bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of oximecarbamate, organophosphate and benzimidazole nematicides on life cycle stages of root‐knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp.
Authors: McLEOD R. W. , KHAIR G. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA study was made of the effects of concentrations of 2 to 32 ppm of oximecarbamate, organophosphate and benzimidazole nematicides on the hatch, larval viability and migration of Meloidogyne javanica, M. incognita and M. hapla and on development of M. javanica in roots. Aldicarb at less than 8 ppm had little effect on hatch and methomyl markedly affected only the hatch of M. hapla. As little as 2 ppm of fenamiphos or thionazin markedly reduced hatch of all three species but less than 8 ppm ethoprophos significantly reduced only the hatch of M. incognita and phorate had little effect on hatch. Benomyl and thiabendazole had no significant effects on hatch. When egg masses of M. incognita were transferred from nematicides which suppressed hatch to water, hatching occurred, but aldicarb, fenamiphos, ethoprophos and thionazin significantly reduced total hatch.None of the nematicides killed larvae of the three species immersed in 16 and 32 ppm solutions of them for 3 days. Aldicarb at 2 ppm reduced migrations of all three species; the effects of methomyl, fenamiphos or thionazin on migration varied according to species, while phorate, ethoprophos, benomyl or thiabendazole had little or no effect on migration. Aldicarb or thionazin at 2 ppm stopped development of M. javanica in roots of tomato seedlings while methomyl, ethoprophos or fenamiphos at 4 ppm reduced development by 60% and at 8 ppm of ethoprophos or fenamiphos or 16 ppm of methomyl, development was stopped. Phorate had little effect on development and benomyl or thiabendazole had no effect. Nematicide concentrations which reduced development prevented the normal orientation of larvae in the roots and reduced or prevented giant cell formation.
Electron microscopy of the particles of cereal tillering disease virus and oat sterile dwarf virus
Authors: MILNE R. G. , LINDSTEN K. , CONTI M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYExtracts of maize and oat plants from Sweden, infected respectively with cereal tillering disease virus and oat sterile dwarf virus, were examined in the electron microscope after staining with uranyl acetate or potassium phosphotungstate. Such extracts contained whole virus particles, two kinds of subviral particles and virus‐containing tubular structures. The results indicate that the two viruses are morphologically indistinguishable from each other and from maize rough dwarf virus.
Mushroom mycelium and compost substrates in relation to the survival of the larva of the sciarid Lycoriella auripila
Authors: BINNS E. S. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe development of sciarids was reduced in old casing and in casing to which a commercial composting additive was added in large amounts. In laboratory tests, adding water, soya bean, cotton seed or oatmeal to finished mushroom composts reduced the mean development time of the larvae of Lycoriella auripila. Soya bean meal significantly increased the number of adult sciarids which matured. While the presence of mushroom mycelium in large quantities inhibited the development of sciarids, smaller amounts increased either the number of larvae maturing or their rate of development in different tests. Larvae were seen to feed on mycelium. The addition of sucrose solution either reduced or prolonged development time in different tests. Nitrogenous additives encouraged the growth of ‘weed moulds’. Both these and the number of sciarids which developed were reduced by adding a solution of calcium nitrate. The results suggested that more selective composts, favouring rapid mycelial colonization, would provide ‘cultural’ control of mushroom sciarids.
Control of tomato grey mould on unheated crops using non‐ systemic fungicide sprays
Authors: SMITH PAULINE M. , KEMPTON R. J. , LAST F. T. , CASE M. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYHigh volume sprays of dichlofluanid (0.1 % a.i.) reduced total fruit numbers but gave better control of Botrytis cinerea infections of tomato stems, leaves and fruit than sprays at 0.05 or 0.025% a.i. Surface residues from the sprays at 0–1, 0.05 or 0.025% a.i. were respectively 5.4, 1.6, 0.7 μg/g fresh weight of ripe fruit at harvest. Tank‐mixed zineb (0.12% a.i.) and captan (0.2% a.i.) were less effective and increasing the spray intervals from 1 wk to 2 and 3 wk reduced the fungitoxicity of captan and zineb more than that of dichlofluanid. Harvest residues on ripe fruit were 7.1, 2.8 or 2.4 μg/g when dichlofluanid (0.1 % a.i.) sprays were applied at 1, 2 and 3 wk intervals respectively. Good control of B. cinerea was achieved if the whole plant was sprayed initially with dichlofluanid as soon as the second truss was flowering and subsequent sprays were restricted to the upper section of stem including the four or five youngest trusses of buds, flowers and fruit.When used as a post‐infection spray there was a period of c. 8 wk before dichlofluanid markedly reduced the incidence of grey mould. Tank‐mixed zineb (0.12% a.i.) controlled Botrytis fruit spotting but not leaf and stem infections. Botrytis stem lesions extended more rapidly on zineb‐sprayed plants than on unsprayed plants or on plants treated with captan or dichlofluanid.
Chemical control of potato cyst‐nematode, Heterodera pallida, on tomatoes grown under glass
Authors: WHITEHEAD A. G. , FRASER JANET E. , FRENCH EILEEN M. , WRIGHT S. M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn sandy clay loam under glass 11.2 kg a.i. Du Pont 1410 alone or with 448 kg Di‐Trapex CP/ha, 441 kg dazomet with 448 kg Telone or 448 kg Di‐Trapex CP/ha, prevented potato cyst‐nematodes, Heterodera pallida, increasing on KNVF tomato rootstocks. In the heated glasshouse where the soil was treated with 441 kg dazomet/ha alone, the nematodes increased in the top 10 cm of soil, whether the soil was sealed with Polythene sheeting or water and whether dazomet was applied as dust or prill (small granules). Methyl bromide at 1276 kg/ha did not control the nematodes in soil 20–30 cm deep in one of the treated plots. Tomatoes grew well after all treatments except Du Pont 1410 which had little, if any, effect on grey sterile fungus (Pyrenochaeta lycopersici). Dazomet with Telone or dazomet with Di‐Trapex CP inhibited root damage by the fungus.
Efficiency of potassium permanganate in differentiating between live and dead nematodes
Authors: JATALA P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYAn aqueous solution of potassium permanganate provided a simple and reliable means for differentiating live from dead nematodes. The cuticle and body content of dead nematodes were stained light amber to deep brown, whereas live nematodes were not affected. Taxonomic features of lightly or moderately stained specimens were not obscured.
The predators of wheat‐bulb fly
Authors: Jones Margaret G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWheat bulb fly, a pest of winter weat, has one generation a year and all stages exist for at least a month. The feeding larva inside the shoot is protected, except when moving to a new shoot, but all the other stages are exposed to attack by non‐specific predators, either by soil‐living beetles feeding on eggs and puparia in the soil, or predatory flies and birds feeding on the adults.
Effect of organic soil amendments on damping‐off of lettuce caused by Corticium praticola
Authors: OKPALA E. U. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTen organic amendments were added to unsterile soil which was contaminated 14 days later with Corticium praticola and sown with lettuce seeds. Substantial increases in final stands of seedlings were obtained with grass meal, bran and wood cellulose. Corn and barley meal, linseed cake and fish meal decreased final stands; molassine meal, potato starch and peptone had relatively little effect. Seedlings grown with wood cellulose were very chlorotic and stunted.Up to 30% of lettuce seeds sown in soil which, 180 days earlier, had been amended with corn meal and contaminated with C. praticola became colonized by the fungus. None was colonized in unamended soil or in soil amended with grass meal. Ninety days after amendment and contamination fewer seeds were colonized in soil amended with grass meal than in unamended soil. The amendment of soil with grass meal was as effective as thiram seed treatment in protecting lettuce seedlings against C. praticola and grass meal was particularly effective in reducing both the numbers of seedlings attacked and the survival of the fungus in the soil.
Investigations on fungicides
Authors: CARTER G. A. , CHAMBERLAIN K. , WAIN R. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA number of bis‐[(i‐formamido‐2,2,2‐trichloro)ethylamino]‐alkanes and their dioxy and dithio analogues were examined for direct and systemic antifungal activity. All compounds showed very low in vitro fungitoxicity and only slight protectant anti‐mildew activity when applied as a foliar spray. Certain diamino and dioxy derivatives were, however, systemically active against powdery mildew fungi when applied as a root drench to seedlings of wheat or cucumber; the dithio analogues were inactive. The level of systemic activity shown by these compounds was markedly influenced by the nature of the hydrocarbon ‘bridging’ group.
A probable rhabdovirus infection of lemon‐scented thyme
Authors: SCHULTZ M. G. , HARRAP K. A. , LAND J. B. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYBacilliform particles were found in the perinuclear space of phloem parenchyma cells of Thymus xcitriodorus (lemon‐scented thyme) showing a marked leaf chlorosis. They were of typical rhabdovirus morphology, of mean dimensions 219 X72nm and composed of a bullet‐shaped internal component surrounded by an envelope. A few unenveloped internal components were seen in the nucleus and the perinuclear space. The bacilliform particles were concentrated and partially purified from leaf material but were not easily detected by negative staining of leaf squashes. They were not transmitted by inoculation of infected sap and the evidence indicates that they were not the causal agent of the leaf chlorosis.
Carotenoid pigments of Dioscorea cayenensis
Authors: MARTIN F. W. , RUBERTÉ RUTH 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe yellow flesh of Dioscorea cayenensis, a principal yam of Africa, was found to contain xanthophyll esters as the principal pigments. These included neoxanthin, violaxanthin and auroxanthin. In addition β‐carotene, or pro‐vitamin A was found in small quantities. Measurements show that D. cayenensis is a fair source of this nutrient.
A method for inoculating wheat with Cercosporella herpotrichoides
Authors: EVANS M. E. , RAWLINSON C. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA method for preparing inoculum of Cercosporella herpotrichoides on chemically defined substrates is described. The method is reproducible, needs less time, is less variable than using colonized cylinders of straw and allows infection by mycelium and spores above soil level.
Effects of powdery mildew at different growth stages on grain yield of barley
Authors: GRIFFITHS ELLIS , JONES D. GARETH , VALENTINE M. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPot‐grown barley plants (cv. Proctor) were exposed to infection by powdery mildew during four stages of development, G.S. 2–6, G.S. 7–9, G.S. 10‐10‐5 and G.S. 11 (Feekes scale, Large, 1954). All combinations were examined (i.e. 24 factorial). The numbers of fertile tillers at harvest were significantly reduced by mildew during periods G.S. 2–6 and G.S. 7–9. Numbers of grains per head and grain size (1000 grain weight) were significantly reduced by mildew only during G.S. 2–6. Effects, on components of yield, of the four mildew treatments were found to be almost entirely additive. The only significant interactions found were for grain size: in this instance there was some interaction between treatments at G.S. 2–6 and G.S. 10‐10‐5 and between treatments at G.S. 2–6, G.S. 7–9 and G.S. 10‐10‐5.
Transmission of broad bean stain virus and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik‐Virus to field beans (Viciajaba) by weevils
Authors: COCKBAIN A. J. , COOK SARA M. , BOWEN ROBERTA 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY Sitona lineatus and Apion vorax were the two most common species of weevil on field beans (Vicia faba minor) at Rothamsted between 1970 and 1974. In glasshouse tests, A. vorax was a much more efficient vector than 5. lineatus of broad bean stain virus (BBSV) and Echtes Ackerbohnenmosaik‐Virus (EAMV), and both species transmitted EAMV more often than BBSV. Five other species of Apion transmitted the viruses infrequently or not at all. S. lineatus adults transmitted no more often after 8–16 days on infected plants than after 1–2 days. Some A. vorax adults transmitted EAMV, but not BBSV, after feeding on infected leaves for a few minutes. After 4 days on infected plants, A. vorax sometimes remained infective for the following 8 days. No A. vorax collected from woodland plants in spring was infective with BBSV or EAMV, but 4% from bean crops containing seed‐borne infection carried BBSV and 17% carried EAMV. BBSV and EAMV were recovered from triturated weevils, but not from weevil haemolymph. Possibly the viruses are transmitted as contaminants of the mouthparts or by regurgitation during feeding, but A. vorax was observed to regurgitate only when anaesthetized.BBSV and EAMV were not transmitted by aphids (Aphis fabae and Acyrthosiphon pisum), nor by pollen beetles {Meligethes spp.).Field observations suggest that infected seed is the main source of BBSV and EAMV in spring‐sown crops, and that crops grown from virus‐free seed, and isolated from infected crops by 250–500 m, remain free of infection for most of the season.
Invasion and development of the cereal cyst‐nematode Heterodera avenae in roots of barley infected by the take‐all fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis
Authors: COOK R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYObservations on the invasion and development of Heterodera avenae in relation to take‐all infection of barley roots were made in three pot experiments. Post‐cropping H. avenae populations were lower on fungus‐infected plants, as a result of the production of fewer, smaller and less fecund cysts. The reduction in cyst numbers was associated with reduced larval invasion of take‐all infected roots and with the effects of the unfavourable environment of these roots on female development, possibly through its effects on sex determination and survival of the larvae.
Control of potato cyst‐nematodes, Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida, in sandy, peaty and silt loam soils by oximecarbamate and organophosphate nematicides
Authors: MOSS S. R. , CRUMP D. , WHITEHEAD A. G. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSmall amounts (5.6 or n‐2 kg a.i./ha) of aldicarb or oxamyl, incorporated in the soil before potatoes were planted in spring, controlled potato cyst‐nematodes (Heterodera rostochiensis and H. pallida) on susceptible cultivars equally well in sandy, peaty and silt loam soils. In soils treated with either nematicide, nematode numbers increased little or decreased; in untreated soils nematode numbers increased greatly. In contrast organophosphate nematicides, similarly applied, fenamiphos (proposed BSI common name for O‐ethyl‐O‐(3‐methyl‐4‐methylthiophenyI)‐isopropylamido‐phosphate), ethoprophos (proposed BSI common name for (O‐ethyl S, 5‐dipropyl phos‐phorodithioate), CGA 12223 (O, O‐diethyl O‐[i‐isopropyl‐5‐chloro‐i,2,4‐triazoIyl‐(3)] phosphorothioate) and Dowco 275 (O, O‐diethyl O‐(6‐fluoro‐2 pyridyl) phosphorothioate), were ineffective at one or more of the experimental sites. Potato yields were greatly increased by oximecarbamate or organophosphate nematicides only in soils heavily infested with the nematodes.
Genetic control of durable resistance to yellow rust (Puccinia striiformis) in the wheat cultivar Hybride de Bersée
Authors: JOHNSON R. , LAW C. N. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe wheat cultivar Hybride de Bersee is described as possessing durable resistance to yellow rust. Some races of Puccinia striiformis can infect it at the seedling stage but not severely in the field. Using euploid and aneuploid stocks of Bersee it was shown that a large part of this resistance was controlled by chromosome 5BS‐7BS, the effect being detectable in seedlings and at later growth stages. Measurements of spore production from infected seedlings showed that the line ditelosomic for the 5BS arm of the chromosome was more resistant than the line ditelosomic for the 7BS arm under environments favouring high spore production, but more susceptible under environments favouring low spore production. Thus both arms of the chromosome could contribute to resistance in appropriate environments. Chromosome 5BS‐7BS did not carry the factors controlling the race‐specific resistance to race 37 E132 of P. striiformis. The possibility of exploiting the resistance carried by chromosome 5BS‐7BS in wheat breeding programmes is discussed.
Partial purification and serological relationship of three strains of bean yellow mosaic virus
Authors: GRANETT A. L. , PROWIDENTI R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThree biologically distinct strains of bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMVS, BYMV1 PV‐2) were partially purified by centrifugation at relatively low g forces. Serologically these strains appeared to be distinct from each other but were related.
A comparison of the effectiveness of insecticides against glasshouse whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum)
Authors: WARDLOW L. R. , LUDLAM F. A. B. , HAMMON R. P. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYTests were made with a glasshouse whitefly population resistant to both DDT and parathion to measure resistance to two organochlorine, eight organophosphate and six carbamate compounds; resmethrin and pyrethrum were also included in the tests. The whiteflies showed marked resistance to endosulfan, thionazin, malathion and resmethrin and low resistance to all other compounds.
Epidemiology of PytMum‐induced damping‐off in mixed species seedling stands
Authors: BURDON J. J. , CHILVERS G. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYControlled experiments on post‐emergence damping‐off, using mixtures of susceptible (Lepidium sativum) and resistant (Lolium rigidum) seedlings inoculated with Pythium irregulare, demonstrated that rates of multiplication and advance of the disease were determined mainly by the net density of susceptible seedlings and were little affected by the resistant plants present.
Some effects of time, temperature of treatment and fumigant concentration on the fungicidal properties of methyl bromide
Authors: GANDY DOREEN G. , CHANTER D. O. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSurvival of fungi after fumigation with methyl bromide was affected by fumigant concentration, duration of exposure and treatment temperature. The concentration x time (ct) products required to kill slow growing species were lower than those required for fast growing fungi; in addition, for some species the ct products required also increased with increasing treatment times. In all fungi studied, ct products required decreased with increasing treatment temperature.
Experiments with fungicide sprays to control Ramularia beticola in sugar‐beet seed crops
Authors: FORD W. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA single fentinhydroxide spray at the end of May controlled Ramularia leaf spot in in‐situ sugar‐beet seed crops and increased seed yield on average by 4%. Sprays controlled leaf spots most effectively in the Cotswolds, but yield increases were larger in Lincolnshire. Benomyl controlled leaf spot as well as did fentinhydroxide; thiabendazole was less effective, and maneb and cuprous oxide gave poor control.
The promotion of ear emergence by gibberellic acid in Ethrel‐induced male sterile wheat
Authors: HUGHES W. G. , BODDEN J. J. , GALANOPOULOU STELLA 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYEthrel at a concentration of 2000 ppm active ingredient (a.L), applied to the spring wheat cv. Sirius before meiosis was initiated in the oldest florets of the ears, induced almost complete male sterility but prevented full ear emergence. Concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 ppm a.i. GA3, applied 2 or 5 days after the Ethrel, were equally effective in promoting full emergence of sterilized ears, without affecting female fertility or markedly affecting flowering time.
Effect of variation in ear temperature on gibberellin content of wheat ears
Authors: RADLEY MARGARET 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYWhen the ears of wheat were grown after anthesis at temperatures different from the rest of the plant the gibberellin content of the ears increased more rapidly at higher ear temperatures, whilst the plant temperature had little effect. This greater rate of gibberellin accumulation was associated with a greater rate of ear dry weight increase. Wheat ears detached from the plant increased their gibberellin content over 4 days when provided with sucrose and ewfkaurene.
Genotypic and environmental correlations between leaf growth and bulb size in onions
Authors: DOWKER B. D. , HARDWICK R. C. , FENNELL J. F. M. , ANDREWS D. J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYPopulations of onion breeding lines were grown in five field trials over 2 years. Measurements were made of leaf length, number of leaves produced during July and August, date of foliage collapse, plant density and bulb yield. Correlations and partial correlations between these attributes, separated where possible into genetic and environmental components, gave similar results from all trials. The genetic and environmental components of leaf length and earliness of foliage collapse were positively associated with yield. Partial correlations showed that short‐leaved plants were lower yielding and later maturing than long‐leaved selections, but that the effects were not attributable to correlations with plant density.
An investigation of persistent infection of stored apples by Gloeosporium spp.
Authors: EDNEY K. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYOrchards of Cox's Orange Pippin apples with a history of persistent Gloeosporium infection were examined for wood infections and fruit susceptibility. The amount of wood infection on the trees was not excessively high and the conidia from wood and fruit infections were not resistant to captan. Extensive rotting developed following the application of conidia of G. perennans to the surface of the fruit after harvest. Mineral analysis indicated low calcium and high nitrogen content and it is suggested that fruit susceptibility associated with mineral imbalance is responsible for much of the rotting encountered in the past.
The insect transmission of an isolate of okra mosaic virus occurring in Nigeria
Authors: LANA A. O. , TAYLOR T. AJIBOLA 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThree species of chrysomelid beetles (Podagrica sjostedti, P. uniforma and Syagrus calcaratus) transmitted a Nigerian isolate of okra mosaic virus (OMV) to okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and green gram (Vigna aureus), two (P. uniforma and S. calcaratus) also to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and one (P. uniforma) also to cowpea. Using one viruliferous beetle per test plant, P. sjostedti, P. uniforma and S. calcaratus infected 63, 68 and 34% of test plants respectively. Virus was retained by these vectors for up to 6 days. Whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci) also transmitted OMV, although much less efficiently than the beetle vectors.
A comparison of the use of Bacillus subtilis with conventional fungicides for the control of apple canker (Nectria galligend)
Authors: SWINBURNE T. R. , BROWN AVERIL E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYIn a factorialized field trial cells of Bacillus subtilis or phenylmercuric nitrate (PMN) were applied as sprays in autumn to manually defoliated apple trees, cv. Bramley's Seedling, artificially infected with Nectria galligena. Trees were additionally sprayed with dithianon at intervals in May and June or left unsprayed at this time. B. subtilis in conjunction with dithianon, and PMN with dithianon were equally effective in the control of canker over a 2‐yr period. Dithianon alone gave some control, as did PMN but B. subtilis was not effective without additional applications of dithianon.