bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bank and investment fund monitoring of privatized firms in Russia1
Authors: Wright Mike , Buck Trevor , Filatotchev Igor 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe active monitoring of enterprises is an important aspect of the transformation of Russian firms into efficient, commercially viable entities. This paper uses detailed case study evidence to provide insights into the mechanisms and processes adopted by investment funds, as equity holders; and banks, as debt providers, to monitor the enterprises in which they invest. The findings provide evidence of the importance of direct involvement and the development of relationships to counteract the shortcomings of the legal infrastructure and financial reporting mechanisms.
Economic reform of the electricity industries of Central and Eastern Europe
Authors: Stern Jon , Davis Junior R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe purpose of the paper is the following: firstly, to chart how much economic reform of CEE electricity industries has taken place to date; secondly, to discuss why progress has been so limited; and thirdly, to consider the prospects over the next few years. In charting economic progress to date, we will consider and discuss progress in electricity price unbundling and rebalancing; in utility commercialization, in industry and market restructuring and liberalization; and in privatization, as well as the development of economic regulation. For the reasons outlined above, we will explore the pricing issues in some detail as they are essential for understanding the difficulties in making progress in the other aspects of economic reform. The analysis concentrates on the ten countries with which the EU has and Association Agreement and who are stated candidates for EU membership (the EU 10).
Employment and wage dynamics in Estonia, 1989‐951
Authors: Noorkôiv Rivo , Orazem Peter F. , Puur Allan , Vodopivec Milan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis study monitors the effects of economic transition on wages and employment in a former Soviet Republic. Estonia's case is of particular interest because of its early adoption of relatively free labour market policies. Relative wages for the highest educated groups rose for all age groups. There were also rapid increases in returns to job experience, particularly at young ages. Increasing wage dispersion across human capital groups was accompanied by narrowing wage dispersion within human capital groups. Relative wages rose in sectors which gained relative employment, while they fell in shrinking sectors. In addition, there were large flows of labour between shrinking and growing sectors, suggesting that labour market equilibrating mechanisms developed very rapidly in Estonia.
Agricultural enlargement of the EU under Agenda 2000: Surplus of farm labour versus surplus of farm products
Authors: Pouliquen Alain 
Published: November 2007

AbstractIn the Commission's proposals for reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and enlargement of the EU (Agenda 2000), the agriculture of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) is denied future access to compensatory payments for cuts in support prices in the EU15. To offset this, the acceding countries are promised a similar net amount of structural aid for their economy and society at large. This dual treatment aims at preventing agricultural surpluses and intersectoral distortion after accession. However, the actual situation and dynamics of agriculture in Central Europe (CE) compared to that in the EU does not support the surplus assumption globally, but only for certain products, chiefly grains. So far overlooked, but nevertheless, a key obstacle opposing competitive recovery, is the tendency of the dual, post‐communist agrarian structures, faced with high rural unemployment, to protect long‐term underproductive farm labour to the detriment of capital and land remuneration, mainly in livestock production. This configuration is supported by specific trade and land protections, and loose qualittative regulations that will be challenged by the EU enlargement. So, after accession under the Agenda 2000 schedule, it seems likely that CEE countries will achieve European competitiveness only at the cost of some recession, further deterioration of trade balances with the EU 15 and sharp decreases in farm employment levels. These factors would chiefly affect livestock production which, combined with crop intensification, is likely to result in a substantial increase in grain surpluses. Later on, the enlarged EU will have to bear the inevitable social consequences that transitional periods after accession might otherwise have postponed.
Mental Health Problems in Young People with Intellectual Disabilities: The Impact on Parents
Authors: Faust Hannah , Scior Katrina 
Published: November 2007

Background  Young people with intellectual disabilities seem to be at increased risk of developing mental health problems. The present study set out to examine the impact such difficulties can have on parents.Method  Semi‐structured in‐depth interviews were carried out with 13 parents and one adult sibling of 11 young people with intellectual disabilities and additional mental health problems.Results  Parents described far reaching negative consequences of the young person’s mental health problems. In many parents these re‐evoked intense past feelings of grief and triggered feelings of helplessness and despair.Conclusions  Parents’ experiences appear to be characterized by confusion, loss and hardship. Services do not seem to be attuned to the high level of emotional and practical needs of these parents.
Information literacy in continuing professional development of medical practitioners: a Croatian example
Authors: Petrak Jelka , Markulin Helena , Matiç Tomislav 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjectives:  This paper reports on the training of medical practitioners in information literacy. The course is carried out by an academic medical library in collaboration with its parent institution and the local physicians’ licensing body.Setting:  The University of Zagreb Medical School (UZMS) developed an extensive continuing education programme for residents and practitioners, in partnership with the Croatian Chamber of Physicians. Within this programme, the Central Medical Library (CML) offers a hands‐on course on searching and appraisal of medical information.Description:  Continuing professional development (CPD) helps physicians update and develop the skills and knowledge they require in their everyday practice. The ability to locate, critically evaluate, and use medical information is an important component of CPD. The CML has developed a course entitled “Finding and Appraisal of Medical Information” which has been reviewed and accepted by its parent institution and the physicians’ chamber. The course has been introduced in 2005 on a half‐year base.Outcome:  The course provides participants with the information on the most important medical information resources and with the basic skills needed for their effective usage. An evaluation questionnaire is used to assess the effectiveness of the course.
Standardization of search methods for guideline development: an international survey of evidence‐based guideline development groups
Authors: Deurenberg Rikie , Vlayen Joan , Guillo Sylvie , Oliver Thomas K. , Fervers Beatrice , Burgers Jako ,   on behalf of the SEARCH Group
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground:  Effective literature searching is particularly important for clinical practice guideline development. Sophisticated searching and filtering mechanisms are needed to help ensure that all relevant research is reviewed.Purpose:  To assess the methods used for the selection of evidence for guideline development by evidence‐based guideline development organizations.Methods:  A semistructured questionnaire assessing the databases, search filters and evaluation methods used for literature retrieval was distributed to eight major organizations involved in evidence‐based guideline development.Results:  All of the organizations used search filters as part of guideline development. The medline database was the primary source accessed for literature retrieval. The OVID or SilverPlatter interfaces were used in preference to the freely accessed PubMed interface. The Cochrane Library, embase, cinahl and psycinfo databases were also frequently used by the organizations. All organizations reported the intention to improve and validate their filters for finding literature specifically relevant for guidelines.Discussion:  In the first international survey of its kind, eight major guideline development organizations indicated a strong interest in identifying, improving and standardizing search filters to improve guideline development. It is to be hoped that this will result in the standardization of, and open access to, search filters, an improvement in literature searching outcomes and greater collaboration among guideline development organizations.
Psychological Testing in Epilepsy
Authors: FOLSOM ANGELA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryI. This review indicates that:a. There is no cognitive deficit which is characteristic of all epileptics, i.e., of seizures.b. There is no clear–cut evidence of an impairment which differentiates deterioration in epilepsy from deterioration in other disorders.c. The correlation of focal cerebral dysfunction with specific seizure phenomena is becoming the basis of clinical diagnosis in the epilepsies. Investigations of psychological deficit in relation to these variables suggest that different kinds of deficit may be associated with specific foci of cerebral dysfunction in epileptics.d. Further investigation is needed to establish whether these deficits are related to deterioration in epilepsy.2. It is recommended that:a. Epileptics be subdivided on the basis of cerebral dysfunction and seizure phenomena.b. Since all clinicians do not use the same criteria in differentiating between idiopathic and symptomatic epilepsy, the investigator of cognitive functioning, instead of accepting these labels at face value, should investigate what the criteria are and specify them in describing his groups.c. A test, or battery of tests, covering a range of intellectual processes, including memory, should be used in order to evaluate patterns of cognitive deficit.d. Control groups should be more extensively used in order to establish diagnostic value for an observed deficit.e. Epileptic groups, defined as in a and b, when followed over a period of time, may contribute to our knowledge of deterioration in epilepsy.f. Only by investigating cognitive deficits along with other areas of functioning– personality, and general social efficiency – can we arrive at an overall concept of the consequences of the epilepsies.
Disturbance of Conciousness in Petit Mai Epilepsy
Authors: SHIMAZONO Y. , HIRAI T. , OKUMA T. , FUKUDA T. , YAMAMASU E. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

In eight patients with petit mal EEGs (approximately thirty) were taken. During the seizure patterns various external stimuli were applied. In these cases clinical and electroencc‐phalographic changes were observed simultaneously and relationships between the two were studied.
In petit mal attacks there are various degrees of alteration of consciousness grading from almost no loss of consciousness to complete lapse of consciousness. Between subclinical and clinical seizures there is a transition, and it is difficult to determine a definite border line between the two.
liven in a single petit mal seizure the degree of disturbance of consciousness is not constant but is altered in various ways spontaneously or following various stimuli. This can be confirmed by applying various stimuli during die seizure.
There are often no changes in the seizure waves in spite of changes of consciousness during a petit mal seizure. Even though various responses are elicited by stimuli the petit mal waves sometimes continue unchanged. Therefore even though petit mal waves usually do show the presence of disturbance of consciousness, they do not always indicate the degree of alteration of consciousness during the seizure.
The Cortical Control of Movement A Contribution to the Surgical Physiology of Seizures
Authors: WYKE BARRY D. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY1. Some general principles relating to the surgical physiology of seizures are considered, with particular reference to focal motor seizures.2. The focal motor seizure phenomena observed in a series of cases of brain injury, brain abscess and brain tumour are analysed in relation to the anatomical location and histopathology of the respective lesions.3. The technique of a method for automatically controlled electrical stimulation of the surface of the brain in animals and man is described briefly.4. The peripheral muscular responses elicited by such stimulation are described with particular reference to the relation between conditions of stimulation and pattern of response.5. The results of this combined clinical and experimental study are integrated into a theory of cortical motor function, and correlated with relevant recent studies by others.
Celontin ‐ a New Anticonvulsant
Authors: SCHOLL MARY LOUISE , ABBOTT JOHN A. , SCHWAB ROBERT S. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARY1. Fifty‐three epileptic patients whose seizures were resistant to numerous anticonvulsant drugs were treated with Celontin. In all cases Celontin was given in conjunction with one or more standard anticonvulsant drugs. Only one patient was withdrawn from Celontin before it could be evaluated. This patient developed a severe rash.2. Celontin appeared to be most effective in petit mal, psychomotor and focal motor attacks. It is least effective in grand mal.3. Thirty of the 53 patients developed some side effects. The majority of these were mild. Four patients developed generalized rash and three of these four ultimately had to discontinue using Celontin. One patient had severe anorexia which limited the use of Celontin.4. Routine blood counts and urinalyses remained normal in all patients.
Effect of Blood Volume and Cardiac Output on the Measurement of Myoclonic Threshold
Authors: Driver M. V. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYDeterminations of myoclonic (photo‐Metrazol) threshold, blood volume and cardiac output were made in a group of schizophrenic patients. The threshold was found to be significantly related to both volume and output but not to body weight. On the assumption that intravenously‐injected drugs should have broadly similar concentration‐time relationships to those following the injection of measurable blood‐flow indicators the mean arterial concentration of Metrazol at threshold was calculated for each patient. Although the quantities of Metrazol needed to elicit the end‐point response were very variable, the similarity of the calculated concentrations suggested that the true variability within the group was small. It was concluded that a more precise estimate of myoclonic threshold was obtained by this method than by those in general use.RÉSUMÉDes déterminations du seuil myoclonique (photo‐Métrazol), du volume sanguin et du débit cardiaque ont été effectuées sur un groupe de schizophrènes. On a constaté qu'il existait une relation nette entre d'une part, le seuil myoclonique et d'autre part, le volume sanguin et le débit cardiaque, mais non entre ce seuil et le poids corporel. Partant de l'hypothèse que les médicaments injectés par voie intraveineuse doivent avoir des rapports de concentration et de temps assez semblables à ceux que l'on observe après l'injection d'indicateurs mesurables du flux sanguin, la concentration artérielle moyenne du Métrazol au niveau du seuil a été calculée pour chaque patient. Bien que les quantités de Métrazol nécessaires pour déclencher la réponse limite aient été très variables, la similitude des concentrations calculées semble indiquer que le degré de variabilité effective dans ce groupe fut faible. On en conclut que cette méthode permet d'obtenir une estimation plus précise du seuil myoclonique que celle à laquelle on peut arriver avec les méthodes habituellement employées.
Paroxysmal Pain and Autonomic Disturbances of Cerebral Origin: A Specific Electro‐Clinical Syndrome
Authors: KELLAWAY PETER , CRAWLEY JAMES W. , KAGAWA NINA 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYA group of 459 children having episodic attacks of headache or abdominal pain, or both, associated with autonomic disturbances such as pallor, sweating, nausea, vomiting, anorexia, dizziness, light‐headedness, lethargy and temperature alterations are reported. These symptoms are grouped together into a specific syndrome because of the consistent pattern of the symptoms and clinical findings and because of the consistent presence of particular electroencephalographic abnormality (the 14 and 6/sec positive spike pattern). The majority of these cases occur in children between the ages of 5 and 16 years, occasional cases being seen in younger or older children and adults. In most of the patients no etiology can be demonstrated, although a history of head injury or encephalitis is present in a significant number (37%). These symptoms respond to treatment with anticonvulsant medication, the drugs of choice being dilantin and diamox.RÉSUMÉRapport sur l'examen d'un groupe de 459 enfants souffrant d'accès périodiques de maux de tête ou de douleur abdominale, ou des deux à la fois, associés à des troubles autonomes tels que pâleur, transpiration, nausées, vomissements, anorexie, vertiges, sensation de légèreté dans la tête, léthargie et altérations de la température. Ces symptômes sont groupés en un syndrome spécifique à cause du type constant des symptômes et des constatations cliniques, et aussi à cause de la présence constante d'une anomalie électroencéphalographique particulière (le type positif de pointes de 14 et 6/sec). La majorité de ces cas concerne des enfants âgés de 5 à 16 ans; des cas fortuits se sont présentés chez des enfants plus jeunes ou plus âgés et chez des adultes. L'étiologie n'a pu être déterminée chez la plupart des malades, bien qu'une lésion à la tête ou une encéphalite soient mentionnées en un nombre assez important (37%). Ces symptômes réagissent au traitement par des anticonvulsivants; les médicaments à choisir sont le diphénylhydantoïnate de soude et le diamox.
Experiences with α‐Ethyl‐α‐methylsuccinimide in the Treatment of Epilepsy
Authors: HAAS A. M. LORENTZ DE , STOEL L. M. K. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYTreatment of 60 epileptic patients with α‐ethyl‐α‐methylsuccinimide (PM 671) during periods of 1.5 to 29 months showed that this compound is an important acquisition to the therapy of petit mal.In the case of patients who also suffered from generalized seizures, it was found that if the absences disappeared during treatment the generalized seizures also disappeared.RÉSUMÉLe traitement de 60 malades épileptiques par α‐ethyl‐α‐méthylsuccinimide (PM 671) effectué pendant des périodes de 1.5 à 29 mois a révélé que cette substance est une importante acquisition dans la thérapie du petit mal.Dans les cas où les malades souffrent aussi d'attaques de grand mal on a constaté que si les absences disparaissent au cours du traitement, les attaques de grand mal disparaissent elles‐aussi.
Problems in the Clinical Evaluation in the Use of Anticonvulsants
Authors: SCHWAB ROBERT S. , SCHOLL MARY LOUISE , ABBOTT JOHN ADAMS , GARVEY ELEANORE 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYIn its earliest years, Dr. William G. Lennox and others associated with him in the American League against Epilepsy did a great deal to stimulate the development of the clinic. It is a pleasure to think especially of the gratification which he must feel as we report the really impressive improvement in the medical control of epilepsy – an improvement which has occurred in the brief twenty years of the Clinic's activity – and an improvement to which the Clinic which he encouraged has contributed significantly.He encouraged open use of the word “epilepsy”. We soon found our patients did not mind coming to an Epileptic Clinic dedicated towards helping them with medicine, as well as aid in securing driver licenses, when seizures were completely controlled for two years. They were satisfied also with the general medical guidance provided whenever problems came up.We conclude this paper with warm appreciation for twenty years of encouragement and help from Dr. Lennox. We are in full agreement with him that the epileptic patients we have cared for are as loyal and devoted a group as we have ever seen.RÉSUMÉLe Docteur William G. Lennox et ceux qui lui furent associés ont beaucoup fait au cours des premières années de la fondation de la Ligue Américaine contre l'Épilepsie pour stimuler le développement de la clinique. Nous pensons tout spécialement, et avec plaisir, à la satisfaction qu'il doit éprouver lorsque nous témoignons du progrès vraiment impressionnant du contrôle médical de l'épilepsie – progrès qui s'est manifesté dans les courts vingt ans de l'activité clinique – et auquel la Clinique qu'il a encouragée a largement contribué.Il a encouragé aussi le libre emploi du mot “épilepsie”. Nous avons alors rapidement constaté que nos malades venaient sans crainte à une clinique d‘épilepsie destinée à les aider par la médecine et aussi par la sûreté de conserver leur permis de conduire lorsque, pendant 2 ans, leurs crises auront été complètement maîtrisées. La direction médicale générale dont ils ont profité quand survenaient des problèmes les a de même satisfaits.Ajoutons ici notre témoignage de grande admiration pour l'aide et les encouragements dispensés durant vingt ans par le Docteur Lennox. Nous sommes en complet accord avec lui pour dire que les malades que nous avons traités ont formé l'un des groupes les plus loyaux et les plus dévoués que nous ayons jamais vus.