bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodegradable cationic polyester as an efficient carrier for gene delivery to neonatal cardiomyocytes
Authors: Xu Peisheng , Li Shi‐Yan , Li Qun , Ren Jun , Van Kirk Edward A. , Murdoch William J. , Radosz Maciej , Shen Youqing 
Published: September 2006

AbstractViral‐mediated gene delivery has been explored for the treatment and protection of cardiomyocytes, but so far there is only one report using cationic polymer for gene delivery to cardiomyocytes in spite of many advantages of polymer‐mediated gene delivery. In this study, a cationic poly(β‐amino ester) (PDMA) with a degradable backbone and cleavable side chains was synthesized by Michael addition reaction. The toxicity of PDMA to neonatal mouse cardiomyocytes (NMCMs) was significantly lower than that of polyethyleneimine (PEI). PDMA formed stable polyplexes with pEGFP. The dissociation of the polyplexes could be triggered by PDMA degradation, and the dissociation time was tunable via the polymer/pEGFP ratio. In vitro transfection showed that PDMA was an effective and low toxic gene delivery carrier for NMCMs. The PDMA/pEGFP polyplexes transfected EGFP gene to NMCMs with about 28% efficiency and caused little death. In contrast, a significant portion of cardiomyocytes cultured with PEI/pEGFP died. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Degradation of phenol by aerobic granules and isolated yeast Candida tropicalis
Authors: Adav Sunil S. , Chen Ming‐Yuan , Lee Duu‐Jong , Ren Nan‐Qi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAerobic granules effectively degrade phenol at high concentrations. This work cultivated aerobic granules that can degrade phenol at a constant rate of 49 mg‐phenol/g·VSS/h up to 1,000 mg/L of phenol. Fluorescent staining and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) tests demonstrated that an active biomass was accumulated at the granule outer layer. A strain with maximum ability to degrade phenol and a high tolerance to phenol toxicity isolated from the granules was identified as Candida tropicalis via 18S rRNA sequencing. This strain degrades phenol at a maximum rate of 390 mg‐phenol/g·VSS/h at pH 6 and 30°C, whereas inhibitory effects existed at concentrations >1,000 mg/L. The Haldane kinetic model elucidates the growth and phenol biodegradation kinetics of the C. tropicalis. The fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and CLSM test suggested that the Candida strain was primarily distributed throughout the surface layer of granule; hence, achieving a near constant reaction rate over a wide range of phenol concentration. The mass transfer barrier provided by granule matrix did not determine the reaction rates for the present phenol‐degrading granule. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:844–852. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Alginate microparticles as novel carrier for oral insulin delivery
Authors: Reis Catarina Pinto , Ribeiro António J. , Neufeld Ronald J. , Veiga Francisco 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAlginate microparticles produced by emulsification/internal gelation were investigated as a promising carrier for insulin delivery. The procedure involves the dispersion of alginate solution containing insulin protein, into a water immiscible phase. Gelation is triggered in situ by instantaneous release of ionic calcium from carbonate complex via gentle pH adjustment. Particle size is controlled through the emulsification parameters, yielding insulin‐loaded microparticles. Particle recovery was compared using several washing protocols. Recovery strategies are proposed and the influence on particle mean size, morphology, recovery yield (RY), encapsulation efficiency, insulin release profile, and structural integrity of released insulin were evaluated. Spherical micron‐sized particles loaded with insulin were produced. The recovery process was optimized, improving yield, and ensuring removal of residual oil from the particle surface. The optimum recovery strategy consisted in successive washing with a mixture of acetone/hexane/isopropanol coupled with centrifugation. This strategy led to small spherical particles with an encapsulation efficiency of 80% and a RY around 70%. In vitro release studies showed that alginate itself was not able to suppress insulin release in acidic media; however, this strategy preserves the secondary structure of insulin. Particles had a mean size lower than the critical diameter necessary to be orally absorbed through the intestinal mucosa followed by their passage to systemic circulation and thus can be considered as a promising technology for insulin delivery. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007;96:977–989. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Benchmarking instructional costs and productivity: The Kansas study
Authors: Sumner K. Patricia , Brewer Regina G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses the development and implementation of the Kansas Study of Instructional Costs and Productivity, which collects and reports data on community college instructional costs and faculty workloads. The project provides data for both intra‐ and inter‐institutional comparisons about how much community college faculty teach and the cost of that instruction at the discipline level.
Using benchmark and assessment data to facilitate institutional change
Authors: Manning Terri M. , Bostian Brad 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis chapter discusses how Central Piedmont Community College (CPCC) has used data from the National Community College Benchmark Project. Analysis of project benchmark data led to a review of high course‐withdrawal rates and CPCC withdrawal policies as well as their effects on student program completion and within‐term retention. As a result, the college implemented a volunteer pilot study to attempt to lower withdrawal rates through the use of creative classroom strategies.
A combined artificial neural network/residual bilinearization approach for obtaining the second‐order advantage from three‐way non‐linear data
Authors: Olivieri Alejandro C. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThree‐way instrumental data offer the second‐order advantage to analysts, a property of great utility in the field of complex sample analysis in the presence of unsuspected components as potential interferents. The available multivariate methodologies for obtaining this advantage are all based on linear models, and hence they are not applicable to spectral information behaving in a non‐linear manner with respect to target analyte concentrations. This work describes the combination of a back‐propagation artificial neural network model with a technique known as residual bilinearization, applicable to second‐order spectral information. The joint model allows one to efficiently extract analyte concentrations from intrinsically non‐linear data, even in the presence of unsuspected constituents. Simulations have been performed by mimicking deviations from linearity brought about by: (1) exponential relationship between fluorescence and concentration, (2) kinetic evolution of responsive reaction products and (3) analytes acting as reaction catalysts. In all of these cases, successful prediction of the analyte concentrations was achieved on large test sample sets, which included the presence of overlapping components not included in the training step. The new method not only obtains the second‐order advantage, but also correctly retrieves the contribution of the unsuspected components to the total test sample signals. The comparison with a multivariate methodology based on partial least‐squares regression with second‐order advantage shows that the presently described method displays better predictive ability. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A reliable approach of frequency analysis and its application for oscillating chemical systems
Authors: Lu Xiaoquan , Chen Jing , Wang Rui , Wang Lan , Liu Hongde 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, a named oscillation frequency spectrum (OFS) was developed for the frequency analysis of oscillating signal. Various complexing oscillating chemical reactions, which have been widely applied to analytical determination, were examined. The OFS extracted frequency information of these systems successfully and distinguished their respective frequency characteristics clearly. The details were such that the Belousov‐Zhabotinskii (B‐Z) system had three frequency peaks and the Cu(II)‐catalyzed system had two. Every periodic signal had a special OFS. Even if the frequency values of two different signals were identical, their OFS figures were distinct. The OFS realized the extraction and calculation for the multifrequency characteristic of oscillating chemical system accurately. It followed that OFS could be used to analyze the frequency of periodic signal with accuracy and was suitable for many areas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of a Functional C2‐Symmetrical Bidentate Diphenylphosphonite DIOP Derivative and Its Conversion into the Corresponding π‐Acidic Bis(pentafluorophenyl) and Bis(p‐tetrafluoropyridyl) Compounds
Authors: Hoge Berthold , Panne Patricia 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe reaction of a C2‐symmetric diiodo compound, 1,4‐dideoxy‐1,4‐diiodo‐2,3,‐O‐isopropyliden‐L‐threitole, with [K([18]crown‐6)]P(CN)2 led to the generation of a corresponding bidentate dicyanophosphorus derivative. The in situ reaction with excess methanol and phenol yielded the corresponding bidentate dimethyl‐ and diphenylphosphonites, respectively. The isolated liquids were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, elemental analysis, and mass spectrometry. The bidentate diphenylphosphonite ligand (a diphenoxyphosphane derivative) represents one of the very few functional bidentate phosphane derivatives: a DIOP [(2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxolane‐4,5‐diyl)bis(methylene)]bis(diphenylphosphane) modification, in which the phenyl groups at the phosphorus atoms are replaced by functional phenoxy groups. Treatment of the bidentate diphenylphosphonite derivative with C6F5MgBr and p‐C5NF4MgBr allowed the isolation and full characterization of the comparable bidentate bis(pentafluorophenyl) and bis(p‐tetrafluoropyridyl)phosphanes. The ligand properties of the novel bidentate ligand systems were evaluated through the synthesis and vibrational investigation of their tetracarbonyl–molybdenum and cyclopentadienyl–iron complexes. The π acidity of the synthesized ligands increases in the order methoxy‐<phenoxy‐<pentafluorophenyl‐<p‐tetrafluoropyridyl phosphane.
Syntheses, Structures, and Anion‐Binding Properties of Two Novel Calix[2]benzo[4]pyrroles
Authors: Cafeo Grazia , Kohnke Franz H. , White Andrew J. P. , Garozzo Domenico , Messina Angela 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCalix[2]benzo[4]pyrrole m‐6 and p‐6, each containing two dipyrromethane moieties and two m‐phenylene or p‐phenylene units, respectively, were readily synthesised from pyrrole, 1,3‐ and 1,4‐bis(1,1′‐dimethylhydroxymethyl)benzene, (m‐4 and p‐4, respectively) and acetone. Macrocycles m‐6 and p‐6 were tested as receptors for a selection of anions, such as acetate, dihydrogenphosphate and fluoride. The X‐ray structures of m‐6 and p‐6 and those of the complexes m‐6⋅F−, m‐6⋅Cl− and m‐6⋅CH3COO− (with an nBu4N+ counterion) were also determined.
Anion‐Binding Properties of the Tripyrrolemethane Group: A Combined Experimental and Theoretical Study
Authors: Denekamp Chagit , Suwinska Kinga , Salman Hussein , Abraham Yael , Eichen Yoav , Ben Ari J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTripyrrolemethane‐ and bistripyrrolemethane‐containing systems were recently reported to be efficient and selective hosts for anions. Nevertheless, the basic intrinsic properties of tripyrrolemethane as a ligand for anions have not yet been explored. Here we report the study of the anion‐binding properties of the tripyrrolemethane group. We applied a combined experimental and theoretical approach to determine the affinity of the tripyrrolemethane system for different anions in the gas phase, in solution and in the crystalline state. In the crystal, the tripyrrolemethane group forms a number of different complexes with the bromide ion, some involving the participation of more than one ligand species. Despite the very similar basicity of fluoride and dihydrogen phosphate, the tripyrrolemethane ligand exhibits a clear preference for the fluoride anion in solution, which indicates an anion‐binding system and not merely deprotonation. Although the affinity of the tripyrrolemethane ligand for other ions was negligible in solution, gas‐phase studies show that complexation with larger halide ions is favoured over complexation with fluoride.
Diacetyldiamidoximeester of Pentamidine, a Prodrug for Treatment of Protozoal Diseases: Synthesis, in vitro and in vivo Biotransformation
Authors: Clement Bernd , Bürenheide Anja , Rieckert Wolfgang , Schwarz Jörg 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPentamidine is an effective antimicrobial agent. To increase its poor oral bioavailability due to the strong basic amidine functionality, the less basicO‐acetylamidoxime prodrug, the diacetyldiamidoximeester, was used, which has greatly improved lipophilicity. The objectives of this investigation were the synthesis of all potential metabolites of the double prodrug, the conformational analysis of its structure, and to study the in vitro and in vivo biotransformation by ester cleavage and N‐reduction to pentamidine via four intermediate metabolites. The biotransformation of diacetyldiamidoximeester to pentamidine involving the reduction of the amidoxime function and the ester cleavage could be demonstrated. The kinetic parameters were determined. Amidoximes were efficiently metabolized by several enzyme systems located in microsomes and mitochondria of different organs including the final formation of the active metabolite pentamidine. The formation of pentamidine after oral administration of the diacetyldiamidoximeester to rats could be demonstrated as well.
Racial disparity in survival among patients with advanced/recurrent endometrial adenocarcinoma
Authors: Maxwell G. Larry , Tian Chunqiao , Risinger John , Brown Carol L. , Rose G. Scott , Thigpen J. Tate , Fleming Gini F. , Gallion Holly H. , Brewster Wendy R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND.Previous studies have reported shorter survival of black women compared with white women who had advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer. It has been suggested that this may reflect racially based differences in treatment.METHODS.The authors retrospectively reviewed data from 169 black women and 982 white women with International Federation of Gynecologic Oncology (FIGO) Stage III, Stage IV, or recurrent endometrial carcinoma who were participants in 1 of 4 Gynecologic Oncology Group randomized treatment trials of doxorubicin alone or combined with paclitaxel and/or cisplatin. Demographic, histologic, treatment, and outcome data were analyzed to estimate survival, and between‐group comparisons were performed.RESULTS.The pooled data revealed that black women were more likely to have papillary serous histology (P < .001), Stage IV disease (P < .001), and higher tumor grade (P < .001) compared with white women, and survival was worse among black women than among white women (median survival, 10.6 months vs. 12.2 months, respectively; P < .001). A Cox proportional hazards regression analysis that was adjusted for performance status, disease stage, tumor histology, tumor grade, and treatment demonstrated worse survival for black women (hazards ratio, 1.26, 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.51; P = .010).CONCLUSIONS.The data from a large group of women with advanced/recurrent endometrial cancer suggested that a racial disparity in survival persists, despite the finding that black women and white women received similar treatment. Although the causes of racial disparity in endometrial cancer remain to be elucidated, socioeconomic, biologic, and cultural factors should be investigated to identify the etiologic origins of this multifactorial healthcare problem. Cancer 2006. Published 2006 by the American Cancer Society
Evaluating the potential effectiveness of codes: the statement strength evaluation method (SSEM)
Authors: Bondy Krista 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe increasing popularity and use of codes requires a technique for being able to distinguish how different codes compare to each other and to stakeholder demands for increased social, environmental and economic responsibility of business. This paper presents the statement strength evaluation method (SSEM), which provides organizations with the ability to make comparisons between codes against a backdrop of stakeholder expectations. The SSEM evaluates six critical characteristics for each statement made in the code relating to each appropriate criterion. The criteria were developed through synthesis of a vast range of stakeholder concerns, resulting in 597 unique but overlapping criteria. This level of detail has been retained to ensure accurate comparison between different code types and ranges of content depending on varied contexts such as industry and operating locations (e.g. domestic versus international). A test of the SSEM using 13 third party codes revealed strengths and weaknesses of codes based on structure, and highlighted certain codes as potentially more effective in helping business to govern their CSR objectives. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment.
Acute insulin response is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes mellitus in individuals with both normal fasting and 2‐h plasma glucose concentrations
Authors: Bunt Joy C. , Krakoff Jonathan , Ortega Emilio , Knowler William C. , Bogardus Clifton 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundEarlier prospective studies have identified insulin action and secretion as predictors of T2DM in populations with normal glucose tolerance (NGT) and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) (2‐h OGTT < 7.8 and 7.8–11 mmol/L, respectively). Fasting plasma glucose (FPG), an additional and recently modified (normal <5.6 mmol/L) diagnostic criterion is associated with insulin secretion. We wanted to establish whether insulin secretion persists as an independent predictor of T2DM in individuals with no clinical evidence of impaired glucose regulation based on FPG and 2‐h plasma glucose concentrations.MethodsInsulin action (M, euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp), insulin secretion (acute insulin response (AIR), IVGTT), and adiposity (%Fat, DXA or densitometry) were compared at baseline in 358 Pima Indians (232M/126F, 18–44 years old) with normal glucose regulation of whom 61 (35M/26F) developed diabetes (DIAB) during a median follow‐up time of 7.6 years.ResultsIn proportional‐hazard analysis, % Fat (HR = 1.52, p = 0.03), M (HR = 0.51, p = 0.04) and AIR (HR = 0.64, p = 0.003) predicted the development of diabetes after adjustment for age and sex. In regression analysis adjusting for age, sex, %Fat and M at baseline, the non‐diabetic group (NON‐DM) had a higher AIR (p = 0.0002) than the DIAB group; the positive association of AIR with adiposity observed in the NON‐DM group was absent in the DIAB group. Cumulative incidence rates (12y) for diabetes were highest (48%) in subjects with both M and AIR below the population median and lowest (11%) in subjects with both M and AIR above the population median.ConclusionAIR can predict diabetes prior to the current clinical indicators of impaired glucose regulation. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solvent‐Induced Pore‐Size Adjustment in the Metal‐Organic Framework [Mg3(ndc)3(dmf)4] (ndc = naphthalenedicarboxylate)
Authors: Senkovska Irena , Kaskel Stefan 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTwo new compounds containing magnesium and the bidentate ligand 2,6‐naphthalenedicarboxylate (ndc), namely [Mg(dmf)2(H2O)4]·ndc (1) (dmf = N,N‐dimethylformamide) and [Mg3(ndc)3(dmf)4] (TUDMOF‐2) (2), have been obtained from Mg(NO3)2·6H2O and the pure acid using a solvothermal route. According to single‐crystal X‐ray studies both compounds are monoclinic. Complex 1 crystallizes in the space group P21/c [a = 12.317(3), b = 12.582(2), c = 15.353(3) Å, β = 110.96(3)°]. The compound consists of an isolated tetraaqua‐bis‐N,N‐dimethylformamide cation and the deprotonated ligand with hydrogen bonds linking the cations and anions. The metal‐organic framework 2 crystallizes in the space group C2/c [a = 13.451(3), b = 18.043(4), c = 20.937(5) Å, β = 99.79(3)°] with trinuclear magnesium clusters connected to six dicarboxylate ligands that link the clusters into a three‐dimensional network. In contrast to [Mg3(ndc)3(def)4] (def = N,N‐diethylformamide; 3), the dmf molecules coordinated to magnesium in TUDMOF‐2 (2) not only cause a distortion of the network but induce accessibility for the adsorption ofnitrogen. TUDMOF‐2 has a Langmuir surface area of520 m2 g–1 and a hydrogen adsorption capacity of 0.78 wt.‐% at 77 K and 760 Torr. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Mixed Amido/Imido/Guanidinato Complexes of Tantalum: Effects of Ligand Substitution on Thermal Properties
Authors: Baunemann Arne , Winter Manuela , Csapek Karoly , Gemel Christian , Fischer Roland A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractMixed amido/imido/guanidinato tantalum complexes [Ta(NR1R2){C(NR1R2)(NR3)2}2(NR4)] [R1,R2 = methyl, ethyl; R3 = cyclohexyl (cy), isopropyl; R4 = tert‐butyl, n‐propyl] have been synthesized by the insertion of carbodiimides into tantalum–amide bonds. All compounds have been characterized by means of NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, and CHN analysis. Additionally, single crystal structures of five compounds (4: R1 = Me, R2 = Et, R3 = iPr, R4 = tBu; 5: R1, R2 = Et, R3 = iPr, R4 = tBu; 6: R1, R2 = Me, R3 = cy, R4 = tBu; 8: R1, R2 = Et, R3 = cy, R4 = tBu; 9: R1, R2 = Et, R3 = iPr, R4 = nPr) have been determined and relevant structural issues are discussed. The thermal properties of all complexes have been investigated by TGA/DTA measurements. Thus, complexes originating from diisopropylcarbodiimide (iPr‐cdi) are significantly more volatile than complexes derived from dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (cy‐cdi). In contrast, variations of R1, R2, and R4 have only a small impact on the thermal behavior of the complexes. Finally, selected compounds have been pyrolyzed at 600 °C, and the decomposition products studied by GC‐MS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Performance evaluation of a link adaptation scheme in IEEE 802.11e over IEEE 802.11a WLANs with QoS support
Authors: Vannuccini Gianluca , Bandinelli Matteo , Truong Hong Linh , Giuli Dino 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) represent a powerful technology for accessing data, voice and video services in mobility. The literature dealing with IEEE 802.11 WLANs optimisation for supporting real‐time services performance is plentiful. IEEE Task Group E has been created with the aim of enhancing the Quality of Service (QoS) capabilities of the MAC IEEE 802.11, while several link adaptation algorithms have been proposed to optimise the rate selection in the IEEE 802.11a physical layer. In this work, the knowledge of the application type, provided by the MAC IEEE 802.11e layer, is exploited in a link adaptation strategy for the PHY IEEE 802.11a layer. The performance of the system is studied by using an event‐driven simulator, which implements the specifications of the IEEE 802.11e draft standard and the IEEE 802.11a standard. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme achieves both the link adaptation advantages and the required QoS support to real‐time services. Copyright © 2005 AEIT.