bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential scanning calorimetry of single acid triglycerides: Effect of chain length and unsaturation
Authors: Hagemann J. W. , Tallent W. H. , Kolb K. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe polymorphism of 13 single acid triglycerides with acyl group chain lengths ranging from 16–22 was studied by differential scanning calorimetry. In contrast to the singleβ′‐form generally attributed to such triglycerides, at least two intermediate endotherms were found for most samples between the least stable (α) and most stable (β) polymorphs. For saturated triglycerides, two versions of the familiar “tuning fork” model meet theβ′‐form requirement of alternate fatty acid chains in planes perpendicular to each other. The detection of three intermediate endotherms for triolein, tri‐cis‐1 1‐octadecenoin and trierucin (and possibly also trilinolein) may be rationalized by assuming that the segments of polymethylene chains on either side of double bonds may zigzag in different planes. Four exceptions for which no evidence was found forβ′‐forms are tri‐cis‐6‐octadecenoin, tri‐cis‐6‐hexadecenoin, tri‐trans‐6‐octadecenoin and trielaidin. Three of these exceptions contain Δ6‐acyl groups and have in common segments with even numbers of methylene groups on either side of the double bonds. These same three triglycerides also have a shorter than usual polymethylene segment between the ester linkages and the double bonds and a longer than usual distance from the double bonds to the terminal methyl groups. Tri‐trans‐6‐octadecenoin and trielaidin are exceptional in still another way. Only they and are exceptional in still another way. Only they and trierucin exhibited significant nonconformity with an empirical relationship between melting points and heats of fusion ofβ‐forms. Otherwise, all points in a plot of the former physical constants vs. the latter closely fit a smooth curve, the positive slope of which gets larger as the X‐axis values, i.e., melting points, increase.
Micro vapor‐phase hydrogenation monitored with tanden chromatography‐radioactivity: III. Isomeric monoenes
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Butterfield R. O. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMicro vapor‐phase hydrogenation and radiotracer techniques have been utilized to investigate the effect of geometric configuration and double bond position on the rate of hydrogenation of octadecenoates. These techniques provide for simultaneously monitoring the time course of vapor‐phase hydrogenation both for an essentially pure monoene isomer by thermal conductivity and for methyl oleate by radioactivity. The two hydrogenations proceed independently but have identical parameters of temperature, flow rate and catalyst activity. The experimental data are plotted, relative reaction rates are calculated and theoretical curves are drawn by a digital computer system with plotter accessory. Experiments with nickel catalysts indicate that rates of reduction are affected by both the position and configuration of the double bond.cis‐15‐Octadecenoate is reduced 1.4 times faster than itscis‐9 isomer. Bothcis‐9‐ and ‐12‐octadecenoate are reduced at approximately equal rates.cis‐9‐Octadecenoate was reduced 1.4 times as fast as thecis‐6 isomer. Oleate was reduced 1.27 times as fast as elaidate.
Pathway of triglyceride biosynthesis during seed ripening
Authors: Mathur J. M. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe investigations on the mode of triglyceride biosynthesis during ripening ofSolanum indicum, Salvadora persica, Mimusops hexandra, Aegle marmelos andMesua ferrea seeds, using chromatographic techniques have shown that these fats follow essentially a stepwise mechanism involving the formation of mono‐ and diglycerides as intermediate products. This is in agreement with the general in vitro enzymatic esterification by bacteriolipase, castor bean lipase and pancreatic lipase. The experimental basis of the Quantum mechanism of lipogenesis, postulated earlier forCocos nucifera and recently for many phanerograms, has been shown to be inadequate and hence the validity of Quantum hypothesis appears to be doubtful.
Selective hydrogenation of soybean oil: V. A Novel copper catalyst with excellent re‐use properties
Authors: Koritala Sambasivarao 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA procedure for the preparation of highly active copper catalyst by chemisorption of copper‐ammonia complex on silica gel is described. This catalyst was highly selective towards the reduction of linolenate in soybean oil. The catalyst was re‐used four times with no loss in activity.
Scanning electron microscopy of soybean protein bodies
Authors: Wolf W. J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractProtein bodies prepared from defatted soybean flour contained numerous spherical particles 1–3 µ in diameter, plus amorphous material, when examined in a scanning electron microscope. Full‐fat and defatted soybean flours contained particles 1–10 µ in diameter. The larger protein bodies apparently disrupted during isolation. The scanning technique is a simple and rapid method for observing the effects of various treatments on subcellular seed particles of this size.
Crystallization kinetics of palm oil
Authors: van Putte K. P. A. M. , Bakker B. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe quality and yield of oils obtained by fractionation processes depend mainly on the separation efficiency of fat crystals from the mother liquor; this process is, to a large extent, determined by crystal‐size distributions. The size of the crystals is influenced by the crystallization conditions applied, and the quantitative data on crystallization kinetics are a useful tool to optimize and control such a process. The crystallization work described concerns the fractionation of edible oils and fats. Palm oil was chosen as a model system.We quantified the growth and primary nucleation rates of saturated crystals in palm oil. The growth rate was proportional to the degree of supersaturation of the oil component studied, suggesting that the screw dislocation mechanism as described by Burton, Cabrera and Frank is determinative of the growth rate. Also the primary nucleation rate depends on the degree of supersaturation and can be described by the Becker and Döring equation. Special attention was paid to the experimental setup, which enabled us to measure the rate constants of both mechanisms separately. The kinetic data obtained were used to predict solid phase curves. The agreement between measured and predicted solid phase curves is satisfactory and in conformity with our model description. The results of our experiments also show that the crystallization kinetics of oils and fats can be described by the equations often used for inorganic systems.
Formation of fluorescent substances in reaction of aliphatic aldehydes and methylamine
Authors: Kikugawa Kiyomi , Sawamura Akiko 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTreatment of monofunctional aliphatic aldehydes (alkanals, 2‐alkenals and 2,4‐alkadienals) with methylamine at pH 7 produced fluorescence with excitation maxima at 340–360 nm and emission maxima at 410–470 nm. The reaction of 1‐butanal and methylamine gave 2‐ethyl‐2‐hexenal (ii), an aldol condensation product of 1‐butanal, and 3,5‐diethyl‐2‐propyl‐1‐methylpyridinium salt (i). The fluorescence was formed by the reaction of 1‐butanal and/or ii with methylamine in the presence of molecular oxygen. Fluorescent products I, II and III formed by the reaction were partially purified. Fluorescence characteristics of I, II and III were close to those of the fluorophores derived from the reaction of oxidized fatty acids and primary amines, with respect to maximum wavelengths in excitation and emission, and the resistance to sodium borohydride reduction.
Dietary protein effects on cholelithiasis in hamsters: Interaction with amino acids and bile acids
Authors: Sullivan‐Gorman M. A. , Anderson J. M. , DiMarco N. M. , Johnson J. , Chen I. , Ashby J. , Liepa G. U. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe objective of this experiment was to study the effects of dietary cottonseed protein and casein on plasma and biliary lipids, plasma amino acids and gallstones in hamsters. Thirty‐four male hamsters (60 ± 5 g) were fed either the lithogenic “Dam Diet” (containing 20% casein, 74.3% sucrose and 5.7% vitamin‐mineral mix) or a similar diet that contained 20% cottonseed protein for 30 days. Both diets contained protein as a protein isolate. The concentration of alpha‐aminobutyric acid was significantly elevated in the casein‐fed group. Significant differences in the total plasma cholesterol or lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations were not observed between the two dietary groups.A significant elevation in the absolute concentration of biliary cholesterol was observed in the casein‐fed hamsters. Cottonseed protein‐fed animals exhibited a significantly elevated concentration of bile acids. The ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic:glycocholic acid was significantly higher in the cotton‐seed protein‐fed group. This study reports that an elevated concentration of biliary cholesterol with a concomitant decrease in bile acid concentration yields a condition favorable to gallstone formation. It is proposed that cottonseed protein may have a specific effect on the bile acid pool by increasing the ratio of glycochenodeoxycholic acid:glycocholic acid which, in turn, prevents formation of cholesterol gallstones.
Studies of waxes. III. The alcohols of carnauba wax
Authors: Murray K. E. , Schoenfeld R. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the composition of the non‐saponifiable portion of carnauba wax by acetylation followed by fractionation in a spinning band column, using both simple fractional and amplified distillation. The straight chain alcohols of even carbon number, C24 to C34, were estimated to be present in the following percentages, below C24 : 1%, C24 (+C26 ?) : 4%, C28 : 5%, C30 : 14%, C32 : 51%, C34 : 22%. In addition, three high melting alcohols, totalling 2% of the wax alcohols, have been isolated and appear to be closely related glycols. The hydrocarbon fraction (M.P. 63.0–63.5°C.) forms less than 1% of the non‐saponifiable fraction and is considered to be a mixture.
The effect of screw‐press and hydraulic‐press processing conditions on pigment glands in cottonseed
Authors: Batson D. M. , Thurber F. H. , Altschul A. M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA procedure is given for estimating the amount of intact pigment glands in cottonseed kernels and meal.The amounts of intact pigment glands, free gossypol, and total gossypol in uncooked meats, cooked meats, and press cake samples from commercial hydraulic‐press mills, a screw‐press mill, and laboratory‐scale tests were determined. It was observed that when meats were cooked with adequate moisture present, as is common in hydraulic‐press mills, most of the free gossypol was converted to bound gossypol during the cooking operation and further conversion during the pressing stage was of slight magnitude. The trend of the change in percentage of recoverable glands was roughly parallel to that of the free gossypol. By contrast, in the screw‐press mill where cooking was carried out without the addition of moisture, little change in either component occurred during cooking, but both were reduced to very low levels during passage of the cooked meats through the screw press.In laboratory tests cooked cottonseed meats were subjected to hydraulic pressures at levels of 2,000 and 20,000 pounds per sq. in. of cake surface. When meats were cooked at low moisture content, no significant change in either free gossypol or recoverable glands occurred during cooking, but hydraulic pressing at both 2,000 and 20,000 pounds per sq. in. reduced the percentage of recoverable glands. No corresponding decrease in free gossypol during pressing could be found. Wet cooking of meats decreased the percentages of free gossypol and intact glands and, although hydraulic pressing failed to further reduce the free gossypol, the percentage of recoverable glands was sharply reduced by pressing at both levels of pressure.It is suggested that the high degree of effectiveness of the screw press in rupturing and disintegrating pigment glands in cottonseed meats is due to the development of shearing forces in combination with direct or compressive type pressure. It is believed that a shearing action is more effective for this purpose than compressive force of similar magnitude.
Pigments of cottonseed. IV. Gossypurpurin, a purple pigment related to gossypol
Authors: Pominski Catherine Hall , Miller Charlotte Boatner , Von Der Haar Patricia , O'Connor Robert T. , Castillon Leah E. , Brown Lawrence E. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryGossypurpurin was prepared from gossypol via diaminogossypol, and its properties compared with gossypurpurin isolated from cottonseed pigment glands. A tentative molecular formula for synthetic gossypurpurin, C30H32O7N, has been proposed on the basis of its elementary composition. The native pigment could not be obtained in the same degree of purity as the synthetic product and the analytical data could therefore not be brought into exact agreement for the two products. However solutions of both pigments in chloroform exhibit almost identical absorption spectra and identical antimony trichloride tests. Qualitative reactions seem to indicate that the functional groups of both native and synthetic gossypurpurin are identical, and the ready conversion of both products to gossypol upon contact with acid seems to indicate that their basic structures are similar.
Antioxidants in aqueous fat systems
Authors: Lehmann Barbara T. , Watts Betty M. 
Published: April 2007

SummaryA number of phenolic inhibitors were tested in pure dry hard lard and in the same lard in contact with an aqueous solution at pH 7.5. In dry lard, at a concentration of .005%, the order of effectiveness of the antioxidants tested was NDGA (best), BHA, propyl gallate, lauryl gallate, and alpha‐tocopherol. In contact with aqueous solutions at pH 7.5 NDGA was much less effective, and BHA was the best antioxidant tried.Of a group of synergistic antioxidants in aqueous solution in contact either with plain lard or with lard containing .005% of the phenolic inhibitors mentioned above, hexametaphosphate and Maddrell's salt were the most effective. Ascorbate generally accelerated rancidity with all of the primary antioxidants except NDGA. Polyphosphates counteracted the accelerating effect of ascorbate. Combinations of polyphosphate with ascorbate and primary inhibitors gave prolonged protection.
Central action of prosaptide TX14(A) against gp120‐induced allodynia in rats
Authors: Jolivalt Corinne G. , daCunha Joice M. , Esch Fred S. , Calcutt Nigel A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe investigated the effect of the prosaposin‐derived peptide prosaptide TX14(A) on tactile allodynia in rats following intraplantar injection of the HIV envelope glycoprotein gp120. Systemic administration of TX14(A) dose‐dependently prevented onset of tactile allodynia following intraplantar injection of gp120 and also transiently alleviated established allodynia in the same model. TX14(A) did not prevent tactile allodynia when injected directly into the foot pad whereas intrathecal administration of TX14(A) both prevented and alleviated gp120‐induced tactile allodynia. Nerve and spinal cord levels of TNFα protein were unchanged in intraplantar gp120 injected rats that displayed allodynia. These results indicate that TX14(A) has anti‐allodynic properties in a rat model of gp120‐induced tactile allodynia and that the mechanism of action of TX14(A) may include modulation of spinal nociceptive processing.
The Pap smear for detection of bacterial vaginosis
Authors: Karani A. , De Vuyst H. , Luchters S. , Othigo J. , Mandaliya K. , Chersich M.F. , Temmerman M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractObjective: To assess validity of Pap smears in diagnosing bacterial vaginosis. Method: A prospective diagnostic accuracy study with 533 women in Mombasa, Kenya. Diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis using clinical observations scored with simplified Amsel's criteria and Bethesda system for Pap smears was compared with a reference standard (Nugent criteria for gram stains). Both laboratory tests were interpreted blindly. Result: Bacterial vaginosis prevalence was 36.7% (191/521) with Nugent criteria. Pap smear sensitivity and specificity were 59.4% (111/187) and 83.3% (270/324), with corresponding figures for simplified Amsel's criteria of 44.8% (81/181) and 84.8% (263/310). For Pap smear and simplified Amsel's criteria, positive predictive values were 67.3 and 63.3%, and negative predictive values 78.0% and 72.5%. Conclusion: In diagnosing bacterial vaginosis, Pap smears have moderate sensitivity (though higher than simplified Amsel's criteria). Specificity of Pap smears is adequate. Including bacterial vaginosis assessment as a standard component of Pap smears warrants consideration.
Establishment of the onset of host specificity in four phyllobothriid tapeworm species (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) using a molecular approach
Authors: RANDHAWA H. S. , SAUNDERS G. W. , BURT M. D. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA parasitological survey in the Bay of Fundy, Canada, resulted in the recovery of mature specimens from 5 species of phyllobothriid tapeworms (Cestoda: Tetraphyllidea) from 4 rajid skates: Echeneibothrium canadensis and E. dubium abyssorum specimens from Amblyraja radiata; E. vernetae and Pseudanthobothrium n.sp. from Leucoraja erinacea and L. ocellata; and P. hanseni from A. radiata and Malacoraja senta. Partial sequence data of a variable region (D2) from the large subunit ribosomal DNA (LSU) were used here to determine the host distribution of immature specimens for 4 of these 5 species (E. d. abyssorum was not included in the analyses). Immature specimens from both Pseudanthobothrium spp. were identified in the same hosts as recorded previously for mature specimens, thus suggesting that there are mechanisms that prevent the attachment of the parasite in an ‘unsuitable’ host species. Immature E. canadensis specimens were recovered exclusively from A. radiata, whereas immature E. vernetae specimens were recovered from L. erinacea and A. radiata, despite the latter host species not harbouring mature E. vernetae specimens. Their presence in the latter host species may be explained by host restriction or resistance, which allows the attachment of the parasites in the ‘wrong’ host species, but not establishment or development.
Molecular phylogenetic analysis inHammondia-like organisms based on partial Hsp70 coding sequences
Authors: MONTEIRO R. M. , RICHTZENHAIN L. J. , PENA H. F. J. , SOUZA S. L. P. , FUNADA M. R. , GENNARI S. M. , DUBEY J. P. , SREEKUMAR C. , KEID L. B. , SOARES R. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe 70 kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp70) sequences are considered one of the most conserved proteins in all domains of life from Archaea to eukaryotes.Hammondia heydorni,H. hammondi,Toxoplasma gondii,Neospora hughesiandN. caninum(Hammondia-like organisms) are closely related tissue cyst-forming coccidians that belong to the subfamily Toxoplasmatinae. The phylogenetic reconstruction using cytoplasmic Hsp70 coding genes ofHammondia-like organisms revealed the genetic sequences ofT. gondii,Neosporaspp. andH. heydornito possess similar levels of evolutionary distance. In addition, at least 2 distinct genetic groups could be recognized among theH. heydorniisolates. Such results are in agreement with those obtained with internal transcribed spacer-1 rDNA (ITS-1) sequences. In order to compare the nucleotide diversity among different taxonomic levels within Apicomplexa, Hsp70 coding sequences of the following apicomplexan organisms were included in this study:Cryptosporidium,Theileria,Babesia,PlasmodiumandCyclospora. Such analysis revealed theHammondia-like organism to be the lowest divergent group when compared to other groups within the phylum Apicomplexa. In conclusion, the Hsp70 coding sequences proved to be a valuable genetic marker for phylogenetic reconstruction and may constitute a good candidate to be used with other genes for species phylogeny within this group of organisms.
Genetic variation in the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 within Progamotaenia festiva (Cestoda: Anoplocephalidae) from macropodid marsupials
Authors: BEVERIDGE I. , SHAMSI S. , HU M. , CHILTON N. B. , GASSER R. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYGenetic variation was examined in the anoplocephalid cestode Progamotaenia festiva, from Australian marsupials, in order to test the hypothesis that P. festiva, is a complex of sibling species and to assess the extent of host switching reported previously based on multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based single-strand conformational polymorphism (SSCP) was used for the analysis of sequence variation in the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene among 179 specimens of P. festiva (identified based on morphology and predilection site in the host) from 13 different host species, followed by selective DNA sequencing. Fifty-three distinct sequence types (haplotypes) representing all specimens were defined. Phylogenetic analyses of these sequence data (utilizing maximum parsimony and neighbour-joining methods) revealed 12 distinct clades. Other heterologous species, P. ewersi and P. macropodis, were used as outgroups and the remaining bile-duct inhabiting species, P. diaphana and P. effigia, were included in the analysis for comparative purposes. The latter 2 species were nested within the clades representing P. festiva. Most clades of P. festiva identified were restricted to a single host species; one clade primarily in Macropus robustus was also found in the related host species M. antilopinus in an area of host sympatry; another clade occurring primarily in M. robustus occurred also in additional kangaroo species, M. rufus and M. dorsalis. High levels of genetic divergence, the existence of distinct clades and their occurrence in sympatry provide support for the hypothesis that P. festiva represents a complex of numerous species, most of which, but not all, are host specific. Three distinct clades of cestodes were found within a single host, M. robustus, but there was no evidence of within-host speciation.
Single-legged hopping robotics research—A review
Authors: Sayyad Ajij , Seth B. , Seshu P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYInspired by the agility of animal and human locomotion, the number of researchers studying and developing legged robots has been increasing at a rapid rate over the last few decades. In comparison to multilegged robots, single-legged robots have only one type of locomotion gait, i.e., hopping, which represents a highly nonlinear dynamical behavior consisting of alternating flight and stance phases. Hopping motion has to be dynamically stabilized and presents challenging control problems. A large fraction of studies on legged robots has focused on modeling and control of single-legged hopping machines. In this paper, we present a comprehensive review of developments in the field of single-legged hopping robots. We have attempted to cover development of prototype models as well as theoretical models of such hopping systems.