bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Supercritical fluid extraction of daphne (Laurus nobilis L.) seed oil
Authors: Beis Sedat H. , Dunford Nurhan T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLaurus nobilis L., commonly known as daphne tree, is an evergreen that belongs to the Lauraceae family. Daphne trees produce grape‐sized shiny purplish berries having three parts: flesh, skin, and an inner kernel (single seed). This study examines supercritical CO2 (SC‐CO2) extraction of oil from daphne seeds. The oil yield of ground seeds varied from 14 to 28% depending on the method and particle size used for oil recovery. Yields were similar for both petroleum ether and SC‐CO2 extraction. The extraction yield decreased significantly with increasing particle size. The amount of extract collected increased exponentially with increasing SC‐CO2 pressure. The highest extraction yield was obtained at the highest temperature studied, 75°C. More than 45% of the oil was lauric acid. SC‐CO2 is a viable technique to obtain high‐purity L. nobilis L. seed oil, which is a potential ingredient for the cosmetic industry.
πSynthesis and evaluation of a series of α‐hydroxy ethers derived from isopropyl oleate
Authors: Moser Bryan R. , Erhan Sevim Z. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral fatty derivatives with bulky moieties were prepared by treatment of epoxidized isopropyl oleate with a number of alcohols in the presence of sulfuric acid catalyst to provide a series of α‐hydroxy ethers in good yield. The materials were analyzed for cold flow performance through cloud point and pour point determinations. The most promising α‐hydroxy ether produced in this study, with respect to both low temperature behavior and economic criteria, was isopropyl 9(10)‐(2‐ethylhexoxy) 10(9)‐hydroxystearate, which has a cloud point of −23°C and pour point of −24°C.
Stabilization of oils by microencapsulation with heated protein‐glucose syrup mixtures
Authors: Rusli Jenny Kartika , Sanguansri Luz , Augustin Mary Ann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe use of proteins [whey protein isolate (WPI) or soy protein isolate (SPI) in combination with dried glucose syrup (DGS) for stabilization of microencapsulated spray‐dried emulsions containing tuna oil, palm stearin, or a tuna oil‐palm stearin blend was investigated. Pre‐emulsions containing heated (100°C/30 min) protein‐DGS mixtures and oils at oil/protein ratios of 0.75∶1 to 4.5∶1 were homogenized at two passes (35+10 or 18+8 MPa) and spray‐dried to produce 20–60% oil powders. Microencapsulation efficiency decreased at lower homogenization pressure and as the oil load in the powder was increased beyond 50% but was independent of the type of oil encapsulated and the total solids (TS) content of the emulsions (24–33% TS) prior to drying. Oxidative stabilities of the powders, as indicated by headspace propanal values and PV after 4 wk of storage at 23°C, generally decreased with increasing oil content and homogenization pressure but increased with increasing TS of the emulsion prior to drying. Powder containing palm stearin was more stable to oxidation than powders containing a 1∶1 ratio of palm stearin and tuna oil or only tuna oil. Heated WPI‐DGS formulations were superior to corresponding formulations stabilized by heated SPI‐DGS, producing spray‐dried powders with higher microencapsulation efficiency and superior oxidative stability.
Flaking and extrusion as mechanical treatments for enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction of oil from soybeans
Authors: Lamsal B. P. , Murphy P. A. , Johnson L. A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractFlaking and extruding dehulled soybeans were evaluated as a means of enhancing oil extraction efficiency during enzyme‐assisted aqueous processing of soybeans. Cellulase, protease, and their combination were evaluated for effectiveness in achieving high oil extraction recovery from extruded flakes. Aqueous extraction of extruded full‐fat soy flakes gave 68% recovery of the total available oil without using enzymes. A 0.5% wt/wt protease treatment after flaking and extruding dehulled soybeans increased oil extraction recovery to 88% of the total available oil. Flaking and extruding enhanced protease hydrolysis of proteins freeing more oil. Treating extruded flakes with cellulase, however, did not enhance oil extraction either alone or in combination with protease. Discrepancies in oil extraction recoveries were encountered when merely considering crude free fat because some oil became bound to denatured protein during extrusion and/or sample drying. Bound fat was unavailable for determination by using the hexane extraction method, but was accounted for by using the acid hydrolysis method for total oil determination. Oil extraction recovery from extruded soybean flakes was affected by oil determination methods, which was not the case for unextruded full‐fat soy flour.
Occult stress incontinence in women with pelvic organ prolapse
Authors: Reena C. , Kekre A.N. , Kekre N. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractObjectives: To study the prevalence of occult stress urinary incontinence (SUI) among Indian women with genitourinary prolapse, and determine the risk of developing SUI after vaginal hysterectomy and pelvic floor repair in Indian women with occult SUI. Methods: A prospective cohort study of 78 women with significant genitourinary prolapse without symptoms of SUI was conducted at Christian Medical College, Vellore, India. Before the surgical intervention, the prolapse was repositioned using a pessary and a Pyridium (Parke Davis, Morris Plains, NJ, USA) pad test was performed to detect occult SUI. The primary outcome studied was the risk of developing postoperative urinary incontinence. Results: Preoperatively, 67.9% of women were found to have occult SUI. The prevalence of SUI was 43.6% postoperatively, and 64.2% of the women with a positive result to the preoperative Pyridium pad test after pessary insertion were found to have urinary incontinence postoperatively. Postmenopausal women had twice the risk of developing occult SUI. Conclusion: Preoperative testing is useful to identify women with genitourinary prolapse who have occult SUI. Women with a positive result may need a systematic clinical evaluation and urodynamic studies to characterize the incontinence. They can be then counseled preoperatively regarding concomitant anti‐incontinence procedures.
SPECTRAL SELF-AFFINE MEASURES IN $\mathbb{R}^N$
Authors: Li Jian-Lin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to investigate and study the possible spectral pair $(\mu_{M,D},\varLambda(M,S))$ associated with the iterated function systems $\{\phi_{d}(x)= M^{-1}(x+d)\}_{d\in D}$ and $\{\psi_{s}(x)=M^{\ast}x+s\}_{s\in S}$ in $\mathbb{R}^n$. For a large class of self-affine measures $\mu_{M,D}$, we obtain an easy check condition for $\varLambda(M,S)$ not to be a spectrum, and answer a question of whether we have such a spectral pair $(\mu_{M,D},\varLambda(M,S))$ in the Eiffel Tower or three-dimensional Sierpinski gasket. Further generalization of the given condition as well as some elementary properties of compatible pairs and spectral pairs are discussed. Finally, we give several interesting examples to illustrate the spectral pair conditions considered here.
ALMOST-PERIODIC SOLUTIONS FOR AN ECOLOGICAL MODEL WITH INFINITE DELAYS
Authors: Xia Yonghui , Cao Jinde 
Published: February 2007

AbstractBy using Lebesgue’s dominated convergence theorem and constructing a suitable Lyapunov functional, we study the following almost-periodic Lotka–Volterra model with $M$ predators and $N$ prey of the integro-differential equations\begin{alignat*}{2} \dot{x}_i(t)\amp=x_i(t)\biggl[b_i(t)-a_{ii}(t)x_i(t)-\sum_{k=1,k\neq i}^{N}a_{ik}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tH_{ik}(t-\sigma)x_k(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma\\ \amp\hskip45mm-\sum_{l=1}^{M}c_{il}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tK_{il}(t-\sigma)y_l(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma\biggr],\amp\quad i\amp=1,2,\dots,N,\\ \dot{y}_j(t)\amp=y_j(t)\biggl[-r_j(t)-e_{jj}(t)y_j(t) +\sum_{k=1}^{N}d_{jk}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tP_{jk}(t-\sigma)x_k(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma \\ \amp\hskip45mm-\sum_{l=1,l\neq j}^{M} e_{jl}(t)\int_{-\infty}^tQ_{jl}(t-\sigma)y_l(\sigma)\,\mathrm{d}\sigma\biggr],\amp\quad j\amp=1,2,\dots,M. \end{alignat*}Some sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence of a unique almost-periodic solution of this model. Several examples show that the obtained criteria are new, general and easily verifiable.
MAXIMIZING MEASURES ON METRIZABLE NON-COMPACT SPACES
Authors: Davie Alexander M. , Urbański Mariusz , Zdunik Anna 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe prove the existence and uniqueness of maximizing measures for various classes of continuous integrands on metrizable (non-compact) spaces and close subsets of Borel probability measures. We apply these results to various dynamical contexts, especially to hyperbolic mappings of the form $f_\lambda(z)=\lambda\mathrm{e}^z$, $\lambda\ne0$, and associated canonical maps $F_\lambda$ of an infinite cylinder. It is then shown that, for all hyperbolic maps $F_\lambda$, all dynamically maximizing measures have compact supports and, for all $0^+$-potentials $\phi$, the set of (weak) limit points of equilibrium states of potentials $t\phi$, $t\nearrow+\infty$, is non-empty and consists of dynamically maximizing measures.
THE DIRECT INTEGRAL OF SOME WEIGHTED BERGMAN SPACES
Authors: Chuah Meng-Kiat 
Published: February 2007

AbstractLet $G$ be the abelian Lie group $\mathbb{R}^n\times\mathbb{R}^k/\mathbb{Z}^k$, acting on the complex space $X=\mathbb{R}^{n+k}\times\ri G$. Let $F$ be a strictly convex function on $\mathbb{R}^{n+k}$. Let $H$ be the Bergman space of holomorphic functions on $X$ which are square-integrable with respect to the weight $e^{-F}$. The $G$-action on $X$ leads to a unitary $G$-representation on the Hilbert space $H$. We study the irreducible representations which occur in $H$ by means of their direct integral. This problem is motivated by geometric quantization, which associates unitary representations with invariant Kähler forms. As an application, we construct a model in the sense that every irreducible $G$-representation occurs exactly once in $H$.
POSITIVE SOLUTIONS FOR NON-RESONANT SINGULAR BOUNDARY-VALUE PROBLEMS WITH A LINEAR TERM
Authors: Lü Haishen , O’Regan Donal , Agarwal Ravi P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper presents new existence results for the singular boundary-value problem\begin{gather*} -u''+p(t)u=f(t,u),\quad t\in(0,1),\\ u(0)=0=u(1). \end{gather*}In particular, our nonlinearity $f$ may be singular at $t=0,1$ and $u=0$.
On the drag on an object immersed in a flowing plasma: the control surface approach
Authors: ALLEN J. E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA theory of the drag force acting on an object immersed in a flowing plasma is presented. A control surface method is developed following the approach used in fluid mechanics rather than the linear dielectric response approach found in the literature. The situation examined is one in which the directed velocity of the ions dominates their thermal velocities; a cold ion model is employed.
Collisionless magnetic reconnection dynamics with electron inertia and parallel electron compressibility
Authors: SHIVAMOGGI BHIMSEN K. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCollisionless magnetic reconnection dynamics is considered by including the effects of electron inertia as well as parallel electron compressibility. A fluid treatment is adopted for both electrons and ions. Collisionless plasma dynamics properties near a two-dimensional X-type magnetic neutral line in the steady state are explored. The effects of electron inertia and parallel electron compressibility on the hyperbolicity (or lack thereof) of the magnetic field lines in the neutral layer are discussed. A unified linear tearing-mode formulation incorporating both electron inertia and parallel electron compressibility is given. The parallel-electron-compressibility branch is shown to couple in general to the electron-inertia branch in the presence of resistivity. A sufficient condition for linear stability in the Lyapunov sense for steady states of this collisionless plasma system signifying current confinement is deduced. Bounds on the equilibrium current gradient are shown to constitute sufficient conditions for nonlinear stability in the Lyapunov sense for steady states via nonlinear bounds for a suitable perturbation norm.
Nonlinear Hall MHD and electrostatic ion–cyclotron stationary waves: a Hamiltonian-geometric viewpoint
Authors: McKENZIE J. F. , MACE R. L. , DOYLE T. B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSome supplementary results and interpretations on the theory of Hall MHD solitons (McKenzie and Doyle 2002 Phys. Plasmas9, 55) are presented. It is shown that the Hall MHD soliton reduces, in the appropriate limit, to an electrostatic ion–cyclotron soliton. It is also shown how the dynamical equations governing the Hall MHD soliton can be obtained from a Hamiltonian H. Soliton solutions correspond to H = 0, periodic solutions to H < 0 and rotation-type solutions to H >0. Possible applications are discussed. A non-canonical Hamiltonian picture is developed and compared to the well-known example of a free rigid body.
Localized coherent nonlinear wave structures in dusty plasma with non-thermal ions
Authors: GILL TARSEM SINGH , BEDI CHANCHAL , SAINI NARESHPAL SINGH , KAUR HARVINDER 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the present research paper, the characteristics of dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) and double layers (DLs) are studied. Ions are treated as non-thermal and variable dust charge is considered. The Korteweg–de Vries equation is derived using a reductive perturbation method. It is noticed that compressive solitons are obtained up to a certain range of relative density δ (=ni0/ne0) beyond which rarefactive solitons are observed. The study is further extended to investigate the possibility of DLs. Only compressive DLs are permissible. Both DASWs and DLs are sensitive to variation of the non-thermal parameter.
Endoparasitism in colonial hosts: patterns and processes
Authors: HILL S. L. L. , OKAMURA B. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYThis study begins to redress our lack of knowledge of the interactions between colonial hosts and their parasites by focusing on a novel host-parasite system. Investigations of freshwater bryozoan populations revealed that infection by myxozoan parasites is widespread. Covert infections were detected in all 5 populations studied and were often at high prevalence while overt infections were observed in only 1. Infections were persistent in populations subject to temporal sampling. Negative effects of infection were identified but virulence was low. Infection did not induce mortality in the environmental conditions studied. However, the production of statoblasts (dormant propagules) was greatly reduced in bryozoans with overt infections in comparison to uninfected bryozoans. Overtly-infected bryozoans also grew more slowly and had low fission rates relative to colonies lacking overt infection. Bryozoans with covert infections were smaller than uninfected bryozoans. High levels of vertical transmission were achieved through colony fission and the infection of statoblasts. Increased fission rates may be a strategy for hosts to escape from parasites but the parasite can also exploit the fragmentation of colonial hosts to gain vertical transmission and dispersal. Our study provides evidence that opportunities and constraints for host-parasite co-evolution can be highly dependent on organismal body plans and that low virulence may be associated with exploitation of colonial hosts by endoparasites.
Cerebral blood flow changes during retrieval of traumatic memories before and after psychotherapy: a SPECT study
Authors: PERES JULIO F. P. , NEWBERG ANDREW B. , MERCANTE JULIANE P. , SIMÃO MANOEL , ALBUQUERQUE VIVIAN E. , PERES MARIA J. P. , NASELLO ANTONIA G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBackgroundTraumatic memory is a key symptom in psychological trauma victims and may remain vivid for several years. Psychotherapy has shown that neither the psychopathological signs of trauma nor the expression of traumatic memories are static over time. However, few studies have investigated the neural substrates of psychotherapy-related symptom changes.MethodWe studied 16 subthreshold post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) subjects by using a script-driven symptom provocation paradigm adapted for single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) that was read aloud during traumatic memory retrieval both before and after exposure-based and cognitive restructuring therapy. Their neural activity levels were compared with a control group comprising 11 waiting-list subthreshold PTSD patients, who were age- and profile-matched with the psychotherapy group.ResultsSignificantly higher activity was observed in the parietal lobes, left hippocampus, thalamus and left prefrontal cortex during memory retrieval after psychotherapy. Positive correlations were found between activity changes in the left prefrontal cortex and left thalamus, and also between the left prefrontal cortex and left parietal lobe.ConclusionsNeural mechanisms involved in subthreshold PTSD may share neural similarities with those underlying the fragmented and non-verbal nature of traumatic memories in full PTSD. Moreover, psychotherapy may influence the development of a narrative pattern overlaying the declarative memory neural substrates.
To what extent does participation in extracurricular music affect the future aspirations of 11–12-year-olds? A small-scale investigation
Authors: Denny Eleanor 
Published: February 2007

I undertook this project as a 12-year-old student while studying research methods at the Children's Research Centre at the Open University. It has already been shown that doing music improves children's Mathematics and English scores. The aim of this study was to find out if it also raises the aspirations of the children taking part. A questionnaire was given out to 80 Year 7 children at two schools in Milton Keynes. Questions investigated the children's musical participation and future aspirations as well as their parents' attitudes and education.The most important findings are that the musical participation of the children is positively correlated with their future aspirations. Musical participation is most closely linked with parental enthusiasm for it. Parental pressure and education were found to have no link with musical participation, but families with low incomes may find affording musical activities hard to maintain.It is recommended that more money be put into music education so children of low socio-economic backgrounds can have more of a chance to play musical instruments.
The impact of contact structure on infectious disease control: influenza and antiviral agents
Authors: DUERR H.-P. , SCHWEHM M. , LEARY C. C. , De Vlas S. J. , EICHNER M. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYPlanning adequate public health responses against emerging infectious diseases requires predictive tools to evaluate the impact of candidate intervention strategies. With current interest in pandemic influenza very high, modelling approaches have suggested antiviral treatment combined with targeted prophylaxis as an effective first-line intervention against an emerging influenza pandemic. To investigate how the effectiveness of such interventions depends on contact structure, we simulate the effects in networks with variable degree distributions. The infection attack rate can increase if the number of contacts per person is heterogeneous, implying the existence of high-degree individuals who are potential super-spreaders. The effectiveness of a socially targeted intervention suffers from heterogeneous contact patterns and depends on whether infection is predominantly transmitted to close or casual contacts. Our findings imply that the various contact networks' degree distributions as well as the allocation of contagiousness between close and casual contacts should be examined to identify appropriate strategies of disease control measures.
What happens to people diagnosed with tuberculosis? A population-based cohort
Authors: ANYAMA N. , BRACEBRIDGE S. , BLACK C. , NIGGEBRUGGE A. , GRIFFIN S. J. 
Published: February 2007

SUMMARYWe examined different patient outcomes following diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB). Incident cases were reported to the enhanced surveillance system in the East of England, between 2000 and 2003. For the 575 cases reported in 2001 and 2002, outcomes were assessed 1 year after initiating treatment. The crude clinical incidence rate of TB was 6·0 cases/100 000 person-years (pyr) [95% confidence interval (CI) 5·7–6·4], highest in the 25–29 years age group (14·9, 95% CI 12·9–17·1 cases/100 000 pyr) and among Black Africans (328·6, 95% CI 286·9–374·6 cases/100 000 pyr). Patients born abroad were 2·35 (95% CI 1·03–5·32) times more likely to be lost to follow-up than those born in the United Kingdom. Age at diagnosis (OR 1·05, 95% CI 1·04–1·07) and pulmonary disease (OR 2·73, 95% CI 1·21–6·15) were independently associated with mortality. Elderly patients and those with pulmonary TB appear to have worse outcomes despite treatment. Foreign-born patients may need closer follow-up to ensure favourable outcomes.
Mapping Fusion and Synchronized Hyperedge Replacement into logic programming
Authors: LANESE IVAN , MONTANARI UGO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn this paper we compare three different formalisms that can be used in the area of models for distributed, concurrent and mobile systems. In particular we analyze the relationships between a process calculus, the Fusion Calculus, graph transformations in the Synchronized Hyperedge Replacement with Hoare synchronization (HSHR) approach and logic programming. We present a translation from Fusion Calculus into HSHR (whereas Fusion Calculus uses Milner synchronization) and prove a correspondence between the reduction semantics of Fusion Calculus and HSHR transitions. We also present a mapping from HSHR into a transactional version of logic programming and prove that there is a full correspondence between the two formalisms. The resulting mapping from Fusion Calculus to logic programming is interesting since it shows the tight analogies between the two formalisms, in particular for handling name generation and mobility. The intermediate step in terms of HSHR is convenient since graph transformations allow for multiple, remote synchronizations, as required by Fusion Calculus semantics.
Constraint-based automatic verification of abstract models of multithreaded programs
Authors: DELZANNO GIORGIO 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe present a technique for the automated verification of abstract models of multithreaded programs providing fresh name generation, name mobility, and unbounded control. As high level specification language we adopt here an extension of communication finite-state machines with local variables ranging over an infinite name domain, called TDL programs. Communication machines have been proved very effective for representing communication protocols as well as for representing abstractions of multithreaded software. The verification method that we propose is based on the encoding of TDL programs into a low level language based on multiset rewriting and constraints that can be viewed as an extension of Petri Nets. By means of this encoding, the symbolic verification procedure developed for the low level language in our previous work can now be applied to TDL programs. Furthermore, the encoding allows us to isolate a decidable class of verification problems for TDL programs that still provide fresh name generation, name mobility, and unbounded control. Our syntactic restrictions are in fact defined on the internal structure of threads: In order to obtain a complete and terminating method, threads are only allowed to have at most one local variable (ranging over an infinite domain of names).