bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Hydrogen Peroxide‐Based Tooth Whitening Products and its Relationship to Oral Cancer
Authors: Munro Ian C. , Williams Gary M. , Heymann Harald O. , Kroes Robert 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTooth whitening products containing hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide were evaluated in this review for potential oral cancer risk from their use. Hydrogen peroxide is genotoxic in vitro, but not in vivo. Hydrogen peroxide was not considered to pose a genotoxic risk to humans. The animal toxicology data relevant to the assessment of the carcinogenicity of hydrogen peroxide do not indicate that it has significant carcinogenic activity at any site, including the oral cavity. Hydrogen peroxide was found to enhance the carcinogenic effects of potent DNA reactive carcinogens in experimental animals. However, these experimental conditions are artificial as they are related to high exposures and are of no relevance to potential human exposures to low quantities of hydrogen peroxide from the use of tooth whitening products. Clinical data on hydrogen peroxide‐containing tooth whitening products show no evidence for the development of preneoplastic or neoplastic oral lesions. Exposures to hydrogen peroxide received by the oral cavity are exceedingly low, of short duration (30–60 minutes), and could not plausibly enhance any carcinogenic risk associated with exposure of the oral cavity to chemicals in cigarette smoke or to alcohol, both known risk factors for the development of oral cancer.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEBased on a comprehensive review of the available literature and research, the use of tooth whitening products containing hydrogen peroxide or carbamide peroxide does not appear to pose an increased risk of oral cancer in the general population, including those persons who are alcohol abusers and/or heavy cigarette smokers.
Integration of Composite and Ceramic Restorations in Tetracycline‐Bleached Teeth: A Case Report
Authors: Deliperi Simone , Congiu M. Debora , Bardwell David N. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe success of an esthetic rehabilitation depends on the understanding of the patient’s need and expectation. The management of patients with moderate to severe tetracycline‐stained teeth is very challenging. Tooth whitening may be a valid alternative to more aggressive treatments; however, patients should be aware of the limitations of tooth whitening therapy.Clinicians may select differing treatment plans; tooth whitening can improve intrinsic discoloration in a way so that no further treatment is required. Once tooth whitening is completed, direct or indirect restorative procedures may be afforded to match the existing restoration with the bleached tooth structure.This article describes a conservative clinical approach to rehabilitate the smile of a patient with moderate to severe tetracycline‐stained teeth using a combination of tooth whitening and direct composite and indirect porcelain restorations in the maxillary anterior segment.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe combination of tooth whitening and adhesive restorations allows clinicians a significantly more conservative approach to intrinsically stained teeth; tooth preparation for porcelain veneers and porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal and full‐ceramic crowns can be restricted to conditions in which persistent tooth discoloration or significant loss of both dentin and enamel exists.
Saying Things: Collecting Conflicts in Eighteenth‐Century Object Literatures
Authors: Benedict Barbara M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe British literature of the long eighteenth century, from 1660 to 1820, represents objects as sites of complex meanings. In recording the changing culture of collecting, the various, “factual” literatures of collection – collecting catalogs, museum guides, and advertisements – present things paradoxically both as physically real objects, and as transcendent representations of identity and idea. They negotiate this paradox by descriptive and organizational modes that translate material culture into a literary theme, structure, and technique. These narratives thus embrace divergent registers of meaning: history, myth, science, religion, and personal and social valuation. This narrative practice of juxtaposing or collapsing contrary meanings informs the self‐consciously “literary” devices of antithesis and of authentication by means of provenance in eighteenth‐century literature.
Surveying Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic Landscapes
Authors: Brabon Benjamin A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article examines the use of space in Ann Radcliffe’s Gothic romances, considering how issues of female propriety, property and identity are explored through contradictions within her landscapes. In so doing, it analyses the connections between being and place, studying Radcliffe’s representations of the sublime and the picturesque in relationship to the ‘female Gothic’.1 It contends that Radcliffe brings together the opposing forces of cartography and poetry in her panoramic surveys of space. In conclusion, it introduces the critical concept of ‘Gothic cartography’ in order to define these conflicting approaches within Radcliffe’s literary geographies.2
The Contemporary Study of Eighteenth‐Century Poetry
Authors: Rounce Adam 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis article is a descriptive summary of critical views of eighteenth‐century poetry, from the 1950s to the present. It looks at general surveys of poetry of the period from 1700 to 1790, as well as the most influential criticism of specific poets. It is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather an introduction to major trends and approaches, and to offer some descriptions of criticism of all significant poets. After an initial introduction, it is organised according to the following categories: Pope and the Scriblerians, the long poem, the mid‐century and poetry near the close of the century.
Pain and quality of life for patients with venous leg ulcers: proof of concept of the efficacy of Biatain®‐Ibu, a new pain reducing wound dressing
Authors: Jørgensen Bo , Friis Gitte Juel , Gottrup Finn 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWound pain is a serious problem for elderly patients suffering from chronic leg ulcers, and it may lead to reduced wound healing rates and reduced quality of life. Biatain®‐Ibu Non‐adhesive (Coloplast A/S), a new pain‐reducing moist wound healing dressing containing ibuprofen was tested for pain reduction, safety, and efficacy on 10+2 patients in a single‐blinded crossover study against Biatain Non‐adhesive (Coloplast A/S). Pain was measured with a Numeric Box Scale before, during, and after dressing change. Quality of life was measured using the World Health Organization‐5 Well‐Being Index. Dressing moist wound healing properties such as absorption capacity and leakage were tested together with assessment of wound exudate and blood plasma content of ibuprofen. Use of the Biatain®‐Ibu foam dressing correlated with a decrease in pain intensity scores from 7 in the run‐in period to approximately 2.5 in the Biatain®‐Ibu treatment phase. Quality of life measures were improved which together with the reduced pain could contribute to faster wound healing. The moist wound healing properties of Biatain®‐Ibu were similar to that of the Biatain Non‐adhesive and ulcer size was reduced by 24% during the treatment period. Neither side effects nor systemic plasma concentrations of ibuprofen were observed. These data indicate that Biatain®‐Ibu could reduce persistent and temporary wound pain, increase Quality of life, was found safe to use, and had excellent moist wound healing properties.
The effect of amelogenins (Xelma™) on hard‐to‐heal venous leg ulcers
Authors: Vowden Peter , Romanelli Marco , Peter Ralf , Boström Åsa , Josefsson Anna , Stege Helger 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTWith an aging population venous ulceration is likely to become an increasing problem. Despite improvements in care and the widespread introduction of compression bandaging, the mainstay of current management, a significant proportion of venous leg ulcers remain hard to heal. Therefore, a single‐blinded, randomized multicenter study was performed to compare wound size reduction using amelogenin proteins (Xelma™) formulated into a solution which forms a temporary extracellular matrix on contact with the wound bed. Propylene glycol alginate 7% served as a control. Patients were randomized to receive either amelogenin protein or control treatment. The investigational products were applied weekly under soft silicone secondary dressings for up to a maximum of 12 weeks. Compression therapy was maintained throughout the investigation. Wound size reduction was measured by tracing and all wounds were photographed. In total 123 patients were recruited, 62 patients in the amelogenin group, and 61 in the control group, respectively. Subgroup analyses were performed for ulcers with a size >10 cm2 at baseline and for ulcers of duration of >12 months. The wound size reduction was greatest in the group treated with amelogenin (33.8 vs. 25.6%, n= 117), this difference being greatest for larger ulcers (25 vs. 7.9% for ulcers>10 cm2, n= 61) and those of long duration (29.3 vs. 10.9% for ulcers >12‐month duration, n= 61).We conclude that this product may be clinically useful in the treatment of these venous leg ulcers.
Hyaluronan in human acute and chronic dermal wounds
Authors: Dechert Tracey A. , Ducale Ashley E. , Ward Susan I. , Yager Dorne R. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThere is growing interest in the relationship of hyaluronan and inflammation in a number of physiologic processes including wound healing. The objective of this study was to make a quantitative comparison of inflammation and hyaluronan expression in human normal healing open wounds and in pressure ulcers. Using an open dermal wound model, myeloperoxidase activity was found to peak at day 3. Hyaluronan levels showed a bimodal distribution with transient peaks occurring on days 1 and 7. Mean levels of myeloperoxidase activity in pressure ulcers were significantly higher than at any time in the acute wounds, whereas hyaluronan levels were significantly lower than at any time in the acute wounds. Levels of hyaluronidase activity increased slightly in the postwound period. Hyaluronidase activity in pressure ulcers was significantly elevated compared with the acute wounds. These results suggest a role for increased enzymatic degradation of hyaluronan as a function of inflammation during wound repair. This is the first reported quantitative examination of hyaluronan expression in human acute dermal wounds and in chronic pressure ulcers.
Scarless skin repair in immunodeficient mice
Authors: Gawronska‐Kozak Barbara , Bogacki Marek , Rim Jong‐Seop , Monroe W. Todd , Manuel Jessica A. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTScarring, the end result of the wound healing process in adult mammals, is a problem of significant clinical importance. We observed that athymic nude‐nu mice, similar to mammalian fetuses, are able to restore the structure and integrity of injured skin through a process resembling regeneration, where scar formation is absent. Among the postinjured skin tissues collected from athymic nude‐nu, wild‐type controls (C57BL/6J), severe‐combined immunodeficient, Rag (lack of B and T cells), athymic (thymectomized neonates and adult C57BL/6J), and mice treated with an immunosuppressant (cyclosporin A), only athymic nude‐nu mice showed: a lack of scar by histological examination (hematoxylin & eosin and Masson's trichrome staining), low levels of collagen (as determined by hydroxyproline content), high levels of hyaluronic acid, a statistically significant increase in elastic modulus for injured samples over unwounded (biomechanical testing) and low levels of the pro‐scarring cytokines platelet‐derived growth factor‐B and transforming growth factor β1. Additionally, immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses of postinjured tissues as well as flow cytometry analysis of blood samples showed the presence of CD8‐positive cells in all studied animals except nude‐nu mice. We conclude that scarless skin healing in athymic nude‐nu mice provides a new model to study the influence of the immune system on tissue regeneration.
Lactate stimulates endothelial cell migration
Authors: Beckert Stefan , Farrahi Farshid , Aslam Rummana S. , Scheuenstuhl Heinz , Königsrainer Alfred , Hussain M. Zamirul , Hunt Thomas K. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe significance of the high lactate levels that characterize healing wounds is not fully understood. Lactate has been shown to enhance collagen synthesis by fibroblasts and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) production by macrophages and endothelial cells. VEGF has been shown to induce endothelial cell migration. However, it has not been shown whether accumulated lactate correlates with the biological activity of VEGF. Therefore, we investigated the effect of lactate on migration of endothelial cells. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells and human microvascular endothelial cells were cultured to subconfluent monolayers in standard six‐well tissue culture plates. Following a 24‐hour serum starvation, cells were treated with the indicated concentrations of l‐lactate. Cell migration was assessed using a modified Boyden chamber. VEGF protein in the cell culture supernatant was measured by enzyme‐linked immunoassay. Lactate‐enhanced VEGF protein synthesis in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. Lactate added into the bottom well did not stimulate cellular migration from the upper well. However, lactate when added together with endothelial cells to the bottom well of the Boyden chamber increased cellular migration in a dose‐dependent manner. This effect was blocked by anti‐VEGF and by cycloheximide. Lactate enhances VEGF production in endothelial cells, although lactate, itself, is not a chemoattractant. We conclude that the lactate‐mediated increase in cellular migration is regulated by VEGF.
Enhanced wound‐healing quality with bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells autografting after skin injury
Authors: Fu Xiaobing , Fang Lijun , Li Xiaokun , Cheng Biao , Sheng Zhiyong 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAdult stem cells exist in various tissues and organs and have the potential to differentiate into different cell lineages, including bone, cartilage, fat, tendon, muscle, and epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract. Here, we report that the in vitro expanded and purified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) might take on phenotypes with characteristics of vascular endothelial cells (7% on day 3 and 15% on day 1) or epidermal cells (3% on day 3 and 13% on day 1) after being cultured under different lineage‐specific culture conditions. Also, in vivo grafting experiments showed that 5‐bromodeoxyuridine‐labeled MSCs could convert into the phenotypes of vascular endothelial cells (3.43, 3.46, and 2.94% on days 7, 14, and 28, respectively) in granulation tissues, sebaceous duct cells, and epidermal cells (0–1.49%) in regenerated skin, implying that these grafted MSCs might have transdifferentiated into the above three cell types. Animal autografting experiments with MSCs further confirmed that indices pertaining to wound healing quality, such as the speed of reepithelialization, the number of epidermal ridges and thickness of the regenerated epidermis, the morphology and the number and arrangement of microvasculature, fibroblasts and collagen, were much enhanced. Our results indicate that locally delivered bone marrow MSCs can enhance wound healing quality, and may generate de novo intact skin, resulting in perfect skin regeneration after full‐thickness injury.
Attenuation of cysteinyl leukotrienes induces human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation
Authors: Akino Kozo , Mineda Takao , Mori Nozomu , Hirano Akiyoshi , Imaizumi Toshifumi , Akita Sadanori 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAlthough there are numerous investigations describing bone marrow cells or bone‐marrow derived cells at the site of such injuries as bone fractures, infarction and subsequent ischemic reperfusion injury, or cutaneous wounds, little is know about the factors that affect the cells in those clinical situations. Cysteinyl leukotrienes have been extensively investigated in airway diseases that may eventually lead to lung fibrosis; while the engraftment of mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to reverse bleomycin‐induced lung fibrosis in vivo. Therefore, we elucidated the involvement of cysteinyl leukotrienes in human mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Human mesenchymal stem cells express the cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor. Various doses of pranlukast, which is a specific cysteinyl leukotriene type 1 receptor antagonist, failed to affect the proliferation of cells; however, 10−6 M of pranlukast significantly induced cellular cytoplasmic differentiation by showing microvilli sprouting and the emersion of rough endoplasmic reticulum within a 16‐hour(s) incubation. Additionally, pranlukast‐induced fibronectin protein production by human mesenchymal stem cells. Therefore, attenuation of the cysteinyl leukotriene pathway contributes to human mesenchymal stem cell differentiation and may contribute to modulation of the local injury site.
Optimized delivery of skin keratinocytes by aerosolization and suspension in fibrin tissue adhesive
Authors: Harkin Damien G. , Dawson Rebecca A. , Upton Zee 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTAerosolized suspensions of keratinocytes provide a potential therapy for wounds, but the effects of aerosolization on cell viability remain unclear. Likewise, little is known of the resulting cell distribution pattern and how this compares to the density required for epithelialization. The potential benefits of cospraying cells in the presence of fibrin adhesive are equally uncertain. Thus, in the present study we have optimized conditions for the aerosolization of cultured keratinocytes using a device (Tissomat™) that supports the option for coapplication with fibrin (Tisseel™). Cell viability was unaffected when sprayed at 10 psi, but a significant reduction in metabolic activity, as determined by the methylthiazoyldiphenol‐tetrazolium assay, was observed at higher pressure. Bursts of 0.2 mL cell suspension (1.5 × 106/mL) delivered from a height of 10 cm was sufficient to epithelialize an area of 10–15 cm2 within 7 days in vitro. Confluent areas corresponded to those with a density of 5,000–10,000 cells/cm2 at 24 hours. Optimal cell growth in Tisseel™ was achieved through dilution of fibrinogen (1–3 mg/mL) and thrombin (2–5 IU/mL). This optimized formulation eliminated fluid run‐off postspraying and stimulated a twofold increase in cellular response. Therefore, our in vitro data supports the theory that aerosolized suspensions of keratinocytes in fibrin will benefit healing.
Idiopathic pericarditis in dogs: no evidence for an immune‐mediated aetiology
Authors: Martin M. W. S. , Green M. J. , Stafford Johnson M. J. , Day M. J. 
Published: June 2006

Objectives: To ascertain whether specific immunological changes are associated with canine pericardial effusion due to idiopathic pericarditis. Methods: In this prospective study, serum antinuclear antibody and serum and pericardial fluid immunoglobulin (Ig) G, Ig M and Ig A concentrations were measured in dogs with pericardial effusion due to idiopathic pericarditis or pericardial neoplasia. The secretory index relative to albumin concentration was calculated in order to distinguish between Ig actively secreted into the pericardial fluid and that derived from the blood accumulating within the pericardial sac. Statistical analysis was performed comparing the results obtained between the two groups of dogs. Results: Only three dogs were antinuclear antibody positive; two of these dogs had idiopathic pericarditis and one had neoplasia. Mean serum Ig M and Ig A concentrations were lower than the reference values in both groups, and the secretory indices for Ig M and Ig A were greater than 1·0. However, there was no significant difference with respect to any Ig measurement between the two groups of dogs (P>0·1). Clinical Significance: The results of the present study do not support the hypothesis that canine idiopathic pericarditis has a significant ‘immune‐mediated’ aetiology or immunological features that distinguish it from the pericardial changes associated with local neoplastic disease.
Climatology of Vertical Wind Shear over the Tropical Atlantic
Authors: Aiyyer Anantha R. , Thorncroft Chris 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The spatiotemporal variability of the 200–850-hPa vertical wind shear over the tropical Atlantic is examined for a period of 46 yr. This work extends and updates past studies by considering a longer data record as well as a tropospheric-deep measure of vertical wind shear. Composite fields are constructed to illustrate the spatial pattern of the large-scale circulation associated with the mean and extreme cases of vertical shear within the tropical Atlantic. The contemporaneous relationship of vertical shear with El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Sahel precipitation are also examined. While the ENSO–shear correlation appears to have slightly strengthened during the past decade, the Sahel–shear correlation has become significantly degraded.
A combined empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the zonal and meridional components of the vertical shear reveals interannual and multidecadal modes. The leading EOF exhibits mainly interannual variability and is highly correlated with ENSO. The second EOF is associated with a multidecadal temporal evolution and is correlated with Sahel precipitation. Both EOFs correlate at the same level with tropical cyclones in the main development region of the tropical Atlantic.
Specification of Wintertime North American Surface Temperature
Authors: DelSole Timothy , Shukla J. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract
The extent to which wintertime North American surface temperature can be specified based on simultaneous sea surface temperature (SST) is quantified for the period 1982–98. The term specification indicates that the predictor and predictands are not lagged in time, as would be the case for true prediction. Four state-of-the-art general circulation models (GCMs) and linear empirical models with predictors derived from observations and dynamical models are considered. Predictors are derived from model hindcasts using principal component analysis (PCA), canonical correlation analysis (CCA), and discriminant analysis. The last technique has appeared in the climate literature, but its use in the present context appears new. A distinguishing feature of this paper is that several methods and models are compared in a common framework.
The specification skill of GCMs for the period 1982–98 is statistically significant in the northwestern region near Washington State, British Columbia, and central Canada, with some local correlations exceeding 0.6. The specification skill of GCMs is comparable to, or better than, the skill of the best empirical model for the particular 17-yr period examined.
No single specification strategy was found to improve the model hindcast skill in all cases. Predictors derived from discriminant analysis generally lead to larger skill than predictors based on PCA or CCA. The signal-to-noise ratio varies greatly among models and appears to be, if anything, inversely related to the specification skill when discriminants are used as predictors. Predictors based on 500-hPa geopotential height can lead to specification skill at least as good as predictors based on land surface temperature. Evidence is presented for the existence of at least two distinct dynamically predictable components of land surface temperature arising from two distinct “flavors” of SST anomalies associated with El Niño and La Niña.