bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated interferon gamma expression in the central nervous system of tumour necrosis factor receptor 1‐deficient mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis
Authors: Wheeler Rachel D. , Zehntner Simone P. , Kelly Lisa M. , Bourbonnière Lyne , Owens Trevor 
Published: June 2006

SummaryInflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) can be studied in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). The proinflammatory cytokines interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) are implicated in EAE pathogenesis. Signals through the type 1 TNF receptor (TNFR1) are required for severe EAE to develop, whereas deficiency in IFN‐γ or its receptor result in more severe EAE. We investigated IFN‐γ expression in TNFR1‐deficient (TNFR1–/–) mice. We describe here that there were more IFN‐γ‐secreting T cells present in the CNS of TNFR1–/– mice during EAE compared to wild‐type (WT) mice, despite that clinical symptoms were mild, with delayed onset. There was greater expression of IL‐12/23p40 by antigen‐presenting cells in these mice, and in vitro, TNFR1–/– antigen‐presenting cells induced greater secretion of IFN‐γ but not interleukin (IL)‐17 when cultured with primed T cells than did WT antigen presenting cells. TNFR1–/– mice with EAE had significantly higher expression of CXCL10 mRNA (but not CCL5 mRNA) in the CNS compared to WT mice with EAE. These data demonstrate that IFN‐γ expression is enhanced in the CNS of TNFR1–/– mice with EAE and suggest that IFN‐γ levels do not necessarily correlate with EAE severity.
Endodontic status amongst 35‐year‐old Oslo citizens and changes over a 30‐year period
Authors: Skudutyte‐Rysstad R. , Eriksen H. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAim  To determine the prevalence of apical periodontitis and quality of root fillings in 35‐year‐old citizens of Oslo, Norway in 2003, and to compare the results with data from the same age cohort collected by repetitive cross‐sectional studies in 1973, 1984 and 1993.Methodology  A random sample of 250 35‐year‐old Oslo inhabitants was drawn from The National Bureau of Statistics Recordings. Attendance rate was 64%. Root filled teeth and teeth with periapical pathology were detected from panoramic radiographs and additional periapical radiographs of affected teeth were processed. The preriapical status was evaluated by applying the periapical index system (PAI). Chi‐square and Student's t‐tests were used for the evaluation of differences between the groups.Results  Twenty‐three per cent of the individuals examined had root filled teeth and 16% had at least one tooth with apical periodontitis. Root filled teeth were associated with PAI values of 1 and 2 (health) in 57% of cases. Prevalence of root filled teeth and apical periodontitis remained unchanged during the past 10 years. An increase in the proportion of root filled teeth with apical periodontitis from 18% in 1973 to 43% in 2003 was observed.Conclusions  Despite continuous improvement in dental health (reduced DMF‐values) compared with the previous Oslo studies; there was no improvement in endodontic status from 1993 to 2003.
People with learning disabilities in ‘out‐of‐area’ residential placements: 2. Reasons for and effects of placement
Authors: Beadle‐Brown J. , Mansell J. L. , Whelton B. , Hutchinson A. , Skidmore C. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground  Official guidance on out‐of‐area placements creates incentives that could lead to people being placed against their own best interests, with negative consequences for them and for the ‘receiving’ authorities.Method  Information was collected for 30 people through interviews with them, their families, home managers and care managers. Interviews concerned resident needs, reasons for placement, the homes, care management arrangements, resident quality of life and social inclusion. Information on care standards was abstracted from official records.Results  The main reasons for out‐of‐area placement were insufficient local services of acceptable quality, financial incentives and loss of family contact through prior institutionalization. The effects varied, with the most disabled people experiencing worst outcomes. Some aspects were worse than comparison studies (choice, community involvement, number of homes meeting all the national minimum standards), some were the same (participation, family visiting and other contact), and one was better (visits to families). Variation was also evident in the involvement of social services staff from the placing authority and in ease of access to local healthcare resources.Conclusions  Social services and health authorities should develop services locally that can support people with the full range of individual needs. Perverse incentives should be removed, perhaps by increasing the application of direct payments and personalized budgets.
Pain’s impact on adaptive functioning
Authors: Breau L. M. , Camfield C. S. , McGrath P. J. , Finley G. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackground  Pain interferes with the functioning of typical children, but no study has examined its effect on children with pre‐existing intellectual disabilities (ID).Methods  Caregivers of 63 children observed their children for 2‐h periods and recorded in 1‐week diaries: pain presence, cause, intensity and duration. Caregivers also recorded the children’s performance of pre‐existing skills during each period. Proportion of skills displayed when pain was present and absent was compared. Fifty caregivers completed a second set of observations when pain was present and absent.Results  Comparison of the first set of observations indicated children displayed significantly more abilities (64%) when pain‐free (Pain‐Free Day 1), than when pain was present (54%; Pain Day 1). Children displayed 64% of their possible abilities during Pain‐Free Day 2, but only 53% during Pain Day 2. Pain impacted all areas of function (communication, daily living, social and motor skills). Children’s physical and demographic characteristics did not moderate the impact of pain on function, but functioning of children with more severe ID was most impacted by pain.Conclusions  Children perform fewer adaptive skills when pain is present. This could affect long‐term functioning as well, through reduced practice of skills.
Usefulness of acr Expression for Monitoring Latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacilli in ‘In Vitro’ and ‘In Vivo’ Experimental Models
Authors: Gordillo S. , Guirado E. , Gil O. , Díaz J. , Amat I. , Molinos S. , Vilaplana C. , Ausina V. , Cardona P.‐J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractReal‐time RT‐PCR was used to quantify the expression of genes possibly involved in Mycobacterium tuberculosis latency in in vitro and murine models. Exponential and stationary phase (EP and SP) bacilli were exposed to decreasing pH levels (from 6.5 to 4.5) in an unstirred culture, and mRNA levels for 16S rRNA, sigma factors sigA,B,E,F,G,H and M, Rv0834c, icl, nirA, narG, fpbB, acr, rpoA, recA and cysH were quantified. The expression of acr was the one that best correlated with the CFU decrease observed in SP bacilli. In the murine model, the expressions of icl, acr and sigF tended to decrease when bacillary counts increased and vice versa. Values from immunodepressed mice (e.g. α/β T cells, TNF, IFN‐γ and iNOs knock out strains), with accelerated bacillary growth rate, confirmed this fact. Finally, the expression of acr was maintained in mice following long‐term treatment with antibiotics. The quantification of acr expression could be useful for monitoring the presence of latent bacilli in some murine models of tuberculosis.
The Role of the interleukin‐10 Subfamily Members in Immunoglobulin Production by Human B Cells
Authors: Hummelshoj L. , Ryder L. P. , Poulsen L. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐10 has been shown to have various effects on B cells, including positively affecting the production of immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgG. Several human IL‐10‐related molecules have been identified. These include IL‐19, IL‐20, IL‐22, IL‐24, IL‐26, IL‐28 and IL‐29. To determine the effects of the IL‐10 analogues on the class switch recombination in B cells, we analysed Ig production from naïve B cells stimulated with these cytokines in the presence of anti‐CD40. None of the cytokines were found to induce Ig production by themselves in the presence of anti‐CD40 Ab. However, all cytokines inhibited the production of IgA and IgG induced by anti‐CD40 Ab alone. In combination with anti‐CD40 Ab and IL‐4, IgG4 were inhibited in cultures stimulated with IL‐20, IL‐22, IL‐26, IL‐28 and IL‐29 compared with IL‐4 and anti‐CD40 Ab alone, whereas all IL‐10 analogues increased the production of total IgG. All analogues reduced anti‐CD40 Ab + transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β‐induced IgA production compared with cultures stimulated with anti‐CD40 Ab and TGF‐β alone. Together, these data show that the IL‐10‐related cytokines in combination with anti‐CD40 Ab are not by themselves directly involved in the Ig regulation in B cells. However, some of the analogues might have regulatory effects on CSR induced by CD40‐ligation in combination with IL‐4 or TGF‐β.
Wave‐generated structures and sequences from a shallow marine succession, Lower Carboniferous, County Cork, Ireland
Authors: DE RAAF J. F. M. , BOERSMA J. R. , VAN GELDER A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTIn a Lower Carboniferous formation south of Cork, Ireland, characterized by sand/mud alternations at varying scales, several lithotypes could be singled out on the basis of relative sand content and primary sedimentary structures. The lithotypes are arranged in several types of sequences: coarsening upwards, coarsening‐fining upwards, random, and in rare instances: fining upwards.With increased gross sandcontent the sand intercalations thicken and show a richer array of structures, reflecting a wider range of energy conditions. The majority of the structures is interpreted as wave generated. Current formed structures play an insignificant role. Tidal effects could not be ascertained. The alternation of low‐ and high‐energy lithotypes, occurring in sandy as well as muddy parts of the sequences is explained as resulting from the interplay of storm and fair weather conditions. The effect of shoaling bathymetry is reflected in sequences by an increasing importance of high‐energy lithotypes.The environment of deposition can be visualized as a muddy shallow marine platform on which longshore directed sandy shoals were formed under the influence of wave action. Depending on the degree of wave agitation and the availability of sand the shoals reached different stages of maturity: incipient, submerged or emergent. The sequential type encountered in vertical sections depends on the location of the line of logging and varies laterally as sandlenses thicken, amalgamate or die out.
Ancient Pompeian Dogs – Morphological and Morphometric Evidence for Different Canine Populations
Authors: Zedda M. , Manca P. , Chisu V. , Gadau S. , Lepore G. , Genovese A. , Farina V. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryThis article examines the morphological features of the dog during the Roman Age on the basis of osseous and dental remains dug up in Pompeii. The material, consisting of 113 canine bones and teeth, was subjected to both morphological and morphometrical analyses and was compared with modern canine breeds. In most cases, the age at death, shoulder height and other phenotypic features were ascertained. The examined Pompeian canine population fell mainly into two categories: small‐ and large‐sized animals. Among the former, one brachycephalic and two dolichocephalic subjects were included. Such morphological features agree with what is described in numerous texts and appears in mosaics, bas‐reliefs and frescoes of the Roman Age. As small‐sized dogs cannot be classified as Canes Venatici (sporting dogs), Canes Villatici (watch dogs) and Canes Pastorales (shepherd dogs) according to Columella's De re rustica, these animals may be considered as lapdogs.
Expression of AMH in Female Fetal Intersex Gonads in the Bovine
Authors: Cabianca G. , Rota A. , Cozzi B. , Ballarin C. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryAnti Müllerian Hormone, AMH, is believed to be the main agent in the freemartin syndrome. Supposing an active role of freemartin gonads in AMH secretion, in the present study, we aimed at investigating the presence and the localization of AMH producing cells either in fetal or in adult freemartin gonads. Our finding of positive AMH cells in a 26‐week‐old freemartin fetus indicates an active role of masculinized freemartin gonads in AMH secretion. However, the positive reaction, limited to few cells grouped in ‘nests’ in proximity to testis cord‐like structures, supports a chimeric origin of such cells, migrated from the male co‐twin. No adult freemartin, irrespective from the degree of masculinization, showed any AMH positive cell.
Schizophyllum commune associated with bronchogenous cyst
Authors: Bulajic Nina , Cvijanovic Vlado , Vukojevic Jelena , Tomic Diana , Johnson Elizabeth 
Published: June 2006

SummaryPrevious TBC lesions, diabetes and use of corticosteriods are recognised as risk factors for developing long‐standing disease caused by Schizophyllum commune. In the case report presented in this work, S. commune was isolated from an inflamed bronchogenous cyst of previously immunocompetent patient. The isolated mould failed to sporulate and identification was achieved by nucleotide sequencing.
Origin of hepatocellular carcinoma: Role of stem cells
Authors: Wu Xiong‐Zhi , Chen Dan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe question of whether hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) arises from the differentiation block of stem cells or dedifferentiation of mature cells remains controversial. Recently, researchers suggested that HCC may originate from the transdifferentiation of bone marrow cells. Interestingly, there are four levels of cells in the hepatic stem cell lineage: bone marrow cells, hepato‐pancreas stem cells, oval cells and hepatocytes. Hematopoietic stem cells and the liver are known to have a close relationship in early development. Bone marrow stem cells could differentiate into oval cells, which could differentiate into hepatocytes and duct cells. The development of pancreatic and liver buds in embryogenesis suggests the existence of a common progenitor cell to both the pancreas and liver. Cellular events during hepatocarcinogenesis illustrate that HCC may arise from cells at various stages of differentiation in the hepatic stem cell lineage.
The influence of text production on learning with the Internet
Authors: Priemer Burkhard , Ploog Maria 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe findings of two studies with students doing research with the Internet about topics in science are reported. The focus is on students’ methods of text production when using external web‐based information and their learning outcomes. In a first exploratory study, the computer‐based text production of 45 students was analysed using log files. Two types of students were identified with respect to the ways they used information obtained from the Web: Compilers usually copied text from web sources into their own essays. They lacked adequate cognitive processing of the collected information. Authors created original text and scored significantly higher in posttests. A follow‐up study with 133 students verified parts of the hypothesis that writing with external sources of information has epistemic effects. However, students with basic writing skills and little prior knowledge benefited most from writing tasks.
Practical Wisdom: On Theological Teaching and Learning – Edited by Malcolm L. Warford
Authors: Lai Alan Ka Lun 
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed: Practical Wisdom: On Theological Teaching and Learning. Edited by Malcolm L. Warford. New York, N.Y.: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc., 2004. xiv + 283 pages. ISBN 0‐8204‐7263‐8.
Alternative Strategies for Evaluating Student Learning – Edited by Michelle V. Achacoso and Marilla D. Svinicki
Authors: Carey Greg 
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed: Alternative Strategies for Evaluating Student Learning. Edited by Michelle V. Achacoso and Marilla D. Svinicki. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, No. 100. San Francisco: Jossey‐Bass Publishers, 2004. 122 pages. ISBN 0‐7879‐7970‐8. $29.00.
Discussion‐Based Online Teaching to Enhance Student Learning: Theory, Practice and Assessment – Tisha Bender
Authors: Simmons Laura K. 
Published: June 2006

Books reviewed: Discussion‐Based Online Teaching to Enhance Student Learning: Theory, Practice and Assessment. By Tisha Bender. Sterling, Virginia: Stylus Publishing, 2003. xviii + 206 pages. ISBN 1‐57922‐065‐7. $24.95 (paperback).
Correlation Between the Aging Males’ Symptoms Scale and Sex Steroids, Gonadotropins, Dehydroepiandrosterone Sulfate, and Growth Hormone Levels in Ambulatory Men
Authors: Miwa Yoshiji , Kaneda Taisei , Yokoyama Osamu 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Partial androgen deficiency of the aging male (PADAM) is defined as a biochemical syndrome associated with advancing age that is characterized by a deficiency in serum androgen levels. The Aging Males’ Symptoms (AMS) Scale was developed to evaluate PADAM-related symptoms and is currently used worldwide; however, it has been reported that PADAM-related symptoms evaluated by this scale are not related to serum testosterone levels. In addition to testosterone, the levels of other hormones also decrease with age; therefore, multihormone alterations may influence PADAM-related symptoms.

Aim
To investigate the relationship between PADAM-related symptoms evaluated by the AMS Scale and serum levels of testosterone, estradiol (E2), luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S), and growth hormone (GH) in men.

Methods
A total of 141 ambulatory men were recruited after excluding men with endocrine and other related diseases. All participants completed the AMS questionnaire and an analysis of serum levels of total and free testosterone (TT and FT), E2, LH, FSH, DHEA-S, and GH.

Main Outcome Measure
The relationship between AMS scores (total and subscores) and serum hormone levels was determined.

Results
There were significant negative correlations between age and serum FT and DHEA-S levels, as well as positive correlations between age and serum LH and FSH levels, but no correlation between age and AMS scores. None of the three AMS domain scale scores and total scores significantly correlated with serum levels of TT, FT, E2, LH, FSH, DHEA-S, or GH.

Conclusions
The results of the present study suggest that PADAM-related symptoms as evaluated by the AMS Scale are not significantly related to serum levels of TT, FT, E2, LH, FSH, DHEA-S, or GH. Because many factors related to aging are thought to contribute to the occurrence of PADAM-related symptoms, the AMS Scale may not be able to predict serum hormone levels.
Family Ties: The Use of DNA Offender Databases to Catch Offenders' Kin
Authors: Greely Henry T. , Riordan Daniel P. , Garrison Nanibaa' A. , Mountain Joanna L. 
Published: June 2006

“The sins of the fathers are to be laid upon the children.”Just after midnight on March 21, 2003, a drunk stood on a footbridge over a motorway in a village in Surrey in southern England. After eight pints of beer, he was drunk enough to decide to drop a brick from the overpass into traffic to see if he could hit something; unfortunately, he was not so drunk that he missed. The brick crashed through the windshield on the driver's side of a truck. It hit the driver, Michael Little, in the chest, triggering a fatal heart attack. He stayed conscious long enough to pull the truck safely to the side of the road, thereby perhaps saving other motorists; then he died. The crime was widely publicized, as was the driver's role in preventing any further accidents.
Recent Developments in Health Law: Civil Procedure: First Circuit Holds it Unreasonable to Hale Hospitals into Foreign Forums Simply for Accepting Out-of-State Patients — Harlow v. Children's Hospital
Authors: Hague Ashley Clare 
Published: June 2006

The United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit recently upheld a United States District Court for the District of Maine Judge's decision to dismiss a Maine plaintiff's medical malpractice claim against a Massachusetts hospital defendant for want of personal jurisdiction over the hospital. The Court of Appeals found it unreasonable to hale hospitals into an out-of-state court merely because they accept out-of-state patients.Plaintiff Danielle Harlow is a Maine resident who suffered a stroke at the age of six while undergoing a medical procedure at Children's Hospital of Boston, Massachusetts (“Children's Hospital”). The stroke, allegedly caused by the Hospital's negligence, led to brain damage resulting in partial paralysis and cognitive and behavioral impairments. The procedure was supposed to treat Harlow's rapid heartbeat, a condition related to her Wolff-Parkinson-White Syndrome. Harlow's pediatrician in Maine recommended that she visit Children's Hospital in Boston to treat her arrhythmia.
A Polynomial Homotopy Formulation of the Inverse Static Analysis of Planar Compliant Mechanisms
Authors: Su Hai-Jun , McCarthy J. Michael 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
This paper formulates the inverse static analysis of planar compliant mechanisms in polynomial form. The goal is to find the equilibrium configurations of the system in response to a known force/moment applied to the mechanism. The geometric constraint of the linkage defines a set of kinematics equations which are combined with equilibrium equations obtained from partial derivatives of the potential-energy function. In order to apply polynomial homotopy solver to these equations, we approximate the linear torsion spring torque at each joint by using sine and cosine functions. The results obtained from the homotopy solver are then refined using Newton-Raphson iteration. To demonstrate the analysis steps, we study two example planar compliant mechanisms, a four-bar linkage with two torsional springs, and a parallel platform supported by three linear springs. Numerical examples are provided together with plots of the potential energy during a movement between selected equilibrium positions.
A Novel Approach for Computation of Constraints on Parameters of Modification of the Tooth Addendum of Precision Involute Hobs
Authors: Radzevich Stephen P. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
In this paper a novel modified scheme and effective computer representation for hobbing operation of precision involute gears is presented. The specific goals of the paper are as follows: (a) to provide a comprehensive understanding of the principal features of addendum modification of an involute gear hob tooth, (b) to come up with a novel approach for the computation of parameters of modification of the hob tooth addendum, (c) to determine the applicability and advantages of the application of the developed approach. The key concept in this paper is satisfaction of the necessary conditions of proper part surface generation (Radzevich, S. P., 2002, Computer Aided Design, 34, pp. 727–740) in gear hobbing operation. The research is performed with the application of the novel DG∕K approach of surface machining earlier developed by the author. The DG∕K approach of surface generation is based on fundamental results obtained in differential geometry of surfaces, and in kinematics of multiparametric motion of a rigid body in E3 space. The interested reader may wish to go to the monographs (Radzevich, S. P., 2001, Monograph Kiev, Rastan; 1991, Monograph, Kiev, Vishcha Shkola Publishing) for details. Both of the monographs are available from The Library of Congress. A novel approach for the computation of constraints on the actual values of addendum modification of an involute hob is reported in this paper. The advantages of the developed approach are threefold. It yields the computation: (a) of the minimum and the maximum allowed value of the normal pressure angle; (b) of the maximum allowed value of addendum modification of an involute hob, and (c) of the maximum allowed reduction of addendum of a gear hob. In the way of implementation is also described.