bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nuclear factor‐I regulates glial fibrillary acidic protein gene expression in astrocytes differentiated from cortical precursor cells
Authors: Cebolla Beatriz , Vallejo Mario 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe elucidation of the transcriptional mechanisms that regulate glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) gene expression is important for the understanding of the molecular mechanisms that control astrocyte differentiation during brain development. We investigated regulatory elements located in a proximal region of the GFAP promoter, important for expression in cortical precursor cells differentiating into astrocytes. One of these elements recognizes transcription factors of the nuclear factor‐I family (NFI). We found that, in primary cultures of cortical cells, NFI occupies the GFAP promoter prior to the induction of astrocyte differentiation. In the developing cerebral cortex, the onset of expression of NFI coincides chronologically with the beginning of astrocytogenesis. Mutational analysis of the GFAP gene and transfections in primary cortical precursors show that inhibition of binding of NFI to the GFAP promoter results in decreased levels of transcriptional activity and is required for the synergistic stimulation of the GFAP promoter by the astrogenic agents, pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide and ciliary neurotrophic factor, which in combination enhance astrocyte differentiation to generate astrocytes with longer processes. Thus, NFI appears to be an important factor for the integration of astrogenic stimuli in the developing central nervous system.
Prenatal ethanol exposure alters the expression of period genes governing the circadian function of β‐endorphin neurons in the hypothalamus
Authors: Chen Cui Ping , Kuhn Peter , Advis Juan P. , Sarkar Dipak K. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSleep–wake disturbances and stress hyper‐responsiveness have been observed in human neonates, children and adolescents who were exposed to alcohol during the prenatal period. Using the laboratory rat as an animal model, we investigated whether fetal ethanol exposure during gestational days 10–21 affects the circadian function of the stress‐axis regulatory β‐endorphin neurons in the hypothalamus. Fetal ethanol‐exposed rats showed abnormality in the circadian expression of proopiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA encoding the peptide β‐endorphin in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus during the adult period. These rats also showed altered circadian expression of the clock governing Period genes rPer1, rPer2 and rPer3, in the arcuate nucleus, and rPer1 and rPer 2 mRNA levels in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Laser captured microdissection analysis identified constitutive expression of rPer1, rPer2 and rPer3 genes in β‐endorphin‐containing neurons. These data suggest for the first time that fetal exposure to ethanol significantly alters the clock mechanisms governing the circadian function of β‐endorphin neurons.
Skin climacteric aging and hormone replacement therapy
Authors: Quatresooz Pascale , Piérard‐Franchimont C , Gaspard U , Piérard Gérald E 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA gender perspective is indispensable for a full understanding of aging. Menopause is a turning point in women's lives. In addition to the effects of chronological aging, sunlight exposure, and other environmental and endogenous stimuli, the climacteric appears to exert some dramatic consequences on skin biology and aspect. The epidermis may become xerotic and exhibit altered functions. The dermis thins out and its elasticity decreases in concert with the decline in bone mass. The skin microcirculation is impaired. These aspects are some of the better worked‐out changes of the climacteric, which in turn seem to be stabilized or in part reversible with hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The HRT effect on menopause consequences on hair growth and sebum production is less impressive. This review summarizes some important impacts of the climacteric on skin, and highlights the benefits of HRT that may influence cosmetic dermatology.
Lasers for scars: a review
Authors: Nouri Keyvan , Vidulich Kelley , Rivas Maria Patricia 
Published: April 2006

SummaryMany articles have been published on improving the appearance of scars; however, there are no definitive management protocols. Our objective was to review the literature on laser therapy for various types of scars. There are multiple laser modalities that have been studied with certain features that may be indicated for specific scar types. Suggestions are given for further studies.
Effects of shelter belts on fence‐line pacing of deer and associated impacts on water and soil quality
Authors: McDowell R. W. , Stevens D. R. , Cave V. , Paton R. J. , Johnson M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractSustainable land use for deer farming requires the maintenance of good soil and water quality, which can be adversely affected by fence‐line pacing. This study tested the hypothesis that the absence or presence of shelter belts (one or two) in paddocks decreases fence‐line pacing and associated soil and water quality impacts. Soils near the fence line and in the rest of the paddock, in paddocks containing zero, one or two shelter belts, were sampled for bulk density and macroporosity (pores >30 μm diameter). Large intact samples (1 × 0.2 × 0.1 m3) were used to generate overland flow via rainfall simulation. The flow was tested for nutrients [phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) fractions], suspended sediment (SS), and the faecal indicator bacteria, Escherichia coli. Results showed that bulk density, void volume, SS, particulate P and total P were affected by location (fence line or rest of paddock) but, along with all other measurements except E. coli, were not affected by the number of shelter belts. Thus, the inclusion of shelter had no effect on the concentration of contaminant lost in overland flow or any soil physical or hydrological parameter, but decreased the run‐off of E. coli. The lack of contrast between the location of soils can be partly attributed to the soil type (Brown, NZ soil classification, USDA Taxonomy: Typic Fragiudalf), which when compared with past studies was less erosive and lost less P into solution. Other factors may have been different management or the lesser impact of weaners compared with older hinds and stags on soil properties. Although only E. coli concentrations were decreased by the inclusion of shelter, factors such as improved production and animal welfare weigh heavily in favour of installing and maintaining shelter on deer farms. However, the environmental benefit of shelter should be tested in other farms where factors such as slope, soil, climate and farm management may increase the contrast with no shelter.
THE QUARTERLY NATIONAL INCOME AND PRODUCT ACCOUNTS OF THE UNITED STATES 1942–621
Authors: Jaszi George 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYThe purpose of this paper is to describe and evaluate the quarterly national income and product accounts of the United States (to be referred to henceforth as N.I.P.). The historical development of these accounts is reviewed first. Next, a summary of the statistical methodology underlying them is provided. An analysis of the errors to which they have been subject follows. An attempt is then made to define the area of their usefulness. Finally, suggestions for their improvement are formulated.The most general conclusions are as follows:

The quarterly N.I.P. estimates were developed in close response to an urgent need for them in economic analysis and policy formulation. Their development was a gradual process covering about two decades in which experience gained at one stage suggested improvements and extensions for the next.
The quarterly figures are based on abundant data sources. To be sure, the information is not as comprehensive as that available for the preparation of the annual estimates, but we are dealing only with differences in degree ‐ there is no sharp contrast.
The series are subject to a considerable margin of error. There is bias in some of them ‐ the initial estimates tend to be too low; and quite apart from bias they differ from the revised figures.
The margin of error attaching to the statistics disqualifies them from serving as precision instruments, but they are indispensable as a systematic framework for the order‐of‐magnitude analysis of the major forces determining the short‐run movements of the economy. At present, the outstanding handicap in such analysis is not statistical error, but the inadequacy of economic theories and of our ability to test them.
The opportunities for mechanizing estimating techniques are assessed; the work on seasonals is discussed in this context; and a thorough investigation is proposed of the problems involved in the synchronization of the various components of the accounts. In addition, proposals for improving the data available for the estimation of specific income and product flows are formulated. Quarterly estimates of the physical volume of national output by industry, and quarterly accounts showing the financial transactions that mediate between saving and tangible investment are considered the two high‐priority major extensions of the present accounts. Other, less basic, extensions of these accounts are also proposed.
The applicability of the GRIPS geobarometry in metapelitic assemblages
Authors: WU C.‐M. , ZHAO G.C. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAlthough the garnet‐rutile‐ilmenite‐plagioclase‐silica (quartz) (GRIPS) geobarometer has been experimentally calibrated and widely applied, its applicability to metapelitic rocks has not yet been discussed carefully. In this paper, this barometer was recalibrated by fitting the available reversed‐phase equilibrium data incorporating different combinations of activity models of garnet, plagioclase and ilmenite. The resultant GRIPS barometer formalisms reproduce the experimental pressures well within ±0.2 kbar. The GRIPS and garnet‐aluminium silicate‐plagioclase‐quartz (GASP) barometer values are concordant within ±1 kbar for pressures above ∼6 kbar for natural metapelites, but the difference of pressure determinations between these two barometers becomes larger when pressure and/or the grossular content of garnet decrease. However, the pressure difference is independent of either temperature, or almandine in garnet, or anorthite in plagioclase, or iron content in ilmenite. After testing and application of the GRIPS barometer to aluminosilicate‐bearing metapelites and metapelitic assemblages within limited geographical areas as well as within contact thermal aureoles, it is concluded that this barometer may be applied to low‐ to high‐grade, medium‐ to high‐pressure metapelites. The application of the GRIPS barometer to metapelites is not advocated in situations where calcium is deficient in garnet ( < 0.05) or plagioclase ( < 0.17), or for pressures below ∼6 kbar.
Plasma 5‐Hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) in Migraine During an Attack‐Free Period
Authors: Nagata Eiichiro , Shibata Mamoru , Hamada Junichi , Shimizu Toshihiko , Katoh Yuki , Gotoh Kyoko , Suzuki Norihiro 
Published: April 2006

Objective.—We measured the plasma 5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP), and tryptophan levels in controls, migraine patients with aura (MWA), and migraine patients without aura (MWoA) during an attack‐free period.Background.—Serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) has been implicated in the pathophysiology of migraine. The precise relationship between 5‐HT and migraine, however, remains unclear.Methods.—Blood samples in controls, MWA, and MWoA patients during an attack‐free period were collected from brachial arteries and analyzed using HPLC.Results.—The plasma tryptophan and 5‐HTP levels were not significantly different between the controls and migraine patients (either MWA or MWoA). However, the plasma 5‐HT level in the MWA patients was significantly lower than that in the controls and MWoA patients.Conclusions.—The present data suggest that reduced levels of 5‐HT in MWA may result from either a dysfunction in the enzymes involved in serotonin biosynthesis or a dysfunction in 5‐HT release or uptake from platelets and lymphocytes. These findings indicate the existence of a serotonin metabolism dysfunction in MWA patients that may differ from the state of serotonin metabolism in MWoA patients.
Endocrine Function Is Altered in Chronic Migraine Patients with Medication‐Overuse
Authors: Rainero Innocenzo , Ferrero Margherita , Rubino Elisa , Valfrè Walter , Pellegrino Michela , Arvat Emanuela , Giordano Roberta , Ghigo Ezio , Limone Paolo , Pinessi Lorenzo 
Published: April 2006

Objective.—To evaluate the effects of analgesic overuse on endocrine function in patients with chronic migraine and medication‐overuse headache (CM‐MOH).Background.—Chronic migraine is frequently associated with an overuse of symptomatic medications. Drugs currently used in acute migraine attacks are associated with several endocrine effects. At present, the endocrine effects of medication overuse in chronic migraine patients are unknown.Methods.—Eighteen patients with CM‐MOH, diagnosed according to the ICHD‐II criteria, and 18 healthy controls received an intravenous administration of GHRH, hCRH, and TRH. Plasma concentrations of GH, TSH, ACTH, and cortisol were measured for a 90‐minute period after administration of the specific releasing hormones.Results.—Hormonal basal concentrations were similar in both groups. GH response to GHRH was significantly reduced in patients with CM‐MOH in comparison with controls. TRH induced a reduction of TSH concentrations only at the end of the test. After hCRH administration, ACTH and cortisol concentrations were significantly higher in cases than in controls. A significant correlation between duration of the disease and altered hormonal response was found.Conclusions.—Our study shows that both corticotropic and somatotropic functions are significantly impaired in CM‐MOH patients and suggests a role for hormones in the development of chronic migraine.
Results of Thyroidectomy in 101 Cats with Hyperthyroidism
Authors: NAAN ELAINE C. , KIRPENSTEIJN JOLLE , KOOISTRA HANS S. , PEETERS MARIJKE E. 
Published: April 2006

Objective—To describe outcome after thyroidectomy in hyperthyroid cats, with emphasis on peri‐ and postsurgical complications and recurrence.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—One hundred and one hyperthyroid cats.Methods—Diagnostic work‐up included preoperative measurement of plasma calcium, sodium, potassium, urea, and creatinine concentrations, and thyroid scintigraphy. A modified intracapsular dissection technique was performed. Postoperatively, parathyroid gland function was evaluated by measuring plasma calcium concentration several times daily. Outcome was obtained by standard telephone questionnaire.Results—Thyroid scintigraphy revealed ectopic hyperplastic thyroid tissue (EHTT) in 9 cats. Preoperatively, 29 of 91 cats had hypokalemia. Two cats died within 3 days after surgery and 5 of 86 cats developed postoperative transient hypocalcemia. On histologic examination, thyroid carcinoma was identified in 3 of 88 cats. Hyperthyroidism recurred in 5 cats between 3 and 59 months; 4 of these cats had EHTT preoperatively. The difference in recurrence rate between hyperthyroid cats with and without EHTT was significant (P<.001).Conclusion—Complications were uncommon after thyroidectomy performed by an experienced surgeon when combined with an anesthetic regimen associated with minimal adverse cardiovascular effects. Hyperthyroid cats with EHTT had a significantly higher chance of recurrence.Clinical Relevance—Thyroidectomy is associated with a low incidence of surgical complications and is an effective treatment for hyperthyroid cats when radioactive iodine therapy is not available. Preoperative thyroid scintigraphy is advised. Surgery is not recommended when EHTT is present, because of a higher chance of developing recurrent disease.
The Effect of Tibial Plateau Angle on Ground Reaction Forces 4–17 Months After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: ROBINSON DUANE A. , MASON DAVID R. , EVANS RICHARD , CONZEMIUS MICHAEL G. 
Published: April 2006

Objective— To assess the relationship between postoperative tibial plateau angle (TPA) and ground reaction forces (GRFs) in Labrador Retrievers at least 4‐months after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery.Study Design— A retrospective longitudinal study.Animals— Thirty‐two Labrador Retrievers with unilateral cranial cruciate ligament disease that had TPLO and concurrent meniscal surgery.Methods— TPA and GRFs were measured pre‐ and ≥4 months postoperatively. Preoperative GRFs, preoperative TPA, duration of injury, postoperative TPA and degree of rotation were each compared with postoperative GRFs using correlation analysis. Dogs were also grouped by postoperative TPA and compared using 1‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Postoperative function was compared with meniscal release/meniscectomy, patient age, sex, body weight and follow‐up time using ANOVA.Results— No significant relationship was found between preoperative GRFs, preoperative TPA, duration of injury, postoperative TPA, degree of rotation, or meniscal release/meniscectomy and postoperative function. Mean preoperative GRFs for all dogs were 28.8±9.5 for peak vertical force (PVF) and 9.3±3.1 for peak vertical impulse (VI). Mean postoperative GRFs for all dogs were 40.4±5.0 for PVF and 14.1±1.9 for VI.Conclusions— No statistically significant relationship was found between postoperative TPA and GRFs after TPLO ≥4 months after surgery, where the postoperative angle was between 0 and 14°. No significant relationship was found between the preoperative TPA and postoperative function.Clinical Relevance— Limb function in Labrador Retrievers was not affected by postoperative TPA and re‐operation for cases with a postoperative TPA between 0 and 14° is not recommended.
An In Vitro Comparison of Two Suture Intervals Using Braided Absorbable Loop Suture in the Equine Linea Alba
Authors: HASSAN KAREN A. , GALUPPO LARRY D. , VAN HOOGMOED LINDA M. 
Published: April 2006

Objective— To compare bursting strength and failure modes of ventral median abdominal incisions closed with loop suture in a simple continuous pattern using two different suture‐bite intervals.Study Design— In vitro experiment.Sample Population— Equine cadavers (n=14; weighing >318 kg; postmortem interval <2 hours).Methods— A template was used to make a 25 cm incision with suture interval and bite size of either 1.0 cm × 1.5 cm or 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm. A 200 L polyurethane bladder was inserted within the abdomen and insufflated to create abdominal wall tension. Celiotomies were closed with a #2 braided lactomer 9‐1 continuous pattern with a loop suture. Deviation from the linea, closure time (minutes), total suture length (cm), suture length to wound ratio (SL:WL), bursting pressure (mm Hg), and failure modes (fascial or suture) were compared between groups using a Mann–Whitney U test. Significance was set at P<.05.Results— No significant differences were identified between closing time, total suture length used, SL:WL, bursting pressure, or failure mode. Fascial failure was the main failure mode for both techniques; suture failure occurred rarely and knot failure did not occur.Conclusion— Based on the overall bursting pressure and failure mode, #2 braided lactomer loop suture placed in a continuous pattern should provide sufficient security for closure of the equine linea alba during recovery and the immediate postoperative period.Clinical Relevance— Although there were no significant differences in the 2 patterns evaluated, the 1.5 cm × 1.5 cm pattern may have potential advantages for closure time, less total suture remaining in the wound, and strength.
Oligonucleotide microarray analysis of ameloblastoma compared with dentigerous cyst
Authors: Lim Jijun , Ahn Hyowon , Min Sunhong , Hong Seong‐Doo , Lee Jae‐Il , Hong Sam‐Pyo 
Published: April 2006

Background:  Ameloblastoma is a benign, but locally invasive tumor known for its high rate of recurrence. However, few comprehensive genetic studies have been conducted about its tumorigenesis. Our aim was to identify possible genes involved in the development and progression of ameloblastoma, using microarray analysis with dentigerous cyst as a control.Methods:  Total RNA was extracted from two fresh dentigerous cysts and ameloblastoma specimens. Following microarray analysis, semiquantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed on selected genes.Results:  Seventy‐three genes were overexpressed and 49 were underexpressed. These genes were divided into categories according to function. The microarray results for 13 selected genes were verified with semiquantitative RT–PCR.Conclusions:  We identified important genes related to the development and progression of ameloblastoma through a large‐scale gene expression analysis. This study will stimulate further investigations on genes significant for early diagnosis and prognosis of ameloblastoma.
Lichenoid and granulomatous stomatitis: an entity or a non‐specific inflammatory process?
Authors: Max Robinson C. , Oxley Jon D. , Weir Justin , Eveson John W. 
Published: April 2006

Background:  The presence of lichenoid or granulomatous inflammation in an oral mucosal biopsy usually suggests a distinct range of diagnostic possibilities. However, the presence of both patterns of inflammation in the same biopsy is uncommon.Methods:  A clinico‐pathological study of six patients.Results:  All the patients in this study presented with similar mucosal lesions of the upper lip. Microscopically the lesions were characterized by the presence of lichenoid inflammation with concomitant granulomatous inflammation. The lesions were persistent and refractory to treatment with steroid medications, but remained localized and did not appear to herald the onset of systemic inflammatory or neoplastic disease.Conclusion:  We propose the designation ‘lichenoid and granulomatous stomatitis’ for the cases described in this study. The clinico‐pathological features of a subset of these cases suggest an unusual drug eruption.
On the natural course of oral lichen lesions in a Swedish population‐based sample
Authors: Roosaar A. , Yin L. , Sandborgh‐Englund G. , Nyrén O. , Axéll T. 
Published: April 2006

Objectives:  The aim was to assess the natural course of oral lichen lesions (OLL) among unselected, non‐consulting individuals.Subjects and methods:  A cohort of 327 subjects with OLL, confirmed in 1973–1974 during a population‐based survey in two Swedish municipalities, was followed through January 2002 via record linkages with nationwide and essentially complete registers. A sample of 80 drawn from the 194 surviving subjects who still resided in the area in 1993–1995 was invited for interview and oral re‐examination.Results:  At the end of follow‐up, one case of oral cancer was detected, while 0.4 were expected. The overall mortality among subjects with OLL was not significantly different from that in the 15 817 OLL‐free subjects who participated in the initial population based survey in 1973–1974. The lesion had disappeared in 14 (39%) of 36 re‐examined subjects with white OLLs in 1973–1974, and four (11%) had transformed into red types. In the corresponding group of 19 with red forms initially, five (26%) had become lesion free and four (21%) had switched to white types. Although the cohort size does not permit firm conclusions regarding oral cancer risk, the natural course over up to 30 years appears to be benign in the great majority.