bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of endocytosis blocks Wnt signalling to β‐catenin by promoting dishevelled degradation
Authors: Bryja V. , Čajánek L. , Grahn A. , Schulte G. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAim:  The Wnt/Frizzled signalling pathway is highly conserved through evolution. Frizzled, the receptors for Wnts, have the topology of seven transmembrane spanning domain receptors. An important means of regulation of these receptors is internalization and desensitization through clathrin‐mediated endocytosis. Therefore, we investigated the effects of endocytosis inhibition on Frizzled4‐green fluorescent protein (FZD4‐GFP) localization, dishevelled levels and Wnt‐3a signalling to β‐catenin.Methods:  Experiments were performed in the mouse neuronal cell line SN4741 that has previously proven to be valuable for the investigation of Wnt/Frizzled signalling. FZD4‐GFP distribution has been examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Dishevelled protein expression levels and the activation of β‐catenin upon treatment with endocytosis inhibitors (hyperosmolaric sucrose and K+ depletion), kinase inhibitors and Wnt‐3a were analysed by immunoblotting.Results:  Hyperosmotic sucrose and K+ depletion increased the membrane localization of FZD4‐GFP, and in parallel triggered fast (1–2 h) and almost complete (approx. 95%) degradation of endogenous dishevelled, which was independent of Wnt‐induced, CK1‐mediated phosphorylation of dishevelled. In addition, dishevelled depletion induced by endocytosis inhibition completely prevented canonical signalling by Wnt‐3a to β‐catenin even when osmotic conditions and endocytosis were reverted to normal.Conclusions:  The data provide evidence for a molecular mechanism that could be a basis for a novel negative feedback loop within the Wnt/Frizzled pathway depending on dishevelled degradation. The identification of molecular details of regulatory mechanisms for the Wnt/Frizzled signalling pathway increases our understanding of pathway regulation, which might be of special physiological significance for embryonic development, cancer and neurological disorders.
Sex differences in mouse heart rate and body temperature and in their regulation by adenosine A1receptors
Authors: Yang J.‐N. , Tiselius C. , Daré E. , Johansson B. , Valen G. , Fredholm B. B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAim: To examine cardiac function, body temperature and locomotor behaviour in the awake adenosine A1receptor knock out mouse of both sexes.Methods: Male and female A1R (+/+) and (−/−) mice, instrumented with telemetric devices, were recorded during basal conditions and after drug administration.Results: Female mice had higher heart rate, body temperature and locomotion, both during daytime and during the night. Awake A1R (−/−) mice had a slightly elevated heart rate, and this was more clear‐cut in males. Heart rate was also higher in Langendorff‐perfused denervated A1R (−/−) hearts. Body temperature was higher in A1R (−/−) males and females; locomotor activity was higher in A1R (−/−) females, but not in males. The adenosine receptor agonist R‐PIA (0.2 mg kg−1) decreased heart rate and body temperature, but less in A1R (−/−) animals than in A1R (+/+) mice (P < 0.001 in both parameters). The unselective adenosine receptor antagonist caffeine had a minor stimulatory effect on heart rate in lower doses, but depressed it at a dose of 75 mg kg−1. Body temperature was increased after a low dose (7.5 mg kg−1) of caffeine in both sexes and genotypes, and markedly reduced after a high dose (75 mg kg−1) of caffeine. An intermediary dose of caffeine 30 mg kg−1increased or decreased body temperature depending on genotype and sex. Locomotor responses to caffeine were variable depending both on genotype and sex.Conclusion: Thus, the adenosine A1receptor is involved in the regulation of heart rate, body temperature and locomotor activity, but the magnitude of the involvement is different in males and females.
Seven transmembrane receptors: something old, something new
Authors: Lefkowitz R. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractReceptors for hormones, neurotransmitters, drugs, sensory stimuli and many other agents represent the gateway to cellular metabolism and activity. They regulate virtually all physiological processes in mammals. Yet as recently as 40 years ago their very existence was still in question. One class of receptors, those coupled to G proteins (also known as GPCRs or seven transmembrane receptors) comprise by far the largest group (approx. 1000), and are the most important target of clinically used drugs. Here I provide a very personal retrospective of research over the past 35 years which ultimately led to the identification, purification, reconstitution and cloning of the adrenergic receptors; the discovery of their homology with the seven transmembrane spanning visual light receptor rhodopsin and the realization that there was a large gene family of G protein coupled receptors; the elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of receptor desensitization and signalling through G protein‐coupled receptor kinases and β‐arrestins; and the appreciation that the structure, signalling, and regulatory mechanisms of the receptors are all highly conserved across the large receptor superfamily.
Regulation of G protein‐coupled receptor trafficking
Authors: Xu Z. ‐Q. D. , Zhang X. , Scott L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractG protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) mediate cellular responses to diverse extracellular stimuli to play a vital role in the control of physiology and behaviour. GPCR trafficking is of fundamental importance for the regulation of GPCRs signaling. In this mini review, we will discuss some of the recent findings on the mechanisms that regulate GPCR trafficking, which include (i) large dense‐core vesicle (LDCV)‐associated GPCR delivery which could be a general cell biological mechanism for rapid modulation of membrane receptors in response to certain stimuli; (ii) lateral diffusion of GPCRs in the plasma membrane for rapid change of the number of neurotransmitter receptors during synaptic plasticity and (iii) constitutive internalization of GPCRs, that contributes to receptor resensitization and distribution, including axonal polarization.
Recent developments in the understanding and management of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
Authors: Hill Anita , Richards Stephen J. , Hillmen Peter 
Published: April 2007

SummaryParoxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) has been recognised as a discrete disease entity since 1882. Approximately a half of patients will eventually die as a result of having PNH. Many of the symptoms of PNH, including recurrent abdominal pain, dysphagia, severe lethargy and erectile dysfunction, result from intravascular haemolysis with absorption of nitric oxide by free haemoglobin from the plasma. These symptoms, as well as the occurrence of thrombosis and aplasia, significantly affect patients’ quality of life; thrombosis is the leading cause of premature mortality. The syndrome of haemolytic‐anaemia‐associated pulmonary hypertension has been further identified in PNH patients. There is currently an air of excitement surrounding therapies for PNH as recent therapeutic developments, particularly the use of the complement inhibitor eculizumab, promise to radically alter the symptomatology and natural history of haemolytic PNH.
Predicting the outcome in non‐Hodgkin lymphoma with molecular markers
Authors: Kwong Yok‐Lam 
Published: April 2007

SummaryThe World Health Organization classification divides non‐Hodgkin lymphomas into B‐cell, T‐cell and natural killer‐cell lymphomas. They are heterogeneous in epidemiology, histopathology and outcome. Clinical prognostic indices rely only on patient factors and staging. Molecular prognostic markers reflect the intrinsic lymphoma biology, measure tumour load and may provide novel therapeutic targets. Lymphomagenesis involves mutations, deletions or dysregulations of genes critical in the control of cell cycle and apoptosis, which are in turn prognostically important. Genome‐wide gene expression profiling, either by allowing lymphomas to be classified according to different stages of lymphoid maturation, or by defining specific gene expression signatures, is also of prognostic significance. In lymphomas where viral infections of the neoplastic cells occur, quantification of viral copies is a surrogate marker for tumour load and hence prognosis. Molecular markers together with patient and clinicopathological features will provide more accurate prognostic models for risk stratification, in order to improve treatment outcome.
VERTICAL MIGRATION OF THE NARCISSUS STEM EELWORM IN SOIL
Authors: Hesling J. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNarcissus stem eelworm, Ditylenchus dipsaci, migrated and infested narcissus plants up to 5 in. above it in soil. The number of attacked plants and severity of bulb damage was less the deeper the eelworm inoculum beneath the bulb. Foliage of attacked plants rarely showed external symptoms, and bulb symptoms were not apparent without dissection. Bulb weight was not affected. Most of the offsets were infested.
ALTERNATIVES TO DDT FOR THE CONTROL OF PRE‐BLOSSOM PESTS ON APPLE
Authors: Gould H. J. , French N. , Vernon J. D. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARY‘Supracide’ and fenitrothion gave good control of many of the pre‐blossom pests of apple, including winter moth, tortricids, aphids and apple sucker. DDT controlled winter moth gave some control of tortricids and apple grass aphid but no control of apple sucker. Azinphos‐methyl controlled winter moth and tortricids but gave variable results for apple sucker and aphids. Phosalone gave control of winter moth and aphids and variable control of tortricids and apple sucker. Carbaryl controlled winter moth and gave variable control of aphids. B. thuringiensis gave no control. More information is needed on the effect of these pesticides on capsids.
Copper, Dithiocarbamates and Organotin Compounds for the Control of Potato Blight, 1962–65
Authors: Jarvis R. H. , Short J. L. , Shotton F. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTrials from 1962–65 at Terrington E.H.F. compared copper oxychloride with other fungicides for the control of potato blight in ‘King Edward’. In two of the four years copper oxychloride gave little or no increase in yield over control. In all years higher yields were obtained from the use of other fungicides (which on all occasions gave positive yield increases over control) except in 1963 when a copper‐maneb spray was very slightly inferior to copper oxychloride.The superior performance of the newer fungicides was not due to better control of foliage blight but to reduced phytotoxicity and, whereas total yield cannot be simply related to the efficacy of foliage blight control, in the 1965 trial good agreement is demonstrated between total yield and haulm death from all causes. Maneb and mancozeb caused no apparent scorch but did not control tuber blight as well as copper. Fentin hydroxide caused appreciable scorch in the presence of aphids but gave outstanding control of tuber blight in 1965.
Verticillium Wilt of Hedysarum coronarium (‘Sulla’)
Authors: Milton J. M. , Isaac Ivor 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA hitherto unrecorded disease of Hedysarum coronarium L. caused by Verticillium dahliae Kleb. is described. The isolate had a marked requirement for biotin, a characteristic it retained even when reisolated from different types of inoculated host plants. Although pathogenicity was readily established in preliminary pot experiments, difficulties were encountered in later years in inducing infection. The most successful method of inoculation was by dipping the roots into a spore suspension of the isolate in water. Variations in a range of soil conditions appeared to have no effect upon the incidence of disease. The isolate induced wilt in garden pea, sweet pea, and sainfoin, caused dark‐brown discoloration of the vascular tissue of apparently healthy broad bean, runner bean, lupin and Brussels sprouts, but had no apparent effect upon lucerne, potato, antirrhinum, chrysanthemum and tomato.
Preliminary Studies on Lettuce Big‐vein Control
Authors: Garrett R. G. , Tomlinson J. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn studies on the control of lettuce big‐vein disease it was found that delay in symptom expression occurred when seedlings were planted into contaminated soil while enclosed in 11/4‐in. sq. peat pots containing autoclaved soil. The consequent reduction in the number of affected plants at harvest was sufficient to warrant the use of the method in commercial practice.The lettuce cultivar ‘Merit’, previously reported to show some tolerance to big‐vein, became as severely affected as control cultivars when inoculated with viruliferous zoospores of a British isolate of Olpidium. Plants of ‘Lobjoit's Green’ cos lettuce showed marked differences in the time taken for symptom expression but tests of their progenies showed that these differences were caused by experimental variation and were not heritable.
A Comparison of Eleven Different Fungicides for Control of Celery Leaf Spot (Septoria apiicola Speg.)
Authors: Sheridan J. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn field trials in England in 1963, of 11 fungicides tested fentin acetatewith‐maneb, Bordeaux mixture (4:5:40) and captafol, gave good control of celery leaf spot (Septoria apiicola Speg.). Fentin acetate‐with‐maneb was significantly better than nine other fungicides, including captafol, but was not significantly better than Bordeaux mixture.
A Technique for Studying Inhibition of the Parasitic Activity of Ophiobolus graminis (Sacc.) Sacc. in Field Soils
Authors: Lester E. , Shipton P. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA new technique is described for demonstrating and measuring inhibition of parasitic activity of Ophiobolus graminis in soils. Results of the use of the technique are presented to show the widespread occurrence of this inhibition in fields with long runs of cereals.
Observations on the Timing of Irrigation and the Incidence of Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Authors: Lapwood D. H. , Lewis B. G. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYCommon scab (Streptomyces scabies) on ‘Majestic’ potato tubers was checked by irrigation maintaining the soil at saturation (‘field capacity’) throughout tbe growing season more than it was by irrigating only before the first tubers had grown to 1/4‐1/2 in. diameter.The stage of the tubers when irrigation was started or stopped affected the distribution of scab lesions on their surfaces and infections were rare on tissue formed when soil was saturated.
Further Observations on the Susceptibility of Maincrop Potato Cultivars to Slug Damage
Authors: Winfield A. L. , Wardlow L. R. , Smith B. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYObservations on two maincrop potato cultivar trials have confirmed that there are marked differences between cultivars in susceptibility to tuber damage by slugs. The cultivars recommended by the N.I.A:B. (and Pentland Falcon) may be categorized as follows: least susceptible to slug damage, Pentland Falcon; moderately susceptible, Pentland Dell, Majestic; more susceptible. Record, Pentland Crown, King Edward (both paracrinkle virus free and paracrinkle infected); most susceptible, Ulster Glade and Maris Piper.
Methyl Bromide Fumigation of Soil Infested by the Fungus Causing Brown Root Rot Complex of Tomatoes and by the Potato Cyst Nematode
Authors: James G. L. , Hague N. G. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn glasshouse soils infested with grey sterile fungus, the cause of brown root rot of tomato, and the potato cyst nematode, methyl bromide fumigation increased yield, and controlled the nematode at all except the lowest treatment applied. In the experiments described here methyl bromide did not affect the development of brown root rot.
Losses of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ Apples During Refrigerated Storage in England, 1961‐65
Authors: Preece T. F 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSurveys of refrigerated stores of ‘Cox's Orange Pippin’ apples in England during four seasons, 1961–65, showed that about six per cent of the stored crop was rejected after storage. Each year, gloeosporium rots were an important cause of rejection but, together with brown rot and other fungal rots, were responsible for only about half of the loss: russetting and bruising were other important causes of loss. Gloeosporium rotting was often associated with severe stalk‐end russetting.
Factors Influencing Pre‐emergence Mortality in Peas
Authors: Matthews S. , Whitbread R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSeedling emergence of 25 samples of wrinkle‐seeded peas (Pisum sativum L.) was determined in unsterilized soil and sterilized sand at 15°C in the laboratory, and in a spring sowing in the field. Seed exudate from the seed samples was examined by steeping seed in water for 24 hours and measuring the electrical conductivity of the steep water and its soluble carbohydrate content. Significant correlations were found between the amount of exudation and the number of viable seed in the test samples (negative) and between the amount of exudation and the predisposition of the viable seed to pre‐emergence mortality (positive). Samples containing a large proportion of seed that readily exuded into steep water showed poor emergence in soil, both in the laboratory and in the field. Pythium spp. were isolated from ungerminated seeds taken from the field and laboratory soil.The role of exudates in stimulating fungal pathogens in soil is discussed as a possible explanation for the association between exudation and predisposition to pre‐emergence mortality. A routine test for indicating seed samples of potentially low field emergence is suggested.
Root Drenches Against the Cabbage Root Fly
Authors: Rosborough T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExperiments were done in Northern Ireland for two seasons using root drenches containing diazinon, mecarbam, chlorfenvinphos and bromophos against the cabbage root fly (Erioischia brassicae Bouche) on cauliflowers. All treatments were generally effective against this pest.
The Resistance of Various Cultivars and Species of Chrysanthemum to White Rust (Puccinia horiana Henn.)
Authors: Dickens J. S. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThirty‐seven cultivars of the florists' chrysanthemum remained uninfected under experimental conditions favouring infection of the susceptible cultivars Golden, Yellow and White Favourite and Yellow Delaware. Although reported in the literature as susceptible, a number of cultivars, including Princess Anne and Brietner, remained uninfected. Twenty‐six other Chrysanthemum species, and some of their cultivars, were also tested and of these only C. yezoense, a number of the hybrids of C. indicum and C. koreanum and also, to a lesser extent, C. nipponicum and C. uliginosum became infected.
The Food of Female Wheat Bulb Flies (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.))
Authors: Raw F. , Jones Margaret G. , Gregory P. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn several areas of England, female wheat bulb flies feed chiefly on the conidiospores of Septomyxa affinis (Sherb.) Wr., a hyphomycete growing on dead wheat leaves and dead Poa annua at or just above the soil surface. The spores may supply the protein needed for the maturation of the eggs.
Viuses in Horseradish
Authors: Hickman Anthea J. , Varma Anupam 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYOf forty‐seven clones of horseradish, originating from several different countries, tested, 30 contained sap‐transmissible viruses; arabis mosaic virus was obtained from 53 per cent of the clones, cabbage black ring spot virus from 36 per cent and cauliflower mosaic virus from 13 per cent. Apical‐meristem culture freed a clone from cabbage black ring spot and cauliflower mosaic viruses.
Hop Black Root‐rot (Phytophthra citricola Sawada) in England
Authors: Royle D. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYRecent outbreaks of hop black root‐rot in England are described in relation to the disease in New Zealand and to previous records in this country.Rates of growth along detached hop storage roots were compared for several isolates of Phytophthora citricola from hop and other host plants. Isolates from New Zealand hops and recently diseased plants in England could not be distinguished from one another, but the original English isolate, obtained in 1942, appeared to be a distinct strain. A number of commercial cultivars exhibited differential responses to infection by the fungus in both detached root and entire rootstock inoculations. The cultivars Northern Brewer and Progress were amongst the most resistant.
Mercury‐resistant Pyrenophora avenae in Northern Ireland Seed Oats
Authors: Malone J. P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExamination of 104 samples of Northern Ireland seed oats showed that 84 were contaminated with Pyrenophora avenae. The fungus from 25 of these samples was resistant to seed treatment with organomercury while from 34 other samples it was susceptible. Mercury resistance was associated with colony appearance in that isolates forming light‐coloured coremial colonies were resistant and those forming dark‐coloured colonies with few coremia were susceptible; both groups were pathogenic to oat seedlings. A sample of organomercurial dust obtained in 1942 had no more effect on the mercury‐resistant P. avenae than a sample of the same brand obtained in 1965. The most effective control treatment was a thiram soak.
Effects of MCPA on Lettuce pro‐inoculated with Lettuce Mosaic Virus
Authors: Way J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSmall lettuce plants were sprayed with MCPA at 0⋅01 Ib/ac 13 days after inoculation with lettuce mosaic virus. Analysis of the subsequent growth of the plants showed that the effects were additive and not synergistic.
Autumn Treatments against Leatherjackets
Authors: LaCroix E. A. S. , Newbold J. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYTrials were carried out to assess the effectiveness of applying insecticides to leatherjackets in the autumn instead of the spring. The control exerted by the autumn treatments was satisfactory.Some alternative insecticides to DDT were also examined. Of these, parathion was outstanding from the aspect of effectiveness and cheapness.
The Effects of Methyl Bromide Fumigation and Grafting on Yield and Root Diseases of Tomatoes
Authors: Upstone M. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMethyl‐bromide (1 lb/100 sq. ft), applied as in commercial practice, gave an increase in yield of both grafted and ungrafted tomato plants in glasshouse soils naturally‐infested with root diseases. Grafted plants greatly outyielded ungrafted plants on treated and untreated soil where phytophthora stem and root rot was present. The effect of the gas on corky root rot varied in the experiments and, on one nursery, control of the disease was not reflected by increased yield.
Examination of Cucumber Seed for Mycosphaerella melonis
Authors: Brown Marion E. , Preece T. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMethods of cucumber seed production in the Lea Valley district of England, where Mvcosphaerella melonis is widespread, were examined in 1967. No evidence that this fungus is seed‐borne on cucumber was obtained. An illustrated description of the pathogen is given, and diagnosis by inoculating test plants described.