bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Play Theory, Playing, and Culture
Authors: Masters Patricia Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article focuses on theoretical approaches to play and their application to play communities. It explores the work of pioneers in the study of this important interactional form: Johan Huizinga and Roger Caillois. In addition, the seminal work of Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi on the play experience and its seductive qualities for individuals is discussed. Briefly introduced is the recent work of Brian Sutton‐Smith who proposed that each discipline develops a specific rhetoric in studying play and identifies the rhetorics typically employed by scholars in the social sciences and the humanities. This article provides examples of approaches to analyzing the functional outcomes of cultural performances, including parades, and proposes broadening the scope of research to include not only the outcomes of play but also the experience of playing, thus illuminating our understanding of the strong bonds that are formed through communal play.
A GROWTH MODEL FOR SOUTH AFRICA
Authors: Rattsø Jørn , Stokke Hildegunn E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe examine the South African growth experience during 1960‐2005 using an intertemporal growth model. The model combines old growth theory investment dynamics and new growth theory endogenous productivity growth. The consumption and investment decisions are intertemporal and assume open capital markets. Structural change is captured by separating the traded and nontraded sectors, and sectoral productivity growth is determined in a barriers‐to‐growth framework. Calibration of the model shows how the growth experience combines neoclassical convergence, technology spillovers with barriers and productivity‐investment interaction. Counterfactual analysis shows the growth costs of sanctions and protectionism. The suggested model is an alternative to existing growth modelling in South Africa, in which investments are short‐sighted and productivity growth is imposed exogenously.
INFLATION TARGETING AND THE FISHER EFFECT IN SOUTH AFRICA: AN EMPIRICAL INVESTIGATION
Authors: Mitchell‐innes H.a. , Aziakpono M.j. , Faure A.p. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe paper analyses the relationship between expected inflation and nominal interest rates during a period of inflation targeting in South Africa, i.e. from 2000 to 2005. Specifically, it investigates the Fisher hypothesis that nominal interest rates move one‐to‐one with expected inflation, leaving the real interest rate unaffected. The analysis distinguishes between a short‐run Fisher effect and a long‐run Fisher effect. Using cointegration and error correction models (for monthly data for the period April 2000 to July 2005), it was found that the short‐run Fisher hypothesis did not hold during the relevant period under the inflation targeting monetary policy framework in South Africa. This is attributed to a combination of the South African Reserve Bank's (SARB) control over short‐term interest rates and the effects of the monetary transmission mechanism. The long‐run Fisher hypothesis could not be confirmed in its strictest form: while changes in inflation expectations move in the same direction as the nominal long‐term interest rate. This suggests that monetary policy has an influence on the real long‐term interest rate, which has positive implications for general economic activity, thus confirming the credibility of the inflation targeting framework.
ESTIMATING SARB'S POLICY REACTION RULE
Authors: Ortiz Alberto , Sturzenegger Federico 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper uses a Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium (DSGE) model to estimate the South African Reserve Bank's (SARB) policy reaction rule. We find that the SARB has a stable rule very much in line with those estimated for Canada, UK, Australia and New Zealand. Relative to other emerging economies the policy reaction function of the SARB appears to be much more stable with a consistent anti inflation bias, a somewhat larger weight on output and a very low weight on the exchange rate.
AFTER MUGABE GOES – THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL RECONSTRUCTION OF ZIMBABWE
Authors: Parsons Rwk 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis Presidential address briefly outlines the developments in Zimbabwe since independence in 1980 leading up to the current political and economic crisis. The Zimbabwean situation is assessed within the conceptual framework of patrimonialism and predatory states. The origins of the Zimbabwean crisis are then analysed in their economic and political context leading to an eventual “fragile” or “failed” state. Evaluation of the crisis suggests that institutional damage has proceeded to the point at which only large scale economic and political reconstruction offers sustainable long term solutions, irrespective of when President Mugabe leaves office. The address concludes with an examination of the regional implications for Southern African Development Community – as well as the role of the global community – and outlines some of the core components of any reconstruction process‐to‐be in Zimbabwe.
LONG‐RUN M3 DEMAND IN SOUTH AFRICA: A COINTEGRATED VAR MODEL
Authors: Todani K.r. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper presents a system cointegration analysis of a long‐run demand for money (measured in terms of M3) in South Africa. In particular, the paper estimates a cointegrated vector autoregression model, consisting of real money, income and the opportunity cost of holding money. Using a variety of theory consistent identification schemes, the money demand function is identified along with other two cointegrating relations, namely, an IS‐type relationship and a relationship relating inflation to the spread between long‐ and short‐term interest rates. The model shows that of the variables used, only income and real money are error‐correcting to the money demand relation. The money demand relation is found to be relatively stable over the sample period, when short‐run fluctuations are corrected for. The model further shows that the long‐run link between money and inflation is rather weak.
THE IMPLICATIONS OF OECD GROWTH FOR SOUTH AFRICAN EXPORTS
Authors: Rangasamy L. , Brick K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper examines the role of OECD growth on South African exports using a vector error correction model. In the long run both OECD growth and the real effective exchange rate were found to influence South Africa's export performance, while in the short run, the real effective exchange rate was found to be an important driver of export growth. The policy implications that emerge from the study underscore the importance of fully exploiting current trading relationships, diversifying South African export destinations and enhancing competitiveness.
Fluids of Hard Nonspherical Molecules. II. Monte Carlo Data and Equation of State
Authors: Morávek Pavel , Kolafa Jiří , Francová Magda 
Published: April 2008

New accurate data on the compressibility factor of the hard homonuclear diatomics with a full range of elongations and the hard prolate spherocylinders with length-to-width ratio as high as 9 are presented. The data were obtained by Monte Carlo NpT simulations with finite-size corrections in the range of reduced pressures βp* = 0.5-7.0. New equations of state based on simultaneous correlation of the data with the virial coefficients up to the ninth are presented.
Relationship of the absolute difference between direct and indirect ion selective electrode measurement of serum sodium and the total protein concentration
Authors: Jones B J , Twomey P J 
Published: April 2008

Aim:To derive the relationship for the difference between direct and indirect ion selective electrode measurements of serum sodium and the total protein concentration.Methods:Using modern analysers and independent specimens that covered the whole of the total protein range, linear relationships were derived for the difference between direct and indirect ion selective electrode measurements of serum sodium and the total protein concentration.Results:The regression data were as follows: absolute difference = 0.1196 TP – 5.9528, r2 = 0.4555, p<10−48; relative difference = 0.0849 TP – 4.1199, r2 = 0.4153, p<10−43.Conclusions:A linear regression equation for the relationship of the absolute difference between direct and indirect ion selective electrode measurements of serum sodium and the total protein concentration can be validly derived. However, due to the large spread of data around the regression line, such equations should not be employed to decide when to use direct electrodes instead of indirect electrodes in routine clinical laboratories.
Signet ring cells of stromal derivation in the uterine cervix secondary to cauterisation: report of a previously undescribed phenomenon
Authors: McKenna M , McCluggage W G 
Published: April 2008

Aims:To describe the occurrence of signet ring cells of stromal origin within the uterine cervix.Methods:Following the identification of prominent signet ring cells in the stroma in a large loop excision of transformation zone (LLETZ) biopsy of cervix (the index case), a series of LLETZ specimens was prospectively examined for this phenomenon.Results:Focal collections of identical signet ring cells in 15% of the specimens were found. The cells were characterised by bland eccentric round or crescentic nuclei with a single cytoplasmic vacuole. The signet ring cells in the index case were vimentin positive, and negative with cytokeratins, epithelial membrane antigen and CD68, in keeping with a stromal derivation.Conclusions:In all cases, the signet ring cells were in areas of thermal damage and they are believed to be an artefact of cauterisation; identical features have been described in transurethral resection of prostate specimens and also attributed to thermal damage. When the change is extensive in the cervix, there is potential for misdiagnosis as a signet ring carcinoma. Other cervical lesions with signet ring cells are discussed.
Cytogenetic evidence of nucleolar dominance in allotetraploid species ofBrachypodium
Authors: Idziak Dominika , Hasterok Robert 
Published: April 2008

Sequential silver staining and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) were used to establish activity and number of 45S rDNA sites in meristematic root tip cells of 6 ecotypes of allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 30) species of Brachypodium and their putative ancestors, B. distachyon (2n = 2x = 10) and ABR114 (2n = 2x = 20). Using either total nuclear DNA of ABR114 or the ABR1-63-E6 BAC clone from a B. distachyon genomic library as an auxiliary probe, it was possible to distinguish by FISH between the two genomes composing the ecotypes of allotetraploid Brachypodium species and to determine unambiguously the parentage of both dominant and suppressed rRNA genes. Each of the diploid species possessed two rDNA loci, both transcriptionally active. The number of 45S rDNA sites in 6 ecotypes of allotetraploid Brachypodium species was always equal to the sum of loci present in their putative diploid parents. Two smaller sites were located in chromosomes corresponding to the ABR114 chromosomal set, and two larger ones in the chromosomes of B. distachyon origin. In all analyzed allotetraploid ecotypes, only rRNA genes belonging to the B. distachyon–like genome were transcriptionally active, while rDNA from the other parental genome was always suppressed. Thus the occurrence of nucleolar dominance in the allotetraploid (2n = 4x = 30) species of Brachypodium is demonstrated for the first time.
Temporary Pretreatment With the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Blocker, Valsartan, Prevents Ischemic Brain Damage Through an Increase in Capillary Density
Authors: Li Jian-Mei , Mogi Masaki , Iwanami Jun , Min Li-Juan , Tsukuda Kana , Sakata Akiko , Fujita Teppei , Iwai Masaru , Horiuchi Masatsugu 
Published: April 2008

Background and Purpose—We investigated the effect of temporary treatment with a nonhypotensive dose of valsartan on ischemic brain damage in C57BL/6 mice.Methods—We separated the mice into 3 groups of valsartan treatment before middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion: (1) for 4 weeks:Val (2W, 2W); (2) for 2 weeks followed by its cessation for 2 weeks:Val (2W, -); and (3) no treatment for 4 weeks:Val (-, -).Results—Ischemic volume, DNA damage, superoxide production, and mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α on the ipsilateral side after 24 hours of MCA occlusion were significantly reduced in bothVal (2W, 2W)andVal (2W, -)mice compared with those inVal (-, -)mice, whereas these parameters were larger inVal (2W, -)mice than inVal (2W, 2W)mice. Moreover, mice in both theVal (2W, 2W)andVal (2W, -)groups exhibited an increase in cerebral blood flow in the peripheral territory of the MCA 1 hour after MCA occlusion, with increases in endothelial nitric oxide synthase activation and nitric oxide production. Before MCA occlusion, treatment with valsartan did not influence superoxide production or mRNA levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and tumor necrosis factor-α in the brain. However, the capillary density in the brain in bothVal (2W, 2W)andVal (2W, -)mice was increased before MCA occlusion.Conclusions—Our results suggest that temporary valsartan treatment could protect against ischemic brain damage even after its cessation, at least in part due to an increase in capillary density.
The Russian Civil Code and the Rome Convention: Implied Choice of the Governing Law
Authors: Badykov Mikhail 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, the author compares the provisions of the 1980 European Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations (Rome Convention) and the 1994 Russian Civil Code on implied choice of a governing law (the provisions of Article 3 of the Convention and Article 1210(2) of the Code). He begins with an examination of whether the Code and the Convention allow the use of the same factual data for inferring an implied choice; goes on to analyze whether the relationship between the terms and the circumstances is the same under these two instruments; and concludes by testing whether the Code and the Convention demand the same level of certainty in inferring a choice. This research enriches the methodological background to the rules set forth in Article 1210(2) of the RF Civil Code, as the Russian case law on the subject is quite elementary at present and courts and lawyers, therefore, lack any firm guidance. The author shows that a prima facie similarity in the possible use of terms and circumstances in the Convention and the Code is misleading. Many circumstances that are well-settled under the Convention (e.g., the choice of a particular forum, reference in a contract to a national statute, use of standard forms, etc.) are likely to be ignored in Russia. Furthermore, there is a difference between terms and circumstances in the instruments examined. This difference has its roots in the general provisions of the RF Civil Code (Part I). The implication of a choice in the Code demands such a high standard of certainty that it renders the regulation of the Code substantially different from that of the Convention.
Conditional (Contingent) Fees in the Russian Federation
Authors: Medvedev Andrey 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this article, the author discusses contemporary Russian judicial practice concerning the legality of attorney's conditional fees. He starts with a brief overview of foreign practice and distinguishes various kinds of conditional fees. The author provides a classification of conditional fees, through the prism of which he evaluates judicial practice in Russia. He distinguishes and, in particular, contrasts the contingent (or contingency) fee from (with) the conditional fee per se (the conditional fee in the narrow sense). The main focus is on a landmark 2007 Decision of the RF Constitutional Court in which the Court ruled against conditional fees in Russia. The author provides a detailed analysis of the Decision. He supports a view which is in clear opposition to the Constitutional Court, finding the Decision facile, criticizing its motivation and questioning its feasibility. The author describes the claims submitted to the Court, the findings of the Court, and the conclusions reached by the Court. Furthermore, he considers the impact which the Decision may have on judicial practice. The author concludes by discussing the possible future of conditional fees in the Russian Federation and notes that the Decision of the RF Constitutional Court may not constitute the final word on the issue. He advocates further and more in-depth research on the nature of conditional fees.
An Analysis of West African Dynamics Using a Linearized GCM*
Authors: Nicholson S. E. , Barcilon A. I. , Challa M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This study utilizes a linear, primitive equation spherical model to study the development and propagation of easterly wave disturbances over West Africa. Perturbations are started from an initial disturbance consisting of a barotropic vortex and the governing equations are integrated forward in time. The perturbations are introduced into basic states corresponding to the observed dynamical and thermodynamical characteristics of two wet years in the Sahel and two dry years.
The model simulations show consistent contrasts in wave activity between the wet and dry years. The waves are markedly stronger in the wet years and show a barotropic structure throughout the troposphere. The waves tend to extend throughout the troposphere to the level of the tropical easterly jet (TEJ) in the wet years, but not in the dry years. The upper-tropospheric shear, which is stronger in wet years, appears to be a key factor in wave development. This shear is dependent on the intensity of the TEJ, suggesting that the TEJ is an important factor in interannual variability in the Sahel. When the overall shear is weak, vertical development is suppressed.
Another contrast is that in the dry years the growth rates show a single maximum around 3000–4000 km, but in the wet years there is a second, around 6000–7000 km. This suggests that both synoptic-scale and planetary-scale waves are active in the rainy season of some wet years. Imposing considerations of potential vorticity, the generation of planetary-scale waves implies a strong link between the surface and the TEJ in wet years. Such a link is absent in the dry years. This is likely a major factor in the interannual variability of rainfall in the Sahel.
A Barotropic Model of the Angular Momentum–Conserving Potential Vorticity Staircase in Spherical Geometry
Authors: Dunkerton Timothy J. , Scott Richard K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
An idealized analytical model of the barotropic potential vorticity (PV) staircase is constructed, constrained by global conservation of absolute angular momentum, perfect homogenization of PV in mixing zones between (prograde) westerly jets, and the requirement of barotropic stability. An imposed functional relationship is also assumed between jet speed and latitudinal separation using a multiple of the “dynamical Rossby wave” Rhines scale inferred from the strength of westerly jets. The relative simplicity of the barotropic system provides a simple relation between absolute angular momentum and PV (or absolute vorticity). A family of solutions comprising an arbitrary number of jets is constructed and is used to illustrate the restriction of jet spacing and strength imposed by the constraints of global conservation of angular momentum and barotropic stability. Asymptotic analysis of the theoretical solution indicates a limiting ratio of jet spacing to the dynamical Rhines scale equal to the square root of 6, meaning that westerly jets are spaced farther apart than predicted by the dynamical Rhines scale. It is inferred that an alternative “geometrical” Rhines scale for jet spacing can be obtained from conservation of absolute angular momentum on the sphere if the strength of zonal jets is known from other considerations. Numerical simulations of the full (nonaxisymmetric) equations reveal a pattern of zonal jet evolution that is consistent with our construction of ideal PV staircases in spherical geometry (which can be considered as limiting cases), as well as with the asymptotic analysis of a geometrical Rhines scale. The evolution of the PV staircase originating from an upscale cascade of energy in the barotropic model is therefore seen to depend on conservation of energy (for the strength of jets) and conservation of absolute angular momentum (for the spacing and number of jets). Further analysis of the numerical results confirms a “Taylor identity” relating the flux of eddy potential vorticity to mean-flow acceleration. Eddy fluxes are responsible for the occasional transitions between mode number as well as for maintaining the sharp westerly jets against small-scale dissipation. Suggestions are made for extending the theoretical model to PV staircases that are asymmetric between hemispheres or with latitudinal variation of amplitude, as modeled in the shallow-water system.
Vertical Transition in Transport and Mixing in Baroclinic Flows
Authors: Greenslade M. D. , Haynes P. H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractNumerical simulations in multilevel baroclinic turbulence in a β-plane channel model are discussed, focusing on the transport and mixing behavior. The temperature field in the model is relaxed toward a field consistent with a broad zonal jet with vertical shear that is a Gaussian function of the cross-channel coordinate. The resulting statistical equilibrium flow includes an active baroclinic eddy field. The transport and mixing properties are analyzed by considering the fields of potential vorticity and a passive tracer (from which effective diffusivities/equivalent lengths are calculated). The upper part of the flow organizes itself in such a way that there is a transport barrier in the center of the channel, with eddy mixing regions on either side. In the lower part of the flow the eddy mixing occurs across a single broad region, with no central transport barrier. The transition between these two regimes takes place abruptly at a height zT. A large set of simulations is used to map out the variation of zT as a function of external parameters including β, the thermal relaxation rate κT, and the (lower boundary) frictional relaxation rate κM (applied in the lowest model layer only). The transition height zT is argued to be relevant to sharp vertical transitions in transport and mixing observed in atmospheric and oceanic flows.
Modulation of Small-Scale Turbulence by Ducted Gravity Waves in the Nocturnal Boundary Layer
Authors: Meillier Y. P. , Frehlich R. G. , Jones R. M. , Balsley B. B. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Constant altitude measurements of temperature and velocity in the residual layer of the nocturnal boundary layer, collected by the Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences (CIRES) Tethered Lifting System (TLS), exhibit fluctuations identified by previous work (Fritts et al.) as the signature of ducted gravity waves. The concurrent high-resolution TLS turbulence measurements (temperature structure constant C2T and turbulent kinetic energy dissipation rate ɛ) reveal the presence of patches of enhanced turbulence activity that are roughly synchronized with the troughs of the temperature and velocity fluctuations. To investigate the potentially dominant role ducted gravity waves might play on the modulation of atmospheric stability and therefore, on turbulence, time series of the wave-modulated gradient Richardson number (Ri) and of the vertical gradient of potential temperature ∂θ/∂z(t) are computed numerically and compared to the TLS small-scale turbulence measurements. The results of this study agree with the predictions of previous theoretical studies (i.e., wave-generated fluctuations of temperature and velocity modulate the gradient Richardson number), resulting in periodic enhancements of turbulence at Ri minima. The patches of turbulence observed in the TLS dataset are subsequently identified as convective instabilities generated locally within the unstable phase of the wave.