bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Arsenic accumulation and toxicity in the earthworm Eisenia fetida affected by chloride and phosphate
Authors: Lee Byung-Tae , Kim Kyoung-Woong 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Chloride and phosphate (PO4) were added to field soils contaminated with arsenic and heavy metals, and Eisenia fetida were inoculated in these treated soils for 70 d. After 28 d, earthworm survival, body weight, and cocoon production were measured. During the exposure period, the accumulation of As and four metals (Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) in E. fetida was analyzed. Bulk soils and soil solutions were characterized for the contents of As, metals, organic matter, and major cations and anions; cation exchange capacity; and pH. Although addition of Cl to the soil did not impact As toxicity, it significantly reduced As uptake. The addition of PO4 induced changes in As toxicity and reduced As accumulation even though the As concentration in the soil pore water increased because of the substitution of As by P at soil sorption sites. These results imply that the addition of Cl induced the formation of an As-Cl complex, thereby resulting in decreased As bioavailability; they also imply that monovalent phosphate (H2PO4−) competes with As for uptake through transporter-mediated mechanisms in cells.
Use of a structured investigative protocol enhances the quality of investigative interviews with alleged victims of child sexual abuse in Britain
Authors: Lamb Michael E. , Orbach Yael , Sternberg Kathleen J. , Aldridge Jan , Pearson Sally , Stewart Heather L. , Esplin Phillip W. , Bowler Lynn 
Published: July 2008

AbstractOne hundred alleged victims of child sexual abuse (aged 4–13; M = 9.3 years) were interviewed by police investigators about their alleged experiences. Half of the children were interviewed using the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) structured interview Protocol, whereas the other children, matched with respect to their age, relationship with the alleged perpetrator, and seriousness of the alleged offenses, were interviewed by investigators following the Memorandum of Good Practice. Protocol‐guided interviews elicited more information using free‐recall invitations and less information using directive, option‐posing and suggestive questions than did standard Memorandum interviews. There were no age differences in the proportion of total information provided in response to open‐ended invitations in either condition, but there was a significant increase with age in the proportion of central information provided in response to open‐ended invitations. Published in 2008 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The long‐term impact of emotionally stressful events on memory characteristics and life story
Authors: Thomsen Dorthe Kirkegaard , Berntsen Dorthe 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe characteristics and organization of memories from World War II (WWII) were examined in relation to posttraumatic stress reactions. In Study 1, 145 Danes recalled and rated four memories from WWII. They rated the WWII period for posttraumatic stress reactions and importance to identity and life story. Memory clarity, rehearsal and consequences correlated positively with posttraumatic stress reactions and with WWII importance to identity and life story. In Study 2, a subgroup of 58 participants nominated five life story memories, divided their life story into chapters and rated WWII for posttraumatic stress reactions and importance to identity and life story. Posttraumatic stress reactions correlated positively with percentage of life story chapters about WWII, the tendency to connect non‐WWII memories with the WWII period and subjective clarity and rehearsal of WWII memories. The results contradict the idea that posttraumatic stress reactions are associated with vague and poorly integrated trauma memories. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strandbeests
Authors: Jansen Theo 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDutch artist Theo Jansen has created his own genesis, raising fantastic beasts out of plastic tubing. Photographed on the beach near his lab in Ypenburg, these great sculptures have a mythical resonance far beyond their physical make‐up. Here he explains the inherent qualities and restrictions of working with this ubiquitous yellow electric cabling that lends itself to playful experiment and accidental evolutions. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convoluted Flesh: A Synthetic Approach to Analogue and Digital Architecture
Authors: Colletti Marjan , Cruz Marcos 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMarcos Cruz and Marjan Colletti advocate their own distinct design approach that is intuitive and blissful in its opulence, evoking the sublime.Here they discuss the potential of opening up ‘new spatial, or material possibilities’ that are liberated from the self‐imposed restrictions of their more technologically driven contemporaries. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Memory of an Elephant
Authors: Sheil Bob 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA mechanical, ‘magical menagerie’ is emerging out of the disused shipyard of Nantes in western France. For Bob Sheil the project was first embodied by the spectacle of a giant elephant being paraded through the streets of central London in 2006. He describes how the collective of designers at La Machine are creating creatures through carefully contrived production and performance routines. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thinking with Matter
Authors: West Mark 
Published: July 2008

AbstractMark West considers the qualities of the analogue against the digital in the context of his work at the Centre for Architectural Structures and Technology (CAST) at Manitoba. Unable to fault the computer's ability to provide complex calculations for the fabrication of forms, he insists that the fidelity and investigative potential that he has found in the reality of the physical model and hand‐drafted drawing have yet to be surpassed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Objects after Image
Authors: Egashira Shin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor 12 years, the Koshirakura Landscape Workshop has been an annual summer event. Located in a beautiful and remote region of Japan, it encourages a small group of architecture students to respond to the setting by creating projects that read, represent and spatially reconfigure the landscape into new constructions. Shin Egashira reveals how, over time, these constructions in turn act as a continuous form of documentation and reflection. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shoreditch Roof Apartment
Authors: Littlefield David 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA rooftop apartment in East London is an unlikely setting for a sizable family home. David Littlefield describes how the collaboration between Tonkin Liu and Richard Rogers has led to a two‐storey addition to an east London warehouse that is thoughtful and sensuous in its spatial planning and detailing, combining bedrooms for four children with unrivalled views. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Jamie Fobert Architects: Inside Out
Authors: Watson Howard 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe architect of several artists' homes, Jamie Fobert is now landing himself a string of acclaimed arts and commercial commissions. From his warehouse in Old Street in London, he explained to Howard Watson how the sensitive integrity of his architecture has developed out of ‘an inside‐out approach’, which puts particular store in ‘framing light and views’ and the sculpting of space aided by physical model‐making, rather than the synthetic top‐down views that are imposed by widely used CAD programs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inhabiting the Body and the Spaces of Interaction
Authors: Croci Valentina 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWearable technologies create a tactile interface with the body of the user, providing a new model for architecture in which the surface between the subject and the object is almost seamless and sensory. As Valentina Croci explores, they also call on us to reconsider a more interdisciplinary mode of designing that accommodates a dynamic social dialogue between highly portable small‐scale devices, their remote networks and the physical environment. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Can Architectural Design Be Research? Fabricating Complexity
Authors: Weinstock Michael 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn the second part of this mini ‘Unit Factor’ series on design as research (see previous article in AD, Vol 78, No 3, 2008), Michael Weinstock turns his attention to fabrication. He explores this through the pioneering work of designtoproduction, a firm who have made it their business to realise complexity in architecture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radical Experimentation As Research: AVATAR
Authors: Spiller Neil 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor four years, AVATAR at the Bartlett School of Architecture at University College London has been advancing the ‘digital and visceral terrain’. As its main exponent, Neil Spiller explains how its preoccupations fan out far beyond the merely technological, encompassing the aesthetic, philosophical and the natural, enabling it to question current stylistic tyrannies in architecture. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doping Molecular Monolayers: Effects on Electrical Transport Through Alkyl Chains on Silicon
Authors: Seitz Oliver , Vilan Ayelet , Cohen Hagai , Hwang Jaehyung , Haeming Marc , Schoell Achim , Umbach Eberhard , Kahn Antoine , Cahen David 
Published: July 2008

Abstractn‐Si/CnH2n + 1/Hg junctions (n = 12, 14, 16 and 18) can be prepared with sufficient quality to assure that the transport characteristics are not anymore dominated by defects in the molecular monolayers. With such organic monolayers we can, using electron, UV and X‐ray irradiation, alter the charge transport through the molecular junctions on n‐ as well as on p‐type Si. Remarkably, the quality of the self‐assembled molecular monolayers following irradiation remains sufficiently high to provide the same very good protection of Si from oxidation in ambient atmosphere as provided by the pristine films. Combining spectroscopic (UV photoemission spectroscopy (UPS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Auger, near edge‐X‐ray absorption fine structure (NEXAFS)) and electrical transport measurements, we show that irradiation induces defects in the alkyl films, most likely CC bonds and CC crosslinks, and that the density of defects can be controlled by irradiation dose. These altered intra‐ and intermolecular bonds introduce new electronic states in the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)–lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap of the alkyl chains and, in the process, dope the organic film. We demonstrate an enhancement of 1–2 orders of magnitude in current. This change is clearly distinguishable from the previous observed difference between transport through high quality and defective monolayers. A detailed analysis of the electrical transport at different temperatures shows that the dopants modify the transport mechanism from tunnelling to hopping. This study suggests a way to extend significantly the use of monolayers in molecular electronics.
The Intramolecular Junctions of Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wei Dacheng , Liu Yunqi 
Published: July 2008

AbstractFor the miniaturization of microelectronics, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are regarded as ideal candidates for the next generation of nanoelectronics because of their excellent properties. To realize CNT‐based electronics, intramolecular junctions are required components, which can not only connect different CNTs for integration, but can also act as functional building blocks in the circuit, such as rectifiers, field‐effect transistors, switches, amplifiers, photoelectrical devices, etc. Therefore, intense attention has been focused on this topic and many advances have been achieved, especially in recent years. On the other hand, some challenges also exist. To provide researchers with a comprehensive overview of this field, this review discusses the synthesis, properties, and applications of intramolecular junctions of CNTs in detail. Among them, the applications of CNT integration are discussed specially. Furthermore, a brief summary and an outlook of future work are provided.magnified image
Iron‐Catalyzed Aziridination Reactions
Authors: Nakanishi Masafumi , Salit Anne‐Frederique , Bolm Carsten 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA small quantity of iron(II) triflate (2.5 to 5 mol%) catalyzes the aziridination reactions of enol silyl ethers with tosylimino(iodo)benzene (PhINTs) in acetonitrile to give α‐N‐tosylamido ketones by subsequent aziridine ring opening. Olefins are converted into aziridines by 5 mol% of this catalyst system. Both reactions afford the corresponding products in moderate to good yields. In the presence of chiral ligands asymmetric aziridinations have been achieved.
One‐Pot, Regioselective Synthesis of Substituted Arylglycines for Kinetic Resolution by Penicillin G Acylase
Authors: Grundmann Peter , Fessner Wolf‐Dieter 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAmido‐alkylation of electron‐rich arenes with phenylacetamide and glyoxylic acid offers an inexpensive route to a large variety of N‐phenylacetylated arylglycines that are suited for immediate enzymatic resolution by penicillin G acylase. When performed under mild conditions at 5 °C in acetic acid/HCl, this simple one‐pot operation resulted in the formation of single regioisomers only (≥98%). Subsequent kinetic resolution of the amino acid derivatives by penicillin G acylase at pH 8.0 occurred generally with E values>100 and thus furnished free (S)‐configurated arylglycines with high enantiomeric purity. The corresponding enantiopure (R)‐substrates, easily separable by a phase‐selective extraction process, provided the corresponding (R)‐enantiomers upon conventional hydrolysis. This one‐pot, two‐step procedure for arylglycine synthesis, resolution and work‐up requires a minimum of equipment and grants rapid access to both enantiopure (S)‐ and (R)‐antipodes of non‐natural α‐amino acids in small‐ to large‐scale quantities.
Highly Efficient Heterogeneous Aqueous Kharasch Reaction with an Amphiphilic Resin‐Supported Ruthenium Catalyst
Authors: Oe Yohei , Uozumi Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAn amphiphilic polystyrene‐polyethylene glycol (PS‐PEG) resin‐supported ruthenium complex was designed and prepared. The polymeric Ru complex was found to promote the transition metal‐catalyzed atom transfer radical addition of halogenated compounds to olefins, the Kharasch reaction, in water under heterogeneous as well as AIBN‐free conditions with a high level of atom economy to meet green chemical requirements.
Intrinsic MSZW characteristics of racemic species: Implication for chiral crystallization
Authors: Wang Xiujuan , Yang Xia , Liu Yingxin , Ching Chi Bun 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe metastable zone widths (MSZWs) of different racemic species in solutions were experimentally and theoretically investigated. It was found that the MSZWs of racemic conglomerates 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidone and N‐methylephedrine were independent of enantiomeric excess, while the MSZWs of the racemic compound propranolol hydrochloride in different solvents were associated with the solubility ratio α of racemate to pure enantiomer. Crystal lattice properties were attributed to this difference. This can be used as the additional guideline for the characterization of racemic species. More interesting, abnormal apparent orders of primary nucleation rate at different enantiomeric excess were observed for conglomerate 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidone. It suggests a critical supersaturation exists beyond which the nucleation of the opposite isomer could occur. This phenomenon reveals particular implication of MSZW on the crucial supersaturation control during preferential crystallization, which was demonstrated in the preferential crystallization of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐pyrrolidone with detailed modeling and in situ monitoring. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
Adsorption from oversaturated aqueous solution: Mean force molecular simulations
Authors: Tscheliessnig Rupert , Geyrhofer Lukas , Wendland Martin , Fischer Johann 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe squeeze out of benzene from an aqueous solution to a planar graphite wall is considered by molecular simulations. The system contains 1–10 benzene molecules in water at T = 300 K and p = 1 bar corresponding to an oversaturation from 10 to 100. Local density profiles are obtained from the mean force method with a particle balance. For improving the accuracy, standard simulations results are incorporated into the mean force method. The resulting density profiles of benzene show a first peak at the wall with parallel and a second with perpendicular orientation of the molecules. For larger distances from the wall the structure levels out and for up to 40‐fold oversaturation a limiting density of 25.8 ± 3.6 mmol/l is obtained. This value is in surprisingly good agreement with the experimental solubility limit of 22.8 mmol/l. The method may also be used for obtaining liquid–liquid equilibria. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
International MDS risk analysis workshop (IMRAW)/IPSS reanalyzed: Impact of cytopenias on clinical outcomes in myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Kao Jelena M. , McMillan Alex , Greenberg Peter L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) was created for evaluating clinical outcomes of patients with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS). We evaluated the depth of cytopenias to determine whether this parameter could further refine the prognostic ability of the IPSS. Correlation was determined between the depth of cytopenias in 816 patients from the International MDS Risk Analysis Workshop database and patients' clinical features. Univariate analyses of hemoglobin (Hb), absolute neutrophil count, and platelet depth levels were assessed relative to the IPSS risk groups, refined French‐American‐British categories, cytogenetic groups, bone marrow blast percentage (%), age groups, overall survival (OS), and time to evolution of acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Multivariate analysis of different cytopenic levels was performed to determine whether depth of cytopenias was prognostically additive to the IPSS. All cytopenic categories had statistically significant rank correlations with IPSS, bone marrow blast %, and refined French‐American‐British categories. In multivariate analysis, Hb levels had additive prognostic value to the IPSS for evaluation of OS, but not time to AML, with greatest prognostic value in Intermediate‐1 and Intermediate‐2 categories. In contrast, platelet or absolute neutrophil count levels alone or in combination lacked additive prognostic value to the IPSS regarding OS or time to AML evolution. The depth of Hb level per se at the time of diagnosis has additive predictive value to the IPSS for OS in the intermediate‐risk groups. This information should prove useful for aiding therapeutic decision‐making, prognostic classification, and designing clinical trials for patients with MDS. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
HIV‐associated plasmablastic lymphoma: Lessons learned from 112 published cases
Authors: Castillo Jorge , Pantanowitz Liron , Dezube Bruce J. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPlasmablastic lymphoma (PBL) is a distinct subtype of non‐Hodgkin B‐cell lymphoma, originally described with a strong predilection to the oral cavity of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected individuals. Data regarding patient age and gender, HIV status, initiation of and response to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART), tumor extent, pathology, treatment, and outcome were extracted from 112 cases of PBL identified in the literature. The median age at presentation was 38 years with a male predominance of 7:1, and the median CD4+ count was 178 cells/mm3. PBL presented on average 5 years after diagnosis of HIV. Common primary sites of presentation included the oral cavity, gastrointestinal tract, and lymph nodes. Most cases presented with either stage I or stage IV disease. There was a variable expression of B‐cell markers in tumor cells, but plasma cell markers were expressed in all cases. EBV was detected in 74%. Chemotherapy was used to treat 55% patients and was combined with radiotherapy in 21% cases. Complete response was obtained in 66% of treated cases; the majority of these responses were seen after CHOP (cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, prednisone). The refractory/relapsed disease rate was 54%. Death occurred in 53% of patients, with a median overall survival of 15 months. Sex, CD4+ count, viral load, clinical stage, EBV status, primary site of involvement, and use of CHOP failed to show an association with survival. PBL is an aggressive B‐cell lymphoma that presents in both oral and extra‐oral sites of chronically HIV‐infected immunosuppressed young men. Am. J. Hematol., 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Familial aggregation of quantitative autistic traits in multiplex versus simplex autism
Authors: Virkud Yamini V. , Todd Richard D. , Abbacchi Anna M. , Zhang Yi , Constantino John N. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRecent research has suggested that the mode of inheritance for simplex autism (SA, one individual in the family affected) may be distinct from that for multiplex autism (MA, two or more individuals affected). Since sub clinical autistic traits have been observed in “unaffected” relatives of children with autism, we explored whether the distributions of such traits in families supported differential modes of genetic transmission for SA and MA autism. We measured patterns of familial aggregation of quantitative autistic traits (QAT) in children and parents in 80 SA families and 210 MA families, using the Social Responsiveness Scale. When considering all SA and MA siblings who scored below a uniform quantitative (clinical‐level) severity threshold, MA brothers exhibited a distinct pathological shift in the distribution, compared to SA brothers (P < 0.0001). Such aggregation of QAT was also observed in fathers but not among females in MA families. Significant spousal correlations for QAT—suggestive of assortative mating—were observed in both SA and MA families, but neither group was characterized by a greater‐than‐chance level of concordant elevation among spousal pairs in this volunteer sample. Among male first degree relatives, there exist distinct patterns of QAT manifestation for simplex versus multiplex autism. These findings are consistent with the results of molecular genetic studies that have suggested differential modes of intergenerational transmission for SA and MA. Characterization of QAT and other endophenotypes among close relatives may be useful for reducing sample heterogeneity in future genetic and neurobiologic studies of autism. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing for a historical population bottleneck in wild Verreaux's sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi verreauxi) using microsatellite data
Authors: Lawler Richard R. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe degree to which historical human activities negatively impacted past and present lemur species is a long‐standing question in primatology. At present, most evidence addressing this issue comes from archaeology, paleontology, and behavioral studies. Genetic data provide another source of evidence. In this study, six microsatellite loci, genotyped on more than 360 wild Verreaux's sifaka, are used in order to test the hypothesis that this population experienced a population bottleneck in the last 2000 years. Excess heterozygosity is compared with the heterozygosity expected under mutation‐drift equilibrium in order to test for the genetic signature of a rapid population contraction in the past. The results indicate that the sifaka population did not experience a population bottleneck. Various methodological and conceptual implications of this result are discussed. Am. J. Primatol. 70:990–994, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.