bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of the selenium requirement of growing guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Jensen C. , Pallauf J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe aim of the study was to determine the selenium (Se) requirement of guinea pigs as a species unable to synthesize ascorbic acid. Forty‐nine male guinea pigs (average weight 208 ± 3.5 g) were divided into an initial status group and six experimental groups. The animals received a Se deficient Torula yeast based basal diet (<0.02 mg Se and 26 mg α‐tocopherol/kg) or a Se addition of 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, 0.20 and 0.25 mg/kg diet as sodium selenate for 10 weeks. There was no significant difference in weight gain (final weight 643 ± 21 g) between the groups and no clinical symptoms of Se deficiency occurred. With the exception of the testes, there was an increasing Se concentration in liver, plasma and haemolysate dependent on supplementation level. Glutathione peroxidase was determined in the plasma and Se dependent glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) in haemolysate, liver, kidney, heart and lung. Thioredoxin reductase (TR) activity was measured in liver, kidney and heart and deiodinase activity in the liver. A phospholipid hydroperoxide reducing activity with Se influence was determined in liver, kidney, heart, testes and brain. With the exception of GPx1 activity in heart and haemolysate and TR activity in the kidney, all enzymes already reached their maximal activity at 0.05 mg Se/kg diet. The activities of GPx1 and TR were used as parameters for broken line analysis and a Se requirement of 0.080 mg Se/kg diet was derived as sufficient for growing guinea pigs adequately supplied with vitamin E.
Comparison of Three Common Methods of Lung Lavage in Healthy Pigs
Authors: Hennig‐Pauka I. , Bremerich S. , Nienhoff H. , Schröder C. , Ganter M. , Blecha F. , Waldmann K.‐H. , Gerlach G. F. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryBronchoscopic, endotracheal and transtracheal lung lavage were evaluated in 38 healthy pigs taken from a nucleus herd in a good state of health with respect to their applicability in practice and the traceability of bacteria, cellular parameters and the antimicrobial peptide PR‐39 in the respective lavage fluid samples. The total cell count, qualitative morphological cellular characteristics as well as PR‐39 could be determined in all lavage fluid samples, while quantitative cell differentiation was not possible in endotracheal lavage samples. The comparison of the three methods resulted in a higher proportion of polymorphonuclear neutrophil granulocytes (PMNs) and higher concentrations of PR‐39 in transtracheal samples. For this reason different valuation standards with respect to PMNs and PR‐39 concentrations are presupposed for transtracheal lavage samples. The occurrence of pavement epithelial cells as well as the number of contaminating bacterial species per sample was the lowest in transtracheal lavage.Mycoplasma hyopneumoniaepolymerase chain reaction appeared to have the highest diagnostic sensitivity in combination with bronchoscopic lavage. In conclusion, bronchoscopic and transtracheal lavage were considered to be more appropriate for bacteriological and cytological diagnostics than endotracheal lavage.
Genetic ablation of NMDA receptor subunit NR3B in mouse reveals motoneuronal and nonmotoneuronal phenotypes
Authors: Niemann Stephan , Kanki Hiroaki , Fukui Yasuyuki , Takao Keizo , Fukaya Masahiro , Hynynen Meri N. , Churchill Michael J. , Shefner Jeremy M. , Bronson Roderick T. , Brown Robert H. , Watanabe Masahiko , Miyakawa Tsuyoshi , Itohara Shigeyoshi , Hayashi Yasunori 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNR3B is a modulatory subunit of the NMDA receptor, abundantly expressed in both cranial and spinal somatic motoneurons and at lower levels in other regions of the brain as well. Recently, we found the human NR3B gene (GRIN3B) to be highly genetically heterogeneous, and that ∼ 10% of the normal European‐American population lacks NR3B due to homozygous occurrence of a null allele in the gene. Therefore, it is especially important to understand the phenotypic consequences of the genetic loss of NR3B in both humans and animal models. We here provide results of behavioral analysis of mice genetically lacking NR3B, which is an ideal animal model due to homogeneity in genetic and environmental background. The NR3B–/– mice are viable and fertile. Consistent with the expression of NR3B in somatic motoneurons, the NR3B–/– mice showed a moderate but significant impairment in motor learning or coordination, and decreased activity in their home cages. Remarkably, the NR3B–/– mice showed a highly increased social interaction with their familiar cage mates in their home cage but moderately increased anxiety‐like behaviour and decreased social interaction in a novel environment, consistent with the inhibitory role of NR3B on the functions of NMDA receptors. This work is the first reporting of the functional significance of NR3B in vivo and may give insight into the contribution of genetic variability of NR3B in the phenotypic heterogeneity among human population.
Brief ischemia causes long‐term depression in midbrain dopamine neurons
Authors: Singh Vineeta , Carman Melissa , Roeper Jochen , Bonci Antonello 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDegeneration of dopamine neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) plays an important role in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinsonism and vascular dementia. SNc dopamine neurons both in vitro and in vivo show sensitivity to hypoxic/ischemic conditions and undergo degeneration. In acute brain slices, these dopamine neurons undergo hyperpolarization during hypoxia and hypoglycemia, which results in silencing of the neurons. However, the role that SNc excitatory synapses play in this process is poorly understood. Here we examined the effect of oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD) on glutamatergic synaptic transmission in the SNc in a rat midbrain slice preparation. OGD for 5 min caused pre‐synaptic ischemic long‐term depression (iLTD) of glutamate transmission, as both α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid‐ and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate receptor‐mediated synaptic currents in SNc dopamine neurons were depressed to a similar extent. This depression began immediately after exposure to OGD and was not recovered upon washout of OGD. Pharmacological studies revealed that the iLTD was triggered by a rise in post‐synaptic intracellular calcium and mediated by activation of pre‐synaptic adenosine A1 receptors, which reduced glutamate‐dependent synaptic transmission by activating ATP‐dependent potassium channels. Furthermore, we observed that iLTD did not occlude tetanic long‐term depression (LTD) at the SNc excitatory synapses, suggesting that these two forms of LTD involve different pathways. Taken together, our results showed that brief exposure to hypoxia and hypoglycemia results in LTD of synaptic activity at glutamatergic synapses onto SNc neurons and this phenomenon could represent a protective mechanism by reducing ischemia‐induced excitotoxic injury to dopamine neurons.
Cannabinoids modulate Olig2 and polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression in the subventricular zone of post‐natal rats through cannabinoid receptor 1 and cannabinoid receptor 2
Authors: Arévalo‐Martín Ángel , García‐Ovejero Daniel , Rubio‐Araiz Ana , Gómez Oscar , Molina‐Holgado Francisco , Molina‐Holgado Eduardo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe subventricular zone (SVZ) is a source of post‐natal glial precursors that can migrate to the overlying white matter, where they may differentiate into oligodendrocytes. We showed that, in the post‐natal SVZ ependymocytes, radial glia and astrocyte‐like cells express cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1), whereas cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) is found in cells expressing the polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule. To study CB1 and CB2 function, post‐natal rats were exposed to selective CB1 or CB2 agonists (arachidonyl‐2‐chloroethylamide and JWH‐056, respectively) for 15 days. Accordingly, we found that CB1 activation increases the number of Olig2‐positive cells in the dorsolateral SVZ, whereas CB2 activation increases polysialylated neural cell adhesion molecule expression in this region. As intense myelination occurs during the first weeks of post‐natal development, we examined how modulating these factors affected the expression of myelin basic protein. Pharmacological administration of agonists and antagonists of CB1 and CB2 showed that the activation of both receptors is needed to augment the expression of myelin basic protein in the subcortical white matter.
ERP correlates of conscious error recognition: aware and unaware errors in an antisaccade task
Authors: Endrass Tanja , Reuter Benedikt , Kathmann Norbert 
Published: September 2007

AbstractEvent‐related potential (ERP) studies identified the error‐related negativity (Ne/ERN) and the error positivity (Pe) to be associated with performance errors. However, the functional significance of these components is not yet resolved. With the present study we intended to further investigate to what extent these components are related to error awareness. ERPs were recorded during an antisaccade task, and error awareness was obtained from accuracy ratings on each trial. In accordance with earlier findings, aware and unaware errors did not differ in Ne/ERN amplitude. Whereas the late Pe (400–600 ms) shows an increased parietal positivity for aware compared with unaware errors, the early Pe (200–300 ms) shows no dissociation between aware and unaware errors. These data lend further support to the view that the Ne/ERN and the (late) Pe reflect different processes in performance monitoring. In fact the present results provide a clear replication of [S. Nieuwenhuis et al. (2001) Psychophysiology, 38, 752–760], showing that the Pe is associated with error awareness and remedial action. Furthermore, it has been shown that this is only true for the late Pe, whereas the early Pe like the Ne/ERN is not modulated by error awareness.
Functional classification and central nervous projections of olfactory receptor neurons housed in antennal trichoid sensilla of female yellow fever mosquitoes, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Ghaninia Majid , Ignell Rickard , Hansson Bill S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMosquitoes are highly dependent on their olfactory system for, e.g. host location and identification of nectar‐feeding and oviposition sites. Odours are detected by olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs) housed in hair‐shaped structures, sensilla, on the antennae and maxillary palps. In order to unravel the function of the olfactory system in the yellow fever vector, Aedes aegypti, we performed single‐sensillum recordings from trichoid sensilla on female antennae. These sensilla are divided into four distinct morphological types. Based on the response to a set of 16 odour compounds, we identified 18 different ORN types, housed in 10 sensillum types. The ORNs responded to behaviourally relevant olfactory cues, such as oviposition attractants and sweat‐borne compounds, including 4‐methylcyclohexanol and indole, respectively. Two ORNs housed in these sensilla, as well as two ORNs housed in an additional sensillum type, did not respond to any of the compounds tested. The ORNs housed in individual sensilla exhibited stereotypical pairing and displayed differences in signalling mode (excitatory and inhibitory) as well as in temporal response patterns. In addition to physiological characterization, we performed anterograde neurobiotin stainings of functionally identified ORNs in order to define the functional map among olfactory glomeruli in the primary olfactory centre, the antennal lobe. The targeted glomeruli were compared with an established 3D map. Our data showed that the ORN types sent their axons to defined antennal lobe glomeruli in a stereotypic pattern.
Vaginal Lactobacillus microbiota of healthy women in the late first trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Kiss H , Kögler B , Petricevic L , Sauerzapf I , Klayraung S , Domig K , Viernstein H , Kneifel W 
Published: September 2007

Objective  This study was undertaken to characterise the dominant species of Lactobacillus colonising the vagina of healthy pregnant women, to examine some of their phenotypic and genotypic properties, and to gain a better understanding of the potential role of species, which might be associated with infection‐free status.Design  A prospective descriptive cohort study.Setting  Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Medical University of Vienna and Medical School, Vienna, Austria.Sample  A total of 200 women in the late first trimester of pregnancy without clinical signs of vaginal infection were included in the study. Of these, 126 women were found to have a normal vaginal flora based on Gram stain.Methods  Culture probes from those 126 women were further processed for identification of Lactobacillus species. Overall, 168 colonies from 84 women were identified as belonging to the Lactobacillus genus. Based on the combined results of microbiological methods and genus‐specific, multiplex, and species‐specific polymerase chain reaction, lactobacilli were recovered from 72 women.Main outcome measures  Identification of Lactobacillus species of the vaginal flora of healthy pregnant women.Results  The most frequently occurring species were Lactobacillus crispatus and Lactobacillus gasseri, followed by Lactobacillus jensenii and Lactobacillus rhamnosus.Conclusions  Our results may have implications on the composition and on the use of Lactobacillus preparations for the prevention of recurrent vaginal infection.
A comprehensive and critical review of dental implant prognosis in periodontally compromised partially edentulous patients
Authors: Karoussis Ioannis K. , Kotsovilis Sotirios , Fourmousis Ioannis 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectives: The outcome of implant treatment in periodontally compromised partially edentulous patients has not been completely clarified. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to perform, applying a systematic methodology, a comprehensive and critical review of the prospective studies published in English up to and including August 2006, regarding the short‐term (<5 years) and long‐term (≥5 years) prognosis of osseointegrated implants placed in periodontally compromised partially edentulous patients.Material and methods: Using The National Library Of Medicine and Cochrane Oral Health Group databases, a literature search for articles published up to and including August 2006 was performed. At the first phase of selection the titles and abstracts and at the second phase full papers were screened independently and in duplicate by the three reviewers (I. K. K., S. K., I. F.).Results: The search provided 2987 potentially relevant titles and abstracts. At the first phase of evaluation, 2956 publications were rejected based on title and abstract. At the second phase, the full text of the remaining 31 publications was retrieved for more detailed evaluation. Finally, 15 prospective studies were selected, including seven short‐term and eight long‐term studies. Because of considerable discrepancies among these studies, meta‐analysis was not performed.Conclusions: No statistically significant differences in both short‐term and long‐term implant survival exist between patients with a history of chronic periodontitis and periodontally healthy individuals. Patients with a history of chronic periodontitis may exhibit significantly greater long‐term probing pocket depth, peri‐implant marginal bone loss and incidence of peri‐implantitis compared with periodontally healthy subjects. Even though the short‐term implant prognosis for patients treated for aggressive periodontitis is acceptable, on a long‐term basis the matter is open to question. Alterations in clinical parameters around implants and teeth in aggressive periodontitis patients may not follow the same pattern, in contrast to what has been reported for chronic periodontitis patients. However, as only three studies comprising patients treated for aggressive periodontitis were selected, more studies, specially designed, are required to evaluate implant prognosis in this subtype of periodontitis. As the selected publications exhibited considerable discrepancies, more studies, uniformly designed, preferably longitudinal, prospective and controlled, would be important.
EAO Communication
Authors: Vasak Christoph , Fiederer Robert , Watzek Georg 
Published: September 2007

AbstractObjectives: Thanks to their predictably high‐success rates, dental implants have gained a firm place among the treatment options for edentulous and partially dentate patients in state‐of‐the‐art dentistry. As a result, the need for high‐level basic and continued training in implant dentistry is increasing. The present questionnaire‐based survey was designed to shed light on the current state of implant training, any points of criticism and the need for a standardized training format in Europe.Material and methods: Between July and November 2006, a 14‐item questionnaire was sent to 37 opinion leaders in 29 European countries. The questionnaires sent back were processed electronically and evaluated statistically.Results: 82.8% of the participating opinion leaders responded. In the majority of the participating countries (87.5%), courses are funded by the industry. Most of the courses (43%) are confined to a few days and mainly consist of lectures in theory and hands‐on training. Of the attendees, most are general dental practitioners (29%). These perform as many implant treatments as specialized dentists. In 83% of the participating countries, a standardized certified training format in implant dentistry is considered to be required.Conclusion: As implant dentistry is increasingly shifting from competence centers to general dental practitioners in the practice setting, standardized training concluded with a certified diploma has become necessary. This would provide for more transparency and for disseminating state‐of‐the‐art knowledge independent of the implant‐manufacturing industry.
Effect of pacifier use on mandibular position in preterm infants
Authors: Tonkin Shirley L , Lui Dana , McIntosh Christine G , Rowley Simon , Knight David B , Gunn Alistair J 
Published: September 2007

Abstract Aim: It has been hypothesized that the association of pacifier use with reduced risk of sudden infant death is mediated by forward movement of the mandible and tongue that helps open the upper airway. Our aim was to examine whether the mandible is moved forward when an infant is sucking on a pacifier, and if so, whether the mandible remains advanced after the pacifier is removed.Methods: In sixty clinically stable premature infants (corrected gestation age 36.5 ± 0.3 weeks, mean ± SEM) the distance from each ear where the pinna met the cheek to the most prominent point of the chin was measured bilaterally, and the average was used as an index of mandibular position. Mandibular position was determined before and after allowing the infants to suck on a pacifier for 10–15 min, and after removing the pacifier.Results: There was a significant forward movement of the mandible when the infants were sucking on the pacifier (59.5 ± 0.7 vs. 58.6 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.001), with no significant change after the pacifier was removed.Conclusions: Pacifier use in preterm infants was associated with a small significant forward displacement of the jaw. These data suggest that pacifier use may help protect the upper airway.
Stimulation of sucking and swallowing to promote oral feeding in premature infants
Authors: Bragelien R , Røkke W , Markestad T 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim: To study the effect of stimulation of sucking and swallowing on weaning from nasogastric (NG) feeding and length of hospital stay in premature infants.Method: Randomized controlled trial with blinded evaluation. Premature infants on NG feeds and post‐menstrual age (PMA) less than 36 weeks who had poor ability to suck were randomized to receive one daily session of stimulation according to Vojta or no intervention other than standard nursing care.Results: Of 36 infants, 18 received stimulation and 18 were observed without intervention. Mean gestational age at birth was 32.2 weeks (SD 2.4) versus 31.4 (2.3) weeks, p = 0.27, and PMA at study entry 35.1 weeks (0.8) versus 34.4 (0.9) weeks, p = 0.01, respectively. NG feeding was discontinued at 36.8 weeks (0.9) versus 36.3 (0.9) weeks' PMA, p = 0.25, and they were discharged at 37.8 weeks (0.9) versus 37.7 (1.3) weeks, p = 0.81.Conclusion: The stimulation programme did not result in earlier weaning from NG feeding or earlier discharge. However, such studies may need to be large to limit the possibility of type II errors.
Pasteurization of mother's own milk reduces fat absorption and growth in preterm infants
Authors: Andersson Y , Sävman K , Bläckberg L , Hernell O 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAim: A randomized study was conducted to evaluate whether pasteurized milk (Holder pasteurization 62.5°C, 30 min) reduces fat absorption and growth in preterm infants.Methods: Preterm infants (825–1325 g) born with gestational age ≤30 weeks were randomized into two groups, of which one started with pasteurized own mother's milk for 1 week and continued with raw milk the following week, and a second group was fed in reverse order. By using this design the infants served as their own controls. At the end of each week, a 72‐h fat balance was performed and growth was monitored.Results: We found, on an average, 17% higher fat absorption with raw as compared to pasteurized milk. Infants gained more weight and linear growth assessed as knee–heel length was also greater during the week they were fed raw milk as compared to the week they were fed pasteurized milk.Conclusion: Feeding preterm infants pasteurized as compared to raw own mother's milk reduced fat absorption. When the infants were fed raw milk, they gained more in knee–heel length compared to when they were fed pasteurized milk.