bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Waterflood Performance in the Presence of Stratification and Formation Plugging
Authors: Silva Luis F. , Ali S.M. Farouq 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Waterflooding a stratified formation consisting of communicating layers of different permeabilities poses serious problems of early permeabilities poses serious problems of early water breakthrough and prohibitively high producing water-oil ratios thereafter. One of producing water-oil ratios thereafter. One of the measures widely used for combatting such a situation is plugging of the high permeability zones within the wellbore, upon which large sums are spent annually. One of the purposes of the present study is to demonstrate the present study is to demonstrate the ineffectiveness of formation plugging as a means for correcting the flood conformance.
A two-phase, three-dimensional reservoir simulator, including capillary and gravity effects, was developed, and used to investigate the flood performance under a number of situations involving reservoir permeability variations. The simulator was designed to utilize Stone's newly proposed Strongly Implicit Procedure (SIP), which was found to be more Procedure (SIP), which was found to be more accurate and faster than ADIP in comparison runs. The simulator was tested under a variety of conditions, giving highly accurate material balances and relatively large stable time steps.
Simulations of formation plugging in order to shut off high permeability strata showed that shortly beyond the plugged region the flow behavior is such as if no plugging were present. As a result, the waterflood recovery (at any throughput) is nearly the same as for the unplugged case, the variation with injection rate being negligibly small.
In both the plugged and unplugged cases it was evident that the capillary and gravity effects play an important role in smoothing out the flood profile. Many of the simplified approaches, based upon no flow among the strata and neglecting said effects can lead to highly erroneous results. For instance, in one test the oil recovery as predicted by the simulator in such a situation was three times that predicted by Dykstra and Parson's method. predicted by Dykstra and Parson's method. Further tests were conducted to examine the effect of randomization of core data. It was found that the three-dimensional waterflood performance where core data are assumed to be a performance where core data are assumed to be a random sample of the reservoir is much better than if such data are assumed to represent a layered system. The simulator results point to the need for lateral permeability extrapolations that are intermediate to the above two extremes.
Case History of Successful Coiled Tubing Conveyed Jet Pump Recompletions Through Existing Completions
Authors: Hrachovy M.J. , McConnell M.L. , Damm M.W. , Wiebe C.L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Examples illustrating the effectiveness of coiled tubing conveyed jet pump completions as a remedial repair method instead of traditional workovers are discussed. This completion technique was applied to previously shut in wells in a declining oil field with high workover costs, providing an effective and economic repair method.
Two hydraulically pumped oil wells were shut in due to mechanical problems with damaged downhole hydraulic pump assemblies. This paper describes a method whereby a 3-1/2" tubing packer was used to land 1-3/4" coiled tubing inside the existing 3-1/2" tubing. A 1-1/4" jet pump seated in a pump cavity at the bottom of the 1- 3/4" coiled tubing used high pressure hydraulic fluid to pump reservoir fluids and exhausted hydraulic fluid up the 3-1/2" × 1-3/4" annulus.
Jet pump performance was simulated using a computer model to determine the optimal combination of coiled tubing and jet pump sizes that minimized friction and maximized production. Pump performance curves were compared to the well's inflow performance relationship (IPR) curves to predict well performance and power oil pressure and rate requirements. Several remedial options were compared and analyzed to determine the most economically feasible repair method. Field installation procedures were optimized in the second well, resulting in lower costs.

Introduction
Alaska's Cook Inlet Oil Fields are located approximately 60 miles southwest of Anchorage. Cook Inlet platform locations are shown in Fig. 1. A total of 15 platforms have been set in the Inlet, of which 10 are operated by Unocal Four platforms, Anna, Bruce, Baker, and Dillon rely entirely on downhole hydraulic pumps for artificial lift.
Rig and workover operations are often uneconomic due to high mobilization costs. In 1993, one well on the Baker Platform and in 1994, one well on the Anna Platform were shut in indefinitely due to problems with downhole hydraulic power oil equipment. This paper details the new workover technique that economically returned these wells to oil production.
Description of Hydraulic Power Oil Lift System. Produced oil is the hydraulic fluid used on the platforms. Produced oil from the stock tanks is pressurized to 4000 psi at the surface and is referred to as power oil. A controller on each well controls the rate of power oil pumped down the well's power oil tubing string.
P. 37
Designing Under and Near Balanced Coiled Tubing Drilling Using Computer Simulations
Authors: Gu Hongren , Walton Ian C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the use of two computer simulation utilities to design underbalanced or near balanced coiled tubing drilling : one is a steady-state design module and the other is a transient wellbore simulator developed for coiled tubing operations. The steady-state design module provides various design parameters for a drilling operation, and the transient wellbore simulator predicts the outcome from a particular design for the entire operation. Simulation results show the desired under or near balance can only be achieved by certain combinations of liquid and gas rates when using foam as the drilling fluid or using gas injection through gas-lift mandrel or parasite string. The effects of cuttings loading, depth of injection point and reservoir inflow on the downhole pressure or underbalance are presented and discussed. A procedure for designing under or near balanced drilling is described and demonstrated with an example using the computer utilities.

Introduction
It has long been recognized that a key to improving the recovery of reserves is to minimize the reservoir damage created while drilling. Thus, the main objective of drilling close to or under balance is to increase the productivity of the well by reducing formation damage due to the invasion of the formation by the drilling fluid and/or fines. Additional advantages of underbalanced drilling are that higher penetration rates are obtained than with overbalanced drilling and the risk of differential sticking is reduced.
Coiled tubing is particularly suitable for under balanced or near balanced drilling because of the improved well control in a coiled tubing system and because coiled tubing allows continuous drilling while maintaining the underbalance.
When planning an underbalanced drilling operation, the magnitude of the desired underbalance is a primary consideration. If the downhole pressure is too low, there may be wellbore stability problems. The amount of underbalance also determines the rate of fluid production from the reservoir and the surface facility should be able to handle the production fluid in the return flow.
After the desired amount of underbalance is determined, the next step is to determine how to achieve this underbalance For normal or high pressure reservoirs, underbalance can be achieved by using water, brine or diesel as the drilling fluid. For low pressure reservoirs, nitrogen or produced gas is used to aerate the drilling fluid and reduce downhole pressure. Two injection methods are often used. One is pumping foam or nitrified fluid down the coiled tubing and into the annulus, and the other is injecting nitrogen or produced gas through a parasite string or through existing gas lift mandrels to aerate the liquid column in the annulus.
P. 153
Competing for Energy
Authors: Symonds Edward 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Growing demand for all forms of energy in the U.S. and abroad will put additional pressures upon the conventional sources of domestic pressures upon the conventional sources of domestic hydrocarbon fuels and stimulate the development of the so-called nonconventional sources - shale oil, tar sands, and gas from oil and coal. Nuclear power will continue its establishment as a major new energy source, helped by possible breakthroughs in the development of breeder reactors and atomic fusion. Competition among customers will focus upon qualities and volumes of energy, rather than upon prices or types of fuel that have been traditional in the U.S.

Text
The fact that the total demand for energy continues to grow no longer comes as a surprise. In this respect, it follows the same trend as most raw materials, although lagging behind that of many types of services and sophisticated manufactures. The surprise arises from the speed at which this growth has been proceeding throughout the world, and the upturn that has taken place in the U.S.
In the non-Communist world as a whole, energy demand has been growing at more than 5 percent annually, and is likely to continue to percent annually, and is likely to continue to do so throughout the rest of this decade. If peace can be re-established and more resources devoted to industrial and agricultural development, this pace will speed up still further, with profound implications for countries which have become accustomed to living on large imports of low-cost energy.
In the case of the U.S., energy growth during the early 60ies, at less than 4 percent annually, showed the signs both of a mature economy and of a market approaching saturation. In more recent years, growth has accelerated to 5 percent annually, and there is ground for belief that a sustained higher growth rate must henceforth be expected.
The main reasons for this belief are that energy use is becoming a more important ingredient in consumer satisfaction, while methods of consumption are becoming less efficient. The spread of air conditioning (now used in about one-quarter of the nation's homes), the need for transportation within even vaster metropolitan regions (three of which may contain half the nation's population before the end of the century), and the continuous expansion of the market for energy-based conveniences (ranging from electric heating to all-terrain-vehicles) are cited as evidence of the former trend.
Possible Sources of Gas from the 31S C/D Shale Reservoirs, Monterey Formation, Elk Hills Field, California
Authors: Hampton Thomas J. , Reid Stephen A. , McIntyre Jana L. , Querin E. Mark 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cumulative gas production from the C/D Shale Reservoir significantly exceeds expected gas production as estimated from pressure decline data. Reservoir studies indicate three possible sources: leakage from other reservoirs, unconventional gas resources, and underestimation of original oil in place. Each of these three sources are discussed.
A Partnership in Upstream HSE Technology Transfer
Authors: Olszewski R. E. , Wahjosoedibjo A. S. , Hunley M. , Peargin J. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The oil and gas industry was for nearly two decades the dominant force in the Indonesian economy and the single largest contributor to the nation's development. Because of the success of Indonesia's long-term development and diversification program, this once-dominant sector today occupies a more equal but still vital position in a better-balanced economy.
The Indonesian government understands the danger to the environment posed by rapid industrial expansion and has enacted laws and regulations to ensure the sustainable development of its resources while protecting its rain forest environment. In 1992, the government oil company approached Chevron and Texaco for assistance in training its Health, Safety, and Environment (HSE) professionals.
The upstream environment, health and safety training program was developed to transfer HSE knowledge and technology to PERTAMINA, PT Caltex Pacific Indonesia, a C&T affiliate, and indirectly, to the entire Indonesian oil and gas industry and government ministries. The four companies have demonstrated the effectiveness of a partnership approach in developing and carrying out HSE training.
During 1994 and 1995, four groups, each consisting of about twenty representatives from PERTAMINA, the Directorate of Oil and Gas (MIGAS), the Indonesian Environmental Impact Management Agency (BAPEDAL), CPI, and Chevron and Texaco worldwide subsidiaries, traveled to the United States for an intensive four-month program of study in HSE "best practices" and technology conducted by Chevron and Texaco experts. As a result, Indonesia today has a corps of about seventy highly-trained HSE experts working in the private and state-owned oil and gas industry, and in critically important government agencies and ministries.
This paper describes the development and realization of The PERTAMINA/CPI Health, Safety and Environment Training Program, outlines subjects covered and explains the methodology used to ensure the effective transfer of HSE knowledge and technology. The paper also offers an evalua-tion of the sessions and presents the plans developed by participant-teams for follow up on their return to Indonesia.
The HSE Management System in Practice-Implementation
Authors: Primrose M. J. , Bentley P. D. , van der Graaf G. C. , Sykes R. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper sets out the necessary strategic issues that must be dealt with when setting up a management system for HSE. It touches on the setting of objectives using a form of risk matrix and the establishment of corporate risk tolerability levels. Such issue management is vital but can be seen as yet another corporate HQ initiative. It must therefore be linked and made relevant to those in middle management tasked with implementing the system and also to those at risk 'at the sharp end' of the business.
Setting acceptance criteria is aimed at demonstrating a necessary and sufficient level of control or coverage for those hazards considered as being within the objective setting of the Safety or HSE Case.
Critical risk areas addressed via the Safety Case, within Shell companies at least, must show how this coverage is extended to critical health and environmental issues. Methods of achieving this are various ranging from specific Case deliverables (like the Hazard Register and Accountability Matrices) through to the incorporation of topics from the hazard analysis in toolbox talks and meetings. Risk analysis techniques are increasingly seen as complementary rather than separate with environmental assessments, health risk assessment sand safety risk analyses taking place together and results being considered jointly.
The paper ends with some views on the way ahead regarding the linking of risk decisions to target setting at the workplace and views on how Case information may be retrieved and used on a daily basis.
The Energy Crisis - A Call for United Action
Authors: O'Connor Lawrence J. 
Published: December 2007

"If something can go wrong, it will go wrong," so says Murphy's law.
In the light of the current energy crisis in the U. S., may I submit an amendment to Murphy's law which goes like this: "If a number of separate but interrelated things can go wrong, sooner or later they will all go wrong at the same time."
It is a regrettable fact that all major energy supply sources in the U. S. today are experiencing shortages simultaneously. Some of these shortages, fortunately, are clearly temporary in nature and are already on the way to solution. Others are much more difficult and will be with us for a long time. Here are some of the things that have gone wrong and that contribute to the current national energy crisis.
Coal is in short supply and prices on the spot market have been climbing sharply during the past year and a half. The major cause of this was the fact that the coal industry curtailed its expansion a few years ago in the belief that it would lose part of its traditional electric power generation market to nuclear fuel. This did not happen. There were unexpected delays in the completion of nuclear power plants. To further complicate the coal problem, the Japanese have greatly stepped up their coal purchases from the U. S. Also, a new federal coal mine safety law presented problems for some mines. There was a serious shortage of railroad coal cars last winter when certain shippers found it more convenient to store coal in railroad cars than in dockside coal piles. Coal inventories dropped to dangerously low levels at many electric generating plants. Recently the coal car shortage has eased somewhat and coal inventories at electric plants are back to normal. Yet the over-all plants are back to normal. Yet the over-all coal shortage and high spot prices persist, and there is no assurance that next winter will not see another coal crisis, which could be triggered by coal or rail strike action, extreme cold weather or by some combination of these occurrences. The spot price of coal has risen 56 percent in the last year and a half. This is a phenomenal increase not matched by any other commodity listed on the Dept. of Labor monthly wholesale price index. Such an increase is only partially explained by cost factors. The shift from a buyers' market to a sellers' market in coal is probably more significant.
Another set of unforeseen events has created a serious problem for heavy fuel oil. The U.S. demand for residual fuel oil has accelerated at an unprecedented rate, primarily as a result of coal-to-oil conversions and new oil-burning power plants being placed in service designed to meet new air pollution control requirements. The cost on a Btu basis of heavy oil delivered to east coast ports has risen about 75 percent during the past year and a half, and this does not include desulfurization costs required to meet the new air quality standards. The U. S. is dependent on imports for heavy fuel oil since the refineries of the domestic industry are not geared to producing this increasingly important form of energy.
Environmental Review: Policy and Guidelines
Authors: Van Veldhuizen H. D. , Anderson R. B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The International Finance Corporation (IFC) is the private- sector financing affiliate of the World Bank Group. Because it works solely with the private sector in developing countries, its clientele and its project cycle are very different from that of the more traditional business carried out by the World Bank. Nevertheless, as a member of the World Bank Group, IFC is subject to the World Bank’s broad policies and guidelines regarding environmental and health and safety (EH&S) matters. IFC’s Environment Division is responsible for reviewing prospective investments and the existing investment portfolio for compliance with World Bank EH&S policies and guidelines. This review must be carried out in the context of local laws and regulations as well as the IFC-specific project cycle. The World Bank guidelines are in a period of transition as the World Bank updates its environmental guidelines for various industrial sectors and specific pollutants. The approach taken by IFC to environmental review and to implementation of the relevant World Bank policies and guidelines is described, with special reference to various types of investment in the oil and gas industry. In general, IFC requires all investments to be in full compliance with all relevant local laws and regulations and consistent with applicable World Bank policies. The Bank’s EH&S guidelines are used to evaluate the acceptability of the project’s pollution controls and health and safety practices with respect to broadly defined international norms. Detailed environmental impact analyses carried out by the project sponsor may provide a basis for accepting project-specific standards of performance. Public disclosure of the environmental aspects of a proposed IFC investment is required for all projects. The approach to public disclosure, as well as requirements for public consultation on environmental matters in certain cases, will depend greatly on the type of project and the social and cultural context of the host country as well as its environmental regulations.
The Use of Integrated Management Systems Assessments for Continuous Improvement of EHS Programs
Authors: Wills Thomas L. , Frew John , Hammond David R. , Rafn Christian L.S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Texaco's Tartan Platform located in the British North Sea and the onshore support organization located in Aberdeen provide a case study illustrating how environment, health and safety (EHS) management systems assessments can provide an effective mechanism for continuous improvement of EHS programs. A baseline health and safety assessment of Tartan evaluated the degree of management control in place in 1992. A three-year improvement plan was prepared and implemented using the assessment format as a structure. In 1995, Texaco developed an integrated EHS management systems assessment (EHS MSA) program and conducted an environment, health and safety assessment of Tartan. The EHS MSA results documented the efforts made in the management of health and safety issues since 1992 and form the basis for ongoing improvement efforts that include environmental issues. A discussion of how the MSA methodology addresses the emerging ISO 14001 standard concludes the paper.