bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic synthesis of monosaccharide fatty acid esters and their comparison with conventional products
Authors: Fregapane Giuseppe , Sarney Douglas B. , Greenberg Sydney G. , Knight Dorothy J. , Vulfson Evgeny N. 
Published: January 2007

Abstract5‐O‐Acyl‐1,2‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐xylofuranose and 6‐O‐acyl1,2∶3,4‐di‐O‐isopropylidene‐D‐galactopyranose were enzymatically prepared from the corresponding monosaccharide acetals and commercial (crude) fatty acid mixtures. Subsequent acid‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the isopropylidene group(s) gave monosaccharide esters with overall yields of 59–88%, where the monoester content was at least 80% (galactose oleate) and typically 90% for the other preparations. In contrast to sugar fatty acid esters prepared by conventional, high‐temperature (trans)esterification, the enzymatically obtained monosaccharide esters contained no appreciable quantities of undersirable side products, and the only contaminants were monosaccharides and fatty acids.
Agronomic potential and seed composition of cuphea, an annual crop for lauric and capric seed oils
Authors: Hirsinger Frank 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCuphea is an herbaceous summer annual plant native to Mexico. The seed oil contains various medium‐chain fatty acids which, depending on the species, account for 40 to more than 80% of the total fatty acids. Cuphea oil could be a substitute for conconut‐ and palm kernel oil because of the high lauric acid content, but also could serve as a natural source of capric acid, which presently comes mainly from petrochemicals.Agronomic research recently begun at Oregon State University is directed toward adaptation and yield improvement of Cuphea. Initial Oregon field experiments in 1983 indicated that Cuphea is well adapted to the Willamette Valley. The plant, however, is not yet adapted to current farm production technology. Slow emergence and seedling growth may be altered by breeding and selection. Seed indehiscence and indeterminate growth already have been altered through mutations.In recent experiments seed yield could be increased significantly by multiple harvests, which indicates that further gain could be expected through improved technology. Present yield potential of Cuphea is about 300 kg of oil per hectare.
Processing characteristics and oxidative stability of soybean oil extracted with supercritical carbon dioxide at 50 C and 8,000 psi
Authors: List G. R. , Friedrich J. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe crude oil extracted from soy flakes with supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was characterized for color, free fatty acid, phosphorus, neutral oil loss, unsaponifiable matter, tocopherol and iron content and compared to a commercial hexane‐extracted sample of crude degummed oil. Characterization and processing studies indicate that SCCO2 extraction yields a product comparable to a hexane‐extracted degummed oil. However, hexane‐extracted degummed soybean oils exhibit better oxidative stability because phosphatides, which are natural antioxidants, are essentially absent in SCCO2‐extracted oils.
Acid‐catalyzed condensation of oleic acid into estolides and polyestolides
Authors: Isbell Terry A. , Kleiman Robert , Plattner Beth A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOleic acid, when treated with 1.0 equivalent of perchloric acid at 50°C, produced a 76% yield of polyestolide. The concentration of mineral acid greatly affected the rate of estolide formation, with increased rates under high acid concentrations. Over a range of temperatures from room temperature to 100°C, reaction rates increased at higher temperatures. However, high acid concentrations and temperatures produced undesirable side products, primarily lactones. Other acids catalyze the condensation of oleic acid to form estolide with the following relative rates: HClO4 >H2SO4>p‐toluenesulfonic>BF3·Et2O> montmorillonite K‐10>HCl>H3PO4, HNO3. Addition of water impedes the formation of estolide.
Discriminant analysis of vegetable oils by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Bewig Karen M. , Clarke Andrew D. , Roberts Craig , Unklesbay Nan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDiscriminant analysis of four vegetable oil types (cotton‐seed, peanut, soybean and canola) was performed by near‐infrared reflectance spectroscopy. The objective of this study was to provide an alternate method to differentiate vegetable oil types and to classify unknown oil samples. Second derivative spectra of the vegetable oils were subjected to discriminate analysis with Mahalanobis distances principles. A four‐wavelength (1704, 1802, 1816 and 2110 nm) equation was derived, which produced a sum of inverse squared distance of 0.0548. Although all four groups were successfully separated with a chi square of 18.9, the soybean oil group is more dispersed in space than the other three groups. Iodine values of the soybean oil samples suggest that this group may have a wide range of hydrogenation states. Discriminant analysis can be successfully used to differentiate vegetable oil types and possibly could also be used to differentiate degree of hydrogenation and oxidative states of oils.
Are theoretical surface chemistry measurements really practical?
Authors: Wingrave J. A. , Matson T. P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe principles and concepts of surface chemistry can be of enormous aid in the application of surfactant chemicals to practical cleaning and foaming problems. The use of surfactants for foam stability was seen to be dependent on rheological properties of the foam (bulk and surface viscosity) and to the energetics of the adsorbed surfactant monolayer (area/surfactant molecule, monolayer clasticity modulus, rate of monolayer spreading and rate of surfactant adsorption into the interface). From these principles, an equation predicting foam volume in the presence or absence of soil was derived and found to be in good agreement with experiment. In detergency, the performance was dictated by the thermodynamic work of adhesion between the soil and substrate. The adhesion was a function of surface properties (soil/water interfacial tension and soil/water/substrate). The role of agitation in detergency was shown to be that energy which was needed to overcome the adhesive bond between soil and substrate. The implicit form of the agitation term was discussed (dependent on substrate configuration, agitator system geometry and mechanics) but not explicitly deduced. The role of interfacial tension was discussed in relation to foam stability and detergency. In both applications, low interfacial tension is beneficial to performance. However, because other surface chemical effects play a role in performance in detergency and foam stability, it was noted that interfacial tension is not the sole correlating parameter with performance. The situations in which low interfacial tension is not sufficient to give improved detergency and foam stability performance were delineated. A possible new method of aiding in optimizing oil/surfactant performance also was discussed. Finally, the role of micelles in detergency was examined in light of very recent experimental work which suggests that micelles may be detrimental to detergency and foam stability performance. This study suggests that surfactants which form mesomorphic phases with soil give better performance. Micelles, instead of solubilizing soil in their hydrophobic cores, are said to be competing with the mesomorphic phase formation process, thereby hindering detergency performance. It is suggested by the sheer weight of new theoretical and innovative approaches to surface chemistry applied to detergency and foam stability performance that “theoretical surface chemistry measurements really (are) practical!”
The preparation of soy products with different levels of native phytate for zinc bioavailability studies
Authors: Baker E. C. , Mustakas G. C. , Erdman J. W. , Black L. T. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSoy products with low, intermediate and normal phytate levels were prepared in the pilot plant for subsequent rat‐feeding experiments to evaluate zinc bioavailability. The low level (0.29%) phytate product was made by precipitation of the protein curd at pH 5.5, whereas the normal level (1.05%) phytate product was produced by a similar process except that the phytate previously isolated from the whey fraction was added back to the original curd as native phytate. The intermediate level (0.73%) phytate product was also produced by acid precipitation, but at pH 4.5. The pH 5.5 precipitation process yielded a large quantity of whey in which the ratio of water content to phytate was over 1,000 parts to 1. However, ca. 75% of the water was subsequently removed by reverse osmosis (RO), which increased the concentration of phytate in the whey fraction and facilitated its isolation. Protein was first removed from the whey by precipitation with trichloracetic acid, then phytate was precipitated in the supernatant with ferric chloride. Another series of experiments was run to find optimal conditions to convert ferric phytate to the more soluble sodium phytate form, using a minimal amount of sodium hydroxide so that the phytate could be recycled back to the curd without causing a large increase in sodium content of the product. There were only minor differences in the protein, lipid and mineral contents of the three products.
Selective conjugation of soybean esters to increase hydrogenation selectivity
Authors: Koritala S. , Frankel E. N. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolyunsaturated fatty acid methyl esters of soybean oil (MeSBO) were selectively conjugated as a means of increasing the linolenate selectivity of various homogeneous and heterogeneous hydrogenation catalysts. Kinetics of the conjugation reaction in various solvents indicated that linolenate conjugated 5–8 times faster than linoleate. Selective conjugation of MeSBO with potassiumt‐butoxide in dipolar solvents resulted in an increase in linolenate hydrogenation selectivity to 7–8 with Ni and Pd heterogeneous catalysts, and to 7–10 with homogeneous and heterogeneous chromium carbonyl catalysts.Trans‐unsaturation in the hydrogenated products was only 1–3% with the chromium carbonyl catalysts, in contrast to 30–39% with the heterogeneous metal catalysts. Triglycerides were readily converted to partial glycerides andt‐butyl esters with the potassiumt‐butoxide reagent.
Vegetable oils as fuel alternatives — Symposium overview
Authors: Pryde E. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSeveral encouraging statements can be made about the use of vegetable oil products as fuel as a result of the information presented in these symposium papers. Vegetable oil ester fuels have the greatest promise, but further engine endurance tests will be required. These can be carried out best by the engine manufacturers. Microemulsions appear to have promise, but more research and engine testing will be necessary before performance equivalent to the ester fuels can be developed. Such research effort can be justified because microemulsification is a rather uncomplicated physical process and might be adaptable to on‐farm operations, which would be doubtful for the more involved transesterification process. Although some answers have been provided by this symposium, others are still not available; engine testing is continuing throughout the world particularly in those countries that do not have access to petroleum.
Redeposition of natural soils in a home laundry test
Authors: Feighner George C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA procedure for measuring the redeposition of natural soils onto clean fabrics was developed. Laundry bundles of paired articles from typical households were divided and washed under controlled conditions in a home style washing machine. Large swatches of unsoiled fabrics were included in the laundry load. After each laundering small swatches were cut out for reflectance measurements. The large swatches were rated by panelists after every 5 cycles. Twenty cycles were run. Results demonstrated that the test discriminates between similar products. The effect seen was quite similar to the soil build‐up which occurs in the Laundry Bundle Test ASTM‐D‐2960. However, the bundle test requires much time to complete while the test described here can be run at the rate of several cycles per day. Also, it is not necessary to purchase new clothing for each test.
Sunflowerseed extraction with a new type of extractor
Authors: Türkay S. , Şatiroğlu K. N. , Şaşmaz D. A. , Gülbaran E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractIn this study extraction of sunflowerseeds is performed using a new extractor system which eliminates various operations, such as dehulling and prepressing, of the conventional systems. This new extraction system uses a moving bed of seeds which is continuously washed with fresh solvent sprayed from mobile spray nozzles. To confirm the performance of the Gülbaran extractor for extraction of sunflowerseeds, the effects of extraction temperature, residence time, solvent/meal ratio and particle size on the oil yield are investigated.The experiments performed showed that the optimum extraction conditions are 50–53 C solvent temperature, 40–45 C extractor temperature, 90 min extraction time, 2.7 kg/hr solvent flow rate and 0.9–1.0 mm particle size. The resultant miscella in this system was more dilute than some multicell extractors, thus requiring more evaporator costs.
Viscoelastic properties of plastic fat products
Authors: DeMan J. M. , Gupta S. , Kloek M. , Timbers G. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAn instrument is described for the creep analysis of plastic fat products. The instrument records the deformation of a sample under constant force. Deformation is sensed by a displacement transducer. Instantaneous elasticity, retarded elasticity and plastic flow can be calculated. The extent of instantaneous elasticity of plastic fat products was found to be dependent on loading time. At longer loading times, the instantaneous elasticity as a percentage of total deformation decreased, with a corresponding increase in permanent deformation. The effects of temperature, magnitude of force and work softening were investigated. The results are discussed in relation to the nature of the crystal network structure in plastic fat products.
Studies in photooxidation of olive oil
Authors: Kiritsakis A. , Dugan L. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPhotooxidation of olive oil, bleached to remove most non‐triglyceride components, was studied to elucidate the role of added chlorophyll a, pheophytin a and b,α‐ andβ‐carotene, d‐α‐tocopherol and nickel dibutyldithiocarbamate.Chlorophyll functioned as a photosensitizer resulting in rapid oxidation of the oil and the added components and loss of color.α‐ andβ‐carotene acted essentially equally as singlet oxygen quenchers.α‐tocopherol had little apparent effect on the oxidation rate. Carotenes and tocopherols apparently were destroyed more rapidly when chlorophyll was present. The ratio of peroxide value to conjugated dienoic acids formed developed greater values when chlorophyll was present, thus suggesting a singlet oxygen effect in the system. Pheophytin also proved to be an oxidation promoter.
Cholesterol oxides I. Isolation and determination of some cholesterol oxidation products
Authors: Maerker G. , Unruh J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCholesterol in purified triolein was subjected to saponification by two procedures employing hot alkali and was found to give rise to oxidation products despite precautions. The isomeric 5,6‐epoxycholestanols and 7‐hydroxycholesterols were stable under saponification conditions, but 7‐ketocholesterol and 6‐ketocholestanol were destroyed by hot alkali. The oxidation of cholesterol during saponification was not inhibited by the addition of BHT. The determination of a number of standard cholesterol oxides by direct on‐column GC was demonstrated with good resolution. Their order of elution was different from that of the TMS‐derivatized products.
Toasted soybean flour components with trypsin inhibitor activity
Authors: Sessa David J. , Bietz Jerold A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCompounds in toasted soybean flour having trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity were isolated and characterized. Sodium hydroxide (0.01N) extracts of toasted soybean flour had an average of 2.59 mg TI/g sample. These extracts, after trichloroacetic acid (TCA) precipitation and dialysis, yielded supernatant and precipitate fractions. Addition of polyvinylpyrrolidone to eliminate free tannins and phenolics in the extracts, which may lead to overestimation of TI activity, was unnecessary. Material balance studies revealed 91% protein recovery and 92% recovery of TI activity in the TCA supernatant (1.1% protein, 2.0% TI) and precipitate (89.8% protein, 90.0% TI) fractions. Column chromatography and electrophoresis showed the TCA supernatant and precipitate fractions to contain proteins, including those having TI activity. Kunitz type TI and Bowman‐Birk type protease inhibitors accounted for most residual TI activity of toasted soybean flour, as verified by column chromatography, isoelectric focusing, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide electrophoresis, and size‐exclusion high performance liquid chromatography, using the two similarly treated protease inhibitors as standards. Immunoblotting was also used to detect and identify Kunitz type TI’s in toasted soybean meal extracts. This study established the proteinaceous nature of residual trypsin inhibitor activity in toasted soybean flour and the presence of both Kunitz and Bowman‐Birk inhibitors.
Chemical and fungal evaluation of graded sunflowerseed
Authors: Robertson J. A. , Roberts R. G. , Morrison W. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThirty‐four samples of commercial oil‐type sunflower‐seed graded No. 1, 10 samples graded No. 2 and 33 samples graded Sample grade (SG) were used to study the relationship between percent heat damage, an important grading character, and percent FFA, percent color and UV absorption of extracted oil, percent germination and number and identities of fungi present. Seventy‐two fungal species belonging to 28 genera were isolated. Thirty‐seven fungal species in 17 genera were isolated from grade No. 1 seed; 68 species in 13 genera were isolated from grade No. 2 seed, and 68 species in 26 genera were isolated from SG seed. The genera most frequently isolated from grade No. 1 seed wereAlternaria (85.3%),Phoma (4.7%) andCladosporium (4.5%).Alternaria alternata was recovered from all No. 1 samples and comprised 75.6% of all isolates. The genera most frequently isolated from grade No. 2 seed wereAlternaria (74.5%),Eurotium (8.4%) andPhoma (7.7%). Fewer fungal species were isolated from grade No. 2 than from No. 1 seed, but a greater recovery of storage fungi was found for No. 2 seed (13.3%) than for No. 1 seed (2.5%).Alternaria (33.8%),Eurotium (33.1%) andMicroascus (8.3%) were the genera most frequently isolated from SG seed. Species of common storage fungi (Eurotium, Microascus, Penicillium andAspergillus) were recovered more frequently from SG than from Grades No. 1 and No. 2. In general, as the quality of the seed decreased from grade No. 1 to grade No. 2 to SG, there was an increase in percent heat damage, percent FFA, Lovibond color and UV absorption of extracted oil, and a decrease in percent germination. Analysis of variance of the quality characteristics data showed no significant differences between grade No. 1 and No. 2 seed except for UV 228 nm absorption. However, the quality characteristics of SG seed all differed significantly from those of grades No. 1 and No. 2 seed with the exception of percent seed yielding fungi. Correlation coefficients of the quality characteristics of SG showed a slight relationship between heat damage and percent FFA (r=0.63) and UV 228 nm absorbance (r=0.68). Although many of the SG seed were badly heat damaged, no statistical relationship was found between percent heat damage and percent seed yielding fungi or total isolates of storage fungi. The data in this study show that errors exist in grading decisions when seed are judged visually to be heat damaged.
Dynamometer evaluation and engine wear characteristics of palm oil diesel emulsions
Authors: Sii H. S. , Masjuki H. , Zaki A. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDynamometer engine tests at steady‐state conditions and a wear characteristics study were carried out on an indirect‐injection diesel engine with palm oil diesel (POD) and its emulsions. The POD fuel was obtained in commercial form, and its emulsions were created by mixing POD fuel to contain 5 and 10% of water by volume. Variations in the engine’s performance characteristics were determined from the results of steady‐state tests carried out at fifteen selected torque‐speed matrix points of the engine’s performance map. The wear characteristics tests were performed by running the engine at half throttle setting for twenty hours for each fuel system. Then a desk‐top comparison study was performed between the base‐line fuel system of ordinary diesel (OD), POD, and its emulsions. Promising results have been obtained. Neither the lower cetane number of POD fuel nor its emulsification with water presented obstacles to the operation of the diesel engine during a series of steady‐state engine tests and the twenty‐hour endurance tests. Engine performance and fuel consumption for POD and its emulsions are comparable with those of OD fuel. Accumulations of wear metal debris in crank‐case oil samples were lower with POD and its emulsions than with baseline OD fuel.
The effects of extraction methods on sesame oil stability
Authors: Kamal‐Eldin Afaf , Appelqvist Lars‐Åke 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe oxidative stability of sesame oil, as measured by the Rancimat test, was shown to be dependent on extraction methods and seed pre‐treatment. Oils extracted from whole seeds were more stable than those extracted from dehulled seeds by the same method. Extraction of the same seeds with polar solvents and effective seed crushing yielded more‐stable oils (16.7–21.3 Rancimat hours) compared with extraction with nonpolar solvents and coarsely crushed or pressed seeds (4.5–6.4 Rancimat hours). Heptane‐isopropanol (3:1, vol/vol) provided slightly more stable oils thann‐hexane by the same method. Results are discussed in relation to some of the major anti‐ and prooxidants present in the oils.