bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prophylactic effect of flaxseed oil against radiation‐induced hepatotoxicity in mice
Authors: Bhatia A. L. , Sharma Avadhesh , Patni Shikha , Sharma Antim Lata 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFlaxseed (linseed, Linum usitatissimum, Linaceae) is widely used for its edible oil in many parts of the world. The present study investigates the radioprotective and antioxidative potential of flaxseed oil (FO). Swiss albino mice were administered FO orally once daily for 15 consecutive days, then exposed to a single dose of 5 Gy of gamma radiation. Lipid peroxide, reduced glutathione and total protein were estimated in the liver. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), acid and alkaline phosphatase estimations in serum were also carried out. Radiation‐induced increases in the levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), AST, ALT and acid phosphatase were significantly ameliorated by flaxseed oil pretreatment, and radiation‐induced depletion in the level of glutathione (GSH) and alkaline phosphatase activities was significantly inhibited by flaxseed oil administration. The lifespan was increased in the flaxseed oil treated irradiated mice in comparison with their respective control mice, with survival data showing an LD50/30 (lethal dose for 50% of animals after 30 days) of 7.1 and 10 Gy for control and FO treated irradiated mice, respectively, and produced a dose reduction factor for flaxseed oil (DRF) of 1.40. Radiation‐induced deficits in body and organ weight were significantly reduced or prevented in flaxseed oil pretreated mice. The protection afforded by flaxseed oil may be attributed to the constituents of the oil, which include omega‐3 essential fatty acids and phytoestrogenic lignans, which appear to play an important role in free radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching. The study does not rule out the possibility of a prophylactic potential of flaxseed oil against radiation‐induced degenerative changes in liver. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design in nonlinear mixed effects models: Optimization using the Fedorov–Wynn algorithm and power of the Wald test for binary covariates
Authors: Retout Sylvie , Comets Emmanuelle , Samson Adeline , Mentré France 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe extend the methodology for designs evaluation and optimization in nonlinear mixed effects models with an illustration of the decrease of human immunodeficiency virus viral load after antiretroviral treatment initiation described by a bi‐exponential model. We first show the relevance of the predicted standard errors (SEs) given by the computation of the population Fisher information matrix using the R function PFIM, in comparison to those computed with the stochastic approximation expectation–maximization algorithm, implemented in the Monolix software. We then highlight the usefulness of the Fedorov–Wynn (FW) algorithm for designs optimization compared to the Simplex algorithm. From the predicted SE of PFIM, we compute the predicted power of the Wald test to detect a treatment effect as well as the number of subjects needed to achieve a given power. Using the FW algorithm, we investigate the influence of the design on the power and show that, for optimized designs with the same total number of samples, the power increases when the number of subjects increases and the number of samples per subject decreases. A simulation study is also performed with the nlme function of R to confirm this result and show the relevance of the predicted powers compared to those observed by simulation. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Micro‐XRF excitation in an SEM
Authors: Haschke M. , Eggert F. , Elam W. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractElectron microscopes are often used for position‐sensitive elemental analysis of non‐homogeneous material by electron‐probe‐micro‐analysis (EPMA). Due to the high spectral background, this method is limited in sensitivity. The availability of x‐ray optics allows the generation of focussed x‐ray beams with spot sizes in the micrometer range. The x‐ray excited spectra have a better peak‐to‐background ratio and, therefore, a higher sensitivity. Further, the excitation efficiency for both electrons and photons varies with the atomic number. Therefore, light elements can be analysed better with electron excitation. The combination of analytical results from electron and x‐ray excitation, therefore, should improve the accuracy of quantification. The paper presents a µ‐XRF excitation unit for scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) and describes the quantification model that is prepared for this device. The quantification is performed for few samples. These results show that the standardless quantification give a good accuracy. Especially in case of presence of light elements like C, O or N in the matrix, the XRF results can be improved by consideration of results from EPMA. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of substituted 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazines from olefins
Authors: Foglia T. A. , Gregory L. M. , Barr P. A. , Maerker G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe 5,6‐dihydro‐4H‐1,3‐oxazine derivatives of methyl oleate and related compounds have been prepared. These novel six‐membered heterocyclic compounds were obtained by the condensation of N‐hydroxymethyl or N‐chloromethylbenzamide with methyl oleate or its derivatives. These reactions can be regarded as 1,4‐dipolar addition reactions.
Hydrogenation of triple bonds to double bonds in conjugated methyl octadecadiynoate and methyl santalbate
Authors: Morris S. G. , Magidman P. , Herb S. F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study was made of the noncatalytic hydrogenation of acetylenic bonds in fatty esters tocis double bonds using various metals in different solvent systems. The best results were obtained with 15% propanol in water using iron. The yields ofcis double bonds for the nonconjugated diynoate and monoynoate ranged from 90% to 99% and for the conjugated diynoate the yields ranged from 56% to 77%. In the reduction of methyl santalbate to a conjugated diene, the yields were ca. 85%.
Conjugated hydrogenation of triglyceride oil containing conjugated acid
Authors: Chakrabarty M. M. , Bhattacharyya D. , Basu A. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConjugated hydrogenation of tung oil (fatty acid composition: elaeostearic 57.0%, linoleic 25.8%, oleic 11.2% and saturated 6.0%) has been investigated to ascertain the influence of hydrogen donors, namely primary and secondary alcohols, on rate and selectivity under different operating conditions. 2‐Propanol, in general, reflects faster rate and greater degree of reduction but less selectivity towards the reduction of unsaturated acids than ethanol, when tung oil is treated at 200 C, 225 C and 250 C with 2% Ni (optimum catalyst level) and theoretical as well as 100% excess of theoretical amount of the two hydrogen donors to ensure complete hydrogenation of the oil. The rate and degree of reduction with ethanol are less influenced by its amount and amount of catalyst, but with 2‐propanol these depend considerably on both the amount of hydrogen donor and amount of catalyst. During conjugated hydrogenation of tung oil, deposition of gel‐like mass in minor amount occurs only at the wall of the reaction vessel. This is evidently due to polymerization of the conjugated trienoic acid.
Isomers of monoethylenic fatty acids in some partially hydrogenated marine oils
Authors: Conacher H. B. S. , Page B. D. , Chadha R. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn analytical study of the monoethylenic isomers in commercial samples of partially hydrogenated herring, whale and seal oils is presented. The results show that with hydrogenated herring oil there is a slight decline in monoenetrans content from 37% in C16 through to 32% in C22. With both whale and seal oils, monoenetrans contents were constant at 54% and 59%, respectively, throughout all chain lengths. In general thecis andtrans positional isomers from hydrogenated whale and seal oils were more scattered than those from hydrogenated herring oil; however in each oil the majorcis isomers of each chainlength were indicative of originalcis fatty acid isomers in the raw oils.
Legal frameworks and key concepts regulating diversion and treatment of mentally disordered offenders in european union member states
Authors: Dressing Harald , Salize Hans Joachim , Gordon Harvey 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundThere is only limited research on the various legal regulations governing assessment, placement and treatment of mentally ill offenders in European Union member states (EU-member states).AimsTo provide a structured description and cross-boundary comparison of legal frameworks regulating diversion and treatment of mentally disordered offenders in EU-member states before the extension in May 2004. A special focus is on the concept of criminal responsibility.Methodinformation on legislation and practice concerning the assessment, placement and treatment of mentally ill offenders was gathered by means of a detailed, structured questionnaire which was filled in by national experts.ResultsThe legal regulations relevant for forensic psychiatry in EU-member states are outlined. Definitions of mental disorders given within these acts are introduced and compared with ICD-10 diagnoses. Finally the application of the concept of criminal responsibility by the law and in routine practice is presented.ConclusionLegal frameworks for the processing and placement of mentally disordered offenders varied markedly across EU-member states. Since May 2004 the European Union has expanded to 25 member states and in January 2007 it will reach 27. With increasing mobility across Europe, the need for increasing trans-national co-operation is becoming apparent in which great variation in legal tradition pertains.
Non-pharmacological treatment of psychiatrists in addition to the prescribing of an antidepressant drug
Authors: Linden M. , Dierkes W. , Munz T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines for the treatment of depression regularly emphasize that pharmacotherapy of depression should be accompanied by supportive counseling and other psychotherapeutic interventions. It is unknown which role psychiatrists in routine care give to such verbal therapies.Methodsin a drug utilization study of venlafaxine, psychiatrists in private practice and in hospitals were asked to tell what non-pharmacological therapies they saw as an important part of the treatment of the present depressive episode. Additionally patient characteristics, treatment variables, setting characteristics and physician characteristics were assessed.ResultsPsychiatrists reported some kind of verbal therapies in 19.0% of outpatients and 36.8% of inpatients. Verbal therapies were reported more often for younger patients, who got more double diagnoses and were more severely ill. Patients with verbal therapies got more psychotropic medication. in the inpatient setting verbal therapies were related to generally more treatment overall and a higher rate of treatment response. in both treatment settings verbal therapies were related to lower rates of discontinuation of the antidepressant.ConclusionVerbal interactions are part of any patient–physician encounter and should be theory guided as part of the therapeutic process in the treatment of depressive disorders. Under this assumption the rate of patients for which psychiatrists reported some kind of verbal therapy as explicit part of their treatment could be higher. More research is needed on patient guidance, counseling and supportive psychotherapy in psychiatry.
N‐Acetylaspartic acid promotes oxidative stress in cerebral cortex of rats
Authors: Pederzolli Carolina D. , Mescka Caroline P. , Scapin Fernanda , Rockenbach Francieli J. , Sgaravatti Ângela M. , Sgarbi Mirian B. , Wyse Angela T.S. , Wannmacher Clóvis M.D. , Wajner Moacir , Dutra‐Filho Carlos S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractN‐Acetylaspartic acid accumulates in Canavan Disease, a severe leukodystrophy characterized by swelling and spongy degeneration of the white matter of the brain. This inherited metabolic disease, caused by deficiency of the enzyme aspartoacylase, is clinically characterized by severe mental retardation, hypotonia and macrocephaly, and also generalized tonic and clonic type seizures in about half of the patients. Considering that the mechanisms of brain damage in this disease remain not fully understood, in the present study we investigated whether oxidative stress is elicited by N‐acetylaspartic acid. The in vitro effect of N‐acetylaspartic acid (10–80 mM) was studied on oxidative stress parameters: total radical‐trapping antioxidant potential (TRAP), total antioxidant reactivity (TAR), chemiluminescence, thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBA‐RS), reduced glutathione content, sufhydryl content and carbonyl content in the cerebral cortex of 14‐day‐old rats. The effect of the acute administration of N‐acetylaspartic acid (0.1–0.6 mmol/g body weight) was studied on TRAP, TAR, carbonyl content, chemiluminescence and TBA‐RS. TRAP, TAR, reduced glutathione content and sulfhydryl content were significantly reduced, while chemiluminescence, TBA‐RS and carbonyl content were significantly enhanced by N‐acetylaspartic acid in vitro. The enhancement in TBA‐RS promoted by N‐acetylaspartic acid was completely prevented by ascorbic acid plus Trolox, and partially prevented by glutathione and dithiothreitol. The acute administration of N‐acetylaspartic acid also significantly reduced TRAP and TAR, and significantly enhanced carbonyl content, chemiluminescence and TBA‐RS. Our results indicate that N‐acetylaspartic acid promotes oxidative stress by stimulating lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and by decreasing non‐enzymatic antioxidant defenses in rat brain. This could be another pathophysiological mechanism involved in Canavan Disease.
Role of the nitric oxide pathway and the endocannabinoid system in neurogenic relaxation of corpus cavernosum from biliary cirrhotic rats
Authors: Ghasemi M , Sadeghipour H , Shafaroodi H , Nezami B G , Gholipour T , Hajrasouliha A R , Tavakoli S , Nobakht M , Moore K P , Mani A R , Dehpour A R 
Published: May 2007

Background and purpose:Relaxation of corpus cavernosum, which is mediated by nitric oxide (NO) released from non‐adrenergic non‐cholinergic (NANC) neurotransmission, is critical for inducing penile erection and can be affected by many pathophysiological conditions. However, the peripheral effect of liver cirrhosis on erectile function is as yet unknown. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of biliary cirrhosis on NANC‐mediated relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum and the possible roles of endocannabinoid and nitric oxide systems in this model.Experimental approach:Cirrhosis was induced by bile duct ligation. Controls underwent sham operation. Four weeks later, strips of corpus cavernosum were mounted in a standard organ bath and NANC‐mediated relaxations were obtained by applying electrical field stimulation.Key results:The NANC‐mediated relaxation was enhanced in corporal strips from cirrhotic animals. Anandamide potentiated the relaxations in both groups. Either AM251 (CB1 antagonist) or capsazepine (vanilloid VR1 antagonist), but not AM630 (CB2 antagonist), prevented the enhanced relaxations of cirrhotic strips. Either the non‐selective NOS inhibitor L‐NAME or the selective neuronal NOS inhibitor L‐NPA inhibited relaxations in both groups, but cirrhotic groups were more resistant to the inhibitory effects of these agents. Relaxations to sodium nitroprusside (NO donor) were similar in tissues from the two groups.Conclusions and implications:Cirrhosis potentiates the neurogenic relaxation of rat corpus cavernosum probably via the NO pathway and involving cannabinoid CB1 and vanilloid VR1 receptors.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 591–601; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707279
Selective positive modulation of the SK3 and SK2 subtypes of small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+channels
Authors: Hougaard C , Eriksen B L , Jørgensen S , Johansen T H , Dyhring T , Madsen L S , Strøbæk D , Christophersen P 
Published: May 2007

Background and purpose:Positive modulators of small conductance Ca2+‐activated K+channels (SK1, SK2, and SK3) exert hyperpolarizing effects that influence the activity of excitable and non‐excitable cells. The prototype compound 1‐EBIO or the more potent compound NS309, do not distinguish between the SK subtypes and they also activate the related intermediate conductance Ca2+‐activated K+channel (IK). This paper demonstrates, for the first time, subtype‐selective positive modulation of SK channels.Experimental approach:Using patch clamp and fluorescence techniques we studied the effect of the compound cyclohexyl‐[2‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐6‐methyl‐pyrimidin‐4‐yl]‐amine (CyPPA) on recombinant hSK1‐3 and hIK channels expressed in HEK293 cells. CyPPA was also tested on SK3 and IK channels endogenously expressed in TE671 and HeLa cells.Key results:CyPPA was found to be a positive modulator of hSK3 (EC50= 5.6 ± 1.6 μM, efficacy 90 ± 1.8 %) and hSK2 (EC50= 14 ± 4 μM, efficacy 71 ± 1.8 %) when measured in inside‐out patch clamp experiments. CyPPA was inactive on both hSK1 and hIK channels. At hSK3 channels, CyPPA induced a concentration‐dependent increase in the apparent Ca2+‐sensitivity of channel activation, changing the EC50(Ca2+) from 429 nM to 59 nM.Conclusions and implications:As a pharmacological tool, CyPPA may be used in parallel with the IK/SK openers 1‐EBIO and NS309 to distinguish SK3/SK2‐ from SK1/IK‐mediated pharmacological responses. This is important for the SK2 and SK1 subtypes, since they have overlapping expression patterns in the neocortical and hippocampal regions, and for SK3 and IK channels, since they co‐express in certain peripheral tissues.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)151, 655–665; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707281
SK channels are on the move
Authors: Seutin V , Liégeois J‐F 
Published: May 2007

Small‐conductance Ca2+‐activated K+ channels (SK channels) underlie the medium duration after hyperpolarization that follows single or trains of action potentials in many types of neurons. Three subtypes of SK subunits, SK1 (KCa2.1), SK2 (KCa2.2) and SK3 (KCa2.3), have been cloned and are expressed differentially within the central nervous system (CNS). A paper in this issue of BJP reports the discovery of the first example of a positive modulator displaying not only selectivity for SK channels over other channels, but also a subtype selectivity among SK and analogous channels (SK3>SK2⋙SK1=IK). Together with other recent progress in the field, this finding enriches the repertoire of tools available to test the hypothesis that SK channels may be targets for future CNS drugs.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 151, 568–570; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707282
Lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 is a novel component of the cardiac intercalated disc and vital for load-induced cardiac myocyte hypertrophy
Authors: Schroen Blanche , Leenders Joost J. , van Erk Arie , Bertrand Anne T. , van Loon Mirjam , van Leeuwen Rick E. , Kubben Nard , Duisters Rudy F. , Schellings Mark W. , Janssen Ben J. , Debets Jacques J. , Schwake Michael , Høydal Morten A. , Heymans Stephane , Saftig Paul , Pinto Yigal M. 
Published: May 2007

The intercalated disc (ID) of cardiac myocytes is emerging as a crucial structure in the heart. Loss of ID proteins like N-cadherin causes lethal cardiac abnormalities, and mutations in ID proteins cause human cardiomyopathy. A comprehensive screen for novel mechanisms in failing hearts demonstrated that expression of the lysosomal integral membrane protein 2 (LIMP-2) is increased in cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in both rat and human myocardium. Complete loss of LIMP-2 in genetically engineered mice did not affect cardiac development; however, these LIMP-2 null mice failed to mount a hypertrophic response to increased blood pressure but developed cardiomyopathy. Disturbed cadherin localization in these hearts suggested that LIMP-2 has important functions outside lysosomes. Indeed, we also find LIMP-2 in the ID, where it associates with cadherin. RNAi-mediated knockdown of LIMP-2 decreases the binding of phosphorylated β-catenin to cadherin, whereas overexpression of LIMP-2 has the opposite effect.
Collectively, our data show that LIMP-2 is crucial to mount the adaptive hypertrophic response to cardiac loading. We demonstrate a novel role for LIMP-2 as an important mediator of the ID.
PQuad—a visual analysis platform for proteomic data exploration of microbial organisms
Authors: Webb-Robertson Bobbie-Jo M. , Peterson Elena S. , Singhal Mudita , Klicker Kyle R. , Oehmen Christopher S. , Adkins Joshua N. , Havre Susan L. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Summary: The visual Platform for Proteomics Peptide and Protein data exploration (PQuad) is a multi-resolution environment that visually integrates genomic and proteomic data for prokaryotic systems, overlays categorical annotation and compares differential expression experiments. PQuad requires Java 1.5 and has been tested to run across different operating systems.
Availability: http://ncrr.pnl.gov/software
Contact: bobbie-jo.webb-robertson@pnl.gov
Sparse non-negative matrix factorizations via alternating non-negativity-constrained least squares for microarray data analysis
Authors: Kim Hyunsoo , Park Haesun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMotivation: Many practical pattern recognition problems require non-negativity constraints. For example, pixels in digital images and chemical concentrations in bioinformatics are non-negative. Sparse non-negative matrix factorizations (NMFs) are useful when the degree of sparseness in the non-negative basis matrix or the non-negative coefficient matrix in an NMF needs to be controlled in approximating high-dimensional data in a lower dimensional space.Results: In this article, we introduce a novel formulation of sparse NMF and show how the new formulation leads to a convergent sparse NMF algorithm via alternating non-negativity-constrained least squares. We apply our sparse NMF algorithm to cancer-class discovery and gene expression data analysis and offer biological analysis of the results obtained. Our experimental results illustrate that the proposed sparse NMF algorithm often achieves better clustering performance with shorter computing time compared to other existing NMF algorithms.Availability: The software is available as supplementary material.Contact: hskim@cc.gatech.edu, hpark@acc.gatech.eduSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
CALIB: a Bioconductor package for estimating absolute expression levels from two-color microarray data
Authors: Zhao Hui , Engelen Kristof , De Moor Bart , Marchal Kathleen 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
In this article we describe a new Bioconductor package ‘CALIB’ for normalization of two-color microarray data. This approach is based on the measurements of external controls and estimates an absolute target level for each gene and condition pair, as opposed to working with log-ratios as a relative measure of expression. Moreover, this method makes no assumptions regarding the distribution of gene expression divergence.
Availability: http://bioconductor.org/packages/2.0/bioc Open Source
Contact: Kathleen.marchal@biw.kuleuven.be