Process Reduces Carbon Emissions From Natural Gas Compression and Production
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: April 2024

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This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 214974,“New Technology Reduces Carbon Emissions From Natural Gas Compression and Production Facilities,” by John Guoynes, SPE, David Stiles, SPE, and Cory Vail, Axip Energy Services, et al. The paper has not been peer reviewed.

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A chemical-free process has been developed to capture exhaust from natural gas drive compressors and supporting gas-fueled production equipment while featuring a small footprint. The process separates CO2 and nitrogen from exhaust, allowing the CO2 to be discharged at high pressure for transport, sequestration, or enhanced oil recovery.

Introduction
Over 50,000 compressors move natural gas in North America. Most are driven by either internal combustion engines or turbines. These compressors produce am estimate of more than 30 million tonnes of CO2 equivalent yearly, according to the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Program.
The significance of GHG reduction policies has heightened with the passing of the Inflation Reduction Act, which provides support for companies investing in future carbon capture use and storage, along with methane reduction.

Process Modeling
Modeling and analysis of an exhaust-gas carbon capture system, and the design and optimization of a supercritical CO2 (sCO2) waste-heat-recovery power cycle, was performed. This cycle was chosen for its high efficiency and relatively compact design compared with competitive waste-heat-recovery technologies. The preliminary process-flow diagram was provided based on conditions for 30,000-hp large reciprocating gas engines. Several process configurations were investigated; these iterations are detailed in the complete paper.
A summary of this development shows that Iterations 1 through 3 showed improvements in power through improving the sCO2 power-cycle efficiency. However, this came at the increase in high-pressure sCO2 components. A simplification of components returned the sCO2 cycle to a single cascaded cycle in Iterations 4 through 5. Temperature selection in the sCO2 cycle also improved its efficiency. Moving to Iteration 4 improved the system power requirement by 20.7%. Iteration 5 showed moderately reduced performance over Iteration 4. This was the result of shifting more duty to the ammonia chillers and a moderate worsening of performance in the gas compressor. Iteration 5 did not improve the power requirement of the system. Ultimately, Iteration 4 was the most-efficient cycle evaluated with the overall lowest power requirement.

Exhaust-Capture Decarbonization System
The system developed captures exhaust from compression and other internal combustion equipment commonly used in gas transmission, oil and gas production, and midstream applications. The system works with a chemical-free, cryogenic design with a small modular footprint to capture large volumes of exhaust gas at atmospheric pressure. This technology separates CO2 and nitrogen, generates enough power from waste heat to run the equipment, and discharges captured CO2 under high pressure at supercritical conditions for compressor stations of 5,000 to 20,000 hp. The design is fully self-contained and mounts on a compact skid package capable of handling up to 70 million scf/D of exhaust while extracting liquid CO2 from rich-burn driven compressors, lean-burn driven compressors, or turbines.