bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of delta agent among Chinese in Taiwan and Los Angeles
Authors: Govindarajan Sugantha , Lee Shou‐Dong , Tong Myron J. , Tsai Yang‐Te , Lo Kwang‐Juei 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe prevalence of delta agent among 120 Chinese patients with HBsAg‐positive chronic active and hepatocellular carcinoma from Taiwan and Los Angeles were studied by serological assay for antibody to delta antigen and immunoperoxidase staining for delta antigen in the liver biopsies. Of 120 patients, only four with chronic active hepatitis and one with hepatocellular carcinoma from Taiwan had antibody to delta antigen in their sera, while none was detected in the patients from Los Angeles. Indirect immunoperoxidase staining for delta antigen in the liver tissue from three of the patients with circulating anti‐delta was positive. Thus, the overall prevalence of delta infection was 5.8% among the 86 patients from Taiwan, and 0% in the 34 Chinese patients from Los Angeles.
Immunoglobulin class‐specific antibody response in respiratory syncytial virus infection measured by enzyme immunoassay
Authors: Meurman Olli , Ruuskanen Olli , Sarkkinen Hannu , Hänninen Pentti , Halonen Pekka 
Published: March 2007

AbstractImmunoglobulin class‐specific enzyme immunoassay (EIA) was used for determination of antibody responses in sera collected from 26 children with acute primary respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections. All 26 patients had IgG antibody responses with a significant titer increase in 24 (92%); an IgM antibody response was detected in 19 of the 26 (73%). From patients aged 6 months or less only 5 of 8 produced detectable IgM antibodies, whereas all patients aged 1–2 years did so. IgM antibodies appeared within 1 week after onset of illness and persisted from 20 days to 2–3 months. An IgA antibody response was observed in 20 of 26 (77%) patients with a significant titer increase detected in 17 of 26 (65%) patients. In some patients the persistence of IgA antibodies followed that of the IgM antibodies, but in others the IgA antibody titers remained stable up to the end of the follow‐up. The most sensitive assay system for serological diagnosis of acute RSV infection in children was the determination of titer increases by IgG antibody.
Detection of IgM antibodies against cytomegalovirus: Comparison of two radioimmunoassays, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunofluorescent antibody test
Authors: Kangro Hillar O. , Booth Jim C. , Bakir Talal M. F. , Tryhorn Yvonne , Sutherland Sheena 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sensitivity and specificity of direct antibody radioimmunoassay (RIA), M‐antibody capture RIA (MACRIA), enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test for the detection of CMV‐specific IgM was compared using 40 sera selected from different groups of patients.RIA, MACRIA, and ELISA gave concordant results with thirty‐two sera but discordant results with eight sera, of which three were cord sera from congenitally infected babies, three were from immunocompromised patients with recurrent CMV infections, and two were from patients with lymphadenopathy and Paul‐Bunnell‐positive mononucleosis, respectively.RIA, MACRIA, and ELISA were of similar sensitivity with sera from adult patients, but ELISA was apparently less sensitive than RIA and MACRIA for the detection of CMV IgM in cord serum. By comparison IFA was significantly less sensitive than the other three tests.Rheumatoid factor is reactive in RIA, ELISA, and IFA but can efficiently be removed by absorption with latex‐IgG beads or cross‐linked human IgG.
Immunogenic effect of hepatitis B vaccine in children: Comparison of two‐and three‐dose protocols
Authors: Yvonnet Bernard , Coursaget Pierre , Petat Eric , Tortey Eric , Diouf Cheikh , Barin Francis , Denis Francois , Diop‐Mar Ibrahima , Chiron Jean‐Paul 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immunogenic effect of hepatitis B vaccine was evaluated in 183 seronegative infants from Senegal. Seventy‐two seronegative infants received two 5‐μg doses of vaccine at a two‐month interval and 111 seronegative infants received three 5‐μg doses at one—month intervals. All the children had a booster dose one year after the first injection of vaccine. No difference between the two groups was observed in the seroconversion rate (93.1% and 94.6%, respectively); in the proportion of high anti—HBs titer; or in the anti—HBs geometric mean titer (82 and 92 mIU/ml, respectively). These results demonstrate that two doses of 5μg of hepatitis B vaccine are sufficient in infants to obtain a high immunogenic effect.
Acute type A hepatitis during chronic hepatitis B virus infection: Association of depressed hepatitis B virus replication with appearance of endogenous alpha interferon
Authors: Davis Gary L. , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Waggoner Jeanne G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTwo patients with chronic type B hepatitis and intercurrent episodes of acute type A hepatitis are presented. Serological markers of hepatitis B virus replication decreased or became undetectable in both patients during the acute illness, while interferon activity was transiently detected in serum. The presence of serum leukocyte (alpha) interferon was confirmed by neutralization with specific antisera and tests of pH2 stability. These observations suggest a role for natural leukocyte (alpha) interferon in the modulation and control of hepatitis B virus infection and provide further evidence to support trials of exogenous leukocyte (alpha) interferon in the chronic infection.
Reverse radioimmunoassays of IgM and IgG antibodies to coxsackie B viruses in patients with acute myopericarditis
Authors: Frisk Gun , Torfason Einar G. , Diderholm Hans 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA reverse radioimmunoassay (RIA) of antibodies to enteroviruses, previously developed for the detection of IgM antibodies to Coxsackie B1 (CB1) and B3 (CB3) and to Echo 11 (Ell) and 30 (E30) viruses, was extended in the present study for the detection of IgM antibodies to Coxsackie B2 (CB2), B4 (CB4), and B5 (CB5) viruses and of IgG antibodies to CB1‐CB5, Ell, and E30 viruses. After standardisation of the assays and application to a collection of serum specimens from patients with proven enterovirus infections, specimens from patients with diagnosed or suspected acute myo‐ and/or pericarditis (myopericarditis group), and control specimens from patients with nonenterovirus infections, were studied, as well as from apparently healthy subjects.Of the patients with enterovirus infections, 29 of 30 (97%) were positive in the IgM RIA and 19 of 25 (76%) in the IgG RIA. In the myopericarditis group, 18 of 37 (49%) patients showed Coxsackie B (CB) virus‐specific IgM titres and 9 of 37 (24%) CB virus‐specific IgG titres. In the control specimens very few positive responses were detected. The RIAs appeared to be type specific or at least predominantly type specific, provided that the amount of labeled virus was carefully standardised. The sensitivity of the RIAs seemed to be rather high for IgM but low for IgG. In the neutralisation (NT) test no significant rise or fall in titre against CB viruses was demonstrated in the myopericarditis group. It is concluded that the reverse IgM RIA may be valuable for studies of the role of CB viruses in acute myo‐ and/or pericarditis.
Specific IgG and IgA antibodies to herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐lnduced surface antigen in patients with HSV infections and in healthy adults
Authors: Hadar Tuvia , Sarov Israel 
Published: March 2007

AbstractHerpes simplex virus (HSV)‐specific IgG and IgA antibody response in patients with HSV infection and in healthy adults was studied by the immunoperoxidase antibody‐membrane antigen (IPAMA) technique. In all HSV infections in which specific IgM antibodies were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), a significant rise in the titer of HSV IgG and IgA antibodies was found. In contrast, in patients with recurrent herpes labialis in which no specific HSV IgM antibodies were detected by ELISA, HSV IgG and IgA antibodies were not found to fluctuate significantly during the course of infection. A higher geometric mean titer (GMT) for HSV IgG and for IgA antibodies was found in seropositive individuals with a previous history of recurrent HSV than in seropositive individuals without a previous history of recurrent HSV infection. Nineteen of 26 HSV IgG seropositive healthy medical students without a previous history of recurrent HSV infection had HSV IgA antibodies to membrane antigen. The significance of this finding in understanding the mechanism of latency in healthy seropositive individuals without previous history of HSV recurrent infections is discussed.
The removal of hepatitis B virus from factor VIII concentrates by fractionation on ethylene maleic anhydride polyelectrolyte
Authors: Galpin S. A. , Karayiannis P. , Middleton S. M. , Thomas H. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChromatography with a solid‐phase polyelectrolyte based on ethylene maleic anhydride polyelectrolyte (EMA PE) has been shown to remove a large proportion of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), including hepatitis B virus (HBV) particles, from contaminated cryoprecipitate. This process may reduce the risk of transmission of HBV infection when factor VIII concentrates are administered.
DNA of 21 clinical cytomegalovirus strains detected by hybridization to cloned DNA fragments of laboratory strain AD‐169
Authors: Chou Sunwen , Roark Linda , Merigan Thomas C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNine distinct DNA probes prepared from cloned DNA fragments of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) strain AD‐169, each representing a relatively small portion of the total genome, were able to detect all 21 epidemiologically distinct clinical isolates of CMV that had been passaged in tissue culture. All probes were of comparable sensitivity in the detection of CMV, and under the hybridization conditions used, no probe gave an unusually high background with uninfected host cells.
The heat sensitivity of hepatitis A virus determined by a simple tissue culture method
Authors: Parry J. V. , Mortimer P. P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA method for estimating residual infectious hepatitis A virus (HAV) after heat treatment of suspensions of the virus was devised. It made use of a readily maintained cell line (FRhK‐4) in which the rate of release of HAV antigen into the tissue culture medium was directly proportional to the size of the inoculum. Loss of viral infectivity after heating could be estimated by inoculating heat‐treated HAV suspensions into cell monolayers and measuring antigen released from the cultures during 5 weeks of incubation.An inoculum of 105 tissue culture infecting doses of HAV suspension in phosphate‐buffered saline retained 1.0% of its infectivity after treatment for 2 min, and 0.01 % after treatment for 4 min at 65°C. The virus was fully inactivated within 4 min at 70°C, 30 sec at 75°C, 5 sec at 80°C, and virtually instantaneously at 85°C. When HAV was suspended in milk and subjected to statutory pasteurisation conditions, 0.1% of its infectivity remained after 30 min at 62.8°C and 1.0% after 15 sec at 71.6°C.The implications of these results for the heat treatment of food, water, and milk are discussed. It appears that recommended heat processes for milk and shellfish may not be adequate to inactivate HAV.
Immunogenicity of wild and attenuated varicella‐zoster virus strains in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Asano Yoshizo , Albrecht Paul , Behr Dorothy E. , Neff Beverly J. , Vickers James H. , Rastogi Suresh C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty susceptible rhesus monkeys were inoculated with cell‐free varicella‐zoster virus strain OKA or strain KMcC. Both wild and attenuated strains were used. No clinical signs characteristic of human varicella were seen in any of the animals. Virus was not isolated from throat swabs, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid. Antibodies were measured by an enhanced plaque neutralization test. The wild and attenuated OKA strains produced comparable levels of antibodies for 3 months after inoculation. Attenuated KMcC strains produced lower titers than the wild strain. On rechallenge 3 months after primary inoculation animals boostered with the attenuated OKA strain developed significantly higher antibody titers than animals receiving the wild strain. Animals primed and challenged with the attenuated KMcC strains showed significantly lower antibody titers than animals which received the wild strain. The results indicate that the immunogenicity of attenuated OKA and KMcC strains in rhesus monkeys parallels the experience obtained with these strains in humans.
The effects of human cytomegalovirus challenge in vitro on subpopulations of T cells from seronegative donors
Authors: Sing Garwin Kim , Garnett Helen M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPurifed T cells from seronegative donors were challenged with human cytomegalovirus (CMV) and assayed for response to the mitogen phytohemagglutinin (PHA) administered at various times after virus challenge. Cells were hyporesponsive to PHA added up to 6 h postinfection, while cells challenged with ultraviolet (UV)‐inactivated CMV showed normal PHA responses. T‐cell populations showed a complete inversion of helper/suppressor ratios by 6 h of infection, as determined by indirect immunofluorescence using the monoclonal antibodies OKT4 and OKT8. This increased proportion of suppressor cells was functionally demonstrable in an autologous one‐way mixed lymphocyte reaction (AMLR).
How useful are serum and CSF interferon levels as a rapid diagnostic aid in virus infections?
Authors: Flowers Dianne , Scott Geoffrey M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSpecimens from a total of 162 patients were studied prospectively using a rapid nucleic acid synthesis inhibition assay and a plaque‐reduction assay to detect interferon levels in serum and cerebrospinal fluid. The specificity, consistency, and diagnostic applications of the rapid assay were evaluated by intensively investigating each patient for possible viral illness. Forty‐one percent of patients with proven acute virus infections (excluding those with acute hepatitis and infectious mononucleosis) had unequivocal detectable interferon in serum or cerebrospinal fluid, compared with only two patients with bacterial infections (7%) who had equivocal interferon in the serum. Retrospective analysis showed the test to have high specificity for virus infections, but in patients with clinical syndromes of uncertain aetiology the test was not a particularly sensitive indicator of the presence of subsequently detected virus. The presence of interferon was not related to the time during the illness at which the sample was taken, nor to the numbers of lymphocytes in the cerebrospinal fluid, nor to the patients' general symptoms.
Presence of antibodies to human lymphoma‐leukemia virus (HTLV‐I) in Germans with symptoms of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Authors: Born M. , von der Helm K. , Wernicke D. , Deinhardt F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from German patients exhibiting symptoms compatible with the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) or the lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) were assayed for antibodies against human T‐cell lymphoma/leukemia virus (HTLV‐I)‐related antigens by enzyme imniunoassay, indirect immunofluorescence, and radioimmunoprecipitation. Antibodies against HTLV were detected in 3 out of 31 sera.
Immunogenicity of a five‐microgram dose of hepatitis B vaccine
Authors: Papaevangelou George , Roumeliotou‐Karayannis Anastasia , Vissoulis Charalambos , Richardson Steven‐Clive , Krugman Saul 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe immunogenicity of a 5‐μg dose of vaccine (H‐B‐Vax, MSD) was evaluated in 50 young adults (17–19 years). Results were compared to our previous studies using similarly prepared vaccines using 20 μg and 10 μg per dose with the same trial protocol in a comparable population. Seroconversion rates for the 5‐μg doses of vaccine were 80% after the first dose and 98% after the second dose. The remaining participants did not develop anti‐HBs in the course of the trial. These results are not significantly different from those observed in the 10‐μg and 20‐μg studies. The increase of anti‐HBs titers was slower for the 5‐μg group. High geometric mean titers were observed after booster vaccination, but lower for the 5μg (3,591 mIU/ml) than for 10 μg (9,277 mIU/ml) and 20 μg (12,975mIU/ml) doses. It is concluded that 5‐μg dose of the vaccine is effectively immunogenic for young adults.
Horizontal transmission of hepatitis B virus among children and adults in five rural villages in Zambia
Authors: Tabor E. , Bayley A. C. , Cairns J. , Pelleu L. , Gerety R. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine whether horizontal transmission of the hepatitis B virus contributes to the high prevalence of infection with this virus in an endemic region, residents of five villages in Zambia were tested for hepatitis B serologic markers. The prevalence of hepatitis B was determined by testing samples from 620 residents. By examining paired serum samples from 79 children and 80 adults, it was determined that new infections occurred during the five years of this study in at least 14 children (18%) (aged 4–17 years) and ten adults (12%) (aged 23–65 years). These 24 new infections were distributed among 20 households and were not associated with active HBV infections in the mother or, in most cases, other family members. Intervention to prevent hepatitis B in regions such as rural Zambia will require vaccination of susceptible children and adults as well as newborn infants.
Genetic heterogeneity of the human papovaviruses BK and JC
Authors: Beckmann Anna Marie , Shah Keerti V. , Mounts Phoebe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe have examined the structure and infectivity of BKV and JCV genomes from prototype strains after cell culture passage and of BKV genomes from primary isolates. Genomic structures were determined by restriction endonuclease analysis of molecularly cloned DNA. Infectivity was determined by transfection of the cloned genomes into urine‐derived epithelial cells and assaying for viral proteins and virus production. Prototype BKV DNA, which was cloned after 14 passages in three different cell lines, contained no alterations in restriction enzyme sites and was infectious. In contrast, prototype JCV acquired changes in the late region of the genome during passage in cell culture and the cloned DNA was not infectious. Urine‐derived cells were used to isolate virus from the urine of two renal transplant patients and one asymptomatic individual. The genome of the virus isolated from the normal individual was indistinguishable from prototype BKV except for a 60‐base pair deletion, which was localized between 0.62 and 0.72 map units. Two isolates from transplant patients differed from each other and from prototype BKV at a number of restriction enzyme cleavage sites located in the early region and were infectious. Genomes containing deletions from 100 to 600 base pairs were also cloned but were not infectious.
AN6520 Ag: An antigen purified from liver with non‐A, non‐B hepatitis
Authors: Tohmatsu Jun‐Ichi , Morimoto Tomiaki , Katsuhara Norimichi , Abe Kenji , Shikata Toshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn extract prepared from the liver of a patient with chronic non‐A, non‐B (NANB) hepatitis was found to produce a precipitin line in immunodiffusion with a serum from a multiply transfused patient and those from patients convalescent from NANB hepatitis. The antigen was purified by gel filtration and density gradient centrifugation. The antigen had a buoyant density of 1.16–1.20 g/cm3 in cesium chloride, a sedimentation coefficient (S20, w) of 51.5s, and a molecular weight of larger than 1.5 × 106daltons. Electron microscopic examination revealed particles 29–34 nm in diameter (average 31.5 nm), which could be agglutinated by the specific antiserum. We developed a reverse passive hemagglutination (R‐PHA) and a passive hemagglutination (PHA) technique for detection of the new antigen and antibody, respectively, and applied these to human sera. Antibody to the antigen was detected in 19/28 (67.9%) convalescent sera of NANB hepatitis. This prevalence was significantly higher than those found in convalescent sera of type A hepatitis patients (2/17 = 11.8%), type B hepatitis patients (2/15 = 13.3%), and normal blood donors (9/129 = 7.0%) (p < 0.01); and the prevalence in hepatitis A and B patients did not differ significantly from that of normal donors. Furthermore, most (66.7%) of the cases of NANB hepatitis endemic in Shimizu City, Japan, showed clear seroconversion with respect to this antibody. These results suggest that the new antigen/antibody system is associated with NANB hepatitis.
Detection of HBV‐DNA by in situ hybridization using a biotin‐labeled probe
Authors: Negro Francesco , Berninger Mark , Chiaberge Elisabetta , Gugliotta Patrizia , Bussolati Giovanni , Actis Giovanni C. , Riuetto Mario , Bonino Ferruccio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA biotin‐labeled DNA probe specific for hepatitis B virus (HBV) nucleotide sequences was hybridized in situ to liver tissue of 20 patients; 16 were chronic carriers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and 4 had no markers of HBV infection. HBV‐DNA was also analyzed in the serum and the liver of these patients by spot and Southern blot hybridization, respectively.Liver specimens from six carriers were positive for HBV‐DNA both by in situ and Southem blot hybridization; ten carriers were negative by in situ hybridiza‐ tion, and two of these were positive by Southern blot technique. The staining was granular, mainly cytoplasmic, limited to liver specimens containing replicative forms of HBV‐DNA, and associated with detection of HBcAg in hepatocytes by immunofluorescence. The sensitivity of this technique was not sufficient to detect few copies of integrated HBV‐DNA.The hybridization procedure was specific, as results were constantly negative in liver specimens of patients without markers of HBV infection, and no reaction was observed using DNA probes lacking HBV‐DNA sequences.Detection of HBV‐DNA by in situ hybridization, using a biotinylated probe, is a rapid, reproducible, and specific histochemical method. Currently available biotinylated probes are advantageous when absolute sensitivity is not the limiting factor, and they also facilitate studies of the cellular and subcellar distribution of HBV nucleic acids.
Polyalbumin receptors, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), and HBsAg/IgM complexes in HBsAg positive patients with and without delta superinfection
Authors: Craxì A. , Magrin S. , Greco J. , Vinci M. , Tinè F. , Raimondo G. , Longo G. , Pagliaro Luigi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReceptors for polymerized human albumin are found at high litres during high‐level hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication and in small amounts in chronic low‐level infection. Complexes between hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and IgM without specificity for HbsAg are expressed in a pattern similar to that of receptors. Anti‐albumin antibodies could be involved in their formation. Delta infection depresses the synthesis of gene products of HBV. To assess whether delta modifies the expression of receptors on HBsAg and the level of HBsAg/IgM complexes, and if anti‐albumin antibodies are actually part of the complex, we tested sera from 86 subjects with acute and chronic HBV infection. Our findings show that the amounts of circulating receptors and HBsAg/IgM are proportional to the concentration of HBsAg and thus probably to the degree of viral replication. We did not find any correlation between circulating anti‐albumin antibodies of the IgM class and HBsAg/IgM complexes. Delta infection depresses HBsAg synthesis and causes a related decrease in receptors and HBsAg/IgM titres if superimposed on the more active stage of HBV infection. When HBsAg, receptors, and HBsAg/IgM are at low levels, no further depression is caused by delta infection. HBsAg/IgM titre is not enhanced by presence of anti‐delta antibodies, thus excluding a role of the latter in forming these complexes.