bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inequalities in Reproductive Health
Authors: Blyth Eric 
Published: July 2008

• Summary: The purpose of this article is to identify contemporary reproductive health issues and the role of social work in combating them. It draws on an extensive range of sources to overview key reproductive health concerns currently facing millions of people — primarily girls and women in the world's poorest countries: genital cutting; infertility; HIV/AIDS; antenatal sex selection; complications of pregnancy, childbirth and pregnancy termination; and sexual violence. • Findings: The article draws on the International Federation of Social Workers/International Association of Schools of Social Work joint statement Ethics in Social Work, Statement of Principles, as a vehicle for providing both a mandate and the necessary value base for social work engagement with reproductive health issues. • Application: Finally, the article considers the role of social work in challenging reproductive health disadvantage and inequality, locally, nationally and internationally, highlighting both constraints and suggestions for developing interventions.
The functional nitrite reductase activity of the heme-globins
Authors: Gladwin Mark T. , Kim-Shapiro Daniel B. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractHemoglobin and myoglobin are among the most extensively studied proteins, and nitrite is one of the most studied small molecules. Recently, multiple physiologic studies have surprisingly revealed that nitrite represents a biologic reservoir of NO that can regulate hypoxic vasodilation, cellular respiration, and signaling. These studies suggest a vital role for deoxyhemoglobin- and deoxymyoglobin-dependent nitrite reduction. Biophysical and chemical analysis of the nitrite-deoxyhemoglobin reaction has revealed unexpected chemistries between nitrite and deoxyhemoglobin that may contribute to and facilitate hypoxic NO generation and signaling. The first is that hemoglobin is an allosterically regulated nitrite reductase, such that oxygen binding increases the rate of nitrite conversion to NO, a process termed R-state catalysis. The second chemical property is oxidative denitrosylation, a process by which the NO formed in the deoxyhemoglobin-nitrite reaction that binds to other deoxyhemes can be released due to heme oxidation, releasing free NO. Third, the reaction undergoes a nitrite reductase/anhydrase redox cycle that catalyzes the anaerobic conversion of 2 molecules of nitrite into dinitrogen trioxide (N2O3), an uncharged molecule that may be exported from the erythrocyte. We will review these reactions in the biologic framework of hypoxic signaling in blood and the heart.
Two nonsense mutations in the TMPRSS6 gene in a patient with microcytic anemia and iron deficiency
Authors: Guillem Flavia , Lawson Sarah , Kannengiesser Caroline , Westerman Mark , Beaumont Carole , Grandchamp Bernard 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Genetic causes of hypochromic microcytic anemia include thalassemias and some rare inherited diseases such as DMT1 deficiency. Here, we show that iron deficiency anemia with poor intestinal absorption and defective iron utilization of IV iron is caused by inherited mutations in TMPRSS6, a liver-expressed gene that encodes a membrane-bound serine protease of previously unknown role that was recently reported to be a regulator of hepcidin expression.
Intra-abdominal pectus bar migration – a rare clinical entity: case report
Authors: Tahmassebi Ramon , Ashrafian Hutan , Salih Caner , Deshpande Ranjit P , Athanasiou Thanos , Dussek Julian E 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
We present the case of a 20-year-old male who underwent successful surgical correction of pectus excavatum with the Highly Modified Ravitch Repair (HMRR). At 29 months the attempted operative removal of the Ravitch bar was unsuccessful despite the impression of adequate bar location on chest x-ray. Subsequent imaging with computed tomography was unclear in determining whether the bar was supra or infra-diaphragmatic due to the tissue distortion subsequent to initial surgery. Video assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) successfully retrieved the bar and revealed that it was not in the thorax, but had migrated to the intra-abdominal bare area of the liver, with no evidence of associated diaphragmatic defect or hernia. Intra-abdominal pectus bar migration is a rare clinical entity, and safe removal can be facilitated by the use of the VATS technique.
Asymmetric histone modifications between the original and derived loci of human segmental duplications
Authors: Zheng Deyou 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Background
Sequencing and annotation of several mammalian genomes have revealed that segmental duplications are a common architectural feature of primate genomes; in fact, about 5% of the human genome is composed of large blocks of interspersed segmental duplications. These segmental duplications have been implicated in genomic copy-number variation, gene novelty, and various genomic disorders. However, the molecular processes involved in the evolution and regulation of duplicated sequences remain largely unexplored.

Results
In this study, the profile of about 20 histone modifications within human segmental duplications was characterized using high-resolution, genome-wide data derived from a ChIP-Seq study. The analysis demonstrates that derivative loci of segmental duplications often differ significantly from the original with respect to many histone methylations. Further investigation showed that genes are present three times more frequently in the original than in the derivative, whereas pseudogenes exhibit the opposite trend. These asymmetries tend to increase with the age of segmental duplications. The uneven distribution of genes and pseudogenes does not, however, fully account for the asymmetry in the profile of histone modifications.

Conclusion
The first systematic analysis of histone modifications between segmental duplications demonstrates that two seemingly 'identical' genomic copies are distinct in their epigenomic properties. Results here suggest that local chromatin environments may be implicated in the discrimination of derived copies of segmental duplications from their originals, leading to a biased pseudogenization of the new duplicates. The data also indicate that further exploration of the interactions between histone modification and sequence degeneration is necessary in order to understand the divergence of duplicated sequences.
Taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses in the sea
Authors: Monier Adam , Claverie Jean-Michel , Ogata Hiroyuki 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Background
Viruses are ubiquitous and the most abundant biological entities in marine environments. Metagenomics studies are increasingly revealing the huge genetic diversity of marine viruses. In this study, we used a new approach - 'phylogenetic mapping' - to obtain a comprehensive picture of the taxonomic distribution of large DNA viruses represented in the Sorcerer II Global Ocean Sampling Expedition metagenomic data set.

Results
Using DNA polymerase genes as a taxonomic marker, we identified 811 homologous sequences of likely viral origin. As expected, most of these sequences corresponded to phages. Interestingly, the second largest viral group corresponded to that containing mimivirus and three related algal viruses. We also identified several DNA polymerase homologs closely related to Asfarviridae, a viral family poorly represented among isolated viruses and, until now, limited to terrestrial animal hosts. Finally, our approach allowed the identification of a new combination of genes in 'viral-like' sequences.

Conclusion
Albeit only recently discovered, giant viruses of the Mimiviridae family appear to constitute a diverse, quantitatively important and ubiquitous component of the population of large eukaryotic DNA viruses in the sea.
Age-associated changes in immune and inflammatory responses: impact of vitamin E intervention
Authors: Wu Dayong , Meydani Simin Nikbin 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAging is associated with dysregulated immune and inflammatory responses. Declining T cell function is the most significant and best-characterized feature of immunosenescence. Intrinsic changes within T cells and extrinsic factors contribute to the age-associated decline in T cell function. T cell defect seen in aging involves multiple stages from early receptor activation events to clonal expansion. Among extrinsic factors, increased production of T cell-suppressive factor PGE2 by macrophages (Mφ) is most recognized. Vitamin E reverses an age-associated defect in T cells, particularly naïve T cells. This effect of vitamin E is also reflected in a reduced rate of upper respiratory tract infection in the elderly and enhanced clearance of influenza infection in a rodent model. The T cell-enhancing effect of vitamin E is accomplished via its direct effect on T cells and indirectly by inhibiting PGE2 production in Mφ. Up-regulated inflammation with aging has attracted increasing attention as a result of its implications in the pathogenesis of diseases. Increased PGE2 production in old Mφ is a result of increased cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression, leading to higher COX enzyme activity, which in turn, is associated with the ceramide-induced up-regulation of NF-κB. Similar to Mφ, adipocytes from old mice have a higher expression of COX-2 as well as inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α, which might also be related to elevated levels of ceramide and NF-κB activation. This review will discuss the above age-related immune and inflammatory changes and the effect of vitamin E as nutritional intervention with a focus on the work conducted in our laboratory.
Spatial and Temporal Patterns in Stream Habitat and Smallmouth Bass Populations in Eastern Oklahoma
Authors: Dauwalter Daniel C. , Fisher William L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe spatial and temporal dynamics of stream habitat and fish populations are important considerations for the conservation and management of stream fishes. We determined how stream habitat and populations of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu varied among third‐order to fifth‐order stream reaches in two regional streams in eastern Oklahoma from 2003 to 2005. Eastern Oklahoma represents the southwestern edge of the species' range and is where the Oklahoma Department of Wildlife Conservation focuses its stream habitat management efforts. Water temperature, streamflow, and habitat differed between Baron Fork Creek (northeast) and the Glover River (southeast) and changed longitudinally within each stream. Smallmouth bass abundance was highest downstream in Baron Fork Creek and lowest downstream in the Glover River. Recruitment was poor and variable in the upstream reaches of both streams and was strong and stable downstream in Baron Fork Creek. The survival of age‐1 and older smallmouth bass was higher in Baron Fork Creek than in the Glover River. The relative weights of smallmouth bass were higher in Baron Fork Creek than in the Glover River upstream, and they decreased downstream in Baron Fork Creek. Growth was highest from summer to fall, and relative weights were lowest in spring and highest in summer. Survival was typically lowest from summer to fall. Movement among channel units was highest from fall to winter, and there was evidence that older individuals moved more often. Smallmouth bass used different habitats for overwintering versus spring spawning, and they used most deep habitats in summer and fall. Integrating population dynamics with stream habitat helped to identify habitat management strategies that can best enhance smallmouth bass populations at the edge of their native distribution, where they provide important recreational fishing opportunities to anglers.
Induced Fracturing in Reservoir Simulations: Application of a New Coupled Simulator to a Waterflooding Field Example
Authors: Hustedt B. , Zwarts D. , Bjoerndal H.-P. , Masfry R. , van den Hoek P. J. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
Water-injection-induced fractures are key factors influencing successful waterflooding projects. Controlling dynamic fracture growth can lead to largely improved water-management strategies and, potentially, to increased oil recovery and reduced operational costs (well-count and water-treatment-facilities reduction), thereby enhancing the project economics.
The primary tool that reservoir engineers require to guarantee an optimal waterflood field implementation is an appropriate modeling tool, which is capable of handling the dynamic fracturing process in complex reservoir grids.
We have developed a new modeling strategy that combines fluid flow and fracture growth in one reservoir simulation. Dynamic fractures are free to propagate in length and height-direction with respect to poro-and thermoelastic stresses acting on the fracture. A prototype simulator for contained fractures was tested successfully.
We have extended the coupled simulator to incorporate non-contained fractures. The new simulator, called FRAC-IT, handles fracture-length and -height growth by evaluating a fracture-propagation criterion on the basis of a Barenblatt (1962) condition. The solution of the 5D problem is computed by use of a tuned Broyden (1965) approach.
We demonstrate the capabilities of the coupled simulator by showing its application to a complex reservoir-simulation model. The fracture modeling is used to history match an injectivity test in a five-spot injection pattern using produced water. The coupled-simulation results and the field-data interpretation show a very good match. The outcome of the injection test led to an appropriate waterflood-management strategy adapted to the specific reservoir conditions and, in terms of production, to a net oil-production increase of 50 to 100%. The field example shows how the coupled-simulator technology can be used to achieve optimized waterfloodmanagement strategies and increased oil recovery.
Analytical Steady-State Solution of Single-Probe Tests in a Horizontal Well and Its Application to Estimate Horizontal and Vertical Permeabilities
Authors: Sheng James J. 
Published: July 2008

Summary
During a single-probe test in a vertical well, the probe of a formation tester is set horizontally against a sidewall of the borehole. In a horizontal well, the probe can be set either horizontally against a sidewall or vertically against the top or bottom wall of the borehole. When the probe is set horizontally against a sidewall, the solution for a horizontal well is the same as that for a vertical well, if the wellbore curvature is not considered (in other words, the wellbore radius is considered to be much larger than the probe radius). However, when the probe is set vertically against the top or bottom wall, the solution for a horizontal well is not available in the literature. This paper presents an analytical solution to the described problem.
The solution shows that the relationship between the pressure drop and flow rate for a single-probe test in a horizontal well depends on the geometric average of horizontal and vertical permeabilities when the probe is set vertically against the borehole. One of the important applications of the solution is to estimate horizontal and vertical permeabilities from two probe tests. If two tests are conducted at the same measured depth, with the probe set vertically in one test and horizontally in the other, two permeabilities are obtained. Then the horizontal and vertical permeabilities at the measured depth can be estimated by combining these two permeabilities.
The analytical solution is validated by numerical simulation, and the solution is shown to be the same as a published analytical solution for a vertical well in an isotropic formation. Examples to estimate horizontal and vertical permeabilities from synthetic tests are presented.
Characterisation and optimisation of individual wastewater treatment systems
Authors: Moelants Nina , Janssen Griet , Smets Ilse , Van Impe Jan 
Published: July 2008

Onsite individual wastewater treatment systems can provide a financially attractive alternative to a sewer connection in locations far from the existing sewer network. These systems are, however, relatively new, and practical experiences, especially long-term field studies, are lacking. Therefore, a thorough study of two compact biofilm-based, aerobic onsite systems, both of five population equivalents, was started in 2001. The assessment of the treatment performance of these systems, as well as the maintenance requirements and the characterisation of the feed are of great importance for the better understanding of the systems in order to optimise their design and performance. This paper presents an evaluation and discussion of the start-up and a starvation period of the two studied systems, followed by a characterisation of the incoming wastewater using activated sludge respirometry experiments in the context of the assessment and improvement of the denitrification process.
Individual wastewater treatment systems are characterised by a rather long start-up period of 70–120 days. An important characteristic during the start-up is the nitrite peak, which indicates the initiation of the nitrification process. The respirometric experiments reveal that the failing denitrification is probably caused by an insufficient amount of readily biodegradable COD in the influent.
The Kyrgyz of the Afghan Pamir Ride On
Authors: Callahan Ted 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The Kyrgyz pastoralists of Afghanistan's Wakhan Corridor have weathered thirty years of endemic warfare and warlordism, large population outmigrations, and social and health problems ranging from widespread opium addiction to having possibly the world's highest maternal mortality rate. Yet, despite the odds and the predictions of specialists that the Wakhan Kyrgyz would soon follow their kinsmen into neighbouring countries as refugees, this 1,500 person community continues to follow the innovative pastoral production strategies developed over the past 100 years as a result of having to cope with the demands of year-round residence in such harsh conditions and with little overall land available. However, today, the persistence of the Wakhan Kyrgyz may be reaching its limits and the community has considered 'repatriation' to Kyrgyzstan as an alternative to the remoteness of the Afghan Pamirs.
25 years (1981–2005) of equilibrium-line altitude and mass-balance reconstruction on Glacier Blanc, French Alps, using remote-sensing methods and meteorological data
Authors: Rabatel Antoine , Dedieu Jean-Pierre , Thibert Emmanuel , Letréguilly Anne , Vincent Christian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAnnual equilibrium-line altitude (ELA) and surface mass balance of Glacier Blanc, Ecrins region, French Alps, were reconstructed from a 25 year time series of satellite images (1981–2005). The remote-sensing method used was based on identification of the snowline, which is easy to discern on optical satellite images taken at the end of the ablation season. In addition, surface mass balances at the ELA were reconstructed for the same period using meteorological data from three nearby weather stations. A comparison of the two types of series reveals a correlation of r > 0.67 at the 0.01 level of significance. Furthermore, the surface mass balances obtained from remote-sensing data are consistent with those obtained from field measurements on five other French glaciers (r = 0.76, p < 0.01). Also consistent for Glacier Blanc is the total mass loss (10.8 m w.e.) over the studied period. However, the surface mass balances obtained with the remote-sensing method show lower interannual variability. Given that the remote-sensing method is based on changes in the ELA, this difference probably results from the lower sensitivity of the surface mass balance to climate parameters at the ELA.
Seasonality of snow accumulation at Mount Wrangell, Alaska, USA
Authors: Kanamori Syosaku , Benson Carl S. , Truffer Martin , Matoba Sumito , Solie Daniel J. , Shiraiwa Takayuki 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe recorded the burial times of temperature sensors mounted on a specially constructed tower to determine snow accumulation during individual storms in the summit caldera of Mount Wrangell, Alaska, USA, (62° N, 144° W; 4100 m a.s.l.) during the accumulation year June 2005 to June 2006. The experiment showed most of the accumulation occurred in episodic large storms, and half of the total accumulation was delivered in late summer. The timing of individual events correlated well with storms recorded upwind, at Cordova, the closest Pacific coastal weather station (200 km south-southeast), although the magnitude of events showed only poor correlation. Hence, snow accumulation at Mount Wrangell appears to be a reflection of synoptic-scale regional weather systems. The accumulation at Mount Wrangell’s summit (>2.5 m w.e.) exceeded the precipitation at Cordova. Although the direct relationship between accumulation of individual storms at the summit of Mount Wrangell and precipitation events at Cordova may be unique in the region, it is useful for interpreting ice cores obtained on Mount Wrangell. This is especially the case here because the high rate of accumulation allows high time resolution within the core.
Seasonal acceleration of inland ice via longitudinal coupling to marginal ice
Authors: Price S.F. , Payne A.J. , Catania G.A. , Neumann T.A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe use an ice-flow model to demonstrate how flow variations initiated in the marginal zone of an ice sheet affect flow farther inland through longitudinal (along-flow) coupling. Our findings allow for an alternate interpretation of seasonal accelerations observed near the equilibrium line of the Greenland ice sheet (Zwally and others, 2002). We demonstrate that these observations can be explained by accelerations initiated up to 12 km closer to the margin where the ice is ∼40% thinner, is heavily crevassed, experiences a seasonal doubling of velocity, and where the ablation rate, surface meltwater flux and ice temperature are likely higher. Our modeling and observations suggest that conditions and processes normally found near ice-sheet margins are adequate for explaining the observations of Zwally and others (2002). This and considerations of the likely subglacial hydrology in the marginal zone lead us to suggest that seasonal accelerations may have limited impact on ice-sheet mass balance even in the face of climate warming.
Investigating the stability of subglacial lakes with a full Stokes ice-sheet model
Authors: Pattyn Frank 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDespite the large amount of subglacial lakes present underneath the East Antarctic ice sheet and the melt processes involved, the hydrology beneath the ice sheet is poorly understood. Changes in subglacial potential gradients may lead to subglacial lake outbursts, discharging excess water through a subglacial drainage system underneath the ice sheet. Such processes can eventually lead to an increase in ice flow. In this paper, a full Stokes numerical ice-sheet model was employed which takes into account the ice flow over subglacial water bodies in hydrostatic equilibrium with the overlying ice. Sensitivity experiments were carried out for small perturbations in ice flow and basal melt rate as a function of ice thickness, general surface slope, ice viscosity and lake size, in order to investigate their influence on the subglacial potential gradient and the impact on subglacial lake drainage. Experiments clearly demonstrate that small changes in surface slope are sufficient to start and sustain episodic subglacial drainage events. Lake drainage can therefore be regarded as a common feature of the subglacial hydrological system and may influence, to a large extent, the present and future behavior of large ice sheets.