bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF MOSQUITOES COLLECTED IN THE MURRAY VALLEY OF SOUTH‐EASTERN AUSTRALIA DURING AN EPIDEMIC OF ARBOVIRAL ENCEPHALITIS
Authors: Marshall Ian D , Thibos Elspeth , Clarke Keith 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMosquito activity at the height of an epidemic of arboviral encephalitis in the Murray Valley during the summer of 1974 was almost entirely crepuscular and nocturnal, but anecdotal evidence, indicated that day‐biting Aedes species were also unusually prevalent during the first 4–5 weeks of the epidemic. Ninety‐eight percent of the 138,359 mosquitoes captured in miniature light traps and by aspiration between 4th and 13th February. 1974, were Culex annulirostris, and 10 other species of 5 genera comprised the remaining 2%. In the one ‘man‐biting’ collection 96% of 1,364 mosquitoes were Cx annulirostris. The overall capture rate for 51 light trap nights at 7 widely dispersed collecting sites was 2,675. At Barmah Forest 10 light trap nights yielded an average of 9,103 mosquitoes, with a maximum of 26,293 in one trap night.
STUDIES ON NATURAL KILLER (NK) CELLS. HETEROGENEITY OF NK CELLS IN BEIGE MUTANT MICE
Authors: Bartlett Scott P , Burton Robert C 
Published: August 2007

SummaryMice homozygous for the recessive beige mutation show grossly impaired natural killer (NK) activity against lymphoma targets in short term assays. When spleen cells from homozygous C57 BL/6 and B6C3F1 beige mutant mice were examined in assays of up to 30 h duration and tested with anti‐NK‐1·2 antiserum prior to assay, it was found (1) that the impaired NK‐1·2+ (NKA) activity against lymphoma targets could be partially or wholly overcome by prolonging the assay lime to >12 h, (2) the NKA activity as revealed by prolonged assay limes showed considerable variability in homozygous beige mutant mice (from ≥4‐fold less than to 2‐fold greater than that of normal controls), (3) that NK‐1·2− (NKB) activity against two non‐lymphoma targets was normal in these mutant mice and (4) that two independently derived beige mutations had the same effects on NKA and NKB cell activity.
MEASUREMENT OF CIRCULATING IMMUNE COMPLEXES IN HUMAN SERA BY ENZYME IMMUNOASSAY
Authors: Cheung Kee , O'Kane Deidre , Robinson Michael F 
Published: August 2007

SummaryTwo methods, based on enzyme immunoassay, are described for the detection and quantitation of circulating immune complexes (CIC) in human sera. Aggregated human gamma globulin (AHG) or immune complexes in human sera are bound to complement receptors on Raji cells or to Clq adsorbed on to the plastic surface of microtitre plates. The bound complexes are subsequently detected using peroxidase‐conjugated anti‐human immunoglobulin antisera. The assays offer a benefit over previously described assays in that they use cheap, commercially available antisera and enable the detection of immune complexes composed of varying immunoglobulin classes.
ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES: FUNCTIONAL HETEROGENEITY WITHIN MACROPHAGE POPULATIONS FROM RAT LUNG
Authors: Holt PG , Warner LA , Papadimitriou JM 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAlveolar microphages were obtained from the unstimulated lungs of rats by repeated endobronchial lavage and an interstitial macrophage population prepared by mincing the lungs subsequent to the lavage process. Considerable heterogeneity was observed within these macrophage populations with respect to cell size, surface morphology and cytochemistry. Functional studies, involving assessment of IgG‐Fc receptor density/avidity and the expression of cytostatic activity in cultures of mitogen‐stimulated lymphocytes, revealed comparable heterogeneity, and further indicated a considerably higher degree of apparent stimulation in the alveolar versus the interstitial macrophage population. Parallel assessment of the functional activity of blood monocytes, the immediate precursors of these latter macrophages, indicated a lower state of activation again. This suggests that the lung interstitium normally provides an intermediate environment between the blood and the alveolar spaces, wherein blood monocytes may undergo maturational changes before their efflux into the alveoli.
CELLULAR BASIS FOR DIFFERENCES IN HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES OF SHEEP IMMUNIZED WITH LIVING OR KILLED STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS VACCINES
Authors: Kennedy JW , Watson DL 
Published: August 2007

SummaryAn immunohistological study was made of immunoglobulin‐containing cells and antibody‐containing cells in abscesses/granulomas which formed al the injection site, draining popliteal nodes and contralateral popliteal nodes of sheep given either a living Staphylococcus aureus vaccine (Group L), a killed S. aureus vaccine with Frennd's complete adjuvant (FCA) (Group K) or FCA alone (Group C). The injections were made subcutaneously in the hind legs and second injections were gives 4 weeks later in the same site. Very large numbers of IgM‐containing cells were found in granulomas of Groups K and C at 1 week post‐injection (PI) but by 2 weeks PI only small numbers were recorded. Following booster immunization, the numbers of IgM‐containing cells were greater in abscesses from sheep in Group L than from granulomas from sheep in Group K. Levels for Group C remained low after 1 week PI. There was evidence that the very early IgM‐containing cell response in Group K was largely unrelated to specific anti‐staphylococcal antibody synthesis. The IgG2‐containing cell response was significantly greater than the IgG1‐containing cell response in abscesses and nodes in Group L. In contrast, for animals in Groups K and C the IgG1‐containing cell response predominated over the IgG2‐containing cell response in granulomas and draining nodes. There were generally greater numbers of cells containing anti‐staphylococcal antibody in abscesses granulomas and nodes in Group L than in Group K.
QUANTITATION OF H‐2 ANTIGEN EXPRESSION ON HEPATOCYTES AND MACROPHAGES: EVIDENCE FOR AN INFLUENCE BY STRAIN BACKGROUND
Authors: King Nick JC , Parr EL 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe surface concentration of H‐2 complex antigens was measured by a quantitative immunoferritin labelling technique on hepatocytes and macrophages from five mouse strains with three haplotypes. The concentration of H‐2 molecules was similar on macrophages from three B10 congenic strains, and the same similarity was observed on hepatocytes from the three strains. With both hepatocytes and macrophages, however, the surface concentration of H‐2d molecules on BALB/c cells was about twice that on B10.D2 cells, and that of H‐2k molecules on C3H/HeJ cells was about twice what we observed on B10.BR/ SgSn cells. These measurements suggest a regulation of the surface concentration of H‐2 complex antigens by a locus outside the MHC.
ROSS RIVER VIRUS ACTIVITY ALONG THE SOUTH COAST OF NEW SOUTH WALES
Authors: Cloonan MJ , O'Neill BJ , Vale TG , Carter IW , Williams JE 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe sera of 468 blood donors and 63 domestic animals, collected from the south coast of New South Wales, were tested for the presence of antibodies to Ross River virus. Antibodies were detected in 7% of human sera, 25% of cow sera and 65% of horse sera. Using the blood donors as ‘human sentinels’, seroconversions were demonstrated in two donors from the Nowra‐Kiama region and from a patient in the same area; none of the three had been outside of the study area during the period of seroconversion or at the time of infection. Of the 15 seropositive horses, 6 (40%) had lived continuously since birth on the farms on which they were bled. That humans and horses were infected with Ross River and not a related alphavirus was shown by microneutralization tests against Ross River virus and the other two alpha‐viruses (Getah, Sindbis) known to occur in Australia.
Opposite effects of two zinc(II) dithiocarbamates on NF-kB pathway
Authors: Cvek Boris , Dvorak Zdenek , Taraba Jan , Muller Lukas , Vrzal Radim , Ulrichova Jitka 
Published: August 2007

AbstractInhibiting nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kB) activation in anticancer and antiinflammatory therapy is of topical interest. Current research in molecular biology has dramatically advanced in the understanding of the cellular events involved in NF-kB induction. Dithiocarbamates, in particular diethyldithiocarbamate and pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate, have been known and widely used as strong inhibitors of NF-kB signaling pathway for more than ten years. Their activity is frequently thought to be due to chelating of zinc or copper present in serum supplemented in the culture medium. Zinc(II) diethyldithiocarbamate (Et2Zn) and zinc(II) dibenzyldithiocarbamate (Bz2Zn) were prepared by direct synthesis in aqueous millieu. They were structurally characterized by X-ray analysis (solid phase) and mass spectrometry (aqueous conditions). Et2Zn and Bz2Zn both in 20 micromolar concentration were applied to HeLa cells. The status of NF-kB signaling was assessed as nuclear translocation of p65 subunit. Surprisingly, Et2Zn activated NF-kB pathway, while TNF-dependent activation of NF-kB was inhibited by Bz2Zn. Our results are preliminary.
Potential to inhibit growth of atherosclerotic plaque development through modulation of macrophage neopterin/7,8‐dihydroneopterin synthesis
Authors: Gieseg S P , Crone E M , Flavall E A , Amit Z 
Published: August 2007

The rise in plasma neopterin observed with increasing severity of vascular disease is a strong indicator of the inflammatory nature of atherosclerosis. Plasma neopterin originates as the oxidation product of 7,8‐dihydroneopterin secreted by γ‐interferon stimulated macrophages within atherosclerotic plaques. Neopterin is increasingly being used as a marker of inflammation during clinical management of patients with a range of disorders including atherosclerosis. Yet the role of 7,8‐dihydroneopterin/neopterin synthesis during the inflammatory process and plaque formation remains poorly understood and controversial. This is partially due to the unresolved role oxidants play in atherosclerosis and the opposing roles of 7,8‐dihydroneopterin/neopterin. Neopterin can act as pro‐oxidant, enhancing oxidant damage and triggering apoptosis in a number of different cell types. Neopterin appears to have some cellular signalling properties as well as being able to chelate and enhance the reactivity of transition metal ions during Fenton reactions. In contrast, 7,8‐dihydroneopterin is also a radical scavenger, reacting with and neutralizing a range of reactive oxygen species including hypochlorite, nitric oxide and peroxyl radicals, thus protecting lipoproteins and various cell types including macrophages. This has led to the suggestion that 7,8‐dihydroneopterin is synthesized to protect macrophages from the oxidants released during inflammation. The oxidant/antioxidant activity observed in vitro appears to be determined both by the relative concentration of these compounds and the specific chemistry of the in vitro system under study. How these activities might influence or modulate the development of atherosclerotic plaque in vivo will be explored in this review. British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 627–635; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707408; published online 13 August 2007
Nitric oxide selectively depletes macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques via induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress
Authors: Martinet W , Croons V , Timmermans J‐P , Herman A G , De Meyer G R Y 
Published: August 2007

Background and purpose:Macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques have a tremendous impact on atherogenesis and plaque destabilization. We previously demonstrated that treatment of plaques in cholesterol‐fed rabbits with the nitric oxide (NO) donor molsidomine preferentially eliminates macrophages, thereby favouring features of plaque stability. In this study, we investigated the underlying mechanism.Experimental approach:Macrophages and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) were treated in vitro with the NO donors, spermine NONOate or S‐nitroso‐N‐acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) as well as with the well‐known endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress inducers thapsigargin, tunicamycin, dithiothreitol or brefeldin A. Cell viability was analysed by Neutral Red viability assays. Cleavage of caspase‐3, DNA fragmentation and ultrastructural changes were examined to characterize the type of macrophage death. Induction of ER stress was evaluated by measuring C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP) expression, phosphorylation of eukaryotic initiation factor 2α (eIF2a), splicing of X‐box binding protein 1 (XBP1) and inhibition of protein synthesis.Key results:Macrophages and SMCs treated with spermine NONOate or SNAP showed several signs of ER stress, including upregulation of CHOP expression, hyperphosphorylation of eIF2α, inhibition of de novo protein synthesis and splicing of XBP1 mRNA. These effects were similar in macrophages and SMCs, yet only macrophages underwent apoptosis. Plaques from molsidomine‐treated atherosclerotic rabbits showed a 2.7‐fold increase in CHOP expression as compared to placebo. Beside NO, selective induction of macrophage death could be initiated with thapsigargin and tunicamycin.Conclusions and implications:Induction of ER stress explains selective depletion of macrophages in atherosclerotic plaques by a NO donor, probably via inhibition of protein synthesis.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 493–500; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707426; published online 13 August 2007
An inversion technique to retrieve the source of a tracer with an application to synthetic satellite measurements
Authors: Issartel Jean-Pierre , Sharan Maithili , Modani Manish 
Published: August 2007

An increasing number of satellites are being launched to observe the atmospheric concentrations of a variety of trace species. They cover a wide area at once and are expected to provide more extensive information than the rare ground-based concentration measurements. The paper introduces an adjoint technique to retrieve the emissions based on a recent concept of renormalization. This technique is used with a set of synthetic column-averaged measurements for an idealized satellite corresponding to a prescribed ground-level source. The Indian region is considered with two contrast meteorological conditions in the months of January and July, corresponding to winter and monsoon season. Since it is not feasible to handle a large volume of satellite data in the inversion due to the time involved in the computation of the matrices, a preprocessing is suggested to extract the manageable data set as a representative of the whole data.
Considering a limited number of observations, it is shown that the emissions are underestimated without and with the renormalization procedure. The degree of underestimation is relatively more with non-renormalized estimates. The non-renormalized estimate is degraded further by a refined resolution of the model, whereas the renormalized estimate is not altered appreciably. The preprocessing based on aggregation of data is found to retrieve the prescribed emissions up to 75% in the month of January and 90% in the month of July. The relatively computationally expensive renormalization may be avoided except in the case of partial visibility of the area of interest, due to cloud cover or a technical constraint. A simple criterion for the optimum design of a monitoring network is suggested.
Ontogenic growth of the haemopoietic stem cell pool in humans
Authors: Dingli David , Pacheco Jorge M 
Published: August 2007

Recently, the size of the active stem cell pool has been predicted to scale allometrically with the adult mass of mammalian species with a 3/4 power exponent, similar to what has been found to occur for the resting metabolic rate across species.
Here we investigate the allometric scaling of human haemopoietic stem cells (HSCs) during ontogenic growth and predict a linear scaling with body mass. We also investigate the allometric scaling of resting metabolic rate during growth in humans and find a linear scaling with mass similar to that of the haemopoietic stem cell pool.
Our findings suggest a common underlying organizational principle determining the linear scaling of both the stem cell pool and resting metabolic rate with mass during ontogenic growth within the human species, combined with a 3/4 scaling with adult mass across mammalian species. It is possible that such common principles remain valid for haemopoiesis in other mammalian species.
Homology as a parsimony problem: a dynamic homology approach for morphological data
Authors: Ramírez Martín J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe primary data used to reconstruct phylogenies comes organized in the conceptual grid of homology correspondences, and the construction of this theory‐rich grid depends in part on knowledge of relationships. This situation is not satisfactory as a conceptual system, because the evidence is not clearly delimited from the results. I explore the testing of alternative hypotheses of morphological correspondences in a quantitative cladistic context. The varying homology assessments implied by classical criteria of homology (topological equivalence, or position and connections; composition of structures, or commonality in details of construction) can be expressed as regular characters in a cladistic analysis. Doing so provides adequate transformation costs for changes in schemas of correspondences. Correspondences imply evolutionary transformations, and multiple schemas of correspondences can be compared according to the evolutionary transformations that they imply. The method is used to test the correspondences in sclerites of the male copulatory organs of spiders of the subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Arachnida, Araneae, Anyphaenidae). The correspondences of three sclerites are tested, in a data set of 93 species having one, two or three sclerites, using a simultaneous analysis of all the morphological characters. Most parsimonious trees are identified together with the correspondences they imply. Once the correspondences are integrated in the phylogenetic analysis, it is easy to evaluate the robustness of trees or decay in optimality after changes in anatomical interpretations. A Bremer support for anatomical interpretations is proposed, calculated as the increase in tree length when the specific interpretation is not used.© The Willi Hennig Society 2007.
Population genetic structure of Plasmopara viticola in the Western Cape Province of South Africa
Authors: KOOPMAN TREVOR , LINDE CELESTE C. , FOURIE PAUL H. , MCLEOD ADÉLE 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY Plasmopara viticola populations in South Africa were studied for two consecutive grape growing seasons, in an organically managed and a conventional fungicide‐sprayed vineyard. Three to four samplings in each season were genotyped with four microsatellite markers (GOB, CES, ISA and BER). Population differentiation (Fst) between the conventional fungicide‐sprayed vineyard and organically managed vineyard was low (0.004 and 0.016) in both growing seasons, suggesting one metapopulation. However, differences in the relative contribution of the predominant and new genotypes to epidemics in the two vineyards suggested that fungicide applications may have selected for reduced pathogen diversity. In both years and vineyards, sexual (oosporic) reproduction and/or migration occurred throughout the year and contributed between 12 and 74% to the epidemic. Hardy–Weinberg analyses suggest that South African P. viticola populations are randomly mating. Epidemics in both years and vineyards were dominated by one or two genotypes that each contributed between 14 and 67% to the epidemic through asexual reproduction. The remaining genotypes showed low levels of asexual reproduction, with most genotypes never being able to reproduce asexually. However, for some genotypes asexual reproduction was important, as it enabled survival of the genotypes from one season to the next. In total, ten genotypes were able to survive asexually or vegetatively from one season to the next. The populations were further characterized by the presence of a high frequency of isolates that most likely have elevated ploidy levels.
T‐helper type 2‐dependent early recruitment of antigen non‐specific CD4+ T cells in experimental asthma
Authors: Kinyanjui M. W. , Tamaoka M. , Fixman E. D. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryBackground
Following antigen challenge, adoptively transferred antigen‐specific CD4+ T cells induce allergic airway inflammation, comprised primarily of an increase in lymphocytes and eosinophils.Objective
Our goal was to better understand the contribution of the GATA‐3 transcription factor to the ability of adoptively transferred T cells to induce airway inflammation in the Brown Norway rat model of adoptively transferred asthma.Methods
We transduced antigen‐stimulated CD4+ T cells with recombinant retroviruses encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) only or EGFP and the GATA‐3 transcription factor. Each population of transduced cells was adoptively transferred to naïve recipients that were then challenged with antigen. Airway inflammatory responses were then quantified.Results
Our data indicate that T cells transduced with retroviruses encoding GATA‐3 expressed high levels of GATA‐3 protein as well as T‐helper type 2 cytokines. Following adoptive transfer and airway antigen challenge, these gene‐modified T cells induced robust inflammatory responses in the lungs and draining lymph nodes. Increased numbers of total inflammatory cells and eosinophils were recovered in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). In addition, the number of antigen non‐specific CD4+ T cells recovered in the BALF as well as the lung and draining lymph nodes was enhanced in recipients of GATA‐3 overexpressing T cells following antigen challenge. Nevertheless, the transduced CD4+ T cells comprised only a small percentage of the population of CD4+ T cells infiltrating the lung and were not detectable at all in the draining lymph nodes.Conclusion
These data provide evidence that GATA‐3 plays a significant role in the ability of antigen‐specific T cells to amplify allergic inflammatory responses in vivo by promoting the recruitment of endogenous antigen non‐specific T cells to the lung.
Anti‐androgens increase N‐terminal pro‐BNP levels in men with prostate cancer
Authors: Dockery Frances , Bulpitt Christopher J. , Agarwal Sanjiv , Vernon Clare , Nihoyannopoulos Petros , Kemp Martin , Hooper James , Rajkumar Chakravarthi 
Published: August 2007

SummaryObjective  The aim of this study was to determine the effects of anti‐androgens on left ventricular (LV) function and levels of N‐terminal proB‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP), a sensitive cardiac risk marker, in men with prostate cancer as these are widely used drugs in this condition, and evidence suggests that endogenous androgens are cardioprotective in men.Design and patients  Forty‐three men (mean age 70·7 ± 6·2 years) with prostate cancer were randomized to goserelin (an LH‐releasing hormone analogue) or bicalutamide (an androgen‐receptor blocker) for 6 months; 20 men with a history of prostate cancer on no treatment were studied in parallel.Results  Mean changes in testosterone and oestradiol, respectively, from baseline to 6 months were –88% and –46% with goserelin, +50% and +44% with bicalutamide, and –1% and –9% for the ‘no‐treatment’ group. Bicalutamide significantly increased NT‐proBNP from baseline to 3 and 6 months (median value at baseline, 3 and 6 months: 55, 101 and 118 ng/l, respectively). Goserelin caused a significant increase from baseline to 3 months but not to 6 months (median value at baseline, 3 and 6 months: 66, 87 and 72 ng/l, respectively). No significant changes occurred in the ‘no‐treatment’ cohort (median value at baseline 3 and 6 months: 60, 53 and 60 ng/l, respectively). No significant changes in LV function, blood pressure (BP), body mass index or waist–hip ratio occurred to account for the changes in NT‐proBNP.Conclusion  Androgen receptor blockade and, to a lesser extent, androgen suppression cause an increase in NT‐pro‐BNP in men with prostate cancer. The significance is not clear but could imply an adverse effect on cardiovascular risk following hormonal manipulation.