bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tribologically activated surface layers in lubricated DLC contacts
Authors: Podgornik B. , Vižintin J. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn the past, adequate functionality of high‐performance components would have been impossible without advanced lubricant additive chemistry and proper lubricant formulation. Especially anti‐wear (AW) and extreme‐pressure (EP) additives are crucial in minimising friction and wear and protecting contact surfaces under severe contact conditions. Introduction of diamond‐like carbon (DLC) coatings, on the other hand, opens further possibilities in improving performance of highly loaded components, which can no longer be achieved only by lubricant design.The aim of the present research was to determine the mechanism responsible for the low‐friction behaviour of boundary lubricated DLC coatings when lubricated with lubricants containing EP or AW additives and to investigate the influence of contact conditions. Tests were performed under reciprocating sliding motion using ball on flat test configuration, with ball‐bearing steel ball being loaded against undoped and W‐doped DLC‐coated discs, respectively. Results of the investigation clearly show that in the case of W‐doped DLC coatings, low‐friction behaviour under boundary lubrication is governed by formation of WS2‐containing tribolayers, which are contact conditions dependent and can reduce friction by more than 50%. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Heptafluorozirconates and ‐hafnates AIBIIZr(Hf)F7 (AI = Rb, Tl; BII = Ca, Cd) – Synthesis, Structures, and Structural Relationships
Authors: Meddar Lynda , El‐Ghozzi Malika , Avignant Daniel 
Published: January 2008

AbstractFour new ABZrF7 heptafluorozirconates (A = Rb, Tl; B = Ca, Cd) and their homologous heptafluorohafnates, all colorless, orthorhombic Cmcm (no63), Z = 4, have been synthesized by heating stoichiometric mixtures of RbF or TlF, CaF2 or CdF2 and ZrF4 (HfF4) in sealed platinum tubes at temperature ranging from 550 °C (Tl) to 600 °C (Rb). The crystal structures of both RbCdZrF7 and TlCdZrF7 have been solved from single‐crystal X‐rays diffraction data. Rietveld refinements were performed from X‐rays powder patterns for RbCaZrF7 and TlCaZrF7. In this series of heptafluorides, both B2+ and Zr4+ cations exhibit a pentagonal bipyramidal 7‐coordination. Their structural relationships with other heptafluorozirconates AIBIIZrF7 as well as β‐KYb2F7 are discussed. RbCaZrF7: a = 6.863(1) Å, b = 11.130(1) Å, c = 8.485(1) Å; TlCaZrF7: a = 6.868(1) Å, b = 11.165(1) Å, c = 8.486(1) Å; RbCdZrF7: a = 6.780(1) Å, b = 11.054(4) Å, c = 8.420(4) Å; TlCdZrF7: a = 6.784(3) Å, b = 11.099(2) Å, c = 8.424(9) Å.
Theory of mind and social inference in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder
Authors: Schenkel L. S. , Marlow-O'Connor M. , Moss M. , Sweeney J. A. , Pavuluri M. N. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryBackgroundDeficits in theory of mind (ToM), or the ability to infer what another person is thinking or feeling, have been reported in manic and euthymic adults with bipolar disorder. To date, there have been no investigations of ToM in pediatric bipolar disorder (PBD). The aim of the current study was to investigate this ability in PBD patients and healthy controls.MethodPBD patients (n=26) and intellectually and demographically similar healthy comparison subjects (n=20) were administered two ToM tasks. In the Affective Story Task, subjects were read positive-, negative- and neutral-valenced stories, and were assessed on their ability to recognize that a misleading series of events could lead one character to develop a false belief about another character. On the Hinting Task, subjects were required to infer the real intentions behind subtle hints.ResultsThe PBD group performed significantly more poorly than controls on the Hinting Task and the positive and negative conditions of the Affective Story Task. In the PBD group only, younger age, earlier illness onset and manic symptoms were associated with poorer ToM performance.ConclusionsConsistent with past findings in adult bipolar disorder (BD), PBD youth performed more poorly than controls on ToM tasks. Data suggest that ToM ability may be more impaired in affectively charged contexts. Additionally, an earlier onset of illness among PBD youth may interfere with the development of social-cognitive skills. ToM disturbances may be a useful treatment target in PBD, with the aim of facilitating more accurate assessment of social cues and better interpersonal functioning.
Risk factors for infection withCampylobacter jejuni flaAgenotypes
Authors: UNICOMB L. E. , O'REILLY L. C. , KIRK M. D. , STAFFORD R. J. , SMITH H. V. , BECKER N. G. , PATEL M. S. , GILBERT G. L. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYWe aimed to exploreCampylobactergenotype-specific risk factors in Australia. Isolates collected prospectively from cases recruited into a case-control study were genotyped usingflaArestriction fragment-length polymorphism typing (flaAgenotyping). Exposure information for cases and controls was collected by telephone interview. Risk factors were examined for majorflaAgenotypes using logistic and multinomial regression. FiveflaAgenotypes accounted for 325 of 590 (55%) cases – flaA-6b (n=129),flaA-6 (n=70),flaA-10 (n=48),flaA-2 (n=43),flaA-131 (n=35). In Australia, infections due toflaA-10 andflaA-2 were found to be significantly associated with eating non-poultry meat (beef and ham, respectively) in both case-control and inter-genotype comparisons. All major genotypes apart fromflaA-10 were associated with chicken consumption in the case-control comparisons. Based on several clinical criteria, infections due toflaA-2 were more severe than those due to other genotypes. Thus genotype analysis may reveal genotype-specific niches and differences in virulence and transmission routes.
Iodine deficiency and its association with intelligence quotient in schoolchildren from Colima, Mexico
Authors: Pineda-Lucatero Alicia , Avila-Jiménez Laura , Ramos-Hernández Rosa Isela , Magos Clementina , Martínez Homero 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of iodine deficiency, its causes and its association with intelligence quotient (IQ) in Mexican schoolchildren.DesignCross-sectional analytical study, in which determinations of thyroid gland size, urinary iodine excretion, IQ, iron nutritional status, physical anthropometry, family consumption of goitrogenic foods, type/origin and iodine saturation of salt consumed at home and coliform organisms in drinking water were performed, and the association of each variable with IQ scores was evaluated by multiple regression analyses.SettingMunicipality of Cuauhtémoc, in Colima, Mexico (altitude: 600–2700 m above sea level). Sea salt is extracted manually nearby and often used for human consumption. Goitre remains present in the region despite over half a century of mandatory salt iodination in the country.SubjectsThree hundred and three children, similar proportions of boys and girls, mean age 9·3 years, randomly selected from 19 public elementary schools.ResultsOverall goitre rate was 21·4 %; low urinary iodine excretion was found in 19·5 % of the children, high urinary iodine excretion in 32·0 %. IQ scores were transformed into percentile values, with the following categorisation: ≤P5 (low IQ), 48·5 %; >P5 to ≤P25 (below average), 24·2 %; >P25 to <P75 (average), 18·8 %; ≥P75 to <P95 (above average), 3·6 %; ≥P95 (high IQ), 4·9 %. Ninety-two per cent of the population used iodinated salt, but deficient iodine saturation (<50 ppm) was found in 86·8 % of salt samples. The main goitrogenic foods consumed were peanuts (by 31·5 % of the sample), cabbage (30·1 %), broccoli (27·7 %) and cauliflower (25·7 %). Median counts of coliform organisms (colony-forming units/100 ml of drinking water) were: 207·5 (well water), 151 (cisterns), 52 (private homes), 25 (elementary schools) and 12 (kindergartens). Moderate iodine deficiency was associated (P< 0·05) with a 4·26 times higher risk of low IQ.ConclusionsThere is a perturbing negative impact of these findings on human capital acquisition for the region and the country. More attention is needed to ensure effective salt iodination processes, particularly in regions where goitrogens may contribute to the negative effects of iodine deficiency on the intellectual development of children.
Blowing off acid: a new tool to study Na+/HCO3− co‐transport
Authors: Avkiran M 
Published: January 2008

Investigation of the physiological functions and possible pathological roles of Na+/HCO3− co‐transport in the heart has been hampered by uncertainty over the molecular identity of cardiac Na+/HCO3− co‐transporter(s) and the absence of selective pharmacological inhibitors. In their paper published in this issue, Ch'en and colleagues describe the extensive characterization of S0859 as a high‐affinity inhibitor of Na+/HCO3− co‐transport in cardiac myocytes (Ch'en et al., 2008). The availability of S0859 provides a powerful new tool to investigate the (patho)physiological significance of Na+/HCO3− co‐transport in the heart and other tissues.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 844–845; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707670; published online 21 January 2008
Effect of peripheral obestatin on food intake and gastric emptying in ghrelin‐knockout mice
Authors: Depoortere I , Thijs T , Moechars D , De Smet B , Ver Donck L , Peeters T L 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:The finding that obestatin, a peptide encoded by the ghrelin gene, opposes ghrelin's stimulatory effect on food intake and gastric emptying has been questioned. The effect of obestatin has been mostly investigated in fasted rodents, a condition associated with high blood levels of ghrelin which may mask the effect of obestatin. We therefore investigated the effect of obestatin on food intake, gastric emptying and gastric contractility in ghrelin knockout mice.Experimental approach:The effect of obestatin on 6‐h cumulative food intake was studied in fasted wildtype (ghrelin+/+) and ghrelin knockout (ghrelin−/−) mice. In both genotypes, the effect of obestatin and/or ghrelin was studied in vivo on gastric emptying measured with the 14C‐octanoic acid breath test and in vitro on neural responses elicited by electrical field stimulation (EFS) of fundic smooth muscle strips.Key results:Administration of obestatin did not influence fasting‐induced hyperphagia or gastric emptying in both genotypes. Injection of ghrelin accelerated gastric emptying in ghrelin+/+ and ghrelin−/− mice but the effect was not reversed by co‐injection with obestatin. In fundic strips from ghrelin+/+ and ghrelin−/− mice, ghrelin increased EFS‐induced contractions, but obestatin was without effect. However, co‐administration with obestatin tended to reduce the excitatory effect of ghrelin in both genotypes.Conclusions and implications:In ghrelin−/− mice, obestatin failed to affect food intake and gastric motility. These results suggest that endogenous ghrelin does not mask the effect of obestatin and confirm that obestatin administered peripherally is not a major regulator of satiety signalling or gut motility.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1550–1557; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707683; published online 21 January 2008
Probing the presence of the ligand‐binding haem in cellular nitric oxide receptors
Authors: Roy B , Mo E , Vernon J , Garthwaite J 
Published: January 2008

Background and purpose:Nitric oxide (NO) acts on receptors coupled to guanylyl cyclase (GC), leading to cGMP accumulation. The NO binding site is a haem group, oxidation or loss of which diminishes NO‐stimulated activity. Agonists reportedly engaging both these NO‐insensitive forms have emerged. Here we characterize the effect of a prototype compound (BAY 58‐2667) and use it to assess the haem status of cellular GC.Experimental approach:GC activity measurements were made on the purified protein and on rat platelets.Key results:Experiments on purified GC showed that the target for BAY 58‐2667 is the haem‐free GC, not the haem‐oxidized form. The efficacy of BAY 58‐2667 was about half that shown normally by NO. In platelets, BAY 58‐2667 was a potent GC activator (EC50 ∼15 nM) but the maximum effect was only about 1% of that achievable with NO. Nevertheless, it was enough to evoke cGMP‐dependent protein phosphorylation. Profound (85 %) desensitization of NO‐evoked GC activity did not alter the effectiveness of BAY 58‐2667. Haem oxidation, however, increased the efficacy of BAY 58‐2667 by 22‐fold, implying that about half the cellular GC was then haem‐free. Oxidation appeared to enhance the rate of haem dissociation from purified GC.Conclusions and implications:Compounds such as BAY 58‐2667 are useful for probing the occupancy of the haem pocket of NO receptors in cells but not for distinguishing oxidized from reduced haem. In vivo, such compounds are likely to be particularly effective in conditions where there is deficient haem incorporation or enhanced haem loss.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 1495–1504; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707687; published online 21 January 2008
EPITHELIUM‐LINED BLOOD CYSTS OF THE OVARY.
Authors: King E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Epithelium‐lined blood cysts of the ovary occur as two principal varieties: the large (usually single) tarry luteal cysts and the multiple small cysts.2. The multiple small cysts (often referred to as endometriomata) are shown to be derived from tlie follicles of the ovary either by way of the atretic follicles or corpora luten.3. The epithelium arises as an incidental phenomenon in the retro‐gression of follicular or luteal blood cysts.
THE RELATION OF PROLONGED IMMOBILIZATION AND URINARY TRACT INFECTION TO RENAL CALCULUS FORMATION
Authors: Brown R. K. Lee , Earlam M. S. S. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The literature on the subject of prolonged immobilization in relation to renal calculus formation is reviewed and six illustrative cases are reported.2. The mechanism of calculus formation and the influence exerted thereon by urinary tract infection and prolonged immobilization are considered.3. Insoluble crystalloids which may appear as a urinary deposit are probably prevented from crystallizing out under normal conditions rather by the fact that in a clear urinethey have very little existence as such, due to the formation of soluble complex salts, than by the “protective action” of the urinary colloids.4. The first stage in the formation of a calculus is the deposition of crystals within the urinary passages.5. For a calculus to develop, mechanical conditions must be such that this deposit can be retained in the urinary tract for an adequate period.6. Under normal conditions, such stasis may occur only in the lowest renal calyx, while if urinary obstruction exists it may occur anywhere in the urinary tract.7. A urinary infection leads to accelerated growth of calculi, but cannot alone be responsible for their formation.8. In the presence of stasis a urea‐splitting infection may by the deposition of crystals initiate calculus formation, while a non‐urea‐splitting infection, by providing inflammatory products on which the primary deposition of crystals may occur, may, if the urine is already dangerously close to throwing down a deposit, thus indirectly initiate calculus formation.9. Prolonged immobilization, by interfering with the drainage from the pelvis and calyces as a result of the position occupied by the kidneys, may provide sufficient time for the deposition of crystals which would otherwise not have been deposited till the urine had been voided, and cause these crystals to be retained, thus leading to calculus formation which would otherwise never have developed.
RENAL ECHINOCOCCOSIS IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND.
Authors: Begg R. Campbell 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe paper reviews forty‐one eases of hydatid disease of the kidney occurring in Australia and New Zealand mostly in the last decennium. These cases include four personal cases and sixteen hitherto unpublished. Most of the latter are recorded in full in the Registry of Hydatids established by the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons.An analysis is made of the New Zealand cases.
A CASE OF ŒSOPHAGECTOMY (TOREK'S OPERATION) FOR CARCINOMA AND ŒSOPHAGOPLASTY.
Authors: King E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA case of carcinoma of the thoracic œsophagus, on which œsophagectomy by the transpleural method had been performed, is described. An antethoracic œsophagoplasty had been almost completed when the patient died of pneumonia.At post mortem examination a small subpleural nodule on the right side was found, but otherwise no metastases were found.
THE DIAGNOSIS, INCIDENCE AND TREATMENT OF AVITAMINOSIS A AND D IN OBSTRUCTIVE JAUNDICE
Authors: WOODRUFF M. F. A. , WRIGHT R. DOUGLAS 
Published: January 2008

SummaryA new photometer for the measurement of dark‐adaptation time is described. By its means a prolonged adaptation time has been demonstrated in eases of obstructive jaundice, andevidence is given that this finding is an indication of deficient absorption of vitaminThe serum phosphatase is raised in cases of biliary obstruction and reasons are given for the belief that this is an indication of deficient absorption of vitamin in such cases.The observation of other workers that vitamin K also is deficiently absorbed by the jaundiced patient is discussed, and the method of correcting these various deficiencies by the oral administration of bile salts and vitamin concentrates is described. The importance of applying this method in the preoperative treatment of patients suffering from obstructive jaundice is indicated.
LEIO‐MYOMA OF THE STOMACH: A REPORT OF TWO CASES
Authors: WHYTE DAVID 
Published: January 2008

Summary

Two cases of myoma of the stomach are reported.
Haemorrhage determined admission to hospital in both cases–in the first case after symptoms suggestive of ulcer had existed for eight years, in the second case without any previous symptoms.
In the first case the tumour occurred high up on the greater curvature of the stomach and projected into the gastro‐colic omentum. An ulcer extended through the stomach wall into the tumour. In the second case the tumour occurred in the cardiac portion of the stomach and projected into the lumen.
Treatment was carried out by surgical removal and resulted in recovery.
MALIGNANT TUMOURS OF TENDON SHEATHS
Authors: KING E. S. J. 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. A group of seven malignant tumours of tendon sheaths is described.2. The clinical features of these tumours are discussed.3. The microscopic characters of the tumours are reviewed, and the special differentiating features are described and illustrated.4. The methods of treatment employed in the cases are discussed and their relative value is reviewed.
BLOOD SUPPLY OF THE DISTAL COLON
Authors: Sunderland Sydney 
Published: January 2008

Summary.1. An investigation into the pattern of the inferior mesenteric artery and the blood supply to the distal colon is described.2 The literature relating to the presence and significance of the “critical point” is briefly reviewed.3. Because it is so infrequent, no reliance can be placed upon the existence of an anastomosis between the lowest left colic and superior hemorrhoidal vessels.4. The vascular distribution is discussed in terms of the part it plays in the surgery of the pelvic colon and rectum. The importance of the vascular pattern is emphasized in that it (a) preserves the vitality of the recto‐sigmoid stump in resection of the pelvic colon, (b) permits effective mobilization of the gut in perineal excision of the rectum with restoration of function.
INFECTIVE COMPLICATIONS OF HEAD BATTLE CASUALTIES
Authors: Miller Douglas 
Published: January 2008

SummaryFifty cases of open head wounds sustained in a Western Desert battle are discussed. This is probably one of the largest series of such cases collected in this war. The peculiar conditions of the campaign resulted in a high incidence of infection.The types of infected wounds are discussed: (1) Infection of scalp wounds and its consequences. (2) Infection of skull fractures. (3) Infections in the brain: (a) infected tracks, (b) abscesses.Some individual cases of abscess are reported in detail.
PHYSIOTHERAPY IN CHEST SURGERY
Authors: HAYWARD JOHN I. 
Published: January 2008

Summary

The nature of the postural and functional defects associated with traumatic and inflammatory diseases of the pleura, their causes and their prognosis are described.
The physiotherapeutic treatment termed “controlled breathing” is explained. The physiological principles underlying it and the method of teaching it are given in detail. It should be the basis of all physiotherapeutic courses for patients with surgical conditions of the chest.
The management of the individual case is discussed from the physiotherapeutic point of view, together with nursing points and the results to be expected–namely, the return of the majority to “Al” health in two to six months.
ABDOMINAL SURGERY IN FORWARD AREAS: OBSERVATIONS MADE IN A CASUALTY CLEARING STATION, 1941–1943.1
Authors: Rogers By Lindsay S. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe following points have been made, and their application should help towards the recovery of the patient with an abdominal wound. In the Field.–Two days before battle give all assault soldiers clean clothes and succinyl sulpliatliiazole. They should enter battle with an empty belly, an empty bladder and a high blood sugar content. In the Field Ambulance.– Give morphine in full doses, and waste no time on resuscitation except to apply warmth. In the Casualty Clearing Station.– Better and more stable team work on the part of all members of the team is needed. Operating must be quicker and more thorough. The Miller‐Abbot tube should be used whenever ileus develops. Better cards should be used for record purposes.
A METHOD OF TREATMENT OF COMPOUND FRACTURES OF THE HUMERUS
Authors: Godfrey Graham 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Gunshot wound of the humerus‐ presents the problem of a fracture difficult to immobilize, plus a wound or wounds, often extensive, requiring management.2. Effective immobilization requires the inclusion of the trunk in the fixing mechanism.3. Uninterrupted immobilization is one of the primary aims in treatment.4. Access to the wound permits management by atraumatic dressings under bacteriological control, and allows minor sequestrectomies and skin grafting operations to be performed without interference with the continuity of immobilization.5. Failure to provide access means a pus‐soaked offensive cast which after a time becomes unsound. Furthermore, serious problems in regard to cross‐infection are introduced.6. A method of reconciling these difficulties is presented.7. An adaptation of the method is also described by which prefabri cation of a cast enables immediate post‐operative application, and overcomes the difficulty of the application of a spica under anaesthesia.8. Three cases are briefly reported to illustrate problems met with in the use of this method.
A REVIEW OF THE PRESENT SURGICAL TREATMENT OF PEPTIC ULCER, AND CARCINOMA OF THE STOMACH1
Authors: Muir J. B. G. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. The object of this paper has been to review briefly the present‐day position regarding the incidence and treatment of peptic ulceration in the community.2. The indications for surgical treatment are discussed generally, as are the indications for gastroenterostomy and gastrectomy respectively in detail.3. Local hospital statistics are given to show the mortality rate of surgical treatment, and the pathological findings which led to the selection of the operative procedure used, are described.4. A brief review of local experience in the treatment of carcinoma of the stomach is given.
LOCULATED EMPYEMA: A COMPLICATION OF HÆMOTHORAX
Authors: Howard Russell N. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Three cases of loculated empyema following hemothorax are reported.2. In the treatment outlined for the condition emphasis is laid on the following points: (a) early and complete emptying of a hemothorax; (b) early tube drainage of an infected hemothorax; (c) early‐ tube drainage with breakdown of loculi in the case of loculated empyema.