bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchy and the reconstruction of evolutionary trends: evidence for constraints on the evolution of body size in terrestrial caniform carnivorans (Mammalia)
Authors: Finarelli John A. 
Published: October 2008

Body mass is an important organism-level variable in mammalian biology, correlated with physiology, life history, and ecology. To analyze the dynamics of body size evolution, increases and decreases in body mass were tallied for ancestor-descendant (AD) species pairs for 519 terrestrial caniform taxa. To account for uncertainty phylogeny, a bootstrapping routine shuffled hypothesized AD pairs, and average proportions of increases were binned as a function of ancestral body mass. A set of models relating the rate of body size increase were evaluated with the Akaike Information Criterion (AIC). AIC selected three models of the candidate set as equivalent in support by the observed body mass data. These three models propose body size increase for small AD pairs and body size decrease for large AD pairs, although they differ in their treatment of taxa at intermediate sizes.These results demonstrate the presence of constraints bounding the caniform distribution at large and small body sizes, stabilizing the distribution through time, which stands in contrast to a broader mammalian pattern. At a finer phylogenetic scale, subclades within intermediate size classes display proportions that are significantly different from unbiased, with several clades previously cited as examples of “Cope's Rule” showing biased increases in size, and basal mustelids (badgers, and allied genera), Mephitidae (skunks), and Vulpini (“foxes”) exhibiting biased decreases. The caniform pattern is therefore the result of superimposed, clade-specific trajectories, demonstrating that the inferred dynamics of body size evolution and even the direction of trends in body size evolution within the Caniformia, and for mammals in general, depend on the hierarchical scale of the analysis.
Stable isotope evidence for changes in dietary niche partitioning among hadrosaurian and ceratopsian dinosaurs of the Hell Creek Formation, North Dakota
Authors: Fricke Henry C. , Pearson Dean A. 
Published: October 2008

Questions related to dinosaur behavior can be difficult to answer conclusively by using morphological studies alone. As a complement to these approaches, carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of tooth enamel can provide insight into habitat and dietary preferences of herbivorous dinosaurs. This approach is based on the isotopic variability in plant material and in surface waters of the past, which is in turn reflected by carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of animals that ingested the organic matter or drank the water. Thus, it has the potential to identify and characterize dietary and habitat preferences for coexisting taxa.In this study, stable isotope ratios from coexisting hadrosaurian and ceratopsian dinosaurs of the Hell Creek Formation of North Dakota are compared for four different stratigraphic levels. Isotopic offsets between tooth enamel and tooth dentine, as well as taxonomic differences in means and in patterns of isotopic data among taxa, indicate that primary paleoecological information is preserved. The existence of taxonomic offsets also provides the first direct evidence for dietary niche partitioning among these herbivorous dinosaur taxa. Of particular interest is the observation that the nature of this partitioning changes over time: for some localities ceratopsian dinosaurs have higher carbon and oxygen isotope ratios than hadrosaurs, indicating a preference for plants living in open settings near the coast, whereas for other localities isotope ratios are lower, indicating a preference for plants in the understory of forests. In most cases the isotope ratios among hadrosaurs are similar and are interpreted to represent a dietary preference for plants of the forest canopy. The inferred differences in ceratopsian behavior are suggested to represent a change in vegetation cover and hence habitat availability in response to sea level change or to the position of river distributaries. Given our current lack of taxonomic resolution, it is not possible to determine if dietary and habitat preferences inferred from stable isotope data are associated with single, or multiple, species of hadrosaurian/ceratopsian dinosaurs.
Love on the Rocks: Domestic Violence and Alcohol Abuse in Rural Mexico
Authors: Angelucci Manuela 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
I use experimental data for the evaluation of Oportunidades to study the determinants of domestic violence and alcohol abuse. The program, a combination of cash transfers to women and human capital investments, decreases husbands' alcohol abuse by 15% and changes their aggressive behavior depending on transfer size, husbands' education, and spousal age gap. While small transfers decrease violence by 37% for all households, large transfers increase the aggressive behavior of husbands with traditional views of gender roles, probably because their wife's entitlement to a large transfer threatens their identity. This evidence rejects standard unitary, collective, and bargaining models for this latter group of households. It also shows that, while targeting women as recipients of micro-credit or other welfare programs may have additional beneficial effects by reducing alcoholism and domestic violence in most households, the risk of violence may increase for some.
One-Year Comparison of a High–Monounsaturated Fat Diet With a High-Carbohydrate Diet in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Brehm Bonnie J. , Lattin Barbara L. , Summer Suzanne S. , Boback Jane A. , Gilchrist Gina M. , Jandacek Ronald J. , D’Alessio David A. 
Published: October 2008

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of high–monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and high-carbohydrate (CHO) diets on body weight and glycemic control in men and women with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Overweight/obese participants with type 2 diabetes (n = 124, age = 56.5 ± 0.8 years, BMI = 35.9 ± 0.3 kg/m2, and A1C = 7.3 ± 0.1%) were randomly assigned to 1 year of a high-MUFA or high-CHO diet. Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were assessed at baseline and after 4, 8, and 12 months of dieting.
RESULTS—Baseline characteristics were similar between the treatment groups. The overall retention rate for 1 year was 77% (69% for the high-MUFA group and 84% for the high-CHO group; P = 0.06). Based on food records, both groups had similar energy intake but a significant difference in MUFA intake. Both groups had similar weight loss over 1 year (−4.0 ± 0.8 vs. −3.8 ± 0.6 kg) and comparable improvement in body fat, waist circumference, diastolic blood pressure, HDL cholesterol, A1C, and fasting glucose and insulin. There were no differences in these parameters between the groups. A follow-up assessment of a subset of participants (n = 36) was conducted 18 months after completion of the 52-week diet. These participants maintained their weight loss and A1C during the follow-up period.
CONCLUSIONS—In individuals with type 2 diabetes, high-MUFA diets are an alternative to conventional lower-fat, high-CHO diets with comparable beneficial effects on body weight, body composition, cardiovascular risk factors, and glycemic control.
Interaction of serum albumin with vinyl sulfonate azo dye
Authors: Sereikaite Jolanta , Bumelis Vladas-Algirdas 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The interaction between bovine serum albumin and the mono azo reactive dye Orange ZT has been investigated using absorption difference spectroscopy. The influence of pH and ionic strength of the solution on the stability of the dye-protein complex has been determined. At 25°C, the complex dissociation constants were equal to 24.0, 28.0, 7.0, 11.0, 17.6 and 46.0 μM at pH 7.0, 6.5, 6.0, 5.5, 5.0 and 4.3, respectively. In the presence of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 M KCl, at pH 6.0 and 25°C, the complex dissociation constants were 8.8, 20.0, 18.0 μM, respectively. The protein-dye complex dissociation constants show that Orange ZT could be used as an affinity ligand for protein purification.
Intermolecular interactions in 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride hydrate: X-ray structural and quantum mechanical study
Authors: Kruszynski Rafal 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine hydrochloride hydrate (I) was determined by X-ray crystallography, and the intermolecular interaction energies were calculated in terms of Natural Bond Orbital analysis. The asymmetric unit of (I) consists of a dinitrophenylhydrazinium cation, a chloride anion and a water molecule. The interatomic distances and angles in (I) show no unusual values. In the structure there are intermolecular N—H⊎⊎⊎O, N—H⊎⊎⊎Cl, O—H⊎⊎⊎Cl, C—H⊎⊎⊎O hydrogen bonds with bonding energy ranging form 16.03 to 0.76 kcal mol−1. These hydrogen bonds create the following N1 motifs: 6D, S(5), S(6), C(6), C(9). N1D motifs become infinite at the third level and are 2C 32(6), C 32(7).
Spectral properties of tetraanionic porphyrin in formamide colloids of layered double hydroxides
Authors: Bujdák Juraj , Iyi Nobuo 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Formamide colloidal suspensions of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with anionic dye, meso-tetrakis(4-sulfonatophenyl)porphine (TPPS) were prepared. Optical properties of these suspensions were investigated by means of absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies in the visible region. For more detailed characterization, second derivative curves of the spectra were calculated. The adsorption of the dye on LDH nanosheets led to partial molecular aggregation, reflected in significant changes of the dye optical properties. The Soret band in the absorption spectra was split into two peaks and decreased in intensity. Changes were observed also for the Q-bands. The molecular aggregation significantly quenched the emission of the dye. The low intensity emission from dye H-aggregates was identified at slightly longer wavelengths. The molecular aggregation increased with the dye/LDH ratio. At low dye loadings, the optical properties were very similar to the dye solution. The yields of the dye molecular aggregation increased with LDH surface charge.
Properties of naproxen ion-selective electrodes
Authors: Lenik Joanna , Wardak Cecylia , Marczewska Barbara 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Naproxen membrane electrodes based on different plasticizers and the quaternary ammonium salts (QASs) dimethyldidecylammonium bromide, methyltrioctylammonium chloride, or tetraoctylammonium chloride, were prepared. The following basic parameters were investigated for the optimal electrode: measurement range (10−4 − 10−1 mol L−1), slope of the linear range of the calibration curve (−58.3 mV decade−1), limit of detection (6.0 × 10−5 mol L−1), lifetime (2.5 months), dependence of the electrode potential on pH (5.5 − 9.0), reproducibility of potential (1.2 mV) and selectivity coefficients in relation to selected organic and inorganic anions. The electrode was utilized for determination of naproxen in tablets by the calibration curve method and the standard addition method.
A first-principles study of Ï€-conjugated thiol phenothiazine derivatives adsorbed on Au(111) surface
Authors: Morari Cristian , Bogdan Diana , Turcu Ioan 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
We present an extensive theoretical study of a series of phenothiazine derivatives adsorbed on Au(111). A series of experimentally accessible quantities are calculated (ultra-violet photoemission spectra, scanning tunneling microscopy images). All simulations were performed by using DFT techniques and LCAO expansion of the molecular orbitals. The microscopic picture established in this work provides a deeper understanding of the interfacial processes that govern the working principle of single-molecule electronics and organic electronic devices.
Psychosomatic correlates of coronary heart disease during the socio-economic crisis of post-communist Bulgaria
Authors: Karaslavova Emilia , Dyakova Mariana , Todorova Desislava , Tufkova Stoilka 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Post-communist Bulgaria has experienced the full impact of a socioeconomic disaster. Under prolonged and powerful stress the human body may exhaust its adaptive potential and a variety of pathophysiological symptoms may occur. The cardiovascular system is most vulnerable to stress. The aim of this study is to analyze the role of psychological factors correlating with Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) during the transition period in post-communist Bulgaria. A case-control epidemiological study was performed. 306 cases of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) and 210 controls were studied. Analysis of patients’ records was made and a direct face-to-face interview was carried out. The study covers a 15-year transition period lasting from 1989 until 2005. The interview questions are based on W. Zung’s standardized self-evaluation tests of anxiety and depression (Self Rating Depression Scale — SDS, 1965, SAS-Self Rating Anxiety Scale, 1976) and on a test of aggression, as a part of the Minnesota Multiphase personality inventory, adapted from A.A. Krilov and F. Korozi’s FPI test. Average levels of anxiety and depression appear to be higher among patients suffering from coronary heart diseases than in control group members. Levels of aggression do not show a direct correlation with coronary heart disease. Both groups demonstrate symptoms of psychological disturbances caused, most probably, by the socio-economic instability of the transition period. In conclusion, certain socioeconomic factors significantly increase the level of anxiety and depression in the respondents. The AMI patients are considerably more anxious and depressed than the controls. The results provide evidence that high levels of anxiety and depression may correlate to and be interpreted as a potential risk factor for coronary heart disease.
The Economics of Pastoralism: Study on Current Practices in South America
Authors: Westreicher Carlos Andaluz , Mérega Juan Luis , Palmili Gabriel 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Transhumance is the regular movement of herds between fixed points to exploit seasonal availability of pastures. This is precisely the system presently employed in the South American Andes, using a vertical movement, usually between established points and linked through routes that sometimes are very ancient and mostly related to the herding of camelids (llama, alpaca, vicuña and guanaco). Pastoralist activities in South America are present in four countries, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile and Peru. In Argentina and Chile pastoralism occupies marginal areas, and its economic relevance lies in its capacity to fill economic niches (goat herding in northern Chile and southern Argentina; camelid herding in northern Argentina). Bolivia and Peru are, for historical, cultural and geographical reasons, in the heart of South American pastoralism and the importance of pastoralist activities is especially significant to both of these countries' economies.
Some Results of Deep Ocean Drilling
Authors: Ewing Maurice 
Published: October 2008

The initial campaign for drilling and coring deep-sea sediments by use of the ship Glomar Challenger has reached its half-way point and has been a brilliant success. The scientific planning of the project was the work of a consortium of oceanographic institutions known as JOIDES. Through a system of committees and panels, JOIDES solicited input and participation from representatives of all segments of the community of earth scientists. The project was made part of the national program for sampling deep-sea sediments by the National Science Foundation, and was implemented by a contract between that agency and the University of California.
Through a subcontract, Global Marine Inc. has constructed the drilling vessel and is operating her for an initial campaign of eighteen months -- half in the Atlantic and half in the Pacific according to the program established by JOIDES.
The shipboard work has been organized in eight "legs" of two months each. The scientific part of the work on each leg and the preliminary report on the samples obtained is the responsibility of a scientific staff chosen for that leg on the basis of special qualifications and of particular interest in the area to be visited. I shall attempt to review the background, objectives, and accomplishments of this activity, on the basis of a long association with it.
As Distinguished Lecturer for AAPG and SEG in 1947 and 1953, I had addressed the local chapters in many parts of the country, about the sediment cover of the deep-sea floor. I stated that geophysical measurements showed that the total sediment accumulation was thin, and urged the importance of sampling it by drilling. The only tangible response to this was an article by Earl Ubell in the New York Herald Tribune. I estimated that the work could be done from our small research vessel Vema, held in position by her normal propulsion and steering machinery, manually controlled by use of information from an acoustic link to a transducer on bottom. By considering a much slimmer hole than those now being drilled, we thought the operation could be undertaken on a vessel of about 1000 tons, and estimated a cost of about $1 million for the first hole, and about $200,000 each for subsequent ones.
Our proposal was based on newly obtained evidence that a moderate penetration would reach the oldest sediments present on the deepsea floor, and on experience in ship-handling which indicated that the proposed drilling was feasible.
The amount of geophysical information about sediment thickness was at that time rather scant. It consisted of about twenty seismic refraction profiles and a few seismic reflection traverses along which measurements that were spaced ten to thirty or forty miles apart indicated depths to reflecting horizons, the deepest of which was judged to be basement from the refraction results.
In addition, there were a few grand averages for sediment thickness over oceanic routes hundreds to thousands of miles long that had been obtained from study of the dispersion of earthquake surface waves.
Research in Tubular Joints: Static and Fatigue Loans
Authors: Toprac A.A. , Natarajan M.A. , Erzurumlu H.A. , Kanoo A.L.J. 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper reports the results of research in welded connections between steel tubes. Static and fatigue behavior of such tubular joints are described.
Static tests include eleven T-joints, three Y-joints and three K-joints. The reserve strengths, the modes of failure and the influence of geometrical parameters on the distribution of elastic stresses are discussed for the specimens tested. Typical contours of isostatics and isobars are given. Nomographs are presented for T-joints. A brief description of the theoretical analyses of tubular joints is incorporated.
Fatigue tests of one hundred smallsize T-joints under different cyclic loadings are also described. The influence of important geometrical parameters on the response of small-size T-joints is discussed.

1. INTRODUCTION
The recurring problem of joint failures in offshore structures with tubular joints has made it imperative for interested bodies, such as oil companies, universities, and research firms, to embark on experimental and analytical research programs. The factors which influence the behavior of tubular joints are too many and some of these factors are not yet clearly understood. The variety of joints and the different methods of stiffening used in offshore structures suggested that studies were necessary to provide improved design methods that result in economical connections.
In an attempt to furnish the needed research data, a four phase program was planned at the Structures Fatigue Research Laboratory of The University of Texas at Austin, and incorporated the following major objectives:To study the effect of static loads on various types of connections that include T, Y and K - joints.To study the effect of fatigue loading on various joints, starting with T joints.To verify the effect of certain parameters on the stresses and their distribution.To observe modes of failures of the various joint types.To correlate, if possible, theoretical analyses with experimental data.
The four phase program that has been considered to incorporate the main objectives includes:Static tests on T, Y and K-joints. (Phase I and II).Fatigue tests on T-joints. (Phase III).Fatigue tests of more complicated joints. (Phase IV).
Phase I, II and part of III have been completed and this report presents a concise summary of the various aspects of these studies, and includes data on T, Y and K joints and the results of fatigue tests performed on a large number of small-size T joint specimens.
The specimens tested under static loads were designed in such a way as to cover a broad and practical range of parameters. The geometrical parameters (see Table I) selected for this research were as follows:The ratio of chord length to mean chord radius,?.The ratio of mean radii of brace and chord,?.The ratio of mean chord radius to chord thickness,?.The ratio of the brace thickness to the chord thickness, ?.

2. STATIC TESTS

2. 1 General
The initial portion of the research program dealt with the investigation of the static behavior of T, Y and K-joints.
Reservoir Technology Resources in the Next Millennium
Authors: Hopkins John R. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
As the world enters the new millennium, many questions are being raised about energy supply and demand. Although various new sources of energy are being introduced to satisfy future global needs, it is expected that at least for the next twenty years petroleum will still be the dominant fuel. The question then becomes "What human and technical resources will be required to meet the world's oil and gas needs over the next couple of decades" The manpower pipeline upon which the industry has relied over the last 100 years to supply new technologists is no longer capable of delivering the geoscientists and engineers that the oil business has required in the past. Other opportunities, particularly in the environmental arena, have aggravated the situation for petroleum by enticing future reservoir engineers, geologists, etc. to pursue non-petroleum careers. An offset to this future manpower struggle is the industry's ability to develop technologies which hopefully will make technologists more productive and effective. Some of these new and emerging technologies will be discussed as well as the human characteristics and skill sets which will be critical in reservoir technologists of the future.

Introduction
According to an American Geological Institute estimate,1 of the seven trillion barrels of potential global resources, only twenty-five percent has been produced or booked as proven. This means that approximately three-quarters of the world's potential resources are either yet to be discovered or are currently considered non-producible. With demand for petroleum expected to increase to over 100 MMBOEPD by the year 2020,2 the petroleum industry will continue to be called upon to provide the human and technical resources to ensure there are no interruptions in supply.
In the past the industry has risen to similar challenges through technical innovation and aggressive recruiting. However, over the past twenty years, there has been so much turmoil in the industry due to wild oil price fluctuations and the resulting restructuring of most petroleum employers that many of the traditional sources of reservoir engineers and geoscientists have radically been reduced or eliminated altogether.
This paper addresses one question. Will the industry experience a shortfall in reservoir engineers and geoscientists over the next few years? If so, what technologies and processes are being pursued and/or implemented to offset the shortage of the personnel who are responsible for the characterization of existing, newly discovered, or to be discovered reservoirs?

Manpower Trends
Figure 1 graphically illustrates the impact of crude oil prices on manpower level in the petroleum business over the past sixty years.3 The correlation is very good overall with a slight lag in the manpower curve occurring after the 1981 price aberration.