bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
USE OF DIGITALIZED IMAGES TO VISUALLY ASSESS COLOR OF COOKED SAUSAGES
Authors: PIETTE J.‐P. G. , FORTIN J. R. , HOK L. , DURAND N. C. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTA study was undertaken to explore the use of computer imaging to assess the color of cured meat products. Wiener sausages were manufactured to produce a color gradient. Increasing amounts of red carmine were added to the raw sausage emulsion (0, 50, 65, 100, 125, and 150 ppm) so that the extreme shades (0 and 150 ppm carmine) were clearly different, while the smallest color difference (e.g. 50 and 65 ppm carmine) was barely perceptible. Slices of the sausages containing 0, SO, 100, 125, atzd 15O ppm of carmine were presented to a group of 10 trained panelists in a standard lightbooth (065 lighting, 978 ± 21 lux; ASTM 1996) and the panelists were asked to evaluate the relarive color difference between each sausage and a reference sausage (65 ppm carmine), using the standard R‐index multiple comparison test. The panelists were also asked to make the same evaluation while looking at digitalized images of the sausage slices on a high quality color computer screen. In general, small differences in shade (Δa* 1.0–1.8) were more ofen perceived by panelists when these were looking at slice images on the computer screen than when observing the actual slices in the lightbooth.
THE SHEAR FORCE OF VERY‐RAPIDLY CHILLED LAMB 2: THE EFFECT OF MUSCLE EXCISION
Authors: McGEEHIN B. , REDMOND G.A. , SHERIDAN J.J. , BUTLER F. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of chilling rate and muscle excision on the shear force of ovine muscle (M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum) was examined. Conventional chilling involved chilling at 4C for 24 h and very‐rapid chilling involved chilling at −20C for 3.5 h followed by conventional chilling for 20.5 h. After 24 h all muscles were aged for a further four days. Approximately 30 min after slaughter, one M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum was excised from each carcass and placed in the same chill as the remainder of the carcass. This gave a total of four different treatments. Shear force was assessed at I and 5 days postmortem by Warner‐Bratzler shear force measurement. Excision led to reduced shear force in the very‐rapid chilling regime but increased shear force in the conventionally chilled muscles. Aging improved shear force for all chilling treatments. No significant difference was found in the rate of pH fall, between the chilling treatments.
CHARACTERISTICS OF USDA UTILITY COW BEEF SUBJECTED TO BLADE TENDERIZATION AND HYDRODYNAMIC SHOCK WAVES
Authors: SCHILLING M. W. , MARRIOTT N. G. , WANG H. , SOLOMON M. B. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTLongissirnus lumbonun samples were removed 24 h postmortem from six U.S. Utility carcasses to be utilized in determining the effects of tenderness enhancement methods and aging time on quality attributes of beg. Within each sample, sections were randomly assigned to hydrodynamic shock waves (HSW). blade tenderization (BT), a combination of BT and HSW (HSBT). or no treatment (C). Steaks within each treatment (excluding HSW) were aged for 7 and 14 days. Sensory evaluation included subjective ratings for myofibrillar tenderness, connective tissue amount, and overall tenderness. Objective measurements included thaw and cooking losses, shear force, and standard plate count. HSW and HSBT were effective in decreasing (P<0.05) Warner‐Bratzler peak force, total energy, and standard plate count. However, aging time (14 days) was more effective (P<0.05) in decreasing peak force shear values than BT, HSW, or HSBT. Sensory values, thaw and cooking losses were not affected (P>0.05) by any treatments.
BREAKDOWN OF LARGE PROTEOGLYCANS IN BOVINE INTRAMUSCULAR CONNECTNE TISSUE EARLY POSTMORTEM
Authors: HANNESSON KIRSTEN O. , PEDERSEN MONA E. , OFSTAD RAGNI , KOLSET SVEIN O. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTIn the present study, a decomposition of intramuscular connective tissue in beef early postmortem was demonstrated by comparing samples from M. longissimus dorsi (LO) collected immediately after slaughter and after 24 h and 48 h storage by histological and biochemical methods. The histological study showed a widening of the endomysial sheaths after storage. For fiactionation of proteoglycans, extraction in 4M guanidine‐HCl added protease inhibitors, CsCl, gradient ultracentrifugation and gel chromatography were used. Gel chromatography demonstrated that the proteoglycan preparation was broken into fragments of lower molecular weight. Cellulose acetate electrophoresis and dot blot analysis identified the components involved as hyaluronic acid (HA) and a large proteoglycan (PGL) immunologically related to aggrecan from sclera. SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE) confirmed depolymerization of the high molecular weight components, and a large component of molecular weight above 220 KDa with glycosaminoglycan (GAG) staining properties was not visible in the gel after storage.
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITIES OF CORN GLUTEN MEAL SUBSTANCES IN AN EMULSIFIED MEAT MODEL SYSTEM
Authors: HOMCO‐RYAN C. L. , RYAN K. J. , WICKLUND S. E. , BREWER M. S. 
Published: May 2007

ABSTRACTCorn gluten meal (CGM) and pH adjusted (6.6)/particle size‐reduced (∼7μm‐MC7; ∼38μm‐MC38) CGM increased oxidative and microbiological shelf‐life of a model emulsified meat system. After 14 days, TBARS were significantly lower for samples containing MC7 and MC38 when compared to controls, and samples containing soy protein isolate (SPI) or native CGM. Based on aerobic plate counts, MC38 and CGM increased product shelf‐life by ∼7days compared to SPI‐ and MC7‐containing products and controls. These results suggest that the use of corn gluten meal substances in an emulsified meat product could create a more shelf stable product. These functional characteristics may make the incorporation of corn gluten meal into foods more feasible.
On the value of formal assessment of uncertainty in regulatory analysis
Authors: Jaffe Judson , Stavins Robert N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe US Office of Management and Budget introduced in 2003 a new requirement for the treatment of uncertainty in Regulatory Impact Analyses (RIAs) of proposed regulations, requiring agencies to carry out a formal quantitative uncertainty assessment regarding a regulation’s benefits and costs if either is expected to reach $1 billion annually. Despite previous use in other contexts, such formal assessments of uncertainty have rarely been employed in RIAs or other regulatory analyses. We describe how formal quantitative assessments of uncertainty – in particular, Monte Carlo analyses – can be conducted, we examine the challenges and limitations of such analyses in the context of RIAs, and we assess how the resulting information can affect the evaluation of regulations. For illustrative purposes, we compare Monte Carlo analysis with methods typically used in RIAs to evaluate uncertainty in the context of economic analyses carried out for the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Nonroad Diesel Rule, which became effective in 2004.
Compensatory Growth of Pond‐reared Hybrid Striped Bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, Fingerlings
Authors: Turano Marc J. , Borski Russell J. , Daniels Harry V. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract Compensatory growth (CG) or “catch‐up growth” is a period of super‐accelerated growth following a period of suboptimal conditions (i.e., lack of prey availability or overwintering). Little is known about the CG response in pond‐raised fish and whether hybrid striped bass (HSB), Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, might exhibit the rapid growth states or improvements in other production characteristics that may accompany the response. To evaluate the potential for CG in HSB culture, a 16‐wk growth trial in twelve 0.1‐ha earthen ponds was conducted. Approximately 2850 fish (mean weight ± SD = 3.2 g ± 1.1) were stocked into ponds and subjected to one of four cyclic feeding regimens. Treatment regimens included a control (0 wk, fed twice daily to apparent satiation) and cycles of 1, 2, or 4 wk of feed deprivation, followed by 1, 2, or 4 wk of feeding to apparent satiation. Fish in the 4‐wk feeding regimen were offered feed twice during the feed‐deprivation period (once every other week). Growth, specific growth rate (SGR), hepatosomatic index (HSI), intraperitoneal fat ratio, and condition factor (CF) were measured every other week, while overall growth, feed efficiency (FE) (FE = [weight gain/feed fed] × 100), and survival were calculated at the trial termination. The effect of these feeding regimens on water quality was examined by monitoring pH, turbidity, total ammonia nitrogen, nitrite–nitrogen, nitrate–nitrogen, soluble reactive phosphorus, and chlorophyll a weekly; total nitrogen and phosphorous biweekly; and dissolved oxygen and temperature twice daily. Cyclic feeding elicited CG; fish subjected to the 2‐wk regimen had a significantly higher SGR than 0‐wk controls during all but the final refeeding period. FE was higher for all fish in the cyclic regimens, although only FE for fish in the 2‐wk regimen was statistically greater (40%) than the controls. HSI was the most responsive measure and significantly decreased in the 2‐ and 4‐wk treatments during feed‐deprivation period and overcompensated during the refeeding period. CF also varied with feeding cycle and proved to be an effective nonlethal measure of predicting a CG response. No statistical differences in water quality parameters were observed. These data suggest that CG can be effectively induced in pond‐raised HSB and that the increase in FE warrants further research for practical application. Future pond studies with fingerling HSB fish should be conducted with emphasis on feed‐deprivation periods of 2 wk and refeeding periods of at least twice that of the feed‐deprivation period.
Modeling of Rotary Screw Fluid Dispensing Processes
Authors: Chen X. B. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Fluid dispensing is a process widely used in electronics packaging manufacturing, by which fluid materials are delivered in a controlled manner for the purpose of bonding, sealing, coating, or conducting. Among various dispensing approaches, the use of a motor-driven screw is recognized as one of the most promising approaches due to its capacity of achieving high flow rates without the need of refilling. In a dispensing process, the flow rate of fluid dispensed is critical to control the volume or amount of fluid dispensed. This paper presents the development of a model for the rotary screw dispensing process. By using the power law equation, the flow behavior of the fluid being dispensed is characterized and then, based on the fundamentals of flow in screw channels and circular tubes, a model is developed to represent the flow rate in the rotary screw dispensing process. Experiments and simulations were carried out to verify the model effectiveness as well as to investigate the performance of the rotary screw dispensing process.
Trace element profiles as unique identifiers of western sandpiper (Calidris mauri) populations
Authors: Norris D.R. , Lank D.B. , Pither J. , Chipley D. , Ydenberg R.C. , Kyser T.K. 
Published: May 2007

Understanding the ecology and evolution of migratory animals requires information on how populations are geographically linked between periods of the annual cycle. To examine whether trace elements could be used to track migratory birds, we analyzed concentrations of 42 trace elements in feathers of western sandpipers ( Calidris mauri (Cabanis, 1857)) that were grown at five different wintering sites ranging from San Francisco Bay (USA) to the Bay of Panama. Linear discriminant analysis of 15 elements correctly classified all 26 individuals to their wintering sites, including two sites that were separated by less than 3 km. A randomization procedure confirmed the robustness of these findings. Our analysis suggests that trace elements can be used to assign individuals to specific sites of origin. Although we did not sample feathers from all wintering areas, the regions our sites represented comprised a significant percentage of the global population. However, since trace element profiles appear to be highly specific to geographic sites, we suggest that this technique is best suited for cases where samples can be obtained from the majority of populations throughout a species range. Thus, under certain circumstances, trace element profiles may provide the potential to identify populations with a high degree of spatial accuracy.
Do warning displays predict striking behavior in a viperid snake, the cottonmouth (Agkistrodon piscivorus)?
Authors: Glaudas Xavier , Winne Christopher T. 
Published: May 2007

Warning displays are defined as signals designed to intimidate predators or indicate a proclivity to fight. However, support for the idea that warning behaviors signal an intent to fight is largely based on anecdotes and isolated observations, and a complete understanding of antipredator behavior will only be achieved if specific hypotheses are experimentally tested. Herein, we tested in a North American viperid snake, the cottonmouth ( Agkistrodon piscivorus (Lacépède, 1789)), the hypothesis that warning displays serve as a reliable signal to potential predators that a snake will strike. The cottonmouth exhibits two stereotypical warning displays during predator confrontation, i.e., mouth gaping and tail vibrations, making it an ideal study organism to experimentally test the relationship between warning displays and defensive striking. To test this idea, we recorded the sequence of defensive behavior — gaping, tail vibrating, and striking — of cottonmouths towards a standardized predatory stimulus in the laboratory. As predicted, snakes that gaped during the trials were subsequently more likely to strike than snakes that did not. In contrast, striking behavior was independent of the occurrence of tail vibrations. Our results suggest that gaping behavior — but not tail-vibrating behavior — may provide an honest signal to would-be predators.
Development of Novel Cell Components for Low-temperature SOFC
Authors: Zhang-Steenwinkel Ye. , van Tuel Marc M. , van Berkel Frans P. , Rietveld Bert 
Published: May 2007

The electrochemical performance of Co-containing perovskites, La0.6Sr0.4CoO3 (LSC), Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 (SSC), Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.2Co0.8O3 (BSCF),	SrFe0.67Co0.33O3 (SFC) and Pr0.58Sr0.4Fe0.8Co0.2O3 (PSFC), have been investigated by impedance spectroscopy on symmetrical cells. These cathode materials have been integrated into 5x5 cm2 anode-supported cells for the evaluation of cell performance at 600{degree sign} C, using humidified H2 as fuel and synthetic air as oxidant. The use of Co-rich perovskite as cathode material results in improved cell performance at 600oC compared to the state-of-the-art La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3 (LSCF) cathode. Impedance analysis indicates that the performance of the cells containing the Co- rich perovskite cathodes is determined predominantly by the ohmic resistance, especially at low operating temperature (600oC).
Reliability Evaluation of SOFC under Simulated Operating Condition
Authors: Sato Kazuhisa , Imanaka Norihiro , Fukui Ken-Ichi , Numao Masayuki , Kyotani Shintaro , Yashiro Keiji , Kawada Tatsuya , Hashida Toshiyuki , Mizusaki Junichiro 
Published: May 2007

Self-Organizing Map (SOM) method was developed in order to investigate the fracture process of SOFC module under operating environments. In this study, the damage testing method was applied to ceria electrolyte-supported single cells.	The vertical crack in the electrolyte and crack in the glass seal were detected by AE method.	The SOM method identified two types of damage. By using this method, it was possible to show the possibility that the detailed deterioration process can be evaluated, visually, and in real- time, even when applied to modules at the actual equipment level.
Tubular Micro-Solid Oxide Fuel Cell for Remote Power Applications
Authors: Sarkar Partho , Yamarte Luis , Johanson Lorne 
Published: May 2007

An anode-supported tubular 'Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cell' (μ SOFC) is being developed for fabrication of a high volumetric power density SOFC system for remote power applications. An Electrophoretic deposition (EPD) based manufacturing process is being developed for production of SOFC single cells, this process has the potential to simplify fabrication technology and reduce manufacturing costs. Micro Solid Oxide Fuel Cells have two main advantages, a substantial increase in the volumetric power density of a stack and quick start up. A decrease in single cell tube diameter allows for a reduction in wall thickness without any degradation of a cell's mechanical properties.	Due to its thin wall, a μSOFC has an extremely high thermal shock resistance and low thermal mass. These two characteristics are fundamental in reducing start up and turn off time for the SOFC stack.
On the Redox Cycling of Anode-Supported SOFCs: Mechanical Properties and Damage Mechanisms
Authors: Sarantaridis Dimitris , Rudkin Robert A. , Atkinson Alan 
Published: May 2007

Investigations on SOFCs using Ni-based anode supports are presented aiming at the understanding of how much oxidation such a cell can tolerate before incurring irreversible mechanical damage. The dimensional strains, elastic modulus and porosity of typical anode supports were measured as a function of the degree of oxidation. The mechanical stability of cells incorporating such substrates was studied as a result of oxidation by air and by electrochemical oxidation. The different oxidation procedures performed showed different damage modes.	In free-standing cells the main damage mode was electrolyte cracking, but in cell test configurations the cells failed by substrate cracking. This was mainly due to the non-uniform nature of anode oxidation in the cell test configurations which can lead to cell failure when the degree of oxidation is only 5 %.	The observations are interpreted using models of the stress generation and fracture processes.
The somatic female gonad of Cephalobidae (Nematoda): cellular architecture and associated function
Authors: Bert Wim , Vangestel Sandra , Houthoofd Wouter , Van Gansbeke Ruben , Borgonie Gaëtan 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The female reproductive system of the free-living nematode family
Cephalobidae is examined by means of differential interference contrast,
scanning electron and fluorescent microscopy. The model nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans and the predatory nematode Prionchulus punctatus are
also included in this study; the former mainly to test our results with the
very detailed knowledge of this model organism, the latter to provide a
representative of the more distantly related Enoplea. In this comparative
approach, the analysed gonad structures are discussed with respect to their
functional and phylogenetic significance. The general cellular composition
of the cephalobid gonad – namely an oviduct comprising two rows of four
cells, a distinctly offset spermatheca consisting of 8-16 cells, and a
uterus composed of distinct cell rows – differs from all known Nematoda
except that of the plant-parasitic Tylenchomorpha. Despite the striking
evolutionary conservation of the cellular architecture of the cephalobid
gonad there is a complex subcellular specialisation, namely a significant
and functionally relevant variation in myofilament organisation, both among
Cephalobidae and between major groups of nematodes. We demonstrate the
presence of microfilaments that vary in pattern among species and that may
play an important role in egg propulsion. The phenomenon of endotokia
matricida, in which eggs do not leave the female body, is found to be
associated with a massive rupture of the cytoskeleton in the uterus wall.
The complexity of the myofibril structure and the associated potential to
propagate oocytes actively cannot be solely explained by differences in
phylogenetic history, but is also linked to body diameter. In the larger
Acrobeloides maximus, the proximal end of the ovary sheath is adorned with
12 distinct longitudinal bands, antibody binding positively for paramyosin,
while in the smaller Cephalobus cubaensis myofilament organisation is at
random.
A key and diagnostic compendium to the species of the genus Merlinius Siddiqi, 1970 (Nematoda: Tylenchida) with description of Merlinius khuzdarensis n. sp. associated with date palm
Authors: Handoo Zafar , Khan Aly , Islam Shamsul 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An identification key to 32 valid species of stunt nematodes (Merlinius spp.)
is given. A compendium of the most important diagnostic characters for use
in identification of species is included as a practical alternative and
supplement to the key. The diagnosis of Merlinius is emended and a list of
all valid species of the genus is given. The characters most useful for
separating species include body and stylet lengths, shape of head, tail and
tail terminus, number of head and tail annules, position of vulva (V), and
c′ ratio in females. Also useful are length and shape of spicules and
gubernacula in males. A new stunt nematode, Merlinius khuzdarensis n. sp.,
from the rhizosphere of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) from Khuzdar,
Balochistan Province, Pakistan, is described and illustrated. This new
species resembles M. bavaricus, M. communicus, M. bilqeesae and M. montanus,
but differs from these species by the following: body and stylet length,
shape of head, tail and tail terminus, number of head and tail annules, and
position of phasmids. Because this species is limited in distribution, its
economic importance in date palm and other cultivated crops within the
region is not known.
Do phytohormones influence nematode invasion and feeding site establishment?
Authors: Curtis Rosane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPhytohormones mediate important aspects of developmental processes in plants and may participate in various aspects of plant nematode interactions. Several reports demonstrate that nematode infection interferes with plant auxin flow and accumulation, and that auxin is necessary for feeding site formation. Other plant hormones, such as ethylene, might be modulating several cellular processes during feeding site formation. So far, the nematode molecules involved in activating these processes in planta have not been identified. Auxin can act as a signalling molecule by inducing changes in the surface cuticle and behaviour of Meloidogyne spp. and these changes might be essential for infection. Auxin binds to the chemosensory organs, amphids and phasmids and also to several tail neurons of Meloidogyne spp. This interaction might allow these nematodes to sense and follow an auxin gradient through amphidial or phasmidial receptors during penetration and migration inside roots.
Two new species of Schistonchus (Nematoda: Aphelenchoididae) associated with Ficus hispida in China
Authors: Zeng Yongsan , Giblin-Davis Robin M. , Ye Weimin 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Two new nematode species of the genus Schistonchus were recovered from
syconia from a single Ficus hispida caprifig tree in Guangzhou, China. They
are described herein as Schistonchus guangzhouensis n. sp. and S. centerae
n. sp. Schistonchus guangzhouensis n. sp. is characterised by possessing the
longest postuterine sac (PUS) of all currently described females in the
genus (84-148 μm or >3.5 vulval body diam. (VBD) long), excretory pore
situated near the level of the metacorpus, two pairs of subventral papillae
on the male tail, and unique recurved and mitten-shaped spicules.
Schistonchus centerae n. sp. is characterised by a unique fusiform tail tip
and short PUS (8-20 μm or <1.0 VBD long) in reproductive females,
excretory pore located near the head, spicules with an indistinct rostrum,
male tail with three pairs of papillae, and broadly truncate tail tip. Both
new species were easily differentiated from each other and other members of
the genus for which sequences of the D2/D3 expansion segments of the large
subunit rRNA gene (LSU) and partial small subunit rRNA gene (SSU) were
available. Phylogenetic analysis also supported a monophyletic Schistonchus
within a well-supported clade of Aphelenchoididae (sensu Hunt, 1993) and
shared a most recent common ancestor with Aphelenchoides and
Laimaphelenchus.