bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mycobacterium barrassiaesp. nov., aMycobacterium moriokaenseGroup Species Associated with Chronic Pneumonia
Authors: Adékambi Toïdi , Raoult Didier , Drancourt Michel 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTThree identical isolates of new rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) were recovered from the bronchial aspirate and sputum from a 49-year-old woman presenting with lung lesions. The case met the American Thoracic Society criteria for the diagnosis of nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. The three isolates grew in 3 days at 24 to 42°C. The 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis indicated that the sequences of the isolates were identical and shared 99.7% and 98.1% similarities with those ofMycobacterium moriokaenseandMycobacterium gadium, respectively. Partial 723-bprpoBsequence analyses indicated that the sequences of the isolates shared 95.8% and 92.3% similarities with those ofM. moriokaenseandM. gadium, respectively. Polyphasic identification (including biochemical tests; antimicrobial susceptibility profiling; andhsp65,recA, andsodAgene sequence analyses, as well as G+C content determination and cell wall fatty acid composition analysis) supported the evidence that these isolates were representative of a new species. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the close relationships of the isolates withM. moriokaenseand the definedM. moriokaensegroup. These isolates were susceptible to the antimicrobials currently recommended for the treatment of RGM infections. These isolates differed fromM. moriokaenseby their susceptibility to vancomycin. We propose the nameMycobacterium barrassiaesp. nov. for this new species. The type strain is N7T(CIP 108545Tand CCUG 50398T).
Candida rugosa
, an Emerging Fungal Pathogen with Resistance to Azoles: Geographic and Temporal Trends from the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Diekema D. J. , Colombo A. L. , Kibbler C. , Ng K. P. , Gibbs D. L. , Newell V. A. ,   the Global Antifungal Surveillance Group
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Candida rugosa
is a fungus that appears to be emerging as a cause of infection in some geographic regions. We utilized the extensive database of the ARTEMIS DISK Antifungal Surveillance Program to describe the geographic and temporal trends in the isolation of
C. rugosa
from clinical specimens and the in vitro susceptibilities of 452 isolates to fluconazole and voriconazole.
C. rugosa
accounted for 0.4% of 134,715 isolates of
Candida
, and the frequency of isolation increased from 0.03% to 0.4% over the 6.5-year study period (1997 to 2003).
C. rugosa
was most common in the Latin American region (2.7% versus 0.1 to 0.4%). Decreased susceptibility to fluconazole (40.5% susceptible) was observed in all geographic regions; however, isolates from Europe and North America were much more susceptible (97 to 100%) to voriconazole than those from other geographic regions (55.8 to 58.8%).
C. rugosa
was most often isolated from blood and urine in patients hospitalized at the Medical and Surgical inpatient services. Notably, bloodstream isolates were the least susceptible to both fluconazole and voriconazole.
C. rugosa
should be considered, along with the established pathogens
Candida krusei
and
Candida glabrata
, as a species of
Candida
with reduced susceptibility to the azole antifungal agents.
Treatment Failure of Nosocomial Pertussis Infection in a Very-Low-Birth-Weight Neonate
Authors: Bonacorsi Stéphane , Farnoux Caroline , Bidet Philippe , Caro Valérie , Aizenfisz Sophie , Benhayoun Mounir , Aujard Yannick , Guiso Nicole , Bingen Edouard 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

We describe a case of nosocomial maternal transmission of
Bordetella pertussis
to a very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) neonate in whom treatment was unsuccessful. This case underscores the need for rapid and sensitive PCR diagnosis in VLBW neonates and in parents with clinical signs of pertussis and suggests that standard treatment may not be appropriate for VLBW neonates.
Development of an Enzyme Immunoassay for Detection of Sapovirus-Specific Antibodies and Its Application in a Study of Seroprevalence in Children
Authors: Farkas Tibor , Deng Xiaoyun , Ruiz-Palacios Guillermo , Morrow Ardythe , Jiang Xi 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Sapoviruses (SVs) are an important cause of acute pediatric gastroenteritis. Due to the lack of appropriate diagnostic methods, the epidemiology of SV-associated illness remains poorly understood. Baculovirus and
Escherichia coli
expression systems were evaluated for the development of antibody detection enzyme immunoassays (EIA). Age-related antibody prevalence in children was studied using the new EIA. Because of the low yield of the baculovirus system, the
E. coli
-expressed SV capsid proteins were used to develop the EIA. The antigenic specificities of the
E. coli
-expressed SV capsid proteins were demonstrated using hyperimmune antisera raised in animals and sera collected from patients. A high prevalence (>90%) of antibodies to both SV (strain Mex340) and norovirus (strain VA387) was observed in children involved in a birth cohort at 20 to 24 months of age; however, at 1 to 3 months of age, <25% of the children possessed anti-SV antibodies versus >90% with anti-NV antibodies. The
E. coli
-derived SV proteins are an excellent source of antigens for the EIA. SV infection is common in the first 2 years of life. The low prevalence of maternal antibodies detected in Mexican children against SVs in this study is unique and needs to be addressed in future studies.
Detection of Norovirus Antigens from Recombinant Virus-Like Particles and Stool Samples by a Commercial Norovirus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kit
Authors: Okitsu-Negishi Shoko , Okame Michio , Shimizu Yuko , Phan Tung Gia , Tomaru Takeshi , Kamijo Shigenori , Sato Takashi , Yagyu Fumihiro , Müller Werner E. G. , Ushijima Hiroshi 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT
The commercial norovirus enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit was evaluated for its reactivity to recombinant virus-like particles and the detection of natural viruses from stool samples of Japanese infants and children with sporadic acute gastroenteritis compared to reverse transcription-PCR. The kit had a sensitivity of 76.3% and a specificity of 94.9%. Our results clearly indicated that the kit allows the detection of the most prevalent genotype, GII/4. In order to increase the sensitivity of the kit, the reactivity with norovirus of GII/3 and GII/6 genotypes needs to be improved.
Occupational risk factors for prostate cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia: a case–control study in Western Australia
Authors: Fritschi L , Glass D C , Tabrizi J S , Leavy J E , Ambrosini G L 
Published: October 2006

Objective:To assess the association of selected occupational exposures with risk of prostate cancer and with risk of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH).Methods:This population-based case–control study recruited 606 men with a diagnosis of confirmed prostate cancer, 400 men who had undergone their first prostatectomy for BPH and 471 male controls randomly selected from the electoral roll between 1 August 2001 and 1 October 2002 in Western Australia. χ2tests and logistic regressions were used for univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the association of the two outcomes with occupational exposure to pesticides, fertilisers, metals, wood dust, oils, diesel exhaust and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).Results:Exposure to toxic metals at a non-substantial level increased the risk of BPH (odds ratio (OR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.1 to 1.84) and led to a non-significant excess risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.25, 95% CI 0.96 to 1.61). Non-significant excess risks were observed for prostate cancer after exposure to oils other than mineral oil (OR 1.54, 95% CI 0.95 to 2.51) and for BPH after exposure to PAHs (OR 1.20, 95% CI 0.91 to 1.58). A non-statistically significant protective effect for prostate cancer was seen after exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OR 0. 69, 95% CI 0.43 to 1.12). No other associations were found for either prostate cancer or BPH and no dose–response relationships were seen for the exposures investigated.Conclusions:These results do not provide evidence that any of the occupational factors examined are risk factors for either prostate cancer or BPH.
Phase I Study of Bryostatin 1 and Fludarabine in Patients with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia and Indolent (Non-Hodgkin's) Lymphoma
Authors: Roberts John D. , Smith Mitchell R. , Feldman Eric J. , Cragg Louise , Millenson Michael M. , Roboz Gail J. , Honeycutt Connie , Thune Rose , Padavic-Shaller Kristin , Carter W. Hans , Ramakrishnan Viswanathan , Murgo Anthony J. , Grant Steven 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurpose: Preclinical studies suggested that bryostatin 1 might potentiate the therapeutic effects of fludarabine in the treatment of hematologic malignancies. We undertook a phase I study to identify appropriate schedules and doses of bryostatin 1 and fludarabine to be used in phase II studies.Experimental Design: Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) or indolent lymphoma received fludarabine daily for 5 days and a single dose of bryostatin 1 via a 24-hour continuous infusion either before or after the fludarabine course. Doses were escalated in successive patients until recommended phase II doses for each sequence were identified on the basis of dose-limiting toxic events.Results: Bryostatin 1 can be administered safely and tolerably with full dose fludarabine (25 mg/m2/d × 5). The recommended bryostatin 1 phase II dose is 50 μg/m2 for both sequences, bryostatin 1 → fludarabine and fludarabine → bryostatin 1. The combination is active against both CLL and indolent lymphomas with responses seen in patients who had been previously treated with fludarabine. Correlative studies do not support the hypothesis that bryostatin 1 potentiates fludarabine activity through down-regulation of protein kinase C in target cells.Conclusions: Bryostatin 1 can be administered with full dose fludarabine, and the combination is moderately active in patients with persistent disease following prior treatment. In view of the activity of monoclonal antibodies such as the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody rituximab in the treatment of CLL and indolent lymphomas, the concept of combining bryostatin 1 and fludarabine with rituximab warrants future consideration.
Gene Expression Profiling in Cervical Cancer: An Exploration of Intratumor Heterogeneity
Authors: Bachtiary Barbara , Boutros Paul C. , Pintilie Melania , Shi Willa , Bastianutto Carlo , Li Jian-Hua , Schwock Joerg , Zhang Wendy , Penn Linda Z. , Jurisica Igor , Fyles Anthony , Liu Fei-Fei 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurpose: To explore intratumor heterogeneity in gene expression profiles from patients with cervical cancer.Experimental Design: A total of 33 biopsies were obtained from 11 patients, sampling between two and five different areas for each tumor. The extracted RNA was hybridized onto the Affymetrix U133 Plus 2.0 oligonucleotide chip. The variance of expression within a patient (W), between patients (B) and the total variance (T = W + B) were calculated for each ProbeSet, and the ratio W/T was used as a measure of intratumor heterogeneity. Gene Ontology functional analysis was done to assess the function of genes that had high W/T (top 10%) and low W/T (bottom 10%) values.Results: In total, 448 ProbeSets (2.2% of the total) had W/T &lt; 0.10, indicating low intratumor heterogeneity, and 537 ProbeSets (2.7% of the total) had W/T &gt; 0.90, indicating high intratumor heterogeneity. In total 14,473 ProbeSets (72.4%) had higher intertumor than intratumor heterogeneity (W/T &lt; 0.5). Genes with low intratumor heterogeneity were characterized by a statistically significant enrichment of immune-related functions (P &lt; 0.0001). Genes with high intratumor heterogeneity were characterized by a significant tendency towards nuclear localization and nucleic acid binding (both P &lt; 0.0001). For genes with W/T &gt; 0.5, more than six biopsies would be required to minimize the intratumoral heterogeneity to &lt;0.15; if W/T is 0.3 to 0.4, four biopsies are required; and for low W/T of 0.16 to 0.3, only two to three biopsies would be needed.Conclusion: Although the intratumor heterogeneity was low for the majority of the tested ProbeSets, for many genes, multiple biopsies are required to obtain a reliable estimate of gene expression.
Gene Expression Profiles of Primary Breast Carcinomas from Patients at High Risk for Local Recurrence after Breast-Conserving Therapy
Authors: Kreike Bas , Halfwerk Hans , Kristel Petra , Glas Annuska , Peterse Hans , Bartelink Harry , van de Vijver Marc J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Purpose: Several risk factors for local recurrence of breast cancer after breast-conserving therapy (BCT) have been identified. The identification of additional risk factors would be very useful in guiding optimal therapy and also in improving understanding of the mechanisms underlying local recurrence. We used cDNA microarray analysis to identify gene expression profiles associated with local recurrence.
Experimental Design: Using 18K cDNA microarrays, gene expression profiles were obtained from 50 patients who underwent BCT. Of these 50 patients, 19 developed a local recurrence; the remaining 31 patients were selected as controls as they were free of local recurrence at least 11 years after treatment. For 9 of 19 patients, the local recurrence was also available for gene expression profiling. Unsupervised and supervised methods of classification were used to separate patients in groups corresponding to disease outcome and to study the overall gene expression pattern of primary tumors and their recurrences.
Results: Hierarchical clustering of patients did not show any grouping reflecting local recurrence status. Supervised analysis revealed no significant set of genes that was able to distinguish recurring tumors from nonrecurring tumors. Paired-data analysis of primary tumors and local recurrences showed a remarkable similarity in gene expression profile between primary tumors and their recurrences.
Conclusions: No significant differences in gene expression between primary breast cancer tumors in patients with or without local recurrence after BCT were identified. Furthermore, analyses of primary tumors and local recurrences show a preservation of the overall gene expression pattern in the local recurrence, even after radiotherapy.
Vitamin D Inhibits the Formation of Prostatic Intraepithelial Neoplasia inNkx3.1; PtenMutant Mice
Authors: Banach-Petrosky Whitney , Ouyang Xuesong , Gao Hui , Nader Kamyar , Ji Yan , Suh Nanjoo , DiPaola Robert S. , Abate-Shen Cory 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurpose: Epidemiologic studies have shown that reduced levels of vitamin D represent a major risk factor for prostate cancer. In this report, we have examined the efficacy of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25 D3) as a chemopreventive agent using Nkx3.1; Pten mutant mice, which recapitulate stages of prostate carcinogenesis from prostate intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN) to adenocarcinoma.Experimental Design: 1,25 D3 (or vehicle) was delivered continuously to Nkx3.1; Pten mutant or control mice for a 4-month period beginning before (precancerous cohort) or after (cancerous cohort) these mice developed PIN. At the conclusion of the study, the mice were analyzed for the occurrence of PIN and/or cancer phenotypes by histologic analyses and immunostaining using known markers of cancer progression in these mice.Results: We found that sustained delivery of 1,25 D3 to the Nkx3.1; Pten mutant mice resulted in a significant reduction in the formation of PIN while having no apparent effect on the control mice. Furthermore, 1,25 D3 was maximally effective when delivered before, rather than subsequent to, the initial occurrence of PIN. We further show that this 1,25 D3–mediated inhibition of PIN was coincident with up-regulation of vitamin D receptor expression in the prostatic epithelium of the mutant mice, as well as in CASP prostate epithelial cell lines developed from these mice, while having no effect on androgen receptor expression or androgen receptor signaling.Conclusion: Our findings show the value of chemoprevention studies using Nkx3.1; Pten mutant mice, particularly for evaluating the efficacy and underlying mechanisms of potential agents and to gain insights about the optimal timing of their delivery. In particular, our study predicts that vitamin D may have differential effects during early-stage versus late-stage disease and that it is more likely to be beneficial if delivered either before the overt manifestation of clinically detectable disease or during the earliest disease stages, rather than in advanced disease. Thus, our findings support the assessment of vitamin D analogues for chemoprevention in clinical trials targeting patients with early-stage disease and also establish molecular markers that can be used in such trials to determine biological activity and to optimize further clinical trials.
A Mass Balance and Disposition Study of the DNA Methyltransferase Inhibitor Zebularine (NSC 309132) and Three of Its Metabolites in Mice
Authors: Beumer Jan H. , Joseph Erin , Egorin Merrill J. , Parker Robert S. , D'argenio David Z. , Covey Joseph M. , Eiseman Julie L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Purpose: To elucidate the in vivo metabolic fate of zebularine (NSC 309132), a DNA methyltransferase inhibitor proposed for clinical evaluation in the treatment of cancer.
Experimental Design: Male, CD2F1 mice were dosed i.v. with 100 mg/kg 2-[14C]zebularine. At specified times between 5 and 1,440 minutes, mice were euthanized. Plasma, organs, carcass, urine, and feces were collected and assayed for total radioactivity. Plasma and urine were also analyzed for zebularine and its metabolites with a previously validated high-pressure liquid chromatography assay. A similar experiment was done with 2-[14C]uridine, the proposed primary metabolite of zebularine.
Results: Maximum plasma concentrations were 462, 306, 33.6, 21.7, and 11.5 μmol/L for total radioactivity, zebularine, uridine, uracil (each at 5 minutes), and dihydrouracil (at 15 minutes), respectively. Total radioactivity, zebularine, uridine, uracil, and dihydrouracil were rapidly eliminated from plasma, and after 45 minutes, none of the individual compounds could be quantitated by high-pressure liquid chromatography. Plasma data were consistent with sequential conversion of zebularine to uridine, uracil, and dihydrouracil. 2-Pyrimidinone was not observed. Prolonged retention of radioactivity, at concentrations higher than in plasma, was observed in tissues. Recovery of given radioactivity in urine (30.3% of dose), feces (0.4% of dose), cage wash (7.9% of dose), and tissues and carcass (6.1% of dose) after 24 hours implied that up to 55% of radioactivity was expired as 14CO2. Comparison of zebularine and uridine pharmacokinetic data indicated that ∼40% of the zebularine dose was converted to uridine.
Conclusions: Zebularine is extensively and rapidly metabolized into endogenous compounds that are unlikely to have effects at the concentrations observed.
Representing Sheared Convective Boundary Layer by Zeroth- and First-Order-Jump Mixed-Layer Models: Large-Eddy Simulation Verification
Authors: Pino David , Vilà-Guerau de Arellano Jordi , Kim Si-Wan 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Dry convective boundary layers characterized by a significant wind shear on the surface and at the inversion are studied by means of the mixed-layer theory. Two different representations of the entrainment zone, each of which has a different closure of the entrainment heat flux, are considered. The simpler of the two is based on a sharp discontinuity at the inversion (zeroth-order jump), whereas the second one prescribes a finite depth of the inversion zone (first-order jump). Large-eddy simulation data are used to provide the initial conditions for the mixed-layer models, and to verify their results. Two different atmospheric boundary layers with different stratification in the free atmosphere are analyzed. It is shown that, despite the simplicity of the zeroth-order-jump model, it provides similar results to the first-order-jump model and can reproduce the evolution of the mixed-layer variables obtained by the large-eddy simulations in sheared convective boundary layers. The mixed-layer model with both closures compares better with the large-eddy simulation results in the atmospheric boundary layer characterized by a moderate wind shear and a weak temperature inversion. These results can be used to represent the flux of momentum, heat, and other scalars at the entrainment zone in general circulation or chemistry transport models.
Corrective Justice and Reputation
Authors: Scarre Geoffrey 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCourts of criminal jurisdiction commonly allow for mitigating circumstances when determining the punishment of convicted wrongdoers. This paper looks at some of the moral issues raised by mitigation, and asks in particular whether the damage that arraignment or conviction does to the good name of a previously well-reputed person may ever reasonably be considered as a circumstance justifying the imposition of a penalty lighter than is standard for the offence. It is argued that making an allowance for the loss of good name is sometimes required by justice and that a number of principled and practical objections that have been raised against the practice are unconvincing.
Association of socio-economic status with diabetes prevalence and utilization of diabetes care services
Authors: Rabi Doreen M , Edwards Alun L , Southern Danielle A , Svenson Lawrence W , Sargious Peter M , Norton Peter , Larsen Eric T , Ghali William A 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Low income appears to be associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes and diabetes related complications, however, little is known about how income influences access to diabetes care. The objective of the present study was to determine whether income is associated with referral to a diabetes centre within a universal health care system.

Methods
Data on referral for diabetes care, diabetes prevalence and median household income were obtained from a regional Diabetes Education Centre (DEC) database, the Canadian National Diabetes Surveillance System (NDSS) and the 2001 Canadian Census respectively. Diabetes rate per capita, referral rate per capita and proportion with diabetes referred was determined for census dissemination areas. We used Chi square analyses to determine if diabetes prevalence or population rates of referral differed across income quintiles, and Poisson regression to model diabetes rate and referral rate in relation to income while controlling for education and age.

Results
There was a significant gradient in both diabetes prevalence (χ2 = 743.72, p < 0.0005) and population rates of referral (χ2 = 168.435, p < 0.0005) across income quintiles, with the lowest income quintiles having the highest rates of diabetes and referral to the DEC. Referral rate among those with diabetes, however, was uniform across income quintiles. Controlling for age and education, Poisson regression models confirmed a significant socio-economic gradient in diabetes prevalence and population rates of referral.

Conclusion
Low income is associated with a higher prevalence of diabetes and a higher population rate of referral to this regional DEC. After accounting for diabetes prevalence, however, the equal proportions referred to the DEC across income groups suggest that there is no access bias based on income.