bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making something of it: one ward's application of evidence into practice
Authors: Hooke Natalie , Lewis Peter , Kelly Margaret , Wilson Valerie , Jones Susan 
Published: May 2008

AbstractImplementing evidence into practice can be a challenging and time consuming process for clinical teams. We conducted a qualitative study of the experiences of care for children, parents and nurses on an inpatient ward at a tertiary paediatric referral hospital in Sydney, Australia. We considered the conduct of the research to be only one step in a process of change commenced before the initiation of the research project and continuing well after its conclusion. The subsequent step was to share what we had learned with ward staff to enable them to act to improve the experience of care for everybody. This article reports the place of the project in the overall program of change on the ward, the strategies undertaken to share the finding of the research and the ongoing steps being undertaken to translate the research findings into improvements in care. Although the process is incomplete, it continues to gather momentum as the staff celebrate their achievements to date and look for new ways to proceed into the future. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Son, Ltd.
Factors affecting product distributions in ethylene/styrene copolymerization by (aryloxo)(cyclopentadienyl)titanium complexes‐MAO catalyst systems
Authors: Nomura Kotohiro , Zhang Hao , Byun Doo‐Jin 
Published: May 2008

AbstractEthylene/styrene copolymerizations using Cp′TiCl2(O‐2,6‐iPr2C6H3) [Cp′ = Cp* (C5Me5, 1), 1,2,4‐Me3C5H2 (2), tert‐BuC5H4 (3)]‐MAO catalyst systems were explored under various conditions. Complexes 2 and 3 exhibited both high catalytic activities (activity: 504–6810 kg‐polymer/mol‐Ti h) and efficient styrene incorporations at 25, 40°C (ethylene 6 atm), affording relatively high molecular weight poly (ethylene‐co‐styrene)s with unimodal molecular weight distributions as well as with uniform styrene distributions (Mw = 6.12–13.6 × 104, Mw/Mn = 1.50–1.71, styrene 31.7–51.9 mol %). By‐productions of syndiotactic polystyrene (SPS) were observed, when the copolymerizations by 1–3‐MAO catalyst systems were performed at 55, 70 °C (ethylene 6 atm, SPS 9.0–68.9 wt %); the ratios of the copolymer/SPS were affected by the polymerization temperature, the [styrene]/[ethylene] feed molar ratios in the reaction mixture, and by both the cyclopentadienyl fragment (Cp′) and anionic ancillary donor ligand (L) in Cp′TiCl2(L) (L = Cl, O‐2,6‐iPr2C6H3 or N=CtBu2) employed. Co‐presence of the catalytically‐active species for both the copolymerization and the homopolymerization was thus suggested even in the presence of ethylene; the ratios were influenced by various factors (catalyst precursors, temperature, styrene/ethylene feed molar ratio, etc.). © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4162–4174, 2008
Synthesis and chiral recognition properties of poly(N‐propargylamide) gels derived from ornithine and lysine
Authors: Liu Ruiyuan , Sanda Fumio , Masuda Toshio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractCopolymerization of ornithine‐ and lysine‐derived N‐propargylamides, N‐α‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐N‐δ‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐L‐ornithine N′‐propargylamide (1), N‐α‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐N‐ε‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐L‐lysine N′‐propargylamide (2), N‐α‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐N‐δ‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐L‐ornithine N′‐propargylamide (3), and N‐α‐fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl‐N‐ε‐tert‐butoxycarbonyl‐L‐lysine N′‐propargylamide (4) with dipropargyl adipate was carried out using (nbd)Rh+[η6‐C6H5B−(C6H5)3] as a catalyst in THF to obtain polymer gels in 80–93% yields. The gels adsorbed N‐benzyloxycarbonyl L‐alanine, N‐benzyloxycarbonyl L‐alanine methyl ester, and (S)‐(+)‐1‐phenyl‐1,2‐ethanediol preferably than the corresponding optical isomers. The order of chiral discrimination was poly(1) > poly(4) > poly(2), poly(3) gels. The fluorenylmethoxycarbonyl groups of the gels could be partly removed by piperidine treatment, leading to increase of adsorptivity but decrease of chiral recognition ability. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4175–4182, 2008
Grafting of hyperbranched cyclotriphosphazene polymer onto silica nanoparticle and carbon black surfaces
Authors: Wei Gang , Sasage Nozomu , Kusanagi Yusuke , Fujiki Kazuhiro , Yamauchi Takeshi , Tsubokawa Norio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe surface grafting of hyperbranched cyclotriphosphazene polymer onto silica nanoparticles and carbon black was investigated. The grafting of hyperbranched cyclotriphosphazene polymer onto these surfaces was achieved by the repeated reactions of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene with hexamethylenediamine from surface amino groups and sodium carboxylate groups, respectively. The percentage of grafting onto silica and carbon black surfaces exceeded 760 and 390%, respectively. However, it proved difficult to achieve the theoretical growth of cyclotriphosphazene polymer from these surfaces because of steric hindrance. The introduction of sulfonic acid groups was successfully achieved by the reaction of terminal chlorophosphazene groups of the hyperbranched polymer‐grafted silica and carbon black with sulfanilic acid. The content of sulfonic acid groups introduced onto silica and carbon black surfaces was 4.98 mmol/g and 5.70 mmol/g, respectively. The sulfonated cyclotriphosphazene polymer‐grafted carbon black was extremely hydrophilic, yielding stable colloidal dispersions in polar solvents. The sulfonated cyclotriphosphazene polymer‐grafted silica and carbon black showed ionic conductivity, with the conductance increasing exponentially with increasing relative humidity and temperature. This study may offer important leads in the application of silica nanoparticles and carbon black in polymeric membranes for fuel cells. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 46: 4218–4226, 2008
Nonequilibrium valley polarization in graphene nanoconstrictions
Authors: Rycerz A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe recently showed, using tight‐binding calculations, that nonequilibrium valley polarization can be realized in graphene, when the current is injected through a “valley filter”: a ballistic point contact with zigzag edges. Here we demonstrate that the effect is surprisingly robust against changing the crystallographic orientation of the filter axis. Namely, the output current remains polarized unless a point contact has perfect armchair edges, at which two sublattices are equally represented. The polarization is inverted when the filter orientation crosses the armchair line and, subsequently, the dominating sublattice index of the terminal atoms changes. In a bent graphene strip, the valley‐polarized current can be directed towards one edge providing a theoretical possibility to observe a zero‐magnetic‐field analogue of the well‐known Hall effect. For the valley valve, built of two valley filters in series and controlled elecrostatically by a gate voltage, the conductance‐to‐gate characteristic is inverted when a π/3 vertex is placed between two filters. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Growth and properties of near‐UV light emitting diodes based on InN/GaN quantum wells
Authors: Dimakis E. , Nikiforov A. Yu. , Thomidis C. , Zhou L. , Smith D. J. , Abell J. , Kao C.‐K. , Moustakas T. D. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNear‐ultraviolet light emitting diodes (LEDs), based on one monolayer thick InN/GaN multiple quantum wells, were grown by radio‐frequency plasma‐assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The active region was grown at 685 °C, a temperature where the growth of thick InN layers is not possible. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed that the InN well layers were grown pseudomorphically in between the GaN barriers and were characterized by well defined interfaces and uniform thickness. The LED structures exhibited electroluminescence emission at 384 nm, with a FWHM of about 14 nm. The peak emission wavelength was independent of the injection current, indicating the absence of quantum confined Stark effect in these structures. Output optical power of 0.84 mW was measured at 200 mA in a bare die configuration. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Models for the analysis of C‐reactive protein in statin trials
Authors: Southworth Harry , Dane Aaron 
Published: May 2008

AbstractElevation in C‐reactive protein (CRP) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease progression and levels are reduced by treatment with statins. However, on‐treatment CRP, given baseline CRP and treatment, is not normally distributed and outliers exist even when transformations are applied. Although classical non‐parametric tests address some of these issues, they do not enable straightforward inclusion of covariate information. The aims of this study were to produce a model that improved efficiency and accuracy of analysis of CRP data. Estimation of treatment effects and identification of outliers were addressed using controlled trials of rosuvastatin. The robust statistical technique of MM‐estimation was used to fit models to data in the presence of outliers and was compared with least‐squares estimation. To develop the model, appropriate transformations of the response and baseline variables were selected. The model was used to investigate how on‐treatment CRP related to baseline CRP and estimated treatment effects with rosuvastatin. On comparing least‐squares and MM‐estimation, MM‐estimation was superior to least‐squares estimation in that parameter estimates were more efficient and outliers were clearly identified. Relative reductions in CRP were higher at higher baseline CRP levels. There was also evidence of a dose–response relationship between CRP reductions from baseline and rosuvastatin. Several large outliers were identified, although there did not appear to be any relationships between the incidence of outliers and treatments. In conclusion, using robust estimation to model CRP data is superior to least‐squares estimation and non‐parametric tests in terms of efficiency, outlier identification and the ability to include covariate information. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impact of baseline ECG collection on the planning, analysis and interpretation of ‘thorough’ QT trials
Authors: Sethuraman Venkat , Sun Qiankun 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe current guidelines, ICH E14, for the evaluation of non‐antiarrhythmic compounds require a ‘thorough’ QT study (TQT) conducted during clinical development (ICH Guidance for Industry E14, 2005). Owing to the regulatory choice of margin (10 ms), the TQT studies must be conducted to rigorous standards to ensure that variability is minimized. Some of the key sources of variation can be controlled by use of randomization, crossover design, standardization of electrocardiogram (ECG) recording conditions and collection of replicate ECGs at each time point. However, one of the key factors in these studies is the baseline measurement, which if not controlled and consistent across studies could lead to significant misinterpretation. In this article, we examine three types of baseline methods widely used in the TQT studies to derive a change from baseline in QTc (time‐matched, time‐averaged and pre‐dose‐averaged baseline). We discuss the impact of the baseline values on the guidance‐recommended ‘largest time‐matched’ analyses. Using simulation we have shown the impact of these baseline approaches on the type I error and power for both crossover and parallel group designs. In this article, we show that the power of study decreases as the number of time points tested in TQT study increases. A time‐matched baseline method is recommended by several authors (Drug Saf. 2005; 28(2):115–125, Health Canada guidance document: guide for the analysis and review of QT/QTc interval data, 2006) due to the existence of the circadian rhythm in QT. However, the impact of the time‐matched baseline method on statistical inference and sample size should be considered carefully during the design of TQT study. The time‐averaged baseline had the highest power in comparison with other baseline approaches. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tropical‐cyclone intensification and predictability in three dimensions
Authors: Van Sang Nguyen , Smith Roger K. , Montgomery Michael T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractWe present numerical‐model experiments to investigate the dynamics of tropical‐cyclone amplification and its predictability in three dimensions. For the prototype amplification problem beginning with a weak‐tropical‐storm‐strength vortex, the emergent flow becomes highly asymmetric and dominated by deep convective vortex structures, even though the problem as posed is essentially axisymmetric. The asymmetries that develop are highly sensitive to the boundary‐layer moisture distribution. When a small random moisture perturbation is added in the boundary layer at the initial time, the pattern of evolution of the flow asymmetries is changed dramatically, and a non‐negligible spread in the local and azimuthally‐averaged intensity results. We conclude, first, that the flow on the convective scales exhibits a degree of randomness, and only those asymmetric features that survive in an ensemble average of many realizations can be regarded as robust; and secondly, that there is an intrinsic uncertainty in the prediction of maximum intensity using either maximum‐wind or minimum‐surface‐pressure metrics. There are clear implications for the possibility of deterministic forecasts of the mesoscale structure of tropical cyclones, which may have a major impact on the intensity and on rapid intensity changes.Some other aspects of vortex structure are addressed also, including vortex‐size parameters, and sensitivity to the inclusion of different physical processes or higher spatial resolution. We investigate also the analogous problem on a β‐plane, a prototype problem for tropical‐cyclone motion. A new perspective on the putative role of the wind‐‐evaporation feedback process for tropical‐cyclone intensification is offered also.The results provide new insight into the fluid dynamics of the intensification process in three dimensions, and at the same time suggest limitations of deterministic prediction for the mesoscale structure. Larger‐scale characteristics, such as the radius of gale‐force winds and β‐gyres, are found to be less variable than their mesoscale counterparts. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
The assimilation of cloud‐affected infrared satellite radiances for numerical weather prediction
Authors: Pavelin E. G. , English S. J. , Eyre J. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA practical technique for the assimilation of cloud‐affected infrared radiances is presented. The technique is best suited to advanced infrared sounders such as AIRS and IASI. Radiances are first pre‐processed by a one‐dimensional variational analysis (1D‐Var) scheme, where cloud parameters (cloud‐top pressure and effective cloud fraction) are retrieved simultaneously with atmospheric profile variables. The retrieved cloud parameters are then passed to a variational data assimilation system, where they are used to constrain the radiative transfer calculation in the assimilation of a reduced set of channels. The channel selection is chosen to reduce the sensitivity to errors in the forward modelling of radiation originating below the cloud top. The performance of this technique is explored by means of a 1D‐Var study using simulated measurements. It is demonstrated that the technique has the potential to allow the assimilation of a significant proportion of cloud‐affected infrared sounding measurements, possibly bringing valuable benefits to an operational NWP system. © Crown Copyright 2008. Reproduced with the permission of the Controller of HMSO and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dust emissions over the Sahel associated with the West African monsoon intertropical discontinuity region: A representative case‐study
Authors: Bou Karam D. , Flamant C. , Knippertz P. , Reitebuch O. , Pelon J. , Chong M. , Dabas A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractNear‐dawn airborne lidar and dropsonde observations acquired on 7 July 2006, during the African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analysis (AMMA) Special Observing Period 2a1, were used to investigate dust mobilization, lifting and transport in the intertropical discontinuity (ITD) region over western Niger. Atmospheric reflectivity data from the LEANDRE 2 lidar system enabled us to analyse the structure of dust plumes in the context of wind and thermodynamic information provided by the WIND lidar system and dropsondes. Dust mobilization was mainly observed in two locations: (a) within the monsoon flow as the result of the passage of a density current originating from a mesoscale convective system over southwest Niger, and (b) at the leading edge of the monsoon flow where the near‐surface winds and turbulence were strong, because the monsoon flow was behaving as an intrusive density current. The circulation in the head of the monsoon density current lifted the mobilized dust towards the wake, along an isentropic surface. Behind and away from the leading edge, some of the mobilized dust was observed to mix across the monsoon–harmattan interface, due to the existence of mechanical shear above the monsoon layer. The dust thus becomes available for long‐range transport by the harmattan. Because dust sources are widespread over the Sahel and presumably active on many days when the ITD is located in this region during summer, dust emissions associated with the described mechanism may influence the radiation budget over West Africa. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A backstepping‐based low‐and‐high gain design for marine vehicles
Authors: Bateman Alec , Hull Jason , Lin Zongli 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA backstepping control design for marine vehicles was described in (Marine Control Systems: Guidance, Navigation and Control of Ships, Rigs, and Underwater Vehicles. Marine Cybernetics AS: Trondheim, Norway, 2002). Under a backstepping feedback law, global asymptotic stability of the closed‐loop system can be shown under the assumption of unlimited actuation. This paper addresses the issues that arise in the implementation of a backstepping feedback law by saturating actuators. First, for a given backstepping feedback law, an estimate of the domain of attraction is given for the resulting closed‐loop system under actuator saturation. A high gain component is then constructed and augmented to the original backstepping feedback law. This additional high gain component is shown not to shrink the estimate of the domain of attraction but to possess the ability to improve the closed‐loop response and to reject disturbance. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methyl Oct‐cis‐2‐enoate. its synthesis, GLC behaviour and infrared spectra
Authors: Mercuri Osvaldo , Carrazoni N. E. , Brenner R. R. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractMethyl oct‐cis‐2‐enoate was synthesized by selective hydrogenation of methyl oct‐2‐ynoate at atmospheric pressure with quinoline poisoned palladium as catalyst. The resulting product contained only 7% of thetrans form, as determined by GLC. The structure was confirmed by infrared spectra. Analysis of the infrared spectra is given. The cis andtrans forms of methyl oct‐2‐enoate were separable by GLC in polar or non‐polar columns. GLC runs in polar and non‐polar phases showed that the ॅ position of the double bond of methyl oct‐2‐enoate so affects its properties, that practically no interaction was observed between the double bond and the polar phase. Consequently volatility was the main factor determining the retention times of cis andtrans methyl oct‐2‐enoate in the polar and non‐polar phases studied.
Stearyl monoglycendyl citrate as an emulsifier enhancer
Authors: Geminder J. J. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractStearyl monoglyceridyl citrate, a fatty acid ester, is a semisolid compound with a slightly acidic flavor. In its liquid state it is completely miscible with vegetable and animal fats and oils. Although the compound exhibits surfactant activity and reduces interfacial tensions, its major function is emulsifier enhancement and emulsion stabilization when used in shortening systems along with accepted emulsifiers. Very acceptable liquid and plastic shortenings can be prepared through the addition of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate and primary emulsifiers. Effective levels of stearyl monoglyceridyl citrate in shortenings enhance performance and permit use of lower levels of primary emulsifiers. Shelf‐life stabilities, smoke points, plasticity, and compatibility with primary emulsifiers in finished shortenings are good. Additions to margarines and whip toppings and performance in baked goods, as well as food additives status, are discussed.
Chromatographic analysis of seed oils. II. fatty acid composition of dimorphotheca oil
Authors: Binder R. G. , Applewhite T. H. , Diamond M. J. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe fatty acid composition ofDimorphotheca sinuata seed oil was determined by use of column and gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC), and UV, IE, and nuclear magnetic resonance (n.m.r.) spectroscopy. The presence of a small amount of epoxy esters was confirmed by n.m.r. spectroscopy in conjunction with GLC and TLC. The presence of ca. 2.5% of 9‐keto‐trans,trans‐ 10,12‐octadeca‐dienoic acid, previously unrecognized as a constituent of dimorphotheca oil, was established. The estimated fatty acid composition of dimorphotheca oil is 66.5% dimorphecolic, 14% linoleic, 10% oleic, 4.5% palmitic and stearic, and 5% miscellaneous acids.
Electrophoretic properties in aqueous detergent systems
Authors: Ginn M. E. , Anderson R. M. , Harris J. C. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractElectrophoretic mobilities and zeta potentials were developed for triolein, Nujol, and glass particles in aqueous detergent solutions. Zeta potentials in deionized water were: ‐79, ‐69, and ‐62 mv, respectively, for triolein, Nujol, and glass. Electrolyte builders and anionic surfactants markedly increase triolein and Nujol particle mobilities and negative zeta potentials; this effect probably contributes to their detersive action. Nonionic surfactants lower mobility of triolein and glass, and thus show slight cationic character. Significant inflection points are found for nonionic detergents near cmc. A cationic detergent produced high positive charge and zeta potentials with triolein and glass. Data for surfactant‐builder combinations show mobilities are primarily determined by the electrolyte. It was concluded that electrokinetic effects are important for dispersion and emulsification, but are not necessary and sufficient conditions for removing oily soil from glass.
Lipolysis of trivernolin by pancreatic lipase
Authors: Sampugna J. , Jensen R. G. , Parry R. M. , Krewson C. F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractVernolic acid (cis‐12,13‐epoxy‐cis‐9‐oetadece‐noic acid) occurs as the triglyceride in the seed ofVernonia anthelmintica. Incubation of the seed produces a 1,3‐divernolin. To determine whether the structure of trivernolin is responsible for the apparent secondary ester position specificity of the natural enzyme, trivernolin and tri‐olein, were incubated with pancreatic lipase and the free fatty acids and monoglycerides were determined after 5 and 15 min digestion periods. The preponderance of 2‐monoglyceride produced by the action of pancreatic lipase was interpreted to indicate that the structure of trivernolin was not solely responsible for the secondary position specificity of theV. anthelmintica lipase toward trivernolin.