bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of bispectral index during recovery from general anesthesia with 2% propofol and remifentanil in children
Authors: PARK HYE‐JIN , KIM YONG LAK , KIM CHONG SUNG , KIM SEONG DEOK , KIM HEE‐SOO 
Published: October 2006

SummaryBackground : The bispectral (BIS) index is a pharmacodynamic measure of the effect of anesthesia on the central nervous system. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between BIS index and predicted plasma concentration of propofol delivered by target controlled infusion (TCI) during emergence in children.Methods : With approval of IRB, 30 patients (2–7 years) were included in this study. Anesthesia was with TCI propofol 3–5 μg·ml−1 and remifentanil 7.5 ng·ml−1 to maintain BIS 40–60 and the propofol concentration was fixed at 3 μg·ml−1 Remifentanil infusion was stopped 10 min before the end of surgery. BIS values were recorded after reducing propofol in decrement of 0.2 μg·ml−1. BIS values were checked when spontaneous respiration occurred and children were able to obey a command (eye opening or hand grasping).Results : Spearman's correlation analysis showed negative correlation between BIS and propofol plasma concentration (r = −0.559, P < 0.001). When respiration returned, mean BIS was 77.2 ± 5.3 and propofol plasma concentration 1.6 ± 0.3 μg·ml−1 and when a verbal command was obeyed, BIS was 82.4 ± 5.6 and propofol plasma concentration 1.5 ± 0.3 μg·ml−1.Conclusions : In preschool children, BIS moderately correlated with the predicted plasma concentration of propofol.
Expression and prognostic significance of Stat5a and E‐cadherin in extramammary Paget’s disease
Authors: Liu Houjun , Urabe Kazunori , Uchi Hiroshi , Takeuchi Satoshi , Nakahara Takeshi , Dainichi Teruki , Tu Yating , Furue Masutaka , Moroi Yoichi 
Published: October 2006

Background:  Stat5 has been shown to regulate the proliferation and inhibition of apoptosis in cancer cells. E‐cadherin plays an important role in maintaining epithelial stability and is widely regarded as a prognostic marker in many types of human cancers. The expression of Stat5 has not been investigated in extramammary Paget’s disease (EMPD).Objectives:  To study the expression of Stat5a and E‐cadherin protein in EMPD and to evaluate the relationships between them.Methods:  Thirty‐six tissue samples from 34 cases with primary EMPD were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for Stat5a and E‐cadherin.Results:  Twenty‐nine of 30 in situ EMPD specimens were positive for Stat5a expression, and the staining pattern for Stat5a was mainly nuclear in the majority of Paget’s cells. All four invasive specimens and two metastatic lymph node specimens were negative for Stat5a. Twenty‐six of 30 in situ EMPD specimens expressed E‐cadherin in more than 50% of tumor cells, and three of 30 in situ EMPD specimens expressed E‐cadherin in less than 50% of tumor cells. One in situ EMPD specimen and one invasive specimen expressed E‐cadherin in less than 25% of tumor cells. Three invasive specimens and two metastatic lymph node specimens were negative, with occasional membranous staining for E‐cadherin. There is a significant correlation between the expression of Stat5a and E‐cadherin.Conclusions:  Our results showed that these proteins were found in in situ lesions, and it is speculated that these proteins may play some role in the prognosis/invasion of EMPD.
Skeletal muscle regeneration: report of a case presenting as a cutaneous nodule following blunt trauma to the lip
Authors: Ghosn Samer H. , Radfar Arash , Stefanato Catherine M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract:  Skeletal muscle (SM) regeneration is a pleomorphic yet benign reaction pattern that follows injury to SM and has been reported to simulate histologically various malignancies such as squamous cell carcinoma and rhabdomyosarcoma.A 61‐year‐old man presented with a 4‐month history of an enlarging nodule on the upper lip following blunt trauma. An initial punch biopsy was non‐diagnostic. A deeper biopsy revealed a multilobular proliferation of atypical and pleomorphic cells with vesicular nuclei, prominent nucleoli, and large amphophilic cytoplasm. Immunoperoxidase studies showed these cells to be positive for muscle‐specific actin and desmin and negative for S‐100 protein and smooth muscle actin. Based on these findings, a diagnosis of skeletal muscle regeneration (SMR) was made.To our knowledge, this is the first report of SMR presenting clinically as a rapidly growing cutaneous nodule on the lip following blunt trauma.
Human disturbance, climate and biodiversity determine biological invasion at a regional scale
Authors: ZHANG Zhibin , XIE Yan , WU Yuming 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMany factors may affect biological invasion, but their effects have not been quantitatively calculated. Recent studies on the relationship between biodiversity and biological invasion are still controversial. Native biodiversity and alien species diversity are often positively correlated in large‐scale observation studies, but negatively correlated in small‐scale experimental studies. By using partial correlation and principal component regression methods, we found that human disturbance, climate, native biodiversity and their interactions explained, respectively, 30.3, 34.6, 26.4 and 4.4% of the variation in alien species diversity (ASD) and 50.3, 22.2, 10.8 and 5.5% of the variation in the relative invasibility of alien species (RIA = ASD/native biodiversity) at the regional scale in China. The correlation between ASD and native biodiversity is positive, but the correlation between RIA and native biodiversity is negative. Island and coastal provinces have suffered heavier biological invasions than inland provinces. These findings indicate that biological invasion is mostly determined by human disturbance and favorable climate, but less determined by native biodiversity. A disturbance‐dependent niche‐vacancy hypothesis is proposed to explain the contradictory observations in large‐and small‐scale studies.
Multidisciplinary consensus on the terminology and classification of complaints of the arm, neck and/or shoulder
Authors: Huisstede B M A , Miedema H S , Verhagen A P , Koes B W , Verhaar J A N 
Published: October 2006

Background:There is no universally accepted way of labelling or defining upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders. A variety of names are used and many different classification systems have been introduced.Objective:To agree on an “unambiguous language” concerning the terminology and classification that can be used by all relevant medical and paramedical disciplines in the Netherlands.Methods:A Delphi consensus strategy was initiated. The outcomes of a multidisciplinary conference were used as a starting point. In total, 47 experts in the field of upper-extremity musculoskeletal disorders were delegated by 11 medical and paramedical professional associations to form the expert panel for the Delphi consensus strategy. Each Delphi round consisted of a questionnaire, an analysis and a feedback report.Results:After three Delphi rounds, consensus was achieved. The experts reported the consensus in a model. This so-called CANS model describes the term, definition and classification of complaints of arm, neck and/or shoulder (CANS) and helps professionals to classify patients unambiguously. CANS is defined as “musculoskeletal complaints of arm, neck and/or shoulder not caused by acute trauma or by any systemic disease”. The experts classified 23 disorders as specific CANS, because they were judged as diagnosable disorders. All other complaints were called non-specific CANS. In addition, the experts defined “alert symptoms” on the top of the model.Conclusions:The use of the CANS model can increase accurate and meaningful communication among healthcare workers, and may also have a positive influence on the quality of scientific research, by enabling comparison of data of different studies.
Occupational exposure to low frequency magnetic fields and dementia: a case–control study
Authors: Seidler Andreas , Geller Petra , Nienhaus Albert , Bernhardt Tanja , Ruppe Ingeburg , Eggert Siegfried , Hietanen Maila , Kauppinen Timo , Frölich Lutz 
Published: October 2006

Background:Several studies point to a potential aetiological relevance to dementia of exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields, but the evidence is inconclusive.Objective:To further examine the relationship between low frequency magnetic fields and dementia.Methods:From 23 general practices, 195 patients with dementia were recruited. Of these, 108 had possible Alzheimer’s disease, 59 had possible vascular dementia and 28 had secondary or unclassified dementia. A total of 229 controls were recruited: 122 population controls and 107 ambulatory patients free from dementia. Data were gathered in a structured personal interview; in cases, the interview was administered to the next of kin. Exposure to low-frequency electromagnetic fields was assessed by expert rating. To identify occupations suspected to be associated with dementia, major occupations were a priori formed. Odds ratios were calculated using logistic regression, to control for age, region, sex, dementia in parents and smoking.Results:Exposure to magnetic fields was not significantly associated with dementia; restriction of the analysis to cases with possible Alzheimer’s disease or possible vascular dementia did not lead to statistically significant results. We found an increased risk of dementia in blue-collar occupations (electrical and electronics workers, metal workers, construction workers, food and beverage processors and labourers).Conclusions:Our study does not support a strong association between occupational exposure to low-frequency magnetic fields and dementia. Further studies should consider the relationship between blue-collar work and the late development of dementia.
EFFECT OF PHYSICAL THERAPY ON WOMAC SCORES AND QUALITY OF LIFE IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS
Authors: Dinçer Fitnat , Erol Özlem , Atalay Ayçe 
Published: October 2006

Objective: To assess effect of physical therapy including both physical agents and exercise on pain, physical functioning and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis.Methods: Twenty-seven patients (25 female and two male) with knee osteoarthritis were included in the study. Besides sociodemographic variables, presence of chronic diseases, analgesic use, recreational activites were recorded. A standard knee examination was performed and anteroposterior and lateral knee radiographs were obtained. Pain was measured using visual analogue scale (VAS), numeric scale and Likert scale. Pain, stiffness and physical function was assessed using Likert-scaled version of the Western Ontario McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC). For quality of life evaluation Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 (SF-36) was utilized. Evaluations were done at baseline and 1 month after completion of physical therapy sessions.Results: Significant reduction of pain measurements namely VAS, numeric scale and Likert scale was observed as a result of physical treatment (p = 0.0001, p = 0.0001 and p = 0.001 respectively). In all 3 subscores of WOMAC (pain, stiffness and physical function) significant improvement was noted due to treatment (p = 0.0001, p = 0.012 and p = 0.0001 respectively). Similarly, physical functioning, role-physical, bodily pain and vitality and social functioning subscores demonstrated significant reductions after therapy. (p = 0.039, p = 0.001, p = 0.0001, p = 0.001 and p = 0.035 respectively).Conclusion: Physical therapy including both physical agents and exercise leads to signifcant improvements in pain, physical functioning and quality of life. This change was demonstrated by both generic and disease specific outcome measures.
Hurricane Isabel (2003): New Insights into the Physics of Intense Storms. Part I: Mean Vortex Structure and Maximum Intensity Estimates
Authors: Montgomery Michael T. , Bell Michael M. , Aberson Sim D. , Black Michael L. 
Published: October 2006

This study is an observational analysis of the inner-core structure, sea surface temperature, outflow layer, and atmospheric boundary layer of an intense tropical cyclone whose intensity and structure is consistent with recent numerical and theoretical predictions of superintense storms. The findings suggest new scientific challenges for the current understanding of hurricanes.
Unprecedented observations of the category-5 Hurricane Isabel (2003) were collected during 12–14 September. This two-part article reports novel dynamic and thermodynamic aspects of the inner-core structure of Isabel on 13 September that were made possible by analysis of these data. Here, a composite of the axisymmetric structure of the inner core and environment of Isabel is estimated using global positioning system dropwindsondes and in situ aircraft data. In Part II, an extreme wind speed observation on the same day is discussed in the context of this work.
The axisymmetric data composite suggests a reservoir of high-entropy air inside the low-level eye and significant penetration of inflowing near-surface air from outside. The analysis suggests that the low-level air penetrating the eye is enhanced thermodynamically by acquiring additional entropy through interaction with the ocean and replaces air mixed out of the eye. The results support the hypothesis that this high-entropy eye air “turboboosts” the hurricane engine upon its injection into the eyewall clouds. Recent estimates of the ratio of sea-to-air enthalpy and momentum exchange at high wind speeds are used to suggest that Isabel utilized this extra power to exceed the previously assumed intensity upper bound by 10–35 m s−1 for the given environmental conditions. Additional study with other datasets is encouraged to further test the superintensity hypothesis.
GSWP-2: Multimodel Analysis and Implications for Our Perception of the Land Surface
Authors: Dirmeyer Paul A. , Gao Xiang , Zhao Mei , Guo Zhichang , Oki Taikan , Hanasaki Naota 
Published: October 2006

Quantification of sources and sinks of carbon at global and regional scales requires not only a good description of the land sources and sinks of carbon, but also of the synoptic and mesoscale meteorology. An experiment was performed in Les Landes, southwest France, during May–June 2005, to determine the variability in concentration gradients and fluxes of CO2 The CarboEurope Regional Experiment Strategy (CERES; see also http://carboregional.mediasfrance.org/index) aimed to produce aggregated estimates of the carbon balance of a region that can be meaningfully compared to those obtained from the smallest downscaled information of atmospheric measurements and continental-scale inversions. We deployed several aircraft to sample the CO2 concentration and fluxes over the whole area, while fixed stations observed the fluxes and concentrations at high accuracy. Several (mesoscale) meteorological modeling tools were used to plan the experiment and flight patterns.
Results show that at regional scale the relation between profiles and fluxes is not obvious, and is strongly influenced by airmass history and mesoscale flow patterns. In particular, we show from an analysis of data for a single day that taking either the concentration at several locations as representative of local fluxes or taking the flux measurements at those sites as representative of larger regions would lead to incorrect conclusions about the distribution of sources and sinks of carbon. Joint consideration of the synoptic and regional flow, fluxes, and land surface is required for a correct interpretation. This calls for an experimental and modeling strategy that takes into account the large spatial gradients in concentrations and the variability in sources and sinks that arise from different land use types. We briefly describe how such an analysis can be performed and evaluate the usefulness of the data for planning of future networks or longer campaigns with reduced experimental efforts.
Effect of Stable Layer Formation over the Po Valley on the Development of Convection during MAP IOP-8
Authors: Reeves Heather Dawn , Lin Yuh-Lang 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDuring intensive observation period (IOP)-8 of the Mesoscale Alpine Program, there was a stable layer of air in the lowest levels of the Po Valley and just upstream of the Apennines. In this study, the effects of the stable layer on the formation of convection in the southern Alpine region were investigated through a series of two-dimensional, idealized experiments. The goals of this study were twofold: 1) to determine if stable layer strength affected the placement of convection and 2) to test the notion that the stable layer during IOP-8 behaved as an effective mountain. To accomplish the first objective, three simulations were compared in which the strength of the inversion and low-level cooling in the Po Valley and upstream of the Apennines was varied. The results of these simulations show that the stronger the inversion and low-level cooling, the farther south the convection was positioned. Additionally, it was found that convection developed as a result of the formation of a broad region of moist instability over the stable layer. Cellular convection developed in this region of moist instability. The second objective was tested through a simulation where the cold pool was replaced by terrain (MMTN). As in the reference (or STB10) simulation, the upslope of the terrain in the MMTN simulation was characterized by a wide zone of moist instability. However, wave structures to the lee of the Apennines were markedly different in the STB10 and MMTN simulations. This led to different convective and precipitation patterns, with the MMTN simulation exhibiting heavier convection over the Po Valley while the heaviest convection in STB10 was upstream of the Apennines. These results suggest that, at best, the stable layer in the STB10 simulation can only be roughly approximated by terrain.
Vertical Moist Thermodynamic Structure and Spatial–Temporal Evolution of the MJO in AIRS Observations
Authors: Tian Baijun , Waliser Duane E. , Fetzer Eric J. , Lambrigtsen Bjorn H. , Yung Yuk L. , Wang Bin 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The atmospheric moisture and temperature profiles from the Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit on the NASA Aqua mission, in combination with the precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), are employed to study the vertical moist thermodynamic structure and spatial–temporal evolution of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The AIRS data indicate that, in the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, the temperature anomaly exhibits a trimodal vertical structure: a warm (cold) anomaly in the free troposphere (800–250 hPa) and a cold (warm) anomaly near the tropopause (above 250 hPa) and in the lower troposphere (below 800 hPa) associated with enhanced (suppressed) convection. The AIRS moisture anomaly also shows markedly different vertical structures as a function of longitude and the strength of convection anomaly. Most significantly, the AIRS data demonstrate that, over the Indian Ocean and western Pacific, the enhanced (suppressed) convection is generally preceded in both time and space by a low-level warm and moist (cold and dry) anomaly and followed by a low-level cold and dry (warm and moist) anomaly.
The MJO vertical moist thermodynamic structure from the AIRS data is in general agreement, particularly in the free troposphere, with previous studies based on global reanalysis and limited radiosonde data. However, major differences in the lower-troposphere moisture and temperature structure between the AIRS observations and the NCEP reanalysis are found over the Indian and Pacific Oceans, where there are very few conventional data to constrain the reanalysis. Specifically, the anomalous lower-troposphere temperature structure is much less well defined in NCEP than in AIRS for the western Pacific, and even has the opposite sign anomalies compared to AIRS relative to the wet/dry phase of the MJO in the Indian Ocean. Moreover, there are well-defined eastward-tilting variations of moisture with height in AIRS over the central and eastern Pacific that are less well defined, and in some cases absent, in NCEP. In addition, the correlation between MJO-related midtropospheric water vapor anomalies and TRMM precipitation anomalies is considerably more robust in AIRS than in NCEP, especially over the Indian Ocean. Overall, the AIRS results are quite consistent with those predicted by the frictional Kelvin–Rossby wave/conditional instability of the second kind (CISK) theory for the MJO.
Household, hotel and market waste audits for composting in Vietnam and Laos
Authors: Byer Philip H. , Hoang Chi Phuong , Nguyen Thi Thuc Thuy , Chopra Sangeeta , Maclaren Virginia , Haight Murray 
Published: October 2006

In Da Nang and Ha Long, Vietnam and in Vientiane, Laos, there was interest by local authorities in separating and composting waste in order to reduce environmental and health problems at the local landfills and to produce a soil conditioner for local agricultural use. To assist in the planning of composting projects, three studies were carried out to estimate waste quantities and composition. 1. A 9-day audit of waste from 45 vendors in a market in Vientiane, the capital of Laos. The total quantity of waste and the quantity in each of nine categories were estimated for each of six different types of vendors. 2. A 7-day audit of waste disposed by three hotels in the tourist area of Ha Long, Vietnam. Waste quantities were estimated in total, on a per guest basis, and in three main categories: compostables, recyclables and miscellaneous. 3. A 7-day audit of waste collected from 74 households in Da Nang, the fourth largest city in Vietnam. Waste from each household was separated into compostable and non-compostable waste. Over 60% of each waste source comprised compostable waste and this was considered significant enough to warrant further planning of composting operations.
The relationship between patient satisfaction and treatment outcomes in schizophrenia
Authors: Chue Pierre 
Published: October 2006

In recent years, the goals of treatment in schizophrenia have evolved from objective improvements in psychotic symptoms to encompass patient-related factors such as subjective response and quality of life. In order to examine factors that influence patient satisfaction with treatment, subjective quality of life and subjective response to treatment, two literature searches were performed using PubMed. The first searched for articles of any kind with no time limits using the search parameters ‘schizophrenia AND satisfaction’, ‘antipsychotic AND satisfaction’, ‘schizophrenia AND subjective response’, ‘schizophrenia AND therapeutic alliance’, ‘schizophrenia AND psychosocial OR psychoeducation’. Secondly, PubMed was searched between January 1990 and December 2005 using the key words ‘satisfaction’, ‘subjective response’ and ‘quality of life’ in combination with an array of atypical agents.Results demonstrated that patient satisfaction with antipsychotic therapy is influenced by multiple factors. The most frequently reported reasons for dissatisfaction include drug side effects, lack of involvement in treatment planning or decision-making and lack of involvement of family members in the care plan. The majority of studies have demonstrated that the atypical antipsychotics are associated with significant improvements in quality of life, functional status and patient satisfaction compared with conventional agents. The therapeutic alliance is key to achieving optimal outcomes, by providing information and education to meet patients’ needs, while facilitating compliance with drug therapy to ensure better clinical outcomes. A long-acting atypical antipsychotic that can ensure medication delivery will provide a platform for psychosocial interventions, and thus may further increase patient satisfaction and, ultimately, improve long-term outcomes in schizophrenia.