bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lignocaine is a better analgesic than either ethyl chloride or nitrous oxide for peripheral intravenous cannulation
Authors: Robinson P Aaron , Carr Sarah , Pearson Scott , Frampton Chris 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground:  Peripheral intravenous (i.v.) cannulation is a painful, frequently performed ED procedure. It is common practice in other medical settings to offer analgesia prior to cannulation.Objective:  The present trial aims to reproduce in the ED studies that found a reduction in the pain of i.v. cannulation after intradermal lignocaine, ethyl chloride topical spray and entonox (50:50 oxygen : nitrous oxide). It also intends to determine which is analgesic most effective and explore the role of entonox for cannulation analgesia.Methods:  Three hundred subjects were randomized into four groups: i.v. cannula inserted with (i) no anaesthesia; (ii) entonox; (iii) ethyl chloride; and (iv) 0.1 mL intradermal 1% lignocaine. Pain was recorded on 100 mm visual analogue scales (VAS) after lignocaine injection or ethyl chloride spray and following i.v. cannulation. A clinically significant reduction in VAS pain score was determined to be 13 mm.Results:  Patients cannulated without analgesia reported the most pain. Those cannulated after lignocaine had the least pain (median VAS 20 mm, 95% CI 15–25, vs 1 mm 95% CI 0–6, P ≤ 0.001). Ethyl chloride (VAS 11 mm, 95% CI 7–15, P = 0.003) and entonox (VAS 13 mm, 95% CI 8–18, P = 0.047) reduced i.v. cannulation pain but did not reach clinical significance. Neither pain from presenting symptoms (P = 0.3), nor size of cannula (P = 0.8) affected pain scores. VAS scores were independent of sex and age (P = 0.1). Cannulation success was not affected by either the choice of analgesia or cannulation site.Conclusions:  The present trial confirms the findings of Harris and colleagues that lignocaine reduces the pain of cannulation in the ED. Lignocaine reduced the pain of i.v. cannulation more effectively than entonox or ethyl chloride.
Optimization of propofol dose shortens procedural sedation time, prevents resedation and removes the requirement for post‐procedure physiologic monitoring
Authors: Bell Anthony , Treston Greg , Cardwell Robert , Schabort W Jacobus , Chand Dip 
Published: October 2007

AbstractObjective:  To examine the effect of propofol dosing (total dose and number of doses) on patient sedation time and likelihood of resedation.Methods:  This was a prospective, observational patient series in an urban district hospital ED with 42 000 attendances per annum. Patients undergoing an emergent procedure requiring procedural sedation were included. Titrated intravenous propofol was administered according to departmental procedure. Standardized consent and data collection forms were used. Time taken for the patient to become conversational after first administration was recorded and any resedation documented.Results:  Four hundred patients, undergoing 404 procedures, were enrolled for the period commencing August 2004 until March 2006. The mean initial propofol bolus was 0.8 mg/kg (SD 0.6), and mean total propofol dose was 1.8 mg/kg (SD 1.0), comprising a mean of 2.3 (SD 2.1) doses of 15.8 mg (SD 11.4). Mean sedation time was 11.8 min (SD 6.9), and increased sedation times were associated with higher total propofol dose and number of boluses (P < 0.0001). Resedation occurred in two patients (0.5%, 95% CI 0–1.6%).Conclusion:  Shorter sedation times are seen with lower doses of propofol. Patients do not need prolonged post‐procedure monitoring because the occurrence of spontaneous resedation associated with propofol use is a rare event. This has implications for patient flow and staff resource allocation in a busy ED.
CCL5/RANTES chemokine gene promoter polymorphisms are not associated with atopic and nonatopic asthma in a Spanish population
Authors: Muro M. , Marín L. , Torio A. , Pagan J. A. , Álvarez‐López M. R. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryCCL5/RANTES, a member of the C–C chemokine family, is a potent eosinophil, monocyte, basophile and lymphocyte chemo‐attractant at the site of inflammation. Recent studies revealed that a functional mutation at the –403 position in the promoter may have significance for atopic dermatitis, bronchial asthma, sarcoidosis, rheumatoid arthritis and HIV infection, and others. Another polymorphism in the –28 position has been reported. Our objective was to investigate the possible influence of the CCL5/RANTES promoter polymorphisms in the different types of bronchial asthma. CCL5/RANTES genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment‐length polymorphism (PCR‐RFLP) in 306 asthmatic patients with non‐atopic (n = 145) and atopic (n = 161) asthma and 242 controls. The 81.9% of the atopic asthma patients for –403G/A had the G allele and the A allele frequency was 18%. Of the non‐atopic asthma patients, the G allele frequency was 79.7% and the A allele was 20.3%. Concerning the –28C/G polymorphism, the frequency of the CCL5/RANTES –28G allele in our patients is 2.8%, which is similar to Spanish adult population. After comparing patients with asthma, atopic patients, non‐atopic patients and control population, we found no significant deviation in the distribution of the alleles or genotypes of CCL5/RANTES promoter polymorphisms in any tested comparison. Therefore, human CCL5/RANTES gene promoter polymorphisms are not associated with the different types of bronchial asthma in Spanish population.
H i and OH absorption in the lensing galaxy of MG J0414+0534
Authors: Curran S. J. , Darling J. , Bolatto A. D. , Whiting M. T. , Bignell C. , Webb J. K. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
We report the detection of H i 21-cm absorption in the z= 0.96 early-type lensing galaxy towards MG J0414+0534 with the Green Bank Telescope. The absorption, with total NH i= 1.6 × 1018 (Ts/f) cm−2, is resolved into two strong components, probably due to the two strongest lens components, which are separated by 0.4 arcsec. Unlike the other three lenses that have been detected in H i, J0414+0534 does not exhibit strong OH absorption, giving an OH/H i column density ratio of NOH/NH i≲ 10−6 (for Ts= 100 K, Tx= 10 K and fH i=fOH= 1). This underabundance of molecular gas may indicate that the extreme optical–near-infrared colour (V−K= 10.26) along the line of sight is not due to the lens. We therefore suggest that despite the strong upper limits on molecular absorption at the quasar redshift, as traced by millimetre lines, the extinction occurs primarily in the quasar host galaxy.
British Muslim Minorities Today: Challenges and Opportunities to Europeanism, Multiculturalism and Islamism
Authors: Abbas Tahir 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis essay explores the issues of multiculturalism, Islamism and the experiences of Muslim minorities in Western Europe and in Britain in the light of the events of 9/11 and 7 July London bombings. First, the experience of immigrants and minorities and the key historical and cultural debates in which the idea of Europe has emerged is contextualised. Second, the debate in relation to how multiculturalism in Western Europe is conceived and problematised is focused upon. Third, a detailed discussion of the British experience of multiculturalism is elaborated upon, exploring the various shifts in discourse and policy‐maker thinking. Finally, suggestions for moving ahead are discussed, and how it might provide impetus to academic, governmental, civil society and practitioner action. In conclusion, it is argued that the challenges that Muslim minority youth face in Western Europe are many but not insurmountable if one takes into consideration the needs and aspirations of a society that is inclusive and forward looking but also aware of the historical and contemporaneous factors involved in the alienation and the marginalisation of variously incorporated Muslim minorities.
Characterization of melanin in human iridal and choroidal melanocytes from eyes with various colored irides
Authors: Wakamatsu Kazumasa , Hu Dan‐Ning , McCormick Steven A. , Ito Shosuke 
Published: October 2007

SummaryVariance in iris color is related to the incidence of several important ocular diseases, including uveal melanoma and age‐related macular degeneration. The purposes of this study were to determine the quantity and the types of melanin in cultured human uveal melanocytes in relation to the iris color. Sixty‐one cell cultures of pure uveal melanocytes were isolated from donor eyes with various iris colors. The amount of eumelanin (EM) and pheomelanin (PM) of these cells was measured by chemical degradation and microanalytical high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods. The total amount of melanin was measured by both microanalytical methods and spectrophotometry. Total melanin content, measured by HPLC and spectrophotometry, correlated well with r = 0.872 (P < 0.0001). The quantity and type of melanin in iridal and choroidal melanocytes showed no significant difference (P > 0.05). When cells became senescent, the levels of EM, PM and total melanin were significantly increased. In both growing and senescent melanocytes, the quantity and type of melanin were closely correlated to the iris color. In cells from eyes with dark‐colored irides (dark brown and brown), the amount of EM, the ratio of EM/PM and total melanin were significantly greater than that from eyes with light‐colored irides (hazel, green, yellow‐brown and blue) (P < 0.0001). The quantity of PM in uveal melanocytes from eyes with light‐colored irides was slightly greater than that from dark‐colored irides, although not statistically significant (P > 0.05). The present study shows that iris color is determined by both the quantity and the type of melanin in uveal melanocytes. These results suggest a possibility that uveal melanin in eyes with dark‐colored irides is eumelanic at the surface and acts as an antioxidant while that in eyes with light‐colored irides exposes pheomelanic core and behaves as a pro‐oxidant.
Aquinas and Weakness of Will
Authors: KENT BONNIE 
Published: October 2007

Aquinas’s admirers, reacting against Donald Davidson’s criticisms of him, commonly argue (a) that the will does play a role in Aquinas’s account of incontinence, and (b) that his explanation of incontinent action turns on the weakness of the will. The first part of this paper argues that they are correct about (a) but wholly mistaken about (b). Aquinas rarely even mentions the weakness of the will, and he never invokes it to explain why someone acts counter to her own better judgment. In his view, such a person has the capacity for self‐control but fails to exercise it.  The second part of the paper considers Gary Watson’s account of incontinence, including and especially his objections to analyzing it as the failure to exercise one’s capacity for self‐control. Here I argue that Aquinas’s account better serves the purposes of moral discourse and that it should not be expected to provide the kind of causal explanation Watson seeks.
A General Strategy to Extend Turbulence Models to Rough Surfaces: Application to Smith’s k-L Model
Authors: Aupoix B. 
Published: October 2007

Abstract
A general procedure to extend turbulence models to account for wall roughness, in the framework of the equivalent sand grain approach, is proposed. It is based on the prescription of the turbulent quantities at the wall to reproduce the shift of the logarithmic profile and hence provide the right increase in wall friction. This approach was previously applied to Spalart and Allmaras one equation (1992, “A One-Equation Turbulence Model for Aerodynamic. Flows,” 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, AIAA paper No. 92-0439;1994, ibid, Rech. Aerosp. 1, pp. 5–21). Here, the strategy is detailed and applied to Smith’s two-equation k-L model (1995, “Prediction of Hypersonic Shock Wave Turbulent Boundary Layer Interactions With The k-l Two Equaton Turbulence Model,” 33rd Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NV, Paper No. 95-0232). The final model form is given. The so-modified Spalart and Allmaras and Smith models were tested on a large variety of test cases, covering a wide range of roughness and boundary layer Reynolds numbers and compared with other models. These tests confirm the validity of the approach to extend any turbulence model to account for wall roughness. They also point out the deficiency of some models to cope with small roughness levels as well as the drawbacks of present correlations to estimate the equivalent sand grain roughness.
Development and Evaluation of an Influenza Virus Subtype H7N2 Vaccine Candidate for Pandemic Preparedness
Authors: Pappas Claudia , Matsuoka Yumiko , Swayne David E. , Donis Ruben O. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT
Influenza virus of the H7N2 subtype has been introduced into noncommercial poultry in the United States, and this probably resulted in incidents of transmission of H7N2 virus to humans, documented in 2002 and 2003. This virus could be considered a potential threat to public health if it acquired person-to-person transmissibility. A favored approach for global pandemic preparedness includes development of prepandemic vaccines for any potential pandemic virus. To this end, we created a high-growth reassortant virus (H7N2-PR8) containing the genes for the hemagglutinin and the neuraminidase from a low-pathogenicity (H7N2) virus strain and the remaining six genes from a human vaccine strain (H1N1). The reassortant strain was evaluated to assess its antigenicity, safety, and protective efficacy using a mouse model. Antigenicity studies using ferret antibodies raised against H7N2-PR8 indicated that this virus confers broad cross-reactivity with divergent H7 viruses of different years and lineages. Mice and chickens inoculated with high doses of H7N2-PR8 supported virus replication but survived, indicating that this virus is comparable to other avian viruses of low pathogenicity. To assess the protective efficacy of H7N2-PR8, mice were immunized with two doses of formalin-inactivated H7N2-PR8, alone or with alum. Vaccinated mice subsequently challenged with highly pathogenic viruses from homologous and heterologous lineages A/Canada/444/04 (H7N3) and A/Netherlands/219/03 (H7N7) showed pronounced reduction of wild-type virus replication. These studies indicate that H7N2-PR8 is immunogenic, safe, and protective in animal models; these are the essential attributes to qualify for phase I human clinical trials as a prepandemic vaccine.
Serological Survey of
Rickettsia japonica
Infection in Dogs and Cats in Japan
Authors: Tabuchi Masae , Jilintai  , Sakata Yoshimi , Miyazaki Naomi , Inokuma Hisashi 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Antibodies against
Rickettsia japonica
in 20 of 1,207 dogs and 5 of 584 cats in Japan were detected using immunofluorescence. Some antibody-positive animals were detected in Niigata and Kagawa Prefectures, areas in which Japanese spotted fever in human patients has never been identified. Some animals were positive for antibodies against other new
Rickettsia
species.
Evolution of Primary and Compensatory Lamivudine Resistance Mutations in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus-Infected Patients during Long-Term Lamivudine Treatment, Assessed by a Line Probe Assay
Authors: Libbrecht Evelien , Doutreloigne Joke , Van De Velde Hilde , Yuen Man-Fung , Lai Ching-Lung , Shapiro Fred , Sablon Erwin 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTWith the availability of more potent nucleotide/nucleoside analogues, the early detection of drug-resistant mutants of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is important for the strategic treatment of chronic hepatitis B. We studied 336 serum samples from 80 patients chronically infected with HBV who were receiving lamivudine treatment for the presence of lamivudine resistance mutations at codons 80, 173, 180, and 204 of the HBV polymerase. The sequencing data were compared with the results generated with the INNO-LiPA HBV DR (drug resistance) v2 strip, a line probe assay (LiPA) covering wild-type and mutant motifs, for resistance mutations to lamivudine and adefovir dipivoxil. This method provided at least the same information as sequencing for 99.1% of all codons analyzed. On the basis of the LiPA results, 20 of 80 patients developed a lamivudine resistance mutation after 1 year. In all 20 patients, the mutation occurred in the YMDD motif at reverse transcriptase position 204 (rt204; M204V/I) either with or without the compensatory mutation at position rt180 (L180M). A compensatory mutation at position rt80 (L80V/I) was detected in half of these patients. After 36 months, a compensatory mutation was seen at position rt173 (V173L) in 3/15 patients. Time-to-event survival analysis indicated a 2.8 times greater chance for LiPA to detect a given mutation than sequencing at any moment in time (hazard ratio, 2.8, 95% confidence interval, 1.79, 4.41;P< 0.0001). These results demonstrate that a highly sensitive and specific assay such as the INNO-LiPA HBV DR v2 can precociously detect and monitor the emergence of primary and compensatory lamivudine resistance mutations in patients chronically infected with HBV and is more sensitive than sequencing.
Multicenter Comparison of the VITEK 2 Antifungal Susceptibility Test with the CLSI Broth Microdilution Reference Method for Testing Amphotericin B, Flucytosine, and Voriconazole against
Candida
spp
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Diekema D. J. , Procop G. W. , Rinaldi M. G. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

A fully automated commercial antifungal susceptibility test system (VITEK 2; bioMérieux, Inc., Hazelwood, MO) was compared in three different laboratories with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (formerly the NCCLS) reference broth microdilution method (BMD) by testing 2 quality control strains, 10 reproducibility strains, and 426 isolates of
Candida
spp. against amphotericin B, flucytosine, and voriconazole. Reference BMD MIC endpoints were established after 24 and 48 h of incubation. VITEK 2 system MIC endpoints were determined spectrophotometrically after 9.1 to 27.1 h of incubation (mean, 12 to 14 h). Excellent essential agreement (within 2 dilutions) between the VITEK 2 system and the 24- and 48-h BMD MICs was observed for all three antifungal agents: amphotericin B, 99.1% and 97%, respectively; flucytosine, 99.1% and 98.8%, respectively; and voriconazole, 96.7% and 96%, respectively. Both intra- and interlaboratory agreements were >98% for all three drugs. The overall categorical agreements between the VITEK 2 system and BMD for flucytosine and voriconazole were 98.1 to 98.6% at the 24-h BMD time point and 96.9 to 97.4% at the 48-h BMD time point. The VITEK 2 system reliably detected flucytosine and voriconazole resistance among
Candida
spp. and demonstrated excellent quantitative and qualitative agreement with the reference BMD method.
Multicenter Trials Need To Use the Same Assay for Hepatitis C Virus Viral Load Determination
Authors: Laperche Syria , Bouchardeau Françoise , Thibault Vincent , Pozzetto Bruno , Vallet Sophie , Rosenberg Arielle R. , Roque-Afonso Anne-Marie , Gassin Michèle , Stoll-Keller Françoise , Trimoulet Pascale , Gault Elyanne , Chanzy Bruno , Mercier Bernard , Branger Michel , Pawlotsky Jean-Michel , Henquell Cécile , Lunel Françoise , Gaudy-Graffin Catherine , Alain Sophie , Chaix Marie-Laure , Duverlie Gilles , Izopet Jacques , Lefrère Jean-Jacques 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTThis study, involving 20 laboratories and using currently available assays for hepatitis C virus RNA quantification, demonstrated that differences in viral load values are due not to interlaboratory variations but rather to the nature of the assay itself. This underlines the importance of using the same assay in multicenter studies or when monitoring antiviral therapy.
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Endophthalmitis
Authors: Chen Kuan-Jen , Sun Ming-Hui , Hou Chiun-Ho , Sun Chi-Chin , Chen Tun-Lu 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Melioidosis is an infectious disease caused by
Burkholderia pseudomallei
, a gram-negative bacillus. We report a case of endogenous endophthalmitis caused by
B. pseudomallei
that was treated with systemic and intravitreal ceftazidime. Finally, the patient achieved a final visual acuity of 20/60 without complication.
Differential Activation of Human Monocyte-Derived and Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells by West Nile Virus Generated in Different Host Cells
Authors: Silva Maria Carlan , Guerrero-Plata Antonieta , Gilfoy Felicia D. , Garofalo Roberto P. , Mason Peter W. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DCs) play a central role in innate immunity and antiviral responses. In this study, we investigated the production of alpha interferon (IFN-α) and inducible chemokines by human monocyte-derived dendritic cells (mDCs) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) infected with West Nile virus (WNV), an emergent pathogen whose infection can lead to severe cases of encephalitis in the elderly, children, and immunocompromised individuals. Our experiments demonstrated that WNV grown in mammalian cells (WNVVero) was a potent inducer of IFN-α secretion in pDCs and, to a lesser degree, in mDCs. The ability of WNVVeroto induce IFN-α in pDCs did not require viral replication and was prevented by the treatment of cells with bafilomycin A1 and chloroquine, suggesting that it was dependent on endosomal Toll-like receptor recognition. On the other hand, IFN-α production in mDCs required viral replication and was associated with the nuclear translocation of IRF3 and viral antigen expression. Strikingly, pDCs failed to produce IFN-α when stimulated with WNV grown in mosquito cells (WNVC7/10), while mDCs responded similarly to WNVVeroor WNVC7/10. Moreover, the IFN-dependent chemokine IP-10 was produced in substantial amounts by pDCs in response to WNVVerobut not WNVC7/10, while interleukin-8 was produced in greater amounts by mDCs infected with WNVC7/10than in those infected with WNVVero. These findings suggest that cell-specific mechanisms of WNV recognition leading to the production of type I IFN and inflammatory chemokines by DCs may contribute to both the innate immune response and disease pathogenesis in human infections.
A Self-Excisable Infectious Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Clone of Varicella-Zoster Virus Allows Analysis of the Essential Tegument Protein Encoded by
ORF9
Authors: Tischer B. Karsten , Kaufer Benedikt B. , Sommer Marvin , Wussow Felix , Arvin Ann M. , Osterrieder Nikolaus 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

In order to facilitate the generation of mutant viruses of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), the agent causing varicella (chicken pox) and herpes zoster (shingles), we generated a full-length infectious bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of the P-Oka strain. First, mini-F sequences were inserted into a preexisting VZV cosmid, and the SuperCos replicon was removed. Subsequently, mini-F-containing recombinant virus was generated from overlapping cosmid clones, and full-length VZV DNA recovered from the recombinant virus was established in
Escherichia coli
as an infectious BAC. An inverted duplication of VZV genomic sequences within the mini-F replicon resulted in markerless excision of vector sequences upon virus reconstitution in eukaryotic cells. Using the novel tool, the role in VZV replication of the major tegument protein encoded by
ORF9
was investigated. A markerless point mutation introduced in the start codon by two-step en passant Red mutagenesis abrogated
ORF9
expression and resulted in a dramatic growth defect that was not observed in a revertant virus. The essential nature of
ORF9
for VZV replication was ultimately confirmed by restoration of the growth of the
ORF9
-deficient mutant virus using
trans
-complementation via baculovirus-mediated gene transfer.