bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and characteristics of community residents who feed them
Authors: Levy Julie K. , Woods James E. , Turick Sherri L. , Etheridge Donna L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To estimate the number of unowned free-roaming cats in a college community in the southern United States and identify the characteristics of community residents who feed these cats.Design—Cross-sectional, random-digit telephone survey.Sample Population—587 households in Alachua County, Florida, surveyed between March 1 and May 10, 1999.Procedure—Telephone surveys were conducted, and respondents were asked questions about feeding of unowned free-roaming cats.Results—70 (12%) households fed free-roaming cats; mean ± SD number of free-roaming cats fed per household was 3.6 ± 1.9. Households that fed free-roaming cats were more likely to own pet cats than were households that did not feed free-roaming cats; however, 30 of 70 (43%) households feeding free-roaming cats did not own cats or dogs. Although the percentage of pet cats that were neutered was high (90%), only 8 (11%) households that fed free-roaming cats attempted to have such cats neutered. The free-roaming cat population was estimated to represent approximately 44% of the population of cats in the county.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that unowned free-roaming cats may represent a substantial portion of the total cat population in a region. Public policies and education programs aimed at reducing cat overpopulation should include provisions for neutering unowned free-roaming cats, and efforts should target the general public, not only pet owners, because not all households that feed unowned free-roaming cats own pets. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:202–205)
Evaluation of bovine viral diarrhea virus in New World camelids
Authors: Wentz Philip A. , Belknap Ellen B. , Brock Kenneth V. , Collins James K. , Pugh David G. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the effect of experimental infection with bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) on llamas and their fetuses, evaluate seroprevalence of BVDV in llamas and alpacas, and genetically characterize BVDV isolates from llamas.Design—Prospective study.Animals—4 pregnant llamas for the experimental infection study and 223 llamas and alpacas for the seroprevalence study.Procedure—Llamas (seronegative to BVDV) were experimentally infected with a llama isolate of BVDV via nasal aerosolization. After inoculation, blood samples were collected every other day for 2 weeks; blood samples were obtained from crias at birth and monthly thereafter. For the seroprevalence study, blood was collected from a convenience sample of 223 camelids. Isolates of BVDV were characterized by reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction assay.Results—Viremia and BVDV-specific antibody response were detected in the experimentally infected llamas, but no signs of disease were observed. No virus was detected in the crias or aborted fetus, although antibodies were evident in crias after colostrum consumption. Seroprevalence to BVDV was 0.9% in llamas and alpacas. Sequences of the llama BVDV isolates were comparable to known bovine isolates.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest that llamas may be infected with BVDV but have few or no clinical signs. Inoculation of llamas during gestation did not result in fetal infection or persistent BVDV infection of crias. Seroprevalence to BVDV in llamas and alpacas is apparently low. The most likely source for BVDV infection in camelids may be cattle. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;223:223–228)
Recurrence of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk extrusion in chondrodystrophic dogs after surgical decompression with or without prophylactic fenestration: 265 cases (1995–1999)
Authors: Brisson Brigitte A. , Moffatt Shannon L. , Swayne Seanna L. , Parent Joane M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjectives—To evaluate a population of chondrodystrophic dogs treated for Hansen type I intervertebral disk (IVD) disease by surgical decompression with or without prophylactic fenestration and determine the rate and location of surgically confirmed recurrence of intervertebral disk extrusion.Animals—265 dogs.Study Design—Retrospective study.Procedures—Medical records of dogs that underwent spinal decompression between 1995 and 1999 were reviewed.Results—13 (4.9%) dogs were euthanatized or died prior to discharge. Fenestration was performed in 252 dogs, including 37 (14.7%) at the site of decompression only, 48 (19%) at 3 to 4 disk spaces, and 167 (66%) at 5 to 7 disk spaces. There were 12 instances of recurrent disk extrusion confirmed by removal of disk at a second surgery 3.5 to 33 months after the first surgery. Recurrence was always at a new disk space, and rates did not significantly differ between dogs that underwent single or multiple fenestrations. Two recurrences were at a previously fenestrated disk space. Seven recurrences were at a site immediately adjacent to a fenestrated disk space, and 5 recurrences were at L4-5.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prophylactic fenestration is generally successful in preventing future disk extrusions at fenestrated disk spaces. Prospective evaluation is still required to determine whether fenestration decreases the overall rate of recurrence. Prophylactic fenestration could promote disk extrusion at adjacent, nonfenestrated disk spaces. This could have a substantial clinical impact if recurrence develops at L4-5. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1808–1814)
Arthroscopic findings in horses with subtle radiographic evidence of osteochondral lesions of the medial femoral condyle: 15 cases (1995–2002)
Authors: Scott Grant S. P. , Crawford William H. , Colahan Patrick T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine arthroscopic findings in lame horses with subtle radiographic lesions of the medial femoral condyle.Design—Retrospective study.Animals—15 horses examined because of lameness that had subtle radiographic evidence of osteochondral lesions involving the medial femoral condyle in at least 1 joint.Procedure—Medical records were reviewed, and results of physical examination, radiography, and arthroscopy were recorded. Follow-up information was obtained through reexamination of the horses or telephone conversations with the referring veterinarians, owners, or trainers.Results—Lameness severity ranged from grade 1 to 3 on a scale from 0 to 5. Radiography and arthroscopy were performed on 28 stifle joints. The 4 unaffected joints in 4 horses with unilateral hind limb lameness that underwent bilateral arthroscopy had no radiographic lesions, but 2 of the 4 had arthroscopic lesions. Of the remaining 24 joints, 20 had radiographic evidence of flattening of the apex of the medial femoral condyle and 4 had minimal subchondral lucency. Lesions were identified arthroscopically in 18 of the 20 joints with flattening of the condyle and in all 4 joints with subchondral lucency. Treatment consisted of abrasion arthroplasty or microfracture. Seven of the 9 horses with focal cartilage lesions and 2 of the 6 horses with generalized cartilage lesions were reportedly sound without any evidence of joint effusion at the time of final follow-up.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that horses with hind limb lameness and subtle radiographic lesions of the medial femoral condyle are likely to have arthroscopically apparent cartilage lesions and subchondral bone defects. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;224:1821–1826)
Use of matrix population models to estimate the efficacy of euthanasia versus trap-neuter-return for management of free-roaming cats
Authors: Andersen Mark C. , Martin Brent J. , Roemer Gary W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the efficacy of trap-neuterreturn and trap-euthanatize management strategies for controlling urban free-roaming cat populations by use of matrix population models.Design—Prospective study.Sample Population—Estimates of free-roaming cat populations in urban environments.Procedure—Data from the literature describing the biology of free-roaming cat populations in urban environments were gathered. A matrix population model was developed with a range of high and low survival and fecundity values and all combinations of those values. The response of population growth rate to a range of management actions was assessed with an elasticity analysis.Results—All possible combinations of survival and fecundity values of free-roaming cats led to predictions of rapid, exponential population growth. The model predicted effective cat population control by use of annual euthanasia of ≥ 50% of the population or by annual neutering of > 75% of the fertile population. Elasticity analyses revealed that the modeled population was most susceptible to control through euthanasia.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Free-roaming cat populations have a high intrinsic growth rate, and euthanasia is estimated to be more effective at reducing cat populations than trap-neuter-return programs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1871–1876)
Assessment of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the podotrochlear apparatus in clinically normal horses and horses with navicular syndrome
Authors: Grewal Jeevrah S. , McClure Scott R. , Booth Larry C. , Evans Richard B. , Caston Stephanie S. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To characterize the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the podotrochlear apparatus in horses by use of standardized measurements and identify soft tissue changes associated with navicular syndrome.Design—Prospective study.Animals—7 clinically normal horses and 28 horses with navicular syndrome.Procedure—The feasibility of identifying and measuring the soft tissue structures of the podotrochlear apparatus ultrasonographically via the transcuneal approach was assessed in 2 additional horses without navicular syndrome; both horses were euthanatized, and the structures identified ultrasonographically were confirmed at necropsy. Ultrasonographs were obtained in the study horses. Objective and subjective data were obtained to characterize ultrasonographic changes associated with navicular syndrome.Results—Abnormalities of the flexor surface of the distal sesamoid (navicular) bone, the impar ligament, the distal digital annular ligament, deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT), and the podotrochlear (navicular) bursa were assessed via the transcuneal ultrasonographic approach. No significant differences were found between the measurements of the podotrochlear apparatus in normal horses and those with navicular syndrome; however, important subjective differences were detected ultrasonographically in horses with navicular syndrome. In horses with navicular syndrome, ultrasonographic findings were indicative of navicular bursitis, dystrophic mineralization of the DDFT and impar ligament, tendonitis and insertional tenopathy of the DDFT, desmitis of the impar ligament, and cortical changes in the flexor surface of the navicular bone.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings of ultrasonographic evaluation of the hoof appear to be useful in determining the cause of caudal heel pain and characterizing the components of navicular syndrome in horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1881–1888)
Evaluation of administration of West Nile virus vaccine to pregnant broodmares
Authors: Vest Dickie J. , Cohen Noah D. , Berezowski Christopher J. , Morehead James P. , Blodgett Glenn P. , Blanchard Terry L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine whether administration of
killed West Nile virus vaccine was associated with
pregnancy loss among broodmares.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—595 mares.

Procedure—Records of pregnant mares with known
vaccination history from 4 farms were reviewed.
Information obtained from 595 mares included mare's
identification; farm; age; breed; reproductive status;
last breeding date; date last known pregnant; vaccination
date; age of conceptus at vaccination; vaccination
during the early embryonic, early fetal, and late fetal
periods; and whether an early embryonic death (EED),
early fetal loss (EFL), or late fetal loss (LFL) occurred.
The relationships between the dichotomous outcomes
of loss (eg, EED, EFL, LFL) and independent categoric
variables (eg, vaccination during the early embryonic,
early fetal, or late fetal periods) were examined.

Results—Vaccination of pregnant mares during any
period of gestation was not associated with increased
incidence of pregnancy loss.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Many mares
are already pregnant at the onset of mosquito season,
when mares are more likely to be vaccinated than at
other times. Our findings provide evidence that vaccine
administration will not compromise pregnancy in
horses. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2004;225:1894–1897)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against Lawsonia intracellularis among growing pigs raised in indoor versus outdoor units
Authors: Class Mike , Bilkei Gabor 
Published: July 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine change over time in seroprevalence of antibodies againstLawsonia intracellularisamong growing-finishing pigs housed in indoor versus outdoor facilities.Design—Serologic survey.Animals—93 pigs born to seropositive gilts and raised in indoor (n = 49) or outdoor (44) growing-finishing facilities.Procedure—Blood samples were collected from the pigs 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22, and 26 weeks after birth and tested for antibodies againstL intracellulariswith an indirect immunofluorescence assay.Results—None of the pigs were seropositive 2 or 6 weeks after birth. Ten weeks after birth, 74% and 76% of pigs in indoor and outdoor growing-finishing facilities were seropositive, respectively, whereas 14 weeks after birth, the percentage of pigs in indoor growing-finishing facilities that were seropositive was substantially higher than the percentage of pigs in outdoor facilities that were. From 18 weeks after birth to the end of the study, none of the pigs in outdoor growing-finishing facilities were seropositive, whereas low percentages of pigs in indoor facilities were seropositive 18, 22, and 26 weeks after birth.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that seroprevalence of antibodies againstL intracellularisdecreases faster among growing-finishing pigs housed in outdoor facilities than among growingfinishing pigs housed in indoor facilities. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2004;225:1905–1907)
Humoral response to West Nile virus vaccination in alpacas and llamas
Authors: Kutzler Michelle A. , Baker Rocky J. , Mattson Donald E. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine humoral responses to an
equine West Nile virus (WNV) vaccine in healthy
alpacas and llamas and compare responses in alpacas
and llamas with responses in horses.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—28 alpacas, 56 llamas, and 16 horses.

Procedure—Horses received 2 vaccinations at 4-
week intervals, and alpacas and llamas received 3
vaccinations at 3-week intervals. Fifty-five llamas
received a fourth vaccination 3 weeks after the third.
Blood samples were collected immediately prior to
each vaccination, 3 weeks after the last vaccination
for alpacas and llamas, and 4 weeks after the last vaccination
for horses and tested for virus-neutralizing
antibodies. Samples from 29 randomly selected vaccinated
llamas were used.

Results—None of the animals developed any local or
systemic adverse reactions. Four of 28 (14%) alpacas,
4 of 29 (14%) llamas, and 7 of 16 (44%) horses were
seropositive 3 (llamas and alpacas) or 4 (horses)
weeks after administration of the first vaccination; 27
of 28 (96%) alpacas, 26 of 29 (90%) llamas, and 15 of
16 (94%) horses were seropositive after administration
of the second vaccination; and all 28 alpacas and
28 of 29 (97%) llamas were seropositive 3 weeks
after administration of the third vaccination.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that vaccination with the equine WNV vaccine is
safe in alpacas and llamas. Administration of 3 vaccinations
generally resulted in virus-neutralizing antibody
titers similar to those observed following 2 vaccinations
in horses; however, because it is not known
what antibody titer would be protective against clinical
WNV disease in alpacas or llamas, we cannot conclude
that the vaccine was efficacious. ( J Am Vet Med
Assoc 2004;225:414–416)
SEM studies on the copulatory apparatus of male Oesophagostomum columbianum
Authors: Duggal C. , Kaur H. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
SEM studies on the cloacal opening of Oesophagostomum columbianum indicate that it is located on a raised conical structure called the “genital cone”. The genital cone is provided with a ventral lip and a pair of subdorsal gential appendages. The vental lip is a triangular structure having a single papilla on it and the genital appendages are covered with wrinkled cuticle with a nerve process projecting to the exterior in center. The bursa is supported by muscular rays which end up as knob-like sessile genital papillae. The inner surface of the bursa is porous. Spicules are two, equal, each provided with an ala which decreases in height distally and end up much prior to the spicular tip.
Evaluation of a coproantigen enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the diagnosis of canine echinococcosis in Iran
Authors: Siavashi M. , Motamedi Gh 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Echinococcosis is one of the most important zoonosis in Iran. Due to this fact that providing a reliable diagnostic method for detection of this infection in definitive host is a critical prerequirement for the establishment of appropriate control programs in our country, one hundred and sixteen carnivores including 80 dogs, 27 jackals, 8 foxes and one wolf were collected from rural areas of Hamadan, Azarbaijan and Tehran provinces and examined for Echinococcus granulosus infection. Canine echinococcosis was diagnosed upon direct microscopic examination of intestinal contents and mucosal scraping for adult tapeworms, and a coproantigen detection enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (CA-ELISA) for Echinococcus granulosus. The overall prevalence of canine echinococcosis using the ELISA test was 43.1 % (50/116). The relative frequency of canine echinococcosis was 37 % (43/116) by microscopic examination.
The sensitivity and specificity of the CA-ELISA test as referenced by necropsy findings was 72.1 % and 74 % respectively. We found this assay to be a very suitable and advantageous method for the surveillance of canine population especially in regions with endemic echinococcosis.
The epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in China during 1999–2004
Authors: Cui J. , Wang Z. , Hu D. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The epidemiology of swine trichinellosis in China during 1999–2004 was reported in this paper. The seroepidemiological survey of swine trichinellosis was carried out by ELISA in 4 Provinces or Autonomous Regions (P/A), the seroprevalence was from 1.63 % to 15.21 %. The prevalence of Trichinella infection in swine slaughtered at abattoirs varied from 0.0001 % to 23 % in 7 P/A. Both of the seroprevalence and prevalence of swine trichinellosis in China has obviously decreased compared with that in 1990’s. The decrease was probably due to a combination of factors, including development of industrialized pig farms, application of commercial grain forages, the improvement of pig production practices and the shortening of swine feeding time. At present, swine trichinellosis in China still is mainly transmitted by garbage (ie. feeding pigs with raw swill). Trichinella infected pigs are predominately from the small farms of suburbs where pigs are fed on swill from the restaurants and from some mountainous areas where pigs are raised outdoors. Pigs were sometimes slaughtered clandestinely at home in rural and mountainous areas without veterinary inspection. The prevalence of Trichinella infection in pork sold at the market was from 0.52 % to 3.66 % in 3 P/A. 17 outbreaks of human trichinellosis, with 828 cases and 11 deaths, were recorded in 8 P/M of China during 2000–2004. Out of 17 outbreaks, 13 (76.47 %) outbreaks were caused by eating raw or poorly cooked pork. Hence, the pig-rearing mode should be changed and all pigs should be raised in piggery, and the mandatory inspection of meat be further strengthen for the control of trichinellosis.
Intestinal helminth communities of Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli (Sauria: Lacertidae) in NW Portugal
Authors: Galdón M. , Roca V. , Barbosa D. , Carretero M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
A survey of gastrointestinal helminth communities of Podarcis bocagei and Podarcis carbonelli (Sauria: Lacertidae) from NW Portugal was conducted to determine the prevalence, intensity and diversity of intestinal parasites in these lizards. A few parasite species were found in both hosts, their prevalences, mean intensities and abundances of infection being low or very low. Low values of richness and abundance of parasite species were also found in the helminth infracommunities of individuals of both host species. These low values of parameters of infection and diversity are discussed and compared between both host species and among other Iberian lacertid lizards.
Enzymatic and protein differences between infective larvae of Trichostrongylus colubriformis conditioned or not conditioned to hypobiosis
Authors: Vadlejch J. , Langrová I. , Borovský M. , Sedmíková M. , Jankovská I. , Fechtner J. , Lytvynets A. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The differences in protein and enzymatic profiles of infective larvae (L3) of Trichostrongylus colubriformis, both induced and non-induced to hypobiosis, have been evaluated by means of SDS-PAGE and densitometric analysis as well as by semiquantitative micromethod API-ZYM (Bio-Mérieux, France). Quantitative differences were identified in protein levels between the induced and non-induced larvae, where the amount of two polypeptides (200–220 kDa) decreased in range 32.3–35.4 % and the amount of six polypeptides (20–28 kDa) increased in range 20.0–27.0 % in the samples of induced larvae. In contrast to non-induced larvae, on gelatin-substrate gel in L3
in vitro released (IVR) proteases from larvae conditioned to hypobiosis, zones of proteolysis were observed between 21 and 34 kDa.
Immunological changes after multiple Toxocara canis infection of lambs
Authors: Revajová V. , Levkut M. , Aldawek A. , Herich R. , Dvorožňáková E. , Krupicer I. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
To estimate the effect of lambs’ immunoreactivity to multiple Toxocara infection, subpopulations of lymphocytes, determination of specific IgG levels, proliferation activity of splenic lymphocytes, and metabolic activity of granulocytes were performed. Five-month-old Valaška lambs were daily infected with 1000 embryonated Toxocara canis eggs for 23 days and immune responses were studied up to 49 days post infection (dpi). The number of leukocytes and neutrophiles was no significantly higher on 12 hrs pi in infected group. Absolute counts of eosinophiles were increased on 14 dpi and significantly increased on 21 d in infected animals. Greater numbers of CD2+ T lymphocytes were observed during the course of the experiment in the peripheral blood of infected animals. The level of CD4+ cells was lower 42 dpi, but the number of CD8+ cells was higher in the experimental animals. IgM positive B cells were significantly increased on 28 dpi, and monocytes on 12 hours, 14 and 35 dpi in infected animals. Production of anti-T. canis IgG was significantly enhanced on 28 dpi in infected lambs. Significant increased proliferative response of splenic T and B lymphocytes was found on 14 and 21 dpi. Metabolic burst of granulocytes demonstrated the decrease of percentage values from 3 dpi. Larvae of T. canis were microscopically observed in the peripheral blood from 14 to 35 dpi. The multiple reinfection of sheep with 1000 T. canis eggs caused eosinophilia, increased the proliferation activity of B-and T-cells and increased the production of T. canis specific antibodies. The cooperation of immune cells has directed to kill the larvae in the peripheral blood and trapping them in granulomas.