bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polyunsaturated fatty acids, inflammation, and immunity
Authors: Calder Philip C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe fatty acid composition of inflammatory and immune cells is sensitive to change according to the fatty acid composition of the diet. In particular, the proportion of different types of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in these cells is readily changed, and this provides a link between dietary PUFA intake, inflammation, and immunity. The n−6 PUFA arachidonic acid (AA) is the precursor of prostaglandins, leukotrienes, and related compounds, which have important roles in inflammation and in the regulation of immunity. Fish oil contains the n−3 PUFA eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Feeding fish oil results in partial replacement of AA in cell membranes by EPA. This leads to decreased production of AA‐derived mediators. In addition, EPA is a substrate for cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase and gives rise to mediators that often have different biological actions or potencies than those formed from AA. Animal studies have shown that dietary fish oil results in altered lymphocyte function and in suppressed production of proinflammatory cytokines by macrophages. Supplementation of the diet of healthy human volunteers with fish oil‐derived n−3 PUFA results in decreased monocyte and neutrophil chemotaxis and decreased production of proinflammatory cytokines. Fish oil feeding has been shown to ameliorate the symptoms of some animal models of autoimmune disease. Clinical studies have reported that fish oil supplementation has beneficial effects in rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and among some asthmatics, supporting the idea that the n−3 PUFA in fish oil are antiinflammatory and immunomodulatory.
Evaluation of a surgical procedure to measure drug biliary excretion of rats in regulatory safety studies
Authors: Faure Laurence , Vignand Philippe , Raynard Alain , Pasello‐Legrand Flavia , Descotes Jacques 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA surgical procedure was evaluated to allow bile collection from the freely moving male Sprague–Dawley rats for the assessment of drug biliary excretion during regulatory safety studies. A catheter was implanted into the bile duct to divert the bile flow via an exteriorized loop. Following recovery from the surgery and verification of normal hepatic function, the exteriorized catheter was sectioned to allow collection of the bile and replacement with a commercial bile salt solution. Approximately 80% of the catheterized animals (10 females and 10 males) had normal serum liver enzyme levels 2 days after surgery. Then, the effect of acute or repeated administrations of the immunosuppressant tacrolimus on the biliary excretion of 14C diazepam was studied to validate the technique. A first group of 12 rats received an intravenous injection of 10 mg/kg 14C‐diazepam and the total and sequential amounts of diazepam excreted in the bile were measured over 72 h. Biliary excretion accounted for 80% of diazepam elimination. These rats were then given an oral administration of 3 mg/kg tacrolimus on days 7 and 8 followed by the same intravenous dose of 14C‐diazepam. Another group of 10 catheterized rats was given 21 daily oral doses of 3 mg/kg tacrolimus followed by a single intravenous administration of 14C‐diazepam. No significant changes in diazepam biliary excretion were observed following either acute or repeated administration of tacrolimus. This study demonstrates the feasibility of drug biliary excretion investigations under Good Laboratory Practices conditions as a complement to regulatory acute or repeated dose safety studies.
Aristotle Physics I 8
Authors: Kelsey Sean 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAristotle's thesis in Physics I 8 is that a certain old and familiar problem about coming to be can only be solved with the help of the new account of the "principles" he has developed in Physics I 7. This is a strong thesis and the literature on the chapter does not quite do it justice; specifically, as things now stand we are left wondering why Aristotle should have found this problem so compelling in the first place. In this paper I develop an interpretation which (I hope) will help to remedy this.I believe that Aristotle's problem about coming to be depends on a certain principle to the effect that "nothing can become what it already is" (it is this that is supposed to explain why τò óν cannot come to be εξ Óντoς – cf. 191a30). The main innovation of the interpretation developed here is its suggestion that we understand this principle as a principle about kinds. So understood, the principle does not make the comparatively trivial point that nothing can become any individual it already is, but rather the more powerful and substantive point that nothing can become any kind of thing it already is. I argue that this is a point which Aristotle himself accepts and that this is why the problem about coming to be raises serious difficulties for him. I also discuss Aristotle's proposed solutions to this problem, explaining how each draws on his new account of the principles and why each is required for any full resolution of the difficulties the problem raises. In this way I hope to show how the interpretation developed here does justice to the very strong thesis with which Aristotle begins Physics I 8. I conclude brie fly and somewhat speculatively with a suggestion as to why Aristotle might accept the principle on which I have suggested the problem turns.
Existential-Phenomenological Psychotherapy in the Trenches: A Collaborative Approach to Serving the Underserved
Authors: HallingMcNabbRowe SteenMarieJan O. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis article describes the origin and the work of a volunteer run nonprofit agency designed to provide low cost psychotherapy. The agency was developed by psychotherapists connected with the Seattle University graduate program guided by the vision of psychotherapy as a healing relationship and in response to a growing crisis in the mental health system. We address the benefits and the challenges of this collaborative effort, and especially the difficulty involved in successfully running an agency while staying true to a particular vision of therapy, collaboration, and community.
PathogenMIPer: a tool for the design of molecular inversion probes to detect multiple pathogens
Authors: Thiyagarajan Sreedevi , Karhanek Miloslav , Akhras Michael , Davis Ronald W , Pourmand Nader 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Here we describe PathogenMIPer, a software program for designing molecular inversion probe (MIP) oligonucleotides for use in pathogen identification and detection. The software designs unique and specific oligonucleotide probes targeting microbial or other genomes. The tool tailors all probe sequence components (including target-specific sequences, barcode sequences, universal primers and restriction sites) and combines these components into ready-to-order probes for use in a MIP assay. The system can harness the genetic variability available in an entire genome in designing specific probes for the detection of multiple co-infections in a single tube using a MIP assay.

Results
PathogenMIPer can accept sequence data in FASTA file format, and other parameter inputs from the user through a graphical user interface. It can design MIPs not only for pathogens, but for any genome for use in parallel genomic analyses. The software was validated experimentally by applying it to the detection of human papilloma virus (HPV) as a model system, which is associated with various human malignancies including cervical and skin cancers. Initial tests of laboratory samples using the MIPs developed by the PathogenMIPer to recognize 24 different types of HPVs gave very promising results, detecting even a small viral load of single as well as multiple infections (Akhras et al, personal communication).

Conclusion
PathogenMIPer is a software for designing molecular inversion probes for detection of multiple target DNAs in a sample using MIP assays. It enables broader use of MIP technology in the detection through genotyping of pathogens that are complex, difficult-to-amplify, or present in multiple subtypes in a sample.
New observations on Micropleura australiensis (Nematoda, Dracunculoidea), a parasite of crocodiles in Australia
Authors: Moravec František , Spratt David , Kay Winston 
Published: November 2006

AbstractScanning electron microscopy examination of male and female specimens of Micropleura australiensis Moravec, Kay et Hobbs, 2004 (Nematoda, Dracunculoidea) from the peritoneal cavity of the freshwater crocodile Crocodylus johnsoni of the Ord River in Western Australia revealed some previously unreported morphological features. The male, first studied by SEM, possesses the same number (14) of cephalic papillae as the gravid female, but these are comparatively larger and somewhat differently arranged; four slit-like depressions located near the inner base of male dorsolateral and ventrolateral cephalic papillae of the external circle are present. The inner margin of the female oral aperture is smooth, without papilla-like formations. The male caudal end is provided with a right-side ventral ala. The transverse cuticular striae on the male ventral surface bear minute ornamentations (rows of papilla-like formations) in the pre-and postcloacal region. For the first time, M. australiensis is reported from wild and farmed Crocodylus johnsoni and saltwater crocodile C. porosus (new host record) from four localities in the Northern Territory, Australia.
Interference competition between ladybird beetle adults (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae): effects on growth and reproductive capacity
Authors: Soares António O. , Serpa André 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCage experiments were used to determine the minimum number of Aphis fabae Scopoli that females of the Azorean native ladybird beetle Coccinella undecimpunctata L. require per day to achieve maximum fecundity and to assess the effects of interference competition from conspecific and heterospecific [Harmonia axyridis (Pallas)] adult ladybirds on its growth and reproduction. The number of A. fabae at which females of C. undecimpunctata ate most aphids, achieved maximum reproduction and maintained their body weight, was 200. The presence of H. axyridis adults, unlike the presence of C. undecimpunctata, significantly affected the reproductive numerical response of C. undecimpunctata even though the resource was not in short supply. The results suggest that interference competition with heterospecifics may adversely affect the reproductive capacity of C. undecimpunctata. Based on previous results and those reported here, we suggest that the introduction of H. axyridis could endanger the population abundance and/or result in the competitive displacement of C. undecimpunctata from the Azorean ecosystem.
Lipid/surfactant compounds as a new tool to optimize skin‐care properties of personal‐cleansing products
Authors: Förster Th. , Issberner U. , Hensen H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurfactants are commonly used in personal‐care products to increase cleansing performance and to create pleasing foam. However, surfactants can also damage the skin by removing skin lipids and causing corneocytes to swell, resulting in increased skin roughness and transepidermal water loss. Newly established methods help to quantify these effects in controlled consumer studies. In addition, in vitro experiments with skin cell cultures show the potential inflammatory action of surfactants, which in the in vivo situation may provoke skin irritation. These detrimental effects are even enhanced by frequent treatment with surfactant‐based personal‐care products. Together with the use of mild surfactant combinations, the addition of surfactant‐compatible lipid compounds has proved a convenient way of not only counteracting the negative side effects of surfactants but also exerting positive skin effects. In a controlled consumer study, analysis of skin lipids after skin cleansing revealed the lipid‐layer strengthening efficacy of lipid/surfactant mixtures that can be solubilized in the personal‐care formulation or disperses as waxy particles. As a result, skin roughness after cleansing treatment, as measured by fast optical in vivo topometry of the skin, is improved, and consumers perceive that their skin is smooth and cared for.
Silicone emulsions and surfactants
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis review is intended to supply the practicing chemist with a working knowledge of the chemistry of silicone compounds. It has been divided into two parts, the first dealing with basic chemistry of silicones [O'Lenic, A.J., JSD 2, 229 (2000)] and the second with silicone‐based surfactants, specifically dimethicone copolyols and their derivatives. This is the second part of the review. Although silicone compounds have been known for over 50 yr, the chemistry of these materials remains elusive to the average formulating chemist. This is indeed unfortunate, since the chemistry of the silicon atom and silicone compounds is every bit as wide in scope and rich in content as the chemistry of the carbon atom and the surfactant chemistry upon which it is based. This article will deal with the various methods of delivering silicone from aqueous systems. The two approaches are (i) to make emultions that contain silicone oil and a surfactant pair and the (ii) to make modify the molecule chemically to make the product more water‐compatible. Both approaches find applications in a variety of industrial applications, with different challenges to the formulator.
Guerbet chemistry
Authors: O'Lenick Anthony J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough the chemistry named after Marcel Guerbet was developed over 100 yr ago, Guerbet alcohols, Guerbet acids, and derivatives based upon them remain a topic of continued interest because of their (i) unique branching pattern, both in terms of size of the branch group and purity of the compounds, (ii) oxidative stability, and (iii) liquidity of the products. This review article is offered to demonstrate the diversity of chemistry possible using these materials and the large variety of applications for which these compounds are useful.
Chemistry and kinetics of LAS acid thermal decomposition
Authors: Roberts David W. , Lejeune Séverine 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from linear alkylbenzene sulfonate (LAS) acid (LASH) at high temperatures has been studied. Rate constants and Arrhenius parameters have been determined, enabling estimation of the amount of SO2 evolved under any time/temperature combination for risk assessment purposes. Further analysis of the kinetic data and comparison with earlier molecular modeling work on the mechanism of sulfonation of linear alkyl benzene (LAB) to make LASH provide insight into the reaction pathway of SO2 formation by thermal decomposition of LASH. For risk assessment purposes, the calculation is as follows: Estimate k from k=3.9×107·e−13,000/(273+T), where T is in degrees C and k is in s−1. Estimate N(SO2,t), the number of moles of SO2 evolved when N(LASH0) moles of LASH are heated for t s at ToC, from: N(SO2,t)=N(LASH0)×(1−e−kt).
Role of the functional group position in producing viscoelasticity in micellar solutions: A 1H NMR study
Authors: Kabir‐ud‐Din  , Kumar Sanjeev , Sharma Damyanti 
Published: November 2006

Abstract1H NMR spectra of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) micellar solutions in the absence and presence of sodium anthranilate (NaAn) have been recorded. Studies were performed at a fixed CTAB concentration in the presence of different NaAn concentrations. The specificity of the functional group attached to the salt in producing changes (i.e., viscoelasticity) in CTAB micellar solutions was explored. It was concluded that the nature of the salt counterion together with its intercalation/adsorption in the head group region is the principal cause of viscoelasticity.
Synthesis and characterization of dehydroabietic acid derivatives suitable for surfactant synthesis
Authors: Piispanen Peter S. , Hedman Björn , Norin Torbjörn 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe syntheses of derivatives of dehydroabietic acid suitable for further manipulation into surfactants are presented. The compounds are produced at very high yields and purity. They contain several different functional groups, e.g., carboxylic acid, amine, ester, alcohol, and an aromatic group. The functional groups are useful as the linking unit to the hydrophilic part in synthesizing surfactants.
Aldonamide‐type gemini surfactants: Synthesis, structural analysis, and biological properties
Authors: Wilk Kazimiera A. , Syper Ludwik , Domagalska Beata W. , Komorek Urszula , Maliszewska Irena , Gancarz Roman 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA new group of nonionics, so‐called sugar surfactants having a gemini structure, N,N′‐bisalkyl‐N,N′‐bis[(3‐gluconylamido)propyl]ethylenediamines [bis(CnGA): Cn=n‐C8H17, n‐C12H25], N,N′‐bisdodecyl‐N,N′‐bis[(3‐glucoheptonylamido)propyl]ethylenediamine [bis(C12GH)], and N,N′‐bisalkyl‐N,N′‐bis[(3‐lactobionylamido)propyl]ethylenediamines [bis(CnLA): Cn=n‐C8H17, n‐C12H25], were prepared in a convenient four‐step procedure from easily accessible reagents. Their structure and purity were confirmed by means of elemental analysis, electrospray ionization MS (ESI‐MS), and NMR spectra—1H, 13C, 1H−13C COSY, and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer. All tested surfactants were practically nontoxic to gram‐negative bacteria and fungi, but they inhibited the growth of some gram‐positive bacteria. From the results of the Closed Bottle test (OECD Guideline 301D) for biodegradability measurements, it was concluded that the tested aldonamide gemini structures are biodegraded by environmental microorganisms to 16–55% of the initial levels by day 28, the extent depending on both the aldonamide type and the alkyl chain length. Consequently, N,N′‐bisalkyl‐N,N′‐bis[(3‐aldonylamido)propyl]ethylenediamines are a surfactant class having low ecotoxicity and fulfilling requirements desired from an ecological standpoint.
Preparation and surface‐active properties of telomer‐type anionic surfactants from maleic anhydride
Authors: Yoshimura Tomokazu , Koide Yoshifumi , Shosenji Hideto , Esumi Kunio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMaleic acid alkyl ester and N‐alkyl maleamic acid monomers (RnMa and RnMaAm; n is alkyl chain length; n=6, 8, 10, 12, 14) were synthesized by the reaction of maleic anhydride with alkyl alcohol or alkylamine. The telomerization of RnMa or RnMaAm in the presence of alkanethiol as a chain transfer agent gave telomer‐type anionic surfactants (xRnMa, xRnMaAm; x is total average number of alkyl chains; x=2.8–3.3) having multialkyl chains and multicarboxylate groups. Their surface‐active properties were investigated by several techniques such as surface tension, foaming property, and emulsification power measurements. Critical micelle concentrations (CMC) of xRnMa were 1/110–1/14 of those of RnMa with the same alkyl chain length. xRnMa and xRnMaAm gave higher efficiencies in lowering the surface tension than RnMa and RnMaAm in aqueous solutions. In particular, the surface tension of 3.2R12MaAm was 24.4 mN m−1 at the CMC. Foaming abilities and foam stabilities of xRnMa and xRnMaAm were higher than those of RnMa and RnMaAm. The addition of 300 ppm of Ca2+ to the aqueous solutions rendered the telomers less surface active. Shaking the aqueous solutions of telomers with toluene emulsified them. The highly stable oil‐in‐water type emulsion was formed by using 3.0R10MaAm and 3.2R12MaAm, and the degree of emulsification was kept at a level of about 80% after 60 min of standing. Thus, telomer‐type surfactants showed excellent surface activities that were superior to the corresponding monomers as well as to conventional surfactants. The relationship between alkyl chain length of the telomers and the properties of surface tension, foaming, and emulsification was unclear.
Kinetics of precipitation of surfactants. III. Atomic force microscopy of precipitate crystals
Authors: Rodriguez Cheryl H. , Yuan Wei‐Li , Scamehorn John F. , O'Rear Edgar A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe overall time required for precipitation to occur can increase dramatically for surfactant mixtures compared to single components. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used in this study to examine the precipitated surfactant crystals, which gives insight into both the thermodynamics and kinetics of surfactant precipitation. Calcium dodecyl sulfate, Ca(DS)2 shows regular, layered growth that is consistent with a screw‐dislocation crystallization mechanism. Calcium octylbenzene sulfonate, Ca(OBS)2, forms crystals with uneven, jagged edges. At high magnification, the head groups of both Ca(DS)2 and Ca(OBS)2 show hexagonal packing. For mixtures that have surprisingly slow precipitation kinetics, the jagged Ca(OBS)2 crystals were observed to grow on the layered Ca(DS)2 crystals. Other surfactant mixtures that exhibited a stepwise rate curve formed crystals with incomplete layers and holes that are not observed with pure surfactants. In general, this type of crystal formation can occur when an impurity is present, which in this case is most likely the second surfactant. This work indicates that interruption of crystal growth by crystallization of a dissimilar supersaturated surfactant onto the first crystal is one explanation for the slower precipitation of surfactant mixtures compared to single surfactants. Entrapment of the nonprecipitating surfactant (inclusion) in the forming crystal of the precipitating surfactant in mixed surfactant systems is another mechanism responsible for the reduction in precipitation rate.
Comparison of two methods to estimate the standard free energy of adsorption
Authors: Miller R. , Fainerman V. B. , Möhwald H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo determine the increment of the standard free energy per methylene group ΔG0CH2 for ionic and nonionic surfactants, two calculation methods are proposed. One procedure is based on the adsorption energy parameter of the respective adsorption isotherm, and the second on the critical micelle concentration. Experimental surface tension isotherms for two homologous series, a nonionic (CnBHB) and an ionic (CnTAB) surfactant, are used to demonstrate how the methods work. As adsorption isotherms, the Frumkin and the reorientation models provide a rather good description for both surfactants. The free energy increments ΔG0 obtained from the two methods are the same if the reorientation model is used, but the Frumkin model gives different results.
Synthesis and chemical hydrolysis of surface‐active esters
Authors: Stjerndahl Maria , Holmberg Krister 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of four homologous pure nonionic surfactants, all monoesters of tetra(ethylene glycol), were synthesized. The ester surfactants varied in the degree of substitution on the α‐carbon of the acyl chain, from no substitution to 2‐methyl, to 2‐ethyl, and on to 2,2‐dimethyl. All surfactants were based on C8‐acids except the 2‐methyl‐substituted, which was based on a C7‐acid. The ester surfactants were characterized by critical micelle concentration (CMC) and cloud point. Base‐catalyzed hydrolysis was investigated by using 1H NMR and tensiometry. The surfactants showed a pronounced difference in hydrolytic reactivity; the nonsubstituted surfactant was 90 times more reactive than the disubstituted, and the reactivity of the methyl‐substituted surfactant was 14 times more reactive than the ethyl‐substituted. Hydrolysis studies above the CMC revealed that the ester bond of the aggregated surfactant is protected from attack by hydroxide ions; thus, only surfactants in monomeric form are being cleaved.