bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human photosensitivity: from pathophysiology to treatment
Authors: Verrotti A. , Tocco A. M. , Salladini C. , Latini G. , Chiarelli F. 
Published: October 2005

Photosensitivity is a condition detected on the electroencephalography (EEG) as a paroxysmal reaction to Intermittent Photic Stimulation (IPS). This EEG response, elicited by IPS or by other visual stimuli of daily life, is called Photo Paroxysmal Response (PPR). PPRs are well documented in epileptic and non‐epileptic subjects. Photosensitivity rarely in normal individuals evolves into epilepsy. Photosensitive epilepsy is a rare refex epilepsy characterized by seizures in photosensitive individuals.The development of modern technology has increased the exposition to potential seizure precipitants in people of all ages, but especially in children and adolescents. Actually, videogames, computers and televisions are the most common triggers in daily life of susceptible persons.The mechanisms of generation of PPR are poorly understood, but genetic factors play an important rule.The control of visually induced seizures has, generally a good prognosis. In patients known to be visually sensitive, avoidance of obvious source and stimulus modifications are very important and useful to seizure prevention, but in the large majority of patients with epilepsy and photosensitivity antiepileptic drugs are needed.
Textural and isotopic evidence on the fluid source and transport mechanism of antitaxial fibrous microstructures from the Alps and the Appalachians
Authors: HILGERS C. , SINDERN S. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe source of fluid‐forming veins is of great importance in order to understand the hydraulic system acting in the earth's crust. The study of syntectonic antitaxial veins is one of the few methods by which the opening history can be deduced from rocks, and thus these veins are of primary importance in determining rock kinematics. Antitaxial veins were taken from black shales in two different tectonic settings in the Helvetic Alps, Switzerland, and the Taconic Appalachians, New York State. These syntectonic extension veins are regularly spaced and are oriented sub‐normal to bedding. The vein microstructure displays a symmetry around the median line in the centre of the vein, and a symmetry in cathodoluminescence banding parallel to the vein–wall interface, which suggests transport along bedding‐parallel dissolution planes from both vein‐walls. Antitaxial veins nucleated in transgranular fractures, but evidence for ongoing multiple crack‐seal increments is lacking; rather, veins grew continuously keeping close contact to the vein‐wall. Radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr ratios are higher in the surrounding matrix than in the vein, and higher than the corresponding seawater data in all samples. Variations are small and calcite in both the vein and the host rock were derived from the same source of fluid in the Helvetic samples. Mass balance of Sr suggests that the amount of calcite is too small in the surrounding host rock to be derived locally. Stable oxygen compositions are heavier in the host rock than in the veins, with overall low variation in both δ18O and δ13C values in the Mesozoic Helvetic samples. Data point to a rock‐buffered system, the precipitate most likely derived from an external source. The lower Palaeozoic Appalachian veins have lesser δ18O values than the host rock, similar to the Helvetic veins. Radiogenic 87Sr/86Sr data and a large heterogeneity in stable isotope values indicate an open system. Microstructural and isotopic evidence suggests that the antitaxial veins were formed by pervasive fluid flow, with the solute at least partly derived from an external source.
An experimental and modeling study of Na‐rich hydrothermal alteration
Authors: HARA J. , TSUCHIYA N. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSodic alteration assemblages including clinoptilolite, mordenite, analcime and Na‐montmorillonite were locally observed in sediments in the eastern part of the Hachimantai geothermal region, northeast Japan. This study investigated the mechanisms of sodic enrichment in the sediments during alteration. Kinetic results for water/rock interaction experiments are reported here. Batch‐type experiments were conducted at 150–250°C under saturated vapor pressure. Pyroclastic rocks dissolved incongruently in these experiments, and the solubility and dissolution rates among elements varied as follows: the apparent steady‐state concentrations of major elements are Si > Na ≫ K > Ca > Al and the order of the dissolution rates is Si > Al > Na ≫ K > Ca. Na had the highest steady‐state concentration and fastest dissolution rate of the alkali and alkali earth metal ions. Based on surface analysis of plagioclase, dissolution was effected via a reaction layer of Na‐montmorillonite on the mineral surface. Additionally, a reaction model constructed based on the experimentally observed reaction mechanism quantitatively explains the dissolution behavior. These results show that Na‐montmorillonite can be precipitated by pyroclastic rock/meteoric water interactions without seawater involvement: the Na is derived from the host rocks.
Gas breakthrough pressure for hydrocarbon reservoir seal rocks: implications for the security of long‐term CO2 storage in the Weyburn field
Authors: LI S. , DONG M. , LI Z. , HUANG S. , QING H. , NICKEL E. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis paper reports a laboratory study of the gas breakthrough pressure for different gas/liquid systems in the Mississippian‐age Midale Evaporite. This low‐permeability rock formation is the seal rock for the Weyburn Field in southeastern Saskatchewan, Canada, where CO2 is being injected into an oil reservoir for enhanced recovery and CO2 storage. A technique for experimentally determining CO2 breakthrough pressure at reservoir conditions is presented. Breakthrough pressures for N2, CO2 and CH4 were measured with the selected seal‐rock samples. The maximum breakthrough pressure is over 30 MPa for N2 and approximately 21 MPa for CO2. The experimental results demonstrate that the Weyburn Midale Evaporite seal rock is of high sealing quality. Therefore, the Weyburn reservoir and Midale Beds can be used as a CO2 storage site after abandonment. The measured results also show that the breakthrough pressure of a seal rock for a gas is nearly proportional to the interfacial tension of the gas/brine system. The breakthrough pressure of a CO2/brine system is significantly reduced compared with that of a CH4/brine system because of the much lower interfacial tension of the former. This implies that a seal rock that seals the original gas in a gas reservoir or an oil reservoir with a gas cap may not be tight enough to seal the injected CO2 if the pressure during or after CO2 injection is the same or higher than the original reservoir pressure. Therefore, reevaluation of the breakthrough pressure of seal rocks for a given reservoir is necessary and of highest priority once it is chosen as a CO2 storage site.
Pre‐school staffs’ attitudes toward foods in relation to the pedagogic meal
Authors: Sepp Hanna , Abrahamsson Lillemor , Fjellström Christina 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe aim of this study, with the pedagogic meal in focus, was to identify pre‐school staff members’ attitudes to the role of food and meals as part of daily activities at pre‐school. Interviews were carried out at 12 pre‐schools and a total of 34 pre‐school staff participated. The staff revealed strong opinions as well as ambivalence towards how food and meals should best be integrated into their daily work and pedagogic activities. The pre‐school staffs’ lack of or insufficient education and knowledge regarding food and nutrition resulted in an ambivalent and uncertain situation with respect to how they should see themselves as teachers in the meal situation. Nevertheless, most of the staff had a clear perception of what it meant to practice a pedagogic meal. It meant helping and encouraging the children to help themselves and serving as an adult model for the children at table, though this pedagogic activity was uncommon. While the staff were satisfied with the pre‐schools’ role of catering for the children, they expressed concern about or even mistrust towards the children's parents. Despite, or perhaps due to, their inadequate knowledge about food and nutrition and the lack of specific aims for the pedagogic meal, they assumed that the public sector was a better educational institution regarding foods and a better guarantor for children's food habits and dietary intake. As the teachers’ identities have changed over the past years they have not yet found a solid ground for determining how food and meals could be integrated into their everyday work as pre‐school teachers and childminders.
Cellular phone etiquette among college students
Authors: Lipscomb Thomas J. , Totten Jeff W. , Cook Roy A. , Lesch William 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThere has been tremendous growth in the cellular telephone industry in recent years. This evolving technology has given rise to concerns over the social rules of etiquette governing cellphone usage behaviour. The present study was undertaken to better understand the perceptions of cellphone usage propriety among one of the most important target markets for cellphone products – young adults attending college. Data were collected from a total of 383 cellphone consumers residing in geographically diverse regions of the United States. Overall, the results indicated a high degree of agreement among respondents as to appropriate and inappropriate situations for cellphone usage. Respondents considered inappropriate situations for cellphone usage to include during worship/church, during class, in a library and in a movie theatre during a movie. Respondents considered it to be appropriate to use cellphones while on public transportation, in a supermarket, and to use a hands‐free set while driving. Specific differences were found as a function of geographic regions, gender and employment status.
Influence of tribomechanical micronization on the physical and functional properties of whey proteins
Authors: HERCEG Z , LELAS V , KREŠIĆ G 
Published: October 2005

Because of their high nutritional value and commercially important functional properties, whey proteins are of high interest nowadays. Whey protein concentrates (WPCs) containing 60% and 80% proteins (WPC‐60 and WPC‐80, respectively) were treated using laboratory equipment for tribomechanical micronization and activation (TMA) with three different rotor speeds: 16 000, 20 000 and 22 000 r.p.m. The results showed that the TMA treatment causes a significant decrease (  P < 0.05) in particle size, a change in particle size distribution and an increase in specific area of WPC. As a consequence of the TMA process, rupturing of protein globules and the appearance of a greater number of protein fragments occurred. The solubility, dispersibility, foaming and emulsifying properties of tribomechanically treated whey protein concentrates (TWPCs) were also modified. The results of particle analysis confirmed that a decrease in particle size correlates with an improvement of the foaming properties. These changes in the treated materials depend on the type of the WPCs used and the rotor speed of the TMA equipment. The most obvious changes were observed in samples treated at the maximum rotor speed of the TMA equipment.
Factors affecting lactoperoxidase activity
Authors: FONTEH FLORENCE A , GRANDISON ALISTAIR S , LEWIS MICHAEL J 
Published: October 2005

The extent to which lactoperoxidase (LP) activity was affected while varying the concentration of various compounds normally present in the reaction medium was investigated. LP activity increased with increasing concentrations of 2,2′‐azino‐bis‐3‐ethylbenz‐thiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid (ABTS) but decreased with increasing thiocyanate concentrations. Maximum activity was at 0.1 mm for peroxide. Activity increased in the presence of lactose, whey protein concentrate, sodium, magnesium and calcium chlorides, but decreased in the presence of casein. Activity was similar in either acetate or phosphate buffers but higher in either citrate or succinate buffers. These compounds influence LP activity and should be considered when optimum activity conditions are being established.
12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate‐dependent up‐regulation of dopaminergic gene expression requires Ras and neurofibromin in human IMR‐32 neuroblastoma
Authors: Mangoura Dimitra , Theofilopoulos Spyros , Karouzaki Sophia , Tsirimonaki Emmanouella 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe dopaminergic transcriptional programme is highly regulated during development and in the adult, in response to activation of membrane receptor signalling cascades. Gene expression of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), the rate‐limiting enzyme in dopamine synthesis, is known to be regulated by receptors that act through protein kinase C (PKC) or Ras signalling. To investigate possible interactions between these two pathways before they converge on Raf activation, we evaluated whether phorbol ester (12‐O‐tetradecanoyl‐phorbol‐13‐acetate, TPA)‐dependent PKC activation required Ras for regulation of TH expression in IMR‐32 cells. We found that long‐term treatment with TPA, which induces down‐regulation of PKC‐α, led to induction of both protein and message levels of TH by autocrine factors. This was dependent on endogenous Ras, but independent of the transcription factor Nurr1. Moreover, this mechanism of action mimicked the effects of overexpression of the Ras‐GAP domain of neurofibromin, GAP‐related domain (GRD) I, which is part of the upstream mechanism for regulation of Ras activation and a PKC‐α substrate. Overexpression of Ras also led to transcriptional and translational up‐regulation of TH, independent of Nurr1 induction, as well as distinct phenotypic changes consistent with cell hypertrophy and increased secretory activity shown by induction of expression of vesicular monoamine transporter 2 and synaptosomal‐associated protein‐25. Most interestingly, overexpression of GRDI and down‐regulation of the endogenous GRDII neurofibromin led to significant increases in Nurr1 message, possibly reflecting a transcriptional hierarchy during development. Taken together, these studies suggest that PKC‐α, neurofibromin and Ras are essential in regulation of TH gene expression in IMR‐32 cells.
Microtubule affinity‐regulating kinase 1 (MARK1) is activated by electroconvulsive shock in the rat hippocampus
Authors: Jeon Songhee , Kim Yong‐Sik , Park Joobae , Bae Chang‐Dae 
Published: October 2005

AbstractElectroconvulsive shock (ECS) induces phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of many signaling molecules in the rat brain. While studying phosphorylated proteins in the rat brain after ECS, we observed a 100‐kDa protein that cross‐reacted with anti‐phospho‐p70 S6 kinase antibody, which was subsequently purified and identified as microtubule affinity‐regulating kinase 1 (MARK1). Purified MARK1 was phosphorylated at the Ser and Thr residues. MARK1 activation and subsequent Tau phosphorylation in the hippocampus after ECS was confirmed by an in‐gel kinase assay using tau protein as a substrate. MARK1 was maximally activated between 2 and 5 min after ECS, and Tau phosphorylation at Ser262 was also increased at 2 min and lasted to 1 h after ECS. Taken together, we concluded that ECS activated MARK1 and subsequently phosphorylated Tau at Ser262. Both MARK1 activity and Tau phosphorylation were increased in the rat hippocampus after chronic ECS where axonal remodeling was apparent. In order to investigate the physiologic stimuli which are involved in the activation of MARK1, SH‐SY 5Y cells were treated with brain‐derived neurotrophic factor or 60 mm KCl. Both stimuli were capable of inducing MARK activation.
Parents’ and Clinicians’ Perception of Severity of Referral Problems
Authors: Maguire Siobain , Guishard‐Pine Jeune 
Published: October 2005

Background:  Referral meetings are commonly used in CAMH Services to allocate a priority rating that reflects urgency, and thus severity, of the referral. Whilst it is recognised that a system is needed to manage the current level of demand, the literature suggests that decisions about severity are often inaccurate.Method:  The current study aimed to evaluate a CAMHS referral system by looking at whether the priority ratings allocated by the Multi‐Disciplinary Team (MDT) accorded with the parents’ and the individual clinician's perception of the severity of the child's difficulties. Data were taken from the Service's outcome database.Results:  The results showed that priority ratings did not reflect the parents’ and the individual clinician's perception of the problem. It is therefore suggested that the current system for prioritising referrals requires some reform.Conclusion:  There is discussion of procedures that might improve the accuracy of the priority rating process, such as using scores on standardised measures as part of the decision‐making process.
Use of Psychotropic Medication in an Outpatient CAMHS Over a 5‐Year Period
Authors: Sivaprasad Leela , Kolind Annette , Berg Birgit 
Published: October 2005

Background:  Psychotropic medication is being prescribed with increasing frequency for children and adolescents but there are very few prescription reviews on the extent of use in the UK.Method:  A retrospective prescriptions’ survey was carried out in an outpatient CAMHS in three time‐bands between 1997 and 2002.Results:  We found a five‐fold increase in the number of prescriptions, a ten‐fold increase in the number of young people prescribed medications, and a dramatic increase in the range of psychotropics prescribed.Conclusions:  There is a need to further evaluate prescribing for children and adolescents in the UK. Clearer guidelines should be developed to ensure safe practices.
Benefit–Cost in the California Treatment Outcome Project: Does Substance Abuse Treatment “Pay for Itself”?
Authors: Ettner Susan L. , Huang David , Evans Elizabeth , Rose Ash Danielle , Hardy Mary , Jourabchi Mickel , Hser Yih‐Ing 
Published: October 2005

Objective. To examine costs and monetary benefits associated with substance abuse treatment.Data Sources. Primary and administrative data on client outcomes and agency costs from 43 substance abuse treatment providers in 13 counties in California during 2000–2001.Study Design. Using a social planner perspective, the estimated direct cost of treatment was compared with the associated monetary benefits, including the client's costs of medical care, mental health services, criminal activity, earnings, and (from the government's perspective) transfer program payments. The cost of the client's substance abuse treatment episode was estimated by multiplying the number of days that the client spent in each treatment modality by the estimated average per diem cost of that modality. Monetary benefits associated with treatment were estimated using a pre–posttreatment admission study design, i.e., each client served as his or her own control.Data Collection. Treatment cost data were collected from providers using the Drug Abuse Treatment Cost Analysis Program instrument. For the main sample of 2,567 clients, information on medical hospitalizations, emergency room visits, earnings, and transfer payments was obtained from baseline and 9‐month follow‐up interviews, and linked to information on inpatient and outpatient mental health services use and criminal activity from administrative databases. Sensitivity analyses examined administrative data outcomes for a larger cohort (N=6,545) and longer time period (1 year).Principal Findings. On average, substance abuse treatment costs $1,583 and is associated with a monetary benefit to society of $11,487, representing a greater than 7:1 ratio of benefits to costs. These benefits were primarily because of reduced costs of crime and increased employment earnings.Conclusions. Even without considering the direct value to clients of improved health and quality of life, allocating taxpayer dollars to substance abuse treatment may be a wise investment.
A Needle in a Haystack? Uninsured Workers in Small Businesses That Do Not Offer Coverage
Authors: Kronick Richard , Olsen Louis C. 
Published: October 2005

Objective. To describe the insurance status of workers at small businesses, and to describe the status of uninsured persons by the employment characteristics (employment status, firm size, and whether the employer offers insurance) of the head of household.Data Sources. Data from the March and February 2001 Current Population Survey, and a survey of 2,830 small businesses in San Diego County conducted in 2001.Study Design. The survey of small businesses was undertaken as part of a project testing the response of employers to offers of subsidized coverage. Employers were asked whether they offered insurance, and about the insurance status of their employees. The merged February–March 2001 CPS was used to identify the employment status, firm size, and employer‐offering status for uninsured persons in the U.S.Data Collection. Telephone interviews with small businesses in San Diego County.Principal Findings. Only 21 percent of the uninsured in the U.S. are full‐time employees (or their dependents) in small businesses (<100 employees) that do not offer insurance. The employment status of the uninsured is heterogeneous: many work for large employers, small employers who do offer insurance, or are self‐employed, part‐time workers, or have no workers in the household. Although there are many small businesses in San Diego that do not offer coverage, most of them have very few uninsured workers. Over 50 percent of businesses that do not offer coverage have either zero or one uninsured worker. There are very few small businesses that do not offer coverage and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers. These businesses are not quite as rare as a needle in a haystack, but they are very difficult to find.Conclusions. If all small businesses that do not offer insurance now could be persuaded to start offering coverage, and if all the full‐time workers (and their dependents) in those businesses accepted insurance, the number of uninsured would decline by 21 percent—a significant decline, but leaving 80 percent of the problem untouched. If the prime target for programs of subsidized insurance are small businesses that do not offer coverage now and that have substantial numbers of uninsured workers, the target is very small.