bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early stages of Ascaris suum induce airway inflammation and hyperreactivity in a mouse model
Authors: ENOBE C. S. , ARAÚJO C. A. , PERINI A. , MARTINS M. A. , MACEDO M. S. , MACEDO‐SOARES M. F. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARY The inflammatory and functional changes that occur in murine lung after infection with 2500 infective Ascaris suum eggs were studied in this work. A sequential influx of neutrophils, mononuclear cells and eosinophils occurred into airways concomitantly with migration of larvae from liver to the lungs. Histological analysis of the lung showed a severe intra‐alveolar haemorrhage at the peak of larval migration (day 8) and the most intense inflammatory cell infiltrate on day 14. Ascaris L3 were found in alveolar spaces and inside bronchioles on day 8. The number of eosinophils was elevated in the blood on days 8 and 14. The peak of eosinophil influx into the lung was at day 14, as indicated by the high levels of eosinophil peroxidase activity, followed by their migration into the airways. The antibody response against egg and larval antigens consisted mainly of IgG1 and IgM, and also of IgE and anaphylactic IgG1, that cross‐reacted with adult worm antigens. Total IgE levels were substantially elevated during the infection. Measurement of lung mechanical parameters showed airway hyperreactivity in infected mice. In conclusion, the murine model of A. suum infection mimics the Th2‐induced parameters observed in pigs and humans and can be used to analyse the immunoregulatory properties of this helminth.
Molecular basis of worm‐induced immunomodulation
Authors: HARNETT W. , HARNETT M. M. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARY Long‐term infection with parasitic worms is generally associated with an immunological phenotype that is Th2‐like and anti‐inflammatory. This phenotype is probably an unintentional consequence of molecular characteristics of worms (as free‐living worms also express polarising molecules) in combination with deliberate attempts by the parasites, via molecular secretions, to modulate the phenotype. This review is concerned with the identity of immunomodulatory worm products, the receptors that they interact with and the signal transduction pathways that they activate. It hopes to indicate how knowledge of these factors can explain the changes in gene expression that result in the characteristic worm‐induced immunological phenotype.
A new method for non‐invasive, manoeuvre‐free determination of “static” pressure–volume curves during dynamic/therapeutic mechanical ventilation
Authors: Kárason S. , Søndergaard S. , Lundin S. , Wiklund J. , Stenqvist O. 
Published: June 2006

Background: Lung mechanics are usually measured using static or quasistatic methods, abandoning normal ventilatory treatment. We have developed a method to calculate the alveolar pressure during dynamic/therapeutic conditions, “the dynostatic pressure” (Pdyn), using airway pressure (P) measured in the trachea and volume (V) and flow (V˙) at the Y‐piece.Methods: Pdyn is calculated according to the formula Pdyn=(Pinsp×V˙exp–Pexp×V˙insp)/(V˙exp–V˙insp), making the assumption that inspiratory and expiratory resistances are equal at isovolume. The method was evaluated in a lung model during dynamic conditions comparing measured alveolar pressure (Palv) and Pdyn at equal and unequal inspiratory and expiratory resistances and P/V‐curves obtained during static and dynamic conditions. The algorithm was then applied in patients with acute lung injury (ALI).Results: When inspiratory and expiratory resistances were equal there was an excellent agreement between the Pdyn and the Palv, irrespective of ventilator settings, r2=0.995 (range 0.981–0.999). Pdyn derived compliance was equal to static values. When the ratio between inspiratory and expiratory resistance was varied between 2.3:1 and 1:2.3 the r2 was above 0.95 (range 0.952–0.996). Development of intrinsic PEEP and overdistension was easily revealed in patients, as shown by the dynostatic P/V‐curve.Conclusion: The dynostatic method gives a breath‐by‐breath reflection of the interaction between ventilatory settings and lung mechanics in patients during ordinary ventilator treatment. It is only marginally affected by the moderate differences in inspiratory versus expiratory resistances present in patients with ALI.
Development of permanent national register of blood component use utilizing electronic hospital information systems
Authors: Palo R. , Ali‐Melkkilä T. , Hanhela R. , Jäntti V. , Krusius T. , Leppänen E. , Mahlamäki E. K. , Perhoniemi V. , Rajamäki A. , Rautonen J. , Salmenperä M. , Salo H. , Salonen I. , Savolainen E‐R. , Sjövall S. , Suistomaa M. , Syrjälä M. , Tienhaara A. , Vähämurto M. , Mäki T. 
Published: June 2006

Background and Objectives  We wanted to establish a permanent national database system, which can be utilized to study transfusion recipients and blood use in Finland.Materials and Methods  A regularly updated register for permanent use was developed. To study the usability of the database, years 2002 and 2003 were further analysed. Database included all transfused patients in major blood‐transfusing hospitals from four university and five central hospital districts managing altogether 63% of Finnish inpatient hospital episodes.Results  Audit of gathered data reveal 96·8% match in adult blood components with Finnish Red Cross, Blood Service sales figures. Model data set includes 59 535 transfused patients (44·3% men and 55·7% women) having received 529 104 blood components. Half of all blood units were transfused in connection with surgical operations. Most of the blood recipients were elderly (51·6% are over 64 years of age). Blood‐component use and transfusion‐related costs varied widely between hospitals.Conclusion  Hospital data managing systems can be useful for creating a population‐based database system to monitor and compare transfusion practices. This record provides information about transfusion epidemiology for transfusion professionals, hospital management, and hospital administration.
Anthropogenic effects on the chemical characteristics of freshwater streams near Sydney, Australia, during low flows
Authors: Hayes W. J. , Buckney R. T. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStreams near Sydney were sampled for 18 water quality parameters at 90 sites in 86 different waterways during low flow conditions. They were generally low in salinity, soft, of poor buffering capacity and dominated by sodium and chloride, consistent with their location in a coastal basin with a high sandstone content. Calcium, magnesium and (bi‐)carbonate dominance, or at least co‐dominance, occurred in a number of cases where other rocks, such as igneous and metamorphic formations, were present. Multivariate analyses indicated three groups, separated primarily by levels of dissolved nutrients, trace metals, turbidity and colour. Chemical groupings were associated strongly with the type and level of catchment development. Streams in areas relatively unaffected by human influence had notable uniformity in chemistry; any observed variability was derived mostly from the major ions, reflecting geological influences. In comparison, streams in catchments affected by human developmental activities were highly varied. Since very high concentrations of nutrients and metals were not frequent in samples, the findings were consistent with occasional or localized elevation of contaminant levels. Climatic trends ensured the sampling period was dominated by low stream flow conditions, that is, conditions not favourable for an assessment of the influence that flow and discharge have on surface water chemistry.
Toxic effect of the mosquito killer, S‐Deltamethrine, on the development and respiratory electron transport system activity of the embryos of bream (Abramis brama L.), roach (Rutilus rutilus), barbell (Barbus barbus) and pike (Esox lucius)
Authors: G.‐Tóth L. , Szabó M. , Biró P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effect of the insecticide, S‐Deltamethrine (DM, LC50 for mosquito larvae: 0.02 ppb), in the concentration range between 0.025 and 2500 ppb was examined in both embryogenesis and embryonic evolution of the electron transport system (ETS) of the bream, roach, barbel and pike. A 0.025 ppb concentration of DM caused 10‐25% death of the embryos in the first 2 days of incubation.Fifty per cent of the roach embryos died by the end of a 144 h incubation period when the concentration was 0.025 ppb. In 2.5 ppb, 50% of the embryos died after 120 h. In 25 ppb, 50% death was registered after 96 h, and in 250 and 2500 ppb, 50% death was detected after 48 h. Fifty per cent of the barbel embryos died after a 48 h long incubation time in 250 and 2500 ppb. The same mortality was detected for the embryos of pike in 2500 ppb after a longer (148 and 168 h) incubation time. Half of the bream embryos died after 24 and 48 h at a concentration of 2500 ppb. Larvae showed a more sensitive response to treatments than did embryos. After hatching, 30‐84% of the larvae died in 0.025 ppb. Compared to embryos, larvae moved less in a concentration of 0.025 ppb and could not swim as easily as controls. In a concentration >0.25‐2.5 ppb, larvae were passive and often malformed. S‐Deltamethrine inhibited ETS activity in a concentration‐dependent manner. Electron transport system activity of larvae was reduced by 50% in 250 ppb concentration.
Application of remote sensing in studies of water quality in the Amazon Region
Authors: Juras A. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper deals with some basic matters concerning the use of remote sensing techniques related to limnological/water quality surveys in the Amazon Region. The main conclusions are: (i) it is important to use these techniques for detecting problems before the construction of new projects involving water resources in the Amazon Region; and (ii) remote sensing focused on water quality should be seriously considered in planning Brazil's space program as a means of providing data for more effective water basin management.
Perspectives in environmental restoration and nature conservation in lakes
Authors: Lijklema Lambertus 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe developments in water quality management, environmental protection and nature conservation are characterized by interacting physical, social and institutional responses. Resilience towards change and time lags in responses occur in the ecosystem and in society as well. Both delays contribute to frequently observed inadequate management. Prevention or curtailment of environmental deterioration requires awareness of the frequently lengthy creeping and hidden degradation in the ecosystem and a proactive decision‐making structure in society.Although the terms environmental protection and nature conservation are mostly dealt with as more or less synonymous, yet a certain dissimilarity between the objectives of nature conservation and of environmental protection can be pointed out. Some potential consequences for lake protection are discussed.
Impacts on biodiversity and species changes in the lower Great Lakes
Authors: Allan Roderick J. , Zarull Michael A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe Great Lakes basin ecosystem evolved after the retreat of the last ice sheet, about 10 000 years ago. Today, the complex of species present in the Great Lakes and much of the visible landscape bears little resemblance to that found some 400 years ago. Rather, the effects of various aspects of human development have caused major changes in the natural biodiversity. Lessons learned in the lower Great Lakes are applicable to many lakes around the world that have undergone agricultural, industrial and urban development in their drainage basins and have become managed, artificial ecosystems.
Regional lake quality patterns: Their relationship to lake conservation and management decisions
Authors: Peterson S. A. , Hughes R. M. , Larsen D. P. , Paulsen S. G. , Omernik J. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUnderstanding regional lake quality patterns is important to lake restoration. It puts specific lake conditions into perspective, provides a basis for establishing lake quality goals, identifies lakes most likely to benefit from restoration and forms a framework for assessing restoration success. We describe two techniques used to characterize regional lake quality patterns. Combining the two approaches provides an effective means to describe lake regions, management goals and restoration success. Case examples illustrate the significance of regional lake quality to specific lake restoration projects.
Spatial heterogeneity of physical and chemical conditions in a tropical reservoir wetland
Authors: Whitaker Valéria A. , Matvienko Bohdan , Tundisi José G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAbiotic data, such as physical and chemical variables and inorganic nitrogen status were obtained from substrate compartments in four environments in the Lobo reservoir wetlands. The sampling sites were selected by‘in‐situ’observation of the hydrological features, the degree of‘openness’to the flow‐through of water and macrophyte communities. For each site, three compartments were considered: the sediment, the interstitial water and the overlaying water at the sediment water interface. The pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, nitrate, nitrite and ammonium nitrogen, organic matter and moisture content were analyzed in the substrate. The spatial distribution of these properties was associated with the hydrological and nutritional flooding conditions. Lobo wetland sediment may be an efficient buffer system due to its high interstitial and exchangeable ammonium concentrations.
Seasonal changes in the dissolved oxygen status of two tropical water storages
Authors: Boland K. T. , Griffiths D. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeasonal changes in the dissolved oxygen characteristics of two tropical impoundments in north‐western Queensland are described. The lakes are compared in terms of their dissolved oxygen saturation deviation index (OSDI). In the deeper, more sheltered Lake Julius (20°08'S, 139°43.5′E) OSDI was positively correlated with vertical water column stability which explained ∼50% of the observed variation in OSDI. In the shallower, more exposed Lake Moondarra (20°35'S, 139°34.5′E) which, like Lake Julius experiences prolonged periods of hypolimnetic oxygen depletion, there was no significant correlation between OSDI and water column stability. It is concluded that in the considerably less stable Lake Moondarra, high OSDI values are maintained by the greater area of contact between the hypolimnion and sediment surface. In neither lake was there any significant correlation between OSDI and the phytoplankton biomass (measured as sub‐surface chlorophyll a concentration). Volume and 4°C‐temperature corrected rates of oxygen depletion for the entire lake were higher in Lake Julius (0.075 mg L−1 day−1) than in Lake Moondarra (0.038 mg L−1 day−1).
Public participation in water management and the promotion of environmental education
Authors: House Margaret A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIf fresh waters are to be managed sustainably, and the potential to resolve conflicts of use realised, the general public must be more involved in their management. Participation in water management in England and Wales occurs at three levels, formal consultation, public involvement or actual direct participation by the public. Formal consultations often leave the public in the role of the ‘objector’ and ignore the ‘silent majority’, focusing on the more vociferous minority of the population. Public involvement is less formal and can take a variety of forms. Although not allowing the public to be directly involved in the decision‐making processes, it provides the public with the opportunity to comment upon plans for river works or the re‐development of a river location, or to indicate what they want from the rivers that flow through their own local area and which they use for recreation and amenity. True participation is where the public are actively involved in the decision‐making processes. Public participation at all three levels provides environmental education, however, personal experience promotes a greater environmental awareness and understanding by the public.There have been a number of educational initiatives aimed at schools in the United Kingdom which incorporate participation and education. Care of, and learning about, the natural environment is part of Key Stage 2 of the National Curriculum taught in all schools for eight‐ to twelve‐year‐old children.This paper reflects upon approaches to public participation and environmental education in the United Kingdom and provides examples of specific projects and campaigns involving both formal organizations and the general public.
Environmental problems of Lake Victoria (East Africa): What the international community can do
Authors: Muli Jones R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLake Victoria has recently undergone immense biological changes. These have led to the extinction of indigenous ecosystems and biota. Decrease in biodiversity has been characterized by mass extinction of cichlid fishes and benthic macroinvertebrates, especially insects. Increasing pollution and/or eutrophication has resulted in the deterioration of water quality and an increase in water‐borne diseases. Infestation of the water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), which occurred recently, is the latest problem. These problems suggest several responses. A genebank of the remaining fish species should be created. Cage and/or open sea farming of the endangered fishes in Lake Victoria is a viable option in captive breeding of the remaining cichlids. Rehabilitating sewage pumping plants and extending treatment to unsewered urban areas would control organic pollution. Filtration systems based on macrophytes could be used in small urban centres to decrease pollution. Special attention to the taxonomy of the benthic group of insects is needed since undescribed species are being lost.
Nutrients of Lake Biwa in the unusually cool and hot summers of 1993 and 1994
Authors: Sohrin* Yoshiki , Tateishi Takuya , Mito Saeko , Matsui Masakazu , Maeda Hiroto , Hattori Akihisa , Kawashima Munetsugu , Hasegawa Hiroshi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn Japan, there was an unusually cool and rainy summer in 1993, and an unusually hot and dry summer in 1994. We investigated chemical species in the waters of Lake Biwa during these two years. Samples were collected vertically from stations off Omimaiko in the mesotrophic northern basin and at a dredged area in the eutrophic southern basin, and surface water samples were also collected from three other stations at about one month intervals. We also studied chemical species in precipitation collected at Otsu, on the southeast shore of the southern basin, and sediment cores collected from the southern basin. The features of the lake water were very dependent on the summer climate. In 1993, abundant rain and weak thermal stratification supported high nutrient concentrations in the epilimnion. In 1994, nutrients were depleted and a high transparency and low concentration of chlorophyll a were observed in the epilimnion of the northern basin. This is because the supply of nutrients was limited owing to little rain and a well‐developed thermocline. However, a great deal of dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) occurred until late August in the southern basin. Local anoxic conditions were extensively developed in 1994, since a large amount of macroalgae grew and regressed in the southern basin owing to a high water temperature (30°C) and decline in the water‐level. Presumably DRP was desorbed from ferromanganese oxides that were reduced in the anoxic sediments and the DRP found its way into the lake water. Although it has been reported that the concentration of phosphorus in the lake water had not significantly increased in the last two decades, phosphorus which had steadily accumulated in the sediments had a crucial effect on the quality of the lake water.
Wet season incidence of coliform bacteria in Lake Kariba inshore waters in the Kariba town area
Authors: Magadza C. H. D. , Dhlomo E. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe construction of Kariba dam resulted in the development of an unplanned town, Kariba. The sanitary services of this town originated from provisional arrangements. The town now has a population of about 27 000 inhabitants. Tourism, both local and international, is one of the major sources of employment. This study has revealed the presence of high levels of coliform bacteria in the inshore waters of the urban environment. The main sources of these bacteria are poorly managed private and municipal wastewater disposal systems. The private sector contribution emanates mainly from the lake‐shore tourist resorts. Although there are wastewater management defects indicated in the study, the main cause of the problem is identified as the immaturity of governance in which state employees can be in dereliction of duty with impunity.
Ecosystem health assessment of Lake Chao, a shallow eutrophic Chinese lake
Authors: Xu Fuliu 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEcosystem health is a newly proposed concept that sets new goals for environmental management. Its definition, index and assessment methods are still being perfected. Eutrophication is a serious disease of lakes and reservoirs around the world that has badly damaged lake ecosystem health, and resulted in disharmony of ecosystem structure, and a decrease in biodiversity and resilience. In this case study for Lake Chao, an attempt to apply trophic state index (TSI), diversity index (DI), exergy (Ex), structural exergy (Exst) and phytoplankton buffer capacity β(TP)(phyto) to the assessment of the Lake Chao ecosystem health is presented. The results reveal that these indicators can give appropriate information on the state of health of the Lake Chao ecosystem. From January to March 1988, Ex, Exst, and DI are highest, the TSI and β(TP)(Phyto) are lowest. The lake ecosystem is relatively healthy; however, there are still some problems such as the disharmony of biological structure (too much zooplankton biomass and too little phytoplankton biomass). From August to October and from April to May 1988, the TSI and Ex are higher; and DI, Exst and β(TP)(phyto) are lower. This implies that the lake ecosystem is a typical eutrophic system, and lake ecosystem health is poor, especially in September and May. A relative order of state of health for the Lake Chao ecosystem from good to bad can be derived: January to March 1988 > November to December 1987 > June to July 1987 > April to May 1987 > August to October 1987. The results are in accordance with actual situations.
Fisheries in large tropical reservoirs in South America
Authors: Petrere Miguel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe present status of large reservoir fisheries and their management in large reservoirs in South America are reviewed. There is a brief discussion about reservoir typology, and how most of it is inappropriate to fish. Fish in reservoirs and their introduction from other habitats are described, together with comparative yields. The main impacts due to damming are described, including social aspects. Four case studies are presented for the largest reservoirs in South America: Sobradinho, Tucuruí and Itaipu in Brazil, and El Guri in Venezuela.