bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Structure and optical properties under VUV excitation of Mn2+ doped Alkaline Earth Aluminate Phosphors
Authors: Nötzold D. , Wulff H. , Jilg S. , Kantz L. , Schwarz L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractPolycrystalline hexagonal alkaline earth aluminates M3Al16O27 with M3:BaMg2, Ba1.5Mg1.5, and Sr1.5Mg1.5 doped by divalent manganese and prepared by solid state reaction were investigated concerning their crystal structure and optical properties at room temperature. Rietveld procedures were used for structure parameters refinement. The investigated aluminate phosphors crystallize in the space group P63/mmc. Mn2+ ions occupy both tetrahedral 4f lattice positions of the small cations in the unit cell. Transitions between the terms 4T1 (4G) and 6A1 (6S) within the 3d5 configuration of the Mn2+ ion cause the green emission of the phosphors. It can be excited very efficient by VUV radiation. Spectral position of the emission band which seems to consist of two superimposed bands and its band width at half height as well as the shape of the excitation spectrum are almost independent of the composition of M3 in M3Al16O27. The luminous flux of the investigated aluminate phosphors depends on their composition. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of fluvastatin in human plasma: validation and its application to pharmacokinetic studies
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna V. S. , Kandikere Vishwottam N. , Shrivastava Wishu , Mudigonda Koteshwara , Datla Praveen V. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA simple, sensitive and rapid high‐performance liquid chromatography/negative ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the assay of fluvastatin in human plasma. Following solid‐phase extraction, the analytes were separated using an isocratic mobile phase on a reversed‐phase column and analyzed by mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M–H]− ions, m/z 410/348 for fluvastatin and m/z 480/418 for the internal standard. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 2–500 ng/mL for fluvastatin in human plasma. The lower limit of quantification was 2 ng/mL with a relative standard deviation of less than 5%. Acceptable precision and accuracy were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. A run time of 1.5 min for each sample made it possible to analyze more than 400 human plasma samples per day. The validated method has been successfully used to analyze human plasma samples for application in pharmacokinetic, bioavailability or bioequivalence studies. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
No‐discharge atmospheric pressure chemical ionization: evaluation and application to the analysis of animal drug residues in complex matrices
Authors: Turnipseed Sherri B. , Andersen Wendy C. , Karbiwnyk Christine M. , Roybal José E. , Miller Keith E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAlternative ionization methods are increasingly being utilized to increase the versatility and selectivity of liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (LC/MS). One such technique is the practice of using commercially available atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) sources with the corona discharge turned off, a process termed no‐discharge APCI (ND‐APCI). The relative LC/MS responses for several different classes of veterinary drugs were obtained by using ND‐APCI, electrospray ionization (ESI), and APCI. While the ND‐APCI‐MS and ‐MSn spectra for these compounds were comparable with ESI, ND‐APCI provided advantages in sensitivity and selectivity for some compounds. Drugs that were charged in solution as cations or sodium adducts responded particularly well with this technique. Instrumental parameters such as temperatures, gas and liquid flow rates, and source design were investigated to determine their effect on the process of ND‐APCI. This paper explores advantages of using ND‐APCI for the determination and confirmation of drug residues that might be found in food matrices, including malachite green residues in fish tissue and avermectin residues in milk. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bivariate models for co‐aggregation of dichotomous traits in twins
Authors: Shoukri M. M. , Donner A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe study of twins is widely used for research into genetic and environmental influences on human traits. Study designs in which independent samples of monozygotic and dizygotic twins are compared with respect to their similarity have focused on single binary trait. However, the risk of co‐occurrence of more than one disease in twins is a parameter of interest to genetic epidemiologists and other investigators. For example, they may be interested in assessing the genetic and environmental etiologies of reading deficits (RD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and their co‐morbidity. In this paper, we present statistical methodology for the estimation of twin similarity with respect to two dichotomous traits measured on each member of the twin pair. For two sample problems, several test procedures that account for the correlation between twins and the correlation between traits are presented. An example based on the Australian population‐based twin registry published data is given to illustrate the methodology. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Properties of Organic Nanofibers
Authors: Kjelstrup‐Hansen Jakob , Hansen Ole , Rubahn Horst‐Günter , Bøggild Peter 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIntrinsic elastic and inelastic mechanical properties of individual, self‐assembled, quasi‐single‐crystalline para‐hexaphenylene nanofibers supported on substrates with different hydrophobicities are investigated as well as the interplay between the fibers and the underlying substrates. We find from atomic‐force‐microscopy‐based rupture experiments a rupture shear stress of about 2×107 Pa for an individual fiber. Deflecting a nanofiber suspended across a gap results in a Young’s modulus of 0.65 GPa. Translational motion of intact nanofibers across the surface is demonstrated for fibers on a silicon substrate with a low‐adhesion coating, whereas such motion on a noncoated substrate is limited to very short (sub‐micrometer) nanofiber pieces due to strong adhesive forces.
In Situ Raman Study on Single‐ and Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes as a Function of Lithium Insertion
Authors: Kim Yoong Ahm , Kojima Masahito , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Umemoto Souichiro , Watanabe Takaaki , Yoshida Kazuto , Sato Keigo , Ikeda Takuya , Hayashi Takuya , Endo Morinobu , Terrones Mauricio , Dresselhaus Mildred S. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe investigated the electrochemical lithium ion (Li+) insertion/desertion behavior on highly pure and bundled single‐ and double‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs and DWNTs) using an in situ Raman technique. In general, two storage sites could host Li+ in SWNT and DWNT bundles when varying an external potential: a) the outer surface sites, and b) the interstitial spaces within the bundles. The most sensitive changes in the tangential mode (TM) of the Raman spectra upon doping with Li+ can be divided into two regions. The first region was found from 2.8 to 1.0 V (the coverage of Li+ on the outer surface of a bundled nanotube) and was characterized by the loss of resonant conditions via partial charge transfer, where the G+ line of the SWNT and the TM of the outer tube of DWNTs experienced a highly depressed intensity, but remained almost constant in frequency. The appearance of a Breit–Wigner–Fano (BWF) profile provided strong evidence of metallic inner tubes within DWNTs. The second region was observed when the applied potentials ranged from 0.9 to 0 V and was characterized by Li+ diffusion into the interstitial sites of the bundled nanotube material. This phenomenon invoked a large downshift of the G− band in SWNTs, and a small downshift of the TM of the inner tube of DWNTs caused by expansion of the CC bonds due to the charge transferred to the nanotubes, and the disappearance of the BWF profile through the screening effect of the interstitial Li+ layers.
Green's function for radially symmetric waves in inhomogeneous anisotropic solids
Authors: Watanabe K. , Payton R.G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAn exact Green's function is presented for radially symmetric waves in cylindrically inhomogeneous anisotropic solids. It is found that the wave which passed through the center (coordinate origin) looses the logarithmic singularity at its front, when a material parameter is a half of odd integer. Further, the time‐harmonic Green's function is derived. It is also found that the wave nature of the Green's function vanishes when the wave velocity is a linear function of the radial distance.
Death at the zoo: the media, science, and reality
Authors: Hutchins Michael 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMedia characterizations of zoo and aquarium animal deaths were randomly monitored on the internet for a 20‐month period (September 2003–May 2005). Based on 148 samples collected, it was possible to classify articles into one of four categories, which were operationally defined: 1) dispassionate observers; 2) accusers; 3) sympathizers; and 4) balancers. In addition, with the notable exception of seven cases, all of the articles examined focused on large, charismatic mammals, such as gorillas, dolphins, lions, and elephants. Although a majority of the articles examined (70.4%) were either dispassionate and objective or sympathetic, nearly a third (29.6%) were either accusatory or attempted to balance the accusatory statements of animal rights activists with sympathetic statements from zoo professionals. Recommendations are offered for how zoos should deal with the increasing media and public interest in zoo animal deaths, including: 1) a greater commitment to studying the reasons for mortality in a wide variety of species; and 2) an increased investment in record keeping and analysis, which should allow zoos to calculate average life spans in animal populations and to monitor and assess the risk of certain lethal diseases on a real‐time basis. Comparisons are drawn between zoo veterinary practices and human medicine, which are both inexact sciences. Suggestions are made for how the public and key decision‐makers can distinguish between media reports on zoo animal deaths that are legitimate cause for concern vs. those that are sensationalist and meant to generate controversy and sell papers. A greater focus on the science of zoo animal death is necessary for accredited zoos to maintain the public's confidence in their animal care practices. Zoo Biol 0:1–15, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histidinaemia. Part I: Reconciling retrospective and prospective findings
Authors: Scriver C. R. , Levy H. L. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe reach the conclusion that histidinaemia in the typical form (autosomal recessive impairment of L‐histidine ammonia lyase activity (EC 4.3.1.3)) is not a ‘disease’ in man. Retrospective and prospective studies (Rosenmannet al., 1983; Coulombeet al., 1983) together indicate that the prevalence of disadaptive phenotypes (e.g. impaired intellectual or speech development, seizures, behavioural or learning disorder) in the histidinaemia population, is not higher than the frequency of these functional disorders in the non‐histidinaemia population. However, one cannot exclude the possibility that histidinaemia is a risk factor for development of an unfavourable CNS phenotype, in particular individuals under specific circumstances (e.g. abnormal perinatal events). From this viewpoint, we propose that newborn screening for early diagnosis and treatment of histidinaemia does not meet the criteria for a public health service. Screening for continuing research on histidinaemia remains justifiable, for example, to discern whether there are atypical forms of the biochemical and enzymatic phenotypes.
Normal glycine transport in cultured diploid fibroblasts from hyperglycinaemic subjects
Authors: Kølvraa S. , Rosleff F. , Brandt N. J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe glycine uptake in cultured fibroblasts was studied in three children with non‐ketotic hyperglycinaemia, one child withd‐glyceric acidaemia and hyperglycinaemia and in six normal children, using an improved assay system giving individual protein correction.It was shown that all hyperglycinaemic children had normal uptake rates and kinetic characteristics similar to the controls.
Entomological and ecological surveys on Mt. Usu in 1984 VI: Faunal make‐up and ecological distribution of springtails (Collembola) on Volcano Usu
Authors: Sugawara Hiromi , Higashi Seigo , Fukuda Hiromi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA survey of springtails was conducted in 1984 on Volcano Usu which suffered damage to it's ecosystem from eruptions in 1977 and 1978. The summit area, almost completely deforested by the eruptions, was still inhabited by many forest species such as Desoria notabilis, Willowsia sp. 2, Pseudachorutes sp. 2, Isotoma sp. 4, Tullbergia yosii, Onychiurus sp. 1, Entomobrya sp. 2, Isotomiella minor, Proisotoma sp. 2, Xenylla sp., Neanura frigida, etc. These species preferred standing or fallen dead trees, mosses, bark chips, former topsoils and soil around the root of plants. The fauna in the summit area was most similar to that of coniferous or broad‐leaved forests surveyed on the foot of the mountain. This suggests that the 1977–78 eruptions did not exterminate these springtail species which probably survived on the standing trees or in the former topsoil.
The ecology of a beech forest on Mt. Sanpoiwadake, Hakusan National Park, Japan I. Braun‐Blanquet, TWINSPAN and DCA analysis
Authors: Hukusima Tukasa , Kershaw Kennth Andrew 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe Lindero membranaceae‐Fagetum crenatae association on Mt. Sanpoiwadake, Hakusan National Park, Japan, has been classified using traditional Braun‐Blanquet methods. The association was floristically sub‐divided into six communities, all of which had been included as four subassociations by Hukusima (1982). The resulting table was compared with an analogous community table derived using computer‐based TWINSPAN analysis. This dual approach was shown to provide a fully objective classification by method, the subjective element in the Braun‐Blanquet method thus being substantiated TWINSPAN. Subsequent ordination of the data using DCA then provided a further degree of objective evaluation allowing any misclassified stand or species to be re‐examined, and at the same time displaying the detailed inter‐relationships between all species or stands.
Pollination systems in the cool temperate mixed coniferous and broad‐leaved forest zone of Yakushima Island
Authors: Yumoto Takakazu 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAnimal pollination was observed in a cool temperate mixed coniferous and broadleaved forest, and in shrubby vegetation on a mountain summit, on Yakushima Island (30.2°N, 130.3°E), to the south of Kyushu, Japan. In the mixed forest, two groups of plants were recognized: exclusively canopy‐flowering species, and understory‐flowering species. All of the canopy‐flowering species had dish‐shaped flowers or flowers without petals, were visited by opportunist insects, and most of them showed a mass‐flowering pattern. Each segregated its flowering time from those of the others. On the other hand, most of the understory‐flowering species had bell‐or funnel‐shaped flowers which were pollinated by birds or bumble bees, and showed an extended flowering pattern. Their phenological flowering series (except Camellia japonica that was pollinated by birds), without a break, coincided very well with the active period of a bumble bee species, Bombus ardens. In the shrubby vegetation on the mountain summit, two types of species were recognized: one type also grew in the forest, whereas the other type only grew in the shrubby vegetation. The former type of species in this vegetation was visited by a more diverse range of insects than that in the forest. In particular, species visited mainly by bumble bees in the forest attracted many opportunist insects. All but one of the species that only grew in the shrubby vegetation were visited only by opportunist insects and never by bumble bees.
The growth analysis of water hyacinth, Eichhornia crasipes solms, in different water temperature conditions
Authors: Sato Haruo 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA 40‐day culture experiment of water hyacinth was made in 4 different water temperatures, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C, which were combined with 4 levels of concentration of culture solution, 1/3, 1, 3 and 9‐fold of the standard solution containing 28 ppm of total N and 7.7 ppm of total P. The optimum condition for obtaining the maximum plant growth shifted from 30°C: 3‐fold condition in the early stage to 20–25°C: 3‐fold condition in the later stages of the experiment. The relation between the fresh weight biomass per 100‐l tank, w, and the concentration of culture solution, f, was expressed successfully by a reciprocal equation, 1/w=A F/f+A F′f/(1‐f/C F)+B F, in which Af, Af′, and Bf are time dependent coefficients and Cf is the upper limit of the concentration to permit plant growth which can change with time. The relation between w and water temperature, T, was expressed by another reciprocal equation, 1/w=A T/eaT+A T′ebT+B T, in which a and b are constants and AtAt′ and Bt are time dependent coefficients. The latter formulation shows that the temperature can be breated as an exponential factor, and it suggests the possibility of the growth coefficient of the logistic growth equation, ψ, being affected by temperature.
Aboveground biomass and litterfall of Pinus pumila scrubs growing on the Kiso mountain range in central Japan
Authors: Kajimoto Takuya 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAboveground biomass and litterfall of Pinus pumila scrubs, growing on the Kiso mountain range in central Japan, were investigated from 1984 to 1985. The biomass of two research plots (P1 and P2) with different scrub heights was estimated by two methods, the stratified clip technique and the allometric method. Aboveground total biomass estimated by the latter method reached 181 ton d.w. ha−1 in P1 and 132 ton d.w. ha−1 in P2. Creeping stems contributed to about half of the total biomass. Although estimates of woody organs differed between the two plots, leaf biomass estimates were almost the same at 15.5 ton d.w. ha−1. The canopies of the two P. pumila scrubs were characterized by a large mean leaf area density of 5.0 m2 m−3. Despite this large area density, relatively moderate attenuation of light intensity was observed. Specific leaf area generally increased with reduced leaf height. Annual total litterfall was estimated to be 3.60 ton d.w. ha−1 yr−1 in P1 and 2.39 ton d.w. ha−1 yr−1 in P2. Annual leaf fall in both plots was approximately 2.0 ton d.w. ha−1 yr−1. Leaves fell mainly in early autumn. Annual loss rates of branches, estimated as the sum of annual branch litterfall and the amount of newly formed attached dead branches, were 0.29 ton d.w. ha−1 yr−1 in P1 and 0.37 ton d.w. ha−1 yr−1 in P2.
Studies on the dynamic properties of terrestrial ecosystems based on a simulation model II. Tropical rainforest dynamics and stability as influenced by stem mortality
Authors: Oikawa Takehisa 
Published: March 2006

AbstractFurther analysis of tropical rainforest dynamics and stability in relation to stem mortality has been conducted using a microcomputer model developed in a previous study (Oikawa, 1985).By simulation experiments covering a period of 100 years, the effects of changing stem mortality (δc) upon a tropical rainforest were investigated. Increasing stem mortality ranging from a standard value (3%yr−1) to a 4‐fold value (12%yr−1) brings about decreases in stem biomass and thus total living biomass, and a contrasting increase of stem litterfall flux at the steady state of the forest ecosystem. At the same time, the decreased stem biomass at the steady state is predicted to result in increases of gross production (Pg) and net production (Pn), and an improvement in production efficiency of the model rainforest expressed as the Pn/Pg ratio.similar simulation experiments predict that the improved production efficiency in the forest with a 4‐fold stem mortality is able to enhance tolerance to less productive environments such as a prolonged dry season or a reduced incident light flux density. On the other hand, the standard stem mortality (δc=3%yr−1), which was estimated as a probable value for the Pasoh forest, West Malaysia, is considered to approximate the lower threshold necessary for attaining forest stability.Based on the results obtained, the significance of δc for the dynamics and stability of a tropical rainforest ecosystem is discussed in relation to the competition and tolerance of trees. In addition, the effectiveness of the simulation approach adopted here is emphasized.
Gradual increase in the number of Asphondylia aucubae (Diptera, Cecidomyiidae) due to inversely density‐dependent mortality processes
Authors: Ohsaki Naota , Yukawa Junichi 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe population dynamics of the aucuba fruit midge, Asphondylia aucubae (Japanese name: Aokimitamabae), were studied for 3 yr mainly at a broad‐leaved evergreen forest on Mt. Shiroyama in Kagoshima City. This species is univoltine and adults emerge in May. Eggs were laid randomly inside the immature fruit of the host plant, Aucuba japonica (Japanese name: Aoki). Healthy fruit fell by the following March, whereas galled fruit remained on the trees even after the emergence of adult midges. The survival rate from the egg to adult stage was estimated to be 24.2%, and the number of midges on five census trees increased gradually during the census period. Two important mortality factors were recognized, i.e., fall of incompletely galled fruit and damage of the galled fruit by feeding of caterpillars of a moth. Some unknown factors were also found to be important, operating in an inversely density‐dependent manner. The gradual increase of A. aucubae is considered to be caused by such inversely density‐dependent mortality processes.
Plant form analysis based on the pipe model theory I. A statical model within the crown
Authors: Chiba Yukihiro 
Published: March 2006

AbstractExtending Oohata and Shinozaki's statical model, a quantitative description of crown/canopy structure is presented. According to this model, the amount of non‐photosynthetic organs in a given horizontal layer can be regarded as supporting the total plant weight above that layer. Within the crown, however, only stems, not branches, support it. In fact, the total amount of a community above a given horizon and the stem density at that horizon are found to be directly proportional, not only in forest stands and glassland communities but also in single trees. This means that the statical model should hold even within the crown/canopy range as well as the leafless range. The present analysis suggests that the crown structure of terrestrial plants is closely correlated with the pattern of branching for optimal use of sunlight. However, linearity of these relationships cannot always be obtained, perhaps due to variation in the branching pattern of trees.