bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen limitation of N2 fixation in stem‐girdled and nitrate‐treated soybean
Authors: Vessey J. Kevin , Walsh Kerry B. , Layzell David B. 
Published: July 2007

The effects of increasing rhizosphere pO2on nitrogenase activity and nodule resistance to O2diffusion were investigated in soybean plants [Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. Harosoy 63] in which nitrogenase (EC 1.7.99.2) activities were inhibited by (a) removal of the phloem tissue at the base of the stem (stem girdling), (b) exposure of roots to 10 mM NO3over 5 days (NO3‐treated), or (c) partial inactivation of nitrogenase activity by an exposure of nodulated roots to 100 kPa O2(O2‐inhibitcd).In control plants and in plants which had been treated with 100 kPa O2, increasing rhizosphere O2concentrations in 10 kPa increments from 20 to 70 kPa did not alter the steady‐state nitrogenase activity. In contrast, in plants in which nitrogenase activities were depressed by stem girdling or by exposure to NO3, increasing rhizosphere pO2resulted in a recovery of 57 or 67%, respectively, of the initial, depressed rates of nitrogenase activity. This suggests that the nitrogenase activity of stem‐girdled and NO3‐treated soybeans was O2‐limited.For each treatment, theoretical resistance values for O2diffusion into nodules were estimated from measured rates of CO2exchange, assuming a respiratory quotient of 1.1 and 0 kPa of O2in the infected cells. At an external partial pressure of 20 kPa O2, the stem‐girdled and NO3‐‐treated plants displayed resistance values which were 4 to 8.6 times higher than those in the nodules of the control plants. In control and O2‐inhibited plants, increases in pO2from 20 to 70 kPa in 10 kPa increments resulted in a 2.5‐ to 3.9‐fold increase in diffusion resistance to O2, and had little effect on either respiration or nitrogenase activity. In contrast, in stem‐girdled and NO3‐‐treated plants, increases in external pO2had little effect on diffusion resistance to O2, but resulted in a 2.3‐ to 3.2‐fold increase in nodule respiration and nitrogenase activity. These results are consistent with stem‐girdling and NO3‐‐inhibition treatments limiting phloem supply to nodules causing an increase in diffusion resistance to O2at 20 kPa and an apparent insensitivity of diffusion resistance to increases in external pO2.
Alcoholism Effects on Social Migration and Neighborhood Effects on Alcoholism Over the Course of 12 Years
Authors: Buu Anne , Mansour MaryAnn , Wang Jing , Refior Susan K. , Fitzgerald Hiram E. , Zucker Robert A. 
Published: July 2007

Background:  Although a short‐term effect of neighborhood characteristics on individual alcohol abuse has been demonstrated by a quasi‐experimental residential mobility study, the obversed effect of alcohol problem involvement on place of residence and residential character has not been studied. We test the alcoholism effect on place of residence, and we also attempt to replicate the neighborhood‐to‐alcoholism effect.Methods:  A sample of 206 Caucasian men (average age was 33) who were systematically recruited for alcoholism through a court record search of drunk driving offenses and door‐to‐door canvassing, in a 4‐county‐wide area were followed up at 3‐year intervals in a prospective study of the course and outcomes of alcoholism. Participants’ alcoholism diagnoses were made by semistructured diagnostic interviews. Residential addresses at baseline and at 12‐year follow‐up were geocoded. Corresponding census tract variables were used as indicators of neighborhood residential character.Results:  The regression analysis shows that, the more alcohol problems a man has, the more likely he is going to remain in, or migrate into, a disadvantaged neighborhood. This effect is only evident when a number of relevant confounding variables, including initial level of socioeconomic status, age, antisocial symptomatology, and spousal alcohol‐use disorder status at baseline are controlled. Alcoholics in remission tended to live in neighborhoods whose residential characteristics were not distinguishable from those of nonalcoholics. Unremitted alcoholics, however, tended to stay in or migrate into more disadvantaged neighborhoods.Conclusion:  Alcoholic involvement has long‐term negative effects on place of residence; involving an elevated likelihood of moving into or remaining in a disadvantaged neighborhood. Recovery from alcoholism is protective against downward social drift on the one hand, and is favorable to improvement in social conditions on the other.
mRNA‐Mediated Gene Delivery Into Human Progenitor Cells Promotes Highly Efficient Protein Expression
Authors: Wiehe Juliane M. , Ponsaerts Peter , Rojewski Markus T. , Homann Joerg M. , Greiner Jochen , Kronawitter Desiree , Schrezenmeier Hubert , Hombach Vinzenz , Wiesneth Markus , Zimmermann Oliver , Torzewski Jan 
Published: July 2007

AbstractGene transfer into human CD34+ haematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) and multi‐potent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) is an essential tool for numerous in vitro and in vivo applications including therapeutic strategies, such as tissue engineering and gene therapy. Virus based methods may be efficient, but bear risks like tumorigenesis and activation of immune responses. A safer alternative is non‐viral gene transfer, which is considered to be less efficient and accomplished with high cell toxicity. The truncated low affinity nerve growth factor receptor (ÄLNGFR) is a marker gene approved for human in vivo application. Human CD34+ HPC and human MSC were transfected with in vitro‐transcribed mRNA for ΔLNGFR using the method of nucleofection. Transfection efficiency and cell viability were compared to plasmid‐based nucleofection. Protein expression was assessed using flow cytometry over a time period of 10 days. Nucleofection of CD34+ HPC and MSC with mRNA resulted in significantly higher transfection efficiencies compared to plasmid transfection. Cell differentiation assays were performed after selecting ΔLNGFR positive cells using a fluorescent activating cell sorter. Neither cell differentiation of MSC into chondrocytes, adipocytes and osteoblasts, nor differentiation of HPC into burst forming unit erythroid (BFU‐E) colony forming unit‐granulocyte, erythrocyte, macrophage and megakaryocyte (CFU‐GEMM), and CFU‐granulocyte‐macrophage (GM) was reduced. mRNA based nucleofection is a powerful, highly efficient and non‐toxic approach for transient labelling of human progenitor cells or, via transfection of selective proteins, for transient manipulation of stem cell function. It may be useful to transiently manipulate stem cell characteristics and thus combine principles of gene therapy and tissue engineering.
Distinct mechanisms of cardiomyocyte apoptosis induced by doxorubicin and hypoxia converge on mitochondria and are inhibited by Bcl‐xL
Authors: Reeve Janice LV , Szegezdi Eva , Logue Susan E , Chonghaile Tríona Ní , O’Brien Timothy , Ritter Thomas , Samali Afshin 
Published: July 2007

AbstractHypoxia and doxorubicin can cause cardiotoxicity and loss of myocardial function. These effects are due, in part, to an induction of apoptosis. Herein we identify the apoptotic pathways activated in H9c2 cells in response to hypoxia (O2/N2/CO2, 0.5:94.5:5) and doxorubicin (0.5 μM). Although the apoptosis induced was accompanied by induction of Fas and Fas ligand, the death receptor pathway was not critical for caspase activation by either stimulus. Hypoxia induced the expression of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress mediators and processed ER‐resident pro‐caspase‐12 whereas doxorubicin did not induce an ER stress response. Most importantly, both stimuli converged on mitochondria to promote apoptosis. Accumulation of cytochrome c in the cytosol coincided with the processing of pro‐caspase‐9 and ‐3. Increasing the expression of the anti‐apoptotic protein Bcl‐xL, either by dexamethasone or adenovirus‐mediated transduction, protected H9c2 cells from doxorubicin‐ and hypoxia‐induced apoptosis. Bcl‐xL attenuated mitochondrial cytochrome crelease and reduced downstream pro‐caspase processing and apoptosis. These data demonstrate that two distinct cardiomyocyte‐damaging stimuli converge on mitochondria thus presenting this organelle as a potentially important therapeutic target for anti‐apoptotic strategies for cardiovascular diseases.
Molecular and cellular key players in human islet transplantation
Authors: Hermann M. , Margreiter R. , Hengster P. 
Published: July 2007

Introduction
Human islet transplantation
In search of an “endless pool” of β‐cells: embryonic stem cells, adult mesenchymal stem cells, progenitor cells, cell lines and xenotransplantations
•cell proliferation and differentiation
Revascularization of transplanted islets
Will “new” molecules answer “old” questions?
Conclusion

AbstractHuman islet transplantation could represent an attractive alternative to insulin injections for the treatment of diabetes type 1. However, such an approach requires a better understanding of the molecular and cellular switches controlling β‐cell function in general as well as after transplantation into the liver. Although much research has been done into the suitability of stem or progenitor cells to generate a limitless supply of human β‐cells, a reproducible and efficient protocol for the differentiation of such cells into stably insulin‐secreting β‐cells suitable for transplantation has yet to be reported. Fueled by recent findings showing that mature β‐cells are able to regenerate, many efforts have been undertaken to expand this cell pool. Unfortunately, also these approaches had problems to yield sufficiently differentiated human islet cells. The aim of this review is to summarize recent findings describing some of the molecular and cellular key players of islet biology. A more complete understanding of their orchestration and the use of new methods such as real time confocal imaging for the assessment of islet quality may yield the necessary advancements for more successful human islet transplantation.
Challenges of antiangiogenic cancer therapy: trials and errors, and renewed hope
Authors: Medina Miguel Ángel , Muñoz‐Ch´puli Ramón , Quesada Ana R. 
Published: July 2007

Introduction
What can we learn from the previous failures?
Signs of hope
Another turn of the screw: a surrogate marker, at last
Future avenues for the vascular therapy of cancer

AbstractAngiogenesis inhibition has been proposed as a general strategy to fight cancer. However, in spite of the promising preclinical results, a first generation of antiangiogenic compounds yielded poor results in clinical trials. Conceptual errors and mistakes in the design of trials and in the definition of clinical end‐points could account for these negative results. In this context of discouraging results, a second generation of antiangiogenic therapies is showing positive results in phases II and III trials at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. In fact, several combined treatments with conventional chemotherapy and antiangiogenic compounds have been recently approved. The discovery and pharmacological development of future generations of angiogenesis inhibitors will benefit from further advances in the understanding of the mechanisms involved in human angiogenesis. New styles of trials are necessary, to avoid missing potential therapeutic effects. Different clinical end‐points, new surrogate biomarkers and methods of imaging will be helpful in this process. Real efficacy in clinical trials may come with the combined use of antiangiogenic agents with conventional chemotherapy or radiotherapy, and combinations of several antiangiogenic compounds with different mechanisms of action. Finally, the existing antiangiogenic strategies should include other approaches such as vascular targeting or angioprevention.
Human placenta: de visu demonstration of interstitial Cajal‐like cells
Authors: Suciu Laura , Popescu L. M. , Gherghiceanu Mihaela 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTraditional interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) are present in the digestive tube and are supposed to act as pacemakers and neuromodulators. However, interstitial Cajal‐like cells (ICLCs) were found outside the gastrointestinal tract, in various organs (e.g. ureter, bladder, fallopian tube, uterus, pancreas, mammary gland, myocardium etc.) and looking for such ICLC is a priority in our laboratories.We report here unequivocal visual evidence that ICLCs are present in the mesenchymal tissue of the villi from human term placenta.The following methods were used: a. vital staining with methylene blue (cryosections); b. silver impregnation (paraffin sections); c. Epon‐embedded sections (∼1μm) of glutaraldehyde/osmium fixed tissue, stained with toluidine blue; d. primary cell cultures (or second‐passage cells) to reveal the characteristic, very long, moniliform cell processes and mitochondrial localization at dilations (molecular fluorescence probe: Mito Tracker Green); e. immunofluorescence for c‐kit/CD117 marker or other characteristic proteins; f. transmission electron microscopy to establish the identity of ICLC.
Uncertainty and Medical Authority in the World of Jay Katz
Authors: Burt Robert A. 
Published: July 2007

In The Silent World of Doctor and Patient, Jay Katz painted a portrait of medical practice in which physicians voices dominate and drown out others with at least equal and often superior claims to be heard. Many physicians today, however, complain that their voices are no longer sufficiently heard in the provision of medical care. Some are angry at this perceived turn of events; they see intrusions by unscrupulous lawyers, by unsympathetic judges and lay jurors, by greedy malpractice insurance companies and by ham-handed bureaucratic regulators. These angry physicians mimic Rodney Dangerfield's comic complaint that they don't get no respect. And many of these angry physicians regard the influential work of Jay Katz as part of their problem.Another contemporary group of physicians evaluate Jay's work in a different mood. These physicians, typically younger members of the profession, are intrigued by Jay's analysis and often seem eager to implement it—to solicit patients informed consent, to invite (sensible) judicial or legislative regulation, to eschew the old model of the infallible father-physician.
How Litigation Can Promote Product Safety
Authors: Vernick Jon S. , Sapsin Jason W. , Teret Stephen P. , Mair Julie Samia 
Published: July 2007

For at least the past three decades, injuries have been recognized as an important public health problem in the United States. In 2001, there were approximately 157,000 deaths due to injuries in the US. There were also almost 30 million non-fatal injury incidents.Injuries have been defined as: “…any unintentional or intentional damage to the body resulting from acute exposure to thermal, mechanical, electrical, or chemical energy or from the absence of such essentials as heat or oxygen”. Within public health, the field of injury prevention and control is dedicated to reducing the burden of injuries on the lives of people around the world.Injury prevention seeks to reduce injuries by: 1) identifying risk factors, 2) designing interventions to address the risk factors, 3) implementing those interventions, 4) evaluating their effectiveness, and 5) replicating those that work. As with many other public health problems, interventions can target factors associated with the human or host, vehicle or vector, and the physical or social environment.
Challenging Themes in American Health Information Privacy and the Public’s Health: Historical and Modern Assessments
Authors: Hodge James G. , Gostin Kieran G. 
Published: July 2007

Protecting the privacy of individually-identifiable health data is a dominant health policy objective in the new millennium. Technological, economic, and health-related reasons substantiate the development of a national electronic health information infrastructure. Through this emerging infrastructure, billions of pieces of health data of varying sensitivities are exchanged annually to provide health care services and service transactions, conduct health research, and promote the public’s health. These multi-purpose, rapid exchanges of electronic health data, far removed from the typical disclosure of health information through the doctor/patient relationship of yesteryear, contribute to heightened individual concerns about identifiable health data. Responding to American fears and perceptions of actual and potential privacy abuses, policymakers have recently developed new, modern privacy protections through legislative and regulatory laws, as well as ethical and industry codes.Modern health information privacy protections are reflected in federal regulations developed by the federal Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) pursuant to the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA).
Current Status of Veterinary Vaccines
Authors: Meeusen Els N. T. , Walker John , Peters Andrew , Pastoret Paul-Pierre , Jungersen Gregers 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYThe major goals of veterinary vaccines are to improve the health and welfare of companion animals, increase production of livestock in a cost-effective manner, and prevent animal-to-human transmission from both domestic animals and wildlife. These diverse aims have led to different approaches to the development of veterinary vaccines from crude but effective whole-pathogen preparations to molecularly defined subunit vaccines, genetically engineered organisms or chimeras, vectored antigen formulations, and naked DNA injections. The final successful outcome of vaccine research and development is the generation of a product that will be available in the marketplace or that will be used in the field to achieve desired outcomes. As detailed in this review, successful veterinary vaccines have been produced against viral, bacterial, protozoal, and multicellular pathogens, which in many ways have led the field in the application and adaptation of novel technologies. These veterinary vaccines have had, and continue to have, a major impact not only on animal health and production but also on human health through increasing safe food supplies and preventing animal-to-human transmission of infectious diseases. The continued interaction between animals and human researchers and health professionals will be of major importance for adapting new technologies, providing animal models of disease, and confronting new and emerging infectious diseases.
Atmospheric Movement of Microorganisms in Clouds of Desert Dust and Implications for Human Health
Authors: Griffin Dale W. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYBillions of tons of desert dust move through the atmosphere each year. The primary source regions, which include the Sahara and Sahel regions of North Africa and the Gobi and Takla Makan regions of Asia, are capable of dispersing significant quantities of desert dust across the traditionally viewed oceanic barriers. While a considerable amount of research by scientists has addressed atmospheric pathways and aerosol chemistry, very few studies to determine the numbers and types of microorganisms transported within these desert dust clouds and the roles that they may play in human health have been conducted. This review is a summary of the current state of knowledge of desert dust microbiology and the health impact that desert dust and its microbial constituents may have in downwind environments both close to and far from their sources.
Soluble CD44 Is a Potential Marker for the Early Detection of Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Franzmann Elizabeth J. , Reategui Erika P. , Pedroso Felipe , Pernas Francisco G. , Karakullukcu Baris M. , Carraway Kermit L. , Hamilton Kara , Singal Rakesh , Goodwin W. Jarrard 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Introduction: Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a devastating and deadly disease, largely because it is diagnosed in late stage. Cure rates, currently at 50%, could increase to &gt;80% with early detection. In this study, we evaluate soluble CD44 (solCD44) as an early detection tool for HNSCC by determining whether it reliably distinguishes HNSCC from benign disease of the upper aerodigestive tract.
Methods: We carried out the solCD44 ELISA on oral rinses from 102 patients with HNSCC and 69 control patients with benign diseases of upper aerodigestive tract to determine the sensitivity and specificity of the test for differentiating HNSCC from benign disease. Furthermore, we did a pilot study using methylation-specific PCR primers on oral rinses from 11 HNSCC patients with low solCD44 levels and 10 benign disease controls.
Results: Mean salivary solCD44 levels were 24.4 ± 32.0 ng/mL for HNSCC patients (range, 0.99-201 ng/mL) and 9.9 ± 16.1 ng/mL (range, 0.73-124 ng/mL) for the patients with benign disease (P &lt; 0.0001). Depending on cutoff point and HNSCC site, sensitivity ranged from 62% to 70% and specificity ranged from 75% to 88%. Nine of 11 HNSCC and 0 of 10 controls with low solCD44 levels showed hypermethylation of the CD44 promoter.
Conclusions: SolCD44 is elevated in the majority of HNSCC and distinguishes cancer from benign disease with high specificity. Whereas the solCD44 test lacks sensitivity by itself, methylation status of the CD44 gene seems to complement the solCD44 test. Our pilot data indicate that, together, these markers will detect HNSCC with very high sensitivity and specificity. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1348–55)
Dietary Patterns and Breast Cancer Risk in the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study
Authors: Cui Xiaohui , Dai Qi , Tseng Marilyn , Shu Xiao-Ou , Gao Yu-Tang , Zheng Wei 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe association of breast cancer with dietary patterns such as a western diet has not been studied in Asian women. We examined this among Shanghai Breast Cancer Study participants. Cases were of ages 25 to 64 years, diagnosed 08/1996-03/1998, and identified through a rapid case ascertainment system supplemented by the Shanghai Cancer Registry. Controls, selected from the general population of urban Shanghai, were frequency matched to cases by 5-year age group. Participants provided information on diet, lifestyle, and reproductive factors. In principal component analysis among 1,556 controls, two patterns emerged: a “vegetable-soy” pattern (tofu, cauliflower, beans, bean sprouts, green leafy vegetables) and a “meat-sweet” pattern (shrimp, chicken, beef, pork, candy, desserts). In adjusted unconditional logistic regression analyses including 1,446 cases and 1,549 controls with complete covariate data, risk was not associated with the vegetable-soy pattern. It was associated with the meat-sweet pattern (4th versus 1st quartile: odds ratio, 1.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.0-1.7; Ptrend = 0.03), but only in postmenopausal women, specifically among those with estrogen receptor–positive tumors (4th versus 1st quartile: odds ratio, 1.9; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-3.3; Ptrend = 0.03). Our findings indicate that a western diet increases breast cancer risk in postmenopausal Chinese women. They also suggest the value of quantifying aggregate risk for common combinations of foods. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2007;16(7):1443–8)