bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiber‐Optic Communication Networks
Authors: Anand Vishal , Cao Xiaojun , Sheeshia Sami , Xin Chunsheng , Qiao Chunming 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The tremendous growth of the Internet and the World Wide Web, both in the number of users (human enabled and communications‐enabled devices) as well as the amount of time and thus the bandwidth consumed by each user, has fueled the demand for enhanced and superior telecommunication networks. Internet traffic continues to grow vigorously, as it has done in the past 11 years. Optical networks offer the promise to satisfy the relentless need for more capacity in the network in addition to providing a common infrastructure over which a variety of services can be delivered. Optical fibers offer much higher bandwidth than other transmission medium such as copper cables and also have lower error rates and other undesirable effects. The use of multiplexing techniques such as time‐division multiplexing and wavelength‐division multiplexing also help increase the transmission capacity of a fiber. In this article we discuss various existing and future technologies (e.g., wavelength routing, optical circuit switching, burst switching, or waveband switching etc) that enable optical networking and make them promising candidates for the backbone of the Internet. We also discuss issues relating to control and signaling in optical networks and how the Internet Protocol (IP) layer can be integrated with the wavelength‐division multiplexed transport layer.
Pen‐Based Computing
Authors: Jassar Sandip 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This article shows why the pen/stylus and digitizing tablet is a superior human‐computer interface to the more widely used keyboard‐mouse, in terms of the synergy between how the interface is used and the human cognitive system, and in turn explains how a human‐computer interface is evaluated. The article begins with an explanation of pen‐based computing from the user interface perspective. The major hardware component of a pen‐based computer (its digitizing tablet) and its major software component (its handwriting recognition (HWX) engine) are both analyzed in terms of how a user perceives, interacts with, and makes use of them. The performance of these two major components is also discussed in terms of what their contribution is toward providing the user with a virtual pen and paper experience, the way in which they do this, and how well current technology allows them to do it. The results of an experiment conducted in 1995 to investigate the relationship between HWX performance and user satisfaction are analyzed and found to suggest that the pen interface is more suited to pointing and dragging tasks than to text entry, and thus user satisfaction is application dependent. The reader is then taken through the development of a physical and device‐level cognitive model for pen‐based systems by introducing and adapting the existing keystroke‐level model (developed to evaluate the keyboard‐mouse), where it is shown how and why the pen is a better input device than the keyboard‐mouse in terms of execution speed. Finally, the results of an experiment conducted in 1991 to compare the performance of input devices in pointing and dragging tasks are analyzed and are found to support the proposal.
Speculation
Authors: August David I. , Vachharajani Neil 
Published: January 2008

AbstractTo execute instructions in microprocessors efficiently,speculationis often employed to guess information that is not yet available. Within the processor, execution continues to assume the speculated value is correct. The true value, however, is being computed in parallel, and when the computation is complete, it is compared against the speculative value. If the guess was correct, then twodependentparts of the program can execute in parallel. On the other hand, if the guess was wrong (misspeculation), the processor must take appropriate steps to recover, and the dependent program parts are executed serially, often with additional delay and with amisspeculation penalty. Speculation can be categorized into three groups: control speculation, value speculation, and data access speculation.
Time and State in Asynchronous Distributed Systems
Authors: Garg Vijay K. , Mittal Neeraj 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
We discuss two fundamental problems that arise in distributed systems: first, how to determine the order in which various events were executed, and second, how to obtain a consistent view of the system. To address the first problem, we describe different schemes that implement an abstract notion of time and can be used to order events in a distributed system. To address the second problem, we discuss ways to obtain a consistent state of the system possibly satisfying certain desirable property.
Data Communication
Authors: Yu Oliver 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter focuses on data communication between directly connected devices through a transmission medium with or without multiaccess, and in particular focuses on the physical and data link layers in the OSI reference model. At the physical layer, devices exchange unstructured data bit stream via modulated electromagnetic signal transmission over a physical link channel. Modulation determines the ratio of the transmitted data bit rate to the signal bandwidth. Data errors may occur because of the signal impairments by channel noises. At the link layer, devices exchange structured data bit stream via frames over a logical link channel with error recovery control to optimize link reliability. Channel coding adds structured redundancy to the data bit stream to enable error detection or error correction. Each frame consists of the data payload and the control overhead bits, which convey control procedures between sending and receiving devices. Link control procedures include flow control, error recovery, and device addressing in multiaccess medium. Emerging multinput–multi‐output (MIMO) transmission with multiple signal waveform generators (i.e., antenna array) optimizes throughput capacity and link reliability through space (antenna) time coding.
Transaction Processing in Mobile, Heterogeneous Database Systems
Authors: Lim J. B. , Hurson A. R. , Jiao Y. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The rapid explosion in the use of wireless devices, combined with the simultaneous infrastructure expansion required to suport a massive number of users, has made ubiquitous access to data a reality. When a large number of users simultaneously accesses global data in a mobile computing environment, an efficient means to manage a large amount of concurrent transactions is required. Current multi‐database concurrency control schemes do not address the limited bandwidth and frequent disconnections associated with wireless networks. This article describes a new hierarchical concurrency control algorithm, v‐lock, that addresses the shortcomings of existing multi‐database concurrency control schemes. The algorithm uses global locking tables created with semantic informantion contained within a hierarchy to serialize global transactions, and remove global deadlocks.
Additionally, wireless transmission of data is subject to weak or frequent disconnection. With the increased amount of local memory available at the mobile unit, data replication can be used to provide local data availability, limiting the restrictions imposed by a wireless mobile environment. In a mobile, multi‐database environment, local autonomy restrictions prevent the use of a page‐or‐file‐based data replication scheme. This article describes a new data replication scheme to address to limited bandwidth and local autonomy restrictions. Consistency is maintained by using a parity‐based invalidation scheme of data cached at the mobile unit. Additionally, a simple prefetching scheme is used to further improve the effectiveness of the proposed scheme. Finally, simulated results of the concurrency control and replication algorithms are presented and discussed.
Visual Database
Authors: Yang Li , Kunii Tosiyasu L. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis article introduces principles and techniques developed for the management of visual data and for supporting visual queries against databases that manage the visual data. It presents an overview of well‐established approaches that are used in visual databases today for image feature extraction, visual data retrieval, indexing, and user query interfaces. Example visual database systems are described briefly. Finally, this article gives a list of survey papers that address technical issues related to visual data management.
Markov Chains
Authors: Johansen Adam M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
A Markov chain is a collection of random variables with a temporal ordering that have the property that “conditional upon the present, the future does not depend upon the past.” This concept, which can be viewed as a form of something known as the Markov property, is the defining characteristic of the Markov chain. Such systems occur very widely throughout the physical and information sciences as well as in a broad range of other application domains. In addition to their utility in modeling real systems, several computational techniques make use of Markov chains, particularly in the field of Monte Carlo methods.
The ubiquity of the Markov chain originates from the fact that such collections lie somewhere between one of independent random variables and a completely general collection, which could be extremely complex to deal with. A sufficient structure is available to allow sophisticated analysis; sufficient generality is available to allow a broad class of systems to be described in terms of Markov chains.
Color Perception
Authors: Ramanath Rajeev , Drew Mark S. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The term color has widespread usage in common language and technical jargon yet its correct application eludes the research community and remains a hotly debated topic in the technical communities. It draws interest from a variety of fields, most likely due to its pervasive use in literature and language. In this article we will look at the various modes of color perception.
Scale‐Space
Authors: Lindeberg Tony 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Scale‐space theory is a framework for multiscale image representation, which has been developed by the computer vision community with complementary motivations from physics and biologic vision. The idea is to handle the multiscale nature of real‐world objects, which implies that object may be perceived in different ways depending on the scale of observation. If one aims to develop automatic algorithms for interpreting images of unknown scenes, no way exists to know a priori what scales are relevant. Hence, the only reasonable approach is to consider representations at all scales simultaneously. From axiomatic derivations is has been shown that given the requirement that coarse‐scale representations should correspond to true simplifications of fine scale structures, convolution with Gaussian kernels and Gaussian derivatives is singled out as a canonical class of image operators forthe earliest stages of visual processing. These image operators can be used as basis to solve a large variety of visual tasks, including feature detection, feature classification, stereo matching, motion descriptors, shape cues, and image‐based recognition. By complementing scale‐space representation with a module for automatic scale selection based on the maximization of normalized derivatives over scales, early visual modules can be made scale invariant. In this way, visual modules canadapt automatically to the unknown scale variations that may occur because of objects and substructures of varying physical size as well as objects with varying distances to the camera. An interesting similarity to biologic vision is that the scale‐space operators resemble closely receptive field profiles registered in neurophysiologic studies of the mammalian retina and visual cortex.
Face Recognition Techniques
Authors: Zhao Wenyi 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBiometrics is becoming a buzz word because of the increasing demand for user‐friendly systems that provide both secure and efficient services. At present, one needs to remember numbers and/or carry identifications (ID) all the time, for example, a badge ID entering an office building, a password for computer or ATM access, and a photo‐ ID as wall as an airline ticket for air travel. Although very reliable methods of biometric personal identification exist (e.g., fingerprint analysis and iris scans), these methods rely on the cooperation of the participants, whereas a personal identification system based on the analysis of frontal or profile images of the face is often effective without the participant's cooperation or knowledge. Face recognition is a fascinating research topic. On one hand, many algorithms and systems have reached a certain level of maturity after 35 years of research. For example, face detection technology has been used in digital cameras for automatic focus/exposure. On the other hand, the success of these systems is limited by the conditions imposed by many real applications. The focus of current face recognition research is to investigate various techniques to improve the robustness of existing face recognition systems while the ultimate goal is to build machine systems that are close to or even better than the human perception system.
Fingerprint Identification
Authors: Wang Rong , Bhanu Bir 
Published: January 2008

AbstractBiometrics such as fingerprint, palm, face, gait, ear, signature, and speech are used to ensure a high‐confidence in the recognition of an individual for high‐security applications. Among these biometric traits, fingerprints have been used for a long period of time because of their distinctiveness and immutability. The study of fingerprint characteristics can be traced back to about 4500 years, the era of the pyramid‐building in Egypt. However, the use of fingerprints for identification began in the mid‐1800s.Fingerprints have two fundamentally important characteristics: permanence and distinctiveness. It has been found that fingerprints are formed in the fetal stage and do not change naturally. Also, no two fingerprints ever are found to be exactly the same. Because of these interesting characteristics, fingerprints are used widely for human recognition and identification.
Software Quality Classification Models
Authors: Shin Miyoung , Goel Amrit L. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This article addresses the development of analytical models to identify fault‐prone components. Because of the lack of physical underpinnings, the software development mechanism is not understood well enough to derive theory‐based models. Therefore, these models are obtained from experimental or historical data after an iterative process. Some commonly used techniques and a recent methodology based on radial basis functions are described. A case study is presented to illustrate the model's development, evaluation, and selection process.
Computational Intelligence
Authors: Peters James F. , Pedrycz Witold 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSeveral interpretations of the notion of computational intelligence (CI) exist. Computationally intelligent systems have been characterized by Bezdek relative to adaptivity, fault‐tolerance, speed, and error rates. In its original conception, many technologies belonged to computational intelligence, namely, neural networks, genetic algorithms, fuzzy systems, evolutionary programming, and artificial life. More recently, rough set theory and its extensions to approximate reasoning and real‐time decision systems have been considered in the context of computationally intelligent systems. Overall, CI can be regarded as a synergy of genetic, fuzzy, rough, and neural computing.
Computing Accreditation: Evolution and Trends Associated with
U
.
S
. Accrediting Agencies
Authors: Yaverbaum Gayle J. , Reichgelt Han 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Accreditation is evolving to be an acceptable measure of a quality computing program. Several agencies provide evaluation of specialized technology programs or units in which such programs exist. This article reviews the fundamental history of computing accreditation, primarily in the United States. The fundamental concepts of accreditation, accreditation agencies, and the process itself are discussed.
Quality in Computer Science and Computer Engineering Education
Authors: McGettrick Andrew 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

A variety of interpretations exist for the term
quality
as it is used in higher education. Although minor, the various interpretations often point to fundamental differences in philosophy about aspects of higher education across different countries and indeed about its management. The purpose of this article is to focus on the major quality and accrediting mechanisms that exist in higher eduction and to explore aspects of their operation.
Fluency with Information Technology
Authors: Snyder Lawrence 
Published: January 2008

Abstract

Fluency with Information Technology
specifies a degree of competency with computers and information in which users possess the skills, concepts, and capabilities needed to apply Information Technology (IT) confidently and effectively and can acquire new knowledge independently. Fluency with Information Technology transcends computer literacy and prepares students for lifelong learning of IT.

The concept of
Fluency with Information Technology
derives from a National Research Council (NRC) study initiated in 1997 and funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF). The study focused on defining “what everyone should know about Information Technology.” For the purposes of the study, “everyone” meant the population at large, and IT was defined broadly to include computers, networking, software and applications, as well as information resources—virtually anything one would encounter using a network‐connected personal computer.
Cover Picture: Dynamic Imaging of Functionalized Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotube Systemic Circulation and Urinary Excretion (Adv. Mater. 2/2008)
Authors: Lacerda L. , Soundararajan A. , Singh R. , Pastorin G. , Al‐Jamal K. T. , Turton J. , Frederik P. , Herrero M. A. , Li S. , Bao A. , Emfietzoglou D. , Mather S. , Phillips W. T. , Prato M. , Bianco A. , Goins B. , Kostarelos K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractMultiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) made highly water‐dispersible by organic functionalization and radiolabeled with Indium‐111 were shown to translocate through the kidney glomerular filter. On p. 225, multinational, multicenter research led by Kostas Kostarelos on dynamic imaging and tissue distribution of MWNTs in live animals is presented. The cover image presents a single plane single photon computed tomography whole body image of a rat following intravenous injection with the In‐111 labeled MWNTs as seen through a 3D carbon NT projection. The radioactivity from carbon NTs was mainly localized in the kidneys, and accumulated in the bladder before clearance in the urine.
Inside Front Cover: Controlling Morphology in Polymer–Fullerene Mixtures (Adv. Mater. 2/2008)
Authors: Moulé A. J. , Meerholz K. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractOn p. 240, Klaus Meerholz and co‐workers show control over the aggregation of P3HT in solution by mixing a dipolar, but miscible solvent to the coating solution. The resulting nanoparticle dispersions are stable and allow a quantitative comparison of the absorption spectra of amorphous and aggregated P3HT. These results are interesting not only because they allow control of morphology on the nanometer scale, but they also show a path to low‐cost morphological control of large‐area films, which is an essential step for the commercialization of plastic PV devices.
The thrifty epigenotype: An acquired and heritable predisposition for obesity and diabetes?
Authors: Stöger Reinhard 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObesity and type 2 diabetes arise from a set of complex gene–environment interactions. Explanations for the heritability of these syndromes and the environmental contribution to disease susceptibility are addressed by the “thrifty genotype” and the “thrifty phenotype” hypotheses. Here, the merits of both models are discussed and elements of them are used to synthesize a “thrifty epigenotype” hypothesis. I propose that: (1) metabolic thrift, the capacity for efficient acquisition, storage and use of energy, is an ancient, complex trait, (2) the environmentally responsive gene network encoding this trait is subject to genetic canalization and thereby has become robust against mutational perturbations, (3) DNA sequence polymorphisms play a minor role in the aetiology of obesity and type 2 diabetes—instead, disease susceptibility is predominantly determined by epigenetic variations, (4) corresponding epigenotypes have the potential to be inherited across generations, and (5) Leptin is a candidate gene for the acquisition of a thrifty epigenotype. BioEssays 30:156–166, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Hagfish (cyclostomata, vertebrata): Searching for the ancestral developmental plan of vertebrates
Authors: Kuratani Shigeru , Ota Kinya G. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe phylogenetic position of the hagfish remains enigmatic. In contrast to molecular data that suggest monophyly of the cyclostomes, several morphological features imply a more ancestral state of this animal compared with the lampreys. To resolve this question requires an understanding of the embryology of the hagfish, especially of the neural crest. The early development of the hagfish has long remained a mystery. We collected a shallow‐water‐dwelling hagfish, Eptatretus burgeri, set up an aquarium tank designed to resemble its habitat, and successfully obtained several embryos. By observing the histology and expression of genes known to play fundamental roles in the neural crest, we found that the hagfish crest develops as delaminating migratory cells, as in other vertebrates. We conclude that the delaminating neural crest is a vertebrate synapomorphy that seems to have appeared from the beginning of their evolutionary history, before the splitting away of the hagfish lineage. BioEssays 30:167–172, 2008. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anion Recognition and Templation in Coordination Chemistry (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 3/2008)
Authors: Vilar Ramon 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCover Picture: Metalloreceptors for the molecular recognition of anions or anion templates for the synthesis of metalloreceptors? Both! This figure shows the crystal structures of two metallohosts with the corresponding anionic guest “trapped” within the hydrogen‐bonding clefts. In one case (structure shown at the top), the complex was prepared without the need for an anion template. Once formed, this dipalladium complex with urea‐containing ligands binds a range of different anions in competing solvents. The structure shown at the bottom of the figure is that of a tetrametallohost, which only forms in the presence of the appropriate anionic template. This microreview on p. 357 ff aims to give an overview of the research carried out in the author's group in the area of anion recognition and templation in coordination chemistry.