bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kneading Ball‐Milling and Stoichiometric Melts for the Quantitative Derivatization of Carbonyl Compounds with Gas–Solid Recovery
Authors: Mokhtari Javad , Naimi‐Jamal Mohammad R. , Hamzeali Hamideh , Dekamin Mohammad G. , Kaupp Gerd 
Published: March 2009

AbstractA ray of hope for the environment is sustainable and green synthesis without the production of (toxic) waste. Solvent‐free stoichiometric melting or kneading ball‐milling reactions of aldehydes or ketones with carbonyl reagents yields arylhydrazones and oximes in quantitative yield. The carbonyl compounds can be quantitatively recovered from the imino derivatives by using gaseous NO2.magnified imageAn effective methodology of kneading with a ball mill under temperature control was used for the stoichiometric quantitative preparation of synthetically versatile oximes and 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones from low‐melting aldehydes and ketones. Also, a large number of phenylhydrazones are obtained by safe stoichiometric quantitative melt reactions. Advantages of this technique are short reaction times, eco‐friendliness, and ease of handling under solvent‐free conditions, as no waste‐producing purifying workup is necessary. The different reactivities of aldehydes and ketones allow for easy separation of mixtures containing aldehydes and ketones. Furthermore, a new effective, gas–solid deprotection methodology for oximes was developed, using nitrogen dioxide as the reagent under solvent‐free conditions to recover the aldehydes or ketones. The corresponding aldehydes were obtained free of overoxidized acids in quantitative yields.
Structural requirements for the interaction of human IgM and IgA with the human Fcα/μ receptor
Authors: Ghumra Ashfaq , Shi Jianguo , Mcintosh Richard S. , Rasmussen Ingunn B. , Braathen Ranveig , Johansen Finn‐Eirik , Sandlie Inger , Mongini Patricia K. , Areschoug Thomas , Lindahl Gunnar , Lewis Melanie J. , Woof Jenny M. , Pleass Richard J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHere we unravel the structural features of human IgM and IgA that govern their interaction with the human Fcα/μ receptor (hFcα/μR). Ligand polymerization status was crucial for the interaction, because hFcα/μR binding did not occur with monomeric Ab of either class. hFcα/μR bound IgM with an affinity in the nanomolar range, whereas the affinity for dimeric IgA (dIgA) was tenfold lower. Panels of mutant IgM and dIgA were used to identify regions critical for hFcα/μR binding. IgM binding required contributions from both Cμ3 and Cμ4 Fc domains, whereas for dIgA, an exposed loop in the Cα3 domain was crucial. This loop, comprising residues Pro440–Phe443, lies at the Fc domain interface and has been implicated in the binding of host receptors FcαRI and polymeric Ig receptor (pIgR), as well as IgA‐binding proteins produced by certain pathogenic bacteria. Substitutions within the Pro440–Phe443 loop resulted in loss of hFcα/μR binding. Furthermore, secretory component (SC, the extracellular portion of pIgR) and bacterial IgA‐binding proteins were shown to inhibit the dIgA–hFcα/μR interaction. Therefore, we have identified a motif in the IgA–Fc inter‐domain region critical for hFcα/μR interaction, and highlighted the multi‐functional nature of a key site for protein–protein interaction at the IgA Fc domain interface.
Setting up a 2D‐LC/MS/MS method for the rapid quantitation of the prostanoid metabolites 6‐oxo‐PGF1α and TXB2 as markers for hemostasis assessment
Authors: Casetta Bruno , Vecchione Gennaro , Tomaiuolo Michela , Margaglione Maurizio , Grandone Elvira 
Published: March 2009

Abstract6‐oxo‐PGF1α and TXB2 are the metabolites of the prostanglandin PGI2 and of the thromboxane TXA2, respectively. PGI2 and TXA2 are arachidonic acid‐derived compounds which regulate the blood hemostasis. Their quick metabolism leads to the 6‐oxo‐PGF1α and TXB2 metabolites in plasma. In order to study on a large base the external factors influencing the hemostatic conditions, there is a need for a fast and reliable assay for quantitating these metabolites. Some methods have been published for the analysis of the arachidonic acid‐derived compounds and some are dealing with mass spectrometry but nonspecifically centered on these specific compounds with a fast and cheap protocol, amenable for large‐scale studies. Here we describe an analytical strategy that incorporates a two‐dimensional chromatography running coupled to tandem mass spectrometry that minimizes the sample preparation and addresses the presence of the TXB2 anomers for a robust quantitation measurement. After a protein precipitation, 100 µl of the supernatant (corresponding to 50 µl of the original plasma) was injected in a two‐dimensional chromatographic system which operates an on‐line clean‐up and a subsequent chromatographic separation of the targeted analytes with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 22 pg/ml for 6‐oxo‐PGF1α, and and a LOQ of 25 pg/ml for TXB2. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the use of non‐linear transformations for the evaluation of anisotropic rotationally symmetric directional integrals. Application to the stress analysis in fibred soft tissues
Authors: Alastrué V. , Martínez M. A. , Menzel A. , Doblaré M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractMicrosphere‐based constitutive models are a helpful tool in the modelling of materials with a micro‐structure composed of contributing elements directionally arranged. This is the case, for instance, for fibred soft tissues. In these models, the macroscopic mechanical behaviour is obtained from the integration of the micro‐structural contribution of each component (e.g. each fibre) over the surface of an underlying microsphere, which allows incorporating the mechanical features of the micro‐constituents to the macroscopic response. The combination of this sort of models and the associated numerical techniques constitutes a powerful modelling tool for which an efficient integration scheme is required. In this regard, the unit sphere discretizations proposed by Bažant and Oh (ZAMM—J Appl Math Mech Z Angew Math Mech 1986; 66(1):37–49) have been used for the integration of the microscopic contributions in isotropic materials. Nevertheless, the inclusion of anisotropy has important implications with regard to the integration scheme, since very fine discretizations are needed to perform the integration accurately, causing the integration process to be very costly. In addition, the storage of internal variables at each integration direction of every integration point is required for constitutive models based on the use of internal variables at the micro‐structural level, which renders this approach rather complex and memory demanding. In order to reduce the number of necessary integration directions, several non‐linear transformations for the integration of rotationally symmetric functions over the surface of the unit sphere are here presented. Their accuracy in the integration of the von Mises orientation distribution function is evaluated. Furthermore, a hyperelastic microsphere‐based constitutive law for the modelling of soft biological tissues is used in order to check the accuracy and computational efficiency of the proposed transformations within a Finite Element context in inhomogeneous deformation problems. Simulation results show the suitability of the proposed methodology in order to accurately approximate the value of the integrals within reasonable computational costs. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A finite element formulation for the analysis of interlaminar shear stresses in layered composite plates
Authors: Schürg Marco , Gruttmann Friedrich 
Published: March 2009

AbstractFiber reinforced composite plates are often highly stressed structures. For an efficient design of such plates interlaminar stresses have to be evaluated as precisely as possible. In this paper we propose a finite element formulation for the analysis of transverse shear stresses in layered composite plates. For this purpose the equilibrium equations are exploited with appropriate shape functions in weak form which leads to a local discrete boundary value problem. Two different models to compute the derivatives of the strains are considered. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Some Damping Characteristics of a Chain Structured Vibration System
Authors: Weber Wolfgang , Anders Bernd , Zastrau Bernd W. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe optimal positioning of a single damping element in a chain structured vibration system of Mikota–type [1] is being analyzed by means of LYAPUNOV optimization. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Photocrosslinking of EVA/inorganic filler blends and characteristics of related properties
Authors: Hu Yuewen , Wu Qianghua , Qu Baojun 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe blends of EVA filled with talc, calcium carbonate, and glass ball (GB) have been photocrosslinked by UV irradiation in the presence of benzophenone (BP) as a photoinitiator and triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC) as a crosslinker. The various factors affecting the crosslinking process and the related properties have been studied by gel determination, heat extension test, mechanical and thermal aging test, UV spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the EVA/talc, EVA/CaCO3, and EVA/GB samples of 1 mm thickness filled with 25 phr inorganic filler can be photocrosslinked to gel content of above 70 wt% by 5 sec UV‐irradiation under optimum conditions, which is sufficient for some applications of EVA blend materials. The crosslinking rate and final gel content level are in the order of EVA/GB > EVA/talc > EVA/CaCO3. The data from mechanical and thermal aging tests give evidence that the photocrosslinked EVA/talc, EVA/CaCO3, and EVA/GB samples are of much better tensile strength and thermal aging properties than those of the unphotocrosslinked ones. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
met oncogene activation qualifies spontaneous canine osteosarcoma as a suitable pre‐clinical model of human osteosarcoma
Authors: De Maria Raffaella , Miretti Silvia , Iussich Selina , Olivero Martina , Morello Emanuela , Bertotti Andrea , Christensen James G , Biolatti Bartolomeo , Levine Roy A , Buracco Paolo , Di Renzo Maria Flavia 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe Met receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) is aberrantly expressed in human osteosarcoma and is an attractive molecular target for cancer therapy. We studied spontaneous canine osteosarcoma (OSA) as a potential pre‐clinical model for evaluation of Met‐targeted therapies. The canine MET oncogene exhibits 90% homology compared with human MET, indicating that cross‐species functional studies are a viable strategy. Expression and activation of the canine Met receptor were studied utilizing immunohistochemical techniques in 39 samples of canine osteosarcoma, including 35 primary tumours and four metastases. Although the Met RTK is barely detectable in primary culture of canine osteoblasts, high expression of Met protein was observed in 80% of canine osteosarcoma samples acquired from various breeds. Met protein overexpression was also concordant with its activation as indicated by phosphorylation of critical tyrosine residues. In addition, Met was expressed and constitutively activated in canine osteosarcoma cell lines. OSA cells expressing high levels of Met demonstrated activation of downstream transducers, elevated spontaneous motility, and invasiveness which were impaired by both a small molecule inhibitor of Met catalytic activity (PHA‐665752) and met‐specific, stable RNA interference obtained by means of lentiviral vector. Similar to observations in human OSA, these data suggest that Met is commonly overexpressed and activated in canine OSA and that inhibition of Met impairs the invasive and motogenic properties of canine OSA cells. These data implicate Met as a potentially important factor for canine OSA progression and indicate that it represents a viable model to study Met‐targeted therapies. Copyright © 2009 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effects of the selective and non‐peptide CXCR2 receptor antagonist SB225002 on acute and long‐lasting models of nociception in mice
Authors: Manjavachi Marianne N. , Quintão Nara L.M. , Campos Maria Martha , Deschamps Isa K. , Yunes Rosendo A. , Nunes Ricardo J. , Leal Paulo C. , Calixto João B. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThis study evaluated the antinociceptive effects of the selective and non‐peptide CXCR2 antagonist SB225002 in mouse models of pain. As assessed in different tests of spontaneous nociception, intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of SB225002 caused consistent and dose‐related reduction of acetic acid‐induced abdominal constrictions, whereas it did not significantly affect the nociception evoked by formalin, capsaicin, glutamate or phorbol ester acetate (PMA). Systemic treatment with SB225002 strikingly reduced the spontaneous nociception induced by 8‐bromo‐cAMP (8‐Br‐cAMP), or mechanical hypernociception induced by prostaglandin E2(PGE2), epinephrine, or the keratinocyte‐derived chemokine (KC). In the carrageenan model, SB225002 markedly reduced mechanical hypernociception when administered by i.p., intrathecal (i.t.) or intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) routes, or even when co‐administered with carrageenan into the mouse paw, indicating peripheral and central sites of action for SB225002. In addition, i.p. treatment with SB225002 significantly attenuated the increase in MPO activity or the elevation of IL‐1β, TNFα or KC levels following carrageenan injection. In the persistent models of pain evoked by complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) or by the partial ligation of the sciatic nerve (PLSN), the repeated administration of SB225002 displayed prominent and long‐lasting antinociceptive effects. Notably, SB225002 did not evoke unspecific central effects, as evaluated in the open‐field and rota‐rod tests, or even in the latency responses for thermal stimuli. Our data confirm the previous notion on the critical role exerted by chemokines in pain, indicating that selective CXCR2 antagonists, such as SB225002, might well represent interesting and innovative alternatives for the management of both acute and chronic pain.
The effect of infection history on the fitness of the gastrointestinal nematode Strongyloides ratti
Authors: BLEAY C. , WILKES C. P. , PATERSON S. , VINEY M. E. 
Published: March 2009

SUMMARYHosts in nature will often acquire infections by different helminth species over their lifetime. This presents the potential for new infections to be affected (particularly via the host immune response) by a host's history of previous con- or hetero-specific infection. Here we have used an experimental rat model to investigate the consequences of a history of primary infection with either Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, Strongyloides venezuelensis or S. ratti on the fitness of, and immunological response to, secondary infections of S. ratti. We found that a history of con-specific, but not hetero-specific, infection reduced the survivorship of S. ratti; the fecundity of S. ratti was not affected by a history of either con- or hetero-specific infections. We also found that a history of con-specific infection promoted Th2-type responses, as shown by increased concentrations of total IgE, S. ratti-specific IgG1, rat mast cell protease II (RMCPII), IL4 (but decreased concentrations of IFNγ) produced by mesenteric lymph node cells in response to S. ratti antigen. Additionally, S. ratti-specific IgG1 was positively related to the intensity of both primary and secondary infections of S. ratti. Hetero-specific primary infections were only observed to affect the concentration of total IgE and RMCPII. The overall conclusion of these experiments is that the major immunological effect acting against an infection is induced by the infection itself and that there is little effect of prior infections of the host.
The health and relationship dynamics of late-life couples: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: WALKER RUTH B. , LUSZCZ MARY A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTLate-life husband and wife relationships are increasingly recognised as an important factor in promoting wellbeing, particularly in terms of the health, social, emotional, financial and practical needs of older people. Knowledge of marital dynamics and how they affect both members of a couple remains scarce. This systematic review aimed to identify and appraise research that has focused explicitly on the dynamics of the relationship, as evinced by data frombothspouses. Implementing rigorous identification strategies, 45 articles were identified and reviewed. These studies were grouped into three broad thematic areas: marital relations and satisfaction; concordance in emotional state or physical health; and the interplay between marital quality and wellbeing. The issues found to affect marital relations and satisfaction in late life included equality of roles, having adequate communication, and transitions to living apart. There is strong evidence for couple concordance in depression, that marital relationships affect ill-health, longevity and recovery from illness, and reciprocally that ill-health impacts on the marriage itself. The research also suggests important gender differences in the impact of marital dynamics on health. It has led to the conclusion that there is a need for more diverse studies of late-life marriages, particularly ones that examine the dynamics of non-traditional elderly couples and that extend beyond a predominant focus on the Caucasian population of the United States.
Availability of activity-related resources in senior apartments: does it differ by neighbourhood socio-economic status?
Authors: MENEC VERENA H. , VESELYUK DAWN M. , BLANDFORD AUDREY A. , NOWICKI SCOTT 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTResearch has shown that the level of activity of the residents of a city's neighbourhood is related to the availability of activity-related resources. This study aimed to characterise the housing environment in which many older adults live by exploring what activity-related resources were available in senior apartment buildings in one Canadian city, Winnipeg. Of 195 senior apartment buildings in the city, 190 were surveyed to examine whether variation in the buildings' activity resources was related to neighbourhood characteristics, particularly socio-economic status. Resources were classified as those for physical activities (e.g. exercise classes), social activities (e.g. card games), and services (e.g. a grocery-store shuttle). The neighbourhood characteristics were taken from census data and included socio-economic and socio-demographic measures. The apartment buildings varied considerably in the resources available, and a positive relationship was found between neighbourhood income and physical and social activity programmes and services. Lower residential stability and a higher percentage of residents living alone were also related to the buildings' resource-richness, and senior apartment buildings with limited activity-related resources clustered in disadvantaged neighbourhoods. How senior apartments are resourced should be examined in relation to the neighbourhood in which they are located.
Disk Galaxies at High Redshift?
Authors: Pettini Max 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe successful implementation of integral field near-infrared spectrographs fed by adaptive optics is providing unprecedented views of gas motions within galaxies at redshifts z = 2 − 3, when the universe was forming stars at its peak rate. A complex picture of galaxy kinematics is emerging, with inflows, rotation within sometimes extended and nearly always thick disks, mergers, and galaxy-wide outflows all contributing to the variety of patterns seen. On the computational side, simulations of galaxy formation have reached a level of sophistication which can not only reproduce many of the properties of today's galaxies, but also throws new light on high redshift galaxies which are too faint to be detected directly, such as those giving rise to quasar absorption lines. In this brief review, I summarise recent progress in these areas.
New evidence for halo gas accretion onto disk galaxies
Authors: Fraternali Filippo 
Published: March 2009

AbstractStudies of the halo gas in the Milky Way and in nearby spiral galaxies show the presence of gas complexes that cannot be reconciled with an internal (galactic fountain) origin and are direct evidence of gas accretion. Estimating gas accretion rates from these features consistently gives values, which are one order of magnitude lower than what is needed to feed the star formation. I show that this problem can be overcome if most of the accretion is in fact “hidden” as it mixes with the galactic fountain material coming from the disk. This model not only provides an explanation for the missing gas accretion but also reproduces the peculiar kinematics of the halo gas in particular the vertical rotation gradient. In this view this gradient becomes indirect evidence for gas accretion.
The First Galaxies
Authors: Bromm Volker 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAn important open frontier in astrophysics is to understand how the first sources of light, the first stars and galaxies, ended the cosmic dark ages at redshifts z ≃ 15 − 20. Their formation signaled the transition from the simple initial state of the universe to one of ever increasing complexity. We here review recent progress in understanding the assembly process of the first galaxies with numerical simulations, starting with cosmological initial conditions and modelling the detailed physics of star formation. The key drivers in building up the primordial galaxies are the feedback effects from the first stars, due to their input of radiation and of heavy chemical elements in the wake of supernova explosions. In addition, the conditions inside the first galaxies are governed by the gravitationally-driven turbulence generated during the virialization of the dark matter host halo. Our theoretical predictions will be tested with upcoming near-infrared observatories, such as the James Webb Space Telecope, in the decade ahead.
Chemical enrichment in the early Galaxy
Authors: Karlsson Torgny 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe chemical enrichment by the first sources of light in the universe ultimately set the stage for the subsequent evolution of the Milky Way system. The oldest and, usually, the most-metal poor stars are our ‘near-field’ link to this ancient epoch as they, apart from tracing the chemical enrichment itself, also indirectly hold information on, e.g., the conditions for star formation and feed-back effects in the early universe. In particular, I will discuss the possible origins of the relatively large number of carbon enhanced metal-poor stars in the Galactic halo. Furthermore, I will argue that the apparent absence of the chemical signature of so-called pair-instability supernovae (PISNe), which are a natural consequence of current theoretical models for primordial star formation at the highest masses, may arise from a subtle observational selection effect. Whereas most surveys traditionally focus on the most metal-poor stars, early PISN enrichment is predicted to ‘overshoot’, reaching enrichment levels of [Ca/H] ~ −2.5 that would be missed by current searches.
Formation and evolution of disk galaxies
Authors: Silk Joseph 
Published: March 2009

AbstractGlobal star formation is the key to understanding galaxy disk formation. This in turn depends on gravitational instability of disks and continuing gas accretion as well as minor merging. A key component is feedback from supernovae. Primary observational constraints on disk galaxy formation and evolution include the Schmidt-Kennicutt law, the Tully-Fisher relation and the galaxy luminosity function. I will review how theory confronts phenomenology, and discuss future prospects for refining our understanding of disk formation.