bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human stratum corneum as a substrate for in vitro sunscreen testing
Authors: PEARSE A.D. , EDWARDS C. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisIn this study we have described the construction of a dedicated, inexpensive and portable instrument designed to evaluate sunscreens throughout the UVB and UVA range (290–400 nm). Both TransporeTM and an alternative substrate of readily obtainable human stratum corneum have been used as substrates on to which to spread the test products. The transmission of UVR through the substrate of stratum corneum was greater than through TransporeTM tape. Both substrates demonstrated a good correlation with in vivo or expected SPF results. However, in 10 out of the 11 sunscreens studied, the comparison of the two substrates demonstrated that the predicted SPF using TransporeTM tape was consistently higher than that using human stratum corneum. One sunscreen tested was alcohol based and as such was not suitable to test on TransporeTM tape. Predictions of SPF from products with SPF values less than 20 were not significantly different between substrates. However, product SPF values of greater than 20 demonstrated that TransporeTM tape overestimated the ‘true’SPF. It is postulated that use of human stratum corneum in in vitro SPF testing systems more closely resembles that of human skin in vivo than does TransporeTM tape with regard to spreading and absorption of the potential sunscreen product.RésuméCette étude décrit la construction d'un appareil portable bon marché servant àévaluer des écrans solaires sur les rayons UVA et UVB entre 290 et 400 nm. Le TransporeTM et le substrat alternatif d'un stratum corneum ont été utilisés comme substrats sur lesquels on a appliqué les produits tests. La transmission des rayons UVR à travers le substrat du stratum corneum était plus importante qu'à travers le TransporesTM. Chaque substrat a montré une bonne corrélation avec les réultats des facteurs de protection solaire prévus ou in‐vivo.Cependant sur 10 des 11 écrans solaires étudiés, la comparaison des deux substrats a montré que les résultats prévus de facteurs de protection solaires obtenus avec le ruban TransporeTMétaient considérablement plus élevés qu'avec le stratum corneum. Un des écrans solaires testé contenait de l'alcool et ne pouvait être testé sur le ruban TransporeTM.Les prévisions de SPF avec des produits dont les valeurs SPF étaient inférieures à 20 n'ont pas montré de différences notables entre les substrats. Cependant les valeurs SPF supérieures à 20 ont montré que le TransporeTM surestimait le SPF réel. Il semble que l'utilisation de stratum corneum humain pour des tests de SPF in vitro corresponde mieux au comportement de la peau humaine in vivo que le Transpore pour l'application et l'absorption d'un écran solaire potentiel.
Effects of Milk Marketing Order Regulation on the Share of Fluid‐Grade Milk in the United States
Authors: Balagtas Joseph V. , Smith Aaron , Sumner Daniel A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe share of raw milk meeting fluid quality (Grade A) standards in the United States rose steadily through the latter half of the twentieth century, but a shrinking portion of that was used in fluid products. Grade A milk exceeds the quality standards for the manufactured products for which it has been increasingly used. We present an econometric model that exploits regional and temporal variation in policy implementation to identify the effect of marketing orders on the Grade A share of milk. Results support the hypothesis that marketing orders significantly encouraged the growth in the Grade A share of milk.
Supply Response to Countercyclical Payments and Base Acre Updating under Uncertainty: An Experimental Study
Authors: McIntosh Christopher R. , Shogren Jason F. , Dohlman Erik 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe design an experiment to simulate how people make agricultural production decisions under three policy scenarios, each incorporating direct payments (DPs): (a) price uncertainty without countercyclical payments (CCPs); (b) price uncertainty with CCPs; and (c) price uncertainty, CCPs, and uncertainty regarding base acreage updating. Results are the CCP program and perceived possibility of future base updating created incentives for subjects to invest more in program (base) crops, despite payments being decoupled from current production decisions. Those choosing to reduce revenue risk by increasing plantings of base crops may face reduced incomes, suggesting the efficiency of crop markets may be diminished.
Time to Eat: Household Production under Increasing Income Inequality
Authors: Hamermesh Daniel S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing time diaries and expenditure data for the United States for 1985 and 2003, I examine how income and time prices affect time and goods inputs into eating. Both inputs increase with income, and higher time prices reduce time inputs. Between 1985 and 2003 the goods intensity of eating increased, especially lower in the income distribution, and average time inputs dropped, particularly time spent shopping, preparing, and cleaning up after meals. The results are consistent with relatively difficult goods‐time substitution in eating that becomes more difficult as household production expands.
Tax Effects on the Real Exchange Rate
Authors: Beck Stacie , Coskuner Cagay 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis study examines the impact of taxes on the real exchange rate through their marginal effects on economic activity. We hypothesize that an increase in the capital interest tax rate leads to real domestic currency depreciation while an increase in wage or consumption tax rates leads to a real domestic currency appreciation. These hypotheses are supported by an empirical study using panel data estimations of annual data from 10 OECD countries over 17 years.
Semiparametric estimators of functional measurement error models with unknown error
Authors: Hall Peter , Ma Yanyuan 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWe consider functional measurement error models where the measurement error distribution is estimated non-parametrically. We derive a locally efficient semiparametric estimator but propose not to implement it owing to its numerical complexity. Instead, a plug-in estimator is proposed, where the measurement error distribution is estimated through non-parametric kernel methods based on multiple measurements. The root n consistency and asymptotic normality of the plug-in estimator are derived. Despite the theoretical inefficiency of the plug-in estimator, simulations demonstrate its near optimal performance. Computational advantages relative to the theoretically efficient estimator make the plug-in estimator practically appealing. Application of the estimator is illustrated by using the Framingham data example.
Estimation of Treatment Effects in Randomized Trials With Non-Compliance and a Dichotomous Outcome
Authors: Van Der Laan Mark J. , Hubbard Alan , Jewell Nicholas P. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryWe propose a class of estimators of the treatment effect on a dichotomous outcome among the treated subjects within covariate and treatment arm strata in randomized trials with non-compliance. Recent papers by Vansteelandt and Goetghebeur, and Robins and Rotnitzky have presented consistent and asymptotically linear estimators of a causal odds ratio, which rely, beyond correct specification of a model for the causal odds ratio, on a correctly specified model for a potentially high dimensional nuisance parameter. In this paper we propose consistent, asymptotically linear and locally efficient estimators of a causal relative risk and a new parameter—called a switch causal relative risk—which relies only on the correct specification of a model for the parameter of interest. Our estimators are always consistent and asymptotically linear at the null hypothesis of no-treatment effect, thereby providing valid testing procedures. We examine the finite sample properties of these instrumental-variable-based estimators and the associated testing procedures in simulations and a data analysis of decaffeinated coffee consumption and miscarriage.
Craniofacial growth in fetal Tarsius bancanus: brains, eyes and nasal septa
Authors: Jeffery Nathan , Davies Karen , Köckenberger Walter , Williams Steve 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe tarsier skull has been of particular interest in studies of primate taxonomy and functional morphology for several decades. Despite this, there remains no comprehensive data on how the tarsier skull develops, especially in relation to the soft‐tissues of the head. Here we have documented for the first time fetal development of the skull and brain as well as the nasal septum and eyes in T. bancanus. We have also tested for the possible influence of these tissues in shaping skull architecture. Nineteen post‐mortem specimens were imaged using high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance microscopy. Landmarks and volume data were collected and analysed. Findings demonstrated massive increases of brain size and eye size as well as flattening of the midline cranial base, facial projection and orbital margin frontation. Little evidence was found to support the notion that growth of the brain or nasal septum physically drives the observed changes of the skull. However, increases in the size of the eyes relative to skull size were associated with orbital margin frontation. With the possible exception of the results for eye size, the findings indicate that rather than forcing change the soft‐tissues form a framework that physically constrains the morphogenetic template of the skeletal elements. This suggests, for example, that the degree of cranial base angulation seen in adulthood is not directly determined by brain expansion bending the basicranium, but by brain enlargement limiting the extent of cranial base flattening (retroflexion) in the fetus.
Rats exposed to cocaine during late gestation and early postnatal life show deficits in hippocampal pyramidal and granule cells in later life
Authors: Ismail Zul Izhar Mohd , Bedi Kuldip S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn humans, the offspring of maternal cocaine misusers are known to have subtle cognitive and motor impairments in later life. It was therefore hypothesized that such exposure in animals would also affect the morphological structure of the brain. This possibility was investigated by exposing rats to cocaine between embryonic day 15 and postnatal day 6. Samples of the cocaine‐exposed and control rats were killed for examination at 22 and 150 postnatal days of age. Stereological procedures (the Cavalieri principle together with the physical disector method) were utilized to estimate the total number of pyramidal and granule cells in defined regions of the hippocampal formation. At 22 days of age, the control offspring had about 373 000 pyramidal cells whereas the cocaine‐treated animals only had about 310 000 cells in the CA1 + CA2 + CA3 region. By 150 days of age the values were about 396 000 and 348 000, respectively. The differences between age‐matched groups were statistically significant. There were about 626 000 and 687 000 dentate gyrus granule cells in the 22‐day‐old control and cocaine‐treated groups, respectively. By postnatal day 150 the control rats had about 832 000 granule cells whilst the cocaine‐treated rats had about 693 000. There was a significant main effect of age as well as group–age interaction in this measure. These results show that even moderate exposure to cocaine during the late gestation and early postnatal period in rats is a potent teratogen and can markedly influence the development of neurons in the hippocampal formation.
Effects of cigarette smoking on prepulse inhibition, its attentional modulation, and vigilance performance
Authors: Rissling Anthony J. , Dawson Michael E. , Schell Anne M. , Nuechterlein Keith H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractStartle eyeblink modification was measured during a degraded stimulus continuous performance test following both smoking and overnight abstinence among student smokers to measure the effects of smoking on both early and late attentional processes. A group of nonsmokers was tested twice without nicotine manipulation. A startling noise was presented either 240 or 1200 ms following target and nontarget stimuli presented during the task. Startle inhibition at 240 ms was greater following targets than nontargets following smoking and during both nonsmoker tests, but this attentional modulation was absent following abstinence. At the 1200‐ms probe position, target and nontarget stimuli produced nondifferential inhibition during both tests for both groups. Abstinence among smokers produced reliably lower vigilance performance compared to ad lib smoking. The results indicate that smoking abstinence affects the early stages of stimulus processing.
Sequential processing of interaural timing differences for sound source segregation and spatial localization: Evidence from event‐related cortical potentials
Authors: Johnson Blake W. , Hautus Michael J. , Duff Damien J. , Clapp Wes C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCortical processing of interaural timing differences (ITDs) was investigated with event‐related potential (ERP) measurements in 16 human participants who were required in separate tasks to detect or to spatially localize dichotically embedded pitches. ITDs elicited three ERP components labeled ORN, N2, and P400. The ORN occurred at a latency of 150–250 ms and was elicited by ITDs regardless of location or task. In contrast, the N2 response (250–350 ms) was strongly modulated by location and showed larger amplitudes for the localization task than for the detection task. Finally, ITDs in the detection task elicited a P400 at a latency of 400–500 ms, but this response was entirely absent from ERPs elicited by identical stimuli in the localization task. These results are consistent with a sequential model of auditory perception in which segregation of concurrent sounds is followed by domain‐specific processing of object location and identity.
Polysomnographically measured sleep abnormalities in PTSD: A meta‐analytic review
Authors: Kobayashi Ihori , Boarts Jessica M. , Delahanty Douglas L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlthough sleep complaints are common among patients with Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), polysomnographic studies examining sleep abnormalities in PTSD have produced inconsistent results. To clarify discrepant findings, we conducted a meta‐analytic review of 20 polysomnographic studies comparing sleep in people with and without PTSD. Results showed that PTSD patients had more stage 1 sleep, less slow wave sleep, and greater rapid‐eye‐movement density compared to people without PTSD. We also conducted exploratory analyses aimed at examining potential moderating variables (age, sex, and comorbid depression and substance use disorders). Overall, studies with a greater proportion of male participants or a low rate of comorbid depression tended to find more PTSD‐related sleep disturbances. These findings suggest that sleep abnormalities exist in PTSD, and that some of the inconsistencies in prior findings may be explained by moderating variables.
Isolation and characterization of 10 new compound microsatellite markers for a mangrove tree species, Avicennia marina (Forsk.) Vierh. (Avicenniaceae)
Authors: GENG Q. F. , LIAN C. L. , TAO J. M. , LI S. Q. , HOGETSU T. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Avicennia marina is an ecologically important mangrove tree species. We isolated 10 polymorphic microsatellite loci from this species using an improved technique. Our isolated loci provided compound microsatellite markers with polymorphism of two to six alleles per locus. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.025 to 0.625 and from 0.096 to 0.767, respectively. These markers would be the useful tools for researching on the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of A. marina.
Epithelial grafting for vitiligo requires ultraviolet A phototherapy to increase success rate
Authors: Awad Sherif S , Abdel‐Raof Hamza , Hosam El‐Din Wael , El‐Domyati Moetaz 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground  Phototherapeutic techniques were introduced into medical practice by the ancient Egyptians. It is considered a cornerstone in the management of resistant vitiligo; yet, failures are very well known. Recently, the introduction of surgical techniques provided a major development in the management of vitiligo and replaced other conventional unsuccessful therapies.Objectives  The aim of this work is to find out if phototherapy, which failed to resolve the vitiligo problem in patients, is still required in the treatment strategy after epithelial grafting of the same cases.Methods  Twenty‐five vitiligo patients, nonresponding to classic phototherapy, were treated surgically. Ultrathin Thiersch grafts and suction blister grafts were used. Phototherapy using untraviolet A (UVA) bulbs in combination with psoralen or khellin was used postoperatively immediately after take of grafts onto recipient sites.Results  In spite of reactivation of depigmentary effects at grafted areas, phototherapy acted as a stimulator for melanocytic proliferation and function and as an immunosuppressant, halting the melanocytic destructive process. The application of UVA phototherapy resulted in successful treatment in the patients receiving it.Conclusion  The success of epithelial grafting in patients with vitiligo can be increased by UVA phototherapy.
Transcriptional effect of an Aframomum angustifolium seed extract on human cutaneous cells using low‐density DNA chips
Authors: Bonnet‐Duquennoy Mathilde , Dumas Marc , Debacker Adeline , Lazou Kristell , Talbourdet Sylvie , Franchi Jocelyne , Heusèle Catherine , André Patrice , Schnebert Sylvianne , Bonté Frédéric , Kurfürst Robin 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBackground  Studying photoexposed and photoprotected skin biopsies from young and aged women, it has been found that a specific zone, composed of the basal layers of the epidermis, the dermal epidermal junction, and the superficial dermis, is major target of aging and reactive oxygen species. We showed that this zone is characterized by significant variations at a transcriptional and/or protein levels.Aims  Using low‐density DNA chip technology, we evaluated the effect of a natural mixture of Aframomum angustifolium seed extract containing labdane diterpenoids on these aging markers.Methods  Expression profiles of normal human fibroblasts (NHF) were studied using a customized cDNA macroarray system containing genes covering dermal structure, inflammatory responses, and oxidative stress defense mechanisms. For normal human keratinocyte (NHK) investigations, we chose OLISA™ technique, a sensitive and quantitative method developed by BioMérieux specifically designed to investigate cell death, proliferation, epidermal structure, differentiation, and oxidative stress defense response.Results  We observed that this extract strongly modified gene expression profiles of treated NHK, but weakly for NHF. This extract regulated antioxidant defenses, dermal–epidermal junction components, and epidermal renewal–related genes.Conclusion  Using low‐density DNA chip technology, we identified new potential actions of A. angustifolium seed extract on skin aging.
‘Water all around, you cannot even drink’: the scaling of water in James Bay/Eeyou Istchee
Authors: Desbiens Caroline 
Published: May 2007

Since the 1970s, the reconfiguration of the La Grande River into a hydroelectric complex has radically altered the James Bay region and brought about new scales of identification and exchanges between peoples and places. Through this process, water emerged as an increasingly globalized entity while at the same time being captured as a local icon of cultural identification both by the Eeyouch (Eastern James Bay Cree) and the Québécois. Using an historical and discursive approach, this paper explores the intersection between the rescaling of water and the rescaling of the nation for each community. The removal of the river from the traditional places of production of the Eeyouch to redirect it into electricity‐generating facilities that put every drop of water to work has dramatically changed the meaning of ‘here’ and ‘there’– as well as ‘us’ and ‘them’– for the Eeyouch and the Québécois, indicating that a theory of the differentiation and hierarchical organization of space needs to inform collaborative efforts toward environmental management in the region.
Acid–base disturbances in critically ill patients with cirrhosis
Authors: Funk Georg Christian , Doberer Daniel , Kneidinger Nikolaus , Lindner Gregor , Holzinger Ulrike , Schneeweiss Bruno 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground/Aims: The equilibrium of offsetting metabolic acid–base disorders in stable cirrhosis might be lost during episodes of hepatic decompensation, haemorrhage or sepsis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the acid–base state is destabilized in critically ill patients with cirrhosis and whether this is associated with mortality.Patients and Method: One‐hundred and eighty‐one consecutive patients with cirrhosis were investigated in a prospective observational cohort study on admission to a medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a university hospital. Arterial acid–base state was assessed according to the Gilfix methodology. Clinical data, ICU mortality and hospital mortality were recorded.Main Results: Patients had net metabolic acidosis owing to unmeasured anions and owing to hyperchloraemic, dilutional and lactic acidosis. Lactic acidosis, acidemia and acute renal failure on ICU admission were associated with increased mortality. Lactate and pH discriminated survivors from non‐survivors. The presence of lactic acidosis could not always be recognized by customary acid–base parameters.Conclusion: The stable equilibrium of acid–base disorders is lost when patients with cirrhosis become critically ill. Lactic acidosis and acidaemia are associated with increased ICU mortality caused by severe underlying organ dysfunction.
Nodular regenerative hyperplasia: a deleterious consequence of chemotherapy for colorectal liver metastases?
Authors: Hubert Catherine , Sempoux Christine , Horsmans Yves , Rahier Jacques , Humblet Yves , Machiels Jean‐Pascal , Ceratti Antonino , Canon Jean‐Luc , Gigot Jean‐François 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims: This report describes three patients suffering from nodular regenerative hyperplasia (NRH).Methods: These patients have received six, 16 and 20 cycles of neoadjuvant 5‐fluorouracil and oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy before planned extended hepatectomy. Two patients underwent uneventful portal vein embolization to hypertrophy the future remnant liver.Results: At the end of chemotherapy, liver function tests deteriorated and portal hypertension appeared in two patients, including ascites, splenomegaly and oesophageal varices. Liver biopsy was performed through a percutaneous (two patients) or a transjugular approach (one patient) and allowed the diagnosis of NRH, which was considered to be a contraindication for major liver resection in all three patients, associated with extrahepatic disease progression in one patient. All patients died from neoplastic disease progression despite further chemotherapy at 6, 17 and 31 months following the diagnosis of NRH. One patient developed liver failure and ascites at the time of death.Conclusions: Physicians should be aware of the potential occurrence and therapeutic impact of NRH in patients suffering from CRLM and treated by neoadjuvant 5FU‐oxaliplatin‐based chemotherapy before major liver surgery.