bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A NOVEL ASSAY TO QUANTITATE IN VIVO PERFECT RECIRCULARIZATION RATE OF RESTRICTION ENZYME‐GENERATED ENDS*
Authors: OUYANG XUEZHI , MA XIAOQIAN , WANG SHULI , LI GANG , HE JIANGUO , LIU QIUYUN 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT A novel assay is described to precisely quantitate the in vivo perfect recircularization rate of restriction enzyme‐generated ends. Frameshift was introduced into pBluescript II vector SK– by inserting an oligonucleotide harboring a NotI restriction recognition sequence into the EcoRI site in the multiple cloning site, which rendered the N‐terminal portion of the lacZ gene inactive, hence the loss of α–complementation, thus producing white colonies on isopropyl‐beta‐D‐thiogalactopyranoside/5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐β‐D‐galactopyranoside (IPTG/X‐Gal) indicator plates. The insertion of the oligonucleotide created additional NotI and EcoRI sites, respectively. By digesting the resultant plasmid with either NotI or EcoRI followed by introduction into Escherichia coli cells, in vivo perfect recircularization would restore the correct open reading frame, and colonies turned back to blue. This simple assay is sensitive and highly reliable in the assessment of in vivo perfect recircularization of linear DNA fragment.
The Effect of Rural Residence on Dental Unmet Need for Children With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Skinner Asheley Cockrell , Slifkin Rebecca T. , Mayer Michelle L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT:
Background: Unmet need for dental care is the most prevalent unmet health care need among children with special health care needs (CSHCN), even though these children are at a greater risk for dental problems. The combination of rural residence and special health care needs may leave rural CSHCN particularly vulnerable to high levels of unmet dental needs. Objective: To examine the effects of rural residence on unmet dental need for CSHCN. Methods: We use the nationally representative National Survey of CSHCN Needs. We performed logistic regression to estimate the independent effects of rural residence on the likelihood of having an unmet dental need, using a measure of unmet need based on professional society recommendations and a measure based on parental report. Results: Using either of the measures, a substantial percentage of CSHCN do not receive all needed dental care. Rural CSHCN are more likely to forgo needed dental care than their urban counterparts. Our results suggest that rural CSHCN have unmet needs for dental care due to both difficulty accessing care and because their parents do not recognize a need. Conclusion: Traditional access barriers for rural children, such as inadequate provider supply and lack of insurance, may increase unmet needs both directly and indirectly, through their effects on parents’ perceptions of need. Reducing unmet needs for dental care in rural children with special needs will require addressing both access issues and parents’ understanding of dental care need.
Rural Residence and Hispanic Ethnicity: Doubly Disadvantaged for Diabetes?
Authors: Koopman Richelle J. , Mainous Arch G. , Geesey Mark E. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Hispanics are at increased risk for diabetes, while rural residents have historically had decreased access to care. Purpose: To determine whether living in a rural area and being Hispanic confers special risks for diagnosis and control of diabetes. Methods: We analyzed the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1988‐1994). Hispanics and non‐Hispanic white adults were classified according to rural/urban residence to create 4 ethnicity‐residence groups. Investigated outcomes were previously diagnosed and undiagnosed diabetes. Among those with diagnosed diabetes, we investigated control of glucose, hypertension, and lipids. Findings: The prevalence of diagnosed diabetes was greatest for rural residents, especially for rural Hispanics (8.2%) versus that for urban whites (4.6%), rural whites (6.5%), or urban Hispanics (4.5%), (P < .01). However, urban Hispanics were most likely to have undiagnosed diabetes at 3.7%, versus 2.3% of rural whites, 2.8% of urban whites, and 2.7% of rural Hispanics (P = .04). Among people with diagnosed diabetes, there was no difference in glycemic control between the 4 groups. Rural Hispanics with diagnosed diabetes had the greatest prevalence of elevated systolic blood pressure at 45%, compared to 37% of urban whites, 29% of rural whites, 28% of urban Hispanics (P = .01). In regression models controlling for potential confounders, there were no differences among urban and rural whites and Hispanics in the likelihood of undiagnosed diabetes or in glycemic control for those with diagnosed diabetes. Conclusions: Initiatives that target Hispanic health, and especially diabetes, should acknowledge rural/urban Hispanic health differences.
Family Decision‐Making for Nursing Home Residents With Dementia: Rural‐Urban Differences
Authors: Gessert Charles E. , Elliott Barbara A. , Peden‐McAlpine Cynthia 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT:
Context: Research has demonstrated substantial differences between end‐of‐life care in rural and urban settings. As the end of life approaches, rural elders are less likely to be hospitalized, to be placed in an intensive care unit, or to have a feeding tube, compared to their urban counterparts. These differences cannot be fully explained by rural‐urban differences in access to medical services. Purpose: To describe and understand rural‐urban differences in attitudes toward death and in end‐of‐life decision making. Methods: Eight focus groups were convened in rural and urban Minnesota nursing homes. The 38 focus group participants were family members of nursing home residents with severe cognitive impairment. Findings: Most rural focus group participants voiced unqualified acceptance of death and placed few conditions on death, beyond their hope that it would be quick and peaceful. Urban respondents presented a wider range of attitudes toward death, from unambiguous acceptance of immediate death to evident discomfort with welcoming death under any circumstances. These rural‐urban differences had practical implications. Rural respondents were much less likely to endorse interventions that would impede death, compared to their urban counterparts. Conclusions: Rural respondents tended to express confidence in natural forces; death was seen as neutral or beneficent. Resistance to the approach of death was more characteristic of urban respondents, some of whom insisted upon aggressive medical care in advanced dementia.
The costs of fatal and non-fatal falls among older adults
Authors: Stevens J A , Corso P S , Finkelstein E A , Miller T R 
Published: October 2006

Objective:To estimate the incidence and direct medical costs for fatal and non-fatal fall injuries among US adults aged ⩾65 years in 2000, for three treatment settings stratified by age, sex, body region, and type of injury.Methods:Incidence data came from the 2000 National Vital Statistics System, 2001 National Electronic Injury Surveillance System-All Injury Program, 2000 Health Care Utilization Program National Inpatient Sample, and 1999 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey. Costs for fatal falls came fromIncidence and economic burden of injuries in the United States; costs for non-fatal falls were based on claims from the 1998 and 1999 Medicare fee-for-service 5% Standard Analytical Files. A case crossover approach was used to compare the monthly costs before and after the fall.Results:In 2000, there were almost 10 300 fatal and 2.6 million medically treated non-fatal fall related injuries. Direct medical costs totaled $0.2 billion dollars for fatal and $19 billion dollars for non-fatal injuries. Of the non-fatal injury costs, 63% ($12 billion) were for hospitalizations, 21% ($4 billion) were for emergency department visits, and 16% ($3 billion) were for treatment in outpatient settings. Medical expenditures for women, who comprised 58% of the older adult population, were 2–3 times higher than for men for all medical treatment settings. Fractures accounted for just 35% of non-fatal injuries but 61% of costs.Conclusions:Fall related injuries among older adults, especially among older women, are associated with substantial economic costs. Implementing effective intervention strategies could appreciably decrease the incidence and healthcare costs of these injuries.
Determining objective injury prevention priorities
Authors: Wiebe D J , Nance M L , Branas C C 
Published: October 2006

Background and objective:Finite injury prevention resources make the establishment of prevention priorities essential. Toward this end, the US National Trauma Data Bank (NTDB) for 2000 to 2004 was accessed and four injury prevention priority scores (one previously defined and three new scores) were computed.Methods:An injury prevention priority score (IPPS) was calculated based on the frequency of an injury mechanism and the median injury severity score. In addition, a mortality priority score (Mort-PS), a hospital charge priority score (Charge-PS), and a years of potential life lost (YPLL-PS) priority score were calculated for the 13 most common injury mechanisms.Results:There was variability across the four scores, but motor vehicle traffic, firearm related, and fall injuries ranked high on all four of the priority criteria. Multiple criteria should be considered when assessing injury burden.Conclusions:The methods presented here can help prioritize injuries and support more objective public policies.
Reducing hazard related falls in people 75 years and older with significant visual impairment: how did a successful program work?
Authors: La Grow S J , Robertson M C , Campbell A J , Clarke G A , Kerse N M 
Published: October 2006

Background:In a randomized controlled trial testing a home safety program designed to prevent falls in older people with severe visual impairment, it was shown that the program, delivered by an experienced occupational therapist, significantly reduced the numbers of falls both at home and away from home.Objectives:To investigate whether the success of the home safety assessment and modification intervention in reducing falls resulted directly from modification of home hazards or from behavioral modifications, or both.Methods:Participants were 391 community living women and men aged 75 years and older with visual acuity 6/24 meters or worse; 92% (361 of 391) completed one year of follow up. Main outcome measures were type and number of hazards and risky behavior identified in the home and garden of those receiving the home safety program, compliance with home safety recommendations reported at six months, location of all falls for all study participants during the trial, and environmental hazards associated with each fall.Results:The numbers of falls at home related to an environmental hazard and those with no hazard involved were both reduced by the home safety program (n = 100 participants) compared with the group receiving social visits (n = 96) (incidence rate ratios = 0.40 (95% confidence interval, 0.21 to 0.74) and 0.43 (0.21 to 0.90), respectively).Conclusions:The overall reduction in falls by the home safety program must result from some mechanism in addition to the removal or modification of hazards or provision of new equipment.
Intentional injury mortality in the European Union: how many more lives could be saved?
Authors: Stone D H , Jeffrey S , Dessypris N , Kyllekidis S , Chishti P , Papadopoulos F C , Petridou E T 
Published: October 2006

Objective:To explore the scope for reducing the number of intentional injury deaths, hypothesizing that all European Union (EU) countries are able to match the experience of the country with the lowest mortality rate for intentional injuries.Design:Intentional injury mortality data for the three last available years and denominator population estimates were obtained from the World Health Organisation mortality database for the 22 EU countries with more than one million population. To estimate the potential saving of lives, the yearly average age adjusted injury mortality rates were calculated. This issue done for children (0–14), adults (15–64), and elderly people (65 and over), both including and excluding deaths from undetermined cause.Main outcome measures:Number of lives that might potentially be saved if all EU member states matched the lowest intentional injury rate reported by an EU member state.Results:Over 73% of all intentional injury deaths could have been avoided if all EU countries matched the country with the lowest intentional injury mortality rate. EU member states would have suffered about 600 fewer intentional injury deaths in children, about 40 000 fewer adult deaths, and over 14 000 fewer intentional injury deaths in the elderly. This amounts to over 55 000 lives in a single year.Conclusions:Many lives lost through injury might be saved if all countries were to achieve the lowest intentional injury mortality rates reported in the EU. How this theoretical observation might be translated into practice needs to be further explored as the international variation in intentional injury mortality rates in the EU results from a range of factors.
The Synovial Sarcoma–Associated SS18-SSX2 Fusion Protein Induces Epigenetic Gene (De)Regulation
Authors: de Bruijn Diederik R.H. , Allander Susanne V. , van Dijk Anke H.A. , Willemse Marieke P. , Thijssen Jose , van Groningen Jan J.M. , Meltzer Paul S. , Geurts van Kessel Ad 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Fusion of the SS18 and either one of the SSX genes is a hallmark of human synovial sarcoma. The SS18 and SSX genes encode nuclear proteins that exhibit opposite transcriptional activities. The SS18 protein functions as a transcriptional coactivator and is associated with the SWI/SNF complex, whereas the SSX proteins function as transcriptional corepressors and are associated with the polycomb complex. The domains involved in these opposite transcriptional activities are retained in the SS18-SSX fusion proteins. Here, we set out to determine the direct transcriptional consequences of conditional SS18-SSX2 fusion protein expression using complementary DNA microarray-based profiling. By doing so, we identified several clusters of SS18-SSX2–responsive genes, including a group of genes involved in cholesterol synthesis, which is a general characteristic of malignancy. In addition, we identified a group of SS18-SSX2–responsive genes known to be specifically deregulated in primary synovial sarcomas, including IGF2 and CD44. Furthermore, we observed an uncoupling of EGR1, JUNB, and WNT signaling in response to SS18-SSX2 expression, suggesting that the SWI/SNF-associated coactivation functions of the SS18 moiety are impaired. Finally, we found that SS18-SSX2 expression affects histone modifications in the CD44 and IGF2 promoters and DNA methylation levels in the IGF2 imprinting control region. Together, we conclude that the SS18-SSX2 fusion protein may act as a so-called transcriptional “activator-repressor,” which induces downstream target gene deregulation through epigenetic mechanisms. Our results may have implications for both the development and clinical management of synovial sarcomas. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9474-82)
In Melanoma, RAS Mutations Are Accompanied by Switching Signaling from BRAF to CRAF and Disrupted Cyclic AMP Signaling
Authors: Dumaz Nicolas , Hayward Robert , Martin Jan , Ogilvie Lesley , Hedley Douglas , Curtin John A. , Bastian Boris C. , Springer Caroline , Marais Richard 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Melanocytes require the RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and the cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling pathways to maintain the fine balance between proliferation and differentiation. We have investigated how cross-talk between these pathways affects melanoma progression. We show that cAMP suppresses CRAF activity in melanocytes and that this is essential to suppress the oncogenic potential of CRAF in these cells. As a consequence, BRAF alone is responsible for signaling to MEK. However, when RAS is mutated in melanoma, the cells switch their signaling from BRAF to CRAF. This switch is accompanied by dysregulated cAMP signaling, a step that is necessary to allow CRAF to signal to MEK. Thus, a fundamental switch in RAF isoform usage occurs when RAS is mutated in melanoma, and this occurs in the context of disrupted cAMP signaling. These data have important implications for the development of therapeutic strategies to treat this life-threatening disease. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9483-91)
Transgenic Mice Expressing the p75 CCAAT-Displacement Protein/Cut Homeobox Isoform Develop a Myeloproliferative Disease–Like Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Cadieux Chantal , Fournier Sylvie , Peterson Alan C. , Bédard Christian , Bedell Barry J. , Nepveu Alain 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The p75 CCAAT-displacement protein/Cut homeobox (CDP/Cux) isoform was previously reported to be overexpressed in human breast cancers. To investigate its oncogenic potential, we engineered two transgenic mouse lines expressing p75 CDP/Cux under the control of the mouse mammary tumor virus-long terminal repeat. The FVB strain of mouse is generally used in the generation of mouse models for breast cancer. The transgene was introduced into the hprt locus of 129/Ola embryonic stem cells and, following germ line passage, was backcrossed onto the FVB and C57BL/6 mouse strains. Here, we describe the phenotype of p75 CDP/Cux transgenic virgin female mice of the first backcross generations. We report that after a long latency period, ∼33% of mice from two independent transgenic lines and from backcrosses into either the FVB or the C57BL/6 strains succumbed to a similar disease characterized by splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, and frequent infiltration of leukocytes into nonhematopoietic organs like the kidneys and lungs. Although an excess of B or T cells was observed in three diseased mice, in 17 other cases, histologic and flow cytometry analyses revealed the expansion of a population of neutrophils in the blood, spleen, and bone marrow. The increase in neutrophils correlated with signs of anemia and thrombocytopenia, whereas there was no indication of a reactive process. Therefore, p75 CDP/Cux transgenic mice displayed heightened susceptibility to a disease defined as a myeloproliferative disease–like myeloid leukemia. These results indicate that the overexpression of p75 CDP/Cux could alter homeostasis in the hematopoietic compartment. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9492-501)
Oxidative Stress Induces ADAM9 Protein Expression in Human Prostate Cancer Cells
Authors: Sung Shian-Ying , Kubo Hiroyuki , Shigemura Katsumi , Arnold Rebecca S. , Logani Sanjay , Wang Ruoxiang , Konaka Hiroyuki , Nakagawa Masayuki , Mousses Spiro , Amin Mahul , Anderson Cynthia , Johnstone Peter , Petros John A. , Marshall Fray F. , Zhau Haiyen E. , Chung Leland W.K. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The ADAM (a disintegrin and metalloprotease) family is a group of transmembrane proteins containing cell adhesive and proteolytic functional domains. Microarray analysis detected elevated ADAM9 during the transition of human LNCaP prostate cancer cells from an androgen-dependent to an androgen-independent and metastatic state. Using a prostate tissue array (N = 200), the levels of ADAM9 protein expression were also elevated in malignant as compared with benign prostate tissues. ADAM9 protein expression was found in 43% of benign glands with light staining and 87% of malignant glands with increasing intensity of staining. We found that ADAM9 mRNA and protein expressions were elevated on exposure of human prostate cancer cells to stress conditions such as cell crowding, hypoxia, and hydrogen peroxide. We uncovered an ADAM9-like protein, which is predominantly induced together with the ADAM9 protein by a brief exposure of prostate cancer cells to hydrogen peroxide. Induction of ADAM9 protein in LNCaP or C4-2 cells can be completely abrogated by the administration of an antioxidant, ebselen, or genetic transfer of a hydrogen peroxide degradative enzyme, catalase, suggesting that reactive oxygen species (ROS) are a common mediator. The induction of ADAM9 by stress can be inhibited by both actinomycin D and cycloheximide through increased gene transcription and protein synthesis. In conclusion, intracellular ROS and/or hydrogen peroxide, generated by cell stress, regulate ADAM9 expression. ADAM9 could be responsible for supporting prostate cancer cell survival and progression. By decreasing ADAM9 expression, we observed apoptotic cell death in prostate cancer cells. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9519-26)
HOXB7, a Homeodomain Protein, Is Overexpressed in Breast Cancer and Confers Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Authors: Wu Xinyan , Chen Hexin , Parker Belinda , Rubin Ethel , Zhu Tao , Lee Ji Shin , Argani Pedram , Sukumar Saraswati 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is increasingly recognized as a mechanism whereby cells in primary noninvasive tumors acquire properties essential for migration and invasion. Microarray analyses of microdissected epithelial cells from bone metastasis revealed a HOXB7 overexpression that was 3-fold higher than in primary breast carcinomas and 18-fold higher compared with normal breast. This led us to investigate the role of HOXB7 in neoplastic transformation of breast cells. Expression of HOXB7 in both MCF10A and Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) epithelial cells resulted in the acquisition of both phenotypic and molecular attributes typical of EMT. Loss of epithelial proteins, claudin 1 and claudin 7, mislocalization of claudin 4 and E-cadherin, and the expression of mesenchymal proteins, vimentin and α-smooth muscle actin, were observed. MDCK cells expressing HOXB7 exhibited properties of migration and invasion. Unlike MDCK vector–transfected cells, MDCK-HOXB7 cells formed highly vascularized tumors in mice. MDCK-HOXB7 cells overexpressed basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), had more active forms of both Ras and RhoA proteins, and displayed higher levels of phosphorylation of p44 and p42 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK; extracellular signal–regulated kinases 1 and 2). Effects initiated by HOXB7 were reversed by specific inhibitors of FGF receptor and the Ras-MAPK pathways. These data provide support for a function for HOXB7 in promoting tumor invasion through activation of Ras/Rho pathway by up-regulating bFGF, a known transcriptional target of HOXB7. Reversal of these effects by HOXB7-specific siRNA further suggested that these effects were mediated by HOXB7. Thus, HOXB7 overexpression caused EMT in epithelial cells, accompanied by acquisition of aggressive properties of tumorigenicity, migration, and invasion. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(19): 9527-34)