bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE CHANGING ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL AUTHORITY CHIEF OFFICERS
Authors: LAFFIN MARTIN , YOUNG KEN 
Published: April 2007

This article argues that recent political change in Britain has brought about a crisis of adjustment for local government chief officers in their relationship with the elected members. Key aspects of this political change are the break‐up of the post‐war political consensus and the passing of the earlier period of growth. As the ideological distance between the two main parties has widened and the end of growth has intensified conflicts, the professional stance of neutrality towards partisan politics has become more difficult to sustain. So for chief officers the crisis of adjustment has taken the form of a search for new ways of work with the politicians as the earlier, relatively harmonious relationship has passed into history.Against this background of increased politicization, the impact of current changes on the three aspects of the chief officer role is examined: as professional adviser, as departmental manager and as a ‘bureaucratic politician’. Finally, some of the changes that have been proposed to ease this crisis for chief officers are discussed.
THE ROLE OF POLITICIANS AND ADMINISTRATORS IN DEPARTMENTAL REORGANIZATION: THE CASE OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
Authors: RADCLIFFE JAMES 
Published: April 2007

This article examines the history of the Department of the Environment from its creation in 1970 to the formation of the Department of Transport in 1976. Its main approach is an analysis of the roles of the Permanent Secretary and the Secretary of State in the development of the organization. The strong organizational relationship between these senior members of the department is an important factor in structural change both at the time of the initial reforms and throughout this period.The influence of different personalities and their approaches to policy and management is considered as a determining factor in the evolution of the department. Additionally, the attempts at reorganization and reform are to be seen as largely developing within a traditional Whitehall framework, based on this relationship, which restricted its effectiveness.
EXPLAINING THE PRIVATIZATION BOOM: PUBLIC CHOICE VERSUS RADICAL APPROACHES
Authors: DUNLEAVY PATRICK 
Published: April 2007

Public choice theories of bureaucracy, especially the budget maximization thesis, have been influential in stimulating the drive towards privatization in Britain and the USA. But these accounts are strangely silent about why changes in state agency practices have come about under‘new right’ governments. They apparently attribute the scope of change entirely to‘virtuous’ political direction overcoming previously inherent features of bureaucratic behaviour and democratic politics.By contrast, a radical reconstruction of instrumental models of bureaucracy explains the privatization boom in terms of the primacy of bureau‐shaping motivations in the welfare functions of policy‐level bureaucrats. Privatization is seen as a development of earlier strategies (such as the separation of control and line agencies, the creation of‘dual state’ structures, and automation) by which the class interests of senior bureaucrats have been advanced at the expense of rank and file state workers and service recipients. An examination of divergences in the internal and social costs of public agency functions explains why legislators and policy‐level bureaucrats (especially in control agencies) push ahead with the‘inappropriate’ privatization of public service delivery systems where overall social welfare is reduced.
ADMINISTRATIVE LAW AND JUDICIAL REVIEW – THE PRACTICAL EFFECTS QF DEVELOPMENTS OVER THE LAST 25 YEARS ON ADMINISTRATION IN CENTRAL GOVERNMENT
Authors: KERRY MICHAEL 
Published: April 2007

The writer of this article served in the legal civil service from 1951–1984, mainly in the Board of Trade and its successor departments but from 1980–1984 as Treasury Solicitor. The article reflects his personal views based on this experience. Its theme is that, although access to the courts has been made easier for the citizen aggrieved by an administrative decision, and court procedure has been greatly improved, the course of administration has been less dramatically affected – in fact little, if at all, by some important earlier cases. Nevertheless the spirit of administrative law is now becoming more widely diffused, the areas which are not subject to review are becoming less and a number of specific doctrines have been developed which affect administration. The following are particularly emphasized: (1) the courts’restrictive view of the ‘Wednesbury’ doctrine and their tendency to find other grounds to overide decisions which they find objectionable or unreasonable – a tendency which causes real administrative difficulty; (2) the recently enunciated doctrine of legitimate expectation whose limits are uncertain but which may have considerable effect on administration in future; and (3) the requirement that a person affected by a policy should be given an opportunity to show that he is a special case.Finally the writer has to emphasize that his personal experience ended in August 1984 when he retired. In a large organization such as the civil service a change of ethos is slow. He is assured by some, particularly Mr John Bailey cb, his successor as Treasury Solicitor, who has read this article in draft, that he understates the degree to which concepts of administrative law are infusing the whole spirit of administration, and even more directly, the short‐term effects in individual departments such as the Department of the Environment which has been the subject of long‐running campaigns directed by other bodies against it through the courts.
CHANGES IN JUDICIAL REVIEW: AN OUTSIDER'S REFLECTIONS
Authors: ERRERA ROGER 
Published: April 2007

Public Administration has asked me to comment on the articles discussing recent developments in judicial review contained in this special issue. This is a most generous invitation, for which I would like to thank the editors, in particular Professor Michael Lee. This is a daunting task too. Before I attempt it, I wish to say that the following are the comments of an outside and foreign observer who had recently the opportunity to study the English legal system.I propose to consider the questions raised in three parts; firstly, the manner in which the recent reforms have been introduced and their likely consequences; secondly, the practical effects of judicial review on the administration; and thirdly, the cultural, social and political factors that influence the shape and role of administrative law.
DEVOLVED RESPONSIBILITY AND CENTRALIZATION: EFFECTS OF EEC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
Authors: HAIGH NIGEL 
Published: April 2007

The European Community is still a community of nation states in the sense that the obligations created by Community legislation fall on the member states who then have to implement them.A point much commented upon is that this involves a loss of sovereignty or power for national parliaments and governments. What is less frequently noticed is that it can also centralize into a national government's hands some powers that had previously been devolved to local and other authorities. Since the Community deals largely with national governments, what had previously been local functions have to become national government functions the moment they fall within a Community policy.This process can be seen at work as a result of the Community's environmental policy. In Britain a variety of administrative agencies have exercised considerable discretion in handling pollution matters. Some functions are handled by district councils, some by county councils, some by specialized regional authorities, eg water authorities, and some by specialized national agencies, eg the Industrial Air Pollution Inspectorate. As a result of the Community's environmental policy, the central government now has greater powers. If the erosion of the tradition of devolved responsibility is not to be resented, it must be justified on the grounds that some larger purpose is being served.
COMPETITIVE TENDERING IN THE NHS: AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS' OF THE EARLY IMPLEMENTATION OF HC(83)18
Authors: MILNE ROBIN G. 
Published: April 2007

Economic theory identifies circumstances where in‐house production can be expected to be more efficient, in terms of the cost of production, than purchase from outside contractors. However, this efficiency advantage can also expect to be dissipated when in‐house producers face no competition. The introduction of competitive tendering does not invalidate the case for in‐house production; but significant cost savings can still be expected.An in‐depth analysis is made of six contracts put out to tender in the three hotel‐type services. Markets for contracts were created, and open competition commonly brought about savings of one‐third to two‐thirds. Part of the cost saving was often achieved through a rationalization of services. Economic theory does not predict this result; but NHS management used the opportunities to introduce changes. Wage rates were usually cut and earnings fell by still more. Staff resignations and redundancies were common.
PRIVATIZATION UNDER MRS. THATCHER: A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE
Authors: MARSH DAVID 
Published: April 2007

Public Administrationnot only publishes original articles but it also seeks to provide material which will be useful to teachers and students alike. In order to strengthen this facet of the journal, the editors are introducing an occasional series of articles which will review the current state of the literature in the various sub‐fields within the subject of Public Administration. This contribution by David Marsh reviews the ‘state of the art’ on privatization in Britain. The objective is to draw together the extensive literature in a systematic fashion by identifying key texts and the main research findings. His review examines the origins of privatization, the several meanings of this term, the objectives of government policy, and assesses the extent to which objectives have been realized. He also draws attention to lacunae in the literature and important areas requiring further research.The editors would welcome suggestions for future articles in this series. Any prospective author should contact the editors to discuss the proposed topic and, where feasible, we will provide assistance by obtaining books for review.
RECONCILING TRANSPORT AND ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY OBJECTIVES: THE WAY AHEAD AT THE END OF THE ROAD
Authors: HILLMAN MAYER 
Published: April 2007

Transport is a major sector of the UK economy. The significant place it holds reflects the fact that cars are generally seen as the most attractive means of travelling comfortably, quickly, privately and safely; that lorries enable the speedy transfer of goods on a door‐to‐door basis and with the minimum of double handling; and that air travel is an obvious way of saving time over long distances. Indeed, car use has been described as a barometer of personal independence and living standards, road freight as vital to the economic functioning of business, and air travel as an essential component of international communications.However, a wide range of conflicts can be identified in the process of enabling the demand for fossil fuel‐based transport ‐ road, rail and air ‐ to continue increasing whilst at the same time improving environmental quality. Accordingly, in the last two decades, successive governments have been attempting to strike the right balance between a strategy of investment to meet that demand and a strategy on minimizing the wide‐ranging adverse consequences of doing so.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS
Authors: STOKER GERRY 
Published: April 2007

The field of intergovernmental relations has been strongly affected by the considerable processes of upheaval and change that have been experienced within the British system of central‐local relations. Researchers have tried to understand these changes both at an empirical and theoretical level.This article reviews four of the main perspectives on the changing nature of intergovernmental relations. The first perspective provides a historical and institutional analysis within the tradition of public administration. The second perspective draws on organizational theory. The third develops insights through rational choice analysis. The final perspective draws on neo‐Marxist influenced state theory. It can be concluded that in a search to understand the turmoil of recent years, students of intergovernmental relations have ranged far and wide in their theoretical concerns. The article closes with an assessment of the advantages and disadvantages of this approach.
ORGANIZATIONAL STATUS AND PERFORMANCE: THE CASE OF THE SWEDISH PHARMACIES
Authors: ANDERSON STUART 
Published: April 2007

In recent years, studies of the relationship between organizational status and success have focused largely on organizations transferring from the public to the private sectors: pharmacies in Sweden provide a case study of organizational status change in the reverse direction. Popular belief suggests progressive deterioration in the performance of an organization where ownership changes from owner‐manager to public corporation, market conditions change from competition to monopoly, and internal management becomes increasingly command orientated.This article explores change in various performance and organizational variables in the National Corporation of Swedish Pharmacies, from its creation in 1971 until 1990. The corporation displays a high degree of stability amongst its senior management team, task specialization amongst employees is low, whilst standardization of working methods is high. Decentralization of authority has occurred over several years.A review of several measures of success, including productivity, financial ratios and innovation, demonstrates substantial progress over the period, comparing favourably with other Swedish public sector organizations. It is concluded that public sector ownership and monopoly supply need not result in deteriorating performance and lack of innovation, provided that criteria for success are clearly stated and properly monitored.
PUBLIC SECTOR PAY BARGAINING: COMPARABILITY, DECENTRALIZATION AND CONTROL
Authors: WHITE GEOFF 
Published: April 2007

Public sector pay, as a key component of public expenditure, has been a major issue for government since the mid‐1970s. This article analyses public services pay bargaining since 1979 and examines the continuing tension between the control of public sector pay levels on the one hand and the wish to make pay levels more responsive to external market forces on the other.The article concentrates on the changes in pay bargaining in the public services. It does not purport to provide a detailed economic analysis of the outcomes of the various phases in public sector pay policy, but does attempt to explain the process implications of the political contingencies and rationale driving government policy on pay determination. In particular it notes the resilience of national pay‐setting arrangements and pay comparability throughout most of the period under review, despite the political rhetoric, emphasizing the pragmatism of government policy. The latter section of the article reviews the current policy, with its emphasis on decentralized pay determination, and considers these new developments within the context of private sector collective bargaining theory.The evidence from the private sector suggests that pay determination in the private sector is complex and that levels of bargaining relate to various factors. Decentralization is neither a panacea for poor performance nor necessarily problem free. Devolved pay determination can lead to problems of control over costs and, in the context of high levels of trade union organization, to pay‘leapfrogging’. The article concludes that there is a continuing contradiction between the role of the government as an employer, keen to devolve pay decisions to local level, and that of economic regulator with responsibility for the wider economy. This continuing tension indicates that decentralized pay bargaining in the public sector will be limited in its scope by some form of central government control.
REINVENTING THE AMERICAN FEDERAL GOVERNMENT: REFORM REDUX OR REAL CHANGE?
Authors: INGRAHAM PATRICIA W. 
Published: April 2007

Reinventing government in the United States is the most recent of several efforts to reform public organizations and management. A cornerstone of the Clinton Administration's agenda for change, reinvention is proceeding on several levels. One is that of political symbolism and rhetoric: reduce waste, eliminate unnecessary programmes, and improve efficiency. Another level is found in the reinvention laboratories created throughout the federal government. Here the focus is on quality, customer service, streamlining processes and procedures, and eliminating unnecessary rules and regulations. A third level is found in policy and system changes; here the emphasis is on examining broad functions, decentralizing major activities, and providing legislative support for necessary changes.Implementation of reinvention activities has been decentralized and loosely monitored. Many of the initiatives in the reinvention laboratories are difficult to track and analyse; changes at this level do appear, however, to be extensive and diverse. Broader legislative changes have not been so extensive and the Clinton Administration has been slow to introduce key legislative packages. The role of Congress is unclear.Despite uneven progress and failure to ask key policy and implementation questions, reinvention is creating significant change in the federal government. The outcome of those changes and the long‐term future of reinvention depend on the continued commitment of the members of the public service, as well as much clearer political support and will.
Books on International Economic Affairs
Authors: Harris Stuart 
Published: April 2007

THE COMMODITIES DEBATE: ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL FACTORSCOMMODITY CONFLICT: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL COMMODITY NEGOTIATIONSTHE FUTURE OF NONFUEL MINERALSTHE ECONOMICS OF OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS SUPPLIESFREEDOM IN CONSTITUTIONAL CONTRACT: PERSPECTIVES OF A POLITICAL ECONOMISTTHE NEED FOR INTERNATIONAL RESERVES AND CREDIT FACILITIESINTERNATIONAL MONETARY ISSUES AND DEVELOPMENT POLICIESBRETTON WOODS: BIRTH OF A MONETARY SYSTEMURANIUM, NUCLEAR POWER AND CANADA‐US ENERGY RELATIONSSTABILITY AND INFLATIONADJUSTMENT, TRADE AND GROWTH IN DEVELOPED AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIESGROWTH, TRADE AND STRUCTURAL CHANGE IN AN OPEN AUSTRALIAN ECONOMYTHE FINANCING OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTFOREIGN INVESTMENT, TRANS‐NATIONALS AND DEVELOPING COUNTRIESINDUSTRIAL PRICING BEHAVIOUR AND DEVALUATIONISSUES AND PROSPECTS FOR THE NEW INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC ORDERTRADE NEGOTIATIONS IN THE TOKYO ROUND: A QUANTITATIVE ASSESSMENTUNSKILLED LABOUR FOR DEVELOPMENT: ITS ECONOMIC COST
The Cancun Summit and the NIEO Proposals
Authors: Donges Juergen B. , Grubel Herbert G. 
Published: April 2007

THE WORLD ECONOMIC ORDER: PAST AND PROSPECTS, edited by Sven Grassman INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC DISORDER: ESSA YS IN NORTH‐SOUTH RELATIONS, by Gerald K. Helleiner DU CONGO AU ZAÏRE 1960–1980: ESSAI DE BILAN, by A. Huybrechts, V. Y. Mudibme, L. Peeters, J. Vanderlinden, D. Van Der Steen and B. Verhaegen (Brussels: Centre de recherche et d'information socio‐politiques [CRISP], 1980) 420 pp., paperback 800 Belgian francs. POLICIES FOR INDUSTRIAL PROGRESS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, edited by John Cody, Helen Hughes and David Wall TOURISM: PASSPORT TO DEVELOPMENT?, edited by Emanuel de Kadt WHAT UNEMPLOYMENT MEANS, by Adrian Sinfield THE WORKLESS STATE, edited by Brian Showler and Adrian Sinfield WALTER LIPPMANN AND THE AMERICAN CENTURY, by Ronald Steel EEC AND THE THIRD WORLD: A SURVEY, edited by Christopher Stevens THE ECONOMIC THEORY OF THE STATE, by David K. Whynes and Roger A. Bowles, with a Foreword by Alan Peacock EAST EUROPEAN INTEGRATION AND EAST‐WEST TRADE, edited by Paul Marer and John Michael Montias MONETARISM OR PROSPERITY?. by Bryan Gould, John Mills and Shaun Stewart, with a Foreword by Peter Shore REVERSING ECONOMIC DECLINE, by John C. Carrington and George T. Edwards THE MULTINATIONAL MOTOR INDUSTRY, by George Maxcy and Erik Lundberg
The Twilight of Domestic Economic Policies
Authors: Blackhurst Richard 
Published: April 2007

twilight… partial darkness; (fig.) gradual decay or destruction of something once glorious …t. state hysterical state of unawareness of external realitiesi—Annual Report, Bank for International Settlements, Basle, June 1981, p. 25—World Economic Outlook, International Monetary Fund, Washington, June 1981, pp. 8–9—OECD Observer, Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development, Paris, July 1981, p. 13
Realities and Double Standards in Relations with Japan
Authors: Lehmann Jean‐Pierre 
Published: April 2007

JAPANS ECONOMIC POLICY, by G. C. AllenTRADE PROBLEMS BETWEEN JAPAN AND WESTERN EUROPE, by Masamichi HanabusaJAPAN'S ECONOMIC AID, by Alan RixJAPAN'S OPTIONS FOR THE 1980s. by Radha SinhaENERGY POLICY IN PERSPECTIVE: TODAY'S PROBLEMS, Y ESTERDAY'S SOLUTIONSBRITAIN IN EUROPE, edited by William WallaceHARMONISATION IN THE EEC, edited by Carol Cosgrove TwitchettMULTINATIONALS FROM DEVELOPING COUNTRIES, edited by Krishna Kumar and Maxwell G. McLeodEUROPE UNDER STRESS, by Yao‐su HuBUILDING A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY, by Lester R. BrownDEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN THE INTERNATIONAL ECONOMY, by Sanjaya LallBEYOND INDUSTRIALIZATION: ASCENDANCY OF THE GLOBAL SERVICE ECONOMY, by Ronald Kent ShelpINTERNATIONAL PRODUCTION AND THE MULTINATIONAL ENTERPRISE, by John H. DunningINSIDE THE MULTINATIONALS, by Alan M. RugmanFOOD AND AGRICULTURAL POLICY FOR THE 1980s, edited by D. Gale JohnsonTHE JAPANESE CHALLENGE TO US INDUSTRY, by Jack BaransonFLEXIBLE EXCHANGE RATES AND INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS, by John M. Blin, Stuart I. Greenbaum and Donald P JacobsTHE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF IN‐ DUSTRIAL POLICY, by Wyn GrantUS FOREIGN POLICY AND THE THIRD WORLD: AGENDA 1982, by Roger D. Hansen et al.
Optimal Development Policies: Lessons from Experience
Authors: Tinbergen Jan 
Published: April 2007

ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT: THEORY, POLICY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, by I.M.D. Little THE POVERTY OF ‘DEVELOPMENT ECONOMICS', by Deepak Lal, Hobart Paperback No. 16 THE THEORY AND EXPERIENCE OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT, Essays in Honour of Sir W. Arthur Lewis, edited by Mark Gersovitz, Carlos F. Diaz‐Alejandro, Gustav Ranis and Mark R. Rosenzweig
Case for Evaluating Protection in an Economy‐wide Perspective
Authors: Laird Samuel , Sampson Gary P. 
Published: April 2007

‘Whether protectionism spreads, imposing major harm on the world economy, depends on three factors: the costs and benefits of trade for domestic political actors; these actors’ access to and control over the process of government; and the extent to which international commitments and obligations to trade policy are viewed as binding by national governments’—Costs and Benefits of Protection (Paris: OECD Secretariat, 1985)