bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consumer testing liquid syndets. II. Biodegradable formulations
Authors: Johnson K. L. , Andrews H. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe results of experiments investigating the interrelated effects of biologically degradable nonionic and anionic synthetic detergents in a light duty liquid detergent are presented. The formulations studied explore the performance of various biodegradable nonionic candidates in the presence of a fatty based alkylolamide foam stabilizer and biologically 舠soft舡 alkyl aryl sulfonate at two levels of nonionic concentration. The nonionic detergents evaluated are all polyoxyalkylated, including products of natural and synthetic origin. Products based on unsaturated and secondary alcohols are included.Consumer and laboratory test data show that biologically degradable detergents cannot be directly substituted in formulations without first testing their effect on the formulation itself. The data also show that small differences in molecular weight or in saturation of the materials being used can be reflected materially by technical differences in the finished product. These differences are manifested by analytical determination, by consumer panel evaluation using a duplicated balanced incomplete block design, and by standard dishwashing evaluation. The consumer panel data relate to dermatological properties, general performance and suds stability.It is obvious that the big switch to biologically degradable surface active agents is not as smooth a changeover as had been hoped, this being especially true for smaller producers of chemical specialties who do not have extensive facilities for formulation testing. These data do, however, indicate that with a careful experimental approach and judicious experimentation that formulations having a performance superior to their nonbiodegradable counterparts can be prepared. It is also stressed that judiciously designed consumer panel evaluations can yield data that is just as precise and valid as can be obtained through some of the more sophisticated testing procedures that require investment in equipment and in training of test panels.
The stability of soybean oil: Effect of time and temperature on deodorization
Authors: Moser Helen A. , Cooney Patricia C. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA comparison of the flavor and oxidative stability of soybean oil deodorized at different temperatures for different periods of time was studied using laboratory deodorized oil. Flavor and oxidative tests were in good agreement and showed that some combinations of time and temperature of deodorization gave significantly more flavor stable oils than others.
Influences of operating conditions on determination of fatty acid methyl esters by gas chromatography
Authors: Seino H. , Watanabe S. , Nihongi T. , Nagai T. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe compositions of standard mixtures of methyl laurate, myristate, plamitate and stearate were determined by gas liquid chromatography, varying the operating conditions such as sample size, column temperature and flow rate of the carrier gas. The influences of these operating conditions on analytical values were examined. The sample size had a significant influence on the analytical values. The degree of influence was dependent on the column temperature and the composition of the sample. It was also observed that the flow rate of the carrier gas affected the analytical values.
Hydrogen sulfide adducts of methyl oleate and linoleate
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Rohwedder W. K. , Tjarks L. W. , Gast L. E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSulfur compounds derived from photochemical addition of hydrogen sulfide to methyl oleate and linoleate were separated by preparative gas chromatography. The major compounds were investigated by NMR, mass and IR spectroscopy and by elemental analysis. The primary product of the methyl oleate reaction was methyl 9(10)‐mercaptostearate. Gas chromatograms of the product from methyl linoleate showed four principal peaks. From mass spectra and NMR data, we identified methyl 9‐(2‐pentyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl)nonanoate, methyl 8‐(2‐hexyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl)octanoate and methyl 9‐(3‐hexyl‐1,2‐dithiolan‐5‐yl)nonanoate. Evidence for the formation of methyl mercapto‐octadecenoates and methyl dimercaptostearates was also obtained.
Investigation of instrumental measurements to determine aflatoxin in florisil columns
Authors: Velasco James , Norris Karl H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInvestigation has shown that fluoresence of aflatoxin, in small columns layered with florisil, can be measured with a low cost fluorometer. Aflatoxin levels approaching the I ppb level were detected in these micro columns with a simple fluorometer constructed in our laboratory.
The composition of coffee oil and its component fatty acids
Authors: Khan N. A. , Brown J. B. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA specimen of coffee oil has been examined with the objective of determining its composition in the light of possible uses of the oil which is recoverable as a byproduct in the soluble coffee industry. The oil, as obtained by extraction of the coffee grounds with solvent, contains over 5% of unique unsaponifiable material which, without preliminary removal, makes the oil unsuitable for many purposes. It has been shown that the unsaponifiable and glyceridic components can be separated by molecular distillation.A specimen of the methyl esters of the fatty acids of the oil was examined by the ester distillation fractional crystallization techniques. The composition of the component fatty acids has been calculated. The oil contains 46% of linoleic acid. Saturated and unsaturated acids of the C20, C22, and C24 series are present in coffee oil in small amounts.
Steam stripping of lard
Authors: Wolf I. W. , Rushton J. H. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionThe rate of steam stripping of free fatty acids from lard can be evaluated in terms of a rate·constant K defined by Equations 5 and 6. Reproducible results were realized for many different batches of leaf and prime steam lards. The effects of temperature, total pressure, and steam rate were evaluated, thus making possible the calculation of stripping rate constants on a comparable basis. Comparable values of the rate constant K have been compared for conditions with and without the use of mechanical agitation with a flat‐blade mixing impeller. Use of the rotating mixing impeller showed substantial increases (30 to 50%) in the reaction rate constant, over those obtained with steam sparging without the mixer. Accordingly the use of this type mixer should result, in large savings of steam for stripping and for maintaining the necessary vacuum by the steam jet condenser.
The structure and chemistry of sulfatides
Authors: Stoffyn Pierre J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent advances in the chemistry of cerebroside sulfates which have led to a precise formulation of their structure and to a detailed knowledge of their composition are reviewed.Qualitative and quantitative analyses of the constituent fatty acids and sphingosine‐type bases of cerebrosides and sulfatides have shown a close relationship between the cerebrosides and their sulfate esters.Sulfatides were converted into cerebrosides in high yield by mild desulfation with methanolic HCl at room temperature. The products of partial degradation of cerebrosides舒ceramide and psychosine舒were found to be identical to the products obtained under similar conditions from desulfated sulfatides.By methylation and periodic acid oxydation, the sulfate group has been located conclusively and apparently only at C‐3 of the galactose moiety in the sulfatide molecule.ख ॆ‐configuration of the galactosidic linkage in cerebrosides and in sulfatides has been demonstrated by direct comparison of the products of periodate oxidation of dihydropsychosine obtained from cerebrosides and from sulfatides, with the products of oxidation of 1‐D‐glycerityl ॆ‐D‐galactoside of known configuration.Investigations of the composition and structure of sulfatides abnormally accumulated in the brain and kidneys in cases of metachromatic leukodystrophy, a demyelinating disorder, are reported.
A new rapid titration method for determining the halogen ratio of Wijs solution and of iodine monochloride
Authors: Graupner Alda J. , Aluise Veto A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe free iodine in Wijs solution is titrated directly, in strong hydrochloric acid solution, with standard potassium iodate solution. From this titration and the usual sodium thiosulfate titration for total halogen, the iodine/chlorine ratio is calculated. Results agree closely with those obtained by the longer chlorine‐water method of Lopes. The halogen ratio of reagent grade iodine monochloride, a convenient material from which to prepare Wijs reagent directly, is also determined by the new titration method.
Preparation of vinyl esters of some chlorinated new oilseed crops fatty acids
Authors: Moreau J. P. , Holmes R. L. , Dollear F. G. , Sumrell G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral mixtures of fatty acids derived from the seed oil of plants being investigated as new crops, have been chlorinated and the chlorinated acids have been converted to the vinyl esters. These products have potential utility as comonomers in vinyl polymerizations.
Cyclopropenoid fatty acid content and fatty acid composition of crude oils from twenty‐five varieties of cottonseed
Authors: Bailey August V. , Harris James A. , Skau Evald L. , Kerr Thomas 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe cyclopropenoid acid content of oils extracted from 22 commercial varieties and 3 botanical species of cottonseed have been determined. The malvalic acid content determined by HBr titration varied from a low of 0.56% to a high of 1.17%. Iodine values of the oils ranged from 96.8 to 111.6 No definite correlation could be established between iodine value and malvalic acid content. Equations for regression lines for the major acids have been calculated from plots of fatty acid composition vs. iodine value. The high degree or correlation suggests that for commercial oils the fatty acid composition can be estimated from the iodine value. Oils of the 3 experimental types of different species showed wide variations in fatty acid composition and represented many of the maximum and minimum values reported.
Nutritional evaluation of inter‐esterified fats
Authors: Alfin‐Slater Rosjyn B. , Aftergood Lilla , Hansen Herbert , Morris Rosemary S. , Melnick Daniel , Gooding Chester M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractStudies with inter‐esterified fats prepared to maintain a high level of linoleic acid content have been undertaken in several series of experiments with rats. These fats are as digestible as the liquid nonhydrogenated oils and the biological value of the linoleic acid is not impaired by the inter‐esterification. Investigations involving growth, reproduction and lactation, longevity, tissue cholesterol levels and histological tissue examination have revealed that these inter‐esterified fats are utilized by the animal similarly to cottonseed oil. No tissue pathology or interferences with any of the nutritional indices are observed. When the inter‐esterified fats are included in atherogenic diets, the atheroselerotic lesions which develop in the coronary arteries and aorta of the animals are similar to, but less marked than, those found when animals are fed cholesterol‐containing diets with butter oil or conventional margarine oil of the all‐hydrogenated type. It is concluded that these inter‐esterified fats are at least nutritionally equal to other similar edible fats of equivalent essential fatty acid content.
A simplified process for the elimination of the halphen‐test response in cottonseed oils
Authors: Rayner E. T. , Brown L. E. , Dupuy H. P. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSince certain biological effects have been ascribed to the cyclopropenoids that give a positive response to the Halphen test, processes were explored to eliminate this response from cottonseed oils. Heating alkali‐refined, Halphen‐positive cottonseed oils in a modified laboratory deodorizer in the presence of cottonseed oil fatty acids, capric acid, citric acid, or phosphoric acid was found to be an effective method of eliminating this response.These treated, Halphen‐negative cottonseed oils, the untreated Halphen‐positive cottonseed oil, and a corn oil control were incorporated into rations fed to different groups of laying hens. Hens that ingested either the Halphen‐negative cottonseed oil or the corn control produced normal eggs, whereas hens fed the Halphen‐positive cottonseed oil produced eggs with pink whites, decreased pH of whites, and increased pH of yolks on storage, and lower ratios of oleic acid to stearic acid in the yolk lipids.The simple processes presented舒particularly the use of cottonseed oil fatty acids舒appear to offer a practical means of inactivating the cyclo‐propenoids in cottonseed oil and thus eliminating the biological effects attributed to them.
Geochemistry of lipids
Authors: Breger Irving A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLipids, particularly the glycerides, terpenes, sterols, and hydrocarbons, have properties conducive to their preservation either in original or transformed state and are significant constitutents of the geochemical biomass. The occurrence of phytane, pristane, and fatty acids in Precambrian sedimentary rocks 2.7 billion years old has been interpreted to indicate the existence of life processes similar to those that are operative today.The stability of lipids is highly variable. Sterols, terpenes, fatty acids, esters, and hydrocarbons have been isolated from ancient sedimentary rocks; there is evidence, however, that esters may hydrolyze. Under certain conditions, highly unsaturated fatty acids may undergo combined biochemical and chemical transformations that lead to the formation of petroleum hydrocarbons.Lipids found in geological environments are derived from contributing organisms, which represent specific ecologies. Study of the ultimate products derived from these lipids permits an understanding of the geochemical environments in which they were produced, and of the transformations that occurred.
Lipids in sea water
Authors: Jeffrey Lela M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAcidified and filtered sea water samples which were extracted with petroleum ether and ethyl acetate have been shown to contain a variety of lipid compounds in trace amounts. Concentrations of these solvent‐soluble substances ranged from 0.5 to 6.0 mg/liter, the lower concentrations being found in offshore waters. The solvent extracts of the sea water were separated into eight lipid classes by column chromatography on silicic acid. The fractions eluted with solvents of increasing polarity were characterized by thin‐layer chromatography, infrared and ultraviolet absorption and gas chromatography. These techniques revealed a complex mixture of alkanes, alkenes, fatty acids, steroids, phospholipids and many as yet unidentified components. Twenty to thirty alkanes were present as indicated by gas chromatography. No aromatic hydrocarbons were detected. Chromatography of the methyl esters of the fatty acids indicated the presence of acids with chain lengths varying from 14 to 22 carbons, both saturated and unsaturated. In many samples the unsaturated fatty acids containing 18 to 22 carbons predominated. The lipid components varied somewhat in composition as well as concentration from location to location and with season and depth.
Chemical intermediates and derivatives from oleyl alcohol
Authors: Rosenblatt William , Osipow Lloyd I. , Snell Foster Dee 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSeveral series of compounds were prepared from oleyl alcohol which may prove useful as lubricants and plasticizers. The reactions involved addition to the double bond and replacement of the hydroxyl moiety. One series of compounds is characterized l‐R艂, 9(10)R octadecane where l‐R艂 signifies the replacement of hydroxyl by ethoxy,tert‐butylphenyl,tert‐butoxy and phenyl. Examples of additions across the double bond 9(10)R, include hydrogen, methoxy,tert‐butoxy,tert‐butylphenyl, and phenyl. Other test series were 9(10)‐R, 27(28)‐R‐hexatriacontane andbis [9(10)‐R‐octadecyl] ether where R signifies additions across a pair of double bonds. Additions in these series include methoxy, ethoxy,tert‐butoxy,tert‐butylphenyl, 2‐ethylhexoxy, and phenyl.Derivatives of octadecane were fluid and several had fairly low pour points. The derivatives of hexatriacontane and dioctadecyl ether were either low‐melting solids or liquids. Details concerning the synthesis and several physical properties are presented.
Second interim report of the A.O.A.C.‐A.O.C.S. Crude Fiber Liaison Committee
Authors: Potts T. J. , Smith T. C. , Rockwood B. N. , Henry D. L. , Tenent E. H. , Johnson W. J. , Doughtie R. T. , Quackenbush F. W. , Epps E. A. , Van Entwistle P. , Munsey V. E. , Hoffpauir C. L. , Clough J. L. , Etheredge M. P. , Holt K. E. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsThe results obtained in this collaborative study show that none of the methods tested offer sufficient advantages in precision and accuracy to warrant selection as an official method to the exclusion of other methods studied.Also the precision of all methods tested show these methods to be inadequate for checking crude fiber specification limits set up by the N.S.P.A. on soybean oil meal. This statement would also apply to any other product where specification limits on crude fiber are narrower than the precision shown in Table VI.Ease and speed for manipulation are also an important criterion for choosing an official method. A poll of committee members showed no definite preference for any one method studied; every method received the support of two or more of the committee members.The Liaison Committee is still hopeful that a method can be devised that will give a precision in line with trade specifications and practices. The committee will continue to work toward the development of such a method.
Drying oils in varnishes
Authors: Rheineck A. E. 
Published: June 2007

ConclusionsIt seems quite apparent that the use of drying oils in classical varnishes is giving way to the use of oils in similarly functioning coatings or drying oil‐free coatings.The chemistry of drying oils in the varnish‐cooking process is not too clearly established but appears to be one of ester interchange between oil and resin. More research in this area is indicated. However if future research is to be undertaken, it must be justified. In view of the declining varnish market, this is doubtful.Lack of data makes it impossible accurately to correlate oil and resin functionality into a usable mathematical relationship.
The solution properties of some polyoxyethylene‐polyoxypropylene surfactants in nonaqueous solvents
Authors: Cowie J. M. G. , Sirianni A. F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractResults obtained with Pluronic polyol homologues in benzene and in dioxane by light‐scattering, ultracentrifugal and vapor pressure lowering measurements in addition to data obtained in water and in butyl chloride by light‐scattering and ultracentrifugal determinations are described. The systems are examined over a wide range of solute concentrations at about 37C. Considerable difference appears to exist between weight and number‐average micellar weight obtained by light‐scattering and two methods of measuring vapor pressure lowering of the solutions. Divergence in micellar weight values appears to be less pronounced between the latter technique and ultracentrifugal determinations. Possible micellar configurations of these Pluronic polyols are presented.
Effect of processing on the composition of sesame seed and meal
Authors: Carter Fairie Lyn , Cirino Vidabelle O. , Allen Layton E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractExcept for a variation in the freeepsilon‐amino lysine content of the protein, the Mexican screw‐pressed meals were quite similar in their composition. The lysine values for sesame protein obtained for the solvent‐extracted meals were much higher than those obtained for the screw‐pressed meals. Screening of the endosperm and spermoderm from the solvent‐extracted meals was effective in reducing the oxalate content of the resulting flour although some epiderm fragments passed through a 60‐mesh screen. The decortication process completely removed the portion containing the oxalate from the seed and also reduced the calcium, sugar, and silica contents.
Some effects ofy‐radiation or linoleate peroxidation ona‐tocopherol
Authors: Knapp F. W. , Tappel A. L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWhen α‐tocopherol was irradiated in isooctane, the main product appeared to be a 5‐exo‐methylene tocopher‐6‐one derived by the abstraction of two hydrogen atoms from tocopherol. When tocopherol was irradiated in tributyrin, transesterification was found to be a major reaction. Results with three solvents show that the irradiation products of tocopherol are complex and dependent on the solvent.In peroxidizing linoleic acid, α‐tocopherol was oxidized to α‐tocopheryl quinone, but no radical‐tocopherol addition products were detected.
Infrared anisotropy and structure of crystalline methyl stearate and methyl octadecyl sulfonate
Authors: Susi H. , Jahn Anne S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInfrared spectra of highly oriented crystalline films of methyl stearate and methyl 1‐octadecyl sulfonate have been obtained using polarized radiation with the electric vector parallel and at 45Ŷ to crystallographic axes. The anisotropy of methyl stearate is in good agreement with the known structure and with vibrational assignments. The results obtained on the methyl ester of octadecyl sulfonic acid suggest a crystallographic plane (or glide plane) of symmetry. The hydrocarbon chains are tilted with respect to the end‐group planes. The zigzag planes are roughly parallel to each other and perpendicular to theac plane. Qualitative conclusions are drawn regarding the packing of the polar end‐groups. Vibrational assignments are proposed for most prominent absorption bands.
Analysis of the monoethylenic fatty acids of rapeseed oil by open tubular gas chromatography
Authors: Ackman R. G. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA sample of rapeseed oil of known composition was analyzed by gas chromatography using open tubular columns and two types of polyester coating. The results confirm the previous analysis in most respects and elearly illustrate the possibility of using this technique to detect and determine isomeric forms of monoethylenic fatty acids. Some hitherto unreported trace components have been provisionally identified in rapeseed oil by linear log plots.
Polymorphism of cocoa butter
Authors: Wille R. L. , Lutton E. S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractLargely by x‐ray diffraction six crystalline states, I舑VI, in order of increasing melting point, have been identified for cocoa butter. Of these states II, IV, V and VI are pure and identifiable with previously (or presently) identified polymorphs of 2‐oleoylpalmitoyl stearin (POS), namelyॅ‐2,ॆ艂‐2,ॆ‐3 (舠V舡) andॆ‐3 (舠VI舡); V and VI representing distinct but very closely related crystalline structures. State I is a definite but fleeting and not readily characterized subॅ state and may be a phase mixture, as state III may be also.Melting points, heats of fusion and dilatometric data are reported for all states to the extent that their stability permits.The normal state of cocoa butter in chocolate is apparently V, certainlyॆ‐3. While it is true that 舠bloom舡 has not been observed for pure V nor observed to exist in the absence of VI, it is premature to say that VI is specifically the phase of chocolate 舠bloom舡.