bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glycoprotein Nonmetastatic Melanoma Protein B, a Potential Molecular Therapeutic Target in Patients with Glioblastoma Multiforme
Authors: Kuan Chien-Tsun , Wakiya Kenji , Dowell Jeannette M. , Herndon James E. , Reardon David A. , Graner Michael W. , Riggins Gregory J. , Wikstrand Carol J. , Bigner Darell D. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Purpose: More brain tumor markers are required for prognosis and targeted therapy. We have identified and validated promising molecular therapeutic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) targets: human transmembrane glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B (GPNMBwt) and a splice variant form (GPNMBsv, a 12-amino-acid in-frame insertion in the extracellular domain).
Experimental Design: We have done genetic and immunohistochemical evaluation of human GBM to determine incidence, distribution, and pattern of localization of GPNMB antigens in brain tumors as well as survival analyses.
Results: Quantitative real-time PCR on 50 newly diagnosed GBM patient tumor samples indicated that 35 of 50 GBMs (70%) were positive for GPNMBwt+sv transcripts and 15 of 50 GBMs (30%) were positive for GPNMBsv transcripts. Normal brain samples expressed little or no GPNMB mRNA. We have isolated and characterized an anti-GPNMB polyclonal rabbit antiserum (2640) and two IgG2b monoclonal antibodies (mAb; G11 and U2). The binding affinity constants of the mAbs ranged from 0.27 × 108 to 9.6 × 108 M−1 measured by surface plasmon resonance with immobilized GPNMB, or 1.7 to 2.1 × 108 M−1 by Scatchard analyses with cell-expressed GPNMB. Immunohistochemical analysis detected GPNMB in a membranous and cytoplasmic pattern in 52 of 79 GBMs (66%), with focal perivascular reactivity in ∼27%. Quantitative flow cytometric analysis revealed GPNMB cell surface molecular density of 1.1 × 104 to 7.8 × 104 molecules per cell, levels sufficient for mAb targeting. Increased GPNMB mRNA levels correlated with elevated GPNMB protein expression in GBM biopsy samples. Univariate and multivariate analyses correlated expression of GPNMB with survival of 39 GBM patients using RNA expression and immunohistochemical data, establishing that patients with relatively high mRNA GPNMB transcript levels (wt+sv and wt), &gt;3-fold over normal brain, as well as positive immunohistochemistry, have a significantly higher risk of death (hazard ratios, 3.0, 2.2, and 2.8, respectively).
Conclusions: Increased mRNA and protein levels in GBM patient biopsy samples correlated with higher survival risk; as a detectable surface membrane protein in glioma cells, the data indicate that GPNMB is a potentially useful tumor-associated antigen and prognostic predictor for therapeutic approaches with malignant gliomas or any malignant tumor that expresses GPNMB.
A Technique to Detect Microclimatic Inhomogeneities in Historical Records of Screen-Level Air Temperature
Authors: Runnalls K. E. , Oke T. R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA new method to detect errors or biases in screen-level air temperature records at standard climate stations is developed and applied. It differs from other methods by being able to detect microclimatic inhomogeneities in time series. Such effects, often quite subtle, are due to alterations in the immediate environment of the station such as changes of vegetation, development (buildings, paving), irrigation, cropping, and even in the maintenance of the site and its instruments. In essence, the technique recognizes two facts: differences of thermal microclimate are enhanced at night, and taking the ratio of the nocturnal cooling at a pair of neighboring stations nullifies thermal changes that occur at larger-than-microclimatic scales. Such ratios are shown to be relatively insensitive to weather conditions. After transforming the time series using Hurst rescaling, which identifies long-term persistence in geophysical phenomena, cooling ratio records show distinct discontinuities, which, when compared against detailed station metadata records, are found to correspond to even minor changes in the station environment. Effects detected by this method are shown to escape detection by current generally accepted techniques. The existence of these microclimatic effects are a source of uncertainty in long-term temperature records, which is in addition to those presently recognized such as local and mesoscale urban development, deforestation, and irrigation.
Simulations of Present and Future Climates in the Western United States with Four Nested Regional Climate Models
Authors: Duffy P. B. , Arritt R. W. , Coquard J. , Gutowski W. , Han J. , Iorio J. , Kim J. , Leung L.-R. , Roads J. , Zeledon E. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper, the authors analyze simulations of present and future climates in the western United States performed with four regional climate models (RCMs) nested within two global ocean–atmosphere climate models. The primary goal here is to assess the range of regional climate responses to increased greenhouse gases in available RCM simulations. The four RCMs used different geographical domains, different increased greenhouse gas scenarios for future-climate simulations, and (in some cases) different lateral boundary conditions. For simulations of the present climate, RCM results are compared to observations and to results of the GCM that provided lateral boundary conditions to the RCM. For future-climate (increased greenhouse gas) simulations, RCM results are compared to each other and to results of the driving GCMs. When results are spatially averaged over the western United States, it is found that the results of each RCM closely follow those of the driving GCM in the same region in both present and future climates. This is true even though the study area is in some cases a small fraction of the RCM domain. Precipitation responses predicted by the RCMs in many regions are not statistically significant compared to interannual variability. Where the predicted precipitation responses are statistically significant, they are positive. The models agree that near-surface temperatures will increase, but do not agree on the spatial pattern of this increase. The four RCMs produce very different estimates of water content of snow in the present climate, and of the change in this water content in response to increased greenhouse gases.
Interannual Variability of Indian Ocean Heat Transport
Authors: Chirokova Galina , Webster Peter J. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The work in this paper builds upon the relatively well-studied seasonal cycle of the Indian Ocean heat transport by investigating its interannual variability over a 41-yr period (1958–98). An intermediate, two-and-a-half-layer thermodynamically active ocean model with mixed layer physics is used in the investigation. The results of the study reveal that the Indian Ocean heat transport possesses strong variability at all time scales from intraseasonal (10–90 days) to interannual (more than one year). The seasonal cycle dominates the variability at all latitudes, the amplitude of the intraseasonal variability is similar to the seasonal cycle, and the amplitude of the interannual variability is about one-tenth of the seasonal cycle. Spectral analysis shows that a significant broadband biennial component in the interannual variability exists with considerable coherence in sign across the equator. While the mean annual heat transport shows a strong maximum between 10° and 20°S, interannual variability is relatively uniform over a broad latitudinal domain between 15°N and 10°S. The heat transport variability at all time scales is well explained by the Ekman heat transport, with especially good correlations at the intraseasonal time scales. The addition of the Indonesian Throughflow does not significantly affect the heat transport variability in the northern part of the ocean.
A Climatology of Northern Hemisphere Blocking
Authors: Barriopedro David , García-Herrera Ricardo , Lupo Anthony R. , Hernández Emiliano 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
In this paper a 55-yr (1948–2002) Northern Hemisphere blocking climatology is presented. Traditional blocking indices and methodologies are revised and a new blocking detection method is designed. This algorithm detects blocked flows and provides for a better characterization of blocking events with additional information on blocking parameters such as the location of the blocking center, the intensity, and extension. Additionally, a new tracking procedure has been incorporated following simultaneously the individual evolution of blocked flows and identifying coherently persistent blocked patterns.
Using this method, the longest known Northern Hemisphere blocking climatology is obtained and compared with previous studies. A new regional classification into four independent blocking sectors has been obtained based on the seasonally preferred regions of blocking formation: Atlantic (ATL), European (EUR), West Pacific (WPA), and East Pacific (EPA). Global and regional blocking characteristics have been described, examining their variability from the seasonal to interdecadal scales.
The global long-term blocking series in the North Hemisphere showed a significant trend toward weaker and less persistent events, as well as regional increases (decreases) in blocking frequency over the WPA (ATL and EUR) sector. The influence of teleconnection patterns (TCPs) on blocking parameters is also explored, being confined essentially to wintertime, except in the WPA sector. Additionally, regional blocking parameters, especially frequency and duration, are sensitive to regional TCPs, supporting the regional classification obtained in this paper. The ENSO-related blocking variability is evident in blocking intensities and preferred locations but not in frequency. Finally, the dynamical connection between blocking occurrence and regional TCPs is examined through the conceptual model proposed by Charney and DeVore. Observational evidence of a dynamical link between the asymmetrical temperature distributions induced by TCPs and blocking variability is provided with a distinctive contrast “warm ocean/cold land” pattern favoring the blocking occurrence in winter. However, the conceptual model is not coherent in the WPA sector, suggesting different blocking mechanisms operating in this sector.
Assimilation of Directional Wave Spectra in the Wave Model WAM: An Impact Study from Synthetic Observations in Preparation for the SWIMSAT Satellite Mission
Authors: Aouf Lotfi , Lefèvre Jean-Michel , Hauser Danièle 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Within the framework of the Surface Waves Investigation and Monitoring from Satellite mission (SWIMSAT) proposed to the European Space Agency, an assimilation scheme has been implemented in the Wave Model (WAM) in order to estimate the impact of spectral information on wave prediction. The scheme uses an optimal interpolation and the “spectral partitioning” principle. The synthetic wave spectra are located along a SWIMSAT orbit track and are assimilated in a 4-day-period simulation. Random errors are included to simulate the uncertainties of SWIMSAT instrumentation. The sensitivity of the scheme to background and observational errors and the correlation length is examined. The assimilation impact is investigated for two cases of moderate and large errors of the first guess.
The results show that the assimilation scheme works correctly and the rms errors of significant wave height, mean period, and direction are significantly reduced for both periods of analysis and forecast. The impact on significant wave height is noticeable during the period of analysis and stays efficient for 2-day forecasts. For a large error in the first guess, the impact increases and remains significant for 3-day forecasts.
Statistical analysis of mean wave parameters clearly shows that the use of spectral information yields a better estimate of wave frequency, direction, and low-frequency wave height in comparison with the results based upon assimilation of wave heights only. However, total significant wave height is less sensitive to the addition of spectral information in the assimilation scheme. The use of correlation length depending on the latitude of grid points leads to a better spread of incremental observations and, hence, to better skills in terms of the rms errors of mean wave parameters. The use of several wavelength cutoffs concerning the SWIMSAT synthetic wave spectra suggests that the “assimilation index” of mean wave parameters decreases with the increasing wavelength cutoff.
A structural model of 20S immunoproteasomes: effect of LMP2 codon 60 polymorphism on expression, activity, intracellular localisation and insight into the regulatory mechanisms
Authors: Mishto Michele , Santoro Aurelia , Bellavista Elena , Sessions Richard , Textoris-Taube Kathrin , Piaz Fabrizio Dal , Carrard Geraldine , Forti Katia , Salvioli Stefano , Friguet Bertrand , Kloetzel Peter M. , Rivett A. Jennifer , Franceschi Claudio 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe immunoproteasome subunit low molecular weight protein 2 (LMP2) codon 60 polymorphism has been associated with autoimmune diseases. It has also been demonstrated to influence susceptibility to TNF-α-induced apoptosis in blood cells and proteasome activity in aged human brain. In the present study, anin silicomodel of immunoproteasome was used to examine the effect of the R60H polymorphism in the LMP2 subunit. The investigation of immunoproteasome expression, activity and intracellular localisation in anin vitrocellular model, namely lymphoblastoid cell lines, showed no major variations in functionality and amount, while a significant difference in antibody affinity was apparent. These data were integrated with previous results obtained in different tissues and combined with a structural model of the LMP2 polymorphism. Accordingly, we identified three prospective mechanisms that could explain the biological data for the polymorphism, such as modulation of the binding affinity of a putative non-catalytic modifier site on the external surface of the immunoproteasome core, or the modification of any channel between α and β rings.
Monomeric and dimeric GDF-5 show equal type I receptor binding and oligomerization capability and have the same biological activity
Authors: Sieber Christina , Plöger Frank , Schwappacher Raphaela , Bechtold Rolf , Hanke Michael , Kawai Shinji , Muraki Yoshifumi , Katsuura Mieko , Kimura Michio , Rechtman Maya Mouler , Henis Yoav I. , Pohl Jens , Knaus Petra 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGrowth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF-5) is a homodimeric protein stabilized by a single disulfide bridge between cysteine 465 in the respective monomers, as well as by three intramolecular cysteine bridges within each subunit. A mature recombinant human GDF-5 variant with cysteine 465 replaced by alanine (rhGDF-5 C465A) was expressed inE. coli, purified to homogeneity, and chemically renatured. Biochemical analysis showed that this procedure eliminated the sole interchain disulfide bond. Surprisingly, the monomeric variant of rhGDF-5 is as potentin vitroas the dimeric form. This could be confirmed by alkaline phosphatase assays and Smad reporter gene activation. Furthermore, dimeric and monomeric rhGDF-5 show comparable binding to their specific type I receptor, BRIb. Studies on living cells showed that both the dimeric and monomeric rhGDF-5 induce homomeric BRIb and heteromeric BRIb/BRII oligomers. Our results suggest that rhGDF-5 C465A has the same biological activity as rhGDF-5 with respect to binding to, oligomerization of and signaling through the BMP receptor type Ib.
Messsystem zur nichtinvasiven Blutdruckerfassung. Störunterdrückung in biomedizinischen Signalen mittels Multi-Skalen-Analyse (Non-Invasive Measurement of the Blood Pressure. Noise Reduction in Biomedical Signals Using Multi-Resolution Analysis)
Authors: Wack Achim , Koch Alexander W. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Dieser Artikel befasst sich mit der nichtinvasiven Messung des peripheren Blutdruckes beim Menschen unter Belastung, beispielsweise auf einem Laufband. Dabei treten in der Regel so starke Artefakte auf, dass aufgrund eines sehr geringen SNR eine Messung mit herkömmlichen Geräten nicht möglich ist. Mittels einer speziellen Multi-Skalen-Analyse konnte das SNR signifikant verbessert werden.
Surface Properties
Authors: Koberstein Jeffrey T. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe properties of polymer surfaces, and in particular the surface tension, are critical to many applications of polymeric materials. Surface tension controls the stability of thin films and the ability for polymers to wet a substrate, and is also an important factor in the adhesion of polymers to various substrates. The fundamental origin of surface tension is reviewed herein with emphasis on how surface tension depends on molecular parameters such as molecular weight and chemical constitution of the polymer. Theoretical and empirical correlations for the prediction of surface tension are presented to provide some basis for the molecular design of polymer surface properties. Since many commercial polymers are multicomponent in nature, the effects of compositional heterogeneity on surface tension are discussed for functional polymers and polymer blends. Finally, methods for experimental determination of polymer surface tension are discussed.
Evoked Potentials, Adaptive Filtering of
Authors: Chan F.H.Y. , Qiu W. , Poon P.W.F. , Ting K.H. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractEvoked potentials (EPs) are time‐varying signals typically buried in relatively large background noise. Tracking variations in both the latency and the amplitude of EPs are important in quantifying properties of the nervous system. Adaptive filtering is a powerful tool for tracking such variations. In this article, EP signal estimation by adaptive filtering was introduced in the framework of an adaptive signal enhancer (ASE). Two inputs exist in ASE: the primary input, or the raw recorded data, that contains a signal plus noise, and the reference input that contains a signal related to, but not necessarily having the same waveform as the signal components in the primary input, and an additive noise, which is not correlated to the noise in the primary input. ASE requires a proper reference input signal for its optimal performance. Several effective reference input designs are introduced in this article. The results confirm the superior performance of ASE over the traditional ensemble average method.
Radiofrequency Energy, Biological Effects of
Authors: Foster Kenneth R. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThis chapter reviews the interaction of radiofrequency (RF) energy with tissue, including mechanisms of interaction, principles of exposure assessment, and known or reported biological effects. Major therapeutic effects and potential hazards of RF energy are described, together with the basis for major exposure limits. Major areas of controversy about biological effects of radiofrequency energy are reviewed. A supplemental reading guide includes links to expert panel reports on health effects of RF energy.
Bio‐Optical Signals
Authors: Akin Ata 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeuroimaging techniques aim to provide information regarding the physiological changes that take place during activation of the brain in cognitive tasks. One such system, recently established, is the functional near‐infrared spectroscopy that uses light sources in the range of 650–950 nm to probe the underlying brain regions. The main absorbers of light within this range is the oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO2) and deoxygenated hemoglobin (Hb). The signal obtained from the prefrontal cortex of humans during cognitive tasks show that the increase of ([HbO2]) concentration surpasses that of ([Hb]), which means that regional cerebral blood flow to the activated region has increased to compensate for the demand in oxygen and glucose utilization. This article aims to present the underlying physical and physiological principles giving rise to biooptical signals of the brain.
Platelet‐Rich Plasma in Bone Repair
Authors: Ranly Don M. , McMillan Jacquelyn , Krause Wade F. , Lohmann Christoph H. , Boyan Barbara D. , Schwartz Zvi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractActivation and degranulation of platelets releases cytokines that have effects on soft tissue and bone healing. Delivery of these growth factors to the site of wound healing may be achieved by preparation of a gel from platelet‐rich plasma, with or without the inclusion of the leukocyte fraction. This review describes the individual actions of the cytokines present in this gel, their effects on wound and bone healing, and the different methods of preparation of growth‐factor‐rich gels. Clinical results in the fields of bone and soft tissue healing, especially in the areas of maxillofacial and spinal surgery, are summarized.
Vascular and Capillary Endothelium
Authors: Brown Melissa , Wallace Charles S. , Truskey George A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe endothelium is a monolayer of cells that line the inner lumen of all blood vessels. Endothelial cells respond to both mechanical forces created by blood flow and stimulatory molecules within the blood by producing vasoactive molecules that control vessel tone, thrombosis, and leukocyte adhesion. The healthy endothelium creates a nonthrombogenic surface, but when stimulated by injury, endothelial cells can produce cytokine or chemokine activators of the coagulation cascade or an inflammatory response. Vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes, and sickle cell disease involve alterations of the function of the endothelium in which the cells promote vasoconstriction and a prothrombotic and proinflammatory state. While endothelial cells have the capacity to proliferate, endothelial progenitor cells derived from bone marrow and circulating in blood have the potential to regenerate injured regions of endothelium. These progenitor cells provide a new source of endothelium that may delay the onset of atherosclerosis and be used to generate new blood vessels.
Eye Movements
Authors: Enderle John 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA description of eye movements is presented in this chapter. In addition, models of the saccadic system and smooth pursuit system are also presented. Five different types of eye movements exist: saccades, smooth pursuit, vestibular ocular eye movements, optokinetic eye movements, and vergence eye movements. Saccades are a fast eye movement used to acquire a target by placing the image of the target on the fovea. Smooth pursuit is a slow eye movement used to track a target as it moves by keeping the target on the fovea. The vestibular ocular movement is used to keep the eyes on a target during brief head movements. The optokinetic eye movement is a combination of saccadic and slow eye movements that keeps a full‐field image stable on the retina during sustained head rotation. Each of these movements is a conjugate eye movement, that is, movements of both eyes together driven by a common neural source. A vergence movement is a nonconjugate eye movement allowing the eyes to track targets as they come closer or move farther away.The smooth pursuit system allows tracking of a slow‐moving target to maintain its position on the fovea. Models of the smooth pursuit have been developed using systems control theory, all involving a negative feedback control system that includes a time delay, controller, and plant in the forward loop with unity feedback. The oculomotor plant and saccade generator are the basic elements of the saccadic system. The oculomotor plant consists of three muscle pairs and the eyeball. The control of saccades is initiated by the superior colliculus (SC) and terminated by the cerebellar fastigial nucleus (FN), and involves a complex neural circuit in the mid brain. Both of these control models are for horizontal eye movements only.