bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How do shared circuits develop?
Authors: Oberman Lindsay M. , Ramachandran Vilayanur S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe target article discusses a model of how brain circuits mediate social behaviors such as imitation and mindreading. Hurley suggests potential mechanisms for development of shared circuits. We propose that empirical studies can be designed to differentiate the influence of genetic and learning-based factors on the development of shared circuits. We use the mirror neuron system as a model system.
Putting the subjective back into intersubjective: The importance of person-specific, distributed, neural representations in perception-action mechanisms
Authors: Preston Stephanie D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe shared circuits model (SCM) relies on well-regarded theories of perception-action, mirror neurons, and forward models, but the functional/informational level of the model limits its ability to explain complex behavior such as true imitation. Data from our lab and others confirm the more general details of the model, accepted by most, but specify the neural mechanisms involved in perception-action processes.
Imitation, emulation, and the transmission of culture
Authors: Whiten Andrew 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThree related issues are addressed. First, Hurley treats emulation and imitation as a straightforward dichotomy with emulation emerging first. Recent conceptual analyses and “ghost” chimpanzee experiments challenge this. Second, other recent chimpanzee experiments reveal high-fidelity social transmission, questioning whether copying fidelity is the brake on cumulative culture. Finally, other cognitive processes such as pretence need to be integrated.
Imitation and the effort of learning
Authors: Williams Justin H. G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCentral to Hurley's argument is the position that imitation is “automatic” and requires inhibition. The evidence for this is poor. Imitation is intentional, involves active comparison between self and other, and involves new learning to improve self-other likeness. Abnormal imitation behaviour may result from impaired learning rather than disinhibition. Mentalizing may be similarly effortful and dependent upon learning about others.
Basic tastes as cognitive concepts and taste coding as more than spatial
Authors: Di Lorenzo Patricia M. , Chen Jen-Yung 
Published: April 2008

AbstractErickson's treatise intertwines and confuses two major, but separable, issues: whether there are basic tastes and how taste stimuli are encoded. The idea of basic tastes may reflect a natural process of concept formation. By only discussing two spatial coding schemes for taste, Erickson ignores the temporal dimension of taste responses and the contribution of neuronal cooperativity.
Taste quality coding in vertebrate receptor molecules and cells
Authors: Kennedy Linda M. , Gonzalez Kristina M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRecent work on receptor molecules and cells used prototypical sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami stimuli. Labeled-line coding was supported, but it remains possible that the molecules and cells could respond to other tastants. Studies with other tastants are needed. The sensory message might contain two codes – one for attraction or aversion, the other, across-fiber patterning of stimulus quality.
On the analysis of spatial neural codes in taste
Authors: Lemon Christian H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe two most popular, yet opposing, models of taste processing, the labeled-line (LL) and across-neuron pattern (ANP) theories, are variants of spatial neural coding. Analyses whose outcomes have been argued to support either theory have sometimes glossed over important caveats and considerations that may drastically impact interpretation. Some of these issues are discussed here.
Widowhood and the end of spousal care-giving: relief or wear and tear?
Authors: KEENE JENNIFER REID , PROKOS ANASTASIA H. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the impact of spousal care-giving on survivors' depressive symptoms six months into widowhood, and examines the applicability of a ‘relief model’ of spousal adjustment during bereavement. We examine several aspects of the care-giving situation, including care-giver stress, care-giving demands, and type and duration of care and how these affect survivors' depressive symptomatology. The sample is drawn from two waves of theChanging Lives of Older Couples(CLOC) survey, which was conducted in the United States in the Detroit Metropolitan Area, Michigan. The first wave of data was collected from couples and the second from the surviving spouse six months after the death of the partner. We use multiple regression analysis to examine the effects of key variables on depressive symptoms six months into widowhood, controlling for various demographic characteristics and personal circumstances. The results demonstrate that the duration of care-giving is the most influential predictor of survivors' depressive symptoms six months after the death. Indeed, long-term care-givers experience greater relief than both non-caregivers and short-term care-givers, as the predicted probabilities indicate. The results lead us to emphasise that care-giving and spousal bereavement should be studied as related processes rather than distinct phenomena. Indeed, relief from a chronically stressful care situation may actually ameliorate the negative effect of spousal loss for survivors.
Spatial and temporal dynamics of dengue fever in Peru: 1994–2006
Authors: CHOWELL G. , TORRE C. A. , MUNAYCO-ESCATE C. , SUÁREZ-OGNIO L. , LÓPEZ-CRUZ R. , HYMAN J. M. , CASTILLO-CHAVEZ C. 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYThe weekly number of dengue cases in Peru, South America, stratified by province for the period 1994–2006 were analysed in conjunction with associated demographic, geographic and climatological data. Estimates of the reproduction number, moderately correlated with population size (Spearman ρ=0·28,P=0·03), had a median of 1·76 (IQR 0·83–4·46). The distributions of dengue attack rates and epidemic durations follow power-law (Pareto) distributions (coefficient of determination >85%,P<0·004). Spatial heterogeneity of attack rates was highest in coastal areas followed by mountain and jungle areas. Our findings suggest a hierarchy of transmission events during the large 2000–2001 epidemic from large to small population areas when serotypes DEN-3 and DEN-4 were first identified (Spearman ρ=−0·43,P=0·03). The need for spatial and temporal dengue epidemic data with a high degree of resolution not only increases our understanding of the dynamics of dengue but will also generate new hypotheses and provide a platform for testing innovative control policies.
A fast switch, combiner and narrow-band filter for high-power millimetre wave beams
Authors: Kasparek W. , Petelin M.I. , Shchegolkov D.Yu , Erckmann V. , Plaum B. , Bruschi A. 
Published: April 2008

A fast directional switch (FADIS) is described, which allows controlled switching of high-power microwaves between two outputs. A possible application could be synchronous stabilization of neoclassical tearing modes (NTMs). Generally, the device can be used to share the installed EC power between different types of launchers or different applications (e.g. in ITER, midplane/upper launcher). The switching is performed electronically without moving parts by a small frequency-shift keying of the gyrotron (some tens of megahertz), and a narrow-band diplexer. The device can be operated as a beam combiner also, which offers attractive transmission perspectives in multi-megawatt ECRH systems. In addition, these diplexers are useful for plasma diagnostic systems employing high-power sources due to their filter characteristics.The principle and the design of a four-port quasi-optical resonator diplexer is presented. Low-power measurements of switching contrast, mode purity and efficiency show good agreement with theory. Preliminary frequency modulation characteristics of gyrotrons are shown, and first results from high-power switching experiments using the ECRH system for W7-X are presented.
WELFARE IN THE NASH EQUILIBRIUM IN EXPORT TAXES UNDER BERTRAND DUOPOLY
Authors: Clarke Roger , Collie David R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn the Eaton and GrossmanQuarterly Journal of Economics, 101 (1986), pp. 383–406 model of export taxes under Bertrand duopoly, it is shown that welfare in the Nash equilibrium in export taxes is always higher than welfare under free trade for both countries.
Effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the diversity and composition of the butterfly fauna of sites in the Sango Bay and Iriiri areas, Uganda: implications for conservation
Authors: Akite Perpetra 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn assessing environmental change, butterflies have been proven as replicable indicators of biodiversity and functional integrity that can be monitored at a range of scales. Butterflies have been identified as important bio‐indicators for assessing biodiversity and monitoring ecosystem responses to environmental perturbations. The objectives of this study were to determine changes in the butterfly fauna of differing sites in the Sango Bay Area (SBA) and Iriiri (Karamoja) in comparison with data collected 10 years ago, and to investigate the impact of different degrees of habitat disturbance on butterflies. The general butterfly diversity was determined by trapping and sweep netting along transect lines and by random sweeping. The impact of human‐induced disturbance was assessed by comparing species richness and composition between the sites and regressing the weighted disturbances against species diversity per site. There was a marked decrease in species diversity and varied species composition between the two studies and between the habitat types. Charcoal burning and grazing had significant negative correlations with diversity within forest sites (r2 = 0.825,P < 0.05), whereas cultivation and tree cutting/logging had significant negative correlations with diversity of open savannas (r2 = 0.718,P < 0.05 andr2 = 0.999,P < 0.05, respectively).
The abundance of birds in Uganda’s inhabited areas and the importance of pastoral areas
Authors: Asasira J. , Pomeroy D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Uganda bird‐monitoring programme has so far generated more than 18,600 observations from the 37 sites where land birds are monitored annually. Ten of the sites are in farmed area (agroecosystems), thirteen in semi‐natural pastoral ecosystems and fourteen in natural ecosystems (mainly national parks). The farms are almost entirely small‐scale and very diverse in their land use systems. Monitoring is by Timed Species Counts from which the frequency of recording of each species at each site can be generated (with over 460 species recorded so far, the overall spread sheet contains many zero values). The species numbers overall were the highest at natural sites (375 species), which also had the highest numbers of birds that often use trees, and those which are specialist grassland or aerial species or Palearctic visitors; but numbers of Red Data species are the highest in semi‐natural sites. As one would expect, formerly forested areas and moist savannas support most tree birds, whilst Red Data species were most frequently recorded in areas of impeded drainage – typically, these are periodically flooded. Grassland specialists are more common in dry than in moist savannas. Palearctic migrants are nowhere common. Uganda’s pastoral areas, on which domestic livestock graze and browse on predominant natural vegetation, are rich in birds and deserve a much more detailed study.
The coincidence of biodiversity patterns and human settlement in Africa
Authors: Fjeldså J. , Burgess N. D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn spite of high loss of biodiversity in landscapes converted to farmland or urban areas, a positive correlation exists between species richness and endemism and human population density at coarse spatial scales. Data representing precolonial and contemporary human population patterns in Africa were overlaid on species distribution data covering 4080 vertebrate species. Species richness tracks both the precolonial and the current human population density. Areas of high vertebrate endemism are particularly closely associated with precolonial population centres. This suggests that patterns of population growth in Africa were, more than today, governed by factors that also enhanced local species persistence and speciation. The traditional conservation focus on wilderness areas with few people, and generally rather low endemism, needs to be complemented with strategies for sustainable development in some of the densely populated areas.
Resource utilization by large migratory herbivores of the Athi‐Kapiti ecosystem
Authors: Imbahale Susan Sangilu , Githaiga John Maina , Chira Robert Mutugi , Said Mohammed Yahya 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe goal of the study was to establish whether the changes in land use affect resource utilization by large migratory herbivores in the Athi‐Kapiti ecosystem. Athi‐Kapiti ecosystem comprises Nairobi National Park and the Athi‐Kapiti plains (community livestock grazing grounds). Land use information was obtained from existing literature. Pin frame technique and harvest method were used for plant biomass sampling, while road and foot counts were conducted for migratory large herbivores and livestock within the ecosystem, from November 2003 to May 2004. Emphasis was given to the wildebeest (Connechaetes taurinus), zebra (Equus burchelli) and cattle. Results show that green plant biomass available in the park was significantly different from that on Athi‐Kapiti plains [Wilcoxon (two‐tailed), P < 0.05]. Further analysis showed significant seasonal differences in the park [T test (two‐tailed), P < 0.05]. In the community grazing area, significant monthly and seasonal variations in plant biomass were evident (one way ANOVA, P < 0.05). In summary, more wildebeest were observed on Athi‐Kapiti plains than in the park. The zebra showed monthly variations within the whole ecosystem, resulting in a distinct movement pattern. Plant biomass varied depending on the rainfall, which in turn influenced the movement of migratory herbivores within the ecosystem.
Tree density and biomass assessment in agricultural systems around Lake Victoria, Uganda
Authors: Isabirye M. , Verbist B. , Magunda M. K. , Poesen J. , Deckers J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoil erosion caused by low vegetation cover associated with agricultural land use in the catchment is blamed for the eutrophication of Lake Victoria. Above‐ground biomass as an indicator of vegetation cover and biodiversity was assessed using the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, estimation of tree density and biomass with the aim of assessing the extent to which vegetation covers the soil surface. Tree density is significantly different between agricultural and semi‐natural systems with an average of 96 and 90 trees ha−1 observed in Rakai and Mayuge respectively. Agricultural fields in Mayuge (9.4 ton ha−1) are associated with significantly higher tree biomass compared with those in Rakai (7.6 ton ha−1). Semi‐natural systems in Rakai have an average tree biomass of 10.1 ton ha−1. Agricultural land use systems in the Lake Victoria catchment of Mayuge resemble semi‐natural systems in terms of tree biomass as seen from satellite image analysis, supported by extensive field observations. The high and medium biomass cover does imply a relatively continuous vegetative ground cover that would minimize soil loss due to water erosion.
The use of herbarium plant databases in identifying areas of biodiversity concentration: the case of family Acanthaceae in Uganda
Authors: Kalema James 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe family Acanthaceae in Uganda was used to demonstrate the use of herbarium data in showing distribution patterns and diversity of plants and their representation in protected ares. The geographical distribution of the species was determined from Herbarium specimens at the Makerere Univeristy Herbarium, Kew Herbarium and the Natural History Museum, London. More than 2900 collections in a total of 251 species and 52 genera were examined. Species richness was highest in the areas around the Rwenzori Mountains, Budongo Forest and along the northern shores of Lake Victoria, especially around Mabira, Also important were areas around Mt. Elgon, Moroto and Kigezi highlands and the Albertine Rift area. Many species were highly localized with very few known records. The protected area system of Uganda captured many of the species but there were many others occurring outside the main protected areas.
Pharmacokinetics of darunavir/ritonavir and ketoconazole following co‐administration in HIV–healthy volunteers
Authors: Sekar Vanitha J. , Lefebvre Eric , De Pauw Martine , Vangeneugden Tony , Hoetelmans Richard M. 
Published: April 2008

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT • Ketoconazole is a potent inhibitor of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system.• Co‐administration of ketoconazole and drugs primarily metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme system may result in increased plasma concentrations of the drugs, which could increase or prolong both therapeutic and adverse effects.• Therefore, unless otherwise specified, appropriate dosage adjustments may be necessary. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS • The current study was conducted to determine the extent of interaction between the potent CYP3A inhibitor, ketoconazole, and the CYP 3A substrate, darunavir (given alone and with low‐dose ritonavir).• This information provides data on the pharmacokinetic boosting ability of ketoconazole and serves as important guidance to HIV‐infected patients and their treating physicians with regard to appropriate (co‐)administration of darunavir/ritonavir and ketoconazole.AimsTo investigate the interaction between ketoconazole and darunavir (alone and in combination with low‐dose ritonavir), in HIV–healthy volunteers.MethodsVolunteers received darunavir 400 mg bid and darunavir 400 mg bid plus ketoconazole 200 mg bid, in two sessions (Panel 1), or darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid, ketoconazole 200 mg bid and darunavir/ritonavir 400/100 mg bid plus ketoconazole 200 mg bid, over three sessions (Panel 2). Treatments were administered with food for 6 days. Steady‐state pharmacokinetics following the morning dose on day 7 were compared between treatments. Short‐term safety and tolerability were assessed.ResultsBased on least square means ratios (90% confidence intervals), during darunavir and ketoconazole co‐administration, darunavir area under the curve (AUC12h), maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and minimum plasma concentration (Cmin) increased by 155% (80, 261), 78% (28, 147) and 179% (58, 393), respectively, compared with treatment with darunavir alone. Darunavir AUC12h, Cmax and Cmin increased by 42% (23, 65), 21% (4, 40) and 73% (39, 114), respectively, during darunavir/ritonavir and ketoconazole co‐administration, relative to darunavir/ritonavir treatment. Ketoconazole pharmacokinetics was unchanged by co‐administration with darunavir alone. Ketoconazole AUC12h, Cmax and Cmin increased by 212% (165, 268), 111% (81, 144) and 868% (544, 1355), respectively, during co‐administration with darunavir/ritonavir compared with ketoconazole alone.ConclusionsThe increase in darunavir exposure by ketoconazole was lower than that observed previously with ritonavir. A maximum ketoconazole dose of 200 mg day−1 is recommended if used concomitantly with darunavir/ritonavir, with no dose adjustments for darunavir/ritonavir.
Prediction of survival using absolute lymphocyte count for newly diagnosed patients with multiple myeloma: a retrospective study
Authors: Ege Hilmi , Gertz Morie A. , Markovic Svetomir N. , Lacy Martha Q. , Dispenzieri Angela , Hayman Suzanne R. , Kumar Shaji K. , Porrata Luis F. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryAbsolute lymphocyte count (ALC) recovery after autologous stem cell transplantation for multiple myeloma (MM) has been reported to be an independent prognostic factor for clinical outcome. The role of ALC on survival in newly diagnosed untreated MM patients is unknown. Between 1994 and 2002, we analysed retrospectively 537 MM patients of 1835 consecutive MM patients that were neither uniformly treated nor part of a clinical trail, but originally diagnosed and followed at the Mayo Clinic. The primary endpoint was to assess the role of ALC at the time of MM diagnosis on overall survival (OS). The median follow‐up was 35·1 months (range: 1–152·5 months). ALC, as a continuous variable, was identified as prognostic factor for OS (Hazard ratio = 0·473, 95% confidence interval = 0·359–0·618,P < 0·0001). MM patients with an ALC ≥1·4 × 109/l experienced superior OS compared with MM patients with an ALC <1·4 × 109/l (65 vs. 26 months,P < 0·0001). Multivariate analysis identified ALC as an independent prognostic factor for OS. This study showed that, in newly diagnosed MM, ALC is an independent prognostic factor for OS, suggesting a significant role of host immune status in the survival of MM.
Expression of P2X5 in lymphoid malignancies results in LRH‐1‐specific cytotoxic T‐cell‐mediated lysis
Authors: Overes Ingrid M. , De Rijke Björn , Van Horssen‐Zoetbrood Agnes , Fredrix Hanny , De Graaf Aniek O. , Jansen Joop H. , Van Krieken J. Han J. M. , Raymakers Reinier A. P. , Van Der Voort Robbert , De Witte Theo M. , Dolstra Harry 
Published: April 2008

SummaryMinor histocompatibility antigens (MiHA) selectively expressed by haematopoietic cells are attractive targets for specific immunotherapy after allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT). Previously, we described LRH‐1 as a haematopoietic‐lineage restricted MiHA that is capable of eliciting an allogeneic cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte (CTL) response after SCT and donor lymphocyte infusion. Importantly, the gene encoding LRH‐1, P2X5, is not expressed in prominent graft‐versus‐host‐disease target tissues such as skin, liver and gut. Here, we investigate whether LRH‐1‐specific immunotherapy may be exploited for the treatment of lymphoid malignancies. We examined P2X5 mRNA expression in a large panel of patient samples and cell lines from different types of lymphoid malignancies by real‐time quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. P2X5 mRNA was highly expressed in malignant cells from all stages of lymphoid development. Furthermore, all LRH‐1‐positive lymphoid tumour cell lines were susceptible to LRH‐1 CTL‐mediated lysis in flow cytometry‐based cytotoxicity assays. However, interferon‐γ production was low or absent after stimulation with some cell lines, possibly due to differences in activation thresholds for CTL effector functions. Importantly, primary cells from patients with lymphoid malignancies were effectively lysed by LRH‐1‐specific CTL. These findings indicate that MiHA LRH‐1 is a potential therapeutic target for cellular immunotherapy of lymphoid malignancies.