bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Treatment of osteoarthritis with Pycnogenol®. The SVOS (San Valentino osteo‐arthrosis study). evaluation of signs, symptoms, physical performance and vascular aspects
Authors: Belcaro G. , Cesarone M. R. , Errichi S. , Zulli C. , Errichi B. M. , Vinciguerra G. , Ledda A. , Renzo A. Di , Stuard S. , Dugall M. , Pellegrini L. , Errichi S. , Gizzi G. , Ippolito E. , Ricci A. , Cacchio M. , Cipollone G. , Ruffini I. , Fano F. , Hosoi M. , Rohdewald P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe aim of this double‐blind, placebo‐controlled study was to evaluate the efficacy of 100 mg Pycnogenol® daily (oral capsules) in a 3 month study in patients with osteoarthritis (OA). OA symptoms were evaluated by WOMAC scores, mobility by recording their walking performance (treadmill). Treatment (77 patients) and placebo group (79) were comparable for age, sex distribution, WOMAC scores, walking distances and use of antiinflammatory drugs. The global WOMAC score decreased by 56% (p < 0.05) in the treatment group versus 9.6% in the placebo group. Walking distance in the treadmill test was prolonged from 68 m at the start to 198 m after 3 months treatment (p < 0.05), under placebo, from 65 m to 88 m (NS). The use of drugs decreased by 58% in the treatment group (p < 0.05) versus 1% under placebo. Gastrointestinal complications decreased by 63% in the treatment group, but only 3% under placebo. Overall, treatment costs were reduced significantly compared with placebo. Foot edema was present in 76% of the patients of the treatment group at inclusion and in 79% of the controls. After 3 months edema decreased in 79% of Pycnogenol patients (p < 0.05) vs 1% in controls. In conclusion, Pycnogenol offers an option for reduction of treatment costs and side effects by sparing antiinflammatory drugs. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Convective inhibition beneath an upper‐level PV anomaly
Authors: Russell A. , Vaughan G. , Norton E. G. , Morcrette C. J. , Browning K. A. , Blyth A. M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractUpper‐level potential‐vorticity (PV) anomalies reduce the convective stability of the troposphere through their impact on the vertical potential‐temperature profile, thus reducing convective inhibition (CIN) and increasing convective available potential energy. Here, by contrast, we show the impact of a layer of stable air that was intrinsically linked with an upper‐level PV anomaly and that increased CIN. This layer descended and tracked beneath the small upper‐level PV anomaly, which in this case was a shallow upper‐level trough. This low‐humidity, relatively high‐PV layer originated from the tropopause fold, generated by a breaking Rossby wave, which also produced the upper‐level PV anomaly two days later. Despite conditions favourable for deep convection (as demonstrated by the development of a single storm), the CIN produced by this dry layer or lid was largely responsible for capping convection over much of southern England at around 2.5 km during the case presented here, which comes from the Convective Storm Initiation Project. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
A method for quantifying the impacts and interactions of potential‐vorticity anomalies in extratropical cyclones
Authors: Romero R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe theory of potential vorticity (PV) allows us to describe the life cycle of mid‐latitude baroclinic systems in terms of the individual impacts and interactions of distinct PV anomalies embedded in the background flow. PV anomalies associated with the undulating tropopause, the low‐level thermal field, and key diabatic processes such as the latent‐heat release within the cloudy systems of the cyclone, are often considered as evolving features regulated by their lateral and vertical mutual interactions and their interaction with the stratospheric high‐latitude PV reservoir. Under some balance‐flow assumptions, PV inversion can be used to quantify the contribution of the PV anomalies to the cyclone depth (or other attributes) at various stages of its life cycle (astaticapproach); but it is less clear how to diagnose with similar quantitative detail the various types of time‐dependent interactions among the anomalies and mean flow that govern the processes of cyclogenesis and cyclolysis (adynamicapproach).This paper presents a method that implements the concepts of ‘PV thinking’ quantitatively. The method first applies a piecewise PV‐inversion scheme formulated according to the Charney nonlinear mass–wind‐balance approximation. Then it combines a prognostic system of balance equations that are consistent with the applied inversion scheme with a factor‐separation technique. By switching on and off the PV anomalies of interest, various flow configurations are generated, and the corresponding solutions to the prognostic equations can be algebraically combined to isolate the magnitude of both the individual and the synergistic effects of the PV anomalies on the spatial pattern of geopotential‐height tendency (and vertical motion) around the cyclone, with low computational cost.The potential of the method to elucidate the relative importance of physically‐meaningful PV anomalies for the growth or decay of baroclinic systems is illustrated for the intense Mediterranean cyclone of 10–12 November 2001, using the NCEP meteorological grid analyses at 12 h intervals.The upper‐level PV anomalies contributed very significantly during the whole life cycle of this Mediterranean cyclone. Surface thermal anomalies were fundamental during the development period, and induced the general northeastward movement of the system during the later stages. During the mature stage of the cyclone, the interaction between the two types of anomalies became the dominant effect. All other contributions, including the individual and synergistic effects of diabatically‐generated PV, were generally most relevant during this mature stage. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Semi‐Lagrangian advection scheme with controlled damping: An alternative to nonlinear horizontal diffusion in a numerical weather prediction model
Authors: Váňa Filip , Bénard Pierre , Geleyn Jean‐François , Simon André , Seity Yann 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis paper proposes a nonlinear horizontal diffusion scheme for models using semi‐Lagrangian formulations. The scheme is made flow dependent and not entirely linked to the model levels. As an extension, the implementation of the scheme to the model Aladin is given. The damping abilities of interpolation are used for the diffusion filtering. The aim is to provide a horizontal diffusion scheme of similar stability and computational efficiency as the existing linear spectral diffusion scheme in Aladin. Preserving such qualities, the new scheme brings beneficial new skills to the model. The differences between the performances of the two diffusion schemes are examined and discussed. Finally, some interesting case‐studies simulated with both horizontal diffusion schemes are presented. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Primary and successive events in the Madden–Julian Oscillation
Authors: Matthews Adrian J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractConventional analyses of the MJO tend to produce a repeating cycle, such that any particular feature cannot be unambiguously attributed to the current or previous event. We take advantage of the sporadic nature of the MJO and classify each observed Madden–Julian (MJ) event as either primary, with no immediately preceding MJ event, or successive, which does immediately follow a preceding event. 40% of MJ events are primary events. Precursor features of the primary events can be unambiguously attributed to that event. A suppressed convective anomaly grows and decays in situ over the Indian Ocean, prior to the start of most primary MJ events. An associated mid‐tropospheric temperature anomaly destabilises the atmosphere, leading to the generation of the active MJ event. Hence, primary MJ events appear to be thermodynamically triggered by a previous dry period, although stochastic forcing may also be important. Other theories predict that boundary‐layer convergence, humidity, propagation of dynamical structures around the Equator, sea surface temperatures, and lateral forcing by extratropical transients may all be important in triggering an event. Although precursor signals from these mechanisms are diagnosed from reanalysis and satellite observational data in the successive MJ events, they are all absent in the primary MJ events. Hence, it appears that these apparent precursor signals are part of the MJO once it is established, but do not play a role in the spontaneous generation of the MJO. The most frequent starting location of the primary events is the Indian Ocean, but over half of them start elsewhere, from the maritime continent to the western Pacific. Copyright © 2008 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of wave function modifications on calculated HC and CC stretching frequencies
Authors: Lopes Kelson C. , Fragoso Wallace D. , Ramos Mozart N. , Pereira Arquimedes M. , Araújo Regiane C. M. U. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo‐level factorial design (FD) and principal component (PC) models are used to determine the effects of wave function modifications on calculated HC and CC harmonic stretching frequencies for the HCCH, HCCF, HCCCl, HCCCCH, HCCCN and HCCCH3 molecules. Our results have shown that valence (val), diffuse (dif), polarization (pol), and electron correlation (corr) main effects as well as some second‐order interaction effects are significant to build factorial models for these vibrational frequencies. For instance, when valence and diffuse functions are introduced in the basis set, the calculated HC and CC stretching frequencies decrease. However, this reduction is much more accentuated when the electron correlation effect is introduced in the Hartree‐Fock wave functions. By far, the corr main effect is the most important one on the HC and CC frequency values. The MP2 electron correlation effect provokes an increment of −157.4 cm−1 and −283.8 cm−1 on the HC and CC stretching frequencies, respectively, whereas the dif effect produces only a reduction of −9.1 cm−1 and −12.9 cm−1 on these frequencies, respectively. The inclusion of Møller–Plesset 2 perturbation in the Hartree‐Fock wave functions also produces an important pol–corr interaction effect on the HC and CC stretching frequencies, increasing their values by +45.2 cm−1 and +17.3 cm−1, respectively. Algebraic models were then established to explain how calculated HC and CC stretching frequencies depend on characteristics of the molecular orbital wave functions. These models were successful in reproducing calculated HC and CC frequency values for the HCN and CH3CCCH3 molcules, which were not included in the training set. The principal component analysis has revealed that the calculated HC and CC stretching frequencies can be adequately described by a single principal component. It is capable of explaining more than 99% of the total data variance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Three‐center Coulomb repulsion integrals with Slater functions
Authors: Fernández Rico J. , López R. , Ema I. , Ramírez G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe translation method for products of two Slater functions is improved and combined with the short–long range separation in order to develop a robust and efficient algorithm for the evaluation of three‐center Coulomb integrals with Slater functions. Several tests are carried out showing that the algorithm reported here yields integrals with an absolute error below 10−12 hartree and a computational cost of a few microseconds per integral. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Unnatural parity states of helium with screened Coulomb potentials
Authors: Kar Sabyasachi , Ho Y. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEffect of screened Coulomb (Yukawa) potentials on the doubly excited meta‐stable bound states and the resonance states with unnatural parities of the helium atom have been investigated in the framework of stabilization method using CI‐type basis functions. A total of 54 resonances (6 each of 1Do and 3Do states, 12 each of 1Fe and 3Fe states, 9 each of 1Go and 3Go states) below the He+(3P) thresholds have been estimated by calculating the density of resonance states using a stabilization method. The resonances belong to the different 3lnl′ (n ≥ 3) series. We have also calculated the doubly excited 1,3Fe and 1,3Go meta‐stable bound states of He atom below the He+ (2P) thresholds. The resonance energies and widths along with the meta‐stable bound states energies are reported for various screening parameters. In free atom case, some of the F‐wave resonance states and most of the cases, F‐ and G‐wave resonance widths are reported for the first time. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Many‐electron atom confinement by a penetrable spherical box
Authors: Díaz‐García C. , Cruz S. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA confinement model for many‐electron atoms enclosed by a spherical boundary with finite‐barrier potential height is presented. The model is based on the Thomas–Fermi–Dirac–Weizsäcker (TFDλW) functional formalism using known properties of the orbital electron densities and constitutes a natural extension of a previously published report for the case of infinitely hard walls [Cruz et al., Int J Quantum Chem, 2005, 102, 897]. The confining barrier potential is considered as a step‐like function of finite height V0. This assumption demands of the appropriate description of the TFDλW energy functional for both the interior and exterior regions together with corresponding ansatz orbital density representations, subject to continuity boundary conditions at the wall. For a given cage radius R and confining barrier height V0, the total ground‐state energy is variationally optimized with respect to the characteristic parameters defining the interior and exterior orbital densities. The total ground‐state energy and corresponding electronic density are obtained as function of barrier height and cage radius for many‐electron atoms and ions. The model is explicitly applied to He, Li, C, and Ne and various ionic species for barrier heights (atomic units) V0 = 0, 5, and ∞. Given a barrier height V0, the results are presented for the critical cage size to produce one or more unbound electrons—yet, confined by the box—until reaching threshold size values for which electron escape from the confinement region take place. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int. J. Quantum Chem, 2008
Species barrier of HIV‐1 and its jumping by virus engineering
Authors: Nomaguchi Masako , Doi Naoya , Kamada Kazuya , Adachi Akio 
Published: April 2008

AbstractMonkey infection models are absolutely necessary for studies of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV‐1) pathogenesis and of developing drugs/vaccines against HIV‐1. In addition, currently unknown roles of its accessory proteins for in vivo replication await elucidation by experimental approaches. Due to the fact that HIV‐1 is tropic only for chimpanzees and humans, studies of this line have been impeded for a long time, although various investigations have been carried out utilising genetically related SIV and SIV/HIV chimeric virus (SHIV) as pathogens. Recent findings of anti‐HIV‐1 innate factors such as tripartite motif protein 5α (TRIM5α) and APOBEC3G/F prompted us to re‐initiate an old and vital research project which would, as a result, confer the capability to overcome the species barrier on the HIV‐1. We currently have obtained, by virus engineering through genetic manipulation and adaptation, some new and promising HIV‐1 clones for in vivo studies in macaque monkeys as mentioned above. In this review, we summarise the past, present and future of HIV‐1/SIV chimeric viruses with special reference to relevant basic HIV‐1/SIV studies. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
What is the furthest graph from a hereditary property?
Authors: Alon Noga , Stav Uri 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor a graph property P, the edit distance of a graph G from P, denoted EP(G), is the minimum number of edge modifications (additions or deletions) one needs to apply to G to turn it into a graph satisfying P. What is the furthest graph on n vertices from P and what is the largest possible edit distance from P? Denote this maximal distance by ed(n,P). This question is motivated by algorithmic edge‐modification problems, in which one wishes to find or approximate the value of EP(G) given an input graph G. A monotone graph property is closed under removal of edges and vertices. Trivially, for any monotone property, the largest edit distance is attained by a complete graph. We show that this is a simple instance of a much broader phenomenon. A hereditary graph property is closed under removal of vertices. We prove that for any hereditary graph property P, a random graph with an edge density that depends on P essentially achieves the maximal distance from P, that is: ed(n,P) = EP(G(n,p(P))) + o(n2) with high probability. The proofs combine several tools, including strengthened versions of the Szemerédi regularity lemma, properties of random graphs and probabilistic arguments. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 2008
Community resilience and contemporary agri‐ecological systems: reconnecting people and food, and people with people
Authors: King Christine A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAlternative agricultural systems that emphasize ecological and community resilience provide a bridge between traditional agriculture and natural resource management. These can be referred to as agri‐ecological systems and include systems such as Organic Agriculture, Biodynamics, Community Supported Agriculture (CSA), Permaculture, Farmers Markets and Community Gardens. This paper reports on current research by the author to explore a range of these systems and how they contribute to agri‐ecological and community resilience. For example, resiliency can be seen as a system's ability to adapt and respond to external impacts on a system, and farmers markets show resiliency to sudden market changes (such as price or consumer preferences toward organics, through direct sale and the involvement of a range of consumers and producers offering a broad range of organic produce). That is, this paper reviews these alternative approaches to food production in relation to key concepts from ecological systems thinking, such as ecological resilience, biodiversity and holism. More specifically, the paper explores how agri‐ecological systems contribute to more sustainable and resilient communities, through community development processes such as relationship building, genuine participation, inclusiveness, resource mobilization and creating space for knowledge sharing. The paper concludes by comparing ecological systems models to agri‐ecological systems, and suggests how ecological systems theories and concepts might contribute to thinking about the future of community‐based agri‐ecological resilience. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organizations advocating for youth: The local advantage
Authors: Deschenes Sarah , McLaughlin Milbrey , Newman Anne 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYouth occupy a unique place in our democratic society. They must primarily rely on others to speak on their behalf as decisions are made about the allocation of resources within and across various youth‐serving institutions. Advocacy organizations comprise crucial representational assets for all youth, but America's poorest children and youth especially need an effective voice to speak for and about them. Yet advocates for youth in urban areas face tough challenges since urban voters typically have few positive connections to youth. This article draws on three years of research focused on three organizations in the San Francisco Bay Area that have successfully advocated for better policies for youth. The authors explore the strategies that these organizations have employed to overcome the challenges they face, with particular attention to the advantages that follow from advocating at the local rather than at the state or federal level.
Youth organizing: From youth development to school reform
Authors: Warren Mark R. , Mira Meredith , Nikundiwe Thomas 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOver the past twenty years, youth organizing has grown across the country. Through organizing, young people identify issues of concern and mobilize their peers to build action campaigns to achieve their objectives. Youth organizing has been appreciated for its contributions to youth and community development. The authors use two case studies to trace the more recent emergence of youth organizing as an important force for school reform. The Boston‐based Hyde Square Task Force began with a focus on afterschool programming, but its youth leaders now organize to get Boston Public Schools to adopt a curriculum addressing sexual harassment. Meanwhile, the Baltimore Algebra Project began as a peer‐to‐peer tutoring program but now also organizes to demand greater funding for Baltimore schools. These cases illustrate a broader phenomenon where students reverse the deficit paradigm by acting out of their own self‐interest to become agents of institutional change.
Negotiating reform: Young people's leadership in the educational arena
Authors: Shah Seema , Mediratta Kavitha 
Published: April 2008

AbstractYouth organizing within the institutional context of community‐based organizations has grown exponentially. Drawing on interviews with more than eighty organizers, youth, and educators, this article examines young people's experiences as they organize to expand educational opportunities for themselves and their peers in urban school districts. The authors explore educator responses to youth organizing and analyze how race‐ and class‐based assumptions about youth leadership, as well as differing cultural norms between schools and youth organizing groups, pose challenges for young people fighting for education reform. The authors describe three strategies youth organizing groups use to address these challenges: intensive leadership development, targeted relationship building with district administrators, and alliance building. Implications for both educators and youth organizing groups are discussed.
Developing the field of youth organizing and advocacy: What foundations can do
Authors: Yee Sylvia M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractFor more than a decade, the Evelyn and Walter Haas, Jr. Fund has seeded many San Francisco Bay Area youth organizing and advocacy programs. Now that the field is maturing, argues the fund's vice president of programs, foundations have a critical programmatic and capacity‐building role to play. The author offers analysis and strategies for integrating youth development grant making across foundation interest areas. The programs described illustrate the diversity of youth organizing and advocacy programs that could be supported by funders, whether or not any particular philanthropic institution has a grant‐making focus on youth development or youth organizing. The article ends with an in‐depth portrait of the self‐reported needs of youth organizing and advocacy programs and concrete strategies for foundations seeking to more effectively enable youth organizing and advocacy to play an important role in bringing about a more vibrant, diverse, and effective democratic culture.
The RISC ProofNavigator: a proving assistant for program verification in the classroom
Authors: Schreiner Wolfgang 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper gives an overview of the RISC ProofNavigator, an interactive proving assistant for the area of program verification. The assistant combines the user-guided top-down decomposition of proofs with the automatic simplification and closing of proof states by an external satisfiability solver. The software exhibits a modern graphical user interface which has been developed with a focus on simplicity in order to make the software suitable for educational scenarios. Nevertheless, some use cases of a certain level of complexity demonstrate that it may be also appropriate for various realistic applications.