bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why Hawaii is Changing to the Dibble-Tube System of Forestation
Authors: Walters Gerald A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The dibble-tube system was developed to meet the constraints of Hawaii's diverse species and planting sites, restrictive planting weather, generally inexperienced tree planters, and high costs. This system, which is based on the Hawaii dibble tube and rack, includes the nursery transport, and field phases of forestation with container-grown stock. It is more reliable and less costly than the bare-root system in Hawaii.
Managing Ecological Impacts at Wilderness Campsites: An Evaluation of Techniques
Authors: Cole David N. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Visitor dispersal and campsite closure are common managerial reactions to campsite degradation in classified wilderness and other backcountry areas. Ecological research suggests that such actions will do little to improve the condition of campsites and will usually increase the areal extent of deterioration. Concentrating use on as few campsites as possible and closure on a site-by-site basis would confine inevitable damage, leaving most of the wilderness undisturbed by recreational use.
Measuring Trees That Lean, Fork, Crook, or Sweep
Authors: Grosenbaugh L. R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Until recently there was no fully satisfactory solution to the broad problem of measuring standing trees whose axes leaned, forked, crooked, or curved. Analysis of a spherical model has led to revision of a well-known computer program (STX) that will now process standard rangefinder-dendrometer measurements of straight leaning trees without bias, and similar measurements of forked, crooked, or curved trees with negligible bias. More field effort is required if instruments lack rangefinding capability. Azimuth of crosslevel axis and tilt of hypsometer aligned with tree axis must then be measured from each of two separate observation points to enable computation of a constant correction angle to be added algebraically to each tilted elevation angle. Corrected elevation angles together with a single range (measured parallel to the ground} will then allow unbiased computation of other elevated slant ranges, slant heights, and diameters.
Campers' Perceptions of Site Deterioration and Crowding
Authors: Knudson Douglas M. , Curry Elizabeth B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Can campers' opinions and observations about a site serve as a workable monitor for carrying capacity? Interviews with 405 campers in two Indiana state parks indicated that few were sensitive to either resource deterioration or crowding. This result suggests that managers cannot rely on camper opinions as indicators for monitoring environmental impacts. Campers expressed support for site alterations and closures to remedy deterioration problems.
Decision-making Framework for Nonindustrial Private Forest Owners: An Application in the Missouri Ozarks
Authors: Kurtz William B. , Lewis Bernard J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
By means of a psychological testing technique (Q-sort), owners were classified into types on the basis of their motivations and objectives in holding land. On-the-ground management by the several types was found to correspond, in amount and kind, approximately to the interest in timber production. The analytical approach used here seems useful in many situations where information or assistance programs are being designed to fit landowners' specific interests.
Communications to Disperse Wilderness Campers
Authors: Roggenbuck Joseph W. , Berrier Deborah L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In the Shining Rock Wilderness, North Carolina, distributing a brochure from leaflet boxes located at major trailheads and distributing it through personal contact inside the wilderness were effective in moving campers from a congested area to lightly used sites. Overall, the two communication channels differed little in their effectiveness, but variability of visitor response was much greater with the brochure and personal-contact method.
Field Stereo Viewers for Aerial Photography
Authors: Klein William H. , Lory Frederick 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Portable stereo field viewers using color transparencies for three aerial film formats--70 mm, 9 by 9 inch, and panoramic (5 by 50 inch)--were developed for surveys using multistage techniques to appraise bark beetle damage. The three instruments are light in weight, compact, illuminated by indirect or reflected sunlight, and constructed of readily available materials. They can be built by anyone with good mechanical ability and the proper tools.
Slash Treatment After Clearcutting Lodgepole Pine Affects Nutrients in Soil Water
Authors: Hart George E. , DeByle Norbert V. , Hennes Robert W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Soil solutions from old-growth lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud.) stands in western Wyoming differed from solutions beneath adjacent clearcuts where four residue disposal methods were applied. Soil solutions from clearcuts were more concentrated in sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, and nitrate. All elements, especially, nitrates, were most concentrated under burned windrows of debris. Phenol concentrations under a mulch of wood chips were high during the first posttreatment year, and sometimes exceeded 1 milligram per liter. Dilution of potassium, nitrate, and phenol concentrations would be expected as water moves from the soil to streamflow.
Biomass Production in Florida
Authors: Smith Wayne H. , Dowd Marybruce L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Florida posseses climatic, land, and water resources favorable for abundant biomass production. Therefore, a statewide program has been initiated to determine adapted species for the available array of production sites. Plant resources under investigation include woody, aquatic, grasses, hydrocarbon, and root crop species. The goal is to produce a continuous stream of biomass for the various biofuel conversion options. Preliminary yields from energy cropping experiments, range from about 10 to nearly 90 metric tons per hectare per year, depending on the crop and the production system employed.
Riding into a Different Sunset: The Sagebrush Rebellion
Authors: Fairfax Sally K. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Livestock industry problems and land-transfer proposals have dominated media discussion of the Sagebrush Rebellion and tempt students and practitioners of resource management to respond to the present conflict as they have in similar previous situations. This would be an error, because although the format and vocabulary of the Sagebrush Rebellion are familiar, the stakes include the full spectrum of western resources. Moreover, the debate is occurring at a time when the traditional foundations of conservation and management -- the Progressive Era heritage of reliance on technically directed, rational, centralized planning and administration -- are seriously eroded.
Comparing Estimated Wilderness Costs among National Forests
Authors: Campbell Gene E. , Countryman David W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Wilderness costs can be extremely variable among national forests. For example, the Willamette (in Oregon) has 471,245 fewer acres suitable for wilderness and a maximum marginal cost per acre of wilderness 820 times greater than on the Beaverhead (in Montana). Marginal cost curves developed from linear programming models can depict relative wilderness costs among forests and thus assist society in comparing economic trade-offs, making wilderness selections cost-effective, and isolating those forests where wilderness decisions have greatest impact.
Place of Small-Format Aerial Photography in Resource Surveys
Authors: Meyer Merle P. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
With continuing escalation of field verification costs in renewable resource surveys, users of conventional aerial survey techniques are experiencing difficulties in maintaining cost-effectiveness within existing budget constraints. Judicious use of small-format (35-mm or 70-mm) aerial photography can often reduce time and costs of field verification without sacrificing quantity or quality in the data gathered. Examples of its use either as a supplement to conventional large-format photography or as the primary data base source are presented.
Free-Use Fuelwood in New Mexico: Inventory Exhaustion and Energy Equations
Authors: Gray James R. , Fowler John M. , Bray Mary A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Free-use fuelwood supplies in two national forests in New Mexico will be exhausted within the decade if current trends continue. Alternative scenarios of energy prices, use rates, and supplies were used to determine the time span of inventory exhaustion on each of five national forests in the state. The energy obtained from free-use fuelwood harvesting was then compared to the energy expended in gathering the fuelwood. From an energy perspective only, free-use wood yields little energy return over costs when wood is burned in fireplaces. Heat-efficient stoves yielded nearly four times the net energy of fireplaces for the state as a whole.
Regeneration Delay: Economic Cost and Harvest Loss
Authors: Brodie J. Douglas , Tedder Philip L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Failure to regenerate stands immediately after harvest results in losses of value and volume yield. The amount of loss differs when the effect of delay is assessed for an individual stand or forestwide. For the forest, the loss will depend on methods of determining the allowable cut and on inventory age-class distributions. A regeneration delay that results from transitory physical or budgeting constraints will have a different effect than delays programmed into all future rotations. Losses that appear massive when assessed at the stand level may have little effect on the allowable cut, while failure to rapidly regenerate stands that are economically marginal may greatly affect allowable cut on some forests.
Proposed Metric Units in Forestry
Authors: Ffolliott Peter F. , Robinson David W. , Space James C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
In 1980, the Metric Committee of the Society of American Foresters became the Forestry Sector Committee of the American National Metric Council, with responsibility for planning conversion to metric measure in U.S. forestry. The committee hopes to complete a draft plan in 1982, and seeks suggestions from all interested persons or agencies.
Recreation Opportunity Spectrum Approach to Resource Planning
Authors: Buist Leon J. , Hoots Thomas A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Recreation opportunity planning incorporates the concept of a Recreation Opportunity Spectrum (ROS) into a planning system that combines relationships between natural resource settings, recreational activities, and the resulting recreationist experiences into six ROS classes of land and water areas. The ROS provides a framework for planning and managing recreation for experience objectives, aids in clarifying agency and private sector roles, and is a means of informing the recreating public what to expect from given resource settings. Both the USDA Forest Service and the USDI Bureau of Land Management have adopted recreation opportunity planning as part of their integrated land and resource management planning process.
Volume versus Value Maximization Illustrated for Douglas-fir with Thinning
Authors: Riitters Kurt , Brodie J. Douglas , Kao Chiang 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Economic and physical criteria for selecting even-aged rotation length are reviewed with examples of their optimizations. To demonstrate the trade-off between physical volume, economic return, and stand diameter, examples of thinning regimes for maximizing volume, forest rent, and soil expectation are compared with an example of maximizing volume without thinning. The soil expectation criterion consistently accounts for the market premium and logging and other silvicultural costs.
Fuelbed Changes with Aging of Slash from Ponderosa Pine Thinnings
Authors: Carlton Donald W. , Pickford Stewart G. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fuel loading stratified by standard fuel size classes and fuelbed depth data from 11 precommercially thinned stands of ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex Laws) indicated that changes in slash fuelbeds varying in age from 0 to 17 years can be described mathematically as a function of slash age and basal area of trees removed. Least-squares equation of the form In(fuelbed characteristic) = a + b·In(basal area removed) + c·(age) gave R² values from 0.74 to 0.96, and all equations were significant at the 99-percent level. Prescribed burning produced changes in loading and bed depth that were the equivalent of 2 to 20 or more years of natural aging. These results should be of use to land managers, but since they are from one drainage of the eastern side of the Cascade Range in Washington they may need adjusting before being applied to other areas.
Fuel Management's Potential for Reducing Frequency of Large Fires in the Northern Rockies
Authors: Wood Donald B. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The probability of a fire becoming large is strongly influenced by the fuel in which it originates--the most important fuel properties are those which influence rate of spread. In the Northern Region of the National Forest System, regionwide hazard reduction could reasonably be expected to halve both the number of, and area burned by, fires exceeding 300 acres. For specific sites, the potential value of hazard-reduction treatment depends on the spread rate characteristics of the current fuel and the ignition frequency. From four to several hundred acres must be protected to save a single acre from burning.
Recreation Regulations--When Are They Needed?
Authors: Lucas Robert C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Regulation of outdoor recreation needs to be minimized. Managers should establish regulations only when they are the best way to achieve important objectives. Decisions can be arrived at through a that focuses on problem identification, consideration of non-regulatory alternative approaches, and estimation of costs and benefits of potential management actions. The analysis should weed out avoidable regulations, and ensure that those adopted are effective and justified.
Who Says you Can't Cut a Tree on Sites Growing 19 Cubic Feet?
Authors: Irland Lloyd C. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Bell and Randall (J. For. 80:152-156, 160) give little reason for thinking that planning under the Resources Planning Act defines the place of individual national forests in the country's timber supply situation. The timber strategy seems to be defined in terms of constraints, and at least in the Northeast these constraints serve to limit the area that could be allocated to wilderness.
Hazards of Root Disease in Pacific Northwest Recreation Sites
Authors: Filip Gregory M. , Goheen Donald J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Trees with root diseases. especially not caused by Phellinus weirii, are subject to windthrow, and thus seriously threaten public safety in developed recreation sites in Pacific Northwest forests. Pathologists or specially trained foresters should inspect an area for root disease hazards before construction begins. When trees with diseased roots are found on sites that are already in operation, managers must reduce present and future hazards while maintaining the area's beauty.
World Forestry: Seventeenth World Congress of the International Union of Forestry Research Organizations
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Berntsen Carl M. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The XVII IUFRO World Congress was held in Japan on September 6-17, 1981. The first such congress to be convened in Asia, it was attended by forest scientists from 70 countries. Technical sessions at the International Congress Hall in Kyoto covered all aspects of forest research. Excursions, each with a technical theme, followed the meetings in Kyoto.
Forestland Market Values
Authors: de Steiguer J. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Data from are U.S. Department of Agriculture's Economics Research Service indicated that forestland values in Appalachia, the Southeast, and the Delta States increased at rates well above the rate of inflation between 1971 and 1979. Forestland prices for 1979 were highest in the Southeast and lowest in the Lake States. Compared to alternative land uses, forestry was found to be very low valued. The per-acre selling price of forestland declined as size of the transaction increased, but began to stabilize for tracts of 200 acres or more in area.
Determining Local Employment, Distribution, and Tax Revenue Effects of Changes in Forest and Range Policies
Authors: Snider Gary B. , Ayer Harry W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A method to estimate the direct and indirect changes in local area employment, income distribution, and tax revenues is given and its usefulness for evaluating various Forest Service policies illustrated. Policies studied are those which decrease allowable timber cut by 10 percent, decrease animal units on the forest by 20 percent, and increase forest-related tourism by 10 percent in two trade areas of Arizona. The policies have a combined effect which only marginally changes employment in each area. Timber and range policies are regressive with respect to income distribution, and the tourism policy is progressive. The individual and combined effects of the assumed policies on tax revenues are small. Policy effects vary among areas of differing economic structures.
Fuelwood Utilization in Kansas Cities
Authors: Warner Thomas D. , Shelley Jill A. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
During the winter of 1979-80, households in the five largest cities of Kansas burned an amount of fuelwood equal to 2.7 percent of the state's net annual growth. A survey of 2,374 households revealed that nearly 31 percent burned wood and used an average of 1.34 cords per year per household. Most of the wood was used for both heating and recreation. Wood burning, the amount of wood used, and the amount paid correlated positively with income and education. Residents of the sampled cities spent an equivalent of $6 million for fuelwood during the season.
Economic Returns To Graduate Education In Forestry
Authors: Laarman Jan G. , De Steiguer J. E. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A master's degree or Ph.D. is an investment adding to human capital. In forestry, rates of return on this human capital range from -2.5 to +6.9 percent on a master's degree, and from +3.5 to +6.6 percent on a Ph.D. These are real rates above monetary inflation but before income taxes. Rates of return fall as the time required to complete a graduate degree is extended, and as age of graduate student increases. Several qualifications accompany the economic analysis.
World Forestry: Cooperation with Poland on Research In Remote Sensing
Authors: Lund H. Gyde , Allison Ray P. , Honing Frederick W. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Poland is evaluating various forms of remote sensing to monitor insect infestation and air pollution damage and to classify and map land-use patterns. A cooperative proposal, previously under development with the United States, may intensify current remote sensing research and may be expanded to include scientific exchange in sampling strategies and computer analysis techniques.
World Forestry: Forests and Forestry in Israel
Authors: Gottfried Gerald J. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The forests of Israel were degraded and destroyed between biblical times and the early 20th century. Forestry efforts began just prior to World War I and accelerated with Israel's independence in 1948. The concentration has been on afforestation of barren land with pines and eucalypts and on protection of the natural oak scrub. By 1980, forests covered 100,907 ha, about 5 percent of the country's land area, and 60 percent were plantations. The most important current activities are continued afforestation and the management and protection of existing stands. Wood production has increased, but Israel must still import most of the wood products it needs. Ways are being sought to increase productivity. Recreation is a very important and increasing demand. Land-use planning is coordinated by a committee of users. There are conflicts between forestry and grazing, water production, and recreation-preservation interests. Research is attempting to provide information for resolving these questions, and to provide a sound ecological and technical foundation for forestry in Israel.
Forestry School Enrollment and Degrees Granted, 1971-1981
Authors: Christensen Ronald R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Forestry school enrollments in all degree programs peaked in 1975. By 1981 they were at their lowest point in the ten-year period 1971-1981 and 20 percent below the 1975 levels. Women enrollees increased from 6 to 26 percent of all students. Minority student enrollments remained at less than 2 percent. Some 2,500 fewer undergraduates were studying forestry as a major in 1981 than in 1977. Total degrees granted in all programs peaked at 5,899 in 1980, five years after peak enrollment. Women graduates increased tenfold during the period while minority degree recipients continued at less than 2 percent. Bachelor's degrees in forestry as a major in 1981 totaled 2,091 but were down 23 percent from 1980.
Hybrid Poplar Sprout Clumps: Thinning Does Not Improve Development
Authors: Davidson Walter H. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
One growing season after the harvest of a 16-year-old hybrid poplar (Populus sp.) plantation, sprouts from 100 clumps were thinned to retain the dominant sprout; 100 clumps were left for comparison. After three growing seasons, thinned and unthinned clumps did not differ in total number of sprouts per clump or in diameter of dominant sprouts. Dominant sprouts were significantly taller in the unthinned clumps. Thinning hybrid poplar sprout clumps after a harvest is not recommended.
New Site Productivity Estimates for Red Pine in the Lake States
Authors: Lundgren Allen L. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Current site productivity estimates for red pine (Pinus resinosa) in the Lake States are based on old normal yield tables for unmanaged (unthinned) stands. New growth models, based on permanent remeasured plots, indicate that expected yields of merchantable cubic-foot volume from unthinned stands are 18 percent higher, and from thinned stands 32 percent higher than current estimates on average sites. On better sites the differences are greater. Proposed new productivity curves are strongly supported by red pine yields reported in the literature.
Future Timberland Area: A Crucial but Illusive Variable in Timber Economy Models
Authors: Wall Brian R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Data on the acreage of timberland that will be available for harvest in the future are crucial to the development of accurate national and regional timber supply and demand models. Improved supply projections are needed for new timber economy models, but biologically realistic supply models require detailed data about the future timberland area base for large regions. No comprehensive research is being done to meet the requirements of the new models. A planned, complex approach should be developed whereby information on land influences, behavior of landowners, and economics can be obtained.
Diverse Owners of Nonindustrial Private Timberland in Western Oregon
Authors: Gedney Donald R. 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Three classes of nonindustrial private owners-farmers, individuals other than farmers, and corporations-were selected prior to a USDA Forest Service inventory of western Oregon. Statistical tests following the inventory showed that owners of each class differed in condition of their land for timber production and in harvesting practices. Corporations had a high proportion of manageable forests and a high rate of clearcutting; farmers also had a high rate of clearcutting but a low proportion of manageable forests. Individuals had a low rate of clearcutting and ranked between corporations and farmers in proportion of manageable forests. Projections of timber supply will be improved if these owner classes are projected separately.