bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relative cheek‐tooth size in Australopithecus
Authors: McHenry Henry M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractUntil the discovery of Australopithecus afarensis, cheek‐tooth megadontia was unequivocally one of the defining characteristics of the australopithecine grade in human evolution along with bipedalism and small brains. This species, however, has an average postcanine area of 757 mm2, which is more like Homo habilis (759 mm2) than A. africanus (856 mm2). But what is its relative cheek‐tooth size in comparison to body size? One approach to this question is to compare postcanine tooth area to estimated body weight. By this method all Australopithecus species are megadont: they have cheek teeth 1.7 to 2.3 times larger than modern hominoids of similar body size. The series from A. afarensis to A. africanus to A. robustus to A. boisei shows strong positive allometry indicating increasing megadontia through time. The series from H. habilis to H. erectus to H. sapiens shows strong negative allometry which implies a sharp reduction in the relative size of the posterior teeth. Postcanine megadontia in Australopithecus species can also be demonstrated by comparing tooth size and body size in associated skeletons: A. afarensis (represented by A.L. 288–1) has a cheek‐tooth size 2.8 times larger than expected from modern hominoids; A. africanus (Sts 7) and A. robustus (TM 1517) are over twice the expected size. The evolutionary transition from the megadont condition of Australopithecus to the trend of decreasing megadontia seen in the Homo lineage may have occurred between 3.0 and 2.5 m.y. from A. afarensis to H. habilis but other evidence indicates that it is more likely to have occurred between 2.5 to 2.0 m.y. from an A. africanus‐like form to H. habilis.
Discriminant function analysis of the central portion of the innominate
Authors: Taylor James V. , Dibennardo Robert 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTerry Collection innominates of 260 American whites and blacks (65 males and 65 females of each race) were analyzed by discriminant function analysis for sex assessment, race known, and for simultaneous race and sex assessment. Measurements from the preservationally favored central portion of the innominate were chosen for their potential usefulness in forensic casework and to objectify long‐recognized “formal” differences between the sexes in the greater sciatic notch. These included acetabular diameter, greater sciatic notch height, and position of greatest notch depth. Accuracy of sex prediction when race is known is roughly 90% in both the base sample of 260 and a test sample of 200 (50 additional individuals for each group). For simultaneous race and sex assessment, accuracy of prediction is roughtly 60% for each group in both samples. This represents about a 45% reduction in error over random assignment by race and sex.
The diabetes alert study: Growth, fatness, and fat patterning, adolescence through adulthood in Mexican Americans
Authors: Mueller William H. , Joos Sandra K. , Hanis Craig L. , Zavaleta Anthony N. , Eichner June , Schull William J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDiabetes Alert is a multidisciplinary genetic and epidemiological study of Type II (non insulin‐dependent) diabetes in Texas Mexican Americans. We report the anthropometry of 1,155 individuals 10 to 70 or more years with particular reference to overweight, fatness, and anatomical fat patterning in the sample. Children ages 10–18 of both sexes are growing at the 50th percentile of the reference data (U.S. Health and Nutrition Examination Survey‐1) for height, Wt/Ht2, and triceps and subscapular skinfolds. Adults are well below median height but well above median Wt/Ht2 and skinfolds. Prevalence of obesity (Wt/Ht2≧30) among adults is typically 30% or higher by age 30. Diabetics compared to age/sex‐matched non diabetics have shorter sitting heights, have more upper body fat (subscapular skinfold), have less lower body fat (lateral calf skinfold), and were heavier at maximum weight and at age 18. The ratio of lower to upper body fat distribution decreases over the life cycle, being highest at adolescence and lowest at ages 40–50 in both sexes. Our results show a precipitous weight gain after maturity in the sample and an association of diabetes with differences in anatomical fat patterning The agerelated changes in fat patterning need to be explained in terms of their ecological and genetic influences.
Genetic correlations between sides and heritability of asymmetry for nonmetric traits in rhesus macaques on Cayo Santiago
Authors: McGrath Janet W. , Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe use of nonmetric traits for estimation of biological distance is a long‐standing practice in biological anthropology. Nonmetric traits can be scored using either the individual or the side of the individual as the unit of measure. If sides of the individual are genetically correlated the use of sides would produce redundant genetic information. For this reason, Korey (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 53:19–23, 1980) argues for the use of individuals as the unit of measure for nonmetric traits. Ossenberg (Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 54:471–479, 1981), however, argues that bilateral occurrence of nonmetric traits indicates greater genetic liability for the trait and that therefore the sides are the more biologically correct unit of measure.Genetic correlations for 13 cranial nonmetric traits are estimated for a sample of rhesus macaque skeletons from Cayo Santiago. In addition, heritability of asymmetry is estimated for these 13 traits as a test of Ossenberg's contention that asymmetry is genetically influenced.Significant genetic correlations between sides support Korey's contention that nonmetric traits should be scored by individual. Only two asymmetry heritabilities were significantly different from zero, providing no significant support for Ossenberg's contention that asymmetry is genetically determined.Our results support the theory that asymmetry represents a measure of the ability of an organism to buffer stresses. Therefore, a measure of the heritability of asymmetry is a measure of the heritability of the ability to buffer stresses. This ability does not appear to be heritable in this sample.
Skin color comparisons among ethnic groups of college men
Authors: Spurgeon John H. , Meredith Howard V. , Onuoha G. B. I. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractReflectance readings of skin color were taken on the medial aspect of the left upper arm. The subjects were United States college men between ages 18 and 27 years attending the University of South Carolina. Using the DSL 99 Reflectance Spectrophotometer, readings were obtained under controlled conditions at five settings (601, 603, 605, 607, 609). Ethnic groups studied included young men of (1) Northwest European White ancestry, (2) West African Black ancestry, and (3) Afro‐Black/Amerind ancestry. Means and variability statistics serve to describe the skin color distributions. Means were near 12 and 32 for filters 601 and 609 on men of West African Black ancestry, with corresponding means near 36 and 64 on men of Northwest European White ancestry. There was no overlapping of comparable frequency distributions from these two ethnic groups. Significance tests at P = .01 allowed acceptance of the hypothesis that skin color on the medial arm surface was darker for young men of Afro‐Black ancestry than for those of 75% Afro‐Black ancestry and 25% Amerind ancestry. Means from original data were compared with means from earlier studies on black and white males in Africa, America, and Europe.
The collection of human skulls and postcranial skeletons at the Department of Human Anatomy of the University of Torino (Italy)
Authors: Giraudi Riccarda , Fissore Federica , Giacobini Giacomo 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe human osteological collection at the Department of Human Anatomy, University of Torino, Italy, has recently been rearranged and recatalogued, and is now available for study. It comprises 1,064 modern skulls of known sex (384 males and 680 females); the age is also recorded in 712 cases. Of these skulls, 162 are from persons aged ≤20 years of known sex. A few skulls also have the postcranial skeleton (35 males and 39 females). The collection includes microcephali and hydrocephali, and also some prehistoric, Etruscan, Phoenician, Egyptian, Greek, Roman, Ancient Jewish, and Lombard skulls. A brief catalogue is provided.
Erythrocyte and HLA antigens of Atacameño Indians
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Goedde H. Werner , Llop Elena , Acuña Mónica , Carvajal Patricia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe present study reports the results of erythrocyte antigen typing for the following systems: ABO, MN, Rh, Kell, Duffy, and Diego in roughly 180 Atacameño Indians from the oasis of Toconao, northern Chile. A subsample was tested for variation at the histocompatibility loci A, B, and C. Results agree with previous findings based on smaller samples. Caucasian admixture of the Atacameños from Toconao was estimated to be 0.056 ± 0.022.
The chronological distribution of enamel hypoplasias from prehistoric dickson mounds populations
Authors: Goodman Alan H. , Armelagos George J. , Rose Jerome C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe chronological distributions of enamel hypoplasias (indicators of nonspecific stress) are assessed for 111 individuals from two prehistoric populations from Dickson Mounds, Lewiston, Illinois. The earlier population (circa A.D. 950–1150) involves a transition from an indigenous gathering‐hunting tradition to increasing adoption of Mississippian lifeways. The later population (circa A.D. 1150–1300) is fully Mississippian (MM). Based on the occurrence of hypoplasias on all permanent teeth except third molars, 14 halfyear periods from birth to 7.0 years are graded for evidence of hypoplasiastress. Both populations have a low frequency of hypoplasia which occur before 2 years of age and after 4 years of age. A common peak frequency of hypoplasias between 2.0 and 4.0 years is suggestive of an elevated degree of stress at weaning. The peak frequency of hypoplasias is earlier in the MM (2.5–3.0 years versus 3.0–3.5 years in the pre‐Mississippian population). In addition, the rise to and decline from peak frequency occurs approximately 0.5 years earlier in the MM. The earlier and sharper rise to peak frequency suggests earlier and more severe weanling‐related stress. Hypoplasias chronologies are undoubtedly influenced by age‐related host resistance factors (Sarnat and Schour, 1941). Nevertheless, these data demonstrate that populations may vary in their chronological distribution of hypoplasias and that these variations may provide useful information on age‐related patterns of exposure to environmental stressors.
A possible case of pre‐columbian treponematosis from New York State
Authors: Elting James J. , Starna William A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis paper presents evidence for what is believed to be the first reported case of pre‐Columbian treponematosis in northeastern North America. The temporal position of the skeletal material, salvaged from a site in New York State, is determined on the basis of archeological evidence.
Fluctuating dental asymmetry and measurement error
Authors: Greene David Lee 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDifferences between the dimensions of left and right molar teeth are analyzed in the context of measurement error while considering the power of the F‐Ratio. Molar teeth from two Nubian cemeteries, 24‐S‐46 and 21‐R‐2, excavated at Kulubnarti, Sudan, were initially measured, and then remeasured to obtain data for assessing fluctuating dental asymmetry and measurement error. As has been demonstrated by other investigators, the power of the F‐Ratio for detecting small, but real differences, that might exist between antimeric dimensions when sample sizes are small, as they usually are with archeological materials, limits interpretation. In addition, an analysis of measurement error indicates that such error can have a confounding effect upon interpretations of the degree of fluctuating dental asymmetry that exists even in very large samples that exceed the size of typical archeological samples.
Anthropometric and genetic distance between Gonds of Central India
Authors: Pingle Urmila 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA morphological and genetic study was undertaken on five Gondi‐speaking populations of Central India (Andhra Pradesh and Maharashtra States). There has been no systematic biological study on this large Dravidian‐speaking tribal group, 4 million in number, amounting to 13% of the total tribal population of India. Data was collected on 16 anthropometric measurements and seven genetic markers (blood groups, hemoglobin, G6PD and plasma protein polymorphisms) on the Raj Gonds, Kolams, Manne, Koyas and Plains Maria Gonds. Various genetic distance measures such as Mahalanobis's D2 and Nei's and Sanghvi's measures and cluster analysis techniques were used to determine the relationship between these groups based on anthropometrics and genetic variables. The statistical analysis revealed the Gonds to be a heterogenous group in both morphology and genetic characteristics. The morphological and genetic distances between these five groups when projected graphically revealed that the spatial distribution of these Gonds generally corresponds to their present geographical distribution. However, the actual relationships among each of the Gond populations show differences when based on these two biological variables, the possible reasons for this being discussed in the paper. The emphasis of this study is on the importance of geographical proximity in producing morphological and genetic similarity between populations, brought about by a short distance as well as similar geographical factors (such as soil, terrain, flora, etc.) drawing these populations together under a common ecocultural umbrella.
On the measurement of cranial thickness at nasion on cephalographs
Authors: Einy Shmuel , Smith Patricia , Becker Adrian 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCranial bone thickness at nasion is difficult to measure by the conventional method of drawing a line at right angles to the tangent at nasion on the outer table. The difficulty arises from a lack of uniformity of the arc in this region. The proposed use of a constructed line, drawn at 30° to the anterior projection of the Frankfort horizontal plane, provides an accurate, easily reproduceable, and compatible alternative method of measurement.
The physical growth of urban children at high altitude
Authors: Greksa Lawrence P. , Spielvogel Hilde , Paredes‐Fernandez Luis , Paz‐Zamora Mario , Caceres Esperanza 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe physical growth of urban Aymara children residing in La Paz, Bolivia (3,600 m) is described and compared with Amerindian children residing at low and high altitudes and with low‐altitude U.S. children. The sample consists of 227 males (10.6–19.7 yr) and 219 females (11.2–19.8 yr). The urban La Paz children were taller at all ages than rural high altitude Amerindian children but similar in stature to urban high altitude children from Peru. The variation in stature among the high altitude populations was considerable, amounting to average differences between the tallest and shortest samples of about 10 cm in males and 8 cm in females. In addition, stature in the two urban high altitude samples was similar to that of rural low‐altitude Amerindians. This overlapping of the distributions of stature in high‐ and low‐altitude populations could easily confound comparisons designed to determine the effects of hypoxia on physical growth. La Paz Aymara children had considerably smaller chest sizes relative to stature than high‐altitude Quechua children. However, the available data indicates that relative chest sizes are similar in Aymara and Quechua adults, suggesting that the process by which large chests are achieved may differ between these Andean populations.
Limb bone allometry in primates: A test of the elastic similarity model
Authors: Steudel Karen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMorphometric data on postcranial elements of ten species of Old World primates are used to test the elastic similarity model of limb scaling. The data are divided into three groupings to exclude as much variation due to differences in locomotor adaptation as possible. The data on skeletal diameters fits the model reasonably well. The length results, however, are generally not in conformity with the model's predictions.
Differences in the mean fat cell diameter of males between 1 and 48 months of age
Authors: Johnston Francis E. , Weston Marian , McKinney Shortie , Coleman James , Pereira Gilberto , Rounds Jean 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe mean fat cell diameter was determined from measurements of abdominal adipose cells, obtained during inguinal hernia repair, of 126 white and 95 black males ranging in age from 1 through 48 months of age. The mean diameters of black and white subjects did not differ significantly, suggesting that differences in fatness among adults of these two ethnic groups have their origin beyond the age range of this study. The mean fat cell diameter increased through the 6–8‐month age group, decreased until the end of the first year, and then levelled off through 48 months of age. Comparison of this curve with those for the triceps, subscapular, abdominal, and suprailiac skinfolds of the same subjects showed generally parallel courses except for the triceps, which continued to increase in size after the means of fat cell diameters and the other skinfolds had levelled off. Our data indicate that changes in body fatness on the trunk at least in the first 4 years of life may be accounted for by changes in fat cell size.
Allometry between length and cross‐sectional dimensions of the femur and tibia in Homo sapiens sapiens
Authors: Ruff Christopher B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAllometric equations relating length and cross‐sectional geometric properties of the femur and tibia are generated using skeletal remains from three recent human population samples. Approximate isometry, or geometric similarity, is found both within and between samples. Cross‐sectional areas scale to approximately length2, while second moments of area scale to approximately length4. It is shown that this is consistent with the maintenance of equivalent mechanical stress in long bones of different length under dynamic loadings in vivo. Other evidence indicates that bending and torsional loadings are more critical than axial loadings in the determination of lower limb bone cross‐sectional dimensions.
Microscopic criteria for the determination of directionality of cutmarks on bone
Authors: Bromage Timothy G. , Boyde Alan 
Published: February 2006

AbstractShipman and Rose (1983) have recently attracted attention to the fact that the determination of directionality of cutmarks could possibly provide additional evidence for interpretation of early hominid butchering practices and handedness. They found no criteria of directionality, however. We have previously recognized directionality in cut dental tissues and more recently in bone, and so we undertook a study of over 200 experimentally produced cutmarks on bovine bone by scanning electron microscopy. Three criteria of directionality were observed: bone smears, oblique faulting, and oblique chipping. In our analysis we considered properties of bone as a relevant variable in the microscopic appearance of cutmarks, which has also led to the new finding that not all marks made by a single tool under similar conditions are the same. We observed that bone smears occurred in most specimens, relatively low density forming bone surfaces facilitated oblique fault production, whereas oblique chipping frequently occurred in plexiform bone tissue common to growing artiodactyls. In this study, handedness of the operator could be determined from cutmarks, but much further experimental work will be required in order to detail the criteria.
Rib lesions in chronic pulmonary tuberculosis
Authors: Kelley Marc A. , Micozzi Marc S. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe diagnosis of skeletal tuberculosis in human remains has traditionally been based upon the detection of secondary skeletal lesions which result from hemotogenous dissemination of tubercle bacilli (e.g., Pott's disease). Since such lesions develop in less than 7% of cases of human tuberculosis, the paleodemography and paleoepidemiology of this disease have been difficult to assess from skeletal remains.This study presents a new diagnostic approach to tuberculosis, focusing on the skeletal manifestations of chronic pulmonary disease (which comprises approximately 90% of human‐form tuberculosis). Four hundred forty‐five skeletal remains from persons dying of tuberculosis during the first half of the 20th century were examined. A total of 70/445 (16%) exhibited skeletal lesions in one or more locations as a response to infection. Of these 70, 39 (56%) were found to display a specific set of lesions restricted to the internal aspect of the ribs. These lesions take one of two forms: (1) diffuse periostitis or (2) localized abscess, and appear to correspond to areas of chronic pulmonary infection. The diffuse type of rib lesion is more commonly observed than the localized type.In our observations (and according to the natural history of tuberculosis) the occurrence of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis is usually mutually exclusive with hematogenous dissemination to secondary bone locations. Thus, the detection of rib lesions in cases of chronic pulmonary disease increases the absolute sample size of skeletal tuberculosis by a factor of two in this study.
Variations in form of the hypoglossal canal
Authors: Hauser G. , De Stefano G. F. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractVariation in the nature and extent of division of the hypoglossal canal can be classified by a simple scoring scheme. Applied to three series of crania of differing provenance, the results indicate a continuity in expression of the trait rather than the dichotomous character utilized in previous studies. The similarity in results in these three populations, of widely differing environment, suggests fairly strict canalization of development.
Principal‐components analysis of Brazilian Indian anthropometric data
Authors: Neves Walter A. , Salzano Francisco M. , Da Rocha Fernando J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAnalysis of nine characteristics on 1,205 males and 932 females from 12 tribes or groups of tribes indicated a poor relationship between morphology and language, as well as moderate agreement with the variability expected considering geography only. Two samples in the Xingu area studied during an interval of half a century (1897–1947) showed remarkable similarity. The conformity of the Caingang morphology with those of other tribes and the distinctiveness of the Xavante and Tenetehara has been amply confirmed.