bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting Effects of Colloid and Crystalloid Resuscitation Fluids on Cardiac Vascular Permeability
Authors: Jacob Matthias , Bruegger Dirk , Rehm Markus , Welsch Ulrich , Conzen Peter , Becker Bernhard F. 
Published: May 2006

Background
Fluid extravasation may lead to myocardial edema and consequent reduction in ventricular function. Albumin is presumed to interact with the endothelial glycocalyx. The authors' objective was to compare the impact of different resuscitation fluids (human albumin, hydroxyethyl starch, saline) on vascular integrity.

Methods
In an isolated perfused heart model (guinea pig), Krebs-Henseleit buffer was augmented with colloids (one third volume 5% albumin or 6% hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4) or crystalloid (0.9% saline). Perfusion pressure and vascular fluid filtration (epicardial transudate formation) were assessed at different flow rates. After global, stopped-flow ischemia (37 degrees C, 20 min), hearts were reperfused with the same resuscitation fluid additives. In a second series, the authors applied the respective perfusates after enzymatic digestion of the endothelial glycocalyx (heparinase, 10 U over 15 min).

Results
Both 5% albumin and 6% hydroxyethyl starch decreased fluid extravasation versus saline (68.4 +/- 5.9, 134.8 +/- 20.5, and 436.8 +/- 14.7 microl/min, respectively, at 60 cm H(2)O perfusion pressure; P < 0.05), the corresponding colloid osmotic pressures being 2.95, 5.45, and 0.00 mmHg. Digestion of the endothelial glycocalyx decreased coronary integrity in both colloid groups. After ischemia, a transient increase in vascular leak occurred with Krebs-Henseleit buffer containing hydroxyethyl starch and saline, but not with albumin. The authors observed no difference between intravascular and bulk interstitial colloid concentration in the steady state. Notwithstanding, electron microscopy revealed an intact endothelial glycocalyx and no interstitial edema in the albumin group.

Conclusion
Ex vivo, albumin more effectively prevented fluid extravasation in the heart than crystalloid or artificial colloid. This effect was partly independent of colloid osmotic pressure and may be attributable to an interaction of albumin with the endothelial glycocalyx.
Basal Heat Pain Thresholds Predict Opioid Analgesia in Patients with Postherpetic Neuralgia
Authors: Edwards Robert R. , Haythornthwaite Jennifer A. , Tella Prabhav , Max Mitchell B. , Raja Srinivasa 
Published: May 2006

Background
A variety of analgesics have been studied in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia, with several medications demonstrating some degree of efficacy. However, existing trials have documented large individual differences in treatment responses, and it is important to identify patient characteristics that predict the analgesic effectiveness of particular interventions. Several animal studies have indicated that reduced basal nociceptive sensitivity, in the form of relatively high heat pain thresholds, is associated with greater opioid analgesia, but this finding has not been applied to human studies of opioid treatment for chronic pain.

Methods
Using data from a previously published crossover trial of opioids and tricyclics in postherpetic neuralgia, the authors evaluated baseline thermal pain thresholds, assessed at a body site contralateral to the affected area, as a predictor of treatment responses.

Results
During opioid treatment, a greater reduction in pain and higher ratings of pain relief were observed in patients with relatively higher heat pain thresholds at baseline. Baseline pain thresholds did not predict responses to tricyclics or placebo. Interestingly, other individual-difference variables such as age and baseline pain intensity also significantly predicted opioid responses (i.e., higher baseline pain and younger age were related to greater opioid-associated pain reduction, with nearly 20% of the variance in opioid analgesia explained by these two factors).

Conclusions
These findings, which will require replication, suggest that pretreatment assessment of heat pain sensitivity might prove useful in identifying those patients most likely to respond to opioids.
Comparative Somatic and Visceral Antinociception and Neurotoxicity of Intrathecal Bupivacaine, Levobupivacaine, and Dextrobupivacaine in Rats
Authors: Muguruma Tomoko , Sakura Shinichi , Kirihara Yumiko , Saito Yoji 
Published: May 2006

Background
The current study investigated whether racemic bupivacaine and its S(-)- and R(+)-enantiomers, levobupivacaine and dextrobupivacaine, differ in somatic and visceral antinociception and neurotoxicity when administered intrathecally in rats.

Methods
In experiment 1, rats intrathecally received 15 microl saline or 0.125, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or dextrobupivacaine. The tail-flick and colorectal distension tests were performed to assess somatic and visceral antinociceptive effects, respectively, for 180 min after injection. In experiment 2, rats given 0.25% anesthetic solutions were evaluated with colorectal distension-induced response in blood pressure and heart rate. In experiment 3, four groups of rats received a 1-h infusion of saline or 2.5% bupivacaine, levobupivacaine, or dextrobupivacaine. Additional rats received either 1.25% bupivacaine or levobupivacaine for 1 h. Four days after infusion, animals were assessed for persistent sensory impairment using the tail-flick test. Spinal cords and nerve roots were obtained for histologic analysis.

Results
In experiment 1, the three drugs produced similar time course effects and dose-effect relations in tail-flick latency. Colorectal distension thresholds and motor paralysis were slightly lower and less apparent, respectively, at some concentrations in rats given levobupivacaine than in those given the other agents. In experiment 2, colorectal distension-induced response in heart rate was less depressed in rats given levobupivacaine than in those given the other anesthetics. In experiment 3, three groups of rats given 2.5% anesthetic solutions developed similar significant increases in tail-flick latency and incurred similar morphologic damage. Two groups of rats receiving 1.25% anesthetic solutions were similar in functional impairment and nerve injury scores.

Conclusions
The results suggest that, when administered intrathecally in rats, bupivacaine and its R(+)- and S(-)-enantiomers are similar for somatic antinociception and neurotoxicity but slightly different in visceral antinociception and motor paralysis, in which levobupivacaine is less potent than the others.
Mitigation of Direct Neurotoxic Effects of Lidocaine and Amitriptyline by Inhibition of p38 Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Lirk Philipp , Haller Ingrid , Myers Robert R. , Klimaschewski Lars , Kau Yi-Chuan , Hung Yu-Chun , Gerner Peter 
Published: May 2006

Background
Local anesthetic-induced direct neurotoxicity (paresthesia, failure to regain normal sensory and motor function) is a potentially devastating complication of regional anesthesia. Local anesthetics activate the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) system, which is involved in apoptotic cell death. The authors therefore investigated in vitro (cultured primary sensory neurons) and in vivo (sciatic nerve block model) the potential neuroprotective effect of the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 administered together with a clinical (lidocaine) or investigational (amitriptyline) local anesthetic.

Methods
Cell survival and mitochondrial depolarization as marker of apoptotic cell death was assessed in rat dorsal root ganglia incubated with lidocaine or amitriptyline either with or without the addition of SB203580. Similarly, in a sciatic nerve block model, the authors assessed wallerian degeneration by light microscopy to detect a potential mitigating effect of MAPK inhibition.

Results
Lidocaine at 40 mm/approximately 1% and amitriptyline at 100 microm reduce neuron count, but coincubation with the p38 MAPK inhibitor SB203580 at 10 mum significantly reduces cytotoxicity and the number of neurons exhibiting mitochondrial depolarization. Also, wallerian degeneration and demyelination induced by lidocaine (600 mm/approximately 15%) and amitriptyline (10 mm/approximately 0.3%) seem to be mitigated by SB203580.

Conclusions
The cytotoxic effect of lidocaine and amitriptyline in cultured dorsal root ganglia cells and the nerve degeneration in the rat sciatic nerve model seem, at least in part, to be mediated by apoptosis but seem efficiently blocked by an inhibitor of p38 MAPK, making it conceivable that coinjection might be useful in preventing local anesthetic-induced neurotoxicity.
Blockade of the Complement C5a Receptor Reduces Incisional Allodynia, Edema, and Cytokine Expression
Authors: Clark J David , Qiao Yanli , Li Xiangqi , Shi Xiaoyou , Angst Martin S. , Yeomans David C. 
Published: May 2006

Background
Activation of the complement system is one component of the inflammatory response. Various components of the complement system participate in killing foreign organisms, recruiting immune cells, enhancing edema, and stimulating cytokine formation. Complement-mediated enhancement of the inflammation surrounding surgical incisions may increase pain.

Methods
In these studies, the authors used a murine hind paw incisional model to study the role of the complement C5a receptor in supporting incisional inflammation. At baseline and at various time points after incision, they measured the effects of a highly selective C5a receptor antagonist on nociceptive thresholds, edema formation, and cytokine production in the skin surrounding the incision. They also measured changes in C5a receptor expression near the incisions.

Results
The once-daily injection of the C5a receptor antagonist AcF-[OPdChaWR] reduced mechanical allodynia and edema in the incised hind paw. A multiplexed cytokine assay revealed that 8 of the 18 cytokines examined showed significant increases in skin tissue abundance after incision. Distinct time courses for the patterns of elevation were seen, though some degree of resolution occurred for all cytokines within 96 h. For 7 of these 8 cytokines, the C5a receptor antagonist reduced the enhancement of expression. In addition, the authors found that the C5a receptor messenger RNA level increased 15-fold in the skin surrounding the incisions within 24 h and then slowly declined.

Conclusions
The tissue directly surrounding incisions in mouse hind paws undergoes large changes in the content of specific cytokines in addition to demonstrating edema and nociceptive sensitization. By blocking the receptor for one component of the complement system, C5a, all of these changes can be reduced. Complement receptor inhibitors may constitute a novel group of compounds useful in reducing the pain and swelling of surgical incisions.
The MAP kinase‐encoding gene MgFus3 of the non‐appressorium phytopathogen Mycosphaerella graminicola is required for penetration and in vitro pycnidia formation
Authors: COUSIN ARNAUD , MEHRABI RAHIM , GUILLEROUX MORGANE , DUFRESNE MARIE , VAN DER LEE THEO , WAALWIJK CEES , LANGIN THIERRY , KEMA GERT H. J. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYIn eukaryotes, a family of serine/threonine protein kinases known as mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) is involved in the transduction of a variety of extracellular signals and in the regulation of growth and development. We identified a MAPK‐encoding gene in Mycosphaerella graminicola strain IPO323 with high homology to the orthologous Fus3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and designated it MgFus3. Early colony development of the MgFus3 mutants during in vitro growth was similar to those of the wild‐type and ectopic controls, but at the later stages of growth MgFus3 mutants did not become melanized, showed altered polarized growth and were unable to produce aerial mycelia. The MgFus3 mutants were non‐pathogenic, and detailed microscopic analyses revealed that they failed to colonize the mesophyll tissue owing to the inability to penetrate stomata. Unlike the wild‐type strain, MgFus3 mutants were unable to differentiate pycnidia on plant‐derived media. Thus, in addition to the crucial role of MgFus3 in the regulation of penetration, it may also be involved in regulating asexual fructification. Hence, MgFus3 can be regarded as a multifunctional pathogenicity factor of M. graminicola.
Signalling pathways connecting mycotoxin production and sporulation
Authors: BRODHAGEN MARION , KELLER NANCY P. 
Published: May 2006

SUMMARYMycotoxin contamination of food and feed presents a serious food safety issue on a global scale, causing tremendous yield and economic losses. These toxins, produced largely by members of the generaAspergillusandFusarium, represent a subset of the impressive array of secondary metabolites produced by filamentous fungi. Some secondary metabolites are associated temporally and functionally with sporulation. InAspergillusandFusarium, sporulation and mycotoxin production are both regulated by G protein signalling pathways. G protein signalling pathways commonly regulate fungal development, stress response and expression of virulence traits. In addition, fungal development is influenced by external factors. Among these are lipids, and in particular, oxylipin signals, which may be derived from either the fungus or infected seeds. Regardless of origin, oxylipins have the potential to elicit profound changes in both sporulation and mycotoxin production in the fungus. Signal transduction via G protein signalling pathways represents one mechanism by which oxylipin signals might elicit these changes. Therefore, in this review we integrate discussion of oxylipin signals and of G protein signalling cascades as regulators of fungal development.
Heat shock proteins form part of a danger signal cascade in response to lipopolysaccharide and GroEL
Authors: Davies E L , Bacelar M M F V G , Marshall M J , Johnson E , Wardle T D , Andrew S M , Williams J H H 
Published: May 2006

SummaryAn increasing number of cell types, including peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), have been demonstrated to release heat shock proteins (Hsps). In this paper we investigate further the hypothesis that Hsps are danger signals. PBMCs and Jurkat cells released Hsp70 (0.22 and 0.7 ng/106 cells, respectively) into medium over 24 h at 37°C. Release of Hsp70 was stimulated 10-fold by GroEL (P &lt; 0.001) and more than threefold by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (P &lt; 0.001). Although Hsp60 could be detected in the medium of cells cultured at 37°C for 24 h, the low rates of release were due probably to cell damage. Significant release of Hsp60 was observed when Jurkat cells were exposed to GroEL (2.88 ng/106 cells) or LPS (1.40 ng/106 cells). The data are consistent with the hypothesis that Hsp70 and Hsp60 are part of a danger signalling cascade in response to bacterial infection.
Early apoptosis of monocytes contributes to the pathogenesis of systemic inflammatory response and of bacterial translocation in an experimental model of multiple trauma
Authors: Efstathopoulos N , Tsaganos T , Giamarellos-Bourboulis E J , Kaldis P , Nicolaou V , Papalois A , Koutoukas P , Papachristou G , Giamarellou H 
Published: May 2006

Summary
The objective of this study was to investigate the occurrence of apoptosis of monocytes in an experimental model of multiple trauma and its probable correlation to bacterial translocation. Thirty-two rabbits were applied in three groups: A, controls; B, myotomy of the right femur; and C, myotomy and fracture of the right femur. Blood was sampled for the estimation of endotoxins [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, malondialdehyde (MDA) and isolation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs, derived after centrifugation over Ficoll, were incubated in flasks and apoptosis of non-adherent lymphocytes and adherent monocytes was estimated after staining for Annexin-V and flow cytometry. TNF-α of supernatants of cultured monocytes was also determined. Tissue segments were cultured after death. Median survival of groups A, B and C was &gt; 14, &gt; 14 and 9.00 days, respectively. Apoptosis of lymphocytes in group C was higher than group A at 2, 4 and 48 h and of monocytes in group C higher than group A at 2 and 4 hours. LPS in group C was higher than group A at 2, 4 and 48 h. Apoptosis of lymphocytes and monocytes was correlated positively with serum TNF-α and negatively with TNF-α of monocyte supernatants. Cultures of organ segments of group A were sterile. Pseudomonas aeruginosa was isolated from liver, lung and spleen in five animals in group B (45.45%) and in six in group C (54.54%). Early apoptosis of blood monocytes supervened after multiple trauma; the phenomenon was accompanied by apoptosis of blood lymphocytes and subsequent bacterial translocation.
Soil nutritional factors improve models of plant species distribution: an illustration with Acer campestre (L.) in France
Authors: Coudun Christophe , Gégout Jean‐Claude , Piedallu Christian , Rameau Jean‐Claude 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  To estimate the relative importance of climate and soil nutritional variables for predicting the distribution of Acer campestre (L.) in French forests.Location  France.Methods  We used presence/absence information for A. campestre in 3286 forest plots scattered all over France, coupled with climatic and edaphic data. More than 150 climatic variables (temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, evapotranspiration, water balance) were obtained using a digital elevation model (DEM) and a geographical information system (GIS). Six direct soil variables (pH, C/N ratio, base saturation rate, concentrations of calcium, magnesium and potassium) were available from EcoPlant, a phytoecological data base for French forests. Using a forward stepwise logistic regression technique, we derived two distinct predictive models for A. campestre; the first with climatic variables alone and the second with both climatic and edaphic variables.Results  The distribution of A. campestre was poorly modelled when including only climatic variables. The inclusion of edaphic variables significantly improved the quality of predictions for this species, allowing prediction of patches of presence/absence within the study region.Main conclusion  Soil nutritional variables may improve the performance of fine‐scale (grain) plant species distribution models.
Climate warming and the decline of amphibians and reptiles in Europe
Authors: Araújo M. B. , Thuiller W. , Pearson R. G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAim  We explore the relationship between current European distributions of amphibian and reptile species and observed climate, and project species potential distributions into the future. Potential impacts of climate warming are assessed by quantifying the magnitude and direction of modelled distributional shifts for every species. In particular we ask, first, what proportion of amphibian and reptile species are projected to lose and gain suitable climate space in the future? Secondly, do species projections vary according to taxonomic, spatial or environmental properties? And thirdly, what climate factors might be driving projections of loss or gain in suitable environments for species?Location  Europe.Methods  Distributions of species are modelled with four species–climate envelope techniques (artificial neural networks, generalized linear models, generalized additive models, and classification tree analyses) and distributions are projected into the future using five climate‐change scenarios for 2050. Future projections are made considering two extreme assumptions: species have unlimited dispersal ability and species have no dispersal ability. A novel hybrid approach for combining ensembles of forecasts is then used to group linearly covarying projections into clusters with reduced inter‐model variability.Results  We show that a great proportion of amphibian and reptile species are projected to expand distributions if dispersal is unlimited. This is because warming in the cooler northern ranges of species creates new opportunities for colonization. If species are unable to disperse, then most species are projected to lose range. Loss of suitable climate space for species is projected to occur mainly in the south‐west of Europe, including the Iberian Peninsula, whilst species in the south‐east are projected to gain suitable climate. This is because dry conditions in the south‐west are projected to increase, approaching the levels found in North Africa, where few amphibian species are able to persist.Main conclusions  The impact of increasing temperatures on amphibian and reptile species may be less deleterious than previously postulated; indeed, climate cooling would be more deleterious for the persistence of amphibian and reptile species than warming. The ability of species to cope with climate warming may, however, be offset by projected decreases in the availability of water. This should be particularly true for amphibians. Limited dispersal ability may further increase the vulnerability of amphibians and reptiles to changes in climate.
Acute Inflammatory and Neuropathic Pain in Lewis and Fischer Rats
Authors: Fecho K. , Valtschanoff J. G. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractInbred, histocompatible Lewis and Fischer 344 rats (LEW and FIS) have been used to identify an inverse relationship between hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis activity and susceptibility to autoimmune and chronic inflammatory disorders, with LEW showing blunted HPA axis activity and increased susceptibility toward the development of autoimmunity and chronic inflammation, and FIS showing the opposite relationship. In the present study, LEW and FIS were used to determine the relationship between HPA axis function and acute inflammatory pain (carrageenan‐induced hindpaw inflammation) and neuropathic pain (partial sciatic nerve ligation; PSNL). The results showed that carrageenan‐induced thermal and mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia were greater in FIS than in LEW. Similarly, FIS showed more carrageenan‐induced hindpaw swelling and higher levels of myeloperoxidase (a measure of neutrophils) in the carrageenan‐inflamed hindpaw. After PSNL, LEW showed a profound mechanical allodynia and hyperalgesia, whereas mechanical sensitivity in FIS was unaltered. However, FIS, but not LEW, developed thermal allodynia and hyperalgesia after PSNL. These results provide strong evidence for a positive relationship between HPA axis activity and acute inflammatory pain. The results also support a relationship between HPA axis activity and neuropathic pain, but the relationship is complex and may depend on the pain assay.
Analysis of oxidative signalling induced by ozone in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: MAHALINGAM RAMAMURTHY , JAMBUNATHAN NIRANJANI , GUNJAN SAMIR KUMAR , FAUSTIN ENOCK , WENG HUA , AYOUBI PATRICIA 
Published: May 2006

ABSTRACTWe are using acute ozone as an elicitor of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) to understand oxidative signalling in Arabidopsis. Temporal patterns of ROS following a 6 h exposure to 300 nL L−1 of ozone in ozone‐sensitive Wassilewskija (Ws‐0) ecotype showed a biphasic ROS burst with a smaller peak at 4 h and a larger peak at 16 h. This was accompanied by a nitric oxide (NO) burst that peaked at 9 h. An analysis of antioxidant levels showed that both ascorbate (AsA) and glutathione (GSH) were at their lowest levels, when ROS levels were high in ozone‐stressed plants. Whole genome expression profiling analysis at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 24 h after initiation of ozone treatment identified 371 differentially expressed genes. Early induction of proteolysis and hormone‐responsive genes indicated that an oxidative cell death pathway was triggered rapidly. Down‐regulation of genes involved in carbon utilization, energy pathways and signalling suggested an inefficient defense response. Comparisons with other large‐scale expression profiling studies indicated some overlap between genes induced by ethylene and ozone, and a significant overlap between genes repressed by ozone and methyl jasmonate treatment. Further, analysis of cis elements in the promoters of ozone‐responsive genes also supports the view that phytohormones play a significant role in ozone‐induced cell death.