bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A comparison of the anti‐idiotypic responses generated by antibodies to a protein and a hapten: A common interspecies idiotype on antibodies against human albumin induces an idiotypic network in rabbits
Authors: COMACCHIO RM , BRADLEY J , HOHMANN AW 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIdiotypic networks have the capacity to exert significant influences on immune responses and an understanding of the ways to manipulate these networks may lead to new modalities in immunotherapy. In order to gain further insights into the nature of the immune responses stimulated by immunoglobulin idiotypes, rabbits were immunized with a mAb (Ab1) against a large globular protein, human albumin, or a mAb against a hapten, TNP. All rabbits developed anti‐idiotypic antibodies (Ab2) and the rabbits immunized with anti‐human albumin concomitantly developed antibodies to human albumin (Ab3). Ab2 prepared from these rabbits blocked binding of Ab1 to antigen and the anti‐human albumin Ab2 reacted with all species of anti‐human albumin including sheep, rabbit, rat and goat. The anti‐TNP Ab2 reacted only with the mouse anti‐TNP Ab1. This TNP Ab2 bound only to intact Ab1 whereas the human albumin Ab2 reacted with the Ab1 heavy chain. To compare the relative efficiencies of anti‐idiotypic antibodies and antigen in inducing antibody, mice were immunized with rabbit Ab2 or antigen. All mice immunized with Ab2 developed anti‐idiotypic Ab3, but only the human albumin Ab2 preparations elicited antigen specific Ab3; the amount of antibody produced was less than 1% of that found by immunization with antigen. The type of antibody induced in the Ab2‐immunized mice was compared with that found in the antigen‐immunized mice and in the Ab1‐immunized rabbits. The mouse anti‐albumin Ab3 was comparable to mouse Ab1 in terms of affinity and specificity for proteolytic fragments of human albumin. The Ab3 which arose in Ab1‐immunized rabbits had a higher affinity and broader epitope specificity and was similar to antibodies raised against antigen. These results show considerable differences in the ability of similar anti‐idiotypic antibodies to induce immune responses as well as considerable differences in the nature of a response seen within an intact network compared to an artificially induced network.
Manipulation of the helper T cell response to influence antigenic competition occurring with a multivalent vaccine
Authors: HUNT JACQUELINE D , BROWN LORENA E , WOOD PAUL R , STEWART DAVID J , JACKSON DAVID C 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe reduction in antibody observed following inoculation with multiple heterologous Dichelobacter nodosus pili antigens is thought to be due to competition between antigen‐specific B cells for a limited amount of T cell help. We demonstrate here that this competition is not further influenced by the expansion of cross‐reactive antibody secreting cells at the expense of serogroup specific antibody secreting cells. The T cell determinants of pili recognized by sheep and BALB/c mice have been defined using 15 residue peptides. These T cell determinants include cross‐reactive determinants in the conserved amino terminal region of the antigen. Here we investigate the effect of expanding the pili‐specific T cell population by priming with pili derived T cell determinants. It was not possible to increase the antibody elicited in response to the multivalent vaccine by priming mice with either a synthetic peptide spanning a T cell determinant or with reduced and alkylated or heterologous serogroups of pili 4 weeks before inoculation with the multivalent vaccine. A strategy designed to increase the T cell population by inoculating animals with pili covalently coupled to an extrinsic T cell determinant was pursued.
Polymorphism of IgE gene in chronic urticaria
Authors: PAN K‐Y , WALLS RS , RAJASEKARIAH P , SHERRITT M , WARLOW RS 
Published: June 2007

SummaryOur aim was to determine whether heterogeneity of the IgE (Cε) gene could be demonstrated in patients with chronic urticaria (CU). We performed Southern blots on DNA extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes of 20 patients with CU and 20 normal controls. Using a human Cε gene probe containing four exons of the constant segment of the IgE heavy chain, we showed the presence of a restriction fragment length polymorphism of the Cε gene segment in four of 20 patients with CU. but in none of 20 normal subjects. Family studies of two propositi revealed the presence of this Cε gene polymorphism in other family members. Our data show that a proportion of patients with CU have a polymorphism of the constant segment of the Cε gene. Further studies of this polymorphic gene fragment indicated that it was derived from duplication of the 3rd and 4th exons of functional Cε gene and was very likely to be located close to this gene. It raises the possibility that polymorphism of the functional Cε gene may affect expression of this gene. This could possibly lead to dysfunctional IgE‐receptor interaction with consequent alteration in mediator release.
Antigen‐Specific apoptosis in immortalized T cells by soluble MHC class II‐peptide complexes
Authors: ARIMILLI SUBHASHINI , MUMM JOHN B , NAG BISHWAJIT 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe recognition of T cell receptors (TCR) by purified major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II‐peptide complexes in the absence of costimulatory signals leads to the induction of T cell nonresponsiveness or anergy. In a recent study using human T cell clones, it was observed that prolonged incubation of resting T cells with soluble MHC II‐peptide complexes appears to result in T cell apoptosis. The present study shows that the engagement of TCR by soluble MHC II‐peptide complexes also results in antigen‐specific apoptosis in immortalized T cells. Apoptosis was demonstrated in a herpes saimiri virus (HSV) transformed human T cell clone (SS8T) restricted for HLA‐DR2 in association with an epitope from the myelin basic protein [MBP(84–102)]. A dose‐ and time‐dependent T cell death was observed upon incubation of SS8T cloned T cells with purified complexes of native human HLA‐DR2 and MBP(83–102)Y83 peptide. The specificity of T cell apoptosis was demonstrated by exposing SS8T cells with DR2 alone and DR2 bound to another high affinity epitope [MBP(124–143)] from the same MBP. Recently, we have shown that the complexes of HLA‐DR2 and [MBP(83–102)Y83] can be reconstituted by refolding Escherichia coli expressed individual DR2 a and β (B5*010l) polypeptide chains lacking the transmembrane region. When SS8T cloned T cells were exposed to purified reconstituted rDR2.MBP(83–102)Y83 complexes, similar apoptosis of T cells was observed. Agarose gel analysis of T cells incubated with complexes showed a degradation of celluar deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) to oligonucleosomal bands, a characteristic of apoptosis. The quantitative detection of DNA strand breaks was performed by pulsing T cells with 5‐bromo‐2′‐deoxyuridine(BrdU) followed by the detection of BrdU‐labelled DNA fragments using an antibody sandwich enzyme‐linked immuno assay (ELISA). The fragmentation of DNA was also measured by double fluorescence flow cytometry by 3′ end labelling of fragmented DNA with biotinylated‐deoxyuridine triphosphate (dUTP) in the presence of terminal deoxynucleotide transferase (TdT) enzyme. The expression of the bel‐2 protein in SS8T cells following TCR engagement by soluble MHC II‐peptide complexes was monitored by chemiluminescence blot analysis using anti‐bel‐2 monoclonal antibody. Finally, the nucleosomal condensation of T cells following complex treatment, characteristics of typical apoptosis, was demonstrated by transmission electron microscopy. These results suggest that the binding of soluble MHC class II‐peptide complexes to TCR induces antigen‐specific apoptosis in transformed CD4 positive T cells in vitro. Such induction of apoptosis by soluble MHC II‐peptide complexes may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to delete autoreactive T cells in various autoimmune diseases.
The monoclonal antibody Mac 387 recognizes three S100 proteins in human neutrophils
Authors: GUIGNARD FLORENCE , MAUËL JACQUES , MARKERT MICHÉLE 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMac 387, a murine mAb, was previously described to detect a complex form of MRP‐14 and MRP‐8, two calcium‐binding proteins of the S100 family, but recent experiments suggested that Mac 387 recognized only MRP‐14. Using two‐dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the very sensitive enhanced chemiluminescence detection system, the immunoreactivity of Mac 387 was compared with that of a polyclonal antibody raised against purified MRP‐8. but cross‐reacting with MRP‐14 and p6, a novel S100 protein. Under such conditions, Mac 387 was found to recognize the three S100 proteins. This result suggests that Mac 387 might recognize an epitope common to the proteins of the S100 family.
The use of embryo genotyping in the propagation of genes involved in the immune response
Authors: SABERIVAND ADEL , OUTTERIDGE PM 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMultiple ovulation and embryo transfer (MOET) now enables researchers to produce identical twin animals, to obtain progeny from pre‐pubertal females and to obtain more offspring from valuable animals. MOET and sexed semen have produced genetic progress of up to 60% of milk production. The oestrous cycles of animals are synchronized with progestagens before superovulation with gonadal hormones, pregnant mare serum gonadotrophin and follicle stimulating hormone. Surgical, non‐surgical and laparoscopic methods are applied to recover and transfer embryos. Sexing and genotyping of the pre‐implantation embryos is a key step in improving the management and breeding programmes for livestock, as well as in the human for the prenatal diagnosis of genetic disorders. Several serological and physiological methods have been used to determine the sex of the pre‐implantation embryos; none has had satisfactory results in terms of time and accuracy, Sexing by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using male‐specific chromosome sequences alone or with female‐specific chromosomal DNA probes simultaneously has been sufficient to identify the sex of the embryos with 100% accuracy. However, caution should be taken against sources of the contamination. The MHC class I, class II and background genes have been implicated in resistance to internal parasites in animals, Biotechnological methods such as screening of embryos prior to transfer using PCR and primer extension pre‐amplification have already made it possible to detect transgenic or genetically disordered embryos and could be applied to select those embryos bearing immunological genotypes of interest, such as resistance to internal parasites. Ultimately, cloning and nuclear transplantation would provide the possibility of isolating these resistance genes and to transfer them to livestock pre‐implantation embryos to propagate these desirable traits.
ISCOMs (immunostimulating complexes): The first decade
Authors: BARR IAN G , MITCHELL GRAHAM F 
Published: June 2007

SummaryA little over a decade ago, novel immunostimulating complexes (ISCOMs) were described. This review examines the position and progress that ISCOM technology has achieved in the fields of vaccine research and medicine over this period. Much of the work on ISCOMs has remained in the area of vaccine research where there is still an urgent need for improved adjuvants to help combat important diseases such as AIDS, malaria and influenza. Currently the only widely licensed adjuvants for human use are the aluminium salts, but with the trend towards highly purified subunit vaccines, which are inherently less immunogenic than some of the older vaccines, potent adjuvants capable of promoting specific immune responses are required. ISCOMs are one such technology that offers many of these requirements and as their use in vaccines enters its second decade clinical trials are commencing that will establish whether these submicron, non‐living particles composed of saponin, cholesterol, phospholipid and in many cases protein, are useful components for a range of human vaccines.
Populations of thymocytes and peripheral blood leucocytes in leukaemia‐bearing mice treated with G‐CSF
Authors: KAWIAK J , HOSER G , MIKS B , POJDA Z , SOBICZEWSKA A , MACHAJ E , WREMBEL A 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe influence of granulocyle‐colony stimulating factor (G‐CSF) on thymocyte subsets and peripheral blood leucocytes in leukaemia L1210‐bearing mice was evaluated. Leukaemia‐bearing mice have a markedly reduced L3T4+Lyt2+ thymocyte subpopulation. We observed ‘correction’ of relative values of thymocyte subpopulations induced by treatment of mice with a G‐CSF preparation. The suggestion is presented that this could result from liberation of lymphocyte T precursor cells from the bone marrow and increased homing of them into the thymus. The direct or indirect influence of G‐CSF on the L3T4+Lyt2+subpopulation of thymocytes is discussed.
Immunologic responses following respiratory sensitization to house dust mite allergens in mice
Authors: O'BRIEN RICHARD M , OOI MARCUS A Y , CLARKE AMANDA H , THOMAS WAYNE R 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAllergens from the house dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus are a major cause of human respiratory diseases, including asthma. In order to help in understanding the early events in allergen sensitization, a murine model of allergic respiratory disease was developed. Mice were immunized by intranasal inoculation of Der p 1 or Der p 2 on days 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 17, 21 and 29. T cell reactivity was determined using in vitro assays of allergen‐specific cytokine production by cells from the spleen, the draining superficial cervical lymph nodes (SCLN) and the non‐draining brachial and inguinal nodes. The cytokines assayed in supernatants were IL‐4. as a measure of Th2 activation, IL‐2 as a measure of Th1 activation, and IL‐3/GM‐CSF as an overall marker of T cell stimulation. There was evidence of local and systemic T cell activation by day 7, with the release of IL‐2 and of IL‐3/GM‐CSF by SCLN and spleen cells, respectively. IL‐4 production by SCLN and spleen cells was not evident until day 21. T cell sensitization in non‐draining node groups was not detected. Intradermal skin tests were performed at the above specified times and positive wheal responses indicated that specific IgE was present from day 3. The above data suggest that respiratory immunization to allergen is rapid and is associated with early systemic sensitization. In this model both Th1 and Th2 responses were evident, with the Th1 response occurring early and the Th2 following after repeated immunizations.
Anti‐IgE in allergic sensitization
Authors: STADLER BEDA M , RUDOLF MICHAEL P , ZÜRCHER ADRIAN W , MIESCHER SYLVIA , VOGEL MONIQUE 
Published: June 2007

SummaryAnti‐IgE autoantibodies exist predominantly in the sera of patients with atopic disease. For some time such anti‐IgE autoantibodies have been considered a phenomenon that may not be of clinical importance. The cloning of such anti‐IgE autoantibodies has eliminated doubts of whether these antibodies exist, but it is still unclear whether such autoantibodies play a pathophysiological role. However, there are ongoing clinical trials that use humanized anti‐IgE antibodies for passive immunization of atopic individuals. While this approach may not definitely clarify the role of anti‐IgE autoantibodies, it will nevertheless clarify the role of IgE.
The role of Th2 type CD4+ T cells and Th2 type CD8+ T cells in asthma
Authors: ERB KLAUS J , GROS GRAHAM LE 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe cellular inflammatory responses which are seen in allergic and asthmatic diseases are viewed as being quite strongly dependent on the activities of T cells and their products. The major T cell subset involved appears to be the so‐called CD4+ Th2 subset which produces interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) and interleukin‐5 (IL‐5). In vitro and in vivo experiments have indicated that IL‐4 is a key regulator in these kinds of immune responses, not only switching B cells to IgE production, but acting on CD4+ T cells to drive their development towards a Th2 phenotype. Recent results have shown that the functional phenotype of CD8+ T cells can be switched from interferon γ production to IL‐4 and IL‐5 production by the presence of IL‐4. This could prove an especially important phenomenon since it is the production of interferon γ by CD8 T cells which is seen as necessary for protection against virus infection. This short review updates our current knowledge of how IL‐4 can act on CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in in vivo models of asthma and allergic disease.
Interactions of tunicate immunomodulatory proteins with mammalian cells
Authors: RAFTOS DAVID 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe ability of a tunicate immunomodulatory protein, tunIL1, to interact with mammalian cells was investigated. Tun IL1 is known to regulate inflammatory defence reactions in tunicates and to stimulate the proliferation of mammalian thymocytes. In the current study, tunIL1 was shown to enchance L929 fibroblast proliferation, induce IL‐2 secretion from human mononuclear cells and enhance IL‐2 receptor expression by EL‐4 murine lymphoma cells. These biological activities are comparable with those of the mammalian inflammatory cytokine, IL‐1. However, tunIL1 does not appear to stimulate its effects on mammalian cells by interacting with cell surface receptors in a manner analogous to mammalian IL‐1. TunIL1 cannot block the binding of anti‐IL‐1 receptor antibodies to EL‐4 cells, nor can anti‐IL‐1 receptor antibodies inhibit the capacity of tunILl to stimulate thymocyte proliferation. This indicates that tunIL1 does not induce its IL‐1‐like activities via structural homology to mammalian IL‐1.
The relevance of murine animal models to study the development of allergic bronchial asthma
Authors: HERZ UDO , LUMPP USCHI , DA PALMA JOAO CASIMIRO , ENSSLE KARLHEINZ , TAKATSU KIYOSHI , SCHNOY NORBERT , DASER ANGELIKA , KÖTTGEN ECKART , WAHN ULRICH , RENZ HARALD 
Published: June 2007

SummaryBronchial asthma (BA) develops on the basis of a genetic predisposition and involves a characteristic sequence of changes in immune functions. In the immunopathogenesis, several phases can be distinguished: the initial stage is defined as the development of allergic sensitization. This step is dependent on: (i) T cell activation; (ii) IL‐4 production; (iii) IgE synthesis; and (iv) mediator release by effector cells. The second phase of allergic inflammation as a consequence of the T cell dependent sensitization is characterized by IL‐5 production and eosinophil activation and recruitment. Airway mucosa remodelling is the consequence of chronic inflammatory processes and represents the final stage of BA. In this article animal models will be discussed with regard to their relevance for these different phases in development of chronic allergic BA.
T cell responses toMycobacterium bovis, in red deer, a large animal model for tuberculosis
Authors: CROSS MARTIN L , CHINN NGAIRE D , GRIFFIN J FRANK T , BUCHAN GLENN S 
Published: June 2007

SummaryRed deer (Cervus elaphus) represent an appropriate large animal model to study the immunology of tuberculosis, being naturally susceptible toMycobacterium bovisinfection. Cell‐mediated immune responses were investigated in deer displaying protective‐ or disease‐type reactions, following immunization withM. bovisbacille Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) or infection with virulentM. bovis, respectively. T cell responses were measured as antigen‐dependent cell proliferation and production of T cell growth factor (TCGF) followingin vitrostimulation withM. bovisantigens (live or heat‐killed BCG, or PPD). T cells from immunized deer proliferated less in response to soluble denatured culture antigen (purified protein derivative, PPD) than to particulate BCG, although there were no differences in the magnitude of these responses between the two groups of animals. Cells derived from immunized deer produced less TCGF than cells from infected deer when stimulated with PPDin vitro, although responses to BCG antigens were similar between the two groups. The majority of TCGF activity was neutralized by anti‐IL‐2 antibodies, regardless of the animal group or source of antigen used forin vitrostimulation. After 7 daysin vitroculture with antigen, blast cells staining positively for αβ (CD4. CD8) and γδ T cell receptors were recorded. The majority of blasts were CD4+, although in immunized deer fewer CD4+blasts were produced followingin vitrostimulation with PPD than with BCG antigens. These results, together with previous reports from our laboratory, represent the only detailed examinations of T cell responses toM. bovisin this naturally‐susceptible ruminant species.
Mast cell‐derived histamine and tumour necrosis factor: Differences between SJL/J and BALB/c inbred strains of mice
Authors: JR BRUCE F BEBO , LEE CAROL H , ORR EDWARD L , LINTHICUM D SCOTT 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMast cells cultured from bone marrow of BALB/c and SJL/J inbred strains of mice using IL‐3 showed distinct patterns of growth and marked differences in their content of TNF‐α and histamine. Mast cells derived from SJL/J mice grew and matured at a faster rate than those from BALB/c bone marrow. SJL/J mast cells were found to contain more than twice the amount of histamine and TNF‐α in their granules than BALB/c‐derived cells. In addition, when triggered by anti‐DNP IgE antibody and specific antigen (DNPalbumin), mast cells derived from SJL/J mice released more histamine and TNF‐α than mast cells derived from BALB/c mice. These results confirm previous observations regarding a genetic basis for mouse strain differences in mast cell growth rates, and extend previous observations to document differences in mast cell mediator contents. These results are consistent with the concept that genetically controlled differences in the numbers of central nervous system (CNS)‐associated mast cells and their vasogenic mediators may play an important role in modulating oedema and inflammation in CNS trauma and diseases in mice.
The phosphotyrosine phosphatase inhibitor‐phenylarsine oxide restores defective phosphoinositide hydrolysis response in anergic C3H‐gld/gld lymphocytes
Authors: LING WEIJUN , TIBBETTS DIANE J , CRAIN RICHARD C , LYNES MICHAEL A 
Published: June 2007

SummaryMice homozygous for the gld (generalized lymphoproliferative disease) mutation develop both lymphadenopathy and autoimmune disease. CD4− CD8− (double negative. DN) T cells comprise the major population of T cells in mature C3H‐gld/gld peripheral lymphoid tissues. These DN T cells are unresponsive to many forms of stimuli and have previously been shown to exhibit abnormally elevated levels of membrane phosphotyrosine phosphalase (PTPase) activity. In the present study, we demonstrate that IP, production in response to mitogenic stimulation with Con A or anti‐CD3 mAb (145‐2C11) is significantly diminished in C3H‐gld/gld lymphocytes when compared to that in congenic C3H‐ +/+ cells. The capacity to produce this second‐messenger can be restored by pretreating C3H‐gld/gld cells with the PTPase inhibitor, phenylarsine oxide (PAO). Although the inhibition of PTPase activity by treatment with PAO did restore C3H‐gld/gld cell ability to produce IP3 the signal did not lead to lymphocyte proliferation, but instead to cell death. Our results suggest that the altered phosphoinositide hydrolysis observed in the mutant cells is related to their elevated membrane PTPase activity and that the anergy in these cells is at least in part related to the abnormally high activity of endogenous PTPases.