bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seismic tomography studies of cover thickness and near-surface bedrock velocities
Authors: Bergman B. , Tryggvason A. , Juhlin C. 
Published: November 2006

Reflection seismic imaging of the uppermost kilometer of crystalline bedrock is an important component in site surveys for locating potential storage sites for nuclear waste in Sweden. To obtain high-quality images, refraction statics are calculated using first-break traveltimes. These first-break picks may also be used to produce tomographic velocity images of the uppermost bedrock. In an earlier study, we presented a method applicable to data sets where the vast majority of shots are located in the bedrock below the glacial deposits, or cover, typical for northern latitudes. A by-product of this method was an estimate of the cover thickness from the receiver static that was introduced to sharpen the image. We now present a modified version of this method that is applicable for sources located in or on the cover, the general situation for nuclear waste site surveys. This modified methodalso solves for 3D velocity structure and static correctionssimultaneously in the inversion process. The static corrections can then be used to estimate the cover thickness. First, we test our tomography method on synthetic data withthe shot points in the bedrock below the cover. Next, we developa strategy for the case when the sources are within the cover. Themethod is then applied to field data from five crooked-line,high-resolution reflection seismic profiles ranging in lengthfrom 2 to [Formula: see text]. The crooked-line profiles make the study 2.5dimensional regarding bedrock velocities. The cover thicknessalong the profiles varies from 0 to [Formula: see text]. Estimated thickness ofthe cover agrees well with data from boreholes drilled near theprofiles. Low-velocity zones in the uppermost bedrock generallycorrelate with locations where reflections from the stackedsections project to the surface. Thus, the method is functional,both for imaging the uppermost bedrock velocities as well as for estimating the cover thickness.
Linear inverse Gaussian theory and geostatistics
Authors: Hansen Thomas Mejer , Journel Andre G. , Tarantola Albert , Mosegaard Klaus 
Published: November 2006

Inverse problems in geophysics require the introduction of complex a priori information and are solved using computationally expensive Monte Carlo techniques (where large portions of the model space are explored). The geostatistical method allows for fast integration of complex a priori information in the form of covariance functions and training images. We combine geostatistical methods and inverse problem theory to generate realizations of the posterior probability density function of any Gaussian linear inverse problem, honoring a priori information in the form of a covariance function describing the spatial connectivity of the model space parameters. This is achieved using sequential Gaussian simulation, a well-known, noniterative geostatisticalmethod for generating samples of a Gaussian random field with a given covariance function. This work is a contribution to both linear inverse problem theory and geostatistics. Our main result is an efficient method to generate realizations, actual solutions rather than the conventional least-squares-based approach, to any Gaussian linear inverse problem using a noniterative method. The sequential approach to solving linear and weakly nonlinear problems is computationally efficient compared with traditional least-squares-based inversion. The sequential approach also allows one to solve the inverse problem in only a small part of the model space while conditioned to all available data. From a geostatistical point of view, the method can be used to condition realizations of Gaussian random fields to the possibly noisy linear average observations of the model space.
Fourier reconstruction of marine-streamer data in four spatial coordinates
Authors: Zwartjes P. , Gisolf A. 
Published: November 2006

Many methods exist for interpolation of seismic data in one and two spatial dimensions, but few can interpolate properly in three or four spatial dimensions. Marine multi-streamer data typically are sampled relatively well in the midpoint and absolute offset coordinates but not in the azimuth because the crossline shot coordinate is significantly under sampled. We approach the problem of interpolation of marine-streamer data in four spatial dimensions by splitting the problem into a 1D interpolation along the densely sampled streamers and a 3D Fourier reconstruction for the remaining spatial coordinates. In Fourier reconstruction, the Fourier coefficients that synthesize the nonuniformly sampled seismic data are estimated in a least-squares inversion. The method is computationally efficient, requires no subsurface information, and can handle uniform grids with missing data as well as nonuniform grids or random sampling. The output grid of the 1D interpolation in the first step is arbitrary. When the output grid has uniform inline midpoints spacing, the 3D Fourier reconstruction in the second step is performed in the crossline midpoint, absolute offset, and azimuth coordinates. When the first step outputs to uniform absolute offset, the 3D Fourier reconstruction handles the crossline/inline midpoint and the azimuth coordinates. In both cases, the main innovation is the inclusion of the azimuthal coordinate in the Fourier reconstruction. The azimuth multiplicity must be increased for the method to be successful, which means that overlap shooting is required. We have tested the algorithm on synthetic streamer data for which the proposed method outperforms an approach where the azimuthal coordinate is ignored. Potential applications are interpolation of marine streamer data to decrease the crossline source sampling for the benefit of 3D multiple prediction and regularization to reduce sampling-related differences in processing of time-lapse data.
Learning Phonology With Substantive Bias: An Experimental and Computational Study of Velar Palatalization
Authors: Wilson Colin 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere is an active debate within the field of phonology concerning the cognitive status of substantive phonetic factors such as ease of articulation and perceptual distinctiveness. A new framework is proposed in which substance acts as a bias, or prior, on phonological learning. Two experiments tested this framework with a method in which participants are first provided highly impoverished evidence of a new phonological pattern, and then tested on how they extend this pattern to novel contexts and novel sounds. Participants were found to generalize velar palatalization (e.g., the change from [k] as in keep to [t⌢∫S] as in cheap) in a way that accords with linguistic typology, and that is predicted by a cognitive bias in favor of changes that relate perceptually similar sounds. Velar palatalization was extended from the mid front vowel context (i.e., before [e] as in cape) to the high front vowel context (i.e., before [i] as in keep), but not vice versa. The key explanatory notion of perceptual similarity is quantified with a psychological model of categorization, and the substantively biased framework is formalized as a conditional random field. Implications of these results for the debate on substance, theories of phonological generalization, and the formalization of similarity are discussed.
Protective role of γ-aminobutyric acid against chronic renal failure in rats
Authors: Sasaki Sumiyo , Yokozawa Takako , Cho Eun Ju , Oowada Shigeru , Kim Mujo 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The protective effect of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) against chronic renal failure (CRF) was investigated using a remnant kidney model with 5/6 nephrectomized rats. Nephrectomy led to renal dysfunction, which was evaluated via several parameters including serum urea nitrogen, creatinine (Cr) and Cr clearance. However, the administration of GABA ameliorated renal dysfunction, and a longer administration period of GABA increased its protective effect. In addition, nephrectomized control rats showed an elevation in the fractional excretion of sodium (FENa) with an increase in urinary sodium, while GABA led to a significant decline in FENa. Moreover, nephrectomy resulted in a decrease of serum albumin and an increase of urinary protein with a change in the urinary protein pattern, whereas the rats administered GABA showed improvement in these changes associated with CRF caused by nephrectomy. This suggests that GABA would inhibit the disease progression and have a protective role against CRF. As one of the risk factors for CRF progression, hypertension was also regulated by GABA. The results also indicate that GABA may play a protective role against CRF through improvement of the serum lipid profile, with reductions in triglyceride and total cholesterol. Furthermore, nephrectomy led to renal oxidative stress with a decrease in the activity of antioxidative enzymes and elevation of lipid peroxidation. The administration of GABA attenuated oxidative stress induced by nephrectomy through an increase in superoxide dismutase and catalase, and decrease in lipid peroxidation. The histopathological lesions, including glomerular, tubular and interstitial lesions, under nephrectomy were also improved by GABA with the inhibition of fibronectin expression. This study demonstrated that GABA attenuated renal dysfunction via regulation of blood pressure and lipid profile, and it also ameliorated the oxidative stress induced by nephrectomy, suggesting the promising potential of GABA in protecting against renal failure progression.
How i do it head and neck and plastic surgery a targeted problem and its solution: Endoscopic septoplasty
Authors: Giles William C. , Gross Charles W. , Abram Adam C. , Greene W. Michael , Avner Ted G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOften there is a need to address the status of the nasal septum during functional endonasal sinus surgery. The outcome of a sinus procedure can be enhanced if the surgeon has better exposure of the operative area or if the patient receives a larger nasal airway, which provides laminar air flow. We present a technique of managing septal deviations and obstructions that adds little additional time to the sinus procedure and allows direct evaluation of the septum with the endoscopes. We describe this relatively simple technique, indications for its use, and results of the first 38 cases.
Bridging research and policy: insights from 50 case studies
Authors: Court Julius , Young John 
Published: November 2006

English
While we know of a lot about research–policy links in rich countries, there has been very little systematic work on those in the rest of the world. This article reports on the process, findings and implications of an initiative to collect and analyse 50 summary case studies on research–policy links from developing and transition countries. The discussion is structured around a framework of three interlinked domains: context, evidence, links. The article also refers to other issues that emerge from the case studies, particularly the role of external influences and donors. Finally, it emphasises the impor tance of translating the findings into practical recommendations for policy makers, donors and researchers.
Die Genitivflexion von artikellos verwendbaren Eigennamen als syntaktisch konditionierte Allomorphie
Authors: Neef Martin 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Based on Eisenberg's (2000) insight that German has four genders instead of three, genitive singular inflection turns out to be driven by gender alone. The concept of inflection classes can be dispensed with for this subject. However, as has been noticed, proper names disturb this clear picture because a subset of female proper names seems to vacillate between zero inflection as is typical of female nouns and s-inflection as is typical of masculine and neuter nouns. On closer inspection, it turns out that the s-marker for female proper names differs significantly from the s-marker for masculine and neuter generic nouns. Moreover, non-female proper names may also show zero inflection in the genitive. In order to analyze these data, I distinguish two distinct classes of proper names: members of the first class of proper names are allowed to appear without an article in contexts where members of the other class need one. I call this first class ‘grammatical proper names’. In genitive singular inflection, grammatical proper names are either zero marked or marked by a specific s-marker. The conditioning factor is whether or not the head position of the DP is filled with a word.
General properties of lasing effect in chiral liquid crystals
Authors: Palto S. , Shtykov N. , Umansky B. , Barnik M. , Blinov L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractNumerical simulations and experimental studies of the lasing effect in chiral liquid crystals are presented. It is shown that ring-like light emission, which is often observed experimentally, is a true lasing effect. Lasing condition and different modes in thin liquid crystal layers are discussed.
Photonic liquid crystal fibers — a new challenge for fiber optics and liquid crystals photonics
Authors: Woliński T. , Ertman S. , Lesiak P. , Domański A. , Czapla A. , Dąbrowski R. , Nowinowski-Kruszelnicki E. , Wójcik J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe paper reviews and discusses the latest developments in the field of the photonic liquid crystal fibers that have occurred for the last three years in view of new challenges for both fiber optics and liquid crystal photonics. In particular, we present the latest experimental results on electrically induced birefringence in photonic liquid crystal fibers and discuss possibilities and directions of future developments.
Multicomponent Intervention for Overactive Bladder in Women
Authors: Funada Satoshi , Luo Yan , Uozumi Ryuji , Watanabe Norio , Goto Takayuki , Negoro Hiromitsu , Ueno Kentaro , Ichioka Kentaro , Segawa Takehiko , Akechi Tatsuo , Ogawa Osamu , Akamatsu Shusuke , Kobayashi Takashi , Furukawa Toshi A. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceAlthough the cognitive components of behavioral therapy for overactive bladder (OAB) are widely recognized, there is a lack of studies evaluating the effectiveness of multicomponent interventions that include cognitive components as a treatment for OAB.ObjectiveTo examine the efficacy of a multicomponent intervention in improving health-related quality of life (HRQOL) for women with moderate to severe OAB.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis multicenter, open-label, randomized clinical trial was conducted in Japan among women aged 20 to 80 years who had moderate to severe OAB. Participants were recruited from 4 institutions between January 16, 2020, and December 31, 2022, through self-referral via advertisement or referral from the participating institutions.InterventionsParticipants were randomized 1:1 by minimization algorithm using an internet-based central cloud system to four 30-minute weekly sessions of a multicomponent intervention or waiting list. Both groups continued to receive baseline treatment throughout the study period.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the least-squares mean changes from baseline through week 13 in HRQOL total scores of the OAB questionnaire between 2 groups. Secondary outcomes included OAB symptom score and frequency volume chart.ResultsA total of 79 women were randomized to either the intervention group (39 participants; mean [SD] age, 63.5 [14.6] years) or the waiting list control group (40 participants; mean [SD] age, 63.5 [12.9] years). One participant from each group dropped out from the allocated intervention, while 5 participants in the intervention group and 2 in the control group dropped out from the primary outcome assessment at week 13. Thirty-six participants (92.3%) in the intervention group and 35 (87.5%) in the control group had moderate OAB. The change in HRQOL total score from baseline to week 13 was 23.9 points (95% CI, 18.4-29.5 points) in the intervention group and 11.3 points (95% CI, 6.2-16.4 points) in the waiting list group, a significant difference of 12.6 points (95% CI, 6.6-18.6 points; P &amp;lt; .001). Similar superiority of the intervention was confirmed for frequency of micturition and urgency but not for OAB symptom score.Conclusions and RelevanceThese findings demonstrate that a multicomponent intervention improves HRQOL for women with moderate to severe OAB and suggest that the cognitive component may be an effective treatment option for women with OAB.Trial RegistrationUMIN Clinical Trials Registry Identifier: UMIN000038513
Bacteremia From a Presumed Urinary Source in Hospitalized Adults With Asymptomatic Bacteriuria
Authors: Advani Sonali D. , Ratz David , Horowitz Jennifer K. , Petty Lindsay A. , Fakih Mohamad G. , Schmader Kenneth , Mody Lona , Czilok Tawny , Malani Anurag N. , Flanders Scott A. , Gandhi Tejal N. , Vaughn Valerie M. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceGuidelines recommend withholding antibiotics in asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB), including among patients with altered mental status (AMS) and no systemic signs of infection. However, ASB treatment remains common.ObjectivesTo determine prevalence and factors associated with bacteremia from a presumed urinary source in inpatients with ASB with or without AMS and estimate antibiotics avoided if a 2% risk of bacteremia were used as a threshold to prompt empiric antibiotic treatment of ASB.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study assessed patients hospitalized to nonintensive care with ASB (no immune compromise or concomitant infections) in 68 Michigan hospitals from July 1, 2017, to June 30, 2022. Data were analyzed from August 2022 to January 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was prevalence of bacteremia from a presumed urinary source (ie, positive blood culture with matching organisms within 3 days of urine culture). To determine factors associated with bacteremia, we used multivariable logistic regression models. We estimated each patient’s risk of bacteremia and determined what percentage of patients empirically treated with antibiotics had less than 2% estimated risk of bacteremia.ResultsOf 11 590 hospitalized patients with ASB (median [IQR] age, 78.2 [67.7-86.6] years; 8595 female patients [74.2%]; 2235 African American or Black patients [19.3%], 184 Hispanic patients [1.6%], and 8897 White patients [76.8%]), 8364 (72.2%) received antimicrobial treatment for UTI, and 161 (1.4%) had bacteremia from a presumed urinary source. Only 17 of 2126 patients with AMS but no systemic signs of infection (0.7%) developed bacteremia. On multivariable analysis, male sex (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.45; 95% CI, 1.02-2.05), hypotension (aOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.18-2.93), 2 or more systemic inflammatory response criteria (aOR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.21-2.46), urinary retention (aOR, 1.87; 95% CI, 1.18-2.96), fatigue (aOR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.08-2.17), log of serum leukocytosis (aOR, 3.38; 95% CI, 2.48-4.61), and pyuria (aOR, 3.31; 95% CI, 2.10-5.21) were associated with bacteremia. No single factor was associated with more than 2% risk of bacteremia. If 2% or higher risk of bacteremia were used as a cutoff for empiric antibiotics, antibiotic exposure would have been avoided in 78.4% (6323 of 8064) of empirically treated patients with low risk of bacteremia.Conclusions and RelevanceIn patients with ASB, bacteremia from a presumed urinary source was rare, occurring in less than 1% of patients with AMS. A personalized, risk-based approach to empiric therapy could decrease unnecessary ASB treatment.
Mission time minimization for UAV‐supported data distribution in Internet of Things
Authors: Liu Rui , Na Zhenyu , Li Bowen , Lin Ye 
Published: March 2024

AbstractUnmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) have been widely used to transmit data to Internet of Things (IoT) devices in various industrial, civil and military applications because of their flexibility and mobility. Some emergency situations pose strict requirements for UAV mission completion time. Therefore, this paper investigates a UAV‐supported data distribution network, where a UAV is dispatched to distribute data to a group of IoT devices. We propose a device attribution (DA) based cluster‐by‐cluster (CBC) communication strategy. The objective is to minimize UAV mission time while satisfying the required data amount of all devices. To this end, we propose a mission time optimization algorithm (MTOA), whose key lies in invoking DA mechanism to determine the device belonging in the coverage of overlapping clusters. Numerical results demonstrate that the proposed strategy can effectively reduce the mission time compared with the baseline ones, offering an innovative method for solving complex device attribution issues. Furthermore, the proposed strategy is expected to exhibit a significant potential in scenarios involving the high‐density IoT device deployment.
Continuous Sandwiched Film Containing Oriented ZnO@HDPE Microfiber for Passive Radiative Cooling
Authors: Peng Fei , Ren Kunlun , Zheng Guoqiang , Dai Kun , Gao Chaojun , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractRecently, passive radiative cooling (PRC) that realizes thermal management without consuming any energy has attracted increasing attention. However, few studies focus on low‐cost and robust PRC film fabricated by a facile and environmentally friendly method. In this study, via coextrusion blow film molding and water leaching, sandwiched PRC film (SPRCF) is efficiently prepared, and its skin and core layer are respectively high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) film and oriented ZnO@HDPE microfiber layer. Of note, such a sandwiched structure enables SPRCF to possess remarkable mechanical properties, abrasion, and weather resistance. Moreover, with the introduction of ZnO, SPRCF shows lower sunlight transmittance (≈3.8%) but higher mid‐infrared transmittance (≈88.8%), endowing it with remarkable PRC performance (the maximum cooling power of daytime and nighttime are respectively 73.8 and 96.7 W m−2). Furthermore, the decent self‐cleaning performance of SPRCF‐45 endows it with maintenance‐free features outdoors. This work proposes a facile and environmentally friendly method for preparing low‐cost and robust SPRCF, opening a new pathway to develop PRC film following the concept of polymer “structuring” processing.
Supercritical CO2‐Assisted Layer Exfoliation of MAX Ti3AlC2 Nanosheets Without Etching
Authors: Kim Hyeri , Gwon Dajeong , Kim Dohyeong , Kee Jinho , Koo Jaseung 
Published: March 2024

AbstractAlthough MAX exhibits excellent heat resistance, chemical resistance, and electrical conductivity due to its metallic and ceramic properties, the exfoliation of the MAX sheets with oxidation stability is a key issue in maximizing its advantages and improving its performance. In this study, the supercritical CO2 (scCO2) technique is employed to mechanically exfoliate MAX sheets without chemical etching. The supercritical fluid process is conducted in two continuous steps under different CO2 conditions: supercritical drying and rapid exfoliation of the supercritical suspension (RESS). X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy results reveal that both supercritical drying (45 °C and 100 bar) and RESS (100 °C and 120 bar) processes are required for MAX sheet exfoliation. During these processes, scCO2 molecules are deeply intercalated into the MAX sheet interlayers. The scCO2‐treated MAX sheets and oxidized MXene exhibit electrical conductivities of 457, 303, and 46 S cm−1 at 100 bar based on the powder resistivity measurement system. Because the layer exfoliation of MAX sheets is closely correlated with the performance of MAX‐based materials, the technique employed in this study can provide a route for applications requiring expanded MAX, ranging from nanoelectronic devices to energy‐storage materials such as supercapacitors and battery anodes.