bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inflammatory markers in diabetic macular
Authors: EDELMAN JL , NEHME A , KIRWIN S 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Complications of diabetic retinopathy, such as macular edema, appear to be generated by multiple inflammatory factors that affect the retinal microcirculation. To elucidate the cell types and mechanisms underlying diabetic complications, human retinal microvascular pericytes (HRMP), monocytes (THP‐1), and retinal endothelial cells (HREC) were treated with either high glucose, TNF‐_‐ or IL‐1_, and protein secretion was measured in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (DEX). In addition, retinal levels of several inflammatory proteins were measured in an animal model of diabetes over a 3 month study period. Methods Cells were incubated for 5 hr (THP‐1) or 24 hr (HRMP, HREC) with medium, TNF‐_‐ (10 ng/ml) or IL‐1_ (10 ng/ml), high glucose (25 mM) in the presence or absence of dexamethasone (10 nM–1 µM). Sprague Dawley rats were rendered diabetic by intraperitoneal STZ administration (65 mg/kg; blood glucose >220 mg/dl after 48h) and age‐matched control rats were sacrificed 7 days, 4 weeks, and 1 month after STZ injection. Eyes were enucleated, snap frozen in liquid nitrogen and stored at ‐70°C. In both cell and retinal assays, protein levels (89 for human, 68 for rat) were measured by Rules Based Medicine using their Luminex‐baed human and rodent antigen panels. Results Compared to control responses, TNF‐_ or IL‐1_ induced a five‐fold or more increase in several inflammation‐associated proteins in each cell type. The number of mediators and extent of increased secretion were greatest in HRMP (≥ five‐fold increase in 33 proteins with TNF‐_ and 29 proteins with IL‐1_). In HRMP and THP‐1 cells, DEX inhibited the secretion of several inflammation‐associated proteins in a dose‐dependent manner. The IC50 for DEX inhibition ranged from 2 nM for some proteins to 1 μM for others, and this differential effect was dependent on cell type and inflammatory stimulator. Of 68 proteins measured in diabetic rat retinae, 9 were significantly elevated at 3 months including beta‐2 macroglobulin, eotaxin, FGF‐2, MCP‐1, MCP‐3, M‐CSF, NGAL, osteopontin, and TIMP‐1. At this time, there was a reproducible but not significant decrease in VEGF expression. Conclusion Our results support the hypothesis that the early stages of diabetic retinopathy are associated with a subclinical inflammatory response and point to microvascular pericytes as a primary source of these mediators.
Occlusion therapy
Authors: BERK AT 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To present recent researches regarding the efficacy of ambliyopia treatment with patching. Methods Various treatment options are reviewed, results from randomized clinical trials and controversies in the field will be discussed. Results The evidence based knowledge for ambliyopia treatment is rapidly evolving.Indications of patching, adverse effects of occlusion treatment and compliance for patching and how compliance can be maximized, treatment factors including type and dose of treatment, method of treatment termination, age effect on treatment will be covered during the panel . Conclusion Ambliyopia is still the leading cause of visual impairment in children, but it is treatable with several different treatment modalities and occlusion is one of the widely used and well known.
Medical treatment
Authors: CAMPOS E 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To present an update on medical treatment of amblyopia and to review recent progress in this field. Methods Various treatment modalities are reviewed, with particular emphasis to dopaminergic agents. The effect of cytycoline through various ways of administration will be discussed in detail. Results Evidence will be brought of improvement in visual function attributable to medical treatment alone or in association with part‐time occlusion. Potential adverse effects will be discussed, as well as characteristics of visual function modifications obtained. Possible guide‐lines for medical treatment of amblyopia will be offered. Conclusion It appears that medical treatment can be usefully included in the armamentarium for amblyopia therapy, particularly in difficult cases. Recently published animal experimental data on substances capable of delaying plasticity of the visual system in adults, will be hopefully transferred shortly to humans.
Sustained BMP signaling induces the lens placode
Authors: GUNHAGA L , SJöDAL M , EDLUND T 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Fate maps at late gastrula and head fold stages show that prospective olfactory and lens placodal cells are intermingled in a domain of the anterior border region between the neural plate and the future epidermis. During embryonic development Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signals represent one class of secreted signals that are implicated in lens specification. When and how BMP signals is involved in the initial specification of the lens placode remains to be defined. Methods We have established explant and whole embryo assays of placodal cell differentiation in the chick embryo, and analyzed a panel of markers that are expressed in differentiated olfactory and lens placodal cells. Results We provide evidence that cells in the anterior border region have become specified as olfactory and lens placodal cells at the late gastrula stage, and that BMP signals are required and sufficient to induce olfactory and lens placodal cells from these progenitor cells. We also provide evidence that time of exposure of progenitor cells to BMP signals plays a key role during the differential specification of olfactory and lens placodal cells. By the neural fold stage, the generation of lens cells requires continued exposure to BMP signals, whereas the generation of olfactory placodal cells has become independent of further exposure to BMP signals. Moreover, prolonged exposure of BMP signals promotes the generation of lens cells at the expense of olfactory placodal cells. Conclusion Our results provide evidence that the specification of the lens placode requires sustained BMP signaling. Thus, our results support the emerging idea that time of exposure of progenitor cells to patterning signals play important roles during cell fate specification in different tissues in vertebrate embryos.
Is brimonidine better at stabilizing visual field than timolol?
Authors: KRUPIN T 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists are neuroprotective in animal models of focal cerebral ischemia. Brimonidine protects the retinal ganglion cell (RGC) from secondary degeneration following partial crush injury to the rat optic nerve and in an ocular hypertensive rat model. The mechanism for this effect is up‐regulation of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in RGC and the retina. Brimonidine activates the alpha‐2 adrenoceptor at 2 nM. Topical administration of brimonidine produces pharmacologic drug concentrations in the vitreous (100‐170 nM) in humans that provides a drug delivery route to the RGCs sufficient to bind and activate the alpha‐2 adrenoceptor. In this way, brimonidine could function to maintain the health of the optic nerve independent of its ability to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) Methods The Low‐pressure Glaucoma Treatment Study (LoGTS) is a triple masked, randomized, multicenter clinical trial of the efficacy of monotherapy with brimonidine versus timolol eye drops to alter the course of low‐pressure (normal‐tension) glaucoma (untreated IOP < 22 mmHg). The primary outcome was visual field progression analyzed using point‐wise linear regression analysis. This methodology required a minimum of four visual fields to obtain and compared the slope of decibel sensitivity of each test location to all previous examinations. Field progression was defined as a negative slope > 1.0 decibel/year with a significance P£0.05 for the same three or more test locations on three consecutive examinations (i.e., over an 8 month interval). Results Previously published articles contains a detailed description of the study methods and baseline patient characteristics and baseline visual field and IOP asymmetry. The current presentation will discuss LoGTS outcomes.
Commercial interest
Papilledema due to cerebral venous thrombosis
Authors: BOSCHI A 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Review the clinical features and the most effective method of diagnosis of cerebral dural venous sinus thrombosis (CDVT). Treatment procedure of the predisposing factors and of the cerebral thrombosis will be briefly discuss. Methods Recent litterature is considered Results CVDT is a challenging condition because the variability of clinical presentations. It might mimic many neurological disorders such as, meningitis, intracranial hypertension, encephalopathy and stroke. However, the most common pattern of presentation is with a pseudotumor cerebri like syndrome: headache, nausea, vomiting, papilledema, optic‐nerve related visual loss, and VI nerve palsies. CVDT can present at all ages, but is seen more in young and middle‐aged women. The most frequent predisposing factor is a hypercoagulable state, although contiguous infection, like mastoiditis or middle‐ear infections, and neoplasms should be excluded. MRI with gadolinium and MR venography are a safe and effective method for visualizing cerebral venous thrombosis. Treatment should be firstly direct toward any underlying medical condition, and any offending drug should be discontinued. Anticoagulation should be started with IV heparin, and usually followed by warfarin. Acetazolamide might be used to treat elevated intracranial pressure and mild field defect. Those with progressive or severe visual loss, despite medical therapy, should undergo optic nerve fenestration or other shunting procedure. Conclusion One should keep in mind the possibility of CDVT in every patient with new‐onset headache of any type, particularly if worsening despite analgesic. Earlier the diagnosis, earlier the treatment, better is the outcome.
Pituitary apoplexy
Authors: KAWASAKI A 
Published: September 2008

AbstractHemorrhage or infarction of a pituitary tumor is termed pituitary apoplexy . Most patients experience abrupt onset of severe headache, altered mental status and visual changes. Visual loss may be unilateral or bilateral and the severity is variable. Ophthalmoplegia, usually due to compression of the ocular motor nerves in the cavernous sinus, may also be unilateral or bilateral. The 3rd nerve is most commonly affected. The clinical picture of acute 3rd nerve palsy associated with severe headache may be mistaken for aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage Precipitating factors for pituitary apoplexy include hypotension, Valsalva maneuvers, malignant hypertension, pregnancy or exogenous estrogen administration and anticoagulation. Cranial MRI is the diagnostic test of choice. Morbidity and mortality are related to the abrupt onset of panhypopituitarism, particularly cortisol insufficiency. Acute management includes systemic corticosteroids in stress dosages (e.g., hydrocortisone 100 mg IV every 6‐8 hours), control of hemodynamic parameters (e.g.blood pressure) and correction of any metabolic derangements. Surgical decompression is usually performed as soon as the patient is stable.
Effect of different antioxidants in experimental alcoholic optic neuropathy
Authors: MENEZO ROZALEN JL , AVINO‐MARTINEZ JA , PERIS‐MARTINEZ C , ESPANA‐GREGORI E , ROMERO FJ 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To establish the possible beneficial effects of three synthetic antioxidants: S‐adenosil‐L‐methionine (SAMe), N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine (NAC) and Ebselen in optic nerve damage following chronic ethanol feeding in adult rats. Methods Twenty male Sprague‐Dawley rats (five groups of four animals each) were fed a liquid, ethanol‐containing diet with littermates given isocaloric amounts of ethanol‐free diet serving as controls. Antioxidants were administered by dissolving them in the liquid diet at 0.4 mg/ml (SAMe), 0.163 mg/ml (NAC) and 5.33 mg/ml (Ebselen). After 6 weeks, optic nerves were obtained and parameters that are relevant for the modulation of oxidative stress, such as antioxidants ‐GSH content and Glutathione‐peroxidase (GSH‐Px) activity‐ and lipid peroxidation‐derived end products ‐malondialdehyde (MDA)‐ were determined. Comparisons between groups were done using Student´s t‐test for grouped data and one‐way ANOVA. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05. Results N‐acetyl‐L‐cysteine and Ebselen were able to normalise MDA content and to restore GSH content and GSH‐peroxidase activity, to values not significantly different from those of controls (p>0.05). Treatment with SAMe slightly improved values of some parameters, although no statistically beneficial (p<0.05 versus control). Conclusion These results support the use of NAC and Ebselen for the treatment of chronic alcohol‐induced optic nerve damage.
Limbal microenvironment can induce transdifferentiation of hair follicle stem cells into corneal epithelial‐like cells
Authors: BLAZEJEWSKA EA , SCHLOETZER‐SCHREHARDT U , KRUSE FE 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To investigate the plasticity of murine vibrissa hair follicle (HF) stem cells regarding differentiation into corneal epithelial‐like cells through modulation by limbus‐specific microenvironmental factors. Methods HFs were isolated and the dissociated bulge stem cells enriched by clonal expansion, and subcultivated on various extracellular matrices (collagen type IV, laminin‐1, laminin‐5, fibronectin) in DMEM/F12 medium supplemented with different conditioned media (CMs). CMs were derived from central and peripheral corneal fibroblasts and limbal stromal fibroblasts. Growth potential and cellular phenotype were evaluated by light and electron microscopy, real‐time‐PCR and immunohistochemistry using antibodies against stem cell (CK15, integrin α6) and differentiation markers (CK12) or (CK10). Results Laminin‐5 and collagen IV promoted rapid cell adhesion, proliferation, and generation of confluent, regularly arranged epitheloid cell sheets, whereas laminin‐1 and fibronectin adversely affected these cell properties. Addition of CMs differentially influenced cellular phenotype and differentiation. Limbal fibroblast CM induced differentiation of cuboid cells showing ultrastructural characteristics of a corneal epithelial phenotype. Moreover, it markedly increased the number of CK12 immunopositive cells while decreasing expression of CK10 opposed to the other CMs. Conclusion Hair follicle stem cells are capable of differentiating into corneal epithelial‐like cells in vitro when exposed to a limbus‐specific microenvironment. Therefore, the HF may be an alternative therapeutic source of multipotent stem cells for generation of autologous epithelial cell sheets for ocular surface reconstruction.
Bilateral internuclear opthalmoplegia in a patient with Devic’s neuromyelitis optica
Authors: GIL ARRIBAS L , PUEYO V , GARCIA‐MARTIN E , IDOIPE CORTA M , PINILLA I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To present a clinic case of Devic’s neuromyelitis optica (NMO) with bilateral ophtalmoplejia internuclear (OIN) , which is an extremely extraordinary association. To explain the reason why an episode of ophtalmoplejia internuclear appears in the context of a NMO case. To expose the visual involvement in NMO. Methods We studied and observed the clinical evolution of a patient diagnosed of NMO. The profile started with headache and sudden loss of visual acuity in right eye (RE), counting fingers at 1metre. She related neurologic symptoms as paresthesias 18 months ago. At the evaluation with visual field, eye fundus, Ishihara test was diagnosed of retrobulbar neuritis RE. We treated the patient with metilprednisolone and immunosuppressant drugs. She got better. After the childbirth, new neurologic symptoms that remined to transverse myelitis appeared. After a new treatment with metilprednisolone and plasmapheresis, she got better but a sudden bilateral OIN appeared Results The patient had a limitation in the movement of the eyes in addution and a bilateral nistagmus in abdution. The patient didn´t have a good reponse to the treatments. At present, she continues being admitted to hospital with paresis of legs and right arm. Double vision and OIN disappeared gradually. However, the patient has a residual exoforia in RE with nistagmus in abdution in left eye. Conclusion The MNO prevalence is lower than a case for million inhabitants, and it is not used to affect the encephalon trunk. To diagnose NMO are required two major criteria and at least two of the three minor ones, and this patient fullfills the diagnosis criteria.
Summary of the findings of the RLBP1 mutations affecting the visual cycle known so far with extremely prolonged dark adaptation in the RP of Bothnia type
Authors: BURSTEDT MSI , SANDGREN O , GOLOVLEVA I , WACHTMEISTER L 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The retinal diseases in the RP group associated with affected recycling of retinoids in the visual cycle is now being recognized in populations worldwide. The RLBP1 mutations are here summarized and the phenotype known so far is presented. Methods A presentation of literature in the RLBP1 mutations and the phenotype of Bothnia Dystrophy (BD) with ophthalmologic findings and full‐field electroretinography (ERGs) findings after 24 hours of dark adaptation are presented. Results The phenotype (BD) in this group is described, an early progressive maculopathy, retinitis punctata albescens (RPA) as well as peripheral retinal degenerative changes is found. An extremely prolonged dark adaptation (24h) in the BD disease is presented and the full‐field ERG (24h) show the rod b‐wave and the mixed rod‐cone a‐wave responses reached normal but delayed amplitudes in the ERGs, the increase of the oscillatory response up to normal level was found and no recovery of the cone response was found. Conclusion The phenotypes of RLBP 1 mutations worldwide and in Sweden show similarities in the expression and may be represented by the phenotype of BD. The unique findings of extremely prolonged DA and a significant and additional capacity of recovery of rod function and activity in the inner retinal layer and a continuous but slow regeneration of rod photopigment seems to occur at least up to 24h. The visual process in the RPE is retarded but also the Müller cells of the retina seem to be involved. The findings support an extremely slow synthesis of photopigments and an irreversibly disturbed cone function early in BD.
Improvement of visual acuity and visual evoked patterned potentials done at different spatial frequencies after rehabilitation in 45 subjects affected by Cerebral Visual Impairment.
Authors: RUBERTO G , ANGELI R , PEZZOTTA S , BERTONE C , ANTONINI M , FAZZI E , TINELLI C , BIANCHI PE 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To analyze improvement of visual acuity(VA) and visual evoked patterned potentials (pVEP) in children diagnosed by MR as cerebral visual impaired (CVI) after rehabilitation (refractive correction and occlusion terapy). Methods In 45 CVI infants(mean age 5.6)we analysed VA and pVEPs improvement after 1 year of follow up. Teller Acuity Cards and/or optotype were used for decimal visual acuity. P‐VEPs were recorded at Oz,O1,O2, referenced to Fz. At least two spatial frequencies (among 300’,120’,60’,30’,15’).Statistical analysis were made between VA and pVEP improvement. Results VEP and VA percentage of success was 100% and 89% respectively at the beginning; after 1 year VA percentage of success rised 100%. Mean VA before treatment was 2,29/10(0.2‐10); after treatment was 3,61/10(0.1‐10). VA improvement was statistically significant(z=0,00) VA improvement occurred in 68,89%, while 31,11% were unimproved. Improved VEP were 80% and unimproved 20%. We considered improved VEP when children were able to detect lower spatial frequencies or when, in the same spatial frequency, we found higher amplitudes and reduced latencies. Differences between VEP amplitude and latency were not statistically significant in all frequencies but in L60’ (T‐test L60':0.02). There was an association between VA improvement and therapy,(Pr = 0.02) There wasn’t association (Pr = 0.76) between VEP improvement and therapy. There wasn’t correlation between VA and VEP improvement. Conclusion We found an improvement both in VA and VEP.VEP improvement is independent of therapy,VA improvement is correlated with therapy.
Flash vep anomalities in infants with delayed visual maturation (dvm)
Authors: SJÖSTROM A , KRAEMER M 
Published: September 2008

AbstractNormally eye contact and responsive smile in infants develop within 3 to 8 weeks postnatally. Delays may be due to ocular/eye diseases, neurological conditions or have unknown etiology. The flash visual evoked potential (fVEP) shows a typical potential pattern development in infancy(Kraemer & Sjöström ISCEV 1996) reflecting maturation of the afferent visual pathways. The unspecific pathways develops first as the ’late potential’, eventually forming the P1 potential. The later retino‐geniculo‐cortical afferents development, i.e. the specific or primary pathway, is simultaneous with the development of conscious cortical vision. It is reflected in the VEP as development of the ’N1’‐potential and in behaviour as eye contact and responsive smile. We have followed infants referred to us due to lack of normal visual development. Besides traditional clinical examinations we also included fVEP and ERG examinations, preliminary first reported at ISCEV 1997 (Kraemer). The fVEP in DVM children were all pathologic at first session, except in those that had developed eye contact before visit. The main finding was lack of normal N1 potential, sometimes combined with latency increase of P1 and/or other wave form pathology. Many of the children later developed eye contact, some as late as a year postnatally, and simultaneously also a N1 potential in the fVEP. The DVM etiology most often was cerebral palsy conditions of various types and degrees, however other conditions also were found. Examples of these cases will be shown as well as possible neurophysiological explanations to the altered VEP activity.
Clinical variability in a three‐generation family with Duane’s syndrome
Authors: THOMAS S , ROBERTS E , AWAN M , GOTTLOB I 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The majority of Duane syndrome cases are sporadic in origin with only 2‐5% patients showing a familial pattern. Only a few large families have been reported. The purpose of this study is to report the clinical presentations, abnormalities of ocular motility, and strabismus in 3 generations of a family with Duanes syndrome. Methods 22 members of a family of three generations (age range 6 years to 70 years) were examined. Detailed ophthalmologic assessment included assessment of vision, binocularity, and video recordings of ocular motility. Results Unilateral Duane syndrome type 1 was noted in the left eye of a lady in the first generation of the pedigree. In the second generation, of the 4 subjects examined, two females had esotropia with diplopia, one male had minimal bilateral abduction deficit with endpoint nystagmus and one sibling was normal. 12 subjects from the third generation were examined. Two of them had unilateral Duane’s syndrome. Two children had minimal abduction deficit with endpoint nystagmus. Three subjects had esotropia and diplopia requiring surgery. The mother of one of the affected subject had normal eye movements. Conclusion This large family with Duane syndrome appears to have a dominant form of inheritance with variable penetrance and expressivity. The skipped generation indicates unaffected carrier state. The variable phenotypic expression seen in this family suggests that classical Duane syndrome could be one end of a spectrum of eye movement disorders comprising esotropia, abduction deficits and globe retraction; the other end being normal ocular motility.