the Determination of Selenium in Water, Sediment, and Vegetation Matrices
Authors: Iskander MS , Yacoub NL , Holden AM , Smith CB , Stephens RD 
Published: February 2009

In an effort to evaluate the currently available methodologies for the determination of selenium (Se) (a potentially toxic and difficult-to-measure element) in various sample matrices, different approaches to sample preparation and analysis were considered. Modification of existing methods was applied when needed and modified methodologies were assessed.
Nitric acid digestion, with and without hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and hydrochloric acid (HCl), was considered. Total selenium in various digestates was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), heated graphite atomizer-atomic absorption (HGA-AA), and hydride generation-atomic absorption (HG-AA) spectrometry.
The data generated by this work showed that there is a reasonable agreement between the Se results obtained by ICP-AES and HGA-AA in the sediment and vegetation samples. The HGA-AA technique, however, is preferred for the determination of low levels of Se in water (sub ppm) due to its higher sensitivity relative to that of ICP-AES.
Several problems were encountered with the hydride generation technique (HG-AA), and its use required difficult manipulations and extreme care. Generally, Se recoveries of 77 to 108% were attained at levels of 2 and 30 ppm total Se.
This paper describes the various methods of sample preparation considered and the operating parameters of the different instrumental techniques used. A comparative discussion of these methods and techniques is also reported along with conclusions pertinent to the use of each.