bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responsibilities in Syntax
Authors: Lehmann Winfred P. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTSyntax has received major attention in recent linguistic study, with many efforts at formalization. Publications have taken datalargelyfrom earlier treatments characterized as traditional. In spite of claims for theoretical advances, no treatments of syntax have been produced to replace the earlier, supposedly outmoded treatments. Rather, theoretical claims, such as those advanced on the advantages of a generative approach and formah'sm, have been dismissed by leading figures in the field. More recent grammars, like Mitchell's for Old English and Engel's for modern German, generally observe the traditional approach. Among problems, those for older periods lack the historical approach, as of expression for reflexivization. Investigations into these and other syntactic categories are needed. Further, outstanding works of the past, such as those by Delbruck, should be made available. In addition, specific handbooks, as on Old High German syntax, should be undertaken; in preparation, some texts of the time require reediting.
The Linguistic Theories of Simon Stevin
Authors: Brink Daniel 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough modern commentators readily acknowledge Stevin's significance as a creator of Dutch technical vocabulary, his linguistic theories are generally either ignored, or are dismissed as naive or confused nonsense. These theories were, however, the basic motivation for Stevin's considerable efforts in vocabulary creation, and they were taken seriously and literally by his contemporaries; Stevin's theories were of fundamental significance to the Dutch “language patriots” of the early seventeenth century.
German Vowel Lengthening: Causes and Conditions
Authors: Kyes Robert L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTInvestigations of vowel lengthening and shortening in German have sought to identify either the ultimate cause of these changes, e.g., the need to achieve an ideal and uniform word length, or the specific conditions for them, e.g., open vs. closed syllable. Little light has been shed on the problem since Paul's formulation of 1884. Typically absent are references to real evidence that might be adduced from Middle and Early New German orthographic practices.
Contact phenomena in language maintenance and shift: The Pennsylvania German infinitive construction
Authors: Huffines Marion Lois 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe formation of the Pennsylvania German dependent infinitive construction varies across Pennsylvania German speech communities. The use ofzuto mark infinitives which do not complement modals is receding in all communities and has been replaced variably byfarorfar…zu. Younger nonnative speakers have grasped the (far)…zu construction as template for producing discourse. Sectarians (Amish and Mennonites) mark dependent infinitives less frequently than nonsectarians, and Amish speakers often avoid the construction by the progressive aspect. The influence of English on these developments is indirect. The loss ofzu, the use of(far)…zu, and the sectarian omission offarandzurepresent generalizations of different rules. The contact seems to have promoted generalization, but has influenced each group to generalize differently
Germanic umlaut from a physiological and phonological point of view: Prolegomena to a theory of sound change
Authors: Marchand James W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper represents a return to the theme of Germanic umlaut, umlaut in general, and sound change in general. It invokes first the concept of the parameter, then the concept of parametric inertia. That is, since all parameters are produced by physical organs, they are governed by inertia, and this allows a (phonetic) explanation of assimilation (including umlaut) and dissimilation. Further, the concept of a hierarchy of parameters based on a phonetically most similar notion is developed to replace the unworkable phonetically similar criterion in classical phonemics.
Youth language in the German Democratic Republic: Its diversity and distinctiveness
Authors: Salmons Joe 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of Jugendsprache, youth language, as spoken in the German Democratic Republic, a variety far less studied than its West German cousin. Attitudes toward and perceptions of GDR youth language are treated, showing far greater diversity than previous Western discussions have found. More importantly, this study provides empirical data from a variety of sources for a sociolect previously largely lacking such evidence.
Der Computer als Zugang zum altisländischen Kalender
Authors: Kratz Bernd 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTMedieval Iceland had two different systems of reckoning time which were used concurrently for different purposes: it had adopted the Julian calendar, prevalent in all of Europe, and it had also developed a separate calendar with no close parallels in any other country. This distinctly Icelandic calendar can be traced back to pre-Christian times, and it remained popular throughout the Middle Ages up until early modern days. This article uses brief excerpts from a computer program to analyze the structure and main features of the Icelandic calendar and to demonstrate by which methods its divisions into years, months and weeks were reconciled with the natural solar year as well as with the interlocking cycles of “fixed” and “movable” ecclesiastical holidays of the Julian calendar.
OE-estre and PGmc. *-ārjaz: The origin and development of two agentive suffixes in Germanic
Authors: Davis Garry W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTPGmc. *-ārjaz was borrowed from Latin, and became a productive masculine agentive suffix in the older Germanic languages, gradually displacing various native agentive suffixes. Despite some assertions to the contrary, OE -estrecan be shown to have been a feminine agentive suffix of Germanic origin that was also applied to certain feminine animal names. During the Old English period, a pattern obtained whereby masculine agent nouns were frequently derived using -ere(< PGmc. *-ārjaz), while the corresponding feminine agent nouns used -estre. This system was partially preserved in Modern Dutch, but died out in English as -erwas increasingly used to form agent nouns of both genders.*
Stress on particle verbs withdurchin Modern German
Authors: Benware Wilbur A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe verbal particledurchshows two stress patterns: stressed and unstressed. These are correlated with two different construals of the relation of a Trajector to a Landmark. When the relation is construed to be sequential from one side of the Landmark to the other, the particle is stressed. Non-sequentiality is correlated with unstressed particles.
PGmc. : A response to Barrack
Authors: Murray Robert W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTBarrack (1991) argues against the reconstruction of PGmc. syllable structure proposed in Murray and Vennemann (1983), namely, . According to Murray and Vennemann, this reconstruction is compatible with characteristics of early Germanic verse as well as Gothic word divisions and provides a basis for a coherent interpretation of major phonological changes in early Germanic; namely Sievers's Law, West Germanic gemination, North Germanic resyllabication, and glide strengthening in Gothic. Focusing on these same points, Barrack attempts to reinterpret them as providing evidence for . In this response, I demonstrate that Barrack fails on all counts. Most importantly, he fails to provide a coherent, well-motivated interpretation of the pertinent phonological changes on the basis of his assumed .
Historiographie und Sprachgeschichte: zur Beschreibung des althochdeutscheni–Umlauts
Authors: Penzl Herbert 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTIn einer Reihe von Artikeln haben Joseph B. Voyles und zwei deutsche Linguisten unter dem Einfluß generativistischer Theorien von neuem kritische Erklärungen des ahd.i−Umlauts und der nhd. Verteilung der Umlautsvokale unternommen. Diese Art von linguistischer Historiographie entspricht m.E. nicht der realen Sprachgeschichte.
What giveswithes gibt?Typological and comparative perspectives on existentials in German, Germanic, and Indo-European
Authors: Joseph Brian D. 
Published: December 2008

To the memory of Edgar Polomé, who inspired with his keen interest in Germanic and Indo-EuropeanModern German existentials with impersonales gibtare attested only rather late in the German tradition (from late Middle High German, in the fourteenth century), have few compelling cognate constructions (if any) elsewhere in Germanic, and thus are usually taken to be an extension of other senses (e.g., ‘give, produce, yield’) of the verbgeben.It is noted here, though, that parallels with existentials based on verbs meaning ‘have, take’ cognate togebencan be found elsewhere in Indo-European, in particular in Old Irish and Latin. When viewed against the backdrop of there being several verbs in Indo-European meaning both ‘give’and ‘take’, these facts suggest an interpretation wherein the existential sense ofgebenis the archaism, and the meaning ‘give’is a Germanic innovation.*
HSP70 and mucin 5B: novel protein targets of N,N′‐dinitrosopiperazine‐induced nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis
Authors: Tang Fa‐Qing , Duan Chao‐Jun , Huang Da‐Mao , Wang Wei‐Wei , Xie Chun‐Lei , Meng Jing‐Jing , Wang Lei , Jiang Hai‐Ying , Feng De‐Yun , Wu Shang‐Hui , Gu Huan‐Hua , Li Mo‐Yu , Deng Fu‐Liang , Gong Zhi‐Jun , Zhou Hui , Xu Yong‐Hao , Tan Can , Zhang Xin , Cao Ya 
Published: December 2008

N,N′‐Dinitrosopiperazine (DNP) induces nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and shows organ specificity to the nasopharyneal epithelium. To investigate its mechanism, the rat NPC model was inducd using DNP. Rat NPC and normal nasopharyngeal cells were obtained from the NPC model using laser capture. The total proteins from these cell samples were separated with two‐dimension polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis techniques, and highly expressed proteins (> five‐fold) were analyzed using matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight and bioinformatics. The results showed that HSP70 and mucin 5B expression increased not only in rat NPC but also in atypical hyperplasia nasopharyngeal tissues, a precancer stage of NPC. High‐expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) and mucin 5B was further supported by western blot analysis. The immunofluorescence and western‐blotting studies further showed that DNP induced the expression of HSP70 and mucin 5B in a dosage‐dependent manner in normal nasopharyngeal epithelia cells. Our data indicate that DNP triggers over‐expression of HSP70 and mucin 5B, and is involved in nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis. HSP70 and mucin 5B may be important targets in nasopharyngeal tumorigenesis induced by DNP. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 216–224)
The Laryngeal Mask Airway SupremeTM– a single use laryngeal mask airway with an oesophageal vent. A randomised, cross‐over study with the Laryngeal Mask Airway ProSealTM in paralysed, anaesthetised patients
Authors: Eschertzhuber S. , Brimacombe J. , Hohlrieder M. , Keller C. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe LMA SupremeTM is a new extraglottic airway device which brings together features of the LMA ProSealTM, FastrachTM and UniqueTM. We test the hypothesis that ease of insertion, oropharyngeal leak pressure, fibreoptic position and ease of gastric tube placement differ between the LMA ProSealTM and the LMA SupremeTM in paralysed anesthetised patients. Ninety‐three females aged 19–71 years were studied. Both devices were inserted into each patient in random order. Two attempts were allowed. Digital insertion was used for the first attempt and guided insertion for the second attempt. Oropharyngeal leak pressure and fibreoptic position were determined during cuff inflation from 0 to 40 ml in 10 ml increments. Gastric tube insertion was attempted if there was no gas leak from the drain tube. First attempt and overall insertion success were similar (LMA ProSealTM, 92% and 100%; LMA SupremeTM 95% and 100%). Guided insertion was always successful following failed digital insertion. Oropharyngeal leak pressure was 4–8 ml higher for the LMA ProSealTM over the inflation range (p < 0.001). Intracuff pressure was 16–35 cm higher for the LMA ProSealTM when the cuff volume was 20–40 ml (p < 0.001). There was an increase in oropharyngeal leak pressure with increasing cuff volume from 10 to 30 ml for both devices, but no change from 0 to 10 ml and 30–40 ml. There were no differences in the fibreoptic position of the airway or drain tube. The first attempt and overall insertion success for the gastric tube was similar (LMA ProSealTM 91% and 100%; LMA SupremeTM 92% and 100%). We conclude that ease of insertion, gastric tube placement and fibreoptic position are similar for the LMA ProSealTM and LMA SupremeTM in paralysed, anaesthetised females, but oropharyngeal leak pressure and intracuff pressure are higher for the LMA ProSealTM.
The optimum concentration of levobupivacaine for intra‐operative caudal analgesia in children undergoing inguinal hernia repair at equal volumes of injectate
Authors: Yao Y.‐S. , Qian B. , Chen B.‐Z. , Wang R. , Tan L. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryProbit analysis was used to predict the median effective concentration (EC50) and the 95% effective concentration (EC95) values of levobupivacaine for caudal analgesia in children at equal volumes of injectate. Sixty children scheduled for inguinal herniorrhaphy were recruited. Anaesthesia was induced with sevofurane and nitrous oxide. Then caudal block (total volume of local anaesthetic 1 ml.kg−1) was performed. Patients randomly received one of six concentrations (0.08%, 0.10%, 0.12%, 0.14%, 0.16% or 0.18%) of levobupivacaine. Thereafter, inhalational anaesthetics were discontinued and intravenous midazolam 0.1 mg.kg−1 was administered to maintain sedation. The effective caudal analgesia was defined as an absence of gross movements and a haemodynamic (heart rate or blood pressure) reaction < 20% compared with baseline in response to surgical incision. Our data indicated that the EC50 and EC95 values of levobupivacaine for caudal analgesia were 0.109% (95% confidence intervals 0.098–0.120%) and 0.151% (95% confidence intervals 0.135–0.193%) when using the same volume (1 ml.kg−1), respectively.
Risk factors for croup in children with recurrent respiratory infections: a case‐control study
Authors: Pruikkonen Hannele , Dunder Teija , Renko Marjo , Pokka Tytti , Uhari Matti 
Published: December 2008

SummaryCroup accounts for approximately 15% of all lower respiratory disease in children, but little is known about risk factors or its recurrence rate. The aim of this study was to determine the risk factors for croup and recurrent croup and to find out whether it is possible to predict the course of the disease. We considered croup patients who visited the Paediatric Department of Oulu University Hospital as primary health care patients at night during 1996–2000. For most analyses we used sex‐ and age‐matched control patients who had had other respiratory infection but for environmental factors we used population controls. We performed conditional logistic regression analysis on data applying to 182 pairs of patients and controls.The recurrence rate was high, as 61% of the croup patients had had at least three episodes. Family history of croup was the most significant risk factor for both croup itself and recurrent croup. In multivariable analysis the odds ratio (OR) for the parents having a history of croup was 3.2 (95% CI 1.5, 7.1, P < 0.01) and 4.1 (95% CI 1.4, 11.7, P < 0.01) for recurrent croup. Parental smoking appeared to be a risk factor for respiratory infections but not for croup. Patients with croup had a cat as a pet less often than the controls, with OR 0.5 (95% CI 0.2, 1.0, P = 0.04). Family history appeared to be an exceptionally strong predictive factor for croup and its recurrence. In this patient series prone to respiratory infections recurrence of croup was common.
Increased coated‐platelet levels in chronic haemodialysis patients
Authors: VALAYDON ZINA S , LEE PETROVA , DALE GEORGE L , JANUSZEWSKI ANDRZEJ S , ROWLEY KEVIN G , NANDURKAR HARSHAL , KARSCHIMKUS CONNIE , BEST JAMES D , LYONS TIMOTHY J , JENKINS ALICIA J 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAim:  To determine if levels of coated‐platelets, which are potentially pro‐thrombotic, are increased in end‐stage renal disease patients on haemodialysis, a condition associated with high cardiovascular disease risk.Methods:  In a cross‐sectional observational study, coated‐platelet levels were measured by flow cytometry in 25 end‐stage renal failure haemodialysis patients and 25 controls without renal disease. Associations between coated‐platelet levels and clinical and biochemical factors relevant to renal and cardiovascular disease were evaluated.Results:  Mean ± SD coated‐platelet levels were higher in the dialysis group than in the control group (39.3 ± 14.3% vs 30.9 ± 10.3%, P = 0.02). The number of subjects with high coated‐platelet levels (>40%) was larger in the dialysis than in the control group (13/25 vs 4/25, χ2 test, P = 0.007). On univariate analysis, coated‐platelet levels correlated with serum C‐reactive protein levels in renal failure (r = 0.47, P = 0.02) and inversely with white cell count in the control group (r = −0.60, P = 0.001). Coated‐platelet levels were higher in dialysis patients reporting alcohol abstinence than among those reporting ‘social’ drinking (44.3 ± 12.6 vs 28.8 ± 13.5%, P = 0.01). Age, gender, body weight, smoking, diabetes, lipid levels and lipid‐lowering drugs were not associated with coated‐platelet levels (all P > 0.05).Conclusion:  Coated‐platelet levels are increased in haemodialysis patients relative to subjects with normal renal function, and are related to inflammation and alcohol abstinence. Other vascular risk factors, such as smoking, lipids and diabetes, were not related to coated‐platelet levels. Coated‐platelets may be implicated in the increased thrombosis and vascular risk in end‐stage renal disease.
Trends in radical prostatectomy
Authors: Eastham James , Tokuda Yuji , Scardino Peter 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe surgical treatment of prostate cancer ideally removes the entire cancer, avoids excessive blood loss or serious perioperative complications, and results in complete recovery of continence and potency. To achieve this, the surgeon must excise sufficient periprostatic tissue to cure the cancer while preserving the cavernosal nerves required for erectile function and the neuromusculature required for normal urinary and bowel function. Here we will examine recent trends in radical prostatectomy, focusing on surgical technique.
LEIOMYOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: BARNES D. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. The thirty‐seventh case of leiomyoma of the prostate has been reported.2. The literature has been reviewed and two cases have been excluded.3. The aetiology has been discussed and the clinical features and methods of treatment have been summarised.I am indebted to Mr L. B. Goldschmidt, F.R.C.S., for permission to publish this case and for his help and encouragement. I would also like to thank Dr A. Kipps for his help with the pathological details and Mr G. McManus of the Department of Surgery for the photographs.
DYSGENESIS OF THE SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES1
Authors: BARR MURRAY L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYCertain patients with male hypogonadism characterised by hyalinisation and fibrosis of the seminiferous tubules have female nuclei. They appear to be instances of an almost complete sex reversal that dates from an early stage of embryonal development. The indifferent gonads apparently develop as imperfect testes, rather than ovaries, and the androgenic activity of the embryonal testis‐like gonads directs sexual development in the male direction. It is important to recognise these patients in order to establish the cause of sterility when this problem is under investigation, and to take advantage of the benefits that accrue from androgen substitution therapy.This study was supported by a grant from the National Research Council of Canada and the D. H. McDermid Medical Research Fund.
LESIONS OF THE URETERIC STUMP AFTER NEPHRECTOMY1
Authors: MOORE THOMAS 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

Careful pre‐operative assessment of the state of the ureter from the point of view of drainage and reflux from the bladder should be carried out in every case where nephrectomy is proposed.
Where any obstruction or reflux is present, total nephro‐ureterectomy is the best treatment.
If this is not done, residual symptoms can occur from the ureteric stump. Three cases are reported.
Primary neoplasm may develop in the ureteric stump. One case is reported.
Fistulae, either internal or external, may involve the ureteric stump.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE PATHOLOGY OF CONGENITAL “IDIOPATHIC BLADDER‐NECK OBSTRUCTION”(MARION'S DISEASE)1
Authors: Bodian Martin 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA detailed micro‐anatomical study of five post‐mortem cases of congenital idiopathic bladder‐neck obstruction or congenital Marion's disease compared with suitable controls revealed enlargement, i.e., elongation of prostatic tissue which extends from a submucous collar in the bladder neck along prostatic and membranous urethra to the level of the corpora spongiosa. As well as the increase in size, there is a qualitative change in the prostatic tissue with diminution of musculo‐glandular and preponderance of fibro‐elastic elements. The fibro‐elastosis is most marked below the level of the verumontanum to the level of the bulb.Autonomic ganglia and other anatomical structures appeared normal except for secondary muscular hypertrophy in the wall of the prostatic urethra and in the bladder wall.It is suggested that the elongated fibro‐elastic prostate offers obstruction to the urinary flow along the whole course of the posterior urethra.
THE ALWALL ARTIFICIAL KIDNEY: AN ASSESSMENT AFTER ONE YEAR
Authors: HALL MOLLY , KERR DAVID , SMART GEORGE , ASHCROFT ROSALIND , ELLIOTT WALTER , SWINNEY JOHN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The Alwall artificial kidney has been assessed after one year of operation and 100 hemodialyses at Newcastle. It has proved adequate for the treatment of most patients, but it is suggested that a machine of larger dialysing surface area is preferable for treating post‐traumatic and post‐operative renal failure.
The amount and type of work undertaken by a regional artificial kidney unit are reviewed.
One large sector of this work is the emergency investigation of patients with unexplained ursemia. A scheme of investigation is described. The majority of patients without previous history were found to have chronic renal disease.
THE PREVENTION OF CHRONIC PYELONEPHRITIS1,2
Authors: J.Murphy John , W.Schoenberg Harry , A.Tristan Theodore 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThere seems to be a definite relationship between urinary tract infection in childhood and chronic pyelonephritis in the adult. The infection may become established in the renal parenchyma of a child and become apparent only after puberty when it is recognised by a late sign such as uraemia, hypertension, or flare‐up of active infection during pregnancy. A survey utilising cinefluorographic voiding cysto‐urethrography and direct cystometry made on 186 children resulted in positive findings in 103. The majority of these children appeared to have a dysfunction of the bladder outlet similar to that not infrequently seen in the gastric pylorus, oesophagocardial junction and ureteropelvic junction. Correction of this defect by myotomy resulted in improvement in the clinical picture, bacteriological findings, cinefluorographic appearance of the outlet and voiding pressures in most of the children. Reimplantation of ureters which demonstrated vesicoureteral reflux was successful as determined by voiding cysto‐urethrography and bacteriological study.Prevention of chronic pyelonephritis can be best accomplished by a diligent search for the lesions predisposing to and facilitating infection in children and correction of these when they are found.