bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chiral NADH Models in the Pyrido[3,2-c]azepin Series. Conformational Effect of the Carbonyl Group in the Stereocontrol of Reductions
Authors: Bédat Joëlle , Levacher Vincent , Dupas Georges , Quéguiner Guy , Bourguignon Jean 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Asymmetric reduction of methyl benzoylformate with the chiral NADH model 2 in the pyrido[3,2-c]azepin series afforded methyl mandelate in 91% optical yield. The high enantioselectivity observed with model 2 is compared with cyclized analogues 1a and 1b in the naphthyridine and pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridine series respectively. The stereochimical outcome of the reaction is discussed in relation to the out-of-plane orientation of the amide group with respect to the dihydropyridine ring in the transition state.
Synthesis and Structural Determination of 1,1′-Spirobi(3H-2,1-benzoxatellurole)-3-one ([10-Te-4(C2O2)]): Conversion of Diacyloxyspirotellurane to Alkoxyspirotellurane by Reduction with Lithium Aluminium Hydride
Authors: Takaguchi Yutaka , Furukawa Naomichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Selective reduction of the diacyloxyspirotellurane 1 with lithium aluminium hydride gave the acyloxyalkoxyspirotellurane 2 and dialkoxyspirotellurane 3, respectively. The X-ray crystal structure analysis of 2 (R = 0.020) reveals distorted trigonal-bipyramidal geometry about tellurium, similar to structures previously determined for other spirotelluranes.
Synthesis of 2,3-Disubstituted 6-Aminoquinoxalines and Their Application to New Fluorescence Derivatization Reagents for Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Katoh Akira , Takahashi Motoki , Ohkanda Junko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Fluorescent 2,3-disubstituted 6-aminoquinoxalines were synthesized by reaction of 2,3-dichloro-6-nitroquinoxaline with some nucleophiles and subsequent catalytic hydrogenation of the nitro group. Further, two of them were demonstrated to be new high-sensitive fluorescence derivatization reagents (1 fmol/1 μl injection volume) for long-chain carboxylic acids.
NQR, NMR, and DSC Study of [NH3(CH2)3NH3]CdBr4
Authors: Ishihara Hideta , Horiuchi Keizo , Yamada Koji , Okuda Tsutomu , Krishnan V G , Weiss Alarich 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The 79,81Br nuclear quadrupole resonance(NQR) of [NH3(CH2)3NH3]CdBr4 was observed. The results of the temperature dependence of NQR frequencies and differential scanning calorimetry(DSC) showed that phase transitions take place successively at 328, 363, and 495 K. The results of 2D NMR of [ND3(CH2)3ND3]CdBr4 showed that the cations execute the jumping reorientation about their long axes above the transition point of 328 K.
New Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Platinum(II) l-Ascorbate Complexes
Authors: Yuge Hidetaka , Miyamoto T Ken 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The reaction of cis-[PtII(OH)2L2] [L2: chelating diamines or (PMe3)2] with l-ascorbic acid (H2asc) in an aqueous solution produces a new platinum(II) ascorbate complex, cis-[PtL2(asc)], whose structure determination reveals the ascorbate ligand coordinates to Pt through O2 and O3 atoms as the first example. 1H NMR results show that the steric relation between the ascorbate and the other ligand L dominates whether or not the O2,O3-chelate is rearranged to the C2,O5-chelate.
Pt-B Catalyst Supported on Phosphates for Controlling Emissions of NOx, CO and Hydrocarbon at Low Temperatures
Authors: Hatano Masaharu , Kinoshita Hiroo 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The performances of B-containing Pt catalysts supported on phosphates as an emission control catalyst were investigated for the reaction in an oxidizing atmosphere. Among them, rare earth phosphate supports showed not only the highest NO reduction activity, but also the highest CO and C3H6 oxidation activity at lower temperatures.
A Novel Oxidative Decarboxylation of α-Substituted α-Hydroxy Acids by a Functionalized Oxidation-active Flavin Mimic in the Presence of a Metal Ion in t-Butyl Alcohol
Authors: Ando Nobuyuki , Osawa Yohichi , Nabeshima Tatsuya , Yano Yumihiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A benzo-dipteridine bearing a bipyridin-6-ylmethyl moiety (6-bpy-BDPox) was found to conduct oxidative decarboxylation of α-methyl mandelic and benzylic acids to give acetophenone and benzophenone and the reduced form (6-bpy-BDPred) in the presence of Ni2+ and DBU in t-BuOH.
Preparation and Characterization of Different Two Types of Di-μ-oxo Dimanganese(IV) Complexes with Tetradentate Schiff Bases
Authors: Torayama Hitoshi , Nishide Tamao , Asada Hideyuki , Fujiwara Manabu , Matsushita Takayuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Novel di-μ-oxo dimanganese(IV) complexes with Schiff base ligands, N,N′-disalicylidene-1,2-diaminobenzene, salophenH2 and N,N′-disalicylidene-1,4-diaminobutane, salbnH2, [MnIV(salophen)(μ-O)]2 and [MnIV(salbn)(μ-O)]2 have been prepared and characterized by spectroscopies, magnetic susceptibilities and X-ray crystallography.
Anionic [1,3] Sigmatropic Rearrangements of an Oxy-Cope System Incorporated in 8-Methylenebicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-ene and Related Frameworks
Authors: Uyehara Tadao , Inayama Toshihiro , Ueno Masako , Sato Toshio 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Treatment of an 8-methylene-endo-2-vinylbicyclo[3.2.1]oct-6-en-exo-2-ol with KH in THF gave mainly a [5-6] fused-ring compound via [1,3] sigmatropy with retention of the configuration in the migrating group.
New Electrochemical Oscillations in Reduction Reactions on a Platinum Electrode in Hydrogen Peroxide Containing Sulfuric Acid Solutions
Authors: Hommura Hayato , Mukouyama Yoshiharu , Matsuda Toshihiko , Yae Shinji , Nakato Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A new pronounced electrochemical oscillation is found in the potential region of hydrogen evolution on a platinum electrode in a sulfuric acid solution containing high-concentration hydrogen peroxide. A mechanism is discussed, and it is shown that this oscillation is considerably different in origin from that reported in low hydrogen peroxide concentrations.
Stabilization of the Ferroelectric γ-Phase of KNO3 by Doping with Na+, Determined by the Acoustic Emission Method
Authors: Shimada Shiro , Aoki Takenori 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A stabilized region of the ferroelectric γ-phase of KNO3 doped with Na+ ions was detected by simultaneous acoustic emission (AE)-differential thermal analysis (DTA). The γ to α phase transition in KNO3 was affected by doping with Na+, which lowered the onset temperature from 60 °C in the pure samples to 38 and 42 °C for 0.5 and 1 mol% doped samples, respectively. At 5 mol% Na+, the γ phase was stabilized at room temperature (25 °C). The AE results were confirmed by high-temperature X-ray diffraction.
Cycloaddition of Dipolar Trimethylenemethane to C70 Promoted by a Trace Amount of Water
Authors: Yamago Shigeru , Nakamura Eiichi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Thermal cycloaddition of a dipolar TMM to C70 at 80–90 °C in a “wet” solvent affords a mixture of the acetal 2 and the C70-carboxylic acid ester 3. The former (as well as its C60 analog) undergoes isomerization to the latter at 120-160 °C.
A Free-Radical Mechanism in a Novel Metalloporphyrin-Catalyzed Oxidation of Phenols by t-BuOOH
Authors: Brovo Anna , Fontana Francesca , Minisci Francesco 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Metalloporphyrins, a chemical model of cytochrome P450, catalyze the oxidation of phenols with the para-position free to the corresponding p-quinones. Evidences of a free-radical mechanism are reported, including the results obtained with p-cresol.
Organopalladium and Platinum Complexes of C60 Bearing Isonitrile Ligands
Authors: Nagashima Hideo , Nakazawa Mitsuhiko , Furukawa Takeshi , Itoh Kenji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Organopalladium or platinum complexes, (η2-C60)M(CNR)2 (1 M = Pt, 3; M = Pd: R = tBu, 2,6-Me2C6H3, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, cyclohexyl) were synthesized from C60Mn (M = Pd, Pt; n = ca.1) and the corresponding isonitriles. Unprecedented reaction of 1 with additional isonitriles occurred to form (η2-C60)Pt(CNR)4 (2) in the case where R = 2,6-Me2C6H3, 2,4,6-Me3C6H2, cyclohexyl).
Trichlorosilane-Dimethylformamide (Cl3SiH-DMF) as an Efficient Reducing Agent. Reduction of Aldehydes and Imines and Reductive Amination of Aldehydes under Mild Conditions Using Hypervalent Hydridosilicates
Authors: Kobayashi Shu , Yasuda Masaru , Hachiya Iwao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Trichlorosilane-dimethylformamide (Cl3SiH-DMF) was found to be an effective reducing agent for reduction of aldehydes to alcohols, imines to amines, and also reductive amination of aldehydes. Hypervalent silicates are active species, which enable efficient reduction under mild conditions.
Separation of Cd3(PO4)2, Cd(NO3)2 and CdCl2 by Sequential Metal Vapor Elution Analysis
Authors: Ohta Kiyohisa , Kawai Hajime , Mizuno Takayuki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The separation of cadmium compounds, (Cd3(PO4)2, Cd(NO3)2 and CdCl2), by sequential metal vapor elution analysis (column temperature; &gt;1050 K) with helium carrier gas is described. The column consists of a molybdenum capillary tube inserted tungsten coil. Each cadmium vapor was separated at a column temperature of 1050 K and an vaporization temperature of 1050 K. Under the experimental conditions, the retention times of Cd3(PO4)2, Cd(NO3)2 and CdCl2 were 20.4, 32.0 and 35.0 s, respectively. The relative standard deviation for the retention times was better than 2.5%.
17O-NMR Evidence on the Isolated Water Molecule in Hydrophobic Organic Solvents
Authors: Kusanagi Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
17O-NMR spectra of H217O molecules in benzene, chloroform, ethylacetate, dimethylformamide, and 1-butanol were measured. For hydrophobic benzene and chloroform, the 17O-NMR spectra give two peaks consisting of the triplet and singlet lines, which are assingned to the isolated monomeric and clustered water molecules, respectively. The observed triplet splitting due to the spin - spin coupling of J17O-H gives an evidence that the isolated water molecule can not exchange the protons between water molecules seperated far away during the measurement time of NMR phenomenon.
Preparation of Poly(diphenylamine-4,4′-diyl) and a Related Polymer by Organometallic Polycondensation and Their Properties
Authors: Yamamoto Takakazu , Kim Sang-Bum , Maruyama Tsukasa 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Nickel-promoted dehalogenation polymerization of bis(4-bromophenyl)amine gives poly(diphenylamine-4,4′-diyl) with a [η] value of 0.66 dLg−1 in high yield. The polymer has been characterized by IR, 1H-NMR and UV-visible spectroscopy and shows semiconductivity when treated with acids. Poly(azobenzene-4,4′-diyl) has been prepared in an analogous way.
Modification of Kemp’s Triacid to Produce New Ligands Showing Efficient Alkaline Earth Metal Ion Transport with Structure Dependent Selectivity
Authors: Baldwin Bruce W , Hirose Takuji , Wang Zhen-He , Uchimaru Tadafumi , Yliniemelä Ari 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The calcium/barium selectivity ratio for efficient competitive transport among alkaline earth metal ions was controlled by structural isomerism and side chain linker changes in new lipophilic mono-substituted Kemp’s diacid ionophores.
Time-Resolved Emission Anisotropic Studies of Silylene-Diphenylene Copolymers: Energy Migration along the σ–π Conjugated Chain
Authors: Fang Mao-Ching , Watanabe Akira , Ito Osamu , Matsuda Minoru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The excited-state dynamics of silylene-diphenylene copolyemers, –[(SiMe2)m–(C6H4)2]n–, m = 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6, was studied by picosecond time-resolved emission anisotropy. The emission depolarization within 100 ps suggested the effective energy migration along the σ–π conjugated silylene-diphenylene chain.
Control of the Redox Behavior of Polypyrrole by Magneto-Electropolymerization
Authors: Mogi Iwao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The redox behavior was investigated of a p-toluenesulfonate-doped polypyrrole (PPy/TsO−) film electrochemically polymerized in magnetic fields. It was found that the magnetic fields higher than 1 T drastically changes the redox potential into the more negative side. The redox behavior was also controlled by the hybridization of the PPy/TsO− films polymerized with and without magnetic field.
Synthesis of Thieno[3,4-c]thiophene Derivatives Bearing tert-Butylthio and Aryl Substituents
Authors: Matsumura Noboru , Yagyu Yoshio , Tanaka Hirokazu , Inoue Hiroo , Takada Kiwamu , Yasui Masanori , Iwasaki Fujiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
1 ,4-Bis(tert-butylthio)-3, 6-diphenylthieno[3, 4-c]thiophene (2a) and 1,4-bis(tert-butylthio)-3,6-di(2-thienyl)thieno[3,4-c]thiophene (2b) were synthesized from 2-tert-butylthio-3-phenylcyclopropenethione (1a) and 2-tert-butylthio-3-(2-thienyl)cyclopropenethione (1b), respectively, by treatment with triphenylphosphine in benzene.
Synthesis, Conformation, and Reactivity of Ethylene-Bridged [2.2.1]Metacyclophanes
Authors: Tsuge Akihiko , Takeo Hiromi , Kabashima Hajime , Moriguchi Tetsuji , Mataka Shuntaro , Tashiro Masashi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A series of ethylene-bridged [2.2.l]metacyclophanes has been synthesized. It was found out that they can adopt a new type of “inward-folded” conformation depending on the substituent of the one aromatic ring. This conformer exhibited different reactivities from another “inward-folded” one of the non-bridged [2.2.l]metacyclophanes.
Catalytic Performance of a Supramolecular Bienzyme Complex Formed with Artificial Aminotransferase and Natural Lactate Dehydrogenase
Authors: Kikuchi Jun-ichi , Kamijyo Yasuyuki , Etoh Hiroshi , Murakami Yukito 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A supramolecular bienzyme complex was constituted in a combination of a catalytic bilayer membrane as an artificial aminotransferase with a natural lactate dehydrogenase and the resulting cooperative system enhanced the catalytic activity of the artificial enzyme to promote a sequential transformation of α-amino acids to the corresponding α-hydroxy acids via formation of α-keto acids, exhibiting a marked substrate specificity.
Titanium (IV) Oxide Thin Films Prepared from Aqueous Solution
Authors: Deki Shigehito , Aoi Yoshifumi , Hiroi Osamu , Kajinami Akihiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Titanium oxide thin film could be prepared from (NH4)2TiF6 aqueous solution with addition of boric acid by Liquid Phase Deposition (LPD) process. The aspect and chemical composition of the deposited films were different according to the concentration range of (NH4)2TiF6 and H3BO3 in the treatment solution. The deposition rate of transparent TiO2 film increased with increasing concentration of added H3BO3.
Electrochemical Evaluation of Redox Enzyme Reaction Kinetics Based on Mediated Bioelectrocatalysis in Solution
Authors: Kano Kenji , Ohgaru Takanori , Nakase Hiroshi , Ikeda Tokuji 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Approximate and more precise empirical equations have been derived for the steady state limiting currents of bioelectrocatalysis based on homogeneous enzyme and mediator at sufficiently high concentrations of the substrate. These equations allow us to evaluate the catalytic constant and the Michaelis constant of the mediator.
Absolute Stereochemistry of Tanabalin, an Insect Antifeedant Clerodane from Tanacetum balsamita
Authors: Kubo Isao , Jamalamadaka Vasu , Kamikawa Tadao , Takahashi Koichi , Tabata Kenji , Kusumi Takenori 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The absolute structure of tanabalin (= 12S-acetoxyhautriwaic acid), an insect antifeedant isolated from Tanacetum balsamita, was determined by X-ray crystallography together with modified Mosher’s method, in which an anomalous Δδ value of a proton was verified with an l-adrenaline derivative as a model compound.
Ab initio Study of the C6-C7 Conformation of Retinal Model Systems
Authors: Terstegen Frank , Buss Volker 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Ab initio calculations have been performed on model compounds of retinal and retinal derivatives, β-ionone, β-ionone Schiff base and protonated Schiff base and the corresponding hydrocarbon, to study the ring orientation as a function of the heteroatom and the state of protonation. Two 6-s-cis derived conformations are shown to exist in all four compounds. Stable close to planar 6-s-trans conformations were obtained for the protonated Schiff base and for the ketone only.
13C, 17O, and 29Si NMR Spectra and Stabilization of Silylated Ketenes and Bisketenes
Authors: Allen Annette D , Egle Ian , Janoschek Rudolf , Liu Hui Wen , Ma Jihai , Marra Romeo M , Tidwell Thomas T 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The experimental and calculated 13C, 17O, and 29Si NMR chemical shifts of silylated ketenes and bisketenes show trends consistent with charge redistribution resulting from neutral hyperconjugative donation from the R3Si-C bond to the p orbital on the carbonyl carbon, and are supportive of this mechanism for the striking stability of these species.
Catalytic Asymmetric 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrile Oxides to an Achiral Allyl Alcohol Utilizing Diisopropyl Tartrate as a Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Shimizu Makoto , Ukaji Yutaka , Inomata Katsuhiko 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The catalytic asymmetric 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to an achiral allyl alcohol was achieved by the use of a catalytic amount of diisopropyl (R,R)-tartrate as a chiral auxiliary to afford the corresponding (R)-2-isoxazolines with high enantioselectivity. In order to realize reproducible higher stereoselection, the addition of a small amount of ethereal compound such as 1,4-dioxane was crucial.
Interfacial Mass Transfer across a Single Microdroplet/Water Boundary. Laser Trapping and Generation-Collection Experiments at a Microelectrode Array
Authors: Nakatani Kiyoharu , Terui Norifumi , Hasebe Kiyoshi , Kitamura Noboru 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Mass transfer of 1-hydroxyethylferrocenium cation from a nitrobenzene microdroplet to the surrounding water phase was directly measured by a generation-collection mode of a microelectrode array combined with a laser trapping technique. The mass transfer time of the derivative across the droplet/water interface was analyzed for the first time by a potential scan rate dependence of cyclic voltammograms.
Synthesis of a Donor-Stabilized Silyl(silylene)iron Complex. Direct Observation of 1,3-Methyl Migration from Silyl to Silylene Ligands
Authors: Ueno Keiji , Nakano Kaori , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Photolysis of Cp*Fe(CO)2SiMe2SiMe3 (Cp* = η-C5Me5) in the presence of HMPA (HMPA = (Me2N)3PO) afforded a donor-stabilized silyl(silylene)iron complex, Cp*(OC)Fe(=SiMe2·HMPA)SiMe3, almost quantitatively. Variable temperature 1H NMR investigation for solutions of the trimethylsilyl(dimethylsilylene)iron complex allowed the direct observation of 1,3-methyl migration from the silyl ligand to the silylene ligand. It is proposed that 1,3-migration may be a general phenomenon which prevails among compounds with RnE–M=E′Rm, arrangement.
Blue Electroluminescent 1,2,4-Triazole Derivative
Authors: Kido Junji , Kimura Masato , Nagai Katsutoshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A blue fluorescent 1,2,4-triazole derivative, DA-TAZ, was synthesized and exmined as an emitter layer in organic electroluminescent device. The device structure of glass substrate / indium-tin oxide / hole-transporting diamine layer / DA-TAZ layer / Mg:Ag was employed. The EL device exhibited bright blue light originating from the DA-TAZ emitter layer with a maximum luminance of 1200 cd/m2 at 14 volt.
Synthesis and Structure of Novel Vanadium(III) Compounds Having a Cyclic Core
Authors: Kumagai Hitoshi , Kitagawa Susumu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Treatment of VCl3(thf)3 with dipyridylamine, sodium hydride and sodium acetate yields a novel cyclic octanuclear vanadium(III) complex; the X-ray structure analysis reveals a cyclic vanadium core. The vanadium ions are alternatively bridged by hydroxide, ethoxide and carboxylate.
Generation of Hydrido(silylene)iridium(I) Complex via [1,2] H Shift from the Silicon Atom to the Iridium(I) Metal Center
Authors: Okazaki Masaaki , Tobita Hiromi , Ogino Hiroshi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Thermolysis of alkyl-hydrido complexes, LnIr(R)(H) [Ln = {MesHSi(CH2)2PPh2}(PMe3)2, R = Me, Et], caused the reductive elimination of alkane to generate a 16e iridium(I) species LnIr (A). Intermediate A underwent the intramolecular C–H bond activation. Reactivity of A with MeOH revealed that A underwent a [1,2] H shift from the silicon atom to the iridium center to give hydrido(silylene) complex Ir(H){η2-MesSi(CH2)2PPh2}(PMe3)2 (B) reversibly.
Dimer Formation of Naphthalene in Langmuir-Blodgett Monolayer Films Probed by Time-Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Abe Kei , Suzuki Sachiko , Mukai Ikuo , Akimoto Seiji , Ohta Nobuhiro , Yamazaki Iwao 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Naphthalene incorporated in LB monolayer films has been found to exhibit two types of fluorescence emissions due to the monomer and the dimer. The dimer fluorescence corresponds well to those observed in crystal under extraordinary high pressure and in naphthalene paracyclophanes.
Redox-Induced cis → trans Isomerisation of Bis(porphyrinyl)ethenes: A Possible Basis for a Molecular Memory Element?
Authors: Arnold Dennis P , Borovkov Victor V , Ponomarev Gelii V 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
trans-1,2-Bis(octaethylporphyrin-5-yl)ethene free base and its dinickel(II) complex exhibit narrow electrochemical band gaps (1.44 and 1.49 eV, respectively) and broad, solvent-dependent absorption bands at low energy, whilst the corresponding cis isomers undergo rapid redox-induced cis → trans isomerisation.
Trisbipyridine Metal Ion’s Nest in Three α-Helix Bundle Structure
Authors: Nishino Norikazu , Kato Tamaki , Murata Tomonori , Nakayama Hiroshi , Arai Toru , Fujimoto Tsutomu , Yamamoto Hitoshi , Yoshikawa Susumu 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
A trisbipyridine nest of a three-helix bundle structure has been built in a pseudoprotein containing 5-bipyridylalanine in each peptide segment. The accommodation of Ni2+ ion in the nest that is situated in the hydrophobic region is demonstrated by the measurements of electronic and circular dichroism spectra.
Preparation of an Electrically Heated Wire Catalyst for Cold-Start-Exhaust
Authors: Nanba Tetsuya , Takeishi Kaoru , Azuma Naoto , Morioka Yoshio , Ueno Akifumi 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
Three way catalysts were dispersed over the surface of an anodized Ti wire in order to promptly eliminate hydrocarbons remained in cold-start-exhaust gas from an automobile engine. The anodized wire was heated up to 623 K or higher in 30 sec simply to loading 13 V to the ends of the wire, which resulted is abatement of 50% hydrocarbons in the cold-start-exhausts within 30 sec just after an engine ignition.
Effect of Capillary Force on Friction Force Microscopy : A Scanning Hydrophilicity Microscope
Authors: Fujihira Masamichi , Aoki Daisuke , Okabe Yoh , Takano Hajime , Hokari Hirofumi , Frommer Jane , Nagatani Yasunori , Sakai Fumiki 
Published: March 2006

Abstract
The effect of capillary force due to surface water on friction force microscopy (FFM) was examined by comparing FFM images on oxidized Si surfaces partially covered with chemically bound hydrocarbon (HC) monolayers in vacuo and in an ambient atmosphere. It was found also from force-distance curves and FFM under various relative humidities that adhesive and friction forces observed on the hydrophobic HC covered surface were almost independent of the humidity, while those on the hydrophilic bare oxidized Si surface increased with an increase in the humidity. The higher friction observed on the oxidized Si in the higher humidity was interpreted by the higher effective normal load due to the higher capillary force which originated from a surface water film formed by adsorption of water vapor in the humid air. The results suggest a novel scanning hydrophilicity microscope under a controlled humidity which can be used to map local hydrophilicities of a sample surface in a x-y plane.