bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigging Technology
Authors: Hiltscher Gerhard , Mühlthaler Wolfgang 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The article contains sections titled:

1.

Introduction

2.

Definitions

3.

Pigs

4.

Valves

5.

Piping

6.

Control System

7.

Decision Criteria for Pigging

8.

Example of an Industrial Pigging System

9.

Special Fields of Pigging Technology

10.

Safety

11.

Producers

Pigs are devices which are inserted into and travel through a pipeline, driven by a liquid or gaseous propellant. Installation and operation of pipelines would not be possible without pigging technology. Applications of pigging include sweeping liquids from pipelines, removing condensate, separation of products, inspection, cleaning, and repair. The action of products and/or propellants on pig materials can lead to physical and chemical reactions.
Depending upon function, different designs of mechanical and intelligent pipeline pigs are used. Smart pigs are used above all for in‐line nondestructive testing of pipelines. Some basic risks must be taken into account when a pigging system is planned.
Examples for industrial pigging units are found in food and beverage industry, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and in the chemical industry.
Inside Front Cover: Curling Colloidal Photonic Crystals (Adv. Mater. 18/2006)
Authors: Vekris E. , Ozin G. A. , Kitaev V. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe inside cover features a schematic illustration (right) and three representative electron microscopy images (left) of photonic‐crystal strips with controlled curvature. As reported by Kitaev and co‐workers on p. 2481, the curvature is induced by infiltration of polymer opal with alkoxide precursors to attain an overlayer that experiences controllable shrinkage upon hydrolysis. Both continuity and high structural order are perfectly preserved throughout precursor infiltration and polymer microsphere removal.
Selective Transfer Hydrogenation of Carbonyl Compounds by Ruthenium Nanoclusters Supported on Alkali‐Exchanged Zeolite Beta
Authors: Kantam M. Lakshmi , Rao B. Purna Chandra , Choudary B. M. , Sreedhar B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSelective transfer hydrogenation of aromatic ketones and β‐keto esters to the corresponding alcohols was achieved by using ruthenium nanoclusters supported on alkali‐exchanged zeolite beta catalyst. The high activity and selectivity of the catalyst is due to the presence of highly dispersed ruthenium clusters in combination with the large number of Brønsted acidic sites of zeolite.
Copper(I)‐Mediated Highly Stereoselective syn‐Carbometalation of Secondary or Tertiary Propargylic Alcohols with Primary Grignard Reagents in Toluene with a High Linear Regioselectivity
Authors: Ma Shengming , Lu Zhan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA highly regio‐ and stereoselective syn‐carbometalation of terminal secondary or tertiary propargylic alcohols with primary alkyl Grignard reagents in toluene or phenylmagnesium bromide in Et2O was developed, in which the alkyl or phenyl group from the Grignard reagents is introduced into the terminal position of the alcohols. The organometallic intermediate formed may be used directly for the coupling reaction with organic halides. Upon treatment with I2 after the carbometalation, iodides may be obtained, which may undergo Sonogashira coupling reaction and highly stereoselective Novozym‐435‐catalyzed kinetic resolution to afford the optically active products.
Alternating Copolymerization of Carbon Dioxide and Cyclohexene Oxide and Their Terpolymerization with Lactide Catalyzed by Zinc Complexes of N,N Ligands
Authors: Kröger Mario , Folli Cristina , Walter Olaf , Döring Manfred 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFor the alternating copolymerization of CO2 and cyclohexene oxide, a variety of zinc acetate complexes with new aminoimidoacrylate ligands has been synthesized and tested as catalysts. All complexes catalyzed the reaction and structure‐activity investigations revealed that the highest activities and selectivities were reached when the ligand’s aromatic rings were 2,6‐substituted by alkyl groups of different size (isopropyl versus methyl) and when the ligand backbone embodied an electron‐withdrawing cyano group. Furthermore, these complexes catalyzed the terpolymerization of CO2, cyclohexene oxide and lactide to give poly(cyclohexyl carbonate‐co‐lactide) and the composition of the polymer was adjustable by the monomer feed.
Electrochemically Induced Addition Reactions in the Absence of Solvent and Supporting Electrolyte
Authors: Caruso Tonino , Feroci Marta , Inesi Achille , Orsini Monica , Scettri Arrigo , Palombi Laura 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSolvent‐ and supporting electrolyte‐free electrolysis in a two‐compartment cell proved to be effective for the direct electroactivation of CH acid‐containing compounds vs. catalytic addition processes. Michael adducts (including quaternary carbon centres) and 2‐nitroalkanols were obtained in very good yields and selectivity on application of a catalytic amount of electricity under galvanostatic conditions.
Highly Diastereoselective Synthesis of 2,6‐Di[1‐(2‐alkylaziridin‐1‐yl)alkyl]pyridines, Useful Ligands in Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation
Authors: Savoia Diego , Alvaro Giuseppe , Di Fabio Romano , Fiorelli Claudio , Gualandi Andrea , Monari Magda , Piccinelli Fabio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractC2‐Symmetrical, enantiopure 2,6‐di[1‐(1‐aziridinyl)alkyl]pyridines (DIAZAPs) were prepared by a high‐yielding, three‐step sequence starting from 2,6‐pyridinedicarbaldehyde and (S)‐valinol or (S)‐phenylglycinol. The new compounds were tested as ligands in palladium‐catalyzed allylation of carbanions in different solvents. Almost quantitative yield and up to 99 % enantiomeric excess were obtained in the reactions of the enolates derived from malonate, phenyl‐ and benzylmalonate dimethyl esters with 1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenyl ethyl carbonate.
Domino Reaction of Acyclic α,α‐Dialkenoylketene S,S‐Acetals and Diamines: Efficient Synthesis of Tetracyclic Thieno[2,3‐b]thiopyran‐Fused Imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridine/Pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidines
Authors: Liang Fushun , Zhang Jiqing , Tan Jing , Liu Qun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA series of unusual fused tetraheterocyclic compounds 3, consisting of a thiopyran (ring A), a thiophene (ring B), a pyridine (ring C), and an imidazole or a pyrimidine (ring D) core, with a bridgehead nitrogen and an angular methyl group, were successfully synthesized by a catalyst‐free, one‐pot, two‐component domino reaction of 4‐(4‐methyl‐1,3‐dithiol‐2‐ylidene)‐1,7‐bis(aryl/heteroaryl)hepta‐1,6‐diene‐3,5‐dione 2 and diamines. In this reaction, up to five new bonds were formed accompanied by the CS bond cleavage of the 1,3‐dithiole ring of 2, with water as the only by‐product.
Highly Enantioselective Reactions of a Lithiated α‐Thioallyl Carbanion via Thermodynamic Resolution Pathway
Authors: Sonawane Ravindra P. , Fröhlich Roland , Hoppe Dieter 
Published: September 2006

AbstractS‐Cinnamyl thiocarbamate 9, easily accessible from cinnamyl alcohol, undergoes smooth deprotonation with n‐BuLi in the presence of various chiral ligands to form configurationally unstable organolithium intemediates. With the proper choice of chiral ligand, the diastereomeric equilibrium is almost fully shifted to one side, furnishing highly enantioenriched products after reaction with various electrophiles.
Synthesis of Valuable Chiral Intermediates by Isolated Ketoreductases: Application in the Synthesis of α‐Alkyl‐β‐hydroxy Ketones and 1,3‐Diols
Authors: Kalaitzakis Dimitris , Rozzell J. David , Smonou Ioulia , Kambourakis Spiros 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRegio‐ and stereoselective reductions of α‐substituted 1,3‐diketones to the corresponding β‐keto alcohols or 1,3‐diols by using commercially available ketoreductases (KREDs) are described. A number of α‐monoalkyl‐ or dialkyl‐substituted symmetrical as well as non‐symmetrical diketones were reduced in high optical purities and chemical yields, in one or two enzymatic reduction steps. In most cases, two or even three out of the four possible diastereomers of α‐alkyl‐β‐keto alcohols were synthesized by using different enzymes, and in two examples both ketones were reduced to the 1,3‐diol. By replacing the α‐alkyl substituent with the OAc group, 1‐keto‐2,3‐diols, as well as 1,2,3‐triols were synthesized in high optical purities. These enzymatic reactions provide a simple, highly stereoselective and quantitative method for the synthesis of different diastereomers of valuable chiral synthons from non‐chiral, easily accessible 1,3‐diketones.
Palladium‐Catalyzed N‐Arylations of 1,4,7‐Triazacyclononanes
Authors: Nakanishi Masafumi , Bolm Carsten 
Published: September 2006

AbstractVarious 1,4,7‐triazacyclononanes have been N‐arylated by palladium catalysis. Using optimized Buchwald–Hartwig protocols the corresponding products have been obtained in high yields.
BRCA1/2 testing in hereditary breast and ovarian cancer families III: Risk perception and screening
Authors: McInerney‐Leo Aideen , Hadley Donald , Kase Ronald G. , Giambarresi Therese R. , Struewing Jeffery P. , Biesecker Barbara Bowles 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study aimed to ascertain whether cancer risk perception changed following the offer and subsequent receipt of BRCA1/2 results and to evaluate breast and ovarian screening practices in testers and non‐testers. Members of thirteen HBOC families were offered BRCA1/2 testing for a known family mutation. Perceived risk for developing breast cancer, ovarian cancer or for carrying the familial BRCA1/2 mutation, was assessed at baseline and again at 6–9 months following the receipt of test results. Breast and ovarian cancer screening data were obtained at both time‐points. A total of 138 women participated and 120 (87%) chose to be tested for a known familial mutation. Twenty‐eight women (24%) were identified as carriers and their perceived ovarian cancer risk and their perception of being a mutation carrier increased (P = 0.01 for both). Those testing negatives had a significant decrease in all dimensions of risk perception (P < 0.01). Regression analysis showed test results to be strong predictors of follow‐up risk perception (P = 0.001), however, they were not predictors of screening practices at follow‐up. Testers were more likely to have completed a clinical breast exam following testing than decliners. Mammography was positively associated with baseline adherence, age, and intrusive thoughts. Ovarian cancer worries only predicted pelvic ultrasound screening post‐testing. Baseline practices and psychological factors appear to be stronger predictors of health behavior than test results. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A family with X‐linked optic atrophy linked to the OPA2 locus Xp11.4‐Xp11.2
Authors: Katz Bradley J. , Zhao Yu , Warner Judith E.A. , Tong Zongzhong , Yang Zhenglin , Zhang Kang 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAutosomal dominant optic atrophy (ADOA) is the most common inherited optic atrophy. Clinical features of ADOA include a slowly progressive bilateral loss of visual acuity, constriction of peripheral visual fields, central scotomas, and color vision abnormalities. Although ADOA is the most commonly inherited optic atrophy, autosomal recessive, X‐linked, mitochondrial, and sporadic forms have also been reported. Four families with X‐linked optic atrophy (XLOA) were previously described. One family was subsequently linked to Xp11.4–Xp11.2 (OPA2). This investigation studied one multi‐generation family with an apparently X‐linked form of optic atrophy and compared their clinical characteristics with those of the previously described families, and determined whether this family was linked to the same genetic locus. Fifteen individuals in a three‐generation Idaho family underwent complete eye examination, color vision testing, automated perimetry, and fundus photography. Polymorphic markers were used to genotype each individual and to determine linkage. Visual acuities ranged from 20/30 to 20/100. All affected subjects had significant optic nerve pallor. Obligate female carriers were clinically unaffected. Preliminary linkage analysis (LOD score = 1.8) revealed that the disease gene localized to the OPA2 locus on Xp11.4–Xp11.2. Four forms of inherited optic neuropathy, ADOA, autosomal recessive optic atrophy (Costeff Syndrome), Leber hereditary optic neuropathy, and Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease with optic atrophy, are associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. Future identification of the XLOA gene will reveal whether this form of optic atrophy is also associated with a mitochondrial defect. Identification of the XLOA gene will advance our understanding of the inherited optic neuropathies and perhaps suggest treatments for these diseases. An improved understanding of inherited optic neuropathies may in turn advance our understanding of acquired optic nerve diseases, such as glaucoma and ischemic optic neuropathy. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Somatic mosaicism for an HRAS mutation causes Costello syndrome
Authors: Gripp Karen W. , Stabley Deborah L. , Nicholson Linda , Hoffman Jodi D. , Sol‐Church Katia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDe novo heterozygous HRAS point mutations have been reported in more than 81 patients with Costello syndrome (CS), but genotype/phenotype correlation remains incomplete because the majority of patients share a common mutation, G12S, seen in 65/81 (80%). Somatic HRAS mutations have previously been identified in solid tumors, and mutation hot spots related to a gain‐of‐function effect of the gene product are known. The germline mutations causing CS occur at these hot spots and convey a gain‐of‐function effect, thus accounting for the greatly increased cancer risk. Diagnostic testing for HRAS mutations is now available and the identification of a mutation in a patient with consistent clinical findings confirms a diagnosis of CS. It is not clear yet if the absence of an HRAS mutation precludes a diagnosis of CS. Because there is a significant overlap in the clinical findings of Costello, cardio‐facio‐cutaneous, and Noonan syndromes, diagnostic uncertainty remains in patients lacking an HRAS mutation. We report here on a female with findings suggestive of CS in whom mutation analysis performed with standard techniques on white blood cell derived DNA did not show an HRAS mutation. However, analysis of DNA derived from three independently collected buccal swabs showed a sequence change qualitatively consistent with the G12S mutation. Allelic quantitation showed the presence of the mutation in ∼25%–30% of the sampled buccal cells. In this patient, standard technology failed to identify the disease causing mutation on DNA derived from a blood sample, highlighting the potential pitfalls in the interpretation of negative mutation studies. This is the first reported CS patient mosaic for the common HRAS mutation, likely due to a somatic mutation occurring very early in fetal development. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Being and potential: psychoanalytic clinicians' concepts of God
Authors: Simmonds Janette Graetz 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPsychoanalytic clinicians interested in spiritual matters were interviewed concerning their concepts of God. For most of the 25 participants in this research, in which two methods of qualitative analysis were employed, the notion of God was problematic but was not rejected per se. Participants reported personal concepts of a force or energy which is immanent, and for most, also transcendent, having evolutionary and moral scope, to do with awareness of the cosmos and levels of consciousness, and beyond the usual limitations of understanding. These non‐anthropomorphic, non‐image bound concepts were also shared by those who had a commitment to religious organizations. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The idea of mutual affect
Authors: Erzar Tomaž , Erzar Katarina K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe article presents theoretical reasons and research in favor of the idea of mutual affect, describing psychopathological and therapeutic aspects of the affective autoregulation that takes place in intimate relationships. By “affective autoregulation” we refer to the processes of self‐regulation, mutual regulation, and transgenerational regulation of affects, in accordance with different therapeutic models and psychoanalytic theories that emphasize the crucial role of emotions and affects in reducing individual and relational symptomatology and distress. Methods for detecting and studying observable and unobservable properties of affect are presented and discussed through a survey of recent research in the attachment tradition. Some therapeutic implications of this idea, as elaborated and implemented at the Franciscan Family Institute in Ljubljana, are also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measuring the utility of journals in the crime‐psychology field: Beyond the impact factor
Authors: Walters Glenn D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA measure of formal journal utility designed to offset some of the more noteworthy limitations of the impact factor (IF)—i.e., short follow‐up, citations to items in the numerator that are not included in the denominator, self‐citations, and the greater citation rate of review articles—was constructed and applied to 15 crime‐psychology journals. This measure, referred to as Citations Per Article (CPA), was correlated with a measure of informal journal utility defined as the frequency with which 58 first authors in the field consulted these 15 crime‐psychology journals. Results indicated that the CPA, but not the IF, correlated significantly with informal utility. Two journals (Law and Human Behavior and Criminal Justice and Behavior) displayed consistently high impact across measures of formal and informal utility while several other journals (Journal of Interpersonal Violence; Psychology, Public Policy, and Law; Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment; and Behavioral Sciences and the Law) showed signs of moderate impact when formal and informal measures were combined.
A dual‐level analysis of the capability development process: A case study of TT&T
Authors: Pan Shan , Pan Gary , Hsieh Ming H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe resource‐based view suggests that organizations achieve and maintain competitive advantage through effective deployment of firm‐specific resources and capabilities. Because of volatile market conditions, researchers now focus on the development of dynamic capabilities that allow firms to react and create change in these dynamic environments. Despite the growing acceptance of the dynamic capabilities perspective in information systems research, the process of how organizations develop capabilities to influence the overall process of strategy formation and implementation in a dynamic and volatile environment (e.g., the information communication technology industry) is still underexplored. To address the knowledge gap, this article draws on an in‐depth case study of the capability development experience of a call center in strategic transformation from an in‐house customer service department to an outsourced customer service provider. We use Montealegre's (2002) process model of capability development as our analytical framework and extend it beyond the organizational perspective to include a project‐level (business unit) perspective. By adopting a dual‐level analysis, researchers and practitioners may obtain a more detailed and complete view of an organization's capability development, hence allaying criticism of the resource‐based view as a vague and tautological concept.
Intellectual property information: A comparative analysis of main information providers
Authors: Stock Mechtild , Stock Wolfgang G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAfter modeling expert user needs with regard to intellectual property information, we analyze and compare the main providers in this specific information area (Thomson DIALOG, Esp@cenet by the European Patent Office, Questel‐Orbit, and STN International) in terms of system content and system functionality. The key question is whether the main providers are able to satisfy these expert user needs. For patent information, some special retrieval features such as chemical structure search (including Markush search), patent family references and citations search, biosequence search, and basic informetric functionality such as ranking, mapping, and visualization of information flows are realized. Considering the results of information science research, the practice of patent information shows unexhausted improvement opportunities (e.g., the application of bibliographic patent coupling and co‐patent‐citation for mapping patents, patent assignees, and technology specialties). For trademark search, users need multiple truncated search (realized) as well as phonetic search and image retrieval (not realized yet).
Calixarenes as Hosts for Ammonium Cations: A Quantum Chemical Study and Mass‐Spectrometric Investigations
Authors: Rozhenko Alexander B. , Schoeller Wolfgang W. , Letzel Matthias C. , Decker Björn , Agena Ceno , Mattay Jochen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHost–guest complexes of tetramethylcavitand with different ammonium cations were investigated by using a quantum chemical method at the density functional level (BP86, B3 LYP). The NH4+cation is strongly bound to the host. Increasing methyl substitution at the cation decreases its inclination towards the complex formation. The calculated data are in line with results from electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) experiments. They reveal stable aggregates only for the NH4+cation and for the primary alkylammonium cations.
Three‐Dimensional Six‐Connecting Organic Building Blocks Based on Polychlorotriphenylmethyl Units—Synthesis, Self‐Assembly, and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Roques Nans , Maspoch Daniel , Wurst Klaus , Ruiz‐Molina Daniel , Rovira Concepció , Veciana Jaume 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a three‐dimensional, six‐connecting, organic building block based on a robust, rigid, and open‐shell polychlorotriphenylmethyl (PTM) unit (radical 1) is reported, and its self‐assembly properties are described in detail. The tendencies of this highly polar molecule and its hydrogenated precursor, compound 4, to form hydrogen bonds with oxygenated solvents ([1⋅THF6] and [4⋅THF6]) were reduced by replacing THF with diethyl ether in the crystallization process to yield two‐dimensional (2D) hydrogen‐bonded structures ([1⋅(Et2O)3] and [4⋅(Et2O)3]). The presence of direct hydrogen bonds between the radicals in the latter phase of 1 gives rise to very weak ferromagnetic intermolecular interactions at low temperatures, whereas when the radicals are isolated by THF molecules these interactions are antiferromagnetic and very weak. The role played by the carboxylic groups not only in the self‐assembly properties but also in the transmission of the magnetic interactions has been illustrated by determination of the crystal structure and measurement of the magnetic properties of the corresponding hexaester radical 6, in which the close packing of molecular units gives rise to weak antiferromagnetic intermolecular interactions. Attempts to avoid solvation of the molecules in the solid state and to increase the structural and magnetic dimensionality were pursued by recrystallization of both compounds 1 and 4 from concentrated nitric acid, affording two three‐dimensional (3D) robust hydrogen‐bonded structures. While the structure obtained with compound 4 is characterized by the presence of polar channels and boxes containing water guest molecules along the c axis, radical 1 was oxidized to the corresponding fuchsone 10, which presented a completely different close‐packed, guest‐free structure.