bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Kap Gustav Holm Tertiary Plutonic Centre, East Greenland
Authors: MYERS J. S. , GILL R. C. O. , REX D. C. , CHARNLEY N. R. 
Published: December 2007

The plutonic centre is exposed on the narrow headland of Kap Gustav Holm in East Greenland. It was emplaced into the hinge zone of a major crustal flexure that developed during initial rifting between Greenland and northwest Europe.
The earliest intrusion is a funnel-shaped tholeiitic gabbro that was emplaced into the developing flexure, probably about 55 Ma ago. The intrusion comprises a Basal Contact Zone of gabbro 100m thick, showing syn-plutonic deformation and recrystallization; a Lower Zone of massive olivine gabbro 250–1500 m thick; and an Upper Zone of layered gabbro with a minimum thickness of 500–700 m. All are cut by sheets of gabbro pegmatite. Abrupt reversals in cryptic and phase layering suggest that the gabbro intrusion is the result of several injections of magma.
The gabbro intrusion was tilted steeply seawards before emplacement of plutons and sheets of monzonite, syenite and granite about 50 Ma ago. The main monzonite body forms a vertical cylinder 2.5 km in diameter, with saucer-shaped mineral-graded layering and abundant volcanic inclusions. Regular stratigraphic variation in the composition of plagioclase and augite with structural height is interrupted by an abrupt reversal, suggesting emplacement of a new pulse of magma.
Syenite forms ring dykes and partial ring dykes of two distinct compositions: an older subalkaline syenite related to the monzonite and gabbro, and a younger mildly peralkaline syenite. Granite forms a small composite pluton. Abundant syn-plutonic bodies of microdioite are associated with monzonite, syenite and granite intrusions.
Deep structure of the East Mendip Hills from gravity, aeromagnetic and seismic reflection data
Authors: ATES A. , KEAREY P. 
Published: December 2007

Beacon Hill pericline is the most easterly pericline of the Mendip Hills, whose folds and thrusts were formed during the Variscan Orogeny by earth movements directed from the south. The Silurian volcanic rocks making up the core of the pericline are shown to be responsible for the large, linear magnetic anomalies present over eastern Mendip. Magnetic anomalies within the Radstock Coalfield to the north, however, are related to volcanic horizons in the Carboniferous Limestone. A three-dimensional model shows the presence of Silurian rocks beneath the spine of the eastern Mendip Hills.
Seismic reflection sections are used to control two-dimensional interpretations of potential field data from Beacon Hill pericline. Although the magnetic anomalies are adequately explained by the seismic model, the gravity anomalies require the presence of an additional low density body beneath the pericline's southern flank. This body is interpreted as a thrust wedge of Old Red Sandstone emplaced in its present position by a previously unrecognized post-Variscan normal fault. The considerable lateral extent of the structure is demonstrated by the trend of the maxima of the horizontal gradient of the gravity anomalies.
Southern Menderes Massif: an incipient metamorphic core complex in western Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: BOZKURT E. , PARK L R.G. 
Published: December 2007

In the southern sector of the Menderes Massif, north of Selimiye (Milas) augen gneisses interpreted as a deformed peraluminous granite have been dynamothermally metamorphosed and are surrounded by and intrude a regionally metamorphosed Palaeozoic ‘envelope’. The granitic rocks exhibit a moderately-dipping mylonitic foliation and NNE-SSW- trending mineral elongation lineation. The progressive deformation of the granitic rocks produces a structural sequence typical of an extensional shear zone marked, from bottom to top, by a very thick extensive zone of mylonites followed in turn by brecciated mylonite and cataclasite. The kinematic indicators exhibit a top-to-the south, down-dip sense of shear.
These structures are attributed to exhumation of the granitic rocks of the massif along a major, south-dipping, normal-sense shear zone that accommodated crustal extension during Late Oligocene collapse of the orogen in western Turkey. Thus, the southern Menderes Massif may be interpreted as the exhumed footwall of a major extensional shear zone, and possibly as an incipient core complex.
Early Cretaceous strata of the Nepal Himalayas: conjugate margins and rift volcanism during Gondwanan breakup
Authors: GIBLING M. R. , GRADSTEIN F. M. , KRISTIANSEN I. L. , NAGY J. , SARTI M. , WIEDMANN J. 
Published: December 2007

Early Cretaceous sandstones, shales and marlstones (Chukh, Tangbe and Muding Formations, at least 625 m thick) crop out north of the Main Central Thrust in central Nepal. They were strongly deformed during Himalayan collision, with telescoping of facies transitions as a result of crustal shortening. The sediments show northerly palaeoflow and were deposited on the steadily subsiding northern (Tethyan) margin of Gondwana. Berriasian deltaic deposits pass upward into Valanginian-Albian, storm-dominated shelf deposits and into latest Albian pelagic slope carbonates. An unconformity, probably of Valanginian age, separates the Chukh and Tangbe formations locally, and is overlain by volcanic conglomerates.
The Gondwanan margin succession matches well with that observed on the formerly conjugate margin of NW Australia, which separated from Greater India during the Valanginian to Hauterivian. Volcanic detritus, where suitable for analysis, shows within-plate geochemical affinity and reflects Gondwanan fragmentation. Abundant volcanic detritus in Aptian strata may have been derived from extensions of the Rajmahal Traps of northeast India. However, volcanism was active near central Nepal in the Valanginian and volcanic detritus, possibly far travelled, reached the area during the Berriasian. Early Cretaceous strata1 successions and relative sea-level changes show a first-order relationship to tectonism associated with Gondwanan break-up.
Deformation mechanism paths for oceanic rocks during subduction and accretion: the Mesozoic forearc of Alexander Island, Antarctica
Authors: DOUBLEDAY P. A. , TRANTER T. H. 
Published: December 2007

The LeMay Group of Alexander Island, Antarctica, is a Mesozoic accretionary prism that contains slivers of ocean floor and ocean island material, accreted under a range of conditions and depths. It provides a rare opportunity to compare the deformation mechanism paths between oceanic and trench-fill lithologies during subduction and accretion by offscraping or underplating.
Ocean floor slivers consist of a bedded basalt–volcaniclastite–chert rock association, overlain by trench-fill sedimentary rocks. The oceanic lithologies initially deformed by cataclasis, combined with particulate flow in the volcaniclastic rocks. At shallow levels the clastic trench-fill sedimentary rocks deformed by independent particulate flow, which changed to cataclastic flow at depth. At those depths crystal plasticity affected the cherts and jaspers. At the deepest levels achieved in the subduction zone, crystal plasticity was the dominant deformation mechanism in the clastic sedimentary rocks, whilst cataclasis continued in the lavas. Deformation was synchronous with metamorphism up to transitional greenschist–blueschist facies. All lithologies were affected by pressure solution after accretion, with the formation of a bedding-parallel or sub-parallel cleavage. The deformation mechanism paths indicate that (1) there is a crystal plastic deformation field at deep levels in the subduction zone, and (2) that the base of the pressure solution field is concordant with the decollement.
A frontally accreted ocean island is exposed in the Lully Foothills, and consists of a basalt–volcaniclastite–tuff rock association. Deformation is represented only by a patchily distributed bedding-sub-parallel pressure solution cleavage in the tuffs and volcaniclastites, and is probably related to loading. Metamorphism does not exceed prehnite–pumpellyite facies. The accreted ocean island indicates that such features can be incorporated into accretionary prisms at shallow levels without significant segmentation.
Quantitative micro-porosity and orientation analysis in soils and sediments
Authors: TOVEY N. K. , HOUNSLOW M. W. 
Published: December 2007

A technique to quantify the fabric of soils and sediments involving image processing and analysis is described in this paper. Such techniques are becoming popular in the Earth sciences, but, unlike most other studies which investigate the porosity of coarse-grained sediments, this method examines the fine porosity between clay size particles to be investigated. The usual problems associated with thresholding a grey-level image to provide the necessary binary image for analysis are partly overcome by the use of Wiener filtering methods to remove much of the degradation inherent in all imaging systems. A new algorithm based on the relative contrast histogram method is then used to determine the optimum value at which to set the threshold. The micro-porosity determined is in good agreement with gravimetric porosity measurements. Unlike normal methods, once the procedure has been initiated, no further action is required from the operator and the method can thus be used for batch processing of large numbers of images thereby enhancing the statistical reliability of the results.
Extensions of the technique allow for the variation in micro-porosity from one region of a specimen to another to be studied. Further, by segmenting the original image into domains of sub-parallel particles, it is possible to examine the intra-domain porosity. Contrary to expectations, the porosity in horizontal domains is greater than that in the vertical domains.
The Cretaceous Separation Point batholith, New Zealand: granitoid magmas formed by melting of mafic lithosphere
Authors: MUIR R.J. , WEAVER S.D. , BRADSHAW J.D. , EBY G.N. , EVANS J.A. 
Published: December 2007

The Early Cretaceous Separation Point batholith of the South Island, New Zealand, represents the final magmatic stage of an extensive arc system located on the SW Pacific margin of Gondwana during the Mesozoic. The batholith consists of Na-rich, alkali-calcic diorite to biotite-hornblende monzogranite. The rocks are distinct from calc-alkaline subduction-related granitoids, but comparable with those of adakite and Archaean trondhjemite-tonalite-dacite suites.
Primitive Sr and Nd isotopic ratios and the absence of inherited zircon, indicate that the granitoids experienced little, if any, interaction with felsic crust. Their geochemistry is consistent with melting of a basaltic protolith of amphibolite mineralogy, either young, hot, subducted oceanic crust or newly underplated material beneath a thickened continental arc. The latter model is preferred because Separation Point rocks do not posess MORB isotopic characteristics, and cannot be explained as mixtures of MORB-melt and continental crust. Most likely it involves melting of basal arc material in response to the collision and thrusting of the arc beneath the continental margin following subduction of a back-arc basin. On the basis of strong geochemical similarities, the Early Cretaceous Western Fiordland Orthogneiss of SW New Zealand is considered to be the lower crustal equivalent of the Separation Point batholith.
U–Pb chronology of the Ennerdale and Eskdale intrusions supports sub-volcanic relationships with the Borrowdale Volcanic Group (Ordovician, English Lake District)
Authors: HUGHES R.A. , EVANS J.A. , NOBLE S.R. , RUNDLE C.C. 
Published: December 2007

U-Pb analyses of zircons from the Ennerdale granitic intrusion and Eskdale Granite (English Lake District) give ages of 452 ± 4 Ma and 450 ± 3 Ma respectively. These data confirm the sub-volcanic association of these intrusions, and show that previously published Rb–Sr whole-rock and K–Ar mineral ages do not correspond to the	emplacement and cooling of these igneous bodies. The new ages show that only two phases of acid magmatism can now be linked to the exposed parts of the Lake District batholith. The Caradoc (late Ordovician) phase was caused by the subductionrelated processes which gave rise to volcanism, and was followed by a separate early Devonian phase of granite emplacement.
Switches in subduction direction and the lateral termination of mountain belts: Pyrenees-Cantabrian transition, Spain
Authors: TURNER JONATHAN P. 
Published: December 2007

The switch in subduction polarity at the transition from the Pyrenees to the Cantabrians implies an abrupt change in the gross direction of plate movement. The Pyrenees formed in response to the northward subduction of continental crust beneath Europe during the Palaeogene whereas the Cantabrians developed during the southward subduction of Biscay oceanic crust beneath Spain. As yet, no attempt has been made to explain the mechanism and geometry of this apparent switch in plate kinematics. The transition from northward to southward subduction occurs across a discrete lineament, the Pamplona Fault, oriented transversely with respect to the long axis of the adjacent mountain belts. Regional mapping reveals a 180° switch in the facing direction of thrusts and associated folds across the Pamplona Fault. Balanced structural cross-sections, constructed either side of the Pamplona Fault, exhibit marked contrasts in bulk shortening, depth to detachment, gross structural geometry, and the thickness and completeness of the pre-orogenic Mesozoic succession. The Pyrenean-Cantabrian transition zone is thus envisioned as a fundamental crustal lineament of pre-orogenic origin.
A new model for the Cenozoic tectonic evolution of north Spain has the Pamplona Fault separating a series of transtensional basins in the Pyrenees from a passive margin in the Cantabrians. Subsequent plate collision between Spain and Europe reactivated the faults that controlled pre-orogenic 'syn-rift' sedimentation in the present Pyrenean area. In the Cantabrians, however, plate collision signalled a shift from a passive margin to an active margin consuming Biscay oceanic crust beneath a northern Spain subduction zone. An implication of this model is that the foreland crust was affected variably by 'backarc' heating during the early stages of Spain-Europe collision. This is expressed by the changing depth of the Ebro Basin, the foreland basin that developed in response to Pyrenean-Cantabrian orogenesis, whose thickness of the Tertiary succession varies laterally according to changes in flexural rigidity.
Chemostratigraphic correlation, structure and sedimentary environments in the Dalradian' of the NW Co. Mayo inlier, NW Ireland
Authors: WINCHESTER J. A. , MAX M. D. 
Published: December 2007

A thorough geochemical survey of the Dalradian rocks in the NW Mayo inlier has shown that each formation has a characteristic geochemical signature, within regional geochemical trends that vary systematically with stratigraphic age. This geochemical characterization enables correlation between geographically and tectonically isolated stratigraphic successions in the NW Mayo inlier. An almost complete succession of late Proterozoic Grampian. Appin and Argyll Group Dalradian rocks structurally overlies earlier basement Annagh Division gneisses in structural blocks bounded by Caledonian thrusts, extensional low-angle faults, and steeply dipping faults. Grampian–Appin Group relationships are better seen here than anywhere else in Scotland or Ireland. but no Tayvallich Subgroup or Southern Highland Group Dalradian rocks are present.
Comparison with chemostratigraphic data from Scottish Dalradian rocks reveals broadly similar chemical trends with time. suggesting that the geological evolution of the Dalradian took place in a related depositional environment, probably an unbroken continental margin, along the entire Dalradian outcrop seen in both Scotland and Ireland.
Structural modelling of regional depth profiles in the Vøring Basin: implications for the structural and stratigraphic development of the Norwegian passive margin
Authors: WALKER I. M. , BERRY K. A. , BRUCE J. R. , BYSTØL L. , SNOW J. H. 
Published: December 2007

Interpretation of key regional seismic lines across the Vøring Basin has identified a number of seismic megasequences that have provided a framework for further basin analysis. These megasequences have been classified as pre-, syn- and post-rift with respect to the late Cretaceous-early Tertiary phase of extension. Forward and reverse structural and stratigraphic modelling of two of these regional lines has been performed in an attempt to test and validate the structural and stratigraphic interpretations of the syn and post-rift megasequences.
Reverse thermal subsidence modelling (flexural backstripping) of these lines to the base Tertiary was performed using a laterally varying beta factor across the sections. A number of features on each of the depth profiles are considered to be regional subaerial datums for the backstripped sections. The backstripped templates were then forward modelled using the flexural cantilever model. The forward models calculate a laterally varying beta profile along their length which can be compared to the reverse models, thereby ensuring an internally consistent structural model between both the reverse and forward modelling techniques.
The modelling work has highlighted the existence of a significant discrepancy between the extension measured from the forward models (fault heaves) and the extension needed to produce geologically-acceptable backstripped profiles. This observation is of particular importance as it may place a significant constraint on the mode of lithospheric extension that can be used to explain the evolution of the Norwegian continental margin.
Outlier detection by logic programming
Authors: Angiulli Fabrizio , Greco Gianluigi , Palopoli Luigi 
Published: December 2007

The development of effective knowledge discovery techniques has become a very active research area in recent years due to the important impact it has had in several relevant application domains. One interesting task therein is that of singling out anomalous individuals from a given population, for example, to detect rare events in time-series analysis settings, or to identify objects whose behavior is deviant w.r.t. a codified standard set of rules. Such exceptional individuals are usually referred to as outliers in the literature.
In this article, the concept of outlier is formally stated in the context of knowledge-based systems, by generalizing that originally proposed in Angiulli et al. [2003] in the context of default theories. The chosen formal framework here is that of logic programming, wherein potential applications of techniques for outlier detection are thoroughly discussed. The proposed formalization is a novel one and helps to shed light on the nature of outliers occurring in logic bases. Also the exploitation of minimality criteria in outlier detection is illustrated.
The computational complexity of outlier detection problems arising in this novel setting is also thoroughly investigated and accounted for in the paper. Finally, rewriting algorithms are proposed that transform any outlier detection problem into an equivalent inference problem under stable model semantics, thereby making outlier computation effective and realizable on top of any stable model solver.
Memory scheduling for modern microprocessors
Authors: Hur Ibrahim , Lin Calvin 
Published: December 2007

The need to carefully schedule memory operations has increased as memory performance has become increasingly important to overall system performance. This article describes the adaptive history-based (AHB) scheduler, which uses the history of recently scheduled operations to provide three conceptual benefits: (1) it allows the scheduler to better reason about the delays associated with its scheduling decisions, (2) it provides a mechanism for combining multiple constraints, which is important for increasingly complex DRAM structures, and (3) it allows the scheduler to select operations so that they match the program's mixture of Reads and Writes, thereby avoiding certain bottlenecks within the memory controller.
We have previously evaluated this scheduler in the context of the IBM Power5. When compared with the state of the art, this scheduler improves performance by 15.6%, 9.9%, and 7.6% for the Stream, NAS, and commercial benchmarks, respectively. This article expands our understanding of the AHB scheduler in a variety of ways. Looking backwards, we describe the scheduler in the context of prior work that focused exclusively on avoiding bank conflicts, and we show that the AHB scheduler is superior for the IBM Power5, which we argue will be representative of future microprocessor memory controllers. Looking forwards, we evaluate this scheduler in the context of future systems by varying a number of microarchitectural features and hardware parameters. For example, we show that the benefit of this scheduler increases as we move to multithreaded environments.
Energy saving through a simple load control mechanism
Authors: Ramírez Tanausú , Pajuelo Alex , Santana Oliverio J. , Valero Mateo 
Published: December 2007

To alleviate the memory wall problem, current architectural trends suggest implementing large instruction windows able to maintain a high number of in-flight instructions. However, the benefits achieved by these recent proposals may be limited because more instructions are executed down the wrong path of a mispredicted branch. The larger number of misspeculated instructions involves increasing the energy consumed compared to traditional designs with smaller instruction windows. Our analysis shows that, for some SPEC2000 integer benchmarks, up to 2, 5X wrong-path load instructions are executed when the instruction window of a 4-way superscalar processor is increased from 256 to 1024 entries.
This paper describes a simple speculative control technique to prevent wrong-path load instructions from being executed. Our technique extends the functionality of the load-store queue to block those load instructions that depend on a hard-to-predict conditional branch until it is resolved. If the branch is actually mispredicted, unnecessary cache misses can be avoided, saving energy down the wrong path. Furthermore, instructions that depend on a blocked load are not issued because their source values are not available, which also saves dynamic energy. Our results show that the proposed mechanism reduces, on average, up to 26% misspeculated load instructions and 18% wrong-path instructions without any performance loss.
Improving power efficiency of D-NUCA caches
Authors: Bardine A. , Foglia P. , Gabrielli G. , Prete C. A. , Stenström P. 
Published: December 2007

D-NUCA caches are cache memories that, thanks to banked organization, broadcast search and promotion/demotion mechanism, are able to tolerate the increasing wire delay effects introduced by technology scaling. As a consequence, they will outperform conventional caches (UCA, Uniform Cache Architectures) in future generation cores.
Due to the promotion/demotion mechanism, we have found that, in a D-NUCA cache, the distribution of hits on the ways varies across applications as well as across different execution phases within a single application. In this paper, we show how such a behavior can be utilized to improve D-NUCA power efficiency as well as to decrease its access latencies. In particular, we propose a new D-NUCA structure, called Way Adaptable D-NUCA cache, in which the number of active (i.e. powered-on) ways is dynamically adapted to the need of the running application. Our initial evaluation shows that a consistent reduction of both the average number of active ways (42% in average) and the number of bank access requests (29% in average) is achieved, without significantly affecting the IPC.