bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parameterization of Inversion Breakup in Idealized Valleys. Part II: Thermodynamic Model
Authors: Zoumakis N. M. , Efstathiou G. A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA simple thermodynamic parameterization based on a modified version of the Whiteman and McKee inversion destruction model is presented to simulate the evolution of vertical temperature structure during the inversion breakup period in idealized valleys under clear, undisturbed weather conditions. The proposed method adopts simplified semiempirical parameterizations of radiation and surface energy budgets at the valley floor and sidewalls and an empirical scheme for the partitioning of energy in the valley atmosphere, eliminating the need for selecting arbitrary values for the adjustable model parameters. The model accurately simulates the changes with time of the height of the inversion top and the depth of the convective boundary layer during the breakup of nocturnal temperature inversions in a wide range of valley topography. The theoretical estimates were validated and compared with dynamical model predictions and actual measurements. Because of its simplicity and its fair agreement with observations, the proposed method may be useful in applications in boundary layer, air pollution, and complex terrain meteorology. It is recognized that more work is necessary before the validity of the suggested procedure can be fully established.
Observations of Small-Scale Turbulence and Energy Dissipation Rates in the Cloudy Boundary Layer
Authors: Siebert Holger , Lehmann Katrin , Wendisch Manfred 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTethered balloon–borne measurements with a resolution in the order of 10 cm in a cloudy boundary layer are presented. Two examples sampled under different conditions concerning the clouds' stage of life are discussed. The hypothesis tested here is that basic ideas of classical turbulence theory in boundary layer clouds are valid even to the decimeter scale. Power spectral densities S( f ) of air temperature, liquid water content, and wind velocity components show an inertial subrange behavior down to ≈20 cm. The mean energy dissipation rates are ∼10−3 m2 s−3 for both datasets. Estimated Taylor Reynolds numbers (Reλ) are ∼104, which indicates the turbulence is fully developed. The ratios between longitudinal and transversal S( f ) converge to a value close to 4/3, which is predicted by classical turbulence theory for local isotropic conditions. Probability density functions (PDFs) of wind velocity increments Δu are derived. The PDFs show significant deviations from a Gaussian distribution with longer tails typical for an intermittent flow. Local energy dissipation rates ɛτ are derived from subsequences with a duration of τ = 1 s. With a mean horizontal wind velocity of 8 m s−1, τ corresponds to a spatial scale of 8 m. The PDFs of ɛτ can be well approximated with a lognormal distribution that agrees with classical theory. Maximum values of ɛτ ≈ 10−1 m2 s−3 are found in the analyzed clouds. The consequences of this wide range of ɛτ values for particle–turbulence interaction are discussed.
Light Scattering by Single Natural Ice Crystals
Authors: Shcherbakov Valery , Gayet Jean-François , Baker Brad , Lawson Paul 
Published: May 2006

AbstractDuring the South Pole Ice Crystal Experiment, angular scattering intensities (ASIs) of single ice crystals formed in natural conditions were measured for the first time with the polar nephelometer instrument. The microphysical properties of the ice crystals were simultaneously obtained with a cloud particle imager. The observations of the scattering properties of numerous ice crystals reveal high variability of the ASIs in terms of magnitude and distribution over scattering angles. To interpret observed ASI features, lookup tables were computed with a modified ray tracing code, which takes into account the optical geometry of the polar nephelometer. The numerical simulations consider a wide range of input parameters for the description of the ice crystal properties (particle orientation, aspect ratio, surface roughness, and internal inclusions). A new model of surface roughness, which assumes the Weibull statistics, was proposed. The simulations reproduce the overwhelming majority of the observed ASIs features and trace very well the quasi-specular reflection from crystal facets. The discrepancies observed between the model and the experimental data correspond to the rays, which pass through the ice crystal and are scattered toward the backward angles. This feature may be attributed to the internal structure of the ice crystals that should be considered in modeling refinements.
Tropical Cyclogenesis Associated with Rossby Wave Energy Dispersion of a Preexisting Typhoon. Part I: Satellite Data Analyses*
Authors: Li Tim , Fu Bing 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The structure and evolution characteristics of Rossby wave trains induced by tropical cyclone (TC) energy dispersion are revealed based on the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI) data. Among 34 cyclogenesis cases analyzed in the western North Pacific during 2000–01 typhoon seasons, six cases are associated with the Rossby wave energy dispersion of a preexisting TC. The wave trains are oriented in a northwest–southeast direction, with alternating cyclonic and anticyclonic vorticity circulation. A typical wavelength of the wave train is about 2500 km. The TC genesis is observed in the cyclonic circulation region of the wave train, possibly through a scale contraction process.
The satellite data analyses reveal that not all TCs have a Rossby wave train in their wakes. The occurrence of the Rossby wave train depends to a certain extent on the TC intensity and the background flow. Whether or not a Rossby wave train can finally lead to cyclogenesis depends on large-scale dynamic and thermodynamic conditions related to both the change of the seasonal mean state and the phase of the tropical intraseasonal oscillation. Stronger low-level convergence and cyclonic vorticity, weaker vertical shear, and greater midtropospheric moisture are among the favorable large-scale conditions. The rebuilding process of a conditional unstable stratification is important in regulating the frequency of TC genesis.
Tropical Wave Driving of the Annual Cycle in Tropical Tropopause Temperatures. Part I: ECMWF Analyses
Authors: Kerr-Munslow A. M. , Norton W. A. 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A quantitative examination of the annual cycle in the tropical tropopause temperatures, tropical ascent, momentum balance, and wave driving is performed using ECMWF analyses to determine how the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures arises. Results show that the annual cycle in tropical tropopause temperatures is driven by the annual variation in ascent and consequent dynamical (adiabatic) cooling at the tropical tropopause. Mass divergence local to the tropical tropopause has the dominant contribution to ascent near the tropical tropopause. The annual cycle in mass divergence, and the associated meridional flow, near the tropical tropopause is driven by Eliassen–Palm (EP) flux divergence, that is, wave dissipation. The EP flux divergence near the tropical tropopause is dominated by stationary waves with both the horizontal and vertical components of the EP flux contributing. However, the largest annual cycle is in the divergence of the vertical EP flux and in particular from the contribution in the vertical flux of zonal momentum. These results do not match the existing theory that the annual cycle is driven by the wave dissipation in the extratropical stratosphere, that is, the stratospheric pump. It is suggested that the annual cycle is linked to equatorial Rossby waves forced by convective heating in the tropical troposphere.
Some Theological Issues around Child Protection
Authors: Reid Duncan 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTThis short piece seeks to offer a theological framing to the issues raised by Garth Blake in his very fine article ‘Child Protection and the Anglican Church of Australia’. What are some of the theological issues behind the current state of affairs with regard to child protection, and the church's attempts to remedy past failures to protect the children in its care? Very briefly I want to mention several clusters of theological issues: responsibility, or the duty of care; forgiveness and betrayal of trust; sin and scapegoating; gospel and law; and the problem of meaning.
Facile Preparation of Water-Soluble Chitin from Chitosan
Authors: Kurita Keisuke , Koyama Yoshiyuki , Nishimura Shin-ichiro , Kamiya Mami 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
A simple and efficient procedure for the preparation of water-soluble chitin was developed by controlled partial N-acetylation of chitosan. Acetylated chitosans with about 50% substitution prepared in a highly swelled state exhibited high water-solubility, and the procedure proved much superior to the conventional one.
New Molecular Conductors, α- and β-(EDT-TTF)[Ni(dmit)2] Metal with Anomalous Resistivity Maximum vs. Semiconductor with Mixed Stacks
Authors: Kato Reizo , Kobayashi Hayao , Kobayashi Akiko , Naito Toshio , Tamura Masafumi , Tajima Hiroyuki , Kuroda Haruo 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Two donor-acceptor type molecular conductors, α- and β-(EDT-TTF)[Ni(dmit)2] (EDT-TTF = ethylenedithiotetrathiafulvalene, dmit = 4,5-dimercapto-1,3-dithiole-2-thione) have been electrochemically obtained. The α-form has a segregated column structure and is a metal with an anomalous resistivity maximum around 14 K. The curve-fitting analysis of the polarized reflectance spectra shows a small anisotropy of the oscillator strength in the ab plane. The β-form is a semiconductor with a mixed-stacking structure.
Reaction of Dimethyloxosulphonium Methylide with o-Hydroxybenzylideneanilines. A Facile Synthesis of 3-Amino-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans
Authors: Nadir Upender K , Chaurasia Brijnath P , Sharma Raman L 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
o-Hydroxybenzylideneanilines react with dimethyloxosulphonium methylide to give 3-amino-2,3-dihydrobenzofurans in good yields.
The geometry of k-harmonic manifolds
Authors: Nicolodi Lorenzo , Vanhecke Lieven 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An n-dimensional Riemannian manifold is called k-harmonic for some integer k, 1 ≤ k ≤ n - 1, if the k-th elementary symmetric functions of the principal curvatures of small geodesic spheres are radial functions. We prove that k-harmonic manifolds are necessarily 2-stein and show that locally symmetric manifolds which are k-harmonic for one k, are k-harmonic for all k. We then establish some results relating the harmonic and k-harmonic conditions for the class of non-compact harmonic non-symmetric spaces constructed by Damek and Ricci. We also discuss other notions of k-harmonicity and the problem of their equivalence.
CR singularities of real threefolds in ℂ4
Authors: Coffman Adam 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
CR singularities of real threefolds in ℂ4 are classified by using holomorphic coordinate changes to transform the quadratic part of the real defining equations into one of a list of normal forms. In the non-degenerate case, it is shown that a real analytic manifold near a CR singular point is formally equivalent to a real algebraic model. Some degenerate cases also have this property.
Dance, Gender and Psychoanalysis: Martha Graham's Night Journey
Authors: Burt Ramsay 
Published: May 2006

Now Jocasta kneels on the floor at the foot of the bed and then she rises with her leg close to her breast and to her head, and her foot way beyond her head, her body open in a deep contraction. I call this the vaginal cry; it is the cry from her vagina. It is either the cry for her lover, her husband, or the cry for her children. The dance proceeds but there are small intimacies that I have never revealed in words. All of these things mean a tremendous amount to me. I don't talk about them much because people might think I'm a little cuckoo. But as other people took over the dance it seemed necessary to explain the certain small mysteries that animate the instant in the reliving of the tale. (Graham 1991, 214)Martha Graham wrote this passage about the opening of Night Journey (1947) in her autobiography Blood Memory (1991). Night Journey tells the story of Jocasta who at the end of her life is reluctantly forced by the blind prophet Tiresias to relive the most significant and thus painful moments of her life. Graham too, at the end of her own life, seems almost to have been forced, perhaps by time or perhaps by the obligation to fulfil a publisher's contract, to write her autobiography (1). There is a nice symmetry here.
Images of Isadora: The Search for Motion
Authors: Jowitt Deborah 
Published: May 2006

It is far back, deep down the centuries that one's spirit passes when Isadora Duncan dances; back to the very morning of the world, when the greatness of soul found free expression in the body, when the rhythm of motion corresponded with the rhythm of sound, when the movements of the human body were one with the wind and the sea, when the gestures of a woman's arm was as the unfolding of a rose petal, the pressure of her foot upon the sod as the drifting of a leaf to earth.Isadora Duncan inspired many such passages of fervid prose among her admiring contemporaries. From the beginning of her career, around the turn of the twentieth century, to her death in a bizarre automobile accident in 1927, those who saw her dance were less interested in writing about what she actually did than in presenting their bedizened responses to her.Yet even as she evoked a fragrant never-never land, this American was creating a contemporary image for the stage dancer. Not a steely-legged virtuoso whipping off pirouettes, not a coquettish quasi-virgin, not a disembodied nymph, but a noble-spirited woman, bold, yet pliant — tree to use her imagination and her body as she wished.
Packaging Doris Humphrey or A Question of Form: Nona Schurman Shares Her Thoughts on Doris Humphrey's Choreography
Authors: Hausler Barbara 
Published: May 2006

Nona Schurman, one of the foremost authorities on the Humphrey style and technique, studied and danced with the Humphrey-Weidman concert group from the late 1930s to the mid 1940s. Now a tireless octogenarian, Schurman still uses the movement principles developed by modern dance pioneer Doris Humphrey as the basis of her teaching and choreographic work. Co-author of Modern Dance Fundamentals (1), a technical manual based on Humphrey-Weidman principles, Schurman is currently writing a book on choreographic devices which will complement Humphrey's seminal work on the subject, The Art of Making Dances (2).“The way to understand Doris,” Nona Schurman has said, “is to see her dances. We can talk all we want, but Doris is revealed through her work” (3). The clues to understanding the dances lie less in their specific performance or production features than in the technique and choreographic structures Humphrey employed. It is in the form of Humphrey's dances, Schurman feels, that the enduring essence of Doris Humphrey, the dance thinker, can be found.Doris Humphrey was declared by Walter Terry to be America's “prima choreographa assoluta” more than four decades ago (4), and she is still recognized today as a master choreographer. This is perhaps due to the many college recontructions of her work and despite the fact that few companies keep her dances in active repertory. Besides being remarkably creative (5), Humphrey was enormously innovative, shaping choreographic change even before her launch into independence with Charles Weidman and Pauline Lawrence, through the development and extension of “music visualizations” with Ruth St. Denis at Denishawn. As an independent artist, she continued to revolutionize the art of choreography, creating a “library of masterworks” (6) which included dances in silence, dances with a vocal chorus and alternative sound accompaniment, and dances with speech, with music and with song.
Thomas Shelton, Translator of Don Quixote
Authors: Knowles Edwin B. 
Published: May 2006

In 1878 A. J. Duffield, then preparing his translation of Don Quixote (1881), addressed a letter to Notes and Queries:Thomas Shelton. Could any of your readers furnish me with an account of this old English worthy? He was not only the first translator into English of Don Quixote, but the first of all translators; and it would be a disgrace to us if we cannot discover who he was and what other works he did.Apparently the risk of national disgrace was an ineffectual stimulus, for three years later H. E. Watts, whose own translation followed Duffield's in 1886, also sent a query to the same journal: ‘Who was Thomas Shelton, the first translator of Don Quixote, and where is any information to be got of him?’ These were the first occasions in the two and a half centuries since his translation appeared in London in 1612 that any one had publicly expressed any curiosity about Thomas Shelton.
The Humanist as Scholar and Politian's Conception of the Grammaticus
Authors: Scaglione Aldo 
Published: May 2006

At ego malim somnia Politiani, quam quae Scala sobrius, summoque studio elaboravit(Erasmus)Despite many an earnest effort to preserve the Burckhardtian idea of the Renaissance in the course of a full century of historical research (1960 was the centennial year of Burckhardt's masterpiece), the picture of this cultural unit has undoubtedly been more sharply focused in detail, but it has also grown so much more vague in its general lines as to cause a certain amount of despair with regard to the possibility of defining this period in precise distinction from the middle ages. A global ‘definition’ of the period (as of any other period) has been proved to be impossible. The ‘idea’ of the age, the positive formulation of its spirit and essential characteristics must be the result of a view of the ensemble of its various elements, many of which, taken in isolation, can find sources and even relative parallels in preceding centuries.
The Authorship of the Vita Anonyma of Leon Battista Alberti
Authors: Watkins Renée 
Published: May 2006

The Vita anonyma of Leon Battista Alberti published in 1751 by Lorenzo Mehus is undoubtedly the finest source for the character as well as the life of this versatile thinker of the early Renaissance. It is a document of individualism, pride, and hope—so much so that Burckhardt merely had to restate its contents to make of Alberti's life a veritable paradeigma of Renaissance character as he saw it.Students of Alberti have long discussed the question, who wrote this remarkable biography? Bonucci, in 1844, publishing it again as part of the Opere volgari of Alberti, claimed that the Vita was actually an autobiography, disguised, of course, by the use of the third person.
Research Resources in Chad and the Central African Republic
Authors: Cordell Dennis D. 
Published: May 2006

Neither Chad (or Tchad) nor the Central African Republic (or République Centrafricaine) has been much studied by American scholars. Because of this the following report discusses more than merely the archival resources of the two countries; it is hoped that the more practical aspects of research there that are discussed will render it more useful.The Institut Tchadien des Sciences Humaines (henceforth INTSH) supervises research projects in Chad which are concerned with the social sciences—as defined by French scholarship. Research authorization is granted by the Director of the Institut, Boîte Postale 503, N'Djaména. Anyone intending to pursue research in Chad should have a letter of authorization from the Institut before leaving the United States—if possible, even before applying for a Chadian visa, since this will expedite the granting of such a visa.Most temporary accommodations in N'Djaména (like other African countries) tend to be expensive; the only inexpensive hostel is operated by the Peace Corps for its own members. Sometimes, though, researchers have been allowed temporary accommodation pending the location of other housing. Enquiries should be sent to: Corps de la Paix, Boîte Postale 260, N'Djaména. In addition, temporary housing may sometimes be had with researchers at the Organisation pour des recherches scientifiques et techniques d'Outre-Mer, or ORSTOM.For a long stay it is wise to rent a house. While the Peace Corps or Embassy personnel may be of some assistance, Muslim merchants near the main market should be of more help in finding a house in the African part of the town. Rents in N'Djaména are high: a mud brick house with electricity and running water will run about $175 monthly.
For Oral Tradition (But Not Against Braudel)
Authors: Vansina Jan 
Published: May 2006

One wonders what Fernand Braudel and the school of theAnnaleshave done to become a kind of Trojan Horse for the wholesale condemnation of the historical value of oral tradition. Yet they are the banner raised by W.G. Clarence-Smith in a recent article in his journal to preachjihadagainst its historical value. Clarence-Smith claims that the historiographical revolution effected byAnnaleshas resulted in the definitive exclusion of oral traditions from the halls of Clio. Oral traditions are at best ambiguous “signs” about the past and are very much of the present. They lack absolute chronology and they are selective, so away with them. If they be worthy of attention at all, let anthropologists and sociologists be concerned, save in a few rare instances where a historian wants to check on some European printed source. And even then,caveat emptor. Significantly, the article is not just the expression of the views of one person; rather it is symptomatic of much of the criticism which has been leveled at oral tradition, mostly by fasionable anthropologists. And it brings this criticism to its logical conclusion.But first a word about Braudel, theAnnales, and oral tradition in general. TheAnnalesSchool was founded by Lucien Febvre and Marc Bloch before World War II. Fernand Braudel is its most distinguished exponent. His major theoretical pronouncements can be found in hisEcrits sur l'histoire, a collection of articles reprinted and published in 1969. This and his two major historical works should be read by those who want to know more about his views and ways of dealing with history. The basic tenets that members of theAnnalesSchool hold is that the history of events is but the spray of past developments; other time depths tell us more about the waves of the past. There is the time of theconjoncture, the trend, and the even longer time periods -- sometimes many centuries long -- thelongue duréeor long term. Successful history writing does not liminate the study of events, but analyzes them against the movement of these longer and deeper-running trends.