bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between Batesian and Müllerian mimicry
Authors: Ruxton Graeme D. , Sherratt Thomas N. , Speed Michael P. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIf two species share the same signal, both are defended but differ in the type or level of their defence. The nature of the mimicry between them is an area of current controversy. Is it inherently parasitic (Batesian) or mutualistic (Mullerian)? This chapter reviews the empirical evidence that this is a real question and the recent theoretical literature addressing the question.
Ecological network analysis: an escape from the machine
Authors: Ulanowicz Robert E. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Recent advances in the theory of complexity have engendered a shift away from ‘physicalism’, where all nature is reducible to fundamental physical laws towards ‘naturalism’, where natural phenomena are considered within a circumscribed domain of time and space. The study of ecological networks has led the way in this shift, because it can be demonstrated that ecological dynamics are incompatible with the fundamental assumptions that have supported science since Newton. The direction in which causality operates in ecosystems proves more likely to come from the larger configurations of processes (networks) towards their more ephemeral and complicated constituents and their attendant mechanisms. This focus on the macroscopic makes possible a self-consistent description of ecosystem dynamics based solely on the attributes of the network of processes.
PARAMETERIZED COMPLEXITY THEORY—A PRIMER
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces basic concepts which are necessary for an understanding of this subject, beginning with a close look at parameterized algorithmics. It briefly highlights the central aspects of the theory, defining parameterized problems, fixed-parameter tractability, parameterized reductions, and the parameterized complexity class W[1] representing parameterized hardness. In addition, it also indicates the limitations of the theory, focussing on different sorts of combinatorial explosions.
DATA REDUCTION AND PROBLEM KERNELS
Authors: Niedermeier Rolf 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents one of the most basic and most important techniques for developing fixed-parameter algorithms: data reduction and problem kernelization. It starts with some basic definitions and facts, in particular defining the notion of reduction to a problem kernel (kernelization for short). After having presented some simple examples, the chapter continues with several specific kernelization results, including problem kernels for problems such as Maximum Satisfiability, Cluster Editing, Vertex Cover, 3-Hitting Set, and Dominating Set in Planar Graphs. The chapter concludes with some initial results on lower bounds for problem kernel sizes and a general summary.
PRESHEAF MODELS FOR CONSTRUCTIVE SET THEORIES
Authors: Gambino Nicola 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter introduces new kinds of models for constructive set theories based on categories of presheaves. It concentrates on categories of classes rather than sets, following the lines of algebraic set theory. It defines a general notion of what is a categorical model for CST, and shows that categories of presheaves provide examples of such models. To do so, it considers presheaves as functors with values in a category of classes. The models introduced are a counterpart of the presheaf models for intuitionistic set theories defined by Dana Scott in the 1980s. In this work, the author has to overcome the challenges intrinsic to dealing with generalized predicative formal systems rather than impredicative ones. An application to an independence result is discussed.
TOWARD A MINIMALIST FOUNDATION FOR CONSTRUCTIVE MATHEMATICS
Authors: Maietti Maria Emilia , Sambin Giovanni 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The two main views in modern constructive mathematics usually associated with constructive type theory and topos theory are compatible with the classical view, but they are incompatible with each other, in a sense explained by some specific results which are briefly reviewed. This chapter argues in favour of a minimal foundational theory. On the one hand, this has to satisfy the proofs-as-programs paradigm, and thus be suitable for the implementation of mathematics on a computer. On the other hand, it has to be compatible with all the theories in which mathematics has been developed, like Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, topos theory, and Martin-Löf's type theory. As a first step towards a foundational theory of this kind, the chapter formulates a specific intensional type theory, but it also warns that one should give up the expectation of an all-embracing foundation.
SOME CONSTRUCTIVE ROADS TO TYCHONOFF
Authors: Vickers Steven 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the Tychonoff Theorem with respect to point-free topology from the point of view of both topos-valid and predicative mathematics. A new proof of the infinitary Tychonoff Theorem is given using predicative, choice-free methods for possibly undecidable index set. It yields a complete description of the finite basic covers of the product. In contrast to the formal-topological treatment previously given by Negri and Valentini, who followed Coquand's first paper on this subject, the index set of the product under consideration need not be decidable in this chapter's proof. While a more recent approach by Coquand is based on the assumption that each locale under consideration is presented by a distributive lattice of generators, this chapter does not assume the presence of any such presentation. In passing, it highlights the differences and connections between the point-set and the point-free approaches to topology, and between the major varieties of the latter, locale theory, and formal topology.
General body organization
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter deals with a number of topics not related to particular organ systems, but to the general body organization. These include: complexity (is there a constantly growing complexity during animal evolution?), size (can events of evolutionary size change be spotted?), symmetry (what are the basic symmetrical properties and what is their phylogenetic importance?), the anteroposterior axis (what is its significance for bilaterian evolution and did it predate Bilateria?), the dorsoventral axis (was there an inversion of this axis during metazoan evolution?), germ layers (what is the phylogenetic significance of germ layers?), segmentation (how often did segmentation and segmental patterns evolve?), skeletons (are skeletons phylogenetically informative?), locomotory appendages (are appendages comparable among animals?), and parasitism (what are the evolutionary changes in becoming parasitic?).
Body cavities
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractWithin bilaterian animals several taxa have spacious body cavities. The structural basis of such cavities can be divided into primary and secondary body cavities, the latter being the coelom. Body cavities are absent in compact (‘acoelomate’) animals. Primary and secondary body cavities can also fuse to form a mixocoel. More than one type of body cavity can be present in one animal at the same time or during its life cycle. Some phylogenetic hypotheses include the evolution of body cavities as a central part. Nevertheless, it appears that both types of body cavities evolved in parallel in several cases.
Gametes (Spermatozoa)
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAlthough spermatozoa have no organ system, they are the product of organ systems and are of enormous evolutionary importance. Spermatozoa typically possess an acrosome, a nucleus, mitochondria, and a cilium, but these compartments can vary considerably in their shape, arrangement, number, or by being absent. There is a general correlation between external fertilization and the so-called round-headed spermatozoon. In connection with the various modes of modified external and internal fertilization, spermatozoa change their shape to aciliary, filiform, spirally coiled, and others. An evolution from a round-headed to a derived spermatozoon is likely, but some exceptions are possible.
Error propagation and scaling for tropical forest biomass estimates
Authors: Chave Jerome , Chust Guillem , Condit Richard , Aguilar Salomon , Hernandez Andres , Lao Suzanne , Perez Rolando 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe dry above-ground biomass (AGB) of tropical forests is a crucial variable for ecologists, biogeochemists, foresters, and policy makers. Permanent tree inventories provide an efficient way of assessing this variable. In order to make correct inferences about long-term changes in biomass stocks, it is essential to know the uncertainty associated with AGB estimates, yet this uncertainty is seldom evaluated carefully. Here, four types of uncertainties that could lead to statistical error in AGB estimates are quantified: error due to tree measurement; error due to the choice of allometric model relating AGB to other tree dimensions; sampling uncertainty, related to the size of the study plot; representativeness of a network of small plots across a forest landscape. All four are estimated for a 50-hectare plot on Barro Colorado Island, and for a network of 1-hectare plots scattered across the Panama Canal Watershed, Central Panama. This chapter finds that the most important source of error is currently related to the choice of the allometric model. More work should be devoted to improving the predictive power of allometric models for biomass.
Amazonian ecosystems and atmospheric change since the last glacial maximum
Authors: Mayle Francis E. , Bush Mark B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews previously published palaeovegetation and independent palaeoclimatic datasets to determine the responses of Amazonian ecosystems to changes in temperature, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations that occurred since the last glacial maximum (LGM), about 21,000 years ago, and it uses this long-term perspective to predict the likely vegetation responses to future climate change. Amazonia remained predominantly forested at the LGM, although savannas expanded at the margins of the basin. The combination of reduced temperatures, precipitation, and atmospheric CO2 concentrations resulted in forests structurally and floristically quite different from those of today. Evergreen rainforest distribution increased during the glacial-Holocene transition due to ameliorating climatic and CO2 conditions. However, reduced precipitation in the early-mid Holocene (about 8000-3600 years ago) period caused widespread, frequent fires in seasonal southern Amazonia, with increased abundance of drought-tolerant dry forest taxa and savanna in ecotonal areas. Rainforests expanded once again in the late Holocene period as a result of increased precipitation. The plant communities that existed during the early-mid Holocene period may constitute the closest analogues to the kinds of vegetation responses expected from similar increases in temperature and aridity posited for the 21st century.
Chern-Simons Theory, Matrix Models, and Topological Strings
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn recent years, the old idea that gauge theories and string theories are equivalent has been implemented and developed in various ways, and there are by now various models where the string theory/gauge theory correspondence is at work. One of the most important examples of this correspondence relates Chern-Simons theory, a topological gauge theory in three dimensions which describes knot and three-manifold invariants, to topological string theory, which is deeply related to Gromov-Witten invariants. This has led to some surprising relations between three-manifold geometry and enumerative geometry. This book gives the first presentation of this and other related topics. After an introduction to matrix models and Chern-Simons theory, the book describes in detail the topological string theories that correspond to these gauge theories and develops the mathematical implications of this duality for the enumerative geometry of Calabi-Yau manifolds and knot theory.
TOPOLOGICAL SIGMA MODELS
Authors: Mariño Marcos 
Published: September 2007

AbstractString theory can be regarded, at the algebraic level, as a two-dimensional conformal field theory coupled to two-dimensional gravity. When the conformal field theory is also a topological field theory (i.e., a theory whose correlation functions do not depend on the metric on the Riemann surface), the resulting string theory turns out to be very simple and in many cases can be completely solved. A string theory that is constructed in this way is called a topological string theory. The starting point for obtaining a topological string theory is therefore a conformal field theory with topological invariance. Such theories are called topological conformal field theories and can be constructed out of N = 2 superconformal field theories in two dimensions by a procedure called twisting. This chapter considers a class of topological string theories in which the topological field theory is taken to be a topological sigma model with target space a Calabi-Yau manifold. The N = 2 supersymmetric sigma model is reviewed, and the twisting procedure is then introduced. The A-type and B-type topological sigma models resulting from two possible twists in two dimensions are examined in detail.
MAIN APPLICATIONS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter reviews the main applications of the porous medium equation (PME). Section 2.1 describes the standard model of gas flow through a porous medium (Darcy-Leibenzon-Muskat). Section 2.2 describes the model of nonlinear heat transfer (Zel'dovich-Raizer). Section 2.3 describes Boussinesq's model of groundwater flow, and Section 2.4 presents a model of population dynamics (Gurtin-McCamy).
THE CAUCHY PROBLEM. L1-THEORY
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines the Cauchy problem, or pure initial value problem, for the PME and the GPME in d-dimensional space, d = 1. It concentrates the main effort on the PME with zero forcing term. It considers solutions which are integrable with respect to the space variables, so-called solutions with finite mass, and develops the corresponding L 1 theory. It establishes well-posedness for the Cauchy problem in this setting, which is the one most often found in relevant literature and applications.
THE NEUMANN PROBLEM AND PROBLEMS ON MANIFOLDS
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter completes the investigation of previous chapters on the Dirichlet and Cauchy problems by applying the techniques to other important problems. It selects two directions, the Neumann boundary conditions and the problems posed on manifolds. Section 11.1 introduces the problem and concepts of weak solution, proves a uniqueness result, and presents examples. Section 11.2 reviews the theory for the existence and uniqueness of weak solutions and limit solutions. Section 11.3 provides proof of better estimates and boundedness of solutions in the case of the PME. Section 11.4 examines the mixed problems and problems posed in exterior space domains. The second main topic of this chapter is the theory of PME and GPME on Riemannian manifolds, which is in Section 11.5.
THE CAUCHY PROBLEM WITH GROWING INITIAL DATA
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter examines general conditions on the initial data under which the PME can be solved. The emphasis is on non-negative solutions and the data are locally integrable functions. Signed solutions are also considered. Section 12.1 introduces the problem and the main growth assumptions. Section 12.2 derives the well-known Aronson-Caffarelli estimate for non-negative solutions. Section 12.3 covers existence under optimal growth conditions. Section 12.4 deals with the uniqueness of growing solutions. Section 12.5 deals with further properties of the solutions and Section 12.6 studies the properties of some particular classes of solutions obtained under special assumptions on the data. As a complement to the results of this section, Section 12.7 considers the questions of boundedness of solutions defined locally and their approximation by smooth solutions. Section 12.8 constructs solutions in conical domains, which shows that growth rates as high as desired can be admissible if the aperture of the cone is small enough.
ONE-DIMENSIONAL THEORY. REGULARITY AND INTERFACES
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter presents an introduction to some of the main topics relating to the PME, focusing on non-negative solutions. Section 15.1 presents a detailed analysis of the regularity of the pressure, for which Lipschitz continuity is proved both in space and time. Section 15.2 introduces new comparison results. Shifting comparison, intersection comparison and lap number count are quite useful in the study of interfaces. The study of interfaces is begun in Section 15.3. The growth of the interface is estimated and the waiting time analysed. Section 15.4 deals with some of the main issues of the theory.
THE STATISTICAL NATURE OF CHEMICAL CHANGES
Authors: Hinshelwood C. N. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter discusses chemical transformations. Topics covered include the route to equilibrium, classical and quantum-mechanical principles, principle of tunnel mechanism, velocity and equilibrium, transition states, activation energy, influence of encounter rates, transformation probabilities, maximum rate of activation, thermodynamic analogies, absolute reaction rates, collision numbers, and interchanges of energy by collision.
Hilbert Modular Forms and Iwasawa Theory
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe 1995 work by Wiles and Taylor-Wiles opened up a whole new technique in algebraic number theory and, a decade on, the waves caused by this incredibly important work are still being felt. This book describes a generalization of their techniques to Hilbert modular forms (towards the proof of the celebrated ‘R=T’ theorem) and applications of the theorem that have been found. Applications include a proof of the torsion of the adjoint Selmer group (over a totally real field F and over the Iwasawa tower of F) and an explicit formula of the L-invariant of the arithmetic p-adic adjoint L-functions. This implies the torsion of the classical anticyclotomic Iwasawa module of a CM field over the Iwasawa algebra. When specialized to an elliptic Tate curve over F by the L-invariant formula, the invariant of the adjoint square of the curve has exactly the same expression as the one in the conjecture of Mazur-Tate-Teitelbaum (which is for the standard L-function of the elliptic curve and is now a theorem of Greenberg-Stevens).
AUTOMORPHIC FORMS ON INNER FORMS OFGL(2)
Authors: Hida Haruzo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter is an exposition of the ideas and classical (and modern) results of the theory for Hilbert modular forms and quaternionic automorphic forms. It starts with a brief exposition of the theory of quaternion algebras. After a short description of functorial algebraic geometry of Grothendieck, quaternionic automorphic forms (including Hilbert modular forms) are introduced in adelic terminology. An elementary description of the theta correspondence and the Jacquet-Langlands correspondence between quaternionic automorphic forms and Hilbert modular forms follows. Finally, the integral solution of the basis problem (of Eichler) is presented.
7 Corporate Governance Convergence in International Perspective
Authors: Martin Roderick , Casson Peter D. , Nisar Tahir M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractInternational convergence has been identified as a recent trend in corporate governance. However, current trends in German corporate governance point to an enhanced stakeholder form of corporate governance, rather than to shareholder value. The continuing strength of employee representation on supervisory boards and other factors colour the interpretation of shareholder value, even in companies regarded as shareholder-oriented. The case of The Bayer Group — one of the exemplars of shareholder value in Germany — illustrates both this continuity and change. The chapter concludes by arguing that the adoption of shareholder value depends upon institutional complementarity between specific corporate governance arrangements and the wider business system of which they are a part.
Introduction
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This introductory chapter provides an overview of the changes in the understanding of crime and criminals, and of state responses to them in terms of policing, penal policy, and forms of punishment from 1750 to 1940. It discusses also some of the key theoretical perspectives (the Whig interpretation, and the work of Elias, Foucault and Marx) that historians have deployed in their analyses of these changes and responses.
The Understanding and Nature of Crime
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Men of the Enlightenment used commonsense definitions of crime and criminality in their encyclopaedias, but at the same time, beggars and vagrants — those who, it was believed, were essentially idle and refused to work — were singled out as offenders. After highlighting these perceptions, the chapter moves on to explore the different kinds of bandit, criminal gang, and individual offender to be found in 18th-century Europe. It stresses the importance of environment to offending, and that while there was particular concern about forms of violent crime, most offending appears to have involved petty theft.
Penal Policies and the Impact of War
Authors: Emsley Clive 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Before the outbreak of the First World War across Europe, there were some general moves towards liberalization in the courts and the alleviation of punishment, most notably with regard to juveniles. The war had a noticeable impact on the statistics of crime: overall it declined, though proportionately, the number of female and juvenile offenders increased. At the end of the war, there were concerns about brutalized veterans and men with war psychoses returning to commit crimes. There appears to have been a significant increase in offending in the defeated states after the war, and Weimar Germany in particular witnessed an obsession with violence, murder and sex crimes during the post-war period. In general, however, by the mid-1920s crime levels had returned to roughly the pre-war pattern and the usual suspects — vagrants and the work-shy — continued to be stigmatized.
Logarithmic diffusion in 2D and intermediate 1D range
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter studies two transition situations where non-uniqueness plays an important role. The first deals with the range -1 &lt; m ≤ 0 in n = 1, which looks like supercritical but contains the non-uniqueness phenomenon for the Cauchy problem. The second is the study of logarithmic diffusion in the plane, i.e., the case m = 0 for n = 2 which has many appealing features for the analyst and the geometer.
Evolution equations of thep-Laplacian type
Authors: Vázquez Juan Luis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents the application of the foregoing ideas to the p-Laplacian evolution equation and the doubly nonlinear evolution equation. Topics covered include the doubly linear diffusion equation, symmetrization and mass comparison, source-type solutions, doubly nonlinear diffusion equation, and smoothing estimates, best constants, and decay rates for PLE and DNLE.