bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coracoclavicular joint in northwest Indians
Authors: Kaur Habbir , Jit Indar 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe incidence of an articular facet on the conoid tubercle of the clavicle indicating the presence of a coracoclavicular joint was studied in paired clavicles obtained from 1,000 adult subjects aged 18 to 95 years (748 males, 252 females), and 75 children (45 males, 30 females) of known age on whom a medicolegal postmortem had been performed by the second author during 1972–90. The subjects were inhabitants of northwest India. In addition, paired clavicles from 50 neonates and 35 fetuses were also examined. The facet was absent in the fetuses, neonates, and young children. The youngest clavicle showing the facet was from a girl of 13 years, in which it was present bilaterally. In adults the incidence of the facet was 10.1% (bilateral 5.7%, unilateral 4.4%) in males and 8.3% (bilateral 3.6%, unilateral 4.8%) in females. Absence of the facet in the fetuses, neonates, and young children shows that it is not a congenital anomaly.
Serum and saliva sex hormone levels in !Kung San men
Authors: Christiansen Kerrin H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSerum concentrations of testosterone (Tser), 5αL‐dihydrotestosterone (DHT), estradiol 17β (E2), and free testosterone in saliva (Tsal) were determined by means of the radioimmunoassay method in 114 !Kung San men living in the Bushmanland district of Namibia. The healthy men (mean age 26.4 years) were asked about their dietary habits over the last two months and their acute alcohol intake during the 24 hours preceding the blood and saliva sampling. Although the sex hormone status of the !Kung lies within the range of normal men reported for Caucasoid samples, both Tser and Tsal exhibit relatively low concentrations in comparison to the great majority of published mean values. On the other hand, comparatively high DHT levels point to an elevated 5αL‐reduction of testosterone to DHT in our sample. Estradiol concentrations show no deviation from normal values reported elsewhere for healthy young men. Different dietary habits of the !Kung lead to significant differences in their sex hormone status: both levels of Tsal and the androgen ratio Tsal/Tser decrease with increasing supplement of the traditional hunter‐gatherer diet with domestic and Western food products. The amount of alcohol consumed during the day before the blood and saliva sampling shows a significant effect on the DHT metabolism, and the shorter the time after drinking, the greater decrease of DHT and DHT/E2 can be observed.
Cytogenetic study of Hapalemur aureus
Authors: Rumpler Y. , Warter S. , Hauwy M. , Randrianasolo V. , Dutrillaux B. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe karyotype of Hapalemur aureus was compared with those of other Hapalemur species, allowing us to determine the phylogenetic position of this species on the evolutionary tree of the Lemuridae.
Dental development in South African australopithecines. Part I: Problems of pattern and chronology
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. , Vannier Michael W. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIt is well known that humans take about twice as long as apes to mature. The traditional view that such delayed maturation was already present in australopithecines has been called into question during the past several years. We have approached this problem by looking at patterns of dental development in gracile and robust australopithecines from South Africa and comparing them to patterns found in extant humans and apes. We have employed both 2 and 3 dimensional computed tomography in our research. The dental growth patterns in these two australopithecine morphs differ, particularly in M1/I1 development. The robust australopithecines are more humanlike and the gracile australopithecines more apelike in this feature (“humanlike” and “apelike” are not used in any taxonomic sense). Pattern and chronology of dental development must be considered separately. Several major problem areas for future research are identified, most of which revolve around the issue of intra‐ versus interspecific variation.
Mixed longitudinal study of dental emergence in the chimpanzee, Pan troglodytes (primates, pongidae)
Authors: Conroy Glenn C. , Mahoney C. James 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDental emergence ages are examined for a mixed longitudinal sample of 58 chimpanzees of known age and sex (22 males, 36 females) followed over the past 10 years. This study provides the most complete data set currently available on dental emergence in chimpanzees of known age and sex. Summary statistics and cumulative frequency percentiles of emergence ages are presented for both the permanent and the primary teeth. Male and female percentiles are also compared and reveal a number of cases of sexual dimorphism in emergence ages. Comparisons of emergence means reveal some statistically significant differences between upper and lower teeth but not between antimeres in the upper or lower dentition. Kendall's rank correlation coefficient (tau) suggests a correlation in timing between first molar and incisor emergence within individuals. In addition, a significant time lag was observed between first molar and central incisor emergence. A number of emergence sequence polymorphisms are presented as well. These findings provide important baseline information for future studies of chimpanzee growth, development, and demography and also contribute to several current issues in paleoanthropology relating to dental maturation patterns in early hominids.
Aspects of dental development in the orangutan prior to eruption of the permanent dentition
Authors: Winkler L. A. , Schwartz J. H. , Swindler D. R. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn spite of a resurgence of interest in the interpretation of the sequences of dental development and eruption in various Plio‐Pleistocene hominoids as being either “modern human” or “ape‐like,” the body of comparative material on the extant hominoids remains deficient in critical areas. In concert with recent attempts to rectify this situation, we present the results of our studies on dental morphogenesis in the orangutan. We have focused on the growth and eruption of the deciduous dentition as well as early stages of permanent tooth formation and have found that 1) many permanent teeth develop earlier than was thought, 2) differences exist between development in the upper and in the lower jaw, and 3) states of tooth formation can vary significantly among individuals of similar chronological age or tooth eruption status.
Euclidean distance matrix analysis: A coordinate‐free approach for comparing biological shapes using landmark data
Authors: Lele Subhash , Richtsmeier Joan T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFor problems of classification and comparison in biological research, the primary focus is on the similarity of forms. A biological form can be conveniently defined as consisting of size and shape. Several approaches for comparing biological shapes using landmark data are available. Lele (1991a) critically discusses these approaches and proposes a new method based on the Euclidean distance matrix representation of the form of an object. The purpose of this paper is to extend this new methodology to the comparison of groups of objects. We develop the statistical versions of various concepts introduced by Lele (1991a) and use them for developing statistical procedures for testing the hypothesis of shape difference between biological forms. We illustrate the use of this method by studying morphological differences between normal children and those affected with Crouzon and Apert syndromes and craniofacial sexual dimorphism in Cebus apella.
Genetic variation of the mitochondrial DNA genome in American Indians is at mutation‐drift equilibrium
Authors: Chakraborty Ranajit , Weiss Kenneth M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSeveral surveys have found evidence for founder effects in Amerindian mitochondrial DNA because of the existence of rare Asian morphs in high frequencies in some Amerindian populations and the occurrence of several new morphs not seen elsewhere in the world. These reports, however, do not address whether or not the present genetic variation in the mtDNA genome in Amerindians has reached the steady‐state distribution predicted by the mutation‐drift theory of population genetics. The present work suggests that in three Amerindian populations (Pima, Maya, and Ticuna) a steady state has apparently been reached, and hence the initial founder effect has probably dissipated during the evolution of Amerindians in the New World. This result is consistent with the genetic variation in nuclear genes in similar populations, shown through surveys of protein variation in earlier work and, more recently, in studies of restriction fragment length polymorphisms.
Sexual dimorphism in the human bony pelvis, with a consideration of the Neandertal pelvis from Kebara cave, Israel
Authors: Tague Robert G. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractSexual dimorphism of the human pelvis is inferentially related to obstetrics. However, researchers disagree in the identification and obstetric significance of pelvic dimorphisms. This study addresses three issues. First, common patterns in dimorphism are identified by analysis of pelvimetrics from six independent samples (Whites and Blacks of known sex and four Amerindian samples of unknown sex). Second, an hypothesis is tested that the index of pelvic dimorphism (female mean × 100/male mean) is inversely related to pelvic variability. Third, the pelvic dimensions of the Neandertal male from Kebara cave, Israel are compared with those of the males in this study.The results show that the pelvic inlet is the plane of least dimorphism in humans. The reason that reports often differ in the identification of dimorphisms for this pelvic plane is that both the length of the pubis and the shape of the inlet are related to nutrition. The dimensions of the pelvis that are most dimorphic (that is, female larger than male) are the measures of posterior space, angulation of sacrum, biischial breadth, and subpubic angle. Interestingly, these dimensions are also the most variable. The hypothesis that variability and dimorphism are inversely related fails to be supported. The factors that influence pelvic variability are discussed.The Kebara 2 pelvis has a spacious inlet and a confined outlet relative to modern males, though the circumferences of both planes in the Neandertal are within the range of variation of modern males. The inference is that outlet circumference in Neandertal females is also small in size, but within the range of variation of modern females. Arguments that Neandertal newborns were larger in size than those of modern humans necessarily imply that birth was more difficult in Neandertals. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maxillary canine/third premolar transposition in a prehistoric population from Santa Cruz Island, California
Authors: Nelson Greg C. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCanine/premolar transposition is rare in both historic and prehistoric Homo sapiens with a known occurrence of less than 0.10%. This report describes a prehistoric population sample from one site (SCrI‐3) on Santa Cruz Island, California in which the rate of C/P3 transposition is greater than eight percent, based on nine of 106 adult crania which exhibit the anomaly either uni‐ or bilaterally. As a means of investigating the etiology of this anomaly, the location of the canine root in adult crania was studied. Root location should indicate tooth bud origin, a factor likely to be under genetic control. In crania with normally erupted canines, the superior portion of the root averages 4.43 mm from alare, while this distance is 8.96 mm for anomalous roots. This difference suggests that during ontogeny the tooth buds for the canine and premolar arose in the wrong (or reversed) places, causing the teeth to erupt anomalously. It is suggested that inbreeding in a small island community resulted in a short‐lived appearance of this anomaly at a high frequency. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bantu βs cluster haplotype predominates among Brazilian Blacks
Authors: Zago Marco A. , Figueiredo Mauro S. , Ogo Satie H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractWe describe the combination of polymorphic restriction‐enzyme sites in the β globin gene cluster (haplotypes) for 74 chromosomes from Brazilian Blacks bearing the sickle hemoglobin gene (βs). The three most common African βs haplotypes account for 67 chromosomes: 49/74 (66.2%) were identified as Central African Republic (CAR or Bantu) type, 17 (23.0%) as Benin, and one as Senegal; seven chromosomes (9.5%) had minor atypical haplotypes. This distribution is different from that observed in the United States or Jamaica, where the Benin haplotype predominates, and results from different patterns of slave trades to North and South Americas. Since the βs gene cluster polymorphisms modulate the severity of sickle cell anemia, this heterogeneity may explain differences of the clinical behavior of the disease in the United States and South America, and should also be considered in relation to other features and diseases. © 1992 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental microwear and diet in Venezuelan primates
Authors: Teaford Mark F. , Runestad Jacqueline A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractRecent microwear analyses have demonstrated that wear patterns can be correlated with dietary differences. However, much of this work has been based on analyses of museum material where dates and locations of collection are not well known. In view of these difficulties, it would be desirable to compare microwear patterns for different genera collected from the same area at the same time.The opportunity to do this was provided by the collections of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project (Handley, 1976), in which multiple primate genera were collected from the same humid tropical forest sites within the same month. The monkeys represent a wide range of dietary preferences, and includeSaimiri,Cebus,Chiropotes,Ateles,Aotus,Pithecia, andAlouatta.As in previous microwear analyses, epoxy replicas were prepared from dental impressions, as described by Rose (1983) and Teaford and Oyen (1989). Two micrographs were taken of facet 9 on an upper second molar of each specimen. Computations and analyses were the same as described by Teaford and Robinson (1989).Results reaffirm previously documented differences in dental microwear between primates that feed on hard objects versus those that do not—withPitheciaandAlouattaat the extremes of a range of microwear patterns including more subtle differences between species with intermediate diets. The subtle microwear differences are by no means easy to document in museum samples. However, additional results suggest that 1) the width of microscopic scratches may be a poor indicator of dietary differences, 2) large and small pits may be formed differently, and 3) there are very few seasonal differences in dental microwear in the primates at these humid tropical forest sites. © Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sex differences in adult chimpanzee positional behavior: The influence of body size on locomotion and posture
Authors: Doran Diane M. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractFocal animal instantaneous sampling of adult male and female chimpanzee positional behavior was conducted during a 7‐month study in the Tai Forest, Ivory Coast, in order to determine whether there are sex differences in the locomotion, posture, substrate use, and height preference of sexually dimorphic adult chimpanzees, and if so, whether these differences support predictions based on body size differences. Results indicate that as predicted, adult male and female chimpanzees differ in their arboreal locomotor behavior, with the larger males using less quadrupedalism and more climbing, scrambling, and aided bipedalism than females during feeding locomotion. There is a sex difference in height preference as well, with female chimpanzees consistently using more arboreal behavior than males, primarily during resting. Although it has been previously demonstrated that separate primate species of differing body size differ in locomotor and postural activities (Fleagle and Mittermeier, 1980; Crompton, 1984), this study clearly demonstrates that body size differences within a species can also be correlated with differences in locomotor behavior. These findings may influence how we interpret sex differences in body size of extinct species. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Population prehistory of East Asia and the pacific as viewed from craniofacial morphology: The basic populations in East Asia, VII
Authors: Hanihara Tsunehiko 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDistance analyses were applied to 11 craniofacial measurements recorded in samples from East and Southeast Asia, Australia, Melanesia, Polynesia, and Micronesia for the purpose of assessing the biological affinities and possible origins of these populations. A clear separation between Australomelanesians and other populations from East and Southeast Asia and the Pacific is evident. The craniofacial variations suggest that the generalized Asian populations (Negritos, Dayaks, Lesser Sunda Islands, etc.) represent at least part of the morphological background of not only the majority of present Southeast Asians, but also the Neolithic Jomon people and their lineage in Japan, Polynesians, and western Micronesians. The original craniofacial features of Southeast Asians may have occurred as the result of convergent microevolution due to similar environmental conditions such as tropical rain forest. This supports the local‐evolution hypothesis for modern Southeast Asian craniofacial features. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basicranial flexion, relative brain size, and facial kyphosis in nonhuman primates
Authors: Ross Callum F. , Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractNumerous hypotheses explaining interspecific differences in the degree of basicranial flexion have been presented. Several authors have argued that an increase in relative brain size results in a spatial packing problem that is resolved by flexing the basicranium. Others attribute differences in the degree of basicranial flexion to different postural behaviors, suggesting that more orthograde animals require a ventrally flexed pre‐sella basicranium in order to maintain the eyes in a correct forward‐facing orientation. Less specific claims are made for a relationship between the degree of basicranial flexion and facial orientation. In order to evaluate these hypotheses, the degree of basicranial flexion (cranial base angle), palate orientation, and orbital axis orientation were measured from lateral radiographs of 68 primate species and combined with linear and volumetric measures as well as data on the size of the neocortex and telencephalon. Bivariate correlation and partial correlation analyses at several taxonomic levels revealed that, within haplorhines, the cranial base angle decreases with increasing neurocranial volume relative to basicranial length and is positively correlated with angles of facial kyphosis and orbital axis orientation. Strepsirhines show no significant correlations between the cranial base angle and any of the variables examined. It is argued that prior orbital approximation in the ancestral haplorhine integrated the medial orbital walls and pre‐sella basicranium into a single structural network such that changes in the orientation of one necessarily affect the other. Gould's (“Ontogeny and Phylogeny.” Cambridge: Belknap Press, 1977) hypothesis, that the highly flexed basicranium of Homo may be due to a combination of a large brain and a relatively short basicranium, is corroborated. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth of the fetus in the abdominal cavity
Authors: Abitbol M. Maurice 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe ratio pelvic/abdominal cavity is 6.9% in samples of nonhuman mammals and nonhuman primates, and rises to approximately 30% in humans. This relative reduction of the abdomen and increase of the pelvis is associated with a partial or total shift of some organs from the abdomen to the pelvis: rectosigmoid colon, bladder, and genital organs, which are mostly abdominal in quadrupeds and are mostly pelvic in humans. Pregnancy, always abdominal in nonhumans, is pelvic during the first trimester and becomes abdominal later on in humans. Near term the pregnancy expands easily in nonhumans in view of relatively small fetus and relatively large abdominal cavity. But, for the opposite reasons (large fetus, small abdomen), the human pregnancy is limited space‐wise during its abdominal expansion. Unlike that of nonhumans, human pregnancy is faced with multiple problems. These include: 1) “squeezing” between the anterior abdominal wall and the lordosis of the lumbar spine; 2) compression of the aortocaval vessels; and 3) forward expansion of the abdomen resulting in reorientation of the trunk during erect posture as the pregnant woman approaches term. All these conditions are responsible for numerous pathological entities that occur during human pregnancy and are almost unknown in nonhuman mammals. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Histological reconstruction of dental development and age at death of a juvenile Paranthropus robustus specimen, SK 63, from Swartkrans, South Africa
Authors: Dean M. C. , Beynon A. D. , Thackeray J. F. , Macho G. A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThere has been disagreement about whether the earliest hominids grew in a similar manner to great apes or modern humans. This has important biological implications, since it may have been inappropriate to apply modern human developmental standards to early hominids. The aim of the present study was to combine data from replicas of tooth surfaces, computed tomographic (CT) scans, and radiographs with data from a histological section of the canine crown, in order to provide a complete description of tooth crown and tooth root development in a single early hominid specimen (SK 63). Although partially destructive in nature, we have been able to determine the most reliable data yet for aspects of dental development in an important juvenile early hominid specimen. Appositional enamel formation time in the permanent right canine was estimated at between 305 and 418 days, imbricational enamel formation time at 819 days, and total crown formation time at between 3.18 and 3.48 years. The most likely age at death was estimated at around 4 years with a range of ages calculated between 3.18 and 4.23 years based on differences in timing of initial mineralization of the canine and differences in appositional enamel formation times. Crown formation times of the lower central and lateral incisors were estimated between 2.35–2.68 years and 2.57–2.91 years, respectively. Crown formation time of the first permanent molar was estimated at 2.4 years. Wear facets on the first permanent molars indicate that gingival emergence had occurred sometime prior to death, between 3 and 4 years of age. Estimates of root extension rates in the first permanent molars and in the permanent incisors are fast, and either within or above ranges of rates estimated for modern great apes. While we recognize that data for one individual may not be representative of data for a whole population of early hominids, the data for age at death, for age of M1 emergence, and for root extension rates presented here accord with those known for modern great apes and fall beyond the known ranges for modern humans. © 1993 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.