bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC GOOD OR FREE MARKET?
Authors: Schnell Christiane 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
European continental countries traditionally emphasized the character of the cultural possessions as a public good. Now the technological development, accelerated expansion, internationalization, and the commercialization of the cultural economy bear a new quality of contradiction between social and economic demands in the field of cultural work. This problem is discussed with regard to the framework for freelance work in cultural professions in Germany. The main focus is on the specific institutional arrangement, which supports professionalism in the field of culture, without providing a privileged status comparable to the established professions. One central column of this arrangement is the German copy right law, which defines – in contrast to the Anglo-Saxon model, created as an investment protection – an individual property right of ‘intellectual property’ (‘Geistiges Eigentum’), against misuse, and economic exploitation. Against the background of the structural changes in the media in the 1990s, the EU is supporting the reform of copyright regulations in the European member states. It is claimed that present EU directions, developed within the concept of a ‘European knowledge-society’, break with the leading concept of cultural professions, but without providing a consistent foundation to solve the societal challenges of present culture and media production.
THE ‘REFLECTIVE CAPACITY’ OF PROFESSIONS CONFRONTED BY INTERNATIONAL COMPETITION
Authors: Champy Florent 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
This paper is devoted to the regulation of architectural activity in Europe and especially in France and to the ways architects manage this regulation. The globalization of this activity has generated a strong consciousness that supranational regulation is necessary, both among architects’ professional associations and in governments. One of the main difficulties is the differences in the division of labour from one country to another. But European regulation supposes that national states will implement the directives into national law. France is an example of the lightest possible adaptation. This is all the more surprising as the architectural profession in France is characterized by structural weaknesses to resist international competition and as the administration is willing to help it adapt to this competition. The history of trade unionism and the structure of representation explain some of the difficulties because of a particular trait of the architectural profession: what I call a weak ‘reflective capacity’. The paper is partly devoted to defining this notion and showing its relevance for the sociological analysis of professions. This weakness encourages individual strategies of adaptation to increasing international competition, without the professional associations and their representatives being able to control these strategies and their consequences for the profession. This demonstrates that the various sources of regulation are not exclusive and must be studied together so as to understand their interrelations.
PROFESSIONALS OF POLICIES FOR FIGHTING UNEMPLOYMENT IN FRANCE
Authors: Divay Sophie 
Published: September 2008

ABSTRACT
The increase in unemployment that occurred in France at the end of the 1970s is one aspect that has favoured the creation of jobs specializing in the field of social welfare for the unemployed. This paper focuses on the analysis of the professional group of advisers specializing in job seeking. The first section traces the circumstances of the emergence of such a group and explains the heterogeneity of these advisers who seem, nevertheless, to have developed a specific common expertise and the same interpretation of their professionalism. In the second part, the activity of these professionals is situated in the larger framework of unemployed policies which result from a combination of international, European and national influences. The study of recent changes to unemployment policies reveals the effects of the ‘macro’ on the ‘micro’ level. In the third section, it is explained that new measures of social welfare for the unemployed tend to challenge the moral and deontological principles of these advisers whose professional identity and professionalism are challenged. These challenges to their identities are due to the intensification of the follow-up of the unemployed and to the application of bureaucratic, monitoring and measurement techniques and logic to assess the efficiency of the tools for promoting a quick return to work.
Phylogenetic distances are encoded in networks of interacting pathways
Authors: Mazurie Aurélien , Bonchev Danail , Schwikowski Benno , Buck Gregory A. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Although metabolic reactions are unquestionably shaped by evolutionary processes, the degree to which the overall structure and complexity of their interconnections are linked to the phylogeny of species has not been evaluated in depth. Here, we apply an original metabolome representation, termed Network of Interacting Pathways or NIP, with a combination of graph theoretical and machine learning strategies, to address this question. NIPs compress the information of the metabolic network exhibited by a species into much smaller networks of overlapping metabolic pathways, where nodes are pathways and links are the metabolites they exchange.
Results: Our analysis shows that a small set of descriptors of the structure and complexity of the NIPs combined into regression models reproduce very accurately reference phylogenetic distances derived from 16S rRNA sequences (10-fold cross-validation correlation coefficient higher than 0.9). Our method also showed better scores than previous work on metabolism-based phylogenetic reconstructions, as assessed by branch distances score, topological similarity and second cousins score. Thus, our metabolome representation as network of overlapping metabolic pathways captures sufficient information about the underlying evolutionary events leading to the formation of metabolic networks and species phylogeny. It is important to note that precise knowledge of all of the reactions in these pathways is not required for these reconstructions. These observations underscore the potential for the use of abstract, modular representations of metabolic reactions as tools in studying the evolution of species.
Contact: aurelien.mazurie@pasteur.fr
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MSX-3D: a tool to validate 3D protein models using mass spectrometry
Authors: Heymann Michaël , Paramelle David , Subra Gilles , Forest Eric , Martinez Jean , Geourjon Christophe , Deléage Gilbert 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Motivation: The technique of chemical cross-linking followed by mass spectrometry has proven to bring valuable information about the protein structure and interactions between proteic subunits. It is an effective and efficient way to experimentally investigate some aspects of a protein structure when NMR and X-ray crystallography data are lacking.
Results: We introduce MSX-3D, a tool specifically geared to validate protein models using mass spectrometry. In addition to classical peptides identifications, it allows an interactive 3D visualization of the distance constraints derived from a cross-linking experiment.
Availability: Freely available at http://proteomics-pbil.ibcp.fr
Contact: g.deleage@ibcp.fr
Hierarchical Bayesian approach for population dynamics modelling of fish complexes without species-specific data
Authors: Jiao Yan , Hayes Christopher , Cortés Enric 
Published: September 2008

AbstractJiao, Y., Hayes, C., and Cortés, E. 2009. Hierarchical Bayesian approach for population dynamics modelling of fish complexes without species-specific data. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 66: 367–377. Modelling the population dynamics of fish complexes is challenging, and many species have been assessed and managed as a complex that was treated as a single species. Two Bayesian state-space surplus production models with multilevel priors (hierarchical models) were developed to simulate variability in population growth rates of species in a complex, using the hammerhead shark complex (Sphyrna spp.) of the Atlantic and Gulf of Mexico coasts of the US as an example. The complex consists of three species: scalloped (Sphyrna lewini), great (Sphyrna mokarran), and smooth hammerhead (Sphyrna zygaena). Bayesian state-space surplus production models with multilevel priors fitted the hammerhead data better than a model based on single-level priors. The hierarchical Bayesian approach represents an intermediate strategy between traditional models that do not include variability among species, and highly parameterized models that assign an estimate of parameters to each species. By ignoring the variability among species, confidence intervals of the estimates of stock status indicators can be unrealistically narrow, possibly leading to high-risk management strategies being adopted. Use of multilevel priors in a hierarchical Bayesian approach is suggested for future hammerhead shark stock assessments and for modelling fish complexes lacking species-specific data.
The American Wandering Spider Cupiennius salei
Authors: Prpic Nikola-Michael , Schoppmeier Michael , Damen Wim G.M. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe spider Cupiennius salei is a useful laboratory model for embryological and physiological studies. Its highly developed sensory organs also make it an excellent model for behavioral studies. Furthermore, Cupiennius has contributed greatly to the study of evolutionary developmental questions. This chelicerate arthropod is particularly useful for such studies because of its phylogenetic position and the availability of tools to study and manipulate its embryonic development.
Opossum (Monodelphis domestica): A Marsupial Development Model
Authors: Keyte Anna L. , Smith Kathleen K. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONMonodelphis domestica is the most commonly used laboratory marsupial. In addition to the many factors that make it a convenient laboratory animal (small size, ease of care, nonseasonal breeding), it is the first marsupial whose genome has been sequenced. In this article, we present an overview of aspects of its biology and its use as a model organism. We also discuss basic care, breeding, embryo manipulation, and modifications of common techniques for the study of the development of this species.
High-Throughput Cloning of Open Reading Frames (ORFs): Assembling Large Sets of Expression Constructs
Authors: Link Andrew J. , LaBaer Joshua 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONNearly all methods for studying protein function begin with the expression of protein from cloned copies of the protein-coding sequences. Thus, obtaining a complete set of validated protein-coding clones is the first step toward establishing a functional proteomics platform for any organism of interest. Different protein functional studies demand different protein expression vectors; therefore, a flexible vector system should be used that enables the cloned sequences to be transferred rapidly to any vector. This can be achieved most efficiently by using vectors that employ recombinational cloning, a strategy that allows DNA fragments flanked by site-specific recombination sites to be moved from one vector to another in a single-step procedure, in frame and without mutation. There is now extensive experience with several such systems, including the Gateway system (Invitrogen) described here. These reactions are simple enough to allow high-throughput (HT) automation and are highly efficient. Once a “master” clone is created, the identical sequences can be transferred easily into all bacterial, mammalian, and viral vectors commonly used for protein analysis in vivo or in vitro. This protocol describes the process of transferring protein-coding sequences from a master vector into a protein expression (destination) vector for use in functional experiments.
Propagating Antirrhinum
Authors: Hudson Andrew , Critchley Joanna , Erasmus Yvette 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes general strategies for propagating Antirrhinum (snapdragon) species: self- and cross-pollination, cuttings, and grafting. Antirrhinum majus cultivars and some wild species are self-fertile, but they require self-pollination for high seed yields. Although self-fertile, A. majus shows unilateral incompatibility and can only be crossed to other self-incompatible species as the female parent. All Antirrhinum species can be propagated clonally from cuttings. Antirrhinum also readily forms grafts within and between species.
Establishing and Maintaining a Colony of Planarians
Authors: Oviedo Néstor J. , Nicolas Cindy L. , Adams Dany S. , Levin Michael 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONTo provide sufficient material for experimentation, a laboratory needs to expand and maintain a colony of planarians. It is crucial to keep a stable, healthy population of animals in a consistent environment to avoid inter-animal variability and modifier effects that can mask true phenotypes from experimental perturbation. In this protocol, we describe basic procedures for establishing and maintaining healthy colonies of Dugesia japonica, Schmidtea mediterranea, and Girardia tigrina (commonly found in the wild and commercially available in the United States). Although the recommendations are based on our optimization of conditions for G. tigrina, many of the procedures (such as food preparation and feeding strategy) can be applied to other species. For best results, the culture water must be carefully monitored and adjusted for each species.
Gene Knockdown in Planarians Using RNA Interference
Authors: Oviedo Néstor J. , Nicolas Cindy L. , Adams Dany S. , Levin Michael 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to produce gene knockdown in planarians using RNA interference (RNAi). It is a standard technique to evaluate gene function during regeneration and tissue maintenance in planarians. The procedure involves microinjecting double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) synthesized in vitro. Depending on the gene target, this technique can produce robust phenotypes that can be further evaluated by diverse macroscopic or microscopic procedures.
Live Imaging of Planarian Membrane Potential Using DiBAC4(3): Figure 1.
Authors: Oviedo Néstor J. , Nicolas Cindy L. , Adams Dany S. , Levin Michael 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes how to use the anionic membrane voltage-reporting dye DiBAC4(3) to generate images of cell membrane potential in live planarians. These images qualitatively reveal variations in time-averaged membrane potential across different regions of the organism. Changes in these images due to experimental treatments reveal how the particular treatment affects this physiological parameter. This method is a great improvement over standard electrophysiological techniques, which cannot be used to gain an understanding of the electrical properties of an entire worm or a regenerating fragment, due to small cell size and large cell number. When the proper controls are performed, this technique is a very powerful and simple way to gather physiologic data.
Assessment of the Olfactory Response to Chemicals or Bacteria in Pristionchus Nematodes
Authors: Rae Robbie , Schlager Benjamin , Sommer Ralf J. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONIn the soil environment, nematodes must rely on a number of host-specific chemical cues in order to find potential beetle hosts. They must also discriminate among different food choices (i.e., bacteria), which is important because if the nematodes concentrate on an unsuitable food source, they may die. To detect the bacteria and host-specific chemicals, nematodes use sensory structures called amphids and phasmids that are located on the head and tail, respectively. The olfactory response of nematodes can be studied in the laboratory using the very simple agar-based assay described here. This assay determines the attractiveness of Pristionchus to a range of beetle-associated compounds and has allowed detailed molecular mechanisms of olfaction to be studied in Pristionchus. It can also be used to examine the food choice of these nematodes when they are faced with a number of bacteria.
qRT-PCR of Microbial Biofilms
Authors: Pérez-Osorio Ailyn C. , Franklin Michael J. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONBacteria growing in biofilms often express a different subset of genes compared to the same strains growing planktonically. Quantitative reverse transcriptase real time PCR (qRT-PCR) can be used effectively to quantify the number of RNA transcripts of specific genes from bacteria growing in biofilms. qRT-PCR has a large dynamic range and may be used to verify gene expression data obtained from microarrays. In addition, qRT-PCR is sensitive, and therefore may be used to quantify gene expression from biofilm samples where only a small amount of biological material is available, as in samples obtained by laser capture microdissection microscopy (LCMM). The most commonly used qRT-PCR methods are the SYBR Green and dual-labeled probe (Taqman) approaches. Both approaches use reverse transcription to convert mRNA to cDNA, followed by PCR amplification of the cDNA. This article describes steps involved in aspects of qRT-PCR including (1) primer design, (2) primer and probe performance testing, (3) qRT-PCR using the Corbett Rotor-Gene system, and (4) data export and analysis.
Collection and Fixation of Spider Embryos
Authors: Prpic Nikola-Michael , Schoppmeier Michael , Damen Wim G.M. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe spider Cupiennius salei, commonly known as the American wandering spider, is a particularly useful laboratory model for embryological studies because of the availability of tools to study and manipulate its embryonic development. Cupiennius is used to study axis formation, segmentation, appendage development, neurogenesis, and silk production. These studies contribute to our understanding of the evolution of these processes, but they also help us to understand the origin and diversification of evolutionary novelties. Comparisons between spiders and insects can show the degree of conservation and divergence of developmental mechanisms during arthropod evolution. Any embryological feature conserved between spiders and insects is likely to represent an ancestral feature for arthropods. Comparative molecular embryological work in insects and spiders should eventually allow us to define a molecular archetype for the phylum Arthropoda. This in itself will be a necessary cornerstone for comparing the different metazoan phyla, including chordates. This protocol describes the collection and fixation of embryos from C. salei. The fixed embryos can be stored at -20°C for prolonged periods and used for in situ hybridization, in studies of apoptosis using terminal deoxynucleotidyl-transferase-mediated dUTP-digoxigenin nick-end labeling (TUNEL), and for immunohistochemistry.
Gene Silencing via Embryonic RNAi in Spider Embryos
Authors: Prpic Nikola-Michael , Schoppmeier Michael , Damen Wim G.M. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONThe spider Cupiennius salei, commonly known as the American wandering spider, is a particularly useful laboratory model for embryological studies because of the availability of tools to study and manipulate its embryonic development. Cupiennius is used to study axis formation, segmentation, appendage development, neurogenesis, and silk production. These studies contribute to our understanding of the evolution of these processes, but they also help us to understand the origin and diversification of evolutionary novelties. Comparisons between spiders and insects can show the degree of conservation and divergence of developmental mechanisms during arthropod evolution. Any embryological feature conserved between spiders and insects is likely to represent an ancestral feature for arthropods. Comparative molecular embryological work in insects and spiders should eventually allow us to define a molecular archetype for the phylum Arthropoda. This in itself will be a necessary cornerstone for comparing the different metazoan phyla, including chordates. The discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), in which double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) suppresses the translation of homologous mRNA, has had a huge impact on evolutionary developmental biology by enabling the analysis of loss-of-function phenotypes in organisms in which classical genetic analysis is laborious or not possible. This protocol describes the application of RNAi to embryos of the spider C. salei.
Monodelphis Whole-Embryo Culture
Authors: Keyte Anna L. , Smith Kathleen K. 
Published: October 2008

INTRODUCTIONMonodelphis domestica, the gray, short-tailed, or laboratory opossum, is the most commonly used laboratory marsupial. In addition to the factors that make it a convenient laboratory animal (small size, ease of care, nonseasonal breeding), it is the first marsupial whose genome has been sequenced. Monodelphis has proven useful as a model organism for studies on spinal cord regeneration, ultraviolet (UV)-induced melanoma, and genetic influences on cholesterol, as well as comparative studies of the immune system. In addition, Monodelphis has been used to understand the basic functions of the olfactory system and the role of various olfactory chemicals in social and reproductive behavior. Recently, Monodelphis has been used to understand fundamental aspects of marsupial development, anatomy, evolution, and evolutionary consequences of the derived marsupial mode of development and reproduction. The embryos of Monodelphis, like those of other marsupials, can be cultured in vitro. The length of embryo viability depends in part on the stage at which culture begins, but embryos of different species of marsupials have been cultured for 18 h to almost 72 h. Good culture results for Monodelphis have been obtained using the method presented here. Embryos can be manipulated and then placed in the incubator. We have applied this technique most commonly to embryos at stages 23-25; they have retained viability and normal development through stage 26 when embryos would begin to implant in vivo.
The leader as motivator: coach and self‐esteem builder
Authors: Castelli Patricia Ann 
Published: September 2008

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to determine what motivating strategies followers (comprised of low and high need achievers) view as most necessary from their leaders.Design/methodology/approachThree survey instruments were administered to 297 working professionals taking business courses offered through a college of management at a private university. Correlational research methodology was used to investigate the relationships between self‐attributed needs for achievement on demographic, interest and effort variables. Discriminant analysis was used to determine if motivational and profile characteristics could be used to predict low and high self‐attributed need achievers.FindingsThe major findings of this study centered on the leader's ability to inspire followers by using a variety of interesting coaching techniques and by building their self‐esteem regardless of achievement orientation.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of this study are tentative and need to be reproduced with a larger, more comprehensive sample of a broader population.Practical implicationsThis research offers leaders practical techniques for effectively utilizing motivating strategies which may increase their followers' interest and effort in a performance situation.Originality/valueThe findings of this study indicating that interest and effort can be used to improve motivation suggest that followers may exhibit significant gains in continuing motivation when relevant techniques are applied by the leader.