bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Texture‐modified foods and thickened fluids as used for individuals with dysphagia: Australian standardised labels and definitions
Authors:   Dietitians Association of Australia,   The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited
Published: May 2007

AbstractThickened fluids and texture‐modified foods are provided for the therapeutic treatment of dysphagia. Review of the literature indicated that numerous labels are applied to a small number of food textures and fluid thickness levels. The consequences of inconsistent terminology affect patient safety and the efficiency of communication. A joint project of the Dietitians Association of Australia and The Speech Pathology Association of Australia Limited (Speech Pathology Australia) was undertaken to develop consensus standards for number of levels, labels and definitions of thickened fluids and texture‐modified foods within the Australian context. A project officer and multidisciplinary advisory committee were appointed by competitive process to carry out and oversee the project. The project determined that there were 39 different labels in use for thickened fluids and 95 different labels in use for texture‐modified foods used in Australia. Dietitians and speech pathologists demonstrated overwhelming support for a standardised labelling and terminology system (99.2% of respondents). A national consultative process encompassing the views of more than 580 clinicians helped to formulate the final standards. A scale for modified fluids and a scale for texture‐modified foods were developed and consensus was achieved between the Dietitians Association of Australia and Speech Pathology Australia. The standards are now recommended for use throughout Australia.
Preliminary evaluation of a quality‐of‐life screening programme for pet dogs
Authors: Mullan S. , Main D. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives:To evaluate a potential screening programme that would raise awareness of welfare consideration of pet dogs visiting a veterinary practice.Methods:The questionnaire asked owners to provide biographical information about their dog, assess the resources they provided their dog (comfort, exercise, diet, mental stimulation and companionship) from the perspective of their dog’s wellbeing and choice, score a range of behavioural and medical signs on visual analogue scale, rate how willing they would be to take on the life of their dog on a visual analogue scale and suggest changes that would improve the quality of life of their dog.Results:Twenty‐seven owners completed the questionnaire on consecutive days. There was good correlation for all the parameters between the two days (P<0.05). Of the 16 expected correlations to test internal consistency, nine were significant (P<0.05). Twenty‐six per cent of owners scored in the top 10 mm of the visual analogue scale for being willing to “take on the life their dog was living”. More exercise was the most commonly suggested change to improve quality of life (14 owners).ClinicalSignificance:The questionnaire was found to be repeatable, feasible and to have good internal consistency and validity, making it suitable for use in veterinary practice to assess welfare.
Canine leptospirosis infections – clinical signs and outcome with different suspectedLeptospiraserogroups (42 cases)
Authors: Geisen V. , Stengel C. , Brem S. , Müller W. , Greene C. , Hartmann K. 
Published: May 2007

Objectives:The aim of the study was to investigate the presence of serum antibodies to differentLeptospiraserogroups in dogs with a clinical diagnosis of leptospirosis in southern Germany and to compare seroreactivity to different serogroups with history, clinical signs, laboratory findings and survival rate.Methods:In this study, the data of 42 dogs with the diagnosis of leptospirosis were evaluated retrospectively. Dogs were presented to the Small Animal Medicine Teaching Hospital (Medizinische Kleintierklinik) of the Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Germany, between 1990 to 2003.Results:Reactivity to the serogroup grippotyphosa (13/42) was most frequently present, followed by reactivity to the serogroup saxkoebing (10/42). There was no difference in the clinical picture and the laboratory changes between dogs whose sera were reactive to different serogroups.ClinicalSignificance:Most of the dogs with leptospirosis in southern Germany had sera reacting to serogroups other than icterohaemorrhagiae and canicola, which are contained in the vaccine. Thus, currently available vaccines in Europe do not protect against the most commonLeptospiraorganisms associated with clinical disease.
SWIMMING SPEEDS OF SINGING AND NON‐SINGING HUMPBACK WHALES DURING MIGRATION
Authors: Noad Michael J. , Cato Douglas H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLimited data exist on swimming speeds of humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) and none on swimming speeds of singing whales during migration. We tracked humpback whales visually and acoustically during migration from the breeding grounds past our study site on the east coast of Australia (latitude 26°28′S). The mean swimming speed for whales while singing was 2.5 km/h, significantly less than for non‐singing whales with a mean of 4.0 km/h but significantly greater than the mean of 1.6 km/h observed for singing whales on the Hawaiian breeding grounds. Between song sessions, there was no significant difference in speeds between whales that had been singing and other whales. Migration speeds were less for whales while singing but increased during the season. Although humpback whales can swim rapidly while singing (maximum observed 15.6 km/h), they generally do not do so, even during migration. Slower migration by singers would delay their return to the polar feeding areas and may be costly, but may be a strategy to provide access to more females.
Concurrent Tobacco Use in a Random Sample of UK‐Resident Bangladeshi Men
Authors: Croucher Raymond E. , Islam Syed S. , Pau Allan K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe literature on concurrent tobacco (CCT) use, i.e., regularly using both smoked and chewed tobacco, is sparse.Objectives: This study aims to establish the point prevalence of CCT use in a randomly selected sample of UK‐resident Bangladeshi males, compare CCT users with other tobacco users (smokers alone and chewers alone), and model the factors for CCT use and chewing tobacco use alone.Methods: A cross‐sectional bilingual interview survey collecting data on age, marital status, social class, employment status, home ownership and overcrowding, self‐assessed health and chronic illness episodes, social capital, nicotine dependence, and oral pain was used. Carbon monoxide readings validated smoked tobacco use. Logistic regressions were used for data analysis.Results: The initial response rate was 59 percent. Sample mean age was 40.7 years. CCT prevalence was estimated at 22 percent, practiced by older respondents of limited educational status. CCT users more likely had only average or poor self‐rated health and more likely reported current oral pain compared with tobacco smokers. A wife chewing tobacco distinguished CCT users, as compared with tobacco smokers alone.Conclusions: In this sample of adult Bangladeshi males, CCT use was prevalent. CCT users more likely had a partner who was also a tobacco chewer, as compared with tobacco smokers.
Development of a Word Recognition Instrument to Test Health Literacy in Dentistry: The REALD‐30 – A Brief Communication
Authors: Lee Jessica Y. , Rozier R. Gary , Lee Shoou‐Yih Daniel , Bender Deborah , Ruiz Rafael E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective: This study aims to develop and pilot test a dental word recognition instrument.Methods: The development of our instrument was based on the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM), an efficient word recognition instrument used to assess health literacy in the medical arena. Our instrument, Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Dentistry (REALD‐30), consisted of 30 common dental words with various degrees of difficulty. It was administered to 202 English‐speaking adults recruited from outpatient medical clinics. We examined the instrument’s internal reliability using Cronbach’s alpha and its validity by correlating the REALD‐30 score to two dental outcomes (perceived dental health status and oral health‐related quality of life) and medical health literacy.Results: REALD‐30 scores were significantly correlated with REALM scores. REALD‐30 was significantly related to perceived dental health status in the bivariate analysis. It also was significantly related to oral health‐related quality of life in a multivariate analysis. In contrast, medical health literacy was not related to either of the dental outcome measures.Conclusions: The new REALD‐30 instrument displays good reliability but only partial validity. Results suggest that dental health literacy may be distinct from medical health literacy and may have an independent effect on dental health outcomes.
Seroprevalence of Bactericidal and Anti-Outer Membrane Vesicle Antibodies to
Neisseria meningitidis
Group B in England
Authors: Trotter Caroline , Findlow Jamie , Balmer Paul , Holland Ann , Barchha Rita , Hamer Nick , Andrews Nick , Miller Elizabeth , Borrow Ray 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Outer membrane vesicle (OMV) and recombinant protein-based vaccines targeted against multiple strains of group B meningococci are under development. The serum bactericidal antibody (SBA) assay has been designated the surrogate of protection, but the exact cutoff has not been determined. We measured the SBA titers in 2,415 serum samples and the anti-OMV IgG antibody concentrations in 2,672 serum samples representative of the English population to establish a baseline of natural immunity. SBA and anti-OMV IgG antibody titers are high in infants in the first 3 months of life, declining thereafter, presumably as maternal immunity wanes. About 6% of the subjects in the 1- to 11-year-old age group had SBA titers ≥4. During the teenage years, there was a marked increase in the percentage of subjects with SBA titers ≥4, rising to over 50% in 19-year-olds, with about 20% of older adults achieving this titer. The peak in SBA and anti-OMV IgG titers coincided with the peak in meningococcal carriage. Simple mathematical models confirm that the relationship between observed seroprevalence and carriage by age is consistent with carriage inducing SBA and that following an episode of carriage, SBA levels may remain elevated for many months. With the exception of children aged 3 to 11 months, there was no clear relationship between disease incidence and seroprevalence.
Needle-Free Skin Patch Delivery of a Vaccine for a Potentially Pandemic Influenza Virus Provides Protection against Lethal Challenge in Mice
Authors: Garg Sanjay , Hoelscher Mary , Belser Jessica A. , Wang Chong , Jayashankar Lakshmi , Guo Zhu , Durland Ross H. , Katz Jacqueline M. , Sambhara Suryaprakash 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
In the event of another influenza virus pandemic, strategies for effective mass vaccination will urgently be needed. We used a novel transdermal patch delivery technology, known as the PassPort system, to vaccinate mice with recombinant H5 hemagglutinin with or without immunomodulators. This needle-free form of vaccine delivery induced robust serum antibody responses that were augmented by different immunomodulators that stimulated the innate immune system and protected mice against lethal challenge with a highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus.
Phenotypic Prediction Rule for Community-Associated Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Popovich Kyle , Hota Bala , Rice Thomas , Aroutcheva Alla , Weinstein Robert A. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Recent studies have suggested that community-associated methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
(CA-MRSA) infections are encroaching upon nosocomial settings. We assessed the performance characteristics of a rule using the antimicrobial phenotype to predict genotype. This rule could be applied for epidemiologic purposes to describe the trend in CA-MRSA infections over time.
Diagnosis of a Critical Respiratory Illness Caused by Human Metapneumovirus by Use of a Pan-Virus Microarray
Authors: Chiu Charles Y. , Alizadeh Ash A. , Rouskin Silvi , Merker Jason D. , Yeh Elaine , Yagi Shigeo , Schnurr David , Patterson Bruce K. , Ganem Don , DeRisi Joseph L. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
A pan-virus DNA microarray (Virochip) was used to detect a human metapneumovirus (hMPV) strain associated with a critical respiratory tract infection in an elderly adult with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. This infection had previously eluded diagnosis despite extensive microbiological testing for possible etiologic agents. The patient's hMPV strain did not grow in viral culture, and only one of five specific reverse transcription-PCR assays for hMPV was positive.
emm
Types, Virulence Factors, and Antibiotic Resistance of Invasive
Streptococcus pyogenes
Isolates from Italy: What Has Changed in 11 Years?
Authors: Creti Roberta , Imperi Monica , Baldassarri Lucilla , Pataracchia Marco , Recchia Simona , Alfarone Giovanna , Orefici Graziella 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

To investigate the epidemiology and characteristics of invasive group A streptococcal (GAS) disease over 11 years in Italy, this study compared the
emm
types and the superantigen toxin genes
speA
and
speC
as well as the erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline susceptibilities of 207 invasive GAS strains collected during two national enhanced surveillance periods (1994 to 1996 and 2003 to 2005) and the time between each set of surveillance periods. The present study demonstrated that
emm
1 strains were consistently responsible for about 20% of invasive GAS infections, while variations in the frequencies of the other types were noted, although the causes of most cases of invasive infections were restricted to
emm
1,
emm
3,
emm
4,
emm
6,
emm
12, and
emm
18. During the 1994 to 1996 surveillance period, an
emm
89 epidemic clone spread across the northern part of Italy. A restricted macrolide resistance phenotype-type distribution of the bacteriophage-encoded
speA
toxin as well as of macrolide resistance genes was noted over time. Indeed, the recent acquisition of macrolide resistance in previously susceptible
emm
types was observed.
Comparison of Various Blood Compartments and Reporting Units for the Detection and Quantification of Epstein-Barr Virus in Peripheral Blood
Authors: Hakim H. , Gibson C. , Pan J. , Srivastava K. , Gu Z. , Bankowski M. J. , Hayden R. T. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection is associated with a broad spectrum of disease. While quantification of EBV nucleic acid in the peripheral blood has been demonstrated to be useful for diagnosis and patient care, the optimal sample type and reporting format for such testing remain uncertain. Using quantitative real-time PCR (QRT-PCR), we evaluated EBV in whole blood (WB), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), and plasma in 249 samples from 122 patients. In WB and PBMC, results were reported both in viral copies/ml and in copies/μg of total DNA. Trendings of quantitative values over time among the different sample types were compared. The sensitivities of QRT-PCR using WB and that using PBMC did not differ significantly (
P
= 0.33), and both were more sensitive than plasma alone (
P
< 0.0001). EBV viral load results from WB and PBMC paired sample types also showed a significant correlation (
P
< 0.05), as did results reported in copies/ml and copies/μg DNA for both WB and PBMC (
R
2
> 0.93). EBV viral loads detected using WB and PBMC trended very closely for the few patients who had multiple positive samples available for analysis. WB and PBMC show comparable sensitivities and a close quantitative correlation when assayed for EBV by QRT-PCR. The close correlation between copies/ml and copies/μg DNA also suggests that normalization to cell number or genomic DNA in cellular specimens may not be necessary.
Comparative In Vitro Antimicrobial Activity of Tigecycline, a New Glycylcycline Compound, in Freshly Prepared Medium and Quality Control
Authors: Brown Steven D. , Traczewski Maria M. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT

The in vitro spectra of activity of tigecycline and tetracycline were determined for 2,490 bacterial isolates representing 50 different species or phenotypic groups. All isolates were tested simultaneously by broth microdilution using freshly prepared Mueller-Hinton broth and by disk diffusion. Portions of these data were submitted to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in support of the sponsor's application for new drug approval. In a separate study, MIC and disk diffusion quality control ranges were determined. The tigecycline MICs at which 50%/90% of bacteria were inhibited were (in μg/ml) as follows: for
Streptococcus
spp., 0.06/0.12; for
Moraxella catarrhalis
, 0.06/0.12; for
Staphylococcus
spp., 0.12/0.25; for
Enterococcus
spp., 0.12/0.25; for
Listeria monocytogenes
, 0.12/0.12; for
Neisseria meningitidis
, 0.12/0.25; for
Haemophilus
spp., 0.25/0.5; for
Enterobacteriaceae
, 0.05/2.0; for non-
Enterobacteriaceae
, 0.5/8.0. Tigecycline was consistently more potent than tetracycline against all species studied. The data from this study confirm the FDA-approved MIC and disk diffusion breakpoints for tigecycline for
Streptococcus
spp. other than
Streptococcus pneumoniae
, enterococci, and
Enterobacteriaceae
. Provisional breakpoints for
Haemophilus
spp. and
S. pneumoniae
are proposed based on the data from this study. The following MIC and/or disk diffusion quality control ranges are proposed:
Staphylococcus aureus
ATCC 29213, 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml;
S. aureus
ATCC 25923, 20 to 25 mm;
Escherichia coli
ATCC 25922, 0.03 to 0.25 μg/ml and 20 to 27 mm;
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
ATCC 27853, 9 to 13 mm,
Enterococcus faecalis
ATCC 29212, 0.03 to 0.12 μg/ml;
S. pneumoniae
ATCC 49619, 0.015 to 0.12 μg/ml and 23 to 29 mm;
Haemophilus influenzae
ATCC 49247, 0.06 to 0.5 μg/ml and 23 to 31 mm; and
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
ATCC 49226, 30 to 40 mm.
X-Box-Binding Protein 1 Activates Lytic Epstein-Barr Virus Gene Expression in Combination with Protein Kinase D
Authors: Bhende Prasanna M. , Dickerson Sarah J. , Sun Xiaoping , Feng Wen-Hai , Kenney Shannon C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a latent form of infection in memory B cells, while antibody-secreting plasma cells often harbor the lytic form of infection. The switch between latent and lytic EBV infection is mediated by the two viral immediate-early proteins BZLF1 (Z) and BRLF1 (R), which are not expressed in latently infected B cells. Here we demonstrate that a cellular transcription factor that plays an essential role in plasma cell differentiation, X-box-binding protein 1 (XBP-1), also activates the transcription of the two EBV immediate-early gene promoters. In reporter gene assays, XBP-1 alone was sufficient to activate the R promoter, whereas the combination of XBP-1 and protein kinase D (PKD) was required for efficient activation of the Z promoter. Most importantly, the expression of XBP-1 and activated PKD was sufficient to induce lytic viral gene expression in EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells and lymphoblastoid cells, while an XBP-1 small interfering RNA inhibited constitutive lytic EBV gene expression in lymphoblastoid cells. These results suggest that the plasma cell differentiation factor XBP-1, in combination with activated PKD, can mediate the reactivation of EBV, thereby allowing the viral life cycle to be intimately linked to plasma cell differentiation.
The Translocation Motif of Hepatitis B Virus Envelope Proteins Is Dispensable for Infectivity
Authors: Lepère Charlotte , Régeard Morgane , Le Seyec Jacques , Gripon Philippe 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
The early events of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remain unclear. In 2006, Stoeckl et al. proposed a new entry mechanism involving a translocation motif (TLM) present in the pre-S2 domain of envelope proteins (L. Stoeckl, A. Funk, A. Kopitzki, B. Brandenburg, S. Oess, H. Will, H. Sirma, and E. Hildt, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:6730-6734, 2006). After receptor binding and internalization into the endosomal compartment, this motif would allow the translocation of HBV particles through the endosomal membrane into the cytosol. In this study we have used two different mutated viruses containing a truncated TLM and showed their ability to infect human hepatocytes in primary culture, thus demonstrating the dispensability of the TLM for HBV infectivity.
The Stable 2-Kilobase Latency-Associated Transcript of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Can Alter the Assembly of the 60S Ribosomal Subunit and Is Exported from Nucleus to Cytoplasm by a CRM1-Dependent Pathway
Authors: Atanasiu Doina , Fraser Nigel W. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACT
During latency of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the neurons of the peripheral nervous system, the major transcript detected is the 2-kb latency-associated transcript (LAT) intron. During lytic infection, this intron has been shown to associate with ribosomes, suggesting a role in modifying the translational machinery of infected cells. In this study we show, using LAT-transfected cells, that the interaction of the intron with the 60S ribosomal subunit leads to irreversible changes in the sedimentation profile of this subunit in the nucleus. Furthermore, the 2-kb LAT intron is transported to the cytoplasm as part of the 60S ribosomal subunit, using a CRM1-dependent pathway.
Quantitative Analysis of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Infected CD4+Cell Proteome: Dysregulated Cell Cycle Progression and Nuclear Transport Coincide with Robust Virus Production
Authors: Chan Eric Y. , Qian Wei-Jun , Diamond Deborah L. , Liu Tao , Gritsenko Marina A. , Monroe Matthew E. , Camp David G. , Smith Richard D. , Katze Michael G. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTRelatively little is known at the functional genomic level about the global host response to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. Microarray analyses by several laboratories, including our own, have revealed that HIV-1 infection causes significant changes in host mRNA abundance and regulation of several cellular biological pathways. However, it remains unclear what consequences these changes bring about at the protein level. Here we report the expression levels of ∼3,200 proteins in the CD4+CEMx174 cell line after infection with the LAI strain of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1); the proteins were assessed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry coupled with stable isotope labeling and the accurate mass and time tag approach. Furthermore, we found that 687 (21%) proteins changed in abundance at the peak of virus production at 36 h postinfection. Pathway analysis revealed that the differential expression of proteins was concentrated in select biological pathways, exemplified by ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes in ubiquitination, carrier proteins in nucleocytoplasmic transport, cyclin-dependent kinase in cell cycle progression, and pyruvate dehydrogenase of the citrate cycle pathways. Moreover, we observed changes in the abundance of proteins with known interactions with HIV-1 viral proteins. Our proteomic analysis captured changes in the host protein milieu at the time of robust virus production, depicting changes in cellular processes that may contribute to virus replication. Continuing analyses are expected to focus on blocking virus replication by targeting these pathways and their effector proteins.