bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Speed of sound and isentropic bulk modulus of alkyl monoesters at elevated temperatures and pressures
Authors: Tat Mustafa Ertunc , Van Gerpen Jon H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBiodiesel is a biodegradable, sulfur‐free, oxygenated, and renewable alternative diesel fuel consisting of the alkyl monoesters of FA from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can be used in existing diesel engines without significant modifications. However, differences in physical properties between biodiesel and petroleum‐based diesel fuel may change the engine's fuel injection timing and combustion characteristics. These altered physical and chemical properties also may cause the exhaust emissions and performance to differ from the optimized settings chosen by the engine manufacturer. In particular, the density, speed of sound, and isentropic bulk modulus have a significant effect on the fuel injection system and combustion. The objective of this study was to measure these three properties for biodiesel (and the pure esters that are the constituents of biodiesel) at temperatures from 20 to 100°C and at pressures from atmospheric to 32.5 MPa. Ten different biodiesel fuels, 16 different pure FA esters, three hydrocarbons, and one diesel fuel were tested. The measured values of density, speed of sound, and isentropic bulk modulus are presented. Correlations between pressure and temperature are demonstrated. Speed of sound and isentropic bulk modulus tend to increase as the degree of unsaturation increases and as the chain length increases. However, density increased with shorter chain length and decreased with saturation.
Structuring of edible oils by long‐chain FA, fatty alcohols, and their mixtures
Authors: Gandolfo François G. , Bot Arjen , Flöter Eckhard 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHomologous series of fatty alcohols and FA with chain lengths ranging from 16 to 22 carbons were evaluated for their oil‐structuring potential by texture profile analysis (TPA). FA, fatty alcohols, and their mixtures were found to structure sunflower oil and several vegetable oils at levels as low as 2% (w/w) for the pure ingredients. Mixtures of fatty alcohols and FA with the same chain lengths, at 5% (w/w) in sunflower oil, showed a synergistic effect below 20°C at the composition ratios of 7∶3 and 3∶7 (w/w). This synergistic effect in the 7∶3 stearyl alcohol/stearic acid mixture was due to effects on the microstructure of the composite material. The larger number of small crystals observed in the mixture was attributed to effects on the crystallization kinetics as a result of minimal interfacial tension at the specific 1∶3 and 3∶1 molecular ratios.
Rapid determination of oxidative stability of edible oils by FTIR spectroscopy using disposable IR cards
Authors: Russin Ted A. , van de Voort Frederick R. , Sedman Jacqueline 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDisposable polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) polymer IR (PIR) cards were used as substrates to rapidly oxidize edible oils and simultaneously monitor the extent of oxidation by FTIR spectroscopy. Four edible oils were oxidized on PIR cards and in bulk at moderate temperature (58°C), and real‐time oxidation plots were obtained by measuring changes in the IR hydroperoxide (ROOH) absorbance as a function of time. The relationship between the ROOH absorbance and PV was developed using a reference method to define absorbances corresponding to PV end points of 100 and 200 meq ROOH/kg for the oils oxidized in bulk and on cards, respectively. The real‐time oxidation plots obtained for the oils oxidized in bulk and on cards were similar in appearance, but the oils on the cards reached the PV end point 20 times faster than the oils oxidized in bulk. The results indicate that the use of disposable PIR cards coupled with moderate heating and aeration provides a simple, practical, and rapid means for monitoring oxidation and determining the oxidative stability of edible oils at a normal storage temperature.
Purification of tocopherols and phytosterols by a two‐step in situ enzymatic reaction
Authors: Watanabe Yomi , Nagao Toshihiro , Hirota Yoshinori , Kitano Motohiro , Shimada Yuji 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe purification of tocopherols and phytosterols (referred to as sterols) from soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) was attempted. Tocopherols and sterols in the SODD were first recovered by short‐path distillation, which was named sODD tocopherol/sterol concentrate (SODDTSC). The SODD‐TSC contained MAG, DAG, FFA, and unidentified hydrocarbons in addition to the two substances of interest. It was then treated with Candida rugosa lipase to convert sterols to FA steryl esters, acylglycerols to FFA, and FFA to FAME. Methanol (MeOH), however, inhibited esterification of the sterols. Hence, a two‐step in situ reaction was conducted: SODDTSC was stirred with 20 wt% water and 200 U/g mixture of C. rugosa lipase at 30°C, and 2 moles of MeOH per mole of FFA was added to the reaction mixture after 16h. The lipase treatment for 40 h in total achieved 80% conversion of the initial sterols to FA steryl esters, complete hydrolysis of the acylglycerols, and a 78% decrease in the initial FFA content by methyl esterification. Tocopherols did not change throughout the process. To enhance the degree of steryl and methyl esterification, the reaction products, FA steryl esters and FAME, were removed by short‐path distillation, and the resulting fraction containing tocopherols, sterols, and FFA was treated with the lipase again. Distillation of the reaction mixture purified tocopherols to 76.4% (recovery, 89.6%) and sterols to 97.2% as FA steryl esters (recovery, 86.3%).
Fatty acid selectivity of microbial lipase and lipolytic enzymes from salmonid fish intestines toward astaxanthin diesters
Authors: Halldorsson Arnar , Haraldsson Gudmundur G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe objective of the work described in this paper was to study a possible FA selectivity of digestive lipolytic enzymes isolated from salmon and trout intestines toward astaxanthin diesters of various FA composition and compare it with the FA selectivity of microbial lipase. Astaxanthin diesters of varying FA composition were prepared in excellent yields (>90%) by chemical esterification using a carbodiimide coupling aget. The astaxanthin diesters were screened in a hydrolysis reaction by various commercially available lipases. The highest conversion rates were observed with the Candida rugosa lipase, which discriminated against n−3 PUFA. The rate of hydrolysis was determined by HPLC. Digestive lipolytic enzymes isolated from salmon and rainbow trout intestines displayed reversed FA selectivity. Thus, astaxanthin diesters highly enriched with n−3 PUFA including EPA and DHA were observed to be hydrolyzed at a considerably higher rate than the more saturated esters. Similar trends in FA selectivity were observed in the hydrolysis of fish oil TAG by the digestive lipolytic enzyme mixtures.
Oxidative stability during storage of structured lipids produced from fish oil and caprylic acid
Authors: Nielsen Nina Skall , Xu Xuebing , Timm‐Heinrich Maike , Jacobsen Charlotte 
Published: November 2006

AbstractStructured lipids produced by enzymatic or chemical methods for different applications have been receiving considerable attention. The oxidative stability of a randomized structured lipid (RFO), produced by chemical interesterification from fish oil (FO) and tricaprylin, and a specific structured lipid (SFO), produced by enzymatic interesterification from the same oil and caprylic acid, was compared with the stability of FO. Oils were stored at 2°C for 11 wk followed by storage at 20°C for 6 wk. In addition, the antioxidative effect of adding the metal chelators EDTA or citric acid to SFO was investigated. FO contained the largest amount of PUFA and RFO the lowest. However, SFO had a higher PV initially and during storage at 2°C, whereas the PV of FO was highest during storage at 20°C. The level of volatile oxidation products was highest in SFO during the entire storage period, and off‐flavors were more pronounced in SFO. The lower oxidative stability of SFO was probably related to the initially lower quality (regarding oxidation products), which is apparently a result of the long production procedure required. Addition of metal chelators did not reduce the oxidation of the SFO.
Temperature effect on the viscosities of palm oil and coconut oil blended with diesel oil
Authors: Tangsathitkulchai C. , Sittichaitaweekul Y. , Tangsathitkulchai M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOne of the major difficulties in using crude vegetable oils as substitute fuels in diesel engines is their relatively high viscosities. Increasing the temperature of the crude vegetable oil, blending it with diesel oil, or the combination of both offers a simple and effective means of controlling and lowering the viscosities of vegetable oils. This work reports viscosity data, determined with a rotational bob‐and‐cup viscometer, for crude palm oil and cononut oil blended with diesel oil over the temperature range of 20–80°C and for different mixture compositions. All the test oil samples showed a time‐independent newtonian type of flow behavior. The reduction of viscosity with increasing liquid temperature followed an exponential relationship, with the two constants of the equation being a function of the volume percentage of the vegetable oil in the mixture. A single empirical equation was developed for predicting the viscosity of these fuel mixtures under varying temperatures and blend compositions.
Direct analysis of Ca, P, and Fe in oleochemicals by inductively coupled plasma MS
Authors: Wiedemann Sophie C. C. , Abbes Henkjan , Hansen Wei G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper presents the use of inductively coupled plasma MS (ICP‐MS) for direct elemental analysis in oleochemicals (long‐chain fatty acid derivative). It focuses on Ca, P, and Fe, which are key elements for many industrial applications and which are known to be challenging for MS technology. The instrument is operated with a “shield torch” interface under “high‐power cool plasma.” In addition, oxygen is blended with argon to prevent buildup of carbon on both torch and cones. The extra sensitivity of the ICP‐MS technology permits high dilution factors, thereby minimizing any potential matrix effects. The contents of Ca, P, and Fe are quantified by standard addition. There is no need to resort to interference corrections for P, because it is measured as its oxide PO+. Detection limits lie in the sub‐ppm for Ca and P and in the low‐ppb for Fe. Accuracy of the method has been demonstrated for our products by a recovery test.
Cross‐linkers control the viscoelastic properties of soybean oil‐based biomaterials
Authors: Xu Jingyuan , Liu Zengshe , Erhan Sevim Z. , Carriere Craig J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBecause of environmental concerns, biodegradable materials have been of increasing research interest over the last several years. Previously, we reported on a biobased material developed from epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) that displayed viscoelastic behavior similar to synthetic rubbers or plastics. In this work, the viscoelastic properties of several biomaterials made from ESO cross‐linked by different amounts of two different cross‐linking agents were investigated. The composites exhibited different glass transition temperatures and viscoelastic behaviors depending on the type and amount of cross‐linker used. Higher glass transition temperatures and stronger viscoelastic properties of the materials were found with a greater amount of cross‐linker. Comparing agent triethylene glycol diamine (TGD) with agent triethylenetriamine (TETA), we found that the material cross‐linked by TETA had a higher glass transition temperature and stronger viscoelastic solid properties than the material cross‐linked by the agent TGD.
Commercial spread optimization using experimental design and sensory data
Authors: Wikström Malin , Sjöström Michael 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cost and quality of food products are issues that concern both the consumer and producer. In this research, the process used for the production of a commercial spread was subjected to a statistical experimental design for the purpose of reducing the cost of production while maintaining or improving the sensory quality. Three factors—the amount of oil added (x1), the speed of puddling (x2), and the temperature treatment (A or B; x3)—were varied according to a full‐factorial design at two levels. The experiments were performed over 2 d, and the factorial design was complemented with three replicates for temperature treatments A and B, which were performed on different days. The products were evaluated with both sensory and physicochemical measurements. Special attention was paid to the hardness of the product since it was permissible to reduce it slightly. In contrast, sensory quality aspects of the product including butter‐aroma and off‐flavor, as well as other quality properties such as spreadability, shine, and meltability, had to be maintained at the present level or improved. Statistical evaluation of the data showed that it was possible to add high amounts of oil (x1) without impairing the sensory quality of the product and, hence, reduce the cost of production. The hardness of the product was also slightly reduced when using the high level of oil. In maintaining other sensory qualities such as shine and spreadability at the present levels, the choice of temperature treatment (x3) was important.
Fractionation of crude soybean lecithin with aqueous ethanol
Authors: Wu Yingzi , Wang Tong 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAqueous ethanol was used to fractionate soybean PC and PI, which have dissimilar solubilities in this solvent. The effects of oil and moisture contents of the crude lecithin, ethanol‐to‐lecithin ratio, and dispersion temperature on the efficiency of phospholipid (PL) fractionation were investigated. Yield, purity, recovery, and PL class composition were examined. Yield was defined as the amount of fractionated material, divided by the acetone‐insoluble (AI) matter in the starting material; purity was the percentage of PL (PC+PE+PI) as quantified by HPLC in the fraction; and recovery was the amount of PL quantified relative to the quantity of AI matter. Higher oil contents significantly increased the yield of the PC fraction, but they significantly decreased yield, purity, and recovery of the PI fraction. They also significantly affected the PL composition of the PC fraction. Higher moisture contents significantly decreased the yield but slightly increased the purity of PC fractions. Higher temperatures significantly increased the yield and recovery of the PC fraction. They also affected the relative proportion of PL classes in the PC and PI fractions. The ethanol‐to‐lecithin ratio significantly affected yield, purity, and recovery as well as the relative proportions of PL in both PC and PI fractions. A combination of multiple fractionation and high‐low temperature treatment was also examined. Fractionating twice with ethanol increased the purity of the PC fraction. High‐low temperature fractionation increased the purity and PC percentage in the PC fraction.
Australia’s Anti‐Terrorism Legislation: The National Security State and the Community Legal Sector
Authors: Rix Mark 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This paper considers the implications for the community legal sector of the Australian Government’s recent national security and anti‐terrorism legislation. Critics of the legislation have deep concerns that, by giving the police and intelligence services considerable new powers in the areas of arbitrary arrest and detention, it will lead to the significant erosion of rights and freedoms that Australians have long been able to take for granted. Other concerns with the legislation relate to the use of force, sedition, and legal representation for those held in preventative detention. In addition, the legislation has no adequate protection against the intelligence services and police misusing or abusing their new, extended powers. Community legal centres (CLCs), that comprise the community legal sector, have the important role of informing citizens of their basic rights and assisting them in exercising these rights in their dealings with government and its agencies. This paper will consider what effects the anti‐terrorism legislation will have on the community legal sector’s effectiveness in playing this role. The sector, which the Australian Government relies on and funds to provide legal services to some of the most disadvantaged members of the Australian community, has as its raison d’être improving access to justice and equality before the law for all Australians. The paper will also consider the impact of the anti‐terrorism legislation on the relationship between the Government and the sector.
Crop domestication creates a refuge from parasitism for a native moth
Authors: CHEN YOLANDA H. , WELTER STEPHEN C. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryInsect herbivores are generally more abundant in agro‐ecosystems than in natural ecosystems. One possible cause is that artificial selection of crop plants may have disrupted parasitoid–herbivore interactions. We studied a native tritrophic system to determine if crop domestication has created a refuge for the sunflower mothHomoeosoma electellumfrom its major parasitoidDolichogenidea homoeosomae.Parasitoid foraging behaviour on infested wild and agricultural sunflowers was studied using event‐recording software. We used detailed observations on larval feeding location and parasitoid probing behaviour to determine if the lower parasitism on agricultural sunflowers was the result of a structural refuge or a change in parasitoid foraging behaviour.Greater than 20 times more larvae fed on seeds of agricultural sunflowers than on seeds of wild sunflowers. Seed‐feeding enabled larvae to escape parasitoids because their ovipositors were too weak to penetrate the seed. As a consequence, larvae were more likely to be parasitized on wild sunflowers than on agricultural sunflowers, and floret‐feeding larvae were more likely to be parasitized than seed‐feeding larvae.Parasitoids were more stimulated to probe for larvae on wild sunflowers than on agricultural sunflowers. However, they responded to larval feeding location rather than plant genotype. Thus lower parasitism on agricultural sunflowers was due to a structural refuge for larvae rather than a change in parasitoid foraging behaviour.Synthesis and applications. Crop domestication has created a structural refuge from parasitism. The presence of refuges on agricultural plants helps explain why some insects are difficult to regulate using biological control. Studying parasitoid activity on wild relatives of agricultural plants can identify how plant variation contributes to the creation of a refuge. Beneficial plant traits can then potentially be bred back into the crop germplasm in order to enhance the biological control of insect pests in agroecosystems.
Direct vs. inclusive fitness in the evolution of aphid cornicle length
Authors: MONDOR E. B. , MESSING R. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy comparing the relative sizes of anatomical structures among phenotypes, selective pressures that shape species’ morphologies can be evaluated. Aphids emit droplets containing an alarm pheromone/defensive secretion from unique anatomical structures called cornicles, upon being attacked. As aphids live in colonies of high relatedness, it is uncertain whether direct or inclusive fitness benefits have chiefly promoted cornicle evolution. Morphological measurements for apterous parthenogen, alate parthenogen, female sexual and male sexual morphs of 43 species (21 genera, one subfamily) were assessed to distinguish between the hypotheses that: (1) cornicles evolved for mechanical defence against natural enemies (direct fitness); (2) cornicles evolved for alarm signalling (inclusive fitness); or (3) cornicle length has been largely constrained by flight aerodynamics. Our results generally support the inclusive fitness hypothesis; cornicle length decreases as the relative number and relatedness of offspring decreases. As cornicle length is greatest in apterous parthenogenetic morphs, inclusive fitness benefits of protecting highly related kin may have been a key factor selecting for cornicles, and increased cornicle length, in aphids.
Seizures associated with poisoning in children: tricyclic antidepressant intoxication
Authors: ÇITAK AGOP , SOYSAL DEMET DEMIRKOL , ÜÇSEL RAIF , KARABÖCÜOGLU METIN , UZEL NEDRET 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: The aim of this study was to examine the characteristics of seizure due to poisoning.Methods: This was a retrospective analysis, throughout 4 years of hospital admissions for poisoning. Data of patients with seizures due to poisoning were evaluated with respect to the causes, frequencies and complications of seizures.Results: Among the 1561 admissions due to intoxication during the review period, seizures developed in 26 cases (1.6%). Tricyclic antidepressant overdose (n = 11, 42%) was the leading cause of seizure due to poisoning. Generalized tonic‐clonic seizures were observed in 24 patients. Status epilepticus developed in six patients (23%). Mechanical ventilation was applied in 12 (46%) patients. Cardiac complications were observed in 11 (42%) patients with seizures. Two patients who had cardiac arrest due to acepromazin maleat and imipramine intoxication died.Conclusion: One of the causes of seizures in pediatric age group is intoxication. Seizures due to intoxications may cause serious clinical conditions. Intoxications should be thought when a patient is admitted with the diagnosis of afebrile seizure even if there is no history of drug intake.
Histomorphometric study of the spinal growth plates in idiopathic scoliosis and congenital scoliosis
Authors: ZHU FENG , QIU YONG , YEUNG HIU YAN , LEE KWONG MAN , CHENG JACK CHUN‐YIU 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackground: Previous studies have suggested that the relative anterior spinal overgrowth may play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of spinal deformity in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS). Little is known about the histomorphometry of the anterior and posterior spinal growth plates.Methods: In the present study, the growth plates from the anterior and posterior column of the spine of the AIS (n = 9) and the congenital scoliosis (CS; n = 9) were harvested intraoperatively. The growth plates were harvested from apical area in AIS patients and from normal region in CS patients. The biopsies were prepared with routine histological methods for quantitative histomorphometric analysis. Apoptosis and cell proliferation of the growth plate chondrocytes were examined by triphosphate‐biotin nick end labeling assay and immunohistochemistry of proliferating cell nuclear antigen antibody.Results: The growth plates of AIS and CS were shown to have normal architectures as the normal growth plate. However, it is shown that the proliferative and hypertrophic chondrocytes in the anterior column of AIS patients was more active in terms of the zonal area and height, proliferative chondrocytes, and apoptotic chondrocytes than that of the posterior column (P < 0.05). The difference found in AIS patients was not observed in CS patients.Conclusion: The difference in histomorphometry and cellular activity between the anterior and posterior column in AIS and CS patients indicated that these two groups of patients have different growth kinetics which may affect the curve development.