bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Divided Power and Judicial Review
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on procedures of judicial review in the Greek world. It first contextualizes the analysis within the context of the existing scholarship about the role of the Athenian graphē paranomōn and its relation with the nature of the fourth-century Athenian democracy. The examination of the procedural design of graphē paranomōn demonstrates that the Athenian graphē paranomōn was understood and conceived to be a democratic form of judicial review which constituted one of the most prominent features of Athenian divided power and added an extra layer of institutional complexity to Athenian decree-making. The chapter argues that the graphē paranomōn was a counter-deliberative procedure in the Athenian deliberative system, which enforced the rule of law in decree-making through a strictly majoritarian and adversarial mechanism in opposition to the consensual decision-making of the council and the assembly. It follows an examination of the epigraphical evidence for judicial review procedure beyond Athens in the Hellenistic period which explores the implications of delegating such a task to courts of foreign judges.
Epilogue
Authors: Esu Alberto 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The concluding chapter draws together the discussion about different forms of institutionalization of the notion of divided power as discussed in Chapters 2–6. It points out that among the three concepts of sovereignty (Souveränität, Staatsgewalt, and Herrschaft), only the former two (state personality and monopoly of coercion) can be found in the Greek world. The notion of Herrschaft indicating the final authority of a single institution, the one most frequently used when talking about Greek decision-making, is not applicable to the political systems of the Classical and Hellenistic Greek poleis. The chapter argues that the idea of divided power was widespread among different political regimes and is clearly identified in the working of the political institutions and procedures of decree-making. It also considers cases of breakdown of the system of divided power and the tension between normativity of institutions and social conflict. This final chapter reaffirms the methodological importance of studying political values and ideas from a unitary perspective which brings together institutional analysis and social and cultural approaches.
Introduction
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Within the existing literature on the ‘Special Relationship’, the military dimension has been comparatively neglected. This chapter outlines the main arguments that are covered in the book. These include the unique nature of the bilateral military relationship and the challenge for the British armed services in sustaining it with such a powerful ally. The chapter contends that the theoretical framework of historical institutionalism aids understanding of the relationship. It proceeds to look at the ways in which the British military has incurred costs in its pursuit of ensuring a capacity to operate alongside the US. The chapter reviews the sources and methods used in the research and outlines the ensuing chapters.
A History of Anglo-American Military Relations 1945–1989
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an historical overview of the period 1945–1989 in order to outline the key themes that will be analysed in the main chapters of the book. It looks at post-war British conventional and nuclear defence policies, and how these led to both cooperation and disagreement with the US. American hostility to the British Empire made it necessary to preserve independent capabilities whilst close cooperation within NATO resulted in Anglo-American unity of purpose. America’s initial opposition to Britain’s status as a nuclear power was transformed after 1958 when the US became the supplier of the British strategic nuclear deterrent.
High Intensity Conflict
Authors: Rees Wyn 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
British efforts to work with the US military post-Cold War have focused upon major war-fighting capabilities. These have been the most-demanding of tasks and have led the British to maintain forces for all sorts of contingencies. In order to be affordable, UK armed forces have adopted less technologically sophisticated solutions than those of the US. The ability of the UK to fight alongside the US has been tested in major conflicts against Iraq in 1990–1991 and 2003, as well as in Afghanistan. The challenge of being America’s partner of choice has placed a heavy burden upon the UK’s military.
THE NUCLEAR ATOM
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the quantum uncertainty and unknown of the nucleus and its role as the engine of the stars. It elaborates on the theory behind quantum mechanics to further understand the stability of atoms and matter. Among its many implications, quantum mechanics dictates that an electron cannot go wherever it pleases in an atom, so electrons in atoms follow a fundamental regularity. The chapter explains the golden rule of quantum physics concerning higher and lower momentum or energy and the phenomenon of beta decay concerned with the charge of a nucleus changing by one unit. It looks into the consequences of nature seeking stability to reduce the energy in an unstable configuration.
QUARKS
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses quarks in line with the emergence of strangeness as a new form of charge. It explains how both electric and strange charges are quantised even if the amounts are limited. The mystery of the neutron’s magnetism is solved after identifying that quarks are composed of protons and neutrons. Moreover, a quark has a magnetic moment because it spins, quantum mechanics allowing the resulting magnetic moment to be oriented in one of two directions relative to the lines of force in an applied magnetic field. The chapter explains that all fundamental particles are classified as either bosons or fermions.
A QUARK’S COLOURFUL WORLD
Authors: Close Frank 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the interplay between electric charges and colour charges. Quarks carry a positive colour charge by convention, while on the other hand, antiquarks carry a negative colour charge. The key difference between electric charge and colour charge is that the initial is the source of electric and magnetic forces while the latter comes in three distinct varieties: red (R), blue (B), and green (G). The chapter explains the rule of chromostatics before introducing the key concepts surrounding quantum chromodynamics and femto-universe. It also looks into the manifestation of the electron in line with the spin acting on the quarks’ colour change and chromo-magnetic moment.
Policy Framework for Women’s Economic Empowerment: What is Amiss?
Authors: Mitra Sona 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The paper is an assessment of the policies of the government of India addressing the issue of women’s economic empowerment and gender equality. The paper highlights the systemic issues related to women’s inclusion in the policy framework, focusing on women and the labour market. In the process it briefly explores the barriers faced by women in accessing labour markets and critically examines the current government programmes aiming to lower these barriers. The arguments locate the fault-lines of the policies that rarely take into account the social and patriarchal constructs and hence impact the overall designs and financing strategies. The paper extensively uses government documents, secondary resources, and databases provided by the government in support of the arguments made.
Recognition, Reduction, and Redistribution of Unpaid Work in India
Authors: Hirway Indira , Ghosh Anindita 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This paper examines the conceptual and empirical feasibility of the 3wR strategy (i.e. Recognition, Reduction, and Redistribution of unpaid work) to promote gender-equal economy in the context of India. Though the government has implemented some programmes to alleviate the burden of unpaid work, it is not committed to this strategy in a comprehensive manner. The author also argues that the 3R strategy is a necessary but not sufficient condition for gender equality, as gender equality requires structural steps like equal distribution of assets, and institutions that give equal voice to women, as well as a suitable institutional environment. Examining empirically the implementation of the strategy, the author concludes that there is little awareness on the part of the government about the need to reduce or redistribute unpaid work and hence there is no clear policy on redistribution of unpaid work.
Macroeconomic Policies and Unpaid Work
Authors: Hirway Indira 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Focusing on unpaid work within the production boundary, this paper dwiscusses the conceptual framework to explore the gendered impact of trade liberalization policy on the labour market as well as on the macroeconomy. Analysing the garment industry in particular, this paper finds that although the macroeconomic trade policies have enhanced the growth of the industry, the women and children who perform unpaid work within the production boundary have become the worst victims of growth. This has resulted in multiple losses at the macro level causing loss of well-being, depletion of their human capital or productivity, and denial of equal opportunities to women in the labour market and in the economy. No doubt it has led to sub-optimal use of the available labour force in the economy. The author laments that their situation is unaddressed owing to lack of data on these losses in our statistical system and concludes the paper by suggesting some measures to remedy this situation.
Social Development Index 2022
Authors: Deb Surajit 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Aggregate development indices are regularly used to assess the progresses in development. This chapter utilizes recent data to construct social development indices (SDI) for thirty-two major state/union territories of India. The aggregate index covers twenty-eight indicators within six dimensions of social development, viz., demographic, health, education, basic amenities, social, and economic. While the dimensional indices allow us to rank states according to the progresses made in a specific development dimension, the composite index provides the summary measure for a particular state by aggregating all the dimensional scores into a single number. We provide social development indices separately for the rural and urban areas besides the aggregate index for each state. We also construct separate indices disaggregated over social groups as well as the gender classes. The ranking of states according to their Aggregate-SDI-2022 scores suggests that the states of Kerala, Sikkim, Mizoram, Chandigarh, and Goa belonged to the top five ranks, while Bihar, Jharkhand, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, and Madhya Pradesh occupied the lowest five ranks. The results also advocate the hypothesis that states that are economically progressive in India are also the ones with top ranks in social developments, as the statistical correlation between the SDI and per capita net state domestic product yielded a value of 0.70.
The Death of Rhythm
Authors: Schoenberger Casey 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the rhythms of Chinese poetry and vocal arts, from the Canon of Poetry to late imperial Kun opera. It introduces musical concepts of grouping and meter, along with an “information theory” of linguistic stress proposed by San Duanmu, to analyze formal developments in line length, grammatical organization, and invention of special characters and notations. While arguing against radical disjuncture between ancient and early-medieval collections, this chapter proposes a shift from an early “iambic” metrical standard to a medieval and later “trochaic” standard. It further argues against importation of foreign rhythms as a primary motivating factor for the unequal lines of the song-lyric (ci) genre and describes how late imperial developments in rhythmic notation allowed for a “flowing” aesthetic that diminished the structural importance of the poetic line.
Emerging Technical Frontiers in Image-Based Evidence
Authors: Hak Jonathan W. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores emerging frontiers in the use of image-based evidence as methods of proof and didactic tools in international criminal prosecutions. It focuses on the role that advanced visual representations such as virtual reality, immersive virtual environments, and augmented reality can have in teaching scene and event details to the court. These methods can immerse viewers into a digitally created world such that sensory information is more psychologically prominent than the real world. They provide safe access to a scene that might not otherwise be possible or with less visual detail. The viability of these representations is dependent upon the accuracy of the measurements and other data incorporated into the environment. As with most technologies, these advanced methods have advantages, disadvantages, and legal considerations and these are discussed in detail. This chapter also looks at the use of interactive 360º visual representations. Case examples are discussed.
Introduction: French Literature and the Unquestioned White Writer
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This introductory chapter lays out the theoretical and historical rationale of the book by defining the central yet silent figure of the ‘White writer’, which emerged in the French literary field in 1921 when René Maran won the Goncourt Prize. The ‘Maran moment’ sparked an unprecedented controversy around his Blackness and status as consecrated author, setting in motion the racial partitioning of the field around its hegemonic centre: the White writer. A definition of this figure as well as an overview of late twentieth-early twenty-first-century literature in French are provided from a perspective that combines historical contextualization, sociological analysis, and theoretical discussion, exploring long-standing practices, institutional reflexes, and behaviours that undergird the separation between writers hailing from the former colonial empire and their Hexagonal peers. The presentation of the primary corpus, which includes Marie Darrieussecq, Virginie Despentes, Annie Ernaux, Édouard Louis, Pierre Lemaitre, Nicolas Mathieu, and Nicolas Fargues, is followed by a summarizing conclusion.
Colonial Detail and Textual (Dys)Function
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines Pierre Lemaitre’s novel Au revoir là-haut (winner of the Goncourt Prize 2013), focusing on the use of the ‘colonial detail’ as a narrative strategy. Lemaitre’s use of racial and colonial references to enhance the sense of historical authenticity is undermined by narratorial inattentiveness to references which are never explored in depth in the commentary or fully deployed in the diegesis. This functionalist approach stands in contrast to the writer’s expressed interest in historical accuracy, social critique, and contemporary relevance of his fictional works, in this case, the social atmosphere of France after the First World War, characterized by profiteering, government corruption, socio-economic inequality, social exclusion of disabled veterans, and marginalized sexualities. The narrative exploitation of colonial characters exposes the racial and colonial subject matter as the blind spot of the novel’s poetics and raises broader ethical questions regarding the modalities chosen by contemporary authors to infuse their texts with colonial references.
The Postcolonial as Vanishing Point
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that in Annie Ernaux’s Les Années (2008), the (post)colonial, although frequently interwoven in the subject’s personal story and the historical narrative it projects, represents a vanishing point, being as much seen, heard, and named as it is overlooked, muted, and miscalled. The (post)colonial brings together parallel narrative lines that seem completely disparate even as they recede or advance towards remote or proximal points of juncture. Yet, in contrast with the subject’s keen awareness of the colonial phenomena during the decades of decolonization, her espousal of a growing societal discourse around immigration and racism largely conceals or overlooks the colonial roots of these phenomena. In Ernaux’s ‘roman total’, the experience of silence and the state of non-belonging enhance the sense of tonal disconnection and temporal dislocation, shedding new light on the concept of ‘colonial aphasia’ and providing insight into the ways the colonial remains peripheral in social discourse.
Chaos and Convergence
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Virginie Despentes’ trilogy, Vernon Subutex (2015–2017), received both public attention and critical acclaim, yet few critics have examined the connections between the more obvious topics of nation, class, gender, and sex, on the one hand, and the postcolonial subject matter, on the other. A close examination of the novel’s racialized characters and situations reveals their key functions in the plot and their roles in the construction of the fictional ethos of a novel where the intersecting lines of colonial memory and postcolonial legacy are woven through the fabric of the narrative. Postcolonial characters seem to foreground relationality and convergence at the expense of specific differences, as they end up coming together around a common object or concern with their counterparts who hold antithetical world-views. The chapter discusses the (post)colonial’s rhematic value vs. thematic significance in the novel and identifies in its indecisive conclusion a major facet of the poetics of French White writing.
Postcolonial Otobiography
Authors: Achille Étienne , PanaÏtÉ Oana 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines Édouard Louis’ second novel, Histoire de la violence (2016) against the backdrop of the writer’s declarations about the anxiety he experienced while writing the book, illuminating the implicit and explicit risks that French White writers face when engaging with race and colonial history. Reading the text through the concept of otobiography (Jacques Derrida), a literary form predicated on the cleaving of the narrating subject in which telling oneself is inextricably linked to a listening process itself resulting in a breach of interiority, the analysis retraces the appropriation of the Kabyle character’s story into Louis’ self-reflection. While challenging the universalist expectations of a predominantly White French readership, the text fails to deconstruct Whiteness, thus becoming symptomatic of White-authored autobiographical or autofictional explorations which are ultimately reluctant to delve into their intimate experience and genuinely engage with the unacknowledged ethno-racial hierarchy at the core of French society.
Diversity becomes a problem
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 sets the scene for the rest of the book by introducing the main problem monetary policymakers in early sixteenth-century Germany were facing, and by explaining how this problem came about, that is, why the country was far more decentralized than its neighbours and how its monetary economy functioned. Taking instances of monetary crime in Augsburg, Mecklenburg, and elsewhere as the starting point, the chapter analyses how Gresham’s Law undermined the currencies used in the Holy Roman Empire of the early sixteenth century. It also examines how the decentralized political structure of the Empire emerged, paying particular attention to Germany’s specific brand of feudalism and to how high costs of information and of governance in general shaped the constitution of the country. The last section of the chapter provides a comprehensive overview of how Germany’s decentralized late medieval constitution gave rise to a chaotic monetary environment. This section also introduces some early regional currency unions and other attempts to overcome what contemporaries regularly called monetary ‘disorder and confusion’.
Making politics in the Empire
Authors: Volckart Oliver 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter analyses political decision-making structures and procedures at the level of the Empire. It describes how the emperor and the highest-ranking princes chose the location where the imperial diet was to meet and explains why making the right choice was important. The chapter finds that next to distance, the most important factors that influenced attendance at diets were the wealth and economic prosperity of the imperial estates. The chapter also examines how communications affected political decision-making, explaining how the Empire set up Europe’s first modern public mail service in the early years of the sixteenth century and how the network of postal routes that spread across the country cut the costs of transmitting information (with the consequence that for example the personal presence of princes at the imperial diet became less relevant). The last passages of the chapter use the dispatches sent by the Saxon delegation at an Empire-wide currency conference in 1549 to explain decision-making procedures. The focus is on how the ranking of the members of the Empire—from large princes down to barons and the abbots of imperial abbeys—structured discussions, helping the participants to reach agreements—agreements that often turned out to be superficial and to fall apart once the attendants had left the meeting.
The Indian Navy
Authors: Bhardwaj Atul 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter traces the evolution of the Indian Navy’s roles and missions through the prism of its experiences interacting with three major sea powers: Britain, the Soviet Union, and the United States. The chapter then examines debates within the navy over what strategies will best prepare it for the present security scenario, as well as reviewing the navy’s attempts at indigenization. The final section examines personnel, promotion policies, organizational structure, and how the Indian Navy has upgraded its training and recruitment structures to keep pace with technological changes. It concludes that unless India reforms its naval force structure, the country’s dreams of being a maritime power and a domestic producer of naval armaments will remain elusive.
The Research and Analysis Wing
Authors: Shende Shreyas , Chaudhuri Rudra 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), India’s external intelligence agency, has been in operation for over five decades, yet the organization has no constitutional status in India. There is no official history of R&AW, and the little that is known about this organization can be gleaned from a handful of memoirs authored by former serving officers focused largely on covert operations. This chapter focuses primarily on the organizational aspects of the R&AW and aims to provide a clearer institutional account of one of India’s principal security institutions. This chapter is based on a careful survey of media reports on and analyses of the organization, government reports, and interviews with former officers and experts. The chapter is divided into three sections. The first outlines the history and the core objectives of the R&AW. The second shines a light on its governance, including its organizational structure, recruitment policies, external oversight, and human and financial capital. In the concluding section, the authors analyse the agency’s need for change and reform.