bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHO WE ARE: America Becoming and Becoming American
Authors: Lee Jennifer 
Published: April 2008

Samuel P. Huntington,Who Are We? The Challenges to America's National Identity. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004, 448 pages, ISBN: 0-684-86668-4, Cloth, $27.00.Philip Kasinitz, John H. Mollenkopf, and Mary C. Waters, eds.,Becoming New Yorkers: Ethnographies of the Second Generation. New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2004, 448 pages, ISBN: 0-87154-436-9, Cloth, $39.95.Mae M. Ngai,Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003, 400 pages, ISBN: 0-691-12429-9, Paper, $19.95, and 0-691-07471-2, Cloth, $49.95.
DISGUST, VISIBLE VENERATION, AND ROSA PARKS: African American Visions of a Democratic America
Authors: Pinderhughes Dianne 
Published: April 2008

Melissa Victoria Harris-Lacewell,Barbershops, Bibles, and BET: Everyday Talk and Black Political Thought. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004, 336 pages, ISBN: 0-691-11405-6, Cloth, $37.95.Barbara Ransby,Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 2003, 496 pages, ISBN: 0-8078-2778-9, Cloth, $34.95, ISBN: 0-8078-5616-9, Paper, $19.95.Ange-Marie Hancock,The Politics of Disgust: The Public Identity of the Welfare Queen. New York: New York University Press, 2004, 210 pages, ISBN: 0-814-736-580, Cloth, $60.00, ISBN: 0-814-736-70X, Paper, $20.00.
THOSE SEGREGATED AND SACRED HOURS: New Perspectives on Religion, Race, and Gender in America
Authors: Gilkes Cheryl Townsend 
Published: April 2008

Mark Chaves,Congregations in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004, 291 pages, ISBN 0-674-01284-4, Cloth, $29.95.Marla F. Frederick,Between Sundays: Black Women and Everyday Struggles of Faith. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2003, 263 pages, ISBN 0-520-23394-8, Cloth, $50.00, Paper, $19.95.Carolyn Moxley Rouse,Engaged Surrender: African American Women and Islam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 2004, 271 pages, ISBN 0-520-23795-1, Cloth, $50.00, Paper, $19.95.
Disability, Arthritis, and Body Weight among Adults 45 Years and Older
Authors: Okoro Catherine A. , Hootman Jennifer M. , Strine Tara W. , Balluz Lina S. , Mokdad Ali H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To examine the association between body weight and disability among persons with and without self‐reported arthritis.Research Methods and Procedures: Data were analyzed for noninstitutionalized adults, 45 years or older, in states that participated in the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Self‐reported BMI (kilograms per meter squared) was used to categorize participants into six BMI‐defined groups: underweight (<18.5), normal weight (18.5 to <25), overweight (25 to <30), obese, class 1 (30 to <35), obese, class 2 (35 to <40), and obese, class 3 (≥40).Results: Class 3 obesity (BMI ≥ 40) was significantly associated with disability among participants both with and without self‐reported arthritis. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR) for disability in participants with class 3 obesity was 2.75 [95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.22 to 3.40] among those with self‐reported arthritis and 1.77 (95% CI = 1.20 to 2.62) among those without self‐reported arthritis compared with those of normal weight (BMI 18.5 to <25). Persons with self‐reported arthritis who were obese, class 2 (BMI 35 to <40) and obese, class 1 (BMI 30 to <35) and women with self‐reported arthritis who were overweight (BMI 25 to <30) also had higher odds of disability compared with those of normal weight [AOR = 1.72 (95% CI = 1.47 to 2.00), AOR = 1.30 (95% CI = 1.17 to 1.44), and AOR = 1.18 (95% CI = 1.06 to 1.32), respectively].Discussion: Our findings reveal that obesity is associated with disability. Preventing and controlling obesity may improve the quality of life for persons with and without self‐reported arthritis.
Regulation of Glucose Transporter SGLT1 by Ubiquitin Ligase Nedd4‐2 and Kinases SGK1, SGK3, and PKB
Authors: Dieter Michael , Palmada Monica , Rajamanickam Jeyaganesh , Aydin Atakan , Busjahn Andreas , Boehmer Christoph , Luft Friedrich C. , Lang Florian 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: Serum‐ and glucocorticoid‐inducible kinase 1 (SGK1) inhibits the ubiquitin ligase neuronal cell expressed developmentally downregulated 4‐2 (Nedd4‐2), which retards the retrieval of the epithelial Na+ channel ENaC. Accordingly, SGK1 enhances ENaC abundance in the cell membrane. The significance of this effect is shown by an association of an E8CC/CT;I6CC polymorphism in the SGK1 gene with increased blood pressure. However, strong expression of SGK1 in enterocytes not expressing ENaC points to further functions of SGK1. This study was performed to test for regulation of Na+‐coupled glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1) by Nedd4‐2, SGK1, and/or the related kinases SGK3 and PKB. Additional studies searched for an association of the SGK1 gene with BMI.Research Methods and Procedures: mRNA encoding SGLT1, wild‐type Nedd4‐2, inactive C938SNedd4‐2, wild type SGK1, constitutively active S422DSGK1 or inactive K127NSGK1, wild‐type SGK3, and constitutively active T308DS473DPKB or inactive T308AS473APKB were injected into Xenopus oocytes, and glucose transport was quantified from glucose‐induced current (Iglc). BMI was determined in individuals with or without the E8CC/CT;I6CC polymorphism.Results: Iglc was significantly decreased by coexpression of Nedd4‐2 but not of C938SNedd4‐2. Coexpression of SGK1, S422DSGK1, SGK3, or T308DS473DPKB, but not of K127NSGK1 or T308AS473APKB, enhanced Iglc and reversed the effect of Nedd4‐2. SGK1 and SGK3 phosphorylated Nedd4‐2. Deletion of the SGK/PKB phosphorylation sites in Nedd4‐2 blunted the kinase effects. BMI was significantly (p < 0.008) greater in individuals with the E8CC/CT;I6CC polymorphism than in individuals without.Discussion: Overactivity of SGK1 may lead not only to excessive ENaC activity and hypertension but also to enhanced SGLT1 activity and obesity.
Effects of Obesity on the Conversion from Normal Glucose Tolerance to Diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Ko Gary T.C. , Chan Juliana C.N. , Chow Chun‐Chung , Yeung Vincent T.F. , Chan Wing‐Bun , So Wing‐Yee , Cockram Clive S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To assess the effects of BMI on progression to diabetes in Hong Kong Chinese and to analyze the optimal cutoff for overweight and obesity in Hong Kong Chinese.Research Methods and Procedures: This is a prospective study with a mean follow‐up of 2.1 years (median 1.4 years, range 0.9 to 8.4 years). We recruited 172 nondiabetic high‐risk subjects, of whom 115 had normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and 57 had impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). BMI and 75‐gram oral glucose tolerance tests were assessed at baseline and then at yearly intervalsResults: The crude rates of progression to diabetes for subjects with NGT or IGT were 8.4% and 11.5% per year, respectively. For subjects with NGT, the progression rate to diabetes differed with different BMI ranges. For subjects with NGT and BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, the crude rates of progression to diabetes or glucose intolerance (diabetes or IGT) were 12.5% per year and 14.6% per year, respectively. The corresponding rates for subjects with NGT and BMI ≥ 28 kg/m2 were 14.6% and 18.9% per year, respectively. Among subjects with NGT, those with BMI between 25 and 28 kg/m2 had the highest Youden index and likelihood ratio to predict the conversion to diabetes or glucose intolerance.Discussion: Obese subjects with NGT had higher rates of progression to diabetes than nonobese subjects. We recommend redefining BMI cutoffs, with 23 kg/m2 for overweight and 28 kg/m2 for obesity. This definition may be more sensitive to identify at‐risk subjects and more specific to identify “patients” for therapeutic management.
Electronic Games and Environmental Factors Associated with Childhood Obesity in Switzerland
Authors: Stettler Nicolas , Signer Theo M. , Suter Paolo M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Environmental factors and behaviors associated with obesity have not been well described in children living in Europe. Although television watching has been repeatedly associated with obesity, it is unclear whether other sedentary activities, such as use of electronic games, are independently associated with obesity in children. The hypothesis was that various types of sedentary activities are associated with obesity in children living in Switzerland.Research Methods and Procedures: This was a cross‐sectional study of children (grades one to three) from four communities in the Greater Zurich Area (Switzerland). Obesity was defined as a combination of overweight (BMI) and overfat (skinfold thicknesses). Environmental factors were assessed by questionnaire. The children's physical activity was estimated by their teacher (scale 0 to 10).Results: Of 922 eligible subjects, 872 (94.6%) took part in the study. Use of electronic games [odds ratio (OR) = 2.03 per hour per day, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.57 to 2.61, p < 0.001], television (OR = 2.83 per hour per day, 95% CI: 2.08 to 3.86, p < 0.001), physical activity (OR = 0.80 per unit, 95% CI: 0.72 to 0.88, p < 0.001), maternal work (OR = 1.93, 95% CI: 1.13 to 3.29, p = 0.02), and paternal smoking (OR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.07 to 2.96, p = 0.03) were independently associated with obesity. Further adjustment for socioeconomic status, when available, did not change these results.Discussion: In this sample of children living in Switzerland, the use of electronic games was significantly associated with obesity, independently of confounding factors. The association of obesity with television use and lack of physical activity confirms results from other populations and points to potential strategies for obesity prevention.
Inherited Taste Sensitivity to 6‐n‐Propylthiouracil in Diet and Body Weight in Children
Authors: Keller Kathleen L. , Tepper Beverly J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Negative associations between the inherited ability to taste the bitter compound 6‐n‐propylthiouracil (PROP) and preference for fat and body weight have been observed in adults. This study tested the relationships among the ability to taste PROP, reported food intake, and body weight in young children.Research Methods and Procedures: Fifty‐three 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children were classified as tasters (N = 35) or nontasters (N = 18) of PROP using a standard screening solution. Anthropometric measures were taken in the laboratory. Mothers completed questionnaires to assess their child's food intake and their own dieting behaviors.Results: Nontaster boys had higher weight‐for‐height percentiles than taster boys (77th vs. 56th percentile, respectively), but the relationship was opposite for girls (p ≤ 0.05). Nontasters reportedly consumed a higher percentage of their daily energy from protein (p ≤ 0.01), mainly as high‐fat meat products. Tasters reportedly consumed a higher percentage of their daily energy from sugars (p ≤ 0.05), mainly in the form of brownies, doughnuts, cookies, soft drinks, and juice drinks. There were no differences between tasters and nontasters for reported intake of grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, or discretionary fats.Discussion: This study is the first, to our knowledge, to report weight differences in children as a function of their PROP status. Genetic taste factors seem to play a role in the development of dietary patterns and weight differences in young children, but the nature of these relationships may vary with gender.
Decision‐Making Deficits and Overeating: A Risk Model for Obesity
Authors: Davis Caroline , Levitan Robert D. , Muglia Pierandrea , Bewell Carmen , Kennedy James L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To demonstrate that human overeating is not just a passive response to salient environmental triggers and powerful physiological drives; it is also about making choices. The ventromedial prefrontal cortex has been strongly implicated in the neural circuitry necessary for making advantageous decisions when various options for action are available. Decision‐making deficits have been found in patients with ventromedial prefrontal cortex lesions and in those with substance dependence—impairments that reflect an inability to advantageously assess future consequences. That is, they choose immediate rewards in the face of future long‐term negative consequences.Research Methods and Procedures: We extended this research to the study of overeating and overweight, testing a regression model that predicted that poor decision making (as assessed by a validated computerized gambling task) and a tendency to overeat under stress would correlate with higher BMI in a group of healthy adult women (N = 41) representing a broad range of body weights.Results: We found statistically significant main effects for both independent variables in the predicted direction (p < 0.05; R2 = 0.35). Indeed, the decision‐making impairments across the 100 trials of the computer task were greater in those with high BMI than in previous studies with drug addicts.Discussion: Findings suggested that cortical and subcortical processes, which regulate one's ability to inhibit short‐term rewards when the long‐term consequences are deleterious, may also influence eating behaviors in a culture dominated by so many, and such varied, sources of palatable and calorically dense sources of energy.
Gastric Bypass in a Low‐Income, Inner‐City Population: Eating Disturbances and Weight Loss
Authors: Latner Janet D. , Wetzler Scott , Goodman Elliot R. , Glinski Juliet 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To examine the prevalence of eating disturbances and psychiatric disorders among extremely obese patients before and after gastric bypass surgery and to examine the relationship between these disturbances and weight outcomes.Research Methods and Procedures: Sixty‐five women patients (ages 19 to 67) with a mean BMI of 54.1 were assessed by semistructured psychiatric interview before surgery and by telephone interview after surgery (mean follow‐up: 16.4 months) to determine psychiatric status, eating disturbances, and weight and health‐related variables.Results: Patients lost a mean of 71% of their excess BMI, with significantly poorer weight loss outcomes among African Americans. Psychiatric disorders remained prevalent before (37%) and after (41%) surgery. In contrast, binge eating disorder dropped from 48% to 0%. Psychiatric diagnosis did not affect weight outcomes. Instead, more frequent preoperative binge eating, along with greater initial BMI, follow‐up length, and postoperative exercise, predicted greater BMI loss. Postsurgical health behaviors (exercise and smoking) and nocturnal eating episodes were also linked to weight loss. Exercise frequency increased and smoking frequency tended to decrease after surgery.Discussion: These findings indicated that eating and psychiatric disturbances did not inhibit weight loss after gastric bypass and should not contraindicate surgery. Prior binge eating, eliminated after surgery, predicted BMI loss and, thus, may have previously been a maintaining factor in the obesity of these patients. The association between health behaviors and outcome suggests possible targets for intervention to improve surgical results. Poorer outcomes among African Americans indicate that these patients should be closely monitored and supported after surgery.
Predictors of Fat Stereotypes among 9‐Year‐Old Girls and Their Parents
Authors: Davison Kirsten Krahnstoever , Birch Leann Lipps 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective:To assess familial links in fat stereotypes and predictors of stereotypes among girls and their parents.Research Methods and Procedures:Fat stereotypes were assessed using a questionnaire developed for this study. Participants indicated the extent to which they agreed with nine statements about thin people (e.g., thin people are smart) and the same statements about fat people (e.g., fat people are smart). Predictors of fat stereotypes that were examined include weight status (BMI; girls and parents), education (parents), income (parents), self‐investment in physical appearance (parents), maladaptive eating attitudes (girls), and parenting practices and peer interactions focused on body shape and weight loss (girls).Results:Girls and parents exhibited fat stereotypes. Fathers who were more educated and had a higher family income were more likely to endorse fat stereotypes, as were mothers and fathers with a high investment in their physical appearance. Although no associations were found between girls’ and parents’ fat stereotypes, girls were more likely to endorse fat stereotypes when interactions with parents and peers focused on body shape and weight loss. Girls were also more likely to endorse fat stereotypes when they reported higher levels of maladaptive eating attitudes. No associations were found between weight status and fat stereotypes.Discussion:Although there was no association between girls’ and parents’ fat stereotypes, girls were more likely to express negative attitudes about obesity and obese persons when parenting practices and interactions with peers promoted a lean body type, suggesting that there may be an implicit link between the lean ideal and fat stereotypes.
Does Binge Eating Disorder Impact Weight‐Related Quality of Life?
Authors: Kolotkin Ronette L. , Westman Eric C. , Østbye Truls , Crosby Ross D. , Eisenson Howard J. , Binks Martin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectives: To determine whether binge eating disorder (BED) impacts weight‐related quality of life in obese individuals seeking weight loss treatment and to investigate the role of psychological symptoms, BMI, and demographic variables in the relationship between BED and weight‐related quality of life.Research Methods and Procedures: Three hundred seventeen women (BMI = 37.6) and 213 men (BMI = 41.3) completed questionnaires on admission into an intensive residential lifestyle modification program. Weight‐related quality of life was assessed using the Impact of Weight on Quality of Life‐Lite (IWQOL‐Lite). The presence of BED was determined using the Questionnaire on Eating and Weight Patterns‐Revised. Psychological symptoms were assessed using the Beck Depression Inventory and the global severity index of the Symptom Checklist 90‐R.Results: BED prevalence in this sample was 17.9%. Participants with BED, in comparison with those without BED, were more likely to be women (75.8% vs. 56.3%, p < 0.001), younger (45.0 vs. 49.7 years, p = 0.003), white (98.9% vs. 91.7%), heavier (BMI = 42.0 vs. 38.5, p = 0.002), psychologically distressed, and more impaired on total IWQOL‐Lite (51.5 vs. 65.3, p < 0.001) and all IWQOL‐Lite subscales. However, after controlling for demographic variables, BMI, and psychological symptoms, BED was not independently associated with weight‐related quality of life.Discussion: The association between BED and impairment in quality of life that has been previously reported in the literature may largely be accounted for by differences between those with and without BED on demographic variables, BMI, and psychological symptoms. BED does not seem to independently impact weight‐related quality of life.
Effects of Chronic Nitric Oxide Inhibition on the Renal Excretory Response to Leptin
Authors: Villarreal Daniel , Reams Garry , Samar Huma , Spear Robert , Freeman Ronald H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: Previous investigations have demonstrated that leptin promotes natriuresis with a renal tubular effect. However, the mechanisms involved in this response are unclear. The present study was designed to examine the hypothesis that the natriuretic response to leptin in normotensive Sprague‐Dawley rats is regulated by nitric oxide (NO).Research Methods and Procedures: The hemodynamic and renal excretory effects of intravenous bolus administration of pharmacological doses of synthetic murine leptin were examined in groups of control Sprague‐Dawley rats (n = 8), Sprague‐Dawley rats treated for 4 days with the NO synthase inhibitor Nω‐nitro‐l‐arginine methyl ester (l‐NAME) (n = 8), and Sprague‐Dawley rats treated for 4 days with l‐NAME followed by acute treatment with sodium nitroprusside (n = 8).Results: In the control group (n = 8), an intravenous bolus of leptin, 400 μg/kg body weight, increased urinary sodium excretion 4‐ to 6‐fold. In the Sprague‐Dawley rats chronically administered l‐NAME (n = 8), an intravenous bolus of 400 μg/kg of leptin did not increase sodium excretion. Acute sodium nitroprusside infusion to Sprague‐Dawley rats chronically treated with l‐NAME (n = 8) was associated with partial restoration of the sodium excretory response to leptin administration.Discussion: Collectively, these results are interpreted to suggest that the natriuretic and diuretic responses to leptin observed in the Sprague‐Dawley rat require a functional NO system.
Longitudinal Relationships Among Overweight, Life Satisfaction, and Aspirations in Young Women
Authors: Ball Kylie , Crawford David , Kenardy Justin 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: This study investigated associations of overweight status and changes in overweight status over time with life satisfaction and future aspirations among a community sample of young women.Research Methods and Procedures: A total of 7865 young women, initially 18 to 23 years of age, completed two surveys that were 4 years apart. These women provided data on their future life aspirations in the areas of further education, work/career, marital status, and children, as well as their satisfaction with achievements to date in a number of life domains. Women reported their height and weight and their sociodemographic characteristics, including current socioeconomic status (occupation).Results: Young women's aspirations were cross‐sectionally related to BMI category, such that obese women were less likely to aspire to further education, although this relationship seemed explained largely by current occupation. Even after adjusting for current occupation, young women who were obese were more dissatisfied with work/career/study, family relationships, partner relationships, and social activities. Weight status was also longitudinally associated with aspirations and life satisfaction. Women who were overweight or obese at both surveys were more likely than other women to aspire to “other” types of employment (including self‐employed and unpaid work in the home) as opposed to full‐time employment. They were also less likely to be satisfied with study or partner relationships. Women who resolved their overweight/obesity status were more likely to aspire to being childless than other women.Discussion: These results suggest that being overweight/obese may have a lasting effect on young women's life satisfaction and their future life aspirations.