bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of Giardia vaccination in the treatment of giardiasis in cats
Authors: Stein John E. , Radecki Steven V. , Lappin Michael R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective—To assess efficacy ofGiardiavaccination as a treatment for giardiasis in experimentally infected cats.Design—Original study.Animals—16 young-adult cats.Procedure—Cats were experimentally infected by orogastric administration ofGiardiacysts. On weeks 4, 6, and 10, cats in the treatment group (n = 8) were givenGiardiavaccine SC. For the first 28 weeks after infection, 3 fecal samples from each cat were examined weekly forGiardiacysts, and cyst numbers were counted. Fecal consistency was scored daily for the duration of the study. Results from vaccinated and unvaccinated cats were compared by logistic regression.Results—All cats became infected and were sheddingGiardiacysts by the end of week 2. Throughout the study, diarrhea was rare and was mild and transient when it did occur. By week 28, 5 of 8 vaccinated cats and 7 of 8 control cats had patentGiardiainfections. Magnitude of infection, based on number of fecal samples with cysts and number of cysts per sample, decreased progressively in both groups over time.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Administration of 3 doses of aGiardiavaccine did not completely eliminate the organism from experimentally infected cats in the study period. Since clinical signs were minimal in both groups of cats, it could not be determined whether vaccination lessened severity of clinical disease. Results may have been negatively influenced by the large inoculation dose. WhetherGiardiavaccination is an effective treatment for giardiasis in naturally infected cats remains to be determined. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222:1548–1551)
Evaluation of methods for assessment of pain associated with chronic osteoarthritis in dogs
Authors: Hielm-Björkman Anna K. , Kuusela Erja , Liman Annie , Markkola Anne , Saarto Erja , Huttunen Pirkko , Leppäluoto Juhani , Tulamo Riitta-Mari , Raekallio Marja 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjective—To identify variables and evaluate methods for assessing chronic pain in dogs.Design—Prospective study.Animals—41 dogs with canine hip dysplasia (CHD), and 24 apparently healthy dogs with no history of pain.Procedure—2 veterinarians evaluated the dogs' locomotion and signs of pain. Owners of dogs with CHD and control dogs answered a questionnaire regarding their dogs' demeanor, behavior, and locomotion (descriptive scales) and assessed pain and locomotion (visual analog scales). Plasma concentrations of several stress-related hormones were determined, and 13 radiologic variables were assessed in affected hip joints.Results—For many of the questions, answers provided by owners of dogs with CHD differed significantly from those of owners of control dogs. Stress hormone concentrations differed significantly between dogs with CHD and controls, but individual variation was too great for them to be of value in pain assessment. None of the radiologic variables examined correlated well with owner or veterinarian pain scores.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Chronic pain could be assessed in dogs with CHD through completion of the study questionnaire by a person familiar with the pet (eg, owner) after receiving appropriate education in its use. Eleven variables were identified as being potentially useful in assessment of chronic pain in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2003;222: 1552–1558)
The cardiac anesthetic index of isoflurane in green iguanas
Authors: Mosley Craig A. E. , Dyson Doris , Smith Dale A. 
Published: June 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the cardiac anesthetic
index (CAI) of isoflurane in green iguanas and
whether butorphanol affected the CAI.

Design—Prospective randomized controlled trial.

Animals—7 healthy mature iguanas.

Procedure—In 5 iguanas, CAI was determined after
induction of anesthesia with isoflurane alone, and in 5
iguanas, CAI was determined after induction of anesthesia
with isoflurane and IM administration of butorphanol
(1 mg/kg [0.45 mg/lb]). Three iguanas underwent
both treatments. Animals were equilibrated for
20 minutes at 1.5 times the minimum alveolar concentration
(MAC) of isoflurane and observed for evidence
of cardiovascular arrest. If there was no evidence
of cardiovascular arrest, end-tidal isoflurane
concentration was increased by 20%, and animals
were allowed to equilibrate for another 20 minutes.
This process was repeated until cardiovascular arrest
occurred or vaporizer output could no longer be consistently
increased. The CAI was calculated by dividing
the highest end-tidal isoflurane concentration by
the MAC.

Results—None of the iguanas developed cardiovascular
arrest and all survived. Mean ± SD highest endtidal
isoflurane concentration during anesthesia with
isoflurane alone (9.2 ± 0.60%) was not significantly
different from mean concentration during anesthesia
with isoflurane and butorphanol (9.0 ± 0.43%). The
CAI was > 4.32.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that the CAI of isoflurane in green iguanas is
> 4.32 and not affected by administration of butorphanol.
Isoflurane appears to be a safe anesthetic in
green iguanas. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2003;222:
1565–1568)
H2O2 induces abnormal tail flexure in Xenopus embryos: similarities with Paraquat teratogenic effects
Authors: Vismara Claudio , Bacchetta Renato , Di Muzio Andrea , Mantecca Paride , Tarca Silvia , Vailati Giovanni , Colombo Roberto 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBACKGROUND: As previously shown, Paraquat (PQ) treatments of Xenopus developing embryos mainly induce a characteristic developmental alteration we named “abnormal tail flexure.” PQ oxidative activity has been indicated as the cause of this malformation. Since PQ evokes reactive oxygen species (ROS), among which hydroxyl radicals (OH•), and H2O2 can be converted to (OH•) via Fenton reaction, we compared here the lethal and teratogenic potentials of both oxidants by using the Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay‐Xenopus (FETAX), in order to grasp eventual similarities in their teratogenic activity. METHODS: Xenopus embryos were exposed, from stage 8 to stage 47, at 368, 491, 612, and 735 µM H2O2 and 0.388 µM PQ. The probit analysis of H2O2 mortality and malformed larva percents gave a 598.82 µM Lethal Concentration 50% (LC50) and 536.04 µM Teratogenic Concentration 50% (TC50) from which a 1.11 Teratogenic Index (T.I.) has been calculated. This T.I. value should allow the classification of H2O2 as a non‐teratogenic compound. RESULTS: A comparison of H2O2 mortality and malformed larva percents with those obtained from PQ exposure showed the higher embryotoxicity of PQ, but, markedly, both compounds mainly induced the “abnormal tail flexure.” Histological analysis of both H2O2 and PQ malformed embryo tails showed a similar distorted morphology of both somites and myocytes. Some of muscle cells were necrotic and affected by an apical enlargement as well as a detachment from the connective tissue of intersomitic boundaries. CONCLUSIONS: In our opinion, both of the tested chemicals likely weaken the mechanical bridge connecting the myocyte contractile apparatus to the extracellular matrix, therefore causing the detachment of some of tail myocytes from their connectival septum as well as their apical enlargement. This could lead to the unbalance of tail tensional forces and, in turn, to the appearance of the “abnormal tail flexure.” Birth Defects Research (Part B) 77:238–243, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Second virial coefficient determination of a therapeutic peptide by self‐interaction chromatography
Authors: Payne Robert W. , Nayar Rajiv , Tarantino Ralph , Terzo Sam Del , Moschera John , Di Jie , Heilman David , Bray Brian , Manning Mark Cornell , Henry Charles S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSelf‐interaction of macromolecules has been shown to play an important role in a number of physical processes, including crystallization, solubility, viscosity, and aggregation. Peptide self‐interaction is not as well studied as for larger proteins, but should play an equally important role. The osmotic second virial coefficient, B, can be used to quantify peptide and protein self‐interaction. B values are typically measured using static light scattering (SLS). Peptides, however, do not scatter enough light to allow such measurements. This study describes the first use of self‐interaction chromatography (SIC) for the measurement of peptide B values because SIC does not have the molecular size limitations of SLS. In the present work, SIC was used to measure B for enfuvirtide, a 36‐amino acid therapeutic peptide, as a function of salt concentration, salt type, and pH. B was found to correlate strongly with solubility and apparent molecular weight. In general, the solubility of enfuvirtide increases with pH from 6 to 10 and decreases as the salt concentration increases from 0 to 0.5M for three different salts. The effect of peptide concentration on B was also investigated and shown to have a significant effect, but only at high concentrations (>80 mg/mL). © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 84: 527–533, 2006
Impact of natural reforestation on floodplain sedimentation in the Dragonja basin, SW Slovenia
Authors: Keesstra S. D. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractChanges in floodplain sediment dynamics have profound effects on riverine habitats and riparian biodiversity. Depopulation due to socio‐economic changes in the Dragonja catchment (91 km2) in southwestern Slovenia resulted in the abandonment of agricultural fields, followed by natural reforestation since 1945. This profoundly changed the water and sediment supply to the streams, as well as floodplain sediment deposition.This paper presents a reconstruction of the development of the Dragonja floodplain due to these land use changes during the last 60 years. The reconstruction is based on dating of floodplain sediments using 137Cs profiles, measurement of actual sedimentation rates using artificial grass sedimentation mats, and linking this information to the present‐day hydrological behaviour of the river. The sedimentation mats showed that floodplain sedimentation was restricted to peak flows of considerable magnitude. Due to the reforestation, the return period of such high flows increased from 0·31 year in the period 1960–1985 to 0·81 year between 1986 and 2003, with commensurate changes in sedimentation rates. At the 1·5 m river terrace (formed about 60 years ago), 137Cs‐based sedimentation rates (1960–1986) were roughly twice the rates inferred from the artificial grass mats (2001–2003). This finding matches the increase in the return period for larger peak events during the 1986–2003 period, which caused fewer major inundations at this level. Conversely, sedimentation rates determined for the lowest terrace at 0·5 m were similar for both techniques (and periods) because the return periods of the peak events responsible for sediment deposition at this lower level did not change much over the period 1986–2003. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategies for fault classification in transmission lines, using learning vector quantization neural networks
Authors: Mazón A. J. , Zamora I. , Sagastabeitia K. J. , Valverde V. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper analyses different approaches to fault classification, in two‐terminal overhead transmission lines, using learning vector quantization (LVQ) neural networks, just verifying its efficiency. The objective is to classify the fault using the fundamental components of 50/60 Hz of fault and pre‐fault voltage and current magnitudes. These magnitudes are measured in each phase at the reference end. The accuracy of these methods has been checked using properly validated fault simulation software developed with MATLAB. This software allows simulating faults in any location of the line, to obtain the fault and prefault voltage and current values. With these values, the fault can be classified. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brain maturation in adolescence: Concurrent changes in neuroanatomy and neurophysiology
Authors: Whitford Thomas J. , Rennie Christopher J. , Grieve Stuart M. , Clark C. Richard , Gordon Evian , Williams Leanne M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAdolescence to early adulthood is a period of dramatic transformation in the healthy human brain. However, the relationship between the concurrent structural and functional changes remains unclear. We investigated the impact of age on both neuroanatomy and neurophysiology in the same healthy subjects (n = 138) aged 10 to 30 years using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and resting electroencephalography (EEG) recordings. MRI data were segmented into gray and white matter images and parcellated into large‐scale regions of interest. Absolute EEG power was quantified for each lobe for the slow‐wave, alpha and beta frequency bands. Gray matter volume was found to decrease across the age bracket in the frontal and parietal cortices, with the greatest change occurring in adolescence. EEG activity, particularly in the slow‐wave band, showed a similar curvilinear decline to gray matter volume in corresponding cortical regions. An inverse pattern of curvilinearly increasing white matter volume was observed in the parietal lobe. We suggest that the reduction in gray matter primarily reflects a reduction of neuropil, and that the corresponding elimination of active synapses is responsible for the observed reduction in EEG power. Hum Brain Mapp, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Preparation and magnetic resonance imaging effect of polyvinylpyrrolidone‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Lee Ha Young , Lim Nak Hyun , Seo Jin A. , Yuk Soon Hong , Kwak Byung Kook , Khang Gilson , Lee Hai Bang , Cho Sun Hang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPolyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP)‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared by the thermal decomposition of Fe(CO)5 (iron pentacarbonyl) in one step. X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electrophoretic light scattering (ELS), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) together with the variation of the molar ratio of PVP/Fe(CO)5, solvent, and molecular weight of PVP, were used to characterize the PVP‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles. Fifty to hundred nanometer‐sized iron oxide nanoclusters with a spherical shape were formed in dimethylformamide (DMF), used as a solvent, and exhibited an enhanced stability in the aqueous media. Their magnetic properties were investigated by superconducting quantum interface device (SQUID). The in vitro cytotoxicity test revealed that the PVP‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles exhibited excellent biocompatibility by MTT assay. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) effect was observed with the administration of PVP‐coated iron oxide nanoparticles through the marginal vein of rabbit, resulting in improved detection of the liver lesions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effect of sterilization on the physicochemical properties of molded poly(L‐lactic acid)
Authors: Peniston Shawn J. , Choi Sun J. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this study, the process of manufacturing and sterilizing an orthopedic implant constructed from poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) was closely simulated. The hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP) sterilization process was comparatively investigated against ethylene oxide (EtO). Characterization of the physical, thermal, mechanical, morphological, and chemical properties was monitored. The results indicate that the HPGP sterilization process did not have a significant influence on Mn or Mw initially or through 12 weeks of in vitro conditioning when compared with EtO. Only indications of physical aging were evident in the analysis of the thermal and mechanical properties by differential scanning calorimeter and tensile testing for each sterilization processes. Using wide angle X‐ray diffraction to determine morphology characteristics, it was determined that no changes were observed between the as molded, HPGP, and EtO specimens initially or through the 12 week in vitro conditioning period. Contact angle measurements revealed a significant reduction in the surface energy following treatment by the HPGP process, suggesting the formation of polar groups. However, surface chemistry analysis by ATR‐FTIR indicated no significant chemical modification from either sterilization method. PLLA showed intermediate levels of residual hydrogen peroxide absorption following processing by HPGP. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Effect of cyclic loading and environmental aging on the fracture toughness of dental resin composite
Authors: Ravindranath Viswanath , Gosz Michael , De Santiago Eduardo , Drummond James L. , Mostovoy Sheldon 
Published: June 2006

AbstractObjectiveThe main purpose of this study was (1) to investigate the effects of cyclic loading and environmental aging on three dental resin composites with different filler compositions: a fiber filler, a hybrid filler, and a microfill; and (2) to predict fracture in dental resin composite under mixed‐mode loading conditions.MethodsDiametral disk specimens 25 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness were used in this study. Two methods were used for generating initial cracks in the specimen. The first method involved machining a 3‐mm notch in the center of the disk specimens, and then the notch tips were sharpened with a 0.2‐mm‐diameter jeweler's saw blade. In the second method for obtaining sharper crack tips, a three‐way wedge was forced into a 3.175‐mm hole drilled in the center of the specimen, resulting in sharp cracks emanating from the notch tips.Cyclic TestsThe specimens were aged for 4 months in air, water, artificial saliva, and a 50/50 (by volume) mixture of ethanol and water at room temperature in sealed polyethylene containers. Both unaged and aged specimens (5 specimens for each variable) were subjected to cyclic loading at a frequency of 5 Hz with sinusoidal loads cycling for 1, 1000, and 100,000 cycles at a load level ∼60% of the fracture load for noncycled specimens. Following load cycling, the specimens were tested in compression in a displacement‐controlled loading mode at a loading rate of 1.27 mm/min.ResultsTest results show that aging in a 50/50 alcohol–water mixture lowered the fracture toughness of dental resin composite, which was further reduced by cyclic loading.Mixed‐mode testsThe maximum tensile stress (MTS) criterion was used to predict fracture in dental resin composite under mixed‐mode loading conditions. The loads at failure were used as input into a finite element model. After obtaining the stress field in the specimens by the finite element method, the mixed‐mode stress intensity factors were calculated using an interaction energy integral method.ResultsGood agreement was obtained between the fracture envelope predicted by the MTS criterion and the experimental fracture toughness data. Hence, it can be concluded that it is only necessary to characterize the mode I fracture toughness to fully characterize the mixed‐mode behavior of the dental resin composites that were considered in the present study. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Application of crosslinkers to dentin collagen enhances the ultimate tensile strength
Authors: Bedran‐Russo Ana Karina B. , Pereira Patricia N. R. , Duarte Wagner R. , Drummond James L. , Yamauchi Mitsuo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe stabilization of dentin collagen with biocompatible crosslinking agents may be of clinical importance to improve dentin bond strength. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of three collagen crosslinking agents on the ultimate tensile strength (UTS) of undemineralized and demineralized dentin. Ten freshly extracted sound molars were sectioned into 0.5 × 0.5 mm2 thick beams. The beams were either demineralized or kept undemineralized. Then, specimens were subdivided into four groups according to treatments—PBS solution (control), 5% glutaraldehyde (GD), 0.5% proanthocyanidin PBS solution (PA), and 0.625% genipin PBS solution (GE). Specimens were kept in their respective solutions for either 4 or 40 h. To assess UTS, specimens were subjected to tensile forces at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Statistical analysis was performed using two‐way ANOVA and Fisher's PLSD test (p < 0.05). Statistically significant increases in UTS were observed for demineralized dentin after PA and GE dentin treatment, when compared with those of the control group. Dentin treated with GD showed no statistically significant differences in UTS when compared with that the control. Undemineralized dentin revealed no significant differences as compared to that of the control, regardless of the collagen crosslinkers. The application of two naturally occurring crosslinkers, i.e., PA and GE, to dentin collagen significantly improves UTS, indicating its potential value in restorative dentistry. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Application of chitosan gel in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Akıncıbay Hakan , Şenel Sevda , Yetkin Ay Z. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractLocal administration of antibiotics in periodontal therapy can be provided with an appropriate delivery system. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of chitosan, both as a carrier in gel form and as an active agent in the treatment of chronic periodontitis (CP). The chitosan gel (1% w/w) incorporated with or without 15% metronidazole was prepared and applied adjunctive to scaling and root planing (SRP) in comparison to SRP alone (control group‐C), in CP patients. The clinical parameters such as probing depth (PD), clinical attachment level, the amount of gingival recession, plaque index, gingival index, and gingival bleeding time index were recorded at baseline and at weeks 6, 12, and 24. In all groups, significant improvements were observed in clinical parameters between baseline and week 24 (p < 0.05). The reductions in PD values were 1.21 mm for Ch, 1.48 mm for Ch + M, and 0.94 mm for C groups. No complications related to the chitosan were observed in patients throughout the study period. It is suggested that chitosan itself is effective as well as its combination with metronidazole in CP treatment due to its antimicrobial properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007
Achieving plane‐wise uniform B1 amplitude in a 3D volume for high‐field MRI: A computer simulation study
Authors: Wang Zhiyue J. , Chu Zili 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPurposeTo demonstrate the possibility of achieving plane‐wise uniform B1 field amplitude for human head imaging with an array coil configuration by using computer simulations.Materials and MethodsWe considered the use of an excitation array coil that employed composite excitation elements. Each composite excitation element consisted of three small current loops centered close to each other with axes along the x, y, and z directions, respectively. The excitation elements were distributed to surround a model human head. The vector B1 field from each current loop was calculated using the FDTD numerical method at 170 MHz. Analytical target RF field patterns with plane‐wise uniform B1 field amplitude were derived and approximately constructed from the fields of individual current loops through a least‐squares procedure.ResultsThe RF field patterns generated by the computer simulations closely followed the target field patterns. Highly uniform B1 field amplitude was obtained within parallel sagittal planes or parallel axial‐to‐coronal oblique planes in the brain with the expected plane‐to‐plane variations.ConclusionIn principle, patterns of B1 amplitude distribution with a high degree of plane‐wise homogeneity can be achieved simultaneously in multiple parallel planes in a 3D volume. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.