bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Onshore Commissioning of Greater Plutonilo focused on Offshore Start Up
Authors: Forster Matthew W. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Multi-billion dollar projects are becoming increasingly common for the integrated oil majors, requiring a complex series of multiple activities to be coordinated globally to reach a successful outcome. Delivery of performance is brought about by rigorous application of best practices and the building of strong relationships with all the involved parties to allow program flexibility to work around unexpected events. Additionally, clear, aligned overall objectives defining desired project outcomes are paramount.
This paper addresses the scope of the Greater Plutonio commissioning team, and its success in meeting construction & commissioning completion requirements for the FPSO prior to departure of the vessel from the Korean shipyard to offshore Angola. It makes the case to set overall project objectives on desired offshore start up targets. It covers the activities undertaken to complete an extensive program of work to provide assurance of maximizing build completion onshore, thus providing confidence of avoiding traditional offshore scope growth, and minimizing offshore work. This assurance provided confidence on aggressive start up, ramp up, and first year production targets, with corresponding reduced carbon footprints. This requires common technical processes and systems to be introduced into the project from an early stage to ensure alignment between the parties. The successful application of a common certification system across the Greater Plutonio project provided the means of tracking the hundreds of thousands of quality checks throughout the construction and commissioning process, the execution of which resulted in high confidence of systems integrity, which will, ultimately, sustain the revenue stream.
Deepwater Gas Fields Development Offshore Egypt, Concept Selection and Installation Aspects
Authors: Ellaithy Wael F. , Gaber Mohamed 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The simian / sapphire fields are located 114 km and 74 km respectively from shore ranging from 500m up to 1100m water depth in the west delta deep marine concession offshore Egypt in the eastern Mediterranean.
These fields lie in the vicinity of the existing scarab / saffron fields and produce via manifolds and infield pipelines into existing offshore pipelines (24-inch and 36-inch) which bring the gas to a terminal onshore.
The development concept is a long distance subsea tieback of the wells direct to the control platform and shore with control by umbilicals. This paper describes the different way to develop simian / sapphire two fields as a stand alone through controls platform.
One of the keys to a successful simian / sapphire subsea development is the control philosophy and umbilical design. A long distance tieback is an issue due to the location of fields from the shore and the number of wells needs to be accommodated within both two fields.
This paper will explain the advantage, disadvantage and lessons learned form having a shallow water control platform to control both two fields. And accommodate future expansion.

Introduction
Simian / Sapphire fields development comprise fourteen (14) wells, four subsea manifolds, two tie-in manifolds, four subsea distribution assembly, two main hydraulic and electric umbilicals connect the subsea distribution assembly to the control platform and power communications cable umbilical connect the platform with the onshore facilities.
This paper is concerned with the following:Having controls platform to monitor and communicate between Simian Sapphire subsea wells and onshore terminals.controls platform case studyadvantage, disadvantage and lessons learned from using the controls platformConclusion

Fields layout
Simian, Sapphire and Scarab/ Saffron general locations are shown in figure 1.
Starting in the deepwater area, the Scarab/Saffron, Simian and Sapphire fields comprise 8, 6 and 8 wells respectively.
Wells at each field are connected to subsea distribution assembly (SDA) for control and susbsea manifolds for gas flow collection. Each field export lines pass the gas production to the subsea pipe line end manifold (PLEM) located at 95 m water depth. From the PLEM, two main export lines 36-inch and 24-inch carry the production gas to the onshore terminal. Main export lines are designed to accommodate the flow from Scarab/Saffron, Sapphire and Simian fields, future field's development.
CO2 Sequestration in the Offshore Environment: Challenges, Opportunities and Solutions
Authors: Reilly Joseph M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
CO2 sequestration is an extremely important global issue facing both the energy industry and the public at large. Research in this area is in its early phases, with significant challenges in geoscience, engineering and policy.
This manuscript is intended as an introduction to the OTC.08 panel discussion scheduled for Tuesday 6th May 2:30pm-4:00pm. The OTC.08 program also includes a complimentary technical session entitled " CO2 Challenge: Monitoring, Minimization, Removal Technology and Detection?? which is scheduled for Tuesday 6th May 9:00am - noon.
The members of the OTC.08 panel session represent a selection of the premier research efforts in this area from the United States, Australia and Europe:Dr. Sally Benson, Stanford GCEPDr. Kevin Dodds, CSIRO, CO2CRCDr. Heleen Groenenberg, ECN Policy Studies, CO2ReMoVeDr. Daniel Schrag, Harvard University Center for the EnvironmentM. Nafi Toksöz, MIT
The discussion will focus on CO2 sequestration activities which will impact the offshore environment; including geotechnical research, storage options, monitoring, verification, utilization for enhanced recovery and regulatory framework.
Following are the detailed biographies and introductory comments from our distinguished panel.

Sally M. Benson
Sally M. Benson was appointed GCEP Executive Director in March 2007. An internationally-recognized scientist with extensive management experience, Benson is responsible for guiding the development of GCEP's diverse research portfolio. A Professor (Research) in the Department of Energy Resources Engineering in the School of Earth Sciences, Benson has been a member of Stanford's faculty since 2007.
Prior to joining GCEP, Benson was a staff scientist in the Earth Sciences Division at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL). In 2004, she completed a four-year term as Deputy Director of Operations at the lab. Benson also served as Division Director for Earth Sciences and Associate Laboratory Director for Energy Sciences at LBNL.
A ground water hydrologist and reservoir engineer, Benson has conducted research to address a range of issues related to energy and the environment. Her research interests include geologic storage of CO2 in deep underground formations, technologies and energy systems for a low-carbon future, influence of climate change on critical habitats, biogeochemistry of selenium, and geotechnical instrumentation for subsurface characterization and monitoring. She is an internationally recognized expert on geological storage of carbon dioxide storage in geological formations and was a coordinating lead author for the IPCC Special Report on Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage.
High Resolution Seismology A Marine Digital System for Engineering Applications and Direct Hydrocarbon Detection
Authors: Neidell Norman S. , Moore Neil A. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Digital marine high resolution seismology offers advantages in many applications ranging from engineering studies to geological investigations for exploration purposes. Advantages take both the form of economies in the acquisition of necessary data and also in the securing of more reliable measurements. Processing techniques subsequently make such data suitable also for estimating velocities and litho logy, and even for suggesting the presence of hydrocarbons.

INTRODUCTION
High resolution marine seismic data has recently assumed a new importance in view of its relevance to the direct detection of hydrocarbons (see Albright (1973) and Tinkle, Antoine, and Kuzela (1973)). Nevertheless, the two traditional roles of such surveys, the study of near s ea- bottom geology and the engineering or load competence investigations, have in themselves assumed a new stature with the introduction of digital techniques. Application of the digital methods has stimulated on integrated view toward the survey encompassing all its essential elements.
Naturally, these must begin with the appropriate economics and objectives and end with considerations of the resolution and reliability inherent in the final processed section.
Typically, the benefits of an integrated or systems approach prove to be mutually enhancing making their whole of more value than their parts. While the system we describe here is neither totally ideal nor even complete, tests of its performance tend to support this premise Tangible advantages take both the form of savings in usually required follow on studies as well as in the basic value of more reliable, better resolved, relevant measurements about the upper sea floor. For example, if data is sufficiently reliable, a number of the costly comings might be eliminated with confidence that no information is being lost. Also, the final processing step makes such data suitable for estimating velocities, litho logical character and even charting the presence and migration routes of hydrocarbons.
The most novel element of this system is a streamer cable of unique design with provision for a variable geometry. Thousands of survey miles have since demonstrated the streamer cable's practicability and standard of performance. Comparative tests with conventional systems also confirm the validity of the design premises. Six active channels of data are acquired at all times and only 32 double crystal hydrophones in array and sub array patterns contribute to each group or channel.
Sot engineering and resources exploration have benefited substantially from the information acquired by the system. Design and operation of the system will be outlined in some detail. The companion data processing sequence will be treated only briefly and in passing since it is essentially a standard procedure. A few examples will be examined which illustrate both the engineering worth of the data as well as its exploration significance.
Digital Quality Seismic Streamer System
Authors: Luehrmann W.H. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The marine seismic streamer is an integral part of the complex signal detection system used in offshore oil exploration.
The "Century" DSS-V digital seismic streamer system was designed to meet today's expanded requirements in seismic techniques. It incorporates up to 120 data channels, a maximum active length of 4800 meters, Multidyne? acceleration cancelling hydrophones for low noise towing, and an electronic shipboard interface which eliminates signal distortion due to salt water leakage in the streamer and provides various array configurations to meet both high resolution and high penetration geophysical needs.

INTRODUCTION
Developments in marine seismic techniques have come rapidly and with increasing complexity during the past few years. While many, perhaps the majority, of these have been in data processing, it is also true that a significant impetus for processing improvements has been the tremendous volume of marine geophysical data acquired at modest cost per mile.
Hardware developments coupled with associated operational techniques have, over this time frame, contributed greatly in this effort to reduce the cost of marine seismic data without sacrificing data quality. Significant hardware developments include fast cycling non-dynamite acoustic sources, and towed detector arrays (seismic streamers) with extremely low self noise and with detector configurations specifically designed to minimize both mechanical and radiated noise signals. It is to the latter of these developments, towed arrays, that this paper is addressed.
W. A. Schneider in a paper on developments in seismic data processing, published in the December, 1971 issue of Geophysics5, said the following, "Of equal significance, and in support of these processing and analysis trends, are data acquisition developments which, deserve special mention. In particular, the continuing trend toward the use of longer spread and higher stacking multiplicity has resulted in more accurate velocity and statics estimates, improved record-section SiN ratios, and generally better deep data."
He continued, lithe bulk of marine data currently collected is 24-fold and is collected with 8,000 foot streamers 48-fold will likely become the future standard with streamers approaching 10,000 feet. Some argue that both operational and physical constraints limit present streamer design philosophy beyond 10,000 feet. Stacking fold, however, can and will increase beyond present levels until the incremental gains in product improvement no longer offset the added expense."
Also pointed out by Schneider, the expected benefits associated with longer spreads and higher fold coverage and processing may be further enhanced by synergism in the several steps involved in processing and interpretation. Figure 1 indicates how parameters in the processing cycle are affected by increased fold and spread length. How important these may be individually is obviously a function of physical and geologic conditions, as well as the exploration objectives of the geophysicist working the area.
Development of a Supply Vessel for Arctic Oil Operations
Authors: Rpsandhaug Kare 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper presents a concept of an icebreaking supply vessel specifically designed to meet the needs of both onshore and offshore Arctic drilling operations. The ship has been developed for use in the Norwegian Arctic, i.e., Svalbard and the Continental Shelf of the Barents Sea. It is designed to be able to operate in the area on a year"' :round basis.
The design considerations are reviewed bearing in mind the operating, icebreaking, and classification requirements. A description of the ship is given and its operating modes as well as expected capabilities are discussed.

INTRODUCTION
The first exploration drilling on Svalbard started in 1965, when Caltex put up the first rig. Since then, most of the oil potential areas have been claimed by Norwegian and foreign oil companies.
Drilling so far has only been taking place during the summer. Equipment and supplies are being brought in from Norway by ice-strengthened cargo ships. Unloading is carried out by landing crafts and helicopters. The shipping season usually lasts from May to October, but this depends very much on the ice conditions.
So far a dozen wells have been drilled, but no commercial fields have yet been discovered. There have, however, been interesting traces of oil and gas. The future development will probably be that, as soon as commercial discoveries are made, the drilling season will be extended and year-round operations will commence. As more advanced offshore drilling technology becomes available, exploration of the ice-covered waters around the Svalbard islands will probably also begin. These waters are very promising with large sedimentary basins, and them may well turn out to contain major oil fields.
In anticipation of such a development, the shipyard Kaarbp's Mek. Versed and the supply organization Nor service, both of Hardstand, Norway, have decided to analyze some of the problems involved in the transportation of equipment and supplies needed for these activities. Part of these studies have been carried out in cooperation with The Ship Research Institute of "Norway, and as one of the results of this cooperation, a concept of an Arctic supply vessel has been developed. The ship is intended to serve both onshore and offshore oil drilling and will, in addition to carrying supplies and passengers, be able to do towing and anchor-handling, as well as act as an icebreaker.

AREA OF OPERATION
Even if an Arctic supply vessel should be able to operate in ice-filled waters worldwide, it appears that the wide range or ice and - -weather conditions that egoist in the Arctic. itself will necessitate different types of vessels. It was therefore decided to construct the vessel for one particular area, the Norwegian Arctic.
Wave Forces on Submerged Model By Structures
Authors: Versowsky Paul E. , Herbich John  B. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
The results of a model study of the forces caused by oscillatory waves on large rectangular tank-like submerged objects are presented. Three phases of the problem were examined:description of the forces in terms of dimensionless parameters,description of the effect of large wave heights which are of importance to the designer, andthe presentation of a format to be used in model studies on submerged structures.
Theoretical studies of the problem have assumed wave heights to be small and the forces to be entirely inertial. However, of interest to the engineer are the forces caused by the larger waves generated by severe storms. In the model study the forces caused by the larger waves were determined and the effect of the water particle velocity in producing a drag force was examined.
The relationships between the fluid particle displacement and the coefficients of mass and drag were evaluated. Previous studies indicate that particle displacement is related to he values of empirical coefficients assumed by previous investigation.
The experimental results are given in a dimensionless form. Provided the laws of modeling are followed, and there are no scale effects, these results may be used to determine the forces on prototype structures in the ocean.

INTRODUCTION
The extremely large energy requirements in developed countries has prompted the oil and gas industry to explore remote offshore areas and deep water regions in search for oil and natural gas. The problems encountered in extracting the oil and gas found in these areas have produced new innovations in the petroleum recovery industry.
The problem of crude oil storage at offshore fields distant from adequate shore and port facilities was solved by the Dubai Petroleum Company and Chicago Bridge and Iron Company with the construction and placement of three large submerged tanks at their field in the Arabian Gulf. With processing equipment located on platforms atop two of the tanks, the facility represents the world's largest self contained offshore production complex with capabilities for storage and tanker loading (1).
The need to extend the oil recovery capabilities of the petroleum industry to deeper water has led to the development of plans for an entire oil field underwater. Phase One of such a project was completed in August of 1972 when Lockheed Petroleum Services Ltd. and Shell Oil Company completed the installation of the world's first dry underwater oil well in 375 ft. of water in the Gulf of Mexico (2). The actual well head structure is thirty ft. high and ten ft. in diameter. Future plans call for additional underwater well heads with a submerged manifold center to commingle production, and a submerged production station where oil and gas are separated and then pumped to the appropriate facilities.
Of primary concern to the designer working in an ocean environment (where water depths range from intermediate to shallow) are the forces due to gravity waves which are usually of considerably greater magnitudes than the forces due to currents.
Effect of Ice Thickness on Ice Forces
Authors: Schwarz Joachim , Hirayama Ken-ichi , Wu Han  Chin 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
Ice forces are the main concern in designing offshore structures such as drilling platforms, translating points, or bridge piers in arctic regions. Even though some results have been obtained by field measurements in recent years, there are still significant gaps in the knowledge of ice forces on structures. In order to fill some of these gaps, the Iowa Institute of Hydraulic Research has undertaken model studies on the investigation of ice forces on vertical piles. Model techniques for the study of ice-breaking phenomena have been developed, and the similarity between the model indications and prototype conditions has been shown. Tests have been completed on the _ relationship of ice forces (ice strength) vs pile diameter, ice thickness, and the relative velocity (strain rate) between ice and structures. The results suggest a formula considering these parameters, which agrees with field measurements and also in part with model investigations in Russia. The suggested formula will be used as a basis for considering other parameters such as temperature, shape of the structure, contact between ice and structure, and scale effects. The model investigations of these additional influences are nearly completed. Simultaneously, studies on the fracture criteria for ice are progressing, which hopefully will lead to analytical investigations of ice-force problems.

INTRODUCTION
The effect of ice forces on structures has been investigated with steadily increasing interest and activity over the last decade. The driving force for these studies has been the discovery of oil and other mineral resources in arctic regions. Parts of these resources are located offshore, and engineering structures, such as drilling platforms and translating points, are affected by the forces of drifting ice fields. These forces are limited by the strength of the ice, which is a function of several parameters such as temperature and salinity of the ice cover, width, inclination, and shape of the structure, the velocity of the ice floe relative to the structure, and the thickness of the ice cover.
The goal of engineers is to find the functional relationship among these quantities. So far, theoretical analysis has not solved this problem, because the fracture mechanism and the failure criterion of ice, as a viscous elastic, anisotropic material, has not been fully established yet. Several investigators, including Peyton, Croasdale,5 Nevel,13 and Schwarz15,16 have measured ice forces on structures directly in the field. The results of these field tests are limited to the data for specific ice conditions and structural dimensions prevailing for the individual tests. The data indicate trends, but do not allow for the development of complete ice-force equations.