bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fibrinogen Saint-Germain II: Hypofibrinogenemia due to heterozygous γ N345S mutation
Authors: de Mazancourt Philippe , Maghzal Ghassan , Brennan Stephen , Mosesson Michael , de Raucourt Emmanuelle 
Published: October 2005

SummaryWe have identified a novel heterozygous fibrinogen γ chain mutation, γN345S (Fibrinogen Saint-Germain II), in a subject with hypofibrinogenemia. There was no evidence by mass spectrometry of plasma fibrinogen containing the mutant chain. The hypofibrinogenemia was discovered in a 26-year-old man who experienced extensive deep venous thrombosis of the left leg associated with pulmonary embolism. Investigation of potential thromboembolic risk factors revealed heterozygosity of the factor V R506Q mutation (factor V Leiden) and heterozygosity of the prothrombin gene G20210A mutation. The hypofibrinogenemia may be contributory to the thrombophilic manifestations.
Circulating B-type natriuretic peptides in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Jarai Rudolf , Wojta Johann , Huber Kurt 
Published: October 2005

SummaryFifty percent of patients who experience death or develop heart failure after acute coronary syndromes (ACS) have extremely elevated concentrations of plasma B-type natriuretic peptides. These elevations, however, seem not to reflect permanent ventricular dysfunction or heart failure and are assumed to exist already at the onset of ischemic symptoms. The underlying mechanisms of BNP/Nt-proBNP elevations in patients withACS are still not known at present. Furthermore, the relationship of elevated BNP/Nt-proBNP with mortality but not with atherothrombotic complications of underlying disease makes it difficult to choose optimal therapeutic strategies based on plasma levels of these peptides. The remarkably high short- and long-term mortality rate associated with increases of BNP/Nt-proBNP elevations clearly show the need of further investigation to focus on this high-risk group of patients in order to clarify underlying pathomechanisms and to find optimal therapeutic approaches.
High levels of homocysteine, lipoprotein (a) and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 are present in patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm
Authors: Marcucci Rossella , Giusti Betti , Pratesi Giovanni , Lari Barbara , Sestini Ilaria , Lo Sapio Patrizia , Pulli Raffaele , Pratesi Carlo , Abbate Rosanna , Franco Gensini Gian , Sofi Francesco 
Published: October 2005

SummaryOver the last few years, there has been increasing interest in the investigation of the pathogenesis of AAA, and a role for some novel risk factors, in particular thrombophilic risk factors, has been suggested. The aim of this study was to evaluate a number of thrombophilic parameters in a large group of patients with AAA. In 438 patients with AAA, and in 438 healthy subjects, selected to be comparable for age and gender with patients and without instrumental evidence of AAA, a pattern of thrombophilic parameters [homocysteine (Hcy), lipoprotein (a) [Lp(a)], plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1), anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA), MTHFR C677T polymorphism, prothrombin gene G20210A variant and Factor V Leiden mutation] has been evaluated. A significant difference for Hcy, PAI-1 and Lp(a) plas-After adjustment for the traditional cardiovascular risk factors, a significant increased risk of having AAA has been observed for high levels of Hcy (OR: 7.8; p<0.0001), Lp(a) (OR: 2.4; p<0.0001) and PAI-1 (OR:3.2;p<0.0001). The association has been confirmed after exclusion of patients with other localization of atherosclerosis. Moreover, a significant association between larger abdominal aortic diameters and the number of thrombophilic parameters has been reported (r = 0.13; p = 0.005). In conclusion, a significant association between abnormal levels of some metabolic parameters related to thrombosis such as Hcy, Lp(a) and PAI-1 and AAA has been observed.
The Influence of Meteorological Conditions on the Wet Deposition of Mercury in Southern Florida
Authors: Dvonch J. Timothy , Keeler Gerald J. , Marsik Frank J. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSource–receptor relationships for mercury (Hg) and other trace elements wet deposited in southeastern Florida were investigated using daily event precipitation samples collected over a 1-yr period in 1995–96. Data collected in Davie, Florida, showed significantly higher (2.2 times) volume-weighted mean (VWM) Hg concentrations during the spring and summer seasons relative to winter. A meteorological tracer analysis, utilizing the ratio of trace elements lanthanum (La) to cerium (Ce), determined that “feed” air to precipitation cells arriving at the site incorporated local urban emissions more frequently during the spring and summer seasons. Using Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) data, analysis of precipitation-cell path histories for events collected at 17 sites in southeastern Florida over 1 month in the summer of 1995 showed significantly higher (2.0 times) VWM Hg concentrations in events with easterly cell paths than in those with westerly paths for storms arriving at Everglades sites. Significantly higher VWM concentrations for known anthropogenic elements vanadium (V) and nickel (Ni) (oil combustion) and lead (Pb) and antimony (Sb) (waste incineration) were also observed in events with easterly paths. In addition, events arriving from the east (offshore) that impacted the coastal sites were significantly lower in Hg (a factor of 2.6) than were events from the east that impacted the urban sites (after events moved inland over emission sources). This study demonstrates that source–receptor relationships can be established by analyzing the meteorological conditions corresponding to each precipitation event, and it supports the previous finding that local anthropogenic sources played the dominant role in the wet deposition of Hg to southern Florida and the Everglades during the study period.
Validation of an Urban Surface Exchange Parameterization for Mesoscale Models—1D Case in a Street Canyon
Authors: Roulet Yves-Alain , Martilli Alberto , Rotach Mathias W. , Clappier Alain 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A detailed urban parameterization scheme is used in and above a street canyon. To validate this new scheme, the model is run offline on a vertical column (one-dimensional simulations), using measurements from a 30-m-high tower for upper boundary conditions. Measurements were obtained during the intensive observation period of the Basel Urban Boundary Layer Experiment (BUBBLE). Vertical profiles of meteorological variables are simulated in the street canyon. The validation of the parameterization is made with measurements from the tower in the street canyon and directly above roof height. The results show that the urban parameterization scheme is able to catch most of the typical processes that are induced by an urban surface near the ground. The fit to measured profiles is improved in comparison with a model using the traditional approach for urban parameterization (variation of z0 to take into account the presence of a city).
Separation between Cloud-Seeding and Air-Pollution Effects
Authors: Givati Amir , Rosenfeld Daniel 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Enhancement of precipitation by cloud-seeding operations has been reported in many studies around the world in the last several decades. On the other hand, suppression of rain and snow by urban and industrial air pollution recently has been documented and quantified. Here it is shown that the two effects are the opposite sides of the same coin, demonstrating the sensitivity of clouds to anthropogenic aerosols of different kinds. This is done by analyzing the rainfall amounts in northern Israel during the last 53 years and explaining the changes there as the combined opposite effects of precipitation suppression by air pollution and enhancement by glaciogenic cloud seeding. Time series based on precipitation from rain gauges were analyzed for seeded and nonseeded days and periods in the experimental control and the target areas. The response variable is Ro, the orographic enhancement factor, which is the ratio of gauge-measured rainfall in inland hilly areas (500–1000 m) to the rainfall at the upwind coasts and plains. The results show that for the whole period of 1950–2002 the Ro of the hilly areas decreased by 15%. In the early nonseeded period (1950–60) Ro was found to be higher than the nonseeded days of the following period, which was the randomized experimental period (1961–74). This result apparently shows the effect of the increasing pollution. Factor Ro had an identical decreasing trend during the seeded days of the experimental period and through the subsequent fully operationally seeded period (1975–2002). However, the trend line of Ro was shifted upward by 12%–14% for the seeded rain time series in comparison with the unseeded time series. Thus, the opposite effects of air pollution and seeding appear to have nearly canceled each other in recent years, leading to the false impression that cloud seeding is no longer effective. However, the findings here suggest that if the operational seeding were to stop, Ro would decrease further by about 12%–14%. The sensitivity of Ro to both seeding and pollution effects was greatest in the areas with the greatest natural orographic enhancement factor and was practically nonexistent in areas in which Ro is near unity. This result suggests that the orographic clouds are the most sensitive to air pollution as well as to cloud-seeding effects on clouds and precipitation, in agreement with the large susceptibility of precipitation from such short-living shallow clouds to aerosols. Based on previous studies and on the results of this paper, it is suggested that the proposed mechanism is the most likely explanation to the observations, and no alternative explanations such as long-term trends in the cross-mountain moisture flux were found probable. It is certain that additional research is required.
Generating Multiyear Gridded Daily Rainfall over New Zealand
Authors: Tait Andrew , Turner Richard 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Daily rainfall totals are a key input for hydrological models that are designed to simulate water and pollutant flow through both soil and waterways. Within New Zealand there are large areas and many river catchments where no long-term rainfall observations exist. A method for estimating daily rainfall over the whole of New Zealand on a 5-km grid is described and tested over a period from January 1985 to April 2002. Improvement over a spatial interpolation method was gained by scaling high-elevation rainfall estimates using simulated mesoscale model rainfall surfaces that are generated for short periods in 1994 and 1996. This method is judged to produce reasonable and useful estimates of daily rainfall.
Retrieval of Microscale Wind and Temperature Fields from Single- and Dual-Doppler Lidar Data
Authors: Newsom Rob K. , Ligon David , Calhoun Ron , Heap Rob , Cregan Edward , Princevac Marko 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Dual-Doppler lidar observations are used to assess the accuracy of single-Doppler retrievals of microscale wind and temperature fields in a shear-driven convective boundary layer. The retrieval algorithm, which is based on four-dimensional variational data assimilation, is applied by using dual- and single-Doppler lidar data that are acquired during the Joint Urban 2003 field experiment. The velocity field that was retrieved using single-Doppler data is compared directly with radial velocities that were measured by a second noncollocated lidar. Dual-Doppler retrievals are also performed and then compared with the single-Doppler retrieval. The linear correlation coefficient and rms deviation between the single-Doppler retrieval and the observations from the second lidar are found to be 0.94 and 1.2 m s−1, respectively. The high correlation is mainly the result of good agreement in the mean vertical structure as observed by the two lidars. Comparisons between the single- and dual-Doppler retrieval indicate that the single-Doppler retrieval underestimates the magnitude of fluctuations in the crossbeam direction. Vertical profiles of horizontally averaged correlations between the single- and dual-Doppler retrievals also show a marginal correlation (0.4–0.8) between one of the horizontal velocity components. Again, this suggests that the retrieval algorithm has difficulty estimating the crossbeam component from single-Doppler data.
An Integrated Turbulence Scheme for Boundary Layers with Shallow Cumulus Applied to Pollutant Transport
Authors: Angevine Wayne M. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A scheme is described that provides an integrated description of turbulent transport in free convective boundary layers with shallow cumulus. The scheme uses a mass-flux formulation, as is commonly found in cumulus schemes, and a 1.5-order closure, involving turbulent kinetic energy and eddy diffusivity. Both components are active in both the subcloud and cloud layers. The scheme is called “mass flux–diffusion.” In the subcloud layer, the mass-flux component provides nonlocal transport. The scheme combines elements from schemes that are conceptually similar but differ in detail. An entraining plume model is used to find the mass flux. The mass flux is continuous through the cloud base. The lateral fractional entrainment rate is constant with height, while the detrainment-rate profile reduces the mass flux smoothly to zero at the cloud top. The eddy diffusivity comes from a turbulent kinetic energy–length scale formulation. The scheme has been implemented in a simple one-dimensional (single column) model. Results of simulations of a standard case that has been used for other model intercomparisons [Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM), 21 June 1997] are shown and indicate that the scheme provides good results. The model also simulates the profile of a conserved scalar; this capability is applied to a case from the 1999 Southern Oxidants Study Nashville (Tennessee) experiment, where it produces good simulations of vertical profiles of carbon monoxide in a cloud-topped boundary layer.
A New Empirical Model of the Temperature–Humidity Index
Authors: Schoen Carl 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A simplified scale of apparent temperature, considering only dry-bulb temperature and humidity, has become known as the temperature–humidity index (THI). The index was empirically constructed and was presented in the form of a table. It is often useful to have a formula instead for use in interpolation or for programming calculators or computers. The National Weather Service uses a polynomial multiple regression formula, but it is in some ways unsatisfactory. A new model of the THI is presented that is much simpler—having only 3 parameters as compared with 16 for the NWS model. The new model also more closely fits the tabulated values and has the advantage that it allows extrapolation outside of the temperature range of the table. Temperature–humidity pairs above the effective range of the NWS model are occasionally encountered, and the ability to extrapolate into colder temperature ranges allows the new model to be more effectively contained as part of a more general apparent temperature index.
A Proposed Solution to the Range–Doppler Dilemma of Weather Radar Measurements by Using the SMPRF Codes, Practical Results, and a Comparison with Operational Measurements
Authors: Pirttilä Juha , Lehtinen Markku S. , Huuskonen Asko , Markkanen Markku 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Based on the measurement principles used on incoherent scatter radars, the authors have developed the Simultaneous Multiple Pulse Repetition Frequency (SMPRF) code that is intended to solve the range–Doppler dilemma and that can be used with modern magnetron radars. The working principle of the code is explained in mathematical terms and with the help of a simplified model. Results from the SMPRF and traditional fixed PRF weather radar measurements are compared, and the reasons for the differences are explained. The practical results show that the SMPRF code seems to work in the manner that is predicted by the theoretical and model calculations. The SMPRF code provides enough information to produce a high-resolution measured spectrum for each range gate. The shape of these measured spectra are seldom purely Gaussian. It is possible that more advanced raw products, other than just reflectivity, velocity, and width, can be produced with the help of these high-resolution spectra.
Validation of a Physical Retrieval Scheme of Solar Surface Irradiances from Narrowband Satellite Radiances
Authors: Deneke H. , Feijt A. , van Lammeren A. , Simmer C. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
An algorithm is presented to derive the downwelling solar surface irradiance from satellite measurements of the 0.63-μm reflectance, which explicitly accounts for variations in cloud optical depth and integrated water vapor. For validation, a long-term dataset of 40 356 pyranometer measurements and 1450 NOAA-14 Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) satellite scenes of the Netherlands is used. A mean overestimate of the satellite-retrieved irradiance by 7% is found, which is consistent with numerous other studies reporting positive biases of atmospheric transmissivities that are calculated by radiative transfer schemes in comparison with measurements. The bias can be explained by the calibration and measurement uncertainties of both the AVHRR and pyranometer. A strong solar zenith angle dependence of the bias is found when water clouds are assumed in the retrieval. Such a dependence is not observed for ice clouds. Currently, there is not enough information for a conclusive explanation of this behavior. Comparing individual pyranometer measurements at 30 stations within a region of about 150 km2 averaged over 40 min, a large rmse of 86 W m−2 is found. If the average of all of the stations for a satellite overpass is considered instead, a much better accuracy is achieved (rmse of 33 W m−2). For monthly averages of all of the stations, the rmse is further reduced to 12 W m−2. Evidence is presented that suggests that a significant fraction of the rmse in the comparison originates from the variability of the irradiance field, which limits the representativeness of the reference ground-based pyranometer measurements for the satellite-retrieved values.
Developing Clear-Sky Flux Products for the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget Experiment
Authors: Futyan J. M. , Russell J. E. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
This paper describes the planned processing of monthly mean and monthly mean diurnal cycle flux products for the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) experiment. The use of higher-spatial-resolution flux estimates based on multichannel narrowband imager data to improve clear-sky sampling is investigated. Significant improvements in temporal sampling are found, leading to reduced temporal sampling errors and less dependence on diurnal models for the monthly mean products. The reduction in temporal sampling errors is found to outweigh any spatial sampling errors that are introduced. The resulting flux estimates are used to develop an improved version of the half-sine model that is used for the diurnal interpolation of clear-sky longwave fluxes over land in the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) and Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System (CERES) missions. Maximum outgoing longwave radiation occurs from 45 min to 1.5 h after local noon for most of the GERB field of view. Use of the ERBE half-sine model for interpolation therefore results in significant distortion of the diurnal cycle shape. The model that is proposed here provides a well-constrained fit to the true diurnal shape, even for limited clear-sky sampling, making it suitable for use in the processing of both GERB and CERES second-generation monthly mean clear-sky data products.
Sensitivity of MM5-Simulated Boundary Layer Characteristics to Turbulence Parameterizations
Authors: Berg Larry K. , Zhong Shiyuan 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The sensitivity of high-resolution mesoscale simulations to boundary layer turbulence parameterizations is investigated using the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) and observations from two field campaigns. Three widely used turbulence parameterizations were selected for evaluation, two of which [Blackadar (BK) and Medium Range Forecast (MRF) schemes] are simple first-order nonlocal schemes and one [Gayno–Seaman (GS) scheme] of which is a more complex 1.5-order local scheme that solves a prognostic equation for turbulence kinetic energy (TKE). The two datasets are the summer 1996 Boundary Layer Experiment (BLX96) in the southern Great Plains and the autumn 2000 Vertical Transport and Mixing (VTMX) field campaign in the Salt Lake Valley in Utah. Comparisons are made between observed and simulated mean variables and turbulence statistics. Despite the differences in their complexity, all three schemes show similar skill predicting near-surface and boundary layer mean temperature, humidity, and winds at both locations. The BK and MRF schemes produced daytime boundary layers that are more mixed than those produced by the GS scheme. The mixed-layer depths are generally overestimated by the MRF scheme, underestimated by the GS scheme, and well estimated by the BK scheme. All of the schemes predicted surface latent heat fluxes that agreed reasonably well with the observed values, but they substantially overestimated surface sensible heat fluxes because of a significant overprediction of net radiation. In addition, each parameterization overestimated the sensible and latent heat flux aloft. The results suggest that there is little gain in the overall accuracy of forecasts with increasing complexity of turbulence parameterizations.
Hydrothermal Synthesis and Photocatalytic Property of 2-Dimensional Bismuth Molybdate Nanoplates
Authors: Yu Jianqiang , Kudo Akihiko 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Bi2MoO6 nanoplates with an Aurivillius structure and a uniform thickness of 15–30 nm were fabricated by a hydrothermal process at 413 K for 48 h with the assistance of the surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). The nanoplate structure was favorable to the photocatalytic O2-evolution performance under visible light irradiation.
Water-soluble Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) Nanocomposites Created by a Templating Effect of β-1,3-Glucan Schizophyllan
Authors: Li Chun , Numata Munenori , Hasegawa Teruaki , Fujisawa Tomohisa , Haraguchi Shuichi , Sakurai Kazuo , Shinkai Seiji 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Chemical polymerization of 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) in the presence of single-chain schizophyllan (s-SPG) gave water-soluble nanocomposites with the very uniform globular structure. The findings indicate that s-SPG is capable of acting not only as a one-dimensional host to create fibrous architectures but also as a neutral host to create nanoparticles. The mechanism is reasonably explained by the difference in the hydrophobicity of guest polymers or assemblies.
Assured Structural Identification of the Spin Adducts Generated from the Nitrone Spin Traps by ESR, MASS, and HPLC Analyses
Authors: Fuji Tomoki , Yuzuri Tomoaki , Sakakibara Kazuhisa 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
Structural identification of the spin adducts produced by α-phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN) with short-lived carbon centered radicals (phenyl, n-butyl, and tert-butyl) can be carried out unambiguously by combining the data obtained with ESR, Mass, and HPLC analyses.