bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol withdrawal induces hyperalgesia mediated by PKCε
Authors: Dina Olayinka A. , Messing Robert O. , Levine Jon D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSymptoms of ethanol withdrawal include heightened responses to sensory stimuli, as well as tremors and convulsions. We tested the hypothesis that repeated episodes of ethanol intake and withdrawal exacerbate the symptoms of alcohol‐induced peripheral neuropathy. In contrast to the hyperalgesia produced when an alcohol (6.5%)‐containing diet was fed continuously to male rats which took 4 weeks to develop (Dinaet al., 2000), feeding alcohol (6.5%) in repeated cycles of 4 days of alcohol followed by 3 days without alcohol resulted in a withdrawal‐induced hyperalgesia that began at the end of one weekly cycle and reached a maximum during the fourth cycle. For ethanol withdrawal to produce hyperalgesia, ethanol consumption needed to be terminated for a period of 2 days. Paradoxically, as the amount of alcohol consumed decreased, the hyperalgesia induced by withdrawal developed more rapidly, being maximal between 1.4 and 1.6% ethanol. These results suggest that continued exposure to ethanol also has a neuroprotective effect. Withdrawal‐induced hyperalgesia, similar to the hyperalgesia induced by continuous, chronic alcohol intake, was inhibited reversibly by intrathecal administration of an antisense oligodeoxynucleotide to protein kinase C (PKC)ε.
TRPV1, but not P2X3, requires cholesterol for its function and membrane expression in rat nociceptors
Authors: Liu Min , Huang Wenlong , Wu Dongsheng , Priestley John V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWe examined the importance of membrane cholesterol for the function and expression of TRPV1 (vanilloid receptor subtype 1) and P2X3in adult rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. Cholesterol, an essential component of lipid rafts, was depleted using methyl β‐cyclodextrin (MCD). We found that MCD significantly reduced TRPV1‐mediated capsaicin‐ and proton‐activated currents. By contrast, inward currents activated by α,β‐methylene ATP (α,β‐meATP), a non‐hydrolysable ATP analogue, were not altered. Immunoreactivity for TRPV1, but not P2X3, in the plasma membrane was markedly reduced by MCD. A reduction of TRPV1 protein in membrane fractions was found following cholesterol depletion. Our data show that the level of cholesterol determines the activity and the amount of membrane TRPV1, suggesting that TRPV1 might be localized in cholesterol‐rich microdomains in nociceptors. The differential dependence on the membrane cholesterol of TRPV1 and P2X3may have physiological significance in nociception during inflammation.
Blood–CSF barrier function in the rat embryo
Authors: Johansson P. A. , Dziegielewska K. M. , Ek C. J. , Habgood M. D. , Liddelow S. A. , Potter A. M. , Stolp H. B. , Saunders N. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBlood–cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier function and expansion of the ventricular system were investigated in embryonic rats (E12–18). Permeability markers (sucrose and inulin) were injected intraperitoneally and concentrations measured in plasma and CSF at two sites (lateral and 4th ventricles) after 1 h. Total protein concentrations were also measured. CSF/plasma concentration ratios for endogenous protein were stable at ∼ 20% at E14–18 and subsequently declined. In contrast, ratios for sucrose (100%) and inulin (40%) were highest at the earliest ages studied (E13–14) and then decreased substantially. Between E13 and E16 the volume of the lateral ventricles increased over three‐fold. Decreasing CSF/plasma concentration ratios for small, passively diffusing molecules during embryonic development may not reflect changes in permeability. Instead, increasing volume of distribution appears to be important in this decline. The intracellular presence of a small marker (3000 Da biotin–dextranamine) in plexus epithelial cells following intraperitoneal injection indicates a transcellular route of transfer. Ultrastructural evidence confirmed that choroid plexus tight junctions are impermeable to small molecules at least as early as E15, indicating the blood–CSF barrier is morphologically and functionally mature early in embryonic development. Comparison of two albumins (human and bovine) showed that transfer of human albumin (surrogate for endogenous protein) was 4–5 times greater than bovine, indicating selective blood‐to‐CSF transfer. The number of plexus epithelial cells immunopositive for endogenous plasma protein increased in parallel with increases in total protein content of the expanding ventricular system. Results suggest that different transcellular mechanisms for protein and small molecule transfer are operating across the embryonic blood–CSF interface.
Hemodynamic changes during acute elevation of intra‐abdominal pressure in rabbits
Authors: SÜMPELMANN ROBERT , SCHUERHOLZ TOBIAS , MARX GERNOT , JESCH NATALIE K. , OSTHAUS WILHELM A. , URE BENNO M. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground:  The intra‐abdominal pressure (IAP) may be increased during pneumoperitoneum for minimally invasive surgery, after high tension repairs of congenital abdominal wall defects, major abdominal surgery, liver transplantation, abdominal trauma, peritonitis or ileus. The aim of this study was to investigate hemodynamic changes during elevation of IAP using an experimental setting, which mirrors anatomical and physiological conditions of neonates and small infants as closely as possible.Methods:  In five fasted, anesthetized, mechanically ventilated and multicatheterized New Zealand rabbits, the IAP was gradually increased by intra‐abdominal infusion of normal saline (total volume 1000 ml). At baseline and after each infusion of 100 ml normal saline cardiac output (CO, transcardiopulmonary thermodilution), pressure in the superior (SVCP) and inferior vena cava (IVCP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), peak airway pressure (PAP) and IAP was recorded.Results:  During the study, IAP, SVCP and IVCP increased significantly. IVCP was significantly higher than SVCP from timepoint 200 ml to study end. After abdominal decompression IAP, SVCP and IVCP decreased to baseline levels. Changes in MAP were not significant. CO increased significantly from baseline to timepoint 200 ml (peak value), remained nearly constant until timepoint 800 ml and decreased thereafter until the abdominal infusion ceased. After abdominal decompression CO returned to baseline level. SVCP, IVCP and PAP correlated significantly with IAP (SVCP, r = 0.73; IVCP, r = 0.97; PAP, r = 0.94; P < 0.0001).Conclusions:  The hemodynamic changes caused by increased IAP cannot be recognized by routine monitoring of arterial blood pressure and transcutaneous oxygen saturation. The increase in central venous pressure may be misinterpreted as an elevation of cardiac preload. One major effect of a prolonged increase in IAP is a decreased CO.
Transpulmonary thermodilution hemodynamic monitoring for pheochromocytoma surgery in a child with complex congenital heart disease
Authors: CHERQAOUI IMANE , RAUX OLIVIER , DEHOUR LAURENCE , ROCHETTE ALAIN , DADURE CHRISTOPHE , CAPDEVILA XAVIER 
Published: June 2006

SummaryHemodynamic alterations related to pheochromocytoma surgery may lead to decompensation with an associated cardiac malformation. Moreover, they are incompletely described in children because of potential hazards of invasive monitoring. We report transpulmonary thermodilution hemodynamic monitoring during pheochromocytoma surgery in a child with a complex congenital heart malformation. Comprehensive analysis of hemodynamic events was obtained that guided therapeutic decisions. Cardiac function was preserved and no complication occurred.
Isoflurane is associated with a similar incidence of emergence agitation/delirium as sevoflurane in young children – a randomized controlled study
Authors: MEYER ROLAND RICHARD , MÜNSTER PETER , WERNER CHRISTIAN , BRAMBRINK ANSGAR MARIA 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground:  Children may be agitated or even delirious especially when recovering from general anesthesia using volatile anesthetics. Many trials have focused on the newer agents sevoflurane and desflurane but for the widely used isoflurane little is known about its potential to generate agitation. We investigated the emergence characteristics of small children after sevoflurane or isoflurane with caudal anesthesia for postoperative pain control.Methods:  After institutional approval and parental consent, anesthesia was randomly performed with sevoflurane (n = 30) or isoflurane (n = 29) in children at the age of 3.8 ± 1.8 years during surgical interventions on the lower part of the body. After induction, all children received caudal anesthesia with bupivacaine (0.25%, 0.8 ml·kg−1). Postoperatively, the incidences of emergence agitation (EA) and emergence delirium (ED) were measured by a blinded observer using a ten point scale (TPS; EA = TPS > 5 ED = TPS > 7) as well as vigilance, nausea/vomiting and shivering.Results:  The two groups were comparable with respect to demographic data, duration of surgery and duration of anesthesia. There were also no differences in the period of time from the end of surgery until extubation, duration of stay in the PACU, postoperative vigilance and vegetative parameters. Incidence of EA was 30% (9/30) for sevoflurane and 34% (10/29) for isoflurane during the first 60 min in the PACU (P = 0.785). Likewise, the incidence of ED was not different between the groups (20% and 24%, respectively).Conclusions:  In our randomized controlled study, we found no difference in the incidence of EA or ED between sevoflurane and isoflurane. Therefore, the decision to use one or the other should not be based upon the incidence of EA or ED.
Hemodynamic differences between propofol–remifentanil and sevoflurane anesthesia for repair of cleft lip and palate in infants
Authors: STEINMETZ JACOB , HOLM‐KNUDSEN ROLF , SØRENSEN MARTIN KRYSPIN , ERIKSEN KIRSTEN , RASMUSSEN LARS S. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground:  Propofol–remifentanil anesthesia is widely used in adults but few studies are available in infants. We aimed at comparing the hemodynamic effects of propofol–remifentanil vs sevoflurane–fentanyl anesthesia. In addition, we sought to investigate recovery and whether remifentanil induced acute opioid tolerance.Methods:  In total, 39 infants 4–6 months old were prospectively enrolled and randomized to receive either a combination of remifentanil and propofol (n = 17) or a sevoflurane–fentanyl anesthesia (n = 22) for surgical repair of cleft lip and palate. In both groups, sevoflurane was used for induction of anesthesia and fentanyl was administered before tracheal extubation. Mean arterial blood pressure and heart rate were recorded every 5 min after induction. We also recorded time from termination of surgery to tracheal extubation, postoperative behavior and the need for analgesia for the first 24 h after surgery. Postoperative observations were blinded.Results:  In the remifentanil–propofol group, the mean arterial blood pressure was higher [58 (51–65) vs 51 (45–55), P = 0.02] and the mean heart rate was lower [111 (108–113) vs 128 (122–143), P < 0.0001]. There were no differences in recovery time or behavior after surgery. In the remifentanil group, a median fentanyl dose of 4 μg·kg−1 was required to insure a smooth recovery, but there was no difference in morphine consumption during the first 24 h after surgery.Conclusions:  A high‐dose remifentanil–propofol infusion was associated with a higher blood pressure and lower heart rate than sevoflurane–fentanyl anesthesia in infants. Postoperative morphine consumption, recovery time and quality were similar.
Prevention of hypothermia in children under combined epidural and general anesthesia: a comparison between upper‐ and lower‐body warming
Authors: SHORRAB AHMED A. , EL‐SAWY MOHAMED E. , OTHMAN MAHMOUD M. , HAMMOUDA GOLINAR E. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground:  Children receiving combined epidural and general anesthesia may be at greater risk of hypothermia. Active warming should be undertaken to combat heat loss. With combined epidural and general anesthesia heat loss from the lower body may be greater than from the upper body because of shift of blood towards the vasodilated lower body. We assumed that application of the warming blanket to the lower body might provide better protection against hypothermia. To test this hypothesis, lower‐body warming (LBW) was compared with upper‐body warming (UBW) in a randomized comparative study.Methods:  Children subjected to open urologic surgery under combined epidural and general anesthesia were randomly allocated to either UBW n = 38 or LBW n = 35 using a forced‐air warming blanket. Core and peripheral skin temperatures were monitored. Temperature gradients between forearm and fingertip during LBW and between leg and toe during UBW were calculated. The warmer was set at 32°C, room temperature was around 22°C and fluids were infused at ambient room temperature.Results:  The changes in core temperature were comparable and parallel in both groups. Core temperature decreased significantly in each group at 1 h after induction compared with basal values. Temperature gradients at forearm‐fingertip and at leg‐toe were also comparable in both groups. Recovery was uneventful and no patient shivered in the recovery room.Conclusions:  Lower body warming is as effective as UBW in prevention of hypothermia in children subjected to combined epidural and general anesthesia.
Motion sickness as a predictor of postoperative vomiting in children aged 1–16 years
Authors: THOMAS MARK , WOODHEAD GREG , MASOOD NADIA , HOWARD RICHARD 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground:  Motion sickness (MS) may be a risk factor for postoperative vomiting (POV), but its independent predictive value in children is not known.Methods:  A convenience sample of 70 consecutive patients aged 1–16 years scheduled for elective surgery were questioned, a history of MS was sought and patients were observed for the subsequent development of POV.Results:  The overall incidence of POV was 29%. Fourteen children (20%) had a history of MS; MS‐positive children were more likely to vomit than those who were MS‐negative (P < 0.01). The type of surgery, use of opioids or prophylactic antiemetics did not differ significantly between the groups. The sensitivity of MS as a predictor of POV is 45% and the specificity 90%, giving a positive predictive value of 64.3% and a negative predictive value of 80.4%.Conclusion:  Motion sickness is associated with POV in this group of children, but its positive predictive value is fairly low.
Study of nitrogen fixation in microbial communities of oil‐contaminated marine sediment microcosms
Authors: Musat Florin , Harder Jens , Widdel Friedrich 
Published: June 2006

SummaryAerobic microbial degradation of pollutant oil (petroleum) in aquatic environments is often severely limited by the availability of combined nitrogen. We therefore studied whether the microbial community enriched in marine sediment microcosms with an added oil layer and exposure to light harboured nitrogenase activity. The acetylene reduction (AR) assay indeed indicated active nitrogenase; however, similar activity was observed in oil‐free control microcosms. In both microcosms, the AR rate was significantly reduced upon a dark shift, indicating that enriched cyanobacteria were the dominant diazotrophs. Analysis of structural dinitrogenase reductase genes (nifH) amplified from both microcosms indeed revealed NifH sequences related mostly to those of heterocystous cyanobacteria. NifH sequences typically affiliating with those of heterotrophic bacteria were more frequently retrieved from the oil‐containing sediment. Expression analyses showed that mainly nifH genes similar to those of heterocystous cyanobacteria were expressed in the light. Upon a dark shift, nifH genes related to those of non‐heterocystous cyanobacteria were expressed. Expression of nifH assignable to heterotrophs was apparently not significant. It is concluded that cyanobacteria are the main contributors of fixed nitrogen to oil‐contaminated and pristine sediments if nitrogen is a limiting factor and if light is available. Hence, also the oil‐degrading heterotrophic community may thus receive a significant part of combined nitrogen from cyanobacteria, even though oil vice versa apparently does not stimulate an additional nitrogen fixation in the enriched community.
Late results of treatment of anal fistulas
Authors: Sygut A. , Zajdel R. , Kędzia‐Budziewska R. , Trzciński R. , Dziki A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective  The aim of this paper was to analyse the results of treatment of anal fistulas retrospectively.Methods  Between 1992 and 2004, 407 patients were operated on for perianal fistula. In the follow‐up period, 107 patients were lost, so 300 patients were analysed in the study. The mean follow‐up time was 4.2 years. Analysed parameters included: types of surgical procedures in different kinds of fistulas and postoperative complications. Various types of surgical procedures and their effectiveness were described. Late results were assessed taking into account healing time, duration of sick leave, recurrence rate and incidence of anal sphincter dysfunction. Severity of gas and stool incontinence was assessed according to the Cleveland Clinic Incontinence Score.Results  In our study, subcutaneous fistula was diagnosed in 23.3%, inter‐sphincteric in 18%, trans‐sphincteric in 37.7%, supra‐sphincteric in 16% and extra‐sphincteric in 5% of patients. Single‐tract fistulas were present in 88.7% and multi‐tract fistulas were present in 11.3%. Overall, 242 patients had primary fistulas and 58 patients had recurrent fistulas. The most frequently performed procedures were cutting seton (139 patients) and radical fistulectomy (104 patients). Recurrent fistulas developed in 14.3%. Postoperative gas and/or stool incontinence was noticed in 10.7%. The recurrence rate was 5.4% in patients with primary fistula and in 51.7% patients presenting with a recurrent fistula. Gas and stool incontinence developed in 3.7% of patients with primary fistulas and in 39.7% of patients presenting with recurrent fistulas. Recurrence rate was 12% in the patients of single‐tract fistulas and 32.4% in the patients of multi‐tract fistulas. Postoperative gas and/or stool incontinence occurred in 8.3% of patients of single‐tract fistulas and in 29.4% of patients of multi‐tract fistulas.Conclusions  The complication rate was 10‐fold higher in patients presenting with a recurrent fistula than in those with primary fistulas and threefold higher in patients with multi‐tract fistulas than in those with single‐tract fistulas.
Validation of a nomogram predicting the probability of lymph node invasion based on the extent of pelvic lymphadenectomy in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer
Authors: Briganti Alberto , Chun Felix K‐H. , Salonia Andrea , Gallina Andrea , Farina Elena , Da Pozzo Luigi F. , Rigatti Patrizio , Montorsi Francesco , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVETo develop a multivariate nomogram to predict the rate of lymph node invasion (LNI) in patients with clinically localized prostate cancer according to the extent of extended pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLND), which is associated with significantly higher rate of LNI.PATIENTS AND METHODSThe study comprised 781 consecutive patients (median age 66.6 years, range 45–85) treated with PLND and radical retropubic prostatectomy (RRP) for clinically localized prostate cancer. Their median (range) prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level was 7 (1.03–49.91) ng/mL, and their clinical stages were T1c in 433 (55.4%), T2 in 328 (42%) and T3 in 20 (2.6%). Biopsy Gleason sums were ≤ 6 in 514 (65.8%), 7 in 204 (26.1%) and 8–10 in 63 (8.1%). Multivariate logistic regression models were used to test the association between predictors including PSA level, biopsy Gleason sum, clinical stage, number of nodes removed and the rate of LNI. Finally, regression coefficients were used to develop a nomogram, which was internally validated with 200 bootstrap re‐samples.RESULTSThe median (range) number of lymph nodes removed was 14 (2–40); LNI was detected in 71 patients (9.1%). The univariate predictive accuracy for total PSA level, clinical stage, biopsy Gleason sum and number of total nodes removed and examined was 64.2%, 59.8%, 74% and 62.9%, respectively. Except for PSA (P = 0.2), all variables were statistically significant multivariate predictors of LNI at RRP (P ≤ 0.001). A nomogram based on clinical stage, PSA level, biopsy Gleason sum and the number of total lymph nodes removed was 78.6% accurate, and 1.8% more accurate than a nomogram without the number of removed lymph nodes.CONCLUSIONSThe extent of PLND is directly related to the probability of LNI. The risk of LNI increases linearly, and is proportional to the number of nodes removed and examined. The effect of the increased probability of LNI is weighted more heavily in men with more advanced clinical stage and grade.
The effect of intracavernosal growth differentiation factor‐5 therapy in a rat model of cavernosal nerve injury
Authors: FANDEL THOMAS M. , BELLA ANTHONY J. , TANTIWONGSE KAVIRACH , GARCIA MAURICE , NUNES LORA , THüROFF JOACHIM W. , TANAGHO EMIL A. , POHL JENS , LUE TOM F. 
Published: June 2006

OBJECTIVETo determine whether the intracavernosal application of growth differentiation factor‐5 (GDF‐5) influences nerve regeneration and erectile function after cavernosal nerve injury in a rat model.MATERIALS AND METHODSThirty‐two male Sprague‐Dawley rats were randomly divided into four equal groups: eight had a sham operation (uninjured controls), while 24 had bilateral cavernosal nerve crush. The crush‐injury groups were treated at the time of injury with an impregnated collagen sponge implanted into the right corpus cavernosum. The sponge contained no GDF‐5 (injured controls), 2 µg (low concentration), or 20 µg GDF‐5 (high concentration). Erectile function was assessed by cavernosal nerve electrostimulation at 8 weeks. Midshaft penile tissue samples were histochemically evaluated for neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS)‐containing fibres in the dorsal penile nerve.RESULTSThere was no erectile dysfunction in the uninjured control group, as shown by a mean (sem) maximal increase in intracavernosal pressure (ICP) of 149.5 (17.0) cmH2O on stimulation. By comparison, the ICP decreased in the injured control group, by 21.3 (6.7) cmH2O. After cavernosal nerve injury, the recovery of erectile function was greatest in the low‐concentration GDF‐5 group; the maximum ICP increase was 40.8 (13.3) cmH2O, vs 24.3 (5.9) cmH2O for 20 µg GDF‐5. Histologically, the low‐concentration group had significantly more nNOS‐containing nerve fibres, at 163 (24.7), than the high‐concentration group, at 76 (17.3), or injured controls, at 67 (23.8). By contrast, the uninjured controls had a mean of 538 (40.6) nerve fibres in the dorsal nerve.CONCLUSIONBilateral cavernosal nerve crush resulted in erectile dysfunction with accompanying neurological changes in the rat. The intracavernosal application of GDF‐5 enhanced the recovery of erectile function and n‐NOS nerve preservation, with a 2‐µg dose giving the most promising results.