bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A virtual instrumentation based protocol for the automated implementation of the inner field compensation method
Authors: Mereuta Loredana , Luchian Tudor 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
One influential parameter which mediates interactions between many types of molecules and biological membranes stems from the lumped contributions of the transmembrane potential, dipole potential and the difference in the surface potentials on both sides of a membrane. With relevance to cell physiology, such electrical features of a biomembrane are prone to undergoing changes as a result of interactions with the aqueous surrounding. Among the most useful tools devoted to exploring changes of electrical parameters of a lipid membrane induced by certain extracellular ions, lipid composition, and embedded membrane peptides and proteins, are spectroscopic imaging and the inner field compensation (IFC) method. In this work we layout the principles of a fully computerized version of the IFC method, which makes it more readily available to users. As a direct application, we deployed this improved version of the IFC method to time-resolve changes induced by alamethicin monomers upon membrane dipole potential, following their aggregation within an artificial lipid membrane. Intriguingly, even prior crossing the membrane core, the membrane-bound alamethicin monomers are shown to significantly increase the dipole potential of the monolayer they reside in. Such data further emphasize the yet less-explored interplay between membrane-based protein and peptides, and the membrane dipole potential.
Radial distribution of hydrogen atoms in H
2 plasma
Authors: Mijović Slavoljub , Vučeljić Mira 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The radial intensities of the H
α and H
2 Fulcher α (d
3Πu − a
3Σg) system spectral lines were used to obtain the radial distribution of hydrogen atoms in H
2 plasma discharge. We have obtained new equations in order to describe the distribution of atoms in molecule discharges. Abel’s integral equation has been solved by Tikhonov’s regularization procedure. Model functions have been introduced to examine the limitations in the applicability of this method. An estimation of the degree of dissociation in the radial direction has been obtained.
Small damping approach in Fermi-liquid theory
Authors: Kolomietz Volodymyr , Lukyanov Sergiy , Shlomo Shalom 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The validity of the small damping approximation (SDA) for the quasi-classical description of the averaged properties of nuclei at high temperatures is studied within the framework of collisional kinetic theory. The isoscalar collective quadrupole vibrations in hot nuclei are considered. We show that the extension of the SDA, by accounting for the damping of the distribution function δ f in the collision integral, reduces the rate of variation of distortion effects of the Fermi surface with temperature. The damping of the δ f in the collision integral increases the collisional width of the giant quadrupole resonance (GQR) significantly for small enough values of the relaxation time. The temperature dependence of the eigenenergy of the GQR becomes much weaker than in the corresponding SDA case.
Shape-invariant hypergeometric type operators with application to quantum mechanics
Authors: Cotfas Nicolae 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A hypergeometric type equation satisfying certain conditions defines either a finite or an infinite system of orthogonal polynomials. The associated special functions are eigenfunctions of some shape-invariant operators. These operators can be analysed together and the mathematical formalism we use can be extended in order to define other shape-invariant operators. All the shape-invariant operators considered are directly related to Schrödinger-type equations.
Methoxyoxalamido Chemistry in the Synthesis of Tethered Phosphoramidites and Functionalized Oligonucleotides
Authors: Morocho Alan M. , Polushin Nikolai N. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA general approach to phosphoramidites tethered with single and multiple linkers through the use of methoxyoxalamido (MOX) chemistry is described. The approach utilizes readily available and inexpensive primary aliphatic amino alcohols and diamines to produce a rich and diverse variety of tethered phosphoramidites. Furthermore, the use of MOX chemistry in a modular fashion enables fairly rapid assembly of compound tethers. All novel phosphoramidites described have been successfully used in automated syntheses of 5′‐modified oligonucleotides.
Isolation of T‐Tubules from Skeletal Muscle
Authors: Zorzano Antonio , Camps Marta 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe transverse tubules (T‐tubules) of mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscles are invaginations of the sarcolemma. They play a crucial role in excitation‐contraction coupling as well as in intracellular signaling and in regulation of glucose transport. The biochemical purification of T‐tubule membranes is a difficult task, and membrane fractions enriched in transverse tubules are usually contaminated with other cell‐surface and intracellular membranes. This unit includes methods that permit the isolation and purification of T‐tubules from skeletal muscle.
Radioactive Tracers
Authors: Chinkes David L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
This article is an overview of radioactive tracers technology. The general approaches for the synthesis of labeled compounds, such as organic chemical methods and biochemical techniques, are described. The factors affecting the stability of labeled compounds are discussed, along with methods of detection and quantitation of the commonly used radioactive isotopes. Considerations in the safe handling of radioactive tracers and regulatory issues related to working with radioactive materials are summarized. The uses and applications of labeled compounds in biomedical research, clinical practice, pharmaceutical development, gene analysis, and agricultural experiments are discussed.
Raman Scattering
Authors: Ewen Smith W. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Raman scattering involves the detection of inelastic light scattering resulting from molecular vibrations. Industrial applications of this technique are growing in areas such as process and quality control, materials characterization and reliability, biodetection and environmental and industrial hygiene monitoring. Small, as well as large samples of inorganic and organic compounds, biomolecules, polymers, films, and surfaces, may be investigated using Raman. Samples, which may be solid, gaseous, or liquid, are easily prepared and aqueous solutions may be examined. Instrumentation utilizes visible or near‐infrared laser sources, modern dispersive spectrographs or interferometers, fiber‐optic and/or microprobes, and highly sensitive detection systems.
Recycling, Rubber
Authors: P. Paul John ,   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2006

Abstract
An overview of the uses for worn out scrap and reject rubber parts and articles, primarily tires, is presented. Uses and processing of worn out scrap and reject rubber include scrap rubber as a final source, pyrolysis of scrap rubber, depolymerization, rubber–asphalt modification, cryogenic pulverizing and mechanical tire shredding, rubber reclaiming, civil engineering, and tire retreading.
Scrap rubber as a fuel source (burning rubber, sometimes known as tire‐derived fuel) in cement kilns, electric utilities, pulp and paper mills, and dedicated tire‐to‐energy plants is discussed.
Processes for pyrolyzing rubber into oil and char are described, as are projects using rubber in asphalt and legislation being enacted to encourage the use of asphalt in rubber. Methods for cryogenically pulverizing and grinding tires are included. Methods of devulcanizing rubber using digesters, and heater or pan and reclaimator processes are presented. Uses of scrap rubber in civil engineering include erosion control retaining walls, fill material, athletic and playing surfaces, and in artificial reefs.
Sulfur
Authors:   Updated by Staff
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe element sulfur is one of the most important raw materials of the chemical industry. Its unique characteristics, changes in its production, and methods for its mining and recovery are all described, as is the common terminology used in the industry for sulfur products. Environmental issues are presented. A discussion of the various uses for sulfur is presented, including agricultural applications, plastics and other synthetic products, paper products, paints, nonferrous metal production, petroleum refining, iron and steel production, soil and water treatment, animal nutrition, highway construction as an additive or rejuvenator for asphalt, sulfur concrete, sulfur polymer cement, coatings, mortar substitute, foams, and sulfur impregnation.
Technical Service
Authors: Reid, Austin H. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Technical service in the chemical industry is designed to provide timely and professional information and support to downstream customers regarding chemical products and their uses. Examples of the various tasks pertinent to contemporary technical service efforts are given; information on the structure of technical service organization, training of personnel, participation in technical societies, and trade associations are discussed. The part played by technical service, the product development function, and the uses of computer and other electronic technologies in technical service are included.
Salivary Gland Cancer
Authors: Garden Adam S. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Malignant salivary gland tumors are remarkable for their relative infrequency as compared to other solid tumors, and their wide diversity in histologic appearance, clinical presentation, and biologic behavior. By virtue of the slow growth rates of some of these tumors, posttreatment surveillance must continue for a decade or more in order to accrue reliable data regarding locoregional control and survival. Fortunately, useful prognostic information can be derived from assessment of clinical stage, and tumor histology.
Breast Cancer
Authors: Hayes Daniel F. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease that exhibits a wide variety of clinical presentations, histologic types, and growth rates. Because of these variations, determining prognosis for an individual patient at the time of initial diagnosis requires careful assessment of multiple clinical and pathological parameters. This evaluation includes consideration of an expanding list of tumor‐ and patient‐related prognostic factors, which are especially important for decisions related to systemic treatment and predictions for overall survival.
Vulvar Cancer
Authors: Marsden Donald E. , Hacker Neville F. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Vulvar cancer is an uncommon malignancy accounting for approximately 4–5% of all gynecologic cancers. It used to be thought of as predominantly a disease of the elderly, although reports of young, reproductive‐age‐group women with this disease increasingly appear in the literature. The external location of the vulva should prompt early presentation, but traditionally significant delays in diagnosis have been associated with this cancer.
The past decade has seen a better understanding of the prognostic factors for vulvar cancer, which, in turn, has led to a more individualized approach to therapy. This has led to less aggressive surgery in the earlier stage of the disease with better cosmetic and functional results. It might be expected that, with the increasing life expectancy in many countries and the concomitant aging of the population, an increase in the number of cases being diagnosed would occur in the future.
Non‐Hodgkin Lymphomas
Authors: Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Crump Michael , Zucca Emanuele 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas (NHLs) are a diverse group of diseases with large variation in tumor biology and course of disease. The 1980s and 1990s brought a great increase in our knowledge of the biology of the immune system. Insights into the immunology and molecular genetics of NHL have led to the recognition of a number of new pathological entities, with unique natural histories. In addition, the clinical approach to patients with NHL has relied increasingly on aggregate assessment of prognostic factors, rather than single attributes such as disease stage, presence of extranodal involvement, presence of constitutional symptoms, or specific biochemical abnormalities. Furthermore, it is increasingly recognized that these biological attributes are surrogate measures of a tumor's growth and invasion potential, the host's response to the tumor, and the host's ability to tolerate treatment. A better understanding of the significance of molecular and immunological attributes of lymphoma will hopefully replace these clinical surrogates in refining NHL's prognosis and therapy more precisely in the future.
Leukemias
Authors: Disperati Patricia , Suarez‐Saiz Fernando J. , Khoury Haytham , Minden Mark D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Leukemia, the malignant transformation of bone marrow blood‐forming cells, is not a single entity. Prior to any form of therapy, which would include antibiotics and transfusion, the leukemias were classified as acute or chronic. The acute leukemias were rapidly fatal, with individuals dying in days to weeks from the time of diagnosis. In contrast, individuals with chronic leukemias could live for many years without any therapy. With the recognition of the stem‐cell nature of blood formation and the identification of different lineages, it was possible to further subdivide the leukemias into those of the myeloid and lymphoid lineages; with the development of therapeutics, this distinction has proven to be important.
A study on the metalation of fluorinated phenyl benzyl ethers
Authors: Kliś Tomasz , Serwatowski Janusz , Wójcik Dominik 
Published: July 2006

AbstractLithiation of a series of aryl benzyl ethers containing fluorine atoms or CF group in the phenolic ring has been studied. It was found that the long‐distance inductive effect (two fluorine atoms in 2,6‐ or 2,3‐position to the oxygen) and the cooperation of the coordination and inductive effects (fluorine atom or CF group meta to oxygen atom) are the main factors directing ortholithiation. Dilithiation of aryl benzyl ethers by butyllithium is generally less effective, but in the presence of PMDTA occurs efficiently and gives compounds containing lithium atoms at the phenyl ring and in the benzylic position. 2,3‐Difluoro‐benzyloxybenzene was dilithiated using BuLi–PMDTA complex and the intermediate was trapped with Me3SiCl to give disilylated product in high yield. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The effect of environmental information on investment allocation decisions – an experimental study
Authors: Rikhardsson Pall , Holm Claus 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses on the use of environmental information in investment decision making. The research approach employed is based on an experiment where three groups of final year finance students were asked to allocate investment funds between two companies based on financial accounts and information material from these companies in which environmental information was included in varying degrees. The overall conclusion is that the qualitative environmental information affects short term allocation decisions, hence indicating a risk reduction potential of environmental information comparable to the classic interpretation of financial information.The quantitative environmental information included in the experiment seems to mitigate rather than extend the directional effect of more environmental information. The evidence also seems to indicate that decision makers are not always aware which information categories affect their decision making. Hence, this has implications for how the potential value of environmental information is to be assessed. Finally, experimental studies as a methodology seem to be better suited to indicate actual effects of different types of information on decision making than attitude surveys. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Weak Attractive Interactions between Methylthio Groups and Electron‐Deficient Alkenes in peri‐Naphthalenes: A Competition with Conjugative Effects
Authors: O'Leary Jane , Wallis John D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe solid‐state conformations of five peri‐disubstituted naphthalenes bearing a methylthio group and an electron‐deficient alkene indicate a weak attractive interaction between the functional groups in four cases in which out‐of‐plane displacements lead to a common orientation of the MeS⋅⋅⋅sp2‐C vector to the alkene bond. In some cases the interaction is not strong enough to outweigh the tendency of the alkene to conjugate with the aromatic ring, and in one case this optimisation of conjugation alone controls the molecular conformation. The methylthio group lies close to the aromatic plane in all but one example for which the plane of the sulfide group is presented to the alkene.
Alternating vector immunizations encoding pre‐erythrocytic malaria antigens enhance memory responses in a malaria endemic area
Authors: Bejon Philip , Kai Oscar K. , Mwacharo Jedidah , Keating Sheila , Lang Trudie , Gilbert Sarah C. , Peshu Norbert , Marsh Kevin , Hill Adrian V S 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA heterologous prime‐boost strategy has been developed to potently induce T cell responses to pre‐erythrocytic malaria antigens. Efficacy in the field is likely to depend on both peak immunogenicity and the durability of responses. To improve both immunogenicity and durability of responses, 54 adult males from a malaria endemic area were immunized with different vaccination regimens, systematically varying antigenic insert and the number and sequence of component vaccinations. The component vaccinations were recombinant attenuated viruses, either fowlpox (FP) 9 or modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). These were recombinant for either of two pre‐erythrocytic malaria antigens (multiple epitope‐thrombospondin‐related adhesion protein, ME‐TRAP, or circumsporozoite antigen (CS). ELISPOT assays were used to measure the effector and resting memory T cell responses. Sequence, antigen insert and number of vaccinations influenced immunogenicity, but the novel alternating vector immunizations generated the largest resting memory T cell populations. Effector responses were maintained at 84% of the peak response after 270 days. This durability of response is unprecedented. Classical prime‐boost vaccination responses were at 5% of the peak after 270 days. Vaccines administered by heterologous prime‐boost regimes are being developed for diverse pathogens and cancer. These data suggest these vaccines should also be administered by alternating vector regimens in clinical development.
Properties of alkyl esters base on castor oil
Authors: Cvengroš Ján , Paligová Jarmila , Cvengrošová Zuzana 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCastor oil is a non‐traditional raw material for the preparation of methyl and ethyl esters of higher fatty acids as alternative fuels for diesel engines. Castor oil contains ricinoleic acid (12‐hydroxy octadecene acid) with a major share of about 90%. The article presents the parameters of castor oil‐based methyl esters (COME) and ethyl esters (COEE) defined by the standard EN 14 214. The densities of COME and COEE are higher than the limit defined by the standard EN 14 214. The viscosities are more than twice as high as the limit value. The cetane numbers are lower than defined by the standard EN 14 214. For the remaining parameters, COME and COEE meet, in principle, the standard EN 14 214. The presence of the free hydroxyl group has virtually no effect on the values of such parameters as carbon residue, filterability at low temperatures and oxidation stability, for which some influence was expected. The physicochemical parameters of the castor oil esters are discussed in comparison to the analogous esters of high‐oleic sunflower oil, which contain about 80% of oleic acid. Both the methyl and ethyl esters of high‐oleic sunflower oil meet the standard EN 14 214 in all prescribed parameters.
Multiple dysregulated pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma revealed by gene expression profiling
Authors: Shi Wei , Bastianutto Carlo , Li Anna , Perez‐Ordonez Bayardo , Ng Raymond , Chow Kan‐Yan , Zhang Wendy , Jurisica Igor , Lo Kwok‐Wai , Bayley Andrew , Kim John , O'Sullivan Brian , Siu Lillian , Chen Eric , Liu Fei‐Fei 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGene expression profiling was conducted using primary human nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) biopsy samples to improve the understanding of the molecular pathways defining NPC and to identify novel potential therapeutic targets. RNA samples were extracted from 36 patients suspected to have NPC and hybridized onto the Affymetrix U133A chip. NPC was diagnosed in 19 patients, 11 had lymphoid hyperplasia (LH), and 6 were “normal” biopsies. Clinical stages for these NPC patients ranged from I–IV, including one M1. All NPC patients (except the M1) were treated with curative intent, which included radiotherapy alone (4 patients), or combined with chemotherapy (14 patients). Unsupervised clustering demonstrated a distinct NPC expression pattern, compared to normal biopsies. Subsequent Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM) derived from 14 NPC and 6 normal samples discovered 1,089 differentially regulated genes. Pathway analyses revealed novel insights into the mechanisms leading to NPC, whereby upregulation of NFκB2 and survivin play central roles in increasing resistance to apoptosis, and changes in integrin and WNT/β‐catenin signaling leading to uncontrolled proliferation. The role of survivin in resisting apoptosis in NPC was confirmed by RNA interference. Our data provide novel insights into the development and progression of NPC, and suggest survivin as a novel therapeutic target for NPC. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Association of aberrant methylation of tumor suppressor genes with tumor aggressiveness and BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer
Authors: Hu Shuiying , Liu Dingxie , Tufano Ralph P. , Carson Kathryn A. , Rosenbaum Eli , Cohen Yoram , Holt Elizabeth H. , Kiseljak‐Vassiliades Katja , Rhoden Kerry J. , Tolaney Sara , Condouris Stephen , Tallini Giovanni , Westra William H. , Umbricht Christopher B. , Zeiger Martha A. , Califano Joseph A. , Vasko Vasily , Xing Mingzhao 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe role of aberrant tumor suppressor gene methylation in the aggressiveness of papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) has not been documented. By showing promoter methylation‐induced gene silencing in PTC‐derived cell lines, we first demonstrated the functional consequence of methylation of several recently identified tumor suppressor genes, including those for tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase‐3 (TIMP3), SLC5A8, death‐associated protein kinase (DAPK) and retinoic acid receptor β2 (RARβ2). We then investigated the role of methylation of these genes in the aggressiveness of PTC by examining the relationship of their aberrant methylation to clinicopathological characteristics and BRAF mutation in 231 primary PTC tumors. Methylation of TIMP3, SLC5A8 and DAPK was significantly associated with several aggressive features of PTC, including extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, multifocality and advanced tumor stages. Methylation of these genes was also significantly associated with BRAF mutation in PTC, either individually or collectively in various combinations. Methylation of these genes, either individually or collectively, occurred more frequently in more aggressive classical and tall‐cell PTC subtypes than in less aggressive follicular‐variant PTC, with the latter known to infrequently harbor BRAF mutation. Several other tumor suppressor genes investigated were not methylated. These results suggest that aberrant methylation and hence silencing of TIMP3, SLC5A8, DAPK and RARβ2, in association with BRAF mutation, may be an important step in PTC tumorigenesis and progression. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.