bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nurse specialist led flexible sigmoidoscopy in an outpatient setting
Authors: Kelly S. B. , Murphy J. , Smith A. , Watson H. , Gibb S. , Walker C. , Reddy R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjective  There has been an increasing demand for diagnostic flexible sigmoidoscopy. In order to improve our diagnostic services, we established a nurse specialist led flexible sigmoidoscopy clinic in 1999. The aim of this study was to review the outcomes of this service between 1999 and 2004.Method  The following information was collected prospectively: source of referral, presenting symptoms, the result of the flexible sigmoidoscopy, depth of insertion, the follow‐up plan and complications.Results  A total of 3956 patients had a flexible sigmoidoscopy performed between 1999 and 2004. The presenting symptoms were as follows: rectal bleeding (RB) in 1915 patients, change of bowel habit (CBH) in 421 patients, RB+CBH in 814 patients. The depth of insertion of the sigmoidoscope was as follows: rectum in 85 patients, sigmoid colon in 595 patients, descending colon in 1969 patients, splenic flexure in 958 patients and transverse colon in 311 patients. The findings at sigmoidoscopy were as follows: normal in 1560 patients, cancer in 132 patients, inflammatory bowel disease in 276 patients, polyps in 415 patients, diverticular disease in 584 patients and haemorrhoids in 926 patients. Two patients sustained an iatrogenic rectal perforation.Conclusion  The nurse specialist led flexible sigmoidoscopy clinic offers an efficient and safe diagnostic service for patients presenting with colorectal symptoms.
Emphysematous cystitis: a review of 135 cases
Authors: Thomas Anil A. , Lane Brian R. , Thomas Arun Z. , Remer Erick M. , Campbell Steven C. , Shoskes Daniel A. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVETo review recently published data on emphysematous cystitis (EC), a potentially life‐threatening condition characterized by air within the bladder wall, and that most typically affects middle‐aged diabetic women.METHODSAll articles published in English between 1956 and 2006 were identified using a Medline search for keywords ‘emphysematous cystitis’, and ‘cystitis emphysematosa.’ Epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic, pathological and therapeutic data were evaluated, including risk factors such as the presence of diabetes mellitus or other comorbid emphysematous infections of the urinary tract.RESULTSIn all, 102 published papers, including 135 cases of EC, were reviewed; the median patient age was 66 years, 64% were women and 67% had diabetes mellitus. Most cases were diagnosed using plain films of the abdomen (84%), although more recently, computed tomography was the primary imaging method. Escherichia coli was the most commonly isolated organism. Most patients were treated with medical management alone (90%), while 10% of infections were treated with a combination of medicine and surgery. The overall death rate was 7%.CONCLUSIONSEC is the most common and typically the least severe gas‐forming infection of the urinary tract. Prompt diagnosis and treatment is warranted to prevent the potential morbidity and mortality of this infectious condition.
An investigation of the relationship between sex‐steroid levels and urological symptoms: results from the Boston Area Community Health survey
Authors: Litman Heather J. , Bhasin Shalender , O’Leary Michael P. , Link Carol L. , McKinlay John B. ,   BACH Survey Investigators
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVESTo investigate whether circulating levels of sex hormones are associated with urological symptoms, using data from the Boston Area Community Health (BACH) Survey.SUBJECTS AND METHODSBACH used a multistage stratified‐cluster approach to randomly sample 5506 adults aged 30–79 years in Boston, MA, USA. Anthropometric measures, lifestyle and psychosocial factors, comorbidities and urological symptoms were obtained using a questionnaire administered by an interviewer. Serum testosterone, sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG), dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E2) levels were measured, and bioavailable testosterone (BT) was calculated in 1899 men (538 Black, 651 Hispanic and 710 White). Regression analysis was used to investigate the relationships between androgen levels and American Urological Association symptom index (AUA‐SI), lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) (≥ 8 on the AUA‐SI), urinary incontinence (UI), dribble and hesitancy.RESULTSOf all subjects, 19% reported LUTS, 6% UI, 9% dribble and 4% hesitancy. Testosterone, BT and DHEAS levels were inversely related to the AUA‐SI (P = 0.009, <0.001 and <0.001, respectively); SHBG values and the AUA‐SI were positively correlated (P < 0.001). Adjusting for age, BT and DHEAS levels had negative relationships with the AUA‐SI; BT and DHEAS levels were negatively related to LUTS and SHBG was positively related to LUTS (both P < 0.001); after age adjustment, only LUTS and DHEAS remained related, and only the relationship between dribble and E2 remained significant; no hormone levels were related to hesitancy.CONCLUSIONSCirculating levels of sex hormones are generally not significant predictors of urological symptoms in men after adjusting for age. The pathophysiology of LUTS is complex and probably includes factors other than circulating sex steroid levels.
Caffeine restores regional brain activation in acute hypoglycaemia in healthy volunteers
Authors: Rosenthal M. J. , Smith D. , Yaguez L. , Giampietro V. , Kerr D. , Bullmore E. , Brammer M. , Williams S. C. R. , Amiel S. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims  Caffeine enhances counterregulatory responses to acute hypoglycaemia. Our aim was to explore its effects on cortical function, which are not known at present.Methods  Regional brain activation during performance of the four‐choice reaction time (4CRT) at different levels of complexity was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) at euglycaemia (5 mmol/l) and hypoglycaemia (2.6 mmol/l) in the presence and absence of caffeine in six healthy right‐handed men.Results  During hypoglycaemia, caffeine enhanced adrenaline responses to hypoglycaemia (2.5 ± 0.7 nmol/l to 4.0 ± 1.0 nmol/l, P = 0.01) and restored the brain activation response to the non‐cued 4CRT, the linear increases in regional brain activation associated with increased task complexity and the ability to respond to a cue that were lost in hypoglycaemia alone.Conclusions  Caffeine can sustain regional brain activation patterns lost in acute hypoglycaemia, with some restoration of cortical function and enhanced adrenaline responsiveness. A methodology has been established that may help in the development of therapies to protect against severe hypoglycaemia in insulin therapy for patients with diabetes and problematic hypoglycaemia.
Prognostic significance of asymptomatic coronary artery disease in patients with diabetes and need for early revascularization therapy
Authors: Choi E.‐K. , Koo B.‐K. , Kim H.‐S. , Cho Y.‐M. , Kang H.‐J. , Cho Y.‐S. , Chung W.‐Y. , Chae I.‐H. , Choi D.‐J. , Oh B.‐H. , Park Y.‐B. , Choi Y.‐S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims  Information on the clinical outcome of patients with diabetes with silent myocardial ischaemia is limited. We compared the clinical and angiographic characteristics, and the clinical outcomes of diabetic patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic coronary artery disease (CAD).Methods  Three hundred and ten consecutive diabetic patients with CAD were divided into two groups according to the presence of angina and followed for a mean of 5 years. Fifty‐six asymptomatic patients with a positive stress test and CAD on coronary angiography were compared with 254 symptomatic patients, 167 with unstable angina and 87 with chronic stable angina.Results  Although the severity of coronary atherosclerosis was similar in asymptomatic and symptomatic patients, revascularization therapy was performed less frequently in the asymptomatic than the symptomatic patients (26.8 vs. 62.0%; P < 0.001). Asymptomatic patients experienced a similar number of major adverse cardiac events (MACEs; death, non‐fatal myocardial infarction, and revascularization; 32 vs. 28%; P = 0.57), but had higher cardiac mortality than symptomatic patients (26 vs. 9%; P < 0.001). However, patients who underwent revascularization therapy at the time of CAD diagnosis in these two groups showed similar MACE and cardiac mortality (20.0 vs. 22.5%, 6.7 vs. 5.3%, respectively; all P > 0.05).Conclusions  This study suggests that diabetic patients with asymptomatic CAD have a higher cardiac mortality risk than those with symptomatic CAD, and that lack of revascularization therapy may be responsible for the poorer survival.
Evidence‐based medicine for diabetes educators: a pilot study
Authors: Meyer G. , Köpke S. , Lenz M. , Kasper J. , Mühlhauser I. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAims  Health‐care professionals are increasingly asked to communicate research results to patients and consumers. Diabetes educators play a decisive role in the information process of patients with diabetes. Evidence‐based medicine (EBM) is not a regular part of their training in Germany. We performed a pilot study to test whether the inclusion of a short EBM module into the standard graduate programme is feasible and leads to a meaningful increase in knowledge and skills.Methods  The study group consisted of 121 diabetes educator trainees. The EBM modules were delivered in 1‐ to 3‐day courses. Increase in knowledge and skills were assessed using a questionnaire covering three main elements: (i) general aspects of an intervention study, (ii) effect size calculation, (iii) general aspects of evidence‐based patient information and communicating numbers as patient orientated statements. Two researchers independently rated the assessment sheets.Results  The majority of participants rated the course as important and useful but too short. Knowledge and skills in EBM increased after the course by 2 points out of 13.5 (mean score before course 5 ± 2 vs. 7 ± 2; P < 0.001). Inter‐rater reliability analysis using Cohen's Kappa coefficients demonstrated substantial to almost perfect agreement for 10 of the 13 items.Conclusions  Our pilot study demonstrates that EBM education for diabetes educator trainees is feasible. However, the increase in knowledge and skills appears not to be clinically relevant. Short EBM courses are unlikely to yield important effects. More intensified course formats are necessary to meet the needs of diabetes educators.
The association of life course socio‐economic position with diagnosis, treatment, control and survival of women with diabetes: findings from the British Women's Heart and Health Study
Authors: Lawlor D. A. , Patel R. , Fraser A. , Smith G. Davey , Ebrahim S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractObjectives  To examine the association of socio‐economic position (SEP) with the diagnosis, treatment and control of diabetes, and with survival in women with and without Type 2 diabetes.Methods  Prospective cohort study of 4277 women from 23 centres in Great Britain, aged 60–79 years at baseline.Results  Of the 4277 women, 220 (5.1%) were known to have Type 2 diabetes and a similar number [n = 188 (4.4%)] had undiagnosed diabetes based on a single fasting glucose level ≥ 7.0 mmol/l. Neither childhood nor adult SEP was associated with being correctly diagnosed amongst the 408 women with either diagnosed or undiagnosed diabetes. In both women with and without diabetes, SEP was associated with more adverse levels of fasting insulin, triglycerides, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol and body mass index, but was not associated with glycated haemoglobin in either group. Over the follow‐up period, 395 women died. The hazard ratio for all‐cause mortality per additional indicator of adverse SEP in adulthood in women with diabetes [1.40 (1.05, 1.85)] was similar to that in women without diabetes [1.26 (1.12, 1.41], P for difference in the two estimates = 0.70). Childhood SEP was not associated with survival.Conclusion/interpretation  A considerable number of older women with Type 2 diabetes are not diagnosed, but SEP is not related to being correctly diagnosed. The marked socio‐economic gradient for all‐cause mortality is the same for women with and without diabetes and is not fully explained by conventional risk factors.
Comparison of the effects of pioglitazone and voglibose on circulating total and high‐molecular‐weight adiponectin, and on two fibrinolysis inhibitors, in patients with Type 2 diabetes
Authors: Aso Y. , Yamamoto R. , Suetsugu M. , Matsumoto S. , Wakabayashi S. , Matsutomo R. , Takebayashi K. , Inukai T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBackground  To investigate short‐term effects of pioglitazone and voglibose on serum concentrations of both total and high‐molecular‐weight (HMW) adiponectin measured with a novel sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) ,and on plasma fibrinolysis indicators, in Type 2 diabetic patients with inadequate glycaemic control on sulphonylureas.Methods  Thirty‐four diabetic patients were randomized to receive pioglitazone or voglibose treatment for 12 weeks, after which serum HMW adiponectin was measured. Plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI) 1 and thrombin‐activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI), a recently identified inhibitor of fibrinolysis, were measured as fibrinolysis inhibitors.Results  At baseline, serum HMW adiponectin correlated negatively with plasma TAFI in all patients with Type 2 diabetes (r = –0.367, P = 0.0423). Both groups showed similar improvements in glycaemic control. Serum total and HMW adiponectin increased in patients treated with pioglitazone, but did not change in patients treated with voglibose. The HMW : total adiponectin ratio increased significantly after treatment with pioglitazone (P = 0.0004). The change in HbA1c correlated negatively with changes in serum HMW adiponectin in patients treated with pioglitazone (r = –0.694, P = 0.0034). Plasma PAI‐1 and TAFI did not change with pioglitazone treatment.Conclusion  Increased serum HMW adiponectin may contribute to the improvement in glycaemic control after pioglitazone treatment. Plasma PAI‐1 and TAFI were unchanged by either drug.
An in vitro test for the assessment of eye irritancy in consumer products – preliminary findings
Authors: YORK M. , LAWRENCE R. S. , GIBSON G. B. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisAn in vitro procedure for preliminary screening of severe eye irritants is described. Rabbit eyes are removed immediately after death and are placed in temperature controlled chambers. The eyes are superfused with isotonic saline and, after a suitable equilibration period, are treated with test substances. The effects of treatment (corneal swelling, and the severity, extent, and rate of development of opacity in the corneal epithelium and stroma) are assessed using the slit lamp biomicroscope. Experiments show that the cornea of the isolated eye remains viable and physiologically active for the duration of the test.Results of in vitro tests show a reasonably good correlation with in vivo data for a series of chemicals reported in the literature to be severely, moderately, or non‐irritant to eyes. The effects of a range of high pH sodium hydroxide solutions are described. Thresholds for effect in vitro are defined and related to in vivo thresholds for high pH products. The effects of shampoos in the in vitro system are described, with preliminary results suggesting that the method can distinguish between normal ‘adult’shampoos and ‘baby’shampoos, which are known to differ in irritancy in vivo.Overall the in vitro procedure appears to offer a reliable screening procedure to identify severe eye irritants. Materials producing severe effects in vitro following a short contact time should not be tested in vivo, but where no effects are observed in vitro, in vivo testing may still be required. Like all in vitro procedures it has limitations compared with the in vivo eye test. It takes no account of the effects on the conjuctivae, nor does it take account of the rate of healing, both of which are important aspects of in vivo eye tests. Test in vitro pour 1'evaluation de 1'irritation occulaire dans les produits d'hygiène (Résultats préliminaires)
Filtres solaires dérivés de l'acide paraaminobenzoïque identification et dosage des N‐propoxyl paraaminobenzoates d'ethyl dans les crèmes solaires
Authors: MASSE M‐O. , HERPOL‐BORREMANS M. , Et R. GRIMEE , GLEVICZKY S. 
Published: May 2007

ResuméLes dérivés de l'acide paraaminobenzoïque figurant à la liste des ‘agents de protection de la peau contre les rayonnements solaires’, publiée par le Conseil de l'Europe (février 1981) sont mis en évidence par de simples méthodes chromatographiques (TLC + GLC) décrites dans un article précédent.Dans l'Amerscreen RP* (dénomination commerciale du N‐propoxyl paraaminobenzoate d'éthyle), 4 constituants sont identifiés par spectroscopie de résonance magnétique nucléaire (RMN) et dosés par chromatographie liquide à haute pression (HPLC) dans les crèmes solaires. Sunscreens derived from paraaminobenzoic acid. Identification and dosage of N‐propoxylated ethyl paraaminobenzoates in sun‐creams. SummaryThe derivatives of paraaminobenzoic acid listed by the council of Europe (February 1981) as ‘Sunscreen agents used to protect the skin’can be determined by simple chromatographie methods (TLC + GLC) described in a previous article.In Amerscreen R‐P*, (trade name of N‐propoxylated ethyl paraaminobenzoate), four constituants are identified by means of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and quantitatively measured by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) in sun‐creams.
Concentrated solutions of preservatives: their technological and analytical advantages in cosmetic products
Authors: DUC T. L PHAM , PAPACONSTANTIN E. , ETIENNE J. J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisIntroducing concentrated solutions of preservatives (CSP) provides a methodology both for the use of preservative systems and for their routine control in cosmetic products.From some typical examples, characteristics of such CSP are described and it is shown how the accurate determination of every component present in the initial liquid blend eliminates the tedious determinations in the finished product where only a single analysis of one preservative is necessary.Quick and simple methods are described for the analysis of CSP containing parabens, Germall 115® and Kathon CG®. An appropriate new analytical approach is given for routine controls without any tedious extraction and /or costly equipment.In addition it is shown how this methodology provides a number of substantial advantages at every step of development of new products, storage of raw materials and manufacturing, leading to increased safety and ensuring energy and time savings. Les mélanges liquides concentrés de conservateurs: leur intérêt technologique et analytique dans les produits cosmétiques
The mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of hair dyes
Authors: KIRKLAND D. J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA number of the constituents of semi‐permanent and permanent hair dyes have been shown to be mutagenic in bacteria, to induce mutation, chromosome breakage, sister chromatid exchanges and malignant transformation in mammalian cells, to cause mutation in Drosophila, to induce mitotic recombination in yeast and to induce tumours in rodents. Some hair dye ingredients and commercial dyes have been shown to give rise, in the urine of treated rats, to metabolites which are also mutagenic in bacteria.The test systems used are briefly described and the data generated are reviewed. In addition, attempts to identify whether the hazards predicted from the laboratory studies present a risk to man either by epidemiological studies or monitoring of exposed populations are also discussed. La mutagenese et la carcinogenese des colorants capillaires
In vivo procedures for assessment of hair greasiness
Authors: KNOTT C. A. , DAYKIN K. , RYAN J. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisGreasy hair is a common problem in Europe. The first step in developing anti‐grease hair products must be to establish a sensitive protocol for measuring any changes in perceived hair greasiness.Sensitive clinical trials and in vivo evaluation methods of determining hair greasiness have been developed that show significant differences in the perceived hair greasiness following the use of different shampoos.Products tested in two clinical trials for efficacy as anti‐grease shampoos were an anti‐grease shampoo containing 2% 3,4‐thiolanediol as the active ingredient, and a baby shampoo based on mild surfactants. The same placebo shampoo based on ether sulphates used in typical European shampoo formulations was used in both tests. A shampoo containing 2% zinc pyrithione was included in the trials as a control, since there were indications that this would increase the amount of hair greasiness.Neither of the test products were shown to be effective anti‐grease shampoos. The shampoo containing 2% zinc pyrithione was shown to produce significantly more greasiness than both the placebo and the test shampoos.Since significant differences could be shown between the different shampoos, the protocol and in vivo evaluation techniques used in these clinical trials are considered to be validated. Méthodes in vivo d'évaluation du graissage des cheveux
The evaluation of underarm deodorants
Authors: BAXTER P. M. , REED J. V. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisDouble‐blind cross‐over trials in which trained assessors evaluated axillary malodour on a 0 to 10 scale showed that ethanol at 60% and 99% w/w significantly reduced odour for up to 24 h. Reduction in odour was increased by the addition of non‐volatile antimicrobial ingredients such as chlorhexidine, Irgasan DP 300 (Triclosan, Ciba Geigy) or aluminium chlorhydrate.Volunteer panellists were able to identify statistically significant deodorant effects when they rated their own axillary odour on a 0 to 10 scale.An odour absorber, zinc ricinoleate (Grillocin, Grillo‐Werke, A. G.) was used to treat existing malodour and gave reduced perception of that malodour for up to 24 h.A close correlation was found between panel odour scores and the bacterial status of the axilla as assessed by the replipad technique when biocidal systems were studied. Irgasan DP 300, a bacteriostat, did not perform so well in skin flora sampling procedures, but was nevertheless effective as a deodorant ingredient. Thus in vivo microbiological techniques, although often useful as predictors of deodorancy, do not replace the carefully controlled clinical trial with direct assessment of odour. L'evaluation de l'odeur des aisselles
A new microbiological approach to the assessment of underarm deodorants
Authors: FEARNLEY C. , COX A. R. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisA general survey of odour generation in the axillae is given, with particular reference to the role of topically applied antimicrobial agents in odour suppression.A new apparatus is described which will allow a rapid and reliable quantification of in vivo antimicrobial action and which may be usefully employed in optimization of individual systems to achieve effective deodorancy.Findings are presented on the antimicrobial efficacy of deodorant compositions and correlated with practical olfactory studies. Nouvelle approche microbiologique dans l'évaluation des déodorants axillaires
Contribution to the quantification of the conditioning effects of hair dyes
Authors: BAUER D. , BECK J.P. , MONNAIS C. , VAYSSIE C. 
Published: May 2007

SynopsisApart from the problem of colour, the cosmetic properties of hair after dyeing play a vital role both for the cosmetic chemist and the user.A methodology for a quantitative assessment of these conditioning effects is proposed.This methodology is based on a realistic approach to the protocols, and uses original apparatus and accessories which take the particular context of the dyeing process into account.Particular importance is given to studying the length of set hold and the ease of combing. Big differences were observed between three dyes on sale on the market, including their finishing treatment products such as shampoo or rinse. Contribution à la quantification des effets conditionnants des teintures