bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunespecific interferon production by peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes from patients with primary and recurrent orolabial herpes simplex virus infections
Authors: Green Jon A. , Weiss Paul N. , Yeh Tze‐Jou , Spruance Spotswood L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunespecific IFN (IFN) is produced by the peripheral blood mononuclear leukocytes (PBML) of greater than 95% of HSV‐seropositive humans with infrequent recurrences of herpes labialis [Green, Yeh, and Overall, 1981]. However, herpes virus‐induced immunespecific IFN was produced by PBML from only 33 of 48 (68.8%) persons with frequent recurrences (2–12 episodes a year). Two of eight subjects with primary herpes gingivostomatitis also failed to produce immunespecific IFN during either the acute or convalescent phases of their initial HSV infection. These data suggest that some persons have a defective immunespecific IFN response that exists from the time of their primary orolabial HSV type 1 infection. This defect may predispose to a higher frequency of disease in some individuals.
Inadequacy of lmmunoglobulin M hepatitis B core antibody in detecting acute hepatitis B virus infection in infants of HBsAg carrier mothers
Authors: Chen Ding‐Shinn , Sung Juei‐Low , Lai Ming‐Yang , Sheu Jin‐Chuan , Yang Pei‐Ming , Lee Sheng‐Chung , Chen Shen‐Hui , Chang Mei‐Hwei , Ko Tsang‐Ming , Lee Tzu‐Yao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo study the usefulness of IgM hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc IgM) for detecting hepatitis B virus infections in infants of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carrier mothers, serial serum samples from 86 infants of carrier mothers were tested for anti‐HBc IgM with a highly specific enzyme immunoassay. Asymptomatic hepatitis B infection occurred frequently in infants under 12 mo of age. Anti‐HBc IgM never became positive in 25 infants infected under 9 mo old. It was positive in only 1 of 6 infected at 9 mo and 4 of 13 infected at 12 mo of age. The IgM antibody lasted for less than 6 mo. Although the infection was delayed in 28 infants receiving hepatitis B immune globulin, the poor anti‐HBc IgM response did not seem to be due to the immune prophylaxis. Our study clearly indicates the limitation of anti‐HBc IgM for detecting acute hepatitis B infection in infants born to HBsAg carrier mothers.
Recent changes in prevalence pattern of Japanese encephalitis virus in hyogo prefecture, Japan, using a two‐dimensional distribution of IgG and IgM class antibody levels in swine sera
Authors: Yamaoka Masaoki , Konishi Eiji 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSurveillance of antibody to Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus in swine sera was performed during the epidemic season from July to September, 1978 to 1983, in Hyogo Prefecture, Japan, using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Two‐dimensional distribution analyses of ELISA values for IgG and IgM class antibodies indicated recent changes in the prevalence pattern. Time courses of antibody levels observed from 1978 to 1980 were similar to those in the 1960s of major epidemics, indicating a synchronous infection during the second wave of infection. In 1982 and 1983, however, the JE prevalence pattern implies an incessant infection cycle between vector mosquitoes and pigs during the latter half of the epidemic season. The delay of the occurrence of JE in patients confirms the longer period of exposure to infectious vectors.
Altered natural history of hepatitis B in homosexual males–‐a reflection of altered immune responsiveness?
Authors: Anderson M. G. , Eddleston A. L. W. F. , Murray‐Lyon Iain M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe suggest that subtle alterations in T‐cell functions in male homosexuals makes them more likely to have silent anicteric hepatitis B infection, and perhaps more likely to become chronic carriers with significant chronic liver disease. This immunodeficiency might also explain why they respond less favourably to antiviral therapy. In future trials of antiviral therapy homosexual males should be randomised separately. Further studies of the immunomodulatory effects of new and existing agents will be of value in designing drug regimes particularly suited to the treatment of homosexual HBV carriers.
Hepatitis B virus‐DNA in the serum of patients followed‐up longitudinally with acute and chronic hepatitis B
Authors: Moestrup T. , Hansson B. G. , Widell A. , Blomberg J. , Nordenfelt E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from 79 patients with acute self‐limiting hepatitis, 17 patients with acute hepatitis B evolving into chronic HBsAg carriership, and 43 chronic HBsAg carriers without a history of acute hepatitis were analyzed for presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV)‐DNA by a molecular hybridization technique. In acute self‐limiting hepatitis, HBV‐DNA was cleared within a few weeks after the onset of clinical symptoms. The longest period of DNA positivity observed in this group was 42 days. In 29 of 52 patients HBV‐DNA was cleared before HBeAg disappeared. Among 17 patients who became chronic HBsAg carriers, HBV‐DNA was present for more than 6 months in all but one. Most of the HBsAg carriers eventually cleared HBV‐DNA. The DNA clearance frequently preceeded the conversion of HBeAg to anti‐HBe. Thus, in many patients there was a transitional period with HBeAg but without HBV‐DNA. HBV‐DNA was found to be a better index of impending chronicity than HBeAg since persistence of HBeAg for more than 42 days was noted in 10% of the patients who nevertheless cleared HBsAg within 6 months. By that time all those patients had turned negative for HBV‐DNA. On the other hand, in 16 of the 17 patients who became chronic carriers of HBsAg, HBV‐DNA as well as HBeAg persisted for more than 6 months. The present results also suggest that infectivity in acute hepatitis B is a feature mainly of the presymptomatic and early symptomatic period.
Seroepidemiological studies on a non‐A, non‐B hepatitis specific antigen/antibody system (SO‐antigen/anti‐SO)
Authors: Kanno Atsushi , Ohori Hitoshi , Nagatsuka Yasuko , Sekino Hiroshi , Tateda Akira , Goto Yoshio , Ishida Nakao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe patients and staff members of a haemodialysis unit were examined for their serological responses to SO‐antigen, which was isolated from the urine of epidemic type non‐A, non‐B hepatitis patients at Tohoku University Hospital. To understand how SO‐antigen or SO‐antigen‐related aetiology can be incriminated for the hepatitis found in the haemodialysis unit, the prevalence of SO‐antigen/anti‐SO system and hepatitis A and B virus‐related antibodies was compared in the sera of patients and staff members. Although the SO‐antigen was rarely detected in the serum, anti‐SO antibody was frequently detected in the sera of patients and staff. A significantly higher prevalence was found in the serum of patients (15%, 54 out of 361) than staff members (7.1%, 13 out of 184) and volunteer blood donors (1%, 3 out of 305). The same prevalence percentages of HBV‐related antibodies (either positive for anti‐HBs or anti‐HBc) and anti‐HAV were observed among the patients, staff, and volunteer blood donors, irrespective of whether the sera were anti‐SO positive or negative.Among the staff, anti‐SO antibody was more frequently found in those with a history of acute hepatitis (16.7%, 3 out of 18) than in those without (6%, 10 out of 166). These prevalence ratios conformed with those of HBV‐related antibodies, but the same prevalence ratios of antibody to HAV were observed between the staff with and without a history of acute hepatitis.These results indicate that the SO‐antigen/anti‐SO system or entity related to this immune system is distinct from HBV or HAV, and this immune system was found widely in the haemodialysis unit where type B and non‐A, non‐B hepatitis were also found frequently.
Use of a molecular probe for detecting JCV DNA directly in human brain material
Authors: Gibson P. E. , Gardner S. D. , Field A. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA hybridot assay using a radiolabelled JC virus probe has been used to detect the presence of JCV DNA in brain biopsy and postmortem brain samples from patients with neurological disease and possible progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy. Sixty‐nine brain samples from 45 patients were examined. Eleven samples from eight patients had detectable JCV DNA sequences. In seven of the eight patients this result was confirmed by electron microscopy and/or virus isolation or immunofluorescence.
The detection of respiratory syncytial virus in nasopharyngeal aspirates: Assessment, formulation, and evaluation of monoclonal antibodies as a diagnostic reagent
Authors: Freke A. , Stott E. J. , Roome A. P. C. H. , Caul E. O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractComparisons were made between standard methods of cell culture, indirect immunofluorescence (IF) using hyperimmune respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antiserum, and indirect IF using mouse monoclonal antibodies directed against various epitopes of RSV for the detection of RSV in nasopharyngeal aspirates. The monoclonal antibodies were used singly and in pools of different specificities which in turn were tested in both direct and indirect IF.In a preliminary study, aspirates from 227 infants were examined for RSV by standard methods. The results were compared with the detection of RSV in these aspirates using nine separate monoclonal antibodies and a pool consisting of five monoclonal antibodies. Respiratory syncytial virus was detected in 64 (28%) by cell culture, in 68 (30%) by indirect IF using bovine polyclonal antibody (BPA), and in 75 (33%) by indirect IF using the monoclonal antibody pool. The nine individual monoclonal antibodies when tested separately were less sensitive, detecting between 8 and 77% of all aspirates found to be positive by culture.After statistical analysis of the results obtained in the preliminary study, a refined monoclonal antibody pool was prepared and in a further study was tested by both direct and indirect IF in parallel with our two standard methods.Slides prepared from 303 nasopharyngeal aspirates collected between 1981 and 1984 and either tested the same day or stored at −20°C were used to evaluate these reagents. Overall agreement between the four tests was found in 274 (90%) specimens. Cell culture detected RSV in 68 (22%) specimens, indirect IF with BPA in 67 (22%), indirect IF with monoclonal antibody in 72 (24%), and direct IF with monoclonal antibody in 79 (26%). The pool of monoclonal antibodies used in direct or indirect IF was thus more sensitive than our standard methods for the detection of RSV in nasopharyngeal aspirates, and direct IF tests could be completed in 40 minutes.
An in vitro reactivation system for investigation of herpes simplex virus latency
Authors: Gunn C. S. , Goldwater P. N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn in vitro reactivation system for investigation of herpes simplex virus latency which is inexpensive, simple, and convenient to establish and operate is presented. The system is useful for investigation of compounds that may be involved in suppression or augmentation of herpes simplex virus reactivation. The uses of this model in exploring the mechanism of HSV reactivation, in screening for drugs which affect this process, and in testing their mode of action are discussed.
Hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections: Initial report of a study in the West Midlands of England
Authors: Boxall Elizabeth H. , Tarlow M. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study was carried out to evaluate the efficacy of hepatitis B vaccine in interrupting perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus from carrier mothers to their babies. A four‐dose schedule was used. Eight of nine babies of e antigen carrier mothers became actively immune when immunisations were started within 48 hr of birth. Effectiveness was reduced if immunisation was delayed. This report includes results from a total of 32 babies, the longest period of follow‐up being 2 years. The success of this scheme is comparable to that of more intensive prophylaxis of immunoglobulin either alone or combined with vaccine and should be seriously considered for the babies of all hepatitis B carrier mothers.
Detection of cytomegalovirus by ELISA in urine samples is inhibited by β2 microglobulin
Authors: McKeating Jane A. , Grundy Jane E. , Varghese Zachariah , Griffiths Paul D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring development of an enzyme immunoassay for the detection of cytomegalovirus (CMV) we previously discovered that virus found naturally in urine specimens could not be captured onto the solid phase by CMV‐specific monoclonal antibodies, whereas these same antibodies could capture CMV from cell culture supernatants. We now report that urine from normal CMV‐seronegative individuals contains a substance of molecular weight 11–12,000 daltons that inhibits the ELISA detection of cell culture‐grown CMV. The addition of a known urinary protein of this molecular weight, β2 microglobulin (βm; 11,700 daltons), inhibited the detection of cell culture‐grown CMV in the ELISA over the concentration range found in clinical urine samples. In contrast, another low molecular weight urinary protein, lysozyme, had no inhibitory effect. β2m caused inhibition only when added to the virus preparation and not to the antibody‐capture stage. We conclude that β2m in urine prevents the detection of CMV by ELISA by binding to the virus and masking its antigenic determinants and we culculate that of the order of 105 molecules of β2m bind to each particle of cell culture‐grown CMV. We postulate that CMV in fresh urine specimens is similarly coated with β2m, accounting for the failure to detect it by ELISA.
Evaluation of clinical specimens for the presence of respiratory syncytial virus antigens using an enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Flanders Richard T. , Lindsay Peter D. , Chairez Ruben , Brawner Thomas A. , Kumar Mary L. , Swenson Paul D. , Bromberg Kenneth 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn enzyme‐linked immunoassay (EIA) was developed for the detection of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) antigen in nasopharyngeal secretions. This assay, which employs goat and rabbit anti‐RSV as the capture and detector antibodies respectively, was used in a retrospective evaluation of frozen clinical specimens from children. The EIA results were compared with those of virus isolation in cell culture and direct fluorescent antibody staining performed at the time of specimen collection. The sensitivity of the RSV EIA compared to cell culture was 91.3% (63/69) with a specificity of 96.8% (93/96). The predictive value of a positive EIA result was 95.4% and for a negative EIA result, 93.9%. The sensitivity of the RSV‐EIA compared to direct FA was 91.5% (43/47) with a specificity of 96.5% (83/86). These data represent the preclinical evaluation of the Abbott RSV‐EIA. This assay could prove to be a useful alternative to virus isolation or direct FA for the diagnosis of RSV infection.
Hepatitis a antibody in an isolated amerindian tribe fifty years after exposure
Authors: Black Francis L. , Jacobson Denise L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibody to hepatitis A in an Amerindian tribe was found in everyone over 50 years old but in no one younger. We suggest that the tribe had become infected with hepatitis A virus during the period, about 50 years earlier, when they engaged in raids on Luso‐Brasilian settlers, that the virus failed to persist in the tribe when they withdrew into isolation, and that those who had been infected maintained antibody titers without boosting since that time.
Viral hepatitis markers in patients on haemodialysis in a hyperendemic area
Authors: Ashraf Syed Jamaluddin , Arya Subhash Chandra , Parande Chandrakant Mukund 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAntibody profiles for cytomegalovirus (CMV), hepatitis A virus (HAV), hepatitis B virus (HBV) and the δ‐agent were determined on 55 serum samples drawn from 55 Saudi patients on maintenance haemodialysis for periods ranging form 1.5 months to 2 years. The exposure rates for CMV, HAV, and HBV were 100%, 100%, and 72.7%, respectively. There was no intersex difference in positivity for HBV surface antigen (HBsAg), antibody to HBsAg (anti‐HBs), antibody to HBV core antigen (anti‐HBc); 15.4%, 65.4%, 3.8% in males and 6.9%, 55.2%, and 0% in females, respectively. Among six HBsAg carriers, one and three were positive for e antigen (HBeAg) and antibody to HBeAg (anti‐HBe), respectively, with two negative for HBeAg and anti‐HBe. The six carriers were also negative for anti‐δ antibody. A comparison of the above antibody profile to the profile of voluntary blood donors and those seeking treatment for minor ailments in the local general hospital, obtained earlier using identical test procedures, revealed no difference for CMV and HAV exposure rate. The HBV exposure rate was higher in the haemodialysed patients (P < 0.001).The epidemiological measures for preventing nosocomial viral hepatitis including immunisation of susceptibles, can be supplemented, among carriers, by interferon and acyclovir therapy for active viral replication. In HBV hyperendemic areas, haemodialysis patients exposed to HBV should be screened periodically for early signs of hepatocellular carcinoma.
Experimental infection of akodon molinae (Rodentia, Cricetidae) with Junín virus
Authors: Carballal Guadalupe , Videla Cristina , Cossio P. M. , Dulout F. , Acuña Ana M. , Bianchi N. O. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractExperimental infection with the XJ‐Clone 3 strain of Junín virus in laboratory bred Akodon molinae, a cricetid rodent inhabiting the borders of endemic Argentine hemorrhagic fever areas, was studied.Suckling animals inoculated intracerebrally proved sensitive and became chronically infected. Sixty percent of the rodents showed neurologic involvement, with mortality reaching 60%.Virus was recovered from the brain at 7, 15, 21, 37, and 57 days postinfection (pi). By immunofluorescence (IF), viral antigens were observed up to 182 days pi in cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Concurrently, immunoglobulin deposits were detected in infected CNS cells from 21 up to 182 days pi. These deposits increased with the progression of the immune response as measured by IF antibodies. The detection of immune complexes in brain cells of apparently healthy animals suggests that neither viral replication nor the development of a humoral immune response are necessary requisites for neurovirulence in this host.Infection of adult rodents by different routes failed to induce disease or mortality and virus could not be recovered from oral swabs, blood, or organs.Our data suggest that Akodon molinae could play a role in nature as an alternative reservoir of Junín virus in addition to the main reservoir, Calomys musculinus.
Prevalence of HTLV‐IIVLAV antibodies in Italian asymptomatic hemophiliacs given commercial concentrates of factors VIII and IX
Authors: Verani Paola , Mariani Guglielmo , Mannucci Pier M. , de Rossi Giulio , Nicoletti Loredana , Titti Fausto , Falcione Emanuela , Pasqualetti Daniela , Ammassari Michele , Gringeri Alessandro , Mandelli Franco , Rossi Giovanni B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of HTLV‐IIULAV antibodies was evaluated in 222 Italian asymptomatic hemophiliacs treated exclusively with commercial factor concentrates made with American plasma. An increase of HTLV‐III/LAV seropositivity from 1983 to 1985 was evident. This was independent of the type of hemophilia (A or B) but directly correlated to the amount of concentrate administered in the previous year. Immunological data (T4 and T8 lymphocyte subsets) were evaluated in relation to seropositivity to HTLV‐III/LAV. The presence of antibodies was found to be significantly associated with a low T4/T8 ratio and to a reduced T4 subpopulation, whereas increased levels of T8 lymphocytes correlated weakly with seropositivity. Data from 47 hemophiliacs tested both in 1984 and 1985 showed that 100% of those negative in 1984 and highly transfused in the previous year seroconverted up to 1985, whereas 33% of those not highly transfused did so.
Immunoglobulins that bind to uncoated ELISA plate surfaces: Appearance in mice during infection with lactate‐dehydrogenase‐elevating virus and in human anti‐nuclear antibody‐positive sera
Authors: Cafruny William A. , Heruth Daniel P. , Jaqua Mary Jo , Plagemann Peter G. W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunoglobulins present in the blood plasma of mice infected with lactate‐dehydrogenase‐elevating virus (LDV) were found to bind strongly in the presence of 0.05 % Tween 20 to the uncoated surfaces of wells of certain ELISA plates with previously recognized high protein‐binding capacity. The binding was readily distinguishable from non‐specific background binding of immunoglobulins present in normal mouse plasma. The binding components absorbed to protein A and had molecular weights in the 150–300 kDa range. Binding of the purified IgG fraction was progressively inhibited by increasing the concentration of Tween 20 in the diluent and by preincubation of the fraction at pH 3–4 for 10 min. The appearance of plate‐binding IgM and IgG during LDV infection corresponded approximately with previously reported time courses of appearance of IgM‐ and IgG‐containing circulating immune complexes and of specific IgM and IgG anti‐LDV antibodies in LDV‐infected mice. We conclude that complexes of IgG and IgM with LDV antigens have a much higher affinity for ELISA plates with high protein‐binding capacity than uncomplexed immunoglobulins. Immune complexes did not significantly bind to ELISA plates with low protein‐binding capacity, which, therefore, are suitable for measuring specific antiviral antibodies. Preliminary experiments with human anti‐nuclear antibody‐positive serum samples demonstrated markedly elevated non‐specific binding of immunoglobulins to high‐binding‐capacity ELISA plates.
Indirect immunofluorescence, serum neutralization, and viremia responses of rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) to Machupo virus
Authors: Gonder Eric. , Eddy G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough indirect immunofluorescent antibody tests (IFAT) have been developed for several arenaviruses, none has been applied to the rhesus monkey model for Bolivian hemorrhagic fever (caused by the arenavirus Machupo). We infected eight rhesus monkeys with Machupo virus and bled them weekly for determination of viremia and for serum antibody detection by IFAT and serum neutralization (SN) testing. Viremia peaked day 14 post‐inoculation (PI), when two of eight animals had low IFAT titers. At day 21 PI, the six surviving monkeys had elevated IFAT titers and diminished viremias. SN titers were not observed until 28 days PI, when three of four survivors had low titers. Results of the IFAT were available more rapidly than the SN, and detected increased serum antibody titers earlier than the SN. Acetone fixation did not completely inactivate BHF antigen spot slides.