bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Role of Rainfall Intensity and Hydrology in Nutrient Transport via Surface Runoff
Authors: Kleinman Peter J. A. , Srinivasan M. S. , Dell Curtis J. , Schmidt John P. , Sharpley Andrew N. , Bryant Ray B. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLoss of soil nutrients in runoff accelerates eutrophication of surface waters. This study evaluated P and N in surface runoff in relation to rainfall intensity and hydrology for two soils along a single hillslope. Experiments were initiated on 1‐ by 2‐m plots at foot‐slope (6%) and mid‐slope (30%) positions within an alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.)–orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) field. Rain simulations (2.9 and 7.0 cm h−1) were conducted under wet (spring) and dry (late‐summer) conditions. Elevated, antecedent soil moisture at the foot‐slope during the spring resulted in less rain required to generate runoff and greater runoff volumes, compared with runoff from the well‐drained mid‐slope in spring and at both landscape positions in late summer. Phosphorus in runoff was primarily in dissolved reactive form (DRP averaged 71% of total P), with DRP concentrations from the two soils corresponding with soil test P levels. Nitrogen in runoff was mainly nitrate (NO3–N averaged 77% of total N). Site hydrology, not chemistry, was primarily responsible for variations in mass N and P losses with landscape position. Larger runoff volumes from the foot‐slope produced higher losses of total P (0.08 kg ha−1) and N (1.35 kg ha−1) than did runoff from the mid‐slope (0.05 total P kg ha−1; 0.48 kg N ha−1), particularly under wet, spring‐time conditions. Nutrient losses were significantly greater under the high intensity rainfall due to larger runoff volumes. Results affirm the critical source area concept for both N and P: both nutrient availability and hydrology in combination control nutrient loss.
An Analysis of Vegetable Contracts
Authors: Jesse Edward V. , Johnson Aaron C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA major portion of the quoted base price variation of green pea and sweet corn contracts used by Wisconsin vegetable processors in 1968 is shown to be associated with variation in other provisions of the contracts. A net price for contracts is derived by adjusting quoted base prices for the effects of nonprice provisions. The adjustment process involves utilization of a dualstage estimating procedure which separately considers the effects on price of quantitative and qualitative provisions. The relative stability of the adjusted price among contracts implies competitive raw product markets for these vegetable crops.
Mechanized Agriculture and Social Welfare: The Case of the Tomato Harvester
Authors: Schmitz Andrew , Seckler David 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn integrated public‐private approach to mechanical harvesting of tomatoes for canning has sharply reduced producers ' labor requirements. Gross social returns to aggregate research and development expenditures are in the vicinity of 1,000 percent. Even if displaced labor had been compensated for wage loss, net social returns are still highly favorable. Since tomato pickers were unorganized, no compensation was demanded or paid. The analysis indicates a need for policies designed to distribute the benefits and costs of technological change more equitably. Social scientists could properly be concerned with developing institutional means of achieving this goal.
Sensitivity Testing and the Plant Location Problem
Authors: Toft H. I. , Cassidy P. A. , McCarthy W. O. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA wide range of models and and solution procedures are now available to the analyst concerned with plant or warehouse location problems. While these produce an optimal solution, no explicit statement is usually made about solution stability. One large group of models concerned with size and siting problems uses the transportation model of linear programming as a solution procedure. This paper presents a method of testing the stability of such solutions. The problem outlined here concerns a plant location study and explicitly examines processing cost variations. However, the sensitivity test used can be applied in general to any cost elements of a transportation problem matrix.
Rural Industrial Growth in the 1960's
Authors: Haren Claude C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis article relies on unpublished data from ongoing research and various special industry and small‐area studies to assay dimensions and explore impacts on rural America of greatly accelerated industrial decentralization in the 1960's. Similar sources identify better highways and local services and facilities, and changing markets, products, and technologies as motivating forces. Brief attention is given to implications for population change, family and community well‐being, and assimilation of poorly educated and unskilled rural people into today's economic mainstream.
A Welfare Analysis of the Voluntary Corn Diversion Program, 1961 to 1966
Authors: Hushak Leroy J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe welfare effects of the com diversion program are analyzed. A three‐sector (corn, other crops, and the rest of the economy) supply‐demand model is developed which incorporates substitution in production and consumption between com and other crops. Using observed data as the restricted market equilibrium and parameters derived from previous research, free market equilibrium is estimated. The net welfare costs and income transfers are computed from the two equilibrium points. In general, the net welfare costs are small and the income transfers are substantial. However, the model is quite sensitive to the parameter values.
Resource Investments, Impact Distribution, and Evaluation Concepts
Authors: Kalter Robert J. , Stevens Thomas H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractGovernmental decisions on proposed resource investments have always been made within an implicit multidimensional social welfare function framework. Yet the equity consequences of public programs have never been evaluated on an equal basis with their contribution to national economic growth. A model designed to facilitate the measurement of such consequences is specified and applied to a case study. The model can be used in conjunction with different equity classifications, but the test considered the personal income distribution consequences of a proposed water resource investment. The distribution of efficiency benefits and positive intergroup transfers as well as cost and reimbursement questions are considered.
Effects of Split‐Demand and Slaughter‐Capacity Assumptionson Optimal Locations of Cattle Feeding
Authors: Langemeier Larry N. , Finley Robert M. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany studies have concentrated on the optimal location of cattle feeding. Two major limitations of such studies have been (1) reliance on a single demand function for beef and (2) failure to consider existing slaughter capacities. By utilizing separated or split‐demand functions for beef and explicitly accounting for present regional slaughter capacity, quite different patterns of beef feeding emerge. In comparison with actual feedlot locations, the models used showed considerable improvement over most previous models. More importantly, results compare favorably with recent trends in the location of cattle feeding.
Policy Directions for the United States Sugar Program
Authors: Horton Donald C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe legislative basis for the United States sugar program, which involves both a high degree of domestic protectionism and substantial statutory subsidies to sugar producers in selected foreign countries, expires at the end of 1971. The case is presented for reducing domestic protectionism and for financing what remains, as well as any foreign subsidies, through the budget rather than as at present through the domestic price of sugar. A start in those directions is oulined. Also, specific changes in the present sugar program are suggested for consideration in case major reform is not politically feasible in 1971.
Evaluating Supply Control Policies for Frozen Concentrated Orange Juice with an Industrial Dynamics Model
Authors: Raulerson Richard C. , Langham Max R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractEconomists are increasingly being asked to study problems that require a systems approach. This paper reports an empirical application of industrial dynamics to a problem of an industry system. A second generation model was developed and used to appraise alternative supply control policies designed to reduce fluctuations in marketings of frozen concentrated orange juice and grower profits. Policies that controlled long‐run supplies by constraining tree plantings appeared to have the most potential for success. Policies designed to control market supplies on a year‐to‐year basis actually encouraged new tree plantings which created long‐run supply problems.
Unit Equivalent Scales for Specific Food Commodities
Authors: Price David W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractFor many analyses, a per capita specification of the effects of population is not adequate. The per capita specification ignores differences in consumption that are due to differences in age and sex of individuals. A unit equivalent scale can account for these age and sex differences. Unit equivalent scales are estimated for five food commodities and for total food from weekly household expenditure data. The effects of age and sex on expenditures, economies of household size, changes in scales with income level, and changes in the demand for food over time caused by changing age‐sex composition are estimated.
A Practical Computer Method for Pricing Pork Carcasses and Hogs
Authors: Ikerd John E. , Cramer Charles L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractInefficiencies in the production‐marketing system for hogs are due in part to inaccurate derivation of live hog values from expected wholesale cut values. The evaluation method presented in this paper is accurate, objective, and practical when compared to a method used by a progressive firm in the industry. Time series price data and cross sectional carcass data are utilized in a two‐step least squares procedure to estimate carcass value, associated with a given set of wholesale prices, on an individual carcass basis. This method, if used extensively, should lead to improvement in the hog marketing system.
Geographic Flows of Hired Agricultural Labor: 1957–1960
Authors: Gallaway Lowell E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractData obtained from Social Security Administration records are used to examine whether hired agricultural labor moving from one census region to another within the United States is responsive to economic phenomena. The unique feature of the analysis is its access to data describing gross flows of hired agricultural labor among these regions rather than having to rely on observations of net changes in the quantity of such labor. The general conclusion is that hired agricultural workers are responsive to economic phenomena in the directions suggested by formal economic theory but that interregional movement of such workers is greatly hampered by the presence of artificial barriers to mobility.
Measurement of the Impact of Recreation Investments on a Local Economy
Authors: Kalter Robert J. , Lord William B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA from‐to type of interindustry model is formulated and empirically implemented to quantify local economic impacts of a transfer nature arising from outdoor recreation. Direct, indirect, and induced sales, income, and employment impacts are derived and multiplier values are calculated. Relationships among the from‐to model, supplemental studies, and the analysis of regional benefits for governmental investment decisions are discussed.
Nonproducer Cooperative Interests and the Antitrust Laws
Authors: Knutson Ronald D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractCooperatives' ability to enlist the assistance of non‐producer and/or non‐cooperative firms in their marketing efforts has been severely limited by recent Supreme Court decisions. In Case‐Swayne Co. v. Sunkist Growers, Inc., the court held that Sunkist, with nongrower members, was not a Capper‐Volstead cooperative and therefore was not entitled to Capper‐Volstead exemption from prosecution under section 1 of the Sherman Act. Although the case provides a much needed guide for cooperative activity, it did not explicitly define what constitutes a producer. Nor did it provide an indication of the extent to which a cooperative can control or increase its share of the market and still not be held in violation of section 2 of the Sherman Act.
Capital Formation and Growth in the Israeli Cooperative Farm
Authors: Sadan Ezra 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Israeli cooperative farm is characterized by a high rate of expansion; the annual rate of growth of the cooperatives' gross product is 11.5 percent. The analysis of the growth pattern of this farm enterprise from 1936 to 1960 suggests that 2 percent of the annual rate of growth of the gross product can be attributed to capital, 1.5 percent to land and labor, 5 percent to the extended utilization of raw materials, and a residual of 3 percent to “technical progress.” A closer examination reveals that a considerable portion of the last is associated with capital formation, probably as a result of technological improvements carried through the flow of gross investments. A smaller portion of the unexplained growth can be attributed to improvements in the “managerial capacity” of the firms under study.
Econometric Analysis of the Agricultural Labor Market
Authors: Tyrchniewicz Edward W. , Schuh G. Edward 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPrevious research on the market for agricultural labor is extended through the use of a simultaneous‐equations model consisting of six equations. The model treats the markets for unpaid family and operator labor, both of which have been slighted in previous work, and takes account of the interdependence among the three components of the agricultural labor force. The demand and supply elasticities were found to differ substantially among the components. Economic implications suggested by the statistical results are analyzed, and the structural models are used to evaluate a number of alternative policies that bear on labor use and labor returns.
Shadow Prices as Member Returns for a Marketing Cooperative
Authors: Hardie Ian W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMany marketing cooperatives handle several types or grades of member‐supplied products. These cooperatives have to determine the returns to be alloted to each product. Helmberger, Hoos, and Nicholls have solved this problem for a cooperative with a single homogeneous product. However, their models do not extent readily to the multiple product case. This article describes how returns can be simultaneously calculated for each member‐supplied product handled by a multiple product marketing cooperative. A linear programming model is first introduced to compute the returns under a set of rather restrictive assumptions. When these assumptions are relaxed, another method of deriving the values is required. Such a method—called the “pooling constraint” method—is presented in the latter part of the article.
Factors Associated with Variation in the Aggregate Average Yield of New Zealand Wheat (1918–1967)
Authors: Guise John W. B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAn apparently successful test of a “step function” hypothesis about the effect of technological change in the agricultural sector is reported. The effects of weather and other factors on wheat yields are also analyzed. A notable feature of the research was the lack of significance of an ordinary time trend variable, used as a surrogate for technological change, when a detailed specification of these factors was developed. Overall, 98.6 percent of the variance of the dependent variable in the sample was accounted for by a regression relationship involving seven weather and four non‐weather variables, only one of which related to technological change. The potential value of this relationship for forecasting crop yield is indicated by the fact that the standard error of forecast was substantially less than the standard deviation of errors for the present system of pre‐harvest yield estimation.
Effects of Federal Income Taxes on Cattle‐Ranch Prices*
Authors: Martin William E. , Gatz Jimmie R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractPast studies have indicated that returns from beef production are not enough to justify economically the current prices of cattle ranches. It has been hypothesized that federal income taxes influence current ranch prices. Standard economic budgets are converted into tax budgets for use in testing this hypothesis. The procedure and assumptions involved in the analysis are briefly listed. Although tax savings can be substantial under specific assumptions, the general effect of ranches as tax shelters cannot be large enough to affect greatly the general level of ranch prices.
Combining Cross‐Section and Time‐Series Information on Demand Relationships for Substitute Goods
Authors: Holmes R. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study deals with the problem of pooling cross‐section and time‐series results in the estimation of demand functions when the appropriate endogenous variable differs in the two analyses. An iterative estimation procedure which incorporates a necessary distinction between quantity and quality elasticities of demand is developed and tested. This procedure addresses the estimation problems arising from differences between the cross‐section and time‐series models and data, and provides a partial test of the model specification.
Effects of Nonprice Variables upon Participation in Water‐oriented Outdoor Recreation
Authors: Gillespie Glenn A. , Brewer Durward 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe increasing proportion of the population which lives and works in metropolitan areas is a primary factor in the growing demand for recreation. Recreation research concerning the allocation of land and water to meet more fully the demand for water‐oriented outdoor recreation is of increasing importance as population increases. The model developed here allows appraisal of nonprice information needed by private and government decision makers in planning for recreational uses of land and water. It permits projections of recreation participation for a population of a metropolitan area by utilizing changes in the socioeconomic composition of the population as well as its size.
Efficient Equalization Funds for Farm Prices*
Authors: Candler Wilfred , McArthur Alastair 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe objective of an equalization fund is to “accept” a series of market prices over a period of time and transform these into equalized prices to farmers, so that the equalized prices have a lower variance than the original market prices. An arrangement which minimizes the variance of equalized payments for a given variance of the equalization fund is said to be efficient. The derivation of efficient funds is considered for the case where prices are independent and autocorrelated (for one year). Quantity supplied is taken to be independent of price, but price is a function of quantity. It is shown that the “instinctive” suggestion of an equalized price calculated as a moving average, with equal weights, of previous prices, is appropriate only if fluctuations in the equalization fund are of no interest.
Economic Considerations in Response Research
Authors: Anderson J. R. , Dillon John L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe general neglect of economic considerations in response research is noted. Following the listing of several factors which influence investment in response research, a framework is developed in which knowledge of a process is viewed in terms of the expected value and variance of profits. A Bayesian scheme for incorporating additional information in posterior analysis is outlined. Worth of additional information is judged in terms of utility. The scheme is used to show how the value of obtaining additional information can be ascertained ex ante in preposterior analysis by way of a Monte‐Carlo approach. Both posterior and preposterior analyses are illustrated through a soybean‐fertilizer process. In this empirical example, the effects of using different experimental designs of varying size are examined.
Shifts in Entrepreneurial Functions in Agriculture
Authors: Harris Marshall 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSubstantial elements of entrepreneurship in agriculture are being shifted to off‐farm firms and government agencies. These shifts involve public programs that control land use and guide its development and that take private land for public purpose. In the private sector, they include substitution of corporate enterprise for family farming, restrictions on freedom of action under credit arrangements, control over tenant‐operated farms, direction of management under vertical coordination contracts, and control of farmer cooperatives and bargaining associations over buying and selling. In the future, family farming may be under pressure to meet technological requirements, and corporation farming may offer competition. In the absence of a massive support program, the family farmer may continue to shift elements of entrepreneurship to off‐farm firms. An important question is: What is happening to farmer entrepreneurship under the impact of modern technology and urbanization?
Sources of Agricultural Productivity Gap Among Selected Countries
Authors: Hayami Yujiro 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study explores the causes of enormous agricultural productivity differences now existing among the developed and less developed countries. Factors are identified that determine the productivity gap, and their influences are gauged on the 1957–62 national aggregate data of 38 nations. Aggregate production functions are estimated on the cross‐country data; and, with the estimates of production elasticities, the productivity differences between India and United States and between India and Japan are accounted for by conventional inputs (labor, land, fertilizer and machinery) and nonconventional inputs (education and research). The measured contributions of respective factors to the productivity differences provide a guideline for allocating development efforts in the less developed countries.
Predicting Aggregate Milk Production: An Empirical Study
Authors: Zepp Glenn A. , McAlexander Robert H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere is a need for predictive and aggregate output response models suitable for answering questions about short‐term changes in agricultural output. In this study, short‐term milk output projections for Southeast Pennsylvania between 1961 and 1965 were derived with a linear programming, a recursive programming, and a regression model. The predictiveness of each model is evaluated by comparing its estimate of aggregate milk production with reported output for target years. Differences are expressed as percentage error from reported production.
The Integrated Use of Ground and Surface Water in Irrigation Project Planning
Authors: Rogers Peter , Smith Douglas V. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe model we propose determines water balances for a project area and emphasizes interactions of a surface water‐groundwater system within the economic context of irrigation management. The program selects the tubewell, canal and surface drainage capacities, the project size, and the cropping pattern. Operation of the system is assumed to proceed subject to certain constraints on continuity at the river; capacity of the canals, tubewells, and drainage channels; mining of groundwater; crop water requirements; availability of land of different soil types; and permissible cropping patterns. A detailed irrigation planning example is presented.