bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE INDUCTION OF SELECTIVE IMMUNOLOGICAL UNRESPONSIVENESS IN CELLS OF BLOOD AND LYMPHOID TISSUE DURING PRIMARY INFECTION OF SHEEP WITH THE ABOMASAL NEMATODE, HAEMONCHUS CONTORTUS
Authors: Adams DB 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe uptake of 3H‐thymidine in cultures of lymphocytes obtained from blood and lymphoid organs of sheep undergoing infection with Haemonchus contortus was used to assay the lymphocytes reactive to antigens and mitogens. In vitro reactivity to extracts from larvae of H. contortus or Trichostrongylus colubriformis was present in blood lymphocyte populations from worm‐free sheep. This indicated that worm‐free sheep possess lymphocytes with the capacity to respond to nematode parasite antigens and suggested that the success of infections by H. contortus may not depend upon a deficiency in antigen recognition by the host. In vitro reactivity to larval extracts, however. was virtually absent from the blood and lymphoid organs of sheep during active infections with H. contortus and appeared with greater intensity when infections had either declined naturally or had been removed by treatment with the anthelmintic, thiabendazole. Blood lymphocyte populations from infected sheep gave unimpaired in vitro responses to the phytomitogens, phytohaemagglutinin and concanavalin A, which may activate thymus‐derived cells, and to the hapten‐protein conjugate, dinitrophenyl‐bovine serum albumin, with which sheep were immunised. This indicated that infection by H. contortus did not cause a general immunosuppression either as a result of a polyclonal impairment of the transforming ability of lymphocytes or a reduction in the proportion of thymus‐derived cells among the lymphocytes present in blood. Infection with H. contortus may have produced an inactivation or deletion of antigen‐reactive lymphocytes which was selective for those cells which respond to parasite antigens. It is suggested that the induction of selective immunological unresponsiveness may be an adaptation enabling H. contortus to evade the immunological reactions of the sheep, thereby promoting the longevity of infections by this parasite.
A NEW LARGE CHYLOMICRON REMNANT FROM CHOLESTEROL‐FED RABBITS
Authors: Bosanquet AG , Bickerstaffe R , Fraser R 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe lipoproteins of density < 1 063 g/ml of cholesterol‐fed rabbits were subjected to analytical ultracentrifugation. and many rabbits two peaks were found in the very low density (Sf > 20) portion of the lipoprotein spectrum. They were isolated by preparative ultracentrifugation and analysed. The smaller particles (remnant chylomicrons) had a peak Sf of 37, mean diameter of 36 nm. mean density of 1·00 g/ml, and their chemical composition agreed closely with previous reports. The larger particles had a peak Sf of 270, mean diameter of 80 nm. mean density of 0·97 g/ml and a high (80%) cholesterol ester and low (4%) triglyceride content. The fatty acid composition of the cholesterol esters, phospholipids and triglycerides was similar in both fractions. It is proposed that these law lipoprotein particles are also remnant chylomicrons. Possible reasons are presented to explain the presence of this second peak in the very low density lipoprotein spectrum.
CYTOTOXIC T CELL RESPONSES TO A SYNGENEIC TUMOUR: CONDITIONS FOR PRIMARY ACTIVATION IN VITRO
Authors: Warren Hilary S , Woolnouch JA , Lafferty KJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPrimary cytotoxic responses of DBA/2 lymph node cells to a syngeneic tumour (the mastocytoma P815) have been generated in vitro. The development of these responses is dependent on the addition of a soluble factor (CSCS) which is produced by concanavalin A‐activated spleen cells. The response is mediated by T lymphocytes, can be detected at low effector to target cell ratios and is directed against P815 tumour‐associated antigens.
PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CARCINOEMBRYONIC ANTIGEN (CEA) FROM DIFFERENT TUMOUR SOURCES
Authors: De Young Neville J , Ashman Leonie K 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe physical, chemical and immunochemical properties of carcinoeinbryonic antigen (CEA) purified from hepatic metastases of eight turnouts, originating in the colon (6), stomach (1) and lung (1), have been examined. Differences were observed in the overall molecular charge, and also in the carbohydrate composition of the different preparations (both total % carbohydrate. and mole % of the individual sugars). Negligible differences in amino acid composition were found. Gel filtration analysis of these CEA preparations and an additional four partially purified preparations (from pancreatic, hepatic, breast and oesophageal tumour tissues) revealed a single CEA‐active peak of similar molecular weight (about 200,000‐300,000 daltons) in all preparations. Radioimnunoassay data for the twelve CEA preparations indicated that all preparations contain the same antigenic determinants, as detected by our anti‐serum but that there are differences in the expression of these determinants in different preparations.
REGULATION OF ALDOSTERONE IN THE RAT EFFECT OF OESTROUS CYCLE, PREGNANCY, AND SODIUM STATUS
Authors: Whipp GT , Coghlan JP , Shulkes AA , Skinner SL , Marelyn Wintour E 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhole blood concentrations of aldosterone and corticosterone were measured in female rats on a moderate sodium diet (1‐2 mmol/day) during diestrus, proestrus, oestrus and on days 4, 12, 18 of pregnancy. At diestrus, the aldosterone (5·6 ± 4·9 ng/100 ml., n = 4) and corticosterone (10·4 ± 10·7 μg/100 ml, n = 4) concentrations were significantly lower (P < 0·01) than at oestrus when aldosterone and corticosterone concentrations were respectively 15·2 ± 7·8 ng/100 ml (n = 6) and 27·2 ± 12·2 μg/100 ml (n = 6). The blood aldosterone concentration of day‐12 pregnant rats, 33·9 ± 7·8 ng/100 ml (n = 8), was significantly higher than the values at oestrus and remained elevated at day 18. (Parturition occurs at day 21‐22.) Corticosterone values were not elevated during pregnancy, compared to values at oestrus. Sodium loading (7‐8 m mol/day) did not suppress blood aldosterone concentrations in non‐pregnant rats, but did significantly (P < 0·05) suppress values in the 18‐20 day pregnant rat. Plasma renin concentration (PRC), plasma renin substrate (PRS) and derived plasma renin activity (PRA) did not vary significantly during the oestrous cycle, being respectively (18·3 ± 10·7) × 10‐5 Goldblatt Units/ml, 0·416 ± 0·199 μg/ml, and 5·0 ± 2·6 ng/ml/h in 21 samples. PRC increased significantly by day 11 of gestation, while PRS decreased significantly at day 11 (P < 0·05) and even further by days 18‐20 (P < 0·001).The derived PRA was elevated only in 11‐14 day pregnant rats (P < 0.05). It is concluded that factors other than renin are responsible for the increase in aldosterone in pregnancy.
NEMATOSPIROIDES DUBIUS: SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INFECTION AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF RESISTANCE IN HYPOTHYMIC (NUDE) BALB/c MICE
Authors: Prowse SJ , Mitchell GF , Ey PL , Jenkin CR 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBALB/c‐nu/nu mice and their intact nu/+ littermates are equally susceptible to infection with third‐stage larvae of Nematospiroides dubius. Unlike their heterozygous littermates. however, the nu/nu mice are unable to form granulomata in the intestinal wall and become only partially resistant to rechallenge. Following two or more infections, nu/nu mice maintain a high burden of adult intestinal worms, whereas worms are lost from immune nu/+ mice. Studies in T cell‐injected nu/nu mice suggest that a full complement of T cells is needed to develop maximum resistance against the infective third‐stage larvae and to expel adult worms. Measurement of serum immunoglobulin levels indicate that infected nu/+ mice have very high levels of IgG1 whereas the levels of IgG2a are reduced. In infected T cell‐injected nu/nu mice, IgG1 levels increase with the number of T cells injected, whereas IgG2a levels are variable but always higher than in infected nu/+ mice.
HAEMOGLOBINS IN CATTLE AND BUFFALO
Authors: Bachmann AW , Campbell RSF , Yellowlees D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe frequency of haemoglobin types in several major breeds of cattle in northern Australia was determined. In all Bos taurus cattle examined only the three common bovine haemoglobin types (AA, AB, BB) were found. F2 Africander cross‐breeds showed only AA patterns. The frequency of haemoglobin B was significantly higher in Bos indicus type cattle than in Bos taurus breeds. In the pure breed Banteng cattle (Bos banteng) three genotypes (BB, CB, CC) were present. The eleven buffaloes typed each showed two haemoglobins (A1 and A2) in proportions of 71 to 29, respectively.
IN VITRO DEGRADATION OF MOUSE, RABBIT AND DOG ANTIBODIES TO VIBRIO CHOLERAE BY SUCCUS ENTERICUS
Authors: Horsfall DJ , Heddle RJ , Cormly AA , Rowley D 
Published: November 2007

SummaryPurified antibodies to Vibrio cholerae from mouse, rabbit and dog were digested in vitro by homologous intestinal secretions. When assessed with regard to their complement‐dependent vibriocidul activity. IgG antibodies were generally more susceptible to degradation than IgM antibodies. High levels of tryptic inhibitors were required to inhibit this digestion. Rabbit IgG was unusual in being quite resistant to digestion. Gel filtration studies demonstrated that secretory IgA, isolated from mouse intestinal secretions, was resistant to proteolysis. Similar studies on dog IgG and mouse IgM demonstrated production of F(ab')2‐like fragments. Digests of these antibodies, while devoid of Fc‐mediated vibriocida) activity, retained significant protective activity for baby mice.
GENERATION OF HOMOGENEOUS POPULATIONS OF ALLOREACTIVE T CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Woolnough James A , Lafferty Kevin J 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe supernatant from Con A‐activated spleen cells (CS) can be used to generate homogeneous populations of alloreactive T cells in vitro. Subculture of activated cells in CS containing medium is required for the continued proliferation and expression of effector activity. Prolonged Subculture in CS containing medium does not result in indefinite growth and proliferation of alloreactive T cells. The activity in CS required to maintain cytotoxic cell growth is not species specific, and is therefore separable from the costimulator activity in CS required for the initiation of the T cell response to alloantigen; this latter activity is species specific.
SELECTIVE TRANSFER OF IgG1 INTO MILK OF EWES FOLLOWING INHIBITION OF MILK SECRETION OR ACUTE INFLAMMATION
Authors: Darton PJ , McDowell GH 
Published: November 2007

SummarySelective transfer of IgG1 into milk and levels of sodium and potassium in milk of lactating ewes were followed before and after intramammary infusion of colchicine or α‐haemolysin. Milk production decreased substantially following infusions and the ionic composition of milk changed such that levels of sodium increased and of potassium decreased. By 3–4 days after infusions milk production had increased to approach pre‐infusion levels and levels of sodium and potassium had returned to pre‐infusion values. Selective transfer of IgG1 into milk was enhanced following inhibition of milk production but decreased following the acute inflammation induced by α‐haemolysin.The results of these experiments are consistent with the view that, in the ruminant, selective transfer of IgG1 into mammary secretion is inversely related to the synthetic activity of the alveolar epithelium. Associated with enhanced selective transfer of IgG1, substantial changes occur in the ionic composition of milk. Moreover, acute inflammation of the mammary gland impairs selective transfer of IgG1 into milk, but during recovery from inflammation selective transfer of IgG1 is enhanced. The latter phenomenon may be functionally significant for recovery from intramammary infection.
THE CLINICAL RESPONSE OF GNOTOBIOTIC CALVES, PIGS AND LAMBS TO INOCULATION WITH HUMAN, CALF, PIG AND FOAL ROTAVIRUS ISOLATES
Authors: Tzipori Saul R , Makin Trevor J , Smith Megan L 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe infectivity, pathogenicity and immunogenicity of 5 human, 6 calf, 2 pig and 2 foal rotavirus isolates were studied in gnotobiotic calves, piglets and lambs. Three of the human isolates produced subclinical infection in newborn gnotobiotic piglets and the piglets developed neutralising antirotavirus antibody. When challenged with pig rotavirus 2 weeks later, the piglets did not develop diarrhoea, but rotavirus was detected in the faeces. In contrast, piglets inoculated with the other 2 human isolates failed to show evidence of infection and there was no specific antibody detected. These piglets developed diarrhoea when challenged 2 weeks later with pig rotavirus. The 4 human isolates failed to infect gnotobiotic calves and lambs.Two foal rotavirus isolates produced subclinical infection in piglets, but the subsequent protection against a challenge with pig rotavirus lasted less than 15 days. The foal rotavirus isolates failed to infect gnotobiotic calves and lambs.Two of the calf rotavirus isolates were extremely pathogenic to newborn pigs. Two other calf isolates infected newborn lambs, one of which developed mild diarrhoea.Of the 2 pig rotavirus isolates one induced a subclinical infection in newborn lambs but neither infected calves.These experiments suggest that cross‐infection between species is not a property shared by all rotaviruses.
THE AUSTRALIAN REFERENCE PREPARATION OF HUMAN SERUM IMMUNOGLOBULINS
Authors: Turner KJ , Carter PM , Hosking CS , Finger WK 
Published: November 2007

SummaryAn Australian Reference Preparation of human serum immunoglobulins was prepared from pooled sera of 240 healthy, adult donors. The preparation was calibrated for IgG, IgA and IgM levels by radial immunodiffusion against the 1st International Reference Preparation of Human Serum Immunoglobulins G, A and M (IgG, IgA and IgM) and for IgE by PRIST against the 1 st International Reference Preparation of Human Serum Immunoglobulin E (IgE). The following potency values were assigned to the Australian Reference Preparation designated ASPS 78‐1 (Lyoph.): 100 IU/vial for IgG and IgE, 102 IU/vial for IgA and 114 IU/vial for IgM.
SOME PROPERTIES OF NEUTRAL PROTEINASES FROM LYSOSOMES OF RABBIT POLYMORPHONUCLEAR LEUCOCYTES
Authors: Britz ML , Lowther DA 
Published: November 2007

SummaryNeutral proteinases capable of degrading proteoglycan were found in lysosomes of rabbit polymorphonuclear leucocytes extracted with 0·01 M citric acid. Esterase activity against an elastase substrate was also present but chymotrypsin‐ and trypsin‐like activities were not detected; azocasein‐degrading activity was poor. Proteoglycanase activity was stimulated by high concentrations of salts (0·2 M KCl) and divalent cations (Ca, Mg, Mn, Zn) but was inhibited by Cu++. Elastase activity was also stimulated by high ionic strength buffers and KCl, but not as much by divalent cations, and was inhibited by Cu++. Proteoglycanase in crude extracts was inhibited by EDTA, phenylmethanesulphonylfluoride (Pms‐F), cell cytosol, α1‐antitrypsin, gold thiomalate and N‐acetyl‐di‐L‐alanyl‐L‐prolyl‐L‐valine chloromethyl ketone (AAAPVCK). Partial inhibition by N‐α‐p‐tosyl‐L‐lysine chloromethyl ketone (TLCK) and L‐1‐tosylamide‐2‐phenylethyl chloromethyl ketone (TPCK) occurred. Elastase adsorbed to CM‐cellulose and was eluted by 0·6‐0·7 M NaCl: a metallo‐proteinase failed to adsorb completely but was retarded by the CM‐cellulose. Isoelectric focusing showed that the major proteinases had pI's of 5·5, 8·5 and 9·1; the activity with pI 8·5 was a metallo‐proteinase, and the pI 9·1 activity was an elastase. The apparent molecular weight of the elastase, determined on Sephadex G‐100, was 8,000 to 11,000 daltons.
THE EFFECT OF CHRONIC ACID/BASE DISTURBANCES ON RENAL AMINO ACID CLEARANCES IN THE RAT
Authors: Galicek J , Seow F , Lingard JM 
Published: November 2007

SummarySince the few data available concerning the effect of acid/base disturbances on renal amino acid reabsorption were conflicting, and there were sound theoretical reasons for an effect, we have studied the clearance of endogenous amino acids in the rat in vivo under control conditions and after induction of either metabolic acidosis or alkalosis by administration of NH4Cl or NaHCO3, respectively. The effectiveness of treatment was assessed by examination of plasma and urinary levels of HCO3, Cl, Na and K. It was found that the renal clearance of amino acids, measured during acidosis or alkalosis, did not differ from those found under control conditions, the majority of values being less than 1% of the glomerular filtration rate. Thus, the amino acid reabsorptive mechanism appears unaffected by changes in the pH of the glomerular filtrate and/or by changes in tubular hydrogen ion secretion which would accompany such disturbances. These data are thus in agreement with findings during acidosis in man and in both acidosis and alkalosis in the dog. The findings are contrary to earlier reports from in vitro studies in the rat, and suggest the presence of severe functional impairment in the isolated perfused kidneys used in these earlier studies where very large changes in amino acid clearance were obtained.
AGE‐DEPENDENT MODULATION OF SERUM IgE AND MAST CELL SENSITIZATION BY NIPPOSTRONGYLUS BRASILIENSIS INFESTATION IN RATS
Authors: Turner KJ , Fisher Elizabeth H , Mayrhofer G 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe capacity of N. brasiliensis (Nb) infestation to modify synthesis of ovalbumin (OV) specific IgE antibody was monitored in weanling, juvenile and adult female WAG rats by both passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) activity and by a rat radio‐allergosorbent test (RAST). Infestation with Nb larvae 10 days after immunization with OV produced marginal potentiation of anti‐OV IgE antibody production by both RAST and PCA in weanlings, marginal suppression by both parameters in juveniles and was without effect in adults. However, immunization with OV after infestation with Nb partially suppressed anti‐OV IgE antibody production in weanlings (RAST) and totally abolished the PCA activity. Although this regime did not impair anti‐OV IgE antibody synthesis (RAST) in juveniles, the sera were PCA‐negative. In contrast, normal responses were found in adult rats. Negative PCA titres in sera containing high levels of specific antibody occurred when serum total IgE levels were elevated, and are explained on the basis of competition for binding sites on mast cells. The ratio of OV‐specific IgE to ‘total'IgE is a critical factor in detecting PCA activity.
RESISTANCE TO CUTANEOUS LEISHMANIASIS IN GENETICALLY SUSCEPTIBLE BALB/c MICE
Authors: Mitchell Graham F , Curtis Joan M , Handman Emanuela 
Published: November 2007

SummaryWhen injected cutaneously with promastigotes of an isolate of Leish‐mania tropica, BALB/c mice develop progressive cutaneous disease whereas lesions in BALB/c.H‐2k mice heal after several weeks. Lesions in BALB/c mice injected into deep subcutaneous tissues with promastigotes are less obvious early but much more prominent later than in mice after strict intradermal injection. BALB/c mice injected with Corynebacterium parvum together with a preparation of frozen and thawed infected macrophages are more resistant to cutaneous disease than mice injected with either adjuvant or crude antigen mixture alone. Results of these experiments, and those on other mouse strains reported previously, will aid in the choice of mouse and injection regime to be used in testing the efficacy of isolated L. tropica antigens as vaccines.
THE VASCULAR AND MICROVASCULAR ANATOMY OF THE RAT UTERUS DURING THE OESTROUS CYCLE
Authors: Rogers PAW , Gannon BJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe vascular and microvascular anatomy of the rat uterus during the oestrous cycle was studied using the corrosion vascular casting/scanning electron microscope method. Particular attention was paid to identifying each stage of the oestrous cycle prior to casting. The optimum viscosity range for the methyl methacrylate‐based casting medium was between 2·3 and 4·0 centistokes; the perfusion pressure was adjusted to give an abdominal aortic pressure of 90 mm Hg. Casts show a complete replication of all uterine vessels. The longitudinal muscle capillaries of the myometrium appear thicker and more closely spaced than those of the circular muscle. Capillary networks surrounding the endometrial glands are continuous with the complex subepithelial capillary plexus. The uterus undergoes large variations in diameter during the oestrous cycle, and the corresponding changes in the spatial arrangement of its vasculature are demonstrated. No new vessel growth was detected during the cycle. The vaso‐activity of methyl methacrylate makes vessel diameter measurements from the casts unreliable. This and other problems relating to the physiological interpretation of corrosion casts are discussed in detail. This work provides a thorough description of the morphology and unique structural variability of the rat uterine vasculature during the oestrous cycle.
LYMPHOKINE (INTERLEUKIN 2) SECRETION AS A MEASURE OF T CELL RECOGNITION OF PARASITE ANTIGENS
Authors: Prowse SJ 
Published: November 2007

SummaryThe secretion of the lymphokine. Interleukin 2 (IL2), from cells obtained from the lymph nodes of mice infected by the murine nematode. Nematospiroides dubius, is used an indication of T cell recognition of parasite antigens. It is demonstrated that IL2 secretion is T cell‐dependent and occurs only when the lymph node cells are cultivated in the presence of at least 5 μg/ml of a parasite antigen preparation. The presence of adherent peritoneal exudate cells from uninfected mice in the cultures is an essential requirement for lyraphokine release. This system can be used to quantitate T cell recognition of parasite antigens and to study T cell/antigen‐presenting‐cell interactions involved in the immune response to parasite infection.
δ13C signature of early graphite and subsequently formed microdiamond from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, Germany
Authors: Massonne Hans‐Joachim , Tu Wenmao 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMicrodiamond and graphite occur in quartzofeldspathic rocks (saidenbachites) of the central Erzgebirge in Saxony. Zircon from such rocks contains not only relatively high but also variable amounts of early formed graphite and later crystallized diamond, however no carbonate. Six purified zircon concentrates were analysed by mass spectrometry for δ13C(PDB) values which were between −24 and −33‰. The carbon inclusions resulted in C contents of the concentrates as high as 0.5 wt%. It is hypothesized that the observed δ13C signature results from organic material in the sedimentary protoliths of the saidenbachites probably deposited not earlier than Mid‐Devonian. This material was transformed to graphite during early metamorphism and subsequently to diamond after an anatectic event at great depths (>150 km). During these processes, the δ13C signature of the carbon did not (significantly) change.