bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
System Calibration of Automated Machinery Controls
Authors: MARSHALL BRUCE R. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTVirtually every Navy engineering system includes measurement devices for operation and/or control. For these purposes, a large population of instruments has been installed in the fleet over the years. With the introduction of automated machinery control systems came certain operational difficulties which pointed to a need for improved support of all installed shipboard instrumentation. Control and measurement systems can comprise complex arrangements of components which operate as sensor‐to‐readout chains. To achieve necessary accuracies, these systems present challenges regarding alignment, calibration, and associated logistics. This paper discusses a successful, fleet‐friendly effort which supports these requirements: the Shipboard Instrumentation and Systems Calibration (SISCAL) Program.The program provides an effective, uniform method to control and execute the ever‐increasing instrument/system calibration requirements on Navy ships. As it evolved, the process resulted in unforeseen synergy and was expanded to include many ship classes and systems. The background leading to the development of this program is reviewed, and system application details are presented. Advantages to operators and support personnel are described, including improved system performance capability, standardization of calibration coverage and configuration management, reduction of organizational and intermediate level workload, and resolution of conflicts with other engineering documentation.
Naval Aviation Packaging Improvement Initiative
Authors: GLEANER IRVING , ARTER RICHARD 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Packaging Improvement Initiative is a Navy wide effort to optimize operational readiness, limit degradation, minimize logistic costs, and reduce repair costs and turn‐around‐times of Naval Aviation Depot Level Repairables (AVDLRs) by improving packaging, handling, storage, and transportation techniques throughout the complete logistics cycle. Using Total Quality Leadership tools with continuous customer feedback, the Naval Aviation Supply Office has developed several goal‐oriented strategies, encompassing short‐, mid‐, and long‐term improvements. Rather than merely refining the present system, the strategies listed below reflect evaluation and restructuring of packaging processes at sites with varying capabilities and missions. Principal strategies include:

Packaging repairables in accordance with existing requirements, after repair at a depot,
Having sufficient quantities of reusable containers in place at required locations,
Ensuring use of containers for retrograde shipments,
Developing improved processes to enable afloat customers to properly protect repairables,
Reviewing item repair cost, turn‐around‐time, and reliability impacts,
Performing engineering analyses of shipboard material flow,
Development of multi‐item reusable containers, and
The merging of resultant initiative savings with Defense Management Review Decisions (DMRDs) to reduce repair, warehousing, handling, and transportation costs.
A Navy CALS Implementation of an Electronic Product Data Capture and Translation System
Authors: KIRKSHARIAN ARON 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the development of a system to capture and provide computer‐aided acquisition and logistics support (CALS) compliant product data of printed wiring assemblies. The Navy's Rapid Acquisition of Manufactured Parts (RAMP) Program has fostered the demonstration and use of product data standards which include EDIF, IPC‐350, IGES, and CCITT Group 4 Raster. A comprehensive approach is outlined for the design and manufacturing use of electronic product data. This approach lays the foundation for the unified product data modeling efforts espoused for PDES/STEP. In conjunction with this outline, the development of a computer‐aided design (CAD) system is described for the practical capture of existing technical data. A computer‐aided engineering (CAE) capability exists to enhance or augment inadequate existing data.
Advanced Electric Propulsion, Power Generation, and Power Distribution
Authors: DADE THOMAS B. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTInvestigations into the development of electric drive systems for both submarines and surface ships have been ongoing for several years. These studies led us to the conclusion that accepted contemporary concepts did not offer the full potential envisioned for electric drive. These concepts did not fully consider non‐developmental (existing) technology, and the evolutionary approach to system development did not adequately address ship system interface, cost and other shipbuilder concerns.A “clean sheet” approach was taken to designing advanced electric propulsion, generation and power distribution systems and equipment. Primary objectives were reduced cost, weight, and volume with improved arrangement flexibility, operation, power allocation, growth potential, reliability, maintainability, survivability and efficiency.This paper focuses on the technologies involved with component development, the installation of the system on a typical submarine, and the resulting benefits.
Modal Test of John Paul Jones (DDG‐53) Mast and Mast‐Mounted Antennas
Authors: MCLEAN MARK , HILL JERRY , COBB RICHARD , RANDALL FRED 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTA modal test of the John Paul Jones (DDG‐53) mainmast structure and mast‐mounted antennas was conducted. The test was part of a larger effort to accurately determine dynamic characteristics of the “as‐built” mast/antenna system and survivability in the vibration and underwater explosion (UNDEX) shock environment. Previous mathematical analysis of the DDG‐51 class mast and antennas predicted response acceleration levels during a shock trials scenario to be excessive in some areas. The modal test results now provide, however, confirmed dynamic response characteristics including mode shapes, frequencies, and damping for the structure. The test data accounts for the flexibility of ship's structure including the deckhouse supporting the mast. In addition, the natural frequencies of the antennas were determined for the response range of the mast structure with the flexibility of the supporting foundations taken into account. Using the test results, a finite element model of the mast structure and antennas was built accurately representing the dynamic characteristics of the system. Dynamic transient shock analysis was conducted to provide response predictions of the mast and antennas using the validated model. Any potential response amplification conditions that might result in failure during shock trials were identified.
Computer‐Aided Marine Propeller Inspection Data Analysis
Authors: Allen David W. , Harsch Albert F. , Machin James D. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  Major advances have been made in recent years in marine propeller design and manufacturing technology. These advances have allowed accompanying major advances in propeller inspection data analysis technology.This paper describes the current state of propeller inspection analysis technology as incorporated in the recently developed software, PROPAR. New analytical capabilities implemented in the software, including localized contour and hydrodynamic parameter analyses, provide propeller manufacturing and design engineers with previously unavailable insight into machined propeller shape and expected propeller performance.
Laser‐Based 3‐D Volumetric Display System
Authors: Soltan Parviz , Trias John , Dahlke Weldon , Lasher Mark , McDonald Malvyn 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  NR aD, the RDT&E Division of the Naval Command, Control and Ocean Surveillance Center (NCCOSC), has developed its second generation device for displaying data, information and scenes in a three‐dimensional volume of image space. The device incorporates a 36‐inch diameter double helix that spins at approximately 10 revolutions per second, providing a means to address a cylindrical volume. Under computer control, a laser beam is directed to illuminate certain discrete volume points (voxels) on the helix needed to create a scene. The laser light scatters from the surface of the helix, so, to the observer, each voxel appears to emanate from specific points in space. Each point has x‐y coordinates determined by the position of the laser beam, and a z coordinate determined by the height of the point on the helical surface. Any point within the cylindrical image volume can be computer‐addressed to appropriately synchronize the laser eam, the Acousto‐Optic (AO) Scanner and the phase of the helix, as shown in figures 1 and 8.Using a novel Acousto‐Optic (AO) Random‐Access Scanner, up to 40 thousand laser‐generated voxels refreshed at 20 Hz per color are projected onto the reflective surface of the rotating helix. (This is about 10 times more than the current state of the art.) The higher resolution allows improved color images, updated in real time, for group viewing with the naked eye (see the optical head in figure 8).
NAVSEA Level of Repair Analysis (LORA) Software
Authors: Elliott‐Brown Judith A. , McPherson Scott W. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Logistics Policy and Appraisal Office in NAVSEA 04 recognized the need for a new Level of Repair Analysis (LORA) process to contend with problems encountered by logistics analysts. Complex algorithms in the military standard which governs LORA (MIL‐STD‐1390C), and an unwieldy mainframe software model proved a constant irritant to both the analyst and NAVSEA 04. To alleviate this problem, NAVSEA 04 developed a new process, validated with pilot test cases, and published as the NAVSEA LORA Procedures Manual (TL081‐AB‐PRO‐010/ LORA). As analysts accepted the process, it became apparent that a custom software application tool was required to adequately implement this LORA process.Logistics analysis procedures are typically produced or refined in the form of specifications or guidance manuals. Users of these procedures and processes may also require software or automated tools to implement the process on complex projects. The LORA procedures manual was NAVSEA 04's initiative to streamline and promote a new LORA process. Port Hueneme Division, Naval Surface Warfare Center (PHD NSWC)—a user needing a LORA software tool—took the initiative to develop a software application of the LORA process to bridge the gap from policy procedures to user acceptance and application.PHD NSWC required an automated tool for a critical upcoming LORA and bridged the gap by applying Total Quality Management (TQM) methods to a software prototyping process. The custom software prototype development and application on the Fire Control System (FCS) MK 92 LORA was successful. NAVSEA encouraged continued software development and, later, approved the PHD NSWC LORA software for command‐wide use in conjunction with the NAVSEA LORA Procedures Manual.This paper provides the background for NAVSEA's LORA process and discusses the PHD NSWC success in bridging the gap between process and application for the user. The prototype development of the LORA software is described—explaining the benefits to user acceptance of the NAVSEA LORA procedures. The paper recommends further improvements and initiatives related to the LORA software, discussing the process in terms of continuous improvement for effective developments.
Submarine Power Sources For the Mission
Authors: Donaldson A.J. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThis study compares nuclear and non‐nuclear submarines for various mission requirements. It includes non‐nuclear AIP options: alternative fuels and oxidants, heat engines and electrochemical systems, as well as advanced rechargeable batteries. Alternative submarine power sources are summarized and the non‐nuclear AIP options are compared with each other for different energy storage requirements. The AIP options most suitable for low capacities have already been demonstrated, and descriptions have been published. This is not the case for the fuel cell systems which are expected to be most compact for longer endurance AIP, and so an example is described briefly in this paper. An AIP system is outlined to meet a particular mission requirement (1000‐3000nm radius to a coastal/ enclosed sea patrol area). This draws on fuel cell and reformer programs at Rolls‐Royce and Associates Limited.The paper concludes with a cost effectiveness assessment of alternative submarines for typical sets of mission requirements. The alternatives are compared in terms of endurance, speed, payload, signatures and relative cost. This paper does not draw on any study funded by the Ministry of Defence. All data is from open literature or is estimated on a purely comparative basis.
Total System Ship Design in a Supersystem Framework
Authors: Hockberger William A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTNaval architects are skilled at turning a set of ship performance requirements into the engineering description of a ship capable of meeting them. That is the technical side of the problem, and our ability to deal with it has steadily improved. But the ship design problem has other major aspects that must be dealt with just as competently if the ultimate result is to be the best, most cost‐effective ship possible.This paper proposes some major changes in the way naval ship design is approached. It provides a high level description of the entire process of early stage ship design and in doing so expands considerably on the traditional boundaries of that process. It places that process in its larger context of mission requirements determination, operational effectiveness assessment, and program management review and control, all of which influence a ship's technical characteristics and capabilities. It outlines the various elements of analysis, design, estimating and assessment involved and shows how they are interrelated and must be worked interactively in a comprehensive and systematic process if an optimal ship design is to be achieved.Interwoven with this expanded design process is an expanded context for understanding the role of the ship being designed. This paper introduces the idea of a “supersystem” containing all the other operational systems, facilities and support infrastructure the new ship system will have to operate jointly and compatibly with. It explains why total‐system design and optimization must be focused at the supersystem level and not merely at the level of the new ship itself. Since this expanded focus requires looking for factors and effects in areas that have not generally been thought relevant, some principles and guidelines for recognizing them are provided.The paper clarifies the issue of “measures of effectiveness” (MOEs) versus “measures of performance” (MOPs) and shows how each should be determined and used. It shows how high level MOEs and the design philosophy can be distilled from the mission requirements even before any technical design work has begun. The practical use of modeling and simulation in matching the MOPs of an alternative system concept against the MOEs required by the mission is discussed.
USS Anzio EMPRESS II Trial
Authors: Nelson John M. , Jones Charles S. , Poston Linda A. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe Navy conducted a total ship electromagnetic pulse (EMP) trial of a Baseline IV AEGIS Cruiser (USS Anzio, CG 68) in the summer of 1993 using the second‐generation Electromagnetic Pulse Radio‐frequency Environment Simulator for Ships (EMPRESS II). The trial marked the only full‐scale test of its kind to be performed. After years of preparation, a full‐scale, total ship EMP trial took place at sea off the Virginia coast. It had two primary objectives. The first objective was to completely baseline the survivability of shipboard equipment at EMP field strengths high enough to obtain accurate test data but low enough to minimize equipment damage from multiple electromagnetic pulses. The second objective was to determine the ability of the ship to fight after a full‐scale level EMP. Both objectives of the EMP trial were successfully met. The results verified pretrial hardening predictions and efforts, revealed hardening weaknesses, and provided a baseline for future platform hardening initiatives. EMPRESS II was dismantled shortly after the trial, having fulfilled its mission of serving as the surface Navy's essential EMP test tool. This paper presents a background on the EMP program, an overview of the EMP assessment processes, Anzio trial preparations, and some of the significant trial results. It also details some of the lessons learned from the trial that will help to ensure EMP survivability for future ship design.
Dechlorination Equipment Development for Shipboard Pollution Prevention
Authors: Lucas K.E. , Bergh J.O. , Christian O.K. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTBiological fouling (biofouling) of ship seawater cooling system components has been a persistent problem at several Navy homeport locations. Dockside electrolytic chlorination for biofouling control in ship seawater cooling systems is being utilized at Submarine Base (SUBASE) and Shipyard Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. However, the discharge of chlorine into Pearl Harbor is regulated by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the State of Hawaii under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Current State of Hawaii discharge standards of 0.1 mg/L chlorine as total residual oxidant (TRO) for two hours a day is, along with its upstream concentration, not wholly effective in controlling biofouling in seawater cooling system components. In addition, more stringent regulation of chlorine point‐source discharge into marine waters by the EPA and state environmental protection agencies is anticipated. In response to these requirements, the Navy has developed a portable dechlorination unit for use shipboard. This unit injects a sulfur‐based dechlorination chemical that mixes with, and chemically binds the chlorine, making the resulting TRO discharge acceptable under current regulations.A team of scientists from the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) and CHEM‐corr Consultants conducted a concept ship evaluation (SHIPEVAL) of a prototype dechlorination unit aboard the USS Indianapolis (SSN 697) during the period 12–23 September 1994 at SUBASE Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Results indicate that sodium bisulfite injection downstream of SSN 697 auxiliary sea water (ASW) system heat exchanger components, at an approximate treatment ratio of 2.5:1 was fully effective in dechlorinating 0.1 mg/L TRO to zero prior to system discharge. Lessons learned from the SHIPEVAL will be utilized to develop a fleet‐ready, portable dechlorination unit for use at various Navy homeport locations.
Time Synchronization Services Aboard Surface Ships
Authors: O'Donoghue K.F. , Marlow D.T. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACTThe modern day surface ship is composed of a number of individual systems which together operate the platform. Vital to making such a collection of systems work in this real‐time environment is a common understanding of time. As additional functions and processors are added to systems, more demands are being placed on the time distribution function. Experience has shown that currently employed techniques for time distribution are not scalable to the more distributed approaches for building shipboard control systems. Use of Commercial‐Off‐The‐Shelf (COTS) components also drives the need for new approaches to implementing time services. This paper presents requirements for time services, an overview of current time synchronization approaches, and a technical approach being investigated for future shipboard time synchronization.
Analysis and Simulation of Discrete Kalman Filtering Applied to a GPS Receiver
Authors: Bartlett Lt Steve , LeGrand Rich , Staton Eric 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The NAVSTAR Global Position System (GPS) is a world wide, highly accurate, all weather, radionaviga‐tion system. The use of GPS signals for positioning and navigation is important not only to military users but also to civilian users requiring an accurate positioning service. The applicaiton of GPS technology has expanded to many areas in the past few years. The future might see not only missiles guided by GPS signals but also the family vehicle navigated by GPS.One of the most widely used techniques to improve the positioning accuracy of GPS is Kalman filtering. Kalman filters were first described by R.E. Kalman in his 1960 paper. Since then Kalman filters have been used in many different fields. They are particularly useful in solving radionavigation problems because of the recursive nature of the filter and also because the assumption of a Gaussian noise distribution accurately models the noisy measurements of radionavigation signals.This paper provies a general overview of GPS and analyzes the application of discrete Kalman filtering techniques used to improve the accuracy of navigation. A mathematical model of a GPS receiver is computer simulated. Results of the simulation demonstrate the vast reduction in position error due to the Kalman filter.
Fast Attack Combatant for Near‐Shore Operation
Authors: Blount Donald L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  The technologies of advanced naval engineering were used to design a corvette‐size vessel which transited the Atlantic Ocean in 1992, without refueling, at an average speed of 53.1 knots. The application of these and related technologies to fast attack craft (FAC) of 200 to 500 tonnes can result in vessels with extraordinary capabilities. The combination of 40 + knot speeds, navigational draft of less than 2 meters, enhancements for signature reduction, active and passive sensors, data linking with remote sources and 75 + tonnes for mission payload and fuel offer creative options for operation in a littoral environment.This paper describes a multi‐mission, 250‐tonne FAC, propelled by waterjets with power supplied by gas turbines and diesels. Sufficient detail is provided to indicate weight allocated for mission equipments, the weights for light ship and the loads and optional stations for launching/recovering delivery vehicles. Operational characteristics of this FAC are described such that they may be used for studying tactical advantages.
Ship Habitability— Preparing for the 21st Century
Authors: Meere E. P. , Grieco L. 
Published: March 2009

ABSTRACT  This paper discusses the problems identified in a FY 1995 fleet habitability survey. The survey questioned the fleet on the quality of shipboard living and working conditions and identified shortfalls in berthing, sanitary spaces, and food service systems that influence crew morale, safety, and ultimately mission effectiveness. Existing habitability programs, new initiatives and responses to the survey problems, plus a few quality of life ideas for the 21st century, are outlined.The views expressed herein are the personal opinions of the authors and are not necessarily the official views of the Department of Defense or the Naval Sea Systems Command