bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The structure of anchovy outer retinae (Engraulididae, Clupeiformes) — A comparative light‐ and electron‐microscopic study using museum‐stored material
Authors: Heß Martin , Melzer Roland R. , Eser Roland , Smola Ulrich 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe outer retinal architecture of Engraulididae is uncommon among vertebrates. In some anchovies, e.g., Anchoa, two cone types are arranged alternating in long photoreceptor chains, i.e., polycones. The cones have radially oriented outer segment lamellae in close contact with a complex guanine tapetum, most probably subserving polarization contrast vision. To clarify the distribution of the aberrant polycone architecture within the Engraulididae and to provide indications about polycone evolution, the outer retina morphology of 16 clupeoid species was investigated by light and electron microscopy, predominantly using museum‐stored material. The outgroup representatives of four clupeid subfamilies (Clupeonella cultriventris, Dorosoma cepedianum, Ethmalosa fimbriata, Pellonula leonensis) show a row pattern of double cones, partially with single cones at defined positions and a pigment epithelium with lobopodial protrusions containing melanin. The pristigasterid Ilisha africana has double rows of single cones lying between linear curtains of pigment epithelium processes filled with minute crystallites and melanin concentrated near their vitreal tips. Within the Engraulididae, two main architectures are found: Coilia nasus and Thryssa setirostris have linear multiple cones or polycones separated by long pigment epithelium barriers containing tapetal crystallites and melanin in the tips (also found in Setipinna taty), whereas Anchoviella alleni, Encrasicholina heteroloba, Engraulis encrasicolus, Engraulis mordax, Lycengraulis batesii, and Stolephorus indicus exhibit the typical polycone architecture. Cetengraulis mysticetus and Lycothrissa crocodilus show cone patterns and pigment epithelium morphology differing from the other anchovy species. The sets of characters are compared, corroborated with the previous knowledge on clupeoid retinae and discussed in terms of functional morphology and visual ecology. A scenario on polycone evolution is developed that may serve as an aid for the reconstruction of engraulidid phylogeny. Furthermore, this study demonstrates the suitability of museum material for morphological studies, even at the electron microscopic level. J. Morphol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dual‐bolus approach to quantitative measurement of pulmonary perfusion by contrast‐enhanced MRI
Authors: Risse Frank , Semmler Wolfhard , Kauczor Hans‐Ulrich , Fink Christian 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate a dual‐bolus approach to pulmonary perfusion MRI.Materials and MethodsThe dual‐bolus approach uses a separate low‐dose measurement for the arterial input function (AIF) to ensure linearity. The measured AIF is constructed according to a subsequent higher dose used for the tissue concentration curves in the lung. In this study a prebolus of 0.01 mmol/kg followed by doses of 0.04 mmol/kg and 0.08 mmol/kg was used. Measurements were performed using time‐resolved two‐dimensional fast low‐angle shot (2D FLASH) MRI (TE/TR = 0.73 msec/1.73 msec; flip angle = 40°; generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisitions (GRAPPA) factor = 3; temporal resolution = 400 msec) in end‐inspiratory breath‐hold.ResultsThe combination of prebolus/0.04 mmol/kg resulted in a pulmonary blood flow (PBF) of 211 ± 77 mL/min/100 mL, and a pulmonary blood volume (PBV) of 20 ± 3 mL/100 mL. The combination of prebolus/0.08 mmol/kg resulted in approximately 50% lower perfusion values, most likely due to saturation effects in the lung tissue.ConclusionA dual‐bolus approach to pulmonary perfusion MRI is feasible and may reduce the problem of lacking linear relationship between the contrast‐agent concentration and signal intensity. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Renal perfusion: Comparison of saturation‐recovery TurboFLASH measurements at 1.5T with saturation‐recovery TurboFLASH and time‐resolved echo‐shared angiographic technique (TREAT) at 3.0T
Authors: Michaely Henrik J. , Nael Kambiz , Schoenberg Stefan O. , Finn J. Paul , Oesingmann Niels , Lodemann Klaus‐Peter , Reiser Maximilian F. , Ruehm Stefan G. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the dependence of semiquantitative renal perfusion parameters on the acquisition technique and field strength used.Materials and MethodsAfter intravenous injection of 7‐mL Gd‐chelates, high‐temporal‐resolution turbo fast low‐angle shot (TurboFLASH) renal perfusion measurements were performed on eight healthy volunteers at 1.5T and another eight healthy volunteers at 3.0T. Another eight healthy volunteers were examined at 3.0T using time‐resolved echo‐shared angiographic technique (TREAT) after bolus administration of 7‐mL Gd‐chelates with a temporal resolution of 1.4 seconds. Analysis of the first‐pass perfusion data yielded the following semiquantitative renal perfusion indices: mean transit time (MTT), time to peak (TTP), maximal upslope (MUS), and maximal signal intensity (MSI).ResultsMTT and TTP did not show significant differences between the different techniques. MSI and MUS were significantly (P ≤ 0.002) higher with TREAT (591.1 a.u./second and 103.5 a.u./second) than with TurboFLASH at both field strengths (1.5T: 400.5 a.u./second and 65.4 a.u./second; 3.0T: 362.2 a.u./second and 68.7 a.u./second).ConclusionSemiquantitative renal perfusion measurements are feasible with time‐resolved echo‐shared sequences and TurboFLASH techniques. While MTT and TTP appear to be independent of the technique and field strength applied, MUS and MSI are higher with TREAT. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of neurosphere size on the growth rate of human neural stem/progenitor cells
Authors: Mori Hideki , Ninomiya Kazuaki , Kino‐oka Masahiro , Shofuda Tomoko , Islam Mohammed Omedul , Yamasaki Mami , Okano Hideyuki , Taya Masahito , Kanemura Yonehiro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNeural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) proliferate as aggregates in vitro, but the mechanism of aggregation is not fully understood. Here, we report that aggregation promotes the proliferation of NSPCs. We found that the proliferation rate was linear and depended on the size of the aggregate; that is, the population doubling time of the NSPCs gradually decreased as the diameter approached 250 μm and flattened to a nearly constant value beyond this diameter. Given this finding, and with the intent of enhancing the efficiency of human NSPC expansion, we induced the NSPCs to form aggregates close to 250 μm in diameter quickly by culturing them in plates with U‐bottomed wells. The NSPCs formed aggregates effectively in the U‐bottomed wells, with cell numbers approximately 1.5 times greater than those in the aggregates that formed spontaneously in flat‐bottomed wells. In addition, this effect of aggregation involved cell–cell signaling molecules of the Notch1 pathway. In the U‐bottomed wells, Hes1 and Hes5, which are target genes of the Notch signal, were expressed at higher levels than in the control, flat‐bottomed wells. The amount of cleaved Notch1 was also higher in the cells cultured in the U‐bottomed wells. The addition of γ‐secretase inhibitor, which blocks Notch signaling, suppressed cell proliferation in the U‐bottomed wells. These results suggest that the three‐dimensional architecture of NSPC aggregates would create a microenvironment that promotes the proliferation of human NSPCs. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Managing change before change management
Authors: Greener Tony , Hughes Mark 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

This paper informs current practice about change management by looking back on how strategic change was managed in BL Cars in the late 1970s.
One of the co‐authors found himself at the heart of a major transformation effort in the company and was uniquely placed to witness how this change was managed in this now‐defunct car manufacturer.
This paper concludes that an appreciation of history may be beneficial both in terms of understanding strategic change and the practice of managing strategic change.

Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toward a unified retrieval outcome analysis framework for cross‐language information retrieval
Authors: Chen Jiangping 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes a Retrieval Outcome Analysis Framework, or ROA Framework, to systematically evaluate retrieval performance of Cross‐Language Information Retrieval systems. The ROA framework goes beyond TREC‐type retrieval evaluation methodology by including procedures focusing on individual queries, especially difficult queries. The framework is comprised of four interrelated components: (1) Overall System Performance Evaluation, (2) Query Categorization, (3) Translation Analysis, and (4) Individual Query Analysis. An example of applying the framework is discussed in detail. The author believes the proposed framework would be especially useful for the development of real‐world Cross‐Language Information Retrieval systems because the evaluation guided by the framework has the potential to discover causes behind poor retrieval performance.
How the overlap between the search results of different retrieval systems correlates with document relevance
Authors: Spoerri Anselm 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis paper provides an analysis of the overlap between the search results of retrieval systems that participated in TREC 3, 6, 7 and 8 to provide empirical support for some of the key assumptions guiding the design of data fusion methods. It shows that the potential relevance of a document increases exponentially as the number of search methods retrieving it increases — called the Authority Effect. It also shows that documents higher up in ranked lists and found by more systems are more likely to be relevant — called the Ranking Effect. Both effects can help explain why major data fusion methods perform well.
Towards a research agenda for visual informatics
Authors: Jörgensen Corinne , Fast Karl , von Eberstein Alison , Fleischmann Kenneth R. , Jörgensen Peter 
Published: October 2006

Abstract“Visual Informatics” currently refers to visualization of and interaction with very large data sets, including both text and numeric data, chemical and molecular structures, and genome sequences. As such, it follows the widespread definition of “informatics” as being “the study of the application of computer and statistical techniques to the management of information,” or, more popularly, “computer science + X.” Commercially available visual informatics software, (such as Logical Images' VisualDx) provides real‐time visual decision support for such things as diagnosis of disease. This panel suggests reorienting the concept of informatics towards the human processes that are facilitated by technology. Along these lines, it proposes a broader definition and refocusing of the concept of visual informatics and explores the expansion of the range of research which visual informatics can address. It also looks beyond visual informatics to the larger concept of “media informatics” where information and communication technologies expand to include multiple modalities of interaction within systems, organizations, and cultures.In keeping with the conference theme of synergies between research and practice, this panel will explore a research agenda grounded through the optics of both current “real world” applications being developed in research and industry and theoretical approaches which can enfold these projects within rich conceptual frameworks.The panel format will consist of a brief introduction to the topic by the moderator, followed by several presentations exploring these issues, followed by a summation and discussion. A unique aspect of this panel is that the dialogue among the presenters and their audience will begin well before the conference, through the mechanism of the ASIS&T SIGVIS weblog (http://informationvisualization.typepad.com). We encourage participants to review the weblog and add their comments to the entries.
One and three limit cycles in a cubic predator–prey system
Authors: Huang Xuncheng , Wang Yuanming , Zhu Lemin 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA cubic differential system is proposed, which can be considered a generalization of the predator–prey models, studied recently by many authors. The properties of the equilibrium points, the existence of a uniqueness limit cycle, and the conditions for three limit cycles are investigated. The criterion is easy to apply in applications. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analytical integrations and SIFs computation in 2D fracture mechanics
Authors: Salvadori A. , Gray L. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalytical integrations, in the framework of linear elastic problems modelled by means of boundary integral equations, have been considered in a previous publication (Int. J. Numer. Methods Eng. 2002; 53(7):1695–1719): the present note aims at extending the subject to linear elastic fracture mechanics. In such a context, special shape functions have been recently proposed (SIAM J. Appl. Math. 1998; 58: 428–455) in order to increase accuracy in stress intensity factors approximation: the closed form solution for ‘integrals’ that arise from the boundary element method is a goal of the present work. Exploiting the analytical integrations, asymptotical analysis around the crack tip are made possible, with the purpose of formulating a coherent and accurate correlation between approximated stress intensity factors and crack opening displacements over the crack tip straight special elements. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The amino acid sequence of toxin IV from the Androctonus australis scorpion: Differing effects of natural mutations in scorpion α‐toxins on their antigenic and toxic properties
Authors: Mansuelle Pascal , Martin Marie‐France , Rochat Hervé , Granier Claude 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe complete amino acid sequence (64 residues) of the AaH IV toxin from the scorpion Androctonus australis Hector was determined by automated Edman degradation and was compared with the sequences of other Androctonus toxins. AaH IV was also tested by radioimmunoassay for binding to antisera raised against other toxins of the same species. The results indicated that AaH IV shares some of the antigenic properties of AaH I and AaH III toxins, but does not cross‐react with anti‐AaH II antibodies. The structural basis for the observed antigenic relationships can be found in the high degree of homology displayed by AaH IV with regard to AaH I and III, the changes in amino acid residues equally affecting regions included or excluded from the main predicted antigenic sites of AaH IV. The lower biological potency of AaH IV is presumably the result of some of the sequence differences. In particular, substitution affecting the charge and bulkiness of residue 61 could account for the poor receptor binding and consequential weak toxic properties of this molecule. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel study on the elicitation of hypersensitive response by polyunsaturated fatty acids in potato tuber
Authors: Fanelli Corrado , Castoria Raffaello , Fabbri Anna Adele , Passi Siro 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA GC‐MS procedure was carried out for the simultaneous and unequivocal quantitation of both potato phytoalexin (rishitin and lubimin) accumulation and the rate of disappearance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and some of their esters tested as possible elicitors. Potato 5‐lipoxygenase and lipolytic acyl hydrolase play a key role in hypersensitive response (HR) induction. As expected, arachidonic acid, its hydrolysable esters, and eicosapentaenoic acid elicited much higher HR than the other PUFA tested, although the latter were equally affected by potato 5‐lipoxygenase. Hydroxyl radicals appear to be actively involved in the browning process. The polyaminoacid poly‐L‐lysine did not show any eliciting activity. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purification of staphylococcal enterotoxin E
Authors: Brehm Rossalyn D. , Tranter Howard S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractStaphylococcal enterotoxin E has been purified by a combination of Red‐A ligand chromatography and Mono‐S (cation – exchange) chromatography. Commencing with 30 litres of fermenter‐grown culture the method has been used to purify 17 mg of toxin, giving a purification yield of around 40%. The purity of the toxin was over 98% when analysed by sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, but demonstrated three isoelectric forms by isoelectric focusing, with pl values of 7.6, 7.4, and 7.0. This method adds to the versatility of the Red‐A matrix system which can also be used for the purification of staphylococcal enterotoxins A, B, and C2. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of purified Clostridium difficile toxin A in the small intestine of the rat in vivo
Authors: Beubler Eckhard , Schirgi‐Degen Andrea , Pabst Maria Anna , Pothoulakis Charalabos , LaMont J. Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe action of highly purified Clostridium difficile toxin A was studied in the jejunum of rats in vivo. C. difficile toxin A reversed dose‐dependently net fluid absorption into net fluid secretion, accompanied by an increase in prostaglandin E2 but not 5‐hydroxytryptamine output into the gut lumen. Accordingly, indomethacin but not the 5‐hydroxytryptamine receptor antagonists ketanserin plus tropisetron were able to inhibit toxin A‐induced fluid secretion. Atropine and hexamethonium were without effect on the action of toxin A, such excluding a nervous mechanism. The cyclic nucleotides cyclic AMP and cyclic GMP appear not to be involved in the mediation of the secretory response. The reduced cyclic GMP levels are most likely the result of a complete destruction of the villus membranes, where the guanylate cyclase is located. Histological studies revealed massive damage to intestinal villi, whereas the majority of the crypts seem to be unaffected. In conclusion, toxin A‐induced intestinal fluid secretion appears to be caused mainly by severe mucosal damage. PGE2‐release may be the consequence of the inflammation accompanying this damage. The mechanism seems to be completely different to those of cholera toxin or Escherichia coli heat stable enterotoxin. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Alteration in the tissue retention of [14C]‐caffeine in pregnant mice by dimethylsulfoxide
Authors: Gross Sandra M. , Reddy Rajasekhar V. , Reddy Chada S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study was undertaken to investigate if dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO)‐induced potentiation of maternal toxicity and teratogenicity of caffeine (CA) is mediated by DMSO‐induced alteration of CA levels in maternal and fetal tissues. Pregnant CD 1 mice were given single dose of [14C]‐caffeine intraperitoneally (i.p.) on gestational day 12, in distilled water (DW) or 20% (v/v) solution of DMSO in DW. At 6, 12, and 24 hr following dosing, radioactivity in various maternal and fetal tissues was compared. Significantly (p ⩽ 0.05) higher CA‐derived radioactivity was seen in maternal brain, carcass and heart as well as placenta and fetal heads and bodies 6 hr after dosing with CA in DMSO compared to CA in DW. A concomittant reduction in urinary excretion of CA‐derived radioactivity in DMSO group or compared to CA in DW was observed at this time. At 12 hr following dosing, significantly (P ⩽ 0.05) higher CA‐derived radioactivity was noted in maternal heart, brain, and carcass; placenta; and fetal bodies in mice receiving CA in DMSO compared to those receiving CA in DW. These results suggest that increased accumulation of CA in certain maternal and fetal tissues could contribute to the observed increase in maternal and fetal toxicity of CA by DMSO. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Purification from Vipera lebetina (desert adder) venom of a protein that depletes human complement
Authors: Gasmi Ammar , Louzir Hechmi , Karoui Habib , Ayeb Mohamed El , Dellagi Koussey 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA rapid and efficient procedure for purification from Vipera lebetina venom of a low molecular weight anticomplement protein is described. The procedure used gel filtration on Superose 12, followed by ion‐exchange chromatography on a Mono Q column. The purified protein migrated on SDS‐PAGE as a single band of about 25,000 Da under nonreducing conditions and as a band of 16,000 Da under reducing conditions. Its isoelectric point was estimated to be 7.6 ± 0.1. The isolated Vipera lebetina protein was found to decrease the hemolytic activity in human serum measured by assays for classical pathway and alternative pathway activation. The loss of the complement activity could be ascribed, at least in part, to a proteolytic cleavage of the a chains of C3 and C4. This protein was also found to be without action on human blood coagulation and on purified fibrinogen and Factor B. © 1994 wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isolation and identification of two potent neurotoxins, aspartic acid and glutamic acid, from yellow star thistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
Authors: Roy Dwijendra N. , Peyton David H. , Spencer Peter S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractHorses grazins for prolonged periods on yellow star thistle (YST), a plant which grows wild in western parts of the United States, develop an extrapyramidal disorder known as nigropallidal encephalomalacia (NPE). Attempts have been made to identify, isolate, and characterize the toxins responsible for the disease in animals. Using the organotypic tissue culture system on mouse cortical explants as a specific assay method for neurotoxicological evaluation, it has been possible to isolate and characterize two potent neuroexcitotoxic compounds, aspartic and glutamic acids, the former being the major toxic component in the alcoholic extract of the plant. There is also evidence that other neurotoxic compounds are present in the extract. The detailed procedure for isolation and characterization of these compounds is given here. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Directly toxic effects of plant chemicals which may occur in human and animal foods
Authors: Seawright Alan A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractPyrrolizidine alkaloids are among the most significant plant chemicals causing disease in animals and humans. After absorption from the gut, the compounds are converted to electrophilic pyrroles in the liver which, apart from causing damage to this organ, may escape to cause injury to extraheptic tissues such as the lungs, heart, and kidneys.A group of compounds more recently found to be associated with neurotoxicity are various polyhydroxyalkaloids which are able to interfere with polysaccharide metabolism. They are able to inhibit lysosomal monosaccharidases by virtue of their structural resemblance to the transition state of particular sugar molecules. The resulting lysosomal storage diseases have pathology identical to that of the respective congenital and heritable lysosomal storage diseases which occur in animals and humans.Consumption of cycad plants by cattle may cause a neurotoxicity characterised mainly by a posterior sensory ataxia. In recent years, cycads are considered to be a risk factor for a spectrum of progressive neuro degenerative diseases of humans in the Western Pacific region. The known toxins in the plant are the methylazoxymethanol glycosides which are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic, and the neurotoxic non‐protein amino acid β‐methylaminoalanine.A plant carcinogen which can be of great abundance in the nutritional environment is the illudine norsesquiterpene glucoside ptaquiloside which is found in bracken fern. This is the only plant carcinogen which causes natural outbreaks of bladder and/or intestinal cancer in livestock.Many legumes contain phytooestrogens, notably isoflavones. Consumption of these compounds at high levels by sheep can cause extensive lesions of the genitalia of females and castrated males. A chronic long‐term effect of excessive oestrogen intake in ewes is “masculinization” of the internal genitalia leading to reduced fertility. The presence of such compounds in the diet may be associated with reproductive disorders in man. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.