bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An Effective Sweep—Cleaning of Large Deviated Wellbores Using Small Coiled-Tubing Systems
Authors: Surjaatmadja J. , Rosine R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of coiled-tubing systems has proven practical and cost effective for many well intervention procedures. With the development of better quality, longer, and larger-sized coiled-tubing systems, the variety of processes available for using coiled-tubing systems continues to rise rapidly. One application is the removal of heavy solids through a deviated wellbore section, which causes immense difficulties to the operator. Even when the particulate drop rate through the carrier fluid is slow, this velocity is increased by up to ten times in deviated wellbore sections; which can cause failure, and even worse, sticking of tubing. A method that is successful in counteracting this phenomenon is discussed in this paper. The need for increased flow rates, meaning the use of larger coiled-tubing systems, is not necessary for this method; thus allowing effective cleanup through smaller production tubing.
WDDM, the Jewel of the Nile
Authors: Katamish H. E. , Steel N. , Smith A. , Thompson P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Located in the Mediterranean around 110 km NE of Alexandria in water depths between 150 to 1600m.The concession, located in the Egyptian deepwater Nile Delta, was awarded to BG (operator) and Edison in 1995. The success story continues with an aggressive technology-enabled exploration and development programme, nine separate gas discoveries were made proving sufficient gas reserves for a substantial domestic market contract and two trains of LNG.
To develop these gas fields and overcome the associated technical challenges, BG and partners adopted cutting-edge technologies across all subsurface disciplines including; G&G: Thin beds evaluation; 3D reservoir characterization using seismic attributes; hybrid deterministic-stochastic sector and full-field geocellular modeling, shallow hazard assessment and pore pressure prediction from 3D seismic.Reservoir engineering: Integrated modeling techniques, upscaling, reservoir management practices, numerical well test modeling, reservoir/intelligent well completion interaction modeling, probabilistic reserves assessment and integrated field planning.Well engineering: Sand control in conjunction with intelligent sub-sea well completions; wet gas flow meter installation, high rate gas wells design.
The first WDDM fields to enter production, Scarab and Saffron, have been producing since March 2003 with peak production of + 800 mmscf/d to the Egyptian domestic market. The Scarab Saffron development is one of the longest sub sea tie backs in the world. First production from the Simian and Sienna fields to Train 1 of the plant (ELNG) at Idku is expected in 2005.
This paper highlights state-of-the-art exploration and development practices being undertaken in the WDDM concession where advanced technology has made a significant business contribution in delivering world class projects across the whole integrated gas chain.
Eliminating Multiple Interventions Using a Single Rig-Up Coiled-Tubing Solution
Authors: Kumar P. S. , Van Gisbergen S. , Harris J. , Ferdiansyah E. , Brady M. , Al Harthy S. , Pandey A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes new methods to economically improve production levels in one of the mature fields of Petroleum Development Oman. This field had been developed by infill drilling programs, which were suspended in early 2001 to review the development strategy. A reservoir management team set a challenge to effectively conduct logging operations and quickly utilize the data collected to identify and avail of optimization opportunities, thus maximizing the production of the wells whilst lowering overall costs. The optimization activity consisted of clean-out, saturation logging, perforation and stimulation. These activities were carried out either with coiled tubing only utilizing conventional practises and e-line coiled tubing, or with the combination of coiled tubing and hoist through multiple well entries. Both of these methods were successfull in that they resulted in incremental net oil production but at relatively high costs.
This paper presents a methodology which enables clean-out, logging, stimulation and perforation with one coiled tubing intervention, which includes a plastic coated "e-line" coiled tubing, coiled tubing perforating head and new perforation technology. All systems are in complete compliance with the most stringent safety criteria. The new method has a considerable time and cost savings impact, and this is fully illustrated in this paper with field trial case histories, in which a multi-disciplinary team effectively targeted the most suitable zones for perforation and stimulation using a state of the art self diverting, non damaging, acid system. Technical and economic comparisons are made with conventional practices. The methodology is currently being employed in this field and is potentially applicable to other fields.
Towards an Industry Report on Environmental Performance
Authors: Campbell J. A. , Bennett W. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since 1998, the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (OGP) has been collecting and collating information on environmental performance from its member companies. The initiative has two principal purposes; first, it addresses the need for greater transparency of upstream industry activities and second, it can provide a means for contributing companies to compare their environmental performance, thereby leading to improved overall industry performance.
Member companies are asked to provide information on 6 categories: atmospheric emissions, produced water, muds and cuttings from offshore operations, oil spills, chemical spills and energy efficiency. Companies also provide information on production levels associated with the data for normalisation. Data are compiled by region (Africa, Asia/Australasia, Europe, FSU, Middle East, North America and South America).
Thirty OGP member companies representing over 40% of the world's oil production now participate in the reporting cycle. Other member companies have begun the internal processes that will enable their participation in future years. Data coverage is quite uneven; for example almost all production in Europe is reported whilst in other areas performance is reported for a relatively low fraction of the known production.
The reporting exercises have identified and taken steps to solve a range of problems associated with data recording and processing. Information can now be reported to the system via an electronic interface, thereby minimising data transcription errors; the system also allows (by a series of ‘flags’) for early detection of possibly spurious year-on-year variations in company reporting.
As the reporting mechanism has developed, the level of confidence within the participating companies has grown steadily and OGP released a summary of information on 2002 activities in 2003. This year, participating companies have agreed to publish data aggregated at a regional as well as a global level.
Quantification of Uncertainty in Relative Permeability for Coarse-Scale Reservoir Simulation
Authors: Okano H. , Pickup G. E. , Christie M. A. , Subbey S. , Sambridge M. , Monfared H. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractReservoir simulation to predict production performance requires two steps: one is history-matching, and the other is uncertainty quantification in forecasting. In the process of history-matching, rock relative permeability curves are often altered to reproduce production data. However, guidelines for changing the shape of the curves have not been clearly established. The aim of this paper is to clarify the possible influence of relative permeabilities on reservoir simulation using the uncertainty envelope.We propose a method for adjusting the shape of relative permeability curves during history-matching at the coarse scale, using the Neighbourhood Approximation algorithm and B-spline parameterisation. After generating multiple history-matched models, we quantify the uncertainty envelope in a Bayesian framework. Our approach aims at encapsulating sub-grid heterogeneity in multi-phase functions directly in the coarse-scale model, and predicting uncertainty. In this sense, the framework differs from conventional procedures which perturb fine-scale features, upscale the models and evaluate each performance. In addition, B-spline parameterisation is flexible allowing the capture of local features in the relative permeability curves. The results of synthetic cases showed that the lack of knowledge of the subgrid permeability and the insufficient production data provoked a substantial amount of uncertainty in reservoir performance forecasting.
Petrophysical Seismic Inversion to Determine More Accurate and Precise Reservoir Properties
Authors: Bornard R. , Allo F. , Coleou T. , Freudenreich Y. , Caldwell D. H. , Hamman J. G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
We introduce a Stratigraphic inversion method that simultaneously integrates pre-stack seismic data with petrophysical and geological data. We use simulated annealing to invert directly for reservoir properties such as porosity, lithology and fluid content in a 3D geocellular model. Well and seismic data are integrated in their respective domains along with physical constraints at different vertical scales to produce an optimal solution. Application of user-defined Petro-Elastic Models (PEM) is a key element of the proposed methodology. In addition to connecting the inverted properties to the seismic response, the PEMs are used to maintain consistency between the time, depth and derived velocities throughout the inversion process. The proposed methodology overcomes the limitations faced by many existing techniques with regards to vertical resolution, time-to-depth conversion and the link between seismic response and reservoir properties. The result of our petrophysical seismic inversion is a fine-scale shared earth model in depth that is consistent with both log and seismic data and can be used for reservoir performance prediction.
After demonstrating the robustness of the method on synthetic data, we present a result from a real dataset. The proposed methodology has been successfully applied to porosity inversion on one of the largest undeveloped oil fields in the North Sea. A fine-scale reservoir model has been obtained which reveals previously undetected geological structures and leads to a better understanding of the reservoir zone.
Online Detection of Coiled Tubing Anomalies on a Small Scale for Safe CT Operations
Authors: Harbers P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since the combination of measuring fatigue and corrosion in one system would be ideal but not possible for now, the best way to ‘guard’ the coiled tubing's integrity before or during operation, is to detect corrosion or other anomalies in a very early stage. Calculations on form and depth of CT anomalies to predict its growth and behavior still turn out to be very difficult. This means online detecting on a very small scale would give you a better and immediate view on the growing speed of anomalies and thus your total decay of the CT string. ROSEN does this by means of her well-known knowledge in the Magnetic Flux Leakage principle and her 20+ years experience in pipeline inspections.
For Hibernia Canada we introduced a new feature in our software concentrating on corrosion finding and wall thickness. We have divided the wall thickness into 9 different wall thickness part sections around the circumference. This means a more precise indication (and therefore better resolution) of the wall thickness part (40° coverage each), which could contain a wall thinning including its clock position. Mechanical damage, corrosion parts or pits as small as approx 0.3mm (0.01″) in depth can now be detected!
World's First Utilisation of Coiled Tubing to Dissolve Hydrate(s) in a FPSO Riser: Case History
Authors: Ovesen M. , Laun L. , Varhaug H. , Nesvik K. T. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper is a case history of what is believed to be the first ever utilisation of Coiled Tubing on a FPSO (Floating Production Storage Offloading) vessel to dissolve hydrate(s) in the riser. The main focus of this paper is to: 1) Publish actual job results pertaining to friction factors (drag co-efficient) of the coiled tubing inside the FPSO riser.2) Highlight the innovative solution developed to allow for a possible emergency disconnection of the coiled tubing and CT Lubricator to allow the vessel to weathervane around the turret if required.3) Explain the technique used to dissolve the FPSO Riser hydrate(s).
Improving the Efficiency of Gas Storage Well Completions Using Underbalanced Drilling With Coiled Tubing
Authors: Weber J. , Stilson D. , McClatchie D. , Denton S. , King L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A key element of maximizing injection and withdrawal rates in gas storage fields is minimizing skin damage of the completions. A highly efficient completion technique can reduce the number of storage wells required to produce and refill a storage zone. It also reduces the cost of installation and operation of the compression equipment required to achieve commercial injection and withdrawal rates. The current completion methodology involves conventional overbalanced drilling through to the target zone. Casing is run and cemented from TD with communication to the reservoir achieved by perforating. Skin damage is typically reduced by flowback and acid stimulation of the well to remove drilling mud and filter cake. A different approach utilizing underbalanced vertical deepening, or "well finishing" with coiled tubing was employed in the Huntsman Storage Field, Nebraska and the Sayre Storage Field, Oklahoma in an effort to further reduce skin damage. The wells were conventionally drilled and cased to the cap rock of the storage zone then the final stage of drilling to TD was performed underbalanced by a coiled tubing unit. The storage zone was completed openhole.
Do Complex Super-Gel Liquids Perform Better Than Simple Linear Liquids in Hole Cleaning With Coiled Tubing?
Authors: Li J. , Wilde G. , Crabtree A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The properties of the circulation fluid have a fundamental effect on solids transport. The shear stress at the solids bed and liquid interface, for a near horizontal wellbore, plays the key role in transport of the solids. The flow regime, geometric combination of hole/coiled tubing (CT) and eccentricity, also effect the rheological state of the liquid and have a significant impact on the solids transport efficiency. There is a need to differentiate between the superior solids suspension capabilities of the liquid and its hole cleaning efficiency produced when it is in motion. The most important concept is that, the greater the solids carrying capacity a fluid has, the more efficiently the hole can be cleaned. The challenge that presents itself is that once the solids fall and form a bed within the wellbore, how can the solids be re-entrained and transported out of the hole?
In this paper, solids transport studies with several bio-polymers were conducted with a sophisticated flow loop. These studies highlight that these types of fluids bring some advantages and disadvantages. The carrying capacity and suspension properties of these fluids are superior but were hindered by other geometric influences on the velocity profile. Solids entrainment and re-entrainment into the fluid, as would be expected, is difficult to achieve without mechanical assistance. However, excellent efficiency of the fluid can be obtained and this paper presents some of the conditions under which this is practically achieved.
Effect of Particle Density and Size on Solids Transport and Hole Cleaning With Coiled Tubing
Authors: Li J. , Wilde G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Particulate material to be removed from a wellbore can have a vast range in size and density. Typical materials are formation sand, drilling cuttings and various fracture proppants such as resin-coated sands, ceramics, Bauxite and ultra light-weight materials. The characteristic size, shape and density of the particles greatly influence their dynamic behavior in flowing media. Terminal velocity, drag and gravity forces and shear stresses are affected by particle properties and the rheology of the circulation fluid.
This paper presents the results of a solids transport study on four different density proppants with same particle size (20/40 mesh) and three different diameter particles ranging from 0.15 to 7 mm. The specific gravity of the proppants varied from 1.25 to 3.6. The tests were performed using a sophisticated flow loop. Findings indicate that particle density and size have a significant effect on the solids transport. For a given flow rate, higher density solids result in higher in-situ solids concentrations and lower wiper trip speed (the wiper trip speed is the coiled tubing pull-out-of-hole (POOH) speed) and reduced transport efficiency. The solids transport for different particle sizes is strongly influenced by wellbore deviation angle. In a near-vertical wellbore larger particles have the lower transport efficiency while in a horizontal wellbore the medium sized particles have the lowest transport efficiency.
New correlations have been developed from the experimental data to predict solids in-situ concentration, solids carrying capacity and optimum wiper trip speed for these tested solids under a given operating condition.
A Novel Method Using Coiled Tubing for Dewatering Gas Wells
Authors: Misselbrook J. , Falk K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper will present an entirely new process for de-watering gas wells with liquid loading problems. The process removes produced liquids via a separate flow path and allows gas production unhindered by any liquid head. The result is higher gas production rates arising from increased draw-down and a reduction of near well-bore liquid saturation. An important additional benefit is ability to produce these wells at significantly lower flowing bottomhole pressures, resulting in an increase in recoverable reserves.
Unique Drilling Waste Handling and Transport System Offers Advantages to Drilling Operations and Assists Operators in Acheiving Safety and Environmental Compliance
Authors: Morris R. , Seaton S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Since the introduction of various environmental regulations limiting or banning the discharge of various types of drilling fluids and associated drill cuttings globally, there has been considerable growth in what has become known as "zero discharge" or "ship to shore" operations. In these operations drill cuttings and associated waste fluids are collected on the rig in cuttings boxes (also known as skips) and then sent back to shore for disposal or treatment prior to disposal. In other situations, depending on local legislation, drill cuttings are collected and then transported to a grinding and slurrification package prior to injection downhole.1,2 In addition, even where the discharge of cuttings offshore is still permitted, there is often now a requirement to collect and transport drill cuttings on the rig for secondary treatment such as cuttings dryers that reduce the amount of drilling fluid associated with cuttings prior to discharge.3 These types of operations typically create operating challenges and additional costs associated with the required additional equipment, manpower, rig space, and in some cases, can even require significant rig modifications.
Various technologies have been used to date for the collection and transportation of drill cuttings. These include screw conveyors, vacuum systems, positive displacement pumps and pneumatic systems.4 The benefits and limitations of all of these systems are discussed in this paper with emphasis on the testing and performance of a positive displacement drill cuttings transfer system previously developed by Halliburton.
Depending on the technology used, there are safety and environmental risks associated with "ship to shore" operations and the use of cuttings boxes, such as significantly increased crane operations, housekeeping and deck space issues, transfer of wastes to boats or barges, the use of screw conveyors or high pressure pumping equipment and increases in waste volumes generated and eventually disposed of.
Measurements of PM2.5 Mass and Species Emissions from Natural Gas-Fired Reciprocating Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: England G. C. , Loos K. , Ritter K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Innovative particulate emission measurements were performed on three different natural gas-fired spark-ignited reciprocating internal combustion engines at a natural gas production facility:A 4-stroke rich burn (4SRB) engine equipped with non-selective catalytic reduction for emissions control.A 4-stroke lean burn (4SLB) engine with no emission controls.A 2-stroke lean burn (2SLB) engine equipped with precombustion chambers for emissions control.
Emission measurements were made in the exhaust duct downstream of the engine and emissions controls systems using an innovative dilution sampling protocol and using traditional stationary source test methods with hot filters/iced impingers. A compact dilution sampler design, intended to be practical for routine stationary source stack emissions sampling, embodies the concept of dilution followed by aging developed by others, but with faster mixing, shorter residence time and lower sample flow rate. A broad suite of speciation measurements was applied to determine chemical and physical characteristics of primary PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter) and PM2.5 precursor emissions. PM2.5 mass, ions, elements, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC), particulate carbon and precursor species and ultrafine particle size distribution were determined. PM2.5 mass concentration measured by dilution sampling is approximately half that measured by traditional hot filter/iced impinger methods, although the difference is not significant at the 95 percent confidence level due to the variability of the results. The results suggest potential for positive bias in the organic condensable particulate measurement by iced impinger methods. Particulate speciation results from the dilution sampler show 80 to 90 percent of PM2.5 emissions are accounted for by OC, with smaller amounts of iron (Fe), silica (Si) and other inorganic compounds, for the 4-stroke engines. OC accounted for 98 percent of PM2.5 for the 2-stroke engine. Only a small portion of the OC was accounted for by identified organic species, which is not surprising (e.g., Zheng et al., 2002; Schauer et al., 1996). Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) measurements indicate more than 99 percent of the organic carbon is most likely due to semivolatile organic compounds (SVOC) other than PAH. Preliminary measurements of ultrafine particle size distribution show peak particle number concentrations in the diluted exhaust at 40 to 50 nanometers, and particles between 10 and 400 nanometers account for 7 to 49 percent of total PM2.5 mass.
Delivering Perforation Strings in Extended-Reach Wells With Coiled Tubing and Hydraulic Tractor
Authors: Moore N. B. , Krueger E. , Bloom D. , Mock P. W. , Veselka A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A new enabling technology of delivering long perforation gun strings and logging equipment into Extended Reach (ER) Wells using coiled tubing assisted by an innovative all hydraulic tractor is presented. Recent operational experience at Chayvo Field in Sakhalin Island Russia on the first ER well illustrates the new capabilities of this approach that delivered coiled tubing strings into a 9,375 meter well, performing multiple perforations and logging operations. Pre-operations equipment qualification testing and downhole modeling methodology for the project are discussed. Sakhalin Island surface equipment and bottom hole assemblies are described along with operational experience and lessons learned that successfully delivered heavy payloads into distant reservoirs beyond coiled tubing lockup.