bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing Stage‐Discharge Relationships in Multiple‐Channelled, Ephemeral Rivers: a Case Study of the Diamantina River, Australia
Authors: BULLARD JOANNA E. , MCTAINSH GRANT H. , MARTIN PAUL 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe method for deriving a stage‐discharge relationship has a significant impact on the shape of the river's rating curve. We compare rating curves for a single gauging station on a mutiple‐channelled river in Australia compiled using three different methods – the Urban Runoff and Basin Systems (URBS) rainfall‐runoff model, an empirically‐based velocity‐area method, and the predictive Hydrologic Engineering Centre‐River Analysis System (HEC‐RAS) computer model. The rainfall‐runoff model was found to predict lower discharges for stage heights over 3.5 m than both the empirically‐based velocity‐area method and the HEC‐RAS model. The empirically‐based velocity‐area model predicts similar discharges to the rainfall‐runoff model for stage heights less than 3 m but much higher discharges for larger flood events. The HEC‐RAS model predicts higher discharges than both other rating curves at all stage heights probably due to under‐estimation of the impact of surface roughness on flow velocity. The three models are discussed with particular reference to their use on multiple‐channelled rivers.
Best Management Practice for Complex Problems: a Case Study of Defining BMP for Dryland Salinity
Authors: MEASHAM THOMAS G. , KELLY GAIL J. , SMITH F. PATRICK 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe concept of ‘best management practice’ (BMP) has become popular in the context of natural resource management in Australia and is a core principle of the National Action Plan for Salinity and Water Quality. However, despite the emergence of this concept, it seems to have been mostly overlooked for critical assessment by geographers and social scientists. This paper presents an overview of the BMP concept and its use in natural resource management, identifying two distinct types of BMP, one associated with regulation and one focused on innovation. The paper presents findings from focus groups with farmers and scientists seeking to implement BMP to manage dryland salinity in the Western Australian wheatbelt. The focus of the paper concerns defining what is meant by BMP for managing dryland salinity, and drawing attention to complications with the BMP concept as it is used in Australia to address salinity. In particular, the paper discusses the contested nature of defining BMP against a background of imperfect knowledge. As a complex environmental problem, a prescriptive approach to BMP for the management of dryland salinity is problematic. However, the concept has some merit when conceptualised as a process of continual improvement and learning.
Narratives of Race and Indigeneity in the Genographic Project
Authors: TallBear Kim 
Published: August 2007

In his 21st-century explorer’s uniform, Nordiclooking Spencer Wells kneels alongside nearly naked, smaller, African hunters who sport bows and arrows. Featured on the National Geographic Web site, “Explorer-in-Residence” Wells hold a bachelor’s and doctorate degree in biology. He is also a filmmaker who both masterminded and hosted National Geographic’s 2002 documentary, The Journey of Man: A Genetic Odyssey, which explains to non-scientists a molecular anthropology narrative of how humans left Africa 60,000 years ago to populate the rest of the globe.In his latest exploratory adventure, Wells is the project leader and spokesperson for the recently announced “Genographic Project,” a “landmark study of the human journey.” In April 2005, National Geographic and IBM, with funding from the Waitt Family Foundation (Gateway computers), launched the Genographic Project as a five-year “research partnership” that aims to “trace the migratory history of the human species” and “map how the Earth was populated.”
Individuality and Human Beginnings: A Reply to David DeGrazia
Authors: Gómez-Lobo Alfonso 
Published: August 2007

In a recent article published in the Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics, David DeGrazia criticized the two pivotal assumptions that underlie President Bush’s policy on funding stem cell research. Those assumptions are (1) that we originate as single-cell zygotes at the time of conception and (2) that we have full moral status as soon as we originate.In this paper, I would like to concentrate on the first of those assumptions and show in light of recent findings in embryological development that DeGrazia’s criticisms have to be rejected. I shall save my discussion of DeGrazia’s critique of the second assumption for a later article that can take into account DeGrazia’s further elaboration of his position.
A “taxonomic affidavit”: Why it is needed?
Authors: POR Francis Dov 
Published: August 2007

AbstractImprecise and faulty taxonomic identification of the biological objects of many ecological and experimental studies renders these studies irreproducible. Incomplete identification to the species level and excessive use of vernacular species names are additional problems. Good science must be able to be falsified. I recommend that publications and granting agencies use and mention the names of the zoologists or botanists who identified the species. Voucher specimens should be marked and deposited in scientific museums for future checking.
Evaluation of a new venom‐based clotting assay of protein C
Authors: COOPER P. C. , COOPER S. M. , GOODFELLOW K. J. , HICKEY K. P. , KITCHEN S. , MAKRIS M. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryCongenital protein C deficiency significantly increases the risk of venous thromboembolism, a serious and potentially lethal condition. Protein C levels can be determined by chromogenic, clotting and antigenic assays, each type of assay has differences in specificity and sensitivity to protein C deficiency. In principle, clotting‐based assays of protein C are preferred over chromogenic assays, as they can detect some rare mutations that are missed by the chromogenic assay, however, clotting‐based assays may be prone to inaccuracy because of poor specificity. We have evaluated a new venom‐based clotting assay of protein C, and optimized it for use on Sysmex CA‐1500 analyser. The assay was linear from 0 to 130 U/dl, a normal plasma demonstrated good inter‐assay precision, with a coefficient of variation of 4.8%. The assay compared well with antigenic‐ and venom‐based chromogenic protein C assay in normal individuals, subjects with lupus anticoagulant, and subjects with FV Leiden. Median protein C levels by clotting, chromogenic and antigen for the three subject groups were 108 U/dl, 108 IU/dl and 109 IU/dl for normal subjects, 94 U/dl, 106 IU/dl and 103 IU/dl for subjects with lupus anticoagulant, and 102 U/dl, 104 IU/dl and 100 IU/dl for subjects heterozygous for FV Leiden. Comparing levels of clotting protein C with protein C antigen by ratio (clotting/antigen), the three groups showed small differences that did not quite reach statistical significance, (mean ratios ranged from 0.95 to 1.01, anovaP = 0.0561), the lowest ratio was with the lupus anticoagulant group. Comparing clotting assay with chromogenic assay by ratio (clotting/chromogenic), the three groups did show a statistically significant difference (P = 0.0033) which was due to a difference in mean ratios between normal and lupus anticoagulant groups (ratios 1.00 and 0.91, respectively, P < 0.01). There was no statistical difference in any of the groups when comparing chromogenic protein C with protein C antigen (mean ratios ranged from 1.02 to 1.05, P = 0.3925). In a normal sample, the clotting‐based protein C level was unaffected by increasing FVIII level by up to 1000 IU/dl, using intermediate purity FVIII concentrate. The new assay is considered to be a suitable assay for the routine diagnosis of protein C deficiency.
Quality of theHaemophilus influenzaeType b (Hib) Antibody Response Induced by Diphtheria-Tetanus-Acellular Pertussis/Hib Combination Vaccines
Authors: Denoël Philippe A. , Goldblatt David , de Vleeschauwer Isabel , Jacquet Jeanne-Marie , Pichichero Michael E. , Poolman Jan T. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIt has been repeatedly observed that mixingHaemophilus influenzaetype b (Hib) conjugate vaccines with acellular pertussis-containing vaccines (diphtheria-tetanus-acellular pertussis [DTPa]) resulted in a reduced magnitude of the anti-polyriboseribitolphosphate antibody response compared to that obtained when Hib vaccines were administered separately and not mixed. Nevertheless, the quality and functionality of the immune responses have been shown to be the same. With the purpose of investigating the quality of the anti-Hib immune responses that are elicited under different vaccination regimens, we report here four primary and booster-based pediatric clinical trials in which Hib vaccine was either mixed with DTPa or diphtheria-tetanus-whole-cell pertussis (DTPw)-based vaccines or was coadministered. Our results show that avidity maturation of the antibodies was lower when primary vaccination involved DTPa mixed with Hib compared to when DTPa and Hib were coadministered. No such difference was observed between mixed and separately administered Hib when associated with DTPa-hepatitis B virus-inactivated poliovirus or DTPw-based vaccines. All different combinations and regimens elicited the same opsonophagocytic and bactericidal activity as well as the same ability to protect in a passive infant rat protection assay. The functional activity of mixed DTPa-based and Hib vaccines was similar to that of mixed DTPw-based/Hib combinations. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo data as well as postmarketing vaccine effectiveness data attest to the ability of DTPa-based/Hib combination vaccines to effectively prevent Hib-induced disease in children.
Persistence of Antibodies Induced by Measles-Mumps-Rubella Vaccine in Children in India
Authors: Raut S. K. , Kulkarni P. S. , Phadke M. A. , Jadhav S. S. , Kapre S. V. , Dhere R. M. , Dhorje S. P. , Godse S. R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
Antibody levels in 41 Indian girls were measured 6 years after measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccination. Rates of seropositivity were 88% (measles antibodies), 95% (mumps antibodies), and 100% (rubella antibodies). The MMR vaccine induces long-term immunity in a majority of vaccinees; however, due to the observation of some seronegative vaccinees, the policy of administering a second dose of the MMR vaccine seems appropriate.
Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genotyping Using Paired Exfoliated Cervicovaginal Cells and Paraffin-Embedded Tissues To Highlight Difficulties in Attributing HPV Types to Specific Lesions
Authors: Gravitt Patti E. , van Doorn Leen Jan , Quint Wim , Schiffman Mark , Hildesheim Allan , Glass Andrew G. , Rush Brenda B. , Hellman Jared , Sherman Mark E. , Burk Robert D. , Wang Sophia S. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Defining type-specific human papillomavirus (HPV) infections within cervical tissues is important for understanding the pathogenesis of cervical neoplasia and assessing the effectiveness of prophylactic vaccines with limited type-specific spectra. We compared HPV DNA-testing results from 146 matched exfoliated-cell and formalin-fixed-tissue specimens collected by cervicovaginal lavage (CVL) within 90 days of each other from women with histologically confirmed cervical intraepithelial lesions (CIN). The CVL specimens were HPV typed using a MY09/11 L1 consensus primer PCR method followed by dot blot hybridization. The tissue specimens were HPV typed using an SPF
10
line probe assay HPV detection system. Of the 146 specimen pairs with evidence of CIN in the tissue, 91.8% were positive for one or more HPV types in both the tissue and cellular specimens. Tissue sections were more likely to be HPV negative (
P
< 0.01). Typing directly from tissue sections resolved multiple infections detected in exfoliated cells to a single HPV type in only 46.9% of cases. Combined use of both specimen types to attribute lesions to HPV type 16 (HPV-16) and/or -18 led to 43.1% attributed to HPV-16 and/or -18 by both specimen types and 19.9% attributed to HPV-16 and/or -18 by one, but not both, specimen types. Unambiguous attribution of cervical lesions to a single, specific HPV type remains a difficult proposition. Use of multiple specimen types or the development of highly sensitive and robust in situ hybridization HPV-testing methods to evaluate the certainty of attribution of lesions to HPV types might provide insights in future efforts, including HPV vaccine trials.
Evaluation of the BD ProbeTec ET System for Direct Detection of
Mycobacterium bovis
in Veterinary Specimens
Authors: Bean David C. , Hills Andrea , Ryan Terry , Aitken John 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We describe the application of the BD ProbeTec ET direct tuberculosis system for the detection of
Mycobacterium bovis
in bovine and cervine lymph node tissues. Compared to traditional culture, the overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of the BD ProbeTec were 87, 100, 100, and 87%, respectively.
Pichia farinosa
Bloodstream Infection in a Lymphoma Patient
Authors: Adler A. , Hidalgo-Grass C. , Boekhout T. , Theelen B. , Sionov E. , Polacheck I. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We describe a case of
Pichia farinosa
bloodstream infection in a lymphoma patient. Phenotypic methods failed to identify the isolate, which was identified by sequence-based methods. This case highlights the importance of implementing molecular methods for the identification of rare fungal pathogens.
Large Sequence Polymorphisms Classify
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Strains with Ancestral Spoligotyping Patterns
Authors: Flores Laura , Van Tran , Narayanan Sujatha , DeRiemer Kathryn , Kato-Maeda Midori , Gagneux Sebastien 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Genomic deletion analysis revealed that strains of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
exhibiting spoligotyping patterns with almost all spacers present belong either to a strain lineage that includes the W-Beijing strain family or to the ancestral strain lineage of
M. tuberculosis
.
Peritonitis Due to
Blastobotrys proliferans
in a Patient Undergoing Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Quirin N. , Desnos-Ollivier M. , Cantin J. F. , Valery J. C. , Doussy Y. , Goursaud R. , Dromer F. , Tivollier J. M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Blastobotrys proliferans
is an ascomycetous yeast never previously reported as a human pathogen. Here we report a case of peritonitis due to
Blastobotrys proliferans
in a 46-year-old man undergoing peritoneal dialysis.
Analysis of Group B Streptococcal Isolates from Infants and Pregnant Women in Portugal Revealing Two Lineages with Enhanced Invasiveness
Authors: Martins E. R. , Pessanha M. A. , Ramirez M. , Melo-Cristino J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The populations of group B streptococcus (GBS) associated with vaginal carriage in pregnant women and invasive neonatal infections in Portugal were compared. GBS isolates were characterized by serotyping, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiling, and multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Serotypes III and V accounted for 44% of all colonization isolates (
n
= 269), whereas serotypes III and Ia amounted to 69% of all invasive isolates (
n
= 64). Whereas serotype Ia was associated with early-onset disease (EOD), serotype III was associated with late-onset disease (LOD). Characterization by PFGE and MLST identified very diverse populations in carriage and invasive disease. Serotype Ia was represented mainly by a single PFGE cluster defined by sequence type 23 (ST23) and the infrequent ST24. In contrast, serotype III was found in a large number of PFGE clusters and STs, but a single PFGE cluster defined by ST17 was found to be associated with invasive disease. Although serotype III was associated only with LOD, ST17 showed an enhanced capacity to cause both EOD and LOD. Our data reinforce the evidence for enhanced invasiveness of ST17 and identify a lineage expressing serotype Ia capsule and represented by ST23 and ST24 as having enhanced potential to cause EOD.
Ribavirin Reveals a Lethal Threshold of Allowable Mutation Frequency for Hantaan Virus
Authors: Chung Dong-Hoon , Sun Yanjie , Parker William B. , Arterburn Jeffrey B. , Bartolucci Al , Jonsson Colleen B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT
The broad spectrum of antiviral activity of ribavirin (RBV) lies in its ability to inhibit IMP dehydrogenase, which lowers cellular GTP. However, RBV can act as a potent mutagen for some RNA viruses. Previously we have shown a lack of correlation between antiviral activity and GTP repression for Hantaan virus (HTNV) and evidence for RBV's ability to promote error-prone replication. To further explore the mechanism of RBV, GTP levels, specific infectivity, and/or mutation frequency was measured in the presence of RBV, mycophenolic acid (MPA), selenazofurin, or tiazofurin. While all four drugs resulted in a decrease in the GTP levels and infectious virus, only RBV increased the mutation frequency of viral RNA (vRNA). MPA, however, could enhance RBV's mutagenic effect, which suggests distinct mechanisms of action for each. Therefore, a simple drop in GTP levels does not drive the observed error-prone replication. To further explore RBV's mechanism of action, we made a comprehensive analysis of the mutation frequency over several RBV concentrations. Of importance, we observed that the viral population reached a threshold after which mutation frequency did not correlate with a dose-dependent decrease in the level of vRNA, PFU, or [RTP]/[GTP] (where RTP is ribavirin-5′-triphosphate) over these same concentrations of RBV. Modeling of the relationship of mutation frequency and drug concentration showed an asymptotic relationship at this point. After this threshold, approximately 57% of the viral cDNA population was identical to the wild type. These studies revealed a lethal threshold, after which we did not observe a complete loss of the quasispecies structure of the wild-type genome, although we observed extinction of HTNV.
Estimating the Effectiveness of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus-Specific CD8+T Cells from the Dynamics of Viral Immune Escape
Authors: Mandl Judith N. , Regoes Roland R. , Garber David A. , Feinberg Mark B. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAntiviral CD8+T cells are thought to play a significant role in limiting the viremia of human and simian immunodeficiency virus (HIV and SIV, respectively) infections. However, it has not been possible to measure the in vivo effectiveness of cytotoxic T cells (CTLs), and hence their contribution to the death rate of CD4+T cells is unknown. Here, we estimated the ability of a prototypic antigen-specific CTL response against a well-characterized epitope to recognize and kill infected target cells by monitoring the immunodominant Mamu-A*01-restricted Tat SL8 epitope for escape from Tat-specific CTLs in SIVmac239-infected macaques. Fitting a mathematical model that incorporates the temporal kinetics of specific CTLs to the frequency of Tat SL8 escape mutants during acute SIV infection allowed us to estimate the in vivo killing rate constant per Tat SL8-specific CTL. Using this unique data set, we show that at least during acute SIV infection, certain antiviral CD8+T cells can have a significant impact on shortening the longevity of infected CD4+T cells and hence on suppressing virus replication. Unfortunately, due to viral escape from immune pressure and a dependency of the effectiveness of antiviral CD8+T-cell responses on the availability of sufficient CD4+T cells, the impressive early potency of the CTL response may wane in the transition to the chronic stage of the infection.
Plasma polychlorobiphenyl and organochlorine pesticide level and risk of major lymphoma subtypes
Authors: Cocco P , Brennan P , Ibba A , de Sanjosé Llongueras S , Maynadié M , Nieters A , Becker N , Ennas M G , Tocco M G , Boffetta P 
Published: August 2007

Background:There is conflicting epidemiological evidence concerning an increase in risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL) associated with elevated blood levels of persistent organochlorine (OC) pesticides and polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs).Methods:We measured the concentration of 17 OC pesticides, including hexachlorobenzene (HCB), four lindane isomers (α-, β-, γ- and δ-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH)), two chlordane species (heptachlor and oxy-chlordane), four cyclodiene insecticides (aldrin, dieldrin, endrin and mirex), six dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) isomers and nine PCB congeners (PCBs 28, 52, 101, 118, 138, 153, 170, 180 and 194) in plasma samples of 377 subjects, including 174 NHL cases and 203 controls from France, Germany and Spain. The risk of NHL and its major subtypes associated with increasing blood levels of OC pesticides and PCBs was calculated using unconditional logistic regression.Results:Risk of NHL, diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and chronic lymphatic leukaemia (CLL) did not increase with plasma levels of HCB, β-HCH,p,p′-dichloro-diphenyl-dichloroethylene (DDE), or total and individual PCBs or their functional groups, in the overall study population. Substantial heterogeneity in DLBCL risk associated with immunotoxic PCBs (p = 0.03) existed between the Spanish subgroup (odds ratio (OR) for immunotoxic PCB plasma level above the median vs below the median was 0.7, 95% CI 0.3 to 1.6) and the French and German subgroups combined (OR 3.2, 95% CI 0.9 to 11.5).Conclusion:We did not find evidence of an association between NHL risk and plasma level of OC pesticides and PCBs.
6-Hour to 1-Year Variance of Five Global Precipitation Sets
Authors: Ruane Alex C. , Roads John O. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Three-hourly time series of precipitation from three high-resolution precipitation products [Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) algorithm 3B-42, the Climate Prediction Center’s morphing method (CMORPH), and the Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN)] and two reanalyses are examined for their frequency characteristics using broad and narrow variance categories. After isolating the diurnally forced peaks (at 24, 12, 8, and 6 h), the power spectra are divided into comprehensive broad bands comprising the annual (∼80 days–1 yr), intraseasonal (20 to ∼80 days), slow (6–20 days) and fast (36 h–6 days) synoptic, and high-frequency (6–36 h) periods. Global maps accounting for 100% of precipitation’s variance are analyzed to identify unique regional behaviors.
Annual variability is strongest over regions affected by the seasonal migration of the intertropical convergence zone, as well as over monsoonal regions. The intraseasonal band displays off-equatorial evidence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO), particularly in the Indian Ocean, but the MJO’s rainfall is partially manifested in the slow synoptic band and at higher frequencies. The fast synoptic band is particularly strong over the oceans, while high-frequency variability is enhanced over land by more extreme surface gradients. Diurnal variance is strongest at low latitudes and is pronounced over regions with well-known diurnal circulations, including mountains and coastlines. Interproduct and intermodel differences also indicate biases of the precipitation product algorithms and convective parameterizations, including a strong bias toward low-frequency variability in the relaxed Arakawa–Schubert parameterization employed by one of the reanalyses, as well as increased white-spectral characteristics over land in the precipitation products.