bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mutations in the Saccharomyces cerevisiae RPB1 Gene Conferring Hypersensitivity to 6-Azauracil
Authors: Malagon Francisco , Kireeva Maria L , Shafer Brenda K , Lubkowska Lucyna , Kashlev Mikhail , Strathern Jeffrey N 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) in eukaryotic cells drives transcription of most messenger RNAs. RNAPII core enzyme is composed of 12 polypeptides where Rpb1 is the largest subunit. To further understand the mechanisms of RNAPII transcription, we isolated and characterized novel point mutants of RPB1 that are sensitive to the nucleotide-depleting drug 6-azauracil (6AU). In this work we reisolated the rpo21-24/rpb1-E1230K allele, which reduces the interaction of RNAPII–TFIIS, and identified five new point mutations in RPB1 that cause hypersensitivity to 6AU. The novel mutants affect highly conserved residues of Rpb1 and have differential genetic and biochemical effects. Three of the mutations affect the “lid” and “rudder,” two small loops suggested by structural studies to play a central role in the separation of the RNA–DNA hybrids. Most interestingly, two mutations affecting the catalytic center (rpb1-N488D) and the homology box G (rpb1-E1103G) have strong opposite effects on the intrinsic in vitro polymerization rate of RNAPII. Moreover, the synthetic interactions of these mutants with soh1, spt4, and dst1 suggest differential in vivo effects.
Association Mapping With Single-Feature Polymorphisms
Authors: Kim Sung , Zhao Keyan , Jiang Rong , Molitor John , Borevitz Justin O , Nordborg Magnus , Marjoram Paul 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
We develop methods for exploiting “single-feature polymorphism” data, generated by hybridizing genomic DNA to oligonucleotide expression arrays. Our methods enable the use of such data, which can be regarded as very high density, but imperfect, polymorphism data, for genomewide association or linkage disequilibrium mapping. We use a simulation-based power study to conclude that our methods should have good power for organisms like Arabidopsis thaliana, in which linkage disequilibrium is extensive, the reason being that the noisiness of single-feature polymorphism data is more than compensated for by their great number. Finally, we show how power depends on the accuracy with which single-feature polymorphisms are called.
The Genetic Basis of Prezygotic Reproductive Isolation BetweenDrosophila santomeaandD. yakubaDue to Mating Preference
Authors: Moehring Amanda J , Llopart Ana , Elwyn Susannah , Coyne Jerry A , Mackay Trudy F C 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSexual isolating mechanisms that act before fertilization are often considered the most important genetic barriers leading to speciation in animals. While progress has been made toward understanding the genetic basis of the postzygotic isolating mechanisms of hybrid sterility and inviability, little is known about the genetic basis of prezygotic sexual isolation. Here, we map quantitative trait loci (QTL) contributing to prezygotic reproductive isolation between the sibling species Drosophila santomea and D. yakuba. We mapped at least three QTL affecting discrimination of D. santomea females against D. yakuba males: one X-linked and one autosomal QTL affected the likelihood of copulation, and a second X chromosome QTL affected copulation latency. Three autosomal QTL also affected mating success of D. yakuba males with D. santomea. No epistasis was detected between QTL affecting sexual isolation. The QTL do not overlap between males and females and are not disproportionately concentrated on the X chromosome. There was some overlap in map locations of QTL affecting sexual isolation between D. santomea and D. yakuba with QTL affecting sexual isolation between D. simulans and D. mauritiana and with QTL affecting differences in pigmentation between D. santomea and D. yakuba. Future high-resolution mapping and, ultimately, positional cloning, will reveal whether these traits do indeed have a common genetic basis.
Quantitative Trait Loci Controlling Refractoriness to Plasmodium falciparum in Natural Anopheles gambiae Mosquitoes From a Malaria-Endemic Region in Western Kenya
Authors: Menge David M , Zhong Daibin , Guda Tom , Gouagna Louis , Githure John , Beier John , Yan Guiyun 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Natural anopheline populations exhibit much variation in ability to support malaria parasite development, but the genetic mechanisms underlying this variation are not clear. Previous studies in Mali, West Africa, identified two quantitative trait loci (QTL) in Anopheles gambiae mosquitoes that confer refractoriness (failure of oocyst development in mosquito midguts) to natural Plasmodium falciparum parasites. We hypothesize that new QTL may be involved in mosquito refractoriness to malaria parasites and that the frequency of natural refractoriness genotypes may be higher in the basin region of Lake Victoria, East Africa, where malaria transmission intensity and parasite genetic diversity are among the highest in the world. Using field-derived F2 isofemale families and microsatellite marker genotyping, two loci significantly affecting oocyst density were identified: one on chromosome 2 between markers AG2H135 and AG2H603 and the second on chromosome 3 near marker AG3H93. The first locus was detected in three of the five isofemale families studied and colocalized to the same region as Pen3 and pfin1 described in other studies. The second locus was detected in two of the five isofemale families, and it appears to be a new QTL. QTL on chromosome 2 showed significant additive effects while those on chromosome 3 exhibited significant dominant effects. Identification of P. falciparum-refractoriness QTL in natural An. gambiae mosquitoes is critical to the identification of the genes involved in malaria parasite transmission in nature and for understanding the coevolution between malaria parasites and mosquito vectors.
Comparing Likelihood and Bayesian Coalescent Estimation of Population Parameters
Authors: Kuhner Mary K , Smith Lucian P 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe have developed a Bayesian version of our likelihood-based Markov chain Monte Carlo genealogy sampler LAMARC and compared the two versions for estimation of Θ = 4Neμ, exponential growth rate, and recombination rate. We used simulated DNA data to assess accuracy of means and support or credibility intervals. In all cases the two methods had very similar results. Some parameter combinations led to overly narrow support or credibility intervals, excluding the truth more often than the desired percentage, for both methods. However, the Bayesian approach rejected the generative parameter values significantly less often than the likelihood approach, both in cases where the level of rejection was normal and in cases where it was too high.
Reduced Fractional Anisotropy on Diffusion Tensor Magnetic Resonance Imaging After Hypoxic-Ischemic Encephalopathy
Authors: Ward Phil , Counsell Serena , Allsop Joanna , Cowan Frances , Shen Yuji , Edwards David , Rutherford Mary 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE. Apparent diffusion coefficients (ADC) that are measured by diffusion-weighted imaging are reduced in severe white matter (WM) and in some severe basal ganglia and thalamic (BGT) injury in infants who present with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). However, ADC values may pseudonormalize or even be high during this time in some less severe but clinically significant injuries. We hypothesized that fractional anisotropy (FA), a measure of the directional diffusivity of water made using diffusion tensor imaging, may be abnormal in these less severe injuries; therefore, the objective of this study was to use diffusion tensor imaging to measure ADC and FA in infants with moderate and severe hypoxic-ischemic brain injury.
METHODS. Twenty infants with HIE and 7 normal control infants were studied. All infants were born at &gt;36 weeks' gestational age, and MRI scans were obtained within 3 weeks of delivery. Data were examined for normality, and comparisons were made using analysis of variance or Kruskal-Wallis as appropriate.
RESULTS. During the first week, FA values were decreased with both severe and moderate WM and BGT injury as assessed by conventional imaging, whereas ADC values were reduced only in severe WM injury and some severe BGT injury. Abnormal ADC values pseudonormalized during the second week, whereas FA values continued to decrease.
CONCLUSION. FA is reduced in moderate brain injury after HIE. A low FA may reflect a breakdown in WM organization. Moderate BGT injury may result in atrophy but not overt infarction; it is possible that delayed apoptosis is more marked than immediate necrosis, and this may account for normal early ADC values. The accompanying low FA within some severe and all moderate gray matter lesions, which is associated with significant later impairment, may help to confirm clinically significant abnormality in infants with normal ADC values.
Failure of Commercially Available Chest Wall Protectors to Prevent Sudden Cardiac Death Induced by Chest Wall Blows in an Experimental Model of Commotio Cordis
Authors: Weinstock Jonathan , Maron Barry J. , Song Christopher , Mane Paresh P. , Estes N.A. Mark , Link Mark S. 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVE. Sudden cardiac death that results from chest wall blows (commotio cordis) the second leading cause of death in young athletes. Most events are caused by blows from projectiles, such as baseballs or lacrosse balls, with a substantial proportion occurring despite the use of a chest protector. In the present experiment, we tested the effectiveness of commercially available chest protectors in preventing ventricular fibrillation (VF) that results from chest wall strikes with baseballs and lacrosse balls.
METHODS. Twelve different baseball or lacrosse chest protectors were evaluated in juvenile swines that were subjected to 40-mph baseball or lacrosse ball blows to the precordium during the vulnerable period of repolarization for VF and were compared with control impacts without chest protectors. Seven baseball chest protectors were hit by regulation baseballs, and 5 lacrosse chest protectors were tested by blows with standard lacrosse balls. Each animal received 2 chest blows for each protector and 2 control impacts without a chest protector, with the sequence of impacts assigned randomly.
RESULTS. VF was elicited by 12 (32%) of 37 strikes in control animals without baseball chest protectors. None of the baseball chest wall protectors tested were shown to decrease significantly the occurrence of VF when compared with controls. VF was elicited by 11 (46%) of 24 strikes in control animals without lacrosse chest protectors. None of the lacrosse chest wall protectors tested decreased significantly the occurrence of VF when compared with controls.
CONCLUSION. In our experimental animal model of commotio cordis, commercially available baseball and lacrosse chest wall protectors were ineffective in protecting against VF that was triggered by chest blows and, by inference, sudden cardiac death. Improvements in materials and design of chest wall barriers are necessary to reduce the occurrence of these tragic events and make the athletic field safer for youths.
Debating Orientalism
Authors: Oldmeadow Harry 
Published: March 2006

‘Orientalism’ has become a highly charged and contested term in several disciplinary fields, especially post-colonial studies. Since the appearance of Edward Said’s landmark Orientalism (1978), many scholars have pursued
lines of inquiry opened up by Said, arguing that Western modes of representation have created a fabric of ideological fictions about ‘the East’. This article argues that the many insights of Said notwithstanding, his model of ‘orientalism’ presents a distorted and misleading account of the actual historical realities, particularly with respect to the West’s encounter with the religious traditions of Asia. It concludes with some reflections about alternative perspectives on orientalism, especially those offered by traditionalist writers such as René Guénon and Ananda Coomaraswamy.
REDUCING ELEVATOR ENERGY USE: A COMPARISON OF POSTED FEEDBACK AND REDUCED ELEVATOR CONVENIENCE
Authors: Houten Ron Van , Nau Paul A. , Merrigan Michael 
Published: March 2006

The effects of two different procedures for reducing elevator energy use were assessed using a multiple‐baseline design. In the first procedure, feedback about the amount of energy consumed by the elevators each week was posted on each elevator door. Later, signs advocating the use of stairs to save energy and improve health were posted next to the feedback signs. In the second procedure, the time required to travel between floors was increased by adding a delay to the elevator door closing mechanisms. Results indicated that neither feedback alone nor feedback plus educational signs reduced the amount of energy consumed by the elevators. However, use of the door delay reduced consumption by one‐third in all elevators.A second experiment replicated the effect of the door delay on energy consumption and, in addition, demonstrated that the door delay also produced a reduction in the number of persons using the elevator. The second experiment also showed that, following an initial period during which a full delay was in effect, a gradual reduction of the delay interval resulted in continued energy conservation. Reduced convenience as a general strategy for energy conservation is discussed.
INCREASING PARTICIPATION AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF DISCUSSIONS IN SEVENTH‐GRADE SOCIAL STUDIES CLASSES
Authors: Smith Burleigh M. , Schumaker Jean B. , Schaeffer Janae , Sherman James A. 
Published: March 2006

An experiment was conducted to evaluate procedures to improve classroom discussions in seventh‐grade social studies classes. An increased number of students participated in discussions when rules were stated for discussions, students were praised for their contributions, the teacher restated or paraphrased students' contributions aloud or on the blackboard, the teacher planned an outline of discussion questions, student contributions to discussions were recorded and were used to determine part of the students' grades for the class, and discussion grades were publicly posted.The second part of the study focused on procedures designed to improve quality of classroom discussions. Students were taught to participate in discussions by providing reasons for their statements, comparisons between different points, or examples supporting their statements. As each type of contribution was taught, recorded, and counted toward part of the students' classroom grades, each type of contribution increased. Ratings of discussions by outside judges consisting of junior high school teachers, junior high school students, and persons experienced in conducting discussions, indicated that the training increased the overall quality of the discussions. Use of the quality training procedures, however, resulted in decreased levels of overall participation in discussion, a decrease that was reversed by the use of a group contingency for participation. Finally, the discussions after training seemed to be preferred by both the teacher and the students.
OFFICE PAPER RECYCLING: A FUNCTION OF CONTAINER PROXIMITY
Authors: Brothers Kevin J. , Krantz Patricia J. , McClannahan Lynn E. 
Published: March 2006

The experiment reported here served as a thesis submitted by the first author to the graduate school at the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for a master's degree. These data were first reported at the 18th annual convention of the Association for Behavior Analysis, May 1992. We gratefully acknowledge Barbara Etzel and Keith Miller, thesis committee members, for their editorial assistance, and Jill Young for obtaining interobserver agreement measures.We investigated the effects of proximity of containers on pounds of office paper recycled and not recycled by 25 employees. During a memo and central container condition, one container for recyclable paper was provided; in a memo and local container condition, desktop recycling bins, announced by memo, were successively introduced across administrative, office, and instructional settings using a multiple baseline design. Only 28% of paper was recycled in the central container condition, but when recycling containers were placed in close proximity to participants, 85% to 94% of all recyclable paper was recycled. Follow‐up assessments, conducted 1, 2, 3, and 7 months after all settings received local recycling containers, showed that 84% to 98% of paper was recycled. Providing desktop recycling containers was a cost‐effective procedure with long‐term maintenance and program survival.
JEAB AND JABA ON THE WORLD WIDE WEB: A REPORT TO READERS
Authors: Laties Victor G. , Preston Ray A. , Inglis Geoffrey B. , Pittelli Randal L. 
Published: March 2006

The Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior (JEAB) and the Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis (JABA) have both established home pages on the World Wide Web. Their addresses are:
http:www.envmed.rochester.eduwwwrapbehaviorjeabjeabhome.htm
http:www.envmed.rochester.eduwwwrapbehaviorjabajabahome.htm
An important feature of these pages is a powerful program that permits rapid full‐text searches of a database consisting of the nearly 5,000 abstracts that have accompanied articles published in JEAB since 1958 and in JABA since 1968. An electronic version of a single article from each issue of each journal is now made available soon after the paper edition of the journal appears.
Management of the Patient Who Smokes and the Diabetic Patient in the Dental Office
Authors: Kunzel Carol , Lalla Evanthia , Lamster Ira B. 
Published: March 2006

Background: Approaches to patient care consistent with a greater emphasis on the importance of risk factors associated with periodontal disease should include measures to reduce risk. In this article, we investigate the extent to which periodontists' and general practice dentists' (GPs) behaviors and attitudes reflect current understanding of the most important environmental risk factor for periodontitis (smoking) and the most important systemic disease risk factor for periodontitis (diabetes mellitus).Methods: A mail survey of active periodontists and GPs in the Northeastern United States was conducted during the fall of 2002. Random samples of periodontists and GPs listed in the designated Northeastern states were drawn from the 2002 American Academy of Periodontology Directory and the 2001 American Dental Directory, respectively. Responses were received from 103 periodontists (for a response rate of 73%) and from 105 GPs (for a response rate of 80%).Results: Although periodontists generally perform risk identification and management behaviors for patients who smoke or who have diabetes more frequently than GPs, both groups tend to engage in activities that inquire, discuss, and inform more than they tend to undertake measures to control or manage these risk factors. Rates of proactive patient management activities are quite low in both clinician groups.Conclusions: There is a need to increase periodontists' and GPs' involvement in the active management of the patient who smokes and in the diabetic patient. Such actions can be expected to result in improved periodontal and general health outcomes.
Inhibition of Experimental Gingivitis in Beagle Dogs With Topical Mercaptoalkylguanidines
Authors: Paquette David W. , Rosenberg Adam , Lohinai Zsolt , Southan Garry J. , Williams Ray C. , Offenbacher Steven , Szabó Csaba 
Published: March 2006

Background: Nitric oxide is a free radical produced in host tissues by constitutive and inducible forms of the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide plays physiological roles, but it is also involved in the pathophysiology of several inflammatory conditions, including arthritis, ulcerative colitis, and circulatory shock. Local increases in inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and reactive nitrogen products have also been demonstrated in humans and animals with periodontal disease. This masked, randomized, placebo‐controlled preclinical investigation examined the effect of two mercaptoalkylguanidines, mercaptoethylguanidine (MEG) and guanidinoethyldisulfide (GED), which are iNOS inhibitors and reactive nitrogen scavenging compounds, on the development of experimental gingivitis in beagle dogs.Methods: Fifteen female, 1‐year‐old beagles first completed a 2‐week dose‐escalation experiment during which a maximum tolerated dose was determined for MEG and GED gels. Thereafter, all animals were brought to optimal gingival health by mechanical scaling, followed by rigorous daily toothbrushing over a 4‐week washout period. Experimental gingivitis was then induced, with cessation of plaque control and institution of a soft diet over 8 weeks. Beagles randomly received 0.3% MEG, 0.3% GED, or placebo (vehicle) gels, topically applied twice daily to premolar teeth. Gingival inflammation, bleeding tendency, and supragingival plaque were clinically measured at baseline and at 2, 3, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Comparisons among groups and between group pairs (active versus placebo) were made using Kruskal‐Wallis tests.Results: From baseline to day 7, all groups expressed similar indices. Thereafter, significant and time‐dependent increases in the plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), and percentage of bleeding on probing (%BOP) were observed in placebo‐treated beagles. Mean GI scores for beagles treated with GED or MEG gels remained at or below baseline levels for the entire treatment period. At weeks 2, 3, 4, and 8, GI scores were significantly lower for MEG and GED groups compared to the placebo group (P <0.05). In addition, MEG and GED gels significantly reduced gingival bleeding responses by 8 weeks (P <0.05). Although placebo‐treated beagles demonstrated %BOP scores of 43% at week 8, GED‐ and MEG‐treated beagles exhibited %BOP scores of 21% and 26%, respectively. Since no statistical difference among PI scores was noted for any of the time points, neither mercaptoalkylguanidine appeared to affect supragingival plaque levels.Conclusion: The data from this preclinical study indicate that mercaptoalkylguanidines, topically administered, may significantly reduce experimental gingivitis in the beagle dog.