bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Local Content Knowledge Management System as a Strategy for Achieving Sustainable Local Content Development in the Nigerian Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Emielu Emmanuel 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
The accepted industry definition of the concept of local content development in Nigeria refers to "the quantum of composite value added or created in the Nigerian economy through the utilization of indigenous human capabilities and material resources for the provision of goods and services to the petroleum industry, within acceptable quality, health, safety and environment standards" The operating factors here are the in-country ability to add value, and the international competitiveness of such added value.
By the nature of its challenges, virtually all human activities in the oil and gas industry emphasize knowledge work as it relates to solving problems, accomplishing given tasks, etc. Organizing, analyzing, creating, and synthesizing information and expertise have today become a core activity of knowledge workers. What with an ageing global workforce, exponentially exploding data volumes, extremely challenging work environment, and an unforgiving competitive landscape?
To address these challenges, oil and gas companies around the world are leveraging advances in the field of knowledge management to craft strategies for sustainable growth and competitiveness. Given that the local content players are faced with similar challenges – and perhaps more, given their weak technological financial, and managerial bases – it is argued that a Local Content Knowledge Management System presents a sustainable platform for the creation of a Nigerian value-added that is "within acceptable quality, health, safety and environment standards". In other words, the ability of the local content organizations to survive in the long run depends on their ability to deliver internationally recognizable superior performance which in turn will depend on their collective ability to gain access to, and harness the available institutional knowledge at each given point in time.
Knowledge Management (KM) as a discipline borrows extensively from other fields such as social psychology and information technology to provide frameworks for knowledge creation and sharing within social groups known as Communities of Practice (CoP). The paper explores emerging Knowledge Management perspectives and reviews a case study of the application of KM in a leading oil and gas service company's Logging and Perforating business unit. A model "Local Content Knowledge Management System" is presented and suggestions for implementation given.
Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Ultrahigh Temperature on the Mechanical Parameters of Cement
Authors: Stiles D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Long-term mechanical durability of a cement sheath exposed to stresses in a wellbore environment is critical to maintaining zonal isolation for the life of a well. The ability of a cement sheath to remain intact when exposed to changing wellbore stresses is highly dependent upon the parameters of Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and tensile strength of the cement and the surrounding rock. Wellbore stresses sufficient to cause failure of a cement sheath may result from changes in temperature, casing pressure, formation pressure, or near-wellbore tectonic stresses.
Wells subjected to Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) for heavy oil recovery undergo extreme temperature changes that impart substantial stresses on the cement sheath. During CSS, wellbore temperatures can fluctuate between 77°F and 645°F, potentially leading to cement sheath failure. Various Finite Element Analysis models exist that are useful in predicting the failure potential of a cement sheath. These models require input of cement mechanical parameters. Mechanical parameters of numerous cement formulations have been measured in recent years but none of those measurements was made after long-term exposure of the cement to the ultra-high temperatures encountered in CSS wells. Development of such data was required to model the risk of cement sheath failure in wells subjected to CSS.
This paper presents a test methodology for measuring the mechanical parameters of five cement formulations after exposure to a temperature of 645°F. Parameters of Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and tensile strength were measured. Evolution of these parameters over a two-year period is presented. The temperature conditions to which the cement was exposed was found to have a significant impact on the mechanical parameters. The Young's Modulus, Poisson's Ratio and tensile strength of systems exposed to 645°F varied significantly from systems exposed to an ambient temperature of 77°F. The mechanical parameters of each individual cement formulation were also markedly different. Specialized cement systems, such as foamed cement or blends containing flexible particles, did not necessarily have mechanical parameters that were better suited for use in CSS wells than some of the more conventional formulations.
Acoustic Telemetry Can Deliver More Real-Time Downhole Data in Underbalanced Drilling Operations
Authors: Gao L. , Finley D. , Gardner W. , Robbins C. , Linyaev E. , Moore J. , Memarzadeh M. , Johnson D. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUnderbalanced drilling (UBD) is known to be beneficial in hydrocarbon exploration and production: less formation damage, faster drilling, better control of lost circulation and stuck pipe situations, plus an enhanced ability to further develop depleted and marginal reservoirs and fields. However, UDB is inherently more complex than conventional drilling. Therefore it is essential that downhole tool and formation information be collected and delivered in real time to the driller during UBD. Achieving reasonable telemetry data rates for logging-while-drilling during UBD can be problematic with current telemetry techniques. Mud pulse telemetry may become ineffective when highly compressible UBD drilling fluid is used. Electromagnetic telemetry fails when the formation becomes too conductive. Acoustic telemetry, based on the propagation of stress waves through the drill string, is however particularly suited for operation in underbalanced drilling operations. It is relatively unaffected by the properties of the formation and operates even more efficiently in UBD with compressible low weight drilling fluids compared with conventional overbalanced drilling with heavy drilling fluids. This paper will discuss the drill string acoustic channel characteristics, with particular reference to signal attenuation and transmissibility. It will be shown that acoustic telemetry is potentially capable of transmitting 50 – 100 bits per second through the drill string channel while drilling. Finally, preliminary field test results will be presented as part of the goal of demonstrating the advantages of the acoustic telemetry over both mud pulse and EM telemetry.
A New Method of Producing Laterally Stable PDC Drill Bits
Authors: Johnson S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Bit Whirl is well documented as a major cause of damage to PDC drill bits, resulting in short runs, low ROP, high cost per foot, poor hole quality and downhole tool damage. Hence, consistent lateral stability is highly desirable in PDC bits.
The paper presents a new method of producing PDC drill bits that reduce or eliminate bit whirl. Traditionally, attempts to design laterally stable PDC bits have assumed that the forces generated by the bit during stable drilling cause it to begin whirling. The new approach assumes that it is the response of the bit to forced motion off its centre that causes whirl.
The new approach has been validated theoretically, in the lab and the field. Test results from a full-scale drilling rig indicate that this method is superior to existing methods at minimizing bit whirl.
This new method was successfully validated through an extensive field test program undertaken in Northwest USA, involving high-speed downhole measurements from both conventional 7 7/8″ diameter PDC drill bits and bits designed using this new method. These results demonstrated that the conventional PDC drill bits exhibited bit whirl throughout the run. The bits designed using the new method completely eliminated bit whirl.
The performance benefits of this new method were demonstrated in a 16″ section in the Middle East, where lateral vibrations are a significant problem. Prior to testing the new method PDC bit, bit optimization led to the use of high imbalance force designs to minimize lateral vibration. The first test of the new method laterally stable PDC bit set field records for ROP, footage and cost per foot compared to over 50 runs of these "Anti-Whirl"1 designs, resulting in savings of over $50,000 per run.
This paper demonstrates how the use of this new method can eliminate whirl in both laboratory and field environments, and deliver significant performance improvements over existing stability techniques.
This new method represents a major step forward in the design of PDC bits to mitigate bit whirl, and has been proven to reduce bit damage, increase run lengths, increase ROP and deliver sizeable savings for operators.
Intrinsic Safety Analysis—Driving Safety Performance to a New Level
Authors: Orlean R. , Patterson R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Safety performance in the drilling industry continues to pose a major challenge to both Contractors and Operators. Historical accident rates, while lower than they were a decade ago, remain at unacceptably high levels despite intense focus by all stakeholders, and the use of a wide range of safety systems.
A potentially novel approach to improving safety performance has been piloted by Shell Oil Company. This approach -Intrinsic Safety Analysis - uses a measurement system based on first-principles to examine the inherent safety of each operation on three parameters - the energy in the operation, the containment of that energy, and the exposure of personnel to the energy. The resulting Intrinsic Safety Exposure (ISE) gives a direct measure of the potential for an accident in each step of an operation, regardless of the novelty of the operation, or the historical experience with it.
Having this measure of the ISE enables several potent approaches that yield increasingly significant long-term improvements by: ■Allowing Contractors and Operators to identify which operations are intrinsically less safe and to put in place remedial measures for those with high exposure■Pointing the way for engineers to re-design operations and equipment such that they are intrinsically safer, using such powerful tools as Value Engineering to create designs with lower ISE■Integrating ISE thinking across the lifecycle of equipment and entire assets■Enabling a rigorous value-ranking of alternative investments to improve safety performance■Benchmarking and comparing ISE across assets and between competing operations■Establishing long term corporate goals for ISE
Moreover, analysis of ISE fits well with other value-improving activities and decision making tools commonly used in our industry. The long term benefits of this approach may be to drive the safety performance to new levels, while reducing costs and time.
This paper intends to expose the industry to this new approach and invite a maturing of the method as a potential new avenue for making a step change in safety performance
Experiences and Lessons Learned From Utilizing Automated Reliability-Centered Maintenance on Drill-Floor Equipment To Optimize Operation and Maintenance Planning
Authors: Holme A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Over the last several years, automated systems for continuous collection of operational and environmental data from drilling equipment have been utilized. The goal has been to optimize operations, reduce downtime and improve maintenance planning by employing condition analysis techniques. This paper seeks to describe the benefits and challenges in introducing such an on-line monitoring system.
Utilizing Permanent Magnet Motor Technology on Larger Drilling Equipment for Improved Safety and Better Control
Authors: Kverneland H. , Kyllingstad Å. , Austefjord A. , Moe M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Permanent magnet motor technology has been used for many years in small applications such as common hand held power tools. However, the technology has not been widely implemented on larger sized motors due to the relatively high cost of producing the permanent magnets. Over the past 4 years however this cost has been reduced and the benefits of PM motor technology is now economically feasible for larger drilling equipment such as utility winches, drawworks and top drives. Another important reason why the PM motor technology now is feasible in larger machines is the recent development of improved control systems for these motors.
When using PM-motors in winch applications, operational safety is improved due to the inherent failsafe electrical braking characteristics in PM-motor technology. Another benefit is that the power-to-weight/size ratio can be improved up to 30% compared with a standard induction motor. Permanent magnet motors additionally lend themselves to greater flexibility for high torque and low speed applications thus reducing the need for gear transmissions and in some cases eliminating the transmission all together. This simplifies the overall mechanical design and improves the ability to accurately control the machines.
This paper focuses on the opportunities to introduce larger drilling equipment with better performance characteristics related to increased capacities, improved control, enhanced safety, and reduced maintenance as a result of simplified mechanical design. The paper also discusses the challenges related to current regulations and standards that do not recognize with new and improved technology. Manufactures of drilling equipment should work closer together with the authorities and certification organizations to update standards and regulations so that this does not hinder introduction of new and better technology.
Expandable Technology Improves Reliability of Conventional Liner Hanger Systems
Authors: Walvekar S. , Jackson T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Liner hangers and liner-top packers traditionally have been used in liner completions. However, in the conventional systems that employ "cone and slip" technology, the failure rate of the liner top packers as well as the failure of system installation has been an ongoing problem. In conventional systems, mechanical equipment with multiple slips are run and set. The disadvantages of these systems include multiple leak paths, reduced radial clearance, and exposed hydraulic ports, all of which increase the potential for failure. When these failures occur, the cost of the well completion is significantly impacted, and well completion efficiency is decreased.
Reasons for unsuccessful liner installations can be attributed to a number of conditions, such as:
the liner cannot be run to depth the liner hanger/packer pre-sets the setting tool fails the liner top cement job is poor.
This paper will discuss an expandable liner system that was developed to address the shortcomings of the traditional systems. The new liner system combines expandable solid liner technology with proven cementing products and service capabilities.
The following discussion will include details concerning development of the design, operating procedures, and benefits of the expandable liner hanger as well as how the versatility and adaptability of the system improves its reliability. Several case histories will be discussed to verify the efficiency of the new system.
Integration of People, Process and Technology for Right-Time Production Management and Optimisation in Brunei Shell Petroleum
Authors: AlKhadhuri S. , Narasayamy D. , Said Sheik-Mohamed Sheik 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Intelligent wells and Smart Field concept have been introduced, and recently applied in some assets as a solution to increase production, reduce deferment and increase recovery. The value of Smart Field however can only be fully realized by integrating three main elements, Technology, Process and Resources. Combining subsurface smart well technologies, real-time data gathering, integrated modeling and control elements through appropriate resources and skills are core to close the smart field value loop and will result in better optimization, cost saving and enhancing ultimate recovery.
Brunei Shell Petroleum (BSP) is a regional lead E&P Company and one of the Shell Companies to apply Smart Field value loop concept. Smart well applications have been implemented for a long time before in BSP. In mid 2003 BSP have taken further steps beyond Smart Well applications, when smart field value loop concept has been initiated in its East Asset. Subsurface smart well technologies, surface control engineering and real-time application systems have been integrated to achieve higher production gains, cost saving and enhance ultimate recovery.
The smart field philosophy is not only about automation, it is about making available the three key ingredients that are needed to efficiently operate any machinery: reliable performance data, an integrated suite of tools to turn these data to information and operational advisories and a cadre of appropriate skilled professionals that use the information to make the right decisions.
The objectives of this paper are to share the experience on smart field applications and operations in BSP, demonstrate the value of integrating Smart Field elements, demonstrate the importance of team integration to achieve the value loop and share the challenges encountered, lessons learnt and recommendations.
Drilling High-Angle Casing Directionally Drilled Wells With Fit-for-Purpose String Sizes
Authors: Borland B. , Watts R. , Warren T. , Lesso B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper discusses the design and testing of 10 ¾-in. and 7 5/8-in. casing directional drilling equipment and procedures that ConocoPhillips plans to use on a mature North Sea asset. ConocoPhillips has worked with Tesco Corp. and Schlumberger in building the tools necessary to complete this task. These include: downhole casing drilling tools, under-reamers, positive displacement motors, MWD tools, rotary steerable systems (RSS), and high capacity winches for this work. Testing this equipment in commercial North Sea operations is prohibitively expensive. Therefore, tests were conducted at a drilling test facility near Cameron, Texas, where operations were conducted over a wide range of rotating speed, weight and flow conditions as well as inclinations from vertical to horizontal. High frequency surface and downhole drilling mechanics measurements were made that allowed for diagnosing problems and improving the systems.
EPINET in ONGC India: Transforming E&P Information Into Energy Intelligence
Authors: Mittal P. K. , Chatterjee D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Indian state-owned Oil and Natural Gas Corporation (ONGC) is nearing completion of a major data management initiative that began in 1999. This paper presents a case study of the Exploration & Production Information Network (EPINET) Project. Rather than communicating detailed facts and IT aspects, the paper will show how EPINET has dealt with the critical "people, process, and technology" aspects of project implementation. It also includes a discussion of maturity levels in data management and how EPINET is helping the company to evolve along the maturity path in its information management practice.
The objective of the EPINET project was setting up a live E&P information network across the length and breadth of India. It included setting up infrastructure (machines and software) in as many as 18 sites, empowering the sites with suitably trained people, and creating and implementing policies and procedures for managing a steady flow of information. It required standardization, change management and motivating people. It ongoingly deals with data aggregation, organizing disparate information, and providing easy and free access to information.
The project targets information sources (field offices known as assets, basins, forward bases, laboratories and interpretation centers) and utilizes the "own, populate, use" model to manage data quality. In short, the EPINET project brings a paradigm shift from personalized local databases in individual personal computers to a truly integrated countrywide corporate database. The ultimate goal is to improve the quality and speed of business decisions through more efficient team collaboration. This is enabled by the availability of reliable multidisciplinary (seismic, wireline, well completion, drilling, and production) technical data. The EPINET project is expected to create substantial value for the organization.
A Pilot Test of High-Concentration Polymer Flooding To Further Enhance Oil Recovery
Authors: Fulin Yang , Demin Wang , Wenxiang Wu , Junzheng Wu , Weijie Liu , Chunling Kan , Qinghai Chen 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The results of lab tests show that an incremental recovery over water flooding of more than 20% OOIP (original oil in place) can be obtained by early time injection of high molecular weight, high concentration polymer solutions, and the earlier the better. The incremental recovery is comparable to surfactant flooding but at a lower cost.
After the success of a pilot test injecting high concentration polymer fluids in Daqing Oil Field, a high concentration (concentration 1,500 ppm ~ 2,000 ppm, viscosity 400 mPa.S ~ 500 mPa.S) polymer flood pilot test has been started in May 2003. The purpose is to (1) study the feasibility of high concentration polymer flooding, (2) provide technical and practical experiences for expanding this technique to other areas of Daqing Oil Field. The pilot is located in the West Central area of Daqing Oil Field and consists of 9 injectors and 16 producers. Before high concentration polymer flooding, 0.247 pore volumes of low concentration (1,000 ppm, viscosity 44mPa.S~51 mPa.S) polymer solution had been injected and the water cut at the central area had reached its lowest point (65.5%). By the end of Dec. 2005, the water cut at the central area was 79.1%. After injecting high concentration polymer solution, the rate of the water cut increase slowed down and then the water cut decreased from a maximum of 79.6% to a minimum of 73.1% (a decrease of 7.5%) again. The current daily oil production is 29.5 tons. The daily oil production increased from a minimum of 29.8 tons to a maximum of 40.5 tons (an increase of 35.9%). The current recovery over that of water flooding is already 14.3% OOIP. According to numerical simulation, when the water cut reaches 98%, 19.8%~22.9% OOIP incremental recovery over that of water flooding will be attained.
Recently, 6 dispersed wells located in the West Central area of Daqing Oil Field started to inject a higher concentration of polymer fluid also. The 6 wells were first stimulated and then increased the concentration of the injected polymer solution from 1,000ppm to 1,300ppm. At present, good results have been obtained.
The above results illustrate that the injection of high concentration polymer fluids in the field is feasible and can further enhanced the oil recovery significantly. Very few fields have injected such high concentrations of polymer fluids; it should be of reference value to the design and implementation of future chemical (especially polymer) floods.