bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Search of the General Tension Factor: Tensional Patterning During Auditory Stimulation
Authors: Fridlund Alan J. , Cottam Glenda L. , Fowler Stephen C. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA partial replication of research by Balshan (1962) was undertaken in order to investigate the existence of a general tension factor operating during rest and during auditory stimulation. Thirty female subjects were each exposed to one 20‐min session consisting of 15 min of quiet rest followed by 5 min of binaural white noise stimulation. A computer‐controlled scanning electromyograph sampled integrated surface EMG activity from a total of eight muscle sites on the head, neck and limbs. Tensional profiles for all eight EMG sites were assembled every 1.84 sec, resulting in an 8×650 data array for each subject. Statistical analyses revealed overall EMG increments at stimulus onset. R‐factor analyses on principal components for group data, as in Balshan (1962), revealed group general factors for both prestimulus and stimulus periods. However, P‐factoring on principal components of the within‐subject data arrays demonstrated that few subjects met minimal loading criteria for a general factor operating in individuals. Such within‐subject EMG‐site covariations as were observed were reduced considerably when startle responses at stimulus onset were excluded from the principal‐component analyses. It is concluded that the group factors obtained in the present experiment and by Balshan (1962) were artifacts of two influences: the erroneous assumption of across‐subject equivalence of EMG‐site levels, and the summation of uncorrelated EMG activity which biased the group component solutions toward artifactual generality.
Phasic Not Tonic Pupillary Responses Vary With Auditory Vigilance Performance
Authors: Beatty Jackson 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPupillary movements were monitored as 11 university students listened to a series of 1K Hz 50‐msec tone bursts presented at 3.2‐sec intervals for a period of 48 min. Their task was to report target tones (‐3dB), which were presented randomly with a probability of 0.12. Under these conditions, monitoring performance deteriorated as a function of time on the task. This vigilance decrement was attributed to both a decrease in listener sensitivity and a conservative shift in decision criterion, as determined by a signal detection analysis. The amplitude of the phasic task‐evoked pupillary response reflected these changes in performance, decreasing significantly over time on the task. Tonic or baseline pupillary diameter exhibited no such relationship with performance. These results are interpreted in the context of an activation theory of attention that suggests that a common neurophysiological system mediates both intensive and sustained attentional processes.
Physical Symptoms Associated with Blood Pressure
Authors: Pennebaker James W. , Gonder‐Frederick Linda , Stewart Herb , Elfman Larry , Skelton J. A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments employed within‐subject designs to assess the degree to which selected physical symptoms correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) fluctuations. In the first study, 30 normotensive undergraduates (15 male and 15 female) participated in a series of 20 tasks and 20 baseline sessions, each lasting 1–2 min. Following each task or baseline, readings of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, skin resistance, and finger pulse volume were taken. Immediately before the physiological measurements, subjects rated the degree to which they were experiencing each of 7 symptoms (e.g., sweaty hands, pounding heart). For each subject, simple correlations were computed between each of the symptoms and SBP across the 40 measurement periods. Forty‐four percent of the subjects had at least one symptom‐SBP correlation of + .70 or greater. Seventy‐seven percent had at least one statistically significant symptom‐SBP correlation. Between‐subject analyses yielded no symptom‐SBP relationships. The within‐subjects correlation patterns varied from subject to subject, were internally consistent, and were related to sex and SBP variability. A second naturalistic experiment corroborated the findings. Theoretical and practical implications of the results are discussed.
Social Psychophysiology: A Classic Perspective and Contemporary Approach
Authors: Cacioppo John T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHuman reactions are viewed as developing from a physiological and social context. This perspective is traced to third century B.C. to Erasistratos’ diagnosis of lovesickness in Antiochus, the son of Alexander's most able general. Empirical research guided by this perspective emerged with the development of the polygraph, but has not provided a consistent contribution to the study of human reactions and problems. Social psychophysiological research is surveyed, and causes for the inconsistency are indicated. It is suggested that even fairly basic psychological processes such as emotion would appear to be elicited more often by social than nonsocial factors: to the extent that physiological processes elicited by social and nonsocial factors are not interchangeable, psychophysiological theories of human reactions may be incomplete; and to the extent that social factors influence the very nature of an individual's physiological responses to nonsocial stimuli, psychophysiological theories of human reactions may be inaccurate. Moreover, social psychology, perhaps more than psychophysiology, should benefit from a consideration of the reciprocal influence between social and physiological systems. A need is outlined for research in which the methods and theoretical constructs of social psychology and psychophysiology are not pitted against one another, but rather are joined to form a powerful, complemented tool for the comprehensive study of organismic‐environmental interactions. It is concluded that research in social psychophysiology may yet contribute in a consistent and significant fashion to our understanding of human reactions.
Age, Sleep Deprivation, and Performance
Authors: Webb Wilse B. , Levy C. Michael 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMen 18–22 and 40–49 yrs old were repeatedly given a battery of monitoring, persistence, and cognitive tasks over an extended period of sleep deprivation. The older subjects, who generally exhibited superior performance, were also more affected by the acute deprivation of sleep.
Parental Hypertension and Cardiovascular Response to Cognitive and Isometric Challenge
Authors: Manuck Stephen B. , Proietti Joseph M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this investigation were to contrast the cardiovascular responses of sons of hypertensive and normotensive parents to tasks involving cognitive and isometric challenge, and lo examine the relationship of individual differences in heart rate (HR) reactivity to baseline blood pressure (BP) measurements. Thirty‐six male, undergraduate volunteers (18 with and 18 without a parental history of hypertension) were scheduled for two, 1‐hr experimental sessions (Days I and II). On Day 1, HR and BP measurements were obtained while subjects performed each of three laboratory tasks: a difficult test in concept formation, serial subtraction, and a sustained handgrip at 30% of maximum voluntary contraction. Each task lasted 3 min and was preceded by a 3‐min baseline interval. On Day II, subjects were instructed to relax quietly while baseline measures of HR and BP were recorded. Relative to sons of normotensive parents, offspring of hypertensives exhibited higher mean Systolic BPs during all task periods; no corresponding group differences were observed on either Day I or Day II baseline recordings. Unlike SBP, Diastolic BP measurements did not vary reliably by parental hypertensive/normotensive status. Although the mean HRs of sons of hypertensives were significantly higher than in offspring of normotensives, these differences obtained uniformly across both the baseline and task intervals. Among subjects identified as High HR reactors during the two cognitive tasks, sons of hypertensive parents exhibited Day II baseline SBPs about 9 mmHg higher than did subjects without a parental history of hypertension. Among subjects identified as Low HR reactors, baseline SBPs did not differ reliably between sons of hypertensive and normotensive parents.
Self Control of Stress‐Induced Cardiovascular Change Using Transit Time Feedback
Authors: Benthem James A. , Glaros Alan G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTForty‐eight normotensive subjects underwent one of four training conditions: Transit time plus stress (TTPS), Transit time minus stress (TTMS). False feedback plus stress (KF), and a stress only Control (C). In the first session, all subjects received an arithmetic stressor but without training. In the second and third sessions, subjects received training appropriate to their conditions. The TTPS and FF groups received arithmetic stressors prior to the transit time training, whereas the TTMS group rested prior to training. Training in the TTPS and TTMS groups consisted of beat‐to‐beat pulse transit time feedback. During the training period the FF group received bogus feedback. In the fourth session, all subjects received the stress‐or followed by instructions to lower blood pressure (increase transit time). No feedback was available. Significant transit time decreases occurred in response to the stress in all groups during the first session. However, in the fourth session, the TTPS group showed virtually no transit time decrease during the stressor, while the remaining three groups continued to show significant transit time decreases to the stressor. It was concluded that self control over the subjects' reactivity to the arithmetic stressor had occurred in the transit time plus stress group. This effect did not appear to be due solely to either repeated exposure to the stressor or to learned control via feedback training. Rather, the effect seemed to result from the combination of exposure and training.
The Heart Beats to Reward: The Effect of Monetary Incentive on Heart Rate
Authors: Fowles Don C. , Fisher Anne E. , Tranel Dan T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwo experiments are reported which test the hypothesis that heart rate increases will be seen in response to monetary incentives during performance on a continuous motor task. In the first study, heart rate was significantly higher when subjects were paid 2ø for each success feedback compared to subjects who received feedback only. In contrast, there was no effect of varying the probability of success (10% versus 90% success). Study 2 replicated the monetary incentive effect on heart rate, this time employing 100% success feedback. In neither study were subjects' response rates significantly affected by monetary incentive. In addition, control groups responding much faster on the task as a result of making it more predictable did not show increased heart rate. Consequently, these incentive effects are difficult to explain with a cardiac‐somatic coupling interpretation. It was concluded that cardiac acceleration does occur in response to monetary incentives, even in the absence of failure feedback, and it was proposed that this incentive effect reflects the activation of an appetitive motivational system. Possible applications of the assessment of appetitive responses are suggested.
Habituation of the Blink Reflex in Normals and Schizophrenic Patients
Authors: Geyer Mark A. , Braff David L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study demonstrates an impairment of habituation in schizophrenic patients on a measure of defensive responding to startling stimuli. The blink reflex component of human startle in response to 116dB(A) tones (40 msec, 1000 Hz) was monitored and distinguished from voluntary eyeblinks by a computer. With a background noise level of 70dB(A), 121 tones were given at varied intervals averaging 15 sec. All three groups tested, 25 presumed normals, 20 psychiatric patient controls and 22 schizophrenic patients, exhibited similar responses to the first several stimuli. However, while normals and patient controls exhibited roughly 70% decrements in response amplitudes across trials, schizophrenic patients habituated by less than 50%. An unexpected finding was that the latency‐to‐peak values for normals and controls were non‐monotonically related to both trial number and response amplitudes. That is, latencies first increased and then decreased as the same stimulus was repeated. As with amplitude habituation, this phenomenon was also delayed in the schizophrenic patients. The results indicate that schizophrenic patients have abnormal habituation of defensive responses to exteroceptive stimuli. Possible links between abnormal habituation and symptom formation in schizophrenia are discussed.
Psycho‐Social Factors and Blood Pressure During Pregnancy and Delivery
Authors: Rofé Yacov , Lewin Isaac 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis research investigates the relationship between repression and blood pressure by using an objective and well‐known test for classifying subjects as repressors (Byrne's R‐S scale), and examines the relationships among socio‐economic level, ethnic origin, and blood pressure.Subjects were 461 Israeli pregnant women who gave birth in urban hospitals. The physiological measures were the highest blood pressure a woman had during pregnancy, as well as blood pressure, heart rate and temperature measured immediately after her admission to the hospital. The women's anxiety level was ranked before and after delivery.No confirmation was found for the psychoanalytically based hypothesis held by several investigators, that subjects with repressive personality type would have higher blood pressure. No significant relationship was found between socio‐economic level and any physiological measure. Israeli Jews of Oriental origin had lower blood pressure than those of European origin, even though the former were of lower socio‐economic level.
Changes in Spatial Patterns of Rabbit Olfactory EEG with Conditioning to Odors
Authors: Freeman Walter J. , Schneider Walter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTElectrode arrays (8 × 8, 3.5 × 3.5 mm) were implanted epidurally on the olfactory bulbs of rabbits for EEG recording. The rabbits were trained to give a conditioned response to a warning odor paired with an electric shock. EEGs were recorded and edited, and representative ERG bursts with odor and preceding the odor were selected for measurement. Each burst was displayed in a contour map of amplitude. The contour maps revealed active EEG foci in the bulb with size, shape and location unique to each rabbit. Changes in shape and location took place only during familiarization and during training, when a warning odor was paired with the aversive stimulus. The EEG spatial patterns did not change when visual or auditory stimuli were used as CS. EEG spatial patterns did not reflect conformal mapping of odor stimulus to neural activity response, but were determined by state variables of the animal related to olfactory conditioning history. The implications for human EEG are briefly discussed.
Event‐Related Potentials and Auditory Signal Detection: Their Diurnal Variation for Morning‐Type and Evening‐Type Subjects
Authors: Kerkhof Gerard A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between detection performance and various Event‐Related Potential (ERP) components was investigated in an auditory threshold detection task at 4 times of day (9 a.m., 1 p.m. 5 p.m., and 9 p.m.) for 7 morning‐type and 7 evening‐type subjects. Measurements were made of oral temperature, detection efficiency (P(A)), response bias(β), the N115 and the P190 components following a warning stimulus, and the P450and the Slow Wave (SW) associated with correct signal‐present decisions. For oral temperature and detection efficiency an upward diurnal trend was observed which tended to interact with subject type. For both the amplitude and the latency of the N115 and the P190 components intra‐session decrement was found. The P190 latency decreased monotonically over the day. While the diurnal trend of the amplitude and latency of the Nl15 resembled that of the SW amplitude, reaching a relative maximum in the afternoon. The P450 showed no diurnal variation. Furthermore, the P450 and SW also differed as a function of the level of decision confidence. The P450 amplitude increased and its latency decreased with an increasing confidence level, whereas the SW amplitude decreased. The diurnal variations of the N115 and the SW are discussed in terms of fluctuating amounts of processing involved in different aspects of the task.
A Low‐Cost Precision Electrode Impedance Meter
Authors: Dunseath W. J. Ross 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA circuit is described which measures applied electrode impedances using a 7 P.A RMS, 10 Hz sine wave current, and displays the reading in ohms on a small analog meter. The design uses a minimum of parts and power, drawing only 2mA from a 9 volt battery, yet is accurate lo within 2% and can easily be modified to fit a wide range of frequencies.
Memory For Events Occurring During Arousal From Sleep
Authors: Bonnet Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTMany instances exist of significant memory loss for events during brief awakenings from sleep. The present experiment sought to determine whether such memory loss was attributable to depth of pre‐awakening sleep or to length of awakening. Fourteen young adult subjects performed a standard memory task after being awakened from stage 2 or stage 4 sleep. Subjects either remained awake for 8 min or returned to sleep immediately after the learning task. Both short and long term memory were significantly worse when awakenings were made from stage 4 (deep) compared with stage 2 (light) sleep and when learning occurred immediately after being awakened. No significant effects were found when the length of the period awake after learning was lengthened. It was concluded that memory for events occurring during brief awakenings was affected by the prior stage of sleep. The effect was discussed as an example of state dependent learning.
Phasic Heart Rate Changes in Reaction Time, Shock Avoidance, and Unavoidable Shock Tasks: Are Hypothetical Generalizations About Different S1–S2 Tasks Justified?
Authors: Somsen R.J.M. , van der Molen M. W. , Orlebeke J. F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPhasic heart rate (HR) responses and disjunctive reaction time (RT) performance were measured in 16 human subjects to investigate whether anticipatory cardiac responses differ in RT and unavoidable shock (US) tasks under propranolol and placebo conditions. Five different task conditions were randomly presented. A warning signal (S1) informed the subject about the nature of the task at the second stimulus (S2). The conditions included a control, a RT, a shock avoidance RT, an unavoidable shock, and a mixed (either a RT or US) task. Three cardiac responses occurred in the interstimulus interval: sustained acceleration (control), sustained deceleration (US), and acceleration followed by deceleration (normal‐RT and avoidance‐RT). The results showed that HR responses cannot be adequately interpreted without considering the type of task employed. It was concluded that both common and specific task parameters influence HR responding in RT and US tasks.
Psychophysiology and Genetics: A Key to Psychopathology Research
Authors: George Iacono William 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBy combining psychophysiologic and genetic research strategies in the investigation of psychiatric disorders; it is possible to identify psychophysiological measures that may serve as genetic markers of psychopathology. A set of research criteria that can be used to identify and validate a genetic marker is presented. Focusing on the author's research, these criteria were applied to evaluate deviant smooth‐pursuit eye tracking as a potential marker of schizophrenia. The results from studies of both normal subjects and psychiatric patients make a strong case that abnormalities in the eye‐tracking performance of schizophrenic patients have potential as a marker of this disorder. Other research findings pertinent to eye‐tracking performance are discussed along with some ethical concerns arising from this type of psychophysiologic‐genetic research.
Event‐Related Potentials During Controlled and Automatic Target Detection
Authors: Hoffman James E. , Simons Robert F. , Houck Michael R. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study investigated the role of attentional resources in the performance of controlled and automatic detection tasks. The amplitude of the P300 component of the event‐related potential has been shown to be a sensitive index of the attentional resources allocated to the perceptual processing of sensory stimuli. We found that P300s elicited in both automatic and controlled detection were large and of comparable amplitude, suggesting the involvement of a limited‐capacity mechanism in both tasks. This result is in agreement with previous behavioral studies showing equivalent dual‐task trade‐offs with both search tasks (Hoffman & Nelson, Note 1). In contrast, P300 latency was considerably reduced in the automatic task, suggesting that the main effect of practice in the detection task is to improve the discriminability of targets and distractors.
The Effects of Monetary Incentive and Frustrative Nonreward on Heart Rate and Electrodermal Activity
Authors: Tranel Dan T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTFurther investigation of a recent theoretical model positing the existence of mutually antagonistic appetitive versus aversive motivational systems was conducted by providing monetary incentives for 3 trials and then either with or without warning terminating the incentives for the last 2 trials. Two dependent measures‐heart rate and electrodermal activity–were employed to test the predictions that incentives would activate the appetitive system and produce heart rate acceleration, while unsignalled termination of incentives (frustrative nonreward) would activate the aversive system and produce relative electrodermal activity increases. An additional goal was to investigate the effects on heart rate of different magnitudes of incentive per response unit and varying the amount of work per response unit–two ways of achieving different total amounts per trial. The data showed a clear and graded heart rate response to varying the amount of work per response unit. These results were interpreted as consistent with the conclusion that the heart rate response is a function of the amount of incentive per unit of effort. In contrast to the clear effect on heart rate, the incentive manipulations had no observable effect on electrodermal activity. Conversely, electrodermal activity showed a clear response to frustrative nonreward, while heart rate was not affected. These results were interpreted as consistent with the notion of separate motivational systems mediating different behavioral effects.