bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of flowline length evolution on chemistry–δ18O profiles from Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada
Authors: Fisher David A. , Koerner Roy M. , Zielinski Gregory A. , Wake Cameron P. , Zdanowicz Christian M. , Bourgeois Jocelyne C. , Mayewski Paul A. , Grummet Nancy 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe isotopic and chemical signatures for ice-age and Holocene ice from Summit, Greenland, and Penny Ice Cap, Baffin Island, Canada, are compared. the usual pattern of low δ18O, high Ca2+ and high Cl– is presented in the Summit records, but Penny Ice Cap has lower than present Cl– in its ice-age ice. A simple extension of the Hansson model (Hansson, 1994) is developed and used to simulate these signatures. the low ice-age Cl– from Penny Ice Cap is explained by having the ice-age ice originating many thousands of km inland near the centre of the Laurentide ice sheet and much further from the marine sources. Summit’s flowlines all start close to the present site. the Penny Ice Cap early-Holocene δ18O’s had to be corrected to offset the Laurentide meltwater distortion. the analysis suggests that presently the Summit and Penny Ice Cap marine impurity originates about 500 km away, and that presently Penny Ice Cap receives a significant amount of local continental impurity.
The climate signal recorded in the oxygen-isotope, accumulation and major-ion time series from the Eclipse ice core, YukonTerritory, Canada
Authors: Wake Cameron P. , Yalcin Kaplan , Gundestrup Niels S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe high accumulation rate, nearly complete preservation and detailed chronology of the Eclipse ice core, Yukon Territory, Canada, are well suited for comparison of the glaciochemical recordwith instrumental time series of temperature, precipitation and sea-level pressure. Results of cross-correlation analysis of instrumental temperature records with the Eclipse δ18O time series reveal a significant positive relationship between summertime δ18O at Eclipse and summer (April–September) temperatures in northwestern North America. the results indicate that the Eclipse δ18O time series provides a better proxy for regional temperature than does the δ18O time series from the Mount Logan ice-core record for which only negative correlations were found. Winter accumulation at Eclipse is significantly correlated with several sites in Alaska, but not with any sites in the Yukon. the δ18O, accumulation and glaciochemical time series also display significant correlations with the Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure dataset, especially between wintertime sulfate and nitrate concentrations at Eclipse and the intensity of the wintertime Siberian high and Aleutian and Icelandic lows. These results suggest that year-to-year variability in the deposition of pollutants at Eclipse can be linked to changes in atmospheric circulation, while long-term trends can be explained by changes in source strength.
The NorthGRIP ice-core logging procedure: description and evaluation
Authors: Hvidberg Christine Schøtt , Steffensen Jørgen Peder , Clausen Henrik B. , Shoji Hitoshi , Kipfstuhl Joseph 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe ice-core logging procedure used to log the North Greenland Icecore Project (NorthGRIP) ice cores is described. the existence of two deep ice cores, NorthGRIP 1and 2, drilled 25 mapart, allows an independent evaluation of the procedure. the logged depths of the NorthGRIP 1 and 2 cores deviate from the length of the unwound drill cable corrected for elongation of the cable when hanging in the hole, by 1.5‰ and 50.5‰ at depths of 1371 and 2931 m, respectively. Differences between logged depths of identified layers found in both cores are studied in the depth interval where they overlap. Layers are identified by electrical conductivity measurements and dielectric profiling. the difference between the logged depths of layers identified in both cores increases to 0.5 m close to the bottom of the NorthGRIP 1 core, which is <0.5 mm m–1 ice core. the comparison between the two cores shows that the NorthGRIP logging procedure is accurate and reproducible. Further, our results show that the temperature conditions and handling of the core during logging are important for obtaining a precise depth.
A vertical girdle fabric in the NorthGRIP deep ice core, North Greenland
Authors: Wang Yun , Thorsteinsson Thorsteinn , Kipfstuhl Josef , Miller Heinz , Dahl-Jensen Dorthe , Shoji Hitoshi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA high-resolution study of c-axis fabrics has been performed on the NorthGRIP deep ice core from North Greenland. A newly developed automatic ice-fabric analyzer has been used to measure c-axis orientations on vertical thin sections at 142 different depths between 100 and 2920 m in the core. Detailed comparison studies show that this new method produces results that are in full accordance with those obtained from conventional manual measurements. Fabric development in ice of the NorthGRIP core can be explained by rotation of c axes, controlled by the prevailing stress systems. In the upper 800 mthe c axes appear to distribute uniformly, but in the depth interval 900–2500m they tend to cluster around a vertical plane. This vertical girdle pattern is strengthened with depth, forming the first clear evidence of this fabric type in a Greenland deep ice core. Such fabric development has previously been observed in the Vostok ice core from East Antarctica, where converging flow is believed to occur. the most likely interpretation of the NorthGRIP girdle fabric is that the c axes are rotating away from a horizontal-tension axis across the main ice divide, which runs north-northwest–south-southeast through the NorthGRIP drilling site. This is supported by information available from surface velocity measurements. Within the girdle fabric, increased concentration of c axes parallel to the core axis is observed with increasing depth, indicating combined effects of vertical compression and horizontal tension on the fabric development. from about 2500 m depth, the girdle-type fabric starts to give way to a strong vertical single-maximum fabric, which persists to 2920m depth, where drilling was terminated 150 mabovebedrock in the year 2000. the single maximum seems to suggest that bed-parallel simple shear is exerting a strong influence on the fabric in the lowest part of the ice sheet down to 2920 m.
A 20th-century record of naphthalene in an ice core from Svalbard
Authors: Vehviläinen Jari , Isaksson Elisabeth , Moore John C. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMeasurements of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a 122 m ice-core record from Lomonosovfonna, Svalbard, showed only naphthalene (NAP) to be detectable with our small (average 56 g) sample sizes. Prior to the 1930s,NAP was below our determination limit, but its concentration increased to a peak in the 1980s. In general, concentrations (5–53 ng kg–1) are six times lower than for Agassiz Ice Cap, Canada, but about 50 times higher than in Greenland. Correlation of NAP with physical and chemical parameters in the core strongly suggests winter time deposition of NAP with Arctic haze. Post-depositional effects of periodic melting appear slight, probably due to the hydrophobic nature of NAP. the contribution made to the record by small coal-mining activities on Svalbard appears to be small compared with anthropogenic emissions from long-range sources.
Local rates of ice-sheet thickness change in Greenland
Authors: Hamilton Gordon. S. , Whillans Ian. M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe rate of ice-sheet thickness change is calculated for 10 sites in Greenland by comparing measured values of ice vertical velocity and snow-accumulation rate. Vertical velocities are derived from repeat surveys of markers using precision global positioning system techniques, and accumulation rates are determined from stratigraphic analysis of firn cores. the results apply to time-scales covered by the firn-core records, which in most cases are a few decades. A spectrum of thickness-change rates is obtained, ranging from substantial thinning to slow thickening. the sites where ice-sheet thinning is indicated are located near the ice-sheet margin or in outlet glacier catchments. Interior and high-elevation sites are predominantly in balance or thickening slowly. Uncertainties in the rates of thickness change are dominated by errors in the determination of accumulation rates. the results of this work are broadly comparable with regional estimates of mass balance obtained from the analysis of catchment input vs discharge.
Northern Great Plains 1996/97 seasonal evolution of snowpack parameters from satellite passive-microwave measurements
Authors: Mognard Nelly M. , Josberger Edward G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFor the American northern Great Plains region, the 1996/97 snow season had snow accumulations much greater than normal, which combined with rapid warming to produce extensive flooding in the Red River of the North river basin. Passive-microwave observations from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (SSM/I) are used to follow the evolution of the snowpack during the snow season and to map the extent of standing water or very saturated soils during spring 1997. SSM/I-derived snow-depth algorithms that assume a fixed snow grain-size constantly underestimated the snow depth by a factor of 2 in the region where extensive flooding occurred. An estimate of the thermal gradient through the snowpack is used to model the growth of the snow grain-size and to compute more accurately the evolution of the snow depth over the region. As is commonly observed, when the melt season begins, liquid water in the snowpack causes the SSM/I spectral gradient to drop to zero. In this case, the spectral gradient fell to unusually negative values, which were indicative of large areas of open water, and not wet snow or soil.
Low microwave brightness temperatures in central Antarctica: observed features and implications
Authors: Surdyk Sylviane 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe microwave brightness temperature of the ice sheet in Antarctica has a few narrow, elongated features of very low microwave brightness temperatures. The contrast inside and outside of these areas is at least 10 K at 37 GHz. These features are persistent throughout the year and from year to year and occur at 6.6,10.7,18 and 37 GHz. The exceptionally large frequency gradients observed in this narrow area suggest that very large snow grains exist in the snow cover. Past traverse data revealed that the entire surrounding region undergoes large temperature gradients that drive high sublimation causing very large snow grains to form and the formation of both surface and depth hoar. A detailed study of former snow pits showed that, at the place of the unique features, the snow grains from the surface down to the first 2 m are the largest observed over the region. A digital elevation model shows the surface is nearly flat, and corresponds to a subglacial depression in the underlying bed. Previously reported kilometer-scale snow dunes are observed up- and downslope of the level area, but not within the level area, where the brightness temperature is lowest. In this katabatic zone, the drift-snow redistribution and the natural wind-shadow induced by the slope depression create a protected area where the snow grains can grow into very large grains.
The new remote-sensing-derived Swiss glacier inventory: II. First results
Authors: Kääb Andreas , Paul Frank , Maisch Max , Hoelzle Martin , Haeberli Wilfried 
Published: November 2007

AbstractComplete Swiss glacier inventories are available for 1850 (reconstructed) and 1973 (from aerial photography). Connected to the Global Land Ice Measurements from Space project, a new Swiss glacier inventory for approximately the year 2000 (SGI 2000) is compiled mainly based on satellite imagery. The developed and applied remotesensing and geographical information system (GIS) methods are described in part I of the contribution. In part II, the inventory design, first-result analyses and comparisons with former glacial conditions are presented. As basic entries SGI 2000 contains the individual glacier identification, planimetric glacier boundaries as derived from image analysis, digitized central flowlines and polygonal glacier basin maps. All other parameters are automatically deduced from the above entries and a digital elevation model within a GIS. Here, we analyze a set of small Bernese and Valais glaciers of area <10 km2. These glaciers lost about 21% of area from 1973 to 1998, in addition to about 80% during 1850–1973, both with respect to the 1973 area. In order to track the latest trend in more detail, anintermediate glacier condition has been compiled from satellite imagery of 1985. This analysis gave an increasing speed of area loss (19%) for 1985–98.
Ice dynamics during a surge of Sortebræ, East Greenland
Authors: Murray Tavi , Strozzi Tazio , Luckman Adrian , Pritchard Hamish , Jiskoot Hester 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSortebræ, a large tidewater-terminating glacier in East Greenland, underwent a major surge between 1992 and 1995 during which the glacier terminus advanced by nearly 10 km. In this paper, intensity tracking, interferometry and visual interpretation have been used to characterize the ice dynamics during the surge from satellite synthetic aperture radar images. The surge had a rapid initiation that saw velocities increase by 60–1500 times, and within 13 months the entire lower 53 km of the glacier was affected. Surge termination occurred very rapidly during summer, and ice velocity dropped from around 20 md–1 to around 2 md–1 in only 3 months. Uniquely, part of the upper glacier remained fast-flowing even after the main surge event had terminated. Ice dynamics together with observations of large turbid lakes at the glacier margins suggest that the surge resulted from a throttling of basal water by a switch in the hydrological system.
Estimation of the ELA on Hardangerjøkulen, Norway, during the 1995/96 winter season using repeat-pass SAR coherence
Authors: Kelly R. E. J. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis paper demonstrates the utility of European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS) synthetic aperture radar (SAR) interferometry for monitoring the transient snow-line (TSL) on Hardangerjøkulen ice cap, southern Norway, during the 1995/96 winter. The study shows how coherence information (an interferometry product) over the ice cap can be used to locate the TSL after the summer melt season. Spatial variations in coherence over the ice cap between successive ERS tandem-phase passes from summer to winter are related to surface and volume snow stability and surface ice stability. Temporal differences of coherence images between winter and summer are investigated using histogram analysis. A histogram threshold is found for the 1995/96 winter that can be used to identify the location of the TSL and then estimate the equilibrium-line altitude (ELA). The result shows good agreement (0.5%) with the field-estimated ELA from the Norwegian Water and Energy Administration. Themethod appears to be straightforward for this ice cap and it is envisaged that it could be a useful complementary method on other ice caps where repeat-pass SAR data are available.
Arctic sea-ice area and volume production:1996/97 versus 1997/98
Authors: Kwok Ron 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe RADARSAT geophysical processor system (RGPS) produces measurements of ice motion and estimates of ice thickness using repeat synthetic aperture radar maps of the Arctic Ocean. From the RGPS products, we compute the net deformation and advection of the winter ice cover using the motion observations, and the seasonal ice area and volume production using the estimates of ice thickness. The results from the winters of 1996/97 and 1997/98 are compared. The second winter is of particular interest because it coincides with the Surface Heat Budget of the Arctic Ocean (SHEBA) field program. The character of the deformation of the ice cover from the two years is very different. Over a domain covering a large part of the western Arctic Ocean (~2.5 × 106 km2), the net divergence of that area during the 6 months of the first winter was 2.7% and for the second winter was 49.3%. In a subregion where the SHEBA camp was located, the net divergence was almost 38% compared to a net divergence of the same subregion of ~9% in 1996/97. The resulting deformation created a much larger volume of seasonal ice than in the earlier year. The net seasonal ice-volume production is 1.6 times (0.38 m vs 0.62 m) that of the first year. In addition to the larger divergence, this part of the ice cover advected a longer distance toward the Chukchi Sea over the same time-span. The total coverage of multi-year ice remained almost identical at ~2.08 × 106 km2, or 83% of the initial area of the domain. In this paper, we compare the behavior of the ice cover over the two winters and discuss these observations in the context of large-scale ice motion and atmospheric-pressure pattern.
Using aerial photography to study glacier changes in Norway
Authors: Andreassen Liss Marie , Elvehøy Hallgeir , Kjøllmoen Bjarne 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Administration has photographed glacial areas in Norway for several decades. Detailed maps or digital terrain models have been made for selected glaciers from vertical aerial photographs. Multiple models of seven glaciers have been used here to calculate glacier volume change during the time between mappings using the geodetic method. Analyses and results are presented and compared with traditional mass-balance measurements. We estimated uncertainties of ±1.3–2.7mw.e. for the geodetic method, and ±1.3 –3.5mw.e. for the traditional method. The discrepancies between the methods varied between 0.4 and 4.7 mw.e. All glaciers decreased in volume from the 1960s/70s to the 1990s, except Hardangerjøkulen. This glacier experienced a significant increase in volume: the geodetic and traditional methods showed net balance values of +6.8m and +9.4mw.e., respectively. Trollbergdalsbreen had the largest total volume loss: the geodetic and traditional methods showed net balance values of –12.3 and –16.8mw.e.
Motion of major ice-shelf fronts in Antarctica from slant-range analysis of radar altimeter data, 1978–98
Authors: Zwally H.J. , Beckley M.A. , Brenner A.C. , Giovinetto M.B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSlant-range analysis of radar altimeter data from the Seasat, Geosat and European Remote-sensing Satellite (ERS-1 and -2) databases is used to determine barrier location at particular times, and estimate barrier motion (kma–1) for major Antarctic ice shelves. The analysis covers various multi-year intervals from 1978 to 1998, supplemented by barrier location maps produced elsewhere for 1977 and 1986. Barrier motion is estimated as the ratio between mean annual ice-shelf area change for a particular interval, and the length of the discharge periphery. This value is positive if the barrier location progresses seaward, or negative if the barrier location regresses (break-back). Either positive or negative values are lower-limit estimates because the method does not detect relatively small area changes due to calving or surge events. The findings are discussed in the context of the three ice shelves that lie in large embayments (the Filchner–Ronne, Amery and Ross Ice Shelves), and marginal ice shelves characterized by relatively short distances between main segments of grounding line and barrier (those in the Dronning Maud Land sector between 010.1°W and 032.5°E, and the West and Shackleton Ice Shelves). The ice shelves included in the study account for approximately three-quarters of the total ice-shelf area of Antarctica, and discharge approximately two-thirds of the total grounded ice area.
Temperature variability at Siple Dome, West Antarctica, derived from ECMWF re-analyses, SSM/I and SMMR brightness temperatures and AWS records
Authors: Das Sarah B. , Alley Richard B. , Reusch David B. , Shuman Christopher A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe produced four independent temperature time series derived from different sensors for the Siple Dome region of West Antarctica to investigate seasonal to interannual temperature variability over the last 20 years. We use data from automatic weather station air-temperature records (1997–99), European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts surface temperature from the 15 year re-analyses (ERA-15, 1979–93), and emissivity-corrected brightness temperatures from the Special Sensor Microwave/Imager (1987–99) and the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (1978–87). Each technique has limitations and errors, but all respond to temperature, and all agree in the large patterns of temperature variability over time. Our results show that there is high seasonal to interannual variability in both mean temperature and variance in the Siple Dome region during the study period. In particular, fluctuations in seasonal to interannual temperature variance occur on an approximately 5 year cycle and correlate with variations in the Southern Oscillation Index.
Modeled seasonal variations of firn density induced by steady-state surface air-temperature cycle
Authors: Jun Li , Zwally H. Jay 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSeasonal variations of firn density in ice-sheet firn layers have been attributed to variations in deposition processes or other processes within the upper firn. A recent high-resolution (mm-scale) density profile, measured along a 181 m core from Antarctica, showed small-scale density variations with a clear seasonal cycle that apparently was not related to seasonal variations in deposition or known near-surface processes (Gerland and others, 1999). A recent model of surface elevation changes (Zwally and Li, in press) produced a seasonal variation in firn densification, and explained the seasonal surface elevation changes observed by satellite radar altimeters. In this study, we apply our one-dimensional time-dependent numerical model of firn densification that includes a temperature-dependent formulation of firn densification based on laboratory measurements of grain growth. The model is driven by a steady-state seasonal surface temperature and a constant accumulation rate appropriate for the measured Antarctic ice core. The modeled seasonal variations in firn density show that the layers of snow deposited during spring to mid-summer that have the highest temperature history compress to the highest density, and the layers deposited during later summer to autumn that have the lowest temperature history compress to the lowest density. The initial amplitude of the seasonal difference of about 0.13 reduces to about 0.09 in 5 years and asymptotically to 0.0 at greater depth, which is consistent with the core measurements.