bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emulsifying Properties of Lipid‐Reduced, and Calcium‐Reduced Whey Protein Concentrates
Authors: KARLESKIND D. , LAYE I. , MORR C.V. , SCHENZ T.W. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTEmulsifying properties of six experimental and three commercial control, lipid‐reduced, and calcium‐reduced whey protein concentrates (WPC) were evaluated on the basis of mean droplet size and creaming intensity in model emulsions. Mean droplet sizes ranged from 225 to 395 nm. Model emulsions made with a commercial control (WPC F), experimental lipid‐reduced (WPC MF. 1, MF. 45), commercial lipid‐reduced (WPC E), and experimental calcium and lipid‐reduced (WPC B) samples had low stabilities. Emulsion stabilities of the WPC most strongly correlated with protein solubility and fatty acid compositions, but did not correlate with mean droplet size.
Anionic Trypsins from Crayfish Hepatopancreas: Effects on Protein Degradation of Tail Meat
Authors: KIM H.R. , MEYERS SAMUEL P. , GODBER J. SAMUEL 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTFour anionic trypsins, tentatively labeled trypsin A, B, C, and D, isolated from crayfish hepatopancreas, had high casein activity between pH 5.5 and 10.0. Temperature optima for hydrolysis of casein were 45°C for A and B, and 50°C for C and D. Trypsin D had the highest substrate turnover number (Vmax) for casein reaction compared with the other trypsins at pH 6.8. Trypsins A and D had higher activities against myofibrilla and sarcoplasmic proteins from crayfish tail meat than did B and C. Results suggested that trypsins A and D are important in development of mushiness in crayfish tail meat compared with other trypsins present.
Microbial Transglutaminase Estimation in Enzyme‐treated Surimi‐Based Products by Enzyme Immunosorbent Assay
Authors: OHTSUKA T. , SEGURO K. , MOTOKI M. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAn enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for specific determination of microbial transglutaminase (MTGase) has been developed using its polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. In the assay we calibrated sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS)‐denatured MTGase for standard, and the detection limit of the SDS‐denatured MTGase was 0.1 μg/mL. When products were extracted with SDS and 2‐mercaptoethanol, which assured optimum protein recovery, the assay covered the expected levels for determination of MTGase in surimi‐based products. In model kamaboko products, recoveries were 50–71%. When the procedures were applied to commercial products, 0.01–0.18% (w/w) of MTGase were found in the products.
Tomato Product Quality from Transgenic Fruits with Reduced Pectin Methylesterase
Authors: THAKUR B.R. , SINGH R.K. , TIEMAN D.M. , HANDA A.K. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTJuice from transgenic tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Rutgers) fruits with reduced levels of pectin methylesterase (PME) activity due to the expression of a PME antisense gene exhibited improvement in quality. The percentage increase in juice from transgenic fruits over that of juice from wild type Rutgers ranged between 5.1–5.3 for total solids, 3.8–6.1 for soluble solids, 70–80 for efflux viscosity, 180–220 for serum viscosity and about 50 for precipitate weight ratio. Time of harvest had no effect on quality of juice. Ketchup prepared from transgenic fruit juice had a lower Bostwick value, reduced serum separation and high serum viscosity compared to ketchup from parental Rutgers.
Analysis of Aldehyde‐bisulfites in Beer by HPLC‐Fluorescence Detection with Post‐column Derivatization
Authors: KANEDA HIROTAKA , TAKASHIO MASACHIKA , OSAWA TOSHIHIKO , KAWAKISHI SHUNRO , KOSHINO SHOUHEI , TAMAKI TERUO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAn analytical method was based on the aldehyde‐bisulfite (separated by HPLC) reaction with o‐phthalaldehyde in the presence of ammonium acetate, producing a fluorescent compound. Detection limits of alkanalbisulfite (from formaldehyde‐ to octylaldehyde‐bisulfite) and 2‐alkenalbisulfite (from trans‐2‐hexenal‐ to trans‐2‐nonenal‐bisulfite) ranged from 5 nM to 25 nM. The method was less sensitive for free sulfite (detection limit 100 μM) than for aldehyde‐bisulfite. Increasing acetaldehyde‐bisulfite with addition of 25 mM acetaldehyde to a beer sample showed free sulfite in the beer. Free sulfite and acetaldehyde‐bisulfite were detected in commercial beers but other aldehyde‐bisulfites were not.
Separation of Anthocyanin Pigments in Wine by Low Pressure Column Chromatography
Authors: JOHNSTON TONY V. , MORRIS JUSTIN R. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTThe fractionation of wine anthocyanins was accomplished by direct injection onto a low pressure chromatographic column. A gradient method was modified to include water as an eluent. The procedure was used to analyze five different wine styles made with Vitis vinifera and Vitis rotundifolia grapes. The gradient profile consistently resolved the pigments in both Vitis vinifera and Vitis rotundifolia wines into four distinct fractions. Resultant chromatographic profiles showed that mono‐ and diglucoside anthocyanins in wines aged differently. The addition of acetaldehyde also affected anthocyanins in different ways, leading to different chromatographic profiles from non‐treated samples.
Linear Heating Rate Affects Gelation of Alaska Pollock and Pacific Whiting Surimi
Authors: YONGSAWATDIGUL JIRAWAT , PARK JAE W. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTShear stress of Alaska pollock surimi gels with and without beef plasma protein (BPP) increased as heating rate decreased, but shear strain was unaffected. An increase in shear stress was accompanied by an increase of cross‐linked myosin heavy chain. Slow heating rates increased proteolysis in Pacific whiting surimi as shown by degradation of myosin heavy chain and low shear stress and shear strain. Proteolysis of whiting surimi was lessened by BPP to a greater extent at rapid heating rates (20 and 30°C/min) than at slow heating rates (1 and 5°C/min).
Moving Boundary Model For Simulating Moisture Movement In Grapes
Authors: SIMAL S. , MULET A. , CATALÁ P.J. , CAÑELLAS J. , ROSSELLÓ C. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTA diffusional model for simulating grape dehydration with simultaneous shrinkage was developed using a finite difference method to solve differential equations for moisture transfer within a sphere. Volume decrease was assumed to be equivalent to the volume of moisture removed. An effective diffusivity coefficient was developed from drying data at air temperatures between 30 and 90°C and constant air velocity. Effective diffusivity varied with drying air temperature following the Arrhenius equation. Experimental data at two different diffusional periods in drying were adequately represented by this moving boundary diffusivity model. Drying kinetics at temperatures different from those used to develop the model and different grape sizes could be predicted.
Kinetics of Thermal Softening of Six Legumes During Cooking
Authors: ANZALDUA‐MORALES A. , QUINTERO A. , BALANDRAN R. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTPuncture force was measured after cooking for lentils, chick peas, broad beans and three cultivars of beans, at 15 cooking times (up to 300 min) and 4 cooking temperatures. The legumes were soaked and then cooked in distilled water (1:10 weight/volume ratio). A 2 mm diameter punch was driven through the samples at 5 mm.s−1 in a Texture Analyser TA.XT2®. A rapid initial softening was followed by a slower softening, both corresponding to a pseudo first‐order mechanism. The effect of temperature followed an Arrhenius’ pattern. Apparent rate constants and activation energies were determined.
Cake Baking in Conventional, Impingement and Hybrid Ovens
Authors: LI A. , WALKER C. E. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTWhite layer cakes were baked in three types of air impingement ovens, a hybrid (microwave/air impingement) oven, and a reel oven. Cakes were evaluated based on volume, crust color, and texture. Oven heat transfer rates were measured directly, and ranged from 22.8 to 84.8 J/s m2C° for top and from 17.4 to 110.9 for bottom surfaces, exposed in the different ovens, with the conventional reel oven having the lowest values. An RSM design was used to establish optimum baking conditions for each oven. For air impingement ovens, baking time was reduced by almost half but produced cakes very similar to those from the control (reel) oven. Incorporating microwaves enabled a further reduction in baking time, to one fourth. Cakes baked with microwaves had similar color, but had 15% less volumes and firmer textures than control cakes.
Purification and Characterization of β‐amylase from Bacillus polymyxa No. 26‐1
Authors: SOHN CHEON‐BAE , LEE SANG‐MI , KIM MYUNG‐HEE , KO JEONG HEON , KIM KYOUNG‐SOOK , CHANG JI‐EUN , AHN YONG‐KEUN , KIM CHEORL‐HO 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTAn extracellular β‐amylase, which was easily adsorbable onto raw corn starch, was purified 22.5‐fold from a new isolate of Bacillus polymyxa No 26–1 with a Mr of 53 kDa and pI of 9.1. The optimum temperature was 45°C and pH 5.5 for raw corn starch. Thermal stability at 40°C and pH stability at 5.0–8.5 were shown. The degradation ofraw starch by β‐amylase was greatly stimulated by pullulanase addition. Scanning electron micrographs revealed that starch granule degradation by the enzyme alone occured at the equatorial grooves of lecticular granules. Corn starch granules hydrolyzed by β‐amylase had large holes on granule surfaces.
Sensory Characterization of Sweet Corn Lines Differing in Physical and Chemical Composition.
Authors: AZANZA FERMIN , KLEIN BARBARA P. , JUVIK JOHN A. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTChemical, physical and sensory characteristics were determined in a population of 103 F3families derived from the cross between two sweet corn inbreds that differed in kernel properties associated with eating quality. Kernel characteristics correlated well with panel perception of sensory attributes. Chemical, physical and sensory properties were grouped into three factors: taste—including sweetness, starchiness, juiciness, and sucrose and starch concentrations; texture—crispness, tenderness, juiciness and cooked kernel tenderness; and aroma—sweet corn aroma, grassy aroma, grassy flavor and concentrations of an unknown volatile (V179). The relative importance in determining overall liking was taste 45.1, texture 30.5, and aroma 24.4%.
Aroma Characteristics of Corn Germ Protein Flours
Authors: HUANG C.J. , ZAYAS J.F. 
Published: August 2006

ABSTRACTEight sensory attributes were established to differentiate aroma characteristics among four kinds of corn germ protein flours (CGPF) processed by treatments to improve flavor quality. The projections of sample and conceptual spaces on a two‐dimensional scale reflected aroma differences among samples evaluated by panelists. Volatiles of samples were separated by gas chromatography, and peaks that elicited olfactory responses were recorded as instrumental data. The projections of sample and volatile compound spaces reflected changes of volatiles by treatments. Relationships between sensory and instrumental data were elucidated by superimposing the two spatial maps. In general, treated CGPF samples had less grainy, brown, corn‐like and sweet notes than untreated CGPF samples. However, there were more green, musty and chemical notes in the treated CGPF samples.
Cataract in the UK Leonberger population
Authors: Heinrich Christine L. , Lakhani Ken H. , Featherstone Heidi J. , Barnett Keith C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective  To survey the Leonberger, a numerically small breed in the UK, for the presence of cataract and find statistical support for the possible presence of inherited forms of cataract.Methods  Ocular examinations were carried out by the first author between September 1996 and September 1998 on 211 Leonbergers; results of the ocular examination of further 228 Leonbergers examined between January 1990 and September 1998 by members of the British Veterinary Association/KC/ISDS eye scheme (BVA/KC/ISDS eye scheme) panel were analyzed. Data from all dogs examined were pooled in a composite database of 365 Leonbergers and the relationships between offspring and parents for the identified forms of cataract were examined with appropriate statistical methods.Results  Cataracts were diagnosed in 90 Leonbergers, the majority being nuclear (40) or posterior polar subcapsular (31). A subgroup of nuclear cataracts, diagnosed in 11 dogs, is described and named as ‘posterior nuclear cataract.’ For posterior polar cataract, a positive association between offspring and parents was made in the logistic regression model, supporting the suggestion of inheritance.Conclusions  The presence of several types of cataract in the UK Leonberger population is described. Statistical support for the inheritance of posterior polar subcapsular cataract is given.
Canine cataracts, diabetes mellitus and spontaneous lens capsule rupture: a retrospective study of 18 dogs
Authors: Wilkie D. A. , Gemensky‐Metzler A. J. , Colitz C. M. H. , Bras I. D. , Kuonen V. J. , Norris K. N. , Basham C. R. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractObjective To describe the clinical presentation and surgical outcome of diabetic canine patients with cataracts and preoperative spontaneous lens capsule rupture.Animals studied A total of 20 dogs and 40 eyes were included in the retrospective evaluation. The patients’ ages ranged from 5 to 14 years (mean 8.5 years).Results All dogs had clinical diabetes mellitus, with the duration since diagnosis ranging from 30 to 240 days (mean 123 days). Cataracts were bilateral and noted to have been present for 14–112 days (mean 39 days). Of the 40 eyes affected with cataracts, 30 had a spontaneous rupture of the lens capsule prior to surgery. The capsular rupture was diagnosed on clinical examination in 28/30 eyes and was noted intraoperatively in 2/30. The location of the capsular rupture was equatorial in 29/30 and posterior in 1/30 eyes. Surgery was performed in 38/40 eyes, with one case lost to follow‐up without surgical intervention. Prior to surgery, routine diagnostic ophthalmic examination, ocular ultrasound, electroretinography, and systemic evaluation were performed in all dogs. Surgical procedures included phacoemulsification in 28/40 eyes, with IOL placement performed in 20/28 eyes. Intrascleral prosthesis placement or enucleation was performed in 8/40 and 2/40 eyes, respectively, due to a significantly reduced ERG or secondary glaucoma.Conclusions The duration of clinical follow‐up (19/20 dogs) ranged from 1 to 36 months (mean 12.9 months). All eyes that had cataract surgery with or without IOL placement were sighted at the time of the last follow‐up examination. Spontaneous lens capsule rupture associated with diabetes mellitus, cataract and rapid lens intumescence occurs in the dog. Early surgical intervention, prior to secondary complications of glaucoma and loss of retinal function, is associated with a favorable outcome.
Identification of mutations in HSF4 in dogs of three different breeds with hereditary cataracts
Authors: Mellersh Cathryn S. , Pettitt Louise , Forman Oliver P. , Vaudin Mark , Barnett Keith C. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractCataracts are a leading cause of blindness in both dogs and humans. Mutations in several genes have been associated with inherited forms of human cataract, but no mutations have been identified as the cause of any form of canine inherited cataract. We have used a candidate gene approach to investigate 20 genes, known to be associated with cataract in humans, for their potential association with the development of hereditary cataract (HC) in dogs. We have identified mutations in the HSF4 gene in Staffordshire Bull Terriers, Boston Terriers and Australian Shepherds affected by HC. Interestingly, different mutations in this single gene may be causing a recessive form of cataract in Staffordshire Bull Terriers and Boston Terriers and a dominant cataract in Australian Shepherds. Identification of the mutations that cause HC in these three breeds provides a method of controlling the disease within populations at risk using a simple diagnostic test, and also establishes cataract in these breeds as models for their human counterparts.
The Scope and the Limits of Environmental Law in India
Authors: Lau Martin 
Published: August 2006

ZusammenfassungDieser Artikel beschreibt die Enstehung des indischen Umweltschutzrechts von der britischen Kolonialzeit bis zur Gegenwart. Es wird argumentiert, dass die Grundstruktur des indischen Rechtssystem immer noch vom britischem Kolonialrecht geprägt ist, welches traditionelle Verteilungssysteme und Nutzrechte zu natürchlichen Rohstoffen wie zum Beispiel Wald und zu Land verdrängt hatte und die Kontrolle über diese Rohstoffe in die Hände des Staates gelegt hatte. Erst nach der Stockholmer UN Konferenz in 1972 hat Indien begonnen Gesetze zum Umweltschutz zu erlassen. Gesetze zur Luft‐ und Wasserverschmutzung wurden 1986 durch ein weitreichendes allegemeines Umweltschtutzgesetz ergänzt. Letzteres hat dem Gesetzgeber die Möglichkeit gegeben vor allem im Bereich der industriellen Verschmutzung eine Reihe von Gesetzesmassnahmen zu treffen. Umweltproblemen verursacht durch Armut und unzureichenden Rechte zu Land und anderen Rohstoffen wereden in diesen Umweltschutzgesetzen jedoch nur wenig Beachtung geschenkt und es wird argumentiert, dass diese Schwäche des indischen Umweltschutzrecht überkommen werden muss. Die pakistanische‘National Conservation Policy’wird als ein Beispiel für eine alternative‘gesetzesfreie’Umweltschutzstrategie vorgestellt.
The Globalization of Environmental Management: Helping Industry Worldwide Advance Toward Sustainable Development
Authors: Pratt Lawrence , Wells Richard P. , Knight C. Foster 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe field of industrial environmental management has evolved rapidly in recent years. Environmental management has shifted its traditional focus from the development of technology to treat and dispose of industrial wastes and effluents to the redesign of industrial processes in order to minimize the initial production of waste. Countries currently in the process of industrializing have a unique opportunity to develop their emerging industries in concert with the modern trend of environmental management. This article examines an environmental management programme created by the Environmental Law Institute in Washington which emphasizes designing environmental management systems which can help companies eliminate waste at source rather than rely on capital‐intensive technology to treat waste at the end of the manufacturing process. The programme has been specifically tailored to industry in Mexico. Consequently, the article examines not only those factors influencing environmental management in industrializing countries generally, but also considers the unique factors which could influence the way in which environmental management systems are created and implemented in Mexico.
Stakeholder Audits: An Alternative Approach to Environmental Auditing
Authors: Lewis Sanford 
Published: August 2006

SummaryNGOs in the United States (US) are pioneering an innovative approach to the question of environmental auditing in industry. Instead of relying upon industries to evaluate themselves, citizens groups and trade unions are requesting detailed disclosures from companies as well as the right to conduct their own on‐site audits of industrial environmental and safety performance. This article will review this alternative approach to environmental auditing and makes several recommendations for implementing effective policies for stakeholder participation in health, safety and environment matters.
Public‐Private Partnerships in Sustainable Development
Authors: Faulkner J. Hugh 
Published: August 2006

SummaryEnvironmental problems are particularly acute in urban areas, and with an increasing global population, new and innovative solutions are required. The responsibility for protecting the environment and accelerating sustainable development rests with both industry (through eco‐efficiency and clean production) and government (through a focus on pollution prevention). Public‐private partnerships offer a significant means of bringing clean and sustainable services in the areas of waste, water, energy and pollution prevention to urban populations in developing countries.
What Progress Has Been Made on Agenda 21, Chapter 11?: A Critical Examination of Developments Since UNCED
Authors: Zentilli Bernardo 
Published: August 2006

SumarioSe analizan, a partir de la Conferencía de las Naciones Unidas para el medio ambiente y el desarollo (Río de Janeiro, junio de 1992), varias de las principales iniciativas de orden mundial, en el campo forestal, que han sido promovidas por gobiernos, organizaciones gubernamentales y no gubernamentales, incluyendo los pasos dados en el seno de las Naciones Unidas. Se dan algunas recomendaciones orientadas al manejo sostenible y a una percepción mas completa de las funciones del bosque.
Joint Implementation and the Second Sulphur Protocol
Authors: Mason Robin 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThis article analyzes the role that joint implementation (JI) might play in reducing the costliness of meeting the environmental objectives of the Second Sulphur Protocol (SSP). The experience of JI within two other major environmental agreements (the Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), and the Allowance Trading Program (ATP) in the United States (US)) is reviewed to see what lessons might be learned for the SSP. The article argues that the structure of the sulphur protocol limits considerably the potential for cost savings through JI in the short term. In the long term, however, JI will play a large role in the restructuring of the European electricity‐generating industry, as existing power plants are replaced with capital which is compatible with the standards of the SSP.
The Treaty of Rome: Does it Support Market Mechanisms in Environmental Policy?
Authors: Park Patricia D. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryMarket mechanisms continue to gather momentum in the quest for viable ways to implement environmental policy. Some Member States of the European Union have had experience with old forms of economic incentives, however there is new recognition of the important role which charges and taxes can play as pro‐active tools of environmental control.The question of what limits Community law places on the power of Member States to use economic instruments when they move beyond that of merely local regulation is of major interest to all who have an interest in this area. The principle of supremacy of Community law as developed by the European Court of Justice plays a key role in the field of excise taxes and is an important factor when Community Regulations are in place.Conflicts between the Articles of the Treaty of Rome present further complications which cannot be underestimated. European policy makers need to address these issues to avoid difficult political decisions.
Pollution Prevention in the Watershed: Protect the Land to Protect the River
Authors: Howard Eric S. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryAlthough the operative word in watershed is ‘water’, most of a watershed's surface area is land. Laws and policies designed to protect water quality must therefore also address land based activities. Protection of water quality and the level of in‐stream flows requires comprehensive measures with respect to land degradation and soil pollution, in order to ensure the conservation and protection of ecosystems within the entire watershed.
Environmental Zoning: a Solution for the Amazon Region?
Authors: Fernandes Edesio 
Published: August 2006

SumarioEste artigo situa o atual debate sobre o futuro da Regiao Amazonica Brasileira. Apos uma breve analise dos principais conflitos existentes, o artigo discute a recente proposta de adocao de um zoneamento ecologicoeconomico para a promocao de politicas de desenvolvimento sustentavel para a Regiao.