bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of timed voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults: systematic review
Authors: Ostaszkiewicz Joan , Roe Brenda , Johnston Linda 
Published: October 2005

Aim.  The aim of this paper is to present a systematic review assessing the effectiveness of timed voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults.Background.  Despite the widespread use of systematic voiding programmes, their effectiveness is unclear, and the evidence for timed voiding has not been subject to rigorous and systematic evaluation. The impact on psychosocial factors and cost is also untested. The physiological basis for timed voiding is also poorly established.Methods.  The systematic review incorporated the methodology of the Cochrane Collaboration. All randomized or quasi‐randomized controlled trials that addressed timed voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults were searched, appraised, analysed and summarized. The date of the latest search was 2002. Data were extracted independently and appraised according to the level of concealment of random allocation prior to formal entry; few and identifiable withdrawals and dropouts and an analysis based on an intention to treat. The relative risk for dichotomous data was calculated with 95% confidence intervals. Where data were insufficient to support quantitative analysis, a narrative overview was undertaken.Results.  Two trials of timed voiding met the inclusion criteria. In both, timed voiding was combined with other strategies. Participants were predominantly cognitively and physically impaired older women who resided in nursing home settings. Within‐group improvements for the intervention groups were reported for both trials. One trial additionally reported a statistically significant reduction in night‐time incontinence for the intervention group. The quality of the trials was modest and interpretation was limited by the potential for bias associated with inadequate concealment, missing data and no analysis by intention to treat.Conclusion.  Terms used to describe voiding programmes that involve a fixed interval of voiding are variable. No conclusions can be drawn at this point about the effectiveness of timed voiding for the management of urinary incontinence in adults.
Barriers to evidence‐based practice in primary care nursing – why viewing decision‐making as context is helpful
Authors: Thompson Carl , McCaughan Dorothy , Cullum Nicky , Sheldon Trevor , Raynor Pauline 
Published: October 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study examining the barriers associated with research knowledge transfer amongst primary care nurses in the context of clinical decision‐making.Background.  The research literature on barriers to nurses’ use of research knowledge is characterized by studies that rely primarily on self‐report data, making them prone to reporting biases. Studies of the barriers to evidence‐based practice often fail to examine information use and behaviour in the context of clinical decision‐making.Methods.  A multi‐site, mixed method, case study was carried out in 2001. Data were collected in three primary care organizations by means of interviews with 82 primary care nurses, 270 hours of non‐participant observation and 122 Q‐sorts. Nurses were selected using a published theoretical sampling frame. Between‐methods triangulation was employed and data analysed according to the principles of constant comparison. Multiple linear regression was used to explore relationships between a number of independent demographic variables (such as length of clinical experience) and the dependent variable of nurses’ perspectives on the barriers to their use of research knowledge.Results.  Three perspectives on barriers to research information use emerged: the need to bridge the skills and knowledge gap for successful knowledge transfer; information formats need to maximize limited opportunities for consumption; and limited access in the context of limited time for decision‐making and information consumption. Demographic variables largely failed to predict allegiance to any of the perspectives identified.Conclusions.  Researchers should consider using decision‐making as a contextual backdrop for exploring information use and behaviour, avoid relying solely on self‐reported behaviour as data, and use a variety of research methods to provide a richer picture of information‐related behaviour. Practice developers need to recognize that understanding the decisions to which research knowledge is to be applied should be a characteristic of any strategy to increase research uptake by nurses.
Daytime sleepiness, sleep habits and occupational accidents among hospital nurses
Authors: Suzuki Kenshu , Ohida Takashi , Kaneita Yoshitaka , Yokoyama Eise , Uchiyama Makoto 
Published: October 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study to determine the prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness and sleep habits among hospital nurses and to analyse associations between excessive daytime sleepiness and different types of medical error.Background.  It has been reported that sleep disorders, and the tiredness and sleepiness brought about by sleep disorders may be associated with occupational accidents. However, to our knowledge, there has so far been no report on associations between sleep disorders, excessive daytime sleepiness in particular, and occupational accidents among hospital nurses.Methods.  The study was a cross‐sectional study targeting 4407 nurses working in eight large general hospitals in Japan. An anonymous self‐administered questionnaire was used to investigate their sleep patterns and experience of occupational accidents. The data were collected in 2003.Results.  The prevalence of excessive daytime sleepiness among hospital nurses in the present study was 26·0%. A statistically significant relationship was observed between having or not having occupational accidents during the past 12 months and excessive daytime sleepiness. Multiple logistic regression analyses on factors leading to occupational accidents during the past 12 months showed statistically significant associations between (1) drug administration errors and (2) shift work and age, between (1) incorrect operation of medical equipment and (2) excessive daytime sleepiness and age, and between needlestick injuries and age.Conclusions.  Excessive daytime sleepiness is an important occupational health issue in hospital nurses. It is possible that occupational policies and health promotion measures, such as a provision of sleep hygiene advice and social support at worksites, would be effective in preventing occupational accidents among hospital nurses.
Trust and managerialism: exploring discourses of care
Authors: Gilbert Tony P. 
Published: October 2005

Aim.  This paper reports a study that explored the relationship between trust and managerialism through an analysis of professional discourse.Background.  Managerialism is a distinct set of discourses and practices related to managerial effectiveness, flexibility and consumer responsiveness that have come to characterize debates over the provision of health and welfare services across the developed world. At the same time, trust has attracted increasing academic and political interest. Managerial discourses are critical of healthcare professions and the way they operate. Professional opinions are challenged as representing the interests of professions rather than service users; as a consequence trust is contested. However, where practitioners are both professionals and managers, the boundaries between these discourses become blurred. Moreover, paradoxical development occurs where increasing autonomy for practitioners is accompanied by a strengthening of managerial controls over their activity.Method.  Discourse analysis was used to explore the text from two genres, academic literature and interviews (n = 17), in the context of community residential services for people with learning disabilities. The study was conducted in 2001.Findings.  Two broad themes were identified, each with a number of sub‐themes. The first focuses on the relationship between managerialism and trust located around the management of expectations. The second, ‘the politics of care’, explores the way professional and managerial discourse articulate to produce complementary and contradictory positions.Conclusion.  The colonization of professional activity by managerial discourse has produced a context where professional activity is defined by a series of managerial imperatives; trust, which was once the product of intimate social activity is now shaped through techniques based on distrust such as audits and quality monitoring. Nevertheless, the persistence of tensions between trust and managerialism suggest an ongoing struggle for professional autonomy in the face of increasing managerial controls.
Temporal patterns of genetic variation across a 9‐year‐old aerial seed bank of the shrubBanksia hookeriana(Proteaceae)
Authors: BARRETT LUKE G. , HE TIANHUA , LAMONT BYRON B. , KRAUSS SIEGFRIED L. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe pattern of accumulation of genetic variation over time in seed banks is poorly understood. We examined the genetic structure of the aerial seed bank ofBanksia hookerianawithin a single 15‐year‐old population in fire‐prone southwestern Australia, and compared genetic variation between adults and each year of a 9‐year‐old seed bank using amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP).B.hookerianais well suited to the study of seed bank dynamics due to the canopy storage of its seeds, and because each annual crop can be identified. A total of 304 seeds from nine crop years and five maternal plants were genotyped, along with 113 plants from the adult population. Genetic variation, as assessed by the proportion of polymorphic markers (Pp) and Shannon's index (I), increased slightly within the seed bank over time, while gene diversity (Hj), did not change.Pp,I, andHjall indicated that genetic variation within the seed bank quickly approached the maximal level detected. Analysis of molecular variance revealed that less than 4% of variation could be accounted for by variation among seeds produced in different years, whereas there was greater differentiation among maternal plants (12.7%), and among individual seeds produced by different maternal plants (83.4%). With increasing population age, offspring generated each year were slightly more outbred, as indicated by an increase in the mean number of nonmaternal markers per offspring. There were no significant differences forHjorIbetween adults and the seed bank. Viability of seeds decreased with age, such that the viability of 9‐year‐old seeds was half that of 2‐year‐old seeds. These results suggest that variable fire frequencies have only limited potential to influence the amount of genetic variation stored within the seed bank ofB.hookeriana.
Native breeds demonstrate high contributions to the molecular variation in northern European sheep
Authors: TAPIO M. , TAPIO I. , GRISLIS Z. , HOLM L.‐E. , JEPPSSON S. , KANTANEN J. , MICEIKIENE I. , OLSAKER I. , VIINALASS H. , EYTHORSDOTTIR E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPopulation contribution to genetic diversity can be estimated using neutral variation. However, population expansion or hybridization of diverged ancestries may weaken correlation between neutral and non‐neutral variation. Microsatellite variation was studied at 25 loci in 20 native and 12 modern or imported northern European sheep breeds. Breed contributions to total gene diversity, allelic richness and mean allele‐sharing distance between individuals were measured. Indications of changes in population size and admixtures of divergent ancestries were investigated and the extent of inbreeding was estimated. The northern European sheep demonstrated signs of reduction in effective population size. Many old, small populations made a substantial positive contribution to total molecular variation, but populations with several divergent major ancestries did not contribute substantially to molecular variation, with the exception of the Norwegian Rygja sheep. However, several diverged major ancestries may cause it to contribute less to non‐neutral variation than expected from the microsatellite data. Breed uniqueness and within‐breed variability generally had opposite effects on breed contributions to molecular diversity. The degree of inbreeding did not reflect the breed contribution to total gene diversity or allelic richness, but inbred populations increased the mean allele‐sharing distance between individuals. Our study indicates breed conservation to be especially important in maintaining allelic variation in northern European sheep and supports the evolutionary importance of peripheral populations.
Resistance to abomasal nematodes and individual genetic variability in reindeer
Authors: CÔTÉ STEEVE D. , STIEN AUDUN , IRVINE R. JUSTIN , DALLAS JOHN F. , MARSHALL FREDA , HALVORSEN ODD , LANGVATN ROLF , ALBON STEVE D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractResistance to parasites is believed to have a widespread influence on demographic and adaptive processes. In systems where parasites impose a fitness cost on their host, heterozygotes may be selected because they are more resistant to parasites than homozygotes. Our objective was to assess the relationships between genomewide individual heterozygosity and abomasal nematode burdens in female Svalbard reindeer (Rangifer tarandus platyrhynchus) after the effects of host age, locality, season, and year had been accounted for. Samples were obtained from 306 female reindeer that were culled and genotyped at nine microsatellite loci. Reindeer in our study populations are mainly parasitized by the gastrointestinal nematodes Ostertagia gruehneri and Marshallagia marshalli. The infection intensity of each parasite differed between subpopulations, and among host age classes, seasons and years. We found no significant relationships between abomasal worm burdens, or lumen and mucosa larvae, of either O. gruehneri or M. marshalli and individual heterozygosity (or mean d2) alone or in interactions with host age, locality, and year. Although we analysed one of the largest data set available to date on gastrointestinal nematodes of a wild ruminant, we used a typical data set of nine genetic neutral markers that may have had low power to detect heterozygosity–fitness correlations. We conclude that the proportion of the variance in parasite resistance explained by individual heterozygosity for neutral genetic markers is low in Svalbard reindeer and in vertebrates in general, and we suggest that the candidate‐gene approach might be more fruitful for further research on gene–fitness correlations.
Bacterial metal detectors
Authors: Buchanan Susan K. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryGram negative bacteria can detect environmental iron using outer membrane transporters (OMTs), and then regulate certain transport genes to take advantage of a readily available iron source. This process begins with an iron complex being bound by an OMT, and results in a signal being sent across the outer membrane, the periplasmic space, and the inner membrane, to a sigma factor that interacts with RNA polymerase and initiates transcription of relevant genes. Many of the interactions contributing to signalling have been observed by genetic and biochemical studies, but structural studies, which potentially show these interactions in molecular detail, have been limited. In this issue, Garcia‐Herrero and Vogel describe an NMR structure of the periplasmic domain of an OMT, which had not been seen in previous X‐ray crystal structures. This domain transmits the ‘iron availability’ signal to the next protein in the signal transduction cascade, which sits in the inner membrane and extends into the periplasm. The new structure extends our knowledge of transporter architecture and suggests how signalling may occur across the outer membrane.
Tetratricopeptide repeats in the type III secretion chaperone, LcrH: their role in substrate binding and secretion
Authors: Edqvist Petra J. , Bröms Jeanette E. , Betts Helen J. , Forsberg Åke , Pallen Mark J. , Francis Matthew S. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryNon‐flagellar type III secretion systems (T3SSs) transport proteins across the bacterial cell and into eukaryotic cells. Targeting of proteins into host cells requires a dedicated translocation apparatus. Efficient secretion of the translocator proteins that make up this apparatus depends on molecular chaperones. Chaperones of the translocators (also called class‐II chaperones) are characterized by the possession of three tandem tetratricopeptide repeats (TPRs). We wished to dissect the relations between chaperone structure and function and to validate a structural model using site‐directed mutagenesis. Drawing on a number of experimental approaches and focusing on LcrH, a class‐II chaperone from theYersiniaYsc‐Yop T3SS, we examined the contributions of different residues, residue classes and regions of the protein to chaperone stability, chaperone‐substrate binding, substrate stability and secretion and regulation of Yop protein synthesis. We confirmed the expected role of the conserved canonical residues from the TPRs to chaperone stability and function. Eleven mutations specifically abrogated YopB binding or secretion while three mutations led to a specific loss of YopD secretion. These are the first mutations described for any class‐II chaperone that allow interactions with one translocator to be dissociated from interactions with the other. Strikingly, all mutations affecting the interaction with YopB mapped to residues with side chains projecting from the inner, concave surface of the modelled TPR structure, defining a YopB interaction site. Conversely, all mutations preventing YopD secretion affect residues that lie on the outer, convex surface of the triple‐TPR cluster in our model, suggesting that this region of the molecule represents a distinct interaction site for YopD. Intriguingly, one of the LcrH double mutants, Y40A/F44A, was able to maintain stable substrates inside bacteria, but unable to secrete them, suggesting that these two residues might influence delivery of substrates to the secretion apparatus.
Bacteroides fragilis mobilizable transposon Tn5520 requires a 71 base pair origin of transfer sequence and a single mobilization protein for relaxosome formation during conjugation
Authors: Vedantam Gayatri , Knopf Sarah , Hecht David W. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryTn5520 is the smallest known bacterial mobilizable transposon and was isolated from an antibiotic resistant Bacteroides fragilis clinical isolate. When a conjugation apparatus is provided in trans, Tn5520 is mobilized (transferred) efficiently within, and from, both Bacteroides spp. and Escherichia coli. Only two genes are present on Tn5520; one encodes an integrase, and the other a multifunctional mobilization (Mob) protein BmpH. BmpH is essential for Tn5520 mobility. The focus of this study was to identify the Tn5520 origin of conjugative transfer (oriT) and to study BmpH‐oriT binding. We delimited the functional Tn5520 oriT to a 71 bp sequence upstream of the bmpH gene. A plasmid vector harbouring this minimal 71 bp oriT was mobilized at the same frequency as that of intact Tn5520. The minimal oriT contains one 17 bp inverted repeat (IR) sequence. We constructed and tested multiple IR mutants and showed that the IR was essential in its entirety for mobilization. A nick site sequence (5′‐GCTAC‐3′) was also identified within the minimal oriT; this sequence resembled nick sites found in plasmids of Gram positive origin. We further showed that mutation of a highly conserved GC dinucleotide in the nick site sequence completely abolished mobilization. We also purified BmpH and showed that it specifically bound a Tn5520 oriT fragment in electrophoretic mobility shift assays. We also identified non‐nick site sequences within the minimal oriT that were essential for mobilization. We hypothesize that transposon‐based single Mob protein systems may contribute to efficient gene dissemination from Bacteroides spp., because fewer DNA processing proteins are required for relaxosome formation.
Protein‐induced DNA bending clarifies the architectural organization of the σ54‐dependent glnAp2 promoter
Authors: Huo Yi‐Xin , Tian Zhe‐Xian , Rappas Mathieu , Wen Jin , Chen Yan‐Cheng , You Cong‐Hui , Zhang Xiaodong , Buck Martin , Wang Yi‐Ping , Kolb Annie 
Published: October 2005

Summaryσ54‐RNA polymerase (Eσ54) predominantly contacts one face of the DNA helix in the closed promoter complex, and interacts with the upstream enhancer‐bound activator via DNA looping. Up to date, the precise face of Eσ54 that contacts the activator to convert the closed complex to an open one remains unclear. By introducing protein‐induced DNA bends at precise locations between upstream enhancer sequences and the core promoter of the σ54‐dependent glnAp2 promoter without changing the distance in‐between, we observed a strong enhanced or decreased promoter activity, especially on linear DNA templates in vitro. The relative positioning and orientations of Eσ54, DNA bending protein and enhancer‐bound activator on linear DNA were determined by in vitro footprinting analysis. Intriguingly, the locations from which the DNA bending protein exerted its optimal stimulatory effects were all found on the opposite face of the DNA helix compared with the DNA bound Eσ54 in the closed complex. Therefore, these results provide evidence that the activator must approach the Eσ54 closed complexes from the unbound face of the promoter DNA helix to catalyse open complex formation. This proposal is further supported by the modelling of activator‐promoter DNA‐Eσ54 complex.
Etiology and prevention of gastric cancer: a population study in a high risk area of China
Authors: YOU Wei Cheng , LI Ji You , ZHANG Lian , JIN Mao Lin , CHANG Yun Sheng , MA & Kai Jun Ling , PAN Feng 
Published: October 2005

A series of studies has been carried out in Linqu County, Shandong Province, China, a high‐risk area for gastric cancer, to investigate the risk factors associated with gastric cancer, precancerous lesions and the prevention of gastric cancer. Our studies showed that sour pancakes (a popular local food), salted foods, cigarette smoking, and family history of gastric cancer were risk factors, whereas fresh vegetables, and intake of vitamin C and calcium were inversely associated with the risk of gastric cancer. The prevalence of chronic atrophic gastritis was approximately 20% in an adult population in Linqu County, intestinal metaplasia was approximately 50%, and dysplasia was approximately 20%. A follow‐up study showed that the relative risk of developing gastric cancer increased with the severity of gastric lesions, and was associated with dietary factors, cigarette smoking and H. pylori infection in this population. The findings strongly support the idea that gastric cancer is primarily determined by environmental factors and develops in a multistep progression of precancerous lesions.