bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chitosan coating minimises eggshell breakage and improves egg quality
Authors: Caner Cenzig , Cansiz Özge 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe interior quality of eggs, shell impact strength, and consumer perception of eggs coated with chitosan containing an organic acid (acetic, lactic and propionic) were evaluated. Uncoated eggs had the highest albumen pH and lowest albumen viscosity. The viscosity of eggs coated with chitosan and lactic or propionic acids were the highest. Chitosan coating also improved shell strength with chitosan + lactic acid being the best coating in this regard. The colour of shell and yolk as measured by lightness (L*), a*, b*, chroma and hue of coated and uncoated eggs were not significantly different but the difference was detected in the colour of albumen, which is an effective indication of freshness and egg quality. Based on sensory evaluation, consumers could not differentiate coated eggs from uncoated eggs; thus the general acceptability of the coated eggs was the same as uncoated eggs. This study shows a great potential of using chitosan and lactic acid mixture as a coating material for egg coating to extend the shelf life. It has no effect on consumer acceptability of the product. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Approximate closed‐form solution for the dynamical analysis of short bearings with couple stress fluid
Authors: Ruggiero Alessandro , Senatore Adolfo 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe film forces in journal bearings may cause self‐exciting oscillations under particular operating conditions; if the amplitude of these oil‐whirl oscillations becomes too large, it may involve unsafe machinery dynamics. Thus, there is a need to understand the dynamic characteristics of the journal bearings evaluating the performances of the couple stress lubricants used to minimise the friction losses in steady operating conditions.The purpose of this paper was to illustrate a method to formulate with closed‐form solutions the non‐steady fluid film forces, and the stiffness and damping coefficients for ‘short’ liquid‐lubricated couple stress journal bearings, assuming the micro‐continuum Stokes' model.It is shown that the model allows the advantage of minimising the computational time required for the non‐linear dynamic analysis of couple stress journal bearings without any significant loss of accuracy, while the analytical form of the solution involves a better readability of the parameter effects on the system unsteady behaviour. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nanocapsules Synthesized by Miniemulsion Technique for Application as New Contrast Agent Materials
Authors: Jagielski Nicole , Sharma Sonu , Hombach Vinzenz , Mailänder Volker , Rasche Volker , Landfester Katharina 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNanocapsules containing the hydrophilic contrast agents Magnevist® and Gadovist® are synthesized in an inverse miniemulsion process. First, nanodroplets of 100 to 550 nm are formed which are subsequently encapsulated by an interfacial polyaddition in polymeric shells of polyurethane, polyurea and crosslinked dextran. The shell thickness can be adjusted by the monomer concentration. Due to the porosity of the polymeric shell, exchange of water molecules through the capsule wall can be ensured and no significant compromises in the T1 relaxitivity of the contrast compound is observed for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This clearly indicates the potential use of the contrast agent filled nanocapsules as new MRI contrast agents.magnified image
Functional Diblock Copolymers for the Integration of Triboluminescent Materials into Polymer Matrices
Authors: Meuer Stefan , Zentel Rudolf 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis work describes the synthesis and use of new diblock copolymers to integrate functional inorganic particles into a polymer matrix. These diblock copolymers were synthesized by nitroxide‐mediated polymerization (NMP) from styrene and two styrene‐like monomers with protected functional groups for the later connection to the functional inorganic material. It was possible to keep the polydispersity of the block copolymers around or below 1.2 and to preset the length of the functional block to about 20 monomers or 10 mol‐% of monomers. The groups for the surface functionalization (amino groups or chelating ligands) were obtained in their free form by polymer analogous reactions. As an example of functional inorganic materials, two highly triboluminescent materials were synthesized and investigated: an europium complex that is sensitive to fracture only and a manganese‐doped zinc sulfide that is also sensitive to reversible deformations. The interaction of the functional block copolymers with these triboluminescent crystals could be proved by (i) selective adsorption on surfaces coated with the block copolymer, (ii) by copolymer‐mediated transfer of the crystals from water to a chloroform phase and (iii) by the homogenous embedding of the crystals in a polystyrene (PS) matrix.magnified image
Hydrodynamic Size and Electrophoretic Mobility of Poly(styrene sulfonate) versus Molecular Weight
Authors: Böhme Ute , Scheler Ulrich 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe effective charge of a macromolecule in solution is significantly smaller than the nominal charge, derived form the number of charged groups and the degree of dissociation. It is reduced by counterion condensation, shielding a considerable fraction of the macromolecules charge. As an example the influence of the molecular weight on hydrodynamic size and electrophoretic mobility of poly(styrene sulfonate) has been investigated. While from diffusion the hydrodynamic size is inferred, in a combination with electrophoresis NMR the effective charge is calculated. At low molecular weight the effective charge is equal to the nominal charge, in an intermediate range the effective charge is that predicted from counterion condensation theory, while at higher molecular weights it becomes considerably smaller.magnified image
Functionalized Poly(benzimidazole)s as Membrane Materials for Fuel Cells
Authors: Sukumar Prabakaran R. , Wu Weicheng , Markova Dilyana , Ünsal Ömer , Klapper Markus , Müllen Klaus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractNew polymer electrolyte membranes for fuel cell applications were synthesized via covalent bonding of phosphonic acid (PA) onto poly(benzimidazole) (PBI). PBI was functionalized via N‐alkylation with an appropriate phosphonate, followed by hydrolysis of the grafted groups to the desired PA functions. Alternatively, polymer networks based on PBI and vinyl phosphonic acid (VPA) were successfully synthesized. In this second approach, PBI was first functionalized in a polymer analogous modification with polymerizable or radical‐forming groups. Thermally induced ‘grafting‐through’ or ‘grafting‐from’ polymerization of VPA led to the corresponding PBI/PVPA networks. The structure‐property relationships with respect to proton conducting properties of the membrane materials are discussed.magnified image
Mathematical Model for Vinyl‐Divinyl Polymerization
Authors: Kizilel Seda , Papavasiliou Georgia , Gossage John , Teymour Fouad 
Published: October 2007

AbstractA mathematical model for the crosslinking copolymerization of a vinyl and divinyl monomer was developed and applied to the case of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate batch polymerization. Model results compare favorably to the experimental findings of Li and Hamielec23 for the system investigated. The model presented utilizes the numerical fractionation technique15 and is capable of predicting a broad range of distributional properties both for pre‐ and post‐gel operating conditions as well as polymer properties that were not experimentally determined from the experimental findings of Li and Hamielec, such as crosslink density and branching frequency. The effects of divinyl monomer fraction and chain transfer agent level on the polymer properties and the dynamics of gelation were also investigated.magnified image
Nursing support at the onset of rheumatoid arthritis: Time and space for emotions, practicalities and self‐management
Authors: Hehir M. , Carr M. , Davis B. , Radford S. , Robertson L. , Tipler S. , Hewlett S. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractBackground: Following a diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), patients have to adapt to lifelong, unpredictable but repeated episodes of pain and disability, potentially leading to permanent loss of function and its consequences on their lives. We established nurse clinics with the aim of supporting newly diagnosed RA patients in adapting to and managing their long‐term condition. The aim of this study was to explore the content of clinic discussions in this new clinical service, in order to ascertain patients' needs upon diagnosis.Methods: All clinic letters from the nurse to the family doctor were analysed. Every topic mentioned was systematically coded independently by a researcher and a patient research partner, who compared and agreed codes. Codes were organized into categories, and, finally, into overarching themes.Results: Twenty‐four patients had 74 appointment letters. A total of 79 codes were identified, from which ten categories emerged, and, finally, three overarching themes. The first theme related to ‘Emotional support’, which underpinned the other two themes and was discussed in almost all appointments. Issues included discussions about the emotional consequences of RA, needing time to adjust, frustration and fears for the future. The second theme ‘Practicalities of the treatment of RA’, included subordinate themes relating to the nature of RA, such as identity, cause, timeline, consequences and treatment. Medication issues were discussed and referrals to the multidisciplinary team were made. The final theme related to the ‘Self‐management of RA’, and included discussions on physical symptoms and their management.Conclusions: The offer to attend a nurse clinic soon after diagnosis allowed RA patients to discuss a wide range of practical and self‐management issues. However, most patients also took the opportunity and time to discuss emotional reactions and adaptations to diagnosis. The data suggest an unmet need for emotional support that a nurse clinic might be able to provide. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dynamic order acceptance and capacity planning on a single bottleneck resource
Authors: Herbots Jade , Herroelen Willy , Leus Roel 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe present a tactical decision model for order acceptance and capacity planning that maximizes the expected profits from accepted orders, allowing for aggregate regular as well as nonregular capacity. The stream of incoming order arrivals is the main source of uncertainty in dynamic order acceptance and the company only has forecasts of the main properties of the future incoming projects. Project proposals arrive sequentially with deterministic interarrival times and a decision on order acceptance and capacity planning needs to be made each time a proposal arrives and its project characteristics are revealed. We apply stochastic dynamic programming to determine a profit threshold for the accept/reject decision as well as to deterministically allocate a single bottleneck resource to the accepted projects, both with an eye on maximizing the expected revenues within the problem horizon. We derive a number of managerial insights based on an analysis of the influence of project and environmental characteristics on optimal project selection and aggregate capacity usage. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Naval Research Logistics, 2007
Efficient implementation of the shock‐fitting algorithm for the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards traffic flow model
Authors: Chen Wenqin , Wong S. C. , Shu Chi‐Wang 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper firstly presents the existence and uniqueness properties of the intersection time between two neighboring shocks or between a shock and a characteristic for the analytical shock‐fitting algorithm that was proposed to solve the Lighthill–Whitham–Richards (LWR) traffic flow model with a linear speed–density relationship in accordance with the monotonicity properties of density variations along a shock, which have greatly improved the robustness of the analytical shock‐fitting algorithm. Then we discuss the efficient evaluation of the measure of effectiveness (MOE) of the analytical shock‐fitting algorithm. We develop explicit expressions to calculate the MOE–which is the total travel time that is incurred by travelers, within the space‐time region that is encompassed by the shocks and/or characteristic lines. A numerical example is used to illustrate the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method compared with the numerical solutions that are obtained by a fifth‐order weighted essentially non‐oscillatory scheme. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heat‐flux‐specified boundary treatment for gas flow and heat transfer in microchannel using direct simulation Monte Carlo method
Authors: Wang Qiuwang , Yan Xiaohong , He Qunwu 
Published: October 2007

AbstractDirect simulation Monte Carlo (DSMC) method has been widely used to study gaseous flow and heat transfer in micro‐fluidic devices. For flows associated with microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), the heat‐flux‐specified (HFS) boundary condition broadly exists. However, problems with HFS boundary have not been realized in the simulation of microchannel flows with DSMC method. To overcome this problem, a new technique named as inverse temperature sampling (ITS) is developed. This technique provides an approach to calculate the molecular reflective characteristic temperature from the specified heat flux at the wall boundary. Coupling with DSMC method, the ITS technique can treat the HFS boundary condition in DSMC method for both simple gas and gas mixtures. For validation, heat flux obtained from two‐dimensional Poiseuille flows with wall‐temperature‐specified (WTS) boundary condition is employed as the initial thermal boundary condition of our new method. Sampled wall temperature by the ITS method agrees well with the expected value. Pressure, velocity and temperature distributions under these two thermal boundary conditions (WTS and HFS) are compared. Effects of molecule collision model and gas–surface interaction model are also investigated. Results show that the proposed ITS method could accurately simulate gaseous flow and heat transfer in MEMS. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐resolution analysis of DNA copy number alterations and gene expression in renal clear cell carcinoma
Authors: Yoshimoto T , Matsuura K , Karnan S , Tagawa H , Nakada C , Tanigawa M , Tsukamoto Y , Uchida T , Kashima K , Akizuki S , Takeuchi I , Sato F , Mimata H , Seto M , Moriyama M 
Published: October 2007

AbstractWe analysed chromosomal copy number aberrations (CNAs) in renal cell carcinomas by array‐based comparative genomic hybridization, using a genome‐wide scanning array with 2304 BAC and PAC clones covering the whole human genome at a resolution of roughly 1.3 Mb. A total of 30 samples of renal cell carcinoma were analysed, including 26 cases of clear cell carcinoma (CCC) and four cases of chromophobe renal cell carcinoma (ChCC). In CCCs, gains of chromosomes 5q33.1‐qter (58%), 7q11.22‐q35 (35%) and 16p12.3‐p13.12 (19%), and losses of chromosomes 3p25.1‐p25.3 (77%), 3p21.31‐p22.3 (81%), 3p14.1‐p14.2 (77%), 8p23.3 (31%), 9q21.13‐qter (19%) and 14q32.32‐qter (38%) were detected. On the other hand, the patterns of CNAs differed markedly between CCCs and ChCCs. Next, we examined the correlation of CNAs with expression profiles in the same tumour samples in 22/26 cases of CCC, using oligonucleotide microarray. We extracted genes that were differentially expressed between cases with and without CNAs, and found that significantly more up‐regulated genes were localized on chromosomes 5 and 7, where recurrent genomic gains have been detected. Conversely, significantly more down‐regulated genes were localized on chromosomes 14 and 3, where recurrent genomic losses have been detected. These results revealed that CNAs were correlated with deregulation of gene expression in CCCs. Furthermore, we compared the patterns of genomic imbalance with histopathological features, and found that loss of 14q appeared to be a specific and additional genetic abnormality in high‐grade CCC. When we compared the expression profiles of low‐grade CCCs with those of high‐grade CCCs, differentially down‐regulated genes tended to be localized on chromosomes 14 and 9. Thus, it is suggested that copy number loss at 14q in high‐grade CCC may be involved in the down‐regulation of genes located in this region. Copyright © 2007 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electric consumption in SHSs in rural communities of Brazil and Peru and recommendations for sizing
Authors: Morante Federico , Zilles Roberto 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe lack of data records of electric power consumption of small photovoltaic home systems, independently of the method used for sizing them, drives to consider the demand as a constant. However, the existing data reveal the variability of the consumption due to the influences of some social, cultural and psychosocial aspects of the human groups. This paper presents records of consumption data obtained from several solar home systems (SHSs) in Brazil and Peru, and it discusses about the Gamma distribution function that can express to a great extent the behaviour of the demand. By this analysis it was verified that ‘a lot of people consume little and few people consume a lot’. In that sense, a few recommendations for sizing procedures that can be useful in the implantation of extensive programmes of rural electrification by SHSs are presented. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partial characterization of the proteome of the mouse striatum
Authors: Guo Ling T. , Friedmann Theodore , King Charles C. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractMany diseases of the mammalian CNS, including Parkinson's (PD) and Lesch Nyhan disease (LND), are associated with programmatic neurodegeneration or dysfunction of dopaminergic neurons in the mesencephalon, the nigrostriatal pathway, and its projections in the striatum [1–4]. Proteomic studies on brain tissue of both animal models and human PD patients have provided evidence for dysfunction and damage of many pathways, including oxidative stress‐related damage, ubiquitin‐proteasome dysfunction, mitochondrial energy metabolism deficiencies, and synaptic function [5–11]. To date no such proteomic studies have been reported in the related and rare basal ganglia disorder LND, a developmental rather than a neurodegenerative neurological disorder caused by deficiency of the enzyme hypoxanthine‐guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) that regulates a major step in the purine salvage pathway [12]. Many studies have demonstrated that the both human LND patients and a mouse knockout model of HPRT deficiency have significantly reduced levels and uptake of dopamine in the striatum [4, 13–16] that is likely to be the principal cause of the CNS disorder. The precise molecular and cellular mechanisms that underlie this neurotransmitter defect are unknown.
Pro‐oxidative DEP chemicals induce heat shock proteins and an unfolding protein response in a bronchial epithelial cell line as determined by DIGE analysis
Authors: Jung EunMi Juliana , Avliyakulov Nuraly K. , Boontheung Pinmanee , Loo Joseph A. , Nel Andre E. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAmbient particulate matter (PM) induces adverse health effects through the ability of pro‐oxidative chemicals to induce the production of oxygen radicals and oxidant injury. Utilizing a proteomics strategy involving 2‐D DIGE, immunoblotting, and real‐time PCR, we demonstrate that organic diesel exhaust particle (DEP) chemicals induce an unfolding protein response (UPR) and proinflammatory effects in the human bronchial epithelial cell line, BEAS‐2B. DIGE and MS showed the induction of at least 14 proteins, among which heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), HSP40, TPR2, and T‐complex protein 1 (zeta‐subunit) are known to play a role in the UPR. Demonstrating increased HSP70 mRNA expression and nuclear translocation of HSF1, the key transcription factor responsible for HSP expression, further strengthened this notion. Immunoblotting demonstrated increased expression of ATF4, an ER stress‐associated transcriptional enhancer responsible for differential protein translation under conditions of ER stress. Finally, the DEP extract induced the expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 in the culture supernatant. The role of oxidative stress was demonstrated further by response subtraction in the presence of the thiol antioxidant, N‐acetyl cysteine. Our data suggest that pro‐oxidative DEP chemicals induce protein unfolding/misfolding that lead to UPR and proinflammatory effects in a cell type that is targeted by PM in the lung.
Comparative quantitative proteomics to investigate the remodeling of bioenergetic pathways under iron deficiency in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Naumann Bianca , Busch Andreas , Allmer Jens , Ostendorf Elisabeth , Zeller Martin , Kirchhoff Helmut , Hippler Michael 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe basic question addressed in this study is how energy metabolism is adjusted to cope with iron deficiency in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. To investigate the impact of iron deficiency on bioenergetic pathways, comparative proteomics was combined with spectroscopic as well as voltametric oxygen measurements to assess protein dynamics linked to functional properties of respiratory and photosynthetic machineries. Although photosynthetic electron transfer is largely compromised under iron deficiency, our quantitative and spectroscopic data revealed that the functional antenna size of photosystem II (PSII) significantly increased. Concomitantly, stress‐related chloroplast polypeptides, like 2‐cys peroxiredoxin and a stress‐inducible light‐harvesting protein, LhcSR3, as well as a novel light‐harvesting protein and several proteins of unknown function were induced under iron‐deprivation. Respiratory oxygen consumption did not decrease and accordingly, polypeptides of respiratory complexes, harboring numerous iron–sulfur clusters, were only slightly diminished or even increased under low iron. Consequently, iron‐deprivation induces a transition from photoheterotrophic to primarily heterotrophic metabolism, indicating that a hierarchy for iron allocations within organelles of a single cell exists that is closely linked with the metabolic state of the cell.