bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fenoxycarb, an insect growth regulator with juvenile hormone activity: A candidate for Heliothis virescens (F.) control on cotton
Authors: Masner Petr , Angst Max , Dorn Silvia 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTobacco budworm eggs, deposited on cotton plants (Gossypium hirsutum L.) treated with fenoxycarb, do not produce viable larvae. The insects die either at the end of embryonic development or during 1st‐2nd larval instars, even when the larvae hatching on the treated leaves are transferred to untreated plants. This ovo‐larvicidal activity and indications of good foliar persistence make fenoxycarb a promising candidate for the control of tobacco budworm on cotton. This type of application could open new aspects for the control of lepidopterous pests with this novel compound.
The influence of soil properties on the rates of degradation of metamitron, metazachlor and metribuzin
Authors: Allen Richard , Walker Allan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of degradation of metamitron, metazachlor and metribuzin were measured in 12 mineral soils and the first order rate constants were compared with soil properties by regression analysis. Rates of metamitron degradation were best described by a multiple regression involving the silt content of the soil and the fraction of the total herbicide content which was available in the soil solution. Metazachlor degradation was best described by a multiple regression involving the sand content of the soil, the availability of the herbicide in the soil solution and soil microbial respiration. There was evidence that metribuzin degradation in any one soil was closely related to microbial activity, and rate constants per unit microbial respiration were derived for each soil. These rate constants were best described by a multiple regression involving the Freundlich adsorption constant and the sand content of the soils. The best regression equations for each herbicide were tested against observed degradation rates in an additional group of six soils. The calculated rates compared favourably with those observed for both metamitron and metazachlor, but with metribuzin, there was good agreement with one soil only.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of lipophilic amides. Part 4: The effect of substituents on the phenyl group of 6‐phenylhexa‐2,4‐dienamides
Authors: Elliott Michael , Farnham Andrew W. , Janes Norman F. , Johnson Diana M. , Pulman David A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSubstituted phenylacetaldehydes, made by homologation of the benzaldehydes by Wittig condensation with a methoxymethylene ylid, were condensed under Wadsworth‐Emmons conditions to give the substituted N‐(2‐methylpropyl)‐6‐phenylhexa‐2,4‐dienamides. Electron withdrawing substituents favoured the formation of the unwanted 3,5‐diene isomer. Insecticidal activity was lowered by most substituents examined, but was retained or even enhanced by halogen atoms at the m‐ or p‐positions. At the m‐position, activity decreased as size of halogen increased.
Trace analysis of polar agrochemicals using mass spectrometry techniques
Authors: Page Janet A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe analysis of polar compounds by mass spectrometry has traditionally required prior conversion to a volatile derivative. The advent of Fast Atom Bombardment (FAB) allows the direct analysis of such compounds and offers the prospect of quantitative analysis without sample pretreatment. An application of quantitative FAB is described which demonstrates the techniques involved and their practical limitations. The method is both fast and highly specific.The problem of matrix effects is readily overcome by the use of a suitable internal standard, and in the work described, an amino acid has been used as the internal standard. The problem of background interference is less easily solved, and a number of approaches have been tried.Two additional new mass spectrometry techniques for the trace analysis of polar compounds are discussed.
Control of crown rot (Phytophthora cactorum) of apple trees with the systemic fungicides metalaxyl and fosetyl‐aluminium
Authors: Utkhede Rajeshwar S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFour fungicides were evaluated as combined soil drench and trunk treatments for the control of crown rot, caused by Phytophthora cactorum, in naturally infected apple trees. In a 3‐year preliminary study, metalaxyl at 1 and fosetyl‐aluminium at 8 g a. i. per tree, applied twice a year, prevented death of infected trees showing only initial, but not more severe, symptoms of crown rot. This indicates that these fungicides have the ability to arrest further symptom development in naturally infected trees if they are treated as soon as symptoms appear. Healthy trees remained free of infection if they were treated with these fungicides, suggesting a preventative action. Repeated bi‐annual application of metalaxyl or fosetyl‐aluminium should be sufficient to prevent the loss of trees to crown rot.
Control and prevention of contact infection of brown rot disease with fosetyl‐aluminium, and residue levels in post‐harvest‐treated citrus fruits
Authors: Cohen Eliahou , Shalom Yavin , Axelrod Yoram , Adatoc Israel , Rosenberger Ida 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of fosetyl‐aluminium on the control and spread of brown rot disease Phytophthora citrophthora in post‐harvest citrus fruit was studied in laboratory and semi‐commercial experiments. Aqueous solutions of fosetyl‐aluminium at 5 to 10 g a.i. litre−1 controlled the fungus even when applied 3 days after inoculation at 17°C. No mycelia developed on the peel surface of treated fruit. The fungicide exerted a good prophylactic effect on healthy fruit, protecting them during storage from contact inoculation. Fosetyl‐aluminium also showed a fungitoxic effect in vitro and in vivo on other fungi which developed in harvested citrus fruits. Residue levels of phosphoric acid in the treated fruit were higher when the fungicide was incorporated in the wax coating the fruit than when applied in aqueous solution, and levels were lower in the pulp than in the peel. It is concluded that fosetyl‐aluminium is a suitable commercial post‐harvest treatment for control of brown rot in citrus fruits.
Quantitative structure‐activity relationships study of fungicidal O, O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates
Authors: Gupta Rameshwar L. , Royt Nripendra K. , Chandrahas  
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relationship between the structures of a series of O, O‐diaryl S‐ethyl phosphorothioates and their activity against five fungi has been analysed using physico‐chemical parameters of the molecules such as hydrophobic RM and electronic σ by means of multiple regression analysis. Both the hydrophobic and the electronic effects were found to have a significant contribution in determining the fungicidal activity of this series of compounds against all the test fungi.
The synthesis and pesticidal properties of some arylthioureidophosphorothioate esters
Authors: Clifford David P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of substituted phenylthioureidophosphorothioate esters have been synthesised and their pesticidal activity determined. An improved synthesis of O, O‐diethyl phosphoroisothiocyanatothioate is described. The decomposition pathway and products of several of the synthesised compounds in aqueous methanol was investigated.
A leaf surface scanning technique using a fluorescence spectrophotometer for the measurement of spray deposits
Authors: Furness Geoffrey O. , Newton Mark R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFluorescent pigment deposits on sprayed plant surfaces were measured using a fluorescence spectrophotometer to which a surface scanning device was fitted. Quantities of water‐ and oil‐suspended fluorescent pigments deposited on citrus leaves, measured by this technique, were similar to those measured using two direct chemical methods. With artificially applied droplets and a constant quantity of pigment per unit area, changing the droplet size and pigment concentration made little or no significant difference to fluorimetry readings.With surface scanning, the number of samples and time required to detect significant differences in pigment deposits between sites, and within and between treatments, was reduced compared to other methods, and it was possible to measure the variability of the deposit across a single leaf surface, as well as the mean quantity of pigment deposited per unit area. The suitability of different types of fluorimeter for quantitative measurements of spray deposits on plant surfaces is also discussed, this being the most important factor in reducing the number of samples and time required.
Studies involving avermectin and the 4‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor of Ascaris suum muscle
Authors: Holden‐Dye Lindy , Hewitt Graham M. , Wann Kenneth T. , Krogsgaard‐Larsen Povl , Walker Robert J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study describes the pharmacology of the Ascaris suum muscle GABA receptor using a range of GABA agonists and antagonists. The GABA receptor at this site does not readily fit into GABA‐A or GABA‐B classification. The effect of the potent anthehmintic, avermectin, on these cells was investigated. It was found to inhibit GABA‐evoked increase in membrane conductance and membrane hyper polarisation on quiescent muscle cells with an apparent affinity constant in the mid‐micromolar range. When applied to spontaneously active muscle cells, avermectin (I üM) inhibited the spiking activity after a delay of about 25 min.
The discovery and development of fungicides—does biochemistry have a role?
Authors: Kuhn Paul J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhile the parts played by synthesis chemists, biologists and toxicologists in the discovery and development of fungicides are well established, the role of the biochemist is generally less well appreciated. Biochemistry does, however, have an important contribution to make, the principal activities being: mode of action studies; generation of data on the intrinsic activities of molecules; biorational design of novel inhibitors; fungicide resistance; and molecular biology and its applications. The background to each of these areas and relevance to fungicide discovery and development are described. Examples from studies on ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors are used to illustrate the discussion.
Synthesis and in‐vitro antifungal activity of 6‐trifluoromethylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines
Authors: Poli Tiziana , Vicentini Chiara B. , Brandolini Vincenzo , Veronese Augusto C. , Manfrini Maurizio , Guarneri Mario , Giori Paolo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThirty 6‐trifluoromethylpyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyrimidines were synthesised and tested for antifungal activity in vitro against ten phytopathogenic fungi of different taxonomic classes. Six of the compounds had noteworthy activity against Sclerotinia minor, Corticium solani and Phoma betae. The relationships between structure and activity are discussed on the basis of the present and previous studies.
The chemical control of the lesser date moth, Batrachedra amydraula meyr., and residue levels of organophosphate insecticides in dates
Authors: Al‐Samarraie Adnan I. , Al‐Hafdh Emad , Abdul‐Majed Khloud , Basumy Mabrouk A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLarvae of the lesser date moth (Batrachedra amydraula Meyr.) cause damage to dates in Iraq. A formulation based on a mixture of equal parts of wheat flour and pollen grains and containing either chlorpyrifos, fenitrothion or pirimiphos‐methyl (all at 5 mg kg−l) was dusted (5 g formulation bunch−1) onto female clusters of dates at the time of pollination. Numbers of larvae, yield of dates and insecticide residues were monitored over a three‐month period. Results showed that, by this technique, all three insecticides were effective in controlling the pest but that fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos were better than pirimiphos‐methyl.
The metabolism of tefluthrin in the goat
Authors: Heath Jeramy , Leahey John P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA goat was dosed orally with [14C]tefluthrin, twice daily for 4 days, at a rate equivalent to 10.9 mg kg−1 in its diet. Within 16 h of the final dose, 70.1% of the dose had been excreted (urine 41.4%, faeces 28.7%). Extensive metabolism occurred in the goat by ester cleavage and oxidation at a variety of positions on the molecule. Low radioactive residues were detected in the milk (0.076 mg kg−1), fat (0.076 mg kg−1) and muscle (0.016 mg kg−1), with tefluthrin as the largest individual component of the residue (milk 66.5%, fat 76.7%, muscle 34.2%). Higher residues were present in the kidney (0.3 mg kg−1) and liver (1.0 mg kg−1) and only a small percentage of this residue was due to tefluthrin (kidney 3.4%, liver 6.1%). The remainder of the residue in the kidney and liver was a complex mixture of metabolites. Most of the kidney metabolites were identified, but a high proportion of the liver residue was due to six unidentified polar compounds.
Development of a nephelometric version of the CIPAC method for measuring dilute emulsion stability
Authors: Hill Alistair C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe characterisation of emulsions at dilution rates greater than 1:20, currently used in most international specifications for agrochemical emulsifiable concentrate (EC) formulations, is becoming increasingly important. CIPAC MT36.2 is the internationally‐accepted test method for determining the bulk stability of emulsions containing 10 ml litre−1 or less of added EC. A new nephelometric version of this test method has been examined which, although not as accurate as the official method, gives more rapid results. An assessment of the new method against the official method at a working concentration of 5 ml litre−1 is reported. Agreement is good, despite the semi‐empirical nature of the new method, but only if emulsions are re‐emulsifiable at the end of the standing period. The scope of the method is discussed and areas of application indicated.
A mixed function oxidase factor contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in Lycoriella mali (fitch) (diptera: Sciaridae)
Authors: Brewer Kathy K. , Keil Clifford B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral observations suggested that enhanced mixed function oxidase (MFO) activity was one of several factors contributing to permethrin and dichlorvos resistance in the mushroom pest, Lycoriella mali (Fitch) (Diptera: Sciaridae). This was investigated using the mixed function oxidase inhibitor, piperonyl butoxide (PBO), in topical application bioassays with reference and field‐selected resistant strains. At the LD50, strains of resistant colonies (AV1, AV2, TK1) used in this study were 41‐(AV1), 34‐(AV2), and 62‐fold (TK1) resistant to permethrin, relative to the reference strain (ONT9). Permethrin in the reference strain was only synergized 2‐ (ONT9) and 4‐ (ONT13) at the LD50. Synergist ratios for resistant strains were 12 (AV1), 34 (AV2) and 94 (TK1) at the LD50. Moderate dichlorvos resistance was twice documented in the AV strain. Resistance ratios of 37 (AV4) and 52 (AV9) were observed at the LD50, relative to the reference strain (ONT10). Dichlorvos was synergized only 2‐fold at the LD50 in the reference strain (ONT10). However, PBO abolished dichlorvos resistance in the AV9 strain. The effectiveness of PBO in these studies indicated that enhanced MFO activity was present in resistant L. mali from southeastern Pennsylvania. Resistance to DDT (54‐fold at the LD50) was also documented. Other factors, such as an altered target site (kdr), may also have contributed to control failures with permethrin.
Prospects for strain improvement in entomopathogenic fungi
Authors: Heale James B. , Isaac Jane E. , Chandler David 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe deployment of entomopathogenic fungi for the control of insect pests offers an environmentally‐acceptable strategy. Major obstacles to their application include variability in effectiveness due to uncontrolled environmental parameters (temperature, humidity) and development of suitable formulation techniques. Strains differ considerably in genetic ability to cause mortality and to spread within populations. Pathogenicity is the result of the interaction of numerous individual traits determining germination and penetration, followed by successful growth within the target host, which is a prerequisite for induction of mortality. No effective singlegene determined toxin has been reported for entomopathogenic fungi, but the application of gene cloning techniques for specific proteases is a likely future development. Genetic manipulation techniques, designed to recombine complex traits associated with pathogenicity via the parasexual cycle, are described here in relation to successful steps achieved in strain improvement programmes which involve: (a) Verticillium lecanii (Zimm.) Viegas against the glasshouse whitefly: Trialeurodes vaporariorum and the aphid Macrosiphoniella sanborni; (b) Metarhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorokin against the rice brown planthopper Nilaparvata lugens.
Insecticide resistance: Research and management
Authors: Brattsten Lena B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis introductory paper to the Rutgers Symposium outlines the background of the development of resistance to insecticides and discusses various aspects of the problem in the context of modern agrochemical practice. Resistance can only be countered by properly mounted management programmes, but the successful design and implementation of these requires a thorough understanding of the fundamental processes involved, and the importance of continuing research into these is stressed.
Molecular neurobiology: Implications for insecticide action and resistance
Authors: Soderlund David M. , Bloomquist Jeffrey R. , Wong Fulton , Payne Lori L. , Knipple Douglas C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecent advances in molecular neurobiology have provided an unprecedented insight into the structure and function of the three principal target sites for neurotoxic insecticides: acetylcholinesterase, the 4‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor–chloride ionophore complex, and the voltage‐sensitive sodium channel. This paper reviews some of these advances and their current or potential application to problems in insecticide resistance. It particularly emphasizes studies of the molecular biology of voltage‐dependent sodium channels in the context of resistance to DDT and pyrethroids resulting from reduced neuronal sensitivity.
Resistance to synthetic pyrethroids in the bollworm, Heliothis armigera from Andhra Pradesh, India
Authors: McCaffery A. R. , King A. B. S. , Walker A. J. , El‐Nayir H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHelio this armigera collected in October 1987 from Juzzuru in the coastal cotton growing district of Krishna in Andhra Pradesh (Eastern India) were highly resistant to cypermethrin and fenvalerate and moderately resistant to endosulfan. Prior to this, in 1986, H. armigera in the Hyderabad area were resistant to DDT but not to pyrethroids or endosulfan. By late 1987 these latter populations were highly resistant to pyrethroids and mildly resistant to endosulfan. Concurrently, the resistance to DDT increased. It is suggested that resistant moths from the east coast migrated downwind in a northwesterly direction with the prevailing winds which occur at that time of year. The level of pyrethroid resistance in H. armigera infesting pigeon‐pea and chick‐pea fields around Hyderabad increased steadily up to March 1988. These results are discussed with special reference to the resistance mechanisms likely to be involved.
Laboratory evaluation of the toxicity of 1,3‐di(methoxycarbonyl)prop‐l‐en‐2‐yl dimethyl phosphate (‘Bomyl’) and methomyl to susceptible and multi‐resistant strains of houseflies (musca domestica L.)
Authors: Barson Graham 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe toxicity of 1,3‐di(methoxycarbonyl)prop‐l ‐en‐2‐yl dimethyl phosphate (‘Bomyl’) to female houseflies (Musca domestica L.) was compared with that of the carbamate insecticide methomyl. Insecticide‐susceptible (Cooper) and multi‐insecticide‐resistant (G and GIV) strains of flies were tested by exposure to granular bait and by topical application of technical formulations. Females from G and GIV strains were shown to be resistant to bomyl and methomyl, and resistance levels were related to the insecticide and test method used. Resistance ratios for bomyl and methomyl were low for the GIV strain when the toxicants were applied topically, being x6.1 and x 9.3 respectively at the LD95 level, but when sugar granules were coated with the insecticides and fed to flies, the resistance ratios were higher at x 43.0 and x 15.6. Flies from the resistant G strain were also shown to be resistant to the granular bait formulations of bomyl and methomyl when the granules were scattered or suspended from treated bait targets. A small proportion of flies from the resistant G and susceptible strains recovered from knockdown after feeding on methomyl granules, but most of these had lost their ability to fly. There was no significant recovery of flies in any of the bomyl tests. The feeding responses of individual female flies to scattered bomyl granules was also studied. Flies from the resistant G strain took significantly longer than susceptible flies to initiate a feeding response (P<0.001). Once feeding had commenced there was no difference between the strains in the time spent.
The occurrence of pesticide residues in UK home‐grown and imported wheat
Authors: Osborne Brian G. , Barrett Gillian M. , Laal‐Khoshab Alireza , Willis Kenneth H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractResidue levels of organophosphorus, organochlorine and carbarmate insecticides, urea, carbamate and anilide herbicides, carbendazim, fumigants and bromide were determined in home‐grown and imported wheat sampled at UK flour mills during the period February 1987 to December 1988. A total of 764 samples was analysed but not all the wheats were tested for all the residues; 140 of 474 samples examined for organophosphorus insecticides contained residues at levels above the reporting limit, 23 of 119 samples contained residues of gamma‐HCH, seven of 104 contained carbon tetrachloride and one of 104 contained 1,2‐dibromoethane. No residues of urea, carbamate or anilide herbicides, carbendazim, carbaryl or methyl bromide were detected in 32, 40, 44 and 45 samples respectively. Inorganic bromide levels in 45 samples examined were consistent with natural occurrence. Only a single imported wheat was found to contain a residue (of 1,2‐dibromoethane) at a level in excess of UK statutory maximum residue levels.
Vectors of plant pathogens and opportunities for the control of the diseases they transmit
Authors: Plumb Roger T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMany plant pathogens, viruses, fungi and bacteria, are spread by intermediaries or vectors. For some this is their only method of spread and for most viruses vectors are the normal agents of dispersal. Fungi, bacteria and some viruses are carried passively, as contaminants of the vector, whereas most viruses have a complex biological interaction with their vectors which is only now beginning to be understood.The control of pathogens carried passively can be achieved only by preventing contact between vector and pathogen. Therefore options for control include killing either vector or pathogen by a toxic pesticide or deterring the feeding of a potential vector. Viruses infecting plants cannot be killed by chemicals, therefore control has to be directed at the vector. The biological interactions between vector and virus offer opportunities for interfering with the transmission processes without recourse to toxic material.Interactions, especially between viruses and their vectors, are discussed in relation to current and future opportunities for control.