bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eu3+ activated GaN thin films grown on sapphire by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Perea‐Lopez Nestor , Tao Jonathan H. , McKittrick Joanna , Talbot Jan B. , Raukas M. , Laski J. , Mishra K. C. , Hirata Gustavo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBy means of pulsed laser deposition, polycrystlline thin films of GaN doped with Eu3+ were grown on sapphire. The PLD target was formed in three steps. First, stoichiometric amounts of Ga2O3 and Eu2O3 were dissolved in nitric acid, which produces Ga(1–x)Eux (NO3)3. Next, the nitrates were oxidized in a tubular furnace with O2 flow forming Ga2(1–x)Eu2x O3. Finally, the oxide powder was flushed with anhydrous ammonia to produce the desired nitride product: Ga(1–x)Eux N. Film growth was done in a stainless steel vacuum chamber partially filled with N2 (400 mTorr). For the deposit, the 3rd harmonic of a Nd:YAG laser (λ = 355 nm) was focused on the surface of the target. After deposition, annealing in NH3 was required to produce films with pure GaN hexagonal phase. The luminescence of the film was characterized by photo‐ and cathodoluminescence. In addition, the chemical and structural properties were analyzed by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared micro optical reflectance spectra of InN
Authors: Kurihara K. , Fukui K. , Yanagawa T. , Yamamoto A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMicro optical reflecance measurements of InN films have been performed at middle and near infrared region. Spectrum line shape fitting calculation based on theoretical formula which takes account of the coupling between LO phonons and plasmons have been also performed. Small area reflectance spectra (50 μm × 50 μm) at every points in the field of microscope vision show both similar and different line shapes by wavenumber location. The different part is mainly responsible for plasmon relaxation time which directly correspond to the carrier mobility. Comparison among contour image map of the fitting parameters and visible image is also presented. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Etching and optical deterioration of nitrogen‐face of wurtzite InN in NH3 ambient
Authors: Yamamoto A. , Sugita K. , Nagai Y. , Hashimoto A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper reports the deterioration of nitrogen (N)‐face of wurtzite InN in the NH3 ambient near the growth temperature. Using an atmospheric‐pressure MOVPE system, both In‐polar and N‐polar InN are grown by controlling the nitridation temperature of a sapphire substrate. The N‐face has a much larger etching rate (40 nm/h) compared with that of the In‐face (14 nm/h). From the PL measurement from the front surface and the rear surface through the sapphire substrate, it is shown that the N‐face of both In‐ and N‐polar films shows a marked intensity reduction and a large blue shift of PL spectrum. These facts show that the N‐face of InN is very unstable and deteriorates in the NH3 ambient. The deterioration becomes severer at a temperature higher than 550 °C. Since such a PL shift is due to the Burstein‐Moss effect, the result indicates that the high density of donor‐type defects are preferentially introduced on the N‐face of InN. Further investigations will be needed to clarify whether such instability of N‐face in the NH3 ambient is related to the poorer quality of MOVPE InN. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optical properties of a ‐plane GaN strained by photo‐chemically grown gallium hydroxide
Authors: Wang S.‐L. , Yeh B.‐C. , Wu H.‐M. , Peng L.‐H. , Lai C.‐M. , Ko T.‐S. , Lu T.‐C. , Wang S.‐C. , Kung A.‐H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe report the observation of green emission centered at 500nm, accompanied with luminescence enhancement and spectral blue shift (∼31meV) in the bandedge emission from a ‐plane grown gallium nitride (GaN) passivated with gallium hydroxide (GaOOH). From study of the photo‐current response and polarization‐resolved low‐temperature micro‐photoluminescence (μ ‐PL) we resolved an evolution of gain competition process between the green and the UV emission bands. By dissolving the oxide we recover the emission characteristics of the as‐grown a ‐GaN. These observations can be ascribed to a formation of compressively‐strained a ‐GaN due to a coherently grown GaOOH atop layer. The latter is responsible for the spectral blue shift and the generation of acceptor like deep‐levels causing the green‐band transition in the emission and photo‐current response. Enhancement of bandedge emission from the oxide covered a ‐GaN is due to the GaOOH surface passivation effect which was prepared by the photo‐enhance wet oxidation method. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Substituent effects on the ring‐chain tautomerism of some 1,3‐oxazolidine derivatives
Authors: Pihlaja Kalevi , Juhász Márta , Kivelä Henri , Fülöp Ferenc 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe 14 and 70 eV electron ionization mass spectra of five sets (R1 = Me, Et, i‐Pr, t‐Bu and Ph) of seven 2‐aryl‐4‐R1‐substituted (Ar = C6H4X; X = p‐NO2, m‐Br, p‐Cl, H, p‐Me, p‐OMe and p‐NMe2) (1–5) and of seven 2‐aryl‐5‐phenyl‐substituted 1,3‐oxazolidines (6; for Ar, see above) were recorded to study their ring‐chain equilibria in the gas phase. These equilibria were also studied by 1H NMR spectroscopy in CDCl3 for compounds 5 and 6. A few 2,4‐ and 2,5‐dimethyl‐2‐aryl derivatives (7, 8: Ar = C6H4X; X = m‐Br, H and p‐OMe) were studied both in CDCl3 and in the gas phase. The main characteristics of the ring‐chain equilibria expressed by the variable ΣRA% of the ring and of the chain form proved to be a strong dependence on the nature of the substituents on C‐2 and C‐4. The results in the gas phase are compared with those in CDCl3. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The cycle structure of two rows in a random Latin square
Authors: Cavenagh Nicholas J. , Greenhill Catherine , Wanless Ian M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLet L be chosen uniformly at random from among the latin squares of order n ≥ 4 and let r,s be arbitrary distinct rows of L. We study the distribution of σr,s, the permutation of the symbols of L which maps r to s. We show that for any constant c > 0, the following events hold with probability 1 ‐ o(1) as n → ∞: (i) σr,s has more than (log n)1−c cycles, (ii) σr,s has fewer than 9$\sqrt{n}$ cycles, (iii) L has fewer than $ 9\over 2$ n5/2 intercalates (latin subsquares of order 2). We also show that the probability that σr,s is an even permutation lies in an interval $[{1\over 4} - o(1), {3\over 4} + o(1)]$ and the probability that it has a single cycle lies in [2n‐2,2n‐2/3]. Indeed, we show that almost all derangements have similar probability (within a factor of n3/2) of occurring as σr,s as they do if chosen uniformly at random from among all derangements of {1,2,…,n}. We conjecture that σr,s shares the asymptotic distribution of a random derangement. Finally, we give computational data on the cycle structure of latin squares of orders n ≤ 11. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
On variants of the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma
Authors: Matoušek Jiří 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma asserts that an n‐point set in any Euclidean space can be mapped to a Euclidean space of dimension k = O(ε‐2 log n) so that all distances are preserved up to a multiplicative factor between 1 − ε and 1 + ε. Known proofs obtain such a mapping as a linear map Rn → Rk with a suitable random matrix. We give a simple and self‐contained proof of a version of the Johnson–Lindenstrauss lemma that subsumes a basic versions by Indyk and Motwani and a version more suitable for efficient computations due to Achlioptas. (Another proof of this result, slightly different but in a similar spirit, was given independently by Indyk and Naor.) An even more general result was established by Klartag and Mendelson using considerably heavier machinery.Recently, Ailon and Chazelle showed, roughly speaking, that a good mapping can also be obtained by composing a suitable Fourier transform with a linear mapping that has a sparse random matrix M; a mapping of this form can be evaluated very fast. In their result, the nonzero entries of M are normally distributed. We show that the nonzero entries can be chosen as random ± 1, which further speeds up the computation. We also discuss the case of embeddings into Rk with the ℓ1 norm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
The rank of random graphs
Authors: Costello Kevin P. , Vu Van H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe show that almost surely the rank of the adjacency matrix of the Erdős‐Rényi random graph G(n,p) equals the number of nonisolated vertices for any c ln n/n ≤ p ≤ 1/2, where c is an arbitrary positive constant larger than 1/2. In particular, the adjacency matrix of the giant component (a.s.) has full rank in this range. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Accuracy of classification of breast ultrasound findings based on criteria used for BI‐RADS
Authors: Heinig J. , Witteler R. , Schmitz R. , Kiesel L. , Steinhard J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the accuracy of categorization of breast ultrasound findings based on scoring for malignancy using the sonographic breast imaging‐reporting and data system (BI‐RADS).MethodsBreast ultrasound was performed in 2462 patients between 2001 and 2004 at our unit. Sonographic findings were scored using analog criteria as in BI‐RADS for breast ultrasound (mass shape, margin, orientation, posterior acoustic features, lesion boundary, echo pattern). Each lesion was described using these features and classified into categories 1 to 5 according to the BI‐RADS for breast ultrasound. Categorization and biopsy results were compared.ResultsIn twenty‐two (0.9%) patients breast ultrasound could not be evaluated because of extreme density of tissue. Normal breast ultrasound belonging to Category 1 was found in 871 (35.4%) patients. Simple cysts classified as Category 2 were observed in 712 (28.9%) women. In 491 (19.9%) patients, apparently benign solid masses (Category 3) were found. Suspicious masses were observed in 225 (9.1%) women and masses highly suggestive of malignancy were found in 141 (5.7%) patients (Categories 4 and 5, respectively). Histological examinations were available from 84 (17.1%) masses that had been classified by BI‐RADS as Category 3, in 97 (43.1%) from Category 4 and 106 (75.2%) from Category 5. Accordingly, the rate of malignant findings was 1.2% (n = 1) in Category 3, 17% (n = 16) in Category 4 and 94% (n = 100) in Category 5.ConclusionScoring breast ultrasound findings for malignancy based on criteria used for BI‐RADS breast ultrasound has a high accuracy, comparable to that obtained by BI‐RADS for mammography. Copyright © 2008 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Adrenal Incidentalomas: Experience in a Developing Country
Authors: Bhargav P. R. K. , Mishra Anjali , Agarwal Gaurav , Agarwal Amit , Verma Ashok Kumar , Mishra Saroj Kanta 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundThe incidence of adrenal incidentalomas is rising worldwide. There is a concern about malignancy in large incidentalomas. There are few published articles from developing countries on this entity. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical presentation, functional status, and final diagnosis of adrenal incidentalomas and, in particular, to look into the incidence of adrenal cortical carcinoma (ACC) in large adrenal incidentalomas managed at a tertiary referral hospital in northern India.MethodsThis is a retrospective study (January 1991–December 2005) of 59 patients with adrenal incidentaloma managed at our department. The mean tumor diameter was 7.8 ± 4.0 cm. In all cases, clinical details, radiology findings, laboratory findings, intervention details, histology findings, and follow‐up data were noted. Six patients in which the mass was ultimately found to arise from extra‐adrenal tissue were excluded from final analysisResultsMean age of the patients was 46 ± 12 years (M:F = 1:1.1). The incidentaloma measured more than 3 cm in 91% of cases and more than 6 cm in 70% of cases. The clinical scenarios leading to detection of incidentaloma included abdominal (56.6%), genitourinary (24.5%), and systemic complaints (15.1%) and routine medical checkup (3.7%). Most of cases were found by ultrasonography (n = 41), and remaining by CT scan (n = 10), and MRI (n = 2). The incidence of functioning tumors was 41.5% (hypercatecholinism 37.7 % and hypercortisolism 1.9%). Forty‐nine patients were operated on. The important final pathology included ACC (7.5%), pheochromocytoma (PCC) (43%), adrenal cysts (13.2%), myelolipoma (11.3%), and inflammatory lesions (9.4%).ConclusionIn our experience, the incidence of PCC was high among large adrenal incidentalomas while that of ACC was lower than expected. Inflammatory lesions contribute to a significant number of cases of incidentaloma in developing countries. Adrenalectomy is a justified procedure for large incidentalomas, although the concern may not always be an underlying malignancy.
Key Performance Indicators in British Military Trauma
Authors: Stannard Adam , Tai Nigel R. , Bowley Douglas M. , Midwinter Mark , Hodgetts Tim J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractBackgroundKey performance indicators (KPI) are tools for assessing process and outcome in systems of health care provision and are an essential component in performance improvement. Although KPI have been used in British military trauma for 10 years, they remain poorly defined and are derived from civilian metrics that do not adjust for the realities of field trauma care. Our aim was to modify current trauma KPI to ensure they more faithfully reflect both the military setting and contemporary evidence in order to both aid accurate calibration of the performance of the British Defence Medical Services and act as a driver for performance improvement.MethodA workshop was convened that was attended by senior, experienced doctors and nurses from all disciplines of trauma care in the British military. “Speciality‐specific” KPI were developed by interest groups using evidence‐based data where available and collective experience where this was lacking. In a final discussion these were streamlined into 60 KPI covering each phase of trauma management.ConclusionThe introduction of these KPI sets a number of important benchmarks by which British military trauma can be measured. As part of a performance improvement programme, these will allow closer monitoring of our performance and assist efforts to develop, train, and resource British military trauma providers.
Molecular analysis of the GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase
Authors: Braulke T. , Pohl S. , Storch S. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryModification of the carbohydrate chains of soluble lysosomal enzymes with mannose 6‐phosphate residues is a prerequisite for their mannose 6‐phosphate receptor‐dependent transport to lysosomes. GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase localized in the Golgi apparatus represents a hexameric α2β2γ2 subunit complex and plays a key role in the formation of the mannose 6‐phosphate recognition marker. Defects in the GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase complex cause two diseases, mucolipidosis type II and III, which are characterized by missorting and cellular loss of lysosomal enzymes, and lysosomal accumulation of storage material. The recent identification of two genes, GNPTAB and GNPTG, encoding the three subunits of GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase leads to an improvement of both pre‐ and postnatal diagnosis of affected individuals, and permits the analysis of structural requirements for efficient formation of mannose 6‐phosphate residues on lysosomal enzymes. The α/β subunits precursor matures by proteolytic cleavage and contains the catalytic activity as well as the capability to recognize lysosomal enzymes. The role of the γ‐subunits for activity, stability and oligomerization of the GlcNac‐1‐phosphotransferase subunits is still unclear.
Perceived parenting dimensions and identity styles: Exploring the socialization of adolescents’ processing of identity‐relevant information
Authors: Smits Ilse , Soenens Bart , Luyckx Koen , Duriez Bart , Berzonsky Michael , Goossens Luc 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThis study examined the relationships between crucial dimensions of perceived parenting (support, behavioral control, and psychological control) and the three identity styles defined by Berzonsky [Berzonsky, M. D. (1990). Self‐construction over the life span: A process perspective on identity formation. Advances in Personal Construct Psychology, 1, 155–186.]. Each identity style was hypothesized to relate to a specific pattern of perceived parenting dimensions. Hypotheses were examined in a sample of middle and late adolescents (n=674). An information‐oriented style was positively predicted by parental support. Contrary to expectations, however, an information‐oriented style was also positively predicted by psychological control. A normative identity style was positively predicted by support and behavioral control. In line with expectations, a diffuse‐avoidant identity style was positively predicted by psychological control and negatively by maternal (but not paternal) behavioral control. Findings are discussed in light of the literature on the socialization of identity formation and directions for future research are outlined.
The Oneka intrusive complex: a new structural type of large-scale manifestations of intrusive trap magmatism on the Siberian Platform
Authors: Vasil’ev Yu.R. , Prusskaya S.N. , Mazurov M.P. , Medvedev A.Ya. , Al’mukhamedov A.I. , Gora M.P. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The Oneka intrusive complex, recognized on prospecting for hydrocarbons in the western Siberian Platform, in the northern half of the Bakhta megablock (Tunguska syneclise), holds a special position among the known and new large-scale manifestations of intrusive trap magmatism. During the process, original data on the distribution of traps in the 4.2 km thick platform cover were obtained. Diverse in morphology and size, the intrusions are of the same genesis, composition, and character of intrachamber differentiation and form a “framework” igneous complex in the northern half of the Bakhta megablock. This complex occupies an area of about 40,000 km2. It is an intricate tectonomagmatic superstructure, with the volume of magmatic material estimated at 50,000 km3. Results of petrochemical and geochemical studies, multispectra and REE ratios, and isotope ratios 87Sr/86Sr (0.70558–0.70580) suggest that diverse rocks of the Oneka intrusive complex were, most likely, formed from a primary picritoid magma, which underwent deep-level differentiation and was slightly contaminated with rocks of the crust and platform cover. The comprehensive study of the massif and results of numerical modeling show that the formation of such tectonomagmatic structures is closely related to the processes of intraplate magma formation in the craton lithosphere. The large Oneka intrusive complex, like other similar manifestations of Permo-Triassic trap (and alkaline-ultrabasic) magmatism of the Siberian Platform, can be considered projections of hotspots recording the evolution of the Siberian superplume.
Melt inclusions in eclogite garnet: experimental study of natural processes
Authors: Perchuk A.L. , Yapaskurt V.O. , Davydova V.V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Experiment with poikilitic garnet at 3 GPa and 800 °C showed dehydration melting of its mineral inclusions, which is accompanied by the growth of (sub)euhedral garnet crystals inside the inclusion and/or xenomorphic garnets replacing the host mineral. The newly formed and host garnets differ drastically in composition. The inclusion surface is complicated by specific wedge-like protrusions or thin branches composed of melt or its crystallization products. The above features have been discovered in polymineral inclusions in garnet from low-temperature (∼650 °C) eclogite from the Yukon-Tanana terrane, Canada. The inclusions are interpreted as the crystallization products of in situ formed melt.
Detailed analytical investigation of magnetic field line random walk in turbulent plasmas: I. Two-component slab/two-dimensional turbulence
Authors: KOURAKIS I. , SHALCHI A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe random displacement of magnetic field lines in the presence of magnetic turbulence in plasmas is investigated from first principles. A two-component (slab/two-dimensional composite) model for the turbulence spectrum is employed. An analytical investigation of the asymptotic behavior of the field-line mean square displacement (FL-MSD) is carried out. It is shown that the magnetic field lines behave superdiffusively for very large values of the position variablez, since the FL-MSD σ varies as σ ~z4/3. An intermediate diffusive regime may also possibly exist for finite values ofzunder conditions which are explicitly determined in terms of the intrinsic turbulent plasma parameters. The superdiffusive asymptotic result is confirmed numerically via an iterative algorithm. The relevance to previous results is discussed.
Impaired Pressure Natriuresis in Obese Youths
Authors: Barbeau Paule , Litaker Mark S. , Harshfield Gregory A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractObjective: To compare the response and recovery of blood pressure (BP) and sodium excretion (UNaV) in response to a behavioral stressor in overweight/obese and lean adolescents.Research Methods and Procedures: Twenty‐five lean (12% to 20% body fat) and 59 overweight/obese (>25% body fat) normotensive adolescents were provided all meals for 3 days (average sodium intake, 4000 ± 200 mg/d), before performing the stressor on the third day. There was a 2‐hour pre‐stress rest, followed by a 1‐hour stress (involving a video game task), and a 2‐hour recovery. Percentage of body fat was obtained from DXA. UNaV was measured hourly, whereas systolic BP and diastolic BP measurements were obtained at 15‐minute intervals, and averaged for each 1‐hour period.Results: There was no significant difference between the lean and overweight/obese group for the response of systolic BP and diastolic BP (group by time interaction, p = 0.60 and p = 0.64, respectively). However, the lean group had a significantly greater increase in UNaV in response to the stressor compared with the overweight/obese group (p = 0.02). UNaV remained elevated compared with baseline in both groups at the 1‐hour (p ≤ 0.0001) and 2‐hour (p ≤ 0.0001) post‐time points. Furthermore, there was a tendency for a larger number of sodium retainers in the overweight/obese group compared with the lean group (39.0% vs. 20.0%; χ2 = 2.85, df = 1, p = 0.09).Discussion: This study provided evidence that sodium regulation was impaired during a behavioral stress in overweight/obese individuals compared with lean individuals.