bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From processes to systems
Authors: Wilkinson David M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter draws together the various themes in the book and argues for the importance of a systems view of global ecology. It also briefly considers models which may help understand the evolution of Gaia, and considers the priorities of conservation biology from an Earth Systems perspective. It points out that a systems view of nature — replete with feedbacks — is a remarkably recent way of viewing the world, but one that is crucial to understanding the Earth system and the changes we are making to it.
CHERN–SIMONS THEORY AND KNOT INVARIANTS
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents various aspects of Chern-Simons theory. In a groundbreaking paper, Witten (1989) showed that Chern-Simons gauge theory, which is a quantum field theory in three dimensions, provides a physical description of a wide class of invariants of three-manifolds and of knots and links in three-manifolds. The partition function and correlation functions of Wilson loops in Chern-Simons theory can be computed in a variety of ways. In order to define the partition function of Chern-Simons theory at the quantum level, one has to specify a framing of the three-manifold. It turns out that the evaluation of correlation functions also involves a choice of framing of the knots. A good starting point for understanding framing is to take Chern-Simons theory with gauge group U. The relation between Chern-Simons theory and string theory involves the vacuum expectation values of Wilson loop operators for arbitrary irreducible representations of U(N). This means that N has to be bigger than the number of boxes of any representation under consideration.
APPLICATIONS OF THE TOPOLOGICAL STRING/GAUGE THEORY CORRESPONDENCE
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers two applications of the topological string/gauge theory correspondence. The first application is to Chern-Simons knot and link invariants, and the second application is to supersymmetric gauge theories in four dimensions. It was previously shown that Gromov-Witten invariants can be written in terms of integer, or BPS invariants, and that knot invariants can be interpreted as open string amplitudes. Putting these two things together, one finds that Chern-Simons knot invariants can be expressed in terms of new integer invariants, and this leads to some surprising structure results for the Chern-Simons invariants of knots. These structure results are made more precise and some examples are given.
THE ABSOLUTE POSITION OF EQUILIBRIA
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the state of equilibria. Topics covered include quantum statistics, absolute calculation of equilibria, absolute entropy of a monatomic gas, factors determining the balance of solid and vapour, transition temperatures, chemical equilibrium in gases, gaseous equilibrium constants from partition functions, factors determining the position of a gaseous equilibrium, and the equilibrium of radiation and matter.
THE NATURE OF ATOMS
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses the structure of atoms. Topics covered include electrons, electron waves, the nuclear atom, atomic structure, energy levels, interpretation of quantum numbers, spectra and atomic structure in the light of quantum rules, atom building, quantum mechanical rules, the wave function, the transition of systems from one energy state to another, and the orthogonal property of wave functions.
INTRODUCTION
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis introductory chapter describes the deformation theoretic techniques of Wiles-Taylor for elliptic modular forms. The chapter concentrates mostly on the Galois side of the picture, recalling the basic definitions of Iwasawa modules, deformation theory, Iwasawa-theoretic Selmer groups of a nearly p-ordinary Galois representation, and L-invariants. Although Hilbert modular forms are not defined in this chapter, (p-adic families of) elliptic modular forms and their Galois representations are introduced. The main statements about the themes, which are developed later in the book, are stated in this elliptic modular setting, and sketches of the proof are given.
GEOMETRIC MODULAR FORMS
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses p-adic automorphic forms on Shimura variety from Springer, recalling the exact control theorem which connects the specialization (at a given weight) of the universal nearly ordinary Hecke algebra with the Hecke algebra of finite level of the given weight. A new result is presented relating the adjoint L-invariant (discussed in Chapter 3); the order of vanishing at s=1 of the adjoint L-function of a Hilbert modular automorphic representation r; and the extensions Ext(r,r) of the p-adic automorphic representation r.
Dangerous Truths: The Buddha on Silence, Secrecy and Snakes
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the early Buddhist dialogues, the Nikāya. It explores the nature of the Buddha's teaching methods, the simile of the raft and the snake, and the Buddha's silences. It begins to investigate the distinction between the two truths, as well as the relation between these and the four noble truths.
Words That Break: Can an Upaniṣad State the Truth?
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter looks at the discussion in Vedānta of a puzzle concerning the ability of the Upaniṣads to state the truth. The problem is that they appear to be false vehicles with true contents. The chapter also explores themes in Indian epistemology, including Śrīharsa's discussion of Gettier-like cases. The notion of a procedural use of reason is introduced and evaluated.
6 Investor Management
Authors: Martin Roderick , Casson Peter D. , Nisar Tahir M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractManagers seek to manage their relations with investors, as with other stakeholders. This chapter outlines three elements in managerial handling of investors. The first is the role of the board of directors, especially the role of non-executive directors. The second is the management of relations with actual or potential investors in the firm. The third is the management of relations with the investment community. It shows the pattern of interdependence between managers and investors, rather than dominance by either side.
New Professionals: Old Problems
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter charts the way in which the three types of police force delineated earlier developed in the closing years of the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th. It traces their increasing professionalization and their adoption of various forms of scientific and technological aid. It notes too how they continued to interact with the media which, as ever, stressed the relatively rare but dramatic and shocking incident — the sexual murder, the brutal or romantic bandit — without noting the more common petty forms of offending. The chapter also draws attention to the continuing preference for old forms of community justice with offences, particularly in the more remote rural districts.
Policing and Punishing After the War
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter begins with an overview of the impact of the First World War on police institutions across Europe, noting how their numbers were depleted by the military demands of the conflict, and how their tasks increased often with a detrimental effect on their relations with the public. The developments in policing and punishment after the war are then contrasted. The contrasts and similarities in these areas between liberal democratic and authoritarian or ‘totalitarian’ societies are highlighted, and so too are the continuing links of criminal justice practitioners and policy makers, particularly through international conferences.
Lower bounds, contractivity, error estimates, and continuity
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers a number of bounds that complement the study so far, which was centred on upper bounds. The first section concerns the existence of lower bounds for non-negative solutions. There is a big difference between the ranges m &gt; 1, m = 1, and m ≤ 1. In the first case, the property of finite propagation implies that solutions may travel at a bounded speed so that it will take a certain amount of time for a solution to become positive at points where it was initially zero. It is shown that this does not happen for m ≤ 1. The second section extends the property of contractivity in the L 1 norm into error estimates in different norms.
Improved analysis of the critical line. Delayed regularity
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter continues the analysis of the functional properties of the evolution semigroup generated by the FDE on the critical line, i.e., when m &lt; mc and p assumes the critical value p* = n(1 - m)/2. The question addressed is boundedness, i.e., finding conditions on u0 under which function u(·, t) is bounded for all t &gt; 0. The phenomenon of delayed regularity and immediate boundedness are discussed.
Extinction rates and asymptotics for 0 &lt;m&lt;mc
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with the actual asymptotic behaviour of the solutions of the FDE in the exponent range 0 &lt; m &lt; mc. This behaviour depends on the class of initial data. The chapter is interested in ‘small solutions’ that extinguish in finite time, according to the results of Chapter 5. It concentrates on solutions that start with initial data in L 1(R n), or solutions that fall into this class for positive times prior to extinction. In the range m &lt; mc the ZKB solutions provide the clue to the asymptotics for all non-negative solutions with L 1-data.
Summary of main results for the PME/FDE
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews the results of the preceding chapters, paying special attention to the variation of the results and effects on the main parameters m and n. This is interpreted in terms of the different diffusion power and propagation speed associated to the equation when m varies. The idea of comparison with the heat equation and its Gaussian kernel is always present. The chapter ends with a complete review of the existence of the natural extension of this object, i.e., the existence of source solutions for the whole family PME/FDE with m = 1. The concept of background signal is introduced.
3 Pindar and Psaumis: Olympians 4 and
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Olympians 4 and 5 were written for a certain Psaumis son of Akron, a citizen of Kamarina in Sicily. They raise two separate problems: first, the nature and date of the victories they celebrate; second, the authorship of Olympian 5. The one poem, Olympian 4, is certainly by Pindar; the authenticity of the other is open to serious doubt. This chapter discusses these two problems in the following order: first the victories, second the authorship of Olympian 5.
6 Pindar's Twelfth Olympian and the Fall of the Deinomenidai
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses Pindar's ode, Olympian 12, which celebrates a number of victories won by Ergoteles of Himera in Sicily. It is not in any proper sense an Olympian at all: the first victory mentioned was at Olympia, which is why the ode was classified by Aristophanes of Byzantium among the Olympians; but the most recent of the victories, the immediate occasion of the ode, was won not at Olympia but at Pytho.
8 Two Studies in Pindaric Metre
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Short ancipitia in Pindar's dactyloepitrites are more common in the first triad of an ode than in later triads: in first triads about one anceps in nine is short, in later triads about one in forty-six is the norm. But this observation gives only part of the picture: there a further sharp distinction can be drawn between the ancipitia in later triads. The facts, for Pindar's dactylo-epitrite epinikia, are these: Short anceps are not uncommon (a) in the first triad of an ode, (b) in responsion in a later triad, with short anceps in the first triad; in other situations it is rare and perhaps always associated with a proper name. This chapter discusses these issues.
16 A Detail of Tragic Usage: The Application to Persons of Verbal Nouns in -μα
Authors: Barrett W. S. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter justifies an observation made discussing Th. 1022 (in the edict forbidding the burial of Polyneikes) μήθ' όμαρτείν τυμβοχόα χειρώματα. It argues that the only meaning the writer could have intended is ‘no slaves shall go with him to heap a mound’; and that this use of χειρώματα as a designation is one which has no adequate parallel in tragedy. ‘Although it is common [in tragedy] for verbal nouns in -μα to be used of persons, they appear in general not to be used (as χειρώματα would be here) to designate them, but only to characterize them, or to predicate something of them, when they are already designated by other means’. It is this that this chapter seeks to justify.
Generic Enrichment in Vergil and Horace
Authors: Harrison S. J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book responds to an important question of literary history: why did the period 40-13 BC in Rome produce such a rich range of complex poetical texts? The co-existence of great poets such as Vergil and Horace in contemporary literary circles, and the political stimulus and stability offered by the upheavals of the triumviral period and the following pax Augusta offer a sociological and historical background, but the concern here is with literary complexity and literary history. As has long been observed, generic concerns and generic mixtures are central to Augustan poetry. As has also been observed (e.g., in Kroll's formulation of the ‘crossing of genres’), this feature recalls the poetry of Ptolemaic Alexandria which offers many literary-historical parallels. Both were periods of literature where poets operated under the shadow of classical Greek predecessors, and strove for novelty, either by creating new genres or by varying existing ones through ‘contamination’ with other kinds of writing. Generic issues are examined through a double lens — that of ancient generic markers and that of modern genre theory — in an approach which owes much to the work of Gian Biagio Conte. The language and other characterizing patterns of ancient poetical genres constitute the basic material of this book, but some fundamental theoretical ideas are needed to categorize and order that material. How can we define a literary genre in ancient terms (e.g., should we follow Francis Cairns)? Is the attractive distinction between genres and modes made by Alastair Fowler of use for the poetry of Augustan Rome? The ultimate conclusion of this book is that many poetic genres were profoundly enriched in the Augustan period by close encounters with other genres. The emphasis is on texts and genres rather than authors, since the whole premiss of the study is that generic features, working within an established tradition, are more easily recovered than authorial intentions.
Intra‐Epic Debate: Vergil'sGeorgics
Authors: Harrison S.J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractClearly transitional between the Eclogues and the Aeneid, this poem shows generic strain in its second half, especially in the proem to Book 3 with its anticipation of martial epic, and in the Aristaeus section at the end of Book 4, where the interplay of questions of literary form and political commitment is brilliantly explored (Homeric, neoteric, Hesiodic, Hellenistic).
Epic Inclusivity: Vergil'sAeneid
Authors: Harrison S.J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Aeneid is not just the culmination of all ancient epic traditions, but also exploits generic complexity to enrich its texture. Apart from the obvious but still underrated interface with tragedy, e.g., in the Dido-episode, there are encounters with many other non-epic styles (e.g., pastoral, didactic, elegy). As in the Odes, a classic and inimitable text is formed by generic enrichment.
Didacticism and Epistolarity in Horace's Epistles 1
Authors: Morrison A. D. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter investigates how the ‘epistolarity’, the ‘letteriness’ of Horace's Epistles relates to and complements the didactic, instructive element of the book and vice versa. Horace is the first poet to compose or construct a book of verse-letters, a dedicated poetry-book in epistolary form, Epistles book 1 (in 20/19 BC). Epistles 1 also plays an important role in the development of ancient philosophical epistolography. It adapts, in part, the letters of Epicurus, and itself forms a model (along with those same letters of Epicurus) for Seneca's letters to Lucilius, but it also engages with Lucretius' philosophical didactic poem, the De Rerum Natura, as well as the figure and methods of the archetypal ancient philosopher, Socrates. In Epistles 1 Horace explicitly employs what can be usefully described as the ‘didactic mode’: the collection of letters contains very many imperatives, and other ‘imperatival expressions’, directing, instructing, and exhorting its internal addressees in various ways. In various parts of the different epistles, then, ‘Horace’, the narrator, seems to be teaching or advising his addressees.
Propertius 2. 10 and 11 and the Structure of Books ‘2a’ and ‘2b’ (1998)
Authors: Lyne R.O.A.M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
In this paper, Lyne identifies 2.10/11 as a single poem and as the close of one of the two ancient books that make up the transmitted Propertius Book 2, which he calls ‘Book 2a’. There is also a discussion of ‘Book 2b’, which he begins with 2.13.
1 Introduction
Authors: Terras Melissa M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe texts from the Roman fort of Vindolanda are an unparalleled source of information regarding the Roman army for historians, linguists, palaeographers, and archaeologists. However, due to their physical state, the stylus tablets have proved almost impossible to read. This chapter provides an introduction to Vindolanda and the ink and stylus texts discovered there, and discusses developments in image processing that have allowed feature detection of the stylus tablets. An overview is given regarding this attempt to construct a computer system to aid the papyrologists in the reading of the stylus texts, the use of computing in the field of papyrology, and the use of Minimum Description Length (MDL) as a means to compare and contrast complex information within the field of image processing. An MDL based system, GRAVA, is introduced, which provides the architecture to generate possible interpretations of the text contained within images of the Vindolanda tablets.
Text and Context: Hermeneutical Prolegomena to Interpreting a Kant Text
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter offers a general introductory argument for maintaining an authentically historical perspective on the main issues arising from the key texts of modern philosophy, and for approaching even the briefest subsections of these texts with sensitivity to their full historical context. Without denying the need for developing some kind of corrective to the overly historical approaches that still dominate continental philosophy, it is argued that it is important to counter stereotypical views of Anglophone philosophy and to try to explain why, after decades of neglect, historical considerations have also become central components in the writing of many leading late-20th-century analytic philosophers.
Reinhold's First Letters on Kant
Authors: Ameriks Karl 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter explains how Reinhold's Letters took the form of a ‘short’ Critique, which immediately after its publication was much more influential than the complex details of Kant's lengthy original. In the Letters, Reinhold simplified matters hugely by not venturing at all into the complexities of the Transcendental Aesthetic and Transcendental Analytic. He jumped ahead to the moral and historical implications of the end of the Dialectic, arguing that Kant's espousal of a Critical and moral form of rational religion was the ideal solution to the battles between supernaturalism and naturalism that were raging in Germany after Jacobi had ignited the Pantheism Dispute. Admitting that he was not yet tracing Kant's notion of pure practical reason and rational religion back to its ‘grounds’ in the first Critique, Reinhold satisfied himself and his audience with the claim that the ‘results’ of the Critique met the fundamental ‘need’ of the time (fully to satisfy popular Enlightenment morality through a hope in a ‘highest good’ warranted by rational religion) — just as Jesus had satisfied the ‘common sense’ of his time by turning dogmatic religion into rational morality.
People, Plants and Genes
Authors: Murphy Denis J 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis book provides an overview of human-plant interactions and their social consequences, from the hunter-gatherers of the Palaeolithic Era to the 21st century molecular manipulation of crops. It links the latest advances in molecular genetics, climate research, and archaeology to give a new perspective on the evolution of agriculture and complex human societies across the world. Even today, our technologically advanced societies still rely on plants for basic food needs, not to mention clothing, shelter, medicines, and tools. This special relationship has tied together people and their chosen plants in mutual dependence for well over 50,000 years. Yet despite these millennia of intimate contact, people have only domesticated and cultivated a few dozen of the tens of thousands of edible plants. Crop domestication and agriculture then led directly to the evolution of the complex urban-based societies that have dominated much of human development over the past ten millennia. Thanks to the latest genomic studies, how, when, and where some of the most important crops came to be domesticated can now be explained, and the crucial roles of plant genetics, climatic change, and social organization in these processes. Indeed, it was their unique genetic organizations that ultimately determined which plants eventually became crops, rather than any conscious decisions by their human cultivators.
Plant management and agriculture
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe onset of cooler, drier conditions after 25,000 BP favoured the spread of many large-grained grass species, especially in Eurasia and North Africa. These cereal species were increasingly exploited by groups, such as the semi-sedentary Ohalo culture in the Levant, who collected wild barley for grinding to baking in oven-like hearths. Relatively large amounts of wild cereals could be gathered and stored by small family groups to supplement other, more seasonal, foodstuffs. Cereals became less important in Eurasia during the climatic amelioration of the later Kerbaran period (c.15,000 BP), but were still being exploited by the Natufians when the climate suddenly deteriorated again at 12,800 BP. Non-agricultural management of wild plants is likely to have been a major food acquisition strategy for much of human history. It was often highly sophisticated, flexible, and more enduring than agriculture and is especially adaptive in resource-poor regions and/or in times of climatic change.