bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A model for the series–parallel association of photovoltaic devices
Authors: Alonso‐García M. C. , Ruíz J. M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis work presents a method to obtain the one‐exponential model parameters of a series–parallel association of photovoltaic (PV) devices. From the linear expressions of the I–V characteristic in short‐circuit and open‐circuit zones, simple equations for association model parameters are obtained based on cell parameters. In order to validate the model, measurements have been performed in the 33 cells of a conventional PV module previously modified to have access to its cells, either individually or associated. Series and parallel proposed models have been applied to measurements, supposing all module cells are connected either in series or in parallel. Good approximations have been found in both cases. The method here proposed supplies a useful formulation that can be used in simulation programmes and array calculations. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
13·9%‐efficient CdTe polycrystalline thin‐film solar cells with an infrared transmission of ∼50%
Authors: Wu X. , Zhou J. , Duda A. , Keane J. C. , Gessert T.A. , Yan Y. , Noufi R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTo fabricate a high‐efficiency polycrystalline thin‐film tandem cell, the most critical work is to make a high‐efficiency top cell ( > 15%) with high bandgap (Eg = 1·5–1·8 eV) and high transmission (T > 70%) in the near‐infrared (NIR) wavelength region. The CdTe cell is one of the candidates for the top cell, because CdTe state‐of‐the‐art single‐junction devices with efficiencies of more than 16% are available, although its bandgap (1·48 eV) is slightly lower for a top cell in a current‐matched dual‐junction device. In this paper, we focus on the development of a: (1) thin, low‐bandgap CuxTe transparent back‐contact; and (2) modified CdTe device structure, including three novel materials: cadmium stannate transparent conducting oxide (TCO), ZnSnOxbuffer layer, and nanocrystalline CdS:O window layer developed at NREL, as well as the high‐quality CdTe film, to improve transmission in the NIR region while maintaining high device efficiency. We have achieved an NREL‐confirmed 13·9%‐efficient CdTe transparent solar cell with an infrared transmission of ∼50% and a CdTe/CIS polycrystalline mechanically stacked thin‐film tandem cell with an NREL‐confirmed efficiency of 15·3%. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Systematized procedure for parameter characterization of a variable‐speed drive used in photovoltaic pumping applications
Authors: Brito A. U. , Zilles R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis work presents a systematized procedure for the parameter characterization of a variable‐speed drive (VSD) for use in applications to photovoltaic pumping systems (PVPS). The study focuses on the process of the PID controller's tuning of the VSD, in order to optimize the configuration. In this work, three methods of tuning are analyzed and the results show that the methods based on the system's response in open‐loop are the most suitable, as well as the use of only the integral proportional control actions (PI). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐efficiency (19%) screen‐printed textured cells on low‐resistivity float‐zone silicon with high sheet‐resistance emitters
Authors: Hilali Mohamed M. , Nakayashiki Kenta , Ebong Abasifreke , Rohatgi Ajeet 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHigh‐efficiency 4 cm2screen‐printed (SP) textured cells were fabricated on 100 Ω/sq emitters using a rapid single‐step belt furnace firing process. The high contact quality resulted in a low series resistance of 0·79 Ωcm2, high shunt resistance of 48 836 Ωcm2, a low junction leakage current of 18·5 nA/cm2(n2 = 2) yielding a high fill factor (FF) of 0·784 on 100 Ω/sq emitter. A low resistivity (0·6 Ωcm) FZ Si was used for the base to enhance the contribution of the high sheet‐resistance emitter without appreciably sacrificing the bulk lifetime. This resulted in a 19% efficient (confirmed at NREL) SP 4 cm2cell on textured FZ silicon with SP contacts and single‐layer antireflection coating. This is apparently higher in performance than any other previously reported cell using standard screen‐printing approaches (i.e., single‐step firing and grid metallization). Detailed cell characterization and device modeling were performed to extract all the important device parameters of this 19% SP Si cell and provide guidelines for achieving 20% SP Si cells. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Geochemistry and source waters of rock glacier outflow, Colorado Front Range
Authors: Williams M. W. , Knauf M. , Caine N. , Liu F. , Verplanck P. L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe characterize the seasonal variation in the geochemical and isotopic content of the outflow of the Green Lake 5 rock glacier (RG5), located in the Green Lakes Valley of the Colorado Front Range, USA. Between June and August, the geochemical content of rock glacier outflow does not appear to differ substantially from that of other surface waters in the Green Lakes Valley. Thus, for this alpine ecosystem at this time of year there does not appear to be large differences in water quality among rock glacier outflow, glacier and blockslope discharge, and discharge from small alpine catchments. However, in September concentrations of Mg2+ in the outflow of the rock glacier increased to more than 900 µeq L−1 compared to values of less than 40 µeq L−1 at all the other sites, concentrations of Ca2+ were greater than 4,000 µeq L−1 compared to maximum values of less than 200 µeq L−1 at all other sites, and concentrations of SO reached 7,000 µeq L−1, compared to maximum concentrations below 120 µeq L−1 at the other sites. Inverse geochemical modelling suggests that dissolution of pyrite, epidote, chlorite and minor calcite as well as the precipitation of silica and goethite best explain these elevated concentrations of solutes in the outflow of the rock glacier. Three component hydrograph separation using end–member mixing analysis shows that melted snow comprised an average of 30% of RG5 outflow, soil water 32%, and base flow 38%. Snow was the dominant source water in June, soil water was the dominant water source in July, and base flow was the dominant source in September. Enrichment of δ18O from −10‰ in the outflow of the rock glacier compared to −20‰ in snow and enrichment of deuterium excess from + 17.5‰ in rock glacier outflow compared to + 11‰ in snow, suggests that melt of internal ice that had undergone multiple melt/freeze episodes was the dominant source of base flow. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
T‐cell recognition of a prostate specific antigen is not sufficient to induce prostate tissue destruction
Authors: Lees Jason R. , Charbonneau Bridget , Hayball John D. , Diener Kerrilyn , Brown Michael , Matusik Robert , Cohen Michael B. , Ratliff Timothy L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMETHODSThe ability of CD8+ T‐cells to induce prostate inflammation was examined using a prostate ovalbumin expressing transgenic mouse (POET) and/or adoptive transfer of T‐cell receptor (TCR) transgenic T‐cells (OT‐I) that specifically recognize ovalbumin. Localization of inflammatory cells to prostate tissue was examined following T‐cell activation via endogenous prostatic antigen, recombinant type 5 adenovirus carrying the gene coding ovalbumin (Ad5‐mOVA), or adoptive transfer of in vitro antigen stimulated OT‐I cells.RESULTSOvalbumin specific OT‐I cells were activated by autologous prostate antigen and trafficked to the prostate, but did not induce inflammation unless present in overwhelming numbers (∼65% of CD8+ T‐cells). Activation of antigen specific CD8+ T‐cells in vitro (peptide pulsed antigen presenting cells) or in vivo (Ad5‐mOVA) induced transitory prostate inflammation, without induction of prostate pathology, regardless of CD4+ T‐cell availability. Inflammation also was observed in OT‐I × POET mice but again, pathological effects were not observed.CONCLUSIONST lymphocytes specific for a prostate antigen are capable of inducing inflammatory infiltration of prostatic tissue rapidly following activation, but do not produce pathological prostate injury. Prostate 66:578–590, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical detection of cysteine‐rich secretory protein 3 in tissue and in serum from men with cancer or benign enlargement of the prostate gland
Authors: Bjartell Anders , Johansson Rebecka , Björk Thomas , Gadaleanu Virgil , Lundwall Åke , Lilja Hans , Kjeldsen Lars , Udby Lene 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDRecently, the gene for cysteine‐rich secretory protein 3 (CRISP‐3) was reported to be highly upregulated in prostate cancer (PCa) compared to benign prostatic tissue. The current aims were to investigate diagnostic use of tissue expression and immunodetection in serum of CRISP‐3 for detection or monitoring of PCa.METHODSRadical prostatectomy specimens and tissue microarrays from transurethral resections and metastases were analyzed for CRISP‐3 and PSA by immunohistochemistry. CRISP‐3 in tissue homogenates and in serum was measured by an in‐house ELISA and PSA by a commercially available immunoassay.RESULTSImmunostaining for CRISP‐3 in benign prostatic epithelium was generally weak or not detectable. Specific and strong immunostaining was found in a major proportion of cells in high‐grade prostatic‐intraepithelial‐neoplasia (HG‐PIN,12/17 patients), in most primary tumors (111/115), and in lymph node (11/15) and bone (12/15) metastases. CRISP‐3 immunostaining intensity was regularly strong in areas of Gleason grades 4/5, where PSA‐immunoreaction was less intense. Serum levels of CRISP‐3 were not different in patients with PCa (n = 152) compared to men with BPH (n = 81). There was a very weak co‐variation between levels of CRISP‐3 versus PSA in serum from PCa patients (P < 0.05). After orchiectomy, levels of CRISP‐3 in serum decreased in median with 11% compared to a 97% median decrease of PSA in serum from 15/20 patients with advanced PCa.CONCLUSIONSStrong immunostaining for CRISP‐3 is common in HG‐PIN and preserved in most PCa specimens, which warrant further immunohistochemical studies of CRISP‐3 in PCa. Serum levels of CRISP‐3 do not primarily reflect PCa. Prostate 66:591–603, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of first and repeat (four years later) prostate cancer screening in a randomized cohort of a symptomatic men aged 55–75 years using a biopsy indication of 3.0 ng/ml (results of ERSPC, Rotterdam)
Authors: Roobol Monique J. , Schröder Fritz H. , Kranse Ries 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe identification of predictors for prostate biopsy outcome at two screening rounds using a PSA ≥3.0 ng/ml as biopsy indication.MATERIALS AND METHODSWe compared predictors by means of descriptive statistics and logistic regression analysis in men (55–75 years) biopsied in either the 1st or 2nd screening round of ERSPC Rotterdam (interval 4 years).RESULTSPositive predictors for biopsy outcome in both screening rounds were an increased PSA level in the absence of a previous negative biopsy (PrevNB), DRE and TRUS suspicious and a positive family history (PFH). A higher than median prostate volume was a consistent negative predictor. Having had a PrevNB at initial screening strongly reduced the chance of cancer detection at repeat screening and in addition canceled the predictive potential of PSA.CONCLUSIONIf “detecting prostate cancer efficiently” were the aim, this study indicates that a “PSA only based biopsy threshold” may be replaced by another criterion incorporating, e.g., DRE, TRUS and prostate volume in men who were biopsied in the preceding 4 year interval. Prostate 66:604–612, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sprouty4, a suppressor of tumor cell motility, is downregulated by DNA methylation in human prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Jianghua , Thompson Benjamin , Ren Chengxi , Ittmann Michael , Kwabi‐Addo Bernard 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPURPOSEAlterations of fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) and their receptors contribute to prostate cancer progression by enhancing cellular proliferation, survival, and motility. The Sprouty gene family negatively regulates FGF signaling and may limit the ability of FGFs to enhance tumor progression. Sprouty1 is downregulated in human prostate cancers and Sprouty1 expression can markedly inhibit prostate cancer proliferation in vitro. Sprouty4 has been shown to negatively regulate both proliferation and cell migration in other systems. We therefore examined whether Sprouty4 expression was altered in prostate cancer.EXPERIMENTAL DESIGNExpression of Sprouty4 was examined by in situ hybridization and quantitative RT‐PCR. Methylation of the Sprouty4 gene promoter was assessed using bisulfite modification and sequencing. The effect of Sprouty4 expression on cell migration was determined using an in vitro wounding assay.RESULTSBy in situ hybridization Sprouty4 is expressed in normal prostatic epithelial cells and is decreased in a subset of prostate cancers. Quantitative RT‐PCR confirms that Sprouty4 expression is decreased in approximately one half of prostate cancers. Analysis of the 5′‐regulatory region revealed a CpG island approximately 1 kb upstream of the transcription initiation site, the proximal portion of which was preferentially methylated in prostate cancer tissues. More than one half of all prostate cancer DNAs were methylated in this region and methylation was significantly correlated with decreased Sprouty4 expression as determined by quantitative RT‐PCR. When overexpressed in prostate cancer cell lines, Sprouty4 did not inhibit cell proliferation but did inhibit cell migration.CONCLUSIONSSprouty4 expression is downregulated in human prostate cancer by DNA methylation and this decreased expression may contribute to increased cell migration. Prostate 66:613–624, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Screening for prostate cancer without digital rectal examination and transrectal ultrasound: Results after four years in the European Randomized Study of Screening for Prostate Cancer (ERSPC), Rotterdam
Authors: Gosselaar Claartje , Roobol Monique J. , Roemeling Stijn , de Vries Stijn H. , Cruijsen‐Koeter Ingrid van der , van der Kwast Theo H. , Schröder Fritz H. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDOmission of DRE/TRUS as biopsy indication results in fewer unnecessary biopsies, but may increase the risk of missing potentially aggressive prostate cancers (PCs). In 1997, the biopsy indication within the ERSPC was changed from a PSA cut‐off of 4.0 ng/ml and/or abnormal DRE/TRUS (group‐1) to solely a PSA cut‐off of 3.0 ng/ml (group‐2). We estimated the effect of omitting DRE/TRUS by comparing the results of a re‐screening 4 years after initial screening to the original policy.METHODSWe compared rate and characteristics of detected PCs in the second round in men initially screened in group‐1 (N = 5,957) or group‐2 (N = 8,044). Additionally, we compared the rate of interval cancers (ICs) after screening with and without DRE/TRUS.RESULTSThere was no significant difference in second round cancer‐detection‐rates (group‐1, 3.0%; group‐2, 2.7%), positive‐predictive‐values (group‐1, 23.9%; group‐2, 26.3%), and number of poorly‐differentiated tumors (group‐1, 2.6%; group‐2, 3.8%). Most PCs were clinically confined to the prostate. Eleven ICs were detected in each group (0.18 and 0.14%).CONCLUSIONSOmitting DRE/TRUS did not result in an increased IC‐ or PC‐detection. However, considering the natural history of PC, the 4‐year follow‐up may be too short to draw a definitive conclusion. Prostate 66:625–631, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Prostate cancer cells regulate growth and differentiation of bone marrow endothelial cells through TGFβ and its receptor, TGFβRII
Authors: Barrett Jeffrey M. , Rovedo Mark A. , Tajuddin Aamair M. , Jilling Tamas , Macoska Jill A. , MacDonald James , Mangold Kathy A. , Kaul Karen L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe underlying mechanisms permitting prostate cancer bone metastasis are poorly understood. We previously showed that the highly metastatic prostate cancer cell line, PC‐3, inhibits bone marrow endothelial (HBME‐1) cell growth in collagen gels and induces them to differentiate into cords, resembling angiogenesis in vivo.METHODScDNA microarray analysis was performed to identify cytokines responsible for the effects of PC‐3 cells on HBME‐1 cells. Cytokine and neutralizing antibody studies were done to further investigate specific angiogenic factors, such as transforming growth factor β (TGFβ). TGFβ RNA and protein were detected by real‐time RT‐PCR and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analysis to measure their production by prostate cancer cell lines. Conditioned media experiments using TGFβ neutralizing antibodies were used to analyze TGFβ activation by prostate cancer cells.RESULTSPC‐3 conditioned media altered the expression of several TGFβ‐regulated or ‐associated genes in HBME‐1 cells. Low concentrations of TGFβ cytokines inhibited HBME‐1 cell growth to a similar level as PC‐3 conditioned media and partially induced differentiation. Inhibitors and neutralizing antibodies directed against TGFβ isoforms and TGFβ receptor type 2 (TGFβRII) reversed the growth inhibition of HBME‐1 cells conferred by PC‐3 conditioned media. Yet, only TGFβRII neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited HBME‐1 differentiation. Also, prostate cancer cell lines produced low levels of TGFβ RNA and protein, and were shown to activate serum‐derived TGFβ.CONCLUSIONSThese results suggest that prostate cancer cells mediate growth inhibition and differentiation of bone marrow endothelial cells both through production and activation of TGFβ as well as alteration of TGFβRII‐mediated signal transduction. This could contribute to the establishment and growth of bone metastases. Prostate 66:632–650, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Three new serum markers for prostate cancer detection within a percent free PSA‐based artificial neural network
Authors: Stephan Carsten , Xu Chuanliang , Brown David A. , Breit Samuel N. , Michael Anja , Nakamura Terukazu , Diamandis Eleftherios P. , Meyer Hellmuth , Cammann Henning , Jung Klaus 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDWe aimed to evaluate the value of macrophage inhibitory cytokine 1 (MIC‐1), human kallikrein 11 (hK11) migration inhibitor factor (MIF) in comparison to prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and %fPSA and also to develop a %fPSA‐based ANN with the new input factors to determine whether these additional markers can further eliminate unnecessary prostate biopsies.METHODSSerum samples from 371 patients with prostate cancer (PCa, n = 135) or benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH, n = 236) within the PSA range 0.5–20 µg/L were analyzed for total PSA, free PSA, MIC‐1, hK11, and MIF. ‘Leave one out’ ANN models with these variables and prostate volume were constructed and compared to logistic regression (LR) and all single parameters.RESULTSThe discriminatory power of MIC‐1, hK11, and MIF was less than that for PSA despite significant differences in BPH compared to PCa patients. At 90% and 95% sensitivity, the artificial neural networks (ANNs) were only significantly better than %fPSA if prostate volume was included.CONCLUSIONSANNs with the novel input factors of MIC‐1, MIF, and/or hK11 and additional use of prostate volume demonstrated significant advantage compared with %fPSA and tPSA and may lead to a reduction in unnecessary prostate biopsies. Prostate 66:651–659, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair target gene mutations in cell lines and xenografts of prostate cancer
Authors: Sun Xiaodong , Chen Ceshi , Vessella Robert L. , Dong Jin‐Tang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDMismatch repair (MMR) and microsatellite instability (MSI) occur in prostate cancer, but their role has not been well documented.METHODSIn 6 cell lines and 22 xenografts from prostate cancer, PCR and gel electrophoresis were performed to detect MSI by analyzing microsatellite markers BAT‐25 and BAT‐26 and to detect frameshift mutations in mononucleotide repeats in BAX, IGF2R, MSH3, MSH6, and TGFBR2.RESULTSFour of 6 (67%) cell lines and 3 of 22 (14%) xenografts showed MSI. At least 1 frameshift mutation was detected in the same 4 (67%) cell lines and in 5 of 22 (23%) xenografts. While MSH3 was frequently mutated in cell lines, BAX and TGFBR2 showed frequent alterations in both cell lines and xenografts.CONCLUSIONSMSI related to MMR deficiency is relatively frequent in high‐grade tumors, and mutations in MSI target genes involved in cell death and proliferation appeared to be selected for during prostatic carcinogenesis. Prostate 66:660–666, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Site‐specific transamidation and deamidation of the small heat‐shock protein Hsp20 by tissue transglutaminase
Authors: Boros Sandor , Åhrman Emma , Wunderink Lisa , Kamps Bram , de Jong Wilfried W. , Boelens Wilbert C. , Emanuelsson Cecilia Sundby 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCrosslinking of small heat‐shock proteins (sHsps) by tissue transglutaminase (tTG) is enhanced by stress and under pathological conditions. We here used hexapeptide probes to determine the amine donor (K) and acceptor (Q) sites for tTG in Hsp20. Mass spectrometric peptide mass fingerprinting and peptide fragmentation established that Q31 and the C‐terminal K162 are involved in inter‐ and intramolecular crosslinking (transamidation). Q31 is a conserved glutamine in sHsps where the neighboring residue determines its reactivity. Moreover, we detected highly efficient simultaneous deamidation of Q66, which suggests that tTG‐catalyzed transamidation and deamidation is specific for different glutamine residues. Proteins 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A geomorphic monitoring and adaptive assessment framework to assess the effect of lowland floodplain river restoration on channel–floodplain sediment continuity
Authors: Florsheim J. L. , Mount J. F. , Constantine C. R. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe state of the science of lowland river floodplain restoration reflects the relatively new and experimental nature of large river floodplain rehabilitation efforts. Based on results of a case study of floodplain restoration at the lowland Cosumnes River, California, we present a geomorphic monitoring and adaptive assessment framework that addresses the need to inform and utilize scientific knowledge in lowland floodplain river restoration activities. Highlighting hydrogeomorphic processes that lead to habitat creation, we identify a discharge threshold for connectivity and sediment transfer from the channel to the floodplain and integrate discharge magnitude and duration to quantify a threshold to aid determination of when geomorphic monitoring is warranted. Using floodplain sand deposition volume in splay complexes as one indicator of dynamic floodplain habitat, we develop a model to aid prediction of the sand deposition volume as an assessment tool to use to analyze future monitoring data. Because geomorphic processes that form the physical structure of a habitat are dynamic, and because the most successful restoration projects accommodate this fundamental characteristic of ecosystems, monitoring designs must both identify trends and be adapted iteratively so that relevant features continue to be measured. Thus, in this paper, adaptive assessment is defined as the modification of monitoring and analysis methods as a dynamic system evolves following restoration activities. The adaptive monitoring and assessment methods proposed facilitate long‐term measurements of channel–floodplain sediment transfer, and changes in sediment storage and morphology unique to lowland river–floodplain interactions and the habitat that these physical processes support. The adaptive assessment framework should be integrated with biological and chemical elements of an interdisciplinary ecosystem monitoring program to answer research hypotheses and to advance restoration science in lowland floodplain river systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.