bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mealtime interaction patterns between young children with cerebral palsy and their mothers: characteristics and relationship to feeding impairment
Authors: Veness C. , Reilly S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground  A significant proportion of children with cerebral palsy have some degree of feeding impairment, which not only affects their ability to obtain adequate nourishment, but may also impinge on their ability to interact with their mothers during mealtimes. The quality of the maternal–child interaction may also be affected by the mealtime being prolonged and/or stressful. Patterns of interaction between mothers and their children with cerebral palsy have typically been described in play situations. There is limited information about interaction during mealtimes. The purpose of this study therefore, was to observe and describe the characteristics of mealtime interaction between mothers and their young children with cerebral palsy, and to determine whether feeding impairment and other sample characteristics were related to interaction patterns.Methods  The participants were 20 mothers and their children with cerebral palsy. Physical, cognitive, and feeding abilities varied. Video recordings of each mother–child dyad interacting during a typical mealtime were analysed in order to describe the structure of the interaction, the communicative functions used, and what method the children used to communicate. The characteristics of the interaction were summarized and compared and the relationship between feeding ability and other child factors and interaction patterns were explored.Results  Results revealed that interactions were maternally dominated. Mothers produced most of the communicative behaviour during the mealtime and used more directive functions than their children. The severity of feeding impairment was related to child patterns of interaction, but not to maternal interaction patterns. Language delay was also related to interaction patterns.Conclusions  The results of this study highlight the importance for professionals to consider mealtime interactions for children with cerebral palsy and their mothers as an integral part of feeding investigations and ongoing interventions, as feeding impairment does seem to have a bearing on aspects of interaction.
22q11.2 deletion syndrome: behaviour problems of children and adolescents and parental stress
Authors: Briegel W. , Schneider M. , Schwab K. Otfried 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground  22q11.2 deletion syndrome can be associated with a variety of somatic symptoms, developmental delays and psychiatric disorders. At present, there is little information on behaviour problems, parental stress and possible relations between these factors. Therefore, this study investigates behaviour problems of children and adolescents with 22q11.2DS, and their primary caregivers’ stress.Methods  Parents of 4–17 year old subjects known to the German 22q11.2 deletion syndrome foundation were anonymously asked to fill out several questionnaires, e.g. the Child Behavior Checklist 4–18 (CBCL/4–18).Results  The primary caregivers of 77/126 children [43 males, 34 females, mean age: 8;0 (4;0–16;11) years] sent back filled‐out questionnaires. Forty‐six of 76 subjects were rated as clinical on at least one of the CBCL‐scales. Males had significantly higher scores on the total problems scale and the internalizing problems scale than females. The patients’ age correlated with several CBCL‐scales. Eleven of 49 subjects were suspicious of an autism spectrum disorder. Compared with the general population, but not with other parents of mentally and/or physically handicapped children, the primary caregivers experienced higher levels of stress, but showed normal life satisfaction.Conclusions  In spite of high rates of clinical behaviour problems among children and adolescents with 22q11.2DS and despite increased parental stress, most primary caregivers seem to have effective coping strategies, e.g. partnership support, to sustain normal levels of life satisfaction.
Information needs in parents of children with a rheumatic disease
Authors: Thon A. , Ullrich G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractBackground and Objective  Incorporating the patient's perspective and expectations into the delivery of health care has become an important indicator of today's quality of medical care. Our aim was consequently to explore the information needs of parents of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and other rheumatic diseases.Materials and Methods  Cross‐sectional, anonymous survey using a purpose‐designed questionnaire, which separately assessed sources of information and topics. With respect to sources, we also asked about their degree of helpfulness, and regarding topics, we also asked about further interests (information needs). The questionnaire was sent to 146 families continuously attending our paediatric rheumatology outpatient clinic. The response rate was 79.5%. The mean age of the children was 6.9 ± 4.3 years, 69% were girls and disease duration averaged 2.6 ± 4.3 years. Mean Child Health Assessment Questionnaire score as a measure of functional disability was 0.259 (±0.45; range 0.0–2.13).Results  Regarding sources, those with a professional medical background were appreciated, while information from friends and family members, in particular, was not. Overall, parents considered themselves well‐informed. Parents had frequently received information on core domains of medical aspects. They described deficits related to psychosocial impact, to (vocational) education and to complementary therapy. However, their interest in further information was high almost irrespective of the amount of prior information.Conclusion  For further tailored information and support strategies it should be taken into account that even for topics largely covered by usual medical advice, residual interest and information needs of parents remain high.
Genetic screening of a Dutch population with isolated GH deficiency (IGHD)
Authors: De Graaff Laura C. G. , Argente Jesús , Veenma Danielle C. M. , Herrebout Maaike A. C. , Friesema Edith C. H. , Uitterlinden André G. , Drent Madeleine L. , Campos‐Barros Ángel , Hokken‐Koelega Anita C. S. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryObjective  Five per cent to 30% of cases of idiopathic isolated GH deficiency (IGHD) have first‐degree relatives with short stature, which is suggestive of a genetic aetiology. The HYPOPIT study aimed to obtain an overall picture of gene encoding pituitary GH (GH1) and gene encoding GH releasing hormone‐receptor (GHRHR) defects in a Dutch IGHD cohort and to relate them with clinical parameters.Design, patients and measurements  Genetic analysis was performed of exons and exon–intron boundaries of GH1 and GHRHR in 89 Caucasian IGHD patients from 81 families, using denaturing high‐performance liquid chromatography (dHPLC), DNA sequencing and multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification. In addition, we performed functional studies on novel identified GH1 exonic variants.Results  Five different heterozygous GH1 mutations were present in 5 out of 81 participating families (6·1%), whereas no mutations in GHRHR were found. Patients with IGF‐I SDS < –4·0 and peak GH levels < 5·7 mU/l had a mutation frequency of 40%, in contrast to 6·8% in patients with only one criterion, and 0·0% in patients with none of these criteria (P = 0·00007). Five new GH1 and two GHRHR variants were also identified; two of them (GH1 F92L and D153H) caused a marked reduction of GH secretion in vitro.Conclusion  GH1 and GHRHR mutations are rare in Caucasian Dutch IGHD patients, which suggests the involvement of other genetic determinants in the aetiology of IGHD. IGF‐I < –4·0 and peak GH levels < 5·7 mU/l are strong predictors of GH1 mutations in the studied population.
Scale‐dependent effects of fine sediments on temperate headwater invertebrates
Authors: LARSEN S. , VAUGHAN I. P. , ORMEROD S. J. 
Published: September 2008

Summary1. Anthropogenic activities can increase fine sediment supply to streams over multiple spatial and temporal extents. Identifying the processes responsible, and the scale at which any effects on stream organisms become evident, are key management needs, but appropriately scaled surveys are surprisingly few.2. We surveyed macroinvertebrates and superficial fine sediments at two spatial resolutions (reach‐ and patch‐scale) in tributaries of the River Usk, a temperate, montane catchment in rural Wales (U.K.). Land use, habitat and geomorphological character were measured on‐site or derived from an existing database (=Fluvial Audit). We aimed to identify: (i) how in‐stream sediments varied with land use and associated geomorphology; (ii) likely consequences for macroinvertebrates and (iii) any scale‐dependence in relationships between macroinvertebrates and sediment character.3. At both the reach‐ and patch‐scales, bed cover by fine sediment was related directly to the extent of eroding banks 500 m upstream. In turn, sedimentation and bank erosion were negatively correlated with catchment or riparian woodland extent.4. At the reach scale, macroinvertebrate composition varied with catchment land use and stream chemistry, with richness declining as rough grazing or woodland was replaced by improved grassland. There was no response to deposited sediment except for weak increase in the relative abundance of oligochaetes.5. By contrast, at the patch scale, fine sediments were accompanied by pronounced changes in invertebrate composition, and we ranked the 27 most common taxa according to their apparent sediment tolerance. General estimating equations showed that total and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera richness decreased significantly by 20% and 25% at the most sediment impacted sites (30% cover) by comparison with sediment‐free sites.6. We conclude that sediment deposition in the upper Usk system mostly reflects local bank erosion, with riparian woodland likely to mediate this process through bank stability. Fine sediment release had marked ecological effects, but these were detectable only at patch‐to‐patch scales. We suggest that investigation of localized sediment release in streams will benefit from scale‐dependent or scale‐specific sampling, and some effects could go undetected unless sample resolution is selected carefully.
Assessing the sources and magnitude of diurnal nitrate variability in the San Joaquin River (California) with an in situ optical nitrate sensor and dual nitrate isotopes
Authors: PELLERIN BRIAN A. , DOWNING BRYAN D. , KENDALL CAROL , DAHLGREN RANDY A. , KRAUS TAMARA E. C. , SARACENO JOHNFRANCO , SPENCER ROBERT G. M. , BERGAMASCHI BRIAN A. 
Published: September 2008

Summary1. We investigated diurnal nitrate (NO3−) concentration variability in the San Joaquin River using an in situ optical NO3− sensor and discrete sampling during a 5‐day summer period characterized by high algal productivity. Dual NO3− isotopes (δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3) and dissolved oxygen isotopes (δ18ODO) were measured over 2 days to assess NO3− sources and biogeochemical controls over diurnal time‐scales.2. Concerted temporal patterns of dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations and δ18ODO were consistent with photosynthesis, respiration and atmospheric O2 exchange, providing evidence of diurnal biological processes independent of river discharge.3. Surface water NO3− concentrations varied by up to 22% over a single diurnal cycle and up to 31% over the 5‐day study, but did not reveal concerted diurnal patterns at a frequency comparable to DO concentrations. The decoupling of δ15NNO3 and δ18ONO3 isotopes suggests that algal assimilation and denitrification are not major processes controlling diurnal NO3− variability in the San Joaquin River during the study. The lack of a clear explanation for NO3− variability likely reflects a combination of riverine biological processes and time‐varying physical transport of NO3− from upstream agricultural drains to the mainstem San Joaquin River.4. The application of an in situ optical NO3− sensor along with discrete samples provides a view into the fine temporal structure of hydrochemical data and may allow for greater accuracy in pollution assessment.
Effectiveness of different gutta‐percha techniques when filling experimental internal resorptive cavities
Authors: Gencoglu N. , Yildirim T. , Garip Y. , Karagenc B. , Yilmaz H. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAim  To determine the quality of root fillings in teeth with artificial internal resorptive cavities filled with Thermafil, JS Quick‐Fill, Soft Core, System B and Microseal, and by cold lateral compaction (LC) technique.Methodology  Sixty maxillary incisor teeth were selected. After access cavity preparation and root canal instrumentation, the roots were sectioned horizontally and artificial internal resorption cavities were prepared on the canal walls. The tooth sections were cemented together and the root canals were filled using one of six different techniques: Thermafil, JS Quick‐Fill, Soft Core, System B and Microseal, and by LC. The roots were then divided at the level of the previous section and each root surface was photographed. Image analysis program was used to calculate the percentage of sealer, gutta‐percha and void in the internal resorptive cavities. All measurements were analysed statistically using One‐way anova and Newman–Keuls tests.Results  The Microseal technique filled 99% of the artificial resorptive area followed by LC (92%), SystemB (89%), Quick‐Fill (88%), Thermafil (74%) and Soft‐Core (73%). Warm gutta‐percha compaction techniques filled the resorption areas with more gutta‐percha than sealer (Microseal 68%, System B 62%) compared to the other techniques (LC 48%, Quick Fill 41%, Soft Core 34%, Thermafil 35%). In addition, core techniques left a considerable volume of voids in the resorptive areas (Quick‐Fill 12%, Thermafil 26%, Soft Core 27%).Conclusions  Warm gutta techniques filled artificial resorption cavities significantly better than the other gutta‐percha techniques.
Nutritional potential and functional properties of tempe produced from mixture of different legumes. 1: Chemical composition and nitrogenous constituent
Authors: Nassar Ahmad G. , Mubarak Adel E. , El‐Beltagy Alaa E. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryFermented foods such as Tempe represent a technological alternative for a great variety of legumes and combination of them to improve their nutritional quality and to obtain edible products with palatable sensorial characteristics. The chemical composition, carbohydrate fraction and nitrogenous constituents were investigated for individual different legumes, i.e. faba bean; lupine, chickpea; peas and their mixture before and after fermentation by Rhizopus oligosporus. Tempe had a higher (P < 0.05) protein and fibre content compared with legume mixtures before fermentation, while it had a lower fat, ash and carbohydrate contents. Also, reducing and non‐reducing sugars, stachyose as well as raffinose were reduced after fermentation of legume mixtures. A significant reduction was observed in non‐protein nitrogen and protein nitrogen, while total nitrogen and true protein were increased.
Effect of domestic cooking on the red cabbage hydrophilic antioxidants
Authors: Podsędek Anna , Sosnowska Dorota , Redzynia Małgorzata , Koziołkiewicz Maria 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe contents of vitamin C, total phenolics, anthocyanins, hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids as well as 2,2′‐azinobis‐(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) monocation radical scavenging activity were evaluated in two varieties of red cabbage before and after conventional and steam‐cooking. During the conventional cooking 32.7–64.5% of vitamin C and 45.7–66.9% of total phenolics were retained in cooked tissue. Decreasing cooking water volume by half led to better retention of both phenolics (by 2.7–14.5%) and vitamin C (by 14.2–18.4%). However, shortening the cooking time by half affected the retention of phenolics and vitamin C only by 3.8–6.7% and 0–2.2%, respectively. Steam‐cooking is recommended to prevent the major loss of scavenging activity, because under these conditions, the corresponding TEAC (Trolox Equivalent Antioxidant Capacity) values were reduced only by 5–20%. Moreover, the content of vitamin C was decreased by 2.1–22.7% while losses of total phenolics were up to 10%. The phenolics are the major source of free radical scavenging activity of red cabbage, since the contribution of vitamin C to TEAC for fresh and cooked red cabbage was from 18.2 to 28.5%.
Effect of regular and hydrolysed dairy proteins on texture, microstructure and colour of lean poultry meat batters
Authors: Barbut Shai 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe use of 2% milk protein isolate (MPI), and some of its fractions which included caseinate, whey protein isolate (WPI), two whey protein hydrolysates (5.2% and 8.5%; WPH‐I and WPH‐II respectively) and β‐lactoglobulin (β‐lac) was evaluated in lean chicken breast meat batters. Adding caseinate and MPI resulted in the highest fracture force values, and caseinate also provided higher yield compared with the control. Both proteins were observed to form distinct protein islands embedded within the meat protein matrix, which appeared to enhance the gel structure. The two hydrolysates provided the highest yield compared with all other treatments. However, adding WPH‐II also resulted in the lowest fracture force and hardness values, while WPH‐I provided similar values to the control. The low hardness value could be explained by the light micrograph which showed WPH‐II interfering with the binding of the meat proteins. The WPI and β‐lac provided similar yield, fracture and hardness values as the control. The colour of the products was most affected by the WHP‐I and WHP‐II; both resulted in lower lightness, yellowness and overall spectra reflectance curves. A cost analysis revealed that caseinate addition was the most economical in this lean meat system.
Determination of oil palm fruit phenolic compounds and their antioxidant activities using spectrophotometric methods
Authors: Neo Yun Ping , Ariffin Azis , Tan Chin Ping , Tan Yew Ai 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThere is scarce information on the phenolics of oil palm fruits (Elaeis guineensis). In this study, phenolics were extracted from oil palm fruits and analysed using spectrophotometry for information on the different types of palm phenolics and their antioxidative activities. Analyses of the total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), o‐diphenols index, hydroxycinnamic acid index, flavonols index and phenol index showed ranges between 5.64 and 83.97 g L−1 gallic acid equivalent (GAE), 0.31–7.53 g L−1 catechin equivalent, 4.90–93.20 g L−1 GAE, 23.74–77.46 g L−1 ferulic acid equivalent, 3.62–95.33 g L−1 rutin equivalent and 15.90–247.22 g L−1 GAE, respectively. The antioxidant assay, 2,2‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging assay, showed antioxidative activities in all the extracts with results ranging from 4.41 to 61.98 g L−1 trolox equivalent. The high antioxidant activities of the oil palm fruit phenolics were also found to increase with increasing TPC and TFC.
The effect of shape, blanching methods and flour on characteristics of restructured sweetpotato stick
Authors: Utomo Joko S. , Che Man Yaakob B. , Rahman Russly A. , Said Saad Mohd. 
Published: September 2008

SummaryThe blanching methods and controlling dry matter content used in the preparation of mashed sweetpotato (SP) for producing restructured sweetpotato stick (RSS) were studied. The two shapes of trimmed tuber were sliced and diced. Blanching was conducted by (i) boiling for 2 min in water at 100 °C and (ii) blanching in water at 100 °C containing 1% (w/v) sodium tripolyphosphate (STP) for 2 min. Controlling the dry matter content of dough was conducted by adding SP flour (0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%). Chemical and physical characteristics were determined on the final product. The results from this study showed that blanching in 1% STP for 2 min improves colour and ash content of fried stick. Mixing of 5% SP flour with mashed SP produces suitable dough for further processing. RSS can be produced by a combination of blanching in 1% STP and mixing with 5% SP flour produce an intermediate hardness, high lightness and low redness colouration of RSS.
Governing nursing through reflection: a discourse analysis of reflective practices
Authors: Fejes Andreas 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTitle.  Governing nursing through reflection: a discourse analysis of reflective practices. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to analyse reflection as discourse and a technology of confession which produces a certain desirable subjectivity within nursing practice.Background.  Reflection and reflective practice are common themes in nursing practices and in the literature on nursing. These practices are often construed as positive and empowering, and more critical analyses of them are needed.Method.  A Foucauldian‐inspired discourse analysis based on the concepts of governmentality and technologies of the self was conducted. Transcripts of interviews conducted in 2006–07 with 42 managers, supervisors, teachers and participants in an in‐service programme to prepare healthcare assistants to become Licensed Practice Nurses in the elder care sector were analysed.Findings.  Reflection as confession operates as a governing technology within the nursing practice analysed. Programme participants are encouraged to reflect and scrutinize themselves about their work as a way to improve their competencies and practice. Through appraisals, they are invited to reflect about themselves as way to achieve their desires. In this way, active, responsible, problem‐solving, self‐governing practitioners are constructed.Conclusion.  Through a Foucauldian reading of reflective practices it is possible to illustrate that reflection is not a neutral or apolitical practice. Instead, it is a governing practice that does something, in discursive terms, to nursing subjectivity – something that can create a space for reflection about what reflection discursively does to subjectivity.
Cardiac misconceptions: comparisons among nurses, nursing students and people with heart disease in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Yu‐Ping , Furze Gill , Spilsbury Karen , Lewin Robert J.P. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractTitle.  Cardiac misconceptions: comparisons among nurses, nursing students and people with heart disease in Taiwan. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study to examine the misconceived and potentially maladaptive beliefs (cardiac misconceptions) about heart disease held by nurses, nursing students and people with heart disease in Taiwan.Background.  Research suggests that misconceived and maladaptive beliefs about heart disease influence outcomes in people with heart disease, and that eliciting and dispelling incorrect beliefs can reduce disability in this population. However, nurses do not routinely elicit maladaptive beliefs or attempt to dispel them.Method.  Between October 2005 and March 2006, a survey was conducted using version 1 of the York Cardiac Beliefs Questionnaire to measure cardiac misconceptions in 64 hospital‐based nurses (13 of whom were cardiac nurses), 134 nursing students and 238 people with heart disease.Results.  Nursing students held fewer cardiac misconceptions than nurses (P = 0·042). There were no statistically significant differences in the numbers of misconceptions between cardiac and general nurses, and no statistically significant associations between level of qualification, years of nursing experience and number of misconceptions. Nurses with higher levels of education were more likely to hold fewer misconceptions (P = 0·24). Patients held statistically significantly more misconceptions about heart problems than nurses (P < 0·001).Conclusion.  Nurses who are involved in the care for people with heart disease have a responsibility to assess and dispel people’s misconceptions about their condition, and therefore continuing professional education is required to develop this clinical expertise. Future research should focus on methods of dispelling cardiac misconceptions in both nursing and patient education.