bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Limnological studies on some lakes in the Netherlands
Authors: GULATI R. D. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYMost Dutch lakes are small and shallow, resulting from peat dredging since the late 18th century. However, deep lakes have appeared recently owing to sand digging. Limnological features of one such lake, Wijde Biik (N. Holland), were studied during 1968–70. The lake with an average depth of 11 4 m (maximum depth 31 m) and area of 2·65 × 106m2 is one of the deepest and biggest in the Loosdrecht‐lakes area. The lake is 125 cm below sea level, and underground water‐movements play an important part in the lake's hydrology.The lake exhibits thermal stratification on warm and calm days; since the lake surroundings are open and flat, wind and nocturnal cooling destroy such a stratification. There is continuous circulation from autumn through spring. The O2 saturation (%) in the upper water varies from 70 to 120%. Bottom waters were never anaerobic (lowest values 10% O2 saturation).CI− (2·8m‐equiv.) and HCO−3 (1·9 m‐equiv.) were the dominant anions just as Ca++ (2·77 m‐equiv.) and Na+ (2·5 m‐equiv.) formed the main cations. Chlorides have increased 2·5‐fold in the 40 years as a geochemical consequence of deepening. The surface drainage has minor influence on lake's water chemistry. Part‐P (10–140 μg/I) and PO4‐P (2–40 μg/1) recorded maximum and minimum respectively, and NO3‐N (0·05–1·15 mg/1) its minimum, during Microcystis abundance in August 1968. The SiO2‐Si decreased from February 1969 (400 μg/l) to June 1969 as Diatotna elongatum increased. The Si‐decrease to <30% of the 1932 values is due to removal of Si‐rich clay and silt, due to sand digging.Chlorococcales were the important lake algae. Desmids were poor. Microcystis dominated as a rule from July‐September, achieving from 15 to 31 colonies/ml. Poor light transmission rather than nutrients limits plankton growth as also the primary production in the lake. Copepoda were the dominant zooplankton. Bosmina coregoni recorded between 2 and 44 individuaIs/1 in summer 1968 and was the main cladoceran. The average primary production during summers of 1969 and 1970 was 380 and 497 mg C m−2 day−1 respectively. Light limited production below 1 m—1 % light in 1969 and 10% in 1970 penetrated down to 4 m. About 70% of the production took place in the upper 2 m. Calculation of production according to theoretical models under‐estimated the observed values by 12% because Z0·5Ik lay much above (0·8–2·8 m) the expected value of 3·5 m. It is suggested that in turbid lakes like Wijde Blik in situ incubations should be done at 0·5 m intervals in the upper 2 or 3 m.
The distribution of stream‐dwelling triclads (Platyhelminthes) in North Wales
Authors: WRIGHT JOHN F. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYThis paper presents information collected during a survey of stream‐dwelling triclads in two CO ntrasted areas of North Wales. The first study area was located in Caernarvon‐shire on the mainland of North Wales and included a mountainous region rising to over 1000 m with abundant cold springs. In contrast, the study area on the nearby island of Anglesey was characterized by relatively warm, slow‐flowing streams passing through gently undulating land which did not rise above 153 m. The object of the survey was to collect background data so that suitable streams could be chosen for more intensive studies on factors determining the distribution and abundance of stream‐dwelling triclads. Distribution maps for the commonly occurring species were prepared and observations on the relationship between stream source‐type and triclad fauna were obtained. The possible role of interspecific competition was of particular interest in this study and the results of this second phase of the work will be presented in a later paper.
Studies on the genus Stenostomum O. Schmidt (Turbellaria; Catenulida).
Authors: KOLASA J. , YOUNG J. O. 
Published: May 2006

SummarySpecimens of Stenostomum which could be attributed to either S. anatirostrum or S. bryophilum, from Britain, Kenya and Poland have been described, and compared with published descriptions of similar material collected in Brazil and Finland. It is concluded that 5. bryophilum ought to be regarded as a synonym of S. anati‐rostrum. S. anatirostrum is a very variable species with a wide geographical distribution. It occurs in aquatic and damp terrestrial habitats.
Diel periodicity in the behaviour of the caddisfly, Brachycentrus americanus (Banks)
Authors: GALLEPP GEORGE 
Published: May 2006

SummaryBehaviour of Brachycentrus americanus was observed in a simulated stream in the laboratory every 2 h for 7 days in January, and in Lawrence Creek, Wisconsin, every half hour for 2 days in May. In the field, animals, algae, and detritus in the drift were sampled every half hour with an 800‐μm and a 60‐μm mesh net.The primary mutually‐exclusive behavioural units were filtering, case building, and withdrawn when the larvae had their cases attached to the substrate, and crawling and holding when cases were not attached. Diel changes in behaviour were similar i n the laboratory and field. Almost 100% of the animals were filtering at night, whereas only about 60% were during day. Withdrawn, case building and unattached activities occurred more frequently during the day. While only 0‐5% of the laboratory animals were unattached during the day, in Lawrence Creek 10‐20% were unattached at that time and many moved across the substrate and grazed. Drifting, which was acyclic, did not correlate closely with the diurnal increase in unattached activity.Available drifting food in both nets increased markedly following rain. In the absence of rain, dry weight of detritus from the 800‐μm net increased at night. Changes i n timing and method of feeding are discussed relative to gut contents, morphological adaptations, and energy expenditure of B. americanus, and to food availability.
Population dynamics of perch, Perca fluviatilis L. in Slapton Ley, Devon
Authors: CRAIG J. F. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe age of perch. Perca fluviatilis L. was determined from the annual bands laid down on the opercular bone. Year class monthly mean lengths were based on this ageing. The opercular bones have also been used for back‐calculating growth. It was found that back‐calculated mean lengths per age were similar to those calculated by direct measurement. There was little difference in growth between the sexes for the first 2 or 3 years of life. The investigation was too short for a correlation to be found between growth increments and degree days above 14°C although Slapton Ley was found to be warm in comparison to other British waters and the perch grew fast. Ford‐Walford plots gave L∞= 22.0 cm for males and L∞= 25.0 cm for females. In length‐weight relationships, fry and immature females were homogeneous between their monthly subgroups, and fry obeyed the cube law throughout. Mature males and females were heterogeneous between monthly subgroups. Growth has been expressed in weight form and instantaneous growth rates are given. These rates are higher for fry than older fish. Condition was closely related to gonad development in mature fish. Condition fell sharply after spawning and then rose rapidly in May and June. A sudden drop in condition was noted in males during August which cannot be fully explained.
The life histories, trophic relations and production of Stenoperla prasina (Plecoptera) and Deleatidium sp. (Ephemeroptera) in a New Zealand river
Authors: WINTERBOURN M. J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe life history, feeding relations and production of the stonefly Stenoperla prasina were studied for 16 months in the Selwyn River, South Island, New Zealand. Larval life is about 1 year with growth occurring in all months. Although emergence of adults was observed only from November to February, egg hatching probably occurred over an extended period as small larvae were present in most months. Larvae were mainly carnivorous except in early instars when most guts contained detritus. Larvae of a mayfly, Deleatidium sp. and a chironomid, Orthocladiinae sp. were the most important prey items. In April of two successive years the guts of most stoneflies examined were filled with diatoms (Gomphonema sp.) and filamentous algae which were abundant in the river only at these times. Algal feeding was not found in other months.Larvae of the main prey species, Deleatidium, were present in all months, being most abundant in summer and declining in numbers during winter. Maximum emergence occurred in March and April. The annual cycle of Deleatidium was diflicuit to interpret as larvae of all sizes were present in all months. Two generations probably occurred in a year, a fast‐growing summer generation and a slower‐growing and less synchronized winter generation.Mean annual standing biomass, annual production and turnover ratios (P/B) were calculated for both species. The latter were within the range of values given by Waters (1969) but may be subject to error from several sources. Shortcomings in the method used to estimate production are discussed.
Observations on ventilatory and net‐spinning activities of larvae of the genus Hydropsyche Pictet (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) under experimental conditions
Authors: PHILIPSON G.N. , MOORHOUSE B.H.S. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryLarvae of three species of the genus Hydropsyche with distribution patterns indicating they are associated with increasing ranges of flow rate and temperature in the sequence H. instahilis, H. pelhicidula, H. angustipennis, were selected for study. Experiments on frequency of ventilatory movements indicated that the larvae were increasingly tolerant to dissolved oxygen concentration, flow rate and temperature in the same sequence of species. Experiments on net‐spinning indicated a corresponding order of preference for higher temperatures and a general preference for higher flow rates. During experiments on net‐spinning the number of larval casualties, ascribed to encounters between individuals, showed marked contrasts between species. The significance ofthe behaviour ofthe larvae under experimental conditions is discussed with reference to their distribution in the field.
Revised estimates for the biomass and production of zooplankton in Lake George, Uganda
Authors: BURGIS MARY J. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryThe relationship of total body length to formalin dry weight for individuals of Thermo‐cyclops hyalinus and Mesocyclops leuckarti, from the tropical Lake George, Uganda, is given and shows that previous estimates of individual biomass and, therefore, of zooplankton standing crop and production based on them, were too high. The annual mean standing crop of total Crustacea, in 1969–70 was 828 mg (dw) m−2 and for T. hyalinus, the dominant species, 559 mg (dw) m−2 Biomass tended to be higher in the mid‐lake area than inshore. The annual mean production of T. hyalinus is now estimated to be 44 mg (dw) m−2 day.
REALISM, MARXISM AND HUMAN GEOGRAPHY
Authors: Williams Stephen Wyn 
Published: May 2006

For a long time one school of players favoured the technique of stating side by side, developing in counterpoint, and finally harmoniously combining two hostile themes or ideas, such as…individual and community. In such a Game the goal was to develop both themes or theses with impartiality, to evolve out of thesis and antithesis the purest possible synthesis.(Herman Hesse, The Glass Bead Game)
Some Recent Writings on Women and the Environment: Review Essay
Authors: Darke Jane 
Published: May 2006

New Space for Women, edited by Gerda Wekerle, Rebecca Peterson and David Morley. Westview Press, 1980. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Special Issue: “Women and the American City,” Spring 1980, Volume 5, Number 3, Supplement. Women in Housing: Access and Influence, by Marion Brion and Anthea Tinker. The Housing Centre Trust, 1980.“A Woman's Place: A Feminist Approach to Housing in Britain,” by Helen Austerberry and Sophie Watson. Feminist Review, Number 8, Summer 1981: 49–62.
LITERATURE AND EVERYDAY LIFE*
Authors: ROBINSON BRIAN 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThe work of several authors (Adorno, Benjamin, Berger, Lukacs, and Sartre) who have Marxist‐related approaches to literature is examined in order to present a review of the problems involved in the relationship between literature and everyday life. It is suggested that literature does not have to be “applied” or “realistic” to convey what is implicated in different literary forms and genres (novels, short stories, and poetry).
POSTMODERNISM, MARXISM, AND LOCALITY RESEARCH: THE CONTRIBUTION OF CRITICAL REALISM TO THE DEBATE
Authors: LOVERING JOHN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsThe conflict between postmodernism and Marxism is a central theme in contemporary human geography. This paper argues that the debate has been muddied by a confused usage of terms, and inadequate scholarship with regard to Marxism. It is necessary to distinguish between ‘postmodernism’ as simply a descriptive label for empirical developments in society, and the stronger claim that ‘postmodernism’ provides a new theoretical orientation capable of elucidating them. The former position is unobjectionable, but the latter is premature. Its advocates side‐step difficulties in the philosophy of science, and misrepresent the advantages of a postmodern approach to culture and the experiential domain. They erroneously claim special rights over locality studies, and their political contribution tends to romanticise subjectivism. The dismissal of Marxism completely ignores its anti‐essentialist strand, and overlooks the contemporary regeneration of Marxism under the stimulus of critical realism. Locality research makes scientific sense only in a realist‐marxist framework.
CONCEPTUAL PROBLEMS IN NEO‐MARXIST INDUSTRIAL GEOGRAPHY. A CRITIQUE OF THEMES FROM SCOTT AND STORPER'S: PRODUCTION, WORK, TERRITORY
Authors: PEET RICHARD 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsThe publication of Scott and Storper's Production, Work, Territory symbolizes the intellectual maturation of the new industrial geography. But problems of relating human action to structural necessity and local events to global processes continue to plague the discourse. This paper critically examines these related themes in the work of Scott and Storper, and Lipietz, pointing to the uneasy relation between structural inevitability and contingent spatial outcomes, and offers an alternative reading of structuralism as a contribution to the ongoing debate.
GENTRIFICATION AND THE SPATIAL CONSTITUTION OF THE STATE: THE RESTRUCTURING OF LONDON'S DOCKLANDS*
Authors: SMITH ADRIAN 
Published: May 2006

AbstractsThis paper argues that despite recent advances in research concerned with gentrification, the role of the state in this process has not been adequately conceptualised. Existing perspectives largely fail to provide a thorough analysis of the way in which the duality of the states ‘political’ and ‘economic’ functions are related, and how these are represented in concrete spatial situations. Through an empirical focus upon London's Docklands, the way in which the state, through the London Docklands Development Corporation, is spatially constituted and has influenced the gentrification process are examined. First, some conceptual and theoretical questions are discussed. Second, a brief historical context in which gentrification in the Docklands can be situated is provided, followed by an examination of how the restructuring of this area relates to the broader restructuring of state relations. The central role of the state in the gentrification of the Docklands is then considered by looking first, at how the LDDC has aided, through capital subsidisation, the production of a gentrified built environment giving rise to restructured patterns of socio‐spatial polarisation. Second, the question of how this action and the inequalities arising from it have been legitimised, through political, ideological and socio‐cultural means, is examined. Finally, some of the theoretical and political implications of this analysis are addressed.
THEORY AND ESSENTIALISM IN MARXIST GEOGRAPHY
Authors: GRAHAM JULIE 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSMany Marxist geographers are involved in the current attempt within human geography to create nonessentialist forms of social explanation. This project has been carried forward with great, though uneven, success. I argue that the concept of ‘theory’ is an area of our discourse where essentialism tenaciously persists. I explore some essentialist meanings of ‘theory’ in Marxist geography and offer a nonessentialist alternative meaning, embedded within an explicitly nonessentialist Marxism.
POPULATION AND POVERTY IN DEPENDENT STATES: LATIN AMERICA CONSIDERED
Authors: SHRESTHA NANDA R. , PATTERSON JOHN G. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTMalthusians maintain that rapid population growth aggravates poverty, while Marxists contend that social formations determine its nature and extent. Each perspective is incomplete, however, since it ignores the insights of the other. Latin American states, characterized by dependent capitalist formations and dominated by ruling elites, are generally incapable of solving the problems of population and poverty. Since population growth under dependent capitalism weakens labor's bargaining position against capital, reduced population growth is emphasized as a labor empowerment strategy the poor can implement on their own to improve their socioeconomic conditions.
MULTICULTURALISM, OR THE UNITED COLORS OF CAPITALISM?
Authors: Mitchell Katharyne 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSIn this paper I examine the political manipulation of the meanings of “race” and nation in the context of increasing Pacific Rim ties and multinational capitalist development in Vancouver. As many wealthy Hong Kong Chinese move to Vancouver in advance of 1997, racist incidents and urban social movements aimed at preserving neighborhood “character” have increased, thus discouraging international business activity and blocking capital flow into and through the city. As racism and localism hinder the social networks necessary for the integration of global capitalisms, businesspeople and politicians interested in increasing Vancouver's integration have sought to counter these processes through ideological production. The liberal doctrine of multiculturalism has become linked with the attempt to smooth racial friction and reduce resistance to the recent changes in the urban environment and experiences of everyday life in Vancouver. In this sense, the attempt to shape multiculturalism can be seen as an attempt to gain hegemonic control over concepts of race and nation in order to further expedite Vancouver's integration into the international networks of global capitalism.
“WHEN THE GREAT PLANES CAME AND MADE ASHES OF OUR CITY …”1: TOWARDS AN ORAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE DISASTERS OF WAR.
Authors: Hewitt Kenneth 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSThis paper reconstructs a view of armed violence from the personal testimony of civilians who survived massive bombing of their neighborhoods. A majority of raid victims are “ordinary” civilians, primarily women, children, and the elderly. In World War II the most destructive city‐wrecking campaigns were directed against the “morale” of these civilians. Their concerns and experience receive little consideration in the literature of air war, yet huge wartime and postwar surveys recorded first hand testimonies of those in heavily bombed cities in Germany, Japan and England. Women's words are given priority: they represent the majority of able‐bodied persons under the bombs, and bear witness to the human ecology of violent experience: the disruptions of everyday life; the worlds of blackout and underground; the losses of home places and urban culture. They testify as well to the uneven social and spatial distribution of harm within cities, where death, damage and homelessness overwhelmingly affected working class and inner city areas. The paper also suggests that personal testimony should be recovered and incorporated into studies of neglected and disadvantaged people in “oral geography.” Some of the radical departures and methodological rethinking involved are considered in a final section.
EUROCENTRISM AND AFRICAN URBANIZATION: THE CASE OF ZANZIBAR'S OTHER SIDE
Authors: Myers Garth Andrew 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSA number of geographers have recently championed the struggle against Eurocentric theoretical categorizations in geographical research on African cities. At the same time, many whose work has concentrated on African urban geography have felt left out in the more abstract theoretical debates of their colleagues based in the West. I argue for the possibility of confronting Western bias and contributing to broader theoretical debates by creating theoretical constructs derived from the African experience. I develop my argument through an analysis of urban development in Ng'ambo, the African “Other Side” of Zanzibar city, and work toward the creation of meso‐level conceptual guides for understanding Ng'ambo's development derived from the ideas of Ng'ambo residents themselves.
A PRISM FOR CONTEMPORARY CAPITALISM: TEMPORARY WORK AS DISPLACED LABOR AS VALUE
Authors: Sparke Matthew 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSTemporary work provides a prism that separates out and thereby makes manifest some of the displacing effects of today's most diversified and expanded divisions of capitalist labor. The chaotic conceptions of statistics agencies and business commentators fail to come to terms with this displacement, while transaction cost theories of flexibility fare little better. By contrast, a Marxist attention to displacements in the chain of value can adequately theorize and explain the capitalist roots of alienation in temping. A Marxist account is also better placed to analyze the spatial and institutional displacement of the labor process through temping. Finally, when sensitized to its own economic limits, a Marxist reading of value formation can also open the door to analyzing other, non‐economic, codings of workers' value.
LOCAL CHALLENGES TO GLOBAL AGENDAS: CONSERVATION, ECONOMIC LIBERALIZATION AND THE PASTORALISTS' RIGHTS MOVEMENT IN TANZANIA
Authors: Neumann Roderick P. 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTSSince the mid‐1980s, “democratization” and structural adjustment, have been transforming domestic political economies throughout sub‐Saharan Africa. In Tanzania, these processes could significantly alter the terrain in the conflict between local land rights and state wildlife conservation. The situation has become increasingly complex as the parties involved ‐ land‐holders, state and international conservation agencies ‐ are joined by land rights political organizations, domestic conservation groups and foreign capital. The paper focuses on struggles over land and resource rights, specifically on new forms of grassroots political action which has emerged on the question of wildlife conservation in national parks. At the same time, tourism is expanding with an influx of foreign capital. The paper explores the implications of the interactions between these forces.
Multiple Choice Questions: Concepts and Definitions
Authors: Allan Walter 
Published: May 2006

Answering multiple choice questions at ‘A’ Level involves different skills from ordinary questions, Walter Allan, publications director of the Institute of Economic Affairs and former teacher of economics, outlines some concepts and definitions.The multiple choice paper is still the area which lets many students down. Economic Affairs provides 50 definitions for particular multiple choice questions which should give the student more confidence in the examination room.Questions are normally split equally between definition and numerical questions. If you know your definitions, the numerical questions become second nature.Multiple choice papers are difficult to revise for since you do not know which questions will arise. If you take a look at the following list, check how many concepts you are familiar with.