bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortical connectivity after subcortical stroke assessed with functional magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Grefkes Christian , Nowak Dennis A. , Eickhoff Simon B. , Dafotakis Manuel , Küst Jutta , Karbe Hans , Fink Gereon R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectiveThis study aimed at identifying the impact of subcortical stroke on the interaction of cortical motor areas within and across hemispheres during the generation of voluntary hand movements.MethodsTwelve subacute stroke patients with a subcortical ischemic lesion and 12 age‐matched control subjects were scanned using 3‐Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging. Subjects performed visually paced hand movements with their left, right, or both hands. Changes of effective connectivity among a bilateral network of core motor regions comprising M1, lateral premotor cortex, and the supplementary motor area (SMA) were assessed using dynamic causal modeling.ResultsThe data showed significant disturbances in the effective connectivity of motor areas in the patients group: Independently from hand movements, the intrinsic neural coupling between ipsilesional SMA and M1, and the interhemispheric coupling of both SMAs was significantly reduced. Furthermore, movements of the stroke‐affected hand showed additional inhibitory influences from contralesional to ipsilesional M1 that correlated with the degree of motor impairment. For bimanual movements, interhemispheric communication between ipsilesional SMA and contralesional M1 was significantly reduced, which also correlated with impaired bimanual performance.InterpretationThe motor deficit of patients with a single subcortical lesion is associated with pathological interhemispheric interactions among key motor areas. The data suggest that a dysfunction between ipsilesional and contralesional M1, and between ipsilesional SMA and contralesional M1 underlies hand motor disability after stroke. Assessing effective connectivity by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging and dynamic causal modeling might be used in the future for the evaluation of interventions promoting recovery of function. Ann Neurol 2007
The HELCOM system of a vision, strategic goals and ecological objectives: implementing an ecosystem approach to the management of human activities in the Baltic Sea
Authors: Backer Hermanni , Leppänen Juha‐Markku 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Since signing the Helsinki Convention in 1974, the countries with coasts around the Baltic Sea have striven jointly within the Helsinki Commission (HELCOM) towards the ecological restoration of the Baltic Sea. The European Community signed the revised Convention in 1992.
Work under HELCOM includes implementing joint recommendations to curb pollution originating from land and marine sources, ensuring safer maritime traffic, and protecting biodiversity, for example, by setting up a network of Baltic Sea protected areas.
A new concept — the ecosystem approach to the management of human activities — was adopted by the Contracting Parties of HELCOM in 2003 to serve as the new framework for further efforts towards attaining good ecological status of the Baltic Sea.
Stepwise progress towards the development of quantitative definitions of good ecological status has been made since 2003 to implement the new approach: a common vision reflecting the ecosystem approach was adopted in 2004 and a number of more targeted goals and objectives were agreed in 2006.
The Contracting Parties to the Helsinki Convention will use the objectives adopted covering eutrophication, impacts of hazardous substances, and the overall status of biodiversity, including the impact of fisheries and shipping, to draft a new set of joint management actions.
In the future, an agreement under development among the Contracting Parties on indicators with quantitative targets will enable a quantitative assessment of ‘good ecological status’ and progress towards the goals of HELCOM, the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), as well European legislation concerning marine environmental protection.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The need for clear and comparable terminology in benthic ecology. Part II. Application of the European Directives
Authors: Dauvin Jean‐Claude , Bellan Gerard , Bellan‐Santini Denise 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Problems with the classification system for marine ‘habitats’ are highlighted, which, ideally, should combine both comprehensibility and scientific rigour, being neither too simplistic nor so complicated that the system is accessible to only a few experts.
The European Union's Habitats Directive has created multiple difficulties owing to the varied interpretations of the different European Community members trying to apply it. The problem is even more complex in the marine domain, where the difficulty of application has been greatly underestimated.
Several areas for future applied research in the field of benthic ecology are proposed.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Subtidal macrozoobenthic assemblages along the River Minho estuarine gradient (north‐west Iberian Peninsula)
Authors: Sousa Ronaldo , Dias Sérgia , Freitas Vânia , Antunes Carlos 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The community composition and spatial distribution of the macrobenthic fauna in relation to abiotic factors was investigated at 20 sites along the River Minho estuarine gradient, in the north‐west Iberian Peninsula.
A total of 68 taxa were identified and the non‐indigenous invasive species Corbicula fluminea dominated both numerically (43.1%) and by biomass (97.7%).
Multivariate analysis identified spatial differences in structure and composition of assemblages and suggests a continuum between five distinct assemblages along the length of the estuary. This situation fits the two‐ecocline model in which an ecocline from the sea to mid‐estuary overlaps with an ecocline from freshwater to mid‐estuary.
Each assemblage was found in a particular physico‐chemical environment and had a specific composition. The distribution and diversity patterns were linked to salinity. However, inside each assemblage the sediment characteristics (granulometry and organic matter content) played an important role.
The highest abundances, biomasses and total species numbers were recorded from upstream freshwater tidal areas, indicating the importance of these habitats within estuarine ecosystems.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantifying the extent of river fragmentation by hydropower dams in the Sarapiquí River Basin, Costa Rica
Authors: Anderson Elizabeth P. , Pringle Catherine M. , Freeman Mary C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Costa Rica has recently experienced a rapid proliferation of dams for hydropower on rivers draining its northern Caribbean slope. In the Sarapiquí River Basin, eight hydropower plants were built between 1990 and 1999 and more projects are either under construction or proposed. The majority of these dams are small (<15 m tall) and operate as water diversion projects.
While the potential environmental effects of individual projects are evaluated prior to dam construction, there is a need for consideration of the basin‐scale ecological consequences of hydropower development. This study was a first attempt to quantify the extent of river fragmentation by dams in the Sarapiquí River Basin.
Using simple spatial analyses, the length of river upstream from dams and the length of de‐watered reaches downstream from dams was measured. Results indicated that there are currently 306.8 km of river (9.4% of the network) upstream from eight existing dams in the Sarapiquí River Basin and 30.6 km of rivers (0.9% of the network) with significantly reduced flow downstream from dams. Rivers upstream from dams primarily drain two life zones: Premontane Rain Forest (107.9 km) and Lower Montane Rain Forest (168.2 km).
Simple spatial analyses can be used as a predictive or planning tool for considering the effects of future dams in a basin‐scale context. In the Sarapiquí River Basin, we recommend that future dam projects be constructed on already dammed rivers to minimize additional river fragmentation and to protect remaining riverine connectivity.
Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of buried inundated peat on seismic (Chirp) data, inferred from core information
Authors: Plets Ruth , Dix Justin , Bastos Alex , Best Angus 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPeat horizons provide a wide range of critical environmental and direct archaeological information for both archaeologists and Quaternary geologists. At present, such data are typically obtained from terrestrial exposures or cores, and occasional offshore cores. These data can provide invaluable and detailed site‐specific environmental information but require a relatively high spatial sampling strategy to provide more regional‐scale information. Through a comparison of laboratory, in situ acoustic and sedimentary analyses, this paper presents evidence to suggest that peat buried in fine to medium grained, marine, siliciclastic sediments has an easily identifiable acoustic signature. The very low densities recorded by buried peats result in a distinct negative peak in the reflectivity series. Comparison of synthetic seismograms with in situ seismic data confirms that this negative peak can be easily identified from seismic profiles. Reanalysis of a decade of Chirp (sub‐bottom) data, acquired from the Solent Estuary, indicates that possible extensive peat deposits, dating from the Late‐glacial to early Holocene, can be traced at depth in this estuary using geophysical methods. The results of this study could be significant for future research into submerged landscape reconstructions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Library and information science research areas: Analysis of journal articles in lisa
Authors: González‐Alcaide Gregorio , Castelló‐Cogollos Lourdes , Navarro‐Molina Carolina , Aleixandre‐Benavent Rafael , Valderrama‐Zurián Juan Carlos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe main fields of research in Library Science and Documentation are identified by quantifying the frequency of appearance and the analysis of co‐occurrence of the descriptors assigned to 11,273 indexed works in the Library and Information Science Abstracts (LISA) database for the 2004–2005 period. The analysis made has enabled three major core research areas to be identified: World Wide Web, Libraries and Education. There are a further 12 areas of research with specific development, one connected with the library sphere and another 11 connected with the World Wide Web and Internet: Networks, Computer Security, Information technologies, Electronic Resources, Electronic Publications, Bibliometrics, Electronic Commerce, Computer applications, Medicine, Searches and Online Information retrieval.
Designing sorghum as a dedicated bioenergy feedstock
Authors: Rooney William L. , Blumenthal Jürg , Bean Brent , Mullet John E. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe increasing cost of energy and finite oil and gas reserves has created a need to develop alternative fuels from renewable sources. Currently, the development of a renewable transportation fuel is ethanol based. Ethanol production is now sugar/starch based, but use of these carbohydrates is limited; they are also required as a food and feed source. The need to generate a large and sustainable supply of biomass to make biofuels generation from lignocellulose profitable will require the development of crops grown specifically for bioenergy production. There will be several different species used as dedicated bioenergy crops, and for several reasons; it is expected that sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) will be one of these species. Sorghum is a highly productive, drought‐tolerant species with a history of improvement and production of lignocellulose, sugar and starch. Given this history and the existing genetic improvement infrastructure available for the species, it is logical to expect that sorghum hybrids for dedicated bioenergy production can be developed in the near‐term future and will be grown and used for bioenergy production. © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Elderly homicide in Chicago: a research note
Authors: Fazel Seena , Bond Mieko , Gulati Gautam , O'Donnell Ian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThere is a body of knowledge about elderly crime victims, but we know little about the characteristics of elderly perpetrators, especially of homicide. The few studies that have been published are based on small samples and are somewhat dated. In an examination of homicides committed in Chicago over a 31‐year period, we compared cases involving perpetrators aged over 60 years (n = 443) with those involving younger perpetrators (n = 24,066). There were a number of significant differences. Elderly killers were more likely to be White and to commit suicide afterwards. Their victims were more likely to be spouses, females, and aged over 60 years. Inter‐racial homicide was more common for younger offenders. The low number of homicides involving the elderly is explained by reference to routine activity theory. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Elders in the justice system: how the system treats elders in trials, during imprisonment, and on death row
Authors: Gaydon L. Beth , Miller Monica K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAs the average lifespan increases, it becomes increasingly likely that elders will be involved in the justice system. Elders may be witnesses, victims, plaintiffs, or defendants in a trial. They are also prisoners and, in some cases, death row inmates. Because there are special needs and costs associated with elders, it is important to consider how they are treated in each of these areas of the justice system. For instance, jurors may have age biases; some prisons are unable to address elders' health problems; and critics have questioned the constitutionality of executing frail elders. In order to determine whether the court system is treating elders fairly, this analysis reviews current policies, research, and anecdotal evidence from recent high‐profile cases. Recommendations for future research and policy changes are offered to ensure that elders are treated fairly in the justice system. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship between guardian certification requirements and guardian sanctioning: a research issue in elder law and policy
Authors: Schmidt Winsor C. , Akinci Fevzi , Wagner Sarah A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis study investigated the relationship between guardian certification requirements and guardian sanctioning in the state of Washington. A total of 377 files were examined. Findings show that 52.4% of guardians with an undergraduate degree or higher education are likely to be sanctioned compared with 42.2% with an Associate of Arts (AA) or Technical (Tech) degree, and 36.9% with a high school diploma (HS) or equivalency (GED). Guardians with an undergraduate or higher education are 1.88 times more likely to be sanctioned compared with GED or HS graduates (p < 0.05). However, 83.3% of GED or HS graduates are likely to have more severe sanctions compared with 76.4% undergraduate or higher education, and 47.7% with an AA or Tech degree, respectively. Guardians with an AA or Tech degree are 0.28 times less likely to have more severe sanctions than guardians with an undergraduate degree or higher education (p < 0.01). The results are discussed with respect to guardian registration, licensing, certification and quality; licensing and regulation of other professions; the limitations of the study; and the need for further research. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive validity of the Dutch PCL:YV for institutional disruptive behavior: findings from two samples of male adolescents in a juvenile justice treatment institution
Authors: Das Jacqueline , de Ruiter Corine , Lodewijks Henny , Doreleijers Theo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe present prospective study examined the predictive validity of the Dutch version of the Psychopathy Check List: Youth Version for disruptive behavior in male adolescents during treatment. The study comprised two samples admitted to different secure treatment institutions in The Netherlands, Jongerenhuis Harreveld (n = 81) and Rentray (n = 66). Overall, the results demonstrate that psychopathy is a significant predictor of institutional disruptive behavior, and physical violence in particular. Furthermore, Hare's traditional Factor 2 was more strongly related to disruptive incidents than Factor 1. By using the recently proposed three‐ and four‐factor models of psychopathy, insight into the pattern of associations between psychopathy dimensions and different types of disruptive behavior was obtained. The antisocial dimension of psychopathy appeared to be more strongly related to severe incidents than the lifestyle dimension. Regression analyses identified significant contributions of the antisocial and lifestyle dimensions to the prediction of incidents. The relatively small degree of variance explained underlines the importance of other risk factors to identify adolescents at risk of disruptive behavior during institutional treatment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Levels of psychopathy and its correlates: a study of incarcerated youths in three states
Authors: Dembo Richard , Jainchill Nancy , Turner Charles , Fong Chunki , Farkas Sarah , Childs Kristina 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWe report the results of a study on psychopathy and its correlates among 203 youths incarcerated in residential commitment programs in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Delaware. Latent class analysis of the psychopathy data identified three classes of youths: low psychopathy, moderate psychopathy, and high psychopathy. Significant differences were found among the three groups in regard to their criminal thinking, delinquency, experience of stressful events, family relationships, and drug use. Conduct disordered, psychopathic youths were the most troubled among the youths studied. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A comparative study of laws, rules, codes and other influences on nursing homes' disaster preparedness in the Gulf Coast states
Authors: Brown Lisa M. , Hyer Kathryn , Polivka‐West LuMarie 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn 2005, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita devastated several Gulf Coast states and caused many deaths. The hurricane‐ related deaths of 70 nursing home residents—34 believed drowned in St. Rita's Nursing Home in Louisiana and 36 from 12 other nursing homes—highlighted problems associated with poorly developed and executed disaster plans, uninformed evacuation decision‐making, and generally inadequate response by providers and first responders (DHHS, 2006; Hyer, Brown, Berman, & Polivka‐West, 2006). Such loss of human life perhaps could have been prevented and certainly lessened if, prior to the hurricanes, policies, regulations, and laws had been enacted, executable disaster guidelines been available, vendor contracts been honored, and sufficient planning taken place. This article discusses applicable federal and state laws and regulations that govern disaster preparedness with a particular focus on nursing homes. It highlights gaps in these laws and makes suggestions regarding future disaster planning. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Innocent Behaviour of Imido Ligands in the Reactions of Silanes with Half‐Sandwich Imido Complexes of Nb and V: A Silane/Imido Coupling Route to Compounds with Nonclassical SiH Interactions
Authors: Ignatov Stanislav K. , Rees Nicholas H. , Merkoulov Alexei A. , Dubberley Stuart R. , Razuvaev Alexei G. , Mountford Philip , Nikonov Georgii I. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractReactions of imido complexes [M(Cp)(NR′)(PR′′3)2] (M=V, Nb) with silanes afford a plethora of products, depending on the nature of the metal, substitution at silicon and nitrogen and the steric properties of the phosphine. The main products are [M(Cp)(NR′)(PR3)(H)(SiRnCl3−n)] (M=V, Nb; R′=2,6‐diisopropylphenyl (Ar), 2,6‐dimethylphenyl (Ar′)), [Nb(Cp)(NR′)(PR′′3)(H)(SiPhR2)] (R2=MeH, H2), [Nb(Cp)(NR′)(PR′′3)(Cl)(SiHRnCl2−n)] and [Nb(Cp)(η3‐N(R)SiR2H⋅⋅⋅)(PR′′3)(Cl)]. Complexes with the smaller Ar′ substituent at nitrogen react faster, as do more acidic silanes. Bulkier groups at silicon and phosphorus slow down the reaction substantially. Kinetic NMR experiments supported by DFT calculations reveal an associative mechanism going via an intermediate N‐silane adduct [Nb(Cp){N(→SiHClR2)R′}(PR′′3)2] bearing a penta‐coordinate silicon centre, which then rearranges into the final products through a SiH or SiCl bond activation process. DFT calculations show that this imido‐silane adduct is additionally stabilized by a SiH⋅⋅⋅M agostic interaction. SiH activation is kinetically preferred even when SiCl activation affords thermodynamically more stable products. The niobium complexes [NbCp(NAr)(PMe3)(H)(SiR2Cl)] (R=Ph, Cl) are classical according to X‐ray studies, but DFT calculations suggest the presence of interligand hypervalent interactions (IHI) in the model complex [Nb(Cp) (NMe)(PMe3)(H)(SiMe2Cl)]. The extent of SiH activation in the β‐SiH⋅⋅⋅M agostic complexes [Cp{η3‐N(R′)SiR2H⋅⋅⋅}M(PR′′3)(Cl)] (R′′=PMe3, PMe2Ph) primarily depends on the identity of the ligand trans to the SiH bond. A trans phosphine leads to a stronger SiH bond, manifested by a larger J(SiH) coupling constant. The SiH activation diminishes slightly when a less basic phosphine is employed, consistent with decreased back‐donation from the metal.
Expression of receptor tyrosine kinases and apoptotic molecules in rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Armistead Paul M. , Salganick Jason , Roh Jae S. , Steinert Dejka M. , Patel Shreyaskumar , Munsell Mark , El‐Naggar Adel K. , Benjamin Robert S. , Zhang Wei , Trent Jonathan C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Rhabdomyosarcoma (RMS) is a rare mesenchymal tumor with few treatment options after the failure of first‐line therapy. Understanding the expression of kinases and apoptotic molecules in RMS tumors may lead to elucidation of mechanisms of resistance to chemotherapy and development of new therapies.METHODS.Paraffin‐embedded tissue samples were collected from 105 RMS patients treated at the M. D. Anderson Cancer Center and examined for the immunohistochemical expression of kinases and apoptotic molecules deemed potential therapeutic targets. Clinicopathologic information was collected on all patients and analyzed for correlation with overall survival (OS).RESULTS.Of the 105 patients, 44 (42%) were female and 89 (85%) were older than 10 years of age. The 5‐year OS for this cohort was 24.7%, with inferior median OS in patients with genitourinary primary tumors and those with invasion through the deep fascial plane. Immunohistochemistry revealed Kit and c‐erb‐b2 to be present on < 10% of tumors but EGFR, PDGFR‐α, PDGFR‐β, Bcl‐2, and Bax were present in > 40% of tumors. Patients whose tumors expressed PDGFR‐α were found to have a shorter median OS by multivariate analysis (26 vs 266 months,P= .076). Conversely, patients whose tumors expressed Bax were found to have a longer OS (31 vs 19 months,P= .047).CONCLUSIONS.EGFR, PDGFR‐α, PDGFR‐β, Bcl‐2, and Bax are frequently expressed in human RMS tissue and may represent new therapeutic targets. Absence of PDGFR‐α and the presence of Bax are associated with a longer median OS in patients with RMS. Targeting these molecules may be a successful therapeutic strategy. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.