bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental principles and indications of internal limiting membrane peeling
Authors: CREUZOT CP 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The removal of the internal limiting membrane (ILM) has become a widely accepted option in macular surgery. We will present the fundamental and clinical features to assess the influence of this technique in the management of surgical macular diseases. Methods The internal limiting membrane peeling is considered as an option to the commonly accepted treatment of macular hole surgery but its place remains under debate. Different studies were performed to assess the influence of ILM peeling on the outcome of macular hole, epiretinal membrane or macular edema. However they frequently combined different factors as well as different surgical techniques. Results The ILM should constitute a scaffold for glial cell proliferation if not removed. It should increase the rate of success and decrease the rate of late opening of macular hole but it remains speculative and controversial at the moment. About all the studies assessing the efficacy of ILM peeling in macular hole surgery are retrospective. All the studies about ILM peeling in macular edema or epiretinal membrane are non randomized study. The peeling of ILM is possible without any staining. However, the difficulty to peel it without trauma of the retina and even more the putative toxic risk of the different dyes to facilitate its removal are of concern. Conclusion The ILM peeling represents an interesting option in the treatment of macular hole surgery but its place needs to be defined more clearly. In the future, we have to define “individual” treatment considering all influencing factors (size, onset, stage of macular hole) to choose a “tailored” treatment.
Critical flicker fusion frequency in age‐related macular degeneration
Authors: MAIER MM , GRONEBERG T , SPECHT H , LOHMANN CP 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To discuss the influence of AMD on critical flicker fusion frequency (CFF) Methods CFF was measured centrally for red, green and blue signal and in 10° excentricity with a red signal. 33 patients with non exsudative AMD and a visual acuity (VA) of 20/100‐20/20, 12 patients with exsudative AMD (VA: 20/100‐20/25) and 45 age‐matched healthy eyes (VA: 20/32‐20/20) were included. Results CFF decreased in eyes with non exsudative AMD (red 1,6Hz p=0,01, green 1,6 Hz p=0,04, blue 2,1 Hz p=0,01). The difference between central and peripher CFF increased (red‐red 10°, 1,0 Hz p=0,01). Differences between different colours were low and reached no significance. In eyes with exsudative AMD CFF showed lower values (red 2.2 Hz p=0.02, green 3.3 Hz p=0.001, blue 2,9 Hz p=0.02, but in spite of increased difference between central and peripher CFF had no statistical significance. (red‐red 10° , 1,3 Hz p=0,25). Eyes with exsudative AMD showed a 1.0 Hz (p=0.02) higher difference between CFF with a red and a green signal than healthy eyes. Sub‐group analysis of patients with non exsudative AMD and visual acuity better than 20/32 (n=20) and healthy eyes showed no difference. Patients with non exsudative (n=13) and eyes with exsudative AMD (n=7) and VA between 20/200 and 20/40 reached equal CFF values. Conclusion CFF was decreased in non exsudative and exsudative AMD. The difference between central and peripher CFF increased in exsudative and nonexsudative AMD. Exsudative AMD has a stronger impact on a green than on a red signal. CFF is not able to distinguish between groups of equal visual acuity and therefore not applicable as a diagnostic test.
The spatial and neural deficit of human amblyopia
Authors: STEWART CE , MOSELEY MJ , FIELDER AR , MORLAND AB , MACRAE KL 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Human functional imaging studies confirm deficits of V1 identified from animal models and suggest additional extrastriatal areas of dysfunction. This study aims to investigate spatial visual and neural deficits in human amblyopia. Methods Participants were 6 adults (mean age=20±2 years) with amblyopia; anisometropia (n=2); mixed (n=4) and 3 normal adults (mean age=31±4 years). Cortical activation for each eye was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and psychophysical methods. Stimuli included four attributes of spatial vision known to be deficient in individuals with amblyopia: visual resolution, contrast sensitivity, vernier acuity and global motion. In each subject, retinotopic mapping experiments were also performed to establish locations of different visual areas and to act as regions of interest. All paradigms used a block design: 18 seconds stimulus ‘on’ alternated with 18s ‘control’, stimulus subtending 15x15 degrees and flickering at a temporal frequency of 8 Hz. The scans were performed on a Siemens Trio 3.0 Tesla System at Royal Holloway University. Results All participants with amblyopia had residual amblyopia following treatment. Mean logMAR visual acuity was 0.24 (sd 0.06) and ‐0.08 (sd 0.06) for amblyopic and fellow eyes respectively. Mean visual acuity for the normals was ‐0.06 (sd 0.06). Global motion was reduced significantly in the amblyopic (p=0.04) and fellow eyes (p=0.05) of observers compared to the normals; amblyopic eye: 54%(25%); fellow eye: 41%(16%); normals: 25%(7%). Conclusion Amblyopic observers show significant deficits of global motion for amblyopic and fellow eye stimulation. This is suggestive of extrastriatal deficits of amblyopia in addition to those in V1.
Contact lens wear in strabismic and non‐strabismic young patients: sensorial and oculomotor study and quality of life outcome
Authors: CARDON A , SULTANIM A , ARSENE S , GEORGET M , SANTALLIER M , NOCHEZ Y , PISELLA PJ 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The main aim of the study was to compare sensorial and oculomotor examinations in a sample of strabismic young patients corrected with eyeglasses and secondarily fitted with contact lenses. The second aim was to evaluate the quality of life. Methods Forty‐eight patients were included (8 to 19 years‐old) in Tours University Hospital from June 1st 2005 to May 31st 2007. Oculomotor and sensorial examinations were performed. Results Thirty‐seven patients had a mean follow‐up of 17.6 months. Twenty‐six patients had strabismus. Contact lens wear was stopped in 22.9% cases. In esotropic patients, the decrease of horizontal deviation angle in distant vision with lens was significantly more important when the initial angle measured with eyeglasses was more than 8 dioptries. The contact lens spherical power was significantly higher than the eyeglasses power. We did not find significant difference of quality of life in strabismic young person and the control group. Those results show that contact lens wear can uncover residual accommodation and can decrease the horizontal deviation angle in distant vision when the initial angle is higher than 8 dioptries. Conclusion Contact lens fitting has to take part in the global medical management of strabismus, especially in young patients willing to give up wearing eyeglasses.
The impact of common classes of topical antiglaucoma medications on central corneal thickness
Authors: WIERZBOWSKA J , FUKSINSKA B , MATUSIK R , STANKIEWICZ A , SIERDZINSKI J 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Recent studies have shown that prostaglandin analogs (PGA) may induce biochemical (via FP receptor and MMP‐2 activation) and morphological (via collagen type I contraction) changes in corneal stroma thus affecting central corneal thickness (CCT). Beta‐blockers (BB) and topical carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (CAI) were found to have rather no effect on CCT. To investigate the influence of common classes of topical antiglaucoma medications used either in monotherapy or combined therapy on CCT. Methods In a retrospective study 487 eyes from consecutive 260 patients (148F/112M) with open angle glaucoma were examined. Depending on the topical treatment they were classified into 7 groups: A/ PGA (n = 212), B/ BB (n = 54), C/ CAI (n = 36), D/ PGA + CAI (n = 25) E/ PGA + BB (n = 23) F/ BB + CAI (n = 54), G/ non‐treated (n = 83). The CCT was measured using ultrasound pachymetry Tomey AL‐2000. The central corneal power was measured with the Topcon keratometer. ANOVA analyses were used for statistical analysis. Results There were no statistically significant differences between CCT of all groups (F=1,06, p=0,3931); the lowest values were in the eyes treated with PGA + BB (535,9 nm SD 31,4) and the highest in the eyes treated with PGA + CAI (571,3 nm SD 46,3). The mean CCT in group A was 550,4 (SD 40,8), group B 552,5 (SD 34,7), group C 562,6 (SD 40,2), group D 571,3 (SD 46,3), group E 535,9 (SD 31,4), group F 559,5 (SD 32,5), group F 557,5 (SD 42,2) nm. Conclusion In this study CCT appears not to differ in eyes treated with different classes of antiglaucoma medications either in monotherapy or combined therapy. CCT of treated glaucoma eyes does not differ from CCT of untreated glaucoma eyes.
Cone mosaic imaging using an adaptive optics flood illumination camera system
Authors: GOCHO ‐ NAKASHIMA K , MASSAMBA N , ROCHE O , PARIER V , LE GARGASSON JF , LAMORY B , CHATEAU N , SOUBRANE G , DUFIER JL 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose The objective of this study was to develop an adaptive optics (AO) retinal imaging system and conduct in vivo pilot tests in a group of healthy eyes and in several pathological eyes. The experiments aimed at determining the device ability to image cone photoreceptors in presence of a variety of refractive errors. Methods We examined 20 healthy eyes and 3 eyes with inherited maculopathy using the instrument. The AO system was based on a 52‐actuator electromagnetic deformable mirror and a 1024‐lenslet Shack‐Hartmann wavefront sensor (respectively mirao52e and haso32e, both Imagine Eyes, France). The device was completed with a modified Badal arrangement in order to compensate for possibly large defocus errors. A super luminescent diode operating at 750nm was focused at the retina and the wavefront sensor. Additionally the retina was illuminated by a 3°x3°produced by an electroluminescent diode at 850nm. The center of this field was located at 3° off the fovea. The images were detected using a low‐noise CCD camera (Ropper Scientific, USA). Results Cone photoreceptor mosaics were imaged in the eyes with spherical refraction ranging between –7D and +4D and astigmatism up to 4.5D. The AO correction residual error ranged between 0.08 and 0.2µm in all tested eyes. The imaging resolution was estimated to be better than 5µm in all cases. The mosaic was visible over the entire 3°x3° field in several eyes. Conclusion It appeared that the retinal isoaplanetic field width was at least 3° experimentally in several tested eyes. This study demonstrated the feasibility of cellular retinal imaging in eyes with relatively large refractive errors using a compact AO instrument.
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The incidence of glaucoma following paediatric cataract surgery
Authors: BHATT UK , TATHAM A , WOODRUFF GH 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Aphakic glaucoma is a well‐recognised complication of surgery for congenital cataract, however there are wide variations in its reported prevalence. In this study, we investigated the incidence of glaucoma and the visual outcome following surgery in paediatric cataracts. Methods A 10‐year retrospective case‐note review of children who had cataract surgery by the same surgeon for congenital or secondary cataract. The diagnosis of glaucoma was based on the clinician’s decision to initiate treatment for raised intraocular pressure. Results Sixty‐six eyes of 49 patients were identified, comprising; 57.1% (28/49,40 eyes) with congenital cataract, 26.5% (13/49,18 eyes) with cataract secondary to uveitis, and 10.2% (5/49) with traumatic cataract. 12.1% (8/66) of eyes had an intraocular lens inserted at the time of surgery. Of those with congenital cataract, surgery was performed at a median age of 101 days (range 5‐5089). 7.5% (3/40) of these eyes developed glaucoma. The mean interval from surgery to the diagnosis of glaucoma was 3519 days.The age of the patient at surgery was not found to be a significant risk factor for glaucoma (student‐t test, p=0.18). There was a mean follow‐up of 2108 days with no significant difference in the length of follow‐up between the groups. Of the patients with uveitis, 53.8% (7/13) developed glaucoma in the operated eye, with two eventually requiring aqueous shunt devices. Conclusion We found a lower prevalence of glaucoma following surgery for congenital cataract than previously reported. However, glaucoma is significantly more likely following surgery for secondary cataract, particularly that associated with uveitis.
Susac's syndrome
Authors: BORRUAT FX 
Published: September 2008

AbstractSusac's syndrome is a primary vasculitis of the central nervous system. It is a microangiopathy affecting the brain, the inner ear and the retina. Its clinical presentation usually consists in behavior and memory disturbances, hearing loss and visual loss due to multiple branch arteries occlusions. It affects mostly women between 18 and 40 years of age. There are no specific radiological or laboratory abnormalities. Lumbar puncture reveals non specific minimal pleocytosis and elevation of proteins. The differential diagnosis includes granulomatous angiitis of the central nervous system and Cogan's syndrome. The pathogenesis is unknown but immune complex and antibody‐mediated endothelial damage are possible mechanisms. There is no universally recognized therapy, but immunosuppressants are frequently used.
Compliance and knowledge about glaucoma in austrian patients
Authors: MANSOURI K , RIGAL K 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To document the rate of non‐compliance and patients’ attitude towards and knowledge of glaucoma in Austrian patients. Methods Prospective observational case series. One‐ hundred consecutive glaucoma patients of an Austrian outpatient glaucoma department were included in the study. Patients were already under medical treatment for glaucoma. Personal characteristics, presence of systemic disease, compliance with glaucoma medication, and glaucoma‐related attitudes were ascertained by means of a predetermined questionnaire with 40 questions. Patients were subsequently assessed for the ability to correctly instil placebo eye drops. Non‐compliance was defined as omitting glaucoma medication more than once a week. Univariate and logistic regression was used to examine how patient characteristics and knowledge were related to reported compliance Results Average age was 63.6 years (range 19‐88). Overall, 89% (n= 89) of patients reported to be compliant. Knowledge about the disease was associated with higher compliance (RR 3.05, 95% CI 1.7‐9.6). Forgetfulness was the most frequently cited reason for non‐compliance (20%). Although 84% patients believed glaucoma medication to be efficient, only 26% could give a simple correct definition of glaucoma. 29% had a positive family history for glaucoma. Conclusion Despite the comparatively high compliance rate of Austrian patients with their glaucoma medication, knowledge of glaucoma remains poor in long term glaucoma sufferers.Patient compliance to glaucoma treatment could be improved mainly by increasing patient knowledge of the disease.
The characteristics of corneal biomechanics and their correlations with other biophysical parameters
Authors: POURJAVAN S , DETRY‐MOREL M 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To assess the characteristics of corneal biomechanics; corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistant factor (CRF) and their correlations with other biophysical parameters in healthy subjects. Methods 150 healthy subjects had an IOP measurement with ORA. CH and CRF were analyzed based on age, race, sex, refractive error, corneal thickness and visual field parameters. Diurnal variability and short time variability were also examined. Patients with corneal pathologies were excluded. Regression analysis and Pearson correlation were used to assess the correlation between different parameters. Student test was used to assess the difference. Anova test was also applied to examine the differences in diurnal and short time variability. Results CH was lower in advanced age. CRF was higher in the elderly. There was no difference in corneal biomechanics between males and females. CH and CRF seemed lower in black race then Caucasian. There was a positive correlation between CH, CRF and CCT. We couldn’t show any diurnal variability. Conclusion The characteristics of CH and CRF in healthy subjects will be discussed.
Conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) – the physiological protective MALT of the conjunctiva
Authors: KNOP N , KNOP E 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Conjunctiva‐associated lymphoid tissue (CALT) is a part of the mucosal immune system – the local MALT of the conjuncitva. The presence of lymphatic cells in the conjunctiva is known for about a century but had remained controversial for a long time. Methods Complete conjunctival sacs in a large number of rabbits and humans were investigated in combined studies of whole‐mount observation together with histology, scanning and transmission electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Results A diffuse lymphoid tissue composed of lymphocytes and plasma cells along with accessory cells of the immune system occurs in the sub‐epithelial lamina propria with intraepithelial lymphocytes. Lymphoid follicles are regularly interspersed. These are less frequent and flat in elderly humans, but prominent in the rabbit. They show a typical structure, are composed of B‐cells with parafollicular T‐cells and high endothelial venules, and are covered by a specialised follicle‐associated epithelium (FAE) devoid of goblet cells. This has specialised M‐cells that contain groups of lymphocytes for uptake of antigens. Follicles frequently have a bright germinal center which indicates that antigens were in fact taken up and lymphocyte proliferation and differentiation was induced. Conclusion The conjunctiva of the rabbit and human have typical components of a physiologically protective mucosal immune system in the form of diffuse lymphoid tissue and lymphoid follicles that form the efferent and the afferent limb, respectively, of an immune answer. CALT can hence detect antigens from the ocular surface, pre‐sent them to lymphoid cells and generate protective effector cells and hence repre‐sents a part of the mucosal immune system at the conjunctiva. (DFG KN 317/11)
G‐probe: results of use on eyes with visual functions with patients in Armenia
Authors: BUNIATYAN IY , VARDANYAN AH , VOSKANYAN LA 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose G‐probe cyclophotocoagulation(IRIDEX laser systems) on blind eyes has allowed us to develop differentiated approaches to the treatment considering the etiology and optimum dosages.The objective we had defined was to utilize the accumulated experience and apply the given technique also on eyes with visual acuity. Methods During 3 years there were 10 eyes under our supervision with neovascular glaucoma after diabetic retinopathy or vein thromboses.IOP was 45.4 mmHg.In 9 cases visual acuity as light perception;1 patient had account of fingers on distance 50cm without correction.2 patients had undergone vitrectomy.Technique:position‐supine; anaesthesia retrobulbar injection Sol.Lidocaine 2%‐3.0;optimum dosages (power‐duration‐number of coagulants):NVG after vein thromboses:1000‐1750mW(inclusive)‐1000msec‐minimum 24;NVG after diabetic retinopathy:1750‐2500mW‐2000msec‐minimum 25.After TSCPC subconjunctival steroids injection was done. Results Visual acuity after TSCPC at 8 patients increased to account of fingers on distance 1m;1 case‐account of fingers on distance 2m;1 case‐account of fingers on distance 2m with correction (+4.0D)20/200.In 3 cases ? year after the condition had stabilized, we performed glaucoma surgery,in 1 case combined operation‐cataract and glaucoma surgery,in 1 case‐panretinal photocoagulation.All patients were under dynamic supervision.IOP after 3 years was 23.5 mmHg.1 patient after TSCPC and glaucoma surgery is preparing to keratoplasty. Conclusion The results received by us are quite encouraging in terms of stabilization of intraocular pressure, painful syndrome, and also preservation of vision acuity.The given technique can be recommended as preparatory for the subsequent interventions for "refractory" patients.
Contact transcleral ciliary body photodynamic treatment with verteporfin in cases of refractory glaucoma
Authors: CHARISIS SK , VITANOVA VS , DETORAKIS E , TSILIMBARIS MK 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose Previous animal studies showed that contact transcleral ciliary body photodynamic treatment with verteporfin is a safe procedure for temporarily reducing IOP. The purpose of this study is to investigate safety and efficacy in cases of refractory or absolute glaucoma. Methods 8 patients, 8 blind painful eyes of with absolute glaucoma (6 neovascular, 1 Sil Oil, 1 refractory), with mean IOP 37±12 mmHg, were treated. Verteporfin bolus infusion of 6 mg/m^2 body surface area over 1 minute was done prior to irradiation, realized with a triple optic fiber connected to a 689nm diode laser. Energy at each fiber’s tip was 80mW and irradiation time 3min per spot. 12 spots over 360 degrees (12min) were done. Eye drops with dexamethasone and tobramycin qd for 4 days were prescribed. Follow up consisted of daily slit lamp examination and IOP measurements with Goldman Tonometer during the first week, then weekly during the first month, then monthly. Photography was used to document clinical findings. Results Significant mean IOP reduction of 25% for 2 weeks was observed in all cases. IOP returned to pre‐treatment values during the third week in 4 cases, during the 2nd month in 2 cases and 3rd month in 2 cases. Conjunctival oedema and anterior chamber reaction were mild and lasted 24‐48 hours. No serious adverse events were observed and patient’s discomfort was limited. Conclusion Our findings suggest that contact transcleral ciliary body photodynamic treatment with verteporfin with the above mentioned settings is safe and efficient in short term in cases of refractory or absolute glaucoma.
Dynamic vessel analysis for assessing endothel dysfunction of microcirculatory vessels – method, model and results
Authors: VILSER W , SEIFERT B 
Published: September 2008

Abstract Purpose To access the endothel function (flow induced autoregulation) provide a unique potential for vascular risk stratification,early recognition, diagnosis and treatment of big vascular heart and brain diseases by using the eye as a diagnostic window.It is assumed that Dynamic Vessel Analysis by DVA (Dynamic Vessel Analyzer Imedos GmgH Jena,Germany) is a practical and easy test for endothel dysfunction. Methods DVA can access vessel functions by use of flickering light.Online measurements of the diameter enable a highly reproducible observation of local and temporal changes of big retinal vessels with high accuracy.For functional analysis the retina is stimulated by a 12.5 Hz monochromatic flicker light.The stimulation period amounts 20s.The vessel response before, during an after stimulöation is recorded.Vessel dialation is estimated.To understand and for clinical interpretation of the flickering vessel response model of vessel response to flickering light was developed. Results In normal subjects flickering light induces an increase in vessel diameter.Reduced diameter dilatation is caused by exhausted regulative reserve (hypotonics) or by vascular dysfunction.The interpretation of the vascular dysfunction based on the following model:Flickering light is activating the neurovascular coupling, leading to a dilation of the capillaries and small arterioles.This causes an increase in flow leading to increased velocity in the bigger vessels indirectly.The flow induced autoregulation dilates the diameter of the big vessels by increasing nitric oxid NO via eNOS.Different experimental results support this model thesis. Conclusion The vessel dilatation can be explained by eNOS.Endothel dysfunction reduces the flicker dilatation.
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