bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXAMINATION OF THE PROSTATIC SECRETION FOR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Horne GordonO. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAs a result of the analysis of 185 cases it is concluded that in investigating the prostatic secretion for the presence of leucocytes following prostatic massage examination of the prostatic “bead” alone is inadequate. The urine passed after prostatic massage must also be examined. Provided the prostatic secretion is not allowed to drain away, examination of the prostatic urine alone is adequate. Provided the patient does not have a urethral discharge and that at least 3 fl. oz. of urine are passed immediately before the gland is massaged it is unlikely that the prostatic secretion will be contaminated from the urethra, and preliminary irrigation of the urethra is not necessary. In the interpretation of the prostatic urine care must be taken to eliminate contamination with leucocytes from the bladder and upper urinary tract.
A CONSZDERATION OF THE CAUSE OF FUNCTIONAL ARREST OF HOMOTRANSPLANTED KIDNEYS
Authors: Dempster W. J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

Observations have been made on a series of homotransplanted kidneys removed, while still functioning, on the fourth day following transfer.
Observations have been made on a series of second kidneys homotransplanted from the same donor to the same recipient as received the first kidney. The results indicate that if the first kidney has sufficiently sensitised the host, the second kidney will rapidly disintegrate. Otherwise second kidneys can secrete for as lopg as many first kidneys which have been left in the host until anuria occurred.
The rate of plasma‐cell development has been compared in the above two series, with the following results:—
In a series of ten kidneys four second kidneys showed an increased rate of development of plasma cells, three second kidneys showed the reverse rate of development of plasma cells, and three second kidneys showed little or no increased rate of development of plasma cells.
The significance of the plasma cell in homotransplanted kidneys still remains somewhat obscure. Most of the evidence, however, points to its being a genuine reaction of the kidney against the foreign serum circulating through it.
Certain physical changes overtake the homotransplanted kidney soon after transfer:—

The kidney increases in weight.
The kidney increases in size.
The branches of the renal artery within the kidney become stretched and lose their sinuous appearance.

Some possible causes of the arrest of function of the homotransplanted kidney have been discussed.

Certain of these possible causes have hwn ruled out—(a) Increased size.(b) Vascular stretch.(c) Increased intrarenal pressure. Other possible causes remain equivocal‐–(a) Non‐pulsatile blood flow continued for several hours.(b) The tubule cells of the kidney themselves may produce antibody against foreign protein entering them. The result of this antigen‐antibody reaction may initiate a metabolic upset and anuria caused by an inducei renal vascular spasm.(c) Oxygen lack upsetting the metabolic activity of the tubule cell.7. The fate of a kidney transplanted back to its original donor after twenty‐four or forty‐eight hours in a foreign host has been demonstrated. After twenty‐four hours in a foreign host a retransplanted kidney will continue to secrete indefinitely. After forty‐eight hours in a foreign host, a retransplanted kidney will continue to secrete for some days and then suddenly becomes anuric.
FOURNIER'S GANGRENE
Authors: Gregory I. Langdale 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe condition known as Fournier's gangrene is reviewed and the criteria necessary for diagnosis of this lesion are enumerated.A case illustrative of the condition is described.The retiology is discussed and the theory advanced that the disease may be caused by Stupk. aureusand an anaerobic streptococcus acting in symbiosis.
URETEROCELE IN CHILDHOOD
Authors: Binks J. B. , Debenham R. K. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThree cases of retrocede in children are recorded, each presenting in a different manner. In two the initial symptoms occurred in the first year of life.The first presented as a case of persistent urinary infection due to stasis behind a ureterocele; it subsequently transpired that there was in addition a double kidney pelvis and complete double ureters on the affected side.The second case presented with acute retention of urine recurring on several occasions due to the fact that the extension of the large retrocede raised the trig one of the bladder and so obstructed the internal urethral orifice.The third, also a large ureterocele, extended beneath the niucosa of the trigone, distorting and obstructing the opposite (healthy) ureteric orifice. The leading features were urinary infectior and contralateral hydronephrosis.
TRAUMATIC RUPTURE OF THE POSTERIOR URETHRA
Authors: Trafford H. S. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThirty‐two cases of civilian rupture of the posterior urethra have been reviewed and much of the literature mentioned. The unfavorable prognosis associated with this injury in the past would appear to result from two factors:—1. An individual surgeon may have managed only a few cases of this injury himself from the on set.2. A urological surgeon may have seen mostly a large number of other people's failures and Complications, referred to him in the hope that something further might be done.It is hoped that what has been said has proved that although rupture of the posterior urethra is a serious accident, adequate treatment can usually prevent formation of a stricture, and that one is not, except in a minority of cases, presiding at the opening of Rutherford Morison's “life‐long tragedy.”
DIATHERMY TREATMENT OF BLADDER PAPILLOMATA WITHOUT PREVIOTJS BIOPSY
Authors: Irvine W. T. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. Sixty‐three tumours were treated by perurethral fulguration without previous biopsy more than five years previously. Of the thirty‐two patients with sessile turnours fifteen died rapidly from bladder disease. To help to distinguish those sessile tumours unsuitable for diathermy, perurethral biopsy is advocated. Tumours not responding rapidly to fulguration should have more radical treatment at an early stage.2. Sixty‐seven tumours were treated by suprapubic fulguration without previous biopsy more than two years previously. All tumours were considered non‐infiltrating or just beginning to invade the bladder wall. The immediate results on the histologically simple group have been satisfactory. Fourteen of twenty‐six patients with malignant turnours who left hospital died rapidly of bladder tumour. The histological reports indicate that both cystoscopy and direct palpation of the tumour are unreliable methods of detecting early infiltration. Adequate perurethral biopsy is advocated before the bladder is opened.
IDIOPATHIC SPONTANEOUS RUPTURE OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Clinton‐Thomas C. L. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. A case of spontaneous intraperitoneal rupture of the bladder, without pathological change in the bladder wall or obstruction in the bladder neck or urethra, is reported.2. The literature is briefly reviewed.3. The cause of the rupture, as in other cases previously reported, appears to have been the sudden rise of intravesical pressure prior to micturition, acting on a bladder already over‐distended by the excessive consumption of alcohol.4. It is once again shown that the withdrawal of normal urine by catheter is not proof that rupture has not occurred.5. The operative treatment is described.6. Despite the long delay before operation, the use of antibiotics, gastric suction, and intravenous therapy made recovery from a formerly fatal condition uneventful.
THE BRIDGING OF LONG URETERAL DEFECTS BY FRESH AUTOGENOUS ARTERIAL GRAFTS EMBEDDED IN SUBMUCOSAL INTESTINAL TUNNELS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY
Authors: Sanders ArnoldR. , Schein ClarenceJ. , Hurwitt ElliottS. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. Autogenous arterial grafts were used to bridge ureteral defects in dogs.2. An attempt was made to obtain an exogenous blood supply for the graft by embedding it in an intestinal trough.3. Graft degeneration and anastomotic cicatrisation eventuated in hydro‐ureter and hydronephrosis.4. Urinary diversion did not alter the biological determination of the graft nor prevent the development of an obstructive uropathy.
STUDIES ON THE TREATMENT OF CYSTINURIA1
Authors: Dent C. E. , Senior B. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

The treatment of cystinuria has been investigated bearing in mind present concepts of the pathogenesis of the disease and using biochemical criteria of success or otherwise.
Treatments recommended in the literature and a number of further therapeutic possibilities that we ourselves thought of were uniformly unsuccessful.
The solubility of cystine in urine at various physiological pH's has been determined experimentally. The results show that under normal conditions the daily output of cystine of a cystinuric subject can be held in solution by about 3 litres of urine at pH6.
While an alkaline urine has an increased solvent power for cystine the pHmust be over about 7.6 before appreciably increased quantities are held in solution. Since this pHcannot be maintained during the long‐term management of a cystinuric subject, alkalis are of doubtful value as a prophylactic measure.
The day urine of a cystinuric subject is usually undersaturated with cystine while the night urine is supersaturated. It is concluded that stones probably form as a result of precipitation from the concentrated night urine.
By promoting a high fluid intake at regular intervals one may be able to ensure the passage of a urine that is constantly undersaturated with cystine. Under these circumstances stone formation is impossible, and if stones are already present dissolution should be initiated.
A long‐term clinical follow‐up of the effects of this regime of fluid intake is in progress.
DESCENT OF THE TESTICLE IN THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE1
Authors: Scorer C. G. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA series of some 1,700 newborn infants has been examined in order to discover the frequency of undescended testicle, and to find out what happened to the testicle in those infants who had the deformity.The incidence of undescended testicle in full‐term infants at birth was 4 per cent.Of fifty‐five infants followed up, descent occurred within the first three months in the majority. After three months, descent was slow and appeared to be incomplete. At the end of one year seven infants remained in whom no descent had taken place.The close similarity between the incidence of the condition in infants 1 year old and in adults has been discussed. Evidence from these observations on infants suggests that complete descent of the testicle does not occur after 3 months of age in the full‐term infant.
RENAL HAMARTOMA1
Authors: Brun H. I. Le , Kellett H. S. , Macalister C. L. O. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYFive cases of renal hamartoma, two fibromas and three angiomyolipomas, successfully treated by nephrectomy, are reported, and their pathology, clinical features, and treatment described.The association of these renal lesions with tuberous sclerosis is discussed.We wish to acknowledge our indebtedness to Mr N. M. Matheson for permission to record Cases 4 and 5, which were under his care in Ashford Hospital, Middlesex, and to Professor R. A. Willis for his kind interest, encouragement, and advice. We also thank our hospital colleagues Dr A. Siedlecka and Dr W. F. Hamilton for their pathological reports on Cases 4 and 5: Dr N. Langdon‐Down for Fig. 9; Dr C. F. Ross for‐ Figs. 10. 11. and 12: and Dr J. A. Brocklebank for Fig. 21. The drawings are by Miss B. E. Nicholson:the photographs, and photomicrographs by Mr A. S. Carr. Mr P. Harrison. and Mr E. A. Targett.
SENSATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH MICTURITION
Authors: Nathan P. W. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe following sensations and the nervous pathways subserving them are discussed: (1) The normal sensation giving rise to the desire to micturate; (2) the sensation that micturition is imminent; (3) certain sensations in the upper part of the body associated with a full bladder; (4) an abdominal sensation associated with a full bladder; (5) the sensation that urine is passing; (6) an increase in abnormal sensations present elsewhere in the body associated with micturition.
ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE KIDNEY IN CHILDHOOD: REPORT OF A CASE AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: Clinton‐Thomas C. L. , Robinson T. M. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAn adenocarcinoma of the kidney in a child of 10 is reported. Calcification in the tumour and massive metastases in the skull and orbit were prominent features. The literature is reviewed and the pathology is discussed.
ENURESIS IN BILATERAL COMPLETE RENAL DUPLICATION TREATED BY HEMINEPHRECTOMY AND CHEMOTHERAPY
Authors: Grieve John , Thomson James 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of bilateral complete duplication of kidneys and ureters in a child is described. She presented with enuresis since infancy, and this disappeared following removal of the upper part of the right kidney together with its related pelvis and ureter and the control of the E. coli infection with chloramphenicol. It is seven months since operation but too early to consider her cured. In this child intravenous pyelography and cystoscopy did not show the exact type of anomaly.
ADENOMATOID TUMOURS OF THE EPIDIDYMIS AND TUNICA ALBUGINEA Two Cases
Authors: Rankin N. E. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYIt is generally accepted that adenomatoid tumours are small, slow‐growing, and benign, occurring in the epididymis, tunica albuginea and vaginalis, uterus tubes and ovary. They are circumscribed, encapsulated, and firm, and possess a characteristic microscopical structure. The theories of origin are discussed, and it is most likely that they arise from vestiges of the Müllerian duct as shown by Sundarasivarao (1953). It is possible that they are hamartomata (malformations) rather than true neoplasms. One case from the epididymis and one from the tunica albuginea are described and the literature is reviewed.
THE USE OF ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE TO PREVENT RECURRENT RENAL CALCULI
Authors: Pyrah L. N. , Raper F. P. , Smith Irvine B. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

The principles underlying the aluminium hydroxide gel treatment of phosphatic calculi have been outlined.
A new preparation called Hyalgel has been tried on a small series of urinary stone patients and its effect has been studied on the lowering of the urinary phosphate level, the size of renal calculi and the prevention of recurrent stones.
Some difficulties in the application of this treatment have been discussed.
Our preliminary results are given and compared with the more significant results of American writers.
TRANSPOSITION OF THE PENIS AND SCROTUM
Authors: Forshall Isabella , Rickham P. P. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYA case of transposition of the penis and scrotum is reported. This is the ninth case reported in the literature, the second to be operated upon and the first where an associated hypospadias was also repaired. The embryology, clinical picture, and treatment of this malformation are briefly discussed.
CYSTIC HYGROMA OF THE GROIN AND SCROTUM
Authors: Gueukdjian S. A. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYCystic hygroma is an uncommon benign neoplasm of the lymphatic system. It is very rare in the groin and scrotum. A case of such localisation is reported in a youth of 19 and the literature, previously reviewed by the author elsewhere, is analysed. The diagnostic difficulties are pointed out and the pathology of the lymphatic system is briefly discussed.
TRANSITIONAL‐CELL CARCINOMA OF THE COLON FOLLOWING CYSTECTOMY AND URETERO‐SIGMOIDOSTOMY FOR CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER
Authors: Riches E. W. , Page B. H. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

A case is reported of transitional‐cell carcinoma of the colon occurring after uretero‐sigmoidostomy and cystectomy for carcinoma of the bladder.
The growth in the colon resembled the original bladder tumour in its histology.
It occurred at the site of transplantation of the ureIt is believed to be unique.
It is considered that it was probably an implantation growth.
THE VASCULAR ARRANGEMENTS WITHIN THE HUMAN PROSTATE GLAND1
Authors: Clegg E. J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

A modification of Pickworth's method for demonstrating blood‐vessles is described.
The intrinsic vessels of the prostate can be divided into an outer or capsular plexus, an intermediate zone of vessles, and a urethral plexus.
The outer plexus lies mainly on the lateral surface of the gland, althouth inferiorly an anterior group of vessels is seen.
The intermediate zone of vessels comprises those derived from the capsular plexus and a leash of vessles accompanying the ejaculatory ducts and prostatic utricles.
The urethral plexus, towards which the intermediate vessels pass, is mainly derived from the capsular vessels. The plexus accompanying the ejaculatory ducts supplies a region of the urethral creast surrouding the entrance of those ducts into the urethra.
IDIOPATHIC RETROPERITONEAL FIBROSIS INVOLVING THE URETERS1
Authors: Raper F. P. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYSeven patients are described who had a very active fibrous process in the retroperitoneal tissues amongst the main vessels and in whom this fibrosis had obstructed one or both ureters.Ten previously reported cases are briefly reviewed.The treatment of the disease is discussed.The possibility that this disease might affect only the main vessels is suggested by the case histories of two further patients.
A NEW TYPE OF CATHETER FOR URETHRAL DRAINAGE OF THE BLADDER1
Authors: Gibbon Norman 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY

It is suggested that the time is opportune for a reconsideration of present apparatus and techniques for urethral drainage of the bladder. The advent of new materials makes it possible to adopt smaller diameters and improved designs.
A new catheter is presented which appears to offer many advantages. Made up in a dry sterile pack, and used in combination with a plastic collecting bag, it should postpone and minimise urethritis and cystitis, and contribute to the elimination of cross‐infection.

The Portex catheters described above are produced by Portland Plastics Ltd., Bassett House, Hythe, Kent, and it is a pleasure to acknowledge here the help given by Dr S. A. Leader, of that firm, in the development of the instrument. His unique combination of technical knowledge and clinical sympathies has proved invaluable.
CARCINOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: Mimpriss T. W. , Ferguson A. F. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty‐three cases of carcinoma of the prostate are reviewed with a five‐year follow up of thirty‐six cases and a three‐year follow up of a further forty cases.Methods of diagnosis and treatment are discussed. Evidence is shown that treatment improves the outlook for such cases significantly, but that it never cures the disease.
EOSINOPHDLIC GRANULOMA OF THE PROSTATE
Authors: RichardsM.D. H. G. H. , Rubin J. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAn unusual case of eosinophilic granuloma of the prostate simulating carcinoma is described. It appears to be a purely local lesion, and not part of the generalised fatal allergic state recently described elsewhere. The prognosis so far has proved excellent.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON URINARY COLLOIDS IN RELATION TO RENAL CALCULI
Authors: Maclagan N. F. , Ph.D. A. J. AndersonMSc 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARY1. A method for measuring the protective colloid efficiency (P.C.E.) of the urinary colloids has been applied to fifteen normal subjects and to seventy patients suffering from various diseases. Levels of the various colloid constituents have also been determined. The results indicate that the nature and amount of the urinary colloids are major factors in deciding protection, and that proteinuria, when present, exerts a dominating influence.2. In most diseases investigated the P.C.E. was above normal, including twelve cases of renal calculi with proteinuria. In the absence of proteinuria, however, the urines of thirteen calculous patients had protections significantly lower than those of forty‐nine non‐calculous subjects.3. Some observations on urinary colloids and P.C.E. after aspirin and hyaluronidase therapy are presented.4. The results have been discussed in relation to the pathogenesis and treatment of renal calculi.
TITRATION OF THE CALCIUM‐BINDING CAPACITY OF URINE1
Authors: Ph.D. ReidH. Leonard , Butt ArthurJ. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYAddition of neutral calcium chloride to urine causes a decrease in pH. This decrease can be titrated and calculated as milliequivalents of calcium‐binding capacity.The calcium‐binding capacity possibly is related to the phosphorus content and is of the same order of magnitude as the calcium content. This calcium‐binding capacity may be significant in preventing the formation of calcium‐containing stones and determination of this capacity may be helpful in equating efficacy of certain drugs used to increase calcium solubilisation.
RECURRENT RENAL CALCULI AND HYPERPARATHYROIDISM1
Authors: McIntosh HamishW. , Balfour J. A. , Duffy M. H. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYThe results of screening fifty individuals with recurrent renal calculi are reported. Five instances of primary hyperparathyroidism due to tumours of these glands have been proven by the operative and histological findings. Reliance on the determination of the serum calcium level will lead to failure of diagnosis in some instances. The diagnosis can best be made by relying on a combination of techniques to measure the urinary excretion of calcium while the individual is on a low intake and at the same time estimating the tubular reabsorption of phosphate.
THE INVESTIGATION AND SIGNIFICANCE OF PERSISTENT AND RECURRENT URINARY INFECTION IN CHILDREN
Authors: Forsythe W. I. , Wallace I. R. 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYSeventeen boys and thirty‐four girls were investigated because of persistent or recurrent urinary infection.The investigation of these patients is discussed in detail and the limitations of various radiological techniques are considered.The importance of intravenous pyelography and micturition cystography in the initial investigation is stressed.It was noted that in boys, congenital anomalies causing obstructions or stasis were present in 65 per cent., whereas in girls obstructive anomalies were rare. However, in the latter, abnormal widening of the internal vesical sphincter and vesico‐ureteral reflux were common.
HUNNER'S ULCER
Authors: M.Ch. C. H. Kinder , F.R.C.S.E. R. D. Smith 
Published: November 2008

SUMMARYHunner's ulcer is a rare condition; only twenty‐seven definite cases have been seen at St Peter's and St Paul's hospitals in the last ten years. During this period forty‐two patients were classified as having this condition. The average age was 53, and all but two were women. The symptoms common to the whole group were frequency and pain when the bladder was full. and these were temporarily relieved by hydrostatic dilatation of the bladder. The urine was always sterile. The cystoscopic appearances, although insignificant in comparison with the symptoms, were specific and were found only in the free part of the bladder.Treatment is discussed. Conservative therapy, apart from dilatation, was not effective. Ureterosigmoidostomy was performed ten times with two deaths; the surviving patients obtained complete relief. Ileocystoplasty was carried out three times, but its value is difficult to assess. It appears that either the stoma has to be very wide or extensive partial cystectomy has to be performed for relief of symptoms.The differential diagnosis is from tuberculous and other forms of chronic cystitis. and carcinoma of the bladder. Hunner's ulcer is only one form of chronic interstitial cystitis.The letiology is still unknown and the possible causes are discussed. It is not likely to be infective, but may be due to hormonal influences and may be partly psychosomatic. The pathology is quite non‐specific.