bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decentralized enforcement in organizations: An experimental approach
Authors: Feldman Yuval , Lobel Orly 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSocial enforcement, the decentralized action by organizational actors of monitoring, identifying, and reporting legal violations, is widely recognized as a key factor in ensuring good governance. This article reports on an experimental survey conducted in the US and Israel examining the behavior of individuals when confronting workplace unlawful conduct. The study provides novel insights into the relationships between state based, organization based, and employee based enforcement. It finds that the likelihood and the manner of reporting will vary depending on the type of illegality and are strongly correlated to perceptions of legitimacy, job security, and voice within the workplace. Comparing illegalities, employees prefer to report clear violations by rank and file employees rather than violations by managers. At the same time, external reporting to government or media entities is most likely when violations involve the organization as a whole or implicate top management. The study also finds cultural and gender differences in reporting patterns. Finally, the study provides support for the understanding that social norms are more predictive of social enforcement than expected organizational costs.
Rapid and Simple Measurement of H2 Emission from Active Faults Using Compact Sampling Equipments
Authors: Shimada Koji , Tanaka Hidemi , Saito Tomohiko 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSmaller equipment has been developed for sampling and measuring H2 in fault zones. A considerable volume of hydrogen emission, suggesting the presence of fluid paths along fault zones, was detected within a 1‐h simple field procedure at an active fault in Central Japan, the Atotsugawa Fault. The equipment enabled measurements in a thin fault gouge with a thickness of 10 mm; this led to pervasive sampling from small fault zones hosted in harder rocks. A rapid evaluation of the spatio‐temporal heterogeneity of hydrogen emissions along the faults, using the present method, would increase knowledge of fluid circulation around faults.
Systolic Blood Pressure on Admission Predicts In‐Hospital Mortality Among Patients Presenting With Acute Coronary Syndromes: The Greek Study of Acute Coronary Syndromes
Authors: Pitsavos Christos , Panagiotakos Demosthenes , Zombolos Spyros , Mantas Yannis , Antonoulas Antonis , Stravopodis Petros , Kogias Yannis , Kourlaba Georgia , Tsiamis Eleftherios , Stefanadis Christodoulos 
Published: May 2008

The authors sought to evaluate whether the level of systolic blood pressure (SBP) on hospital admission is an independent prognostic factor for in‐hospital mortality of patients hospitalized with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). From October 2003 to September 2004, 2172 consecutive patients with ACS were included in the study (76% men). The in‐hospital mortality rate was 3.2% in male and 5.7% in female patients (overall, 82 deaths; P=.009). An inverse association was observed between in‐hospital mortality rate and levels of SBP (<100 mm Hg, death rate 17.8%; 100–120 mm Hg, 3.7%; 120–140 mm Hg, 2.9%; >140 mm Hg, 2.6%; P<.001). Women, hypertensives, diabetics, dyslipidemics, and older patients had higher levels of SBP compared with other groups. The SBP of patients who received thrombolytic agents was lower than that of those who did not receive this therapy. Multi‐adjusted analysis revealed that a 10‐mm Hg increment in SBP was associated with a 27% lower likelihood of death during hospitalization (odds ratio, 0.73; 95% confidence interval, 0.66–0.90).J Clin Hhypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10:362–366.
COPD ‘diagnosis’ based on spirometric reference equations
Authors: Olofson Jan , Bake Björn , Tengelin Maria Nilsson , Houltz Birgitta 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIntroduction:  Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is suspected if the ratio between forced expired volume in 1 s (FEV1) and forced vital capacity is below 0.7 after bronchodilatation, according to the Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). As this ratio varies with age and gender, the lower limit of normality (LLN) of appropriate reference equations appears more adequate.Objectives:  To study the prevalences of suspected COPD according to the GOLD criterion and various reference equations in a well‐defined population sample.Methods:  Spirometries obtained in a random population sample of 598 men, 50 or 60 years of age, were analysed. The prevalences of suspected COPD were calculated according to the GOLD criterion and the LLNs of four Nordic and two European reference equations.Results:  The GOLD criterion resulted in prevalences of COPD of 9.3% and 23.7% in the 50‐ and 60‐year‐old never‐smokers, respectively. Depending on the reference equation, the calculated prevalences of COPD varied between 9.3% and 23.4% and 12.0% and 39.1% among all of the 50‐ and 60‐year‐old men, respectively.Conclusions:  The GOLD criterion is inadequate because of substantial overestimation in 60‐year‐old never‐smokers. LLNs of the various reference equations are unreliable because of obvious lack of consistency. Spirometric criteria for airway obstruction, and suspicion of COPD, therefore need to be revised.Please cite this paper as: Olofson J, Bake B, Tengelin MN and Houltz B. COPD ‘diagnosis’ based on spirometric reference equations. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2008; 2: 214–219.
Extended Green's Solution for the Stresses in an Infinite Plate With Two Equal or Unequal Circular Holes
Authors: Hoang Son K. , Abousleiman Younane N. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The distribution of stress in an isotropic and infinitely large plate perforated by circular holes has long attracted attention from both mathematical and engineering standpoints. Unfortunately, almost all existing solutions are only applicable to stress-free conditions at the boundary of the holes, which is not always the case in engineering applications. In an attempt to cover a wider range of applications, this paper presents the exact explicit solution for the stress distribution in an infinite plate containing two equal/unequal circular holes subjected to general in-plane stresses at infinity and internal pressures inside the holes, following the approach proposed by Green (1940, “General Bi-Harmonic Analysis for a Plate Containing Circular Holes,” Proc. R. Soc. London, Ser. A, 176(964), pp. 121–139). The newly derived general solution has been verified not only with published solutions for special cases but also qualitatively with a comparable experimental testing program. In addition, some numerical examples are also provided to offer insight into the complexity of the interplay of parameters.
The Effects of
Vibrations on Particle Motion in a Viscous Fluid
Cell
Authors: Hassan Samer , Kawaji Masahiro 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The effects of small vibrations on particle motion in a viscous fluid cell have been investigated experimentally and theoretically. A steel particle was suspended by a thin wire at the center of a fluid cell, and the cell was vibrated horizontally using an electromagnetic actuator and an air bearing stage. The vibration-induced particle amplitude measurements were performed for different fluid viscosities (58.0cP and 945cP), and cell vibration amplitudes and frequencies. A viscous fluid model was also developed to predict the vibration-induced particle motion. This model shows the effect of fluid viscosity compared to the inviscid model, which was presented earlier by Hassan et al. (2004, “The Effects of Vibrations on Particle Motion in an Infinite Fluid Cell,” ASME J. Appl. Mech., 73(1), pp. 72–78) and validated using data obtained for water. The viscous model with modified drag coefficients is shown to predict well the particle amplitude data for the fluid viscosities of 58.5cP and 945cP. While there is a resonance frequency corresponding to the particle peak amplitude for oil (58.0cP), this phenomenon disappeared for glycerol (945cP). This disappearance of resonance phenomenon is explained by referring to the theory of mechanical vibrations of a mass-spring-damper system. For the sinusoidal particle motion in a viscous fluid, the effective drag force has been obtained, which includes the virtual mass force, drag force proportional to the velocity, and the Basset or history force terms.
Repetition Suppression of Induced Gamma Activity Predicts Enhanced Orienting toward a Novel Stimulus in 6-month-old Infants
Authors: Snyder Kelly A. , Keil Andreas 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Habituation refers to a decline in orienting or responding to a repeated stimulus, and can be inferred to reflect learning about the properties of the repeated stimulus when followed by increased orienting to a novel stimulus (i.e., novelty detection). Habituation and novelty detection paradigms have been used for over 40 years to study perceptual and mnemonic processes in the human infant, yet important questions remain about the nature of these processes in infants. The aim of the present study was to examine the neural mechanisms underlying habituation and novelty detection in infants. Specifically, we investigated changes in induced alpha, beta, and gamma activity in 6-month-old infants during repeated presentations of either a face or an object, and examined whether these changes predicted behavioral responses to novelty at test. We found that induced gamma activity over occipital scalp regions decreased with stimulus repetition in the face condition but not in the toy condition, and that greater decreases in the gamma band were associated with enhanced orienting to a novel face at test. The pattern and topography of these findings are consistent with observations of repetition suppression in the occipital–temporal visual processing pathway, and suggest that encoding in infant habituation paradigms may reflect a form of perceptual learning. Implications for the role of repetition suppression in infant habituation and novelty detection are discussed with respect to a biased competition model of visual attention.
Cultural Specificity in Amygdala Response to Fear Faces
Authors: Chiao Joan Y. , Iidaka Tetsuya , Gordon Heather L. , Nogawa Junpei , Bar Moshe , Aminoff Elissa , Sadato Norihiro , Ambady Nalini 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The human amygdala robustly activates to fear faces. Heightened response to fear faces is thought to reflect the amygdala's adaptive function as an early warning mechanism. Although culture shapes several facets of emotional and social experience, including how fear is perceived and expressed to others, very little is known about how culture influences neural responses to fear stimuli. Here we show that the bilateral amygdala response to fear faces is modulated by culture. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging to measure amygdala response to fear and nonfear faces in two distinct cultures. Native Japanese in Japan and Caucasians in the United States showed greater amygdala activation to fear expressed by members of their own cultural group. This finding provides novel and surprising evidence of cultural tuning in an automatic neural response.
Dissociating Early and Late Error Signals in Perceptual Recognition
Authors: Wheeler Mark E. , Petersen Steven E. , Nelson Steven M. , Ploran Elisabeth J. , Velanova Katerina 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Decisions about object identity follow a period in which evidence is gathered and analyzed. Evidence can consist of both task-relevant external stimuli and internally generated goals and expectations. How the various pieces of information are gathered and filtered into meaningful evidence by the nervous system is largely unknown. Although object recognition is often highly efficient and accurate, errors are common. Errors may be related to faulty evidence gathering arising from early misinterpretations of incoming stimulus information. In addition, errors in task performance are known to elicit late corrective performance monitoring mechanisms that can optimize or otherwise adjust future behavior. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in an extended trial paradigm of object recognition to study whether we could identify performance-based signal modulations prior to and following the moment of recognition. The rationale driving the current report is that early modulations in fMRI activity may reflect faulty evidence gathering, whereas late modulations may reflect the presence of performance monitoring mechanisms. We tested this possibility by comparing fMRI activity on correct and error trials in regions of interest (ROIs) that were selected a priori. We found pre- and postrecognition accuracy-dependent modulation in different sets of a priori ROIs, suggesting the presence of dissociable error signals.
Mesoscale Eddy–Internal Wave Coupling. Part I: Symmetry, Wave Capture, and Results from the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment
Authors: Polzin Kurt L. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Vertical profiles of horizontal velocity obtained during the Mid-Ocean Dynamics Experiment (MODE) provided the first published estimates of the high vertical wavenumber structure of horizontal velocity. The data were interpreted as being representative of the background internal wave field, and thus, despite some evidence of excess downward energy propagation associated with coherent near-inertial features that was interpreted in terms of atmospheric generation, these data provided the basis for a revision to the Garrett and Munk spectral model.
These data are reinterpreted through the lens of 30 years of research. Rather than representing the background wave field, atmospheric generation, or even near-inertial wave trapping, the coherent high wavenumber features are characteristic of internal wave capture in a mesoscale strain field. Wave capture represents a generalization of critical layer events for flows lacking the spatial symmetry inherent in a parallel shear flow or isolated vortex.
Double-Diffusive Intrusions in a Stable Salinity Gradient “Heated from Below”
Authors: Simeonov Julian , Stern Melvin E. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Two-dimensional direct numerical simulations (DNS) are used to investigate the growth and nonlinear equilibration of spatially periodic double-diffusive intrusion for negative vertical temperature Tz &lt; 0 and salinity Sz &lt; 0 gradients, which are initially stable to small-scale double diffusion. The horizontal temperature Tx and salinity Sx gradients are assumed to be uniform, density compensated, and unbounded. The weakly sloping intrusion is represented as a mean lateral flow in a square computational box tilted with a slope equal to that of the fastest-growing linear theory mode; the vertical (η) domain size of the box L*η is a multiple of the fastest-growing wavelength. Solutions for the fastest-growing wavelength show that the intrusion growth is disrupted by salt fingers that develop when the rotation of the isotherms and isohalines by the intrusion shear results in temperature and salinity inversions; the thick inversion regions are separated by a thin interface supporting diffusive convection. These equilibrium solutions were always unstable to longer vertical wavelengths arising because of the merging of the inversion layers. The DNS predicts the following testable results for the maximum lateral velocity U* max = 0.13NSL*η, the lateral heat flux F* = 0.008ρCP(Sx/Sz)1/2(NS/KT)1/4NSL*η2.5(βSz/α), and the interface thickness hρ = 0.12L*η, where NS = , g is the gravity acceleration, ρ is the density, β/α is the haline contraction/heat expansion coefficient, and CP is the specific heat capacity. The results are compared with observations in the Arctic Ocean.
Multipass Objective Analyses of Doppler Radar Data
Authors: Majcen Mario , Markowski Paul , Richardson Yvette , Dowell David , Wurman Joshua 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis note assesses the improvements in dual-Doppler wind syntheses by employing a multipass Barnes objective analysis in the interpolation of radial velocities to a Cartesian grid, as opposed to a more typical single-pass Barnes objective analysis. Steeper response functions can be obtained by multipass objective analyses; that is, multipass objective analyses are less damping at well-resolved wavelengths (e.g., 8–20Δ, where Δ is the data spacing) than single-pass objective analyses, while still suppressing small-scale (&lt;4Δ) noise. Synthetic dual-Doppler data were generated from a three-dimensional numerical simulation of a supercell thunderstorm in a way that emulates the data collection by two mobile radars. The synthetic radial velocity data from a pair of simulated radars were objectively analyzed to a grid, after which the three-dimensional wind field was retrieved by iteratively computing the horizontal divergence and integrating the anelastic mass continuity equation. Experiments with two passes and three passes of the Barnes filter were performed, in addition to a single-pass objective analysis. Comparison of the analyzed three-dimensional wind fields to the model wind fields suggests that multipass objective analysis of radial velocity data prior to dual-Doppler wind synthesis is probably worth the added computational cost. The improvements in the wind syntheses derived from multipass objective analyses are even more apparent for higher-order fields such as vorticity and divergence, and for trajectory calculations and pressure/buoyancy retrievals.
A Hybrid ETKF–3DVAR Data Assimilation Scheme for the WRF Model. Part I: Observing System Simulation Experiment
Authors: Wang Xuguang , Barker Dale M. , Snyder Chris , Hamill Thomas M. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A hybrid ensemble transform Kalman filter–three-dimensional variational data assimilation (ETKF–3DVAR) system for the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model is introduced. The system is based on the existing WRF 3DVAR. Unlike WRF 3DVAR, which utilizes a simple, static covariance model to estimate the forecast-error statistics, the hybrid system combines ensemble covariances with the static covariances to estimate the complex, flow-dependent forecast-error statistics. Ensemble covariances are incorporated by using the extended control variable method during the variational minimization. The ensemble perturbations are maintained by the computationally efficient ETKF. As an initial attempt to test and understand the newly developed system, both an observing system simulation experiment under the perfect model assumption (Part I) and the real observation experiment (Part II) were conducted. In these pilot studies, the WRF was run over the North America domain at a coarse grid spacing (200 km) to emphasize synoptic scales, owing to limited computational resources and the large number of experiments conducted. In Part I, simulated radiosonde wind and temperature observations were assimilated. The results demonstrated that the hybrid data assimilation method provided more accurate analyses than the 3DVAR. The horizontal distributions of the errors demonstrated the hybrid analyses had larger improvements over data-sparse regions than over data-dense regions. It was also found that the ETKF ensemble spread in general agreed with the root-mean-square background forecast error for both the first- and second-order measures. Given the coarse resolution, relatively sparse observation network, and perfect model assumption adopted in this part of the study, caution is warranted when extrapolating the results to operational applications.
Verification of a Clear-Sky Mesoscale Simulation Using Satellite-Derived Surface Temperatures
Authors: Jiménez M. A. , Mira A. , Cuxart J. , Luque A. , Alonso S. , Guijarro J. A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A mesoscale simulation for Majorca Island is made using the Méso-NH model for a spring night, under a slack synoptic pressure gradient with weak general winds and clear skies. The circulations over and around the island are driven mostly by the locally generated flows, due to the topography and the land–sea thermal contrast. The verification of mesoscale simulations in clear-sky conditions is difficult, especially if the network of stations is not very dense. The main objective of this work is to try to verify the mesoscale simulation using measurements from automatic weather stations and satellite measurements. The model outputs are compared with the available instrumental data and the representativeness of the stations is discussed. Furthermore, complete two-dimensional comparisons are made between the radiative surface temperatures produced by the model and those processed from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) satellite sensors. The high temporal resolution of the MSG images also allows comparison of the temporal evolutions of the surface temperature between satellite pixels and model grid cells. The procedure permits assessment of the closeness of the simulation to in situ and remote sensing observations. The results of the comparison show that the model is able to reproduce most of the observed patterns, such as intense local cooling or persistent outflows at the largest basins.
School Counsellors and Young People in Care
Authors: Hay Ian , Cuskelly Monica 
Published: May 2008

AbstractProtocols recently introduced by state education authorities require guidance and school counsellors to collaborate with other school personnel to developIndividual Education Support Plansfor students in the care of the state. Of the more than 20,000 young people in care in Australia, the majority are in foster home placements due to previous maltreatment or neglect by their parents. Young people in care are a diverse, vulnerable and, at times, challenging cohort of students who typically have academic, psychological, behavioural, social, and friendship difficulties — and for some, ongoing mental health issues. This article reviews the characteristics allied with young people in care as well as procedures and strategies school counsellors can consider that facilitate more positive outcomes for these students.
Rangewide Genetic Structure in Paddlefish Inferred from DNA Microsatellite Loci
Authors: Heist Edward J. , Mustapha Akeem 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe surveyed paddlefish Polyodon spathula from 12 geographic locations encompassing the species' entire range at five polymorphic DNA microsatellite loci. Nearly all pairwise estimates of genetic heterogeneity among geographic samples were significant, as was the overall test of genetic heterogeneity. A test for isolation by distance was not significant. A neighbor‐joining phenogram did not reveal any obvious phylogeographic patterns, other than a high degree of distinctiveness of the samples from the Tombigbee River and Grand Lake of the Ozarks and, to a lesser extent, the Mermentau River. The distinctiveness of the Mermentau and especially the Tombigbee River populations is not surprising because they are in different drainages. The distinctiveness of the Grand Lake population is accompanied by reduced heterozygosity, perhaps due to low effective population size or past stocking practices. We interpret the distribution of genetic variation in paddlefish as one of historically high levels of gene flow among populations that have more recently become isolated by habitat alteration (e.g., dams). Although we do not advocate large‐scale movement of paddlefish, especially among historically isolated drainages, stocking practices that facilitate gene flow around recently erected barriers might be advisable. We also recommend additional analyses using microsatellites as a means of monitoring the genetic variation in paddlefish and the use of mitochondrial DNA to further investigate the historical isolation among drainages.