bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon nanotube‐enhanced separation of DNA fragments by a portable capillary electrophoresis system with contactless conductivity detection
Authors: Xu Yan , Li Sam Fong Yau 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIt was demonstrated that separation of DNA fragments by a CE‐contactless conductivity detection system (CE‐CCD) could be enhanced with multiple‐wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNs) as buffer additive. For HaeIII digest of ΦX174 DNA, optimized MWCN concentration was obtained when the MWCN was above its threshold concentration, at which MWCN could form a network in the buffer as pseudostationary phase to provide additional interaction sites. In the case of larger DNA, MWCN near or below its threshold concentration was enough to provide great improvement of the resolution, which was shown by the separation of the 2‐Log DNA ladder. Furthermore, the buffer containing MWCN could provide a more stable baseline in the CE‐CCD system, owing to less fluctuation of its conductivity. Compared with CE‐UV, CE‐CCD with MWCN could provide lower LODs as well as better resolution.
Improved estimation for temporally clustered extremes
Authors: Fawcett Lee , Walshaw David 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the effects ofdeclusteringapplied to sequences of extreme observations. Through a simulation study, we demonstrate that the common practice of analysingpeaks over thresholds(POT) is liable to incur serious bias in the estimation of parameters, as well as thereturn levelsused as design specifications when building to withstand extremes of wind or rain, or river or sea level. We demonstrate that a much simpler approach, the direct analysis ofallexceedances of a high threshold, can reduce this bias to negligible levels. This approach has, until now, been unpopular, because the data being analysed are not independent. The effect of this is to cause the standard errors associated with parameter estimates to underestimate the uncertainty attached to these estimates. We employ existing but little‐used methodology to inflate these standard errors, and we demonstrate that the adjusted values are very good representations of the true uncertainty associated with maximum likelihood estimates. The overall approach has thus achieved the effect of eliminating the bias in estimation, while accounting for any undesirable effects caused by dependent data.We apply our approach to a sequence of sea‐surge data from southwest England, and illustrate the discrepancies between this and a POT approach, which are consistent with the POT approach underestimating long‐period return levels. We also pay considerable attention to checking the robustness of our results, demonstrating that the problems of bias caused by the POT approach apply systematically over all of the declustering schemes we consider, as well as over the entire range of tail behaviours. When the primary interest is in return‐level estimation, we recommend that our procedure will generally prove to be much more effective and reliable than the POT approach. Should there be a deeper interest in the serial dependence itself, then we recommend that this dependence is explicitlymodelled, and we refer the reader to an earlier paper by the authors, published in this journal. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fire losses in selected property classifications of non‐residential, commercial and residential wood buildings. Part 1: hotels/motels and care homes for aged
Authors: Richardson Leslie R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to evaluate the adequacy of building code requirements for selected classifications of non‐residential, commercial and residential wood buildings, researchers at Forintek Canada Corp. have examined Canadian and American fire loss statistics and compared fire losses for the selected classifications of wood buildings with those for similar buildings of non‐combustible construction. They have also examined causal factors associated with fires in those structures, extent of flame and smoke spread, ability of sprinkler systems and building construction to minimize fire losses, and outcomes of fire events. Because of the volume of information that was analysed, the results are being reported through three separate papers. This, the first, presents the ‘big picture’ with respect to fire losses in the selected classifications of non‐residential, commercial and residential structures, and discusses in detail fire losses for hotel/motel properties and care homes for the aged. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The feasibility of a GP led screening intervention for depression among nursing home residents
Authors: Davidson Sandra , Koritsas Stella , O'Connnor Daniel W. , Clarke David 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAimTo examine the feasibility of a brief intervention training general practitioners (GPs) in the administration of a depression screening instrument for use among nursing home residents.InterventionGPs attended a single education session on late‐life depression and were trained in the use of the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia. Following the intervention GPs reviewed their patients for depression.Outcome measuresDiagnosis of depression pre and post intervention; changes in antidepressant medications post intervention.ResultsTen GPs and 38 patients completed all components of the study. GPs identified that 24% of their patients had Cornell Scores indicative of probable major depression that was either unrecognised or inadequately treated. 88% of these patients had been previously diagnosed with depression. A further 32% of patients exhibited depression symptoms, half (50%) of whom had a previous diagnosis of depression. Reviewing patients had an effect on antidepressant prescribing for patients with probable major depression, with GPs making changes to the antidepressant medication of 29% of patients.ConclusionsThe high rate of residents presenting with probable major depression despite being prescribed antidepressants indicate that depression symptoms are inadequately recognised and treated in nursing homes. This study demonstrated that a single education session on late‐life depression was feasible and was associated with an improvement in GPs' recognition of depression among nursing home patients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sandwich compounds with central hypercoordinate carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen: A quantum‐chemical study
Authors: Minyaev Ruslan M. , Minkin Vladimir I. , Gribanova Tatyana N. , Starikov Andrey G. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAb initio (MP2(fu)/6‐311+G**) and DFT (B3LYP/6‐311+G**) calculations predict stable structures of sandwich compounds with the central carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen atoms surrounding lithium counterions between three‐membered (BH)3rings. The lithium counterions play a crucial role in the stabilization of these systems. The topological Bader analysis performed for these sandwich systems demonstrates that the central atom is linked to the ligands by nine‐bond paths and, consequently, should be regarded as a nine‐coordinated atom. Such a coordination number of carbon is the highest for all known main group organoelement compounds. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:464–474, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20268
Organotins‐promoted peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids: A new antioxidative scavenger for promoters
Authors: Milaeva Elena R. , Tyurin Vladimir Yu. , Shpakovsky Dmitry B. , Gerasimova Olga A. , Jingwei Zhang , Gracheva Yulia A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe organotin compounds RnSnX4‐n are promoters of lipids peroxidation. The influence of (CH3)2SnCl2, (C2H5)2SnCl2, and SnCl2 upon the radical chain oxidation of oleic acid as model substrate R′H for lipid peroxidation in the simultaneous presence of porphyrins (free bases of meso‐tetrakis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (R″4PH2) and of meso‐tetraphenylporphyrin (TPPH2)) has been studied. The monitoring of the unsaturated acid peroxidation level has been performed by the determination of the total concentration of isomeric hydroperoxides as well as of the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances, as markers of carbonyl compounds formation following the hydroperoxides decomposition. The organotin compounds demonstrate prooxidative activity. The promoting effect of these compounds decreases in the presence of TPPH2. The free‐base porphyrin R″4PH2, containing the antioxidative phenolic moieties (2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenol), demonstrates the acute inhibitory effect upon the acid's peroxidation. The analogous results have been achieved when compared with the influence of CH3HgI and HgCl2 upon the acids peroxidation of oleic acid in the presence of porphyrins. This fact points out that meso‐tetrakis(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin shows the activities of both the antioxidant and of the scavenger for metals and might be used as a new antioxidative scavenger preventing lipids peroxidation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:475–480, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20269
The Reaction of 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone with tin amalgam: Synthesis and structure of tin catecholato complexes
Authors: Piskunov Alexandr V. , Lado Aryna V. , Fukin Georgy K. , Baranov Evgeny V. , Abakumova Ludmila G. , Cherkasov Vladimir K. , Abakumov Gleb A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe reduction of 3,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐o‐benzoquinone with tin amalgam gives the different tin catecholate complexes. The use of polar solvents for this reaction leads to the formation of Cat2Sn · L2 species (where Cat—dianion of 3,6‐di‐tert‐butylcatechol, L = Et2O, THF, Py). The reaction carried out in toluene produces the mixture of dicatecholate tin(IV) and catecholate tin(II) derivatives. The complex Cat2Sn · (Et2O)2 was shown to be a good starting reagent for the preparation of different tin(IV) catecholate complexes of the type Cat2Sn ·  L′ (L′ = 1,2‐dimethoxyethane, 1,4‐di‐tert‐butyldiazadiene‐1,3, o‐phenantrolyne, α,α′‐dipyridyl) using ligand exchange reactions. Compounds Cat2Sn · (Et2O)2, Cat2Sn · (THF)2, Cat2Sn · (ButNCHCHNBut), and (CatSn)3 have been crystallographically characterized. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:481–490, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20271
Phosphonoallenes for building organophosphorus derivatives
Authors: Brel Valery K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis review article deals with new approaches to polyfunctional phosphonoallenes as well as synthetically useful reactions of this class of organophosphorus compounds for design of various heterocyclic phosphonates, new phosphonolipids, and phosphononucleotides. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:547–556, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20275
The synthesis and reactions of betaines formed in reactions of tertiary phosphines with unsaturated carboxylic acids and their derivatives
Authors: Galkin V. I. , Bakhtiyarova Yu. V. , Sagdieva R. I. , Galkina I. V. , Cherkasov R. A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractOn the basis of our systematic investigations, the main trends concerning synthesis, structure, and reactivity of carboxylate phosphabetaines—phosphorus analogs of organic aminoacids—are considered and analyzed. A wide series of phosphabetaines has been obtained in reactions of tertiary phosphines with unsaturated mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids, and also with their derivatives—esters and amides. By a plethora of experimental and theoretical methods, it has been shown that the thermodynamic stability of carboxylate phosphabetaines essentially depends on the structure of the initial phosphine and carboxylic acid. In some cases, the reaction between them is equilibrated. On the other hand, for a number of synthesized betaines, it is reliably established that these exist in equilibrium with isomeric phosphoranes. The extremely important condition for stabilization of phosphabetaine structures is the presence of proton‐donating reagents, which are included in their crystal lattice. In the series of symmetrically substituted derivatives, the interesting phenomenon of phosphorotropy of the phosphonium group is established. The reactivity of phosphabetaines in reactions with electrophilic reagents (haloid alkyls and acyls, isocyanates, corbodiimides) has been investigated. The majority of key structures have been confirmed by the direct X‐ray method. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:557–566, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20276
Solvent‐free alkali and alkaline earth metal complexes of di‐imine ligands
Authors: Fedushkin Igor L. , Chudakova Valentina A. , Skatova Aleksandra A. , Fukin Georgii K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCompound [(dph‐BIAN)Mg(THF)]2(2) was prepared by reacting magnesium metal with 1,2‐ bis[(2‐biphenyl)imino]acenaphthene (dph‐BIAN) in THF, followed by crystallization from toluene. Reac‐ tion of CaI2 with (dpp‐BIAN)Li2 in toluene afforded [(dpp‐BIAN)Li]2Ca (3) (dpp‐BIAN = 1,2‐bis[(2,6‐diisopropylphenyl)imino]acenaphthene). Both complexes 2 and 3 were characterized by single crystal X‐ray diffraction. The 1H NMR spectroscopic data obtained for complex 3 in toluene solution indicated an agostic interaction between the methyl groups of the ligand and lithium atoms. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 16:663–670, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20277
Pentacoordinate organosilicon compounds— molecular structure and stereodynamic behavior of (trifluorosilylmethyl)succinimide and (trifluorosilylmethyl)glutarimide
Authors: Voronkov M. G. , Trofimova O. M. , Chernov N. F. , Bolgova Yu. I. , Albanov A. I. , Chipanina N. N. , Zelbst E. A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of pentacoordinate organosilicon compounds, N‐(trifluorosilylmethyl)succinimide (1) and N‐(trifluorosilylmethyl)glutarimide (2) is described. The X‐ray crystal analysis of compound 1 shows a slightly distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal coordination at silicon. Dynamic 19F, 13C, and 29Si NMR studies confirm the existence of an O → Si intramolecular hypervalent bond in solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 17:567–20278, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.20278
Delivery of molecular versus particulate water in spontaneously breathing tracheotomized patients
Authors: Rozsasi Ajnacska , Dürr Jochen , Leiacker Richard , Keck Tilman 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundAdequate humidification of inspired gas with active or passive humidifiers is a standard of care for tracheotomized patients. In this study, a comparison is made between the tracheal climate after tracheobronchial humidification either with molecular water (via a vaporizing humidifier) or particulate water (via spray) in spontaneously breathing tracheotomized patients.MethodsWe performed a randomized, 2‐way crossover study on 10 tracheotomized patients. Tracheal humidity and temperature were measured prior to and after use of a vaporizing humidifier and aerosol spray, respectively.ResultsAfter use of both the vaporizing humidifier and the aerosol spray, the end‐inspiratory total water content and water gradient in the upper trachea increased significantly, compared with baseline values before application. After end of use of the vaporizing humidifier, the total water content and the water gradient decreased significantly faster than after application of the aerosol spray.ConclusionsDelivery of both molecular and particulate water significantly increases the tracheal climate and conditioning in the tracheal airways. Because the tracheal humidity remained on a higher level after aerosol spray, we speculate that particulate water may be efficient on tracheal humidification for longer. However, the positive effect on tracheal humidity after prolonged application of the aerosol spray remains to be proven. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Thyroid carcinoma associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Which policy?
Authors: Guzzo Marco , Quattrone Pasquale , Seregni Ettore , Bianchi Roberto , Mattavelli Franco 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundThyroid carcinoma occurring as a second primary associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is unusual. The clinical management of thyroid cancer in such cases has been debated.MethodsBetween 1975 and 2004, we collected 33 cases. The associated thyroid carcinoma was diagnosed either during or as a consequence of surgery planned as head and neck cancer treatment.ResultsThe associated thyroid carcinoma was never seen to recur. Five‐year overall survival was 41%. Disease‐free survival after 40 and 66 months was 11.1% and 5.6%, respectively.ConclusionsWe consider the treatment of thyroid cancer to be complete when the thyroid gland, either with or without lymph nodes, has been included in the specimen obtained during surgery for HNSCC. In the group of cases in which associated thyroid carcinoma was only found within the neck lymph nodes and the thyroid gland has not been treated, we discourage further surgical treatment or radioactive iodine therapy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Phase II clinical trial of parenteral hydroxyurea and hyperfractionated, accelerated external beam radiation therapy in patients with advanced squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: Toxicity and efficacy with continuous ribonucleoside reductase inhibition
Authors: Beitler Jonathan J. , Smith Richard V. , Owen Randall P. , Silver Carl E. , Mazumdar Madhu , Wadler Scott 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundAlmost all concurrent chemoradiation regimens for head and neck are platinum based; however, cisplatin is associated with severe renal, oto‐, and neurotoxicity. Hydroxyurea (HU) has been associated with fewer irreversible toxicities. We obtained HU in parenteral form to be administered continually during the radiation treatment. Intravenous HU promised better pharmacokinetics and cell cycle blockade.MethodsParticipants had biopsy‐proven, untreated squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, oropharynx (stage IV) and hypopharynx (stages II–IV). Radiation therapy consisted initially of 74.4 Gy administered in twice daily 1.2‐Gy fractions. After 20 patients, the radiation dose was reduced to 60.0 Gy, and another 16 patients were enrolled.ResultsPatients received HU by Continuous Ambulatory Drug Delivery (CADD) pump on a daily ×5 schedule during radiation therapy. Because of persistent long‐term dysphagia, after 20 patients, the dose of external beam radiation therapy was reduced from 74 to 60 Gy, and the duration of concurrent HU was correspondingly reduced. The new regimen was much better tolerated. The median survival for the group as a whole was 30 months. Within this small study, there were no significant differences in survival, regional control, or local control between the 2 groups.ConclusionsLower doses of concurrent parenteral HU and hyperfractionated radiation therapy are tolerable and promising. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2006
Asymmetry of neuron numbers in the hippocampal formation of prenatally malnourished and normally nourished rats: A stereological investigation
Authors: Lister James P. , Tonkiss John , Blatt Gene J. , Kemper Thomas L. , DeBassio William A. , Galler Janina R. , Rosene Douglas L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThere is considerable evidence for lateralization of hippocampal function and hemispheric asymmetry in humans. In the rat, studies have reported asymmetries in the thicknesses of layers, the volumes of hippocampal subfields, and the density of cells at specific points along the septotemporal axis. To determine if there is an asymmetry of neuron numbers and whether prenatal malnutrition affects any asymmetries, 90‐day old male Sprague–Dawley rats that were either normally nourished or malnourished prenatally were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde and the brains cut into 30‐μm sections. One interrupted series of sections through the entire hippocampus was analyzed stereologically to estimate the total number of neurons in the hilus of the dentate gyrus, the CA3/CA2 stratum pyramidale (SP), the CA1 SP, and the SP of the prosubiculum/subiculum of both hemispheres. Significant asymmetries (P < 0.05) were found in the CA1 and CA3/CA2 subfields, with the right hemisphere containing 21 and 6% fewer neurons, respectively. Malnutrition reduced neuron numbers in the CA1 subfield by 12%, but did not alter the hemispheric asymmetry. Our findings agree with previous reports of left dominant asymmetries in the rat brain and suggest that this may result from differences in total numbers of neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of strategic health planning processes in the development of health care reform policies: a comparative study of Eritrea, Mozambique and Zimbabwe
Authors: Green Andrew , Collins Charles , Stefanini Angelo , Ferrinho Paulo , Chapman Glyn , Hagos Besrat , Adams Yussuf , Omar Mayeh 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis paper reports on comparative analysis of health planning and its relationship with health care reform in three countries, Eritrea, Mozambique and Zimbabwe. The research examined strategic planning in each country focusing in particular on its role in developing health sector reforms. The paper analyses the processes for strategic planning, the values that underpin the planning systems, and issues related to resources for planning processes. The resultant content of strategic plans is assessed and not seen to have driven the development of reforms; whilst each country had adopted strategic planning systems, in all three countries a more complex interplay of forces, including influences outside both the health sector and the country, had been critical forces behind the sectoral changes experienced over the previous decade. The key roles of different actors in developing the plans and reforms are also assessed. The paper concludes that a number of different conceptions of strategic planning exist and will depend on the particular context within which the heatlh system is placed. Whilst similarities were discovered between strategic planning systems in the three countries, there are also key differences in terms of formality, timeframes, structures and degrees of inclusiveness. No clear leadership role for strategic planning in terms of health sector reforms was discovered. Planning appears in the three countries to be more operational than strategic. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.