bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery for squamous cell carcinoma of the thoracic esophagus with clinical evidence of adjacent organ invasion
Authors: de Manzoni Giovanni , Pedrazzani Corrado , Pasini Felice , Bernini Marco , Minicozzi Anna Maria , Giacopuzzi Simone , Grandinetti Antonio , Cordiano Claudio 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe role of surgery for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) with clinical evidence of adjacent organ invasion (cT4) is a debated issue. This study was aimed at analyzing our experience with chemoradiotherapy (CRT) followed by surgery as treatment for non‐metastatic cT4 SCC of the thoracic esophagus.MethodsThe results of 51 patients consecutively treated at the First Department of General Surgery, University of Verona, from January 1987 to December 2004 were analyzed.ResultsThe most frequently clinically involved structures were the trachea (43.1%), the main left bronchus (17.6%), and the thoracic aorta (15.7%). CRT was completed in all but one of the patients (98.0%) without toxicity‐related deaths. After completion of induction treatment 49 patients underwent surgery (96.1%), and resection was possible in 40 patients (78.4%) but R0 surgery was rarely obtained (39.2%). Pathologic downstaging was achieved in 18 cases (35.3%) while a major response (responders) was observed in 10 patients (19.6%) and a complete response (pT0N0) in 7 (13.7%). The overall median survival time was 11.1 months with a 3‐year survival rate of 8.8%. A significantly better survival (P < 0.001) was observed after a R0 resection (median: 22.3 months; 3‐year survival: 25.4%; P < 0.001) and for responders (median: 33.1 months; 3‐year survival: 25.7%; P = 0.019).ConclusionsAggressive multi‐modal therapy with CRT followed by surgery in cT4 SCC of the thoracic esophagus is feasible. Surgery should be limited to patients with significant response to induction treatment and a high probability of R0 resection. J. Surg. Oncol. 2007;95:261–266. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Desertification in western Hainan Island, China (1959 to 2003)
Authors: Li S. , Zheng Y. , Luo P. , Wang X. , Li H. , Lin P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWestern Hainan Island is the only tropic region in China that is experiencing desertification. In this paper, we hope to reconstruct the evolution of desertification from 1959 to 2003 and identify the driving force during this process. Using remote sensing, mapping, GIS analysis and statistical analysis with climatic factors and human factors, we found five phases of desertification in the western part of Hainan Island between the late‐1950s and the early‐2000s. Desertification first developed rapidly, then reversed, and is now fluctuating, due to natural and human driving forces. Human activities interact with climatic factors. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do stable strategic time periods exist? Towards new methodological and theoretical insights
Authors: Fuente‐Sabaté Juan Manuel de la , Rodríguez‐Puerta Julio , Vicente‐Lorente José David , Zúñiga‐Vicente José Angel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates a fundamental issue in the current research on strategic groups: the existence or non‐existence of the so‐called ‘stable strategic time periods’ (SSTPs). Our study provides new evidence by adding new methodological and theoretical insights. The research setting is the Spanish banking industry over a 15‐year period, 1983–1997. Unlike all prior longitudinal research that found SSTPs, the multi‐method procedure that we used in this study (i.e. equality of variance and covariance matrix and mean vector of strategic variables and a subsequent grouping analysis performed through the MCLUST) has led us to reject the existence of SSTPs in the industry under study. Based on these original findings, we conclude by suggesting a proposition which should be corroborated in future empirical studies on strategic groups. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design and performance of an atmospheric pressure ion mobility Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer
Authors: Tang Xiaoting , Bruce James E. , Hill Herbert H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis manuscript presents our initial results and development of a novel hybrid instrument that combines atmospheric pressure ion mobility spectrometry (AP‐IMS) with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR‐MS). Our preliminary results obtained from atmospheric pressure mobility separation of peptide mixtures combined with high‐resolution FTICR mass analysis are demonstrated. The custom IMS system was constructed in‐house and was coupled to the commercial FTICR‐MS instrument through a flared inlet capillary interface. Dual‐gate ion filtration was adapted to allow concurrent measurement of both mobility and m/z values. The feasibility of mobility separation was demonstrated with baseline separation of the peptides bradykinin and angiotensin II and their measured reduced mobility constants which were consistent with those previously reported. Furthermore, the unique size‐to‐charge separation mechanism of IMS that allows isomer separation was explored and demonstrated with the partial separation of two isomeric phosphopeptides. We feel the combination of IMS and FTICR‐MS holds great potential for accurate mass analysis of mobility‐selected ions and these results are the first to demonstrate the feasibility of coupling these two techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of tryptic peptides using desorption electrospray ionisation combined with ion mobility spectrometry/mass spectrometry
Authors: Kaur‐Atwal Gushinder , Weston Daniel J. , Green Philip S. , Crosland Susan , Bonner Philip L. R. , Creaser Colin S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA novel method is reported for rapid protein identification by the analysis of tryptic peptides using desorption electrospray ionisation (DESI) coupled with hyphenated ion mobility spectrometry and quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (IMS/Q‐ToF‐MS). Confident protein identification is demonstrated for the analysis of tryptically digested bovine serum albumin (BSA), with no sample pre‐treatment or clean‐up. Electrophoretic ion mobility separation of ions generated by DESI allowed examination of charge‐state and mobility distributions for tryptic peptide mixtures. Selective interrogation of singly charged ions allowed isobaric peptide responses to be distinguished, along with a reduction in spectral noise. The mobility‐selected singly charged peptide responses were presented as a pseudo‐peptide mass fingerprint (p‐PMF) for protein database searching. Comparative data are shown for electrospray ionisation (ESI) of the BSA digest, without sample clean‐up, from which confident protein identification could not be made. Implications for the robustness of the DESI method, together with potential insights into mechanisms for DESI of proteolytic digests, are discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolism and excretion of 5‐ethyl‐2‐{5‐[4‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)piperazine‐1‐sulfonyl]‐2‐propoxyphenyl}‐7‐propyl‐3,5‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐d]‐pyrimidin‐4‐one (SK3530) in rats
Authors: Lee Jaeick , Yoo Hye Hyun , Rhim Kwang Jin , Sohn Dong‐Ryul , Kim Dong‐Hyun 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe in vitro and in vivo metabolism of a novel PDE 5 inhibitor, SK3530, was investigated in rats. Bile, plasma, feces, urine and liver samples were collected and analyzed using a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with ultraviolet (UV), mass spectrometric and radioactivity detectors. After a single oral administration, the mean radiocarbon recovery was 92.32 ± 6.26%, with 91.25 ± 6.25 and 1.07 ± 0.21% in the feces and urine, respectively. The biliary excretion of radioactivity for the first 24 h period was approximately 38.82%, suggesting that SK3530 is cleared by hepatobiliary excretion. In vitro incubation of SK3530 with rat and human liver microsomes resulted in the formation of twelve and ten metabolites, respectively. SK3530 was extensively metabolized to twenty different metabolites, including three glucuronide and three sulfate conjugates in rats. The structures of these metabolites were elucidated based on MSn spectral analyses. Six major metabolic pathways were identified in the rat: N‐dealkylation and oxidation of the hydroxyethyl moiety; N,N‐deethylation and hydroxylation of the piperazine ring; hydroxylation of the propyl group and sulfate conjugation. An additional metabolite due to aromatic hydroxylation was also identified in hepatic microsomes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Michael addition of acrolein to lysinyl and N‐terminal residues of a model peptide: targets for cytoprotective hydrazino drugs
Authors: Kaminskas Lisa M. , Pyke Simon M. , Burcham Philip C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe antihypertensive drug hydralazine blocks acrolein‐mediated toxicity by trapping both free aldehyde‐ and acrolein‐adducted proteins, with the latter property more closely related to cytoprotection in cellular models. Here we report the identification of products from ‘protein adduct‐trapping’ reactions using electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Reaction of a 13‐residue peptide containing a single lysine with acrolein for 30 min generated ions corresponding to mono‐ and bis‐Michael‐adducted peptides. An ion corresponding to a cyclic species formed from bis‐adducted lysine was conspicuous at later times (60, 180 min). Tandem mass spectrometric (MS/MS) analysis revealed Michael adduction also occurred on the N‐terminus, with a novel N‐terminal (3‐formyl‐3,4‐dehydropiperidino) species formed on this residue. Addition of hydralazine to acrolein‐adducted peptides generated a diverse range of hydrazones that were also characterised by MS/MS analysis. The results confirm that mass spectrometry is a powerful tool for characterising the reactions of noxious electrophiles with biological macromolecules. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The complexity of litigation associated with robotic surgery and cybersurgery
Authors: McLean T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLitigation after cybersurgery, i.e. remote robotic surgery, will be complex. In addition to being able to sue physicians and hospitals, patients who sustain an adverse outcome after cybersurgery will have the potential to sue the robotic manufacturer and the telecommunications company. Moreover, cybersurgery litigation will involve laws that are generally unfamiliar to healthcare providers. Accordingly, this article examines a lawsuit involving a robotic surgical instrument as a model to suggest where liability traps may arise during the delivery of cybersurgery. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predicting the morphological and hydraulic consequences of river rehabilitation
Authors: Schweizer S. , Borsuk M. E. , Reichert P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDecisions about reach‐scale river rehabilitation for the purposes of flood protection and ecological enhancement require prediction of the possible consequences of management alternatives. To provide such predictions, an integrative model is necessary that represents the cause–effect relations between rehabilitation options and morphological, hydraulic and ecological consequences. This paper describes the morphological and hydraulic submodel of such an integrative model. This submodel is further subdivided into four modules predicting: (1) channel morphology, (2) flooding (dike overtopping, floodplain flooding and bed moving floods), (3) velocity and depth distribution and (4) riverbed siltation. Model relationships come from results reported in the literature and new data analyses. By using quantities that are all either readily available or easily predictable for changed conditions, the model should be widely applicable, even for data‐limited situations. The overall model is implemented as a probability network to facilitate estimation of uncertainties in model results. An application of the model to a reach of the Thur River in Switzerland demonstrates its utility for predicting morphological and hydraulic consequences of a planned river widening. The full integrative model, including ecological endpoints, will be used together with quantitative assessments of stakeholder preferences to support rehabilitation decisions for a number of Swiss rivers. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Large‐scale spatial variability of riverbed temperature gradients in Snake River fall Chinook salmon spawning areas
Authors: Hanrahan Timothy P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the Snake River basin of the Pacific northwestern United States, hydroelectric dam operations are often based on the predicted emergence timing of salmon fry from the riverbed. The spatial variability and complexity of surface water and riverbed temperature gradients results in emergence timing predictions that are likely to have large errors. The objectives of this study were to quantify the thermal heterogeneity between the river and riverbed in fall Chinook salmon spawning areas and to determine the effects of thermal heterogeneity on fall Chinook salmon emergence timing. This study quantified river and riverbed temperatures at 15 fall Chinook salmon spawning sites distributed in two reaches throughout 160 km of the Snake River in Hells Canyon, Idaho, USA, during 3 different water years. Temperatures were measured during the fall Chinook salmon incubation period with self‐contained data loggers placed in the river and at three different depths below the riverbed surface. At all sites, temperature increased with depth into the riverbed, including significant differences (p < 0.05) in mean hourly water temperature of up to 3.8°C between the river and the riverbed among all the sites. During each of the 3 water years studied, river and riverbed temperatures varied significantly among all the study sites, among the study sites within each reach and between sites located in the two reaches. Considerable variability in riverbed temperatures among the sites resulted in fall Chinook salmon emergence timing estimates that varied by as much as 36 days within a reach, depending on the source of temperature data used for the estimate. Monitoring of riverbed temperature gradients at a range of spatial scales throughout the Snake River would provide better information for managing hydroelectric dam operations, and would aid in the design and interpretation of future empirical research into the ecological significance of physical riverine processes. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cellular and subcellular localization of androgen receptor immunoreactivity relative to C1 adrenergic neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla of male and female rats
Authors: Milner Teresa A. , Hernandez Francisco J. , Herrick Scott P. , Pierce Joseph P. , Iadecola Costantino , Drake Carrie T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn male and female rats, high androgen levels can increase blood pressure. The C1 area of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM), which is crucial for blood pressure regulation, contains estrogen receptors (ERs) in pre‐ and postsynaptic neuronal compartments and is modulated by estrogens (Wang et al. [2006] Brain Res 1094:163–178). In this study, the cellular and subcellular localization of androgen receptors (ARs) in the C1 area was examined in sections from male, proestrus (high estrogen) and diestrus (low estrogen) female rat brains that were immunocytochemically labeled for AR and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH). By light and electron microscopy, AR‐labeled nuclei were scattered among TH‐labeled somata in the RVLM; significantly more AR‐labeled nuclei were seen males compared to females. Electron microscopy revealed that extranuclear AR‐immunoreactivity (ir) was in similar profile types in male and female rats. AR‐ir was almost exclusively in myelinated and unmyelinated axons and in glia. Rarely, AR‐ir was in axon terminals that contacted TH‐containing dendrites. AR‐labeled axon terminals had large diameters and contained numerous dense‐core vesicles, resembling peptide‐containing hypothalamic or solitary tract inputs. No nuclear or extranuclear AR‐ir was found in TH‐labeled perikarya and dendrites although a few non‐TH‐ labeled dendrites contained AR‐ir. Qualitatively, more axonal profiles appeared to be present in males compared to females. These studies suggest that, unlike ERs, ARs in male and female rats are almost exclusively positioned on afferents and glia, suggesting that androgens modulate RVLM C1 neurons, and thus blood pressure, through presynaptic and glial signaling. Synapse 61:268–278, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression and function of kainate receptors in the rat olfactory bulb
Authors: Davila Nestor G. , Houpt Thomas A. , Trombley Paul Q. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough recent results suggest roles for NMDA and AMPA receptors in odor encoding, little is known about kainate receptors (KARs) in the olfactory bulb (OB). Molecular, immunological, and electrophysiological techniques were used to provide a functional analysis of KARs in the OB. Reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction revealed that the relative level of expression of KAR subunits was GluR5 ≈ GluR6 ≈ KA2 > KA1 ≫ GluR7. In situ hybridization data imply that mitral/tufted cells express mostly GluR5 and KA2, whereas interneurons express mostly GluR6 and KA2. Immunohistochemical double‐labeling experiments (GluR5/6/7 or GluR5 + synapsin) suggest that KARs are expressed at both synaptic and extrasynaptic loci. This heterogeneous expression of KAR subunits suggests that KARs may play a multitude of roles in odor processing, each tailored to the function of specific OB circuits. A functional analysis, using whole‐cell electrophysiology, suggests that one such role is to increase the frequency of glutamate transmission while attenuating the amplitude of individual events, likely via a presynaptic depolarizing mechanism. Such effects would be important to odor processing particularly by OB glomeruli. In these highly compartmentalized structures, an increase in the frequency of glutamate release and the high density of extrasynaptic KARs, activated by spillover, could enhance glomerular synchronization and thus the transfer of more specific sensory information to cortical structures. Synapse 61:320–334, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutuality as an antidote to rent‐seekingShariaharbitrage in Islamic finance
Authors: El‐Gamal Mahmoud A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIslamic finance is a prohibitions‐driven industry, which aims primarily to circumvent the canonical Islamic prohibitions ofribaandgharar.The concepts ofribaandghararmay best be understood as unbundled sales of credit and risk, respectively. An obvious solution is to adopt mutual structures for financial intermediaries of credit (e.g., banks) and risk (e.g., insurance companies), as early experiments in Islamic finance had apparently done. However, growth in Islamic finance over the past three decades has been led by rent‐seeking Shariah arbitrageurs, whose efforts continue to be focused on synthesizing contemporary financial products and services from classical nominate contracts, without regard to corporate structure of financial institutions. In this article, I argue that mutuality should be given back its central role in our discourse on Islamic finance. In particular, I argue that mutuality in intermediation of credit and risk can assist significantly in implementing the substance of Shariah as well as its forms, including the financial empowerment of Islamic financial customers (be they Muslims or otherwise) to face the challenging domination of Islamic finance by international financial behemoths. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risks ofSukukstructures: Implications for resource mobilization
Authors: Tariq Ali Arsalan , Dar Humayon 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis research deals with the evolution of and growing markets forsukuk(Islamic asset‐based securities) in emerging economies. The types ofsukukand their liquidity, credit, and market risk are discussed. Further refinements of the structures with embedded call and put options are analyzed in pursuit of risk management mechanisms that are, thus far, absent. The research is an attempt to discuss the risks of these growing financial assets and their role in the mobilization of resources and development of debt markets in emerging economies. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Issues of implementing Islamic hire purchase in dual banking systems: Malaysia's experience
Authors: El‐Din Seif I. Tag , Abdullah N. Irwani 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMalaysia, being one of the first countries to promote Islamic finance, has experienced a dual banking system whereby a full‐fledged Islamic banking system operates on a parallel basis with a sophisticated conventional banking system. Operating within a dual banking system provides a relative advantage to Islamic banks as compared to operating in a single Islamic banking system. One of the latest innovations is the development of the Islamic hire‐purchase instrument, which is commonly known as al‐ijarah waiqtina'; in the Malaysian experience, it is called al‐ijarah thumma al‐bai' (AITAB). This article aims to examine some critical issues arising from the implementation of AITAB from jurist, legal, and practical perspectives. It presents a comparative study with conventional practices to highlight similarities and differences, thus invoking a number of jurist, legal, and practical issues about the concept and implementation of AITAB. It is hoped through the assessment of the Malaysian experience to offer practicable solutions to help provide better and more legitimate structured implementation of Islamic hire purchase in financial institutions. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal perineal sonography in the diagnosis of ectopic ureteric opening
Authors: Vijayaraghavan S. Boopathy 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe describe the technique of fetal perineal sonography and its use in the diagnosis of ectopic ureteric opening. Using a high‐frequency probe, sagittal ultrasound imaging of the fetal perineum, pelvis and external genitalia was performed and proved useful in the diagnosis of ectopic ureteric opening into the urethra in one female and two male fetuses. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.