bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Upper-Limb Botulinum Toxin A Injection and Occupational Therapy in Children With Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy Identified From a Population Register: A Single-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Russo Remo N. , Crotty Maria , Miller Michelle D. , Murchland Sonya , Flett Peter , Haan Eric 
Published: April 2007

OBJECTIVES. The purpose of this work was to assess the effect of botulinum toxin A and occupational therapy compared with occupational therapy alone on body structure, activities participation, and self-perception in a sample of children (aged 3–16 years) with hemiplegic cerebral palsy recruited from a statewide register.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Participants of this single-blind, randomized, controlled trial identified from a population-based cerebral palsy register received either an individually prescribed and localized injection of botulinum toxin A with 4 sessions of occupational therapy over 4 weeks (intervention) or occupational therapy alone (control). Outcomes were assessed from 2 domains of the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: body structure (Modified Ashworth Scale and Tardieu Scale) and activities participation (Assessment of Motor and Process Skills, Goal Attainment Scale, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory, and Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory). Self-perception was also measured.
RESULTS. All of the participants (intervention: n = 21; control: n = 22) provided data at baseline and 3 and 6 months. Mean age was 8.6 years; 23 were boys and 20 were girls. At 3 months, children allocated to receive the intervention performed significantly better in terms of body structure and activities participation. They reported improvements in self-perception for the global self-worth domain. At 6 months, the differences between the intervention and control groups persisted for the measures of body structure but not for activities participation or self-perception.
CONCLUSION. Botulinum toxin A injection combined with a low-intensity occupational therapy program achieves significant improvements in body structure, activity participation, and self-perception.
Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Part 2: acquired heart disease
Authors: Gelson Emily , Johnson Mark , Gatzoulis Michael , Abselm Uebing 
Published: April 2007

Key content

The incidence of both rheumatic and ischaemic heart disease is expected to increase in the UK because of changes in ethnicity and increasing maternal age.
Effective management of valvular heart lesions is based on the treatment of symptoms, with the option of balloon valvuloplasty and valve replacement.
Acute myocardial infarction poses a significant risk of maternal mortality and requires prompt treatment with heparin, beta‐blockers and nitrates.
Peripartum cardiomyopathy, although rare, is associated with significant maternal mortality and morbidity.

Learning objectives

To know about the causes of acquired heart disease in pregnancy.
To understand the general management principles for valvular heart lesions, ischaemic heart disease and cardiac arrhythmias when encountered during pregnancy.

Ethical issues

Warfarin is teratogenic if used in the first trimester. Is it ethical not to use it, knowing that it reduces the risk of valve thrombosis and maternal mortality?

Please cite this article as: Gelson E, Johnson M, Gatzoulis M, Uebing A. Cardiac disease in pregnancy. Part 2: acquired heart disease. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:83–87.
Modern management of miscarriage
Authors: Sagili Haritha , Divers Mike 
Published: April 2007

Key content

• Miscarriage has traditionally been treated by surgical evacuation, on the assumption that any retained tissue increases the risk of infection and haemorrhage.
• Over the last decade, effective non‐surgical alternatives have been advocated to minimise unnecessary surgical intervention while maintaining low rates of morbidity and mortality.
• Improved access to early pregnancy assessment units and greater awareness among women has led to increasing demand for more conservative management of miscarriage.

Learning objectives

• To learn about the use of appropriate miscarriage terminology.
• To learn about the advantages and disadvantages of expectant, medical and surgical management.
• To understand that women's choice is paramount in planning treatment.

Ethical issues

• Guidance on the sensitive disposal of fetal remains is essential.

Please cite this article as: Sagili H, Divers M. Modern management of miscarriage. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:102–108.
Health technology assessment in obstetrics and gynaecology. Part 1: an overview of the process
Authors: Abedin Parveen , Daniels Jane , Khan Khalid S 
Published: April 2007

Key content

A health technology is any method used to promote health; diagnose, prevent or treat disease; or improve long‐term rehabilitation and care.
Systematic reviews are summaries of the total evidence on a defined subject, using explicit techniques and critical appraisal of the relevant primary research to generate recommendations for practice and policy.
‘Bias’ exaggerates or underestimates the true effect of an intervention or exposure. There are several possible types of bias such as selection, performance, measurement and attrition.

Learning objectives

To learn about the role of health technology assessments (HTAs) in the formulation of health policy and the adoption of new technologies.
To understand the methodology involved in conducting systematic reviews and economic evaluations in HTA.
To learn about the role of institutions (for example, NICE) in utilising HTA to formulate health policy.

Ethical issues

Systematic reviews are the highest level of evidence as they incorporate the results of multiple studies but can be biased if individual studies are not published.
Meta‐analysis should only be conducted when there is sufficient heterogeneity (decided by statistical tests) between the studies under consideration in a systematic review.
The investigators in a clinical trial should be transparent in any shortcomings of conduct or design that can question the conclusions.

Please cite this article as: Abedin P, Daniels JP, Khan KS. Health technology assessment in obstetrics and gynaecology. Part 1: an overview of the process. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:109–115.
Obstetric haemorrhage at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital
Authors: Paterson‐Brown Sara 
Published: April 2007

Key content

Obstetric haemorrhage complicates 10% of pregnancies globally.
There is a 1% case mortality rate.
It is the leading cause of maternal death worldwide, accounting for over a quarter of all direct deaths.
In the United Kingdom, death from obstetric haemorrhage is 100 times less common than in developing countries, but this is rising. It is unclear whether more women are bleeding or whether standards of care are falling.

Learning objectives

To be aware of the risk factors for obstetric haemorrhage and why they are increasing.
To learn about how detailed systematic audit of cases of massive obstetric haemorrhage, together with staff feedback, can improve and maintain standards of care.
To learn how multidisciplinary training in the local workplace can help staff to manage this condition and promote teamwork.

Ethical issues

How anonymous, systematic audit of patient details can benefit future patients.

Please cite this article as: Paterson‐Brown S. Obstetric haemorrhage at Queen Charlotte's and Chelsea Hospital. The Obstetrician & Gynaecologist 2007;9:116–120.
Detection of ultrasonic cavitation based on low-frequency analysis of acoustic signal
Authors: Brabec Kamil , Mornstein Vojtĕch 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe acoustic cavitation phenomenon constitutes a potential hazard in ultrasound diagnostics and therapy so that early and effective detection of cavitation is of great interest. However, cavitation might even bring a higher risk especially when an echocontrast agent based on microbubbles is used. The major goal of the present work was to develop a cavitation detection method based on increased level of cavitation noise in the range of low frequencies (about 1 Hz). This method was applied in vitro using a model of body fluid containing a model echocontrast agent, such as 5% solution of lyophilized egg albumin, which was sonicated by ultrasound disintegrator. Ultrasound signal evokes cavitation in microbubble suspension accompanied by a certain level of cavitation acoustic noise. The level of noise voltage increased in the frequency range of 0.1 to 2 Hz in the presence of cavitation. Hence, this method makes it possible to determine the value of cavitation threshold. In addition, we examined how the cavitation threshold is affected by temperature and viscosity. It was found that the cavitation threshold decreased with growing temperature while it increased with growing viscosity.
New data on the morphology of Comephoronema oschmarini (Nematoda, Cystidicolidae), a little-known gastrointestinal parasite of Lota lota (Teleostei) in Palaearctic Eurasia
Authors: Moravec František , Hanzelová Vladimíra , Gerdeaux Daniel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe nematode Comephoronema oschmarini Trofimenko, 1974 (Cystidicolidae) was found in the stomach of the burbot Lota lota (Linnaeus) of Lake Geneva, Savoy, France, collected on 23 March 2000 [prevalence 60% (3/5); intensity of infection 2–66 (mean 35)]. This material made it possible to study in detail the morphology of this so far little-known parasite, using both light and scanning electron microscopy (the latter not previously used for this species). The SEM examination showed taxonomically important morphological features, not previously reported, including the presence of distinct terminal pseudolabial projections (protuberances), four submedian labia, four bilobed submedian sublabia, and only four cephalic papillae. Deirids were found to be bifurcated. A description of the true arrangement of the two last pairs of minute caudal papillae and phasmids in the male is given. Species of Compehoronema Layman, 1933 are considered to be closely related to those of Ascarophis van Beneden, 1871. A key to valid species of Comephoronema is provided.
Acrolein and Methacrolein
Authors: Arntz Dietrich , Fischer Achim , Höpp Mathias , Jacobi Sylvia , Sauer Jörg , Ohara Takashi , Sato Takahisa , Shimizu Noboru , Schwind Helmut 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties2.2.Chemical Properties3.Production3.1.Acrolein by Propene Oxidation3.2.Methacrolein4.Quality and Analysis5.Handling, Storage, and Transportation6.Uses and Production Data7.Toxicology and Ecotoxicology7.1.Toxicology7.2.EcotoxicologyAcrolein is the simplest unsaturated aldehyde. It is an important intermediate in the production processes of a variety of substances. The main use of isolated acrolein is in the production ofd,l‐methionin, but in far more production processes, acrolein is used without purification. Acrolein is an extremely reactive chemical and, in very low concentrations, acts as a very effective broad‐spectrum biocide. Methacrolein is produced commercially as an organic intermediate, which is used as building block for chain expansions or, in limited application, in the synthesis of flavors and fragrances.
Aluminum Compounds, Inorganic
Authors: Helmboldt Otto , Keith Hudson L. , Misra Chanakya , Wefers Karl , Heck Wolfgang , Stark Hans , Danner Max , Rösch Norbert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Aluminum Sulfate and Alums1.1.Aluminum Sulfate1.1.1.Properties1.1.2.Production1.1.3.Uses1.2.Alums1.2.1.Potassium Aluminum Sulfate1.2.2.Ammonium Aluminum Sulfate1.2.3.Sodium Aluminum Sulfate2.Aluminates2.1.Sodium Aluminate2.2.Barium Aluminates3.Aluminum Alkoxides4.Aluminum Chloride4.1.Anhydrous Aluminum Chloride4.1.1.Properties4.1.2.Production4.1.3.Quality Specifications and Analysis4.1.4.Handling, Storage, and Transportation4.1.5.Uses4.2.Aluminum Chloride Hexahydrate4.3.Basic Aluminum Chlorides5.Toxicology
Amino Acids
Authors: Drauz Karlheinz , Grayson Ian , Kleemann Axel , Krimmer Hans‐Peter , Leuchtenberger Wolfgang , Weckbecker Christoph 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction and History2.Properties2.1.Physical Properties and Structure2.2.Chemical Properties2.3.Important Amino Acids2.3.1.Proteinogenic Amino Acids2.3.2.Other Important Amino Acids3.Industrial Production of Amino Acids3.1.General Methods3.2.Production of Specific Amino Acids3.2.1.l‐Alanine3.2.2.l‐Arginine3.2.3.l‐Aspartic Acid and Asparagine3.2.4.l‐Cystine andl‐Cysteine3.2.5.l‐Glutamic Acid3.2.6.l‐Glutamine3.2.7.l‐Histidine3.2.8.l‐Hydroxyproline3.2.9.l‐Isoleucine3.2.10.l‐Leucine3.2.11.l‐Lysine3.2.12.d,l‐Methionine andl‐Methionine3.2.13.l‐Phenylalanine3.2.14.l‐Proline3.2.15.l‐Serine3.2.16.l‐Threonine3.2.17.l‐Tryptophan3.2.18.l‐Tyrosine3.2.19.l‐Valine4.Biochemical and Physiological Significance5.Uses5.1.Human Nutrition5.1.1.Supplementation5.1.2.Flavorings, Taste Enhancers, and Sweeteners5.1.3.Other Uses in Foodstuff Technology5.2.Animal Nutrition5.3.Pharmaceuticals5.3.1.Nutritive Agents5.3.2.Therapeutic Agents5.4.Cosmetics5.5.Agrochemicals5.5.1.Herbicides5.5.2.Fungicides5.5.3.Insecticides5.5.4.Plant Growth Regulators5.6.Industrial Uses6.Chemical Analysis7.Economic Significance8.Toxicology
Crystal Growth
Authors: Brice John C. , Rudolph Peter 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction1.1.Historical Aspects1.2.Uses of Single Crystals1.3.Specification of Crystals1.4.Commercial Aspects1.5.Sources of Information2.Thermodynamic Aspects2.1.Free Energy and Driving Force of Crystallization2.2.Phase Relations for Major Components2.3.Phase Relations for Minor Components2.4.Interfacial Effects2.5.Shortcomings of the Thermodynamic Approach3.Growth Kinetics3.1.Atomic Structure of Growing Interfaces3.2.Rough Faces3.3.Perfect Singular Faces3.4.Imperfect Singular Faces4.Transport Effects4.1.Transport Processes4.2.Boundary Layers4.3.Mass Flow of Major Components4.4.Mass Flow of Minor Components4.5.Heat Flow4.6.Interface Stability5.Practical Considerations5.1.Raw Materials5.2.Temperature Control5.3.Containers and Atmospheres5.4.Selection and Optimization of Methods5.5.Characterization6.Melt Growth Techniques6.1.Crystal Pulling6.2.Bridgman Method6.3.Skull Melting Methods6.4.Zone Melting6.5.Verneuil Process7.Solution Growth Techniques7.1.General Aspects7.2.Low‐Temperature Methods7.3.High‐Temperature Methods7.4.Liquid‐Phase Epitaxy7.5.Electrolytic Methods7.6.Hydrothermal Growth8.Vapor Growth Techniques8.1.Sublimation and Evaporation Methods8.2.Molecular Beam Epitaxy8.3.Chemical Vapor Transport8.4.Vapor‐Liquid‐Solid Growth9.Solid‐Phase Growth Techniques9.1.Strain ‐ Anneal Method9.2.Methods Not Involving Applied Strain9.3.Solid‐Phase Epitaxy9.4.Gel Growth10.TrendsThis article summarizes the theory and practice of the growth of single crystals. Today, the growth of crystals having dimensions of some hundred millimeters in diameter and weights over 200 kg under extreme pure conditions is well‐matured in industrial scale. The major user of the crystals is the electronics industry.Growth of crystals demands theoretical knowledge of thermodynamics, kinetics, and transport processes. In practice, some general aspects have to be considered, including choice of raw materials, conditions, methods, and characterization. The industrial and laboratory techniques of crystal growth are discussed. Economical aspects dominate the developments in the future, that is, growing of larger crystals at higher quality to raise yields and device performance. Furthermore, the demand for tighter specifications and increasing range of materials and uses will require more sophisticated methods and an extensive use of automation.
Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: Goor Gustaaf , Glenneberg Jürgen , Jacobi Sylvia 
Published: April 2007

Abstract

The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction and Historical Aspects

2.

Physical Properties

3.

Chemical Properties

4.

Production

4.1.

Anthraquinone Process (AO Process)

4.1.1.

Principles

4.1.2.

Process Description

4.1.2.1.

Hydrogenation

4.1.2.2.

Oxidation

4.1.2.3.

Extraction and Drying

4.1.2.4.

Working Solution Purification and Regeneration

4.1.2.5.

Purification of Crude Hydrogen Peroxide

4.1.2.6.

Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide

4.2.

2‐Propanol Process (Shell Process)

4.3.

Electrochemical Processes

4.3.1.

Degussa ‐ Weissenstein Process

4.3.2.

Münchner Process

4.4.

Other Processes

4.4.1.

Production from Peroxy Compounds

4.4.2.

Production from Hydrogen and Oxygen

4.4.3.

Production from Carbon Monoxide, Oxygen, and Water

4.4.4.

Production by Autoxidation of Organic Compounds

4.4.5.

Production by Cathodic Reduction of Oxygen

5.

Storage and Transportation

6.

Safety

7.

Uses

8.

Toxicology, Occupational Health, and Ecotoxicology

9.

Environmental Effects

9.1

Atmospheric Fate

9.2

Aquatic Fate

9.3

Biodegradation

9.4

Environmental Releases

9.5

Environmental Effects

This review deals with chemical and physical properties of hydrogen peroxide and gives detailed descriptions about the various production processes. Today, almost all hydrogen peroxide is produced by organic autoxidation processes, primarily the anthraquinone process. Other aspects in this review are handling, safety and usage of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide occurs naturally. Because of its chemical reactivity, hydrogen peroxide also has toxic properties. The formation and degradation of atmospheric hydrogen peroxide is photochemically mediated. Degradation of aquatic hydrogen peroxide is catalyzed by biological material or by transition metals. Toxicity data are collected for various organisms.
Automotive Fuels
Authors: Dabelstein Werner , Reglitzky Arno , Schütze Andrea , Reders Klaus 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.History1.1.The Spark Ignition (Otto) Engine and Its Fuel1.2.The Diesel Engine and Its Fuel2.Engine Technology2.1.Otto Engines2.2.Diesel Engines3.Fuel Composition and Engine Efficiency3.1.Quality Aspects of Gasoline3.1.1.Octane Quality3.1.2.Volatility3.1.3.Fuel Composition to Reduce Toxicity and Exhaust Emissions3.1.4.Stability, Cleanliness, etc3.1.5.Performance Additives3.2.Quality Aspects of Diesel Fuels3.2.1.Ignition Quality3.2.2.Density3.2.3.Sulfur Content3.2.4.Cold Flow Properties3.2.5.Lubricity3.2.6.Viscosity3.2.7.Volatility3.2.8.Diesel Fuel Stability, Cleanliness, etc3.2.9.Diesel Fuel Effects on Exhaust Emissions3.2.10.Performance Additives4.Fuel Components4.1.Gasoline Components4.1.1.Straight‐Run Gasoline4.1.2.Thermally Cracked Gasoline4.1.3.Catalytically Cracked Gasoline4.1.4.Catalytic Reformate (Platformate)4.1.5.Isomerate4.1.6.Alkylate4.1.7.Polymer Gasoline4.1.8.Oxygenates4.2.Diesel Fuel Components4.2.1.Straight‐Run Middle Distillate4.2.2.Thermally Cracked Gas Oil4.2.3.Catalytically Cracked Gas Oil4.2.4.Hydrocracked Gas Oil4.2.5.Kerosene4.2.6.Synthetic Diesel Fuel5.Fuel Additives5.1.Gasoline Additives5.1.1.Corrosion Inhibitors5.1.2.Detergents5.1.3.Antioxidants5.1.4.Metal Deactivators5.1.5.Anti‐Icing Additives5.1.6.Additives for Combating Combustion Chamber Deposits5.1.7.Valve Seat Recession Protection Additives5.1.8.Antiknock Agents5.1.9.Dehazers and Antistatic Additives5.2.Additives for Diesel Fuel5.2.1.Ignition Improvers (Cetane Improvers)5.2.2.Detergent Additives5.2.3.Cold Flow Additives5.2.4.Lubricity Additives5.2.5.Antifoam Additives5.2.6.Additives for Increasing Storage Stability ‐ Antioxidants5.2.7.Dehazers5.2.8.Biocides5.2.9.Antistatic Additives5.2.10.Reodorants6.Fuel Standardization and Testing7.Storage and Transportation8.Alternative Fuels
Uranium, Uranium Alloys, and Uranium Compounds
Authors: Peehs Martin , Walter Thomas , Walter Sabine , Zemek Martin 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe article contains sections titled:1.Introduction2.History3.Physical Properties3.1.Radioactivity3.2.Modifications3.3.Mechanical Properties3.4.Thermal Properties3.5.Electrical and Electrochemical Properties3.6.Magnetic Properties4.Chemical Properties5.Occurrence, Requirement, and Production Figures5.1.Occurrence5.2.Resources, Requirement, and Production Figures6.Production6.1.Uses of Uranium and Uranium Compounds6.2.From Ore to End Product‐A Review of Processes6.2.1.From Crude Ore to Yellow Cake6.2.2.From Yellow Cake to UF66.2.3.From UF6to the Nuclear Fuel UO26.3.Detailed Description of the Processes6.3.1.Digestion and Leaching of Ores6.3.1.1.Acidic Ores6.3.1.2.Alkaline Ores6.3.1.3.Digestion of Phosphate Rock6.3.2.Treatment of the Liquor6.3.2.1.Uranium Recovery by Ion Exchange6.3.2.2.Uranium Recovery by Solvent Extraction6.3.2.3.Eluex Process6.3.3.Production of Uranium Ore Concentrate6.3.3.1.From Precipitation to Yellow Cake Production6.3.3.2.Processing of Phosphate Liquor and Precipitation of AUC6.3.4.Final Purification of Uranium Concentrate6.3.4.1.Dissolution of Yellow Cake6.3.4.2.Extractive Purification6.3.5.Production of UO3and UO2from Purified Uranyl Nitrate Solution6.3.5.1.Evaporation of Uranyl Nitrate Solution and Denitration by Thermal Decomposition6.3.5.2.Precipitation of Uranium by the ADU and AUC Processes6.3.5.3.Reduction of Precipitated Product to UO2Powder6.3.6.Production of UF46.3.6.1.Hydrofluorination of UO26.3.6.2.Hydration and Hydrofluorination of UO36.3.7.Production of UF6from UF46.3.7.1.Process Description6.3.7.2.Chemical Reactors6.3.7.3.Removal of Excess Fluorine from UF66.3.8.Complete Plant for Production of UF6from Uranyl Nitrate6.3.8.1.French Process in Pierrelatte6.3.8.2.Allied Chemical Process6.3.9.Enrichment of235U6.3.9.1.Diffusion Process6.3.9.2.Ultracentrifuges6.3.9.3.Nozzle Process6.3.9.4.Chemical Enrichment6.3.9.5.Laser Separation Process6.3.9.6.Plasma Processes6.3.10.Production of UO2Pellets from UF66.3.10.1.Conversion of UF6to UO26.3.10.2.Possible Future Developments in the Conversion of UF6to UO2Powder6.3.10.3.Pelletizing of UO2Powder6.3.11.Production of Uranium Metal6.3.11.1.Reduction of UF6to UF46.3.11.2.Reduction of UF4to Uranium Metal6.3.11.3.Production of Uranium Powder7.Uranium Alloys7.1.Classification7.2.Production of Important Alloys8.Uranium Compounds8.1.Halides8.1.1.Trivalent Halides8.1.2.Uranium Tetrahalides8.1.3.Uranium Pentafluoride8.1.4.Uranium Hexafluoride8.2.Carbides8.3.Nitrides8.4.Oxides8.4.1.Uranium Dioxide8.4.2.Uranium Trioxide8.4.3.Triuranium Octaoxide8.4.4.Peroxides8.5.Nitrates, Sulfates, and the Carbonato Complex8.5.1.Nitrates8.5.2.Sulfates8.5.3.Tricarbonatodioxouranate9.Safety9.1.Radiation Shielding9.2.Safety Against Uncontrolled Criticality9.3.Geometrically Safe Vessels9.4.Apparatus with Heterogeneous Neutron Absorbers9.5.Neutron Interactions in the UO2Fabrication Plant9.6.Transportation