bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutational Analysis of the APC Gene in Cribriform‐Morula Variant of Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Uchino Shinya , Noguchi Shiro , Yamashita Hiroto , Yamashita Hiroyuki , Watanabe Shin , Ogawa Takahiro , Tsuno Akiko , Murakami Akiko , Miyauchi Akira 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIntroductionFamilial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) is an inherited autosomal dominant syndrome caused by germline mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene. Papillary thyroid cancer is one of the extracolonic manifestations of FAP. A characteristic histologic feature of this type of thyroid tumor is the cribriform‐morula variant of papillary thyroid carcinoma (CMVPTC).MethodsTo investigate roles of the APC and β‐catenin genes in the development of CMVPTC, we examined germline and somatic mutations of these genes in a female patient with CMVPTC and FAP. The patient had undergone total colectomy at the age of 19 years and total thyroidectomy at age 25 years.ResultsNumerous tumors were disseminated in both lobes of the thyroid gland, and histopathologic examination revealed typical CMVPTC. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood leukocytes and 12 CMVPTC tumors, and exons 1–15 of the APC gene and exon 3 of the β‐catenin gene were examined. A germline mutation was detected in exon 13 of the APC gene, and this mutation generated a premature stop codon. Six somatic mutations (922delC, 1602delA, 1821delT, 1920delG, 2706del20, 2804insA) were found in the CMVPTC specimens. All mutations were truncating mutations in the N‐terminus of the APC protein. Loss of heterozygosity was not observed in the remaining tumor tissues without somatic APC mutations. There were no mutations of the β‐catenin gene in peripheral blood leukocytes or 12 CMVPTC specimens.ConclusionsThese results suggest that APC mutations play an important role in the development of CMVPTC and occur predominantly in the 5′ side of the APC gene between codons 308 and 935.
Progress in determining southern blue whiting (Micromesistius australis) target strength: results of swimbladder modelling
Authors: Dunford Adam J. , Macaulay Gavin J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Southern blue whiting target strength (TS) results from Kirchhoff modelling of swimbladder casts scanned using a hand-held 3D laser scanner are presented. The data are compared with the relationship between TS and fish length used for New Zealand stock-assessment surveys; TS = 21.8 log10(fork length) − 72.8, at 38 kHz. This relationship has its origins in the relationship used for blue whiting (Micromesistius poutassou) in the northern hemisphere, and is based on measurements on juvenile cod (Gadus morhua). The results indicate that the blue whiting relationship is not appropriate for southern blue whiting, and suggest a much steeper slope, with TS = 38 log10(fork length) − 97, at 38 kHz. Sensitivity analyses indicate that further investigations of swimbladder tilt-angle distribution and swimbladder volume are unlikely to provide evidence to support the use of the blue whiting relationship for southern blue whiting.
A model for the decay of a wall shock in a large abrupt area change
Authors: Sloan S. A. , Nettleton M. A. 
Published: April 2006

A series of initially planar shock waves was allowed to expand from a shock tube into a near half-space. The strength of the wall shock was measured at two positions on the slightly concave front wall. These measurements are compared with shock strengths predicted by a shock-dynamic model based on the cylindrical expansion of a critical shock. Chisnell's (1957) theory is used to account for the effect of the increasing surface area of the expanding wall shock, and Whitham's (1957) treatment to correct for the curvature of the wall. The critical shock strength is obtained from Skews’ (1967) experimental measurements of the Mach number of the self-similar wall shock following two-dimensional diffraction at a 90° edge.The model predicts the relatively small degree of attenuation observed between the measuring stations, but overestimates the absolute shock strength. The most likely cause is that, in the early stages of expansion, the wall shock experiences further attenuation owing to its interaction with the expanding flow. These effects are shown to be short range and of negligible importance at the first measuring station, 1·86 tube diameters from the axis. Thus, using the experimental results at this station as the starting point, the model predicts accurately the shock strength at 3·76 diameters. It is concluded that Chisnell's theory can be applied to the weakening of the wall shock in ducts with large abrupt changes in cross-section only when the wall shock is some distance from the entrance to the area change.
On wave-action and its relatives
Authors: Andrews D. G. , Mcintyre M. E. 
Published: April 2006

Conservable quantities measuring ‘wave activity’ are discussed. The equation for the most fundamental such quantity, wave-action, is derived in a simple but very general form which does not depend on the approximations of slow amplitude modulation, linearization, or conservative motion. The derivation is elementary, in the sense that a variational formulation of the equations of fluid motion is not used. The result depends, however, on a description of the disturbance in terms of particle displacements rather than velocities. A corollary is an elementary but general derivation of the approximate form of the wave-action equation found by Bretherton & Garrett (1968) for slowlyvarying, linear waves.The sense in which the general wave-action equation follows from the classical ‘energy-momentum-tensor’ formalism is discussed, bringing in the concepts of pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy, which in turn are related to special cases such as Blokhintsev's conservation law in acoustics. Wave-action, pseudomomentum and pseudoenergy are the appropriate conservable measures of wave activity when ‘waves’ are defined respectively as departures from ensemble-, space- and time-averaged flows.The relationship between the wave drag on a moving boundary and the fluxes of momentum and pseudomomentum is discussed.
Scattering and distortion of the unsteady motion on transversely sheared mean flows
Authors: Goldstein M. E. 
Published: April 2006

It is shown that the pressure and velocity fluctuations of the unsteady motion on a transversely sheared mean flow can be expressed entirely in terms of the derivatives of two potential functions. One of these is a convected quantity (i.e. it is frozen in the flow) that can be specified as a boundary condition and is related to a transverse component of the upstream velocity field. The other can be determined by solving an inhomogeneous wave equation whose source term is also a convected quantity that can be specified as a boundary condition in any given problem. The latter is related to the curl of the upstream vorticity field. The results are used to obtain an explicit representation of the three-dimensional gust-like or hydrodynamic motion on a transversely sheared mean flow. It is thereby shown that this motion is ‘driven’ entirely by the two convected quantities alluded to above.The general theory is used to study the interaction of an unsteady flow with a scmi-infinite plate embedded in a shear layer. The acoustic field produced by this interaction is calculated in the limits of low and high frequency. The results are compared with experimental one-third octave sound pressure level radiation patterns. The agreement is found to be excellent, especially in the low frequency range, where the mean-flow and convective effects are shown to have a strong influence on the directivity of the sound.
A case of Henoch–Schonlein purpura temporarily improved by hemodialysis
Authors: TSUBOI Hiromi , TAKEMURA Tosiyuki , KATSUOKA Kensei 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWe report a case of Henoch–Schonlein purpura that occurred in an adult patient with end‐stage renal disease on continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) and hemodialysis (HD). The patient's skin lesions clearly decreased in number during HD, but not during CAPD. This finding has not been previously reported.
Sporothrix schenckii type 3D (mtDNA‐RFLP): Report of an osteoarticular case
Authors: CAMPOS‐MACÍAS Pablo , ARENAS Roberto , VEGA‐MEMIJE ME , KAWASAKI Masako 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTSporotrichosis is a frequent subcutaneous mycosis in Mexico and lymphocutaneous cases are the most common type. Extracutaneous or disseminated forms are exceptional and are usually seen in immunosuppressed hosts. We report the case of a 74‐year‐old immunocompetent male with osteoarticular involvement. The isolated Sporothrix schenckii was classified as type 3D according to restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA‐RFLP).
Determination of the Inflammatory Potential of Bioaerosols from a Duck‐Fattening Unit by Using a Limulus Amebocyte Lysate Assay and Human Whole Blood Cytokine Response
Authors: Zucker B.‐A. , Scharf P. , Kersten C. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryInhalation of bioaerosols from animal houses can induce acute inflammatory reactions in the respiratory tract. Determination of the concentration of airborne endotoxins is widely used to characterize this risk. In this study, the activity of bioaerosol samples from a duck‐fattening unit to induce interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) in human blood and to react with Limulus Amebocyte Lysate (LAL) was investigated. The activity detected in the whole blood assay correlated well with the endotoxic activity found in the LAL assay (Spearmen's ρ = 0.902). However in all samples, the inflammation‐inducing potential was overestimated by the LAL assay. It is assumed that this overestimation could be, in part, a result of an overestimation of the inflammatory potential of endotoxins originating from Pseudomonadaceae by the LAL assay. Pseudomonadaceae were regularly isolated from the air of the duck‐fattening unit. The results presented here indicate that the whole blood assay can be used besides the LAL assay as an additional method to characterize the inflammation‐inducing potential of bioaerosols.
The white potato cyst nematode (Globodera pallida) – a critical analysis of the threat in Britain
Authors: TRUDGILL D L , ELLIOTT M J , EVANS K , PHILLIPS M S 
Published: April 2006

SummaryOver the last 30 years, there has been an epidemic of the white potato cyst nematode (wPCN, Globodera pallida). It has progressively replaced the yellow species (yPCN, G. rostochiensis) throughout most of England and Wales and is now a widespread problem. As damaging populations of wPCN are enormous (>109 eggs ha−1), several crops of potato cultivars resistant only to yPCN were required to produce this change. The threat it poses is reflected in an increase in the numbers of soil samples being tested and in nematicide use, which has increased to > 25 000 ha of potatoes being treated annually. Computer modelling shows that current management of wPCN is mostly ineffective and populations will continue to increase. The multiplication rate of wPCN is inversely related to its population density at planting and, because of this, modelling shows that sufficient eggs are likely to survive to enable large populations of wPCN to “rebound” following nematicide treatment. This is supported by recent trial results showing that wPCN population increase was almost as great in nematicides‐treated plots as in the untreated. Modelling also showed that current rotations (typically potatoes once every 5 or 6 years) are too short to prevent wPCN populations from progressively increasing, even when used in conjunction with a nematicide. Similarly, except with avirulent populations, the partially resistant cultivars currently available will not prevent wPCN from increasing. However, as the effectiveness of partially resistant cultivars is independent of population density, they can be very effective when integrated with a nematicide. Unfortunately, only c. 8% of the potato area is planted with partially resistant cultivars, and much of that is in land not known to be infested with wPCN. Consequently, the current epidemic of wPCN is likely to become progressively more serious. However, many farmers are failing to recognise and respond to this threat until it is too late because of the slow rate of increase of wPCN, the difficulties of detecting small populations and the costs of nematicides. To respond to the current epidemic of wPCN, the greatest priority is to have available an increased number of commercially‐attractive partially resistant cultivars.
Synthesis and Thermolysis of Tetracoordinate 1,2-Oxaphosphetanes Stabilized by Steric Protection
Authors: Kawashima Takayuki , Takami Hiromichi , Okazaki Renji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The title compounds bearing a 2,4,6-triisopropylphenyl group stable in air at room temperature were synthesized in good yields by intramolecular dehydration of the corresponding β-hydroxy phosphinic acids. Thermolysis gave the corresponding olefin along with ring-opening products. Selectivity of olefin formation depends on additives.
Very Convenient and Efficient Purification Method for Fullerene (C60) with 5,11,17,23,29,35,41,47-Octa-tert-butylcalix[8]arene-49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56-octol
Authors: Suzuki Tsuyoshi , Nakashima Kazuaki , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The gram-order of fullerene (C60) with 99.8 wt% purity was isolated from carbon soot by fractional precipitation with 5,11,17,23,29,35,41,47-octa-tert-butylcalix[8]arene-49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56-octol. This is a very convenient and efficient C60 purification method without any precious apparatus.
The Internal-Corrosion-Integrity Strategy on the Development of New Offshore-Production Areas in Brazil
Authors: Loschiavo Roberto , Altoé Ferreira Pedro , Márcio Félix Carvalho Bezerra 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThis paper illustrates the importance of internal-corrosion-management and -integrity strategy in the development of new offshore-production areas in shallow and ultradeep waters in Brazil, where there is no other production facility nearby. Starting production activities in these areas without any facility—especially pipelines—is a challenge because the investment necessary is high, particularly when the first area to be produced is a gas block. The financial feasibility of a small- or medium-sized gas field with very low condensate production is extremely delicate because this kind of project usually demands high initial investments, particularly with topside facilities, platform structures, and pipelines.The financial scenario worsens as the first investment must consider not only the area to be put into production, but also other potential areas nearby with exploration still under way. To foresee fluid composition and all flow-parameter scenarios is a complex but necessary exercise to reduce risk and keep the operating expenditure (OPEX) as low as possible.One of the aims of this paper is to show one experience in the design of offshore gas fields in the shallow waters of Espirito Santo, Brazil, where pipeline-corrosion management and integrity strongly affected the capital expenditure (CAPEX) and OPEX factors because the flow-rate capacity was overdesigned to transport future production from adjacent fields.This paper discusses some of the newer issues related to the CO2-corrosion-risk-assessment and -integrity strategies. The paper also briefly discusses some current key issues regarding the ultradeepwater fields related to areas of uncertainties caused by internal corrosion, such as pipelines operating under supercritical flow and steel catenary risers operating within a corrosion-fatigue environment.
Integrating Fracture Mapping Technologies To Improve Stimulations in the Barnett Shale
Authors: Fisher Marc Kevin , Wright Christopher A. , Davidson Brian Michael , Steinsberger Nicholas P. , Buckler William Stanley , Goodwin Alan , Fielder Eugene O. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A large hydraulic-fracture diagnostic project was undertaken in the summer of 2001 that integrated fracture-diagnostic technologies, including tiltmeter (i.e., surface and downhole) and microseismic mapping. The extensive data gathered resulted in a much clearer understanding of the highly complex fracture behavior in the Barnett shale of north Texas. The detailed fracture-mapping results allowed construction of a calibrated 3D fracture simulator that better reflects the observed mechanics of fracturing in this fractured-shale reservoir. More than just simple calibration was required. Indeed, a whole new understanding of fracture growth was developed.
The Barnett shale has seen a rebirth of drilling and refracturing activity in recent years because of the success of waterfracture, or "light-sand," fracturing treatments. This extremely low-permeability reservoir benefits from fracture treatments that establish long and wide fracture "fairways," which result in connecting very large surface areas of the formation with an extremely complex fracture network.
Understanding the created-fracture geometry is key to the effectiveness of any stimulation program or infill-drilling program, particularly in this area, with its nonclassical fracture networks. Integrated-fracture diagnostics have led to the identification of new fracturing techniques, as well as additional refracturing and infill-drilling candidates. A new method for evaluating large microseismic data sets was developed. Combining the microseismic analysis with surface- and downhole-tilt fracture mapping allowed characterization of the created-fracture networks. Correlations between production response and various fracture parameters will be presented along with a discussion of methods for calibrating a fracture model to the observed fracture behavior.
Formation Damage Resulting From Unexpected Acid Incompatibilities at Brutus, Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Fair P. S. , McNeil R. I. , Nitters G. , Breukel B. , Stroman S. R. , Davis C. L. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Formation damage problems in the Brutus A-8 Well in the Gulf of Mexico have provided a rich opportunity to study mechanisms of pore plugging. Field data and laboratory experiments have led to the following conclusions:
Unexpected reactions can take place between spent complex organic acids and completion brine, resulting in precipitates that can plug formations. These precipitates can potentially be prevented by appropriate acidizing practices, including the use of sufficient ammonium chloride, or other innocuous brine spacers, to maintain separation of the (spent) acid and completion brine, and the use of an appropriate post-flush acid to maintain a low pH in the spent acid. If a precipitate does form, it can be readily cleaned up by acid treatment, if the acid reaches the occluding precipitate. Complex organic acids should not be mixed. That is, if completion uses one organic acid, no other complex organic acids should be used in subsequent stimulation treatments.
Probabilistic/Mechanistic Modeling of Slug-Length Distribution in a Horizontal Pipeline
Authors: Al-Safran E. M. , Sarica C. , Zhang H. Q. , Brill J. P. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A probabilistic/mechanistic modeling was carried out to develop a predictive model for fully developed slug-length distribution in a horizontal pipeline. Statistical analysis suggested the appropriateness of a log-normal model over an inverse-Gaussian model for predicting slug-length distribution. A total of 64 data sets were used to empirically correlate the log-normal model. Two empirical relationships for mean slug length and slug-length standard deviation were developed. A statistical analysis revealed that, in addition to pipe diameter and mixture velocity, volumetric flow rate of the liquid film in the bubble region and the momentum exchange between the slug body and the liquid film are significantly correlated to the mean slug length. The slug-length standard deviation was found to have a significant correlation with film liquid holdup and momentum exchange. A model-validation study demonstrated the capability of the probabilistic/mechanistic model to reproduce the experimental data with a satisfactory match. The match was improved when the developed correlations were tuned using the statistical confidence intervals (CIs) of their coefficients.
Estimation of Flow Functions During Drainage Using Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Sun Xuefei , Mohanty Kishore K. 
Published: April 2006

Summary
Unsteady-state relative permeability experiments followed by automatichistory matching have been used in the past for estimating relativepermeability and capillary pressure simultaneously. The performance of theautomatic history matching largely depends on the simulator, the functionalform of the flow functions, and the optimization tool. The Newton method iscommonly used as the optimization tool for the automatic history matching; wehave used a genetic algorithm (GA) as the optimization tool in this work. Oneof the advantages of GA is that it requires only function evaluations for thesolution searching and not Jacobian or gradient calculations as required by the Newton method. The Corey model and piece-wise spline interpolation were used torepresent the relative permeability. A new coding method in GA was developedfor piece-wise spline interpolation. In-situ saturation data were collectedduring an unsteady-state primary drainage experiment by CT scanning. Simulationand experimental data were used to test the performance of the algorithm. Testresults showed a good match between the simulation data and experimental datafor low-injection-rate primary drainage. At higher rates, GA did not convergeto the global optimum.
Optimizing Filtrate Design To Minimize In-Situ and Wellbore Damage to Water-Wet Reservoirs During Drill-In
Authors: Dalmazzone Christine , Audibert-Hayet Annie , Quintero Lirio , Jones Tom , Dewattines Carine , Janssen Michel 
Published: April 2006

Summary
A prominent area of concern related to drill-in and completion operations is damage caused by polymer and/or brine filtrate invasion into the producing formation. It is common knowledge within the petroleum industry that in overbalanced conditions, filtrate invasion into the pore spaces of a reservoir is continuous, as long as the drill-in fluid (DIF) and wellbore are in contact. It is also commonly known that certain polymers and modified starch additives tend to adsorb or be retained by and sometimes plug the water-wet linings of reservoir pores. Once this occurs, flow paths are restricted and formation permeability is impaired. Despite the careful selection of less-damaging polymeric viscosifiers and fluid-loss agents, reduced mobility of production fluids remains a problem. Depending on the compatibility of the aqueous filtrate with the reservoir fluids, strong water/oil emulsions may be formed and may also plug reservoir pores.
This paper presents credible laboratory data demonstrating the benefits of a special surfactant molecule engineered to pass through a drill-in fluid filter cake along with the other filtrate components to maximize wellbore productivity. Functionally, this chemistry
Inhibits the adsorption of the drill-in-and completion-fluid polymers on the in-situ surface areas of the reservoir. Reduces the water-saturation level of the formation rock to increase flow area. Promotes compatibility between the brine filtrate and formation crude. Reduces the surface properties between filter-cake particles to enhance the ease of wellbore cleanup during displacement and natural cake "liftoff" during the onset of production.
Collectively these benefits, when used to complement preestablished drill-in-fluid design criteria, further increase reservoir productivity in openhole completion applications.