bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Degradation of 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) by Cobalt-60 Gamma Radiation in a Methanolic Solution Containing Humic Acid
Authors: Campos Sandro X , Vieira Eny M 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
In this study, cobalt-60 gamma radiation was used to degrade 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid herbicide (2,4-D) in methanol in the presence of humic acid. The 2,4-D solution was irradiated with different doses. The herbicide was completely degraded after treatment with a dose of 150 kGy. The influence of humic acids was verify in higher doses (75 and 100 kGy) only. ESI/MS and MS/MS identified 3-chlorophenol as the intermediate product. The radiolytic yield (G) of 2,4-D degradation was calculated.
A Simple Way for Preparing Antioxidation Nano-copper Powders
Authors: Yang Jian-guang , Okamoto Takeshi , Ichino Ryoichi , Bessho Takeshi , Satake Shigeru , Okido Masazumi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A two-step reduction route in polyol process for producing copper nano-particles with satisfied antioxidation property is described here. This process involves two-step reduction of copper salts in polyol solution with the surfactant protection under atmospheric conditions at a temperature below 353 K. Well-dispersed nano-copper particles with ca. 80 nm in diameter were obtained from the diethylene glycol (DEG) solution containing 0.2 M Cu2+ ion, 0.3 mM polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a ligand agent at 330 K, glucose as first reductant, and ascorbic acid as second reductant.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical Limiting Effect of a Cu(I) Coordination Polymeric Cluster Bridged by Chiral-carbon Skeleton Bipyridyl Ligand
Authors: Niu Yunyin , Song Yinglin , Wang Qingli , Guo Xiaoling , Zhu Yu , Hou Hongwei 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Solution reaction of Cu(I) iodide with chiral-carbon skeleton ligand 2,3-di(4-pyridyl)-2,3-butanediol (meso-dpb) in DMSO generated a novel 2D coordination polymeric cluster [(CuI)4(dpb)4(DMSO)4(CH3OH)4(H2O)]n (1), in which the dpb exhibits a TT conformation and the adaptable Cu2I2 rhomboid cluster unit facilitates the formation of a final noninterpenetrating motif. The nonlinear optical limiting property of 1 was also studied at 532 nm. The limiting threshold was determined to be 0.42 J cm−2 and this value is three times better than 1.6 J cm−2 of C60.
Synthesis and Liquid-crystalline Properties of Bromoalkyloxy-substituted Terphenylenes
Authors: Larios-López Leticia , Navarro-Rodríguez Dámaso , Donnio Bertrand , Guillon Daniel 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A series of bromoalkyloxy-substituted terphenylenes were synthesized through a Palladium cross-coupling reaction between arylboronic acids and bromoaryl derivatives. By DSC it was observed that these intermediates show a rich thermotropism in a wide range of temperature (110–180 °C) and by X-ray diffraction it was determined that the liquid-crystalline nature corresponds to tilted type smectic mesophases (SmC, SmF/SmI, and a two-dimensional ordered tilted mesophase SmX).
Recovery of Impairments After Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: Findings From a Prospective, Multicentre Study
Authors: Tate Robyn L. , Harris Ross D. , Cameron Ian D. , Myles Bridget M. , Winstanley Julie B. , Hodgkinson Adeline E. , Baguley Ian J , Harradine Peter G ,   Brain Injury Outcomes Study (BIOS) Group
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to describe the recovery of impairments after severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) over a 3-year period. An inception cohort over 2 years was recruited from 11 brain injury rehabilitation units participating in a state-wide program. The 131 individuals with TBI were assessed at admission to the rehabilitation program, 18 months and 3 years post-trauma. This report described results from the Disability Rating Scale (DRS) and Mayo-Portland Adaptability Index (MPAI). Regression analyses, examining the influence of five acute injury variables on DRS and MPAI, revealed that posttraumatic amnesia (PTA) was a significant individual predictor. Data were thus analysed according to duration of PTA: 1 to 2 weeks (n= 19), 2 to 4 weeks (n= 44) and more than 4 weeks (n= 68). At program admission there was poorer overall level of functioning on the DRS in the longest PTA group, but no difference between the shorter PTA groups. Significant improvements occurred on the DRS for all PTA groups over the first 18 months posttrauma, with improvements continuing between 18 months and 3 years. At the 3-year follow-up, frequency data from the MPAI indicated that clinically significant impairments in mobility, hand function, communication and behaviour were uncommon in the shorter PTA groups, although 36% to 47% continued to experience cognitive impairments. Impairments were common in the longest PTA group in some areas, particularly cognition where two thirds or more continued to experience clinically significant impairments in attention, memory and novel problem-solving. These results confirm the predictive significance of PTA duration regarding longer-term level of recovery. They also highlight the limitation in classifying the ‘severe’ TBI category as an homogenous group: significant subgroup differences occurred on medical and functional variables at program admission, 18 months and 3 years posttrauma. These data further substantiate the persistence of neuropsychological impairments in the face of good physical recovery at all levels of severity within the severe TBI group.
Generalisability of the Rapid Screen of Concussion: A Dual-Centre Approach
Authors: McCullough Cynthia Melanie , De Monte Veronica , Sheedy Joanne , Geffen Gina Malke 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the generalisability of the Rapid Screen of Concussion (RSC; a series of brief computerised tests) and the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSS; Wechsler, 1981) for discriminating between concussion (mTBI) and orthopaedic patient groups in two different centres, the Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane (N = 177) and St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney (N = 211). Group differences and interactions were assessed between test centre (Sydney or Brisbane) and injury type (mTBI or orthopaedic control) on a composite variable of the RSC and DSS subtests. Age, education and number of standard drinks of alcohol consumed were covaried for these analyses. While the mTBI patients obtained lower scores than orthopaedic patients, there were no significant differences between Brisbane and Sydney participants in performance on the RSC and DSS. There was no significant interaction between injury type and test centre. Similarities of correct classification rates of the RSC and DSS for Brisbane and Sydney were examined using a double cross-validation technique. When cross-validating from the Brisbane to Sydney sample it was revealed that sensitivity was 73% in Brisbane and 71% in Sydney, while specificity for the two samples was 76% and 67%, respectively. When cross-validating from the Sydney sample to the Brisbane sample sensitivity was 64% and 63%, respectively. Specificity was 81% in Sydney and 80% in Brisbane. These results indicated that correct classification rates were sufficiently similar between the cities and that the RSC and DSS could be generalised. When samples were combined, sensitivity was found to be 66% while specificity was 80%. The RSC and DSS are recommended as adjunct procedures to medical diagnoses of mTBI.
Excluded Letter Fluency Test (ELF): Norms and Test–Retest Reliability Data for Healthy Young Adults
Authors: Shores E. Arthur , Carstairs Jane R. , Crawford John R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractNormative and reliability data for the Excluded Letter Fluency (ELF) Test are provided. A stratified random sample of 399 healthy young adults aged 18 to 34 years from Sydney, Australia, completed the ELF Test as well as a full-length WAIS-R, as part of a larger battery of tests. After a 1-year interval 99 of these individuals were retested on the same forms of the tests. The influence of age, sex and education was investigated on the ELF and only education was found to have a significant overall effect on the total scores. However, gender was found to have an effect on the error scores, with males making more rule-breaks than females. Tables are provided for converting ELF raw scores, corrected for years of education, to standard scores with 90% and 95% confidence intervals for both test and retest purposes. A table for calculating the base rate of errors, for males and for females, on the ELF is also provided.
Effect of Acid Treatment Agent of Sea Laver on Geoenvironmental Properties of Tidal Flat Muds in the Ariake Sea
Authors: Hayashi S , Du YJ 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Recently the amount of catch of some specific benthos (e.g., shells) in the Ariake Sea of Japan has reduced dramatically. Researchers are questioning if it is the acid treatment practice undertaken in the Ariake Sea tidal flats that changed the geoenvironmental properties of the tidal flat muds, and consequently caused impacts on the benthos living in the muds. However, so far, relatively few detailed studies have been done in this regard. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of acid treatment practice on the geoenvironmental properties of muds in the Ariake Sea tidal flats. The field investigation data as well as laboratory test data are presented. It is found that as a consequence of the acid treatment practice, considerable reduction of salt concentration and pH of the muds has taken place. Furthermore, the measured increased sulfide content of the muds indicate that the acid treatment practice in the tidal flats of the Ariake Sea may have produced serious consequences for some benthos inhabiting the shallow depth of the muds.
Efficiency of Arsenic Removal Unit Working in Bangladesh and Cement Stabilization of Its Sludge
Authors: Hussainuzzaman MM , Yokota H 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
To supply safe water to the arsenic affected community, an arsenic removal unit, gravel sand filter (GSF), was developed by modifying the pond sand filter (PSF) so that it can be used to overcome the dry season low flow problem of it. Performance data of that arsenic removal unit shows that it can be the most suitable option to solve that problem of the PSF. GSF uses the naturally occurring iron to remove arsenic by coprecipitation. In this process it produces arsenic rich iron sludge. Disposal of this sludge to the nature may pose a risk of secondary contamination to the stratum. Leaching tests of the arsenic rich iron sludge and the solidified sludge with cement indicates that arsenic leaching ratio of sludge ranges between 3 and 13 % and that of cement stabilized sludge is between 1 and 6 %. This means that the arsenic has a strong bond with the iron sludge and its treatment may not be difficult.
The Temporal and Spatial Dynamics of Trace Metals in Sediments of a Highly Urbanized Watershed
Authors: Li LY , Mattu G , McCallum D , Hall K , Chen M 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The Brunette watershed (7200 ha) is located in the urbanized metropolitan area of Greater Vancouver, Canada. It is an area of high traffic density and extensive impervious surfaces (paved roads and roof tops). This watershed provides an excellent area for the study of the spatial and temporal trace metal contamination in sediments. Street surface, stream, and lake sediments were collected over a 25-year period and analyzed for total and acid-extractable trace metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb, and Zn). Lead concentrations in all areas have decreased dramatically, directly as a result of the discontinuation of lead addition to fuels in the 1970s. The mean concentration of total lead in stream sediments has decreased from 230 in 1973 to 134 and 36–66 mg/kg in 1993 and 1997–1998, respectively. Manganese, especially the acid extractable fraction, increased during the early 1990s when MMT replaced tetraethyl lead as an antiknock compound. The 0.5 M HCl extractable manganese in stream sediments has increased from 18 in 1973 to 545 in 1993 and 162–273 mg/kg in 1997–1998. Burnaby Lake, a shallow (Zav = 1.0 m, 140 ha) lake, has acted as a sink for trace metal contaminated sediments. Highest trace metal levels are found in surface sediments at the east end of the lake (where Cu, Pb, and Zn were 159, 179, and 529 mg/kg) containing more silt (24%) and higher organic matter (32.5%). The sandy delta of Still Creek (silt&lt;4%, organic matter 5.6%), which contributes over 50% of the flow to the lake, has lower trace metal levels (Cu, Pb, and Zn were 72, 77, and 207 mg/kg) even though the creek is the predominant source of trace metals transported to the lake.
Overview of Natural Attenuation of Sediments
Authors: Mulligan CN , Yong RN 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Natural attenuation involves the use of the natural processes with the soil and groundwater to remediate contamination by physical, chemical, and biological processes to reduce the risk to human health and the environment. Although the use of natural attenuation as a treatment process is increasing for remediation of contaminated groundwater, much less research has focused on contaminated soils and sediments. Industrial effluents, agricultural runoff, and sewage discharges are major sources of contaminants for the sediments. In addition, benthic organisms can transport contaminants through bioturbation and there is considerable variability at sites. Organic materials, a particularly important component of the sediments, can sequester the contaminants. Sediment-water partitioning controls the release of the contaminants into pore water and benthic organisms. Fate and transport mechanisms for both organic and inorganic contaminants within the sediments need to be understood to establish protocols for the monitoring and use of natural attenuation.
Effect of Specimen Size on Consolidation Parameters of Marine Clay Deposits
Authors: Shogaki T 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The effect of specimen size on consolidation parameters of undisturbed marine clay deposits and their remolded samples are examined through the standard incremental loading oedometer test I.A.W. JIS A 1217. There are two sizes of specimens, a d60 specimen (60 mm d and 20 mmh) and a d30 specimen (30 mmd and 10 mmh). The relationships between void ratio and consolidation load were unrelated to specimen size in the loading and unloading process. The coefficients of consolidation (cv) obtained from the d30 specimen were smaller than those of the d60 specimen in the over-consolidated stage. This was caused by larger t90 values (the required time for 90% consolidation) of the d30 specimen than those of the d60 specimen. The t90 ratio was about 1.3 in this stage. In the normally consolidated stage, the cv, coefficient of volume compressibility (mv), and permeability (k) were unrelated to specimen size. The consolidation parameters obtained from the d30 specimen were almost the same as those of the d60 specimen in the normally consolidated stage. The d30 specimen, retrieved from the 45 mm, small tube sampler or a 75-mm sampler, is more effective for sample testing purposes.
Transport Phenomena of Volatile Solute in Soil during Bioventing Technology
Authors: Suko T , Fujikawa T , Miyazaki T 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Bioventing is one of the remediation techniques for volatile organic compound (VOC) contamination with VOC in the vadose zone. The object of this study is to investigate the pollutant transport and removal during aeration treatment focusing on convection, biodegradation, and volatilization. As for the result of 20-cm column experiment, dodecane removal ratio of the samples with aeration was about 20 % higher than those with no aeration. But after 30 days, the increasing rate of dodecane removal ratio decreased drastically in all cases. Total germ density increased after 10 days, but stopped increasing after 30 days. In the samples with higher water content, total germ numbers and dodecane removal ratio increased largely at the inlet of the air. From the estimations of the contribution of volatilization and biodeg-radiation, the authors found that volatilization played a more important role on dodecane removal during the first 10 days of the column experiment, and biodegradation became predominant afterward.
Sealants
Authors: Klosowski Jerome M. , Lueder Timothy B. , Vandereecken Patrick 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSealants are materials installed in gaps or joints to prevent water, wind, dirt, or other contaminants from passing through the joint or gap. They are commonly rated by their movement ability. High movement sealants, eg, silicones, urethanes, and polysulfides, typically accommodate joint movement of 25% or higher. Acrylic sealants are commonly used in joints where movement is 5–15% and no higher than 25%. Butyl sealants are used in applications with movement of <12.5%. Each sealant type’s base polymer provides inherent properties that find use in specific applications. Silicones are resistant to weathering and are used in applications where longevity is a prime concern. Urethanes are tough, abrasion resistant, with good adhesion to many substrates, thus allowing many applications in weatherproofing, especially in high abuse areas. Polysulfides have superior chemical resistance and find wide use in aircraft applications. Latex acrylics have good weatherability, low cost, and are easy to use, making them popular with consumers in nondemanding applications. Polyisobutylene sealants have low moisture vapor permeability and high tack, which are necessary for automotive and insulating glass applications. Most recently, a new class of sealants often referred to as Si‐Hybrids, afford improved adhesion and properties typical of organic based sealants such as paintability and non‐staining character.
Sulfonation and Sulfation
Authors: Dado Gregory P. , Knaggs Edward A. , Nepras Marshall J. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSulfonation and sulfation are chemical processes for introducing the sulfur trioxide moiety into organic entities. These processes are utilized in both batch and continuous modes to produce anionic surfactants, cyclic intermediates, dyes, pigments, medicinals, pesticides, sweeteners, lubricant additives, and polymeric specialty chemicals. Reagents for sulfonation and sulfation include sulfur trioxide, its derivatives and adducts, and sulfur dioxide and its derivatives. Liquid sulfur trioxide is the most reactive available reagent and is moderated by vaporization and dilution with inert dry gases, by use of reaction solvents, or by using adducting agents. Commercially important sulfonated and sulfated products are described. Continuous falling film gaseous sulfur trioxide sulfonation–sulfation, the method of choice for sulfonating flowable liquid feedstocks, is emphasized. Choice of reagent depends on the chemistry involved, derived product quality, as well as economic and environmental considerations.
Sulfuric Acid and Sulfur Trioxide
Authors: Muller Thomas L. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractSulfuric acid has been an important article of commerce for at least 250 years and is one of the largest volume basic chemicals in the world. This article discusses physical properties of sulfuric acid, oleum, and sulfur trioxide and includes 13 tables, 19 graphs, and extensive references. Both the single and double absorption contact processes for sulfuric acid manufacture are discussed, including materials of construction. Also discussed are significant advances in the process that increase energy recovery. Other information includes economics, health and toxicity, and applicable Federal regulations for shipping and handling.
Temperature Measurement
Authors: White D. R. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThermodynamic temperature is defined in terms of the rate of change of energy with entropy, and can be equated with the mean translational kinetic energy of unbound atoms and molecules. Practical temperature measurements are made on the International Temperature Scale of 1990, ITS‐90, an empirical approximation to the thermodynamic scale. ITS‐90 defines the temperature scale from 0.65 K upward based on a variety of thermometers including platinum resistance thermometers and spectral‐band radiation thermometers. Measurements made using other thermometers, such as industrial platinum resistance thermometers, industrial radiation thermometers, thermistors, thermocouples, and liquid‐in‐glass thermometers, should be traceable to ITS‐90. Advice on using, calibrating, and interpreting measurements from these devices is given.
Vinyl Chloride
Authors: Cowfer Joseph A. , Gorensek Maximilian B. ,   Updated by Staff
Published: May 2006

AbstractA brief history of the commercial development of vinyl chloride, tabulation of its physical properties, discussion of its chemical reactions, detailed descriptions of the component processes currently used for its production, economic aspects, uses, toxicity and handling precautions, and purity standards are given. Chemical reactions that vinyl chloride undergoes include polymerization, substitution at the carbon–chlorine bond, oxidation, addition, photochemistry, and pyrolysis. Important manufacturing methods are described with emphasis on the balanced process based on ethylene and chlorine feedstocks. Component processes of direct chlorination, oxychlorination, and pyrolysis of the intermediate 1,2‐dichloroethane (EDC) are described in terms of their reaction mechanisms, operating conditions, conversions and yields, and overall process integration. Oxychlorination technology comparisons are made between processes involving either fixed‐ or fluidized‐bed reactors and either air or oxygen feeds. Intermediate 1,2‐dichloroethane purification requirements are described as are by‐product handling and disposal and environmental considerations. Technology trends are also briefly discussed. Economic aspects given include production of vinyl chloride monomer, and a listing of U.S. producers. Quality standards are also presented, along with toxicity and handling precautions.
Self‐Cleaning Materials—Lotus Effect Surfaces
Authors: Li Jun , Zhang Zhuqing , Xu Jianwen , Wong C. P. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe lotus effect represents superhydrophobicity and self‐cleaning properties of natural lotus leaves. Since it was first explained by Professor Wilhelm Barthlott in 1997, lotus effect has gained much attention, and various applications of lotus effect surfaces have been proposed. However, superhydrophobic surfaces have been prepared and studied since 1950s. In this work, the relationship between the two concepts, the lotus effect and superhydrophobicity, is discussed. We also briefly review the fundamental theories on the wettability of hydrophobic rough surfaces, recent modeling works on superhydrophobic and self‐cleaning properties, as well as the processing of lotus effect films. Based on the properties of lotus effect surfaces, different applications were introduced.
A smooth switching adaptive controller for linearizable systems with improved transient performance
Authors: Tze Huang Jeng , Ming Chen Yen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe certainty equivalent control has achieved asymptotic tracking stability of linearizable systems in the presence of parametric uncertainty. However, two major drawbacks remain to be tackled, namely, the risk of running into singularity for the calculated control input and the poor transient behaviour arising frequently in a general adaptive system. For the first problem, a high gain control is activated in place of the certainty equivalent control until the risk is bypassed. Among others, it requires less control effort by taking advantages of the bounds for the input vector field. Moreover, the switching mechanism is smooth and hence avoids possible chattering behaviour. Next, to solve the second problem, a new type of update algorithm guaranteeing the exponential stability of the overall closed‐loop system, on a weaker persistent excitation (PE) condition, is proposed. In particular, it requires no filtering of the regressor and hence is easier to implement. Simulation results demonstrating the validity of the proposed design are given in the final. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.