bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
KLINISCH-EXPERIMENTELLE STUDIEN MIT MENSCHLICHEM HYPOPHYSÄREM GONADOTROPIN
Authors: Apostolakis Michael , Bettendorf Gerhard , Voigt Klaus D. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Gonadotrophin extracted from human hypophyses (HHG) was administered in clinical trials to 5 amenorrhoic women. Gonadotrophin levels in the blood and urine and the urinary excretion of oestrogen, pregnanediol, 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol were determined before, during and after treatment. Clinical control methods included endometrial biopsy and vaginal smear examination. Following the i. m. administration of HHG the gonadotrophin excretion increased markedly within the first 24 hours. Plasma gonadotrophin increased to substantially higher levels within 4–6 hours after the first injection. After cessation of treatment both plasma and urine gonadotrophin concentration returned slowly within 2–4 days to the pre-treatment levels. Following treatment, all 4 patients with hypogonadotrophic amenorrhoea (primary pituitary insufficiency) responded by an increased oestrogen and pregnanediol production. It would seem therefore that HHG-treatment had succeeded in producing ovulation. The single case of hypergonadotrophic amenorrhoea (primary ovarian insufficiency) showed no response in this respect. No change in 17-OHCS excretion was effected by the HHG-treatment. Changes in 17-ketosteroids and pregnanetriol excretion did not show a constant pattern. The clinical effects obtained in the 4 hypogonadotrophic amenorrhoea cases are confirmed in that ovulation was induced by means of the treatment.
THE EFFECT OF GONADOTROPHIC HORMONES ON THE HYPOPHYSIS OF THE RAT
Authors: Szontágh F. E. , Uhlarik S. , Jakobovits A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The weight of the hypophysis and the ratio of the PAS-positive to PAS-negative cells in the anterior lobe of intact and ovariectomized adult rats increased significantly following treatment with serum gonadotrophin (PMS).
After the administration of human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) a slight decrease of the hypophyseal weight and a moderate increase of the number of PAS-positive cells was observed in both intact and spayed groups of animals.
Both gonadotrophic substances failed to inhibit the appearance of castration cells in the hypophysis.
BILE FLOW IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS
Authors: Telkkä Antti , Kuusisto A. N. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The effect of adrenalectomy on the bile secretion in rats was studied. The bile was collected by cannulation from the choledochus. The bile output of the adrenalectomized animals was significantly decreased, being about a half that of the control rats. No difference was found in bile secretion of the control animals and the rats which had undergone exposure of the adrenal glands only.
EVIDENCE AGAINST AN ALDOSTERONE FEED-BACK MECHANISM WITHIN THE ADRENAL GLAND
Authors: Blair-West J. , Coghlan J. P. , Denton D. A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Experiments were made on conscious undisturbed sheep with autotransplants of the adrenal gland. Large local increase of the aldosterone concentration of adrenal arterial blood was made for 2–6 hours in Na replete and Na deficient sheep. The results did not indicate that the secretion of aldosterone which occurs in response to concurrent lowering of Na and increase of K concentration of adrenal arterial blood in Na replete sheep, or in Na deficiency was significantly modified by the local increase of aldosterone in adrenal arterial blood.
THE LONG-TERM EFFECT OF SOME ANDROGENIC AND ANABOLIC HORMONES ON CIRCULATING EOSINOPHILS
Authors: Vanha-Perttula T. P. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The long-term effect of two androgenic (testosterone propionate, testosterone phenylpropionate) and four anabolic hormones (3β,17α-dihydroxy-17α-methyl-androst-5-en, 17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-androsta-1,4-dien-3-one, 17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one-17 phenylpropionate, 17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one-17 decanoate) on the circulating eosinophils was investigated in normal and adrenalectomized female adult Long-Evans rats.
All the hormones studied caused a significant increase in the number of the circulating eosinophil cells. The highest counts were most rapidly found in groups which received 3β-17α-dihydroxy-17α-methylandrost-5-en in aqueous suspension. With other hormones given in an oily solution the eosinophils reached the highest counts later; this did not occur with 17β-hydroxy-19-norandrost-4-en-3-one-17 decanoate until 72 hours after its administration.
In adrenalectomized groups higher eosinophil counts were found than in non-operated groups after androgenic or anabolic treatment. The differences were most significant when the highest counts of eosinophils were present. It is suggested that these androgenic and anabolic hormones stimulate the production of eosinophils. In non-operated groups this eosinophilia is partially counteracted by the endogenous corticosteroids which cause the eosinophils to migrate from the blood to the tissues.
URINARY EXCRETION OF PREGNANETRIOL IN THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE. II
Authors: Pickett Mary T. , Sommerville Ian F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The pattern of urinary pregnanetriol excretion is compared with that of other urinary steroids assayed daily throughout the menstrual cycles of four healthy women. Evidence for the occurrence and estimated date of ovulation is afforded by basal temperature records, urinary oestrogen and pregnanediol excretion and cytology of anterior urethral cells recovered from the urine. In addition, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol excretion has been studied for twelve days in an ovariectomised subject.
It is found that the cyclic change in urinary pregnanetriol excretion is variable in extent but there is a correlation between the urinary excretion of oestrogens, pregnanediol and pregnanetriol during the ovulatory cycle. Modification of the programme of elution used in the standard method does not significantly affect the result as determined by the sulphuric acid reaction.
EFFECTS OF OXYTOCIN ON THE UTERINE RESPONSE TO ELECTRICAL STIMULATION
Authors: Wiqvist N. , Wiqvist I. , Fielitz C. A. , Caldeyro-Barcia R. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The enhancing effect of low concentrations of oxytocin on the uterine response to electrical stimulation was measured »in vitro« on the superfused rat uterus.
In order to reduce the incidence of spontaneous motility, the pacemaker areas were excised from the uterine strip and the calcium concentration was lowered to 1/5th of that of a normal Krebs solution. Under these experimental conditions, it was found that the minimum effective concentration of oxytocin was generally between 5 and 20 μU/ml. A graded dose-response relationship was obtained within a range of concentrations from 5 to 50 μU/ml; within this range, a tenfold increase of the oxytocin concentration caused a five-fold augmentation of the uterine response. The possible use of this method for the bioassay of oxytocin is discussed. Both the range of oxytocin concentrations employed as well as the dose-response relationship found in this investigation for the superfused rat uterus bear a suggestive resemblance to the results published by others for the response of the pregnant human uterus »in situ« to the intravenous infusion of oxytocin.
CORTICOTROPIN-BESTIMMUNG ANHAND DES CORTICOSTERONANSTIEGES IM NEBENNIEREN-VENENBLUT HYPOPHYSEKTOMIERTER RATTEN
Authors: Retiene K. , Ditschuneit H. , Fischer M. , Kopp K. , Pfeiffer E. F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Corticotrophin has been measured by using the corticotrophin-induced increase of corticosterone in adrenal venous blood of rats, the corticotrophin secretion of which has been blocked by preliminary injection of dexamethasone. Sensitivity and precision of this technique have not been higher than in the simpler procedure using corticosterone increase in peripheral blood. Single injection of dexamethasone on the other hand did not prevent release of endogenous corticotrophin following major surgery, required for canulation of the adrenal vein. In hypophysectomized rats corticotrophin can be measured by using adrenal venous blood. 0.05 mU corticotrophin (US-P-Standard) has been determined with an index of precision of λ = 0.13. The consistent relation between initial and elevated corticosterone level following corticotrophin in both peripheral and adrenal venous blood makes it highly unlikely that other modifications of this kind of assay will increase sensitivity.
ADRENOCORTICAL ACTIVITY FOLLOWING CORTICOTROPHIN INJECTION AT LOW ADRENAL ASCORBIC ACID LEVEL
Authors: Hedner Pavo , Rerup Claus 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
It is known from the literature that 1 hour after an intravenous injection of corticotrophin into the hypophysectomized rat, the elevated plasma corticosteroid concentration has returned to the preinjection level. On the other hand, several investigators have reported that the adrenal ascorbic acid level is depressed for about a further 3 hours under similar experimental conditions. The effect of a second intravenous injection of corticotrophin during this period was studied. It was found, that a second significant rise of plasma corticosteroids occurred without any significant change in the adrenal ascorbic acid level. It is concluded, that the disappearance of ascorbic acid from the adrenal gland is not always directly quantitatively correlated with the amount of corticosteroids produced. These together with previous findings suggest that a more specific corticotrophin assay would result if the Sayers test (Sayers et al. 1948) were replaced by a measurement of plasma corticosteroids.
DETERMINATION OF MICRO-AMOUNTS OF 5β-PREGNAN-3α-OL-20-ONE IN URINE USING INFRARED-SPECTROMETRY
Authors: van der Molen H. J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A procedure for the quantitative determination of 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one in urine is described.
After acid hydrolysis of the pregnanolone-conjugates in urine, the free steroids are extracted with toluene. Pregnanolone is isolated in a pure form as its acetate; after chromatographic separation of the free steroids on alumina, the fraction containing pregnanolone is acetylated and rechromatographed on alumina.
Quantitative determination of the isolated pregnanolone-acetate is carried out with the aid of the infrared spectrum recorded by a micro KBr-wafermethod.
The reliability of the method under various conditions is discussed under the headings, specificity, accuracy, precision and sensitivity. It is possible to determine 30–40 μg pregnanolone in a 24-hours urine portion with a precision of 25%.
5β-PREGNAN-3α-OL-20-ONE IN URINE
Authors: van der Molen H. J. , Kleef U. W. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The occurrence, metabolic formation and degradation of 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one are reviewed.
Estimation of 5β-pregnan-3α-ol-20-one in urine has shown that:
under acid conditions 5β-pregnane-3α,17α,20α-triol is destroyed with partial formation of pregnanolone; however, the amounts of pregnanolone that are formed, do not interfere with the estimation of pregnanolone in urine of normal adults after acid hydrolysis and offer no explanation for the high levels of pregnanolone in urine of patients with adrenal hyperplasia, as observed by some investigators. Excretion of pregnanolone found in urine during pregnancy (1–15 mg/day) is considerably below the levels reported in the literature so far. Normal adults excrete pregnanolone in urine in amounts within a range of 0.05–0.70 mg/day. There is a positive rank-correlation between the excretion of pregnanolone and pregnanediol in urine of normal males and females and of pregnant females. After administration of ACTH to adults an increase in the excretion of pregnanolone in urine could not always be demonstrated.
A CLINICAL METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF URINARY PREGNANEDIOL AND PREGNANETRIOL
Authors: Goldzieher Joseph W. , Nakamura Yutaka 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A method suitable for the routine determination of urinary pregnanediol and pregnanetriol has been devised. It involves glucuronidase hydrolysis, extraction, and chromatography on disposable 1-g silica gel columns. The specificity of the pregnanediol determination is increased by acetylation and rechromatography on the same type of column. Sensitivity of the method is doubled by the use of sulfuric acid saturated with SO2 gas as the chromogenic agent.
THE IN VIVO CONVERSION OF DEHYDROEPIANDROSTERONE AND ANDROSTENEDIONE TO TESTOSTERONE IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Mahesh Virendra B. , Greenblatt Robert B. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Plasma testosterone levels were measured by the method of Finkelstein et al. (1961) before and after oral administration of dehydroepiandrosterone and Δ4-androstenedione in normal women. The results suggest in vivo conversion of dehydroepiandrosterone and Δ4-androstenedione to testosterone. The implications of these findings are discussed.
EFFECTS OF HEPARIN AND ASBESTOS WITH CORTICOTROPHIN ON THE MUCOSAL MAST CELLS AND TISSUE EOSINOPHILS OF RAT STOMACH
Authors: Räsänen Toimi 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Intact rats were injected once with a suspension of asbestos and for 5 days with 2 IU of adrenocorticotrophin-zinc per day. 1.0 mg of heparin was injected intraperitoneally 9 times at 12-hourly intervals and the same amount of ACTH intramuscularly. The rats were decapitated 5 days after the injection of asbestos, 24 hours after the last ACTH injection and 3 hours after the last heparin injection. The mucosal mast cells and tissue eosinophils of the stomach were counted from the body mucosa and recorded per mm2 of tissue.
Heparin caused no changes in either the mast cell count or tissue eosinophilia, nor did it bring about any changes in the degranulation of mucosal mast cells during the ACTH effect, or in the destruction of tissue eosinophilia. Asbestos peritonitis seemed to have a degranulating effect on mucosal mast cells and a destructive effect on tissue eosinophilia. It also appeared to increase the effect of ACTH on the mucosal cells.
It is suggested that glucocorticoids stimulated by ACTH exert such an immediate effect on the function of the cells of the mucosal lamina propria that the inhibitory effect of heparin and asbestos is counteracted.
BEZIEHUNGEN ZWISCHEN SUBSTITUTION IM RING A UND ABBAU IM STOFFWECHSEL BEI VERWANDTEN DES TESTOSTERONS
Authors: Langecker H. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Judging from the metabolites found in the urine, 1-methyl-androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (methenolone) and testosterone are metabolized in a different manner. For further clarification, other derivatives of testosterone with modifications in Ring A were investigated with regard to the oxidation of the 17-hydroxyl group. The production of urinary 17-ketosteroids decreased in the following sequence: testosterone; 1α-methyltestosterone and androstan-17β-ol-3-one; 1β-methyl-androstan-17β-ol-3-one; 2α-methyl-androstan-17β-ol-3-one and androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one; 1α-methyl-androstan-17β-ol-3-one; 1-methyl-androsta-1,4-dien-17β-ol-3-one; 1,17α-dimethyl-androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one and 1 -methyl-androst-1 -en-17β-ol-3-one (methenolone).
The difference in metabolic degradation is also demonstrated in the fractionation of the urinary ketones. While after the administration of testosterone practically only hydrogenated 17-ketones are observed in the urine, the unchanged compound is still traceable in remarkable quantities after the administration of methenolone, along with minor quantities of the corresponding diketone. Testosterone-metabolites here are absent, whereas they represent the major substances present after the administration of androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-on. Following the administration of 1α-methyltestosterone only hydrogenated 17-ketones are detected which are still partly methylated.
The 1-methyl-group and the Δ 1-double-bond seem to be responsible for the inhibition of the oxidation of methenolone in the 17-position. In addition, the hydrogenation of the double-bond and the reduction of the 3-keto-group are inhibited, obviously on account of the same structural peculiarities. The demethylation of methenolone is also inhibited.
Any change in the steroid ring system forms a new substrate, thus producing new conditions for the enzymatic attack in the metabolic degradation.
DIE ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER JODHALTIGEN VERBINDUNGEN UND IHRE BEZIEHUNG ZUM JODUMSATZ IN EUTHYREOTEN STRUMEN
Authors: Reinwein Dankwart , Klein Erich 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The iodine metabolism was investigated in 29 patients with euthyroid non-endemic diffuse goiter. 1 to 14 days before thyroidectomy the patients received carrier-free 131I. The chemical iodine fractions (PBI, BEI and iodide) of the thyroid and the labelled iodine compound were analyzed by means of paper- and column chromatography. In one gland the total iodine content varied only by ± 19.6% of the average, the relative shares of PBI, BEI and iodide as well as that of the iodoamino acids being equal. Monoiodotyrosine, diiodotyrosine and thyroxine were found in the thyroid homogenate without hydrolysis.
The homogenate after hydrolysis contained more iodotyrosines at the expense of iodothyronines than do normal glands. 17 goiters with normal 131I-uptake showed a high total iodine content (14.2 ± 5.0 mg) whilst 9 goiters with an increased 131I-uptake had low values (3.58 ± 0.6 mg). The opposite was found for the relative shares of BEI with the chromatographically isolated iodothyronines thyroxine, triiodothyronine and an unidentified iodine compound. Goiters with »high plasma PB131I« were characterized by a faster transfer of 131I into the more heavily iodinated compounds than is found in glands with a normal hormonal secretion rate. The highest values for the iodothyronines were found in goiters with increased 131I-uptake together with a high hormonal secretion rate. From this study it appears that the changes in the iodine-poor glands are due to a defective exo- or endogenous iodine supply. The observed alterations in iodine-rich glands are probably induced by a faulty iodine utilization characterized by an incomplete iodotyrosyl-coupling defect.
STUDIES ON THE BINDING OF CORTISOL-4-14C BY HUMAN LEUCOCYTES IN VITRO
Authors: Ketchel Melvin M. , Garabedian Elaine 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
The amount of cortisol-4-14C bound by human leucocytes in a non-protein balanced salt solution was found to have a linear relationship to the concentration of cortisol-4-14C for a given number of leucocytes, and a linear relationship to the number of leucocytes for a given concentration of cortisol-4-14C. The binding was not affected by 10−3 m concentrations of arsenate, cyanide, fluoroacetate, dinitrophenol, fluoride, methylene blue, malonate, hydroxylamine or semicarbazide.
The binding of cortisol-4-14C by leucocytes was found to be temperature dependent. At 0° C, no binding of cortisol-4-14C was detected. From 10° to 80°, each 10° rise resulted in an approximately two fold increase in amount of cortisol-4-14C bound, but no further increase occurred between 80° and 100°. Experiments in which leucocytes were exposed to various specific temperatures without cortisol, and then incubated with cortisol-4-14C at 37° revealed that exposure to lower temperatures had no effect on the uptake of cortisol-4-14C at 37°, but that exposure to higher temperatures had increased the binding of cortisol-4-14C at 37°.
The addition of either human plasma or human serum albumin to the incubation medium markedly reduced the uptake of cortisol-4-14C by the leucocytes. Approximately 2/3 of the cortisol-4-14C (or metabolite) was removed upon incubation for 30 minutes at 37° C with either Hanks's solution (non-protein), plasma or serum albumin.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF ENDEMIC GOITRE IN MAN AND CATTLE IN ISRAEL
Authors: Brand Naphtali , Kathein Ruwen A. , Hasis Gideon 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
A parallelism in the incidence of human and bovine goitre in the northern part of Israel is described.
Among 1475 children and adolescents from 8–18 years of age of both sexes and examined from Upper Galilee an average incidence of goitre of more than 10% was found.
A three years follow up study showed an increase in percentage of goitre to 30% among girls. No cretins or deaf or dumb subjects were found.
Thyroid weights of 385 heads of cattle slaughtered at the slaughter-houses or on the farms were determined. While the mean weight of thyroids of cattle from a non-endemic control area was 17.7 g the mean weight for the goitrous area attained 23.4 g. The mean relative thyroid weights for the control and goitrous areas were 3.75 and 6.98 g/100 kg respectively. The histopathological examination of several excised non selected thyroids from Upper Galilee showed pathological findings: hyperplasia, fibrosis, nodular goitre.
These data are the first evidence of the incidence of endemic goitre of cattle in Israel and suggest most strongly that here the unfavourable environment plays a decisive role among the factors which influence the weight of bovine thyroids.
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES AND THEIR α-KETOLIC METABOLITES IN URINE
Authors: Cost W. S. , Pol J. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Urinary corticosteroid patterns were estimated in patients with hyperadrenocorticism including Cushing's syndrome, adrenogenital syndrome and Conn's syndrome.
The patterns reflect excessive hormone production, undue secretion of precursors and altered metabolism of cortisol (F) and corticosterone (B) in such a characteristic way that differential diagnosis is considerably facilitated.
In Cushing's disease (bilateral adrenocortical hyperplasia) the patterns indicate a hypersecretion of cortisol and its immediate precursor Reichstein's S. All other hormones and precursors are produced in essentially normal amounts. The metabolic pathway of cortisol and corticosterone is shifted in favour of tetrahydrocortisol (THF) and tetrahydrocorticosterone (THB) respectively, at the cost of allotetrahydrocortisol (allo-THF) and tetrahydrocortisone (THE), allotetrahydrocorticosterone (allo-THB) and tetrahydro-11-dehydrocorticosterone (THA) respectively.
In adrenocortical carcinoma the undue loss of precursors (Reichstein's S and possibly 17-hydroxyprogesterone) seems to be an essential feature, irrespective whether cortisol or androgens are produced in abnormally large amounts. The excretion of tetrahydro-11-deoxycortisol (THS) particularly may be used to differentiate between adrenal hyperplasia and carcinoma.
In adrenogenital syndrome (congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to defective 21-hydroxylation) the patterns, in combination with the values for groupwise estimated total 17-hydroxycorticosteroids, reflect an excessive secretion of 17-hydroxyprogesterone. The production of corticosterone is very low, presumably because continuous ACTH stimulation of the adrenals favours the synthesis of 17-hydroxysteroids (high F/B-ratio).
In Conn's syndrome the patterns reflect a rather low secretion of cortisol and a low F/B-ratio in addition to the absolutely or relatively increased secretion of aldosterone.
QUANTITATIVE ESTIMATION OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES AND THEIR α-KETOLIC METABOLITES IN URINE
Authors: Cost W. S. , Pol J. , Korten A. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACT
Urinary corticosteroid patterns were estimated before and after adrenocortical stimulation by exogenous corticotrophin (ACTH).
The results indicate that changes in corticosteroid biosynthesis and metabolism depend on the duration of stimulation.
Immediate effects are an increase in corticosterone production above that of cortisol (low F/B-ratio) and a shift in the metabolism of both cortisol and corticosterone in favour of all 11-hydroxycompounds. Late effects are characteristic of the patterns in Cushing's disease including a high F/B-ratio and low values for the 11-hydroxy-allocompounds (allotetrahydrocortisol and allotetrahydrocorticosterone).
Changes in the ratios between cortisol, corticosterone and Reichstein's S as observed in Cushing's disease, adrenogenital syndrome and Addison's disease can be imitated by ACTH-induced acceleration of corticosteroid biosynthesis.