bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Construction of a hybrid flame retardant based on mesoporous silica for enhancing fire safety, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties of epoxy resins
Authors: Yue Liang , Shi Shuyang , Zheng Shuxian , Huang Yiwen , Rao Wenhui , Yu Chuanbai 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn order to improve the fire safety of epoxy resins (EPs), the SBA‐15 based hybrid flame retardant (SNAZD) was synthesized via an organic–inorganic hybridization strategy of mesoporous silica SBA‐15. Relying on electrostatic interaction, the zinc amino‐tris‐(methylenephosphonate) (Zn‐ATMP) was successfully introduced into the pore channels of SBA‐15. Then, 9,10‐dihydro‐9‐oxa‐10‐phosphaphenanthrene‐10‐oxide (DOPO) was successfully loaded into the pores of SBA‐15 under vacuum. The results show that the EP composites with the 5%SNAZD sample (sample EP‐5%SNAZD) showed a LOI value of 30.9% and achieved the vertical burning V‐0 rating. In comparison to EP, the peak heat release rate, peak smoke production rate, and production rate of CO of EP‐3%SNAZD were reduced by 32.2%, 31.9%, and 20.0%, respectively. This is due to the presence of Si, P, N, and Zn elements in the SNAZD, which promoted the generation of a high yield of dense char residue and inhibited the release of toxic gasses. And the impact strength and flexural strength of EP‐1%SNAZD were increased by 19.5% and 15.6%, respectively, and the E' of EP‐5%SNAZD increased by 49.1% when compared with the neat EP. This work provides a general strategy for the design of mesoporous hybrid flame retardant and creates additional opportunities for applications of EP.
A comprehensive review on potential drug–drug interactions of proton pump inhibitors with antidiabetic drugs metformin and DPP‐4 inhibitors
Authors: Tasnim Jarin , Hashim Najihah Mohd , Han Heh Choon 
Published: March 2024

AbstractA drug interaction is a condition in which two or more drugs are taken at the same time. Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a significant contributor to polypharmacy. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) are often prescribed in combination with metformin or DPP‐4 inhibitors (sitagliptin, saxagliptin, linagliptin, and alogliptin) or a combined dose of metformin and DPP‐4 inhibitor to treat gastritis in diabetic patients. This review article mainly focused on evaluating the potential drug–drug interactions (DDIs) between PPIs (i.e. esomeprazole, lansoprazole, omeprazole, pantoprazole, and rabeprazole) with metformin and PPIs with DPP‐4 inhibitors. The findings demonstrated the existence of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic DDIs between the aforementioned PPIs with metformin and DPP‐4 inhibitors, which could impact the biological activities (i.e., hypoglycemia) of these drugs. Moreover, this review suggested that esomeprazole could be the best drug in the PPI group to be prescribed simultaneously with metformin and DPP‐4 inhibitors, as most of the antidiabetic drugs of this study did not show any interaction with esomeprazole. The findings of this study also revealed that both antidiabetic drugs and PPIs could have positive interactions as PPIs have the potential to lessen the gastrointestinal side effects of metformin and DPP‐4 inhibitors. To achieve the greatest therapeutic impact with the fewest side effects, careful dose control of these drugs is required. So, more extensive research on both human and animal subjects are needed to ascertain the veracity of this hypothesis.
Paynantheine more effectively reverses multidrug resistance in malignant EPG85.257RDB and MCF7MX cells than morphine and speciociliatine
Authors: Abdali Nayereh , Nadipour Borujeni Mohammad , Hosseini Sayedeh Azimeh , Malekzadeh Rahim , Abolhasani Marzieh , Mirzaei Seyed Abbas , Elahian Fatemeh 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe possible interactions of morphine, paynantheine and speciociliatine alkaloids with ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters was investigated. The compounds were docked against ABCG2 and ABCB1 to predict the binding mode of alkaloids in active binding sites. The cytotoxicity of morphine, paynantheine and speciociliatine for EPG85.257RDB and MCF7MX cells was determined and ABCB1 and ABCG2 gene and protein expression were determined. The binding score of paynantheine to ABCB1 was higher in the docking studies. Paynantheine and speciociliatine had similar binding scores to ABCB1, but higher binding scores to ABCG2 than did morphine. Paynantheine and speciociliatine were more effective against MCF7MX and EPG85.257RDB cells and showed greater cyctotoxicity in the MTT assay. The effect of morphine and paynantheine on the ABCB1 gene and protein expression suggests these compounds can reduce resistance in cancer patients, but that speciociliatine may not be a suitable candidate because of its increased ABCB1 expression while speciociliatine decreased the expression of ABCG2 in MCF7MX cells. This indicates that speciociliatine is a better candidate for reducing drug resistance in this cell line. Structural modification, drug‐metabolizing enzymes and differences in the binding sites could cause functional differences between these compounds.
Use of Suspended Particles as a New Approach to Increase the Active Electrode Area in Water Electrolysis Experiments
Authors: Balkenhohl Danni , Huck Marten , Bookholt Tom , Lilli Bettina , Enke Dirk , Rüwe Klara , Brune Julia , Daum Diemo , Schäfer Helmut 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe development of base metal electrodes that can act as active and stable oxygen generating electrodes in water electrolysis systems, especially at low pH levels, remains a challenge. The use of suspensions as electrolytes for water splitting has until recently been limited to photoelectrocatalytic approaches. A high current density (j=30 mA/cm2) for water electrolysis has been achieved at a very low oxygen evolution reaction (OER) potential (E=1.36 V vs. RHE) using a SnO2/H2SO4 suspension–based electrolyte in combination with a steel anode. More importantly, the high charge–to–oxygen conversion rate (Faraday efficiency of 88 % for OER at j=10 mA/cm2 current density). Since cyclic voltammetry (CV) experiments show that oxygen evolution starts at a low, but not exceptionally low, potential, the reason for the low potential in chronoamperometry (CP) tests is an increase in the active electrode area, which has been confirmed by various experiments. For the first time, the addition of a relatively small amount of solids to a clear electrolyte has been shown to significantly reduce the overpotential of the OER in water electrolysis down to the 100 mV region, resulting in a remarkable reduction in anode wear while maintaining a high current density.
Breaking the Rules: On the Relative Stability of Some Methylencyclopropane and Methylcyclopropene Derivatives
Authors: Santalucia Delio , Bondanza Mattia , Lipparini Filippo , Ripszam Matyas , Rossi Nicolò , Mandoli. Alessandro 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe structure of the spirocyclic product obtained by reacting catechol with 1,1‐dichloro‐2‐(chloromethyl)cyclopropane is shown by NMR and X‐ray analysis to be that of a 2‐methylcyclopropene (MeCP), instead of the previously reported 2‐methylenecyclopropane (MCP) one. The study of the equilibration between the two isomeric forms by experimental and computational means (including both Density Functional Theory – DFT – and Coupled Cluster with single, double, and perturbative triple excitations – CCSD(T) – calculations) revealed that, at variance with most of the alkylidenecyclopropane/alkylcyclopropene systems described to date, for the compounds of the present study the MeCP derivative is more stable by≈ 2.5–3.0 Kcal mol−1 than the MCP one. The extension of the DFT and CCSD(T) study to other spiro‐MCP/MeCP pairs suggests that the origin of the unexpected shift of the equilibrium position can be tracked back to a combination of electronic and ring‐strain effects. These findings lead to re‐think a long‐standing, and substantially undisputed belief in the area of unsaturated cyclopropane derivatives.
Covalent and Visible‐Light Photoswitchable Derivatives of the Potent Synthetic Opioid Isotonitazene and Other Nitazenes
Authors: Lahmy Ranit , Hübner Harald , Gmeiner Peter , König Burkhard 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIsotonitazene belongs to a potent class of μ‐opioid receptor (μOR) ligands, known as nitazenes. The lack of knowledge surrounding this agonist and others in its class has sparked thorough re‐investigations. To aid in these investigations, the purportedly covalent yet underexplored nitazene BIT was biochemically re‐evaluated in this work, along with a newly synthesized analogue, Iso‐BIT. Moreover, in the pursuit of understanding the mechanism, function and interactions of the μOR, this study involved developing photoswitchable nitazene derivatives as potential probe molecules. Converting known ligands into azo‐containing photoswitchable derivatives offers the opportunity to modulate ligand structure with light, allowing for photocontrol of compound activity. While photocontrol of μOR activity could not be entirely achieved, photophysical evaluation of these 2‐benzimidazole azo‐arenes revealed a novel photoswitch scaffold that responds to visible light. Furthermore, azo‐containing 2 e and 3 e emerged as promising nitazene derivatives that were able to form an exceptionally high fraction of covalent‐ligand receptor complexes with wild‐type μOR at physiological pH.
Conducting polymer hydrogels based on supramolecular strategies for wearable sensors
Authors: Sun Zhiyuan , Ou Qingdong , Dong Chao , Zhou Jinsheng , Hu Huiyuan , Li Chong , Huang Zhandong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractConductive polymer hydrogels (CPHs) are gaining considerable attention in developing wearable electronics due to their unique combination of high conductivity and softness. However, in the absence of interactions, the incompatibility between hydrophobic conductive polymers (CPs) and hydrophilic polymer networks gives rise to inadequate bonding between CPs and hydrogel matrices, thereby significantly impairing the mechanical and electrical properties of CPHs and constraining their utility in wearable electronic sensors. Therefore, to endow CPHs with good performance, it is necessary to ensure a stable and robust combination between the hydrogel network and CPs. Encouragingly, recent research has demonstrated that incorporating supramolecular interactions into CPHs enhances the polymer network interaction, improving overall CPH performance. However, a comprehensive review focusing on supramolecular CPH (SCPH) for wearable sensing applications is currently lacking. This review provides a summary of the typical supramolecular strategies employed in the development of high‐performance CPHs and elucidates the properties of SCPHs that are closely associated with wearable sensors. Moreover, the review discusses the fabrication methods and classification of SCPH sensors, while also exploring the latest application scenarios for SCPH wearable sensors. Finally, it discusses the challenges of SCPH sensors and offers suggestions for future advancements.
Design and synthesis of APN and 3CLpro dual‐target inhibitors based on STSBPT with anticoronavirus activity
Authors: Zheng Youle , Feng Jin , Song Yanbin , Yu Yixin , Ling Min , Zhang Mengjia , Xie Haijiao , Li Wentao , Xu Wang  
Published: March 2024

AbstractCoronaviruses (CoVs) have continuously posed a threat to human and animal health. However, existing antiviral drugs are still insufficient in overcoming the challenges caused by multiple strains of CoVs. And methods for developing multi‐target drugs are limited in terms of exploring drug targets with similar functions or structures. In this study, four rounds of structural design and modification on salinomycin were performed for novel antiviral compounds. It was based on the strategy of similar topological structure binding properties of protein targets (STSBPT), resulting in the high‐efficient synthesis of the optimal compound M1, which could bind to aminopeptidase N and 3C‐like protease from hosts and viruses, respectively, and exhibit a broad‐spectrum antiviral effect against severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV 2 pseudovirus, porcine epidemic diarrhea virus, transmissible gastroenteritis virus, feline infectious peritonitis virus and mouse hepatitis virus. Furthermore, the drug‐binding domains of these proteins were found to be structurally similar based on the STSBPT strategy. The compounds screened and designed based on this region were expected to have broad‐spectrum and strong antiviral activities. The STSBPT strategy is expected to be a fundamental tool in accelerating the discovery of multiple targets with similar effects and drugs.
Interpreting biogeochemical processes through the relationship between total alkalinity and dissolved inorganic carbon: Theoretical basis and limitations
Authors: Yin Hang , Jin Lei , Hu Xinping 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe marine carbonate system is influenced by anthropogenic CO2 uptake, biogeochemical processes, and physical changes that involve freshwater input and removal. Two frequently used parameters to quantify seawater carbonate system are total alkalinity (TA) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). To account for the physical changes, both TA and DIC are usually normalized to a reference salinity (i.e., nTA and nDIC), and then the relationship between nTA and nDIC is used to identify major biogeochemical processes that regulate the carbonate system, based on process‐specific reaction stoichiometry. However, the theoretical basis of this interpretation has not been holistically examined. In this study, we validated this method under idealized conditions and discussed the associated assumptions and limitations. Furthermore, we applied this method to interpret field TA and DIC data from a lagoonal estuary in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Our results demonstrated that evaluating field data that encompass multiple stations and time periods could be problematic. In addition, various combinations of biogeochemical processes can lead to the same nTA–nDIC relationship, even though the relative importance of each individual process may vary significantly. Therefore, the stoichiometric relationship relying solely on TA and DIC data is not a definitive approach for uncovering dominant biogeochemical processes. Instead, measurements of process‐specific parameters are necessary.
Accurate determination of sorghum origin based on hyperspectral imaging technology and machine learning
Authors: Zhao Guangxia , Wang Qi , Zhang Pengfei , Xu Zhuopin , Tang Liwen , Li Xiaohong 
Published: March 2024

AbstractSorghum is an important crop, and the quality of sorghum of the same variety from different geographic origins varies greatly. This study focuses on HongYingZi sorghum from five distinct origins, employing a combination of hyperspectral imaging (HSI) technology and machine learning algorithms to investigate methods for classifying sorghum origin. Multiplicative scatter correction and the Savizkg‐Golay algorithms were used to preprocess HSI data, and the characteristic wavelengths were screened by the successive projections algorithm (SPA). Based on AdaBoost, ExtraTreesClassifier, Gradient Boosting, Decision Tree, and Random Forest algorithms, classification models based hyperspectral data were established respectively, and validation experiments were conducted. The results show that for the full‐band spectra, the ExtraTreesClassifier algorithm has the highest accuracy; the average accuracy on the training set and test set were 0.9925 and 0.9854, respectively. The classification results were visualized and analyzed using Python. The results highlight the effectiveness of HSI combined with machine learning algorithms in achieving nondestructive detection of sorghum origin within the same variety. This study provides a precise method for rapid and nondestructive determination of sorghum origin.
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: A Prospective Descriptive Study of the Microbiology and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns
Authors: Suttle Tessa K. , Els Timothy , Toman Julia , Curtis Danielle , McNab Rheese , Sizemore Anna , Van Cleve Margaret , Brombacher Richard A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to identify dominant causative pathogens of chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) and their antimicrobial susceptibility patterns. The secondary objective is to assess the cholesteatoma concurrence among this population.Study DesignA prospective descriptive study.SettingPort Elizabeth Provincial Hospital, Eastern Cape, South Africa.MethodsAural swabs of purulent otorrhoea were collected from patients with CSOM attending the otorhinolaryngology outpatient department between April 2022 and June 2023. Samples were analyzed to determine the microbiological spectrum and evaluate antimicrobial sensitivities. Patient files were reviewed to identify cases with cholesteatoma. The study population size of 169 enabled representative results for a confidence interval of 90%.ResultsPatients were divided into 2 age categories: children (0‐12 years) and adults (>12 years). Adults represented the majority of cases (76.9%) and females (58.6%) were affected more than males. Fungal isolates, Candida species and Aspergillus species, were the most common (20.8%). This was followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa (12.4%) and Staphylococcus aureus (11.8%). 3.6% of cases cultured Mycobacterial tuberculosis which was high compared to global estimates. Susceptibility patterns showed 94.3% sensitivity of fungal cultures to fluconazole. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 100% susceptible to piperacillin‐tazobactam and cefepime, but only 76.2% sensitive to ciprofloxacin. Cholesteatoma concurrence was identified in 17.8%.ConclusionCSOM remains a public health challenge. This study highlights the need to consider fungal etiology in instances where standard antibiotic treatments prove ineffective. Given the variety of cultured organisms and their susceptibility patterns, incorporating culture‐directed therapy should be considered standard practice for chronic otorrhoea patients.
Environmental vulnerability as a public priority: The view of local economic elites
Authors: Castillo Manlio F. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe study explains the factors leading local economic elites (LEEs) to consider vulnerability to natural hazards (VNH) a priority public problem. An Optimal Scaling Regression model was estimated based on information from 57 Latin American and Caribbean (LAC) cities. The estimation included variables related to risk exposure, social conditions, and disaster management instruments. The central factors that explain why LEEs consider VNH a priority problem are the level of real exposure to natural risks and a high proportion of the local population living in poverty. LEEs seem to assume that the social deprivations that accentuate environmental vulnerability should be treated independently of the problem of equity; LEEs seem to relativize the VNH problem as the size of the city increases by assuming that VNH does not affect the whole city; government instruments for the management of natural hazards do not exert any influence on the perception of LEEs on environmental vulnerability. The findings help us to understand the low collective effectiveness of emergency management instruments in the LAC region.
Identification of a new α‐glucosidase inhibitor: Alkyl ferulate ester derived from unripe fruits of Solanum torvum Swartz
Authors: Le Tho Huu , Nguyen Tien Hoang , Phan Vy Thuy Hoang , Nguyen Hai Xuan , Truong Thang Quoc , Nguyen Thy Anh , Van Do Truong Nhat , Nguyen Mai Thanh Thi 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn this study, the phytochemical compositions and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity of the ethyl acetate extract derived from the unripe fruits of Solanum torvum Swartz have been investigated. The investigation led to the isolation of a new isoferulate fatty alkyl ester, solacanin B (1), in addition to eight known compounds, including lyciumol A (2), ethyl caffeate (3), caffeic acid (4), scopoletin (5), p‐hydroxybenzaldehyde (6), p‐hydroxybenzoic acid (7), vanillic acid (8) and 1‐O‐palmitoylglycerol (9). The structural elucidation of these compounds was achieved through extensive spectroscopic analyses and reference literature. Bioactivity assay of all compounds demonstrated that compounds 1–4, and 7 showed more potent α‐glucosidase inhibition activities, with IC50 values of 48.4, 29.3, 38.8, 95.0, and 186.6 µm, respectively, than that of positive control acarbose (IC50, 214.5 µm).
Merging two cultures: Deep and statistical learning
Authors: Bhadra Anindya , Datta Jyotishka , Polson Nicholas G. , Sokolov Vadim , Xu Jianeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractOur goal is to provide a review of deep learning methods which provide insight into structured high‐dimensional data. Merging the two cultures of algorithmic and statistical learning sheds light on model construction and improved prediction and inference, leveraging the duality and trade‐off between the two. Prediction, interpolation, and uncertainty quantification can be achieved using probabilistic methods at the output layer of the model. Rather than using shallow additive architectures common to most statistical models, deep learning uses layers of semi‐affine input transformations to provide a predictive rule. Applying these layers of transformations leads to a set of attributes (or, features) to which probabilistic statistical methods can be applied. Thus, the best of both worlds can be achieved: scalable prediction rules fortified with uncertainty quantification where sparse regularization finds the features. We review the duality between shallow and wide models such as principal components regression, and partial least squares and deep but skinny architectures such as autoencoders, multilayer perceptrons, convolutional neural net, and recurrent neural net. The connection with data transformations is of practical importance for finding good network architectures. By incorporating probabilistic components at the output level, the predictive uncertainty is allowed. We illustrate this idea by comparing plain Gaussian processes (GP) with partial least squares + Gaussian process (PLS + GP) and deep learning + Gaussian process (DL + GP).This article is categorized under:
Statistical Learning and Exploratory Methods of the Data Sciences > Deep Learning
Wodurch wird eine soziale Pluralität zu einer epistemischen Autorität?
Authors: Hauswald Rico 
Published: March 2024

ZusammenfassungIntuitiv besteht der Unterschied zwischen einer gut funktionierenden wissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft und einer pseudowissenschaftlichen Gemeinschaft darin, dass ein Konsens, eine Mehrheitsmeinung usw., der/die in der ersteren besteht, gute wahrheitsindikative Eigenschaften besitzt (d. h. man kann mit relativ hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit davon ausgehen, dass p der Fall ist, wenn es einen Konsens, eine Mehrheitsmeinung usw. in der Gemeinschaft gibt), wohingegen ein Konsens, eine Mehrheitsmeinung usw. in der letzteren weniger zuverlässig die Wahrheit anzeigt. Um diesen Unterschied begrifflich zu fassen, werde ich auch sagen, dass erstere einen „epistemischen Output“ hervorbringt, den man (z. B. als Laie) zur Wahrheitsfeststellung verwenden kann, letztere dagegen nicht, wobei „epistemischer Output“ eine auf alle Wahrheitsindikatoren anwendbare Sammelbezeichnung ist.
Plurale Verstehens-Autoritäten
Authors: Hauswald Rico 
Published: March 2024

ZusammenfassungIch hatte in Teil II argumentiert, dass individuelle epistemische Autoritäten einen Autoritätsstatus nicht nur im Hinblick auf die Kenntnis propositionaler Wahrheiten über eine thematische Domäne besitzen können, sondern auch im Hinblick auf das Verstehen einer Domäne. Für Subjekte, die die Domäne verstehen möchten, sind solche Verstehens-Autoritäten die richtigen Ansprechpartner. Können plurale epistemische Autoritäten in vergleichbarer Weise als Verstehens-Autoritäten in Erscheinung treten? Um diese Frage soll es in diesem Kapitel gehen. Ich werde zunächst im Allgemeinen verschiedene Hinsichten diskutieren, in denen epistemische Güter einen kollektiven Charakter haben können, und im Besonderen überlegen, inwiefern auch Verstehen einen derartigen kollektiven Status besitzen kann.