bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SOME OPERATING PROBLEMS IN CLAY MINING1
Authors: Nold H. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTActual problems, the cause and possible solution are described. Calculations are given showing the economies of good drainage, well upkept equipment, and sane management of clay mines. Observations show that clay is wasted and mining hazardous and unnecessarily expensive in several of the clay mines examined. Recommendations are made.
A NEW FORM OF NONPLASTIC MATERIAL1
Authors: Fesslbr A. H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis article indicates the results obtained by introducing into a porcelain mixture an unstable nonplastic aggregate, consisting chemically of alumina, silica, and a fluxing oxide, which latter has been heat‐treated in such a manner that its crystallization has been arrested. Upon subsequent kiln Wing, crystallization takes place and the arrested crystals grow, orienting themselves in such a manner as to form a network of interwoven crystals. The effect of this crystallization improves the physical properties of the porcelain.
AN IMPROVED MERCURY VOLUMETER1
Authors: MCMAHON J. F. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper discusses several mechanical improvements on the Goodner mercury volumeter, which include a counter‐balance for the burette, an automatic light system, and a plunging device. The construction, operation, and advantages of the plunging device are discussed. The advantages of the mechanism are (1) no string or string marks, (2) cleaner mercury, (3) no bulky weight to be deftly handled, (4) less handling of briquets, and (5) more ease and speed in operation.
COST SAVINGS IN CONTINUOUS FURNACES1
Authors: Dutton C. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe continuous furnace is replacing the box‐type furnace because of its savings in labor, fuel, and floor space, its indirect savings in quality, production, and cost control, as well as its simplified supervision. It has also made further savings possible by the application of the continuous principle to other enamel shop operations, continuous spraying, for example.
A STUDY OF THE CONSISTENCIES OF RAW TERRA COTTA GLAZES1
Authors: Fetterolf L. D. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTFor measuring consistencies of glazes, a method was used based on the conception of glazes as plastic materials. A normal glaze thinned during the entire period of testing, being attended by a large decrease in yield value and a moderate increase in mobility. Use of an aged clay slip as a source of clay did not change the plastic properties or aging characteristics of the glaze. Heating a freshly milled glaze resulted in a consistency comparable with that developed by aging a normal glaze for a month. Water solubilities of glaze materials were determined as well as character and concentrations of soluble salts in mill liquors and PH values of mill liquors. Solution of salts was progressive over a period of time and increasing alkalinity was probably the cause of spontaneous thinning. Gum arabic in proper amount was found to stabilize glaze consistency satisfactorily. Effects of acid, alkali, and water additions to gum‐bearing and gumless glazes were studied.
THE ADAPTABILITY OF VARIOUS METHODS TO THE COLOR‐ DETERMINATION OF WHITEWARE BODIES1
Authors: Meyer William W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA reliable and convenient instrument is needed to measure the absolute color of nearly white ceramic bodies. Various instruments and methods for color measurement are here described and criticized. Nearly all of them neglect the importance of the source of illumination. A method of color measurement is given, and although the Klett‐Ritchic spectro‐colorimeter was found to be unsatisfactory for this work, it is believed that the modification of the Pfund colorimeter suggested here would be a reliable and conveuient instrument for plant use.
SOME REMARKS AS TO THE FORMATION OF SEEDS AND BUBBLES IN GLASS POTS1
Authors: Cohn Willi M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTObservations on glass pots in plants, experiments on laboratory pots, and theoretical considerations point to the fact that the occurrence of seeds and bubbles may be prevented by the introduction of porous pot walls or by the introduction of porous fireclay rods or similar objects into the melt. The porosity of the walls must be maintained throughout the entire duration of the melting process.
CLAY SEWERPIPE MANUFACTURE1
Authors: Hertzell E. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method for checking flue‐gas analyses is discussed and applied to Orsat data obtained during the firing of sewerpipe kilns. Calculations are made for kilns fired by coal, fuel oil, and natural gas. Discrepancies are noted and possible reasons for them advanced. Conditions under which the check applies are presented.
ON THE DIRECT DETERMINATION OF SODA IN SODA‐LIME GLASSES BY PRECIPITATION AS URANYL ZINC SODIUM ACETATE1
Authors: Glaze Francis W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA method for the direct determination of soda in soda‐lime glasses is described. It depends on the quantitative precipitation of soda as uranyl zinc sodium acetate and is based on the method described by Barber and Kolthoff. The advantage of this method lies in the fact that the sodium salt can be precipitated in the presence of the other basic oxides ordinarily present in soda‐lime glasses.
A METHOD FOR ELIMINATING WATER MARKS FROM TABLEWARE1
Authors: Bolf C. A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWater marks are eliminated from decorated tableware by washing in a solution (1 part to 4000) of Saponin as it comes from the “decal” machines, or by adding a defoaming agent such as turkey red oil to the saponin solution in the machine tank.
OPACITY OF ENAMELS IN TERMS OF COLORS1
Authors: Stark R. E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe matching of colors is a most difficult task, especially when the judgment of different eyes enters the equation. A constructive criticism is offered, concerning the so‐called opacity of an euamel and suggestions are advanced as to how a “standard” for color comparisons can be made, especially for white enamels.
CONTROL OF DRAINING CONSISTENCIES OF ENAMELS BY ADDITION OF SODIUM SILICATE1
Authors: Bennett Dwight G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAdditions of small amounts of sodium silicate to certain types of enamel slips has a deflocculating effect and thus greatly improves their draining properties. One‐quarter of 1% of the weight of the frit was found most satisfactory. Additions up to 1/2% were, not deleterious.The wet weight per unit area method for control of enamel consistency is not at all reliable. Dry weight per unit area is the only accurate method for controlling the consistency of wet‐coat enamels.
VISCOSITY OF GLASS BETWEEN THE STRAIN POINT AND MELTING TEMPERATURE1
Authors: Lillie Howard R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAn apparatus is described which employs the elongation of a glass fiber under load for the determination of annealing and strain points. The same apparatus is also used by varying the suspended load for the determination of the temperature‐viscosity curve between the annealing range and the softening point of the glass. A description is given of measurements made in this manner on a series of three simple soda‐lime‐silica glasses at theses low temperatures, as well as measurements made in a rotating cylinder viscomcter between the softening point and the melting temperature. Curves are shown for the viscosities of the three glasses in the two temperature ranges and a complete viscosity curve from 500 to 1400°C is given for one of them. It is found that the two methods yield results that fit a smooth curve between these limits of temperature.
THE INDEX OF REFRACTION OF SOME SODA‐LIME‐SILICA GLASSES AS A FUNCTION OF THE COMPOSITION1
Authors: Faick C. A. , Finn A. N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTwenty‐one soda‐silica and twenty‐one soda‐lime‐silica glasses were made in platinum crucibles and the index of refraction and chemical compositioii of each glass were determined. From the data obtained equations were derived and a diagram was prepared showing the relations between index of refraction and composition of these glasses.The diagram makes it possible to predict with considerable accuracy (1) the index of refraction of any glass in the range of compositions considered, from its composition. and (2) the cwpositions of the various glasses which have the same index of refraction.Some evidence is presented indicating that index of refraction of the soda‐silica glasses may be a simple function of certain soda‐silica compounds which may be present in glass.
METAL MARKING OF WHITEWARE GLAZES AS INFLUENCED BY SULPHUR AND CARBON IN KILN ATMOSPHERES1
Authors: Geller R. F. , Creamer A. S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTA study was made to determine the causes which make glaze surfaces susceptible to marking by metallic objects. The effect of carbon monoxide and of varying concentrations of SO2 gas in the furnace atmosphere at 860°C, was investigated. It was found that (a) carbon monoxide does not produce surfaces which metal mark; (b) concentrations of from 0.1 to 1.2% Sop incrcase susceptibility to scratching with metals; (c) SO2 in concentrations of 3% and higher will destroy the gloss of glazes on typical hotel ware and earthenware; and (d) concentrations of SO2 of 3 to 12½% cause the glaze on one vitreous low‐fired type of ware to metal mark.
PROGRESS REPORT ON DETERMINATION OF CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS CAUSING OPACITY IN ENAMELS BY X‐RAY METHODS1
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Clark G. L. , Alexander H. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBy use of the X‐ray, the identity of the crystalline compounds present in enamels as Tin oxide is present as SnO2, antimony compounds as Other antimony comopacifiers was determined. Sb2O5, fluorspar as CaF2, and cryolite contributes only NaF. pounds are not present and AIF2 was not found in any of the enamels studied.
OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALLINE ALUMINA IN SILICATE MELTS*
Authors: Barlett Helen Blair 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCrystalline habits of the4 alpha and beta forms of alumina are discussed. A new form designated as zeta‐alumina, which has been found only in melts containing Lic, is described. Its optical properties and X‐ray diffraction pattern are included.
RELIABILITY OF CROSS‐BEND, IMPACT, AND REFLECTIVITY DATA OBTAINED FROM VARIOUS SIZES OF TEST PIECES*
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Irwin J. T. , Ammon M. G. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTCross‐bend, impact, and reflectivity data are given on test pieces varying from 2 by 3 to 9 by 16 inches, using an application range of 30 to 100 grams per square foot (dry weight). The results indicate that the 4‐ by 12‐inch test piece, properly prepared, may be used for such determinations with a minimum error.
RESISTANCE TO SUDDEN TEMPERATURE CHANGE OF SOME BODIES OF THE SYSTEM TALC‐CLAY‐MULLITE*
Authors: King R. M. , Evans C. L. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral bodies capable of being processed by the usual manufacturing methods, with varying talc, clay, and mullite content, were studied to determine their relative resistance to thermal shock. These bodies were fired at various temperatures and submitted to quenching and transverse strength tests.
THE RELEASE OF STRAIN IN GLASS*
Authors: Bailey James , Sharp Donald E. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTMeasurements of strain release1 showed that check results were obtained only when the previous history of the samples was the same. Moreover, it was found that the release of strain was more rapid at first than could be accounted for by the equation of Adams and Williamson.This paper discusscs the effect of previous history on the measurements, describes an improved device for loading the specimens, and suggests a logarithmic equation which, in general, fits the observations better than that of Adams and Williamson. Tests of the equation are made both on data obtained from the modified apparatus described and on the data of Adams and Williamson. It is indicated that the Adams and Williamson equation gives too long an annealing time at higher temperatures and too short an annealing time at lower temperatures.It appears that the rate of release of strain depends on some power of the strain which varies from unity at high temperatures where the glass is a viscous fluid to a higher power at low temperatures where the release of strain is elastico‐viscous in character. With a siugle specimen at any fixed temperature in the annealing range, however, it appears that the release of strain in various parts of the specimen takes place at a rate which is proportional to the strain, but that the rate undergoes continual change with time.
THE DETERMINATION BY X‐RAY METHODS OF CRYSTALLINE COMPOUNDS CAUSING OPACITY IN ENAMELS*
Authors: Andrews A. I. , Clark G. L. , Alexander H. W. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe crystatline compounds present in vitreous enamels were determined by X‐ray methods, particular reference being given to the opacifiers. It was shown that tin is present in enamels as crystalline tin oxide and antimony as the crystalline antimony pentoxide. Fluorspar added to the enamel contributes crystalline calcium fluoride. Cryolite and sodium silicofluoride contribute crystalline sodium fluoride. Other opacifiers and compounds such as zirconium oxide, zirconium silicate, calcium phosphate, arsenic oxide, and zinc sulfide added to enamels were studied. With the exception of the zirconium opacity the compounds causing opacity in enamels were identified alone and in the presence of other opacifiers.
PROGRESS REPORT ON THE STUDY OF GASES IN ENAMELING IRON*
Authors: Baker Ralph W. , Joublanc J. C. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSince all ferrous materials contain within their structure a varied assortment and quantity of gases, a discussion is presented of the effect of such factors as time, temperature, atmosphere, and deliberate methods used in the manufacture of enameling iron. A study of the important gaseous impurities in ferrous materials is given. Melting investigations were made to deterrninc at high temperatures the absorptive capacity of specially prepared irons for air, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbon monoxide, and the influence of carbon, manganese, silicon, and aluminum on the absorptive and retentive capacities. Manganese in increasing amounts increased the absorption of all gases. A critical percentage content of 0.25% of manganese was found to exist, at which maximum absorption of nitrogen occurred; below and above this percentage content the absorption of nitrogen decreased.Many grades of enameling iron were subjected to a similar investigation. Certain irregularities of various analyses of commercial irons were noted in that there were irregularities of absorption and retention of gases in a range of temperature which included the temperature at which porcelain enamels were fired. The enameling iron of low carbon and low manganese content, containing only the permissibly low phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, and alloying elements, should insure dependable performance during enameling operations.
OPTICAL SPECIFICATION OF VITREOUS ENAMELS *
Authors: Judd Deanb B. , Harrison W. N. , Sweo B. J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn 1931, Kubelka and Munk worked out the relationship between reflectance and thickness of material for thin, homogeneous layers illuminated diffusely. In the equation expressing this relationship, the hypothetical ideal material is defined by two constants, reflectivity and coefficient of scatter. In the present paper are presented data demonstrating how well the reflectance characteristics of vitreous enamels can be specified by these constants.
THE THEORY OF PHOTOELASTICITY *
Authors: Mueller Hans 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe photoelastic birefringence of solids is caused by the superposition of two effects. An elastic deformation changes the arrangement of the atoms. If the deformation is a simple strain, this effect produces negative birefringence which increases with increasing refractive index of the solid. The second effect is due to a deformation of the atoms. A strain creates optical anisotropy of the atoms and causes positive birefringence. In most glasses the second effect is predominant, but for glasses with a large index of refraction the first effect takes precedence.
THE FRACTIONATION OF A CLAY INTO CLOSELY MONODISPERSED SYSTEMS *
Authors: Norton F. H. , Speil S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe advantages of studying a clay by dividing it into a series of nearly nionodispersed systems are brought out. A method for carrying this out is described, using a Florida kaolin as an example. The size distribution in each fraction is measured by settling methods, and good agreement is indicated between these sizes and the microscopically measured sizes.
GRAIN SIZE OF WHITEWARE CLAYS AS DETERMINED BY THE ANDREASEN PIPETTE *
Authors: Loomis George A. 
Published: June 2006

abstractThe Andreasen pipette method of determining grain sizes by sedimentation is a refinement of the ordinary pipette method. The apparatus was selected for the determination of grain size in a general study of clay casting slips after consideration of other methods. It permits precise results but requires more time and precision than some other methods. Graphs are presented for comparison of typical American kaolins and ball clays and English china clays and ball clays.
CORRELATION OF ELECTRICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF BUILDING BRICK *
Authors: Johnson J. Stuart 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA relationship has been found to exist between the electrical and thermal conductivities of certain ceramic materials. This relation appears to be both a direct and an approximately linear function of the porosity of the material and, for the materials used, independent of chemical composition.Current‐voltage relations bear out the generally accepted assumption that solid, non‐metallic dielectrics, such as ceramic materials, exhibit electrical conductivity by virtue of a movement of ions. Current‐time’relations indicate that the materials used in this study exhibited an appreciable polarization current, the magnitude and time of decay of which were closely associated with the porosity.The latter, time of decay, is of particular interest. From these observations, it is evident that the effective direct‐current resistance of a ceramic insulator may not be its final steady‐state resistance but some much lower value.
THE LAW OF ANNEALING OF GLASS: QUANTITATIVE TREATMENT AND MOLECULAR INTERPRETATION *
Authors: Taylor Nelson W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe reduction of strain birefringence with time in Pyrex‐brand chemical resistant glass has been shown to follow the equation.The molecular nature of stress and strain has been examined, and it has been shown that the Maxwell law is followed when the strain‐bearing molecular species (principally the dissociated units) relax independently, without interaction; the Adams‐Williamson law is followed when these same species relax by virtue of interaction according to the well‐known law for a second order or bimolecular reaction, —dX/dt = k2X2. The temperature dependence of each of these two processes is discussed and an activation energy of 94,000 calories is calculated for the bimolecular interaction process. The theory as outlined appears to be a necessary and sufficient description of the annealing process in silicate glasses or similar materials.
THE MEASUREMENT OF PARTICLE SIZES IN CLAYS *
Authors: Norton F. H. , Speil S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA simple method is described for measuring the complete range of particle sizes in a clay, with equipment which can readily be used in the plant‐control laboratory. The usual Casagrande sedimentation method is extended to lower limits of size by swinging the suspension in a long arm centrifuge by which means particles can be measured as small as 0.05 micron. Distribution curves are shown for several types of clay and the precision of the results are discussed.
FRIT SOLUBILITY: II, CONTROLLED VARIABLES OF FRIT COMPOSITION AND THEIR RELATION TO ENAMEL CONSISTENCY *
Authors: McIntyre G. H. , Bevis R. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe sodium carbonate and borax of a sheet‐steel ground‐coat composition were varied to give variable frit solubility. Definite relationships between enamel consistency and Na2O and B2O3 content of the mill liquor are shown. The ratio of soluble Na2O to B2O3 is of more importance than their total solubility.
LIFE HISTORY OF A GLAZE: II, MEASUREMENT OF STRESS IN A COOLING GLAZE
Authors: Blakely A. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA modification of the Steger method is described for measuring the stress in a glaze. The test specimen consists of a double‐pronged fork glazed on the outside so that the distance between the ends of the prongs gives a measure of the glaze stress. A method has been devised to calculate the actual stress in the glaze from the deflection of the prongs. Actual stress curves are given for several body combinations when the specimens are cooled, and the influence of aging and treatment in the autoclave is discussed.
REFRACTIVE INDICES OF SOME GLASSES IN THE TERNARY SYSTEM K2O 4SiO2‐Fe2O3‐SiO2*
Authors: Faust George T. , Peck Albert B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn the course of some phase‐rule investigations of the ternary system K2O‐4SiO2‐Fe2O3‐SiO2 by the “quenching method” of Shepherd, Rankin, and Wright, the refractive indices of 30 glasses were measured by the usual petrographic immersion method. The refractivities varied from 1.438 for a K2O‐7SiO2 glass to 1.621 for the most ferriferous glass which contained 32.3% Fe2O3. The maximum FeO content reached a value of 0.33 % in a glass originally containing 25 % Fe2O3. Along the sections K2O 4SiO2, K2O‐5SiO2, K2O‐6SiO2, and K2O‐7SiO2, the relation between the Fe2O3 content of the glasses and the refractive index is apparently linear. The isofracts, however, in the ternary system are curved lines.
THE RELATION OF DEFECTS IN ENAMEL COATINGS TO HYDROGEN IN STEEL*
Authors: Zapffe C. A. , Sims† C. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe effects of hydrogen as functions of time, temperature, and impurities in steel are described and experimentally demonstrated. Experimental evidence is presented to show that the blistering and boiling action over carbide areas in steel are due principally to hydrogen that associates with the carbon. Steel enameling stock contains quantities of hydrogen which may effuse during firing to cause or aggravate such phenomena as “boiling,”“primary boiling,”“rebelling,”“blistering,” and “bubbling.” Low‐temperature effusion of hydrogen contributes to other defects, including “fishscaling,”“delayed fishscaling,” and possibly “pop‐offs,”“jumping,”“shiners,” and some cases of “chipping” and, perhaps, “bursting” of enamel on cooking utensils. These defects have seldom been identified with hydrogen evolution. An indirect effect of hydrogen on “copperheads” and “black specks” is also identified.An exhaustive review of both English and German literature on enameling defects is included. Many observations recorded in the literature are shown to agree with the hydrogen theory.Certain types of inclusions in steel are shown to react with occluded hydrogen to form compounds that will not dissociate appreciably at some enamel‐firing temperatures, and critical quantities of the hydrogen are therefore prevented from reaching the enamel coating during firing to cause blistering and related defects.
SHORT METHODS FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF GLASS*
Authors: Webster P. A. , Lyle A. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAnalytical methods have been developed which shorten the time required for the determination of many of the constituents found in glass. These short methods have been worked into a procedure for the routine chemical analysis of container and sheet glasses.The determination of SiO2, BaO, SO3, R2O3, CaO, MgO, B2O3, Na2O, and K2O percentages on several samples can be made in a single day. Most of the experimental work has been done on Bureau of Standards glass No. 128, but results from several other glasses are included. Particular care has been taken to discover interfering substances and to eliminate errors from this source. The accuracy is comparable with that obtained from the use of umpire methods.