bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ultrastructural aspects of fibre development during the stone groundwood process: New insights into derived pulp properties
Authors: Fernando Dinesh , Rosenberg Peter , Persson Erik , Daniel Geoffrey 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A study was performed on stone groundwood (SGW) pulps produced on a pilot scale. The behaviour of selected juvenile and mature Norway spruce wood samples was investigated. As revealed by standard tests, sheets formed from juvenile wood showed improved light scattering properties, improved tear and tensile strength, and higher sheet density compared to those formed from mature wood. Scanning electron microscopy indicated that the differences are likely related to the manner of fibre processing and development at the ultrastructural level. Mature wood fibres showed greater fibre end breakage, a smaller long-fibre fraction, enhanced S1 fibrillation and frequently open fibres. In contrast, juvenile fibres had a 14% higher long-fibre fraction and showed typical S2 fibrillation. Fibre development of juvenile wood showed fibrillation features similar to those previously reported for thermomechanical pulp fibres. In both cases, the structural hierarchy of the wood fibre cell wall and the microfibril angle of S2 and S1 layers govern cell-wall splitting and fibrillation progression. The superior quality of the fibre furnish prepared from juvenile fibres compared to mature fibres with SGW pulping may offer an alternative process for more effective utilisation of raw materials such as top logs rich in juvenile wood.
Lignin modification in the initial phase of softwood kraft pulp delignification with polyoxometalates (POMs)
Authors: Bujanovic Biljana , Ralph Sally A. , Reiner Richard S. , Atalla Rajai H. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Commercial softwood kraft pulp with kappa number 30.5 (KP30.5) was delignified with polyoxometalates (POM, Na5(+2)[SiV1(-0.1)MoW10(+0.1)O40]), and POM-treated kraft pulp of kappa number 23.6 was obtained (KPPOM,23.6). Residual lignin from pulps was isolated by mild acid hydrolysis and characterized by analytical and spectral methods to gain insight into lignin reactions taking place during the initial delignification phase. Lignin from POM-delignified pulp was isolated in lower yield. Comparative analysis of residual lignins (RL-KP30.5, RL-KPPOM,23.6) showed that POM leads to products enriched in carbonyl/carboxyl groups and carbohydrates. POM lignins have a lower molecular mass and a lower content of phenolic hydroxyl and methoxyl groups. Based on these results and FTIR spectra, we suggest that aromatic ring cleavage and quinone formation occur during POM delignification. The degree of lignin-cellulose association increases after POM delignification. Lignin-cellulose association was found to be partially unstable under mild alkaline conditions, as residual lignin isolated after alkaline extraction of KPPOM,23.6 pulp (RL-KPPOM/NaOH) exhibited lower glucose content, higher Klason lignin content, and less extraneous material.
Stabilization of peracetic acid with aspartic acid diethoxy succinate (AES)
Authors: Popov Evgeny , Välisaari Jouni , Vuorenpalo Veli-Matti , Hietapelto Vesa , Aksela Reijo , Eloranta Jussi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Stabilization of peracetic acid (PAA) by aspartic acid diethoxy succinate (AES) was studied by electron spin resonance, UV/Vis spectroscopy, electrospray ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and oxygen evolution measurements. The results indicate that Mn(II)-AES complexes may exist in both monomeric and dimeric forms. Dimerization is proposed to proceed via formation of an oxygen bridge between two Mn(II)-AES complexes. The equilibrium between these two forms depends strongly on pH, the monomeric form being favored under acidic conditions, while conditions close to neutral pH favor the dimeric form. In the presence of PAA, the dimer form was oxidized and finally yielded MnO2. Oxygen evolution measurements were carried out to demonstrate the efficiency of AES in stabilizing PAA solutions containing small amounts of Mn(II) impurities under acidic conditions.
Fluorescence spectroscopy for chromophore studies on bleached kraft pulps
Authors: Liukko Sirje , Tasapuro Ville , Liitiä Tiina 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Fluorescence techniques are highly sensitive and, since aromatic lignin is the most likely source of natural pulp fluorescence, they are suitable for detailed investigation of residual lignin in bleached pulps. Such investigations are important to our understanding of the bleachability and brightness reversion of pulps. In this study, the effect of bleaching on pulps was evaluated using fluorescence spectra of two softwood kraft pulps bleached in six elemental chlorine-free and totally chlorine-free sequences. Fluorescence spectra were recorded in each bleaching stage using four different instrument settings. In general, pulp fluorescence at excitation wavelengths of 270 and 350 nm increased as bleaching proceeded. Below a certain lignin content, however, pulp fluorescence measured at an excitation wavelength of 430 nm decreased with the residual lignin content. Carbonyl groups have a quenching effect on fluorescence, and the formation of carbonyl groups after oxygen and ozone delignification induced a decrease in pulp fluorescence. The increase in pulp fluorescence after peroxide bleaching stages was due to the removal of carbonyl groups. Reactions of chromophores during brightness reversion also had an effect on pulp fluorescence. These findings demonstrate that fluorescence spectroscopy provides an interesting tool for pulp bleaching studies.
Mobilization Techniques in Subjects With Frozen Shoulder Syndrome: Randomized Multiple-Treatment Trial
Authors: Yang Jing-lan , Chang Chein-wei , Chen Shiau-yee , Wang Shwu-Fen , Lin Jiu-jenq 
Published: August 2007

Background and PurposeThe purpose of this study was to compare the use of 3 mobilization techniques—end-range mobilization (ERM), mid-range mobilization (MRM), and mobilization with movement (MWM)—in the management of subjects with frozen shoulder syndrome (FSS).SubjectsTwenty-eight subjects with FSS were recruited.MethodsA multiple-treatment trial on 2 groups (A-B-A-C and A-C-A-B, where A=MRM, B=ERM, and C=MWM) was carried out. The duration of each treatment was 3 weeks, for a total of 12 weeks. Outcome measures included the functional score and shoulder kinematics.ResultsOverall, subjects in both groups improved over the 12 weeks. Statistically significant improvements were found in ERM and MWM. Additionally, MWM corrected scapulohumeral rhythm significantly better than ERM did.Discussion and ConclusionIn subjects with FSS, ERM and MWM were more effective than MRM in increasing mobility and functional ability. Movement strategies in terms of scapulohumeral rhythm improved after 3 weeks of MWM.
Differential Treatment Effects of Subgroup Analyses in Phase 3 Oncology Trials From 2004 to 2020
Authors: Sherry Alexander D. , Hahn Andrew W. , McCaw Zachary R. , Abi Jaoude Joseph , Kouzy Ramez , Lin Timothy A. , Minsky Bruce , Fuller C. David , Meirson Tomer , Msaouel Pavlos , Ludmir Ethan B. 
Published: March 2024

ImportanceSubgroup analyses are often performed in oncology to investigate differential treatment effects and may even constitute the basis for regulatory approvals. Current understanding of the features, results, and quality of subgroup analyses is limited.ObjectiveTo evaluate forest plot interpretability and credibility of differential treatment effect claims among oncology trials.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study included randomized phase 3 clinical oncology trials published prior to 2021. Trials were screened from ClinicalTrials.gov.Main Outcomes and MeasuresMissing visual elements in forest plots were defined as a missing point estimate or use of a linear x-axis scale for hazard and odds ratios. Multiplicity of testing control was recorded. Differential treatment effect claims were rated using the Instrument for Assessing the Credibility of Effect Modification Analyses. Linear and logistic regressions evaluated associations with outcomes.ResultsAmong 785 trials, 379 studies (48%) enrolling 331 653 patients reported a subgroup analysis. The forest plots of 43% of trials (156 of 363) were missing visual elements impeding interpretability. While 4148 subgroup effects were evaluated, only 1 trial (0.3%) controlled for multiple testing. On average, trials that did not meet the primary end point conducted 2 more subgroup effect tests compared with trials meeting the primary end point (95% CI, 0.59-3.43 tests; P = .006). A total of 101 differential treatment effects were claimed across 15% of trials (55 of 379). Interaction testing was missing in 53% of trials (29 of 55) claiming differential treatment effects. Trials not meeting the primary end point were associated with greater odds of no interaction testing (odds ratio, 4.47; 95% CI, 1.42-15.55, P = .01). The credibility of differential treatment effect claims was rated as low or very low in 93% of cases (94 of 101).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study of phase 3 oncology trials, nearly half of trials presented a subgroup analysis in their primary publication. However, forest plots of these subgroup analyses largely lacked essential features for interpretation, and most differential treatment effect claims were not supported. Oncology subgroup analyses should be interpreted with caution, and improvements to the quality of subgroup analyses are needed.
Area‐Selective Chemical Vapor Deposition of Gold by Electron Beam Seeding
Authors: Tsarapkin Aleksei , Maćkosz Krzysztof , Jureddy Chinmai Sai , Utke Ivo , Höflich Katja 
Published: March 2024

AbstractChemical vapor deposition (CVD) is an established method for producing high‐purity thin films, but it typically necessitates the pre‐ and post‐processing using a mask to produce structures. This study presents a novel maskless patterning technique that enables area‐selective CVD of gold. A focused electron beam is used to decompose the metal–organic precursor Au(acac)Me2 locally, thereby creating an autocatalytically active seed layer for subsequent CVD with the same precursor. The procedure can be included in the same CVD process without the need for clean room lithographic processing. Moreover, it operates at low temperatures of 80 °C, over 200 K lower than standard CVD temperatures for this precursor, reducing thermal load on the specimen. Given that electron beam seeding operates on any even moderately conductive surface, the process does not constrain device design. This is demonstrated by the example of vertical nanostructures with high aspect ratios of ≈40:1 and more. Written using a focused electron beam and the same precursor, these nanopillars exhibit catalytically active nuclei on their surface. Furthermore, by using the onset of the autocatalytic CVD growth, for the first time the local temperature increase caused by the writing of nanostructures with an electron beam can be precisely determined.
Optimising Low Temperature Pyrolysis of Mesoporous Alginate‐Derived Starbon® for Selective Heavy Metal Adsorption
Authors: Garland Nicholas , Gordon Ross , McElroy Con Robert , Parkin Alison , MacQuarrie Duncan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractIn response to the ever increasing need to develop more efficient and sustainable methods for removing heavy metal contaminants from aqueous systems, the following article reports on the design of highly mesoporous alginate‐derived materials (Starbon®) and their application to the adsorption of heavy metals. Using the Starbon® process to expand, dry and pyrolyse an inherently porous polysaccharide precursor, it was possible to produce mesoporous materials (BJH mesopore volumes 0.81–0.94 cm3 g−1) with large surface areas (157–297 m2 g−1) across a range of low pyrolysis temperatures (200–300 °C). The mechanisms of thermal decomposition were explored in terms of chemical and structural changes using N2‐sorption porosimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, titration, FT‐IR spectroscopy and 13C NMR spectroscopy. It was found that, as a result of intermolecular dehydration and crosslinking, sufficient chemical stability is obtained by the intermediate temperature of 250 °C, with limited improvement seen at higher temperatures. In addition, the materials retained large metal adsorption capacities (0.70–1.72 mmol g−1) as well as strong selectivity for Cu2+ ions (over Co2+ and Ni2+), as compared to commercial petrochemical‐derived cation exchange resin Amberlite™ Mac 3H. Thus, highlighting the potential of Starbon® materials as a sustainable answer to the widespread problem of heavy metal‐contaminated wastewaters.
Reversal Effect of Phosphorus on Catalytic Performances of Supported Nickel Catalysts in Reductive Amination of 1,6‐Hexanediol
Authors: Zhang Liyan , Su Xinluona , Zhou Leilei , Li Jingrong , Xiao Tingting , Li Jian , Zhao Fengyu , Cheng Haiyang 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe reductive amination of 1,6‐hexanediol with ammonia is one of the most promising green routes for synthesis of 1,6‐hexanediamine. Herein, we developed a phosphorous modified Ni catalyst of Ni−P/Al2O3. It presented satisfactory improved selectivity to 1,6‐hexanediamine in the reductive amination of 1,6‐hexanediol compared to the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. The phosphorous tended to interact with Al2O3 to form AlPOx species, induced Ni nanoparticle to be flatter, and the decrease of strong acid sites, the new‐formed Ni−AlPOx−Al2O3 interface and the flatter Ni nanoparticle were the key to switch the dominating product from hexamethyleneimine to 1,6‐hexanediamine. This work develops an efficient catalyst for production of 1,6‐hexanediamine from the reductive amination of 1,6‐hexanediol, and provides a point of view about designing selective non‐noble metal catalysts for producing primary diamines via reductive amination of diols.
Repression of LSD1/KDM1A activity improves the response of liver cancer cells to the lenvatinib
Authors: Zong Yi , Tao Zhigang , Jiang Siyi , Wang Minyuan , Yu Weihua 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Background/Aim
Lenvatinib, a multikinase inhibitor, has become a second-line treatment option for unresectable liver cancer, while its monotherapy response rate is limited. Hence, we aim to investigate whether one of the epigenetic inhibitors will be synthetic lethal with Lenvatinib in liver cancer cells.

Materials and Methods
We performed high-throughput drug screening in combination with Lenvatinib. And we employed CCK-8-based Bliss Synergy Score analysis, colony formation and western blotting to confirm our screening results in both HepG2 and HCCC9810 cells.

Results
We identified that LSD1 inhibitor Pulrodemstat in combination with Lenvatinib dramatically suppressed the PI3K-AKT signaling and induced a more significant activation of Caspase3 compared to Lenvatinib monotherapy.

Conclusion
Pulrodemstat synergized with Lenvatinib based on suppression of PI3K-AKT signaling and activation of apoptotic signaling.
»Ganz Deutschland beschäftigte sich mit dem Buche«
Authors: Dewenter Bastian 
Published: March 2024

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag widmet sich Gabriele Reuters Erfolgsroman Aus guter Familie. Leidensgeschichte eines Mädchens (1896). Anhand von zwei zeitgenössischen Rezensionen wird gezeigt, dass der populäre Roman auf der einen Seite als gesellschaftskritische Anklageliteratur und auf der anderen Seite als autonomes, literarisches Kunstwerk gelesen und positiv bewertet wurde. Die Depopularisierung des Romans nach dreißig Jahren steht im Zusammenhang mit der Durchsetzung der gesellschaftskritischen Lesart, die dazu führt, dass der Roman als Beitrag zur erfolgreichen Emanzipation der Frauen historisch gewürdigt und zugleich von der Literaturgeschichtsschreibung als »Frauenliteratur« ästhetisch abgewertet wird.
Flood Impacts on Agriculture under Climate Change: The case of the Awanui Catchment, New Zealand
Authors: Djanibekov Utkur , Polyakov Maksym , Craig Heather , Paulik Ryan 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWe assess the economic and environmental impacts on agriculture of flooding under projected climate change, including land-use change as an adaption response to floods. Our case study area is the Awanui catchment located in the far north of New Zealand, where flooding is a significant hazard. The study uses an integrated approach and combines spatial information on agricultural exposure and damage from flooding, economic land-use modelling, and valuation approaches. We analyse direct tangible and direct intangible flood impacts under various extents, frequencies, and water depth levels. Our results show areas with flood exposure and damage costs increase with projected climate change. As an adaptation measure to reduce flood damage costs, pastoral farms convert to other land uses, mainly to unfarmed land. Flooding reduces the net revenue for the catchment, while it can result in some reduction of environmental pollution. When the probability of all possible flood events are considered, the value of the changes in greenhouse gas emissions are equivalent to approximately 18% of the change in total net revenue, while the value of changes in other environmental outputs is equivalent to less than 1% of the change in total net revenue. Based on this study, the assessment of various flood impacts and adaptation responses to them can help to develop resilience strategies for the agricultural sector to future climate-induced flooding.
Schulisches Wohlbefinden von Schüler*innen der Sekundarstufe I in inklusiven Lerngruppen – Analysen zum Entwicklungsverlauf an der Laborschule Bielefeld
Authors: Marker Rabea , Kullmann Harry , Zentarra Dominik , Geist Sabine , Lütje-Klose Birgit 
Published: March 2024

ZusammenfassungDas schulische Wohlbefinden ist ein grundlegendes, sozio-emotionales Bedürfnis aller Schüler*innen und daher ein zentraler Qualitätsindikator inklusiver Schulen. Wenig ist bislang jedoch über die Entwicklung des schulischen Wohlbefindens in inklusiven Klassen der Sekundarstufe I bekannt. Im Rahmen eines internen Evaluationsprozesses an der Laborschule Bielefeld, der inklusiven Versuchsschule des Landes Nordrhein-Westfalen, hat ein interdisziplinäres Team im Forschungs- und Entwicklungsprojekt „Wohlbefinden und Inklusion an der Laborschule – eine Selbstreflexion“ die Selbsteinschätzungen der Schüler*innen hinsichtlich ihres schulischen Wohlbefindens untersucht. Hierzu wurden alle Schüler*innen der Jahrgangstufen 6 bis 10 zwischen 2013 und 2018 jährlich zu einer Befragung eingeladen. Auf der Grundlage des zugehörigen, mit vielen Messzeitpunkten und hoher Beteiligungsquote ausgestatteten längsschnittlichen Datensatzes, wurden für den vorliegenden Beitrag lineare und quadratische Verläufe des schulischen Wohlbefindens von Schüler*innen aus inklusiven Lerngruppen der Sekundarstufe I vergleichend analysiert.Unter Berücksichtigung von insgesamt sechs Komponenten des schulischen Wohlbefindens zeigt sich für zwei Komponenten eine lineare Entwicklung: Die Affinität zur Stammgruppe (bzw. zur eigenen Klasse) nimmt über die Sekundarstufe I leicht ab, ebenso die wahrgenommenen sozialen Probleme in der Schule. Die Verläufe der drei Komponenten Einstellungen und Emotionen gegenüber der Schule, schulischer Selbstwert und Sorgen wegen der Schule werden hingegen signifikant besser durch eine quadratische Modellierung abgebildet. Für diese zeigt sich mit zunehmender Jahrgangsstufe eine weniger ausgeprägte Abnahme (Einstellungen und Emotionen gegenüber der Schule, Abwesenheit von Sorgen wegen der Schule), der teilweise eine Zunahme in höheren Jahrgangsstufen folgt (schulischer Selbstwert). Das Ausmaß körperlicher Beschwerden verändert sich nicht signifikant in Abhängigkeit von der Jahrgangsstufe. Schulpädagogische Implikationen werden im Beitrag ebenso diskutiert wie die Perspektiven für künftige Forschung.
Eigenfrequencies of a Three-Dimensional Arbitrarily-Curved Beam
Authors: Sakman Lutfi Emir , Ozer Hasan Omur , Sezgin Aziz , Durak Birkan , Kapkin Sule 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Research Problem
The eigenvalue problem for the vibrations of an arbitrarily-curved three-dimensional beam with circular cross-section is solved by a series expansion method under various boundary conditions.

Methodology
The governing differential equations of motion are derived based on Euler-Bernoulli beam theory using the Hamilton’s principle. The general equations are given for any space curved beam with variable curvature and torsion, and solved for a specific example using the method of power series.

Results and Conclusions
The eigenfrequencies of a specific 3D beam were computed and compared with the eigenfrequencies of straight, circular, and helical beams, all having the same length. It was found that the eigenfrequencies of the 3D beam tend to increase slower compared to the other cases as the mode number increases. The main contribution of this study is the computation of the eigenfrequencies of a truly three-dimensional beam: torsion and curvature change continously along the beam length. In constrast, the most studied 3D case, helical beam, has constant curvature and torsion.
Evolution and correlation of the physiochemical properties of bamboo char under successive pyrolysis process
Authors: Wang Jiajun , Li Zhenrui , Li Yujun , Wang Zhihui , Liu Xing’e , Liu Zhenzhen , Ma Jianfeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis study investigated the effects of bamboo age, bamboo parts, and pyrolysis temperatures on the physiochemical properties of bamboo char throughout a series of pyrolysis processes spanning from 150 °C to 1000 °C. The results indicated that as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 150 °C to 500 °C, the yield of bamboo char experienced a rapid decline, settling at a maximum of 69%, with no significant impact from bamboo age and parts. Subsequently, as the pyrolysis temperature continued to rise from 500 °C to 1000 °C, the yield stabilized at 25.74–32.64%. Besides, fixed carbon (FC), volatile matter (VM), and ash content were temperature-dependent, while the H/C, O/C, (N + O)/C, and aromatic index kept constant after reaching 500 °C. Notably, 800 °C was confirmed to be a crucial turning point for physiochemical properties, at which the graphitic structural changes occurred, pore collapsed, and potassium salts released. Bamboo age was proved to enhance the stability. Pearson correlation coefficient (PCC) analysis revealed that the pyrolysis temperature was positively correlated (p < 0.01) with ash (0.76), FC (0.97), AI (0.81), R50 (0.77), and C–C/C = C/C–H (0.87). Conversely, negative correlations (p < 0.01) were observed with VM (−0.91), O/C (0.88), H/C (−0.95), (N + O)/C (−0.87), C loss (−0.79), and labile organic-C (−0.78). Additionally, bamboo age was negatively correlated (p < 0.01) with C loss (−0.40), volatile organic-C (−0.63), labile organic-C (−0.45), and recalcitrant organic-C (−0.40), but positively associated with R50 (0.54), refractory organic-C (0.42), and inorganic-C (0.52). Bamboo parts did not exhibit significant correlations with char properties.
Graphical Abstract