bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oilseed handling and preparation prior to solvent extraction
Authors: Moore N. Hunt 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper describes cleaning of soybeans, present methods of drying soybeans to facilitate easy hull removal for the production of high protein meal, latest methods of air recirculation for energy efficiency in process drying, latest methods of handling soybeans to facilitate dust control in storage and conveying, conventional methods of dehulling with an emphasis on potential energy savings, cracking of soybeans with high capacity mills with special corrugations to give ideal particle size distribution for efficient dehulling, flaking of soybeans with high capacity mills; and latest innovations in the drying, dehulling, and conditioning of soybeans by use of the fluidbed drier and the microwave vacuum process.
Oilseed pretreatment in connection with physical refining
Authors: Kock M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTests have shown that the nonhydratable phosphatides (NHP) arising by the action of phospholipases are not present in significant quantities in commercial soybeans, but that they are formed predominantly only during extraction. By a moisture‐heat treatment of the soy flakes prior to the extraction, this enzyme activity can be almost completely eliminated so that, during the subsequent extraction, an enzymatic change of the oil no longer occurs. In comparison with the extraction of untreated soy flakes, the yield of soy lecithin is doubled; the lecithin has a higher content of phosphatidylchol ine; the crude, degummed soy oil has extraordinarily low NHP contents; and the soy meal tastes less bitter.
Deodorization of edible oil
Authors: Dudrow F. A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractDeodorization is a high‐temperature, high‐vacuum steam‐distillation process to remove volatile, odoriferous materials present in edible fats and oils. This paper reviews and discusses the effect of temperature vs time, vacuum vs stripping steam, the importance of air exclusion, heating media, and flavor reversion.
Hydrogenation theory: Some aspects
Authors: Larsson R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe model of associate adsorption of olefinic groups to give the half‐hydrogenated state suggested first by Horiuti and Polanyi, gives the simplest possible description of the hydrogenation process. By adding the requirement that acisselective process is favored by preventing the free rotation around the C‐C bond of olefinic parentage, one can rationalize many observations in fat hydrogenation. Examples given in the present paper show that this prevention is achieved if two coordination sites are available for an effective locking of the diene during the hydrogenation. From this very idea, it follows that thetransselectivity must increase when the iodine value has been reduced to such a point that the proportion of dienes is very small. Another indication of the usefulness of the presented ideas is the spectroscopic observation that poisoning of the sites on a metallic surface that make two coordination places available for olefin coordination increases thetrans‐selectivity. All in all, this review emphasizes the important contributions of coordination chemistry and spectroscopy to the understanding of the mechanism of hydrogenation processes on solid metal surfaces.
Lecithin production and utilization
Authors: Szuhaj B. F. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCommercial lecithin is the most important byproduct of the edible oil processing industry because of its functionality and wide application in food systems and industrial utility. The recovery of lecithin from oil is a relatively simple process. Hydration of the phosphatides by water or steam followed by recovery by centrifuge and drying is all that is required. But in order to maximize lecithin's utility and functionality, processing conditions all the way back to the bean or seed must be carefully controlled. Bean storage and handling, crude oil storage, refining pretreats, drying processes, bleaching, chemical modification, and storage all can affect lecithin quality and performance. The effects of processing on lecithin quality and performance is one of the major focal points in this presentation. Utilization of lecithins has expanded beyond the traditional application in paints, chocolate, and margarine. Food technologists have used lecithin as a functional ingredient in many modern systems. Its multifunctional properties and its “natural” status make commercial lecithin an ideal food ingredient. The major functional properties include: emulsification, instantizing and particle wetting, release, viscosity modification and nutrition. The nutritional impact of lecithin is currently being assessed in the medical field as an important factor in improving neurochemical disorders. Other medical and health related activity areas include positive changes in cholesterol, blood chemistry and circulatory factors. Lecithin is also used in numerous industrial and nonfood applications such as pigment dispersing, mold release, and animal feeds. The major source of commercial lecithin is from the processing of soybean oil. Evaluation of lecithins from other seed crops such as cotton, corn, and rapeseed is being pursued. The growth of these sources will be a function of demand.
Oil recovery from spent bleaching earth and disposal of the extracted material
Authors: Ong John T. L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethods for recovering oil from spent bleaching earth are described. Blowing steam and circulating hot water through spent bleaching earth reduce its oil content to only ca. 25% and 20%, respectively. Mixing the cake with milled oilseed may spoil the fresh oil. Hexane extraction of spent earth with hexane is economically feasible for expensive and relatively stable oils only. Because of its simplicity and low cost, extraction with an aqueous solution of soda and salt is economically feasible. The problems with respect to the disposal of the extracted material are discussed.
Predesolventizing of soybean meal
Authors: Weber K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPredesolventizing of meal provides opportunities for potential savings in the extraction operation. The reduction of the moisture level in meal can save considerable energy during the meal drying operation. Ways to reduce the hexane content before drying include: (a) changing seed preparation; (b) increasing drainage time; (c) mechanical pressing; (d) evaporating by indirect heating; (e) circulating metallic heat transferring units; and (f) using new technology. These options are evaluated in terms of economics and operating efficiencies.
Identification of ergosta‐6(7),8(14),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol and ergosta‐5(6),7(8),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, two new steroidal trienes synthesized byPrototheca wickerhamii
Authors: Norton Robert A. , David Nes W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractErgosta‐6(7),8(14),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosta‐5(6),7(8),25(27)‐trien‐3β‐ol, ergosterol, 25(27)‐dehydroergosterol (protothecasterol), ergosta‐7,25(27)‐dien‐3β‐ol and ergost‐7‐en‐3β‐ol have been isolated from cells ofPrototheca wickerhamii. The structures of the compounds have been determined in stereochemical detail by a series of chromatographic and spectral techniques. The results are interpreted to imply that whereasP. wickerhamii is non‐photosynthetic and yeast‐like in appearance and synthesizes ergosterol, the organism can be biochemically distinguished from yeast and considered an alga in part through the detection of other sterols described herein, notably those with Δ25(27) side chains.
The participation of soluble factors in the ω‐oxidation of fatty acids in the liver of the sheep
Authors: Hare W. Robert , Wahle Klaus W. J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe removal of soluble components from an ovine hepatic microsomal preparation decreased the ω‐hydroxylation of dodecanoic and hexadecanoic acids. The results suggest that one or more soluble components play a role in the microsomal ω‐hydroxylation of fatty acids. The possible roles in the reaction of catalase (known to stimulate the microsomal desaturations of fatty acids and alkylglycerols) and superoxide dismutase were investigated. The addition of these enzymes to the complete (but not the washed) microsomal preparation stimulated both the initial ω‐hydroxylation reaction and the subsequent dehydrogenation reactions of the ω‐oxidation pathway. The similarity of the effects of catalase and superoxide dismutase and stimulation of two different steps of the ω‐oxidation pathway suggest that these agents are acting indirectly by removing active oxygen species rather than directly on the enzymes of microsomal fatty acid ω‐hydroxylation.
Triacylglycerol synthesis in the oleaginous yeastCandida curvata D
Authors: Holdsworth Jane E. , Ratledge Colin 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLow rates of triacylglycerol (TAG) biosynthesis were observed in cell‐free extracts ofCandida curvata, but rates were increased up to 10‐fold by adding either α‐ or β‐cyclodextrins. Spheroplasts, whole or gently disrupted, had higher rates of incorporation of both [U‐14C]glycerol 3‐phosphate or [1‐14C]oleate into triacylglycerol and the intermediates of its biosynthesis: lysophosphatic acid, phosphatidic acid and diacylglycerol. Fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase was highest with palmitate, oleate and linoleate but was some 6‐ to 8‐fold lower with stearate. Stearate and stearoyl‐CoA were poorly incorporated into lipids. Subcellular fractionation of the spheroplasts into mitochondrial, microsomal, lipid bodies and supernatant fractions diminished the rates of14C incorporation of oleate into triacylglycerol. By comparing the relative specific activities for each activity in each fraction, the fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase activity appeared mainly in the lipid bodies, and that for phosphatidic acid formation was mainly in the mitochondrion; other activities were too weak and too dispersed for accurate assessment of their location. Recombining all the subcellular fractions restored triacylglycerol synthesizing activity. Omitting any single fraction from the mixture did not result in restoration of triacylglycerol synthesizing activity. Starvation of the yeast, which leads to utilization of the endogenous lipid reserves, stimulated fatty acyl‐CoA synthetase activity, but diminished phosphatidic acid and triacylglycerol biosynthesis indicating probable induction of β‐oxidation in the peroxisomes and repression of lipid biosynthesis.
Change in bile salt dependent lipase in human breast milk during extended lactation
Authors: Dupuy Patricia , Frédéric Saunière J. , Vis Henry L. , Leclaire Michèle , Lombardo Dominique 
Published: January 2007

AbstractTwo hundred eighty‐one milk samples collected from Zaïrian nonprivileged, undernourished mothers, in series of nine groups from 1 month to 18 months after parturition, and 66 milk samples collected from French privileged mothers in series of four groups from 2 days to 16 monthspostpartum, were analyzed for their lactose, lipid and protein contents. In addition, the activity of bile salt‐dependent lipase (esterase), which may play an important role in the newborn infant's lipids digestion, was measured. After the first monthpostpartum, independent of the nutritional state of the mother, sugar and protein concentrations were identical. Lipid content of French mother's milk was lower in transitional milk, but appeared constant in mature milk with an average value of 29.1±5.8 mg/mL of milk. In Zarärian mother's milk, the lipid content of mature milk plateaued at around 50–55 mg/mL independent of the stage of lactation. Bile salt‐dependent lipase showed constant esterase activity within the lactation stage in privileged mother's milk, but decreased by almost 80–90% during the first four months of lactation in undernourished mothers. The data suggest that milk from nonprivileged mothers may lose some of its ability of hydrolyze milk lipid esters, which could also be of consequence to the infant's normal growth in view of its effect on the esters of the lipid‐soluble vitamins A, E and D.
Cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in mammary tissue of the lactating rat
Authors: West D. W. , Shand J. H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractCholesterol ester hydrolase activity has been studied in mammary glands of rats. Subcellular fractionation of the glands obtained in mid‐lactation indicated that around 80% of the recovered activity was associated with particulate fractions. Two distinct cholesterol ester hydrolase activities were identified, one with an optimum pH of 7.5–9.0 and the second (approximately 5% of the total activity) with a more acidic pH optimum. Although the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase had some properties in common with the lipoprotein lipase in mammary tissue, it was shown to be a separate entity by several criteria. Its activity could be increased following treatment with Mg‐ATP and cAMP‐dependent protein kinase, suggesting identity with the hormone sensitive lipase of adipose tissue. The cholesterol ester hydrolase activity in mammary glands just after parturition was greater than in glands obtained either from late‐pregnant or midlactating animals. The subcellular distribution of the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase suggested that it may have a different function to the neutral cholesterol ester hydrolase of adrenals and other tissues. Nevertheless the fact that the activity of the enzyme can be modulated by cAMP‐dependent protein kinase suggests the possibility that hormonal control of this enzyme may be involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism in the mammary gland.
Possible essentiality of docosahexaenoic acid in Japanese monkey neonates: Occurrence in colostrum and low biosynthetic capacity in neonate brains
Authors: Kanazawa Ayako , Miyazawa Teruo , Hirono Haruko , Yayashi Motoharu , Fujimoto Kenshiro 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe importance of mother's milk as a source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in Japanese monkey neonates was investigated. The DHA content in monkey colostrum total lipids was 2.2%, similar to or slightly higher than in humans. A comparison of the biosynthetic capacity of brain microsomes from monkeys of different age (up to 10 years) showed that chain elongation/desaturation of linolenic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid in neonates was significantly less pronounced than in adults. In particular, the formation of DHA, which is the product of Δ4 desaturase, was negligible. These results suggest that milk is an important source of DHA in Japanese monkey neonates.
Vitamin E and the susceptibility of erythrocytes and reconstituted liposomes to oxidative stress in aged diabetics
Authors: Urano Shiro , Hoshi‐Hashizume Midori , Tochigi Noriko , Matsuo Mitsuyoshi , Shiraki Masataka , Ito Hideki 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA remarkable increase in the permeability of erythrocyte ghosts and liposomal membranes composed of erythrocyte lipids from aged diabetics was revealed by measuring [14C]glucose leakage. There were no significant differences in the contents of free cholesterol or phospholipids, or in the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio between diabetic and normal erythrocyte membranes, but significantly higher amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid were observed in the erythrocyte membranes of diabetics. Reconstituted liposomes prepared from aged diabetic erythrocyte lipids were highly susceptible to superoxide‐induced oxidative stress. Vitamin E was highly effective in suppressing the peroxidative lysis of liposomes composed of diabetic erythrocyte lipids. The effect of superoxide dismutase (SOD) on the inhibition of peroxidation of unsaturated lipids within liposomal membranes was less than that of vitamin E.
Triolein‐phosphatidylcholine‐cholesterol emulsions as substrates for lipoprotein and hepatic lipases
Authors: Clark Susanne Bennett , Laboda Henry L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLipolysis of emulsified glycerol tri[9,10‐3H]oleate by lipoprotein lipase purified from bovine milk (E.C. 3.1.1.34) and by hepatic lipase purified from rat liver perfusate was studied as a function of the phosphatidylcholine molecular species and the cholesterol content of the emulsions. Overall, the activities of the two enzymes were similar on a molar basis. Lipoprotein lipase initial lipolysis rates also were comparable for emulsions made with egg phosphatidylcholine or with saturated (dimyristoyl, dipalmitoyl and distearoyl) phosphatidylcholines when cholesterol was low. Increasing the cholesterol content of the emulsion from 2–3 mole percent to 7–14 mole percent reduced triolein lipolysis by lipoprotein lipase in emulsions made with saturated phosphatidylcholines. Rat hepatic lipase was more sensitive to increased cholesterol in emulsions made with saturated phosphatidylcholines than was lipoprotein lipase. The ability to maintain triolein lipolysis during longer incubations differed strikingly among the emulsions and for the two enzymes. Lymph chylomicrons were better substrates for both enzymes than any of the emulsions.
A procedure for the simultaneous determination of lipid and protein in biomembranes and other biological samples
Authors: Rodríguez‐Vico Felipe , Martínez‐Cayuela Marina , Zafra M. Flor , Garcia‐Peregrin Eduardo , Ramírez Hilario 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVery small sample sizes frequently become the limiting factor in biochemical and biomembrane studies in which routine quantification of protein and bulk lipids are required. The procedure described here allows the simultaneous determination of protein and lipid without initial, multiple aliquots. The method is based on the quantitative precipitation of proteins from a defined hexane/isopropanol mixture. The liquid phase resulting after decanting and concentrating to dryness can then be used to assay the lipid content directly. Quantitative assay of protein can be achieved after resuspension of the pelleted material by addition of sodium dodecyl sulfate (0.1%) and deoxycholate (1%). The method is also applicable to other types of lipid‐ and protein‐containing samples with a broad range of protein/lipid ratios and lipid compositions, as they occur, for example, in serum lipoproteins.
In vitro incorporation of elongated fatty acyl products into lipid classes in the housefly,Musca domestica L. and the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana (L.)
Authors: Vaz Apollo H. , Wong Alvin G. , Reitz Ronald C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThein vitro incorporation of elongated fatty acyl products into various lipid classes was studied in the American cockroach,Periplaneta americana (L.) and the houseflyMusca domestica L. Stearoyl‐CoA (18∶0‐CoA) and linoleoyl‐CoA (18∶2‐CoA) were each elongated in microsomal preparations from abdominal epidermal tissue of the adult cockroach. Incorporation of radioactive tracer into different lipid classes was determined by thin‐layer chromatography (TLC). In the American cockroach, 40–45% of the total radioactive label was incorporated into the free fatty acid fraction, with smaller amounts in the triglyceride (12–31%) and phospholipid (12–19%) fractions. Of the elongated products analyzed by radio‐high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), 53–60% was found in the free fatty acid fraction. In the housefly, the substrates 18∶0‐CoA and 18∶1‐CoA were used to determine into which lipids the elongated products would become incorporated. The saturated fatty acyl elongated products were found mainly in the free fatty acid (41%), triglyceride (23%), and acyl‐CoA (17%) fractions. The monounsaturated fatty acyl elongated products were found in the triglyceride (44%), free fatty acid (11%), acyl‐CoA (35%) and phospholipid (10%) fractions in three‐day‐old males. In three‐day‐old females, the elongated products were found in the triglyceride (45%), free fatty acid (28%), acyl‐CoA (11%) and phospholipid (15%) fractions. From these data, it is not possible to determine the identity of the substrate for the conversion of the elongated fatty acyl products to the corresponding hydrocarbon (Hy). In the cockroach, incubations with 18∶0‐CoA and with 18∶2‐CoA resulted in small incorporations into 25∶0 Hy and into 27∶2 Hy, respectively. In the housefly, incubations with 18∶1‐CoA resulted in a very small production of 27∶1 Hy in mature males and 23∶1 Hy in mature female houseflies. These data support the idea that the preparation of subcellular fractions results in an uncoupling of fatty acid chain elongation from the conversion of the fatty acid to the corresponding hydrocarbon in both insects.
Effects of triton WR 1339 and heparin on the transfer of surface lipids from triglyceride‐rich emulsions to high density lipoproteins in rats
Authors: Maranhão Raul C. , Roland Ivete A. , Hirata Mário H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe influence of lipolytic mechanisms on the transfer of phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol from artificial emulsions, serving as chylomicron models to other plasma lipoproteins, mainly high density lipoproteins (HDL) were testedin vivo. The emulsions labeled with radioactive lipids were injected into the bloodstream of rats (controls) and the results were compared with those obtained from rats that had previously been treated with Triton WR 1339 or heparin. Plasma clearance and the distribution of cholesteryl esters, phospholipids and unesterified cholesterol in the different plasma lipoprotein fractions were then determined. Whereas virtually no cholesteryl esters were found in d>1.006 g/mL density fraction of the three experimental groups, 2.8±1.3% of the injected phospholipids were in the 1.063–1.210 g/L density fraction of the Triton treated rats, and 12.6±5.4% of the heparin treated rats, as compared to 10.1±1.7% in controls. This indicates that lipolysis directly influences phospholipid transfer to HDL. In contrast, free‐cholesterol transfer to HDL, besides being less pronounced than phospholipid transfer, was enhanced by Triton and diminished by heparin, indicating that lipolytic mechanisms were not important determinants in this process.
Regulation of squalene synthetase and squalene epoxidase activities insaccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: M'Baya Bonaventure , Fegueur Marc , Servouse Madeleine , Karst Francis 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSqualene synthetase (EC 2.5.1.21) and squalene epoxidase (EC 1.14 99.7) activities have been measured in cell‐free extracts of wild type yeast grown in aerobic and semianaerobic conditions as well as in sterol‐auxotrophic mutant strains grown aerobically. The results show that both enzymes are induced resulting in an almost two‐ to five‐fold increase in enzymatic activities in mutant strains containing limited sterol amounts and are repressed in the wild type strain cultured in anaerobiosis in excess of sterol. The results show also that squalene epoxidase is repressed by lanosterol, and that the mevalonic acid pool may regulate squalene synthetase levels.The large change in the activities of the two enzymes, depending on the sterol needs of the cells, as well as their low specific activities in comparison with those of the enzymes involved in the early stages of sterol synthesis strongly suggests that squalene synthetase and squalene epoxidase are of importance in regulating the amount of sterol synthesized by yeast.
Separation and concentration of natural antioxidants from the rape of olives
Authors: Sheabar Fayad Z. , Neeman Ishak 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPolyphenols were extracted from the rape of Israeli olive oil using hexane, acetone and ethanol in a simple sequential procedure yielding three fractions (A,B,C). Fraction A (extracted with hexane) contained few polyphenols (0.05%), while Fraction B (extracted with acetone) and Fraction C (extracted with ethanol) contained about 5% polyphenols each. Fractions B and C were also found to contain the highest ortho‐di‐phenol concentration (about 3%). The addition of purified Fraction B at a level of 100 ppm to refined olive or soybean oils partially inhibited the oxidative deterioration when the oils were stored in the dark at 100 C.