bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stimulation of murine B lymphocytes to IgG synthesis and secretion by the mitogens lipopolysaccharide and lipoprotein and its inhibition by anti‐immunoglobulin antibodies
Authors: Andersson J. , Coutinho A. , Melchers F. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe two mitogens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoprotein (LP), both stimulate to an equal extent murine B lymphocytes to develop IgG‐synthesizing and IgG‐secreting cells. IgG synthesis and secretion was detected either by biosynthetic labeling of stimulated B cells, followed by immunoprecipitation and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of labeled Ig, or by the protein A plaque assay detecting all IgG‐secreting cells with IgG‐specific developing antisera. B cells from spleen, lymph node, thoracic duct and fetal liver of normal and T cell‐deficient nu/nu mice are all stimulated by the two mitogens to develop IgG‐secreting cells. Mitogen‐induced IgG secretion, therefore, can occur independently of T cells and of external antigen.Anti‐Ig antibodies inhibit the mitogen‐induced development of Ig‐secreting cells. Antibodies with specificities for μ chains when added before or soon after mitogenic stimulation of small, resting B cells, will inhibit these cells from developing into IgG‐secreting cells. Later in culture, antibodies with specificities for γ chains also become inhibitory for the mitogen‐induced development of IgG‐secreting cells. These results indicate that the precursors of the IgG‐secreting cells carry IgM in the outer surface membrane. They also suggest that during mitogen‐stimulated growth of B cell clones, IgG becomes expressed in the surface membrane in a functional way which allows the inhibition of mitogen‐induced IgG secretion by anti‐γ antibodies.
Antigen presentation in the murine T lymphocyte proliferative response. II. Ir‐GAT‐controlled T lymphocyte responses require antigen‐presenting cells from a high responder donor
Authors: Yano A. , Schwartz R. H. , Paul W. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe activation of T lymphocytes from poly (Glu60Ala30Tyr10)n (GAT)‐primed donors by GAT‐pulsed nonimmune spleen cells was shown to require identity at the I‐A subregion of the major histocompatibility complex. However, GAT‐primed T lymphocytes from (responder × nonresponder) F1 hybrids could only be stimulated to proliferate by GAT bound to high responder or F1 spleen cells but not by GAT bound to spleen cells from the low responder parent. The failure of spleen cells from low responder parental strains to present GAT was shown not to be due to the presence of suppressor cells in either the antigen‐presenting or the responding cell populations. These results indicate that control of antigen‐presenting cell‐T lymphocyte interactions is one site of Ir gene expression.
The effects of α and β adrenergic agents on spleen cell antigen binding in four amphibian species
Authors: Hodgson Ruth M. , Clothier R. H. , Ruben L. N. , Balls M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdults of two urodele amphibian species (Triturus cristatus carnifex and Cynops hongkongensis) and two anuran species (Rana temporaria and Xenopus laevis laevis) were immunized with a 25 % suspension of sheep or horse erythrocytes.After eight or 14 days, splenic lymphocytes were removed, and their specific red cell‐binding capacities tested by immunocytoadherence. Antigen‐binding cells were classified as high‐dose nonsecretory (S−) or secretory (S+), according to whether they bound a single layer or several layers of erythrocytes.The stimulation of both α and β adrenoreceptors reduced the numbers of S+ rosettes formed by Triturus and Cynops lymphocytes, whereas a β agonist increased and an α agonist decreased S+ rosette formation by Rana and Xenopus splenic lymphocytes. These effects were blocked by α and β adrenoreceptor antagonists.Low‐dose immunization of Xenopus with a 0.0025% suspension of sheep erythrocytes gave a minimal number of S+ rosettes two and eight days after immunization, and β adrenoreceptor stimulation had no effect on antigen binding.These results are discussed in terms of the distribution of α and β adrenoreceptors in amphibians and possible relationships between S+ and high‐dose S− antigen‐binding cells, and support the view that functional lymphocyte heterogeneity exists in these lower vertebrates.
T cell‐dependent suppression of antibody production. I. Characteristics of suppressor T cells following tolerance induction
Authors: Basten A. , Miller J. F. A. P. , Loblay R. , Johnson P. , Gamble Jennifer , Chia Eunice , Pritchard‐Briscoe Helen , Callard R. , McKenzie I. F. C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpecific immunological tolerance was induced in adult CBA mice by a single injection of deaggregated human IgG (dHGG). Spleen cells taken 7 to 42 days later, produced consistent suppression of a DNP‐HGG collaborative antibody response on adoptive transfer into heavily irradiated recipients. Noncentrifuged F(ab')2 fragments of HGG were as effective as dHGG in the production of suppressor cells. Suppression was antigen‐specific since HGG‐tolerant cells failed to abrogate either a DNP‐keyhole limpet hemocyanin collaborative response or antibody production to the noncross‐reactive antigen, horse erythrocytes. Pretreatment of the tolerant cell population with anti‐Thy‐1 serum and complement reversed the suppressive effect. However, purified tolerant T cells obtained by passage through nylon wool or anti‐Ig columns were less effective than the original spleen cells in mediating suppression. Analysis of the cell types appearing in the column effluents indicated that the reduction in suppressive activity is best explained by retention of T cells rather than macrophages. Different T cell populations, however, were retained on the two types of columns. In the case of anti‐Ig columns, these consisted of Ly‐2,3+, Ia+ effector cells, whereas nylon wool columns caused depletion of Ly‐1,2,3+ cells which are known to act as amplifiers of suppression.Suppression could not be explained in terms of delay in differentiation of antibody‐forming cell precursors since the effect persisted for up to 15 days after transfer of tolerant cells. The demonstration of a reduction in serum anti‐DNP and anti‐HGG antibodies excluded the possibility of antibody production in sites other than the spleen. A role for anti‐carrier antibody‐antigen complexes in mediating the effector phase of suppression was rendered unlikely by the finding that the suppressive effect of tolerant cells persisted in the absence of detectable anti‐HGG antibody production.Effector T cells mediating suppression in this system were shown to bear the phenotype Ia+, Ly‐2,3+ as judged by the effect of pretreatment with appropriate antisera and complement. They were spleen‐seeking, but were not detected in the thymus or recirculating lymphocyte pool. Adult thymectomy failed to cause a significant reduction in suppressive activity by tolerant spleen cells indicating that at least a major component of the immediate precursors is not of recent thymic origin.
Variable region correlates of group b allotypes: amino acid sequence studies of b9 L chains from homogeneous antibodies
Authors: Fraser B. A. , Thunberg A. L. , Kindt T. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe amino acid sequence was determined for residues 1 to 88 and residues 110 to 147 for a rabbit light chain (4153‐I) with allotype b9 from a homogeneous anti‐streptococcal antibody. The amino acid sequence of the L chain from a second antibody (4153‐II) was also determined for residues 1 to 49 and 62 to 77. In spite of the large differences in constant region sequence between b4 and b9 L chains, the variable regions of these antibodies are quite similar to those reported for b4 L chains. Both chains bear a b9‐specific substitution (glutamic acid) at position 16. The 4153‐I chain also has substitutions at positions 70 and 81 that may be exclusive to variable regions of the L chains with the b9 allotype. These allotype‐associated VL structural differences offer support to the notion that structural genes for the CL region are either linked to distinct VL gene complexes or that certain V regions are expressed only in concert with certain CL regions.
Analysis of the repertoire of anti‐NP antibodies in C57BL/6 mice by cell fusion. I. Characterization of antibody families in the primary and hyperimmune response
Authors: Reth M. , Hämmerling G. J. , Rajewsky K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSpleen cells from C57BL/6 mice sensitized to the hapten (4‐hydroxy‐3‐nitrophenyl)acetyl (NP) were hybridized with myeloma cells, and a variety of hybrid cell lines was isolated which secreted homogeneous anti‐NP antibodies. The antibodies were purified by affinity chromatography and their chain composition, affinity and fine specificity were determined. All antibodies recovered from the primary immune response carried λ light and μ or γ1 heavy chains. Their variable portions were nonidentical but similar in terms of hapten‐binding specificity with a higher affinity for the cross‐reacting haptens (4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitro‐phenyl)acetyl (NNP) and (4‐hydroxy‐5‐iodo‐3‐nitro‐phenyl)acetyl (NIP) than for the homologous hapten NP. This heteroclitic property as well as the presence of λ, μ and γ1 chains are characteristic for primary anti‐NP sera of C57BL/6 mice.In contrast, four families of anti‐NP antibodies, each with a characteristic fine specificity pattern, were found among the hybrid cell antibodies derived from the hyperimmune anti‐NP response. The antibodies of one of these families were related to the antibodies recovered from the primary immune response in that they were heteroclitic and carried λ light chains. All members of the other groups expressed k chains and were nonheteroclitic.The finding of well‐defined antibody families in this system and the isolation of their members enable us to approach the problem of V gene expression and diversification in a new way.
Natural killer cells in guinea pig spleen bear Fc receptors
Authors: Arnaud‐Battandier F. , Bundy Bonita M. , Nelson D. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe phenomenon of natural cytotoxicity or spontaneous cell‐mediated cytotoxicity (SCMC) was investigated in guinea pigs and compared with two other in vitro cytotoxicity reactions: mitogen‐induced cellular cytotoxicity (MICC) and antibody‐dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC). The same xenogeneic target cells were employed in all three cytotoxicity assays.Organ distribution studies revealed that SCMC effector cell activity was present in spleen and peripheral blood but not in thymocytes. Bone marrow cells possessed low levels of SCMC effector cell activity. The organ distribution of effector cell activities for MICC and ADCC paralleled that for SCMC. Studies of the cell surface characteristics of the SCMC effector cell revealed that spleen cells nonadherent to antigen‐antibody but not to antigen‐F(ab')2 antibody‐coated surfaces possessed markedly reduced SCMC effector cell activity. In addition, spleen cells depleted of Fc receptor‐bearing cells by EA rosetting also possessed diminished SCMC effector cell activity, while cell populations enriched in Fc receptorbearing cells by EA resetting possessed enhanced SCMC effector cell activity. These fractionation techniques had similar effects on MICC and ADCC effector cell activity. Depletion of adherent spleen cells including macrophages by nylon wool column passage resulted in a population of cells with enhanced SCMC, MICC, and ADCC effector cell activity.Thus, in guinea pig spleen the effector cells mediating SCMC were shown to belong to a population of nonadherent Fc receptor‐bearing lymphocytes possessing several cytotoxic capabilities including the potential of mediating MICC and ADCC.
Quantification of antigen‐reactive cells among human T lymphocytes
Authors: Van Oers M. H. J. , Pinkster J. , Zeijlemaker W. P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe number of antigen‐reactive cells among human peripheral blood T lymphocytes was estimated by a limiting dilution analysis. Antigen‐induced lymphocyte activation was measured by means of incorporation of tritiated thymidine [3H]dThd. We have studied the frequency of memory T cells for the bacterial antigens tuberculin PPD and tetanus toxoid in immune donors, as well as the frequency of alloantigen‐reactive T cells.In 11 different donors, the observed frequencies of the antigen‐reactive T cell ranged between 1:300 and 1:16000 for PPD; for tetanus toxoid values, between 1:750 and 1:11500 were obtained in 5 different donors. The frequency of alloantigen‐reactive T cells was found to be higher: between 1:200 and 1:600 (n=10). For 3 donors, the estimated frequencies proved to be reproducible over a period of several months. Finally, a correlation could be demonstrated between the frequency of PPD‐reactive T cells and the [3H]dThd incorporation of 4 × 104 PPD‐stimulated lymphocytes.
Importance of HLA‐D antigens for the cooperation between human monocytes and T lymphocytes
Authors: Hansen G. Sønderstrup , Rubin B. , Sørensen S. F. , Svejgaar A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe ability of autologous and allogeneic monocytes to restore the responsiveness of purified T lymphocytes to tuberculin (PPD) was studied in twelve different experiments involving eleven unrelated T lymphocyte donors and a large number of related and unrelated monocyte donors. T lymphocyte suspensions were prepared by passage of peripheral blood mononuclear cell suspensions through Ig‐anti‐Ig‐coated columns. Monocyte‐enriched suspensions were prepared from mononuclear suspensions by density gradient centrifugation on albumin solution and added to the T cell suspension in a final concentration of 3%. Autologous monocytes and monocytes from related donors sharing one HLA haplotype with the T cell donor partly restored the responsiveness to PPD, and so did monocytes from unrelated donors who shared HLA‐D alleles with the T cells. None of eight monocyte suspensions from eight unrelated donors sharing no HLA‐D antigens with the T cell donor were able to restore the responsiveness to PPD. The difference between HLA‐D‐sharing and nonsharing monocytes could not be explained by a simultaneous allogeneic reaction, as the addition of monocytes autologous with the T cells to mixtures of non‐HLA‐D‐sharing T cells and monocytes partly restored the response. Moreover, experiments with the addition of PPD to ordinary mixed leukocyte cultures revealed only a moderate depression on the PPD response. It is concluded that in man – as in mice and guinea pigs – some HLA‐D identity between monocytes and T lymphocytes is necessary for a cooperation to take place in the secondary immune response. This observation emphasizes the homology between HLA‐D antigens in man and Ia antigens in animals.
Immune function in aged mice IV. Loss of T cell and B cell function in thymus‐dependent antibody responses
Authors: Callard R. E. , Basten A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe decline in antibody‐forming potential with age was studied in mice by analyzing the relative contributions of T and B cells in collaborative PFC responses to the T cell‐dependent antigens, dinitrophenylated (DNP) keyhole limpet hemocyanin, DNP‐human IgG, fowl IgG and sheep red blood cells. The experimental system involved the adoptive transfer of purified lymphocyte populations derived from the spleens of old and young mice into young irradiated recipients. An unequivocal reduction in B cell function was demonstrated in both primary and secondary antibody responses. In the former, young T cells failed to restore responsiveness to old B cells, while in the latter, similar results were obtained, even if old B cells were primed in the presence of young T cells. Despite the lower level of antibody production in old mice compared with young, no decrease in the number of antigen‐binding cells (detected by resetting and autoradiography) was observed. Taken together, these results suggest that a defect exists in B cells which is independent of T cell help, and that it is not due to cell depletion but rather to a qualitative abnormality in the cells themselves.Old T cells did not collaborate with young B cells as well as young T cells did, indicating a loss of helper T cell activity. Spleen cells from old mice, when mixed with young spleen cells at a 1:1 ratio, caused a reduction in their antibody‐forming potential which was consistent with the presence of cells with suppressive activity. The suppressor cells were shown to be T cells since their effect was abrogated by treatment with anti‐Thy‐1.2 serum plus complement and enriched by passage through nylon wool columns.These findings emphasize the need to use purified cell populations in analysis of responsiveness in old animals and highlight the multifactorial nature of the mechanisms involved in the ageing process.
The insulin receptor as a universal marker of activated lymphocytes
Authors: Helderman J. H. , Reynolds T. C. , Strom T. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAlthough resting, rat thymus‐derived spleen lymphocytes do not bear insulin receptors, these receptors emerge upon the membrane of alloimmune rat T cells subsequent to skin grafting. These studies examine conditions that permit the emergence of lymphocyte insulin receptors upon T or B‐enriched rat lymphocyte populations. Allogeneic stimulation was accomplished in vivo by skin grafting from (Lewis × Brown Norway)F1 (LBN) to Lewis male rats or by Graft‐vs.‐host (GVH) reaction established by intraperitoneal injections of 2 × 108 Lewis leukocytes each week for a total of four injections into LBN animals. In vitro allogeneic stimulation was provided by one‐way mixed lymphocyte cultures between the same strains. Lastly, both T and B‐enriched populations were interacted with mitogens concanavalin A (Con A), phytohemagglutinin (PHA‐P), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The T‐enriched populations were highly enriched for T lymphocytes (90%) and macrophage‐depleted while B‐enriched populations contained nearly 85% B cells. Insulin receptors emerged upon T‐enriched cell populations consequent to allogeneic skin grafting with saturability, specificity and high affinity (kd = 1.1 nM) as well as after GVH. Responder strain lymphocytes developed an insulin receptor during allogeneic mixed lymphocyte cultures within 72 h of initiation. Specific insulin‐binding sites also appeared upon T‐enriched populations after culture with PHA‐P and Con A but not LPS. Conversely, B cells developed an insulin receptor after interactions with LPS but not PHA‐P or Con A. Anti‐Ig and complement but not rat anti‐T cell antibody abrogated the ability of LPS to induce an insulin receptor on B‐enriched cells. Binding specificity was demonstrated by the inhibition of [125I]‐labeled insulin in the order porcine insulin ≊ desalanine insulin > proinsulin ≫ desoctapeptide insulin with growth hormone exhibiting no such inhibition. These data demonstrate that a true insulin receptor appears upon both T and B cells consequent to activation. The lymphocyte insulin receptor is a universal marker of cellular activation as it is not restricted to clone or species and may be applied to B and T lymphocytes of mouse, rat and man.
Expression of HLA‐A, but not of HLA‐B, in mouse‐human somatic cell hybrids carrying the region p21→pter of human chromosome 6
Authors: Zmijewski C. M. , Engel E. , Croce C. M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMouse‐human somatic cell hy brids containing human chromosome 17 carrying the region p21→pter of human chromosome 6 and no other human chromosomes, were found to express HLA‐A but not HLA‐B. Counterselection of the hybrid cells in medium containing 5‐bromodeoxyuridine resulted in the growth of hybrid cells that have concordantly lost the expression of HLA‐A and the human translocation chromosome.
Stimulation of immune reactivity by methoxysubstituted glycerol ethers incorporated into the feed
Authors: Boeryd B. , Nilsson T. , Lindholm L. , Lange S. , Hallgren B. , Ställberg G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn mice, the plaque‐forming cell response to sheep red blood cells was stimulated by a mixture of methoxy‐substituted glycerol ethers isolated from Greenland shark liver oil and by synthetic 1‐0‐(2‐methoxyhexadecyl)‐glycerol, given in the diet. In preliminary experiments, this synthetic compound also increased the ability of parental spleen cells to induce graft‐vs.‐host reactions in F1 hybrid mice. Glycerol ethers occur in the bone marrow fat of mammals and in the membrane phospholipids. It is postulated that the methoxy‐substituted glycerol ethers supplied in the diet may stimulate the bone marrow and/or may be incorporated into membrane lipids, thereby changing the structure and function of the membranes.
Induction of B lymphocyte colony growth in vitro by thymus‐derived stimulating factor
Authors: Sredni B. , Gopas J. , Rozenszajn L. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMurine lymphoid cells which were stimulated in liquid culture containing thymus culture fluid (Thy‐CF) and seeded in a soft agar culture system, proliferated and developed into B cell colonies. Two types of colonies were formed: large colonies within the upper layer and small flat colonies on the surface of the upper layer.Thy‐CF prepared from cells of normal hydrocortisone‐treated mice had a higher cloning potential than Thy‐CF prepared from untreated mice. At concentrations of Thy‐CF in culture medium greater than 35%, Thy‐CF prepared from normal mice had an inhibitory effect on colony formation.Cells of nude mice were also able to form B cell colonies if thymocytes of normal mice were mixed with lymphoid cells in the culture medium. Thymocytes elaborate a B lymphocyte colony‐stimulating factor which, with the help of T cells, triggers a B cell population into colony formation and immunoglobulin production.
Anti‐H‐Y responses of H‐2b mutant mice
Authors: Simpson Elizabeth , Gordon R. D. , Chandler P. R. , Bailey D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo strains of H‐2b mutant mice, H‐2ba and H‐2bf, in which the mutational event took place at H‐2K, make anti‐H‐Y cytotoxic T cell responses which are H‐2‐restricted, Db‐associated and indistinguishable in target cell specificity from those of H‐2b mice. Thus, alteration of the H‐2K molecule affects neither the Ir gene controlling the response, nor the associative antigen. On the other hand, one H‐2Db mutant strain, H‐2bo, although it makes a good anti‐H‐Y cytotoxic response, shows target cell specificity restricted to its own Dbo antigen(s), and neither H‐2b, H‐2ba or H‐2bf anti‐H‐Y cytotoxic cells kill H‐2bo male target cells. Thus, the alteration of the H‐2Db molecule does not affect the Ir gene of H‐2b mice, but it does alter the H‐2Db‐associative antigen.