bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reverse Vesicles of Salt-free Catanionic Surfactants in Toluene/Water Mixtures
Authors: Li Hongguang , Hao Jingcheng 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Stable reverse vesicles (RV) of salt-free catanionic surfactant system of tetradecyltrimethylammonium hydroxide (TTAOH) and lauric acid (LA) in toluene/water mixtures were prepared for the first time, which should broaden the potential applications of reverse vesicles.
A Novel Vanadyl Alkylporphyrins from Geological Samples: A Possible Derivative of Divinylchlorophylls or Bacteriochlorophyll a?
Authors: Kashiyama Yuichiro , Shiro Motoo , Tada Ryuji , Ohkouchi Naohiko 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
A novel C30 vanadyl alkylporphyrins, 13,15-ethano-3-ethyl-2,7,12,18-tetramethylporphyrin (i.e., 8-nor-deoxophylloerythroetioporphyrin; 8-nor-DPEP) has been isolated from a Middle Miocene siliceous shale. The structure of intact vanadyl porphyrins was determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure suggests it to be originated from specific chloropigments such as chlorophylls a2, b2, c2, and c3 or bacteriochlorophyll a, hence potentially being a biomarker of specific photoautotrophs.
Synthesis and Solution-processed Field Effect Transistors of Liquid Crystalline Oligothiophenes
Authors: Ashizawa Minoru , Kato Reizo , Takanishi Yoichi , Takezoe Hideo 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
An organic field-effect transistor (OFET), showing a mobility 0.015 cm2 V−1 s−1 and an on/off ratio 104, which are as high as those of a dry-processed OFET of oligothiophenes, has been built by wet process using a solution of a newly synthesized quaterthiophenes-base liquid crystalline molecule.
One-step Preparation and Photosensitivity of Size-quantized Cadmium Chalcogenide Nanoparticles Deposited on Porous Zinc Oxide Film Electrodes
Authors: Okazaki Ken-ichi , Kojima Norihisa , Tachibana Yasuhiro , Kuwabata Susumu , Torimoto Tsukasa 
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Size-quantized cadmium chalcogenide nanoparticles were effectively deposited on a porous zinc oxide particulate film electrode by a one-step hydrothermal method in which an increase in the concentration of 3-mercaptopropionic acid reduced the size of deposited nanoparticles. The photoelectrochemical properties of the resulting electrodes varied depending on the kind of metal chalcogenide nanoparticles deposited and their size.
What do children learn about biology from factual information? A comparison of interventions to improve understanding of contagious illnesses
Authors: Myant Katherine A. , Williams Joanne M. 
Published: May 2007

Background. Children have been shown to hold misconceptions about illness, and previous work has indicated that their knowledge can be improved through the use of interventions.Aims. This study aims to evaluate interventions based on the provision of factual information for improving understanding of contagious illness.Sample. The participants were 96 children from two age groups: 7 and 11 years.Methods. During the pre‐test, the children were asked about three contagious illnesses and one novel illness. There were three intervention conditions, differing in the level of factual information provided: explanations provided, no explanations provided and scientific factual style. The interventions were focused on contagious illnesses (cold, chickenpox). A post‐test was conducted 6 weeks later.Results. Results from the pre‐test show that the older children have more sophisticated understanding of illness than the younger children. Mean pre‐ to post‐test change was calculated and analyses revealed that there is greater pre‐ to post‐test change in the explanation and scientific fact conditions when compared with that in the no‐explanation condition. The improvements in knowledge generalized to other contagious illnesses, and the older children showed more improvements than the younger children.Conclusions. These findings add to the literature on children's understanding of contagious illnesses and contribute towards discussions on the best approach to health education.
Maternal Antibodies in Breast Milk Protect the Child From Enterovirus Infections
Authors: Sadeharju Karita , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M. , Savilahti Erkki , Tauriainen Sisko , Koskela Pentti , Åkerblom Hans K. , Hyöty Heikki ,   and the Finnish TRIGR Study Group
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Enterovirus infections are frequent in infants and may cause severe complications. We set out to assess whether breastfeeding can protect against these infections and whether such an effect is related to maternal antibodies in breast milk or in the peripheral circulation of the infant.METHODS. One hundred fifty infants who were prospectively followed up from birth were monitored for enterovirus infections. The duration of breastfeeding was recorded, and maternal breast milk and blood samples were regularly taken at 3-month intervals for the detection of enterovirus antibodies and RNA. Maternal serum was available from early pregnancy, delivery, and 3 months postpartum.RESULTS. Enterovirus infections were frequent and were diagnosed in 43% of infants before the age of 1 year and in 15% of the mothers during pregnancy. Infants exclusively breastfed for &gt;2 weeks had fewer enterovirus infections by the age of 1 year compared with those exclusively breastfed for ≤2 weeks (0.38 vs 0.59 infections per child). High maternal antibody levels in serum and in breast milk were associated with a reduced frequency of infections. This effect was seen only in those infants breastfed &gt;2 weeks, indicating that breast milk antibodies mediate this effect. Enterovirus RNA was not found in any of the breast milk samples.CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that breastfeeding has a protective effect against enterovirus infections in infancy. This effect seems to be mediated primarily by maternal antibodies in breast milk.
Duration of Poverty and Child Health in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development: Longitudinal Analysis of a Birth Cohort
Authors: Séguin Louise , Nikiéma Béatrice , Gauvin Lise , Zunzunegui Maria-Victoria , Xu Qian 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES. The objective of this study was to examine the relationship between duration of poverty and the health of preschool children in the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development birth cohort.
METHODS. Data from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development for 1950 children who were followed annually up to age 3 years were analyzed. Poverty was defined as having an income below the low-income cutoff from Statistics Canada. Five health indicators were examined: asthma attacks, infections, growth delay, a cumulative health-problems index, and maternal perception of the child's health. The association between duration of poverty and child health was explored with logistic regression modeling controlling for child and mother characteristics, including the mother's level of education, social support, and physical violence.
RESULTS. In this birth cohort, 13.7% (268) 3-year-old children from the Quebec Longitudinal Study of Child Development experienced intermittent poverty since birth (1–2 episodes), and another 14.4% (280) experienced chronic poverty (3–4 episodes). Children from families with chronic poverty had more frequent asthma attacks and had a higher cumulative health-problems index score, whereas children with intermittent poverty were more often perceived to be in less than very good health by their mothers. These associations remained statistically significant when controlling for child and mother characteristics. No association was observed between duration of poverty and infections or growth delay.
CONCLUSIONS. Chronic poverty affects a large number of children and has negative consequences for preschool children's health, although universal health care is available. The effects of chronic poverty may vary according to different health indicators and the age of the child.
Effects of Managed Care on Service Use and Access for Publicly Insured Children With Chronic Health Conditions
Authors: Davidoff Amy , Hill Ian , Courtot Brigette , Adams Emerald 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to estimate the effects of managed care program type on service use and access for publicly insured children with chronic health conditions.METHODS. Data on Medicaid and State Children's Health Insurance Program managed care programs were linked by county and year to pooled data from the 1997–2002 National Health Interview Survey. We used multivariate techniques to examine the effects of managed care program type, relative to fee-for-service, on a broad array of service use and access outcomes.RESULTS. Relative to fee-for-service, managed care program assignment was associated with selected reductions in service use but not with deterioration in reported access. Capitated managed care plans with mental health or specialty carve-outs were associated with a 7.4-percentage-point reduction in the probability of a specialist visit, a 6.3-percentage-point reduction in the probability of a mental health specialty visit, and a 5.9-percentage-point decrease in the probability of regular prescription drug use. Reductions in use associated with primary care case management and integrated capitated programs (without carve-outs) were more limited, and integrated capitated plans were associated with a reduction in unmet medical care need. We failed to find significant effects of special managed care programs for children with chronic health conditions.CONCLUSIONS. Managed care is associated with reduced service use, particularly when capitated programs carve out services. This finding is of key policy importance, as the proportion of children enrolled in plans with carve-out arrangements has been increasing over time. It is not possible to determine whether reductions in services represent better care management or skimping. However, despite the reductions in use, we did not observe a corresponding increase in perceived unmet need; thus, the net change may represent improved care management.
Childhood Cancer and Birthmarks in the Collaborative Perinatal Project
Authors: Johnson Kimberly J. , Spector Logan G. , Klebanoff Mark A. , Ross Julie A. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Three previous retrospective studies noted a positive association between birthmarks and childhood cancer. The objective of this study was to determine whether the incidence of cancer is increased in children with birthmarks relative to those without birthmarks using data from the Collaborative Perinatal Project cohort, a large, prospective study.METHODS. Our study population comprised 49503 US children who were born between 1959 and 1968. Birthmarks were documented as definite or suspected during the first year through history or medical examinations and included hemangiomas (port-wine, strawberry, or cavernous), pigmented nevi, lymphangiomas, and café-au-lait spots. The association between birthmarks and childhood cancer was determined using Cox proportional hazards regression.RESULTS. In the Collaborative Perinatal Project, 2505 individuals had a documented definite or suspected birthmark, including 7 of 47 children who developed cancer. Birthmarks were associated with a significant increase in the risk for cancer. There was a slight attenuation of the risk estimate when cases that were diagnosed in the first year of life were excluded. No specific childhood malignancies were notably affected by birthmarks.CONCLUSIONS. Although this study was based on a small number of cases, we found birthmarks to be in excess in children who received a diagnosis of cancer using prospective data. These findings provide additional support for the possibility of a shared etiology between birthmarks and childhood cancer that could offer insight into the pathogenesis of pediatric malignancy.
Need for and Use of Family Leave Among Parents of Children With Special Health Care Needs
Authors: Chung Paul J. , Garfield Craig F. , Elliott Marc N. , Carey Colleen , Eriksson Carl , Schuster Mark A. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Parents of children with special health care needs are especially vulnerable to work–family conflicts that family leave benefits might help resolve. We examined leave-taking among full-time–employed parents of children with special health care needs.METHODS. We identified all children with special health care needs in 2 large inpatient/outpatient systems in Chicago, Illinois, and Los Angeles, California, and randomly selected 800 per site. From November 2003 to January 2004, we conducted telephone interviews with 1105 (87% of eligible and successfully contacted) parents. Among the sample's 574 full-time–employed parents, we examined whether leave benefits predicted missing any work for child illness, missing &gt;4 weeks for child illness, and ability to miss work whenever their child needed them.RESULTS. Forty-eight percent of full-time–employed parents qualified for federal Family and Medical Leave Act benefits; 30% reported employer-provided leave benefits (not including sick leave/vacation). In the previous year, their children averaged 20 missed school/child care days, 12 doctor/emergency department visits, and 1.7 hospitalizations. Although 81% of parents missed work for child illness, 41% reported not always missing work when their child needed them, and 40% of leave-takers reported returning to work too soon. In multivariate regressions, parents who were eligible for Family and Medical Leave Act benefits and aware of their eligibility had 3.0 times greater odds of missing work for child illness than ineligible parents. Parents with &gt;4 weeks of employer-provided leave benefits had 4.7 times greater odds of missing &gt;4 weeks than parents without benefits. Parents with paid leave benefits had 2.8 times greater odds than other parents of missing work whenever their child needed them.CONCLUSIONS. Full-time–employed parents of children with special health care needs experience severe work–family conflicts. Although most have leave benefits, many report unmet need for leave. Access to Family and Medical Leave Act benefits and employer-provided leave may greatly affect leave-taking.
Developmental Outcome After Epilepsy Surgery in Infancy
Authors: Loddenkemper Tobias , Holland Katherine D. , Stanford Lisa D. , Kotagal Prakash , Bingaman William , Wyllie Elaine 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES. Our goals were to determine the effect of epilepsy surgery in infants (&lt;3 years of age) on development and describe factors associated with postoperative developmental outcome.
METHODS. We identified 50 infants among 251 consecutive pediatric patients (&lt;18 years old) undergoing epilepsy surgery. Charts were reviewed for clinical data and neurodevelopmental testing with the Bayley Scales of Infant Development. A developmental quotient was calculated to compare scores of children at different ages.
RESULTS. Complete data were available on 24 of 50 infants. Surgeries included 14 hemispherectomies and 10 focal resections. Seventeen patients became seizure free; 5 patients had &gt;90% seizure reduction, 1 had &gt;50% seizure reduction, and 1 had no change. The developmental quotient indicated modest postoperative improvement of mental age. The preoperative and postoperative development quotients correlated well. Younger infants had a higher increase in developmental quotient after surgery. Patients with epileptic spasms were younger and had a lower developmental quotient at presentation, but increase in developmental quotient was higher in this subgroup.
CONCLUSIONS. After surgery, seizure frequency and developmental quotient improved. Developmental status before surgery predicted developmental function after surgery. Patients who were operated on at younger age and with epileptic spasms showed the largest increase in developmental quotient after surgery.
Impact of Medicaid Disenrollment on Health Care Use and Cost
Authors: Rimsza Mary E. , Butler Richard J. , Johnson William G. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the health care use of children who are covered by public insurance and uninsured children who live in a large urban area and the potential impact of disenrollment on health care use and costs if these children become uninsured.
METHODS. The 2004 health care transactions for 43313 uninsured children and 168722 children who were insured by Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program and living in the Phoenix metropolitan area were analyzed using a community-wide administrative health database (Arizona HealthQuery). Using a multivariate model of health care use by currently uninsured children, we examined the effect of 10% disenrollment of the children who were currently insured by Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program.
RESULTS. A 10% disenrollment would increase the costs of health care in the community by $3460398 annually, or $2121 for each child disenrolled. This increase in costs is attributed to a shift of care from ambulatory settings to more expensive emergency departments and an increase in hospital days. We determined that 69% of the change in emergency department visits, 58% of the change in hospital stays, and 74% of the change in ambulatory visits would be attributable to the change in insurance status.
CONCLUSIONS. Programmatic changes that result in disenrollment from public insurance programs will increase the number of emergency department visits and hospital days as well as the total community costs of health care. These increases in health care use can be expected to aggravate community problems of emergency department overcrowding and inpatient bed shortages. The majority of the changes in use are attributable to changes in insurance status, which results in a shift of care from less expensive ambulatory settings to emergency departments and increases in hospital days when children lose Medicaid/State Children's Health Insurance Program coverage.
Psychological Functioning and Coping Among Mothers of Children With Autism: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Montes Guillermo , Halterman Jill S. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVES. Studies suggest that having a child with autism has a negative impact on maternal psychological functioning, but no large-scale, population-based studies are available. The objectives of this study were to (1) describe the psychological functioning, physical and mental health, family communication, and parenting support of mothers of a child with autism compared with other mothers on a population basis and (2) assess the independent relationship between having a child with autism and these outcomes, controlling for the child's social skills and demographic background.
METHODS. Mothers of 61772 children who were 4 to 17 years of age were surveyed by the National Survey of Children's Health, 2003. Autism was measured from an affirmative maternal response to the question, “Has a doctor or health professional ever told you your child has autism?” There were 364 children with autism in the sample.
RESULTS. Mothers of a child with autism were highly stressed and more likely to report poor or fair mental health than mothers in the general population, even after adjustment for the child's social skills and demographic background. However, mothers of a child with autism were more likely to report a close relationship and better coping with parenting tasks and less likely to report being angry with their child after adjustment for the child's social skills and demographic background. Having a child with autism was not associated with lower social support for parenting, an altered manner in which serious disagreements were discussed in the household, or increased violence in the household.
CONCLUSION. Mothers of children with autism showed remarkable strengths in the parent–child relationship, social support, and stability of the household in the context of high stress and poorer mental health.
Exposure to Movie Smoking Among US Adolescents Aged 10 to 14 Years: A Population Estimate
Authors: Sargent James D. , Tanski Susanne E. , Gibson Jennifer 
Published: May 2007

BACKGROUND. Several studies have linked seeing smoking in movies with adolescent smoking, but none have determined how much movie smoking adolescents see.
OBJECTIVE. Our aim was to determine exposure to movie smoking in a representative sample of young US adolescents.
METHODS. We surveyed 6522 nationally representative US adolescents aged 10–14 years. We content analyzed 534 contemporary box-office hits for movie smoking. Each movie was assigned to a random subsample of adolescents (mean: 613) who were asked whether they had seen the movie. Using survey weights, we estimated the total number of US adolescents who had seen each movie and then multiplied by the number of smoking depictions in each movie to obtain gross smoking impressions seen by adolescents.
RESULTS. The 534 movies were mainly rated PG-13 (41%) and R (40%), and 74% contained smoking (3830 total smoking occurrences). On average, each movie was seen by 25% of the adolescents surveyed. Viewership was higher with increased age and lower for R-rated movies. Overall, these movies delivered 13.9 billion gross smoking impressions, an average of 665 to each US adolescent aged 10–14 years. Although this sample's R-rated movies contained 60% of smoking occurrences, they delivered only 39% of smoking impressions because of lower adolescent viewership. Thirty popular movies each delivered ≥100 million gross smoking impressions. Thirty actors each delivered &gt;50 million smoking impressions, such that just 1.5% of actors delivered one quarter of all character smoking to the adolescent sample.
CONCLUSIONS. Popular movies deliver billions of smoking images and character smoking depictions to young US adolescents. Removing smoking from youth-rated films would substantially reduce exposure from new box-office hits. Furthermore, the popular actors who frequently smoke in movies could have a major impact on adolescent movie smoking exposure by choosing not to portray characters who smoke.
Altering Portion Sizes and Eating Rate to Attenuate Gorging During a Fast Food Meal: Effects on Energy Intake
Authors: Ebbeling Cara B. , Garcia-Lago Erica , Leidig Michael M. , Seger-Shippee Linda G. , Feldman Henry A. , Ludwig David S. 
Published: May 2007

OBJECTIVE. Eating large amounts of food at a rapid rate, defined as gorging, may contribute to excess energy intake. We aimed to evaluate whether altering portion sizes and eating rate could decrease energy intake during an extra-large fast food meal.
METHODS. Subjects were adolescents (n = 18), 13 to 17 years of age, who reported eating fast food ≥1 time per week. BMI exceeded the 80th percentile for all subjects. Three feeding conditions were evaluated with a crossover design. Total amounts and types of foods and beverage served during the meal were held constant across conditions, equaling ∼125% of that consumed during a baseline assessment visit when subjects were offered unlimited amounts. The meal (chicken nuggets, French fries, and cola) was presented as 1 large serving at a single time point (condition A, standard), portioned into 4 smaller servings presented at a single time point (condition B, effects of portioning), or portioned into 4 smaller servings presented at 15-minute intervals (condition C, effects of portioning and eating rate). Energy intake across conditions was compared by using analysis of variance.
RESULTS. Energy intake was not significantly different, whether expressed in kilojoules (mean ± SEM: condition A, 5552 ± 357 kJ; condition B, 5321 ± 433 kJ; condition C, 5762 ± 500 kJ) or relative to total daily energy expenditure (mean ± SEM: condition A, 51.9 ± 3.5%; condition B, 48.2 ± 4.0%; condition C, 53.0 ± 4.3%).
CONCLUSIONS. Adolescents consumed ∼50% of energy needs regardless of manipulations in portion sizes and eating rate to attenuate gorging. This finding suggests that nutritional factors inherent to fast food, such as low levels of dietary fiber, high palatability, high energy density, high fat content, high glycemic load, and high content of sugar in liquid form promote excess energy intake.