bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cognitive models of stereotype change: (1). Generalization and subtyping in young people's views of the police
Authors: Hewstone Miles , Hopkins Nicholas , Routh David A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe report investigations of change in, and cognitive representation of young people's stereotypes of the police, in response to a police‐schools liaison programme. This programme provides a real‐life application of the ‘conversion’ model of stereotype change (in which stereotypes change radically in response to salient instances of disconfirming information). Study 1 revealed that school police officers were rated significantly more positively than the police in general, but that this view did not generalize to perceptions of the police in general. Stereotypes of the police became less positive over one year, although females were more positive than males, and school police officers were not judged typical of the category. Study 2 revealed that subjects categorized their school police officer separately from the police in general, and perceived him to share features with ‘caring and welfare’ professions, rather than other police officers and authority figures. Both studies converge on the limitations of the conversion model and tend to support the subtyping model (in which extremely disconfirming individuals are isolated from other group members).
Preferential treatment of women and psychological reactance theory: An experiment
Authors: Vrugt Anneke 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMale academic staff members received a Low‐ or High‐threat (freedom restricting) description of measures for the preferential treatment of women in job selection for academic staff functions. The High‐threat condition evoked more psychological reactance than the Low‐threat condition. Persons with high self‐esteem manifested a more negative attitude in the High‐threat than in the Low‐threat condition. Social position did not interact significantly with threat.
Athens' failed bid for the Olympic Games: The role of ego‐involvement and affect on the collective self‐esteem of Greek‐Canadians
Authors: Lay Clarry H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFor Canadian‐born Greek‐Canadians, the failure of Athens' bid for the 1996 Olympic Summer Games was presumed to evoke social comparison at a group level. Although this process may influence social identity (collective self‐esteem), the effect was expected to be qualified by the subject's degree of involvement or self‐engagement with the event. Pre‐event (prior to the announcement of the awarding of the Games to Atlanta, U.S.A.) and post‐event responses were obtained from 63 female and 44 male Canadian‐born Greek‐Canadian university students. In a series of hierarchical multiple regression analyses controlling for pre‐event collective self‐esteem, involvement and levels of post‐event positive emotions enhanced the prediction of post‐event collective self‐esteem on three subscales directly related to self. Low involvement subjects and those experiencing less post‐event positive emotion evidenced a decline in post‐event collective self‐esteem, whereas their high counterparts exhibited a relative stability in esteem scores. With a comparison group of 84 Canadian‐born Italian‐Canadian university students, for whom the outcome of the Olympic bid was irrelevant to their ethnic origin, involvement and affect were unrelated to post‐event collective self‐esteem. Results were interpreted as consistent with previous research linking group failure to increased group cohesion and involvement with stability in the attitude‐change literature.
Cognitive‐versus‐affective positivity asymmetries in thought systems
Authors: McGuire William J. , McGuire Claire V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPositive‐negative asymmetry in thought can involve both cognitive asymmetry, (thinking about characteristics that a stimulus has versus does not have), which we predict will be large and preponderantly a positivity bias, and affective asymmetry (thinking about desirable versus undesirable characteristics that the stimulus has or has not), predicted to be small and to fluctuate predictably in direction. The first four of the 10 studies reported here investigate asymmetries in thinking ability, measured by giving people directed‐thinking tasks specifically asking them to generate positive versus negative thoughts. We predicted and found no affective asymmetry and a moderate‐sized cognitive positivity bias that declines with practice. The second four of the 10 studies investigate asymmetries in proclivity (or preference beyond ability) that appear when people free associate on a variety of stimuli. As regards proclivity, we predicted and found a large, uniformly positive cognitive bias (that declines somewhat as children mature), but only a slight affective bias that is positive when autistic needs are dominant and negative when realistic needs dominate. A final pair of studies show that the cognitive and affective variables interact as regards how directed positive versus negative thinking about a stimulus affects evaluation of that stimulus.
Positive‐negative asymmetry of priming effects on impression formation
Authors: Ikegami Tomoko 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study investigates the effects of evaluative processing of hostile and friendly words on impression formation. Two experiments were conducted. Subjects were first asked to complete sentences using hostile (Experiment 1) or friendly (Experiment 2) words. Then they participated in an ostensibly unrelated impression task, where they rated a stimulus person on a series of trait scales based on a paragraph of behavioural descriptions that was ambiguous regarding hostility (Experiment 1) or friendliness (Experiment 2). It was found that the hostile sentence completion tasks increased the likelihood that subsequent behavioural information would be assimilated into the primed hostile constructs, whereas the friendly sentence completion tasks increased the likelihood that behavioural information would be contrasted to the primed friendly constructs. The underlying mechanism of the positive‐negative asymmetry of priming effects was discussed in terms of the socio‐cultural expectancy for normality of friendliness being evoked by priming manipulations. In addition, a supplementary experiment was conducted to assess the feeling states following the hostile or friendly priming tasks. It was found that the hostile priming elicited negative affects, whereas friendly priming had no effects on the feeling states of subjects. This asymmetric effect of priming on the feeling states was also considered as a result of the influences of the socio‐cultural expectancy.
On the asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroup and outgroup: A model of egocentric social categorization
Authors: Simon Bernd 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA model of egocentric social categorization (ESC‐model) is presented. It predicts an asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroups and outgroups which is traced back to an egocentrism in the cognitive differentiation of the social world. The more specific assumptions are: (1) At the most basic level of cognitive differentiation, the perceiver distinguishes between the categories ME and NOT‐ME. (2) This basic level categorization predicates an asymmetry in the cognitive construal of ingroup and out‐group as social categories: The ingroup is construed as a heterogeneous aggregate of separate entities and the outgroup as a homogeneous social category. (3) Egocentric social categorization thus facilitates self‐definition in terms of personal identity relative to self‐definition in terms of social identity.The ESC‐model is highly relevant to research on perceived ingroup and outgroup homogeneity. Moreover, it alerts researchers to the possibility of ‘quasi‐intergroup’ situations in which the outgroup, but not the ingroup, is a salient entity. This article also discusses the relationship between the ESC‐model and self‐categorization theory and points out some prospects for future research.
Effects of frictional forces acting on sidewalls of buried box culverts
Authors: Kang Junsuk , Parker Frazier , Kang Young J. , Yoo Chai H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of frictional forces acting on the sidewalls of buried box culverts are presented as determined with finite element method (FEM) and detailed soil modelling. The possibility of reducing earth pressure on deeply buried concrete box culverts by the imperfect trench installation (ITI) method has been contemplated during the last several decades. There have been limited research results published primarily regarding the qualitative aspect of load reduction in ITIs. It was found during the course of this study that significant frictional forces develop along the sidewalls of box culverts and adjacent sidefills in ITIs. Current American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials provisions do not consider these frictional forces, but they cannot be neglected in ITIs, as their effect is dominant. An optimum geometry for the soft zone in ITIs is presented to maximize earth load reductions. The soil–structure interaction at the box culvert–soil interface was found to have a significant effect on total earth pressure acting on the bottom slab. Predictor equations for earth load reduction rates were formulated for ITIs incorporating the optimum soft zone geometry based on the FEM. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Doubling the resolution of echo‐planar brain imaging by acquisition of two k‐space lines per gradient reversal using TRAIL
Authors: Priest Andrew N. , De Vita Enrico , Ordidge Roger J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSingle‐shot echo‐planar imaging (EPI) is an important method for MRI of the brain. A method has been developed to double the resolution of EPI in the phase‐encode direction, without requiring increases in the maximum gradient amplitude or slew rate. The new approach is based on an EPI implementation of the TRAIL (two reduced acquisitions interleaved) method, in which two images, acquired in rapid succession, are spatially interleaved. In addition, two lines of k‐space are acquired for each reversal of the readout gradient. Two full‐length readouts are needed, therefore power deposition is increased and the total acquisition time is doubled compared with conventional EPI. However, the individual readouts do not increase in length, so there is no increase in image blurring, and distortion is halved as a result of the closer temporal spacing of the acquired k‐space lines. A correction method is also presented to remove additional potential Nyquist ghosting. The new method is demonstrated in vivo at 4.7 T and could in principle be combined with existing approaches for increasing resolution, such as partial Fourier or parallel imaging. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Voter education and participation: Pennsylvania local referenda
Authors: Gamm Larry 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn a study of seven municipalities with local government study commissions, which voted on recommendations at a referendum, there is some evidence that in those with relatively better educated and well‐to‐do citizens, increasing numbers of voters over time were likely to pick up at least some very general information on the referenda issues and that they were more likely to vote on such items.
In vivo measurements of changes in pH triggered by oxalic acid in leaf tissue of transgenic oilseed rape
Authors: Zou Qiu‐Ju , Liu Sheng‐Yi , Dong Xu‐Yan , Bi Yan‐Hua , Cao Yuan‐Cheng , Xu Qiao , Zhao Yuan‐Di , Chen Hong 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOxalic acid (OA), a non‐host‐specific toxin secreted by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum during pathogenesis, has been demonstrated to be a major phytotoxic and pathogenic factor. Oxalate oxidase (OXO) is an enzyme associated with the detoxification of OA, and hence the introduction of an OXO gene into oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) to break down OA may be an alternative way of increasing the resistance of the plant to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. In order to investigate the activation of OXO in transgenic oilseed rape, a convenient and accessible method was used to monitor changes in pH in response to stress induced by OA. The pH sensor, a platinum microcylinder electrode modified using polyaniline film, exhibited a linear response within the pH range from 3 to 7, with a Nernst response slope of 70 mV/pH at room temperature. The linear correlation coefficient was 0.9979. Changes induced by OA in the pH values of leaf tissue of different oilseed rape species from Brassica napus L. were monitored in real time in vivo using this electrode. The results clearly showed that the transgenic oilseed rape was more resistant to OA than non‐transgenic oilseed rape. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of astragalosides in the roots of Astragalus spp. using liquid chromatography tandem atmospheric pressure chemical lonization mass spectrometry
Authors: Xu Qing , Ma Xiaoqiong , Liang Xinmiao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA high‐performance liquid chromatography tandem atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry method (HPLC‐APCI‐MS) has been developed for the characterization of astragalosides in the extracts of the roots of Astragalus spp. The [M − H]− ions of astragalosides could be clearly observed in selected ion monitoring mode and APCI‐MS‐MS was used to further identify the structures of the astragalosides. Twelve astragalosides in the extracts of Radix Astragali obtained from Shandong in China were separated and identified. Using this method, astragalosides could be clearly identified and the profiles of these astragalosides could also be used to distinguish Astragalus spp. from different habitat regions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Atrp synthesis of abc lipophilic–hydrophilic–fluorophilic triblock copolymers
Authors: Shunmugam Raja , Smith Cartney E. , Tew Gregory N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNew ABC triblock copolymers that contain lipophilic, hydrophilic, and fluorophilic blocks are reported. These new block copolymers were synthesized via sequential controlled/living atom transfer radical polymerization. The formation of block copolymers was confirmed by size exclusion chromatography, 1H, and 19F NMR. In direct comparison to the ABC copolymer, the corresponding ABA′ polymer did not produce a gel up to 45 wt % polymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2601–2608, 2007
ACE inhibitors: their properties and role in hypertension
Authors: Ooi Sze‐Yuan , Ball Stephen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractACE inhibitors are now the first‐line choice of treatment of hypertension in younger patients, and a second‐line choice in all patient groups. Our Drug Review considers their properties and the evidence for their use in hypertension, followed by further sources of information, an analysis of pre scription data and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Über die Stabilität der Lösungen Hillscher Differentialgleichungen mit drei unabhängigen Parametern. Erste Mitteilung: Über die Gleichung yn+(λ+γ1cosx+γ2cos2x)y=0
Authors: Klotter Karl , Kotowski Gertrud 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas Stabilitätsverhalten der Lösungen der genannten Differentialgleichung wird dadurch untersucht, daß der Stabilitätskörper im λ‐γ1‐γ2‐Raum bestimmt wird. Zur Darstellung dienen Schnitte γ2=const durch diesen Körper. Der Schnitt γ2=0 stellt die „Struttsche Karte”︁ für die Mathieusche Differentialgleichung dar.
Das Impulsverfahren zur näherungsweisen Berechnung der laminaren Reibungsschicht
Authors: Mangler Werner 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUm die Tragweite und die Grenzen des von Kármán [2] und Pohlhausen [3] zuerst verwendeten Impulssatzverfahrens abzuschätzen, wird ein verhältnismäßig allgemeiner (einparametriger) Ansatz für das Geschwindigkeitsprofil in der laminaren Reibungsschicht untersucht.
Die Verdunstungsgeschwindigkeit von Wolken. (Die numerische Integration eines Wärmeleitungsvorganges)
Authors: Oswatitsch Kl. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSieht man von allen Bewegungsvorgängen ab, so stellt das Verdunsten von Wolken ein Wärmeleitungs‐ und Diffusionsproblem dar, bei welchem die Tropfen als Wärmesenken und Wasserdampfquellen anzusehen sind. Nach Aufstellen des Grundgleichungssystems wird ein numerisches Lösungsverfahren angegeben und an einem Beispiel angewendet.
Zur Herleitung der Ähnlichkeitsbedingungen aus der Identität der Differentialgleichungen
Authors: Schiller Ludwig 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie übliche Herleitung der Ähnlichkeitsbedingungen aus den Differentialgleichungen gründet sich darauf, daß in ähnlichen Fällen die dimensionslosen Gleichungen identisch sein müssen. Im folgenden wird gezeigt, daß durch bestimmte Wahl der Dimensionslosen die Gleichungen stets identisch gemacht werden können, so daß sich dann die Ähnlichkeitsbedingungen auf die Identität der Grenzbedingungen beschränken.
Zur Behandlung nichtstationärer Verdichtungsstöße und Detonationswellen
Authors: Schultz‐Grunow F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird gezeigt, daß man die Veränderlichkeit eines Verdichtungsstoßes und auch einer Detonationswelle in einem Zustandsdiagramm, dessen Koordinaten die Gas‐ und die Schallgeschwindigkeit sind, besonders leicht verfolgen kann.
Prenatal diagnosis by amniocentesis and chorionic villus biopsy of mtDNA mutation 8993T>G
Authors: Pettman R. , Hurley T. , Addis J. , Robinson B. , Scott H. , Kronick J. B. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe mtDNA mutation 8993T>G is associated with neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) and Leigh syndrome. There are few reported cases of prenatal testing for mtDNA disorders. Specifically for 8993T>G, there are six cases in which prenatal diagnosis has been reported. We describe prenatal diagnosis in a 36‐year‐old G3P1 woman with 33% heteroplasmy in white blood cells. She had a previous child who died from Leigh disease (92% heteroplasmy). She underwent prenatal testing by both CVS and amniocentesis of the 8993T>G heteroplasmy levels. This is the first reported case in which both procedures were used. Heteroplasmy was similar in both tissues (58.6% CVS and 55% amniocentesis), in support of the theory that this testing is reliable and may be considered in prenatal cases where this mutation is known in the mother. To date, her child is 20 months old and developing normally. Heteroplasmy determination in the child was refused. Although the infant is developmentally normal, consistent with the observation that levels of heteroplasmy below 60% are compatible with a mild phenotype, this conclusion must be tempered by the limited period of observation and the fact that patients with the NARP phenotype often present later than 20 months of age.
Sources of mycosporine‐like amino acids in planktonic Chlorella‐bearing ciliates (Ciliophora)
Authors: SONNTAG BETTINA , SUMMERER MONIKA , SOMMARUGA RUBEN 
Published: May 2007

Summary1. Mycosporine‐like amino acids (MAAs) are a family of secondary metabolites known to protect organisms exposed to solar UV radiation. We tested their distribution among several planktonic ciliates bearing Chlorella isolated from an oligo‐mesotrophic lake in Tyrol, Austria. In order to test the origin of these compounds, the MAAs were assessed by high performance liquid chromatography in both the ciliates and their symbiotic algae.2. Considering all Chlorella‐bearing ciliates, we found: (i) seven different MAAs (mycosporine‐glycine, palythine, asterina‐330, shinorine, porphyra‐334, usujirene, palythene); (ii) one to several MAAs per species and (iii) qualitative and quantitative seasonal changes in the MAAs (e.g. in Pelagodileptus trachelioides). In all species tested, concentrations of MAAs were always <1% of ciliate dry weight.3. Several MAAs were also identified in the Chlorella isolated from the ciliates, thus providing initial evidence for their symbiotic origin. In Uroleptus sp., however, we found evidence for a dietary source of MAAs.4. Our results suggest that accumulation of MAAs in Chlorella‐bearing ciliates represents an additional benefit of this symbiosis and an adaptation for survival in sunlit, UV‐exposed waters.
Modelling elastic properties of impure chalk from South Arne Field, North Sea
Authors: Fabricius Ida L. , Høier Christian , Japsen Peter , Korsbech Uffe 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn impure chalk, the elastic moduli are not only controlled by porosity but also by contact‐cementation, resulting in relatively large moduli for a given porosity, and by admixtures of clay and fine silica, which results in relatively small moduli for a given porosity. Based on a concept of solids suspended in pore fluids as well as composing the rock frame, we model P‐wave and S‐wave moduli of dry and wet plug samples by an effective‐medium Hashin–Shtrikman model, using chemical, mineralogical and textural input. For a given porosity, the elastic moduli correspond to a part of the solid (the iso‐frame value) forming the frame of an Upper Hashin–Shtrikman bound, whereas the remaining solid is modelled as suspended in the pore fluid. The iso‐frame model is thus a measure of the pore‐stiffness or degree of cementation of the chalk.The textural and mineralogical data may be assessed from logging data on spectral gamma radiation, density, sonic velocity and water saturation in a hydrocarbon zone, whereas the iso‐frame value of a chalk may be assessed from the density and acoustic P‐wave logs alone. The iso‐frame concept may thus be directly used in conventional log‐analysis and is a way of incorporating sonic‐logging data.The Rigs‐1 and Rigs‐2 wells in the South Arne field penetrate the chalk at the same depth but differ in porosity and in water saturation although almost the entire chalk interval has irreducible water saturation. Our model, combined with petrographic data, indicates that the difference in porosity is caused by a higher degree of pore‐filling cementation in Rigs‐1. Petrographic data indicate that the difference in water saturation is caused by a higher content of smectite in the pores of Rigs‐1. In both wells, we find submicron‐size diagenetic quartz.
Gene transcription during exposure to, and recovery from, cold and desiccation stress inDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sinclair B. J. , Gibbs A. G. , Roberts S. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe exposed adult maleDrosophila melanogasterto cold, desiccation or starvation, and examined expression of several genes during exposure and recovery.Frostwas expressed during recovery from cold, and was up‐regulated during desiccation. Desiccation and starvation (but not cold) elicited increased expression of the senescence‐related genesmp‐30.Desat2decreased during recovery from desiccation, but not in response to starvation or cold.Hsp70expression increased after 1 h of recovery from cold exposure, but was unchanged in response to desiccation or starvation stress, andHsp23levels did not respond to any of the stressors. We conclude thatD. melanogaster's responses to cold and desiccation are quite different and that care must be taken to separate exposure and recovery when studying responses to environmental stress.