bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pathology of Bedouin skeletal remains from two sites in Israel
Authors: Goldstein Marcus S. , Arensburg Baruch , Nathan Hilel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFrequency of pathology and of some anomalies in skeletons of Bedouin living about 200 BP, uncovered in the Israeli Negev, is considered in relation to particular bone, sex, age‐group, and kinds of defects. The environment of the Bedouin in relation to his “health‐status” is noted. Two‐thirds of the skeletons had one or more different bones with defects. Incidence of crania with defects was: males, 26%; females, 18%; the highest incidence occurred at age 35–49. Alveolar abscesses occurred in 28% of maxillae, 9% of mandibles. Of the long bones, the tibia was most frequently affected (15%): swelling of the shaft, relatively common, was apparently caused by bejel, a non‐venereal form of syphilis, similar to yaws, endemic to the Bedouin. Forty‐eight percent had defective vertebrae, usually an arthritic manifestation of one kind or another; half of this group had defects in more than one region of the spine. Defects also occurred relatively frequently in the innominata, sacrum, scapula, and clavicle, mostly arthritic lesions except in the sacrum in which the percentage with sacral hiatus was high. Average age at death was, males, 43 years, females, 33 years (adults only), and 28 years for all ages.
Colonial to modern skeletal change in the U.S.A.
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence 
Published: February 2006

AbstractEighty‐two people dating from 1675 to 1879 compared with 182 modern middle‐class White and Black skeletons test the myths of radical changes produced by improved diet, less disease, and nineteenth century immigration. Longevity increases and health and growth improvement is clearest in reduced juvenile deaths (census data) and deepening of true pelvis. Stature increase is minimal (though seventeenth century Londoners and modern West Africans are shorter than Colonial to Modern Americans); teeth deteriorate and for cultural reasons fractures increase. Clavicles and forearms elongate.From Old to New World Colonial samples there is a noticeable skull change (and a greater Old World to Modern contrast) but White Colonial to Modern shows strong continuity surprisingly, the key changes being increasing head height, and retraction of face with increasing nose projection, and longer mastoids, resulting from selection and mixture. Blacks change more, possibly from Indian and White mixture. Variabilities are above average.Change is much less than expected, and apparently involves heterosis and selection as well as the obvious health advance and mixtures.
An analysis of chewed food particle size and its relationship to molar structure in the primatesCheirogaleus medius andGalago senegalensis and the insectivoranTupaia glis
Authors: Sheine Wendy Sue , Kay Richard F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chewed food particle size and shearing capacity of the lower molars of two primate species, the fat‐tailed dwarf lemur,Cheirogaleus medius and the bushbabyGalago senegalensis, and an insectivoran, the tree shrew,Tupaia glis, were compared. Differences in the shearing design of the lower molars correlate strongly with the chewed food particle size in these species: the greater the shearing capacity, the smaller the chewed food particles.These three species are of comparable size but differ greatly in diet in the wild.C. medius primarily eats fruit and nectar, whileG. senegalensis andT. glis are largely insect‐eaters. The lower molars ofG. senegalensis andT. glis show a much greater shearing capacity than do those ofC. medius. The average length of chewed food particles ofC. medius is significantly larger than that ofG. senegalensis, while that ofT. glis is intermediate between the two primates but is closer to that ofG. senegalensis.Our findings that insect‐eating species grind their food more finely than do fruit‐ and resin‐eating species can be correlated with digestibility of foods: finely chewing foods such as fruits which are low in relatively undigestible cell wall components would not greatly improve their digestibility, so a highly efficient food processing apparatus would be less important to the animal's survival. Insect‐eaters much more finely chew their foods, implying that there is some constituent of insect bodies difficult to digest, and that grinding increases its digestibility. We suggest that this constituent is chitin.
Early hominid feeding mechanisms
Authors: Du Brul E. Lloyd 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThree predominant influences mark the evolution of human head form: big brain, erect bipedalism, modified oral apparatus. Confusing interplay between different adaptive requirements of each feature has made explanation of skull structure extremely difficult in the past. It now seems possible to isolate each influence in early fossil forms. A model of mammalian modes of feeding adaptation is proposed in the form of a “Natural Experiment” for tighter analysis of fossil forms. Two forms of australopithecines are recognized, “gracile” and “robust.” Both had closely similar brains, both had erect bipedalism, but each had different masticatory construction. Separation of the first two similar influences isolates the adaptive differences in oral mechanics. The gracile form had a projecting oral apparatus, distinct canine and zygomatic buttresses, moderate jaw‐lever development, jaw joint not unlike most higher primates, large unusual anterior teeth, moderately sized posterior teeth. The robust form had a retruded, greatly deepened oral apparatus, “dished‐in” face with fused canine and zygomatic buttresses, powerful jaw‐lever development, distinctively different joint construction, remarkably small anterior teeth, enormous posterior teeth. Striking evidence for extraordinary jaw movements emerges from these features in the robust form. This is strongly supported by remarkably close parallels in Ursidae: grizzly bear and giant panda.
Patterns of movement in open country baboons
Authors: Harding Robert S. O. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn early accounts, baboons are described as invariably assuming a particular troop formation when moving across open country. This movement pattern is an integral part of a model of social organization in which behavior is a response to predator pressure. The model, in turn, has been applied to describe populations of early hominids moving onto the savannah from the forest. The special formation was not observed during a year's study of free‐ranging baboons in Kenya, nor has it been reported by other field workers since its original description. Thus at least one aspect of an early model of baboon social organization lacks empirical support and this model should not be used uncritically in reconstructing the behavior of early human groups.
Correlation of tooth size and body size in living hominoid primates, with a note on relative brain size inAegyptopithecus andProconsul
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSecond molar length and body weight are used to test the correlation between tooth size and body size in living Hominoidea. These variates are highly correlated (r = 0.942,p<0.001), indicating that tooth size can be used in dentally unspecialized fossil hominoids as one method of predicting the average body weight of species. Based on tooth size, the average body weight ofAegyptopithecus zeuxis is estimated to have been between 4.5 and 7.5 kg, which is corroborated by known cranial and postcranial elements. Using Radinsky's estimates of brain size, the encephalization quotient (EQ) forAegyptopithecus was between 0.65 and 1.04. A similar analysis forProconsul africanus yields a body weight between 16 and 34 kg, and an EQ between 1.19 and 1.96.
The number of vertebrae in the Southern African Negro, the American Negro and the Bushman (San)
Authors: De Beer Kaufman Pamela 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe numbers of precoccygeal vertebrae (PCV) are compared in Southern African Negroes, Bushman (San) and American Negroes. The S.A. Negro and San males have an exceptionally high frequency of an increased total PCV number whilst the frequencies are significantly lower in a combined Caucasoid sample and the Mongoloid samples. The American Negro male, too, has a high frequency but not as high as in S.A. Negroes. The high frequency of increased PCV number in San, S.A. Negroes and American Negroes is in keeping with the view that the Khoisan peoples (here represented by the San), the Southern African Negroes and the African ancestors of American Blacks sprang from a common proto‐negriform stock.Males have a significantly greater frequency of increased PCV to 30 or 31, whereas females are more likely to have a decreased number of 28 PCV. This sex difference is present in all the populations studied.
Selective pressures and dental evolution in hominids
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractInter‐group differences in tooth size and attrition scores in fossil hominids from the late Riss, Würm I–II and Würm III–IV were compared to determine: (1) the extent and timing of reduction in tooth size; (2) the relation of such reduction to decreased functional demands made on the dentition, as estimated by the severity of attrition. The largest reduction in tooth size was found to take place between the Riss and WAuUrm I–II groups, and to affect anterior teeth as well as posterior teeth. It is suggested that the differences between these conclusions and those reached by Brace ('67) are a function of the samples used. Similarly the observed reduction in tooth size was not associated with any concomitant reduction in functional demands made on the dentition, but appears to have outstripped them, as demonstrated by the increased severity of attrition found in the later smaller‐toothed groups.
Regional variation in tooth size and pathology in fossil hominids
Authors: Smith Patricia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTooth size and dental pathology in fossil hominids were studied to test for regional differences in these parameters. The results showed little regional variation in tooth size for the Middle and Upper Pleistocene sites compared (except for Krapina) but considerable differences in the severity of attrition and dental pathology. These differences were considered indicative of regional differences in the functional load borne by the teeth, and in view of the similar technological status of the groups studied, were attributed to environmental differences in the diet. Since, in all regions, reduction in tooth size appeared to continue at the same rate for the periods investigated, no association can be established between presumed selective pressures related to differences in functional demands made on the dentition, and tooth reduction.
Implications of Catlin's American Indian population estimates for revision of Mooney's estimate
Authors: Thornton Russell 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCatlin's population estimates of 37 American Indian tribes for the period 1832 to 1839 are compared with Mooney's estimates for the same tribes that range from the year 1600 to the year 1780. The remarkably close correspondence between the two totals despite the difference in the time periods indicates considerable inaccuracy on the part of either Mooney or Catlin. If Catlin is given credibility, then the necessity of current upward revisions of Mooney's population estimate is supported.
Fore‐ and hindlimb proportions in Plio‐Pleistocene hominids
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAssociated fore‐ and hindlimb parts of five individuals are known from the hominid Plio‐Pleistocene fossil collections in Africa. Four of these have been classified as Australopithecus and show definite evidence that in comparison with humans, forelimbs were relatively large and hindlimbs were relatively small. The fourth individual, placed in the genus Homo, has human proportions. These findings do not necessarily imply locomotor differences: the forelimbs may have been relatively long in Australopithecus simply because they were as yet not completely reduced from their generalized hominoid ancestral state.
Homologies of the toothcomb
Authors: Schwartz Jeffrey H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA recently described juvenile specimen of Avahi was supposed to show that indriines have an unreplaced deciduous canine and that the indriine toothcomb was composed only of incisors. To the contrary, this specimen demonstrates quite dramatically a growth phenomenon earlier discussed: in indriines, the anteriormost of the four deciduous lower teeth posterior to the toothcomb migrates mesially toward the toothcomb (Schwartz, '74). In this particular Avahi, this tooth has even become associated with the toothcomb. The alignment of this tooth with the toothcomb is a strictly impermanent situation and cannot be taken into consideration when determining homologies of the teeth of the toothcomb. Morphologically and developmentally the lateral teeth of both indriine and lemur and loris toothcombs are similar to each other and distinct from the central set of teeth. Thus, if the lateral teeth of the lemur/loris toothcomb are canines, then the lateral teeth of the indriine toothcomb are canines as well.
The effects of stress on cortical bone thickness in rodents
Authors: Brandt Maryann , Siegel Michael I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe right and left femora of three groups of rodents, cold stressed, noise stressed, and heat stressed, were sectioned transversely at the most inferior point of the third trochanter. Cortical bone thickness of the proximal section for all three groups was determined by measuring an enlargement obtained with a Wild stereo microscope with a camera lucida drawing attachment. Cold stressed animals were found to have significantly thinner cortical bone than did controls, noise stressed animals did not differ from controls, and heat stressed animals had thinner cortical bone than did controls. It is concluded that stress may be responsible for the thinner cortex of cold and heat stressed animals, but that other factors may be at work and that it is not possible to tell whether different types of stress act through the same or through different mechanisms.
The functional significance of the squamosal suture in Australopithecus boisei
Authors: Rak Yoel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA juvenile Australopithecus boisei specimen from the Omo basin, southern Ethiopia, is found to exhibit an extraordinarily large overlap of the temporal squama on the parietal, a phenomenon shared with at least two adult specimens of A. boisei. An attempt is made to interpret the overlap as a structural (bony/ligamentous) adaptation necessitated by the unique combination of certain components of the masticatory system of A. boisei. These are: (1) the massiveness and strength of the temporalis muscle, (2) its relatively anterior location, and (3) the lateral position of the masseter muscle due to the flaring of the zygomatic arches. The effect of the temporalis muscle is to create excessive pressure on the portion of the squamosal suture along the parietal, while the lateral placement of the masseter and the resultant increase of pressure on the temporal squama via the zygomatic arch tend to “loosen” the contact between the temporal and parietal bones.
Scaling of organ weights in Macaca arctoides
Authors: Larson Susan G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe allometric scaling of nine internal organs was examined for Macaca arctoides. Significant organ weight‐body weight regressions were obtained for heart, lungs, kidneys, pancreas, thyroid, liver, and testes. The spleen and adrenal glands exhibited strong variability and were only loosely correlated to body weight.Using allometry as a criterion of subtraction, observed sex differences in mean organ weights were seen to be primarily the result of differences in average body weight. It is postulated that analysis of observed differences in organ weights between this species and Macaca mulatta would yield similar conclusions.Comparison of intraspecific slope values obtained in the present study with interspecific values reported in the literature reveals a pattern paralleling the brain‐body weight relation. A discussion of the relationship between intra‐ and interspecific slopes is presented.
Univariate and multivariate methods for sexing the sacrum
Authors: Flander Louisa Beyer 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMetric data on 200 sacra of known sex, age and race are analyzed to determine the usefulness of conventional observations for determining sex in this bone. Results of the univariate analysis show that significant sex differences in the sacrum involve primarily the top portion of the bone for both whites and blacks. However, measurements of curvature are important sex differences in the sample of blacks. A new index relating the SI body to sacral breadth is proposed as more useful in classifying the bones by sex than indices involving other measurements. Discriminant analysis shows that the sample of whites can be analyzed significantly better by this method than by using an index. The choice of univariate or multivariate method must depend on the condition of the bone, and will be influenced to some extent by the race from which the sample is drawn.
Distribution of albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico among Aleuts, Frobisher Bay Eskimos, and Micmac, Naskapi, Mohawk, Omaha and Apache Indians
Authors: Schell Lawrence M. , Agarwal Shyam S. , Blumberg Baruch S. , Levy Howard , Bennett Peter H. , Laughlin William S. , Martin John P. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn order to help define the boundaries of the distribution of the albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico which are polymorphic among several American Indian groups, we examined sera from Micmac, Mohawk, Northwest River Naskapi, Omaha and Apache Indians, and from Aleuts and Eskimos. Sera from a total of 1,524 individuals were examined. Using a cellulose acetate membrane electrophoretic system with Tris‐Citric acid at pH 5.4 we were able to distinguish normal albumin and both variants in the same run. Naskapi and Mexico variants were absent from Aleut, Eskimo, Micmac, Mohawk and Omaha samples. The albumin Naskapi variant was present in an allele frequency of 0.03 in the Naskapi Indian sample. Albumin variants Naskapi and Mexico were found in the Apache sample at frequencies of 0.016 and 0.037, respectively. This report supersedes that previously published by Schell and Agarwal ('76). Generally, within an area there is a correspondence between changes in the frequency of albumin variants and changes in the ethnic background and history of the area's populations. At the same time, when viewing widely separated areas, relationships between distant groups based on linguistic and cultural similarities are paralleled on a biologic level by the distribution of normal albumin and variant albumins.
Spectrographic analysis of laryngeal air sac resonance in rhesus monkey
Authors: Hilloowala Rumy A. , Lass Norman J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractLaryngeal air sacs are circular out‐pocketings, located in the hyoid bone with their ostium in the midline of the anterior part of the larynx. From previous cadaver studies of the rhesus monkey it was deduced that the function of the air sac is to act as a resonating chamber. The present study was designed to test this hypothesis. Recordings were made of three rhesus monkeys before and after surgical removal of the air sac. Spectrographic analysis of the monkeys' vocalizations indicated that differences in formant frequency characteristics between pre‐and post‐surgical recordings were negligible. This finding suggests that the laryngeal air sac does not play an important role in the resonant properties of the monkeys' vocal tracts.
Red cell glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency among Andhras
Authors: Veerraju P. , Busi B. R. , Elias Anand N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSixty‐eight Andhra males and 45 Andhra females from Visakhapatnam town of Andhra Pradesh, India have been investigated for G‐6‐PD deficiency. The GdB− gene has a frequency of 4.41% among males. No G‐6‐PD deficient females were detected. The present data have been compared with the available tribal and non‐tribal data from Andhra Pradesh. It is observed that the present sample, though non‐tribal in nature, presents a relatively considerable frequency of the GdB− gene.
A longitudinal and cross‐sectional analysis of the growth of the postnatal cranial base angle
Authors: George Sara L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRadiographs of 32 children, 16 girls and 16 boys, taken at 1 month, 3 months, 9 months, and once a year until 5 years 9 months were selected from the Denver Series. The cranial base deflection was measured by five sets of angles. A cross‐sectional evaluation revealed a significant decrease in angle size by all methods of measurement by 9 months of age. Little change was noted after 1 year, 9 months, indicating that studies beginning after 2 years would not find this decrease. All individuals followed a pattern of reduction between 1 month and 9 months with variable changes at 3 months. Choice of landmark affected the degree and timing of the observed change but not the overall pattern. Differences in measuring techniques evaluated the mean degree of deflection to range from −6.9° to −13.8°.
Seasonal pattern in the rate of growth in height of children living in Guatemala
Authors: Bogin Barry A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMonthly increments of height for a sample of 164 Guatemala City school children are analyzed for the presence of a seasonal pattern in rates of growth. It is found that pre and post adolescent children follow a seasonal pattern of growth but adolescent children do not. It is suggested that the results are due to an effect of seasonal changes in ultraviolet light availability and the synthesis of vitamin D3 as mediated by the level of maturation of each child.
Vocalizations of the Black and White Colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos Zimmerman 1780)
Authors: Walek Mary L. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe vocalizations of the black and white colobus, Colobus polykomos, were recorded on the Kenya Coast. An analysis of spectrographic structure and social context reveals a high degree of similarity with the vocalizations of an allopatric population of C. guereza. While morphological and coloration differences may be particularly significant in discriminating black and white colobus species, vocalizations may be too conservative to be effective taxonomic characters for allopatric populations.
Communality of surnames: A measure of biological interrelationships among thirty‐one settlements in upper Val Varaita in the Italian Alps
Authors: Kaplan Bernice A. , Lasker Gabriel W. , Chiarelli Brunetto 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe upper part of the Alpine valley of the Varaita (population about 1,596) has three communities situated in a triangle about 6 km on a side but divided into frazioni (clusters of houses) that form a “Y” along the road and river in the valley floor. The coefficient of relationship (Ri) based on the communality of surnames between pairs of frazioni and between pairs of the communities shows very high levels of interrelationship (up to 0.26 compared with 0.5 for brothers). It tends to be higher between frazioni of the same community than between communities. It is highest among five pairs of contiguous frazioni within 1 km of each other. It tends to be highest between frazioni of the community least influenced by tourism and migration. It is not demonstrably affected by the division of one community into two parishes. It is about twice as high between contiguous communities as between the two communities with an intervening one. The high values represent the long history of the same surnames in the valley and the accumulation of relationship through high levels of valley endogamy.