bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CORRELATES OF PRISON DRUG USE An Evaluation of Two Conceptual Models
Authors: THOMAS CHARLES W. , CAGE ROBIN J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study, essentially an extension of the recent work of Akers et al., represents an attempt to evaluate the utility of two theoretical paradigms in accounting for illicit drug use in a prison setting. Based on self‐report data obtained from a sample of 273 adult felons who were confined in a medium security penitentiary, the analysis presented demonstrates that virtually all of those inmates who reported drug use within the prison had also used drugs prior to their confident. Thus, contrary to the implications of the “deprivation model,” but fully consistent with those of the “importation model” this particular pattern of prison behavior is clearly not a direct function of the conditions of confinement. Instead, while the structure of the prison may well influence the probability that those who have used drugs prod to con/unmet will continue to do so while in prison, drug use appears to be an example of a type of behavior within the prison which is best predicted by preprison socialization and experience.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF A DEFINITE SENTENCE PAROLE PROGRAM
Authors: LERNER MARK JAY 
Published: March 2006

Abstract With the currently available evidence suggesting the failure of the treatment modality in corrections. parole systems throughout the United States have been the object of increasing criticism. This criticism is usually focused primarily at the indeterminate sentence and discretionary release to parole supervision, often considered integral components of a parole system. In this study, a parole system was examined that operates with definite sentencing and relatively less emphasis on discretionary release decision‐making. The parole supervision aspect of this system was found to reduce markedly the post‐release criminal activity of parolees as compared with a control group of discharges released from the same institutions, but not to parole supervision.
THE JUSTICE SYSTEM AND SENTENCING The Importance of Race in the Military
Authors: PERRY RONALD W. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Data on incarcerated Navy and Marine Corps personnel are examined to determine the impact of offender's race on sentence length. The literature on sentencing in the civilian sector has long suggested that under certain circumstances blacks (or whites) receive unjustifiably long sentences. It is argued here that much of the variation in senate is due not just to characteristics of the offender, but also to characteristics of the sentencing process. The military forms a more state sentencing environment than the civilian setting; hence one should expect less variation due to the sentencing process. Analysis revealed that blacks and whites showed no statistically significant differences in sentence length, in both the Navy and Marine Corps. When small differences did exist. whites were usually recipients of the longer sentences.
THE IMPACT OF POLICE INTERVENTION UPON JUVENILE DELINQUENTS
Authors: HEPBURN JOHN R. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Police intervention is thought to have an impact upon the juvenile's perception of himself and his role expectations. The data indicate the degree to which the frequency and severity of official delinquency, as well as the severity of disposition, office the juvenile's see‐satisfaction. delinquent identification, commitment to delinquent others, commitment to future delinquency, and attitudes toward police. the results of partial correlation coefficients and stepwise regression suggest that police intervention has little impact upon the juvenile when socioeconomic status and, especially, involvement in delinquent behavior are controlled. It is concluded that the juvenile's perceptions of himself and his attitudes toward others, as they relate to delinquency, are more likely to be grounded in the experience of his delinquency involvement than in the experience of coming to the attention of social control agents.
POLITICIZATION OF THE CRIMINAL OFFENDER
Authors: FAIRCHILD ERIKA S. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract A “political model” of crime and punishment is described and the utility of this model is explored in the light of depth interviews with incarcerated offenders. It is suggested that the average offender brings to prison political socialization experiences which have resulted in alienation but not ideological estrangement from the political order. It is further suggested that politicizing processes in prison, coupled with the failure of rehabilitative efforts, have mode the political model acceptable to a large proportion of offenders. this model is not acceptable to prison administrators, however, and the result is increasingly that administrators and clients are operating from conflicting paradigms.
AN EXPLORATORY STUDY OF EXITING FROM CRIMINAL CAREERS
Authors: MEISENHELDER THOMAS 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper explores the process of exiting from criminal careers through unstructured interviews with twenty nonprofessional property offenders. he findings suggest that (I) exiting is motivated by the deterrent force of imprisonment and the offender's desire to “settle down”; (2) success in exiting revolves around the establishment of a social bond to the conventional world. In general, these findings support social control as a theory of criminal behavior.
RECIDIVIST IMPACTS OF DIFFERENTIAL SENTENCING PRACTICES FOR BURGLARY OFFENDERS
Authors: BARTELL TED , WINFREE L. THOMAS 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The research reported here attempts to examine the recidivist impacts of probationary sentences versus incarceration. Statistically controlled comparisons were run on a probability sample of 100 offenders sentenced for residential or commercial burglary convictions in 1971. Subsequent arrest, conviction. and imprisonment data were gathered from official agency records through March of 1975. The results of this study indicate that for persons sentenced for burglary the likelihood of subsequent conviction for a felony or for any crime is less for probationer offenders than for any other sentence type. The strongest predictors of recidivism (defined as subsequent conviction for crime) were age, previous incarceration experience, and sentence type. Length of sentence. type of release, and number of previous arrests were essentially unrelated to subsequent rates of recidivism.
THE SYSTEM LISTENS BUT DOES NOT HEAR
Authors: WAGNER ROBERT 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Throughout the land there has been a growing dissatisfaction with the programs and treatment carried on within institutions, especially those dealing with juveniles. This article attempts to pinpoint some of the reasons why institutions are unable to meet the challenge of delinquency in our society. On the one hand, impediments are inherent to the institutional system; on the other, due to outside forces and factors. they are beyond the control of the institution. Patchwork attempts to shore up a sagging, outmoded system are futile. The facets that perpetuate the present system are identified. and some of the decisions required to build a new system of child care are noted.
VALUE ORIENTATIONS AND DELINQUENCY INVOLVEMENT
Authors: CERNKOVICH SJEPHEN A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Current theories of juvenile delinquency have produced a bifurcation of explanations based on supposed class‐linked differences among adolescents of various socioeconomic strata. The present study challenges many of the assumptions upon which current delinquency theory/research is based and suggests that future examinations of delinquency involvement be focused on the similarities in value orientations of delinquent adolescents across socioeconomic strata. Specifically, self‐report data obtained from a representative sample of 412 male high school students in a mid‐western SMSA indicate that (1) subscription to “conventional value orientations” inhibits involvement in delinquent activities. (2) adherence to “subterranean value orientations” serves to induce involvement in delinquent behavior patterns. and (3) these relationships remain significant when the effects of socioeconomic status and level of perceived legitimate opportunities are held constant.
RESIDENTIAL SUCCESSION AND DELINQUENCY A Test of Shaw and McKay's Theory of Cultural Transmission
Authors: KAPSIS ROBERT E. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The impact of neighborhood cultural and institutional lye upon rates of delinquency among black male adolescents is examined. Focusing on three adjacent black neighborhoods at varying levels of black population change, this paper presents direct tests of three corollaries derived from a causal model adapted from Shaw and McKays cultural transmission theory of delinquency. The preliminary results are compatible with the model: the level of delinquency is higher in a racially changing than in two more racially stable neighborhoods. Other findings. however, fail to support the cultural transmission interpretation of these results. Contrary to Shaw and McKay, delinquency is lowest in the area where criminal influences are the most pronounced. This anomaly is discussed and interpreted in a manner consistent with De FIeur and Quinney's (1966) reformulation of differential association theory.
RACE, FATHER‐ABSENCE, AND FEMALE DELINQUENCY
Authors: AUSTIN ROY L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Discussions of the influence of father‐absence on delinquency often show special concern/or the relatively high rate of father‐absence among black Americans. However, for the four delinquent offenses studied. father‐absence had detrimental effects only on whites. especially girls. The only significant effect among black girls was favorable lo the father‐absent girls. Further, contrary to Dates on and Scarpitti (1975). parental control has similar effects on delinquency and on the relationship between father‐absence and delinquency for blacks and whites. It appears that policies which reduce the stigma of father‐absence for white girls are more likely to succeed in reducing delinquency due to father‐absence than policies of economic improvement.
DELINQUENCY AND SPECIAL DETERRENCE
Authors: LOTZ ROY , REGOLI ROBERT M. , RAYMOND PHILLIP 
Published: March 2006

Abstract The research reported herein is a replication of Cluster's (1967) work. The deference is that we recast the interpretation into a framework of special deterrence. The results are paradoxical: relative to others, training school boys give higher estimates of the likelihood of offenses culminating in arrest and conviction, but they are more likely to say that they would commit such offenses in the future.
NARCOTIC ADDICTION AND CRIME
Authors: McGLOTHLIN WILLIAM H. , ANGLIN M. DOUGLAS , WILSON BRUCE D. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Arrest rates and self‐reported criminal behavior are examined as a function of frequency of narcatic use during the addiction careers first daily narcatic use to last daily use) of a sample of 690 admissions to the California Civil Addict Program. Thirty‐five percent of the addiction career non‐incarcerated time involved less‐than‐daily or no narcatic use. During these periods. arrest rates for property crimes and self‐reported criminal behavior were substantially lower than for periods of daily use. This approach to examining the relationship between crime and narcatic addiction avoids several of the methodological problems encountered in pre‐ and pastaddiction and pre‐ and pasttreatment studies.
TRENDS IN VIOLENT CRIME AMONG EX‐MENTAL PATIENTS
Authors: COCOZZA JOSEPH J. , MELICK MARY EVANS , STEADMAN HENRY J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA central component of the public's conception of the mentally ill is that they are dangerous. This belief receives support from recent studies of the arrest rates of ex‐mental patients which suggest that arrests for violent crimes have increased. In order to investigate this issue, samples were taken at two points in time. Analysis of arrest rates revealed that very few ex‐mental patients were subsequently arrested for violent crimes, although these rates were higher and increasing faster than these of the general population. Mast significant were the findings that subsequent arrests were best explained by the number of prior arrests and that the percentage of patients with a history of criminal behavior has increased dramatically over time. The implications of these trends in violent crime among ex‐mental patients for the perceived link between mental illness and violence and for the social control functions of society are discussed.
EVALUATING TWO MODELS OF DELINQUENCY CAUSATION Structural Theory and Control Theory
Authors: CERNKOVICH STEPHEN A. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Research on delinquency involvement has often employed structural or control theories to account for such behavior. Structural models typically have been applied to lower‐class delinquency, control models to explanotions of middle‐class juvenile miscanduct. Much of the inconclusiveness and many of the controdictions in the delinquency literature are arguably the result of this focus on either lower‐class or middle‐class adolescents employing a single conceptual orientation. Such a restrictive focus has produced narrow, class‐specific explanotions of delinquency involvement which obscure probable similarities in etiological processes at varying socioeconomic locations in the society. The intent of this research is to test the predictive utility of central aspects of bath the structural and control models across a wide range of social status positions. Self‐report data obtained from o representative sample of 412 male high school students in a mid‐western SMSA indicate that (1) bath structural and control theory serve to explain significant. though small. proportions of the variance in delinquency; (2) the control model variables account for the mast unique variation in delinquency involvement; and (3) the combined effects of the two models account for more variance than either of the models taken separately.
CRIMINALS' AND NONCRIMINALS’ PERCEPTIONS OF URBAN CRIME
Authors: CARTER RONALD L. , HILL KIM QUAILE 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This paper offers an exploration of criminals’ and non‐criminals’ perceptions of crime in an urban milieu. Specifically. we examine perceptions of the incidence of crime within the city, of variations in police pratection. and of variations in the likely difficulty of committing crimes in different parts of the city. The analysis examines the distinctiveness of; and interrelationships among, these variables controlling for the racial status and criminal‐non‐criminal status of the respandents. Additionally. perceptions of the difficulty of committing crimes m different parts of the city are related to generalized perceptions of the city for our racial subgroups of criminals. The results provide evidence on the distinctiveness of criminals in such terms, on some factors influencing strategic criminal decision‐making, and on ways m which criminal behavior shares common elements with other social behavior.
STATE POLITICAL CULTURE AND SENTENCE SEVERITY IN FEDERAL DISTRICT COURTS
Authors: BROACH GLEN T. , JACKSON PHILLIP D. , ASCOLILLO VICTOR H. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Previous studies have established a strong relationship between state politics and policies and have documented the role of state politics in the recruitment of federal judges. This study uses indicators of the political. policy, and socioeconomic characteristics of the American states to explain variance in the severity of sentences rendered in 1970 cases involving violation of the Selective Service Act. The findings reveal that a substantial proportion of the sentencing variation in these cases is associated with the political, policy, and socioeconomic environments of the state in which the case is adjudicated. Consistent with mast of the literature on state policy variance, it is found that the socioeconomic environment is a more effective predictor than either state politics or policy.
SOCIAL INTEGRATION, VICTIMIZATION, AND ANOMIA
Authors: SMITH DAVID LEWIS , DURANT ROBERT , CARTER TIMOTHY J. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract Durkheim argues that anomie occurs as a result of some temporary or longterm crisis that disturbs the collective order. Yet, at the individual level an event or events must be perceived as affecting immediate social relationships before anomia occurs. Previous victimization research reports suggest that crimes may cause interaction problems for the victims. This passibility was analyzed using two notional samples collected by the Notional Opinion Research Center in 1973 and 1974. Using regression to analyze the impact of robbery and burglary on anomia scores no significant relations were found. Bath are usually non‐recurrent experiences that either do not have long‐term effects on individuls, or anomia as measured here is too far removed to serve as an adequate measure.
LEGAL AND JUDICIAL INTERPRETATION OF COMPETENCY TO STAND TRIAL STATUTES AND PROCEDURES
Authors: ROESCH RONALD , GOLDING STEPHEN L. 
Published: March 2006

Abstract This study provides an analysis of the views of the legal community with respect to competency to stand trial statutes and procedures. Responses from North Carolina judges and defense attorneys reveal significant areas of disagreement or misunderstanding. While many judges believed that defense attorneys misunderstood or misused the competency procedures, the judges uniformly granted the motions. Defense attorneys indicated reasons for requesting competency evaluations that were frequently unrelated to concerns about competency. Hearings to determine competency were often not even held, and if a defendant was found to be incompetent. most judges believed that involuntary commitment to a mental institution should be automatic regardless of perceived dangerousness. The authors argue that these issues demand further attention and resolution to allow the competency laws to accomplish their intended goal without jeopardizing defendants’ rights.
DECISION‐MAKING IN THE CRIMINAL COURTS:
Authors: KINGSNORTH RODNEY , RIZZO LOUIS 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis article attempts an analysis of the relationship between the guilty‐plea bargaining process and presentence investigation reports. It is argued that because plea‐bargaining has increasingly come to involve bargaining over sentence. probation officers, as a consequence, have increasingly come to experience encroachment upon their decision‐making autonomy. In this predicament they have found little support from judges, who, committed to norms of managerial efficiency will reassert the primacy of the plea‐bargain when probation officers refuse to ratify previously negotiated sentence agreements. The policy implications of this for the criminal justice system are discussed.
COMMUNITY, ENVIRONMENT, AND VIOLENT CRIME
Authors: BLOCK RICHARD 
Published: March 2006

AbstractUsing regression analysis of community areas of Chicago, patterns of homicide, robbery, and aggravated assault are analyzed for the mid‐1970s. It is found that neighborhoods in which very poor and middle‐class people live in close proximity are those in which rates of all three types of criminal violence are highest. Of all demographic and crime variables analyzed, proximity was by far the most strongly related to crime rates. This relationship was taken to be another indicator of the extreme burden placed on blacks in heavily segregated cities of the urban North.
CONTROL THEORY REEXAMINED: Race and the Use of Neutralizations Among Institutionalized Delinquents
Authors: MANNLE HENRY W. , LEWIS PETER W. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractA theoretical challenge to the socio‐structural analysis of delinquency was posited by Sykes and Maria over two decades ago. Since then, relatively few studies have addressed the several issues inherent in neutralization theory. The present research explores the association between socialization and neutralization as this relationship pertains to racial differences among institutionalized delinquents. Significant differences for socialization and neutralization scores on the basis of race were noted. Lack of significant differences between races in terms of the hypothesized direction of the socialization/neutralization correlation was interpreted as a function of the nonlinearity of the data.
THE SNOWMAN COMETH
Authors: Block Alan A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe following is an analysis of primarily the cocaine trade in New York from 1910 to 1917. The data used come from the investigative files of the Bureau of Social Morals, part of the New York Kehillah. The Kehillah itself was a broadly based communal agency which functioned in part as a counter to accusations of Jewish criminality current in the press. The analysis deals with the social backgrounds of cocaine dealers. and then looks at the manner in which cocaine was distributed especially by criminal collectives known as combinations. It concludes that the structure of drug syndicates was exceptionally loose, fluid, and often kin‐centered. Finally, the essay strongly suggests the need to integrate urban history with studies of organized crime in general.
PRIVATE JUSTICE SYSTEMS AND CRIME REPORTING
Authors: ROJEK DEAN G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThe burgeoning need for private police to complement the activities of public police has added a new dimension to issues of reliability and validity of official statistics. For purposes of this study. shoplifting data generated by the private police sector were gathered from matched pairs of retail stores. The findings showed significant differences between stores by age and gender. Partitioning of contingency tables to localize the association to a particular category produced no systematic conclusions between the matched pairs of stores or among the full range of sampled stores. Differential law enforcement exercised by an untrained and unregulated private police force calls into question the concept of justice and the guarantees of due process.
STEREOTYPES AND DISPOSITIONS FOR CRIMINAL HOMICIDE
Authors: BORIS STEVEN BARNET 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThere exists disagreement in the existing literature with respect to the origins of differential police practices. Based upon observation of police work with traffic law violators, the present paper advances an organizationally sensitive analysis of police decision making. The essential interpretation is that police decision making in the context of traffic law violations is a function of relations between organizational norms and employee concerns with autonomy.
ORGANIZATIONAL NORMS AND POLICE DISCRETION.
Authors: LUNDMAN RICHARD J. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractThis essay explores the issues involved in designing public policies. It suggests that those programs not well designed will generate inappropriate expectations for success. This lack of design sophistication may not lead to well‐conceived methods for achieving stated objectives. Taking the Low Enforcement Assistance Administration's Community Anti‐Crime Program as an example, the paper analyzes the implicit sociological theory which guided the development of this new and important program. The essay concludes by highlighting some of the important contributions the Community Anti‐Crime Program can make in the criminal justice policy arena despite its conceptual shortcomings. While design problems may hinder the implementation of programs, they do not necessarily have to cripple them.