bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORPORATE FINANCE AND NORMALISED PRICE
Authors: FINDLAY M. CHAPMAN 
Published: December 2006

The contention that an operational choice criterion is lacking for investment alternatives which would result in criss‐crossing time patterns of share prices is examined. In efficient markets, the capital asset pricing model is shown to provide an unambiguous criterion. In inefficient markets, it is contended that the problem is not financial choice criteria but rather accounting information production and dissemination. In this regard, the level of information, rather than lack of bias in its interpretation, is deemed significant.Dans cet article. on examine la contestation suscitée par un manque de critère d'après lequel il serait possible de sélectionner des investissements qui entraineraient des variations dans les prix des actions, suivant ainsi unrythmealternatif. Dans les Marchés efficaces, le modèle déterminant le prix des capitaux de l'actif apparaft comme étant un critère précis. Dans les marchés inefficaces, on soutient que la question n'a pas rapport è des critères financiers sélectifs mais concerne plutôt la production et la diffusion d'informations comptables. A cet effet, la quantité d'informations se révèlt: ainsi plus significative que la perfection d'interprétation de ces informations.Die Behauptung wird überpruft, dass ein operationales Auswahlkriterium für Investitionsalternativen fehit, welchrs sich überschneidende Zeitprofile von Aktienkursen liefern würde. Es wird festgestellt, dass das ‘Capital Asset Pricing’ Modell ein eindeutiges Kriterium anbietet. Es wird behauptet, dass in unwollkommenen Kapitaldrkten das Problem nicht Auswahlkriterien, sondern die Verarbeitung und Verbreitung von Bilanzinformationen ist. In dieser Hinsicht ist die Infoimationsmenge und nicht eine unvoreingenormnene Interpretation von Bedeutung.
THE VALUATION OF STOCK WARRANTS: A REJOINDER
Authors: SKERRATT L.C.L. 
Published: December 2006

The purpose of the comment was to evaluate the Bird model in relation to the characteristics which were claimed for it, rather than against any other criteria. the conclusion which now might be drawn is that the warrant market is unsystematic in its valuation of securities.Les observations apportées précédemmentavaient pour but de juger le modèle Bird. Pour cela, il était préférable de s'appuyer sur les caracteristiques qui le définissaient, plutôt que de lui opposer d'autres critères. Tenant compte de la réponse de Bird, on pourrait maintenant deduire que le marché des warrants est incohérent dans son évaluation des titres.Der Zweck der ursprünglichen Anmerkung solte keine Beurteilung des Bird Modells gegenüber den Kriterien von Skerratt, sondern gegenüber den Merkmalen des Modells darstellen. Angesichts der Antwort von Bird, könnte man jetzt schliessen, dass der Berechtigungscheinmarkt Wertpapiere unsystematisch bewertet.
MULTIPLE OBJECTIVES IN ACCOUNTING AND FINANCE
Authors: Bhaskar Krish , McNamee Patrick 
Published: December 2006

This paper fnst discusses the results of previous empirical and theoretical work relating to multiple objectives. It then reports on a survey carried out in 1978 by means of a questionnaire circulated to the top 500 companies. The paper finds that despite strong evidence of multiple objectives, the profit motive is dominant, although there is evidence of growth as a significant objective.Proxy goals for a single primary objective function are found to be present, particularly in relation to risk. Finally, the implications of these results for accounting and finance are discussed.
FAMILY INTERACTION AND SOCIAL ADJUSTMENT IN A SAMPLE OF NORMAL SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Aston P. Jean , Dobson Gillian 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwenty‐five children aged 10–11, none of whom had been psychiatrically assessed as “disturbed”, were rated for their social behaviour at school. Nine with no signs of disturbance were termed the “Adjusted” group, 8 with one or two signs the “Middle” group, and & with four or more signs the “Disturbed” group. Significant differences were found between the “Adjusted” and “Disturbed” groups for parental verbal behaviour during a family discussion task, “Disturbed” mothers being comparatively over‐prominent and over‐attentive to their children, “Disturbed” fathers being withdrawn. Overt behaviour appeared to reflect mild underlying emotional disturbances within the “Disturbed” and “Middle” groups.
MATERNAL REJECTION AND CONSERVATION: AN ANALYSIS OF SUB‐OPTIMAL COGNITION
Authors: Hamilton Vernon 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYAttempts were made to derive a plausible relationship between socialization experiences and conservation. It was postulated that children of accepting and rejecting mothers would differ from an early age in patterns of arousal and activation levels, in experiences of stress, and in their willingness to obtain social feedback in problem solving. Therefore, it was proposed, children exposed to rejection might find it more difficult to apply logical strategies in information processing, and to filter out irrelevant from relevant stimuli in conservation tests. As predicted, conservation assessed by new pictorial tests of increasing difficulty was shown to be less well developed in children of rejecting mothers.
REMOVING INFANT RHESUS FROM MOTHER FOR 13 DAYS COMPARED WITH REMOVING MOTHER FROM INFANT
Authors: Hinde Robert A. , Davies Lynda 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn a previous experiment, 6 rhesus monkey mothers were removed from their infants for 13 days, the infants being left in their familiar environment. Here the procedure was reversed–5 infants were removed to an isolation cage in a strange room, the mothers staying in their familiar environment. Contrary to expectation these infant‐removed infants were less disturbed than the mother‐removed infants. This difference was associated with, and was probably due to, a more positive role by the mothers of the infant‐removed group in mother‐infant interaction after reunion. It is suggested that the effects of a separation experience may be mediated in part by the disturbance to the mother‐infant relationship which results.
THE LEARNING OF GRAMMATICAL INFLEXIONS IN NORMAL AND SUBNORMAL CHILDREN
Authors: Bradbury B. , Lunzkr E. A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwo groups of 18 children, one of average ability, the other drawn from E.S.N. schools were selected as of approximately MA6. Each subject was given a learning task requiring the induction of grammatical rules (to supply the appropriate nonsense‐syllable ending to a nonsense syllable stem) for past, plural and possessive. The three rules varied in generality and were allocated to grammatical form classes in a perfectly crossed design. Both groups of children learned the more general rule more effectively, and no other differences were consistent. E.S.N. children were less able to apply the rule to a single presentation of a transfer example. The findings are examined for the light that they throw on the nature of specific retardation in E.S.N. children.
BEHAVIOURAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILDREN IN RESIDENTIAL CARE IN RELATION TO INDICES OF SEPARATION
Authors: Yule William , Raynes Norma V. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYChildren in two large Group Cottage Homes were rated on standard behaviour ratings scales by both their house parents and their teachers. They were found to be significantly more maladjusted than their peers living at home. Attempts were made to relate the behavioural ratings to a variety of indices of the childrens' separation experiences.
A CASE STUDY OF AN “AUTISTIC‐SAVANT”: MENTAL FUNCTION IN THE PSYCHOTIC CHILD WITH MARKEDLY DISCREPANT ABILITIES
Authors: Goodman Joan 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis paper describes discrepant mental function in an. autistic‐savant boy, so labelled because he has the behavior of an autistic child and the cognitive profile of the idiot savant. Major findings are that: perception is adequate for visual discrimination, but not for spatial orientation; superior memory‐ exists for specialized data of limited scope and is explained, not by unusual rates of initial learning, but by a failure to forget; abstract associations are formed while developmentally easier tasks are failed. It is suggested that these contradictions—frequently found in psychotic children—are a natural developmental outcome of deficiencies in somatic awareness.
CHILDHOOD HALLUCINATIONS
Authors: Egdell H. G. , Kolvin I. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe definition and problems in diagnosis of childhood hallucinations is the background of a critical review of reported figure of incidence. Hallucinations, occurring in clear consciousness in a child psychiatric in‐patient population are presented. There was a frequency of 5 per cent in the general in‐patient group. Eighty‐one per cent of these with psychosis of late onset (5–15 years) were hallucinated in contrast to the infantile psychosis group (onset before 3 years) where none were found. Descriptions of children with hallucinations arising in great stress, late onset psychosis and Mandrax Intoxication are given.
A NOTE ON “ALIENATED” YOUTH THE FUNCTIONS OF THE DISTRICT OF SOHO, LONDON
Authors: Holden H. M. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn this essay the plight of “unattached” adolescents in the West End of London is considered in the light of Erikson's concept of an adolescent “moratorium”. The suggestion is made that the district of Soho fulfils many of the necessary conditions for such a “moratorium” and the fate of adolescents who select this particular environment for this purpose is explored. Some consideration is also given to the caretaking resources provided by the community within the district.
THE EFFECTS OF MATERNAL EMPLOYMENT ON CHILDREN*
Authors: Wallston Barbara 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYVarious effects of maternal employment on infants, preschool children, school age children and adolescents were reviewed. The importance of differential effects according to sex and social class was noted, although many studies by failing to control for these variables may have obscured effects. Adequate substitute care is important in alleviating possible ill effects, and satisfaction of the mother whether or not she works, is crucial in determining effects. Future work should deal more with additional processes which may mediate effects of maternal employment. Neglected mediators which might be studied further include the cultural milieu, maternal characteristics such as achievement motivation and sex‐role typing, and the family interaction process, including the husband's attitude toward the wife's work.
ATTACHMENT AND MOTHER‐INFANT INTERACTION: SOME RESEARCH IMPASSÉ AND A SUGGESTED CHANGE IN ORIENTATION
Authors: Rosenthal Miriam K. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis paper suggests that a change in the conceptualization of attachment is required in order to avoid certain research impasses. In particular, problems arising from work on the “stability” of attachment and on the relationship between its various “indices” are discussed. Attachment should be viewed as patterns of interaction between two human beings and not as a “thing” which results from such interactions. It is suggested that regarding it as certain characteristics of person‐child interaction rather than as a “summary‐construct” attributed to a child, may lead to more meaningful investigation of the psychological processes involved in attachment.
DESIGN‐CRITERIA RELATIONSHIPS IN BEHAVIOR THERAPY RESEARCH WITH CHILDREN
Authors: MacDonough Tome S. , McNamara J. Regis 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYDistorted underestimates (Pawlicki, 1970) of the scientific adequacy of behavior therapy research with children has resulted because appropriate design‐criteria relationships were not considered in evaluating studies in this area. Eighty percent of the studies have appropriately incorporated the criteria of control group, baseline, and systematic variation of treatment into their designs. However, even when design‐criteria relationships are considered, a number of criteria have been inadequately controlled for in a large percentage of studies. In fact, the criteria of unbiased observer and follow‐up have, on the average, been controlled for in only 46 per cent of the studies reviewed. If the scientific merit of research in this area is to be accepted, then more attention to tightening controls on these variables is needed.
SYSTEMATIC ASSESSMENT OF SELECTIVE LANGUAGE LISTENING DEFICIT IN EMOTIONALLY DISTURBED PRE‐SCHOOL CHILDREN *
Authors: Friedlander Bernard Z. , Wetstone Harriet S. , McPeek Donna L. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYIn an automated free‐play T.V. game, normal and disturbed children were‐ allowed to select their preference for either the‐ natural T.V. soundtrack or a soundtrack progressively degraded by addition of regulated noise interference. The normal children decisively rejected the less intelligible soundtrack, hut the disturbed children listened to the less intelligible speech almost as much as to the natural soundtrack. The data suggest that non‐selective listening in the disturbed children indicates a primary dysfunction of receptive language organization, measurable by this technique in objective numerical terms. The discussion considers implications in terms of etiology, systematic evaluation, and further research.
CO‐OPERATIVE CONFLICT RESOLUTION IN INSTITUTIONALISED BOY DYADS
Authors: Bauer Natasa , Krivohlavy Jaro 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYTwo groups of boys made a series of 200 decisions in a non‐zero sum game called the Prisoners' Dilemma. The boys in the experimental group were selected from a children's home, and the control group from normal families; institutionalisation was the sole differential dimension.A stooge played three different pre‐determined strategies against the naive boys. The stooge either replicated, was more benevolent, or more malevolent, than the naive boy. The results showed an overall higher level of co‐operation in the “own home” boys as compared to the “institutionalised” boys, especially when the stooge played a benevolent strategy. Under all strategies, the “institutionalised” boys showed marked resistance to change from competitive to co‐operative choices. They were often unable to cope with a situation when there was a disagreement between the strategic context, and the individual choice of die partner. Also the “institutionalised” boys were less easily taken in than the “own home” boys by the seemingly co‐operative behaviour of the stooge.
CHILD PSYCHIATRY AND PSYCHOTHERAPY *
Authors: Graham Philip 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe introduction into child psychiatry of new methods of treatment, especially behaviour modification, drug medication and conjoint family therapy, calls for a re‐appraisal of traditional methods. Psychotherapy bawd on a psychoanalytic theoretical framework needs to be carefully combined with other approaches so that the needs of individual children and their families can lie met. Some examples of such combined therapy, which itself needs careful evaluation, arc given. Al the present time no appropriate training is available in the United Kingdom for psychotherapists (medical or non‐medical) who wish to gain expertise in a variety of approaches. It is suggested that this is an area which clinical psychologists, who up till recently have broadly contented themselves with a diagnostic role, might well wish to develop as part of their own professional discipline.
THE INCREASE AND CONTROL OF VERBAL SIGNALS IN THE BLADDER TRAINING OF A SEVENTEEN MONTH OLD CHILD—A CASE STUDY *
Authors: Brown R. Michael , Brown Norma L. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis investigation attempted to increase the frequency and accuracy of verbal signaling prior to urination in a young child. The child was a seventeen month old female whose signalling behavior was observed to be intermittent and inconsistent. Operant procedures were introduced by the parents that consisted of reinforcing signalling and signalled urinations with candy and praise. When the reinforcing contingencies were present, signal frequency and accuracy increased above baseline level. The withdrawal of the reinforcers resulted in a rapid decline in responding and reinstatement of reinforcement was accompanied by an increase in signal frequency and accuracy above baseline. These findings indicate that under conditions of contingent reinforcement, the child withheld urination until she had signalled and was placed on her potty chair. It is suggested that parents can increase the efficiency of toilet training when the appropriate procedures are used.
CRISIS INTERVENTION GUIDED BY ATTACHMENT CONCEPTS—A CASE STUDY
Authors: Heard D. H. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYCaplan's concepts of crisis and crisis intervention arc summarized and compared with Parkes' concept of psychosocial transition, which embodies attachment concepts (Bowlby) and an elaboration of Cantril's concept of the Assumptive Form World.This latter concept, taken further is presented as a metaphor in which to discuss events, experiences and behaviour commonly seen in crisis situations.The case study of a suicide bid by a young adolescent boy, illustrates the way attachment concepts, expressed through the metaphor of personal assumptive worlds, may be used to guide intervention in crisis situations in child and adolescent psychiatry.
SKELETAL IMMATURITY IN PSYCHIATRICALLY DISTURBED ADOLESCENTS
Authors: Littlemore Doreen , Metcalfe Maryse , Johnson Anthony L. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYOne‐hundred and thirty‐two adolescents suffering from severe psychiatric disturbance were examined, and their skeletal maturity was assessed from an X‐ray of their left hand and wrist. The skeletal maturity of this group was compared with standards set out by Tanner, Whitehouse and Healy. The comparison indicated that after the age of fourteen there was a lag in the maturity of the psychiatrically disturbed group. The significance of these results is discussed.
THE COMPONENTS OF “AFFECTIONLESS PSYCHOPATHY” IN INSTITUTIONALIZED CHILDREN
Authors: Wolkind S. N. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYClassical “affectionless psychopathy” of institutionalization is no longer a commonly found syndrome in residential care. The individual clinical features which make up the syndrome, however, are each described as occurring very commonly. A psychiatric study of a group of children in long stay residential care suggests that the main features of the syndrome have a different aetiology. Antisocial behaviour is found to relate to aspects in the child's family, and relationship difficulties to an early admission to care. The implications of these findings are discussed.
EMOTIONAL AND MEDICAL FACTORS IN CHILD DENTAL ANXIETY
Authors: Sermet O. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis paper reports part of an investigation into the aetiology of child dental anxiety, and in particular considers the role of emotional and medical factors in this respect.One hundred dentally anxious children and 100 dentally non‐anxious children were seen and information about them obtained through a semi‐structured interview with the mother and by her completion of Rutter's Child Scale A Questionnaire.The results showed significant differences between the two groups of children in their emotional disorders and their medical experiences.
47, XYY CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION, PHYSICAL GROWTH AND PSYCHOLOGICAL DISTURBANCE–A CASE STUDY
Authors: Field Michael A. S. , Faed Michael J. W. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA case is presented in which a multiplicity of factors, among them an XYY chromosome constitution, may have contributed to disturbed behaviour. These factors were inter‐related and included rate of growth, emotional immaturity, school difficulties and family illness. Social responses to the patient's appearance and behaviour made management difficult. This situation has responded in part to psychiatric and social intervention.
ASPECTS OF DEPENDENCE‐INDEPENDENCE CONFLICT IN CHILDREN WITH ASTHMA
Authors: Williams John S. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe study set out to verify by the experimental method several hypotheses arising out of the analytic Literature concerning the dynamics of the asthmatic child.Two groups of asthmatic children, differing in severity, were matched and compared with two control groups, one normal and the other with chronic chest disease. The asthmatic and normal children were drawn from random samples of the 10‐yr‐old population within the Melbourne (Australia) Metropolitan Area. The asthmatic children demonstrated an excessive dependence‐independence conflict with an intensive mother‐child bond and core anxiety around the threat of separation. Under such a threat “claustral” themes were more predominant. It was tentatively concluded that this complex of variables was specific to asthma.
THE INTERPRETATION OF CONSERVATION INSTRUCTIONS BY FIVE‐YEAR‐OLD CHILDREN
Authors: Russell James 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis paper presents an attempt to test Piaget's notion that the child's language reflects his cognitive level, by examining how five‐year‐olds interpret the conservation expression “same amount of room” and then attempting to re‐educate their semantics. Interpretations were generally in terms of height or shape, depending on whether children produced or selected the comparison, implying that failure at the classic conservation task is due to misinterpretation of the instruction rather than to witnessing the perceptual transformation. Correct interpretations were common when neither shape nor height variables were perceptually salient. Semantic re‐education corrected “shape” but not “height” interpretations, implying that failure to conserve is not a purely semantic failure.
GANG CHARACTERISTICS: AN EMPIRICAL SURVEY
Authors: O'Hangan F. J. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThis research report is concerned with the organization of delinquent gangs, the stains of individuals within the gang, junior groups associated with the dominant gang and the activities of the members themselves. It suggests that a broadly based approach to the various theoretical models of delinquent subcultures is essential as no single model explains the wide variety of delinquent groupings which can exist in a large urban area.
CONTEXT AND THE EXPRESSED ETHNIC PREFERENCES OF INFANT SCHOOL CHILDREN
Authors: Madge Nicola J. H. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYForty‐four children–white and black, boys and girls–from the top classes of a London multi‐racial infants’school were given several tests designed to reveal racial awareness and racial preferences. Ii was Found that the children were aware of ethnic differences but that the extent and direction of their expressed ethnic preferences were strongly influenced by that situational contest and by the competing variables upon which their choices of figures could alternatively be based.
AMITRIPTYLINE AND METHYLPHENIDATE TREATMENT OF BEHAVIORALLY DISORDERED CHILDREN
Authors: Yepes L. E. , Balka Elinor B. , Winsberg Bertrand G. , Bialer Irv 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYA controlled investigation was conducted to assess the relative effectiveness of amitriptyline and methylphenidate for treating hyperactive/aggressive behavior in children originally referred to a learning clinic. Behavioral change was measured through parent and teacher ratings. Drug effects on attention, short term memory, and impulsivity were evaluated with laboratory tasks. It was found that both drugs were largely comparable in attenuating hyperactivity and aggression. Of the laboratory measures, only attention was improved by both drugs. However, neither medication interfered with functioning on the other laboratory tests. With the exception of and trip by line‐induced sedation, side effects were of minor degree. Findings raised questions concerning measuring and improving attentiveness. Differences between results of this and other studies were discussed, as were issues regarding pharmacotherapy with amitriptyline in children.