bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of possible links between the clinical expression of paratuberculosis and deficiency of macro and micro‐nutrients
Authors: LUGTON IW 
Published: March 2008

Published information on aspects of the epidemiology of paratuberculosis was reviewed to examine the hypothesis that clinical expression of disease may be induced by deficiencies or imbalances of micronutrients.The progression of paratuberculosis and the development of clinical signs, although innately linked with the process of becoming infected withMycobacterium aviumsubspparatuberculosis, are mostly controlled by factors other than those predisposing to the acquisition of the organisms.There is strong evidence in the literature reviewed to suggest that soil acidification, excesses of iron and molybdenum, and deficiencies in copper and selenium and possibly other minerals and trace elements have a role in the disease process. The fact that no single nutritional supplement has been consistently found to produce clinical recovery suggests that the causal role of these factors is complex and may vary depending upon the geochemical environment. Altering the nutritional environment by appropriate trace element supplementation and liming, as well as decreasing the reliance on shallow‐rooted pastures needing frequent fertiliser applications may assist in controlling the clinical expression of paratuberculosis. Such measures could produce a significant decrease in the incidence of clinical expression across flocks and herds.
Efficacy of cyclosporin in the treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs ‐ combined results from two veterinary dermatology referral centres
Authors: BURTON G , BURROWS A , WALKER R , ROBSON D , BASSETT R , BRYDEN S , HILL A 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of cyclosporin in controlling the clinical signs associated with atopic dermatitis in dogs under Australian field conditions. Design A multicentre prospective clinical investigation of the use of cyclosporin in 41 dogs with atopic dermatitis. Procedure Dogs were treated with cyclosporin (5 mg/kg orally once daily with food) for 6 weeks. Four clinical parameters of severity of atopic dermatitis were measured on Day 0 and on Day 42 using a 0 to 4 scoring system. Individual variables were then combined to form a Global Score. Both client and clinician observed pruritus scores were combined to form a Pruritus Score. Pre‐ and post‐treatment scores were statistically analysed. The difference in results between the two investigators was also recorded and analysed. Results All dogs showed a marked reduction in pruritus and erythema during the 6‐week treatment period. All dogs showed a significant (P < 0.001) improvement in clinical lesion scores and Global Score (P < 0.001). The mean percentage improvement in Global Score from Day 0 to Day 42 was 83.9%. The mean percentage improvement in Pruritus Score from Day 0 to Day 42 was 83%.The medication was well tolerated. Side effects such as vomiting, diarrhoea and soft stools were observed in four dogs. Another four dogs developed bacterial pyoderma during the trial period. There was no significant difference in results between the two centres. Conclusion Cyclosporin was well tolerated and efficacious in the symptomatic treatment of atopic dermatitis in dogs attending two veterinary dermatology referral centres in Australia, under Australian field conditions, when administered at 5 mg/kg/day for 6 weeks.
Reassessment of the toxicity of Hypericum perforatum (St John's wort) for cattle
Authors: BOURKE CA , WHITE JG 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the clinical effect of administering sufficient Hypericum perforatum to cattle to deliver quadruple the reported oral toxic dose. Animals Thirty‐six yearling Hereford (n = 18) and Angus (n = 18) steers. Design A series of six experiments was conducted, each using 12 animals in a 22 factorial Design, with two breeds of cattle (Hereford, Angus) and two dose levels of hypericin, 1.5 mg/kg (treated group) and 0 mg/kg (control group). Each set of 12 steers was used in duplicate experiments, with all animals alternated between treated and control groups. Procedures Treated groups received finely milled H perforatum administered orally in gelatin capsules to provide 1.5 mg hypericin/kg body weight. All cattle were then exposed to direct sunlight for 5 h per day for 5 successive days. Rectal temperatures were measured immediately before and at the end of each sunlight exposure session. Rectal temperature above 40C, together with some other clinical sign of hypericin poisoning, was considered indicative of intoxication. Results No animals developed a rectal temperature above 40C or other clinical signs of hypericin poisoning. Conclusions While the reported bovine oral toxic dose of 3 g dried plant/kg body weight, for flowering stage, presumed narrow leaved biotype, H perforatum, is probably correct, the corresponding dose for hypericin of 0.37 mg/kg is incorrect. Based on its known concentration in this plant the toxic dose of hypericin for partially pigmented Hereford‐cross cattle is estimated at about 10.5 mg/kg body weight and more than this for fully pigmented cattle. This would imply that cattle of the former type should be about three and a half times better protected against H perforatum toxicity than are unpigmented, wool protected, Merino sheep. Cattle, particularly if fully pigmented, may have a role in grazing management to control H perforatum.
A retrospective report of 90 dogs with suspected cane toad (Bufo marinus) toxicity
Authors: REEVES MP 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo report the clinical characteristics of toad toxicity in domestic dogs in Brisbane.DesignA retrospective analysis of clinical cases.ProcedureAll cases of toad poisoning which presented to a northern suburbs emergency clinic in Brisbane over a 30‐month period beginning in April 1999 were reviewed.ResultsA total of 90 canine cases of suspected toad poisoning were reviewed. Small breed dogs accounted for 76% of cases. Jack Russell, Silky, and Fox Terriers were the most represented breeds. Cases were reported year round, with fewest cases over the winter months. The most common clinical signs were increased salivation (78% of cases), and red oral mucous membranes (63% cases). Seizures occurred in 31% of cases. Generally the outcome was excellent with 96% survival.
Specificity of an immunochromato‐graphic test for anthrax
Authors: MULLER JD , WILKS CR , O'RILEY KJ , CONDRON RJ , BULL R. , MATECZUN A. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractObjective To evaluate the specificity of an immunochromatographic test (ICT) for anthrax in cattle.Design A comparison of an ICT with blood smear and culture in uninfected cattle.Procedure Two hundred and forty blood samples were collected from dead cattle at two knackeries within Victoria and tested on‐site with an ICT for the detection of protective antigen (PA) of Bacillus anthracis. Blood smears were prepared on‐site and blood samples transported to the laboratory for aerobic and anaerobic culture. The results of the ICT were compared with blood smear and culture. Animals were regarded as not infected with B anthracis if the organism was not detected in a stained blood smear or on culture.Ten healthy yearling cattle were vaccinated with live spore anthrax vaccine and blood samples collected on days 0 to 7 and day 15 were tested in the ICT for the presence of PA.Results All blood samples from the 240 knackery cattle were ICT, smear and culture negative. All blood samples from the 10 vaccinated cattle were ICT negative.Conclusion The ICT is a test with high specificity in cattle (98.5 to 100%; 95%CI) and recent vaccination of cattle does not give rise to positive reactions.
Inefficacy of selegiline in treatment of canine pituitary‐dependent hyper‐adrenocorticism
Authors: BRADDOCK JA , CHURCH DB , ROBERTSON ID , WATSON ADJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate selegiline, a monoamine oxidase‐B inhibitor, for treating dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism.DesignProspective clinical trial using client‐owned dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated at The University Veterinary Centre, Sydney, from September 1999 to July 2001.ProcedureEleven dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism treated with selegiline were monitored at days 10, 30 and 90 by clinical examination, tetracosactrin stimulation testing, urinary corticoid:creatinine ratio measurement and client questionnaire. Endogenous adrenocorticotropic hormone measurements were also performed on most dogs on days 0 and 90.ResultsNo dog treated with selegiline had satisfactory control of disease.ConclusionSelegiline administration was safe and free of side‐effects at the doses used, but did not satisfactorily control disease in pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism affected dogs.
Radiographic changes in elbow dysplasia following ulnar osteotomy – a case report and review of the literature
Authors: SNELLING SR , LAVELLE RB 
Published: March 2008

This case report describes the results of bilateral elbow arthrotomy and a unilateral ulnar osteotomy in a 10‐month‐old dog with bilateral elbow dysplasia. Fragmented coronoid processes were removed from both joints via bilateral medial arthrotomies. On the right side an ulnar osteotomy was also performed using a caudolateral approach. Bilateral flexed lateral elbow radiographs taken before surgery and 5 months postoperatively were assessed for changes in osteophyte size on the anconeal process, caudal epicondylar ridge and radial head.Osteophytes on the anconeal process and caudal epicondylar ridge disappeared over the postoperative period in the joint that received an ulnar osteotomy. In the contralateral joint the size of the oesteophytes on the anconeal process and caudal epicondylar ridge increased in size during the same period.
An evaluation of the role of antibodies toActinobacillus pleuropneumoniaeserovar 1 and 15 in the protection provided by sub‐unit and live streptomycin‐dependent pleuropneumonia vaccines
Authors: TUMAMAOa JQ , BOWLES RE , VAN DEN BOSCH H , KLAASEN HLBM , FENWICK BW , BLACKALL PJ 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate the serological response of pigs receiving either the Porcilis APP vaccine or a modified live vaccine based on a streptomycin‐dependent (SD) strain ofActinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, and then challenged with an Australian isolate ofA pleuropneumoniaeof either serovar 1 or 15 as a means of understanding the protection provided by both vaccines against serovar 1 but not against serovar 15.DesignThe serological tests evaluated were serovarspecific polysaccharide ELISA tests (for serovar 1 and 15), ELISA tests for antibodies to threeA pleuropneumoniaetoxins (ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII) as well as to a 42 kDa outer membrane protein (OMP), a haemolysin neutralisation (HN) assay and immunoblotting. The tests were used to detect antibodies in vaccinated pigs that had been shown to be protected against serovar 1 but not serovar 15.ResultsIn the polysaccharide antigen ELISA assays, both vaccines resulted in a significant rise in the titre in the serovar 1 ELISA but not the serovar 15 ELISA. The Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed a significant response in the ApxI, ApxIII and 42 kDa OMP ELISA. In the ApxII ELISA, all pigs tested (the Porcilis APP vaccinates and the controls) were positive on entry to the trial. In the HN assay, the Porcilis APP vaccinated pigs showed a significant response after one dose while the SD vaccinated pigs required two doses of vaccine before a marked rise in titre was induced. Immunoblotting revealed that neither vaccine generated antibodies that recognised the ApxIII produced by serovar 15.ConclusionsThe failure of these vaccines to provide protection against serovar 15 may be due to novel virulence factors possessed by serovar 15, significant differences between the ApxIII toxin of serovar 15 and those present in the Porcilis APP vaccine or failure by both vaccines to induce antibodies to the serovar 15 specific polysaccharide.
Evaluation of four warming procedures to minimise heat loss induced by anaesthesia and surgery in dogs
Authors: TAN C , GOVENDIR M , ZAKI S , MIYAKE Y , PACKIARAJAH P , MALIK R 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the efficiency of four warming procedures, introduced after anaesthetic induction and continued during surgery, in minimising heat loss in anaesthetised dogs. Design Dogs were paired. One of each pair was a control; the other was subjected to one of four warming procedures. Methods Ninety‐six dogs were involved in total. Pairs of dogs were matched for breed, hair length, and type of surgical procedure and placed adjacent to each other in a large temperature‐controlled surgical theatre. One dog within each pair was assigned to one of four warming procedures that commenced immediately after anaesthetic induction. Group 1 (11 pairs) were placed on a purpose‐designed prewarmed (41°C) electrically heated pad. Group 2 (18 pairs) were placed on a prewarmed electric heat pad (41°C), cocooned by four wrapped water bottles (initially 41°C) and subjected to radiant heat (150 watt lamp placed 50 cm away from the head of the dog). Group 3 (11 pairs) were surrounded by a forced air warming mattress (set at 43°C). Group 4 (8 pairs) were connected via the anaesthetic breathing circuit to a heater/humidifier (set at 41°C). Rectal temperature measurements were recorded every 15 min for the first 3 h of anaesthesia. The fall in rectal temperature of the control dog was subtracted from the fall in temperature of the treatment dog and this measurement was used to assess the efficacy of the various warming procedures. Results The mean rectal temperature of unheated 'control' dogs decreased 1.9 ± 0.6, 1.4 ± 0.4 and 1.1 ± 0.4°C over the first, second and third hour respectively. After 3 h the temperature fall differential for all groups were 0.7 ± 0.7 (Group 1), 3.1 ± 1.1 (Group 2), 2.4 ± 1.1 (Group 3) and 1.0 ± 1.1°C (Group 4). Thus the group 2 procedure was the most successful in preventing a drop of temperature followed by groups 3, 4 and 1. Conclusion Large dogs undergo significant reduction in core body temperature especially during the first 2 h of anaesthesia and surgery. Supplementary warming substantially reduces this fall in body temperature, although certain warming procedures were found to be more effective than others.
Occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in metropolitan Perth, Western Australia
Authors: BOXELL AC , GIBSON KT , HOBBS RP , THOMPSON RCA 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the occurrence of gastrointestinal parasites in horses in Perth. To apply polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of some species of encysted larval cyathostomes. Design Between February and September of 2000, the gastrointestinal tracts of 29 horses submitted to a local knackery and Murdoch University Veterinary hospital in Perth were examined post mortem for the presence of gastrointestinal parasites. Procedure The gastrointestinal tract was divided into six sections, which were screened for the presence of parasites such as Gasterophilus sp, Anoplocephala sp and Parascaris equorum. Samples of contents were taken for worm counts. Results Cyathostomes were found in 28 of the 29 horses. Eighteen species of gastrointestinal helminths were identified. Twelve of these were cyathostomes, with the four most common species being Cyathostomum catinatum, Cylicocyclus nassatus, Cylicostephanus longibursatus and Cylicostephanus goldi. The large strongyle, Triodontophorus serratus, was found in three of the horses but species of Strongyluswere not found. Conclusions In contrast to a study conducted on horses from this region in 1985, cyathostomes were the most common gastrointestinal parasites found. The four most common cyathostome species found in the present study correlated well with findings of studies in other locations.The high number of cyathostomes may be due to the increase in resistance to anthelmintics among the species, and to improper anthelmintic use. The apparent reduction in number of large strongyles may be due to the widespread use of iver‐mectin, which is very effective against these parasites, and also possibly because some larvae may not have been detected.
Recent veterinary graduates over the last five decades: the first 10 years
Authors: HEATH TJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe changes that have occurred over the last five decades in the career paths of veterinarians during the first 10 years after they graduated. Design A questionnaire, sent by mail. Procedure A questionnaire seeking information on experiences as a recent graduate was sent to about 100 veterinarians who graduated in or about 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000, and 68% responded. Data were entered onto an Excel spreadsheet, and analysed with the SAS System 8 for Windows. Results Fifty years ago, about half of the graduates worked initially for a government under a cadetship contract. About half of them then left the government, mainly for mixed practice, and >40% of the cohort remained in mixed practice. Cattle were > 40% of the case‐load over the first 10 years, and dogs and cats were 22% at both the first and tenth year. For graduates of 1970, the percentage in government service remained at 27 to 28% over the 10 years, but that in mixed practice decreased from 51 to 25% between the first and fifth year, and was then fairly constant. The percentage in small animal practice, much higher than for graduates of 1950 and 1960, was 37% in the first year, and 45% in the tenth year. Overall dogs and cats increased from 34 to 47% and that of cattle decreased from 39 to 25% of the case‐load between the first and tenth year. The graduates of 1990 continued the trends towards an exodus from mixed practice, and decrease in cattle (19 to 9%) and increase in dogs and cats (63 to 79%). Data from graduates of 2000 point to a continuation of these trends. Female graduates tended to concentrate in small animal practice in each of the 10 years after they graduated. Conclusions Over the last five decades, the career paths of veterinary graduates over their first 10 years have increasingly involved (a) leaving initial positions in mixed practice, (c) less work with production animals, and (c) more work with dogs and cats.
Interaction of saddle girth construction and tension on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during supramaximal treadmill exercise in horses
Authors: BOWERS J , SLOCOMBE RF , SIDES RH , BAYLY WM , KINGSTON JK 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the effect of girth construction and tension on respiratory mechanics and gas exchange during supramaximal treadmill exercise in horses.MethodsSix healthy detrained Thoroughbred horses were exercised on a treadmill inclined at 10% at 110% VOmax. Horses were instrumented for respiratory mechanics and gas exchange studies, and data were recorded during incremental exercise tests. The animals were exercised for 2 min at 40% VOmax, and samples and measurements were collected at 1 min 45 sec. After 2 min, speed was increased to that estimated at 110% VOmax and data was collected at 45 sec, 90 sec and every 30 sec thereafter at this speed until the horses fatigued. Horses were run on three occasions with the same racing saddle and saddle packing but using two different girths, either an elastic girth (EG) or a standard canvas girth (SCG) which is nonelastic. A run with 5 kg tension applied to a standard canvas girth was the control for each horse, with additional runs at 15 kg using either the standard canvas girth or using the elastic girth. The runs were randomised and tensions applied were measured at end exhalation whilst at rest.ResultsIncreasing girth tension was not associated with changes in respiratory mechanical or gas exchange properties. Although girths tightened to 15 kg tension had short run to fatigue times this was not found to be significantly different to girths set at 5 kg resting tension. Girth tensions declined at end exhalation in horses nearing fatigue.ConclusionsLoss in performance associated with high girth tensions is not due to alteration of respiratory mechanics. Loss in performance may be related to inspiratory muscles working at suboptimal lengths due to thoracic compression or compression of musculature around the chest. However, these changes are not reflected in altered respiratory mechanical or gas exchange properties measured during tidal breathing during supramaximal exercise. Other factors may hasten the onset of fatigue when horses exercise with tight girths and further studies are required to determine why excessively tight girths affect performance.
Assessment of antibodies to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in fox serum as an indicator of infection in sympatric rabbit populations
Authors: PHILBEY AW , KIRKLAND PD , SAUNDERS GR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the value of foxes as indicators of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in sympatric populations of rabbits. Design Serum samples from 341 foxes in central western New South Wales were tested for exposure to rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus using antibody cELISAs. Selected samples were tested for viral antigens by ELISA, viral nucleic acids by reverse transcriptase PCR and viral infectivity by rabbit inoculation. Results Antibodies against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus were first detected in foxes 4 months after rabbit haemorrhagic disease was observed in rabbits in the same area. There was evidence of exposure of foxes to the virus in two subsequent years. A proportion of antibody positive, inconclusive and negative serum samples from foxes gave false positive results in an antigen ELISA for rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus. These serum samples were negative for viral nucleic acid by reverse transcriptase PCR and for infectious virus by rabbit inoculation. Liver samples from foxes were negative for viral antigens. Conclusions Antibodies against rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus in fox serum can serve as an index of the occurrence of rabbit haemorrhagic disease in rabbit populations. Some fox serum samples exhibit false positive reactivity in an antigen ELISA for rabbit viral haemorrhagic disease virus.