bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factors Associated With Participation in Breast Cancer Treatment Clinical Trials
Authors: Avis Nancy E. , Smith Kevin W. , Link Carol L. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Rivera Edgardo 
Published: April 2006

Purpose It is well established that recruitment to clinical trials (CTs) is difficult and time consuming. This article reports on factors related to CT participation among women who were invited to participate in a CT for breast cancer. Patients and Methods Breast cancer patients who were eligible for a CT were identified by 16 different cancer centers. After their invitation to participate in a trial, patients who were undecided about participation in a CT were recruited into the present study at that time. After a patient made a decision about trial participation, a telephone interview was conducted to assess knowledge of CTs, perceived benefits and drawbacks of CTs, and personal factors affecting the women's decision regarding participation. Results A total of 208 patients participated in the study. Fifty-eight percent of the patients decided to participate in a trial. Logistic regression analyses showed that the factors best explaining participation were trial phase, perceived drawbacks, time and travel considerations, therapeutic benefit of trial, and physician recommendation. Participation rates were similar for both phase I and phase III trials. However, a higher percentage of women recruited to phase II trials accepted. Conclusion This study suggests that reducing drawbacks of CT participation, particularly travel time, and improving physician communication of trials are needed to increase trial participation.
Alemtuzumab As Consolidation After a Response to Fludarabine Is Effective in Purging Residual Disease in Patients With Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia
Authors: Montillo Marco , Tedeschi Alessandra , Miqueleiz Sara , Veronese Silvio , Cairoli Roberto , Intropido Liliana , Ricci Francesca , Colosimo Anna , Scarpati Barbara , Montagna Michela , Nichelatti Michele , Regazzi Mario , Morra Enrica 
Published: April 2006

Purpose Treatment with alemtuzumab has resulted in negative responses for minimal residual disease (MRD) in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). In a prior analysis we demonstrated that it is possible to achieved MRD negativity, as assessed by polyclonality of immunoglobulin heavy chain after consolidation with alemtuzumab. This phase II study evaluated 34 patients with CLL who received alemtuzumab consolidation in an effort to improve the quality of their response to fludarabine-based induction. Subsequent peripheral blood stem-cell (PBSC) collection and transplantation, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics also were assessed. Patients and Methods Thirty-four patients younger than 65 years who had a clinical response to fludarabine-based induction therapy received alemtuzumab 10 mg subcutaneously three times per week for 6 weeks. PBSCs were collected after mobilization with cytarabine and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor. Blood samples for pharmacokinetics study were taken between days 1 and 31. Results The complete response rate improved from 35% after fludarabine induction to 79.4% after alemtuzumab consolidation, including 19 patients (56%) who achieved MRD negativity. The most common adverse events were injection-site reactions and fever. Cytomegalovirus reactivation occurred in 18 patients, all of whom were successfully treated with oral ganciclovir. PBSC collection was successful in 24 (92%) of 26 patients, and 18 patients underwent autologous PBSC transplantation. Alemtuzumab plasma concentrations increased gradually during the first 2 weeks and accumulated more rapidly thereafter. Conclusion Subcutaneously administered alemtuzumab was effective, safe, and well tolerated as consolidation therapy in patients with CLL who responded to fludarabine induction therapy. Subsequent PBSCT was feasible thereafter.
Gene Expression Signature Predicting Pathologic Complete Response With Gemcitabine, Epirubicin, and Docetaxel in Primary Breast Cancer
Authors: Thuerigen Olaf , Schneeweiss Andreas , Toedt Grischa , Warnat Patrick , Hahn Meinhard , Kramer Heidi , Brors Benedikt , Rudlowski Christian , Benner Axel , Schuetz Florian , Tews Bjoern , Eils Roland , Sinn Hans-Peter , Sohn Christof , Lichter Peter 
Published: April 2006

Purpose Primary systemic therapy (PST) with gemcitabine (G), epirubicin (E), and docetaxel (Doc) has resulted in a pathologic complete response (pCR) in 26% of primary breast cancer patients. This study was aimed at the identification of a gene expression signature in diagnostic core biopsy tissue samples that predicts pCR. Patients and Methods Core biopsy samples from patients with operable primary breast cancer, T2-4N0-2M0, enrolled onto two phase I and II trials evaluating GEDoc (n = 48) and GE sequentially followed by Doc (GEsDoc; n = 52) as PST were snap frozen and subjected to RNA expression profiling. A signature predicting pCR was discovered in the training set (GEsDoc) applying a support vector machine algorithm, and performance of this classifier was validated on the independent test set (GEDoc) by receiver operator characteristics analysis. Results We identified a signature consisting of 512 genes, which was enriched in genes involved in transforming growth factor beta and RAS-mediated signaling pathways, that predicts pCR with a sensitivity of 78%, a specificity of 90%, and an overall accuracy of 88% (95% CI, 75% to 95%). Apart from our signature, only HER2 overexpression was an independent predictor of pCR in multivariate analysis. Conclusion In conclusion, our gene expression signature allows prediction of pCR to PST containing G, E, and Doc with unprecedented high overall accuracy and robustness.
Pharmacogenetic Profiling and Clinical Outcome of Patients With Advanced Gastric Cancer Treated With Palliative Chemotherapy
Authors: Ruzzo Annamaria , Graziano Francesco , Kawakami Kazuyuki , Watanabe Go , Santini Daniele , Catalano Vincenzo , Bisonni Renato , Canestrari Emanuele , Ficarelli Rita , Menichetti Ettore Tito , Mari Davide , Testa Enrica , Silva Rosarita , Vincenzi Bruno , Giordani Paolo , Cascinu Stefano , Giustini Lucio , Tonini Giuseppe , Magnani Mauro 
Published: April 2006

PurposeTo investigate whether polymorphisms with putative influence on fluorouracil/cisplatin activity are associated with clinical outcomes of patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC).Patients and MethodsPeripheral blood samples from 175 prospectively enrolled AGC patients treated with fluorouracil/cisplatin palliative chemotherapy were used for genotyping 13 polymorphisms in nine genes (TS, MTHFR, XPD, ERCC1, XRCC1, XRCC3, GSTPI, GSTTI, GSTMI). Genotypes were correlated to response and survival.ResultsThe overall response rate was 41%, the median progression-free survival (PFS) was 24 weeks (range, 4 to 50 weeks), and the median overall survival (OS) was 39 weeks (range, 8 to 72+ weeks). Chemoresistance and poor survival were significantly associated with TS 5′-UTR 3G-genotype (2R/3G, 3C/3G, 3G/3G) and GSTP1 105 A/A homozygous genotype. Sixty-one patients (35%) did not show any of these risk genotypes (group 0), 57 patients (32.5%) showed one of the two risk genotypes (group 1), and 57 patients (32.5%) showed both risk genotypes (group 2). Median PFS and OS in group 0 patients were 32 weeks (range, 8 to 50 weeks) and 49 weeks (range, 18 to 72+ weeks), respectively. Group 1 and group 2 patients showed significantly worse PFS (median, 26 weeks [range, 6 to 44 weeks] and 14 weeks [range, 4 to 38 weeks], respectively) and worse OS (median, 39 weeks [range, 10 to 58 weeks] and 28 weeks [range, 8 to 56 weeks]), respectively, than group 0 patients. This adverse effect was retained in multivariate analysis.ConclusionSpecific polymorphisms may influence clinical outcomes of AGC patients. Selecting palliative chemotherapy on the basis of pretreatment genotyping may represent an innovative strategy that warrants prospective studies.
Rapid increase in the partial pressure of NH3 on the cutaneous surface of air-exposed mangrove killifish,Rivulus marmoratus
Authors: Litwiller S. L. , O'Donnell M. J. , Wright P. A. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYMangrove killifish, Rivulus marmoratus, are tolerant of prolonged periods of air exposure (&gt;30 days). Air-exposed R. marmoratuseliminate more than 40% of their total ammonia through NH3volatilization; however, the sites and mechanisms are unclear. We hypothesized that the cutaneous surface is an important site of NH3volatilization in air-exposed R. marmoratus. Ion-selective microelectrodes were used to measure the NH4+concentration and pH in the boundary layer on the cutaneous surface of fish in water or air (acute: 1 h, chronic: 11 days). Following acute and chronic air exposure, there was a ∼18-fold increase in the NH4+concentration and a 0.3–0.6 pH unit increase on the cutaneous surface of R. marmoratus. In air-exposed fish, the calculated cutaneous partial pressure (PNH3) was 608–1251 μTorr,representing a 33- to 75-fold increase over control (immersed) fish. The PNH3 on the cutaneous surface water film was more than sufficient to account for the rate of NH3 volatilization under terrestrial conditions. Together, these data indicate that during air exposure, R. marmoratus utilize the cutaneous surface as a key site of NH3 volatilization.
The Thick Frame of a Weak Twin Building
Authors: Caprace Pierre-Emmanuel 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
We prove the following extension to twin buildings of a result for spherical buildings which appears in [11]: to every weak twin building ∆, there is canonically associated a thick twin building ∆̄ whose Weyl group W (∆̄) can be considered as a reflection subgroup of the Weyl group W(∆) of ∆; conversely, it is possible to recover ∆ from the thick twin building ∆̄ and from the inclusion W(∆̄), ↪ W(∆).
Residues for Holomorphic Foliations of Singular Pairs
Authors: Bracci Filippo , Suwa Tatsuo 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Let X be a (possibly singular) subvariety of a complex manifold M and Y a subvariety of X. We assume that Y is the intersection locus of X with a submanifold P ⊂ M and that this intersection is generically transversal. For such a pair (X, Y), we prove a generalization of the classical Camacho–Sad residue theorem, in case there exists a holomorphic foliation ℱ of X leaving Y invariant. Also, we compute explicitly the residues at isolated singular points.
The convergent evolution of radial constructions: French and English deictics and existentials
Authors: Bergen Benjamin K. , Plauché Madelaine C. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
English deictic and existential there-constructions have been analyzed as constituting a single radial category of form—meaning pairings, related through motivated links, such as metaphor (Lakoff 1987). By comparison, existentials and deictic demonstratives in French make use of two distinct radial categories. The current study analyzes the varied senses of French deictic demonstratives (voilà ‘there is’ and voici ‘here is’) and the existential (il y a ‘there is’). We argue that the syntactic behavior of each of their senses is best explained by the semantic and pragmatic function of that sense, in combination with constraints imposed by its relation to other senses. A cross-linguistic comparison of the deictic demonstrative and existential constructions in French and English supports this claim: despite the different historical origins of these forms in the two languages, they display a strikingly similar array of uses and formal constraints. The parallel evolution of deictics and existentials in these two languages is interpreted as a case of convergent evolution of linguistic items, much like convergent evolution in biological species.
DNA analysis : Current status in court
Authors: Wall W. J. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSince the introduction of DNA profiling the methods have change considerably and so have the way that results are expressed. There have been many different techniques used to produce a DNA profile. The starting point was multilocus probes, followed by single locus probes, neither of which are now widely used, and then Short tandem Repeat (STR) analysis. Whatever the next step in DNA analysis is, the methods of interpretation will remain essentially the same. We rely on the concept and reality of the benign state for this to be used for the good of society, not the oppression of individuals or groups.
The International Treatment of Biological Material as Intellectual Property
Authors: Kerr William A. , Isaac Grant E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (TRIPS) of the World Trade Organization was negotiated prior to the commercialization of any plant-based biotechnology. While the negotiators of the TRIPS anticipated biotechnology a number of important international issues in the treatment of biological material as intellectual property have arisen in the wake of commercialization. This paper analyses the international treatment of biotechnology and other plant genetic resources in the light of this experience. In particular, the problem of monopoly rents, the differential treatment of scientific discovery versus traditional knowledge in international intellectual property law and differences in scientific capacity are examined. The paper ends with some suggestions for the reform of the international regime for the protection of intellectual property.
Use of Genetic Test Information in Life Insurance: An Evaluation of Different Regulatory Models
Authors: Otlowski Margaret 
Published: April 2006

IntroductionThe new knowledge from the Human Genome Project has created much interest and anticipation of improved health for the population. A significant aspect of this has been the expanded use of genetic testing to identify whether a person has the affected gene and is therefore at risk of developing a particular condition or, in the case of conditions inherited on an autosomal dominant basis, establishing that a person is presymptomatic of a condition that they will almost certainly develop. Whilst knowledge of genetic risk can be of great benefit, in allowing life-planning in the knowledge of that risk, and in some cases, taking of preventative measures, concerns have been generated about the availability of genetic test information, and the use that commercial third parties may seek to make of this information.
Pharmacogenomics and Data Protection
Authors: Dey Bindu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionThat the genes are responsible for disease susceptibility, differential drug response and drug toxicity was always suspected; post-genome developments, pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics have proven that beyond doubt. The trials of AstraZeneca drug, IRESSA, an EGFR kinase inhibitor approved for non-small lung cancer have clearly shown the consequences of exposing the non-responders to such drugs. It has also initiated an intense debate within the regulatory set up to seek genomic solutions to drug variability during development, clinical testing and their approvals. The strong drug lobby that is used to “one drug for all”, pushing their products across continents to re-coup the heavy ivestments made in R&D and currently fighting for “TRIPS plus” rights over ”Data Protection” may not like the population dynamics. However, one wonders the worth of such clinical data if the drug fails or induces adverse reactions in a different set of population with variation in crucial set of genes that the drug intends to target!
Comments on Object Shift and Cyclic Linearization
Authors: Sells Peter 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this short review I address certain issues and predictions that arise from the position papers by Erteschik-Shir, and by Fox and Pesetsky. The two proposed analyses are radically different, so I have made no attempt to relate them in terms of their properties. In section 1 I discuss some underlying issues in the architecture of grammar assumed by Erteschik-Shir, and in section 2 I evaluate some of the predictions generated by Fox and Pesetsky’s approach. In section 3 I draw some more general conclusions about what consequences Object Shift shows us concerning the organization of grammar, and the nature of grammatical principles. While my remarks mainly address problems or drawbacks that I see with the proposals in the two position papers, they both offer a stimulating account of OS and explore the wider implications of the natures of their enterprises, and deserve fuller consideration beyond the present venue, consideration that they will surely receive.
Cyclic Linearization and its interaction with other aspects of grammar: a reply
Authors: Fox Danny , Pesetsky David 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Our proposal is concerned with the relation between an aspect of phonology (linearization) and syntax. In the picture that we had in mind, the syntax is autonomous – ‘‘it does what it does’’ – but sometimes the result maps to an unusable phonological representation. In this sense, linearization acts logically as a filter on derivations. We know of no evidence that the syntax can predict which syntactic objects will be usable by the phonology, and we know of no clear evidence that the phonology communicates this information to the syntax. In this sense, our proposal fits squarely into the tradition that Svenonius characterizes as the ‘‘mainstream’’. We thus attempted to identify certain deviant configurations that are not plausibly excluded for syntax-internal reasons, but are filtered out in the linearization process.
Post-Davidsonianism
Authors: Ramchand Gillian 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The pioneering work of Davidson (1967) gave rise to a productive and exciting tradition within formal semantics and especially at the interface between syntax and semantics, whereby event variables were exploited as elements of the referential ontology in the expression of the semantics of natural language. The existence of such logical elements (events, or eventuality variables) cannot seriously now be doubted, in my opinion, although many aspects of the formal theory of syntax and semantics have changed in the nearly forty years since Davidson’s seminal article. The time has definitely come for a more critical and nuanced understanding of the use of eventuality variables, in the light of recent research in the field. Maienborn (this volume) is an important example of this kind of work. She takes a new look at the idea of eventuality variables and argues that the case has been overstated, that there are both empirical and conceptual reasons for denying the existence of events in the Davidsonian sense for a certain class of statives and copular predications. I wish to show in this article that Maienborn both goes too far and not far enough in deconstructing the traditional Davidsonian assumptions. Instead, I propose a Davidson-inspired method of representation which fits better with current syntactic understanding, but which is liberated from some of the assumptions and methodologies of earlier work – I call this ‘Post-Davidsonianism’. I will argue that once one makes the adjustments in the Davidsonian tradition to make the idea coherent, Maienborn’s arguments for introducing a new ontological type (‘Kimian states’) into the system disappear.
Morphologie im Internet [Morphology in the Internet]
Authors: Boland Jan Hendrik 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn dieser sechsten Ausgabe der Rubrik „Germanistische Linguistik im Internet“ werden ausgewählte Angebote zur Morphologie im Internet vorgestellt. Folgende Auswahl wurde getroffen: zwei Beispiele für online einsehbare Vorlesungsmitschriften, multimediale Lerneinheiten, Software zur morphologischen Analyse, ein morphologisches Spezialwörterbuch, ins Internet gestellte Bibliographien sowie eine Linkliste zur Morphologie.
Nuer Time-Reckoning
Authors: Evans-Pritchard E. E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphAll Europeans who have lived among the Nuer have, I suppose, found difficulty in discussing with them any matter involving an estimate of time. I do not refer to such a simple arrangement as meeting a Nuer at a certain hour on a certain day. The idiomatic technique necessary to effect a meeting is soon learnt, after a few disasters have taught one not to translate European time-reckoning too literally. I refer to conceptual differences more fundamental than those that give rise to such minor misunderstandings, for the Nuer have a different sense of time to ours.
La Poésie Chez les Basuto
Authors: Laydevant F. 
Published: April 2006

Il ne faut pas juger les gens sur la mine, dit le proverbe. Quand on voit les Basuto sortir de leurs pauvres habitations guère plus grosses que des fourmilières, pour aller cultiver leurs champs de maïs ou de sorgho, lorsqu'on les rencontre drapés dans leurs couvertures de laine, tantôt neuves tantôt en lambeaux, se demandant mutuellement, non pas ce qu'il y a de nouveau sous le soleil, mais dans quel village et dans quelle maison il y a de la bière à boire, il est difficile de s'imaginer que sous ces guenilles il y a souvent l'étoffe d'un vrai poête. Cependant c'est un fait connu que le génie poétique est souvent l'apanage de gens peu favorisés de la fortune. Le poète Lamartine a dit avec raison:Le souffle inspirateur qui fait de l'âme humaineUn instrument mélodieuxDédaigne des palais la pompe souveraine.
The African Chief under European Rule
Authors: Tagart E. S. B. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphThe preamble to one of the clauses in the Charter under which the British Crown entrusted the administration of the natives of Northern Rhodesia to the British South Africa Company runs as follows:‘In the administration of justice to the said peoples or inhabitants careful regard shall always be had to the customs and laws of the class or tribe or nation to which the parties respectively belong.’It enunciates a very important principle of our policy in dealing with backward races. ‘Careful regard shall always be had to their laws and customs…’ but there is a saving clause to be added, ‘in so far as such laws or customs are not repugnant to natural justice, equity, and good government’. The extension of this principle to all branches of native administration has of late years been strongly emphasized in various pronouncements by those whose duty it is to supervise or comment upon British government of native communities in general and of those of East Africa in particular. All that is best in tribal organizations and tribal institutions must be preserved and adapted to the machinery of government in the native territories which we administer.
The Linguistic Situation in East Africa
Authors: Roehl K. E. 
Published: April 2006

Opening ParagraphIn considering the linguistic situation of East Africa the first outstanding impression is that of a vast multiplicity of languages which is not met with in any other part of the continent. For instance travelling inland from Tanga for about a hundred miles, the areas of the following languages are entered or crossed: Swahili, Digo, Bondei, Ruvu, Zigula, Shambala, Mbugu, Pare (also called Chasu), and also various linguistic enclaves, viz. Taita, Kamba, Kwafi, Ndorobo, and Masai. For such a small district this is a somewhat bewildering richness, even when allowance is made for the fact that most of these languages are Bantu, and some of them, as for example Ruvu and Zigula, or Shambala and Bondei, are closely related. In addition several languages, such as Jagga on the Kilimanjaro, are split up into a number of widely divergent dialects. Although the linguistic divisions are not in all parts of East Africa as marked as they are in the district between the coast and Kilimanjaro, yet there are other districts, where for the periods when on ‘safari’, almost every day a new language is encountered, as for example on the way to Lake Nyassa. In a survey like this it cannot therefore be our object to enumerate all the languages of East Africa, even in the case of those which possess the beginnings of a literature.