bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Respiratory Function and the Chest Radiograph: An Epidemiological Study of the Significance of Minor Radiographic Abnormalities
Authors: Musk A. W. , Gandevia B. , Williams B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Respiratory function and the chest radiograph: An epidemiological study of the significance of minor radiographic abnormalities.Chest radiographs from 62 actively employed industrial workers were examined by six observers for thickening of bronchial walls, attenuation of midzone vessels, overinflation, and abnormal peripheral markings. One observer's findings, presented in detail, were analysed in terms of the results of a wide range of lung function tests; the performance of the remaining observers is summarised. Although overall lung function for the group was within normal limits, the analysis revealed significant associations between the radiographic signs and functional data. Thickened bronchial walls and abnormal peripheral markings were associated with functional evidence of airway disorders, and midzonal vascular attenuation was associated with a large total lung capacity, evidence of airway obstruction and a reduced diffusing capacity: radiographic overinflation was associated with large total lung capacity and evidence of airway obstruction but no decrease in diffusing capacity. Inter‐ and intra‐observer variation among experienced readers was small considering the lack of precise criteria of radiographic abnormality and the relative normality of the population studied. Less experienced observers showed evidence of a learning effect on their second reading.The findings in this series are consistent with the hypothesis that the chest radiograph provides an index of anatomical abnormality which is reflected in changes in respiratory function. This suggests a hitherto unexplored role for the chest radiograph in epidemiological studies.
Pretibial Myxoedema: A Clinical and Pathological Study
Authors: Yeo P. P. B. , Cheah J. S. , Sinniah R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Long acting thyroid stimulator (LATS) has been implicated in the pathogenesis of pretibial myxoedema (PTM). The objective of the present study was to seek evidence for a pathogenic role for LATS in PTM by immunofluorescent antibody study of skin biopsies from these lesions.Six patients (five males and one female) with PTM were studied; one had associated thyroid acropachy. Four were thyrotoxic on presentation, one was euthyroid and the sixth hypothyroid.Immunofluorescent antibody studies showed no difference in the deposition of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in the skins from PTM compared to normal skins adjacent to the lesions, skins of thyrotoxic controls without PTM, and skins of “normal control” subjects.The results gave no support to the hypothesis that PTM results from a local antigen‐antibody tissue reaction.
Radionuclide Quantitation of Left‐to‐Right Cardiac Shunts in Children
Authors: Mcllveen B. M. , Hoschl R. , Murray I. P. C. , McCredie R. M. , Chidiac P. , Marriott D. , Beveridge J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Radionuclide quantitation of left‐to‐right cardiac shunts in children. B. M. Mcllveen, R. Höschl, I. P. C. Murray, R. M. McCredie, P. Chidiac, D. Marriott and J. Beveridge, Aust N.Z. J. Med., 1978, 8, pp. 500–508.In order to evaluate the clinical usefulness of radionuclide methods measuring the magnitude of left‐to‐right cardiac shunts, a comparison has been made of the results obtained using these procedures with those estimated by cardiac catheterization. Seventy children in whom the presence or absence of a shunt had been established, were studied. Two methods for radionuclide shunt quantitation, the pulmonary to systemic blood flow ratio (Qp/Qs) of Maltz and Treves and their modified C2/C1, were evaluated. The former was found to be superior and showed a high correlation of shunt size with the catheter results. With attention to the performance of the investigation and in the data analysis, good discrimination can be achieved between normal patients and those with shunts. Because of the atraumatic nature of the investigation, it is concluded that the procedure is of value in the diagnosis of a cardiac murmur, the assessment of postoperative patients and the follow‐up of patients known to have a small shunt.
Plasma Gonadotrophins and LHRH Infusions in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Beumont P. J. V. , Abraham Suzanne F. , Argall W. J. , Turtle J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Plasma gonadotrophins and LHRH infusions in anorexia nervosa. P. J. V. Beumont, Suzanne F. Abraham, W. J. Argall and J. R. Turtle, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1978, 8, pp. 509–514.Nine female patients with anorexia nervosa were studied, three of them at different stages of weight gain. Basal plasma LH (luteinising hormone) was depressed in emaciated patients, but basal plasma FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) was normal. LH was significantly lower in patients who had been amenorrhoeic for less than 24 months than in those whose amenorrhoea was of longer duration.LH and FSH levels were stimulated by LHRH (luteinizing hormone releasing hormone), infused at a rate of 05 μg/min for four hours. One patient, tested at 60% of standard weight, had no LH response. In all other patients below 70% of standard, the maximal LH response occurred within the first hour of infusion. In patients at higher weights, the LH response was biphasic, and the maximal level was reached during the last hour of the infusion. The FSH response, similarly, approached maximal during the first hour in patients below 70% of standard, but continued to rise throughout the infusion in patients at higher weights. Body weight expressed as a percentage of standard correlated significantly with both phases of the LH response, but not with the FSH response.Most previous authors have found an association between low body weight and depressed pituitary gonadotrophins in anorexia nervosa. The present findings further elucidate this relationship.
Colonic and Oesophageal Disturbance in a Patient with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia, Type 2b
Authors: Cuthbert J. A. , Gallagher N. D. , Turtle J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Colonic and oesophageal disturbance in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b. J. A. Cuthbert, N. D. Gallagher and J. R. Turtle, Aust. N.Z. J. Med, 1978, 8, pp. 518–520.We report the illness of a 32‐year‐old male with the syndrome of multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 2b, which comprises medullary carcinoma of the thyroid, phaeochromo‐cytoma, oral mucosal neuromas and skeletal deformity. The patient also had evidence of ganglioneuromatosis of the alimentary tract, a finding which is held to be responsible for constipation and a number of the other gastrointestinal manifestations of the MEN, 2b. Dysphagia, which has not been previously reported in the syndrome was also present. Investigations of the oesophagus which included endoscopy, radiology and a motility study support the diagnosis of achalasia as the cause of the dysphagia.
Renal Papillary Necrosis Associated with Indomethacin and Phenylbutazone Treated Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Jackson B. , Lawrence J. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary:Renal papillary necrosis associated with indomethacin and phenylbutazone treated rheumatoid arthritis.A case of renal papillary necrosis is reported in a 55‐year‐old man with rheumatoid arthritis. He consumed 1·1 kg indomethacin and 5·5 kg phenylbutazone over the seven years prior to presentation.
The Successful Treatment of Primary Amyloidosis with Intermittent Chemotherapy
Authors: Bradstock K. , Clancy R. , Uther J. , Basten A. , Richards J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The successful treatment of primary amyloidosis with intermittent chemotherapy.A patient with primary amyloidosis is described with extensive vital organ involvement, including infiltration of the liver. kidney and myocardium. Treatment with intermittent melphalan and prednisone resulted in improved hepatic and renal function, a reduction in liver size and arrested amyloid deposition in the myocardium. These observations suggest that chemotherapy can halt tissue amyloid deposition, and improve the prognosis of primary amyloidosis.
Metformin Associated Lactic Acidosis
Authors: Phillips P. J. , Scicchitano R. , Clarkson A. R. , Gilmore H. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Metformin associated lactic acidosis.A case of lactic acidosis occurring in association with inappropriate and excessive metformin therapy and a high serum metformin concentration is described. In the other 23 cases of metformin associated lactic acidosis reported to December 1977, renal, cardiovascular and liver disease were common. Although metformin is less likely to cause lactic acidosis than phenformin, neither drug should be prescribed in the presence of renal, hepatic or cardiovascular disease.
A Variant Chromosomal Translocation Found in a Series of 24 Patients with Philadelphia Positive Chronic Granulocytic Leukaemia*
Authors: Lyall Jan M. , Brodie G. N. , Garson O. Margaret 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A variant chromosomal translocation found in a series of 24 patients with Philadelphia positive chronic granulocytic leukaemia.The bone marrow chromosomes of 24 patients with Philadelphia positive (Ph1) chronic granulocytic leukaemia (CGL) were studied using banding techniques. In 23 patients, the Ptf had been produced by the standard translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22, but in the remaining patient, the Ph1 chromosome had been formed by a translocation between chromosomes 16 and 22. Clinical and haematological details of this patient are reported.
A Status Report on the Management of Solid Tumours
Authors: Levi J. A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A status report on the management of solid tumours.Progressive improvements in the management of certain paediatric and haematological malignancies have provided guidelines for the current approaches to the management of the more common solid tumours of adults. These include precise histopathological grading; comprehensive evaluation of extent of disease; staging classifications accurately correlated with prognosis and progressive evaluation of available therapeutic modalities for all stages of disease in an attempt to define the best combination of local and systemic forms of therapy.Breast cancer is reviewed in detail as an example of the more responsive tumours where screening programs; improvements in pathological and clinical staging and the introduction of systemic chemotherapy together with optimal use of other methods of treatment for the various stages of disease gives hope for a significant improvement in long term survival statistics.Lung cancer has also been reviewed as an example of the more resistant types of cancer where screening programmes and current therapy including the use of combination chemotherapy have given minor encouragement but not had a definite influence on long term survival. Some further gains may still be achieved with currently available techniques but major improvements will probably require the development of better therapeutic tools including radiotherapy with high linear energy transfer particles; new chemotherapeutic agents and specific forms of immunotherapy. It is also quite possible that completely different forms of therapy for these resistant tumours will be necessary to reach the desired goal of long term improvement in survival.
The Aetiology of the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Current Ideas on Breathing and Sleep and Possible Links to Deranged Thiamine Neurochemistry
Authors: Read D. J. C. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The aetiology of the sudden infant death syndrome: Current ideas on breathing and sleep and possible links to deranged thiamine Neurochemistry.The sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is now the commonest cause of death between one week and one year of age in most western countries. An asphyxia/ death, with unrecognised hypoxic episodes during sleep in the preceding weeks, has been postulated from autopsy evidence for both acute and chronic hypoxia; the evidence includes Po2 values, intra‐thoracic distribution of petechiae, pulmonary arteriolar and right ventricular hypertrophy. Long‐term monitoring of infants resuscitated from a “near miss” SIDS demonstrates sleep apnoea, sometimes associated with episodic collapse and obstruction of the upper airway.Physiological studies in healthy babies and animals highlight factors leading to vulnerability to asphyxia in different phases of sleep. In REM‐sleep (rapid‐eye‐movement), inhibition of intercostal muscle activity leads to: inspiratory collapse of the rib‐cage, impaired reflex compensation for airway obstruction, overall lung‐deflation with reduction of O2‐stores and rapid hypoxaemia during apnoea. In REM‐sleep, breathing efforts are not augmented by hypercapnia and the defense against asphyxia depends on reflex responses to hypoxia.Sleep apnoea sometimes occurs in infants with a rare congenital defect of brain thiamine triphosphate. This draws attention to many similarities of modern SIDS and other infantile syndromes reported historically which involve deranged thiamine neurochemistry. Sudden unexpected deaths occur in apparently thriving infants of asymptomatic thiamine deficient mothers. Other similarities include: a peak incidence at 2–4 months of age; precipitation often by minor febrile episodes; seasonal and familial risk factors, with increased risk in twins; many common findings at autopsy.Although asymptomatic maternal thiamine deficiency is common in western communities ingesting high carbohydrate diets containing various thiamine antagonists, the effect on infant thiamine stores has received little attention.Future research is needed to evaluate SIDS incidence after identification and elimination of low thiamine states. Defective neural control of breathing during sleep should be evaluated in relation to thiamine‐neurochemistry, particularly to the leaky blood‐brain barrier, to glutamate and GAB A, to sympathetic denervation and to defective vagal reflexes of the lungs and larynx.
Evaluation and Peer Review of the Role of Specialist and General Medical Units in a Teaching Hospital
Authors: Douglas R. M. , Blood Anne 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Evaluation and peer review of the role of specialist and general medical units in a Caching hospital.The trend toward increasing specialization in the medical wards of teaching hospitals has important implications for future health care delivery and student teaching. A study of the likely implications of a change to a specialty oriented medical admission system at the Royal Adelaide Hospital has shown that already the general physicians are seeing little renal and endocrine disease and, that work satisfaction is greater on the specialty units than on the general medical units. Patient satisfaction marginally favoured the specialty units.A peer review audit method was introduced to try and discern whether the quality of care was significantly different on the two types of units. Most physicians cooperated in at least one or two audits which involved them in judgements about adequacy of casenotes, management decisions, follow‐up arrangements, length of stay and investigations in randomly assigned specialty pairs of patients (cared for by specialist or general units). No clear‐cut trend was discerned favouring specialist or genera list care amongst 17 randomly selected pairs, but this part of the study was never completed, perhaps partly because of lack of enthusiasm for it by busy clinicians. The importance of maintaining a model of generalism for medical students on the teaching hospital campus is discussed in the light of the decline of the role of general physicians.
Alternative Pathway of Complement Activation by Candida Albicans
Authors: Thong Y. H. , Ferrante A. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Alternative pathway of complement activation by Candida albicans. Y. H. Thong and A. Ferrante, Aust. N.Z. J. Med. 1978, 8, pp. 620–622.Activation of the alternative pathway of complement by Candida albicans was examined using a chemotactic assay. Two serologically defined strains and eight clinical isolates of Candida albicans were used in these experiments. The results showed that all ten strains of Candida albicans were capable of alternative complement pathway activation. These findings may provide an insight into host resistance to this infection.
Statistical Analysis of Data from the “Before‐After” Type of Experiments
Authors: Lee James 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Statistical analysis of data from the “before‐after” type of experiments. J. Lee, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1978, 8, pp. 641–645.There are many experiments in which the variable of interest is measured twice from each subject. Supposing a nutrition experiment were conducted to compare two diets on the mean gain in body weight. The body weight of each subject is recorded before the diets are given (initial weight, I) and then at the termination of the experiment (final weight, F). Comparison of mean weight gain is valid only if the distribution of initial weights were comparable between the two groups of subjects. Random allocation of subjects or matching (pairing) can be used at the design stage to enhance the comparability of the subjects in the two groups. However, random allocation does not ensure comparability, especially if the sample sizes were small. Matching does ensure comparability. But in many instances, matching may not be feasible for various logistic reasons. The likely situation is that the mean initial weights will not be comparable in the two groups being compared. Hence, some sort of statistical adjustment at the data‐analytic stage is called for. Statistical adjustment is usually done by either one of these methods: (1) Compare mean weight gain by the usual unpaired X‐test, where weight gain is computed by (F‐l) for each subject, (2) Use covariance adjustment (analysis of covari‐ance) of F using I as the covariate, (3) Compare mean relative (i.e. per cent) weight gain by the unpaired t‐test, where per cent weight gain is computed by 100(F‐1)/1 for each subject.
Surgical Division of an Accessory Atrioventricular Connection in the Posterior Septal Region Following Ventricular Fibrillation in the Wolff‐Parkinson‐White Syndrome*
Authors: Sadick IM. , Baird D. K. , Uther J. B. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Surgical division of an accessory atrioventricular connection in the posterior septal region following ventricular fibrillation in; the Wolff‐Parkinson‐White syndrome. N. Sadick,;D. K. Baird and J. B. Uther, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1978, 8, pp. 652–655.A young man presented with atrial fibrillation and a rapid ventricular response which degenerated into ventricular fibrillation.Electrophysiological study demonstrated an accessory atrioventricular connection in the posterior septal region. This was sectioned to prevent recurrence of his arrhythmia. Post‐operative electrophysiological study demonstrated that the surgical section was successful.
Hospital Discharge Rates and Deaths from Asthma in the Hunter Health Region (NSW) 1971–72 to 1975–76
Authors: Hardes G. R. , Allomes J. , Leeder S. R. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: During the five years 1971–72 to 1975–76 annual total discharges of patients with a primary diagnosis of asthma from public hospitals in the Hunter Health Region (NSW) fluctuated only slightly. The number of discharges did not reflect consistently the underlying population distribution. Significantly more discharges than expected occurred among people living in the drier inland areas of the Region.Over the same period 65 residents of the Hunter Health Region were certified dead with asthma as the primary cause. In 29, death occurred at one of the Region's public hospitals but only eight were admitted as hospital inpatients primarily with asthma. Of the 65 asthma deaths, 36 (55.4%) occurred outside the Region's public hospitals.
Cyclic Nucleotide Metabolism in Tumours
Authors: Hunt N. H. , Martin T. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Many hormones act by combining with cell surface receptors and stimulating adenylate cyclase activity. The cyclic AMP generated is the mediator of a number of cellular metabolic processes. Other processes may be influenced by changes in cyclic GMP levels. Although much evidence from cultured cells suggested that low cellular levels of cyclic AMP and high levels of cyclic GMP are a feature of rapid cell growth and of malignant transformation, review of the data reveals many inconsistencies. Thus in established tumours growing in vivo, for example, cyclic AMP levels appear to be unrelated to tumour growth rates. It seems that tumour cell cyclic AMP is more likely concerned with the regulation of tumour cell function than of growth.This would have implications for therapy, in that drugs which influence cyclic nucleotide metabolism could influence tumour cell function. The control of cyclic nucleotide production in normal and tumour cells is discussed, together with the possible ways in which abnormalities of this may occur.
Growth Failure, Somatomedin and Growth Hormone Levels in Juvenile Diabetes Mellitus—A Pilot Study
Authors: Nash H. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Growth hormone (hGH) responsiveness to exercise and Somatomedin C (SmC) activity were measured in ten children with insulin‐deficient diabetes mellitus.Four of the ten children showed a significant degree of growth retardation. Normal SmC activity was found in association with elevated hGH levels.The hypothesis that growth‐retarded diabetics have a failure of Sm production despite high hGH levels (analogous to malnutrition and Laron dwarfism) was not substantiated by this study. Chronic deficiency of insulin, itself a somatomedin, may play a major role in diabetic growth failure.
Osteomalacia Due to Unusual Causes Presenting in Adults
Authors: Melick R. A. , Larkins R. G. , Greenberg P. B. , Wark J. D. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Severe osteomalacia due to causes other than malabsorption and, where renal function was impaired, disproportionate to the degree of renal failure, is described in 15 adults. Only one was younger than 46 years, the median age being 59 years. The diagnosis was not made for months in most patients. After investigation, the patients were grouped as follows: nutritional three cases, “renal” six cases, hypophosphataemia three cases, neurofibromatosis and primary hyperparathyroidism one each. The last patient was poorly nourished and had taken anticonvulsants and analgesics. Most patients responded well to treatment with calciferol.These cases indicate the need to be aware that osteomalacia may occur in previously healthy middle‐aged or elderly subjects.
Insulin Secretion in Non‐Obese (J‐type) Diabetics in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Martin F. I. R. , Simeanova L. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Nine of ten non‐obese non‐ketotic diabetics attending Port Moresby General Hospital had detectable C‐peptide in plasma. All had received insulin for at least two months at the time of study.It is concluded that many non‐obese non‐ketotic young diabetics in Papua New Guinea retain pancreatic insulin secretion and so resemble the maturity onset diabetics of “Western” countries.
Drug Compliance in Outpatients with Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Lee P. , Tan L. J. P. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: A study of drug compliance was carried out on 108 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Thirty‐nine per cent were non‐compliant with their ant rheumatic medication, varying from occasional to complete failure to take the prescribed drugs. Compared with those taking their medication regularly, the non‐compliant patients had a significantly lower mean active joint count and average pain severity and a significantly higher proportion had not received an adequate explanation of their disease.However, drug default does not appear to be a significant problem in management of rheumatoid arthritis, as over 90% of patients were taking their medications all or most of the time. Patients with this disease appear motivated to taking their medication regularly by the presence of chronic and often severe pain.