bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tardive Dyskinesia in Psychiatric Patients Treated with Neuroleptics
Authors: Perris Carlo , Dimitrijevic Predrag , Jacobsson Lars , Paulsson Paul , Rapp Walter , Fröberg Hans 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe point prevalence of tardive dyskinesia (TD) as assessed by means of the Simpson rating scale was determined for 14 psychiatric wards with 347 patients (213 and 134 female) at the time of the study. TD was found to occur in 17.3 per cent of the patients, the prevalence being significantly higher in female than in male patients. The frequency of TD increases with age.A random group of TD patients was matched with a group of patients without TD and the total medication for both groups was calculated. No differences were found as concerns total amount of high or low dosage neuroleptics, or anticholinergic drugs, for the two groups. However, significantly more TD patients than controls had received dosage neuroleptics, or anticholinergic drugs for the two groups. However significantly more TD patients than controls had received anticholinergic drugs.There was no significant relationship between severity of TD: age, duration of treatment, total amount of high or low dosage neuroleptics. On the other hand a significant relationship was found between severity of TD and amount of anticholinergic drugs. Significantly more patients in the TD-group than in the control group had a past history which might suggest possible brain damage prior to the neuroleptic medication.
Depressive and Extrapyramidal Symptoms and Clinical Effects: A Trial of Fluphenazine versus Flupenthixol in Maintenance of Schizophrenic Out-patients
Authors: Knights Angela , Okasha M. S. , Salih Mohamed Ali , Hirsch S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFifty-seven patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia were started on either fluphenazine decanoate or flupenthixol decanoate injections in a double-blind trial just prior to discharge into the community. During the six month follow-up 30 per cent dropped out of the treatment. Of those observed for six months, 7 per cent relapsed, 54 per cent experienced depressive symptoms and 88 per cent extrapyramidal side-effects. Analysis of both clinical data and the ratings failed to discriminate between the two drugs.
Further Observations on the Duration of Depot Neuroleptic Maintenance Therapy in Schizophrenia
Authors: Johnson D. A. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo patient samples, with different criteria for selection, have been surveyed following maintenance therapy discontinuation. The patients had previously remained in a steady mental state on depot injections for periods varying between one and four years. Both the rates of relapse and pattern of relapse suggest that patients responding to medication need to remain on maintenance therapy for a minimum of four years. The results further suggest that in chronic schizophrenia the drugs only suppress symptoms and that the prognosis following discontinuation is substantially unchanged by increased duration of medication, even after four years. The possibility of using short-term ‘drug holidays’ to reduce the risk of unwanted effects was explored; after only three months without drugs, the risks of relapse were significantly increased.
A Comparative Study of Reactive Psychosis and Acute Psychosis Without Precipitating Stress
Authors: Kapur R. L. , Pandurangi A. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA study was carried out to compare the antecedent factors, phenomenology, treatment required and prognosis in 30 cases of Reactive Psychosis and 30 cases of Acute Psychosis without antecedent stress, matched on age and sex. Both groups were followed up for 7 months.It was found that the two groups differed markedly on several dimensions: The Reactive Psychotics had more hysterical and affective features, more vulnerable personality, higher stress experience in their life prior to illness and relatively better prognosis compared to the Acute Psychotics. The difference still remained when those in either of the groups who at the end of the follow-up turned out to be schizophrenics or suffering from affective disorder were excluded from analysis.
School Phobic Children at Work
Authors: Baker Hazel , Wills Ursula 
Published: August 2008

SummarySeventy-one school phobic children seen at a child guidance clinic were followed up after they had passed school leaving age. Their record in work and further education was compared with the length of time they were off school, whether or not they returned to school, and the occurrence of further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic. It was found that whether or not the child returned to school and the length of time he was off school had no relationship to future performance at work or in further education. A significantly larger number of children receiving further psychiatric treatment after discharge from the clinic failed to reach their potential in work or further education. Adequate treatment of the underlying conditions appears to be more important than returning the child to school.
Bipolar Affective Disorder in Old Age
Authors: Shulman Kenneth , Post Felix 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a retrospective study of 67 elderly bipolar patients the first manic attack occurred at about age 60, often after a long period from the time of the first affective episode, after which further depressive episodes occurred. This calls into question Perris’ criteria for unipolar diagnosis. Among the men, a preponderance of cerebral-organic disorders was found. The evidence for sub-classification of bipolar disorders into secondary or symptomatic manias is discussed. The recurrent nature of the illness in old age stresses the need for further evaluation of lithium prophylaxis.
Serum Immunoglobulins and Cognitive Status in the Elderly: 2. An Immunological-Behavioral Relationship?
Authors: Eisdorfer Carl , Cohen Donna 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 42 patients with cognitive dysfunction (senile dementia) significant correlations between immunoglobulins and various tests of intelligence were observed. Serum IgG emerged as the single best predictor of behavioural status. There is need for further research in this field.
Interhemispheric Transfer of Stereognostic Information in Chronic Schizophrenics
Authors: Carr Sally A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTen chronic schizophrenic in-patients and ten matched normal controls were tested on a cross-hemispheric stereognostic task, using both meaningful objects and non-meaningful shapes of wood, under four different retention intervals. The main finding was that the schizophrenic group but not the control group displayed deficits in intermanual transfer of tactual material, as compared to the same task performed within hands.The implications of this result are discussed in relation to the possibility that some basic neurological disorder may accompany schizophrenia.
A Double-Blind Comparison of Dothiepin and Amitriptyline in Patients with Primary Affective Disorder: Serum Levels and Clinical Response
Authors: Mendlewicz J. , Linkowski P. , Rees J. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind parallel group study, thirty-two patients suffering from a primary affective disorder received either dothiepin or amitriptyline. Serum concentrations of total dothiepin plus northiaden or amitriptyline and nortriptyline were estimated. A similar therapeutic response was seen with both drugs but there was no correlation with serum concentrations of amitriptyline or nortriptyline, whereas serum dothiepin correlated positively with clinical response.
Transfer of Special Hospital Patients to the NHS
Authors: Dell Susanne 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 1976, 163 patients were approved by the Department of Health and Social Security for transfer from the Special Hospitals to the open wards of the National Health Service. By autumn 1978, a quarter were still waiting for admission. Patients meeting most difficulty were the severely handicapped non-offenders, who were usually refused unseen on the ground that local subnormality hospitals were full. The role of the DHSS and of the Regional and Area Authorities was in general restricted to bewailing problems they could not help to solve.Some two years after their transfer, enquiries were made in the NHS about the 105 transferred patients. Removal back to the Special Hospital had been requested for seven, and another three had been removed by the police and prosecuted.
Lithium Restores Abnormal Platelet 5-HT Transport in Patients with Affective Disorders
Authors: Coppen Alec , Swade Cynthia , Wood Keith 
Published: August 2008

SummaryKinetic analysis of the transport of 5-HT into the blood platelets of depressed patients and recovered depressive patients has shown that the rate of accumulation of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) is significantly decreased both before and after recovery from the illness. This abnormality is corrected by both short and long-term lithium treatment. As a corollary to these studies, the effect of lithium in vitro on 5-HT uptake has been studied and the results are opposite to those reported in vivo. These findings suggest that lithium acts indirectly, and possible mechanisms of its action are discussed.
Causes of Death in Schizophrenia and Manic-Depression
Authors: Tsuang Ming T. , Woolson Robert F. , Fleming Jerome A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryCauses of death were studied in a cohort of 200 schizophrenic, 100 manic, and 225 depressive patients who were followed in a historical prospective study. These patients were admitted between 1934 and 1944 and were studied 30 to 40 years later. Five cause of death categories were considered in this analysis: (1) unnatural deaths, (2) neoplasms, (3) diseases of the circulatory system, (4) infective and parasitic diseases, and (5) other causes. For each cause of death, the expected number of deaths was calculated from vital statistics for the State of Iowa for the time period of follow-up. Observed numbers of deaths were contrasted with expected numbers of deaths to assess statistical significance for each diagnostic group. There was a significant excess of unnatural deaths in all diagnostic groups in both sexes, with the exception of female manics. This group, however, did show a significant excess of circulatory system deaths. Both male and female schizophrenics showed a substantial excess of infective disorder deaths.
Computed Tomography in the Elderly 2. Senile Dementia: Diagnosis and Functional Impairment
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Levy Raymond 
Published: August 2008

SummaryClinical, psychometric and computed tomographic (CT) data are presented on three groups of elderly subjects: 50 normals, 40 patients with senile dementia and 41 suffering from affective disorder. Demented subjects showed significantly more CT evidence of cerebral atrophy than non-demented subjects, but there was considerable overlap. Although patients with a history or clinical signs of cerebral infarction were specifically excluded, such infarcts were found more often in CT scans of the dementia subjects than in the others, particularly when the diastolic blood pressure was raised. When correlating cognitive impairment with CT changes, ventricular size emerged as more important in the dementia patients, in contrast to the controls, in whom cortical atrophy was related to lower scores on a cognitive test. Other interesting findings included an inverse relationship between cortical atrophy and paranoid delusions.
Computed Tomography in the Elderly 3. Affective Disorder
Authors: Jacoby Robin J. , Levy Raymond 
Published: August 2008

SummaryClinical and computed tomographic (CT) data on a consecutive series of 41 elderly patients with affective disorders are presented, and comparisons made with a group of 50 healthy controls. In both groups ventricular size increased with age, but only in the controls was there an age correlation with sulcal widening. Using clinical and radiological criteria, the prevalence of cerebrovascular disease in the patient group was 12 per cent. A sub-group of patients with enlarged ventricles emerged, whose first depression began later in life, and who at the time of this study were older and showed more ‘endogenous’ features than the remainder. It is suggested that this provides further evidence that organic cerebral factors may have aetiological significance in some depressions of old age.
Causal Models and Logical Inference in Epidemiological Psychiatry
Authors: Bebbington Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe paper examines the nature of causality and how the concept can be interpreted and used in epidemiological psychiatry. The relationship of causality to logical relations is reiterated, and it is emphasized that these relationships in their pure form cannot apply to any one cause of an effect which is the outcome of several causes. In such a case the relation of the cause to the effect is one of weak implication. The fact of weak implication opens the door to the construction of certain causal models, and the possibilities afforded by this situation are illustrated by reference to the work of Brown et al (1975). Weak implication may be an intransitive relationship, and this is shown to invalidate certain ways of testing such models and the conclusions which arise from them.
Delayed Onset of Maternal Affection After Childbirth
Authors: Robson Kay Mordecai , Kumar R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryInformation about perceptions of labour and delivery and about immediate emotional reactions to their newborn babies was obtained from two groups of primiparous women (n = 112 and n = 41) and from 40 multiparae. About 40 per cent of primiparae and 25 per cent of multiparae recalled that their predominant emotional reaction when holding their babies for the very first time had been one of indifference. Maternal affection was more likely to be lacking after delivery if the mother had had a forewater amniotomy and had, in addition, either experienced a painful and unpleasant labour or been given more than 125 mg of pethidine.Most mothers developed affection for their babies within a week of delivery and, in all groups of subjects, no longer term adverse effects were seen, such as post-natal depression or aggressive impulses directed at the baby. Three months post-natally it was, however, found that a mother was more likely to express feelings of dislike or indifference towards her baby if she was clinically depressed at the time.
The use of a Contract Admission Procedure on an Acute Psychiatric Admission Ward
Authors: Cook D. A. G. , Skeldon I. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe patients discharged from a 24 bed acute psychiatric admission ward over a six-month period after the introduction of a contract admission procedure were compared with a similar group, discharged over the identical six-month period of the preceding year, before the use of the new procedure. The length of stay in hospital was found to be reduced, but preliminary studies suggest that the re-admission rate is not significantly altered. There was no evidence to suggest that shortening the length of stay in hospital increased the likelihood of relapse, nor were increased demands made on the day hospital service.
Work and Suicide: An Empirical Investigation
Authors: Shepherd D. M. , Barraclough B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe work histories of 75 completed suicides and 150 controls were compared to test Durkheim's theory of the protective nature of work. The suicides showed more unemployment, more absence through illness, had more frequent job changes and held their jobs for shorter periods. They were less likely to retire gradually. There was no difference in social class mobility. Suicides were more likely to come from high risk occupations. The comparatively poor work record of the suicides is attributed to their high level of psychiatric morbidity.
Lithium Treatment in Post-psychotic Depression
Authors: Kammen Daniel P. Van , Alexander Paul E. , Bunney William E. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySix of eleven drug-free schizophrenic patients who were depressed following remission of their illness showed a significant decrease in their depressive symptomatology during a double-blind, placebo substitution lithium trial. Traditional indicators of prognosis did not predict lithium response in this small sample; the schizophrenic patients tolerated the lithium well. Lithium should be studied further in a larger patient sample as an adjunct in the treatment of post-psychotic depression, which frequently is treatment resistant.
Tryptophan, Cortisol and Puerperal Mood
Authors: Handley S. L. , Dunn T. L. , Waldron G. , Baker J. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma Cortisol, free and total tryptophan were determined in 71 subjects on 8 occasions between 36 weeks gestation and 6 weeks post-partum. Affect was measured by rating scales and clinical interview. Twenty-eight subjects were judged to have experienced post-partum ‘blues'. Seasonal variation occurred in the incidence of ‘blues' and in Cortisol and free tryptophan levels. Puerperally-depressed mood was correlated with high Cortisol at 38 weeks irrespective of season. Free tryptophan was reduced in ‘blues' subjects but only at the time of year when free tryptophan was normally high. Total tryptophan was low antenatally; a rapid rise on days 1 and 2 post-partum was superimposed on a slower return to normal. This initial peak was clearly absent in 37 per cent of subjects. Its absence was significantly related to occurrence of post-partum ‘blues' and of complaints of depression in the ensuing 6 months. This finding is discussed in relation to the possible occurrence of an occult disturbance of tryptophan handling in subjects susceptible to depression.
Artefactual Illness to Attract Medical Attention
Authors: Carney Michael W. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper describes 35 patients whose artefactual illness gained them admittance to hospital. The 15 wanderers were more likely than the 20 non-wanderers to have been in more than 10 hospitals, possessed histories exceeding 10 years, presented with abdominal or psychiatric complaints, volunteered poor work records and displayed psychopathic traits. The non-wanderers were more likely than the wanderers to possess socially conformist personalities. Twenty-six patients had severe sexual/marital problems. Neither group attended well for psychiatric follow up appointments.
The Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) Profile in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Hsu L. K. G. , Crisp A. H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPatients with anorexia nervosa show a decrease in psychoneurotic symptomatology as measured by the Crown-Crisp Experiential Index (CCEI) as their clinical status improves. Those who remain ill continue to display a moderate degree of varied psychopathology 4 to 8 years after their presentation. Vomiters and those with anxiety on eating with others can be distinguished on the CCEI from those without such features. Lower anxiety, phobia, obsessional and somatic scores at presentation are predictive of good outcome in terms of weight and menstrual function 4 to 8 years later.
Social Relationships, Adversity and Neurosis: A Study of Associations in a General Population Sample
Authors: Henderson Scott , Byrne D. G. , Duncan-Jones P. , Scott Ruth , Adcock Sylvia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA standardized study of the point prevalence of non-psychotic disorder was carried out on a systematic sample of Canberra residents (N = 756). Rates were estimated for PSE CATEGO diagnoses and the Index of Definition. The association between neurosis and deficiencies in social relationships was examined, using the Interview Schedule for Social Interaction (ISSI). An objective measure of exposure to adversity was also obtained at interview. Both attachment and social integration (affectionally close and more diffuse relationships) were found to be negatively associated with neurosis. This association holds in its own right, in addition to an interaction with the load of adversity. The associations are weaker for men.The significance of this work lies in its demonstration of an association between neurosis and the lack of social ties, and in its attempt to obtain a specification of those elements in social relationships which, when deficient, may be associated with neurosis. The direction of causality has now to be investigated.
Schizophrenia: Schneider's First-Rank Symptoms and Outcome
Authors: Bland Roger C. , Orn Helene 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe files of a narrowly defined group of schizophrenic patients, admitted to hospital for the first time in their lives in 1963, and who were representative of cases from a large un-selected population, were examined for Schneider's first-rank symptoms. Forty-three such patients were followed-up in 1977. Using stepwise regression, it was found that Schneider's first-rank symptoms relate to outcome such that they can ‘explain’ from 17 per cent to 26 per cent of the variance on four outcome measures. The presence of some first-rank symptoms correlated positively with good outcome, others negatively, whilst some correlated differently with different outcome measures. Thus, assessment of only the presence, absence or number of first-rank symptoms is unlikely to relate to outcome.
Hereditary Factors in Sleepwalking and Night Terrors
Authors: Kales Anthony , Soldatos Constantin R. , Bixler Edward O. , Ladda Roger L. , Charney Dennis S. , Weber Gary , Schweitzer Paula K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe families of 25 probands with sleepwalking and 27 probands with night terrors were studied. Eighty per cent of the sleepwalking pedigrees and 96 per cent of the night terror pedigrees included one or more individuals, other than the proband, who were affected by sleepwalking, night terrors, or both. Our data appear to fit a ‘two threshold’ multifactorial mode of inheritance. This finding supports the hypothesis that sleepwalking and night terrors share a common genetic predisposition, with sleepwalking being a more prevalent and less severe manifestation of the same substrate that underlies night terrors. Heritable factors predispose an individual to develop sleepwalking and/or night terrors, but expression of the trait may be influenced by environmental factors.
Introducing a Course in Psychiatry Within the Enviroment of a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Chynoweth R. , Cannon R. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn 1977, the University of Adelaide extended the psychiatric training of medical undergraduates to their 6th year. The four weeks course in psychiatry, for groups of no more than sixteen students at one time, was spent at an acute receiving unit of a psychiatric hospital and combined with a series of visits to a wide range of psychiatric subspecialties in the community. A systematic evaluation of the course showed that it was well received by students and by the preceptors who supervised students in the various hospitals and psychiatric units.
Psychiatric Disorders in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: The Laterality Effect
Authors: Shukla G. D. , Katiyar B. C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryRelationship between the psychiatric diagnosis and the side of temporal EEG focus was analysed in 62 temporal lobe epileptics. Neurotics had right temporal foci significantly more frequently, while there was no such laterality effect in other psychiatric diagnostic groups.
A Study of Mental Illness in Asians, West Indians and Africans Living in Manchester
Authors: Carpenter L. , Brockington I. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFirst admission rates have been determined for immigrants living in Manchester. They show that immigrants as a whole had about twice the rate of British-born subjects, but that various subgroups had rates still higher, including those aged 35–44 and Asian women. According to hospital diagnoses the psychiatric conditions responsible for these increased rates are schizophrenia (in all groups) and neuroses and personality disorders (in the Asians). A case note study of the psychopathology showed, however, that the most characteristic symptoms of schizophrenia were not more common in the immigrants. It is concluded that most of the immigrants are suffering from paranoid psychoses, not schizophrenia.