bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design concepts for biological treatment of industrial wastewater
Authors: Capps Ronald W. , Mantelli Guy N. , Bradford Michael L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWastewater treatment systems have an operating envelope bounded by upper and lower operating limits. The design criteria should therefore include upper and lower operating limits. Upper limits are generally dictated by the effluent permit, whereas lower limits are the result of design. The design challenge for an industrial wastewater treatment system is to create a process which is capable of responding to extreme variations in flow and pollutant concentration, yet maintain the effluent within permit limitations. Industrial wastewater is contaminated with oil, aromatics, ammonia, phenols, sulfide, and heavy metals. Because the operating loads (flow, pollutant concentration, toxics, pH, and salinity) are largely unpredictable, maximum flexibility and controllability should be incorporated into the design. Since the heart of the wastewater treating system is the biological oxidation process, particular attention should be given to its specifications. A biological oxidation system that is too large can cause as many problems as one that is too small. This paper focuses on design considerations for the activated sludge process for industrial wastewater.Case Study 1 is an example of how to design a grass roots wastewater treatment plant for a new refinery. This design provides for the maximum efficiency and operability within permit limits. However, Case Study 2 is an example of how not to design an industrial wastewater treatment plant. Typically wastewater treatment systems like Case Study 2 are over‐designed, which causes many operability problems that lead to permit excursions.
New advanced solids/oil/water separator
Authors: Woinsky Samuel G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractACS Industries, Inc. recently commercialized proprietary advanced oil/water separation technology which separates heavy oils (up to 50,000 centistokes). The separation efficiency of ACS' unit is exceptional (down to less than 2 mg/l oil in water in field trials). During emergency situations, the unit can produce effluent water containing less than 15 mg/l of oil (with up to 50% oil in the feed).The system is commercially proven with 32 units built for the Marine Spill Response Corporation (MSRC), plus units processing waste water at three power plants. These units are mounted on a single skid in capacities up to 2 cubic meters/minute (528 GPM), and they are fully automated.ACS has also been providing CPI separators to the Process Industries for seven years. ACS is now integrating its CPI separator know‐how with its proprietary oil/water separation technology to provide higher quality water effluents at a lower cost than can be achieved by any other technology.The history of the development, proprietary improvements, design details, commercial data, factors affecting the extent of separation and a competitive comparison are discussed.
Development of emissions inventories for evaluation of eulerian acid deposition models
Authors: Kaplan Norman , Dewaters Jan E. , Ryan Ronald , Novak Joan H. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDuring the past decade, acid deposition has been a primary environmental problem of concern for the governments of the United States and Canada. In order to better evaluate and study the problem, these governments and other organizations have developed and used Eulerian mathematical models to bring together the sciences of chemistry, physics, and meteorology. Since these models use emissions of acid rain precursors as input, it is important that these emissions estimates be as accurate as possible. A paper, entitled “The Eulerian Model Evaluation Field Study” (EMEFS) [1], gives an overview of the activities of a binational (U.S./Canadian) group organized to conduct an extensive field study to evaluate two Eulerian models. That group appointed and directs the activities of four teams: diagnostic measurements, operational (surface) measurements, model evaluation, and emissions inventory. This paper describes the emissions inventory that was developed by the emissions inventory team (EIT) and is being used as input to the Eulerian models discussed in the above referenced paper.
Groundwater air stripping: Effect on water toxicity
Authors: Eldridge R. Bruce , Simpson Cindy W. , Elliott David J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAn air stripping unit was designed to reduce groundwater hydrocarbon content and biotoxicity to acceptable levels. A pilot plant study was conducted to determine the water treatability and to optimize the commercial unit design conditions. A measurement of the pilot plant effluent toxicity was obtained from “Microtox” analysis and rigorous bio‐assays. These results indicated that reduction of the water hydrocarbon content to permitted discharge limits was accompanied by the elimination of water toxicity. The Onda mass transfer model was used to prepare the commercial unit design. A post‐installation evaluation indicated that the model gave a good representation of the commercial unit performance. Toxicity reductions observed in the pilot plant were also observed in the commercial unit.
Crossflow air stripping and catalytic oxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons from groundwater
Authors: Gavaskar Arun R. , Kim Byung C. , Rosansky Stephen H. , Ong Say K. , Marchand Edward G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes air stripping of chlorinated hydrocarbon contaminants from groundwater in a crossflow air stripping tower and destruction of the organic compounds by catalytic oxidation. Crossflow stripping has an advantage over conventional countercurrent stripping. In typical stripping operations, the mass transfer coefficient is insensitive to the velocity of the gas stream. The crossflow stripping tower is a geometry that increases the cross section of gas flow while making minimal disturbances to the liquid flow, allowing high gas‐liquid ratios without flooding. By increasing the flow cross section for the gas stream, pressure drop (and thus fan power) can be reduced significantly.A field demonstration of the crossflow column was performed at a contaminated groundwater site. The groundwater was pumped out and sent to two 17‐ft‐high (5.2‐m) towers in a parallel arrangement. One tower was a crossflow air stripper and the other a conventional countercurrent design. The performance of the two was compared. The key organic species targeted was dichloroethane, which has a low Henry's law constant. Three different baffle configurations were tested in the crossflow tower.The results of this demonstration were used to develop design criteria for crossflow air strippers to be used for destruction of halogenated hydrocarbons.
Estimation of methodology and validation of particulate entrainment in a pilot‐scale rotary kiln‐based hazardous waste incinerator
Authors: Acharya Prakash , Prabhu Sachin , Barkdoll Michael 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCombustion gas particulate entrainment from rotary kiln hazardous waste incinerators (HWI) is a necessary design data requirement because of its impact on the design and operation of the downstream process equipment. The particulate leaving the rotary kiln off‐gases may slag in the secondary combustion chamber (SCC). The potential to slag and the problems slagging can cause are dependent upon the SCC burner design, the mineralogical composition of the praticulate, and the SCC operating temperature.Some entrained particulate may adhere to the walls or fall out in the SCC as a dust/stag; the remainder of the particulates will be conveyed by the flue gas to the downstream air pollution control (APC) system. If a wet APC system is used, the particulates would be discharged to a wastewater treatment system (WTS) or publicly operated treatment works (POTW).A literature search was conducted to determine the knowledge base for particulate carry‐over from a countercurrent rotary kiln processing sedimentary solids. No data existed for this type soil. A pilot test was, therefore, conducted to experimentally measure the potential entrainment rate of this material. A detailed discussion of the entrainment mechanisms, pilot test equipment, sampling procedure, test conditions simulating the commercial operation, particle size distribution (PSD) of the ash sample, percent carry‐over rate, and measured PSD of the kiln particulate carry‐over are presented in this article. A mathematical model was developed by the authors to predict the pilot test results. The PSD of incinerator ash was used to calculate percent carry‐over rate and PSD of the entrained solids. A comparison of experimental versus estimated results for estimating entrainment are presented in this article.
Optimizing remedial action implementation at the C & R battery company superfund site
Authors: Moore Jeffrey W. , Claypool John E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAdding value to hazardous waste site remediation projects during early stages is paramount to avoid unnecessarily costly design and construction issues. Privatization of the C & R Battery Company Superfund site remediation provided opportunities for large cost savings which appeared to have been excluded while the project was federally led. In governmentally‐led projects, formal value engineering studies may not reduce final project costs because implementable cost saving alternatives may be rejected or ignored due to administrative objectives and pressures. Over reliance on the effectiveness of the value engineering study to find and add economics in a project may also have contributed to a less innovative design from the outset. In the case of the C & R Battery Company Superfund site, a formal value engineering study was performed at the 90 percent completion point in the Remedial Design (RD) under the auspices of the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). As a result of the late point in the project at which the formal value engineering study was performed, many cost saving opportunities were lost. After privatization, re‐evaluation of basic design concepts provided for tremendous cost savings, but they were limited to items which could be implemented without necessitating administrative approvals or upsetting the schedule mandated by the EPA.
Reduction of effluent toxicity for a printed circuit board facility
Authors: Curtis Michael D. , Klei Herbert E. , Cooney John D. , Ertl Rainer 
Published: February 2007

AbstractResulting from 1987 modifications of the Clean Water Act, whole effluent toxicity became a new parameter for numerous NPDES discharges. Recently, a Connecticut printed circuit board manufacturer undertook whole effluent toxicity testing and subsequently, an effluent Toxicity Identification and Reduction Evaluation (TI/RE). The TI/RE consisted of parallel efforts to eliminate or reduce the sources of effluent toxicity to a vertebrate and an invertebrate species. Testing showed that effluent toxicity to the fathead minnow, Pimephales promelas, and the daphnid, Daphnia pulex, was due to different causes. The primary toxicant identified in fathead minnow testing was shown to be unionized ammonia, generated primarily from circuit board etchant rinse processes. The primary toxicant in daphnid testing was shown to be an organic surfactant/defoamer used in the resist strip process. Efforts to identify the organic surfactant were successful and resulted in the isolation of a phosphate ester as the primary cause of toxicity to the daphnids. Product substitution was easily accomplished and resulted in marked reduction of effluent toxicity to Daphnia pulex. To reduce effluent ammonia toxicity, etchant rinse ammonia loadings will be reduced or eliminated from the process. The ammonia reduction program is discussed. Attainment of ‘toxicity permit limits’ will be achieved with use of pollution prevention/waste minimization techniques and without the need for additional facility waste treatment processes.
Removal of elemental phosphorus from electric furnace sludges of various origins
Authors: Jefcoat Irvin A. , Potluri Sundeep 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA method developed by researchers at the University of Alabama has successfully eliminated the toxic and flammable characteristics of elemental phosphorous from by‐product sludges produced from operations of electric furnaces at widely separated facilities. The removal process is first order with respect to elemental phosphorus concentration with a rate constant of 0.02 min−1. The residuals produced contain cadmium, chromium, and lead concentrations above the TCLP limit and thus will require further treatment.
Stripping of TCE from water at low air/water ratios
Authors: Wang Hsi‐Chun Alister , Chang Wenji Victor , Michiels Alan , Dickeson Dan 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTrichloroethylene was removed from water by air stripping in a packed column using low air/water ratios, and the measured removal efficiencies were used to correlate the height of a transfer unit using a model which takes into account both liquid‐ and gas‐phase resistance to mass transfer. The resulting correlation was used to optimize the design of a combined air stripper and offgas treatment system. Estimated overall cost savings of up to 26% compared to conventional air strippers can be realized by use of the optimum air/water ratio.
Integrating low‐NOx burners, overfire air, and selective non‐catalytic reduction on a utility coal‐fired boiler
Authors: Hunt Terry , Muzio Larry , Smith Randy , Hanley Thurston J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPublic Service Company of Colorado (PSCo), in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and the Electric Power Research Institute (EPRI), is testing the Integrated Dry NOx/SO2 Emissions Control System. This system combines low‐NOx burners, overfire air, selective non‐catalytic reduction (SNCR), and dry sorbent injection with humidification to reduce by up to 70% both NOx and SO2 emissions from a 100 MW coal‐fired utility boiler. The project is being conducted at PSCo's Arapahoe Unit 4 located in Denver, Colorado as part of the DOE's Clean Coal Technology Round 3 program. The urea‐based SNCR system, supplied by Noell, Inc., was installed in late 1991 and was tested with the unmodified boiler in 1992. At full load, it reduced NOx emissions by about 35% with an associated ammonia slip limit of 10 ppm. Babcock & Wilcox XCL® burners and a dual‐zone overfire air system were retrofit to the top‐fired boiler in mid‐1992 and demonstrated a NOx reduction of nearly 70% across the load range. Integrated testing of the combustion modifications and the SNCR system were conducted in 1993 and showed that the SNCR system could reduce NOx emissions by an additional 45% while maintaining 10 ppm of ammonia slip limit at full load. Lower than expected flue‐gas temperatures caused low‐load operation to be less effective than at high loads. NOx reduction decreased to as low as 11% at 60 MWe at an ammonia slip limit of 10 ppm. An ammonia conversion system was installed to improve performance at low loads. Other improvements to increase NOx removal at low‐loads are planned. The combined system of combustion modifications and SNCR reduced NOx emissions by over 80% from the original full‐load baseline.
Mass transfer correlations for air stripping towers
Authors: Djebbar Yassine , Narbaitz Roberto M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe overall system‐specific liquid phase mass transfer coefficient, KL a, is the most important parameter in the design of air strippers. Designers frequently estimate KL a using a mass transfer correlations to avoid the cost of pilot tests. This paper evaluates the well‐accepted Onda correlations using a newly developed data base. Predictions based on the Onda correlations systematically overestimated KL a for packings typically used in full‐scale applications. They had an average error of ±40% and an average standard deviation of ±47%. The overestimation was a function of the packing diameter. A simple equation was developed to correct the Onda overestimation for packings larger than 1 inch (2.54 cm) in diameter, and it yielded predictions within ±20% range. The experimental KL a values obtained in this study varied with packing depth contradicting a basic assumption of the mass transfer theory, i.e., that KL a spatially is constant. Also, the effect of measurement errors of the variables involved in the calculation of both the experimental and the predicted KL a values were investigated. A large part of the observed difference between experimental and Onda predictions was attributed to a lack of fit of the Onda model. Thus, the quality of the predictive correlations can be improved.
Hot gas desulfurization with Phillips Z‐Sorb sorbent in moving bed and fluidized bed reactors
Authors: Khare G. P. , Delzer G. A. , Kubicek D. H. , Greenwood G. J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPhillips Z‐Sorb sorbents have been evaluated successfully as regenerable sorbents for hydrogen sulfide in the fuel gas that is produced in a clean coal technology power plant. Tests have been carried out in fixed‐, moving‐, and fluid‐bed applications. The fixed‐bed tests completed at the Morgantown Energy Technology Center showed that Phillips Z‐Sorb sorbent performed better than zinc titanate. The performance of Phillips Z‐Sorb sorbent in a moving‐bed application was very encouraging. The sorbent flowed well, H2S was reduced to less than 50 ppm at the absorber outlet over long periods and post‐test analysis of the sorbent indicated very low sulfate levels at the regenerator exit. The fluidizable version of Phillips Z‐Sorb sorbent was tested in Research Triangle Institute's high temperature, high pressure, semi‐batch, fluidized‐bed reactor system. In a life cycle test consisting of 50 cycles of sulfidation and regeneration, this sorbent exhibited excellent activity and regenerability. The sulfur loading was observed to be 90 + percent of the theoretical capacity. The sorbent consistently demonstrated a sharp regeneration profile with no evidence of sulfate accumulation.
Biological treatability studies: New regulations require a new approach
Authors: Eckenfelder W. Wesley 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn the past, biological treatability studies were directed toward defining effluent BOD and TSS. Recent regulations now require effluent limitations on volatile organic carbon, specific priority pollutants, aquatic toxicity and in many cases nitrogen for complex wastewaters. This, in turn, has changed the focus of biological treatability studies.It is assumed that a screening protocol has been employed to define biological treatment as a candidate process [1].(a) Priority Pollutants—If one or more priority pollutants are a permit issue, a fed batch reactor (FBR) is run using acclimated biosolids to determine the maximum degradation rate, qm, and the half velocity constant, Ks. From these data, the required SRT to meet effluent limitations can be computed.(b) Aquatic Toxicity—If the wastewater exhibits aquatic toxicity in addition to priority pollutant requirements, bioassays are run on the biological units. Effluent toxicity and COD are tracked with time. Since effluent toxicity is frequently associated with soluble microbial products (SMP), the SMP is estimated from the effluent COD over time of aeration.(c) Nitrogen—Many organics including SMP are inhibitory to nitrification. The nitrification rate should be determined on the effluents using seeded NH4Cl as a control. From these data, the required SRT can be computed.This paper reviews the required protocols and presents several case histories from the chemical and pharmaceutical industry.
Criminal sanctions under environmental statutes
Authors: Holden Robert E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper surveys the criminal provisions of federal environmental statutes. It discusses whether the violation be “knowing” or intentional and when corporate employees may be liable for criminal violations without any personal involvement in environmental crimes. The paper surveys the criminal provisions under the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, the Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act, the Emergency Planning and Community Right‐to‐Know Act and the Toxic Substances Control Act.
Pollution prevention possibilities for small and medium‐sized industries: Analysis of the WRITE projects
Authors: Licis Ivars J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes the results of the Waste Reduction Innovative Technology Evaluation Program (WRITE), an EPA pilot program with six (6) states and one (1) local government, to identify priority needs at the respective governmental level, find promising waste minimization technologies and perform an evaluation to determine performance, pollution prevention (P2) impact and costs. The research concentrated on environmental problems and P2 opportunities for small to medium‐sized industries, technology at pilot‐ or full‐scale, and use of voluntary business/state/EPA partnerships. A total of 41 technologies were tested and evaluated. The types of industries and processes included were coating, depainting, electronics, metal plating and finishing, printing, surface cleaning, steel, and a number of miscellaneous categories. Many of the technology applications evaluated were able to list cost savings coupled with reduced or eliminated waste streams. It was found that technology benefits are largely application specific. However, favorable (or even unfavorable) findings for one application can be useful as a beginning for estimating other beneficial uses.
Using LCA‐based approaches to evaluate pollution prevention
Authors: Curran Mary Ann 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper describes how a Life‐Cycle Assessment (LCA) approach can be a beneficial support tool in assessing pollution prevention (P2) opportunities. LCA evaluates potential upstream and downstream impacts that may result from the implementation of a P2 activity, including impacts during resource extraction, manufacturing, product use and maintenance, and final disposal.Two such LCA‐based approaches, developed by EPA's Pollution Prevention Research Branch, are presented. The first approach is a preliminary P2 Factors methodology that was developed using the lithographic printing industry as the test industry. Two P2 activities were selected for study: solvent substitution in blanket and press wash and waterless versus conventional dampening fountain system printing. The second approach assesses P2 progress when incorporating product re‐design, reformulation or replacement. The P2 Progress method compares the pollution generated by the manufacturing, use and disposal of the original product with the modified product. A fictionalized reformulation of rubber cement demonstrates the P2 Progress method.
A review of pollution prevention depainting alternatives
Authors: Springer Johnny , Stone Kenneth R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis paper summarizes the technologies and products for paint removal systems for aircraft, vehicles, and equipment, describing the mechanisms by which the technologies operate. The paper also discusses federal regulations that have had an impact on the development of technology in the area of coating removal. Pollution prevention assets and liabilities are presented for each technology and regulatory and other factors that will influence the future direction of coating removal technology development are discussed.