bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Imposex and organotin body burden in the dog‐whelk (Nucella lapillus L.) along the Portuguese coast
Authors: Galante‐Oliveira Susana , Langston William J. , Burt Gary R. , Pereira Maria E. , Barroso Carlos M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNucella lapillus imposex—superimposition of male characters onto prosobranch (a subclass of gastropod molluscs) females—and organotin female body burden were surveyed on the Portuguese coast, from Vila Praia de Âncora (northern limit) to Praia da Luz (southern limit), at 17 sampling stations, between May and August 2003. The vas deferens sequence index (VDSI), the relative penis size index (RPSI), the percentage of females affected with imposex (%I) and the percentage of sterile females (%S) were used to assess the level of imposex at each site. VDSI, RPSI and %I were 0.20–4.04, 0.0–42.2% and 16.7–100.0%, respectively. Sterile females were found at stations 2 (6.2%), 5 (4.0%) and 7 (5.0%). Tributyltin (TBT) and dibutyltin (DBT) female body burdens were 23–138 and <10–62 ng Sn/g dry weight, respectively. TBT female body burden was significantly correlated with RPSI and VDSI [Spearman rank order linear correlation: RPSI vs TBT body burden (b.b.) r = 0.71, p < 0.01; VDSI vs logTBT body burden r = 0.71, p < 0.01]. Imposex and TBT b.b. were highest at sites located in the proximity of harbours, where TBT leaching from antifouling paints is more intense owing to the high concentration of ships and dockyard activities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High yield synthesis and characterization of isotopically enriched monoethylmercury chloride (C2H5201HgCl)
Authors: Rahman G. M. Mizanur , Kingston H. M. ‘Skip’ , Pamukcu Matt 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn important but commercially unavailable compound isotopically enriched monoethylmercury chloride (C2H5201HgCl), has been synthesized from commercially available 201HgO (98.11% enriched isotopic purity) and tetraethyltin. The required synthesis time is 1 h at 90 °C, and the product is the single product of monoethylmercury chloride, yielding more than 95% as 201Hg in C2H5201Hg+ (98.19 ± 0.22% enriched isotopic purity). The synthesized product was analyzed with high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HPLC‐ICP‐MS) to determine its concentration, isotopic composition and purity. The synthetic isotopically enriched monoethylmercury synthesized can be used in speciated isotope dilution mass spectrometry (SIDMS) and isotope dilution mass spectrometry (IDMS) analyses as a standard. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura couplings catalyzed by nanosized palladium in polyaniline
Authors: Houdayer Axel , Schneider Raphaël , Billaud Denis , Ghanbaja Jaafar , Lambert Jacques 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA novel route to prepare polyaniline (PANI)‐supported Pd(0) nanoparticles by a one‐pot chemical route is presented. Nanosized Pd(0) particles were first prepared by reduction of Pd(OAc)2 using t‐BuONa activated sodium hydride in refluxing THF. A ligand exchange with aniline on t‐BuONa‐stabilized Pd(0) particles yielded aniline‐stabilized particles. Pd(0)/PANI nanocomposites were finally obtained by polymerizing aniline‐stabilized Pd(0) particles using ammonium persulfate. Nanocomposites were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results show that this one‐pot experimental route is successful in producing hybrid materials constituted of Pd(0) nanoparticles stabilized by PANI due to the strong binding of PANI amine groups to Pd(0) particles. TEM images of the nanohybrids show that metal particles with diameters of ca. 4.9 nm are homogeneously dispersed in PANI. The preliminary results indicate that the Pd(0) particles supported on PANI behave as efficient heterogeneous catalysts in the Heck and Suzuki–Miyaura reactions of aryl iodides. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Graft copolymerization of glycidylmethacrylate onto modified nylon‐6 fibers
Authors: Shalaby S. E. , Al‐Balakocy N. G. , Abo El‐Ola S. M. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe graft copolymerization of glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) onto modified nylon‐6 fibers containing polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride (PDADMAC) groups in the presence of (Cu 2+–K2S2O8) as a redox initiating system was carried out, with very high extent and almost without homopolymer formation. The mechanism of the graft polymerization induced by this system was suggested. The rate of grafting was determined by varying the monomer, K2S2O8, and cupric ion concentrations as well as the amount of PDADMAC. The kinetic investigation revealed that the rate of grafting (Rp) of GMA onto modified nylon‐6 fibers is proportional to [GMA]1.83, [CuSO4·5H2O]0.46, [PDADMAC]0.4, and [K2S2O8]1.43. The overall activation energy was 134.7 kJ/mol. The fine structure and thermal properties of the grafted nylon‐6 fibers were investigated. investigated. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 613–618, 2006
Preparation and properties of borosiloxane gels
Authors: Wang Qian , Fu Liying , Hu Xiaowen , Zhang Zhijie , Xie Zemin 
Published: November 2005

AbstractHybrid gels were synthesized from modified silicon alkoxides (R‐Si(OEt)3, RH, Me, Vi) and triiso‐butylborate (B(OR′)3, R′ = isoBu). The obtained gels were characterized by Fourier‐transform infrared (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), elemental analyses, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Boron atoms in the precursors were homogeneously dispersed in the siloxane network via SiOB bonds. The effect of the boron load on oxidation resistance of the gels, and the pyrolysis behavior of the borosiloxane gels with different substituents on silicon, were investigated using various techniques. The experimental results suggest that the addition of a proper fraction of boron alkoxide to the precursors can improve the oxidation stability of the gels, and decrease the weight loss of the samples to 6.9 wt % at 1000°C under air. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 719–724, 2006
Synthesis of multi‐arm star polystyrene with hyperbranched polyester initiators by atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Jiang Guohua , Wang Li , Chen Tao , Chen Chang , Yu Haojie 
Published: November 2005

AbstractMulti‐arm star polystyrenes with hyperbranched polyester (HP3) core were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The structures of the polymers were investigated with FTIR and 1H NMR. GPC results showed that the resultant polymers had relatively broad polydispersity indices that arouse from the macromolecular initiator (HP3‐Br). The thermal properties were studied using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). DSC analysis indicated that polystyrene star polymers had only the glass transition temperatures (Tg), which changes with the weight ratio of multi‐functional macroinitiator‐to‐monomer. In addition, these star polymers could form the spherical micelles in the selected solvent (THF/n‐hexane). © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 728–733, 2006
Study on the surface grafting of polypropylene fibers
Authors: Wang W. , Wang L. , Wang C. L. , Sun T. X. , Yu H. J. , Chen T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this article, the surfaces of polypropylene (PP) fibers were grafted by three different grafting systems, of which the initiators belonged to three different types, namely, the water‐soluble initiator, the redox initiator, and the oil‐soluble initiator, respectively. The grafted products were characterized by FTIR, and the grafting degrees were determined by acid–base titration. In comparison, it was found that the oil‐soluble initiator might be more suitable for the surface grafting modification of PP fibers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 734–737, 2006
An ESR study of the radiolysis of semi‐crystalline ethylene‐propylene copolymers containing DOP mobilizer
Authors: Fuzail Mohammad , Hill David J. T. , Le Tri T. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe radiolysis of a poly(ethylene‐co‐propylene), Elpro, marketed by Thai Polypropylene Co. Ltd for the manufacture of medical goods has been investigated at 77 K. Calcium stearate was blended with the Elpro as a processing aid; and dioctyl phthalate, DOP, was added in various amounts as a radiation stabilizer. The ESR spectra of Elpro and Elpro+Ca were very similar and characterized principally by the presence of PP α‐carbon radicals. The spectra of the samples containing DOP were similar to those for Elpro but with an additional narrow singlet arising from DOP radicals. On annealing the irradiated polymers to higher temperatures, the singlet was lost between 250 and 270 K, and at room temperature the principal radicals remaining were allyl radicals. The G‐values for radical formation at 77 K for Elpro and Elpro+Ca at 77 K were 3.0 and 3.2, respectively, but incorporation of DOP resulted in lower G‐values, ranging from 1.6 to 1.4 for 0.5 and 2.5 phr DOP, respectively. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 638–643, 2006
Vinyl ester resin modified with silicone‐based additives: II. Flammability properties
Authors: Mazali Cristiana A. Ittner , Felisberti Maria Isabel 
Published: November 2005

AbstractSilicone‐based additives have been used as fire retardants for thermoplastics, presenting the advantages of improving processing and impact resistance of the polymers. In this work we used three different silicone‐based additives as modifiers of a thermoset based on a vinyl ester resin. The additives are fine powders made up of about 50 wt % ultra high molecular weight polydimethylsiloxane and 50 wt % silica. The differences between them are the functional groups inserted on the additives and the size and size distribution of the particles. The additives were dispersed in resin containing 35 wt % of styrene. For curing the mixture a conventional catalyst and initiator were used and the reaction was carried out in two ways, differing in the curing temperature, the post curing temperature, and the time, and in the addition of dimethylaniline (DMA) as a promoter of the polyaddition reaction. The samples were characterized by thermogravimetric analyses and swelling experiments. The fire retardances of the samples were evaluated by the determination of the flash‐ignition, self‐ignition, and pyrolysis temperatures (ASTM D1919–91a), and of the oxygen index (ASTM D‐2863–91). The results obtained showed that the silicone‐based additives and the methods used in the preparation of the modified resin influence the flash‐ignition, self‐ignition, and pyrolysis temperatures, but not the oxygen index. Samples cured by different methods present different network characteristics, which influence their thermal decomposition. The volatile species produced by thermal decomposition may be a combination of inert and active species. The network structure may influence only the inert fraction of the volatiles, not the combustibles. These volatile inert species (smoke‐black, water vapor, carbon dioxide, etc.) probably dilute the combustibles in the solid and in the gaseous phase, increasing the flash‐ignition temperature of the samples. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 644–649, 2006
Correlation between viscoelastic behavior and cooling stresses in a cured epoxy resin system
Authors: Nassiet V. , Habas J. P. , Hassoune‐Rhabbour B. , Baziard Y. , Petit J. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis work deals with the study of the rheological behavior of an epoxy system subjected to three cooling processes referred to as the normal, air‐, and water‐cooling processes. The system was set up by a difunctional epoxy resin (DGEBA) mixed with a tetrafunctional diamine (mPDA) in stoichiometric proportions. Different samples of (1) neat and cured polymers and (2) alumina—epoxy composites were prepared. The first part of this work was devoted to optimizing the cure cycle of the neat samples using differential scanning calorimetry and rheometry. The best cure cycle is based on a first heat step at 110°C during 10 min followed by a crosslinking stage of 75 min at 180°C. In the second part of the study the influence of the cooling cycle on the thermomechanical behavior of polymer and composite samples was investigated. Measurement of loss modulus, G″, and loss factor, tan δ, versus temperature showed that an intermediate relaxation α′ peak arose between the main and secondary relaxations (resp. α and β). The position and amplitude of the α′ peak increased with the cooling rate. This rheological phenomenon is related to the presence of nonequilibrium stresses frozen in the sample during cooling. The effect of thermal aging on the α′ peak also is reported. Our work also showed the presence of an α′ peak for the composites. However, the amplitude of this peak was more pronounced in the composites because of additional stresses induced by the difference between the resin and the ceramic in thermal expansion coefficients. We showed that a calculation based on a thermoelastic model was useful for qualitative comparison of rheological data on the influence of the cooling process. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 679–690, 2006
Development of a novel microorganism immobilization method using anionic polyurethane
Authors: Lin Yun‐Huin , Hwang Sz‐Chwun John , Shih Wen‐Chang , Chen Kuo‐Cheng 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA new microorganism immobilization method involving gelation of anionic polyurethane has been developed. Nontoxic synthetic anionic polyurethane was used, which provides greater mechanical strength than do natural polymers. Similar to the formation of Ca‐alginate gel beads, this method has the advantage of easy preparation. Gel beads are formed only by dropping the anionic polyurethane emulsion into a calcium chloride solution. The feasibility of the proposed immobilization method was tested by an ethanol production process with baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae). The result verified that the anionic polyurethane entrapped–cell method developed in this study has great potential for a variety of applications such as biological processes and biological wastewater treatment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 738–743, 2006
Study on the grafting of PET onto the glass fiber surface during in situ solid‐state polycondensation
Authors: Yan Weixia , Han KeQing , Zhou Hongmei , Yu MuHuo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn in situ solid‐state polymerization process was developed to produce long glass fiber reinforced poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) composites. As reported in our last article, one advantage of this new process is that the good wetting of reinforcing fiber can be obtained for using low‐viscosity oligomer as raw materials. In this article, the grafting of PET macromolecular chain onto the surface of reinforcing glass fiber during in situ solid‐state polycondensation (SSP) will be investigated, which was believed to be another advantage for this new process and should be very important for thermoplastic composite. The reinforcing glass fiber after removing ungrafted PET from a long glass fiber reinforced PET composite by solvent extraction was investigated by SEM, pyrolysis‐gas chromatography mass spectrometry (Py‐GC/MS), DSC, and FTIR. The information from morphology of SEM photos of glass fiber surface, the spectrum of Py‐GC/MS, the melt peak at differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) curve, and the spectrum of Fourier transform infrared Raman spectroscopy (FTIR) gave a series evidence to prove the presence of grafted PET layer on the surface of silane‐coupling‐treated glass fiber. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 775–781, 2006
Fabrication and characterization of biodegradable poly(propylene carbonate)/wood flour composites
Authors: Ge X. C. , Zhu Q. , Meng Y. Z. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWood flour reinforced poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC) composites were prepared by melt blending followed by compression molding. The effects of reinforcement on the morphology, static and dynamic mechanical properties, and thermal properties of PPC/wood flour composites were investigated. In terms of mechanical properties, wood flour had the significant effect of improving tensile strength and stiffness. Scanning electron microscopic examination revealed good dispersion of wood flour (especially at lower content) in the PPC matrix. Moreover, experimental results indicated that the wood flour addition led to an obvious improvement in the thermal stability of the composites. This paper demonstrates that the incorporation of low‐cost and biodegradable wood flour into PPC provides a practical way to produce completely biodegradable and cost‐competitive composites with good mechanical properties. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 782–787, 2006
Effect of water‐soluble monomers on emulsifier‐minor emulsion polymerization of butylacrylate–methacrylic acid–styrene and properties of the latices
Authors: Tang Linsheng , Yang Jingwei , Yin Yanbai , Zhang Mei 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe stability of emulsifier‐minor emulsion polymerization and the final latices depends on whether water‐soluble monomers can be bound to the particle after polymerization, which relies on the hydrophilicity of the water‐soluble monomers. Less hydrophilic monomers are apt to be buried in the latex particle, but extremely hydrophilic monomers tend to homopolymerize in the water phase. The suitable hydrophilic index I/O of water‐soluble monomers is preferably 3–5. The adhesion power and water resistance of emulsifier‐minor latex films are better than that of conventional latex film, but the impact resistance and gloss of the former are poorer. The gloss and water resistance of the emulsifier‐minor latex films are relevant to the type of water‐soluble monomers. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 796–801, 2006
Superstructure and mechanical properties of nylon 66 microfiber prepared by carbon dioxide laser‐thinning method
Authors: Suzuki Akihiro , Hasegawa Toshinori 
Published: November 2005

AbstractNylon 66 microfibers were obtained by a carbon dioxide (CO2) laser‐thinning method. A laser‐thinning apparatus used to continuously prepare microfibers consisted of spools supplying and winding the fibers, a continuous‐wave CO2‐laser emitter, a system supplying the fibers, and a traverse. The diameter of the microfibers decreased as the winding speed increased, and the birefringence increased as the winding speed increased. When microfibers, obtained through the laser irradiation (at a power density of 8.0 W cm−2) of the original fiber supplied at 0.23 m min−1, were wound at 2000 m min−1, they had a diameter of 2.8 μm and a birefringence of 46 × 10−3. The draw ratio calculated from the supplying and winding speeds was 8696×. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the microfibers obtained with the laser‐thinning apparatus had smooth surfaces not roughened by laser ablation that were uniform in diameter. To study the conformational transition with winding speed, the changes in trans band at 936 cm−1 and gauche band at 1136 cm−1 were measured with a Fourier transform infrared microscope. The trans band increased as the winding speed increased, and the gauche band decreased. Young's modulus and tensile strength increased with increasing winding speed. The microfiber, which was obtained at a winding speed of 2000 m min−1, had a Young's modulus of 2.5 GPa and tensile strength of 0.6 GPa. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 802–807, 2006
Influence of polymer–filler interactions on retraction behaviors of natural rubber vulcanizates reinforced with silica and carbon black
Authors: Choi Sung‐Seen 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn general, silica‐filled rubber compounds contain a silane coupling agent to improve the filler dispersion and polymer–filler interactions. The silane coupling agent modifies the silica surface and makes crosslinks between the rubber and the silica. Influence of the modification of silica on the retraction behaviors of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates reinforced with silica and carbon black was studied. Variation of the retraction behaviors of NR vulcanizates with filler composition was also investigated. The vulcanizates containing the silane coupling agent were recovered faster than those without the silane coupling agent. The recovery difference between the vulcanizates without and with the silane coupling agent increased with increased silica content. For the vulcanizates containing the silane coupling agent, the retraction behaviors were nearly the same, irrespective of filler composition. But, for the vulcanizates without the silane coupling agent, the vulcanizate was recovered more and more slowly as the silica content increased. The experimental results are explained with the polymer–filler interactions, modification of silica surface, and formation of crosslinks between silica and rubber. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 691–696, 2006
Metal ion retention properties of water‐insoluble polymers containing carboxylic acid groups
Authors: Rivas Bernabé L. , Quilodrán Benita , Quiroz Eduardo 
Published: November 2005

AbstractCrosslinked poly(acrylic acid), PAA, and poly(2‐acrylamidoglycolic acid), PAAG, were synthesized by radical polymerization. Both resins contain carboxylic acid groups. PAA at basic pH exists basically as an acrylate anion and PAAG shows three atoms or groups, carboxylic acid, hydroxyl, and amide groups, that can act as ion exchanger or chelating groups. Both resins are studied as adsorbents to trace metal ions from saline aqueous solutions and natural sea water and their properties by Batch equilibrium procedure are compared. The metal ions studied under competitive and noncompetitive conditions were Cu(II), Pb(II), Cd(II), and Ni(II). The effects of pH, time of contact, amount of resin, temperature, and salinity were studied. Resin PAA shows a high affinity (>80%) for Cu(II) and Cd(II) and resin PAAG shows also a high affinity for Ni(II), Pb(II), and Cd(II). By treatment of the metal ion‐loaded resin with 4M HNO3 it is possible to recover completely the Cu(II) ions from resin PAA and Ni(II) and Pb(II) from resin PAAG. The metal ion retention properties were studied with natural sea water. For those natural sea waters containing Cu(II) and Cd(II), the resins showed a high affinity for Cd(II) ions. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 697–705, 2006
Thermooxidative degradation of isotactic polypropylene prepared on metallocene catalyst and its sorption capacity
Authors: Mohakhova T. V. , Nedorezova P. M. , Shlyapnikov Yu. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe sorption capacity and resistance to thermooxidative degradation are comparatively studied for isotactic polypropylene (PP) produced in the medium of the liquid monomer on homogeneous metallocene catalytic systems and on a heterogeneous titanium–magnesium catalyst. These polymers are characterized by different sorption capacities with respect to the phenyl‐β‐naphthylamine antioxidant and different induction periods of oxidation by molecular oxygen. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 808–811, 2006
Fluorinated acrylic polymers: Surface properties and XPS investigations
Authors: Saïdi Salima , Guittard Frédéric , Guimon Claude , Géribaldi Serge 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA series of polymers based on methylmethacrylate, butylacrylate, and ω‐perfluorooctylalkylacrylate were prepared by radical polymerization. By changing both the length of the hydrocarbon spacer, between the fluorinated chain and the ester function of the fluorinated monomer, and its concentration, the surface properties of the resulting terpolymers were greatly influenced. Polymers containing small amounts of fluorinated comonomer units had considerably reduced surface energies compared to the copolymer poly (methylmethacrylate‐co‐butylacrylate) taken as reference. The outermost surface composition has been investigated by the XPS technique, confirming the strong fluorine enrichment. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 99: 821–827, 2006