bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resistance responses induced by the plant growth retardant prohexadione‐Ca in apple against scab infections
Authors: Bini F. , Ragaini A. , Bazzi C. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe efficacy of the dioxygenase inhibitor prohexadione‐Ca (ProCa) as an inducer of resistance responses against apple scab (Venturia inaequalis/Spilocaea pomi) was evaluated in two sets of experiments under glasshouse conditions. ProCa (200 ppm) was applied on seedlings of open‐pollinated Malus domestica L. cv. Golden Delicious, and 10 days after application, a group of seedlings was inoculated with a conidial suspension of S. pomi. Total RNA was extracted from leaf samples collected at different times from both inoculated and noninoculated seedlings, and expression of the pathogenesis‐related proteins PR‐1, PR‐2, PR‐5, PR‐8, PR‐10 and chitinase was studied by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction and Northern blot hybridisation. Disease severity was significantly lower on seedlings treated with ProCa than on the water‐treated control seedlings. ProCa triggered a general increase in gene expression of almost all the PR genes; only the level of chitinase and PR‐10 did not show a detectable increase. A strong upregulation of all the assayed genes was observed in leaves of apple seedlings first treated with ProCa and then inoculated with the pathogen, whereas no expression and/or a constitutive signal was found in samples from the control seedlings.
TEXTURE PROPERTIES OF GOUDA CHEESE
Authors: YATES M.D. , DRAKE M.A. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe role of age and fat content on the sensory texture properties of Gouda cheeses was investigated. Twenty‐one Gouda cheeses were collected from domestic and international sources. The cheese samples represented a range of typical ages and fat contents (3 months to 5 years; 12.2–33.9% fat). A descriptive sensory analysis of texture was conducted using an established cheese texture language. Representative cheese samples were selected for consumer acceptance testing. Two consumer tests (n = 90 consumers each day) were conducted to evaluate the effect of age and fat content on acceptance and consumer perception of texture. Results were analyzed by analysis of variance with means separation. Internal preference mapping was also applied to consumer data. Descriptive panelists documented specific differences in texture attributes with cheese age and fat content (P < 0.05). Consumers also documented differences in color, flavor, texture and overall liking of cheese samples based on age and fat content. A wide variability in color and flavor liking was documented. In contrast, most consumers preferred a smooth, cohesive texture in Gouda cheeses while fracturability, firmness and springiness contributed to a decrease in texture liking and were negatively associated with liking, regardless of flavor. Flavor is a key driver for consumer acceptance of Gouda cheeses. However, there is an ideal or optimum texture concept, and deviation from the expected or desired texture negatively impacts overall liking.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis study demonstrates the impact of age and fat removal on texture characteristics of Gouda cheese. Consumer perception of these attributes is also addressed. In the case of Gouda cheeses, the ideal texture of Gouda cheese is described by American consumers as “smooth” and “creamy.” These terms correspond to mild or young cheeses that display trained panel texture attributes of cohesiveness, breakdown, smoothness of mass and smoothness of mouth coating.
PREFERENCE MAPPING OF COLOR OF URUGUAYAN HONEYS
Authors: GÁMBARO ADRIANA , ARES GASTÓN , GIMÉNEZ ANA , PAHOR SILVANA 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT The color of 30 honey samples, both from unifloral and multifloral origin, was characterized using Pfund scale and CIE L*a*b* tristimulus method. A panel of 140 consumers evaluated the color acceptability of the samples using a 9‐point structured scale. The color of the samples was differentiated (P < 0.001) by both instrumental methods, which confirms the validity of using them to characterize the color of honey. Consumers showed highly significant different degrees of liking for the color of the evaluated honeys. Two clusters (cluster 2 and cluster 3) with different preference patterns were identified; one liked intermediate‐colored honeys, and the other preferred dark reddish honeys. External preference mapping was used to model color acceptability for consumers in each cluster using the first two principal components of the principal component analysis of the instrumental color data.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe key finding of this study is the comparison of Pfund scale and CIE L*a*b* method to characterize the color of honey, and the relationship of instrumental color measurements and consumer preferences. Although the Pfund scale showed the highest discrimination between samples, it does not take into account the tone of the color of the samples and was not enough to the color of honeys. Preference mapping provided insight into the aspects that are important for consumers when deciding the acceptability of color in honey. Results showed that Uruguayan consumers seemed to dislike light‐colored honeys.
SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATIONS OF MULTIPLE PRODUCT SIMILARITIES USING A NEW DISCRIMINATION PROTOCOL
Authors: ROUSSEAU BENOÎT 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT This research investigated new paradigms that permit the simultaneous comparison of more than two samples in a discrimination study. Three successive experiments were conducted. All involved noncarbonated orange beverages. In experiment I, Torgerson's method of triads was found to be more discriminating than the multiple dual‐pair method and was used in the subsequent two experiments. In experiments II and III, subjects discriminated among stimuli using the Torgerson's method as well as traditional duo–trios. In experiment II, the univariate Thurstonian model with four distributions was found to provide a suitable fit of the data, and the d′ values obtained using the traditional duo–trio methodology were not found to be significantly different from those obtained with Torgerson's method. In experiment III, a multivariate, but not univariate, model provided a good fit of the data. Furthermore, d′ values from the Torgerson's method were not found to be significantly different from those obtained using the traditional duo–trio methodology.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThis research supported the use of a Thurstonian model for Torgerson's method of triads and uncovered the usefulness of the method when comparing more than two samples using a discrimination methodology, which has applications in situations involving samples with inherent intra‐product variations. Flexibility in the models available also permits the estimation of the dimensionality of the differences among the stimuli involved, providing valuable information that can be obtained more efficiently than running multiple pair‐wise traditional discrimination trials.
EXPECTATIONS, NEEDS AND SEGMENTATION OF HEALTHY BREAKFAST CEREAL CONSUMERS
Authors: LEE C.M. , MOSKOWITZ H.R. , LEE S‐Y. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT Cereal is the number one food choice for half of the American population who consume breakfast. The growing concern about obesity makes the availability of a healthy breakfast cereal (HBC) a key goal to achieve for healthy consumer lifestyles. This study investigated various factors that consumers associate with HBC, including ingredients, health claims, sensory benefits, brand names and pricing, using conjoint analysis. Consumers were motivated to buy HBC if it tastes good, but were not willing to pay more than $2.49 for 14 oz of HBC. Overall, consumers expect HBC to contain high fiber, low fat and sugar, and multigrain ingredients. Consumers were divided into four segments, including the “healthy choosy ” (n = 171), “basic” (n = 109), “sensory thriller” (n = 38) and “static” (n = 49). Descriptions of soy ingredient and soy health claims were rated favorably only by the “healthy choosy” segment.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe findings from this research will benefit the healthy breakfast cereal (HBC) manufacturers when developing or improving their products. Manufacturers should not ignore basic ingredients such as fiber, sugar and fat. Although 47% of the respondents were classified as “healthy choosy,” new or improved products should be introduced at a higher level of consumer acceptance without outrageous pricing to encourage respondents from “basic” and “sensory thriller” segments to switch to HBC. In particular, soy‐based HBC elements were not received well by the respondents in the “sensory thriller” segment, signaling a need to improve the consumer acceptance of soy‐based HBC with improved product and marketing. By selecting respondents from the study, we will be able to conduct a qualitative study to reveal the underlying factors for their choice of HBC.
Rice Gene Machine: A Vehicle for Finding Functions of Cereal Genes
Authors: Upadhyaya Narayana M. , Zhu Qianhao , Eamens Andrew , Dennis Elizabeth S. 
Published: September 2007

Identifying functions for the predicted 25 000 to 40 000 plant genes is the new focus of genomic research following the sequencing of genomes from model plants like Arabidopsis and rice. It is important that researchers and plant breeders especially from Asian countries access the techniques and resources of plant functional genomics, not only to remain competitive globally in rice research and development activities, but also to increase yields by alleviating some of the rice production constraints. These newly identified genes and gene control sequences can be used in transformation breeding and as molecular markers in classical plant breeding. At CSIRO Plant Industry we are using an insertional mutagenesis approach in rice to relate genes to their functions. With national and international collaboration we hope to create a substantial "Rice Gene Machine" comprised of many thousands of rice insertion lines with their associated phenotypes and the gene sequences flanking insertion sites identified. This Rice Gene Machine will allow the identification of gene functions, which will benefit rice research and the rice industry for years to come.
Inferring an Original Sequence from Erroneous Copies: Two Approaches
Authors: Keith Jonathan M. , Adams Peter , Bryant Darryn , Mitchelson Keith R. , Cochran Duncan A. E. , Lala Gita H. 
Published: September 2007

This paper considers the problem of inferring an original sequence from a number of erroneous copies. The problem arises in DNA sequencing, particularly in the context of emerging technologies that provide high throughput or other advantages at the cost of an increased number of errors. We describe and compare two approaches that have recently been developed by the authors. The first approach searches for a sequence known as a Steiner string; the second searches for the most probable original sequence with respect to a simple Bayesian model of sequencing errors. We present the results of extensive tests in which erroneous copies of real DNA sequences were simulated and the algorithms were used to infer the original sequences. The results are used to compare the two approaches to each other and to a third, more conventional, approach based on multiple sequence alignment. We find that the Bayesian approach is superior to the Steiner approach, which in turn is superior to the alignment approach. The two new algorithms can also be used to construct multiple sequence alignments. We show that the two methods produce alignments of approximately equal quality, and conclude that the Steiner approach is better for this purpose because it is faster. Both methods produce better alignments than a well-known multiple sequence alignment package, for the cases tested.
The Protein Surface Properties Calculator
Authors: Nicolau Dan V. , Fulga Florin , Nicolau Dan V. 
Published: September 2007

The interactions of large molecules with surfaces and with each other are strongly dependent upon their surface, rather than their bulk properties. In addition, the local properties of biomolecular surfaces are very important in their own right in biomedicine and other areas, for example for locating binding sites. Following to previous work, we have developed a program to compute to compute amino acid and atom-based surface descriptors, and used it to generate a small database of charge and hydrophobicity-related surface properties for a set of proteins. The program requires the user to input two text files: one assigning a real number to each atom of each amino acid, and one assigning a real number to each amino acid. Although we have so far only computed surface charge (atom-based) and surface hydrophobicity (amino acid-based), we note that this program could be used to compute any surface parameter whatsoever, since the user can assign arbitrary atom-by-atom and amino acid properties.We discuss possible applications of this program and describe one current application, the Biomolecular Adsorption Database.
Feature — Competitive Positioning Strategies for Australia Biotech Companies: A Road Map to Achieve Competitive Position in the Global Biotech Marketplace Part I
Authors: Balaji K 
Published: September 2007

Australia’s focus on biotechnology began in the 1990s, although this industry has been active in the country since the 1970s. Australia’s traditional strengths in medical and agricultural research have helped the country to move up the global biotech value-chain in a very short time. The Australian economy is relatively small compared to other biotech behemoths such as the United States and Japan and the government has realized the importance of innovation through industries such as biotechnology to boost the economy. This has translated into generous research funding and a favorable policy atmosphere for the industry, which in turn has grown steadily. The following White Paper builds a global, regional, and country perspective on the biotechnology industry and analyzes the competitive position of Australian biotech companies. The White Paper also elucidates key strategies for Australian biotech companies for achieving sustainable growth.
Southern hemisphere Miocene bottom-water circulation: a palaeobathymetric analysis
Authors: Sykes T. J. S. , Ramsay A. T. S. , Kidd R. B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPalaeobathymetric reconstructions of the southern hemisphere are used to assess the potential flow paths and extent of proto-Antarctic Bottom Water (proto-AABW) for three time slices during the Miocene: 20 Ma (early), 15 Ma (middle) and 10 Ma (late). The depth ranges of fluctuations in this water mass were derived from its waxing/waning curve, based on an analysis of hiatuses within drill sites from the Indian Ocean. Proto-AABW was likely to be expressed at depths below −4400 m, −5500 m and −4700 m at 20 Ma, 15 Ma and 10 Ma respectively. These depth ranges were extended into the South Atlantic and South Pacific Oceans to allow a first approximation of potential proto-AABW flow paths. An understanding of modem oceanography and the distribution of suspended sediment particle concentrations within the nepheloid layer and sediment drifts were used to constrain flow paths. This interpretation was made on the basis that proto-Antarctic Bottom Water was an analogue of it modern equivalent and was likely to have followed similar flow paths.The palaeobathymetric analysis reveals that at 20 Ma (early Miocene) the deep basins of the southern hemisphere were well connected and proto-AABW flow paths were likely to have been widespread. By 15 Ma (middle Miocene), however, the waning of proto-AABW led to the disconnection of the deep ocean basins and this water mass was probably restricted to the Antarctic Basin. Waxing of proto-AABW during the late Miocene allowed the reconnection of the deep basins but not to the same extent as at 20 Ma (early Miocene).
Low-latitude Plio-Pleistocene temporal abundance variations in the radiolarian
Cycladophora davisiana
Ehrenberg: stratigraphic and palaeoceanographic significance
Authors: Haslett Simon K. , Funnell Brian M. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The abundance variation of the radiolarian
Cycladophora davisiana
was recorded throughout the Plio-Pleistocene Olduvai Time-slab of Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Sites 677, 709, 847, 850 and 851, in the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans. Data were plotted on independently erected timescales. Twelve peak-abundance events were recognized, although not all events were recognized at all the sites. Most of the events, where they are recorded at different sites, were synchronous. However, events recorded at Site 709 in the Indian Ocean were found to be approximately 15 ka older than those events recorded at Pacific sites. This age difference may be due to either diachronous
C. davisiana
events or a slight inaccuracy in the erected timescale for ODP Site 709 compared with those of the eastern Pacific. The previously demonstrated synchroneity of
C. davisiana
events in the Late Quaternary leads us to believe that the ODP Site 709 timescale may be inaccurate. Thus, recognition of correlatable
C. davisiana
events in the equatorial Pacific and Indian Oceans permits the further evaluation and fine-tuning of high-resolution timescales, enabling accurate comparisons to be made of sediment sequences on a regional, and possibly oceanic and interoceanic scale. Of the 12
C. davisiana
events recognized, only one event occurred at all the investigated sites. This event occurred at
c.
1.8 Ma and immediately above the internationally defined Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary, and may thus prove to be a new useful biostratigraphic marker for the Tertiary/Quaternary boundary.
C. davisiana
is primarily characteristic of high-latitude water masses, therefore the cyclical abundance peaks of this species noted at the low-latitude sites investigated here, represent the injection of deep cold water of high-latitude origin.
Intra-interglacial cold events: an Eemian-Holocene comparison
Authors: Maslin M. , Sarnthein M. , Knaack J.-J. , Grootes P. , Tzedakis C. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Rapid oscillations between warm and cold climates have been found in the oxygen isotope record of the Greenland Ice-core Project (GRIP) ice core during the Eemian/Marine oxygen Isotope Stage (MIS) 5e. In contrast, the variability in Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 (GISP2) ice core is significantly different and some Atlantic deep-sea records suggest no such climate variations. We present here a high-resolution (50–300 years) set of marine proxies from the low-latitude east Atlantic margin (ODP Site 658), which suggest that in general the Eemian was climatically very similar to the Holocene. We, however, observe that the upwelling intensity off the West African coast was greatly reduced during the early Eemian, corresponding to the very mild climate observed in the European lake records. We observe that MIS 5e contains one significant short cold spell (<400 years), which is marked by a reduction of upper North Atlantic deep water ventilation. We suggest this cold event may correlate with the cold interval found in the European terrestrial records. The cause of the intra-Eemian event was likely to be the freshening and cooling observed in the Norwegian Sea. This brief cold spell, however, did not affect the overall stability of MIS 5e, and moreover it has an analogue event in the Holocene ‘Sub-Boreal’ period. Marine and terrestrial records thus seem to be incompatible with those of the GRIP ice core record, supporting the suggestion that the GRIP record has been altered by ice tectonics.
Timing of the late Quaternary Amazon Fan Complex masstransport deposits
Authors: Maslin Mark , Mikkelsen Naja 
Published: September 2007

Abstract

The Amazon Fan at the mouth of the Amazon River is a large, highly structured muddy deep-sea fan. Sediment recovered by Ocean Drilling Program Leg 155 has allowed us to reconstruct the structure of the late Quaternary Amazon Fan Complex. A significant sedimentary component of the complex are the mass-transport deposits (MTDs) formed by catastrophic failure of the continental slope. There are two sets of MTDs: the near-surface MTDs and the deep MTDs. The near-surface MTDs are divided into the Eastern and Western Debris Flows which are capped by Holocene sediments. The deep debris flows are divided into the Unit R MTD in the western Amazon Fan complex, and the Deep Eastern MTD in the eastern Amazon Fan Complex. The MTDs each cover an area of up to 25 000 km
2
, reach a maximum thickness of 200 m, and consist of approximately 50 000 gigatonnes of sediment. A characteristic of the MTDs is the inclusion of reworked glacial and interglacial material from both the continental slope and the surrounding fan. The relatively thin interglacial deposits below the MTDs are from the nanofossil zones CN14b and CN15a and thus younger than 460 ka. Bio-, seismic- and magnetostratigraphy and sedimentation rate constraints have been used to date the top of both the near-surface and the deep MTDs. It seems that the near-surface Western and Eastern Debris Flows were last active during Termination I. The Deep Eastern MTD was last active at about 33 ka, while the Unit R MTD was last active at about 45 ka. It is inferred that the interglacial deposits beneath these MTDs were formed during Oxygen Isotope Stages 7, 9 and 11. We speculate that the MTDs were triggered by climatically induced changes in sea level, and that the interglacial deposits may have acted as slip planes for the MTDs.
Sedimentary evidence relating to the tectonic evolution of the Lau Basin, SW Pacific, from ODP Sites 834–839 (ODP Leg 135)
Authors: Rothwell R. G. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Six sites were drilled during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 135 in the western Lau backarc basin in the southwest Pacific (Sites 834–839). These sites are all located in basins within a horst and graben terrain and form an approximate transect across the rifted arc basement onto crust considered to have been formed at the East Lau Spreading Centre. The sedimentary sequences recovered from these backarc sites range in age from the late Miocene to the Holocene; they consist primarily of a lower succession of volcaniclastic sediment gravity-flow deposits interbedded with hemipelagic clayey nannofossil oozes and nannofossil clays, overlain by a distinctive upper succession of hydrothermally stained hemipelagic, and locally redeposited, clayey nannofossil oozes. The volcaniclastic sediment gravity-flow deposits are predominantly massive, proximal, vitric gravels, sands and silts, that are mainly locally derived from adjacent basement ridges and intrabasin seamount volcanoes.
At Site 835, which was drilled in a small extensional sub-basin in the oldest part of the Lau Basin, the upper clayey nannofossil ooze sequence is anomalously thick and rigorous sedimentological analysis shows that much of this sequence is redeposited. Thick clayey nannofossil ooze turbidite muds are identified that closely resemble the enclosing clayey nannofossil ooze hemipelagites. These thick turbidite muds are associated with mudclast conglomerates, interpreted as muddy debris-flow deposits, and a number of coherent rafted blocks of older hemipelagic sediment. These allochthonous deposits testify to several episodes of instability in the sub-basin that may be related to large-scale tectonic activity caused by the southward passage of ocean-ridge propagator tips past the latitude of the drillsite. Episodes of increased sediment deposition, due to increased frequency of turbidite emplacement, are evident at all of the Lau Basin backarc drillsites, and these correlate moderately well with the closest approach of the propagating ridge tip to each sub-basin. The research presented illustrates how turbidites, once identified, can be used to decipher complex tectonic histories, and demonstrates the importance of local tectonic controls on sediment redeposition in backarc basins.