bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multidimensional evaluation of craniomandibular dysfunction. I: Symptoms and correlates
Authors: DE LEEUW J.R.J. , STEENKS M.H. , ROS W.J.G. , LOBBEZOO‐SCHOLTE A.M. , BOSMAN F. , WINNUBST J.A.M. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryTo standardize clinical history taking, a comprehensive anamnestic questionnaire was developed (Screen). Screen includes questions about (i) pain, (ii) other symptoms of CMD, (iii) correlates of CMD, (iv) psychosocial factors, and (v) general health. Variables discriminating between subgroups of clinical cases and controls were described successively. This study was performed to assess whether subgroups of patients with signs and symptoms of craniomandibular dysfunction (CMD), and a control group of dental patients with and without signs and symptoms of CMD, can be characterized by differential report of signs and symptoms of CMD, as reported in Screen. Results indicate that Screen can be used to discriminate between (i) subgroups of subjects with signs or symptoms of CMD (both clinical cases and controls) and controls without signs or symptoms of CMD; (ii) subgroups of clinical cases and controls with signs and/or symptoms of CMD; and (iii) patients with CMD with mainly a myogenous component and patients with CMD with mainly an arthrogenous component. Differences between patients and controls are interpreted with regard to the correct classification of patients with CMD with mainly a myogenous component and patients with CMD with mainly an arthrogenous component, and with regard to the subjective treatment need for CMD. The results of logistic regression analyses indicate that subsets of items of Screen correctly classified up to 80% of patients with myogenous or arthrogenous CMD. Implications for further research were discussed.
Leaching from glass ionomer cements
Authors: BAPNA M.S. , MUELLER H.J. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis study compared the electrical conductivities, pH and leached ion (F−, Ca, Al, Si) concentrations in supernatant liquids obtained from four glassionomer cements, a buffered ionomer cement, a polycarboxylate cement and a zinc phosphate cement, at three different levels of settings. The result indicated that the measured parameters are highest for the unset condition of cements and decreases as the set condition is approached, except for pH, which shows the opposite trend. Two pulp sensitive glassionomer cements, Chem Bond and Ketac Cem showed high Ca : F ratios as well as high Ca and F concentrations. Further, it is suggested that the cytotoxicity of leached F−, Si, Al and Zn at high concentration and at low pH may induce sensitivity in tooth structure.
Experimental occlusal interferences. Part IV. Mandibular rotations induced by a pliable interference
Authors: CHRISTENSEN L.V. , RASSOULI N.M. 
Published: June 2007

summary
In 12 subjects, a pliable, yet unbreakable, intercuspal interference (aluminium shim onlay splint; uniform height of 0.25 mm) was placed between either the right or left maxillary and mandibular second premolars and first molars. During brief and forceful biting (dynamic chewing stroke of about 20 kg force) the interference emulated a semisoft food bolus, and at the end of biting (subsequent static clenching stroke of about 20 kg force) it emulated a rigid metal interference. During dynamic/static biting, rotational electrognathography measured maximum frontal and horizontal plane torque of the right and left mandibular condyles.Eleven subjects (92%) showed frontal plane upward rotation (mean of 1.0°) of the condyle contralateral to the interference, and one subject (8%) showed frontal plane upward rotation (0.4°) of the condyle ipsilateral to the interference. Two subjects (17%) showed no horizontal plane rotation; seven subjects (58%) showed backward rotation (mean of 0.4°) of the condyle contralateral to the interference; and three subjects (25%) showed backward rotation (mean of 0.3°) of the condyle ipsilateral to the interference. It is suggested that, in the presence of an occlusal interference, mastication may have both short‐ and long‐term detrimental effects.
Development and assessment of an objective method of colour change measurement for acrylic denture base resins
Authors: LIBERMAN R. , COMBE E.C. , PIDDOCK V. , PAWSON C. , WATTS D.C. 
Published: June 2007

SUMMARYCurrent standard specifications for the laboratory evaluation of denture base materials require subjective assessment of colour stability. This study evaluates a new objective measurement technique for translucent denture base materials, by comparing quantitative data with the results obtained from a standard subjective method. Preliminary work on three representative commercial acrylic materials resulted in the selection of a white background for the quantification of colour change of these translucent materials. One half of each sample was exposed to artificial sunlight for 24 h.The colour of both exposed and unexposed resin was measured on the CIE L*a*b* scale using a photoelectric colorimeter. Significant changes in the b* and E* values (P < 0.001) were observed following light exposure. Objective data for a wide range of commercial materials were compared with the results of a subjective evaluation and it was shown that a change in b* of 1.5 units was discernable subjectively by eye for 100% of the cases. It is suggested that this method and limit value could form the basis of a new objective colour change specification for polymeric dental materials.
CD4+ cells from patients with Common Variable Immunodeficiency have a reduced ability of CD40 ligand membrane expression after in vitro stimulation
Authors: Brugnoni Duilio , Airò Paolo , Lebovitz Morena , Malacarne Fabio , Ugazio Alberto G. , Notarangelo Luigi D. , Plebani Alessandro , Cattaneo Roberto 
Published: June 2007

Background: Common Variable Immunodeficiency (CVID) is characterized by defective antibody production. This has been variably attributed to intrinsic B‐cell defects or to T‐cell disfunctions. Recently, it has been reported that the expression of the CD40 Ligand (CD40L), a T‐cell surface molecule that plays a critical role in the cell‐contact‐mediated helper signals provided to B‐cells, is defective in a subset of patients with CVID.Methods: To demonstrate that the defective expression is due to intrinsic functional abnormalities of CD4+ lymphocytes, CD4+ cells were purified from eight patients with CVID and eight age‐paired controls, stimulated with PMA+Ionomycin. and studied for CD40L expression by flow cytome‐try using specific monoclonal antibodies.Results and conclusions: The percentage of CD4+ cells expressing CD40L after optimal stimulation was correlated with age both in patients with CVID (r: 0. 74: p: 0.04) and in healthy controls (r: 0. 73; p: 0.04). The percentage of CD40L+ cells was reduced in patients with CVID compared to that of controls (p: 0.02 when data are paired for age) with a reduced density of expression (p: < 0.01). The defect was variable in different patients and in some cases it was marginal.
Worldwide variations in prevalence of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis in children: the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC)
Authors: Strachan David , Sibbald Bonnie , Weiland Stephan , Ait‐Khaled Nadia , Anabwani Gabriel , Anderson H. Ross , Asher M. Innes , Beasley Richard , Bjorksten Bengt , Burr Michael , Clayton Tadd , Crane Julian , Ellwood Philippa , Keil Ulrich , Lai Christopher , Mallol Javier , Martinez Fernando , Mitchell Edwin , Montefort Stephen , Pearce Neil , Robertson Colin , Shah Jayant , Stewart Alistair , von Mutius Erika , Williams Hywel 
Published: June 2007

Background: As part of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC), prevalence surveys were conducted among representative samples of school children from locations in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australasia, North and South America.Subjects: 257,800 children aged 6‐7 years from 91 centres in 38 countries, and 463,801 children aged 13‐14 years from 155 centres in 56 countries. Methods: Written symptom questionnaires were translated from English into the local language for self‐completion by the 13‐14‐year‐olds and completion by the parents of the 6‐7‐year‐olds. Rhinitis was described as a problem with sneezing, or a runny, or blocked nose when you (your child) DID NOT have a cold or the flu. Additional questions were asked about rhinitis associated with itchy‐watery eyes, interference with activities and a history of hay fever ever.Results: The prevalence of rhinitis with itchy‐watery eyes (“rhinoconjunctivitis”) in the past year varied across centres from 0.8%(to 14.9% in the 6‐7‐year‐olds and from 1.4% to 39.7% in the 13‐14‐year‐olds. Within each age group, the global pattem was broadly consistent across each of the symptom categories. In centres of higher prevalence there was great variability in the proportion of rhinoconjunctivitis labelled as hay fever. The lowest prevalences of rhinoconjunctivitis were found in parts of eastern Europe. south and central Asia. High prevalences were reported from centres in several regions.Conclusion: These results suggest substantial worldwide variations in the prevalence and labelling of symptoms of allergic rhinoconjunctivitis which require further study. These differences, if real, may offer important clues to environmental influences on allergy.
The Game of Tai Sai
Authors: Wang Ann‐Lee 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn this article Ann‐Lee Wang describes a gambling game that many Malaysians engage in. often illegally. The game is called “Tai Sai” which literally means “Big Small” in Chinese. There are two versions of the game, both of which provide interesting problems for teachers of introductory courses in probability. Both versions use three dice.
Sampling In Everyday Life in Nigeria
Authors: Oshungade Isaac O. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis article describes a means of introducing the elementary concepts of sampling with practical class based discussions to a group of first year students in a four year degree programme in Statistics and in other Science courses at the University of Ilorin, Nigeria. This class is equivalent to the Advanced level course and the students are usually of ages between 17 and 19 years.
Elementary Statistics with Minitab
Authors: Johnson Phillip E. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryComputer packages are available which can take much of the tedium out of the computational aspects of statistics and, we hope, thereby improve comprehension of the concepts. This article describes how the software package Minitab was incorporated into two elementary statistics courses, one at Kingston Polytechnic in England, the other at the University of North Carolina at Charlotte in the United States.
Discovering the Laws of Sampling
Authors: Rennolls Keith , Massay Michael 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThat the sample mean and variance are “good” estimates of the corresponding population parameters is easily accepted as “obvious” by students, but the concept of standard error of the mean is often found to be quite a hurdle. That this standard error decreases inversely as the square‐root of the sample size, and the mysterious appearance of the Normal distribution, are often taken as magical and incomprehensible effects, and non‐mathematical students can often be turned away from further understanding. This article describes a program which provides an experimental framework in which the student can rapidly develop an intuition for the basic properties of sampling.
Teaching by Design
Authors: Bowman Adrian 
Published: June 2007

SummarySome teaching material which invites a group of students to design and carry out a small experiment to investigate the working of short term memory is described. No equipment of any kind is required. These ideas have been found to be very helpful in making students think about some very basic and practical issues in designing and carrying out an experiment. The simple nature of the material makes it accessible to all levels of students.
Apparent Decline As A Sign Of Improvement? or, Can Less Be More?
Authors: Chatterjee Sangit , Hawkes James 
Published: June 2007

SummaryImprovement of a system need not be the usual growth expected of dynamic systems. Decreasing variability, an important index of improvement, is discussed. The disappearance of 0.400 hitters from professional baseball can be better understood under such an assumption. Other examples illustrating the apparent paradox are also mentioned.
Retracted: On a Patrol Problem
Authors: Ageel Mohammed 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRetraction: The following article from Teaching Statistics, ‘On a Patrol Problem’ by Mohammed Ageel, published online on 8 June 2007 on Wiley Online Library (onlinelibrary.wiley.com), has been retracted by agreement between the author, the current and immediate past journal Editors, Paul Hewson and Roger Johnson, the Trustees of Teaching Statistics and Blackwell Publishing Ltd. The retraction has been agreed due to unacknowledged overlap with ‘A Patrol Problem’ by Alan Levine, published in Mathematics Magazine, vol. 59, no. 3, pp. 159–166 (1986).
British Employment Measures: Policy and Evidence
Authors: Lindley Robert 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper examines how British labour market policy has developed over the decade up to mid‐1986 and summarises the evidence available on the effects of the so‐called 'special employment measures'. Given the wide range of schemes and the variations in rules governing them as they evolved, no attempt is made to give details of the different schemes. The aims are to identify the main shifts in policy and to address the principal methodological and empirical issues which arise in attempting to evaluate policy.The main focus of the paper is on those measures which have been designed to increase employment without threatening the attempts by successive governments first to restrain the growth of public expenditure and then to reduce the level in real terms. The mainstream macroeconomic and labour market strategy continues to stress the need for fiscal and monetary restraint combined with much greater labour market flexibility.Whilst the paper is concerned with employment measures, the Youth Training Scheme is also included. It represents the biggest of all the programmes initiated during the last decade or so of policy intervention and is concerned with providing employment as well as training opportunities.
A Stock‐Flow Model to Analyse and Forecast Labour Market Variables
Authors: Bruni Michele 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In confronting problems of employment and unemployment, students of the labour market, and economists in general have focused mainly on the determination of the level of such variables.Much less attention has been paid to such questions as: how many persons have entered the area of employment and the labour force in various time periods, and how many have exited; their sex and age distribution; and the determinants of the level and structure of flows amongst the various labour market conditions. Yet it appears superfluous to underscore the relevance of such questions. To illustrate, suffice it to recall that in Italy, the present level of employment is essentially the same today as it was in 1961‘; but this has not prevented whole generations of young people from 'stably’entering the employment area, albeit with varying degrees of difficulty in different periods.As for the numerous statistical surveys of labour market flows in a range of countries, and as for the works of job search theorists2, it should be observed that such surveys and analyses essentially concern conjunctural phenomena. Consequently, these authors have paid no attention to the distinction between short‐run turnover and generational turnover, or to the extremely singular characteristics of the statistical data on flows. An attempt to construct labour market models that present an integrated version of the 'structural’aspects of the market in terms of stock and flows is therefore lacking.The present study sets forth various objectives and is divided into two parts.In the first, an analysis of several controversial terminological aspects of the concepts of stock and flow is presented, and an attempt is made to point out those theoretical structures which have been responsible for the long‐prevailing neglect of the labour market flows, particularly long‐run flows. Then the problem of defining the concepts of short‐run and generational turnover will be confronted in light of an analysis of the statistical methods used in the surveys; finally, a methodology for measuring generational flows is proposed.In the second part of the paper a model based on generational flows, as previously defined, will be presented together with a computational procedure capable to produce long run estimates of alternative scenarios of labour demand and supply and of the structure of employment by sex and age. A brief summary of some of the empirical results obtained applying our model and forecasting procedure to the Italian labour market will also be discussed in the final part of the paper.
Modelling Job‐Search Duration from the Italian Labour Force Data
Authors: Torelli Nicola , Trivellato Ugo 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Micro (and possibly panel) data from the Labour Force Surveys are a valuable source for analysing the labour supply behaviour. Among the information collected by the quarterly Italian Labour Force Survey conducted by ISTAT (the Italian national statistical agency), there are data on the duration of job‐search.From a single survey, one can only know the duration of search up to the time of the interview. Nonetheless, by appropriately exploiting the longitudinal structure of the survey (the sample scheme is a rotated one, with a 50|X% overlapping of the sample units in two subsequent quarters) it is possible to measure, although imperfectly, some completed spells of job‐search.In this paper, we try to model the duration of job‐search for a sample of young unemployed. Considerable attention is devoted to the measure of duration of search, and to the evaluation of its accuracy. A one state proportional hazard model is specified and estimated, accounting also for unobserved heterogeneity.The model is estimated on a sample of young (15 to 29 years old) unemployed in January 1986 reinterviewed in April, in an Italian region (Lombardy).The major finding is a fairly clear evidence, both for males and females, of negative duration dependence, even after accounting for the unobserved heterogeneity that turns out to affect the female population.
A Long Cycle in Industrial Relations, or: Regulation Theory and Political Economy
Authors: Salvati Michele 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The main purpose of this paper is to test the Regulation Theory (la Théorie de la Régulation) ‘ on a subject — the long cycle of rigidity/flexibility in labour markets and industrial relations we have experienced between the late sixties and now — that should be one of the central concerns of such a theory, being linked to one of its basic concepts: the Rapport Salarial. Does the theory of regulation help us (more than rival theoretical frameworks do) in explaining why we underwent a rigidity/flexibility cycle? And in explaining why this cycle took such different forms in different countries?In order to achieve this purpose, the author first distinguishes several meanings, or dimensions, or rigidity/flexibility (money and real wage, numerical, functional, intensive, dualistic, geographical) and goes to some length in analysing why comparisons in this field between national industrial relations systems and labour market arrangements are rather difficult to perform. Having done that, the author argues that regulation theory is of little help in understanding our diachronic question — why we went through a flexibility cycle — because such a theory does not make any strong bet on the causes of change in the institutional arrangements of labour markets and industrial relations. On the synchronic question — why the forms of the cycle have been so different cross‐nationally — the conclusion is that Regulation Theory can be useful as a focusing device, as an ideal‐type, but that a lot of nationally‐specific materials have to be added in order to obtain adequate answers.The paper ends up with a methodological discussion on the statute of regulation theory. It is argued that it is neither theory nor history: it is a series of ideal‐types of system‐integration, connected by ex‐post, historical linkages.
Productivity Competitiveness among Non Cooperating Integrated Economies: A Negative‐Sum Game
Authors: Sardoni Sergio Bruno–Claudio 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The strategies adopted by European countries during the 1970‘s and 1980‘s have been unsuccessful in their attempt to produce more employment. These strategies have been centred on attempts to improve the international position of a country at the expense of the others through increasing productivity and competitiveness. The negative effects on employment due to higher productivity should have been offset, in the longer run, by an increasing share of exports. But the eventual result has been that relative positions of countries have remained fundamentally unchanged. This is due to the fact that all countries adopted the same strategy. Aggressive strategies do not pay in terms of employment. More effective policies, in a situation characterized by accelerated technical progress, can be more easily implemented in a more co‐operative international context.Even if there is no moral solidarity between the nearly related races of Europe, there is an economic solidarity which we cannot disregard. Even now the world markets are one. This is to put the issue on its lowest grounds. There are other arguments, which the most obtuse cannot ignore, against a policy of spreading and encouraging further the economic ruin of great countries (J.M. Keynes) 18
Some Critical Reflections on the Principles and Instruments of the Welfare State
Authors: Roberti Paolo 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The crisis of the welfare state continues to be associated with the ‘hypertrophic‘ growth of social expenditure in public sector budgets and with the fiscal crisis of the state. This approach is refuted in this paper and preference is given to an explanation of the problems of the welfare state which attributes them to a complex set of (interrelated) causes, among which the most salient are: the crisis of principles and objectives; the inability to combine social principles and objectives with those of the market; and the limits of a system which, although capable of enormous ‘churning‘, only succeeds in producing, in most circumstances, zero‐sum games. In order to corroborate these theses, a number of reflections are developed on six themes which can be regarded as illustrative of the main ailments afflicting current social policy systems in industrialized countries.If every individual were reared in conditions as favourable to health as science can make them, received an equally thorough and stimulating education up to sixteen, and knew on reaching manhood that, given a reasonable measure of hard work and good fortune, he and his family could face the risks of life without being crushed by them, the most shocking of existing inequalities would be on the way to disappear. Sharp contrasts of pecuniary income might indeed remain, as long as society were too imperfectly civilized to put an end to them. But the range of life corrupted by their influence would be narrower than today. It would cease to be the rule for the rich to be rewarded, not only with riches, but with a preferential share of health and life, and for the penalty of the poor to be not merely poverty, but ignorance, sickness and premature death (K.H. Tawney) 1.