bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children writing: Multimodality and assessment in the writing classroom
Authors: Vincent John 
Published: March 2006

AbstractMultimedia has had a widely recognised impact on society, but it is still under‐represented in the literacy pedagogies of many schools. This may relate to the way we view assessment for literacy, which is still almost wholly monomodal. Students assessed at a low level as producers of verbal text may respond positively when working multimodally, but the only assessment instruments we have do not reveal this. In a class of 26 ten‐year‐olds in Victoria, Australia, with rich access to computers, five children performed at a very low level when working with verbal expression only, but responded remarkably when invited to work multimodally. A programme of text production was monitored and the results analysed, progressing from handwritten monomodal work, through stages of multimodality to full multimodal expression. The results suggest strongly that some children need multimodal scaffolding in order to communicate complex ideas effectively. This, however, requires an acceptance of multimodal texts as part of the primary literacy curriculum. It is therefore suggested that assessment of multimodal composition, both narrative and other texts, should be developed to help teachers accept the value of introducing multimodal literacies into the classroom.
The State, Institutional Transition and the Creation of New Urban Poverty in China
Authors: Liu Yuting , Wu Fulong 
Published: March 2006

AbstractSince the 1990s, the introduction of a market economy and the process of rapid urbanization have been accompanied by a new urban poverty related to lay‐offs and unemployment as well as by large‐scale rural–urban migration, which is different from the traditional urban poverty of the ‘Three Nos’ (no relatives or dependants, no working capacity and no source of income). This article focuses on new urban poverty in China under market transition and discusses the causes of poverty creation. Instead of considering Chinese new urban poverty only as a result of market mechanisms, it argues that the state as the manipulator of institutions and policies does matter in the creation of new urban poverty, and that the cleavages between the old and new institutions further intensify it. Specifically, the following aspects of the creation of new urban poverty are examined in detail: the adjustment of industrial policy, the reform of state‐owned enterprises, evolution of the household registration system, and the transformation of the welfare state.
Social Policy between Plan and Market: Xiagang (Off‐duty Employment) and the Policy of the Re‐employment Service Centres in China
Authors: Wong Linda , Ngok Kinglun 
Published: March 2006

Abstract China's gradual transition from a command economy to a market system has been vexed by its ailing state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) employing huge numbers of surplus workers. Under the growing challenge of market competition, the survival of SOEs depends critically on the release of unwanted staff. If not handled well, however, massive layoffs could trigger ugly protests, erode social stability and challenge the governing mandate of the Chinese Communist Party. Facing this dilemma, the state's response has been to invent a process of ‘xiagang’ (off‐duty employment) whereby redundant state workers can leave the production process without causing social turbulence, and to introduce a national programme of re‐employment service centres (RSCs) which offer living allowances, social security, job training and re‐employment assistance as a transitional measure. As a distinct form of unemployment, xiagang reflects the special challenge confronting the state and civil society in a critical stage of China's market transition. This article sets out to explore the political and social meanings of xiagang and the RSCs to elucidate how the state uses a specific social policy to balance both group and national interests and to steer the country on to the next stage of market development.
Deictic projection: An inquiry into the future‐oriented past tense in Persian*
Authors: Tavangar Manoochehr , Amouzadeh Mohammad 
Published: March 2006

Abstract.  The aim of this paper is to investigate the ways in which the Persian past tense form is projected into the future to designate events, states, and processes. While it must be admitted that the phenomenon under consideration is by no means confined to Persian, its examination in this language will reveal certain characteristics which are likely to contribute to a better understanding of how temporal deixis, together with aspectual and modal meanings, interact with contextual factors to yield socio‐culturally relevant utterances. Of special theoretical interest in this respect are the semantic‐pragmatic constraints levied, in varying degrees, on the projected tense in terms of negation, pronominal choice, speech act assignment, aspectual character, modal status, and pitch contour. Fundamental to the present study are three assumptions. First, the deictic projection at issue has pragmatic motivations, and, in addition, stems largely from the ontological asymmetry between pastness and futurity. Second, it has an indisputable edge over the other future‐indicating devices available to Persian speakers in that it denotes factivity with respect to the occurrence of a situation. And third, it is stylistically marked as it digresses from the normal function of the past tense.
“And of all the various aspects of time, it is its tensed aspect, the fact that we experience time in terms of a transient now, which is the most promiscuous.” (Robin Le Poidevin, 1998:10)
Diet of the gracile mouse opossum (Gracilinanus microtarsus) (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae) in a Brazilian cerrado: patterns of food consumption and intrapopulation variation
Authors: Martins E. G. , Bonato V. , Pinheiro H. P. , Dos Reis S. F. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe diet of the gracile mouse opossumGracilinanus microtarsuswas studied in a cerrado remnant in south‐eastern Brazil through the analysis of faeces sampled from adult individuals. Patterns of food resource consumption were assessed using the statistics of per cent occurrence. Intrapopulation variation in the number of food items detected in faeces as a function of relevant factors was inferred using generalized linear models. The latter statistical formalism also allowed variation in the number of food items detected in faeces to be interpreted in terms of rate ratios among levels of significant factors. Insects, spiders, snails and fruits were detected in the faeces ofG. microtarsus, with insects, particularly termites, beetles and ants, being the most frequently detected food resource. These food resources were consumed in proportion to their relative abundance in the cerrado, suggesting thatG.microtarsusis an opportunistic forager feeding primarily on insects. The generalized linear model identified sex, season and food resource as significant factors affecting the number of food items detected in faeces, as well as interactions between sex and season and season and food resource. Rate ratios calculated between sexes within seasons showed that the number of food items detected in the faeces of males was larger than that detected in the faeces of females in the warm‐wet and cool‐dry seasons. Rate ratios calculated between seasons within sexes showed different trends in the number of food items detected in faeces for each significant food resource. It is suggested that differences in the number of food items detected in faeces between sexes within season and between seasons within sexes are related to energetic requirements associated with reproduction.
Optimal booking limits in the presence of strategic consumer behavior
Authors: Wilson John G. , Anderson Chris K. , Kim Sang‐Won 
Published: March 2006

AbstractWe consider a two‐period airline yield management problem where customers may act strategically. Specifically, we allow for the possibility that a customer may decide to defer purchase in the hope that a ticket cheaper than those currently on offer will become available. We also allow for the possibility that some customers will buy a more expensive ticket if the cheaper tickets are not available. We show how to find optimal booking limits in the presence of such strategic customer behavior. We also explicitly incorporate the fact that, once a booking limit has been reached, demand distributions are now censored distributions.
Investigating the Effects of Directly Electing the Prime Minister
Authors: O'Malley Eoin 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere are good prima facie reasons to believe that directly electing a prime minister may provide the holder of that office with a tremendous power resource. Indeed some countries with weak prime ministers have debated this possible change, and one, Israel, carried it through. Using a theoretical argument based on the number of veto points in a political system, this article proposes that a directly elected prime minister will not increase the power of a prime minister. It studies what actually happened in Israel, and offers alternative explanations for the weakness of and lack of cohesion in its executive. Similarly, other factors are identified as causes of prime ministerial weakness in Italy and Japan.
The Left Against Europe? A Critical Engagement with New Constitutionalism and Structural Dependence Theory
Authors: Strange Gerard 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article offers a critical engagement with two important strands of left theorizations of European Union integration and globalization, namely, ‘new constitutionalism’ (a sub-form of neo-Gramscian analysis) and ‘structural dependence’ theory (rooted in a more orthodox Marxist approach). These approaches suffer, respectively, from an uncritical or one-sided approach to constitutionalism and competitiveness; and from a theoretical conflation of national with regional political economy. While new constitutionalism under-theorizes regionalism partly because of its implicit ‘methodological nationalism’ and attachment to the ethics of national political economy, structural dependence theory neglects regionalism in pursuing a highly pessimistic structuralist approach to globalization.
Co-decision and Inter-Committee Conflict in the European Parliament Post-Amsterdam
Authors: Burns Charlotte 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article makes a two-fold contribution to the European Parliament (EP) literature. First, it challenges the dominant assumption that post-Amsterdam the EP has experienced an increase in its powers. Through analysis of the Socrates case the article shows that the EP is now potentially weaker under the post-Amsterdam co-decision procedure (co-decision II), than it was under the earlier variant, co-decision I. Second, the article uncovers a hitherto overlooked aspect of internal divisions within the parliament, by revealing that there is scope for inter-committee conflict in the EP over budgetary allocations for multi-annual programmes. It is argued that such conflict can weaken the parliament in co-decision negotiations with the council, and that the negotiation of the EU's new multi-annual budgetary framework provides the perfect conditions for such internecine conflict to occur once more.
Consociational Theory, Northern Ireland's Conflict, and its Agreement 2.-What Critics of Consociation Can Learn from Northern Ireland
Authors: McGarry John , O'Leary Brendan 
Published: March 2006

AbstractIn the second of two articles the authors show what integrationist critics of consociational theory can learn from the case of Northern Ireland, namely, that consociation may be more realistic than integration, that a ‘grand coalition’ may have more virtue than the ‘minimum-winning’ variety, that consociations can be both liberal and democratic, and that PR-STV has considerable advantages over integrationists’ preferred electoral system, the Alternative Vote.
Will the Medicare Prescription Drug Benefit Eliminate Cost Barriers for Older Adults with Diabetes Mellitus?
Authors: Tjia Jennifer , Schwartz J. Sanford 
Published: March 2006

OBJECTIVES: To determine the proportion of older people with diabetes mellitus (DM) eligible to enroll in the standard Medicare Part D drug benefit who will exceed the initial $2,250 coverage limit and to determine the effect of hypoglycemic choice on risk of exceeding the coverage limit.DESIGN: Cross‐sectional survey.SETTING: Nationally representative sample of adults living in United States households participating in the 2001 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS).PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 65 and older with a diagnosis of DM eligible to enroll in the standard Medicare Part D drug benefit.MEASUREMENTS: Prescription medication use and expenditures adjusted to 2006 U.S. dollars as reported in the MEPS prescribed medicine file. Survey‐weighted logistic regression models were used to estimate the odds of annual medication expenditures exceeding $2,250, controlling for hypoglycemic type, sociodemographic characteristics, chronic conditions, and health status.RESULTS: Of the estimated 3.2 million elderly people with DM eligible for the standard drug benefit filling a prescription in 2001, approximately 64% had medication expenditures in excess of $2,250 in 2006 adjusted dollars. The proportion exceeding the initial coverage limit varied by type of hypoglycemic drug used from 60% of those using traditional hypoglycemics to more than 75% of those using novel hypoglycemics. Patients with more comorbidities and poorer health status were at greater risk of exceeding the initial coverage limit.CONCLUSION: A large proportion of older adults with DM may exceed the initial coverage limit under the standard Medicare Part D drug benefit and incur significant out‐of‐pocket spending.
Detection of Delirium by Bedside Nurses Using the Confusion Assessment Method
Authors: Lemiengre Joke , Nelis Tine , Joosten Etienne , Braes Tom , Foreman Marquis , Gastmans Chris , Milisen Koen 
Published: March 2006

A prospective, descriptive study was used to assess the diagnostic validity of the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM) administered at the bedside by nurses in daily practice. Two different scoring methods of the CAM (the specific (SPEC) and sensitive (SENS) methods) were compared with a criterion standard (CAM completed by trained research nurses). During a 5‐month period, all patients consecutively admitted to an acute geriatric ward of the University Hospitals of Leuven (Belgium) were enrolled in the study. The 258 elderly inpatients who were included underwent 641 paired but independent ratings of delirium by bedside and trained research nurses.Delirium was identified in 36 of the 258 patients (14%) or in 42 of the 641 paired observations (6.5%). The SENS method of the CAM algorithm as administered by bedside nurses had the greatest diagnostic accuracy, with 66.7% sensitivity and 90.7% specificity; the SPEC method had 23.8% sensitivity and 97.7% specificity. Bedside nurses had difficulties recognizing the features of acute onset, fluctuation, and altered level of consciousness.For both scoring methods, bedside nurses had difficulties with the identification of elderly patients with delirium but succeeded in diagnosing correctly those patients without delirium in more than 90% of observations. Given these results, additional education about delirium with special attention to guided training of bedside nurses in the use of an assessment strategy such as the CAM for the recognition of delirium symptoms is warranted.
Market Valuation of Tax‐Timing Options: Evidence from Capital Gains Distributions
Authors: CHAY J. B. , CHOI DOSOUNG , PONTIFF JEFFREY 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe examine a distribution that is taxed as a capital gain rather than as a dividend. Since the distribution induces a realized capital gain while the price change is an unrealized gain, ex‐day return behavior provides evidence of the value of tax‐timing capital gains. We show that investors are compensated 7¢ in unrealized gains for each dollar of realized capital gains, that is, $1 of realized capital gains is equivalent to 93¢ of unrealized gains. An investor with a tax rate on realized gains of 15% has an effective tax rate on unrealized capital gains of 8.6%.
Banks' Advantage in Hedging Liquidity Risk: Theory and Evidence from the Commercial Paper Market
Authors: GATEV EVAN , STRAHAN PHILIP E. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTBanks have a unique ability to hedge against market‐wide liquidity shocks. Deposit inflows provide funding for loan demand shocks that follow declines in market liquidity. Consequently, banks can insure firms against systematic declines in liquidity at lower cost than other institutions. We provide evidence that when liquidity dries up and commercial paper spreads widen, banks experience funding inflows. These flows allow banks to meet loan demand from borrowers drawing funds from commercial paper backup lines without running down their holdings of liquid assets. We also provide evidence that implicit government support for banks during crises explains these funding flows.
Firm Value and Hedging: Evidence from U.S. Oil and Gas Producers
Authors: JIN YANBO , JORION PHILIPPE 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the hedging activities of 119 U.S. oil and gas producers from 1998 to 2001 and evaluates their effect on firm value. Theories of hedging based on market imperfections imply that hedging should increase the firm's market value (MV). To test this hypothesis, we collect detailed information on the extent of hedging and on the valuation of oil and gas reserves. We verify that hedging reduces the firm's stock price sensitivity to oil and gas prices. Contrary to previous studies, however, we find that hedging does not seem to affect MVs for this industry.
How Do Crises Spread? Evidence from Accessible and Inaccessible Stock Indices
Authors: BOYER BRIAN H. , KUMAGAI TOMOMI , YUAN KATHY 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTWe provide empirical evidence that stock market crises are spread globally through asset holdings of international investors. By separating emerging market stocks into two categories, namely, those that are eligible for purchase by foreigners (accessible) and those that are not (inaccessible), we estimate and compare the degree to which accessible and inaccessible stock index returns co‐move with crisis country index returns. Our results show greater co‐movement during high volatility periods, especially for accessible stock index returns, suggesting that crises spread through the asset holdings of international investors rather than through changes in fundamentals.
Patterns of phytoplasma‐infected and infective Scaphoideus titanus leafhoppers in vineyards with high incidence of Flavescence dorée
Authors: Bressan Alberto , Larrue Jean , Padieu Elisabeth Boudon 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe incidence and transmissibility of Flavescence dorée phytoplasma (FDP) in populations of the vector Scaphoideus titanus Ball (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) were investigated by periodically collecting nymphs and adults of the leafhopper species in four vineyards with high incidence of Flavescence dorée (FD)‐diseased grapevines. Insects were tested individually for FDP with an ELISA procedure, after transmission assays to broadbean seedlings and further transmission to grapevine cuttings. No transmission occurred when early or middle instar nymphs were used to inoculate broadbeans, although a limited number of fifth‐instar nymphs and young adults transmitted the pathogen to broadbean seedlings. However, the same batches of insects transmitted FDP more efficiently to grapevine cuttings during prolonged inoculation periods, confirming the existence of a latent period before infected insects become infective. The proportions of ELISA‐positive individuals in the three categories of insects used for transmission assays reflected the rate of FDP transmission to grapevine cuttings. According to the data obtained by ELISA and from field sampling of first‐instar nymphs, we adapted the proportions of nymph hatching, of infected leafhoppers, and of infective leafhoppers (assuming a conservative latent period in the vector of 30 days) to logistic models as a function of degree‐days. We then discussed the possible use of the model developed for improving vector control decisions in FD‐infected vineyards.
The role of the antennae and maxillary palps in mediating food preference by larvae of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta
Authors: De Boer Gerrit 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe role of antennae and maxillary palps in mediating food preferences by Manduca sexta (Johan.) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae) was examined. Fifth‐instar larvae, having different chemosensory organs remaining after microsurgery, were tested in two‐choice feeding assays using three solanaceous host species Lycopersicon esculentum (Mill.), Datura innoxia (Mill.), and Solanum pseudocapsicum (L.), an acceptable non‐host Raphanus sativus (L.) (Cruciferae), and an unacceptable non‐host Pelargonium hortorum (L.H. Bailey) (Geraniaceae). Larvae had a choice between leaf discs of two plant species or between one species and moist filter paper discs (water).The antennae are fully competent in mediating normal (unimpaired) food preferences for S. pseudocapsicum vs. water and P. hortorum vs. water. Thus, the antennae alone can mediate both acceptance and rejection behaviour. The latter is the first report of such a function in M. sexta. The antennae are partly competent (reduced preference) for S. pseudocapsicum vs. P. hortorum. No antennal competence could be demonstrated using the other plant species tested. The antennae alone are either partly needed (R. sativus vs. water) or not necessary to elicit normal food preferences for the plant species tested.The maxillary palps are fully competent in mediating normal food preference for S. pseudocapsicum vs. water, and D. innoxia vs. water. The palps are partly competent for S. pseudocapsicum vs. P. hortorum and incompetent for the other plant species tested. Thus, the maxillary palps alone could only mediate acceptance behaviour in this study. The need of the maxillary palps in normal food preferences could not be demonstrated.Interestingly, the maxillary palps alone can mediate food preferences for two normally rejected plants, R. sativus and P. hortorum. Similar results are reported for two other non‐host plant species, Vigna unguiculata (Walp.) (Leguminosae) and Vinca rosea (L.) (Apocynaceae). Perhaps, the maxillary palps inform M. sexta mostly about feeding stimulatory chemicals common to most plant species.
The effect of temperament and character on response to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in panic disorder
Authors: Marchesi C. , Cantoni A. , Fontò S. , Giannelli M. R. , Maggini C. 
Published: March 2006

Objective:  In this prospective study, temperament and character were evaluated in patients with panic disorder (PD), before 1 year of medication therapy, to verify whether these factors influenced the outcome of treatment.Method:  Seventy‐one PD patients were evaluated with the SCID‐IV, the Temperament and Character Inventory (TCI), the SCL‐90, the Ham‐A and the Ham‐D. Patients were treated with pharmacotherapy and were evaluated monthly over 1 year.Results:  Before treatment, non‐remitted patients showed higher levels of harm avoidance (HA) and lower levels of persistence (P), self‐directedness (SD) and cooperativeness (C), whereas remitted patients showed only higher levels of HA. After controlling the effect of the confounding variables, the likelihood to achieve remission was positively related to SD score (OR = 1.12; P = 0.002), particularly ‘self‐acceptance’ SD dimension (OR = 1.30; P = 0.02).Conclusions:  Our data suggest that in PD: i) the evaluation of personality, using the Cloninger's model, confirms the presence of personality pathology as one predictor of non‐response to treatment; ii) in patients with low SD a combination of medication and cognitive‐behaviour therapy should be the most effective treatment.