bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Presentation of Numerical Results of Experiments for Publication in a Scientific Agricultural Journal
Authors: Clarke R. T. 
Published: October 2008

SummarySuggested rules are given for the presentation of numerical data in a scientific agricultural journal. These are that all tables of numerical results should be sufficiently clear to render unnecessary any reference to the accompanying text; and that treatment means (and other statistics) should always be accompanied by their standard errors, rather than by least significant differences or by asterisks showing the results of significance texts. Examples are given of correct and incorrect presentation of results, and the graphical presentation of results is also discussed.
An Investigation into Remedies of Sarna (Sarcoptic Mange) of Alpacas in Peru
Authors: Alvarado J. , Astrom G. , Heath G. B. S. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryAt doses of 75 mg./kg. given per os, Neguvon was ineffective against Sarcoples scabiei var. Auchenidae. Benzene hexachloride (BHC) per os was ineffective at doses of 20 mg./kg. and killed alpacas when the dose was increased. Spraying the lesions with BHC killed the acari and lesions quickly disappeared. Psoroptes communis, the cause of otitis in alpacas, was equally susceptible to spraying. Lesions and their location are described and attention is drawn to the possible role of acari in nostrils and perinea in the epidemiology of the disease. Dipping is, at present, the only method of cure worth using, but the search for systemic acaricides should be continued.
Application of Mineral Fertilizers to Flue-Cured Tobacco in the Iringa District of Tanzania
Authors: Akehurst B. C. , Sreedharan A. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryForty-one factorial experiments on rates and forms of the three major elements and rates of some minor and trace elements were carried out over the period 1954–1962 in Iringa, as part of a project to introduce Virginian-type tobacco varieties into the area. There were major responses to nitrogen and phosphate, and a close relationship between their effects, but no responses to other elements. Nitrogen raised yield, particularly in wet seasons, but generally tended to reduce quality, severely above 44 lb N per acre and at lower levels in dry years. Phosphate raised yield and quality, and in some instances crop failures occurred in its absence. Data suggested the optimal N : P2O5 ratio in fertilizer mixtures to be 1 : 15. Despite lack of response to potassium a small amount was recommended, to cover requirements for leaf characteristics which were not measured. The programme amply succeeded in its aim of establishing ‘average’ fertilizer recommendations, which were fundamentally sound, for the whole of the Iringa tobacco growing area. These recommendations are summarized.
Reclamation of Ancient Agricultural Soils in Wahidi, South Arabia
Authors: Hearn A. B. , Rijks D. A. , Wilcox D. E. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryWhere ancient agricultural sites are brought back into cultivation, using new forms of irrigation, cotton often grows badly in the first few seasons. A theory is developed to account for these failures, and it is shown that heavy irrigations before planting not only produce better crops but may also economise in water.
The Improvement of Small East African Zebu Cattle
Authors: Stobbs T. H. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryA breeding programme involving the progeny testing of small East African Zebu cattle for improved growth rates is described and an assessment made of environmental and genetic improvements which have occurred over a ten-year period. Evidence is presented to justify continuing the programme, but suggestions are made to modify it in order to speed up the testing period and also to make more use of genetically superior stock.
Effects of Potassium Fertilizer on Peanuts in Israel
Authors: Hagin J. , Koyumjisky H. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryResponse to potassium fertilization was tested, over a two-year period, in 24 experimental fields, predominantly in coarse-textured soils. Only two fields showed significant yield increases. Potassium availability was estimated on the basis of (a) the free energy (ΔF) of potassium exchange for calcium and magnesium, (b) the proportion of potassium in total exchangeable cations, and (c) soluble potassium extraction in correlation with the potassium content of the plants. Woodruff's method (ΔF) yielded the best agreement (correlation coefficient r = 0·77). ΔF values showed a sufficient supply of available potassium, which may have accounted for the lack of response to fertilization.
Effects of seed size on oil content and Seedling Emergence in Safflower (Carthamus Tinctorius L.) Grown in the Sudan
Authors: El Saeed E. A. K. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryAn investigation was carried out in 1964 to determine the effect of seed size on oil content and seedling emergence in safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.). Small, medium and large seeds yielded 37·0, 36·6 and 35·7 per cent oil respectively, and this inverse relationship between seed size and oil percentage (r = −0·9635) was attributed to the increase in proportion of hull in large seeds. In a pot experiment, plants from large seeds emerged earlier than those from small seeds when sown at both 1 and 3 inches depth. Further, plants from large seeds had greater dry weights and leaf areas than the others. The same sort of correlation was also obtained between seed size and early emergence in a field experiment using small, medium and large seeds.
Assessing the Susceptibility of Local Citrus Species to Phytophthora Root Rot in Malaya
Authors: Wong T. K. , Varghese G. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryLarge scale destruction of mature mandarin orange groves due to root rot has occurred in Central Malaya. During the course of an investigation on the aetiology of this malady, Phytophthora nicotianae var. parasitica (Dast.) Waterhouse was isolated, and a test on the susceptibility of nine common citrus species to Phytophthora root rot was carried out by a modified water-culture inoculation technique. This appears to be an efficient and rapid screening method suitable for tropical conditions. The results showed that none of the species tested was resistant, although the degree of susceptibility varied significantly among species and between groups of species.
Effects of Tied Ridges, Terraces and Grass Leys on a Lateritic Soil in Kenya
Authors: Pereira H. C. , Hosegood P. H. , Dagg M. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryIn a study of soil and water conservation systems for high-altitude Kenya farming, control of accelerated erosion in two arable crops per year for six years was achieved by contour-ploughing and tied-ridging. The Kikuyu red loam latosol lay on 10 per cent and 12 per cent slopes under rainfall of intensities often exceeding 2 inches per hour. Soil structure measurements showed progressive reduction in the acceptance rate of rainfall, but gulley erosion occurred only in the absence of ties. Six years of intensive arable cultivations were compared with rotations having two, three or four years of perennial grass ley, with and without protection by Nichols terraces. Runoff, measured through Parshall flumes, was heaviest from well-established grass immediately after intensive grazing. Productivity was highest under grass. With a basal dressing of one hundred weight of double supers, 10 acres of Cynodon dactylon carried 20 Zebu steers for seven months without supplementation and showed a liveweight gain of 1·1 lb per steer per day. Grazing was reduced by failures in establishment of short legs. The grass depleted soil moisture to wilting point to a depth of ten feet within six months of planting and annually thereafter. Water use was approximately the same as total rainfall. Results, applicable locally, indicate a limit of four years duration for arable and a minimum of five years duration for pastures. Terraces can only be replaced by a high standard of management and skilled cultivation.
Observations on Natural Pollination in Commercial Plantings of Oil Palm (Elaeis Guineensis) in Malaya
Authors: Hardon J. J. , Turner P. D. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryMost oil palm pollen is produced by male inflorescences 2–3 days after anthesis, and this pollen is the most viable. When protected, pollen viability on female inflorescences is good up to 6 days, after which it declines. The majority of the pollen remains below the canopy, especially at bunch level. Results of quantitative evaluation of pollen dispersal showed that atmospheric pollen density is very variable and is governed by numerous factors. There is a marked diurnal variation, with highest pollen density during the afternoon and a negligible amount during the night and early morning. Rain causes an immediate drop in concentration, but pollen densities were influenced more by the number of days on which rain was recorded than by total rainfall. A relationship exists between pollen density, the number of male inflorescences in the vicinity, and rainfall, but the effects of relative humidity, sunshine and wind are obscure. Whilst pollen density drops rapidly within a short distance from the inflorescence, there is a significant dispersal over greater distances than previously thought.
The Response of Sheep To a Thermal Burden Induced by Exercise
Authors: Taneja G. C. , Fuladi B. M. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryTwo groups of mature Marwari wethers were raced at 5 and to miles/hr respectively, for 30 minutes. Rectal temperature, respiratory frequency and pulse rate were measured initially, again immediately after the exercise, and subsequently four times at 20 minute interval. The rise in rectal temperature, respiratory rate and pulse rate in the animals raced at 10 miles/hr was 2·1°F, 86 and 22 counts/min. respectively. The corresponding values in the animals raced at 5 miles/hr were 0·9°F, 72 and 19 counts/min. The rise in rectal temperature due to stress was proportional to the degree of exercise. The magnitude of increase in the respiratory rate tended to be the same under both the treatments, and the trend in pulse rate was similar to that of respiratory rate.
The Effects of Fertilizers on Subtropical Hyparrhenia Veld in Swaziland
Authors: I'Ons J. H. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryVeld dominated by Hyparrhenia and other species, in a sub-tropical 38-inch rainfall area in Swaziland, was changed into a more productive sward of Eragrostis curvula and other seral grasses by the application of nitrogen, phosphorus and lime. Nitrogen had the greatest effect in terms of both herbage production and ecological change, but responses were increased by the addition of phosphorus and lime. There were indications of yield responses to zinc in the presence of lime, and to molybdenum, but trace element effects were generally small and inconsistent.
Experiments with Nitrogen and Magnesium Fertilizers on Coffee in Uganda
Authors: Stephens D. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThree experiments and five small trials on robusta coffee and four small trials on arabica coffee have confirmed that nitrogen is the main nutrient requirement in Uganda. Magnesium and sulphur were not deficient and mulching had no effect on responses to nitrogen fertilizers. Leaf and soil analyses confirm the yield results and indicate that the optimum time to apply nitrogen is in February and September. There was little difference between ammonium sulphate and urea, but the former tended to have greater effects on yields.
Identification of Genotypes of Coconut Palms Suitable for Breeding
Authors: Liyanage D. V. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe results are presented of a trial with coconuts, testing progeny of 104 unselected seed parents. The progenies of the best 5 per cent of the parents, selected on their phenotypic values, gave yields 14 per cent above the progeny population mean, indicating that mass selection is effective. There was considerable variation in breeding values between the palms tested, and a higher frequency of desirable genotypes could be isolated when the parents were selected on yield of copra rather than when they were taken at random. Prepotency in coconut palms is discussed. Leaf production of the young palms within a family, during the first 40 months of their growth, was correlated with the breeding value of the parent.
Use of Soil, Water and Leaf Analyses in Growing Oranges in Jordan
Authors: Allbrook R. F. 
Published: October 2008

SummarySoil, water and leaf analyses were carried out on samples from irrigated orchards in the Jordan Valley. Analysis of the soil for available phosphorus and potassium gave meaningful results. Analysis of the irrigation water showed that a high sodium and chloride content caused an increase of these ions in the soil, which led to undesirable effects such as chlorosis. Irrigation water class C3–S1 should only be used if there is an annual precipitation of about 300 mm. Leaf analysis showed changes in the composition of leaves with age, but only potassium varied significantly between varieties. Standards of leaf, soil and water composition are suggested for the growing of citrus.
Responses of Sugarcane to Supplementary Irrigation on Two Soils in Natal
Authors: Thompson G. D. , Gosnell J. M. , de Robillard P. J. M. 
Published: October 2008

SummarySupplementary irrigation experiments were conducted on a Clansthal sand and a Windermere clay. Irrigation treatments were based on the application of 1 inch of water when the soil moisture deficit reached 2·5, 3·5, 4·5 and 5·5 in. in 7 ft of soil on the sand, and 1·00, 1·75, 2·50 and 3·25 in. in 2 ft of soil on the clay. Each experiment included a dryland control and soil moisture was estimated weekly in each plot with a neutron probe. The results showed that there were significant linear increases in yield with increasing quantities of water applied. The crops exploited soil moisture to a depth of 6 ft in the sand and 3 ft in the clay, even with the maximum water treatments. Under dryland conditions, on the sand the crop exploited soil moisture to the wilting point only in the surface foot of soil, but on the clay the crop extracted moisture held at tensions greater than 15 bars in the top 3 ft of soil. The conclusions are that, where available water for supplementary irrigation is limited, heavy soils should be irrigated in preference to sandy soils, and that the most efficient use of both rainfall and irrigation water is achieved when 1 cusec is used to irrigate about 200 acres.
Dormancy of Paddy Seeds in Relation to Different Seed Treatments
Authors: Sikder H. P. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryDormancy of six varieties of paddy, of three maturity groups, was studied under six seed-treatments. One type showed no dormancy but others showed dormancy in varying degrees 15 days after harvest. Dormancy was completely broken either by removing the kernels from the glumes, or by puncturing the glumes, or by putting acid-treated seeds in an atmosphere saturated with oxygen. The germination percentages were also significantly increased when seeds were treated with N/10 sulphuric acid solution for four hours, or when seeds were put in atmospheres saturated with oxygen. Speed of germination did not improve, as in the case of seeds germinated after four months of harvest, except in cases where the kernels were removed from the glumes or the glumes were punctured. The causes of dormancy of rice seeds were assumed to reside in the flowing glumes (lemma and palea), and different seed-treatments improved the germination of rice seeds by increasing the permeability of the glumes to oxygen and/or reducing the resistance of the tough glume covers over the germinating embryos. The magnitude of the treatment effects differed with variety. These studies suggest methods of improving germination.
A Buyers' Market the Importance of Title and Summary
Authors: Jacks G. V. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThere are now too many research papers on every subject for anybody to read. Authors should aim to ‘sell’ their papers to readers. Accessibility and readability are selling points. To get a paper read, pay special attention to the title and summary. Have an informative title which does not distract the reader with useless words and phrases; start it with the most significant phrase. Put a summary or abstract at the beginning, confine it to research results, and make it easily readable.
Responses of Cereals to Fertilizers in Northern Nigeria. II. Maize
Authors: Goldsworthy P. R. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryField trials in Northern Nigeria have shown that the yield of introduced varieties of maize can be economically improved with combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer. Three response areas have been defined. In the south, where most of the maize is grown, the initial response is to nitrogen. Further north, with the exception of one small area in which the response is almost entirely to phosphorus, phosphorus and nitrogen and equal limiting factors. Estimates of the most profitable combinations of nitrogen and phosphorus to use in each area have been obtained from quadratic response surfaces fitted to the yield data of the experiments.
Nutrition of Zebu Cattle in Northern Nigeria 2. The Importance of Carotene Supplements
Authors: Miller T. B. , Iduma L. E. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe importance of carotene supplements in the feeding of White Fulani Zebu cattle has been studied in three experiments. The live weight gains of heifers, with and without carotene on two planes of nutrition, showed 0·2 lb/head/day gain on the ‘high’ plane, but the ‘low’ plane group did not respond to carotene supplement. The association between cottonseed feeding and vitamin A deficiency, studied by comparing the rates of depletion of heifer calves on cottonseed supplements and on a sorghum/groundnut mixture, indicated that cottonseed can enhance the rate of carotene/vitamin A depletion in the liver. Carotene supplements equivalent to 2 oz red palm oil, to cows before and after calving failed to improve the vitamin A potency of milk. The total daily secretion of carotene and vitamin A in the milk was insufficient to maintain adequate liver stores in a suckled calf.
Breeding Performance of Dorset Horn Ewes Augmented by Hormonal Treatment
Authors: Newton J. E. , Betts J. E. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThirty Dorset Horn ewes were put to the ram four times in two years; four ewes lambed four times to produce 22 lambs, and 21 ewes lambed three times, producing 100 lambs with satisfactory birthweights. The minimum interval from parturition to conception was 32 days and there was no decline in the liveweight of the ewes. Another 37 ewes were run with a teaser ram from 1 January to 1 August 1964 (when it was replaced by a fertile ram) and from 15 April to 31 August 1965 when it was again replaced by a fertile ram. There was a marked decline in oestrual activity in Flock 2 from the middle of March until the middle of July.
A Multifactorial Investigation of the Plant/Soil/Water Relations of Radishes
Authors: Hafeez A. T. Abdel 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe relations between plants and their water supplies are complex and there is no uniquely critical soil water deficit (i.e. no unique stage in the drying cycle at which growth and/or commercial yield begins to be significantly affected by increasing dryness of the soil). Evidence is presented that different deficits are ‘critical’ according to the type and depth of the soil, and the adequacy of nutritional supplies.
Leaf Analysis as a Diagnostic Method and Advisory Aid in Crop Nutrition
Authors: Bould C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryThe general principles of leaf analysis as a diagnostic method and as a guide to plant nutritional status are outlined and discussed. Factors, other than nutrient supply, that affect leaf composition are mentioned and methods of leaf sampling, preparation and storage are described. The practical application of leaf analysis to fruit, flower, vegetable, tree and miscellaneous economic crops is reviewed and suggestions are made for its use as an advisory aid.
Fertilizer Trials on Cotton and Other Annual Crops on Small Farms in Uganda
Authors: Stephens D. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryIn 1963 and 1964 a total of 290 cotton trials, 78 groundnut trials and 51 finger millet trials were conducted on small farms in Uganda to determine the effects and profitability of applying ammonium sulphate and single superphosphate under local conditions. The organization and methods of these trials are described and their results discussed. Ammonium sulphate gave highly significant increases in millet and cotton yields, whilst superphosphate produced similar results on groundnuts but was less effective on cotton and unprofitable on millet. Recommendations are made for groundnuts and millet, but a further season's results are thought necessary before recommending fertilizer treatments for cotton. Soil and leaf samples were taken from the trials and analysed, and relevant agronomic field data were recorded. The correlations of these factors with trial yields and responses are discussed. In general, soil and leaf analyses have been disappointing in assessing responses to fertilizers, but these responses tend to be greater where better farming is practised.
Comparison of Ground Cover Plants during Establishment of Cocoa on Clear-Felled Land in Ghana
Authors: Opoku A. A. , Jordan D. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryCocoa was used as a test crop to compare the use of nine plant species and natural regeneration as ground covers in plantations. The nine species were Tephrosia hookeriana and villosa mixtures, Indigofera sumatrana, Flemingia congesta, Desmodium asperum, Cassia tora, Indigofera spicata, Crotalaria longithyrsa, Mimosa invisa, and Tithonia diversifolia. F. congesta and T. diversifolia gave the best and most persistent ground cover. Significant differences appeared in the effects of the covers on cocoa jorquetting, heights of jorquette, stem diameter and yields. T. diversifolia retarded cocoa development (to as low as 34% of control) while the others appeared to improve it. Yields in plots of Tephrosia mixture, I. sumatrana, and F. congesta were respectively 72, 59 and 54 per cent higher than under natural regeneration.
The Relation Between Yield and Date of Heading of Nigerian Sorghums
Authors: Curtis D. L. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryFour standard Nigerian varieties of sorghum were grown in trials together with local varieties representative of sorghums from each of the five main ecological zones. Analysis of the data showed a relation within each zone between mean yield and time of heading. When the standard varieties and the local varieties flowered simultaneously, yields were similar. When the standard varieties flowered later—or in some cases earlier—than the local varieties, the local varieties out-yielded them.
Effects of Spacing, Nitrogen and Hormone Treatment on Pineapple in Swaziland
Authors: Dodson P. G. C. 
Published: October 2008

SummaryPlant populations, nitrogen levels and the use of alpha naphthalene acetic acid (ANA) to rein-force natural flower differentiation were compared in a field experiment at Malkerns in the Swaziland Middleveld. Yield was raised by increasing plant population above 17,000 plants per acre, but reached a maximum at 23,000 plants per acre. Increased yield from denser planting occurred at the expense of fruit size and fruit set, and of sucker and slip production. Hormone counteracted the depressing effect of denser planting on fruit set and denser planting reduced sunburn damage and raised fruit acidity. 400 lb N per acre per crop increased yield over 200 lb N by increasing fruit size in the mother crop, and by increasing fruit size and set in the ratoon. Added nitrogen markedly reduced fruit acidity. ANA improved fruit set and therefore yield, without detrimental effects on fruit shape or quality. There are grounds for small increases in population above 17,000 plants per acre, for the use of ANA to reinforce natural flower differentiation and for the cautious use of the higher level of nitrogen fertilization.