bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF CHROMOGENIC AGAR MEDIA FOR RECOVERY OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES FROM READY‐TO‐EAT MEAT AND POULTRY PRODUCTS
Authors: PANGLOLI PHILIPUS , AHMED OMAIMA , STEVENS JACOB H. , GOLDEN DAVID A. , DRAUGHON F. ANN 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of esculin‐ and chromogen‐containing agars for the recovery of Listeria monocytogenes from artificially contaminated ready‐to‐eat meat and poultry products. Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii and Listeria seeligeri were inoculated (1–10 cfu/25 g) onto samples (n = 180) in addition to L. monocytogenes at 1–10 (LM level 1), 100 (LM level 2) or 1,000 (LM level 3) cfu/25 g. Three esculin‐containing agars (Oxford, modified Oxford and PALCAM) and two chromogenic agars (Rapid'L. mono [RLM] and CHROMagar Listeria) were evaluated for the recovery of Listeria spp. With LM level 1, L. innocua overgrew the other three Listeria spp., and L. monocytogenes was recovered from only 6.7 and 1.7% of samples on CHROMagar and RLM, respectively, and from no samples on the esculin‐containing agars. At LM level 2 and 3, chromogenic agars recovered L. monocytogenes better than the three esculin‐containing agars (P < 0.05). The highest sensitivity and specificity values were obtained with RLM and CHROMagar. These results indicate that chromogenic media could replace or supplement the current preferred media of the United States Department of Agriculture and Food and Drug Administration Bacteriological Analytical Manual methods to detect and isolate L. monocytogenes more rapidly with higher sensitivity without tedious confirmation tests.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSThe chromogenic media discussed in this paper could be used in industrial and academic laboratories to detect and isolate L. monocytogenes with some advantages. The media could differentiate pathogenic Listeria from nonpathogenic species without tedious confirmation tests that can take up days. These advantages could provide quick information on any contaminated product in food plants and prevent delivery of the defective products, which may result in recall. The media also have advantages for laboratories with limited personnel to conduct tedious confirmation tests.
SURVIVAL OF BACTERIAL PATHOGENS ON ANTIMICROBIAL CONVEYER BELTS
Authors: GUNDELLEY R. , YOUM G.W. , KWON Y.M. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT Production of wholesome meat from a healthy animal presents a great opportunity for contamination of a wide variety of microbes, and the type of equipment used in processing makes a significant contribution to microbial contamination. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial activities of commercial conveyer belts manufactured to contain an antimicrobial additive against selected pathogenic bacteria, Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes. Bacterial cells were inoculated on the surface of the belt products and incubated at 37C for 24 h before enumeration of viable cells. When three different antimicrobial belt products made of different materials (fabric, polyethylene and polyoxymethylene) were compared with respective controls without antimicrobials, all three products showed significant reduction (at least a 2 log cfu/sample reduction) in viable bacterial populations for both species (P < 0.05). These results suggest that the use of antimicrobial conveyer belts in the meat processing plant may contribute to the reduction of cross‐contamination of final products by pathogenic bacteria.PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSCross‐contamination of meat products by pathogenic bacteria raises a serious concern for public food safety. Among many factors, the equipment used in the processing can be a significant source of cross‐contamination of final meat products. Particularly, biofilm formation on conveyer belts is of great concern, since bacterial cells in biofilm can be resistant to sanitization and continuously released to the surroundings. Our current study evaluated the antimicrobial activities of conveyer belts containing antimicrobial compounds. The results strongly suggest that the use of antimicrobial conveyer belts could be a practical and efficient strategy to counteract the cross‐contamination problem arising from biofilms on conveyer belts and other equipment. This information is useful for regulatory agencies and meat producers to reduce food safety concerns associated with foodborne bacterial pathogens.
NUCLEIC ACID SEQUENCE‐BASED AMPLIFICATION (NASBA) IN MOLECULAR BACTERIOLOGY: A PROCEDURAL GUIDE
Authors: GRACIAS KIEV S. , MCKILLIP JOHN L. 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACT As a means of assessing gene expression and RNA structure/function, nucleic acid sequence‐based amplification (NASBA) involves an isothermic series of reactions using avian myeloblastosis virus reverse transcriptase (RT), RNase H, T7 RNA polymerase, transcript‐specific primers and associated cofactors to amplify large amounts of target RNA. NASBA offers greater speed, sensitivity and versatility compared to other RNA analyses (e.g., RT‐PCR, RNase protection assays and Northern blotting). NASBA allows for target RNA detection by real‐time chemistries, such as SYBR dyes or molecular beacon probes, an advantage in minimizing contamination considering the closed‐tube format of this approach. NASBA has been utilized in diagnostic bacteriology for clinical, environmental and food applications. NASBA kits are currently available for RNA amplification and analyses, a market primarily aimed at the clinical microbiology arena. This article will overview the background and application of NASBA, followed by protocols commonly used for bacterial diagnostics and genomic studies in various experiments. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSAlthough not a truly new laboratory method for nucleic acid analysis, NASBA has gained a popular following in recent years in the scientific literature. A diverse array of life science applications for NASBA have developed due to the advent of real‐time detection methods. The field of molecular bacteriology has witnessed a plethora of reports on the use of NASBA in fields ranging from molecular and clinical diagnostics to food microbiology and environmental monitoring. NASBA offers very high speed and sample throughput capabilities, with the sensitivity of real‐time detection chemistries, without necessarily having to confirm or validate signal/amplicon identity. What follows is both a background on the uses of NASBA in bacteriology, as well as a procedural guide on preparing target RNA for subsequent RNA analysis by NASBA. This paper is written from a benchtop pedagogical standpoint and so makes a suitable reference for those learning or teaching NASBA to others.
Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes: Clinical implications
Authors: Hatcher Erin , Whittemore Robin 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPurpose: This integrative literature review focused on Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes. Type 2 diabetes is a progressive, chronic illness with the potential for debilitating complications that disproportionately affect Hispanic adults. By understanding Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes, health professionals will be able to offer more culturally competent health care.Data sources: Published research reports on Hispanic adults’ beliefs about type 2 diabetes were obtained using multiple computerized databases and by searching reference lists of published reports. A total of 15 research reports comprised this review.Conclusion: While there was some variance among Hispanic subgroups, in general, Hispanic adults’ understanding of the etiology of diabetes was an integration of biomedical causes such as heredity and traditional or folk beliefs such as susto, which is the concept of strong emotions. Hispanic adults believed that diabetes is a serious illness and that they could identify many of the symptoms of diabetes. They identified both biomedical and herbal treatments for diabetes. Negative attitudes toward insulin were common. Religious beliefs also factored into Hispanic adult’s explanatory models of type 2 diabetes.Implications for practice: Hispanic adults have a fairly cohesive explanatory model of diabetes. Healthcare professionals can use this information as a starting point to discuss each individual patient’s explanatory model of illness, clarify misconceptions, and develop an individualized plan of care.
Consumer perspectives on nurse practitioners and independent practice
Authors: Brown Deonne J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractPurposes: The purposes of this study were to report the results of a survey for determining the feasibility and sustainability of independently managed nurse practitioner (NP) practices, to identify the characteristics of consumers who would likely choose an independent NP practice, to assess consumer needs, and to define a target market for competitively positioning NPs.Data sources: An anonymous electronic survey of 1000 employees (response rate = 21%) at a large nonprofit organization in King County, Washington. This organization employs persons in a wide range of socioeconomic and vocational situations. Descriptive statistics and chi‐square analyses were applied to determine associations between demographic characteristics and having used an NP or having the intent to use an independent NP practice.Conclusions: Most respondents knew about NPs, and the majority had seen an NP for their care. Most were satisfied or very satisfied with NP care. A much larger percentage (90%) than previous studies knew about NPs; 58% had seen an NP for their care, making NPs the most used practitioner alternative to physicians. Evidence suggests that NP users are more likely to be female and younger. Eighty‐two percent of NP users were satisfied or very satisfied with the care they had received compared to a 70% satisfaction rate for current providers. Women, relatively younger respondents, those who had seen a physician assistant or NP, and those who considered NPs to provide quality and more personalized care were significantly more likely to indicate that they would choose an independent NP practice in their community. Based on a standard marketing formula, 30% of the sample in this study would be expected to change their health care to such a practice.Implications for practice: This is the first descriptive study to suggest widespread acceptance of NPs as independent practitioners. Compared to a 1985 study of Seattle residents, consumers are far more likely to know about NPs. Consumer studies such as this one identify the characteristics and interests of consumers and assist NPs in establishing a grounded marketing plan for developing distinctly nursing‐based health centers. Recommendations are made for additional studies with improved sampling techniques replicating this work and comparing attitudes in various parts of the country. Implications for NP educators include incorporating market research and other business concepts into NP programs to provide clinicians with the tools they need for successful private practice.
Bacterial decolorization of textile dyes is an extracellular process requiring a multicomponent electron transfer pathway
Authors: Brigé Ann , Motte Bart , Borloo Jimmy , Buysschaert Géraldine , Devreese Bart , Van Beeumen Jozef J. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryMany studies have reported microorganisms as efficient biocatalysts for colour removal of dye‐containing industrial wastewaters. We present the first comprehensive study to identify all molecular components involved in decolorization by bacterial cells. Mutants from the model organism Shewanella oneidensis MR‐1, generated by random transposon and targeted insertional mutagenesis, were screened for defects in decolorization of an oxazine and diazo dye. We demonstrate that decolorization is an extracellular reduction process requiring a multicomponent electron transfer pathway that consists of cytoplasmic membrane, periplasmic and outer membrane components. The presence of melanin, a redox‐active molecule excreted by S. oneidensis, was shown to enhance the dye reduction rates. Menaquinones and the cytochrome CymA are the crucial cytoplasmic membrane components of the pathway, which then branches off via a network of periplasmic cytochromes to three outer membrane cytochromes. The key proteins of this network are MtrA and OmcB in the periplasm and outer membrane respectively. A model of the complete dye reduction pathway is proposed in which the dye molecules are reduced by the outer membrane cytochromes either directly or indirectly via melanin.
Periodontal Attachment Loss in Independently Living Older Adults in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Locker David , Leake James L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the periodontal disease experience of a community‐dwelling population aged 50 years and older, living in four communities in Ontario, Canada. The periodontal status of this population was assessed using attachment loss and the extent and severity index. Attachment loss was measured at two sites on each tooth using a pressure‐sensitive periodontal probe. Complete periodontal data were obtained on 624 subjects. The mean number of sites per subject was 37.9. In line with recent US studies, the diagnostic threshold for a diseased or previously diseased site was set at 2 mm of loss. The overall mean attachment loss was 2.95 mm, with 19.7 percent of subjects having an overall mean attachment loss of 4.00 mm or more. The proportion of sites examined with loss of attachment of 2 mm or more was 77 percent. The severity of disease, defined as the average distance between the base of the sulcus or pocket and a point 1.00 mm apical to the cemento‐enamel junction in sites with loss of 2 mm or more was 2.44 mm. These data indicate that the extent and severity of disease in this population were greater than that reported by some recent studies in the US. Taken together, the results of these studies suggest that there is some variation in the periodontal disease experience of population subgroups across North America.
Beneath the Surface of Coronal Caries: Primary Decay, Recurrent Decay, and Failed Restorations in a Population‐based Survey of New England Elders
Authors: McGuire Sheila M. , Fox Christopher H. , Douglass Chester W. , Tennstedt Sharon L. , Feldman Henry A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractA cross‐sectional study was conducted of the oral health status of a random sample of community dwelling elders, aged 70 and older, living within the six New England states. Four examining teams, each composed of a trained and calibrated dentist and a field technician, collected data during an in‐home oral examination. The prevalence of carious, filled, recurrent decayed, and non‐ carious but failed restored coronal surfaces was recorded. For the 1,151 respondents, the mean DFT was 6.16 (SD = 6.96) and the mean DFS was 18.83 (SD/23.37), with 37.6 percent of the sample edentulous. Eleven percent of the population had 70 percent of the coronal decay. Males (OR/2.2, CL/1.3–3.8) and elders with less education (OR/1.8, CL=1.0–3.0) were at higher risk for three or more surfaces of coronal decay. Recurrent decay was present in 16 percent of the dentate population. However, more noncarious but failed restored coronal surfaces (332) were recorded in the population of New England elders than were surfaces of recurrent decay (234). The New England elders have higher rates of decay than New England children, although the rates matched those of previous national studies. The findings signal a need to develop targeted preventive regimens for older adults and greater understanding of dental treatment needs of elders.
Attitudes of College Football Officials Regarding NCAA Mouthguard Regulations and Player Compliance
Authors: Ranalli Dennis N. , Lancaster Diana M. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) mandates the use of brightly colored, intraoral mouth‐ guards by football players to reduce the frequency and severity of craniofacial and intraoral morbidity and mortality, and to enhance the ability of officials to observe player compliance. The purpose of this 12‐question mail survey was to determine the attitudes of on‐Held game officials regarding current NCAA mouthguard regulations and patterns of utilization by college football players. The sample consisted of all 50 Big East Football Conference officials; a response rate of 100 percent was achieved. Only 42 percent of the officials reported observing all players in compliance, and quarterbacks were identified by others as the least compliant group (52%). The majority (88%) indicated that the 1990 rule for brightly colored mouthguards had been beneficial to them in determining player compliance, and 52 percent reported that this rule had resulted in more frequent use by these athletes. Nearly all officials (96%) indicated that they would issue a warning for noncompliance to the player or coach, rather than charging a timeout for a violation as prescribed by NCAA regulations. The majority (70%) believe current enforcement is appropriate, but expressed the opinion that coaches should be held more accountable for player compliance.
The Oral Health Status Among Residents of the Magadan Oblast, Russian Far East
Authors: Hardwick Kevin S. , Jones David B. , Phipps Kathy R. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn April 1991, an oral health situation analysis team comprising oral health professionals from the Alaska Area Native Health Service, the World Health Organization, and the Moscow Medical Stomatological Institute visited the Magadan region of the Soviet Far East at the request of the Ministries of Health of both the Russian Republic and the then‐Soviet Union. As few oral health data had been available specific to the Magadan region, the purpose of the trip was to gather data concerning oral diseases epidemiology, demography, and health systems of the communities of Magadan, Seymchan, and Provideniya as the basis for recommendations and plan development. The data were collected using standard WHO methodology. The analysis team examined children in the age cohorts of 3–5, 6–7, 12, and 15 years. In addition, adults aged 35–44 and 65–74 years were examined in Magadan and Seymchan. Both caries and periodontal rates are high, with a rate of 4.3 DMFT among 12‐year‐olds in the total region, but up to 5.4 DMFT in one location. Specific findings and recommendations have been forwarded to local community and health officials. The project is ongoing, and plans are underway to provide continuing assistance in designing and implementing an effective program for the prevention and treatment of oral diseases.
The 48‐month Increment of Root Caries in an Urban Population of Older Adults Participating in a Preventive Dental Program
Authors: Wallace Martha C. , Retiet D. Hugo , Bradley Edwin L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a 48‐month preventive dental program on the incidence of root caries in an urban, geriatric, noninstitutionalized population residing in an optimally fluoridated area. The 466 participants were randomly assigned to one of three groups at baseline. Group A (control): 171 subjects using a placebo mouth rinse daily; group B: 147 subjects receiving semiannual applications of a topical APF gel (1.2% F) with the daily use of a placebo mouthrinse; group C: 148 subjects using a fluoridated mouthrinse daily, ACT (0.05% F). At baseline, the numbers of surf aces at risk, and decayed and filled surfaces were recorded. After 48 months, in addition, the number of reversed and new lesions were determined, and the incremental DMFS calculated. The data were analyzed by ANCOVA. The incremental DMFS were: A/0.91, B/0.27, C=0.26. The incremental DMFS in groups B and C were significantly lower than in group A (P<.05). The number of reversed lesions in group C (1.53 ± 2.03) was significantly greater than in group A (1.11 ± 1.74) and group B (1.01 ± 1.86) (P<.05). The number of new lesions in group B (1.36 ± 2.00) was significantly less than in group A (1.99 ± 2.65) (P<.05). The daily use of the fluoride mouthrinse significantly increased the number of reversed lesions.
Use of Fluoride Tablets in Childhood: A 10‐year Prospective Study
Authors: Rossow Ingeborg , Hoist Dorthe 
Published: September 2007

AbstractRegular and persistent use of fluoride tablets throughout childhood is part of the national population‐based preventive strategy and of the individual risk strategy of the Public Dental Health Service in Norway. The purpose of this study was to describe intraindividual stability in use of fluoride tablets in childhood and to analyze change in stability with respect to previous caries risk. Data stemmed from a 10‐year prospective study of 231 Norwegian children. Intraindividual stability was described as individual profiles, showing that individual use of fluoride tablets varied substantially over the 10‐year period. The significance of previous caries risk for change in use of fluoride tablets was analyzed by logistic regression analysis. The probability of increase in use of fluoride tablets increased significantly with previous caries activity. The results are discussed in light of population strategy and individual risk strategy in the Public Dental Health Service in Norway. Intraindividual variation in use of fluoride tablets over time may reflect the limited individual impact of preventive measures in pursuance of the population strategy. On the other hand, increase in use subsequent to a period of high caries risk indicates that intraindividual change in use of fluoride tablets may be initiated by individual risk strategy.
Oral Signs, Symptoms, and Behaviors in Older Floridians
Authors: Gilbert Gregg H. , Heft Marc W. , Duncan R. Paul 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSix hundred community‐dwelling older Floridians were interviewed regarding the presence of reported signs of dental conditions, dental and oral symptoms, behavioral impact from dental conditions, and orofacial sensory changes. The prevalence of any single oral sign, symptom, or behavioral impact was generally low. A notable exception was the 39 percent prevalence of dry mouth. However, from 10 percent to 29 percent of persons had at least one of these dental signs, dental symptoms, dental behavioral impacts, or sensory changes. These findings are consistent with a noteworthy burden from nonoptimal oral health status, and these burdens were significantly more prevalent in irregular dental attenders, persons with lower household incomes, and persons who reported poorer general health. Inclusion of these non‐disease items in an assessment of oral health status seems warranted, and would allow a broader evaluation of oral health outcomes.
Coronal and Root Decay Experience in Older Adults in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Locker David , Leake James L. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the coronal and root caries experience of subjects aged 50 years and older living in four communities in Ontario, Canada. The data were obtained as part of a comprehensive epidemiologic study of the oral health and treatment needs of this population. Caries experience was defined as the number of decayed and filled coronal and root surfaces per subject. Of 907 subjects interviewed and clinically examined, 78.3 percent were dentate and retained a mean of 18.9 teeth. The mean number of coronal decayed and filled surf aces was 23.9; 95.6 percent of subjects had at least one coronal DFS. The mean number of decayed and filled root surfaces was 3.6; 70.9 percent had at least one root DFS. The percent D/DFS was 3.5 for coronal and 20.0 for root caries. In linear regression analysis the number of teeth, making regular preventive visits, being born in Canada, and educational status emerged as predictors of coronal DFS. Predictors of root DFS were the number of surf aces with recession, the number of coronal DFS, the number of teeth, age, sex, and smoking status. These variables accounted for 42 percent and 35 percent of the variance in the number of coronal and root DFS, respectively.