bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical solution of the early stage of the unsteady viscous flow around a circular cylinder: a comparison with experimental visualization and measurements
Authors: Loc Ta Phuoc , Bouard R. 
Published: April 2006

Early stages of unsteady viscous flows around a circular cylinder at Reynolds numbers of 3 × 103 and 9.5 × 103 are analysed numerically by direct integration of the Navier–Stokes equations – a fourth-order finite-difference scheme is used for the resolution of the stream-function equation and a second-order one for the vorticity-transport equation. Evolution with time of the flow structure is studied in detail. Some new phenomena are revealed and confirmed by experiments.The influence of the grid systems and the downstream boundary conditions on the flow structure and the velocity profiles is reported. The computed results are compared qualitatively and quantitatively with experimental visualization and measurements. The comparison is found to be satisfactory.
Countercurrent convection in a double-diffusive boundary layer
Authors: Nilson R. H. 
Published: April 2006

Countercurrent flow may be induced by opposing buoyancy forces associated with compositional gradients and thermal gradients within a fluid. The occurrence and structure of such flows is investigated by solving the double-diffusive boundary-layer equations for steady laminar convection along a vertical wall of finite height. Non-similar solutions are derived using the method of matched asymptotic expansions, under the restriction that the Lewis and Prandtl numbers are both large. Two sets of asymptotic solutions are constructed, assuming dominance of one or the other of the buoyancy forces. The two sets overlap in the central region of the parameter space; each set matches up with neighbouring unidirectional similarity solutions at the respective borderlines of incipient counterflow.Interaction between the buoyancy mechanisms is controlled by their relative strength R and their relative diffusivity Le. Flow in the outer thermal boundary layer deviates from single-diffusive thermal convection, depending upon the magnitude of the parameter RLe. Flow in the inner compositional boundary layer deviates from single-diffusive compositional convection, depending upon the magnitude of $RLe^{\frac{1}{3}}$.
A meta‐analysis of trials comparing Cypher and Taxus stents in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease
Authors: Sidhu S. , Shafiq N. , Malhotra S. , Pandhi P. , Grover A. 
Published: April 2006

AimsDrug‐eluting stents have been shown to be superior to bare metal stents in reducing restenosis rates. Recently head‐to‐head trials comparing sirolimus‐eluting stents and paclitaxel‐eluting stents have been reported. An early combined analysis of these comparative trials is needed. The present meta‐analysis was carried out to compare the effects of sirolimus‐eluting stents with paclitaxel‐eluting stents on the restenosis rate, major adverse cardiac events and late loss of arterial lumen diameter in patients with obstructive coronary artery disease.MethodsElectronic (Medline, Cochrane and Embase) and manual search (Index Medicus and cross references of retrieved articles) were carried out for all the relevant articles up till March 2005. Only randomized trials with adequate data for calculation of odds ratio for restenosis rates and major adverse cardiac events using the method of DerSimonian & Laird and standardized mean difference for late loss of arterial lumen diameter were included.ResultsFour studies were found to be eligible for inclusion in the meta‐analysis. Restenosis rate and late loss of arterial lumen diameter were significantly reduced by sirolimus‐eluting stents as compared with paclitaxel‐eluting stents (OR 0.598, 95% CI 0.400, 0.893, pooled mean difference −0.414, 95% CI −0.492, 0.336, respectively). The incidence of major adverse cardiac events was less with sirolimus‐eluting stents as compared with paclitaxel‐eluting stents (OR 0.727, 95% CI 0.518–1.018) but the results were not statistically significant.ConclusionsSirolimus‐eluting stents are superior to paclitaxel‐eluting stents in decreasing restenosis rate and late loss of arterial lumen diameter. However, no statistically significant difference in major adverse cardiac events was noted between the two stents.
Insights into von Willebrand factor proteolysis: clinical implications
Authors: Bowen D. J. , Collins P. W. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe proteolysis of von Willebrand factor (VWF) by the recently discovered metalloprotease ADAMTS13 (a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeats), is a normal processing step in VWF biochemistry. Emerging data indicate that this step may be influenced by a variety of factors, some of which favour increased proteolysis and some of which compromise proteolysis. The former may predispose to bleeding, whilst the latter appears to be the underlying mechanism for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP). The new insights support the concept of ‘risk’ in bleeding, particularly in the case of type 1 von Willebrand disease (VWD), in much the same way that risk is considered in venous thrombosis. This review presents relevant current knowledge of VWF proteolysis by ADAMTS13, and a novel model of how this may be implicated in type 1 VWD is proposed, based on events at the vessel wall at a time of haemostatic challenge.
A mathematical method for estimating patterns of flower‐to‐flower gene dispersal from a simple field experiment
Authors: CRESSWELL J. E. , HOYLE M. 
Published: April 2006

Summary

Pollination is a principal means of gene dispersal in animal‐pollinated plants. Theoretically, gene dispersal can be predicted from pollinator movements and their associated patterns of flower‐to‐flower gene dispersal, or paternity shadow, but quantifying the paternity shadow under field conditions is problematic.
We developed a mathematical method to quantify the paternity shadow from a simple field experiment by initially stating the problem in matrix algebra, then using a least‐squares regression to find the paternity shadow that best explained the observed spatial distribution of gene dispersal, given the observed pollinator movements.
We applied the method to data on the dispersion of a marker gene along rows of oilseed rape (Brassica napus) pollinated by bumble bees (Bombus spp.) and thereby produced the first field‐based paternity shadow. When coupled with observed movements of bumble bees, this paternity shadow explained virtually all (r2 = 90%) of the dispersion of the marker gene.
Close similarity between our result and a paternity shadow obtained for B. napus in a separate laboratory experiment suggests that the paternity shadow is a fundamental attribute of the Bombus–B. napus interaction.
Supercooling point frequency distributions in Collembola are affected by moulting
Authors: WORLAND M. R. , LEINAAS H. P. , CHOWN S. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany arthropods depress the freezing point of their body fluids (supercool) to avoid freezing at subzero temperatures. This is normally a seasonal response and is achieved by the production of specific biomolecules including cryoprotectants, a cessation in feeding, and the removal or masking of ice‐nucleating material from their bodies.In springtails, the mid‐gut is shed during moulting which results in the complete evacuation of the gut and a concomitant reduction in the supercooling point (SCP). We determined whether this non‐adaptive explanation could account for the variability observed in the SCP of summer‐acclimatized springtails.Moult preparation resulted in a highly significant reduction in the SCP. Feeding after moulting restored the SCP to previous high levels.Significant differences in SCP between springtails sampled from vegetation and the soil surface, on different days, and at different sites on the same day were also documented, demonstrating that not all variation in SCP is environmentally induced.Investigations of the responses of the SCP to environmental variation in springtails and other arthropods should take into account the effects of moulting before solely adaptive conclusions are drawn.
Cost of prolonged diapause and its relationship to body size in a seed predator
Authors: MATSUO Y. 
Published: April 2006

Summary

Although metabolic resource losses are maintained at low rates during diapause, the accumulation of losses over a long period negatively affects organisms with prolonged diapause usually extending beyond 1 year. The seed‐predatory weevil Exechesops leucopis (Jordan) (Coleoptera: Anthribidae) enters winter diapause at the final‐instar larval stage within seeds of Styrax japonica Sieb. et Zucc. (Styracaceae) at a density of one larva per seed. After diapause, larvae pupate within the seeds and then emerge as adults.
The adult emergence pattern of a single cohort of E. leucopis was monitored for 5 years under seminatural conditions in the laboratory. The duration of diapause varied from 1 year (single winter) to 4 years (four winters). Adults that emerged after 1 year were smaller than those that emerged after 2 years or more. When temperature was not decreased experimentally in winter, no adults emerged in the following season.
Metabolic resource losses during diapause were examined by comparing adult body sizes between controls and groups in which emergence was delayed by 1 year under manipulated winter temperature regimes. Adults that emerged after an additional year in the larval stage were smaller than those in the control group. Moreover, the rates of reduction in body size as a consequence of diapause being extended experimentally were greater in smaller individuals. Thus smaller individuals have disadvantages in longer diapause, suggesting that weevils may vary the duration of diapause depending on individual body size.
Exechesops leucopis shows sexual dimorphism in the degree of eye protrusion. Eyestalk length affects male fitness through intrasexual selection. The duration of diapause affected the length of the eyestalks: when an additional year was spent in diapause, eyestalk length was nearly maintained in larger males but was greatly decreased in smaller males. In all females eyestalk length decreased according to the duration of diapause.
Improving the health of people with intellectual disabilities: outcomes of a health screening programme after 1 year
Authors: Cooper S.‐A. , Morrison J. , Melville C. , Finlayson J. , Allan L. , Martin G. , Robinson N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground People with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have a higher level of health needs, a higher level of which is unmet, compared with the general population. Health screening can detect unmet health needs, but it is unknown whether it effects beneficial health outcomes in the longer term. People with IDs are reliant on health management by proxy and there are many potential access barriers that may prevent health needs identified at screening from subsequently being met. This study aims to determine whether health gains can be detected 1 year after a health screening programme specific to the needs of adults with IDs.Methods A total of50 participants offered the health screen intervention were individually matched for gender, age and level of IDs with 50 control participants who received standard treatment only. Outcome measures after 1 year were semi‐structured review of medical case notes, and semi‐structured assessment with the people with IDs and their carer.Results During the 1‐year period, the incidence of health need detection was more than twice as great for intervention, compared with control participants (mean number of new needs was 4.80 compared with 2.26;P < 0.001), and the level of met new health needs was greater (mean of 3.56 compared with 2.26;P = 0.001). The level of met health promotion needs was also greater (P < 0.001), and more health monitoring needs were met for intervention compared with control participants (P = 0.039).Conclusions This is the first study to demonstrate sustained benefits in health outcomes from a clinical intervention for adults with IDs compared with standard treatment alone. Its routine implementation is feasible, and would reduce health inequalities.
The rationale for using apoA‐I as a clinical marker of cardiovascular risk
Authors: BARTER P. J. , RYE K.‐A. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract.An inverse relationship between the concentration of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and the risk of developing cardiovascular is well established. There are several documented functions of HDLs that may contribute to a protective role of these lipoproteins. These include the ability of HDLs to promote the efflux of cholesterol from macrophages and foam cells in the artery wall and to anti‐inflammatory/antioxidant properties of these lipoproteins. The fact that the main apolipoprotein of HDLs, apoA‐I, plays a prominent role in each of these functions adds support to the view that apoA‐I should be measured as a component of the assessment of cardiovascular risk in humans.
Human complement‐activating immunoglobulin (Ig)G3 antibodies are essential for porcine endothelial cell activation
Authors: Sæthre Marit , Lea Tor , Borgen Merethe S. , Fiane Arnt E. , Michaelsen Terje E. , Thorsby Erik , Haraldsen Guttorm , Mollnes Tom E. 
Published: April 2006

Sæthre M, Lea T, Borgen MS, Fiane AE, Michaelsen TE, Thorsby E, Haraldsen G, Mollnes TE. Human complement‐activating immunoglobulin (Ig)G3 antibodies are essential for porcine endothelial cell activation. Xenotransplantation 2006; 13: 215–223. © Blackwell Munksgaard, 2006Abstract:  Background:  Complement‐activating naturally occurring anti‐porcine endothelial cell antibodies (Abs) are responsible for hyperacute rejection in porcine‐to‐primate transplantation, whereas the role of complement in acute vascular rejection, characterized by type II endothelial cell activation, is less well understood. We previously demonstrated a correlation between porcine type II endothelial cell activation, as detected by E‐selectin expression, and human immunoglobulin (Ig)G3 anti‐Galα1‐3Gal (Gal) Abs, which was not seen for IgG1, IgG2 or IgG4. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether there is a causal relationship between human anti‐porcine IgG3 Abs and porcine endothelial cell activation.Methods:  IgG3 was isolated employing a Protein A column to 98.3% purity. Porcine endothelial cells were incubated with isolated human IgG3 or the combination of IgG1, IgG2 and IgG4. E‐selectin expression and complement activation were investigated by flow cytometry and Western blotting, respectively.Results:  Purified IgG3, in contrast to the other IgG subclasses, induced a substantial increase in E‐selectin expression. This activation was accompanied by complement activation as detected by C3 cleavage, and was abolished by heat inactivation or by adding the complement inhibitor FUT‐175. Depletion of anti‐Gal Abs reduced E‐selectin expression by 60%, consistent with the presence of complement‐activating anti‐porcine non‐Gal Abs of the IgG3 subclass.Conclusions:  Collectively, these data strengthen the hypothesis that human anti‐porcine endothelial cell Abs of the IgG3 subclass are essential for endothelial cell activation in porcine‐to‐human species grafts and demonstrate such activation to be partly independent of Gal epitopes.
One woman’s journey is a journey we all may share
Authors: Kerridge I. H. , McGrath C. , White K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIn recent years, there has been a growing awareness of the need to take account of the patient’s own experience of illness. Although this is to be welcomed, it is also important to hear the stories of those most affected by the patient’s illness, their partners, their families, their communities and those who care for them. ‘On being both professional and human: one woman’s journey’ provides a powerful example of how narrative may assist clinicians to learn about communication, care, presence and the effect of illness and death on those left behind.
Microsatellite markers for Fragaria from ‘Strawberry Festival’ expressed sequence tags
Authors: BASSIL N. V. , GUNN M. , FOLTA K. , LEWERS K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe present 37 microsatellite primer pairs developed from a cDNA library of Fragaria xananassa Duch. cv. Strawberry Festival. Polymorphism was high and the number of presumptive alleles of 13 expressed sequence tag–simple sequence repeats (EST–SSRs) in 70 strawberry cultivars ranged from five to 32 per primer pairs, averaging 16.1. Cross‐species amplification was also high and ranged from 89% in Fragaria vesca L. to 100% in the progenitor species of octoploid strawberry, Fragaria chiloensis (L.) Duch. and Fragaria virginiana Duch.
autoinfer1.0: a computer program to infer biogeographical events automatically
Authors: ZHANG AI‐BING , TAN SHENGJIANG , SOTA TEIJI 
Published: April 2006

Abstract autoinfer is a computer program for biogeographical inference based on nested clade analysis. To reduce the obscurity caused by manual inference, we defined geographically concordant clades and intermediate geographical areas between two clades. The program will perform most of the inferences automatically with a minimum of input from the user. We believe that autoinfer will save much time for the user compared with using the inference key by hand and, furthermore, will reduce the errors of inference resulting from different criteria in deduction.
Eccentric exercise in treatment of Achilles tendinopathy
Authors: Nørregaard J. , Larsen C. C. , Bieler T. , Langberg H. 
Published: April 2006

Aim: Prognosis and treatment of Achilles tendon pain (achillodynia) has been insufficiently studied. The purpose of the present study was to examine the long‐term effect of eccentric exercises compared with stretching exercises on patients with achillodynia.Methods: Patients with achillodynia for at least 3 months were randomly allocated to one of two exercise regimens. Exercise was performed daily for a 3‐month period. Symptom severity was evaluated by tendon tenderness, ultrasonography, a questionnaire on pain and other symptoms, and a global assessment of improvement. Follow‐up was performed at time points 3, 6, 9, 12 weeks and 1 year.Results: Of 53 patients with achillodynia 45 patients were randomized to either eccentric exercises or stretching exercises. Symptoms gradually improved during the 1‐year follow‐up period and were significantly better assessed by pain and symptoms after 3 weeks and all later visits. However, no significant differences could be observed between the two groups. Women and patients with symptoms from the distal part of the tendon had significantly less improvement.Conclusions: Marked improvement in symptoms and findings could be gradually observed in both groups during the 1‐year follow‐up period. To that extent this is due to effect of both regimens or the spontaneous improvement is unsettled.
Herpes zoster in HIV infection with osteonecrosis of the jaw and tooth exfoliation
Authors: Siwamogstham P , Kuansuwan C , Reichart PA 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Herpes zoster (HZ) infection of the trigeminal nerve is associated with complications such as postherpetic neuralgia, facial scarring, loss of hearing ability and conjunctivitis. Until 2005, postherpetic alveolar necrosis and spontaneous tooth exfoliation have been described in 20 cases unrelated to HIV infection.Objective:  The aim of this study was to describe HIV infection in patients (two women, two men, average age 30 years) who suffered from HZ attacks to their trigeminal nerves.Main outcome measures:  None of the patients had received antiherpetic medications or antiretroviral therapy. HIV infection was only diagnosed after the development of HZ. Facial scarring with depigmentation and hyperesthesia (postherpetic neuralgia) was diagnosed in all four patients. Oral findings consisted of spontaneous loss of both maxillary or mandibular teeth. Osteonecrosis of varying extent was also found. Treatment consisted of extractions of teeth and administration of antibiotics and analgesics. Healing of alveolar wounds was unremarkable.Conclusion:  Complications affecting the alveolar bone and teeth seem to be rare in HIV‐infected patients.
A Methodology Study to Develop and Validate a Screener for Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Leiblum Sandra , Symonds Tara , Moore Jeffrey , Soni Paresh , Steinberg Sussane , Sisson Melanie 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Current methods for diagnosing hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) can be complicated and time-consuming. A previous study reported validity and reliability of a structured diagnostic method created for clinical trials that can be performed in approximately 1 hour.

Methods
A more succinct tool is needed for incorporation into busy physician practices. Therefore, a brief HSDD screening tool was developed consisting of four self-report questions with an interpretable cut-score and concise confirmatory physician interview.

Main Outcome Measures
Accuracy of the HSDD screener cut-score alone, and in combination with physician interview, was then separately evaluated when compared with in-depth interview diagnosis.

Results
The results showed good agreement between the two diagnoses (kappa of 0.669 and 0.562 for cut-score alone and cut-score in combination with physician interview, respectively).

Conclusions
The HSDD screener can reliably detect the likely presence of HSDD in postmenopausal women.
Treatment-Seeking Behavior of Erectile Dysfunction Patients in Europe: Results of the Erectile Dysfunction Observational Study
Authors: Haro Josep Maria , Beardsworth Anthony , Casariego Joaquin , Gavart Sandra , Hatzichristou Dimitrios , Martin-Morales Antonio , Schmitt Henry , Mirone Vincenzo , Needs Nicola , Riley Alan , Varanese Lucio , Von Keitz Alex , Kontodimas Stathis 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The Erectile Dysfunction Observational Study (EDOS) is a 6-month, pan-European prospective, observational study of health outcomes designed to assess patients’ profiles and characteristics and the effectiveness of erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment in routine clinical practice

Aim
To present baseline characteristics and treatment-seeking behavior of a large sample of ED patients recruited in real-life clinical settings.

Methods
Men aged 18 years and older who visited a physician to initiate or change any ED treatment were enrolled in EDOS. They were assessed at baseline, 3 months, and 6 months as part of their normal course of care in nine European countries.

Main Outcome Measures
Sexual health outcomes using the short form of the Psychological and Interpersonal Relationship Scales. Treatment effectiveness and satisfaction were assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function questionnaire, Global Assessment Questions, and further single-item questions.

Results
Of the 8,186 patients enrolled by 904 investigators (69% general practitioners [GPs]) across nine European countries, 8,055 patients were eligible for analysis at baseline; 63.9% were ED treatment-naive. Of the total patient population, mean age was 56.5 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.2 kg/m2, 18.3% were obese (BMI &gt; 30 kg/m2), 42.5% had severe ED, and there was a high frequency of comorbidities and concomitant medication use. A similar proportion of the treatment-naive patients were seen by GPs (62.9%) and specialists (65.8%). In the treatment-naive group, there was a higher frequency of severe ED among ex-smokers, obese patients, and in those who drank no alcohol or excessive amounts of alcohol.

Conclusions
Unmet need of treatment in ED is high; 66% of patients had experienced ED symptoms for 1 year or longer when they were looking for treatment. Severity seems to be related to treatment seeking.