bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On selecting a measure of retrieval effectiveness
Authors: Cooper William S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIt is argued that a user's subjective evaluation of the personal utility of a retrieval system's output to him, if it could be properly quantified, would be a near‐ideal measure of retrieval effectiveness. A hypothetical methodology is presented for measuring this utility by means of an elicitation procedure. Because the hypothetical methodology is impractical, compromise methods are outlined and their underlying simplifying assumptions are discussed. The more plausible the simplifying assumptions on which a performance measure is based, the better the measure. This, along with evidence gleaned from ‘validation experiments’ of a certain kind, is suggsted as a criterion for selecting or deriving the best measure of effectiveness to use under given test conditions.
Mixed data structures in a multi‐purpose retrieval system
Authors: Mittman B. , Chalice R. , Dillaman D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRemote Information Query System, (RIQS), is an information storage and retrieval system designed to handle both textual and quantitative information. It operates in an on‐line and batch mode for searching, and has been used extensively at Northwestern for both bibliographic and data management applications. The batch version also provides for file creation and update, data verification, and indexing. Acceptable data types include alphanumeric, numeric, and dates. Numeric items can be expressed in any consistent set of units. The internal record format of RIQS employs a variety of data structures to accommodate rapid on‐line search and effective update capability. These structures include a record scatter table for all data, with associated item pointers and scatter table pointers, and with chaining for record updates. On‐line search and the record structure are illustrated. Performance statistics show costs for several file creation and file search runs.
The user interface for interactive bibliographic searching: An analysis of the attitudes of nineteen information scientists
Authors: Martin Thomas H. , Carlisle James , Treu Siegfried 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSince little substantiated evidence exists concerning the features that should or should not be included in the man‐machine interface of interactive bibliographic search and retrieval (IBSR) systems, an informal survey tapping the opinions of scientists active in this research area was conducted. An analysis of the responses showed a significant level of agreement concerning interface features.
Social science information characteristics with particular reference to the educational resources information centers (ERIC)
Authors: Wright Kieth 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper sets the ERIC information system in the context of the more general characteristics and problems of social science information storage and retrieval. Social science information studies and attempts at organizing social science information are surveyed. The Educational Resource Information Center system is summarized, and the criticisms of that system in terms of decentralization, information quality, and indexing vocabulary and thesaurus structure are presented. The recommendations of the Fry study are considered in the context of the whole problem of social science information handling.
A novel philosophy for the design of information storage and retrieval systems appropriate for the ‘70’s
Authors: Scheffler Frederic L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe philosophy of a systems approach to the design of information storage and retrieval systems is suggested in which the computer is recognized in its proper perspective as a powerful and effective alternative tool. This philosophy is in contrast to a prevalent philosophy of the ‘60’s in which many information systems designers touted the computer as the answer to all information storage and retrieval situations. Important principles of information system design incorporated within the framework of the novel philosophy for the ‘70’s are presented. These are: the performance of users' needs studies by the representative small group technique; the analysis of users' needs including their rank ordering by priority; the selection and adaptation for a specific application of a suitable existent information storage and retrieval system from those available; the involvement of potential users in the system design by establishing a model with which they can interact and provide feedback; and the final design of a cost‐effective system. A number of pitfalls arising from earlier design methodologies are pointed out, and the avoidance of these pitfalls by adopting a true systems approach is discussed.
The functions of abstracts in the initial screening of technical documents by the user
Authors: Thompson Charles W. N. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAbstracts (and other short surrogates for the complete text) of a document have been generally considered a valuable aid to the reader in quickly determining the relevance of a document (as well as, in some cases, serving as a substitute for reading the text, and as a separate surrogate in secondary services). A test of this hypothesis was conducted in the form of a field experiment in three military laboratories. Based on what a sample of 85 scientists and engineers reported on the time they took and the relevance judgments they made with respect to the documents which came across their desks over a four week period, there does not appear to be any evidence to support the assumption that abstracts, accompanying a document, have any significant effect.
Information theory as a measure of information content
Authors: Belzer Jack 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn efficient coding, Information‐Communication‐Coding Theory based on probabilities of occurrence assigns short codes to events with little information content and long codes to events with high information content. This provides a direct relationship of code size to amount of information content. Entropies of surrogates such as citations, abstracts, first paragraphs, last paragraphs, and first and last paragraphs are measures of how well each class of surrogates predicts the relevancy of documents. They are measures of meaningful information in the text of surrogates. Such measures of information are important to information system designers.
Does indexing exhaustivity matter?
Authors: Jones Karen Sparck 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIndexing exhaustivity, which may be broadly defined as the number of terms assigned to a document, is thought to be of some importance in retrieval, and it has been suggested that there may be an optimal level of exhaustivity for a particular collection. Experiments with two distinct collections, using three levels of indexing exhaustivity for both documents and requests, show that substantially the same performance is obtained for very different levels of document indexing, if suitable choices are made of request level.
Definition of some basic terms in computer and information science
Authors: Landry B. C. , Mathis B. A. , Meara N. M. , Rush J. E. , Young C. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe impetus for the work described in this paper arose from observations reported in a letter to the Editor of this Journal (1). The sense of that letter was that those of us who have worked in the field now broadly called Computer and Information Science, have depended too long on the use of terms defined by example or through the vague specification of relationships (often weak) among entities. The term to which the author of the letter made specific reference (a term to which altogether too many interpretations are allied) was “thesaurus.” The reader will find that the term “thesaurus” is not defined in this paper but, as will be seen, a number of more basic terms have been selected as the starting point for a project of defining terms which are important in communicating about computer and information science.
The epidemic process and the contagion model
Authors: Worthen Dennis B. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractGoffman's epidemic theory is presented and compared to the contagion theory developed by Menzel and his co‐author(s). An attempt is made to compare the two models presented and examine their similarities and differences. The conclusion drawn is that the two models are very similar in their approach to understanding communication processes with the major difference being in the scope of methodology rather than in the model's construction.
Classification of scientific documents by means of self‐generated groups employing free language
Authors: Feinman R. D. , Kwok K. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA study was undertaken to classify mechanically a document collection using the free‐language words in the titles and abstracts of a corpus of 261 physics research papers. Using a clustering algorithm, results were obtained which closely duplicated the clusters obtained by previous experiments with citations. A brief comparison is made with a traditional manual classification system. It is shown that the mechanical procedure is capable of achieving simultaneous average relevance and recall figures above 80%.
Productivity in toxicity papers
Authors: Montgomery Ruth Reinke 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPersonal bibliographies were obtained through a survey of the members of the Society of Toxicology. A group of 183 members showed a 16% increase in document output during 1968‐1969 compared to 1960‐1967. During 1960‐1969, 221 members published or made available 1873 documents containing original toxicity data.
An audiographic system for self‐instruction
Authors: Slamecka Vladimir 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe paper reports on the development of a system for the storage and retrieval of graphics‐supported, narrative presentations such as blackboard lectures. Human voice and line graphics are stored synchronously as analog signals on stereophonic audio tape, and reproduced via an “audiographic terminal” consisting of a loudspeaker (for voice output) and an electromechanical stylus (for output of line graphics). A configuration of audiographic terminals connected by telephone to a remotely located “bank” of instructional materials stored in audiographic form comprises the self‐instruction system ALF (Audiographic Learning Facility) developed and in use at the School of Information and Computer Science of the Georgia Institute of Technology. The paper describes several current applications of audiographic technology in education, and it gives preliminary cost estimates.
Clustering of scientific journals
Authors: Carpenter Mark P. , Narin Francis 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA cluster analysis procedure is described in which 288 journals in the disciplines of physics, chemistry and molecular biology are grouped into clusters. Most of the clusters are easily identified as subdisciplinary subject areas. The data source was the cross citing amongst the journals derived from the Journal Citation Index (JCI), a file derived in turn from the Science Citation Index (SCI)®. The JCI consists of journal by journal tabulation of citings to and from each journal processed in the SCI. Two‐step citation maps linking the clusters are presented for each discipline. Within the disciplines the clusters of journals form fully transitive hierarchies with very few relational conflicts.
Cross tabulations applicable to mini‐computers
Authors: Ackley Paul R. , Nardello Robert A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA mini‐computer system for the general production of complex statistical cross tabulations is described. The techniques employed circumvent the usual methodology of constructing large core resident matrices to contain all potential cell counts. Headings, along with computer derived totals and computation of percentages, are readily defined to the system. While the basic technique is insensitive to choice of base computer, source language, and file structure, a minimum of programming experience with any language would be necessary for successful use. The system has been in active operation in a biomedical environment for over a year and a half and compares favorably with other systems the authors have used on larger more sophisticated machines. Costs, turn‐around time, overall system capability, and ease of communications have been equal or superior to large core systems. An example is used to illustrate the communication requirements of the system.
Breaking the communication barrier between searcher and literature file: An interactive guide
Authors: Schultz Louise 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe challenges of design of programming systems, file organization and manipulation, and user‐oriented query languages have held the spotlight in the development of data processing support to systems for retrieval of scientific literature. At BIOSIS, development of such a system from the pragmatic viewpoint of providing viable self‐supporting retrieval service from a data base of more than two million references has resulted in focusing attention on supporting the formulation of the information need into an effective computer search specification. Developed under CPS and now implemented under CICS, the program claims no novelty of structure or technique, but constitutes an innovation in application and goal with primary emphasis on accommodating the behavior of a user not previously knowledgeable about the structure, indexing language, and detailed content of a machine based references file.
1973 student paper award. An alogorithm for generating structural surrogates of english text
Authors: Strong Suzanne M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the development and application of an algorithm which generates non‐linear representations of English text. The algorithm uses the results of a syntactic analysis system and a set of rules which prescribe linkages to generate a graph of a sentence. The shape of these graphs corresponds to the syntax of the sentence; the labels correspond to the vocabulary of the sentence and the edge types correspond to case grammar roles. The sentence graphs can then be interconnected at common nodes and analyzed according to common edges. Preliminary experimentation has yielded promising results. It appears that the algorithm produces a representation of English text which could be quite useful in automatic language processing.
Performance of Kilgour's truncation algorithm in files of different subjects
Authors: Kjell Bradley 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFrederick Kilgour's algorithm for forming search keys for automated library catalogs was tested in a file of about 2000 books in science and technology and in a file of about 2000 books in art and literature. Both 3–3 and 2–2 author‐title search keys were tested. It was found that both types of search keys yielded a significantly greater number of false‐drops in the file of science and technology than in the file of art and literature.
Position paper. Cutting the NSF‐OSIS budget: Potential disaster for information science and technology
Authors: Smith Joshua I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe Budget of the United States Government for FY 1975 clearly shows that the shapers of public opinion and the makers of public policy do not understand what we are about and what we do. In FY 1975, the National Science Foundation's program and facilities obligations will be close to $600,000,000. Estimated obligations for FY 1974 are $569,000,000. This is an increase of nearly $30,000,000. The accompanying narrative states that this increase “reflects the administration's support for fundamental knowledge necessary for economic growth and long‐range solutions of problems of national concern.” The OSIS estimated obligations for the same period are $8,000,000 in FY 1974 and $5,000,000 in FY 1975.Even the Office of Management and Budget would not have made a 40% cut from the OSIS FY 1974 budget if it had understood the importance of information science, or if it had felt that a cohesive, vocal and strong profession with some congressional friends might be heard from.The following is the statement submitted by Joshua I. Smith on behalf of ASIS to the Subcommittee on Science Research and Development of the Committee on Science and Astronautics of the U.S. House of Representatives on the National Science Foundation Authorization Act 1975, H.R. 12816, regarding science information systems, 19 March 1974.
Evaluation of current awareness service for physics and astronomy literature
Authors: Martin Jean K. , Parsons Ronald G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn evaluation of a current awareness service in Physics and Astronomy at The University of Texas at Austin is presented. The service is provided currently to over 130 physicists and astronomers; about half of them participated in the evaluation. The computer‐produced printouts were derived from the monthly SPIN tapes of the American Institute of Physics. It was found that 67% rated the current awareness printouts favorably and 20% unfavorably. Participants tended to use SPIN to supplement their usual literature needs. The primary complaints about the effectiveness of the service were the broadness of the classification scheme, insufficient journal coverage, and slowness in receipt of abstracts on the tapes. A retrospective search facility is available but not heavily used at the present time, due to the short time span covered by the tapes.
Densities of use, and absence of obsolescence, in physics journals at M I T
Authors: Sandison Alexander 
Published: June 2007

AbstractChen's data for the raw frequency of use of 138 physics journals in the science library at M I T are re‐examined and converted to densities of use‐per‐metre of shelf. Other units of size for obtaining densities, and their measurement, are discussed. There is no evidence for synchronous obsolescence in the 1955 to 1968 volumes of these journals: instead there is some statistically significant evidence of greater density of use with greater age. Similar evidence elsewhere is cited. The ranking order for heaviness of use is also radically altered by converting raw frequencies to densities of use.It is suggested that, for comparing the relative values of different journals, or age groups, in library use or citation studies, analyses of raw frequencies are valueless, and indeed potentially dangerously misleading, until they are converted to allow for the numbers of available items in each group examined.
Journal disposition decision policies
Authors: Rush Barbara , Steinberg Sam , Kraft Donald H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe problem of whether to bind, microcopy or discard back issues of journals in a university library branch system is considered and an algorithm is developed to solve the journal disposition problem. A cost‐effectiveness approach is pursued, employing an analytical model. This model uses a set of weighted factors to quantify the value of a specific journal to the library. Such factors as relevance, usage, availability elsewhere and capital investment are specified. Budget constraints, which involve the relevant costs of binding and microcopying, are considered, as are upper and lower threshold values on the worth of a journal to guarantee the retention of exceptionally good journals and the disposal of very poor ones. An example based on data from a real university special library situation is presented as an illustration of the model. Thus, this paper extends the work of others in modeling of the library collection development decision process.
Hash coding with a non‐unique search key
Authors: Bookstein Abraham 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper defines a hash coding model for non‐unique search keys and derives the expected number of accesses needed to retrieve all desired records from a computer storage device. The assumption that the records are stored on the basis of a non‐unique key is often realized in information retrieval environments.The model assumes that the hashing algorithm and, should a collision occur, the skipping algorithm, both distribute the records randomly in memory. The results of this analysis are compared with those from a simulation in which the randomness criterion is not strictly met.
A comparative analysis of obsolescence patterns of the U.S. Geoscience literature
Authors: Kohut Joseph J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe United States (U.S.) geoscience literature is employed as a vehicle to study the phenomenon of obsolescence. Problems investigated include the classical and ephemeral aspects of subject literatures, diversity among narrowly defined literatures within broadly defined subject literatures, and the effect of literature growth on obsolescence. Comparisons are made: 1. among time‐frequency bibliographs based on citation counts from each of twelve major journals published in 1969; 2. between bibliographs of three major journals for the years 1969 and 1949; and 3. between uncorrected and corrected obsolescence curves.Each journal yields citation patterns comprised of both an ephemeral and a classical literature component. Within this framework apparent obsolescence varies across a broad spectrum, from physics/chemistry‐oriented geoscience subdisciplines with relatively short “half‐lives,” to those biology‐oriented with relatively long “half‐lives.” Obsolescence rates of traditional geoscience fields seem to vary little between 1949 and 1969 in contrast to those of fast‐changing fields such as solid earth geophysics.The relationship between obsolescence curves uncorrected and corrected for growth suggests the operation of factors that control research fronts. The effect of literature size on obsolescence, though minor for the recent literature, is more pronounced for the classical literature.
A simple macroscopic model for the diffusion and adsorption kinetics of r‐adenovirus
Authors: Gilbert Philippe‐Alexandre , Kamen Amine , Bernier Alice , Garnier Alain 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe diffusion of viruses toward cells is a limiting step of the infection process. To be modeled correctly, this step must be evaluated in combination with the adsorption of the virus to the cell surface, which is a rapid but reversible step. In this paper, the recombinant adenovirus (rAd) diffusion and its adsorption to 293S cells in suspension were both measured and modeled. First, equilibrium experiments permitted to determine the number of receptors on the surface of 293S (RT = 3,500 cell−1) and the association constant (KA = 1.9 × 1011M−1) for rAd on these cells based on a simple monovalent adsorption model. Non‐specific binding of the virus to the cell surface was not found to be significant. Second, total virus particle degradation rates between 5.2 × 10−3and 4.0 × 10−2min−1were measured at 37°C in culture medium, but no significant virus degradation was observed at 4°C. Third, free viral particle disappearance rates from a mixed suspension of virus and cells were measured at different virus concentrations. Experimental data were compared to a phenomenological dynamic model comprising both the diffusion and the adsorption steps. The diffusion to adsorption ratio, a fitted parameter, confirmed that the contact process of a virus with a cell is indeed diffusion controlled. However, the characteristic diffusion time constants obtained, based on a reversible adsorption model, were eightfolds smaller than those reported in the literature, based on diffusion models that assume irreversible adsorption. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2007; 98: 239–251. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Steroide aus Hyodesoxycholsäure: Über den Seitenkettenabbau einer 6β.19‐Epoxy‐cholansäure
Authors: Zepter Rudolf , Rosenberger Hans , Barnikol‐Oettler Kurt , Greiner Helga , Kunstmann Friedrich W. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAus 3α‐Acetoxy‐6‐oxo‐5α‐cholansäure‐methylester (1b) wird 3α‐Hydroxy‐6β.19‐epoxy‐5α‐cholansäure‐methylester (3a) dargestellt. Der Seitenkettenabbau dieser Verbindung führt zum 6β.19‐Epoxy‐5α‐pregnandion‐(3.20) (8). Die Protonenresonanzspektren der einzelnen Verbindungen wurden näher untersucht.