bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bending the Automation Bias Curve: A Study of Human and AI-Based Decision Making in National Security Contexts
Authors: Horowitz Michael C , Kahn Lauren 
Published: April 2024

AbstractUses of artificial intelligence (AI) are growing around the world. What will influence AI adoption in the international security realm? Research on automation bias suggests that humans can often be overconfident in AI, whereas research on algorithm aversion shows that, as the stakes of a decision rise, humans become more cautious about trusting algorithms. We theorize about the relationship between background knowledge about AI, trust in AI, and how these interact with other factors to influence the probability of automation bias in the international security context. We test these in a preregistered task identification experiment across a representative sample of 9,000 adults in nine countries with varying levels of AI industries. The results strongly support the theory, especially concerning AI background knowledge. A version of the Dunning–Kruger effect appears to be at play, whereby those with the lowest level of experience with AI are slightly more likely to be algorithm-averse, then automation bias occurs at lower levels of knowledge before leveling off as a respondent’s AI background reaches the highest levels. Additional results show effects from the task’s difficulty, overall AI trust, and whether a human or AI decision aid is described as highly competent or less competent.
Catching Fire: How National Humiliation Spreads Hostile Foreign Policy Preferences on Chinese Social Media
Authors: Masterson Michael 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Research shows that emotions alter preferences, which are central to many models of political choice. However, how can theories that explain individual-level preference change explain policy outcomes, which usually take place at higher levels of analysis? I outline three competing approaches to this question, ultimately building on the third approach, which argues that emotions can spread through emotional contagion within identity groups. This implies emotions can broadly shift preferences towards or away from conflict during crises. It also explains how identities, which are relatively constant over the medium term, can suddenly become fault lines in a conflict. I find supporting evidence using a large (more than 1.6 billion posts) nationally representative data set of Chinese social media posts. Users’ national humiliation posts lead their followers to become more likely to make posts about national humiliation, suggesting contagion, and about using military force and maintaining territorial disputes, suggesting preference change.
Analysis of ester-producing performance in high-yield ethyl hexanoate yeast and the effect on metabolites in bio- enhanced Daqu, the starter for Baijiu and other traditional fermented foods
Authors: Zhao He , Du Binghao , Zhao Pengju , Chen Xi , Zhao Jingrong , Wu Qiuhua , Zhu Lining , Ma Huifeng , Sun Baoguo , Min Weihong , Li Xiuting 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Aims
Ethyl hexanoate, one of the key flavor compounds in strong-flavor Baijiu. To improve the content of ethyl hexanoate in strong-flavor Baijiu, a functional strain with high yield of ethyl hexanoate was screened and its ester-producing performance was studied.

Methods and results
Upon identification, the strain was classified as Candida sp. and designated as ZY002. Under optimal fermentation conditions, the content of ethyl hexanoate synthesized by ZY002 can be as high as 170.56 mg L−1. A fermentation test was carried out using the ZY002 strain bioaugmented Daqu to verify the role of the strain applied to Baijiu brewing. It was found that strain ZY002 could not only improve the moisture and alcohol contents of fermented grains but also diminish the presence of reducing sugar and crude starch. Furthermore, it notably amplified the abundance of flavor compounds.

Conclusion
In this study, Candida sp. ZY002 with a high yield of ethyl hexanoate provided high-quality strain resources for the actual industrial production of Baijiu.
The standardized ileal digestible lysine-to-net energy ratio in the diets of sows to optimize milk nitrogen retention is dynamic during lactation
Authors: Watzeck Madelaine C , Huber Lee-Anne 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Fifty-two multiparous sows (average parity 3.1 ± 0.9 and initial BW 245.6 ± 32.5 kg) were used to evaluate the effects of dietary standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys-to-net energy (NE) ratios on nitrogen (N) utilization throughout a 24-d lactation period. Sows were randomly assigned to one of five isoenergetic feeding programs that provided equally spaced and increasing SID Lys-to-NE ratios between 2.79 and 5.50 g SID Lys/Mcal NE. The feeding programs were generated by blending the two extreme diets in varying proportions and were provided to sows immediately after farrowing (day 1) and until weaning at day 24 ± 1. Nitrogen balances were conducted between days 4 and 7, 12 and 15, and 20 and 23 ± 1 of lactation to represent weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively, using total urine collection and fecal grab sampling. Contrast statements were used to determine the linear and quadratic effects of increasing Lys-to-NE ratios. Linear and quadratic broken-line and polynomial quadratic (QPM) models were used to determine the optimum dietary Lys-to-NE ratios for N retention in milk. The Bayesian information criterion was used to assess the best fit. Feeding program did not influence sow average daily feed intake (5.8 ± 0.1 kg), BW change (−8.2 ± 3.1 kg), or change in back fat thickness (−2.6 ± 0.7 mm) over the 24-d lactation period, but piglet average daily gain increased with dietary SID Lys-to-NE ratio (linear; P &lt; 0.05). Sow N intake increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P &lt; 0.001). Whole-body N retention (N intake − N output in urine and feces) increased with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in all weeks (linear; P &lt; 0.05). The N retention in milk tended to increase then decrease with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio in weeks 1 and 2 (quadratic; P = 0.051 and P = 0.081) and the QPM showed optimal milk N retention at 4.28, 4.42, and 4.67 g Lys/Mcal NE for weeks 1, 2, and 3, respectively. Maternal N retention (N intake − N output in urine, feces, and milk) decreased and then increased in week 1 (quadratic; P &lt; 0.01) and increased in weeks 2 and 3 (linear; P &lt; 0.01) with increasing dietary Lys-to-NE ratio. Therefore, the SID Lys-to-NE ratio necessary to optimize milk N output is dynamic throughout lactation. A two-diet feeding program could be created to match optimal weekly or daily SID Lys-to-NE ratios, which could lead to improved piglet ADG and body weights at weaning.
Absenteeism, Productivity, and Relational Contracts Inside the Firm
Authors: Adhvaryu Achyuta , Gauthier Jean-François , Nyshadham Anant , Tamayo Jorge 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We study relational contracts among managers using unique data that tracks transfers of workers across teams in Indian ready-made garment factories. We focus on how relational contracts help managers cope with worker absenteeism shocks, which are frequent, often large, weakly correlated across teams, and which substantially reduce team productivity. Together these facts imply gains from sharing workers. We show that managers respond to shocks by lending and borrowing workers in a manner consistent with relational contracting, but many potentially beneficial transfers are unrealized. This is because managers’ primary relationships are with a very small subset of potential partners. A borrowing event studies around main trading partners’ separations from the firm reinforces the importance of relationships. We show robustness to excluding worker moves least likely to reflect relational borrowing responses to idiosyncratic absenteeism shocks. Counterfactual simulations reveal large gains to reducing costs associated with forming and maintaining additional relationships among managers.
Three Arguments Against Institutional Conscientious Objection, and Why They Are (Metaphysically) Unconvincing
Authors: Symons Xavier , Chua Reginald Mary 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
The past decade has seen a burgeoning of scholarly interest in conscientious objection in healthcare. While the literature to date has focused primarily on individual healthcare practitioners who object to participation in morally controversial procedures, in this article we consider a different albeit related issue, namely, whether publicly funded healthcare institutions should be required to provide morally controversial services such as abortions, emergency contraception, voluntary sterilizations, and voluntary euthanasia. Substantive debates about institutional responsibility have remained largely at the level of first-order ethical debate over medical practices which institutions have refused to offer; in this article, we argue that more fundamental questions about the metaphysics of institutions provide a neglected avenue for understanding the basis of institutional conscientious objection. To do so, we articulate a metaphysical model of institutional conscience, and consider three well-known arguments for undermining institutional conscientious objection in light of this model. We show how our metaphysical analysis of institutions creates difficulties for justifying sanctions on institutions that conscientiously object. Thus, we argue, questions about the metaphysics of institutions are deserving of serious attention from both critics and defenders of institutional conscientious objection.
Feeling our place in the world: an active inference account of self-esteem
Authors: Albarracin Mahault , Bouchard-Joly Gabriel , Sheikhbahaee Zahra , Miller Mark , Pitliya Riddhi J , Poirier Pierre 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Self-esteem, the evaluation of one’s own worth or value, is a critical aspect of psychological well-being and mental health. In this paper, we propose an active inference account of self-esteem, casting it as a sociometer or an inferential capacity to interpret one’s standing within a social group. This approach allows us to explore the interaction between an individual’s self-perception and the expectations of their social environment.When there is a mismatch between these perceptions and expectations, the individual needs to adjust their actions or update their self-perception to better align with their current experiences. We also consider this hypothesis in relation with recent research on affective inference, suggesting that self-esteem enables the individual to track and respond to this discrepancy through affective states such as anxiety or positive affect. By acting as an inferential sociometer, self-esteem allows individuals to navigate and adapt to their social environment, ultimately impacting their psychological well-being and mental health.
Candida spp. Deep Sternal Wound Infections: A Consequence of Antibiotic use?
Authors: McNeil Thomas , Coats Joanna , Daniel Santhosh , Gordon David 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
A cluster of deep sternal wound infections caused by Candida spp. occurred at our institution. Investigation did not disclose a common environmental source. We postulate that broad-spectrum antibiotic surgical prophylaxis and liberal use of antibiotics contributed to these infections.
Are DNA Repair Gene Alterations Associated With the Response to Platinum-Based Regimen and Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors in Patients With Solid Tumors?
Authors: Chabot Clément , Italiano Antoine , Crombé Amandine , Soubeyran Isabelle , Laizet Yech’an , Khalifa Emmanuel , Cousin Sophie 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
We analyzed the antitumor activity of platinum-based chemotherapies and then immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) in all-comers patients with solid tumors having a somatic DNA damage repair gene alteration (DDR-GA) identified through a prospective precision medicine study (NCT02534649). Each DDR-GA was classified as pathogenic (Pa), probably pathogenic (PPa), and unknown pathogenicity (UPa) according to OncoKB and ClinVAR databases. Between January 2018 and May 2020, 662 patients were screened. One hundred ninety-nine tumors with DDR-GA were found in 121 (18.3%) patients. Ninety-six patients received platinum-based chemotherapy in the advanced setting. No difference in objective response rate (ORR) under platinum regimen was observed between the 3 DDR-GA groups. The only predictor of worse progression-free survival (PFS) in Cox regression was the existence of a Pa alteration compared to the UPa group: HR = 2.11 (95% CI = 1.2-3.7), P = .009. Forty-eight patients received ICI alone or in combination. We observed a significant trend in better ORR to ICI according to the DDR-GA status: 1/11 (9%) patients in UPa, 5/17 (29.4%) patients in PPa, and 9/20 (45%) patients in Pa (P = .003, Cochran-Armitage trend test), and an increased 6-month PFS probability of 11%, 44%, and 50% in the UPa, PPa, and Pa groups, respectively (P = .37, log-rank test). Overall, somatic pathogenic DDR-GAs were not associated with ORR or PFS to platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with unselected advanced solid tumors. However, DDR-GA seemed to impact ORR and PFS to ICI, paving the way for a therapeutic combination with ICI and molecules targeting the DDR mechanisms, which are currently evaluated in ongoing clinical trials.
Storage, Disposal, and Use of Opioids Among Cancer Patients in Central China: A Multi-Center Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Zhang Mi , Chen Huili , Luo Chenxi , Wang Xuanxuan , Liu Liang , Wu Dongfang , Cheng Hong 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Objective
Unsafe opioid-related practices can lead to abuse, diversion, and accidental overdoses. In this study, we aimed to describe the patterns and beliefs regarding the storage, disposal, and use of opioids among Chinese patients with cancer in their home settings, which remain unclear.

Methods
A multicenter cross-sectional survey was conducted in Hubei Province from October 2022 to June 2023. We collected information on the storage, disposal, and use of opioids among cancer pain inpatients in the oncology department. Logistic regression was used to estimate the factors associated with unsafe disposal and use of opioids.

Results
The survey included 221 patients with a median age of 62 years. Only 3.2% stored their opioids under lock and key, and 49.8% were unaware of proper disposal methods. Nearly one-fifth (19.5%) reported having received information on the safe storage (14.0%) and/or disposal (10.0%) of opioids. A total of 44.3% reported unsafe use by sharing (1.8%), losing (4.1%), or taking opioids at a higher dose than prescribed (42.5%). Patients who did not receive information on the safe disposal of opioids (OR = 4.57, P = .0423), had a history of alcohol use (OR = 1.91, P = .0399), and used opioids other than morphine (OR = 2.31, P = .0461) had higher odds of unsafe disposal practices. Individuals with an associate degree/bachelor’s degree or above were less likely to dispose of (OR = 0.36, P = .0261) and use (OR = 0.31, P = .0127) opioids unsafely.

Conclusion
A significant proportion of Chinese patients with cancer exhibit unsafe practices in the storage, disposal, and use of opioids. The study highlights an urgent need for implementing routine education programs and drug “take-back” initiatives to improve opioid-related practices.
Natural disasters as a public health issue
Authors: Maboloc Christopher Ryan 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
This paper explains why natural disasters are a public health issue. A case in point is the Masara landslide in Maco Town, the Philippines. Public health concerns are not just the physical but also the ‘total well-being of persons’. Classifying natural calamities as a concern related to public health will give a sense of urgency on the matter and thereby encourage governments to act on the negative effects of climate change, especially in developing countries.
Evolution of exploitation and replication of giant viruses and virophages
Authors: del Arco Ana , Fischer Matthias G , Becks Lutz 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Tripartite biotic interactions are inherently complex, and the strong interdependence of species and often one-sided exploitation can make these systems vulnerable to extinction. The persistence of species depends then on the balance between exploitation and avoidance of exploitation beyond the point where sustainable resource use is no longer possible. We used this general prediction to test the potential role of trait evolution for persistence in a tripartite microbial system consisting of a marine heterotrophic flagellate preyed upon by a giant virus, which in turn is parasitized by a virophage. Host and virophage may benefit from this interaction because the virophage reduces the harmful effects of the giant virus on the host population and the virophage can persist integrated into the host genome when giant viruses are scarce. We grew hosts and virus in the presence and absence of the virophage over ∼280 host generations and tested whether levels of exploitation and replication in the giant virus and/or virophage population evolved over the course of the experiment, and whether the changes were such that they could avoid overexploitation and extinction. We found that the giant virus evolved toward lower levels of replication and the virophage evolved toward increased replication but decreased exploitation of the giant virus. These changes reduced overall host exploitation by the virus and virus exploitation by the virophage and are predicted to facilitate persistence.
Circadian disturbances by altering the light–dark cycle negatively affects hematopoietic function of bone marrow in mice
Authors: Yang Honglian , Zhao Guojie , Lu Yue , Ma Kefeng , Gao Xiujie , She Xiaojun , Zhu Yingwen , Wang Kun , Du Lianqun , Wang Ying , Xi Zhuge , Cui Bo 
Published: April 2024

AbstractCircadian rhythms in metabolically active tissues are crucial for maintaining physical health. Circadian disturbance (CD) can cause various health issues, such as metabolic abnormalities and immune and cognitive dysfunctions. However, studies on the role of CD in immune cell development and differentiation, as well as the rhythmic expression of the core clock genes and their altered expression under CD, remain unclear. Therefore, we exposed C57bl/6j mice to repeated reversed light–dark cycles for 90 days to research the effects of CD on bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic function. We also researched the effects of CD on endogenous circadian rhythms, temporally dependent expression in peripheral blood and myeloid leukocytes, environmental homeostasis within BM, and circadian oscillations of hematopoietic–extrinsic cues. Our results confirmed that when the light and dark cycles around mice were frequently reversed, the circadian rhythmic expression of the two main circadian rhythm markers, the hypothalamic clock gene, and serum melatonin, was disturbed, indicating that the body was in a state of endogenous CD. Furthermore, CD altered the temporally dependent expression of peripheral blood and BM leukocytes and destroyed environmental homeostasis within the BM as well as circadian oscillations of hematopoietic–extrinsic cues, which may negatively affect BM hematopoiesis in mice. Collectively, these results demonstrate that circadian rhythms are vital for maintaining health and suggest that the association between CD and hematopoietic dysfunction warrants further investigation.
Beyond the Procedure Log: Using Individualized Learning Plans to Set Learner-Specific Milestones for Procedural Skills Acquisition
Authors: Dyster Timothy , Santhosh Lekshmi 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Procedural training for nonsurgical fields, such as internal medicine, is an important component of medical education. However, recent changes to accreditation guidelines have resulted in less formal guidance on procedural competency, not only leading to opportunities for individualizing training but also creating potential problems for trainees and training programs. In this article, the authors use internal medicine as an exemplar to review current strategies for procedural education in nonsurgical fields, including procedural simulation, dedicated procedural rotations, and advanced subspecialty training, and highlight an emerging need for learner-specific terminal milestones in procedural training. Individualized learning plans (ILPs), collections of trainee-specific objectives for learning, are arguably a useful strategy for organizing procedural training. The role of ILPs as a framework to support setting learner-specific terminal milestones, guide skill acquisition, and allocate procedural learning opportunities based on trainees’ anticipated career plans is subsequently explored, and how an ILP-based approach might be implemented within the complex educational milieu of a clinical training program is examined. The limitations and pitfalls of an ILP-based approach, including the need for development of coaching programs, are considered. The authors conclude that, despite the limitations of ILPs, when combined with other current strategies for building trainees’ procedural competence, these plans may help trainees maximize the educational benefits of their training period and can encourage effective, safer, and equitable allocation of procedural practice opportunities.
Systems-Based Practice in Graduate Medical Education: Evolving Toward an Ideal Future State
Authors: Bhate Tahara D. , Sukhera Javeed , Litwin Sasha , Chan Teresa M. , Wong Brian M. , Smeraglio Andrea 
Published: April 2024

Abstract
Systems-based practice (SBP) was first introduced as a core competency in graduate medical education (GME) in 2002 by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education as part of the Outcomes Project. While inclusion of SBP content in GME has become increasingly common, there have also been well-documented stumbling blocks, including perceptions that SBP has eroded the amount of curricular time available for more medically focused competencies, is not relevant for some practice contexts, and is not introduced early enough in training. As a result, SBP learning experiences often feel disconnected from medical trainees’ practical reality. In this commentary, the authors provide guidance regarding potential changes that may facilitate the evolution of SBP toward an ideal future state where graduates bring a systems science mindset to all aspects of their work. Specific suggestions include the following: (1) expanding the SBP toolbox to reflect current-day health system needs, (2) evolve the teaching methodology, (3) broadening the scope of relevant SBP content areas, and (4) emphasizing SBP as an integrated responsibility for all health care team members. Levers to enact this transformation exist and must be used to influence change at the learner, faculty, program, and clinical learning environment levels.
Physicians operate within an increasingly complex health care system that highlights the intersection of health care with complex social, environmental, and relational contexts. Consequently, the role of SBP in both physician work responsibilities and educational requirements continues to expand. To meet this growing demand, GME must adapt how it supports and trains the next generation of systems thinkers, ensuring they understand how levers in the health care system directly affect health outcomes for their patients, and integrate SBP into the foundation of GME curricula in an inclusive, holistic, and unrestrained way.