bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pesticide Formulations and Delivery Systems: The Continued Evolution of Agrochemicals, 24th Volume
Authors: Goss GR , Volgas GC , Salyani M 
Published: April 2008

Description
Fourteen peer-reviewed papers address the latest advances in pesticide formulations and delivery systems.
Three sections cover:
Formulations—addresses some of the new challenges in formulating pesticides, including the advent of GMOs (genetically modified organisms) and their effect on the chemical aspects of pest control; new uses of chemicals through formulation changes, liquid and solid formulations and applications, and fluorescent imaging to assess efficiency.
Delivery Systems—discusses delivery and interactions of the pesticide with the target organism, including spray release height and drop size, aerial sprays, and abscission sprays.
Adjuvants—covers the enhancement of pesticide formulation by the use of spray additives.
Skiing Trauma and Safety: Fifteenth Volume
Authors: Johnson RJ , Shealy JE , Ahlbäumer G 
Published: April 2008

Description
Eight peer-reviewed papers provide the latest information on snow sport safety, including the means to prevent injury. Topics include:
• Use of the signal detection theory to evaluate the effectiveness of current release value recommendations for alpine ski bindings
• Methods that can minimize time-consuming correction procedures that improve the release retention performance of rental ski equipment
• Insight into the means of choosing an appropriate contrast-enhancing filter to allow better recognition of irregularities in the snow surface by moving skiers
• A case control study of the injury incidence of alpine skiing, telemarking, and snowboarding
• A one-year study of an indoor, artificial slope in Neuss, Germany to evaluate sustained injuries
• A three-year study of skiboarding injuries in comparison to those sustained by classic alpine skiers
• Use of a calibrated radar speed gun to determine the velocity of alpine skiers and snowboarders on "blue square" (more difficult) ski trails at three ski areas widely dispersed in the United States
• A means of predicting the risk of sustaining a knee injury in alpine skiing by computer simulations
STP 1464 is a valuable resource for binding, boot and ski manufacturers; engineers; university professors; physicians, and lawyers; as well as skiing professionals such as ski instructors, ski area managers, and participants in recreational and professional skiing activities.
Zirconium in the Nuclear Industry: Fourteenth International Symposium
Authors: Rudling P , Kammenzind B 
Published: April 2008

Description
Forty-one peer-reviewed papers cover all aspects of the fuel cycle. The Basic Metallurgy and Processing sections represent the beginning of the fuel cycle from component design and manufacture. The BWR Corrosion, PWR Corrosion, and Deformation Mechanism sections represent component performance under nominal service conditions. The Primary Failure Mechanism and the Transient and High Temperature Performance sections cover aspects that might end the useful service life of the component. The remaining papers deal with post service life of the component in a dry storage and in a repository environment.
Elemental Analysis of Fuels and Lubricants: Recent Advances and Future Prospects
Authors: Nadkarni RAK 
Published: April 2008

Description
Twenty-three peer-reviewed papers examine the latest information on the elemental analysis of fuels and lubricants. Six sections cover:
Overview—discusses total quality management practices advocated for obtaining a "perfect" analysis, including proper staff training, sampling, calibration and quality control practices.
Atomic Spectroscopy—focuses on various aspects of inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), mass spectrometry, and isotope dilution mass spectrometry.
X-Ray Spectroscopy—deals with X-ray fluorescence (XRF), including the determination of sulfur in gasoline and diesel, high-power and low-power wavelength dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRFs), and bench top energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF).
Sulfur Analysis—examines the analyses of low levels of sulfur in petroleum products, particularly gasoline, reformulated gasoline, and diesel; and applications of on-line technology for sulfur determination in fuels.
Mercury Determination—addresses concerns regarding the mercury content of crude oils and its emission through the petroleum refining process.
Other Heteroatoms—discusses the use of atomic emission detection using gas chromatography (AED-GS) to determine elements such as carbon, nitrogen, etc., and much more.
Performance Tests for Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) Including Fundamental and Empirical Procedures
Authors: Mohammed LN 
Published: April 2008

Description
Thirteen peer-reviewed papers provide the latest international and state agency research on the use of performance tests for HMA mixture design and field control.
The papers are arranged in four groups designed to aid the reader in locating papers of interest and to compare and contrast the range of work and opinions presented:
Mixture Simulative Performance Tests—relates to the practical use of some simulative loaded-wheel testers used in identifying rut-prone HMA mixtures.
Mechanistic Test for Quality Control—includes papers in that the mechanistic tests were used in field Quality Control of HMA mixtures.
Mechanistic Tests for Mixture Design—contains several papers relating to the need for mechanistic tests in HMA mixture design.
Application of New Mechanistic Test Methods in HMA Mixture Performance Evaluation—focuses on the use of newly developed mechanistic test methods, which have potentials to be used in HMA mixture performance evaluation.
Will Nonlinear Backcalculation Help?
Authors: Ullidtz P 
Published: April 2008

Backcalculation of FWD data often results in unrealistic layer moduli. The modulus of the subgrade may be two to three times the expected value, and the modulus of an intermediate granular material may be lower than the subgrade modulus. If stresses or strains measured in the pavement are compared with theoretical values, the agreement is often poor.
All theoretical models for calculating pavement response are based on a number of simplifications with respect to reality and must be verified experimentally. Most models assume that all pavement layers consist of linear elastic materials. This paper demonstrates, that treating the subgrade as a nonlinear elastic material, can result in much more realistic moduli and a much better agreement between measured and calculated stresses and strains.
The response of nonlinear elastic materials can be calculated using the Finite Element Method (FEM). A much simpler approach is to use the Method of Equivalent Thicknesses (MET), modified for a nonlinear subgrade. The paper includes an example where moduli backcalculated using FEM, linear elastic theory and MET are compared. Stresses and strains predicted by the three methods are also compared to measured values. For this example it is found that the best agreement between measured and calculated stresses and strains is obtained with MET. FEM results in stresses and strains within the range of measured values, whereas all the stresses and strains calculated with the linear elastic theory are outside of the range of measured stresses or strains.
A Comparison of the Rolling Weight Deflectometer with the Falling Weight Deflectometer
Authors: Briggs RC , Johnson RF , Stubstad RN , Pierce L 
Published: April 2008

A prototype Rolling Weight Deflectometer (RWD) has been designed and produced for testing airfield pavements. The RWD is a trailer mounted device that continuously measures maximum pavement deflections under a load wheel under moving conditions. The RWD was originally designed to perform measurements at a maximum speed of 10 kph (6 mph) with load of up to 222 kN (50,000 lb.). The RWD was recently modified to collect deflections at an increased speed of 32 kph (20 mph) under a 40 kN (9000 lb.) wheel load. It is anticipated that a highway version of the RWD will be produced jointly by Quest Integrated and Dynatest Consulting, Inc., within the next two years that will collect deflections at highway speeds of 70 to 80 kph (45 to 50 mph).
In September of 1997, the Washington State Department of Transportation completed a test comparing the deflection results from the RWD and the WSDOT FWD. The testing was conducted on a newly constructed roadway that consisted of 165 mm (6.5 inches) of asphalt concrete over 400 mm (16 inches) of crushed stone base. At the time of testing the roadway had received only construction traffic. The RWD produced deflections that compared closely with the Falling Weight Deflectometer both in magnitude and variation along the highway. The results of this comparison test are documented in the paper.
Performance and Durability of the Window-Wall Interface
Authors: Hardman BG , Wagus CR , Weston TA 
Published: April 2008

Description
Get the latest information available on the performance and durability of the window-wall interface. STP 1484 offers new research, exhaustive testing, and the creation of installation standards which attempt to identify installation methods and construction sequencing, to integrate a variety of fenestration products into a variety of wall claddings.
Ten peer-reviewed papers cover:
• Integration of windows or doors with their related interfaces—lashings, sealants, claddings, and more
• Considerations of weather, exposure, job site conditions
• Compatibility or incompatibility of adjacent and integrated materials
• Product testing and the testing of installation methods and techniques
• Role that permeability plays in the selection of materials
• Ability or inability of self-adhered materials to maintain their original adhesion properties, long-term serviceability, and durability.
This new publication provides the vital information you need to write specifications, create or interpret standards, evaluate materials for product selection, and recommend changes to the building codes.
Sulfur Concrete for Corrosion-Resistant Sewer Pipe
Authors: Vroom AH , Aarsleff L , Vroom CH 
Published: April 2008

Experience to date shows sulfur concrete to have many advantages over hydraulic cement concrete for sewer pipe. Its durability, high corrosion-resistance, impermeability and high mechanical strength, combined with its high volume production capability, make it an economical, long-lasting material. Other properties include high abrasion resistance and extremely high resistance to fatigue.Sulfur concrete sewer pipe can be dry-cast, wet-cast or spun using conventional concrete pipe molds. The hot mix develops its strength simply on cooling, no curing being required.Details of mix design and preparation are described. Examples of commercial-scale production of pipes and tanks are presented.The need for modified ASTM Standards for such pipe and related products is discussed.
Intelligent Technology for Concrete Pipe in the New Millennium
Authors: Hill JJ , Kurdziel JM , Nelson CR , Nystrom JA 
Published: April 2008

Precast concrete pipes were widely used even before the beginning of the twentieth century. By 1930, the currently used design and installation standards for concrete pipes had been empirically developed by Drs. Marston and Spangler. Nearly thirty years ago, the American Concrete Pipe Association began research on a more rational design method that evaluated the contributions of the strength of both the pipe and underlying soil. From that research, the design program Standard Installation Direct Design (SIDD) was developed.
In 1997, engineers at the Minnesota Department of Transportation successfully used the newly developed technology to update their standard practice for installing concrete pipe. A test, using native soils and simplified construction details, compared performance of the Marston-Spangler and SIDD installations.
Acceptance of direct design methods for concrete pipes is just the beginning of advancement of new technology for construction of pipelines. Rapid development of the internet, wireless communication links, geographical positioning systems, expert systems, and miniaturized testing equipment makes it possible for a manager of a construction project to integrate all phases of design, construction, and maintenance into a centralized information system. This paper describes how construction managers might use technology to mesh existing components of construction activities into an Intelligent Construction System.
Relationships of Test Methods and Standards Development to Emerging and Retrofit CFCC Markets
Authors: Barnett TR , Ojard GC , Cairo RR 
Published: April 2008

The evolutionary path of ceramic matrix composites (CMCs) to viable candidate materials for current engineering designs of today and tomorrow has been littered with appropriate and inappropriate theoretical models, useful and useless test methods, and hopeful and hopeless materials systems. As continuous fiber ceramic composite (CFCC) material systems have been introduced, theoretical models and practical test methods have been proposed (and adopted) to characterize their behavior. Often these materials are targeted for specific applications intended to exploit the bulk CFCC as well as its constituent properties.
The unique position and expertise of the author's employer, a private research laboratory, have enabled an up-close and detailed perspective on not only CFCCs and their characterization but also the targeted engineering applications. In this paper, a case study will be discussed regarding characterization of a CFCC for a particular application; a high temperature combustor liner in a gas turbine engine. The potential for standardized methods will be reviewed.
Oxidation Behavior of Non-Oxide Ceramics in a High-Pressure, High-Temperature Steam Environment
Authors: Ferber MK , Lin HT , Keiser J 
Published: April 2008

This paper provides a review of two recent studies undertaken to examine the oxidation behavior of monolithic SiC and SiC-SiC composites in simulated and actual gas turbine environments. In the first study, a high-pressure and high-temperature test facility was used to expose a variety of structural ceramics and ceramic matrix composites to 15% water vapor carried in an air environment at 10 atm of total pressure and 1204°C. The second study involved the exposure of a SiC-SiC combustor liner in an industrial gas turbine for approximately 2300 h at a total pressure of 10 atm and peak liner temperature of 1150°C.In the two studies microstructural analyses were used to measure the rates of both silica scale formation and SiC recession. These experimentally determined rates were then compared with values predicted from established oxidation/volatilization models. The estimates of the temperature and pressure sensitivities of the oxidation and volatilization rate constants, required for this comparison, were obtained from the literature. For the case of the combustor liner, the recession rate of SiC was well described by the model. However, the predicted rates of scale formation in both studies were significantly lower that the corresponding experimental values. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are addressed.
Predicting Oxidation and Deuterium Ingress for Zr-2.5Nb CANDU Pressure Tubes
Authors: Bahurmuz AA , Muir IJ , Urbanic VF 
Published: April 2008

The pressure boundary of a CANDU® fuel channel is composed of a cold-worked Zr-2.5Nb pressure tube, which has each end rolled into a stainless-steel end fitting. Heavy-water (D2O) coolant (250–310°C) flows over and through twelve or thirteen fuel bundles contained in each pressure tube. During operation, some deuterium generated by aqueous corrosion of the tube surface enters the metal. Additional deuterium also enters through the rolled joint between the tube and the end fitting.Predictive models for deuterium ingress are required for fitness-for-service assessments for operating pressure tubes and for the development of new reactor designs. A predictive model for assessing the long-term oxidation of, and deuterium ingress into, the body of the pressure tubes has been developed from in-reactor tests of samples which had been pre-oxidized to obtain oxide thickness values representative of long-term behavior. Deuterium ingress is modeled based on a fraction (2–10 %) of the corrosion-freed deuterium entering the metal. The current version of the model contains relationships describing the oxidation rate as a function of oxide thickness, temperature, concentration of dissolved oxygen in the water, and fast neutron flux and fluence. It can successfully predict the observed deuterium-uptake history of pressure tubes in existing CANDU reactors. The model projects a slight increase in the rate of oxidation and deuterium ingress over time. This increase is much less than for Zircaloy-2, a material used in early CANDU units.In parallel with model development, there are experimental programs involving detailed surface analysis of removed pressure tubes and irradiation tests focused on elucidating the mechanisms of oxidation and deuterium ingress. As the results of these programs become available, they will be incorporated into the predictive model. This presentation will focus on the model and recent results from the supporting experimental programs.
Damage Dependence of Irradiation Deformation of Zr-2.5Nb Pressure Tubes
Authors: Griffiths M , Christodoulou N , Donohue SA 
Published: April 2008

The diametral expansion and elongation rates of Zr-2.5Nb pressure tubes in CANDU™ (CANada Deuterium Uranium) nuclear reactors are important properties that limit their useful life and the maximum power level for reactor operation.
For a given set of operating conditions there is considerable variability in the deformation rates because of the variations in as-fabricated microstructure and chemistry from tube-to-tube — specifically grain size, crystallographic texture, and oxygen content. The as-fabricated microstructure also varies within a given tube, the largest variation occurring along the length, and this is a result of cooling of the tube during the extrusion process. During service in a nuclear reactor, the microstructure evolves further, and this additional change in microstructure is primarily dependent on the rate of radiation damage (determined by the fast neutron flux), the temperature, and the time. Both the fast neutron flux and temperature vary at all points within the pressure tube.
For a given material microstructure, the deformation is a function of the operating conditions: coolant pressure (stress), temperature, and neutron flux. In principle, the deformation rate is a linear function of fast neutron flux, and this is mostly true for fast neutron fluxes of the order of 1017 n.m-2.s-1. Recent analyses of data from pressure tubes measured over long periods of operation in reactor have shown that the steady-state diametral creep rates are not linear with fast neutron flux for fluxes up to about 0.5 × 1017 n.m-2.s-1. A qualitative model has been developed to account for the observed behavior based on the modifying effects of neutron flux and temperature on the microstructure. The model describes the suppression of thermal creep and the transition from thermal to irradiation creep with increasing neutron flux.
Comparison of Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue (Anodized and Non-Anodized Grade 4 CP Ti)
Authors: Zardiackas LD , Roach MD , Williamson RS 
Published: April 2008

In light of the possible effects of anodization on stress corrosion cracking (SCC) and corrosion fatigue (CF) of CP titanium, a research project has been completed recently in our laboratories to evaluate and compare SCC and CF of anodized versus non-anodized samples from a single lot of Grade 4 CPTi. Initial evaluation of alloy composition, microstructure, Vickers microhardness, and mechanical properties including the tensile and yield strength, % elongation and reduction of area was performed. After these tests ensured the material met the standards of ASTM Standard Specification for Unalloyed Titanium for Surgical Implant Applications (F 67), samples were prepared using low stress grinding techniques. Samples were divided into two groups, and the non-anodized SCC and CF testing was initiated. The surface of the second group of samples was anodized by Synthes to provide a green̸gold surface consistent with standard production processing and then tested using the identical methodology as used for the non-anodized samples.Results of the slow strain rate SCC testing on both smooth and notched anodized and non-anodized samples in both distilled de-ionized water and Ringers solution at 37°C showed no effect of anodization. Results of corrosion fatigue testing indicated that, while there was no effect of anodization on corrosion fatigue, there was a significant effect of the notch on the fatigue characteristics regardless of the two different surface conditions.
Comparison of the Corrosion Fatigue Characteristics of CP Ti-Grade 4, Ti-6AI-4V ELI, Ti-6AI-7Nb, and Ti-15Mo
Authors: Roach MD , Williamson RS , Zardiackas LD 
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the corrosion fatigue (CF) characteristics of a series of titanium alloys including Grade 4 CP Ti (ASTM F 67), Ti-6A1-4V (ASTM F 136), Ti-6Al-7Nb (ASTM F 1295), and Ti-15 Mo (ASTM F 2066). Evaluation of alloy composition, microstructure, and Vicker's microhardness was performed to ensure that each material met the required specification. Smooth and notched CF tensile samples of each alloy were machined using low stress grind techniques and tested at 1Hz according to ASTM F 1801 in both Ringer's solution and distilled̸de-ionized water at 37°C. Smooth CF samples had a 10 mm gauge length and a 2.5 mm gauge diameter, and notched CF samples had a 2.5 mm notch root diameter (K,=3.2). A minimum of three samples was tested at five tension-tension sinusoidal load levels including a run-out level at 106 cycles. SEM analysis was performed on the fractured surfaces of representative samples of each alloy to characterize and compare the failure mechanisms.
Fatigue results revealed no differences between the smooth and notched samples of each alloy run in distilled water and those run in Ringer's solution. Results indicated corrosion fatigue mechanisms were not contributing to the fractures under these conditions. However, a significant reduction of fatigue strength was observed for the notched samples of each alloy compared to the smooth samples in identical solutions. These results suggest that even though there is no notch sensitivity in these alloys under static conditions, a notch under dynamic fatigue mechanisms may cause a substantial reduction in cycles to implant fracture. SEM analysis showed typical fatigue fracture morphologies on both the smooth and notched samples. Notch samples, however, did show more defined fluting in terracing due to the higher tri-axial stress state at the root of the notch. In conclusion, corrosion fatigue mechanisms were not contributing to the fracture of these alloys under the given conditions, but the presence of a notch significantly reduced the fatigue strength of all alloys tested.