bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Right of active duty military personnel to refuse psychiatric treatment
Authors: Grant William H. , Resnick Phillip J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUnder Federal Court precedents, mentally ill patients have a qualified right to refuse treatment. The amount of due process that may be required to override treatment refusals by active duty military patients is discussed. Due process for these individuals need not be judicial, since medical review satisfies federal requirements. Involuntary administration of medication to active duty military personnel is justified in some circumstances. Specific criteria for overriding treatment refusals are suggested. A sample protocol for overriding the treatment refusals of active duty personnel is offered.
Legal aspects of alcohol abuse in the navy
Authors: Kallen Lowell H. , Grodin Douglas M. , Vinet Richard G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlcohol abuse is antithetical to order and discipline in the military. Alcohol‐related situations arise that range from inconsequential “drunken sailor” boisterousness to major scale imperiling of military missions with serious implications for readiness, safety, and security. The complex management of alcohol abuse and alcoholism in the Navy is detailed in this article, with special emphasis on legal considerations that span offenses from simple drunkenness to court martial level infractions of military and civilian criminal codes.
Urinary testing for drugs of abuse in the military
Authors: Morgan John P. , Puder Pamela S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe military has tested urine for drugs of abuse since 1971.Testing followed the evidence of heroin use in Vietnam. The program was limited, by technical constraints, to a few drugs and in 1974by a decision that precluded the use of information gained by urinalysis in disciplinary actions. In 1980, testing expanded enormously due in part to the availability of immunoassays for cannabis metabolites. The period of 1981‐1983was marked by deficiencies in military laboratories; faulty testing, inadequate personnel, and the inability to document challenged results. As many as 50,000 discharges were subject to review and revision. The 1983Einsel Commission, a toxicology panel, submitted recommendations that reformed the testing systems. This experience affects current nonmilitary testing programs. Many give the program credit for decreasing drug use and improving performance. The empirical proof of this is not obvious and the cost effectiveness of the program can still be criticized.
The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984: Much ado about nothing
Authors: Finkel Norman J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Insanity Defense Reform Act of1984(IDRA), passed in the wake of Hinckley (1981) and after two years of Senate and House testimony and debate, removed the “volitional” prong of the ALI test, leaving only the “cognitive” prong. Prior empirical research and speculation suggested that this corrective would not serve its intended purpose. In this experiment, 54 mock jurors received one of four insanity test instructions: IDRA, ALI, a wild beast/mens rea test, or no instructions. Results showed that the test instructions did not produce significantly different verdict patterns, or effect in any other way the relevant and determinative constructs that jurors used in four different insanity cases.
Law and the fireside inductions (with postscript): Some reflections of a clinical psychologist
Authors: Meehl Paul E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractLegislators and judges have relied upon the “fireside inductions” (common sense, anecdotal, introspective, and culturally transmitted beliefs about human behavior) in making and enforcing law as a mode of social control. The behavior sciences conflict at times with the fireside inductions. While the sources of error in “common knowledge” about behavior are considerable, the behavior sciences are plagued with methodological problems that often render their generalized conclusions equally dubious. Legal applications of generalizations from experimental research on humans and animals in laboratory contexts often involve risky parametric and population extrapolations. Statistical analysis of file data suffers from inherent interpretative ambiguities as to causal inference from correlations. Quasi‐experiments in the “real‐life” setting may often be the methodologically optimal data‐source. A postscript updates the original text and addresses seven additional topics: (1) abuse of significance tests, (2) failure to report overlap, (3) causal inference from correlation, (4) immediate transitions from group differences on psychological tests to “unfairness,” (5) double standard of proof of generalizability, (6) social science in legal education, and (7) incompetent testimony by psychologists.
Organized abuse: NSPCC experience
Authors: Creighton Susan J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA survey of a national child protection agency's experience of organized abuse in 1990–1991 found awareness of incidents among 41% of the participants and direct involvement with children in 20%. The 19 cases where there was direct involvement with 61 children from 43 families were categorized by the workers as network (N = 10), ritual (N = 6) and child pornography (N = 3) and came from England, Wales and Northern Ireland. The children in the three types presented different profiles from each other and from that of the sexually abused children placed on child protection registers. The children in the network cases were more likely to be boys and abused by non‐relatives, the majority of whom were charged and convicted. The children in the ritual cases were the youngest, more likely to be abused by extended family members and most often the subjects of legal protection. The inherent difficulties in fully describing an organized abuse ‘case’ are outlined.
Sexual exploitation of children and international travel and tourism
Authors: Ireland Kevin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe sexual abuse of children in developing countries by international tourists has received increasing attention recently, much of it concentrating upon the activities of paedophiles. This paper argues that the reduction in individual and social constraints associated with tourism and international travel, and an easier access to children for sex in certain destinations, also increases the potential for ‘situational’ child sexual abuse to occur. It reports on a literature study of the situation in the Philippines, Sri Lanka and Thailand, which found extensive evidence of the use of children for sex by international tourists. The paper suggests that remedial action is required on three levels: in the tourist receiving and sending countries and in the international arena.
Preparation of the child witness for court
Authors: Mellor Anne , Dent Helen R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article attempts to outline some of the obstacles to children giving effective evidence in England and Wales and how these might be overcome or at least minimized. The apparent gulf between the recommendations from research and the actual support which a child witness is likely to receive is highlighted. A practical application of these recommendations is demonstrated by description of a single case study involving a programme of preparation to assist a child witness to give evidence in court.
The knowledge and fears about court of child witnesses, schoolchildren and adults
Authors: Freshwater Kate , Aldridge Jan 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch in Scotland, Australia and North America has examined how children perceive the legal system, what they know about court and how the prospect of going to court makes them feel (Feber, 1985; Goodman and Reed, 1988; Flin et al., 1989). However, to date there are no comparable data for children in England. The present study focuses upon children who were scheduled to appear in court as witnesses, schoolchildren with no experience of litigation, and adults. Child witnesses and schoolchildren were found to have significantly more misunderstandings about terms and concepts in the English legal system than adults. Both groups of children perceived court as a stressful place. However, there were interesting differences in the types of fears that caused most concern, with the child witnesses' fears being mostly court‐focused and the fears of the schoolchildren being more wide‐ranging. The implications of these findings are discussed, including the role for individual assessment of knowledge and fears in the effective preparation of children for court and the need for the judiciary to be mindful of children and young people's limited knowledge of, and misunderstandings about the legal system.
Challenging sexual violence against girls: A social awareness approach
Authors: Kitzinger Jenny 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMost strategies to prevent child sexual abuse rely on therapeutic work with abusers or direct work with children training them to recognize and resist molestation. However, many authors, activists and professionals in this field assert the need to challenge broader social attitudes towards sexuality and violence. In 1992 an attempt at such an intervention was employed by Edinburgh District Council in their “Zero Tolerance Campaign”. This was a public awareness campaign which aimed to increase people's understanding of the extent and nature of violence against women and girls and to emphasize that such crimes should not be tolerated. Through challenging misconceptions, encouraging public discussion and focusing on strategies to prevent such crimes, the campaign organizers hoped to transform the social climate which is conducive to the abuse of women at any age. This article explores public response to the Zero Tolerance Campaign and, in particular, focuses on reactions to the two advertisements which addressed the sexual abuse of girls.
Process and evaluation of a group intervention for mothers with parenting difficulties
Authors: Puckering Christine , Rogers John , Mills Maggie , Cox A. D. , Raff Magdalena Mattsson‐G 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwenty‐one mothers with severe parenting difficulties, including 12 children on the Child Protection Register, were involved in an intensive parenting intervention. The 4‐month group‐based package included psychotherapy to allow mothers to come to terms with past and present stressors, and direct and video work with mothers and children using a multi‐dimensional model of parenting. Considerable positive change in interaction and child centredness was evident when before and after videotapes of the mothers and children were compared. Negative interaction dropped to one‐quarter of the pre‐group level and mothers were more effective in exercising appropriate control. Of the 12 children on the Child Protection Register, 10 subsequently had their names removed, with both remaining children returning to the mother's care from compulsory care. This compares favourably with area figures, suggesting that about one‐third of children are removed annually from the register. The multi‐dimensional model of parenting not only provided a basis for measuring mother's skills but a coherent focus for intervention.
The literature on prevention
Authors: Gough David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVirtually all that is written about child abuse is in some way concerned with prevention, though the literature specifically described as prevention mostly concerns the avoidance of the initial occurrence of abuse. Reviews of the possibilities and limitations of such prevention can be found in Browne and Herbert (1995), Gough (1993a), Holman (1988), Willis, Holden and Rosenberg (1992) and Wolfe (1993). Detailed descriptions and discussion of preventive intervention studies can be found in Gough (1 993b), MacMillan et al. (1994) and Wekerle and Wolfe (1995).
Doing what has to be done: strategies and orientations of married and single working mothers for food tasks
Authors: Heslop Louise A. , Madill Judith , Duxbury Linda , Dowdles Melissa 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Food‐related tasks are demanding activities in all households because of their regularity, frequency, and centrality to family activities and relationships. This study develops typologies for food task orientations and strategies used by mothers, and studies the relationships among them. It uses a systems‐based framework to examine related inputs and outcomes of these orientations and strategies and compares the situations of married and single mothers. The findings indicate some strategies are more successful than others as predictors of various work‐family outcomes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Who are organic food consumers? A compilation and review of why people purchase organic food
Authors: Hughner Renée Shaw , McDonagh Pierre , Prothero Andrea , Shultz Clifford J. , Stanton Julie 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

This paper integrates and synthesizes the findings of published research on organic food consumption. We identify several themes that reflect the various rationales used by consumers when deciding to purchase organic food. The literature clearly indicates that the word “organic” has many meanings, that consumers of organic foods are not homogeneous in demographics or in beliefs, and that further research could help better describe the various constituencies that are often lumped together as “organic food consumers”. The organic and broader food industries must better understand the variety of motivations, perceptions, and attitudes consumers hold regarding organic foods and their consumption if their own long‐term interests, as well as those of other stakeholders of food marketing, are to be best served. We conclude with implications and suggestions for further research.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deterring illegal downloading: the effects of threat appeals, past behavior, subjective norms, and attributions of harm
Authors: Levin Aron M. , Dato‐on Mary Conway , Manolis Chris 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

The study employs two experiments to examine the effectiveness of various strategies used to dissuade consumers from downloading music illegally. The research investigates two specific strategies that the recording industry has used: (1) fear or threat appeals (e.g., the threat of punishment, such as fines and/or jail time), and (2) attribution of harm (informing consumers of the harm caused by the illegal downloading of music, such as financial loss to either the artist or the recording company). The study also considers whether past illegal downloading behavior reduces the effectiveness of these disincentive strategies. Finally, the impact of subjective norms (i.e., whether subjects think their friends would approve of downloading music) was also investigated.

A 3 (level of threat: low, moderate, or high) X 2 (who is harmed by illegal downloading: artist or recording company) experimental design was employed for study one. Undergraduate students (n = 388) participated in the study. Study two expanded on the design of the first study by adding a variable of subjective norms and by including previous downloading behavior in the model. Undergraduate students (n = 211) also participated in the second experiment.

Findings indicate a significant effect of threat appeal such that stronger threat appeals were found to be more effective than weaker threat appeals in reducing illegal downloading. The first study also showed that prior illegal downloading behavior does not curtail the effects of threat appeals aimed at reducing illegal downloading. In addition, results reveal no differences in downloading behavior in terms of attribution of harm deterrent strategy (harm to either the recording artist or company). The most interesting finding from the second study is that subjective norms appear to equalize low versus high past downloaders, but only under conditions of weak fear.

The current manuscript is the first to examine the impact of four different variables (threat appeals, attribution of harm, subjective norms, and previous downloading behavior) on subjects' likelihood to illegally download music in the future. In particular, this research illuminates the potential importance of social norms in discouraging a type of undesirable consumer behavior but shows that this occurs only under a restricted set of conditions: when threat is low and the consumer is not a habitually high downloader. It should be of interest to those in fields where intellectual property can be pirated on the Internet.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Replacement purchase decisions: on the effects of trade‐ins, hedonic versus utilitarian usage goal, and tightwadism
Authors: Park Sojin , Mowen John C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

The paper examines the effects of usage goal (i.e., hedonic versus utilitarian usage), whether the consumer is offered a discount or the ability to trade‐in the old product, and tightwadism on the likelihood of replacing a still‐functioning product. Supporting previous research, the results revealed that the likelihood of replacing a still‐functioning product is higher when a trade‐in is offered. As expected, however, this main effect was moderated by whether the good was purchased for utilitarian rather than hedonic purposes. If the purchase was for hedonic purchases, the likelihood of purchase was significantly lower when the promotion was a sale rather than a trade‐in. However, the promotion type did not influence the purchase if it was for utilitarian purposes. Additionally, when the usage goal was for hedonic purposes, the likelihood of replacement was significantly lower for those high in tightwadism. In contrast, tightwadism did not influence the likelihood of replacement when the usage was for utilitarian purposes.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Motives for dissolution in export relationships: evidence from the UK
Authors: Pressey Andrew D. , Selassie Hebte 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

This study examines the motives for dissolution in long‐term export relationships – an area that has received limited attention in the marketing literature. The primary research was conducted in two stages (in‐depth interviews followed by a mail survey) using the perceptions of export managers in the UK. The findings suggest that export relationship dissolution is attributable to 23 motives from four categories (buyer factors, supplier factors, competitor action and environmental conditions). The chief cause of export relationship dissolution was identified as being price‐related. An exploratory factor analysis of the 23 motives for dissolution resulted in six factors that reflect the multi‐attribute (and cross‐category) nature of relationship dissolution. The study offers some insights into why export relationships might dissolve and provides implications for practitioners in avoiding the premature dissolution of export relationships.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Darstellung von Aldehyden aus Thiolestern mit Raney‐Nickel
Authors: Bestmann Hans Jürgen , Schulz Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Behandlung von Thiocarbonsäure‐S‐äthylestern (Thiolestern) mit Raney‐Nickel bei 0–5° in Aceton oder Tetrahydrofuran in Gegenwart von 1.2‐Dianilino‐äthan führt zu den durch Mineralsäuren leicht zerlegbaren 1.3‐Diphenyltetrahydroimidazolderivaten der entsprechenden Aldehyde. Thiolester lassen sich sehr glatt aus Säurechloriden und Natriummercaptid in absol. Äther darstellen. Sie können mit Brom titriert werden.
Studie zur Chemie der Acetylene, II. Von aliphatischen Acetylenkohlenwasserstoffen ausgehende Synthesen
Authors: Herbertz Theo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVerschiedene Acetylenkohlenwasserstoffe werden an Carbonylverbindungen zu ungesättigten Carbinolen angelagert. Sie sind zum großen Teil partiell hydrierbar. — Durch Anlagerung von Chlorwasserstoff an ein technisches Gemisch von Vinylacetylen und Diacetylen unter geeigneten Bedingungen wird das Vinylacetylen in Chloropren übergeführt, während das Diacetylen unverändert bleibt.
Untersuchungen in der Azolreihe, VII. Umsetzungen von Imidazolen mit Isocyanaten
Authors: Gompper Rudolf , Hoyer Ernst , Herlinger Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBei der Umsetzung 4.5‐disubstituierter Imidazole, die mindestens einen Arylrest tragen, mit siedendem Phenylisocyanat entstehen neben 4.5‐disubstituierten Imidazol‐carbonsäure‐(2)‐aniliden und N.N′‐Diphenyl‐harnstoff 2‐Phenylimidazo[1.2‐c]hydantoine, die in festem Zustand entsprechend ihrer Farbe gelb bis rot fluoreszieren. In siedendem Nitrobenzol setzen sich Imidazole mit Arylisocyanaten zu Imidazol‐carbonsäure‐(2)‐[N‐aryl‐amiden] um; bei Raumtemperatur wurde die Bildung des 4.5‐Diphenyl‐imidazol‐carbonsäure‐(1)‐anilids beobachtet. – Die Bildungsmechanismen sowie die UV‐Absorptions‐, Fluoreszenz‐ und IR‐Spektren der verschiedenen Verbindungen werden diskutiert. Die Reaktionen einiger weiterer Heterocyclen mit Phenylisocyanat werden besprochen.
Synthesen in der Purinreihe, IX. Synthesen in der Reihe der 4‐Amino‐ und 4.5‐Diamino‐uracile Die Konstitution des Coffein‐hydroxymethylats
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Kupsch Gottfried , Wieland Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Synthese des 1.3‐Dimethyl‐4.5‐bis‐methylamino‐uracils wird beschrieben. Das daraus erhaltene 1.3‐Dimethyl‐4‐methylamino‐5‐[N‐formyl‐methylamino]‐uracil erweist sich als identisch mit dem lange bekannten „Coffein‐hydroxymethylat”︁. — Die große Reaktionsfähigkeit des Broms im 1.3‐Dimethyl‐5‐brom‐4‐methylamino‐uracil wird durch zahlreiche Umsetzungen gezeigt. — Die Synthese des 5‐Amino‐4‐methylamino‐uracils wird beschrieben.
Über Pseudo‐Azulene, I. Synthesen in der Reihe des N‐Methyl‐azalens (1‐Aza‐1‐methyl‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatetraens‐(2.4.5.7)
Authors: Treibs Wilhelm , Kempter Gerhard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDurch thermische Kondensation von o‐Amino‐benzaldehyd und seinen Homologen mit substituierten Cyclopentanonen werden Abkömmlinge des Cyclopentachinolinsystems dargestellt, deren Methosulfate in alkalischer Lösung in Derivate des 1‐Aza‐1‐methyl‐2.3‐benzo‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatriens‐(2.4.7) übergehen. Die Dehydrierung des 1‐Aza‐1.4‐dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐2.3‐benzo‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatriens‐(2.4.7) mit Pd/Tierkohle in Xylol ergibt das 1‐Aza‐1.4‐dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐2.3‐benzo‐bicyclo‐[0.3.4]‐nonatetraen‐(2.4.5.7) (1.4‐Dimethyl‐7‐phenyl‐2.3‐benz‐azalen), das als Pseudo‐Azulen anzusprechen ist. Die optischen Eigenschaften werden untersucht.
Zur Kenntnis hydrierter Pyrido[1.2‐c]pyrimidine
Authors: Winterfeld Karl , Göbel Wilhelm 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Darstellung des 3‐Aza‐chinolizidins und des von diesem sich ableitenden tricyclischen Systems mit zwei Brückenstickstoffatomen, des Perhydro‐dipyrido‐[1.2‐a, 1′.2′‐c]pyrimidins (4a.8a‐Diaza‐perhydrophenanthrens) wird beschrieben.
Reaktionen mit Nitrosodisulfonat, XVII. Zum Reaktionsverlauf der Bildung von Chinonen aus einwertigen Phenolen
Authors: Teuber Hans‐Joachim , Thaler Gottfried 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAm Beispiel der Bildung von 3‐Carbäthoxy‐2‐methyl‐6.7‐benzo‐indolchinon‐(4.5) (VI) aus 5‐Hydroxy‐3‐carbäthoxy‐2‐methyl‐6.7‐benzo‐indol (II) wird gezeigt, daß die Zwischenstufe eines Substitutionsprodukts (III) durchlaufen wird, das als solches isoliert und zum erwarteten Chinon zerlegt werden kann.
Die Bestimmung von Δ1.9‐ und Δ9.10‐Octalin nebeneinander
Authors: Hückel Walter , Fechtig Ottraud 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie UV‐Absorption der Jodkomplexe von Cycloolefinen wird gemessen und nach der von LONG und NEUZIL für Olefine entwickelten Methode zur Analyse von Δ1.9‐ und Δ9.10‐Octalingemischen verwendet.
Darstellung sekundärer aliphatischer Phosphine
Authors: Issleib Kurt , Tzschach Alfred 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlkylmagnesiumhalogenide reagieren unter geeigneten Bedingungen mit Phosphorthiochlorid vorzugsweise unter Bildung von Tetraalkyldiphosphindisulfiden, [R2PS]2, deren Reduktion mittels LiAlH4 in Äther eine einfache, rasche Darstellung sekundärer aliphatischer Phosphine ermöglicht. Außerdem wird ein Darstellungsverfahren für Dicyclohexylphosphin beschrieben.