bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Poverty and profit in Central American forest policies
Authors: Guess George M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe failure of forestry to contribute to poverty reduction in Central America is due to public policies which inhibit its profitability. Absence of public regulation of harvesting and competing subsidies to agriculture keep forestry stumpage prices artificially low. This encourages destruction of the forest resource, which damages both the environment and the potential to reduce poverty. A comparison of Costa Rica and Honduras reveals two dissimilar approaches toward forest policy. While Costa Rica attempts to raise producer and grower stumpage prices by tax credits, soft loans and differential species fees, Honduras enforces price ceilings and uses centralized authority to control forest production and export. Both countries exhibit weaknesses in the management control cycle of programming, budgeting, implementing and evaluating their forest policies. Yet the Costa Rican approach has increased stumpage prices already, which bodes well for their forest sector. By contrast, the major beneficiary of Honduran forest policy has been COHDEFOR, the state enterprise responsible for forestry management, controlling production, and running its national system of agroforestry cooperatives. Despite greater public authority and resources than the Costa Rican forest service (DGF), the Honduran forest policy is not likely to increase producer profitability or reduce poverty in the near future.
Determinants of success in African local governments: An overview
Authors: Olowu Dele , Smoke Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA potentially useful method for determining how to design viable and competent local government systems is to examine local authorities that function effectively. This paper synthesizes the major findings of seven case studies of ‘successful’ local governments in Sub‐saharan Africa, highlighting the principal factors contributing to their success and exploring ways in which they could further improve their performance. The determinants of success identified in the studies include: location in an area with an adequate economic base; well‐defined responsibilities in a satisfactory legal framework; capacity to mobilize sufficient resources; supportive central government activities; and appropriate management practices, including development of productive internal and external relations and satisfactory responsiveness to constituents. All of these factors are considered to be necessary, but none is independently sufficient to guarantee success, which is a multidimensional and cumulative process of achievement.
Zambia's local administration act, 1980: A critical appraisal of the integration objective
Authors: Mukwena Royson M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1980 administrative reforms were announced in Zambia which aimed at integrating the party, central government departments, and local authorities. Over 10 years have now elapsed since the announcement of the reforms and to date the envisaged integration has not been realized. The problems and prospects of the envisaged integration are examined. Integration has not been possible due to lack of a formula for it. It is not possible in an atmosphere where the District Council operates without a Development Plan whilst the various central government departments and agencies follow their own plans. The real aim of the integration was to revive the demoralized and ineffective UNIP organization at grass‐roots level. The dysfunctions of political control in the Zambian context are examined. What local councils, central government departments and parastatals require is coordination and not integration with the party or an increase in political control. The reintroduction of multi‐partyism has improved the prospects for this development.
Creating a national NGO council for strengthening social welfare services in Africa: Some organizational and technical problems experienced in Malawi
Authors: Simukonda H. P. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn 1985, Malawi's social welfare organizations formed the Council for Social Welfare Services in an attempt to strengthen the delivery of social welfare services to the underprivileged. This was to be achieved with more formalized, co‐ordinated functioning among organizations and a better system for assessing the technical, financial and training needs of the organizations and the population and for meeting them. This paper examines the feasibility of finding such an organization that works. It focuses on problems such as the heterogeneity of social welfare organizations in terms of origin, objective guidelines and operational cultures, as well as the feasibility of getting the necessary co‐operation to strengthen the council's resource and authority capacity to meet its own objectives. The overall view in this paper is that the council has a long way to go before it achieves the situation for which it stands, if that is at all possible, because of the idiosyncratic nature of social welfare organizations.
Towards a stages theory approach to privatization
Authors: Odle Maurice 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn analysing the path of optimal sequencing of privatizations by public administrations, it is too simplistic to characterize the process as one in which in the early phase small state‐owned enterprises are disposed of and, in the later stage, the larger enterprises. Such a dichotomy fails to capture fully the market failure elements, technological dimensions, sociological imperatives and political constraints that help to determine the choice and timing of enterprises to be privatized. Rather, the privatization experience of the developing and developed countries, including the former centrally planned economies, can be eclectically analysed as traditional, transitional and transformation stages in an almost inexorable movement towards a pure capitalist economy. In the traditional stage, countries have tended to privatize those enterprises for which the private sector has an obvious comparative advantage. In the transitional stage, the privatization programme includes certain important enterprises, which, despite a considerable amount of government subsidy or tariff protection, have performed ‘inefficiently’. In the stage of transformation from a still basically mixed economy to a near pure capitalist economy, there is privatization of the strategic enterprises. Although the stages approach varies between countries, the above‐mentioned sequencing allows for more effective cumulative internalization of the learning experience.
Revitalizing public management training in the Americas
Authors: Graham Lawrence S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe decade of the 1980s signalled major changes within public administration and development‐oriented activities. As a consequence of the internationalization of the agendas of practitioners and academics working in these areas, there is today a growing convergence among public policy, public management, public administration and political science. Given the complexity of the public sector cross‐nationally, what has become necessary in public management education is the design of programmes that meet specific needs and priorities and which are responsive to very different national settings. This particular case study is centred around one endeavour to achieve more effective interfacing between theory and practice, in the teaching of public management and the design of development programmes in the United States (US). It is based on an assessment of a 10‐year co‐operative endeavour between the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration and the US Agency for International Development. The outcomes of this project provided not only leverage for important changes in the teaching programmes of schools concerned with international management education but also built a new relationship between government and a non‐governmental organization through the contacting out of management development work.
The evolutionary life cycles of non‐governmental development organizations
Authors: Avina Jeffrey 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article argues that non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) active in community development exhibit different organizational characteristics at different phases of their evolution. Being able to recognize the characteristic descriptive elements of the different phases of organizational development better positions one to understand the nature of an NGO's relationship with donors, beneficiaries and the world around it. Perhaps more importantly, recognizing what phase of its organizational development cycle an NGO is in will assist the practitioner to understand the types of problems the NGO may be facing, their cause and the range of options available for problem resolution.
Institutional development in World Bank projects: Analytical approaches and intervention designs
Authors: Brinkerhoff Derick W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis article examines a random sample of World Bank projects in order to identify the methods of institutional analysis (IA) and resulting institutional development (ID) strategies employed. The findings confirm impressionistic data which indicate that IA in World Bank projects is highly standardized, and concentrates on factors internal to the organization at the expense of external environmental factors, particularly as these are reflected in the needs of stakeholders and customers. ID is an integral part of most Bank projects, and the trend is shown to be towards increasing attention to ID. The nature of ID in World Bank projects reflects the inward orientation of IA, with strong emphasis given to training and development as a standard solution. It is concluded that IA and ID which are broader in scope will improve project design and impact.
Post‐communist transition of local government in Hungary: Managing emergency social aid
Authors: Fábián Katalin , Straussman Jeffrey D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractTensions are embedded in post‐communist transitions. Public policies exhibit the disharmony between two different and often competing objectives: (1) developing a fully operational market economy within a democratic context and (2) maintaining social protections in the form of a wide array of social benefits. One challenge for post‐communist regimes is the management of this tradeoff. This challenge is observed through an analysis of the administration of emergency social aid in Hungary.The analysis shows that post‐communist transitions, as exemplified by the efforts to build local government capacity in Hungary, experience problems of sequencing. In particular, equity decisions are difficult to manage not only because they have their roots in socialist ideology and the policies of the former regime, but also because the increasing number of vulnerable populations makes welfare considerations a politically sensitive task now more than ever before. Meanwhile, the institutional processes needed to manage tensions are fluid and immature. Ultimately the success of the post‐communist transition in Hungary (and elsewhere in Central and Eastern Europe) will be measured by the ability to build institutions that can manage and consolidate political pressures.
The practice of regional development in Indonesia: Resolving central‐local coordination issues in planning and finance
Authors: Crane Randall 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRenewed interest by the Indonesian government in decentralization and cost‐recovery practices has led to both real and illusory reforms, though the distinction between the two is often not clear. This is particularly true with respect to infrastructure planning and finance. Recently, the allocation criteria for capital grants to local governments have been substantially revised, nearly every year, to reflect long lasting concerns regarding differences in interregional development needs and resources. In addition, the level of funding for local government investment has risen dramatically to support increased local responsibility in planning. Most development spending does not pass through local budgets, however. In either case, the project planning process has remained firmly under the direction of the central government's technical ministries.Infrastructure investment thus tends to be segmented, not only by sector, but also by funding source. The rate at which these two factors balance off in current practice does not indicate a strong commitment to effective decentralization. The article suggests that greater regional government participation in the national planning process would be beneficial. To deal with the fragmented nature of sectoral planning is more problematic, as a more integrated approach would in the long term require either a new layer of bureaucracy or a substantial reorganization of the technical ministries. In the shorter term, a gradual shift toward general purpose grants would also generate regional development plans more consistent with the goals of decentralization while maintaining substantial central control and oversight.
Hochenergieverhalten von Streuamplituden in der Störungstheorie und im multiperipheren Modell
Authors: Sommer G. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA review is given of theorems and models for the high energy behaviour of scattering amplitudes. Furthermore it is shown that the scattering amplitude at extremely high energies cannot be approximated only by the sum of ladder graphs. By substitution of some of the ladder “rungs” by special subgraphs, we find after summing up a scattering amplitude asymptotically larger than the original one. Especially, the sum of all “ladder diagrams with two crossed rungs” exceeds the ladder approximation of the Bethe‐Salpeter equation by a factor proportional to the logarithm of the energy. This result is true as well in perturbation theory for A3‐coupling as in the framework of the Amati‐Fubini‐Stanghellini model. As a consequence asymptotically the total cross section in the multiperipheral model is not given by the imaginary part of the sum of ladder graphs, but all permutations of the multiperipherically produced particles are important at high energies.
Polarized Proton Targets and Low‐Energy Nucleon‐Nucleon Experiments
Authors: Lehar F. , Winternitz P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe possible use of a polarized proton target in the investigation of low‐energy nucleon‐nucleon interactions is reviewed. The reconstruction of the scattering matrix and verification of P‐, T‐and isotopical invariances are briefly discussed. Possible sources and detectors of polarized particles are considered. The problem of phase‐shift analysis and nucleon‐nucleon potentials are treated in the appendices. Tables of experimental values are given for the polarization of nucleons scattered on nucleons. Experimental quantities determined from the phase‐shift analysis are given in graphs for the energies 14.5 and 23.1 MeV.
On the Renormalization of Feynman Integrals
Authors: Westwater M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAn arbitrary Feynman integral is considered for external momenta in the Euclidean region, the usual rotation of energy contours having been used to write the integral as an integral over Euclidean internal momenta. A compactification of the space of internal momenta is defined, and the Feynman integral is written as the integral of a current on this compact manifold. This presentation of the integral is used to give a proof of the convergence criterion for Feynman integrals, and to show that a well‐defined renormalized integral may be obtained by a subtraction operation or by analytic renormalization.
Thermodynamics under Dynamic Forcing
Authors: Kohler R. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBeginning with a system that is governed by an arbitrary time‐dependent Hamiltonian, we exhibit an existence proof for a unitary generator that has an arbitrary initial value and yet contact transforms the representation to one governed by any given kinematically equivalent Hamiltonian. By choosing the initial value of the unitary operator to be unity, we are able to compare the behaviour of the same system under two different Hamiltonians and the same initial state vector. We thus are able to establish that the eventual physical states evolving from two distinct initial quantum state vectors will become practically indistinguishable under one of the two Hamiltonians if and only if they do so under the other. For the restricted class of systems for which one of the two Hamiltonians is a time‐independent energy operator, and also generates equilibrium thermodynamics, then the condition for merging under the time‐dependent Hamiltonian is the same as under the time‐independent one. The two states must have the same initial energy. As a special case of the above, we choose the time‐independent Hamiltonian to be the relativistic energy measuring operator for the time‐dependent Hamiltonian, as associated with the chosen initial time. If the system under the time‐dependent Hamiltonian is such that its relativistic energy measuring operator for any fixed time generates equilibrium thermodynamics, then we are led rigorously to the conclusion that the instantaneous relativistic energy for the system under the time‐dependent Hamiltonian is simply a well‐defined function of time and depends only on the initial energy and not on any other initial conditions. For a composite system that is of the above type, and in addition consists of one very small system in contact with a very large one, which is called a generalized reservoir, we consider a specific initial physical state for the large system, and various states for the small one. The eventual dynamic state of the composite system is essentially independent of the initial state of the small system which has almost no influence on the total composite energy. Hence the eventual dynamic state of the small system is shown rigorously to be independent of its initial state. For a forced system with a time‐dependent Hamiltonian, we discuss the assignment of equilibrium thermodynamic potentials to a representation with a time‐independent Hamiltonian. We discuss the concept of a process under a time‐dependent Hamiltonian. Such a process is a natural generalization of the static and quasi‐static processes. Also, we verify all of the theory with both general and specific examples of electromagnetic interactions.
Lorentz Covariant Wave Functions and Equations for Elementary Systems
Authors: Fonda Luciano , Ghirardi Gian Carlo 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWe give in this paper a detailed and unified description of the procedures which must be followed for all cases of physical interest to go from the wave functions carrying an irreducible representation of the restricted Poincaré group, to objects having a manifestly covariant behaviour. As well known, for instance for the case of spin 1/2 massive particles, this amounts to performing the inverse of a Foldy‐Wouthuysen transformation.Before coming to the main subject of the paper, the construction of the irreducible representations of the restricted and extended Poincaré group are reviewed. Particular emphasis is given to the physical meaning of the representations and of the invariants which characterize them. After this, we derive manifestly covariant quantities from the wave functions of the irreducible representations of the restricted group for spin 0. 1/2 and 1, massive and massless elementary systems. The corresponding relativistically invariant equations, i.e. the Klein‐Gordon, Dirac, Proca, Weyl and Maxwell equations are then derived. The transformations properties under the transformations of the extended group are also extensively discussed.
Messungen der Phasendifferenz ϕ+− zwischen den Amplituden der Zerfälle KL → π+π− und KS → π+π− und Modelle der CP‐Verletzung
Authors: Kleinknecht K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDie Phasendifferenz ϕ+− zwischen den Amplituden des CP‐verletzenden Zerfalls KL → π+π− und des CP‐erhaltenden Zerfalls KS → π+π− wurde mit zwei verschiedenen Methoden gemessen. Bei beiden Methoden beobachtet man die Intensität von K0 → π+π−‐Zerfällen eines kohärenten Gemischs von KL‐ und KS‐Zuständen als Funktion der Zeit im K0‐Ruhsystem. Zur Herstellung des kohärenten Gemischs wurden entweder mit Hilfe eines Materieblocks in einem KL‐Strahl KS‐Mesonen regeneriert oder mit einem Protonenstrahl ein nahezu „reiner”︁ K0‐Zustand erzeugt, der am Target aus KL‐ und KS‐Amplituden entgegengesetzten Vorzeichens besteht.Die beiden Meßmethoden liefern übereinstimmende Werte für ϕ+−, deren Mittelwert ϕ+− = 42,9° ± 3,2° ist. Dieses Ergebnis ist verträglich mit Modellen, die die CP‐Verletzung als Eigenschaft einer „superschwachen”︁ Wechselwirkung oder eines kleinen Anteils der schwachen Wechselwirkung betrachten. Modelle, in denen die CP‐Verletzung mit ΔI = 3/2‐Strömen in der schwachen Wechselwirkung gekoppelt ist, werden durch diese Experimente ausgeschlossen.
Soft Parametrization of Renormalized Field Theory and Kadanoff Scaling
Authors: Jegerlehner F. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe soft renormalization procedure, proposed by Gomes, Lowenstein and Zimmermann, is applied to the construction of a pre‐scaling (soft) parametrization of renormalized perturbation theory. The global pre‐scaling parameters are directly incorporated into the Lagrangian; resummation problems and subsidiary condition are completely avoided. For the A4‐theory with linear symmetry breaking and the spontaneous limit we give a detailed structural investigation in terms of partial differential equations to all orders of perturbation theory. In the second part the scaling structure and “marginal” corrections to scaling are reconsidered in terms of the soft parametrization. The pre‐scaling parametrization represents a powerful tool in dealing with the field theoretical aspects of critical phenomena.
Comparison of K−p Topological Cross Sections at 32 and 33.8 GeV/c with Lower Energy Data
Authors: Kuhn D. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe K−p experiments at 32.1 GeV/c and 33.8 GeV/c in the Mirabelle bubble chamber are reviewed and the resulting topological cross sections are compared to lower energy data with beam momenta between 4.2 and 16 GeV/c. Some quantities characterizing the multiplicity distributions are compiled for these data and their energy dependence is compared to results from pp experiments. Studying the scaling behavior of the K−p multiplicity distributions, “quasi scaling” is observed for data with pLab ≧ 8.25 GeV/c.
Vacuum Energy‐Density in Quantum Electrodynamics
Authors: Manoukian Edward B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe vacuum energy‐density in quantum electrodynamics is studied by renormalization group techniques as well as a diagrammatic analysis is carried out to investigate the dependence of on an ultraviolet cut‐off as the latter is led to become large. The study corresponds to the situation of finite electrodynamics with the renormalized fine‐structure constant α fixed in the sens of the renormalization group. In this case explicit statements about the problem at hand may be made. In passing a study of the so‐called second Legendre transform method for electrodynamics is given in an appendix.
The Causal Function in Many Body Problems
Authors: Matsumoto Hideki 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAnalytic properties of the causal Green's function in statistical mechanics are investigated. It is shown that the causal function can be obtained as a certain limit of an analytic function. The dual field introduced by Umezawa and Takahashi in their field‐theoretical formulation of statistical mechanics (thermo field dynamics), plays an important role to make the spectral functions real. In a few examples, it is shown explicitly that the Feynman diagram technique is applicable in the thermo‐field dynamics.