bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of HIV‐1 co‐infection on long‐term mortality in patients with hepatitis C: a population‐based cohort study
Authors: Omland LH , Jepsen P , Skinhøj P , Jørgensen HL , Münster A‐MB , Bangsborg J , Fenger M , Sørensen HT , Obel N ,   on behalf of the Danish HIV Cohort Study and the DANVIR Cohort Study
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveTo investigate the impact of HIV co‐infection on mortality in patients infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV).MethodsFrom a nationwide Danish database of HCV‐infected patients, we identified individuals diagnosed with HCV subsequent to an HIV diagnosis. For each co‐infected patient, four control HCV patients without HIV were matched on age, gender and year of HCV diagnosis. Data on comorbidity, drug abuse, alcoholism and date of death were extracted from two healthcare databases. We constructed Kaplan–Meier curves and used Cox regression analyses to estimate mortality rate ratios (MRRs), controlling for comorbidity.ResultsWe identified 483 HCV–HIV co‐infected and 1932 HCV mono‐infected patients, yielding 2192 and 9894 person‐years of observation with 129 and 271 deaths, respectively. The 5‐year probability of survival was 0.74 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–0.80] for HCV–HIV co‐infected patients and 0.87 (95% CI 0.85–0.89) for HCV mono‐infected patients. Co‐infection was associated with substantially increased mortality (MRR 2.1, 95% CI 1.7–2.6). However, prior to the first observed decrease in CD4 counts to below 300 cells/μL, HIV infection did not increase mortality in HCV‐infected patients (MRR 0.9, 95% CI 0.5–1.50).ConclusionsHIV infection has a substantial impact on mortality among HCV‐infected individuals, mainly because of HIV‐induced immunodeficiency.
The associations between age and the development of laboratory abnormalities and treatment discontinuation for reasons other than virological failure in the first year of highly active antiretroviral therapy
Authors: Sabin CA , Smith CJ , Delpech V , Anderson J , Bansi L , Gilson R , Schwenk A , Leen C , Gazzard B , Porter K , Mackie N , Fisher M , Orkin C , Johnson M , Easterbrook P , Hill T , Phillips AN ,   on behalf of the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) Study
Published: November 2008

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe the relationship between age and the time to treatment discontinuation in the absence of virological failure as well as the development of specific laboratory abnormalities, in patients starting highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) for the first time.MethodsAnalyses included 8708 antiretroviral‐naïve patients from the UK Collaborative HIV Cohort (CHIC) study who started HAART from 1998 onwards. We considered time to the first discontinuation of any drug in the initial HAART regimen for reasons other than virological failure; the association between this and age at the start of HAART was determined using proportional hazards regression after adjustment for potential confounders. The incidence of specific laboratory abnormalities in the first year after starting HAART was compared in those of different ages using multiple logistic regression.ResultsA total of 2650 patients discontinued at least one drug in their HAART regimen in the first year for reasons other than virological failure; after controlling for confounders, those aged < 30 years at the time of starting HAART were more likely to discontinue than those aged 30–39 years [relative hazard (RH) 1.12; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.01, 1.24] as were those aged 50 years (RH 1.14; 95% CI 1.00, 1.31). There were strong associations between greater age and raised total cholesterol, decreased haemoglobin and raised triglycerides over the first year, although the latter disappeared after adjustment for pre‐HAART levels, suggesting that this finding reflected higher pre‐HAART triglyceride levels in older individuals.ConclusionsContinued attempts to improve the tolerability of HAART regimens may help to sustain the good outcomes in all age groups over the longer term.
The Content of Support of Persons with Profound Intellectual and Multiple Disabilities: An Analysis of the Number and Content of Goals in the Educational Programmes
Authors: Van Der Putten Annette , Vlaskamp Carla , Poppes Petra 
Published: November 2008

Background  This study focuses on the support of persons with profound intellectual and multiple disabilities (PIMD) by analysing the number and content of formulated goals in the educational programmes.Methods  The programmes of 145 persons with PIMD were analysed. The number of long‐ and short‐term goals as well as the number of goals reached was determined. To clarify the content of given support, goals were categorized into different domains.Results  In total, 220 long‐term goals were formulated (mean: 2; SD: 0.88; range: 1–4), of which 14% were reached. Of the 1624 short‐term goals (mean: 11; SD: 10.07; range: 0–51) formulated, 52% were reached. Further detailed analyses show that although the number of goals was not dependent on age, the number of long‐term goals reached was significantly higher in children; 52% of the 220 long‐term goals focused on ‘interaction and social’ roles and 68% of the 1624 short‐term goals focused on ‘gathering knowledge about the client’.Conclusions  Results indicate that support to persons with PIMD especially focuses on ‘interaction and social roles’. Especially, health issues seem to be under‐represented. Short‐term goals mainly focus on gathering knowledge. Further studies are needed to clarify if professionals indeed lack detailed information about their clients or if available knowledge (e.g. in files) is not transferred into day‐to‐day practice.
Geographic color variation ofPhelotrupes auratus(Coleoptera, Geotrupidae) in the Kinki region, central Japan: A quantitative spectrophotometric analysis
Authors: AKAMINE Mayumi , MAEKAWA Kiyoto , KON Masahiro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe investigated geographic color variation of the beetlePhelotrupes auratusin the Kinki region of central Japan using a spectrophotometer. The reflectance spectrum of the dorsal surface of the elytron was measured for beetles collected from 23 sites. We focused on λmax(α), the wavelength at the peak (α peak) between 400 and 700 nm (human visual sensitivity range), for analyses of color variation. In populations distributed on the Kii Peninsula, in the southern part of the Kinki region, average λmax(α) values were lower (480–497 nm) than in populations distributed in the area west of Lake Biwa, the western part of the Kinki region (618–633 nm). For populations distributed in the areas south and southeast of Lake Biwa, a geographic cline of λmax(α) was observed approximately along an east–west transect, with average λmax values varying continuously from 624 to 557 nm. The easternmost populations along this cline had almost the same λmax(α) values as the populations distributed west of Lake Biwa. The coefficient of variation for λmax(α) tended to be larger in populations with intermediate averages than those with lower or higher average values.
Forty‐nine new host plant species for Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: SIMMONS Alvin M. , HARRISON Howard F. , LING Kai‐Shu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), is a worldwide pest of numerous agricultural and ornamental crops. In addition to directly feeding on plants, it also acts as a vector of plant viruses of cultivated and uncultivated host plant species. Moreover, host plants can affect the population dynamics of whiteflies. An open‐choice screening experiment was conducted with B‐biotype B. tabaci on a diverse collection of crops, weeds, and other indigenous plant species. Five of the plant species were further evaluated in choice or no‐choice tests in the laboratory. The results reveal 49 new reproductive host plant species for B. tabaci. This includes 11 new genera of host plants (Arenaria, Avena, Carduus, Dichondra, Glechoma, Gnaphalium, Molugo, Panicum, Parthenocissus, Trianthema, and Triticum) for this whitefly. All species that served as hosts were acceptable for feeding, oviposition, and development to the adult stage by B. tabaci. The new hosts include three cultivated crops [oats (Avena sativa L.), proso millet (Panicum miliaceum L.), and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)], weeds and other wild species, including 32 Ipomoea species, which are relatives of sweetpotato [I. batatas (L.) Lam.)]. Yellow nutsedge, Cyperus esculentus L., did not serve as a host for B. tabaci in either open‐choice or no‐choice tests. The results presented herein have implications for whitefly ecology and the numerous viruses that B. tabaci spreads to and among cultivated plants.
A new record, sperm bundle morphology and preliminary data on the breeding type of the ground beetle Jujiroa estriata Sasakawa (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini)
Authors: SASAKAWA Kôji , TOKI Wataru 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Jujiroa estriata Sasakawa (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Platynini) was recently described based on a single male from a mountain in Kyushu, southwest Japan (type locality: Hagi, Gokanoshô). Here we report collection of the species from a new locality, Mount Osuzuyama. We also describe some reproductive traits based on the materials obtained (one male and four females, collected in late May). The male formed sperm bundles in which the head of each spermatozoon was embedded in a rod‐shaped structure (spermatodesm). Each spermatodesm was elongate (average length 2.44 mm; cf. male body length 10.8 mm), without a conspicuous spiral structure. Three of the females were dissected, and were found to have 11 or 12 mature eggs in their oviducts. This study provides the first description of sperm bundle morphology for a species of the tribe Platynini and preliminary data on the breeding type of Jujiroa Uéno.
First record of Alysia alticola Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in the Neotropical region
Authors: SALVO Adriana , BATTÁN HORENSTEIN Moira 
Published: November 2008

Abstract Alysia alticola Ashmead, 1890, is recorded for the first time in central Argentina, reared from pig carcasses. This is also the first mention of the genus Alysia Latreille, 1804, in Argentina, which represents the southernmost record in the Neotropical region.
Revisional notes on the genus Toxopoda Macquart (Diptera, Sepsidae) in the Oriental and Australasian regions
Authors: IWASA Mitsuhiro 
Published: November 2008

AbstractI herein revise the genus Toxopoda Macquart of the Oriental and Australasian regions. A total of 16 species is discussed. Six new species are described: T. cavata sp. nov., T. angulata sp. nov., T. elephantina sp. nov., T. zuskai sp. nov., T. malayana sp. nov., and T. ozerovi sp. nov. The species T. contracta (Walker), T. viduata (Thomson) and T. simplex Iwasa, which can be easily confused with other species, are correctly redescribed and illustrated. Distributional notes and a key to the species of the Oriental and Australasian regions are provided.
Cytotoxin‐Associated Gene‐A – Positive Helicobacter pylori Strains Infection Increases the Risk of Recurrent Atherosclerotic Stroke
Authors: Diomedi Marina , Stanzione Paolo , Sallustio Fabrizio , Leone Giorgia , Renna Antonio , Misaggi Giulia , Fontana Carla , Pasqualetti Patrizio , Pietroiusti Antonio 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground: CagA‐positive Helicobacter pylori infection has been found to be associated with a first‐ever atherosclerotic stroke. The aim of this study was to investigate whether these strains represent an independent risk factor for recurrent atherosclerotic stroke.Materials and Methods: We performed a longitudinal study of patients with a first‐ever large vessels stroke and resulted positive at H. pylori serology. Patients had clinical examination 1 month after the acute event, and were subsequently visited or contacted by telephone up to 3 years at 6‐month intervals. Sera obtained at the time of enrollment were frozen and analyzed for the presence of anti‐CagA antibodies at the end of the study. The primary outcome event was any fatal or nonfatal stroke after the index stroke.Results: One hundred seventy H. pylori‐positive patients were included (n = 68 CagA positive and n = 102 CagA negative). No significant difference regarding age and other stroke risk factors was detected. According to Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis, CagA‐positive patients showed a significantly higher risk for stroke recurrence than CagA‐negative ones (45.6% vs 17.6%; p < .001). Difference in the rate of recurrent stroke between the two groups persisted after Cox regression analysis taking into account possible confounding factors (hazard ratio = 3.5; 95% CI = 1.9–6.4; p < .001).Conclusions: Infection with H. pylori CagA‐positive strains increases the risk of recurrent atherosclerotic stroke. Seropositivity determination should be performed in order to identify high‐risk patients requiring a strict clinical surveillance, and the possible beneficial effect of eradication therapy should be evaluated.
Evaluation of Two Triple‐Therapy Regimens with Metronidazole or Clarithromycin for the Eradication of H. pylori Infection in Vietnamese Children: a Randomized, Double‐Blind Clinical Trial
Authors: Nguyen Thi Viet Ha , Bengtsson Carina , Nguyen Gia Khanh , Hoang Thi Thu Ha , Phung Dac Cam , Sörberg Mikael , Granström Marta 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection in children in developing countries needs further investigations upon which to base treatment recommendations. The aim of the study was to compare two 2‐week triple therapies in a randomized double‐blind trial.Materials and Methods:  In order not to exceed recommended dosages, the 238 H. pylori‐infected children, aged 3 to 15 years (mean 8.6), were divided in two weight categories receiving at weights 13–22 kg: lansoprazole 15 mg once‐daily and amoxicillin 500 mg twice‐daily with metronidazole 250 mg twice‐daily or clarithromycin 250 mg once‐daily; at weights 23–45 kg: lansoprazole 15 mg and amoxicillin 750 mg with metronidazole 500 mg or clarithromycin 250 mg, all administered twice daily. H. pylori status was assessed by culture and a monoclonal‐based antigen‐in‐stool test (Premier Platinum HpSA PLUS) and side effects by structured questionnaires.Results:  The overall per‐protocol eradication (n = 233) was similar in the two treatment regimens, 62.1% for the metronidazole and 54.7% for the clarithomycin‐containing therapy. Eradication rate was higher in children ≥ 23 kg (70.9%) than in children < 23 kg (45.7%). In children ≥ 23 kg (n = 117) that received twice‐daily administration of all drugs, efficacy of the methronidazole and clarithromycin‐containing treatments were 69.5% and 72.4%, respectively.Conclusions:  The two treatments gave similar eradication rates. Significant differences for both treatments were found by weight, which could be the result of the once‐daily proton pump inhibitor and clarithromycin and/or more antibiotic resistant strains in younger children.
IL‐17 is Involved in Helicobacter pylori‐Induced Gastric Inflammatory Responses in a Mouse Model
Authors: Shiomi Satoshi , Toriie Akihiro , Imamura Shigeyoshi , Konishi Hideyuki , Mitsufuji Shoji , Iwakura Yoichiro , Yamaoka Yoshio , Ota Hiroyoshi , Yamamoto Toshiro , Imanishi Jiro , Kita Masakazu 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is the major cause of chronic active gastritis and peptic ulcer disease. Recent studies have shown that H. pylori produces various cytokines that are related to neutrophil or mononuclear cell accumulation. Interleukin‐17 (IL‐17) is the founding member of an emerging family of inflammatory cytokines whose biological activities remain incompletely defined. In this study, the contributions of IL‐17 to the induction of gastric inflammation and to the protection from H. pylori infection were investigated using IL‐17 gene‐knockout (IL‐17−/–) mice.Materials and Methods:  IL‐17−/–and wild‐type C57BL/6 mice were challenged with H. pylori CPY2052 (2 × 108 CFU/mL) and the histological and microbiological evaluation were carried out at specified times. IL‐17 and myeloperoxidase (MPO) protein levels in tissues were assayed in duplicate using ELISA kits.Results:  In wild‐type mice, IL‐17 was undetected at baseline; however, the protein expression of IL‐17 was induced after infection with H. pylori. A severe infiltration of neutrophils appeared in the submucosa and the lamina propria in wild‐type mice. In contrast, the degree of neutrophil infiltration in IL‐17−/– mice was significantly lower than that in wild‐type mice. Although wild‐type mice infected with H. pylori showed drastically higher MPO activity compared with uninfected wild‐type mice, any significant increase in the enzyme activity was not revealed in infected IL‐17−/– mice. The number of H. pylori colonized in the stomach of IL‐17−/– mice was significantly lower than that of wild‐type mice from 1 to 6 months after infection.Conclusions:  These results suggest that IL‐17 may play an important role in the inflammatory response to the H. pylori infection and ultimately influence the outcome of the H. pylori‐associated disease.
Systemic Immunization with Unadjuvanted Whole Helicobacter pylori Protects Mice Against Heterologous Challenge
Authors: Harbour Stacey N. , Every Alison L. , Edwards Stirling , Sutton Philip 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Adjuvant‐free vaccines have many benefits, including decreased cost and toxicity. We examined the protective effect of systemic vaccination with adjuvant‐free formalin‐fixed Helicobacter pylori or bacterial lysate and the ability of this vaccine to induce protection against heterologous challenge.Materials and Methods:  Mice were vaccinated subcutaneously with H. pylori 11637 lysate or formalin‐fixed bacteria, with or without ISCOMATRIXTM adjuvant, then orally challenged with H. pylori SS1. Serum was taken prior to challenge to examine specific antibody levels induced by the vaccinations, and protection was assessed by colony‐forming assay.Results:  Vaccination with H. pylori 11637 lysate or formalin‐fixed bacteria delivered systemically induced significantly higher levels of Helicobacter‐specific serum IgG than the control, unvaccinated group and orally vaccinated group. After heterologous challenge with H. pylori SS1, all vaccinated groups had significantly lower levels of colonization compared with unvaccinated, control mice, regardless of the addition of adjuvant or route of delivery. Protection induced by systemic vaccination with whole bacterial preparations, without the addition of adjuvants, was only associated with a mild cellular infiltration into the gastric mucosa, with no evidence of atrophy.Conclusions:  Subcutaneous vaccination using unadjuvanted formalin‐fixed H. pylori has the potential to be a simple, cost‐effective approach to the development of a Helicobacter vaccine. Importantly, this vaccine was able to induce protection against heterologous challenge, a factor that would be crucial in any human Helicobacter vaccine. Further studies are required to determine mechanisms of protection and to improve protective ability.
Natural Killer Cell Receptor+ T‐Lymphocytes in Normal and Helicobacter pylori‐Infected Human Gastric Mucosa
Authors: O’Keeffe Joan , Gately Carol M. , O'Donoghue Yvonne , Zulquernain Syed A. , Stevens Fiona M. , Moran Anthony P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground:  Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with development of chronic inflammation and infiltration of immune cells into the gastric mucosa. As unconventional T‐lymphocytes expressing natural killer cell receptors are considered to play central roles in the immune response against infection, a study investigating their frequencies in normal and H. pylori‐infected gastric mucosa was undertaken.Materials and Methods:  Flow cytometry was used to quantify T‐cells expressing the natural killer cell markers CD161, CD56, and CD94 in freshly isolated lymphocytes from the epithelial and lamina propria layers of gastric mucosa. Thirteen H. pylori‐positive and 24 H. pylori‐negative individuals were studied.Results:  CD94+ T‐cells were the most abundant (up to 40%) natural killer receptor‐positive T‐cell population in epithelial and lamina propria layers of H. pylori‐negative gastric mucosa. CD161+ T‐cells accounted for about one‐third of all T‐cells in both compartments, but the lowest proportion were of CD56+ T‐cells. Compared with H. pylori‐negative mucosa, in H. pylori‐infected mucosa the numbers of CD161+ T‐cells were significantly greater (p = .04) in the epithelium, whereas the numbers of CD56+ T‐cells were lower (p = .01) in the lamina propria. A minor population (< 2%) of T‐cells in both mucosal layers of H. pylori‐negative subjects were natural killer T‐cells, and whose proportions were not significantly different (p > .05) to those in H. pylori‐infected individuals.Conclusions:  The predominance, heterogeneity, and distribution of natural killer cell receptor‐positive T‐cells at different locations within the gastric mucosa reflects a potential functional role during H. pylori infection and warrants further investigation.
H. pylori‐Induced Apoptosis in Human Gastric Cancer Cells Mediated via the Release of Apoptosis‐Inducing Factor from Mitochondria
Authors: Ashktorab Hassan , Dashwood Rod H. , Dashwood Mohaiza M. , Zaidi Syed I. , Hewitt Stephen M. , Green William R. , Lee Edward L. , Daremipouran Mohammadreza , Nouraie Mehdi , Malekzadeh Reza , Smoot Duane T. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractBackground and Aim:  Our previous study of Helicobacter pylori‐induced apoptosis showed the involvement of Bcl‐2 family proteins and cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Here, we examine the release of other factors from mitochondria, such as apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF), and upstream events involving caspase‐8 and Bid.Methods:  Human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells were incubated with a cagA‐positive H. pylori strain for 0, 3, 6, and 24 hours and either total protein or cytoplasmic, nuclear, and mitochondrial membrane fractions were collected.Results:  Proteins were immunoblotted for AIF, Bid, polyadenosine ribose polymerase (PARP), caspase‐8, and β‐catenin. H. pylori activated caspase‐8, caused PARP cleavage, and attenuated mitochondrial membrane potential. A time‐dependent decrease in β‐catenin protein expression was detected in cytoplasmic and nuclear extracts, coupled with a decrease in β‐actin. An increase in the cytoplasmic pool of AIF was seen as early as 3 hours after H. pylori exposure, and a concomitant increase was seen in nuclear AIF levels up to 6 hours. A band corresponding to full‐length Bid was seen in both the cytoplasmic and the nuclear fractions of controls, but not after H. pylori exposure. Active AIF staining was markedly increased in gastric mucosa from infected persons, compared to uninfected controls.Conclusion:  H. pylori might trigger apoptosis in AGS cells via interaction with death receptors in the plasma membrane, leading to the cleavage of procaspase‐8, release of cytochrome c and AIF from mitochondria, and activation of subsequent downstream apoptotic events, as reported previously for chlorophyllin. This is consistent with AIF activation that was found in the gastric mucosa of humans infected with H. pylori. Hence, the balance between apoptosis and proliferation in these cells may be altered in response to injury caused by H. pylori infection, leading to an increased risk of cancer.