bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An audit of transfusion of red blood cell units in pediatric anesthesia
Authors: KEUNG CHARLOTTE Y. , SMITH KATHERINE R. , SAVOIA HELEN F. , DAVIDSON ANDREW J. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryBackground:  Patients undergoing surgery are an important user of red blood cells (RBC). Increasingly, medical staff and patients wish to know the likelihood of RBC transfusion for appropriate resource allocation and to inform preoperative discussions regarding risk. Although some adult data are available, little is known about RBC use in children.Aim:  The aim of this study was to describe RBC use in the perioperative period in a large pediatric hospital.Methods:  Over a 2‐year period the hospital operating theatre database and trauma registry was merged with the blood bank database to identify episodes where RBC units were transfused in association with anesthesia. Incidence of transfusion of RBC units associated with particular procedures was then calculated.Results:  A total of 21 441 patients underwent 32 511 anesthetics from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007, and 9838 units of RBC were released from the hospital blood bank of which 4070 (41%) were transfused in the perioperative period. Cardiac surgery was the greatest user of RBC units (2359 units). Acute major trauma accounted for only 159 units. Overall 6.3% of anesthetics were associated with a RBC transfusion. The procedures with the greatest frequency of RBC transfusion were cardiac surgery on bypass (79%), cardiac off bypass (55%), liver transplant (87%) and cranioplasty (61%).Conclusion:  In a tertiary pediatric hospital surgery accounts for a substantial proportion of total RBC use, with particular procedures accounting for the majority of transfusions.
Plant genetics shapes inquiline community structure across spatial scales
Authors: Crutsinger Gregory M. , Cadotte Marc W. , Sanders Nathan J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent research in community genetics has examined the effects of intraspecific genetic variation on species diversity in local communities. However, communities can be structured by a combination of both local and regional processes and to date, few community genetics studies have examined whether the effects of instraspecific genetic variation are consistent across levels of diversity. In this study, we ask whether host‐plant genetic variation structures communities of arthropod inquilines within distinct habitat patches – rosette leaf galls on tall goldenrod (Solidago altissima). We found that genetic variation determined inquiline diversity at both local and regional spatial scales, but that trophic‐level responses varied independently of one another. This result suggests that herbivores and predators likely respond to heritable plant traits at different spatial scales. Together, our results show that incorporating spatial scale is essential for predicting the effects of genetically variable traits on different trophic levels and levels of diversity within the communities that depend on host plants.
Resource dynamics influence the strength of non‐consumptive predator effects on prey
Authors: Preisser Evan L. , Bolnick Daniel I. , Grabowski Jonathan H. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPredators influence prey populations both by consuming individual prey, and by inducing changes in prey behaviour that limit reproduction and survival. Because prey trade‐off predation risk for forageing gains, the magnitude of predators’ non‐consumptive effects should depend on resource availability. Studies of non‐consumptive effects generally adopt either of two strategies: (i) maintaining a static ration of the prey’s resources; and (ii) using resource populations that vary dynamically in response to prey behaviour. Contrasting these experimental designs using meta‐analysis, we evaluated whether resource dynamics influence the magnitude of non‐consumptive effects on prey growth, survival, fecundity, population density, forageing rate and habitat use. Predators had a more negative effect on prey demography in dynamic‐ vs. static‐resource experiments. Our results highlight the importance of resource dynamics in mediating the magnitude of non‐consumptive effects of predators on prey, and illustrate the often‐unintended impacts of experimental design on estimates of effect size in ecological interactions.
Corporate Board Attributes, Team Effectiveness and Financial Performance
Authors: Payne G. Tyge , Benson George S. , Finegold David L. 
Published: February 2009

abstract Researchers have recently begun to integrate the literatures on corporate boards and team effectiveness in an effort to better understand how boards function and impact company performance. This study identifies five attributes of high‐performing teams – knowledge, information, power, incentives and opportunity/time – and argues that these attributes will promote board effectiveness, which in turn influence corporate financial performance. These relationships are investigated using combined survey and archival sources of data for 210 Fortune 1000 companies. Findings indicate that most team effectiveness attributes are associated with higher levels of board effectiveness as rated by the board directors, and that board effectiveness is significantly related to corporate financial performance.
The impact of school‐based prevention of overweight on psychosocial well‐being of children
Authors: Van Wijnen L. G. C. , Wendel‐Vos G. C. W. , Wammes B. M. , Bemelmans W. J. E. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryThis review aimed to gain insight in the extent to which psychosocial effects of obesity prevention programmes have been studied, to give an overview of the methods used to measure the particular psychosocial aspects and – if possible – to quantify the effects found. Intervention studies (n = 267) covering the period 1990–October 2005 were derived from seven reviews about childhood obesity interventions. An additional search identified 2754 studies covering the period January 2005–February 2008. In total, 2901 papers (excluding 120 duplicates) were screened for inclusion. Sixty‐nine papers covering 53 interventions were included and screened on measuring psychosocial variables. All original authors were contacted. Seven of the selected interventions measured psychosocial variables, five of which evaluated a net intervention effect as compared with a control condition. Only two interventions reported a statistically significant net intervention effect (a decrease in use of purging or diet pills and a decrease in peer ratings of aggression and observed verbal aggression). We conclude that a minority of childhood obesity interventions investigate the effects of their programmes on psychosocial well‐being of children and adolescents. It is recommended that in the future, these programmes will be evaluated in a uniform way on a broad range of psychosocial aspects
Perspective on biomaterials used in the surgical treatment of morbid obesity
Authors: Henry J. A. , Pandit A. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryMorbid obesity is defined as having a body mass index greater than or equal to 40.0 kg m−2, or 37.0 kg m−2 with comorbidities. Bariatric surgery remains the most effective treatment for morbid obesity. Bariatric procedures such as sleeve gastrectomy, vertical banded gastroplasty and adjustable gastric banding all generate excess body‐weight loss typically over 3–5 years. The biomaterials used during these procedures, namely silicone, polypropylene, expanded polytetrafluoroethylene and titanium, are all non‐degradable biomaterials. Hence, their presence in vivo exceeds the functional requirement of an implant to treat morbid obesity. Accordingly, research into non‐invasive and reversible surgical procedures has increased, particularly in light of the dramatic increase in paediatric obesity. Tissue engineering is an alternative approach to treat morbid obesity, as it incorporates both engineering and biological principles into the design and development of an implant to surgically treat morbid obesity. It is hypothesized that a biodegradable polymer to treat morbid obesity could be developed to effectively promote excess weight loss. The aim of this review is to discuss morbid obesity with regards to its aetiology, prevalence and current modalities of treatment. Specifically, the shortcomings of the biomaterials currently used to surgically treat morbid obesity shall be reviewed, and alternative biomaterials shall be proposed.
Semi‐subsistence Producers and Biosecurity in the Slovenian Alps
Authors: Larsen Ana Frelih 
Published: February 2009

AbstractIn this article I examine the encounter between biosecurity and semi‐subsistence producers in the Slovenian Alps. The article shows that biosecurity, as part of a broader shift in agri‐food governance stemming from Slovenia's entry to the European Union, has dramatically reshaped the playing field for semi‐subsistence producers, driving agricultural restructuring and diminishing farmers' strategies of subsistence slaughter and informal marketing. By examining farmers' adjustments to and perceptions of these changes, as well as their attempts to contest biosecurity regulations, this article explores the interplay of economic, cultural and symbolic influences that have resulted in suspicion of the logic of state regulation. In this context, farmers' experiences of biosecurity also strongly impact on their perception of and interest in state‐led rural development initiatives. Based on extensive ethnographic interviews with 42 farm households, this article examines practical and conceptual aspects of the tension between semi‐subsistence production and biosecurity in a Central Eastern European context.
Supporting Spatial Semantics with SPARQL
Authors: Kolas Dave 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThough the intersection of spatial data and semantic web technologies holds significant promise, there are still many challenges before this promise can be realized. One of these challenges is query representation. History suggests that an appropriate solution is a specialized query language for spatial data; however, with a broad interpretation of the SPARQL specification and extensions that would be useful outside the spatial realm, one can use SPARQL to query spatial concepts effectively. This article establishes a set of desiderata for a query language capable of dealing with spatial Semantic Web‐based data, discusses the challenges facing such a query language, and addresses these challenges with straightforward solutions that are broadly applicable. The effectiveness of these extensions is demonstrated using example queries.
Geographical Linked Data: The Administrative Geography of Great Britain on the Semantic Web
Authors: Goodwin John , Dolbear Catherine , Hart Glen 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOrdnance Survey, the national mapping agency of Great Britain, is investigating how semantic web technologies assist its role as a geographical information provider. A major part of this work involves the development of prototype products and datasets in RDF. This article discusses the production of an example dataset for the administrative geography of Great Britain, demonstrating the advantages of explicitly encoding topological relations between geographic entities over traditional spatial queries. We also outline how these data can be linked to other datasets on the web of linked data and some of the challenges that this raises.
A SCIENTIFIC ACCOUNT OF MEANING: DEFLATIONARY BUT NOT DISENCHANTING
Authors: Wiebe Donald 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.In The Really Hard Problem, Owen Flanagan maintains that accounting for meaning requires going beyond the resources of the physical, biological, social, and mind sciences. He notes that the religious myths and fantastical stories that once “funded” flourishing lives and made life meaningful have been epistemically discredited by science but nevertheless insists that meaning does exist and can be fully accounted for only in a form of systematic philosophical theorizing that is continuous with science and does not need to invoke myth. He sees such a mode of thought as a new, empirical‐normative science, which he labels eudaimonistic scientia, that evades the disenchantment produced by natural scientific accounts of meaning. I argue that such an empirical‐normative science does not provide us with a scientific account of meaning but is itself simply another way of making sense of one's life that is open to scientific explanation. Such an explanation will be deflationary in the sense that it presumes no greater scheme of things for meaning beyond the span of human existence (collective and possibly individual) but not disenchanting in that it does not explain away the flourishing lives human persons and communities create for themselves.
OUR COMMON ENEMY: COMBATTING THE WORLD'S DEADLIEST VIRUSES TO ENSURE EQUITY HEALTH CARE IN DEVELOPING NATIONS
Authors: Carvalho John J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.In a previous issue of Zygon (Carvalho 2007), I explored the role of scientists—especially those engaging the science‐religion dialogue—within the arena of global equity health, world poverty, and human rights. I contended that experimental biologists, who might have reduced agency because of their professional workload or lack of individual resources, can still unite into collective forces with other scientists as well as human rights organizations, medical doctors, and political and civic leaders to foster progressive change in our world. In this article, I present some recent findings from research on three emerging viruses—HIV, dengue, and rotavirus—to explore the factors that lead to the geographical expansion of these viruses and the increase in frequency of the infectious diseases they cause. I show how these viruses are generating problems for geopolitical stability, human rights, and equity health care for developing nations that are already experiencing a growing poverty crisis. I suggest some avenues of future research for the scientific community for the movement toward resolution of these problems and indicate where the science‐religion field can be of additional aid.
RELIGION AND THE MODE OF PRACTICE IN MICHAEL OAKESHOTT
Authors: Corey Elizabeth 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.Michael Oakeshott's religious view of the world stands behind much of his political and philosophical writing. In this essay I first discuss Oakeshott's view of religion and the mode of practice in his own terms. I attempt next to illuminate his idea of religion by describing it in less technical language, drawing upon other thinkers such as Georg Simmel and George Santayana, who share similar views. I then evaluate Oakeshott's view as a whole, considering whether his ideas about religion can stand up to careful scrutiny and whether they have value for present‐day reflection on religion.
OAKESHOTT ON SCIENCE AS A MODE OF EXPERIENCE
Authors: Kaldis Byron 
Published: February 2009

Abstract.I offer a critical exposition and reconstruction of Michael Oakeshott's views on natural science. The principal aim is to enrich Oakeshott's modal schema by throwing light on it in terms of its internal consistency and by bringing to bear on it recent developments in philosophy in general and the philosophy of science in particular. The discussion brings out the special place reserved for philosophy, the crucial tenet of the separateness of these modes seen as Leibnizian monads as well as the special status allowed to science. It considers the possibility of combining one moment of philosophical thinking, namely ethics, with science in the midst of such modal separateness. I first offer a general introduction of how to approach Oakeshott's views on science. The next section stresses philosophy and its relation to science. This is followed by an elaboration of what the modes of experience are meant to be and how science is placed among them. An examination of Oakeshott's more particular views on science concludes the essay.
Organising campaigns as ‘revitaliser’ for trade unions? The example of the Lidl campaign
Authors: Gajewska Katarzyna , Niesyto Johanna 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTUS‐style organising campaigns are a relatively new repertoire of action for German trade unions and can be seen as further evidence of their transformation. The example of the Lidl campaign organised by German United Service Union ver.di is chosen to illustrate tensions between organising and campaigning as revitalisation strategies.
Young managers' interpersonal stress and its relationship to management development practices: an exploratory study
Authors: Uen Jin‐Feng , Wu Ting , Huang Hui‐Yu 
Published: February 2009

This exploratory study investigates whether there is a relationship between young managers' interpersonal stress and various management development practices. In recent years, practitioners and researchers have focused on stress studies and related practices in the workplace. However, stress encountered by young managers has received less attention. We examine possible sources of young managers' interpersonal stress and develop a scale through exploratory factor analysis. Participants are less than 35 years old, mainly from the financial, high‐tech and service industries in Taiwan.Organizational managerial development practices are discussed to understand their relevance to young managers' interpersonal stress. The results suggest that the more opportunities young managers have to make decisions, the more their opinions will differ from those of their middle‐aged fellow managers and senior subordinates. However, organizations with formal assessment may lessen disagreements with middle‐aged fellow managers. Future studies regarding young managers' interpersonal stress can be carried out using this scale and can explore whether other, specific organizational management development practices are related to lower stress levels among young managers.
Chemical modification of pyroclastic rock by hot water: an experimental investigation of mass transport at the fluid–solid interface
Authors: HARA J. , TSUCHIYA N. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHydrothermal water–(pyroclastic) rock interactions were examined using flow‐through experiments to deduce the effect of mass transport phenomena on the reaction process. A series of experiments were conducted over the temperature range 75–250°C, with a constant temperature for each experiment, and at saturated vapour pressure, to estimate the apparent rate constants as a function of temperature.Based on the chemistry of analysed solutions, the water–rock interaction in the experiments was controlled by diffusion from the reaction surface and by the existence of a surface layer at the rock–fluid interface, which regulated the chemical reaction rate. The reaction progress depended to a high degree on flow velocity and temperature conditions, with element abundances in the fluid significantly affected by these factors. Mass transport coefficients for diffusion from the rock surface to the bulk solution have been estimated. Ca is selectively depleted under lower temperature conditions (T < 150°C), whereas Na is greatly depleted under higher temperature conditions (T > 150°C), and K reaction rates are increased when flow velocity increases. Using these conditions, specific alkali and alkali earth cations were selectively leached from mineral surfaces. The ‘surface layer’ comprised a 0.5–1.8 mm boundary film on the solution side (the thickness of this layer has no dependence on chemical character) and a reaction layer. The reaction layer was composed of a Si, Al‐rich cation‐leached layer, whose thickness was dependent on temperature, flow velocity and reaction length. The reaction layer varied in thickness from about 10−4 to 10−7 mm under high temperature/low fluid velocity and low temperature/high fluid velocity conditions, respectively.
Package FLUIDS. Part 3: correlations between equations of state, thermodynamics and fluid inclusions
Authors: BAKKER R. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe computer package FLUIDS (Bakker 2003) has been revised to calculate fluid properties in pores and inclusions. The programs are provided with a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and are adapted to new operating systems, including MacOS, Windows and Linux. The van der Waals equation of state has been added to the group Loners and is used to illustrate a large variety of calculation procedures for many thermodynamic parameters and properties. The mathematical transformations can be applied to any equation of state with the form p(V,T,n), i.e. the pressure of a multi‐component fluid is expressed as a function of volume, temperature and amount of substance. The fluid properties that are usually observed in microthermometric analyses of fluid inclusions, such as phase separation, phase coexistence and stability, can be predicted with these equations of state by using its spinodal and critical point calculations, in addition to fugacity calculations of liquid and vapour phases. The computer program LonerW can be freely downloaded from the website: http://fluids.unileoben.ac.at/Computer.html.
Investigating the distribution of prairie dogs in an urban landscape
Authors: Magle S. B. , Crooks K. R. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHabitat fragmentation is a prevalent threat to biological diversity, and urbanization is a primary agent of fragmentation and a leading cause of species endangerment. Landscape biogeographic and local habitat characteristics can be important determinants of the distribution of species in habitat patches in urban landscapes. However, the specifics of which characteristics are most critical to maintaining biological diversity are not fully known for prairie ecosystems, especially in fragmented urban habitat. This study focuses on black‐tailed prairie dogs along an urban gradient in Denver, CO. Prairie dogs have declined precipitously throughout the region and are an essential part of the prairie ecosystem, making them excellent study subjects. We identified a series of habitat fragments along a gradient of urbanization in the fully urbanized areas and south suburbs of Denver, CO, both containing and not containing prairie dogs. Local characteristics, including fragment slope and vegetative cover, and landscape characteristics, including fragment size, age and connectivity, were measured on each fragment. We used likelihood‐based methods to explore which variables most accurately predicted prairie dog occurrence within our study area. Multiple factors influenced the distribution of prairie dogs in urban settings, with colony connectivity the strongest predictor of occupancy. Large and recently isolated fragments near other prairie dog colonies, flat areas and those with high graminoid cover were most likely to support prairie dog populations. Our study provides the first attempt to model prairie dog occurrence in highly fragmented urban habitat and has important implications for the management and conservation of prairie dogs.