bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection by Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay of a Bovine Serum Albumin Peptide (ABBOS) in Infant Formulas Based on Hydrolyzed Cow's Milk Protein
Authors: Van Beresteijn Emerentia C H , Meijer Ron J G M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Our aim was to determine whether currently available products based on hydrolyzed milk protein and a small peptide (ABBOS) in bovine serum albumin (BSA) (positions 126–144) share common antigenic sites. The commercial products are primarily developed to reduce cow's milk protein-associated allergenicity, but whether they also could be used in intervention trials to elucidate the role of BSA in the etiology of IDDM is not known.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A sensitive competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using a rabbit polyclonal antibody raised against the ABBOS peptide in BSA was developed. With this method, we determined cross-reactivity between the ABBOS peptide and commercially available products: four milk protein hydrolysates and eight infant formulas based on hydrolyzed milk protein. The products were further characterized by physicochemical techniques.

RESULTS
Hydrolyzed milk protein products are found to inhibit competitively the binding of ABBOS peptide to antibody. The number of residual reactive sites varied considerably among products and was not strongly related to the degree of hydrolysis (DH) or the molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates.

CONCLUSIONS
The presence of possible immunoreactive peptides in infant formulas based on hydrolyzed cow's milk protein cannot be adequately predicted by the DH or molecular mass distribution of the hydrolysates. Its specific determination is needed to ensure infant formulas free of cross-reactive ABBOS antibody binding sites for use in ongoing and forthcoming intervention trials to elucidate the role of BSA as a possible environmental triggering agent of IDDM.
Sequential Trends in Overall and Cause-Specific Mortality in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Pima Indians
Authors: Sievers Maurice L , Nelson Robert G , Bennett Peter H 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To compare sequential trends in overall and cause-specific death rates for diabetic and nondiabetic Pima Indians.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Underlying causes of death in Pimas aged 15 years old were determined for the years 1975–1989 from review of death certificates and medical records. Overall and cause-specific death rates were compared for consecutive intervals.

RESULTS
The all-causes death rate, age- and sex-adjusted, did not change significantly between the first and second halves of the study for diabetic (death rate ratio [DRR] = 0.99, 95% CI 0.70–1.4) or nondiabetic Pimas (DRR = 0.92, 95% CI 0.74–1.1). Among diabetic Pimas, however, the death rate for diabetic nephropathy declined from 2.7 to 1.5/1,000 person-years (DRR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.33–0.93), with ischemic heart disease (IHD) replacing diabetic nephropathy as the leading cause in the second half (DRR = 1.5, 95% CI 0.91–2.6). For diabetic and nondiabetic Pimas combined, the death rate in three consecutive 5-year periods declined progressively for alcoholic liver disease (P = 0.024) and external causes of death (P = 0.016), the largest component of which was automobile accidents.

CONCLUSIONS
The decrease in death rate for diabetic nephropathy may be a result of greater access to and improvements in renal replacement therapy. Because of shared risk factors, however, the IHD death rate increased and largely offset the decrease in diabetic nephropathy deaths. The decline in deaths from alcoholic liver disease and from automobile accidents parallels the national trend.
Acute Effect of Cigarette Smoking on Glucose Tolerance and Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors
Authors: Frati Alberto C , Iniestra Felipe , Ariza C Raul 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the acute effect of cigarette smoking on glucose tolerance, insulin sensitivity, serum lipids, blood pressure, and heart rate.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
This nonrandomized experimental control trial in a tertiary care center included 20 healthy chronic smokers and 20 age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy volunteers. Two oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were performed on each subject. Three cigarettes were smoked during the first 30 min in one of the tests. Serum glucose, insulin, and C-peptide levels were measured every 30 min; the area under the curve (AUC) and the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) were calculated; serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels were measured at 0 and 180 min; and blood pressure and heart rate were recorded every 5 min throughout 180 min.

RESULTS
Smoking acutely impaired glucose tolerance: the AUC for glucose in smokers was 25.5 ± 1.03 mmol/l (mean ± SE) (95% CI 22.9–28) during the smoking OGTT and 21.8 ± 0.85 mmol/l (CI 19.2–24.3) in the control OGTT (P &lt; 0.01); in nonsmokers, it was 19.7 ± 0.3 mmol/l (CI 18.8–20.5) in the smoking OGTT and 18.7 ± 0.35 mmol/l (CI 17.8–19.5) in the control OGTT (P &lt; 0.05). Smoking acutely increased serum insulin and C-peptide levels and decreased ISI only in smokers: ISI in smokers was 55 ± 2.8 (CI 47.4–62.6) in the control OGTT and 43 ± 2.7 (CI 35.4–50.6) in the smoking OGTT (P &lt; 0.05). Smoking acutely caused a rise of serum total cholesterol levels in both groups and increased LDL cholesterol and triglyceride serum levels significantly only in smokers (P &lt; 0.05). A significant rise of blood pressure and heart rate while smoking was present in all the subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Smoking acutely impaired glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, enhanced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels, and raised blood pressure and heart rate. These findings support the pathogenetic role of cigarette smoking on cardiovascular risk factors.
Antibodies to Bovine Serum Albumin in Brazilian Children and Young Adults With IDDM
Authors: Pardini Victor C , Vieira José G H , Miranda Walkíria , Ferreira Sandra Roberta G , Velho Gilberto , Russo Ewaldo M K 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the prevalence of IgG antibodies to bovine serum albumin (BSA) in a cohort of Brazilian children and young adults with IDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Sera from 81 subjects with &lt; 1 year of IDDM (group 1), III subjects with &gt; 1 year of IDDM (group 2), and 207 normoglycemic subjects were tested using an immunofluorimetric assay. A receiver-operating-characteristic curve was used to establish the threshold of anti-BSA antibody titers defining the positivity of the assay.

RESULTS
The distribution of the fluorimetric index (FI) of anti-BSA antibodies did not have a gaussian profile. Rank sum of FI was significantly higher in patients than in control subjects (P &lt; 0.0001). Average logFI values of both IDDM groups were significantly higher than that of the control group (P &lt; 0.005 for both groups). There was a trend toward higher FI levels in group 1 than in group 2 (P = 0.06). A FI cutoff of 0.7 optimized the ratio of true-positive to false-positive of the assay, with the best equilibrium between sensitivity and specificity. The prevalence of anti-BSA antibodies was 52% in group 1, 47% in group 2, and 28% in the control group (P = 0.0001). An independent association between anti-BSA antibodies and IDDM, with an odds ratio of 3.03 (P &lt; 0.0001), was observed in a logistic regression analysis. However anti-BSA antibodies explained only 5% of the variability of IDDM versus NIDDM.

CONCLUSIONS
Our results confirm that the prevalence of anti-BSA antibodies is higher in IDDM subjects than in control subjects, even after 1 year of diabetes. However, a large overlap of antibody titers is observed in patients and control subjects, suggesting that anti-BSA antibodies are neither sensitive nor specific markers of IDDM.
Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Metabolism After Glucose Ingestion in NIDDM and IGT Patients: Apolipoprotein-containing particles
Authors: Nagai Takashi , Tomizawa Takashi , Minamide Seiki , Nakajima Katsuyuki , Mori Masatomo 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
Through analysis of apolipoprotein-containing particles after glucose ingestion, we determined abnormal lipid metabolism in NIDDM patients and subjects with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) without obesity or hyperlipidemia.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Apolipoprotein (apo) AI- or B100- containing particles or remnant-like particles (RLPs) were isolated by immunoafnnity columns prepared with monoclonal antibodies. The cholesterol contents in these particles after glucose ingestion (0, 30, 60, and 120 min) were analyzed in 18 nonobese NIDDM patients, 18 nonobese IGT subjects, and 33 normal control subjects.

RESULTS
Changes in cholesterol content in apo B100 particles after oral glucose ingestion decreased significantly in both the NIDDM group and the IGT group; the changes were insignificant in the nondiabetic group. Changes in cholesterol content in the apo AI particles after oral glucose ingestion showed no differences between the three groups. Changes in cholesterol content in RLPs after oral glucose ingestion increased significantly in both the NIDDM group and IGT group; the changes were insignificant in the nondiabetic group. The changes in apo B100 after oral glucose ingestion decreased significantly in the three groups; however, apo AI after oral glucose ingestion showed no change in the three groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The cholesterol content in apo B100 particles might decrease and the cholesterol content in RLPs might increase after oral glucose ingestion in not only NIDDM patients but also IGT subjects. The changes may be partially due to insulin resistance.
No Association Between The Gly971 Arg Variant of the Insulin Receptor Substrate 1 Gene and NIDDM in the Taiwanese Population
Authors: Chuang Lee-Ming , Lai Chuen-Shianf , Yeh Jih-I , Wu Huey-Peir , Tai Tong-Yuan , Lin Boniface J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To study the role of the Gly971 Arg variant of the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) gene in the development of NIDDM in the Chinese population living in Taiwan.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
A total of 82 unrelated normal control subjects, 89 subjects with NIDDM, and 23 multiplex families were recruited in Taiwan. All of them were Han Chinese. Pedigree members without a history of diabetes were studies by the standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. Detection of the Gly971 Arg variant of the IRS-1 gene was performed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis.

RESULTS
The frequency of Gly971 Arg variant of the IRS-1 gene in the normal population was 1.2% which was lower than frequencies reported in white populations. The prevalence of the Gly971 Arg variant was not significantly increased in both the nonselected NIDDM population (1.1%) and the probands of the multiplex families (4.3%). More importantly, the Gly971 Arg variant of the IRS-1 gene did not cosegregate with BMI and NIDDM in these families,

CONCLUSIONS
The Gly971 Arg variant of the IRS-1 gene is an infrequent normal allele among Taiwanese. This variant is neither associated nor cosegregated with NIDDM in the Taiwanese population and families. Gly971 Arg of IRS-1 gene does not play an important role in the development of NIDDM in this population.
Rapid Gastric Emptying of a Solid Pancake Meal in Type II Diabetic Patients
Authors: Schwartz Joyce G , Green Gary M , Guan Difu , McMahan C Alex , Phillips William T 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To estimate the rate of gastric emptying of a solid pancake carbohydrate meal in recently diagnosed asymptomatic type II diabetic patients compared with nondiabetic control subjects.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Gastric emptying studies using radiolabeled meals were performed on eight recently diagnosed asymptomatic diabetic patients and on eight sex-, BMI- and age-matched nondiabetic control subjects. Although a liquid protein drink was administered along with the pancake meal, the radioactivity was adherent to only the pancake portion of the meal. Plasma glucose and serum insulin levels were measured in fasting and postprandial blood samples collected at 15-min intervals up to 120 min after ingestion of the mixed nutrient meal.

RESULTS
The average gastric half-emptying time (time it takes for one-half of the meal to empty) was significantly more rapid for the diabetic patients (45.3 ± 4.8 min) when compared with the nondiabetic control subjects (60.4 ± 5.1 min; P = 0.05). The serum insulin concentrations were not statistically different between the two groups. Plasma glucose values were significantly higher in the diabetic patients compared with the nondiabetic control subjects.

CONCLUSIONS
Type II diabetic patients with no clinical evidence of neuronal dysfunction have a significantly more rapid rate of gastric emptying of a solid high-carbohydrate meal when compared with nondiabetic control subjects.
Effect of Follow-Up of Women With Gestational Diabetes on the Ratio of IDDM to NIDDM in Pregnancy
Authors: Beischer Norman A , Wein Peter , Sheedy Mary T , Dargaville Richard M 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
We wished to test the hypothesis that the diagnosis of diabetes in women with previous gestational diabetes in our follow-up program had altered the ratio of IDDM to NIDDM in our pregnant population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We identified all pregnancies managed at the Mercy Hospital for Women in Melbourne, Australia, from 1971 to 1994 that were complicated by prepregnancy diabetes. In these 374 pregnancies, we identified those women who had previously been diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The changing prevalences over time of prepregnancy IDDM and NIDDM, as well as the contribution to both of these conditions made by women who had previously had GDM, were calculated.

RESULTS
Over the period of the study, there was an increase in the prevalence of IDDM from 0.15 to 0.44% (χ2 for trend, P &lt; 0.00001) and NIDDM from 0.03 to 0.11% (χ2 for trend, P = 0.0001). The proportion of all women with diabetes with NIDDM did not change significantly (16.7–20%). There was a progressive increase in the proportion of women with NIDDM who had had GDM (from 8.3 to 39.1%), but the trend was not statistically significant (P = 0.059). Women with NIDDM were more likely (20 of 64, 31.3%) to have had gestational diabetes in the past than women with IDDM (12 of 310, 3.9%, odds ratio 11.3, 95% CI 5.16–24.7, P &lt; 0.0001).

CONCLUSIONS
Despite finding relatively young women to have NIDDM, our GDM follow-up clinic has not yet altered significantly the ratio of IDDM to NIDDM in pregnancy.
Effect of Long-Term Glycemic Control on Cognitive Function
Authors: Lincoln Nadina B , Faleiro Rachael M , Kelly Catherine , Kirk Bernadette A , Jeffcoate William J 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To investigate the relationship between recurrent hypoglycemia and cognitive impairment in insulin-dependent diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Seventy patients who were diagnosed as diabetic at age 18 years or older, were under 55 years old, and had no condition likely to affect cognitive abilities were recruited from a diabetic register. Patients were interviewed to obtain information on the frequency of major and minor hypoglycemia. Their cognitive abilities were assessed on tests of premorbid intelligence, current intelligence, reaction time, concentration, memory, and information processing.

RESULTS
There was a significant correlation between the apparent decline in intelligence, expressed as the discrepancy between the estimated premorbid and the actual performance intelligence quotient, and the frequency of major hypoglycemic attacks (rs = −0.30; P &lt; 0.01). Comparison of patients with and without recurrent hypoglycemia showed few significant differences in cognitive ability.

CONCLUSIONS
Results support previous work that suggests that major hypoglycemic attacks have a significant effect on some aspects of cognitive function, but the clinical importance of this finding remains to be determined.
Effects of Breakfast Cereals Containing Various Amounts of β-Glucan Fibers on Plasma Glucose and Insulin Responses in NIDDM Subjects
Authors: Tappy L , Gügolz E , Würsch P 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether increasing doses (amounts) of β-glucan present in an extruded breakfast cereal affect the glycemic and insulinemic responses in eight NIDDM subjects, compared with the same responses after a continental breakfast (bread, milk, cheese, ham).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Breakfast cereals were produced using various proportions of oat bran enriched in fiber, which contain an unusually high amount of a viscous polysaccharide, called β-glucan, and oat bran. The carbohydrate load was 35 g.

RESULTS
The maximum increases observed in plasma glucose after the breakfast cereal were 67% (P &lt; 0.05), 42% (P &lt; 0.001), and 38% (P &lt; 0.001) with 4.0, 6.0, and 8.4 g β-glucan, respectively, compared with the continental breakfast. There was a linear inverse relationship between dose of β-glucan and plasma glucose peak or area under the glucose curve (R2 = 0.94, P &lt; 0.05). Postprandial insulin increase was only 59–67% (P &lt; 0.01) as high as the continental breakfast after all three levels of β-glucan.

CONCLUSIONS
The 50% decrease in glycemic response that was observed after the ingestion of 35 g carbohydrate is estimated to occur with ∼5 g β-glucan. This dose of β-glucan can easily be attained without the loss of taste by incorporating oat bran concentrate in products.
The GENNID Study: A resource for mapping the genes that cause NIDDM
Authors: Raffel Leslie J , Robbins David C , Norris Jill M , Boerwinkle Eric , DeFronzo Ralph A , Elbein Steven C , Fujimoto Wilfred , Hanis Craig L , Kahn Steven E , Permutt M Alan , Chiu Ken C , Cruz Jaime , Ehrmann David A , Robertson R Paul , Rotter Jerome I , Buse John 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To develop a resource, consisting of comprehensive data and lymphoblastoid cell lines, of well-characterized NIDDM families that will be available to the scientific community for genetic studies of NIDDM.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Non-Hispanic white, Hispanic, African-American, and Japanese-American multiplex NIDDM families, with a minimum of one affected sib-pair, are being collected by the eight Harold Rifkin Family Acquisition Centers. Detailed family and medical histories are obtained from all participants. Family members with diabetes have fasting blood samples drawn, while nondiabetic family members have an oral glucose tolerance test and, when possible, insulin sensitivity and insulin secretion measurements by frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance testing or euglycemic insulin clamp. Lymphoblastoid cell lines are established for all participants.

RESULTS
Over 1,400 individuals from ∼220 families have been studied since the start of the GENNID (Genetics of NIDDM) program in July 1993. The goal is that by July 1997, data from 300 non-Hispanic white families, &gt; 100 Hispanic families, &gt; 100 African-American families, and 15 Japanese-American families will have been collected.

CONCLUSIONS
The identification of the genes responsible for NIDDM may now be achievable, but only if sound phenotypic data are linked to genetic material from a large number of well-described multiplex families. The GENNID project of the American Diabetes Association is creating a comprehensive resource that will expedite the identification of the genetic basis of NIDDM.
Impact of Disease Duration on Cardiovascular and Pupillary Autonomic Nervous Function in IDDM and NIDDM Patients
Authors: Straub Rainer H , Zietz Bettina , Palitzsch Klaus Dieter , Schölmerich Jürgen 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine the age-independent impact of disease duration on autonomic nervous function in diabetic patients and to compare it with other disease-related complications.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Of the patients with diabetes, 166 (66 IDDM, 100 NIDDM) were investigated using standardized cardiovascular and pupillary test procedures, which provide 10 age-independent percentile values for each patient. Sensorimotor neuropathy was assessed using a standardized clinical examination, retinopathy by fundoscopy, and nephropathy using daily urinary protein excretion and creatinine clearance.

RESULTS
The duration of the disease did not correlate with the results of any one of six standard cardiovascular tests (P &gt; 0.15). Pupillary parameters showed a weak negative correlation with disease duration (P &lt; 0.04). Prevalence of cardiovascular autonomic dysfunction was not different in five different subgroups subdivided according to disease duration (0–6, 7–12, 13–18, 19–24, and ≥ 25 years), whereas prevalence of pupillary dysfunction changed significantly with disease duration (P = 0.016). In contrast, the prevalence of sensorimotor neuropathy (P = 0.006), retinopathy (P &lt; 0.001), and proteinuria (P = 0.010) was significantly higher in patients with long-standing disease. Disease duration was not significantly different in patients without overall cardiovascular dysfunction, as compared with patients with dysfunction (15.6 ± 1.0 vs. 16.5 ± 1.5 years, P = 0.626). This was also found when considering overall pupillary dysfunction (14.5 ± 1.4 vs. 17.2 ± 1.0 years, P = 0.125).

CONCLUSIONS
Disease duration was not correlated with cardiovascular autonomic nervous function, whereas a correlation was observed with pupillary autonomic nervous function, sensorimotor neuropathy, retinopathy, and proteinuria. This may indicate that cardiovascular autonomic nervous function does not markedly change during the course of the disease. The question arises whether cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy may be more a functional abnormality than a structural lesion of the autonomic nervous system, which may be already present at the beginning, or even before, the manifestation of diabetes.
The Feasibility of Automated Voice Messaging as an Adjunct to Diabetes Outpatient Care
Authors: Piette John D , Mah Connie A 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE
To determine whether automated voice messaging (AVM) systems could be used as an adjunct to primary care for diabetic patients, we examined whether patients were able to respond to AVM queries for clinical information, whether sufficient numbers of problems were identified to warrant the implementation of the service, and whether patients found the system helpful.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
The AVM system we examined uses specialized computer technology to telephone patients, communicate messages, and collect information. Sixty-five diabetic patients participated. Based on a review of the literature and the input of diabetes clinician-researchers, we developed an AVM monitoring protocol to inquire about patients’ symptoms, glucose monitoring, foot care, diet, and medication adherence. Patients also were given the option to listen to health promotion messages and to report their satisfaction with the calls. Patients responded by using their touch-tone telephone keypads.

RESULTS
A total of 216 AVM calls were successfully completed, an average of 3.3 out of four calls per patient. Patients reported a variety of health problems that signaled the need for follow-up. Many patients reported not checking their blood glucose or their feet, and one in four reported problems with medication and diet adherence. Health and self-care problems varied across patient subgroups in ways suggesting that the AVM reports were reliable and valid. Overall, 98% of all patients reported that the calls were helpful, 98% reported that they had no difficulty responding to the calls, and 77% reported that receiving AVM calls would make them more satisfied with their health care.

CONCLUSIONS
This study demonstrates that diabetic patients can respond to AVM queries and find the calls helpful. Such calls are a feasible strategy for identifying health and self-care problems that would otherwise go unnoticed by clinicians.