bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The combined application of extrusion and enzymatic technology for extraction of soybean oil
Authors: Freitas Suely Pereira , Hartman Leopold , Couri Sonia , Jablonka Fany H. , de Carvalho Carlos W. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a new technological process for soybean oil extraction. The process deals with the combined effect of thermoplastic extrusion of beans and the subsequent action of hydrolytic and proteolytic enzymes in aqueous medium to recover the oil, thus, avoiding solvent application. The thermoplastic extrusion is fundamental for the process, because it facilitates the action of enzymes in oil containing cells, reduces the non‐hydratable phosphatides and promotes protein denaturation by reducing the emulsion stability and thus enhancing the oil extraction. The main parameters affecting the oil yield are: the temperature and diameter of the die in the extrusion process, the dilution, the concentration of enzymes and the incubation time of the enzymatic treatment. The highest yield was obtained under the following conditions: extrusion of beans at 90°C and exit die of 6 mm, enzymatic incubation time of 6 h, extruded soy/water dilution ratio 1:10 and concentration of enzyme 6%. With these conditions 88% of the oil were obtained after centrifugation. Moreover, the aqueous enzymatic extraction is easier than solvent extraction, and leads to high value products: a solvent‐free meal more suitable for human consumption, a protein hydrolysate that can be used as ingredient for liquid foods and an oil of better quality. The non‐hydrolyzed meal contains ca 25% of original soybean protein and the residual oil. The protein hydrolysate in the liquid phase contains ca 75% of the total protein in the original grain with a molecular weight below 20 kDa.
Technologie der Methylesterherstellung — Anwendung für die Biodieselproduktion
Authors: Gutsche Bernhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDie Technologie zur Herstellung von Pflanzenölmethylester als Dieselkraftstoffsubstitut bzw. Dieselkraftstoffbeimischung hat sich in den letzten zehn Jahren stark entwickelt. In einer Übersicht werden nach einer kurzen Einführung in die Grundlagen verschiedene Verfahrenskonzepte (Klein‐/Großanlagen) und Prozeßführungsstrategien abhängig von der verfügbaren Ölqualität vorgestellt. Anhand von in der Literatur vorliegenden Daten wird auch der Versuch einer Bewertung vorgenommen.
Is self‐efficacy a predictor of short‐term post‐surgical adjustment among Chinese women with breast cancer?
Authors: Lam Wendy Wing Tak , Fielding Richard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: High self‐efficacy (SE) is regarded as beneficial for cancer patients in facilitating adaptation and therefore desirable. However, this may not always be the case.Design: A longitudinal cohort study of women receiving breast cancer surgery. Path analysis examined impact of high and low baseline SE scores on outcome.Post hocanalysis stratified outcome expectations by SE.Methods: 405/529 eligible Chinese women aged 28–79 years receiving breast cancer surgery in six regional Hong Kong hospitals were interviewed within 1 week of surgery. After assessing SE, incongruence between expectancy and outcome of surgery (E‐OI), and psychological morbidity, 91% of women were followed for 1 month when psychological and social morbidity were assessed (follow‐up).Results: After adjustment for demographic and histopathological factors, psychological morbidity was predicted by E‐OI. Women with high E‐OI had more impairment of sexuality and self‐image. Women with high SE had better self‐image and relationships with friends, but tended to underestimate the negative consequences of surgery on appearance. This increased E‐OI and thereby psychological morbidity.Conclusions: High post‐surgical SE benefits early social adaptation, but also leads to under‐estimating the negative impacts of surgery, impairing psychological adjustment. High SE can thereby contribute indirectly and significantly to increased psychological morbidity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Persistence and frequency of application of an insecticide in relation to the rate of evolution of resistance
Authors: Mani Gopalakrishnan S. , Wood Roger J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an earlier paper, it was demonstrated that in order to delay the evolution of resistance, it is important to ensure that heterozygous carriers of resistance genes are killed so that the R gene is made effectively recessive. How this may be achieved is considered here, with (a) a persistent insecticide declining in effectiveness with time, and (b) a non‐persistent insecticide (or fumigant). The relationship between the time taken for the dosage to decline to one‐tenth (NGI) and the interval between insecticide applications (N12) was investigated. The optimal value of N12 was found to depend not only on the rate of decline but also on the shape of the degradation curve. Other important factors were (a) the dosage of insecticide applied (the initial effective dominance); (b) the initial frequency of the R gene; (c) the proportion of insects per generation that escaped exposure; and (d) whether selection occurred before or after mating. When considering non‐persistent insecticides, it was necessary to distinguish between the short‐lived deposit and the space spray, the latter being much less likely to lead to resistance.
Insecticidal isosteres of DDT‐pyrethroid structures
Authors: Holan George , Johnson Wynona M. P. , Rihs Kurt , Virgona Christopher T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSeveral new series of insecticidally active oxime O‐ethers are reported, and compared structurally and biologically with known oxime O‐ether insecticides. These compounds can exist in two geometric forms. Biological results demonstrate that the configuration of the active isomer and the effect of substituents around the C‐N double bond vary between series. A detailed structure‐activity examination is presented.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in England and Wales. Part II: Inorganic bromide ion in cucumber, tomato and self‐blanching celery grown in soil fumigated with bromomethane, and the ‘natural’ bromide ion content in a range of fresh fruit and vegetables
Authors: Roughan John A. , Roughan Patricia A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSurveys of inorganic bromide ion residues in tomatoes, cucumbers and selfblanching celery, commercially produced in England following soil sterilisation with bromomethane, have been carried out since 1979. The mean bromide ion level in 29 late‐season cucumber samples was approximately 28 mg kg−1 and ranged up to 109 mg kg−1. Analysis of 242 tomato samples gave estimated mean bromide ion levels per plant ranging from 6 to 187 mg kg−1 in fruit picked throughout the season from seven holdings, on six of which bromomethane had been used fairly recently prior to planting. A statistically significant fall in bromide levels over the growing season was shown on four of the sites. In 38 samples of self‐blanching celery, the mean bromide ion level was 104 mg kg−1 even though the mean interval between fumigation and planting was in excess of 1 year. Retail surveillance indicated that a large number of crops are likely to have bromide ion levels below 10mg kg−1.
Studies on the effect of deltamethrin sprays on the numbers of epigeal predatory arthropods occurring in arable fields
Authors: Basedow Thies , Rzehak Harald , Voß Klaus 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of spraying winter rape and winter wheat with deltamethrin on the numbers of epigeal Carabidae, Staphylinidae and Linyphiidae caught in pitfall traps was studied in Northern Germany in 1980 and 1981. Two experiments were performed with each crop, deltamethrin being sprayed at 7.5 g a.i. ha−1 in 300 litres of water in springtime on rape, and in midsummer on wheat. Sprayed plots were rectangles of 2 and 3 ha; unsprayed plots were squares of 0.5 ha each (two replicates). Ten pitfall traps were placed per replicate at least 3 weeks before spraying and were left for at least 3 weeks after spraying, the traps being emptied weekly. Beneficial Carabid species which have been shown already to have an economic significance, were rare during this study, but four other species (three of them were autumn breeders) were not affected by deltamethrin. At the spraying dates the autumn breeders were hidden in the soil as pupae. Three Staphylinid species, studied in only one experiment each, appeared to be strongly reduced in numbers by deltamethrin. The Linyphiid spiders were affected most heavily by deltamethrin sprayed in spring or in midsummer; the initial mortality of more than 92% lasted longer than 4 weeks, and an adverse effect was still significant in winter wheat 6 weeks after spraying. Overall, deltamethrin appears to have a broad spectrum effect concerning the epigeal predatory arthropods.
Breakdown rates of dimethoate in fruit and vegetable dips
Authors: Noble Alan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn order to determine the effect of pH and temperature on post‐harvest dip solutions of dimethoate (500 mg litre−1), the half‐lives and pseudo first‐order rate constants were calculated from measurements at pH 4, 6, 8, 10, 11.5, and at two temperatures 25 and 52°C. The half‐lives ranged from 206 days to 39.3 min at 25°C, and from 5.6 days to 205s at 52°C; the rate constants ranged from 3.9 × 10−8 s−1 to 2.9 × 10−4 s−1 at 25°C, and from 1.4 × 10−6 s−1 to 3.4 × 10−3 s−1 at 52°C. The results show that the water used in dips should have a pH≤7. The addition of benomyl to the dip solutions at two concentrations (0.5 and 1.0 g litre−1) had no effect on the half‐lives and rate constants. The use of hard and salted waters in dips also showed no major effect. A formula was developed that gives the half‐life of the dimethoate as a function of the pH and temperature.
The effect of sub‐lethal dosages of the synthetic pyrethroid fenvalerate on the reproductive rate of the aphid Myzus persicae
Authors: Jackson Amelia E. M. , Wilkins Richard M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of experiments in the laboratory and greenhouse, were designed to test the possible causes of the field resurgence of the aphid Myzus persicae. Stimulation of reproduction occurred at topical dosages of around the LD5 value. Residual film tests indicated a significant depression in fecundity when aphids were held on sub‐lethal deposits of fenvalerate, even at dosages below the LD5 value. Trends in the population build‐up experiments in the greenhouse suggested there may be some stimulation when aphids are confined to aged deposits of fenvalerate 7 days after treatment, but the slight increase was not significant.
Triazine herbicide resistance in Chenopodium album L.: Occurrence and characteristics of an intermediate biotype
Authors: Gasquez Jacques , Mouemar Anoir Al , Darmency Henri 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntermediate (I) biotypes for triazine herbicide resistance in Chenopodium album (as defined by a peculiar fluorescence curve), had the same ID50 values as resistant(R) plants for chloroplast response to atrazine, but proved to be more susceptible at lower doses. Furthermore, the lethal dose in seedling treatments was lower than that of the R plants, but six times higher than for susceptible (S) plants. These I characteristics of I biotypes were maternally inherited in crosses. I biotypes were isolated from various progenies of susceptible precursor (Sp) plants in two garden populations. This could be the first step in the occurrence of triazine herbicide resistance. However, Sp plants have not been observed in field populations. The significance of the presence of a single isozyme pattern for all Sp plants is discussed. The results suggest an evolutionary pathway from S to R plants via I biotypes.
Investigation of a permethrin‐induced antifeedant effect in Drosophila melanogaster: An ethological approach
Authors: Armstrong Karen F. , Bonner Adrian B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA permethrin‐induced antifeedant effect was demonstrated in Drosophila melanogaster topically treated with a dose of 1.25 ng per fly (LD50 and LD10 were 18.5 and 7.4 ng of permethrin per fly, respectively). The reduction in food consumption in treated flies was due to a decrease in the frequency of feeding and not to the duration of individual meals. These results suggested that the sublethal effect occurred before the process of ingestion. Furthermore, a time‐sampling study of individual flies, 30 min after treatment, revealed that the relative frequency of the components of general behaviour were altered. Specifically, locomotory behaviour and inactivity were significantly decreased in contrast to preening, which increased. Continuous observation for 30 min revealed that whilst the length of preening bouts was unaltered, their frequency of occurrence was significantly increased in permethrin‐treated flies. The length of bouts of locomotory activity was significantly reduced in treated individuals, but the frequency was increased. The length of rest periods was reduced in treated flies, but no influence of the insecticide could be detected on their bout frequency. Sequential analysis of the transition frequencies of the behavioural components suggested that an underlying disorganisation of general behaviour resulted from the insecticide treatment. Further analysis, of the behaviour of those flies that had fed, indicated that the probability of tasting leading to feeding was decreased by permethrin. The increase in preening behaviour was thought to cause the reduction in locomotor activity, that ultimately resulted in the reduction in feeding. This is discussed in relation to the physiological basis of pyrethroid action and a subsequent irritation response to low doses.
Influence of transport on gas loss from freight containers under fumigation. Part II: Descriptive model
Authors: Banks H. Jonathan , Sharp Alister K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mathematical model describing gas loss from freight containers is presented. The general model incorporates terms relating to the influence on gas loss of sorption, wind, transport velocity, terrain traversed, temperature variation and barometric pressure changes and provides a mathematical description of the variation of average gas concentration within a container. This expression can be integrated giving a function predicting the concentration–time product achievable under particular environmental conditions. For methyl bromide fumigation of containers loaded with grain in transit in the open, the model predicts, as found experimentally, that the variation of concentration with time is a function of distance travelled after allowance for losses from sorption. The general model is of a form that, with minor modification, can be applied to any enclosure to predict the time course of a fumigation for specified environmental conditions and load. Examples are given of its use to calculate the typical and extreme loss rates expected from particular phenomena, to evaluate how transport conditions and loss rates affect the effectiveness of methyl bromide fumigation in a freight container, and also the time required for the fumigant concentration to fall to a safe level.
Effects of residues of fenvalerate and permethrin on the feeding behaviour of Tetranychus urticae (Koch)
Authors: Iftner David C. , Hall Franklin R. , Sturm Melinda M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of synthetic pyrethroids on the feeding behaviour of the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae (Koch) were studied using a modified leaf disc technique. Four different concentrations of the pyrethroids fenvalerate and permethrin and of the organophosphorous insecticide phosmet were sprayed on to Henderson lima bean plants in the laboratory. A water spray was used as a control. Leaf discs were taken from each treatment, including the control, at 2h, 1, 2, 4, 7, 11 and 14 days after treatment. One mite was placed on each disc, allowed to acclimatise and then observed for 1 h. Experiments were conducted under laboratory light at 25 (±1.5)°C and 30 (±2)% r.h. Mites on untreated and phosmet‐treated discs spent an average 70–95% of the time feeding; mite behaviour appeared to be unaffected by phosmet. In contrast, mites often spent only 5–40% of the time feeding on discs treated with fenvalerate or with the higher rates of permethrin. In response to pyrethroid residues mites exhibited hyperactivity, longer search periods and reduced feeding, reduced oviposition and a preference for areas with lower residues. These changes in mite behaviour may partially explain mite outbreaks in the field on apple trees following treatment with pyrethroids.
Mechanism of hydantoin ring opening in iprodione in aqueous media
Authors: Belafdal Omar , Bergon Michel , Calmon Jean P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis kinetics of iprodione in alkaline solutions of pH 8.3 to 12 at 25°C have been determined by ultraviolet spectrophotometry. Under these conditions, iprodione leads quantitatively and irreversibly to N‐(3,5‐dichloroanilinocarbonyl)‐N‐(isopropylaminocarbonyl)glycine. The reaction is not subject to a general basic catalysis and the rate law takes the form Kobs = KOH‐ [OH−1]. The activation entropy of ‐77 J mol−1deg−1, the value of the kinetic solvent isotope effect kOH−/kOD− of 0.79 and the value of 0.60 for the Hammett parameter σ, obtained for the hydrolysis of a series of 3‐aryl‐N‐isopropyl‐2,4‐dioxoimidazolidine‐1‐carboxamides are all in agreement with the rate‐determining attack by the hydroxyl ion on the carbonyl in the 4‐position of the hydantoin ring of the fungicide.
Structure‐activity relationship studies of dibromo phenolic derivatives as photosynthetic electron chain inhibitors
Authors: Albores‐Velasco Martha , Lotina‐Henssen Blas , Zapien Arturo , Gonzalez Gilberto , Migueles Luis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA number of 2,6‐dibromophenols with different substituents in the 4‐position have been synthesised and their effect on the whole electron transport chain and on photosystem II have been determined. A study was made to relate the chemical characteristics of the 4‐substituent group and the inhibition of the uncoupled electron transport of isolated chloroplasts from spinach plants. The chemical nature of the 4‐substituent group varies greatly in the active compounds and it is therefore suggested that this group does not participate in the inhibitor‐receptor interaction. The results indicated that the inhibiting power of these compounds increased with the electron‐attracting capacity of the 4‐substituent group, decreased with increase in its size and that there was no correlation with its hydrophobic nature.
Some fluorine‐containing pheromone analogues
Authors: Briggs Geoffrey G. , Cayley George R. , Dawson Glenn W. , Griffiths David C. , Macaulay Ewen D. M. , Pickett John A. , Pile Mary M. , Wadhams Lester J. , Woodcock Christine M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo analogues of the aphid alarm pheromone (E)‐β‐farnesene, a trifluorofarnesene and a difluoro‐1‐norfarnesene, were found to be highly active and were more readily detectable than the parent compound. For (Z)‐hexadec‐11‐enal, a component of some lepidopteran sex attractant pheromones, replacement of the carbonyl oxygen with a difluoromethyl group to give a difluoroheptadecadiene resulted in loss of activity. A trifluoroacetoxyhexadecanolide was a more volatile analogue of the mosquito oviposition pheromone (−)‐(5R,6S)‐6‐acetoxy‐5‐hexadecanolide and was highly active.
Relative parasitic fitness of isolates of Pyricularia oryzae Cav. with different sensitivities to fungicides
Authors: Miyagi Yukio , Hirooka Takashi , Araki Fujio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative parasitic fitness of isolates of Pyricularia oryzae with different sensitivities to isoprothiolane (di‐isopropyl 1,3‐dithiolan‐2‐ylidenemalonate) and IBP (S‐benzyl O, O‐di‐isopropyl phosphorothioate) was studied in the absence of fungicides. Four field isolates (S‐1,S‐2,MR‐1 and MR‐2) and two in‐vitro mutants (Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2) were used for disease epidemics. S‐l and S‐2 were wild types; MR‐1 and MR‐2 were sensitive to isoprothiolane and moderately resistant to IBP, and Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2 were resistant to both fungicides. Twelve epidemics were made by inoculating rice seedlings with mixed conidial suspensions of two isolates or mutants. The value of relative parasitic fitness (W = 0‐1.0) was calculated for each isolate and epidemic. S‐l and S‐2 were stronger (W = 1.0) than MR‐2, Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2; but weaker (W = 0.75, 0.73, respectively) than MR‐1. MR‐1 was strongest among all isolates and mutants used. MR‐2 was slightly weaker (W = 0.9‐1.0) than S‐l and S‐2, but stronger than Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2. Rvt‐1 and Rvt‐2 had smaller values of W, ranging from 0.25‐0.58, in the epidemics with each field isolate. These results suggest that the proportions of in‐vitro mutants do not increase unless intensive selection pressure is given, and would be expected to decrease rapidly after the selection pressure is removed. Isolates moderately resistant to IBP, such as MR‐1 and MR‐2, however, had high values of W, suggesting that they would increase or would not decrease rapidly in the absence of selection pressure. These results may well explain why isolates highly resistant to isoprothiolane and IBP have seldom been found, and why a large number of isolates moderately resistant to IBP but sensitive to isoprothiolane have been observed in the field.
Inhibition of appressorial adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to barley leaves by fungicides
Authors: Inoue Satoru , Kato Toshiro , Jordan Victor W. L. , Brent Keith J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of rice blast fungicides known to inhibit melanisation or penetration on the adhesion of Pyricularia oryzae to the leaf surface of barley were investigated. Adhering appressoria were counted after shaking inoculated leaves vigorously with water. On untreated leaves, appressoria began to adhere at the time when appressorial melanisation was initiated. The number of adhering appressoria then increased gradually, and most were melanised. On chlobenthiazone‐treated leaves, appressoria were not melanised and were easily detached from the surface. Similar results were obtained with tricyclazole. However, after treatment with tetrachlorophthalide or pentachlorobenzyl alcohol, which are also known to prevent penetration of P. oryzae, melanised appressoria still remained after shaking in water.It is suggested that appressorial melanisation in P. oryzae is involved in appressorial adhesion. The antipenetrant action of the melanin biosynthesis inhibitors chlobenthiazone and tricyclazole may be ascribed to the lack of adhesive intensity necessary to support the mechanical shearing of the cuticle of rice plants.