bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of opportunity to reciprocate and self‐esteem on help‐seeking behavior
Authors: Nadler Arie , Peri Netanel , Chemerinski Abigail 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present investigation explored the link between an individual's self‐esteem and willingness to seek help under conditions in which future reciprocity is, or is not, expected Based on past research on (a) the effects of perceived opportunity to reciprocate on help seeking, and (b) the effects of self‐esteem on help‐seeking and receiving, it was expected that relative to low self‐esteem individuals, high self‐esteem individuals would be more committed to the norm of reciprocity in interpersonal helping, and be more reluctant to seek help which cannot be reciprocated Two studies were conducted In the first it was observed that the higher the level of self‐esteem the more the expressed commitment to the norm of reciprocity as measured by scores on an especially designed scale The second study assessed actual help‐seeking behavior, and found that least help was sought by high self‐esteem individuals who did not foresee an opportunity for future reciprocity The conceptual and applied implications of these findings are discussed
Cooperative behavior as a function of interpersonal style in preschoolers
Authors: McLeod Mark , Nowicki Stephen 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA study of the effectiveness of preschoolers interpersonal interactions was conducted based upon a circumplex model of interpersonal behavior and the corollary complementarity hypothesis developed by Leary (1957) and Carson (1969) The interpersonal styles of 92 preschoolers' interpersonal interactions was rated in a naturalistic free‐play environment These ratings were used to obtain status and affiliation scores for each child which, in turn, were the basis for assigning subjects a complementary or an anticom‐plementary partner It was predicted and found that complementary pairs performed a difficult puzzle task more efficiently than did anticomplementary pairs The usefulness of the complementarity hypothesis and implications for its use in future research were discussed
The sampling of experiences in situ
Authors: Hormuth Stefan E 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe experience sampling method (ESM) attempts to sample randomly from people's everyday experiences Typically, subjects carry beepers and report their experiences immediately following a signal ESM stresses ecological validity and potentially permits the study of the stream of thought or behavior Within personality psychology, ESM allows for the investigation of interactions between person and situation variables without some of the limitations of other approaches A detailed presentation of the practical issues involved in the use of ESM is included, along with a discussion of some procedural and technological variants An assessment of the method discusses issues of data quality and validity, possible other areas of application for the method, as well as limitations that require the continued empirical assessment and future refinements of the method
Development of self‐relatedness in descriptions of others over adolescence
Authors: O'Mahony John F 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis paper takes a positive view of the functions of self‐related thinking in social conception Free, written descriptions of self and various others were elicited from 190 school children aged 13 to 17 A measure of the commonality (use of common dimensions and concepts) between self and other descriptions were defined and called projection Drawing on a theory that stresses the adaptive and positive functions of self‐related thinking, it was predicted that projection would be positively related to other measures indicating developmental maturity age, intelligence, amount of information, and use of sophisticated psychological, organized, and qualified vocabulary in descrbing persons Some, but not all of these predictions were supported and their theoretical implications are discussed.
Construct similarity, self‐meaningfulness, and interpersonal attraction
Authors: Leitner Larry M , Klion Reid E 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSelf‐meaningfulness, a concept arising from personal construct theory research, has been defined in terms of the importance of the self in the personal construct system Forty‐two undergraduate volunteers completed Repertory Grid ratings of the self and 15 individuals (five liked, five disliked, and five toward whom the subject was neutral) It was found that high self‐meaningfulness individuals' ratings of attraction were more strongly associated with the perception of similarity than were the ratings of low self‐meaningfulness subjects High self‐meaningfulness subjects saw liked individuals as significantly more similar to the self than did low self‐meaningfulness subjects In addition, liked, neutral, and disliked figures were seen as significantly different from one another on the similarity to self‐measure for high self‐meaningfulness subjects Only disliked figures were judged as more distant from the self for low self‐meaningfulness subjects These findings were discussed in terms of the importance of investigating individual differences in similarity‐attraction
Of beasties and butterflies: Evidence for the stability and domain‐specificity of individual differences in categorization
Authors: Garber Benjamin D , Miller Mark L 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious research has failed to demonstrate unambiguously the relative stability across time and consistency across tasks of individual differences in categorization, or categorization breadth The present study of categorizing behavior in college students assesses breadth at each of four points in time over a six‐week period Results are consistent with an interpretation of breadth as a highly stable individual difference variable, but one that is constrained by the nature of the stimulus sets employed High stability coefficients were observed for each of two redundant tasks In contrast, cross‐task consistency indices were generally low Personality correlates of breadth were similarly weak and inconsistent Several variables are suggested that may attenuate the generality of categorization breadth The existence of multiple styles of categorization is discussed
Belief systems and attitudes toward the death penalty and other punishments
Authors: Harvey O J 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis study focused on the relationship of belief systems as a configural construct and conservatism‐liberalism to attitudes toward the death penalty and other punishments for offenses of varying severity Extrapersonalists, the most concretely functioning of the four conceptual or belief systems posited by Harvey, Hunt, and Schroder (1961), were most in favor of the death penalty They also endorsed the most severe punishment for a variety of crimes, to a particularly greater extent than did representatives of either of the two more abstractly functioning systemsThe belief dimensions of Openness, Evaluativeness, and Complexity, as well as the frequency of church attendance, correlated more highly and consistently with attitudes toward punishment than did either Conservatism‐Liberalism or gender Both of the latter variables failed to correlate with a number of the outcome variables and related at only low levels to the othersThe greater predictive power of a configural conception of personality or belief systems over a unidimensional conception seems to have been demonstrated Configural concepts may additionally be generally superior to multidimensional concepts treated linearly
Sexual experience and recall of sexual vs. nonsexual information
Authors: Lewis Robin J , Gibbons Frederick X , Gerrard Meg 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of both sex guilt and sexual experience on the ability to remember sexual and nonsexual information were examined Male and female subjects were asked to read and then recall facts from vignettes that concerned sexual and nonsexual dilemmas As expected, the sexually inexperienced subjects made more mistakes than did the experienced subjects when recalling sexual information There were no differences between the groups in recall of nonsexual information, and there were no differences associated with the sex guilt variable In addition, one subgroup of the sample was singled out as being particularly interesting from an applied perspective Previous research has identified high‐guilt, high‐experience women as being an at‐risk group for unwanted pregnancy In fact, these women did have difficulty in remembering the sexual information Moreover, there was a clear bias in their recall pattern toward remembering information in favor of being sexually active Results are presented in terms of the relationship between sexual experience and sexual schemata, and between sex guilt and emotionality
A Longitudinal Family Study of Personality Change and Stability
Authors: Carmichael Crista M. , McGue Matt 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe 19‐year stability of personality from late adolescence to early adulthood was examined in a sample of 121 men and women who had participated in an earlier study of articulation and language development (Templin, 1966; Templin & Glaman, 1976). Personality was assessed using the Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI). At the time of retest, personality data were also collected from the participants' mothers. Modest stability of individual differences in personality was observed, consistent with the literature on longitudinal studies of personality during late adolescence and early adulthood. For the Extraversion and Neuroticism scales, offspring means decreased significantly over the 19‐year period such that the offspring means were closer to the mean scores of their mothers when they were followed up in adulthood as compared to their first testing in adolescence. There was, however, no change in mother‐offspring resemblance from the initial test to retest. Mother‐offspring resemblance appears to be due largely to aspects of personality that were stable from adolescence to early adulthood. Implications of these results are discussed in relation to the findings of previous longitudinal studies of adult personality and recent behavioral genetic evidence regarding personality change and stability.
Do Children Use the Big Five, Too? Content and Structural Form In Personality Description
Authors: Donahue Eileen M. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFree personality descriptions generated by 11‐year‐olds in the Role Construct Repertory Test (Kelly, 1955) were content‐analyzed. The children's personality constructs were coded according to structural form (e.g., habits, preferences, traits) and “Big Five” personality content domain (e.g., Agreeableness, Conscientiousness). Findings showed that the children generated constructs from all of the Big Five personality domains. Agreeableness constructs were used most frequently, replicating the prevalence of that domain in studies of adult trait attribution (Peabody & Goldberg, 1989). However, in contrast to adults, less than half of the children's Big Five constructs were expressed as personality traits. The children's use of structural forms varied systematically with the personality domain they were describing. Target likability and age were also found to be related to the personality domains and structural forms of the children's constructs.
Observable Attributesas Manifestations and Cues ofPersonality and Intelligence
Authors: Borkenau Peter , Liebler Anette 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTIn this study, we investigated the relationship of participants' observable attributes to measures of their personality and intelligence; we also studied the ways in which strangers formed their perception of participants' personalities and intelligence. Fifty pairs of intimate acquaintances were videotaped in a standard situation, were administered an intelligence test, and provided self‐reports of their personality and descriptions of their partner's personality. In addition, various observable attributes (such as hair color, stature, physical mannerisms) of the targets were measured. Strangers watched the videotapes and rated either the observable attributes or the personality traits of the targets. The observable attributes were then correlated with the personality measures and the intelligence and trait inferences by strangers. Extraversion was the trait with the most external manifestations and the strongest match between cue utilization and cue validity. Intelligence was inferred from visual as well as from acoustic attributes, but only acoustic cues mediated the correlation between psychometric intelligence and perceptions of intelligence by strangers.
Individual Differences In Experiment Participation: Structure, Autonomy, and the Time of the Semeste
Authors: Roman Robert J. , Moskowitz Gordon B. , Stein Morris I. , Eisenberg Ronda F. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis research investigated the association of two individual difference moderators of psychological phenomena with the time of semester students choose to participate in experiments. The Personal Need for Structure (PNS) scale and the Stein Self‐Description Questionnaire were administered to the students in an introductory psychology class at the beginning of a university semester. Students' responses on these measures were related to their chosen dates of required participation in psychological research. Higher levels of PNS predicted earlier experiment participation and quicker completion of the experiment requirement once started. Personality types distinguished by the Stein Self‐Description Questionnaire revealed that those indifferent or hostile to authority participate in experiments later in the semester than do the curious or more conforming types. Implications of these findings for external validity of social psychological research at different points in the semester are discussed
Religious Orthodoxy and the Complexity of Thought about Religious and Nonreligious Issues
Authors: Pancer S. Mark , Jackson Lynne M. , Hunsberger Bruce , Pratt Michael W. , Lea James 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo studies examined the relationship between religious orthodoxy and the complexity of thinking about religious and nonreligious issues. In both studies, participants who were high or low in religious orthodoxy wrote a paragraph outlining their thoughts about a religious issue (life after death in Study 1; existence of God in Study 2) and/or a nonreligious issue (capital punishment in Study 1; free trade between Canada and the U.S. in Study 2). The results of both studies indicated that participants who were high in religious orthodoxy were less complex in their thinking about religious issues than those low in religious orthodoxy, but did not differ in the complexity of their thinking about nonreligious issues. These results do not support the notion that orthodoxly religious individuals are dispositionally inclined to think in simpler or more rigid ways overall, but they do suggest a tendency to think less complexly about religious issues.
The Relations of Dispositional Regulation and Emotionality to Elders' Empathy‐Related Responding and Affect While Volunteering
Authors: Eisenberg Nancy , Okun Morris A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTResearchers recently have proposed that various empathy‐related reactions are differentially related to individual differences in emotional intensity and regulation. This idea was tested with a sample of elderly hospital volunteers. As predicted, dispositional sympathy was associated with high levels of both dispositional regulation and negative emotional intensity. Personal distress was linked with low regulation and high negative emotional intensity, and cognitive perspective taking was associated with high regulation. Perspective taking moderated the relation of emotional intensity to sympathy and personal distress. In addition, elders' negative affect when volunteering at a hospital was correlated with low regulation and high personal distress. In contrast, positive affect was correlated with high levels of regulation and dispositional sympathy. The results demonstrate that findings pertaining to vicarious emotional responding are generalizable to nonstudent populations engaged in planned, sustained helping behavior.
Getting Along or Getting Your Own Way: The Development of Young Children's Use of Argument in Conflicts with Mother and Sibling
Authors: Tesla Caroline , Dunn Judy 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe development of children's use of argument in conflicts with their mother and sibling during their fourth vear, a period of marked changes in their understanding of others, was studied in 49 children observed at home with their mothers and siblings at 33 and 47 months. Children's use of reasoned argument in conflict increased: however, the proportion used for conciliation and compromise decreased, and children used justifications increasingly to support their own position. Mothers, hut not siblings, changed in parallel to the children over this period. Both the initiator of a dispute and children's expression of affect were related to children's use of argument; children used less reasoned argument when they were upset. Results are discussed in relation to differences in the development of children's relationships with mother and sibling and the importance of the link between affective expression and the use of argument in family disputes.
Complex belief‐desire reasoning in children
Authors: Bennett Mark , Galpert Linda 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPrevious research concerned with children's belief‐desire psychology has examined the capacity to predict or interpret action on the basis of the implicit proposition that ‘when an actor desires a particular end and believes that a particular action will achieve that end, he or she will undertake that action’. The limitations of this formulation for understanding acts of omission are outlined and an elaborated version of belief‐desire psychology introduced. This version holds that ‘when an actor desires a particular end and believes that a particular action will achieve that end, and when it is believed that there are no co‐occurring outcomes of that action whose avoidance is desired more highly than is the originally conceived end, then the actor will undertake the action which will satisfy the original desire’. An experiment is reported which examines 4‐, 5, and 7‐year‐olds' ability to predict story characters' actions on the basis of either their true or false beliefs concerning undesirable outcomes associated with the pursuit of a desired end. Children of all age‐groups provided evidence of understanding the elaborated version of belief‐desire psychology. However, a significant improvement was noted between the ages of 4 and 7 years in the ability to understand circumstances involving false beliefs.
Gender and friendship: relationships within peer groups of young children
Authors: Howes Carollee , Phillipsen Leslie 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe examined the influences of developing gender segregation on children's friendship maintenance in a longitudinal sample of 40 (17 girls) children who began their peer group experiences as infants. Friendships were behaviorally identified and social interaction was observed and rated six times between average age 16.3 months and average age 49.1 months. The proportion of cross‐gender friendships increased with age only when children formed friendships outside of the core group of peers with whom they had begun infant care. Girl‐girl and cross‐gender friendships were more likely to be maintained than boy‐boy friendships. Cross‐gender friends tended to be similar in gregariousness in both toddler and preschool periods, similar in hostile aggression as toddlers, and similar in withdrawn behavior as preschoolers. Same‐gender friends were not similar in social interaction style. Social skill similarity was generally more important as a basis for friendship in the toddler periods than in the preschool periods. However, cross‐gender friends tended to be similar in social skills throughout both the toddler and preschool periods.
Children's use of psychological and behavioral traits: a forced‐choice assessment
Authors: Aloise Patricia A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractTwo studies were conducted to investigate differences in the types of traits used to describe familiar people. In the first study, adults were asked to make judgments about a variety of traits. This resulted in the identification of two types of traits, psychological (based on internal beliefs and abilities) and behavioral (based on behavioral characteristics). In Study 2, subjects (74 children aged 8 to 11) were asked to describe one liked and one disliked individual by circling 6 descriptors from a list of 30, including 10 psychological traits and 10 behavioral traits. Fourth and fifth graders, but not third graders, preferred psychological traits over behavioral traits. The use of behavioral traits decreased with age, while the use of psychological traits remained constant. Children preferred psychological traits when describing a liked other.
Do expressive mothers have expressive children? The role of socialization in children's affect expression
Authors: Halberstadt Amy G. , Fox Nathan A. , Jones Nancy Aaron 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effects of maternal expressiveness and children's gender on children's nonverbal expressiveness were assessed in two settings. In the laboratory, 30 boys and 30 girls of kindergarten age were unobtrusively videotaped while talking about happy, sad, and fearful experiences and while experiencing three social situations designed to elicit happy, disappointed, and apprehensive feelings. Videotapes were rated for emotion expression, using global ratings and EMFACS codes. In school, teachers rated these children's expression of four discrete emotions. In both the laboratory and school settings children were more positively expressive than negatively so, and positive and negative expressiveness were unrelated. In the laboratory children's positive expressiveness was consistent across the three social situations, but negative expressiveness varied across affective context. In both settings, children of low‐expressive mothers were more positively expressive than children of high‐expressive mothers, who tended to be more negatively expressive than children of low‐expressive mothers. The difference in negative expression appeared most striking for anger. Gender was not predictive of children's expressiveness in either setting
Children's gender‐ and age‐based categorization in similarity and induction tasks
Authors: Taylor Marianne G. , Gelman Susan A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe present studies examined children's and adults' preferences for gender‐ or age‐based categorization using similarity and inductive inference tasks. Four‐year‐olds, 6‐year‐olds, and adults looked at pictures of people and decided which of two was more like a target (similarity condition) or which shared a novel age‐ or gender‐related property with the target (inference condition). Age or gender‐based matches were possible. The results are consistent with previous findings that gender‐based classification decreases with age. However, they also demonstrate that children use gender more for judging similarity than for making inferences about novel properties. Distinct patterns emerge from the two tasks: 6‐year‐olds and adults in both conditions categorize more by age than gender; 4‐year‐olds categorize by gender more than age in the similarity task, but by age more in the induction task. Only adults differentiated by property in the inference condition. These findings suggest that the salience of gender categories cannot entirely be attributed to their inductive potential. Gender has a salience beyond what would be predicted by its power for directing novel generalizations.