bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of sensing effects of polystyrene‐graft‐polyaniline for cyanide compounds
Authors: Hosseini S. Hossein 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPolyaniline and its derivatives have high antioxidative stability and are considered to belong to the most useful conductive polymers for practical application. In this work, we have linked 1,4‐phenylenediamine to poly(styrene‐co‐chloromethylstyrene) and prepared poly(styrene‐co‐p‐aminoanilinemethylstyrene), poly(S‐co‐PAAMS). Polystyrene‐graft‐polyaniline, (PS‐g‐PANi), has been synthesized by adding solution of ammonium persulfate and p‐toluenesufonic acid in water. The conductivity of these polymers was measured by the four‐point probe method. The copolymers produced exhibit electrical conductivity comparable to that of polyaniline. PS‐g‐PANi was also exposed to some cyanide compounds such as hydrocyanic acid (Hydrogen cyanide‐HC), ethanedinitrile (Cyanogen‐CY), cyanogen chloride (Chlorocyan‐CC), and cyanogen bromide (Bromocyan‐BC). The cyanide compounds are classified as blood agents groups, in terms of chemical warfare agents standards. First, we prepared different concentration of blood agents at 50, 100, and 150 ppm and exposed them on PS‐g‐PANi for 2 min. Second, we have drawing conductivity change curves versus time and produced optimum conductivity versus time taken. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3920–3926, 2006
Preparation and properties of poly(silicone‐co‐acrylate)/montmorillonite nanocomposite emulsion
Authors: Feng Xiaoping , Zhong Anyong , Chen Deben 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoly (silicone‐co‐acrylate)/montmorillonite nanocomposite emulsion were prepared by in situ intercalative emulsion polymerization of acrylate and organosilicone, in the presence of organic modified montmorillonite (OMMT) with different OMMT contents (0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, and 2 wt %). The nanocomposite emulsions were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), laser light scattering, fourier transform infrared (FTIR), rheological measurements, surface tension, drying speed, and water absorption property. Results showed that OMMT could improve the properties of emulsion, in other words, the properties of nanocomposite emulsion were better when compared with those of the silicone–acrylate emulsion. The properties of nanocomposite emulsion containing 1 wt % OMMT was the best one, and obtained the following advantages: smaller particle size, faster drying speed, shorter curing time, smaller surface tension, bigger apparent viscosity, and improved resistant water by the incorporation of OMMT. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3963–3970, 2006
Miscibility in binary blends of aromatic and alicyclic polyamides
Authors: Endo Masahiro , Morishima Yasuyuki , Yano Shinichi , Tadano Kenji , Murata Yukinobu , Tsunashima Kenji 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMiscibility was studied for four polyamide blends of 6I/6T [copolymer consisting of 1,6‐hexamethylene diamine and isophthalic acid (6I) (70 wt %) and terephthalic acid (6T) (30 wt %)] with MXD6 (polyamide of m‐xylenediamine and adipic acid), BAC6 (polyamide of 1,3‐bis(aminomethyl)cyclohexane and adipic acid), TR55 (copolymer consisting of nylon 11 (30 wt %), and polyamide of bis(3‐methyl, 4‐aminocyclohexyl)methane (30 wt %) and isophthalic acid (70 wt %), and CX7323 (polyamide of bis(4‐aminocyclohexyl)methane and dodecanedicarboxylic acid), using differential scanning calorimetry, X‐ray diffraction method, and electronmicroscopic observation. In quenched MXD6/(6I/6T) and BAC6/(6I/6T) blends, MXD6 and BAC6 components were miscible to 6I/6T, but TR55 and CX7323 components were completely phase‐separated from 6I/6T. Interestingly on electronmicroscopic observations, TR55 and CX7323 components were seen as droplets in 6I/6T medium when the content is low, but when 50 wt %, a layered structure was constructed with 6I/6T, reminiscent of morphological structure in block copolymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3971–3978, 2006
Efficiency of short fibers in filling polymer composites
Authors: Kozlov G. V. , Burya A. I. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe present study showed that in carbon plastics the structure of a short‐fiber system (network) can be described by the effective degree of volume filling or by the fractal dimension of the system. Using the effective degree of filling, synergetic behavior was found, and the filler efficiency of the carbon plastics was characterized within the framework of the fractal model of reinforcement. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3979–3982, 2006
Controlled grafting of polymer brushes on poly(vinylidene fluoride) films by surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization
Authors: Liu Dongmei , Chen Yiwang , Zhang Ning , He Xiaohui 
Published: June 2006

AbstractControlled grafting of well‐defined polymer brushes on the poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) films was carried out by the surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). Surface‐initiators were immobilized on the PVDF films by surface hydroxylation and esterification of the hydroxyl groups covalently linked to the surface with 2‐bromoisobutyrate bromide. Homopolymer brushes of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethacrylate (PEGMA) were prepared by ATRP from the α‐bromoester‐functionalized PVDF surface. The chemical composition of the graft‐functionalized PVDF surfaces was characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and attenuated total reflectance (ATR)–FTIR spectroscopy. Kinetics study revealed a linear increase in the graft concentration of PMMA and PEGMA with the reaction time, indicating that the chain growth from the surface was consistent with a “controlled” or “living” process. The “living” chain ends were used as the macroinitiator for the synthesis of diblock copolymer brushes. Water contact angles on PVDF films were reduced by surface grafting of PEGMA and MMA. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3704–3712, 2006
Graft polymerization of octafluoropentyl acrylate on polycaproamide thread
Authors: Storozhakova N. A. , Korotkikh V. A. , Rakhimov A. I. , Danilenko T. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractOctafluoropentyl acrylate [H(CF2CF2)2CH2‐ C(O)CHCH2] and polycaproamide (PA‐6) thread were copolymerized with a tert‐butyl hydroperoxide initiator. The fluorine content of the thread was 0.87–1.33% after copolymerization. The creation of ester polyfluorinated alkyl groups on the end of the polyamide macromolecules by the homolytical substitution of hydrogen atoms in the α‐CH2 group of the HNCH2(CH2)4C(O) chain led to an increase in the tensile strength of the PA‐6 thread. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4028–4029, 2006
The dependence of diffusivity of hydrocarbons in polyvyniltrimethylsilane on molecular mobility level
Authors: Khalikov R. M. , Kozlov G. V. , Zaikov G. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIt is shown that the diffusivity value of various gases in polyvinyltrimethylsilane is controlled by two factors: molecular mobility level, characterized by fractal dimension of chain part between entanglements, and the size of gas‐penetrant molecule. Very strong power dependence of diffusivity on both these factors, explaining very large variation of diffusivity for limited interval of mentioned dimension, is obtained. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4048–4050, 2006
Statistical properties of interparticle/void distance for amorphous plastics toughening
Authors: Kim Nam Ho , Kim Ho Sung 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStatistical properties of interparticle/void distance (ID) for various particle/void and dispersion types are studied in relation with toughening of plastics using computer‐generated three‐dimensional models. Particle/void size groups adopted were either of constant diameter or of log‐normal distribution. Particles/voids were dispersed at uniform‐random or flocculated with multiple clusters. It was found that IDs are (a) of approximately Gaussian distribution for particles/voids of either a constant diameter or a log‐normal distribution, when they are dispersed at uniform‐random, but (b) not of Gaussian distribution for particle/void sizes of bimodal log‐normal distribution, nor for flocculated log‐normal distribution of particles/voids dispersed with multiple clusters. It was also found that the degree of ID uniformity for a single group of log‐normally sized particles/voids is not sensitive to standard deviation of particle/void size. Mixing effect on ID properties using two groups of log‐normally distributed particles/voids with similar mean particle/void diameters was simulated. It was found that, when a significant amount (36 vol %) of particles/voids of a small mean and standard deviation of ID was mixed with a group of particles/voids of a large mean and standard deviation of ID, mean and standard deviation of ID for the mixture were not substantially lower than those of the group of particles/voids of the large mean and standard deviation of ID. It was also found that the degree of ID uniformity for the mixture of the two groups was lower than those of individual groups, indicating that the mixing has deleterious effect on toughening. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4256–4262, 2006
Dynamic properties of rubber vibration isolators and antivibration performance of a nanoclay‐modified silicone/poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer with 20 wt % LiClO4 blend system
Authors: Chiu Hsien‐Tang , Wu Jyh‐Horng , Shong Zhi‐Jian 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis research explores the interlayer effect, hysteresis behavior, and dynamic antivibration properties of a poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer with 20 wt % LiClO4 (PEL) for modified silicone [silicone/polymer electrolyte (SP)] blends with clay and organoclay in various amounts. The results show that the polymer chains of PEL expand the clay gallery distance from 1.21 to 1.84 nm. Clay, after it has been organically modified, is added to SP blends, and its gallery spacing shortens from 2 to 1.7 nm. From the compression hysteresis results, along with the increased content of unmodified clay, the antivibration performance of the blends is elevated. In the dynamic antivibration testing results, along with the addition of clay and organoclay, the dynamic ratio of the blends is decreased; thus, in the vibration isolation performance, there is evidence of an elevated effect. On the other hand, after the clay is modified with ammonium salt, its vibration isolation effect is not better than that of the unmodified clay. In terms of the formulation of the nanocomposites, when the concentration of the clay is less than 4 wt %, it has a better effect on the vibration isolation and antivibration effect of SP blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3713–3720, 2006
Investigating nonlinear viscoelastic properties of molten carbon black/poly(ethylene‐co‐butyl acrylate) composites, using fourier transform rheometry and other test techniques
Authors: Leblanc Jean L. , Jäger Karl‐Michel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA series of molten carbon black (CB)/poly(ethylene‐co‐butyl acrylate) (EBA) composites were investigated through Fourier transform (FT) rheometry and other techniques. Filler loadings were above the critical percolation value, and consequently, strongly nonlinear viscoelastic properties were observed, with, in addition, an unusual complexity of carbon black effects when compared with other systems, for instance filled elastomers. FT rheometry appears particularly sensitive to such a complexity with typical variations of torque harmonics, as dynamic torsional strain is increased at constant frequency and temperature. How CB particles are distributed in the material appears as the key to understand experimental results. Indeed, in CB–EBA composites, filler particles concentrate in amorphous regions of the polymer, which are also butyl acrylate (BA)‐rich regions. At room temperature, such composites are basically dual‐phase systems: ethylene segments (PE)‐rich crystallites and CB‐rich amorphous BA regions. Solid‐state mechanical properties reflect this morphology. As temperature increases, crystallites melt down allowing a pseudofluid state to be eventually reached but the dual‐phase morphology is essentially kept. It follows that, under increasing (dynamic) strain, such complex dual‐phase molten systems exhibit a response that initially reflects a contribution from PE‐rich regions, easier to deform than CB‐rich amorphous BA regions, before the expected response of the filled BA phase is observed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4071–4082, 2006
Synthesis of cassava starch‐g‐poly(methyl methacrylate) copolymers with benzoyl peroxide as an initiator
Authors: Pimpan V. , Thothong P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractGraft copolymers of cassava starch and methyl methacrylate (MMA) were synthesized by free‐radical polymerization with benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as an initiator in an aqueous medium at 80°C. The formation of graft copolymers was confirmed by analysis of the obtained products with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The effects of the amount of cassava starch, the amount of MMA monomer, the amount of BPO, and the reaction time on the grafting characteristics were studied. The optimum condition for grafting were obtained when 5 g of cassava starch, 5 g of MMA, 0.1 g of BPO, and a reaction time of 3 h were used. These condition provided a graft copolymer with 25.00% add‐on, 81.40% monomer conversion, 54.30% homopoly(methyl methacrylate) formed, 45.70% grafting efficiency, 37.20% grafting ratio, and 95.54% yield. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4083–4089, 2006
Effect of the processing methods on the performance of polylactide films: Thermocompression versus solvent casting
Authors: Rhim Jong‐Whan , Mohanty Amar K. , Singh Sher P. , Ng Perry K. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPolylactide (PLA) films were prepared by the thermocompression and solvent‐casting methods, and selected properties, such as the mechanical, water‐vapor‐barrier, thermal, and thermomechanical properties, were tested. The solvent‐cast films contained 13.7% solvent, which functioned as a plasticizer, as evidenced by the results of the measurements of dry matter and thermogravimetric analysis as well as dynamic mechanical analysis. The PLA films prepared by the thermocompression method were strong and brittle, with maximum tensile strength (σmax) and maximum elongation at break (ϵmax) values of 44.0 ± 2.2 MPa and 3.0 ± 0.1%, respectively; however, the solvent‐cast films were more ductile, with σmax and ϵmax values of 16.6 ± 1.0 MPa and 203.4 ± 20.8%, respectively. The water vapor permeability of the PLA films was lower than that of plastic films such as low‐density polyethylene and high‐density polyethylene but higher than that of commonly used biopolymer films. In addition, both types of tested PLA films were water‐resistant and not soluble in water. The thermocompressed films showed higher thermal stability than the solvent‐cast films. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3736–3742, 2006
Synthesis, characterization, and application of new low‐cost ion exchangers
Authors: Kannan N. , Seenivasan R. K. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper represents a simple method for preparing and characterizing of low‐cost ion exchangers of sulfonated carbon prepared fromTerminalia Chebula‐Retz., (family–combretaceae) as a source of cheap plant material blended with phenol‐formaldehyde as a crosslinking agent. The prepared ion exchange resins (IERs) are characterized by infrared (IR) spectral and thermal studies. All the important physicochemical properties of the ion exchangers have been determined. The synthesized resins have cation exchange capacity upto 1.84 mmol g−1. The rational thermodynamic equilibrium constant (lnK) are calculated for H+and Zn2+exchanges on the resin having various amount of sulfonatedTerminalia ChebulaRetz. carbon (STCC). The thermodynamic parameters were calculated, and suitable explanations are given. It is concluded from the present study that PFR sample could be blended with 20% (w/w) of STCC, without affecting its physicochemical, spectral, and thermal properties. Hence blending with STCC will definitely lower the cost of the ion exchange resin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4104–4113, 2006
Interfacially initiated microemulsion copolymerization: One‐stage preparation of poly(n‐butyl methacrylate)–poly(N‐vinyl pyrrolidone) core–shell nanoparticles
Authors: He Wei‐Dong , Zheng Cheng , Ye Fang‐Mao , Wang Yan‐Mei , Liu Wei‐Jun 
Published: June 2006

AbstractInterfacially initiated microemulsion copolymerizations of n‐butyl methacrylate (BMA) and N‐vinyl pyrrolidone (NVP) by the redox initiation couple of benzoyl peroxide and ferrous sulfate were carried out with Tween 80 and n‐butanol as the surfactant and cosurfactant, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy were recorded to analyze the chemical composition of the latex particles. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the particle morphology and dynamic light scattering to determine the particle size. The results demonstrated that interfacially initiated microemulsion polymerization prompted the copolymerization of the water‐soluble NVP monomer with the oil‐soluble BMA monomer to form core–shell nanoparticles. The influence of the surfactant concentration, BMA amount, and temperature on the particle size and polymerization rate was investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3751–3757, 2006
Differential adsorption of heavy metal ions by cotton stalk cation‐exchangers containing multiple functional groups
Authors: Nada A. M. A. , El‐Wakil N. A. , Hassan M. L. , Adel A. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEsterification of cotton stalks with chlorosulfonic acid, phosphorus oxychloride, and their mixture was carried out with the aim to prepare cation exchangers for the removal of heavy metal ions from industrial waste water. Elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis, and sodium ions binding capacity were used to prove the occurrence of the esterification. The efficiency of the prepared cation exchangers to remove some heavy metal ions (strontium, arsenic, copper, and nickel) at different metal ion concentration, pH, contact time, and temperature was studied. The results showed that cotton stalks that contain both phosphate and sulfonate groups (phosphosulfonated cotton stalks) showed higher adsorption of the different heavy metal ions than cotton stalks containing sulfonate or phosphate on a separate basis. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4124–4132, 2006
Synthesis and properties of novel flame‐retardant poly(amide‐imide)s containing phosphine oxide moieties in main chain by microwave irradiation
Authors: Faghihi Khalil , Zamani Khosrow 
Published: June 2006

AbstractEight new flame‐retardant poly(amide‐imide)s with high inherent viscosities containing phosphine oxide moieties in main chain were synthesized from the polycondensation reaction of N,N′‐(3,3′‐diphenylphenylphosphine oxide) bistrimellitimide diacid chloride 7, with eight ;aromatic diamine 8a–h by two different methods such as solution and microwave‐assisted polycondensation. Results showed that the microwave‐assisted polycondensation by using a domestic microwave oven proceeded rapidly, compared with solution polycondensation and were completed within about 10–12 min. The resulting poly(amide‐imide)s 9a–h showed high thermal stability and flame‐retardant properties. All of the obtained polymers were fully characterized by means of elemental analysis, viscosity measurements, solubility test, and FTIR spectroscopy. Thermal properties of the PAIs 9a–h were investigated by using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetric analysis (DTG), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Char yield measurements at 600°C demonstrated that incorporating phosphine oxide moieties in polymer backbone markedly improves their flame retardancy. All of the earlier polymers were soluble at room temperature in various organic solvents such as NMP, DMF, DMSO, DMAc, and concentrated sulfuric acid. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4263–4269, 2006
Waste‐reducing preparation of PE‐g‐MAH and PE‐g‐DBM via solid phase grafting reaction and their application as compatibilizers
Authors: Song Yujun , Liu Changgeng 
Published: June 2006

AbstractKinetics for grafting two reactive monomers (dibutyl maleate (DBM) and maleic anhydride (MAH)) on polyethylene (PE) was investigated for the modified PE (PE‐g‐MAH and PE‐g‐DBM) using solid phase grafting process. This process avoided solvent waste produced in solution process and high operation temperature in melt process. In the presence of the radical initiator, coupling reactions, between the PE and product, and macromolecular radicals, routinely form gels and/or increase molecular weight, resulting in a worse rheological behavior for the grafting products. By adding small amount of interface agents, using combined initiators and optimizing reactor design, graft copolymers with controlled grafting degrees and good rheological properties were prepared. The grafting degrees of copolymers were determined by chemical analysis. FTIR, DSC, and pure water contact angle characterized the chemical structure, the thermal property, and the hydrophilic property of the grafting copolymers, respectively. The peel strength of the graft copolymer as powder coating on the stainless steel surface was measured as high as 12–24 kgf/cm. Mechanical strength and toughness of PE/kaolin clay, PVC/CPE, and PVC/CPE/CaCO3 alloys with small amount of the graft copolymer (∼5 wt %) added were improved significantly. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3781–3790, 2006
Two‐dimensional regular nanopatterning on block copolymer substrate having lamellar morphology using star‐hyperbranched nanospheres by electrostatic interaction
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Ochi Koichiro , Uchida Satoshi , Odoi Keisuke 
Published: June 2006

AbstractHyperbranched polystyrenes (PS) were prepared by living radical photopolymerization of 4‐vinylbenzyl N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate as an inimer under UV irradiation. The star‐hyperbranched copolymers were derived by grafting from surface N,N‐diethyldithiocarbamate groups of hyperbranched macroinitiator with t‐butyl methacrylate in the presence of N,N‐tetraethylthiuram disulfide. We obtained poly(methacrylic acid) star‐hyperbranched PS nanospheres by hydrolysis of poly(t‐butyl methacrylate)‐grafted chains. We established two‐dimensional (2D) regular nanopatterning by aligning continuously such nanospheres on poly(2‐vinylpyridine) (P2VP) lamellar layers of PS‐block‐P2VP diblock copolymer film. Electrostatic interaction between nanosphere surface having negative charges (COOCs) and P2VP lamellar layer acted effectively for the 2D nanopattern formation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4206–4210, 2006
Artificial neural network modeling for predicting melt‐blowing processing
Authors: Chen Ting , Wang Jun , Huang Xiubao 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn artificial neural network (ANN) model is established for predicting the fiber diameter of melt‐blown nonwoven fabrics from the processing parameters. An attempt is made to study the effect of the number of the hidden layers and the hidden layer neurons to minimize the prediction error. The artificial neural network with three hidden layers (5, 2, and 3 neurons in the first, second, and third hidden layer, respectively) yields the minimum prediction error, and thus, is determined as the preferred network. The square of correlation coefficient of measured and predicted fiber diameters shows the good performance of the model. Using the established ANN model, computer simulations of the effects of the processing parameter on the fiber diameter are carried out. The results show great prospects for this research in the field of computer‐assisted design of melt‐blowing technology. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 4275–4280, 2006