bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tennyson's Rapture
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia D. J. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This book explores Tennyson’s representation of rapture, or being carried away, as a radical mechanism of transformation—theological, social, political, or personal—and as a figure for critical processes in his own poetics. The poet’s fascination with transformation is figured formally in the genre he is credited with inventing, the dramatic monologue. Situating Tennyson within communities of Victorian classicists, explorers, politicians, theologians, and sexologists, this book offers substantial original readings of a range of Tennyson’s major poems. Tennyson’s Rapture investigates the poet’s previously unrecognized intimacy with the theological movements in early Victorian Britain that are the acknowledged roots of contemporary Pentacostalism (with its belief in the oncoming rapture), and its formative relation to his poetic innovation. Tennyson’ work recurs persistently as well to classical instances of rapture, of mortals being borne away by immortals, a pattern illuminated by the poet’s intellectual and emotional investments in advances in philological scholarship and archeological exploration, in particular the contested discovery of Homer’s raptured Troy. Tennyson’s attraction to processes of personal and social change is bound to his significant but generally overlooked Whig ideological commitments, informed by the political and philosophical writings of his friend Arthur Henry Hallam (the subject of In Memoriam) and a half-century of interaction with William Gladstone. Pearsall shows the comprehensive engagement of seemingly apolitical monologues with the rise of democracy over the course of Tennyson’s long career. Proposing a new approach to reading all Victorian dramatic monologues, this book argues against a critical tradition that sees speakers as unintentionally self-revealing and ignorant of the implications of their speech, demonstrating instead the commanding cultural ambitions of dramatic speakers and the poet himself.
3 LOCATING TROY
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The first section, “Feeding the Heart: Educating Tennyson,” examines the classical education that Tennyson received at Trinity College, Cambridge, under the influential scholar Connop Thirlwall. Pearsall reviews the absorption of Tennyson and other Cambridge Apostles, including Arthur Henry Hallam, in questions of classical scholarship, and shows how intimately these were connected to contemporary political debates. “Locating Victorian Troy,” the second section, explores Victorian debates on the “Homeric question,” including an ongoing contestation between Tennyson and Gladstone. The author describes the intense controversy generated by Heinrich Schliemann’s claim in 1875 to have discovered the historical Troy and analyzes Tennyson’s refusal to accept the authenticity of Schliemann’s identification of Homer’s legendary city in terms of his conception of poetry and the poet’s foundational cultural role.
4 ULYSSES AND THE RAPTURE OF TROY
Authors: Pearsall Cornelia 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter Four engages in a detailed reading of Tennyson’s “Ulysses,” described as the prototypical Victorian dramatic monologue. The first section, “The Character of the Homeric Statesman,” establishes the monologue’s persistent stress on the importance of the knowledge of Tennyson’s Ulysses, examining the poem’s many sources, and a youthful epistolary debate between William Gladstone and Arthur Henry Hallam on Ulysses’ responsibility for the ruin of Troy. The second section, “Ulysses and the Rapture of Troy,” explores the political implications of the character of Ulysses, suggesting that his powerful resonance with his immediate audience within the monologue, as well as with the wider British public, is due to the illusion of a democratic ideal of equality conjured by his monologue. Ulysses’ desire is to effect a “rapture” of his audience, just as he formerly effected the “rapture” of Troy, illuminating the destruction of the fabled city as the monologue’s subtext.
From Clans to Households in Te
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
While the preceding chapters have explored the external influences that have contributed to the emergence of the community of Te, the focus now shifts to the village itself. A description of the unusual architecture of the settlement is followed by a discussion of categories of space. The principles of marriage and descent are discussed; particular attention is given to a history of the migration of Te's six clans. Archival evidence suggests that the corporate character of these clans was gradually eroded and replaced by a shared identity, based on the construction of an overarching community with its own public resources, and social divisions based not on descent but on residence. A counterpoint to this collectivity is the emergence of the household or estate as a social entity. The relationship between clan gods, territorial gods and domestic gods is examined.
The Wild Gods of Te
Authors: Ramble Charles 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
According to a local variant of a well‐known Tibetan myth, Buddhism was introduced to Mustang by the 8th‐century magus Padmasambhava, who slew and dismembered a hostile demoness that blocked his way. Among the natural sites that are recognised as her body‐parts is Te, which means “navel” in Tibetan. An important facet of Te's religious life is the cult of its territorial gods, who were never tamed and converted to Buddhism. This chapter examines the territorial rituals performed by the Nyingmapa lamas and also by the village's pagan priest, the lhabön, who propitiates the gods with blood sacrifices. An examination of these rituals, as well as the dynamics of possession and the swearing of civil oaths, all point to the crucial importance of the creation and manipulation of “affective space” in the production of a sacred realm.
Old World Precedents and New World Directions
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractSynopsis: This chapter continues the preceding discussion about Europe's rising star in its maritime expansion, describing repression of Indians in the transplant New Spain and Brazil. Strains soon showed, as exemplified in the criticisms of Las Casas and his defense of Indian rights. Capuchin and Jesuit missions became entangled with the slave trade, resulting in a setback to evangelization efforts in the Kongo and elsewhere. The chapter connects the American Revolution with Protestant missionary awakening, and with the evangelization of New World Africans. The antislavery movement teamed with trans‐Atlantic missions to establish a free colony of Nova Scotians in Sierra Leone. Following abolition, African recaptives began arriving in the colony, and thus commenced the real modernization of Africa, thanks to the new middle class raised in mission schools. The chapter concludes with the legacy of antislavery in Sierra Leone and of the post‐colonial debacle and ensuing civil war.
The Yogi and the Commissar
Authors: Sanneh Lamin 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe chapter discusses the triumph of the antislavery movement and the beginning of colonial rule, with missions playing an ambivalent role. Protestant pietist missions undermined colonial rule by teaching rejection of worldly power. Christian educated Africans adopted that iconoclastic attitude to resist imperial claims. The chapter compares the careers of Livingstone, Rhodes, and Schweitzer to show Christianity's role in local empowerment, as the lives of Charles Domingo and Jomo Kenyatta demonstrate. The chapter looks at the empowerment theme in the writings of Cheikh Hamidou Kane, al‐Jabartí, and Kenyatta, and in Foucauld and Massignon as Western champions of local populations. The chapter highlights the role of the vernacular Bible translation in decolonization and indigenous empowerment, and concludes with an overview of charismatic revival groups in the rise of World Christianity.
Methodology 2
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe circularity of the binary oppositions that frame religious studies and other rhetorical domains makes the construction of a relatively “freed” conceptual space problematic but necessary. This chapter contains a proposal that two binaries which have become confused in modern discourses—religion—secular, and sacred—profane—should be analytically separated in order that a different perspective can be obtained on what is and what is not comparable in different human worlds. A study of the medieval English city Coventry, and of Native American and African societies, suggests how a reconsideration of actual usages (both medieval and contemporary) of such terms provides us with a different perspective on how the construction of a specifically secular (as distinguished from profane) domain is a special feature of Euro‐American modernity. This shift in meanings connects to a further point about the modern idea of “ritual” as a specifically “religious” practice in distinction from secular, rational practices determined by supposedly instrumental rationality.
Luther, Calvin, and Henry VIII'sFormularies of Faith
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter is the first of several which attempt to locate the typical usages of words in historical documents, in this case the Formularies of Faith of Henry VIII. Whatever differences did or did not exist between Luther, Calvin, the Catholic Church, Henry VIII, or his Bishops on the correct understanding of the relation between Church and State, none of them thought in terms of a modern separation between religion and a neutral, nonreligious polity. Religion as encompassing Christian Truth does not suddenly disappear with the Reformation challenge to the Catholic Church State but is fundamental to the thinking of both Luther and Calvin, albeit formulated in significantly different ways. Though the stress on interiority and ethical intention, and the rejection of “outward” rituals and merely “external” shows of faith, was a crucial ingredient in the development of the later essentializations of “religion” and “the secular,” a close examination of Protestant texts shows that we can only retrospectively claim to find possible glimmerings of these later distinctions.
Samuel Purchas, His Pilgrimage
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this early‐seventeenth‐century collection of travel writings we can see tensions between Religion as Christian Truth on the one hand, and the beginnings of a generic concept of religions matched by an ambiguously modern secular ethnographic style on the other. This work of “pilgrimage” reflects the competition for trade and the processes of colonization, alongside the development of new ways of classifying the world and its contents. Purchas frames his whole work in Biblical terms, drawing explicitly on the expulsion of Adam and Eve, the Flood, and the Tower of Babel as explanatory concepts for the bewildering variety of newly discovered forms of human life. Yet an ironic and quite frequent application of “religions” to “superstitions” at times suggests an early if ambiguous generic modern usage, as if he is adopting a secular high ground. The world is most certainly “profane” in the sense of “fallen”; yet at the same time Purchas's concern with new knowledge of ships, maps, compasses, geography, as well as customs and superstitions, frequently suggests the early beginnings of something approaching modern nonreligious secularity.
Postscript on Civility and Barbarity in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Authors: Fitzgerald Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAmbiguities in North American debates were the result of an unresolved conflict between two logically and theologically contradictory discourses, both claiming to be about “religion.” One is of a profane, fallen world of native “Indian” paganism judged against the canons of Christian Truth; and the other the Enlightenment discourse on a Constitutionally defined secular state which is neutral to “religions” but which guarantees freedom of worship as a private right. This same ambiguity can also be found in the preaching of European and American missionaries who oscillate between a vision of the non‐European world as profane in the sense of being Fallen, and a vision of the non‐European world as lacking scientific secular rationality. Underlying this ambiguity lies a more consistent discursive substratum of rhetoric on civility and barbarity. Modern Euro‐American discourses wobble between these two different paradigms, at one moment representing the civility of encompassing Christian Truth which offers salvation from the profanities of pagan darkness, but at another moment offering scientific rationality and liberal capitalism as secular economic salvation from evolutionary backwardness.
Train Travel and the Black Religious Imagination
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter studies how Delta blacks confronted the rapid growth of the railroad as the one of the most important and visible engines of economic progress and racial segregation in the region. It shows how they integrated the sensory experience of traveling by rail into their spiritual lives and created new words, visions, songs, blues lyrics, and sermons based upon it; converted forsaken depots into houses of worship and waiting platforms into revival stages; and took advantage of train travel to organize regional gatherings of individual churches and spread news and gossip about leaders and movements. By popularizing railroad travel as a metaphor for African American freedom, Delta blacks eventually refigured its popular symbolism as a vehicle of racial restriction.
Fraternal Orders, Disfranchisement, and the Institutional Growth of Black Religion
Authors: Giggie John M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
This chapter studies how Delta blacks expanded the organizational basis of their religion during the late 1800s by integrating dimensions of African American fraternal culture into their spiritual lives. Thousands of Delta black men joined the Masons, Odd Fellows, and Knights of Pythias in order to tap into their health and burial insurances, employment opportunities, social functions, and ritual life. The popularity of these secret societies, however, angered many churchgoers. Black women complained that fraternal orders represented a new black civic culture open only to men. Many clerics feared a loss of financial support and moral authority as their male congregants devoted much of their time and money to local fraternal orders. Conflict died down by 1900, though, as fraternal leaders openly stressed subservience to churches in spiritual matters and some lodges fell into financial ruin. But churches changed, too. In a bid to boost their popular appeal, churches began to incorporate the most salient and attractive features of fraternal life, such as life and burial insurance, while most women and preachers grudgingly accepted the role of lodges as a new and legitimate source of African American religious life.
Ritual in Japanese Zen Buddhism
Authors: Foulk T. Griffith 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 1 summarizes the modern scholarly opinion that throughout its history, the Zen tradition rejected religious ritual as a legitimate means of carrying out its unique Buddhist mission, and subjects this view to a contemporary historical critique. The author's thesis is that modern Japanese Zen scholars constructed the anti‐ritual theme in Zen in order to make Zen more relevant to the modern age in the eyes of both the ruling elite in Meiji/Taisho Japan and Western intellectuals who tended to be dismissive of religious ritual. Pushed in this direction by their own historical circumstances, modern Zen scholars portrayed the entire Zen tradition as anti‐ritual in basic intent and practice in spite of the historical record that belies this view. The author proceeds to describe the history of Zen ritual and presents a catalog description of ritual activities that are practiced in contemporary Sōtō Zen.
Women and Dōgen: Rituals Actualizing Empowerment and Healing
Authors: Arai Paula K. R. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Chapter 6 engages in ethnographic study of rituals practiced by nuns in the contemporary Sōtō sect of Zen. Through surveys and interviews conducted among Sōtō nuns in the Nagoya area of Japan, Arai has articulated the ways in which two quite different rituals “shape, stretch, and define” the identity of participants. Both rituals—Anan Kōshiki and Jizō Nagashi—seek to evoke in participants an awareness of their own Buddha nature, and along with that, a strong sense of their own free agency and power. The central themes of these two rituals are gratitude and interrelatedness, and elements in these sacred ceremonies bring these qualities out in the experience of the women who participate in them. In addition, these themes are linked to Dōgen's own Zen teachings as a natural expression of his claims about the Buddha nature in all beings.
Nature's New Deal
Authors: Maher Neil M. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The Great Depression coincided with a wave of natural disasters, including the Dust Bowl and devastating floods along the Ohio and Mississippi rivers. Recovering from the calamities was a major goal of the New Deal. This book examines the history of one of Franklin D. Roosevelt's most successful experiments, the Civilian Conservation Corps, describing it as a turning point both in national politics and in the emergence of modern environmentalism. Indeed, Roosevelt addressed both the economic and environmental crises by putting Americans to work at conserving natural resources, through the Soil Conservation Service, the Tennessee Valley Authority, and the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC). The CCC created public landscapes—natural terrain altered by federal work projects—that helped environmentalism blossom after World War II. Millions of American devoted themselves to a new vision of conservation, one that went beyond the old model of simply maximizing the efficient use of natural resources, to include the promotion of human health through outdoor recreation, wilderness preservation, and ecological balance. And yet, as the book explores the rise and development of the CCC, it also shows how the critique of its campgrounds, picnic areas, hiking trails, and motor roads framed the debate over environmentalism to this day.
Celibacy in Indian and Tibetan Buddhism
Authors: Powers John 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The historical Buddha insisted on celibacy for monks and nuns because suffering was caused by ignorant craving and because sexual relations encouraged attachment to the world. Both functioned as obstacles to mental concentration. Monastic rules helped one to comprehend the reason for the essential role of celibacy in the quest for liberation. Buddhist practice became more complex with later developments, such as Tibetan Buddhism, which witnessed some schools insisting on celibacy, while others allowed sexual intercourse within a ritualistic context for advanced practitioners, and other schools approved a married clergy.
A Social‐Cultural Analysis of Celibacy among the Yoruba
Authors: Olajubu Oyeronke 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Practitioners of indigenous African religions do not view celibacy in a positive way because it upsets the social and religious order and the necessity to propagate the species. Celibate individuals are treated with contempt along with sterile people because they are unproductive. Among the Yoruba, celibacy is a matter of class and not religion, and celibacy is associated with the need for loyalty, trust, and protection of royal blood.
“Pointless and Preventable”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of religion-based medical neglect of children, in which devout parents forego providing adequate medical care to their ailing sons and daughters because the doctrines of their religious faiths prohibit it. It outlines the pervasiveness of the phenomenon among members of particular Christian churches (including Christian Science) in the United States, describing in general terms how, since the late 19th century, it has resulted in numerous deaths and injuries to children. The chapter then details how these injuries have generated tangled legal conflicts – implicating such issues as religious liberty and children's rights – when prosecutors have filed criminal charges against parents who have chosen faith-healing practices over medicine. The chapter pays particular attention to how murky manslaughter and child neglect statutes have complicated such legal cases.
“Are Any among You Sick?”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter briefly surveys the history of Christian spiritual healing from the era of the apostles and early Christianity to the present day. It begins with a review of Christian scripture, with particular emphasis on New Testament passages that describe the spiritual healing practices of Christ and the apostles (and therefore serve as seminal texts for contemporary faith healers). The narrative then proceeds to examine the beliefs and practices of a wide array of Christian spiritual healers. Prominent figures examined in this survey of American spiritual healing practices include Charles Cullis, Albert Simpson, and John Alexander Dowie, the founder of the religious community of Zion City in Illinois. As a means of contemporizing the discussion of spiritual healing, this chapter also touches on the current explosion of popular books and scholarly studies touting the notion that, as it was put in the title of one recent volume, “prayer is good medicine.”
“The Horriblest Thing I Ever Saw”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews relevant American religion-based medical-neglect cases from the late 19th and early 20th centuries, when cases relating to faith healing and children began appearing in courts on this side of the Atlantic. A careful study of these prosecutions shows how American judges and juries tentatively followed the leads of their counterparts in England, endeavoring to develop coherent and consistent approaches to balancing protections for religious liberty against the state's duty to safeguard children's welfare. It also reveals how the maturation of medical science in the late 19th century created tensions between spiritual healers and a nascent professional establishment eager to regulate medical practice. Illustrative and noteworthy cases discussed in this chapter include those of John Alexander Dowie and Frank Sanford, who was the leader of a religious colony in Maine known as Shiloh.
“Nightmare Would Not Be Too Strong a Term”
Authors: Peters Shawn Francis 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThis chapter examines the spiritual healing practices of a Philadelphia church, the Faith Tabernacle, and reviews the numerous legal cases that have resulted from deaths of children in the faith. Close scrutiny is paid to Commonwealth v. Nixon (Pennsylvania), a case involving two Faith Tabernacle parents who were prosecuted for manslaughter after their teenage daughter died from untreated diabetes. Several other analogous cases are detailed, among them Commonwealth v. Heilman (Pennsylvania), in which authorities prosecuted two Faith Tabernacle parents after their son, a hemophiliac, received no medical treatment for a small cut and slowly bled to death. This chapter also examines an outbreak of measles that killed five Faith Tabernacle children in Philadelphia in 1991. Close scrutiny of the epidemic and the public health issues it raised leads to a discussion of how states might intervene to protect the health of children endangered by spiritual healing practices.