bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF DEFENSE STRATEGY AND RACE AS INFLUENCES IN DIFFERENTIAL SENTENCING
Authors: KELLY HENRY E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study compares the influence of defense strategy and the race of the defendant on the variance in felony sentence length for a sample of 2,090 convicts in a state penal system Defense strategy includes the subsequent plea of the defendant and the type of defense counsel. Control variables are age, marital status, urban‐rural childhood, education, prior criminal record, and type of crime. A comparison is made for both burglary and homicide. The findings for butglay show defense strategy explains 16.5% of the variance in sentence length (because of the type of plea), while race of the defendant explains only I% of the variance (due to the positive relationship between being black and sentence length). For homicide the unique explanation of the defense strategy model accounts for 3% of the variance (due more to type of attorney than plea), while the race of the defendant accounts for another 3% (because of the negative relationships between being Indian or Mexican‐American and sentence length).
FAMILY RELATIONS AND DELINQUENCY IN ISRAEL
Authors: RAHAV GlORA 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Several theoretical approaches (e.g., psychoanalytic theory, learning theory, and social‐disorganization) have led criminologists to the belief that harmony in family life prevents delinquency, while disharmony promotes it. Moreover, several studies suggested that there is interaction between the functioning of the family and social class as causes of delinquency. The present study of 414 Israeli adolescents reveals neither interaction between family relationships and social class, nor any substantive main effect, suggesting that (1) Israel's social conditions render the family a relatively less important role as a crimogenic agent, and (2) that family life has previously been idealized. and their role exaggerated due to the theoreticians’ value bias
THE POTENTIAL FOR CRIME OVERREPORTING IN CRIMINAL VICTIMIZATION SURVEYS
Authors: LEVINE JAMES P. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract A critique is offered of’ the methodology of the criminal victimization survey and several sources of error that may result in artificially inflated crime rates based on such data are identified. It is argued that much information about crimes given by respondents may be incorrect due to misunderstandings about what transpired, ignorance about legal definitions, memory failures about when crimes occurred, and outright prefabrication. Organizational imperatives that may cause interviewers and coders to skew the data toward a showing of greater criminality are analyzed. Some ideas for measuring response error more precisely are presented.
HOMICIDE IN DETROIT The Role of Firearms
Authors: FISHER JOSEPH C. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study attempts to determine the role of firearms in accounting for the rising homicide rate of one city. Firearms were examined in relation to other weapons and subsequently firearm availability was examined in relation to other variables that could affect the rate of homicides. A majority of the increase in the homicide rate could be attributed to an increase in handgun murders. Firearm availability accounted for one‐quarter of the rise in homicides.
DIFFERENTIAL LABELING OF JUVENILES A Multivariate Analysis
Authors: BLANKENSHIP RALPH L. , SINGH B. KRISHNA 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Prior studies and commonsense definitions of the decision‐making process suggest that the ascriptive power of the commitment offense, gravity of the commitment offense, psychiatric characteristics of the offender, and the social identity given off by the offender's family would be causally related to variance in the deviance label, i.e., decisions to commit to a mental hospital rather than to a corrections institution. Case records from both settings were analyzed for traces of the decision. However, controlling for each of the alternative variables fails to eliminate the strong relationship between intensity of the offender's prior career of delinquent behavior and the formal deviance label qua type of commitment. The multivariate path model suggests that delinquency intensity and type of commitment are the two most important determinants of mental classification.
A REEXAMINATION OF THE ETIOLOGY OF URBAN CRIME
Authors: MLADENKA KENNETH R. , HILL KIM QUAILE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Ecological analysis of crime rates has been a traditionally important approach to analyzing the causes of crime. Over the years, this approach has profited from the use of increasingly sophisticated data analysis techniques. A recent article in this journal on intracity crime rates offered such an analytic refinement—with the discovery of similar curvilinear relationships between both personal and property crime and customary socioeconomic predictors Such a finding for both types of crime is quite different from the results indicated in previous research. The present article reexamines comparable data on urban crime, adding further statistical and theory‐based refinements to the analysis The results here show distinctive relationships for property and personal crime. This paper serves, then, to integrate careful empirical analysis into available criminogenic theory and into the conventional wisdom of ecological research.
CITIZEN REPORTING OF CRIME Some National Panel Data
Authors: SKOGAN WESLEY G. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The decision to report criminal victimizations to the police is an important determinant of the capacity of the criminal justice system to fulfill its mandate. This report analyzes the individual‐level determinants of crime reporting, using data generated by the 1973 National Crime Survey conducted by the Bureau of the Census. It examines the impact of three characteristics of victimizations upon their reporting probability: the attributes of their victims, the nature of victim‐offender relationships, and the seriousness of the offense. Only the latter appears to be of major significance, although youthful victims are substantially less likely than their elders to report their experiences to the police. The reasons that nonreporters give for their inaction appear to be quite rational, reflecting the probability that anything will come of their cooperation.
PRISONERS' ATTITUDES TOWARD COMPONENTS OF THE LEGAL AND JUDICIAL SYSTEMS
Authors: ALPERT GEOFFREY P. , HICKS DONALD A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Prisoners' attitudes toward components of the legal and judicial systems are reviewed and analyzed with data collected from prisoners in their first several days of incarceration. These data are analyzed within subgroups of the prison population. In general, attitudes toward the police are negative, attitudes toward the law and the judicial system are mixed, and attitudes toward lawyers are positive. However, preprison and prison status factors influence the attitudes held by prisoners, and these different patterns of influence are discussed.
RESPONSES OF THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM TO LEGISLATION PROVIDING MORE SEVERE THREATENED SANCTIONS
Authors: SHOVER NEAL , BANKSTON WILLIAM B. , GURLEY J. WILLIAM 
Published: March 2006

Abstract In 1971, the Tennessee legislature enacted legislation providing for mandatory jail sentences and driver's license revocations for anyone convicted of driving while intoxicated. This new law had no demonstrable impact on the highway traffic fatalities rate‐the intended objective. This paper explores the reasons for this apparent lack of impact. Data suggest that, while there was some increase in the severity of sanctions imposed on drunken drivers, there was still a consistent tendency to suspend the jail sentences and grant drivers restricted driving privileges. Nor is there any reason to believe that the police intensified their efforts to apprehend larger numbers of drunken drivers. Thus, the more severe sanctions threatened in the new law were generally mitigated in practice. Some possible interpretations for this are offered.
LABORATORY ORGANIZATIONAL EXPERIMENTS FOR CORRECTIONS An Alternative Method
Authors: CHOW ESTHER NGAN‐LING , HEMPLE WILLIAM E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The methodology of laboratory organizational experiments has seldom been applied to corrections. Its advantages of flexibility, experimental control, ability to replicate theoretically important but naturally rare occurrences, and its potential for cross‐validation of other research are shown to be of both practical and theoretical relevance to corrections. The problems of realism, generalizability, practicality, and ethics are examined and a remedy proposed: the sociodramatic simulation of correctional organizations to contrast the effects of theoretically important structural properties and correctional approaches, This remedy synthesizes the realistic and the symbolic approaches to organizational simulation. It is practical, and it resolves many of the ethical problems.
PRISONIZATION IN FIVE COUNTRIES Type of Prison and Inmate Characteristics
Authors: AKERS RONALD L. , HAYNER NORMAN S. , GRUNINGER WERNER 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Interorganizational and cross‐cultural comparisons are made among different types of prisons located in five countries‐the United States, Mexico, England, West Germany, and Spain‐as a test of the relative importance of functional and importation variables in prisonization. A normative orientation among inmates which is in opposition to staff expectations is found in all prisons in all countries. Adherence to this orientation by individual inmates is most prevalent among American inmates and last among Mexican inmates. The functional theory of the inmate system receives more support than the importation theory with regard to the general orientation to the institution and its programs and to attitudes toward and interaction with staff; but the two models do about equally well in accounting for the extent to which prisoners adopt the inmate code. Theoretical and policy implications of the study are discussed.
AGE AND RULE‐BREAKING IN PRISON A Test of Sociocultural Interpretations
Authors: JENSEN GARY F. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Age differences in rule‐breaking have been widely noted and widely explained, but rarely if ever have sociological explanations been subjected to actual test. This study examines such age differences among women in prison and lends support to the notion that age differences are more characteristic of inmates with urban backgrounds than of inmates with rural or small town backgrounds. Moreover, among urban inmates age differences appear to be due to age‐related normative orientations and commitments rather than age “itself” or related losses of “energy,”“daring,” or “vigor.” Finally, the study supports recurring arguments that non‐constitutional characteristics of inmates can shape normative and behavioral conflict within the prison.
CHANGING CONCEPTUALIZATIONS OF PROFESSIONAL CRIMINALS Implications for Criminology Theory
Authors: STAATS GREGORY R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This article examines both traditional and contemporary conceptualizations of professional criminals as viewed by criminologists. Traditionally, criminologists have viewed professional criminals as being involved in full‐time, nonviolent. highly skilled specialties. Contemporary conceptualizations stress professional criminals as being no specialized, less skilled, and involved in violent behavior. These conceptual changes reflect an emphasis upon observations rather than theoretical development among criminologists examining professional crime. As long as an observational emphasis persists, theories concerning professional criminals will not progress either rapidly or in an orderly fashion. Changing conceptualizations of professional criminals can be viewed as an example of insufficient theoretical development existing within the discipline.
ATTITUDES TOWARD THE POLICE AND THE LARGER ATTITUDE COMPLEX
Authors: ALBRECHT STAN L. , GREEN MILES 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Growing concern with the effect of negative public attitudes toward the police on police‐community polarization and morale and effectiveness has led to numerous efforts to improve the image of the policeman and to facilitate more positive relationships with the community. It is proposed that the eflectiveness of such programs is hindered by their failure to consider that public attitudes toward the police do not exist in isolation, but are a part of a broader complex of attitudes toward the system of legal justice and its various representatives. Data from four different samples of residents of a western state provide some tentative support for this hypothesis. Implications of the data for programs designed to improve police‐community relationships are discussed.
GENDER ROLES AND FEMALE CRIMINALITY Some Critical Comments
Authors: NORLand STEPHEN , SHOVER NEAL 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper investigates the recent claim that women are becoming increasingly involved in aggressive or serious criminal activities. On the basis of an a priori classification of aggressive crimes, a review of three different types of data reveals no unambiguous pattern of change in women's criminality. Several theoretical problems which hove inhibited the systematic development of the relationships between gender roles and criminality are discussed. Particular attention is paid to the lack of conceptual precision that characterizes the use of the terms gender and aggressive crime.
A NOTE ON THE EFFECTS OF POPULATION DENSITY AND UNEMPLOYMENT ON URBAN CRIME
Authors: KVALSETH JARALD O. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This note presents a brief review of reported studies analyzing the effects that population density and unemployment may have on urban crime rates. Very few such empirical studies have been conducted. and their Jindings have been quite contradictory and not entirely conclusive. However, for certain types of crimes, the evidence seems to indicate that the unemployment rate has a positive effect on the crime rate, while the effect of population density, if significant at all, is a negative one.
PARTICIPATORY MANAGEMENT Toward a Science of Correctional Management
Authors: BLOOMBERG SETH ALLAN 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Participatory management as an intervention technique to effect change in the prison environment requires a restructuring of the prison Incision‐making process. Inmates must be given increased responsibility and be aUowed to participate meaningfully in decision‐making. The inmate subculture is posited as being one of the major impediments to successful interventions within the prison setting; participatory management neutralizes its effects, replacing the traditional oppositional character of staff/ inmate relationships with a coalition of staff and inmates.
FROM RETRIBUTION TO “DESERT”The Evolution of Criminal Punishment
Authors: KELLOGG FREDERIC R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Does current disenchantment with rehabilitation and the movement toward determinate sentencing signal a return to “retribution”? To the contrary, a close analysis of the program and philosophy of determinate sentencing reveals a fundamental break with the retributive tradition of punishment according to generic categories of conduct. In an evolutionary development that can be traced through the classical and positivist reform movements. punishment has gradually shifted from a focus upon vengeonce and expiation toward individualized consideration of factors relevant to fairness. The thrust of the new movement toward regularizing the assessment of factors in aggravation or mitigation, with particular emphasis on harm and culpability, must be viewed in an evolutionary perspective.
POLICE DIVERSION An Illusion?
Authors: DUNFORD FRANKLYN W. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Diversion is defined on the basis of five restrictions that place important limitations on what should be considered “authentic” diversion. Each of the restrictions is reviewed in light of a number of current diversion programs known to the author. It is concluded that diversion as conceptualized by its proponents is not receiving a fair test and will be rejected on the basis of programs that have been operational zed in ways inconsistent with the original intent of its early advocates.
PEER GROUP SUPPORT FOR POLICE OCCUPATIONAL DEVIANCE
Authors: BARKER THOMAS 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Although there have been several journalistic and impressionistic accounts of police corrupt behavior, there are few empirical studies of this phenomenon. One of the reasons for this lack of research is the absence of theoretical frames of reference to guide research endeavors. This paper deals with police corruption as but one of many forms of occupational deviance and discusses the manner in which the social conditions existing within the occupational milieu contribute to such corruption. In particular. the paper examines the manner in which the opportunity structure and socialization practices within the occupation combine with peer group support to create a social situation where certain corrupt acts are tolerated and accepted.
AUTO THEFT Offender and Offense Characteristics
Authors: McCAGHY CHARLES H. , GIORDANO PEGGY C. , HENSON TRUDY KNICELY 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Few empirical studies describe auto thieves. The most influential and frequently cited research is that by Wittenberg and Blusterier who characterize auto theft as a “favored‐group” delinquency. The findings of the present study challenge this conclusion. Although the majority of those arrested for auto theft are white. blacks are disproportionately represented; most thieves come from lower‐class neighborhoods: and the distribution of juvenile thieves by fathers’ occupational status does not appear to differ from that of other delinquents. Five types of out theft are suggested; the offender and offense characteristics are empirically examined.
INTERPREIING OFFICIAL RECORDS AS INDICATORS OF RECIDIVISM IN EVALUATING DELINQUENCY PREVENTION PROGRAMS
Authors: HAWKINS J. DAVID , CASSIDY CHRISTINE H. , LIGHT NANCY B. , MILLER CATHY A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Evaluations of crime reduction and prevention programs often use information from official law enforcement or judicial records as ostensibly “objective” indicators of criminal or delinquent activity. However. we of data from official police and court records in assessing the effectiveness of a delinquency prevention program in King County. Washington, yielded divergent conclusions regarding program “success,” depending upon choices in interpretation of records used and the data presentation format adopted. these choices also determined which socio demographic and service‐related variables appeared to be related to delinquency. The article calls into question the reliability and validity of official record data as indicators of recidivism, calls for rethinking the selection and use of indicators of program effect in evaluation studies, and calls for further research to explore the possible existence of consistent relationships among available delinquency measures.
BROKEN HOMES AND MIDDLE CLASS DELINQUENCY A Reassessment
Authors: HENNESSY MICHAEL , RICHARDS PAMELA J. , BERK RICHARD A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper uses data from middle class suburban high school students to examine the relationship between broken homes and self‐reported delinquency. Only small effects of family structure on delinquent acts are discovered. Methodological and theoretical problems which are common to research on broken homes are outlined and the contradictions between our results and those of other researchers are then analyzed from the alternative explanations of specification and spuriousness.
SELF‐CONCEPT, DELINQUENCY, AND POSITIVE PEER CULTURE
Authors: McKINNEY FRED , MILLER DAVID J. , BEER LEO , BOHANNON STEPHZN R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This is an empirical attempt to assess juvenile delinquency and correction. in an institutional setting, in terms of agency and communion (two aspects of self) as defined by Bakan (1966). The Jusness Inventory, a standard inventory for assessing social adaptability and conformity, used with a multi scaled index was employed on juvenile delinquents in a positive peer culture program items of the Jesness Inventory judged to be a genetic and communal are listed.
STRUCTURAL AND SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF PRlSONlZATlON
Authors: THOMAS CHARLES W. , PETERSEN DAVID M. , ZINGRAFF RHANDA M. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study. based on an analysis of data obtained from a randomly selected sample of 239 inmates of a maximum security federal penetentiary, assesses the explanotory power and relative importance of variables related to prisonization in the previous literature. While support for hypotheses derived from the importation and deprivation models was found, our analysis. consistent with earlier research, reveals that the proportion of variance in prisonization which can be accounted for is not high. Still, our findings underline the necessity of moving toward an integration of existing theories of prisonization rother than attempting to view them as contradictory perspectives.
OFFENDER REACTlON, PROFESSIONAL OPINION, AND SENTENCING
Authors: TRAVER HAROLD 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The central issue of this study involves determining whether the deviant is merely a passive recipient of a deviant label or if he is able to actively influence the labeling process. It is found that sex offenders who admit at least some involvement in deviant sexual activities stand a greater chance of being recommended for probation than these who deny involvement, but only if the offense does not contain certain features, e.g., force or pregnancy of the victim, which would normally preclude considering probation. The criminal justice system contains within it some means for allowing offenders to negotiate some of the consequences of conviction.
STABLE PREDICTORS OF RECIDIVISM:
Authors: PRITCHARD DAVID A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSeventy‐one studies are reviewed which present data on the relationship between biographical predictors and recidivism in 177 independent samples of offenders. A summary table lists the number of samples in which a particular predictor was found to be related to recidivism and the number of samples in which that predictor was found to be unrelated to recidivisim. Detailed summaries of the relation between “type of instant offense” and recidivism and “age at first arrest” and recidivism are also included.
PREVENTIVE DETENTION
Authors: BARIDON PHILIP , McEWEN THOMAS 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe authors suggest that the probability of an arrestee engaging in violent crime before trial should be recognized as on independent and legitimate concern of the courts. Some of the major practical and legal considerations in implementing a pretrial detention option are discussed. A model is proposed which would give prosecutors a uniform basis for the decision to request a judicial order to detain pending trial. The model is based upon a modification of the Sellin‐Wolfgang index of seriousness.