bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Relationship Between Social Behavior and the Use of Space in the Benthic Fish Chasmodes Bosquianus Lacepede (Teleostei, Blenniidae)
Authors: Phillips R.R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. The purpose of this study was to determine whether male blennies are attracted to or repulsed by neighboring prior residents. In a previous study of prior residency, I found that the newcomer often was physically attacked and chased. This obscured the question of whether the newcomer initially was attracted to the resident. In the present study, the two animals were separated by a transparent, perforated barrier so that physical contact was impossible. The newcomer could choose between approaching the resident and utilizing the enclosure within his view or withdrawing and using an enclosure out of sight of the resident. 2. A second variable, that of the effect of prior social experience, was also tested. The newcomers were separated into two classes depending on whether they dominated or were subordinate in previous social encounters. The effects of these two variables were separated by means of a 2 X 2 factorial design. Four measures of approach/ withdrawal to the prior resident and three measures of enclosure choice were employed. 3. Those newcomers that had dominated in previous encounters approached the prior resident. They did not demonstrate a preference for either of the enclosures during the observation period (30 minutes). A measure covering a longer period did reveal a preference for the enclosure near the resident. 4. The subordinate fish neither approached nor avoided the resident. They did use the enclosure farther away from the prior resident more than they used the other enclosure, hower.
A Stochastic Analysis of the Display Behavior of the Red-Breasted Merganser (Mergus Serrator)
Authors: Van Der Kloot William , Morse Mary Jane 
Published: April 2008

Abstract1. We have used the methods of stochastic analysis to investigate the timing of two actions - the Head-flick and the Salute-curtsy - in the display of the Red-breasted merganser duck. 2. The intervals between Head-flicks by individual birds cannot be distinguished from a random, exponential time series, in which the occurrence of each event is independent of preceding events. 3. The intervals between Salute-curtsies are unlikely to be distributed exponentially. There is a deficit of short intervals and an excess of intervals between events of about 250 frames durtion. The Salute-curtsies do not occur independently of one another. 4. Variance-time curves and power spectra show that there is a marked periodic component in the timing of Salute-curtsies, but periodicity is not detectable in the performance of Head-flicks. 5. Cross-correlations analysis shows that there is a strong interaction between the occurrence of Salute-curtsies by the different birds in the group and between the performance of Head-flicks and Salute-curtsies. There is no detectable relation between the performance of Head-flicks. 6. We conclude that there is a strong tendency for birds to perform series of two or three Salute-curtsies with an interval of about 250 frames between each action. There is also a strong interaction between the performance of Salute-curtsies by the different birds. There is some tendency for Head-flicks to occur at greater than chance frequency during a period just before the performance of a Salute-curtsy. The remainder of the Head-flicks appear to be distributed randomly.
Circadian Control of Sexual Drive Level in Dacus Tryoni (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Authors: Tychsen Peter H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThere is a large daily fluctuation in the willingness of both males and females of Dacus tryoni to respond with sexual behaviour to a standard light stimulus. The daily fluctuation in sexual drive level persists under constant low light intensity with a period of about 28 hr so it is timed by a circadian clock. Experiments were carried out on the decline in drive level that occurs after each daily peak. Expression of sexual behaviour plays little or no part in causing this decline but periods of low light intenstiy cause large and long lasting reductions in sexual drive level. A consistent relationship was found between the immediate effect of periods of low light intensity on the drive level and their effect on the subsequent phase of the fluctuation (i.e. their effect on the circadian clock). This suggests that the endogenous clock not only controls the timing of fluctuations in drive level but also determines the level of sexual drive at each time of day.
Sound Production and Associated Behavior in the Jewel Fish, Hemichromis Bimaculat Us
Authors: Rowland W.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSound production and associated behavior of the jewel cichlid, Herlaiclarowis bimaculatus was investigated by presenting the subjects with dummies. Thump sounds are associated with a behavior called nodding and probably represent a relatively high level of aggression. Purring is closely associated with lateral display and tailbeating and occurs during the early stages of courtship and attack. The third sound consists of a series of low frequency pulses that are synchronized with the movement of courtship quivering. Individuals direct more behavior toward a dummy emitting thumps and purrs than to a silent one or to one producing pulses of white noise. This indicates that H. bimaculatus uses sound, either alone or in conjunction with other behaviors, for intraspecific communication.
Sound Production By Some Tanganyikan Cichlid Fishes and a Hypothesis for the Evolution of the r communication Mechanisnis
Authors: Nelissen Mark H.J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. Sound production is studied in Halochromis murtoni, Simochromis diagramma, S. babatiltz, Tropheus moorii, T. brichardi and T. duboisi (Pisces, Cichlidae). The recorded sounds are analysed and visualized as sonograms. 2. As far as communication is concerned, Tropheus is specialized in sound production while Simochromis is specialized in colour patterns. 3. These ways of evolution from an Haplochromis-like ancestor could be correlated with the fact that Tropheus became night-active, and Simochromis day-active.
Time-Budgets of Camargue Horses I. Developmental Changes in the Time-Budgets of Foals
Authors: Boy Vincent , Duncan Patrick 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe development of the (24 hour) time-budgets of foals was studied as part of a broader investigation of the time-budgets of Camargue horses living in semi-liberty. Nine categories of activity were studied; resting postures (lateral and sternal recumbency, and standing resting), foraging, and postures related to movement and orientation (standing alert, walking, trotting, galloping and rolling). The process of development of the time-budgets as a whole was described by using a multivariate technique, correspondance analysis : variations in time-budgets were largely determined by age, but the environment intervened in mid-summer, when the process of development was slowed down. It was suggested, on the basis of other evidence, that the attacks by horseflies were probably responsible for the arrest in development. It was also found that for some individuals there was also a period shortly before weaning when development was slowed down. Foals developed time budgets closely similar to those of sub-adults (horses 1-2 years older than the foals) very soon (2-4 weeks) after weaning. The changes in the time-budgets involved considerable decreases in the time spent in the lying postures (e.g. lying flat occupied 15% after birth and 2% after weaning), and in movement and orientation (standing alert decreased from 31% to 5% in the same period) while foraging increased from 13% to 62%. It is suggested that the milk supply from their mothers allows the foals to invest time in sleep, and in exploration of their physical and social environment. After weaning, most of this time is spent foraging.
The Roaring of Red Deer and the Evolution of Honest Advertisement
Authors: Clutton-Brock T.H. , Albon S.D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn many large animals, changes in fighting ability within breeding seasons or across the lifetime of individuals are related to changes in body condition but not to obvious changes in size. In situations where a conflict of interests is likely to lead to a fight, we might consequently expect opponents to assess each other on traits which are related to variation in body condition. This appears to be the case among red deer stags. Competing
Display, Timing and Function of Wing Movements Accompanying Antiphonal Duets of Cichladusa Guttata
Authors: Todt Dietmar , Fiebelkorn Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractI. The antiphonal duets of Cichladusa guttata (Turdidae, Aves) are often accompanied by spectacular wing movements. We have analysed the display, timing, coordination and function of this behaviour using sound films, audio and video recordings of free living and captured birds (Figs 1, 2). 2. The vocal duet contribution of the members of a pair appear well coordinated in timing, normally with no overlap of notes. Specific types of duet notes of the male or the female can release wing beats in the male (response time: 380 ± 80 msec.), but not vice versa. Additionally, note utterance can trigger the wing beat start (reaction time 30 ± 15 msec.) in the same bird, which is normally the male (Figs 4, 5, 6, 7, 8). 3. Wing beat performance is also affected by two further variables: "duet activity" and "wing beat periodicity". The duet activity which changes relatively slowly can be estimated from parameters of the behaviour (vocal density, vocal power, etc.). Auditory stimulation with conspecifics songs raises duet activity and thereby facilitates wing movements. This does not affect the "component of wing beat periodicity", which has a cycle length of 540 msec. (Fig. 3; Tab. i). 4. Normally, both wings are moved synchroneously. Experiments with restricted space on one side of a songster showed that wing beats can be blocked unilaterally. While a space restricted wing remained unmoved the other wing operated in full coordination to the duet program. 5. Due to the different affectations wing "escort" is optional. It occurs regularly, but, with high flexibility. When the variables promoting wing beats result in high values, high wing beats occur, when the values are low, low or no wing beats are observed (Fig. 9). 6. (Wing beats are supposed to support the general function described for the vocal duet contributions.) Specific functions discussed for the non-vocal contributions are: focussing and directing of attention (spectacular display via an additional signal channel; avoidance of habituation (optional and flexible occurrence) ; preventing distance signalling from disturbances in the acoustic channel (noise produced by birds singing simultaneously) ; distance measurement by identification of phase shifting between vocal and non-vocal behavioural rhythms.
An Investigation of Song-Based Species Recognition in the Red-Winged Blackbird (Agelaius Phoeniceus)
Authors: Beletsky L. David , Chao Stella , Smith Douglas G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTo determine the aspect(s) of male red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) advertising song which function in the transmission of species identity, 74 territorial adult male redwings were exposed to 173 playback experiments of normal and experimentally altered red-wing song during the 1977, 1978 and 1979 breeding seasons. Unaltered red-wing song and altered song containing species-identifying information evoked aggressive behavior from territorial redwings when played through a loudspeaker placed in their territories. A list of red-wing aggressive behaviors was compiled and the males' responses to altered and unaltered song were scored on a "hybrid-index" scale according to the number of times they performed each of the aggressive behaviors during the playback experiment. The results of the study indicate that 1) the ordering of the three song "syllables" did not affect the intensity of the males' agonistic responses to playback song and therefore does not convey species information, 2) the initial two syllables of the red-wing song do not encode the species-identifying information, as these two syllables, alone or in conjunction, failed to elicit fully aggressive responses from the males, 3) the last syllable of the song, a "trill", when presented to the males alone or in conjunction with the other song syllables, evoked fully agonistic responses, suggesting that this trill syllable encodes the majority of species-specific information in the red-wing song, and 4) by playing back increasingly shorter (in duration) sections of the trill syllable to the territorial males, it was demonstrated that the trill must be somewhat longer in duration than 180 msec to function in species identification.
The Effects of Cross-Fostering On the Behavior of Two Species of North American Lemmings, Dicrostonyx Groenlandicus and Lemmus Trimucronatus. Iii. Agonistic Behavior
Authors: Huck U. William , Banks Edwin M. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
1. The role of the maternal environment in development of species-specific agonistic behavior was investigated by reciprocally cross-fostering two species of lemmings (Discrostonyx groenlandicus and Lemmus trimucronatus). Non-fostered and within-species-fostered (in-fostered) animals served as controls. 2. When adult, cross-fostered male lemmings engaged in more frequent contact social behavior with the foster species than with conspecifics. However, since cross-fostered animals retained their ability to interact with conspecifics in a species-specific manner, cross-fostering appears to have resulted in a broadening of "species identity" to include the foster species. 3. In-fostering reduced the aggressiveness of Dicrostonyx but had little effect on the behavior of Lemmus. 4. Both the intensity and orientation of agonistic behavior were altered as a result of cross-fostering. In Dicrostonyx, a highly aggressive species, cross-fostering resulted in decreased aggression directed at the foster species and increased aggression toward conspecifics. In Lemmus, a less aggressive species, cross-fostering appears to have resulted in a broadening of the response range to stimuli provided by the foster species. When paired with aggressive Dicrostonyx, cross-fostered Lemmus engaged in more frequent and intense aggression than did controls. However, when paired with nonaggressive (in-fostered) Dicrostonyx, cross-fostered Lemmus engaged in less frequent and intense aggression than controls. In contrast, non-fostered and in-fostered Lemmus males had a relatively narrow response range to Dicrostonyx. 5. In general, the results suggested that agonistic behaviour in lemmings is the product of a complex interaction between genotype and maternal environment.
Species Identification of Song By Indigo Buntings as Determined By Responses To Computer Generated Sounds
Authors: Shiovitz Kenneth A. , Lemon Robert E. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSpecies recognition of song by indigo bunting, Passerina cyanea, was studied in playback experiments to territorial males. Experimental recordings included computer simulations and actual bunting sounds. In all, 238 playbacks were carried out with 34 test songs. Actual bunting songs were from Kentucky, U.S.A. and the local population at Chaffeys Locks, Ontario, Canada. One syllable-type from the latter song was repeated to form a unique song, which also served as a model for some simulations. Simulations were of three general kinds: single syllable-type, multiple syllable-type, and general syllable features. The latter series tested general attributes of syllables including sound duration, frequency, amplitude and continuity, with typical ranges and modulation rates. Using 12 variables of response, results were analyzed by univariate and multivariate techniques. Results were as follows: 1. Actual songs were the strongest stimuli (Kentucky then Ontario). 2. General feature simulations all elicited no detectable defense response. 3. Single syllable-type simulations elicited stronger responses as they approached physical attributes of the model. Responses to some simulations could not be significantly discriminated from the model. 4. Manipulation of frequency-time structural detail illustrated that variations of less than about 100 Hz in 10 ms do not affect response. Amplitude variations up to twice the modulation rate in five ms, do not affect response. 5. Multiple syllable-type simulation of the first seven types in the Ontario song elicited responses that were significantly stronger than any other simulations. 6. Multiple syllable-type simulation in which subsegments (unidirectional frequency modulations) were reversed in direction elicited moderate responses. From these results, the following conclusions could be made: 1. As adults, indigo buntings recognize song syllables as approximations of culturally transmitted types. 2. Numerous parameters are used for cues. 3. Effects of some cues are additive. 4. Models of syllable-type distribution, recognition, and learning were discussed.
The Disputed Feeding Behaviour of a Paedophagous Haplochromine Cichlid (Pisces) Observed and Discussed
Authors: Wilhelm W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAquarium-observations on a new paedophagous haplochromine species (Pisces, Cichlidae) showed that engulfing the snout of a brooding female to extract the brood, is a possible technique of gathering food, as was suggested by GREENWOOD (1959, 1974). Considering morphological information from various authors (GREENWOOD, 1959, 1974; BAREL et al., 1976, 1977) and notwithstanding some doubt expressed by FRYER & ILES (1972) and FRYER (1977), this snout-engulfing may be a widespread technique among the "larger mouthed" paedophages (i. e. in Lake Victoria: 6 out of 8 spp. described plus at least 8 new spp.). Snout-engulfing is the climax of a performance which resembles a fight, during which the paedophage also can force a brooding female to disgorge its brood by chasing and repeated attacks. The origin of snout-engulfing may be thought to lie in a modification of the fighting behaviour of a piscivorous ancestor, hunting on already jettisoned young still guarded by the female.
The Posthatching Consequences of Prehatching Stimulation: Changes With Amount of Prehatching and Posthatching Exposure
Authors: Vince Margaret A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAn experiment was designed to assess posthatching effects on the chick's response to the parental alarm call, of different amounts of prehatching experience of the same sound stimulus. Four groups of embryos were given 10, 30, 60 or 120 stimulation trials, a trial consisting of a 51/2 second burst of alarm calls and 25 seconds of silence. After hatching, a group given no prehatching stimulation and all stimulated groups were given 30 test trials. All chicks were tested separately. Response indices used differed; before hatching, heart rate changes were used for this purpose,and after hatching, the number of trials on which the eyes were opened and also vocalisations. Vocalisations were divided into three categories: trills, twitters and cheeps. Prehatching results showed that the heart rate change diminished in successive stimulation trials, but after about the fortieth trial it remained fairly stable, at a low level. Posthatching results showed the effect of prehatching habituation. According to the "eyes open" index the response was maximal at the onset of testing and fell off gradually. It differed very little between stimulated groups, but chicks which heard the sound stimulus for the first time after hatching responded more than those which had heard it while still in the egg. According to the number of calls, the posthatching response was affected by different amounts of pre- as well as by post-hatching experience. In naive chicks it fell at first from the control level and then rose and fell with repetition; in chicks with pre-hatching experience of the sound the rise came earlier. In all cases there was a rise to a peak and then a fall in the number of vocalisations with increased experience, whether this experience was before or after hatching. The increase in calling was attributed to a waning of the suppressing effect of the sound stimulus and the fall to waning of the effect of the sound stimulus itself. This post-hatching waning of the response occurred most rapidly in birds given the most prehatching experience and most slowly in birds which had no prehatching experience of the sound, a difference which was manifested only after the first five minutes of post-hatching testing.
Selective Forces Affecting the Predator Alarm Calls of Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Cheney Dorothy L. , Seyfarth Robert M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractVervet monkeys in Amboseli National Park, Kenya are preyed upon by four types of predator: mammalian carnivores, eagles, baboons, and snakes. Over a 14 month period, adult males and females gave first alarm calls at comparable rates. Both observation on the frequency of alarm-calling and experiments on the duration of alarm-calling indicated that high-ranking adult males and females gave alarm calls more often than low-ranking adult males and females. Individuals who alarm-called most often did not vocalize most often during social interactions, nor did they spend more time than others surveying the habitat around them. There was some tendency, however, for females who alarm-called most often to precede other females in group progressions. Limited evidence suggests that adult males who gave most alarm calls were more likely than other males to have fathered the group's juveniles and infants. Among adult females, however, there was no correlation between number of offspring and frequency of first alarm calls. Females who gave alarm calls most often were not more likely than other females to spend large proportions of observation time more than 2 m from their offspring. Data on a small sample of confirmed predatory attacks suggest that the offspring of high-ranking females may have been more vulnerable than other immatures to predation. Such differential vulnerability may have resulted in part from the tendency of the offspring of high-ranking females to precede other juveniles in group progressions. Vervets of all age/sex classes alarm-called most at those species of predators to which they themselves seemed to be most vulnerable. Adult vervets gave relatively few alarm calls to predators to which their offspring, but not themselves, were vulnerable, even though such alarm calls would have been of low cost to themselves and of great potential benefit to their offspring. While some aspects of the alarm-calling behavior of vervet monkeys are consistent with the hypothesis that their alarms have evolved to benefit kin, in other respects their alarms appear to have the consequence of benefitting only the alarmists themselves. It is likely that both kin and individual selection, acting on an individual's inclusive fitness, have played a role in the evolution of vervet monkeys' alarm calls.
Aggressive Behaviour of Black Skimmers (Rynchops Niger)
Authors: Burger Joanna 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aggressive behaviour of skimmers was studied in a mixed species colony of black skimmers and common terns located on a sandy beach in New York. The levels and intensity of intraspecific aggression varied according to sex, season, and time of day. Males engaged in more intraspecific aggression, whereas females engaged in more interspecific defense. These differences suggest that interspecific defense is an appropriate response to the real threat of chick loss due to other birds (of both species). In general, females were defending space and their chicks, whereas males seemed to defend space, their chicks, and females. The aggression observed at any point in the reproductive cycle correlates with the magnitude of the threat.