bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of the Intraseasonal Oscillations in the Indian Ocean South Equatorial Current
Authors: Zhou Lei , Murtugudde Raghu , Jochum Markus 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
The spatial and temporal features of intraseasonal oscillations in the southwestern Indian Ocean are studied by analyzing model simulations for the Indo-Pacific region. The intraseasonal oscillations have periods of 40–80 days with a wavelength of ∼650 km. They originate from the southeastern Indian Ocean and propagate westward as Rossby waves with a phase speed of ∼25 cm s−1 in boreal winter and spring. The baroclinic instability is the main driver for these intraseasonal oscillations. The first baroclinic mode dominates during most of the year, but during boreal winter and spring the second mode contributes significantly and often equally. Consequently, the intraseasonal oscillations are relatively strong in boreal winter and spring. Whether the atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations are also important for forcing the oceanic intraseasonal oscillations in the southwestern Indian Ocean needs further investigation.
An Experimental Investigation of Internal Tide Generation by Two-Dimensional Topography
Authors: Peacock Thomas , Echeverri Paula , Balmforth Neil J. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Experimental results of internal tide generation by two-dimensional topography are presented. The synthetic Schlieren technique is used to study the wave fields generated by a Gaussian bump and a knife edge. The data compare well to theoretical predictions, supporting the use of these models to predict tidal conversion rates. In the experiments, viscosity plays an important role in smoothing the wave fields, which heals the singularities that can appear in inviscid theory and suppresses secondary instabilities of the experimental wave field.
Reevaluation of the Bulk Exchange Coefficient for Humidity at Sea during Unstable and Neutral Conditions
Authors: Sahlée Erik , Smedman Ann-Sofi , Högström Ulf , Rutgersson Anna 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Processes influencing the air–sea exchange of humidity during unstable and neutral stratification were studied using tower measurements from the island of Östergarnsholm in the Baltic Sea. For small air–sea temperature differences, the neutral exchange coefficient for humidity CEN was found to increase with increasing wind speed, attaining a value of approximately 1.8 × 10−3 at 13 m s−1. The high CEN values were observed during situations when the characteristics of the turbulence structure differed from what would be expected from traditional theory. Results from spectral analysis point to a situation in which the vertical transport of humidity is dominated by smaller-scale eddies. Quadrant analysis showed that these eddies enhance the humidity flux by bringing down drier air from layers aloft. These findings are consistent with recent analyses of the neutral boundary layer in which a change of turbulence regime has been observed. The conclusion is made that this dynamic effect accounts for the observed increase in CEN. Here, CEN was calculated using a wave-dependent normalized wind gradient, which had the effect of reducing the value by about 10% during swell relative to calculations using a non-wave-dependent normalized wind gradient.
An Examination of Failure Criteria for Notched Orthotropic Ceramic Matrix Composite Laminates
Authors: Yeh Hsien-Yang , Murphy Kyle S. , Yeh Hsien-Liang 
Published: February 2008

The purpose of this paper is to further study the Yeh-Stratton (Y-S) failure criterion when applied to the newly developed ceramic matrix composite (CMC). In this study, the failure analysis of notched CMC laminates is investigated by the Y-S criterion and compared to linear elastic stress models including the average stress criterion (ASC), point stress criterion (PSC), and the D criterion. The materials being examined are fiber-reinforced orthotropic composites, which are a new CMC of interest in the aerospace industry, and a graphite/epoxy AS4/3502. Testing of both fiber-reinforced CMC [0/90] and AS4/3502 [0/902/0] laminates, containing central cracks and under tensile loading conditions, were analytically investigated by the failure criteria and evaluated against the experimental results. The study results indicate that the Y-S criterion and the linear elastic stress models predict the fracture of orthotropic laminated composites containing a center crack under tensile loading to a similar degree of accuracy. The results also indicate that the damage zone size predicted by the Y-S criterion does not represent the actual damage zone size. The linear elastic stress models appear to predict the actual damage zone size within an order of magnitude. It is apparent that further research on this topic of damage zone size prediction is needed.
Stat5 activation enables erythropoiesis in the absence of EpoR and Jak2
Authors: Grebien Florian , Kerenyi Marc A. , Kovacic Boris , Kolbe Thomas , Becker Verena , Dolznig Helmut , Pfeffer Klaus , Klingmüller Ursula , Müller Mathias , Beug Hartmut , Müllner Ernst W. , Moriggl Richard 
Published: February 2008

AbstractErythropoiesis requires erythropoietin (Epo) and stem cell factor (SCF) signaling via their receptors EpoR and c-Kit. EpoR, like many other receptors involved in hematopoiesis, acts via the kinase Jak2. Deletion of EpoR or Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) causes embryonic lethality as a result of defective erythropoiesis. The contribution of distinct EpoR/Jak2-induced signaling pathways (mitogen-activated protein kinase, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 [Stat5]) to functional erythropoiesis is incompletely understood. Here we demonstrate that expression of a constitutively activated Stat5a mutant (cS5) was sufficient to relieve the proliferation defect of Jak2−/− and EpoR−/− cells in an Epo-independent manner. In addition, tamoxifen-induced DNA binding of a Stat5a–estrogen receptor (ER)* fusion construct enabled erythropoiesis in the absence of Epo. Furthermore, c-Kit was able to enhance signaling through the Jak2-Stat5 axis, particularly in lymphoid and myeloid progenitors. Although abundance of hematopoietic stem cells was 2.5-fold reduced in Jak2−/− fetal livers, transplantation of Jak2−/−-cS5 fetal liver cells into irradiated mice gave rise to mature erythroid and myeloid cells of donor origin up to 6 months after transplantation. Cytokine- and c-Kit pathways do not function independently of each other in hematopoiesis but cooperate to attain full Jak2/Stat5 activation. In conclusion, activated Stat5 is a critical downstream effector of Jak2 in erythropoiesis/myelopoiesis, and Jak2 functionally links cytokine- with c-Kit-receptor tyrosine kinase signaling.
Knock-in of an internal tandem duplication mutation into murine FLT3 confers myeloproliferative disease in a mouse model
Authors: Li Li , Piloto Obdulio , Nguyen Ho Bao , Greenberg Kathleen , Takamiya Kogo , Racke Frederick , Huso David , Small Donald 
Published: February 2008

Abstract
Constitutive activation of FMS-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) by internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations is one of the most common molecular alterations known in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). To investigate the role FLT3/ITD mutations play in the development of leukemia, we generated a FLT3/ITD knock-in mouse model by inserting an ITD mutation into the juxtamembrane domain of murine Flt3. FLT3wt/ITD mice developed myeloproliferative disease, characterized by splenomegaly, leukocytosis, and myeloid hypercellularity, which progressed to mortality by 6 to 20 months. Bone marrow (BM) and spleen from FLT3wt/ITD mice had an increased fraction of granulocytes/monocytes and dendritic cells, and a decreased fraction of B-lymphocytes. No sign of acute leukemia was observed over the lifetime of these mice. BM from FLT3wt/ITD mice showed enhanced potential to generate myeloid colonies in vitro. BM from FLT3wt/ITD mice also produced more spleen colonies in the in vivo colony-forming unit (CFU)–spleen assay. In the long-term competitive repopulation assay, BM cells from FLT3wt/ITD mice outgrew the wild-type competitor cells and showed increased myeloid and reduced lymphoid expansion activity. In summary, our data indicate that expression of FLT3/ITD mutations alone is capable of conferring normal hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) with enhanced myeloid expansion. It also appears to suppress B lymphoid maturation. Additional cooperative events appear to be required to progress to acute leukemia.
Prospective, multicenter randomized GITMO/IIL trial comparing intensive (R-HDS) versus conventional (CHOP-R) chemoimmunotherapy in high-risk follicular lymphoma at diagnosis: the superior disease control of R-HDS does not translate into an overall survival advantage
Authors: Ladetto Marco , De Marco Federica , Benedetti Fabio , Vitolo Umberto , Patti Caterina , Rambaldi Alessandro , Pulsoni Alessandro , Musso Maurizio , Liberati Anna M. , Olivieri Attilio , Gallamini Andrea , Pogliani Enrico , Scalabrini Delia Rota , Callea Vincenzo , Di Raimondo Francesco , Pavone Vincenzo , Tucci Alessandra , Cortelazzo Sergio , Levis Alessandro , Boccadoro Mario , Majolino Ignazio , Pileri Alessandro , Gianni Alessandro M. , Passera Roberto , Corradini Paolo , Tarella Corrado 
Published: February 2008

AbstractIn this randomized multicenter study of 136 patients, 6 courses of CHOP (cyclo-phosphamide/doxorubicin/vincristine/prednisone) followed by rituximab (CHOP-R) were compared with rituximab-supplemented high-dose sequential chemotherapy with autografting (R-HDS) to assess the value of intensified chemo-therapy as a first-line treatment for high-risk follicular lymphoma (FL) after the introduction of monoclonal antibodies. The analysis was intention to treat with event-free survival (EFS) as the primary endpoint. Complete remission (CR) was 62% with CHOP-R and 85% with R-HDS (P < .001). At a median follow-up (MFU) of 51 months, the 4-year EFS was 28% and 61%, respectively (P < .001), with no difference in overall survival (OS). Molecular remission (MR) was achieved in 44% of CHOP-R and 80% of R-HDS patients (P < .001), and was the strongest independent outcome predictor. Patients relapsing after CHOP-R underwent salvage R-HDS in 71% of cases. Salvage R-HDS had an 85% CR rate and a 68% 3-year EFS (MFU, 30 months). We conclude that (1) achieving MR is critical for effective disease control, regardless of which treatment is used; (2) R-HDS ensures superior disease control and molecular outcome than CHOP-R, but no OS improvement; and (3) CHOP-R failures have a good outcome after salvage R-HDS, suggesting that relapsed/refractory FL could be the most appropriate setting for R-HDS–like treatments. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as no. NCT00435955.
Dynamics and evolution of the inverted repeat-large single copy junctions in the chloroplast genomes of monocots
Authors: Wang Rui-Jiang , Cheng Chiao-Lei , Chang Ching-Chun , Wu Chun-Lin , Su Tian-Mu , Chaw Shu-Miaw 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Various expansions or contractions of inverted repeats (IRs) in chloroplast genomes led to fluxes in the IR-LSC (large single copy) junctions. Previous studies revealed that some monocot IRs contain a trnH-rps19 gene cluster, and it has been speculated that this may be an evidence of a duplication event prior to the divergence of monocot lineages. Therefore, we compared the organizations of genes flanking two IR-LSC junctions in 123 angiosperm representatives to uncover the evolutionary dynamics of IR-LSC junctions in basal angiosperms and monocots.

Results
The organizations of genes flanking IR-LSC junctions in angiosperms can be classified into three types. Generally each IR of monocots contains a trnH-rps19 gene cluster near the IR-LSC junctions, which differs from those in non-monocot angiosperms. Moreover, IRs expanded more progressively in monocots than in non-monocot angiosperms. IR-LSC junctions commonly occurred at polyA tract or A-rich regions in angiosperms. Our RT-PCR assays indicate that in monocot IRA the trnH-rps19 gene cluster is regulated by two opposing promoters, S10

A
and psbA.

Conclusion
Two hypotheses are proposed to account for the evolution of IR expansions in monocots. Based on our observations, the inclusion of a trnH-rps19 cluster in majority of monocot IRs could be reasonably explained by the hypothesis that a DSB event first occurred at IRB and led to the expansion of IRs to trnH, followed by a successive DSB event within IRA and lead to the expansion of IRs to rps19 or to rpl22 so far. This implies that the duplication of trnH-rps19 gene cluster was prior to the diversification of extant monocot lineages. The duplicated trnH genes in the IRB of most monocots and non-monocot angiosperms have distinct fates, which are likely regulated by different expression levels of S10

A
and S10

B
promoters. Further study is needed to unravel the evolutionary significance of IR expansion in more recently diverged monocots.
Clinical significance of gelsolin-like actin-capping protein expression in oral carcinogenesis: an immunohistochemical study of premalignant and malignant lesions of the oral cavity
Authors: Nomura Hitomi , Uzawa Katsuhiro , Ishigami Takashi , Kouzu Yukinao , Koike Hirofumi , Ogawara Katsunori , Siiba Masashi , Bukawa Hiroki , Yokoe Hidetaka , Kubosawa Hitoshi , Tanzawa Hideki 
Published: February 2008

AbstractBackgroundGelsolin-like actin-capping protein (CapG) is a ubiquitous gelsolin-family actin-modulating protein involved in cell signalling, receptor-mediated membrane ruffling, phagocytosis, and motility. CapG has generated great interest due to its oncogenic function in the control of cell migration or invasion in a variety of cancer cells. We previously applied proteomic methods to characterize differentially expressed proteins in oral squamous-cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells and detected significantly high expression levels of CapG in OSCC-derived cell lines compared to human normal oral keratinocytes. In the current study, to further determine the potential involvement of CapG in OSCC, we evaluated the status of CapG protein and mRNA expression in human oral premalignant lesions (OPLs) and primary OSCCs and correlated the results with clinicopathologic variables.MethodsMatched normal and tumour tissue sections of 79 human primary OSCCs and 28 OPLs were analyzed for CapG expression by immunohistochemistry (IHC). Correlations between CapG-immunohistochemical staining scores of OSCCs and clinicopathologic features were evaluated by Fisher's exact test. Real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) was used to estimate CapG expression at the mRNA level.ResultsIn IHC, substantial up-regulation of CapG protein was observed in primary OSCCs (52%) and OPLs (64%), whereas corresponding normal tissues showed consistently weak or absent immunoreactivity of CapG. qRT-PCR data were consistent with the protein expression status. Moreover, CapG expression was correlated with the TNM stage grading of OSCCs.ConclusionOur finding of frequent dysregulated expression of CapG in premalignant and malignant lesions together with an association with an advanced clinical disease stage suggests that CapG could contribute to cancer development and progression and that CapG may have potential as a biomarker and a therapeutic target for OSCC.
Bioluminescence in vivo imaging of autoimmune encephalomyelitis predicts disease
Authors: Luo Jian , Ho Peggy , Steinman Lawrence , Wyss-Coray Tony 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis is a widely used animal model to understand not only multiple sclerosis but also basic principles of immunity. The disease is scored typically by observing signs of paralysis, which do not always correspond with pathological changes.

Methods
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis was induced in transgenic mice expressing an injury responsive luciferase reporter in astrocytes (GFAP-luc). Bioluminescence in the brain and spinal cord was measured non-invasively in living mice. Mice were sacrificed at different time points to evaluate clinical and pathological changes. The correlation between bioluminescence and clinical and pathological EAE was statistically analyzed by Pearson correlation analysis.

Results
Bioluminescence from the brain and spinal cord correlates strongly with severity of clinical disease and a number of pathological changes in the brain in EAE. Bioluminescence at early time points also predicts severity of disease.

Conclusion
These results highlight the potential use of bioluminescence imaging to monitor neuroinflammation for rapid drug screening and immunological studies in EAE and suggest that similar approaches could be applied to other animal models of autoimmune and inflammatory disorders.
Alteration of viral lipid composition by expression of the phospholipid floppase ABCB4 reduces HIV vector infectivity
Authors: van Til Niek P , Heutinck Kirstin M , van der Rijt Roos , Paulusma Coen C , van Wijland Michel , Markusic David M , Elferink Ronald PJ Oude , Seppen Jurgen 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
The presence of cholesterol in the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) lipid envelop is important for viral function as cholesterol depleted viral particles show reduced infectivity. However, it is less well established whether other viral membrane lipids are also important for HIV infection.
The ABCB4 protein is a phosphatidyl choline (PC) floppase that mediates transport of PC from the inner to the outer membrane leaflet. This property enabled us to modulate the lipid composition of HIV vectors and study the effects on membrane composition and infection efficiency.

Results
Virus generated in the presence of ABCB4 was enriched in PC and cholesterol but contained less sphingomyelin (SM). Viral titers were reduced 5.9 fold. These effects were not observed with an inactive ABCB4 mutant. The presence of the ABC transport inhibitor verapamil abolished the effect of ABCB4 expression on viral titers.
The ABCB4 mediated reduction in infectivity was caused by changes in the viral particles and not by components co purified with the virus because virus made in the presence of ABCB4 did not inhibit virus made without ABCB4 in a competition assay.
Incorporation of the envelope protein was not affected by the expression of ABCB4. The inhibitory effect of ABCB4 was independent of the viral envelope as the effect was observed with two different envelope proteins.

Conclusion
Our data indicate that increasing the PC content of HIV particles reduces infectivity.
Protocol for the combined immunosuppression & radiotherapy in thyroid eye disease (CIRTED) trial: A multi-centre, double-masked, factorial randomised controlled trial
Authors: Rajendram Rathie , Lee Richard WJ , Potts Mike J , Rose Geoff E , Jain Rajni , Olver Jane M , Bremner Fion , Hurel Steven , Cook Anne , Gattamaneni Rao , Tomlinson Marjorie , Plowman Nicholas , Bunce Catey , Hollinghurst Sandra P , Kingston Laura , Jackson Sue , Dick Andrew D , Rumsey Nichola , Morris Olivia C , Dayan Colin M , Uddin Jimmy M 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Background
Medical management of thyroid eye disease remains controversial due to a paucity of high quality evidence on long-term treatment outcomes. Glucocorticoids are known to be effective initially but have significant side-effects with long-term use and recrudescence can occur on cessation. Current evidence is conflicting on the efficacy of radiotherapy and non-steroid systemic immunosuppression, and the majority of previous studies have been retrospective, uncontrolled, small or poorly designed.
The Combined Immunosuppression and Radiotherapy in Thyroid Eye Disease (CIRTED) trial was designed to investigate the efficacy of radiotherapy and azathioprine in combination with a standard course of oral prednisolone in patients with active thyroid eye disease.

Methods/design
Patients with active thyroid eye disease will be randomised to receive (i) azathioprine or oral placebo and (ii) radiotherapy or sham-radiotherapy in this multi-centre, factorial randomised control trial. The primary outcome is improvement in disease severity (assessed using a composite binary measure) at 12 months and secondary end-points include quality of life scores and health economic measures.

Discussion
The CIRTED trial is the first study to evaluate the role of radiotherapy and azathioprine as part of a long-term, combination immunosuppressive treatment regime for Thyroid Eye Disease. It will provide evidence for the role of radiotherapy and prolonged immunosuppression in the management of this condition, as well as pilot data on their use in combination. We have paid particular attention in the trial design to establishing (a) robust placebo controls and masking protocols which are effective and safe for both radiotherapy and the systemic administration of an antiproliferative drug; (b) constructing effective inclusion and exclusion criteria to select for active disease; and (c) selecting pragmatic outcome measures.

Trial registration
Current controlled trials ISRCTN22471573
Linear scleroderma as a rare cause of enophthalmos: a case report
Authors: Fernando Bertie S , Cannon Paul S , Tumuluri Krishna , Cook Anne E 
Published: February 2008

Abstract

Introduction
Enophthalmos is an important physical sign which can be easily missed.

Case presentation
A 64-year old female presented with painless and progressive shrinking of her right eye. Visual acuity was 6/6 in both eyes. The main clinical findings included exophthalmometry readings of 14 mm in the right eye and 22 mm in the left eye and a linear scar on her right forehead. This scar is a feature of linear scleroderma and called "en coup de sabre". She was referred to a dermatologist for further assessment.

Conclusion
Enophthalmos is defined as the relative recession of the globe into the bony orbit and if measuring greater than 2 mm can give a noticeable cosmetic deformity. Scleroderma is a systemic or localised disease. Linear scleroderma has the following features-localised fibrosis of the skin, blood vessels, subcutaneous fat, muscle and sometimes bone. Histology shows an inflammatory and a sclerotic phase. Ophthalmic effects include enophthalmos, lash loss, lid induration or tightening and periorbital oedema.