bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time‐dependent analysis of post‐tensioned concrete structures
Authors: Aalami Bijan O 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article explains the time‐dependent parameters critical to the performance of post‐tensioned concrete structures, as treated in the design codes and practiced by design engineers, with an emphasis on recent developments in the field. Following an introduction to the application of time‐dependent analysis in post‐tensioned construction and to the technical requirements for its successful utilization, the treatment of time‐dependent parameters in model codes is presented. The discussion then introduces the basics for the practical implementation of creep, shrinkage, aging of concrete and relaxation in prestressing in the context of code requirements. The application of laboratory‐generated data is also discussed, for materials not adequately covered in the codes such as high performance concrete. Finally, the paper outlines a modern analytical technique for the structural modeling of prestressing tendons and its advantages over previous methods. The method yields an integrated solution, inclusive of all time‐dependent phenomena. The new method eliminates the need for a separate analysis to determine immediate and long‐term losses in prestressing because the losses become an integral part of the overall structural analysis.
Anchorage to concrete
Authors: Eligehausen Rolf , Fuchs Werner , Sippel Thomas M 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSeveral types of anchor are available to transfer loads into structural concrete. They all utilize the concrete tensile strength.Many reinforced concrete structures are designed under the assumption that the concrete is cracked. Research shows that fasteners will attract cracks or even induce cracking. Therefore, the behavior of different types of fasteners in uncracked and cracked reinforced concrete has been studied extensively. Fasteners used in zones with potential concrete cracking must be suitable for this application. Suitable are cast‐in‐situ headed studs, post‐installed anchors like undercut anchors and specially designed torque‐controlled expansion anchors and adhesive anchors with follow‐up expansion. They show a reduction of the concrete failure load of about 25–35% compared with uncracked concrete when located in or close to cracks with a width of 0.3–0.4 mm (0.012–0.016 in). This crack width can be expected in typical concrete members designed with ordinary crack control provisions.Based on comprehensive studies described in this article fastenings in uncracked and cracked concrete can be designed with sufficient accuracy.
The design of shells and tanks in the aerospace industry: some practical aspects
Authors: Öry H , Reimerdes Hans‐G , García Jesús Gómez 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis review highlights some practical aspects of the design of thin‐walled shells for aerospace applications. This type of shell must comply with the mission profile. It is therefore necessary to find an optimum structural concept with low weight, high strength, high buckling load and a low imperfection sensitivity. In an optimum design, structural instability occurs slightly below the material strength or yield strength. In general, and by contrast with other structural elements such as beam and plates, a thin‐walled cylindrical shell shows a high imperfection sensitivity. Hence, recommendations are given concerning the design of shells and approximate stability analyses are presented for different mechanical loading conditions.
Snow loading: scientific basis, problems and challenges
Authors: Sanpaolesi L 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSnow loading, like wind loading and imposed loading, is one of the usual types of loading that needs to be taken into account in building design. In designing certain types of buildings, snow loading may be critical, resulting in the governing action. This article provides background information on snow loading and a general review of the main problems which remain to be resolved. It makes particular reference to establishing a sound common scientific basis for the creation of a code which can be accepted by all European countries involved in drafting the Eurocodes.
Influence of substrates on the dynamical properties of ferromagnetic semiconducting thin films
Authors: Wesselinowa J. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBased on the s–d model using a Green's function technique it is shown that the influence of the substrate induces strong changing of various statical and dynamical properties due to different exchange interactions between the ferromagnetic thin film and the substrate. The increase of the phase transition temperature and the magnetization is attributed to the tensile stress effect induced by the substrate whereas the reverse is true for the compressive stress effect. The damping in thin films is greater compared to the bulk case taking into account substrate effects. This shows that substrate stress is an important parameter for thin films. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Microscopic theory of magnetic interactions in KCuF3 and LaMnO3 – The role of charge transfer
Authors: Oleś Andrzej M. , Feiner Louis Felix , Horsch Peter , Khaliullin Giniyat 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe analyze the spin exchange interactions Jab and Jc in the A ‐type antiferromagnetic phase of KCuF3 and LaMnO3. One finds that the quasi one‐dimensional spin interactions in KCuF3 are consistent with the charge‐transfer type of insulating state, while the modifications of Jab and Jc by the charge‐transfer superexchange terms are moderate in the Mott insulator LaMnO3. We point out on the example of LaMnO3 that a reliable determination of the experimental microscopic parameters of spin‐orbital models is possible only when results of magnetic and optical experiments can be combined. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Metal–Chalcogenolate Complexes with Silyl Functionalities: Synthesis and Reaction Chemistry
Authors: DeGroot Marty W. , Corrigan John F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMetal complexes with reactive [ESiR3]− (E = S, Se, Te) or [S(SiMe2)]2− ligands provide a means for the delivery of {MEn}m− units in the formation of heterometallic polynuclear complexes and clusters. These complexes can be reacted with M′ salts to promote M–E–M′ interactions via the elimination of a silane side product. This research report summarizes the recent developments in the synthesis of silylchalcogenolate complexes of the d‐block metals with emphasis directed to those for which reactivity studies for the formation of ternary clusters have been carried out. The effects of varying the groups on the silyl moiety on the stability and reactivity of these precursor molecules are also discussed.
Synthesis and Crystal Structure of Lithium Tetrametaphosphimate Tetrahydrate Li4(PO2NH)4 · 4 H2O
Authors: Römer S. Rebecca , Schnick Wolfgang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSingle crystals of Li4(PO2NH)4 · 4 H2O were obtained by dissolving LiOH and H4(PO2NH)4 · 2 H2O in water and subsequent precipitation with acetone and ethanol followed by slow evaporation of the solvents. The structure of Li4(PO2NH)4 · 4 H2O was solved by single‐crystal X‐ray methods ($P{\bar 1}$ (No. 2), a = 489.2(2), b = 853.2(2), c = 880.5(2) pm, α = 101.71(3), β = 102.39(3), γ = 94.88(3)°, Z = 1). The structure is composed of LiO4 tetrahedra and (PO2NH)44− ions. The P4N4 rings of the anions exhibit a slightly distorted chair–1 conformation, which is supported by IR data and has been described by torsion angles, displacement asymmetry parameters and puckering parameters. Via Li+ ions and hydrogen bonds, the tetrametaphosphimate anions are connected forming a three‐dimensional network.
Polymorphism of [Zn(2,2′‐bipy)(H2PO4)2]2
Authors: Natarajan Srinivasan , Prots Yurii , Ewald Bastian , Niewa Rainer , Kniep Rüdiger 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTwo polymorphs of a zero‐dimensional (molecular) zinc phosphate with the formula [Zn(2,2′‐bipy)(H2PO4)2]2 have been synthesized by a mild hydrothermal route and their crystal structures were determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction (triclinic, space group $P{\bar 1}$ (No. 2), Z = 2, α‐form: a = 8.664(1), b = 8.849(2), c = 10.113(2) Å, α = 97.37(2)°, β = 100.54(2)°, γ = 100.98(2)°, V = 737.5(3) Å3; β‐form: a = 7.5446(15), b = 10.450(2), c = 10.750(2) Å, α = 67.32(3)°, β = 81.67(3)°, γ = 69.29(3)°, V = 731.4(3) Å3). Both structures consist of distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal ZnO3N2 units condensed with PO2(OH)2 tetrahedra through common vertices giving rise to dimers [Zn(2,2′‐bipy)(H2PO4)2]2. The structures are stabilized by extensive inter‐ and intramolecular hydrogen bond interactions. Both modifications display subtle differences in their packing originating from the hydrogen bond interactions as well as π…π interactions between the organic ligands.
Drei Alkalimetall‐Erbium‐Thiophosphate: Von der Schichtstruktur bei KEr[P2S7] zur dreidimensionalen Vernetzung in NaEr[P2S6] und Cs3Er5[PS4]6
Authors: Komm Theresa , Schleid Thomas 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThree Alkali‐Metal Erbium Thiophosphates: From the Layered Structure of KEr[P2S7] to the Three‐Dimensional Cross‐Linkage in NaEr[P2S6] and Cs3Er5[PS4]6The three alkali‐metal erbium thiophosphates NaEr[P2S6], KEr[P2S7], and Cs3Er5[PS4] show a small selection of the broad variety of thiophosphate units: from ortho‐thiophosphate [PS4]3− and pyro‐thiophosphate [S3P–S–PS3]4− with phosphorus in the oxidation state +V to the [S3P–PS3]3− anion with a phosphorus‐phosphorus bond (d(P–P) = 221 pm) and tetravalent phosphorus. In spite of all differences, a whole string of structural communities can be shown, in particular for coordination and three‐dimensional linkage as well as for the phosphorus‐sulfur distances (d(P–S) = 200 – 213 pm). So all three compounds exhibit eightfold coordinated Er3+ cations and comparably high‐coordinated alkali‐metal cations (CN(Na+) = 8, CN(K+) = 9+1, and CN(Cs+) ≈ 10). NaEr[P2S6] crystallizes triclinically (${\rm P}{\bar 1}$; a = 685.72(5), b = 707.86(5), c = 910.98(7) pm, α = 87.423(4), β = 87.635(4), γ = 88.157(4)°; Z = 2) in the shape of rods, as well as monoclinic KEr[P2S7] (P21/c; a = 950.48(7), b = 1223.06(9), c = 894.21(6) pm, β = 90.132(4)°; Z = 4). The crystal structure of Cs3Er5[PS4] can also be described monoclinically (C2/c; a = 1597.74(11), b = 1295.03(9), c = 2065.26(15) pm, β = 103.278(4)°; Z = 4), but it emerges as irregular bricks. All crystals show the common pale pink colour typical for transparent erbium(III) compounds.
HgCl2(Caf): Co‐crystallization of Mercuric Chloride and Caffeine
Authors: Meyer Gerd , Nolte Matthias , Mudring Anja‐Verena 
Published: December 2005

AbstractColourless single crystals of the co‐crystallizate of mercuric chloride and caffeine, HgCl2(Caf), were obtained from an ethanolic solution of mercuric chloride, HgCl2, and caffeine (Caf) and recrystallized from hot water. The crystal structure (monoclinic, P21, Z = 2, a = 398.36(8), b = 1964.5(4), c = 809.6(2) pm, β = 99.24(3)°, Z = 2, R1 = 0.0584 for 1430 Fo > 4σ(Fo)) contains helical chains (parallel to the 21 screw axis) of almost unaffected HgCl2 molecules and caffeine molecules which are very weakly bound to one keto‐oxygen atom (O4) of one and N9 of a second caffeine molecule at distances of 282 and 281 pm, respectively. To the contrary, theoretical calculations show that the molecule HgCl2(Caf)2 is stable (in the gas phase at T = 0 K) with surprisingly strong bonding as indicated by the “tetrahedrization” of the molecule.
Die Reaktion von SePh2 mit N‐Chlorsuccinimid. Kristallstrukturen von [SeCl2Ph2] und [SeCl2Ph2(Succinimid)2]
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard , Dehnicke Kurt 
Published: December 2005

AbstractReaction of SePh2 with N‐Chlorosuccinimide. Crystal Structures of [SeCl2Ph2] and [SeCl2Ph2(succinimide)2]SePh2 reacts with N‐chlorosuccinimide in acetonitrile solution to give [SeCl2Ph2] (1) and [SeCl2Ph2(succinimide)2] (2) as colourless crystals, which can be separated by fractional crystallization. According to X‐ray single crystal determinations both compounds contain [SeCl2Ph2] molecules with ψ‐trigonal‐bipyramidal coordination at the selenium atom, the chloro ligands being in apical positions. In 2 the dimeric unit (HNC4O2H4)2 is linked with its [SeCl2Ph2] unit via a weak C–H···O hydrogen bond.1: Space group Pbcn, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 1350.6(1), b = 573.3(1), c = 1503.3(2) pm, R1 = 0.0326.2: Space group I2/a, Z = 4, lattice dimensions at 193 K: a = 1363.9(1), b = 557.7(1), c = 2781.3(1) pm, β = 101.01(1)°, R1 = 0.0286.
Gene sequence signatures revealed by mining the UniGene affiliation network
Authors: Zhang Jiexin , Zhang Li , Coombes Kevin R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Background: In the post-genomic era, developing tools to decode biological information from genomic sequences is important. Inspired by affiliation network theory, we investigated gene sequences of two kinds of UniGene clusters (UCs): narrowly expressed transcripts (NETs), whose expression is confined to a few tissues; and prevalently expressed transcripts (PETs) that are expressed in many tissues.
Results: We explored the human and the mouse UniGene databases to compare NETs and PETs from different perspectives. We found that NETs were associated with smaller cluster size, shorter sequence length, a lower likelihood of having LocusLink annotations, and lower and more sporadic levels of expression. Significantly, the dinucleotide frequencies of NETs are similar to those of intergenic sequences in the genome, and they differ from those of PETs. We used these differences in dinucleotide frequencies to develop a discriminant analysis model to distinguish PETs from intergenic sequences.
Conclusions: Our results show that most NETs resemble intergenic sequences, casting doubts on the quality of such UniGene clusters. However, we also noted that a fraction of NETs resemble PETs in terms of dinucleotide frequencies and other features. Such NETs may have fewer quality problems. This work may be helpful in the studies of non-coding RNAs and in the validation of gene sequence databases.
Availability:
Contact: kcoombes@mdanderson.org
Supplementary information:
An extensible automated protein annotation tool: standardizing input and output using validated XML
Authors: Deevi S. Vishnu V. , Martin Andrew C. R. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Motivation: There is a frequent need to apply a large range of local or remote prediction and annotation tools to one or more sequences. We have created a tool able to dispatch one or more sequences to assorted services by defining a consistent XML format for data and annotations.
Results: By analyzing annotation tools, we have determined that annotations can be described using one or more of the six forms of data: numeric or textual annotation of residues, domains (residue ranges) or whole sequences. With this in mind, XML DTDs have been designed to store the input and output of any server. Plug-in wrappers to a number of services have been written which are called from a master script. The resulting APATML is then formatted for display in HTML. Alternatively further tools may be written to perform post-analysis.
Availability: The ‘Automated Protein Annotation Tool’ (APAT) can be downloaded from . As well as source code and documentation, a demonstration web server is provided which uses APAT to perform a number of annotations of a sequence.
Contact: andrew@bioinf.org.uk; martin@biochem.ucl.ac.uk
Histone acetylation and transcriptional regulation in the genome of Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Guo Xiang , Tatsuoka Kay , Liu Rongxiang 
Published: December 2005

Abstract
Motivation: In eukaryotic genomes, histone acetylation and thereafter departure from the chromatin are essential for gene transcription initiation. Because gene transcription is tightly regulated by transcription factors, there are some speculations on the cooperation of histone acetylation and transcription factor binding. However, systematic statistical analyses of this relationship on a genomic scale have not been reported.
Results: We apply several statistical methods to explore this relationship on two recent genomic datasets: acetylation levels on 11 histone lysines and binding activities of 203 transcription factors, both in promoter regions across the yeast genome. By canonical correlation analysis, we find that a histone acetylation pattern is correlated with a certain profile of transcription factor binding in the genome. Furthermore, after clustering the genes by their acetylation levels on the 11 histone lysines, the genes within clusters show distinct transcription factor binding profiles, as discovered by principle component analysis. Even after applying fairly stringent statistical measurement, most of these clusters have transcription factors with binding activities significantly deviated from the overall genome. We conclude that in the yeast genome, there is a strong correlation between histone acetylation and transcription factor binding in the promoter regions.
Contact: ron.2.liu@gsk.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary Data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Therapeutic effect of α‐galactosylceramide‐loaded dendritic cells genetically engineered to express SLC/CCL21 along with tumor antigen against peritoneally disseminated tumor cells
Authors: Matsuyoshi Hidetake , Hirata Shinya , Yoshitake Yoshihiro , Motomura Yutaka , Fukuma Daiki , Kurisaki Akari , Nakatsura Tetsuya , Nishimura Yasuharu , Senju Satoru 
Published: December 2005

The close cooperation of both innate and acquired immunity is essential for the induction of truly effective antitumor immunity. We tested a strategy to enhance the cross‐talk between NKT cells and conventional antigen‐specific T cells with the use of αGalCer‐loaded dendritic cells genetically engineered to express antigen plus chemokine, attracting both conventional T cells and NKT cells. DC genetically engineered to express a model antigen, OVA, along with SLC/CCL21 or monokine induced by IFN‐γ/CXCL9, had been generated using a method based on in vitro differentiation of DC from mouse ES cells. The ES‐DC were loaded with α‐GalCer and transferred to mice bearing MO4, an OVA‐expressing melanoma, and their capacity to evoke antitumor immunity was evaluated. In vivo transfer of either OVA‐expressing ES‐DC, stimulating OVA‐reactive T cells, or α‐GalCer‐loaded non‐transfectant ES‐DC, stimulating NKT cells, elicited a significant but limited degree of protection against the i.p. disseminated MO4. A more potent antitumor effect was observed when α‐GalCer was loaded to ES‐DC expressing OVA before in vivo transfer, and the effect was abrogated by the administration of anti‐CD8, anti‐NK1.1 or anti‐asialo GM1 antibody. α‐GalCer‐loaded double transfectant ES‐DC expressing SLC along with OVA induced the most potent antitumor immunity. Thus, α‐GalCer‐loaded ES‐DC expressing tumor‐associated antigen along with SLC can stimulate multiple subsets of effector cells to induce a potent therapeutic effect against peritoneally disseminated tumor cells. The present study suggests a novel way to use α‐GalCer in immunotherapy for peritoneally disseminated cancer. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 889–896)
Inhibitory effect of dietary monoglucosylceramide 1‐O‐β‐glucosyl‐N‐2′‐hydroxyarachidoyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine on two different categories of colon preneoplastic lesions induced by 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine in F344 rats
Authors: Inamine Morihiko , Suzui Masumi , Morioka Takamitsu , Kinjo Tatsuya , Kaneshiro Tatsuya , Sugishita Tomoko , Okada Tadashi , Yoshimi Naoki 
Published: December 2005

Sphingolipids display a wide spectrum of biological activities, including cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. However, precise mechanisms by which these compounds exert anticancer or cancer‐preventive effects are not known. In the present study, we evaluated the preventive efficacy of enriched dietary monoglucosylceramide 1‐O‐β‐glucosyl‐N‐2′‐hydroxyarachidoyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine (G1CM) on 1,2‐dimethylhydrazine (DMH)‐induced aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and β‐catenin‐accumulated crypt (BCAC) formation in F344 rats during initiation stage. We also examined whether G1CM affects cell proliferation and apoptosis in these lesions. Pure G1CM was isolated from rice bran. Forty‐two rats were divided randomly into five experimental groups. Rats in groups 1–3 were given subcutaneous injections of DMH (40 mg/kg body weight) once a week for 2 weeks. One week before the first injection of DMH, rats in groups 2 and 3 were fed a diet containing 200 and 1000 p.p.m. G1CM, respectively, for 5 weeks. Rats in group 4 were fed a diet containing 1000 p.p.m. G1CM. Rats in group 5 were given the basal diet alone and served as untreated controls. The experiment was terminated 5 weeks after the start. Dietary G1CM at both doses (groups 2 and 3) significantly inhibited the induction of ACF and BCAC (P < 0.001) when compared to group 1 treated with DMH alone. In groups 2 and 3, the proliferating cell nuclear antigen labeling indices of epithelial cells in ACF and BCAC were also lower than in group 1 (P < 0.0001 for ACF, P < 0.05 for BCAC). These results, that dietary G1CM has possible chemopreventive effects in the present short‐term colon carcinogenesis bioassays, suggest that longer exposure may cause suppression of tumor development. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 876–881)
Enhanced efficacy of radiation‐induced gene therapy in mice bearing lung adenocarcinoma xenografts using hypoxia responsive elements
Authors: Wang Wei‐dong , Chen Zheng‐tang , Li Rong , Li De‐zhi , Duan Yu‐zhong , Cao Zheng‐huai 
Published: December 2005

The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the hypoxia responsive element (HRE) could be used to enhance suicide gene (HSV‐tk) expression and tumoricidal activity in radiation‐controlled gene therapy of human lung adenocarcinoma xenografts. A chimeric promoter, HRE–Egr, was generated by directly linking a 0.3‐kb fragment of HRE to a 0.6‐kb human Egr‐1 promoter. Retroviral vectors containing luciferase or the HSV‐tk gene driven by Egr‐1 or HRE–Egr were constructed. A human adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) was stably transfected with the above vectors using the lipofectamine method. The sensitivity of transfected cells to prodrug ganciclovir (GCV) and cell survival rates were analyzed after exposure to a dose of 2 Gy radiation and hypoxia (1%). In vivo, tumor xenografts in BALB/c mice were transfected with the constructed retroviruses and irradiated to a total dose of 6 Gy, followed by GCV treatment (20 mg/kg for 14 days). When the HSV‐tk gene controlled by the HRE–Egr promoter was introduced into A549 cells by a retroviral vector, the exposure to 1% O2 and 2 Gy radiation induced significant enhancement of GCV cytotoxicity to the cells. Moreover, in nude mice bearing solid tumor xenografts, only the tumors infected with the hybrid promoter‐containing virus gradually disappeared after GCV administration and radiation. These results indicate that HRE can enhance transgene expression and tumoricidal activity in HSV‐tk gene therapy controlled by ionizing radiation in hypoxic human lung adenocarcinoma. (Cancer Sci 2005; 96: 918–924)
Maintenance of a small anadromous subpopulation of brown trout (Salmo trutta L.) by straying
Authors: AYLLON F. , MORAN P. , GARCIA‐VAZQUEZ E. 
Published: December 2005

Summary1. Microsatellite and isozyme loci variation were used to study structure and dynamics of a brown trout (Salmo trutta) population heavily affected by damming. The downstream area accessible for spawning was drastically reduced to a stream 1 km long influenced by regulated discharge.2. Stocking of hatchery‐reared juveniles failed and the population is entirely supported by anadromous adults from neighbouring populations.3. Temporal genetic stability is reported here. Some punctual between‐river genetic differences are likely because of different contribution from each neighbouring river through years.4. High anadromy‐mediated gene flow produces a lack of genetic substructure in the region. The role of anadromous brown trout on maintenance of endangered small populations is emphasised.