bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Convective micromixers — design and industrial applications
Authors: Kockmann N 
Published: May 2008

Convective static micromixers operate with high Reynolds numbers ( Re from 100 to 1000) in relatively large microchannels (100–1000 μm) for high flowrates and low risk of fouling and blocking. Typical flow characteristics of symmetrical mixing in T-shaped micromixers are presented with transient flow for Re number larger than 240. The simulation results are assisted by experimental data. Parallel mixing elements increase the mass flowrate up to 25 kg/h with 100 kPa pressure loss. The typical flow characteristics are described, which are essential for successful mixing devices. Three dimensionless parameters are introduced to describe the mixing performance and effectiveness of such devices. Particle generation are critical in microchannels due to fouling issues. The gas phase particle generation from homogeneous condensation of vitamin E acetate is described, reaching to particle diameters of 20 nm from temporal temperature gradients of about 1.6×106 K/s. In liquid phase, the reactive precipitation of BaSO4 is investigated, leading to particle diameters below 100 nm.
Synthesis of Isolable Thiirane 1-Imides and Their Stereospecific Ring-enlargement to 1,2-Thiazetidines
Authors: Sugihara Yoshiaki , Aoyama Yui , Okada Haruki , Nakayama Juzo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The isolation of thiirane 1-imides was achieved via imination of anti- and syn-9,9′-bibenzonorbornenylidene sulfides by Chloramine T at room temperature, followed by crystallization of the reaction mixture at −18 °C. Allowing CD2Cl2 solutions of the thiirane 1-imides stand at room temperature or heating their crystals to around 120 °C led to the formation of the corresponding 1,2-thiazetidines with retention of the configuration of the thiirane 1-imides.
Scope of the Thermal Cyclization of Nonconjugated Ene–Yne–Nitrile System: A Facile Synthesis of Cyanofluorenol Derivatives
Authors: Kimura Hidenori , Torikai Kohei , Miyawaki Kazuhiro , Ueda Ikuo 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Thermal cyclizations of nonconjugated ene–diyne–nitrile 1 and ene–triyne–nitrile 2 systems were examined and proved to yield not azafluorenol, but cyanofluorenol derivatives (9 and 11, respectively), indicating that the cyano groups do not participate in the radical cycloaromatization but do play important roles to determine the mode of cyclization.
Revisiting the structure of mental disorders: Borderline personality disorder and the internalizing/externalizing spectra
Authors: James Lisa M. , Taylor Jeanette 
Published: May 2008

ObjectiveResearchers have turned to dimensional models of psychopathology as a means of explaining robust patterns of comorbidity. A hierarchical model consisting of internalizing and externalizing dimensions has been a useful approach to understanding comorbidity among some mental disorders, although a limited number of disorders have been examined within this framework. The objective of the present study is to determine how borderline personality disorder fits into this framework.Design and methodsDimensional measures of nine psychiatric disorders were used in a confirmatory factors analysis to compare five models of comorbidity in 1,197 members (N = 541 women) of a population‐based sample. Symptom composites were derived from the Michigan Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the International Personality Disorders Examination Questionnaire.ResultsFive models were fit to dimensional indicators of nine disorders. A model in which borderline personality disorder served as a multidimensional indicator of the externalizing factor and the anxious‐misery subfactor of internalizing disorders provided the best fit to the data in the whole sample and in men. For women, this model also fit well but an alternative model in which borderline personality disorder served only as an indicator of the anxious‐misery subfactor of internalizing disorders fit equally well.ConclusionsThe present study demonstrates the utility of the internalizing/externalizing framework for characterizing personality disorders as well as Axis I disorders. Future work should explore how other personality disorders fit into this framework.
Effects of Two Years of Daily Teriparatide Treatment on BMD in Postmenopausal Women With Severe Osteoporosis With and Without Prior Antiresorptive Treatment
Authors: Obermayer-Pietsch Barbara M , Marin Fernando , McCloskey Eugene V , Hadji Peyman , Farrerons Jordi , Boonen Steven , Audran Maurice , Barker Clare , Anastasilakis Athanasios D , Fraser William D , Nickelsen Thomas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Previous antiresorptive (AR) treatment may influence the response to teriparatide. We examined BMD response and safety in a subgroup of 503 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis who received teriparatide for 24 mo. Patients were divided into three groups based on their prior AR treatment: treatment-naïve (n = 84); pretreated with no evidence of inadequate treatment response (n = 134); and pretreated showing an inadequate response to AR treatment (n = 285), which was predefined based on the occurrence of fractures, persistent low BMD, and/or significant BMD loss while on therapy. Changes in BMD from baseline were analyzed using mixed model repeated measures. Lumbar spine BMD increased significantly from baseline at 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo in all three groups. The mean gain in spine BMD over 24 mo was greater in the treatment-naïve group (0.095 g/cm2; 13.1%) than in the AR pretreated (0.074 g/cm2; 10.2%; p &lt; 0.005) and inadequate AR responder (0.071 g/cm2; 9.8%; p &lt; 0.001) groups. The corresponding increases in total hip BMD were 3.8%, 2.3%, and 2.3%, respectively. Early decreases in hip BMD in the inadequate AR responder group were reversed by 18 mo of treatment. Increases in BMD between 18 and 24 mo were highly significant. Nausea (13.3%) and arthralgia (11.7%) were the most commonly reported adverse events. Asymptomatic hypercalcemia was reported in 5.0% of patients. Teriparatide treatment for 24 mo is associated with a significant increase in BMD in patients with and without previous AR use. Prior AR treatment modestly blunted the BMD response to teriparatide. Safety was consistent with current prescribing label information.
Fracture Outcomes Related to Persistence and Compliance With Oral Bisphosphonates
Authors: Gallagher Arlene M , Rietbrock Stephan , Olson Melvin , van Staa Tjeerd P 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The effects of low persistence on fracture risk have not been fully addressed. The objectives of this study were to describe the persistence and compliance with bisphosphonates and to evaluate the association with fracture risk. The General Practice Research database was used to identify patients ≥18 yr of age prescribed alendronate or risedronate. The follow-up was divided into periods of current and past use. Time-dependent Cox regression was used. The study population included 44,531 patients; 58.3% of the patients continued bisphosphonate treatment for &gt;1 yr and 23.6% for &gt;5 yr. The risk of hip/femur fracture (adjusted relative rate [RR], 0.78; 95% CI, 0.64–0.94) and osteoporotic fracture (RR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.76–0.94) were lower with current compared with past bisphosphonate use. The largest reduction in hip/femur and osteoporotic fracture risk was observed in patients treated for at least 6 mo and no reduction in those treated for &lt;6 mo. The risks of hip/femur and osteoporotic fractures followed the pattern of nonosteoporotic fractures in the first 6 mo but then started to reduce after 6–12 mo of treatment. Increased risks of osteoporotic and hip/femur fractures were found in patients with low compliance. Use of bisphosphonates was associated with fracture risk reductions after 6–12 mo of treatment, but only 58% of the patients were treated for at least 1 year. Improvement in long-term persistence to bisphosphonate treatment may be important to reduce the impact of osteoporosis-related fractures.
Bisphosphonate-Induced Osteopetrosis: Novel Bone Modeling Defects, Metaphyseal Osteopenia, and Osteosclerosis Fractures After Drug Exposure Ceases
Authors: Whyte Michael P , McAlister William H , Novack Deborah V , Clements Karen L , Schoenecker Perry L , Wenkert Deborah 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
In 2003, we reported on a 12-yr-old boy who had developed osteopetrosis (OPT) while receiving pamidronate (PMD) for idiopathic bone pain and enigmatic elevation in circulating bone alkaline phosphatase. Now 17 yr of age, he was re-evaluated 6.5 yr after PMD exposure stopped. Our patient described less bone pain but further limb fractures. His growth plates were fused, yet hyperphosphatasemia persisted. Radiographs documented interval fractures of a metacarpal, an osteosclerotic distal radius, and a dense diaphyseal segment of an ulna where a “chalkstick” break remained incompletely healed after 2 yr. There was new L4 spondylolysis, and previous L5 spondylolysis had caused spondylolisthesis. Modeling disturbances of OPT persisted, but partial recovery was shown by metaphyseal surfaces with a unique concave shape. Metaphyseal osteosclerosis had remodeled imperfectly to become focal areas of dense, diaphyseal bone. Newer metaphyseal bone was unexpectedly osteopenic, especially in his distal femurs where cortices were thin and a paucity of trabeculae was documented by CT. Femoral necks had become short and wide with an abnormal contour. A “bone-within-bone” configuration was now present throughout his skeleton. In vertebrae, endplates were thin, and trabecular osteopenia was present central and peripheral to the bands of osteosclerosis. BMD Z-scores assessed by DXA had decreased into the normal range in his spine, hip, and whole body. Iliac crest biopsy showed active bone formation, with much less accumulated primary spongiosa than during the PMD infusions. Osteoclasts that had been dysmorphic, round cells without polarization and off of bone surfaces were now unremarkable in number, location, and appearance. In conclusion, bisphosphonate toxicity during childhood can impair skeletal modeling and remodeling with structural changes that evolve and carry into adult life.
Morphological Conversion of Calcium Oxalate Crystals Into Stones Is Regulated by Osteopontin in Mouse Kidney
Authors: Okada Atsushi , Nomura Shintaro , Saeki Yukihiko , Higashibata Yuji , Hamamoto Shuzo , Hirose Masahito , Itoh Yasunori , Yasui Takahiro , Tozawa Keiichi , Kohri Kenjiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
An important process in kidney stone formation is the conversion of retentive crystals in renal tubules to concrete stones. Osteopontin (OPN) is the major component of the kidney calcium-containing stone matrix. In this study, we estimated OPN function in early morphological changes of calcium oxalate crystals using OPN knockout mice: 100 mg/kg glyoxylate was intra-abdominally injected into wildtype mice (WT) and OPN knockout mice (KO) for a week, and 24-h urine oxalate excretion showed no significant difference between WT and KO. Kidney crystal depositions were clearly detected by Pizzolato staining but not by von Kossa staining in both genotypes, and the number of crystals in KO was significantly fewer than in WT. Morphological observation by polarized light optical microphotography and scanning electron microphotography (SEM) showed large flower-shaped crystals growing in renal tubules in WT and small and uniform crystals in KO. X-ray diffraction detected the crystal components as calcium oxalate monohydrate in both genotypes. Immunohistochemical staining of OPN showed that the WT crystals contained OPN protein but not KO crystals. We concluded that OPN plays a crucial role in the morphological conversion of calcium oxalate crystals to stones in mouse kidneys.
Graphic design: can it be something more? Report on research in progress
Authors: Lawrie Samantha 
Published: May 2008

Human beings constitute an embodied consciousness. Our sensory capacities function in a highly integrated manner; our experience of a visual image may in fact be tactile, auditory, or some other combination of the five senses. Our most memorable and meaningful experiences are those
that impress multiple sensory modes: touch, sound, smell, taste, as well as vision. The process of transforming these essentially private sensory experiences into forms that can be shared with others is the essence of communication. Therefore truly effective communication requires careful
attention to the felt qualities of an experience; both the physically and emotionally perceived.
This paper seeks to explore why designers need to become experts in shared experience rather than simply producers of visual commodities or visual problem-solvers. Does a client need a new logo
to sell more product, or in fact does the user need a more emotionally satisfying experience to share with others?
Determination of the thermal conductivity of wood by the hot plate method: The influence of morphological properties of fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) to the contact thermal resistance
Authors: Bučar Bojan , Straže Aleš 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Thermal conductivity is frequently determined by the hot plate method. The influence of the anatomical and morphological properties of fir wood (Abies alba Mill.) was studied on the hot plate method and the mechanical treatment on the contact thermal resistance of the surface was addressed. It was confirmed that there is a contact thermal resistance between the surface of a specimen and the smoother metal plate of an experimental device. It amounted to 3.04×10-3 m2K W-1 in the direction of wood fibres and, similarly, 2.96×10-3 m2K W-1 in the transverse direction. A negligible contact thermal resistance – maximal 9% of the contact thermal resistance between the wood specimen and the metal plate – was determined at the contact of two wood surfaces. It is ascribed to the better fit of two wood surfaces compared to the fit of the wood surface with a smoother metal one. Irreversible morphological changes were determined in the real surface layers of mechanically treated test specimens. Abbot curves of real bearing profiles were additionally prepared, where the equality of longitudinal and transverse wood surfaces, as well as a sigmoid increase of bearing surface towards the inner wood tissue of test specimens was confirmed. The inverse proportional relation between the contact thermal resistance and the contact surface of wood was ascertained. The thermal conductivity of the combined and reintegrated composite of solid wood was invariable.
Personality and humor appreciation: Evidence of an association between trait neuroticism and preferences for structural features of humor
Authors: Galloway Graeme , Chirico Danielle 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis study examines the relationship between trait Neuroticism and appreciation of humor structure (incongruity-resolution and nonsense humor). Higher levels of Neuroticism are associated with increased anxiety, and more anxious people are known to dislike novel situations more than less anxious individuals do. Given that nonsense humor is an instance of a novel state of affairs, it was predicted that increases in Neuroticism would be associated with a decreased preference (indicated by funniness ratings) for nonsense humor compared to humor in which the incongruity is fully resolved. Results obtained from a total of 107 participants (34 males and 73 females) supported that prediction. It is argued that these results, as well as those which indicate associations between humor structure preferences and various other personality constructs, can be accounted for by reference to an individual's trait and/or state arousal levels. Implications of the findings for theories of humor are examined.
Development of the Pharma and Biotech Industry in India with Focus on R&D Activities
Authors: Festel Gunter 
Published: May 2008

India's pharma and biotech industry has recognised that they cannot survive as global players without significant R&D capabilities. In the pharma industry this has resulted in an increase in R&D spending as a percentage of sales from an average of 2% to around 10% over the last 5 years. Since 1995, total pharma industry R&D spending has grown from around USD 30 million to more than USD 495.2 million in 2005 (Fig. 1). The vast majority of the national pharma industry's R&D expenditures on new drug discovery and development is conducted by a limited number of companies, e.g. Dr. Reddy's (2006: 12% of annual sales) and Ranbaxy (2006: around 7%).The biotech sector in India is among the fastest growing knowledge based sectors, growing from USD 800 million in 2003 to USD 1.45 billion during 2005, and reaching USD 2 billion in 2006. The biotech industry has invested around 25% of its revenues over the last few years with a high proportion of the investments going into the setting up of infrastructure, followed by R&D.
Table of solutions and coefficients for second-order differential equations and inverse problems
Authors: Anikonov Yu. E. , Ayupova N. B. 
Published: May 2008

In the present paper, formulas for solutions and coefficients of second-order differential equations are presented. These formulas can be used for finding solutions of direct and inverse problems encountered in mathematical modeling of various evolutionary processes.
Besides, new statements of inverse problems are considered, and results obtained through solution of these problems are reported. In particular, inverse mathematical-analysis problems are formulated pertaining to the Taylor formula and to the integration average theorem. Also, equations with superpositions, and inverse problems for evolutionary and functional equations with a parameter, are considered. Formulas for solutions of inverse problems are given, and existence conditions for solutions of equations with superpositions are formulated.
Inverse problems for the Black–Scholes equation and related problems
Authors: Pyatkov S. G. 
Published: May 2008

We consider an inverse problem of finding a solution u and a coefficient in the equation
where l
0 is an elliptic operator of the second order and l
1 is a first order operator. A function a(x) is unknown on some subset G
0 ⊂ G and is given on the set G \ G
0. The conditions of the first boundary value problem are augmented with the overdetermination condition on the set G
0, which can be considered as the partial final overdetermination condition. Under some conditions on the data of the problem, the existence and uniqueness questions are studied.
World construction and meaning production in the “impossible worlds” of literature
Authors: Stefanescu Maria 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
I examine the implications for literary semantics of the distinction introduced by possible-world literary theorists between world construction and meaning production. I argue that the interdisciplinary borrowings from modal logic have resulted in a tendency among the literary scholars in the field to give preference to the referential dimension of fictional texts over their meaning component. As a direct consequence, the “impossibility” of certain fictional worlds has been diagnosed and assessed in terms of a referential failure. However, although the option to focus on the referential impossibility of some fictional worlds is clearly available to the literary theorist, it may lead to a rather one-sided approach, unless it is counterbalanced by an interest in meaning production in the case of (for the specific purposes of this article) logically inconsistent and/or self-disclosing narratives.
Two-dimensional narrative velocity
Authors: Packard Stephan 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The metaphor of narrative time as physical speed, hinted at in Genette, is followed through to its logical consequences. The neighbouring concepts of narrative relevance, storytelling, velocity and acceleration are considered as parallels to mechanical distance, velocity and acceleration. The potential of this model is explored with reference to phenomena of retro-active continuity in episodic storytelling, as well as the more general problem of quantifying histoire and discours.
Positioning and repositioning: Linguistic practices and identity negotiation of overseas returning bilinguals in Hong Kong
Authors: Chen Katherine Hoi Ying 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Li Wei (1995) notes that relatively little sociolinguistic work on bilingualism has attempted to analyze and compare the complex relationships between aspects of language choice and code-switching among subgroups of the same community. This study aims to investigate the co-existence of two structurally different Cantonese–English code-switching patterns used by two distinctive groups (a returnee and a local group) in a single community: Hong Kong. It focuses on how overseas returning bilinguals negotiate, reposition, and reconstruct their identities through the use of distinctive code-switching styles (Irvine 2001). This paper demonstrates, through a discussion of the tactics of intersubjectivity proposed by Bucholtz and Hall (2005), how the interplay of language, identity and ideology inform the linguistic practices, social networks, and self (re)positioning of these social participants. Specifically, the paper examines how the returnees position and reposition themselves when they are discriminated against as outsiders, and their ethnic and cultural identity as Hong Kong Chinese are deauthenticated and delegitimated. Data include ethnographic interviews, participant observation, and recorded natural conversation.
Accomplishing marginalization in bilingual interaction: Relational work as a resource for the intersubjective construction of identity
Authors: Cashman Holly R. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper examines the use of impoliteness by Spanish–English bilingual pre-adolescents as a resource for accomplishing identities in spontaneous conversational interactions in an elementary school setting. The theoretical approach employed integrates the concept of relational work (Locher 2004; Locher and Watts 2005), which is based on Goffman's (1967) notion of face and which privileges participants' evaluation of language behavior within the norms of the community of practice, with recent work in sociocultural linguistics (Bucholtz and Hall 2004a, 2004b, 2005). This approach views identity as an interactional achievement reached through the use of what they call tactics of intersubjectivity. In this analysis, negatively marked, non-politic behavior is viewed as an interactional resource, which, along with other resources such as codeswitching, bilingual speakers may employ for the purposes of alignment and stance-taking. Specifically, the paper examines how speakers use strategies referred to as impolite (cf. Culpeper 1996) in the performance of a variety of tactics of intersubjectivity to manage local identities (e.g., leader/follower, insider/outsider) as well as membership in broad social categories (e.g., gender, ethnic identities) in interaction, how they engage in conflict talk and what they gain from it, and how codeswitching is (and is not) used in interactions. This analysis is situated within the wider social context of language politics and immigration politics in the individual school, the region, and the US.
Online brands: Branding, possible worlds, and interactive grammars
Authors: Scolari Carlos 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This paper proposes to reflect from a semiotic perspective on the transformation that brands have undergone since the rise of the Internet. After a brief theoretical introduction to digital communication and the semiotics of brands, the case of the Google brand is analyzed by applying concepts of generative and interpretive semiotics. The paper holds that the iconic and linguistic enunciations are secondary with respect to interaction. In digital media interaction — the interactive experience that the Internet user lives — is a fundamental component of the hypermedia cocktail and occupies a central position in the brand building process. The article concludes with some of the questions and special characteristics raised by so-called eBranding.