bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Molekül‐Detektive. Biosensoren
Authors: Stöcklein Walter 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBiosensoren sind Messfühler, die durch eine enge Kopplung von einem biologischen Erkennungselement (Rezeptor) und einem Signalumwandler (Transducer) gekennzeichnet sind. Sie profitieren vor allem von der hohen Selektivität, mit der Analyte nachgewiesen werden können. Blutzuckermessgeräte für die Patienten‐Selbstkontrolle sind ein Paradebeispiel für erfolgreiche Biosensoren. Andere Biosensoren haben sich als Teil eines Analysensystems bewährt, zum Beispiel die Sensorchips von Oberflächenplasmonresonanz‐ oder Interferometrie‐ basierten Geräten. Zu den Biosensoren, die Analytmoleküle direkt ohne Hilfsreagenzien nachweisen können, gehören auch die Piezosensoren. Thermometrische Sensoren ermöglichen den direkten enzymatischen Nachweis von Analyten, ohne dass ein optisch oder elektrochemisch nachweisbares Produkt entstehen muss. Der Herstellung von Biosensor‐Oberflächen, die ein hohes Verhältnis von spezifischem zu unspezifischem Signal ermöglichen, wird durch neue Techniken ermöglicht, wie das Beispiel der Nanoröhren zeigt. Mit der preisgekrönten Entwicklung von Chips, die Tausende bis Millionen Sensoroberflächen tragen und als DNA‐, Protein‐Chips oder Mikroarrays bezeichnet werden, beginnen sich biosensorische Prinzipien zu etablieren.
Cantharidin: Hochzeitsgabe, Schutz‐ und Lockstoff, Blasenzieher und Enzymhemmer
Authors: Eiden Fritz 
Published: February 2006

AbstractZahlreiche Pflasterkäferarten dient das in ihrem Blut enthaltene Cantharidin als Schutz‐ und Lockstoff. Als Arzneimittel und Aphrodisiakum wurden cantharidinhaltige Käfer (und später der Wirkstoff Cantharidin) von der Antike bis zur Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts verwendet, wobei der Nutzen allerdings wegen der hohen Toxizität begrenzt war. Von der Isolierung des Wirkstoffs Cantharidin über die Aufklärung seiner Struktur bis zum Aufspüren praktikabler Synthesewege vergingen anderthalb Jahrhunderte. In neuerer Zeit hat das Cantharidin wegen seiner Hemmwirkung auf den Zellstoffwechsel regulierende Enzyme (Proteinphosphatasen) wieder das Interesse vieler Molekularbiologen, Pharmakologen und Chemiker gefunden.
Chemisches bei Caesar. De bello Gallico...
Authors: Volke Klaus 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCaesar benennt in seinem “Gallischen Krieg” verschiedene Materialien, bei deren Erzeugung chemische Kenntnisse vonnöten waren; sei es das Eisen für die Waffen, den Waid als Körperbemalung oder den Wein. Es wird der Kenntnisstand zurzeit der Römer bei der Herstellung dieser und anderer Produkte dargestellt, wobei insbesondere auf die Historia naturalis von Plinius d. Ä. Bezug genommen wird. Es wird deutlich, dass es sich lohnt, die Werke der antiken Autoren aus chemiehistorischer Sicht zu betrachten.
Mit dem Mikroskop Chemie erleben. Reaktionen von Kupfer‐Ionen
Authors: Kirch Sandra , Decker Frank , Schlick Christian , Wolfer Elmar , Schmidt Oliver , Hausknecht Jennifer , Sitzmann Helmut 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAm Beispiel der Reaktionen von Kupfer(II)‐Ionen mit Reduktionsmitteln, Fällungsreagenzien oder Komplexbildnern werden die Vorteile des Experimentierens unter dem Mikroskop veranschaulicht. Typischerweise im Wassertropfen, manchmal moderiert durch Zusatz von Kieselgel, zeigt sich die Natur im Mikroskop von einer besonders schönen Seite. Nebeneffekte der beschriebenen Methode sind die Einsparung von Chemikalien sowie eine Verringerung der Abfallmenge und des Risikos.
Konfigurationsbestimmung der Chinasäure
Authors: Siebert Carsten D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDie (–)‐Chinasäure kommt als Naturstoff isomerenrein vor und obwohl die absolute Konfiguration bekannt ist, kann sie mit den gängigen Stereodeskriptoren R und S nicht beschrieben werden. Dieser erstaunliche Sachverhalt ist zwar nicht neu, aber dennoch wenig beachtet worden. Der Beitrag zeigt die Grenzen der gebräuchlichen stereochemischen Terminologie auf.
Wettlauf zum E‐Papier
Authors: Borchard‐Tuch Claudia 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSchnell schaltbar wie ein Bildschirm, flimmerfrei wie bedrucktes Papier: Mehrere Unternehmen kreieren elektronisches Papier – Folien aus Kunststoff, welche veränderbare Texte und Grafiken darstellen können.
Kuba – Improvisationstalent gefragt
Authors: Groß Michael 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWir befinden uns im Jahr 2006 n. Chr. Die ganze Welt ist von den Kapitalisten besetzt ... Die ganze Welt? Nein! Eine von unbeugsamen Kubanern bevölkerte Insel hört nicht auf, den Globalisierern Widerstand zu leisten ... Nun, die Weltpolitik mag sich ein wenig verändert haben, seit Julius Caesar Gallien eroberte und das Dorf von Asterix und Obelix umzingelte, doch auch heute noch gilt: wer klein ist und einen übermächtigen Gegner hat, der ihm den garaus machen will, muss eine Extraportion Einfallsreichtum mitbringen.
Doch Malaria‐Impfung?
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDie Malaria ist noch immer, nach der DDT‐Desillusion sogar wieder steigend, ein Armutszeichen unserer Globalgesellschaft, aber auch eines, das zeigt, auf wie vielfältige Weise sich Natur‐ und Therapie gegenseitig die Waffen aus der Hand schlagen. Auf der einen Seite haben sich Resistenzen gegen fast alles Aussichtsreiche und Erschwingliche entwickelt, auf der anderen sind Um‐ und Holzwege beschritten worden, die den Spürsinn der Forscher nicht loslassen und – vielleicht bricht die Mauer eher als der Kopf, wie steter Tropfen den Stein höhlt.
Unter der Tiefsee
Authors: Jaenicke Lothar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractChemische Prozesse im Tiefseemeeresboden‐Porenwasser, durch die das Ökosystem bis hinauf zur Ozean‐ und Erdoberfläche tiefgreifend beeinflusst wird, stammen aus Tätigkeit lebender Bakterien, sind also rezent und im wahren Sinn rezent biochemisch. Ein wesentliches Beispiel ist die fermentative Bildung von Methan(hydraten), sein Aufsteigen in die Tropo‐ und Atmosphäre mit den Folgen auf das Klima.
Elevated serum level of YKL‐40 is an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma
Authors: Schmidt Henrik , Johansen Julia Sidenius , Gehl Julie , Geertsen Poul F. , Fode Kirsten , von der Maase Hans 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDYKL‐40 is a growth factor for connective tissue cells and stimulates migration of endothelial cells. Cancer cells, macrophages, and neutrophils secrete YKL‐40. Its function in cancer is unknown. High serum YKL‐40 levels have been associated with a poor prognosis in patients with several solid tumors. The prognostic impact of serum YKL‐40 in metastatic melanoma was evaluated.METHODSYKL‐40 was measured in serial serum samples from 110 patients with metastatic melanoma obtained immediately before and during treatment and from 245 healthy subjects.RESULTSPatients had higher serum YKL‐40 values than healthy subjects (P < 0.001). Pretreatment serum YKL‐40 was elevated in 45% of the patients and correlated to site of metastases (P = 0.03) and poor performance status (P = 0.002). Multivariate Cox analysis showed that serum YKL‐40 (hazard ratio [HR] = 1.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2–2.8; P = 0.004) and serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (HR = 1.9; 95% CI, 1.2–2.9; P = 0.004) were independent prognostic factors for survival. A combination variable of elevated serum YKL‐40 and LDH quadrupled the risk of early death (HR = 4.4; 95% CI, 2.5–7.7; P < 0.001) compared with patients with normal levels. The combination of YKL‐40 and LDH had a stronger prognostic impact than the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) Stage IV classification. Furthermore, serum samples were available from 12 patients during followup. In 9 of 11 patients a significant increase in serum YKL‐40 was observed together with disease progression. In one patient with a lasting complete response, serum YKL‐40 remained normal.CONCLUSIONSAn elevated serum YKL‐40 was an independent prognostic factor for poor survival in patients with metastatic melanoma. When combining serum YKL‐40 and LDH, patients could be separated into three prognostic groups based on the number of elevated biomarkers. The findings should be validated in an independent study. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Critical analysis of prostate‐specific antigen doubling time calculation methodology
Authors: Svatek Robert S. , Shulman Michael , Choudhary Pankaj K. , Benaim Elie 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDProstate‐specific antigen (PSA) doubling time (PSADT) has emerged as an important surrogate marker of disease progression and survival in men with prostate carcinoma. The literature is replete with different methods for calculating PSADT. The objective of the current study was to identify the method that best described PSA growth over time and predicted disease‐specific survival in men with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma.METHODSPSADT was calculated for 122 patients with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma using 2 commonly used methods: best‐line fit (BLF) and first and last observations (FLO). Then, PSADT was calculated by using both a random coefficient linear (RCL) model and a random coefficient quadratic (RCQ) model. Statistical analysis was used to compare the ability of the methods to fit the patients' PSA profiles and to predict disease‐specific survival.RESULTSThe RCQ model provided the best fit of the patients' PSA profiles, as determined according to the significance of the added parameters for the RCQ equation (P≤ 0.002). The PSADT estimates from the FLO method, the RCL model, and the RCQ model were highly significant predictors (P< 0.001) of disease‐specific survival, whereas estimates from the BLF method were not found to be significant predictors (P= 0.66). PSADT estimates from the RCQ and RCL models provided an improved correlation of disease‐specific survival (both R2= 0.55) compared to the FLO (R2= 0.11) and BFL (R2= 0.003) methods.CONCLUSIONSRandom coefficient methods provided a more reliable fit of PSA profiles than other models and were superior to other available models for predicting disease‐specific survival in patients with androgen‐independent prostate carcinoma. The authors concluded that consideration should be given to applying the RCL or RCQ models in future assessments of PSADT as a predictive parameter. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Expression of FasL in squamous cell carcinomas of the cervix and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and its role in tumor escape mechanism
Authors: Ibrahim Ramy , Frederickson Helen , Parr Allyson , Ward Yvona , Moncur Joel , Khleif Samir N. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDTo date, several mechanisms have been described by which malignant cells escape from the immune system. One of these is through the expression of FasL. The authors hypothesized that the Fas/FasL interaction enables cervical carcinoma cells to induce apoptosis of the cells of the immune system and thereby escape from them.METHODSThe authors tested the expression of FASL on the surface of cervical carcinoma tissues. Next, they stained the same cervical tissues with anti‐human leukocyte common antigen and TUNEL to identify apoptotic cells. An in vitro functional assay was then done to test if the FASL expressed on the surface of cervical carcinoma cell lines was or was not responsible for inducing apoptosis in T‐cells. Finally, they compared the expression of FASL on normal and dysplastic cervical tissues.RESULTSNinety‐four percent of the cervical carcinoma tissues the authors tested expressed FasL and the majority of the apoptotic cells in the specimens were leukocytes with very few tumor cells. In the in vitro functional assay, only the Fasl expressing cell line and not the Fasl negative cell line was able to induce apoptosis of the Fas‐expressing Jurkat cells. On examining the normal cervical tissues, the authors found that the expression of Fasl was confined to the basal cell layer with loss of expression observed in the suprabasal layers, which made it an immune privileged site. Conversely, there was persistent expression of FasL in the dysplastic layers in cervical dysplasia and squamous cell carcinoma specimens.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of the current study support the authors' hypothesis that persistent expression of FasL plays a role in the ability of cervical carcinoma cells to escape from the immune system. Cancer 2006. Published 2006 by the American Cancer Society.
Second autologous or allogeneic transplantation after the failure of first autograft in patients with multiple myeloma
Authors: Qazilbash Muzaffar H. , Saliba Rima , De Lima Marcos , Hosing Chitra , Couriel Daniel , Aleman Ana , Roden Linda , Champlin Richard , Giralt Sergio A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDMost patients undergoing high‐dose therapy and autologous transplant for multiple myeloma eventually develop a disease recurrence. However, to the authors' knowledge, the optimal salvage treatment for these patients is not well defined. Both autologous and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantations have been used for salvage therapy. The outcomes of salvage autologous or allogeneic transplants were analyzed retrospectively in patients relapsing after an autograft.METHODSFourteen patients (median age, 52 yrs) received a second autograft for salvage, whereas 26 patients (median age, 51 yrs) underwent a reduced‐intensity allogeneic transplantation (related in 18 patients and unrelated in 8 patients). The median interval between the first and the second transplant was 25 months in the autologous group and 17 months in the allogeneic group. The two groups were evenly matched with regard to other disease characteristics.RESULTSAfter a median follow‐up of 18 months for the autologous group and 30 months for the allogeneic group, the median progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) in the 2 groups were 6.8 months versus 7.3 months and 29 months versus 13 months, respectively. Acute and chronic graft versus host disease (15%) was the most common cause of nonrecurrence mortality in the allogeneic group and infections (14%) in the autologous group. On univariate analysis, an interval of > 1 year between the first and the salvage transplant predicted a better OS in the allogeneic group.CONCLUSIONSBoth autografting and allografting are feasible as salvage therapy for myeloma patients who develop disease recurrence after the first autograft, although disease progression remains the major cause of failure. Better approaches are needed for salvage therapy in patients developing disease recurrence after an autograft. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Nuclear expression of the antiapoptotic protein survivin in malignant melanoma
Authors: Ding Yiling , Prieto Victor G. , Zhang Peter S. , Rosenthal Seth , Smith Kathleen J. , Skelton Henry G. , Diwan A. Hafeez 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDExpression of the antiapoptotic protein survivin has been demonstrated in some melanocytic lesions and is believed to be required for melanoma cell viability. However, its diagnostic value in differentiating melanomas from nevi has not yet been examined.METHODSTissue microarray blocks were constructed with paraffin‐fixed tissue of 19 nevi, 18 dysplastic nevi, 24 malignant melanomas, and 31 metastatic melanomas. Sections were then reacted with three antisurvivin antibodies (two monoclonal and one polyclonal) assessing labeling intensity (absent or weak, and moderate to strong) as well as the percentage of cells labeled (< 25%, ≥ 25%).RESULTSOf the antibodies evaluated, the polyclonal one was found to be the most sensitive. Nuclear immunoreactivity for survivin (i.e., ≥ 25% of cells exhibiting and/or at least moderately intense staining) was seen in a subset of melanomas but not in nevi or dysplastic nevi (P < 0.05)CONCLUSIONSSurvivin is variably expressed in the cytoplasm in the entire spectrum of melanocytic lesions, with nuclear expression detectable only in melanomas. These data may underscore the importance of nuclear survivin in progression to melanoma and may prove useful in the differential diagnosis of melanoma versus nevus. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.
Potential Energy Surfaces of the Microhydrated Guanine⋅⋅⋅Cytosine Base Pair and its Methylated Analogue
Authors: Zendlová Lucie , Hobza Pavel , Kabeláč Martin 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA complete scan of the potential and free‐energy surfaces of monohydrated and dihydrated guanine⋅⋅⋅cytosine and 9‐methylguanine⋅⋅⋅1‐methylcytosine base pairs was realized by the molecular dynamics/quenching technique using the force field of Cornell et al. implemented in the AMBER7 program. The most stable and populated structures localized were further fully reoptimized at the correlated ab initio level employing the resolution of identity Møller–Plesset method with a large basis set. A systematic study of microhydration of these systems using a high‐level correlated ab initio approach is presented for the first time. The different behavior of guanine⋅⋅⋅cytosine and adenine⋅⋅⋅thymine complexes is also discussed. These studies of nucleic acid base pairs are important for finding binding sites of water molecules around bases and for better understanding of the influence of the solvent on the stability of the structure of DNA.
Unlocking the learning potential in peer mediation: An evaluation of peer mediator modeling and disputant learning
Authors: Harris Robert D. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis research used modeling theory to test peer mediator modeling and disputant learning during peer mediation.The results demonstrated that peer mediators effectively modeled, and disputants effectively learned, conflict resolution knowledge, attitudes, and skills that contributed to a significant improvement in conflict attitudes and behaviors, and a significant reduction in disputant discipline problems following mediation.
Dialogue and democracy, community and capacity: Lessons for conflict resolution education from Montessori, Dewey, and Freire
Authors: Hedeen Timothy 
Published: February 2006

AbstractTeachers and trainers of conflict resolution are heirs—if often unwitting ones—to a rich legacy in education; not just any education, but a tradition of furthering democracy within learning environments and throughout society. Whether in an elementary school classroom or graduate school seminar, a prison cafeteria or church basement, a corporate boardroom or community center gymnasium, conflict resolution education continues this tradition.
Linking theory to practice: A theory of change model of the Natural Resources Leadership Institute
Authors: Addor Mary Lou , Cobb Tanya Denckla , Dukes E. Franklin , Ellerbrock Mike , Smutko L. Steven 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe Natural Resources Leadership Institute (NRLI), a leadership development program for capacity building in environmental decision making, cultivates a cadre of leaders who address environmental problems collaboratively and creatively. Describing our theory of change model, this article introduces why and how the NRLI works, the theoretical perspectives that support the NRLI, and the outcomes that result when these theories are put into practice in North Carolina and Virginia.
Creating awareness of the spiritual dimensions of conflict resolution by contemplating organizational culture
Authors: Lichtenstein Marsha 
Published: February 2006

AbstractConflict resolution training for faith‐based groups asks members to look at how to integrate their group's specific rituals, practices, and values into a reconciliation process and uncover the deeper, taken‐for‐granted meanings of these features of spiritual life. However, faith‐based organizations differ significantly along several dimensions. Conflict resolution training must take into consideration both the commonalities and distinctions among faith‐based groups.
Beyond basic training: A model for developing mediator competence
Authors: Lieberman Etty , Foux‐Levy Yael , Segal Peretz 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis article examines the effectiveness of a model system, developed under the auspices of the Ministry of Justice in Israel, for furthering the training of mediators. The model emphasizes training through practical experience and development of critical self‐assessment abilities, allowing individuals to recognize their personal strengths and weaknesses. The research concludes that there is a vital need for continuous training to facilitate both professional and personal growth of mediators.
What theory? How collaborative problem‐solving trainers use theory and research in training and teaching
Authors: Macfarlane Julie , Mayer Bernie 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe authors describe an interview‐based research project that explored
the impact of theory and research on practice and training. The study found that
many training programs refer only occasionally to theory and research, instead
relying primarily on the wisdom and personal experience of the trainer. The
authors identify barriers to the integration of theory and research into
training programs, and propose new resources and strategies for overcoming these
obstacles.
Constant and intermittent high glucose enhances endothelial cell apoptosis through mitochondrial superoxide overproduction
Authors: Piconi Ludovica , Quagliaro Lisa , Assaloni Roberta , Da Ros Roberto , Maier Amabile , Zuodar Gianni , Ceriello Antonio 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBackgroundIt has been previously shown that hyperglycemia enhances free radical production, inducing oxidative damage, which in its turn activates the death pathways implicated in cell apoptosis and necrosis. But the possible involvement of this pathway in the hyperglycemia‐induced apoptosis of endothelial cells has not yet been reported.MethodsTo verify a possible connection between mitochondrial ROS production and apoptosis induced by both stable and oscillating high glucose, SOD, MnTBAP and TTFA was added to HUVEC cell culture medium. We measured nitrotyrosine and 8OHdG as oxidative stress parameters and Bcl‐2 expression and Caspase‐3 expression and activity as apoptosis indicators.ResultsOur results show that hyperglycemia, both stable or oscillating, increases oxidative stress and endothelial cell apoptosis through ROS overproduction at the mitochondrial transport chain level.ConclusionThe prevention of mitochondrial oxidative damage seems to be a future important therapeutic strategy in diabetes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.