bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A phase II study of the safety and efficacy of the multidrug resistance inhibitor VX‐710 combined with doxorubicin and vincristine in patients with recurrent small cell lung cancer
Authors: Gandhi Leena , Harding Matthew W. , Neubauer Marcus , Langer Corey J. , Moore Melvin , Ross Helen J. , Johnson Bruce E. , Lynch Thomas J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Tumors with multidrug resistance (MDR) frequently up‐regulate efflux proteins, including MDR‐associated protein (MRP‐1) and P‐glycoprotein (Pgp). MDR represents an obstacle to successful chemotherapy treatment and is reversible in Pgp‐ or MRP‐1‐expressing cells by the inhibitor VX‐710. A Phase II study was designed to evaluate VX‐710 in combination with doxorubicin and vincristine in patients with sensitive, recurrent small cell lung cancer (SCLC).METHODS.Eligible patients had recurrent SCLC after a response to first‐line chemotherapy. Stage 1 safety evaluation was completed with planned expansion if 9 responses were confirmed in the first 35 patients. Patients were treated every 21 days until progression or intolerable adverse events (AEs).RESULTS.Thirty‐six patients were enrolled from 1998 to 2000. Neutropenia was the major toxicity, occurring in 26 of 36 patients (72%). Neutropenia was more severe (30% vs 20% grade 4) and developed earlier (58% vs 38% in Cycle 1) among the 15 patients who were enrolled prior to an amendment that required neutropenia prophylaxis. Four patients died on study: 2 from infections likely related to therapy and 2 from cancer progression. Seven of 36 patients (19%) had partial responses; 6 patients sustained responses through 6 cycles of treatment, with 1 response lasting 3 years. Three additional patients had unconfirmed responses, and 4 patients had stable disease. The median survival was 6 months. No correlative 99mTc‐sestamibi uptake in tumor tissue was observed with the addition of VX‐710 in this study.CONCLUSIONS.The addition of VX‐710 to doxorubicin and vincristine therapy did not significantly enhance antitumor activity or survival. Although there were durable responses, criteria were not met to proceed with Stage 2 expansion. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
What is the role of adjuvant radiotherapy in the treatment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma with perineural invasion?
Authors: Han Anne , Ratner Désireé 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBACKGROUND.Perineural invasion (PNI) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is infrequent, occurring in 2.5% to 14% of patients, but it is important prognostically, because it carries an increased risk of recurrence and metastasis. Although both excision and Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) are used to treat SCC with PNI, postoperative radiation therapy (XRT) often is recommended to minimize the risk of recurrence. To date, the effectiveness of adjuvant XRT in this setting has not been determined definitively.METHODS.The authors evaluated the effectiveness of adjuvant XRT in treating SCC with PNI by performing a thorough literature review.RESULTS.For SCC with PNI, the local control rate after MMS with or without XRT was from 92% to 100% compared with a control rate from 38% to 100% after standard excision with or without XRT. A better prognosis was associated with negative pretreatment magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography findings than with positive radiographic evidence of PNI. Primary SCC with PNI was associated with better local control than recurrent SCC with PNI. When treatment outcomes were stratified by PNI type, SCC with microscopic PNI and SCC with extensive PNI had local control rates from 78% to 87% and from 50% to 55%, respectively. Adjuvant XRT was associated in selected patients with 100% local control.CONCLUSIONS.Few studies addressed the effectiveness of adjuvant XRT in patients who have SCC with PNI. Although XRT has been established as an adjuvant treatment for selected patients, the extent of nerve involvement by tumor, particularly in the setting of other high‐risk features, may be helpful in defining its role. In the future, a multicentered, prospective, randomized clinical trial will be needed to assess the true efficacy of adjuvant XRT in the treatment of patients with SCC and PNI. Cancer 2007 © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Diagnosing PNH with FLAER and multiparameter flow cytometry
Authors: Sutherland D. Robert , Kuek Nancy , Davidson Jeff , Barth David , Chang Hong , Yeo Erik , Bamford Sylvia , Chin‐Yee Ian , Keeney Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackground:PNH is an acquired hematopoietic stem cell disorder leading to a partial or absolute deficiency of all glycophosphatidyl‐inositol (GPI)‐linked proteins. The classical approach to diagnosis of PNH by cytometry involves the loss of at least two GPI‐linked antigens on RBCs and neutrophils. While flow assays are more sensitive and specific than complement‐mediated lysis or the Hams test, they suffer from several drawbacks. Bacterial aerolysin binds to the GPI moiety of cell surface GPI‐linked molecules and causes lysis of normal but not GPI‐deficient PNH cells. FLAER is an Alexa488‐labeled inactive variant of aerolysin that does not cause lysis of cells. Our goals were to develop a FLAER‐based assay to diagnose and monitor patients with PNH and to improve detection of minor populations of PNH clones in other hematologic disorders.Methods:In a single tube assay, we combined FLAER with CD45, CD33, and CD14 allowing the simultaneous analysis of FLAER and the GPI‐linked CD14 structure on neutrophil and monocyte lineages.Results:Comparison to standard CD55 and CD59 analysis showed excellent agreement. Because of the higher signal to noise ratio, the method shows increased sensitivity in our hands over single (CD55 or CD59) parameter analysis. Using this assay, we were able to detect as few as 1% PNH monocytes and neutrophils in aplastic anemia, that were otherwise undetectable using CD55 and CD59 on RBC's. We also observed abnormal FLAER staining of blast populations in acute leukemia. In these cases, the neutrophils stained normally with FLAER, while the gated CD33bright cells failed to express normal levels of CD14 and additionally showed aberrant CD45 staining and bound lower levels of FLAER.Conclusion:FLAER combined with multiparameter flow cytometry offers an improved assay for diagnosis and monitoring of PNH clones and may have utility in detection of unsuspected myeloproliferative disorders. © 2007 Clinical Cytometry Society
A new approach of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design: The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions
Authors: Zhai Chang‐Hai , Xie Li‐Li 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents a new way of selecting real input ground motions for seismic design and analysis of structures based on a comprehensive method for estimating the damage potential of ground motions, which takes into consideration of various ground motion parameters and structural seismic damage criteria in terms of strength, deformation, hysteretic energy and dual damage of Park & Ang damage index. The proposed comprehensive method fully involves the effects of the intensity, frequency content and duration of ground motions and the dynamic characteristics of structures. Then, the concept of the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motion is introduced. Based on the concept, the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions for rock, stiff soil, medium soil and soft soil site conditions are selected in terms of three typical period ranges of structures. The selected real strong motion records are suitable for seismic analysis of important structures whose failure or collapse will be avoided at a higher level of confidence during the strong earthquake, as they can cause the greatest damage to structures and thereby result in the highest damage potential from an extended real ground motion database for a given site. In addition, this paper also presents the real input design ground motions with medium damage potential, which can be used for the seismic analysis of structures located at the area with low and moderate seismicity. The most unfavourable real seismic design ground motions are verified by analysing the seismic response of structures. It is concluded that the most unfavourable real seismic design ground motion approach can select the real ground motions that can result in the highest damage potential for a given structure and site condition, and the real ground motions can be mainly used for structures whose failure or collapse will be avoided at a higher level of confidence during the strong earthquake. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Some pedological features affecting the permeability of hillside soils in Caydale, Yorkshire
Authors: Arnett R. R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWeekly interflow and permeability data were obtained for 15 sites in two field plots in North Yorkshire. Both plots are similar in terms of lithology, slope, micro‐relief, climate and soil type, one being dominated by rough pasture grasses and the second by bracken. One factor which explained 75 per cent of the variation in interflow was the difference between topsoil and subsoil permeabilities, the former always being the greater. This permeability difference is discussed in terms of soil texture, porosity and plant‐rooting systems. Textural contrasts are considered insufficient to cause the large‐scale variations in permeability observed throughout the year. Being a fixed variable, texture cannot influence a characteristic which varies from one week to the next. Contrasts in total porosity between topsoil and subsoil also effected no discernible influence on measured permeability differences, although measures of association increased as smaller pores were excluded from the analysis. Utilizing only those pores drained at 20 cm of water tension, highly significant correlations were established. In the plot dominated by bracken, greater ‘lateral permeabilities’ are produced by well‐developed systems of Pteridium rhizomes. As the advancing front of such rhizomes extends forwards at quoted rates of up to 45 cm/yr, the rear portions decay, leaving horizontal ‘tubes’ in the soil. Recognized omissions from this analysis are the effects of soil fauna and desiccation fissures.
Slope form and basal stream relationships: A case study in the westend basin of the Southern Pennines, England
Authors: Summerfield M. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractRelationships between slope form and stream magnitude, drainage area and stream gradient are investigated in a small upland catchment experiencing active stream incision. Profiles selected on a stratified random basis provide data on five slope form variables. The observed relationships suggest a spatial sequence of slope form, associated with a downstream increase in discharge, characterized by decreasing overall slope convexity and increasing mean slope angle and attributed to a reduction in the relative length of the upslope convexity with respect to the essentially stream‐controlled main slope.
Factors relating to the landslide process in Canadian quickclays
Authors: Smalley Ian 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe formation of. and landsliding in extremely sensitive postglacial clay soils (quickclays). could be affected by certain factors including mineralogical composition, interparticle bond type, soil structure, leaching, cementation and particle coatings. Factors which should be taken into account during related investigations include nomenclature and size limits, model soils, distribution, rheology, scientific status, local earthquake intensity and frequency. Landsliding in quickclays occurs largely by means of catastrophic flowslides. These are due to the predominance of short range bonds in the soil system. The short range bonds ensure a very low plasticity index (of the order of 10 or below) and may be due to the inherent nature of the material or to post‐depositional events. Mineralogical studies suggest that the former is more critical although cementation plays a major role in Canadian quickclays. The Yatsu philosophy of material investigation should be applied to quickclays on a larger scale: landsliding and slope evolution are ultimately controlled by the forces operating (or not operating) between two adjacent soil particles. A particular set of tectonic, glacial and sedimentological circumstances are required for quickclay formation; the correct combination rarely occurs which accounts for the very limited occurrence of clay soils with sensitivities of greater than 100.
Tests of the random network model, and its application to basin hydrology
Authors: Kirkby M. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIf the random model, in which all topologically distinct channel networks are equally likely, is assumed valid, then general explanations of network structure from basin geomorphic processes cannot be expected. Tests for the random model are therefore critical to the direction of future work. Proposed tests are based on frequencies of basins of different magnitudes or diameters, and on network maximum widths. Network topology is also shown to be potentially significant in the prediction of basin hydrographs. Network width commonly varies by a factor of 2 × for a given drainage area and drainage density, and is shown to influence peak discharge in proportion. Lag‐to‐peak can also be predicted better, using network topology. The paper pursues these applications of network topology using random walk theory and simulated random networks.
Air–sea–river interactions
Authors: Radok R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtensive recording of currents, collection of water samples and routine meteorological and tide records provide a base for this study of the dynamics of Australia's largest river, the Murray, during one of its rare floods in 1974. The results suggest that the Coorong. a narrow lagoon extending from the river mouth to the Southeast, at right angles to prevailing winds, was formed as a flood escape mechanism. Geological evidence displays the existence of similar geometries formed in the past in an area which at one time was a deep gulf of the Southern Ocean extending into Australia. The same mechanism may have been at work elsewhere in the world.
Aggregate stability and colluviation in the Luxembourg ardennes; an experimental and micromorphological study
Authors: Imeson A. C. , Jungerius P. D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTo obtain a better understanding of the colluvial deposits in two catchments in the Luxembourg Ardennes, structural aggregates from forest and farmland soils were subjected to the impact of falling water drops. The changes that the aggregates underwent and the material eroded from them were studied in thin section. Predictably, forest aggregates were more resistant to water‐drop impacts than those from farmland. Farmland aggregates tended to slake upon wetting and to break down into many micro‐aggregates having a size‐frequency distribution similar to that of the micro‐aggregates in the undisturbed soil. The forest aggregates were eroded slowly under water‐drop impact, losing material from their surfaces or occasionally shearing into several smaller equally resistant aggregates. The size‐frequency distributions of the break‐down products differed from the micro‐aggregates in the untreated aggregates or original forest soil, probably because of bonding by organic material. The differing composition of the aggregates points to the importance of oriented clay and planes for the lack of stability of the farmland aggregates. It can be concluded that agricultural colluvium is probably largely deposited by processes other than splash and that splash is an important process, but not the only one, in the formation of colluvium under forest.
Rockfalls and rockfall inventory data: Some observations from surprise valley, Jasper National Park, Canada
Authors: Luckman B. H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe major controls of rockfall activity are divided into two interacting groups.(a)Climatic factors which, through their control of temperatures and the availability and state of water, are primary controls of rockfall trigger mechanisms.(b) Geologic factors which, via cliff form (plan, profile, dissection etc.) and the character and availability of materials, influence the type, spatial distribution and intensity of rockfall activity.Detailed examination of these controls suggest that both seasonal and daily patterns of rockfall activity can vary markedly over a very small area.The implications of this variability for the design and interpretation of rockfall inventories are discussed using sample data from Surprise Valley, Jasper National Park, for the period from May‐October 1969. On a seasonal basis rockfall activity showed a major spring peak with secondary maxima in the fall and associated with major summer storms. Two sites of differing aspect and morphology were studied in more detail revealing marked differences in the mean hourly frequency (0·94:0·20), mean hourly probability (0·40:0·16, hours with rockfall/hours observed) and daily pattern of rockfall activity. The west facing site showed equal hourly probability of rockfalls from 1000 to 2000 hr whereas the east facing slope had a greater hourly probability when it was in the sun (1100 1400hr) than in the shade (1400‐1900hr). The differences in rockfall frequency and probabilities reflect the physical characteristics of the individual sites whereas the daily pattern of rockfalls is related to microclimate.These results suggest that if future inventory studies are to make a significant contribution, they must be carefully designed field experiments in which.(i) Data are restricted to the study or comparison of single continuously observed sites.(ii) Study sites and/or data periods are carefully selected to isolate and investigate specific controls e.g. the influence of cliff form, aspect, periods of rainfall etc. on rockfall patterns.(iii) Good on‐site microclimate data are available.Also comparison of frequency measures based on the arithmetic mean should be avoided since the distribution of rockfalls per hour closely follows a Poisson distribution with occasional high values which unduly influence the value of the arithmetic mean. It is suggested that rockfall probabilities, based on the binary decision of whether or not a rockfall occurs in a given period, are a more useful measure for daily patterns of rockfall activity.
An evaluation of surface‐mine spoils area restoration in wyoming using rainfall simulation
Authors: Lusby Gregg C. , Toy Terrence J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA recently developed rainfall simulator was used to apply ‘rainstorms’ on restored spoils areas at two coal mining sites in Wyoming. Runoff and sediment yield were considerably greater from the reworked areas compared to similar measurements on nearby undisturbed areas. This may possibly be attributed to the fact that in the disturbed areas mean slopes were generally greater, there was more clay at the surface, and concentration of roots was not as great as in the undisturbed areas.The rainfall simulator appears to be a valuable tool in determining baseline data for later comparison with data form areas under rehabilitation.
Hillslope hydrographs by the finite element method
Authors: Beven Keith 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSimulation models may be used to explore the implications of making specific assumptions about the nature of a real world system, and then to make predictions of the behaviour of that system under a set of naturally occurring conditions. It is important that understanding generated by the former should be gained before predictive use of the system model. This paper describes and uses a finite‐element model of transient, partially saturated water flow within a hillslope soil mantle overlying an impermeable bedrock, to make an investigation into the effects of parameter variations and initial conditions on the hillslope hydrograph. The results clearly demonstrate that the response of the hillslope system to rainfall is highly non‐linear and that the initial conditions, particularly in the unsaturated zone, are of paramount importance in governing the timing and magnitude of the hydrograph peak. Hillslope convergence appears as the dominant topographic parameter but the non‐linearity of the response and the complex interdependence between the soil and topographic parameters restrict the possibility of further definite conclusions about the relative sensitivity of the simulated hillslope hydrograph to changes in these parameters.
The hydraulics of sheet flow on a smooth surface and the effect of simulated rainfall
Authors: Savat Jan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIf the hydraulics of a flow is to be understood, then at least a few parameters must be known accurately. When the depth and the unit discharge are measured correctly, many other parameters can be calculated, e.g. the mean velocity of the flow, the friction, the Reynolds Number, the Froude Number, and, if the study is to be connected with erosion measurements, the shear stress. A method is therefore developed for the direct measurement of the depth of disturbed water films, by weighing the entire run; the depth of the flow is thus equal to the weight of the water contained in it, one gram being the equivalent of one cm3, divided by the area of the run. Corrections to the measurement are, however, necessary because the water accelerates along the run to a steady state velocity, because the weight drops due to an acceleration in the gravity field, because the weight of the spattered drops has to be known if simulated rainfall is applied, and because the impact of the drops causes a weight. The accuracy of the method is 10 μ if the flow conditions are not to be studied on too steep slopes and if the discharge used is not too great. The main results are plotted in Figure 6 which combines the formulas for laminar, transitional and turbulent flow that are obtained. A comparison with available literature suggests mat sheet flow can either be laminar or purely turbulent, but that mixed flows prevail on low slopes, under 0.5 per cent combined with greater water depths. Since the flow equations on steep slopes obey physical laws, sin S is to be used instead of S, which stands for tan S.The experiments have shown that the effect of the rainfall impact on the Darcy‐Weisbach f does not exceed 20 per cent in the case of laminar flow on gentle slopes. This influence diminishes when the discharge increases, or when the Reynolds Number increases, as well as when the slope angle increases.
Measurements of rainsplash erosion and the formation of colluvium beneath deciduous woodland in the Luxembourg Ardennes
Authors: Kwaad F. J. P. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn wooded dry valleys in the Luxembourg Ardennes a gravelly and slightly organic colluvial deposit occurs. The depositionary nature of the material is ascertained by its micromorphological characteristics and its position on top of a truncated argillic horizon of an older soil. Pollen analysis revealed the colluvium to have been formed in the last 500 years, the lower 37 cm in the Haarts valley under non‐forest (presumably arable land) conditions and the upper 10 cm under today's oak woodland. A formation of the colluvium by Horton overland flow is ruled out by permeability and infiltration capacity measurements of the forest soil. The importance of rainsplash erosion for the formation of the upper part of the colluvium is demonstrated with simplified Ellison type splash boards. Two modes of transport, induced by raindrop impact, may be distinguished, one through the air (particles up to 6.3 mm) and one across the soil surface (particles up to and above 1 cm). The overall grain size distribution of the trapped soil strongly resembles that of the colluvium, and the gravel sized rock fragments in the colluvium certainly do not exclude an origin by rainsplash erosion.