bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transfer of arachidonic acid from lymphocytes to macrophages
Authors: Peres C. M. , Sampaio S. C. , Cury Y. , Newsholme P. , Curi R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe incorporation and oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA) by rat lymphocytes (LY), the transfer of AA from LY to rat macrophages (Mϕ) in co‐culture, and the subsequent functional impact on Mϕ phagocytosis were investigated. The rate of incorporation of [1‐14C]AA by untreated‐LY and TG (thioglycolate treated)‐LY (TG‐LY) was 158±8 nmol/1010 LY per h for both untreated‐LY and TG‐LY. The oxidation of AA was 3.4‐fold higher in TG‐LY as compared with untreated cells. LY from TG‐injected rats had a 2.5‐fold increase in the oxidation of palmitic (PA), oleic (OA), and linoleic (LA) acids. After 6 h of incubation, [14C] from AA was distributed mainly into phospholipids. The rate of incorporation into total lipids was 1071 nmol/1010 cells in untreated‐LY and 636 nmol/1010 cells in TG‐LY. [14C]AA was transferred from LY to co‐cultured Mϕ in substantial amounts (8.7 nmol for untreated and 15 nmol per 1010 for TG cells). Exogenously added AA, PA, OA, and LA caused a significant reduction of phagocytosis by resident cells. Mϕ co‐cultured with AA‐preloaded LY showed a significant reduction of the phagocytic capacity (about 40% at 35 μM). LY preloaded with PA, LA, and OA also induced a reduction in phagocytic capacity of co‐cultured Mϕ. TG treatment abolished the AA‐induced inhibition of phagocytosis in Mϕ co‐cultured with TG‐LY. Therefore, the transfer of AA between leukocytes is a modulated process and may play an important role in controlling inflammatory and immune response.
Properties of lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase from Brassica napus cultures
Authors: Furukawa‐Stoffer Tara L. , Boyle Riley M. , Thomson Amber L. , Sarna Magdalena A. , Weselake Randall J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAcyl‐CoA:lysophosphatidylcholine acyltransferase (LPCAT; EC 2.3.1.23) catalyzes the acyl‐CoA‐dependent acylation of lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) to produce PC and CoA. LPCAT activity may affect the incorporation of fatty acyl moieties at the sn‐2 position of PC where PUFA are formed and may indirectly influence seed TAG composition. LPCAT activity in microsomes prepared from microspore‐derived cell suspension cultures of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. cv Jet Neuf) was assayed using [1‐14C]acyl‐CoA as the fatty acyl donor. LPCAT activity was optimal at neutral pH and 35°C, and was inhibited by 50% at a BSA concentration of 3 mg mL−1. At acyl‐CoA concentrations above 20 μM, LPCAT activity was more specific for oleoyl (18∶1)‐CoA than stearoyl (18∶0)‐ and palmitoyl (16∶0)‐CoA. Lauroyl (12∶0)‐CoA, however, was not an effective acyl donor. LPC species containing 12∶0, 16∶0, 18∶0, or 18∶1 as the fatty acyl moiety all served as effective acyl acceptors for LPCAT, although 12∶0‐LPC was somewhat less effective as a substrate at lower concentrations. The failure of LPCAT to catalyze the incorporation of a 12∶0 moiety from acyl‐CoA into PC is consistent with the tendency of acyltransferases to discriminate against incorporation of this fatty acyl moiety at the sn‐2 position of TAG from the seed oil of transgenic B. napus expressing a medium‐chain thioesterase.
A glucosylceramide with a novel ceramide and three novel ceramides from the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola
Authors: Liu Ji‐Kai , Hu Lin , Dong Ze‐Jun 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA glucosylceramide with novel ceramide and three novel ceramide homologs were isolated from the basidiomycete Cortinarius umidicola and structurally characterized. The ceramide portion of the glucocerebroside consists of a rare (4E,8E)‐9‐methyl‐4,8‐sphingadienine sphingoid base. In contrast, the three ceramide homologs, while having the same sphingoid base, contain as FA residues 2‐hydroxydocosanoic acid, 2‐hydroxytricosanoic acid, and 2‐hydroxytetracosanoic acid.
Recoveries of rat lymph FA after administration of specific structured13C‐TAG
Authors: Vistisen Bodil , Mu Huiling , Høy Carl‐Erik 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe potential of the specific structured TAG MLM [where M‐caprylic acid (8∶0) and L=linoleic acid (18∶2n−6)] is the simultaneous delivery of energy and EFA. Compared with long‐chain TAG (LLL), they may be more rapidly hydrolyzed and absorbed. This study examined the lymphatic recoveries of intragastrically administered L*L*, M*M*M*, ML*M, and ML*L*(where*=13C‐labeled FA) in rats. Lymph lipids were separated into lipid classes and analyzed by GC combustion isotope ratio MS. The recoveries of lymph TAG 18∶2n‐6 8 h after administration of L*L*L*, ML*M, and ML*L*were 38.6, 48.4, and 49.1%, respectively, whereas after 24 h the recoveries were approximately 50% in all experimental groups. The exogenous contribution to lymph TAG 18∶2n‐6 was approximately 80 and 60% at maximum absorption of the specific structured TAG and L*L*L*, respectively, 3–6 h after administration. The tendency toward more rapid recovery of exogenous long‐chain FA following administration of specific structured TAG compared with long‐chain TAG was probably due to fast hydrolysis. The lymphatic recovery of 8∶0 was 2.2% 24 h after administration of M*M*M*. This minor lymphatic recovery of exogenous 8∶0 was probably due to low stimulation of chylomicron formation. These results demonstrate tendencies toward faster lymphatic recovery of long‐chain FA after administration of specific structured TAG compared with long‐chain TAG.
TG containing stearic acid, synthesized from coconut oil, exhibit lipidemic effects in rats similar to those of cocoa butter
Authors: Rao Reena , Lokesh Belur R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLipase‐catalyzed interesterification was used to prepare structured TG from coconut oil TG by partially replacing some of the atherogenic saturated FA with stearic acid, which is known to have a neutral effect on lipid levels in the body. The level of stearic acid was increased from 4% in the native coconut oil to 40% in the structured lipids, with most of the stearic acid being incorporated into the sn−1 and sn−3 positions of TG. When structured lipids were fed to rats at a 10% level for a period of 60 d, a 15% decrease in total cholesterol and a 23% decrease in LDL cholesterol levels in the serum were observed when compared to those fed coconut oil. Similarly, the total and free cholesterol levels in the livers of the rats fed structured lipids were lowered by 31 and 36%, respectively, when compared to those fed coconut oil. The TG levels in the serum and in the liver showed decreases of 14 and 30%, respectively, in animals fed structured lipids. Rats fed cocoa butter and structured lipids having a similar amount of stearic acid had similar lipid levels in the serum and liver. These studies indicated that the atherogenic potential of coconut oil lipids can be reduced significantly by enriching them with stearic acid. This also changed the physical properties of coconut oil closer to those of cocoa butter as determined by DSC.
Enzyme‐resistant fractions of beans lowered serum cholesterol and increased sterol excretions and hepatic mRNA levels in rats
Authors: Han Kyu‐Ho , Fukushima Michihiro , Kato Teruhiko , Kojima Michiyuki , Ohba Kiyoshi , Shimada Ken‐ichiro , Sekikawa Mitsuo , Nakano Masuo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFeeding rats beans with resistant starch reduces their serum cholesterol concentration; however, the mechanism by which this occurs is not fully understood. We examined the effects of enzyme‐resistant fractions of adzuki (Vigna angularis) and tebou (Phaseolus vulgaris, var.) beans on serum cholesterol and hepatic mRNA in rats. Rats were fed a cholesterol‐free diet with 50 g of cellulose powder (CP)/kg, 50 g of an enzyme‐resistant fraction of adzuki starch (AS)/kg, or 50 g of an enzyme‐resistant fraction of tebou starch (TS)/kg diet for 4 wk. There were no significant differences in body weight, liver weight, and cecum contents among the groups, nor was there a significant difference in food intake among the groups. The levels of serum total cholesterol, VLDL + intermediate density lipoprotein + LDL‐cholesterol, and HDL cholesterol in the AS and TS groups were significantly (P<0.05) lower than in the CP group throughout the feeding period. Total hepatic cholesterol in the CP group was significantly (P<0.05) lower than in the AS and TS groups, fecal cholesterol excretion in the TS group was significantly (P<0.05) greater than in the CP and AS groups, and the fecal total bile acid concentrations in the AS and TS groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the CP group. Cecal acetate, propionate, and n‐butyrate concentrations in the AS and TS groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the CP group. The level of hepatic scavenger receptor class B1 (SR‐B1) mRNA in the TS group was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the CP group, and the levels of hepatic cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA in the AS and TS groups were significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the CP group. These results suggest that AS and TS have a serum cholesterol‐lowering function due to the enhanced levels of hepatic SR‐B1 and cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase mRNA.
Peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α is not the exclusive mediator of the effects of dietary cyclic FA in mice
Authors: Bretillon Lionel , Alexson Stefan E. H. , Joffre Florent , Pasquis Bruno , Sébédio Jean‐Louis 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCyclic FA monomers (CFAM) formed during heating of α‐linolenic acid have been reported to interfere in hepatic metabolism in a putatively peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor α (PPARα)‐dependent manner. In the present work, CFAM (0.5% of the diet) were administered for 3 wk to wild‐type and PPARα‐null mice of both genders to elucidate the role of PPARα in mediating the effects of CFAM on the activity of acyl‐CoA oxidase (ACO) and ω‐laurate hydroxylase (CYP4A), the regulation of which is known to be dependent on the PPARα. Dietary CFAM enhanced CYP4A activity threefold in male and female wild‐type mice. This effect was abolished in PPARα‐null mice. A twofold induction of ACO activity was found in wild‐type female mice fed CFAM; however, no effect was seen in males. In wild‐type animals, (ω‐1)‐laurate hydroxylase (CYP2E1) activity, the expression of which has not been shown to be PPARα dependent, was not affected by the CFAM diet. In contrast, stearoyl‐CoA desaturase activity was reduced in wild‐type mice. CFAM feeding reduced the activities of ACO, CYP2E1, and stearoyl‐CoA desaturase and caused accumulation of lipids in the livers of female PPARα‐null mice. These data show that CFAM apparently activate gene expression via the PPARα and have profound effects on lipid homeostasis, exacerbating the disturbances preexisting in mice lacking functional PPARα. Although the data emphasize the importance of PPARα in the metabolism of the CFAM, these results show that PPARα is not the exclusive mediator of the effects of CFAM in lipid metabolism in mice.
Ligand‐binding domain of farnesoid X receptor (FXR) had the highest sensitivity and activity among FXR variants in a fluorescence‐based assay
Authors: Cho Kyung‐Hyun , Park Ji‐Young , Han Jang‐Il , Jeong Tae‐Sook 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe farnesoid X receptor (FXR, NR1H4) has been recognized as an attractive therapeutic target because it is a nuclear hormone receptor that controls the expression level of cholesterol‐7α‐hydroxylase, which in turn regulates bile acid production and cholesterol excretion. To compare receptor activity between each domain and the full‐length protein, human FXR cDNA was cloned from a human liver cDNA library. Three human FXR cDNA, designated FXR20, FXR33, and FXR53 cDNA, were subcloned and ligated into a pET28a expression vector. Each protein was expressed in Escherichia coli (BL21) and purified by nickel‐nitrilotriacetic acid column chromatography. Approximately 5 mg of FXR33 (1–182 amino acids deleted from FXR, 37 kDa) and 2 mg of FXR53 (the full‐length protein of FXR, 59 kDa) was purified from 1 L of Luria‐Bertani culture, achieving at least 90% purity. The coactivator recruitment assay for FXR activation was carried out with the three variants of the FXR protein by using dissociation‐enhanced lanthanide fluoroimmunoassay‐europium‐N1‐labeled anti‐His antibody. From an optimized assay, a saturated hyperbolic fluorescence signal curve was produced when 250 nM of FXR33 and 100 nM of steroid receptor coactivator‐1 peptide, a coactivator of FXR consisting of 26 amino acids, were used with a concentration dependence on chenodeoxycholic acid (from 0 to 200 μM). The ligand‐binding domain of FXR (FXR33) was the most suitable protein for studying the activation of FXR with a fluorescence‐based assay, because it showed better structural stability than either the full length of FXR (FXR53) or the DNA‐binding domain of FXR (FXR20).
Genes regulated by arachidonic and oleic acids in Raji cells
Authors: Verlengia Rozangela , Gorjão Renata , Kanunfre Carla Cristine , Bordin Silvana , de Lima Thais Martins , Newsholme Philip , Curi Rui 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFA are known to modulate immune function in conditions such as arthritis and lupus erythematosus. The effects of arachidonic (AA) and oleic acids (OA) on function and pleiotropic gene expression of Raji cells were investigated. The following parameters were evaluated: cytotoxicity as assessed by loss of membrane integrity and DNA fragmentation; proliferation as measured by [14C]thymidine incorporation; production of interleukin (IL)‐10, interferon (INF)‐γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α; and expression of pleiotropic genes by a macroarray technique (83 genes in total). AA was more toxic to Raji cells than OA. Both FA promoted an increase in Raji cell proliferation at 75 μM, whereas OA at high concentrations (200 μM) decreased proliferation. AA reduced the production of IL‐10, TNF‐α, and INF‐γ. On the other hand, OA provoked an increase of INF‐γ production but did not affect the production of IL‐10 and TNF‐α. The proportions of genes with altered expression were 27% for AA and 35% for OA. The FA affected the expression of genes clustered as: cytokines, signal transduction pathways, transcription factors, cell cycle, defense and repair, apoptosis, DNA synthesis, cell adhesion, cytoskeleton, and hormone receptors. The most remarkable changes were observed in the genes of signal transduction pathways. These results led us to conclude that the effect of these FA on B‐lymphocytes includes regulation of gene expression. Thus, diets enriched with fat containing OA or AA may affect B lymphocyte function in vivo.
Two distinct pathways for the formation of hydroxy FA from linoleic acid by lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Kishimoto Noriaki , Yamamoto Izumi , Toraishi Kazuki , Yoshioka Satiko , Saito Kenji , Masuda Hideki , Fujita Tokio 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwenty‐three of 86 strains of lactic acid bacteria transformed linoleic acid into hydroxy FA. Two distinct conversion pathways were in operation. Two strains of Lactobacillus acidophilus and a strain of Pediococcus pentosaceus produced 13(S)‐hydroxy‐9‐octadecenoic acid [13(S)‐OH 18∶1] and 10,13‐dihydroxyoctadecanoic acid (10,13‐OH 18∶0) as main and minor products, respectively, whereas 13 strains, including L. casei subsp. casei, L. paracasei subsp, paracasei, L. rhamnosus, L. lactis subsp. cremoris, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus produced 10‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecenoic acid (10‐OH 18∶1). Seven strains of L. plantanum converted linoleic acid to 10‐hydroxyoctadecanoic acid (10‐OH 18∶0) through 10‐OH 18∶1 Linoleic acid at 2 g/L was converted by L. acidophilus LFO13951T to 1.3 g of 13(S)‐OH 18∶1 and 0.09 g of 10,13‐OH 18∶0 in 7 d. Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. paracasei JCM 1111 produced 10‐OH 18∶1 in 91% yield, and L. plantarum JCM 8341, 10‐OH 18∶0 in 59% yield from linoleic acid (2 g/L) under optimal conditions. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the production of 13(S)‐OH 18∶1 by lactic acid bacteria other than ruminal bacteria, and of 10,13‐OH 18∶0 by any bacteria.
Regiospecific analysis by ethanolysis of oil with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase
Authors: Shimada Yuji , Ogawa Jun , Watanabe Yomi , Nagao Toshihiro , Kawashima Akiko , Kobayashi Takashi , Shimizu Sakayu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA mixture of oil/ethanol (1∶3, w/w) was shaken at 30°C with 4% immobilized Candida antarctica lipase by weight of the reaction mixture. The reaction regiospecifically converted FA at the 1‐ and 3‐positions to FA ethyl esters, and the lipase acted on C14−C24 FA to a similar degree. The content of 2‐MAG reached a maximum after 4 h; the content was 28–29 mol% based on the total amount of FA in the reaction mixture at 59–69% ethanolysis. Only 2‐MAG were present in the reaction mixture during the first 4 h, and 1(3)‐MAG were detected after 7 h. After removal of ethanol from the 4‐h reaction mixture by evaporation, 2‐MAG were fractionated by silica gel column chromatography. The contents of FA in the 2‐MAG obtained by ethanolysis of several oils coincided well with FA compositions at the 2‐position, which was analyzed by Grignard degradation. It was shown that ethanolysis of oil with C. antarctica lipase can be applied to analysis of FA composition at the 2‐position in TAG.
Modulation of renal injury in pcy mice by dietary fat containing n−3 fatty acids depends on the level and type of fat
Authors: Sankaran Deepa , Lu Jing , Bankovic‐Calic Neda , Ogborn Malcolm R. , Aukema Harold M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLow‐fat diets and diets containing n−3 fatty acids (FA) slow the progression of renal injury in the male Han:Sprague‐Dawley (SPRD)‐cy rat model of polycystic kidney disease. To determine whether these dietary fat effects are similar in females and in another model of renal cystic disease, in this study we used both male and female pcy mice to examine the effects of fat level and type on disease progression. Adult pcy mice were fed 4, 10, or 20 g soybean oil/100 g diet for 130 d in study 1. In study 2, weanling pcy mice were fed high or low levels of fat rich in 18∶2n−6 (corn oil, CO) 18∶3n−3 (flaxseed oil/CO 4∶1 g/g, FO), or 22∶6n−3 (algal oil/CO 4∶1 g/g, DO) for 8 wk. In adult pcy mice, low‐compared with high‐fat diets lowered kidney weights (2.4±0.2 vs. 3.1±0.2 g/100 g body weight, P=0.006) and serum urea nitrogen (SUN) (9.6±0.6 vs. 11.9±0.6 mmol/L, P=0.009), whereas in young pcy mice it reduced renal fibrosis volumes (0.44±0.04 vs. 0.62±0.04 mL/kg body weight, P<0.0001). FO feeding in young pcy mice mitigated the detrimental effects of high fat on fibrosis while not altering kidney size, function, and oxidative damage when compared with the CO‐fed mice. In contrast, DO‐compared with CO‐fed mice had higher kidney weights (2.64±0.07 vs. 2.24±0.08 g/100 g body weight, P=0.005), SUN (9.4±0.57 vs. 7.0±0.62 nmol/L, P<0.0001), and cyst volumes (7.9±0.28 vs. 6.2±0.30 mL/kg body weight, P<0.0001) and similar levels of oxidative damage and fibrosis. The FA compositions of the diets were reflected in the kidneys: 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶6n−3 were the highest in the CO, FO, and DO diets, respectively. Dietary effects on kidney disease progression were similar in males and females. A low‐fat diet slows progression of renal injury in male and female pcy mice, consistent with findings in the male Han:SPRD‐cy rat. Dietary fat type also influenced renal injury, with flaxseed oil diets rich in 18∶3n−3 slowing early fibrosis progression compared with diets rich in 18∶2n−6 or in 22∶6n−3.
Influences of dietary n−3 long‐chain PUFA on body concentrations of 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 in the larvae of a marine teleost fish from Australian waters, the striped trumpeter (Latris lineata)
Authors: Bransden M. P. , Dunstan G. A. , Battaglene S. C. , Cobcroft J. M. , Morehead D. T. , Kolkovski S. , Nichols P. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe determined the effect of dietary long‐chain (≥C20) PUFA (LC‐PUFA), 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3, on larval striped trumpeter (Latris lineata) biochemistry through early development and during live feeding with rotifers (Brachionus plicatilis). Rotifers were enriched using seven experimental emulsions formulated with increasing concentrations of n−3 LC‐PUFA, mainly 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3. Enriched rotifer n−3 LC‐PUFA concentrations ranged from 10–30 mg/g dry matter. Enriched rotifers were fed to striped trumpeter larvae from 5 to 18 d post‐hatch (dph) in a short‐term experiment to minimize gross deficiency symptoms such as poor survival that could confound results. No relationships were observed between larval growth or survival with dietary n−3 LC‐PUFA at 18 dph. The larval FA profiles generally reflected those of the rotifer diet, and significant positive regressions were observed between most dietary and larval FA at 10, 14, and 18 dph. The major exception observed was an inverse relationship between dietary and larval 22∶5n−3. The presence of 22∶5n−3 in elevated amounts when dietary 22∶5n−3. The presence of 22∶5n−3 in elevated amounts when dietary 22∶6n−3 was depressed suggests that elongation of 20∶5n−3 may be occurring in an attempt to raise body concentrations of 22∶6n−3. We hypothesize that accumulation of 22∶5n−3 might be an early indicator of 22∶6n−3 deficiency in larval fish that precedes a reduction in growth or survival. A possible role of 22∶5n−3 as a biochemical surrogate for 22∶6n−3 is discussed.
Replacement of dietary fish oil with increasing levels of linseed oil: Modification of flesh fatty acid compositions in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) using a fish oil finishing diet
Authors: Bell J. Gordon , Henderson R. James , Tocher Douglas R. , Sargent John R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFive groups of salmon, of initial mean weight 127±3 g, were fed increasing levels of dietary linseed oil (LO) in a regression design. The control diet contained capelin oil (FO) only, and the same oil was blended with LO to provide the experimental diets. After an initial period of 40 wk, all groups were switched to a finishing diet containing only FO for a further 24 wk. Growth and flesh lipid contents were not affected by dietary treatment. The FA compositions of flesh total lipids were linearly correlated with dietary FA compositions (r2=0.88–1.00, P<0.0001). LO included at 50% of added dietary lipids reduced flesh DHA and EPA (20∶5n−3) concentrations to 65 and 58%, respectively, of the concentrations in fish fed FO. Feeding 100% LO reduced flesh DHA and EPA concentrations to 38 and 30%, respectively, of the values in fish fed FO. Differences between diet and flesh FA concentrations showed that 16∶0, 18∶1n−9, and especially DHA were preferentially retained in flesh, whereas 18∶2n−6, 18∶3n−3, and 22∶1n−11 were selected against and presumably utilized for energy. In fish previously fed 50 and 100% LO, feeding a finishing diet containing FO for 16 wk restored flesh DHA and EPA concentrations, to ≈80% of the values in fish fed FO throughout. Flesh DHA and EPA concentrations in fish fed up to 50% LO were above recommended intake values for humans for these EFA. This study suggests that LO can be used as a substitute for FO in seawater salmon feeds and that any reductions in DHA and EPA can be largely overcome with a finishing diethigh in FO before harvest.
Identification of minor fatty acids and various nonmethylene‐interrupted diene isomers in mantle, muscle, and viscera of the marine bivalve Megangulus zyonoensis
Authors: Kawashima H. , Ohnishi M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo clarify the occurrence of nonmethylene‐interrupted (NMI) FA in the marine bivalve Megangulus zyonoensis, methyl esters of unsaturated FA were fractionated according to the degree of their unsaturation by using argentation TLC. Their structures were elucidated by using GC‐MS of their FAME and 2‐alkenyl‐4,4‐dimethyloxazoline derivatives. Seventy‐two unsaturated FA, including the novel 7,15–21 and 20∶4n−1, were identified. The unusual tetraenoic acids 20∶4n−4, 20∶4n−1, 21∶4n−6, and 21∶4n−5 were found in M. zyonoensis. This bivalve was extremely rich in the positional isomers of 19∶1, 20∶2, and 20∶3. The distribution of NMI and positional isomers of unusual FA in the bivalve tissues was also discussed.