bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A cross‐cultural family history study of primary progressive dementia in relatives of nondemented elderly Chinese, Italians, Jews and Puerto Ricans
Authors: Silverman J. M. , Li G. , Schear S. , Wang Z. X. , Sotolongo C. , Somary K. , Mohs R. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractVery few studies have directly compared the risk for Alzheimer's disease in different ethnic groups. This may be due in part to the costs and methodological difficulties associated with conducting traditional epidemiological studies. The family history method, in which information is collected on the dementia status of relatives of normal elderly members of ethnic groups of interest, offers a less costly and more practical preliminary approach. In the present study, 6866 first‐degree relatives of 924 elderly, nondemented index subjects (305 Chinese, 212 Jewish, 215 Italian and 192 Puerto Rican, living in New York City) were assessed through family history interview for progressive primary and other dementias using previously published family history criteria. Both the Jewish and Italian groups had significantly increased cumulative risk for progressive primary dementia compared with both the Chinese and Puerto Rican groups. Although possible methodological biases cannot be discounted, these results appear to reflect differences between ethnic groups in the degree of risk for dementia.
Anthropology and psychiatric epidemiology
Authors: Murphy Jane M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPsychiatric epidemiologic research has been criticized by anthropologists for ignoring cultural variation in the definitions of psychiatric disorders. While recognizing the importance of this issue, it is suggested here that a considerable amount of ethnographic evidence indicates that many types of comparative effort can be carried out without cultural injustice. It is also urged that anthropologists provide a system for classifying cultures so as to foster an understanding of the ways in which shared beliefs and meanings can influence psychiatric illness. Categorizing populations as Western versus Non‐Western or Developed versus Developing is inadequate as a basis for studying the cultural context of psychiatric illness in different parts of the world.
Principal components and further possibilities with the PANSS
Authors: von Knorring L. , Lindström E. 
Published: August 2007

At the end of the last century, Hughlings‐Jackson suggested that positive and negative syndromes should be kept apart in psychotic disorders. When the concepts of dementia praecox and schizophrenia were introduced by Kraepelin and Bleuler, emphasis was laid on the negative symptoms, regarded as fundamental. After the introduction of the “first rank symptoms” by Schneider emphasis switched to the positive symptoms in schizophrenia and these symptoms were included in most diagnostic criteria. In the 1980s Andreasen and Crow suggested a dichotomy into positive and negative syndromes in schizophrenia. Kay and co‐workers introduced a Positive And Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) for schizophrenia. In the original studies satisfactory construct validity and inter‐rater reliability were demonstrated. However, in studies outside the USA a high construct validity was found for the negative scales but not for the positive and general psychopathology scales. Furthermore, the inter‐rater reliability of the negative scale was a problem. After introduction of the Structured Clinical Interview for the PANSS (SCI‐PANSS) the inter‐rater reliability increased for all three scales.In an early study Kay and Sevy found seven factors in a principal component analysis of the PANSS and suggested a four factor pyramidical model. Later principal component analyses by Lepine, Peralta et al. and Kawasaki et al. suggested that the four factor model was an oversimplification and Lindstrijm and von Knorring suggested a five factor pyramidical model. A similar model was later suggested by Bell et al. after a reanalysis of the original series of Kay and Sevy.In short‐ and long‐term studies of the new balanced serotonin SHT2 ‐dopamine D, antagonist, risperidone, it has been demonstrated that all five factors, the positive, the negative, the excited, the anxious/depressive and the cognitive, are sensitive to changes induced by means of psychopharmacological drugs. Thus the five factor model of schizophrenia seems to be an interesting tool when new, selective, psychopharmacological drugs are to be evaluated and when differences in clinical profiles are sought between different drugs.
New drugs for the treatment of schizophrenic patients
Authors: Fleischhacker W.W. 
Published: August 2007

Conventional neuroleptics are widely accepted as being effective against the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, but do not benefit all patients. Furthermore, they are relatively ineffective against negative symptoms and cognitive disorders, and most have unpleasant side effcct profiles. New strategies for treating schizophrenia include the development of dopamine antagonists with high selectivity for different subtypes of dopamine receptors, dopamine partial agonists, antagonists at different serotonin (5–hydroxytryptamine; 5–HT) receptor subtypes, drugs with mixed pharmacological profiles and drugs which modify transmission via amino acids or peptides in the brain.The prospect is that some of these strategies will lead to the introduction of new drugs and that some of these will become the standards against which future drugs will be compared. The search for new drugs and their use in clinical practice will also lead to developments in our knowledge and understanding of schizophrenia.
A prospective 1–5 year outcome study in first‐admitted and readmitted schizophrenic patients; relationship to heredity, premorbid adjustment, duration of disease and education level at index admission and neuroleptic treatment
Authors: Wieselgren I.‐M. , Lindström L. H. 
Published: August 2007

Wieselgren, I‐M, Lindström LH. A prospective 1–5 year outcome study in first‐admitted and readmitted schizophrenic patients; relationship to heredity, premorbid adjustment, duration of disease and education level at index admission and neuroleptic treatment. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 9–19. © Munksgaard 1996.In a prospective outcome study, 120 DSM‐III‐R schizophrenic patients were followed for up to 5 years after index admission, when a comprehensive clinical and demographical examination was undertaken with the aim to find early prognostic factors for outcome. They were 86 males (72%) and 34 females (28%), and 66 (55%) were first‐admitted and never before treated at index admission from a geographically defined area. Outcome was evaluated 1, 3 and 5 years after index admission by use of a Strauss‐Carpenter outcome scale. At year five, 101 patients could be evaluated. Seven (7%) patients had committed suicide during the 5 years' follow‐up period. 30% of the patients was considered to have a good, 14% a poor and 56% an intermediate outcome. It was found that 58% had not been in hospital during the last year, 27% were employed on the open market, 25% met friends regularly and 38%) had no or only mild symptoms at the five years' follow‐up evaluation. Females had a significantly better outcome than males. High education level and absence of premorbid deviant behaviour at index admission predicted a good outcome whereas problems in school (with friends and/or teachers) reported by relatives predicted poor outcome. No relationship was found between outcome and age at onset of the disorder and no gender difference in age at onset of the disorder. Patients with a family history of schizophrenia improved more between year one and five as compared with those without a family history, but heredity in itself was not an important factor for outcome. At 5 years after index admission, 40% of patients were on classical neuroleptics and 33% on clozapine whereas 19% were without medication. Of the total sample of 101 patients, 10% were drug‐free and had a very good outcome at the 5 years' evaluation. The data indicate that there is a substantial subgroup of schizophrenic patients with a good prognosis and they can be characterized by female sex (even in a group without gender difference in age at onset), absence of premorbid deviant behaviour and a high education level at index admission.
Parental divorce and depression in young adulthood: adolescents' closeness to parents and self‐esteem as mediating factor
Authors: Palosaari U. , Aro H. , Laippala P. 
Published: August 2007

Palosaari U, Aro H, Laippala P. Parental divorce and depression in young adulthood: adolescents' closeness to parents and self‐esteem as mediating factor. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 20–26. © Munksgaard 1996.The mediating factors between childhood experience of parental divorce and subsequent depression in young adulthood were assessed in a follow‐up study of one Finnish urban age cohort from the age of 16 to 22 (n = 1656). Depression was found to be more common among the offspring of divorced families. Low self‐esteem at age 16 was an indicator of vulnerability to depression in young adulthood irrespective of family background or gender. Among girls the long‐term impact of divorce was mediated via low self‐esteem and lack of closeness to father. When the relationship with the father was close, no excess risk of depression was found among girls from divorced families. Conversely, in boys no statistical connection between low self‐esteem or unsatisfactory relationship with parents and depression after parental divorce was found.
Confirmatory and disconfirmatory family communication as predictor of offspring socio‐emotional functioning. A 10 to 14 year follow‐up of children at risk
Authors: Wichstrøm L. , Anderson A. M. Chmielewski , Holte A. , Husby R. , Wynne L C. 
Published: August 2007

Wichstrøm L, Chmielewski Anderson AM, Holte A, Husby R, Wynne LC. Confirmatory and disconfirmatory family communication as predictor of offspring socio‐emotional functioning. A 10 to 14 year follow‐up of children at risk. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 49–56. © Munksgaard 1996.Forty‐nine families from the University of Rochester Child and Family Study were followed up 10 to 14 years after initial assessment. Two inclusion criteria were applied: at least one of the parents should have been hospitalized for a functional psychiatric disorder before initial assessment and the male index offspring should be 18 years or older at follow‐up. Family communication was observed by the Consensus Rorschach procedure and coded with the Confirmation‐Disconfirmation Coding System. Offspring childhood social competence was rated by peers, teachers and parents. Outcome measures included the Denver Community Mental Health Questionnaire, the Global Assessment Scale and hospitalization for a psychiatric disorder. Results showed that the family's level of confirmation and disconfirmation communication during Consensus Rorschach at initial testing predicted offspring interpersonal functioning and hospitalization for psychiatric disorders. These findings were not due to the initial social competence or IQ of the child, the level of functional impairment in parents or their social class
Effect of pharmacotherapy on serum cholesterol levels in patients with panic disorder
Authors: Shioiri T. , Fujii K. , Someya T. , Takahashi S. 
Published: August 2007

Shioiri T, Fuji K, Someya T, Takahashi S. Effect of pharmacotherapy on serum cholesterol levels in patients with panic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 164–167. © Munksgaard 1996.It is unclear whether elevated cholesterol level is a complication of panic disorder (PD) or is associated with pharmacotherapy. We compared the total cholesterol (TC) level in 47 PD patients with that in 47 gender‐ and age‐matched normal controls (NC), and we also examined the pre‐ and post‐treatment TC levels. There was no sex difference in TC. Before pharmacotherapy, the mean TC level in the PD group (194.9 ± 39.6 mg/dl) was non‐significantly higher than that in the NC group (190.5±26.7 mg/dl). The mean TC level in the PD group was significantly reduced following the pharmacotherapy (post‐TC: 184.7± 31.0 mg/dl; t= 2.44, P<0.02), and the subgroup treated with alprazolam (n = 26) showed markedly significant decrease of TC after the treatment (t= 2.36, P<0.03). The TC level in the PD subgroup with agoraphobia (n= 24, 198.9 ± 37.9 mg/dl) was slightly higher than that in the group without agoraphobia (n= 23, 190.8±41.6 mg/dl). These findings suggest that there is a relationship between cholesterol levels and treatment in PD.
Accuracies and inaccuracies of the family history method: a multivariate approach
Authors: Roy M.‐A. , Walsh D. , Kendler K. S. 
Published: August 2007

Roy M‐A, Walsh D, Kendler KS. Accuracies and inaccuracies of the family history method: a multivariate approach.Scand 1996: 93: 224–234. © Munksgaard 1996.This paper reports on 1459 first‐degree relatives of probands with schizophrenia or affective illness and matched community controls. We sought (i) to validate psychiatric diagnoses obtained by family history (FH) against those obtained by a best estimate (BE) procedure based on personal interview and (ii) to explore the factors influencing the accuracy of the FH report. We found relatively poor agreement between the FH and BE diagnoses, and the disagreements were influenced by numerous factors, including gender, psychiatric status of the informant or proband's diagnosis. When validated against a BE diagnosis, the overall accuracy of the FH method is relatively poor, and is furthermore subject to several biases. Therefore, substituting the FH method for BE diagnosis may be an important source of error in the investigation of familial/genetic factors in psychiatric disorders.Earlier versions of this paper were presented at the Canadian Psychiatric Association Meeting (1993), at the International Congress in Psychiatric Genetics, (1993), at the Behavior Genetics Association Meeting (1994) and the Congress of the International Genetic Epidemiology Society (1994). An earlier version of this paper received the 1993 R.O. Jones award for the best paper by a regular member of the Canadian Psychiatric Association.
Parasuicide in Pakistan: experience at a university hospital
Authors: Khan M. M. , Islam S. , Kundi A. K. 
Published: August 2007

Khan MM, Islam S, Kundi AK. Parasuicide in Pakistan: experience at a university hospital.Scand 1996: 93: 2644267. © Munksgaard 1996.There have been few reports of parasuicide from Pakistan, where the act is considered to be a criminal offence and the Islamic religion strongly disapproves of it. In order to address the problem, a retrospective case report analysis of all index cases of parasuicide presenting over a period of 3.5 years to a university hospital in Karachi, Pakistan, was undertaken. Our results showed that most of the subjects were young adults, with married women representing the single largest group. Self‐poisoning with medication was the most common method, and benzodiazepines the most frequently used drug. Interpersonal conflict with the opposite sex was the most common precipitating cause. In Pakistani culture, marriage appears to be a significant source of stress for women. Reports based on official police records do not reflect the true picture of the problem in Pakistan.
Psvchotheraw and bulimia nervosa: eviluation and long‐term follow‐up of two conflict‐orientated treatment conditions
Authors: Jäger B. , Liedtke R. , Künsebeck H.‐W. , Lempa W. , Kersting A. , Seide L. 
Published: August 2007

Jäger B, Liedtke R, Künsebeck H‐W, Lempa W, Kersting A, Seide L. Psychotherapy and bulimia nervosa: evaluation and long‐term follow‐up of two conflict‐orientated treatment conditions. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 268–278. © Munksgaard 1996.Analytic in‐patient therapy (n = 32) and systemic out‐patient therapy (n = 39) were applied to patients with bulimia nervosa, and the effects were evaluated 14, 26 and 38 months after the start of the treatments. Our assumptions about the general efficacy of both conflict‐orientated techniques were confirmed: both therapies satisfactorily reduced the symptomatic behaviour, as well as secondary factors related to bulimia nervosa, in the long term. However, we could not identify differential effects of the two treatment regimes, which we had expected with regard to the very different therapeutic approaches. The similarities of outcome of both therapies predominate, with slightly better results in the case of the analytic in‐patient treatment. The results are discussed with regard to the assumption that specific healing factors are involved in conflict‐orientated treatments in addition to the ‘common factors’ of psychotherapy.
Treatment of kleptomania with fluvoxamine
Authors: Chong S. A. , Iow B. L. 
Published: August 2007

Chong SA, Low BL. Treatment of kleptomania with fluvoxamine.Scand 1996: 93: 314–315. © Munksgaard 1996.We report a patient fulfilling DSM‐IV criteria for kleptomania who failed to respond to psychotherapy, behavioural therapy and pharmacotherapy with clomipramine, imipramine and lithium. He was successfully treated with the serotonergic agent fluvoxamine.
The Nordic comparative studv on sectorized psychcatry. Part IV. The influence of patient social characteristics on treated incidence
Authors: Vinding H. R. , Hansson L. , Zandrén T. , Göstas G. , Lindhardt A. , Saarento O. , Sandlund M. , Öiesvold T. 
Published: August 2007

Vinding HR, Hansson L, Zandrén T, Göstas G, Lindhardt A, Saarento O, Sandlund M, Öiesvold T. The Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry. Part IV. The influence of patient social characteristics on treated incidence.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 339–344. © Munksgaard 1996.As part of a Nordic comparative study on sectorized psychiatry, sociodemographic characteristics (gender, age and marital status) were studied in relation to treated incidence in eight diagnostic subgroups. One‐year incidence cohorts in seven sectorized psychiatric services were used. Women with a neurosis diagnosis had a significantly higher relative probability of contact with all services. Men with a dependence diagnosis had a significantly higher relative probability of contact with four of the seven services. Older people had a significantly higher relative risk for affective psychosis in six of the seven centres, and younger individuals had a significantly higher relative risk for personality disorders in six of the seven centres. Unmarried people showed a higher relative risk for functional psychosis and personality disorders in five of the seven services.
Perceived parental rearing behaviour in patients with a schizophrenic disorder and its relationship to aspects of the course of the illness
Authors: Skagerlind L. , Perris C. , Eisemann M. 
Published: August 2007

Skagerlind L, Perris C, Eisemann M. Perceived parental rearing behaviour in patients with a schizophrenic disorder and its relationship to aspects of the course of the illness.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 403–406. © Munksgaard 1996.A total of 57 patients of both sexes (27 women and 30 men) with a definite diagnosis of a schizophrenic disorder completed the EMBU, a Swedish instrument designed to assess the experience of parental behaviour, that has been extensively used in cross‐national studies. As in previous studies in different patient populations, three factors, ‘rejection’, ‘emotional warmth’ and ‘overprotection’, have been taken into account. The results obtained in the patient group were compared with those obtained in a control sample of healthy Swedish subjects. Schizophrenic patients rated both parents higher than controls on the factor ‘rejection’, and rated their mothers lower on the factor ‘emotional warmth’. No correlation was found between EMBU score and age at the first hospitalization, or number of rehospitalizations within 1 year after discharge at the index episode. The present results cross‐validate those obtained by other authors in other cultural settings, and suggest that negative experiences of parental rearing might be an important factor contributing to the development of ‘vulnerability’ in a person who will subsequently develop a schizophrenic disorder.
Existentialism, the Rule of Law and Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code
Authors: BONSIGNORE JOHN J. 
Published: August 2007

Books reviewed in this article:“¨¨ I have no fatuous notion that the judicial process can be made perfect. It is a human process, involving inherent human failings and weaknesses¨¨ (T)o better it requires a recognition of its unavoidably human, fallible character.” Jerome Frank.
AUTHOR'S RESPONSE
Authors: CROSS FRANK B. 
Published: August 2007

Books reviewed in this article:Book Reviewed in this article: Tracy Dobson, Book Review, ENVIRONMENTALLY INDUCED CANCER AND THE LAW: RISKS, REGULATION AND VICTIM COMPENSATION. Frank B. Cross, Quorum Books, 1989. Pp. 229, published in 29 AMERICAN BUSINESS LAW JOURNAL xxx (1991).
PSR B1828–11: a precession pulsar torqued by a quark planet?
Authors: Liu K. , Yue Y. L. , Xu R. X. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
The pulsar PSR B1828–11 has long-term, highly periodic and correlated variations in both pulse shape and the rate of slow-down. This phenomenon may provide evidence for the precession of the pulsar as suggested previously within the framework of free precession as well as forced. On a presumption of forced precession, we propose a quark planet model to this precession phenomenon instead, in which the pulsar is torqued by a quark planet. We construct this model by constraining the mass of the pulsar (Mpsr), the mass of the planet (Mpl) and the orbital radius of the planet (rpl). Five aspects are considered: the derived relation between Mpsr and rpl, the movement of the pulsar around the centre of mass, the ratio of Mpsr and Mpl, the gravitational wave radiation time-scale of the planetary system, and the death-line criterion. We also calculate the range of the precession period derivative and the gravitational wave strength (at earth) permitted by the model. Under reasonable parameters, the observed phenomenon can be understood by a pulsar (∼10−4–10−1M⊙) with a quark planet (∼10−8–10−3M⊙) orbiting it. According to the calculations presented, the pulsar would be a quark star because of its low mass, which might eject a lump of quark matter (to become an orbiting planet) during its birth.