bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lipoprotein Subpopulation Distributions in Lean, Obese, and Type 2 Diabetic Women: A Comparison of African and White Americans
Authors: MacLean Paul S. , Bower Joseph F. , Vadlamudi Satyaprasad , Green Thomas , Barakat Hisham A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Abnormal subpopulation distributions of plasma lipoproteins have been reported in white American (WA) women with obesity and type 2 diabetes that explain part of the elevated rate of cardiovascular disease in these patients. This study examined if these perturbations also occur in obese and diabetic African American (AA) women and compared the lipoprotein profiles with WA counterparts.Research Methods and Procedures: We determined the lipoprotein subpopulation distribution in the plasma of 51 lean women (29 WA, 22 AA, body mass index [BMI] < 30), 50 obese women (27 WA, 23 AA, BMI > 30), and 43 obese women with type 2 diabetes (27 WA, 16 AA), by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy.Results: AA diabetic women, like WA diabetic women, had a larger average very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) size, elevated levels of small low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐C), and lower levels of small high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL‐C), when compared to lean controls (p < 0.05). These differences were accompanied by higher VLDL‐triglycerides (TG) and LDL‐C in WA (p < 0.05), but not in AA. Although the effects of obesity and diabetes on lipoprotein subpopulation were fairly similar for AA and WA, some racial differences, particularly with respect to HDL, were observed.Discussion: The atherogenic perturbations in lipoprotein profiles of obese AA women, particularly those with diabetes, were relatively similar to those found in WA women and may be contributing to the increased rate of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in AA with obesity and diabetes. The parameters of subpopulation distribution may provide better markers for CVD than lipid concentrations alone, particularly in AA women. Furthermore, subtle racial differences in lipoprotein profiles suggest that race‐specific criteria may be needed to screen patients for CVD.
Reference Growth Curves for Cypriot Children 6 to 17 Years of Age
Authors: Savva Savvas C. , Kourides Yiannis , Tornaritis Michael , Epiphaniou‐Savva Marina , Tafouna Panagiota , Kafatos Anthony 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of the study was to present smoothed percentiles for body weight and height, waist circumference, and body mass index (BMI) in Cypriot children and to compare their BMI 85th and 95th percentiles with those of children in other countries.Research Methods and Procedures: The study was a cross‐sectional study, including a representative sample of 2472 healthy children (49.1% boys) in Cyprus ages 6 to 17 years, who were evaluated during the 1999–2000 school year. Body weight and height and waist circumference were measured using standard procedures. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms per height in square meters. Smoothed, sex‐specific percentiles for these variables were calculated using polynomial regression models. Crude weight, height, waist, and BMI percentile values are presented in sex‐specific tables and smoothed percentile curves are presented in charts. The 85th and 95th percentiles for BMI were compared with measurements from other countries, because of the concern of the upper limits of BMI in respect to the evaluation of obesity.Results: The 85th and 95th BMI percentile values are higher in Cypriot boys than in Swedish and Iranian boys through all ages and in girls ages 6 to 15 years, whereas after the age of 15 years, both Swedish and Iranian girls’ percentiles are equalized with their Cypriot peers.Discussion: Weight, height, waist circumference, and BMI values and charts are presented for the first time for Cypriot children and adolescents. Much concern should be addressed to the observation that for the majority of the Cypriot sample, the upper BMI limits are higher than the peers of developing and developed countries.
The Insulin Tolerance Test in Morbidly Obese Patients Undergoing Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Geloneze Bruno , Tambascia Marcos A. , Pareja José C. , Repetto Enrico M. , Magna Luis A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effect of massive weight loss in relation to insulin resistance and its correlation to changes in glycemic homeostasis and lipid profile in severely obese patients.Research Methods and Procedures: A prospective clinical intervention study was carried out with 31 morbidly obese women (body mass index: 54.2 ± 8.8 kg/m2) divided into three groups according to their glucose tolerance test: 14 normal, 8 impaired glucose tolerance, and 9 type 2 diabetes. All subjects underwent an insulin tolerance test with intravenous bolus of 0.1 U insulin/kg body weight before silastic ring vertical gastroplasty Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery, and again at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months postoperatively. Fasting plasma glucose, hemoglobin A1c, and lipid profile were also evaluated.Results: A reduction of 68 ± 15% in initial excess body weight was evident within 1 year. Along with weight loss, the following statistically significant changes were found: an increase in the insulin‐sensitivity index (Kitt) and a decrease in fasting plasma glucose and hemoglobin A1c, most notably in the type 2 diabetes group. An overall improvement in lipid profile was observed in all three groups.Discussion: Bariatric surgery was an effective therapeutic approach for these obese patients because it reduced both weight and insulin resistance, along with improving metabolic parameters. Significant correlations were found between insulin resistance and metabolic improvements. Weight loss after bariatric surgery induced an improvement in metabolic fitness, related to the reduction in insulin resistance over a range of glucose tolerance statuses from normal to diabetic.
Childhood Obesity: The Health Issue
Authors: Deckelbaum Richard J. , Williams Christine L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOverweight and obesity in children is epidemic in North America and internationally. Approximately 22 million children under 5 years of age are overweight across the world. In the United States, the number of overweight children and adolescents has doubled in the last two to three decades, and similar doubling rates are being observed worldwide, including in developing countries and regions where an increase in Westernization of behavioral and dietary lifestyles is evident. Comorbidities associated with obesity and overweight are similar in children as in the adult population. Elevated blood pressure, dyslipidemia, and a higher prevalence of factors associated with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes appear as frequent comorbidities in the overweight and obese pediatric population. In some populations, type 2 diabetes is now the dominant form of diabetes in children and adolescents. Disturbingly, obesity in childhood, particularly in adolescence, is a key predictor for obesity in adulthood. Moreover, morbidity and mortality in the adult population is increased in individuals who were overweight in adolescence, even if they lose the extra weight during adulthood. Although the cause of obesity in children is similar to that of adults (i.e., more energy in vs. energy utilized), emerging data suggest associations between the influence of maternal and fetal factors during intrauterine growth and growth during the first year of life, on risk of later development of adult obesity and its comorbidities. In addition, recent data suggest that varying biological responses in different racial/ethnic groups differently contribute to overweight, obesity, and their comorbidities. Although differences in gene–nutrient interactions may contribute, the role of varying cultural and socioeconomic variables still needs to be determined to understand these disparities. Novel approaches in the prevention and treatment of childhood overweight and obesity are urgently required. With the strong evidence that a lifecycle perspective is important in obesity development and its consequences, consideration must be focused on prevention of obesity in women of child‐bearing age, excessive weight gain during pregnancy, and the role of breast‐feeding in reducing later obesity in children and adults. Consideration must be given to family behavior patterns, diet after weaning, and the use of new methods of information dissemination to help reduce the impact of childhood obesity worldwide.
Development of a Brief Measure to Assess Quality of Life in Obesity
Authors: Kolotkin Ronette L. , Crosby Ross D. , Kosloski Karl D. , Williams G. Rhys 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Obesity researchers have a growing interest in measuring the impact of weight and weight reduction on quality of life. The Impact of Weight on Quality of Life questionnaire (IWQOL) was the first self‐report instrument specifically developed to assess the effect of obesity on quality of life. Although the IWQOL has demonstrated excellent psychometric properties, its length (74 items) makes it somewhat cumbersome as an outcome measure in clinical research. This report describes the development of a 31‐item version of the IWQOL (IWQOL‐Lite).Research Methods and Procedures: IWQOLs from 996 obese patients and controls were used to develop the IWQOL‐Lite. Psychometric properties of the IWQOL‐Lite were examined in a separate cross‐validation sample of 991 patients and controls.Results: Confirmatory factor analysis provided strong support for the adequacy of the scale structure. The five identified scales of the IWQOL‐Lite (Physical Function, Self‐Esteem, Sexual Life, Public Distress, and Work) and the total IWQOL‐Lite score demonstrated excellent psychometric properties. The reliability of the IWQOL‐Lite scales ranged from 0.90 to 0.94 and was 0.96 for the total score. Correlations between the IWQOL‐Lite and collateral measures supported the construct validity of the IWQOL‐Lite. Changes in IWQOL‐Lite scales over time correlated significantly with changes in weight, supporting its sensitivity to change. Significant differences in IWQOL‐Lite scale and total scores were found among groups differing in body mass index, supporting the utility of the IWQOL‐Lite across the body mass index spectrum.Discussion: The IWQOL‐Lite appears to be a psychometrically sound and clinically sensitive brief measure of quality of life in obese persons.
Low‐Calorie Diets and Sustained Weight Loss
Authors: Finer Nicholas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe principles of weight management in overweight and obesity are primarily to achieve clinically significant weight loss and secondarily (but perhaps more importantly) to maintain weight loss. The traditional approach to weight reduction has been the prescription of diets that provide an energy intake below that of energy expenditure, usually to provide a balanced ratio of protein, carbohydrate, and fat in reduced quantities to provide an energy intake of 800 to 1500 kcal/d. Evaluation of the efficacy of such interventions is difficult despite a wealth of publications, because few randomized trials have been conducted and various adjunctive therapies confound interpretation. Systematic reviews of low‐calorie diets have been unable to come to any firm conclusions about the value of different ways of achieving energy restriction, but one meta‐analysis of low‐fat diets produced a mean weight loss of 10 kg of weight loss that was greater in those with a higher initial body weight. Greater weight loss was achieved by subjects prescribed a 600‐kcal deficit diet, compared with a conventional low‐calorie (1200 kcal/d) diet. This study has been influential for clinical dietetic practice, particularly with UK dietitians, but also in the design of dietetic support in clinical trials of pharmacotherapy. Low‐calorie diets can be effective treatment, but the optimum way of delivering such diets remains unclear.
Obesity and Disease Management: Effects of Weight Loss on Comorbid Conditions
Authors: Anderson James W. , Konz Elizabeth C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This review is designed to quantitate the effects of obesity and weight gain on risk for coronary heart disease (CHD) and to review the effects of weight loss on CHD risk factors.Research Methods and Procedures: After a comprehensive review of the literature related to body weight and weight gain on CHD risk, the relative risks (RRs) were tabulated. Values were averaged and meta‐analysis techniques were used to estimate the variance‐adjusted RR.Results: Young persons with higher body mass index values have a significantly higher risk for CHD than do slender young people. For every 1% above a desirable body mass index, the risk for CHD increases by 3.3% for women and by 3.6% or men. Every kilogram of weight gain after high school increases risk for CHD by 5.7% for women and 3.1% for men. Weight loss significantly decreases major CHD risk factors. For every kilogram of weight loss the following favorable changes occur: fasting serum cholesterol, −1.0%; low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, −0.7%; triglycerides, −1.9%; high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, +0.2%; systolic blood pressure, −0.5%; diastolic blood pressure, −0.4%; and blood glucose, −0.2 mM.Discussion: Obesity and/or weight gain are associated with major risk for CHD. Weight loss significantly improves serum lipid parameters, blood pressure, and fasting blood glucose values. Effective treatment approaches are available for most overweight or obese individuals but a major challenge is to enable these individuals to engage in these programs. Professional and consumer education is essential for advancing effective intervention strategies for overweight individuals.
The Adipose Tissue Phenotype of Hormone‐Sensitive Lipase Deficiency in Mice
Authors: Wang Shu Pei , Laurin Nancy , Himms‐Hagen Jean , Rudnicki Michael A. , Levy Emile , Robert Marie‐France , Pan Linghe , Oligny Luc , Mitchell Grant A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To directly ascertain the physiological roles in adipocytes of hormone‐sensitive lipase (HSL; E.C. 3.1.1.3), a multifunctional hydrolase that can mediate triacylglycerol cleavage in adipocytes.Research Methods and Procedures: We performed constitutive gene targeting of the mouse HSL gene (Lipe), subsequently studied the adipose tissue phenotype clinically and histologically, and measured lipolysis in isolated adipocytes.Results: Homozygous HSL−/− mice have no detectable HSL peptide or cholesteryl esterase activity in adipose tissue, and heterozygous mice have intermediate levels with respect to wild‐type and deficient littermates. HSL‐deficient mice have normal body weight but reduced abdominal fat mass compared with normal littermates. Histologically, both white and brown adipose tissues in HSL−/− mice show marked heterogeneity in cell size, with markedly enlarged adipocytes juxtaposed to cells of normal morphology. In isolated HSL−/− adipocytes, lipolysis is not significantly increased by β3‐adrenergic stimulation, but under basal conditions in the absence of added catecholamines, the lipolytic rate of isolated HSL−/− adipocytes is at least as high as that of cells from normal controls. Cold tolerance during a 48‐hour period at 4 °C was similar in HSL−/− mice and controls. Overnight fasting was well‐tolerated clinically by HSL−/− mice, but after fasting, liver triglyceride content was significantly lower in HSL−/− mice compared with wild‐type controls.Conclusions: In isolated fat cells, the lipolytic rate after β‐adrenergic stimulation is mainly dependent on HSL. However, the observation of a normal rate of lipolysis in unstimulated HSL−/− adipocytes suggests that HSL‐independent lipolytic pathway(s) exist in fat. Physiologically, HSL deficiency in mice has a modest effect under normal fed conditions and is compatible with normal maintenance of core body temperature during cold stress. However, the lipolytic response to overnight fasting is subnormal.
The Human Obesity Gene Map: The 2000 Update
Authors: Pérusse Louis , Chagnon Yvon C. , Weisnagel S. John , Rankinen Tuomo , Snyder Eric , Sands John , Bouchard Claude 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis report constitutes the seventh update of the human obesity gene map incorporating published results up to the end of October 2000. Evidence from the rodent and human obesity cases caused by single‐gene mutations, Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as a clinical feature, quantitative trait loci uncovered in human genome‐wide scans and in cross‐breeding experiments in various animal models, and association and linkage studies with candidate genes and other markers are reviewed. Forty‐seven human cases of obesity caused by single‐gene mutations in six different genes have been reported in the literature to date. Twenty‐four Mendelian disorders exhibiting obesity as one of their clinical manifestations have now been mapped. The number of different quantitative trait loci reported from animal models currently reaches 115. Attempts to relate DNA sequence variation in specific genes to obesity phenotypes continue to grow, with 130 studies reporting positive associations with 48 candidate genes. Finally, 59 loci have been linked to obesity indicators in genomic scans and other linkage study designs. The obesity gene map reveals that putative loci affecting obesity‐related phenotypes can be found on all chromosomes except chromosome Y. A total of 54 new loci have been added to the map in the past 12 months and the number of genes, markers, and chromosomal regions that have been associated or linked with human obesity phenotypes is now above 250. Likewise, the number of negative studies, which are only partially reviewed here, is also on the rise.
Body Mass Index and Future Healthcare Costs: A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Thompson David , Brown Jonathan B. , Nichols Gregory A. , Elmer Patricia J. , Oster Gerry 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and future healthcare costs.Research Methods and Procedures:We undertook a retrospective cohort study of the relationship between obesity and future healthcare costs at Kaiser Permanente Northwest Division, a large health maintenance organization in Portland, Oregon. Study subjects (n= 1286) consisted of persons who responded to a 1990 health survey that was mailed to a random sample of adult Kaiser Permanente Northwest Division members who were 35 to 64 years of age; had a BMI ≥ 20 kg/m2(based on self‐reported height and weight); did not smoke cigarettes; and did not have a history of coronary heart disease, stroke, human immunodeficiency virus, or cancer. Subjects were stratified according to their BMI in 1990 (20 to 24.9, 25 to 29.9, and ≥30 kg/m2;n= 545, 474, and 367, respectively). We then tallied their costs (in 1998 US dollars) for all inpatient care, outpatient services, and prescription drugs over a 9‐year period (1990 through 1998).Results:For persons with BMIs of 20 to 24.9 kg/m2, mean (±SE) annual costs of prescription drugs, outpatient services, inpatient care, and all medical care averaged $261 (±18), $848 (±59), $532 (±85), and $1631 (±120), respectively, over the study period. Cost ratios (95% confidence intervals) for persons with BMIs of 25 to 29.9 kg/m2and ≥30 kg/m2, respectively, were 1.37 (1.12 to 1.66) and 2.05 (1.62 to 2.55) for prescription drugs, 0.96 (0.83 to 1.13) and 1.14 (0.97 to 1.37) for outpatient services, 1.20 (0.81 to 1.86) and 1.38 (0.91 to 2.14) for inpatient care, and 1.10 (0.91 to 1.35) and 1.36 (1.11 to 1.68) for all medical care.Discussion:Future healthcare costs are higher for persons who are overweight, especially those with BMIs ≥ 30 kg/m2.
Defining the Relationship between Obesity and Total Joint Arthroplasty
Authors: Stickles Beverly , Phillips Leslie , Brox William Timothy , Owens Brett , Lanzer William L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between obesity and patient‐administered outcome measures after total joint arthroplasty.Research Methods and Procedures: A voluntary questionnaire‐based registry contained 592 primary total hip arthroplasty patients and 1011 primary total knee arthroplasty patients with preoperative and 1‐year data. Using logistic regression, the relationships between body mass index and the several outcome measures, including Short Form‐36 and Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index, were examined.Results: There was no difference between obese and non‐obese patients regarding satisfaction, decision to repeat surgery, and Δphysical component summary, Δmental component summary, and ΔWestern Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index scores (p > 0.05 for all). Body mass index was associated with an increased risk of having difficulty descending or ascending stairs at 1 year (odds ratio, 1.2 to 1.3).Discussion: Obese patients enjoy as much improvement and satisfaction as other patients from total joint arthroplasty.
Defining Health‐Related Obesity in Prepubertal Children
Authors: Higgins Paul B. , Gower Barbara A. , Hunter Gary R. , Goran Michael I. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this study was to develop percentage of fat and waist circumference cut‐points in prepubertal children with the intention of defining obesity associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk.Research Methods and Procedures: A cross‐sectional analysis of 87 prepubertal children aged 4 to 11 years was used. Percentage of body fat was determined by DXA. Waist circumference was measured to the nearest millimeter. Receiver Operating Characteristic analyses of percentage of fat and waist circumference were used to develop cut‐points for individuals with adverse levels of CVD risk factors.Results: The risk factors selected for analyses (i.e., fasting insulin, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and total cholesterol/high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol) were significantly related to percentage of body fat and waist circumference. Likelihood ratios were used to identify percentage of fat and waist circumference cut‐points associated with adverse cardiovascular risk profiles. Two cut‐points, an upper cut‐point of 33% body fat and a lower cut‐point of 20% body fat, were derived. Waist circumference cut‐points indicative of adverse and normal risk‐factor profiles were 71 cm and 61 cm, respectively.Discussion: The data indicate that children with ≥33% body fat and children with a waist circumference ≥71 cm were more likely to possess an adverse CVD risk‐factor profile than a normal risk‐factor profile. The likelihood of children with <20% body fat or a waist circumference <61 cm possessing an adverse CVD risk‐factor profile as opposed to a normal risk‐factor profile was small. The cut‐points describe an adequate health‐related definition of childhood obesity.