bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of growth of the green algaChlorella pyrenoidosa by unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Ikawa Miyoshi , Hartshorne Toinette , Caron Lu‐Ann , Iannitelli Robert C. , Barbero Linda J. , Wegener Karin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe activity of a number of unsaturated fatty acids in inhibiting the growth of the green algaChlorella pyrenoidosa has been studied using the paper disk‐agar plate method. Acrylic and undecylenic acids were highly active, but other θ‐unsaturated fatty acids tested were only weakly active. Oleic and elaidic acids were inactive at 0.2 M, but other C18‐C22 acids with 2 to 6 double bonds were generally active down to a concentration of 0.01–0.005 M. Activity with chaulmoogric acid was noted down at 0.002–0.001 M. Diffusion rates of the acids through the agar seem to affect the size of the inhibition zones. The implications that polyunsaturated fatty acids may play a role in algal ecology are discussed.
Fatty acids of adipose tissue, plasma, muscle and duodenal ingesta of steers fed extruded soybeans
Authors: Rule D. C. , Beitz D. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEffects of feeding a high‐energy diet that contained extruded soybeans on fatty acid composition of lipids of adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and plasma were determined for 18 Angus steers. Steers weighing an average of 309 kg were fed either a control diet or a diet containing 14.3% extruded soybeans and 6% fat until they weighed 474 kg. A third group was fed the control diet for the first half of the experiment and the soybean‐containing diet for the rest of the experiment. Samples of blood, muscle (M. trapezius) and subcutaneous adipose tissue were obtained at 309, 368 and 427 kg of body weight; steers were slaughtered at 474 kg body weight, and samples of subcutaneous and perirenal adipose tissues,M. longissimus and blood were obtained. The lipids of subcutaneous adipose tissue taken at slaughter of all steers fed full‐fat, extruded soybeans contained 24% more 18:2 and 18:3 than did those of steers fed the control diet. Extruded soybeans also caused an increase in 18:3 but only a slight increase in 18:2 in perirenal adipose tissue. The proportion of unsaturated fatty acids of lipids inM. trapezius increased slightly with dietary soybeans, whereas that ofM. longissimus was not affected. Lipids of blood plasma of soybean‐fed steers contained a greater proportion of 18:2 and 18:3 and concomitantly less 14:0, 15:0, 16:1 and 17:0. Results indicate that feeding steers enough extruded soybeans to raise the fat content of the diet to 6% increases the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids of tissue lipids of cattle, and that this altered composition results from an increased amount of these fatty acids being available for absorption by the small intestine.
Derivative UV spectra of lipid conjugated dienes
Authors: Lezerovich Alberto 
Published: January 2007

AbstractZeroth and second order derivative UV spectra of some lipids and model substances having a conjugated system of double bonds were recorded.The second derivative spectra showed fine spectral structures with at least three negative peaks. The wavelengths of their minima are different fortrans,trans andcis,trans geometric isomers, which allowed determination of each individual isomer in a mixture without any separation.The derivative spectra of 2,4‐hexadienes, some acetyl esters of unsaturated fatty alcohols and autoxidized linoleic acid, soybean oil and soybean lecithin are discussed.
Synthesis of fatty 2‐oxazolines from fatty methyl 2,3‐epoxy ester
Authors: Ansari M. H. , Ahmad M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractReaction of methyltrans‐2,3‐epoxyhexadecanoate (I) with benzonitrile in presence of boron trifluoride‐etherate (BF3‐etherate) as catalyst has yieldedcis‐2‐phenyl‐4‐tridecyl‐5‐carbomethoxy‐2‐oxazoline (II), methyl 2‐hydroxy‐3‐benzamidohexadecanoate (IV) and methyl 2,3‐dihydroxyhexadecanoate (III). On the other hand, reactions of I with acetonitrile and acrylonitrile have resulted in the formation of their corresponding hydroxyamides, methyl 2‐hydroxy‐3‐acetamidohexadecanoate (VI) and methyl 2‐hydroxy‐3‐acryloamido hexadecanoate (VII), respectively, along with the product (III) only. Pyrolysis of hydroxyamides (IV), (VI) and (VII) afforded their corresponding 2‐oxazolines,cis‐2‐phenyl‐4‐tridecyl‐5‐carboxy‐2‐oxazoline (V),cis‐2‐methyl‐4‐tridecyl‐5‐carboxy‐2‐oxazoline (VIII) andcis‐2‐vinyl‐4‐tridecyl‐5‐carboxy‐2‐oxazoline (IX), respectively, in good yields. The products have been characterized with the help of spectral and microanalyses.
A rapid method for extraction of total lipids from whey protein concentrates and separation of lipid classes with solid phase extraction
Authors: Vaghela M. N. , Kilara A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA modified procedure for extraction of total lipids from whey protein concentrates was developed such that stable emulsion with extracting solvents was avoided and the solvent system remained monophasic. Nonlipid contaminants from the extract were removed using gel filtration instead of traditional aqueous washing to prevent any loss of polar lipids. The extraction of total lipids by the modified procedure was complete and comparable with a reference procedure. Traditional thin‐layer chromatography is tedious and more qualitative than quantitative for lipid class separation. Total lipids were further separated into free fatty acids, phospholipids, cholesterol ester, triacylglycerol, cholesterol, diacylglycerol, and monoacylglycerol, using modified solid phase extraction procedure. Columns with 2 g amino propyl packing allowed separation of up to 80 mg of total lipids into lipid classes gravimetrically. The values for anhydrous milk fat for all lipid classes agreed with those in the literature. Separation of total lipids into lipid classes with solid phase extraction is easy, quantitative, and can also be performed on a preparative scale.
Filtration in hydrophobic media: 1. Evidence of molecular selection by crossflow filtration of butter oil
Authors: Bornaz Salwa , Fanni Jacques , Parmentier Michel 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oils and fats industry needs well‐identified fractions with well‐defined physical properties for its final formulated products. In view of future applications, a triglyceride partition phenomenon of butter oil on a hydrophobic membrane is investigated by crossflow filtration. Triglycerides are separated into four groups according to their molecular weight and unsaturation index, leading to behavior that can be interpreted in terms of consistent stereochemical parameters.
Physical refining of edible oils
Authors: Cvengros Ján 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhysical refining of edible oils offers several advantages over alkali refining. The method described for physical refining of rapeseed oil involves several novel factors, including the availability of cold‐pressed rapeseed oil low in phosphatide content and deacidification/deodorization in a film molecular evaporator. Parameters are presented from a pilot plant unit with an output of 500 metric tons per year. Further applications of the technology are proposed, including the processing of oils to pharmaceutical‐grade products.
Improvement in the resolution of individualtrans‐18:1 isomers by capillary gas‐liquid chromatography: Use of a 100‐m CP‐Sil 88 column
Authors: Wolff Robert L. , Bayard Corinne C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDoubling the length of a CP‐Sil 88 capillary column (Chrompack, Middelburg, The Netherlands) from 50 to 100 m remarkably improves the resolution of individualtrans‐18:1 isomers from either ruminant fats or partially hydrogenated oils. Although the use of a 50‐m column gives interesting results, it does not allow sufficient resolution of thetrans‐10 andtrans‐11 18:1 isomers. Moreover, thetrans‐6 totrans‐9 18:1 isomers emerge as a single group of peaks, whereas thetrans‐12 isomer is only partly resolved from the adjacenttrans‐11 andtrans‐13 plustrans‐14 isomers. With the 100‐m column, thetrans‐9,trans‐10, andtrans‐12 18:1 isomers are almost base‐line resolved from other isomers. However, with both columns, it is not possible to separate the critical pair oftrans‐13 andtrans‐14 18:1 acids which co‐elute under a single peak. Despite this minor drawback, the 100‐m CP‐Sil 88 column appears to be of great interest for the separation and the quantitation of most individualtrans‐18:1 acids. Except for the use of argentation thin‐layer chromatography, there is no need for complementary techniques, such as ozonolysis. This simple and powerful tool may be applied to ruminant fats, partially hydrogenated oils, and human tissue lipids.
Effect of temperature and chainlength on the densities and molal volumes ofn‐alkyl chlorides
Authors: Teoh S. B. , Seng C. E. , Liew K. Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe densities ofn‐alkyl chlorides from pentyl chloride to hexadecyl chloride were determined at temperatures between 15–80°C at 5°C intervals. The densities increase linearly with temperature and chainlength. A four‐constant equation, V=n/(−3.6640 × 10−5 T+0.07151)+1/(−5.6526 × 10−5 T+0.04243), was formulated. This formula accurately predicted the molal volume and, hence, the density for all then‐alkyl chlorides at any temperature within the range.
Evaluation of the turbidity and thin layer chromatographic tests for detection of castor oil
Authors: Krishnamurthy Nasirullah M. N. , Pashupathy K. S. , Nagaraja K. V. , Kapur O. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDetection procedures for castor oil in genuine and treated groundnut oils were screened and false turbidity was noticed when ammonium molybdate/sulfuric acid reagents were added to rancid groundnut oil. Successively bleached and neutralized rancid groundnut oil samples do not respond to the tests. Turbidity did not appear for groundnut oils containing 10 and 20% castor oil and even for pure castor oil sample. Thin layer chromatography (TLC) was found to be quite effective for most of the treated, adulterated, genuine, old and fresh oil and fat samples, but showed a streaking, when applied to rancid groundnut oil. However, streaking could be greatly reduced and TLC could be successfully performed with bleached and neutralized, rancid groundnut oil samples.
Amine oxide/alcohol ethoxylate blends: Zero‐phosphate, high‐performance, hard‐surface cleaners
Authors: Miller J. H. , Quebedeaux D. A. , Sauer J. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeveral instances of synergistic interaction have been identified between amine oxides and alcohol ethoxylates in various surfactant formulations. The purpose of this study was to examine whether these benefits could be observed within the framework of generic hard‐surface cleaning formulations. Comparative evaluations were also carried out to determine the performance characteristics of low‐ and zero‐phosphate systems in which alkyldimethylamine oxides and linear alcohol ethoxylates are used. Best cleaning was observed with 1:1 mixtures of the subject surfactants, but substantial improvements over alcohol ethoxylate alone also were noted with formulations that contained lower ratios of amine oxide. These systems displayed good cleaning performance when tested on vinyl floor tiles soiled with an oily/particulate soil.
Photopyroelectric determination of thermophysical parameters and detection of phase transitions in fatty acids and triglycerides. Part II: Temperature dependence of thermophysical parameters
Authors: Dadarlat Dorin , Bicanic Dane , Visser Henk , Mercuri Fulvio , Frandas Angela 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe photopyroelectric (PPE) technique was used to detect solid‐to‐liquid phase transitions in saturated [C6:0, C10:0, C12:0, C16:0 palmitic acid (P), C18:0 stearic acid (S)] and unsaturated (C18:2) fatty acids and some triglycerides (PSP, PPS). By using the standard PPE configuration with a thermally thin and optically opaque sample and a thermally thick sensor (a1.1); the temperature behavior of the volume‐specific heat in a temperature range that includes the melting points for C10:0, C12:0, C16:0, and C18:0 was obtained. When the standard PPE configuration, with sample and sensor both being thermally thick and the sample being optically opaque (a1.2), was used, the information contained in the phase of the PPE signal allowed direct measurement of the thermal diffusivity for C10:0, C12:0, and PSP. The inverse configuration with a thermally thick sample and thermally thin sensor (b1.2) or a semitransparent thermally thick sensor (b2) was used to obtain critical behavior of the thermal effusivity for C10:0 and C12:0, respectively. Critical behavior of the thermal conductivity for same samples was computed from information obtained from amplitude and phase measurements (a1.2), or by combining a1.1 and b1.2 data. The history (age, storage conditions, annealing) of the samples affects the critical behavior of thermal parameters.
Furanoid fatty acids in oils from soybeans lacking lipoxygenase isoenzymes
Authors: Guth Helmut , Zhang Yanmin , Laskawy G. , Grosch Werner 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe concentrations of 10, 13‐epoxy‐11, 12‐dimethyloctadeca‐10, 12‐dienoic acid (F20) and 12,15‐epoxy‐13, 14‐dimethyleicosa‐12, 14‐dienoic acid (F22) were determined by a stable isotope dilution assay in oils extracted from the soybean cultivar Century and from five soybean genotypes that lacked one or two of the three lipoxygenase isoenzymes. The concentrations of F20 and F22 ranged between 190–225 mg/kg oil and 91–132 mg/kg oil, respectively. The concentration differences were not correlated to the differences in lipoxygenase activities of the soybeans.
Prepress‐solvent extraction of crambe: First commercial trial run of new oilseed
Authors: Mustakas G. C. , Kopas G. , Robinson N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCommercial‐scale equipment was used to process experimentally 36 tons ofCrambe abyssinica seed grown in the western part of the United States to obtain information on the processing of this new oilseed and to determine characteristics of the oil and meal products. The run was carried out for USDA at the Pacific Vegetable Oil Corporation plant at Sidney, Nebraska, February 1964.Process objectives in the study included dehulling, primary oil removal by expeller prepress, secondary oil removal by solvent extraction and control of thioglucosides to obtain good oil quality. A continuous plant operation yielded crude oils and toasted meal that will be compared with similar products from other commercial oilseed processes.Characteristics of the crude oils that have been determined are composition, refining losses and hydrogenation ability. Organoleptic data on the refined, bleached and deodorized oils have been obtained, as well as compositional data on the desolventized‐toasted meals. More than 13 tons of meal and 10 tons of oil were prepared.
Preparation of 2‐hydroxytridecanenitrile from petroselinic acid
Authors: Holmes R. L. , Moreau J. P. , Sumrell G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe cyanohydrin of dodecanal has been isolated in 90% crude yield from reaction of hydrogen cyanide formed in situ with the mixed aldehydes resulting from reductive ozonization of petroselinic acid. Attempts to isolate the cyanohydrin of the other fragment, adipaldehydic acid, were unsuccessful.
Quantitative gas‐liquid chromatography of triglycerides
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Harlow R. D. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTo determine optimum operating conditions, an extensive study was made of the variables affecting quantitative recovery and resolution of model triglyceride mixtures. Parameters investigated included: flash heater temperature, carrier gas flow rate, type of carrier gas, column length, glass and metal columns, temperature program rate, linearity of detector response, physical design of gas chromatograph, and molecular species of triglyceride.Results indicate that with optimum operating conditions, triglyceride molecular weights through trierucin can be quantitatively analyzed. Accurate calibration is essential, since quantitative response factors vary somewhat with operating conditions, triglyceride carbon number, and the chromatograph used. Cocoa butter and rat adipose tissue triglycerides have been quantitatively analyzed by this technique.
Radiolysis of lipids: Mode of cleavage in simple triglycerides
Authors: Dubravcic M. F. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of gamma radiation on simple triglycerides was investigated. Trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, tristearin, tripalmitolein, triolein and trilinolenin were irradiated under vacuum at 6 megarads. The volatile breakdown products were separated by vacuum distillation and identified by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Qualitative and quantitative data show that the cleavage in fatty acids essentially follows a specific pattern and is not random. A mechanism of radiolysis is proposed.
Degradation of linear alkylate sulfonates in sewage
Authors: Simko J. P. , Emery E. M. , Blank E. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractResidual linear alkylate sulfonates isolated from sewage effluents during a field test of biologically soft detergents reveal chain‐length and phenyl isomer distributions similar to those in the influent stream. The data suggest no preferential degradation of linear alkylate sulfonate isomers under the field test conditions. The effluent is, however, characterized by apparent changes in branching content.
Methods for the determination of cyclopropenoid fatty acids. VI. A direct infrared absorption method
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Boudreaux G. J. , Skau E. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA simple rapid method for the estimation of the cyclopropenoid content of glycerides and methyl esters is described based upon the measurement of the characteristic infrared absorptivity of cyclopropenoids at 9.9 Ɓ. Autoxidation products do not interfere, and the sample can be recovered. Equations are given for the calculation of the cyclopropenoid content of both glycerides and methyl esters.
Studies on a vegetable protein mixture based on peanut and soya flours
Authors: Narayana Rao M. , Rajagopalan R. , Swaminathan M. , Parpia H. A. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA vegetable protein mixture made up of 50% edible peanut flour and 50% full‐fat soya flour and fortified with 1% each of 1‐lysine and dlmethionine and adequate amts of essential vitamins and minerals has been developed. Two formulations, 1) unseasoned and 2) seasoned have been developed for use in sweet and savoury preparations; both the formulations keep well for more than 9 months at 37C when stored in hermetically sealed cans. The protein mixture contains 49.2% protein which possesses a PER of 2.80 and NPU of 72.3; these values compare favourably with those for skim milk powder. Growth studies on albino rats and feeding trials on school children have shown that the protein mixture has a significant supplementary value to poor cereal‐based diets. The mixture fortified with methionine alone is equally effective as skim milk powder for the treatment of kwashiorkor.
Review of stability measurements for frying oils and fried food flavor
Authors: Melton S. L. , Jafar Sajida , Sykes Danielle , Trigiano M. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMeasurements of degradation in frying oils based on oil physical properties and volatile and nonvolatile decomposition products were reviewed. Rapid methods by means of test kits were also considered. Factors that affect the analysis of total polar components (TPC) in frying oils were examined. Relationships between TPC, free fatty acid (FFA) content, Food Oil Sensor readings (FOS), color change (ΔE), oil fry life and fried‐food flavor were evaluated. Flavor scores for codfish, fried in fresh and discarded commercial frying oil blends, were dependent upon individuals in the consumer panel (n=77). Part (n=29) of the panel preferred the flavor of fresh fat; others (n=24) didn't; the rest (n=24) had no preference. FFA, FOS and TPC were analyzed in two soybean oils and in palm olein during a four‐day period in which french fries were fried. Flavor score and volatiles of potatoes fried on days 1 and 4 in each oil were also determined. TPC, FFA and FOS significantly increased (P<0.05) in all oils during the frying period. TPC and FFA were highest in the used palm olein, and flavor of potatoes fried in palm olein on day 1 was less desirable than those fried in the soybean oils. Potatoes fried in day‐1 oils had significantly higher concentrations (P<0.10) of several pyrazines and aldehydes than those fried in day‐4 oils.
Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of cottonseed with co‐solvents
Authors: Kuk M. S. , Hron R. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractExtraction of cottonseed lipids with supercritical carbon dioxide (SC‐CO2) was conducted with and without a cosolvent, ethanol or 2‐propanol (IPA). At 7000 psi and 80°C, the reduced pressure, temperature and density of SC‐CO2 was at 6.5, 1.17 and 1.85, respectively; the specific gravity was 0.87. Under these conditions, CO2 is denser than most liquid extraction agents such as hexane, ethanol and IPA. The extraction of cottonseed with SC‐CO2 gave a yield of more than 30% (moisture‐free basis). This is comparable to yields obtained by the more commonly used solvent, hexane. The crude cottonseed oil extracted by SC‐CO2 was visually lighter than refined cottonseed oil. This was substantiated by colorimetric measurements. No gossypol was detected in the crude oil. However, crude oil extracted by SC‐CO2, to which less than 5% of ethanol or IPA as co‐solvent was added, containedca. 200 ppm of gossypol, resulting in the typical dark color of cottonseed crude oil with gossypol. CO2 extracted a small amount of cottonseed phosphatides, about one‐third of that extracted by pure ethanol, IPA or hexane. A second extraction with 100% ethanol or IPA after the initial SC‐CO2 extraction produced a water‐soluble lipid fraction that contained a significant amount of gossypol, ranging between 1500 and 5000 ppm. Because pure gossypol is practically insoluble in water, this fraction is believed to be made up of gossypol complexed with polysaccharides and phosphatides.
A comparison between lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid with glycerol in monolayer and microemulsion systems
Authors: Singh C. P. , Skagerlind Peter , Holmberg Krister , Shah D. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed synthesis‐esterification of oleic acid with glycerol‐was carried out in L2 microemulsions and in monolayers. The microemulsions were based on isooctane as a nonpolar component and various water‐glycerol mixtures as polar component. The substrate, oleic acid/sodium oleate, constituted the microemulsion surfactant. The lipase resides mainly in the water pools. Monolayers of oleic acid/sodium oleate were formed on subsolutions of glycerol and water, and the enzyme solution was injected under the compressed monolayers. Thus, the arrangement of the reactants at the oil‐water interface of the microemulsion can be regarded as analogous to that at the airwater interface of the monolayer. The microemulsion structure was characterized by self‐diffusion nuclear magnetic resonance. It was found that the higher the glycerol‐to‐water ratio, the lower are the water D‐values. The reactions in microemulsions generally gave a low degree of oleic acid conversion. The yield increased with increasing glycerolto‐water ratio. Monoglycerides were the main product, and no triglyceride could be detected. The monolayer experiments gave a somewhat higher degree of conversion, with tri‐ and diglycerides being the major reaction products. The reason why triglycerides are formed in monolayer experiments but not in microemulsions is believed to be due to an unfavorable partitioning of the diglyceride in the microemulsion systems. Once formed, the diglyceride will partition into the hydrocarbon domain and become inaccessible for reaction with the enzyme‐O‐acyl intermediate at the oil‐water interface. In addition, the interfaces in the two systems are different. The monolayer interface is static, whereas the microemulsion interface is highly dynamic, and this difference may also influence the product patterns.