bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Malliavin calculus for the stochastic 2D Navier—Stokes equation
Authors: Mattingly Jonathan C. , Pardoux Étienne 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe consider the incompressible, two‐dimensional Navier‐Stokes equation with periodic boundary conditions under the effect of an additive, white‐in‐time, stochastic forcing. Under mild restrictions on the geometry of the scales forced, we show that any finite‐dimensional projection of the solution possesses a smooth, strictly positive density with respect to Lebesgue measure. In particular, our conditions are viscosity independent. We are mainly interested in forcing that excites a very small number of modes. All of the results rely on proving the nondegeneracy of the infinite‐dimensional Malliavin matrix. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Synthetically Useful Wagner–Meerwein Rearrangement of α‐Quaternary β‐Bromovinyl Methyl Ethers
Authors: Wang Ai‐Xia , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Song Zhen‐Lei , Yuan Dao‐Yi , Hu Xiang‐Dong , Wang Shao‐Hua , Gao Shuan‐Hu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA synthetically useful Wagner–Meerwein (WM) rearrangement is reported in this paper. The investigation on the design and optimization involved the substrates α‐quaternary β‐bromovinyl methyl ethers as well as the reaction conditions. γ‐Aryl α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes with versatile synthetic uses could readily be obtained through a special pathway in high yields. For example, tricyclic aromatic systems were constructed efficiently through a tandem WM rearrangement/Friedel–Crafts alkylation.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Novel role for aspartoacylase in regulation of BDNF and timing of postnatal oligodendrogenesis
Authors: Francis Jeremy S. , Olariu Ana , McPhee Scott W. , Leone Paola 
Published: April 2006

AbstractNeuronal growth factors are thought to exert a significant degree of control over postnatal oligodendrogenesis, but mechanisms by which these factors coordinateoligodendrocyte development with the maturation of neural networks are poorly characterized. We present here a developmental analysis of aspartoacylase (Aspa)‐null tremor rats and show a potential role for this hydrolytic enzyme in the regulation of a postnatal neurotrophic stimulus that impacts on early stages of oligodendrocyte differentiation. Abnormally high levels of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression in the Aspa‐null Tremor brain are associated with dysregulated oligodendrogenesis at a stage in development normally characterized by high levels of Aspa expression. BDNF promotes the survival of proliferating cells during the early stages of oligodendrocyte maturation in vitro, but seems to compromise the ability of these cells to populate the cortex in vivo. Aspartoacylase activity in oligodendrocytes is shown to provide for the negative regulation of BDNF in neurons, thereby determining the availability of a developmental stimulus via a mechanism that links oligodendroglial differentiation with neuronal maturation. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Argon laser irradiation on polar excitations in frog sciatic nerve
Authors: Matsuda Yoshiki , Niwa Mayuka , Iwai Hiromasa , Kogure Shinichi , Honjoe Nobuyuki , Komatsu Mitsuaki , Ishii Yoshio , Watanabe Kazuhiro 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground and ObjectivesSince the mechanisms underlying the effects of low‐power laser irradiation on the nervous system remain unclear, we examined whether such irradiation can influence ionic channels of the nerve membrane using the law of polar excitation in isolated frog sciatic nerve.Study Design/Materials and MethodsUsing 43 frogs (Xenopus laevis), nerve preparations were stimulated at 0.5/second using a 10‐millisecond pulse at supramaximal intensity. Ar+ laser irradiation (457, 488, 514 nm; 50, 75, 100 mW) was applied for 30 minutes to the portion between the anode and cathode stimulating electrodes.Results and ConclusionsAr+ laser irradiations (457, 488 nm; 50 mW) blocked the generation of anode‐break‐excitation, rather than cathode‐make‐excitation. Such a selective effect occurred when applying a blocker of hyperpolarization‐activated cation current (Ih) channel, ZD7288. Ar+ laser irradiation may influence Na+ channels in addition to Ih channels. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:608–614, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term results of primary repair of brachial plexus lesions in children
Authors: Gilbert Alain , Pivato Giorgio , Kheiralla Tamer 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe results of brachial plexus reconstruction in adults are poor, despite the sophistication of the various methods used. However, the same methods used in neonates after obstetrical brachial plexus injury will give far better results because of the shorter distance, stronger potential of regeneration, and capacity of brain adaptation. Complete paralyses, associated root ruptures, and avulsions are very severe, and the end results cannot be evaluated before the end of growth. Although the end results show that the shoulder and elbow do not do as well as in upper‐type lesions, the results at the level of the hand are encouraging, showing 75% with useful function after 8 years, even in patients with avulsion injuries of the lower roots. These results demonstrate the value of the early exploration and repair of the obstetric plexus. We also review our series of traumatic brachial plexus palsy in children. The results are poorer than in neonates, where may be related, in part, to a greater percentage of associated lesions in these patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc. Microsurgery, 2006
Incompressible non‐Newtonian fluids: time asymptotic behaviour of weak solutions
Authors: Nečasová Šárka , Penel Patrick 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe study the asymptotic behaviour in time of incompressible non‐Newtonian fluids in the whole space assuming that initial data also belong to L1. Firstly, we consider the weak solution to the power‐law model with non‐zero external forces and we find the asymptotic behaviour in time of this solution in the same class of existence and uniqueness with p⩾. Secondly, we are interested in the asymptotic behaviour of weak solutions to the second grade model, and finally, we deal with the asymptotic behaviour in time of weak solutions to a simplified model of viscoelastic fluids of the Oldroyd type. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictive model of muscle fatigue after spinal cord injury in humans
Authors: Shields Richard K. , Chang Ya‐Ju , Dudley‐Javoroski Shauna , Lin Cheng‐Hsiang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe fatigability of paralyzed muscle limits its ability to deliver physiological loads to paralyzed extremities during repetitive electrical stimulation. The purposes of this study were to determine the reliability of measuring paralyzed muscle fatigue and to develop a model to predict the temporal changes in muscle fatigue that occur after spinal cord injury (SCI). Thirty‐four subjects underwent soleus fatigue testing with a modified Burke electrical stimulation fatigue protocol. The between‐day reliability of this protocol was high (intraclass correlation, 0.96). We fit the fatigue index (FI) data to a quadratic‐linear segmental polynomial model. FI declined rapidly (0.3854 per year) for the first 1.7 years, and more slowly (0.01 per year) thereafter. The rapid decline of FI immediately after SCI implies that a “window of opportunity” exists for the clinician if the goal is to prevent these changes. Understanding the timing of change in muscle endurance properties (and, therefore, load‐generating capacity) after SCI may assist clinicians when developing therapeutic interventions to maintain musculoskeletal integrity. Muscle Nerve, 2006
Codep: Maximizing co‐evolutionary interdependencies to discover interacting proteins
Authors: Tillier Elisabeth R. M. , Biro Laurence , Li Ginny , Tillo Desiree 
Published: April 2006

AbstractApproaches for the determination of interacting partners from different protein families (such as ligands and their receptors) have made use of the property that interacting proteins follow similar patterns and relative rates of evolution. Interacting protein partners can then be predicted from the similarity of their phylogenetic trees or evolutionary distances matrices. We present a novel method called Codep, for the determination of interacting protein partners by maximizing co‐evolutionary signals. The order of sequences in the multiple sequence alignments from two protein families is determined in such a manner as to maximize the similarity of substitution patterns at amino acid sites in the two alignments and, thus, phylogenetic congruency. This is achieved by maximizing the total number of interdependencies of amino acids sites between the alignments. Once ordered, the corresponding sequences in the two alignments indicate the predicted interacting partners. We demonstrate the efficacy of this approach with computer simulations and in analyses of several protein families. A program implementing our method, Codep, is freely available to academic users from our website: http://www.uhnresearch.ca/labs/tillier/. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Understanding the earth systems of Malawi: Ecological sustainability, culture, and place‐based education
Authors: Glasson George E. , Frykholm Jeffrey A. , Mhango Ndalapa A. , Phiri Absalom D. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe purpose of this 2‐year study was to investigate Malawian teacher educators' perspectives and dispositions toward teaching about ecological sustainability issues in Malawi, a developing country in sub‐Sahara Africa. This study was embedded in a larger theoretical framework of investigating earth systems science through the understanding of nature–knowledge–culture systems from local, place‐based perspectives. Specifically, we were interested in learning more about eco‐justice issues that are related to environmental degradation in Malawi and the potential role of inquiry‐oriented pedagogies in addressing these issues. In a science methods course, the African educators' views on deforestation and teaching about ecological sustainability were explored within the context of the local environment and culture. Teachers participated in inquiry pedagogies designed to promote the sharing of perspectives related to the connections between culture and ecological degradation. Strategies encouraging dialogue and reflection included role‐playing, class discussions, curriculum development activities, teaching experiences with children, and field trips to a nature preserve. Data were analyzed from postcolonial and critical pedagogy of place theoretical perspectives to better understand the hybridization of viewpoints influenced by both Western and indigenous science and the political hegemonies that impact sustainable living in Malawi. Findings suggested that the colonial legacy of Malawi continues to impact the ecological sustainability issue of deforestation. Inquiry‐oriented pedagogies and connections to indigenous science were embraced by the Malawian educators as a means to involve children in investigation, decision making, and ownership of critical environmental issues. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 90:660–680, 2006
A comparative evaluation of implementation methods for controlling the execution speed of a program by regulating I/O performance
Authors: Taniguchi Hideo 
Published: April 2006

AbstractAs the performance capacity of computer hardware increases, the processing time taken by software becomes shorter and it is now possible to have programs execute complex procedures. However, processing speed is highly dependent on the actual performance of the hardware. Therefore, it is necessary to establish control mechanisms in order to execute a given set of processing instructions at a speed within the limits of the hardware capacity that matches the demands of the user as well as the nature of the service provided by the software. In addition, there are various methods for implementing such control mechanisms: in the kernel of the operating system (OS) or as a library that is external to the OS. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages. In this paper we describe and compare different methods for implementing program execution speed regulation procedures by controlling the input–output (I/O) performance. Specifically, we describe and compare implementations of a basic method for adjusting the number of times I/O is performed and a fundamental method for adjusting the time spent on I/O. In addition, we compare an implementation of a method for regulating I/O timing implemented as a library with an implementation in the OS kernel and highlight the advantages of each approach. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(7): 72–82, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10185
Autonomous distributed secret sharing storage system
Authors: Miyamoto Toshiyuki , Doi Shinji , Nogawa Hiroki , Kumagai Sadatoshi 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA safe and durable storage system is essential for mission critical and safe critical operations. In this paper, the authors propose a distributed storage system that uses the (k, n) threshold scheme. Using the (k, n) threshold scheme enables robustness to network problems or data loss due to disk failures to be increased and data secrecy to be improved at the same time. Since the authors have already developed agents for implementing the basic functions for realizing the distributed storage system, they introduce them here. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(6): 55–63, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20388
HTML text segmentation for Web page summarization by a key sentence extraction method
Authors: Sunayama Wataru , Iyama Akihiro , Yachida Masahiko 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe information displayed as the search result by search engines is important for quickly finding the desired information. In particular, the summary of each Web page in the search results is important for determining the Web page content, as well as for determining how the input search term is used in each Web page, namely, the relation between the search term and the Web page. However, the summaries of the search results in conventional search engines have problems such as extracting only the opening text and not containing the search term, or containing the search term but having the sentence truncated in the middle so that the context of the term or the content of the Web page cannot be determined. Therefore, a summary in sentence units is desirable, but since HTML text includes many nonsentence items that do not contain punctuation, if they are unprocessed, it is difficult for a key sentence extraction system that treats sentences as units to provide a summary. Thus, in this paper, we propose an HTML text segmentation system that divides the source text of each Web page into meaningfully connected groups of text corresponding to sentences. We also verify experimentally that the text generated by this system can be used effectively in a Web page summarization. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(7): 26–36, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20416
Temporal posture estimation of nonrigid objects lacking sufficient features based on the automatically generated stick and ellipse model
Authors: Ukita Norimichi , Kitajima Toshihiro , Kidode Masatsugu 
Published: April 2006

AbstractWe propose a method for tracking nonrigid objects using an object model automatically generated from a set of sample images. Our model consists of multiple sticks and ellipses that represent the skeleton and the areas of an object, respectively. In previous methods, it is difficult to estimate the entire area and posture of a nonrigid object, which lacks sufficient characteristic features (e.g., texture patterns and shapes), because the previous methods have not dealt with the extraction of appearance features for any object from a 2D image of the object. With the proposed model, on the other hand, our method is effective because (1) each component of the model can fit each rigid part of a nonrigid object and (2) the reliability of each component is evaluated. In order to confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method, we conducted several experiments with goldfish and human subjects. The tracking system automatically generated a model of the target; it could then track multiple targets even when they were partially occluded. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(6): 21–31, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20493
Fundamentals concerning wave loading on offshore structures
Authors: Lighthill James 
Published: April 2006

This article is aimed at relating a certain substantial body of established material concerning wave loading on offshore structures to fundamental principles of mechanics of solids and of fluids and to important results by G. I. Taylor (1928a,b). The object is to make some key parts within a rather specialised field accessible to the general fluid-mechanics reader.The article is concerned primarily to develop the ideas which validate a separation of hydrodynamic loadings into vortex-flow forces and potential-flow forces; and to clarify, as Taylor (1928b) first did, the major role played by components of the potential-flow forces which are of the second order in the amplitude of ambient velocity fluctuations. Recent methods for calculating these forces have proved increasingly important for modes of motion of structures (such as tension-leg platforms) of very low natural frequency.
Experimental study on the coherent structure of turbulent open-channel flow using visualization and picture processing
Authors: Utami Tadashi , Ueno Tetsuo 
Published: April 2006

Coherent structures of turbulent open-channel flow in the wall region of a channel bed were examined quantitatively using experimental data obtained by flow visualization. Successive pictures of flow patterns in two horizontal cross-sections at different levels near the channel bed were taken, and then were digitized and analysed by a computer.This method of flow visualization and picture processing enabled us to calculate the distributions of the three components of the velocity vectors. The distributions of velocities, streamlines, two-dimensional divergence and three components of vorticity could be calculated and are displayed as graphical output. In our numerical analyses, the idea of a two-dimensional correlation coefficient is introduced, through which the degree of similarity of turbulence structures can be better estimated than with the usual one-dimensional coefficient. Use of the data was based on the premise that the essential element in a turbulence structure is vortex motion.We propose a conceptual model of turbulence structure in which the elementary unit of coherent structure in the buffer layer is presumed to be a horseshoe vortex and in which the characteristics of the multiple structure of turbulence are shown with respect to the scale, arrangement and generating process of horseshoe vortices and longitudinal vortices. Our model clearly explains the generating mechanism and mutual relations of low-speed regions, high-speed regions, ejections, sweeps and localized free-shear layers.
Energy separation in a vortex street
Authors: Kurosaka M. , Gertz J. B. , Graham J. E. , Goodman J. R. , Sundaram P. , Riner W. C. , Kuroda H. , Hankey W. L. 
Published: April 2006

When a bluff body is placed in a crossflow, the total temperature in its wake can become substantially less than the incoming one, as manifested by the fact that the recovery factorRon its rearmost surface takes negative values at high subsonic flow: this is the phenomenon referred to here as the Eckert-Weise effect. Although a vortex street has been a suspected cause, the issue of whether this is so, and what the mechanism is, has remained unsettled. In this experimental and theoretical investigation, we first examine the cause of the Eckert-Weise effect by enhancing the vortex shedding through acoustic synchronization: resonance between the vortex shedding and transversely standing acoustic waves in a wind tunnel. At the lowest synchronization, where a ringing sound emanates from the wind tunnel,Rat the rearmost section of the cylinder is found to become negative even at a Mach number of 0.2; the base pressure (Cpb) takes dips correspondingly, indicative of the intensification of the vortex street. At this lowest acoustic resonance, the decrease ofRandCpb, uniform along the span, agrees with the expectation based on the spanwise uniformity of the lowest standing wave. At the next acoustic resonance where the standing wave now varies along the span, the corresponding dips inRandCpb, non-uniform along the span, reveals an interesting ‘strip-theory’-like behaviour of the vortex intensities in the vortex street. These results correlating the change inRwithCpbconfirm that the Eckert-Weise effect is indeed caused by the vortex shedding, the mechanism of which is examined theoretically in the latter half of the paper.A simple theoretical argument, bolstered by a full numerical simulation, shows that the time-varying static pressure field due to the vortex movement separates the instantaneous total temperature into hot and cold spots located around vortices; once time-averaged, however, the total temperature distribution conceals the presence of hot spots and takes the guise of a colder wake, the Eckert-Weise effect. Therefore the correct explanation of the Eckert-Weise effect, a time-averaged phenomenon, emerges only out of, and only as a superposition of, instantaneous total temperature separation around vortices. Such a separation is not confined to the outside of vortex cores; every vortex in its entirety becomes thermally separated. Nor is it limited to the far downstream equilibrium configuration of the Kármán vortex street but applies to the important near-wake vortices, and to any three-dimensional vortical structure as well. For low subsonic flows in particular, this dynamical explanation also leads to a similar separation of total pressure; these features may thus be potentially exploited as a general marker to identify and quantify vortices.