bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurements and analysis of the noise spectral density of YBCO films
Authors: Taoufik A. , Bghour M. , Labrag A. , Bouaaddi A. , Abaragh A. , Ramzi A. , Senoussi S. , Tirbiyine A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe studied the voltage noise spectral density S V(f, T, H ) dependence on frequency f, temperature T and applied magnetic field H in YBa2Cu3O7–δ films. The voltage noise spectral density S V(f ) as a function of frequency exhibits 1/f behavior according to a Lorentzian shape A [(1 + πf /f 0)B ]C, where A, f 0, B, C constants which are determined and compared for many values of H . The influence of temperature and magnetic field is clearly observed as a function of temperature, S V(T ) is found to vanish at T g, the temperature of vortex glass transition, according to a (T – T g)x law. We interpreted those results by the formation of a large distribution of glass vortex domains. Approaching T g, these domains grow in size and lifetime, while at T g those parameters diverge. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Polymerization processes in Al(OBus)3 sol‐gel solutions: an investigation by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Zangrando Roberta , Armelao Lidia , Bottaro Gregorio , Gross Silvia , Seraglia Roberta , Tondello Eugenio , Traldi Pietro 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions of Al(OBus)3 have been studied by laser desorption/ionization (LDI), performed on the solid samples originating from different aluminum alkoxide solutions, prepared using the usual operating conditions employed in the sol‐gel synthesis of Al2O3‐based materials. CHCl3, CH3OH and CH3OH/H2O mixture were used as solvents. In the latter case different H2O/Al(OBus)3 molar ratios were adopted, i.e. 1:1, 1:2, and 1:4. The obtained hydrolysis and polycondensation species consist of polynuclear species containing ≤12 aluminum atoms. In the CHCl3 solutions, the formation of the observed hydrolysis products has been ascribed to the reaction with water present in the atmosphere during the LDI sample preparation and/or present at trace level in the solvent. When methanol is used as a solvent, extensive methanolysis reactions take place, thus originating oligomers with CH3O and OH substituents. The kinetics of formation of the various polynuclear species are dependent on the reaction environment and the reaction is faster in the presence of methanol. It is worth noticing that, regardless of the hydrolysis process, the polycondensation products can be considered as originating from a common tetrameric core [Al4O4(OBu)2(OH)2] around which different building blocks are condensed to form various oxo‐polymeric species. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of chlorpyrifos and its metabolites in rat brain tissue using coupled‐column liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Williamson Leah N. , Terry Alvin V. , Bartlett Michael G. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA method has been developed to quantify chlorpyrifos (O,O‐diethyl‐O‐[3,5,6,‐trichloro‐2‐pyridyl] phosphorothionate) and its metabolites chlorpyrifos‐oxon (O,O‐diethyl‐O‐[3,5,6,trichloro‐2‐pyridinyl] phosphate) and TCP (3,5,6,‐trichloro‐2‐pyridinol) in rat brain tissue by coupled‐column liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC/LC/ESI‐MS/MS). Rat brains were homogenized and treated by protein precipitation using ice‐cold acetonitrile. The supernatant was directly injected onto the coupled‐column system. Sample clean‐up was achieved on a Zorbax Extend‐C18 column (2.1 × 50 mm, 5 µm) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water with 0.0025% formic acid (40:60, v/v). The compounds were separated isocratically on a Zorbax Eclipse XDB C8 column (2.0 × 150 mm, 5 µm) using a mobile phase of acetonitrile/water with 0.0025% formic acid (75:25, v/v). Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos‐oxon were detected in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). TCP was detected in negative ion mode using precursor‐to‐precursor transition monitoring. The method was validated and the specificity, linearity, limit of quantitation (LOQ), precision, accuracy, stability, and recoveries were determined. Calibration curves for all three analytes yielded correlation coefficients of 0.993 or greater. The LOQs were 25.3 ng/g for chlorpyrifos and 6.3 ng/g for chlorpyrifos‐oxon and TCP. All precision relative standard deviations (RSDs) were less than 16% for the LOQ and less than 11% for the other QC samples. This method was successfully applied to six rats that were injected subcutaneously with chlorpyrifos. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Desorption electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry of low molecular weight synthetic polymers
Authors: Jackson Anthony T. , Williams Jonathan P. , Scrivens James H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractA range of low molecular weight synthetic polymers has been characterised by means of desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) combined with both mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Accurate mass experiments were used to aid the structural determination of some of the oligomeric materials. The polymers analysed were poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polypropylene glycol (PPG), poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and poly(α‐methyl styrene). An application of the technique for characterisation of a polymer used as part of an active ingredient in a pharmaceutical tablet is described. The mass spectra and tandem mass spectra of all of the polymers were obtained in seconds, indicating the sensitivity of the technique. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physiological stress reactions in 6th and 9th graders during test performance
Authors: Lindblad Frank , Lindahl Mats , Theorell Töres , von Scheele Bo 
Published: August 2006

AbstractForty‐six randomly selected 6th and 9th graders volunteered for an extra‐curricular school test (relaxation–reading–relaxation–mathematics–relaxation) with simultaneous registration of heart rate, peripheral vasoconstriction, oxygen saturation, respiratory rate, exhalation carbon dioxide (CO2) and CO2 in residual expiratory air. Results were compared with previously reported saliva cortisol levels before and after test.Oxygen saturation before test was higher than on all other occasions. A successive increase in peripheral vasoconstriction was observed. Comparisons were made between students, sensitive to test performance stress (worry group) and the others. The worry group showed a higher level of peripheral vasoconstriction through the whole test procedure. During reading the worry group showed decreased peripheral vasoconstriction.There was a positive correlation between oxygen saturation during mathematics test and cortisol levels after test situation.Oxygen saturation is not an easily interpreted stress indicator, since it reflects increased saturation due to anticipated demands as well as increased consumption due to increased efforts imposed by the stressors. At certain key points of time and at group comparisons, however, illustrative changes may be observed. Peripheral vasoconstriction, however, seems to reflect the on‐going demands in a more easily interpreted way as a response to continued sympathetic activation. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The association between peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress reactions among rescue personnel 36–48h after a gas pipe explosion in Tel‐Aviv: a preliminary report
Authors: Ben‐Ezra Menachem , Essar Nir , Saar Ronen 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe association between peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress reactions were examined among rescue personnel 36–48h after exposure to a gas pipe explosion resulting in a collapsed building in Tel Aviv. The entire rescue personnel were examined for peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress reactions. The results showed that among men there was a negative association between peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress reactions. Among women, there was a positive association between peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress reactions. These results correspond with previous studies that found an association between peritraumatic dissociation and acute stress reactions. Explanations to these results are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energetic and developmental costs of mounting an immune response in greenfinches (Carduelis chloris)
Authors: Amat Juan A. , Aguilera Eduardo , Visser G. Henk 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt is assumed that there is a trade‐off between the costs allocated to mounting an immune defence and those allocated to costly functions such as breeding and moulting. The physiological basis for this is that mounting an immune response to pathogen challenge has energetic and/or nutrient costs which may interfere with metabolic processes of the challenged individual. If the energetic costs of mounting an immune response are not too high, animals may face such costs by increasing their acquisition of food energy, suggesting that limited nutrients may be responsible for the costs of immune defence. We assessed the energetic and developmental costs of mounting an immune response in an experiment in captivity with first‐year greenfinches (Carduelis chloris) challenged with sheep red blood cells and Brucella abortus. Antibody production against both antigens increased the daily energy expenditure (4.7%) of immune‐challenged birds relative to control birds, although the difference was non‐significant. We estimated that the maximum effect size supported by the data would be 9.9% higher in immune‐challenged birds relative to control birds. We plucked the two outermost rectrices of each bird to assess the effects of the immune challenge on growth of the regenerated feathers. The immune challenge had no significant effect on the length of the regenerated rectrices. However, these feathers were more asymmetric in length in immune‐challenged birds than in control birds. Although first‐year male greenfinches paid a relatively low energetic cost when mounting an immune response, we suggest that immune‐challenged individuals may have paid some costs over the long term based on the increased fluctuating asymmetry in the developing feathers.
Human resources and access to maternal health care
Authors: ten Hoope‐Bender P. , Liljestrand J. , MacDonagh S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe lack of human resources is one of the main bottlenecks to achieving the Millennium Development Goals on maternal and child health. A coherent national policy, recognized across government, needs to be in place to overcome this especially in countries severely affected by HIV/AIDS. Such a policy should cover selection of pre‐service students, the qualifications of trainers and training sites, supportive supervision, career path development, a package of carefully thought‐out incentives for the retention of staff, strategies for interaction with communities, and an agreed‐upon health staff HIV/AIDS policy. Without such coherent human resource planning, a large number of countries will fail to reduce maternal and newborn mortality.
Remission and relapse in psychosis: operational definitions based on case-note data
Authors: BEBBINGTON PAUL E. , CRAIG TOM , GARETY PHILIPPA , FOWLER DAVID , DUNN GRAHAM , COLBERT SUSANNAH , FORNELLS-AMBROJO MIRIAM , KUIPERS ELIZABETH 
Published: August 2006

Background. In psychosis, the prime indicator of outcome has been relapse, but hospital readmission can no longer be used for this purpose. Researchers now require methods for assessing relapse that are objective, blind, reliable and valid. We describe the reliability and validity of such a technique using case-notes.Method. Information from routine clinical notes of participants in the Lambeth Early Onset (LEO) study (less all references that would unblind the assessor) were recorded on a form divided into 1-month sections. Operational definitions of remission and relapse enabled clinicians to identify remissions and relapses blindly from the summary information. We calculated reliability regarding both the fact and the timing of remission and relapse. PANSS ratings at 6 and 18 months provided a measure of validity.Results. The kappa value for the identification of remission by individuals ranged from 0·64 to 0·82, while that for consensus between paired raters was 0·56. The corresponding values for relapse were 0·57–0·59 and 0·71. Intra-class correlations for time to remission and to relapse were very high. Raters guessed correctly whether the participants came from the intervention or control group on 60–75% of occasions. Independent PANSS ratings were strongly related to the remission/relapse status of participants.Conclusions. The reliability of the technique described here was moderate to good, its validity was good, and it provides a useful and timely addition to methods of evaluating remission and relapse in psychosis. On the basis of our experience, we recommend consensus rather than individual ratings.
Localization Effect on the Metal Biosorption Capability of Recombinant Mammalian and Fish Metallothioneins in Escherichia coli
Authors: Kao Wei‐Chen , Chiu Yao‐Pang , Chang Chia‐Che , Chang Jo‐Shu 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIn this study, we examined the expression of mammalian and fish metallothioneins (MTs) in Escherichia coli as a strategy to enhance metal biosorption efficiency of bacterial biosorbents for lead (Pb), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn). In addition, MT proteins were expressed in either the cytoplasmic or periplasmic compartment of host cells to explore the localization effect on metal biosorption. The results showed that MT expression led to a significant increase (5–210%) in overall biosorption efficiency (ηads), especially for biosorption of Cd. The MT‐driven improvement in metal biosorption relied more on the increase in the biosorption rates (r2, a kinetic property) than on the equilibrium biosorption capacities (qmax, a thermodynamic property), despite a 10–45% and 30–80% increase in qmax of Cd and Zn, respectively. Periplasmic expression of MTs appeared to be more effective in facilitating the metal‐binding ability than the cytoplasmlic MT expression. Notably, disparity of the impacts on biosorption ability was observed for the origin of MT proteins, as human MT (MT1A) was the most effective biosorption stimulator compared to MTs originating from mouse (MT1) and fish (OmMT). Moreover, the overall biosorption efficiency (ηads) of the MT‐expressing recombinant biosorbents was found to be adsorbate‐dependent: the ηads values decreased in the order of Cd > Cu > Zn > Pb.
Effect of Temperature and High Pressure on the Activity and Mode of Action of Fungal Pectin Methyl Esterase
Authors: Duvetter Thomas , Fraeye Ilse , Sila Daniel N. , Verlent Isabel , Smout Chantal , Clynen Elke , Schoofs Liliane , Schols Henk , Hendrickx Marc , Van Loey Ann 
Published: August 2006

AbstractPectin was de‐esterified with purified recombinantAspergillus aculeatuspectin methyl esterase (PME) during isothermal‐isobaric treatments. By measuring the release of methanol as a function of treatment time, the rate of enzymatic pectin conversion was determined. Elevated temperature and pressure were found to stimulate PME activity. The highest rate of PME‐catalyzed pectin de‐esterification was obtained when combining pressures in the range 200–300 MPa with temperatures in the range 50–55 °C. The mode of pectin de‐esterification was investigated by characterizing the pectin reaction products by enzymatic fingerprinting. No significant effect of increasing pressure (300 MPa) and/or temperature (50 °C) on the mode of pectin conversion was detected.
Simulatory effect of porcine insulin on noradrenaline secretion in guinea‐pig ileum myenteric nerve terminals
Authors: Cheng Juei‐Tang , Hung Chen‐Road , Lin Ming‐I 
Published: August 2006

The effect of insulin on the release of noradrenaline (NA) from nerve terminals was investigated in isolated ileal synaptosomes of guinea‐pig. Release was determined as the amount of NA, quantified by h.p.l.c.‐electrochemical detection, from samples incubated with insulin minus that in parallel blanks treated with some volume of vehicle.
Porcine insulin stimulated the secretion of NA in a concentration‐dependent manner from 0.01 i.u. ml−1, while the value of lactate dehydrogenase in the incubated medium was not influenced by insulin.
The presence of insulin receptors in this preparation was illustrated by immunoblotting with insulin receptor monoclonal antibodies.
The release of NA by insulin was reduced by guanethidine and bretylium and it was markedly lowered in the samples obtained from guinea‐pigs that had received an intraperitoneal injection of DSP‐4, the noradrenergic neurotoxin.
Tetrodotoxin attenuated the action of insulin at concentrations sufficient to block sodium channels. The depolarizing effect of insulin on the membrane potential was also illustrated by a concentration‐dependent increase in the fluorescence of bisoxonol, a potential‐sensitive dye.
The action of insulin was attenuated by removal of calcium chloride from the bathing medium. The induction of calcium ion influx by insulin into the synaptosomes is supported by the inhibitory effects of the calcium channel blockers ω‐conotoxin GVIA (for the N‐type channels) and nifedipine (for the L‐type channels).
These findings suggest that insulin can stimulate NA release from noradrenergic terminals via activation of calcium influx.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 121, 15–20; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701091
Characterization of human recombinant somatostatin sst5 receptors mediating activation of phosphoinositide metabolism
Authors: Wilkinson Graeme F , Feniuk Wasyl , Humphrey Patrick P A 
Published: August 2006

We have functionally characterized the human recombinant somatostatin (SRIF) sst5 receptor in Chinese hamster ovary‐K1 (CHOsst5) cells by measuring total [3H]‐inositol phosphate ([3H]‐InsPx) accumulation, in the presence of 10 mM LiCl, in cells labelled with [3H]‐myo‐inositol.
In CHOsst5 cells, SRIF, SRIF‐28 and the cyclic hexapeptide, L‐362,855, produced time‐ and concentration‐related increases in [3H]‐InsPx accumulation, with similar potency (pEC50 values of 6.5, 6.8 and 7.2, respectively). L‐362,855 behaved as a partial agonist, producing approximately 30% of the SRIF maximum response. The other peptide analogues of SRIF, BIM‐23027 and BIM‐23056, were inactive as agonists.
Increasing concentrations of L‐362,855 increased [3H]‐InsPx accumulation and simultaneously produced rightward shifts of SRIF concentration‐effect curves, with an estimated pKp value of 7.6, confirming that it was acting as a partial agonist.
BIM‐23056, but not BIM‐23027, potently antagonized SRIF‐induced [3H]‐InsPx accumulation, with an estimated pKB value of 7.4. BIM‐23056 did not antagonize [3H]‐InsPx accumulation induced by uridine 5′‐triphosphate (UTP).
SRIF‐ but not UTP‐induced [3H]‐InsPx accumulation was inhibited by increasing concentrations of pertussis toxin (0.01–100 ng ml−1), indicating the involvement of pertussis toxin‐sensitive G‐proteins.
These findings show that the human recombinant sst5 receptor, when stably expressed in CHO‐K1 cells, is able to mediate activation of phosphoinositide metabolism in a pertussis toxin‐sensitive manner. In this system L‐362,855 behaved as a partial agonist while BIM‐23056 was a specific antagonist. These agents should provide useful tools for functionally characterizing endogenous SRIF receptors.

British Journal of Pharmacology (1997) 121, 91–96; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0701116
“Modern” Masculinities: Ethnicity, Education, and Gender in Macedonia
Authors: Dimova Rozita 
Published: August 2006

In 2000, when conducting a household survey as part of my research on consumption and ethnicity in the small western Macedonian town of Kumanovo, I received explicit proof of how important education has become for ethnic Albanians. It was a Friday afternoon on a hot summer day. I was in my top-floor apartment, working with my research assistant, Adnan, a 28-year-old ethnic Albanian man who had been helping me for the past year. We had grown to be a well-synchronized team. It was his turn to dictate while I entered data from the survey into the computer. The questionnaire concerned interior decorations, but it began with several general questions about the ages, education, and number of family members. After we finished entering around thirty of the questionnaires completed in Albanian, Adnan suddenly stood up without a word. He went into the kitchen, and started drinking water from the first thing he saw, which was an empty olive jar drying on the dish rack. Then he came back, clearly upset. He wiped the sweat from his forehead with the upper part of his hand, and exclaimed,There is something not right here. I cannot believe that, in a family of eight, six members have college degrees and they all live together in one house. Bullshit! I would have known that family. I know most of the Albanians here and, trust me, this is not true. This is all exaggerations and lies.
Universal localization of triangular matrix rings
Authors: Sheiham Desmond 
Published: August 2006

If

R
R

is a triangular

2
×
2

2\times 2

matrix ring, the columns

P
P

and

Q
Q

are f.g. projective

R
R

-modules. We describe the universal localization of

R
R

which makes invertible an

R
R

-module morphism

σ
:
P
→
Q

\sigma :P\to Q

, generalizing a theorem of A. Schofield. We also describe the universal localization of

R
R

-modules.
Continuous-time Kreiss resolvent condition on infinite-dimensional spaces
Authors: Eisner Tatjana , Zwart Hans 
Published: August 2006

Given the infinitesimal generator

A
A

of a

C
0

C_0

-semigroup on the Banach space

X
X

which satisfies the Kreiss resolvent condition, i.e., there exists an

M
>
0

M>0

such that

‖
(
s
I
−
A

)

−
1

‖
≤

M

R
e

(
s
)

\| (sI-A)^{-1}\| \leq \frac {M}{\mathrm {Re}(s)}

for all complex

s
s

with positive real part, we show that for general Banach spaces this condition does not give any information on the growth of the associated

C
0

C_0

-semigroup. For Hilbert spaces the situation is less dramatic. In particular, we show that the semigroup can grow at most like

t
t

. Furthermore, we show that for every

γ
∈
(
0
,
1
)

\gamma \in (0,1)

there exists an infinitesimal generator satisfying the Kreiss resolvent condition, but whose semigroup grows at least like

t
γ

t^\gamma

. As a consequence, we find that for

R

N

{\mathbb R}^N

with the standard Euclidian norm the estimate

‖
exp
⁡
(
A
t
)
‖
≤

M
1

min
(
N
,
t
)

\|\exp (At)\| \leq M_1 \min (N,t)

cannot be replaced by a lower power of

N
N

or

t
t

.