bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Top of Line Pipeline Corrosion Management Through Innovate Subsea Facility Design
Authors: Douglas Benjamin , Pugh Dylan , Monahan Craig C. , Russ Paul R. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The Kipper gas field (~0.7 Tcf gross) in the Gippsland Basin, Australia is being developed by subsidiaries of ExxonMobil (32.5% & Operator), BHP Billiton (32.5%) and Santos (35%) utilising a subsea well and pipeline tieback. The facilities design required close attention to the process, materials and corrosion design challenges associated with handling water-saturated raw gas streams containing up to 12% CO2 and low levels of H2S. These challenges have been met through an integrated approach to address top of line corrosion (TOLC) risks.
A Corrosion Resistant Alloy (CRA) Subsea Cooler was developed by leveraging proprietary tools and local industry experience. The Subsea Cooler is designed to reduce the raw gas temperature and condense bulk water vapour, reducing the TOLC potential before entry to the Carbon Steel (CS) pipeline. This enables use of inhibited CS for the 18 km Kipper subsea tie-back, minimising use of CRA and overall cost. This hybrid solution offers another option for increasingly complex flow assurance challenges to support Subsea developments in the face of increasing materials cost pressures.
The 350mm diameter pipeline is configured in a piggable loop configuration for inspection and batch pigging to support corrosion control and monitoring. The configuration also enhances operability over the life of the depletion drive reservoir, while providing hydraulic capacity equivalent to a single 450mm diameter line.
This design addresses the challenges of providing robust corrosion control while minimising the use of expensive CRA materials. Challenges encountered included: •Maturity of TOLC theoretical models in presence of H2S•Limited industry capability for testing effectiveness of inhibited TOLC systems•Industry accepted materials selection parameters•Non-standard heat transfer application
Reservoir Static Connectivity and Heterogeneity Analysis (RCHA) and the Impact on Flow Behavior
Authors: Tang Hong , Liu Ning 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Based on previous studies, multiple SCH parameters are used to quantify reservoir performance. Static connectivity is quantified by fraction of connected pore volume between wells. Static heterogeneity is defined by Dykstra-Parson Coefficient, Lorenz Coefficient weighted by cell volume. Two-phase streamline simulation is used to exam the dynamic performances and validate the SCH analysis.
The impact of static modeling parameters on flow responses is studied. Geological factors include net-to-gross (NTG), interbed connectivity, intrabed heterogeneity, and reservoir log cutoff. Intrabed heterogeneity is usually misrepresented due to maximum entropy assumption, stationary assumption of geostatistics and upscaling. The intrabed heterogeneity is modeled by Vdp based permeability multiplier. The flow responses of these modeling factors are examined by a D-optimal design. The study is applied to a shallow marine reservoir in the South Africa. The study indicates that SCH study is particularly useful for green field with high heterogeneity and low NTG.
Probably, due to complex flow geometry and interwell connectivity, single static parameter is not good enough to be a satisfying proxy for dynamic response. However, a simple stepwise regression successfully generates a robust static proxy for cumulative oil production total. The SCH study provides a quantitative estimation of uncertainty of reservoir ultimate recovery distribution. The permeability intralayer heterogeneity is sensitive to the recovery factor. At early stage of reservoir development, the quick SCH analysis help geologists rank the reservoir models upfront and save the model cycling time. Furthermore, these methods can be used for infill drilling design and production forecasting.

Introduction
Geostatistical models are built to simulate the fluid flow and capture the uncertainty range of flow responses. Current common practice is to ranks geological models based on hydrocarbon in place (HCIP). The rank is served as a proxy of the reserve or recoverable hydrocarbon. However, studies showed the HCIP may not be a good proxy for reserve. Larue and Legarre (2004) stated the reservoir connectivity may change the recovery dramatically if the gross NTG is smaller than 30%. Results obtained demonstrate that the rank of OIP is very different from rank of recoverable oil. Jennings et al. (2007), Li and White. (2003) concluded the reservoir heterogeneity and flow baffles significantly change the flow recovery. In addition, The visually complicated geological models may not be significantly different in terms of flow responses(Jian et al. (2000)). Model and quantify the reservoir connectivity/heterogeneity upfront and select representative static models for simulation is critical for successful field development plan and better business decision.
Brain Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Newly Diagnosed Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: PETRI MICHELLE , NAQIBUDDIN MOHAMMAD , CARSON KATHRYN A. , WALLACE DANIEL J. , WEISMAN MICHAEL H. , HOLLIDAY STEPHEN L. , SAMPEDRO MARGARET , NARAYANA SHALINI , FOX PETER T. , FRANKLIN CRYSTAL , PADILLA PATRICIAA. , BREY ROBIN L. 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveWe wished to determine the prevalence of cerebral atrophy and focal lesions in a cohort of patients with newly diagnosed systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and the association of these brain abnormalities with clinical characteristics.MethodsA total of 97 patients with SLE, within 9 months of diagnosis, with 4 or more American College of Rheumatology classification criteria, were enrolled. Brain magnetic resonance imaging was performed.ResultsThe patients were 97% female, mean age 38.1 (SD 12.2) years, education 15.1 (2.8) years; 59 Caucasian, 11 African American, 19 Hispanic, 5 Asian, and 3 other ethnicity. Cerebral atrophy was prevalent in 18% (95% CI 11%–27%): mild in 12%, moderate in 5%. Focal lesions were prevalent in 8% (95% CI 4%–16%): mild in 2%, moderate in 5%, severe in 1%. Patients with cerebral atrophy were more likely to have anxiety disorder (p = 0.04). Patients with focal lesions were more likely to be African American (p = 0.045) and had higher Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment SLEDAI scores (p = 0.02) and anti-dsDNA (p = 0.05).ConclusionIn this population with newly diagnosed SLE, brain abnormalities were prevalent in 25% of patients. These findings suggest that the brain may be affected extremely early in the course of SLE, even before the clinical diagnosis of SLE is made. Followup of these patients is planned, to determine the reversibility or progression of these abnormalities and their association with and potential predictive value for subsequent neuropsychiatric SLE manifestations.
Circulating Dickkopf-1 and Radiological Progression in Patients with Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Treated with Etanercept
Authors: GARNERO PATRICK , TABASSI NADINE CHARNI-BEN , VOORZANGER-ROUSSELOT NATHALIE 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveDickkopf-1 (Dkk-1) regulates bone remodeling in animal models of inflammatory arthritis, but its role in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains unclear.MethodsBaseline circulating Dkk-1 was measured in 113 patients with RA (< 3 yrs) who received etanercept (10 or 25 mg twice/week, n = 63) or methotrexate alone (n = 40) for 1 year. Progression was assessed by changes in radiological Sharp score.ResultsIncreased Dkk-1 was associated with a higher risk of progression of bone erosion, independently of age, sex, baseline radiological damage, C-reactive protein, and disease activity in patients treated with etanercept.ConclusionDkk-1 may be an important mediator of bone erosion in patients with RA.
Evaluation of an Instrument Assessing Influence of Gout on Health-Related Quality of Life
Authors: HIRSCH JAN D. , LEE SUSAN J. , TERKELTAUB ROBERT , KHANNA DINESH , SINGH JASVINDER , SARKIN ANDREW , HARVEY JODI , KAVANAUGH ARTHUR 
Published: December 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability and validity of an instrument assessing the influence of gout (acute and chronic) on health-related quality of life (HRQOL).MethodsFocus groups were used to examine the content of an existing Gout Assessment Questionnaire (GAQ1.0). GAQ2.0 was developed, consisting of a section describing the impact of gout on HRQOL [Gout Impact (GI)] and 4 sections describing subjects’ gout overall and demographic data. The GAQ2.0 and the Medical Outcomes Study Short Form-36 Version 2 (SF-36v2) were completed by gout patients in 3 US cities. GI scales were examined using clinical judgment, review of item statistics, Rasch analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis.ResultsSubjects (n = 308) were predominantly male (90.2%), Caucasian (75.9%), with a mean age 62.2 ± 11.8 years. Half the subjects (49.7%) reported ≥ 3 attacks in the past year. Two-week test-retest reliability for each scale was good (0.77 to 0.89) for all 5 GI scales. All scales achieved high sufficient (0.86 to 0.89) or excellent (0.93 to 0.97) ratings based on 10-item adjusted alpha coefficients. Correlations and tests among known groups indicated subjects with more severe gout had higher GI scores (i.e., greater gout impact). GI scores correlated more highly with patient-reported measures of gout severity than the SF-36v2 and several traditional measures of gout severity.ConclusionThe GAQ2.0 is an instrument for measuring the impact of gout on HRQOL. The GI section exhibited acceptable reliability and validity characteristics. Future studies should assess GI responsiveness, minimally important differences, and psychometric properties in other patient populations.
Jet fires: An experimental study of the main geometrical features of the flame in subsonic and sonic regimes
Authors: Palacios A. , Muñoz M. , Casal J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAlthough jet fires are usually smaller than other fires, they may lead to a destructive chain of events that can increase the scale of an accident. Therefore, their size should be predicted for accurate risk assessment. In the literature, most of the proposals for estimating jet fire size concern small jet fires (up to 2.5 m in length) or subsonic flames. In this study, experiments on relatively large propane jet fires in still air were performed. Vertical turbulent diffusion flames up to 10 m in length, with sonic and subsonic mass flow rates, were obtained using six different orifice exit diameters. The experiments were filmed with video and thermographic cameras and the resulting visible and infrared images were used to determine flame length and lift‐off distance. Expressions for estimating jet length as a function of several variables (mass flow rate, orifice exit diameter, Froude and Reynolds numbers) are also proposed. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
After the fire: benefits of reduced ground cover for vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops)
Authors: Jaffe Karin Enstam , Isbell Lynne A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractHere we describe changes in ranging behavior and other activities of vervet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) after a wildfire eliminated grass cover in a large area near the study group's home range. Soon after the fire, the vervets ranged farther away from tall trees that provide refuge from mammalian predators, and moved into the burned area where they had never been observed to go before the fire occurred. Visibility at vervet eye‐level was 10 times farther in the burned area than in unburned areas. They traveled faster, and adult females spent more time feeding and less time scanning bipedally in the burned area than in the unburned area. The burned area's greater visibility may have lowered the animals' perceived risk of predation there, and may have provided them with an unusual opportunity to eat acacia ants. Am. J. Primatol. 71:252–260, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthese und Reaktivität von Phosphor‐Selen‐Ringen
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLawesson‐Reagens für Selenfreunde: Phosphor‐Selen‐Ringe und besonders das Woollins‐Reagens [PhPSe2]2 sind wertvolle Reagentien für die Synthese von Heterocyclen und die Insertion von Selen in organische Substrate. Durch den Einbau von Phosphor‐ und Selenatomen sind Produkte mit überraschend vielfältigen Strukturen erhältlich.magnified imageDie Entwicklung der Chemie von P‐Se‐Ringen umfasst die Synthese einiger interessanter neuer Strukturmotive und ein neues Reagens: [PhPSe2]2 ist in der organischen Chemie als Woollins‐Reagens bekannt.
Formation and Reactivity of Phosphorus–Selenium Rings
Authors: Hua Guoxiong , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: December 2008

AbstractLawesson reagent for selenium fans: Phosphorus selenium heterocycles and, in particular, [PhPSe2]2 (known as Woollins' reagent) are proving valuable in the synthesis of new heterocycles and for the insertion of selenium into organic substrates. Incorporation of phosphorus and selenium atoms into the products leads to a surprising variety of structures.magnified imagePhosphorus–selenium ring chemistry has developed to include the synthesis of some exciting new motifs and provided organic chemists with a new reagent, [PhPSe2]2, which has become known as Woollins’ reagent.
Self‐Assembly of One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Hemoprotein Systems by Polymerization through Heme–Heme Pocket Interactions
Authors: Kitagishi Hiroaki , Kakikura Yasuaki , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Oohora Koji , Harada Akira , Hayashi Takashi 
Published: December 2008

AbstractSupramolecular protein polymers: When a heme moiety was introduced to the surface of an apo‐cytochrome b562(H63C) mutant, supramolecular polymers formed through noncovalent heme–heme pocket interactions. The incorporation of a heme triad as a pivot molecule in the protein polymer further led to a two‐dimensional protein network structure, which was visualized by tapping‐mode atomic force microscopy (see picture).magnified image
Uniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers for on‐line concentration, purification, and measurement of nimodipine in plasma
Authors: Fu Qiang , He Langchong , Zhang Qianqian , Amut Elijan , Fang Qi , Chang Chun 
Published: December 2008

AbstractUniformly sized molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) for nimodipine have been prepared in an aqueous system by multi‐step swelling and polymerization method, utilizing 4‐vinylpyridine (4‐VPY) or methacrylic acid (MAA) as a functional monomer, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA) as a cross‐linking agent. Scanning electron microscopy was used to identify the structure features of the obtained polymers. Further, the influences of some chromatographic conditions were examined to explore the possible recognition mechanism. The results reveal that stable molecularly imprinted polymeric microspheres with good size monodispersity were obtained, and the polymer beads showed specific recognition for the template molecule and some other dihydropyridine calcium antagonists (DHPs). Besides hydrophobic interaction, the molecular shape complementation of DHPs and the MIPs seems to play an important role in the retention and recognition of DHPs. The Scatchard analysis showed that two kinds of binding sites existed in the MIPs. The MIPs was then used as a high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) separation medium to simultaneously concentrate and purify nimodipine in plasma. The results reveal that the obtained MIPs could be used for on‐line concentration, purification, and measurement of nimodipine in biological samples. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
A new strategy for controlling shrinkage of DGEBA resins cured by cationic copolymerization with hydroxyl‐terminated hyperbranched polymers and ytterbium triflate as an initiator
Authors: Fernández‐Francos Xavier , Salla Josep Maria , Cadenato Ana , Morancho Josep Maria , Serra Angels , Mantecón Ana , Ramis Xavier 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe report a novel strategy for preparing epoxy thermosetting systems with low shrinkage and improved flexibility and degradability. Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) resin was cured with different proportions of hydroxyl‐terminated hyperbranched polymer (HBP), using ytterbium triflate as a cationic initiator. The curing process was studied using differential scanning calorimetry and thermomechanical analysis. Characterization of the resulting materials was evaluated using DSC, thermogravimetric analysis, and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis, and the fracture surface was studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). When DGEBA is modified with HBP, it shows a homogeneous morphology and the HBP is incorporated chemically into the network, because hydroxyl groups can react with epoxides under cationic conditions. Higher proportions of HBP reduce the glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability and increase the flexibility. When the proportion of HBP in the curing mixture is increased, the degree of shrinkage is reduced significantly and expansion can be observed. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Stability and activity of chymotrypsin immobilized on magnetic nanogels covered with carboxyl groups
Authors: Hong Jun , Huang Jin , Liu Shunying , Yu Jiahui , Luo Shufang 
Published: December 2008

Abstractα‐chymotrypsin as model enzyme was anchored to the carboxyl‐functionalized magnetic nanogels prepared by in situ photochemical polymerization. Furthermore, to explore the optimum immobilization, the effects of immobilization time, pH of the reaction mixture, and proportion of enzyme to the magnetic nanogels were studied. The immobilized enzyme was stable in the presence of enzyme denaturation surfactants, and maintained their activity against protein‐digesting enzyme. The immobilized enzyme exhibited hydrolysis activity against the substrate of casein, and cleaved the substrate into small fragments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Cure characteristics and mechanical properties of hydrogenated natural rubber/natural rubber blends
Authors: Hinchiranan N. , Lertweerasirikun W. , Poonsawad W. , Rempel G. L. , Prasassarakich P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe cure characteristics and mechanical properties of blends consisting of hydrogenated natural rubber (HNR) and natural rubber (NR) blends were investigated. The HNR/NR blends at 50/50 wt ratio were vulcanized using various cure systems: peroxide vulcanization, conventional vulcanization with peroxide, and efficient vulcanization with peroxide. The HNR/NR vulcanizates cured by the combination of peroxide and sulfur donor (tetramethylthiuram disulfide, TMTD) in the efficient vulcanization with peroxide exhibited the best mechanical properties. It was also found that the hydrogenation level of HNR did not affect the tensile strength of the vulcanizates. The tensile strength of the blends decreased with increasing HNR content because of the higher incompatibility to cause the noncoherency behavior between NR and HNR. However, the HNR/NR vulcanizate at 50/50 wt ratio showed the maximum ultimate elongation corresponding to a co‐continuous morphology as attested to by scanning electron micrographs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Porous acrylonitrile/itaconic acid copolymers prepared by suspended emulsion polymerization
Authors: Yu Mengmeng , Chen Hou , Liang Ying , Cui Hengli , Zhou Wenying , Cui Xianqiang , Li Dongmei 
Published: December 2008

AbstractPorous acrylonitrile (AN)/itaconic acid (IA) copolymers were successfully prepared by suspended emulsion polymerization for the first time, with potassium peroxydisulfate (KPS) as an initiator, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) as a dispersant agent, and Span80 as an emulsifier. The effects of the water/monomer mass ratio, agitation conditions, KPS concentration, PVA concentration, Span80 concentration,s and IA concentration on the average particle size and size distribution, particle morphology, and porosity of the AN/IA copolymers were investigated. The results show that the final AN/IA copolymers formed with agglomerates of primary particles had a porous structure, low particle density, and uniform particle size and did not agglomerate easily between the particles. The preparation conditions for the AN/IA copolymers were optimized as follows: (1) the water/monomer mass ratio was 0.3 : 1; (2) the concentrations of KPS, IA, PVA, and Span80 were 0.5, 12.4, 0.1, and 0.5 wt %, respectively, based on the weight of AN separately; (3) the agitation rate was 400 rpm; (4) the polymerization temperature was 70°C; and (5) the reaction time was 3 h. The size of the final AN/IA copolymer particles was in the range 200–400 μm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Sequence distribution, thermal properties, and crystallization studies of poly(trimethylene terephthalate‐co‐1,4‐cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) copolyesters
Authors: Yang Jian , Li Wengang , Yu Aifang , Xi Peng , Huang Xiang'an , Li Suming 
Published: December 2008

AbstractA series of novel poly(trimethylene terephthalate‐co‐1,4‐cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate) (PTCT) with various compositions were synthesized by melt polycondensation of 1,3‐propanediol, 1,4‐cyclohexanedimethanol and dimethyl terephthalate. The resulting copolyesters were characterized using 13C and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance. The average length of both trimethylene terephthalate (TT) and cyclohexylene dimethylene terephthalate (CT) sequences varies from 1 to 10, and the chain structure is statistically random. The crystallization was investigated using wide angle X‐ray diffractometer (WAXD) and differential scanning calorimeter. The WAXD patterns can be divided in two groups according to the composition: copolyesters with less than 35 mol % CT content exhibit PTT‐type lattice, and those with CT unit content higher than 42 mol % crystallize with the PCT‐type lattice. The crystallizability of CT sequence is higher than that of TT sequence. Thermodynamic analysis shows that the comonomer is excluded from the PTT‐type or PCT‐type crystal of the copolyesters. The thermal decomposition temperature of copolyesters increases with increasing CT content, and their thermal stability is improved as compared to that of PTT. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Controlling jumps in correlated processes of Poisson counts
Authors: Weiß Christian H. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractProcesses of autocorrelated Poisson counts can often be modelled by a Poisson INAR(1) model, which proved to apply well to typical tasks of SPC. Statistical properties of this model are briefly reviewed. Based on these properties, we propose a new control chart: the combined jumps chart. It monitors the counts and jumps of a Poisson INAR(1) process simultaneously. As the bivariate process of counts and jumps is a homogeneous Markov chain, average run lengths (ARLs) can be computed exactly with the well‐known Markov chain approach. Based on an investigation of such ARLs, we derive design recommendations and show that a properly designed chart can be applied nearly universally. This is also demonstrated by a real‐data example from the insurance field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.