bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-promoted Highly Chemoselective Reduction of Aromatic Nitro Compounds to the Corresponding N-Arylhydroxylamines Using Zinc and HCOONH4 in CH3CN
Authors: Shi Qi Xun , Lu Rong Wen , Jin Kun , Zhang Zhu Xia , Zhao De Feng 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
N-Arylhydroxylamines were prepared in high yields through chemoselective reduction of the corresponding aromatic nitro compounds under ultrasound (59 kHz) at room temperature using a convenient Zn/HCOONH4/CH3CN system. This method was highly efficient, environmentally benign, especially simple and practical.
Oxygen Permeability of Surface-modified Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Characterized by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy
Authors: Shiku Hitoshi , Saito Takeshi , Wu Ching-Chou , Yasukawa Tomoyuki , Yokoo Masaki , Abe Hiroyuki , Matsue Tomokazu , Yamada Hiroshi 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) was employed to quantitatively characterize the oxygen permeation behaviors of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and surface-modified PDMS. The mass-transfer process of oxygen from the PDMS substrate to the tip electrode is diffusion limited, whereas the oxygen permeability of PDMS subjected to oxygen plasma treatment or albumin adsorption is critically restricted. Our results suggest that the oxygen permeability of PDMS is possibly affected by O2 plasma irradiation and albumin adsorption at the PDMS surfaces.
Separation of Americium(III) from Europium(III) by Dioctylammonium Dioctyldithiocarbamate/Nitrobenzene Extraction
Authors: Miyasita Sunao , Yanaga Makoto , Satoh Isamu , Suganuma Hideo 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
The extraction of Am(III) and Eu(III) from a nitric medium by dioctylammonium dioctyldithiocarbamate (DOA·DODTC)/nitrobenzene was studied. The separation factor of Am(III)/Eu(III) shows a higher value than the highest one hitherto obtained by a cyanex/kerosene extraction. The high selectivity of a functional group of dithiocarbamate will be contributed to the investigation for the separation of Am(III) from trivalent lanthanoids.
Externally Insulated (“EIFS”) Building Walls: Security Characteristics and Methods of Enhancing Security Performance
Authors: Thomas RG 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Approximately 10% of new commercial buildings in the United States use Exterior Insulation and Finish Systems (“EIFS”) on their exterior walls [1]. This includes buildings of almost all types from small residences to large commercial structures in both the public and private sector. EIFS is also used extensively overseas [2]. Although EIFS looks like concrete and appears robust, the lightweight materials in EIFS are not inherently conducive to physical security, electromagnetic security, and fire exposure. This is often overlooked in the planning phase for new buildings, leading to buildings that do not meet current expectations for security-related performance. However, ways exist to beef up EIFS walls so that better performance can be attained. This paper will explore the state-of-the-art of the security aspects of EIFS when used over various types of supporting walls. Key design aspects of EIFS-clad walls will be explained, including the need for attention to the supporting wall structure, the choice of EIFS materials, and the addition of special materials to enhance performance. Examples of new wall designs and enhancing existing walls will be presented.
Head Injury in Snowboarding: Evaluating the Protective Role of Helmets
Authors: Scher I , Richards D , Carhart M 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
According to a 1999 report by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission, head injuries represent approximately 14 % of all skiing and snowboarding injuries. In a recent retrospective study of patients treated for snowboarding-related head injuries, Nakaguchi and Tsutsumi (2002) found that major head injuries were most often associated with backward falls (68 %) resulting in occipital impacts (66 % of falls) occurring on a gentle or moderate slope. They concluded that the majority of severe snowboarding head injuries were caused by the “opposite-edge phenomenon” where the snowboarder falls backward and contacts the occiput. In order to determine if the use of skiing helmets would reduce the likelihood of head injury associated with catching an edge snowboarding, we conducted a two-part study. In the first part, we measured the speeds of over 180 snowboarders on beginner and intermediate slopes at Mammoth, CA. Across all locations at the resort, the average speeds of beginner and intermediate snowboarders were 17.7 kph (11.0 mph) and 31.9 kph (19.8 mph), respectively. In the second part of the study, we used an instrumented 50th percentile male Hybrid III anthropomorphic test device (ATD) to determine the head accelerations and neck loads associated with a backward fall onto the occiput, both with and without wearing a helmet. For these tests, the ATD was fitted with snowboarding equipment and accelerated to the speeds associated with an intermediate snowboarder (as measured in the first part of the study). Once the ATD was at speed, the snowboard was snubbed on the back edge, simulating the “opposite-edge phenomena” and the posterior aspect of the ATD head was propelled toward the snow surface or a simulated tree. Film analysis of the ATD fall kinematics demonstrated a rapid transition to whole-body angular motion at opposite edge catch. The use of a helmet reduced substantially the linear accelerations and head injury criterion associated with head-to-ground contact on hard, icy snow and during the simulated tree contact. Also, the neck loads were reduced modestly with helmet use. These findings indicate that helmets can mitigate head-to-ground contact severity associated with a common snowboarding fall scenario, the “opposite-edge-phenomenon.”
Walking The Line: Pipe and Sweat Ceremonies in Prison
Authors: Irwin Lee 
Published: January 2006

ABSTRACT: This paper is an overview of the movement among Native American prisoners to have access to native religious practices, specifically pipe ceremonies, sweats, and prayer and drum sessions in prison. These practices form the basis of a new movement that supports a wide range of native spiritual traditions, organized around a few basic ceremonies now recognized as primary expressions of native religious identity. Since the early 1970s, this movement has fought for recognition in the prisons, in the courts, and in the popular press. I first review the history of the pipe movement through a survey of important legal cases. The second half of the paper covers the symbolic aspects of the pipe and sweat as they contribute to prisoner rehabilitation through the cultivation of a nativeformulated religious worldview. Also covered are the formation of various native societies for the purpose of providing spiritual advisers to prisons and the impact of this movement on the reservations.
Rather than going to church, I attend a sweat lodge; rather than accepting bread and toast from the Holy Priest, I smoke a ceremonial pipe to come into Communion with the Great Spirit; and rather than kneeling with my hands placed together in prayer, I let sweetgrass be feathered over my entire being for spiritual cleansing and allow the smoke to carry my prayers into the heavens. I am a Mi'kmaq, and this is how we pray. (Noah Augustine)
The 3-Equation New Keynesian Model --- A Graphical Exposition
Authors: Carlin Wendy , Soskice David 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
We develop a graphical 3-equation New Keynesian model for macroeconomic analysis to replace the traditional IS-LM-AS model. The new graphical IS-PC-MR model is a simple version of the one commonly used by central banks and captures the forward-looking thinking engaged in by the policy maker. Within a common framework, we compare our model to other monetary-rule based models that are used for teaching and policy analysis. We show that the differences among the models centre on whether the central bank optimizes and on the lag structure in the IS and Phillips curve equations. We highlight the analytical and pedagogical advantages of our preferred model. The model can be used to analyze the consequences of a wide range of macroeconomic shocks, to identify the structural determinants of the coefficients of a Taylor type interest rate rule, and to explain the origin and size of inflation bias.
Did the 9/11 Victim Compensation Fund Accurately Assess Economic Losses?
Authors: Tinari Frank D , Cahill Kevin E , Grivoyannis Elias 
Published: January 2006

Abstract
Under the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund (VCF), victims' families were provided monetary compensation based on economic and non-economic losses in exchange for giving up their right to sue U.S. entities, such as airlines. Was the Fund successful in calculating economic losses, and should it be repeated in the wake of another such attack? This paper assesses the extent to which forensic economists influenced the Special Masters decisions. We find that, for the most part, the Special Master's economic awards before collateral offsets were bounded by the presumed award amounts and the forensic economist's calculations, with substantial variation across claimants. This result implies that the Special Master's economic awards appear to have been significantly influenced by other factors offered during the VCF hearings, raising questions about fairness if a similar process is to be repeated in the future.
Effect of background serum lithium concentrations on the accuracy of lithium dilution cardiac output determination in dogs
Authors: Mason Douglas J. , O'Grady Micheal , Woods J. Paul , McDonell Wayne N. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objectives—To assess the effect of increasing serum
lithium concentrations on lithium dilution cardiac output
(LiDCO) determination and to determine the ability
to predict the serum lithium concentration from the
cumulative lithium chloride dosage.

Animals—10 dogs (7 males, 3 females).

Procedure—Cardiac output (CO) was determined in
anesthetized dogs by measuring LiDCO and thermodilution
cardiac output (TDCO). The effect of the
serum lithium concentration on LiDCO was assessed
by observing the agreement between TDCO and
LiDCO at various serum lithium concentrations. Also,
cumulative lithium chloride dosage was compared
with the corresponding serum lithium concentrations.

Results—44 paired observations were used. The linear
regression analysis for the effect of the serum
lithium concentration on the agreement between
TDCO and LiDCO revealed a slope of -1.530 (95%
confidence interval [CI], -2.388 to -0.671) and a yintercept
of 0.011 (r
2 = 0.235). The linear regression
analysis for the effect of the cumulative lithium chloride
dosage on the serum lithium concentration
revealed a slope of 2.291 (95% CI, 2.153 to 2.429)
and a y-intercept of 0.008 (r2 = 0.969).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The LiDCO
measurement increased slightly as the serum lithium
concentration increased. This error was not clinically
relevant and was minimal at a serum lithium concentration
of 0.1 mmol/L and modest at a concentration
of 0.4 mmol/L. The serum lithium concentration can
be reliably predicted from the cumulative lithium
dosage if lithium chloride is administered often within
a short period. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1048–1052)
Effect of general anesthesia and minor surgical trauma on urine and serum measurements in horses
Authors: Watson Zara E. , Steffey Eugene P. , VanHoogmoed Linda M. , Snyder Jack R. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To characterize the effect of general
anesthesia and minor surgery on renal function in
horses.

Animals—9 mares with a mean (± SE) age and body
weight of 9 ± 2 years and 492 ± 17 kg, respectively.

Procedure—The day before anesthesia, urine was
collected (catheterization) for 3 hours to quantitate
baseline values, and serum biochemical analysis was
performed. The following day, xylazine (1.1 mg/kg, IV)
was administered, and general anesthesia was
induced 5 minutes later with diazepam (0.04 mg/kg,
IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV). During 2 hours of
anesthesia with isoflurane, PaCO2 was maintained
between 48 and 52 mm Hg, and mean arterial blood
pressure was between 70 and 80 mm Hg. Blood and
urine were collected at 30, 60, and 120 minutes during
and at 1 hour after anesthesia.

Results—Baseline urine flow was 0.92 ± 0.17 ml/kg/h
and significantly increased at 30 and 60 minutes after
xylazine administration (2.14 ± 0.59 and 2.86 ± 0.97
ml/kg/h respectively) but returned to baseline values
by the end of anesthesia. Serum glucose concentration
increased from 12 ± 4 to 167 ± 8 mg/dl at 30 minutes.
Glucosuria was not observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Transient
hyperglycemia and an increase in rine production
accompanies a commonly used anesthetic technique
for horses. The increase in urine flow is not trivial and
should be considered in anesthetic management
decisions. With the exception of serum glucose concentration
and urine production, the effect of general
anesthesia on indices of renal function in clinically
normal horses is likely of little consequence in most
horses admitted for elective surgical procedures.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1061–1065)
Evaluation of an intron deletion in the c-kit gene of canine mast cell tumors
Authors: Reguera María José , Ferrer Lluís , Rabanal Rosa M. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate molecular abnormalities in
the c-kit gene of canine mast cell tumors (MCT) with
different grades of cellular differentiation.

Sample Population—31 normal tissue specimens
from dogs and 45 canine MCT classified according to
grade of cell differentiation.

Procedure—Genomic DNA extractions were made
from canine MCT and normal tissues. Parts of exon
11, intron 11, and exon 12 of the c-kit gene were
amplified by use of polymerase chain reaction. These
regions were cloned, sequenced, and compared with
GenBank sequences of the National Center for
Biotechnology International. A statistical analysis was
used to compare sequences from canine MCT and
normal tissues.

Results—A significantly higher percentage of
homozygous intron 11 deletion was found in canine
MCT (49%) than in normal tissues (13%). This percentage
was also higher in moderately and poorly differentiated
MCT, compared with well-differentiated
MCT. Although no mutations were detected in any of
the specimens, a polymorphism at amino acid position
606 of the canine c-kit sequence was found in all
the studied sequences.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated
a relationship between intron 11 deletion and
MCT, and the grade of MCT differentiation. We suggest
that intron 11 deletion may be implicated in the
pathogenesis of MCT and could be used as a marker
for diagnosis and prognosis of canine MCT.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1257–1261)
F-wave latency and F-wave conduction velocity for the tibial nerve in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Okuno Seiichi , Kobayashi Takayuki , Orito Kensuke 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To establish a method of F-wave examinations
and to determine values of F-wave conduction
velocity (FWCV) and F-wave latency for the tibial
nerve of clinically normal dogs.

Animals—21 clinically normal dogs.

Procedure—The F-waves were elicited from the
interosseous muscles via stimulation of the tibial
nerve. The FWCV was determined by using the F-wave
shortest value and the surface distance corresponding
to the tibial nerve length. Correlation
between the smallest latency value of the F-wave and
the length of the tibial nerve and between the FWCV
and rectal temperature were closely examined.

Results—F-wave latency was proportional to the
length of the tibial nerve (correlation coefficient,
0.929). Mean ± SD FWCV was 77.98 ± 8.62 m/s.
Regression equation was as follows: F-wave latency =
2.799 + (0.029 X length of the tibial nerve). The FWCV
was increased when the measured rectal temperature
was high. Correlation coefficient between FWCV
and rectal temperature was 0.665.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—In the study
reported here, we established a reliable method for
clinical evaluation of the F-wave. When assessing
nerve conduction velocity, it is essential to measure
nerve length along the pathway that the nerve
impulse travels. This method of F-wave examination is
a useful diagnostic tool for the evaluation of suspected
dysfunction of the peripheral nervous system.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1262–1264)
Detection of Salmonella spp in fecal specimens by use of real-time polymerase chain reaction assay
Authors: Kurowski P. Brett , Traub-Dargatz Josie L. , Morley Paul S. , Gentry-Weeks Claudia R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To use real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technology to develop a highly sensitive and specific diagnostic assay for the detection ofSalmonellaspp in fecal specimens.Sample Population—299 fecal specimens from cattle, horses, and dogs.Procedure—Enrichment of fecal specimens was followed by genomic DNA extraction by use of commercially available isolation kits. Real-time PCR assay was performed to target aSalmonellaspp-specific DNA segment. Results of real-time PCR assay were compared with bacterial culture results to determine relative sensitivity and specificity.Results—Use of the spaQ primer-probe set resulted in a relative sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 98.2%, compared with bacterial culture results when tested on 299 clinical fecal specimens.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A rapid, sensitive, and specific assay for the detection ofSalmonellaspp from enriched clinical fecal specimens was developed. This technique would be highly valuable in clinical settings to help avoid or mitigate the complications arising from an outbreak of salmonellosis in a herd or among patients of a veterinary hospital. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1265–1268)
Immunohistochemical analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-1, -3, and -13 in naturally occurring cartilaginous tumors of dogs
Authors: Kuroki Keiichi , Kreeger John M. , Cook James L. , Tomlinson James L. , Johnson Gayle C. , Pace Lanny W. , Turnquist Susan E. , Turk James R. , Ramos Jose A. , Miller Margaret A. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine immunoreactivity of matrix
metalloproteinase (MMP)-1, -3, and -13 in cartilaginous
tumors of dogs, correlate expression of MMP
with histologic grade of tumors and clinical outcome
of dogs, and compare MMP immunoreactivity
between chondrosarcomas and chondromas.

Sample Population—Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded
tissues obtained from samples of naturally occurring
chondrosarcomas (n = 31) and chondromas (8) of
dogs that were submitted to our veterinary medical
diagnostic laboratory.

Procedure—Histologic sections from each sample
were stained with H&E and monoclonal antibody to
MMP-1, -3, and -13 by use of an avidin-peroxidase
immunohistochemical technique. For each section, histologic
grade (I, II, or III) and immunohistochemical
expression (0, 1, 2, or 3) were evaluated. Clinical outcome
was obtained from medical records or interviews
with referring veterinarians and scored as a good outcome,
moderate outcome, or poor outcome.
Correlations among variables and differences between
chondrosarcomas and chondromas were analyzed.

Results—Samples from chondrosarcomas had significantly
higher immunoreactivity of MMP-1 and -13,
compared with immunoreactivity in samples from
chondromas. In chondrosarcomas, a significant positive
correlation (r, 0.386) was found between MMP-1
and -13 immunoreactivities, and a significant negative
correlation (r, –0.390) was detected between MMP-3
and -13 immunoreactivities.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A significant
increase in expression of collagenases (MMP-1 and -
13) in chondrosarcomas, compared with expression in
chondromas, suggests that collagenases may play an
important role in tumor progression, and possibly
metastasis, in chondrosarcomas of dogs. (Am J Vet
Res 2002;63:1285–1291)
Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the SzP gene of Streptococcus zooepidemicus isolated from the respiratory tract of horses
Authors: Anzai Toru , Timoney John F. , Kuwamoto Yasushi , Wada Ryuichi , Oikawa Msaaki , Higuchi Tohru 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To develop polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) analysis for molecular typing of strains ofStreptococcus zooepidemicusand to use the new typing method to analyze a collection of isolates from the respiratory tract of Thoroughbreds.Sample Population—10 strains ofS zooepidemicus, 65 isolates from the respiratory tract of 9 yearlings following long distance transportation, and 89 isolates from tracheal aspirates of 20 foals with pneumonia.Procedure—Phenotypic variations in theSzPprotein were detected by western immunoblot analysis. Using PCR-RFLP analysis, genotypes were obtained with primer sets from theSzPgene, followed by restriction endonuclease digestion of the amplicons.Results—Unique genotypic patterns were obtained with a primer set designed from both ends of the structural gene and the restriction endonucleaseDdeI. Forty-five isolates from the lymphoid tissue within the pharyngeal recess (ie, pharyngeal tonsil) of yearlings included 10SzPgenotypes andSzPphenotypes. Isolates from the trachea of each yearling were of a single genotype that was also present among isolates from the pharyngeal tonsil of the same horses. Isolates from tracheal aspirates of foals belonged to 14 genotypes.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of theSzPgene by use of PCR-RFLP was effective for molecular typing of strains ofS zooepidemicusin the study of respiratory tract disease in horses. Results of PCR-RFLP analysis indicate that a single strain ofS zooepidemicuscan migrate from the pharyngeal tonsil to the trachea at a high rate in horses undergoing long distance transportation. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:1298–1301)
Plasma pharmacokinetics and tissue fluid concentrations of meropenem after intravenous and subcutaneous administration in dogs
Authors: Bidgood Tara , Papich Mark G. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To estimate pharmacokinetic variables
and measure tissue fluid concentrations of meropenem
after IV and SC administration in dogs.

Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were administered a single dose
of meropenem (20 mg/kg) IV and SC in a crossover
design. To characterize the distribution of meropenem
in dogs and to evaluate a unique tissue fluid collection
method, an in vivo ultrafiltration device was used to
collect interstitial fluid. Plasma, tissue fluid, and urine
samples were analyzed by use of high-performance
liquid chromatography. Protein binding was determined
by use of an ultrafiltration device.

Results—Plasma data were analyzed by compartmental
and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic
methods. Mean ± SD values for half-life, volume of
distribution, and clearance after IV administration for
plasma samples were 0.67 ± 0.07 hours, 0.372 ±
0.053 L/kg, and 6.53 ± 1.51 mL/min/kg, respectively,
and half-life for tissue fluid samples was 1.15 ± 0.57
hours. Half-life after SC administration was 0.98 ±
0.21 and 1.31 ± 0.54 hours for plasma and tissue fluid,
respectively. Protein binding was 11.87%, and
bioavailability after SC administration was 84%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Analysis of
our data revealed that tissue fluid and plasma
(unbound fraction) concentrations were similar.
Because of the kinetic similarity of meropenem in the
extravascular and vascular spaces, tissue fluid concentrations
can be predicted from plasma concentrations.
We concluded that a dosage of 8 mg/kg, SC,
every 12 hours would achieve adequate tissue fluid
and urine concentrations for susceptible bacteria with
a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.12 µg/mL.
(Am J Vet Res 2002;63:1622–1628)