bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ring Hoop Tension Test (RHTT): A Test for Transverse Tensile Properties of Tubular Materials
Authors: Wang H , Bouchard R , Eagleson R , Martin P , Tyson WR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Tube hydroforming has been receiving increasing attention, particularly for making automotive components. In this process, tubular metal pats are formed within a die cavity by forcing pressurized fluid inside so that the part expands into its final shape in a die. Process control requires an improved knowledge of mechanical properties in the transverse direction of tubular products. Several laboratory tests have been used to evaluate tube properties. One test method that has been used for zirconium alloy cladding tubes in the nuclear industry is the ring test, in which an expansion force is applied from inside the ring by separating two die inserts. In the present work, this test method is adapted to determine the hoop stress-strain curve of tubular materials. The new protocol allows measurement of the tensile properties without altering those properties in specimen preparation, which occurs using the conventional flattened strip tensile test. This paper presents the new test and data analysis procedure, along with typical data for a commercial steel hydroforming tube.
Experimental Analysis of Multiple Staple Joints in Selected Wood and Wood-Based Materials
Authors: Yadama V , Zhang J , Syed BM , Steele PH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Effects of the number and spacing between staples on withdrawal and lateral resistance of stapled joints were investigated for selected wood and wood-based materials. Galvanized staples with legs that were 1.59 mm in diameter (16-gage wire) and 38 mm (1.5-in.) in length, and had chisel-end points, were used to construct the joints. Spacings between staples of 3.18 mm (1/8-in.) and 6.35 mm(1/4-in.) were tested. One, two, four, or eight staples were used to fasten the joint members that were of the following materials: Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides), red oak (Quercus falcata), yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), medium density fiberboard (MDF), and oriented strandboard (OSB). Direct withdrawal and lateral resistances of the joints were evaluated.
Results indicated that, on the average, joints with higher density members provided the most resistance to withdrawal and lateral loads. Number of staples positively affected the joint resistance for all materials for both spacings, however, the relationship was not linear for most materials. General linear regression models, using material type and spacing as indicator variables, were developed to predict the withdrawal and lateral resistances.
Data Supporting a Provisional ASTM Method for Metalworking Fluids Part 3. Evaluation of an ASTM Method for Metalworking Fluids in a Survey of Metalworking Facilities
Authors: Glaser RA , Shulman S , Kurimo R , Piacitelli G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An interim ASTM method for analysis of metalworking fluids was evaluated for estimation of personal exposure concentrations in a 79-plant survey of machine shops and metalworking facilities across the United States. Both thoracic and total particulate samples were collected on tared polyte trafluoroethylene filters. Metalworking fluid concentrations were estimated by determination of the total- and extractable-sample weights using ASTM Method PS-42-97. This procedure employs a temary solvent blend of dichloromethane:methanol:toluene to separate the fluids from comingled insoluble particulate. Following the initial extraction, reextraction of 322 samples with the ternary solvent removed, on average, &lt;2.5% of the sample weight, indicating that the majority of extractable material had been removed during the first extraction. Evaluation of the field study blank data permitted estimation of the mean, median, and upper 95th percentile of the limits of quantitation to be 0.1 mg, 0.1 mg, and 0.3 mg, respectively, for both the total weight and the extractable weight samples.
For the 79-plant survey, the fractions extracted (weight extracted/weight of sample) were studied as a function of four metalworking fluid types and three main work operations—grinding, milling, and turning—according to a restricted maximum likelihood statistical procedure. This evaluation of the data indicated that the fractions extracted generally decreased in the order: straight &gt; semisynthetic or soluble &gt; synthetic; the differences in the fractions extracted for the straight and the synthetic fluids were statistically significant only for the grinding operation at two sample levels tested.
Studies of the stability of quality assurance (QA) samples spiked separately with a straight, a soluble, a semisynthetic, and a synthetic fluid indicated that the QA samples all lost weight according to simple linear decay equations. These decay equations were used to estimate the amounts expected to be reported for QA filters by the performing laboratory. For storage periods ranging from 18–26 days, the total weight of sample recovered for each QA sample was ≥80% of that expected from the decay equations. For these QA samples, the fractions extracted (extracted weight/total sample weight) from all four fluid types were ≥0.90.
Review of: Wear Analysis for Engineers
Authors: Blau PJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The objective and intended audience for this book are clearly stated in the Preface: “This book is intended to explain the wear analysis method and its implementation and to provide sufficient information for the performance of most wear analyses. It is intended primarily for engineers.” Perhaps, the phrase “author's wear analysis method,” should probably be substituted in place of “the wear analysis method,” which implies that there is only one. In fact, there are several handbooks and tribology texts on the market today that describe some form of wear analysis. While the author's approach shares many key attributes with the others, it represents a unique perspective gained after 40 years of experience in the field of tribology. The approach he provides is sufficiently general to cover a wide range of wear problems.
Fatigue Performance of Open Drilled Holes with Burrs
Authors: Nishimura T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Center hole tension specimens with similar shapes but different sizes were tested under constant and variable amplitude loads. Fatigue degradation due to burrs was found to be small and/or negligible for relatively large holes with diameters such as 10 and 5 mm, but was marked for smaller holes with diameters of 2 and 1 mm. Finite-element analysis shows that peak stress at a semicircular arc-shaped burr increases as the hole becomes smaller, if the same thickness and the same heights of the burrs are assumed. It is indicated that careful deburring is particularly necessary for small holes to prevent fatigue degradation.
On the Experimental Calibration of a Potential Drop System for Crack Length Measurements in a Compact Tension Specimen
Authors: Belloni G , Gariboldi E , Lo Conte A , Tono M , Speranzoso P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The present study was focused on the setup of a system for monitoring deep cracks in notched specimens in creep and fatigue laboratory tests. The test configuration features, the instrumentation requirements, and the important problems of the calibration for potential drop application to both fatigue and creep crack growth tests on compact tension specimens are discussed in detail. Experimental tests on the compact tension specimen geometry were carried out at ambient and high temperatures in order to define and validate an experimental calibration for this specimen geometry, to check the effect of temperature, and to compare the crack growth calibration curves under creep or fatigue conditions.
Economical Creep Testing of Ultrahigh-temperature Alloys
Authors: Völkl R , Freund D , Fischer B 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Specially designed facilities for creep testing of ultrahigh-temperature alloys are presented. Ohmic heating is chosen for easy access to the sample, quickly attainable heating and cooling rates, and simplicity in design and operation. Strain is measured with a video extensometer by means of the software SuperCreep. SuperCreep allows fast and automated analysis of creep curves. For short but precise representations of creep curves, Bézier splines are used. Creep tests on pure Pt, Pt-10 wt% Rh, and the oxide dispersion strengthened Pt-base alloys Pt DPH and Pt-10 wt% Rh DPH between 1200 and 1600°C have proven the reliability of the equipment. Stationary creep rates follow the Norton power law. Stress exponents, activation energies, and pre-exponential factors are given for the four alloys investigated.
Fabrication of Thermal Probes for Estimation of Soil Thermal Resistivity
Authors: Narain Singh D , Devid K , Dali Naidu A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Thermal properties of soils are of great importance in view of the subsurface transmission of heated fluids or high electric currents. For these situations, it is essential to estimate the resistance offered by the soil mass in dissipating the heat generated through it. It has been demonstrated by researchers that soil thermal resistivity is a complex phenomenon that depends on various parameters such as type of soil, particle size distribution, and compaction characteristics. This poses a problem in estimating soil thermal resistivity using existing empirical and mathematical models. This calls for fabrication of a laboratory thermal probe that can be used to measure soil thermal resistivity of a soil sample either remolded to the in situ state of the soil or brought to the laboratory in an undisturbed form. However, as the laboratory sample would not represent the actual in situ state of the soil mass, efforts must be made to measure the soil thermal resistivity with the help of a field thermal probe. These probes, which work on the principle of the transient method, are found to be quite effective in measuring soil thermal resistivity.
Finite-Element Analysis of Stress Concentration in ASTM D 638 Tension Specimens
Authors: Garrell MG , Shih AJ , Lara-Curzio E , Scattergood RO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Experimental results showed that ASTM D 638 Type IV flat tension specimens, made of a Nylon-11 matrix containing a large volume concentration of Nd-Fe-B particulates, failed at a location where the straight gage section of the specimen ends and the curved transition region begins. The stress distribution in this specimen was analyzed using the finite-element method, and it was found that there is a stress concentration at this location. The stress distributions in tension specimens with both single- and double-arc transition regions were analyzed and stress concentration factors were calculated. A linear relationship between the magnitude of the stress concentration factor and the ratio of the width in the gage section and the arc radius of the transition region is identified. This study shows that it is possible to reduce the magnitude of the stress concentration factor for the ASTM D 638 Type IV flat tension specimen by redesigning the specimen geometry without changing its overall size.
In Situ Fracture Toughness Measurement Using Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Yawny AA , Perez Ipiña JE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In situ tests were developed to measure fracture toughness (KIc, JIc, CTOD, R-curves) in small samples, simultaneously observing details of the crack blunting, initiation, and propagation by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A small load frame was employed for this purpose and in situ tests were performed in a Philips 515 SEM with a small chamber. A load-load line displacement record could be obtained from the different types of tests in order to calculate any fracture mechanics parameter, determine the initiation and amount of stable crack growth, measure directly the CTOD or Schwalbe's δ5 and correlate any of these parameters with the observed micromechanisms. The applicability of the proposed in situ fracture toughness measurement technique has been exemplified making use of a wide set of materials, and its limitations were also evaluated.
Thermal Conductivity of Alumina Measured with Three Techniques
Authors: Hemrick JG , Kistler CW , Wereszczak AA , Ferber MK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Three common ASTM methods (calorimetry, hot-wire, and laser-flash) for determining the thermal conductivity of refractory ceramics were compared using a commonly available bulk material having a microstructure sufficient for all three methods of analysis. Experimental measurements were made between 20–1200°C on a fine-grained, 94 % pure aluminum oxide using each technique. Results from the hot-wire and laser-flash methods were found to be similar and in line with theoretical and literature values. Values obtained by the calorimetry method were found to be lower than those of the other two methods, with a greater deviation at lower temperatures than at higher temperatures.
Development of a Procedure to Determine the Effectiveness of Asphalt-Removing Solvents
Authors: Kulkarni M , Xu Q , Tayebali A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Due to environmental protection requirements, most state and federal agencies are now required to use biodegradable solvents instead of diesel fuel or other hydrocarbon solvents. A variety of environmentally friendly and safe asphalt-removing solvents are available in the market. However, there is no quantitative standardized procedure to compare the efficacy of these solvents. This paper outlines the development of a procedure used to evaluate the cleaning efficacy of various solvents. The goal was to develop a standardized procedure that would yield quantitative and repeatable results. After evaluating various alternatives like metal and glass plates, ceramic tiles, and aluminum foils, the aluminum dish was found most suitable for the study. Test results obtained for solvent comparison were found to be consistent and repeatable, with the coefficient of variation for asphalt removed less than 10% for most solvents. Further, this study provides an outline for cost-effective analysis of solvents used in relation to diesel fuel and the procedure is able to rank solvents quantitatively.
A Method for Assessing the Durability of Medical Examination Gloves
Authors: Chaput MP , Teixeira JC , Boivin WS , Kerr LN , Mailhot SA , O'Malley LG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method was developed to test the durability of medical examination gloves. Target failure rate ranges were established for the method by analysis of published failure rates for gloves tested after clinical use. The method consists of two parts: a Simulated Donning Test Procedure and a Shaker Table Abrasion Procedure. FDA water leak testing was performed to detect defects after stressing the gloves. In the donning procedure, a donning apparatus is used to simulate the stresses of donning medical gloves. In the abrasion procedure, a hand phantom is placed inside the glove; the glove is placed into a Fleaker™ beaker containing an abrasive material; and a shaker table agitates the setup and stresses the glove. Failure rates were 4 % for vinyl gloves and 0 % for latex gloves after simulated donning alone and 41 % for vinyl and 11 % for latex after combined donning and abrasion testing. The measured failure rates were within the established target rate ranges.
Experimental Study of the Strain Rate and Temperature Effects on the Mechanical Behavior of a Magnesium-Silicon Carbide Composite
Authors: El-Saied Essa Y , Fernández-Sáez J , Pérez-Castellanos JL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The effects of strain rate and temperature on the mechanical behavior of a magnesium alloy (ZC71) and its corresponding composite reinforced with SiC particles are investigated. The experimental procedures of testing at high strain rate and different temperatures are described. The tensile stress-strain responses of both the base and the reinforced materials were found to depend on the applied strain rate (0.003 ≤ έ ≤ 700 s−1), the test temperature (−150 ≤ T ≤ 200°C) and the presence of reinforcement. Comparative results are presented in terms of the main mechanical parameters, and quantitative conclusions are obtained of the influence of temperature and strain rate, using quasistatic and dynamic tests, on the mechanical behavior of these materials.
Evaluation of the Ignition Susceptibility of Plastics in Nitrogen Trifluoride (NF3) by Autogenous Ignition Testing
Authors: Newton B , Jacksier T , Beeson H , Stradling J , Odom G 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper presents the development of a test system to evaluate the ignition susceptibility of several common plastics in nitrogen trifluoride (NF3) as compared to gaseous oxygen. A test system was developed to allow for measurement of the autogenous ignition temperature (AIT) in both gaseous oxygen and NF3. The autogenous ignition temperatures of Kel-F® 81 PCTFE, Neoflon® PCTFE5, Teflon® PTFE, Nylon 101, PVDF, and PVC were determined in gaseous NF3 and in gaseous oxygen.
Measurement of Lateral Deformation in Natural and High Damping Rubbers in Large Deformation Uniaxial Tests
Authors: Amin AFMS , Alam MS , Okui Y 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In testing the mechanical behavior of rubbers, the incompressibility assumption is used to predict the deformed cross section under loading and thereby to calculate the true stress. There are, however, cases where rubbers can undergo considerable volumetric deformation in large strain experiments. Microstructural investigation through a scanning electron microscope was carried out on a void-filled natural rubber specimen to clarify the effect of voids on the compressibility feature. The microstructure of the natural rubber was observed qualitatively and quantitatively in uniaxial tension and compared to the microstructure in the underformed condition. The existence of the compressibility feature in the void-filled rubber was confirmed from a microstructural viewpoint. The findings indicate the necessity of accurate measurement of the deformed cross section in mechanical tests to obtain the true stress. To this end, an experimental setup capable of measuring the deformed cross section of the rubber specimens subjected to large uniaxial compression is proposed. To do this, the accuracy of laser beams is used for measurement of distance and a mechanical jig is developed to synchronize the movement of the laser transducer with the vertical crosshead of the load cell of a computer-controlled servohydraulic testing machine. Thus the constraints associated with conventional strain gages in measuring large strains are overcome. Finally, two natural rubber specimens and one high damping rubber specimen were tested in the proposed setup to display the adequacy of the developed device in measuring lateral deformation of rubber-like highly deformable solids in large strain uniaxial testing.
Measurement and Analysis of the United Parcel Service Ground Shipping Environment for Large and Heavy Packages
Authors: Singh SP , Burgess GJ , Hays ZG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This study investigated the United Parcel Shipping environment for shipping large and heavy packages weighing up to 150 lb. The data were collected using instrumented packages that contained triaxial recorders to measure acceleration levels produced by drops and impacts during shipping and handling. The study showed that the existing test methods used to design and evaluate such packages for this type of shipping environment in accordance with ASTM (American Society for Testing and Materials) and ISTA (International Safe Transit Association) test methods do not replicate the levels of damage found in real shipments. The study recommends tests that would produce more realistic damage levels for this environment.
On the Sensitivity of J Estimation to Materials' Stress-Strain Curves in Fracture Toughness Testing Using the Finite Element Method
Authors: Kim Y-J , Schwalbe K-H 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The present paper reports the accuracy of the J estimation equations for three typical homogeneous fracture toughness testing specimens: M(T), C(T), and SE(B) specimens, based on systematic 2D FE analyses. A wide range of crack lengths is considered, except for C(T) specimens where only deep cracks are considered, a/W = 0.45 to 0.7. By carefully selecting the properties of the materials in the analysis, particular emphasis is placed on the sensitivity of such equations to the strain hardening as well as the type of stress strain curve, such as continuously hardening materials or materials with Lüders strain. Two different J estimation schemes are considered, one based on load-load line displacement records and the other on load-crack mouth opening displacement (CMOD) records.
For all cases considered, the J estimation based on load-CMOD records gives more accurate results, compared to those based on load-load line displacement records. Moreover, the J estimation is not sensitive to the material's strain hardening and to the type of the stress strain curve, except for shallow-cracked M(T) specimens with a/W &lt; 0.2. For shallow-cracked M(T) specimens with a/W &lt; 0.2, the J estimation equation is not sensitive to the material, for materials with Lüders strain, but is sensitive for continuously hardening materials. The error increases with the hardening, i.e., a higher hardening material gives a larger error in J.
Evaluation and Adjustments for ASTM D 5656 Standard Test Method for Thick-Adherend Metal Lap-Shear Joints for Determination of the Stress-Strain Behavior of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading
Authors: Yang C , Huang H , Tomblin JS , Oplinger DW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Adhesive-bonded joints have been used widely for composite materials as a necessary alternative to conventional mechanical joint designs. In a bonded joint, the load is transferred from one substrate to the other mainly through adhesive shear stress. One of the greatest drawbacks to predicting the mechanical behavior of bonded joints has been the lack of reliable data on the mechanical properties of adhesives. Among many test methods that have been developed to test structural adhesives in thin film geometries, the ASTM D 5656 “thick-adherend lap shear test” is used frequently to determine the shear properties of adhesives while the samples are loaded in tension. Due to the nonuniformity of adhesive shear stress distribution within the joint, through both the bondedline thickness and overlap length, and the measurement method described in the test method, some errors will be introduced if corrections are not made. A finite element analysis was conducted in order to provide a clear picture of the mechanical behavior of the ASTM D 5656 specimen under loading. Based on the results from finite element analysis, the sources of error were analyzed and three correction factors were introduced to recover the adhesive shear modulus of the specimen. Suggestions of mounting the KGR-1 measurement device are also given in order to avoid some of the errors. Because results from linear finite element analysis were used, only adhesive shear modulus within the linear range is discussed in this article.
Weathering Effects on the Fracture Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride Pipes
Authors: Ragab AR , Alawi H 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPolyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes were weathered naturally for periods of up to two years. The effect of weathering on the mechanical properties was investigated by compressing unnotched and radially notched ring specimens in a parallel-plate test. Disregarding the scatter existing among the test results, the general trend indicates deteriorating fracture properties due to exposure. The application of fracture mechanics concepts, explicitly the J-integral value, to the test results helps to reveal the susceptibility of weathered PVC pipe material to brittle fracture compared to its as-received condition.