bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE BACTERIOLOGY OF DISTANT WATER COD LANDED AT HULL
Authors: SPENCER R. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYPlate counts at 20° on the skin and flesh of distant water cod landed at Hull were within the ranges 4·2 × 103–3°6 × 107/cm2 and 2·3 × 103–2·4 × 106/g, respectively, with median values of approximately 106/cm2 and 105/g. The counts at 37° were considerably lower. A light but general contamination of the fish with Escherichia coli I and the presence of occasional coagulase positive staphylococci were observed. Organisms of the salmonella‐shigella groups were not detected. Pseudomonas and Achromobacter were the dominant genera and formed from 4% to 84%, and 3% to 65% of the total flora, respectively. Corynebacteria were usually present and in one case constituted 50% of the flesh flora. The significance of these findings in relation to proposed bacteriological standards for cleanliness of perishable foods and to the spoilage of fish is discussed.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE DISINFECTION OF COWS’ TEATS PRIOR TO MILKING
Authors: McKENZIE D. A. , HUNTER A. C. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA comparison has been made of the disinfecting efficiency on cows' teats of a hypochlorite and a quaternary ammonium disinfectant. Little difference in efficiency was found between the disinfectants when used at 200 p/m. Hypochlorite was slightly more effective in eliminating coli‐aerogenes bacteria, but there was no evidence of greater survival of other Gram‐negative organisms with the quaternary disinfectant. Micrococci were the main survivors and, in summer, coagulase positive staphylococci formed a considerable proportion of these.
SOME PHENOL DECOMPOSING STRAINS OF PSEUDOMONAS
Authors: DAVEY B. B. , TURNER And MYFANWY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThree strains of Pseudomonas Migula, capable of utilizing phenol and other aromatic compounds as sole sources of carbon, are described. They resemble certain strains of Ps. aeruginosa and P. fluorescens except in this ability.
THE LECITHINASE AND LIPASE ACTIVITIES OF MEMBERS OF THE GENUS PSEUDOMONAS
Authors: HOBBS G. , GOWLAND G. , WILLIS A. T. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe group I pseudomonads of Shewan, Hobbs & Hodgkiss (1960) generally produced both lipase and lecithinase, the species Pseudomonas aeruginosa being consistently active. Strains belonging to the other three groups were comparatively inactive.
THE STERILIZATION OF GOAT SKIN WITH ETHYLENE OXIDE AND SOME BACTERIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE PROCESS
Authors: SEN S. N. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBecause it is uncertain whether the usual methods of sterilizing leave the normal structural characteristics of hide and skin unaltered, studies are usually made on hide powder and the results so obtained extended to hide and skin. The results of such studies, however, sometimes prove confusing and the conclusions drawn may be false.In the present investigation skins were so treated with ethylene oxide as to render them bacteriologically sterile and the influence of any residual effect on the activities of bacteria subsequently cultured on the skins was studied from different aspects.
THE MICROFLORA OF THE RUMEN OF THE YOUNG CALF: II. SOURCE, NATURE AND DEVELOPMENT
Authors: ZIOLECKI A. , BRIGGS C. A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYTwelve calves of different sex and breed divided into four groups were used in the experiments. Each group received different rearing and diet treatment. Three hundred and nine samples of rumen contents were obtained by means of a stomach tube during the period from birth to three months of age. Streptococci, lactobacilli and coli‐aerogenes organisms were isolated and studied, and isolates were also made from various elements of the calves’ environment.Rapid development of the rumen flora occurred immediately after birth of the animals. During the first week of life, streptococci and coli‐aerogenes organisms predominated, whereas no lactobacilli were isolated from calves on any of the treatments. The coliaerogenes count (107‐108/g wet weight) was higher than in the adult rumen, but dropped to its normal level during the succeeding two weeks. The streptococcus and lactobacillus counts varied according to treatment.Streptococcus bovis was the predominating streptococcal species, except during the first week of life, when Strep. faecium predominated and Strep. bovis amounted to only 28·6% of the total streptococcal isolates. The variation in physiological characteristics within the Strep. bovis strains was greater than normally found within strains from adult cattle. Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. plantarum and a group of strains which resembled L. brevis predominated among the lactobacilli. Most of the coli‐aerogenes organisms were Escherichia coli, faecal type I.The diet was found to influence the proportion of streptococci and lactobacilli in the rumen, whereas the incidence of various species of the two groups of bacteria, particularly the streptococci, was associated with the age of the animals.The microflora of the environment influenced the rumen flora only during its early development, soon after birth of the calves.
THE EFFECT OF MODIFICATIONS IN THE COUNTING MEDIUM ON THE VIABILITY AND GROWTH OF BACTERIA DAMAGED BY PHENOLS
Authors: JACOBS S. E. , HARRIS N. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYBacteriological agar has been shown to be toxic towards Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The effect was observed when nutrient agar was treated with Norit or ferric chloride and when the agar component alone was treated similarly. With both agents, larger colonies from untreated suspensions of Staph. aureus and higher counts from phenol treated suspensions of both species, were produced. Aluminium and chromium gave effects similar to those of iron, but iron gave the largest colonies of Staph. aureus. Magnesium also was especially successful in inducing high counts of damaged cells.A batch of Japanese agar, although apparently of poor quality, was superior by both the above criteria to two batches of New Zealand agar; but all three batches of agar were toxic to some degree.
A NEW TEST FOR THE DETECTION OF BACTERICIDAL ACTIVITY USING AGAR ‘REPLICATES’
Authors: PARRY JOY 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYA quick method is described which may be used for testing the bactericidal activity of compounds in solution or in formulation and is particularly useful for examining antiseptic creams. It is based upon making impressions or ‘replicates’ by agar to agar contact.
MICROSCOPICAL OBSERVATIONS ON THE EMERGENCE OF CELLS OF BACILLUS SPP. FROM SPORES UNDER DIFFERENT CULTURAL CONDITIONS
Authors: GOULD G. W. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySpores of Bacillus spp. germinate in suitable environments prior to shedding their outer walls or spore coats. The effects of environmental factors on the way in which spore coats open have been studied. These have included temperature, pH, availability of metals, salt concentration, the presence of coat‐lytic enzymes and the effect of preheating the spores.Generally, spores of large celled species leave behind ill defined structures probably because they dissolve their coats. Spores of small celled organisms leave behind well defined coats after the new vegetative cells have emerged and different strains and species open their coats in a number of different ways. Of the cultural changes, only the pH of the medium markedly affected the mechanism of coat opening. Low pH reduced the extent to which large spores lyzed their coats, and altered the type of coat opening typical of spores of certain small celled species.
THE INCIDENCE OF LECITHINASE POSITIVE CLOSTRIDIUM WELCHII IN THE PIG AND THE EFFECTS THEREON OF ANTIBIOTIC FEED SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: ANDRLA O. , BRIGGS C. A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe varying incidence of Clostridium welchii in the gut of growing pigs, and the suppression of these organisms on addition to the diet of nutritional levels (50 g/ton) of antibiotics, have been demonstrated. The degree of lecithinase activity of the organisms and administration of antibiotics were correlated. Growth stimulation was not demonstrable in older pigs, though antibiotic feed supplements may have some prophylactic value for such animals.
A SIMPLIFIED METHOD FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF BACTERIAL SURFACE CONTAMINATION IN FOOD PLANTS AND ITS USE IN THE EVALUATION OF PRESSURE CLEANERS
Authors: HANSEN N.‐H. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA new rapid method 1 for determining microbial surface contamination has been developed. Samples are taken with cotton swabs and transferred directly to agar slants. The slants are grouped according to the number of colonies formed during incubation, and the average number of colonies and its standard deviation are determined by plotting the distribution on probability paper. The method, which is particularly well suited for large scale field examinations, was used to evaluate the efficiency of hydraulic pressure cleaners in a pig slaughterhouse. As a result of the daily use of the pressure cleaners, the bacterial surface contamination on the machinery and equipment was in no place higher than about 100/cm2 after cleaning. Further, there was a 90% reduction of the surface counts on the dressed pig carcases. Also, the cleaning was more rapidly done than by the traditional methods.
THE ISOLATION OF ANAEROBIC GRAM‐NEGATIVE BACTERIA FROM POULTRY REARED WITH AND WITHOUT ANTIBIOTIC SUPPLEMENTS
Authors: BARNES ELLA M. , GOLDBERG H. S. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA number of methods advocated for the isolation of ‘bacteroides’ have been tested. By using an ethyl violet–azide agar medium under strictly anaerobic conditions, as many as 108/g of a group of obligately anaerobic Gram‐negative bacteria were detected in the caeca of chickens. Freshly isolated organisms from chlortetracycline fed chickens showed a slightly greater resistance to chlortetracycline than those isolated from the control birds, but there was little difference after further subculture.
THE ‘VACUUM PACK’ METHOD OF PACKAGING FOODS IN RELATION TO THE FORMATION OF THE BOTULINUM AND STAPHYLOCOCCAL TOXINS
Authors: THATCHER F. S. , ROBINSON J. , ERDMAN I. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe development of botulinum toxin in smoked fish and of staphylococcal enterotoxin in packed bacon has been demonstrated. It is to be expected that these toxins may be produced in contaminated commercial products stored under conditions which permit substantial growth of the organisms, though formation of enterotoxin is not a predictable sequel to multiplication of staphylococci.
THE BACTERIAL FLORA OF PUGET SOUND FISH
Authors: COLWELL RITA R. 
Published: March 2008

SummarySeveral species of marine fish were sampled bacteriologically to determine the bacterial types associated with the skin, gills, gut and mouth of the animals. Analysis of the total sample distribution of 311 pure cultures showed that Pseudomonas species composed 44–48% of the floras of all the areas except the mouth, where they comprised 68% of the flora, and Achromobacter and Micrococcus made up about 17% and 6%, respectively, of the floras from the several sites. A pleomorphic, coccoid, fermentative Vibrio type was found in greatest numbers in the gut, although it was present on the gills and, less frequently, on the skin. The biochemical and physiological characteristics of the organisms isolated suggest that detectable differences exist among the bacterial populations from the skin, gills, gut and mouth. Fish caught in the water of Puget Sound by hand line, deep water otter trawl, inshore otter trawl, beach seine and purse seine were examined bacteriologically to determine the effects of catching method on the qualitative distribution of types, and 299 pure cultures were isolated and extensively tested. The hand line samples yielded a flora consisting predominantly of Pseudomonas and Achromobacter, though Micrococcus and Flavobacterium were present in significant numbers. Some differences were observed between the bacterial populations of the fish captured by the other methods, particularly in the presence of Bacillus and Corynebacterium and of miscellaneous types. These differences, in general, could be attributed to the catching operation.
THE DISTRIBUTION OF GROUP D STREPTOCOCCI IN CATTLE AND SHEEP
Authors: MEDREK T. F. , BARNES ELLA M. 
Published: March 2008

Numbers and types of Lancefield group D streptococci have been determined in samples from the colons of 17 cattle and 9 sheep. Mean total streptococcal counts of 8 × 104/g in cattle and 2 × 106/g in sheep were obtained. Streptococcus bovis was found in every sample and was the predominant species in 15 of the cattle and 6 of the sheep. Other group D streptococci (Strep. faecalis, Strep. faecium and Strep. durans) were rare in cattle, but in sheep they formed a significant proportion of the population. Of 60 Strep. faecium, Strep. durans and related strains, 51 fermented raffinose. Many of the strains of Strep. faecium were also atypical in that they fermented sorbitol and appreciably reduced tetrazolium in broth at pH 6.0.Strep. bovis remained the predominant streptococcus in faeces samples from 4 dairy cows when they were tested again after an interval of 17 and 18 months.
Bacterial Sulphate Reduction and the Development of Alkalinity. I. Experiments with Synthetic Media
Authors: Abd‐el‐Malek Y. , Rizk S. G. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryIn liquid cultures of Desulphovibrio desulphuricans the effects of the following on sulphate reduction were determined: the type of cation (Ca++ or Na+) attached to the sulphate ion; the presence of calcium carbonate alone and with sodium chloride; the concentration of sodium sulphate, sodium lactate and sodium chloride; and the initial pH. The titratable alkalinity formed as a result of sulphate reduction was found to be quantitatively related to the sulphate reduced, and apparently unaffected by strain variation or energy source.
Characteristics of Erwinia‐like Organisms found in Plant Material
Authors: Billing Eve , Baker Lily A. E. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThe characters of 20 nonpigmented and 2 yellow pigmented isolates of Ervinia‐like organisms from plant material (primarily pome fruit) are described and compared with those of Erwinia amylovora. Cultures of some other Erwinia species were also included in the study for comparison. It is suggested, on the basis of their similarity to Erw. amylovora, that they should be included in the genus Erwinia, although they have no obvious pathogenic role. The relationship of these organisms with Erw. lathyri and Bacterium herbicola is discussed.
Sulphamic Acid as a Nitrogen Source for Micro‐organisms
Authors: Jensen H. L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The ability of micro‐organisms to use sulphamic acid in the form of the sodium salt as a source of nitrogen appeared to be generally uncommon, but certain strains of Aureobasidium (Pullularia) pullulans and Cephalosporium acremonium (?), and also two unidentified species of Achromobacter and Flavobacterium, were found to do so.A. pullulans utilized ammonium and sulphamate nitrogen equally well, but growth with sulphamate did not become vigorous until after a long period of induction, even though the inoculum was produced on a sulphamate medium. The fungi as well as the bacteria converted the sulphur of the sulphamate ion to sulphate in approximately equimolar proportion to the amount of assimilated nitrogen.Sulphamate utilizing strains of A. pullulans were found widely distributed on autumn leaf material but much less so in soil.
The Survival of Starter Organisms in Concentrated Suspensions
Authors: Lamprech E. D. , Foster E. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Two representative lactic acid bacteria were grown in a rich organic medium, the cells were harvested by centrifugation, and the organisms were suspended in skimmilk at concentrations of 25–55 × 109/ml. The pH was adjusted to different values and the suspensions were stored, with and without the addition of 20% (v/v) glycerol, at 4° and ‐ 20°.Both organisms survived better at pH 7°0 than at pH 5°0. Glycerol protected the cells at the lower pH value but offered no benefit at neutrality. At 4° about half the cells died within 5 or 6 weeks. At ‐ 20°, however, there was no appreciable loss of viability or acid producing ability up to 9 months at pH 7°0. Suspensions stored for 9 months at ‐ 20° produced excellent cultured buttermilk within the normal incubation period from an inoculum comparable to that used for a fresh culture. Cells harvested early in the maximum stationary phase of the growth cycle were more active than older cells, and they survived better than older cells during storage in the frozen state.
The Behaviour of a Food Poisoning Strain of Clostridium welchii in Beef
Authors: Barnes Ella M. , Despaul J. E. , Ingram M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: An inoculum of 105 spores of Clostridium welchii F2985/50 in meat survived steaming at 100° for 5 h, the number being reduced sevenfold for every hour of steaming. They also survived for at least 6 months in frozen meat stored at ‐5° and ‐20°, whereas vegetative cells died more rapidly at ‐5° than at ‐20°. In beef stored for 13 days at 1°, 5°, 10° and 15° there was no multiplication but a slow destruction of vegetative cells, but there was little change in the spore count. Slow multiplication occurred at 20° but at 25° and 37° growth was rapid. Only about 3% of the spores germinated without prior heat shock, so the majority failed to germinate in raw meat stored at any temperature, but did so once the meat had been heated. In meat which had been heated and allowed to cool almost all of the spores had lost their heat resistance.It was found that the minimal growth temperature was related to pH and medium, so that meat with a pH higher than that used in these experiments (pH 5°7–5°8) would probably have a lower minimal growth temperature for these organisms and would thus be more susceptible to spoilage.
The Classification of Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Norris J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary. Forty‐six isolates of protein crystal‐forming bacteria pathogenic for insects were studied in an attempt to correlate classifications based on biochemical reactions, flagellar antigens, and esterase patterns obtained when cell extracts were analysed by electrophoresis in starch gel.Nine serotypes were represented, one being subdivided into two subtypes on the basis of secondary H antigens. There was a close correlation between the serological classification and that based on esterase analysis. The relationships between the three types of classification are described and the significance of esterase analysis in this context is discussed.
The Differentiation of Various Strains of Clostridium botulinum and Transformation Experiments with Type E
Authors: Skulberg A. , Hausken O. W. 
Published: March 2008

The colonial forms and other characteristics of toxigenic and less toxigenic (hypotoxigenic) variants of Clostridium botulinum types A, B, C, D and E are described. In addition to differences in the appearance of the colonies the hypotoxigenic variants were able to produce larger numbers of spores. Transformation from one form to the other was found when they were grown in Robertson's meat broth to which sterile culture filtrates (boiled or unboiled) from the other form was added. A transformation from hypotoxigenic variants to toxigenic forms was also found when hypotoxigenic forms were grown in Robertson's medium to which the sterile culture filtrate (boiled or unboiled) of a strain of Cl. welchii had been added. The possibility of contamination of the cultures is emphasized.A final appraisal of the situation must be reserved until experiments with single cell isolates have been performed.
The Resistance of Spores of Clostridium botulinum Type E to Heat and Radiation
Authors: Roberts T. A. , Ingram M. , Skulberg A. 
Published: March 2008

Spores of Clostridium botulinum type E have been screened for resistance to heating in aqueous suspension at 60, 70 and 80°. D176 ranged from <0·33 min to 1·25 min. z values of eight strains were between 9·0 and 10·7, and for one strain was 7·4.Radiation survivor curves have been plotted for nine strains, and a further nine strains screened. The “shoulder” extends to about 0·4 megarad, whereafter the curve becomes exponential within a D value from 0·065 to 0·16 megarad.
An Investigation of the Yeast Flora of Marine Fish from Scottish Coastal Waters and a Fishing Ground off Iceland
Authors: Ross Sheena S. , Morris E. O. 
Published: March 2008

A total of 189 yeast isolates was obtained from samples taken from the gills, faeces, skin and mouths of fish caught in the Clyde Estuary, North Sea and Gletty Bank off the east coast of Iceland. The isolates comprised 6 genera, Debaryomyces, Torulopsis, Candida, Rhodotorula, Pichia and Cryptococcus, and 17 species. Debaryomyces kloeckeri comprised almost half the isolates (47·7%), followed by Torulopsis inconspicua (12·8%) and Candida parapsilosis (10·1%). Most of the isolates agreed closely with the description of a type species but some differences were noted.The incidence of yeast occurrence was highest on the fish skin, followed by those from the gills and mouth, and then, in considerably lower proportions, from the faeces. No notable differences were observed in the species isolated from these locations.Without exception D. kloeckeri was the predominant species in every geographical location of sampling, whereas both the occurrence and the proportion of isolates of other species varied in each area. All 16 types of fish sampled yielded yeasts and there were no indications that a characteristic yeast flora exists for each type of fish.
Bacterial Spoilage of Thawed Frozen Peas
Authors: Cavett J. J. , Dring G. J. , Knight A. W. 
Published: March 2008

The main groups of bacteria developing in peas were isolated on differential media. Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Streptococcus lactis predominated and smaller numbers of catalase positive ‘coryneform’bacteria were also regularly present. Strep. cremoris, streptococci (group D), catalase positive cocci and Gram negative rods were less regularly isolated.Bacterial spoilage of untreated peas was usually accompanied by the development of a yellow colour and a reduction in pH. In pure culture in peas leuconostocs and group N streptococci produced an acid pH while the catalase positive organisms produced alkali, sometimes with ammoniacal odours. In mixed cultures in peas the products of a leuconostoc and a ‘coryneform’tended to neutralize each other. A leuconostoc and a ‘coryneform’did not interfere with each others’growth when grown from similar inocula. The behaviour of streptococci is still being investigated. The type and rate of spoilage probably depends on the balance between ammonia production and acid production in the system.
Some Preliminary Observations on the Location of Esterases in Bacillus cereus
Authors: Baillie Ann , Thomson R. O. , Batty Irene , Walker P. D. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe enzymes of Bacillus cereus capable of hydrolysing thiolacetic acid were located within the bacterial cell during different stages of the growth cycle. The significance of the results is discussed.
Use of Formaldehyde for the Disinfection of Hospital Woollen Blankets in Laundering
Authors: Dickinson J. C. , Wagg R. E. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe value of formaldehyde in the penultimate or last laundering rinse is assessed, using a micrococcus and Escherichia coli as the indicator organisms. Experiments demonstrating a residual disinfecting effect of dry formaldehyde treated blankets against the micrococcus are also described.
Inactivation of Bacterial Spores by Visible Radiations
Authors: Futter B. V. , Richardson G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYExposure to visible radiations results in a decrease in viable count of spores of Bacillus subtilis and Clostridium welchii. This inactivation is partially reversible if a period of storage at 37° in the dark intervenes before plating. The recovery of light damaged spores is improved by the presence of dextrose in the counting medium.