bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discordance of hepatitis B e antigen and hepatitis B viral deoxyribonucleic acid
Authors: Scott Janet S. , Pace Raymond A. , Sheridan John W. , Cooksley W. Graham 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from 899 hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriers from four separate ethnic groups (Caucasian, Australian Aboriginal, Melanesian, and Asian) were studied for their correlation for hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid (HBV DNA) and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg). Discordance, as signified by the absence of HBV DNA despite the presence of HBeAg, was unusual in Caucasians but frequently occurred in the other three ethnic groups (11–25%). Analysis by age showed that it occurred occasionally during childhood and, in this age group, may simply be part of the process of seroconversion with impending loss of HBeAg, whereas its greater prevalence in patients with liver disease may have a different mechanism. In sera obtained from Melanesians with hepatocellular carcinoma and Asians with chronic hepatitis, discordance was a common feature with HBV DNA being undetectable in those with HBeAg in 87% and 72%, respectively. A number of important implications flow from these observations pertinent to the use of HBeAg to detect replicating virus and the prognostic significance of HBeAg in HBsAg carriers when HBV DNA is undetectable.
Human parvovirus B19 infected fetal liver as a source of antigen for a radioimmunoassay for B19 specific IgM in clinical samples
Authors: Westmoreland Diana , Cohen Bernard J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA radioimmunoassay for human parvovirus B19 IgM was developed using virus antigen derived from infected fetal liver obtained post mortem. The specificity and sensitivity of this assay, compared with an established radioimmunoassay using serum antigen, was determined by testing 126 sera by both techniques. The results obtained demonstrated close concordance.False negative results were not obtained using fetal liver antigen in 58 tests on known B19 IgM negative sera. Sixty‐four IgM positive sera gave positive results using fetal liver derived antigen and the results obtained were quantitatively similar. Four sera gave false positive results using liver antigen but at a very low level. In view of these results we were able to establish a routine diagnostic service for B19 IgM using fetal liver derived antigen, and the results obtained on the first 459 clinical specimens are presented.
Role of hepatocytes and Kupffer cells in age‐dependent murine hepatitis caused by a phlebovirus, Punta Toro
Authors: Latham Patricia S. , Sepelak Susan B. , Pifat Dominique Y. , Smith Jonathan F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPunta Toro virus (PTV) infection of C57BL/6 mice results in fulminant hepatic necrosis and death in 3‐week‐old susceptible mice, but survival with minimal hepatocellular necrosis in 8‐week‐old resistant mice. Susceptibility in 3‐week‐old mice is associated with an earlier rise of viral titers in liver and serum than that occurring in 8‐week‐old resistant mice. There is also an earlier and more rapid accumulation of infectious progeny in serum vs. liver after PTV infection in both age groups, suggesting that the virus may replicate in extrahepatic sites as well as the liver. PTV infection of isolated hepatocytes and Kupffer cells from 3‐ and 8‐week‐old mice demonstrates a significant age‐related difference in the ability of these cells to support replication of PTV in vitro (P < 0.05). The age‐related difference in liver cell‐PTV interaction appears to be an inherent difference in the liver cells themselves, since there are no age‐related differences in viral adsorption, morphogenesis, cytopathic effect, or interferon action within these cells. Thus, age‐related differences in PTV replication or dissemination at extrahepatic sites, and the ability of the virus to replicate in intrahepatic sites, may be additive factors in the expression of age‐related susceptibility to PTV in C57BL/6 mice.
Clinical performance of a polymerase chain reaction testing algorithm for diagnosis of HIV‐1 infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells
Authors: Wages John M. , Hamdallah Miriam , Calabro Michael A. , Fowler Arnold K. , Oster Charles N. , Redfield Robert R. , Burke Donald S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe clinical performance of a modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing algorithm was evaluated for confirming the presence of HIV‐1 proviral DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. A whole cell lysate, rather than phenol‐purified DNA, was used for PCR amplification, under systematically optimized conditions designed and verified within each PCR run to detect as few as 10 copies of proviral DNA. A sequential testing algorithm was designed requiring reactivity in duplicate (with corresponding non‐reactivity in negative controls) with at least two sets of primers, before reporting a specimen as HIV‐l‐positive. In 196 specimens from patients staged according to the Walter Reed staging system, the PCR test sensitivity and the coculture isolation rate (in parentheses) were found to be: 97% (71%), 100% (85%), and 100% (76%) in stage 1, stage 2, and stage 3 specimens, respectively; and 100% (100%) in stage 4, 5, and 6 specimens. Results were uniformly negative for PCR and coculture isolation from 21 blind negative specimens and 105 (negative) donor leukopacks. These data indicate that this PCR testing algorithm is more accurate than tissue culture isolation methods, especially with early stage patients, and results in detection of HIV‐1 in virtually 100% of seropositive individuals, with no false positives.
Antibody avidity following varicella‐zoster virus infections
Authors: Kangro Hillar O. , Manzoor Shazad , Harper David R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe avidity of IgG antibodies following varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) infections was investigated using urea treatment of antigen‐bound serum antibody by indirect radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoblotting techniques. Sequential sera from 16 patients with varicella and 17 patients with zoster were tested, as well as sera from 80 seropositive individuals without a recent history of VZV disease.Both types of assay showed that low‐avidity antibodies predominate early after primary infection, but that antibody avidity increases markedly during convalescence. Using RIA, all sera taken up to 12 weeks after the onset of varicella showed > 50% reduction in antibody titre after treatment with 8 M urea but thereafter the proportion of urea resistant antibody increased with time. In contrast, after recurrent infection, high avidity antibodies were found to predominate at all times. Only 6 of 47 sera tested from zoster cases showed > 30% reduction after urea treatment and all these were taken within 2 weeks after onset of rash. lmmunoblotting also showed that the highly immunogenic p32/p36 nucleoproteins appear to induce predominantly low avidity antibodies, even after recurrent VZV infection.The results of this study indicate that treatment with 8 M urea in RIA for IgG antibodies may be a simple and reliable method for distinguishing primary and anamnestic antibody responses against VZV.
Intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus in Japan
Authors: Kiyosawa Kendo , Sodeyama Takeshi , Tanaka Eiji , Shimizu Satoshi , Furuta Seiichi , Miyazaki Yoshiki , Akahane Yoshihiro , Suzuki Hiroshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo clarify the intrafamilial transmission of hepatitis C virus (HCV), the prevalence of antibody to HCV (anti‐HCV) in 107 index patients with type C chronic liver disease was studied and compared with the prevalence of anti‐HCV antibody in their 296 family members. Of the 85 index patients who were positive for anti‐HCV, 15 (8%) of 196 of their family members were also HCV antibody positive, whereas of the 22 index patients who were anti‐HCV antibody negative, none of the family members of the 100 evaluated was positive for anti‐HCV antibody, a statistically significant difference between groups (P < 0.02). No specific relative (spouse, child, parent, and sibling) was linked to HCV positivity in the index cases making it difficult to identify the route of infection that is believed to occur via the parenteral route in the home or community.
Differentiation of Oka varicella vaccine strain from wild varicella‐zoster virus strains isolated from vaccinees and household contact
Authors: Shiraki Kimiyasu , Horiuchi Kiyoshi , Asano Yoshizo , Yamanishi Koichi , Takahashi Michiaki 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Oka varicella vaccine strain can be differentiated from wild‐type strains by its unique restriction endonuclease fingerprinting (REFP: Hpal‐K and EcoRI‐P) pattern of the gpV‐coding region of the varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) genome. VZV‐DNAs from patients with complicated clinical courses related to vaccination were examined to determine whether they were vaccine‐derived or wild‐type. A virus was isolated from a one year‐old boy with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) who developed typical varicella 28 days after vaccination (case A). Another virus was isolated from a four‐year‐old boy without clinical symptoms following household contact with varicella patients at the age of two months, and he developed zoster 14 months after vaccination (case B). Also, two strains (OK1 and OK2) were isolated from household contacts (mother and sister) with a vaccinee with ALL in Oklahoma who developed varicella 18 days after vaccination (case C). In case C, Bgll‐REFP did not determine conclusively whether the two strains (OK1 and OK2) were vaccine‐derived or wild‐type because the patterns obtained were different from both the Oka varicella vaccine strain and American wild‐type strains [Gelb et al., Journal of Infectious Diseases, 155:633–640, 1987]. All VZV strains examined in the present study were identified as wild‐type by our method using Hpal‐K and EcoRI‐P fragments as marker fragments. Thus it is becoming evident that REFP using Hpal and EcoRl endonucleases is a convenient and reliable means of distinguishing between the Oka vaccine virus strain and wild‐type viruses isolated from individuals developing vesicular rashes shortly and long after varicella vaccination.
Serological responses in volunteers to inactivated trivalent subunit influenza vaccine: Antibody reactivity with epidemic influenza A and B strains and evidence of a rapid immune response
Authors: Zuckerman M. A. , Wood J. , Chakraverty P. , Taylor J. , Heath A. B. , Oxford J. S. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA study of the immunogenicity of the inactivated trivalent subunit influenza vaccine for the 1989/90 season was performed in what proved to be an influenza epidemic year. One hundred student volunteers at The London Hospital Medical College participated in the study and the findings indicated that there was an excellent serological match between the epidemic strain of influenza A (H3N2) and the vaccine strain. Before vaccination, the geometric mean titre (GMT) to A/England/308/89, a representative H3N2 epidemic strain in the United Kingdom from the 1989/90 season, was 46. Post‐vaccination the antibody levels rose and 99% of vaccinees had HI titres of 340, the GMT being 131. The serological responses were also investigated against other circulating influenza A (H3N2 and HlN1) and B strains.Preliminary results of an evaluation of the rapidity of the immune response showed that in three of six subjects rises in HI antibody appeared within two days of vaccination.
Chronic fatigue syndrome: I. Epstein‐Barr virus immune response and molecular epidemiology
Authors: Jones James F. , Streib Joanne , Baker Susan , Herberger Mark 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPatients with chronic fatigue syndrome were compared to healthy seropositive control subjects in an open study and a case‐control study analyzing spontaneous transformation rates of peripheral blood lymphocytes, EBV viral genome characteristics as determined by DNA restriction fragment polymorphisms, and antibody production by Western blot analysis. Thirty percent of patients versus 8% of control subjects underwent spontaneous transformation in the two studies. Viral genome patterns were overall similar to one another, with polymorphisms frequently present in BamHI B′, K, H, and Y fragments. Only one line was found with the EBNA‐2B genotype. Nineteen lines were found to contain viral DNA in the linear form suggesting active lytic replication. Western blot studies suggested that ill subjects made antibodies to lytic proteins more frequently than did healthy control subjects. Lack of control of EBV outgrowth in vitro is correlated with antibody evidence of active infection in vivo in some patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.
Detection of genital human papillomaviruses by polymerase chain reaction amplification with degenerate nested primers
Authors: Williamson Anna‐Lise , Rybicki Edward P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDegenerate oligonucleotide primers were designed for in vitro amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of a relatively well‐conserved portion of the L1 capsid protein gene of genital human papillomaviruses, A specific 441 bp fragment was amplified by PCR from genomic clones and clinical biopsy specimens containing DNAfrom HPV types6,11,16,18,31, and 33, as well as from a number of other clinical specimens known to contain unclassified HPV isolates. As some HPV non‐specific DNA was also often amplified, another set of degenerate primers was designed which amplified a 335 bp sequence contained within the 441 bp sequence. These nested primers could be used in a two‐stage PCR reaction to obtain distinct HPV‐spe‐cific DNA fragments suitable for direct sequencing. Two‐stage PCR was used to demonstrate the presence of HPV DNA in 13 out of 16 biopsies, which had been classified histologically as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), but which were negative for HPV on Southern blot hybridization. Seven of these amplification products were sequenced, and one proved to be a previously unsequenced HPV type. The results have important implications for the routine detection and typing of genital and other HPV types in clinical samples.
A serological investigation of human herpesvirus 6 infections in liver transplant recipients and the detection of cross‐reacting antibodies to cytomegalovirus
Authors: Sutherland Sheena , Christofinis George , O'Grady John , Williams Roger 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSera from 50 orthotopic liver transplant recipients were examined for antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) and Cytomegalovirus (CMV), and the findings correlated with the clinical condition of the patients. Both primary and secondary HHV‐6 infections were detected sero‐logically following liver transplantation. Interpretation of serological assays is complicated by CMV and HHV‐6 antibody cross reactions which were common. Sera from 5 patients became HHV‐6 antibody negative following absorption with CMV infected cells. Thirty patients were initially seronegative for HHV‐6 antibodies, 12 remained so following transplantation, 5 developed cross reacting antibodies, and 13 serocon‐verted. The seroconversions occurred at 4 to 8 weeks post‐transplant in the same time period as CMV antibody rises. HHV‐6 IgM was detected in only 4 of the 13. Of the 7 patients who had serological evidence of active HHV‐6 infections but no evidence of CMV infection, 4 (56%) had fever, 1 (14%) hepatitis, 1 (14%) lung dysfunction, and 3 (42%) neurological disorders. In the 12 patients who remained HHV‐6 antibody negative, there were fewer fevers and neurological disorders.
Electron microscopic reporting of gastrointestianal viruses in the United Kingdom, 1985–1987
Authors: Monroe Stephan S. , Glass Roger I. , Noah Norman , Flewett Thomas H. , Caul E. Owen , Ashton C. Ian , Curry Alan , Field Anne M. , Madeley Richard , Pead Patrick J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe examined some epidemiological features of the viruses associated with gastrointestinal illness, using national data reported by electron microscopists in the United Kingdom. During the 3 years analyzed (1985–1987), a total of 1,993 positive detections of astroviruses, caliciviruses, coronaviruses, and small round structured viruses (SRSVs) were reported. In 1 year of this period, 8,210 rotaviruses were reported. More than 90% of the astroviruses and caliciviruses were detected in children under 5 years of age, while coronaviruses and SRSVs were detected in adults as well as children. Detections of astroviruses increased in the winter and were infrequent during the summer, a seasonal pattern similar to that observed for rotaviruses. There was some variability between reporting regions in rates of detection of fecal viruses. We have attempted to identify the reasons for this. We make suggestions for improving the detection of human fecal viruses, and we recognize the need for continued surveillance of these agents.
Latent herpes simplex virus type 1 in normal and Alzheimer's disease brains
Authors: Jamieson Gordon A. , Maitland Norman J. , Wilcock Gordon K. , Craske John , Itzhaki Ruth F. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA viral aetiology has long been suspected for Alzheimer's disease (AD) but until now, techniques have not been sufficiently sensitive to provide clear evidence for or against the presence of any viral genome in AD brain. We have used the very highly sensitive method of polymerase chain reaction to look for herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) DNA, specifically the viral thymidine kinase (TK) gene, in autopsy brain specimens. DNA samples from HSV‐infected and uninfected Vero cells have been examined concurrently to provide standard “HSV‐positive” and “HSV‐negative” samples, the latter guarding also against false positives caused by cross‐contamination. To preclude false negatives, we have checked the presence of the human gene, hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase. In all specimens from 8 AD patients and 6 normal individuals (temporal, frontal and hippocampal), we have found viral TK sequences. In contrast, in preliminary studies on lymphocytes from normals and AD patients, we did not find TK sequences. It is postulated that factors such as number or expression of viral genes and host susceptibility might be related to incidence of AD.
Infection without antibody response in mother‐to‐child transmission of HTLV‐I in rabbits
Authors: Yamade Ichiro , Ishiguro Tatsuya , Seto Akira 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence or absence of the anti‐human T‐cell leukemia virus type I (HTLV‐I) antibody and the HTLV‐I proviral genome was examined in the offspring of inbred rabbits, which were born to HTLV‐I carrier does. The results showed that not all offspring born to the carriers were infected and that not all the infected offspring seroconverted at the age of 10 weeks, which is similar to observations made in human carriers. The anti‐HTLV‐I antibody was assayed by indirect immunofluorescence in 55 offspring at the age of 10 weeks, which were born to B/J or (B/J × Chbb:HM)F1 seropositive HTLV‐I carrier does. Twelve out of 31 offspring born from F1 × F1 mating were seropositive, whereas none of 24 offspring born from B/J × B/J mating, F1 × B/J mating, or F1 × Chbb:HM mating were seropositive. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method revealed the presence of the HTLV‐I proviral genome in 18 out of 23 offspring born from F1 × F1 mating (F2 hybrids). In these 18 HTLV‐l‐infected F2 hybrids, 8 were seropositive and 10 were seronegative. The major histocom‐patibility complex (MHC) of these 23 F2 hybrids was analyzed by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) in southern hybridization. The results showed no close correlation of MHC with HTLV‐I susceptibility or with seroconversion. Natural infection via mother‐to‐child transmission of virus seems to produce seronegative as well as seropositive carriers. This rabbit model may be useful for the study of seronegative virus carriers via mother‐to‐child transmission of HTLV‐I.
Inhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma cell lines by deferoxamine
Authors: Tabor Edward , Kin C. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractInhibition of human hepatocellular carcinoma (PLC/PRF/5 and Hep3B) or hepatoblastoma (Hep G2) cell lines by inclusion of deferoxamine mesylate (desferrioxamine) (DFX) in the culture medium was evaluated. When PLC/PRF/5 cells were maintained for 7 days in 30 or 60 μM DFX, the cell number was decreased by 30–60%, little or no α‐fetoprotein (AFP) was produced, and supernatant endpoint dilution titers of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) were reduced 1–2 logs. PLC/PRF/5 cells maintained for 7 days without DFX (simultaneous controls) grew to confluence, produced AFP that reached 10–60 ng/ml in the supernate, and the HBsAg titer remained constant or increased 1 log. Similar effects were observed in Hep3B and Hep G2 cells maintained in DFX (except that Hep G2 cells do not produce HBsAg), compared to simultaneous control cells grown in the absence of DFX. The growth of a human embryonic lung fibroblast cell line (WI‐38) was not significantly inhibited by DFX, although it grew at a slower rate than simultaneous control cells grown without DFX. Subsequent growth in FeSO4, of PLC/PRF/5, Hep3B, and Hep G2 cells that previously had been maintained in DFX did not reverse the effects of DFX. PLC/PRF/5 cells were also inhibited when maintained in medium containing equimolar concentrations of DFX and FeCl3, and in medium containing equimolar concentrations of DFX and FeSO4,. PLC/PRF/5 cells were not inhibited by maintenance in up to 60 μM of another chelating agent that has a similar affinity for iron, calcium disodium versenate (EDTA). These studies show that DFX inhibits the growth of human hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatoblastoma cell lines regardless of the presence (PLC/PRF/5, Hep3B) or absence (Hep G2) of integrated hepatitis B virus DNA. The findings also suggest that the inhibition may have been due to mechanisms other than iron chelation.
Effect of rimantadine on the immune response to influenza A infections
Authors: Clover Richard D. , Waner Joseph L. , Becker Lorne , Davis Alan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe effects of rimantadine on lymphocyte responses to mitogens CON‐A and PHA, natural killer cell activity, and the development of serum and local antibodies were studied during an epidemic outbreak of influenza A (H3N2). Twenty‐three families consisting of 38 adults and 46 children had a member who developed a flu‐like illness and were randomly assigned to receive placebo or rimantadine either as treatment or post exposure prophylaxis. Nasal washings for virus isolation and IgG and IgA determination were collected on days 1, 5, and 10 of illness. Blood samples for immunologic studies were obtained on days 1 and 5 of clinical illness and on day 21. No differences in lymphocyte responses to CON‐A and PHA or in natural‐killer cell activity were noted between placebo and rimantadine groups. The development of neutralizing antibodies to influenza H3N2 was also not affected by rimantadine. However, the presence of IgA in nasal secretions was significantly diminished in the rimantadine group compared to the placebo group (0/9 vs. 619, P < 0.005).The findings indicate that rimantadine had no adverse affect on the systemic immune system. However, local immune response was diminished in individuals taking rimantadine possibly due to the presence of less immunogen resulting from reduction of virus in secretions of individuals taking antivirals.