bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A novel phylogeny for the genus Echinococcus, based on nuclear data, challenges relationships based on mitochondrial evidence
Authors: SAARMA U. , JÕGISALU I. , MOKS E. , VARCASIA A. , LAVIKAINEN A. , OKSANEN A. , SIMSEK S. , ANDRESIUK V. , DENEGRI G. , GONZÁLEZ L. M. , FERRER E. , GÁRATE T. , RINALDI L. , MARAVILLA P. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYThe taxonomic status of Echinococcus, an important zoonotic cestode genus, has remained controversial, despite numerous attempts to revise it. Although mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) has been the source of markers of choice for reconstructing the phylogeny of the genus, results derived from mtDNA have led to significant inconsistencies with earlier species classifications based on phenotypic analysis. Here, we used nuclear DNA markers to test the phylogenic relationships of members of the genus Echinococcus. The analysis of sequence data for 5 nuclear genes revealed a significantly different phylogeny for Echinococcus from that proposed on the basis of mitochondrial DNA sequence data, but was in agreement with earlier species classifications. The most notable results from the nuclear phylogeny were (1) E. multilocularis was placed as basal taxon, (2) all genotypes of Echinococcus granulosus grouped as a monophyletic entity, and (3) genotypes G8 and G10 clustered together. We conclude that the analysis of nuclear DNA data provides a more reliable means of inferring phylogenetic relationships within Echinococcus than mtDNA and suggest that mtDNA should not be used as the sole source of markers in future studies where the goal is to reconstruct a phylogeny that does not only reflect a maternal lineage, but aims to describe the evolutionary history at species level or higher.
Elevated levels of urinary hydrogen peroxide, advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP) and malondialdehyde in humans infected with intestinal parasites
Authors: CHANDRAMATHI S. , SURESH K. , ANITA Z. B. , KUPPUSAMY U. R. 
Published: January 2009

SUMMARYOxidative stress has been implicated as an important pathogenic factor in the pathophysiology of various life-threatening diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular diseases and diabetes. It occurs when the production of free radicals (generated during aerobic metabolism, inflammation, and infections) overcome the antioxidant defences in the body. Although previous studies have implied that oxidative stress is present in serum of patients with parasitic infection there have been no studies confirming oxidative stress levels in the Malaysian population infected with intestinal parasites. Three biochemical assays namely hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), lipid peroxidation (LP) and advanced oxidative protein product (AOPP) assays were carried out to measure oxidative stress levels in the urine of human subjects whose stools were infected with parasites such asBlastocystis hominis,Ascaris,Trichuris, hookworm and microsporidia. The levels of H2O2, AOPP and LP were significantly higher (P<0·001,P<0·05 andP<0·05 respectively) in the parasite-infected subjects (n=75) compared to the controls (n=95). In conclusion, the study provides evidence that oxidative stress is elevated in humans infected by intestinal parasites. This study may influence future researchers to consider free radical-related pathways to be a target in the interventions of new drugs against parasitic infection and related diseases.
A Number Problem
Authors: Wilson N. Y. 
Published: January 2009

A and B study an array of counters, placed in straight lines on a table, in separated groups (e.g. 28, 53, 1, 16). The counters are to be removed under the following conditions :–Each “player” may take away(1) one counter from anywhere (e.g. 27, 53, 1, 16) or (28, 20, 32, 1, 16) etc.or (2) three counters from anywhere (e.g. 28, 53, 14) or (27, 52, 1, 15) or (28, 25, 17, 6, 2, 1, 16) etc.or (3) two adjacent counters from one group (e.g. 28, 51, 1, 16) or (28, 53, 1, 8, 6) etc.
Linear Ordinary Differential Equations with Constant Coefficients: Identification of Boole's Integral with that of Cauchy
Authors: Parsons D. H. 
Published: January 2009

We consider an equation with constant coefficientswhere a≠0 and f(x) is continuous in a suitable interval. Suppose that the symbolic polynomial P(D) has been fully decomposed into its (real or complex) linear factors, so that the equation may be writtenwhere b1, …, bq are distinct, and m1+…+mq = n. The Complementary Function being now known, we may write down a particular integral of (1) by Cauchy's method.
Record 2007 Greenland Ice Sheet Surface Melt Extent and Runoff
Authors: Mernild Sebastian H. , Liston Glen E. , Hiemstra Christopher A. , Steffen Konrad 
Published: January 2009

Record surface melting from the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) occurred in 2007, according to observations [Mote, 2007; Tedesco, 2007]. The surface melting and freshwater runoff contribution are of considerable importance to, for example, the global eustatic sea level rise and the ocean salinity.Remote locations and harsh climatic conditions are commonly cited as reasons for the lack of knowledge about the snow and ice contained within Greenland. Modeling studies incorporating available data sets are valuable resources in illuminating GrIS melting and runoff changes. Snow‐Model [Liston and Elder, 2006a, 2006b], a snow evolution modeling system simulating snow‐related physical processes, was used to model the GrIS surface water balance, including spatial variations in snow accumulation and redistribution, snowmelt and ice melt, and water balance components such as runoff (see equation below for further information), on the GrIS for 1995–2007. If snow temperature is below freezing, any percolating or liquid water refreezes and is stored in the snow (in the “pores”) as internal accumulation. This provides a method to account for heat and mass transfer processes, such as snowpack ripening, during spring melt.
Transcatheter coil embolization for steal syndrome in patients with hemodialysis access
Authors: Kariya S. , Tanigawa N. , Kojima H. , Komemushi A. , Shomura Y. , Shiraishi T. , Kawanaka T. , Sawada S. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Drainage of large amounts of shunt blood into deep veins via collaterals reduces resistance to venous outflow and decreases blood flow to the artery distal to the arterial anastomotic site, potentially resulting in steal syndrome. Purpose: To evaluate the effectiveness of transcatheter coil embolization for collateral veins of hemodialysis access in the treatment of steal syndrome. Materials and Methods: Five hemodialysis patients (four male, one female; mean age 58.8 years, range 40–71 years) with symptomatic steal syndrome were treated. Steal syndrome was diagnosed based on decreased or absent distal pulse, coolness, pain, abnormal skin color, ischemic ulceration of digits, numbness, sensory impairment, or motor impairment. Coil embolization was performed to block collaterals communicating with deep veins, with conscious sedation and local anesthesia. Fistulography was performed before, immediately after, and 1 month after embolization. Ultrasonography was performed 2 days after embolization. Symptoms and signs were assessed 2 days after embolization. Clinical findings related to steal syndrome and access failure were observed at each hemodialysis. Results: Blood flow in the collaterals was successfully blocked by coil embolization in all patients. Distal pulse, coolness, pain, and skin color improved in all patients. Numbness, sensory impairment, and motor impairment were unimproved in two patients. In all patients, hemodialysis following embolization was performed normally. The mean observation period after embolization was 33 months (range 9–75 months). Conclusion: Coil embolization of collaterals that drain shunt blood into deep veins is effective for steal syndrome for hemodialysis access originating in the brachial artery.
Rat model of reperfused partial liver infarction: Characterization with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging, microangiography, and histomorphology
Authors: Wu X. , Wang H. , Chen F. , Jin L. , Li J. , Feng Y. , DeKeyzer F. , Yu J. , Marchal G. , Ni Y. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Rat model of reperfused partial liver infarction (RPLI) has been increasingly used in studying new diagnostics and therapeutics. Purpose: To characterize the RPLI model using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), microangiography, and histopathology. Material and Methods: RPLI was induced in eight rats by occluding hepatic inflow to the right liver lobe for 3 hours. MRI was performed at a 1.5T clinical scanner 6 hours after reperfusion to obtain T2-weighted (T2WI), T1-weighted (T1WI), contrast-enhanced (CE) T1WI, diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) with apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps, T1-weighted dynamic contrast-enhanced (T1-DC) perfusion-weighted imaging (PWI), and T2*-weighted dynamic susceptibility contrast-enhanced (T2*-DSC) PWI images. Rats were sacrificed for microangiography and histomorphology. In vivo morphological and functional MRI parameters, including maximum initial slope (MIS), K value, relative blood flow (rBF), relative blood volume (rBV), time to peak (TTP), and mean transit time (MTT), were matched with postmortem findings. Results: The infarcted lobe was conspicuous from normal liver with lower and higher signal intensity on T1WI ( P=0.018) and T2WI ( P=0.001), respectively. Contrast between infarcted and normal liver reversed on CE-T1WI after gadolinium injection. The infarction averaged 37.5% of total liver volume. DWI and ADC maps were able to detect subtle perfusion-related differences ( P<0.05). With T1-DC-PWI, increased extravasation and vascular permeability were reflected by significantly greater MIS ( P=0.034) and K value ( P=0.014) in infarction. T2*-DSC-PWI showed lower rBF and rBV with shorter TTP and MTT in infarcted liver ( P<0.05). In vivo MRI findings corresponded well with postmortem outcomes. Conclusion: RPLI in rats could be characterized by multiparametric MRI and postmortem assessments, with insight into the no-reflow phenomenon, which implies its further application for preclinical assessments of new pharmaceutics.
ANALYZING INTER-ORGANIZATIONAL RELATIONSHIPS IN THE CONTEXT OF THEIR NATIONAL BUSINESS SYSTEMS
Authors: Bachmann Reinhard , van Witteloostuijn Arjen 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
This paper suggests a cross-country comparative framework for the study of inter-organizational relationships. It provides a perspective that links the micro-, meso- and macro-levels of analysis, dealing with the following issues: (a) the role of socio-organizational factors in relationships across organizational boundaries; (b) legal contractual arrangements, human capital features, and the practices of using information and communication technologies as key factors in the environment in which inter-organizational relationships are embedded; and (c) convergence versus divergence of cultural and institutional patterns of national business systems. Also, the effects of governance regime (Anglo-Saxon vis-à-vis Continental-European) and population size (large vis-à-vis small) are argued to play an important role in determining the quality of inter-organizational relationships across Western European national business systems. The conceptual argument presented in this article is illustrated by reference to Germany, the UK, The Netherlands and Ireland.
LIFE STAGES AND TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE LABOR MARKET
Authors: Plessz Marie 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Various mechanisms, including lower productivity, discrimination and composition effects, have been cited to explain the disadvantaged position on the labor market of young people, women, and persons nearing the end of their working life. This article relies on two hypotheses. First we adopt the perspective of life cycle theory, therefore this phenomenon is also understood as a consequence of giving priority on the job market to fathers between 35 and 40 years old. Second we consider that having a job and the level of earnings are two different dimensions of the labor market and of the way people can be advantaged or disadvantaged. In the case of the Czech Republic, Poland and Hungary in the period running from the 1980s to the early 2000s, the arrangements made vary in time and by country, as is shown by employment chances and earnings for a variety of groups, corresponding here to the life stages of youth, motherhood or fatherhood, and old age. This information brings to light which groups are disadvantaged and in what way. The configurations observed change with the countries’ economic and socio-political transformations, becoming more diverse by country at the end of the period. Older workers appear excluded from the labor market in Hungary; young people in Poland are integrated but paid relatively low wages; in the Czech Republic, where employment rates are relatively high, mothers are less likely to work.
MORE COSMOPOLITAN, NO LESS LOCAL
Authors: Gustafson Per 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
International business travellers are sometimes described as a cosmopolitan elite, with a strong international orientation but a low preference for local involvement and local obligations. This article uses Swedish survey data to investigate these claims, by comparing the orientations of persons who frequently travel abroad at work with the orientations of other workers. Frequent international travellers generally have more cosmopolitan orientations than others, but the local ties are not significantly weaker among frequent travellers than among occasional travellers or non-travellers. In some respects, notably social networks and associational activities, international travellers tend in fact to be more involved than non-travellers in all the four examined spheres – locally, regionally, nationally and internationally. Concerns among social theorists that highly mobile, locally disconnected elites are undermining social cohesion may therefore be exaggerated. Theoretically, the study suggests that localism and cosmopolitanism should not be treated as necessarily opposite and mutually exclusive phenomena, but that mobility in various forms may be used to combine local and cosmopolitan resources.
COSMOPOLITAN EUROPE
Authors: Pichler Florian 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Cosmopolitanism represents a way of dealing with difference and similarity within changing societies in a globalized world. Amongst other things, cosmopolitan theory claims that the cosmopolitan feels part of a community transcending the borders of national societies and actively embraces diversity among people. Yet, we know little about what cosmopolitans are like and what distinguishes them from non-cosmopolitans on empirical grounds. Using data from the Eurobarometer 57.2 (European Commission 2002), I explore the link between cosmopolitanism and a subjective meaning of ‘being European’, i.e., whether cosmopolitans express different European identities compared to non-cosmopolitans. Results of statistical analysis show that many people feel close to fellow Europeans and thereby express one kind of cosmopolitanism; however, it remains difficult to say who these people are as socio-demographic variables play a negligible role. With respect to the meaning of ‘being European’ it is striking that cosmopolitans have not only developed a stronger but also a more open European identity. This confirms central normative claims of cosmopolitan theory and demonstrates further possibilities to strengthen cosmopolitanization across Europe.
EFFECTS OF DIVORCE ON CHILDREN'S EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT IN A MEDITERRANEAN AND CATHOLIC SOCIETY
Authors: Albertini Marco , Dronkers Jaap 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Previous research has found parental divorce to have negative effects on children's educational attainment; in addition, it has been noted that the effects of divorce are not the same in all western societies. However, research on Catholic and southern European countries is missing. The aim of this paper is to add to the research on the relation between parental divorce and the educational attainment of children in catholic and southern European societies. Italian society differs from other western societies with respect to many characteristics of its family structure, its cultural and religious systems, its social welfare system, and also with respect to the legislation, frequency and characteristics of divorce. Based on data of the Bank of Italy Survey of Households’ Income and Wealth, we find that the educational level of the children with divorced parents is lower than the educational level of children with married parents. The analysis indicates that the education of children born to the least educated divorced mothers lags significantly behind children of the least educated married mothers, while the educational level of children of highly educated mothers does not deviate from that of children of highly educated mothers who remain married. Next, contrary to what has been found in other European societies, this research shows that widowhood has a significant negative effect on children's educational attainment as well. Finally, the study also demonstrates that the negative effect of divorce cannot be explained by the negative impact of the religious climate of the region of residence.
The Gauss-Bonnet formula of polytopal manifolds and the characterization of embedded graphs with nonnegative curvature
Authors: Chen Beifang 
Published: January 2009

Let

M
M

be a connected

d
d

-manifold without boundary obtained from a (possibly infinite) collection

P

\mathcal P

of polytopes of

R

d

{\mathbb R}^d

by identifying them along isometric facets. Let

V
(
M
)

V(M)

be the set of vertices of

M
M

. For each

v
∈
V
(
M
)

v\in V(M)

, define the discrete Gaussian curvature

κ
M

(
v
)

\kappa _M(v)

as the normal angle-sum with sign, extended over all polytopes having

v
v

as a vertex. Our main result is as follows: If the absolute total curvature

∑

v
∈
V
(
M
)

|

κ
M

(
v
)

|

\sum _{v\in V(M)}|\kappa _M(v)|

is finite, then the limiting curvature

κ
M

(
p
)

\kappa _M(p)

for every end

p
∈
End
⁡
M

p\in \operatorname {End} M

can be well-defined and the Gauss-Bonnet formula holds:
\[

∑

v
∈
V
(
M
)
∪
End
⁡
M

κ
M

(
v
)
=
χ
(
M
)
.

\sum _{v\in V(M)\cup \operatorname {End} M}\kappa _M(v)=\chi (M).

\]
In particular, if

G
G

is a (possibly infinite) graph embedded in a

2
2

-manifold

M
M

without boundary such that every face has at least

3
3

sides, and if the combinatorial curvature

Φ
G

(
v
)
≥
0

\Phi _G(v)\geq 0

for all

v
∈
V
(
G
)

v\in V(G)

, then the number of vertices with nonvanishing curvature is finite. Furthermore, if

G
G

is finite, then

M
M

has four choices: sphere, torus, projective plane, and Klein bottle. If

G
G

is infinite, then

M
M

has three choices: cylinder without boundary, plane, and projective plane minus one point.
Threefolds containing Bordiga surfaces as ample divisors
Authors: Maeda Hidetoshi 
Published: January 2009

Let

L
L

be an ample line bundle on a smooth complex projective variety

X
X

of dimension three such that there exists a smooth member

Z
Z

of

|
L
|

\vert L\vert

. When the restriction

L

Z

L_{Z}

of

L
L

to

Z
Z

is very ample and

(
Z
,

L

Z

)

(Z,L_{Z})

is a Bordiga surface, it is proved that there exists an ample vector bundle

E

\mathcal {E}

of rank two on

P

2

\mathbb {P}^{2}

with

c

1

(

E

)
=
4

c_{1}(\mathcal {E}) = 4

and

3
≤

c

2

(

E

)
≤
10

3 \leq c_{2}(\mathcal {E}) \leq 10

such that

(
X
,
L
)
=
(

P

P

2

(

E

)
,
H
(

E

)
)

(X,L) = (\mathbb {P}_{\mathbb {P}^{2}}(\mathcal {E}),H(\mathcal {E}))

, where

H
(

E

)

H(\mathcal {E})

is the tautological line bundle on the projective space bundle

P

P

2

(

E

)

\mathbb {P}_{\mathbb {P}^{2}}(\mathcal {E})

associated to

E

\mathcal {E}

.
Restriction and extension of Fourier multipliers between weighted 𝐿^{𝑝} spaces on ℝⁿ and 𝕋ⁿ
Authors: Andersen Kenneth , Mohanty Parasar 
Published: January 2009

Weighted analogues of de Leeuw’s restriction theorem for Fourier multipliers on

L
p

(

R

n

)

L^p(\mathbb {R}^n)

are obtained. Weighted analogues of related extension theorems for multipliers on

L
p

(

T

)

L^p(\mathbb {T})

are also considered.
A Novel Pathway for Sesquiterpene Biosynthesis fromZ,Z-Farnesyl Pyrophosphate in the Wild TomatoSolanum habrochaites
Authors: Sallaud Christophe , Rontein Denis , Onillon Sandrine , Jabès Françoise , Duffé Philippe , Giacalone Cécile , Thoraval Samuel , Escoffier Camille , Herbette Gaëtan , Leonhardt Nathalie , Causse Mathilde , Tissier Alain 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn the wild tomato Solanum habrochaites, the Sst2 locus on chromosome 8 is responsible for the biosynthesis of several class II sesquiterpene olefins by glandular trichomes. Analysis of a trichome-specific EST collection from S. habrochaites revealed two candidate genes for the synthesis of Sst2-associated sesquiterpenes. zFPS encodes a protein with homology to Z-isoprenyl pyrophosphate synthases and SBS (for Santalene and Bergamotene Synthase) encodes a terpene synthase with homology to kaurene synthases. Both genes were found to cosegregate with the Sst2 locus. Recombinant zFPS protein catalyzed the synthesis of Z,Z-FPP from isopentenylpyrophosphate (IPP) and dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP), while coincubation of zFPS and SBS with the same substrates yielded a mixture of olefins identical to the Sst2-associated sesquiterpenes, including (+)-α-santalene, (+)-endo-β-bergamotene, and (−)-endo-α-bergamotene. In addition, headspace analysis of tobacco (Nicotiana sylvestris) plants expressing zFPS and SBS in glandular trichomes afforded the same mix of sesquiterpenes. Each of these proteins contains a putative plastid targeting sequence that mediates transport of a fused green fluorescent protein to the chloroplasts, suggesting that the biosynthesis of these sesquiterpenes uses IPP and DMAPP from the plastidic DXP pathway. These results provide novel insights into sesquiterpene biosynthesis and have general implications concerning sesquiterpene engineering in plants.
Characterization of vaginal lactobacilli coaggregation ability with Escherichia coli
Authors: Ekmekci Havva , Aslim Belma , Ozturk Sahlan 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTThe coaggregation abilities of probiotic strains might enable it to form a barrier that prevents colonization by pathogenic bacteria. In the present study, the characterization of the coaggregation ability of 19 vaginal lactobacilli was studied. Coaggregation ability of all lactobacilli with Escherichia coli ATCC 11229 was positive. Only the highest coaggregation percentage of Lactobacillus acidophilus S1 was obtained with E. coli ATCC 11229 under both aerobic (71%) and anaerobic conditions (62%). The coaggregation abilities of strains occurred higher at acidic pH than at basic pH values. Moreover, the coaggregation abilities of tested strains against E. coli decreased after heat treatment (70 or 85 °C). Also, the relationship between hydrophobicity and coaggregation of strains was found to be significant. The effect of sonication, some enzymes (lipase and pepsin) and sodium periodate on coaggregation ability of L. acidophilus S1, which is one of the highest potentials on coaggregation ability, was investigated. Sodium periodate did not have a significant effect on coaggregation ability of L. acidophilus S1. The sonicated cell showed lower coaggregation than the control, the supernatant fluid of this sonicated cells showed similar coaggregation ability to the control. Coaggregation abilities of bacteriotherapeutic lactobacilli with pathogenic bacteria can be used for preliminary screening in order to identify potentially probiotic bacteria suitable for human use against urogenital tract infections.