bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The rapid determination of free acid and water‐soluble phosphate in calcium superphosphate
Authors: Guthrie F. C. , Nance J. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe sample of superphosphate is extracted with water, and the solution titrated with carbonate‐free sodium hydroxide in two stages with appropriate indicators. The first stage gives the free acid, and the second stage an approximate result for the primary calcium phosphate, Ca(H2PO4)2. A suitable volume of the sodium hydroxide is then titrated with the superphosphate solution, giving a reading from which a more accurate value for the primary calcium phosphate can be obtained. The total soluble phosphate determined in this way agrees well with that found by gravimetric analysis.
The analysis of mixtures of the stereoisomerides of hexachloro‐cyclohexane (benzene hexachloride) by means of infra‐red spectro‐scopy
Authors: Marrison L. W. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA description is given of the rapid analysis of mixtures of the stereoisomers of hexachlorocyclohexane by means of infrared spectroscopy. The results obtained arc within 0·5 to 2·5% of the correct values. More than 100 samples per week can be analysed.
Reactive methylene groups. Part I. Stilbene formation
Authors: McGookin A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe Ehrlich‐Sachs reaction' consists in condensing a compound containing a reactive aethylenc group, c.g., 2 : 4‐dinitrotoluene, with an aromatic nitroso‐compound, Substituted aldehydcs and ketones may. then b' prepared from the resulting azomethines by hydrolysis With plinerol. acid. Since the yields of final product were ofren mausfactory 11 appeared possible to achieve thc same end by condensing the rcacuve methylene compound with an aromatic aldehyde, e.g. and oxidizing, or ozonizing, the resulting stilbcnc to the required aldehyde.The polynitrostilbenes, however, proved to be highly resistant to oxidation and the strenuous conditions required to achieve success resulted in the formation of the corresponding acid. Ozonolysis, likewise, furnished chiefly the acid, although small quantities of aldehyde were isolable (compare Kaslow and Stayner'). Since the hydrogen peroxide formed during the decomposition of the ozonide might be responsible for the oxidation of the aldehyde to thc acid, reducing gcnts such as aqueous fcrrous sulphatc were used to dccomposc the ozonidc, but :he main product was still the acid. From this result it seems probable that there is a peroxide present which inevitably produces the acid on hydrolysis.The work instigated an investigation into the reactivity of methylene groups in general, the results of which will be published later. A number of improvements in stilbene production are recorded. Thus the yield of 2 : 4‐dinitrostilbene was maintained by using toluene as a solvent and the product was much more 'readily purified than that obtained without a solvent. The crude yields of stilbcnes frequently quoted in the literature arc of little value, since tlic final yield of pure matcrial is often considerably lower. For instance, in the preparation of 2 : 4‐dinitrostilbcnc, Thiele and Escalcs' crude yield of 90‐95 is attainable, but the final yield of pure product amounts to about 759 the rcmaindcr being an intracrablc tar.Benzoyl p‐hydroxybenwldchyde and z: 4‐dinitro‐bcnzoyloxy‐stilbenc do not appear 10 have bcen described previously.
The properties of some higher polymethacrylic esters
Authors: Crawford J. W. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAlthough the properties of polymethyl methncrylate have been widely reported in the scientific and technical literature, few1 references appear to studies of the properties of the higher‐polyalkyl methacrylates.The present paper deals with examination or re‐examination of a number of polymeric higher methacrylic esters undertaken with a view to obtaining information on the influence of thee alcohol alkyl chain length, and of branching in this chain on the properties of the polymer.Polymers have been examined of all the alkyl methacrylates up to the butyl series. Of the amyl hexyl and octyl series a selection has been prepared out of the many possible isomers, the choice having been indicated by the results of work on the lower homologues.Attempts have been made to explain differences in the properties of the polymers mainly on the basis of induction due to methyl groups in the alcohol alkyl radicals. This would be only one of numerous causes of differences in properties, but the assumption that it is important has led to results which appear to be of sufficient interest to discuss in the present paper.
A simple fraction‐collecting machine for chromatographic analysis
Authors: Cuckow F. W. , Harris H. J. C. , Speed F. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe machine has been designed for work on the partition chromatography of amino acids and of purine and pyrimidine nucleosides to facilitate the collection of successive fractions of small volumes of the percolate from the chromatographic column. Each fraction (of up to 50 ml.) is collected for a pre‐determined time and sixty such fractions in all may be obtained without resetting the machine.
Studies in acetylene flames. Part I. Extinction
Authors: Campbell J. R. , Cumminc A. P. C. , Horn J. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe extinction point of acetylene was determined by burning a vertical he under constant pressure and in an atmosphere consisting of O2 and N2 of constant composition which could be altered at will. The length of flame, the diameter of the combustion chamber, the velocity of the gas mixture through the combustion chamber, and the percentage excess air all affect the extinction point. The results under specific conditions are given in the conclusions. The presence of CO2 in the inlet gas mixture increases the value of the extinction point but to a lesser extent then that previously found for other hydrocarbon gases, e.g., methane.
An introduction to the micro‐oven technique as applied to bakery research
Authors: Bradshaw R. C. A. , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA new technique is described for studying the changes that take place in doughs, batters etc. using a micro‐oven. The problems associated with its use are reviewed, and illustrations are given showing its application 10 bread doughs, sponge mixtures and emulsions.
The preparation of polysulphide, polymers from crude 2:2′‐dichloro‐diethyl sulphide
Authors: Abrams J. T. , Barker R. L. , Jones W. E. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThiokol‐type polymers have been prepared by condensation of crude 2: 2′‐dichlorodicthyl sulphide with sodium polysulphides. More useful products are obtained by replacing part of the 2 : 2′‐dichlorodicthyl sulphide by the corresponding sulphoxide and condensation of the latter with ethylene dichloride under similar conditions also gives useful polymers.The work described is mainly based on the use of sodium tetrasulphide condensates but concurrently and in conjunction, similar work mainly based on the use of sodium disulphide condensates was carried out by the Paint Research Station with the view to producing more resinous than rubber‐like polymers. The outcome of the work of the Paint Research Station is detailed in British Patents Nos. 573,308,573,333 and 576,721 (Jordan and Aiken) which also cover the use of the sulphoxide compound.
The degradation of vinyl polymers
Authors: Reid W. S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe degradation of a high polymer is the process of breakdown by various agencies of the long chain molecules. In the case of vinyl polymers, (the degradation reaction, though not so important commercially as the polymerization process,) may be utilized in various ways; for instance, (a) polymers such as rubber may be more easily processed if first degraded and the degree of polymerization stabilized at some lower level.(b) monomer may be regenerated from scrap polymer, (c) compounds which cannot easily be synthesized can be produced by chemical reaction with the polymer and subsequent depolymerization, (d) the process may elucidate polymer structure.The degradation of three representative polymers, namely, those of styrene, methyl methacrylate and x‐methylstyrene, (I, II, III), is discussed here Low polymers of α‐methylstyrene have a cyclic structure, but longer chains may contain branches due to activation of the methyl group.In general, degradation increases with reaction temperature, and structures containing quaternary carbon (or hetero) atoms are most readily and perfectly degraded. The destructive distillation polymethyl methncrylate and poly α‐methylstyrene yields more than 90% monomer, but only 60‐65% is obtained from polystyrene.Degradation, whether in bulk pyrolytic or in solution, exhibits the same fundamental principles.
Degradation of vinylidene chloride co‐polymers in solution
Authors: Jackson D. L. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been shown1 that most degradation processes in vinyl polymers can be regarded as polymerization processes in reverse, both occurring by means of a radical mechanism. Under certain experimental conditions, both aggregative and disaggragative processes can proceed simultaneously.The experiments to be described constitute a specific example of the degradation by a radical mechanism of a vinyl halide co‐polymer in solution.2 Dilute solutions of the co‐polymer were used, and the experimental conditions are such that the aggregative reactions are suppressed, while the disaggregative or degradation reactions arc accentuated.The experiments arose from an observation made in the course of some work involving solutions of a vinylidene chloride co‐polymer, when it was found that solutions of the co‐polymer in tetrahydro‐furan showed a reduction in viscosity when aged at temperatures about 50° c., or above.
Electronic effects in certain chemical reactions
Authors: McGowan J. C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIt has been shown that certain relationships exist between ionization constants. In the light of these relationships the influence of inductive effects upon velocity constants of chemical reactions has been considered. Regularities have been found for reactions involving the side chain of phenyl compounds with meta or pan constituents and indications are given of the Structure of complexes formed as intermediates. The study of inductive effects in a series of biologically active compounds may give some indication of the mode of action: for example, the toxic action of certain phenols towards some micro‐organisms seems to depend upon the formation of hydrogen bonds.
The cuprous chloride catalysed condensation of arsenious chloride with acetylene
Authors: Heweit C. L. , Jones W. E. , Vallender H. W. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLewisite I, containing a small proportion of Lewisite II, is readily obtained in good yield by passing acetylene into a vigorously stirred mixture of arsenious chloride in carbon tetrachloride and a concentrated solution of cuprous chloride in aqueous ethanolamine hydrochloride. The reaction is most conveniently carried out continuously.
Corrosion inhibitive action of zinc compounds
Authors: Mayne J. E. O. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLewis and Evans1 examined the corrosion of steel produced by drops of 0.001 M sodium chloride solution applied to a film of paint, which had been interrupted by the engraving of a standard scratch line. They found that zinc dust, zinc oxide and a number of lead compounds prevented corrosion at the scratch line. The role of lead compounds has been examined by the author,2 and it has been established that inhibition is associated with the formation of lead soaps. In the case of zinc dust it has been shown3 that when the zinc dust content of the paint film is sufficiently high, the steel may be protected cathodically. Zinc oxide cannot function in this manner, nor can zinc dust do SO when the paint film contains less than a certain amount.The following investigation has been carried our in order to establish the way in which various zinc pigments inhibit corrosion.
Some aspects of the use of mineral oils in baking practice with particular reference to bread
Authors: Coppock J. B. M. , Cookson M. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractMineral oil used for lubricating or greasing purposes by the Baking Industry is absorbed to some degree by the baked product. An analytical method is described for the determination of mineral oils in bread, and the way by which such oils are bound in the bread is discussed. The possible physiological effect of oils so used is considered, as a result of which it has been suggested that bread should not contain mineral oil of chemical purity less than that of Liquid Paraffin B.P., nor should the quantity of oil exceed 0.2%.
The continuous preparation of diphenylchloroarsine
Authors: Barker R. L. , Booth E. , Jones W. E. , Millidge A. F. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhenylarsonic acid in hydrochloric acid is readily reduced continuously to phenyldichloroarsine with sulphur dioxide, and an all‐glass apparatus was designed for the production of 30 lb. per hour. This material was then partially hydrolysed continuously by water to a 50/50 mixture of phenyldichloroarsine and phenylarsenoxide which after drying, was continuously at 290‐300° c. in a mild steel apparatus. This stage did not proceed very satisfactorily except at the beginning of the experiments, owns to corrosion of the metal which led to the deposition of a gelatinous form of arsenious oxide stable only above a temperature in the region of 200°C.
The catalysed condensation of phenyldichloroarsine with pheny‐larsenoxide
Authors: Barker R. L. , Booth E. , Jones W. E. , Woodward F. N. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThc reaction between phenyldichloroarsinc and phcnylarsenoxide to give arsenious oxide and diphenylchloroarsine has .been found to be catalysed by a number of materials, notably iron, ferric chloride, zinc chloride and zinc oxide. The last is both the most convenient and most active, and in glass 0.1%, permitted a reduction of the reaction temperature from 240°c. to 200°c. and the time from 4‐2 hours compared with that of the uncatalysed condensation of 50/50 mixtures, In mild steel reactors with 0.1% of zinc oxide the temperature could be reduced to 140°c. and under these conditions it was possible to use the stoichiometric ratio of reactants.
Moisture relationships of palm kernels, jute and jute contaminated with palm kernel fat
Authors: Burcoyne J. H. , Thomas A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe prolonged exposure of palm kernels to 81% R.H. and above at 25°c. IS conducive to mould growth. A satisfactory steriliention technique involving the use of methyl bromide was developed and shown to be without prejudice to determination8 of relative humidity‐moisture regain‐ relationships.Hygroscopic equilibria between the gas and solid phases were measured at 25°c. over the range 0 to 100% R. H. (with particular reference to the range 50% to 100%) for samples of paln kernels, of jute sacking contaminated with palm kernel fat, and of uncontaminated sacking of a similar type. The sterilisation procedure was utilised at and above 81% R. H.
Partially chlorinated derivatives of rubber
Authors: Woods D. E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractChlorinated rubbers containing from 1 to 17% of chlorine have been prepared by direct chlorination, at ordinary temperature, of crèpe rubber dissolved in carbon tetrachloride. It has been found that these products retain, to a greater or lesser degree, rubber‐like properties and are capable of hot or cold vulcanization with or without the addition of vulcanizing agents. The resulting vulcanizates have been shown to be considerably more resistant to the swelling action of solvents, and also to the action of chlorine, than corresponding products prepared from crèpe rubber. The resistance to swelling agents increased with increase of combined chlorine content; tensile strength and elasticity, however, decreased with increasing chlorine content. As expected, hardness increased with increase of chlorine content and vulcanizates from derivatives containing more than 10% combined chlorine were not sufficiently rubber‐like to warrant many experiments. It was found that fully Chlorinated rubber was compatible with partially chlorinated rubber and addition of the former was necessary for vulcanizates to pass the Post Office flame test for cables.
Hydroextraction. Part I. The flow relationships in a basket centrifuge
Authors: Burak N. , Storrow J. Anderson 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe flow of water through starch held in a perforated basket centrifuge has been related to the dimensions of the system by equating the centrifugal driving force on the liquid to the frictional resistance to flow through the cake. The analysis has been tested by using “critical wetting” conditions with the liquid surface coinciding with the inner surface of the cake. Values of the permeability in the centrifuge differ greatly from those found in normal filtration zests on samples cut from the centrifuge cakes. The possible explanations of this difference have been discussed.
African drying oils. II. Component acids of some linoleic‐rich oils. Niger seed oil
Authors: Dunn H. C. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractParts II, III and IV of this series deal with the component acids of Niger seed, safflower and sunflower seed oils from different parts of Africa. The linoleic acid content of such oils may range from over 70% to somewhat below 50%; the oils of high linoleic acid content possess excellent drying properties, coupled with absence of yellowing during ageing of the resulting paint film.In this paper the component acids of the oil of Niger seed grown in Southern Rhodesia have been studied and found to contain about 73% of linoleic acid and 1%, of linolenic acid, with 7% of oleic and about 19%, a of saturated (palmitic and stearic) acids. So far as the present (somewhat meagre) records go, it appears that African Niger seed oils may usually approximate to this composition, whereas Niger seed grown in India yields oils with only about 50% (or slightly more) of linoleic acid.
An investigation of the possibility of the occurrence of phosphine and acetylene in the atmosphere of factories for the powdering of magnesium
Authors: Cole R. J. , Bensett W. H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe hydrogen evolved when magnesium billet (arsenic‐free, but found to contain phosphorus) is dissolved in dilute acid contains phosphine, but no acetylene, as also docs the air in the immediate vicinity of magnesium powder during manufacture of the latter from bulk metal.
The stability of carotene solutions towards oxidation
Authors: McGillivray W. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe rates of decomposition of carotene in liquid paraffin and in hydrogenated coconut oil under accelerated conditions at 100° C. with forced aeration have been investigated. In the case of paraffin containing less than 50μg./ml., the rate is shown to be proportional to the log. of the concentration. The spectral changes occurring during oxidation at 100° c. and irradiation at room temperature hare also been followed and it is shown that the estimation of vitamin A in the presence of oxidized carotene by direct spectroscopic measurement is possible provided a simple correction is applied. Hydrogenated Coconut oil is suggested as a suitable solvent for carotene in feeding trial work.
Surface dressing machinery
Authors: Waters D. B. , Russell W. L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe paper deals with the machinery required for modern surface‐dressing work. For convenience the subject is divided as follows:
Binder distributors
Gritting and loading machinery
Rollers
The principles involved in the design and operation of the common types of binder distributor are discussed, and photographs arc shown of representative machines. Common faults occurring in the work done by the different distributors arc considered. Tests are described for measuring transverse and longitudinal uniformity of binder film, and results are quoted to show the quality of some of the work being done at the present time; practical tolerances are suggested.Several types of gritting machine arc described and the results given of an investigation made on 12 sites to compare the number of men used and the output obtained from four types of primer. A single result is given to show how fast a normal gang can spread chippings if not held up for materials. Some measurements have also been made on the transverse and longitudinal variation in the rate of spread of chippings by the different methods. Brief descriptions are given of three modern methods of loading chippings (self‐loading elevator, the mechanical shovel and the clam‐shell grab) and some figures are given for the output of each. The size of roller required for finishing the dressing is discussed and an experiment is described in which sections have been laid with different weights of roller and without any roller at all.
Some colour reactions of phloroglucinol
Authors: Ismay Doreen 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhloroglucinol in the presence of hydrochloric acid gives a red colour with certain aldehydes, lignified tissue, the mould product viridin and oxidized hydroquinone; it is also said to give a red dour with compounds containing allyl groups. These reactions have been investigated. A number of aldehydes and oxidized hydroquhones give the reaction but pure allyl compounds do not. The aldehydes and hydroquinones may be distinguished by the use of phloroglucinol derivatives in place of phloroglucinol itself.
African drying oils. V. Some nigerian and sudanese drying oils
Authors: Barker C. , Dunn H. C. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe fatty oils from the seeds of Hyptis spicigera and Ocimum viride from Nigeria, and of O. kilimandscharicum, Euphorbia calycina, E. erythracac, and Charozophora plicata from the Sudan, have been examined with reference to their component fatty acids and their suitability as drying oils. The oils of H. spicigera, O. kilimandscharicum and Euphorbia calycina closely resemble conophor oil in their fatty acids and their high content of linolenic acid; that of E. erythracae is very similar to linseed oil in composition, and C. plicata seed oil resembles cottonseed oil in its proportions of linolcic, oleic and saturated acids, Features in the distribution, cultivation, or harvesting of the seeds under discussion would appear to present certain difficulties in their commercial exploitation as compared with Tetracarpidium (conophor), but it is clear seeds which yield oils equal or superior to linseed oil in drying properties, as indicated by their respective contents of linolenic glycerides.
The determination of small amounts of sulphur in organic compounds
Authors: Wilson H. N. , Straw H. T. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA recently described apparatus for the determination of traces of sulphur in organic compounds has been investigated. The original method described B vertical tube heated to 830° C. and packed with silica, on to which the sample was allowed to fall drop by drop, and burnt in a rapid current of air. The silica packing was quite unsatisfactory, but by substitution of an oxidation catalyst such as vanadium pentoxide on alumina, very satisfactory results me obtained, The apparatus requires little skilled attention, is rapid, and un be applied to a very wide variety of substances ranging in volatility from petrol to sperm oil.
Studies in the coal tar bases. II. The isolation of 2‐methyl‐6ethylpyridine from a lutidine fraction
Authors: Jones J. Idris 
Published: July 2007

Abstract2‐Mcthyl‐6‐cthylpyridinc, hitherto not reported as a coal tar constituent, has been isolated from a lutidine fraction of coal tar bases as an zoetrope with proionic acid. Its orientation has been established by oxidation to picolinic acid and by comparison of its ultraviolet absorption spectrum with that of 2 : 6‐lutidine.