bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Humanisme
Authors: Françon Marcel 
Published: April 2006

Thérèse Goyet dit, à propos du mot humanisme: ‘Littré ne reçoit le substantif que dans son supplément de 1877,’ et lui donne pour deuxième acception: ‘Théorie philosophique qui rattache les développements historiques de l'humanité à elle-même.’ En note, Thérèse Goyet exphque cette acception en écrivant: ‘Référence de Littré à la Revue Critique, 5 septembre 1874, page 156. “Rattache” et “historiques“ sont tout à fait vagues. Malheureusement, nous n'avons pu retrouver le texte: Il semble que la référence de Littré soit erronée.'Or, je consulte le Supplément du Dictionnaire de Littré (Paris, 1883) et la Revue Critique d'Histoire et de Littérature, No 36—5 septembre—1874 (huitième année), p. 156, et je lis: ‘Il montre ensuite l'unité des Frères moraves naissant du hussitisme, le désir d'une réforme de l'Eglise s'emparant d'un grand nombre de personnalités marquantes et l'humanisme venant s'offrir à elles comme l'instrument d'une science plus sérieuse et d'une culture plus générale.'
Jonson's Volpone and the 'Real'
Antinous
Authors: Fizdale Tay 
Published: April 2006

When Ben Jonson dedicated Volpone 'To the Most Noble and
Most Eqvall Sisters the Two Famovs Vniversities,' he offered to the scholars
a play packed with learning. The most obviously erudite section, of course,
is the entertainment of Nano, Androgyno, and Castrone. An equally curious
bit of lore is placed in III.VIII, as Volpone, attempting the virtue of the
faithful Celia, exclaimsI am, now, as fresh,As hot, as high, and in as iouiall plight,As when (in that so celebrated scene,At recitation of our comoedie,For entertainment of the great VALOYS)I acted yong ANTINOVS; and attractedThe eyes, and eares of all the ladies, present,T'admire each gracefull gesture, note, and footing.(III.vii.157-164)
Sidney and Pietro Bizari
Authors: Osborn James M. 
Published: April 2006

The name of Pietro Bizari has been linked with that of Sir Philip Sidney since 1633, when a duodecimo volume published in Frankfort appeared with a fulsome titleThese letters, written by the learned Huguenot Hubert Languet, senior diplomat in the service of August, Elector of Saxony, became renowned for reasons other than the eminence of Languet and his protégé, Sidney.
The Politics of Portraiture: Oliver Cromwell and the Plain Style*
Authors: Knoppers Laura Lunger 
Published: April 2006

AbstractLong dismissed as aping monarchical forms, Cromwellian portraiture has been neglected by art historians, historians, and literary critics alike. But rather than simply mimicking monarchical iconography, Cromwellian portraiture reflected the character — and contradictions — of Cromwell's own plain style. Paintings by Robert Walker, Samuel Cooper, and Peter Lely all drew upon and significantly revised courtly and idealized Van Dyck portraiture. During the protectorate, Cromwellian portraiture became less, not more, courtly, and the final portrait of Cromwell by Edward Mascall was the most puritan and plain style of all. Visual satire on Cromwell after 1660 attested to the ongoing influence of the plain style as an alternative mode of piety and of power.
Shakespeare's Dionysian Prince: Drama, Politics, and the "Athenian" History Play
Authors: Tiffany Grace 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis essay argues that Shakespeare drew on Plutarch's and Plato's representations of the Greek general Alcibiades in his representation of Prince Hal/King Henry V, and on classical and Renaissance representations of Socrates for his representation of Prince Hal's "tutor," Falstaff. Crucial to Shakespeare's adaption of these classical "characters" were the writings of Erasmus and Rabelais, which represented Socrates as both sophist and jovial Silenus. Shakespeare was also influenced by the association Symposium makes between Alcibiades and Dionysus, god of wine and of the theater. Consequently Hal/Henry emerges as a Dionysian Alcibiades, trained in sophistry by his Silenic Socrates, Falstaff, and able to dazzle his subjects with mystical rhetoric and to convert war to Dionysian play.
Prosecutor v. Delalić
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Swaak-Goldman Olivia 
Published: April 2006

Prosecutor v. Delalic. No. IT-96-21-T.International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Nov. 16, 1998.On November 16,1998, a trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) issued its judgment in the Čelebići case against four defendants. The chamber found the de facto commander of the Čelebići prison camp liable under the principle of command responsibility for various acts of torture and illtreatment at the camp. It also found two other accused guilty of grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and violations of the laws or customs of war for their actions at the camp. A fourth accused, indicted only under the principle of command responsibility, was found not guilty on all counts owing to the lack of a superior-subordinate relationship. Those accused convicted of multiple offenses were ordered to serve their sentences concurrently.
Universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity under French law—grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949—genocide—torture—human rights violations in Bosnia and Rwanda
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Stern Brigitte 
Published: April 2006

In rejavor. In re Munyeshyaka.French Cour de cassation, Criminal Chamber, March 26, 1996.In Re Munyeshyaka. 1998 Bull, crim., No. 2, at 3.French Cour de cassation, Criminal Chamber, January 6, 1998.In the Javor case, certain Bosnian victims of the policy of “ethnic cleansing” that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were refugees in France, tried to rely on the universal jurisdiction of the French courts in order to file a criminal complaint (plainte avec constitution departie civile) with an investigating magistrate (juge d'instruction) against their Serb torturers.
Adaptive finite‐dimensional optimal linear filtering ofnD smooth Gaussian random fields
Authors: Jetto L. , Orsini V. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper deals with the optimal filtering problem ofnD sampled, Gaussian random fields. The filtering algorithm is based on a state‐space signal model analytically derived from the assumption that the continuous Gaussian random field can be well approximated, almost everywhere, by a continuously differentiablenD surface. An appealing feature of the proposed optimal filter is that it is not based onnD strip processing schemes. The filtering algorithm has a structure which is recursive both with respect to the point‐to‐point scanning procedure of the sampled field and to the dimensionality of the estimate computed at each point. This greatly reduces the numerical complexity of the filtering scheme. The filtering algorithm requires the knowledge of some statistical parameters of the random field. For a greater generality, a procedure for the adaptive estimation of these parameters is also provided. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the applicability and performance of the proposed filter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least‐correlation estimates for errors‐in‐variables models
Authors: Jun Byung‐Eul , S. Bernstein Dennis 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper introduces an estimator for errors‐in‐variables models in which all measurements are corrupted by noise. The necessary and sufficient condition minimizing a criterion, defined by squaring the empirical correlation of residuals, yields a new identification procedure that we call least‐correlation estimator. The method of least correlation is a generalization of least‐squares since the least‐correlation specializes to least‐squares when the correlation lag is zero. The least‐correlation estimator has the ability to estimate true parameters consistently from noisy input–output measurements as the number of samples increases. Monte Carlo simulations also support the consistency numerically. We discuss the geometric property of the least‐correlation estimate and, moreover, show that the estimate is not an orthogonal projection but an oblique projection. Finally, recursive realizations of the procedure in continuous‐time as well as in discrete‐time are mentioned with a numerical demonstration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity and normative data for thirty‐second chair stand test in elderly community‐dwelling Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Macfarlane D.J. , Chou K.L. , Cheng Y.H. , Chi I. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIt is important to establish valid field measures of lower body strength in the elderly, and to provide representative normative values that are culturally specific in order to help health professionals in the risk assessment of this group. A sample of 1,038 elderly Hong Kong Chinese undertook a 30‐sec chair stand test (30CST), with a subsample of 143 completing isometric measures of maximal hip flexion and knee extension, plus a habitual physical activity questionnaire. The 30CST was significantly, yet only weakly, correlated with the isometric strength measures (r ∼ 0.3–0.4), but accurately discriminated between levels of habitual physical activity and across ages in decades. The normative values generated provide useful data for health screening in this elderly Hong Kong population, but do not compare well with their healthier US counterparts. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:418–421, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Indices of body composition and chronic morbidity: A cross‐sectional study of a rural population in central Russia
Authors: Kalichman Leonid , Livshits Gregory , Kobyliansky Eugene 
Published: April 2006

AbstractOur objective was to clarify how different groups of chronic morbidities are associated with indices of body composition, such as body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist to hip ratio (WHR), skinfold index (SF), and fat‐free mass index (FFMI). Our sample comprised Chuvasha residing in numerous villages in a rural area of the Russian Federation. The investigated cohort included 787 males aged 18–89 years, and 716 females aged 18–90 years. We performed a cross‐sectional, community‐based study of a large sample of individuals not receiving any medications for treatment or prevention of chronic morbidities. To elucidate the association between morbidity and age‐adjusted anthropometrical indices, we used one‐way analysis of variance, wherein the above indices were the dependent variables, while individuals affected vs. nonaffected for a specific disease were the grouping variables. Individuals with ischemic heart disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and peptic ulcer showed significant differences in their BMI, WC, WHR, and SF. In the first diseases, mean values of anthropometric indices were higher in affected individuals, whereas in the peptic ulcer group, mean values were higher in the nonaffected. Skin diseases and gynecological diseases showed significant differences in WHR. Mean values in affected individuals were lower than in the nonaffected. The group afflicted with local forms of arthritis showed significant differences in FFMI, suggesting that arthritis is not linked to obesity, but is linked to high lean mass. Rheumatic diseases positively correlated with WC and FFMI. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:350–358, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth rates and life histories in twenty‐two small‐scale societies
Authors: Walker Robert , Gurven Michael , Hill Kim , Migliano Andrea , Chagnon Napoleon , De Souza Roberta , Djurovic Gradimir , Hames Raymond , Hurtado A. Magdalena , Kaplan Hillard , Kramer Karen , Oliver William J. , Valeggia Claudia , Yamauchi Taro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study investigates variation in body growth (cross‐sectional height and weight velocity) among a sample of 22 small‐scale societies. Considerable variation in growth exists among hunter‐gatherers that overlaps heavily with growth trajectories present in groups focusing more on horticulture. Intergroup variation tends to track environmental conditions, with societies under more favorable conditions displaying faster growth and earlier puberty. In addition, faster/earlier development in females is correlated with higher mortality. For example, African “Pygmies,” Philippine “Negritos,” and the Hiwi of Venezuela are characterized by relatively fast child‐juvenile growth for their adult body size (used as a proxy for energetic availability). In these societies, subadult survival is low, and puberty, menarche, and first reproduction are relatively early (given their adult body size), suggesting selective pressure for accelerated development in the face of higher mortality. In sum, the origin and maintenance of different human ontogenies may require explanations invoking both environmental constraints and selective pressures. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:295–311, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mental health and related disability among workers: A population‐based study
Authors: Wang JianLi , Adair Carol E. , Patten Scott B. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackgroundIn past decades, the nature of work has undergone significant changes including increased psychological demands and job instability. A stressful psychosocial work environment has been shown to have adverse effects on workers' mental and physical health. This goal of this study is to estimate the prevalence of psychiatric syndromes and related disability in a population‐based sample of employed adults and investigate associations between psychiatric syndromes and related disability.MethodsA random‐digit dial provincial wide mental health survey was conducted in Alberta, Canada (n = 5,383). The telephone interview included the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) and the World Health Organization's Disability Assessment Schedule (WHO‐DAS‐II). In this analysis, participants who were currently employed were included (n = 4,149).ResultsIn this population, 6.2% had had at least one MINI‐defined psychiatric diagnosis with clinically significant interference. Without consideration of the clinical interference criterion, the prevalence of psychiatric syndromes was higher (33.5%). Psychiatric syndromes were strongly associated with disability. A dose‐response relationship between the number of diagnoses and disability was found.ConclusionsInterventional strategies in the workplace should focus on mental disorders at both the clinical and sub‐clinical levels. Am. J. Ind. Med. 49:514–522, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Complementary patterns of gene expression by human oligodendrocyte progenitors and their environment predict determinants of progenitor maintenance and differentiation
Authors: Sim Fraser J. , Lang Jennifer K. , Waldau Ben , Roy Neeta S. , Schwartz Theodore E. , Pilcher Webster H. , Chandross Karen J. , Natesan Sridaran , Merrill Jean E. , Goldmanm Steven A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveGlial progenitor cells are abundant in adult human white matter. This study was designed to identify signaling pathways regulating their self‐renewal and fate.MethodsWe compared the transcriptional profiles of freshly sorted adult human white matter progenitor cells (WMPCs), purified by A2B5‐based immunomagnetic sorting, with those of the white matter from which they derived.ResultsWe identified 132 genes differentially expressed by WMPCs; these included principal components of five receptor‐defined signaling pathways, represented by platelet derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRA) and type 3 fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR3), receptor tyrosine phosphatase‐β/ζ (RTPZ), notch, and syndecan3. WMPCs also differentially expressed the bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4) inhibitors neuralin and BAMBI (BMP and activin membrane‐bound inhibitor), suggesting tonic defense against BMP signaling. Differential overexpression of RTPZ was accompanied by that of its modulators pleiotrophin, NrCAM, tenascin, and the chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans, suggesting the importance of RTPZ signaling to WMPCs. When exposed to the RTPZ inhibitor bpV(phen), or lentiviral‐shRNAi against RTPZ, WMPCs differentiated as oligodendrocytes. Conversely, when neuralin and BAMBI were antagonized by BMP4, astrocytic differentiation was induced, which was reversible by noggin.InterpretationThe RTPZ and BMP pathways regulate the self‐maintenance of adult human WMPCs, and can be modulated to induce their oligodendrocytic or astrocytic differentiation. As such, they provide targets by which to productively mobilize resident progenitor cells of the adult human brain. Ann Neurol 2006;59:763–779
Sensory neuropathy in human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients: Protease inhibitor–mediated neurotoxicity
Authors: Pettersen Jacqueline A. , Jones Gareth , Worthington Catherine , Krentz Hartmut B. , Keppler Oliver T. , Hoke Ahmet , Gill M. John , Power Christopher 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveHuman immunodeficiency virus–associated sensory neuropathy (HIV‐SN) is a common and disabling disorder, often associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) use. We investigated the clinical features and associated pathogenic determinants of HIV‐SN in a neurological cohort of HIV‐infected patients, together with a novel model of HIV‐SN.MethodsHIV‐infected patients with neurological disease were investigated in terms of clinical and laboratory aspects together with ART exposure focusing on symptomatic HIV‐SN. Rat‐derived dorsal root ganglion (DRG) cultures, transgenic for human CD4 and CCR5 treated with ARTs or HIV infected, or both, were studied with respect to quantitative neuronal injury.ResultsAmong 221 patients assessed from 1998 to 2004, 120 had no sensory neuropathy, whereas 101 displayed HIV‐SN, including 64 with distal sensory neuropathy and 37 with antiretroviral toxic neuropathy. HIV‐SN patients exhibited significantly greater mean age, peak plasma viral loads, and exposure to neurotoxic dideoxynucleosides and protease inhibitors, including indinavir, saquinavir, or ritonavir. HIV‐infected DRG cultures exposed to indinavir or didanosine showed significant neuronal atrophy, neurite retraction, and process loss, compared with controls. Indinavir was selectively cytotoxic to DRG macrophages compared with other ARTs.InterpretationProtease inhibitor exposure is an unrecognized risk factor for the development of HIV‐SN, which may potentiate neuronal damage in HIV‐infected DRGs, possibly through the loss of macrophage‐derived trophic factors. Ann Neurol 2006;59:816–824
Early‐onset familial parkinsonism due to POLG mutations
Authors: Davidzon Guido , Greene Paul , Mancuso Michelangelo , Klos Kevin J. , Ahlskog J. Eric , Hirano Michio , DiMauro Salvatore 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo define the molecular etiology of early‐onset parkinsonism and peripheral neuropathy.MethodsTwo sisters had early‐onset parkinsonism (dystonic toe curling, action tremor, masked face, bradykinesia, stooped posture, and rigidity), together with clinical and electrophysiological signs of sensorimotor axonal peripheral neuropathy.ResultsNo mutations were found in the genes for parkin or PINK1. Muscle biopsies showed ragged‐red and cytochrome c oxidase–negative fibers, and biochemistry showed decreased activities of respiratory chain complexes containing mitochondrial DNA–encoded subunits. Multiple mitochondrial DNA deletions were seen by long polymerase chain reaction, and sequencing of the POLG gene showed that the patients were compound heterozygous for two patogenic mutations.InterpretationPOLG mutations can cause early‐onset parkinsonism in the absence of progressive external ophthalmoplegia. Ann Neurol 2006;59:859–862
Complex segregation analysis of Parkinson's disease: The Mayo Clinic Family Study
Authors: McDonnell Shannon K. , Schaid Daniel J. , Elbaz Alexis , Strain Kari J. , Bower James H. , Ahlskog J. Eric , Maraganore Demetrius M. , Rocca Walter A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractObjectiveTo conduct complex segregation analyses of Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsData on the familial aggregation of PD remain conflicting. We conducted a historical cohort study of 1,234 relatives of 162 patients with PD representative of people of Olmsted County, MN, and of 3,009 relatives of 411 patients with PD referred to the Mayo Clinic. Relatives were interviewed and screened for parkinsonism either directly or through a proxy, those who screened positive were examined, or a copy of their medical record was obtained to confirm the diagnosis. For subjects who resided in Olmsted County, additional information was obtained from the archives of the Olmsted County Historical Society and from a records‐linkage system.ResultsThirty‐two relatives of population‐based probands and 69 relatives of referral patients developed PD (101 in total). Combining population‐based and referral samples, the model that best explained the familial clustering of PD overall was a major gene with additive effect on the penetrance. This model predicted an average decrease in age at onset of PD of approximately 18 years for each copy of the putative high‐risk allele. The best fitting model for younger onset PD (age ≤ 59 years) was an autosomal recessive model. The best fitting models for older onset PD (age > 59 years) were a recessive or an additive model.InterpretationThe familial aggregation of PD may be explained in part by a major gene with additive effect on the penetrance. Ann Neurol 2006;59:788–795
Cellular and molecular mechanisms of neural repair after stroke: Making waves
Authors: Carmichael S. Thomas 
Published: April 2006

AbstractStroke is associated with a limited degree of functional recovery. Imaging studies in humans have shown that reorganization in periinfarct and connected cortical areas most closely correlates with functional recovery after stroke. On a cellular level, two major regenerative events occur in periinfarct cortex: axons sprout new connections and establish novel projection patterns, and newly born immature neurons migrate into periinfarct cortex. Stroke induces a unique microenvironment for axonal sprouting in periinfarct cortex, in which growth‐inhibitory molecules are reduced for 1 month after the infarct. During this period, neurons activate growth‐promoting genes in successive waves. Neurogenesis also occurs through waves of migration of immature neurons from their origin in the subventricular zone into periinfarct cortex. This migration is mediated, in part, by the cytokine erythropoietin. These data indicate that the cellular environment after stroke is far from one of just death and destruction, but rather involves a longer evolving process of neuronal regeneration. Poststroke neuronal regeneration is characterized by waves of specific cellular and molecular events. Manipulating these waves of regeneration may provide for novel therapies that will improve recovery after stroke. Ann Neurol 2006;59:735–742
Thermal and Electrical Properties of Ba2In2O5 Substituted for In‐Site by Rare Earth Elements.
Authors: Ta Tuan Q. , Tsuji Toshihide , Yamamura Yasuhisa 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Preparation and Crystal Structure Analysis and Physical Properties of (LaO)CuTe.
Authors: Ohki Y. , Takase K. , Takahashi Y. , Takano Y. , Sekizawa K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Pressure‐Induced Valence Change in the Rare Earth Metals: The Case of Praseodymium.
Authors: Tateiwa N. , Nakagawa A. , Fujio K. , Kawae T. , Takeda K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.