bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Determination of Inferiority Feelings and their Contribution to Psychiatric Morbidity
Authors: Hays Peter 
Published: January 2006

Abstract104 patients with inferiority fellings are reviewed in an attempt to discover factors leading to the development of this personality feature. Genetic and environmental causes seem to operate, but do so in an unexpectedly independent way: however they operate, they appear to produce psychiatric illness associated with the deviation more commonly in females, The psychiatric illness suffered by these patients include an excess of addictions, drug and alcohol dependents, and psychotic depressive reactions.Comments, including stone pertaining In the prevention of the personality deviation and thus of its important morbid concomitants are offered on the. findings.
Alcohol Consumption and Self‐disclosure
Authors: Miller P. McC. , Ingham J. G. , Plant M. A. , Miller Tiiu‐Imbi 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe relationship between self‐disclosure and alcohol consumption was investigated in two samples (total N=344) drawn from an Edinburgh general practice. For the abstainer up to moderate drinker categories, self‐disclosure increases with consumption for both men and women. In the heavy drinker category (which contains only 1 woman) the men do not conform to this pattern and tend to be somewhat low in self‐disclosure. Some possible relationships between heavy drinking, extroversion and self‐disclosure are discussed.
Treating the Problem Drinking Driver: Some Notes on the Time Required to Achieve Impact
Authors: Argeriou Milton , Manohar Velandy 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe experience of a court‐related problem drinking driver outpatient treatment center is examined through an analysis of selected process and outcome measures on 277 problem drinking males. The data support the contention that a minimum of 6 months involvement in a treatment program is sufficient to achieve impact upon emerging problem drinkers and insufficient to achieve all treatment objectives with severe problem drinkers. The data reflect previous research findings that time in treatment and not type of treatment is the more crucial variable in modifying drinking behavior. A plea is made to direct energies to the development of additional early intervention mechanisms by which problem drinking individuals can be detected and maintained in treatment.
Perceptions of Marijuana and its Effects: A Comparison of Users and Nonusers*
Authors: Traub Stuart H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 100 marijuana users and 77 nonusers were surveyed with respect to their perceptions of various factors related to the use of marijuana and its effects. Marijuana users and nonusers were not found to differ in terms of demographic variables, perceptions of sources influential in the decision to use marijuana, and perceived reasons for the use of marijuana. Users and nonusers were found to differ with regard to types of drugs used other than marijuana, perception of sources potentially influential in the users' decision to discontinue using marijuana, and perception of effects experienced by marijuana intoxicated persons. Nonusers were thus found to be generally cognizant of factors associated with the use of marijuana but relatively naive concerning the major effects of a marijuana high as perceived by nonusers.
An Evaluation of a Therapeutic Community for Former Drug Users
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Melotte Christopher 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA descriptive account is given of the operation of one of the fast Concept‐Based Therapeutic Communities to be established in the U.K. The concept of a total institution was found useful to understanding the practice of the program. The fast 100 residents admitted to the house were followed up mainly by personal interview once the majority had left the house for at least six months. Overall, the achievements of the house were similar to those of Concept houses in the U.S. Only a minority of all admissions completed the program and the majority of these were recruited onto the staff or left to work in similar houses. Of all admissions, about one third seemed, over the follow‐up period, to have abstained or to have used drugs less intensely than prior to their admission. Abstinence and infrequent drug use at follow‐up were related to employment and the absence of criminal conviction. Factors associated with outcome are presented and discussed. Some concern is expressed about alcohol use among program graduates and those abstaining from other drugs.
Some Effects of Type of Group and Sex on Attitudes toward Alcohol and Alcoholism*
Authors: Kilty Keith M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAttitudes toward alcohol use as well as alcoholism were compared across three groups: a community sample, a sample of graduate social work students, and a sample of prison inmates who were also members of A. A. The data were concerned with two attitudinal domains: attitudinal affect and cognition (belief). The results indicated more similarity between the community respondents and the prison inmates than for either with the student sample on both kinds of attitudinal measures. Only in terms of familiarity with drinking, drinkers, and treatment resources, were the inmates more similar to the students than to the community sample. Sex differences occurred within the community sample but generally not within the student sample. Attitudes toward alcohol use were consistent with attitudes toward alcoholism, in that both types of attitudes tended to be positive or negative, and familiarity with drinking and alcoholism was not related to attitudinal affect or cognition.
A Retrospective Study of a Selected Population of Drug Dependent Subjects in Kuwait
Authors: Saleh Suheil M. , Demerdash Adel M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA group of first admission alcoholics and drug dependent Kuwaitis, subjects who attended Kuwait Psychiatric Hospital as in patients during 1961–1962 and 1971–1972 were examined. These were compared for prevalence, age, sex and social class.The number of alcoholics and drug dependents in the first group was 33 comprising 0.7% of the total number of patients, while those admitted during 1971–1972 formed 0.8%. No female patients were observed in the sample.The mean age of patients suffering from alcoholism or drug dependence in 1971–1972 was significantly higher than that of those examined in 1961–1962.Most patients in both groups came from occupational classes IV and VI.While the majority of the 1961–1962 group abused alcohol per se, a number of patients in the second group (1971–1972) were found to be addicted to alien beverages such as Vanilla Extract, Eau de Cologne, After Shave Lotion etc. Others used hypnotics per se or in combination with alcohol to ‘save alcohol’. These last observations could be directly attributed to prohibition.
Acupuncture and Cholinergic Suppression of Withdrawal Symptoms: an Hypothesis
Authors: Mendelson George 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEvidence is presented in support of the hypothesis that the abstinence syndrome, which follows both narcotic and alcohol withdrawal, is due to an imbalance between central adrenergic and cholinergic neurotransmitter activity, with adrenergic predominance. Based on current knowledge of the neuropharmacology of acupuncture, this hypothesis provides a possible explanation for the efficacy of electro‐acupuncture in the suppression of the symptoms of heroin and alcohol withdrawal.
The Effect of Treatment in a Therapeutic Community on Intravenous Drug Abuse
Authors: Wilson Stephen 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAll people admitted to a concept based therapeutic community during the fast two years were followed up between two and four years after leaving residence. The frequency of drug injection before admission and during the follow‐up period was investigated. There was a significant association between longer periods of residence and lower frequencies of subsequent drug injection. A group of residents who remained in treatment for longer than six months showed a significant reduction in frequency of drug injection compared to their own pre‐admission levels.
Methadone Maintenance Treatment and Social Productivity in a Suburban Patient Population
Authors: Jacobs Phillip E. , Doft Ellen B. , Roger James 
Published: January 2006

SummaryPatient social productivity in a large (N = 226) suburban methadone programme was studied over a 52 month period, Most patients were productive on entry. Of those patients staying in treatment throughout the length of the study, 94 per cent were socially productive. After 36 months, in treatment, 74 per cent of those patients nonproductive at entry became productive.
Socio‐economic Functions of Finnish Restaurants *
Authors: Koskikallio Ilpo 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this paper is to disentangle the relationship between alcohol control policy and commercial policy. Restaurant trade and the development of on the premises consumption has been used as an example of this relationship. Developments in the Finnish restaurant trade form a good framework for this kind of analysis because of the big changes within the past few decades. The analysis shows clearly that the conflict between alcohol control policy and commercial policy tends to narrow down the scope for the pursuit of alcohol control policy. This article attempts to emphasize that influences brought to bear on commercial policy must be seen as a part ‐ and often very central part ‐ of the totality of alcohol control policy.
Psychological Test Data of Depressed, Nondepressed and Relapsed Alcoholics Receiving Pharmacological Aversion *
Authors: Zielinski Joseph J. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA test battery consisting of the Beck Depression Inventory, Zung Self‐Rating Depression Scale, Rathus Assertiveness Schedule, and Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory was administered to newly admitted alcoholic patients receiving pharmacological aversion treatment at a private facility. The results found 42 per cent of these patients to be clinically depressed. This depressed group was also significantly more depressed than relapsed patients readmitted for further treatment. The depressed group appeared qualitatively different in being younger and in reporting significantly more psycho‐pathology on the MMPI. In addition, significant sex differences appeared in that women reported more psychopathology and less overall social skill than their male counterparts. Arguments were presented for both assessing and treating depression and social skill deficits in multifaceted treatment programmes for alcoholics.
A.A. Ideology among Alcohol Treatment Directors
Authors: Boscarino Joseph 
Published: January 2006

SummaryMail‐return questionnaires were used to test the hypothesis that Alcohol Treatment Centre (ATC) directors who scored high on A.A. ideology would evaluate A.A. more favourably, would recommend that a broader range of problem‐drinker types affiliate with A.A., and would come from institutions which offered more A.A. activities. Analysis of the data confirmed all aspects of this hypothesis. Implications are suggested.
Parents' Alcohol Consumption and Children's Knowledge of Drinks and Usage Patterns
Authors: Jahoda G. , Davies J. B. , Tagg S. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAlthough many workers have speculated about the nature of parental drinking models upon the development of attitudes towards, and knowledge of, alcoholic drink amongst children, there has until recently been no systematic study of these precise issues. In the present study, parents' own self‐reported alcohol consumption was compared with children's knowledge of specific drinks and normative usage patterns. Whilst developmental trends were discerned in the results, most of the children made correct discriminations overall, very few scoring zero or negative (reversed) discrimination scores. Exhaustive examination of the data failed to reveal any consistent pattern of relationships between children's knowledge and the drinking model provided by their own parents. Precisely the same result was obtained from a similar study carried out by Penrose [5] in the U.S.A., One can therefore have some confidence in the negative finding, which has important implications for health education.
Primary Syndromes of Alcohol Abuse: Their Measurement and Correlates
Authors: Skinner Harvey A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA factor analysis of the Alcohol Use Inventory identified four major syndromes of alcohol abuse in a clinical sample of N = 274 individuals. The first factor, labelled Alcohol Dependence, was characterized by loss of behavioural control when drinking, alcohol withdrawal symptoms, repeated attempts to stop drinking, and a compulsive drinking style. This factor was correlated with chronic social debilitation and various aspects of psychopathology. Factor I provided empirical evidence for the alcohol dependence syndrome described by Edwards and Gross. The second factor, termed Perceived Benefits From Drinking, was defined by a sustained drinking style and belief that alcohol use facilitates social and mental functioning. A correlation with anxiety symptoms indicated that drinking may be used to cope with stressful situations, especially in social interactions. The third factor was Marital Discord and encompassed drinking problems that either instigated or resulted from marital difficulties. The fourth factor, Polydrug Abuse, was marked by the use of illicit drugs in conjunction with a gregarious style of drinking. High scorers on this factor tended to be younger, socially deviant and rebellious. The results from this study supported a quantitative, multiple syndrome conception of alcohol abuse. Individuals may be ordered along several dimensions according to their level of problem severity.
Legal Aspects of Alcoholism and Other Addictions: Some Basic Conceptual Issues
Authors: Fingarette Herbert 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article formulates a conceptual thesis. It is proposed that questions about the legal status of ‘alcoholics’ or other ‘addicts’ fall into two main types. Questions of Type 1 concern the individual's legal responsibility or liability regarding a particular act on a past occasion. Questions of Type 2 concern the characterization of patterns of addictive conduct over time, probabilities as to classes of addiction‐related acts. Answers to Type 1 questions rest ultimately on the ‘voluntariness’ of the act. ‘Voluntariness’ is a legal concept having a legal policy component as well as a psychological component. For understanding the psychological component, the structure of current scientific knowledge is a clear mismatch. Therefore related legal policy is controversy‐wracked. But for answering Type 2 questions, the structure of current knowledge is basically a good match. This overall analysis is the background for some legal policy suggestions.
Benzodiazepine Dependence
Authors: Petursson H. , Lader M. H. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryBenzodiazepines, the most widely used of all drugs, are powerful anxiolytics, anticonvulsants and muscle relaxants. Dependence is difficult to induce in animals but has been induced by high doses in man. Case reports of benzodiazepine dependence are rare compared with the usage of these drugs, but do not provide a proper epidemiological framework for the estimation of risk. Patients taking these drugs for four months or more may develop a physical withdrawal syndrome, characterized by anxiety, dysphoria, malaise, depersonalization, and by perceptual changes such as hyperacusis and unsteadiness. In our experience drawn from over 20 patients, withdrawal from therapeutic doses of a benzodiazepine may be attended by a fully‐developed physical withdrawal syndrome.
Alcohol and Bone Disease
Authors: Parsons Victor , Gundy Timothy 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe increased risk of fracture in alcoholics is in part due to their increased risk of trauma, but a generalised skeletal disease may also occur in alcoholics. The exact nature and prevalence of alcohol‐related bone disease is unknown. The pathogenesis is likely to be multifactorial and related to nutritional problems, endocrine and metabolic effects and possible direct effects of alcohol.
Cessation of High Frequency Gambling and ‘Withdrawal’ Symptoms
Authors: Wray Ian , Dickerson Mark G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryA retrospective survey of high frequency gamblers (members of Gamblers Anonymous) suggested that, on ceasing to bet, some 30–40 per cent reported significant disturbance of mood and/or behaviour. The content and frequency of these reported disturbances were similar to those reported by high frequency alcohol drinkers on cessation of drinking and it was suggested that in the context of a study of alcohol and related problems they would be labelled ‘withdrawal’ symptoms. Greater disturbance reported by individual gamblers was associated with aspects of previous gambling such as, betting just at the ‘off, or when a favourable price was quoted, being ‘extremely excited’ while listening to a race, exhibiting more than one behaviour out of the following, pacing around, fidgeting, shouting out, and ‘often’ changing his selection at the last moment. The level of disturbance was also associated with the difficulty experienced in suddenly trying to stop betting. The implications of these tentative findings were briefly explored in relation to the concept of addiction.
Statistical Approaches to the Classification of Alcohol and Drug Addiction
Authors: Skinner Harvey A. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThis article critically reviews the literature from statistical attempts to derive empirical classifications of alcohol and drug abuse. Consideration is given to the search for discrete subtypes using cluster analysis, as well as to attempts to identify major dimensions along which individuals are ordered using factor analysis. Several important conclusions are drawn. First, this research is at an early stage of development and refinements are needed in methodology before it is likely to have broad impact. Next, only limited content areas have been examined to date. For instance, the clustering research on alcoholism has curiously avoided a direct focus on alcohol use patterns, but instead has predominantly studied personality variables. Moreover, the empirical research has not been well integrated with either theory or clinical practice. Although statistical methods have not been instrumental for the identification of new syndromes, these techniques do provide a powerful technology for refining provisional syndromes as well as for making diagnoses more objective and reliable.
Minimizing Alcohol Related Offences by Enforcement of the Existing Licensing Legislation
Authors: Jeffs B. W. , Saunders W. M. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryTwo parallel investigations were conducted to assess the involvement of alcohol in police work. In the first, all persons arrested were asked whether they had taken alcohol in the four hours prior to the commission of their offence. The results confirm the belief that a considerable proportion of police work is alcohol, related. In the second study, the effect of a new polity on the supervision of licensed premises was assessed. The results indicated that this new practice may have been responsible for a drop in the commission of illegal behaviours. The implications of both studies, in terms of police practice and education of police officers about alcohol, are considered.
The Coordination of Treatment Services for Problem Drinkers: Problems and Prospects
Authors: Ogborne Alan C. , Rush Brian R. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryWhile there are many arguments in favour of improved coordination of services used by people with alcohol‐related problems, several features of present service delivery arrangements may impede efforts in this direction. Mechanisms whereby inter‐service coordination might be enhanced are suggested and a project with a service coordination objective is described.
Methodological Problems in the Analysis of Temporal Covariation Between Alcohol Consumption and Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Skog Ole‐Jørgen 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe possibility is discussed of testing the hypothesis of protective effects of alcohol against ischemic heart disease on time series data. It is argued that in order to obtain meaningful results, it is necessary to filter the data (remove trends) before correlating per capita alcohol consumption and mortality rates. In Norway, both alcohol consumption and ischemic heart disease mortality have been increasing, giving the impression of positive relation between the variables. However, the filtered data shows signs of a negative relation, as predicted by the protection hypothesis. The reasons for this apparent discrepancy are discussed.
Natural History of Male Alcoholism V: Is Alcoholism the Cart or the Horse to Sociopathy?
Authors: Vaillant George E. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe report presents a prospective 33 year follow‐up of 456 disadvantaged urban males selected for nondelinquency in early adolescence. Seventy‐one men had developed alcohol dependence and by Robins’criteria 32 men could be classified sociopathic. Once one disorder developed the other often followed, but primary alcoholism and sociopathy appeared to have different premorbid etiologies. Unstable, unhappy childhood environments per se appeared selectively to predispose to sociopathy and sociopathy appeared to reflect personality disorder. In contrast, familial alcoholism and a cultural background that prohibited childhood drinking but sanctioned adult drunkeness led selectively to alcoholism.
Effect of Economic Changes on Scottish Drinking Habits 1978–82
Authors: Kendell R. E. , de Roumanie M. , Ritson E. B. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryAn increase in excise duty on beer and other alcoholic beverages in March 1981 caused their price to increase faster than the retail price index and average disposable incomes. Unemployment was rising simultaneously. The influence of these economic changes on drinking habits was explored by comparing the survey responses of 463‘regular drinkers’in the Lothians in 1978/79 and 1981/82. Total alcohol consumption fell by 18 per cent between these two occasions, and associated adverse effects by 16 per cent. The influences of social class, income, and employment and marital status, and of changes in these, were examined. Although rising unemployment was responsible for up to 20 per cent of the reduction in consumption, and heavy drinkers appeared to be selectively at risk of losing their jobs, the increased price of alcohol was the major influence. Heavy drinkers and dependent drinkers both reduced their consumption at least as much as light or moderate drinkers and suffered fewer adverse effects as a result. Increasing the excise duty on alcohol can therefore be an effective public health measure.
Survival Methods in the Evaluation of the Outcome of Alcoholism Treatment*
Authors: Poikolainen Kari 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIf patients are closely followed up after treatment for alcoholism, survival methods allow a more informative and efficient analysis of the post‐treatment experience that the more conventional cross‐sectional analyses at the end of the follow‐up period. This article outlines the basic concepts of survival analysis, describes both nonparametric and parametric methods, and discusses problems that may be encountered in research on the outcome of alcoholism treatment, when using these methods.