bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnostic yield of chromosome analysis in patients with developmental delay or mental retardation who are otherwise nondysmorphic
Authors: Macayran Joanne F. , Cederbaum Stephen D. , Fox Michelle A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere is a standard recommendation that chromosomes be obtained in any patient who presents with developmental delay (DD) or mental retardation (MR) regardless of whether or not they have dysmorphic features. Increasingly, if patients are physically well‐formed, the option to perform a karyotype is questioned because of the presumed low yield of a chromosomal abnormality. We hypothesize that patients with DD/MR who are non‐dysmorphic do not have abnormal chromosomes at a rate high enough to warrant obtaining a karyotype on all patients in this population. A retrospective analysis of patients with DD/MR who were non‐dysmorphic was performed. The total number of subjects was 134. Of these, 120 patients were recommended to have high‐resolution chromosomes performed, among whom seven were lost to follow‐up. In the remaining 113 patients, all had normal karyotypes. Three subjects were found to have fragile X syndrome, accounting for 3% of the males. One subject had a pathological mutation in MECP2. Our yield of chromosome analysis in non‐dysmorphic patients with DD/MR is less than that previously described. The role of array‐comparative genomic hybridization (array‐CGH) as an auxiliary or alternative procedure in this patient population will be discussed. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dendrimeric Bisphosphonates for Multivalent Protein Surface Binding
Authors: Arendt Markus , Sun Wei , Thomann Jens , Xie Xiulan , Schrader Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA single weak‐binding event is multiplied into an efficient receptor site for protein surfaces (<10−1 to >106 M−1 in buffered aqueous solution) in a biomimetic fashion. This has hitherto been done with natural host/guest pairs, but not with artificial receptors. The organic reaction presented is one of very few that enable chemists to fuse multiple ionic building blocks covalently in highly polar solution; this one‐pot reaction proceeds with virtually quantitative yield. According to this concept, other building blocks with aldehyde groups can likewise be multiplied into monodisperse functional dendrimers. Small basic proteins are bound by octameric dendrimers in 1:1 or 1:2 complexes with millimolar to submicromolar affinities. The complexation event is studied independently in buffered aqueous solution by three different spectroscopic methods (PFG‐LED, UV/Vis, and fluorescence). Potential new applications include recombinant protein purification through Arg tags on immobilized dendrimers and on/off switching of protein function by reversible active‐site capping of enzymes.
Nanostructured gold surfaces as reproducible substrates for surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Sackmann M. , Bom S. , Balster T. , Materny A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractRaman spectroscopy is a common tool for the qualitative and quantitative chemical analysis of molecules. Although the unique identification of molecules is possible via their vibrational lines, high concentrations (mmol/l) are needed for their nonresonant excitation owing to their low scattering cross section. The intensity of the Raman spectra is amplified by the use of the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technique. While the use of silver sols results only in a limited reproducibility of the Raman line intensities, lithographically designed, nanostructured gold surfaces used as SERS‐active substrates should, in principle, combine the high sensitivity with better reproducibility. For this purpose, we have produced gratings of gold dots on Si(001) surfaces by means of electron beam lithography. Qualitative and quantitative investigations of crystal violet (CV) performed using nanostructured surfaces give high reproducibility and enhancement of the Raman lines. The substrates are reusable after cleaning; all results presented could be obtained from a single SERS substrate. For the experiments very low laser powers were used. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intervention with bacterial adhesion by multivalent carbohydrates
Authors: Pieters Roland J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBacterial adhesion is often a prelude to infection. In many cases, this process is governed by protein–carbohydrate interactions. Intervention at this early stage of infection is a conceptually highly attractive alternative to conventional antibiotics that are increasingly prone to resistance. The lack of high‐affinity inhibitors of adhesion has proven to be a hurdle for further exploitation of this concept; however, new developments indicate a positive change. Structure‐based design at the monovalent level and also evaluation of glycodendrimers and glycopolymers have yielded structures of high affinity. In addition to the development of inhibitors, topics of this review include available structural information of adhesion proteins, carbohydrate specificities of the various pathogens and their adhesion proteins. Other new developments aimed at affecting bacterial adhesion and the use of the adhesins for bacterial detection are also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Med Res Rev, 27, No. 6, 796–816, 2007
Normalization and Fermi–Coulomb and Coulomb hole sum rules for approximate wave functions
Authors: Pan Xiao‐Yin , Sahni Viraht , Massa Lou 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFor approximate wave functions, we prove the theorem that there is a one‐to‐one correspondence between the constraints of normalization and of the Fermi–Coulomb and Coulomb hole charge sum rules at each electron position. This correspondence is surprising in light of the fact that normalization depends on the probability of finding an electron at some position. In contrast, the Fermi–Coulomb hole sum rule depends on the probability of two electrons staying apart because of correlations due to the Pauli exclusion principle and Coulomb repulsion, while the Coulomb hole sum rule depends on Coulomb repulsion. We demonstrate the theorem for the ground state of the He atom by the use of two different approximate wave functions that are functionals rather than functions. The first of these wave function functionals is constructed to satisfy the constraint of normalization, and the second that of the Coulomb hole sum rule for each electron position. Each is then shown to satisfy the other corresponding sum rule. The significance of the theorem for the construction of approximate “exchange‐correlation” and “correlation” energy functionals of density functional theory is also discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Highly excited vibrational levels of triatomic molecule N2O: U(4) algebraic model
Authors: Zheng Yujun , Ding Shiliang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractIn the U(4) algebraic framework, the triatomic molecules are of U1(4) ⊗ U2(4) dynamical symmetry. A molecular Hamiltonian is constructed including the third‐order conbination of the invariant operators. Within this framework, the highly vibrational energy levels of the linear triatomic nitrous oxide molecule, including both bending and stretching vibrations, are studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Same vendor, version‐to‐version upgrade decision support model for commercial off‐the‐shelf productivity applications
Authors: Seibel Jason S. , Mazzuchi Thomas A. , Sarkani Shahram 
Published: October 2006

AbstractCommercial Off‐the‐Shelf (COTS) Productivity Applications have provided a reliable, convenient, and consistent productivity environment for commercial, government, and personal users for over two decades. Vendors today, such as Microsoft and Adobe, typically deliver new capabilities as follow‐on versions or upgrades to existing product lines. Annually, corporations needlessly spend millions of dollars investing in follow‐on versions of currently deployed applications without adequately evaluating upgrade decisions. Exacerbating the problem, vendors release new versions of their productivity applications with increasingly shorter intervals, advertising them as full of new and ‘‘must have’’ capabilities. The decision to upgrade is challenging. Unfortunately, there is a lack of ‘‘same vendor, version‐to‐version’’ upgrade decision support models to assist Information Technology (IT) decision‐makers whether to upgrade or not. As a result, IT decision makers typically employ general strategies that are not based on clear, well‐defined decision attributes, which, in turn, waste valuable IT resources. This research effort proposes an upgrade decision support model for COTS productivity applications based on a multivariable, scenario‐based survey of IT professionals. Using logistic regression analysis, a model is developed using an iterative approach to isolate contributing survey attributes and to produce a statistically significant model. The proposed logistic regression model produces an output based on the probability of upgrading intended to assist an IT professional in productivity application upgrade decisions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 9: 296–312, 2006
Perception–action coupling in children with and without DCD: frequency locking between task‐relevant auditory signals and motor responses in a dual‐motor task
Authors: Whitall J. , Getchell N. , McMenamin S. , Horn C. , Wilms‐Floet A. , Clark J. E. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackground The current research examines the relationship between perceptual and motor processes, known as perception–action or sensorimotor coupling, and the potential differences in perception–action coupling among children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) and adults in a gross‐motor co‐ordination task (clapping while marching) when a task‐relevant driving sensory signal is present.Methods Ten children with DCD (7.32 + 0.23 years), eight typically developing (TD) children who were age‐, gender‐ and racially/ethnically matched (6.91 + 0.24 years) and 10 college‐aged adults were participants in this study. Participants clapped and marched to an auditory beat at four different frequencies: 0.8, 1.2,1.6 and 2.0 Hz. The relative timing measures of mean relative phase (MRP) and variability of relative phase (VRP) were calculated and compared using 3 (group) x 4 (frequency) x 2 (limb)anovas. Qualitatively, participants were assessed for the presence of absolute coupling (100% + 15% MRP).Results Statistically significant differences in MRP occurred for coupling, frequency and group, and post hoc analysis indicated that the adult group differed from both the DCD and TD groups, who did not differ from each other. In VRP, there were significant main effects for coupling and group, and a significant interaction between group and frequency, with post hoc analysis indicating the DCD group to be different from the TD and adult groups. Qualitatively, both the adult and TD groups increased in the number of participants who adopt absolute coupling as frequency increases. In contrast, the DCD participants adopt this absolute coupling far less frequently overall; in fact, the number of participants adopting this pattern decreases as frequency increases.Conclusions These results indicate that children with DCD have difficulties with both the co‐ordination and the control of their perception–action coupling for this particular task.
Joint attention and symbolic play in young children with autism: a randomized controlled intervention study
Authors: McConachie Helen 
Published: October 2006

.

Kasari C.,
Freeman S. &
Paparella T.
(
2006
)

,
47
,
611
–
620
.
Background  Delays and deficits in joint attention and symbolic play constitute two important developmental problems in young children with autism. These areas of deficit have been well studied in autism but have rarely been the focus of treatment efforts (see Kasari, Freeman & Paparella 2001). In this study, we examine the efficacy of targeted interventions of joint attention and symbolic play.Methods  Participants were 58 children with autism aged 3 and 4 years old (46 boys). Children were randomized to a joint attention intervention, a symbolic play intervention, or control group. Interventions were conducted 30 min daily for 5–6 weeks. Both structured assessments of joint attention and play skills and mother–child interactions were collected pre and post intervention by independent assessors.Results  Results indicate that both intervention groups improved significantly over the control group on certain behaviours. Children in the joint attention intervention initiated significantly more showing and responsiveness to joint attention on the structured joint attention assessment and more child‐initiated joint attention in the mother–child interaction. The children in the play group showed more diverse types of symbolic play in interaction with their mothers and higher play levels both on the play assessment and in interaction with their mothers.Conclusions  This randomized controlled trial provides promising data on the specificity and generalizability of joint attention and play interventions for young children with autism. Future studies need to examine the long‐term effects of these early interventions on children’s development.
Prevalence of disorders of the autism spectrum in a population cohort of children in South Thames: the Special Needs and Autism Project (SNAP)
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: October 2006

.

Baird G.,
Simonoff E.,
Pickles A.,
Chandler S.,
Loucas T.,
Meldrum D. &
Charman T.
(
2006
)

,
368
,
210
–
215
.
Background  Recent reports have suggested that the prevalence of autism and related spectrum disorders (ASDs) is substantially higher than previously recognized. We sought to quantify prevalence of ASDs in children in South Thames, UK.Methods  Within a total population cohort of 56 946 children aged 9–10 years old, we screened all those with a current clinical diagnosis of ASD (n = 255) or those judged to be at risk for being an undetected case (n = 1515). A stratified subsample (n = 255) received a comprehensive diagnostic assessment, including standardized clinical observation, and parent interview assessments of autistic symptoms, language and intelligence quotient (IQ). Clinical consensus diagnoses of childhood autism and other ASDs were derived. We used a sample‐weighting procedure to estimate prevalence.Findings  The prevalence of childhood autism was 38.9 per 10 000 (95% CI 29.9–47.8) and that of other ASDs was 77.2 per 10 000 (52.1–102.3), making the total prevalence of all ASDs 116.1 per 10 000 (90.4–141.8). A narrower definition of childhood autism, which combined clinical consensus with instrument criteria for past and current presentation, provided a prevalence of 24.8 per 10 000 (17.6–32.0). The rate of previous local identification was lowest for children of less‐educated parents.Interpretation  Prevalence of autism and related ASDs is substantially greater than previously recognized. Whether the increase is due to better ascertainment, broadening diagnostic criteria, or increased incidence is unclear. Services in health, education and social care will need to recognize the needs of children with some form of ASD, who constitute 1% of the child population.
Deaths from injury in children and employment status in family: analysis of trends in class specific death rates
Authors: Reading Richard 
Published: October 2006

.

Edwards P.,
Roberts I.,
Green J. &
Lutchmun S.
(
2006
)

,
333
,
119
.
Objective  To examine socio‐economic inequalities in rates of death from injury in children in England and Wales.Design  Analysis of rates of death from injury in children by the eight‐class version of the National Statistics Socio‐Economic Classification (NS‐SEC) and by the registrar general’s social classification.Setting  England and Wales during periods of 4 years around the 1981, 1991 and 2001 censuses.Subjects  Children aged 0–15 years old.Main outcome measures  Death rates from injury and poisoning.Results  Rates of death from injury in children fell from 11.1 deaths (95% CI 10.8–11.5 deaths) per 100 000 children per year around the 1981 census to 4.0 deaths (3.8–4.2 deaths) per 100 000 children per year around the 2001 census. Socio‐economic inequalities remain: the death rate from all external causes for children of parents classified as never having worked or as long‐term unemployed (NS‐SEC 8) was 13.1 (10.3–16.5) times that for children in NS‐SEC 1 (higher managerial/professional occupations). For deaths as pedestrians the rate in NS‐SEC 8 was 20.6 (10.6–39.9) times higher than in NS‐SEC 1; for deaths as cyclists it was 27.5 (6.4–118.2) times higher; for deaths because of fires it was 37.7 (11.6–121.9) times higher; and for deaths of undetermined intent it was 32.6 (15.8–67.2) times higher.Conclusions  Overall, rates of death from injury and poisoning in children have fallen in England and Wales over the past 20 years, except for rates in children in families in which no adult is in paid employment. Serious inequalities in injury death rates remain, particularly for pedestrians, cyclists, house fires and deaths of undetermined intent.
Endopeptidase and Glycosidase Activities of the Bacteriophage B30 Lysin
Authors: Baker John R. , Liu Chengbao , Dong Shengli , Pritchard David G. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Synthetic peptides corresponding to portions of group B streptococcal peptidoglycan were used to show that the endopeptidase activity of bacteriophage B30 lysin cleaves between
d
-Ala in the stem peptide and
l
-Ala in the cross bridge and that the minimal peptide sequence cleaved is
dl
-γ-Glu-Lys-
d
-Ala-Ala-Ala. The only glycosidase activity present is that of
N
-acetyl-β-
d
-muramidase.
Complete Sequence of the Enterocin Q-Encoding Plasmid pCIZ2 from the Multiple Bacteriocin Producer
Enterococcus faecium
L50 and Genetic Characterization of Enterocin Q Production and Immunity
Authors: Criado Raquel , Diep Dzung B. , Aakra Ågot , Gutiérrez Jorge , Nes Ingolf F. , Hernández Pablo E. , Cintas Luis M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

The locations of the genetic determinants for enterocin L50 (EntL50A and EntL50B), enterocin Q (EntQ), and enterocin P (EntP) in the multiple bacteriocin producer
Enterococcus faecium
strain L50 were determined. These bacteriocin genes occur at different locations;
entL50AB
(encoding EntL50A and EntL50B) are on the 50-kb plasmid pCIZ1,
entqA
(encoding EntQ) is on the 7.4-kb plasmid pCIZ2, and
entP
(encoding EntP) is on the chromosome. The complete nucleotide sequence of pCIZ2 was determined to be 7,383 bp long and contains 10 putative open reading frames (ORFs) organized in three distinct regions. The first region contains three ORFs:
entqA
preceded by two divergently oriented genes,
entqB
and
entqC
. EntqB shows high levels of similarity to bacterial ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters, while EntqC displays no significant similarity to any known protein. The second region encompasses four ORFs (
orf4
to
orf7
), and ORF4 and ORF5 display high levels of similarity to mobilization proteins from
E. faecium
and
Enterococcus faecalis
. In addition, features resembling a transfer origin region (
oriT
) were found in the promoter area of
orf4
. The third region contains three ORFs (
orf8
to
orf10
), and ORF8 and ORF9 exhibit similarity to the replication initiator protein RepE from
E. faecalis
and to RepB proteins, respectively. To clarify the minimum requirement for EntQ synthesis, we subcloned and heterologously expressed a 2,371-bp fragment from pCIZ2 that encompasses only the
entqA
,
entqB
, and
entqC
genes in
Lactobacillus sakei
, and we demonstrated that this fragment is sufficient for EntQ production. Moreover, we also obtained experimental results indicating that EntqB is involved in ABC transporter-mediated EntQ secretion, while EntqC confers immunity to this bacteriocin.
Genetic and Phenotypic Variability among
Salmonella enterica
Serovar Typhimurium Isolates from California Dairy Cattle and Humans
Authors: Adaska J. M. , Silva A. J. , Berge A. C. B. , Sischo W. M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Fifty-six human and 24 adult dairy cattle isolates of
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium from a single county in California were compared using ribotyping, insertion sequence typing (IS
200
), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, plasmid typing, phage typing, and antimicrobial resistance testing. The majority of the isolates fell into one of two groups which were phage types DT104 and DT193. Combining the information from all typing methods, a total of 45 different “clusters” were defined, with 35 of those including only a single isolate. The library of isolates had a high degree of variability, but antibiotic resistance and plasmid typing each defined single clusters in which human or bovine isolates predominated (χ
2
,
P
< 0.05).
Coping with Polychlorinated Biphenyl (PCB) Toxicity: Physiological and Genome-Wide Responses of
Burkholderia xenovorans
LB400 to PCB-Mediated Stress
Authors: Parnell J. Jacob , Park Joonhong , Denef Vincent , Tsoi Tamara , Hashsham Syed , Quensen John , Tiedje James M. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

The biodegradation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) relies on the ability of aerobic microorganisms such as
Burkholderia xenovorans
sp. LB400 to tolerate two potential modes of toxicity presented by PCB degradation: passive toxicity, as hydrophobic PCBs potentially disrupt membrane and protein function, and degradation-dependent toxicity from intermediates of incomplete degradation. We monitored the physiological characteristics and genome-wide expression patterns of LB400 in response to the presence of Aroclor 1242 (500 ppm) under low expression of the structural biphenyl pathway (succinate and benzoate growth) and under induction by biphenyl. We found no inhibition of growth or change in fatty acid profile due to PCBs under nondegrading conditions. Moreover, we observed no differential gene expression due to PCBs themselves. However, PCBs did have a slight effect on the biosurface area of LB400 cells and caused slight membrane separation. Upon activation of the biphenyl pathway, we found growth inhibition from PCBs beginning after exponential-phase growth suggestive of the accumulation of toxic compounds. Genome-wide expression profiling revealed 47 differentially expressed genes (0.56% of all genes) under these conditions. The biphenyl and catechol pathways were induced as expected, but the quinoprotein methanol metabolic pathway and a putative chloroacetaldehyde dehydrogenase were also highly expressed. As the latter protein is essential to conversion of toxic metabolites in dichloroethane degradation, it may play a similar role in the degradation of chlorinated aliphatic compounds resulting from PCB degradation.
Molecular Epidemiology of Norovirus Outbreaks in Norway during 2000 to 2005 and Comparison of Four Norovirus Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase PCR Assays
Authors: Vainio Kirsti , Myrmel Mette 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTDuring the period from January 2000 to August 2005 a total of 204 outbreaks of norovirus gastroenteritis were diagnosed at the Norwegian Institute of Public Health. A clear increase in the norovirus activity was seen in healthcare institutions during the winter seasons. Polymerase sequence analysis of norovirus strains from 122 outbreaks showed that 112 were caused by GII strains (91.8%). Two norovirus variants seen during the study period—GIIb and GII.4—were predominant between January 2000 and September 2002, whereas GII.4 was predominant from September 2002 onward. The highest norovirus activity was seen during the 2002-2003 and 2004-2005 seasons with the emergence of new GII.4 variants. This study describes the molecular epidemiology of norovirus strains circulating in Norway during the five previous seasons and compares four norovirus real-time reverse transcriptase PCR assays. A suitable assay for routine diagnostics is suggested.