bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Activation of Src and Src‐associated signaling pathways in relation to hypoxia in human cancer xenograft models
Authors: Pham Nhu‐An , Magalhaes Joao M.M.M. , Do Trevor , Schwock Joerg , Dhani Neesha , Cao Ping‐Jiang , Hill Richard P. , Hedley David W. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe hypoxic response in vitro involves alterations in signaling proteins, including Src, STAT3 and AKT that are considered to be broadly pro‐survival. The involvement of these signaling proteins in the hypoxic microenviroments that occur in solid tumors was investigated by the use of multicolor fluorescence image analysis to colocalize signaling proteins and regions of hypoxia in 4 human tumor xenografts, pancreatic carcinoma BxPC3 and PANC1 and cervical squamous cell carcinoma ME180 and SiHa. Expression levels of total Src protein (mean intensity × labeled region fraction) were higher in hypoxic regions, identified using the nitroimidazole probe EF5, relative to non‐EF5 regions in all 4 tumor models. This was associated with higher levels of phosphorylated (p‐) Y419p‐Src and its substrate Y861p‐FAK in EF5 positive regions of BxPC3 tumors. This effect was also seen in tumor‐bearing mice continuously breathing 7% oxygen for 3 hr which markedly increased the extent of EF5 positive labeling. In contrast, the hypoxia treatment resulted in a significant decrease in S727p‐STAT3 in BxPC3 xenografts and suggested that STAT3 activity is responsive to acute hypoxia, whereas Src‐FAK signaling is associated with predominantly chronically hypoxic EF5 positive regions. Src activity in both hypoxic and nonhypoxic BxPC3 tumor regions was suppressed when mice were treated with the Src inhibitor AZD0530 (25 mg/kg/day, 5 days), suggesting that both hypoxic and normoxic tumor regions are accessible to pharmacological Src inhibition. These results show that signaling pathways are responsive to tumor hypoxia in vivo, although the effects appear to differ between individual tumor types. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
How Views about Flow Adaptations of Benthic Stream Invertebrates Changed over the Last Century
Authors: Statzner Bernhard 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThroughout the last century, stream ecologists tried to answer the question: how do benthic invertebrates cope with the flows prevailing in streams? Whereas the pioneers frequently sought answers using imagination and speculation in a hefty debate, subsequent research on flow adaptations of stream invertebrates relied increasingly on the transfer of concepts (from fluid mechanics to stream ecology) and technological innovations. Correspondingly, views about flow adaptations of stream invertebrates changed considerably over the last century. However, stream ecologists are still far from understanding how stream invertebrates are adapted to the many different flow conditions they face during their life, because the near‐bottom flows they experience are extremely complex and create so diverse constraints that adaptation to all of them is physically impossible.This instance shows how ignorant we are of the physical factors in the environment which ultimately shape the organisms, and how difficult it is to understand the utility of a structure without knowing the requirements for which it is produced Sunder Lal Hora, 1930 (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Aquatic Microbial Ecology: Water Desert, Microcosm, Ecosystem. What's Next?
Authors: Psenner Roland , Alfreider Albin , Schwarz Astrid 
Published: October 2008

AbstractAquatic microbial ecology aims at nothing less than explaining the world from “ecological scratch”. It develops theories, concepts and models about the small and invisible living world that is at the bottom of every macroscopic aquatic system. In this paper we propose to look at the development of Aquatic Microbial Ecology as a reiteration of classical (eukaryotic) limnology and oceanography. This was conceptualized moving historically from the so‐called water desert to microcosm to ecosystem. Each of these concepts characterizes a particular historical field of knowledge that embraces also practices and theories about living beings in aquatic environments. Concerning the question of “who is there”, however, Aquatic Microbial Ecology historically developed in reverse order. Repetition, reiteration and replication notwithstanding, Aquatic Microbial Ecology has contributed new ideas, theories and methods to the whole field of ecology as well as to microbiology. The disciplining of Aquatic Microbial Ecology happened in the larger field of plankton biology, and it is still attached to this biological domain, even conceiving of itself very self‐consciously as a discipline of its own. Today, Aquatic Microbial Ecology as a discipline is much broader than plankton ecology ever was, for it includes not only oceans and freshwaters but also benthic, interstitial and groundwater systems. The success of Aquatic Microbial Ecology is expressed by its influence on other fields in ecology. The challenge is to further develop its theoretical and methodological features while at the same time contributing to current pressing problems such as climate change or the management of global water resources.And then it may not be fanciful to suppose that even in the year nineteen hundred and nineteen a great number of minds are still only partially lit up by the cold light of knowledge. It is the most capricious illuminant. They are still apt to ruminate, without an overpowering bias to the truth, whether a kingfisher's body shows which way the wind blows; whether an ostrich digests iron; whether owls and ravens herald ill‐fortune; and the spilling of salt bad luck; what the tingling of ears forebodes, and even to toy pleasantly with more curious speculations as to the joints of elephants and the politics of storks, which came within the province of the more fertile and better‐informed brain of the author (1919) Virginia Woolf from the essay “Reading”, In: Leonard Woolf (ed.), 1950: The Captain's Death Bed and Other Essays, – London: Hogarth Press, p. 157. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Changing Paradigms in Groundwater Ecology – from the ‘Living Fossils' Tradition to the ‘New Groundwater Ecology’
Authors: Danielopol Dan Luca , Griebler Christian 
Published: October 2008

AbstractGroundwater ecology merged during the second part of the 20th century with modern ecological practice after having adopted the ‘ecosystem concept’. The latter was first applied to karstic systems and separately for alluvial non‐consolidated aquifers along surface running waters. Today groundwater ecosystems are studied within a multi‐ and transdisciplinary framework at various spatial and temporal scales by experts dealing with microbiology, the ecology and systematics of meio‐ and macro‐fauna, geochemistry, hydrogeology and mathematical modelling. A further paradigmatic change occured with the recognition that subterranean assemblages of organisms are formed by both hypogean and epigean taxa. The biological diversity in subterranean ecosystems can be much higher than earlier thought and may even exceed surface diversity in some taxa. This largely unrecognized biodiversity in many cases deserves environmental protection. A third phase in the development of groundwater ecology has occured over the last 15 years with the incorporation of socio‐economic research topics within groundwater ecology (Gibert et al., 1994a) and in this sense today we have the “New Groundwater Ecology”.We should cling to our traditions and do what we can to keep the understanding of the world in which we live as a resource for all humankind Colin S. Reynolds, 2001: Limnology in the New Century: 21 Topics for Research. – Limnology 1, p. 17 (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Daphnia Paleogenetics and Environmental Change: Deconstructing the Evolution of Plasticity
Authors: Hairston Nelson G. , Meester Luc De 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt is only recently that ecologists, including limnologists, have begun to appreciate the potential for organisms to evolve rapidly in response to environmental change. The resulting changes in the mean characteristics of the evolving populations have the potential to alter population, community and ecosystem responses to environmental changes – while those changes are still taking place. Viable diapausing eggs of zooplankton buried annually in lake sediments represent an historical record of the genotypes present at a series of time points in the past, typically dating back several decades. Because these eggs can be extracted from sediment layers of known age and hatched, the phenotypes of past populations can be reconstructed and evolutionary responses to recent environmental change revealed. This is especially valuable for investigating the nature of evolution of phenotypically plastic traits for which trait expression in different environmental conditions must be measured using living animals. When animals, hatched from sediments deposited at different times during a period of rapid change in the lake environment, are reared under a range of laboratory conditions, the nature of plasticity evolution can be discovered. Here, we use the results of two previously published studies of Daphnia evolutionary response to anthropogenic environmental change to deconstruct the patterns and rates of genetic changes in phenotypic plasticity. We find for the populations studied that (1) in three of four instances, plasticity evolved primarily by changes in the trait expressed in the environmental condition for which selection acted most strongly, rather than purely as a change in slope, and (2) the rates of evolution of plasticity were comparable to those for constitutive traits reported in the literature suggesting that plasticity does not necessarily retard the rate of evolution. Because Daphnia is a critical species in many limnetic ecosystems, and because in both of our study systems the characteristics of the Daphnia populations that evolved are known to influence community and ecosystem processes, this rapid adaptive evolution may be a critical component of population, community and ecosystem response to the accelerating pace of environmental change.Plus ça change, plus c'est la même chose Jean‐Baptists Alphonse Karr, Les Guêpes, January 1849 (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Modulation of host cell mechanics by Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Mott Adam , Lenormand Guillaume , Costales Jaime , Fredberg Jeffrey J. , Burleigh Barbara A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo investigate the effects of Trypanosoma cruzi on the mechanical properties of infected host cells, cytoskeletal stiffness and remodeling dynamics were measured in parasite‐infected fibroblasts. We find that cell stiffness decreases in a time‐dependent fashion in T. cruzi‐infected human foreskin fibroblasts without a significant change in the dynamics of cytoskeletal remodeling. In contrast, cells exposed to T. cruzi secreted/released components become significantly stiffer within 2 h of exposure and exhibit increased remodeling dynamics. These findings represent the first direct mechanical data to suggest a physical picture in which an intact, stiff, and rapidly remodeling cytoskeleton facilitates early stages of T. cruzi invasion and parasite retention, followed by subsequent softening and disassembly of the cytoskeleton to accommodate intracellular replication of parasites. We further suggest that these changes occur through protein kinase A and inhibition of the Rho/Rho kinase signaling pathway. In the context of tissue infection, changes in host cell mechanics could adversely affect the function of the infected organs, and may play an important role on the pathophysiology of Chagas' disease. J. Cell. Physiol. 218: 315–322, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of apple and pear varieties and pH on patulin accumulation by Penicillium expansum
Authors: Morales Hèctor , Barros Germán , Marín Sonia , Chulze Sofía , Ramos Antonio J , Sanchis Vicente 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBACKGROUND: Accumulation of patulin in apples and pears and subsequently in their by‐products is caused mostly by Penicillium expansum which causes blue mould. Fruit pH and other parameters are sometimes characteristic of a certain variety and thus the use of particular varieties might affect patulin content in the final products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of fruit variety and pH on patulin accumulation. Patulin accumulation in both apple and pear juices at different pH and also in different apple varieties (Golden, Gala and Fuji) and pear varieties (Blanquilla and Conference) was assessed.RESULTS: The pH of juices significantly influenced patulin accumulation, especially in apple juice in which the highest amounts of patulin were detected at pH 3.5. In fruits, the pH values of the substrate were determinant only under cold storage. Thus, Golden apples, which presented a lower pH, accumulated more patulin at 1 °C. However, this trend was not observed at other temperatures in which varieties with higher amounts of organic acids (Golden and Fuji apples) accumulated most patulin. In the pear varieties, significant differences in pH did not lead to significant differences in patulin accumulation.CONCLUSION: Although pH influences patulin accumulation, other factors such as organic acid content may play an important role. Concerning the apple and pear varieties we studied, it seems that rather than variety, other parameters like pH or acidic content may be more important. These parameters vary significantly depending on the degree of ripeness of the fruit. Gala apple, which is used in Spanish juice production, was the only variety that accumulated dramatically higher amounts of patulin. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Flows into tourist areas: an econometric approach
Authors: Torraleja Félix‐Angel Grande , Vázquez Agustín Muñoz , Franco María José Botella 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe globalisation of the tourism industry has led to a horizontal and vertical penetration of firms, leading to strong competition in all tourist centres. In light of these circumstances there is a need to develop strategies that encourage entrepreneurial actions and help firms to design the most competitive tourism offer possible. For the development of these strategies, the current work attempts to identify the degree of interrelation existing between the different tourist markets. Specifically, the study is based on an analysis of the evolution in the relations between the main tourist‐receiving centres in Spain. It identifies the short‐ and long‐term dynamic relations existing between them, and determines their degree of interdependence and any potential leadership relations between them. The methodology used is the one underlying Cointegration theory and vector autoregressive theory, together with forecast error variance decomposition and the impulse‐response function. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Supply chain in tourism destinations: the case of Levi Resort in Finnish Lapland
Authors: Rusko Rauno Tapio , Kylänen Mika , Saari Rükka 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTourism destinations in Finnish Lapland provide a suitable base for supply chain management (SCM). Often, the investments in these destinations are directed to wilderness areas without significant initial infrastructure. Thus, the surroundings provide better possibilities to build and direct the experiences of tourists in contrast to city tourism where the surroundings are not especially designed for tourism. In this paper we apply an SCM framework to the Levi Fell resort in northern Finland. By identifying some special characteristics of tourism destinations and region‐based tourism production, we further develop the traditional SCM framework in the context of tourism. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Online and off‐line travel packages preferences: a conjoint analysis
Authors: Chiam Michael , Soutar Geoffrey , Yeo Alvin 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPast research has suggested that a number of travel package attributes impact on people's choices. In the present study the impacts of a number of these elements (price, package characteristics, travel agents and a seal of approval) in online and off‐line environments were examined using conjoint analysis. It was found that price had the biggest impact, although travel agent and airline reputation and trustworthiness also impacted on people's preferences. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in the attributes' impacts in the online and off‐line environments. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An economic impact analysis of the Korean exhibition industry
Authors: Kim Samuel Seongseop , Chon Kaye 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis study estimates the multiplier effect of the exhibition industry. In order to calculate the exhibition industry's total expenditure, consideration is made of three major sources of expenditure including hosts, exhibitors and foreign attendees. According to the summary of the economic impact analysis, the total exhibition receipts of US$645.7 million produced US$1.2 billion in output; 21 692 full‐time equivalent jobs, US$260 million in personal income for residents, US$577.4 million in value‐added, US$54.2 million in indirect tax and US$104.3 million in imports. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism and national identity in Uganda
Authors: Lepp Andrew , Harris John 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOver the last decade, international tourism has grown rapidly in Uganda. This has been planned by a small consortium of tourism officials working with the central government. Through data obtained from interviews with Ugandan tourism officials, this paper critically assesses their understandings of tourism's role in Uganda's development. Officials conceptualise tourism as a means of constructing a positive national identity for foreign consumption, and hope that a positive national identity abroad will increase foreign investment and spark development. This research considers (re)presentations of the nation and the way(s) in which Uganda is being developed as a tourist destination. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The destination‐management organisation and the integrative destination‐marketing process
Authors: Elbe Jörgen , Hallén Lars , Axelsson Björn 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA main function of destination‐management organisations (DMOs) is that of being responsible for marketing their destinations. Many destinations involve stakeholders of different kinds. DMOs often have modest resources, and this creates a challenge: how should the DMO manage their marketing activities and achieve an outcome that benefits both the individual stakeholder and the destination? This study describes how DMOs can mobilise resources among the stakeholders and identifies the processes leading to integrated destination marketing. Basing our conclusions on a case study, we find that DMOs need to develop both pragmatic and moral legitimacy in order to develop integrated destination marketing. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Layer‐by‐Layer Buildup of Poly(L‐glutamic acid)/Chitosan Film for Biologically Active Coating
Authors: Song Zhijiang , Yin Jingbo , Luo Kun , Zheng Yanzhen , Yang Yan , Li Qiong , Yan Shifeng , Chen Xuesi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA new biocompatible film based on chitosan and poly(L‐glutamic acid) (CS/PGA), created by alternate deposition of CS and PGA, was investigated. FT‐IR spectroscopy, UV‐vis spectroscopy and QCM were used to analyze the build‐up process. The growth of CS and PGA deposition are both exponential to the deposition steps at first. After about 9 (CS/PGA) depositions, the exponential to linear transition takes place. QCM measurements combined with UV‐vis spectra revealed the increase in the multilayer film growth at different pH (4.4, 5.0 and 5.5). The build‐up of the multilayer stops after a few depositions at pH = 6.5. A muscle myoblast cell (C2C12) assay showed that (CS/PGA)n multilayer films obviously promote C2C12 attachment and growth.magnified image
Self‐Assembling Diblock Copolymers of Poly[N‐(2‐hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] and a β‐Sheet Peptide
Authors: Radu Larisa Cristina , Yang Jiyuan , Kopeček Jindřich 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe self‐assembly of hybrid diblock copolymers composed of poly(HPMA) and β‐sheet peptide P11 (CH3CO‐QQRFQWQFEQQ‐NH2) blocks was investigated. Copolymers were synthesized via thiol‐maleimide coupling reaction, by conjugation of semitelechelic poly(HPMA)‐SH with maleimide‐modified β‐sheet peptide. As expected, CD and CR binding studies showed that the peptide block imposed its β‐sheet structural arrangement on the structure of diblock copolymers. TEM and AFM proved that peptide and these copolymers had the ability to self‐assemble into fibrils.magnified image
Hybrid Compound Block Copolymer Micelles Encapsulating Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Mantzaridis Christos , Pispas Stergios 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report here on the formation of hybrid compound block copolymer micelles encapsulating gold nanoparticles, utilizing a direct and general preparation method. The giant hybrid compound micelles are structured with micelles of PS‐b‐P2VP with gold nanoparticles in their P2VP core and PI‐b‐PS chains as the outer part of the compound micelles. The gold nanoparticles were produced using gold ion‐loaded PS‐b‐P2VP micelles as a nanoreactor, in a PS selective solvent (toluene), by the subsequent reduction of gold ions. The synthesis of the gold nanoparticles was monitored by UV‐vis spectroscopy. The gold containing micelles were then encapsulated in larger micelles of PI‐b‐PS copolymer, by successive utilization of toluene and heptane with the intermediate evaporation of toluene. The nanoassembly of the compound materials comprised a PI corona and a PS compound core, with P2VP/Au0 domains, and was characterized using UV‐vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy.magnified image
Sensitivity of the LHN scheme to non‐rain echoes
Authors: Rossa Andrea , Leuenberger Daniel 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRadar‐derived quantitative precipitation estimates (QPE) are becoming an increasingly important element in high‐resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP). As such they complement conventional data like surface or upper‐air observations. Unlike the latter, radar data exhibit a highly variable quality, in that they are affected by a number of factors that limit their accuracy in estimating precipitation at the surface. In the context of assimilating radar‐derived QPE in high‐resolution NWP models this poses two salient questions, i.e. how is a specific assimilation scheme affected by errors in the observations, and how can such variable quality be accounted for?This paper addresses the first question and presents a sensitivity study of the Latent Heat Nudging (LHN) scheme in a meso‐gamma scale NWP model to gross errors in the radar data, notably non‐rain echoes. It was found that non‐rain, or clutter, echoes as small as one model pixel can trigger the release of convective instabilities when forced by the LHN scheme, producing model precipitation that is large compared to the original non‐rain signal. Enhancement factors from 3 up to 50 have been found for moderate to high values of CAPE and low to medium intensity clutter signals. Furthermore, the response of the model atmosphere to the forcing was found to be very quick, i.e. on the time scale of convection (less than 10 min for strong forcing to a couple of hours for moderate forcing). Large coherent areas of non‐rain echoes were found to be more likely to initiate such erroneous precipitation enhancement than scattered gridbox‐sized signals. Finally, non‐rain echoes resulting from anomalous propagation of the radar beam, by virtue of the usually very stable conditions with which they are associated, are not very conducive to rainfall amplification. However, a strong spurious vertical circulation, along with undesired mixing, may be induced and adversely impact the local structure of the simulation. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society