bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced suppression of pulmonary metastasis of malignant melanoma cells by combined administration of α‐galactosylceramide and interleukin‐18
Authors: Nishio Shoji , Yamada Naoko , Ohyama Hideki , Yamanegi Koji , Nakasho Keiji , Hata Masaki , Nakamura Yoshiteru , Fukunaga Satoru , Futani Hiroyuki , Yoshiya Shinichi , Ueda Haruyasu , Taniguchi Masaru , Okamura Haruki , Terada Nobuyuki 
Published: October 2007

α‐Galactosylceramide (α‐GalCer) shows antitumor effects by activating natural killer (NK) cells indirectly through stimulation of the secretion of cytokines by NKT cells, whereas interleukin (IL)‐18 shows antitumor effects by activating NK cells directly. In the present study, we examined the antitumor effect of the combined administration of α‐GalCer and IL‐18. An injection of NK cell‐sensitive mouse B16 melanoma cells into a mouse tail vein produced pulmonary metastasis. The daily administration of α‐GalCer or IL‐18 alone for 4 days starting 1 day after the injection of B16 melanoma cells markedly suppressed the number of pulmonary metastatic foci, and their combined administration enhanced the antitumor effect compared with single administration. The antitumor effect of their combined administration was completely abolished by treatment of mice with anti‐asialo GM1 serum, which depletes NK cells but not NKT cells. Combined administration of α‐GalCer and IL‐18 enhanced the cytotoxicity of NK cells and increased the number of NK cells in the lung. Analysis of NKT cell‐dependent and NK cell‐independent secretion of cytokines, to which NK cells can respond, showed that the administration of α‐GalCer increased the secretion of IL‐2, IL‐4, interferon‐γ, IL‐12, granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and IL‐10, and the combined administration of α‐GalCer and IL‐18 enhanced the secretion of IL‐2, IL‐4, interferon‐γ, and granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor further but only slightly. These results show that IL‐18 in combination with α‐GalCer exerts an antitumor effect on NK cell‐sensitive tumors primarily by the direct stimulation of NK cells by IL‐18 and the indirect stimulation of NK cells by α‐GalCer through its activation of NKT cells. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 113–120)
The use of physical restraints on children: practices and attitudes of paediatric nurses in Turkey
Authors: Demir A. 
Published: October 2007

Aims:  This study aimed to determine paediatric nurses’ ideas and attitudes towards physical restraint in Turkey, the consent obtained, physical restraint types used in paediatric units and complications developing in children subjected to physical restraint.Background:  Physical restraint, although controversial, is still common in paediatric units in Turkey and creates complications, which were observed or investigated by researchers.Design and method:  The research used descriptive, analytical and cross‐sectional methods with 121 paediatric nurses working in paediatric surgical‐internal medicine services and paediatric intensive care units of four hospitals. The questionnaire consisted of open‐ended questions and was applied via face‐to‐face interviews.Results:  66.9% of nurses reported that nurse shortages were the main reason for increased physical restraint applications, 58.7% tried alternative methods, and 71.1% indicated no need of written orders for physical restraint use. Physical restraint decreased while the mother accompanied her child (P = 0.0001) and increased while inexperienced clinic nurses were in charge (P = 0.003). Wrist (96.7%), ankle (81.0%), and whole body (17.4%) restraints were all used. No nurse had received any verbal or written consent from children or surrogates and 96.7% used physical restraint without any verbal or written physician order. Thirty (24.8%) respondents reported that children under physical restraint had developed various complications, for example, oedema and cyanosis by arm and wrist restraint, food rejection and agitation.Conclusions:  Physical restraint could be reduced by a wiser combination of education and expert consultation in paediatric units in Turkey, although further detailed research is needed.
Primary health care nurses implement and evaluate a community outreach approach to health care in the South African agricultural sector
Authors: Dick J. , Clarke M. , Van Zyl H. , Daniels K. 
Published: October 2007

Background:  Early detection and effective case management of tuberculosis (TB) among a high‐risk group of materially poor farm workers in an area of the Cape Winelands, South Africa, presents special challenges to the health community, where resource constraints lead to service reduction. In order to address this problem, local nurses established a collaborative partnership between permanent farm workers and their families, their employers, selected non‐governmental organizations and the public health sector. In consultation with stakeholders, they developed an intervention primarily focusing on having peer selected trained lay health workers (LHWs) on farms, mentored and managed by nurses.Purpose:  To describe the complex process of implementation and evaluation of the LHW project, and provide a summary of a number of discrete studies evaluating the effectiveness, cost implications, and the perceptions and experiences of key stakeholders of the intervention.Methods:  Quantitative and qualitative research methods conducted within the context of a pragmatic unblinded community cluster randomized control trial were used. Emphasis was placed on an iterative participatory interaction between the researchers and key stakeholders.Results:  The intervention contributed to significantly better successful treatment completion rates among adult new smear‐positive TB cases. The process implemented proved cost‐effective and was pivotal in initiating a community‐based social development programme.Conclusions:  The use of peer‐selected LHWs within a wider programme of integrated care designed to merge technical biomedical approaches to disease management with more holistic social development activities, appears essential to meet the complex health needs in conjunction with public health of the rural poor.
Workplace violence and drug use in women workers in a Peruvian Barrio
Authors: Musayón Oblitas F.Y. , Caufield C. 
Published: October 2007

Aim:  This exploratory and descriptive study explored the relationship between workplace violence and drug use in women. It also explored the perception of women workers on the relationship between workplace violence and drug use.Background:  The World Health Organization and the United Nations recognize violence against women and have adopted a definition of it. The Centres for Disease Control and Prevention reports that violence in the workplace has increased 300% over the last decade. Alcohol misuse, occupation and gender are associated with aggression in the workplace. Estimations of the incidence of non‐fatal injuries sustained because of workplace violence and evaluations of the associated risk factors have rarely been documented.Methods:  125 women workers between the ages of 18 and 60 years were surveyed in four suburbs of Zapallal, Lima. Of the 125 women, 28.8% experienced violence in the workplace. Of the 36 women who had experienced violence in the workplace, 16 agreed to participate in interviews to explore their perceptions. The data were saturated with the 16 interviews.Findings:  Of the 125 workers surveyed 17.6% experienced verbal violence, 9.6%% experienced physical violence, and 1.6% were sexually harassed in their workplace. Women who were verbally abused demonstrated eight times greater risk of drug use than those who did not experience this type of violence in their workplace.Conclusion:  This paper contributes to an understanding of the relationships among drug abuse, gender and the incidence of violence in the workplace; it documents the perception women have of these relationships; and it supports the development of programmes and strategies related to the prevention of workplace violence and drug consumption by women workers.
THE AUSTRALIAN TARIFF AND THE STANDARD OF LIVING
Authors: BRIQDEN J. B. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryThe policy of protection is beneficial to Australia, but its application requires much closer scrutiny. Secondary industries at higher costs are equivalent to the cultivation of inferior land. The cost of protection prevents land values from rising. The effects of free trade world be to reduce the standard of living in a growing population engaged upon primary production until it could compete with manufactured imports.
UNCERTAINTY AND PARETO OPTIMALITT1
Authors: Tisdell C. 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIf production, is subject to increasing costs, then an economy will not reach its production possibility frontier unless the technical rates of substitution are the same for all firms. If firms anticipate different price ratios, and this is a reasonable supposition for an uncontrolled market, their rates of technical substitution will differ and the economy's aggregate production will fall below its production possibility frontier. If the government controls the market by operating a forward price scheme, it brings all rates of technical substitution, into equality and so it can feasibly raise national income. It can do this even if its forward prices are not “equilibrium ones”,2 and if they are no closer to equilibrium than those which occur in an uncontrolled market. National income can be raised by forward prices even when associated schemes such as those involving buffer stocks and balancing funds result in additional taxation and disequilibrium price ratios.
The Equity of Alternative Policies for the Australian Homeowner*
Authors: KIEFER D. M. 
Published: October 2007

The income‐tax treatment of homeowners and renters is an important instrument of national housing policy. Major changes in the treatment of homeowners occurred in 1975 and 1976; the second change focused especially on the problems of first‐buyers and was coincident with an expanded home‐savings grant scheme. As a further reform several writers have advocated the taxation of the rent imputed to homeowners.This paper develops a user cost of capital approach to estimate the distribution of housing costs along the income scale and between policy alternatives. The model indicates the vital importance of accounting for inflation whenever physical housing costs are inflating but mortgage costs are fixed in nominal terms. Although inflation is increasing housing costs at all income levels, high‐income homeowners appear to be suffering the greatest cost increases as the result of inflation. Furthermore, unless mortgages are indexed, the customary imputed‐rent formula is regressive.
Value Cores for Finite Agents*
Authors: MOESEKE PAUL VAN 
Published: October 2007

The standard definition of the competitive equilibrium, at given prices, presents the difficulty that finite agents (i.e. agents with finite budget and production sets), and a fortiori coalitions of such agents, need not be price takers and will upset the equilibrium. Since 1963 an extensive literature has sprung up, which has dealt with the problem, essentially by considering infinite numbers of infinitesimal agents.The present article outlines two alternative approaches to deal with this problem, both of which, realistically, admit (a finite number of) finite agents and redefine the core in terms of the value structure of the economy, viz. prices in the presence of controls, and cost and revenue functions in their absence. It is shown that the notion of value core, here introduced, coincides with that of competitive equilibrium, which is formulated as a characteristic‐function game.
Implications for Australia of Cross‐Country Comparisons in Economic Performance*
Authors: NORTON W. E. , McDONALD ROBIN 
Published: October 2007

What can be learnt about the economic experience of Australia in the 1970s by comparing the performances of other countries with that of Australia? In particular, what do those comparisons suggest about the nature of and reasons for, the Australian outcomes for prices, production and employment?These are the main questions addressed in this paper. In Section II, comparisons are made for several indicators between the experiences of Australia and nine other countries. In Section III the outcomes are analyzed and in Section IV some implications for Australia are drawn.
A Cross‐Section Analysis of the Labour Force Participation of Married Women in Australia
Authors: MILLER PAUL W. , VOLKER PAUL A. 
Published: October 2007

‘In a time when whales and seals are classified as endangered species, babies also seem to be an endangered species ˙˙˙ with so many mothers in the workforce our population growth has dropped below zero and I think the Federal government should counter that trend˙˙˙˙ Babies born in Australia are our best new Australians.’ (Senator Florence Bjelke‐Petersen in a speech to the Women's Action Alliance, reported in the Canberra Times, 3 June 1981.)The paper examines the labour supply of married women in Australia using data from the 1974 Census of Population and Housing. A number of approaches to modeling are employed. In the first instance OLS equations are estimated. These estimates are compared with instrumental variable estimates endogenizing wage rates. and with estimates from a three‐equation system endogenizing fertility as well as wages. The evidence suggests that many of the factors proposed by modern theory do exercise significant influences in anticipated directions on the labour supply of married women in Australia.
Uncertainty and Production Quotas
Authors: FRASER R. W. 
Published: October 2007

This paper examines the role of uncertainty in determining the impact of production quotas on a risk‐neutral producer's behaviourIn the context of production uncertainty the introduction of a quota will lead to a reduction in planned production. Moreover, in a situation of an established quota, the level of planned production relative to the quota depends both on the size of the profit margin on quota production and on the extent of production uncertainty. Apart from these direct influences, uncertainty influences planned production indirectly in a situation where over‐quota production can be sold in an uncertain export market. The direction of this influence depends on the relationship between the producer's uncertainties of price and production. It is argued, therefore, that the welfare assessment of the impact of production quotas must incorporate the role of uncertainty.
World Agricultural Trade Reform: Implications for Australia
Authors: HORRIDGE MARK , PEARCE DAVID , WALKER AGNES 
Published: October 2007

In this paper we assess the implications of agricultural trade reform by GATT member countries. To do this, we link two general equilibrium models, a world food trade model and the ORANI model of the Australian economy. By treating the ORANI model as an integral part of the world model, we are able to focus on the implications for Australia of world agricultural trade reform.The findings suggest that, if price distorting agricultural policies were removed by GATT member countries, world food commodity prices would rise, some by up to 30 per cent, and world food trade expand by about a third. Australia would be a major beneficiary of these international developments, the value of its agricultural exports rising by close to 15 per cent. In 1986, this would have meant for Australia additional export earnings of around SUS750 million, as well as more rapid economic growth.
The Changing Face of Australian Industrial Relations: A Survey*
Authors: HAWKE ANNE , WOODEN MARK 
Published: October 2007

SummaryIn 1994 David Metcalf, writing about Britain, reached the following conclusion: ‘There can be no doubt that the institutions and processes of British industrial relations has [sic] changed fundamentally in the last decade or so’ (Metcalf 1994, p. 152).This description seems perfectly apt in describing recent change in Australia. The spread of enterprise agreements, the increased scope for individual agreements, the marked fall in trade union membership, the restructuring and rationalization of trade union structures, and the dramatic fall in levels of industrial action and persistence of relative industrial peace have all been relatively recent phenomena and mark the last 10 to 15 years as a period of significant change, certainly as compared with the relative stability of the industrial relations institutions throughout most of this century.Despite this, whether the volume and nature of change experienced to date can be judged as transformational is still questionable. The Commission, for example, despite legislative change designed to limit its influence, continues to act as an arbiter of national and award‐based minima in pay and conditions and as a means of conciliation and arbitration. Furthermore, while the introduction of enterprise and individual agreements within the awards system is a significant change, it does not yet constitute a break with past centralized practices since agreements remain subject to approval by either the Commission or the newly formed Office of the Employment Advocate. Moreover, it is not clear that enterprise agreements are necessarily delivering outcomes that are greatly different from that which would have been delivered in their absence, either through awards or through over‐award bargaining. Only the changed role of the trade union movement can clearly be judged as transformational. Even the most die‐hard unionists have long since given up hoping that the downward trend in union membership might be reversed. The best they can hope for is that the haemorrhage is staunched.
F. H. G. Gruen: 1921‐97
Authors: CHAPMAN BRUCE 
Published: October 2007

Economics Society of Australia Distinguished Fellow 1997 Fred Gruen was awarded the 1997 Economics Society of Australia Distiguished Fellow for his contribution to the Australian economics profession. Throughout his life Professor Gruen's writtings on economic policy were distinguished by their breadth, relevance and insight. His advice had direct influence on government policy, such as the 25 per cent tariff cut in 1973, and the reintroduction of the assets test on pensions in 1985. His contribution to the development of the economics profession included his role as President both of the Australian Agrucutural Economics Society and the Australian Academy of Social Sciences.This citation has been shortened to accompany the following obituary.
Reducing the Risk of Stroke Through Appropriate Targets and Treatments
Authors: Davidson Michael H. , Basile Jan , Garber Alan J. , Phillips Robert A. 
Published: October 2007

On June 29, 2007, Michael H. Davidson, MD, of the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, moderated a panel of participants, including Jan Basile, MD, Primary Care Service Line, Ralph H. Johnson VA Medical Center, and the Division of General Internal Medicine/Geriatrics, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC; Alan J. Garber, MD, PhD, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX; and Robert A. Phillips, MD, PhD, University of Massachusetts Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, MA.
With the publication of this first Expert Panel Discussion in Preventive Cardiology, we inaugurate a new educational feature. Periodically, we will gather a group of experts to exchange viewpoints on current issues relevant to the prevention of cardiovascular disease. It is our hope that the resulting discussion will provide the practicing clinician with data from recent trials, expert opinions on symptoms and diagnoses, and a variety of potential therapeutic approaches for the management of risk factors.
Oligonucleotide microchip for subtyping of influenza A virus
Authors: Fesenko Eugeny E. , Kireyev Dmitry E. , Gryadunov Dmitry A. , Mikhailovich Vladimir M. , Grebennikova Tatyana V. , L’vov Dmitry K. , Zasedatelev Alexander S. 
Published: October 2007

Background  Influenza A viruses are classified into subtypes depending on the antigenic properties of their two outer glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). Sixteen subtypes of HA and nine of NA are known. Lately, the circulation of some subtypes (H7N7, H5N1) has been closely watched because of the epidemiological threat they present.Objectives  This study assesses the potential of using gel‐based microchip technology for fast and sensitive molecular subtyping of the influenza A virus.Methods  The method employs a microchip of 3D gel‐based elements containing immobilized probes. Segments of the HA and NA genes are amplified using multiplex RT‐PCR and then hybridized with the microchip.Results  The developed microchip was validated using a panel of 21 known reference strains of influenza virus. Selected strains represented different HA and NA subtypes derived from avian, swine and human hosts. The whole procedure takes 10 hours and enables one to identify 15 subtypes of HA and two subtypes of NA. Forty‐one clinical samples isolated during the poultry fall in Novosibirsk (Russia, 2005) were successfully identified using the proposed technique. The sensitivity and specificity of the method were 76% and 100%, respectively, compared with the ‘gold standard’ techniques (virus isolation with following characterization by immunoassay).Conclusions  We conclude that the method of subtyping using gel‐based microchips is a promising approach for fast detection and identification of influenza A, which may greatly improve its monitoring.
Novel Trypanocidal Analogs of 5′-(Methylthio)-Adenosine
Authors: Sufrin Janice R. , Spiess Arthur J. , Marasco Canio J. , Rattendi Donna , Bacchi Cyrus J. 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

The purine nucleoside 5′-deoxy-5′-(hydroxyethylthio)-adenosine (HETA) is an analog of the polyamine pathway metabolite 5′-deoxy-5′-(methylthio)-adenosine (MTA). HETA is a lead structure for the ongoing development of selectively targeted trypanocidal agents. Thirteen novel HETA analogs were synthesized and examined for their in vitro trypanocidal activities against bloodstream forms of
Trypanosoma brucei brucei
LAB 110 EATRO and at least one drug-resistant
Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense
clinical isolate. New compounds were also assessed in a cell-free assay for their activities as substrates of trypanosome MTA phosphorylase. The most potent analog in this group was 5′-deoxy-5′-(hydroxyethylthio)-tubercidin, whose in vitro cytotoxicity (50% inhibitory concentration [IC
50
], 10 nM) is 45 times greater than that of HETA (IC
50
, 450 nM) against pentamidine-resistant clinical isolate KETRI 269. Structure-activity analyses indicate that the enzymatic cleavage of HETA analogs by trypanosome MTA phosphorylase is not an absolute requirement for trypanocidal activity. This suggests that additional biochemical mechanisms are associated with the trypanocidal effects of HETA and its analogs.
No Genetic Bottleneck in
Plasmodium falciparum
Wild-Type Pf
crt
Alleles Reemerging in Hainan Island, China, following High-Level Chloroquine Resistance
Authors: Chen Nanhua , Gao Qi , Wang Shanqing , Wang Guangze , Gatton Michelle , Cheng Qin 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACT

Chloroquine-resistant
Plasmodium falciparum
was highly prevalent in Hainan, China, in the 1970s. Twenty-five years after cessation of chloroquine therapy, the prevalence of
P. falciparum
wild-type Pf
crt
alleles has risen to 36% (95% confidence interval, 22.1 to 52.4%). The diverse origins of wild-type alleles indicate that there was no genetic bottleneck caused by high chloroquine resistance.