bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Creating "Communities of Learning" and "Common Cultures" Fosters Collaboration: The e-Parliament, the Israeli Settlements Project, and the Mexican Negotiation Skills Training Workshop
Authors: Waters Nancy , Hackley Susan , Woodside Sarah 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article examines three innovative efforts initiated by the Program on Negotiation at Harvard Law School to promote conflict resolution on an international scale: the e-Parliament, the Israeli Settlements Project, and the Negotiation Skills Training Program in Mexico. These projects achieve successful collaboration and coordination by creating "communities of learning" and "common cultures" among the many actors involved. The article analyzes the critical components of successful collaboration and coordination in multi-party situations that are incorporated shared decision-making and responsibility, meaningful participation, joint commitment, and reciprocity.
Mediating Rights-Based Conflicts: Making Self-Determination Negotiable
Authors: Babbitt Eileen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractHow can the international community more effectively prevent self-determination conflicts from escalating to violence? The most useful way is to make such conflicts "negotiable," rather than standing by while minority groups and governments square off against each other. To do this, the international community must (1) understand what causes the parties to choose violence; (2) understand the dynamics that make such conflicts intractable, including the rights claims; and (3) design interventions that create more favorable conditions for minority groups and governments to negotiate rather than fight. Drawing upon the analysis of two major self-determination conflicts, this paper argues that such interventions should: include a clearer statement from official international bodies about the conditions under which secession will be deemed acceptable under international law; provide a mediated process in which minority groups and governments can convene to discuss their concerns and interests; and foster collaboration between official and non-official third parties in these negotiations to draw upon the strengths of both in assisting minority groups and governments to work through their differences.
Effect of HIV/AIDS on the control environment
Authors: Coetzee Philna 
Published: July 2006

Objective: The management of organizations is responsible for risk management and control systems. HIV/AIDS could be a great threat in the achievement of strategic business objectives, implicating a great concern for management. Management needs to understand this possible risk. This study aims to identify the effect that HIV/AIDS could have on the different elements of the control environment Methodology: The archival research method was used. It was established that no formal research was conducted to date on the effect of HIV/AIDS on the control environment as a whole. Various studies have included the effect of HIV/AIDS on certain factors of the control environment. These studies will be discussed briefly to identify relevant findings Results: The study indicated that the disease could affect various aspects of the control environment, namely: competency of the workforce (e.g. productivity, quality of work, absenteeism, loss of skills and knowledge, training and recruitment, etc.); organizational structure (e.g. increase use of technology labour, disruption of processes, level of employees affected by the disease); human resource (HR) policies and practices (e.g. legislation applicable, prevention and awareness programmes, compensation and benefits) Research limitation: HIV/AIDS is a relatively new potential risk to organizations. Knowledge of the disease is limited. HIV/AIDS is also a very sensitive issue as people fear the disease and do not like to discuss its existence. Government determined that it should be a non-notifiable disease and the disease is currently greatly stigmatized. The databases of companies investigated by other research studies were not developed to gather all the relevant information Conclusion: Management should be aware that HIV/AIDS poses a possible risk to organizations. Data on the effect of HIV/AIDS should be gathered and used in the decision-making process on how to manage this risk. To be able to fulfil this duty, management first has to determine: whether HIV/AIDS is a risk; the relevant cost involved that the disease is costing the organization; how to control these costs
Perfluoroalkylquinones. Synthesis Using Bis(perfluoroalkanoyl) Peroxides, Absorption Bands, and Solubility
Authors: Matsui Masaki , Kondoh Shigeru , Shibata Katsuyoshi , Muramatsu Hiroshige 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reactions of 1,4-benzo-, naphtho-, and 9,10-anthraquinones with bis(perfluoroalkanoyl) peroxides gave the corresponding perfluoroalkylated derivatives. Those of 2-methyl- and 2-[4-(chloroanilino)]-1,4-naphthoquinones with bis(oxaperfluoroalkanoyl) peroxides afforded the dichloromethyl and trifluoromethyl derivatives, respectively. Absorption bands of the perfluoroalkylated naphtho- and anthraquinone dyes showed a slight hypsochromic shift. The solubilities of the perfluoroalkylated anthraquinone dyes into hexane were much more higher than those of the non-perfluoroalkylated ones.
Thermochromic Behavior of Polysilanes Concerning the Dependence on the Sequence Length
Authors: Sanji Takanobu , Sakamoto Kenkichi , Sakurai Hideki 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Poly(dihexylsilane) and poly(dibutylsilane) having a wide range of molecular weights were prepared by the photodegradation of the corresponding high-molecular-weight polymers. These polymers showed characteristic thermochromism. Thus, the absorption maximum observed for both polymers at around room temperature disappeared and generated a new band at longer wavelengths at low temperature. The transition temperatures (Tc) (at which the intensities of these two absorption bands become equal) of these polymers were apparently proportional to the inverse of the number-average molecular weight () until the polysilanes reach a certain value of molecular weight. Beyond that value, the transition temperature was no longer dependent on the molecular weight. The thermochromic transition temperature also depended on the size of the alkyl substituents. These results have been satisfactorily explained by a model of the thermochromism based on a cooperative transition between the ordered trans and gauche states for poly(dialkylsilane)s.
Reaction Mechanism of the Pyrolysis of Polycarbosilane and Polycarbosilazane as Ceramic Precursors
Authors: Narisawa Masaki , Shimoda Manabu , Okamura Kiyohito , Sugimoto Masaki , Seguchi Tadao 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The pyrolytic processes of polycarbosilane (PCS) to silicon carbide and of polycarbosilazane (PCSZ) to silicon carbonitride were studied by gas analysis, electron spin resonance (ESR), and X-ray diffraction. On the progress of conversion from organic polymers to ceramics above 800 K, decomposition gases like CH4 and H2 evolved, and free radicals as the intermediate active species in the chemical reactions were detected during the pyrolysis. The gas yield and the radical concentration profile against pyrolysis temperature indicated that there were several steps in the pyrolysis of PCS and PCSZ. At the last step in the pyrolysis of PCS, the microcrystals of β-SiC began to precipitate, while the microcrystals of β-SiC and Si3N4 precipitated in the pyrolysis of PCSZ.
Di(phenoxo)-bridged Dinuclear Mn2(II,II) and Mn2(II,III) Complexes of Macrocyclic Ligands: Structure, Properties, and Catalase-Like Function
Authors: Wada Hisae , Motoda Ken-ichiro , Ohba Masaaki , Sakiyama Hiroshi , Matsumoto Naohide , Okawa Hisashi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Dinuclear Mn2(II,II) complexes [Mn2(Lm,n)(RCOO)2] ((m,n) = (2,3), (2,4), (3,3); R = CH3, C6H5) have been prepared where (Lm,n)2− denotes dinucleating macrocycles with two 2,6-bis(iminomethyl)-4-methylphenolate entities combined through two lateral chains, –(CH2)m– and –(CH2)n–, at the imino nitrogens. The complex [Mn2(L3,3)(CH3COO)2] crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/n with a = 18.795(5), b = 7.608(2), c = 10.081(1) Å, β = 92.89(2)°, V = 1439.7 Å3, and Z = 2. The refinement converges with R = 6.38 and Rw = 9.63% based on 2727 reflections with |Fo| ≥ 3σ(|Fo|). A pair of Mn(II) ions are bridged by the two phenolic oxygens with a Mn–Mn separation of 3.367(1) Å. An acetate group coordinates bidentately to each Mn(II) to afford a six-coordinate geometry about the metal ion. The oxidation of [Mn2(L3,3)(CH3COO)2] with Br2 forms a mixed-valence Mn2(II,III) complex [Mn2(L3,3)(CH3COO)Br2]·H2O. The Mn2(II,II) and Mn2(II,III) complexes show catalytic activity for decomposing H2O2 in DMF or DMSO. The involvement of the Mn2(II,III)/Mn2(II,IV) cycle in the catalytic process is inferred based on visible and ESR spectroscopic studies of the reaction mixture.
Diorganotin(IV) Dialkoxyphosphinothioates: Synthesis and Characterization
Authors: Mokal Vijaya B , Jain Vimal K 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Diorganotin(IV) dialkoxyphosphinothioates of the general formula, [R2Sn{OSP(OR′)2}2] (R = Me, Et, Prn, Bun, But; R′ = Me, Prn or Bun), [R2Sn(Cl){OSP(OR′)2}] (R = Me or But; R′ = Prn or Bun), ([R2Sn{OSP(OR′)2}]2O)2 (R = Me, Prn; R′ = Prn) and [But2Sn(μ-OH){OSP(OR′)2}]2 (R′ = Me or Prn) have been synthesized. All of the complexes were characterized by elemental analyses as well as IR and multinuclear NMR (1H, 13C, 31P, and 119Sn) spectroscopy. The stereochemistry of these complexes is discussed based on the NMR data.
Reductive Carbonylation of gem-Dihalogenocyclopropanes by Pentacarbonyliron(0) in the Presence of Sodium Methoxide
Authors: Reyne Françoise , Waegell Bernard , Brun Pierre 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The reaction of gem-dihalogenocyclopropanes derivatives with (tetracarbonyl)(methoxycarbonylato)ferrate(I−) has been investigated; gem-dibromocyclopropanes and gem-chlorobromocyclopropane derivatives are reduced and carbonylated. It could be shown that a bromo ester such as methyl 1-bromo-2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxylate is an intermediate in the transformation of 1,1-dibromo-2-phenylcyclopropane into methyl cis- and trans-2-phenylcyclopropanecarboxylates and dimethyl 2-phenyl-1,1-cyclopropanedicarboxylate.
Hypervalent Iodine Oxidation of Flavanones: A New Synthesis of Methyl 2-Aryl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylates by 1,2-Aryl Shift
Authors: Prakash Om , Tanwar Madan P 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Flavanones (1), on oxidation with (diacetoxyiodo)benzene-sulfuric acid (DIB–H2SO4) or (hydroxy)tosyloxy)iodo)benzene (HTIB) in trimethyl orthoformate, undergo facile ring contraction by 1,2-aryl shift, thereby yielding methyl 2-aryl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-3-carboxylates (4) as major products (40—80%). cis-3-Methoxyflavanones (5) and flavones (3) are the minor products formed in variable ratios.
Catalytic Decomposition of Dinitrogen Oxide over Perovskite-Related Mixed Oxides
Authors: Wang Jie , Yasuda Hiroyuki , Inumaru Kei , Misono Makoto 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The catalytic decomposition of dinitrogen oxide (N2O) was carried out over La2−xSrxCuO4 (x = 0—1), LaMO3 (M = Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, and Ni) and La2MO4 (M = Co, Ni, and Cu) mixed oxides with perovskite and perovskite-related structure. The reaction rate at the steady state was first-order in the partial pressure of N2O, with reversible inhibition of oxygen. The initial rate was enhanced by pretreatment in helium at 1073 K, but decreased gradually due to irreversible inhibition of oxygen formed by the reaction, while the rate increased with time when the catalyst was pretreated in oxygen. A good correlation between the catalytic activity and the average oxidation number of copper (AON) was observed for La2−xSrxCuO4 and was explained by a Cu2+/Cu3+ redox mechanism. The catalytic activity for a series of LaMO3 and La2MO4 showed a one peak pattern with Co at the peak. These trends in catalytic activity are similar in general to those for NO decomposition.
Multiplex Proton-Transfer and Electron-Transfer Natures Based on the 2,2′-Bi-1H-imidazole System. I. Acid Dissociation Constants and Redox Properties in Solution
Authors: Akutagawa Tomoyuki , Saito Gunzi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The 2,2′-bi-1H-imidazole (H2BIM) derivatives were studied from the point of the interplay of proton-transfer (PT) and electron (charge)-transfer (CT) interactions. Seven new states among the speculated 25 independent species were identified based on the study of their redox and acid dissociation properties. Isoelectronic substitution of four sulfur atoms of the dication state of tetrathiafulvalene (TTF2+) by four imino groups was found to increase the stability of the dication state 2,2′-bi-1H-imidazolium (H4BIM2+) with aromatic 6π–6π character. The high PT character of H3BIM+ (2-(2-1H-imidazolyl)-1H-imidazolium) and H4BIM2+ compared with that of the corresponding hydroquinone system was clearly observed. The on-site Coulomb repulsion energy for electron-transfer (U1CT) was evaluated for various π-electron acceptor and donor systems. It was found that the U1CT values decrease linearly with increasing the length of a molecule, which can divide the molecular systems into two classifications, i.e. electron acceptors and dications. The on-site Coulomb repulsion energy for two-step proton-transfer processes (U1PT) was newly defined and evaluated for the H2BIM, H4BIM2+, hydroquinone (H2Q), and bis(4-hydroxyphenyl) disulfide (HPDS) systems. The U1PT values become constant above a certain molecular length (rc). Below rc the U1PT values increase linearly with decreasing the distance r regardless of Würster and Weitz structures, approximately. The H2BIM (H4BIM2+) system has large U1PT values in comparison with the H2Q and HPDS systems.
Structure of Clusters in Ethanol–Water Binary Solutions Studied by Mass Spectrometry and X-Ray Diffraction
Authors: Matsumoto Masaki , Nishi Nobuyuki , Furusawa Toshiya , Saita Masaru , Takamuku Toshiyuki , Yamagami Motoyuki , Yamaguchi Toshio 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The structure of clusters in ethanol–water binary solutions at xE (ethanol mole fraction) ≥ 0.2 was investigated by the mass-spectrometric analysis of clusters isolated from liquid droplets and X-ray diffraction measurements of the intact solution. The average number of water molecules (Na) of the ethanol m-mer hydrates (5 &lt; m &lt; 15) in the mixtures at 0.2 ≤ xE ≤ 0.8 was found to be expressed by a function of the water mole fraction (xw), Na = {(m/4.2) − 1}2 (xw + 0.85), suggesting that the fundamental structure of ethanol polymer-hydrates is invariable in this region. An inflection point of Na was found at xE ≈ 0.2. The radial distribution functions (RDFs) from X-ray measurements demonstrated a decrease of linear hydrogen bonds at 2.8 Å with increasing xE, while keeping the strongest peak at 4.8 Å for 0.4 ≤ xE ≤ 1.0. On the basis of a composition analysis of the mass spectra and the concentration dependence of RDFs, we propose the most likely model of ethanol–water binary clusters formed in the region 0.2 ≤ xE ≤ 0.8.
Characterization of Enantiomeric Pairs of Optically Active 10-P-5 Phosphoranes with Asymmetry Only at Phosphorus
Authors: Kojima Satoshi , Kajiyama Kazumasa , Akiba Kin-ya 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Diastereomeric phosphoranes (o-OC(CF3)2C6H4)2P*CH2CO2-(−)-menthyl (3-RP and 3-SP) of which absolute stereochemistry was determined were treated with LiAlH4 to give (o-OC(CF3)2C6H4)2P*CH2CH2OH (4-RP and 4-SP) as the first optically active pair of enantiomeric phosphoranes of rigid stereochemistry with asymmetry only upon the pentacoordinate phosphorus atom. The high enantiomeric purities of the alcohols were confirmed by converting them to their (+)-MTPA esters. Furthermore, when diastereomeric phosphoranes (o-OC(CF3)2C6H4)2P*CH2NHC*HCH3Ph (10-RP and 10-SP) of which absolute stereochemistry was also determined were treated with MeLi the first optically active pair of enantiomeric P–H phosphoranes (o-OC(CF3)2C6H4)2P*H (2-RP and 2-SP) with asymmetry only upon the pentacoordinate phosphorus atom could be obtained. The high enantiomeric purities of the P–H phosphoranes were confirmed by converting each of them to their corresponding (−)-menthyl esters 3-RP and 3-SP.
Spectroscopic and Conductometric Studies of Lanthanide Soaps
Authors: Mehrotra Krishna N , Shukla Rajeev K , Chauhan Mithlesh 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Infrared spectral studies of lanthanide soaps (octanoates of cerium, didymium, neodymium, and samarium) reveal that fatty acids exist with a dimeric-type structure through hydrogen bonding between two molecules of fatty acids, whereas the metal-to-oxygen bonds in these soaps have an ionic character. The X-ray diffraction results confirm that these soaps have a double-layer structure with molecular axes slightly inclined to the basal plane. The premicellar association and the formation of micelles in lanthanide soap solutions have been investigated by conductometric measurements in a nonaqueous medium. The molar conductance at infinite dilution, the degree of ionization and the ionization constant have been evaluated. The results show that these soaps behave as weak electrolytes in dilute solutions.
Effect of Counterions on the Surface Adsorption and Volume Behavior of Micelle-Forming Local Anesthetics
Authors: Matsuki Hitoshi , Yamanaka Michio , Kaneshina Shoji 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The surface tension and densities of aqueous solutions of micelle-forming local anesthetic dibucaine and tetracaine salts having different halide ions as counterions from each other (dibucaine hydrochloride (DC·HCl), hydrobromide (DC·HBr) and hydroiodide (DC·HI), and tetracaine hydrochloride (TC·HCl) and hydrobromide (TC·HBr)) were measured as a function of the molality at 298.15 K under atmospheric pressure. The thermodynamic quantities of adsorption and volume for the anesthetics were evaluated numerically based on the experimental results. The surface densities of the anesthetics increased in the order of chloride, bromide, and iodide salts. This behavior may result from differences in the degree of three factors, that is, a hydration interaction between water molecules and counterions, the counterion distribution in the surface-adsorbed film, and ion-pair formation in the adsorbed film between anesthetic cations and counterions. It was further shown from the surface pressure vs. area per adsorbed molecule curves that the adsorbed films of the anesthetics undergo a phase transition from a gaseous state to an expanded state at low concentrations. On the other hand, the volumes of micelle formation for DC·HCl and DC·HBr have been found to be almost equal to each other. This fact means that the effect of these halide counterions on the volume of micelle formation is considerably small in contrast to the results of surface adsorption.
Pressure-Induced Phase Transition in the 1,2,4,5-Tetrabromobenzene Crystal
Authors: Shimizu Fumio , Suzuki Yoshio , Mitarai Keiko , Fujino Mitsuyo , Kawano Hiroshi , Nibu Yoshinori , Shimada Hiroko , Shimada Ryoichi 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effects of pressure on the frequencies and band structures of the Raman active inter- and intramolecular vibrations of the 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene crystal were studied under hydrostatic pressures upto 5 GPa at 300 K in a gasketed diamond anvil cell. Changes of the Raman frequencies and band structures of the inter- and intramolecular vibrations induced by pressure suggest that the phase transition takes place under about 0.7 GPa. Comparison of the pressure-induced frequency shifts of the inter- and intramolecular vibrations of the 1,2,4,5-tetrabromobenzene crystal with the frequency shifts observed in the 1,2,4,5-tetrachlorobenzene crystal indicates that the repulsive force between bromine atoms belonging to the adjacent molecules is fairly stronger than the force between chlorine atoms.
Ultraviolet Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Alkaline-Metal Doped Polyacetylene
Authors: Miyamae Takayuki , Kamiya Koji , Hasegawa Shinji , Seki Kazuhiko , Tanaka Chizuko , Tanaka Jiro 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Sodium- and potassium-doped highly conducting polyacetylenes were studied by ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) using synchrotron radiation. Upon doping, the UPS spectra immediately show a large shift toward the higher binding energy side relative to EF. At intermediate doping level, a new state is created in the empty energy gap region. The gap state in the UPS spectra is assigned to the charged soliton band. This is the first direct observation of emission from the charged soliton state in doped polyacetylene. At heavily doped level, the quasi-metallic density of states is found just below the Fermi level and the broadening of the UPS spectra occurs at the regions of C 2p and C 2s levels. However, no finite density of states was observed at the Fermi level in the case of unoriented polyacetylene. This result is in contrast to the case of oriented polyacetylene doped with perchlorate, where the existence of a finite density of states at EF is reported. The spectral shape of UPS near the Fermi level is in accordance with Tomonaga–Luttinger liquid model of strong electron correlated system. Ab initio molecular orbital calculations taking account of nearest-neighbor chain effect gives a good description of the UPS for all the C 2s, C 2pσ, and C 2pπ bands.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hybrid Porphyrin Dimers and Halogenated Porphyrin Dimers
Authors: Iida Kouji , Nango Mamoru , Okada Kenichi , Hikita Masaya , Matsuura Mitsutaka , Kurihara Takayuki , Tajima Takeharu , Hattori Ayako , Ishikawa Shinichi , Yamashita Keiji , Tsuda Kazuichi , Kurono Yukihisa 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Zinc hybrid porphyrin dimer(ZnTTP-C2-H2PFPP, ZnTTP-C2-H2TTP, ZnPFPP-C2-H2PFPP, and ZnPFPP-C2-H2TTP) and manganese (III) halogenated porphyrin dimers (MnPFPP-C2-MnPFPP, MnPFPP-C2-MnDCPP, and MnDCPP-C2-MnDCPP) covalently bridged by an ethylene moiety (&lt;SCHMR TYPE="T" SID="" RID="S01"&gt;) were synthesized and characterized by UV-vis spectra, fluorescence spectra, and cyclic voltammograms. These porphyrin dimers could be embedded into the lipid bilayers of a liposomal membrane. The redox potential of the manganese complex for the halogenated porphyrin dimers increased with increasing of halogen portions on the porphyrin rings. An efficient energy transfer of the excited singlet state in the covalently-linked zinc hybrid dimers from zinc porphyrin to a free base porphyrin was observed, depending on the porphyrin structure. Furthermore, the manganese halogenated porphyrin dimers acted as catalysts of transmembrane electron transfer; such activity depends on the steric effect of halogen portions on the porphyrin ring.
A Novel Dehydrative Ring-Transformation of 1-Alkyl-3-aroylpyrrolidines into 1-Alkyl-2-aryl-3-methylpyrroles
Authors: Mataka Shuntaro , Kitagawa Hirohisa , Tsukinoki Takehito , Tashiro Masashi , Takahashi Kazufumi , Kamata Kichinosuke 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
When heated in an alcoholic solvent, such as ethylene glycol or butanol, 4-substituted 3-aroyl-1-alkylpyrrolidines, which are readily accessible via the condensation of an amino acid, paraformaldehyde, and 3-substituted 1-ary-2-propen-1-one, afforded 4-substituted 1-alkyl-2-aryl-3-methylpyrrole derivatives in good yields. The ring-transformation of 3,4-dibenzoyl-1-methyl-2-phenylpyrrolidine occurred in two directions, giving the corresponding 3-benzyl- and 3-methylpyrrole derivative. Also, bicyclic pyrroles, such as 1H,3H-pyrrolo[1,2-c]thiazole, 2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine, and 5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine, were prepared by the ring-transformation of bicyclic aroylpyrrolidines obtained from the corresponding cyclic amino acids. A mechanism for the ring-transformation is proposed.