bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonlinear MPC of kites under varying wind conditions for a new class of large‐scale wind power generators
Authors: Ilzhöfer A. , Houska B. , Diehl M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this paper we investigate nonlinear model predictive control (NMPC) for control of power generating kites under changing wind conditions. We derive a realistic nonlinear model for a kite and compute energy optimal loops for different wind speeds. We formulate the optimal control problem used by NMPC with an adaptive periodic reference orbit. Under changing wind conditions we use the corresponding energy optimal orbit as reference. To assure that the references do not unnecessarily depend on the wind conditions, we added extra constraints. We solve this NMPC problem numerically with the real‐time iteration scheme using direct multiple shooting. Finally, we present numerical simulations which show how this approach can handle even large disturbances of the wind direction and speed with negligible energy losses. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Constraints on benthic algal response to nutrient addition in oligotrophic mountain rivers
Authors: Bowman Michelle F. , Chambers Patricia A. , Schindler David W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNutrient availability has long been considered one of the most important factors regulating production of benthic algae in oligotrophic rivers; yet, empirical relationships do not have as wide an application as similar models derived for lentic systems. The aim of this research was to derive empirical relationships between nutrient concentrations and benthic algal abundance and to identify commonalities with other studies to improve our understanding of constraints on algae in oligotrophic rivers. Surveys of physical, chemical and biological attributes of oligotrophic mountain rivers in spring, summer and autumn for 2 years confirmed that small amounts of anthropogenic phosphorus (0.1–5.6 µg/L total phosphorus (TP)) resulted in 4‐ to 30‐fold increases in abundance of benthic algae and benthic macroinvertebrates (BMIs). Algal accrual along a gradient in nutrient availability was not masked by grazing pressure but was positively correlated with abundance of scrapers. Epilithic abundance was highest downstream of anthropogenic nutrient sources in autumn. We concluded that benthic algal abundance in these mountain rivers was weakly correlated with phosphorus availability if light was not limiting but ultimately controlled by temperature and river discharge. Therefore, we recommend more direct measures of nutrient limitation be used to predict changes in ecological integrity at the lower end of the resource gradient. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bauen mit ETFE‐Folien – Ein Praxisbericht
Authors: Schöne Lutz 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUm ETFE (Ethylen‐Tetra‐Fluorethylen)‐Folien nachhaltig einen Platz im Materialkanon der Baukonstruktionen zu sichern, wie es für das Glas und die textilen Gewebe in den letzten Jahren gelungen ist, ist eine ständige kritische Bestandsaufnahme notwendig. Dieser Aufsatz soll hierzu einen Beitrag leisten, indem aus allen Bereichen des ingeniösen Umgangs mit Folien berichtet wird. Ausgehend von den Materialeigenschaften wird das Tragverhalten pneumatisch und mechanisch vorgespannter Tragwerke beschrieben, deren Bemessung und Konstruktion angesprochen und sinnvolle zukünftige Entwicklungen diskutiert.
Tensairity‐Patent – Eine pneumatische Tenso‐Struktur
Authors: Pedretti Mauro , Luscher Rudolf 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDie Parkhauserweiterung für eine zentral gelegene Park‐and‐Rail‐Station in Montreux, Schweiz, durch Luscher Architectes aus Lausanne und mit dem Ingenieurunternehmen Airlight aus Biasca, Schweiz, stellt die erste wichtige architektonische Anwendung des “Tensairity”‐Patents dar. Dabei handelt es sich um eine synergetische Kombination aus Stahlelementen und einem pneumatischen Glasfasergewebe‐Träger, die die Realisierung von neuen, innovativen, sehr leichten und trotzdem sehr widerstandsfähigen konstruktiven Formen ermöglicht.
Kinetics of growth of nanowhiskers (nanowires and nanotubes)
Authors: Avramov Isak 
Published: April 2007

Abstract
The kinetics of nanowhiskers growth is studied theoretically taking into account the adatom diffusion from the surface to the top of needle. An exponential growth with time is expected for the initial stages of the process, when the lengthl of the whisker is smaller than the average diffusion length λ of adatoms. It transforms to linear growth rate forl > λ. The formation of nanotubes with a hollow core dislocation is explained by accounting for the role of the stress in the middle of screw dislocations. When the magnitude of the Burgers vector exceeds a critical value, it is energetically more favorable to remove the highly strained material around the dislocation line and to create a tube with an additional free surface. Additionally, there is an important size effect, due to the small radiusR of the nanowhisker. The interplay, between the contributions from the size effects and from the diffusion, explains why for the very thin nanowhiskers the lengthl is proportional to the radiusR while, otherwise the length is inversely proportional to it, i.e.,l∼1/R.
Urban adolescent stress and hopelessness
Authors: Landis Dana , Gaylord‐Harden Noni K. , Malinowski Sara L. , Grant Kathryn E. , Carleton Russell A. , Ford Rebecca E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study sought to explore potential mechanisms through which uncontrollable, chronic stressors may lead to hopelessness in low‐income, urban adolescents. In particular, the roles of specific coping strategies as moderators and/or mediators of the association between stressors and hopelessness were examined. Results suggest that chronic, uncontrollable stressors were significantly and positively related to hopelessness in this sample. Active coping, distraction coping, and social‐support‐seeking coping emerged as moderators for males, such that uncontrollable stressors were more highly associated with hopelessness for those boys who reported using more active, distraction, and social‐support‐seeking coping strategies. An analogous moderating effect was found for ruminative coping for girls. Ruminative coping also emerged as a mediator of the relation between uncontrollable stressors and hopelessness for girls.
The relation between self‐concept and social functioning in adolescence
Authors: Ybrandt H. 
Published: April 2007

ABSTRACTA model of the relation between self‐concept and internalizing and externalizing problem behaviours in adolescence, with the self‐concept influencing problem behaviours (S→IE), was assessed using a sample of 277 Swedish adolescents. The model was tested in a path analysis with data from Youth Self Report (YSR) and Structural Analysis of Social Behaviour (SASB) questionnaires. Consistent with the model, a positive self‐concept was found to be the most important factor for adjustment and for protection against common problem behaviour. A negative self‐concept combined with female gender were risk factors for internalized problems. Self‐control had only a direct effect on externalizing behaviour for boys. Adolescents of 15, 16 years of age had a stronger relationship between a negative self‐concept and externalizing problem behaviour than younger and older adolescents. Internalizing problem behaviours such as anxiety and depression predicted aggressive and delinquent behaviour. These findings highlight the importance of promoting of a positive self‐concept in every adolescent in various psychosocial contexts.
Genetic networks in nonpermissive temperature‐induced cell differentiation of Sertoli TTE3 cells harboring temperature‐sensitive SV40 large T‐antigen
Authors: Tabuchi Yoshiaki , Takasaki Ichiro , Suto Atsumi , Kondo Takashi , Suzuki Yoshihisa , Obinata Masuo 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTo identify the molecular basis by which nonpermissive temperature (NPT) induces cell differentiation in Sertoli TTE3 cells harboring temperature‐sensitive SV40 large T‐antigen, we performed global scale microarray and computational gene network analyses. In TTE3 cells, inactivation of the large T‐antigen by a NPT at 39 °C led to cell differentiation accompanying elevation of transferrin, a marker for differentiation of Sertoli cells, and CDKN1A, a cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor. Of the 22,690 probe sets analyzed, NPT down‐regulated 498 probe sets and up‐regulated 432 probe sets by >2.0‐fold. Hierarchical clustering analysis showed six gene clusters. In the down‐regulated cluster I, a significant genetic network including fibronectin 1 was associated with cellular growth and proliferation. In up‐regulated cluster IV, a significant genetic network including CDKN1A was associated with cellular differentiation. The present results provide additional novel insights into the molecular basis of cell differentiation induced by NPT in cells.
Long-term evaluation of extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy in the treatment of salivary stones
Authors: Schmitz S , Zengel P , Alvir I , Andratschke M , Berghaus A , Lang S 
Published: April 2007

AbstractExtracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy is a rather new therapeutical method in the treatment of sialolithiasis. The objective was to evaluate retrospectively the results of the extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy therapy performed with a Minilith SL 1 lithotripter on 167 out-patients with symptomatic stones (average size 5.94 mm) of the salivary glands over an observation period of seven years. A successful treatment with total stone disintegration was achieved in 51 (31 per cent) patients. In 92 (55 per cent) patients treatment was partially successful, with disappearance of the symptoms but a sonographically still identifiable stone. Treatment failure occurred in 24 (14 per cent) patients who then underwent surgery. The mean follow-up period was 35.6 months (minimum three, maximum 83), after which 83.2 per cent of the initially successfully treated patients were still free of symptoms.Therefore, extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy, as a non-invasive treatment alternative with few side effects, is an efficient technique for the therapy of sialolithiasis in selected patients.
Intracranial hemorrhage during GliaSite RTS manipulation in an anticoagulated patient
Authors: Gerber David E. , Grossman Stuart A. , Chan Timothy A. , Kleinberg Lawrence 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe GliaSite radiation therapy system (RTS) is an implantable balloon brachytherapy applicator used to deliver iodine-125 in the treatment of recurrent high-grade gliomas. Patients generally tolerate the procedure well, with only rare reports of adverse events such as wound infection, meningitis, and symptomatic radiation necrosis. Hemorrhagic complications have not been reported. We present a case report describing intracranial hemorrhage during GliaSite manipulation in a patient receiving long-term anticoagulation for a previously diagnosed pulmonary embolism. The GliaSite RTS and the management of venous thromboembolism in patients with brain tumors are reviewed. These events suggest that normalizing coagulation status during GliaSite balloon inflation and deflation should be considered.
Retaining therapy radiographers: What’s so special about us?
Authors: Probst Heidi , Griffiths Sue 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHigh therapist vacancy rates and an unsatisfied workforce reduce the opportunity to meet waiting time targets or maintain high standards of care. Current vacancy rates may conceal true staff shortages because of financial pressures. Levels of job satisfaction among the therapy radiographer workforce are presently unknown. A multi-phase study to investigate job satisfaction of therapy radiographers in the United Kingdom is under way. Phase I was an interpretive grounded theory study and, as interviews progressed, a review of the literature on job satisfaction was warranted (in line with the principles of grounded theory). The purpose of this article is to evaluate the literature on job satisfaction as a way to inform the development of retention strategies within the radiotherapy profession. The discussion is focused under the following three themes identified from our phase I study: job design, leadership and organisational governance, stress and burnout. A number of models within the wider literature can inform retention strategies for radiotherapy managers. In particular, the job characteristics model and the model for job-specific well-being adequately identify factors that are relevant to the work of a therapy radiographer. Ensuring mental challenge through job design and continuing professional development opportunities is vital to retaining staff. Support from immediate managers is also a crucial aspect of workers development of intentions to leave. Manager support can moderate experiences of job stress, limiting job dissatisfaction and reducing leaving intentions. Stress and burnout have been cited as significant in reducing job satisfaction in health workers. In the United States, high levels of emotional exhaustion among radiation therapists highlight the potential for the development of burnout within the UK therapy workforce. The discussion looks at the importance of these characteristics within a general retention strategy and recommends future areas of study.
Congenital adrenal hyperplasia: focus on the molecular basis of 21-hydroxylase deficiency
Authors: Gonçalves João , Friães Ana , Moura Luís 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCongenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by defects in one of several steroidogenic enzymes involved in the synthesis of cortisol from cholesterol in the adrenal glands. More than 90% of cases are caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, and the severity of the resulting clinical symptoms varies according to the level of 21-hydroxylase activity. 21-Hydroxylase deficiency is usually caused by mutations in theCYP21A2gene, which is located on the RCCX module, a chromosomal region highly prone to genetic recombination events that can result in a wide variety of complex rearrangements, such as gene duplications, gross deletions and gene conversions of variable extensions. Molecular genotyping ofCYP21A2and the RCCX module has proved useful for a more accurate diagnosis of the disease, and prenatal diagnosis. This article summarises the clinical features of 21-hydroxylase deficiency, explains current understanding of the disease at the molecular level, and highlights recent developments, particularly in diagnosis.
Physiological and pathological changes in the redox state of human serum albumin critically influence its binding properties
Authors: Oettl K , Stauber R E 
Published: April 2007

Binding and transport of a number of endogenous and exogenous compounds is an important function of the main plasma protein, albumin. In vivo and in vitro, albumin may be oxidatively modified in different ways with different agents at different sites. These modifications have various consequences on the physiological functions of albumin. Diabetes mellitus, liver diseases and nephropathy are just a few examples of disorders in which oxidative stress is involved and altered albumin functions have been described. This review is focussed on the consequences of oxidative modification on the binding properties of albumin. These range from no effect to decreased or increased binding affinities depending on the ligand under investigation and the type of modification. Indicators for modification include glycosylation, disulphide formation or the content of carbonyl groups. The redox state of albumin can affect the binding properties in several ways, including altered conformation and consequently altered affinities at binding sites and altered binding when the binding reaction itself is redox sensitive. The physiological or pathophysiological concentrations of different oxidatively modified albumin molecules vary over a wide range and are crucial in assessing the clinical relevance of altered ligand binding properties of a particularly modified albumin species in various disease conditions.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 580–590; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707251
Discovery of P2X7 receptor‐selective antagonists offers new insights into P2X7 receptor function and indicates a role in chronic pain states
Authors: Donnelly‐Roberts D L , Jarvis M F 
Published: April 2007

ATP‐sensitive P2X7 receptors are localized on cells of immunological origin including peripheral macrophages and glial cells in the CNS. Activation of P2X7 receptors leads to rapid changes in intracellular calcium concentrations, release of the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin‐1β and following prolonged agonist exposure, the formation of cytolytic pores in plasma membranes. Both the localization and functional consequences of P2X7 receptor activation indicate a role in inflammatory processes. The phenotype of P2X7 receptor gene‐disrupted mice also indicates that P2X7 receptor activation contributes to ongoing inflammation. More recently, P2X7 receptor knockout data has also suggested a specific role in inflammatory and neuropathic pain states. The recent discovery of potent and highly selective antagonists for P2X7 receptors has helped to further clarify P2X receptor pharmacology, expanded understanding of P2X7 receptor signaling, and offers new evidence that P2X7 receptors play a specific role in nociceptive signaling in chronic pain states. In this review, we incorporate the recent discoveries of novel P2X7 receptor‐selective antagonists with a brief update on P2X7 receptor pharmacology and its therapeutic potential.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 571–579; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707265
Role of neutrophil elastase in LTB4‐induced neutrophil transmigration in vivo assessed with a specific inhibitor and neutrophil elastase deficient mice
Authors: Young R E , Voisin M‐B , Wang S , Dangerfield J , Nourshargh S 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:The serine protease neutrophil elastase (NE) appears to regulate inflammatory responses at multiple levels but its role in leukocyte transmigration in vivo remains unclear. The present study aimed to address this issue by using both an NE inhibitor (ONO‐5046) and NE deficient (NE−/−) mice.Experimental approach:A number of inflammatory mediators (LTB4, KC and PAF) were investigated in vitro for their ability to stimulate the release and the surface expression of NE by neutrophils. In addition, the role of NE in leukocyte migration elicited by topical LTB4 was investigated in vivo in mouse cremasteric venules as observed by intravital microscopy.Key results:Amongst the mediators tested in vitro, LTB4 was found to be a highly potent and efficacious inducer of NE cell surface expression on murine neutrophils. Furthermore, in wild‐type mice (WT), LTB4‐induced leukocyte transmigration was reduced by intravenous ONO‐5046 (66% inhibition), an effect that appeared to occur at the level of the perivascular basement membrane. Interestingly, LTB4‐induced responses were normal in NE−/− mice and, while ONO‐5046 had no inhibitory effect in these animals, the broad‐spectrum serine protease inhibitor aprotinin suppressed leukocyte transmigration in both WT and NE−/− mice.Conclusions and implications:The findings demonstrate the potent ability of LTB4 to induce cell‐surface expression of NE and provide evidence for the involvement of NE in LTB4‐induced neutrophil transmigration in vivo. The results also suggest the existence of compensatory mechanisms in NE−/− mice, highlighting the added value of investigating pharmacological blockers in parallel with genetic deletion.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 628–637; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707267
Crocetin attenuates palmitate‐induced insulin insensitivity and disordered tumor necrosis factor‐α and adiponectin expression in rat adipocytes
Authors: Xi L , Qian Z , Xu G , Zhou C , Sun S 
Published: April 2007

Background and purpose:A number of studies have implicated adipocyte‐derived factors in the development of insulin resistance. Intracellular redox status has been reported to play a significant role in the modulation of insulin action. This study was designed to investigate the potential of crocetin, a potent antioxidant, to protect adipocytes against the induction of insulin insensitivity and disordered expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and adiponectin in vitro.Experimental approach:We used palmitate to induce insulin resistance in freshly isolated rat adipocytes, and observed the effect of crocetin, N‐acetylcysteine, diphenyleneiodonium, rotenone and oxypurinol. Insulin sensitivity was measured using 2‐deoxy‐D‐[1‐3H]‐glucose uptake assay. Levels of glucose transporter 4, TNF‐α and adiponectin were evaluated by immunoblot analysis, and levels of mRNA for TNF‐α and adiponectin by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction analysis. Intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was determined spectrofluorometrically using 2′,7′‐dichlorofluorescin diacetate.Key results:Palmitate induced a 45% decrease in insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes. The mRNA and protein expression of TNF‐α were enhanced by 64% and 59% respectively whereas the mRNA and protein expression of adiponectin were reduced by 43% and 36% respectively by palmitate treatment. These changes were accompanied by a 54% increase in intracellular ROS levels. Crocetin, N‐acetylcysteine and diphenyleneiodonium were found to attenuate these abnormalities.Conclusions and Implications:Crocetin blocked the impaired insulin‐stimulated glucose uptake and disordered TNF‐α and adiponectin expression induced by palmitate in rat adipocytes. Inactivation of NADPH oxidase may account for these observations.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 610–617; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707276
SPACER: identification ofcis-regulatory elements with non-contiguous critical residues
Authors: Chakravarty Arijit , Carlson Jonathan M. , Khetani Radhika S. , DeZiel Charles E. , Gross Robert H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMotivation: Many transcription factors bind to sites that are long and loosely related to each other. De novo identification of such motifs is computationally challenging. In this article, we propose a novel semi-greedy algorithm over the space of all IUPAC degenerate strings to identify the most over-represented highly degenerate motifs.Results: We present an implementation of this algorithm, named SPACER (Separated Pattern-based Algorithm for cis-Element Recognition) and demonstrate its effectiveness in identifying ‘gapped’ and highly degenerate motifs. We compare SPACER's performance against ten motif finders on 42 experimentally defined regulons from Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. These motif finders cover a wide range of both enumerative and statistical approaches, including programs specifically designed for prokaryotic and ‘gapped’ motifs.Availability: A Java 1.4 implementation is freely available on the Web at http://genie.Dartmouth.edu/SPACER/Contact: robert.h.gross@dartmouth.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.