bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of multi‐purpose tree digesta on in vitro gas production from napier grass or neutral‐detergent fibre
Authors: Nsahlai I V , Umunna N N , Negassa D 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis study evaluated differences in gas production of leaves gathered from a range of multi‐purpose trees (MPT) of Acacia, Cajanus, Chamaecytisus, Leucaena, Ricinus, Sesbania and Veronia species and the effect of their digesta (obtained by fermenting MPTs for 24 h) on gas production of Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum. Schumach) (NapierGP) and neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) extracted from Napier grass (NDFGP). Fresh samples of MPTs were incubated in triplicate or quintuplicate in a medium prepared from sieved rumen liquor harvested from two rumen‐fistulated cows fed native pasture hay ad libitum and 2.0 kg cottonseed cake per head day−1. There was a wide variation in the volume of gas produced by the MPTs. With the exception of the leaves of R communis (castor oil plant) and L pallida (14189), the MPTs produced less (P < 0.05) gas than Napier grass. Sesbania goetzei (1279 and 15007), and C cajan (12842) produced gas at a slower (P < 0.05) rate than Napier grass. The digesta of MPTs induced rates of NapierGP that ranged from 0.63 to 0.83 the value obtained with the Napier grass digesta. With the exception of S Sesban (10865), C palmensis and R communis leaves, the MPT digesta induced NapierGP similar to or slightly higher than the Napier grass digesta. The digesta of S sesban (10805), A siberiana (pods), C cajan (11443, 12842) and C palmensis depressed the cumulative extent of NDFGP relative to Napier grass digesta. The MPT digesta prolonged the lag phase that precedes NDFGP. The results are discussed in relation to the effect of MPT digesta on aspects of cell wall fermentation and are corroborated with results obtained in vivo. It was concluded that the major effect of antifermentation factors in the MPTs would be manifested in vitro in prolonged lag phase preceding the onset of NDFGP and in slowed rate of NapierGP.
Aminoxyl radical addition to arylketenes
Authors: Acton Austin , Allen Annette D. , Fedorov Andrei V. , Henry‐Riyad Huda , Tidwell Thomas T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractKinetic studies of the addition of the aminoxyl radical TEMPO (2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidinylaminoxyl, TO·) to the 4‐substituted phenylketenes 8 (4‐RC6H4CHCO, R = NO2, CN, Cl, H, CH3, CH3O) and to 3‐pyridylketene (15) reveal a correlation of logk2(TEMPO) with the Hammett sigma parameters of the substituents (including the aza substituent of 15), with rho = 1.58 (r = 0.94). A better correlation is obtained with the rate constants for hydration of the same substrates: logk2(TEMPO) = 1.64logk(H2O)−5.76 (r = 0.98). These results fit within a previously established correlation of ketene hydration reactivity with aminoxyl radical reactivity, and confirm that the reactivity of TEMPO in additions to ketenes is dominated by the nucleophilic character of the aminoxyl oxygen, with a strong trend of increasing reactivity for more electrophilic ketenes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Structure of D‐ribonic acid‐dimethyltin(IV) in coordinating solvents: an experimental and DFT 119Sn NMR study
Authors: Bagno Alessandro , Bertazzi Nuccio , Casella Girolamo , Pellerito Lorenzo , Saielli Giacomo , Sciacca Ivan D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract We have investigated a newly synthesized complex of D‐ribonic acid with dimethyltin(IV). The structure of the complex in solution has been characterized by means of 1H, 13C, and 119Sn NMR and by DFT calculations. The comparison of experimental and computational results allowed the determination of the stable conformation in solution as well as the detection of a dimerization process. Moreover, evidence is given of active coordination of the metal by the solvent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization and melting of a branched polyethylene with precisely controlled chemical structure
Authors: Qiu W. , Pyda M. , Nowak‐Pyda E. , Habenschuss A. , Wagener K. B. , Wunderlich B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe heat capacity of a linear polyethylene with dimethyl branches, at every 21st backbone atom was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and quasi‐isothermal temperature‐modulated DSC. This novel copolyethylene (PE2M) is relatively difficult to crystallize from the melt. On subsequent heating, a first, sharp melting peak is followed by a sharp cold‐crystallization and crystal perfection and a smaller endotherm, before reaching the main melting at 315–320 K, close to the melting temperatures of eicosane and tetracontane. The low‐temperature melting is sensitive to the cooling rate and disappears below 1.0 K min−1. The cold crystallization can be avoided by heating with rates faster than 80 K min−1. The PE2M exhibits some reversing and reversible melting, which is typical for chain‐folded polymers. The glass transition of semicrystalline PE2M is broadened and reaches its upper limit at about 260 K (midpoint at about 0.355 K). Above this temperature, the crystals seem to have a heat capacity similar to that of the liquid. A hypothesis is that the melting transition can be explained by changes in crystal perfection without major alteration of the crystal structure and the lamellar morphology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3461–3474, 2006
Calorimetric glass transition temperature and absolute heat capacity of polystyrene ultrathin films
Authors: Koh Yung P. , McKenna Gregory B. , Simon Sindee L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe absolute heat capacity and glass transition temperature (Tg) of unsupported ultrathin films were measured with differential scanning calorimetry with the step‐scan method in an effort to further examine the thermodynamic behavior of glass‐forming materials on the nanoscale. Films were stacked in layers with multiple preparation methods. The absolute heat capacity in both the glass and liquid states decreased with decreasing film thickness, andTgalso decreased with decreasing film thickness. The magnitude of theTgdepression was closer to that observed for films supported on rigid substrates than that observed for freely standing films. The stacked thin films regained bulk behavior after the application of pressure at a high temperature. The effects of various preparation methods were examined, including the use of polyisobutylene as an interleaving layer between the polystyrene films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3518–3527, 2006
Safety instrumented systems and safety critical devices: Risk abatement provided by safety instrumented systems may cause remote hazards with higher risks
Authors: Sepeda Adrian L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA basic law of physics states that for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Translating that law into the world of risk analysis, we might state that for every action (even a risk mitigation action) there are consequences—and not all of those consequences are (1) clearly identified, (2) fully understood, and/or (3) good. Even when the initial actions are an effort to mitigate a perceived risk, the range of consequences (that is, reactions) can sometimes create another set of hazards and possibly larger risks than initially addressed.The complexity of safety instrumented systems facilitates the creation of at least four types of new hazards that should be addressed. First, some consequences that may result from the proper functioning of a single safety system may not be desirable. Second, the accumulative and interactive effects when multiple safeguards function properly may cause unexpected and unwanted consequences. Third, unanticipated and sometimes unwanted consequences at seemingly remote locations may occur. Fourth, and finally, because of interactions with other control components, safety instrumented systems can easily create several layers of risk abatement actions cascading from the initiating event, making it virtually impossible for operations personnel to troubleshoot and correct the original anomaly in a timely manner—adding yet another hazard to the operations.This article addresses the potential of creating “downstream” or remote hazards by the installation of safety instrumented systems and then discusses how and when consequence analyses should be expanded to identify these potential new hazards. This is done using the life cycle approach for the design and maintenance of safety instrumented systems discussed in the newly published CCPS book, “Guidelines for Safe and Reliable Instrumented Protective Systems.” It is not possible to delineate every variation of how successful activation of basic process controls and safety instrumented systems might lead to the problems described in this article. Rather, this article is a sampling intended to cause the reader to think more seriously about how successful activation of systems intended to protect the process might, in fact, create new hidden hazards remote from the initiating event. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
2‐methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4‐H‐pyran‐3‐carboxylic acid anilide: A new systemic fungicide against smut diseases
Authors: Jank B. , Grossmann F. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract2‐Methyl‐5,6‐dihydro‐4‐H‐pyran‐3‐carboxylic acid anilide, a new systemic fungicide, proved to be highly effective against smut diseases of barley and oats (Ustilago nuda and U. avenae) in pot and field trials. The disease incidence could be prevented almost completely at rates of 50 g and 25 g respectively, of the active ingredient per 100 kg of seed.
Pesticide residues in foodstuffs in Great Britain. XV.—Triphenyltin residues in potatoes
Authors: Thomas B. , Tann Hazel L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn analytical method and results are given for the determination of triphenyltin residues in potatoes. Of the 44 samples analysed 35 contained residues of 0.001 ppm or less; residues in 6 of the samples were in the range 0.002–0.005 ppm and in 3 samples in the range 0.006–0.008 ppm.
Aerial spraying of wheat: A comparison of conventional low volume with ultra‐low volume spraying
Authors: Nguyen N. Trung , Symmons Philip M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRecoveries of fenitrothion from both young and mature wheat, and from deposits on the ground, have been compared, following aerial spraying of blocks (each about 16 ha in area) by three methods: ultra‐low volume (ULV) application of technical material in very small droplets in a steady wind; low volume (LV) application of an emulsifiable concentrate in water through a boom and nozzles in a steady wind; and LV application in a near calm. The collection, deposition and airborne loss of insecticide, beyond the downwind edge of the blocks, was also estimated. Recovery from young wheat was highest with the ULV method, but only slightly greater than with the LV application in a wind. Collection on the upper part of the mature wheat was similar with all the methods, although ULV application gave the lowest value, and LV spraying in a steady wind the highest. Only the LV application in near calm conditions gave a substantial recovery on the lower part of the mature wheat. The deposit on the ground within the blocks was highest with the LV spraying in a near calm, and the deposit outside the blocks, and airborne loss was lowest. The results illustrate the importance of the vegetation structure and density in selecting the best method of application, but give little indication of the best droplet size for impaction in different circumstances.
Efficacy of metalaxyl for blue mould control and its persistence on tobacco
Authors: Businelli Mario , Marucchini Cesare , Patumi Maurizio , Zazzerini Antonio , Torre Guido Della 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFoliar sprays of metalaxyl, benalaxyl, and cymoxanil plus mancozeb gave better control of blue mould (Peronospora tabacina) than mancozeb alone applied as a spray, or metalaxyl applied to the soil. Before flue‐curing, the mean values of metalaxyl residues in tobacco leaves were significantly higher from foliar spray treatments (5.09 μg g−1), than from soil treatments (0.93 μg g−1). Residues had decreased after flue‐curing (foliar spray treatment 2.51 μg g−1; soil treatment 0.69 μg g−1), especially on samples taken in September. Curing considerably reduced metalaxyl residues in all cases. Residues of mancozeb ranged from 59.5 to 224.2 μg g−1 before flue‐curing and from 11.0 to 22.1 μg g−1 after flue‐curing. All these residues were calculated on a dry weight basis. Imidazolidine‐2‐thione (ethylenethiourea) residues from mancozeb were always below the sensitivity limit of the method used.
An apparatus and technique for sampling aerially applied sprays in conifers
Authors: Cadogan Beresford L. , Zylstra Bert F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA technique and apparatus that facilitated the sampling of aerially applied pesticides on artificial surfaces in the canopy of balsam fir [Abies balsamea (L.) Mill.] and spruce (Picea spp.) are described. Field testing showed that sample units in the canopy were as receptive to droplets as those on the forest floor, and did not discernibly disturb the microenvironment in the tree.
Interaction between synergists and permethrin in adults of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum (herbst)
Authors: Bodnaryk Robert P. , Barker Philip S. , Kudryk Lubomir 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potential synergistic activities of chlordimeform, S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate (DEF), and piperonyl butoxide were studied by exposing adults of the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) to treated filter paper discs. Each of the chemicals was individually of low toxicity to T. castaneum. However, when tested in various combinations, chlordimeform: DEF (1:1 and 1:4) exhibited a strong synergistic interaction, but other pairs (chlordimeform: piperonyl butoxide, 1:4, or DEF: piperonyl butoxide, 1:4) exhibited no synergism. When tested at experimentally determined optimum ratios with the synthetic pyrethroid permethrin, synergism was observed for permethrin:chlordimeform (1:2) and for permethrin: DEF (1:2) but not for permethrin: piperonyl butoxide (1:2). The triple mixture permethrin:chlordimeform:DEF (1:2:2) was twice as toxic as permethrin:DEF (1:2) but only slightly more toxic than permethrin: chlordimeform (1:2). Although chlordimeform and DEF interact synergistically, and each synergises permethrin by unrelated mechanisms, these interactions were not expressed independently in a mixture of all three substances tested against T. castaneum.
Pyrethroid insecticides derived from 2,2′ ‐bridged biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols
Authors: Plummer Ernest L. , Seiders Reginald P. , Seelye David E. , Stewart Robert R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe addition of a hydrocarbon bridge between the 2‐ and 2′‐positions in biphenyl constrains the twist angle between the two phenyl rings to fairly small limits. It has been found that the biological activity of a series of pyrethroid esters, of hydrocarbon bridged biphenyl‐3‐ylmethanols and of heterocyclic hydrocarbonbridged biphenyl analogues, changes with the length of the bridge. The optimum activity and the maximum biological activity spectrum were found for the esters of three‐carbon bridged alcohols. The relationship of the activity to the twist angle for these bridged esters was compared with the activity and spectrum of a series of biphenyl and heterocyclic biphenyl analogues previously reported. A parallel exists between the two series. The optimum twist angle between the aromatic rings of the alcohols, in both the bridged and free rotating analogues, is around 50°. Pyrethroid esters showing the highest activity were produced from 6, 7‐dihydro‐5H‐dibenzo‐[a,c]cyclohepten‐4‐ylmethanol. The biological activity of a series of pyrethroid esters of this alcohol is also reported.
A rapid spectrophotometric method for the estimation of endosulfan
Authors: Sowbhagya Halagur B. , Visweswaraiah Krishnamoorthy , Majumder Suvendu K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method has been developed for the estimation of endosulfan, based on the reaction of endosulfan with 4‐(4‐nitrobenzyl)pyridine in an alkaline medium to form a pink complex with an absorption maximum at 520 nm. The method is rapid, and a minimum of 2m̈g endosulfan can be determined. The relationship between the absorbance and concentration of endosulfan is linear in the range of 2 to 100μg.
Fenvalerate residues in milk following topical treatments to dairy cows
Authors: Frank Richard , Braun Heinz E. , Miller Lloyd A. , Allan George W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo mature Holstein cows were treated with 0.1g of fenvalerate each, in six consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 3 or 4 days. Neither of the diastereoisomers of fenvalerate was detected in the milk 6h after the application. After 3 days, the mean fenvalerate residue was 0.46μg litre−1; by day 4, this residue had declined below the detection limit of 0.1μg litre−1 for each of the diastereoisomers. Two Holstein cows were also treated with 0.5g of fenvalerate per cow in three consecutive topical treatments at intervals of 14 days. Residues in whole milk were at a maximum 6h after treatment and declined to less than 0.2μg litre−1 over 21 days. Only 0.03 to 0.06% of the applied fenvalerate appeared in the milk as the intact insecticide.
A neurophysiological study of DDT‐pyrethroid isosteres on the labellar hair receptor of Lucilia cuprina
Authors: Holan George , Johnson Wynona M. P. , Rihs Kurt , Virgona Christopher T. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel group of oxime O‐ether insecticides was tested on the labellar taste receptors of the blowfly Lucilia cuprina. Some of the compounds failed to elicit any response at the receptor, while the neurophysiologically active compounds generated multiple nerve spikes similar to DDT. The insect toxicities of all the oxime O‐ethers were tested by topical application on the same strain of blowfly. The relationships between structure, index of multiplicity and LD50 values are discussed.
Effect of the fungicide fenitropan on the metabolism of some higher plants and Fusarium oxysporum
Authors: Király István , Jakucs Erzsébet , Rácz Ilona , Tamás László , Lásztity Demeter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of fenitropan [(1RS, 2RS)‐2‐nitro‐1‐phenyltrimethylene di(acetate)], a new fungicide from EGYT Pharmacochemical Works, on the photosynthetic activity, respiration, RNA content and protein synthesis of some higher plants and Fusarium oxysporum, was investigated. The effect on the aminoacylation of tRNAs suggests that fenitropan is an inhibitor of the aminoacyl tRNA ligases accepting aromatic amino acids.
Laboratory studies on the mechanisms of resistance to permethrin in a field‐selected strain of house flies
Authors: MacDonald R. Scott , Solomon Keith R. , Surgeoner George A. , Harris Charles R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEnhanced oxidative metabolism appeared to be a major factor involved in resistance to permethrin in a field strain of house flies, selected with permethrin over 4 years. This was shown in the 7.8‐fold synergism by piperonyl butoxide which reduced the resistance ratio from 97 to 15. The rate of permethrin detoxication was significantly higher (P=0.05) in the resistant flies compared with a susceptible strain or resistant flies pretreated with piperonyl butoxide. The esterase inhibitor S,S,S‐tributyl phosphorotrithioate did not reduce the level of resistance to permethrin in the resistant strain, although some hydrolytic metabolism was apparent. Rates of penetration were similar in susceptible and resistant flies and in resistant flies pre‐treated with piperonyl butoxide. A minor unidentified resistance factor, possibly reduced sensitivity of the nervous system, may also have been present in the resistant strain.
A novel mathematical approach to the prevention of fungicide resistance
Authors: Josepovits Gyula , Dobrovolszky András 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe influences of alternated or combined fungicide treatments on the development of fungicide resistance in pathogens were compared. Mathematical deduction indicated the importance of the decreasing activity of the spray residue in the periods between two treatments. It is suggested that with similar fungicide protection, resistance will usually develop more slowly with combined than with alternated treatments in the case of fast‐growing pathogens, and also when shortlived fungicides are applied in a poor spray cover. In other circumstances both methods of treatment proved to be equally effective in the prevention of resistance.
Synthesis and pesticidal activities of some substituted 1,2,4‐triazines
Authors: Gupta Anil K. Sen , Bhattacharya Tapas , Hajela Kanchan , Shankar Kripa , Ahmad Shakeel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA series of 5,6‐diphenyl‐3‐substituted‐thio‐1,2,4‐triazines (II‐V) was prepared by treating 5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3‐thiol (I) with corresponding electrophiles. Condensation of IV or V with 1,2‐phenylenediamines gave 2‐[(5,6‐diphenyl‐1,2,4‐triazin‐3‐yl) thiomethyl‐1H‐benzimidazoles] (VI). IV was converted into its corresponding hydrazide (VII) by the action of hydrazine hydrate. N‐Benzylidene derivatives (VIII) were prepared by the condensation of VII with appropriate aryl or heterocyclic aldehydes. The pesticidal activities of all the compounds thus synthesised were determined.
Toxicity of chlordimeform and amitraz to the egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) and the tobacco budworm (Heliothis virescens)
Authors: Davenport Anthony P. , Wright Denis J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe relative toxicity (μg a.i. g−1 body wt) of the formamidine insecticide chlordimeform (CDM) and the triazapentadiene insecticide amitraz was examined in two species of noctuid moth Spodoptera littoralis and Heliothis virescens. When applied topically, there was an unexpected and marked difference in the toxicity of CDM base and its hydrochloride to adults of both species, the salt being appreciably more toxic. For H. virescens at least, this difference in toxicity could not be explained by differences in penetration. This trend was reversed for larval instars of S. littoralis; while there was relatively little difference in the toxicity of the base to adult and larval stages, the salt was at least 1000‐fold more toxic to adults than to larvae. N1‐Demethylchlordimeform (DCDM) was the only metabolite of CDM to show biological activity against either species, but was much less toxic than the parent compound. Amitraz was far less toxic than either CDM or DCDM; like the CDM salt, it appeared to be more toxic to adult than larval stages of S. littoralis. Application of piperonyl butoxide significantly increased the toxicity of the CDM salt, DCDM and amitraz to adult H. virescens, the synergist being particularly effective with DCDM and amitraz. In contrast, piperonyl butoxide had no significant effect on the toxicity of DCDM, and slightly antagonised the toxicity of DCDM to fourth‐instar larvae of S. littoralis.
The effects of herbicide and fungicide treatments on the growth and provitamin a content of lettuce
Authors: Rouchaud Jean , Moons Chantal , Meyer Joseph A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPlots of lettuce were grown in the field in soil treated with the herbicides propyzamide and chlorpropham, either separately, or as a mixture, or with one of the fungicides iprodione, vinclozolin or benomyl. Four harvests were made and at each, the mean fresh weight per lettuce treated with the mixture propyzamide plus chlorpropham, or with iprodione, was greater than that of the control. Propyzamide, chlorpropham or benomyl reduced lettuce fresh weight compared with the untreated controls, but vinclozolin had no effect. The concentration of total carotene in the lettuce was increased by treatment with propyzamide, chlorpropham, propyzamide plus chlorpropham, or iprodione. Treatment with vinclozolin or benomyl had no effect.