bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dewpoint and Humidity Measurements and Trends at the Summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, 1935–2004
Authors: Seidel Thomas M. , Grant Andrea N. , Pszenny Alexander A. P. , Allman Daniel J. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Meteorological conditions have been recorded at the summit of Mount Washington, New Hampshire, (44°16′N, 71°18′W, 1914 m ASL) since November 1932. Use of consistent instrumentation allows analysis of humidity measurements as calculated from error-checked dry bulb temperature, wet bulb temperature, and pressure during the period 1935–2004. This paper presents seasonally and annually averaged dewpoint temperature, mixing ratio, and relative humidity means and trends, including clear-air and fog subsets and, beginning in 1939, day and night subsets. The majority of linear trends are negative over the full study period, although these decreases are not constant, with relatively large (small) values in the mid-1950s (late 1970s). Annual mean dewpoint (water vapor mixing ratio) over the 70-yr period has decreased by 0.06°C decade−1 (0.01 g kg−1 decade−1). During this period the annual frequency of fog increased by 0.5% decade−1. Dewpoint and mixing ratio trends, both generally decreasing, differ by season; they are smallest in spring and greatest in fall. Relative humidity has decreased most in winter. The clear-air subset shows significant decreases in both dewpoint and mixing ratio for all seasons except spring.
Daily High-Resolution-Blended Analyses for Sea Surface Temperature
Authors: Reynolds Richard W. , Smith Thomas M. , Liu Chunying , Chelton Dudley B. , Casey Kenneth S. , Schlax Michael G. 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Two new high-resolution sea surface temperature (SST) analysis products have been developed using optimum interpolation (OI). The analyses have a spatial grid resolution of 0.25° and a temporal resolution of 1 day. One product uses the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) infrared satellite SST data. The other uses AVHRR and Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR) on the NASA Earth Observing System satellite SST data. Both products also use in situ data from ships and buoys and include a large-scale adjustment of satellite biases with respect to the in situ data. Because of AMSR’s near-all-weather coverage, there is an increase in OI signal variance when AMSR is added to AVHRR. Thus, two products are needed to avoid an analysis variance jump when AMSR became available in June 2002. For both products, the results show improved spatial and temporal resolution compared to previous weekly 1° OI analyses.
The AVHRR-only product uses Pathfinder AVHRR data (currently available from January 1985 to December 2005) and operational AVHRR data for 2006 onward. Pathfinder AVHRR was chosen over operational AVHRR, when available, because Pathfinder agrees better with the in situ data. The AMSR–AVHRR product begins with the start of AMSR data in June 2002. In this product, the primary AVHRR contribution is in regions near land where AMSR is not available. However, in cloud-free regions, use of both infrared and microwave instruments can reduce systematic biases because their error characteristics are independent.
Automatic shape analysis of crystal glasses
Authors: Nixon Mark 
Published: November 2007

This paper presents an efficient algorithm as part of a programme of research in automatic shape inspection of quality crystal glasses. The shape of these glasses can vary since they are usually hand made and is important be cause they are often sold in matching sets. Shape analysis concerns the match of the outline of glass to a reference (or master) shape. An algorithm was developed to provide the offset by which the current outline needs to be translated and the factor by which it needs to be scaled, in order to register the outlines to provide the best least-squares match between the current outline and the master shape. Results are included which demonstrate the accuracy of the algorithm both in a simulated environment and when applied to real pictures. The difference data from the best match appears inadequate to grade glasses of the same type but can be used to sort different glasses reliably. An efficient algorithm has therefore been developed to provide the best starting point from which shape comparison can ensue, and research is in progress to capitalise on this technique.
Model reference adaptive control of an electromechanical servo system
Authors: Figueredo K.R.A. , Edge K.A. 
Published: November 2007

The tuning of classical, servo system controllers is often problematical, owing to the presence of system nonlinearities and unmeasured disturbances. Adaptive control schemes are of growing interest since the system is self-tuned, such that some pre-defined performance requirement is met, regardless of variations in system parameters. This paper describes the design and implementation of a microprocessor-based model reference adaptive controller for a small electromechanical ,servo system. The control scheme is based on an implementation of hyperstability theory, and robustness is enhanced by the incorporation of certain 'safety-jacket'features. Experimental studies demonstrate that the controlled process tracks the reference model to a consistently high standard, even in the presence of perturbations to the process dynamics. It is also shown that the design of the error filter plays an important part in the speed of adaptation, and guidelines for error filter design are proposed.
A phase-sensitive optical heterodyne interferometer for surface height measurement
Authors: Offside M.J. , Somekh M.G. 
Published: November 2007

A phase-sensitive scanning optical microscope is described which can measure surface height changes of less than 3 ångströms. The system is based on a heterodyne version of the Michelson interferometer, and has been designed to reject phase noise caused by vibration in the optics and the sample. A specially constructed objective lens is used to direct two laser beams on to the object surface. The first beam forms a tightly focused spot to probe the sample structure, and the second remains collimated, acting as a large-area on-sample reference beam. The configuration allows the relative areas illuminated by the two beams to be varied both arbitrarily and independently, thus guaranteeing an accurate absolute phase measurement. This is an important advantage over existing techniques, in which the range of suitable samples is restricted by the limited size of the on-sample reference beam. The two beams reflected from the sample are interfered with a third, frequency-shifted, beam, so forming two heterodyne Michelson interferometers in parallel. The phase from each interferometer is then compared to provide the object-surface phase structure. Path-length fluctuations due to microphonics are common to both interferometers and are cancelled by this comparison. Results from a bench-top version of the system are presented which demonstrate the principle of the technique, and the factors limiting the sensitivity are discussed.
Stability of distribution-network governors
Authors: Favret Fabien , Jemmali Mohammed , Cornil Jean-Philippe , Deneuve Francis , Guiraud M. Jean-Pierre 
Published: November 2007

Governors on distribution networks sometimes exhibit unstable operating characteristics which affect their operation adversely. In order to solve this problem it was necessary first to investigate pressure-regulator behaviour under various operating conditions and to highlight stability criteria. It was then possible to lay down selection criteria as well as to make installation and adjustment recommendations. This study has made it possible to validate and to organise a comprehensive set of experimental data and is expected to help operators who face this type of difficulty with pressure regulators. Last, but not least, the study will have a major impact on governor-qualification testing which is mandatory for installation.
A knowledge elicitation method for process control using expert system shells
Authors: Zeng X.M. , Powers A.R. , Lucas J. 
Published: November 2007

The Liverpool University Knowledge Elicitation (LUKE) system is a software package which provides a methodfor the easy acquisition of expert knowledge for use in expert system shells. LUKE is based on a tree structured inference network showing the correlation of rules and data relevant to the chosen domain. The full LUKE system consists of a CAD package and a user interface package. The CAD package allows the goal, sub-goal, question and priorities for the chosen domain to be displayed. The user interface package is used to input text information and define the derived expressions used in the sub-goals. The knowledge engineer or expert can then review these rules, and update the rule tree if necessary, before adding weighting factors to indicate the relative importance. The full problem domain may be considered as a series of small scale activities, which are investigated separately. The output file from a cross-compiler of the user interface package is the source file for the expert system shell, which has been chosen for the particular engineering application (eg, Savoir, BHRA). Detailed knowledge of this shell is not necessary. A run-time system provided by the expert system shell gives interim results. Repeated use of LUKE allows the knowledge engineer to adjust the weighting factors until the expected result is obtained. The complete expert system can be built by the knowledge engineer by linking each small scale expert system together to obtain the full solution. An expert system for the prediction of cracking in a welded joint is given as an application of the LUKE system.
A describing function technique for sampling period selection and controller discretisation
Authors: de Paor Annraoi M. , O'Malley Mark 
Published: November 2007

Most industrial processes that are to be controlled are continuous in nature. A very> extensive range of well tried methods for control systems analysis and design, together with the associated algorithms for implementation, are in continuous time form. Digital control algorithms can be produced by translation of the analogue designs or they can be developed using digital design techniques. Discretisation of analogue controllers can be done in many well known ways. In general the stability of the resulting system cannot be guaranteed, both because of inherent approximation and lack of guidance on choice of sampling period. The criticalfactor is the sampling period, too high a value and the system is unstable, too low and the controller is overdesigned. A discretisation method for translation from analogue to digital is given here where, subject to certain constraints, the sampling period can be chosen so as to guarantee stability. Following on this, the Z transfer function of the controller is taken as the ratio of the zero order hold equivalent transfer function of the combined process and controller, to that of the process alone.
An investigation into Kalman filter target tracking algorithms and their real time parallel transputer implementation
Authors: El-Mahy Col Mohamed K. , White Brian A. 
Published: November 2007

For target tracking applications, a Kalman filter is generally used to estimate the kinematic components of a manoeuvring target (position, velocity and acceleration) from noisy measurements. The tracking algorithm is selected according to a trade-off between its performance and real-time computational requirements when choosing the level of complexity of the model. According to the application, either a linear or a nonlinear Kalman filter algorithm can be used to track manoeuvring targets. However, although excellent accuracy estimates can be achieved with any chosen algorithm, it requires a huge amount of calculation thus making real-time processing impossible. This paper investigates the parallel implementation of tracking Kalman filters (EKF, GRF, LDKF and MGEKF) in both 2- and 3-D frames onto a range of transputer topologies to enable practical realisations. The partitioning strategies are highlighted, real-time implementation results are presented, and the relative speedup and efficiency are calculated to evaluate the performance of each parallel implementation.
The impact of system tribology on automatic control of cone crushers
Authors: Moshgbar M. , Parkin R. , Bearman R.A. 
Published: November 2007

Cone crushers are a family of secondary and tertiary rock crushers used in the mineral processing and aggregate industries. The quarrying industry in the UK alone produces some 250 MTonnes of aggregates per annum for use in the construction industry. Conventional cone crushers utilise on/of control which is based on personnel observation and manual off-line adjustment of the machine setting. The adjustment is effected mechanically or via a control panel and electrical means. This process involves long machine and plant down-time and can result in an inconsistent product due to drift in the machine setting caused by continuous wear of the liners used in the crushing chamber. The impact of tribological parameters on the real-time control of cone crushers and a mechatronic solution to enhance and automate the control system is reported. The system employs a combination of intelligent sensors, predictive mathematical models and AI technology to provide real-time information on a number of system parameters. The information is utilised by a cascaded adaptive control system to maintain the correct cone crusher setting for optimum system performance. The improved control strategy is estimated to result in an annual saving of around £30 million in the UK alone.
Heat transfer models for boiler fouling monitoring
Authors: McGurn S. , Thompson S. 
Published: November 2007

This paper uses heat transfer models to monitor fouling from ash in a coal-fired power generation boiler. In particular, a counterflow heat exchanger model for the economiser and a periodic flow model for the airheater are developed. Model inputs are local measurements of flow, temperature, etc, and the outputs are fouling indices in real time. Results from tests on a transient-load full-scale power station are piesented for both models. Recurring fouling patterns are shown to suggest relationships with time, load and with changes in the in-service cleaning system.
Corrective feedback in historical perspective
Authors: Schachter Jacquelyn 
Published: November 2007

In this paper, pedagogical, linguistic theoretical, and psychological perspec tives on corrective feedback are discussed and an attempt is made to inte grate these different perspectives. To a large extent, researchers in these three approaches have been isolated from one another, each ignorant of the others' stands on the issues. Herein, we attempt to overcome the isolation, interweaving the similarities and pointing out the differences of the three approaches. It is argued that the answers to questions raised here and elsewhere concerning the role of corrective feedback in language learning will not come in the form of sweeping affirmative or negative generalizations. They will come from the careful teasing apart of the components of language and experimental work on these components. We need to ascertain whether some components can in fact be acquired on the basis of positive evidence alone, and whether negative evidence (feedback) is required for successful mastery of some other components.
A formal model of learning L2 prosodic phonology
Authors: Archibald John 
Published: November 2007

In this article I discuss the various components necessary for a formal model of the acquisition of the prosodic phonology of a second language. I outline a model that includes an explicit theory of the representation of metrical knowledge (Dresher and Kaye, 1990; Idsardi, 1992) and the necessary learn ing theory to account for how those representations can be acquired. The learning theory which mediates the interaction between Universal Grammar (UG) and the linguistic environment is composed of such elements as appro priate cues, indirect negative evidence and a principle of lexical dependency. Empirical investigations of the acquisition of English metrical parameters by native speakers of Polish, Hungarian and Spanish are reported. Group data as well as case studies are presented. The data suggest that, in the domain of prosodic phonology, both the representations (metrical structure) and processes (learning principles) evidenced in second language learners are the same as those proposed for native speakers. Interlanguage grammars can be seen as a combination of UG principles, correct L2 parameter set tings (from resetting) and incorrect L1 parameter settings (from L1 trans fer).
L2 acquisition of English synthetic compounding is not constrained by level-ordering (and neither, probably, is L1 )
Authors: Lardiere Donna 
Published: November 2007

This article investigates the acquisition of English synthetic compounding by native Spanish and native Chinese speakers. Data are presented which con tradict the claim by Gordon (1985), Clahsen (1991) and Clahsen et al. (1992) that morphological level-ordering is universally, innately available to lan guage learners to guide their acquisition of compounding constraints. Empirical arguments are given which show that compounding, at least, can not be universally subject to the particular inflectional constraints - namely, a restriction on plurals in compounds - imposed by the level-ordering mod els cited in the above acquisition studies. I also present additional experi mental results which demonstrate that L2 learners of English freely violate this restriction, and that such violations reflect particular L1 influence. I suggest an alternative approach to analysing the role of Universal Grammar in the acquisition of compounding which better accounts for both the L1 and L2 English data, by considering 1) the interaction of syntactic principles with lexical derivation; 2) the parametric differences between the L1 and L2; and 3) the language-specific nature of morphological affixation.
Gradual development of L2 phrase structure
Authors: Vainikka Anne , Young-Scholten Martha 
Published: November 2007

We begin by reviewing data from Korean, Turkish, Italian and Spanish-speaking adults acquiring German without formal instruction. Our findings have shown that these learners transfer their L1 VPs: the Korean and Turkish speakers transfer a head-final VP and the Italian and Spanish speakers first transfer a head-initial VP and then switch its headedness to the correct, head-final value for German. Although functional projections in Korean and Turkish are head-final and in Italian and Spanish head-initial, all four groups of learners subsequently posit head-initial functional projections in German (which are not always target-like). We conclude that only lexical projections constitute the L2 learner's initial state; the development of functional projections is driven solely by the interaction of X'-Theory with the target-language input. We then discuss some studies on the acquisition of French by English speakers and of English by speakers of various L1s which purport to bring evidence to bear against our approach. Upon closer examination, the evidence turns out to offer further support for the position that the sole projections which the learner transfers from the L1 are lexical ones. Finally, we account for potentially problematic verb-raising data from French learners of English. Rather than taking the stance that French raising to Agr is transferred, we propose that L2 learners' identification of free morphemes as salient triggers leads to a misanalysis of verb raising in English. We also apply this idea to a reanalysis of the morpheme-order studies of the 1970s.
Automatic regulation of the cardiopulmonary bypass
Authors: Wada Juro , Hino Tsunekazu , Kaizuka Hideki , Ade Wolfgang R 
Published: November 2007

We devised a new method and system for the automatic regulation of cardiopulmonary bypass. The system is planned so that it is regulated according to the alteration of venous pressure which is a reflection of venous return in total cardiopulmonary bypass. After many experimental studies, we have used this system in four clinical cases of cardiac surgery. The system functioned sufficiently well in the clinical cases. Under the control of this system, the central venous pressure was kept at a preset level and changed cyclically in the same manner as the respiratory change through the entire cardiopulmonary bypass period. A constant and adequate venous return through the entire cardiopulmonary bypass period was assumed to be the most important factor for the venous return-triggered pump oxygenator.
Review article : Current status and use of artificial hearts and circulatory assist devices
Authors: Unger Felix 
Published: November 2007

In a critical review, current status of artificial hearts and cardiac assist devices is discussed, based on 300000 clinical implantations of intra-aortic balloon pumps, 278 clinical cases of ventricular assist devices and 17 total artificial heart implants. It is justified to implant mechanical hearts as a bridge towards transplantation. Mechanical cardiac assistance has become almost a routine for teams dealing with cardiac transplantation.
A new ventricu lar assist device for acute cardiac failure: report of initial use for biventricular support
Authors: Diethrich Edward B , Bahadir Ilhan , Mandile Gary , Gordon Michael 
Published: November 2007

A new ventricular assist device (VAD) developed by Symbion, Inc., received its initial biventricular clinical use in a 53-year-old man suffering cardiogenic shock from severe congestive heart failure secondary to cardiomyopathy and a 15-year history of coronary artery disease. The eight-day period of biventricular support on the Symbion devices was satisfactory in spite of two complications probably unrelated to the pump. First, a neurologic deficit was noted after transition from the temporary support pumps to the Symbion pumps, ostensibly from a small air bolus entering the aortic return line. The deficit was deemed mild and reversible, and the patient showed improvement. Secondly, poor renal function secondary to prolonged hypotension associated with cardiac arrest persisted throughout the support period. All other organs, however, were well supported. On the eighth day of support, a dramatic change in hepatic function and neurologic deterioration justified termination of support. At explant of the devices, a kink and an occluding thrombus were found at the inferior port of the right atrial outflow cannula, undoubtedly the cause of the declining hepatic status. Clots were also found adherent to both VAD chambers at the air vents, but no evidence of emboli was found at autopsy. Redesign of the air vent sites and cannulae may be required to improve the Symbion VAD's performance.