bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of multiresistant Gram‐negative organisms in a surgical hospital in Ho Chi Minh Cit, Vietnam
Authors: Jones S. L. , Nguyen V. K. , Nguyen T. M. P. , Athan E. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryObjective  To determine resistance patterns of multiresistant Gram‐negative organisms at a surgical hospital in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, in order to guide appropriate antibiotic prescribing and improve infection control procedures.Method  All samples sent in for microbiological analysis over a 3‐month period were included. A resource neutral double disc‐diffusion test was introduced to detect the presence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) production.Results  We obtained 350 bacterial isolates from clinical specimens; 87.4% were Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB). Of these, 88.9% were Enterobacteriaceae, of which 14.7% produced ESBL. Fifteen (37.5%) of these were isolated within 48 h of admission. Resistance to gentamicin and ciprofloxacin occurred in 70.0% and 72.5% of those organisms that produced ESBL and in 39.5% and 38.7% of those that did not. Resistance to third‐generation cephalosporins was common: 36.7% of all GNB were resistant to ceftriaxone, 34.0% to cefotaxime, 19.6% to ceftazidime and 36.7% to cefoperazone.Conclusion  Multiresistant Gram‐negative organisms are common and pose a challenge to antibiotic therapy. Successful implementation of a simple test to detect ESBL production allowed reporting of these organisms, appropriate antibiotic prescribing and infection control interventions. Development of antibiotic‐prescribing guidelines must take into account these resistance patterns.
TRIETHYLTIN AND THE INCORPORATION OF [33P] PHOSPHATE INTO RAT BRAIN PHOSPHOLIPIDS
Authors: Rose M. S. , Aldridge W. N. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYBy the use of quantitative thin‐layer chromatography, it has been shown that triethyltin sulphate 7.5 mglkg body wt. reduces the incorporation of 88P1 into rat brain phospholipids, especially lecithin, when the animals are kept at an environmental temperature of 20°. Triethyltin at this dose also reduces the body temperature by approximately 6°. When the body temperature of the triethyltin‐treated animals is maintained at a normal level by placing them in an environmental temperature of 33°, no significant reduction in the incorporation of 32P1 into any of the phospholipids is observed.
HISTOCHEMICAL MAPPING OF MONOAMINE OXIDASE AND LACTIC DEHYDROGENASE IN THE PONS AND MESENCEPHALON OF SQUIRREL MONKEY (SAIMIRI SCIUREUS)
Authors: Manocha Sohan L. , Bourne G. H. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe detailed distribution of lactate dehydrogenase and monoamine oxide has been described at various levels through the pons and mesencephalon of the brain of the squirrel monkey. A comparison of the two enzymes has given an interesting picture of their selective localization in the different nuclei. Particular attention has been paid to select sections at comparative levels. Marked monoamine oxidase activity has been observed in the nucleus interpeduncularis, the nucleus centralis superior, the nucleus annularis, and in the neuropil and in the cytoplasm of neurons of some other nuclei. Particularly strong lactate dehydrogenase activity has, however, been observed in the corpus geniculatum laterale and mediale, the nucleus pulvinaris, the superior and inferior colliculi, the substantia grisea centralis and some of the nuclei of cranial nerves.
OXIDATIVE ENZYME ACTIVITIES IN RAT BRAIN SUBCELLULAR FRACTIONS. THE EFFECT OF DEOXYCHOLATE, FREEZE‐THAW, AND WATER*†
Authors: KOCH R. B. , LINDALL A. W. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY(1) The distributions of four oxidative enzymes were studied in crude brain fractions.(2) Freeze‐thaw cycle treatment and frozen storage of homogenate fractions gave apparent enhancement of cytochrome oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities.(3) Deoxycholate released cytochrome oxidase and NADH cytochrome c reductase activities from low‐speed precipitates. The NADH diaphorase was enhanced to a small degree while NADPH cytochrome c reductase was not affected by deoxycholate.(4) Distilled water coupled with a single homogenization released trapped soluble enzymes and mitochondria and gave nearly maximal cytochrome oxidase activity as judged by deoxycholate treatment. The total distilled water activity of NADH cytochrome c reductase was much less than that of deoxycholate‐stimulated fractions. The activities of other enzymes were not markedly affected by distilled water although their distribution was changed.
THE EFFECT OF MORPHINE ADMINISTRATION ON THE INCORPORATION OF [14C]LEUCINE INTO PROTEIN IN CELL‐FREE SYSTEMS FROM RAT BRAIN AND LIVER
Authors: Clouet Doris H. , Ratner M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Ribosomes isolated from the brains of rats treated with morphine in vivo were less active in promoting the incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein than ribosomes isolated from untreated rats. This inhibitory phenomenon was studied in relation to dose of morphine, time after drug administration and the pharmacological responses of hypothermia and analgesia. The inhibition of [14C]leucine incorporation into brain proteins in vitro was transient after a single injection of morphine and dose‐dependent, and related to the hypothermic response, but not prevented by keeping the rats at an ambient temperature which prevented hypothermia. The incorporation of [14C]leucine into protein by liver ribosomes was also inhibited in preparations from morphine treated rats.
ON THE POSSIBILITY OF LYSOPHOSPHATIDE FORMATION DURING WALLERIAN DEGENERATION
Authors: Domonkos J. , Heiner L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—During an extensive decomposition of phospholipids, at the end of the second week of Wallerian degeneration, the decomposition of glycerophosphatides were studied in detail. In a degenerative process lasting for 2 weeks about one‐third of the choline phosphatides, two‐thirds of the ethanolamine phosphatides, one‐third of the serine phosphatides and one‐quarter of the inositol phosphatides, were destroyed.The amount of lysophosphatidylcholine decreased proportionally to the destruction of choline phosphatide. On the other hand, the amount of lysophosphatides formed from‘kephalin'‐containing fatty aldehyde, during the marked destruction of these phospholipids, remained constant or increased to a small extent and its percentage distribution increased 2 or 3 times compared with other phospholipids. Ethanolamine phosphatides having a high fatty aldehyde content can be regarded as mainly responsible for the relative accumulation of lysophosphatides.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE CREATINE PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE OF RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX: EVIDENCE FOR A BIMODAL SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION*
Authors: Sullivan R. J. , Miller O. Neal , Sellinger O. Z. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) ATP: creatine phosphotransferase of rat cerebral cortex is soluble to the extent of 57 per cent when the tissue is homogenized in 0.25 M‐sucrose and 80 per cent when distilled water is used for tissue dispersion. Among particulate fractions, the crude mitochondria] fraction contains the highest percentage of enzyme activity.(2) Discontinuous sucrose gradient fractionation of the crude mitochondrial fraction yields about 55 per cent of the particulate activity in the nerve ending fractions and 24 per cent in the mitochondrial pellet.(3) Rupturing of the nerve‐ending particles by a moderate osmotic shock designed to spare the mitochondria results in about 60 per cent of the ATP:creatine phosphotransferase becoming soluble, the remainder preserving the association with heavy particles, presumably mitochondria.(4) Subfractionation of the microsomal fraction on a discontinuous sucrose gradient reveals that this particulate component of the enzyme is an adsorption artifact.(5) The overall evidence points to at least two distinct subcellular localizations of the enzyme in rat brain cortex, a major soluble component and a particulate component. It has not been unequivocally shown whether the latter, in turn, reflects the presence of a single, mitochondrial component or whether the soluble matrix of the nerve ending particles represents a third locale for the enzyme.
THE FIXATION OF TETANUS TOXIN BY SYNAPTIC MEMBRANES
Authors: Mellanby Jane , Whittaker V. P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The ability of subfractions of disrupted synaptosomes to bind tetanus toxin has been studied. Synaptic vesicles had little toxin‐fixing capacity, but a fraction believed on morphological appearance and enzymic composition to be rich in external synaptosome membranes had a toxin‐fixing capacity about 10 times that of the synaptic vesicles and over twice that of the initial brain homogenate. Mitochondria also had a low toxin‐fixing capacity and other membrane fractions had an intermediate value. The results are discussed in relation to the known role of ganglioside in fixing toxin.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN NORMAL AND SCRAPIE MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Millson G. C. , Hunter G. D. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Damage to the brain as a result of an intracerebral injection of physiological saline does not appreciably affect the rate of protein synthesis in mouse brain. The in vivo and in vitro incorporation of labelled amino acids into mitochondria and their in vivo incorporation into nuclei, microsomes, nerve ending particles, myelin and cell sap were compared in normal and scrapie‐affected mice. No significant differences were found.
EFFECT OF ACUTE CYANIDE INTOXICATION ON THE ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF AMINO ACIDS IN BRAIN SLICES*
Authors: Levi G. , Amaducci L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) Acute hypoxia was produced in adult rats by cyanide inhalation and the effect on the active transport of amino acids was studied in brain slices.(2) Initial and steady‐state accumulation of amino acids and rates of amino acid exit were identical in brain slices from control and treated animals when a glucose‐containing incubation medium was used.(3) When the incubation was carried out in a glucose‐free incubation medium, the inhibition of initial and steady‐state accumulation and the stimulation of amino acid exit observed in control slices were significantly reduced or abolished in slices from treated animals.(4) Tissue swelling, size of ‘inulin space’ and glucose consumption did not differ in the two groups of animals.(5) Also the respiration rate was identical in slices from control and treated animals incubated in the presence of glucose. In the absence of added substrate, brain slices from treated animals consumed 15‐20 per cent more oxygen than control slices.(6) A possible correlation between the effects observed on amino acid transport and on respiration is suggested. The reasons why cyanide given in vivo or added in vitro have different effects on amino acid transport in brain slices are discussed.
SODIUM STIMULATED [14C]ADENOSINE DIPHOSPHATE‐ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATE EXCHANGE ACTIVITY IN BRAIN MICROSOMES
Authors: Stahl W. L. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—An ADP‐ATP exchange reaction was studied in NaI‐treated microsomes from rat brain. At low concentrations of MgCl2 a nucleotide exchange reaction, elicited in the presence of Na+, had an absolute specificity for ATP. The reaction was stimulated by oligomycin and inhibited by ouabain and EDTA. It is probable that this Na+‐stimulated ADP‐ATP exchange reaction is a component of the Na‐K ATPase system.
SEIZURE THRESHOLD, ADRENALECTOMY AND SODIUM‐POTASSIUM STIMULATED ATPase IN RAT BRAIN*1
Authors: Gallagher B. B. , Glaser G. H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Adrenalectomy in the rat was shown to lower seizure threshold measured with the volatile convulsant hexafluorodiethyl ether. Although the expected hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia were demonstrated in the adrenalectomized rats, there was no associated alteration in Na‐K stimulated Mg‐ATPase activity either in the whole rat brain or in a microsomal fraction. These results in brain tissue are contrasted with the marked decrease in this enzyme that occurs in kidney tissue of the rat following adrenalectomy. It was suggested that the activity of the enzyme system responsible for active cation transport responds directly in proportion to the work of active transport required by the individual tissue.
INTERACTION OF EXCITATORY AND DEPRESSANT AMINO ACIDS IN THE FROG RETINA
Authors: KISHIDA K. , NAKA K.‐I. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— (1) Application of excitatory or depressant amino acids (concentrations from 10−6 to 10−2m) could modify response patterns of the retinal ganglion cells to photic stimulus. Excitatory amino acids gave rise to spontaneous discharge while depressant amino acids inhibited spike discharge in response to test flashes.(2) Application of excitatory amino acids of more than 10−3m resulted in irreversible termination of spike discharges while recovery was always observed in the case of depressant amino acids even when the concentration of the applied solution was as high as 10−3m. No effect was observed when one exciting and one depressant amino acid were properly combined.(3) There is a mixture of four amino acids (two excitatory and two depressant) which could enhance the spike discharge in response to test flashes without giving rise to spontaneous firing.(4) It is implied that proper balance of excitatory and depressant amino acids is important in regulating the excitability of a number of neurons.
ACETYL TRANSPORT MECHANISMS IN THE NERVOUS SYSTEM. THE OXOGLUTARATE SHUNT AND FATTY ACID SYNTHESIS IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN*
Authors: D'Adamo Amedeo F. , D'Adamo Ann P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract Radioactive acetyl groups and lipids are produced from dl‐[5‐14C]glutamate. Degradation studies indicate that approximately 90 per cent of the radioactivity is localized in the original carboxyl groups of the two carbon unit. Since these results are shown not to be due to a 14CO2 fixation, it is concluded that the oxoglutarate shunt as an acetyl group transport system is functional in brain.The highest ratio of fatty’acid activity/CO2 activity in this pathway is found in the newborn rat brain and steadily decreases with development. This pattern is observed with incubations of brain slices with labelled glutamate or citrate and is similar to the changes observed in the activity of the citrate cleavage enzyme with brain maturation.In contrast to the previous studies with liver preparations, the conversion of [2‐14C]‐ and [5‐14C]glutamate to fatty acids is relatively small. This is particularly true during the period of maximal lipid synthesis.
DIFFERENCES IN THE NUCLEAR RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT IN DIFFERENT AREAS OF THE HUMAN ADULT AND FOETAL BRAIN*
Authors: Hoch‐Ligeti Cornelia , Stutzman E. , Gruenwald C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Four different areas of ten brains from adults in the age group between 44 and 74 years and two areas of six foetal brains were studied.The cellular density was similar in the different areas of the brain of adult man; it averaged 11.9 × 107/g wet tissue. The number of neurons per g wet tissue varied from 2.22 × 107 in the cortex to 0.15 × 107 in the centrum semiovale.In the brain of adults the overall RNA content of nuclei was higher for the cortex than for the corpus callosum or the centrum semiovale.The RNA content of neuronal nuclei was higher than that of non‐neuronal nuclei.In the brain of foetuses the nuclear density was higher than in adults. The DNA content of a nucleus in foetal brain was 2–3 times as high as in adult brain and it approached adult values with increasing maturity.
THE INTRASPINAL DISTRIBUTION OF SOME DEPRESSANT AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Johnston G. A. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— —Six known depressant amino acids were found in extracts of feline spinal grey matter: α‐alanine, cystathionine, GABA, glycine, serine and taurine.Of these, glycine has the distribution within the nervous system anticipated of a sub‐stance whose main function is as a spinal inhibitory transmitter at strychnine‐sensitive synapses, GABA being a likely transmitter candidate at any strychnine‐insensitive spinal inhibitory synapses.The intraspinal distributions of α‐alanine, cystathionine, serine and taurine reveal little to indicate that a synaptic role is a major function of these amino acids.
SYNTHESIS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS IN THE SCHWANN CELLS AS THE EARLY CELLULAR RESPONSE TO NERVE INJURY1
Authors: Oderfeld‐Nowak Barbara , Niemierko Stella 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— The early effect of mechanical injury of the sciatic nerve in cats and rats on the amount of nucleic acids and on the number of Schwann cells was studied.The content of RNA and DNA increased at both ends of a severed nerve as early as 2 hr after operation; at 8 hr and up to 24 hr, their level was about twice as high as at the beginning of experiment. The increase in nucleic acids seemed to be chiefly due to their biosynthesis in the Schwann cells although the possibility of a contribution of axonal RNA must also be taken into consideration. The division of Schwann cell nuclei was observed not earlier than 36 hr after operation. The injury stimulates the synthesis of nucleic acids not only in the Schwann cells directly damaged, but also in those from neighbouring internodes.The increase in DNA and RNA observed 24 hr after a fresh lesion had been made in a degenerating nerve was smaller than the increase observed 24 hr after cutting or crushing a normal nerve.
FAST AND SLOW PHASES OF AXOPLASMIC FLOW IN VENTRAL ROOT NERVE FIBRES1
Authors: Ochs S. , Johnson J. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The pattern of activity found in ventral roots removed at different times after seventh lumbar and first sacral cord injections of [3H]leucine gave evidence for fast and slow phases of axoplasmic flow. An intra‐axonic location was shown for the fast flow by the block of downflow produced by freezing a narrow region of the ventral root, by reduction of downflow on preinjection of puromycin into the cord and by radioautography of ventral roots. Separate mechanisms appear to be required to account for the fast and slow phases of axoplasmic flow.
METABOLIC INVESTIGATIONS OF EPILEPTIC SEIZURES
Authors: Wiechert P. , Göllnitz G. 
Published: October 2006

ZusammenfassungDie Konzentration der freien Aminosäuren im Gehirn von Ratten vor und während experimentell ausgelöster cerebraler Krampfanfälle wird den von Kontrollratten gegenübergestellt. Die Konzentration der Glutaminsäure ist in alien präkonvulsiven und tonischen Phasen eines cerebralen Anfalls signifikant erhöht. Auch die eng mit dem Stoffwechsel der Glutaminsäure verbundenen Aminosäuren Alanin, γ‐Aminobuttersäure, Asparaginsäure und Glutamin zeigen eine deutliche Konzentrationszunahme.Insbesondere der Konzentrationsanstieg der Glutaminsäure wird als Folge der bereits früher beschriebenen veränderten Enzymaktivitäten im Glutamatstoffwechsel (Wiechert und Göllnitz, 1969) angesehen. Die Konzentration der γ‐Aminobuttersäure kann nicht in gleichem Maße ansteigen, und das normale Verhältnis beider Aminosäuren ist in unphysiologischer Weise verschoben. Die Verschiebung dieses Gleichgewichtes als Ursache der Auslösung des Anfalls wird diskutiert.AbstractThe concentration of free amino acids in the brain of rats prior to and during experimental cerebral seizures was compared with that of controls. The concentration of glutamic acid was significantly increased in all preconvulsive and tonic phases of the cerebral seizures, which was also true for alanine, γ‐aminobutyric acid, aspartic acid and glutamine, which are closely connected with the metabolism of glutamic acid.The increase in the concentration of glutamic acid is considered to be a consequence of altered activities of enzymes involved in glutamate metabolism. The concentration of γ‐aminobutyric acid did not increase in the same proportion and the normal ratio of these two amino acids was shifted in abnormal stores in favour of the former. The relationship between this shift and the cause of the convulsions is discussed.
DISTRIBUTION AND UPTAKE OF AMINO ACIDS IN VARIOUS REGIONS OF THE CAT BRAIN IN VITRO
Authors: Battistin L. , Grynbaum Alice , Lajtha A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—(1) The levels of the free amino acids were determined in five areas of the cat brain. The regional pattern was heterogeneous and fairly characteristic for each compound.(2) The uptakes of α‐aminoisobutyric acid, taurine, d‐aspartic acid, and l‐histidine were measured in incubated slices from 31 regions of the cat CNS. Differences in uptake were found among the various areas; the regional pattern of uptake was different for each amino acid. The initial rate of uptake (5 min incubation) very often paralleled the rate at equilibrium (90 min incubation).(3) The regional correlation between distribution in vivo and uptake in vitro was good for aspartate, less so for histidine, and poor for taurine.(4) It is concluded that regional heterogeneity in exit processes, available energy, cell density, or protein content is unlikely to have decisive influence in determining regional differences in distribution and transport of metabolites; it seems that influx is the most important factor.
CEREBROSIDE‐SULPHATASE AND ARYLSULPHATASE A DEFICIENCY IN METACHROMATIC LEUKODYSTROPHY (ML)
Authors: Jatzkewitz H. , Mehl E. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Cerebroside‐sulphatase, arylsulphatase A and B and acid phosphatase activities were determined in renal cortex, liver, and cerebral white matter, obtained at autopsy from seven patients with metachromatic leukodystrophy (ML) and nine controls. It was shown that both arylsulphatase A and cerebroside‐sulphatase activity were reduced to the limit of detection (1–6 per cent of that of the controls) in all ML‐tissues.The quantitative evaluation of the sulphatide level in ML‐demyelinated cerebral white matter and in kidney showed that there was no relationship between the amount of accumulated sulphatide and the duration of illness or the age at death (up to the age of 20). If there should exist any relationship between the sulphatide level and residual enzyme activity, then this residual activity must be beyond the sensitivity of the enzymic assay.This point, and the detailed sequence of the pathological events in brain leading from a deficient cerebroside‐sulphatase activity to a pronounced demyelinating disease, sparing grey matter, are discussed.
EFFECTS OF SPREADING CORTICAL DEPRESSION ON THE INCORPORATION OF [14C]LEUCINE INTO PROTEINS OF RAT BRAIN
Authors: Křivánek J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Incorporation of dl‐[1‐14C]leucine into proteins of the cerebral cortex of the rat was measured during spreading cortical depression (CSD) evoked by a single topical application of 25% (w/v) KCI. Maximal inhibition (42 per cent) of the rate of incorporation occurred 1 hr after application of KCI. Spreading depression of 2–3 hr duration was associated with 22 per cent and 13 per cent decreases, respectively, of incorporation of labelled leucine. Specific activity of the free pool leucine was not decreased during CSD but appeared to be higher than controls at 20 min after initiation of CSD. The specific activity of the total free pool amino acids was also increased at 10, 20, 60 and 120 min after application of KCI.The inhibitory effect of CSD on incorporation of leucine into proteins was uniformly distributed among the crude mitochondrial, microsomal and soluble subcellular fractions from brains of adult animals, while in fractions from 25‐day old animals there appeared to be relatively more inhibition in the crude mitochondrial fraction.