bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Magnetic Cleaning of Rocks in Palaeomagnetic Research
Authors: As J. A. , Zijderveldt J. D. A. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
It has been observed that the remanent magnetism of rocks is often the resultant of two magnetizations: firstly a magnetization with low coercive force, mostly directed by the local present Earth's field; and secondly a magnetization with high coercive force which shows the direction of the field from the period of the rock formation.
It is shown that it is possible to remove the disturbing magnetization of low coercive force while saving a good deal of the fossil magnetization with the aid of partial demagnetization. This was carried out by a combination of alternating fields and heating.
Generally a demagnetization with alternating fields up to 300 oersted (effective) at a temperature of 150 °C appeared to be sufficient to clean the rocks.
An Investigation into the Calibration of Gravity meters
Authors: Gilbert R. L. G. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
Gravity observations made with gravity meters over large gravity ranges have shown the instruments to be less satisfactory than is desirable. Figures are given showing the errors which have been found using three gravity meters under various field procedures and some possible causes of error are discussed. The scale constants of the gravity meters are shown to change substantially with time, and a system is described which was built into one gravity meter in order to check the scale constant at any time. The results obtained from this device are tabulated and discussed; no satisfactory mechanism has been produced to explain the change in scale-constant, and the calibration device has some use, although not so much as had been hoped.
It is concluded that for the accurate measurement of large gravity differences careful operation of the gravity meters is essential, the calibration of the instrument being checked regularly; and that pendulum measurements may be preferable for the measurement of very large gravity differences.
An Array Experiment with Magnetic Variometers Near the Coasts of South-east Australia
Authors: Lilley F. E. M. , Bennett D. J. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
An array of magnetic variometers has been operated in the south-east corner of the Australian mainland, observing the coast effect simultaneously in two dimensions for the first time. The observations are presented as sets of variograms in the time domain and as contour maps of certain parameters in the frequency domain. Vertical field response functions are determined for each station, and the concept of fitting a surface over the area, using the response functions to define tangential planes, is introduced.
By choosing different polarizations of the horizontal fields, the effects of the two coast lines, which are approximately at right angles to one another, can be distinguished. A major result is that for the East Coast, the enhanced vertical variations are not accompanied by significantly enhanced horizontal variations. The distinctive coast effect of the Bass Strait is noted, especially concerning the amplitude of the variations in the horizontal fields. There is a suggestion of an anomalous region in western Victoria, which may correlate with the ‘Newer Volcanics’ rock structure of the area. A quantitative interpretation is planned for a subsequent paper.
Melting on Fault Planes During Large Earthquakes
Authors: McKenzie Dan , Brune James N. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
For simple models of the movement on a fault during an earthquake the temperature on the fault plane is shown to reach the melting temperature for short periods if the slip is sufficiently large. The displacement required to produce melting depends on the magnitude of the regional stress and also on the friction stress. If both stresses are one kilobar melting can occur for displacements as small as one millimetre. If, however, both stresses are ten bars melting is impossible for any observed displacement. It is estimated that the width of the melted zone could be between 2 mm and 1 cm.
Melting on fault planes during earthquakes is not in disagreement with geological and geophysical observations, and suggests a new explanation for some mylonites. Melting may be important because the molten film rock formed on the fault may act as a lubricant and in the case of large earthquakes allow the release of almost all the elastic strain in the region of the shock. This would provide an important constraint in estimating the state of stress along a fault.
The Influence of Eddy Viscosity on the Vertical Distribution of Velocity in the Tidal Estuary
Authors: McGregor R. C. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
The periodic equation of motion with a general quadratic form for the eddy viscosity is solved analytically. A logarithmic expression is deduced from this solution which is in better agreement with the accurate solution than previous estimates and allows friction length theory to be put on an analytic footing. With hindsight the approximate solution may be determined directly from the initial data by simple arithmetic.
A Comment on Certain Papers Involving Electromagnetic Induction in Uniformly-Conducting Hemispherical Shells
Authors: Hobbs B. A. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
It is shown that a series of papers by Rikitake and a paper by Rikitake & Yokoyama, concerning electromagnetic induction in a finitely conducting hemispherical shell, contain solutions that require correction. The solutions are compared to those obtained by Hobbs using an alternative method.
Comparing hard and soft prior bounds in geophysical inverse problems
Authors: Backus George E. 
Published: April 2007

Summary
In linear inversion of a finite-dimensional data vector y to estimate a finite-dimensional prediction vector z, prior information about the correct earth model x E is essential if y is to supply useful limits for z. The one exception occurs when all the prediction functionals are linear combinations of the data functionals.
We compare two forms of prior information: a ‘soft’ bound on x E is a probability distribution px on the model space X which describes the observer's opinion about where x E is likely to be in X; a ‘hard’ bound on x E is an inequality QX (x E , x E ) 1, where Qx is a positive definite quadratic form on X. A hard bound Qx can be ‘softened’ to many different probability distributions px , but all these px 's carry much new information about x E which is absent from Qx , and some information which contradicts Qx. For example, all the px 's give very accurate estimates of several other functions of x E besides Qx (x E , x E ). And all the px 's which preserve the rotational symmetry of Qx assign probability 1 to the event Qx (x E , x E ) =∞. Both stochastic inversion (SI) and Bayesian inference (BI) estimate z from y and a soft prior bound px. If that probability distribution was obtained by softening a hard prior bound Qx , rather than by objective statistical inference independent of y, then px contains so much unsupported new ‘information’ absent from Qx that conclusions about z obtained with SI or BI would seem to be suspect.
A pattern recognition approach to geophysical inversion using neural nets
Authors: Raiche Art 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThis paper is a philosophical exploration of adaptive pattern recognition paradigms for geophysical data inversion, aimed at overcoming many of the problems faced by current inversion methods. APR (adaptive pattern recognition) methods are based upon encoding exemplar patterns in such a way that their features can be used to classify subsequent test patterns. These paradigms are adaptive in that they learn from experience and are capable of inferring rules to deal with incomplete data. APR paradigms can also be highly effective in dealing with noise and other data distortions through the use of exemplars which characterize such distortions. Rather than merely seeking to reduce the point by point mismatch between data and model curves, effective APR paradigms would match patterns by establishing a feature vocabulary and inferring rules to weight the relative importance of these features in interpreting data. They have the advantage that prototype data sets can include analogue modelling data and field survey data rather than being restricted to models for which a numerical forward model can be calculated. The success of this approach to inversion will depend upon the effectiveness of replacing continuous parameter estimation with microclassification (discretized parameter estimation). Once the viability of APR schemes has been established for inverting data from individual geophysical methods, the task of joint interpretation of data from different geophysical survey methods could be accomplished in an optimum fashion by using hierarchical adaptive schemes.The application of APR to inversion is explored from the standpoint of neural net implementations. The foundations and properties of seven well-known neural net paradigms are examined in terms of several attributes necessary to build an effective inversion system. Different input space representation concepts for feature extraction and data compression are presented, including moment methods and a non-reversible, generalized Fourier transform method. Both parametric and non-parametric concepts for output space representation are explored as microclassification paradigms for quantitative estimation of Earth properties. The paper concludes that neural net paradigms have become sufficiently powerful to justify research programs aimed at implementing APR methods for geophysical inversion.
Mediastinal large‐cell lymphoma of B‐type, with sclerosis: Histopathological and immunohistochemical study of eight cases
Authors: MENESTRINA F. , CHILOSI M. , BONETTI F. , LESTANI M. , SCARPA A. , NOVELLI P. , DOGLIONI C. , TODESCHINI G. , AMBROSETTI A. , FIORE‐DONATI L. 
Published: April 2007

Eight cases of mediastinal non‐lymphoblastic large‐cell lymphoma have been studied by histopathological and immunohistochemical methods. A common clinical, morphological and immunophenotypic pattern was identified. Six of eight cases proved to be of B‐cell origin by the expression of B‐associated antigens detected by specific monoclonal antibodies. Cells of large size with nuclei of varying morphology and a peculiar type of fine compartmentalizing fibrosis were observed in all specimens. Clinically the disease was characterized by the young age of the patients, primary mediastinal involvement, aggressive behaviour and spread to unusual sites (kidneys in four cases).This seems to be a hitherto unrecognized entity in the field of non‐Hodgkin's lymphomas, often misdiagnosed because of location and a morphology uncommon for B‐cell malignancies. Immunohistochemical analysis on frozen tissue sections appears to be mandatory for a correct diagnosis. Nevertheless, this type of lymphoma could be suspected also on the basis of its peculiar clinicopathological characteristics.
Mucosal mast cells in reflux gastritis and chronic (type B) gastritis
Authors: MANGHAM D. C. , NEWBOLD K. M. 
Published: April 2007

The histological features that characterize alkaline reflux gastritis are typical of the histamine‐mediated response to tissue injury. We have investigated this in nine patients with symptomatic reflux gastritis following partial gastrectomy for duodenal ulcer by determining the gastric mucosal mast cell count before and after Roux‐en‐Y biliary diversion. Following diversion, the histological picture changed from that of reflux gastritis to type B chronic gastritis in all cases. The mean mucosal mast cell count in all patients was 47.57/mm2 before diversion and 123.33/mm2 after diversion (P > 0.05). Analysis of the paired data, in which eight out of nine patients showed a rise in mucosal mast cell numbers following bile diversion, also showed a significant difference before and after surgery (P < 0.01).The gastric mucosal mast cell count is significantly less in reflux gastritis than in type B chronic gastritis. This is most likely to be due to increased degranulation, which would explain why striking vascular changes occur in the absence of inflammatory cell infiltration in reflux gastritis.
Spindle cell haemangioendothelioma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical study indicative of a non‐neoplastic lesion
Authors: FLETCHER C.D.M. , BEHAM A. , SCHMID C. 
Published: April 2007

Spindle cell haemangioendothelioma is an uncommon vascular lesion, of which 35 cases have been previously reported. A further 20 cases are reported herein. These lesions affected a wide age range in both sexes, and showed a predilection for the extremities. Twelve patients had multiple lesions and, in these cases, local progression over many years but no true recurrence was typical. None of the 20 patients developed metastases. but one later developed an angiosarcoma. Individual cases were associated with congenital lymphoedema, Klippel‐Trenaunay syndrome and early‐onset varicose veins.Histologically, in addition to the admixture of cavernous spaces and solid spindle cell/epithelioid cell areas, the presence both of irregularly distributed and perivascular smooth muscle cells and of malformed variably‐sized vessels at the periphery of almost every lesion was noted in each case. Reticulin staining, immunohistochemistry and electronmicroscopy revealed the presence of primitive vessel formation and partial endothelial differentiation in the solid spindle cell areas. Combining these data with those from previously published series, it is suggested that spindle cell haemangioendothelioma is a non‐neoplastic lesion (rather than a borderline malignancy as it is currently regarded) and that its development correlates with histological and/or clinical evidence of a malformed vasculature at the affected site.
Light microscopic and ultrastructural distribution of type VI collagen in human liver: alterations in chronic biliary disease
Authors: GRIFFITHS M.R. , SHEPHERD M. , FERRIER R. , SCHUPPAN D. , JAMES O.F.W. , BURT A.D. 
Published: April 2007

We have investigated the distribution of type VI collagen in normal human liver obtained from cadaveric renal transplant donors, using a peroxidase‐antiperoxidase method for light microscopic visualization, and an immunogold labelling method for ultrastructural localization. The distribution was compared with that of the more abundant interstitial collagen type III, using antibodies to amino terminal procollagen type III.Staining for type VI collagen was identified in Glisson's capsule, in portal tract stroma and within the space of Disse. Perisinusoidal staining showed intra‐acinar heterogeneity with the intensity in acinar zones 2 and 3 being greater than in zone 1. Type III collagen was also found in the space of Disse although no significant intra‐acinar variation in staining intensity was noted. Immuno‐gold labelling for type VI collagen was demonstrated on amorphous or microfilamentous material lying between, and occasionally appearing to interconnect, cross‐striated collagen fibrils, whereas labelling for amino terminal procollagen type III was exclusively on fibrils. Intracellular staining for type VI collagen was noted in perisinusoidal (Ito) cells. These results confirm that type VI collagen is a ubiquitous constituent of the normal hepatic extracellular matrix and suggest that it may be synthesized by perisinusoidal (Ito) cells.The distribution of type VI collagen was also studied in biopsy material from patients with different histological stages of primary biliary cirrhosis. Intense staining was noted around proliferating bile ductules within developing fibrous septa and in established septa of cirrhotic liver. These observations indicate that this ‘minor’ matrix component may play an important role in hepatic fibrogenesis.
Immunohistochemical localization of basement membrane type VII collagen and laminin in neoplasms of the head and neck
Authors: WETZELS R.H.W. , VELDEN L‐A. VAN DER , SCHAAFSMA H.E. , MANNI J.J. , LEIGH I.M. , VOOIJS G.P. , RAMAEKERS F.C.S. 
Published: April 2007

The distribution pattern of the basement membrane components type VII collagen and laminin, was studied immunohistochemically in normal human head and neck tissues and in a series of benign and malignant tumours from the same site. Using monoclonal antibodies, a basement membrane containing type VII collagen and laminin could be demonstrated beneath the epithelial cell layer in 16 normal head and neck tissues from different localizations. Unlike type VII collagen, laminin was also abundantly present around blood vessels and muscle fibres.With respect to 42 squamous cell carcinomas studied, type VII collagen and laminin were present in basement membranes surrounding small and large tumour fields, independent of the tumour grade. Type VII collagen was demonstrated in the cytoplasm of tumour cells in 36% of the cases, while the antibody to laminin displayed a basement membrane staining pattern mainly. Both antibodies showed a staining gradient in more than half of the cases, with strong staining in the centre of the tumour and weakening of the staining towards the tumour periphery.In a series of 22 salivary gland tumours consisting of 19 pleomorphic adenomas and three adenoid cystic carcinomas, the distribution pattern of type VII collagen and laminin was very heterogeneous. Laminin was present in 17 and type VII collagen in 10 of 19 cases of pleomorphic adenoma, mostly scattered throughout the tumour fields. In the tumours positive for type VII collagen areas with little or no positivity were also found. A correlation between type VII collagen positivity and the presence of basal cell keratin 14 positivity was noticed in the majority of cases. The three adenoid cystic carcinomas studied displayed random positivity with the laminin antibody, whilst the antibody to type VII collagen showed little positivity in these cases.
Frequent expression of haemopoietic and non‐haemopoietic antigens by neoplastic plasma cells: an immunohistochemical study using formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue
Authors: PETRUCH U.R. , HORNY H.‐P. , KAISERLING E. 
Published: April 2007

There is increasing evidence that neoplastic plasma cells express various haemopoietic and non‐haemopoietic antigens. Since this issue could raise problems in diagnostic histopathology, we have investigated 51 cases of multiple myeloma (plasmacytoma) systematically with a broad panel of antibodies applicable on paraffin‐embedded and mildly decalcified tissue.In approximately 90% of the cases the neoplastic plasma cells reacted with at least one antibody detecting haemopoietic antigens: MB2 (75%), DF‐T1/CD 43 (59%), UCHL1/CD 45RO (47%), Ki‐B3 (41%), anti‐LCA/CD 45 (40%), L26/CD 20 (26%), 4KB5/CD 45RA (18%), Ber H2/CD 30 (10%), anti‐neutrophil elastase (4%), anti‐Leu‐7/CD 57 (8%), Dako‐M1/CD 15 (2%), KP1/CD 68 (2%) and anti‐glycoprotein IIIa (2%). In approximately 70% of the cases the cells reacted with antibodies against non‐haemopoietic antigens: anti‐epithelial membrane antigen (65%), BMA120 (53%), anti‐vimentin (44%), anti‐pan‐cytokeratin/KL1 (8%), anti‐carcino‐embryonic antigen (6%) and HMB45 (6%).Lack of awareness of the frequent expression of both haemopoietic and non‐haemopoietic antigens by neoplastic plasma cells could lead to mis‐diagnosis of plasmacytomas as malignant lymphomas or even as carcinomas or sarcomas.
AgNOR counts and histological grade in stage pTa bladder tumours: reproducibility and relation to recurrence pattern
Authors: HANSEN A.B. , BJERREGAARD B. , OVESEN H. , HORN T. 
Published: April 2007

Silver‐stained nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) were studied in 90 patients with a single, primary, non‐invasive papillary bladder tumour (stage pTa). All tumours were locally resected and patients were followed for 5 years (n= 68) or until the development of an invasive recurrence (n= 22).AgNOR counts showed wide overlaps between the different tumour grades. Furthermore, AgNOR counts were unable to predict the non‐invasive recurrence pattern (none, single, multiple). Almost equivalent invasive recurrence rates were found among the following AgNOR counts and Bergkvist grades: AgNOR ≤ 5 (0%) and grade I (5%); AgNOR > 5, but ≤ 8 (20%) and grade II (20%); and AgNOR > 8 (77%) and grade III (67%). Combining the two parameters showed that an AgNOR count > 8 resulted in a 75 and 80% invasive recurrence rate in grade III and II tumours respectively. The reproducibility for AgNOR counting was moderate (K= 0.52) and no better than Bergkvist grading (K= 0.50).
Lipoprotein glomerulopathy: A new aspect of lipid induced glomerular injury
Authors: SAITO Takao , SATO Hiroshi , OIKAWA Shinichi 
Published: April 2007

Summary: Lipoprotein glomerulopathy is a new type of glomerular disease which is thought to be induced by an abnormality of lipoprotein metabolism. Until the end of 1994, 21 cases had been reported from Japan. However, this disease is not restricted to Japan because two cases with similar features have been described in France and the United States recently. Clinically, the presenting feature in all patients is proteinuria, resulting in a nephrotic syndrome in the majority. Renal biopsy specimens reveal that capillary lumina in the glomerulus are markedly dilated with pale‐stained and mesh‐like substances which are composed of fine granules. Under electron microscopy, it is observed that a combination of granules forms strata as fingerprints. Sudan or oil red‐O staining and immunofluorescence study on snap‐frozen sections show lipid droplets and apolipoproteins (apos) B and E in the capillary lumina, respectively. Accordingly, the intracapillary substances are thought to be lipoprotein thrombi. Lipid and lipoprotein profiles show type III hyperlipoproteinaemia and high level of apo E in plasma. However, the apo E phenotype is usually the heterozygous E2/3 or E2/4, different from the homozygous E2/2 in familial type III hyperlipoproteinaemia. Systemic manifestations characteristic of the previously‐reported lipidoses are not observed.Occurrence in several families and recurrence in two transplanted kidneys suggest that the disease may be induced by the hereditary abnormalities of lipoprotein metabolism. On the other hand, it is likely that in situ mechanisms may mediate development of the disease in the glomerulus.
Biochemical characteristics of cyst fluid in undialysed patients with autosomal dominant poiycystic kidney disease
Authors: UEMASU Jiro , MUNEMURA Chishio , FUJIWARA Michihiro , KAWASAKI Hironaka 
Published: April 2007

Summary: The biochemical composition of cyst fluid was analysed in 148 cysts obtained from 10 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Serum creatinine levels ranged from 1.7 to 9.0 mg/dL. No patients were receiving renal replacement therapy. Aspirated cyst volume ranged from 4‐120 mL. There was no significant correlation between cyst volume and cyst sodium concentration ([Na]cyst). Cyst sodium concentration demonstrated a bimodal distribution pattern, with one peak from 10‐20 mEq/L and the other from 140‐150 mEq/L. the ratios of cyst fluid versus serum sodium concen tration ([Na]cyst/serum) were positively correlated with [C1]cyst/serum, while negatively correlated with [K]cyst/serum, [Ca]cyst/serum, [P]cyst/serum and [UA]cyst/serum. Based on the [Nalcyst/serum, the cysts were assigned to three types: proximal (0.8‐1.4), indeterminant (0.4–0.8) and distal (<0.4). the percentage of each type was 54.7, 19.6 and 25.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in [Na]cyst/serum between the right and left kidney in individual patients. the concentrations of amino acids were higher in the distal type than in the proximal type.These results indicate the divergent function of the cyst‐lining epithelia in polycystic kidneys.