bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Human Oral Keratinocyte Stem/Progenitor Cells by Neurotrophin Receptor p75 and the Role of Neurotrophin/p75 Signaling
Authors: Nakamura Takahiro , Endo Ken-ichi , Kinoshita Shigeru 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine whether human oral keratinocyte stem cells characteristically express higher levels of the low-affinity neurotrophin receptor p75 and to elucidate the function of p75 in oral keratinocytes. Examination of their expression patterns and cell-cycling status in vivo showed that p75 was exclusively expressed in the basal cell layer of both the tips of the papillae and the deep rete ridges. These immunostaining patterns suggest a cluster organization; most p75(+) cells did not actively cycle in vivo. Cell sorting showed that cells in the p75(+) subset were smaller and possessed higher in vitro proliferative capacity and clonal growth potential than the p75(−) subset. Clonal analysis revealed that holoclone-type (stem cell compartment), meroclone-type (intermediate compartment), and paraclone-type (transient amplifying cell compartment) cells, previously identified in skin and the ocular surface, were present in human oral mucosal epithelium. Holoclone-type cells showed stronger p75 expression at both the mRNA and protein level than did meroclone- and paraclone-type cells. Among the several neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF) and neurotrophin-3 stimulated p75(+) oral keratinocyte cell proliferation, and only NGF protected them from apoptosis. Our in vivo and in vitro findings indicate that p75 is a potential marker of oral keratinocyte stem/progenitor cells and that some neurotrophin/p75 signaling affects cell growth and survival.
Human Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Regulate Initial Self-Renewing Divisions of Hematopoietic Progenitor Cells by a β1-Integrin-Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Gottschling Sandra , Saffrich Rainer , Seckinger Anja , Krause Ulf , Horsch Kerstin , Miesala Katrin , Ho Anthony D. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In previous reports, we have demonstrated that only direct cell-cell contact with stromal cells, such as the murine stromal cell line AFT024, was able to alter the cell division kinetics and self-renewing capacity of hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC). Because β1-integrins were shown to be crucial for the interaction of HPC with the bone marrow microenvironment, we have studied the role of β1-integrins in the regulation of self-renewing cell divisions. For this purpose, we used primary human mesenchymal stromal (MS) cells as in vitro surrogate niche and monitored the division history and subsequent functional fate of individually plated CD34+133+ cells in the absence or presence of an anti-β1-integrin blocking antibody by time-lapse microscopy and subsequent long-term culture-initiating cell (LTC-IC) assays. β1-Integrin-mediated contact with MS cells significantly increased the proportion of asymmetrically dividing cells and led to a substantial increase of LTC-IC. Provided that β1-integrin-mediated contact was available within the first 72 hours, human MS cells were able to recruit HPC into cell cycle and accelerate their division kinetics without loss of stem cell function. Activation of β1-integrins by ligands alone (e.g., fibronectin and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) was not sufficient to alter the cell division symmetry and promote self-renewal of HPC, thus indicating an indirect effect. These results have provided evidence that primary human MS cells are able to induce self-renewing divisions of HPC by a β1-integrin-dependent mechanism.
Erythropoietin Receptor Expression in Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma: A Question of Antibody Specificity
Authors: Brown W. Mark , Maxwell Perry , Graham Alastair N.J. , Yakkundi Anita , Dunlop Elaine A. , Shi Zhanzhong , Johnston Patrick G. , Lappin Terence R.J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractImmunohistochemical studies on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue utilizing polyclonal antibodies form the cornerstone of many reports claiming to demonstrate erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expression in malignant tissue. Recently, Elliott et al. (Blood 2006;107:1892–1895) reported that the antibodies commonly used to detect EPOR expression also detect non-EPOR proteins, and that their binding to EPOR was severely abrogated by two synthetic peptides based on the sequence of heat shock protein (HSP) 70, HSP70-2, and HSP70-5. We have investigated the specificity of the C20 antibody for detecting EPOR expression in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) utilizing tissue microarrays. A total of 34 cases were available for study. Antibody absorbed with peptide resulted in marked suppression of cytoplasmic staining compared with nonabsorbed antibody. Four tumors that initially showed a membranous pattern of staining retained this pattern with absorbed antibody. Positive membranous immunoreactivity was also observed in 6 of 30 tumors that originally showed a predominantly cytoplasmic pattern of staining. Using the C20 antibody for Western blots, we detected three main bands, at 100, 66, and 59 kDa. Preincubation with either peptide caused abolition of the 66-kDa band, which contains non-EPOR sequences including heat shock peptides. These results call into question the significance of previous immunohistochemical studies of EPOR expression in malignancy and emphasize the need for more specific anti-EPOR antibodies to define the true extent of EPOR expression in neoplastic tissue.
DFT and neutron diffraction study of 1,6-anhydro-β-D-glucopyranose (levoglucosan)
Authors: Sládkovic̆ová Mariana , Mach Pavel , Smrc̆ok L’ubomír , Rundlöf Håkan 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGeometries of 27 generated conformers of levoglucosan were optimized in vacuo at DFT level of theory combining several functionals with high quality basis sets. For the sake of comparison a reference molecular and crystal geometry obtained from 30 K single crystal neutron diffraction data was used. Analysis of the conformers’ geometries revealed that in all stable conformers intramolecular two-or three centre hydrogen bonds were formed. Relative energy of the conformer, which approximated the molecule in the crystal structure the most, was only ∼3 kcal/mol higher, than the energy of the most stable conformer in vacuo. The largest discrepancies between the geometries calculated in vacuo and experimental geometry concentrated in the vicinity of anomeric C1. These differences were reduced by involving O1 to intermolecular hydrogen bond using a simple model of the respective hydrogen bond in the crystal.
Thermodynamics
Authors: Sandler Stanley I. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Thermodynamics is a discipline with broad applications based on three basic principles: Conservation of mass, conservation of energy (first law), and isolated systems evolve toward an equilibrium, time‐invariant state in which temperature and pressure are spatially uniform, and in composition is uniform in each phase (ie, vapor, liquid, or solid). It is shown here how these principles lead to a broad range of applications. These include the analysis of heat engines, heat pumps (refrigerators), turbines, fuel cells, and understanding and predicting phase transitions among the solid, liquid, and vapor phases in both pure fluids and mixtures and chemical equilibria.
Toxicology
Authors: Britt Janice K. , James Robert C. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Toxicology is the study of interactions between chemicals and biological systems. Toxicology attempts to identify the adverse effects chemicals might induce in humans and the dose‐response relationships that would allow one to predict the relative safety/risk of a chemical exposure. Toxicological investigations attempt to define the nature of the harmful effect; severity of the effect as a function of exposure or dose; mechanism(s) causing the effects; detection, recognition, and quantitation of toxic effects; and reversibility of adverse effects. Toxic effects may be classified as local or systemic; and as latent, persistent, cumulative, or transient. They can include inflammation, necrosis, immunosuppression, neoplasia, mutagenesis, neurotoxicity, enzyme inhibition, teratogenesis, as well as others. Factors influencing toxicity include number, magnitude, and routes of exposures; and time of dosing, as well as formulation and impurities of materials. Routes of exposure include ingestion, through the skin (dermal), and inhalation, or multiple routes may be involved. The site of absorption, the metabolism of the toxic agent in organs like the liver and kidney, and the distribution of the agent and its metabolites to different tissues are all toxicokinetic features that may impact the toxicity of the chemical. Dose‐response relationships are useful in determining causality, range of sensitivity in a population and hence of hazard, assessment of no‐ or minimum‐effects doses. Dose‐response comparisons across species are helpful in predicting the possible range of human sensitivity when human data are unavailable. Dose–response comparisons across chemicals are useful for defining potency differences that may be used to select the best chemical available for a specific application. Toxicology testing procedures may be general or specific, and many guidelines must be followed. General studies monitor body weight, hematology, chemical pathology, and organ weight, among others; and types of studies include acute toxicity studies, short‐term repeated studies, and chronic and subchronic toxicity studies. Examples of specific studies include primary irritancy and immune‐mediated hypersensitivity studies, and neurological and behavioral toxicology. Review of studies and the relevance of toxicology in hazard evaluation are briefly examined. An introduction to the risk assessment process and its use of toxicity data is provided.
Uranium and Uranium Compounds
Authors: Clark David L. , Neu Mary P. , Runde Wolfgang , Keogh D. Webster 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn overview of uranium and uranium compounds with an emphasis on their relevance to chemical technology is provided. Uranium and its compounds have many uses both potential and applied; examples include nuclear fuel, radiation shielding, and kinetic energy penetrators. These uses have a substantial economic impact, the aspects of which are provided. Sections are provided that illustrate the occurrence, recovery, and radiochemistry of uranium as well as the properties and preparation of uranium metal. A broad overview of uranium coordination and organometallic compounds is also provided. Drawbacks to the application of uranium and uranium compounds in many processes include the chemical reactivity of the metal and the inherent radioactivity of uranium isotopes. As such, health and safety factors that must be taken into account while working with uranium are discussed.
Transport Phenomena for Chemical Reactor Design
Authors: Belfiore Laurence A. , Way Jeremiah J. , Zhang Li 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen the thermal and mass transfer boundary layers on the outside of a catalytic pellet provide significant resistances to heat and mass transfer between the pellet and the bulk gas stream moving through a packed bed, reactor design strategies must account for these rate processes to develop accurate predictions of reactor performance. It is necessary to relate temperature and reactant conversion in the bulk gas phase to their counterparts on the external surface of the catalytic pellets. Volumetrically averaged rates of reactant consumption throughout the catalyst can be predicted in terms of the effectiveness factor and the kinetic rate law, which employs temperature and molar densities on the external surface of the pellet. The methodology discussed in this article allows one to calculate temperature and species concentrations in the bulk gas stream and on the external surface of the catalytic pellet. As convective transport is negligible within the catalytic pores, stoichiometric relations among diffusional mass fluxes are employed extensively in the early sections of this article to develop the appropriate reactor design strategy. Generalized isothermal predictions that only consider the external resistance to mass transfer reveal that higher conversion of reactants to products is achieved at shorter residence times, over a restricted range of mass transfer Peclet numbers in the creeping flow regime, in nonideal reactors that include interpellet axial dispersion. Ideal design equations for packed catalytic tubular reactors overestimate reactant conversion in these simulations because the mass transfer Peclet number is below its critical value, and reactant molar densities on the external catalytic surface are significantly less than their counterparts in the bulk fluid phase moving through the packed bed. Nonisothermal design strategies are illustrated specifically for the gas‐phase synthesis of methanol from carbon monoxide and hydrogen in fixed‐bed catalytic reactors. The classic Prater equation is modified to estimate the intrapellet temperature rise for exothermic reactions in macroporous catalysts by considering (1) thermal diffusion, (2) the effect of collision integrals on ordinary molecular diffusion coefficients, and (3) temperature effects on the enthalpy change for chemical reaction.
The Limits of Refinement by Severe Plastic Deformation
Authors: Pippan R. , Wetscher F. , Hafok M. , Vorhauer A. , Sabirov I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of the different processing parameters on the refinement during severe plastic deformation is evaluated. The attention is focused to very high strains, where saturation in the structural refinement is observed. The single phase metals and alloys show a relatively uniform behaviour, with increasing strain the size of structural elements decreases and reaches saturation between equivalent strains of 5 to 50. The resulting ultra fine or nanostructured granular microstructure contains mainly high angle grain boundaries. Alloying, the temperature, and the strain path are the most important parameters controlling the saturation in the structural refinement. The behavior of the dual and multiphase materials during SPD is more complex, it varies from simple homogenisation of the phase distribution, fragmentation of one phase to disintegration and supersaturation of the phases. Severe plastic deformation of these types of materials offers the potential for the production of new types of materials with a nanocrystalline or a nanocomposite structure for a broad range of industrial applications.
Fatigue Crack Growth and Process Zone Development in a PE‐HD Pipe Grade in Through‐Thickness Direction
Authors: Balika W. , Pinter G. , Lang R. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFatigue crack growth (FCG) experiments were performed on a commercial high density polyethylene (PE‐HD) pipe grade classified as PE 100 material. The effects of frequency on FCG behaviour were studied. Furthermore, FCG tests were interrupted in the region of stable crack propagation. The crack front and the front of the process zone ahead of the crack were systematically characterized via microscopic methods in the thickness direction of the specimen. The experimental data are employed to determine the effective crack length by compliance relationships.
Self‐organization of Nanostructures in Inorganic and Organic Semiconductor Systems
Authors: Teichert C. , Hofer C. , Hlawacek G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSemiconductor nanostructures – and in particular ensembles of them – are the prerequisites for the ongoing miniaturization in microelectronics. Since lithographic techniques become increasingly expensive and technologically complex, self‐organization into quasiperiodic nanostructure arrays is an elegant alternative. Here, strain‐induced pattern formation in SiGe/Si(001), ion bombardment induced self‐organization of inorganic semiconductors, and crystallite ordering in oligophenylene films are presented as illustrative examples for nanostructure self‐organization that is not at all restricted to semiconductor systems.
Synthesis of ultrafine carbon cryogel microspheres using a homogenizer
Authors: Soottitantawat Apinan , Yamamoto Takuji , Endo Akira , Ohmori Takao , Nakaiwa Masaru 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUltrafine carbon cryogel (UCC) microspheres of diameter <5 μm with desirable mesopores were successfully synthesized using a homogenizer during the inverse emulsion polymerization of a resorcinol–formaldehyde (RF) aqueous solution in an organic solvent as a continuous phase (CP) containing nonionic surfactant, SPAN80 as an emulsifier, followed by solvent exchange, freeze‐drying, and pyrolysis in an Ar atmosphere. The curing time of RF solution before emulsification is a significant factor in controlling the size of the microspheres without changing their porosity. Both the mesoporosity and the size of the microspheres decreased on increasing SPAN80 and RF solution concentration in an inverse emulsion, which showed the possibility of controlling the mesoporosity and the size of the UCC microspheres. Furthermore, hexane could also be used as the continuous phase in the emulsion polymerization. The mean diameter of the UCC microspheres increased and their mesopore volume decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Autosomal recessive von Willebrand disease associated with compound heterozygosity for a novel nonsense mutation (2908 del C) and the missense mutation C2362F: Definite evidence for the non‐penetrance of the C2362F mutation
Authors: Castaman G. , Bertoncello K. , Bernardi M. , Eikenboom J.C.J. , Budde U. , Rodeghiero F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA novel null mutation (2908del C in exon 22) of the von Willebrand factor (VWF) gene was identified in compound heterozygosity with the missense mutation G7335T (C2362F) in exon 42 in a propositus from a new family with autosomal recessive von Willebrand disease (VWD). The propositus, referred at age 2 for severe epistaxis and prolonged bleeding after a tongue bite, had factor VIII:C 14–21 IU/dL, VWF Antigen 3–8 IU/dL and Ristocetin Cofactor activity < 3 IU/dL. Multimeric pattern showed the lack of triplet pattern and a faster mobility of central band, while heterozygotes for C2362F showed intermediate mobility compared to normal plasma and plasma from the propositus. In the propositus' family 5 subjects were heterozygotes for the C2362F mutation and 5 were heterozygotes for the cytosine deletion. Bleeding score was assessed with a detailed questionnaire in 28 heterozygotes for C2362F, 23 of whom identified in 5 previously reported families and 5 in the present one, and found to be similar to what is observed in normal controls and heterozygotes for null allele. In conclusion, the mutation C2362F is frequently observed in compound heterozygosity with null alleles in patients with recessive VWD in the Veneto region and cause bleeding only in the compound heterozygous or homozygous state. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Early relapse of JAK2 V617F‐positive chronic neutrophilic leukemia with central nervous system infiltration after unrelated bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Kako Shinichi , Kanda Yoshinobu , Sato Tomohiko , Goyama Susumu , Noda Naohiro , Shoda Eriko , Oshima Kumi , Inoue Morihiro , Izutsu Koji , Watanabe Takuro , Motokura Toru , Chiba Shigeru , Fukayama Masashi , Kurokawa Mineo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChronic neutrophilic leukemia (CNL) is a rare myeloproliferative disorder characterized by a proliferation mainly of mature neutrophils. The prognosis is generally poor and an optimal therapeutic strategy remains to be determined. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is expected to be the only curative therapy so far. We report a 46‐year‐old male with progressive CNL who underwent bone marrow transplantation from an HLA‐matched unrelated donor. After engraftment was achieved on day 35, relapse of CNL was confirmed on day 50. The progression of CNL was very rapid afterward and infiltration to the central nervous system was observed. The Janus Kinase 2 (JAK2) V617F homozygous mutation was detected from the peripheral blood or bone marrow samples throughout the clinical course. From comparison with reports of successful HSCT for CNL in the literature, it was inferred that HSCT should be performed in a stable status before progression. Furthermore, JAK2 V617F‐positive CNL may contain an aggressive disease entity in contrast to previous reports. Accumulation of experiences is required to establish a definite role of HSCT in the treatment of CNL and a prognostic significance of JAK2 mutation in CNL. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The effect of budesonide mouthwash on oral chronic graft versus host disease
Authors: Sari Ismail , Altuntas Fevzi , Kocyigit İsmail , Sisman Yildiray , Eser Bulent , Unal Aydin , Fen Turgay , Ferahbas Ayten , Ozturk Ahmet , Unal Ali , Cetin Mustafa 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOral chronic graft versus host disease (cGVHD) is common and a major cause of morbidity and loss of quality of life in long term survivors. Cyclosporine with prednisone remains the first line therapy for oral manifestations of cGVHD. However, even with routine administration of systemic agents, many patients with oral manifestations of cGVHD do not have resolution of their disease and may benefit from incorporation of local therapy. Budesonide is a highly potent steroid which has minimal systemic side effects and being used for oral cGVHD. We designed a retrospective study to compare treatment results of patients with oral cGVHD who received topical budesonide in addition to systemic therapy that consists of combined prednisone and cyclosporine (Group A, n = 12), with the treatment results of patients who were administered the same systemic therapy alone (Group B, n = 11) to determine whether budesonide mouthwash had any advantage on response rates. Three mg topical budesonide/10 ml saline was used 3–4 times a day for up to 6 months in group A. Diagnosis, clinical staging, and treatment response scoring for cGVHD were performed according to National Institutes of Health (NIH) consensus criteria. At the baseline examination, there were no statistically significant differences in terms of median oral cGVHD examination scores between two groups. After treatment, there was statistically significant decrease in median oral cGVHD examination scores compared to baseline (P < 0.001 and 0.021), and significant differences were found between two groups (P < 0.032). Overall response rate was 83% and 36% for group A and B, respectively (P = 0.036). However, no statistically significant differences were found between median pain scores of two groups before and after treatment (P = 0.740 and P = 0.091). No major systemic side effects and oral candidiasis were observed in two groups of patients. We concluded that topical budesonide might be added to systemic therapy to obtain better response rates in patients with oral cGHVD. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.