bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of labour law: Calibrating and comparing regulatory regimes
Authors: DEAKIN Simon , LELE Priya , SIEMS Mathias 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:Using a newly‐created data set which measures legal change over time, the authors present evidence on the evolution of labour law in France, Germany, India, the United Kingdom and the United States. Their analysis casts light on the claim that “legal origin” affects the content of labour law regimes. While some divergence between common law and civil law countries is found at the aggregate level, a more complex picture emerges from consideration of specific areas of labour law. The authors discuss the potential significance of this relatively new measurement‐based approach to understanding the forces that shape the evolution of labour law.
Intermittent child employment and its implications for estimates of child labour
Authors: LEVISON Deborah , HOEK Jasper , LAM David , DURYEA Suzanne 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:Using longitudinal data from urban Brazil, the authors track the employment patterns of thousands of children aged 10‐16 during four months of their lives in the 1980s and 1990s. The proportion of children who work at some point during a four‐month period is substantially higher than the fraction observed working in any single month. The authors calculate an intermittency multiplier to summarize the difference between employment rates in one reference week vs. four reference weeks over a four‐month period. They conclude that intermittent employment is a crucial characteristic of child labour which must be recognized to capture levels of child employment adequately and identify child workers.
European employment models under pressure to change
Authors: BOSCH Gerhard , RUBERY Jill , LEHNDORFF Steffen 
Published: January 2008

Abstract:“National employment models” comprise the whole range of institutions that determine labour supply, utilization and demand in different countries. Based on a study of existing typologies of these models, this article explores their workings and their capacity to survive pressures for change. It compares different models’attempts to safeguard decent working conditions in the face of product‐market deregulation and rising employment rates of women and older workers. It concludes that it is becoming increasingly difficult for European nation states to reform their employment models from within and argues for more emphasis on positive integration policies at the European level.
Characteristics of adults with attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder and past conduct disorder
Authors: Dowson J. H. 
Published: January 2008

Objective:  DSM‐IV Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) comorbid with DSM‐IV conduct disorder (CD) in childhood/adolescence has been proposed as a ‘distinct subtype’. The present study investigated subsequent psychopathological characteristics of this proposed subtype in adults.Method:  Questionnaires were completed by 71 adults (mean age 29.6 years) with ADHD and their informants.Results:  The 39 subjects with a history of past CD, when compared with the remaining subjects, were associated with significantly increased ratings of aspects of ADHD‐related impulsivity, with features of all three DSM‐IV ‘Clusters’ of personality disorders (PDs) (in particular of ‘Cluster B’ PDs) and with other psychopathology. Also, there were significant correlations between the number of endorsed past CD criteria and various self‐ratings of psychopathology.Conclusion:  The results indicate the psychopathological characteristics of adults with a history of the proposed ‘ADHD with CD’ subtype. The findings are relevant to future studies of ADHD subtypes in adults.
Fungal infections after haematology unit renovation: evidence of clinical, environmental and economical impact
Authors: Araujo Ricardo , Carneiro Ana , Costa‐Oliveira Sofia , Pina‐Vaz Cidalia , Rodrigues Acacio Gonçalves , Guimaraes Jose Eduardo 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective and methods:  The Haemato‐Oncology Unit, Hospital S. Joao, suffered extensive refurbishing intervention in order to adapt for autotransplant patients. Eight new individual rooms with central HEPA filtration system were built. All patients admitted in the department during 14 months prior to and 14 months after renovation works were enrolled. A total of 403 admissions were considered and a detailed analysis of all patients with fungal infections, air quality and antifungal consumption were evaluated in order to study clinical, environmental and economical impact after unit renovation.Results:  Patients with acute myeloid leukaemia submitted to induction treatment were the most susceptible to acquisition of fungal infections. Fungal infections were reduced after installation of HEPA filters in individual rooms, particularly proven and probable fungal infections. No patients were diagnosed with proven or probable mould infection in the period after the unit renovation and no deaths were registered among patients with the diagnosis of possible fungal infection. Considering the group of patients diagnosed with fungal infection, the average of hospitalization was reduced 3 d in the latter period. The new high‐protected rooms showed a reduction of 50% and 95% of airborne fungi, respectively in the first week and after the second week. The consumption of voriconazole and caspofungin was reduced, respectively, 66% and 59% and the final cost with antifungal therapy was reduced by 17.4%.Conclusions:  Autotransplant patients may be under higher risk of infection, however, the installation of high‐protective measures may efficiently prevent fungal infections in these patients. Renovation of haematology unit resulted in major clinical, environmental and economical improvements. The definition of reference values for airborne agents in hospital facilities remains urgent.
Development of spinocellular carcinoma in a long‐lasting and therapy resistant venous ulcer – two case studies
Authors: Reich‐Schupke Stefanie , Altmeyer Peter , Kreuter Alexander , Stücker Markus 
Published: January 2008

Summary Background: While squamous cell carcinoma can primarily cause a leg ulcer, the malignant transformation of a primary venous leg ulcer to squamous cell carcinoma is rarer. Patients: Two women with longstanding venous legs ulcer are presented. Both had diverse conservative, interventional and surgical therapies for both chronic venous insufficiency and their ulcers. These led to shortterm or intermittent closure of the ulcer with recurrence. In view of the only short intervals between the last surgical treatment and the again fulminant and fast progressive relapse, biopsies were taken from the ulcer base and border, revealing squamous cell carcinoma.After conservative surgical measures failed, both women required amputation. Conclusions: In long‐standing venous ulcers, malignant transformation should be considered especially in a fulminant or rapidly relapsing course after a surgical treatment. Biopsies should be taken to verify diagnosis and lead to correct therapy.
A single‐center open‐label long‐term comparison of tacrolimus ointment and topical corticosteroids for treatment of atopic dermatitis
Authors: Neumann Ella , Amtage Dorothee , Bruckner‐Tuderman Leena , Mockenhaupt Maja 
Published: January 2008

Summary Background: Atopic dermatitis is a chronic or recurrent inflammatory skin disease that often requires treatment over years. According to its severity, atopic dermatitis is often managed with use of emollients, topical corticosteroids, topical calcineurin inhibitors or systemic agents. This long‐term study compares the efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment with topical corticosteroids as standard therapy in patients with moderate atopic dermatitis. Patients and methods: 50 patients were enrolled. They were allocated to treatment groups by the investigator (tacrolimus group or standard group), and followed over a period of six to twenty months. Efficacy was evaluated by the Eczema Area Severity Index (EASI), the percentage of affected body surface area, and the score of Rajka and Langeland. In addition, ointment usage was documented and analyzed. Results: The improvement of the skin condition was statistically significant in both groups. The comparison of the two groups, however, did not show a statistically significant advantage of one or the other treatment. Ointment usage was slightly higher in the standard group. Conclusions: The efficacy of tacrolimus 0.1% ointment was confirmed. In terms of emollient usage, no regular pattern could be demonstrated.
Coronary artery stenosis in asymptomatic child after arterial switch operation: detection by transthoracic colour‐flow doppler echocardiography
Authors: Aburawi Elhadi Hussein , Carlsson Marcus , Berg Ansgar 
Published: January 2008

AbstractArterial switch operation (ASO) has become the definitive anatomical correction for transposition of great arteries (TGA). Left coronary artery (LCA) ostial stenosis was detected by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography (TTDE) as a flame like colour flow diastolic signal and coronary flow reserve (CFR) was low, 1.3. It was treated successfully by a drug‐eluted stent. These findings could be diagnostic for coronary ostial stenosis.Conclusion: Coronary artery stenosis can be detected with colour Doppler echocardiography. Assessment of CFR provides information of the physiological significance of the coronary stenosis.
Standardized bench method for evaluating the efficacy of phototherapy devices
Authors: Vreman HJ , Wong RJ , Murdock JR , Stevenson DK 
Published: January 2008

AbstractAim: As phototherapy (PT) devices employ a variety of broadband light sources, we developed and tested a standardized bench method for evaluating the efficacy of some devices.Methods: To evaluate efficacy, we quantified the in vitro photodegradation rate (expressed as t1/2) of unconjugated bilirubin in solution at 37°C during exposure to a given light source at its mean delivered irradiance to the 2D body surface area (BSA) of newborn models. Reproducibility (between‐day variation) of the method was determined at irradiance levels from 10 to 70 μW/cm2/nm on three different days.Results: Between‐day t1/2 measurements had coefficients of variation from 3% to 10%. When t1/2 values were normalized to the exposable 2D horizontal BSA, halogen lamp devices, without and with fiberoptics, were least effective (t1/2= 60–108 min and 100–126 min for preterm and term models, respectively). Fluorescent tube devices had t1/2= 19–78 min and 25–78 min, for preterm and term models, respectively. Light‐emitting diode (LED)‐based devices yielded the shortest t1/2 values (16–24 min) for preterm and term newborn models.Conclusions: We demonstrated the applicability of the method through the determination of the efficacy of several commercially available PT devices. This standardized method is reproducible and effectively evaluates the relative in vitro efficacy of various devices and may guide further in vitro and in vivo evaluations of devices.
The Necessity of Design
Authors: Bindig Todd S. 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn Jeff McMahan's The Ethics of Killing, an example involving a congenitally retarded child and a dog of similar cognitive ability is used to attempt to show that arguments about the potential to manifest traits are morally irrelevant to the abortion debate. McMahan argues that our intuition to enhance the child rather than the dog may be irrational. I explain that the only way to maintain common-sense ethics and strongly held intuitions about function and dysfunction is to accept a theory of design and to think, not in terms of “species” but, in terms of kinds of things that are designed to function in specific ways, where the failure of an individual of the kind to manifest characteristic functions is indicative of a privation rather than evidence that the individual is not – or not yet – a member of that kind and thus not as morally significant as members of the kind.
Exemplary Intentions Two English Dominican Hagiographers in the Thirteenth Century and the Preaching through exempla
Authors: Sobecki Sebastian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractThe exemplum is a short edifying tale that uses a historical person's positive or negative character traits to make a moral point. Its homiletic suitability ensured the genre's widespread use throughout premodern Europe. Not only were exempla effective preaching instruments on which a travelling friar could rely, but they also were extremely elastic in their application. A closer look at two late thirteenth-century English texts, Ralph Bocking's Latin Life of St Richard of Chichester (Vita sancti Ricardi) and the Life of St Dominic in the anonymous South English Legendary, a Middle English cycle of saints' lives, will explore two original ways in which mendicant hagiographers attempt to conceal and yet betray their intentions through their choice of hagiographic exempla. The first, I argue, petitions the patron, Isabella of Arundel, for a gift to the Order of Preachers, whereas the second text shows evidence of having been composed by a Dominican friar.
“Whoever understands this …”: On translating the Proslogion
Authors: Logan Ian 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this paper I seek to address the question of the interpretation and translation of the Proslogion and to understand why the text of this major work is repeatedly mistranslated. Having identified the various strands in the interpretative tradition and taken as my paradigm case an analysis of a passage from Proslogion, 4, I suggest that the reason for the errors to be found in the various attempts at translating this passage is to be found in the fact that the translators are influenced by the interpretative tradition and translate in accordance with it, even when this leads to ‘obvious’ mistranslation. I ask whether there can be a definitive interpretation and translation of the Proslogion, and answer this question in the negative, primarily because important elements of Anselm's thought are not available to us. Nevertheless, I suggest that it is possible to avoid errors of interpretation and translation by remaining within the constraints of the text. Finally, I attempt to lay some ground rules for those readers who are interested in an accurate reading of the Proslogion.
Fortune and the Sinner: Chaucer, Gower, Lydgate and Malory's Morte Darthur
Authors: Corrie Marilyn 
Published: January 2008

AbstractCriticism has debated the causes of the fall of the Round Table in Malory's Morte Darthur. While Malory's protagonists have been blamed for some of the disasters that befall them, other factors have been implicated as well. Arthur's dream of Fortune's Wheel on the eve of his climactic battle with Mordred has been thought to show that metaphysical forces over which human beings have no control bear some blame in the king's destruction. This interpretation makes the Morte discrepant with other canonical late‐medieval English texts that contemplate Fortune's role in men's suffering. As is well known, in Troilus and Criseyde and The Knight's Tale, Chaucer undermines the tendency of his pagan characters to blame what happens to them on Fortune. Both texts suggest that their protagonists determine their own fates, an idea that was impressed on Chaucer when he translated Boethius's De consolatione philosophiae. In Chaucer's Monk's Tale, Fortune is often (if not always) the agent of a fate that her victim has determined through sinfulness. In the prologue of the roughly contemporary Confessio Amantis, John Gower also claims that Fortune serves the fate that people have earned through the moral qualities of their deeds. The same idea is propounded in John Lydgate's Fall of Princes, although recent criticism has argued that certain narratives in this text contradict the claims that Lydgate makes for them. The article argues that we might, in fact, see a continuity between Fortune's role in the Morte and the role that is ascribed to her in the writings of Chaucer, Gower and Lydgate. Malory's work is usually said to have little in common with these writings, but future research might probe ways in which it does share their concerns and ideas.
Of Matter and Meter: Environmental Form in Coleridge's ‘Effusion 35’ and ‘The Eolian Harp’
Authors: Morton Timothy 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIn this essay, Timothy Morton explores ecological ways of reading Coleridge's poem ‘Effusion 35’, which he revised as ‘The Eolian Harp’. Previous criticism (such as M. H. Abrams's) has suggested that the Aeolian harp is a way of thinking about relationships between humans and nature, but how precisely should we define these? And do these definitions have anything to do with artistic form (as well as content)? Morton demonstrates that Coleridge conducts an experiment in environmental form, for which the Aeolian harp (or wind harp) provides a key. This popular household gadget was common in the eighteenth century, and several poets had written about it, notably James Thomson. Coleridge innovated in poetic form by making the Aeolian harp a figure for automation, and for the monitoring and recording of environmental processes. The poem thus anticipates, in an imaginary way, contemporary cultures of sound recording and reproduction. Using Marx, Morton demonstrates how the poem organizes meaning in a radically democratic way. ‘Effusion 35’ and ‘The Eolian Harp’ ultimately open our minds to the possibility of ‘ecology without nature’– a deconstructive, open‐minded idea of ecology.
Australasian emergency physicians: A learning and educational needs analysis. Part One: Background and methodology. Profile of FACEM
Authors: Dent Andrew W , Asadpour Ali , Weiland Tracey J , Paltridge Debbie 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective:  Fellows of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine (FACEM) have opportunities to participate in a range of continuing professional development activities. To inform FACEM and assist those involved in planning continuing professional development interventions for FACEM, we undertook a learning needs analysis of emergency physicians.Method:  Exploratory study using survey methodology. Following questionnaire development by iterative feedback with emergency physicians and researchers, a mailed survey was distributed to all FACEM. The survey comprised eight items on work and demographic characteristics of FACEM, and 194 items on attitudes to existing learning opportunities, barriers to learning, and perceived learning needs and preferences.Results:  Fifty‐eight percent (503/854) of all FACEM surveyed responded to the questionnaire, almost half of whom attained their FACEM after year 2000. The sample comprised mostly males (72.8%) with mean age of the sample 41.6 years, similar to ACEM database. Most respondents reported working in ACEM accredited hospitals (89%), major referral hospitals (54%), and practiced on both children and adults (78%). FACEM reported working on average 26.7 clinical hours per week with those at private hospitals working a greater proportion of clinical hours than other hospital types.Conclusion:  As the first of six related reports, this paper documents the methodology used, including questionnaire development, and provides the demographics of responding FACEM, including the clinical and non‐clinical hours worked and type of hospital of principal employment.
Australasian emergency physicians: A learning and educational needs analysis. Part Two: Confidence of FACEM for tasks and skills
Authors: Paltridge Debbie , Dent Andrew W , Weiland Tracey J 
Published: January 2008

AbstractObjective:  To determine the degree of confidence perceived by Fellows of the Australasian College for Emergency Medicine for a variety of procedural, patient management, educational and research skills, and tasks that may be required of them.Method:  Mailed survey with Likert scales and grouped qualitative responses.Results:  More than 90% of emergency physicians (EP) feel usually or always confident of their skills for peripheral vascular access, procedural sedation, fluid resuscitation, tube thoracostomy, managing patients with altered conscious state, cardiac emergencies, behavioural disturbance, and interpreting acid base and other blood tests. Less than 50% felt confident performing surgical airways, ED ultrasound, managing neonatal emergencies or interpreting MRI. Of non‐clinical skills, while most EP were confident of their ability to write references, debrief staff, lead group tutorials and prepare slides, a minority felt usually or always confident about budgeting and finance, preparing submissions, dealing with the media, appearing in court or marking examination papers. Whilst nearly 75% were confident about the information technology skills required of them for clinical practice, less than 25% of EP felt confident about conducting research and less than 15% were confident applying or interpreting statistics.Conclusion:  This information may assist in the planning of future educational interventions for EP.
Delayed recognition of excess mortality in West Timor
Authors: Bradt David A , Drummond Christina M 
Published: January 2008

AbstractIntroduction:  In September 1999, militia‐initiated violence in East Timor forced the displacement of approximately 290 000 persons to West Timor in Indonesia. Whereas the security and health status of the East Timorese in East Timor had been well‐monitored, by contrast, the health status of 150 000 refugees in approximately 200 camps in West Timor was essentially unknown. The death of a child during transfer from a refugee camp there to a United Nations transit camp prompted further investigation.Methods:  The present study population was the largest West Timorese camp of 14 088 refugees. Despite security constraints, a rapid epidemiological assessment was undertaken. Retrospective analysis of camp mortality data, key informant interviews and environmental assessment were included.Results:  A crude mortality rate of 2.3/10 000/day and an under 5 year mortality rate of 10.3/10 000/day were found. Environmental sanitation, personal hygiene, water quality and vector control were inadequate. International aid agencies provided medical care with variable case definitions, no treatment protocols, non‐standard treatment practices, inappropriate antibiotic use, variable referral practices and no secondary prevention. Syndromic diagnoses of causes of dealth guided recommendations for interventions. Follow‐up reports indicated that excess camp mortality was eliminated within a month.Conclusions:  All conflict‐affected populations must have an ongoing examination of essential health data to identify urgent unmet needs, guide appropriate health interventions and monitor progress. Sentinel health events must be promptly reported and investigated. Syndromic diagnoses are useful in targeting life‐saving public health interventions. All humanitarian health assistance must have transparency, technical supervision and peer review to ensure compliance with minimum standards.
‘Watered down’ renal colic: Using tap water mixed with blood to simulate macroscopic haematuria
Authors: Ting Joseph 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRenal colic is a frequent presentation to the emergency department. Although most cases are genuine, up to 0.6% of cases are factitious, representing attempts to procure parenteral narcotic medication or rarely, to attain unnecessary investigation or invasive treatment. Urethral catherization has been recommended to procure an untampered urine sample, but is viewed as invasive. Calculi analysis has no relevance to acute management. We report a case of factitious renal colic which was definitively proven to be so using sample biochemistry to confirm a tap water sample contaminated with blood. This is diagnostically useful if tap water or normal saline is used to produce an alleged urine sample.