bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Weight Control For Offshore Platforms
Authors: Elleston Frederick G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
After some years of experience in building production platforms in the sea, it has become apparent to production platforms in the sea, it has become apparent to the Offshore Industry that lack of knowledge concerning the weight and centre of gravity of the topside facility has brought very costly problems.
With the pressing need to obviate these problems a new concept in technology has emerged called Weight Control for Offshore Platforms.

Introduction
This paper, generally, concerns itself with Weight Control as applied to the topside facility, but it should be borne in mind that similar systems are necessary for supporting structures, be they freestanding jackets, or any type of floating early production systems. It must also be noted that the production systems. It must also be noted that the principles that are stated here will have a future principles that are stated here will have a future application, with some adaptation, to suit changing engineering attitudes which have been affected by the knowledge gained in the Offshore Industry, e.g. the modularisation of onshore plants, floating factories, floating chemical plants.

THEORY
The aim of this paper is firstly, to state the problems that may arise if weight and balance of the problems that may arise if weight and balance of the topside facility is neglected (and therefore demonstrate the need for Weight Control) and secondly, to enumerate the problems that may be encountered in the setting up of a Weight Control system.
PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE PROBLEMS THAT MAY ARISE The knowledge of weight and centre of gravity of the topside facility is a necessity for the jacket design criteria. It is also essential, in the individual modules, which make up the topside facility, for the module load-out conditions, and also the selection of the crane barge for emplacement. Further, this knowledge indicates the ability of the Platform to carry additional plant during production, for full exploitation of a field.
Experience has shown that Platform weights always increase, so, if weight and balance knowledge is neglected the result may well be very expensive penalties and even delays to schedule. penalties and even delays to schedule. In an attempt to preempt the problems that may be incurred by overweight a certain platform had a weight philosophy applied where a substantial contingency was added in the early design phase to cover design options, future changes and design progress. Due to a lack of control during the detailed design phase the total weights were still exceeded. phase the total weights were still exceeded.
Study on the Distribution Charecteristics of Remaining Oil in Fluvial-Deltaic Reservoirs at High Water Cut Stage
Authors: Du Qinglong , Shi Chengfang , Zhu Lihong , Xiao Aili , Liang Hailong , Li Hongbin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Based on sedimentary characterizations of the fluvial-deltaic reservoirs in Daqing oil field, the rules of oil and water movement in various sedimentary facies were analyzed in the process of waterflooding programs, then remaing oil distribution in such reservoirs was presented. Mechanisms to leave current remaining oil patterns were investigated in light of areal and vertical characteristics, indicating potentials of improved waterflooding of the remained oil in the reservoirs.
Simulation of Non-Darcy Flow in Porous Media Including Viscous, Inertial and Frictional Effects
Authors: Belhaj H. A. , Agha K. R. , Butt S. D. , Islam M. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In this paper a new diffusivity flow equation has been derived to describe fluid flow in porous media including both Darcian and non-Darcian behaviors. This equation is based on the fundamental Darcy’s equation, Forchheimer’s equation and Brinkman’s equation. The pressure gradient as predicted by the new diffusivity equation includes both viscous terms in Darcy’s and Brinkman’s equations and the inertial forces term in Forchheimer’s equation. Both Forchheimer’s inertial and Brinkman’s viscous effects are expected to become significant at high flow velocity due to the interactions between fluid layers among themselves and with the media. A numerically simulated model has been specifically developed based on the newly derived partial differential equation. The Crank-Nicholson approximation technique was successfully used to model the newly derived diffusivity equation using suitable boundary conditions. A wide range of fluid flow and porous media characteristics has been tested, and predictions of the numerical model showed very consistent results in all ranges.
An experimental laboratory program was designed to verify the numerical model predictions. Comparison showed excellent agreement between experimental data and the numerical model predictions. The flow velocity versus pressure gradient profiles resulting from both the numerical and the experimental programs depicted a great deal of compatibility. At the non-Darcy region "high velocity", the inertial forces tend to predict non-linear higher pressure drop than the Darcian linear prediction, while the frictional non linear effect holds the pressure gradient closer to the Darcian trend. The effect of the shift upward from the Darcian linear trend is much more significant than the shift downward caused by the frictional effects. The findings of this study are expected to be applicable to both gas and oil reservoirs with no scale-up effort.
Selected U.S. Department of Energy’s EOR Technology Applications
Authors: Felber Betty J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Enhanced oil recovery (EOR) innovations have paved the way for newer, more exciting technologies that provide improved EOR processes. Among the latest advancements are new methods for describing the reservoir, improved downhole instrumentation, and new chemicals engineered to improve recovery. These are just a few of the innovations available to geoscientists and engineers in their quest for better reservoir description and applications of improved EOR processes.
The U. S. Department of Energy (USDOE) has sustained development of many of these technologies. This paper highlights some of the USDOE championed laboratory and field applications work in steamflooding, biotechnology, alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) formulations and chemicals to increase carbon dioxide viscosity. Future challenges in applying EOR using microhole technology are also discussed.
Advancements in steamflooding include mechanistic studies to better understand fluid and heat flow conditions. The biotechnology work discussed used resident microflora to selectively plug porous zones and increase oil recovery. The alkaline-surfactant-polymer work summarizes the laboratory and field work conducted in support of a shallow reservoir ASP application. The laboratory search for chemicals to increase the viscosity of carbon dioxide is also discussed.
A new area of work is microhole technology—wellbores that are less than 2-¼ inches in diameter. Included in this discussion are the challenges of developing the tools, the market, and the expectation of delivery of improved oil recovery chemicals utilizing a microhole.
Pore Scale Network Modeling of Relative permeability in Chemical flooding
Authors: Bo Qiliang , Zhong Taixian , Liu Qingjie 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Relative permeability provides important information for understanding the dynamic behavior of two-phase flow. EOR technology featured by polymer flooding, surfactant flooding and ASP compositional flooding requires relative permeability data to characterize the flow behavior in reservoir engineering calculation and numerical simulation. A dynamic pore scale network model and its application in simulating the impact of IFT and oil/water viscosity on relative permeability are presented in this paper. The parameters of both viscous force and capillary force, instead of the only one parameter the capillary pressure as in conventional or invasion percolation algorithm, control the displacement configuration in this model, and so the model can better reflect the impact of chemical flooding on flow behavior.
The study presented that both water and oil relative permeability curves shift with variation of IFT and oil/water viscosity ratio. It was found that both water and oil relative permeability curves shift upward as IFT is reduced. They tend to become linear with saturation as IFT reach ultra low value. The effect of viscosity ratio is very small when the interfacial tension is high. But when the interfacial is low, the water relative permeability decreases with the increase of the water viscosity. The oil relative permeability also decreases but not as much as water, especially at high water saturation, the decrease can be neglected. The breakthrough saturation tends to decrease with reduction of IFT, however within a certain range of IFT value, this simple correlation between breakthrough saturation and IFT might be changed with oil/water viscosity ratio.
A Step Change in Perforating Technology Improves Productivity of Horizontal Wells in the North Sea
Authors: Stenhaug Morten , Erichsen Leif , Doornbosch Fokko H.C. , Parrott Robert A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the introduction of a new perforating system in Norway, including its development based on operator specifications. Field examples demonstrate the measurable success of the system, showing a three- to sixfold increase in productivity and production rates as high as 8500 m3/D per well.
The Visund field is located in the North Sea, about 150 km off the coast of mid-Norway. High reservoir pressure and insufficient formation strength made it necessary to perforate in relatively heavy completion fluid with the guns oriented for sand prevention. The first wells, perforated in water-based fluid with zinc charges, produced below expectations. Potential causes were identified as insufficient depth of penetration, high overbalance when perforating, and zinc precipitation damaging the formation. There were also indications from other fields that the orienting technology in use was not producing expected results.
The operator started an initiative to improve the perforating system. Design criteria included deep-penetrating, low-debris steel charges that minimize debris and improve performance, increased gun-void volume for a better surge effect, accurate orientation of the perforation tunnel regardless of dogleg severity, and confirmation of the orientation. The operator and the service company collaborated to develop a system that would provide a better solution. The system was tested and qualified before it was introduced in the Visund field. To optimize perforation cleanup during static overbalanced well conditions, a dynamic underbalance method was selected.
Since December 2001, six wells have been completed on Visund using the new system. In one well the dynamic underbalance response was confirmed from downhole pressure gauges run directly above the guns. The combined benefits of the perforating system, the dynamic underbalance, and a special kill pill have resulted in up to sixfold increase in productivity. The gun orientation is verifiably within requirements, and perforating debris have been minimal.
Gas-lift Instability Resulted Production Loss and Its Remedy by Feedback Control: Dynamical Simulation Results
Authors: Hu Bin , Golan Michael 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Gas-lift wells can be unstable due to various reasons. The fluctuating, and sometimes chaotic unstable production behavior affects many offshore fields, particularly at their decline stages. The hazardousness of the flucuation to operation safety and smoothness has been awared. But the production reduction due to the instabilities has not been widely addressed. In this paper, a commercial available dynamical multiphase flow simulator is used to conduct investigation on the production loss. Two types of instabilities, casing heading and density wave instability, which both can result in production loss are simulated. Two hypothetic wells, abstracted from typical North Sea gas-lift wells, are built within the simulator. Parametric simulation study is then performed by changing the well settings. The average production rate of the unstable well can be obtained from the simulation and compared with the steady state prediction. The difference of the two results gives the production loss due to instability. Furthermore, the paper presents simulation results of applying feedback control to the unstable wells. The production loss is reduced as an effect of stabilization by feedback control.
Upstream Health & Safety Improvements: Sustaining the Momentum
Authors: Smith Don 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The International Assocation of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) encompasses most of the world's leading publicly-traded, private and state-owned oil & gas companies, oil & gas associations and major upstream service companies. OGP's 57 members account for more than half of the world's oil production and over a third of its natural gas production.
Part of OGP's mission is to achieve continuous improvement in safety, health and environmental performance. Members of OGP attempt to achieve this by identifying and working on important issues in these areas.
OGP operates through a series of committees, sub-committees and task forces staffed by representatives from member organisations. The paper presents an overview of the activities of one of OGP's major committees: the Safety, Health and Personnel Competence Committee (SHAPCC).
The paper shows how, by working together and with other stakeholders, E&P organisations have achieved continual improvement in the Health & Safety (H&S) performance of the industry.
Implicit Attitudes: A New Measure of Safety Culture
Authors: Burns Calvin , Mearns Kathryn , McGeorge Peter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes two studies about the explicit and implicit attitudes held by the workforce at UK gas plants about the trustworthiness of their workmates, supervisors and the plant leadership. Psychologists have shown that an individual is able to hold different evaluations of the same object (a conscious, explicit attitude and an unconscious, implicit attitude) and that an individual's explicit and implicit attitudes to something do not have to be the same. Organisational theorists have argued that climate, as measured by explicit attitudes, is only a surface manifestation of culture and that culture manifests itself in deeper levels of unconscious assumptions. Thus, a model of dual attitudes about trust in safety culture is propsed, which conceptualizes explicit attitudes about trust as part of safety climate and implicit attitudes about trust as part of the deeper levels of safety culture. Attitudes about trust were investigated because many researchers have proposed that trust is the foundation of an effective safety culture. Explicit attitudes about trust were measured by a questionnaire while implicit attitudes were measured using a computerised task. The main finding of the paper was that a different pattern of results emerged for explicit and implicit attitudes about trust. The paper concludes by explaining how the data support the proposed model and poses questions for further research.
Building an Effective QHSE System
Authors: Derossi C. R. F. , Bruno J. C. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PETROBRAS/E&P-SERV/US-SAE is the Exploration and Production Service Unit in Petrobras, Brazil, created in November 2000 in order to operate and maintain Petrobras&#39; Jack-up Rigs. At that time, the HSE system was an ISO 14001 and BS 8000 standard-based one, which proved to be a good system, but not strong enough to assure a high HSE level for the operations. Since then, the system has been adapted, by the introduction of human behavior&#39;s elements, and the results appeared swiftly. For example, the LTI (Lost Time Incident) rate, which was 1.15 in 1999 and 0.94 in 2000, has decreased since 2001 in a deep and consistent way: 0.24 in 2001, 0.21 in 2002 and zero in 2003, until October. That means: the drilling activity, one of the most dangerous in the petroleum industry, can be done with minimum risk.
Integrated Vector Management Principles For Malaria Control Programs
Authors: Ebsworth Peter 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Ecological principles for the design and implementation of sustainable malaria vector control programmes are outlined and illustrated with the results obtained from successful malaria control programmes in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea. The elements of program design may be applied during planning, construction and subsequent operational phases; and in established projects. The integrated vector control techniques make use of: the ecological characteristics of local vectors; landscape and local topography; and, modern environmentally sound insecticides. There are opportunities to create partnerships between private sector and government and for local job creation.
Baseline ecological and entomological parameters are usually required prior to program implementation, including careful identification of local mosquito species and their breeding habitats. Control decisions are based upon the weekly collection of quantitative data from both human and mosquito populations. An integrated mosquito control program targeting malaria vectors may include; environmental planning and construction controls; ongoing breeding source reduction which may include habitat modification as well as drainage measures; larviciding and appropriate biological controls; residual insecticide applications to dwellings; and, the use of insecticide impregnated bed-nets. The successful impact of these measures on anopheline populations and malaria incidence and prevalence will be illustrated using data collected from locations in Indonesia and Papua New Guinea over the past 6 years. Epidemiological indicators will illustrate control principles and outcomes.
Keeping the Promises – A Management Framework for Delivering ESIA Commitments During Pipeline Construction
Authors: Spence S. K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper outlines the environmental and social management framework for the construction of the Baku-Tiblisi-Ceyhan (BTC) oil pipeline. The paper concentrates on the period from tendering of construction contracts through to the beginning of construction.
There is particular focus on the lessons learned to date and useful insights are provided which will be of benefit to future projects.
Stabilisation of Oil Based Mud Drill Cuttings Using Accelerated Carbonation Technology
Authors: Page Paul W. , Segret Giles , Johnson David , Bradshaw Keith , Jones Harry 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The common method of disposing of oil-based drill cuttings has been to the sea or to landfill; however, in recent years, more environmental solutions have been sought, ranging from re-injection to burning. These methods have their drawbacks in terms of cost and effect on the environment. In addition, recent changes in legislation relating to disposal of materials to landfill have resulted in the need to consider alternative methods for their disposal.
The use of hydraulic cements for waste treatment and conditioning of liquid, semi-solid and particulate wastes for disposal has an extensively documented history and is a well-established technology: approximately 30% of the remediation programmes under the United States Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ‘Superfund’ scheme involves cement-based solidification and stabilisation (S/S). Currently in the United Kingdom the use of S/S for waste treatment or conditioning prior to disposal is very limited. A wider application of the technology is however, anticipated in the future due in part, to greater environmental awareness, but more importantly, in response to more stringent forthcoming environmental legislation.
The complex nature of many waste materials is known to inhibit the chemical reactions that are responsible for effective cement-based S/S. Exposure of cement matrices to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere at an early age, i.e., when cement is in a ‘green’ state or, prior to the normal hydration reactions proceeding to any degree, has been found to overcome these deleterious interactions. However, atmospheric carbonation is a slow, natural phenomenon of cement and concrete exposed to air.
This paper examines the treatment of oil-based drill cuttings using Accelerated Carbonation Technology (ACT).
During ACT this natural process is accelerated by exposure of waste/cement admixtures to gaseous carbon dioxide at atmospheric pressure. Laboratory-based work on oil-based drill cuttings showed that mixing binder and waste in air produces monolithic blocks whilst mixing in carbon dioxide was exothermic and produced granular material which potentially was suitable for geotechnical engineering applications. A subsequent demonstration trial subjected the OBM cuttings to ACT using various hydraulic binders and mixing regimes to produce different engineering materials ranging from fill conforming to the requirements of the UK Highways Specification to granular aggregate. Leach data for the treated drill cuttings indicated their suitability for disposal to non-hazardous landfill.
Modified Work Program: Why Bother?
Authors: Doucette N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Modified work programs have been used for many years. Despite much research to prove their value, many companies still ask the question: "Why bother?" The benefits of modified work programs for employers include reduced Workers Compensation Board (WCB) costs, reduced time lost from work, lower supplemental hiring and training costs, the ability to retain experienced employees, and maintain a positive company image. A successful modified work program shows commitment to employees and enables the company to keep experienced workers for their skills and knowledge, as well as ensure the employees' continuous contribution to the company's success.
The goal of a modified work program is to return the injured employee to the workplace and assist them in maximizing their full potential within the company. Occupational rehabilitation studies and programs show that employees who are engaged in some form of paid work recover almost twice as quickly as employees left to recover on their own. The longer an employee is off work because of an injury, the less likely they are to return to their preaccident job. A modified work program provides the employee with increased opportunities for a full and speedy recovery while maintaining income. Such programs also provide the benefits of an early and safe return to work, a lower risk of reinjury, job security, continuity of earnings, and the ability to maintain contact with coworkers.
This paper examines the elements of a modified work program, the benefits for both the employer and employee, an inventory of modified work positions, program reporting and documentation, levels of modified positions, and roles and responsibilities. Further topics include achieving buy-in from all levels of the organization. This paper also examines the cost and benefit analysis of a modified work program to demonstrate why it is financially beneficial for companies to "bother."