bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Delineation of PLA2 epitopes using short or long overlapping synthetic peptides: interest for specific immunotherapy
Authors: KAMMERER R. , KETTNER A. , CHVATCHKO Y. , DUEOUR N. , TIERCY J.‐M. , CORRADIN G. , SPERTINI F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Venom immunotherapy is definitely indicated in severe systemic anaphylactic reactions to bee stings. but is not devoided of risks of anaphylaxis. Safer methods of Immunotherapy need to be developed.Objective
To delineate phospholipase A2 Tcell epitopes using shoti I5mer vs long 40–60mer overlapping peptides, and to approach the potential interest of a venom immunotherapy based on the use of long peptides (1–60. 51–99. 90–134) mapping the whole phospholipase A2 molecule vs a restricted number of immunodominant epitopes.Methods
Proliferation of a CD8+ T cell depleted peripheral blood mononuclear cell fraction and short‐term T‐cell lines from unselected bee venom hypersensitive patients in response to phospholipase A2 synthetic peptides.Results
Whereas T‐cell proliferation to 15mer overlapping peptides was weak, T‐cell response to long overlapping peptides was in contrast vigorous in all patients, mostly directed to C‐terminal peptide 90–134. Our results did not support the concept of rare dominant T‐cell epitopes. and disclosed T‐cell responses to multiple epitopes in several patients. No significant IgE‐binding to long overlapping peptides was detected except in one patient against peptide 90–134.Conclusion
15mer peptides might not be sensitive enough to fully delineate all potential T‐cell epitopes scattered along the allergen. Since they do not bind IgE in vitro or only weakly, and taking into account a T‐cell response frequently directed to multipie epitopes, long overlapping peptides may represent ideal tools for immunotherapy.
Non‐specific airway hyperresponsiveness in mono‐sensitive Sicilian patients with allergic rhinitis. Its relationship to total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophils during and out of the pollen season
Authors: DI LORENZO G. , MANSUETO P. , MELLUSO M. , MORICI G. , NORRITO F. , PELLITTERI M. ESPOSITO , DI SALVO A. , COLOMBO A. , CANDORE G. , CARUSO C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Initial attempts to evaluate the association between allergic rhinitis and nonspecific bronchial responsiveness has produced conflicting results. In fact, some studies showed a strong correlation and other failed to find an association. However, little is known about the effect of natural specific allergen exposure on the bronchial reactivity of mono‐sensitive patients with rhinitis in the southern Mediterranean area, in relation to skin reactivity to allergens, total serum IgE levels and blood eosinophiis.Objectives
The significance of the association between allergic rhinitis, and abnormal airway responsiveness with regard to the pathogenesis of asthma is unclear. For this reason, we have studied non‐specific bronchiai hyperreactivity. in patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis, with reference to the responsible allergen. The aim of the study was to correlate the responsiveness to bronchoprovocation with methacholine in subjects a with allergic rhinitis during and out of the pollen season with total serum IgE and blood eosinophils.Methods
Fourty‐nine non‐smoking patients with clinical diagnosis of allergic rhinitis and mono‐sensitive skinprick tests to pollen allergens were enrolled in the study. Twenty patients suffered from seasonal rhinitis to Parietaria pollen. 15 patients to Gramineae pollen and 14 patients to Olea pollen. In all patients lung function measurements (assessed as response to methacholine). tolal serum IgE and blood eosinophii counts were measured during and out of the pollen season.Results
During pollen season. 16 out of 49 rhinitis patients demonstrated values of bronchial responsiveness measured as response to inhaled metbacholine in the asthmatic range whereas out of the pollen season only eight patients were in the asthmatic range. By analysing the results with reference to the responsible allergen, during the pollen season 5 out of 16 patients were Parietaria ‐sensitive and out of the pollen season seven out of eight patients. Finally, in Parietaria ‐sensitive rhinitis bronchial responsiveness signifi‐cantly correlated, during and out of the pollen season, with total serum IgE and with blood eosinophil counts.Conclusions
Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that Parietaria is more important than Olea and Gramineae as a risk for developing non‐ specific bronchial hyperresponsiveness. On the whole, present observations provide further evidence that there is an interrelationship of allergen kind, total serum IgE. eosinophil and bronchial hyperressponsiveness suggesting that they may play a role in the development of bronchial asthma in rhinitis patients.
Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis is accompanied by increased mast cell numbers in the absence of leucocyte infiltration
Authors: ANDERSON D. F. , MACLEOD J. D. A. , BADDELEY S. M. , BACON A. S. , McGILL J. I. , HOLGATE S. T. , ROCHE W. R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
Seasonal allergic conjunctivitis (SAC) is the most common allergic disease to affect the eye. occurring alone or in association with allergic rhinitis. Infiltration with mast cells and eosinophils is characteristic of the chronic forms of allergic conjunctivitis such as vernal and atopic keratoconjunctivitis. and these cell types also contribute significantly to allergic inflammation in the skin. Indirect evidence for a similar pattern of cellular events in SAC comes from studies which demonstrate raised eosinophil and neutrophil numbers in conjunctival scrapings and elevated levels of mast cell tryptase in tears following allergen challenge.Objective
To directly characterize the inflammatory cell infiltrate in SAC and to determine its clinical relevance.Methods
We employed specific immunohistochemical staining to count masi cells, eosinophiis and neutrophiis in the conjunctival epithelium and lamina propria of eight atopic patients with SAC in, and 12 SAC patients out of the hay fever season. Sixteen patients with no history of ocular allergy were used as control subjects.Results
Mast cells were absent from normal epithelium. During the pollen season median mast cell numbers in the lamina propria were found to be increased by 6I'J(in patients with SAC compared with normals (P= 0.012). Eosinophils were found in the lamina propria in less than half of the symptomatic patients with SAC and in only three patients were eosinophils present in the epithelium. The neutrophil numbers in the lamina propria of patients with SAC tended to be higher than normals but these changes did not reach statistical significance.Conclusion
Conclusion These data based on the direct assessment of conjunctival tissue provide evidence that symptoms occur in SAC in the absence of detectable recruitment of eosinophils or neutrophils. This suggests that this disorder is related to mast cell‐mediated changes.
Mouse/human chimeric IgGl and IgG4 antibodies directed to the house dust mite allergen Der p 2: use in quantification of allergen specific IgG
Authors: SCHUURMAN J. , PERDOK G. J. , MUELLER G. A. , BENJAMIN D. C. , TAN K. YONG , CHAPMAN M. D. , AALBERSE R. C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground and Objective
Chimeric mouse/human monoclonal IgGl and IgG4 antibodies were developed against the house dust mite allergen Der p 2. These chimeric IgG antibodies, hIgG1‐Dp2 A and hIgG4‐Dp2 A, have the same binding characteristics as the previously reported chimeric hIgE‐Dp2 A and are composed of the heavy chain variable domains and light chains ot the original murine monoclonal antibody 2B12., whereas the heavy chain constant domains have been replaced by the human IgGl or IgG4 heavy chain. The expression level of hIgG1‐Dp2 A and hIgG4‐Dp2 A was 1 and 3.5 μg/mL, respectively.Methods and Results
Since all IgG in these culture supernatants is allergen‐specific. they are useful reference reagents and enable the calculation of the amount of allergen specific IgG l and IgG4 antibodies in absolute IgG amounts. The results obtained with two panels of sera from patients in immunotherapeutic treatment were evaluated and compared in Der p 2 IgE, IgGl and IgG4 RAST and with reversed lgG4 RAST using labelled purified Der p 2. Close agreement between the results for the two IgG4 assays was found.Conclusion
With these chimeric reference reagents the quantities of isotype specific antiallergen antibodies can be calculated and compared.
The Role of Probiotics in the Management of Allergic Disease
Authors: Boyle R. J. , Tang M. L. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryProbiotics have recently been advocated for the prevention and treatment of allergic disease (AD). In clinical practice they are increasingly being used for these purposes. Here we review the evidence base for the use of probiotics in the management of AD. We find support for their use in the treatment of childhood eczema, but the clinical significance of any treatment effect is uncertain. There is also evidence to support the use of probiotics in the prevention of childhood eczema. However the available evidence suggests that probiotics are not an effective treatment for allergic airway diseases. Probiotics may be more effective when used early in life, and they may have a particular role in gastrointestinal AD. The relative efficacy of different probiotic strains in the management of AD is not well established, and further work is needed to establish their mechanisms of action. In summary probiotics are likely to play a part in the management of childhood eczema in the future, and further studies are warranted to precisely define their role.
Cytokine responses to allergens during the first 2 years of life in Estonian and Swedish children
Authors: Böttcher M. F. , Jenmalm M. C. , Voor T. , Julge K. , Holt P. G. , Björkstén B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBackground
The prevalence of atopic disease among children in the formerly socialist countries in Europe, with a life style similar to that prevailing in Western Europe 30–40 years ago, is low, whereas there has been a pronounced increase in industrialized countries over the last decades. The environment during infancy influences the risk of developing allergy for many years, perhaps even for life.Objective
To investigate the development of allergen‐specific cytokine responses during the first 2 years of life in two geographically adjacent countries with marked differences in living conditions and incidence of atopic diseases, i.e. Estonia and Sweden.Methods
The development of immune responses to food (β‐lactoglobulin (BLG) and ovalbumin (OVA)) and inhalant (cat and birch) allergens was studied from birth up to the age of 2 years in 30 Estonian and 76 Swedish infants. Clinical investigation and skin prick tests were performed and blood samples were obtained at birth and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months.Results
The levels of IL‐5, IL‐10 and IL‐13 secreted by peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with BLG, OVA and cat allergen in Estonian and Swedish infants declined during the first 3 months of life. All cytokines then progressively increased in the Swedish infants, indicating the replacement of non‐specifically responding immature cord blood T cells with specific T memory cells, which are primed postnatally. The resurgence of allergen‐specific responses in the Estonian infants was less marked. These differences were particularly notable for birch‐specific T cell responses, which correlated with development of atopic disease in the Swedish children.Conclusions
The development of specific T cell memory to food and inhalant allergens during the first 2 years of life differs between infants living in Sweden and Estonia, and mirrors the disparate patterns of expression of allergic disease which subsequently develops in the respective populations.
Blister fluid proteinases in bullous skin diseases
Authors: FRÄKI JORMA E. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Blister fluids from various vesiculo-bullous skin diseases were found to hydrolyse several proteinase substrates at almost the same pH optima as healthy human skin extracts. Hydrolysis rates of substrates by different blister samples were found to vary greatly. High hydrolysis rates were found in dermatitis herpetiformis (hydrolysis of casein at pH 75) and in acute infected eczema (hydrolysis of haemoglobin at pH 3.5 and casein at pH 7.5), whilst slow hydrolysis rates were found in burn blisters.
Delusions of infestation: treatment by depot injections of neuroleptics
Authors: FRITHZ ANDERS 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Fifteen patients with monosymptomatic hypochondriacal psychosis manifesting as delusions of infestation have been treated by depot injections of neuroleptic drugs (fluphenazine decanoate or cisflupentixole decanoate). Several of the patients had formerly been treated with neuroleptics by mouth with little or no effect. During the injection treatment eleven patients became totally symptom free, three patients improved and one was unaffected. No serious side-effects were observed.
CALCUL DU GRADIENT VERTICAL DU CHAMP DE GRAVITE ou DU CHAMP MAGNETIQUE MESURE A LA SURFACE DU SOL*
Authors: BARANOV V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is known that good use can be made of calculating the second vertical derivative of gravitational and magnetic fields. The first derivative, or Vertical Gradient, has the same properties, Like the second derivative, it does not depend on the locally linear regional anomaly. Moreover, the gradient is less affected by experimental errors.The report gives a practical method of calculating the vertical gradient. Its application is identical to that in general use for calculating the second derivative, except that the numerical coefficients are different. The method also allows the establishment of formulae for downward extension of the field and its derivatives.
THE APPLICATION OF RESISTIVITY METHODS IN ESTABLISHING THE BASE OF THE WATER‐BEARING ROCKS IN THE CANNOCK CHASE COALFIELD*
Authors: POLAK EDWARD JAN 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn the Cannock Chase Coalfield the rocks of the overburden are heavily waterlogged, thus constituting a source of difficulty and even danger to the miner. In order to ensure maximum safety with the maximum use of reserves, the area has been investigated by boreholes and by resistivity surveys.In this paper a short summary of the resistivity work is given, with especial reference to electrode arrangement and methods of interpretation used. Where applicable, comparison between resistivity evidence and borehole data is shown.
HYDROLOGICAL SURVEYS IN THE CATANIA AREA BY MEANS OF ELECTRICAL SOUNDINGS*
Authors: BREUSSE J. J. , HUOT G. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractExploration of the Catania region was carried out for over a year by means of electrical soundings. The thickness of the overburden (lava and alluvium) was thus computed and the contour map of the blue clays basement shows the existence of several buried channels where new wells were drilled, all of them successful.
THE PREPARATION OF PAPERS FOR “GEOPHYSICAL PROSPECTING” AND THEIR PRESENTATION AT TECHNICAL MEETINGS
Authors: BRUCKSHAW J. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe efficient production of “Geophysical Prospecting” depends upon the co‐operation of the individual authors and this paper serves as a guide for them. Some suggestions are also made on the presentation of papers at meetings in the hope of promoting successful discussions.
ROLE JOUÉ PAR LA CORRECTION LUNI‐SOLAIRE EN PROSPECTION GRAVIMETRIQUE*
Authors: NEUMANN R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe luni‐solar corrections are considered under the three following aspects:Quality of results: the application of tidal corrections to all stations is pointless as long as the operations do not substantially exceed two hours.Working conditions: it seems possible to increase the duration of programs without any loss of precision, but operating in such a way requires particular care.Behaviour of gravity meters: the introduction of tidal corrections allows to separate three kinds of instrumental drifts; a good knowledge of the mean operational drift enables to appreciate the quality of a given set of measurements.An example is given to show the possibility in some cases to detect small errors which are close to the limit of precision of the instrument.
REFLECTION SURVEY IN ROUGH TOPOGRAPHY*
Authors: SELEM A. M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe problems connected with reflexion surveys in areas of rough topography consist of choosing proper equipment and of making careful near‐surface corrections. This paper illustrates some solutions to these problems that have been adopted in a survey which has recently started in a hily coastal area, in Southern Italy.As the area is characterized by a youthful and very actively eroded topography of Post‐Miocene clays and litoral clastic sediments, both rotary and percussion drilling were necessary whilst all the seismic equipment had to be light to allow straight lines to be shot as far as possible. Details are given of the truckmounted, light equipment which has been designed for this special purpose.In connection with the youthful topography of the area being surveyed, the criteria for the proper computation of the near‐surface corrections is discussed. The great differences in elevation, combined with variations in the surface and near‐surface materials, necessitated a careful analysis before deciding the thickness of the correction zone. The results are shown of the preliminary tests carried out in order to determine the average thickness of the low‐velocity zone. The solution adopted for drawing the reference surface determining the base of the correction zone for the whole of the area is subseqently explained.Reference datum is drawn so as to follow gently, and with segments of constant slopes, the general features of the rough topographic relief at a depth ranging from 30 to 60 metres from the surface. Criteria for the routine checking of velocity variations in the correction zone are illustrated. Such checks are based on both uphole time analyses and refraction “first breaks” plots, with deeper shot holes at constant intervals.Unsatisfactory results necessitate longer spreads for “low velocity tests” and uphole shooting from deeper holes and the reference datum is deepened for the particular area where this becomes necessary.The final cross‐sections are shown and although, as yet, no deep holes, are available to check the seismic data, the general appearance of the cross‐sections seems to indicate that subsurface data are free from the influence of topography and of the velocities in the near‐surface formations.
RESISTIVITY CURVES FOR A CONDUCTING LAYER OF FINITE THICKNESS EMBEDDED IN AN OTHERWISE HOMOGENEOUS AND LESS CONDUCTING EARTH*
Authors: KOEFOED O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA method is described for computing master resistivity curves. It is a modification of that devised by Ehrenburg and Watson, but is superior as a shorter time is required for the computations. A collection of 31 master curves for the three layer case is presented.
ON SURFACE‐WAVES IN LOOSE MATERIALS OF THE SOIL*
Authors: KORSCHUNOW A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFor the first time a method of observing the effects of hammering and of small blasts has been applied in a series of experiments on various soils, using a three component set of small mechanical leaf spring seismographs. The seismograms have been subjected to a thorough harmonic analysis. By means of these experiments, the theoretical concept of Rayleigh waves generated in a layer overlying a semi infinite medium has been confirmed. The dispersion curves resulting from different experiments correspond well with theoretical dispersion curves.It may be. concluded that every seismic pulse generates a specific Rayleigh wave mechanism in loose layers. The depth of penetration of the Rayleigh wave mechanism and its frequency spectrum depend upon the delivery of energy and upon the consistence of the particular soil.Most of the energy delivered is transformed into surface‐waves, and it is obvious that the direct reading of pulses in seismograms effects mainly group velocities of the Rayleigh wave mechanism. Thus, all endeavours to procure information about near surface layers of loose soils by refraction seismic work, as the present investigations show, meet with far more difficulties than has been assumed in the past.With regard to the determination of the critical frequencies of the generated surface waves, the method of harmonic analysis of seismograms is superior to the usual dynamic method of soil mechanics, since rotating weights do not give the characteristic phase velocities and transversal wave velocities necessary for judging the consistency of loose soils.Finally, a method of determining the absorption of surface waves is discussed.
ON THE EFFECT OF POISSON'S RATIOS OF ROCK STRATA ON THE REFLECTION COEFFICIENTS OF PLANE WAVES*
Authors: KOEFOED O. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractCalculations are presented of reflection coefficients of plane longitudinal waves incident at oblique angles on boundary planes between elastic media. It is shown that the manner in which these reflection coefficients vary with the angle of incidence is strongly affected by the values of the Poisson's ratios of the two media. It appears that, contrary to a conclusion arrived at by Muskat and Meres, the reflection coefficient may vary appreciably with the angle of incidence in the range between O° and 30°. Possibilities of practical application of this phenomenon are discussed.
ON SEISMIC WAVE PROPAGATION IN ANISOTROPIC MEDIA WITH APPLICATIONS IN THE BETUN AREA, SOUTH SUMATRA*
Authors: Kleyn A. H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAn analytical solution of refraction problems in anisotropic media is based on the expression for the refraction angle in an uniaxial anisotropic medium with vertical axis and elliptic anisotropy. The theory is applied to a test on the anisotropic behaviour of the sedimentary section in the vicinity of Betun, South Sumatra, employing the results from a refraction profile, a well velocity survey and a radial well survey. It is concluded that, in the Betun area, the anisotropy factor is variable with depth. Its maximum value may be as high as 1.15 in the middle part of the section.
SOME PROBLEMS OF SHALLOW REFRACTION INVESTIGATIONS*
Authors: DOMZALSKI W. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe term shallow refraction, as used in this paper, refers to investigations confined to the superficial layer of rocks, composed primarily of unconsolidated material. To define the scope of the discussion it will be assumed that the term shallow refraction applies to work of which the lower limit is approximately 300 feet and the upper of the order of a few feet. The consideration of the small magnitude of quantities measured (distances and times) determines the perspective of the problems involved, since difficulties encountered in the interpretation, although equally disturbing whether in deep or shallow work, will cause a greater percentage of error in the latter case. The purpose of this paper is to discuss and illustrate these problems. The factors considered include the location of the geophone spread in relation to the topography of the site, influence of the ground conditions in the vicinity of geophones on recorded times, consideration of the shallow uphole shots and problems arising from the repeated use of the same shothole. The rapid variation in the vertical velocity of the overburden and errors due to it are discussed together with the effects of a non homogeneous unconsolidated material and velocity reversal. The effects of the ill‐defined solid rock surface are also considered. It appears that as the depth of investigations becomes shallower, the limits of the practical capabilities of the method are approached, because the differences between the theoretical assumptions and the actual conditions become more pronounced.