bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Familial transmission of alcohol use, III. Impact of imitation non‐imitation of parent alcohol use (1960) on the sensible/problem drinking of their offspring (1977)
Authors: HARBURG ERNEST , GLEIBERMAN LILLIAN , DiFRANCEISCO WAYNE , SCHORK ANTHONY , WEISSFELD LISA 
Published: January 2006

AbstractImitation/non‐imitation by adult offspring of alcohol‐related parent behavior was examined in the context of the fall‐off effect’ and of sensible/problem alcohol use, two processes which tend to constrain drinking. Evidence indicates there is more imitation by adult offspring of abstemious parents (both abstainer and low volume) than of high volume parents. Adult offspring drink significantly less, on the average, than their high volume parents, a phenomenon here termed‘fall‐off effect’ for both men and women with respect to either their fathers or mothers. This fall‐off among social drinkers appears when the mother approaches or the father consumes at or more than a typical daily drinking level (≥1 drink per day). More sensible drinking occurs among adult offspring when (I) the parent has no drinking problem‐signs than when the parent has drinking problems (this pattern appears at all levels of offspring consumption), and (2) when parents drink at high volume and have no problems for those offspring who do not imitate parent volume. Drinking “sensibly’ appears to be associated directly with the level of parent alcohol use and offsprings’ own drinking levels (considered as imitation or non‐imitation of parents), and indirectly with offspring recall of problematic intake by parents. Drinking sensibly is a medical, education and public health issue.
Hot‐headed or impulsive?
Authors: KENNEDY H. G. , GRUBIN D. H. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of men in prison was interviewed and rated for the presence of six behaviours commonly thought to be impulsive: alcohol abuse (CAGE positive), sedative dependence, other drug abuse, pathological gambling, repeated aggression and self‐harm. They were also asked to complete the EPQ and 15 questionnaires. Out of 61 men on a special protection, wing, 51 agreed to take part. We found that the score on the Impulsiveness scale of the 15 correlated with the number of disorders present in individuals, even when corrected for age. Pathological gambling and self‐harm did not correlate with the presence of any of the other behaviours.
The experiencing of positive consequences of drinking in four Scandinavian countries1
Authors: HAUGE RAGNAR , IRGENS‐JENSEN OLAV 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBased on data from a comparative survey of drinking in four Scandinavian countries (Finland, Iceland, Norway and Sweden), the experiencing of positive consequences of drinking was studied in relation to alcohol consumption, intoxication frequency and the experiencing of negative consequences of drinking. In all four countries a substantial portion–both of the men and of the women–reported having experienced various positive effects of drinking during the last 12 months. The positive consequences clearly correlated with yearly alcohol consumption and even more with intoxication frequency. A strong link between the experiencing of positive and negative consequences of drinking was also found. The study also indicates that there are national differences in the experiencing of positive consequences of drinking which do not reflect the national differences in total alcohol consumption.
Links between drug misuse and crime
Authors: BENNETT TREVOR 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe paper argues that there may be benefits from combining the efforts of criminologists and drug researchers in the study of the nature of the relationship between drug/alcohol use and crime. The available evidence suggests that the relationship is probably not a simple one. In particular, the research shows that social, cultural, and environmental factors may all play some part in explaining the relationship. It is suggested that something might be gained by focusing on the various situational factors which link drug/alcohol use and crime. Some help might be forthcoming for this endeavour from criminology which has in recent years developed a body of knowledge on the role of situational determinants of crime. Research from within this perspective has been helpful in informing strategies for intervention over a wide range of crimes and crime settings. In particular, attention is drawn to the wealth of crime prevention ideas that has arisen out of situational analyses of alcohol–related public disorder. It is proposed that further research is conducted which draws on this approach in an attempt to increase our understanding of the micro social processes involved.
Could Britain inherit the American nightmare?
Authors: MACGREGOR SUSANNE 
Published: January 2006

SummaryThe article offers a critical review of the debate on policy towards illegal drugs in the United States and demonstrates how discussion of the ‘drugs’ issue there is linked to perceptions of the condition of African‐American people and to the contentious concept of the ‘underclass’. Alternatives to the Reagan‐Bush policies include the extension of treatment options, possibly compulsorily, and pro‐legalization arguments. The links between these perspectives and wider social philosophies and programmes are indicated. Ripples of the legalization debate are now felt in Britain and Europe. The paper concludes that understanding of the social problem of ‘drugs’ cannot be divorced from judgements about wider socio‐cultural conditions and appropriate policies. US definitions of the problem and views of policy are not as yet the only options for Britain. A ‘third way’ is possible between neo‐conservative and free‐market approaches, that of a ‘new public health’.
The cognitive effects of alcohol abuse: a controlled study
Authors: WILLIAMS CHRISTINE M. , SKINNER ADRIAN E. G. 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIt is now well established that there is an association between excessive alcohol consumption and psychological impairment. However, there has been some difficulty in the interpretation of results as the majority of studies have relied on reporting correlations in large subject samples. It was felt therefore that if subjects were matched by variables which had been found to be confounding in previous research, a clearer picture of the effects of alcohol on cognitive functioning could be drawn. Subjects in this study were therefore divided into a ‘high’ alcohol group (over 50 units per week), and a ‘low’ alcohol group (under 20 units per week). No patients who had previously been reported as suffering from cognitive impairment were included in this study as the purpose of this research was to examine the effects of alcohol on those heavy drinkers with no obvious impairment. They were matched by age, sex, socio‐economic status and educational background. Heavy drinkers showed significant deficits on a number of cognitive tests compared with their matched controls. Furthermore, the subjects in the lower educational group showed a greater decrease in scores on several sub tests than those in the higher group.
Influence of negative affect on smoking cessation treatment outcome: a pilot study
Authors: RAUSCH JEFFREY L. , NICHINSON RAD , LAMKE CELIA , MATLOFF JEFFREY 
Published: January 2006

SummaryIn order to determine whether baseline depression was related to initial success or failure in smoking cessation, we prospectively examined mood self‐ratings in a pilot study of 43 unselected smokers attempting to quit smoking in an outpatient program. Mean pretreatment POMS depression scores in the subjects who were unable to quit were significantly higher compared to those successful in initially relinquishing smoking. These preliminary results suggest that a negative‐affect group at high risk for failure in nicotine dependence treatment might be identified in advance by an assessment of mood done prior to treatment.
A meta‐analysis of depressive symptomatology and alcohol consumption over time*
Authors: HARTKA ELIZABETH , JOHNSTONE BRYAN , LEINO E. VICTOR , MOTOYOSHI MICHELLE , TEMPLE MARK T. , FILLMORE KAYE MIDDLETON 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMeta‐analysis (eight general population longitudinal studies) describes the relationships (regressions) between quantity per occasion and depressive symptomatology over time. Quantity and depression are the strongest and most consistent predictors of final levels of themselves in all data sets. Age significantly and consistently predicts quantity for both sexes combined (the general pattern is replicated among males only). Depression significantly predicts quantity and quantity significantly predicts depression for females. Controlling for interval between measurements produces stronger prediction (more consistent over shorter intervals) for males. Depression only predicts quantity over longer intervals and quantity only predicts depression over shorter intervals for females. Explicit control for age found stronger relationships between initial and final measurement quantity, and depression for males. Quantity and depression significantly predict quantity and depression among young females. The relationship between quantify and depression among females illustrates the importance of controlling for age and sex. Methodological considerations are discussed.
A scale for estimating the health status of opioid users
Authors: DARKE SHANE , WARD JEFF , ZADOR DEBORAH , SWIFT GARY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe health status of injecting drug users has both clinical and research relevance. In order to evaluate the impact of treatments for opiate dependence on drug users' health status we need valid and reliable instruments which are short and easily administered by non‐medical personnel. This paper describes the construction of a brief interviewer administered scale for assessing the current health status of injecting drug users. Data evaluating its reliability and validity are presented which indicate that the scale has excellent psychometric properties.
Tobacco advertising restrictions, price, income and tobacco consumption in OECD countries, 1960–1986
Authors: LAUGESEN MURRAY , MEADS CHRIS 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFactors affecting tobacco consumption per adult in 22 countries of the OECD between 1960 and 1986, were studied using pooled cross‐section time‐series analysis. The resulting log‐linear model was estimated using Generalized Least Squares. The severity of tobacco advertising restrictions in each country and year was scored from published legislation and information from health agencies. Tobacco advertising restrictions have since 1973 increasingly been associated with lower tobacco consumption. Lower consumption levels were also associated with higher real tobacco prices, and with increased female labour force participation. Higher levels of consumption were associated with higher per capita real income and with a larger fraction of tobacco consumed as manufactured cigarettes. The model explains 99.5% of the variance in the average annual level of tobacco consumption across these countries. Ten‐fold differences in purchasing power for tobacco products were found across the countries and years studied. In all countries tobacco products became more affordable between 1960 and 1986. In 1986 either a 36% inflation‐indexed increase in real tobacco prices, or legislation to end tobacco promotion in those countries without a total ban, would have lowered average consumption by 6.8% and both together, by 13.5. Across the OECD, if in 1986 all governments had raised tobacco product prices relative to income to Irish levels, and had banned all tobacco promotion, tobacco products consumption per adult would have fallen by 40% in that year.
History of abuse liability testing in humans
Authors: JASINSKI DONALD R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractClinical testing for drug abuse liability began as part of a collaborative effort to develop non‐addicting substitutes for morphine. Physical dependence capacity and euphorigenic potential were identified as the potent effects of morphine leading to abuse; quantitative measures were developed for these effects. Drugs were evaluated for morphine‐like effects using principles of bioassay. In recent years, the alterations in mood, feeling, thinking, and perception induced by drugs (subjective effects) are viewed as the effects leading to reinforcement of drug‐taking behavior and to abuse. The same procedures and methods developed for assessing these effects with opioids have subsequently been applied to other classes of drugs. At present, human drug abuse liability testing methods exist for opioids, stimulants, sedative hypnotics, serotonin agonist and antagonists, nicotine, alcohol, and caffeine.
Preference procedures for testing the abuse liability of drugs in humans
Authors: DE WIT HARRIET 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDrug preference procedures may be used to assess the abuse liability of drugs in human volunteers. These procedures usually measure subjects' choice of a drug versus a placebo, under controlled, double‐blind conditions. Depending upon the conditions of the studies (e.g. subject population, environmental conditions of testing), drugs that are known to be abused are also preferred in these laboratory procedures. To assess the abuse liability of an unknown test drug, the frequency of choice of the test drug is compared to choice of a standard drug with known abuse potential: preference for the test drug, relative to the standard, is then taken as an indicator of its relative potential for abuse. A number of methodological variables must be considered when designing and interpreting choice studies, including the characteristics of the subjects, the range of doses tested, whether choices were spaced widely apart (e.g. one a day) or closely together (e.g. one immediately after another), and whether the study was conducted under controlled laboratory conditions or in the subjects' normal daily environments. The conditions for testing the abuse liability of an unknown compound must be selected based on the existing literature with similar, known drugs of abuse.
Human drug abuse liability assessment: opioids and analgesics
Authors: BIGELOW GEORGE E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMethods are described for assessment of the abuse liability of opioids and analgesics. The methods developed by the USPHS Addiction Research Center for assessment of opioid abuse liability have served as the prototype for most currently used abuse liability assessment approaches. The general method is that of comparing the profile of effects of a test drug to the profiles of placebo and of a known drug of abuse. Drugs with profiles of activity similar to the known drug of abuse are considered pharmacologically equivalent and of similar abuse liability. Specific methods, including the Addiction Research Inventory, adjective‐ and visual analog rating scales, are described, as are methodological developments that have been introduced to improve the sensitivity of the procedures and to adapt them to modem circumstances. It is concluded that the profile‐of‐effects methodology has proven extremely useful and should remain a basic element in abuse liability assessments.
Anxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics dependence
Authors: BUSTO USOA E. , SELLERS EDWARD M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAnxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics are commonly used drugs. Benzodiazepines have largely replaced barbiturate and non‐barbiturate anxiolytics and sedative/hypnotics as they are as effective and safer. Experiments in laboratory animals have shown that chronic administration of benzodiazepines tested to date can induce physical dependence. The severity of the withdrawal syndrome is clearly related to the dose, duration of administration and elimination rate of the drugs. It is now also clear that high doses of barbiturates and benzodiazepines can induce physical dependence in humans. In addition, a withdrawal syndrome after discontinuation of chronic benzodiazepine therapeutic treatment, with and without tolerance, has been well characterized. Symptoms may resemble those of anxiety or ‘rebound’ phenomena but some are typical of withdrawal. A relationship between benzodiazepine discontinuation and self‐administration has been well documented. Negative reinforcement associated with a reduction of withdrawal symptoms may play a role supporting persistent benzodiazepine use.
Mental health, sensation seeking and drug use patterns: a longitudinal study
Authors: PEDERSEN WILLY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo examine the longitudinal stability of mental health and sensation seeking, a sample of 553 adolescents aged 16–18 years, was followed over a period of 20 months. Further, the predictive power of the two constructs with regard to future drug use was investigated. The stability of reported mental health was relatively low. Accordingly, the variable was a poor predictor of future drug use. Sensation seeking, however, had a relatively high degree of stability. In addition, the different subdimensions of the trait were strong predictors of future drug use: ‘Disinhibition’ (DIS) was a general drug use factor in both sexes. ‘Thrill and adventure seeking’ (TAS) predicted moderate alcohol consumption in boys. ‘Experience seeking’ (ES) predicted cannabis use in boys. A separate analysis of those who seek a milieu highly exposed to cannabis, without themselves using the substance, revealed interesting sex differences: the boys in this situation had sensation seeking scores and mental health which were not different from other adolescents. However, the girls had high DIS and ES scores and also poor mental health. Possible interpretations of this finding are discussed.
Change in HIV‐antibody seroprevalence rates in i.v. drug dependent prisoners
Authors: SPERNER‐UNTERWEGER BARBARA , FUCHS DIETMAR , FLEISCHHACKER W. WOLFGANG , HAUSEN ARNO , MILLER CARL , MÖST JOHANNES , REIBNEGGER GILBERT , WERNER ERNST R. , DIERICH MANFRED , WACHTER HELMUT , HINTERHUBER HARTMANN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn 1985 a high HIV‐seroprevalence (44.2%) was found in a cohort of parenteral drug addicted prisoners in Innsbruck, Austria. In a longitudinal study from March 1985 to March 1989 we investigated the epidemiology of HIV‐infection as well as possible changes in the drug taking behaviour of this defined population at risk. During the study HIV‐seroprevalence rates in drug dependent prisoners showed a statistical decrease to 30%. A concomitant increase in admission to any kind of therapy programmes as well as an increasing change from ‘heavy use’ (mainly taking heroin i.v.) to ‘non‐heavy use’ (mainly taking drugs orally) could be noted. The influence of preventive measures, such as comprehensive AIDS‐information, special therapy programmes including the methadone substitution programme, and the unrestricted availability of needles and syringes is discussed.
Pharmacodynamics of nicotine: implications for rational treatment of nicotine addiction
Authors: BENOWITZ NEAL L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractRational treatment of the pharmacologic aspects of tobacco addiction includes nicotine substitution therapy. Understanding the pharmacodynamics of nicotine and its role in the addiction process provides a basis for rational therapeutic intervention. Pharmacodynamic considerations are discussed in relation to the elements of smoking cessation therapy: setting objectives, selecting appropriate medication and dosing form, selecting the optimal doses and dosage regimens, assessing therapeutic outcome, and adjusting therapy to optimize benefits and minimize risks.
Rehabilitating a genetic perspective in the study of tobacco and alcohol use
Authors: KOZLOWSKI LYNN T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDespite comparable estimates of ‘heritability’ for tobacco smoking and alcohol drinking, the human genetics of drinking has been a fashionable topic for research, while the human genetics of smoking has been neglected or viewed with suspicion. The differing course of genetic themes in the alcohol and tobacco areas is discussed in relation to (a) different historical pressures which promoted disease models of alcoholism and ‘bad habit’ models of heavy smoking and (b) possible fundamental differences in the nature of cigarette and alcohol use. This topic is further complicated by the substantial co‐occurrence of heavy smoking and heavy drinking, so that the genetic determinants may well over‐lap. ‘Cross‐cultural’ comparison of these contrasting interests in genetics is argued to be an important topic for future research.
Biobehavioral research on nicotine use in women
Authors: POMERLEAU CYNTHIA S. , POMERLEAU OVIDE F. , GARCIA ANNE WEINSTEIN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractMore American women are taking up smoking than men and fewer are quitting; if current trends continue, rates for women will surpass those for men by the mid‐1990's. But ironically, much of what is known about the biobehavioural aspects of smoking is based on research using male subjects. The present paper reviews evidence suggesting that: (1) women may differ from men with regard to nicotine intake and/or effects; (2) nicotine intake and effects may be influenced by menstrual cycle phase; (3) oral contraceptive use and estrogen replacement therapy may affect intake and effects of nicotine; (4) the effects of chronic nicotine use on female reproductive endocrinology may have implications for the reinforcement of smoking; and (5) pharmacological agents used to treat smoking may have different effects in women than in men. Guidelines and suggestions are presented by future biobehavioural research in women, including standardization of assessment procedures, attention to the use of appropriate controls, and use of pharmacological probes.
Individual differences in difficulty quitting smoking
Authors: HAJEK PETR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis essay comments on the main approaches to studying individual differences in ability to quit smoking, and suggests complementing them with a concept of ‘difficulty of quitting’. Several areas of research into determinants of ability to quit smoking are discussed, including measures of dependence, reactivity to nicotine, severity of withdrawal symptoms, endurance of discomfort, and psychological well being. A number of correlates of inability to quit may have a common denominator in stress and neuroticism. If these are the primary obstacles to quitting, changes in the composition of the smoking population and in the image of smoking can be expected which could lead to smoking losing some of its appeal for potential new recruits.
Smoking prevention: towards a process approach
Authors: LEVENTHAL HOWARD , KEESHAN PATRICIA , BAKER TIMOTHY , WETTER DAVID 
Published: January 2006

AbstractCurrent studies of smoking prevention treat the adolescent as a target of influence, they emphasize the acquisition of skills for resisting peer pressure and give too little attention to motivation for resistance. Studies consistent with this social learning framework show moderate reductions in the incidence of smoking for the short term; recent, long‐term follow‐ups show no reduction in experimental over control conditions. We propose a re‐examination of the influence framework and suggest that adolescents use smoking and dress, to project an image of self that will increase the likelihood of success in the formation of relationships in which participants share feelings and attitudes toward each other and the adult world. We also suggest that adults focus upon external, perceptible, and remote threats, e.g. smoking is seen as evil, a response to peer pressure, and a long term threat to health, and ignore discourse about proximal, subjective feelings respecting the changing sexual urges and feelings of social anxiety that accompany adolescence. The socialization of these affects is left to the peer group. It is suggested that future programs intensify their focus on motivation for resisting smoking based upon a revised view of the adolescents objectives in self definition, and combine this with the best of the current skills approaches.