bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute effects of breakfasts containing α-lactalbumin, or gelatin with or without added tryptophan, on hunger, ‘satiety’ hormones and amino acid profiles
Authors: Nieuwenhuizen Arie G. , Hochstenbach-Waelen Ananda , Veldhorst Margriet A. B. , Westerterp Klaas R. , Engelen Mariëlle P. K. J. , Brummer Robert-Jan M. , Deutz Nicolaas E. P. , Westerterp-Plantenga Margriet S. 
Published: November 2008

Proteins are the most satiating macronutrients. Tryptophan (TRP) may contribute to the satiating effect, as it serves as a precursor for the anorexigenic neurotransmitter serotonin. To address the role of TRP in the satiating properties of dietary protein, we compared three different breakfasts, containing either α-lactalbumin (high in TRP), gelatin (low in TRP) or gelatin with added TRP (gelatin+TRP, high in TRP), on appetite. Twenty-four subjects (22–29 kg/m2; aged 19–37 years) received a subject-specific breakfast at t = 0 with 10, 55 and 35 % energy from protein, carbohydrate and fat repectively in a randomised, single-blind design. Hunger, glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1, ghrelin, amino acid concentrations and energy intake during a subsequent lunch were determined. Suppression of hunger was stronger 240 min after the breakfast with α-lactalbumin compared with gelatin and gelatin+TRP. Total plasma amino acid concentrations were lower with α-lactalbumin compared with gelatin with or without TRP (from t = 180–240 min). TRP concentrations were higher after α-lactalbumin than after gelatin with or without TRP from t = 0–100 min, whereas from t = 100–240 min, TRP concentrations were lower after gelatin than after α-lactalbumin and gelatin+TRP. The plasma ratio of TRP to other large neutral amino acids (LNAA) was, only at t = 100 min, lower after gelatin+TRP than after the other breakfasts. Plasma amino acid responses, TRP concentrations and TRP:LNAA ratios were not correlated with hunger. GLP-1 and ghrelin concentrations were similar for all diets. Energy intake during a subsequent lunch was similar for all diets. Summarised, an α-lactalbumin breakfast suppresses hunger more than a gelatin or gelatin+TRP breakfast. This cannot be explained by (possible) differences found in TRP concentrations and TRP:LNAA ratios in the breakfasts and in plasma, as well as in ciruclating total amino acids, GLP-1 and ghrelin.
Effects of diet and cold exposure on rates of plasma leucine turnover and protein synthesis in sheep
Authors: SANO H. , SAWADA H. , TAKENAMI A. , AL-MAMUN M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYDilution of [1-13C]leucine (Leu) and open-circuit calorimetry were used to determine the effects of diet and cold exposure on rates of plasma Leu turnover, Leu oxidation, and whole body protein synthesis (WBPS) in sheep. The experiment was designed as a crossover design for two 23-day periods. Six adult sheep were assigned to two dietary treatments, medium (Me-diet) and high (Hi-diet) intake, and were fed either 515 or 830 kJ/kg BW0·75per day of metabolizable energy intake, respectively. The temperature in the chamber was changed from a thermoneutral environment (23°C) to a cold environment (2–4°C) for 5 days (the 18th to 23rd day of the experiment). Turnover rate of both plasma Leu and WBPS were greater (P<0·01) for the Hi-diet compared with the Me-diet and increased (P<0·01) during cold exposure. Leucine oxidation rate was numerically greater (P=0·10) for the Hi-diet compared with the Me-diet and increased (P=0·03) during cold exposure. No significant diet×environment interaction was detected in the rates of plasma Leu turnover, Leu oxidation or WBPS. It is concluded that plasma Leu kinetics and WBPS were influenced by intake level and increased during cold exposure, but the responses to cold exposure were not modified by intake level in sheep under the conditions of the present experiment.
RACIAL DIFFERENCES IN BODY MASS INDICES FOR MALE CONVICTS IN NINETEENTH CENTURY PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: CARSON SCOTT ALAN 
Published: November 2008

SummaryThis paper demonstrates that although modern BMIs have increased, 19th century Middle-Atlantic black and white BMIs were in the normal range; neither underweight nor obese individuals were common. Farmers’ BMIs were consistently heavier than non-farmers. Philadelphia residents’ BMIs were lower than elsewhere within Pennsylvania, indicating that urbanization and agricultural commercialization were associated with current biological living standards in urbanized areas.
Acute cannabis use causes increased psychotomimetic experiences in individuals prone to psychosis
Authors: Mason O. , Morgan C. J. A. , Dhiman S. K. , Patel A. , Parti N. , Patel A. , Curran H. V. 
Published: November 2008

BackgroundEpidemiological evidence suggests a link between cannabis use and psychosis. A variety of factors have been proposed to mediate an individual's vulnerability to the harmful effects of the drug, one of which is their psychosis proneness. We hypothesized that highly psychosis-prone individuals would report more marked psychotic experiences under the acute influence of cannabis.MethodA group of cannabis users (n=140) completed the Psychotomimetic States Inventory (PSI) once while acutely intoxicated and again when free of cannabis. A control group (n=144) completed the PSI on two parallel test days. All participants also completed a drug history and the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). Highly psychosis-prone individuals from both groups were then compared with individuals scoring low on psychosis proneness by taking those in each group scoring above and below the upper and lower quartiles using norms for the SPQ.ResultsSmoking cannabis in a naturalistic setting reliably induced marked increases in psychotomimetic symptoms. Consistent with predictions, highly psychosis-prone individuals experienced enhanced psychotomimetic states following acute cannabis use.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that an individual's response to acute cannabis and their psychosis-proneness scores are related and both may be markers of vulnerability to the harmful effects of this drug.
Weather patterns and Legionnaires' disease: a meteorological study
Authors: RICKETTS K. D. , CHARLETT A. , GELB D. , LANE C. , LEE J. V. , JOSEPH C. A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThis study examined the impact of meteorological conditions on sporadic, community-acquired cases of Legionnaires' disease in England and Wales (2003–2006), with reference to the 2006 increase in cases. A case-crossover methodology compared each case with self-controlled data using a conditional logistic regression analysis. Effect modification by quarter and year was explored. In total, 674 cases were entered into the dataset and two meteorological variables were selected for study based on preliminary analyses: relative humidity during a case's incubation period, and temperature during the 10–14 weeks preceding onset. For the quarter July–September there was strong evidence to suggest a year, humidity and temperature interaction (Wald χ2=30·59, 3 d.f., P<0·0001). These findings have implications for future case numbers and resource requirements.
Fear of failure: Are we doing too many trials of instrumental delivery in theatre?
Authors: EBULUE VINCENT , VADALKAR JUHIE , CELY SANDRA , DOPWELL FADILA , YOONG WAI 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectives. Cesarean section has largely replaced the role of difficult midcavity instrumental deliveries. The aim of this study was to determine the trend in trials of instrumental delivery as well as the maternal and fetal factors associated with successful and failed trial of instrumental deliveries. Setting. North Middlesex University Hospital, a teaching hospital in London. Study design. A retrospective review of trials of instrumental delivery in theatre involving singleton term pregnancies between 2000 and 2005. Results. Of the 114 trials, 82 (40 forceps and 42 vacuum extraction) were successful. Women who had successful trials were similar in age (27.8±5.9 vs. 27.1±5.4 yrs), gestation (40.5±2.1 vs. 40.5±1.1 wks) and parity (0.4±1.2 vs. 0.3±1.6) when compared to those who were unsuccessful (p>0.05). The two groups also had similar birth weight (3.6±0.7 vs. 3.7±0.4 kg) and duration of second stage (164.9±12.0 vs. 162.8±16.0 min) (p>0.05). Babies born following failed trial of instrumental deliveries were more likely to be acidotic (p = 0.014) but admission to Special Care Baby Unit was similar in both groups. Women who had failed trials of instrumental delivery were more likely to have post‐partum hemorrhage (802.7±100.0 vs. 425.4±120.0 ml) and pyrexia (15.6% vs. 6.1%) (p<0.05). Trial of instrumental delivery was twice as likely to fail if occipito‐posterior and three times more likely to succeed if the presenting part was visible (p<0.05). However, 25% of babies had presenting parts well below the ischial spines but still had instrumental deliveries in theatre and 80% of this subgroup were delivered by junior trainees. Although 71.9% of trials of instrumental delivery were successful, many were relatively uncomplicated and did not necessarily require delivery in theatre. Conclusion. Unsuccessful trials are associated with maternal rather than neonatal morbidity. The shortening of duration training as well as reduction of working hours in the United Kingdom has led to obstetric trainees being less experienced in conducting instrumental deliveries. Thus, many junior trainees may prefer to conduct relatively uncomplicated instrumental deliveries in theatre. Appropriate training and senior staff input would help reduce this.
Motif Tool Manager: a web-based framework for motif discovery
Authors: Phan Vinhthuy , Furlotte Nicholas A. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Motif Tool Manager is a web-based framework for comparing and combining different approaches to discover novel DNA motifs. It comes with a set of five well-known approaches to motif discovery. It provides an easy mechanism for adding new motif finding tools to the framework through a web-interface and a minimal setup of the tools on the server. Users can execute the tools through the web-based framework and compare results from such executions. The framework provides a basic mechanism for identifying the most similar motif candidates found by a majority of themotif finding tools.
Availability: http://cetus.cs.memphis.edu/motif
Contact: vphan@memphis.edu
Bag of Peaks: interpretation of NMR spectrometry
Authors: Brelstaff Gavin , Bicego Manuele , Culeddu Nicola , Chessa Matilde 
Published: November 2008

AbstractMotivation: The analysis of high-resolution proton nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometry can assist human experts to implicate metabolites expressed by diseased biofluids. Here, we explore an intermediate representation, between spectral trace and classifier, able to furnish a communicative interface between expert and machine. This representation permits equivalent, or better, classification accuracies than either principal component analysis (PCA) or multi-dimensional scaling (MDS). In the training phase, the peaks in each trace are detected and clustered in order to compile a common dictionary, which could be visualized and adjusted by an expert. The dictionary is used to characterize each trace with a fixed-length feature vector, termed Bag of Peaks, ready to be classified with classical supervised methods.Results: Our small-scale study, concerning Type I diabetes in Sardinian children, provides a preliminary indication of the effectiveness of the Bag of Peaks approach over standard PCA and MDS. Consistently, higher classification accuracies are obtained once a sufficient number of peaks (&gt;10) are included in the dictionary. A large-scale simulation of noisy spectra further confirms this advantage. Finally, suggestions for metabolite-peak loci that may be implicated in the disease are obtained by applying standard feature selection techniques.Availability: Matlab code to compute the Bag of Peaks representation may be found at http://economia.uniss.it/docenti/bicego/BagOfPeaks/BagOfPeaks.zipContact: gjb@crs4.it
Characterising deindustrialisation: An analysis of changes in manufacturing employment and output internationally
Authors: Tregenna Fiona 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Deindustrialisation is typically conceptualised as a decline in manufacturing as a share of total employment. From a Kaldorian perspective deindustrialisation could have negative implications for long-run growth, given the special growth-pulling properties of manufacturing. However, defining deindustrialisation purely in terms of employment share is conceptually limiting given that some of the Kaldorian processes operate primarily through output rather than employment, as well as blunting empirical analysis by not focussing enough on changes in manufacturing share of gross domestic product (GDP). This study develops a new method using decomposition techniques to analyse changes in manufacturing employment levels and shares in 48 countries over periods of ‘deindustrialisation’. The analysis separates out changes in the levels and shares of employment manufacturing into components associated with changes in the share of manufacturing in GDP, the growth of manufacturing value-added, the labour intensity of manufacturing production and economic growth. The results indicate that in most cases the decline in manufacturing employment is associated primarily with falling labour intensity of manufacturing rather than an overall decline in the size or share of the manufacturing sector. We suggest that deindustrialisation should appropriately be defined in terms of a sustained decline in both the share of manufacturing in total employment and the share of manufacturing in GDP.
Self‐Ratings of Olfactory Function Reflect Odor Annoyance Rather than Olfactory Acuity
Authors: Knaapila Antti , Tuorila Hely , Kyvik Kirsten O. , Wright Margaret J. , Keskitalo Kaisu , Hansen Jonathan , Kaprio Jaakko , Perola Markus , Silventoinen Karri 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjective/Hypothesis: Self‐ratings of olfactory function often correlates poorly with results of objective smell tests. We explored these ratings relative to self‐rating of odor annoyance, to odor identification ability, and to mean perceived intensity of odors, and estimated relative genetic and environmental contributions to these traits.Participants and Methods: A total of 1,311 individual twins from the general population (62% females and 38% males, aged 10–83 years, mean age 29 years) including 191 monozygous and 343 dizygous complete twin pairs from Australia, Denmark, Finland, and the United Kingdom rated their sense of smell and annoyance caused by ambient smells (e.g., smells of foods) using seven categories, and performed odor identification and evaluation task for six scratch‐and‐sniff odor stimuli.Results: The self‐rating of olfactory function correlated with the self‐rating of odor annoyance (r = 0.30) but neither correlated with the odor identification score. Quantitative genetic modeling revealed no unambiguously significant genetic contribution to variation in any of the studied traits.Conclusion: The results suggest that environmental rather than genetic factors modify the self‐rating of olfactory function and support earlier findings of discrepancy between subjective and objective measures of olfactory function. In addition, the results imply that the self‐rating of olfactory function arises from experienced odor annoyance rather than from actual olfactory acuity.
Anatomical Changes of the Ethmoid Cavity After Endoscopic Sinus Surgery
Authors: Platt Michael P. , Cunnane Mary E. , Curtin Hugh D. , Metson Ralph 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjective: Alteration of the bony architecture of the sinus cavities has been observed in chronic sinusitis. Plasticity of the ethmoid sinus framework after endoscopic surgery, however, is a newly described entity. The objective of this study was to determine the incidence and extent of changes in ethmoid size after ethmoidectomy.Study Design: Retrospective review performed at an academic medical center.Methods: Computed tomography scans performed from 2006 through 2007 at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary (n = 5,131) were reviewed to identify 100 consecutive patients who underwent sinus surgery and met inclusion criteria. Seven dimensions were measured for each pre‐ and postoperative scan (n = 200) using Voxar 3D software.Results: Computed tomography scans performed before and 2 to 37 months after ethmoidectomy demonstrated a decrease of 1.1 ± 1.6 mm in mean ethmoid cavity width at the level of the cribriform plate and posterior globe after surgery (P < .0001). Twenty‐five patients (25%) had >1 mm decrease in mean ethmoid width, and six patients (6%) had a decrease of >2 mm (mean 3.1 ± 0.9 mm). These findings seemed to be the result of postoperative bowing of the medial ethmoid walls with a corresponding increase in orbital volume. These volumetric changes resulted in a postoperative subclinical retrodisplacement (enophthalmos) of the globes (mean 0.2 ± 0.8 mm, P = .008). The extent of surgery, including performance of frontal recess dissection (P = .007) and total ethmoidectomy (P = .021) were found to be independent predictors of the observed changes in sinus dimensions.Conclusions: Postsurgical plasticity of the ethmoid cavity is a new concept supported by observed changes in sinus dimensions after ethmoidectomy. These changes may reflect a loss of internal structural support and forces of contracture during the postoperative healing period.
Transoral Robotic Surgery Using a Carbon Dioxide Flexible Laser for Tumors of the Upper Aerodigestive Tract
Authors: Desai Shaun C. , Sung Chih‐Kwang , Jang David W. , Genden Eric M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjective: To determine the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of coupling transoral robotic technology with the flexible carbon dioxide (CO2) laser for various tumors of the oropharynx and supraglottic larynx.Study Design: Prospective, pilot trial.Methods: Eight patients were enrolled in an IRB‐approved prospective trial for transoral robotic surgery with the aid of the flexible CO2 laser.Results: Seven male patients with early carcinoma of the oropharynx or larynx successfully underwent tumor extirpation with the transoral robot and the flexible CO2 laser. We were unable to gain access to the supraglottic larynx in one female patient. The final pathology revealed seven patients with squamous cell carcinoma and one patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma. The flexible CO2 laser provided fine incisions with excellent hemostasis and minimal peripheral tissue injury. Additionally, the laser provided an excellent tool for raising pharyngeal flaps for reconstruction of the oropharynx.Conclusion: The flexible CO2 laser offers a unique advantage of precise incisions and may provide a valuable tool for both tumor extirpation and the creation of flaps for transoral robotic reconstruction.
Changes of Extremity and Laryngeal Muscle Electromyographic Amplitudes After Intravenous Administration of Vecuronium
Authors: Shi Yongbing , Hou Vivian , Tucker Anne , Cohen James 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectives: To compare electromyographic (EMG) amplitude changes in extremity and laryngeal muscles after vecuronium administration and study the effects of topical lidocaine on laryngeal EMG in a swine model.Study Design: Prospective animal study.Methods: Electrically evoked EMG activities were recorded from the vocalis muscles (directly and via an EMG endotracheal tube) and from the flexor digitorum muscles before and after intravenous vecuronium administration. EMG amplitudes were followed for 30 minutes after vecuronium injection together with monitoring of limb twitches to train‐of‐four stimulation. The testing was repeated after a 30‐minute wash‐out period and with topical lidocaine.Results: EMG amplitude recovery occurred sooner and more quickly in flexor digitorum muscle than in vocalis muscles. Reappearance of four twitches corresponded to EMG amplitude recovery to about 80% of the baseline in flexor digitorum muscles and to about half‐baseline size in vocalis muscles. EMG amplitudes were generally lower at the start of the second round testing than the first round, with somewhat slower recovery in vocalis muscles.Conclusions: In contrast to reports by others in human studies, extremity muscles seem to be more resistant to vecuronium at 0.1 mg/kg than laryngeal muscles in the swine. Reappearance of four twitches corresponds to 50% of laryngeal EMG recovery and indicates adequate condition for monitoring electrically evoked laryngeal EMG activities. This study is inconclusive regarding the effects of topically applied lidocaine on laryngeal EMG amplitudes. Translation of these data to humans should be done with caution.
Predictors of Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients With Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Litvack Jamie R. , Fong Karen , Mace Jess , James Kenneth E. , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractObjectives: To measure the prevalence of and identify clinical characteristics associated with poor olfactory function in a large cohort of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).Study Design: Multi‐institutional, cross sectional analysis.Methods: An objective measure of olfactory dysfunction, the Smell Identification Test, demographic data, clinical factors, and comorbidity data were collected from a cohort of 367 patients who presented with CRS at three tertiary care centers. Data were analyzed using univariate and multivariate analyses.Results: Sixty‐four percent of men and women aged 18 to 64 had olfactory dysfunction whereas 95% of patients older than or equal to 65 years had olfactory dysfunction (P < .001); no significant difference was noted by gender. By multivariate logistic regression analysis, patients with nasal polyposis [Odds ratio (OR) 2.4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.3–4.2, P = .003] and patients older than or equal to 65 years (OR 10.0, 95% CI 2.3–43.7, P = .002) were at increased risk of hyposmia. Patients with nasal polyposis (OR 13.2, 95% CI 5.7–30.7, P < .001), asthma (OR 4.2, 95% CI 1.8–9.8, P = .001), older than or equal to 65 years (OR 15.6, 95% CI 2.3–104.9, P = .005), and smokers (OR 7.6, 95% CI 1.8–31.6, P = .005) were at increased risk of anosmia.Conclusions: Poor olfactory function is common in patients with CRS. Age, nasal polyposis, smoking, and asthma were significantly associated with olfactory dysfunction in patients with CRS. Neither prior endoscopic sinus surgery nor a history of allergic rhinitis was associated with olfactory dysfunction. Septal deviation and inferior turbinate hypertrophy were associated with normal olfactory function.