bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Salmonella hepatitis
Authors: PRAMOOLSINSAP CHUTIMA , VIRANUVATTI VIKIT 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTyphoid fever is often associated with abnormal liver biochemical tests, but severe hepatic involvement with a clinical feature of acute hepatitis is a rare complication. There have been more than 150 cases of salmonella hepatitis reported from both developed and developing countries. The documented incidence varies widely from less than 1% to 26% of patients with enteric fever. The possible associated factors for development of salmonella hepatitis are virulence of the organisms, delayed treatment and poor general health of the patients. The pathogenesis of severe hepatic involvement in salmonella infection may be multifactorial and includes endotoxin, local inflammatory and/or host immune reactions. Clinical jaundice in salmonella hepatitis usually occurs within the first 2 weeks of the febrile illness. Hepatomegaly and moderate elevation of transaminase levels are common findings. Extreme hepatic dysfunction with hepatic encephalopathy is a rare coexisting complication in salmonella hepatitis. A positive culture for salmonella from blood or stool is essential to differentiate salmonella hepatitis from other causes of acute hepatitis. Hepatic pathology is characterized by the presence of typhoid nodules with marked hyperplasia of reticuloendothelial cells. The prognosis is usually good as salmonella hepatitis responds well to a specific antibiotic therapy and jaundice resolves with clinical improvement. The clinical course can be severe with a mortality rate as high as 20%, particularly with delayed treatment or in patients with other complications of salmonella infection. As enteric fever is a common infection, the recognition of salmonella hepatitis is of clinical importance.
Biochemical and histological features of hepatitis G virus infection
Authors: KOBAYASHI MASAHIRO , CHAYAMA KAZUAKI , FUKUDA MIZUHO , TSUBOTA AKIHITO , SUZUKI YOSHIYUKI , ARASE YASUJI , KOIDA ISAO , SAITOH SATOSHI , MURASHIMA NAOYA , IKEDA KENJI , KOIKE HIROMI , HASHIMOTO MICHIE , MIYANO YUKIKO , KOBAYASHI MARIKO , KUMADA HIROMITSU 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTo assess the biochemical and histological characteristics of hepatitis G virus (HGV) infection, we examined four patients who were infected with HGV only (HGV group), and compared them with 16 patients infected with both HGV and hepatitis C virus (HCV; HGV + HCV group) and 18 patients infected with HCV only (HCV group). Biochemical examination showed a significantly low level of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in the HGV group, and that the gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase (γ‐GTP)/ALT ratio in the same group was significantly higher than in the other two groups. Although all three patient groups had a similar degree of liver fibrosis, both the degree of periportal inflammation and total histological activity index were significantly lower in the HGV group than in the other two groups. Fibrous enlargement of the portal tract without lymphoid infiltration and thin fibrous septa was characteristically observed in the HGV group. No significant difference was found between the HGV + HCV group and HCV group. Our results suggest that biochemical and histological changes in HGV infection are very mild and quite different from those of HCV infection.
Hepatocyte apoptosis and hepatic expression of transforming growth factor‐β1 mRNA during involution of hyperplastic rat liver induced by hepatocyte growth factor
Authors: NAGOSHI SUMIKO , YASUDA HISATAKA , SUDA JYUN , YAMANOBE FUMIO , OHNO AKIHIKO , HIGASHIO KANJI , FUJIWARA KENJI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTHepatocyte apoptosis occurs during involution of hyperplastic liver induced by administration of xenobiotic compounds in rats. With this hyperplasia and involution, hepatic transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β1 is reported to be expressed to stimulate hepatocyte apoptosis. In regenerating liver after partial resection showing no hyperplasia, such expression of TGF‐β1 is also seen. However, no hepatocyte apoptosis develops despite the high levels of TGF‐β1. When rats received an intravenous injection of human hepatocyte growth factor at 12 h intervals for 14 days, the hepatic DNA content was increased 12 h after the last injection to 140% of control. This DNA content was significantly decreased at 108 and 180 h after discontinuation of treatment. At 60 h after the last injection, the number of apoptotic bodies positive for nick end‐labelling of DNA in hepatocytes was significantly greater in treated rats than in control rats. Hepatocyte apoptosis was also identified electron micrographically. Hepatic TGF‐β1 mRNA levels in treated rats were significantly lower than in control rats at 12 h and then gradually increased towards control levels. We conclude that hyperplastic liver induced in normal rats by hepatocyte growth factor regresses with hepatocyte apoptosis and suppressed hepatic TGF‐β1 mRNA levels.
Case Report: Severe cholestatic jaundice induced by Epstein‐Barr virus infection in the elderly
Authors: EDOUTE YEOUDA , BARUCH YAACOV , LACHTER JESSE , FURMAN EIAL , BASSAN LUDISSIA , ASSY NIMER 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTInfectious mononucleosis due to Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) is almost always a self‐limited disease, most commonly seen in young adults. Hepatitis is a well‐recognized complication of EBV infection that usually resolves spontaneously. Jaundice occasionally results from the unusual complication of autoimmune haemolytic anaemia rather than hepatitis. We report a 60‐year‐old man with severe cholestatic jaundice whose history, liver histology and laboratory findings suggested EBV infection. He also developed significant jaundice related to his hepatitis, but not to autoimmune haemolysis, a situation that led to diagnostic delay. Costly diagnostic laboratory tests and invasive procedures were performed to rule out a malignant extrahepatic biliary obstruction. Physicians need to be aware of this complication and EBV infection should be included in the differential diagnosis of cholestatic jaundice in the elderly.
Hepatobiliary tuberculosis
Authors: ALVAREZ SOL Z 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTuberculosis is known to involve the liver in different ways. The term hepatobiliary tuberculosis refers to the localized form of hepatic tuberculosis as a distinct clinical entity, with signs and symptoms related to the hepatobiliary tract. Its clinical features and the different diagnostic aids used in its diagnosis are reviewed. Plain abdominal radiographs showing diffuse hepatic calcifications seen in approximately 50% of cases are almost diagnostic for hepatobiliary tuberculosis. Liver biopsies obtained either by ultrasound, computed tomography or laparoscopy, showing caseating granuloma usually establish the diagnosis. In the absence of caseation necrosis, a positive acid‐fast bacillus (AFB) or culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis is needed to establish the diagnosis. A polymerase chain reaction assay for the identification of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in liver biopsy specimens is a new development. Treatment is similar to that used for pulmonary tuberculosis. Quadruple therapy (using four anti‐tuberculosis drugs) is recommended, generally for 1 year. For patients with obstructive jaundice, in addition to anti‐tuberculous treatment, biliary decompression should be performed either by stent insertion during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatology, by percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage or by surgical decompression whenever feasible.
Portal‐hypertensive gastropathy
Authors: TOYONAGA ATSUSHI , IWAO TADASHI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn the present article we describe updated information concerning the clinical feature of portal‐hypertensive gastropathy (PHG), which is characterized by mucosal and submucosal vascular dilatation without inflammation. Although this lesion represents non‐variceal bleeding, there is a wide variation of its prevalence. Portal pressure and some humoral factors may play important roles in its pathogenesis. Gastric acid secretory activity is reduced, whereas the gastric mucosal barrier is impaired. With regard to gastric mucosal haemodynamics, whether ‘overflow’ (i.e. active congestion) or ‘stasis’ (i.e. passive congestion) cause gastric mucosal hyperaemia is not known. A severe lesion is a potential source of bleeding, while mild lesions are of little clinical significance and endoscopic variceal obliteration aggravates PHG in some patients. In the treatment of PHG, pharmacological (e.g. propranolol), surgical (e.g. portosystemic shunt) and radiological (e.g. transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt) procedures may be useful in preventing bleeding from PHG.
Molecular epidemiology of hepatitis C in Australia
Authors: KABA SONGUL , DUTTA USHA , BYTH KAREN , CREWE EVELYN B , KHAN MAHBUB H , COVERDALE SHIRLEY A , LIN RITA , LIDDLE CHRISTOPHER , FARRELL GEOFFREY C 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to determine the distribution of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes in Australian patients with hepatitis C and to identify factors associated with particular genotypes. Serum isolates of HCV‐RNA were genotyped using a commercial oligonucleotide hybridization (line probe) assay. Relationships between demographic factors, mode of HCV transmission and HCV genotype were assessed by logistic regression analysis. Among 463 patients with hepatitis C, 425 tested positive for HCV‐RNA and a single HCV genotype was identified in 420 cases. The patients' places of birth were Australia or New Zealand (62%), Asia (13%), Europe (12%), Mediterranean (6%), Middle East (6%) and other countries (<1%). The most common genotypes were type 1 (52%) or type 3 (32%); type 2 (9.3%), type 4 (5.5%) and type 6 (1.7%) were less common. Patients with genotype 1b were older (48 ± 13 years, P < 0.001) and patients with genotype 3 were younger than the remaining patients (37 ± 11 years vs 42 ± 12 years, P < 0.001). Among type 1 isolates, 1b was more common for patients born outside Australia compared with those born in Australia (50%vs 13%, P < 0.001) whereas non‐1b subtypes were more common among Australian‐born patients. Likewise, 21 of 23 (91%) patients with type 4 were from Egypt and six of seven (86%) with type 6 were from Vietnam. The relative importance of parenteral risk factors for HCV also varied according to geographic origin. Thus, a definite risk factor for HCV acquisition was identified in > 95% of Australian‐born patients, but in only 33% of Asian or Mediterranean‐born patients. Logistic regression analysis indicated that region of birth and risk factor (intravenous drug use or not) would allow 98% of type 4 cases and 76% of type 1b cases to be identified correctly. In summary, region of birth, patterns of migration over time and risk factors for transmission of HCV interact to determine the distribution of HCV genotypes in a multi‐racial community like Australia.
Expression of urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor and plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 in gastric cancer
Authors: KAWASAKI KENTARO , HAYASHI YOSHITAKE , WANG YAO , SUZUKI SATOSHI , MORITA YASUSHI , NAKAMURA TAKESHI , NARITA KOICHI , DOE WILLIAM , ITOH HIROSHI , KURODA YOSHIKAZU 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTIn gastric cancer, the urokinase‐type plasminogen activator (uPA) system plays important roles in invasion and metastasis, processes which entail proteolysis and adhesion. Both the urokinasetype plasminogen activator receptor (uPAR) and the plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) are thought to be important factors in this system. To clarify the relationship between these two factors and gastric cancer invasiveness, we evaluated the expression of uPAR and PAI‐1 in 91 cases of gastric cancer by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor‐mRNA, PAI‐1‐mRNA, uPAR and PAI‐1 protein were diffusely distributed in the cytoplasm of the cancer cells and concentrated at invasive foci. Urokinase‐type plasminogen activator receptor protein expression correlated with lymphatic, venous invasion (P<.01) and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05); uPAR‐mRNA expression correlated with lymphatic, venous invasion and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 protein expression correlated with lymphatic, venous invasion, lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion (P<0.01); PAI‐1‐mRNA expression was linked to lymphatic, venous invasion (P<0.01), lymph node metastasis and depth of invasion (P<0.05). This suggests that the proteolytic activity of uPAR and the cellular motility of PAI‐1 in gastric cancer cells may determine penetration of lymphatic and blood vessels, whereby lymph node metastasis may be promoted and that the promotion of cellular motility by PAI‐1 may influence the depth of cancer invasion.
Clinical significance of anismus in encopresis
Authors: CATTO‐SMITH ANTHONY G , NOLAN TERENCE M , COFFEY CAROLYN MM 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTTreatments designed to relieve paradoxical contraction of the anal sphincters during defecation (anismus) have had limited success in children with encopresis. This has raised doubts as to the clinical relevance of this diagnosis in childhood as anorectal dysfunction. Our aim was to determine whether, in patients who had treatment‐resistant encopresis, the presence of electromyographic anismus was associated with increased faecal retention. Sixty‐eight children with soiling (mean age 8.7 ± 2.06 years) were assessed by clinical examination, abdominal radiography and then with anorectal manometry. Patients with electromyographic anismus (n= 32; 47%) had significantly increased radiographic rectal faecal retention and were significantly less likely to be able to defecate water‐filled balloons. There were no significant differences in response to prior therapy, history of primary encopresis, behavioural adjustment or in sociodemographic data. Our results suggest that electromyographic anismus is associated with obstructed defecation and faecal retention.
Endoscopic diagnosis of lower intestinal lesions of leukaemia and malignant lymphoma
Authors: KISHIDA TERUYUKI , HOSHINO TETSUO , LI FENG , TANAKA SHU , SHINOZAWA ISAO , SHIBATA YOSHIAKI , TATSUGUCHI ATSUSHI , SATO JUN , FUJIMORI SHUNJI , YOSHIDA YUTAKA , KOBAYASHI MASAFUMI 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACTThere have been only a few endoscopic studies with respect to lower intestinal lesions of leukaemia and malignant lymphoma, although there have been many autopsy studies of these lesions. The aim of this study was to clarify these lesions using endoscopy. Colonoscopy was performed on 11 of 341 patients with leukaemia and on 32 of 105 patients with malignant lymphoma for frequent diarrhoea, anal bleeding or abnormal findings on barium enema examination, between April 1984 and September 1994. In eight of the 11 patients with leukaemia on whom endoscopy was performed, nine lesions were found; aphthoid ulcers, small ulcers or large tumours due to leukaemic infiltration were found in five, and colorectal adenoma was found in only one patient. Antibiotic‐associated haemorrhagic colitis or pseudomembranous colitis was found in one patient each. In 10 of the 32 patients with malignant lymphoma, 11 lesions were found. The following were found in one patient each: large lymphomatous tumours, a large lymphomatous ulcer, multiple small polypoid lesions, multiple lymphomatous polyposis; and colorectal cancer or adenoma in six patients. However, the autopsy findings in patients with both diseases were mostly pseudomembrane formation or ulcers due to fungal and/or bacterial infection. It is concluded that accurate endoscopic diagnosis of lower intestinal lesions in patients with leukaemia or malignant lymphoma is essential for staging and treatment of these diseases and for determining their prognosis. Most lesions in leukaemia are aphthoid and small ulcers are due to leukaemic infiltration or antibiotics; most lesions in malignant lymphoma are elevated lesions such as cancer, adenoma or lymphomatous lesions as determined by endoscopy. This is in contrast to pseudomembrane formation or ulcers due to fungal and/or bacterial infection which are detected at autopsy.
Total Parenteral Nutrition of Premature Infants 1. Requirement for Macronutrient Elements
Authors: JAMES B. E. , HENDRY P. G. , MacMAHON R. A. 
Published: March 2008

James, B. E., Hendry, P. G., and MacMahon, R. A. (1979). Aust. Paediatr. J., 15, 62–66. Total parenteral nutrition of premature infants. 1. Requirement for macronutrient elements. Balance studies were performed for 6 essential elements (Na. K, Cl, Ca, Mg, P) on 5 premature infants, with birthweights less than 1200 g, who were fed entirely by vein with a formula based on L amino‐acid isomers. These studies determined the amounts retained when these elements were given intravenously.There was a significant correlation between the input and retention of each of these elements, and the data obtained have been used, by analogy with fetal growth, to derive tentative recommendations for the rate of infusion of these elements into the small premature infant.
Alcohol consumption of Tasmanian High School pupils
Authors: LYNCH PATRICK , WOODWARD DAVID , WATERS MALCOLM , KIRK ISOBEL , MACLEAN ANDREW , ROCKCLIFFE WENDY , REID PATRICIA 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. A report of the findings of a sample survey of alcohol consumption by Tasmanian High School pupils (age 12–16) in 1979.The sample of 646 boys and 565 girls was drawn from 14 Tasmanian High Schools and is considered to be representative of High School pupils in that State. The main findings are that

a marked increase in drinking particularly by boys occurs between age 14 and 15.
by age 11 the majority of boys and girls have had their first drink, and there is a tendency to more widespread early experimentation with alcoholic drinks over the period 1975–1979.
An association is observed between drinking behaviour and health outcomes of drinking as perceived by the students.
Screening for learning problems in the first year at school
Authors: ROSSITER E. J. R. , LUCKIN J. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. This is an interim report on screening for learning problems in the first year at school. It forms part of a prospective study of convulsions, epilepsy and learning disorders which commenced in 1970.Poor correlation between teacher and parent opinion as to school readiness, activity, clumsiness and inco‐ordination is shown. For example, in only 2% did both parent and teacher consider a child over‐active.The problems encountered by teachers suggests a need for a wider variety of learning experience for children starting school than presently offered in Victoria.
Chediak‐Higashi syndrome in a Chinese infant
Authors: YIP WILLIAM C. L. , LEE Y. S. , TAY JOHN S. H. , WONG H. B. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Chediak‐Higashi syndrome in Chinese has not been previously reported in the English literature. A 14‐month Chinese girl who presented with partial oculocutaneous albinism and Pseudomonas infection was found to have the classical intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the leucocytes by light and electron microscopy. Other characteristic features typical of this syndrome included hepatosplenomegaly, defective chemotaxis, and coarse but sparse melanin granules in hair shaft. She was also found to have hypertriglyceridaemia, a rare lipid abnormality occasionally reported in children suffering from this syndrome.Despite vigorous therapy with high dose ascorbate, corticosteroid and intravenous antibiotics, she died in the accelerated phase of Pseudomonas septicaemia.
Infant health and family functioning in a poor socio‐economic status multi‐ethnic municipality
Authors: CARMICHAEL ALLAN , WILLIAMS HOWARD E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In a longitudinal epidemiological study of 272 infants in a poor socio‐economic, multi‐ethnic municipality, the physical growth of infants was found to be within a normal range. Two percent of infants had major, and 2% minor developmental delays due mainly to congenital defects or psychosocial disturbance or neglect in the home. Although there was a high prevalence of episodic, continuing and recurrent illness, this caused little serious morbidity. The most significant finding was that approximately one third of mothers perceived their infants to have moderate or severe behavioural disturbances which were signficantly associated with their own psychological ill‐health.The findings from this urban population contrasted with previous studies. Serious infective illnesses, associated with poor physical and psychosocial environments, were no longer major health problems. These organic diseases in infants were largely replaced by behavioural and developmental disturbances, also associated with psychosocial problems in families.
Patterns of illness in an infant population in a poor socio‐economic status multi‐ethnic municipality
Authors: CARMICHAEL ALLAN , WILLIAMS HOWARD E. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. The prevalence and patterns of illness and behavioural disturbances in a birth cohort of 273 infants followed longitudinally are reported. Four percent of infants showed serious morbidity, due to congenital abnormality, chronic illness or gross psychosocial disturbance in the family. Episodic and continuing or recurrent illness was common, but caused little serious morbidity and did not impair growth.Behavioural disturbances manifested by feeding, crying and sleeping difficulties were also common, 22% of all infants being moderately affected and 13% severely affected. Mothers were more concerned by these disturbances than by organic illness.The findings of illness in infants in this study were similar to those of a recent New Zealand study but differ from older overseas studies in which serious infective illness with high mortality was much more common. It is probable that these differences are largely explained by improvement in living conditions.
Nutrition in the first year of life in a multi‐ethnic poor socio‐economic municipality in Melbourne
Authors: WILLIAMS HOWARD E. , CARMICHAEL ALLAN 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. In a longitudinal epidemiological study of 304 consecutively born infants in a poor socio‐economic multiethnic municipality (Brunswick) nutrition was suboptimal in approximately 50%. This was mainly due to a high failure rate establishing effective lactation in the 82% of mothers who commenced breast feeding, but also to the early and frequent feeding of solids, usually refined carbohydrates, and minimal use of fresh fruit and vegetables.The low rate of breast feeding to 6 months in Brunswick (16% compared with the State of Victoria average of 27%) was associated with demographic changes due to immigration. Of the 304 mothers, 62% were born overseas, most had limited schooling, no working skills, and 50% were unable to speak English. Successful breast feeding was postively correlated with better education and working skills while early introduction of solids and canned food was negatively correlated.Professional advice and influence in infant feeding was very limited as most mothers decided their feeding methods on their own preferences or their experience with other children, or on advice from their own mothers or relatives.These findings indicate that it will be a slow and complex task to change attitudes and teach poorly educated mothers, especially immigrants with limited English, the importance of optimum nutrition.
Torsade de pointes and asystole in a child with complete heart block and prolonged QT interval
Authors: NIKOLIC GEORGE , ARNOLD JOHN , COLES DAVID M. 
Published: March 2008

ABSTRACT. Three‐year‐old girl with eight month history of convulsive syncope due to complete heart block, prolonged QT interval and paroxysms of ventricular tachycardia is described. An episode of torsade de pointes tachycardia followed by asystole was documented. The symptoms and electrocardiographic abnormalities were controlled by pacemaker therapy.The subset of “congenital heart block'’patients with prolonged QT interval is at high risk of sudden death and should be regarded as a previously unrecognized form of Romano‐Ward syndrome.