bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thermal and mechanical properties of plastics molded from urea‐modified soy protein isolates
Authors: Mo Xiaoqun , Sun Xiuzhi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoy protein has been considered as a potential alternative of some petroleum polymers in the manufacture of plastics. The purpose of this investigation was to characterize the thermal and mechanical properties of plastics made from urea‐modified soy protein. Soy protein isolate was separated from the defatted soy flour, modified with various urea concentrations, and compression‐molded into plastics. Differential scanning calorimetry showed that the temperatures of denaturation and the enthalpies of denaturation of the modified soy protein decreased as urea concentrations increased above 1 M. At the same urea concentration, molded plastics made from the modified soy proteins showed a similar temperature of denaturation as the modified soy protein, but a lower enthalpy of denaturation. Tensile strength and Young's modulus of the molded plastics from the modified soy proteins increased as urea concentration increased and reached their maximum values at 8 M urea modification. Both storage modulus and glass transition temperature of the plastics from the modified soy proteins increased as urea concentration increased. The plastics made from the 2 M urea‐modified soy proteins showed improvements in elongation, tough fracture behavior, and water resistance. The urea may function as a denaturant, a plasticizer, and a filler.
Analysis of the wax ester fraction of olive oil and sunflower oil by gas chromatography and gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Reiter Birgit , Lorbeer Eberhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe wax ester fractions of solvent‐extracted sunflower oil and “extra virgin” olive oil were obtained by solid‐phase extraction and subsequently subjected to gas‐chromatographic and gas chromatographic‐mass spectrometric analysis. The comprehensive qualitative analysis of these fractions, which was carried out by the interpretation of mass spectral data, revealed several types of wax esters. In olive oil, shortchain, even‐numbered wax esters, saturated and unsaturated long‐chain, even‐numbered wax esters, benzyl esters, and the diterpenic esters phytyl and geranylgeranyl ester (the latter as a minor component) are present. With the exception of benzyl esters, all these esters occur in sunflower oil as well, but in considerably different amounts compared to those in olive oil. Whereas unsaturated wax esters are present in a negligible amount, diterpenic esters, mainly geranylgeranyl esters, represent the major part of the wax ester fraction.
Comparison of near‐infrared, fourier transform‐infrared, and fourier transform‐raman methods for determining olive pomace oil adulteration in extra virgin olive oil
Authors: Yang Hong , Irudayaraj Joseph 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe adulteration of extra virgin olive oil with cheaper oils is a major problem in the olive oil market. In this study, near‐infrared, mid‐infrared, and Raman spectroscopic techniques were used to quantify the amount of olive pomace oil adulteration in extra virgin olive oil. The concentration of olive pomace oil in extra virgin olive oil was in the range between 0 and 100% in 5% increments by weight. Of the methods studied, Fourier transform‐Raman spectroscopy gave the highest correlation with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and a standard error of prediction of 1.72%. The spectroscopic techniques have the potential to become a tool for rapid determination of adulteration in extra virgin olive oil, because they are casy to use and cost‐effective.
Transgenic cotton plants with increased seed oleic acid content
Authors: Chapman Kent D. , Austin‐Brown Shea , Sparace Salvatore A. , Kinney Anthony J. , Ripp Kevin G. , Pirtle Irma L. , Pirtle Robert M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCottonseed typically contains about 15% oleic acid. Here we report the development of transgenic cotton plants with higher seed oleic acid levels. Plants were generated by Agrobacterium‐mediated transformation. A binary vector was designed to suppress expression of the endogenous cottonseed †‐12 desaturase (fad2) by subcloning a mutant allele of a rapeseed fad2 gene downstream from a heterologous, seedspecific promoter (phaseolin). Fatty acid profiles of total seed lipids from 43 independent transgenic lines were analyzed by gas chromatography. Increased seed oleic acid content ranged from 21 to 30% (by weight) of total fatty acid content in 22 of the primary transformants. The increase in oleic acid content was at the expense of linoleic acid, consistent with reduced activity of cottonseed FAD2. Progeny of some lines yielded oleic acid content as high as 47% (three times that of standard cottonseed oil). Molecular analyses of nuclear DNA from transgenics confirmed the integration of the canola transgene into the cotton genome. Collectively, our results extend the metabolic engineering of vegetable oils to cottonseed and should provide the basis for the development of a family of novel cottonseed oils.
Enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of rice bran oil
Authors: Sharma Aparna , Khare S. K. , Gupta M. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn the present study, rice brain oil was extracted by enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction under optimized aqueous extraction conditions using mixtures of ProtizymeTM (protease; Jaysons Agritech Pvt. Ltd., Mysore, India), PalkodexTM (α‐amylase; Maps India Ltd., Ahmedabad, India), and cellulase (crude cellulase; Central Drug House, Delhi, India). The optimal conditions used were: mixtures of amylase (80 U), protease (368 U), and cellulase (380 U), with 10 g of rice brain in 40 mL distilled water, pH 7.0, temperature 65°C, extraction time 18 h with constant shaking at 80 rpm. Centrifugation of the mixture at 10,000×g for 20 min yielded a 77% recovery of the oil.
Measuring stereoselectivity in lipase‐catalyzed acidolysis reactions by ultra‐high resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Chandler Ian C. , Howarth Oliver W. , Crout David H. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractElucidating the stereoselectivity of lipases in synthetic reactions of triacylglycerols has hitherto been carried out using traditional analytical techniques to determine the composition of the reaction products. These methods are laborious and are not always appropriate for analysis of certain triacylglycerol types. A direct method, utilizing a stereospecific deuterium‐labeled triacylglycerol substrate, has been developed where the stereoisomeric composition of the reaction product is determined by ultra‐high resolution 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Through lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of deuterium‐labeled trilauroylglycerol with oleic acid, chemical shifts were induced in the 13C NMR spectrum by the deuterium atom and olefinic double bonds, enabling unambiguous stereospecific assignment of triacylglycerol species. By this method of analysis, we found an effect of the degree of reaction conversion on the extent of stereoisomerism in the triacylglycerol product. Stereoselectivity was greatest (for sn‐1) with lipase from Rhizomucor miehei. Lipases from Rhizopus niveus, Candida rugosa, Carica papaya, and the cutinase from Fusarium sp. were also found to exhibit stereoselectivity, with preference for either sn‐1 or sn‐3 acyl exchange.
Extractability of protein in physically processed rice bran
Authors: Anderson Alfred K. , Guraya Harmeet S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercially obtained defatted (DF), full‐fat stabilized (FFS), and full‐fat unstabilized (FFU) rice bran were processed by colloid milling and homogenization to affect bran breakdown and extraction of rice protein. Relative to unprocessed samples, there were moderate to slight increases in the amount of protein extracted from the various fractions of processed bran. Colloid milling and homogenizing slightly influenced the distribution of proteins in the various fractions obtained, with the FFU showing the greatest effect compared to DF and FFS protein fractions. The protein content of the supernatant fraction of FFU bran increased from 21.8 to 33.0% after colloid milling with a further increase to 38.2% after homogenizing, representing an overall increase of 75.2% in protein content. The supernatant fractions of DF bran increased from 13.9 to 14.7% after colloid milling, and to 16.5% after colloid milling and homogenizing, for an overall increase of 18.7%. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed a molecular weight distribution ranging from 6.0 to 97.4 kDa. Few detectable differences between protein bands of unprocessed and processed DF and FFU bran were observed. However, FFS bran showed breakdown in size distribution of protein after colloid milling and homogenizing, because certain high molecular weight proteins shifted to lower molecular weight units.
Neutral and polar lipid phase transition of soybeans with various saturated fatty acid contents
Authors: Wang Tong , Hammond Earl G. , Fehr Walter R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSoybeans with modified saturated fatty acid compositions sometimes have lower seed germination rate or other undesirable agronomic traits. To determine if seed germination could be related to the melting transitions of their lipids, triacylglycerols (TAG) and phospholipids (PL) from soybeans with a wide range of saturated fatty acid compositions were examined by differential scanning calorimetry. The melting transition temperatures of both TAG and PL increased with increasing palmitate and stearate percentages. The mean melting points of the various lipids calculated on the basis of the melting points of their fatty acids correlated with the observed transition temperatures. Increased lipid saturation and elevated phase transition temperatures may have contributed to the reduced germination and seedling growth rates of these modified seeds.
Detection of alkanes and alkenes for identifying irradiated cereals
Authors: Hwang Keum Taek , Hong Jin Sun , Yang Jae Seung , Sohn Hee Sook , Weller Curtis L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlkanes and alkenes can be produced from lipids in maize, brown rice, and wheat by irradiation. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the detection pattern of the hydrocarbons can be used for identifying postirradiation of cereals. Maize, brown rice, and wheat were irradiated at 0.5, 1, and 3 kGy. Oils were extracted from the samples using hexane and anhydrous Na2SO4. Hydrocarbon‐containing fractions, isolated using Florisil column chromatography, were analyzed using gas chromatography (GC). The first six Florisil column chromatography fractions of 10 mL each were collected. Prominent radiation‐induced alkenes 17∶1, 16∶2, 17∶2, and 16∶3 appeared mainly in the third, fourth, and fifth fractions. Those three fractions were combined and evaporated to a total volume of 4 mL for GC analyses. Alkenes 17∶1, 16∶2, 17∶2, and 16∶3 were detected in all irradiated samples but not in the non‐irradiated ones. The levels of the hydrocarbons changed little by roasting the nonirradiated and irradiated cereals.
Lipase‐catalyzed esterification of stearic acid with ethanol, and hydrolysis of ethyl stearate, near the critical point in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Nakaya Hideki , Nakamura Kozo , Miyawaki Osato 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of pressure on the lipase‐catalyzed reaction in supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) was investigated for the esterification of steric acid (SA) with ethanol and the hydrolysis of ethyl stearate (ES) near the critical point, ranging from 6 to 20 MPa in pressure and 35 to 60°C in temperature. The esterification rate of SA began to increase near the critical point and kept increasing steadily with an increase in pressure, reflecting the increase in SA solubility in SCCO2. The hydrolysis rate of ES showed a maximum at a pressure near the critical point. When the reaction was carried out with an initial overall ES concentration below its solubility limit in SCCO2, the maximum pressure shifted along the extended line of the gas‐liquid equilibrium in the supercritical region in the pressure‐temperature phase plane. This seems to be related to the singular behavior of some properties in SCCO2 along this line reported in the literature. These results show the importance of pressure, as well as temperature, as a parameter to control enzyme reactions in SCCO2.
High‐purity γ‐linolenic acid from borage oil fatty acids
Authors: Ju Yi‐Hsu , Chen Tor‐Chern 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHigh‐purity γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was obtained by employing a modified low‐temperature solvent crystallization process, followed by a lipase‐catalyzed esterification, to borage oil fatty acid. By applying a two‐stage solvent crystallization process to the borage oil fatty acid, GLA content was increased from 23.4 to 92.1% with a yield of 89.3%. After the esterification of GLA‐rich fatty acid with butanol catalyzed by Lipozyme IM‐60, GLA content in the fatty acid was further raised from 92.1 to 99.1%. The overall yield of the combined process was 72.8%. The effects of operation parameters on the Lipozyme IM‐60 catalyzed esterification between fatty acid and alcohol were systematically investigated.
Immobilization of Pseudomonas cepacia lipase by sol‐gel entrapment and its application in the hydrolysis of soybean oil
Authors: Noureddini H. , Gao X. , Joshi S. , Wagner P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe immobilization of Lipase PS from Pseudomonas cepacia by entrapment within a chemically inert hydrophobic solgel support was studied. The gel‐entrapped lipase was prepared by the hydrolysis of tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) with methyltrimethoxysilane (MTMS), isobutyltrimethoxysilane (iso‐BTMS), and n‐butyltrimethoxysilane. The immobilized lipase was subsequently used in the hydrolysis of soybean oil to determine its activity, recyclability, and thermostability. The biocatalyst so prepared was equal to or better than the free enzyme in its hydrolytic activity. The catalytic activity of the entrapped lipase strongly depended on the type of precursor that was used in its preparation. The lipase entrapped within TMOS/iso‐BTMS showed the highest activity. The catalytic activity of the immobilized lipase was more pronounced during the earlier stages of the reaction. Thermostability of the lipase was significantly improved in the immobilized form. The immobilized lipase was stable up to 70°C, whereas for the free enzyme, moderate to severe loss of activity was observed beyond 40°C. The immobilized lipase was consistently more active and stable than the free enzyme. The immobilized lipase also proved to be very stable, as it retained more than 95% of its initial activity after twelve 1‐h reactions.
The conjugation and epoxidation of fish oil
Authors: Marks David W. , Larock Richard C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWilkinson's catalyst [RhCl(PPh3)3] has been used to conjugate fish oils in high yields under very mild reaction conditions. A catalyst load of 0.35 mol% of RhCl(PPh3)3, 0.43 mol% of (o‐CH3C6H4)3P, and 0.87 mol% of SnCl2·2H2O in ethanol solvent at 60°C for 2 d produces 82% conjugated Norway fish oil affords 90% conjugated fish oil in 93% yield. The Sharpless epoxidation procedure has also been employed to epoxidize fish oils. Using 0.34 mol% of CH3ReO3, 8.15 mol% of pyridine, and 1.03 equivalents of aq. 30% hydrogen peroxide in methylene chloride solvent at 25°C for 6 h, the Norway fish oil ethyl ester can be 100% epoxidized in an 86% yield. The Capelin fish oil gives 100% epoxidized fish oil in a 72% yield. Decreasing the amounts of CH3ReO3 and pyridine used in the reaction results in partially epoxidized fish oils.
The effect of the N‐linked glycans on structural features and physicochemical functions of soybean β‐conglycinin homotrimers
Authors: Maruyama Nobuyuki , Salleh Mohamad Ramlan Mohamed , Takahashi Koji , Yagasaki Kazuhiro , Goto Hideyuki , Hontani Naho , Nakagawa Shuko , Utsumi Shigeru 
Published: November 2006

Abstractβ‐Conglycinin is a trimeric protein consisting of three subunits, α,α′,and β, which are N‐glycosylated. The α and α′ subunits contain extension regions in addition to core regions common to all subunits. We purified homogeneous trimers consisting of only α, α′, or β from mutant soybean cultivars containing β‐conglycinin lacking one or two subunits: α homotrimers from an α′‐lacking mutant, α′ homotrimers from an α‐lacking mutant, and β homotrimers from an α‐and α′‐lacking mutant. Structural features and physicochemical functions of the three homotrimers were examined and compared with those of recombinant homotrimers having no N‐linked glycans. The native homotrimers have secondary structures very similar to those of the recombinant ones. In analogy with the recombinant homotrimers, the native ones exhibit different thermal stabilities from one another (β>α′>α), and the native α and α′ homotrimers exhibit better solubility, emulsifying ability, and heat‐induced association than the native β homotrimer. Further, the N‐linked glycans contribute to solubilities of the three subunits at low ionic strength (μ=0.08) and to the emulsifying ability of the native β homotrimer. N‐Linked glycans also prevent heat‐induced associations of the native α and α′ homotrimers but do not contribute to the secondary structure and the thermal stability of β‐conglycinin.
Oil‐binding capacity of plastic fats: Effects of intermediate melting point TAG
Authors: Jahaniaval Firouz , Kakuda Yukio , Abraham Varghese 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe oil‐binding capacity (OBC) of fat crystals was investigated as a function of intermediate melting point TAG (IMP‐TAG) and stearin composition. Samples were prepared by melting 14% hard fraction (palm‐canola stearin and IMP‐TAG blends) in 86% liquid oil (olive, canola, safflower, and triolein) and crystallizing the mixture under fast and slow cooling conditions. Under fast cooling conditions, the OBC increased as the IMP‐TAG/stearin ratio increased. The OBC is the grams of bound oil (determined by centrifugation) divided by the grams of solid fat (determined by pulse NMR). The maximum OBC was observed at 14% IMP‐TAG and 0% stearin. In constrast, under slow cooling conditions, the 14% IMP‐TAG and 0% stearin sample did not form crystals, and only free oil was present. The OBC for each liquid oil was lower under slow cooling conditions than under fast cooling conditions when compared at the same IMP‐TAG/ stearin ratio. Solid fat content and RP‐HPLC analyses indicated that IMP‐TAG were retained in the crystal structure when processed under fast cooling conditions. RP‐HPLC analyses also revealed that TAG with two saturated FA were retained in the crystal structure and that the monosaturated TAG were not. It was concluded that the TAG composition and cooling conditions played an important role in determining the OBC.
Polar content vs. TAG oligomer content in the frying‐life assessment of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated oils used in deep‐frying
Authors: Bastida S. , Sánchez‐Muniz F. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe frying‐lives of olive oil (OO), sunflower oil (SO), and a blend of these oils (BO) were assessed and compared by measuring the polar content (PC) and the TAG oligomer content (TOC) in the oils. Oil was replenished with fresh oil every 10 uses in all three oils. Changes in the PC and TOC in relation to the number of frying uses were fitted to different curvilinear models. The power model yields the highest R2 value in the three oils. The 25% PC was surpassed after 32.2 fryings [95% confidence interval (95% Cl) 29.1–36.8] in the OO, 22.5 (95% Cl, 21.0–24.6) fryings in the SO, and 27.5 (95% Cl, 25.5–30.1) fryings for BO. However, according to the 10% TOC cutoff point, OO should be discarded after 25.0 (95% Cl, 22.8–28.7) fryings, SO after 15.0 (95% Cl, 14.8–15.4) fryings, and BO after 17.7 (95% Cl, 17.0–19.1) fryings. Nevertheless, changes in PC and TOC were different only between OO and SO (P<0.05 and P<0.02, respectively), indicating that OO performs better than SO, and that BO can be used as an alternative when both frying‐life and price are under consideration. Present findings suggest the need to unify criteria in different countries for oil disposal because the 25% PC corresponds to a TOC higher than 10%.
Enhanced biosurfactant production by Corynebacterium alkanolyticum ATCC 21511 using self‐cycling fermentation
Authors: Crosman John T. , Pinchuk Robert J. , Cooper David G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnhanced biosurfactant production by Corynebacterium alkanolyticum ATCC 21511 was accomplished in a self‐cycling fermenter (SCF) on a hexadecane substrate. The phospholipid biosurfactant produced during each cycle could be monitored rapidly using fluorescence spectroscopy. By optimizing the cycling pattern of the SCF, significantly better yields of biosurfactant were obtained than previously reported for this microorganism. It was also possible to virtually eliminate the hydrocarbon residue in the product. Harvest concentrations of 1.9 g L−1 were obtained by using a two‐stage fermentation. The first step was the growth of C. alkanolyticum in an SCF to yield a harvest of synchronous cells. These cells were transferred to a second vessel for the production stage. The concentration of biosurfactant could be further increased to 2.7 g L−1 by the addition of more hexadecane at the beginning of the second stage.
Model studies and the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil
Authors: Tian Qingping , Larock Richard C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGrubbs' ruthenium catalyst 2 has been employed in model studies of the acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization of soybean oil. In the presence of 0.1 mol% of catalyst 2, the ADMET polymerization of ethylene glycol dioleate afforded the isomerized (E)‐dioleate (27%), dimer (18%), trimer (13%), tetramer (7%), pentamer (5%), hexamer (4%), heptamer (4%), and 9‐octadecene (21%). Only a trace of any intramolecular cyclized product was formed. Under the same conditions, glycerol trioleate underwent ADMET polymerization to produce dimer, trimer, tetramer, pentamer, and monocyclic oligomers, with monocyclic oligomers predominating. The high number of repeat units in the monocyclic oligomers (n≅6, 10, and 21) in dicates that cross‐linking occurs readily in this process. Based on our model system studies, we have examined the ADMET polymerization of soybean oil and succeeded in producing polymeric materials ranging from sticky oils to rubbers.
Preparation of monodispersed emulsion with large droplets using microchannel emulsification
Authors: Sugiura Shinji , Nakajima Mitsutoshi , Seki Minoru 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMicrochannel (MC) emulsification is a novel technique for producing monodispersed emulsions with coefficients of variation of less than 5%. To produce emulsions with large droplets, we designed three MC with large dimensions. The MC structure consists of two parts: a channel and a terrace. Terrace length was defined as the length from the exit of the MC to the end of the terrace. The MC plates used in this study have deeper channels and longer terraces. The size limit of droplets prepared by MC emulsification was studied. Monodispersed emulsions with droplets as large as 100 μm were prepared using an MC with a depth of 16 μm and a terrace length of 240 μm. The average diameter (coefficient of variation) of the emulsion droplets was 98.1 μm (2.5%). Emulsions with larger‐diameter droplets were prepared using an MC with a longer terrace. The effect of the applied pressure on emulsification behavior was studied and discussed from the viewpoint of the droplet formation mechanism. At low applied pressures, droplet diameters were independent of the applied pressure, and monodispersed emulsions were produced. The pressure ranges of constant droplet diameter for large‐droplet emulsions were narrower than those for the 5 to 30 μm droplet size emulsions because interfacial tension is more significant on a smaller scale compared with the other forces.