bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An anti‐history of a non‐people: Kurds, colonialism, and nationalism in the history of anthropology
Authors: Houston Christopher 
Published: February 2009

In this article I seek to contest certain aspects of the 1960s revisionist history of the discipline of anthropology, narratives that can be accused ironically of an autocentric overestimation of the power of the imperial West in their very uncovering of its more or less hidden influence over the genre of ethnography and anthropological practice. Taking as my focus in this regard the case of the anthropology of the Kurds, I suggest that not only have Western ethnographic texts been relatively un‐influential in the wider scheme of discourse about Kurds, but also that the recent decision of Kurdish publishing houses in Istanbul to translate and re‐publish them indicates where in the present many Kurds feel an active ‘colonial project’ is continuing. The role and development of anthropology in Turkey, then, complicate this by now decades‐old examination of the embeddedness of ethnographic discourse in Western modernist projects of political transformation.RésuméL'auteur de cet article cherche à contester certains aspects de l'histoire révisionniste de la discipline anthropologique qui avait cours dans les années 1960 et que l'on peut accuser, avec ironie, d'une surestimation autocentrée de la puissance de l'Occident impérial alors même qu'elle démasquait l'influence plus ou moins voilée de celui‐ci sur l'ethnographie et la pratique anthropologique. Centrant son approche sur le cas de l'anthropologie des Kurdes, l'auteur suggère que non seulement les textes ethnographiques occidentaux ont eu relativement peu d'influence sur le discours général concernant les Kurdes, mais que la récente décision des maisons d'éditions kurdes d'Istanbul de traduire et de republier ces ouvrages indique dans quel domaine beaucoup de Kurdes sentent aujourd'hui encore un «projet colonial»à l'œuvre. Le rôle et le développement de l'anthropologie en Turquie vient encore compliquer le problème, avec des dizaines d'années d'étude de l'inclusion du discours ethnographique dans les projets modernistes occidentaux de transformation politique.
Economies of affect
Authors: Richard Analiese , Rudnyckyj Daromir 
Published: February 2009

This article develops the concept ‘economies of affect’ to argue for increased anthropological attention to the roles of affect in facilitating economic transformations. The article draws on evidence from two ethnographic field projects, one in Mexico and the other in Indonesia, to show how affect was mobilized to create subjects commensurable with neoliberal norms. We show how embracing and crying and discourses about love and grief were conjoined to transformations that entailed the cessation of state guarantees and the introduction of market norms. In posing affect and its articulation with questions of economic change as an object of anthropological inquiry, the article argues for the utility of a notion of affect in contrast to other approaches that have stressed emotion. We argue that affect is useful because it is inherently reflexive and intersubjective. Affect refers to relations practised between individuals, in contrast to emotion, which still bears the spectre of a psychological individualism.RésuméCet article développe le concept des «économies de l'affect» pour attirer l'attention des anthropologues sur le rôle de l'affect dans la facilitation des transformations économiques. Il s'appuie sur les résultats de deux projets de terrain ethnographiques, l'un au Mexique et l'autre en Indonésie, pour montrer comment l'affect a été mobilisé pour créer des sujets pouvant être appréhendés selon les normes néolibérales. Les auteurs montrent comment l'étreinte, les pleurs et les discours sur l'amour et le chagrin ont été associés à des transformations impliquant la cessation de prestations de l'État et l'application des lois du marché. En faisant de l'affect et de son articulation avec le changement économique un objet d'étude anthropologique, l'article affirme l'utilité d'une notion d'affect se démarquant d'autres approches qui mettent l'accent sur l'émotion. Les auteurs affirment que l'affect est utile parce qu'il est, par nature, réflexif et intersubjectif. L'affect renvoie aux relations pratiquées entre les individus, à la différence de l'émotion, toujours marquée par le spectre d'un individualisme psychologique.
Hot air and the Colonialist ‘Other’: the ‘German‐English‐Dutch Airship Expedition’ to New Guinea
Authors: Claas Ulrike , Roscoe Paul 
Published: February 2009

Images of the exotic ‘Other’ are widely recognized in anthropology as part of an ‘intellectual technology’ by which colonialism extended and maintained its control over imperial frontiers. For want of analysis, however, another kind of Other still languishes in anthropology: the Domestic Colonialist. In standard analytical narratives, this figure and the milieu in which it operated are still drawn in radically homogenized terms. In actuality, the colonialist at home was a complex agent obliged to navigate and negotiate multiple social and cultural conjunctures in the course of developing colonial projects that eventually would be exported abroad. In this article, we seek to illuminate the Colonialist Other and its place in colonialism by considering the fortunes of Oberleutnant Paul Graetz, a German colonial ‘hero’ from the turn of the last century, and his doomed attempt to mount an expedition to survey New Guinea in a ‘hot air’ vessel.RésuméIl est largement admis en anthropologie que les images de «l'Autre» exotique font partie de la «technologie intellectuelle» grâce à laquelle le colonialisme a étendu et maintenu son contrôle sur les frontières impériales. Faute d'analyse, toutefois, un autre type d'Autre se languit encore en anthropologie : le Colon à demeure. Dans les narrations analytiques standard, cette figure et le milieu dans lequel elle agit sont encore dépeints en termes radicalement uniformisés. En réalité, le colonialiste maison était un agent complexe, obligé de naviguer et de négocier entre plusieurs conjonctures culturelles et sociales dans le cadre du développement de projets coloniaux appelés àêtre exportés au loin. Dans le présent article, les auteurs cherchent à mettre en lumière l'Autre colonisateur et sa place dans le colonialisme en s'intéressant à la destinée de l'oberleutnant Paul Graztz, «héros» colonial allemand de la fin du XIXe siècle, et à sa tentative (vouée à l'échec) d'expédition topographique en Nouvelle‐Guinée dans un aéronef «à air chaud».
Guinea pig hippocampal 5‐HT1Ereceptors: a tool for selective drug development
Authors: Klein Michael T. , Teitler Milt 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent studies have indicated that the serotonin [5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT)] 1E receptor, originally discovered in human brain tissue, is not expressed in rat or mouse brain. Thus, there have been few reports on 5‐HT1Ereceptor drug development. However, expression of 5‐HT1Ereceptor mRNA has been shown in guinea pig brain. To establish this species as an animal model for 5‐HT1Edrug development, we identified brain regions that exhibit 5‐carboxyamidotryptamine, ritanserin, and LY344864 – insensitive [3H]5‐HT binding (characteristic of the 5‐HT1Ereceptor). In hippocampal homogenates, where 5‐HT1Ereceptor density was sufficiently high for radioligand binding analysis, 100 nM 5‐carboxyamidotryptamine, 30 nM ritanserin, and 100 nM LY344864 were used to mask [3H]5‐HT binding at non‐5‐HT1Ereceptors. TheKdof [3H]5‐HT was 5.7 ± 0.7 nM and is indistinguishable from the cloned receptorKdof 6.5 ± 0.6 nM. The affinities of 16 drugs for the cloned and hippocampal‐expressed guinea pig 5‐HT1Ereceptors are essentially identical (R2 = 0.97). These findings indicate that using these conditions autoradiographical distribution and signal transduction studies of the 5‐HT1Ereceptor in guinea pig brain are feasible. Using the guinea pig as an animal model should provide important insights into possible functions of this receptor and the therapeutic potential of selective human 5‐HT1Edrugs.
Prostaglandin E2 modulates Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in rat hippocampus: implications for neurological diseases
Authors: Oliveira Mauro Schneider , Furian Ana Flávia , Rambo Leonardo Magno , Ribeiro Leandro Rodrigo , Royes Luiz Fernando Freire , Ferreira Juliano , Calixto João Batista , Otalora Luis Fernando Pacheco , Garrido‐Sanabria Emilio Rafael , Mello Carlos Fernando 
Published: February 2009

AbstractProstaglandin E2 (PGE2) is quantitatively one of the major prostaglandins synthesized in mammalian brain, and there is evidence that it facilitates seizures and neuronal death. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms involved in such excitatory effects. Na+,K+‐ATPase is a membrane protein which plays a key role in electrolyte homeostasis maintenance and, therefore, regulates neuronal excitability. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that PGE2 decreases Na+,K+‐ATPase activity, in order to shed some light on the mechanisms underlying the excitatory action of PGE2. Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was determined by assessing ouabain‐sensitive ATP hydrolysis. We found that incubation of adult rat hippocampal slices with PGE2 (0.1–10 μM) for 30 min decreased Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. However, PGE2 did not alter Na+,K+‐ATPase activity if added to hippocampal homogenates. The inhibitory effect of PGE2 on Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was not related to a decrease in the total or plasma membrane immunocontent of the catalytic α subunit of Na+,K+‐ATPase. We found that the inhibitory effect of PGE2 (1 μM) on Na+,K+‐ATPase activity was receptor‐mediated, as incubation with selective antagonists for EP1 (SC‐19220, 10 μM), EP3 (L‐826266, 1 μM) or EP4 (L‐161982, 1 μM) receptors prevented the PGE2‐induced decrease of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity. On the other hand, incubation with the selective EP2 agonist (butaprost, 0.1–10 μM) increased enzyme activity per se in a concentration‐dependent manner, but did not prevent the inhibitory effect of PGE2. Incubation with a protein kinase A (PKA) inhibitor (H‐89, 1 μM) and a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (GF‐109203X, 300 nM) also prevented PGE2‐induced decrease of Na+,K+‐ATPase activity. Accordingly, PGE2 increased phosphorylation of Ser943 at the α subunit, a critical residue for regulation of enzyme activity. Importantly, we also found that PGE2 decreases Na+,K+‐ATPase activity in vivo. The results presented here imply Na+,K+‐ATPase as a target for PGE2‐mediated signaling, which may underlie PGE2‐induced increase of brain excitability.
Phosphorylation of ribosomal protein S19 at Ser59 by CaM Kinase Iα
Authors: Maeda Noriko , Toku Seikichi , Naito Yasuhito , Nishiura Hiroshi , Tanaka Tatsuo , Yamamoto Hideyuki 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn order to examine the possible involvements of Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinases (CaM kinases) in the regulation of ribosomal functions, we tested the phosphorylation of rat ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19) by various CaM kinases in vitro. We found that CaM kinase Iα, but not CaM kinase Iβ1, Iβ2, II, or IV, robustly phosphorylated RPS19. From the consensus phosphorylation site sequence, Ser59, Ser90, and Thr124 were likely to be phosphorylated; therefore, we mutated each amino acid to alanine and found that the mutation of Ser59 to alanine strongly attenuated phosphorylation by CaM kinase Iα, suggesting that Ser59 was a major phosphorylation site. Furthermore, we produced a specific antibody against RPS19 phosphorylated at Ser59, and found that Ser59 was phosphorylated both in GT1‐7 cells and rat brain. Phosphorylation of RPS19 in GT1‐7 cells was inhibited by KN93, an inhibitor of CaM kinases. Immunoblot analysis after subcellular fractionation of rat brain demonstrated that phosphorylated RPS19 was present in 80S ribosomes. Phosphorylation of RPS19 by CaM kinase Iα augmented the interaction of RPS19 with the previously identified S19 binding protein. These results suggest that CaM kinase Iα regulates the functions of RPS19 through phosphorylation of Ser59.
Effect of landscape structure on the spatial distribution of Mediterranean dung beetle diversity
Authors: Numa Catherine , Verdú José R. , Sánchez A. , Galante Eduardo 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAim Landscape structure influences the distribution of animals, altering their movements and their ability to reach habitat patches. We analysed the spatial patterns of dung beetle species diversity in three differently structured natural landscapes in a Mediterranean protected area in the centre of the Iberian Peninsula.Location Cabañeros National Park, Central Spain.Methods Diversity components within (α) and among (β) the three main vegetation types in the reserve were compared by using a hierarchical nested design. These were forests, scrublands and grasslands embedded in three different landscapes, where each was the most dominant and structurally connected habitat.Results Species richness of grassland habitat did not vary across landscapes, but forest habitat showed lower species richness in the grassland‐dominated landscape. Scrubland was the least species‐rich habitat, but here again there was no significant variation across landscapes. However, in all cases, there was a significant influence of habitat context (configuration of habitat patches within landscape matrix) on similarity of species composition. These tended to be more similar to the dominant landscape matrix where they were embedded, rather than to the same habitat type in other landscapes. Additive partitioning of diversity showed higher than expected values of β in all landscapes, which indicated a structured response. Highest values of β in the grassland‐dominated landscape suggest that this was the least connected landscape for dung beetles.Main conclusions Our results suggest that in homogeneous conditions of climate and trophic resources, landscape structure may well be more important than habitat type as a determinant of dung beetle distribution in the Mediterranean.
How species traits and affinity to urban land use control large‐scale species frequency
Authors: Knapp Sonja , Kühn Ingolf , Bakker Jan P. , Kleyer Michael , Klotz Stefan , Ozinga Wim A. , Poschlod Peter , Thompson Ken , Thuiller Wilfried , Römermann Christine 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAim  Although urban areas only occupy c. 2.8% of the earth's land surface, urbanization threatens biodiversity as areas of high human population density often coincide with high biodiversity. Therefore, nature conservation should concentrate on both remote areas and densely populated regions. Protecting rare plant species in rural and urban areas can contribute to the protection of biodiversity. We therefore need to understand why species are rare. Studies on causes of rarity often concentrate on either plant traits or extrinsic threats (such as habitat fragmentation or nitrogen enrichment). However, there are only a few studies that combine traits and extrinsic threats, although such analyses might clarify causes of rarity. We assessed how the affinity of vascular plant species to urban land use (‘urbanity’) interacts with plant traits in determining species frequency.Location  Germany, resolution c. 12 km × 11 km.Methods  Species with a low frequency may be rare because they occur in rare habitats or because of other reasons, although their habitat is frequent. Therefore, we calculated the frequency of species corrected for habitat frequency, i.e. relative species frequency. We explained relative species frequency by the interactions of species traits and species affinity to urban land use using generalized linear models. Simultaneous autoregressive error models controlled for phylogenetic relationships of species.Results  Relative species frequency depends on species affinity to urban land use, independent of the different interactions between traits and urbanity used as predictors. The higher the urbanity the higher is species frequency. Urbanity interacts with species preferences towards temperature and soil acidity. Moreover, dispersal, nitrogen preferences and origin explain relative species frequency, amongst others.Main conclusions  Many rare species, especially those preferring cool or acidic habitats might already have disappeared from urban areas. Analyses that combine species traits and environmental effects can explain the causes of rarity and help to derive better conservation strategies.
Bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic diversity of smooth and pustular microbial mat communities in the hypersaline lagoon of Shark Bay
Authors: ALLEN M. A. , GOH F. , BURNS B. P. , NEILAN B. A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThe bacterial, archaeal and eukaryotic populations of nonlithifying mats with pustular and smooth morphology from Hamelin Pool, Shark Bay were characterised using small subunit rRNA gene analysis and microbial isolation. A highly diverse bacterial population was detected for each mat, with 16S rDNA clones related to Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chloroflexi, Cyanobacteria, Gemmatimonas, Planctomycetes, Alphaproteobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria, Deltaproteobacteria, Verrucomicrobia and candidate division TM6 present in each mat. Spirochaetes were detected in the smooth mat only, whereas candidate division OP11 was only detected in the pustular mat. Targeting populations with specific primers revealed additional cyanobacterial diversity. The archaeal population of the pustular mat was comprised purely of Halobacteriales, whereas the smooth mat contained 16S rDNA clones from the Halobacteriales, two groups of Euryarchaea with no close characterised matches, and the Thaumarchaea. Nematodes and fungi were present in each mat type, with diatom 18S rDNA clones only obtained from the smooth mat, and tardigrade and microalgae clones only retrieved from the pustular mat. Cultured isolates belonged to the Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Halobacteriales. The mat populations were significantly more diverse than those previously reported for Hamelin Pool stromatolites, suggesting specific microbial populations may be associated with the nonlithifying and lithifying microbial communities of Hamelin Pool.
Management of Obstructive Sleep Apnea with a Mandibular and Tongue Advancement Splint (MTAS) in a Completely Edentulous Patient. A Clinical Report
Authors: Kurtulmus Huseyin , Cotert H. Serdar 
Published: February 2009

AbstractTreatment of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in dentate patients using a mandibular advancement splint (MAS) from mandibular repositioners has been documented in detail. Nevertheless, studies about completely edentulous patients with OSA are sparse. This clinical report describes a clinical and laboratory method for producing a functional splint combining an MAS and a tongue‐retaining device with an individualized tongue tip housing and discusses the rationale for using such a device.
Blood transfusion exposure in Denmark and Sweden
Authors: Kamper‐Jørgensen Mads , Edgren Gustaf , Rostgaard Klaus , Biggar Robert J. , Nyrén Olof , Reilly Marie , Titlestad Kjell , Shanwell Agneta , Melbye Mads , Hjalgrim Henrik 
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Although essential for the evaluation of blood transfusion safety, the prevalence of blood transfusion in the general population is not presently known. This study estimated the exposure to blood transfusion in the general Scandinavian population.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Population‐based registry data of more than 600,000 transfusion recipients and general population data from 2000 to 2002 in Denmark and 1996 to 2002 in Sweden were reviewed. Outcome measures were the unit exposure rate, the 1‐year period prevalence, the incidence rate, and the prevalence of exposure to blood transfusion.RESULTS: The unit exposure rate was 71.9 per 1000 population per year in Denmark and 60.9 in Sweden, corresponding to 29 percent more blood units being transfused in Denmark than in Sweden. The 1‐year period prevalence was 8.8 and the incidence rate was 7.2 per 1000 population per year in Denmark, being 37 and 25 percent higher than in Sweden, respectively. The prevalences of blood transfusion in Danish males at 20, 40, 60, and 80 years of age were 1.9, 3.1, 7.6, and 18.1 percent, respectively. In Danish females, the corresponding prevalences were 1.6, 5.9, 11.1, and 20.5 percent. A similar but slightly lower prevalence was found in Sweden.CONCLUSION: Exposure to blood transfusion is frequent in Denmark and Sweden. At age 80 years, approximately one in five persons in the general population had received blood at least once.
Therapeutic plasma exchange reduces ABO titers to permit ABO‐incompatible renal transplantation
Authors: Tobian Aaron A.R. , Shirey R. Sue , Montgomery Robert A. , Tisch Daniel J. , Ness Paul M. , King Karen E. 
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Thousands of patients with chronic renal failure die yearly without a kidney transplant due to the severe shortage of donors. Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is performed to permit ABO‐incompatible (ABO‐I) kidney transplants, but little is known about how well TPE reduces ABO antibodies or complications related to TPE in this clinical setting.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: This retrospective study evaluated 46 individuals that received TPE to permit ABO‐I kidney transplant. The number of TPE treatments was based on a goal ABO titer at the anti‐human globulin (AHG) phase of 16 or less before surgery.RESULTS: Before TPE, the median titer of recipient was 32 (range, 2‐128) at room temperature (RT) phase and 64 (range, 4‐1024) at AHG phase. The first TPE reduced the total agglutination reactivity score at AHG phase by 10.2 percent. Before transplantation, there was a mean of 6.2 ± 2.5 TPE treatments and total agglutination reactivity score at AHG phase was reduced by 53.5 percent. The median titer remained reduced at 3 to 6 months after transplantation at 4 (range, 0‐64) at RT phase and 8 (range, 1‐64) at AHG phase. TPE complications were minimal. During at least one procedure, 15 (32.6%) individuals had either urticaria or pruritis, 18 (39.1%) individuals experienced mild citrate‐induced hypocalcemia, 5 (10.2%) individuals had hypotension, 6 (13.0%) individuals had nausea or vomiting, and 1 (2.2%) individual had West Nile virus encephalitis.CONCLUSIONS: With current infectious disease blood screening protocols, TPE has minimal complications and can reduce ABO antibody titers to permit ABO‐I renal transplantation.
Risperidone long‐acting injection: a 6‐year mirror‐image study of healthcare resource use
Authors: Taylor D. , Fischetti C. , Sparshatt A. , Thomas A. , Bishara D. , Cornelius V. 
Published: February 2009

Objective:  To evaluate naturalistic use of risperidone long‐acting injection (RLAI) and its effect on healthcare resource use.Method:  Mirror‐image comparison of healthcare resource use for 3 years before RLAI initiation and 3 years after.Results:  In total, 211 of 277 patients consecutively prescribed RLAI were evaluable over the full 6‐year study period. Median days in hospital/patient increased significantly in the 3 years after RLAI initiation [87 days (inter‐quartile range 25–236) before vs. 192 days (47–426) after; P < 0.001]. Those 34 patients who continued RLAI for 3 years showed no change in median bed days [64 days (6.5–182) before vs. 64 days (12–180) after] and median number of admissions was decreased [1.5 (1–2.25) before vs. 1.00 (0–1.25) after; P = 0.001]. Healthcare costs more than doubled for the whole cohort (P < 0.001) and discontinuers (P < 0.001) and increased significantly for continuers (P = 0.010).Conclusion:  RLAI did not decrease either time spent in hospital or overall healthcare costs in this patient cohort.