bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The History of Research into Conference Interpreting
Authors: Gile Daniel 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Quantitative analysis of the literature of conference interpreting research (CIR) highlights interesting features of its historical evolution. Paradigm shifts in the seventies and late eighties have intensified its overall production and are associated with the disappearance of some major production centers and the emergence of others. The total population of authors has increased over the years, but only a few dozen have shown long-term productive research activity, and much CIR is conducted independently of any academic institution. Institutional and economic factors seem to account for limitations in the development of CIR so far. Empirical studies represent only a small proportion of the total CIR production, but their proportion in M.A. and graduation theses is far higher. Limitations of quantitative analysis without a qualitative component are highlighted, and suggestions are made for further explorations along the way.
THE FAMILIAL DISTRIBUTION OF CONGENITAL TRITANOPIA
Authors: KALMUS H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryTritanopia was studied in forty‐seven affected individuals. Of these twenty‐two are propositi and twenty‐five relatives of propositi.The various tests used for the diagnosis of tritanopia are described and their efficiency is discussed.The familial incidence suggests that the bulk of congenital tritanopia is due to one or several autosomal dominant genes, with somewhat imperfect manifestation.On a single‐gene hypothesis, the incidence of the gene in England is estimated at about 1 in 20,000.
GENETICS OF DERMAL RIDGES: PARENT‐CHILD CORRELATIONS FOR TOTAL FINGER RIDGE‐COUNT
Authors: HOLT By SARAH B. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryParent‐child correlations have been estimated for total ridge‐count using new data from 100 families with 104 sons and 91 daughters.Parent‐child, mother‐child and father‐child correlations are not significantly different from 0·5. The interparental correlation is 0·02 ± 0·10.The new data have been combined with the earlier data from 49 families. The parent‐child correlation estimated from this total sample is 0·50, the mother‐child correlation 0·49 ± 0·04 and the father‐child 0·50 ± 0·04. Mother‐son, mother‐daughter, father‐son and father‐daughter correlations are not significantly different from 0·5.
FERTILITY AND BLOOD GROUPS OF SOME EAST ANGLIAN BLOOD DONORS
Authors: BENNETT By J. H. , WALKER C. B. V. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA fertility survey, carried out on several thousand East Anglian blood donors, gives no indication of real differences in human fertility associated with differences in the ABO blood‐group constitution. However, the reproductive differences between individuals are much greater than those which can be attributed to chance and the data lend no support to the view, recently propounded, that the lowering of childhood mortality in modern times has resulted in a uniform fertility and the elimination of a selective differential in reproduction.The data indicate (i) that childlessness is more frequent, though not quite significantly so, amongst married women of groups A and B than amongst those of groups O and AB, and (ii) that children of group O Rh‐positive fathers are significantly more likely to die under ten years of age than other children.Our thanks are due to the East Anglian Regional Hospital Board for tabulating and sorting the data on Hollerith machines.
THE PATTERN OF AMINO‐ACID EXCRETION IN CYSTINURIA
Authors: HARRIS H. , MITTWOCH URSULA , ROBSON ELIZABETH B. , WARREN F. L. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. Cystine, lysine and arginine determinations have been carried out on urines from twenty‐eight cystinuric patients and 121 of their relatives. Urines from 250 unselected individuals have also been examined. The cystine was determined polarographically and the lysine and arginine microbiologically. The urines have also been examined for amino‐acids by two‐dimensional paper chromatography and by paper ionophoresis at pH 11‐5.2. There is a high positive correlation between the cystine and lysine contents over the whole range which extends in the case of cystine from 20 up to 800 mg/g. of creatinine and of lysine from less than 25 up to 1800 mg./g. of creatinine.3. The arginine content of the urine remains at normal (< 25 mg./g. creatinine) or near normal values until the cystine content reaches about 250 mg./g. creatinine and the lysine reaches about 550 mg./g. creatinine. Above these values large increases in arginine excretion up to 1800 mg./g. creatinine may be observed.4. It is suggested that there is normally a renal tubular resorptive mechanism which at one stage is common to and specific for cystine, lysine, arginine and ornithine, and that this mechanism is defective in cystinuria. When the process fails completely or nearly completely the four amino‐acids appear in the urine in large amounts. When it is only partially deranged, arginine and possibly ornithine are resorbed preferentially to cystine and lysine.The authors would like to thank Miss Barbara Warland and Miss Robin Worthington for considerable assistance with the family case work, and Mrs Ruth Jacobs and Mr B. Cohen for much help in the chemical determinations.Miss E. B. Robson was in receipt of a research grant from the Medical Research Council.The polarograph used in this work was purchased with a grant from the Central Research Fund of the University of London.
GENETICAL LINKAGE BETWEEN THE ABO AND NAIL‐PATELLA LOCI
Authors: RENWICK J. H. , LAWLER SYLVIA D. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySix human families exhibiting the nail‐patella syndrome have been studied to test for linkage between the nail‐patella locus and the loci of the ABO, MNS, Rhesu3, P, Lewis, Kell, Lutheran and Duffy blood groups. Five of these families have contributed information, and a linkage between the ABO and nail‐patella loci has been demonstrated with a significance level of 1 in 6 × 108. The possibility of association between one ABO blood group and the nail‐patella syndrome has been excluded. The recombination value, if homogeneity is assumed, is 10‐4%± 3‐2 % by the maximum likelihood method, and the question of homogeneity has been discussed. No linkage has been demonstrated with the other blood‐group loci, nor is there any evidence of partial sex linkage.The full details of the families have been placed in the archives of the Galton Laboratory.
INBREEDING WITH THE HOMOZYGOTES AT A DISADVANTAGE
Authors: REEVE E. C. R. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe rate of progress towards homozygosity is calculated for various selection pressures against homozygosity at a given locus, when systematic inbreeding is carried out by selfing, sib mating, half‐sib mating in which a male is mated to two of his half‐sisters who are full sisters, and double first‐cousin mating, under the condition that selection is only allowed to act within lines, i.e. there is no tendency to replace more homozygous by less homozygous lines because of the greater fertility, etc., of the latter.The systems of inbreeding considered require respectively 1, 2, 3 and 4 parents per generation per line. If the homozygotes aa and bb both have survival value s, compared with 1 for ah, then for all finite a homozygosity is eventually achieved, but as a is reduced there is a greater relative slowing down of progress in the milder than in the more intense forms of inbreeding, e.g. when s is reduced from 1 to 0–2 the number of generations required to make a given amount of progress is multiplied by 3–8 for selfing, by 14 for sib mating, by 30 for half‐sib mating, and by 142 for double first‐cousin mating.The solution is also given for various survival values of aa when bb is lethal. Making bb lethal instead of equal in fitness to aa speeds up the rate of progress when the survival value of aa is greater than about 90% for sib mating, 40% for half‐sib mating and 20% for double first‐cousin mating.In the case of sib mating, when aa and bb have survival values s1 and s2, then it appears that for any fixed Sj the rate of progress has a minimum for a value of s2 less than s1. It is assumed that the same applies to half‐sib and double first‐cousin mating.Taken in conjunction with Hayman & Mather's analysis of the effects of inbreeding when selection against homozygosis occurs between lines as well as within lines, it appears that inbreeding to obtain homozygosity should be carried out so as to minimize selection between lines and also as intensely as possible. The latter conclusion may need qualifying if interaction between homozygous loci causes a large proportion of the possible homozygous genotypes to be in viable.
IRIS COLOUR IN PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: BERG J. M. , STERN J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe iris colours of twenty‐six phenylketonurias at the Fountain Hospital were compared with those of a matched group of fifty‐two non‐phenylketonurics from the same hospital, by means of the ‘Martin Augen‐Farben Tafel’.A similar comparison was made of twelve of these phenylketonurias, from eleven families, and twenty‐three of their unaffected sibs.Iris colour of the phenylketonurics was found to be significantly lighter than that of the controls and unaffected sibs, although exceptions were noted in individual cases.The observed dilution is tentatively attributed to inhibition of pigment formation by the abnormal metabolites formed in phenylketonuria.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE POSSIBLE GENETIC BASIS OF PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA
Authors: ARCHER By H. E. , DORMER A. E. , SCOWEN E. F. , WATTS R. W. E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryPrimary hyperoxaluria has a characteristic natural history and is delineated biochemically by a continuous high urinary oxalate excretion. No abnormally high level of urinary oxalate has been discovered among the sibs, parents, first cousins, uncles and aunts, and more distant relatives of three proven cases of the condition. Among the deceased relatives a history suggesting primary hyperoxaluria was obtained only in the case of one sib of one of the propositi. There was no history of consanguinity in any of the families. The bearing of the findings and of the scanty relevant data in the literature on the postulated hereditary basis of the condition is briefly discussed.We are indebted to Dr G. H. Newns for his help in tracing Family 3, and to Prof. M. L. Rosenheim and Dr R. E. Bonham‐Carter for their permission to study the family which was originally mentioned by Myers (1957). Dr H. Harris kindly read through our manuscript and made a number of valuable suggestions. We are also pleased to acknowledge the assistance of our Senior Technician, Mr. L. Rawlings.
INBREEDING WITH SELECTION AND LINKAGE II. SIB‐MATING
Authors: REEVE E. C. R. , GOWER J. C. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe generation matrix is derived for the effects of sib‐mating on two linked loci (a, b) and (A, B), when selection against homozygosity acts at the (A, B) locus so that only fractions x of A A and BB survive, but the (a, b) locus is not directly affected by selection. The matrix is of order 19 × 19. Using an electronic digital computer, the rates of inbreeding progress at the (a, b) locus have been calculated for various survival values x and recombination frequencies y, under the following types of selection:Case I–selection acts within lines only.Case II–selection acts equally within and between lines.The results quoted include, for various (x, y), the final rate of change in heterozygosity λ (Table 4), the relative speed of inbreeding after 10,20 and a large number of generations (Table 5), and the number of heterozygotes per 1000 remaining after 5, 10 and 20 generations (Table 6).Graphs illustrate the effect of changing x, when y is constant, on the relative speed of inbreeding after 20 generations (Fig. 1) and after a large number of generations when this speed has become constant (Fig. 2). At generation 20 the speed declines fairly steadily with x in case I, reaching a minimum with x between 0–1 and 0‐0, after which it rises slightly; but in case II the speed falls rapidly to a minimum with x about 0–6, and then rises slowly to the same value as in case I when x= 0.The final speed of inbreeding for constant y does not generally fall below 100 % in case I until x is well below unity, and then falls fairly rapidly to a minimum with x close to zero. The case II lines drop below 100 % with x a little below unity, fall very rapidly to a minimum at x= 0–7633, and then rise slowly to join the case I lines at x= 0. Thus, under case II selection, inbreeding progress at a linked locus is reduced most when the selection pressure is only of moderate strength.The 19 × 19 generation matrix contains 4 submatrices along the leading diagonal with zeros below each, so that their roots are the latent roots of the complete matrix. These matrices are A1 (both loci fixed), A2 (locus (a, b) fixed), A3 (locus (A, B) fixed) and A4 (neither locus fixed). It is shown that the final rate of change in heterozygosity (A) is the largest of the latent roots of A3 and A4 in case I, and is the ratio of the largest latent root of A3 and A4 to the largest latent root of A1 and A2 in case II, for any particular (x, y).
ON THE EFFECT OF MATERNAL AGE AND PARITY ON THE BIRTH WEIGHT OF THE OFFSPRING (INDIAN INFANTS)
Authors: NAMBOODIRI N. K. , BALAKRISHNAN V. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe influence of parity and age of mother on mean birth weight and standard deviation has been studied on the basis of an Indian sample of 12,640 babies (6448 males and 6192 females). The results presented here support in general the findings reported in previous studies regarding the influence of these two factors on the mean birth weight. A tendency for the S.D. of birth weight to increase with the mean has also been revealed.We gratefully acknowledge the permission given by the authorities of the two hospitals to utilize the information contained in the records of the respective hospitals. We also gladly express our thanks to all those who helped us in this work, in particular to Dr P. Kallianikutty Amma and Dr M. Thangavelu for the special interest shown by them in this study and to the Professor of Statistics, University of Kerala, for the facilities afforded to us for carrying out this work.
SOME COMMENTS ON SCHÜTZENBERGER'S ANALYSIS OF DATA ON THE HUMAN SEX RATIO
Authors: EDWARDS A. W. F. 
Published: September 2007

SummarySchützenberger (1949) has found that his data on the distribution of the sexes in families cannot be explained on a simple binomial hypothesis. In order to find the cause of the anomalies he considers the hypothesis thatp, the probability of a birth being male, varies between families, which is supported by Edwards (1958). However, he rejects this owing to a faulty calculation and resorts to the hypothesis that the sexes of successive children in a family are correlated. The present author analyses the data using the rejected hypothesis and finds that in reality all the anomalies that Schützenberger notes may be explained with its aid. The mechanism by which Schützenberger postulates that the correlation operates is shown to be unacceptable.The two theories are discussed in the light of some results of Turpin & Schützenberger (1948), which support Schützenberger's. It is argued that the acceptance of either theory in preference to the other would be premature.
SOME STATISTICAL DATA ON ATYPICAL CHOLINESTERASE OF HUMAN SERUM
Authors: KALOW W. , GUNN D. R. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe occurrence of atypical serum cholinesterase (pseudocholinesterase) was determined in a population which consisted of 2000 healthy persons and 2400 mental patients. The type of esterase was assessed by determining the Dibucaine Number (DN), i.e. the susceptibility of the esterase to inhibition.The distribution of DN in the population was consistent with the assumption of two autosomal allelic genes giving rise to two types of esterase. The frequency of the gene for atypical esterase in the healthy population was estimated to be 0.019 ± 0.002.The great majority of all investigated persons were of European extraction. There was no evidence for a different incidence of atypical esterase among Europeans, or between Europeans and North Americans, or between religious groups.The incidence of heterozygosity did not vary with age, sex, or body weight, although these three factors were correlated with esterase levels.There was no obvious relation between mental illness and incidence of atypical esterase but a connexion between some of the less common mental diagnoses and atypical esterase could not be excluded.
THE INCIDENCE OF ANENCEPHALY IN A POLYTYPIC POPULATION
Authors: SEARLE A. G. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. The incidence of anencephaly in Singapore was determined from hospital records for 1953–56 inclusive. Sixty‐eight cases were found in 88,069 births, or 0.77 per thousand.2. Analysis of data according to maternal community revealed great heterogeneity (Table 1), with frequencies ranging from 0.0 per thousand in the Hakka group of Chinese to 6.5 per thousand in Sikhs.3. 48.4 % of anencephalics were males. This unusually high proportion may be connected with the low frequency of primiparity in Singapore and high average birth weight of affected infants, compared with records from elsewhere. Neither maternal age nor parity had a significant effect on the incidence.4. The causes of anencephaly are discussed. It is suggested that properties of the local external environment (such as type of water supply) are of less importance than dietary and other customs peculiar to different communities, as well as genetical differences.5. Several reasons are given why anencephaly, and other congenital malformations of the central nervous system, should be regarded as quasi‐continuous variables, due to a threshold effect. A comparison with the ‘curly‐tail’ mutant in the mouse supports this view and also emphasizes the close causal connexion between anencephaly and spina bifida.I am very grateful to Prof. L. S. Penrose, F.R.S., for arousing my interest in this subject and for invaluable advice. I should like to thank Prof. B. H. Sheares, Head of the University of Malaya's Unit at Kandang Kerbau Hospital, and Dr A. Arulanandam, Medical Superintendent, for arranging that I should have access to hospital records. I am greatly indebted to my wife for considerable help in the task of searching through these records.
BIRTH WEIGHT IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS*
Authors: HSIA DAVID YI‐YUNG 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBirth weight in relation to gestation time, maternal age, parity, and survival have been studied in 123 children with cystic fibrosis and 144 unaffected sibs. These have been compared with the data of Karn & Penrose (1951) for normal infants.It was found that the affected children were significantly fighter than their unaffected sibs. This difference did not appear to be related to differences in maternal age, parity, and gestation.The mean birth weights of the affected children who have died are in general less than of the survivors. Similarly, the mean birth weight of those whose symptoms are primarily duodenal tends to be below average while that of those whose symptoms are primarily pulmonary tends to be above average. Among the unaffected sibs, the mean birth weight of those with sweat sodium levels of 50 m‐equiv./l. or higher was lower than for those with normal levels.The correlation coefficients for affected sib: affected sib was 0.63, for unaffected sib: unaffected sib was 0.53, and for affected sib: unaffected sib was 0–35.The present sample would offer further evidence of genetical factors affecting the growth of the foetus.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON THE GENETIC BASIS OF PRIMARY HYPEROXALURIA
Authors: SCOWEN E. F. , WATTS R. W. E. , HALL E. G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryFive previously unreported families in which cases of primary hyperoxaluria have occurred have been investigated to determine whether an hereditary pattern is apparent in this disease. The occurrence of the condition in sibs in the absence of any detectable abnormality in the parents has been proved in two of these families, and suggests a recessive mode of inheritance. In one family out of a total of eight which have now been reported from our laboratories the parents of the propositus are first cousins. The sex‐incidence of the disease appears to be approximately equal.
The intellectual resemblance between sibs
Authors: MAXWELL JAMES , PILLINER A. E. G. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe younger sibs of a random sample of 11‐year‐old Scottish children were tested individually as they reached the age of 11 years. The average intelligence of the younger sibs is found to be lower than that of the random sample, and explanations of this difference are discussed. It is shown, however, that if one ‘average’ sib is taken for each subject, then the mean score of these ‘sibs’ is not significantly different from that of their subjects.Some implications for the selection of samples of sibs are examined, together with the effect of incomplete families on the estimation of the relationship between intelligence test score and size of sibship. Different methods of ascertaining the correlation for i.q. among sibs are discussed, and the results presented. The correlation coefficient for I.Q. between sibs is found to be of the order of r =+ 0.5.
Ectrodactyly‐evidence in favour of a disturbed segregation in the offspring of affected males
Authors: STEVENSON A. C. , JENNINGS LESLIE M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryA pedigree of ectrodactyly, first published by Prof. Karl Pearson in 1908, is brought up‐to‐date. The excess of affected over unaffected offspring on a single dominant gene hypothesis has been maintained. This excess is apparently determined entirely by a marked preponderance of affected sons of affected fathers.It is shown by analysis of other large pedigrees of this condition that in sum this excess of affected over unaffected sons of affected fathers is highly significant technically.If this finding is not due to chance then the most likely explanation of the phenomenon appears to be germinal selection. Some implications of the acceptance of the validity of the data and of explaining them in this way are briefly discussed.
Familial incidence of fibrocystic disease of the pancreas
Authors: ROBERTS G. B. S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe family histories of seventy‐three cases of proved fatal fibrocystic disease of the pancreas have been obtained. The incidence of the disease in the sibships appears too high to agree satisfactorily with the quarter ratio hypothesis.I am grateful to Prof. S. Graham and Dr A. McDonald of the Royal Hospital for Sick Children, Glasgow, for encouragement to pursue the present investigation and for access to their case records. I am indebted to many other clinicians and pathologists in the west of Scotland who have made their cases available. Prof. L. S. Penrose has shown a kindly interest in this investigation and his constant encouragement is greatly appreciated by me.
Haptoglobin and transferrin inheritance in northern Nigerians
Authors: BARNICOT N. A. , GARLICK J. P. , ROBERTS D. F. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. The inheritance of haptoglobin and transferrin types has been analysed in twelve pedigrees from Habe people, collected in Katsina Province, northern Nigeria.2. The frequency of haptoglobin‐negatives, which is high in this population, was found to be essentially the same irrespective of mating type. It is suggested that the condition is largely due, in this population, to environmental influences.3. Some data are presented showing the segregation of the transferrin variant TfD1.4. The age and sex distribution of haptoglobin‐negatives has been examined. The condition appears to be commoner in females than in males. No definite difference in relation to age could be established; the similar frequencies in young children and adults suggests that haemolysis due to malaria is not an important causal factor.5. The haptoglobin and transferrin frequencies of the Habe and Fulani are compared.