bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Leucocyte-depleting arterial line filtration does not reduce myocardial injury assessed by Troponin T during routine coronary artery bypass grafting using crossclamp fibrillation
Authors: Whitaker Donald C , Stygall Jan , Harrison Michael JG , Mackie Ian J , Kemp Michael , Hooper James , Pugsley Wilfred B , Newman Stanton P 
Published: January 2006

Introduction: Leucocyte filtration can reduce inflammation and end-organ damage. The aim of this study was to test the cardioprotective effect of systemic leucocyte filtration during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) for coronary revascularization. Methods: Sixty patients scheduled for elective coronary artery bypass grafting were prospectively randomised to receive either a test leucocyte-depleting (LD) filter or a control standard arterial line filter in the CPB circuit. Myocardial injury was determined by serum Troponin T concentration up to 72 h postoperatively. In addition, perioperative neutrophil counts, serum elastase and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were evaluated. Results: There was a peak of Troponin T release at 6 h in both groups. There was no difference between LD or control group Troponin T at any time point. No difference in neutrophil count was found. A greater rise in neutrophil elastase occurred in the LD group during CPB and 10 min post CPB (376 and 496 versus 108 and 228 mcg/L, p <0.001). Conclusions: LD arterial line filters did not confer any cardioprotective effect as measured by Troponin T in elective coronary revascularization cases.
Sutureless Skin Closure for Cleft Lip Repair
Authors: Mourougayan V. 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To study the quality of scars following the use of butyl cyanoacrylate to close the skin during cleft lip repair. Design: Nonrandomized prospective study. Setting: Tertiary care hospital. Patients: Patients (n = 104) with cleft lip and palate in combination of various degrees of cleft with the age group ranging from 3 months to 5 years. Interventions: Use of butyl cyanoacrylate to close the skin during cleft lip repair after inserting dermal stitches with delayed absorbable sutures. Results: None of the 104 patients required revision of the vertical scar, which was excellent in nature. No patients had complications such as wound infection, dehiscence, nasal obstruction, or eyelid adhesion. Conclusions: Quality of the scar following the closure of skin of cleft lip repair using butyl cyanoacrylate was considered excellent.
Overview of Anti‐Infective Drug Development
Authors: Barrett John F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe identification and clinical development of an antibiotic as a new chemical entity (NCE) can take up to a decade to complete. The goal of this effort is to identify agents that inhibit and/or kill pathogenic bacteria. Outlined in this unit is a series of key “strategic protocols” utilized for drug development in this area. Included are the identification of the target and the hit/lead, as well as lead optimization for identifying a clinical candidate. The clinical development of a new antimicrobial agent can take 5 to 7 years to complete, depending on the clinical plan. This unit is designed to provide an overview of key aspects of antibacterial drug development and provide an introduction for subsequent units in this chapter that provide more detailed protocols for identifying and testing antimicrobial drugs.
Overview of Antibacterial Target Selection
Authors: Pucci Michael J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResearch in microbial genomics has yielded a vast amount of DNA sequence data and a number of new or improved tools for defining the bacterial genome. These findings have dramatically increased the number of potential antibacterial targets, particularly enzymatic sites, and have greatly enhanced their characterization.Potential targets are prioritized according to necessity for survival (essentiality), spectrum, and selectivity using a combination of bioinformatic analyses and experimental results. Experimental methods such as mutagenesis and conditional expression techniques are used to assess essentiality in vitro or virulence in vivo in animal hosts.
Basic Microbiological Techniques Used in Antibacterial Drug Discovery
Authors: Motyl Mary , Dorso Karen , Barrett John , Giacobbe Robert 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn vitro assessment of activity is crucial to the development of antibacterial agents. Several basic clinical microbiology procedures for this evaluation are provided in this unit, including determination of the minimum inhibitor concentration (MIC), kill curves, and synergy testing. These techniques yield information on in vitro efficacy, cidal‐versus‐static activity, and the potential for synergy with other agents.
Primary Rodent Infection Models for Testing Antibacterial Compound Efficacy In Vivo
Authors: Marra Andrea , Girard Dennis 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis unit describes three primary screening models for evaluating antibacterial efficacy. Included are systemic bacterial infection (peritonitis), pulmonary infection, also known as respiratory tract infection or RTI, and thigh lesion. All of these infection models can be performed in inexpensive, outbred mice and, as such, offer the advantage of being compound‐sparing while allowing the testing of sufficient numbers to obtain statistically significant results early in the drug development process.
Nucleobase Protection with Allyloxycarbonyl
Authors: Hyodo Mamoru , Hayakawa Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis unit describes protocols for preparation of N‐allyloxycarbonyl‐protected 5′‐O‐(4,4′‐dimethoxytrityl)‐2′‐deoxyribonucleosides and 2′‐O‐(tert‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐5′‐O‐(4,4′‐dimethoxytrityl)ribonucleosides. These provide useful building blocks not only for synthesis of natural oligonucleotides but also for artificial analogs with chemically sensitive (particularly, base‐labile) modified nucleoside bases or internucleotide linkages. These protected nucleosides are stable to conditions used for conversion to the corresponding nucleoside phosphoramidites and subsequent oligonucleotide synthesis, and the N‐allyloxycarbonyl protecting group can be easily and cleanly removed by an organopalladium‐catalyzed reaction under mild, nearly neutral conditions.
Isolation of Human Monocyte Populations
Authors: Wahl Larry M. , Wahl Sharon M. , Smythies Lesley E. , Smith Phillip D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis unit describes the isolation of monocytes from lymphocytes by adherence, gradient sedimentation on colloidal silica particles, and flow cytometry. Because the first two methods can result in cell activation (induction of gene expression or protein secretion), and the third is technically difficult, a fourth protocol is presented which describes counterflow centrifugal elutriation. This latter procedure can be used to isolate large numbers of purified, nonactivated monocytes.
Isolation and Purification of Human Intestinal Macrophages
Authors: Smythies Lesley E. , Wahl Larry M. , Smith Philip D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe gastrointestinal mucosa contained within the lamina propria is the largest reservoir of macrophages in the human body. The isolation and study of this population of cells is important for understanding host defense and the pathogenesis of inflammation in the gastrointestinal mucosa. This unit describes methods that can be used to isolate and purify intestinal macrophages. Sources of intestinal tissue that can be used for this isolation include human subjects undergoing gastrojejunostomy for obesity, organ‐transplantation donors, or the noninflamed margin of resected segments of small intestine from subjects undergoing resection for surgically indicated reasons.
Isolation of Lipid Droplets from Cells by Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Brasaemle Dawn L. , Wolins Nathan E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLipid droplets are organelles found in most mammalian cells, as well as various plant tissues and yeast. They are composed of a core of neutral lipids surrounded by a membrane monolayer of phospholipids and cholesterol into which specific proteins are embedded. This unit provides protocols for isolating lipid droplets from mammalian cells by discontinuous density gradient centrifugation.
Isolation of Zymogen Granules from Rat Pancreas
Authors: Rindler Michael J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis unit describes methods for preparing zymogen granules from rat pancreas. Zymogen granules are storage organelles in pancreatic acinar cells containing digestive enzymes that are released into the pancreatic duct. The protocols in this unit take advantage of the large size (up to 1 µm diameter) and high density (>1.20 g/cm3 on sucrose gradients) of the granules as compared to other cellular organelles. They use a combination of differential sedimentation and density gradient separation to accomplish the purification. Similar procedures can be used to isolate zymogen granules from mouse pancreas and canine pancreas. A protocol for preparing zymogen granules from dog pancreas is also included.
Analysis of the Cell Cycle Using Xenopus Egg Extracts
Authors: Kornbluth Sally , Yang Jing , Powers Maureen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn this unit, Xenopus eggs are isolated from hormonally primed female frogs, and then the extract is treated with cyclohexamide so it remains in interphase of the cell cycle. In the presence of sperm chromatin and ATP, membrane vesicles in the extract fuse to assemble nuclei, making the extract suitable for studies of DNA replication and nuclear transport.
Modeling of a multiannular photocatalytic reactor for perchloroethylene degradation in air
Authors: Imoberdorf Gustavo E. , Cassano Alberto E. , Alfano Orlando M. , Irazoqui Horacio A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe full modeling and simulation of a multiannular photocatalytic reactor requires a thorough physical analysis of all the concurrent phenomena determinant of its performance: momentum and mass transfer in the homogeneous, nonuniform, fluid phases; radiation transfer in the fluid phases and across the flow physical boundaries; and heterogeneous photocatalytic reaction kinetics. In a previous work, an expression of the intrinsic kinetics for the degradation of perchloroethylene (PCE) based on a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed and experimentally validated. In this work, this expression is used in the physical modeling and mathematical simulation of a multiannular, bench‐scale reactor. The reactor shows good effectiveness for the PCE degradation in polluted moist air. A radiation field model was developed to predict the local superficial rate of photon absorption (LSRPA) at each point on the reactor catalytic walls, which is needed to evaluate the local reaction rate. A 2‐D mass balance was developed taking into account the intrinsic kinetics, as well as mass‐transfer rate processes and the LSRPA calculated with the radiation field model equations. Predicted conversions show good agreement with experimental results with a root mean square error < 5.6%. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Profiling in vitro drug release from subcutaneous implants: a review of current status and potential implications on drug product development
Authors: Iyer Sunil S. , Barr William H. , Karnes H. Thomas 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis review presents current methods and strategies for studying the release characteristics of drugs from subcutaneous implant dosage forms. Implants are dosage forms that are subcutaneously placed with the aid of surgery or a hypodermic needle, and are designed to release drugs over a prolonged period of time. In most cases, the objective of a release test is to identify sufficiently discriminatory procedures that in turn would provide data to set meaningful specifications. Additional information obtained from successful in vitro–in vivo correlations (IVIVC) and accelerated drug release tests are extremely useful during drug product development.Although several workers have employed different methods to monitor drug release from these dosage forms, the use of the compendial Apparatus 4 (flow‐through) device has been recommended in a publication on FIP/AAPS Guidelines for drug release testing of modified release dosage forms. However, most of method development with this device has focused on oral immediate or controlled release dosage forms and little published information is available on implants. Two recent reports on workshops provide useful information on methods to evaluate drug release from controlled‐release parenterals such as implants, including IVIVC and accelerated release testing. Details on such studies, however, are generally not found in the literature; possibly because of the high proprietary value of methodologies for establishing release specifications of implant dosage forms. This article reviews the current status of methodologies used in the investigation of drug release from subcutaneous implants with an emphasis on mechanistic, product development and regulatory perspectives. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Generation of free radicals and electrochemiluminescence from simple aromatic molecules in aqueous solutions
Authors: Ala‐Kleme Timo , Kulmala Sakari , Jiang Qinghong 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOxide‐covered aluminium electrodes were used to demonstrate that aromatic compounds, such as the simple derivatives of benzene, can be electrochemically excited at cathodically pulse‐polarized conductor/insulator/electrolyte (C/I/E) tunnel junction electrodes (e.g. oxide‐covered aluminium electrodes). The primary cathodic process at these electrodes was a tunnel emission of hot electrons into an aqueous electrolyte solution. Fluorescence (FL) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) spectra were compared and the dependence of the electrochemiluminescence on the concentrations of benzene, toluene, phenol, p‐cresol and aniline were measured and detailed mechanisms for the present electrochemiluminescence are proposed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study on the redox state dependent γ(CH) vibrational modes of the c‐type heme
Authors: Dörr Sabine , Wolpert Martina , Hellwig Petra 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAbsorbance Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra of model compounds for heme proteins such as protoporphyrin‐IX, hemin, and hematin have been directly compared to the data of electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectra of small c‐type proteins, i.e., microperoxidase‐11, and cytochrome c. A band at 840–830 cm−1 occurring in all studied samples dominated the spectra. The position of this vibrational mode depends on pH and the oxidation state, and could be assigned to the γ(CH) mode of the porphyrin ring. Further features, such as the ring vibrations sensitive for the presence of iron and its oxidation state, are shown in the low‐frequency infrared region between 750 and 650 cm−1. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82:349–352, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Large‐amplitude fast motions in double‐stranded DNA driven by solvent thermal fluctuations
Authors: Shih Chia C. , Georghiou Solon 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe nature of the internal dynamics of double‐stranded DNA in aqueous environment remains to be established. We consider the motions to stem from thermal fluctuations/dissipations of the harmonic modes of beads (bases and sugars) in a cylindrical geometry that are tracked through the stochastic Langevin trajectories; these are characterized by parameters obtained from published data. The present approach has allowed a comparative study of the dynamics for DNA lengths in the range of 20–600 base pairs. For this range, we find that rotational motions about directions parallel to the helix axis (opening, twist) and perpendicular to it (propeller‐twist, roll) contribute significantly to the dynamics. For a 20‐mer at a solvent viscosity of 1 cP, the calculated fluorescence anisotropy profile exhibits a fast decay in the subnanosecond range due to large‐amplitude fluctuations at the mesoscopic level. This feature reproduces the experimental behavior well, and suggests a possible way for the initiation of biological processes: they may be suddenly triggered on this scale through the occurrence of favorable thermal fluctuations. This analysis also reveals that, as is the case for a 20‐mer, the dynamics of longer N‐mers are dominated by internal motions, and are modulated by the viscosity of the solvent, in agreement with our previous experimental observations. Moreover, the model indicates that occurrence of partially concerted rotations of the bases due to thermal fluctuations can possibly be sustained over a DNA length of the order of 100 Å at 1 ns, suggesting a possible mechanism for action‐at‐a‐distance in transcription. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 450–463, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Towards Polyoxometalate‐Integrated Nanosystems
Authors: Long De‐Liang , Cronin Leroy 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPolyoxometalates represent a diverse range of molecular clusters with an almost unmatched range of physical properties and the ability to form structures that can bridge several length scales. The new building block principles that have been discovered are beginning to allow the design of complex clusters with desired properties and structures; several structural types and novel physical properties are examined herein. The overall message that is presented throughout is the possibility that polyoxometalate clusters could be excellent candidates to be exploited in the development of functional nanosystems or nanodevices. The concepts that underpin the development of nanoscale devices are discussed briefly, as are the considerable challenges that must be overcome to realise polyoxometalate‐based functional nanosystems.
Manganese‐Substituted Carbonic Anhydrase as a New Peroxidase
Authors: Okrasa Krzysztof , Kazlauskas Romas J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCarbonic anhydrase is a zinc metalloenzyme that catalyzes the hydration of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate. Replacing the active‐site zinc with manganese yielded manganese‐substituted carbonic anhydrase (CA[Mn]), which shows peroxidase activity with a bicarbonate‐dependent mechanism. In the presence of bicarbonate and hydrogen peroxide, (CA[Mn]) catalyzed the efficient oxidation of o‐dianisidine with kcat/KM=1.4×106 m−1 s−1, which is comparable to that for horseradish peroxidase, kcat/KM=57×106 m−1 s−1. CA[Mn] also catalyzed the moderately enantioselective epoxidation of olefins to epoxides (E=5 for p‐chlorostyrene) in the presence of an amino‐alcohol buffer, such as N,N‐bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐2‐aminoethanesulfonic acid (BES). This enantioselectivity is similar to that for natural heme‐based peroxidases, but has the advantage that CA[Mn] avoids the formation of aldehyde side products. CA[Mn] degrades during the epoxidation limiting the yield of the epoxidations to <12 %. Replacement of active‐site residues Asn62, His64, Asn67, Gln92, or Thr200 with alanine by site‐directed mutagenesis decreased the enantioselectivity demonstrating that the active site controls the enantioselectivity of the epoxidation.
Synthesis of Polyphosphazene with Pendent Perfluorobutylsulfonylimide Group
Authors: Zhang Zheng‐Bo , Wang Xin‐Zeng , Nie Jin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA new polyphosphazene with perfluorobutylsulfonylimide as a pendent group has been prepared. The structure of the polymer and its properties were characterized by 1H NMR, 19F NMR, IR spectra, gel permeation chromatography, and thermogravimetric analysis.
An Efficient Synthesis of New Polyether Dendrimers Based on the A2B Type Monomer from 5‐Hydroxyisophthalic Acid
Authors: Shi Zi‐Fa , Zhou Zhao‐Li , Cao Xiao‐Ping 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLong chain branched dendrimers 1,2 and 3were easily prepared according to the convergent strategy based on the A2B type monomer from 5‐hydroxyisophthalic acid. These dendrimers have a nucleophilic phenol focal group, which is useful to further chemistry.
Influence of Emulsifiers on the Synthesis of Insulin‐loaded Nanocapsules in Double Emulsion
Authors: Zhu Yin‐Yan , Zhang Gao‐Yong , Hong Xin‐Lin , Dong Jin‐Feng , Xia Bi‐Lai 
Published: January 2006

AbstractInsulin entrapped nanocapsules to use polylactide (PLA) as the encapsulating material were prepared through a modified water‐in‐oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsification and solvent evaporation method. The average particle size of PLA nanocapsules obtained was decreased to (181.5±8.4) nm, and capably adjusted from 180 to 370 nm by using different types and content of nonionic emulsifiers. The influence of emulsifiers on property of nanocapsules was discussed in detail. The effects of spans and tweens to modify the size of the nanocapsules were different, which can be due to the distribution of the surfactants on the inner interface between the inner water and oil of the double emulsion. The encapsulation efficiency and drug release of nanocapsules were affected obviously by the content and type of emulsifiers.
In situ Chemical Deposition of Polyaniline on Activated Carbon for Electrochemical Capacitors
Authors: Zhou Zhang‐Hua , Cai Nai‐Cai , Zeng Yan , Zhou Yun‐Hong 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPolyaniline (PA) film was chemically deposited onto the surface of activated carbon (AC) uniformly. Chemical deposition was carried out in 0.1 mol/L aniline plus 0.5 mol/L H2SO4 solution adopting V2O5·nH2O coated on the surface of activated carbon as oxidant. The surface morphologies and structures of the composite materials were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and FT‐IR spectra. The electrochemical properties of the composite material electrodes were studied by cyclic voltammetry and constant current charge/discharge tests in 1 mol/L H2SO4 solutions. The specific capacitance of composite materials was exhibited as high as 237.5 F/g at a current density of 1.0 A/g compared with a value of 120 F/g for pure carbon electrode. Good power characteristic and good stability of composite electrodes were also demonstrated.
Iodine Catalyzed Three‐component Strecker‐type Synthesis of α‐Aminonitriles from Aldehydes, Amines and Tributyltin Cyanide
Authors: Wang Hong‐She , Zhao Li‐Fang , Du Zhi‐Ming 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA simple and efficient one‐pot method has been developed for the synthesis of α‐aminonitriles from aldehydes, amines and tributyltin cyanide in the presence of a catalytic amount of iodine with high yields. The reactions proceeded smoothly at room temperature via very simple procedure.
β‐Tosylamino and β‐Hydroxyl Substituted α‐Diazocarbonyl Compounds: X‐ray Structure and 1,2‐Migrations under Photochemical Condition
Authors: Ma Ming , Yan Zhao , Zhang Shi‐Wei , Wang Jian‐Bo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAs a continuation of the investigation on 1,2‐migration of metal carbene and free carbene, two X‐ray structures of β‐substituted α‐diazocarbonyl compounds were obtained. The relationship between the structure and 1,2‐migratory aptitude was discussed and an exploratory photochemical study of the diazo compounds presented.
Two‐photon Dissociation Study of Carbon Disulfide in Acetonitrile at 266 nm
Authors: Fang Hao‐Jie , Zhang Ren‐Xi , Ouyang Bin , Zhu Cheng‐Zhu , Dong Wen‐Bo , Hou Hui‐Qi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing laser flash photolysis/transient absorption technique for the study of two photon photodissociation of carbon disulfide in acetonitrile solution at 266 nm, the transient UV‐Vis absorption spectrum of Rydberg state CS2 (6sσg) within 240–370 nm and subsequent dissociation product CS (α3Π) with the maximum absorption at 260 nm were directly observed. The lifetime of CS (α3Π) in the nitrogen and oxygen saturated solution is also studied in our experiment.