bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Method of Spatial Extrapolation of Meteorological Fields on the Mesoscale Level Using a Kalman Filter Algorithm for a Four-Dimensional Dynamic–Stochastic Model
Authors: Komarov V. S. , Lavrinenko A. V. , Kreminskii A. V. , Lomakina N. Ya , Popov Yu B. , Popova A. I. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new method and an algorithm of spatial extrapolation of mesometeorological fields to a territory uncovered with observations are suggested. The algorithm uses a linear Kalman filter for a four-dimensional dynamic–stochastic model of space–time variations of the atmospheric parameters. The results of statistical estimation of the quality of the algorithm used for spatial extrapolation of mesoscale temperature and wind velocity fields are discussed.
Historical Drifter Data and Statistical Prediction of Particle Motion: A Case Study in the Central Adriatic Sea
Authors: Veneziani Milena , Griffa Annalisa , Poulain Pierre-Marie 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In this paper, a method to analyze historical surface drifter data is presented that is aimed at investigating particle evolution as a function of initial conditions. Maps of drifter concentration at different times are built and interpreted as maps of the probability of finding a particle at a given time in the neighborhood of a given point in the domain. A case study is considered in a coastal area of the middle Adriatic Sea (a subbasin of the Mediterranean Sea) around the Gargano Cape, which is the focus of a newly planned experiment, the Dynamics of the Adriatic in Real Time (DART). A specific application is considered that seeks to improve the DART Lagrangian sampling planning.
The results indicate that the analysis of historical drifters can provide very valuable information on statistical particle prediction to be used in experiment design. In the DART region, particle dynamics appear mostly controlled by the upstream properties of the boundary current as well as by the presence of a stagnation point located offshore of the tip of Gargano and separating two cross-basin recirculations. A significant seasonal dependence is observed, with drifters being more likely to leave the boundary current in winter and fall, when the current is wider and more connected to the cross-basin recirculations. Future developments are discussed, including joint analyses with numerical model results.
Comparison of Different Techniques for the Measurement of Precipitation in Tropical Montane Rain Forest Regions
Authors: Rollenbeck R. , Bendix J. , Fabian P. , Boy J. , Wilcke W. , Dalitz H. , Oesker M. , Emck P. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Characteristics of different precipitation measurements in a tropical mountain valley in southern Ecuador are compared in this study to determine potential errors. The instruments are used for different ecological purposes like erosion studies, through fall measurements, investigation of atmospheric chemistry, and modeling of area rainfall distribution. Five recording devices (two precipitation radars, an electro-optical present weather sensor, and two tipping buckets) and three totaling gauges were operated in parallel at a designated site. Data were taken between 1998 and 2003 with different temporal resolution and different operational periods. The general agreement between the instruments is rather good; deviations are in the expected range of 10%–20% of the annual total of about 2200 mm. The remote sensing devices are superior in registering the frequent occurrence of light rain but are not capable of detecting the full range of rain intensities observed. The tipping buckets and the totaling gauges are reliable instruments, but a certain fraction of light drizzle and wind-driven rain is not detected. The present weather sensor has the widest range of sensitivity and supplies additional information on drop spectra. All datasets are affected by operational problems (interruptions, synchronization errors); hence, the redundancy given here seems reasonable for an ecosystem study.
Comparison of Buoy-Mounted and Bottom-Moored ADCP Performance at Gray’s Reef
Authors: Seim Harvey E. , Edwards Catherine R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimultaneous ADCP profile measurements are compared over a 2-month period in late 2003. One set of measurements comes from a National Data Buoy Center (NDBC) buoy-mounted ADCP, the other from a bottom-mounted, upward-looking ADCP moored roughly 500 m from the buoy. The study was undertaken to evaluate the proficiency of an experimental configuration by NDBC; unfortunately, the ADCP was not optimally configured. The higher temporally and vertically resolved bottom-mounted ADCP data are interpolated in time and depth to match the buoy-mounted ADCP measurements. It is found that the two ADCP measurements are significantly different. The buoy-mounted measurements are affected by high-frequency (&lt;10 h period) noise that is vertically coherent throughout the profiles. This noise results in autospectra that are essentially white, unlike the classic red spectra formed from the bottom-mounted ADCP observations. The spectra imply a practical noise floor of 0.045 m s−1 for the buoy-mounted system. Contamination by surface waves is the likely cause of this problem. At tidal frequencies the buoy-mounted system underestimates major axis tidal current magnitude by 10%–40%; interference from the buoy chain and/or fish or plankton are considered the most likely cause of the bias. The subtidal velocity field (periods greater than 40 h) is only partially captured; the correlation coefficient for the east–west current is 0.49 and for the north–south current is 0.64.
An Improved Algorithm for the Operational Calibration of the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder
Authors: Cao Changyong , Jarva Kenneth , Ciren Pubu 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Radiance data from the High-Resolution Infrared Radiation Sounder (HIRS) have been used routinely in both direct radiance assimilation for numerical weather prediction and climate change detection studies. The operational HIRS calibration algorithm is critical for producing accurate radiance to meet the user’s needs, and it has significant impacts on products at all levels. Since the HIRS does not calibrate every scan line, the calibration coefficients between calibration cycles have to be interpolated based on a number of assumptions. In the more than 25-yr history of operational HIRS calibration, several interpolation methods have been used and, unfortunately, depending on which method is used, these algorithms can produce HIRS level 1b radiance data with significant differences. By analyzing the relationship between the instrument self-emission and gain change during filter temperature fluctuations, in this paper a significant flaw in the previous operational calibration algorithm (version 3) is identified. This caused calibration errors greater than 0.5 K and periodically degraded the HIRS radiance data quality of NOAA-15, -16, and -17 between 1998 and 2005. A new HIRS calibration algorithm (version 4) is introduced to improve the calibration accuracy, along with better indicators for instrument noise in the level 1b data. The new algorithm has been validated in parallel tests before it became operational at NOAA/National Environmental Satellite Data and Information Service (NESDIS). Test results show that significant improvements in calibration accuracy can be achieved especially for NOAA-15/HIRS. Several areas of further calibration improvements are also identified. The new algorithm has been used for all operational satellites at NOAA/NESDIS since 28 April 2005.
Photocatalytic Activity of RuO2-loaded PbxWO4 (x = 0.2–1.1) for Water Decomposition
Authors: Kadowaki Haruhiko , Saito Nobuo , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Shimodaira Yoshiki , Kobayashi Hisayoshi , Inoue Yasunobu 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
In the presence of RuO2, Pb-deficient lead tungstates, PbxWO4 (x &lt; 1.0), showed higher photocatalytic activity compared to stoichiometric PbWO4 for water decomposition. The highest activity was obtained at x = 0.75 in the range x = 0.2–1.1. The effects of the electronic structures on the photocatalysis are suggested.
CeCl3·7H2O/LiI: A Novel Reagent System for the Synthesis of 4-Iodotetrahydropyrans via Prins Cyclization
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V Subba , Kumar G G K S Narayana , Reddy G Madhusudhan 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Homoallylic alcohols undergo smooth coupling with a variety of aldehydes in the presence of CeCl3·7H2O–LiI reagent system in refluxing dichloroethane under neutral conditions to produce the corresponding 4-iodotetrahydropyran derivatives in high yields. The spirocyclic-4-iodotetrahydropyrans are obtained in case of cyclic ketones.
A Novel S-bridged PdII2HgII Metallacycle of d-Penicillaminate that Forms a Unique Supramolecular Structure Combined with Tetraamminepalladium(II)
Authors: Hirai Yusuke , Igashira-Kamiyama Asako , Kawamoto Tatsuya , Konno Takumi 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The newly prepared [Hg(d-Hpen-S)(d-H2pen-S)]+ (d-H2pen = d-penicillamine) reacted with [PdBr4]2− in aqueous ammonia to give a PdII2HgII cyclic complex, [Pd2HgBr2(d-pen-N,S)3(NH3)]2−, by way of a PdII3 cyclic complex, [Pd3(d-pen-N,O,S)3]. The PdII2HgII complex was found to aggregate into a cylindrical supramolecular structure in combination with [Pd(NH3)4]2+, accommodating [HgBr3(NH3)]− in its cavity.
Hydrothermal Synthesis of Electrochemically Active LiMnPO4
Authors: Fang Haisheng , Li Liping , Li Guangshe 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Highly crystalline olivine-structured LiMnPO4 was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method in a basic aqueous medium at 200 °C for 10 h. The particle shape of the as-prepared LiMnPO4 was plate-like with the thickness of 100–200 nm. A capacity of 68 mA h g−1 was reversibly achieved between 3 and 4.5 V vs. Li+/Li.
Synthesis and Growth of the Facet-tipped In2O3 Nanowires
Authors: Li Yan , Ye Chang H , Yang Lei , Wang Cheng , Zheng Chun R , Zhang Li D 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We report novel structures of the facet-tipped In2O3 nanowires (FTIONs) via a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process. The FTIONs grow along [001] direction. These In2O3 nanostructures with special morphologies can be potentially useful in a variety of fields such as nanoelectronic devices and high-sensitivity gas sensors.
A Solvent-free Synthesis of Zn–Al Layered Double Hydroxides
Authors: Chitrakar Ramesh , Tezuka Satoko , Sonoda Akinari , Sakane Kohji , Ooi Kenta , Hirotsu Takahiro 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
We have demonstrated for the first time a solvent-free synthesis of Zn–Al layered double hydroxides, Zn–Al LDH(Cl), by grinding solid ZnO and AlCl3·6H2O and then by autoclaving at 150 °C for 1 day without the addition of water and alkaline solution.
Carbon-assisted Fabrication of Novel ATO Structures
Authors: Huang Zaiyin , Chai Chunfang , Liao Dankui , Tan Xuecai , Wu Jian , Zhou Zeguang , Yuan Aiqun 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Novel antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) structures, such as microships and quadrilateral microframes have been prepared by a carbon-assisted method in level tube furnace. Possible growth mechanisms of the as-prepared ATO microstructures are briefly discussed.
Facile Synthesis of Novel Monodisperse Liquid-crystalline Oligomers Based on Michael Adducts from Millipede Cyanoacetates
Authors: Nakanishi Sadahiro , Ueda Mitsuru 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Facile synthesis of novel monodisperse liquid-crystalline (LC) oligomers was performed. The functionalization of the end group of 4 (and 6) millipede cyanoacetates with 8 (and 12) mesogenic units by Michael addition reaction produced a monodisperse LC octamer (and dodecamer) in high yields. Differential scanning calorimetry and optical polarizing microscopy revealed LC properties of the synthesized LC monodisperse oligomers. The monodisperse LC oligomers were morphologically stable glass-forming LC materials and exhibited a large variation in nematic phase temperatures in the range of approximately 80 to 300 °C.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Novel Misfit-layered Copper Manganese Hydroxide Oxide
Authors: Xu Yaohua , Chai Ruitao , Yu Lianxiang , Feng Shouhua , Pang Wenqin , Nakayama Noriaki 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
A copper manganese hydroxide oxide, CuMn2.22O5.25·2.04H2O, which has a novel misfit-layered structure built with pseudohexagonal MnO2 and orthorhombic Cu(OH)2 sheets, has been hydrothermally synthesized by using the layered birnessite as the precursor. This compound has been investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, SAED, and TG-DTA. In this compound, manganese oxide sublattice is hexagonal with a1 = 0.282 and c1 = 0.942 nm, and copper hydroxide sublattice is orthorhombic and has a C-center with a2 = 0.578, b2 = 0.276, and c2 = 0.942 nm. The two sublattices in this compound have different symmetry, and they are incommensurate along a direction in ab plane.
Effects of Genes, Sex, Age, and Activity on BMC, Bone Size, and Areal and Volumetric BMD
Authors: Havill Lorena M , Mahaney Michael C , L Binkley Teresa , L Specker Bonny 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Quantitative genetic analyses of bone data for 710 inter-related individuals 8–85 yr of age found high heritability estimates for BMC, bone area, and areal and volumetric BMD that varied across bone sites. Activity levels, especially time in moderate plus vigorous activity, had notable effects on bone. In some cases, these effects were age and sex specific.
Introduction: Genetic and environmental factors play a complex role in determining BMC, bone size, and BMD. This study assessed the heritability of bone measures; characterized the effects of age, sex, and physical activity on bone; and tested for age- and sex-specific bone effects of activity.
Materials and Methods: Measures of bone size and areal and volumetric density (aBMD and vBMD, respectively) were obtained by DXA and pQCT on 710 related individuals (466 women) 8–85 yr of age. Measures of activity included percent time in moderate + vigorous activity (%ModVig), stair flights climbed per day, and miles walked per day. Quantitative genetic analyses were conducted to model the effects of activity and covariates on bone outcomes.
Results: Accounting for effects of age, sex, and activity levels, genes explained 40–62% of the residual variation in BMC and BMD and 27–75% in bone size (all p &lt; 0.001). Decline in femoral neck (FN), hip, and spine aBMD with advancing age was greater among women than men (age-by-sex interaction; all p ≤ 0.05). %ModVig had the most notable effect on bone; high activity was associated with higher aBMD at all sites, but the magnitude of this effect varied. Activity among men was associated with higher FN BMC and cross-sectional area (CSA) at the 4% radius, but this was not observed among women (sex-by-activity interaction, both p ≤ 0.05). Younger women had greater cortical vBMD (Cort-vBMD) than younger men, with minimal difference between low and high activity levels. Influence of activity was greater in older women: older women with low activity had lower Cort-vBMD than older men, but older women with high activity had higher Cort-vBMD than older men (age-by-sex-by-activity interaction, p = 0.04).
Conclusions: High heritability estimates for DXA and pQCT measures varied across bone sites. Percent time spent in moderate to vigorous activity had the most notable effect on bone, and in some cases, this effect was age or sex specific.
Ein wiedergewonnenes Schreiben des Eusebius von Vercelli
Authors: Schubert Christoph 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Im Anschluß an den Tomus ad Antiochenos des Athanasius von Alexandrien überliefert ein Teil der Handschriften einige weitere Aktenstücke, darunter ein Schreiben des Eusebius von Vercelli, das die grundsätzliche Zustimmung zu dem im Tomus gefundenen Kompromiß ausdrückt. Dieses Schreiben wird ausdrücklich als Übersetzung aus dem Lateinischen eingeführt (Tomus 10,3).
The Dating of Athanasius' Double Apology and Three Treatises Against the Arians
Authors: Kannengiesser Charles 
Published: February 2007

Zusammenfassung
Die Unklarheiten, die mit der Entstehung der doppelten Apologie „Gegen die Heiden“ und „Über die Menschwerdung des Wortes“ verbunden sind, schließen wohl endgültig deren präzise Datierung aus.
Eine Veröffentlichung des Werkes im eigentlichen Sinn zur Lebenszeit des Autors kann überhaupt nicht belegt werden. Immer nur auf innerer Kritik fußend, mag die doppelte Apologie, wie von E. Schwartz und H.-G. Opitz vorgeschlagen, als Jugendwerk des alexandrinischen Bischofs in das Jahr 335 einzuordnen sein. Die drei Traktate gegen die Arianer stammen wahrscheinlich aus der kurzen Zwischenzeit nach der Rückkehr des Athanasius aus Trier im Jahr 337 und seiner Flucht in den Westen im Jahr 339. Trotz ihrer immer noch ungenügend erörterten Besonderheit bleibt die dritte Arianerrede dem Athanasius gehörig.
Athanasius and the Anti-Marcellan Controversy
Authors: Spoerl Kelley McCarthy 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
Dieser Beitrag versucht festzustellen, ob Athanasius von Alexandrien zeitgenössische anti-markellische Rhetorik verwandte, um die Unterscheidung der Personen in der göttlichen Trinität darzustellen. Er bietet einen vorläufigen Durchgang durch Athanasius' Argumentation und untersucht dann seine Verwendung von drei typischen anti-markellischen Formulierungen: Die Versicherung, daß der dreieinige Gott nicht synthetos ist, die Kritik an der Anwendung der stoischen Kategorien des logos endiathetos/logos prophorikos auf den präexistenten Sohn Gottes und die Verneinung, daß die zweite Person der Trinität anhypostatos oder anousios ist. Der Beitrag geht diesem spezifischen Vokabular bei drei alexandrinischen Theologen (Origenes, Dionysius und Alexander) nach, die Athanasius in dieser Hinsicht hätten beeinflussen können, kommt aber zu dem Ergebnis, daß es unwahrscheinlich ist, daß sie die Quelle des Athanasius darstellen.
Es wird die These aufgestellt, daß Athanasius sein Vokabular durch die Lektüre der anti-markellischen Schriften des Euseb von Caesarea schon zum Zeitpunkt der Abfassung seiner Orationes contra Arianos gebildet hat.
Two Friends of Athanasius: Marcellus of Ancyra and Apollinaris of Laodicea
Authors: Lienhard Joseph T 
Published: February 2007

Zusammenfassung
Athanasius, Markell von Ankyra und Apollinaris von Laodizea bilden eine merkwürdige Gruppe. Sowohl Markell als auch Apollinaris waren Freunde des Athanasius, und man kann annehmen, daß zwischen ihnen grundsätzlich Einigkeit in theologischen Positionen bestand. Doch brach Apollinaris in seiner Schrift Kata meros pistis oder „Ausführliche Darlegung des Glaubensbekenntnisses“ mit Markell und griff dessen Vorstellungen an. Man muß sich fragen, warum er das tat. Die Antwort besteht darin, daß sich Apollinaris bewußt wurde, daß ein theologischer Fortschritt in der Trinitätslehre nötig war; und dieser Fortschritt ließ Markell im Irrtum zurück. Die Schrift Kata meros pistis ist am ehesten um 360 oder 363 zu datieren. Der zentrale Abschnitt (13-31) ist ein Traktat gegen Markell. Die Neu-Sabellianer (d.h. Markell) bekennen, wie Apollinaris schreibt, keine drei prosôpa; sie bekennen die Dreiheit in der Einheit und sie glauben, daß die Weisheit in Gott anhypostatisch existiert. Der Punkt, auf den Apollinaris immer wieder insistiert, ist die Notwendigkeit, drei prosôpa zu bekennen. Das prosôpon ist ein Zentrum des Bewußtseins, eine Manifestation der hypostatischen Existenz. Apollinaris machte, was Markell niemals tun konnte, und Athanasius tat es nur einmal – und wahrscheinlich ungern –, er benannte, was drei in Gott ist und löste auf diese Weise eine terminologische Pattsituation. Apollinaris markiert in dieser Hinsicht einen Fortschritt in der Trinitätslehre über Athanasius und Markell hinaus.
Zwei Apologien des Athanasius an Kaiser Constantius II.
Authors: Brennecke Hanns Christof 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The writing by Athanasius unanimously transmitted in the manuscripts under the title Apologia ad Constantium is generally dated to the period of his third exile (356–361). Athanasius defends himself against accusations apparently laid against him by the Emperor and seeks in this way to justify his flight. The text is in several respects problematic and reflects editorial interference at various places. The unity of the text has long been debated between various opinions, generally resulting in the conclusion that the document was reworked in two or three phases. There is indeed a recognisable break between chapters 26 and 27. The thesis in this article is that the Apologia ad Constantium as we have it today is a compilation of two originally independent letters to the Emperor. The first letter (chs. 1–26), whose conclusion is now lost, dates from the beginning of the third exile; the second (chs. 27–35) – the beginning is missing and its extent can no longer be determined – probably dates from the year 358. It is no longer possible to establish whether the compilation was brought about by deliberate editorial action or through the accidental loss of pages.
Athanasius in Antiochien
Authors: Stockhausen Annette von 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
The article traces Athanasius' stay in Antioch between the fall of 363 and the spring of 364, drawing in particular from the writings Joviani epistula ad Athanasium, Epistula ad Jovianum, and Petitiones Arianorum, all handed down in Athanasius' works.
The aim of Athanasius' stay was, on the one hand, his restitution by Emperor Jovian; on the other hand, he wanted to try again to resolve the mixed-up situation in Antioch, that is, settle the conflict between the Meletians and the Eustathians in the renewed spirit of the programme of Tomus ad Antiochenos. While Athanasius was able to reach his first goal, he failed in his second.