bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hydroxyapatite‐coated polyurethane for auricular cartilage replacement: An in vitro study
Authors: Chetty Avashnee , Steynberg Tenille , Moolman Sean , Nilen Roger , Joubert Annie , Richter Wim 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAuricular reconstruction remains a major challenge facing reconstructive surgeons owing to the complexity of autogenous transplants. In this study, the development of a three‐dimensional custom‐made polyurethane (PU) auricular implant with hydroxyapatite (HA) coating is described. The PU implant was produced by computerized tomography (CT) scanning and indirect rapid prototyping. To improve the physiological response of the implant, the PU prototype was coated with a microrough, homogenous layer of HA by a novel solvent‐compression coating method. Bioactivity of the HA coated PU substrates was confirmed by apatite formation on the HA coating after 9 days in revised simulated body fluid (pH 7.4). Adhesion strength of the HA coating to the PU surface using the tensile pull‐off test revealed partial failure of the coating with an average tensile strength of 1.6 MPa. As an initial stage indication of cytocompatibility for a soft tissue application, in vitro cell culturing on the HA‐coated PU substrates using Graham 293 fibroblast cells was performed. After 24 and 72 h, the HA coated surfaces displayed significantly higher cell numbers and metabolically active cells compared with the virgin uncoated PU surfaces. This indicates that HA coated PU surfaces are cytocompatible towards fibroblasts and could potentially be applied to auricular cartilage tissue replacement. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Uniform deposition of protein incorporated mineral layer on three‐dimensional porous polymer scaffolds
Authors: Segvich Sharon , Smith Hayes C. , Luong Linh N. , Kohn David H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractInorganic–organic hybrid materials designed to facilitate bone tissue regeneration use a calcium phosphate mineral layer to encourage cell adhesion, proliferation, and osteogenic differentiation. Mineral formed on porous materials is often discontinuous through the thickness of the scaffold. This study aimed to uniformly coat the pores of three‐dimensional (3D) porous, polymer scaffolds with a bone‐like mineral layer in addition to uniformly incorporating a model protein within this mineral layer. A filtration system designed to induce simulated body fluid flow through the interstices of 3D polylactic‐co‐glycolic acid scaffolds (10‐mm diameter × 2‐mm thickness) illustrated that a uniform, continuous mineral layer can be precipitated on the pore surfaces of a 3D porous structure within 5 days. MicroCT analysis showed increased mineral volume percent (MV%) (7.86 ± 3.25 MV%, p = 0.029) and continuous mineralization of filtered scaffolds compared with two static control groups (floating, 0.16 ± 0.26 MV% and submerged, 0.20 ± 0.01 MV%). Furthermore, the system was effective in coprecipitating a model protein, bone sialoprotein (BSA), within the mineral layer. A 10‐fold increase in BSA incorporation was seen when coprecipitated filtered scaffolds (1308 ± 464 μg) were compared to a submerged static control group (139 ± 45 μg), p < 0.001. Confocal microscopy visually confirmed uniform coprecipitation of BSA throughout the thickness of the filtration scaffolds. The designed system enables 3D mineralization through the thickness of porous materials, and provides the option of including coprecipitated biomolecular cues within the mineral layer. This approach of providing a 3D conductive and osteoinductive environment could be conducive to bone tissue regeneration. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 2008
Use of biosurfactant in the removal of oil from contaminated sandy soil
Authors: Santa Anna Lídia M , Soriano Adriana U , Gomes Absai C , Menezes Emerson P , Gutarra Melissa LE , Freire Denise MG , Pereira Nei 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effectiveness of cell‐free rhamnolipid biosurfactant, derived from the culture medium at the end of fermentation was investigated for the removal of two different kinds of oil from contaminated sandy soils. The crude cultivation medium, containing 13.2 g L−1 of rhamnolipids, had a surface tension, interfacial tension and critical micellar concentration of 30 mN m−1, 2 mN m−1 and 60 mg L−1, respectively. The evaluation of biosurfactant in the culture medium (BM) and oil concentrations in the removal of oil from different contaminated sandy soil was performed using a statistical experimental design tool. Oil in sandy soil, containing predominantly aromatic or paraffinic hydrocarbons (5 to 10% w/w), was removed by as much as 91 and 78%, respectively, in the presence of reduced amounts of BM (6.3 to 7.9 g L−1). The progress of oil removal was monitored for 101 days and results indicated that removal efficiency in sandy soil with aromatic characteristics was relatively stable over the entire period. Based on these studies, it is concluded that use of a BM was effective in reducing oil concentrations in contaminated sandy soil. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Comparative study on corrosion protection properties of electroless Ni‐P‐ZrO2 and Ni‐P coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy
Authors: Song Y.W. , Shan D.Y. , Han E.H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectroless Ni‐P‐ZrO2 and Ni‐P coatings on AZ91D magnesium alloy were prepared, and their corrosion protection properties were compared in this paper. The potentiodynamic curves and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) of the coated magnesium alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution showed that the corrosion performance of Ni‐P‐ZrO2 composite coating was superior to that of Ni‐P coating. The same conclusion was obtained with salt spray and immersion tests. The corrosion morphologies of two kinds of coatings with various immersion time intervals in 3.5% NaCl solution indicated that most corrosion products concentrated on the nodules boundaries of Ni‐P coating and blocked corrosion pit was the main corrosion form. For the Ni‐P‐ZrO2 coating, tortuous nodules boundaries were not the weak sites of the coating and corrosion initiated from the nickel phosphor alloy around the nanometer powders. Open corrosion pits occurred on the composite coating surface, and the coating was corroded gradually. Thus, the Ni‐P‐ZrO2 coating exhibited better corrosion protection property to magnesium alloy substrate than Ni‐P coating.
Korrosionsverhalten des Stahls WL 1.3964
Authors: Dinnebier H. , Schneider J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDer nichtmagnetisierbare austenitische Stahl X 2 CrNiMnMoNNb 21 16 5 3, WL 1.3964, wird bei der Bundesmarine für den Sonderschiffbau, also für U‐Boote und Minenkampfboote eingesetzt. Hauptgrund für diese Anwendung ist neben seiner guten Korrosionsbeständigkeit sein vollständig amagnetisches Verhalten. Der Stahl WL 1.3964 ist auf freier Fläche in Meerwasser stabil; allerdings weist er eine wenn auch geringe Anfälligkeit gegenüber Loch‐ bzw. Spaltkorrosion auf. Auf Basis dieser Anfälligkeit gegenüber bestimmten Korrosionsformen wurde folgendes Untersuchungsprogramm definiert: Dauertauchversuche mit unbeschichteten und verschiedenartig beschichteten Proben in natürlichem Meerwasser, Spaltkorrosionsversuche und elektrochemische Untersuchungen mit verschiedenen Oberflächenzuständen bei verschiedenen Temperaturen. Als Ergebnis sind folgende Punkte festzuhalten: Der Stahl WL 1.3964 kann ungeschützt nicht in Meerwasser eingesetzt werden, da er prinzipiell eine gewisse Anfälligkeit gegenüber Loch‐ aber auch Spaltkorrosion besitzt. Ein zinkstaubhaltiges Beschichtungssystem kann den Werkstoff vor Korrosion schützen. Der Stahl WL 1.3964 besitzt eine erhöhte Anfälligkeit in aufgeschmolzenen Bereichen bzw. in Bereichen mit Anlauffarben, die nicht ordnungsgemäß nachbehandelt wurden.
Schweißen von Hohlstrukturen und offenporösen Metallschäumen für den Einsatz in Kombi‐Kraftwerken
Authors: Harms A. , Longerich S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFür Anwendungen im Bereich neuartiger Kühlkonzepte von Dampf‐ bzw. Gasturbinen werden im Rahmen des Sonderforschungsbereichs 561 „Thermisch hochbelastete, offenporige und gekühlte Mehrschichtsysteme für Kombi‐Kraftwerke”︁ Fügetechnologien für Sandwich‐Hohlstrukturen und offenporöse Schäume untersucht.Die Forschungsmotivation sowie die Anwendungsgebiete der verschiedenen Strukturen werden kurz umrissen. Die Schweißverfahren und ‐strategien zur Herstellung dieser Strukturen werden beschrieben, ebenso die fügetechnischen Besonderheiten. Abschließend werden die zur Weiterentwicklung der Verfahren und Strukturen geplanten Arbeiten aufgezählt.
Auftraglöten zum Verschleißschutz von Titanwerkstoffen
Authors: Bobzin K. , Ernst F. , Nickel R. , Rösing J. , Rojas Y. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTitan und Titanlegierungen weisen hohe spezifische Festigkeiten bis zu einer Temperatur von ca. 600 °C auf, verbunden mit einer ausgezeichneten Korrosionsbeständigkeit [1]. Ein entscheidendes Hindernis für den noch breiteren Einsatz stellt allerdings die geringe Verschleißbeständigkeit dar. Insbesondere sind Titanwerkstoffe gegenüber Reibermüdung und Erosionsverschleiß anfällig. Um dieser technischen Einschränkung zu begegnen, müssen Beschichtungsverfahren entwickelt werden. Einen vielversprechenden Ansatz stellt hierbei das Auftraglöten dar. Hartstoffe gemischt mit Loten auf Silber‐ und Titanbasis wurden im Hochvakuumofen gelötet und charakterisiert. Die Verschleißbeständigkeit wurde mit Ball‐on‐Disk‐Untersuchungen quantifiziert und optimiert.
Eigenschaften langzeitgealterter, artgleicher Schweißnähte der Ni‐Basislegierung alloy 602 CA
Authors: Zinke M. , Herold H. , Schneider H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDer Beitrag stellt Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Einfluss einer zweijährigen industriellen Betriebsbeanspruchung im Produktionskreislauf der Ammoniaksynthese auf das Mikrogefüge und die mechanisch‐technologischen Eigenschaften von artgleichen WIG‐ und E‐Hand‐Schweißnähten der hochwarmfesten Nickel‐Basis‐Legierung alloy 602 CA (NiCr25FeAlY, Werkstoff‐Nr. 2.4633 / UNS N 06025) vor. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass alloy 602 CA über eine sehr gute Beständigkeit gegenüber Metal Dusting verfügt. Darüber hinaus werden typische metallurgische Besonderheiten beim Schweißen dieser extrem heißrissempfindlichen Legierung vorgestellt und Empfehlungen für ein heißrisssicheres Verarbeiten von Bauteilen aus dieser Legierung gegeben.
The Zambian administrative reforms: An alternative view
Authors: Chikulo B. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1968 administrative reforms were announced in Zambia which have been interpreted as involving a commitment to decentralization. The announcement came against a background of moves to strengthen party control over the bureaucracy, and a feature of the reforms was the reinforcement of this control. Subsequent developments have been characterized by the establishment of greater control over governmental administration in provinces and districts by party political appointees and by closer control over local party officials by party appointees from the centre. These developments have not been accompanied by decentralization within ministries, and functional ministries retain control over their field agents.
The revenue position of local government in Nigeria
Authors: Smith B. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractFinancial viability has been presented officially as crucial to the success of the sweeping reforms of local government in Nigeria and this article reviews the situation facing the new local government councils four years after the reforms were instituted. It sets the present situation against a background of past trends in which local government was financially dependent on regional and state governments, and subjected to increasingly detailed controls. Reviewing the present continuing dependence on state and federal government for finance, the limited use made of independent revenue bases, and the political and administrative factors militating against financial viability, the article argues that local government cannot escape from the vicious circle of underdevelopment.
The role of monitoring and evaluation in project planning, in relation to the upgrading of unauthorized housing areas
Authors: Rakodi Carole 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper explores the role of monitoring and evaluation in the planning process with reference to urban development projects, especially those concerned with the upgrading of unauthorized housing areas. Monitoring, it is suggested, may be separated from evaluation, which may itself be subdivided into ongoing or formative and ex post or summative evaluation, and definitions of these terms are offered. Potential audiences for monitoring and evaluation research are identified and their interests discussed. Monitoring and evaluation requirements in relation to upgrading projects are then analysed in more detail, in terms of organizational requirements, methodology, and the utilization of findings. The discussion is illustrated with examples of the monitoring and evaluation systems established in upgrading projects in Zambia, Indonesia and the Philippines. Finally, some of the substantive issues which are relevant to the evaluation of upgrading are outlined and briefly discussed. These include the efficiency of project implementation, progressive development and self help construction as a means of increasing the low cost housing stock, community participation in planning and implementation, affordability and project impact.
Provident funds in the third world: A cross‐national review
Authors: Dixon John 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProvident funds have been introduced in twenty third world countries as a way of meeting a need for social security. This article provides a careful comparative review of these funds, describing who they cover, how contribution rates are specified and on whom they fall, the rights the funds confer and how the funds are managed. The article points out that the provident funds have proved to be important financial institutions, valued by governments as instruments for mobilizing savings, but none has found a way of achieving the goal of providing adequate social security protection on the basis simply of compulsory savings.
Social analysis, project development and advocacy in U.S. foreign assistance
Authors: Morgan E. Philip 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1975 the U.S. Agency for International Development (AID), the principal administrative agent for American bilateral development assistance, mandated a social analysis component to the project preparation and approval process.1 Although 'social soundness analysis' is now a required dimension of project identification and design its presumed positive effects are not yet apparent on the output side. Post project impact evaluations reveal that there continue to be negative social effects from AID'S development efforts, regardless of project type.In the process by which projects are identified, framed, approved, and ultimately implemented, important signals identified by pre‐project social analysis get displaced. This occurs because anticipating social impact is only one of several goals or functions served by pre‐project design analysis. This essay interprets the role of social analysis in the dynamics of project preparation, identifying structures and procedures which attenuate its influence.
Strengthening rural development management through international assistance projects
Authors: Wunsch James S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe importance of project management is well recognized and the favoured approach to improving management is to discard classroom based, technical transfer models of management development and develop training of direct relevance to field responsibilities. This article highlights the importance of recognizing in aid assisted projects that development projects serve some bureaucratic interests and hurt others with the consequence that projects need to be designed so as to maximize those interests which support its goals. The article is built around a case study of an Agricultural Management Development project in Ghana, begun in 1975 and appraised by a team led by the author in 1979. The appraisal revealed considerable achievements but also focused on facets where there were significant difficulties. These difficulties can be understood and explained in terms of the bureaucratic political interests in the Ministry of Agriculture which stood to lose from the development project, and the author indicates how the project itself could have been assisted by adding to it incentives which made the success of the project attractive to additional bureaucratic interests.
Expectancy theory in developing nations: Motivating Botswana public servants
Authors: Mueller Keith J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe degree to which individuals are motivated to apply themselves depends in part on how far they expect to be able to achieve given goals. This study, based on interviews of local government administrators in Botswana, not only stresses the importance of expectancy in motivation but reports the importance of altruistic goals among these administrators. Among those interviewed there was a strong desire to advance their own careers, both by developing themselves in the job they currently hold, and by advancing through the organizational hierarchy. Employees, however, were also anxious to accomplish concrete objectives in their current jobs and thus to contribute to the development of the nation. Here unless officials have the expectancy of being able to achieve these goals their motivation is affected. Thus emphasis is placed in this article on the need to supplement traditional attention to pay and promotion as devices to improve motivation with a concern to remove road blocks to development. The enquiry thus strengthens the case for the performance improvement programme of the United Nations.
Projects as instruments of development administration: A qualified defence and suggestions for improvement
Authors: Rondinelli Dennis A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractProjects have become an important instrument of international assistance and of development administration because they seem to offer major advantages over other forms of planning and management. But projects have also come under increasing criticism in recent years. The benefits they offer to various interests involved in development ensure, however, that they are unlikely to be abandoned or to diminish in importance in the near future. Thus, ways must be found to make them more flexible and responsive methods of planning and managing social and human development activities. This can be done by planning, appraising and implementing projects as policy experiments, making their design and administration more learning‐oriented, and using them as instruments of strategic planning and management.
Building institutional capacity for policy analysis: An alternative approach to sustainability
Authors: Bremer Jennifer Ann 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe project approach to development assistance has been criticized for failing to build lasting capacity. The problem lies not in the project approach itself, but in a failure to understand the constraints to capacity development and a consequent misdirection of effort. Policy analysis capacity is developed as an example. Policy analysis requires skills and abilities that public sector institutions in developing countries cannot sustain, owing to a combination of structural and organizational factors, among which personnel constraints are key. These factors inhibit the effectiveness of the standard approach, which seeks to establish analytic capacity within a specialized government unit (‘internal’ capacity). An alternative approach is to build ‘process’ capacity—the ability to get analysis done by other institutions, rather than the ability to do analysis internally. The author concludes that project strategies should be redirected toward a greater emphasis on building process capacity as a useful adjunct to internal capacity.
Decentralization, provincial policy making and the law in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Axline W. Andrew 
Published: July 2007

AbstractShortly after independence in 1975 Papua New Guinea decided to decentralize political power by creating nineteen provincial governments, complete with legislatures and executives. The division of powers between the two levels of government was set down in the Organic Law on Provincial Government and subsequent delegations of power by the National Executive Council (cabinet). The ability of provincial governments to fulfil the role in policy making set out for them depends on a number of political, financial and legal factors at both the national and provincial levels. A close examination of the legal base of provincial policy making reveals a number of shortcomings and incoherencies in the legal arrangements which pose obstacles to the realization of effective decentralized policy making. There are several possible approaches to resolving these problems, but the most appropriate one requires co‐ordination between the National Government and provincial governments in replacing delegated powers with provincial legislation.
The planning and management of integrated rural development in Drylands: Early lessons from Kenya's arid and semi‐arid lands programmes
Authors: Wiggins Steve 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn Kenya a new generation of area‐based, multisectoral rural development programmes has been started, targetted on the country's extensive arid and semi‐arid lands (ASAL). By mid 1983, six such programmes were operational, each supported by a foreign donor and implemented by the Government of Kenya. Six years after the detailed planning of the first programme began, the record looks patchy. District level planning and co‐ordination hold promise, and some programme activities are going well. However, problems of slow and cumbersome planning and mobilization, a lack of community involvement in planning, too few technical successes, and remote prospects for institutionalizing the programmes if and when expatriate support is withdrawn are apparent. Behind these problems lie a number of basic obstacles, including the structure and orientation of the government's lack of support for the drylands among politicians, and the technical difficulties of raising dryland production. Faced with these obstacles, the ASAL programmes look set to run into continuing problems. Overcoming them will depend on both the success of recent government moves to deconcentrate, and patient support from both the government and the donors. Historically the prospects for such support are poor.
Managerial roles for social development management
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe configuration of roles needed for effective management of social development is discussed and compared with that needed for conventional development project management. It is argued that while the managerial skills associated with more conventional projects are useful to social development managers, social development management places greater emphasis on entrepreneurial behaviour and attention to both analysing and influencing the environment external to the organization. Facilitating the creation of local‐level capacity also requires strong interpersonal skills. The extent to which social development management skills can be trained for is discussed, with an illustration from Sri Lanka. A combined skills training plus job rotation approach to preparing social development managers is suggested. The need to modify organizational structures and incentive patterns in order to effectively support new management skills is highlighted.