bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impaired meningeal development in association with apical expansion of calvarial bone osteogenesis in the Foxc1 mutant
Authors: Vivatbutsiri Philaiporn , Ichinose Shizuko , Hytönen Marjo , Sainio Kirsi , Eto Kazuhiro , Iseki Sachiko 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLoss of function of the mouse forkhead/winged helix transcription factor Foxc1 induces congenital hydrocephalus and impaired skull bone development due to failure of apical expansion of the bone. In this study we investigated meningeal development in the congenital hydrocephalus (ch) mouse with spontaneous loss of function mutant of Foxc1, around the period of initiation of skull bone apical expansion. In situ hybridization of Runx2 revealed active apical expansion of the frontal bone begins between embryonic day 13.5 and embryonic day 14.5 in the wild type, whereas expansion was inhibited in the mutant. Ultrastructural analysis revealed that three layers of the meninges begin to develop at E13.5 in the basolateral site of the head and subsequently progress to the apex in wild type. In ch homozygotes, although three layers were recognized at first at the basolateral site, cell morphology and structure of the layers became abnormal except for the pia mater, and arachnoidal and dural cells never differentiated in the apex. We identified meningeal markers for each layer and found that their expression was down‐regulated in the mutant arachnoid and dura maters. These results suggest that there is a close association between meningeal development and the apical growth of the skull bones.
Mechanisms of plant survival and mortality during drought: why do some plants survive while others succumb to drought?
Authors: McDowell Nate , Pockman William T. , Allen Craig D. , Breshears David D. , Cobb Neil , Kolb Thomas , Plaut Jennifer , Sperry John , West Adam , Williams David G. , Yepez Enrico A. 
Published: April 2008

SummarySevere droughts have been associated with regional‐scale forest mortality worldwide. Climate change is expected to exacerbate regional mortality events; however, prediction remains difficult because the physiological mechanisms underlying drought survival and mortality are poorly understood. We developed a hydraulically based theory considering carbon balance and insect resistance that allowed development and examination of hypotheses regarding survival and mortality. Multiple mechanisms may cause mortality during drought. A common mechanism for plants with isohydric regulation of water status results from avoidance of drought‐induced hydraulic failure via stomatal closure, resulting in carbon starvation and a cascade of downstream effects such as reduced resistance to biotic agents. Mortality by hydraulic failure per se may occur for isohydric seedlings or trees near their maximum height. Although anisohydric plants are relatively drought‐tolerant, they are predisposed to hydraulic failure because they operate with narrower hydraulic safety margins during drought. Elevated temperatures should exacerbate carbon starvation and hydraulic failure. Biotic agents may amplify and be amplified by drought‐induced plant stress. Wet multidecadal climate oscillations may increase plant susceptibility to drought‐induced mortality by stimulating shifts in hydraulic architecture, effectively predisposing plants to water stress. Climate warming and increased frequency of extreme events will probably cause increased regional mortality episodes. Isohydric and anisohydric water potential regulation may partition species between survival and mortality, and, as such, incorporating this hydraulic framework may be effective for modeling plant survival and mortality under future climate conditions.

Contents

Summary
1

I.
Introduction
2

II.
Consequences of vegetation mortality
3

III.
Global patterns of mortality
3

IV.
Hypotheses on mechanisms of drought‐related mortality
4

V.
Evidence for hypothesized mechanisms
5

VI.
Implications of future climate on hypothesized mortality mechanisms
13

VII.
Conclusions
15

Acknowledgements
15

References
15
Molecular networks regulating Arabidopsis seed maturation, after‐ripening, dormancy and germination
Authors: Holdsworth Michael J. , Bentsink Leónie , Soppe Wim J. J. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThe transition between dormancy and germination represents a critical stage in the life cycle of higher plants and is an important ecological and commercial trait. In this review we present current knowledge of the molecular control of this trait in Arabidopsis thaliana, focussing on important components functioning during the developmental phases of seed maturation, after‐ripening and imbibition. Establishment of dormancy during seed maturation is regulated by networks of transcription factors with overlapping and discrete functions. Following desiccation, after‐ripening determines germination potential and, surprisingly, recent observations suggest that transcriptional and post‐transcriptional processes occur in the dry seed. The single‐cell endosperm layer that surrounds the embryo plays a crucial role in the maintenance of dormancy, and transcriptomics approaches are beginning to uncover endosperm‐specific genes and processes. Molecular genetic approaches have provided many new components of hormone signalling pathways, but also indicate the importance of hormone‐independent pathways and of natural variation in key regulatory loci. The influence of environmental signals (particularly light) following after‐ripening, and the effect of moist chilling (stratification) are increasingly being understood at the molecular level. Combined postgenomics, physiology and molecular genetics approaches are beginning to provide an unparalleled understanding of the molecular processes underlying dormancy and germination.

Contents

Summary
1

I.
Introduction
2

II.
Molecular regulation of seed maturation
3

III.
After‐ripening, transcription and translation during dry seed storage
5

IV.
Regulation of germination potential following seed imbibition
6

V.
Other factors influencing dormancy and germination
12

VI.
Regulation of genome expression in relation to dormancy and germination
13

VII.
Conclusions
15

Acknowledgements
16

References
16
Ethanol mimics ligand‐mediated activation and endocytosis of IL‐1RI/TLR4 receptors via lipid rafts caveolae in astroglial cells
Authors: Blanco Ana M. , Perez‐Arago Amparo , Fernandez‐Lizarbe Sara , Guerri Consuelo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe have recently reported that ethanol‐induced inflammatory processes in the brain and glial cells are mediated via the activation of interleukin‐1 beta receptor type I (IL‐1RI)/toll‐like receptor type 4 (TLR4) signalling. The mechanism(s) by which ethanol activates these receptors in astroglial cells remains unknown. Recently, plasma membrane microdomains, lipid rafts, have been identified as platforms for receptor signalling and, in astrocytes, rafts/caveolae constitute an important integrators of signal events and trafficking. Here we show that stimulation of astrocytes with IL‐1β, lipopolysaccharide or ethanol (10 and 50 mM), triggers the translocation of IL‐1RI and/or TLR4 into lipid rafts caveolae‐enriched fractions, promoting the recruitment of signalling molecules (phospho‐IL‐1R‐associated kinase and phospho‐extracellular regulated‐kinase) into these microdomains. With confocal microscopy, we further demonstrate that IL‐1RI is internalized by caveolar endocytosis via enlarged caveosomes organelles upon IL‐1β or ethanol treatment, which sorted their IL‐1RI cargo into the endoplasmic reticulum–Golgi compartment and into the nucleus of astrocytes. In short, our findings demonstrate that rafts/caveolae are critical for IL‐1RI and TLR4 signalling in astrocytes, and reveal a novel mechanism by which ethanol, by interacting with lipid rafts caveolae, promotes IL‐1RI and TLR4 receptors recruitment, triggering their endocytosis via caveosomes and downstream signalling stimulation. These results suggest that TLRs receptors are important targets of ethanol‐induced inflammatory damage in the brain.
Myelin‐induced microglial neurotoxicity can be controlled by microglial metabotropic glutamate receptors
Authors: Pinteaux‐Jones Fleur , Sevastou Ioanna G. , Fry Victoria A. H. , Heales Simon , Baker David , Pocock Jennifer M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMicroglia are present in an activated state in multiple sclerosis lesions. Incubation of primary cultured rat microglia with rat‐brain derived myelin (0.1–1 μg/mL) for 24 h induced microglial activation; cells displayed enhanced ED1 staining, expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, production and release of the cytokine tumour necrosis factor‐α and glutamate release. Exposure of microglia to myelin induced the expression of neuronal caspases and ultimately neuronal death in cultured cerebellar granule cell neurons; neurotoxicity was directly because of microglial‐derived soluble toxins. Co‐incubation of microglia with agonists or antagonists of different metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) subtypes ameliorated microglial neurotoxicity by inhibiting soluble neurotoxin production. Activation of microglial mGluR2 exacerbated myelin‐evoked neurotoxicity whilst activation of mGluR3 was protective as was activation of group III mGluRs. These data show that myelin‐induced microglial neurotoxicity can be prevented by regulation of mGluRs and suggest these receptors on microglia may be promising targets for therapeutic intervention in multiple sclerosis.
THE RELATIVE IMPORTANCE OF WATER MOTION ON NITROGEN UPTAKE BY THE SUBTIDAL MACROALGA ADAMSIELLA CHAUVINII (RHODOPHYTA) IN WINTER AND SUMMER1
Authors: Kregting Louise T. , Hurd Catriona L. , Pilditch Conrad A. , Stevens Craig L. 
Published: April 2008

The influence of seawater velocity (1.5–12 cm · s−1) on inorganic nitrogen (N) uptake by the soft‐sediment perennial macroalga Adamsiella chauvinii (Harv.) L. E. Phillips et W. A. Nelson (Rhodophyta) was determined seasonally by measuring uptake rate in a laboratory flume. Regardless of N tissue content, water velocity had no influence on NO3− uptake in either winter or summer, indicating that NO3−‐uptake rate was biologically limited. However, when thalli were N limited, increasing water velocity increased NH4+ uptake, suggesting that mass‐transfer limitation of NH4+ is likely during summer for natural populations. Uptake kinetics (Vmax, Ks) were similar among three populations of A. chauvinii at sites with different mean flow speeds; however, uptake rates of NO3− and NH4+ were lower in summer (when N status was generally low) than in winter. Our results highlight how N uptake can be affected by seasonal changes in the physiology of a macroalga and that further investigation of N uptake of different macroalgae (red, brown, and green) during different seasons is important in determining the relative influence of water velocity on nutrient uptake.
Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor‐165 Gene Therapy Promotes Cardiomyogenesis in Reperfused Myocardial Infarction
Authors: GUERRERO MAYRA , ATHOTA KRISHNA , MOY JASON , MEHTA LAXMI S. , LAGUENS RUBEN , CROTTOGINI ALBERTO , BORRELLI MICHAEL , CORRY PETER , SCHOENHERR DIANE , GENTRY RALPH , BOURA JUDITH , GRINES CINDY L. , RAFF GILBERT L. , SHANLEY CHARLES J. , O'NEILL WILLIAM W. 
Published: April 2008

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐165 promotes cardiomyogenesis in chronic myocardial ischemia and nonreperfused myocardial infarction (MI). It is unknown whether this effect is present in reperfused MI. We sought to investigate the effect of VEGF‐165 gene therapy on cardiomyogenesis after reperfused MI.
Methods and Results: Twenty‐four Yucatan minipigs underwent thoracotomy and a vascular clamp was placed in the left circumflex artery. Reperfusion was reestablished after 90 minutes, and VEGF‐165 gene therapy or placebo was administered. A replication‐deficient recombinant human adenovirus serotype 5 was used for gene transfer (Ad5‐VEGF165). The same viral vector devoid of VEGF gene (Ad5‐β‐Galactosidase) was used as placebo. Two administration routes were tested, intramyocardial (IM) injection and circumflex intracoronary (IC) infusion. The pigs were assigned to one of the following groups: IM Ad5‐VEGF165 (n = 6), IM Ad5‐βGal (n = 6), IC Ad5‐VEGF165 (n = 6), and IC Ad5‐βGal (n = 6). All pigs received 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine (BrdU) 250 mg IV twice a week to label cells undergoing DNA replication. The hearts were explanted at 4 weeks. BrdU‐labeled cardiomyocytes in the peri‐infarct area were counted by a pathologist blinded to group assignment. The number of BrdU‐labeled cardiomyocytes per million cells was 4‐fold higher in the group receiving IM VEGF‐165 (64 ± 11.4) vs. IM placebo (16 ± 10.6), P = 0.034. No difference in infarct size or ventricular function was observed between the groups.
Conclusions: IM VEGF‐165 gene therapy promotes cardiomyogenesis in reperfused MI. However, no benefit in infarct size or cardiac function was observed at 4 weeks. The origin of these cells remains unknown and needs to be determined.
Immediate and early non‐occlusal loading of Straumann implants with a chemically modified surface (SLActive) in the posterior mandible and maxilla: interim results from a prospective multicenter randomized‐controlled study
Authors: Zöllner Axel , Ganeles Jeffrey , Korostoff Jonathan , Guerra Fernando , Krafft Tim , Brägger Urs 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Immediate and early loading of dental implants can simplify treatment and increase overall patient satisfaction. The purpose of this 3‐year prospective randomized‐controlled multicenter study was to assess the differences in survival rates and bone level changes between immediately and early‐loaded implants with a new chemically modified surface (SLActive). This investigation shows interim results obtained after 5 months.Material and methods: Patients ≥18 years of age missing at least one tooth in the posterior maxilla or mandible were enrolled in the study. Following implant placement, patients received a temporary restoration either on the day of surgery (immediate loading) or 28–34 days after surgery (early loading); restorations consisted of single crowns or two to four unit fixed dental prostheses. Permanent restorations were placed 20–23 weeks following surgery. The primary efficacy variable was change in bone level (assessed by standardized radiographs) from baseline to 5 months; secondary variables included implant survival and success rates.Results: A total of 266 patients were enrolled (118 males and 148 females), and a total of 383 implants were placed (197 and 186 in the immediate and early loading groups, respectively). Mean patient age was 46.3±12.8 years. After 5 months, implant survival rates were 98% in the immediate group and 97% in the early group. Mean bone level change from baseline was 0.81±0.89 mm in the immediate group and 0.56±0.73 mm in the early group (P<0.05). Statistical analysis revealed a significant center effect (P<0.0001) and a significant treatment × center interaction (P=0.008).Conclusions: The results suggested that Straumann implants with an SLActive can be used predictably in time‐critical (early or immediate) loading treatment protocols when appropriate patient selection criteria are observed. The mean bone level changes observed from baseline to 5 months (0.56 and 0.81 mm) corresponded to physiological observations from other studies, i.e., were not clinically significant. The presence of a significant center effect and treatment × center interaction indicated that the differences in bone level changes between the two groups were center dependent.
A 2‐year community‐randomized controlled trial of fluoride varnish to prevent early childhood caries in Aboriginal children
Authors: Lawrence Herenia P. , Binguis Darlene , Douglas Jan , McKeown Lynda , Switzer Bonita , Figueiredo Rafael , Laporte Audrey 
Published: April 2008

Abstract –  Objective:  To measure the effectiveness of fluoride varnish (FV) (Duraflor®, 5% sodium fluoride, Pharmascience Inc., Montréal, QC, Canada) and caregiver counseling in preventing early childhood caries (ECC) in Aboriginal children in a 2‐year community‐randomized controlled trial.Methods:  Twenty First Nations communities in the Sioux Lookout Zone (SLZ), Northwest Ontario, Canada were randomized to two study groups. All caregivers received oral health counseling, while children in one group received FV twice per year and the controls received no varnish. A total of 1275, 6 months to 5‐year‐old children from the SLZ communities were enrolled. In addition, a convenience sample of 150 primarily non‐Aboriginal children of the same age were recruited from the neighboring community of Thunder Bay and used as comparisons. Longitudinal examinations for the dmft/s indices were conducted by calibrated hygienists in 2003, 2004 and 2005.Results:  Aboriginal children living in the SLZ or in Thunder Bay had significantly higher caries prevalence and severity than non‐Aboriginal children in Thunder Bay. FV treatment conferred an 18% reduction in the 2‐year mean ‘net’ dmfs increment for Aboriginal children and a 25% reduction for all children, using cluster analysis to adjust for the intra‐cluster correlation among children in the same community. Adjusted odds ratio for caries incidence was 1.96 times higher in the controls than in the FV group (95% CI = 1.08–3.56; P = 0.027). For those caries‐free at baseline, the number (of children) needed to treat (NNT) equaled 7.4.Conclusions:  Findings support the use of FV at least twice per year, in conjunction with caregiver counseling, to prevent ECC, reduce caries increment and oral health inequalities between young Aboriginal and non‐Aboriginal children.
Oral health equality during 30 years in Norway
Authors: Holst Dorthe 
Published: April 2008

Abstract – Objectives: To study the relationship between income and edentulousness and having a functional dentition from 1975 to 2002, and to examine whether or not the findings can be characterized as a social gradient.Methods: Four datasets were collected by personal interviews and precoded questionnaires by Statistics Norway in 1975, 1985, 1995 and 2002. The datasets were representative of the non‐institutionalized adult population in Norway. Each year, the sampled persons were distributed into five income quintiles. Four effects were examined of the relationship between income quintiles and edentulousness and functional dentition (1) the absolute equality effect, (2) the period effect, (3) the relative equality effect, and (4) the gradient effect.Results: The main finding is that in absolute terms oral health is more equally distributed in 2002 than in 1975, and the lowest income groups benefited the most in oral health. Among the elderly, however, having a functional dentition was less equally distributed in 2002. The relative differences increased for the oldest for each new birth cohort; thus, the chances of being edentulous was 7.5 times higher in the lowest income group versus the highest group in 2002, whereas the chances were only two times higher in 1972. Having lost all natural teeth was infrequent in 2002, and inequality wiped out in the population below ≥60 years. A small social gradient was still in 2002.Conclusions: The condition of edentulousness is a result of accumulated incidences of dental diseases and fragmented access to dental care. Economic barriers and unavailability of dental care postponed necessary restorative dental care and resulted in more drastic treatment solutions previously especially in the rural areas in Norway.
Testing responsiveness to change for the early childhood oral health impact scale (ECOHIS)
Authors: Li S. , Malkinson S. , Veronneau J. , Allison P. J. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract –  Objectives:  The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) is a recently developed oral health‐related quality of life instrument designed to assess the impact of oral health problems in 0–5‐year‐old children. It has previously been validated as discriminative instrument. The goal of this study was to investigate the responsiveness to change of the ECOHIS.Methods:  Data were collected from a convenience sample of 101 parents of 0–5‐year‐old children attending a hospital dental clinic for dental treatment. The ECOHIS was completed by parents prior to dental treatment and 2 weeks later. Subjects were also asked a global transition judgement concerning change between the second and first completion of the ECOHIS instrument. Responsiveness to change of the ECOHIS was analysed through: (i) a comparison of ECOHIS change scores with a global transition judgment by study subjects; (ii) an assessment of the statistical significance of within‐group change in scores over time for groups reporting improvement, stability and deterioration; (iii) an estimation of the ECOHIS’s sensitivity; and (iv) an investigation the effect size of the ECOHIS.Results:  Of the 101 subjects recruited, 94 had full datasets. Their data were used for the analyses reported in this paper. Pre‐ and post‐treatment distributions of ECOHIS scores were strongly distributed towards no oral health impacts. Among the 94 subjects, 51.1% reported improvement, 42.6% reported no change and 6.4% reported deterioration following treatment, using the global transition judgement. The mean ECOHIS change scores for these three groups were −0/9, +0.7 and +6.5 respectively, although none of the within‐group changes were statistically significant. The effect size for those reporting improvement was small (0.15) but for those reporting deterioration was moderate‐to‐large (0.69). Sensitivity ranged from 0.61–0.79 depending on the size of the cut‐off point, with a change of 3 points demonstrating the best sensitivity to false positive ratio (0.79 versus 0.41 respectively).Conclusion:  In this sample with low levels of problems, the ECOHIS has demonstrated some limited ability to respond to change. Further work in a larger sample with higher levels of problems is needed to investigate the instrument’s ability to respond to change when it has occurred.
Occupational contact dermatitis due to essential oils
Authors: Trattner Akiva , David Michael , Lazarov Aneta 
Published: April 2008

Background:  Allergic contact dermatitis induced by the occupational use of products containing essential oils has not been studied comprehensively.Objectives:  The aim of the present report was to describe the characteristics, diagnosis, and outcome of 5 patients with occupational contact dermatitis because of essential oils attending our outpatient dermatology clinics over a 2‐year period.Patients:  These patients are added to the 11 cases reported thus far in the literature.Results:  The research shows that for proper diagnosis, patch tests with the standard series and the fragrance series should be performed, in addition to tests with the specific oils to which the patients were exposed.Conclusions:  Patients should be instructed to avoid the allergens identified. Sensitization to essential oils has important implications for the occupational future of affected individuals.