bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Canonical correlation between groups of acarine, fungal and environmental variables in bulk grain ecosystems
Authors: Sinha R. N. , Wallace H. A. H. , Chebib F. S. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryInterrelations among acarine, fungal, and environmental components of bulk grain ecosystems were determined by canonical correlation analyses. Twenty‐seven variables were measured monthly in samples collected from 2 identical grain bulks in a granary in Winnipeg during the years 1959–67. The relationships between 9 kinds of arthropods and 6 environ mental variables, and between the same arthropods and 12 kinds of actinomycetes and fungi were examined. The maximum canonical correlation between arthropods and environmental factors was 0.35, and between arthropods and microorganisms was 0.28; both are highly significant (p<0.001). In the first analysis correlations of the variables with the canonical variates revealed that correlations of the variables with the canonical variates revealed that sampling location, depth, and temperature are the primary environmental antecedents involved, and the criterion is primarily composed of mites Tarsonemus spp.,Tydeus interruptus and the psocid, Lepinotus reticulatus. In the second analysis the fungi Nigrospora sphaerica, Aspergillus spp., and Cochliobolus sativus are involved with the mites Cheyletus eruditus and Acarus siro. Generally, the results of these analyses complement the findings of factor and regression analyses of the same data reported earlier.
Factors affecting oviposition rate in the flour beetle Tribolium castaneum and the origin of the population regulation mechanism
Authors: Sonleitner Frank J. , Gutherie Janis 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe effects of egg cannibalism, conditioned medium and the presence of quinone secretions on oviposition rate were studied using single pairs of adults to eliminate any direct crowding effects. Most measurements were made on beetles confined to the surface of the flour medium in plastic towers. Oviposition rate was decreased by about 58% when pairs were transferred from fresh to conditioned medium; lowered about 25% when only quinones were present and the medium was still fresh; and enhanced 35% in dry conditions when beetles were provided with eggs to eat. Both the lowered oviposition rate in confined cultures and egg‐eating may be explained by natural selection at the individual level. Cannibalizing eggs boosts a female's oviposition rate. The presence of quinones or conditioned medium indicates high population densities and acts as a signal for ceasing oviposition and dispersing to avoid high egg mortality. In confined populations, this results in population regulation, while in open populations, this strategy is a mechanism to avoid competition. It implies that the resource shortages normally experienced by such organisms are relative, not absolute.
Some strange properties of the logistic equation defined with r and K: Inherent defects or artifacts?
Authors: Kuno Eizi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryIn some situations the logistic equation in the usual expression, dN/dt=r(1−N/K)N, exhibits properties that are biologically unrealistic. For example, when r≦0 the population can no longer show any normal, negative response in per‐capita growth rate to increasing density. Also, when the equation is employed in the Volterra's competition model, a familiar but incredible conclusion is derived which says that the outcome of competition is entirely independent of the reproductive potential r of each species. It is shown that all such strange properties are mere artifacts arising peculiarly in this r‐K model from its misleading implicit supposition that K could be independent of r, and they can be readily removed by alternative use of a plainer, classical form of the model, dN/dt=(r−hN)N.
Fertility schedules of unaspis yanonensis (Hemiptera: Diaspididae) in relation to daily temperature
Authors: Adachi Ishizue , Korenaga Ryoji 
Published: October 2006

SummaryFertility schedules of Unaspis yanonensis on citrus leaves were investigated from 1962 to 1971 for the first generation and from 1964 to 1971 for the second generation, at the Okitsu Branch of the Fruit Tree Research Station in Shizuoka Prefecture. The fertility curves were commonly characterized by a first major peak and a few subsequent minor peaks, although their shapes differed from year to year. Models estimating these fertility curves of each generation were constructed in relation to the fluctuations in average daily temperature, on the assumption that the curve was composed of two peaks, i.e., bimodal. Estimated curves were well fitted to observed ones.
Density yield relationships and economic injury level model for the Colorado potato beetle larvae on potatoes
Authors: Mailloux G. , Binns M. R. , Bostanian N. J. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA three year study revealed that the relationship between the density of Colorado potato beetle larvae per stalk and a decrease in the yield of potatoes can be described by a model comprised of two straight lines. Potato cv. Superior was found to have a damage boundary of 12 larvae per stalk, which is the maximum level of injury or pest density below which no noticeable yield loss occurs. The economic injury level was estimated as a function of larval density in relation to yield, cost of protection, efficacy of treatment, value of the crop and expected harvest in the absence of any loss.
A model of the plant‐to‐plant movement of aphids II. Estimation of parameters and the application
Authors: Shiyomi Masae 
Published: October 2006

Summary
It was shown in the previous report that the statistical model of the plant‐to‐plant movement of aphids could be fitted well to the actual population of barley aphids (Shiyomi, 1967). To examine validity of the model, results of the further experiments were analysed and the methods of estimation of parameters were given in this paper.
Comparing the estimates of the parameters obtained by the moment method with those obtained by the maximum likelihood method, the estimates from the latter method were somewhat precise.
The theoretical frequency distributions calculated from the model were fitted very well to the observed ones.
The model was reexamined with reference to the results obtained byItô (1954, 1960). When the distance between plants was less than 4.5 cm, the farther was the distance between plants, the smaller was the rate of the plant‐to‐plant movement of aphids. When the distance was greater than 4.5 cm, however, the rate of the plant‐to‐plant movement was independent of the distance. This result is similar to that ofItô.
Competitive exclusion through reproductive interference
Authors: Kuno Eizi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryA simple differential equation model was developed to describe the competitive interaction that may occur between species through reproductive interference. The model has the form comparable to Volterra's competition equations, and the graphical analysis of the outcome of the two‐species interaction based on its zero‐growth isoclines proved that: (1) The possible outcome in this model, as in usual models of resource competition, is either stable coexistence of both species or gradual exclusion of one species by the other, depending critically upon the values of the activity overlapping coefficient cij; (2) but, for the same cij‐values, competitive exclusion is much more ready to occur here than in resource competition; (3) and moreover, the final result of the competition is always dependent on the initial‐condition due to its non‐linear isoclines, i.e., even under the parameter condition that generally allows both species to coexist, an extreme bias in intial density to one species can readily cause subsequent complete exclusion of its counterparts. Thus, it may follow that the reproductive interference is likely to be working in nature as an efficient mechanism to bring about habitat partitioning in either time or space between some closely related species in insect communities, even though they inhabit heterogeneous habitats where resource competition rarely occurs so that they could otherwise attain steady coexistence.
Why does only Athalia Japonica enter summer diapause among three sympatric Athalia sawflies feeding on crucifers?
Authors: Nagasaka Koukichi 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThis report assesses the primary factor for the evolution of summer diapause of the three species of sawfly, Athalia japonica, A. rosae and A. infumata that feed on cruciferous plants and coexist in the same area. A. japonica has two discrete spring and autumn generations, but A. rosae and A. infumata 5–6 generations. Only A. japonica enters summer diapause in response to the long daylengths in spring. Although these three sawflies usually feed on the same cultivated crucifers, they differ markedly in the utilization of wild crucifers. They oviposit only on young leaves. A. japonica mainly uses Cardamine plants which sprout in spring and autumn. A. rosae and A. infumata primarily use hosts with new leaves all the year round, i.e. cultivated crucifers and Rorippa indica, respectively. The thermal threshold for development is lower in A. japonica than in the other two species. The low heat tolerance of A. japonica is adapted only to cool shady habitats where Cardamine grows. Presumably, summer diapause of A. japonica is adaptation to the deterioration of the primary host plants rather than unfavorable climatic conditions. This interpretation is supported by the movement patterns of the three Athalia sawflies, alternative means to escape from deteriorated habitat conditions.
Binomial sampling plans for estimating Bemisia tabaci populations in cantaloupes
Authors: Tonhasca Athayde , Palumbo John C. , Byrne David N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractEarly season infestations of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), on cantaloupes, Cucumis melo L., were determined by counts of the number of adults per leaf in fields near Yuma, Arizona. We used these data to develop binomial sampling plans based on the relationship between mean densities of whiteflies per leaf, m, and proportion of leaves infested with more than I whiteflies, PI, according to the empirical model ln m=a′+b′ ln[−ln(1−PI)]. The models were developed for the presence‐absence approach (I=0) and for a cutoff value of three whiteflies per leaf (I=3). Four independent data sets were used to evaluate the models. Both methods yielded reliable predictions at low infestation levels, but some of the higher m values were overestimated. As the tentative economic threshold for B. tabaci is three adults per leaf, which corresponds to low PI values, results of the binomial sampling were satisfactory for pest management purposes.
Reproductive behavior of the Japanese treefrog, Rhacophorus arboreus (Anura: Rhacophoridae)
Authors: Kasuya Eiiti , Hirota Mariko , Shigehara Hideko 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReproductive behavior of the foam‐nesting treefrog, Rhacophorus arboreus, is described. Oviposition was made either by an amplectant pair (a female, and an amplectant male) alone or by an amplectant pair and other males (joiners). The snout‐vent length of males and females was negatively correlated with the date of the first appearance in the pond. The period of staying in the pond in males was longer than that in females. Physical body contacts of other males, and encounter calls by ampletant males were frequently observed before oviposition with joiners. Snout‐vent length of the female and an amplectant male were positively correlated. Encounter calls by amplectant males were likely to precede movement of females. There was no difference of snout‐vent length between amplectant males and joiners. Females moved the hindlimbs more frequently than males during oviposition. Amplectant males made encounter cells more frequently in oviposition with joiners, than oviposition without joiners. The patterns of transitions between acts of females and amplectant males were similar between oviposition with and without joiners. Females more frequently responded to amplectant males than joiners. Both the duration of a bout of the movements of hindlimbs of females and the interval between the bouts were longer in oviposition without joiners than that with joiners. The number of the movements per bout in oviposition without joiners was smaller than that with joiners. Encounter calls by amplectant males during oviposition tended to precede the hindlimb movements of females.
Population dynamics of the whitebacked planthopper, Sogatella furcifera (Hemiptera: Delphacidae) with special reference to the relationship between its population growth and the growth stage of rice plants
Authors: Matsumura Masaya 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA population census was conducted to describe the effects of the growth stage of rice on the population dynamics of S. furcifera, in particular, on immigration, seasonal abundance, population growth rate, and wing‐form expression. The number of immigrants was highest on rice plants 17 to 30 days after transplanting (DAT), which suggested that immigrants prefer to settle or remain more on rice plants at the tillering stage (approximately 20–30 DAT). Population growth rate from immigration to the 1st generation decreased with an increase in rice plant age. In contrast, population growth rate from the 1st to 2nd generation was not influenced by rice plant age and was negatively density‐dependent. The percentage of macropters (flyers) was positively related to the growth stage of rice when rice was in the vegetative or early part of the reproductive stage, and reached 100% at about 10 days before heading (booting stage). Threafter, most adult females molted into macropters regardless of population density. The roles of host plant age and crowding effect on the population dynamics of S. furcifera are discussed.
Competitive habitat utilization in the damselfly, Mnais nawai (Zygoptera: Calopterygidae) coexisting with a related species, Mnais pruinosa
Authors: Nomakuchi Shintaro , Higashi Kazunori 
Published: October 2006

AbstractReproductive behaviors related to habitat utilization were studied in males of the damsefly, Mnais nawai, which has two male forms, territorial orange‐winged males (nawai) and non‐territorial pale‐orange‐winged males (sahoi), at the upper part of a mountain stream where they partiallycoexist with a related species, Mnais pruinosa, which also has two male forms, territorial orange‐winged males (esakii) and non‐territorial hyaline‐winged males (strigata). These two species showed parapatric distribution; the lower part of the stream was occupied by M. nawai, and the upper part by M. pruinosa. In the present study, cross‐matings occurred between both Mnais species, although normal intraspecific matings occurred more frequently than cross‐matings. Territorial males of both species copulated with conspecific females that entered their territory and guarded the ovipositing females, probably to avoid sperm displacement resulting from subsequent copulations. Severe competition for oviposition sites by territorial males even occurred between the two species. On the other hand, non‐territorial males of both species have alternative mating strategies (including several tactics such as sneaking, takeover and interception). The possible benefits from conflict among territorial males of both species is discussed.
Nutritional contribution to females of14C‐labeled male secretions transferred during mating in Menida scotti (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Koshiyama Yozo , Tsumuki Hisaaki , Fujisaki Kenji , Nakasuji Fusao 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMenida scotti (Puton) males have been shown to transfer secretions from their bulbus ejaculatorius and reservoir of ectodermal accessory gland to females by mating during hibernation. In the present study, the major components of the secretions were found to be proteins and lipids. To specify the female organ incorporating the male secretions, a radiotracer experiment in which the male secretions were labeled by [14C]valine was conducted in nine tissues of females collected in the fall and spring of the hibernation period. Relatively high radioactivities were detected in the haemolymph and the residual carcass (head, legs, air‐sacs, exoskeleton, etc.) in the fall females, and in CO2 gas evolved and carcasses in the spring females. The radioactivities in the fat body were significantly higher in the fall mating females than in the spring mating females, and vice versa in the ovary. The radioactivities in six fractions (lipids, proteins, glycogen, sugars, free amino acids and the residues) were also assayed in the five organs of females that had a relatively high radioactivity. The highest radioactivity was detected in the protein fraction of the haemolymph in fall and spring females. There were significant differences in the radioactivities incorporated into the lipid fractions of the carcass between fall and spring females.
Mating and diapause in hibernating adults of Menida scotti puton (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae)
Authors: Koshiyama Yozo , Fujisaki Kenji , Nakasuji Fusao 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn Menida scotti aduts which mate during hibernation, we examined the effect of photoperiod on diapause induction in terms of the developmental degree of reproductive organs and corpora allata. In a hibernating population, mating season and physiological changes related to dipause were investigated. When newly emerged adults were reared under long‐ or short‐day conditions, reservoir of the ectodermal accessory gland and corpora allata in males developed, while the developments of ovary and corpora allata in females were suppressed under both conditions. This suggests that diapause of this species is induced only in females independently photoperiodic conditions during adult stage. In a hibernating population, mating was observed from early to late November and from late March to early May. Observations of the development of reproductive organs and corpora allata suggest that diapause is induced only in females in the former period, while both sexes are not in diapause in the latter period.
Parental care and EGG size in salamanders: An examination of the safe harbor hypothesis
Authors: Nussbaum Ronald A. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryThe safe harbor hypothesis includes the suggestion that parental care causes the embryonic stage to be the safest harbor, and, therefore, egg size will increase in populations with parental care to decrease the duration of subsequent, higher risk stages. Neither the safe habor hypothesis nor r and K theory seem adequate to explain the correlation between egg size and the presence/absence of parental care among salamanders, a group in which there is a further correlation between the larval (hatchling) habitat and egg size/parental care. Pond‐breeding salamanders generally have small eggs and lack parental care, and stream‐breeding salamanders generally have large eggs and parental care. I argue that the fundamental difference in the food available to hatchling salamanders between lentic (plankton‐rich) and lotic (plankton‐poor) environments selects for relatively lower parental investment in the lentic environment. From the standpoint of parental fitness, small (more numerous) hatchlings have a greater payoff where the available food is mall and dense (zooplankton in lentic environments), and large hatchlings are selectively advantageous where the food is of large size and less dense (benthic invertebrates in lotic environments). Selection for larger hatchlings in lotic environments results in longer embryonic periods and, ceteris paribus, greater total embryonic mortality. Embryo hiding and guarding have evolved among lotic‐breeding salamanders as compensatory mechanisms to reduce the rate of embryonic mortality. In this view, parental care is a consequence of selection for larger egg size and not an umbrella that allows egg size to increase, contrary to the safe harbor hypothesis.The relationship between variance in parental investment and food available to offspring, developed here for salamanders, may be of general significance. YosiakiItô, a critic of r and K theory, independently arrived at a similar conclusion from a broader data base.
Extraordinary effects of fertilization status on the reproduction of an arrhenotokous and sub‐social spider mite (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Saitō Yutaka 
Published: October 2006

SummaryExperimental observations on the arrenotokous reproductive patterns of two spider mite species (Acari: Tetranychidae), the long‐seta form of Schizotetranychus celarius (Banks) and Tetranychus urticaeKoch, revealed that reproduction of unfertilized females of the former is very differnt from that of the latter. Unfertilized females of S. celarius, which has a subsocial life, laid a few eggs and then became inactive. In contrast, the fecundity of unfertilized T. urticae females was only slightly reduced as compared with fertilized females. Mother‐son matings may thus sometimes occur in natural S. celarius populations.A two‐year field survey revealed that, in the absence of males, overwintering females of S. celarius occasionally remain unfertilized until early spring. Furthermore, nest foundation observed in late spring indicated that most of the season's first nests were founded by single females. These two sets of observations strongly suggest that motherson mating takes places in nature, corresponding to the reproductive trait seen in the experiment.Mother‐son mating inevitably increases the relatedness between nest members. The estimated father's relatedness to its offspring is extraordinarily high under such condition. The possibility that kin‐selection in the long seta‐form of S. celarius led to subsociality, especially paternal care, is suggested.
Mating patterns of a sphragis‐bearing butterfly, Luehdorfia japonica leech (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae), with descriptions of mating behavior
Authors: Matsumoto Kazuma 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMating frequency of both sexes in a natural population of the papilionid butterfly Luehdorfia japonica was studied with special attention to the role of sphragis in preventing multiple matings by females. Males patrolled continuously within a patchy habitat throughout the warm daylight period in search for females. Mating took place without specialized courtship behavior. Males also attempted to copulate forcibly with previously mated females, but the presence of sphragis and/or the escape reaction of females prevented copulation. There was no specialized mate rejection behavior. Females mated early in their adult life, mainly on the day of emergence, and the frequency of mated females reached 100% within the first two or three weeks of their flight period. Spermatophore counts based on dissections of wild females possessing a sphragis indicated that they had never remated. Males were sexually active throughout their adult life. Male mating frequency was estimated from an index of scale‐loss from the claspers and frequencies of males which had not mated, and those which had mated once, twice or three or more times were respectively estimated to be 33.7%, 40.3%, 18.2% and 7.8%.
Dispersion distance of queens from natal sites in the two haplometrotic paper wasps Polistes riparius and P. snelleni (Hymenoptera: Vespidae)
Authors: Makino Shun'ichi , Yamane Seiki , Sunose Tsukasa , Aoki Shigeyuki 
Published: October 2006

SummaryDispersion capabilities of new queens were studied in the two haplometrotic paper wasps Polistes riparius and P. snelleni. New queens were marked on the nests in the late summer and located in the next spring. Dispersion distances greatly varied among queens: although a large part of recovered queens nested in close proximity to their natal sites, some did disperse over 100–300 m. This suggests that queens' emigration from and immigration into the censused areas occurred to a substantial extent. On the whole, these species exhibited a weaker “philopatric” tendency than those so far studied for dispersion distance, and seem to have the potential for a long‐distance dispersion.