bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Factors in the Use of Smokeless Tobacco and Their Implications for P.L. 99‐252
Authors: Severson Herbert H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article briefly reviews the prevalence of smokeless tobacco use by males in the United States, the relationship of smokeless tobacco use to cigarette use, and patterns of use that include dosage, topography, products, and function of use. The primary focus of the article is to describe the concurrent and predictive factors associated with onset, use, and cessation of smokeless tobacco. The implications of P.L. 99‐252, the Comprehensive Smokeless Tobacco Act of 1986, are discussed in the context of what is known about the psychosocial variables associated with the use of smokeless tobacco.
The Enforcement of Regulations Restricting Expanded Duties by Dental Auxiliaries: an Analysis of the Recent Disciplinary Actions of the Texas State Board of Dental Examiners
Authors: Feine Jocelyne S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe issue of delegation of dental procedures (expanded duties) to auxiliaries continues to be controversial. Although it has been shown that these practices are usually beneficial to the public, many states continue to maintain laws prohibiting expanded duties. In Texas, auxiliaries are not allowed to perform many simple functions, and dentists who supervise these acts are tried and sentenced by the Texas State Board of Dental Examiners. Although one might expect that more serious categories of offenses would be treated in a harsher manner, this study indicates that this is not the case in Texas. The disciplinary actions of the Texas State Board of Dental Examiners were analyzed, and the rate of conviction and severity of penalty for three types of offenses: supervising auxiliaries in the performance of unauthorized expanded duties, malpractice/negligence, and drug offenses were compared. The results revealed that dentists who were convicted for unauthorized auxiliary expanded duty use were assigned harsher penalties than those given to dentists convicted for other classes of offenses (P=.02, Fisher's exact test). This study indicates that, at least for the dentists of Texas, the punishment may not always fit the crime.
Caries Prevalence, Treatment Level, and Sealant Use Related to School Lunch Program Participation
Authors: Ripa Louis W. , Leske Gary S. , Kaufman MPH Hershall W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA total of 2,753 schoolchildren (8‐11 years old) from two school districts received visual‐tactile examinations for caries. The school districts were approximately 15 miles apart and located in fluoride‐deficient (F<0.3 ppm) Long Island, New York. The higher socioeconomic community (HSES) had 9.2 percent of its students enrolled in the free or reduced‐payment school lunch program; the lower socioeconomic community (LSES) had 50.3 percent enrolled. The LSES community had a higher caries prevalence, more untreated lesions, fewer caries‐free children, and fewer children treated with sealants. School lunch programs provide an index to identify communities for dental programs.
Time to Adoption of an Innovation by Dentists in Private Practice: Sealant Utilization
Authors: Chapko Michael K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDentists can be divided into five adoption categories based upon their time of adoption of pit and fissure sealants: innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, and laggards. The differences among dentists in the five adoption categories were examined for four classes of variables: practice characteristics, dentist characteristics, communication of information, and practice environment. Questionnaires were mailed in September 1984 to a random sample (N=521) of Washington State dentists in general practices. A total of 376 completed questionnaires were returned, for a response rate of 72 percent. Adoption of sealants proceeded as follows: 5 percent of dentists through 1973, 24 percent through 1979, 50 percent through 1982, and 75 percent through 1984. Adoption category was related to percent of assistants who were certified, delegation to assistants and hygienists, magnitude of the fees charged by the practice, number of staff meetings per month, the dentist having been an officer in a dental organization, year the dentist adopted other new technologies, dentist's self‐rating of willingness to try new things, percent of patients who are children, and percent of the dentist's colleagues who used sealants. These data lend some support to the two‐stage or opinion‐leader model of diffusion and suggest that new technologies can be promoted by first influencing dentists who consistently adopt early.
Legislation and Reality in Public Dental Services in Norway: Dental Health Services for Children and Adolescents in 1975 and 1985
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg , Hoist Dorthe 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe act relating to dental health services implied a reorganization of the public dental health services in Norway in 1984. The act intended to extend the target group of public dental health services and to achieve social and geographic equality in the distribution of dental health services among children and adolescents. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which these intentions had been fulfilled. The material comprised two nationwide, stratified, and randomly selected samples of 3,356 and 2,970 children and adolescents in the age group zero to 18 years. Data were collected in 1975 and 1985. Both the theoretical and the empirical models applied structural and individual resources to explain individual variation in use of dental health services. The results showed that the proportion of zero‐ to 18‐year‐olds who had seen a dentist within the past 12 months was higher in 1985 than in 1975 (81.7% and 75.8%, respectively). Bivariate and trivariate table analyses showed that statistically significant associations between structural resources and use of dental health services disappeared when controlling for a third variable. Use of dental health services among children and adolescents in Norway was not systematically influenced by the same factors, as was the use of dental health services in the adult population. Thus, the Public Dental Health Service in Norway seems to have had the capability of compensating for most of the discriminating effects that individual and structural factors may have on the use of dental health services both before and after the reorganization of the public dental health service.
Changes in Dental Caries Prevalence in Upstate New York Schoolchildren
Authors: Kumar Jayanth , Green Elmer , Wallace William , Bustard Robert 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA survey of second and fifth grade children was conducted in upstate New York to determine recent trends in dental caries prevalence. Clinical examinations were conducted on 960 second grade and 837 fifth grade children in 51 schools. A single examiner derived the findings on a uniform basis using a standard protocol. An examination of changes in the percent of caries‐free children and mean DMFS/dfs indices revealed that caries prevalence has continued to decline. Although the low SES group in this survey had consistently higher caries levels and a higher treatment need compared to the high SES group, the magnitude of the difference was much smaller compared to the previous survey. Because the sampling was restricted to young children in upstate New York, the trends observed should not be applied to a similar New York City population, to older children throughout New York State, or to children in other states.
The Venturi Fluoride Saturator Project
Authors: Hastreiter Richard J. , Falken Myron C. , Smith Gerald G. , Wunderlich H. Curtis , Roesch Mildred H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine whether Venturi Fluoride Saturator (VFS) systems could be used to fluoridate small community and school water supply systems with an acceptable level of maintenance. VFS systems were installed and operated at four school and six community well sites according to state and federal regulations and recommendations. School VFS systems were unable to maintain optimum fluoride residuals even with substantial maintenance. All six community well site VFS systems performed acceptably, with only a few short lapses. VFS system maintenance was labor intensive. Recurring problems were caused by lengthy equipment delivery delays, the unavailability of timely technical assistance to support the VFS system, and the inadequate quality of VFS equipment and design. Based upon these findings, further expansion of the use of VFS systems either for community or school fluoridation cannot be recommended. Additional study of and improvements in the VFS system are indicated. Three major recommendations appear appropriate: (1) extensive laboratory testing of the VFS system concept under controlled conditions should be performed to determine the functioning parameters of this equipment under different hydrody‐namic conditions; (2) additional research and development of the VFS unit to improve the quality of operations and the quality control of manufacturing and assembly should be undertaken; and (3) a VFS equipment distribution network should be developed, with sufficient logistical and technical support to supply equipment parts and expertise for installation, monitoring, and maintenance in a timely and efficient manner.
Oral Health Knowledge and Habits of Senior Elementary School Students
Authors: Hamilton Michael E. , Coulby W. Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite improvements in children's dental health, and significant resource allocation to health education programs, few recent studies have investigated the associations of oral health knowledge, behaviors, and status. This study of 11 ‐year‐old children (N =6,329) in northeastern Ontario used a supervised self‐complete questionnaire and a clinical examination to gather baseline data on, and test associations of, caries and periodontal knowledge, self‐reported oral health behaviors and source of knowledge, and oral health status. Results show the children had poor knowledge of caries preventive measures such as waterfluoridation, dental sealants, and choice of snack foods. Periodontal knowledge was better, but children confused plaque and calculus. Respondents claimed good oral health habits, with 73 percent claiming to brush at least twice daily, 88 percent claiming to use toothpaste, 42 percent claim to floss at least twice weekly, and 84 percent claiming an annual dental visit. Children with the best knowledge claimed dentist and school as the sources. High knowledge was associated with good oral health habits (P<. 001) and low DM FT score (P<.001). Good habits were not related to DMFT score (P=. 1095). Logistic regression showed high knowledge was associated with English cultural status, urban school area, good habits, having a dental sealant, and attending a fluoride‐rinse school (P<.05). Findings suggest a need to reinforce caries preventive teaching, to investigate the effect of cultural status, dental experience, and residence status on oral health knowledge, and to further test the efficacy of different oral health education programs delivered by different sources.
The Validity of Self‐reported Oral Health Status in the Elderly
Authors: Douglass Chester W. , Berlin Jesse , Tennstedt Sharon 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe validity of self‐reported number of teeth was assessed in a random sample of 50 individuals aged 70+ by comparing self‐reports in a telephone interview with results of a subsequent in‐home examination by a dentist. There were no significant differences between self‐report and examination data, nor was there any systematic under‐ or over‐counting of teeth as the actual number of teeth increased. These data support the validity of self‐reported dentition.
Health Through Oral Health; Guidelines for Planning and Monitoring for Oral Health Care: A Critical Comment on the WHO Model
Authors: Bronkhorst Ewald M. , Truin Gert‐Jan , Batchelor Paul , Sheiham Aubrey 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecently a joint working group of WHO/FDI published guidelines for planning and monitoring oral health care. In the report a model for calculations of future need for dental manpower was introduced as an effective planning tool. An analysis of whether the WHO model is appropriate to calculate the future need for manpower planning was carried out. It appears that the model has serious methodological shortcomings. The model expects the user to know the future oral care needs concerning preventive, special group, surgical, orthodontic, and periodontal care. In calculating future needs for restorative and prosthetic care, the model restricts itself to looking back in time and roughly calculating what has happened in the past, assuming this will happen again.
The Oral Health Status, Treatment Needs, and Dental Utilization Patterns of Native American Elders
Authors: Phipps Kathy R. , Reifel Nancy , Bothwell Eric 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the oral health status, treatment needs, and dental care utilization patterns of a Native American population aged 65‐74 years. A random sample of 688 individuals was chosen and approached regarding participation in the study. Data were gathered through an interviewer‐administered questionnaire and an oral examination. A total of 204 individuals completed all aspects of the study. Only one participant had all 28 natural teeth, while 58.3 percent were totally edentulous. Of the 85 dentate participants, almost 53 percent required at least one extraction. The average number of required extractions in the dentate subjects was three. Although 94 percent of the sample stated they had a usual source of dental care, 40.7 percent had not visited a dentist within the last five years. Multiple regression analyses were used to determine the factors associated with total number of teeth present among the dentate participants. Years of education and time since last dental visit were the two significant predictors (P<.05) of number of teeth present. The higher the level of education, the greater the number of teeth in later life. The number of teeth present was inversely related to years since dental treatment. Compared to the results of the National Survey of Oral Health in US Employed Adults and Seniors, this Native American sample had a higher prevalence of edentulism and utilized dental services less often than a comparable age group in the US population as a whole.
Differences in Need for Orthodontic Treatment Between Native Americans and the General Population Based on DAI Scores
Authors: Jenny Joanna , Cons Naham C. , Kohout Frank J. , Jakobsen Jane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractClinical impressions by Indian Health Service (IHS) dentists of a greater frequency of severe dental malrelations among Native Americans than in the general US population have never been objectively confirmed. This study uses the DAI as the standard to determine whether there is a greater prevalence of severe malocclusions among Native Americans. Four hundred eighty‐five Native American students in grades 7‐12 from two remote sites–Pine Ridge, SD, and Many Farms, AZ– and one nonremote site–Lapwai, ID–were scored for the DAI. The mean scores from each reservation, as well as the mean score from the three reservations combined, were significantly higher, indicating poorer aesthetics, than the mean DAI score from a large sample of the general US population. These data confirm the clinical impressions of IHS dentists that Native Americans residing on reservations have significantly poorer dental aesthetics than the aesthetics found in the general US population; therefore, Native Americans have greater needs for orthodontic treatment.
National Health Care and the Public's Oral Health*
Authors: Schoen Max H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article presents an outline of a proposal for a national health program, together with a discussion of the necessity of inclusion of dentistry for optimum benefit to the public. A thorough restructuring of current principles of coverage, benefits, methods of payment, administration, and methods of protection of the public is proposed. Disease prevention and the role and responsibility of public health dentistry would be enhanced in such a scheme. Current total dental care expenditures should be sufficient to cover most of the costs. It is the author's belief that further tinkering with the existing health care system and the application of more bandaids can only exacerbate existing problems.
Factors Associated with Job and Career Satisfaction Among Dental Hygienists
Authors: Bader James D. , Sams Darlene H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInformation concerning dental hygienists' job and career satisfaction is dated and incomplete. Because satisfaction may be important in retention of dental hygienists, a survey of all active dental hygienists in private practices in North Carolina was performed to ascertain dimensions and levels of job and career satisfaction, as well as factors associated with these constructs. Of 2,099 eligible hygienists, 51 percent responded to a survey instrument containing 202 items addressing overall satisfaction, as well as satisfaction with a variety of work‐related factors. Factor analysis was used to develop scales for job and career satisfaction, and for the work‐related factors. Final reduced regression models indicated that the constructs of job and career satisfaction are separate and that each has distinct general and intrinsic dimensions. Models for general job and career satisfaction had R2 values of .45 and .27, respectively, and included a variety of work‐related factors such as supervisory style and satisfaction with salary. Models for intrinsic job and career satisfaction were not as strong, with R2 values of .06 and .09, respectively. These models also included work‐related factors such as satisfaction with hours of work, office safety arrangements, and supervisory style. These results suggest that general job and career satisfaction levels should be amenable to change through management interventions.
The Assessment of Nursing Caries and Its Relationship to High Caries in the Permanent Dentition
Authors: Kaste Linda M. , Marianos Donald , Chang Richard , Phipps Kathy R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of nursing caries has been found to be high in populations of Native American children, unlike other US population groups. Comparisons among studies are difficult because a variety of operational definitions of the syndrome have been used. This study had two goals. First, a retrospective dental record audit was conducted for a Native American population attending Head Start in 1977–78, to compare the prevalence rates of nursing caries obtained by using different nursing caries classification schemes. Second, we studied the relationship of prior nursing caries to current high caries level deter‐mined by a clinical exam in the same children approximately ten years later (N=88). As expected, different classification schemes yielded different prevalence rates. Classification of nursing caries by buccal or lingual caries in the maxillary incisors found 45 percent of the children with the disorder, vs 61 percent if measured by three or more carious maxillary incisors, or 76 percent if two or more carious maxillary incisors. Nursing caries in these Head Start children, defined by caries on the buccal or lingual surfaces of the maxillary incisors, showed noincreased risk of ≥5 DMFT at age 15. The Head Start children classified as having nursing caries by two or more, or three or more, decayed maxillary anterior teeth had relative risks (RR) of 1.6 (95% Cl 1.1, 2.4) and 1.4 (95% Cl 1.0, 1.9) for high caries (DMFT ≥5) ten years later, whereas the RR for children with a dmft ≥5 was 2.4 (95% Cl 1.4, 4.3). The classification of nursing caries by carious maxillary incisors appears to depict the overall caries experience in the primary dentition of these Native American Head Start children, rather than specifically nursing caries. The maxillary incisor classifications demonstrated a positive relationship to the presentation of high caries in the permanent dentition, which was not found when nursing caries was measured by buccal or lingual caries of the maxillary incisors.
Cost of Fluoridation: 44 Florida Communities
Authors: Ringelberg Melvin L. , Allen Susan J. , Brown L. Jackson 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrevious data relating to the cost of fluoridation often do not include annualized costs or costs for labor and maintenance. The purpose of this study was to estimate accurately current costs for initiating and maintaining fluoridation and to develop a methodology that can be used to provide the cost basis for further cost‐effectiveness studies. The data were collected from 44 Florida communities that had initiated community water fluoridation between 1981 and 1989. Equipment, installation, and engineering costs were derived from copies of actual invoices for equipment and services and then adjusted to 1988 dollars. The chemical costs were calculated from operational reports listing flow rate and pounds used. The cost was then adjusted according to whether the hydrofluosilicic acid was supplied as 15‐gallon carboys, 55‐gallon drums, in bulk, or as sodium silicofluoride or sodium fluoride. The initial cost was annualized at 2 percent and 4 percent over 15 years. Calculated operational costs included chemical costs, labor costs, and maintenance and repair costs. The operational costs were then added to the annualized depreciation costs and opportunity costs for the initial investment, to produce an estimated cost per person served. The total mean cost per person for all installations was $1.14 per year at 2 percent and $1.25 per year at 4 percent. The mean cost at 4 percent for communities of fewer than 10,000 was $2.12; for communities between 10,000 and 50,000 it was $0.68; and for communities over 50,000 it was $0.31. The total mean cost per person across all installations was $0.41 at 2 percent and 0.45 at 4 percent. The average yearly cost was related to the size of the community, the number of injection points, and the method of chemical purchase and delivery.
Root Caries Prevalence in Black and White North Carolina Adults over Age 65
Authors: Graves Richard C. , Beck James D. , Disney Judith A. , Drake Claude W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe baseline root caries prevalence of 809 dentate black and white home‐dwelling North Carolinians over age 65 was determined along with the collection of a large number of demographic and behavioral, clinical, and microbiological variables in the longitudinal Piedmont over‐age‐65 Dental Study. In comparison to other studies of older adults, the prevalence of decayed‐filled root surfaces (DFRS) was low, fewer than 2.0 DFRS in whites, and significantly fewer than that in blacks (1.3 DFRS). Although tooth loss was a substantial problem, nearly half of the white population and almost two‐thirds of the black participants exhibited no evidence of root caries history. Even though DFRS prevalence was much lower in blacks, their treatment need for decayed root surfaces (ORS) was significantly higher than for white participants. Correlates with DRS within both race groups appeared to be those that reflect lack of access to dental services or neglect of oral health—decayed coronal surfaces, higher rates of tooth extraction, high CPITN scores and worst loss of attachment ≥7 mm, and more than a year since the last dental visit. Some variables were associated significantly with one racial group, but not the other, while others, particularly root surfaces at risk and age, were not associated significantly with DRS. We concluded that although there was considerable neglect of root caries, particularly among blacks, it was not a serious problem among older North Carolinians.