bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Preliminary Control Strategy for the Automatic Control of an Instrumented Diamond Drill
Authors: Everall M.D. , Dessureault M. , Cauchon A. , Tervo R.O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A series of diamond drilling tests has been conducted with a laboratory instrumented diamond drill. During the tests the following measurements were gathered and studied: the thrust, the rpm, the penetration, the torque, the flow of drilling penetration, the torque, the flow of drilling fluids, the vibration and the bit wear. The laboratory diamond drill simulated the hydraulic type diamond drilling machine. Masonry type thin wall drill bits were tested in various rocks including limestones, granites, a quartzite and others. The data logging permitted the elaboration of a preliminary automatic control strategy. The preliminary automatic control strategy. The strategy was verified by simulating manually the control of the instrumented diamond drill. The strategy keeps the drill machine and bit system within normal operating conditions as it is faced with different ground and rock conditions attempting to maximize the rate of penetration and minimize the rate of wear of the bit. The application of such a control strategy on a field diamond drilling machine is discussed.

Introduction
One of the objectives of the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources is to improve the means of discovery, mining, processing, transportation and use of the processing, transportation and use of the mineral and energy resources available in Canada. The objective of the Mines Branch, Mining Research Centre in its Systems Engineering Program is to develop mining technology that is important for exploiting Canadian resources. The investigation of the application of automatic control to drilling processes was carried out by members of the Rock Fracture Group, Mining Research Centre in Quebec City, P. Q., under the Operations Control Project.
Diamond drilling is a standard well-known process for the boring of holes in rock. It is used extensively by the mining industry mainly for exploration work where the main purpose is to retrieve a rock core for further evaluation. The petroleum industry uses diamond drilling for exploration as well as for the boring of production wells in hard formations.
Diamond Drilling with Surfactants in Upper Michigan Conglomerates Using Surface-Set Bits
Authors: Unger Harold F. , Snowden Byron S. , Engelmann William H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The effects of using surfactant solutions while diamond drilling in amygdaloidal basalt of the Upper Michigan Copper Mining District were investigated. Nonionic, anionic, and cationic surfactant solutions, all biodegradable, were tested with size AX surface-set bits mounted on a drill instrumented for continuous recording of thrust, rotational speed, and torque levels. Water flow and penetration rates were also recorded.
A drilling study was carried out, testing two rotational speed levels, two diamond bit grade levels, and four flushing agents (including water as control). The lower speed and higher thrust yielded faster penetration rates over those of the higher speed/lower thrust combination. Comparison of all low-speed/high-thrust groups of tests shows that the nonionic surfactant produced a 35-percent overall average increase over water, the anionic a 29-percent increase, and the cationic a 28-percent increase. These increases in penetration rates resulted in a 22- to 26-percent penetration rates resulted in a 22- to 26-percent reduction in cost over flushing with water alone.
Particle size analyses were run on drill cuttings produced by the three surfactant solutions and by water. All surfactant solutions showed a 20- to 50-percent increase in solids content over that of water alone. Since flushing rates were constant, these increases in solids content agree well with the above penetration rate changes.
The diamonds were recovered from each bit by matrix dissolution, and bit wear was measured in terms of total loss of weight. Flushing with surfactant solutions showed a savings in bit wear in most cases.
The drill team noted also that surfactant flushing improved recovery of drill core by allowing easier removal of the core from the barrel.

Introduction

Statement of Problems in the Native Copper Mining Industry
Exploration diamond drilling in the native copper mining industry of Upper Michigan started about 1882. The purpose has been to provide geological data, to map out ore provide geological data, to map out ore reserves, and to better plan mining operations. Since most of this diamond drilling has been from underground locations, only lightweight, low-powered drills can be used.
A Dimensionally Derived Rock Drillability Equation
Authors: Overton Harold L. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
In order to provide the drilling engineer with a generalized drillability equation that is portable, an analysis of the interaction of the rotating bit, circulation system and rock properties will be made. Many equations are in use in rotary properties will be made. Many equations are in use in rotary drilling. These are so numerous that handbooks must be used to classify them. Dimensional analysis can be used to simplify this situation, so that a generalized equation for all rock bits can be formulated.

DRILLABILITY
Drillability will be defined as the rate at which a given rock may be penetrated, in distance/time units, with a given bit configuration and specified drilling fluid medium. The specified conditions for both fluid and rock must include pressure, temperature and composition. Penetration rate is the measurement term for drillability, in velocity units (usually feet/hour, but also meters/hour).
Penetration rate, Rp = ft/hour, in English units = (hole volume/hour)
On an energy basis,
Rp = (V/energy absorbed)(energy/hour)
(1)
(2)
Using triangular teeth with rectangular bases, which is appropriate for narrow rolling cutters, and for tooth height, ht, and base area, At,
(3)
(4)
Noticing that one tooth of height, ht, makes one depth penetration of ht and that the force absorbed is the net bit weight applied to the borehole bottom, W.
(5)
The bit tooth is labeled as follows.
Stress-Strain and Failure Properties of a Porous Shale
Authors: Green Sidney J. , Griffin Robert M. , Pratt Howard R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Unconfined and triaxial stress tests were conducted on dry and saturated shale from El Paso's Wagon Wheel No. 1 well. The material tested is in general a very competent shale containing stringers of silt and sand, producing local inhomogeneities which effect unconfined fracture, but do not significantly effect the behavior at higher mean normal pressures. Strong sensitivity of deviatoric maximum stress to mean pressure is observed for dry material, while little increase in deviatoric strength with pressure occurs for the fully saturated material. Dilation accompanies distortional deformation; however, softening or ease of compaction occurs at small distortional strains, before substantial dilation begins. In detail, the deviatoric stiffness (apparent shear modulus) and the pressure-volume relation (compressibility) are stress state and stress path dependent, while the deviatoric strength path dependent, while the deviatoric strength is only stress state dependent.

Introduction
Mechanical properties of a shale material were obtained for El Paso Natural Gas Company to be used in shock calculations to determine rock breakage, and hence increased permeability, caused by nuclear explosion. The samples tested were taken from a core at the 10,215–10,216 foot depth in El Paso's Wagon Wheel No. 1 well, NW/4 Section 5, Township 30N, Range 108W, Sublette County, Wyoming. Small samples were dry cored from the large core provided by El Paso and tested unconfined and provided by El Paso and tested unconfined and confined to pressures of 6 kbars. Both dry and fully saturated samples were tested, parallel and perpendicular to the large core parallel and perpendicular to the large core axis. Petrofabric analysis was made and photomicrographic observations taken to photomicrographic observations taken to predict and better understand the mechanism predict and better understand the mechanism of fracture.
Similar tests were previously conducted for El Paso on a large core of sandstone from 10180.4–10181.0 foot depth. These results are reported in Terra Tek report "Testing Program Conducted for El Paso Natural Gas Company" August, 1970.

EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUE
Test techniques are similar, and were described in detail in the previous El Paso report, and in other reports, and will therefore only briefly be covered here.
The DSP - A New Instrument for Estimation of the In-Situ Stress State at Depth
Authors: Roegiers J.C. , Fairhurst C. , Rosene R.B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Determination of in situ tectonic stresses at depth can supply information which may be useful in predicting future movement in geologically active areas. These stresses can be determined by hydraulic fracturing and use of a new device, the deep stress probe (DSP). The DSP is hydraulically operated tool which is a combination straddle-packer and-impression packer which can determine the orientation packer which can determine the orientation (inclination) and azimuth of induced fractures.
This paper discusses results of two field tests recently conducted in the Granite Mountain Quarry near Marble Falls, Texas, to determine in situ tectonic stresses. This site had been used previously for near surface stress determination by over-coring. The experiments were performed in a 4 3/4-inch diameter hole, 1150 feet deep in granite. The borehole was fractured at various horizons, using different fracturing fluids to determine the most suitable system for future tests in hard rock. Downhole pressure readings were taken and oriented impression packers were used to determine the azimuth of the induced fractures. A downhole camera will be used to verify the fractures and to disclose any tendency of the fractures to heal.
Results of the DSP tests are compared with earlier results obtained by overcoring. The results suggest that lateral stresses at the depths tested are less than may be inferred from the surface tests.

Introduction
Determination of in-situ tectonic stresses at depth is an important aspect of various scientific and engineering problems related to underground construction and excavation. The behavior of rocks can supply information needed in the planning of underground construction, monitoring of tectonic activity, etc. It is felt that data gathered by monitoring tectonic activity in geologically active areas can be used to forecast probable periods of major disturbance. This could result in increased safety and decreased surface damage.
For the past decade, studies have been conducted at the University of Minnesota to develop a technique of measuring stresses at great depths.
Injection Water + Oxygen = Corrosion and/or Well Plugging Solids
Authors: Byars H.G. , Gallop B.R. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the Symposium on the Handling of Oilfield Waters of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Los Angeles, Calif., Dec. 4–5, 1972. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Aeration of injection waters can create numerous problems. Corrosion of equipment, scale deposition and injection well plugging can reduce the profitability of a waterflood by affecting the ability to get the correct volumes of water into the proper zones at the proper time for efficient sweep and recovery. Operation of a "closed", air-free system will minimize many of these problems. problems. Practical approaches to the successful operation of such systems involve design and operation of water sources, oxygen removal from aerated sources, and maintenance of oxygen-free conditions throughout the system. Day-today operation, monitoring techniques and "oxygen conscious" personnel are important.

Introduction
If the statistics were available, we would probably find that aeration of the water is a bigger cause of problems in injection systems than any other single cause.
The role of oxygen in the corrosion reaction in water systems has long been recognized; and corrosion resistant materials, coatings and linings were used in early systems.
Oxygen (air) plays an equally important role in creating problems of deposits and injection well plugging. Aeration of a stable underground water results in the loss of stabilizing gases as well as oxidation of precipitable solids. This leads to the formation of scales, deposits and well plugging solids. Mixing an aerated supply water with a stable subsurface water can lead to similar problems. Installation of a "closed system" has been the approach to minimizing these effects.
The selection of the mode of operation of a water injection system is, of course, an economic balance which must consider the overall profit of a project throughout its life. Some factors are obvious, i.e., costs of failures, failure repairs and well cleanouts. However, many of the less obvious factors may be even more significant in a waterflood, such as, loss of injection capacity, plugging of tight zones, downtime, etc.
Simulation Of Gas-Condensate Reservoirs
Authors: Spivak A. , Dixon T.N. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the 3rd Numerical Simulation of Reservoir Performance Symposium of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Houston, Tex., Jan. 10–12, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
This paper describes a new method for simulating gas-condensate reservoirs. The simulator accounts for both retrograde condensation and vaporization of condensed liquid as well as arbitrary field shapes, well patterns and heterogeneities. The formulation of the simulator is based upon a formation volume factor or Beta-type analysis which is analogous to that used in black-oil simulation models. In the gas-condensate analogy, mass transfer between the gas and liquid hydrocarbon phases is handled by an rs term which has units of STB liquid/MCF dry gas and is similar to the Rs term in black-oil simulation.
Fluid properties for back-oil simulation models are usually obtained from laboratory PVT cell depletion data. This type of model is of questionable reliability only in special cases such as volatile-oil reservoirs where the reservoir pressure and temperature are close to the critical pressure and temperature of the oil. It is reasonable to assume, therefore, that reservoir fluids on the other side of the critical point (e.g., gas-condensate fluids) could be treated in an analogous manner. In other words, one would expect that gas-condensate reservoirs could be treated by a formation volume factor approach with fluid properties determined from laboratory depletion data. The simulator described in this paper employs such an approach.
The simulator handles three phases and consists of numerical solution of the continuity or mass balance equations for gas, liquid hydrocarbon and water in one, two and three dimensions.

Introduction
The proposed method assumes a condensate-gas to be a pseudo two-component system. The two pseudo-components are, at standard conditions pseudo-components are, at standard conditions of pressure and temperature, a dry gas and a hydrocarbon liquid. Each pseudo-component is itself a pseudo-component is itself a multi-component hydrocarbon fluid. The water phase, if present, constitutes a third "component".
Deep Water Structures in Concrete
Authors: Stubbs S.B. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the Second Annual European Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in London, England, April 2–3, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Large concrete structures for use in deep water oil fields were probably originally conceived to fulfil an oil storage role, but more recently they are seen as platform supporting structures, rivalling the giant steel platforms now under construction for tie North Sea areas.
The paper reviews the general design considerations confronting the designer of large concrete structures, including the important soils considerations. The structural design problems have been examined, followed by a review of the construction considerations involved in building these large structures in a short space of time.
Finally, the all important marine considerations including towing and final installation on site are examined.

Introduction
For very many years there has been a choice of construction material for a wide range of land structures. Bridges, buildings, towers etc. have been designed and built in structural steelwork or reinforced concrete. Both forms of construction hold considerable merit and the choice between the two can often depend upon mere whim or upon closely reasoned engineering logic. For example, in the case of major highway bridges, it is not uncommon for tenders to be invited for the construction in one material and for the contract to be let on the basis of an alternative design in the "rival" material. The balance changes as the technology advances first with one material, then with the other.
There has been the same trend with many coastal structures with jetties and piers constructed in steel or concrete.
Design of Production and Processing Facilities for Offshore and Remote Locations
Authors: Worley M.S. 
Published: December 2007

This paper was prepared for the Second Annual European Meeting of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in London, England, April 2–3, 1973. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented. Publication elsewhere after publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF publication in the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHNOLOGY or the SOCIETY OF PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the above meeting and, with the paper, may be considered for publication in one of the two SPE magazines.

Abstract
Site fabrication of production and processing facilities for offshore processing facilities for offshore or for very remote locations are often several times the cost of facilities constructed inland near industrial areas.
The high costs result from inherently low manpower efficiency, the high cost of mobilizing manpower, skills, machinery and materials and the very frequent need for high priced stand-by equipment and services.
Time requirements and costs are substantially reduced by pre-assembly and delivery of modules to the site where water transportation to the site is possible or where large skids or modules may be easily moved by sea and land. Complete production and processing plants are now being manufactured and tested mechanically and electrically in efficient factory environments where necessary components, skills and manpower are readily available. Engineering expertise has been developed and refined for positive module fit-up and for minimizing costly offshore construction and commissioning activities.

Introduction
Most offshore oil and gas production and processing platforms and some remote land and swamp locations represent the most expensive construction sites in existence. Costs are high for support structures for operating facilities in deep water where poor soil conditions prevail. Costs are directly related to horizontal space requirements and total weight loading of the support structures and bearing surfaces or for decks to hold the production equipment.
After costs for the support structures and space requirements have been optimized, production and processing facilities themselves are still very costly. These high construction costs are directly related to the many facets of inherently inefficient mobilization and utilization of manpower in hostile environments and at remote locations.