bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Chemical Disinfectants and Repair Materials on the Transverse Strength of Repaired Heat‐Polymerized Acrylic Resin
Authors: Ellakwa Ayman E. , El‐Sheikh Ali M. 
Published: September 2006

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate both the effects of immersion in different chemical disinfectant solutions and the type of repair material on the transverse strength of repaired heat‐polymerized acrylic resin.
Materials and Methods
: A total of 110 rectangular specimens (65 × 10 × 3 mm) of heat‐polymerized acrylic resin (Triplex) were fabricated. After polymerization, the specimens were polished, then stored in distilled water at 37°C for 1 week. The specimens were divided into 11 groups (n = 10) coded A to K. Specimens of Group A remained intact (control). The specimens of Groups C to F and Groups H to K were immersed in the following chemical disinfectant solutions (1%, 2.5%, and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite and 2% glutaraldehyde, respectively) for 10 minutes. The specimens of all groups except those of Group A were sectioned in the middle to create 10 mm gaps and repaired with the same resin (Groups B to F) and autopolymerizing acrylic resin (Groups G to K). The specimens of Groups C to F and Groups H to K were again immersed in the disinfectant solutions in the same sequence. The transverse strength (N/mm2) was tested for failure in a universal testing machine, at a crosshead speed of 5 mm/min. Two‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to evaluate the effects of both the disinfectant solutions and repair materials on the transverse strength of repaired specimens. All data were statistically analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance followed by Tukey's test at 95% confidence level.
Results
: The repaired specimens treated with/without disinfectant solutions showed similar (p > 0.05) transverse strength values. No differences (p > 0.05) were detected among the repaired specimens either with heat‐polymerized or autopolymerizing acrylic resins. The intact specimens showed transverse strength values (86.9 ± 11.8) significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the values of the repaired specimens.
Conclusions
: Among the repaired specimens, transverse strength was not affected after immersion in the disinfectants for the immersion period tested (10 min). The repair material, either heat‐polymerized or autopolymerizing acrylic resin, had no effect on the transverse strength of the repaired acrylic resin specimens.
Prospective comparison of high‐dose plateletpheresis with the latest apheresis systems on the same donors
Authors: Picker Susanne Maria , Radojska Stela Marinova , Gathof Birgit Sybille 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: To improve productivity of automated platelet (PLT) collection, the industry has introduced new instruments or modifications to existing equipment.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With the same 8 donors for double (DDC) and triple‐dose PLT collection (TDC), the Baxter Amicus (AM), the Haemonetics MCS Plus (MCS+), and the Gambro Trima Accel (TA) were evaluated focusing on yield, duration, and citrate donor load. Target endpoints were set at 5.5 × 1011 to 6.0 × 1011 PLTs (DDC) and 7.5 × 1011 to 8.0 × 1011 PLTs (TDC) in up to 100 and 120 minutes’ donation time, respectively.RESULTS: TA was the most efficient system (74.5 ± 3.9%) with significant differences from AM (71.1 ± 3.9%; p = 0.028) and MCS+ (64.0 ± 7.7%; p = 0.002). TA had advantages over AM for collection rate (10.9 × 109 ± 2.2 × 109 vs. 10.1 × 109 ± 1.5 × 109 PLTs/min; p = 0.382), whole blood processed (3928 ± 611 mL vs. 4219 ± 727 mL; p = 0.382), and time to obtain an established standard dose (TSD 2.5EU, 30.2 ± 5.6 vs. 37.7 ± 5.5 min; TSD 3.5US, 42.2 ± 7.8 min vs. 52.7 ± 7.7 min; p = 0.015), whereas AM was slightly superior in PLT yield (2.81 × 1011 ± 0.21 × 1011 vs. 2.76 × 1011 ± 0.31 × 1011/unit; p = 0.645). Owing to the lowest draw (42.3 ± 3.2 mL/min; p < 0.001) and collection rates (6.0 × 1011 ± 1.5 × 1011/min; p = 0.021), MCS+ was the slowest significantly (p < 0.001) but compensated with fewer citrate reactions owing to lower citrate infusion rates (0.78 ± 0.11 mL/min/L; p = 0.028).CONCLUSION: High‐dose plateletpheresis was performed efficiently and safely with all three instruments. AM had advantages in PLT yield, and MCS+, in donor comfort. TA was the fastest in obtaining an established standard dose and, because of this advantage, the machine with the highest practical impact in routine use.
Transfusion‐related acute lung injury and pulmonary edema in critically ill patients: a retrospective study
Authors: Rana Rimki , Fernández‐Pérez Evans R. , Khan S. Anjum , Rana Sameer , Winters Jeffrey L. , Lesnick Timothy G. , Moore S. Breanndan , Gajic Ognjen 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: Using the recent Consensus Panel recommendations, we sought to describe the incidence of transfusion‐related acute lung injury (TRALI) and transfusion‐associated circulatory overload (TACO) in critically ill patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Consecutive patients at four intensive care units (ICUs) who did not require respiratory support at the time of transfusion were identified with custom electronic surveillance system that prospectively tracks the time of transfusion and onset of respiratory support. Respiratory failure was defined as the onset of noninvasive or invasive ventilator support within 6 hours of transfusion. Experts blinded to specific transfusion factors categorized the cases of pulmonary edema as permeability edema (suspected or possible TRALI) or hydrostatic edema (TACO) according to predefined algorithm. In a nested case‐control design, transfusion variables and lung injury risk factors were compared between the TRALI cases and controls matched by age, sex, and admission diagnosis.RESULTS: There were 8902 units transfused in 1351 patients of whom 94 required new respiratory support within 6 hours of transfusion. Among 49 patients with confirmed acute pulmonary edema, experts identified 7 cases with suspected TRALI, 17 patients with possible TRALI, and 25 cases with TACO. The incidence of suspected TRALI was 1 in 1271 units transfused; possible TRALI, 1 in 534 per unit transfused; and TACO, 1 in 356 per unit transfused. When adjusted for sepsis and fluid balance in a stepwise conditional logistic regression analysis, patients who developed acute lung injury (suspected or possible TRALI) received larger amount of plasma (odds ratio 3.4, 95% confidence interval 1.2‐10.2, for each liter infused; p = 0.023).CONCLUSION: In the ICU, pulmonary edema frequently occurs after blood transfusion. The association between infusion of plasma and the development of suspected or possible TRALI may have important implications with regards to etiology and prevention of this syndrome.
Arsine toxicity treated with red blood cell and plasma exchanges
Authors: Danielson Constance , Houseworth Julie , Skipworth Elaine , Smith Daniel , McCarthy Leo , Nanagas Kristine 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND:  Acute toxicity due to inhalation of arsine gas (AsH3) has no known antidote. Exchange transfusion may be beneficial, and dialysis is often required because arsine may cause acute intravascular hemolysis and renal failure. A patient with arsine toxicity has recently been treated by both red blood cell exchange (RBC‐E) and plasma exchange (PE) therapy and our experience is reported.CASE REPORT:  A 46‐year‐old man was accidentally and unknowingly exposed to arsine gas while observing an industrial procedure. Within 6 hours he developed fatigue, nausea, vomiting, and tingling in his extremities and voided dark urine. He quickly developed renal failure secondary to acute arsine toxicity (arsenic level, 1250 µg/L). Laboratory findings were a hematocrit level of 24 percent; blood urea nitrogen and creatinine, 84 and 5.5 mg per dL, respectively; bilirubin, 9.1 mg per dL; indirect bilirubin, 6.8 mg per dL; haptoglobin, less than 6 (normal, 30‐200); and lactic dehydrogenase, 10,413 units per L (normal, 265‐580). An emergent 1‐vol RBC‐E transfusion by continuous‐flow method revealed dramatic black, grossly hemolyzed plasma. After two additional RBC‐E and two PE and daily hemodialysis, he completely recovered over the course of 1 month.CONCLUSION:  Patients with arsine toxicity resulting in intravascular hemolysis should receive RBC‐E as soon as possible. In addition, PE may be beneficial in removing the components of RBC lysis and further reducing arsenic levels.
Blood volume regulation in donors undergoing intermittent‐flow plasmapheresis involving a high extracorporeal blood volume
Authors: Karger Ralf , Halbe Monika , Dinges Gerhard , Wulf Hinnerk , Kretschmer Volker 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: Intermittent‐flow plasmapheresis (IFP) often involves a large extracorporeal blood volume (ECV) of donors during donation. Depending on equipment and donor characteristics, ECV can exceed 20 percent of a donor’s blood volume (BV). It was the aim of this study to delineate mechanisms of BV regulation associated with these volume shifts.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Parameters of BV regulation were recorded in 60 donors (30 men, 30 women) undergoing IFP, who were randomly selected after stratification for sex and BV. Shock index (SI), stroke volume (SV), cardiac index (CI), and thoracic fluid content (TFC) were determined at the beginning of the procedure and when maximum ECV (ECVmax) was reached with noninvasive techniques. In a control investigation, donors were kept in reclined position for the duration of an IFP session without actually donating.RESULTS: SI increased significantly during IFP (+0.18; p < 0.0001). SV decreased significantly (−14.3 mL/stroke; p < 0.0001). CI did not decrease significantly (−0.07 L/min/m2 body surface area; p = 0.33). Preservation of CI was due to a significant rise in heart rate (+13.4 beats/min; p < 0.0001). TFC decreased significantly during IFP (−0.77 kΩ−1; p < 0.0001), indicating the development of an intravascular volume deficit. The changes of SI, heart rate, and TFC weakly correlated with ECVmax.CONCLUSION: The hemodynamic response during IFP is consistent with a hypovolemic challenge of the donors and is sufficient to maintain cardiac function. ECVmax during donation does not reliably predict the degree of hypovolemic stress, as long as it remains below 20 percent. This might warrant reevaluation of collection limits based on ECVmax.
Life, death, and the risk of transfusion: a university hospital experience
Authors: Hay Shauna N. , Scanga Lori , Brecher Mark E. 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: Frequently one encounters donor recruitment statements like “. . . about 90 percent of American adults will need at least one blood transfusion in the course of a lifetime.” To assess the validity of such statements, the lifetime transfusion rate of patients dying in our tertiary‐care hospital was determined. It would be expected that patients dying in a tertiary‐care, Level 1 trauma center university hospital would have one of the highest transfusion rates.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A retrospective review of blood bank and electronic clinical records was conducted for all patients who expired at our institution from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2004. Stillborn infants were excluded from analysis. The rate of transfusion was stratified by age and sex.RESULTS: A total of 906 patients expired in 2004 at our institution. Of these, 35 were excluded (stillborn infants), leaving 871 patients for analysis. After review of blood bank records, 591 patients received blood products (67.9%). An additional 27 patients (3.1%) had a possible transfusion at another institution as the clinical record indicated complex surgical history. Only 253 patients (29.0%) did not have a documented transfusion event. Individuals who died before the age of 31 had the highest rates of transfusion (p  < 0.001, Fisher’s exact test, two‐sided).CONCLUSIONS: The majority of patients who expire at our institution have a history of transfusion (67.9%‐71.0%). Patients who die before the age of 31 have the highest rate of transfusion.
Absence of detectable viremia in plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from smallpox vaccinees: implications for blood safety
Authors: Srinivasan Kumar , Akolkar Pradip N. , Taffs Rolf E. , Hewlett Indira K. 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND:  Mass smallpox vaccination with live vaccinia virus has been considered as a preventive measure to counter bioterrorism involving smallpox. This has raised concerns about the possibility of vaccinia virus being transmitted from vaccinated blood donors to recipients. The results of this study could be used to define an appropriate deferral period for blood donors (vaccinated against smallpox) to ensure safety of the blood supply.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  A procedure was developed to culture vaccinia virus from plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) of vaccinees enrolled in three smallpox vaccine clinical trials. A total of 665 plasma and PBMNC samples were obtained from 95 vaccinated subjects.RESULTS:  Vaccinia viremia was not detected by virus culture from plasma and PBMNC samples of healthy vaccinees 3 to 56 days after vaccination under our assay conditions. Plasma viremia assay had a sensitivity of approximately 66 plaque‐forming units per mL with a Vero cell culture assay.CONCLUSION:  The results of this study present evidence that in the case of mass vaccination, the risk of transmission of vaccinia virus by blood transfusion would likely be low.
KEL6 and KEL7 genotyping with sequence‐specific primers
Authors: Renoud Keli J. , Barracchini Kathleen , Byrne Karen M. , Adams Sharon , Pickett Angela , Caruccio Lorraine , Stroncek David F. 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND:  Although antibodies to Jsa and Jsb are clinically significant, reagent‐quality anti‐Jsa and anti‐Jsb are not readily available. A sequence‐specific primer–polymerase chain reaction (SSP‐PCR) genotyping assay was tested that makes use of two single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at positions 1910 and 2019 of KEL. These SNPs distinguish the gene encoding Jsa, KEL6; and Jsb, KEL7.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:  Four primer sets that selectively amplified KEL6 and KEL7 from genomic DNA were developed. Two sets detected the SNP at bp 1910 and two sets detected the bp 2019 SNP. KEL6 and KEL7 genotyping and Jsa and Jsb phenotyping results were compared among 64 subjects.RESULTS:  The SSP‐PCRs were specific for KEL6 and KEL7 when testing DNA for three donors of known Js phenotype: Js(a+b–), Js(a–b+), and Js(a+b+). Genotyping results for the 1910 SNP were identical to the phenotyping results in all 64 subjects, but for the 2019 SNP, the genotyping and phenotyping results were identical for only 49 subjects. In 12 subjects with the Js(a–b+) phenotype, the 2019 SNP was heterozygous KEL6, KEL7; in 2 with Js(a–b+) and in 1 with Js(a+b+), the 2019 SNP was homozygous KEL6.CONCLUSION:  KEL 2019‐bp SNP does not always correlate with the Js phenotype owing to the presence of an atypical KEL gene with a KEL7 polymorphism at 1910 and a KEL6 polymorphism at 2019. The KEL polymorphism at 2019 is silent and this allele yields a Js(a–b+) phenotype. Only analysis of the 1910‐bp SNP can be used to genotype KEL6 and KEL7.
Mirasol PRT treatment of donor white blood cells prevents the development of xenogeneic graft‐versus‐host disease in Rag2–/–γc–/– double knockout mice
Authors: Fast Loren D. , DiLeone Gilbert , Cardarelli Gene , Li Junzhi , Goodrich Raymond 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: Mirasol PRT (Navigant Biotechnologies) treatment utilizes exposure to light in the presence of riboflavin to introduce irreparable lesions to nucleic acids thereby inhibiting pathogen and WBC replication. The ability of Mirasol PRT–treated mononuclear cells (MNCs) to generate xenogeneic graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD) responses was used to model transfusion‐associated GVHD (TAGVHD).STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Pairs of human MNCs from five different individual donors that had or had not received Mirasol PRT treatment and contained 30 × 106 CD3+ cells were injected intraperitoneally into sublethally irradiated (350 cGy) Rag2–/–γc–/– double‐knockout mice. Recipient mice were weighed and observed regularly and euthanized when they exhibited symptoms of GVHD or at termination of the experiment. Recipient lymphoid compartments were collected and phenotyped for the presence of human lymphoid cells. The presence of human cytokines and/or immunoglobulins in the recipient plasma was also used to detect the presence of human cells.RESULTS: Twelve of 14 mice injected with untreated cells developed xenogeneic GVHD, whereas 0 of 14 mice injected with Mirasol PRT–treated cells developed xenogeneic GVHD. End‐stage xenogeneic GVHD in the recipients of untreated cells was characterized by the presence of splenic human cytolytic CD4+ and CD8+ cells, with high levels of interferon‐γ, interleukin‐10, and xenoreactive antibodies in the plasma.CONCLUSION: Mirasol PRT treatment of the donor MNCs abolished xenogeneic GVHD responses, indicating that the use of Mirasol PRT treatment of blood products should prevent the development of TAGVHD.
Optimal prewarming conditions for Rh antibody testing
Authors: Endoh Teruo , Kobayashi Daisuke , Tsuji Naoki , Tanabe Hiromi , Koshida Saori , Yagihashi Atsuhito , Watanabe Naoki 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: Although prewarming (PW) can reduce the confounding agglutination of cold‐reactive antibodies when testing for warm‐reactive antibodies, PW also can adversely affect the detection of warm‐reactive antibodies. This study was conducted to determine PW conditions that optimized Rh antibody detection.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In 38 plasma samples with Rh system antibodies detected by any of four methods, and in 8 other samples with cold‐reactive antibodies, reactivity was assessed by titer and score.RESULTS: PW to 37°C often reduced reaction scores by all methods especially the low‐ionic‐strength saline indirect antiglobulin test and bromelin methods. In analyses warming red blood cell (RBC) suspensions or plasma, the reaction scores were decreased only when the RBC suspension was warmed, suggesting that RBC PW decreased Rh antibody reactivity. The warming period ranging from 5 to 30 minutes all decreased Rh system reaction scores, an effect persisting up to 120 minutes. At lower temperatures (27, 30, and 33°C), numbers of samples showing decreased reaction score for Rh system antibodies decreased in a temperature‐dependent manner. Testing at 27°C also permitted some agglutination involving cold‐reactive antibodies, whereas higher temperatures successfully suppressed their agglutination.CONCLUSION: PW at 30°C minimizes problems in accurately detecting Rh system antibodies.
Gene frequencies of the HNA‐4a and ‐5a neutrophil antigens in Brazilian persons and a new polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism method for HNA‐5a genotyping
Authors: Cardone José Daniel Braz , Bordin José Orlando , Chiba Akemi Kuroda , Norcia Angela Maria Matico Ikeda , Vieira‐Filho João Paulo Botelho 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: The HNA‐4a (Mart) and HNA‐5a (Ond) antigens are polymorphic variants of αM (CD11b) and αL (CD11a) subunits of the β2‐integrin, and are associated with single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) leading to amino acid dimorphisms. HNA‐4a has been linked to alloimmune neonatal neutropenia, but the HNA‐5a clinical significance is unclear.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with sequence‐specific primers, the frequency of HNA‐4a among 121 Brazilian blood donors and 114 Amazon Indians was determined. A PCR‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method for HNA‐5a genotyping was developed, and the gene frequencies of this antigen were determined among 123 blood donors and 114 Indians. To validate the genotyping method, the amplified DNA from six previously obtained samples (two of each genotype) was sequenced.RESULTS: The HNA‐4a (+/+), HNA‐4a (+/−), and HNA‐4a (−/−) genotype frequencies of blood donors (0.686, 0.273, 0.041) and Indians (1.000, 0.000, 0.000) were different (p < 0.01). The frequencies of HNA‐5a (+/+), HNA‐5a (+/−), and HNA‐5a (−/−) genotypes among blood donors (0.512, 0.399, 0.089) and Indians (0.746, 0.219, 0.035) also differed (p < 0.01). Sequencing demonstrated concordance with PCR‐RFLP genotyping in all six evaluated samples.CONCLUSION: Comparing to another populations, Brazilians present a higher frequency of HNA‐4a‐negative allele, suggesting that Brazilians would be more susceptible to HNA‐4a alloimmunization. Moreover, the distribution of the HNA‐4 alleles observed in Amazon Indians is quite similar to that reported among Koreans. Besides that, a new effective and efficient HNA‐5a genotyping technique is now available for population studies.
Storage duration and white blood cell content of red blood cell (RBC) products increases adhesion of stored RBCs to endothelium under flow conditions
Authors: Anniss Angela M. , Sparrow Rosemary L. 
Published: September 2006

BACKGROUND: Adherence of red blood cells (RBCs) to vascular endothelium impairs blood flow and decreases oxygen delivery. Although RBCs may be stored for up to 42 days before transfusion under current blood banking guidelines, little is known of how changes to RBCs during storage may affect their adherence properties. The influence of RBC product storage time and white blood cell (WBC) burden on the adherence of RBCs for transfusion to vascular endothelium under conditions of continuous flow was investigated in this study.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: RBC samples were collected from nonleukoreduced (S‐RBC), buffy coat–poor (BCP‐RBC), and leukofiltered (LF‐RBC) products at fixed time points during storage. Samples were perfused, at controlled shear stress and temperature, across a confluent endothelial cell (EC) monolayer with a parallel‐flow chamber mounted to an inverted microscope. RBC‐EC interactions were recorded with a digital camera attached to the microscope.RESULTS: The number of RBCs adhering to the EC layer increased significantly with storage time in all RBC products; however, WBC reduction delayed this increase. LF‐RBCs were also significantly less adherent than S‐RBC or BCP‐RBC products on Day 1 of storage (p  < 0.05). The strength of RBC attachment to vascular endothelium was significantly stronger in S‐RBC products compared to BCP‐RBC and LF‐RBC products.CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that product storage time and WBC burden increase the number and strength of adhesion of RBCs to vascular endothelium. These results may lead to greater understanding of the interaction of transfused RBCs with recipient endothelium and the biologic consequences of this adherence.