bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Variations in quantity‐frequency measures of alcohol consumption from a general population survey
Authors: WILLIAMS GERALD D. , PROUDFIT ANN H. , QUINN ELIZABETH A. , CAMPBELL KAREN E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper examines differences in quantity–frequency (QF) measures of alcohol consumption from the 1988 US National Health Interview Survey. Three methods—global QF, beverage‐specific QF, and beverage‐specific QF with drink size (QFS)—were used to estimate the average daily ethanol consumption (ADC) of current drinkers. These ADC estimates then were used to categorize drinkers into light, moderate or heavier drinking levels. Total prevalence estimates of heavier drinking were not significantly different among men, but were significantly higher with the QFS measure among women. All mean ADC scores were significantly different for both sexes. The global QF showed the lowest mean consumption, followed by the higher beverage‐specific QF and QFS measures. Adding beverage type and drink size to the QF measures increased mean ADC scores for both men and women. However, moderately high correlations (0.84 for men and 0.88 for women) were found with ADC scores from the beverage‐specific QF and QFS measures.
Alcoholism and phobic anxiety—a clinical‐demographic comparison
Authors: LOTUFO‐NETO FRANCISCO , GENTIL VALENTIM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe prevalence of anxious and phobic symptoms in 97 alcohol‐dependent and alcohol abuse patients, and that of alcohol abuse and dependence in 90 patients with panic/agoraphobia (PAG), were respectively determined in out‐patients attending alcoholism and anxiety clinics in a university psychiatric hospital. The clinical and socio‐demographic data of both the phobics and non‐phobics of the alcoholic sample, and the alcohol dependents and non‐dependents of the PAG sample, were compared. Panic attacks and phobias were associated with increased severity and worse prognosis for alcoholism. The infrequent instances of alcohol use to cope with anxiety in the PAG sample were associted with symptoms of social phobia. Alcohol abuse and dependence were more frequent in PAG men who used alcohol to cope with anxiety. Finally, the frequency and intensity of the panic and phobic symptoms of the alcoholic and PAG samples were contrasted. The alcoholism clinic patients with anxiety had less frequent and milder panic attacks. The predominant diagnosis of this group was agoraphobia, which was infrequent in the anxiety disorders clinic.
Alcohol use in the service industry
Authors: LARSEN SVEIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIt is frequently alleged that hotel and restaurant personnel drink more than other groups in the service industry, although only indirect evidence has been presented to substantiate this allegation. This paper reports data from two surveys concerning alcohol use in different segments of the service industry. In the first study 84 students at three different colleges in the Stavanger region were interviewed concerning their alcohol habits using the screening instrument AUDIT (Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test). The second survey concentrated on service employees in the Rogaland area. One hundred and five respondents answered the A UDIT questionnaire in this study. The results showed that hotel and restaurant affiliated individuals scored significantly higher on the A UDIT than the other respondents. The first survey indicated that students at the Norwegian College of Hotel Management obtained significantly higher A UDIT scores than other groups of students, whereas the second survey indicated that restaurant workers scored significantly higher than employees in other branches of the service industry. Implications of these results, as well as future research demands were indicated.
DSM‐III‐R nicotine dependence in young adults: prevalence, correlates and associated psychiatric disorders
Authors: BRESLAU NAOMI , KILBEY M. MARLYNE , ANDRESKI PATRICIA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe describe the epidemiology of nicotine dependence and Us association with other substance use and psychiatric disorders. Data came from a random sample of young adults, 21–30 years of age, in the Detroit, Michigan metropolitan area. The NIMH Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to ascertain DSM‐III‐R disorders. Lifetime prevalence of nicotine dependence was 20%. Higher rates were observed in whites, persons with low education and persons who were separated or divorced. Males and females with nicotine dependence had significantly increased odds for alcohol and illicit drug disorders, major depression and one or more anxiety disorder, as compared to non‐dependent smokers and non‐smokers combined. Among smokers, lifetime prevalence of illicit drug disorders other than marijuana alone, major depression and any anxiety disorder were significantly higher in dependent than non‐dependent people. Major depression was associated specifically with nicotine dependence, an association explained in part by neuroticism. This finding suggests that the personality trait of neuroticism might constitute a common predisposition for major depression and nicotine dependence.
Assisting problem drinkers to change on their own: effect of specific and non‐specific advice
Authors: SPIVAK K. , SANCHEZ‐CRAIG M. , DAVILA R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractProblem drinkers (99 males, 41 females) wishing to qmt or cut down without professional help received a 60‐minute session during which they lucre‐ assessed and given at random one of these materials: Guidelines, a two‐page. pamphlet outlining specific methods for achieving abstinence or moderate drinking; Manual, a 30‐page booklet describing the methods in the Guidelines; or General Information, a package about alcohol effects. At 12 months following ‐up, subjects in the Guidelines and Manual conditions showed significantly greater reductions of heavy days (of 5 + drinks) than subjects in General Information (70% vs. 24%); in addition, significantly fewer subjects in the Guidelines and the Manual conditions expressed need for professional assistance will their drinking (25% vs. 46% in General Information). No main effect of condition or gender was observed on rates of moderate drinking. At 12 months follow‐up, 31% of the men and 43% of the women were rated as moderate drinkers. It was concluded that drinkers intending to cut damn on their own derive greater benefit (in terms of their alcohol use) from materials containing specific instructions to develop moderate drinking than from those providing general information on alcohol effects. Clinical and research implications of the findings are discussed.
Alcohol in the mass media and drinking by adolescents: a longitudinal study
Authors: CONNOLLY GARY M. , CASSWELL SALLY , ZHANG JIA‐FANG , SILVA PHIL A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData from a longitudinal study carried out in Dunedin, New Zealand, were used to investigate associations between alcohol consumption at age 18 years and alcohol‐related mass media communications recalled at ages 13 and 15 years. The respondents’ recall of alcohol‐related mass media material were categorized as: commercial alcohol advertising, alcohol moderation messages or the portrayal of alcohol in entertainment. An additional media variable was the number of hours spent watching television. Non‐media variables, such as peer approval of drinking, living situation and occupation (all at age 18 years) were also included in the analyses. The period between the interviews at ages 13 and 15 years saw an increase in the broadcast of commercial alcohol advertisements on television in New Zealand and this was reflected in an increase in the proportion of the mass media material recalled which was categorized as commercial advertising. At age 15 years television advertising, mostly for beer companies, was the predominant material recalled. No relationships were found between the commercial advertising and wine and spirits consumption, among either men or women, but young women who had watched more hours of television drank more wine/spirits. Among women there were two unexpected negative relationships between recall of alcohol in the media at age 13 years and beer consumption. However, among men there was a consistent positive relationship such that those who had recalled more alcohol advertisements at age 15 years drank larger quantities of beer at age 18 years.
A test of the matching hypothesis: alcohol dependence, intensity of treatment, and 12‐month outcome
Authors: EDWARDS GRIFFITH , TAYLOR COLIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe “matching hypothesis”—the concept that treatment will be improved if matched to individual needs or characteristics—has, over recent years, attracted attention, and some research to test its validity has been conducted. These studies are briefly reviewed and an analysis then reported which focuses on exploration of the possible interaction between treatment intensity, patient characteristics with particular reference to degree of dependence on alcohol, and 12‐month treatment outcome. The data derive from a controlled trial in which patients were randomized between “Treatment” and “Advice”. No significant interactions of the kind postulated were identified and, at least for this data set, the matching hypothesis is not confirmed. Possible interpretations of these findings are discussed.
Prevalence and demographic factors of stimulant use
Authors: PICKERING H. , STIMSON GERRY V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe use of stimulants for recreation purposes has increased considerably during the 20th century. Cocaine was first considered to be a drug of potential abuse during the First World War but was only perceived as a serious threat when it became widely used in socially and economically deprived urban areas of the USA in the 1980s. Use of amphetamines was common among certain occupational groups as a means of remaining alert until the 1950s, when they were seen to be abused by a small minority of recreational users. Controls were then introduced in most developed countries. The public health issue of stimulant use is that of finding a balance between the prevention of serious social or personal harm caused by abuse of these drugs while not impeding their beneficial use.
Overview: Biological processes relevant to drugs of dependence
Authors: GRUNBERG NEIL E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractKey points are highlighted from five papers that address biological processes underlying the actions of opiates, CNS stimulants, nicotine, alcohol, and benzodiazepines. It is noteworthy that: (1) positive and negative reinforcement are common processes underlying actions of drugs of dependence; (2) dopaminergic systems in the ventral tegmental area of the brain seem to be involved in the positive reinforcement of drugs of dependence; (3) GABA also may be involved in this positive reinforcement; (4) receptor sensitization and desensitization may be involved in the actions of drugs of dependence; (5) noradrenalin, 5–HT, ACh, NMDA and corticosteroids also may be involved in drug dependence; (6) motivational systems and processes in addition to positive and negative reinforcement deserve increased research attention; and (7) there may be genetic–based individual differences in drug dependence processes.
Overview: A comparison of withdrawal symptoms from different drug classes
Authors: WEST ROBERT , GOSSOP MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhereas early formulations of addictive behaviour placed great emphasis upon withdrawal as a defining feature, current views focus more upon compulsive use as as central characteristic. However, the withdrawal syndrome continues to occupy an important place in the study of the addictions. It is interesting both in its own right and in relation to the development and maintenance of the compulsive use of drugs. Despite the attention devoted to withdrawal phenomena over many years, precise demarcation of the withdrawal symptoms associated with drugs of dependence has proved difficult to achieve. Withdrawal from all drugs of dependence appears to lead to mood disturbances although the extent to which these are due to the pharmacological actions of like drugs or to other physiological or psychological processes is unclear. Sleep disturbance is also common, although again direct links with the pharmacological actions of the withdrawn drug are yet to be established. Withdrawal from alcohol, benzodiazepines and opiates is often associated with somatic symptoms. In the former two cases, these can involve sweating, tremor and occasionally seizures. Perceptual disturbances have also been reported. In the case of opiates, flu‐like symptoms are often reported, including muscle aches and gastric disturbances. In the case of nicotine, heightened irritability has been established as a direct pharmacological withdrawal effect. Characterization of stimulant withdrawal is still uncertain. There is little evidence of somatic symptoms but depression may occur as a result of a physiological rebound. There is also uncertainty over what role pharmacological withdrawal symptoms play in maintaining compulsive use. Further advances in our understanding of the nature and significance of withdrawal symptoms will depend on using precise operational definitions of features of withdrawal.
The prevention of stimulant misuse
Authors: KAPLAN CHARLES D. , HUSCH JERRI A. , BIELEMAN BERT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe term ‘stimulant’ refers to a class of drugs that increase psychophysiological arousal. From the viewpoint of prevention, it is more useful to look primarily at the social consequences and functions of stimulants. Every society has a documented use of stimulants. When planning interventions the dynamics of use must be placed in the foreground. Stimulant epidemics, like problematic stimulant users, have a natural tendency to burn themselves out. Different types of stimulants may differ in their origins, but their epidemiological consequences and use functions tend to be similar. Implications for prevention can be drawn from the characteristics of stimulant use epidemics. Users at risk for socially unacceptable patterns should be targeted for prevention efforts. Mass media campaigns that single out stimulants should be avoided. Much of the harm associated with stimulants is a consequence of life‐styles characterized by polydrug use and unhealthy practices. Prevention should be timed to the appropriate period of the epidemic. Interventions useful at period I will not work at period 2. The recommendations of the WHO Advisory Group on the Adverse Effects of Cocaine and Coca provide a good model for primary, secondary and tertiary prevention for all forms of stimulant misuse. Stimulant prevention must be creative in finding ways of encouraging the movements of the drug to the periphery of users’lives.
Overview: Public health, health promotion and addictive substances
Authors: ANDERSON PETER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAll of the dependence‐producing substances are capable of causing harm but in most cases the harm is preventable. This paper seeks to develop some of the themes raised by the five substance‐based prevention papers by presenting an outline of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. The Ottawa Charter provides a strategic framework for prevention and covers public health policy, trade issues, availability, price, advertising and types of supportive environments and responses. It is suggested that an effective approach to the prevention of harm from dependence‐producing substances would involve a planned response which included alcohol, tobacco and drugs. Such a response would also emphasize financial and economic consequences of drug use, and would seek to strengthen or develop links with partners outside the immediate health care arena.
Treatments for smokers
Authors: HAJEK PETER 
Published: January 2006

AbstractResearch in treatments for smokers benefits from the feasibility of relatively large samples and well developed evaluative methodology. The field is currently dominated by nicotine replacement methods, for which some degree of efficacy has been clearly demonstrated, A number of psychological methods are widely used as well, although there is little consistent evidence that one specific method is better than any other. Two approaches 10 treating smokers can be distinguished, i.e. intensive clinic‐based treatments and brief community‐orientated interventions, e.g. in primary health care. The latter are applicable on a large scale, and aim to affect overall smoking prevalence. Among intensive treatments, the current state of the an would include nicotine replacement and group support of several weeks’ duration. In primary health care, simple routine interventions are the preferred option.
Potential development of community oriented HIV outreach among drug injectors in the UK
Authors: STIMSON GERRY V. , EATON GAIL , RHODES TIM , POWER ROBERT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractGiven the current epidemiological and behavioural risk profile of HIV infection among injecting drug users in the UK, the main strategic task continues to be to develop interventions to prevent the spread of HIV infection. Outreach to drug injectors is an important part of the wider UK HIV prevention strategy. Tins paper reviews critically and reassesses practically the role of outreach interventions among drug injectors in the UK. It is argued that despite the development of innovative outreach activity, the full potential of outreach has not been realized due to its theoretical orientation and inbuilt structural limitations. Outreach has predominantly operated with an ‘individual’ orientation, aiming to work with individual clients to help them to change their behaviour, gain access to services, or to become better users of services. The main thesis of this paper is that current outreach provision needs to be complemented by ‘community change’ models which seek to engender changes in the social etiquette of drug use within communities of drug injectors. The paper argues that the social networks through which HIV may be transmitted are the same social networks that may be coopted for HIV prevention. Future outreach services must turn to these networks as a way of targeting and encouraging changes among broad populations of drug injectors. Such models might use indigenous advocates, working within social networks, supported by community outreach facilitators.
Social determinants predict needle‐sharing behaviour among injection drug users in Vancouver, Canada
Authors: STRATHDEE STEFFANIE A. , PATRICK DAVID M. , ARCHIBALD CHRISTOPHER P. , OFNER MARIANNA , CORNELISSE PETER G. A. , REKART MICHAEL , SCHECHTER MARTIN T. , O'SHAUGHNESSY MICHAEL V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDespite the fact that needle exchange was introduced in Vancouver as early as 1988, needle sharing remains common. An analysis was conducted to identify determinants of borrowing used needles among subjects participating in a case‐control study. IDUs had a documented HIV seroconversion after 1 January, 1994 (h = 89), or repeatedly tested HIV‐seronegative after this date (h = 192). Interviewer‐administered questionnaires focused on drug use, sexual behaviours, source of needles and depression. Subjects were asked if they had “ever been forced to have sex” as a child, youth or adult. Logistic regression identified determinants of borrowing needles. After controlling for HIV serostatus, factors independently associated with borrowing were injecting > 4 times/day, poly drug use, and ever experiencing non‐consensual sex (AOR = 3.4, 95% CI: 1.8, 6.5). Depression was associated with borrowing, although not independently so. Homosexual activity was independently associated with borrowing among males, whereas living with a sexual partner was an independent predictor for females. Access or barriers to clean needle use were not associated with borrowing. Social determinants, particularly a history of sexual abuse, are among the most significant predictors of needle borrowing among Vancouver's IDUs. Early identification of these factors should be a component of HIV prevention programmes.
Research into smoking or nicotine and human cognitive performance: does the source of funding make a difference?
Authors: TURNER CHRISTINA , SPILICH GEORGE J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aims. To establish whether there is a relationship between tobacco industry support of basic research and the conclusions drawn by the authors of that research. Design. A sample of 91 papers investigating the effects of tobacco or nicotine use upon cognitive performance was analyzed to see if the pattern of conclusions drawn by researchers acknowledging tobacco industry support differed from the pattern of conclusions drawn by researchers not acknowledging tobacco industry support. Findings. Scientists acknowledging tobacco industry support reported typically that nicotine or smoking improved cognitive performance while researchers not reporting the financial support of the tobacco industry were more nearly split on their conclusions. Conclusions. While it is only possible to speculate on the possible reasons, the existence of a possible bias in the published literature according to funding source must be given serious consideration.
Project MATCH secondary a priori hypotheses
Authors:   PROJECT MATCH RESEARCH GROUP
Published: January 2006

Abstract Aims. (1) To assess the benefits of matching alcohol dependent clients to three treatments, based upon a priori hypotheses involving 11 client attributes; (2) to discuss the implications of these findings and of matching hypotheses previously reported from Project MATCH. Setting and participants. (1) Clients receiving outpatient therapy (N = 952; 72% male); (2) clients receiving aftercare therapy following inpatient or day hospital treatment (N = 774; 80% male). Intervention. Clients were randomly assigned to one of three 12‐week, manual‐guided, individual treatments: Cognitive Behavioral Coping Skills Therapy (CBT), Motivational Enhancement Therapy (MET) or Twelve‐Step Facilitation Therapy (TSF). Design. Two parallel but independent randomized clinical trials were conducted, one with outpatients, one with aftercare clients. Participants were monitored over 15 months including a 1‐year post‐treatment period. Individual differences in response to treatment were modeled as a latent growth process and evaluated for 17 contrasts specified a priori. Outcome measures were percentage of days abstinent and drinks per drinking day. Findings. Two a priori contrasts demonstrated significant post‐treatment attribute by treatment interactions: (1) outpatients high in anger and treated in MET had better post‐treatment drinking than in CBT; (2) aftercare clients high in alcohol dependence had better post‐treatment outcomes in TSF; low dependence clients did better in CBT. Other matching effects varied over time, while still other interactions were opposite that predicted. Conclusions. (1) Anger and dependence should be considered when assigning clients to these three treatments; (2) considered together with the results of the primary hypotheses, matching effects contrasting these psychotherapies are not robust. Possible explanations include: (a) among the client variables and treatments tested, matching may not be an important factor in determining client outcomes; (b) design issues limited the robustness of effects; and (c) a more fully specified theory of matching is necessary to account for the complexity of the results.