bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hematologic and immunologic responses of Holstein calves to a fire ant toxicant
Authors: Evans Donald L. , Jacobsen Karen L. , Miller Doris M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Holstein calves (3 to 5 months of age) were used to develop an animal model sensitive to environmental toxicants. In the present study, the fire ant toxicant AMDRO was fed (113.5 g/day/calf) to weanling castrated calves (9 test and 9 controls) for 7 weeks. As early as 14 days after the start of the AMDRO feeding, leukopenia was observed. Differential counts revealed significant non-transient decreases in lymphocytes and eosinophils. Eosinopenia was observed from days 21 to 49 of AMDRO treatment. Variability in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in treated and control calves precluded making a determination of trends due to toxicant exposure.
The AMDRO treatment did not produce significant decreases in primary or secondary antibody responses to keyhole limpet hemocyanin or to Brucella abortus vaccination. It also did not produce suppression of cellular immunity, as determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity response to bacille Calmette-Guérin. Potential effects of AMDRO on thermoregulatory mechanisms were indicated by significant depressions of rectal temperature observed after 25, 32, and 39 days’ treatment.
Antileishmanial activity of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimonate in the dog
Authors: Chapman W. L. , Hanson W. L. , Alving C. R. , Hendricks L. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Experimental infections of Leishmania donovani in mixed-breed dogs were induced to determine the antileishmanial efficacy of liposome-encapsulated meglumine antimoniate (lema). Each dog was inoculated iv with 1.0 ± 0.2 × 108 amastigotes of a Khartoum strain of L donovani/kg of body weight. The antileishmanial agents (lema or unencapsulated meglumine antimoniate) were given once daily, iv, for 1, 4, or 10 consecutive days beginning the 12th day after inoculation. The dogs were killed 3 or 4 days after completion of therapy, and parasites in the spleens were quantified.
A single injection of lema (0.61 mg of Sb/kg of body weight) resulted in 89% suppression and 4 consecutive daily injections of lema (1.94 mg of Sb/kg/day) resulted in 95.8% suppression of splenic parasites. The dose of lema that would give 50% suppression (sd50) was estimated as approximately 0.029 mg of Sb/kg. The sd50 for unencapsulated drug was estimated as approximately 24 mg of Sb/kg. The liposome-encapsulated drug was estimated to be more than 700 times more efficacious than the unencapsulated drug. Seemingly, liposomes can markedly reduce the drug dosage required for equivalent treatment of visceral leishmaniasis in dogs.
Bone strain in the equine tibia: An in vivo strain gauge analysis
Authors: Hartman W. , Schamhardt H. C. , Lammertink J. L. M. A. , Badoux D. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rosette strain gauges were bonded to the cranial, caudal, and medial surfaces of the tibia in the middiaphyseal region of 6 adult ponies. While the ponies were walking, the cranial side was mainly subjected to tension, and the caudal side, to compression. The compression strain on the caudal side was 1.5 times greater than the tension strain on the cranial side. None of these principal strains was aligned along the long axis of the bone; both deviated laterally from the long axis. On the medial surface, the principal strain deviated caudally about 40° from the long axis. From analysis of the strain patterns on the 3 sides of the bone, it could be concluded that during loading of the tibia, torsion was superimposed on craniocaudal bending. The strain pattern was not affected after transection of the cranial tibial muscle, as determined by measuring with the same gauges before and after surgical interference. The contribution of the cranial tibial muscle in reducing the strain in the tibial cortex was therefore very small.
Bone strain in the equine tibia: Inertia as a cause of the presupport peak
Authors: Schamhardt H. C. , Hartman W. , Lammertink J. L. M. A. , Badoux D. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Strain tracings obtained from the tibial cortex of walking ponies reveal peaks in the principal tension and compression strains occurring immediately before and after the support phase. Evidence is presented that the presupport peak is caused by inertial forces.
Treatment of metritis with antibiotics or prostaglandin F2α and influence of ovarian cyclicity in dairy cows
Authors: Steffan J. , Agric M. , Adriamanga S. , Thibier M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
From 4 dairy herds with a high prevalence of metritis, 153 cows with clinical metritis diagnosed at 30 days after calving were allotted randomly to 3 groups: (1) intrauterine antibiotics (chloramphenicol, framycetine) given in 3 doses, 1 week between doses (n = 53); (2) prostaglandin F2α given im in 2 doses, 14 days between doses (n = 61); and (3) control cows given a placebo (n = 39). To further evaluate the efficiency of the treatments, uterine swabs were prepared from 59 of the cows; Corynebacterium pyogenes was isolated in 51% of the cows. All isolated bacteria were susceptible to chloramphenicol and 85% to neomycin and related antibiotics (framycetin). The overall clinical recovery rates, estimated by 60 days after parturition, were identical (49%) in the 2 treated groups vs 33% in controls. The mean interval from calving to conception was 147 days in the controls and was shortened by 16 days in group 1 and 24 days in group 2.
The physiologic status, ie, ovarian cyclicity, was shown to exert a significant influence on the time required for recovery. On the average, anestrous cows recovered in 14 days and conceived 34 days later than did cycling cows.
Culture characteristics and tumorigenicity of the equine sarcoid-derived MC-1 cell line
Authors: Fatemi-Nainie S. , Anderson L. W. , Cheevers W. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
MC-1 is an equine sarcoid-derived cell line which spontaneously releases a retrovirus possessing genomic sequence homology with an inducible endogenous retrovirus of normal equine cells. A complete characterization of MC-1 tumor cells was undertaken, including morphology, growth kinetics, and saturation density, selective growth in semisolid media, uptake of 2-deoxyglucose, and tu-morigenicity in athymic nude mice. MC-1 cells, in contrast to normal equine dermal fibroblasts, exhibit all of the characteristics of malignantly transformed cells.
Comparison of uterine protein content and distribution of bacteria in the reproductive tract of mares after intrauterine inoculation of Haemophilus equigenitalis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Strzemienski Paul J. , Benson Charles E. , Acland Helen M. , Kenney Robert M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of 3 mares were inoculated with Haemophilus equigenitalis or Pseudomonas aeruginosa on the 1st day of estrus. Uterine flushing samples were recovered on day 3 of estrus and day 8 after ovulation for each cycle. Mares were killed 22, 25, and 30 days after inoculation with P aeruginosa and 45, 46, and 49 days after inoculation with H equigenitalis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was recovered from the uterus of 2 mares 48 hours after inoculation. Although the initial flushing sample of 1 of these 2 mares had an increased total protein concentration, there appeared to be little difference between protein concentrations of other uterine flushing samples.
Haemophilus equigenitalis was recovered from the uterus of each of the 3 mares at postmortem. One mare had a slight, purulent discharge from the vulva. Total protein values were not increased in flushing samples from this mare after inoculation with H equigenitalis. Total protein values decreased in the last flushing sample of each of the 2 remaining mares. Swabbing the uterus was more effective than was homogenizing the uterine mucosa in isolating H equigenitalis.
Experimental infection of domestic swine with Baylisascaris procyonis from raccoons
Authors: Kazacos Kevin R. , Kazacos Evelyn A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Six 8-week-old ascarid-naive pigs which were experimentally infected with 72,000 embryonated Baylisascaris procyonis eggs of raccoon origin developed lesions limited to the intestines and liver. Intestinal lesions consisted of multifocal areas of inflammation by macrophages, eosinophils, and lymphocytes in the mucosa and submucosa, in association with Baylisascaris larvae; similar lesions were seen in the mesenteric lymph nodes. Typical white, granulation type, multifocal interstitial hepatitis (“milk-spots”), 1 to 5 mm in diameter, were seen in the livers by 7 days, with resolution by 47 days. Microscopically, these consisted of multifocal areas of marked periportal and interlobular edema, and influx of eosinophils, and large intralobular aggregates of eosinophils.
At 47 days, hundreds to thousands of small white granulomas were seen on the serosa of the intestines; microscopically, they were discrete collections of macrophages, lymphocytes, and eosinophils in the submucosa and muscle layers surrounding nonviable remnants of Baylisascaris larvae. Larvae or lesions were not seen in other tissues, including the brain.
These experiments indicated that B procyonis will undergo limited migration in swine and can produce typical white spots in the liver. The larvae were killed by cellular reactions in the intestinal wall and liver, and, unlike the situation in most other animals infected with this parasite, no somatic migration or cns disease occurred after infection.
Caprine aflatoxicosis: Experimental disease and clinical pathologic changes
Authors: Clark J. Derrell , Hatch Roger C. , Miller Doris M. , Jain Anant V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Groups of 8 male crossbreed domestic goats were given 3 dosage levels of aflatoxin B1[(afb1) mg/kg of body weight/day] orally: 0.1 for 34 days; 0.2 for 18 days; or 0.4 for 10 days. Clinical condition, feed consumption, and selected blood values were determined.
Clinical signs of toxicosis included decreased feed consumption, slight-to-moderate loss of body weight, mucopurulent nasal discharge, dyspnea, coughing, lethargy, icterus, diarrhea (4 goats), and subnormal body temperature 24 to 48 hours before death. Clinicopathologic changes included increases in total rbc count, pcv, hemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin concentration, and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, isocitric dehydrogenase, and ornithine carbamyl transferase.
Goats given the 2 smaller dosage levels of afb1 had slight increases of serum total protein (tp) concentration compared with control goats, but goats given the larger dosage levels of afb1 initially had a slight decrease in tp. Aflatoxin had little effect on total wbc count. Serum alanine aminotransferase (alt) activities in goats given the 2 larger dosage levels of afb1 were similar to those of control goats, but goats given the smallest dosage level of afb1 had increased serum alt activities. Aflatoxin did not produce consistent dose-related changes in serum alkaline phosphatase activities.
Seemingly, goats are susceptible to aflatoxin. Onset of clinical signs was dose-related. Onset and magnitude of increases in pcv, hemoglobin concentration, serum bilirubin concentration, and activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase, ornithine carbamyl transferase, and isocitric dehydrogenase were dose-related. Changes in tp and activities of serum alt and alkaline phosphatase were neither dose-related nor were they potentially useful indicators of toxicosis.
Maturation of the retina of the canine neonate as determined by electroretinography and histology
Authors: Gum Glenwood G. , Gelatt Kirk N. , Samuelson Don A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Retinal potentials were obtained by electroretinography from birth to maturity of dogs. Amplitudes, time latency, and flicker fusion frequencies under scotopic conditions were compared to the histologic development of the retina. There was no electroretinogram (erg) recorded during the 1st week of life, but in the 2nd week, a small negative wave (not exceeding 5 μV) was detected. Small erg waveforms appeared in dogs at 3 weeks of age; these markedly increased in amplitude and latency between the 3rd and the 4th weeks of age. Additional changes in the erg amplitudes were evident in the 5th to the 8th weeks of life approximating amplitudes of the adult dog. Similarly, the greatest changes in flicker fusion frequencies occurred between the 3rd and the 5th weeks and the 7th and the 8th weeks. Latency of the a-wave indicated little change in the age groups studied. The greatest decrease in latency occurred in the b- and c-waves between the 3rd and 5th weeks of age.
The rod and cone inner and outer segments were first observed microscopically in the 3rd week after the dogs were born. Further differentiation of the rod and cone segments and other retinal layers occurred from the 5th to the 8th weeks.
Strain differences in the susceptibility and resistance of Pasteurella multocida to phagocytosis and killing by rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils
Authors: Anderson Lynn C. , Rush Howard G. , Glorioso Joseph C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The interactions of 2 capsular serotype A and 4 serotype D strains of Pasteurella multocida with rabbit polymorphonuclear neutrophils (pmn) were compared in vitro, using a pmn phagocytic and bactericidal assay. Bacteria and rabbit pmn were incubated for 15 minutes. The suspensions were subjected to differential centrifugation and the percentage of phagocytosis (cell association) was determined from the number of viable noncell-associated bacteria. The cell pellets and the associated bacteria were resuspended and pmn bactericidal activity was calculated from the number of remaining viable cell-associated bacteria at 45 and 75 minutes after the start of the assay. Test bacteria were not opsonized or were opsonized with immune serum containing active complement. One type A strain was ingested and killed by pmn in the presence and absence of opsonins. The 5 remaining strains were resistant to pmn killing, but only the type A strain resisted phagocytosis. Resistance of the type A strain was attributed to the hyaluronic acid capsule, since pretreatment of the bacteria with hyaluronidase rendered opsonized bacteria susceptible to ingestion and killing. The pattern of resistance of the 4 type D strains was different from that of the resistant type A strain. Both opsonized and nonopsonized type D bacteria became cell associated, but none were killed by pmn. The mechanism of resistance of these 4 strains to pmn bactericidal activity is currently unknown.
Antibody and complement-mediated cytotoxicity for bovine parainfluenza-3 virus-infected cells
Authors: Hussain A. , Mohanty S. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An antibody-complement-mediated cytotoxicity assay was employed to determine whether susceptible host cells infected with bovine parainfluenza-3 virus could be destroyed by the humoral immune mechanism. The cytotoxicity assay yielded 21.5% to 76.9% specific release of 51Cr with sera collected from calves 28 days after inoculation with the virus. A multiplicity of infection of 5, a postinfection period of 2 days, an antibody dilution of 1:10, and an incubation period of 12 hours with antibody and complement were found to be optimal for this assay.
Autotransplantation of bovine ocular squamous cell carcinoma and effects on primary tumor growth
Authors: Dennis Michael. W. , Kainer Robert A. , Lueker David C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Autologous transplantation of ocular squamous cell carcinoma was done in 7 Hereford cows in 17 trials. Three preparations of tumor were used in orthotopic transplantation to 5 sites on the eye and eyelid. None of the transplants was successful. However, in 2 of 5 cows given autografts of a pure, viable tumor cell suspension, marked regression of the primary tumor was observed after transplantation.
Growth phase-dependent phagocytosis of Pasteurella haemolytica by bovine pulmonary macrophages
Authors: Walker R. D. , Schultz T. W. , Hopkins F. M. , Bryant M. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ability of the bovine pulmonary macrophage (pm) to phagocytize Pasteurella haemolytica in its logarithmic and declining phases of growth was characterized. Pulmonary macrophages were harvested from bovine lungs before and after their in vivo exposure to P haemolytica. The pm from each lavage period phagocytized P haemolytica in the declining phase of growth. However, P haemolytica in the log phase of growth was not phagocytized by pm from any of the lavage periods. Instead, pm exposed to P haemolytica in the log phase of growth had altered cellular morphologic features and were cytolytic. Pasteurella haemolytica in the log phase also inhibited phagocytosis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae by pm. This inhibition of phagocytosis, as well as morphologic alterations, was evident in pm cultures exposed to P haemolytica for < 1 minute.
Toxocara antigen and mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis for diagnosis of visceral larva migrans: Clinical and experimental findings in macaques and human beings
Authors: Glickman Lawrence T. , Grieve Robert B. , DeGregory Karen T. , Friedman Henry S. , Stockman James A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Peripheral lymphocytes from macaques inoculated with Toxocara canis and from children with serologically confirmed visceral larva migrans (vlm) were assayed for blastogenic responses using Toxocara antigen and standard mitogens. Macaques were given single or multiple larval infections. Lymphocyte responses of inoculated macaques were compared with responses from noninoculated macaques. Similarly, lymphocyte responses from 2 serologically confirmed human Toxocara vlm patients were compared with that of 2 healthy human controls. Mitogen responses of the macaques with multiple infections were higher than those with single infections or no infection, but these differences were not significant. Statistically greater (P < 0.05) Toxocara antigen-induced blastogenesis was observed for both groups of inoculated macaques and for each vlm patient. However, the degree of stimulation was low.
Relation of dietary carbohydrates to lipid metabolism and the status of zinc and chromium in rabbits
Authors: Moersen Thomas J. , Borgman Robert F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabbits were fed a purified ration known to produce alterations in lipid metabolism and cholelithiasis. During a 14-week period, group 1 was fed sucrose as the sole dietary carbohydrate, whereas group 2 was fed corn starch; the rations were equicaloric and the carbohydrate provided 43% of the calories. Serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations increased when the purified rations were fed, and these concentrations were often greater (toward the end of the trial) in rabbits fed the sucrose than in rabbits fed corn starch. Liver weight was increased by the sucrose feeding, but there were no differences as to concentrations of lipid, cholesterol, Cr, or Zn between treatments. The aortas of the sucrose group contained more lipid, and the cholesterol concentrations tended to be greater; but dietary carbohydrate had no effect on concentrations of Cr or Zn. A reduction in hair Cr concentration was noticed over time in the rabbits fed sucrose, but changes were not noticed in the Zn concentrations. Cholelithiasis tended to be more severe in rabbits fed sucrose.
Clinical models for anaerobic bacterial infections in dogs and their use in testing the efficacy of clindamycin and lincomycin
Authors: Berg John N. , Scanlan Charles M. , Buening Gerald M. , Fales William H. , Schmidt Donald A. , Wilson J. C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two canine models of clinical anaerobic bacterial infections were developed for the study of the clinical parameters associated with these infections and for evaluation of antimicrobial agents that might be useful in therapy. In model I, a mixed culture of Bacteroides fragilis, B melaninogenicus, and Fusobacterium necrophorum was used as the inoculum. In model II, a mixed culture of B fragilis and Clostridium perfringens combined with an infection enhancer (sterile cinder dust) was used as the inoculum. In both models, reproducible localized pyogenic or gangrenous infections were induced. Clinical signs of fever, depression, and leukocytosis with a left shift were present. A depression in the nonspecific cell-mediated immune response was noticed.
The 2 models were used to evaluate clindamycin and lincomycin for therapy of anaerobic bacterial infections, using a subjective scoring system for severity of lesions and general clinical appearance. Clindamycin at dosage levels of 5.5 mg or 11 mg/kg of body weight, twice a day was highly efficacious in the treatment of anaerobic bacterial infections in both models. Dogs given lincomycin (22 mg/kg twice a day) responded to the treatment, but the response was less than that seen with clindamycin.
Transmission of bluetongue virus by intrauterine inoculation or insemination of virus-containing bovine semen
Authors: Bowen R. A. , Howard T. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bluetongue virus was inoculated transcervically into the uterine body of estrous heifers to determine whether infection could be readily established by this route of exposure. Two strains of the virus were transmitted by intrauterine deposition.
Nine heifers were inseminated at estrus with 0.5 ml of processed, frozen-thawed semen that had been collected during the course of viremia in an experimentally infected bull. This semen contained titratable quantities of bluetongue virus. Of 9 inseminated heifers, 6 became pregnant and 3 became viremic and developed antibody to bluetongue virus. An additional heifer seroconverted, but did not become detectably viremic. Evidence of fetal infection was not present in the heifer that became infected and pregnant or in the 5 heifers that became pregnant, but were not infected.
Effect of procaine benzylpenicillin alone or in combination with dihydrostreptomycin on udder pathogens in vitro and in experimentally infected bovine udders
Authors: Franklin Anders , Holmberg Olof , Horn af Rantzien Margareta , Åström Goran 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) and minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) of benzylpenicillin (pen) and dihydrostreptomycinsulfate (dhs) were determined for freshly isolated bovine udder pathogens. Killing curves were determined to study synergism of pen and dhs on Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus uberis. Healthy udder quarters of cows in their first lactation were inoculated with Str dysgalactiae or Str uberis strains. After development of acute mastitis, procaine pen alone or combined with dhs were given im, and the concentrations of pen and dhs in plasma and normal and mastitic milk were determined.
Twenty-four hours after 10 mg of procaine pen/kg of body weight (im), concentrations in mastitic milk equal to mic or mbc were maintained only for Str dysgalactiae. Twenty-four hours after 20 mg of procaine pen/kg (im), mbc in mastitic milk was maintained for Str uberis and 50% of the S aureus. When concentrations equal to mic or mbc of pen were combined with a sub-mic amount of dhs, the in vitro synergistic killing of Str uberis was not observed in vivo. In agreement with in vitro killing effect at pen concentrations equal to mbc, Str dysgalactiae was 100% eliminated in 5 cows when mbc of pen in mastitic milk was maintained for 24 to 36 hours. On the contrary, only 2 of 6 cows inoculated with Str uberis were free of this pathogen, although mbc of pen was maintained for 24 to 36 hours in mastitic milk.