bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Cardiac Period Meter With DA Converter
Authors: Shimizu Hidemi 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA new type of cardiac period meter, which allows the simultaneous collection of digital and analog records, was designed. The wave‐shaper and the pulse sequencer in a digital counter were modified for the purpose of measuring successive heartbeat intervals. The output terminals of the counter were connected directly to a digital‐to‐analog (DA) converter. The pen‐oscillograph record of the analog output produces a stair‐case waveform characterized by sharp edges and stable horizontal lines.
Habituation and the Orienting Response in the Auditory Cortical Evoked Potential
Authors: Rust John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHabituation of the auditory cortical evoked potential, the GSR, and heart rate was measured in 100 male subjects. Stimuli were 31 tones of 1 sec duration with an ISI of 33 sec. All stimuli were sinusoidal, at a frequency of 1000 Hz, and at an intensity of 95 dB (re 20 N/cm2). The EEG was measured from bipolar electrode placement to the Cz and T3 scalp locations. Evoked potentials were averaged over 3 successive blocks of 10 stimuli. The GSR habituation scores were the regression coefficients over trials of the response amplitude in square root conductance. Significant habituation of all evoked potential amplitude components was found. This was a rapid process occurring between the first and the second 10 stimuli. The habituation score for the most significant evoked potential variable (P200) was found to correlate significantly with the GSR and heart rate habituation scores. These results were interpreted as suggesting that the amplitude of the evoked potential was enhanced by the orienting reaction.
Correlation of Infants’Brain and Behavior Response to Temporal Changes in Visual Stimulation
Authors: Karmel Bernard Z. , Lester Michael L. , McCarvill Sharon L. , Brown Pamela , Hofmann Martin J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis research was designed to test the hypothesis that a direct, parametric relationship exists between infant attention and the occipital visual evoked potential (VEP) induced by temporal frequency of visual pattern stimulation. Infants (13‐weeks‐old; N=32) were shown identical checkerboard patterns modulated at different rates of temporal change in a paired‐comparison design and durations of orienting responses were measured. Another group of infants (13‐weeks‐old; N=14) were shown a series of checkerboard patterns, each modulated at a different temporal rate, and the midline occipital brain response was recorded. The results showed that behavioral attention and the signal strength/sec of the VEP are both significantly related to temporal frequency of stimulation. Furthermore, when plotted to the log2 of temporal rate, both behavioral and neurophysiological response functions were best described by inverted U‐shaped curves with similar maxima (4.8 Hz vs 5.8 Hz). These data taken together indicate that infants’visual attention and occipital brain response to temporal frequency covary and that a common neurophysiological mechanism may be involved.
Effects of Binary and Proportional Feedback on Bidirectional Control of Heart Rate
Authors: Colgan Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTSix male and 6 female volunteers formed three groups of 4 subjects in a study on the efficacy of different forms of visual feedback on control of heart rate (HR). One group received proportional feedback from a meter plus a binary success signal, one group received only proportional feedback, and one group received only the binary signal. Subjects received 6 acquisition sessions and 4 extinction sessions. For HR increase, groups receiving proportional feedback showed mean control over the last 2 acquisition sessions of +10 bpm, whereas the group receiving only binary feedback showed control of +4 bpm. For HR decrease, both groups receiving proportional feedback showed mean control over the last 2 acquisition sessions of ‐4 bpm, whereas the group receiving only binary feedback showed negligible control. During extinction there was no immediate reduction hi control of either HR increase or HR decrease but both declined over extinction sessions. Results indicate that proportional feedback is clearly superior to binary feedback, and that the addition of a binary signal to proportional feedback does not reliably enhance control. Results are consistent with an operant conditioning interpretation of feedback control.
Functional Cerebral Asymmetry and Performance III. Reaction Time as a Function of Task, Hand, Sex, and EEG Asymmetry
Authors: Rebert Charles S. , Mahoney Rebecca A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTo determine whether fluctuations of EEG asymmetry in the human cerebral hemispheres influenced overt performance, 14 male and 14 female subjects were tested in verbal and nonverbal target detection tasks and reaction time (RT) was recorded. RT was longest in both word and pattern tasks when the hand used for responding was contralateral to the hemisphere presumably most relevant to the task. The task variable did not affect EEG asymmetry, but females had lower R/L alpha ratios than males and EEG power increased and frequency decreased over the course of testing in association with decreased RT. RT also varied as a function of EEG asymmetry. In contrast to original expectations, RT was longest to verbal targets when R/L alpha power ratios were highest and longest to nonverbal targets when R/L ratios were lowest. The results were compatible with the notion of an inverted U function relating performance and arousal, and supported previous studies indicating that alpha asymmetry influences overt performance.
Relationships Between Behavioral Arousal and Some Components of Autonomic Arousal
Authors: Miezejeski Charles M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment examined 11 male adolescents for relationships between the autonomic measures of heart rate (HR) and skin conductance (SC) and three rates of finger tapping, a) subject resting, b) DRL.5 sec, and c) FR5, as a measure of behavioral arousal. At each level of behavioral arousal, minimum, mean, and maximum HR were analyzed. Mean and maximum HR increased only at high arousal, while minimum HR increased with each increase in behavioral arousal. SC was higher during tapping than resting, but was uninfluenced by rate of tapping. The potential value of the maximum and minimum HR and SC measures as tools for inferring the role of parasympathetic versus sympathetic mechanisms in autonomic arousal was discussed. This paradigm provides a simple, nonaversive method for examining autonomic and behavioral arousal.
Physical Fitness, Exercise, and Human Sleep
Authors: Griffin Susan J. , Trinder John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTRestorative theories of SWS predict a positive relationship between SWS and daytime exercise. However the relevant data appear contradictory. It was hypothesized that the discrepancy in the literature was due to the varying physical fitness levels of subjects used in these studies. The hypothesis was tested, using human subjects, by varying amount of exercise and level of fitness in a 2x2 design. Two effects were observed, both supporting the hypothesis. First, fit subjects had higher levels of SWS than unfit subjects. Second, following exercise, the level of SWS increased in fit, but remained unchanged in unfit subjects.
Lateralization in the Electrodermal System as a Function of Cognitive/Hemispheric Manipulations
Authors: Lacroix J. Michael , Comper Paul 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments examined patterns of bilateral differences in skin conductance as a function of cognitive tasks intended to produce specific manipulations in the relative activation of the two hemispheres. Experiments 1 and 2 employed right‐handed subjects, and examined the effects of Verbal (left‐hemispheric) and Spatial (right‐hemispheric) tasks. In both experiments response amplitudes were substantially smaller in the hand contralateral to the more activated hemisphere than in the ipsilateral hand. Experiment 2 also examined the effects of Music and Number tasks, intended to produce a similar level of activation in the two hemispheres: these tasks were not accompanied by reliable bilateral differences in electrodermal activity. Experiment 3 consisted of a replication of Experiment 2 with subjects (sinistrals) known, as a group, to exhibit little functional hemispheric specialization. In these subjects, bilateral electrodermal differences did not vary systematically as a function of tasks. These findings argue strongly for the presence of lateralized cortical influences on electrodermal activity, and their implications for psychological and neurophysiological models of electrodermal functioning are discussed.
Assessment, Learning, and Retention of Heart Beat Discrimination
Authors: Clemens William J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to answer questions about the stability, trainability, and maintenance of heart beat discrimination, 32 subjects were given tests of heart beat discrimination on 2 days before and on 2 days after discrimination training, and 28 of those subjects were again tested at a mean of 34 days following the fifth consecutive session. Subjects were tested in a successive discrimination procedure in which they chose whether signal trains were contingent or noncontingent upon heart beats. On successive blocks of trials noncontingent signals were either of variable or invariant interpulse interval in order to determine if relative pulse train variability could provide a basis for correct choices.During training half of the subjects reached a pre‐established criterion, and these subjects maintained higher levels of discrimination for the next 3 sessions. Relative pulse train variability was not a useful basis of judgment initially, although it may have aided subjects in the fifth session. Reliability of discrimination scores was low and discussion centers around this and other problems inherent in procedures reported to assess cardiac perception.
Utility of Voluntary Control of Respiration and Biofeedback for Increasing and Decreasing Heart Rate
Authors: Holmes David S. , Solomon Sheldon , Buchsbaum Helen K. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTNinety‐six subjects participated in an experiment conducted to determine the separate and combined effects of respiratory control and biofeedback on control of heart rate (HR). The results indicated, first, that controlling respiration enabled subjects to reliably (p < .001) increase HR but did not enable them to decrease HR, and second, that HR biofeedback did not enable subjects to change their HR more than they did when simply instructed to do so and not given biofeedback. These results are consistent with and add to previous findings concerning respiratory control, biofeedback and HR.
Short‐, Medium‐, and Long‐Term Relationships Among Meteorological and Electrodermal Variables
Authors: Waters William F. , Koresko Richard L. , Rossie George V. , Hackley Steven A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the relationship between weather and electrodermal data. The latter were gathered during three habituation studies with a common initial procedure: male undergraduates (N = 336) were presented with a 1‐sec, 500 Hz, 55 dB tone until habituated. Initial skin conductance level (SCL), mean square root skin conductance response to the first 3 tones (√SCR), and number of trials to SCR habituation (TH) were each correlated with the meteorological conditions (temperature, relative humidity, and barometric pressure) during each of several pre‐experimental periods lasting from 1 hr to 1 month. The multiple correlation (R) between SCL and the meteorological variables was low but statistically significant for each time period, as was the case for √SCR. For TH the Rs were significant only for time periods of 1 day or more. Cross‐validations indicated that the Rs were stable and that electrodermal values could be reliably predicted from meteorological data. These results, together with correlations of each meteorological variable with each electrodermal variable and examinations of each variable across academic semesters, indicated that meteorological variables bear significant and complex relationships to electrodermal activity which warrant consideration in the design of experiments with extended data collection periods.
Augmenting‐Reducing of the Visual Evoked Potential as a Function of Changes in Skin Conductance Level
Authors: Birchall P.M.A. , Claridge G. S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn the first of two experiments four visual evoked potential (VEP) measures of augmenting‐reducing were made consecutively within a single test session on each of 10 student volunteers, on whom palmar skin conductance, taken as an index of arousal, was also monitored continuously. Regression slopes relating VEP amplitude to stimulus intensity for any given individual were found to vary considerably over the session, some subjects changing from augmenting to reducing (or vice versa) during testing. Further analysis of the within‐subject data indicated that shifts in augmenting‐reducing were related to changes in skin conductance level (SCL) and to the range of SCL over which individuals were operating in relation to the group. Thus, subjects in the high SCL range shifted toward relative reducing as their conductance level increased and those in the low SCL range toward relative augmenting. These effects were exactly replicated in a second experiment using a further 10 subjects and a virtually identical procedure. It was concluded that augmenting‐reducing is partly state‐dependent, though in a manner which is systematic enough to warrant its further investigation in studies focusing on the dynamic aspects of stimulus modulation.
Effects of Stimulus Intensity on Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Turpin Graham , Siddle David A. T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present experiment employed a between‐subjects design (N=75) to investigate the effects of auditory stimulus intensity on a number of aspects of the skin conductance response (SCR) and the skin potential response (SPR). The primary predictions were that the electrodermal orienting response (OR) would be characterized by SCRs with relatively fast recovery times and positive SPRs, while the defense response (DR) would consist of SCRs with relatively slow recovery times and negative SPRs; SCR habituation differences as a function of stimulus intensity were also expected. Subjects received 12 presentations of a 1000 Hz tone of 45, 60, 75, 90 or 105 dB. Stimulus rise time was 30 msec and the duration 2 sec. The results provided no evidence for the differentiation of electrodermal ORs and DRs, and the effects of stimulus intensity were confined largely to differences in SCR magnitude; all groups displayed SCR habituation. The data from the first trial were examined using several multivariate procedures, and these results are discussed in terms of Sokolov's (1963) distinctions between ORs and DRs and in terms of Edelberg's (1973) model of electrodermal activity.
The Orienting Response as Novelty and Significance Detector: Reply to O'Gorman
Authors: Bernstein Alvin S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTO'Goiman's (1979) criticisms of the orienting response (OR) significance hypothesis are not well‐founded. The hypothesis is not based solely on electrodermal data—studies reporting significance effects for heart rate and pupillary OR are cited. The hypothesis does not discard novelty but suggests that an interaction between uncertainty and significance triggers OR. Differential reactivity across OR components reflects stimulus‐ and individual‐response factors, and does not require separate “significance registers.” Since the hypothesis specifically maintains that appraisals of stimulus significance affect the OR, not the mere fact of cognitive appraisal per se, no general “cognitive appraisal effect” was ever expected. O'Gorman confuses the difficulty of estimating the subject's spontaneous judgments of significance with the relative ease of manipulating significance in the laboratory. He considers classic OR theory more “objective” only because he fails to look closely enough at the complex judgmental processes involved in stimulus intake, model building, and matching functions. O'Gorman's contentions of different initial‐ and test‐ORs, and of a simple additive relationship between significance and OR, lack supportive data and are challenged by available evidence.Literature is cited suggesting that: a) scanning is continuously biased toward the detection of significant stimuli; b) detection of a sgnificant stimulus feature triggers increased information scanning, increasing the possibility that previously unrecognized uncertainty will be detected, and c) lowers the criterion level of the OR “threshold,” increasing the likelihood of OR if uncertainty is detected. Evidence is cited suggesting that the significance‐OR, and perhaps attention in general, is mediated by neocortical‐limbic interaction, the limbic' “motivational” evaluator of stimulus input steering and switching neocortical “intellectual” analyzers of stimulus pattern.
Skin Conductance Recovery Time and Personality in a Group of Criminals
Authors: Levander Sten E. , Schalling Daisy S. , Lidberg Lars , Bartfai Aniko , Lidberg Yvonne 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe half‐time measure of the recovery rate (rec t/2) of skin conductance (SC) responses to 93dB tone stimuli was obtained in a group of 25 male criminals. Rec t/2 of the response to the first (unexpected and thus presumably more aversive) tone was longer than the rec t/2 of the following 20 tones. The difference between these two rec t/2 measures was used as a “reactivity” estimate. The rec t/2 measures were negatively related to SC level and spontaneous fluctuations but unrelated to SC response measures. The issue of central process vs peripheral (hydration) interpretation of recovery time, raised by Bundy, was discussed on the basis of calculations on the present data, which did not appear to support the Bundy position.The rec t/2 was also studied in relation to self‐report personality variables related to socialization, impulsivity, empathy and neuroticism. Subjects with self‐report scores indicating lower socialization had a longer mean rec t/2 and lower rec t/2 “reactivity” than those higher in socialization. A similar trend was obtained for subjects with scores indicating high impulsivity.
Feedback and Instructions in the Control of Digital Skin Temperature
Authors: Surwit Richard S. , Fenton Cynthia H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFourteen female subjects suffering from idiopathic Raynaud's Disease were trained during 6 laboratory sessions to raise skin temperature. All subjects were given autogenic instructions and half the subjects were given skin temperature feedback from the middle digit of the dominant hand. Autogenic instructions were found to produce small but reliable increases in skin temperature regardless of whether or not feedback was provided. Following the autogenic instructions all subjects showed decreases in skin temperature. However, these decreases were greater for subjects not receiving feedback than for those receiving feedback. Theoretical implications of these data are discussed.
Orientation‐Specific and Luminance Effects: Interocular Suppression of Visual Evoked Potentials in Man
Authors: Harter M. Russell , Conder E. Sarah , Towle Vernon L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe interocular transfer of orientation‐specific effects was investigated using visual evoked potentials (VEPs). Monocular VEPs were obtained to either diffuse light or grids of 0° or 45° orientations flashed to one eye. The other eye continuously viewed either darkness, diffuse light or grids of 0°, 15°, 30°, or 45° orientations. Changing the continuous stimulus from darkness to diffuse light interocularly reduced the amplitude of a late VEP component (P200). Changing the orientation of the continuous stimulus primarily affected an earlier VEP component (N110). This interocular effect was orientation specific: the more similar the orientation of the flashed and continuously presented grids, the smaller the amplitude of the VEP components. The 1/2 bandwidths at 1/2 amplitude of the orientation tuning functions were 45° and 32° for the vertical and oblique test flashes respectively. This orientation‐specific interocular suppression was discussed in terms of electrophysiological and psychophysical data indicating binocular orientation channels and the interactions among these channels.
Experimental and Procedural Influences on Differential Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Beijk J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of some experimental and procedural variables on differential electrodermal activity. A standard procedure was designed to evoke a maximum differentiation of skin conductance response (SCR) amplitude between signal and nonsignal stimuli. Signal value was produced by experimental manipulation for 1 out of 10 stimuli. This series then was presented 3 times in random order to the subjects who were not required to make a response of any kind. In a sample of 228 subjects the critical stimulus was identified in 182 cases (80%) by means of SCR amplitude. Experimental or procedural variations such as an attempt to increase motivation not to be detected, auditory instead of visual presentation of stimuli, or the use of a different scoring procedure did not influence detection rates, nor did the fact that women showed slightly higher responses to critical stimuli than men. Manipulation of the number of series presented to the subjects, however, greatly influenced hit rates. The percentage of hits in a subsample of 142 subjects at presentations of 1, 2, and 3 series increased from 58% to 69% and 78%, respectively.These results were related to “dichotomization theory” (Ben‐Shakar, 1977), which states that in addition to the influence of signal value properties of the critical stimulus, critical and neutral stimuli create two distinct categories which habituate independently. Manipulating the number of stimuli in each category will, by consequence, strongly influence detection rates.
The Effects of Conflict on Tonic Levels of Blood Pressure in the Genetically Borderline Hypertensive Rat
Authors: Lawler James E. , Barker Gregory F. , Hubbard John W. , Allen Michael T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTStudies of aversive conditioning in animals have seldom elicited tonic elevations in blood pressure (BP) equivalent to those which produce pathological changes in humans. While it is possible that psychological factors are not that important in the etiology of hypertension, it is also possible that the failure to elicit large tonic elevations in BP in animals may be due either to stressors which are insufficiently potent and/or to an inadequate physiological model. The present study sought to maximize the probability of producing large tonic changes in BPs by using a conflict paradignt in a genetic strain of rats which develops systolic BPs in the borderline hypertensive area (c. 150 mmHg). Forty‐eight male F1 generation offspring of spontaneously hypertensive rats mated with normotensive controls were randomly split into three groups: experimental (subjected to 3 weeks of avoidance training and 12 weeks of conflict in conditioning cages), mild restraint control (placed in conditioning cages daily but not shocked), and maturation control (neither shocked nor restrained) groups. Animals subjected to conflict gradually developed tonic levels of systolic BP well into the hypertensive range (c. 185 mmHg). Restraint control animals also showed some elevation (c. 165 mmHg), but maturational controls showed no change (c. 150 mmHg). The saliency of this animal model for the study of stress‐induced hypertension is discussed.