bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Translation: A vehicle for change? Evidence from Pennsylvania German
Authors: Huffines Marion Lois 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe long-term practice of translating within a social context where both a dominant and receding language are spoken promotes linguistic convergence: speakers alter grammatical structures of the receding language to match the structures of the dominant language. During individual acts of translating, speakers often resort to two enabling strategies: the speaker attempts structures which are no longer regularly used in the community and thereby promotes the maintenance of conservative norms; or the speaker uses the language being translated as a model and thereby contributes toward convergence. In both cases, translation biases language forms and produces an inaccurate picture of the language skills current in the speech community. Evidence is provided from translated and free discourse in two Pennsylvania German communities: among nonsectarians, where Pennsylvania German is dying, and among Amish and Men-nonite sectarians, where Pennsylvania German continues to be used for daily discourse.
Germanic accent, syllabication and the origin of Scandinavian accentuation
Authors: d'Alquen Richard 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTA proposal to abandon the assumption of word accent (either pitch or stress) for Germanic is seen overall as unprofitable. The dilemma of syllable division is resolved against CVC.V and for CV.CV on general considerations following Murray and Vennemann and specific considerations allowing a better analysis of the conditions surrounding Verner's Law. It is proposed that a new Germanic heavy syllable accent, when double-peaked on words with heavy suffixes gave rise to Scandinavian accent 2, and when single-peaked on heavy roots with light suffixes, gave rise to accent 1 and to Danish stød.
Double accusatives in German: An application of CRMS-theory
Authors: Lutzeier Peter Rolf 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis article addresses a problem at the interface between morpho-syntax and semantics: How to treat “double-accusative” constructions in German. The solution is given in relational terms, which suits the framework of CRMS-theory*. With regard to the first type of “double accusative” constructions [sie lehrt ihn die deutsche sprache‘she teaches him the German language’], the option of different case marking is explained by general principles of CRMS-theory. With regard to the second type [sie nennt ihn einen lügner‘she calls him a liar’], the clue for its full understanding comes from the following observation: in addition to the accusative marking of both complements there is a strong semantic tie between the two. That is why traditional grammar rightly speaks of such forms aseinen lügneras an “accusative of identification”. As this idea of identification is realized at the content level in my approach, I do not see any reason for establishing a special relation “predicative” for the second type.
Ger. erbarmen and the unpredictable OHG prefix bi-
Authors: Lloyd Albert L. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough it has long been recognized that the i of OHG gi-could be lost before vowels and certain consonants, the handbooks recognize no loss of i in bi-. This is one reason why many scholars are reluctant to derive OHG irbarmên from *ir-bi-armên and irbunnan from *ir-bi-unnan, instead positing an original prefix ab- and comparing semantically similar forms such as OE ofearmian. In fact, however, loss of i in hi-, though highly sporadic, is attested before vowels and before r and l from the 8th century on, and provides a basis for the etymology of two hitherto unexplained words in Notker: ferbrasên and prázelig. There are thus clear parallels for a similar explanation of irbarmên and irbunnan.
Reflexivized motion verbs in Old Saxon: Semantics, syntax and semiotics
Authors: Clopton Laura Dale 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper examines four dative reflexive verbs of motion in Old Saxon:faran, gangan, kuman and giuuitan. The linguistic universals of GB syntax and the universal phenomenological categories of Peircean semiotics provide the theoretical framework for this paper. Various syntactic and semantic aspects of the dative reflexive verbs are targeted in the analysis: binding of the reflexive, word order patterns and subject types. The article suggests that a link exists between subject types, V1 syntactic configurations and the appearance of the dative reflexive — only human, animate subjects can license a dative reflexive and the reflexivized verbs exhibit a strong tendency to appear in the narratively visible V1 structure.
A Note on MHGschulde(n)in the Nibelungenlied
Authors: Salmons Joe 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThis word study traces the use ofschulde(n)through theNibelungenliedfocusing on the central episodes in âventiuren 14–19. Considerable synchronic variability exists in the lexical semantics of MHGschulde(n).This variability is explicable in terms of the etymological development ofschulde(n), a variability which is systematically exploited throughout the work. As the plot unfolds, the occurrences of this word and its closest derivational relatives shift steadily from semantically bleached uses and the neutral meaning of ‘obligation’ toward the narrow meaning ‘guilt’.
Issues in Early American English: Using evidence from the journal of Madam Knight
Authors: Brink Daniel 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTA much underused resource in the study of Early American English is the anecdotal commentaries provided by the rather large number of contemporary journals which often provide evidence about an important issue in Early American English. This paper addresses the question of “leveling” in Colonial American English: did it take place, and, if so, when, where, and in what form, and shows how at least one contemporary journal provides rather impressive indications of the presence of strong, entrenched dialect differences at the turn ot the 18th century, suggesting that leveling, at least on the scale sometimes assumed by modern commentators, had not occurred by Madam Knight's day.
A reply to Herbert Penzl's “Historiographie und Sprachgeschichte: Zur Beschreibung des ahd. i−Umlauts”
Authors: Voyles Joseph 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTTwo incompatible theories of OHG i−umlaut are briefly described—the one proposed by Twaddell in 1938, the other by Voyles in 1991. Five arguments recently adduced by Penzl in defense of the Twaddellian theory are discussed. These five points are critiqued in some detail because they are crucial for understanding and evaluating the two theories.
Positivism and ‘Hocus-pocus’ in Germanic and English Linguistics
Authors: Penzl Herbert 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe modern history of Germanic and English (synchronic and diachronic) linguistics reveals two main types of scholarly approach to language data: positivism (labelled ‘God's truth’) and theoreticism (labelled ‘hocus-pocus’ by American structuralists). The latter seems to have been dominant in the last decade.
Laryngeals in Germanic
Authors: Voyles Joseph B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe influence of IE laryngeal segments and their physical presence in early Germanic have frequently been adduced to explain some five classes of problematic phenomena of the early Gmc. languages. These problems are: first, that of the past forms of the seventh-class strong verbs; second, the so-called Verschärfung; third, the Gmc. ē2-vowel; fourth, thee-to-ichange; and finally, various Gmc. etymologies. The laryngeal explanations of these five phenomena are deficient and alternative explanations are preferable. Therefore, there exists no hard evidence for the presence of laryngeal segments in later pre-Gmc. Indo-European nor in early Germanic.
Clause linkage typology: Luther 1522 versus Luther 1546
Authors: Listen Paul H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTA significant aspect of the changes in Martin Luther's style over the years can be characterized linguistically in terms of clause linkage. In order to analyze such diachronies incisively, we need a framework which can deal with the shifting and overlapping iconicities of morphology, syntax, lexicon, and discourse. Lehmann's (1988) clause linkage typology construct provides such a systematic framework. With it we are able to characterize rigorously the varying clause linkage strategies in two versions of Luther'sRomans. Categorization of some 60 sentence pairs from these corpora yields incontrovertible evidence favoring change toward semanto-syntactic compression, and it suggests a typological shift toward more compressed structures. In turn, Lehmann's typological framework is further strengthened by its application to the ENHG Luther data.
Investigating the consequences of Marine Protected Areas for the South African deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) resource
Authors: Edwards Charles T. T. , Rademeyer Rébecca A. , Butterworth Doug S. , Plagányi Éva E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEdwards, C. T. T., Rademeyer, R. A., Butterworth, D. S., and Plagányi, É. E. 2009. Investigating the consequences of Marine Protected Areas for the South African deep-water hake (Merluccius paradoxus) resource. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 72–81. Protected areas are often touted as important management tools to mitigate the uncertainty inherent in marine ecosystems, and thereby improve the long-term prospects for sustainable resource use. However, although they certainly play an important role in conservation, their usefulness in improving fishery yields is contentious. We present a simulation model that explores spatial closure options, and apply it to the demersal hake trawl fishery off South Africa. The model is based on the age-structured approach used for current assessments, representing the dynamics of the deep-water hake Merluccius paradoxus within a zonally disaggregated spatial system. Fitting the model to two zones, which demarcate a potential closed area from the remaining fished area, we investigate the consequences that such a protected area could have for the fishery. Our model suggests that area closures would have a negligible benefit for the fishery, regardless of the level of hake movement between areas. This is likely the result of the model's simplicity, and we suggest additional factors that should be considered to quantify the impact of Marine Protected Areas on the fishery more reliably.
Peri‐operative use of paracetamol
Authors: Oscier C. D. , Milner Q. J. W. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThis article is a review of the peri‐operative use of paracetamol. It reviews the pharmacology of paracetamol, highlighting new information about the mechanism of action, and examines its therapeutic use in the peri‐operative period, focusing on efficacy, route of administration, and the use of a loading dose to improve early postoperative analgesia.
Evaluating budesonide efficacy in nasal polyposis and predicting the resistance to treatment
Authors: Valera F. C. P. , Queiroz R. , Scrideli C. , Tone L.G. , Anselmo‐Lima W. T. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground
Cell resistance to glucocorticoids is a major problem in the treatment of nasal polyposis (NP).Objectives
The objectives of this study were to observe the effect of budesonide on the expression of IL‐1β, TNF‐α, granulocyte macrophage‐colony stimulating factor, intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)‐1, basic fibroblast growth factor, eotaxin‐2, glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐α, GR‐β, c‐Fos and p65 in nasal polyps and to correlate their expression to clinical response.Methods
Biopsies from nasal polyps were obtained from 20 patients before and after treatment with topical budesonide. Clinical response to treatment was monitored by a questionnaire and nasal endoscopy. The mRNA levels of the studied genes were measured by real‐time quantitative (RQ)‐PCR.Results
There was a significant decrease in the expression of TNF‐α (P<0.05), eotaxin‐2 (P<0.05) and p65 (P<0.05) in NP after treatment. Poor responders to glucocorticoids showed higher expression of IL‐1β (3.74 vs. 0.14; P<0.005), ICAM‐1 (1.91 vs. 0.29; P<0.05) and p65 (0.70 vs. 0.16; P<0.05) before treatment. Following treatment, IL‐1β (4.18 vs. 0.42; P<0.005) and GR‐β (0.95 vs. 0.28; P<0.05) mRNA expression was higher in this group.Conclusion
Topical budesonide reduced the expression of TNF‐α, eotaxin‐2 and p65. Poor responders to topical budesonide exhibit higher levels of IL‐1β, ICAM‐1 and nuclear factor (NF)‐κB at diagnosis and higher expression of both IL‐1β and GR‐β after treatment. These results emphasize the anti‐inflammatory action of topical budesonide at the molecular level and its importance in the treatment of NP. Nevertheless, IL‐1β, ICAM‐1 and NF‐κB may be associated with primary resistance to glucocorticoids in NP, whereas higher expression of GR‐β in poor responders only after glucocorticoid treatment may represent a secondary drug resistance mechanism in this disease.
Why would young people donate blood? A survey‐based questionnaire study
Authors: Weinberg I. , Zarka S. , Levy Y. , Shinar E. 
Published: December 2008

Background and Objectives  Different issues associated with blood donation among young donors were studied, towards building a large and consistent blood donor base.Methods  Data were collected from 221/285 donors in drives conducted among military personnel (response rate of 78%), through a self‐administered questionnaire tailored to review knowledge, beliefs, attitudes and habits regarding blood and general donations. Data were then further analysed using a multivariate model.Results  The most significant factors related to blood donation were the donors’ perception of approval from a superior (the commander's request to donate blood) and the participant's military rank or position (P < 0·0001 and P = 0·0019, respectively). Experienced blood donors comprised 71·9% of all donors and more donations were noted among men (P = 0·0013).Conclusions  The important role of a significant superior, and his or her personal involvement in the blood drive organization was elucidated. Various other factors, previously found to be related to readiness or reluctance to donate blood, were insignificant among the studied population. Our finding may assist blood centres in optimizing their efforts in recruiting and retention of young donors.
Advanced oxidative protein products are independently associated with endothelial function in peritoneal dialysis patients
Authors: KOCAK HUSEYIN , GUMUSLU SAADET , SAHİN EMEL , CEKEN KAAN , GOCMEN YESIM A , YAKUPOGLU GULSEN , ERSOY F FEVZI , TUNCER MURAT 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYAim:  Oxidative stress (OS) and asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) are accepted as non‐classical cardiovascular risk factors in end‐stage renal disease patients. To clarify the role of these factors in the atherosclerotic process, we investigated if OS and ADMA are associated with endothelial function (EF) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Methods:  Fifty‐two non‐diabetic PD patients without known atherosclerotic disease as well as 30 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy individuals were included. We measured serum thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS), malondialdehyde (MDA), advanced glycation end‐product (AGE), pentosidine, advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP), ADMA and EF as described by Celermejer et al. in all subjects.Results:  TBARS, MDA, AOPP, AGE, pentosidine and ADMA levels were significantly higher in PD patients than in controls (P < 0.001). Flow‐mediated dilatation (FMD)% and nitrate mediated dilatation (NMD)% in PD patients were lower than in the control group (7.7 ± 4.0% vs 11.70 ± 5.50%, P < 0.01 and 17.6 ± 8.3% vs 26.4 ± 4.6%, P < 0.01). Additionally, it was found that AOPP are independently correlated with FMD% and NMD% in PD patients (β = −463, P < 0.01 and β = −420, P < 0.05).Conclusion:  This study shows that PD patients without known atherosclerotic disease can also be characterized by endothelial dysfunction and AOPP levels independently predict endothelial function level in PD patients.
COEXISTENT TERATOMA AND SEMINOMA OF THE TESTIS
Authors: MASON J. K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case is described of multiple seminomata coexisting in the same testis with a malignant teratoma.Theories relative to the histogenesis of seminoma and teratoma of the testis are briefly reviewed. It is suggested that this case is inexplicable on the basis of a teratoid origin of seminoma and strongly supports the conception of seminoma as a carcinoma of seminal epithelium.The incidence of malignant disease of the testicle in the Royal Air Force is summarised, the outstanding features being the high percentage of malignant tumours which are found in the testis in such an age group and the remarkably similar mean age incidences of seminoma and teratoma.It is considered that this case throws no positive light on the causation of coexistence of seminoma and teratoma of the testis, but the indications are that it is a chance occurrence.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE TRIGONE OF THE BLADDER WITH A REPORT OF A CASE OF ECTOPIC URETER
Authors: BROCKIS J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYThe history of a patient suffering from incontinence of urine due to an ectopic ureter is presented. The embryology of this condition has been studied and the trigone of the bladder, together with the posterior part of the urethra, shown to be derived from the Wolffian ducts by gradual dilatation of the lower end of the latter. The subsequent alteration in relationship of the Wolffian ducts to the ureter is discussed, and it is suggested that the alteration of the orifices of the Wolffian ducts to the ureters during development is due to unequal absorption of the Wolffian duct and active growth at its upper and outer lip.The opening of the ectopic ureters may occur at any point on the outer edge of the area of bladder and urethra derived from the Wolffian duct. In the case presented an ectopic ureter was found to open into the urethra below the sphincters in conformity with the development outlined.It is a pleasure to acknowledge my indebtedness to Professor F. H. Bentley and Mr Fenton Braithwaite for their help, to Mr D. P. Hammersley for the diagrams used to illustrate this article, and to Mr A. L. Pegg of the Department of Photography, University of Durham, for the photomicrographs.
NOTES ON THE TOPOGRAPHY OF THE FGETAL HORSESHOE KIDNEY
Authors: ZONDEK THEODOR 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. The present views about the development of horseshoe kidney have been reviewed.2. Nine specimens of typical and four specimens of atypical late fcetal horseshoe kidneys have been considered and partly examined.3. Associated congenital abnormalities have been investigated in twenty‐nine specimens of horseshoe kidney in the late foetus, infant, and young child.For their kind assistance and permission to make use of their post‐mortem records and for the supply of some specimens of fcetal horseshoe kidneys I should like to thank Dr Agnes McGregor, Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Edinburgh; Professor Dible and Professor Moncrieff, Hammersmith Hospital, London; Professor Turnbull, late of London Hospital; Dr Newns and Dr Bodian, Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street, London; Dr Murray and Dr Hunt, Queen Charlotte's Maternity Hospital, London; Dr Woodhouse Price and Dr Ross, Queen Mary's Hospital for the East End, London; Dr Donald Teare and Dr Kathleen Wright.
POST‐OPERATIVE OSTEITIS PUBIS: CAUSES AND TREATMENT
Authors: CIBERT JEAN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYPost‐operative osteitis pubis is now well known. Two points, however, remain under discussion–its cause and treatment.In most cases–perhaps in all–the cause appears to be due to the presence of a septic focus in contact with the symphysis, usually behind it but sometimes in front of it.It is possible to reduce its frequency by increasing the duration of post‐operative drainage, and by avoiding too early closure of the superficial planes.The complication may be rapidly cured by reopening the space of Retzius, resecting infected tissue, and by drainage. The failures which have been observed appear to be due to the fact that a residual septic focus was not found or that intervention had been delayed too long.The frequency of osteitis pubis after retropubic prostatectomy is not great (1–5 per cent. in 1,000 cases), and its importance is slight if further intervention is carried out promptly. It must not be considered a contraindication to that excellent operation.
DELAYED TRAUMATIC STRICTURE OF THE ANTERIOR URETHRA
Authors: DANIEL OWEN 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYFour examples of delayed traumatic urethral stricture are reported. In three patients symptoms appeared twelve, twenty‐four, and twenty‐five years after apparently trivial external injuries, and in the fourth, symptoms appeared twelve years after the passage of a catheterising cystoscope.The long latent period in these cases gives support to those who advocate that all patients who have suffered urethral injury should attend, for dilatation, at six‐monthly intervals for the remainder of their lives.
THE USE OF AN ISOLATED LOOP OF ILEUM AS AN AUXILIARY KIDNEY
Authors: Pyrah L. N. , Care A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYA case of polycystic kidneys is described for which an auxiliary kidney in the form of an isolated loop of ileum was prepared.Irrigation of this loop usually resulted in clinical improvement, and the investigations carried out suggest that this was brought about by the removal of some toxic metabolite, possibly nitrogenous in character.
PRIMARY CARCINOMA OF THE FEMALE URETHRA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE URETHRAL CARUNCLE
Authors: Adno J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY

The incidence of primary carcinoma of the urethra with a review of the literature is mentioned.
The ætiology of primary carcinoma of the female urethra with special reference to the lesion of urethral caruncle is discussed.
A case of early malignancy in a urethral caruncle is reported.
The therapy used is described and twenty months' follow‐up is given.
A plea for conservative therapy in the very early case is made, as opposed to extensive surgery.
The importance of examining, microscopically, all urethral caruncles, polypi, and hypertrophic mucosae that are removed is stressed.
RENAL INFARCTION and ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HYPERTENSION1
Authors: Mogg By Richard A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY1. A plea is made for renewed interest and appreciation of the condition of renal infarction with special reference to partial infarction of renal tissue.2. A complete and detailed investigation by aortography of the renal vascular pattern is advocated in all cases of hypertension, especially those occurring in young people.3. Illustrative cases are described.