bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of the relationships between die build up and die swell
Authors: Hogan Todd A. , Walia Parvinder , Dems Bernard C. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDie build up (DBU) is a common problem encountered during extrusion of polymers where material accumulates around the die exit and may cause defects in the surface of the product. This study was initiated to better understand the fundamental relationships between DBU and die swell. The study was conducted on a strand die extrusion system using an ethylene‐octene polyolefin elastomer resin. This study demonstrated that die swell is not a root cause of DBU. It was shown that at constant shear rate, increasing the die L/D ratio results in an increase in DBU, while die swell decreases. The important variables influencing DBU for the resin used in this study were: the shear rate or shear stress in capillary portion of the die, the nominal residence time that the resin is exposed to the high shear stress in the die capillary, and the concentration of oligomers present in the resin or generated during processing. These data support the conclusion that DBU is due to the shear‐induced migration of oligomeric species in the polymer to the die surface. Higher shear rates and stresses in the die promote this migration and result in a higher concentration of oligomeric species near the die wall. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2009. © 2008 Society of Plastics Engineers
Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Hemiptera: Aphididae), reproduction during exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin
Authors: Christopher Cutler G , Ramanaidu Krilen , Astatkie T , Isman Murray B 
Published: December 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Resurgence of insect pests following insecticide applications is often attributed to natural enemy disturbance, but hormesis could be an alternative or additional mechanism. Green peach aphid, Myzus persicae (Sulzer), is an important insect pest of many crops worldwide that may be exposed to sublethal insecticide concentrations over time. Here, the hypothesis that exposure to low concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin can induce hormetic responses in M. persicae is tested in the laboratory.RESULTS: When insects were exposed to potato leaf discs dipped in sublethal concentrations of insecticide, almost all measured endpoints—adult longevity, F1 production, F1 survival and F2 production—were affected, and a statistically significant (P < 0.05) stimulatory response was recorded for F2 production following exposure to imidacloprid. No other measures for hormesis were statistically significant, but other trends of hormetic response were consistently observed.CONCLUSIONS: Given that variable distribution and degradation of insecticides in the field would result in a wide range of concentrations over time and space, these laboratory experiments suggest that exposure to sublethal concentrations of imidacloprid and azadirachtin could stimulate reproduction in M. persicae. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis, conformational analysis and immunological activity of β3Phe‐substituted Cyclolinopeptide A analogues
Authors: Kaczmarek Krzysztof , Farina Biancamaria , Zubrzak Paweł , Jankowski Stefan , Zimecki Michał , Suder Piotr , Benedetti Ettore , Fattorusso Roberto , Saviano Michele , Zabrocki Janusz 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCLA, a natural, highly hydrophobic cyclic nonapeptide with sequence c(Pro1‐Pro2‐Phe3‐Phe4‐Leu5‐Ile6‐Ile7‐Leu8‐Val9‐), isolated from linseed oil, was found to possess a strong immunosuppressive activity comparable, in low doses, with that of CsA, with a mechanism that depends on the inhibition of the interleukin‐1 and interleukin‐2 action. Structural analysis of CLA and its related compounds has underlined that the presence of the tetrapeptide Pro‐Pro‐Phe‐Phe sequence, the Pro‐Pro cis amide bond, and the ‘edge‐to‐face’ interaction are possible important features for the immunosuppressive activity of CLA. To evaluate the role and significance of ‘edge‐to‐face’ interaction in the process of molecular recognition by receptors, we have synthesised three linear precursors and three cyclic analogues of CLA, in which one or both Phe residues have been replaced by β3Phe residues. A conformational analysis by NMR in CD3CN/H2O mixture has been carried out on the CLA analogue, in which Phe3 has been replaced by a βPhe, to study the influence of the mutation on the three‐dimensional structure. All linear and cyclic CLA analogues containing βPhe have been tested in the humoral and cellular immune response in vivo assays in mice. The peptide activities have been compared with CsA, as a reference drug. Copyright © 2008 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Linking baby boomer and Hispanic migration streams into rural America – a multi‐scaled approach
Authors: Nelson Peter B. , Lee Ahn Wei , Nelson Lise 
Published: December 2008

AbstractDramatic transformations in the nature of urban economies across the globe have led to the arrival of linked migration streams into destination ‘global cities’. This paper extends these theorisations of linked migration streams into the rural context by examining the overlap between baby boomer and Hispanic migration streams into non‐metropolitan counties and across spatial scales. We argue that boomers arriving in non‐metropolitan destinations are likely to stimulate demand in personal and household services, construction, restaurants, and other service sectors, and such demands are akin to those precipitated by economic restructuring in global cities. Just as immigrants flock to global cities to fill labour demand in burgeoning service sectors, we argue Latinos are arriving in certain non‐metropolitan destinations in response to growing service demands brought about by recently arriving boomers. Our exploratory analysis documents the extent to which these migration streams converge in rural America, and describes the residential geographies that emerge in the wake of such migration. The analysis identifies 75 counties in which these migration streams overlap, and these counties are distinct in terms of geographical distribution and economic structure. Within these counties, however, there is considerable residential separation between these two populations, leading to new questions concerning community integration and fragmentation in these increasingly diverse non‐metropolitan destinations. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geo‐additive models of childhood undernutrition in three sub‐Saharan African countries
Authors: Kandala Ngianga‐Bakwin , Fahrmeir Ludwig , Klasen Stephan , Priebe Jan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe investigate the geographical and socioeconomic determinants of childhood undernutrition in Malawi, Tanzania and Zambia, three neighbouring countries in southern Africa, using the 1992 Demographic and Health Surveys. In particular, we estimate models of undernutrition jointly for the three countries to explore regional patterns of undernutrition that transcend boundaries, while allowing for country‐specific interactions. We use geo‐additive regression models to flexibly model the effects of selected socioeconomic covariates and spatial effects. Inference is fully Bayesian based on recent Markov chain Monte Carlo techniques.While the socioeconomic determinants generally confirm findings from the literature, we find distinct residual spatial patterns that are not explained by the socioeconomic determinants. In particular, there appears to be a belt transcending boundaries and running from southern Tanzania to northeastern Zambia which exhibits much worse undernutrition. These findings have important implications for planning, as well as in the search for left‐out variables that might account for these residual spatial patterns. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N,N‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)formamide as a New Plasticizer for Thermoplastic Starch
Authors: Dai Hongguang , Chang Peter R. , Yu Jiugao , Ma Xiaofei 
Published: December 2008

AbstractN,N‐Bis(2‐hydroxyethyl)formamide (BHF) was synthesized efficiently and used as a new plasticizer for corn starch to prepare thermoplastic starch (TPS). The hydrogen bond interaction between BHF and starch was proven by Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. As detected by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), starch granules were completely disrupted and a continuous phase was obtained. The crystallinity of corn starch and BHF‐plasticized TPS (BTPS) was characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The thermal behavior of glycerol‐plasticized TPS (GTPS) and BTPS was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The water resistance of BTPS was better than that of GTPS. Generally, at low relative humidity (RH), the tensile strength of BTPS was higher than that of GTPS. At high RH, the elongation at break of BTPS was higher than that of GTPS.
Glutamate receptor mGlu2 and mGlu3 knockout striata are dopamine supersensitive, with elevated D2Highreceptors and marked supersensitivity to the dopamine agonist (+)PHNO
Authors: Seeman Philip , Battaglia Giuseppe , Corti Corrado , Corsi Mauro , Bruno Valeria 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe finding that the mGlu2/3 metabotropic glutamate receptor agonist, LY404039, improves clinical symptoms in schizophrenia warrants a search for a possible interaction between mGlu2/3 receptors and dopamine D2 receptors. Here, this topic is examined in striatal tissue of mice lacking either mGlu2 or mGlu3 receptor. Such mice are known to be behaviorally supersensitive to dopamine receptor agonists. Therefore, to determine the basis of this dopamine supersensitivity, the proportion of dopamine D2Highreceptors was measured in the striata of mGlu2 and mGlu3 receptor knockout mice. The proportion of D2Highreceptors was found to be elevated by 220% in the striata of both knockouts. To measure the functional dopamine supersensitivity, the D2 agonist (+)PHNO was used to stimulate the incorporation of GTP‐γ‐S in the striatal homogenates in the presence of drugs that blocked the dopamine D1, D3, and D5 receptors. Compared with control striata, the mGlu2 receptor knockout tissues were 67‐fold more sensitive to (+)PHNO, while the mGlu3 receptor knockout tissues were 17‐fold more sensitive. These data suggest that group II mGlu receptors—mGlu2 receptors in particular—may normally regulate D2 receptors by reducing the proportion of high‐affinity D2 receptors in membranes. Such regulation may contribute to the antipsychotic action of mGlu2/3 receptor agonists. Synapse 63:247–251, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Independent Labour Party and Planning, 1920–26
Authors: Oldfield Adrian 
Published: December 2008

The failure of the ILP to convince a Labour opposition, and then a Labour government after 1929, to abandon its view that banking and politics were quite separate fields of activity is well-known. Politicians were not bankers: it was as simple as that. Ramsay MacDonald, though not averse to political programmes as such, was certainly suspicious of “unauthorised” programmes. In a veiled but unmistakable reference to ILP policy statements, he told the 1927 Labour Party conference that“authorised programmes might have a certain number of inconveniences, but unauthorised programmes had many more inconveniences, and he was not at all sure that during the last twelve months or two years the Labour Party had not suffered more from unauthorised programmes and statements than it had suffered from the issue of well-considered and well-thought-out documents and pronouncements.”Philip Snowden was much more explicit. Unlike Sir Montagu Norman, Governor of the Bank of England, Snowden did recognise a causal relationship between changes in the availability of credit and changes in the levels of production and employment, but thought that this was a relationship which politicians should not interfere with. Control of credit held within it the possibility of inflation. “It might be highly dangerous”, Snowden warned the 1928 Labour Party conference, “in the hands of a Government that wanted to use this means in order to serve some purpose, or to gain popular support.” One might achieve temporary benefits, such as the reduction of unemployment from one and a quarter million to a quarter of a million in nine months, but there would be a terrible price to pay later – all the more terrible because unspecified.
A Guide to the “New” Chinese History: Recent Publications Concerning Chinese Social and Economic Development before 1800
Authors: Zurndorfer Harriet T. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryDuring the last 15 years or so, the study of Chinese history in the United States and Europe has been transformed through new foci of interest as well as the employment of social science methodologies. This article surveys a selected number of recent publications and categorizes them according to five themes: “commoners, women, and outsiders”, “the structural approach”, “state and society”, “China andl'histoire globale”, and “China and the West”. It is demonstrated that the continuities within Chinese development, including the progressive demographic expansion of the Chinese population, the formulation and exercise of gentry rulership, the general vigour of the economy, and increased regional and subregional agricultural/industrial production and distribution are not confined to specific dynastic periods and should be viewed in a long-term context.
“Equal Rights for all Civilized Men”:
Authors: West Michael O. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBetween 1924 and 1961 elite Africans in Southern Rhodesia (colonial Zimbabwe) waged a protracted political struggle for the right legally to drink “European” liquor, which had been banned to colonized Africans under the Brussels Treaty of 1890. Refusing to be lumped with the black masses and basing their claim on the notion that there should be “equal rights for all civilized men”, elite Africans argued that they had attained a cultural level comparable to that of the dominant European settlers and should therefore be exempt from the liquor ban. This struggle, which ended successfully in 1961, also highlights other important themes in the history of the emergent African elite in Southern Rhodesia, most notably its political tactics and consciousness. The quest for European liquor helped to hone political skills as well, as a number of individuals who participated in it later became important African nationalist leaders.
Heritability and short-term effects of inbreeding in the progenetic trematodeCoitocaecum parvum: is there a need for the definitive host?
Authors: LAGRUE C. , POULIN R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYSelf-fertilization (or selfing), defined as the fusion of male and female reproductive cells originating from the same individual, is the most extreme case of inbreeding. Although most hermaphroditic organisms are in principle able to self-fertilize, this reproductive strategy is commonly associated with a major disadvantage: inbreeding depression. Deleterious effects due to the loss of genetic diversity have been documented in numerous organisms including parasites. Here we studied the effects of inbreeding depression on the offspring of the progenetic trematodeCoitocaecum parvum. The parasite can use 2 alternative life-history strategies: either it matures early, via progenesis, and produces eggs by selfing in its second intermediate host, or it waits and reproduces by out-crossing in its definitive host. We measured various key parameters of parasite fitness (i.e. hatching and multiplication rates, infectivity, survival) in offspring produced by both selfing and out-crossing. Altogether, we found no significant difference in the fitness of offspring from progenetic (selfing) and adult (out-crossing) parents. In addition, we found no evidence that either strategy (progenesis or the normal three-host cycle) is heritable, i.e. the strategy adopted by offspring is independent of that used by their parents. Although it is unclear why both reproductive strategies are maintained inC. parvumpopulations, our conclusion is that producing eggs by selfing has few, if any, negative effects on parasite offspring. Inbreeding depression is unlikely to be a factor acting on the maintenance of the normal three-host life cycle, and thus out-crossing, inC. parvumpopulations.
Cryptic species complexes in manipulative echinostomatid trematodes: when two become six
Authors: LEUNG T. L. F. , KEENEY D. B. , POULIN R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYRecent studies have shown that some digenean trematodes previously identified as single species due to the lack of distinguishing morphological characteristics actually consist of a number of genetically distinct cryptic species. We obtained mitochondrial 16S and nuclear ITS1 sequences for the redial stages of Acanthoparyphium sp. and Curtuteria australis collected from snails and whelks at various locations around Otago Peninsula, New Zealand. These two echinostomes are well-known host manipulators whose impact extends to the entire intertidal community. Using phylogenetic analyses, we found that Acanthoparyphium sp. is actually composed of at least 4 genetically distinct species, and that a cryptic species of Curtuteria occurs in addition to C. australis. Molecular data obtained for metacercariae dissected from cockle second intermediate hosts matched sequences obtained for Acanthoparyphium sp. A and C. australis rediae, respectively, but no other species. The various cryptic species of both Acanthoparyphium and Curtuteria also showed an extremely localized pattern of distribution: some species were either absent or very rare in Otago Harbour, but reached far higher prevalence in nearby sheltered inlets. This small-scale spatial segregation is unexpected as shorebird definitive hosts can disperse trematode eggs across wide geographical areas, which should result in a homogeneous mixing of the species on small geographical scales. Possible explanations for this spatial segregation of the species include sampling artefacts, local adaptation by first intermediate hosts, environmental conditions, and site fidelity of the definitive hosts.
A POLYNOMIAL APPROACH TO COCYCLES OVER ELEMENTARY ABELIAN GROUPS
Authors: FARMER D. G. , HORADAM K. J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe derive bivariate polynomial formulae for cocycles and coboundaries in Z2(ℤpn,ℤpn), and a basis for the (pn−1−n)-dimensional GF(pn)-space of coboundaries. When p=2 we determine a basis for the $(2^n + {n\choose 2} -1)$-dimensional GF(2n)-space of cocycles and show that each cocycle has a unique decomposition as a direct sum of a coboundary and a multiplicative cocycle of restricted form.
EMBEDDINGS OF COMPLEX LINE SYSTEMS AND FINITE REFLECTION GROUPS
Authors: KRISHNASAMY MURALEEDARAN , TAYLOR D. E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA star is a planar set of three lines through a common point in which the angle between each pair is 60∘. A set of lines through a point in which the angle between each pair of lines is 60 or 90∘ is star-closed if for every pair of its lines at 60∘ the set contains the third line of the star. In 1976 Cameron, Goethals, Seidel and Shult showed that the indecomposable star-closed sets in Euclidean space are the root systems of types An, Dn, E6, E7 and E8. This result was a key part of their determination of all graphs with least eigenvalue −2. Subsequently, Cvetković, Rowlinson and Simić determined all star-closed extensions of these line systems. We generalize this result on extensions of line systems to complex n-space equipped with a hermitian inner product. There is one further infinite family, and two exceptional types arising from Burkhardt and Mitchell’s complex reflection groups in dimensions five and six. The proof is a geometric version of Mitchell’s classification of complex reflection groups in dimensions greater than four.
The International Association (1855–1859)
Authors: Lehning A. Müller 
Published: December 2008

The International Association, which existed in London from 1855 to1859 and which was founded by French, Polish and German refugees and English chartists, is to be regarded as the first international organization of a proletarian and socialist character, and forms the last and most important link in the series of international manifestations during the three decades prior to the foundation of the First International, which will be briefly sketched here).When in Europe about 1830 the working-class movement came into existence, When in Europe about 1830 the working-class movement came into existence, there arose simultaneously, as an immediate result of the awakening class-consciousness, the idea of international proletarian solidarity, which has continued to be a basic element of the proletarian ideology and to find expression in manifestations of international solidarity, as well as in the formation of various organizations of an international tenor.
Relation between vaginal birth and pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: SZE EDDIE H.M. , HOBBS GERRY 
Published: December 2008

AbstractObjective. To evaluate the relation between vaginal birth and pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POPQ) stages III and IV prolapse and whether each additional vaginal birth is associated with an increase in pelvic support defects. Design. Prospective cross‐sectional study. Setting. Gynecology clinic in a University Hospital. Population: Four hundred and fifty‐eight nulliparas and 892 multiparas, including 272 with one, 299 with two and 321 with at least three term vaginal deliveries. Methods. In a Human Investigation Committee approved‐study, the pelvic support of nulliparas and multiparas who only had term vaginal deliveries was evaluated for prolapse using the POPQ system. Main outcome measure. 1. Difference in POPQ stages III and IV prolapse between nulliparas and multiparas. 2. Difference in POPQ stage distribution among nulliparas and multiparas who had one, two, and at least three term vaginal deliveries. Results. Compared with nulliparas, the odds ratios of having POPQ stage II defect and stage III or IV prolapse associated with multiparas was 2.95 (95% CI: 2.06–4.24) and 1.01 (95% CI: 0.40–2.79), respectively. The prevalence of POPQ stage II defect among nulliparas and multiparas that had one, two, and at least three term vaginal deliveries was 25% (119/458), 50% (137/272), 66% (198/299), and 69% (220/321), respectively (p<0.001), while 1% (6/458), 1% (4/272), 2% (7/299), and 2% (8/321), respectively, had POPQ stage III or IV prolapse (p = 0.618). Conclusions. Vaginal birth is not associated with POPQ stages III and IV prolapse, but it is associated with an increase in POPQ stage II defect.
Uterine necrosis following selective embolization for postpartum hemorrhage using absorbable material
Authors: COULANGE LAURÈNE , BUTORI NOÉMIE , LOFFROY ROMARIC , FILIPUZZI LAURENCE , CERCUEIL JEAN PIERRE , DOUVIER SERGE , SAGOT PAUL , KRAUSE DENIS , TIXIER HERVÉ 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEmbolization of the uterine arteries with resorbable material is an effective treatment for postpartum hemorrhage. Cases of uterine necrosis were already described but with non‐resorbables particles. We report two exceptional cases of uterine necrosis with failure of conservative treatment following selective embolization with gelatine.