bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Star Mesogens (Hekates)—Tailor‐Made Molecules for Programming Supramolecular Functionality
Authors: Lehmann Matthias 
Published: March 2009

AbstractHekates: Modular synthesis of star‐shaped molecules affords mesogens with various functional units and incompatible peripheral chains (see figure). The supramolecular order in the complex, soft, liquid‐crystalline, functional materials can be programmed by variation of the elements of diversity at a meso‐ and nanoscale.magnified imageThis concept article focuses on the simplest branched liquid crystalline (LC) molecules—the three‐armed mesogens with arms symmetrically linked to the core. They are basic but fascinating mesogens for the exploration of self‐assembling processes into complex, functional, soft materials. Quite a large number of elements of diversity provide the possibility to synthetically program such star‐shaped molecules and to control phase formation, if aggregation processes are fully understood. Recently, ABC‐cores opened the way to non‐symmetric mesogens and, therefore, to the concept of multifunctional materials with defined nanostructures. In the article this outstanding family of mesogens is classified, their peculiar molecular structure and self‐assembly are discussed and potential applications are presented, in which this type of mesogen may be beneficial.
Synthesis of Styrenes by Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Vinylation of Arylboronic Acids and Aryltrifluoroborates by Using Vinyl Acetate
Authors: Lindh Jonas , Sävmarker Jonas , Nilsson Peter , Sjöberg Per J. R. , Larhed Mats 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOne Heck of a reaction: Treatment of arylboronic acids or aryltrifluoroborates with vinyl acetate by using a palladium(II) catalyst gives the corresponding styrenes (see scheme). No palladium reoxidant is needed and the vinylation is performed under non‐inert conditionsmagnified imageReactions of aromatic and heteroaromatic boronic acids or aryltrifluoroborate salts with vinyl acetate in the presence of a palladium(II) catalyst give the corresponding styrenes in good yields. This Heck reaction proceeds with microwave heating in less than 30 min at 140 °C in the absence of base and tolerates a variety of substituents. No palladium reoxidant is needed and the vinylation is performed under non‐inert conditions. Mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS)) was used to identify cationic palladium‐containing complexes in ongoing reactions. The key intermediates that have been detected, together with experiments that used deuterated vinyl acetate, support the existence of catalytically active palladium hydride species, and that it is the arylation of ethylene, not vinyl acetate, which generates the styrene product. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed in terms of the palladium(II) intermediates mentioned above.
P2X2‐ and P2X3‐positive fibers in fungiform papillae originate from the chorda tympani but not the trigeminal nerve in rats and mice
Authors: Ishida Yusuke , Ugawa Shinya , Ueda Takashi , Yamada Takahiro , Shibata Yasuhiro , Hondoh Aki , Inoue Kiyoshi , Yu Yong , Shimada Shoichi 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe subtype 2 and subtype 3 ionotropic purinergic receptors (P2X receptors) are crucial for gustation, but the distribution of these receptors in the geniculate ganglion (GG) and their colocalization in tongue papillae remain unknown. Here we investigated the expression and colocalization of P2X2 and P2X3 receptors in the GG and fungiform papillae in rats and mice by using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In both species, P2X2 transcripts and immunoreactivity were detected in approximately 50–60% of GG neuronal somata, whereas those of P2X3 were observed in almost all neurons. In each fungiform papilla, immunoreactivity for both receptors was mostly colocalized and was seen in nerve fibers and their bundles concentrated in the taste buds. Because it is well known that the P2X receptors are involved in not only taste but also nociception, we determined whether the expression originated from the chorda tympani nerve (CT, gustatory) or trigeminal nerve (somatosensory) by cutting the CT in both animals. Most P2X2 and P2X3 immunoreactivity in the fungiform papillae was abolished after transection, although the nerve fiber immunoreactivity of transient receptor potential V1 (a marker of somatosensory nerve fibers) remained unchanged, indicating that most fungiform papillae nerve fibers with P2X2 and P2X3 receptors were derived from CT. Taken together, these findings suggest that most P2X2 and P2X3 receptors in fungiform papillae are used for gustation rather than somatosensation. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:131–144, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Patterns of expression of Bardet‐Biedl syndrome proteins in the mammalian cochlea suggest noncentrosomal functions
Authors: May‐Simera Helen L. , Ross Alison , Rix Suzanne , Forge Andrew , Beales Philip L. , Jagger Daniel J. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBardet‐Biedl syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder causing a spectrum of symptoms, including visual impairment, kidney disease, and hearing impairment. Evidence suggests that BBS gene mutations cause defective ciliogenesis and/or cilium dysfunction. Cochlear development is affected by BBS gene deletion, and adult Bbs6–/– and Bbs4–/– mice are hearing impaired. This study addresses BBS protein expression in the rodent cochlea, to gain a better understanding of its function in vivo. As predicted by in vitro studies, Bbs6 immunofluorescence was localized to the basal bodies of supporting cells and sensory hair cells prior to the onset of hearing. In adult tissue, Bbs6 expression persisted in afferent neurons, including within the dendrites that innervate hair cells, implicating Bbs6 in a sensory neuronal function. Bbs2, which interacts with Bbs6, was also localized to hair cell basal bodies and stereociliary bundles. Additionally, Bbs2 was expressed in supporting cells at their intercellular boundaries, in a spatiotemporal pattern mirroring the development of the microtubule network. Bbs4 localized to cilia and developing cytoplasmic microtubule arrays. Pcm‐1, a microtubular protein that interacts with Bbs4 in vitro, showed a comparable expression. Depolymerization of microtubules in slice preparations of the living cochlea resulted in Bbs4 and Pcm‐1 mislocalization. Pcm‐1 was also mislocalized in Bbs4–/– mice. This suggests that Bbs4/Pcm‐1 interactions may be important in microtubule‐dependent cytoplasmic trafficking in vivo. In summary, our findings indicate that BBS proteins adopt a range of cellular distributions in vivo, not restricted to the centrosome or cilium, and so broaden the possible underlying pathomechanisms of the disease. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:174–188, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth of ophthalmic trigeminal neurons initiates early in the placodal ectoderm
Authors: McCabe Kathryn L. , Sechrist John W. , Bronner‐Fraser Marianne 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe largest of the cranial ganglia, the trigeminal ganglion, relays cutaneous sensations of the head to the central nervous system. Its sensory neurons have a dual origin from both ectodermal placodes and neural crest. Here, we show that the birth of neurons derived from the chick ophthalmic trigeminal placode begins prior to their ingression (HH11), as early as HH8, and considerably earlier than previously suspected (HH16). Furthermore, cells exiting the cell cycle shortly thereafter express the ophthalmic trigeminal placode marker Pax3 (HH9). At HH11, these postmitotic Pax3+ placode cells begin to express the pan‐neuronal marker neurofilament while still in the ectoderm. Analysis of the ectodermal origin and distribution of these early postmitotic neurons reveals that the ophthalmic placode extends further rostrally than anticipated, contributing to neurons that reside in and make a significant contribution to the ophthalmic trigeminal nerve. These data redefine the timing and extent of neuron formation from the ophthalmic trigeminal placode. J. Comp. Neurol. 514:161–173, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mps1 as a link between centrosomes and genomic instability
Authors: Kasbek Christopher , Yang Ching‐Hui , Fisk Harold A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractCentrosomes are microtubule‐organizing centers that must be precisely duplicated before mitosis. Centrosomes regulate mitotic spindle assembly, and the presence of excess centrosomes leads to the production of aberrant mitotic spindles which generate chromosome segregation errors. Many human tumors possess excess centrosomes that lead to the production of abnormal spindles in situ. In some tumors, these extra centrosomes appear before aneuploidy, suggesting that defects in centrosome duplication might promote genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The Mps1 protein kinase is required for centrosome duplication, and preventing the proteasome‐dependent degradation of Mps1 at centrosomes increases its local concentration and causes the production of excess centrosomes during a prolonged S‐phase. Here, we show that Mps1 degradation is misregulated in two tumor‐derived cell lines, and that the failure to appropriately degrade Mps1 correlates with the ability of these cells to produce extra centrosomes during a prolonged S‐phase. In the 21NT breast‐tumor derived cell line, a mutant Mps1 protein that is normally constitutively degraded can accumulate at centrosomes and perturb centrosome duplication, suggesting that these cells have a defect in the mechanisms that target Mps1 to the proteasome. In contrast, the U2OS osteosarcoma cell line expresses a nondegradable form of Mps1, which we show causes the dose‐dependent over duplication of centrioles even at very low levels of expression. Our data demonstrate that defects in Mps1 degradation can occur through multiple mechanisms, and suggest that Mps1 may provide a link between the control of centrosome duplication and genomic instability. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stochastic search algorithms for optimal design of monitoring networks
Authors: Ruiz‐Cárdenas Ramiro , Ferreira Marco A. R. , Schmidt Alexandra M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe design of efficient monitoring networks is critical for a better understanding of environmental, ecological, and epidemiological processes. In this paper, we develop for the optimal design of monitoring networks a new hybrid genetic algorithm (HGA) which combines the standard genetic algorithm (GA) with a local search (LS) operator. We compare the performance of our HGA with two other stochastic search algorithms, a simulated annealing (SA) algorithm and a standard GA. Specifically, we consider the reduction of pre‐existing large‐scale monitoring networks, when the optimality criterion is the maximization of the entropy of the included stations. The algorithms were tested on a set of simulated datasets of different sizes, as well as on a real application involving the downsize of a large‐scale environmental monitoring network. In each of the cases considered the HGA outperformed the other two algorithms. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Coping strategies in eating disorders
Authors: Lobera I. Jáuregui , Estébanez S. , Fernández M. J. Santiago , Bautista E. Álvarez , Garrido O. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveThe present article describes the coping strategies of patients with eating disorders (ED), their relation with determined personality characteristics and the specificity of strategies in comparison with a control group and a group of patients with other mental disorders.MethodNinety‐three patients with ED, 73 university psychology and nutrition students and 74 patients with other mental disorders were studied using the Coping Strategies Inventory (CSI) and the Inventory for the Assessment of Personality Disorders (IA‐TP).ResultsPatients with ED presented more self‐criticism, social withdrawal, inadequate emotion‐focused management and general inadequate management if they were compared to the student sample and more self‐criticism than patients with other mental disorders. Anorexic patients obtained higher scores at self‐criticism, convincing, respectful and sensitive personality while bulimic patients scored more at impulsivity. Adequate management positively correlated with a sociable personality and negatively with an introverted one. Inadequate management was associated with introverted and inhibited personalities. The cluster analysis suggested two groups of patients: the first one presented greater self‐criticism, wishful thinking, social withdrawal, inadequate emotion‐focused management and general inadequate management; the second one had greater scores at problem solving, perceived self‐efficacy, adequate problem‐focused management and general adequate management.DiscussionFindings suggest that coping strategies can play, along with personality features, an important part in the classification of eating disorders, and also in its prognostic and treatment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Numerical simulation of a single bubble by compressible two‐phase fluids
Authors: Müller Siegfried , Helluy Philippe , Ballmann Josef 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe present work deals with the numerical investigation of a collapsing bubble in a liquid–gas fluid, which is modeled as a single compressible medium. The medium is characterized by the stiffened gas law using different material parameters for the two phases. For the discretization of the stiffened gas model, the approach of Saurel and Abgrall is employed where the flow equations, here the Euler equations, for the conserved quantities are approximated by a finite volume scheme, and an upwind discretization is used for the non‐conservative transport equations of the pressure law coefficients. The original first‐order discretization is extended to higher order applying second‐order ENO reconstruction to the primitive variables. The derivation of the non‐conservative upwind discretization for the phase indicator, here the gas fraction, is presented for arbitrary unstructured grids. The efficiency of the numerical scheme is significantly improved by employing local grid adaptation. For this purpose, multiscale‐based grid adaptation is used in combination with a multilevel time stepping strategy to avoid small time steps for coarse cells. The resulting numerical scheme is then applied to the numerical investigation of the 2‐D axisymmetric collapse of a gas bubble in a free flow field and near to a rigid wall. The numerical investigation predicts physical features such as bubble collapse, bubble splitting and the formation of a liquid jet that can be observed in experiments with laser‐induced cavitation bubbles. Opposite to the experiments, the computations reveal insight to the state inside the bubble clearly indicating that these features are caused by the acceleration of the gas due to shock wave focusing and reflection as well as wave interaction processes. While incompressible models have been used to provide useful predictions on the change of the bubble shape of a collapsing bubble near a solid boundary, we wish to study the effects of shock wave emissions into the ambient liquid on the bubble collapse, a phenomenon that may not be captured using an incompressible fluid model. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loneliness, social support networks, mood and wellbeing in community‐dwelling elderly
Authors: Golden Jeannette , Conroy Ronán M. , Bruce Irene , Denihan Aisling , Greene Elaine , Kirby Michael , Lawlor Brian A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectiveBoth loneliness and social networks have been linked with mood and wellbeing. However, few studies have examined these factors simultaneously in community‐dwelling participants. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social network, loneliness, depression, anxiety and quality of life in community dwelling older people living in Dublin.MethodsOne thousand two hundred and ninety‐nine people aged 65 and over, recruited through primary care practices, were interviewed in their own homes using the GMS‐AGECAT. Social network was assessed using Wenger's typology.Results35% of participants were lonely, with 9% describing it as painful and 6% as intrusive. Similarly, 34% had a non‐integrated social network. However, the two constructs were distinct: 32% of participants with an integrated social network reported being lonely. Loneliness was higher in women, the widowed and those with physical disability and increased with age, but when age‐related variables were controlled for this association was non‐significant. Wellbeing, depressed mood and hopelessness were all independently associated with both loneliness and non‐integrated social network. In particular, loneliness explained the excess risk of depression in the widowed. The population attributable risk (PAR) associated with loneliness was 61%, compared with 19% for non‐integrated social network. Taken together they had a PAR of 70%ConclusionsLoneliness and social networks both independently affect mood and wellbeing in the elderly, underlying a very significant proportion of depressed mood. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Utilization of herbal and nutritional compounds among older adults with bipolar disorder and with major depression
Authors: Keaton Daniel , Lamkin Nathan , Cassidy Kristin A. , Meyer William J. , Ignacio Rosalinda V. , Aulakh Lakyntiew , Blow Frederic C. , Sajatovic Martha 
Published: March 2009

AbstractObjectivesHerbal and nutritional compounds (HNC) are widely used among geriatric populations with depression, however little data exists on HNC use in older populations with bipolar disorder. The goal of this study was to evaluate orally‐ ingested HNC use in individuals with bipolar disorder and with major depression.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional analysis of self‐reported factual knowledge of HNC, individual perspective on efficacy and safety of HNC, patterns of HNC use, and discussion of HNC with health care providers in 50 older adults with bipolar disorder and 50 older adults with major depression.ResultsIn this sample, approximately 30% of older individuals with depression or bipolar disorder used orally‐ ingested HNC. Over 40% of older adults believed that HNC is FDA‐regulated and 14‐20% preferred to take HNC compared to physician‐prescribed psychotropic medications. Use of HNC was more common among older adults with bipolar disorder (44%) compared to older adults with major depression (16%, p = 0.003). The majority of older adults with mood disorders (64%) had not discussed use of HNC with their treating physicians.ConclusionOrally ingested HNC was used by nearly one in three older adults with mood disorders, and was more common among those with bipolar disorder compared to those with major depression. Most individuals did not discuss HNC use with their physicians. Clinicians need to assess for HNC use, particularly with respect to potential drug‐drug interactions. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Precursors of language ability and academic performance: an inter‐generational, longitudinal study of at‐risk children
Authors: Campisi Lisa , Serbin Lisa A. , Stack Dale M. , Schwartzman Alex E. , Ledingham Jane E. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe current investigation examined whether inter‐generational transfer of risk could be revealed through mothers' and preschool‐aged children's expressive language, and whether continuity of risk persisted in these children's academic abilities, 3 years later. Participating families were drawn from the Concordia Longitudinal Risk Project, a prospective, longitudinal investigation of French‐speaking families from low‐SES Montreal neighbourhoods. At Time 1, mothers' history of childhood social withdrawal was shown to predict mothers' child‐directed language. Mothers' language complexity was also shown to be predictive of preschoolers' expressive language and was found to mediate the relationship between maternal social withdrawal and child language. At Time 2, children's language‐related academic abilities were predicted by their expressive language at preschool age. The findings support an inter‐generational continuity of risk operating through language complexity and extending to children's performance in language‐related academic abilities at school age. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polarized hydroxyapatite promotes spread and motility of osteoblastic cells
Authors: Nakamura Miho , Nagai Akiko , Tanaka Yumi , Sekijima Yasutaka , Yamashita Kimihiro 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOsteoblast adhesion to surfaces of implant substrates is recognized as playing a fundamental role in the process of osteoconduction. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro adhesion of osteoblasts cultured on polarized hydroxyapatite (HA), which provides two kinds of surfaces; negatively charged HA (N‐HA) and positively charged HA (P‐HA). Those surfaces have been proved to enhance the osteobonding capabilities. Osteoblastic cells were seeded onto normal and polarized HA; adhesion and motility of each was observed. Polarization did not affect the percentage of the spread cells against all the adhered cells, but had a significant effect on the spreading of each cell as shown by the measured elongation of the adhered cells by fluorescence observation. The elongation of each cell was especially enhanced on the N‐HA and P‐HA, when compared with normal HA (O‐HA). In addition, the polarization affected cell motility shown by wound healing. Motility analysis showed that the same number of cells started to migrate toward the wound areas on each type of surface. However, the migration of each cell type towards the wound area was accelerated on the N‐HA and P‐HA. The charges induced on the HA surface accelerated the cytoskeleton reorganization of the adhered cells. The acceleration was appeared as cell shape, actin filament pattern such as stress fiber formation, and prolongation of cell motility distance. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2010
Interaction of endothelial cells with self‐assembled monolayers for potential use in drug‐eluting coronary stents
Authors: Mani Gopinath , Chandrasekar Bysani , Feldman Marc D. , Patel Devang , Agrawal C. Mauli 
Published: March 2009

AbstractDrug‐eluting stents (DES) are implanted in patients to treat in‐stent restenosis. Commercially available DES use polymers for coating and releasing drugs. Several studies have showed that polymer coatings cause adverse reactions. Delayed endothelialization of polymer‐coated DES leads to late stent thrombosis. Recently, the potential for using self‐assembled monolayers (self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs)—organic constructs composed of (a) chemical groups which attach to metal surfaces, (b) long hydrocarbon chains, and (c) terminal functional groups) as an alternate drug delivery system for coronary stents has been demonstrated. In this study, the interaction of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) with SAMs and therapeutic SAMs (therapeutic self‐assembled monolayers (TSAMs)—SAMs derivatized with the drug, flufenamic acid) was investigated. HAECs were cultured on plain glass, control, SAMs‐, and TSAMs‐coated titanium (Ti) and gold (Au) specimens. The viability and proliferation of HAECs were investigated using MTT colorimetric assay. The adhesion of HAECs on SAMs and TSAMs was equivalent to that of control metal surfaces and superior to that of plain glass surfaces. The cells continued to proliferate on both SAMs and TSAMs even though the rate of proliferation was slower than plain glass or control‐Ti. The spreading of HAECs on TSAMs with typical polygonal shape indicated that these surfaces are conducive to endothelialization. The expression of surface adhesion protein, platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule‐1, on TSAMs indicated that the endothelial cells preserved their phenotype on these surfaces. Thus, this study demonstrated that SAMs and TSAMs do not elicit an adverse response from endothelial cells in in vitro conditions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009