bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON AGE CHANGES IN THE OVARIES OF MICE
Authors: JONES ESTHER C. , KROHN P. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Hypophysectomy in the mouse (A, CBA, RIII and RIII × CBA strains) significantly retards, but does not wholly prevent, the normal progressive loss of oocytes from the ovary. The proportion of follicles judged to be normal on histological criteria rises from levels of 50–60% to levels of 60–75%. CBA strain mice which normally lose oocytes faster than the other strains still show this difference after hypophysectomy.
The extent to which the ovaries of hypophysectomized mice retain their normal function after more than 300 days in a gonadotrophin-free environment has been tested by transplanting them orthotopically into normal female hosts. In all cases, the grafts responded to gonadotrophin supplied by the new host and in the favourable environment provided by a young host produced normal litters as satisfactorily as transplanted normal ovaries.
PITUITARY AND ADRENAL INFLUENCE ON THE 'ENDOCRINE-KIDNEY SYNDROME'
Authors: NÁDASDI M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Experiments on rats indicate that:
1. Permanent unilateral renal ischaemia (the 'endocrine kidney') plus administration of Na2HPO4 produces a characteristic cardiovascular-renal syndrome consisting of two basic types of lesions: (a) cardiac hyalinization (with periarteritis), and (b) infarct-like myocardial necrosis. The non-ischaemic kidney reveals severe calcification.
2. Adrenalectomy does not significantly alter this pathological pattern.
3. Hypophysectomy prevents the hyalinization and periarteritis, inhibits nephrocalcinosis, but does not affect the infarct-like necroses.
4. The endocrine-kidney syndrome, both in its appearance and in its response to pituitary and adrenal influence, is identical with the cardiovascular manifestations of an overdosage of mineralocorticoids.
OESTROGEN AND PROGESTERONE LEVELS IN PREGNANT RHESUS MONKEYS
Authors: SHORT R. V. , ECKSTEIN P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Progesterone was chemically determined in the placental tissue of four rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta), and in the blood and placenta of a fifth monkey at the time of an elective caesarean section near term. The urine of the same animal was also collected before the operation and assayed for oestradiol-17β, oestrone and oestriol.
Comparison with the reported results of similar assays in women revealed a marked difference between the two species. The concentrations of all steroids measured in the monkey were invariably lower than the corresponding human ones, the difference in placental progesterone being of the order of 30–40 times. Oestriol appears to be absent from the urine of pregnant macaques.
The reason for the difference in hormone levels between pregnant women and rhesus monkeys would seem to be the lesser endocrine activity of the monkey placenta.
These findings are briefly discussed and it is tentatively concluded that in the production (and probably in the metabolism) of oestrogens and progesterone during pregnancy the macaque appears more closely related to the domestic animals than to the higher primates.
THE IMMUNOLOGICAL ASSAY OF GROWTH HORMONE IN HUMAN SERUM
Authors: HARTOG M. , FRASER RUSSELL 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
An immunological method for the assay of growth hormone in human serum is described. The method, based on that of Read, has a reproducibility of 20%; the normal mean level for adults was found to be 172 μg./l., and the range of two standard deviations was 88–256 μg./l. serum. The assay has shown raised levels in seven out of ten acromegalic patients and lowered ones in four out of seven hypopituitary patients.
HYPOTHALAMIC CONTROL OF PITUITARY GONADOTROPHINS
Authors: GALE C. C. , McCANN S. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Impairments in gestation, parturition, and milk ejection were produced when electrolytic lesions were placed in the median eminence of the tuber cinereum of pregnant rats at various stages of gestation. Thus, uterine implantation of ova was blocked in 65% of rats following placement of lesions on day 1 of gestation, and implantation of ova was induced in these animals by administration of oestrogen. When lesions localized to the caudal median eminence were placed on days 4–9, implantation was not blocked but abortion-resorption resulted in 90% of cases. Replacement studies during pregnancy in rats with lesions in the caudal median eminence suggest that (1) all aborting rats were deficient in gonadotrophins necessary for secretion of oestrogen, and (2) half of them were deficient in luteotrophin as well. (That is, luteotrophin had no replacement value, while oestrogen therapy permitted maintenance of gestation in 54% of cases, and oestrogen plus progesterone allowed 100% to remain pregnant.) In rats receiving lesions on days 7–9 and maintaining gestation to term, 32% of those with severe diabetes insipidus experienced difficulty during delivery. Placement of lesions after day 13 impaired neither gestation nor parturition. The observation that most rats with lesions were able to deliver their litters normally but were unable to eject milk following suckling stimuli suggests that oxytocin is not essential for parturition in this species. Most of the rats with lesions failed to resume oestrous cycles; of the few showing return of normal or irregular cycles, the majority failed to mate.
STUDIES ON GRANULATION TISSUE PRODUCTION IN ALLOXAN-DIABETIC RATS
Authors: NAGY S. , RÉDEI A. , KARÁDY S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Alloxan-diabetic rats produce significantly less granulation tissue than normal ones. Locally applied growth hormone (STH), which stimulates granulation tissue in normal rats, lost this ability in diabetic animals. Adrenalectomized alloxan-diabetic rats also fail to respond by increased granulation tissue growth to STH. The stimulation of granulation tissue by STH seems to depend on an adequate supply of insulin.
THE INFLUENCE OF IODIDE AND ELEMENTAL IODINE ON PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AND SERUM LIPIDS IN THE BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: van ZYL A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intramuscular injections of iodide (1 mg./kg. body wt./day) caused a rise of the serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) in normal, thyroidectomized, hypophysectomized and thyro-hypophysectomized baboons. The rise of the serum PBI resulting from iodide injections was only a fraction of the increase observed when the baboons were injected with similar doses of elemental iodine.
Intramuscular injections of elemental iodine dissolved in propylene glycol caused a decrease of the serum lipids in totally thyroidectomized baboons, but not in normal or partially thyroidectomized baboons.
SERUM PROTEIN-BOUND IODINE AND SERUM LIPID CHANGES IN THE THYROIDECTOMIZED, HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED, CASTRATED AND ADRENALECTOMIZED BABOON (PAPIO URSINUS)
Authors: van ZYL A. , GILLMAN J. , GILBERT C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Thyroidectomy, hypophysectomy, pituitary stalk section and thyro-hypophysectomy cause a rapid decline in the serum protein-bound iodine (PBI) of the baboon. A low PBI level was, however, persistently maintained in serum from thyroidectomized baboons. The serum PBI of castrated baboons remained normal, whereas a significant increase was observed after adrenalectomy. The mean serum lipids and cholesterol:lipid phosphorus ratio were elevated in thyroidectomized baboons and tended to return to normal in cases of thyroid nodule regeneration. After hypophysectomy and pituitary stalk section the serum total cholesterol was higher than that of the normal adult baboon, while thyro-hypophysectomy resulted in a significant decrease of the total lipids, total cholesterol and lipid phosphorus. These low lipid concentrations in the absence of the pituitary and thyroid were maintained more consistently than in the normal thyroidectomized or hypophysectomized baboon.
Castration in the baboon led to a significant rise of all lipid fractions under investigation.
Hypophysectomy in the baboon caused an increased sensitivity to adrenocorticotrophic hormone and cortisone, as judged by the serum lipid response. Such an increased sensitivity seemed to be absent in the thyro-hypophysectomized baboon.
THE EFFECT OF INSULIN ON THE UPTAKE OF MONOSACCHARIDES BY THE RAT LENS
Authors: LEVARI RUTH , KORNBLUETH W. , WERTHEIMER E. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. A direct stimulatory effect of insulin, in vitro, on the uptake of galactose, glucosamine and some pentoses by the intact lens, has been established. Stimulation of glucose uptake is perceptible only under certain conditions, and was more pronounced in a medium of bicarbonate buffer than in phosphate.
2. Insulin increased lactic acid production from glucose and from galactose.
3. Chronic diabetes decreased galactose uptake. Insulin, in vitro, restored the uptake to the level of that of normal rat lenses.
4. Phloridzin was found to cancel the effect of insulin.
5. The increase in uptake by insulin was of the same order of magnitude for glucose and galactose, irrespective of the total uptake. The decrease in uptake due to diabetes was quantitatively the same as the increase by insulin in normal rat lenses. The effect of insulin on lactic acid production was identical for both hexoses.
6. The possible existence of two pathways of glucose uptake in the rat lens is discussed.
DIURNAL RHYTHMS OF KETO- AND KETOGENIC STEROID EXCRETION AND THE ADAPTATION TO CHANGES OF THE ACTIVITY-SLEEP ROUTINE
Authors: SHARP G. W. G. , SLORACH S. A. , VIPOND H. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. An investigation of the diurnal rhythms of keto- and ketogenic steroid excretion has been carried out in four human subjects. The subjects lived, under standardized conditions of diet, activity and lighting, in Spitsbergen where 24 hr. daylight persists during the summer.
2. A study of the adaptation of their rhythms to a reversed activity-sleep and light-darkness schedule has been made, and of the subsequent re-adaptation to normal schedules.
3. Adaptation of the ketosteroid rhythm occurred in 2 days and of the ketogenic steroid rhythm in 8 days.
4. The ketosteroid excretory rhythm may depend immediately, and the ketogenic steroid rhythm ultimately, upon habit and environment.
5. Evidence has been presented to suggest that the ketogenic steroid rhythm is dependent upon the synchronization of pituitary and adrenal responsiveness. During the reversal of rhythm, adrenocortical activity takes place initially in the early 'evening' and 'night', occurring progressively earlier each day until it synchronizes with the new time scale.
6. The significance of these findings is discussed.
AGE AS A FACTOR DETERMINING THE SEVERITY AND REVERSIBILITY OF THE EFFECTS OF THYROID DEPRIVATION IN THE RAT
Authors: EAYRS J. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The effect of the age at which thyroidectomy is performed and replacement therapy begun has been studied in the rat using the Hebb-Williams closed field test to measure cerebral capacity.
2. Rats thyroidectomized at birth, either by giving 131I or by the chronic administration of methyl thiouracil, made significantly more errors than did normal litter-mates. The degree of impairment was progressively reduced when thyroidectomy was delayed, and the behaviour of rats thyroidectomized on the 25th day of age proved indistinguishable from that of the euthyroid individual.
3. Replacement therapy with triiodothyronine was completely successful in neonatally thyroidectomized rats when begun by the 10th day of age, but unsuccessful if delayed until the 24th day.
4. Qualitative changes in behaviour were observed as a result of thyroidectomy at birth but tended to disappear when thyroidectomy was delayed or when therapy was started early. These included a more rapid rate of habituation and an increased tendency to perseverate. There was also some evidence of a difference between normal and thyroidectomized animals in the mode of solution of the several problems presented.
5. The reported experimental findings reinforce the view that thyroid hormone is a potent factor regulating cerebral development during a critical period of life, and that in its absence developmental abnormalities arise which are as yet ill-defined but cannot be reversed by subsequent replacement therapy.
ASSAYS FOR GONADOTROPHINS IN THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE ARCTIC COD, GADUS MORHUA L., AND THE PRESENCE OF A GONADOTROPHIC ANTAGONIST
Authors: WOODHEAD A. D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The presence of gonadotrophins in the pituitary gland of the cod was demonstrated in assays on other lower vertebrates. Injections of cod pituitary stimulated a 42% increase in the ovarian weight of the female rudd (Scardinius erythrophthalmus L.), and sperm release in the male common frog (Rana temporaria).
The injection of cod pituitary powder into immature rats failed to cause any increase in ovarian weight in standard assays. In all experiments the resulting ovarian weights of the treated animals were slightly less than those of the control groups. The cod pituitary also failed to induce ovulation in the mature female rabbit.
When immature female rats were treated simultaneously with cod pituitary and with mammalian gonadotrophins, the cod pituitary inhibited the ovarian response to the mammalian hormones. This inhibition was proportional to the dose of cod pituitary given.
The cod gonadotrophic antagonist was shown to be confined to the pituitary gland; injections of cod muscle powder and cod brain powder did not have any inhibitory effects. All the cod pituitary samples tested contained the antigonadotrophic factor, but there was some seasonal variation in the intensity of the inhibition produced. The nature of the cod pituitary factor is discussed, together with the significance of these results to the concept of the species specificity of vertebrate gonadotrophins.
HISTOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX OF THE RAT IN DEHYDRATION AND REHYDRATION
Authors: BACHRACH D. , SZABÓ ÉVA B. , BARADNAY Gy. , KORPÁSSY B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The adrenal cortex of rats was studied during different periods of deprivation and re-introduction of drinking water. Dehydration following thirst caused an increase in the width and nuclear volume of the cells of the zona glomerulosa. The cellular hypertrophy of the zone was associated with a rise in the serum sodium level, thus indicating hyperactivity of this zone. After re-introducing drinking water following thirsting, the z. glomerulosa did not show a uniform pattern, regression of its hypertrophy being uneven, and occurring in several animals at different times. Normalization of the zone may be immediately preceded by a temporary increase of activity.
Hypertrophy of the z. glomerulosa associated with a rise in serum sodium level may take place simultaneously with both the hypertrophy and the regression of the zona fasciculata and with both hyperfunction and a state of rest (or equilibrium) of the antidiuretic centres.
Dehydration following thirsting seems to be a particular type of stress, which exerts a stimulating effect on both external layers of the adrenal cortex alike.
DOMESTIC PIGEONS: THE STIMULUS PROVIDED BY THE EGG IN THE NEST
Authors: MEDWAY LORD 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effectiveness of various isolated tactile or visual stimuli in maintaining brooding behaviour in pigeons has been studied. It was found that:

In the light
(1) The presence of any number of eggs in the nest, whether greater or fewer than the normal clutch size, is equally effective in maintaining brooding behaviour.
(2) Any solid model of the approximate size of the natural egg may be an effective stimulus to brooding.
(3) Flat oval models, or even the eggs themselves if physical contact with them is prevented, are not effective.
(4) Simple stimulation of afferent nerve endings of the apterium is not an effective stimulus in the absence of the egg.
(5) Total denervation of the skin of the apterium does not diminish the effective stimulus provided by the natural egg.
(6) If prevented from tactile (but not visual) contact with the male, nest bowl and eggs, incubating behaviour in the female continues only so long as the male continues to brood.

In the dark
(7) Solid egg-shaped models are an effective stimulus for normal birds.
(8) Normal incubating behaviour may or may not be maintained after denervation of the apterium.
It is concluded that, in the domestic pigeon with previous breeding experience, no one class of sensory receptors and no one afferent route are concerned in the neural pathway conveying the stimulus provided by the present egg to the hypothalamus.
GLYCOSIDASES IN THE CORPUS LUTEUM
Authors: LEVVY G. A. , McALLAN A. , HAY A. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
1. The corpus luteum in cattle, pigs and women is rich in α-l-fucosidase, β-d-fucosidase, β-d-galactosidase, α-d-mannosidase, β-d-glucuronidase and β-N-acetyl-d-glucosaminidase activity. In comparison, the activity of these enzymes in the follicular fluid is usually negligible. The remainder of the ovarian tissue approximates to the follicles in activity.
2. The activities found in the corpora lutea of pregnant and non-pregnant animals were the same.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE EFFECT OF MAINTAINING GLAUCOUS-WINGED GULLS (LARUS GLAUCESCENS) ON FRESH WATER AND SEA WATER FOR LONG PERIODS
Authors: HOLMES W. N. , BUTLER D. G. , PHILLIPS J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Developing marine birds, but not mature ones, when maintained on sea water failed to grow at the same rate as those maintained on fresh water. In both developing and mature birds maintained on sea water the size of the adrenal glands and supraorbital nasal glands showed dramatic increases. The significance of these changes is discussed in relation to both the results of other workers and our recent work on the salt-loaded domestic duck.
PHOSPHATASE AND CHOLINESTERASE IN THE HYPOTHALAMO-HYPOPHYSIAL SYSTEM OF THE MONKEY
Authors: HOLMES R. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
A high concentration of alkaline phosphatase occurs in the vessels of the hypothalamus and neurohypophysis of the macaque, and a low concentration in the cytoplasm of neurones of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. These neurones contain a high concentration of acid phosphatase, and also both true and pseudo-cholinesterase. The neurohypophysis contains only pseudo-cholinesterase in a predominantly perivascular distribution.
THE MAINTENANCE OF LACTATION IN THE GOAT AFTER HYPOPHYSECTOMY
Authors: COWIE A. T. , TINDAL J. S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Five adult goats were hypophysectomized during lactation; within 10 days their milk yields dropped to a fifth or less of the preoperative levels.
The daily milk yield of one of these goats was increased from 10 to 288 ml. by giving daily injections of ox anterior-pituitary extract; the yield of a second goat was increased from 110 to 1315 ml. by daily injections of sheep anterior-pituitary extract. Treatment of the three other goats with purified anterior-pituitary hormones, corticoids, insulin and triiodo-l-thyronine increased their milk yields from 230, 10 and 45 ml./day to 1480, 1320 and 270 ml./day, respectively.
Milk secretion was induced in the right udder-half of a sixth animal—which had been hypophysectomized in mid-pregnancy and had aborted—by the local injection of prolactin into the parenchyma of the right udder-half plus the systemic injection of somatotrophin; general lactation was subsequently induced and maintained by systemic treatment with prolactin, somatotrophin, adrenocorticotrophin, corticoids, insulin and triiodo-l-thyronine. The maximum daily yield of the animal was 625 ml.
Prolactin and somatotrophin appear to be major components of the lactogenic and galactopoietic complexes in the goat, but further study is required to determine their relative importance and to confirm a preliminary observation that lactation may proceed in the hypophysectomized goat at least for a time by treatment with hormone combinations which include somatotrophin but not prolactin.
A marked increase in water intake of one hypophysectomized goat appeared to be associated with the administration of somatotrophin.
The possibility of species specificities existing in relation to prolactin are discussed.
THE ACTIVITY OF A NUMBER OF OESTROGENS AS TESTED IN THE SPAYED EWE
Authors: ROBINSON T. J. , REARDON T. F. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Eight oestrogens were tested for potency in spayed ewes.
A. The estimated m.e.d.'s (μg.) for (a) vaginal and (b) behavioural oestrus, with associated 95% fiducial limits were:

(1) Natural oestrogens (free).
β-Oestradiol: (a) 9·2-11·7-14·6, (b) 9·7-11·2-12·8; oestrone: (a) 39·5-54·1-74·0, (b) 71·1–81·7-93·7; oestriol: (a) 745-961-1241, (b) 877-985-1108.

(2) Natural oestrogens (conjugated).
Oestradiol benzoate: (a) 3·7-6·6-11·6, (b) 13·5-14·9-16·4; oestrone benzoate: (a) 17·0-33·3-65·3, (b) 90·0-100·3-111·9.

(3) Synthetic oestrogens.
Stilboestrol: (a) 3·6-8·2-18·6, (b) 23·2-27·5-32·7; hexoestrol: (a) 6·5-12·7-25·9, (b) 21·0-30·5-44·5; dienoestrol: (a) 22·4-40·1-68·8, (b) 80·4-95·3-112·7.
B. Relative potencies on the basis of free oestrogen, and related to β-oestradiol = 100, were:

(1) Vaginal oestrus:
oestradiol benzoate 234, stilboestrol 143, β-oestradiol 100, hexoestrol 92, oestrone benzoate 47, dienoestrol 29, oestrone 22, oestriol 1.
There was no clear pattern of seasonal change of ewe sensitivity as measured by vaginal changes.

(2) Behavioural oestrus.

(a) Uncorrected for seasonal variation in sensitivity of ewes:
oestradiol benzoate 100, β-oestradiol 100, stilboestrol 41, hexoestrol 37, oestrone benzoate 15, oestrone 14, dienoestrol 12, oestriol 1.

(b) Corrected for seasonal variation:
oestradiol benzoate 128, β-oestradiol 100, stilboestrol 71, hexoestrol 66, dienoestrol 21, oestrone 17, oestrone benzoate 15, oestriol 1.
Oestradiol and dienoestrol were more effective when the dose was given as three injections than when given as a single injection. Oestrone was less effective when given as a divided dose. Other oestrogens were unaffected by frequency of injection, but the slope of response to stilboestrol was increased by dividing the dose.
THE EXCRETION OF INDIVIDUAL 17-OXOSTEROIDS IN CUSHING'S SYNDROME
Authors: JAMES V. H. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The urinary excretion levels of individual 17-oxosteroids in eight patients with Cushing's syndrome have been determined quantitatively. Using these values approximate secretion rates of cortisol and 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione were calculated and found to be elevated above the normal range. The excretion values for 11-deoxy-17-oxosteroids were highly variable, being below normal, normal or elevated in different patients. The excretion patterns in adrenocortical hyperplasia and carcinoma showed no characteristic differences; however, the patients with adrenal adenoma showed steroid excretions which suggested that these tumours secreted cortisol almost exclusively, together with small quantities of 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, and minimal amounts of 11-deoxy-C19-steroids. The majority of patients excreted aetiocholanolone and androsterone in an abnormally high ratio; this also occurred after administration of androst-4-ene-3:17-dione, and it is suggested that in Cushing's syndrome the hepatic enzymes preferentially reduce adrenal androgen to metabolites with the 5β configuration.