bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolactinoma presenting in identical twins with multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1
Authors: Flanagan D. E. H. , Armitage M. , Clein G. P. , Thakker R. V. 
Published: October 2006

SummaryMultiple endocrine neoplasia type one (MEN 1) is characterized by tumours of the parathyroid glands, pancreatic islet cells and the anterior pituitary and follows an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. We report identical twins born to a family known to have the MEN 1 syndrome. The twins were identical until puberty. The first twin underwent puberty normally; the second, however, suffered an early pubertal arrest and was subsequently found to have a prolactinoma. Both were also subsequently shown to have primary hyperparathyroldism. Genetic studies have since confirmed the twins identical for the affected haplotype and show that this is inherited from the father who also has MEN 1. The gene for MEN 1 has now been localized to the long arm of chromosome 11. The current hypothesis is that expression of the syndrome involves two separate genetic mutations. The first mutation is inherited and thus present in all cells but the tumour manifests itself in the endocrine tissue only after a second mutation that represents ellmination of the normal allele. In the case described the twins are proven genetically identical. The marked phenotypic difference between the two must, by inference, represent a second somatic mutation and is further supportive evidence of the two‐mutation model of tumour expression.
Wolbachia in wasps parasitic on filth flies with emphasis on Spalangia cameroni
Authors: Kyei‐Poku G. K. , Giladi M. , Coghlin P. , Mokady O. , Zchori‐Fein E. , Floate K. D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe house fly, Musca domestica L., and the stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.) (Diptera: Muscidae), are cosmopolitan pests parasitized by a guild of more than two dozen species of wasps. Several species of these wasps have been commercialized as biocontrol agents or are being studied for this purpose. Wolbachia bacteria are known to infect at least some of these wasps and are of interest because infections can dramatically affect insect reproduction. A survey in this parasitoid–fly system detected Wolbachia in 15 of 21 species of wasps and in three of nine species of flies parasitized by these wasps. Phylogenetic analyses using wsp gene sequences identified single isolate infections in most cases. Infections of two and four isolates were detected in Nasonia vitripennis (Walker) and Spalangia cameroni Perkins (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), respectively. Laboratory experiments showed infections in S. cameroni to cause an incomplete form of female‐mortality (FM) type cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI). Crosses between uninfected female and infected male partners (♀×♂w) produced fewer progeny, which had a strong male‐biased sex ratio. Crosses between ♀×♂, ♀w×♂w, and ♀w×♂ produced more progeny, which had a female‐biased sex ratio. Developmental times of progeny were increased when the paternal parent was infected with Wolbachia, regardless of whether the maternal parent was infected or whether offspring developed from fertilized eggs. This result may reflect the action of Wolbachia on components of the seminal fluid that then affect the development of offspring from inseminated females. It is hoped that future studies of Wolbachia in this guild will facilitate the rearing and application of these wasps as biocontrol agents of house fly and stable fly.
Genotypic Changes in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Protease Associated with Reduced Susceptibility and Virologic Response to the Protease Inhibitor Tipranavir
Authors: Baxter John D. , Schapiro Jonathan M. , Boucher Charles A. B. , Kohlbrenner Veronika M. , Hall David B. , Scherer Joseph R. , Mayers Douglas L. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Tipranavir is a novel, nonpeptidic protease inhibitor of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) with activity against clinical HIV-1 isolates from treatment-experienced patients. HIV-1 genotypic and phenotypic data from phase II and III clinical trials of tipranavir with protease inhibitor-experienced patients were analyzed to determine the association of protease mutations with reduced susceptibility and virologic response to tipranavir. Specific protease mutations were identified based on stepwise multiple-regression analyses of phase II study data sets. Validation included analyses of phase III study data sets to determine if the same mutations would be selected and to assess how these mutations contribute to multiple-regression models of tipranavir-related phenotype and of virologic response. A tipranavir mutation score was developed from these analyses, which consisted of a unique string of 16 protease positions and 21 mutations (10V, 13V, 20M/R/V, 33F, 35G, 36I, 43T, 46L, 47V, 54A/M/V, 58E, 69K, 74P, 82L/T, 83D, and 84V). HIV-1 isolates displaying an increasing number of these tipranavir resistance-associated mutations had a reduced phenotypic susceptibility and virologic response to tipranavir. Regression models for predicting virologic response in phase III trials revealed that each point in the tipranavir score was associated with a 0.16-log
10
copies/ml-lower virologic response to tipranavir at week 24 of treatment. A lower number of points in the tipranavir score and a greater number of active drugs in the background regimen were predictive of virologic success. These analyses demonstrate that the tipranavir mutation score is a potentially valuable tool for predicting the virologic response to tipranavir in protease inhibitor-experienced patients.
Removal of Divalent Cations Induces Structural Transitions in
Red Clover Necrotic Mosaic Virus
, Revealing a Potential Mechanism for RNA Release
Authors: Sherman Michael B. , Guenther Richard H. , Tama Florence , Sit Tim L. , Brooks Charles L. , Mikhailov Albert M. , Orlova Elena V. , Baker Timothy S. , Lommel Steven A. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

The structure of
Red clover necrotic mosaic virus
(RCNMV), an icosahedral plant virus, was resolved to 8.5 Å by cryoelectron microscopy. The virion capsid has prominent surface protrusions and subunits with a clearly defined shell and protruding domains. The structures of both the individual capsid protein (CP) subunits and the entire virion capsid are consistent with other species in the
Tombusviridae
family. Within the RCNMV capsid, there is a clearly defined inner cage formed by complexes of genomic RNA and the amino termini of CP subunits. An RCNMV virion has approximately 390 ± 30 Ca
2+
ions bound to the capsid and 420 ± 25 Mg
2+
ions thought to be in the interior of the capsid. Depletion of both Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions from RCNMV leads to significant structural changes, including (i) formation of 11- to 13-Å-diameter channels that extend through the capsid and (ii) significant reorganization within the interior of the capsid. Genomic RNA within native capsids containing both Ca
2+
and Mg
2+
ions is extremely resistant to nucleases, but depletion of both of these cations results in nuclease sensitivity, as measured by a significant reduction in RCNMV infectivity. These results indicate that divalent cations play a central role in capsid dynamics and suggest a mechanism for the release of viral RNA in low-divalent-cation environments such as those found within the cytoplasm of a cell.
Fiber and Penton Base Capsid Modifications Yield Diminished Adenovirus Type 5 Transduction and Proinflammatory Gene Expression with Retention of Antigen-Specific Humoral Immunity
Authors: Schoggins John W. , Falck-Pedersen Erik 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTFiber and penton base capsid proteins of adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) mediate a well-characterized two-step entry pathway in permissive tissue culture cell lines. Fiber binds with high affinity to the cell surface coxsackievirus-and-adenovirus receptor (CAR), and penton base facilitates viral internalization by binding αv integrins through an RGD motif. In vivo, the entry pathway is complicated by interactions of capsid proteins with additional cell surface molecules and blood factors. When administered systemically in mice, adenovirus vectors (Adv) localize primarily to hepatic tissue, resulting in efficient gene transduction and potent activation of the host antiviral immune response. The goal of the present study was to detarget Adv uptake through fiber and penton base capsid protein manipulations and determine how detargeted vectors influence transduction efficiency, inflammatory activation, and activation of the adaptive arm of the immune system. By manipulating fiber and the penton base, we have generated highly detargeted vectors (up to 1,200-fold reduction in transgene expression in vivo) with reduced macrophage stimulatory activity in vitro and in vivo. In spite of the diminished transduction and macrophage activation, the detargeted vectors induce strong neutralizing immunity as well as efficient antitransgene antibody. Three of the modified vectors produce antitransgene humoral immunity at levels that exceed or are equal to that seen with an unmodified Ad5-based vector. The fiber-pseudotyped and penton base constructs with RGD deleted have attributes that could be important enhancements in a number of vaccine applications.
Role of the Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor in Entry of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Krey Thomas , Moussay Etienne , Thiel Heinz-Jürgen , Rümenapf Till 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAmong several proposed cellular receptors for bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor is of special interest because it is also considered a receptor for the related hepatitis C virus. It has been reported that an anti-LDL receptor monoclonal antibody blocked the infection of bovine cells by BVDV and that the resistance of bovine CRIB cells (cells resistant to infection with BVDV) (E. F. Flores and R. O. Donis, Virology 208:565-575, 1995) to BVDV infection was due to a lack of the LDL receptor (V. Agnello et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96:12766-12771, 1999). In connection with our studies on BVDV entry, we reevaluated the putative role of the LDL receptor as a cellular receptor for BVDV. It was first clearly demonstrated that neither of two monoclonal antibodies against the LDL receptor inhibited BVDV infection of two bovine cell lines. Furthermore, the LDL receptor was detected on the surface of CRIB cells. The functionality of the LDL receptor on CRIB cells was demonstrated by the internalization of fluorescently labeled LDL. In conclusion, at present no experimental evidence supports an involvement of the LDL receptor in BVDV invasion.
Adenocarcinoma of the caecum metastatic to the bladder: an unusual cause of haematuria
Authors: Grey Benjamin R , Clarke Laurence , Maddineni Satish B , Hunt Roger , Brough Richard J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Primary malignancies of colorectal origin can metastasise to the bladder. Reports are however extremely rare, particularly from the caecum.

Case report
The report describes the case of a 45-year old male with Duke's B caecal carcinoma treated with a laparoscopically-assisted right hemicolectomy and adjuvant 5-Fluorouracil chemotherapy. Subsequently, a metastatic lesion to the bladder was demonstrated and successfully excised by partial cystectomy.

Conclusion
In order that optimal therapeutic options can be determined, it is important for clinicians to distinguish between primary disease of the bladder and other causes of haematuria. Various immunohistochemical techniques attempt to differentiate primary adenocarcinoma of the bladder from secondary colorectal adenocarcinoma. Suspicion of metastatic disease must be raised when histologically unusual bladder tumours are identified.
Online Database for Documenting Clinical Pathology Resident Education
Authors: Hoofnagle Andrew N , Chou David , Astion Michael L 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Background: Training of clinical pathologists is evolving and must now address the 6 core competencies described by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), which include patient care. A substantial portion of the patient care performed by the clinical pathology resident takes place while the resident is on call for the laboratory, a practice that provides the resident with clinical experience and assists the laboratory in providing quality service to clinicians in the hospital and surrounding community. Documenting the educational value of these on-call experiences and providing evidence of competence is difficult for residency directors. An online database of these calls, entered by residents and reviewed by faculty, would provide a mechanism for documenting and improving the education of clinical pathology residents.
Methods: With Microsoft Access we developed an online database that uses active server pages and secure sockets layer encryption to document calls to the clinical pathology resident. Using the data collected, we evaluated the efficacy of 3 interventions aimed at improving resident education.
Results: The database facilitated the documentation of more than 4 700 calls in the first 21 months it was online, provided archived resident-generated data to assist in serving clients, and demonstrated that 2 interventions aimed at improving resident education were successful.
Conclusions: We have developed a secure online database, accessible from any computer with Internet access, that can be used to easily document clinical pathology resident education and competency.
Pflanzenchemie und Pflanzenverwandtschaft
Authors: Hänsel R. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDie Pharmakognosie ist eine angewandte Wissenschaft. Sie beruht im wesentlichen auf der systematischen Botanik und der Phytochemie. Die Inhaltsstoffe sind es, deretwegen die Arzneipflanzen und Drogen therapeutisch verwendet werden. Pflanzenmorphologie einerseits und Chemie andererseits haben jedoch keine unmittelbaren Beziehungen zueinander; das erschwert eine Gesamtschau des pharmakognostischen Tatsachenmaterials von allgemeinen Gesichtspunkten aus. Der Pharmakognost muß also in besonderem Maße aufgeschlossen sein gegenüber Gedanken, welche diese beiden Wissenschaftszweige zu verknüpfen suchen; durch eine Synthese beider müßte die Pharmakognose an wissenschaftlicher Tiefe gewinnen. Ich habe mir daher heute kein spezielles Thema‐meines Faches zum Vortrag gewählt, vielmehr berichte ich über einige Versuche zu dieser Synthese.
Über das Vorkommen von Ergothionein im Schopftintling, Coprinus comatus
Authors: List Paul Heinz 
Published: October 2006

AbstractDas 1909 von C. Tanret1 aus dem Mutterkorn erstmalig isolierte Ergothionein, das dann 17 Jahre später von S. R. Benedict, E. B. Newton und I. A. Behre2) im Blut nachgewiesen wurde, konnte nun auch im Schopftintling, Coprinus comatus, aufgefunden werden.
Acylierung von Homophthalsäureanhydrid mit Kohlensäureäthylesterchlorid. 4. Mitt. über Acylderivate methylenaktiver Dicarbonylverbindungen
Authors: Schnekenburger J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBei der Umsetzung von Homophthalsäureanhydrid (I) mit Kohlensäureäthylesterchlorid (II) wird in Gegenwart von N,N‐Dimethylanilin (DMA) ein „Enolester”︁ (III) von I, in Gegenwart von Pyridin die C‐Acylverbindung IV gebildet. IV kann auch während der Reaktion durch Acylumlagerung von primär gebildetem III entstanden sein, denn III wird bei Raumtemperatur in Gegenwart von Pyridin bei Anwesenheit einer katalytischen Menge von I nach Art der Claisen‐Haase‐Umlagerung in IV umgelagert.
Zum Chemismus der Farbreaktionen des Typs Aldehyd‐Aromat‐Säure
Authors: Brieskorn C. H. , Reiners W. , Kiderlen H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBei der Modell‐Reaktion zwischen Formaldehyd, Diphenyl und Schwefelsäure entsteht intermediär Phenylbenzylalkohol, der unter dem Einfluß der Schwefelsäure das Phenyl‐benzyl‐carboniumion bildet, das die farbgebende Komponente darstellt. Einer großen Zahl bekannter Farbreaktionen liegt ein analoger Chemismus zugrunde, was an einigen Beispielen näher erläutert wird.
Ludwig Boltzmann als evolutionistischer Philosoph
Authors: Broda Engelbert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe contributions of the great physicist Ludwig Boltzmann to philosophy and biology are not known sufficiently. In philosophy, he was a realist, and much opposed to his colleague's, Mach's, positivism, but also to Berkeley's, Kant's, Hegel's and Schopenhauer's idealisms. In biology, Boltzmann was a passionate Darwinist and tried to explain on the basis of evolution the meaning of photosynthesis as well as the origin of life and of the mind. Boltzmann argued for evolutionary epistemology. Opposing Kant, he derived the fundamental ideas of space, time and causality from the experience of mankind and its ancestors. The laws of thought were acquired in evolution. While they must be broadly true they need not be faultless. Antinomies arise when thought overshoots the mark,i. e.exceeds the limits of the area for which it evolved. As for Boltzmann the experience of the organism in the course of evolution is the only and exclusive source of knowledge, he may be called an absolute Darwinist. A short account of Boltzmann's Darwinian ideas on the origin of morality, on the sense of beauty and on happiness is also given.
Nuclear Physicists in a New World. The Émigrés of the 1930s in America
Authors: Stuewer Roger H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractKernphysiker in einer neuen Welt: Die Emigranten der dreißiger Jahre in Amerika. ‐ Unter der großen Anzahl derjenigen, die durch Nationalsozialismus zur Emigration gezwungen wurden und zwischen 1933 und 1941 in die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika einwanderten, befanden sich auch mehr als hundert Physiker, und unter ihnen einige der genialsten Kernphysiker der Welt. Die Physik in Amerika hatte damals den Status einer voll ausgereiften Wissenschaft erreicht, und so kam es zu einem bedeutsamen und facettenreichen Zusammenwirken zwischen den emigrierten und den einheimischen Kernphysikern, zumal sie die verschiedenen Forschungsgebiete vertraten, die sich durch die Entdeckungen und Erfindungen des Jahres 1932 (Neutron, Deuterium, Positron, Cockcroft‐Walton‐Beschleuniger, Zyklotron) aufgetan hatten. Von besonderer Bedeutung Für die Konsolidierung und Entwicklung der gesamten Kernphysik war dabei die Veröffentlichung von drei Artikeln in denReviews of Modern Physicsvon 1936 und 1937, bekannt als die „Bethe‐Bibel”︁. Nach der Entdeckung der Kernspaltung von 1938 und dem Ausbruch des Krieges 1939 in Europa wirkte die Befürchtung, daß Hitler eine Atomwaffe erhalten könnte, als mächtige, Emigranten und Nicht‐Emigranten gleichermaßen erfassende einigende Kraft unter den Atomphysikern in Amerika, und die meisten von ihnen stellten ihre Fähigkeiten in den Dienst der US‐Regierung und arbeiteten am Manhatten‐Projekt und an anderen militärischen Forschungsvorhaben mit. Bei Kriegsende waren die in den dreißiger Jahren emigrierten Kernphysiker wie so viele Flüchtlinge vor ihnen Amerikaner geworden, und keiner von ihnen kehrte in sein Geburtsland zurück.Among the large number of refugees from Nazism and Fascism entering the United States between 1933 and 1941 were more than 100 physicists, including some of the most gifted nuclear physicists in the world. By that time physics in America had come of age, and a remarkable and multifaceted symbiosis occurred between the émigré and native‐born nuclear physicists as they pursued the many avenues of research opened up by the discoveries and inventions of 1932 (neutron, deuterium, positron, Cockcroft‐Walton accelerator, cyclotron). Of particular importance for the consolidation and development of the entire field of nuclear physics was the publication in 1936–37 of the three articles in theRevieus of Modern Physicsknown as the „Bethe Bible”︁. With the discovery of nuclear fission in 1938 and the outbreak of war in Europe in 1939, the fear that a nuclear weapon might fall into Hitler's hands served as a powerful unifying force among nuclear physicists in Amerika, émigrés and non‐émigrés alike, and most placed their talents in the service of the United States Government working on the Manhattan Project and other wartime research. By the end of the war, like so many refugees before them, the émigré nuclear physicists of the 1930s had become Americans, and not one of them returned to the country of his birth.
Von der „fides historica”︁ zur „historischen Religion”︁ Die Zweideutigkeit des Geschichtsbewußtseins der theologischen Aufklärung
Authors: Sparn Walter 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFrom the outset Protestant theology was conscious that its scientific objects were in one respect historical phenomena. In the 18th century, however, and against the background of its growing knowledge of history, theology had to renounce its traditional distinction of divine “dogma” and human “history”. Even the eclectic method, developped around 1700 (in order to relieve historical research of dogmatical claims but to leave dogma unquestioned in its own field:J. F. Buddeus, Chr. M. Pfaff, L. von Mosheim), became insufficient when dogmatic interest itself began to move away from traditional dogma. A new mentality which saw itself as both religious and enlightened, demanded a historical criticism of dogmatic tradition; a criticism which would consequently reach the Bible, making the revealed canon a historical source (the “neologists”, e. g. J. J. Spalding, J. W. F. Jerusalem, J. S. Semler, also G. E. Lessing). In this critical “history of dogma” and “history of the Old and New Testament” theology handed over its traditional role as the basic science (Leitwissenschaft) to philosophy and became itself a positive discipline.The measure of its criticism, however, was admittedly only religious subjectivity, grounding itself on the dogmatic construction of an “essence of Christianity” and in the historical construction of a divine “education of mankind”, and trying to prove the “perfectibility of Christianity” in the course of human history. Founded only on subjectivity, the historical consciousness of enlightened theology was therefore ambiguous; it was continually forced to ignore its own historical (and social) determination. Only the realization of the historicity also of the subjective principle of theology resolved this ambiguity (J. G. Herder, F. Schleiermacher); that meant that the theological enlightenment in the first sense had been overcome.
Der Beitrag medizinischer Konzepte zur Prägung sozialer Rollen und zur Abdrängung gesellschaftlicher Randgruppen in Deutschland während des 19. und frühen 20. Jahrhunderts. Bericht über eine internationale Arbeitstagung im Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung der Universität Bielefeld, 22.–24. Mai 1985
Authors: Wandel Medizin und Sozialer 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe question, if and to what extent the development of medicine is influenced by social development, has been discussed fairly often. The opposite problem, the influence of medicine in shaping and changing the system of social roles, has rarely been raised. Under the broader heading of “Medicine and social change” the focus of an international conference at the “Zentrum für Interdisziplinäre Forschung”/Bielefeld (FRG) was: what does medicine (the theory and practice of medicine, the system of medical care, health policies, professional policies [e.g. against ‘quacks’], medical ethics etc.) contribute to shaping and enforcing social roles (e.g. of nurses, women, children, the elderly, prostitutes, homosexuals etc.).