bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elastic Compliance of Four-Point Bend Specimens Comprising Two Linear-Elastic Materials Bonded with a Thin Layer
Authors: McNaney JM , Cannon RM , Ritchie RO 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The four-point bend “sandwich” specimen, comprising two identical linear-elastic substrates joined by a thin elastic layer, is widely used in the study of strength and toughness of bimaterial joints loaded under nominal mode I loading. As an aid to crack monitoring in such specimen geometries, the linear-elastic compliance based on load-line displacement, back-face strain, and crack-opening displacement has been determined for a wide range of substrate/layer material combinations using finite-element analyses. Calculations for bimaterial systems, with elastic moduli ratios varying from 0.2 to 5 and with joining layer thicknesses between 100 and 500 μm, show that for crack sizes between 0.1 to 0.7 of the specimen width, the compliance is significantly different from that of the bulk substrates, even when the layer is very thin. It is concluded that crack-opening displacements are preferable for the monitoring and detection of interfacial and near-interfacial cracks in this specimen geometry, as the compliance based on these displacements is the least sensitive to errors from either measurement site or crack location.
A Study of the Fatigue Softening and Hardening of Steel by the Magnetoelastic Effect Method
Authors: Xiangrong M , Xingqiao M , Youqing Z 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
With a specially designed sensor and testing system, a study was made on the changing pattern of the magnetic induction sensitivity signal induced by magnetic anisotropy during the fatigue processing of carbon steel. It was found that signal change has several characteristic stages and obvious extreme points. The points coincided with the position of the fatigue strain peaks. The signal change was related to fatigue softening and hardening, and synchronous with the change in the surface residual stress.
Comparison of Optically and Mechanically Measured Deformations in a Finger-Jointed Wood Tension Specimen
Authors: Pellicane PJ , Gutkowski RM , Jauslin C 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An advanced finite element program was developed to predict the elastic stresses and strains in a specimen of finger-jointed lumber subjected to uniaxial tension. In this study, two techniques were examined to experimentally determine the deformations in the finger joint. The first method involved photographing at incrementally increasing load levels, predefined targets mounted on the finger joint and measuring the changing distances between targets using stereoscopic instruments. The second method consisted of placing microstrain gages at key locations in the finger-jointed region of the lumber.
The results showed that even when the most sensitive film was used with a camera and planar lens, the photographic technique lacked the sensitivity to accurately measure the small deformations in the finger joint. The actual errors in deformation measurement were approximately twice the magnitude expected from an analysis of the properties of the film being used. Much of the error was due to the thermal expansion of the film in the stereoscopic instrument used to measure deformation. The microstrain gage technique was shown to be sufficiently sensitive to measure the deformations in the finger joint. However, the time, effort, and cost required to mount the tiny sensors with appropriate attention to their alignment made this technique impractical for any experiment other than those that involved placing only a modest number of sensors on a small number of specimens.
Creep Behavior of Copper and Copper Alloys As Design Criteria in Pressure Vessel Manufacture
Authors: Drefahl K , Kleinau M , Steinkamp W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Six materials, copper and copper alloys, have been subjected to long-term creep tests (30 000 h) per DIN 50 118 at a range of 100 to 250°C, except for aluminum bronze which was tested from 150 to 300°C. The following annealed materials were tested: SF-Cu (DIN 1787)—equivalent to C 12200, Phosphorus Deoxidized Copper, high residual Phosphorus (Cu-DHP); CuZn39Pb0.5 (DIN 17 660)—equivalent to C 33500, low-leaded brass; CuZn20Al2 (DIN 17 660)—equivalent to C 68700, aluminum-brass, arsenical; CuZn28Sn1 (DIN 17 660)—equivalent to C 44300, Admiralty brass, arsenical; CuZn38SnAl (DIN 17 660), improved Muntz-metal, 60%, not standardized in the United States; and CuAl10Ni5Fe4 (DIN 17 665)—similar to C 62730 or C 63000, nickel-aluminum-bronze. The test conditions and the metallurgical history of the materials are described. The minimum value of the 1% creep strain and the average value of creep strength, both temperature and duration dependent, as well as the stress for minimum creep rates of 1% for a given time are also shown. The design criteria for pressure vessels are discussed.
Determination of Modulus of Rigidity by ASTM D 198 Flexural Methods
Authors: Gromala DS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Traditional equations for determining shear modulus for beams are based on several simplifying assumptions. Although these assumptions are reasonably accurate for isotropic homogenous beams, they can introduce large errors when applied to beams of structural lumber that are not isotropic or homogeneous.
This paper examines the sensitivity of the traditional equations to various parameters and concludes that the edition of 1983 and the previous editions of ASTM Methods for Static Tests of Timbers in Structural Sizes (D 198) were not suitable for determination of shear modulus in structural lumber. An alternative test method currently used in Europe was proposed. Based on the considerations in this paper, this method was adopted in the 1984 edition of ASTM D 198.
Comparison of Precision and Accuracy Estimates from State and Local Agency Air Monitoring Stations with Results of EPA's National Performance Audit Program
Authors: Rhodes RC , Mitchell WJ , Puzak JC , Evans EG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Federal regulations require that state and local air monitoring agencies perform special checks to assess the precision and accuracy of their measurement systems and report the results to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) each calendar quarter. The assessments are maintained in a computer file along with the routine air monitoring data reported separately to EPA's National Aerometric Data Bank. The data quality assessments and air monitoring data are made available to various users on request.
In a separate program, the National Performance Audit Program, standard samples are mailed as blind samples to the state and local agencies for analysis. The results are reported to EPA for evaluation.
Evaluation of the results of the precision and accuracy assessments is performed, and a comparison of these assessments with the results of the National Performance Audit Program is made. This paper reports the results of this comparison.
A Method for Determining the Effect of Fasteners on the Stiffness and Strength of Wood Drive-In-Rack Pallets
Authors: Urbanik TJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Wood pallets are increasingly stored in warehouses with drive-in or drive-through racks. A pallet needs adequate stiffness and strength to function safely under conditions where it spans the rack support rails. When the stringers run parallel to the supports, the fasteners reinforce the deckboard load-carrying ability. This report experimentally determines the effect of fasteners on pallet performance. The effect is characterized in terms of the ratio of the joint rotation modulus to a normalized deckboard bending stiffness. This approach enables the joints to be compared with pinned and rigid joints in a pallet stiffness and strength theory.
Methodology for Correlating Fatigue Data Obtained under Different Test Conditions
Authors: Leax TR , Dowling NE , Brose WR , Peck MG 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A number of relatively simple methods are presented which can be used to correlate fatigue data obtained under different test conditions and so collapse the data into a single fatigue-life curve. The test variables considered are stress concentration, mean stress, temperature, and residual stress. The cyclic stress-strain curve in conjunction with Neuber's rule is used to estimate actual stresses and strains in notched specimens. Mean stress effects are accounted for by using empirically determined relationships that have been shown to work for a variety of structural materials. A simple ratio of the ultimate tensile strength at room temperature to that at the test temperature is used to correct for temperature effects. Finally, residual stress is handled by assuming an equivalence with an applied mean stress of the same sign and magnitude. The combined use of these corrections can result in more efficient use of existing fatigue data and allow prediction of the fatigue life of a material under a wide variety of operating conditions. The methodology is illustrated using high-cycle fatigue data on a 403 stainless steel, and accuracy of the methods is ascertained by comparison with a baseline fatigue curve and via statistical criteria.
A Methodology for the Evaluation of the Thermal Performance of Phase-Change Storage Materials
Authors: Grimes JW , Brown PW , Kaetzel L 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A methodology to evaluate the response of phase-change thermal storage materials to repeated thermal cycling is described. The methodology uses a thermal cycling device to simulate in-service conditions and an isoperibolic calorimeter to measure the thermal storage capacities of the phase-change specimens. The thermal cycling device was designed to operate over a range of predetermined conditions including heating and cooling rates and maximum and minimum cycle temperatures. The design and operating characteristics of this device are described. Data obtained by investigating the Na2SO4·10H2O phase-change system indicate that the methodology can be used to assess the performance and durability of phase-change storage systems.
Temperature and Composition Dependence of Young's Modulus in Polycrystalline B2 Ni-Al
Authors: Harmouche MR , Wolfenden A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Young's modulus (E) for ten specimens of ordered polycrystalline Ni-Al has been measured using PUCOT (Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Composite Oscillator Technique). The modulus has been determined in the composition range 43.94 to 52.70 atomic percent Al and temperature interval 300 to 1300 K. Anomalous dependence on composition and temperature has been found, where the modulus does not always decrease linearly with temperature and does not show the expected maximum near the stoichiometric composition. Nonetheless, these materials show remarkable stiffness, where the modulus clusters near 230 GPa at ambient temperature and decreases to about 180 GPa at 1300 K in this composition range.
A New Method of Measuring the Modulus of Elasticity of Material by Analyzing the Relation Between Loading Position and Displacement of a Beam Bent by a Traveling Load
Authors: Kuroda T 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper proposes a new bending method using a computer to obtain a modulus of elasticity of plastics close to those given by tension methods. In the new method, a beam is freely supported at its ends on spherical surfaces. A load of constant weight on the beam travels from one support to another, and the displacement of the undersurface of the beam is measured at a certain distance from a support. The modulus of elasticity is obtained so that the (loading) position-displacement (of a point on the beam) curve expressed by the equation of displacement of the beam, which is a function of the modulus, will best fit the experimental displacements.
An equation is proposed for the displacement with terms including beam deflection and a quantity proportional to load travel, and a method to calculate the modulus from the experimental displacements is given. Finally, the experimental system with the testing machine and the good results of the experiments are shown.
A Suggested Methodology for the Analysis of Asphalt Age-Hardening
Authors: Ishai I 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses a suggested approach for utilization of rheological aging curves for prediction of inservice age-hardening of asphalt which can affect pavement durability. The standard “one point” evaluation of laboratory aging of asphalts is quite limited with regard to a meaningful, rational, and comprehensive evaluation of asphalt aging with respect to pavement durability. On the other hand, the temperature-time domain should be characterized and investigated by aging curves over a wide range of the two-parameter coordinates.
An interpretation of asphalt-aging curves in the temperature-time domain is presented that can lead to a reliable calibration of laboratory aging on the basis of actual field aging. The suggested approach and methodology are believed to provide the proper correlation (for a certain asphalt) between laboratory and pavement asphalt aging that can be obtained in almost any one of the thin-film or microfilm oven tests.
Design and Calibration of a Guard Added to an Existing Hot Box
Authors: Broderick TB 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The 6.10 by 4.27 m (20 by 14 ft) vertical heat flow hot box at the Owens-Corning Fiberglas Technical Center has recently been used to make measurements on a variety of roof/ceiling insulation systems used in the steel bar joist and metal deck construction typical in commercial buildings. Since these systems varied in geometry from one with roof insulation only to one combining roof insulation, a plenum, and an insulated hung ceiling, the sample support needed to be nearly 1.22 m (4 ft) tall. This meant that the extraneous energy flows through this support would be a substantial fraction of the sample energy flow for well-insulated samples. Furthermore, these relatively large flows combined with the variety of system geometries would have required that calibrations be developed for multiple geometries.
The solution to this problem was to provide a thermal guard around the sample support to minimize the losses through it. This guard consisted of a channel, in which the sample was replicated and exposed to the same indoor temperature, maintained by an unmetered energy source. This resulted in approximately the same vertical temperature profile along the outside of the sample support wall as on the metering chamber side. This system was successful in keeping the energy flows through the sample support below 5% of the sample energy flow. A calibration procedure was then used to quantify these small losses, which were used in the calculation of sample thermal resistance.
Theory, Characteristics, and Operating Parameters of Portable Optical Emission Spectrometers for the On-Site Sorting and Identification of Steels
Authors: Spencer JL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Portable optical emission spectrometers are evolving as important tools for the on-site sorting and identification of metals. Their analytical precision and accuracy, while not quite as good as laboratory systems, are more than adequate for sorting mixes and most grade verification requirements. The intentions of this paper are to provide a brief review of the technology and history of emission spectrometers, and then to describe parameters, operation, capabilities and limitations of the device for plain carbon, low alloy, and stainless steels.
Results of an Interlaboratory Fatigue Test Program Conducted on Alloy 800H at Room and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Ellis JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A number of difficulties were encountered in early low cycle fatigue tests conducted at General Atomic Company (GAC). The experimental approach adopted for this work involved the use of electro-hydraulic test systems, hour-glass geometry specimens, diametral extensometers, and axial strain computers. Attempts to identify possible problem areas with this approach were complicated by the lack of reliable data for the particular heat of Alloy 800H under investigation. The method adopted to resolve this difficulty was to generate definitive test data in an Interlaboratory Fatigue Test Program. The laboratories participating in the program were Argonne National Laboratory, Battelle Columbus, Mar-Test, and NASA-Lewis. Fatigue tests were conducted on both solid and tubular specimens at temperatures of 20, 593, and 760°C and at strain ranges of 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5%. It was concluded that the subject test method can, under certain circumstances, produce fatigue data which are seriously in error. As a result, this approach subsequently was abandoned at GAC in favor of parallel gage length specimens and axial extensometers.
A Simple Method for Fatigue Precracking Specimens for Fracture Mechanics Tests
Authors: Herrera R , Mejias HD , Stocchi EA , de Vedia LA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The most time-consuming part of fracture mechanics testing is often the fatigue precracking of test specimens. This technical note describes the design and operation of a newly developed simple machine for precracking compact and bend specimens by a quick and inexpensive method.
Absence of Stretch Zones in Austenitic Stainless Steels Fractured at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Purtscher PT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Stretch zones are normally observed on the surface of fracture toughness specimens that break in a ductile manner. However, no stretch zones were observed in the scanning electron microscope on the ductile fracture surfaces of austenitic stainless steels broken in accordance with ASTM E 813 procedure at cryogenic temperatures.
Compliance Expression for the Middle Cracked Tension Specimen: 2a/W = f(EBV/P)
Authors: Kirk MT 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A compliance equation expressing crack length as a function of normalized compliance for the middle cracked tension specimen is developed for cracks ranging from 20 to 80% of the total specimen width. Relations are given for use over various displacement gage lengths and for materials having a Poisson's ratio between 0.2 and 0.5. These equations are based on the earlier work of Efits and Liebowitz. The equation developed compares well with this previous work, particularly for short displacement gage lengths where the maximum crack length estimation sensitivity is achieved. Further, the equation matches experimental data as well as the original work, having an average difference of 5% for all crack lengths considered.
Strain Distribution and Temperature Increase During Plane Strain Compression Testing
Authors: Colas R , Sellars CM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The strain distribution, the temperature evolution during and after testing, and the temperature gradients developed during deformation have been determined in specimens tested in plane strain compression at different strain rates. It is found that the strain distribution patterns are determined by the geometrical configuration of the material during deformation and are not affected by the strain rate. However, the range of variation of local strains within a specimen does increase at high strain rate. This increase is attributed to localized increases of temperature. It is shown that local variations in temperature are measured as a thermocouple crosses an active slip line field. Implications for metallographic studies are drawn.
A Statistical Analysis of the Notch Toughness of 9% Nickel Steels Obtained from Production Heats
Authors: Tarby SK , Stout RD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Storage tanks for liquefied natural gas are constructed from 9% nickel steel. A collection of over 600 production heat sheets from producers in Europe, Japan, and the United States was assembled and analyzed to establish the trend in changes of composition and mechanical properties which have taken place in the production of these steels over the past 15 years. Generally, enhancement of the toughness of 9% nickel steels has been attained by lowering impurity levels. In fact, Charpy notch toughness values at 77K (−196°C) far in excess of the ASTM minimum requirement of 27 J are now consistently obtained in production.
Two approaches were used in developing multiple regressions for Charpy toughness from the 627-heat data base. One approach involved the formulation of second-order expansions of the original predictor variables, while the second was a less formal approach wherein possible predictor variable combinations were generated from metallurgical considerations. Both multiple regressions accounted for approximately two-thirds of the variability in Charpy notch toughness values about the mean (112 J) of the data base.
Determination of K
c and Residual Strength Values for Sheet Materials
Authors: Abril ER 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Obtaining values of Kc for sheets of high-toughness materials presents difficulties related to the plastic behavior of such materials. These difficulties are also encountered in the determination of the residual strength of cracked sheets.
In this paper, an attempt is made at avoiding such difficulties by means of an empirical interpretation of Kc and the assumption of some hypotheses, experimentally verified, about the behavior of centrally cracked sheets under tension.
An empirical expression for the gross-area stress at maximum load as a function of the initial crack length is obtained and, from this expression, Kc values are calculated. For this purpose, Kc is assumed to be proportional to the maximum of the product of such stress times the square root of the corresponding initial crack length, when infinitely wide sheets are considered. A procedure is established to pass from empirical values obtained with sheets of any width to the corresponding values for a sheet of infinite width.
A Simple, High Precision Biaxial Extensometer for High Temperature Creep Study
Authors: Ding JL , Lee SR , Ortiz R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A biaxial extensometer for high temperature creep study is described. The axial displacement is measured by a linear variable differential transformer, the angular displacement by a rotary variable differential transformer. The possible interference between the axial and angular displacement measurements is minimized by using instrument linear motion ball bushing bearings and case hardened shafts. Examples of applications are given for a constant shear strain rate test and a creep test at 200°C under abrupt changes of stress states performed on a thin-walled tube specimen made of 2618 aluminum alloy.
Generalized Equation for Compression Ratio
Authors: Nagaraj TS , Joshi RC , Srinivasa Murthy BR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
For highly compressible normally consolidated saturated soil the compression index, Cc, is not constant over the entire pressure range. However, the ratio of the compression index and the initial specific volume, generally known as the compression ratio, appears to be constant. Thus settlement seems to depend on Cc/(1 + e) rather than Cc alone. Using the theoretical zero air voids line and the generalized compressibility equation for normally consolidated saturated soils, a generalized and simple equation for compression has been derived in the form: C'c = 0.003wL.
Introduction to Symposium on the Application of Coal Sampling and Coal Preparation to Petroleum Coke
Authors: Cox DW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Petroleum refining produces a broad spectrum of gases, liquids, and hydrocarbon products. In the early 1950s, a strong demand for gasoline and the replacement of heavy fuel oil by coal and natural gas forced U.S. refiners to convert the heavy residual fraction of crude to lighter products. The residue from this process of further fractionation resulted in a material called petroleum coke, having a volatile matter content of 8 to 18%.