bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural plant enzyme inhibitors. Studies on a proteinase inhibitor from Italian millet (Setaria italica)
Authors: Udupa Saraswati , Pattabiraman Thillaisthanam N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA proteinase inhibitor specific for trypsin was purified from Italian millet (Setaria italica) 170‐fold by extraction with 0.02M HC1, ammonium sulphate fractionation, chromatography on CM‐cellulose and trypsin‐affigel chromatography. The inhibitor with an Mr of 14000 was found to be homogeneous by gel chromatography on Sephadex G‐100 and sodium dodecyl sulphate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. It reacted with bovine trypsin in a 1:1 stoichiometric fashion. Inhibition of trypsin was nearly double when assayed with benzoyl DL‐arginine p‐nitroanilide as substrate compared to the activity with casein as substrate. The inhibitor affected the tryptic activity in human and bovine pancreatic preparations to an equal extent. Chemical modification studies showed that amino groups, disulphide bridges and sulphydryl groups are essential for the action of the inhibitor. Pretreatment with porcine pepsin or bovine α‐chymotrypsin increased the antitryptic activity of the inhibitor when assayed with the low molecular weight substrate but not with casein.
Compositional changes and biosynthesis of lipids in the developing kernels of almond (Prunus amygdalus batsch)
Authors: Munshi Satish K. , Sukhija Pritam S. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFruit and kernel weights of developing almond kernels increased with age. The kernel contents had a translucent and jelly‐like appearance in the initial developmental stages, but solidified prior to the accumulation of dry matter, mainly oil, from 50 days after fertilisation (DAF). During kernel development the oil content displayed a double sigmoid pattern. Oleic and linoleic acids accumulated to similar levels, but the linolenic acid content decreased during development. Oil‐filling ([1‐14C]acetate incorporation) commenced at 50 DAF, and reached a maximum level at 70 DAF. The total polar lipid content was highest at 10 DAF, as determined by radioactive labelling, but from 30 DAF onwards a de‐novo synthesis was noted. Diphosphatidyl glycerol (Cardiolipin) acted as a temporary reservoir for the synthesis of phospholipids from 70 DAF, and thereafter the synthesis of phosphatidyl choline was enhanced. In the initial stages, the rate of synthesis of monogalactosyl diglycerides was greater than that of digalactosyl diglycerides, and a de‐novo synthesis of both was observed from 30 DAF. The synthesis of triacylglycerols corresponded well with the pattern of oil‐filling. The level of 14C radioactivity recorded in sterol esters was greater at the initial stages, but declined from 50 DAF, possibly because of the effect of dilution, as envisaged in the case of the triacylglycerols.
Contributions to the cadmium, lead and mercury contents of diets by using grinding stones
Authors: Lawani Samuel A. , Abdulmukaila M. T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe quantities of cadmium, lead and mercury introduced into beans ground on domestic Nigerian grinding stones have been determined using colorimetric methods. The highest additions of cadmium, lead and mercury were 0.14, 0.72 and 0.17 mg kg−1, respectively. The corresponding lowest values were 0.01, 0.05 and 0.01 mg kg−1, respectively. These amounts introduced by the grinding stones are greater than the tolerable daily intakes recommended by the World Health Organisation.
The treatment of rapeseed meal and its effect on chemical composition and egg tainting potential
Authors: Roger Fenwick G. , Curl Caralyn L. , Pearson Arthur W. , Butler Edward J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTreatment of high glucosinolate Brassica napus meals with lime, ammonia or by micronisation lowered their tainting potential by reducing their progoitrin, soluble tannin and sinapine contents. These effects were not sufficient to prevent inhibition of trimethylamine oxidation and the consequent rise in egg trimethylamine levels above the tainting threshold when the meals were fed to susceptible hens as sources of protein (100 g kg−1 diets).
Physical and chemical analyses of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) cultivars and F1 crosses
Authors: Yadav Satya P. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe weight of ‘dhal’ (the edible part of the seed) from 100 whole seeds, and the hull, protein, fat, starch and soluble carbohydrate contents of 12 pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) cultivars and the F1 crosses were determined. The mean values for cultivars and the F1 crosses differed in 100‐seed wt, hull content (%) and protein and starch contents. Whereas 100‐seed wt showed a high positive correlation with the weight of dhal, its correlation was significantly negative with hull content (%) in cultivars and protein content in the F1 crosses.
The kinetics and mechanism of caffeine infusion from coffee: The effect of particle size
Authors: Spiro Michael , Selwood Robert M. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMeasurements have been made of the rate of infusion of caffeine into distilled water from medium roast Kenyan Arabica coffee beans and from eight sieved fractions of the ground beans at 25.8°C. The first‐order rate constants increased dramatically as the particle size decreased. For one of the size fractions the rate constants were then measured at various temperatures up to 84.1°C and were found to rise eight‐fold over this temperature interval. The partition coefficients of caffeine between ground beans and water were also determined. These results, interpreted by a new steady‐state theory of extraction, show that the rate‐determining step in the infusion is diffusion of caffeine through the swollen coffee particles. The low magnitude of the diffusion coefficient and its high activation energy demonstrate that caffeine diffusion within the bean particles is a hindered process.
The determination of protein, fat and moisture in bread by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy
Authors: Osborne Brian G. , Barrett Gillian M. , Cauvain Stanley P. , Fearn Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNear infrared (n.i.r.) reflectance spectroscopy has been employed for the determination of protein, fat and moisture in sliced white bread. N.i.r. reflectance at six wavelengths was measured using circular samples from each of six alternate slices taken from one half of each of 30 loaves of different composition. The six readings for each loaf at each wavelength were averaged and used to produce calibrations which, on prediction of the compositions of a further 30 loaves sampled in the same way, gave rise to standard deviations of differences between n.i.r. and standard procedures of 0.20% for protein, 0.18% for fat and 0.51% for moisture. Calibrations derived from the other halves of the loaves, which had been air‐dried and ground to a powder, resulted in similar standard deviation of differences for protein and fat.
Prediction of the nutritive value of forages by near infrared reflectance photometry
Authors: Bengtsson Staffan , Larsson Kjell 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA filter‐type near infrared photometer equipped with 19 filters was used to predict crude protein, in‐vitro digestibility of organic matter, and in‐vivo and from in‐vitro predicted metabolisable energy in forages. The investigation was performed using pure species of grasses and legumes, grass/legume mixtures and grasses preserved by different methods. The need for specific calibrations is demonstrated. Results obtained using combinations of six filters selected during the calibration procedure were compared with those obtained using the six standard filters recommended for grain analysis. There were indications that selected filter combinations will only give accurate results if the composition of the test samples is very similar to that of the calibration samples, i.e. of the same species or family as the calibration samples. The correlation coefficient between manual methods and n.i.r. reflectance varied from 0.83 to 1.00 for crude protein, 0.48 to 0.91 for rumen digestible organic matter and 0.35 to 0.92 for metabolisable energy. When samples of grass silage were analysed using grass/legume mixtures for calibration of the equipment, the correlations were poor. Although the technique is satisfactory for determinating crude protein in forages utilised in practical farming, the need for specific calibrations when assessing in‐vivo organic matter digestibility or in‐vivo metabolisable energy renders it inferior to chemical/biological methods.
Effect of drought and irrigation on the fate of nitrogen applied to cut permanent grass swards in lysimeters: Leaching losses
Authors: Webster Colin P. , Dowdell Rodney J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractNitrogen losses were measured in water draining from cut permanent grass swards growing in monolith lysimeters containing clay loam (Salop series) or silt loam (Bromyard series) soils. The swards were cut at 6‐week intervals during the summer and were fertilised with calcium nitrate at rates of 0 and 400 kg N ha−1 in each of five successive years (1977–81); in the first year the fertiliser was labelled with 15N. Four differing rainfall regimes were imposed from spring to autumn in each year. Mean annual losses of nitrogen by leaching from unfertilised swards were 3.8 kg N ha−1 with mean nitrate‐N concentrations in the water of about 1 mg N litre−1. In fertilised lysimeters where rainfall distribution was that of the long‐term average the mean annual total nitrogen losses were 41 kg N ha−1 in the Salop soil and 15 kg N ha−1 for the Bromyard soil; mean nitrate‐N concentrations were 11.6 mg N litre−1 and 5.1 mg N litre−1, respectively. Losses of nitrogen and nitrate concentrations were similar to these quantities when irrigation increased the rainfall total to 120% of average. Where a drought was imposed for 2 weeks before and after each cut, mean nitrate‐N concentrations increased to 20.3 mg N litre−1 on Salop soil and 13.1 mg N litre−1 on Bromyard soils; total annual nitrogen losses were 74 kg N ha and 33 kg N ha−1, respectively. The largest losses were recorded when the drought period extended for four weeks before each cut and mean nitrate‐N concentrations increases to 28.8 mg N litre−1 on Salop soil and 34 mg N litre−1 on Bromyard soil, with total annual nitrogen losses of 104 kg N ha−1 and 109 kg N ha−1, respectively. Losses of nitrogen derived from the fertiliser labelled with 15N were 7.3–8.4% of that applied in the Salop soil (29–33 kg N ha−1), with little effect by the differing rainfall distributions. On the Bromyard soil, losses were 3.7% (14 kg N ha−1) of the applied fertiliser in lysimeters not subjected to droughts. When the period of the drought extended before and after each cut, losses were 8.2% (32 kg N ha−1) and increased to 17.9% (70 kg N ha−1) when the drought period occurred entirely before each cut. Fertiliser nitrogen contributed 48–69% of the total nitrogen in drainage water from both soils in the first year.
The digestion of monosaccharide residues of the cell walls of oat and vetch hays by rumen contents in vitro
Authors: Ben‐Ghedalia Daniel , Rubinstein Aharon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe extent and pattern of digestion of oat hay (Avena sativa L.) and vetch hay (Vicia sativa L.) monosaccharides by rumen contents was studied in vitro. The ratios of matrix polysaccharides to lignin were 1.25:1 and 3.82:1 in the vetch and oat hays, respectively. Glucose, xylose and uronic acids were the main sugars in both plants, comprising about 90% of the total monosaccharides. Glucose, xylose and arabinose were mainly confined to the cell walls (CW), whereas galactose and uronic acids were found in high proportions in the soluble fraction. Vetch had a particularly high uronic acid content (14.4 g 100 g−1 DM), of which 71% was pectic material. The ratios of CW‐glucose to CW‐xylose were 2.23:1 and 3.74:1 in the oat CW and vetch CW, respectively. Based on monosaccharide analyses of the CW material, it is suggested that the degree of branching of the matrix polysaccharides is about twice as high in vetch as in oat hay. Total glucose and xylose were more digestible in oat than in vetch hay, whereas most of the minor sugars and the total uronic acids were more digestible in the vetch. Irrespective of species, CW glucose was more digestible than CW xylose. The digestibilities of CW glucose, CW xylose and CW uronic acid were: 61.0, 55.3, 51.5, 34.3 and 62.7, 42.6 for the oat hay and vetch hay, respectively. Following the pattern of digestion, CW arabinose and CW glucose were digested faster than CW xylose and CW uronic acid, irrespective of plant species. The extent of digestion at 12 h of incubation of these sugars was higher in vetch than in oat hay. It is suggeted that the concentration ratio of rapidly to slowly degradable CW sugars, in a given plant, is a major determinant of the rate of CW digestion by rumen microorganisms.
Lenticel blotch pit, watercore, splitting and cracking in relation to calcium concentration in the apple fruit
Authors: Perring Michael A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAnalyses of apples, of various varieties and from many sources, affected by lenticel blotch pit and/or watercore showed that calcium concentrations in the fruit were usually extremely low. The severity of lenticel blotch pit, either on the tree or during storage, increased with decreasing concentrations of calcium and/or increasing concentrations of potassium. Split and cracked apples had lower concentrations of calcium or higher concentrations of potassium than sound fruit from the same sources. The disorders usually occurred when mean concentrations of calcium in bulked random samples of fruit fell below 4 mg 100 g−1 fresh wt and lenticel spotting was noted on apples with concentrations at this level. Incidences of these disorders in the orchard therefore indicate that the fruit is likely to develop bitter pit and breakdown during storage.
The effect of harvest date on the yield and composition of Tasmanian dill oil (Anethum graveolens L.)
Authors: Clark Robert J. , Menary Robert C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractSemi‐commercial plots of dill (Anethum graveolens L.) were established in the Derwent Valley area of Tasmania during 1981 and 1982. The 1981 crop was irrigated and yielded 43 to 104 kg ha−1 of dill herb oil (less than 35% carvone) or 57 to 73 kg of dill seed oil ha−1, depending on harvest date. The non‐irrigated crop established in 1982 yielded 41 to 77 kg of dill herb oil. The carvone content of oil from the 1982 crop failed to reach a level of 35%, the minimum considered characteristic of dill seed oil. These results indicate that Tasmania is well suited to the production of either dill herb or seed oil and that higher yields of oil and carvone are obtained per hectare from the herb crop. Major components of Tasmanian dill oil were carvone (9.6 to 46.5%), α‐phellandrene (15.5 to 49.1%), β‐phellandrene (5.2 to 7.6%), limonene (16.5 to 22.3%) and dimethylhexahydrobenzofuran (0.4 to 11.9%).
Studies on Thearubigin Pigments in Black Tea Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Hazarika Mridul , Chakravarty Sukhomoy K. , Mahanta Pradip K. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe formation of thearubigin pigments in prevalent commercial manufacturing systems such as orthodox roll, roll followed by curling, tearing, crushing (CTC), rotorvane combined with CTC and CTC alone was studied in the six Tocklai released clones TV‐1, TV‐2, TV‐8, TV‐9, TV‐17 and TV‐18. The contribution of the pigment composition, especially thearubigins of high, intermediate and low molecular weights as separated by a Sephadex LH 20 column, was examined on the basis of the types of leaves, degree of wither and roll, conditions of fermentation and the temperature and type of drying. It was apparent that the biochemical pathway in the black tea processing could be conveniently followed from the thearubigin formation. Further, the amount of high molecular weight thearubigin could determine the quantity of cream formed in a black tea brew. The thearubigin and concomitant pigments such as theaflavin have distinct organoleptic properties and their variation was reflected in the overall quality of the finished product.
Changes in the nutritional value of pearl millet flour during storage
Authors: Chaudhary Pinky , Kapoor Amin C. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe whole grain flour of three varieties of pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides Rich) became rancid on days 6, 7, 8 and 10, and inedible on days 11, 12, 13 and 14 of storage in gunny sacks, earthen pots, tin cans and polythene bags, respectively. The moisture, sugar, free fatty acids, fat acidity and peroxide levels increased, and those of α‐tocopherol and β‐carotene decreased during storage. The concentrations of protein, ash, crude fibre and phospholipids were not affected. Flour stored in polythene bags was least affected and that stored in gunny sacks was most affected by storage conditions.
Field estimation of ammonia volatilisation from 15N‐labelled urea fertiliser
Authors: Alan Rodgers G. , Pruden Gordon 
Published: October 2006

AbstractGranules of 15N‐labelled urea (150 kg N ha−1), with or without the urease inhibitor hydroquinone, were broadcast on to small plots of winter oilseed rape in March. Ammonia volatilisation losses were estimated by a 15N balance procedure in which the amount of 15N in the plants, plus that in the soil to 70 cm depth, was determined 18 days after urea application. All the urea‐N was recovered in soil and plants from plots given either urea alone or urea plus hydroquinone; hence there was no volatilisation of ammonia. Although the soil pH was high enough (7.7 to 8.0) for ammonia loss, this did not occur because the soil was too cold, too wet and had a high cation exchange capacity.
The conditioning of wheat. The influence of conditioning temperature on flour yield, moisture content and colour
Authors: Robinson Ian M. , Dockerty John F. , Fearn Thomas 
Published: October 2006

AbstractTwo UK wheats of similar protein content but differing in hardness have been conditioned at temperatures of 4, 10.5, 19 and 28°C to a moisture content of 15.5%, using lying times in the range 2 to 24h. The milling performance of the wheats has been assessed in terms of flour yield, moisture content and grade colour figure (GCF). Flour yield was expressed as straight‐run milling yield (SR) and also as total yield (TE) which included flour from the impact finishing of by‐products. The use of a conditioning temperature of 28°C increased TE and SR for the hard wheat and TE for the soft wheat, but decreased SR for the latter. Both types showed a reduction in flour yield when a lying time of 2h was employed. The use of temperatures above or below 19°C led to improved GCF results. The combination of low temperatures and short lying times brought about reductions in flour moisture content but these reductions were shown to be only partially responsible for the accompanying decreases in flour yield.
Comparison of an alkaline picrate and a pyridine‐pyrazolone method for the determination of hydrogen cyanide in cassava and in its products
Authors: Izomkun‐Etiobhio Benjamin O. , Ugochukwu Emmanuel N. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA determination of hydrogen cyanide in fresh cassava tissues and in processed cassava products using an alkaline picrate procedure and a pyridine‐pyrazolone method which uses Conway vessels has been made. Results obtained for the fresh cassava tissues by the two methods were similar. Statistically significant higher values for processed cassava products were obtained by the alkaline picrate method which measured both glycosidic and non‐glycosidic cyanide. The suggestion is reaffirmed that hydrogen cyanide in processed cassava products may exist in two forms: glycosidic and non‐glycosidic (entrapped) cyanide.
Extraction of protein and solids from wheat bran
Authors: Roberts Peter J. , Simmonds David H. , Wootton Michael , Wrigley Colin W. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe influence of pH, time, temperature, cellulase treatment and washing conditions on the recovery of solids and protein from Australian wheat bran was investigated. Highest yields (83% of available protein, 72% of total solids) were achieved by extracting at pH 12 and washing with water at pH 7. However, acceptable yields could be obtained under near neutral conditions by extracting at pH 6.5 for 16 h followed by three washes at pH7. Under these conditions 72% of the protein and 55% of the total solids were extracted and greater stability of the vitamins thiamin, riboflavin and pyridoxine was expected. The use of cellulase in an attempt to disrupt the aleurone cell walls did not improve the recoveries of either protein or solids.
The effect of straw incorporation on the uptake of nitrogen by winter wheat
Authors: Powlson David S. , Jenkinson David S. , Pruden Gordon , Johnston A. Edward 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThere was a small decrease in grain yield (from 10.8 to 10.5 t ha−1) when wheat straw (3 t dry matter ha−1) was incorporated into a silty clay loam soil sown to winter wheat. In the absence of straw, 60% of autumn‐applied 15N‐labelled nitrate was lost from the crop:soil system. Straw incorporation decreased this loss to 47%. There was little overall effect on the uptake of N by the crop, presumably because straw immobilised inorganic N that would otherwise have been leached from the soil during winter. Only 12% of the N in 15N‐labelled straw was recovered by the crop; 78% still remained in the soil one year after incorporation.
Distribution of diethylstilboestrol in pigs
Authors: Bates Michael L. , Warwick Michael J. , Shearer George , Harwood David J. , Herriman Ira D. , Heitzman Raymond J. , Watson David H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe synthetic growth promoter diethylstilboestrol (DES) administered orally to pigs can be detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA) analysis of kidney, liver, faeces, bile and urine from animals fed continuously to slaughter, but not in muscle, fat or plasma. If treated animals are fed on material not containing DES for 72 h prior to slaughter, then the levels of parent compound and metabolite in all products decrease to become not significantly greater than those in control animals. The gross metabolism of DES in pigs and bovines appears to be similar.
Dietary fibre fractions in cereal and cereal‐containing products in Britain
Authors: Wenlock Robert W. , Sivell Lorna M. , Agater Irena B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe values for dietary fibre in the current UK food tables were obtained using a fractionation method which involved digestion of starch with a takadiastase preparation. For the revision of the food tables new values for the dietary fibre in cereal and cereal‐containing meat products were obtained by an improved fractionation method which used a mixture of amyloglucosidase and α‐amylase to digest starch. The full details of this analytical method are given, along with the fibre components which were found in 138 cereal‐containing foods. This method produced higher values than the previous method in most processed cereal products. Also the levels of pentoses in the non‐cellulosic polysaccharide fraction and of lignin residues are greater. The study considerably extends the range of cereal‐containing foods for which the amount of dietary fibre and its components has been determined.