bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On‐line coupling of an ultraviolet titanium dioxide film reactor with a liquid chromatography/hydride generation/inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry system for continuous determination of dynamic variation of hydride‐ and nonhydride‐forming arsenic species in very small microdialysate samples
Authors: Tsai Mine‐wei , Sun Yuh‐chang 
Published: December 2007

AbstractWe describe a method for continuously monitoring both hydride‐ and nonhydride‐forming arsenic species in 10‐µL microdialysate samples by coupling together on‐line high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), a post‐column UV/TiO2 film reactor, and hydride generation (HG) inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS). To maximize the signal intensities of the desired arsenic species, we optimized the photocatalytic oxidation efficiency of the analyte species and used a rapid on‐line pre‐reduction process to convert the oxidized species into As(III) prior to HG‐ICP‐MS determination. The UV/nano‐TiO2 film reactor was manufactured by coating nano‐TiO2 onto the interior of a glass tube. Impregnation and sol–gel methods were employed to deposit the TiO2 films, and their effectiveness for the oxidation of organic arsenicals was compared. To enhance the decomposition efficiency of organic arsenicals, we investigated the effects of the acidity and the composition of the column effluent. Because of the improved HG efficiency toward the tested arsenicals and the adoption of a segmented flow technique to retain the peak resolution in our on‐line LC‐UV/nano‐TiO2 film reactor‐HG‐ICP‐MS instrument, the detection limits for arseneous acid [As(III)], monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), dimethylarsinic acid (DMA), arsenic acid [As(V)], and arsenobetaine (AsB) were all in the submicrogram‐per‐liter range (based on 3 sigma) for 10‐µL injections. A series of validation experiments – analyses of certified reference urine and rabbit serum samples – indicated that these methods can be applied satisfactorily to the continuous determination of As(III), MMA, DMA, As(V), and AsB in blood and in the extracellular space of target organs. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Japan's Energy Conservation Initiatives: Highlighting the Energy Conservation Policy
Authors: Minami Norio 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article introduces the energy conservation activities in Japan, focusing on the energy conservation policy. The energy conservation activities in Japan started with the two oil shocks in the 1970s. Development of relevant laws and promotion of subsidy measures were started in this period as well. The consciousness for the energy conservation had been once weakened in the late 1980s through the time of bubble years, but in response to the internationally up‐streaming discussions on global environmental problems in the late 1980s, the importance of the energy conservation was called for again in Japan.Under these circumstances, the final energy consumption in Japan after the oil shocks has leveled off in the industrial sector thanks to their endeavor for energy conservation, but in the commercial/residential sector and transportation sector, it has been continuously increasing.Under these conditions and more and more severe energy situations such as the steep rise of crude oil price, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry established the ‘New National Energy Strategy’ in May 2006, in which a new energy conservation target was set forth in that the energy efficiency would be improved by 30% or more by 2030. Responding to this target, the Agency for Natural Resources and Energy summarized and published the ‘Energy Conservation Technology Strategy (Interim Report)’ in September 2006. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Energy Conservation in Urban Areas
Authors: Sugihara Hideharu , Tsuji Kiichiro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis article outlines the energy conservation measures in the civilian sector from a few different viewpoint regarding energy conservation in cities. First, the energy consumption trends in the business and residential sectors are discussed, focusing the importance of energy conservation measures in applications such as home heating, water heating and specific power demand. Second, as a measure to reduce energy demand itself, energy conservation by way of applying heat insulating materials to buildings and changing the life style of residents is considered. And from the viewpoint of improving the energy system efficiency, additionally discussed here are the measures to improve the efficiency of each energy equipment such as air‐conditioners and co‐generation equipment, and the characteristics of District heating and cooling systems such as the local energy infrastructures. Lastly, from the knowledge obtained through model analyses by the authors, a scheme is recommended that would be one of the most efficient city‐energy schemes where the energy systems including heat pumps, co‐generators or equipment using solar power are utilized for their best‐suited applications for business and residential customers. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Present Status of Energy Saving Technologies and Future Prospect in White LED Lighting
Authors: Taguchi Tsunemasa 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the present status and future prospects on the efficient energy‐saving lighting system based on white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) technologies. Three types of white LEDs are introduced in terms of the fundamental lighting properties which are related to the improvement in luminous efficacy and color rendering. Practical applications using the efficient white LED lighting system are demonstrated. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The Environmental Potential of IT for the Ubiquitous Society
Authors: Ugo Ryosuke 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAs typically represented by the popularization of the Internet, the rapid development of information technology (IT) is largely affecting all areas of activity as the foundation of societies with higher efficiency, making it really a tool for social innovation. On the other hand, along with the globalization of the economic activities and the related change of lifestyle with mass‐energy and mass‐material consumptions, the social concern and sense of crisis against global warming and other environmental problems have been more and more highlighted.Under these situations, much discussion is on with regard to the possibility that the features of IT that are considered to improve the efficiency of traditional activities could contribute to the solution of environmental problems, particularly in prevention of global warming. This way, the services and systems utilizing IT not only improve the traditional work efficiency but also reduce the energy and resource consumption for the activities, resulting in reduction of the amount of CO2 emission.In this article, the relation between IT and the environmental issues mentioned above are highlighted. Also, some ideas on how to evaluate the quantitative effects of CO2 reduction as the result of applied services and systems incorporating relevant IT programs, and tools and actual evaluation cases are introduced to show the potential of IT in tackling environmental issues. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Start of Uniform Energy‐Saving Label: Points of Energy‐Saving Measures for Home Electric Appliances, etc.
Authors: Arima Shigeharu , Sakamoto Yasuhiro 
Published: December 2007

AbstractJapanese energy conservation measures for home electric appliances and the like are the following: the Retailer Indication System (Uniform Energy‐saving label), Energy‐Saving Labeling Program and Excellent Shop Program, as well as a broadly publicized program to present the information in a list of energy conservation performance on all products of all manufacturers. As the basis of these systems and programs, the concept of the top‐runner criteria has been introduced. The idea is such that on electrical appliances that are considered to be the most energy consuming, the energy conservation target is set out at a point which is higher than any energy conservation efficiency level among commercialized product types or models in each appliance category, and the level of each product has to be seen on the product itself. As an easy‐to‐see display of the energy conservation performance and others, an Energy‐Saving Labeling Program has been introduced in which the energy conservation performance and criteria‐achieving rate as well as its mark are to be presented on the product itself. In addition, a Uniform Energy‐Saving Label to show the relative level of energy conservation performance with a number of stars has been introduced, which includes indicative annual electricity charges, etc. There is an additional program in which home appliance shops that explain and provide correct information regarding these programs and energy conservation and actively promote the sale of the energy‐saving products are evaluated as excellent shops. The current situation and possibility of reduction of standby power consumed by products are also discussed. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Challenges to the Carbon Dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) Technology
Authors: Murai Shigeo , Fujioka Yuichi 
Published: December 2007

AbstractCarbon dioxide Capture and Storage (CCS) technology, which is one of the technologies against global warming, applied to the separation and capture of CO2 gas and finally storage underground is attracting attention. There are several technologies being developed for CO2 separation and capture, namely the chemical absorption method, physical absorption method, adsorbing separation method and membrane separation method. These are being developed to apply to postcombustion capture, oxyfuel postcombustion capture, etc. With regard to the CO2 storage technologies, the method of injection into an aquifer is being developed as the major one, and studies on issues for actual technical application are being conducted in the form of engineering study on the assumed model area. In this report, our expectations toward actual application of the CCS technology, the trends of the CCS technology and other related matters are introduced. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Proposal and Evaluation of a New‐Type Cogeneration System for Energy Saving and CO2 Emission Reduction
Authors: Sik Pak Pyong 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe paper proposes a cogeneration system which generates four types of energy or material resources: electricity, steam, hot water, and freshwater. The proposed system can capture CO2, and be constructed on the basis of a combined cycle power generation system which consists of a gas turbine and a back‐pressure extraction turbine. In the proposed system, power is produced by driving the gas turbine system. High‐pressure saturated steam with medium temperature is produced in the heat recovery steam generator by using gas turbine exhaust gas, and then superheated with a regenerative superheater in which the fuel is burned by using oxygen instead of air for driving the steam turbine generator. Water and CO2 are recovered from the flue gas of the regenerative superheater. It has been estimated that the proposed system has a net power generation efficiency of 41.2%, a heat generation efficiency of 41.5%, and a total efficiency of 82.7%. Freshwater of 1.34 t/h and CO2 of 1.76 t/h can be recovered. It has also been shown, when a case study was set and evaluated, that the proposed system can save 31.3% of energy compared with the conventional energy supply system, and reduce CO2 emission by 28.2% compared with the conventional cogeneration system. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Improving Parsing of ‘BA’ Sentences for Machine Translation
Authors: Yin Dapeng , Shao Min , Ren Fuji , Kuroiwa Shingo 
Published: December 2007

AbstractThe research on Chinese‐Japanese machine translation has been lasting for many years, and now this research field is increasingly thoroughly refined. In practical machine translation system, the processing of a simple and short Chinese sentence has somewhat good results. However, the translation of complex long Chinese sentence still has difficulties. For example, these systems are still unable to solve the translation problem of complex ‘BA’ sentences. In this article a new method of parsing of ‘BA’ sentence for machine translation based on valency theory is proposed. A ‘BA’ sentence is one that has a prepositional word ‘BA’. The structural character of a ‘BA’ sentence is that the original verb is behind the object word. The object word after the ‘BA’ preposition is used as an adverbial modifier of an active word. First, a large number of grammar items from Chinese grammar books are collected, and some elementary judgment rules are set by classifying and including the collected grammar items. Then, these judgment rules are put into use in actual Chinese language and are modified by checking their results instantly. Rules are checked and modified by using the statistical information from an actual corpus. Then, a five‐segment model used for ‘BA’ sentence translation is brought forward after the above mentioned analysis. Finally, we applied this proposed model into our developed machine translation system and evaluated the experimental results. It achieved a 91.3% rate of accuracy and the satisfying result verified effectiveness of our five‐segment model for ‘BA’ sentence translation. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Effect of Feedback Force Delays on the Operation of Haptic Displays
Authors: Ishihara Manabu , Negishi Nobuhiko 
Published: December 2007

AbstractRecently, Virtual Reality (VR) technology has developed quickly, together with research conducted on various elemental and related technologies and research in various fields of its application. We experimented about delay times. The haptic media is very sensitive to the network delay and its jitter and packet loss. The analytic hierarchy process(AHP) is one of the methods used to evaluate physical phenomena as correctness of the human sensation. In consequence of its application to the present experiment, it was made clear that the haptic media could be estimated from the delay times. In this report, we experimented about the relation between the delay times and haptic sense. Copyright © 2007 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Meeting the challenge of globalization in Costa Rica
Authors: Nelson Roy C. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractAs president of Costa Rica from 1994 to 1998, José María Figueres played a key role in transforming the Costa Rican economy, helping to move the country up the value chain in the global production process. Figueres's success in bringing Intel into Costa Rica led to a major shift in the country's main exports—from bananas and coffee to microprocessors. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Higher calcium urinary loss induced by a calcium sulphate-rich mineral water intake than by milk in young women Comments by Arnaud
Authors: Arnaud Maurice J. 
Published: December 2007

I did not intend to revisit the discussion of the publication of Brandolini et al.1 on Ca urinary excretion attributed to the sulfate content of water but in their answers2 to my comments3, they said that ‘I accept their experimental results’ and that ‘I do not contest the difference in calciuria between milk and sulfate-rich water’. I never wrote that I agree with their results and even more with their conclusions but questioned how is it possible to evaluate a 20 mg difference in daily Ca urinary excretion from a study with subjects under uncontrolled dietary intakes, unbalanced experimental study design and without analytical results on acid–base balance and sulfate to support their acidogenic hypothesis of sulfate. I did not find any convincing explanations in their answers but I want to raise several points of disagreement, which are either repeated or new.
The level of carbonation of a sugar-sweetened beverage preload affects satiety and short-term energy and food intakes
Authors: Moorhead S. Anne , Livingstone M. Barbara E. , Dunne Adrian , Welch Robert W. 
Published: December 2007

The consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages is associated with increased incidence of overweight and obesity, and a factor underlying this putative link could be the relatively low levels of satiety that may be induced by these beverages. Although many sugar-sweetened beverages are carbonated, little attention has been given to the potential effects of level of carbonation on satiety and subsequent intakes. We hypothesized that increasing the level of carbonation in a sugar-sweetened beverage would increase satiety and decrease intakes in the short term. Using a randomized, within-subject cross-over design, thirty non-obese subjects (fifteen women, fifteen men) participated on three occasions, 1 week apart. Following a standard breakfast, subjects consumed a beverage preload 10 min before consuming a lunchad libitum. Preloads were the same sugar-sweetened beverage (400 ml, 639 kJ) with three levels of carbonation, which were low (1·7 volumes), medium (2·5 volumes) and high (3·7 volumes). Satiety was assessed using visual analogue scales and intakes were measured at the lunch and for the rest of the day. Compared with the beverage with low carbonation, consumption of the beverages with medium and high carbonation led to significantly (P < 0·05) higher satiety until lunch, when intakes of food and energy were significantly (P < 0·05) lower. There were no significant effects on satiety following lunch or on intakes for the rest of the day. This short-term study suggests that the level of carbonation may need to be taken into account when assessing potential effects of beverages on satiety and intake.
EMPOWERMENT THROUGH SOCIAL CAPITAL BUILD-UP: GENDER DIMENSIONS IN TECHNOLOGY UPTAKE
Authors: BANTILAN M. C. S. , PADMAJA R. 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYThis paper explores how and to what extent women and men have benefited from social capital build-up (the ability of men and women farmers to develop and use various kinds of social networks and the resources that thereby become available) in technology uptake, and the role of women in this process. Using a series of three case studies on ICRISAT's Groundnut Production Technology, the process of technology uptake leading to empowerment is systematically documented through three stages of the adoption pathway. The process stimulating gender-equitable change and empowerment was examined through a sequential analysis using two in-depth case studies in three villages in Maharashtra, India, and complemented by a broader quantitative study of the uptake process covering villages in surrounding districts. This analysis illustrated that social capital is important for both adoption and impact to occur. Qualitative information complemented by quantitative measures provides a holistic understanding of the long-term effects and benefits. The findings illustrated that build-up of social capital improves access to resources like credit, information and knowledge about new technology options and practices. Furthermore, it expands choices available to each household member – e.g. selecting and adopting seed technology of their choice, and alternative investment options – and influences the distribution of benefits from the technology because of the ways in which social networks and social relationships facilitate technology dissemination. Mobilizing social capital through participation of men and women in groups/networks that crossed caste, class and gender barriers mediated the successful adoption and diffusion of technology.
TRANSFORMING IMPACT ASSESSMENT: BEGINNING THE QUIET REVOLUTION OF INSTITUTIONAL LEARNING AND CHANGE
Authors: WATTS JAMIE , HORTON DOUGLAS , DOUTHWAITE BORU , LA ROVERE ROBERTO , THIELE GRAHAM , PRASAD SHAMBU , STAVER CHARLES 
Published: December 2007

SUMMARYScores of assessments of the impacts of agricultural research have been carried out over the years. However, few appear to have been used to improve decision making and the effectiveness of research programmes. The Institutional Learning and Change (ILAC) Initiative emerged within the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), with the goal of strengthening learning from experience and using lessons to improve pro-poor innovation. It is testing approaches for expanding the contributions of impact assessment and evaluation to learning, decision making and improvement.
Evolutionary string theory
Authors: Faulkes Zen , Baines Anita Davelos 
Published: December 2007

AbstractEvolution in Four Dimensionsclaims that epigenetic, behavioral, and symbolic inheritance systems should be considered equal partners to genetics in evolutionary biology. The evidence for, and applicable scope of, these additional inheritance systems is limited, particularly with regard to areas involving learning. It is unclear how including these extra dimensions in mainstream evolutionary thinking translates into testable hypotheses for a productive research program.
What is so informative about information?
Authors: Hamame Carlos M. , Cosmelli Diego , Aboitiz Francisco 
Published: December 2007

AbstractUnderstanding evolution beyond a gene-centered vision is a fertile ground for new questions and approaches. However, in this systemic perspective, we take issue with the necessity of the concept of information. Through the example of brain and language evolution, we propose the autonomous systems theory as a more biologically relevant framework for the evolutionary perspective offered by Jablonka & Lamb (J&L).
Individual invention versus socio-ecological innovation: Unifying the behavioral and evolutionary sciences
Authors: McCall Lauren 
Published: December 2007

AbstractGreat promise for the evolutionary analysis of animal behavior lies in the distinction between generative novelties and the evolutionary innovations to which they can give rise. Ramsey et al. succeed in emphasizing the contribution of individual learning and intelligence to behavioral innovations, but do not correct the tendency to confound individual invention with socio-ecological or group-level innovation.
Efficient aberrations pre-compensation and wavefront correction with a deformable mirror in the middle of a petawatt-class CPA laser system
Authors: Canova F. , Flacco A. , Canova L. , Clady R. , Chambaret J.-P. , PlÉ F. , Pittman M. , Planchon T.A. , Silva M. , Benocci R. , Lucchini G. , Batani D. , Lavergne E. , Dovillaire G. , Levecq X. 
Published: December 2007

AbstractIn this paper, we describe the experimental validation of the technique of correction of wavefront aberration in the middle of the laser amplifying chain. This technique allows the correction of the aberrations from the first part of the laser system, and the pre-compensation of the aberrations built in the second part. This approach will allow an effective aberration management in the laser chain, to protect the optical surfaces and optimize performances, and is the only possible approach for multi-petawatt laser system from the technical and economical point of view. This approach is now possible after the introduction of new deformable mirrors with lower static aberrations and higher dynamic than the standard devices.