bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation and Thermal Behavior of Polystyrene and Polystyrene/Clay Gels
Authors: Chen Kai , Baker Ashley N. , Vyazovkin Sergey 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDSC was used to study the thermal behavior of virgin PS as well as of PS/clay nanocomposites of exfoliated brush and of intercalated structure dissolved in carbon disulfide. Compared to virgin PS, the behavior of the brush material did not show any obvious difference, whereas the intercalated material demonstrated markedly larger heats of gelation and gel melting. Isoconversional kinetic analysis of the melting process revealed that the activation energy was independent of the conversion for the gels prepared under isothermal conditions, whereas an increase in the activation energy with the extent of conversion was observed for the gels prepared under continuous cooling conditions. The melting of the nonisothermally prepared gels apparently occurred alongside with the formation of new gel structures.magnified image
Monitoring response to chemotherapy of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma xenografts by T2‐weighted and diffusion‐weighted MRI
Authors: Huang Ming Q. , Pickup Stephen , Nelson David S. , Qiao Hui , Xu He N. , Li Lin Z. , Zhou Rong , Delikatny E. James , Poptani Harish , Glickson Jerry D. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn effective method for in vivo detection of early therapeutic response of patients with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma would enable personalized clinical management of cancer therapy and facilitate the design of optimal treatment regimens. This study evaluates the feasibility of T2‐weighted MRI (T2WI) and diffusion‐weighted MRI (DWI) for in vivo detection of response of human diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma xenografts in severe combined immunodeficient mice to chemotherapy. Each cycle of combination chemotherapy with cyclophosphamide, hydroxydoxorubicin, Oncovin, prednisone, and bryostatin 1 (CHOPB) was administered to tumor‐carrying mice weekly for up to four cycles. T2WI and DWI were performed before the initiation of CHOPB and after each cycle of CHOPB. In order to corroborate the MRI results, histological analyses were carried out on control tumors and treated tumors after completion of all MRI studies. DWI revealed a significant (P < 0.03) increase in the mean apparent diffusion coefficient in CHOPB‐treated tumors as early as 1 week after initiation of CHOPB. However, a significant (P < 0.03) decrease in mean T2 was observed only after two cycles of CHOPB. Both MRI methods produced high‐resolution (0.1 × 0.1 × 1.0 mm3) maps of regional therapeutic response in the treated tumors based on local apparent diffusion coefficient and T2. Only a specific region of the tumors (in 3 of the 5 tumors) corresponding to about one third of the tumor volume exhibited a response‐associate increase in ADC and decrease in T2. An adjacent region exhibited an increase in T2 and no change in ADC. The rest of the tumor was indistinguishable from sham‐treated controls by MRI criteria. The therapeutic response of the treated tumors detected by MRI was accompanied by changes in tumor cell density, proliferation and apoptosis revealed by histological studies performed upon completion of the longitudinal study. The mechanism producing the regional response of the tumor remains to be elucidated. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multiscale strategy for structural optimization
Authors: Boucard P. A. , Buytet S. , Guidault P. A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a multiscale strategy dedicated to structural optimization. The applications concern the study of geometric details (such as holes, surface profiles, etc) within the structures with frictional contacts. The first characteristic of the method is that it uses a micro–macro approach. This approach is based on a domain decomposition into substructures and interfaces, which involves the resolution of independent ‘micro’ problems in each substructure and transfers ‘macro’ information only through the interfaces. The second characteristic is the use of a multiresolution strategy in order to reduce the computation cost for problems with evolving design parameters. The last characteristic is the capability to model the geometry of details without remeshing thanks to two features: the use of a local enrichment method , and the use of level set functions to easily modify the boundary of the detail during the optimization process. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A space–time discontinuous Galerkin method for the solution of the wave equation in the time domain
Authors: Petersen Steffen , Farhat Charbel , Tezaur Radek 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn recent years, the focus of research in the field of computational acoustics has shifted to the medium frequency regime and multiscale wave propagation. This has led to the development of new concepts including the discontinuous enrichment method. Its basic principle is the incorporation of features of the governing partial differential equation in the approximation. In this contribution, this concept is adapted for the simulation of transient problems governed by the wave equation. We present a space–time discontinuous Galerkin method with Lagrange multipliers, where the shape approximation in space and time is based on solutions of the homogeneous wave equation. The use of hierarchical wave‐like basis functions is enabled by means of a variational formulation that allows for discontinuities in both the spatial and the temporal discretizations. Numerical examples in one space dimension demonstrate the outstanding performance of the proposed method compared with conventional space–time finite element methods. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CanN‐methylated amino acids serve as substitutes for prolines in conformational design of cyclic pentapeptides?
Authors: Laufer Burkhardt , Chatterjee Jayanta , Frank Andreas O. , Kessler Horst 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe incorporation of proline into cyclic peptides seems to be the most promising way to induce β‐turn structures. Recently, however, it was shown thatN‐methylated amino acids might be even better suited than proline for introducing turn structures. Another property of proline, the ability to effectcis‐peptide bonds, has also been reported forN‐methylated amino acids. These findings raise the question if it might be possible to replace a proline by anN‐methylated amino acid without altering the desired conformational features. The most important benefit of replacing proline by anN‐methylated residue is that one recovers the side‐chain functionalities, which could be used for enhancing binding selectivity, or to tune a cyclic peptide concerning its pharmacological properties.Here, we compare cyclic peptides containing one or two prolines orN‐methylated alanines and a combination of both with respect to preferred conformations andcis‐peptide bonds. In addition, the positions have been investigated where anN‐alkylated amino acid has to be incorporated to mimic structural aspects usually introduced by proline residues. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
resonance enhancement of photoluminescence from silicon nanocrystallites
Authors: Belyakov L. V. , Goryachev D. N. , Sreseli O. M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractAn interaction of molecular oxygen and p‐Si nanocrystallites in HF–ethanolic solution with simultaneous illumination has been investigated. It is shown that after such treatment with white‐light exposure the photoluminescence from nanocrystallites enhances substantially caused by photogenerated singlet forms of molecular oxygen. In the case of monochromatic illumination with photon energy in the range 2.5–0.95 eV dependence of photoluminescence intensity after the treatment on photon energy used shows resonant peaks corresponding to the absorbance peaks of excited molecular oxygen. To our knowledge such photoluminescence peaks in porous silicon spectroscopy have been observed for the first time. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
ω‐(Bis(trifluoromethyl)amino)alkane‐1‐sulfonates: synthesis and mass spectrometric study of the biotransformation products
Authors: Frömel Tobias , Peschka Manuela , Fichtner Norbert , Hierse Wolfgang , Ignatiev Nikolai V. , Bauer Karl‐Heinz , Knepper Thomas P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn search of fluorinated functional groups which could undergo defluorination, and therefore be included in novel non‐polluting fluorinated surfactants, ω‐(bis(trifluoromethyl)amino)alkane‐1‐sulfonates (BTFMA‐AS) with a homologue distribution from seven to thirteen methylene groups were synthesized and investigated for aerobic biodegradation applying both a standardized test and a fixed‐bed bioreactor (FBBR). These compounds were prepared as part of a screening study for potentially mineralizable fluorinated endgroups.Application of hybrid triple quadrupole–linear ion trap mass spectrometry (QqQLIT‐MS) coupled to high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) allowed the tracking of primary degradation as well as the detection and structural elucidation of biotransformation intermediates. An understanding of the fragmentation pathway of the test compounds allowed selective precursor ion scans to reveal the presence of stable fluorinated metabolites. Structures were confirmed by enhanced product ion scans and MS3 scans in the linear ion trap mode.The primary biodegradation rate and the extent of biodegradation were found to be chain‐length dependent, with higher homologues being completely primarily degraded within 10 days. For the first time, two simultaneous metabolic pathways for substituted linear alkane‐1‐sulfonates were discovered: Desulfonation, oxidation to a carboxylic acid and subsequent chain‐length shortening by β‐oxidation dominated the metabolism. This pathway resulted in the formation of 3‐(bis(trifluoromethyl)amino)propionic acid and bis(trifluoromethyl)aminoacetic acid, which showed recalcitrance in this experiment. Oxidation of the alkyl chain to the respective carbonyl derivative represents the minor pathway. Only the long‐chain homologues of these oxidized species were partially degraded; the short‐chain homologues were not attacked. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using solvent‐free sample preparation to promote protonation of poly(ethylene oxide)s with labile end‐groups in matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation
Authors: Mazarin Michael , Phan Trang N. T. , Charles Laurence 
Published: November 2008

AbstractProtonation is usually required to observe intact ions during matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) of polymers containing fragile end‐groups while cation adduction induces chain‐end degradation. These polymers, generally obtained via living free radical polymerization techniques, are terminated with a functionality in which a bond is prone to homolytic cleavage, as required by the polymerization process. A solvent‐free sample preparation method was used here to avoid salt contaminant from the solvent traditionally used in the dried‐droplet MALDI procedure. Solvent‐based and solvent‐free sample preparations were compared for a series of three poly(ethylene oxide) polymers functionalized with a labile end‐group in a nitroxide‐mediated polymerization reaction, using 2,4,6‐trihydroxyacetophenone (THAP) as the matrix without any added salt. Intact oligomer ions could only be produced as protonated molecules in solvent‐free MALDI while sodium adducts of degraded polymers were formed from the dried‐droplet samples. Although MALDI analysis was performed at the laser threshold, fragmentation of protonated macromolecules was still observed to occur. However, in contrast to sodiated molecules, dissociation of protonated oligomers does not involve the labile CON bond of the end‐group. As the macromolecule size increased, protonation appeared to be less efficient and sodium adduction became the dominant ionization process, although no sodium salt was added in the preparation. Formation of sodiated degraded macromolecules would be dictated by increasing cation affinity as the size of the oligomers increases and would reveal the presence of salts at trace levels in the MALDI samples. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Kalman filtering over unreliable communication networks with bounded Markovian packet dropouts
Authors: Xiao Nan , Xie Lihua , Fu Minyue 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe address the peak covariance stability of time‐varying Kalman filter with possible packet losses in transmitting measurement outputs to the filter via a packet‐based network. The packet losses are assumed to be bounded and driven by a finite‐state Markov process. It is shown that if the observability index of the discrete‐time linear time‐invariant (LTI) system under investigation is one, the Kalman filter is peak covariance stable under no additional condition. For discrete LTI systems with observability index greater than one, a sufficient condition for peak covariance stability is obtained in terms of the system dynamics and the probability transition matrix of the Markov chain. Finally, the validity of these results is demonstrated by numerical simulations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sumsets and entropy
Authors: Ruzsa Imre Z. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractWe consider the connection and analogy between certain cardinality inequalities of combinatorial number theory and some entropy inequalities. We present a class of inequalities where the two forms are equivalent, and exhibit cases when one only suggests the other. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2009
Is alignment enough? Investigating the effects of state policies and professional development on science curriculum implementation
Authors: Penuel William , Fishman Barry J. , Gallagher Lawrence P. , Korbak Christine , Lopez‐Prado Bladimir 
Published: November 2008

AbstractImplementation of science curriculum materials has been a fundamental challenge in science education for decades. Policy researchers have argued that alignment of standards, curriculum, and assessment are the key to supporting implementation. This paper focuses on teachers' perceptions of curricular alignment and on curriculum implementation using empirical data from a statewide systemic inquiry science reform effort targeting students from kindergarten to eighth grade. We find that the success of alignment policies depends on teachers' construal of the relationship between standards and curriculum materials and on allocation of time for planning at the school level. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Sci Ed93:656–677, 2009
Depth profiling of polymer samples using Ga+ and C60+ ion beams
Authors: Nieuwjaer N. , Poleunis C. , Delcorte A. , Bertrand P. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this contribution, we focus on the use of C60+ ions for depth profiling of model synthetic polymers: polystyrene (PS) and poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). These polymers were spin coated on silicon wafers, and the obtained samples were depth‐profiled both with Ga+ ions and C60+ ions. We observed an important yield enhancement for both polymers when C60+ ions are used. More specifically, we discuss here the decrease in damage obtained with C60, which is found to be very sensitive to the nature of the polymer. During the C60+ sputtering of the PMMA layer, after an initial decrease, a steady state is observed in the secondary ion yield of characteristic fragments. In contrast, for PS, an exponential decrease is directly observed, leading to an initial disappearance cross section close to the value observed for Ga+. Though there is a significant loss of characteristic PS signal when sputtering with C60+ ions beams, there are still significant enhancements in sputter yields when employing C60+ as compared to Ga+. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The builder's role in delivering sustainable tall buildings
Authors: Deane Michael 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThis paper will cover the role of the builder in delivering sustainable tall buildings. Using projects completed by Turner as examples and citing data from Turner Construction's Green Market Barometer Surveys, it will discuss the high degree of misperception on the part of decision makers about the true costs and benefits of green buildings that have, until recently, slowed the adoption of green buildings in the commercial market. It will discuss the importance and the limits of the builder's role during the pre‐construction, procurement, construction and post‐construction phases of a project, and the construction manager's ability and obligation to inform the client by providing current and accurate information on costs and benefits of green building. It will discuss progress in both raising the bar for what is possible (and at what cost) as well as raising the floor for what constitutes acceptable minimum performance in terms of legislation, regulation and market demand. It will pose questions to the design/construction/development community about how and if tall buildings individually and as part of the larger urban fabric can be truly sustainable, and if it is possible to take tall buildings from sustainable to restorative. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Late adolescent girls’ relationships with parents and romantic partner: The distinct role of mothers and fathers
Authors: Scharf Miri , Mayseless Ofra 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTThe distinct role of mothers and fathers in shaping the quality of relationships with romantic partner was explored. One hundred and twenty 17‐year old girls were observed during their senior year in high school with each of their parents during a Revealed differences task [Allen, J. P., Hauser, S. T., Bell, K. L., Boykin, K. A., & Tate, D. C. (1994). Autonomy and relatedness coding system manual, version 2.01. Unpublished manual] and filled out questionnaires pertaining to their relationships with romantic partners. A year and a half later (7 months after conscription to compulsory military service) they again filled out questionnaires.Whereas self‐reports did not distinguish between relations with mothers and fathers observational data revealed that relationships with each parent are associated with somewhat different aspects of the romantic relationship. Better quality of relationship with mother was associated with delays in the girl's entrance into sexual romantic relationships, and with better quality of romantic relationship concurrently whereas better quality of relationship with father was associated with better quality of romantic relationship once they are formed concurrently and longitudinally. The findings highlight the central role that mothers and fathers play in shaping the quality of the romantic relationships that late adolescent girls form and underscore the importance of using observational data as well as questionnaire data.
Brief Report: Interaction between social class and risky decision‐making in children with psychopathic tendencies
Authors: Gao Yu , Baker Laura A. , Raine Adrian , Wu Henry , Bezdjian Serena 
Published: November 2008

ABSTRACTObjectiveAdult psychopaths are thought to have risky decision‐making and behavioral disinhibition, but little is known about the moderating effects of psychosocial factors and whether these associations can be observed in children with psychopathic tendencies. This study tests the biosocial hypothesis that social class will moderate psychopathy–neurocognition relationships, with these effects being stronger in children from high social classes.MethodPreadolescent community twins (N = 298) were assessed on decision‐making (Iowa Gambling) and behavior inhibition (Porteus Maze) tasks, while psychopathic tendencies and socioeconomic status were assessed by the child's caregiver.ResultsA significant interaction was observed whereby risky decision‐making was associated with psychopathic tendencies only in children from benign home environments.ConclusionsFindings support a biosocial interaction perspective on child psychopathy, suggesting that risky decision‐making may particularly predispose to psychopathic traits in children from benign home backgrounds.
Effect of dietary conjugated linoleic acid isomers on lipid metabolism in hamsters fed high-carbohydrate and high-fat diets
Authors: Tarling Elizabeth J. , Ryan Kevin J. P. , Bennett Andrew J. , Salter Andrew M. 
Published: November 2008

Dietary conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) have been reported to have a number of isomer-dependent effects on lipid metabolism including reduction in adipose tissue deposition, changes in plasma lipoprotein concentrations and hepatic lipid accumulation. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of individual CLA isomers against lipogenic and high ‘Western’ fat background diets. Golden Syrian hamsters were fed a high-carbohydrate rodent chow or chow supplemented with 17·25 % fat formulated to represent the type and amount of fatty acids found in a typical ‘Western’ diet (including 0·2 % cholesterol). Diets were further supplemented with 0·25 % (w/w) rapeseed oil,cis9,trans11 (c9,t11)-CLA ortrans10,cis12 (t10,c12)-CLA. Neither isomer had a significant impact on plasma lipid or lipoprotein concentrations. The t10,c12-CLA isomer significantly reduced perirenal adipose tissue depot mass. While adipose tissue acetyl CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthase mRNA concentrations (as measured by quantitative PCR) were unaffected by CLA, lipoprotein lipase mRNA was specifically reduced by t10,c12-CLA, on both background diets (P < 0·001). This was associated with a specific reduction of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1c expression in perirenal adipose tissue (P = 0·018). The isomers appear to have divergent effects on liver TAG content with c9,t11-CLA producing lower concentrations than t10,c12-CLA. We conclude that t10,c12-CLA modestly reduces adipose tissue deposition in the Golden Syrian hamster independently of background diet and this may possibly result from reduced uptake of lipoprotein fatty acids, as a consequence of reduced lipoprotein lipase gene expression.
German symbolism in rock music: national signification in the imagery and songs of Rammstein
Authors: BURNS ROBERT G.H. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIn this article, I discuss aspects of national identity in the performance style of the German rock band Rammstein from the perspectives of imagery, vocal style and the textual content of their songs. Investigation into Rammstein’s music reveals transformations of signifiers from earlier German performance styles and earlier textual themes that the band use as a means of relocating notions of German identity into their own performances. The adoption of national German signifiers enables Rammstein to establish connections between the band and the growth of national awareness among German youth who follow them. In this way, marketing and promotion of notions of a new national German identity to generations unaware of the origins of neo-romantic, national German signifiers in Rammstein’s music supports a successful commercial enterprise that, I argue, runs close to boundaries existing between national and nationalist.
Firm organisation and marketing strategy in the Japanese music industry
Authors: ASAI SUMIKO 
Published: November 2008

AbstractTechnological change has had a significant effect on market structure and management strategy in the content industry. This paper presents a survey of changes in firm organisation and marketing strategy in the Japanese music industry from a historical perspective. The market structure has changed from vertical integration within a closed system to vertical separation within an open system due to an increase in distribution channels. In addition, developments in the media have led to changes in the marketing strategies of record companies, and this has accelerated the rate of turnover of hit music. Record companies thus need to revise their marketing approach to match the change in sales pattern.