bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
FACTORS AFFECTING THE ENERGY AND WATER RESERVES OF PUPS BORN TO MICE GESTATING AT 21° AND 36°
Authors: Pennycuik Pamela R , Burnard ED , Woodward Maureen 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMice acclimatized to 36° were found to hove longer gestation periods than those acclimatized to 21°.When gestation was prolonged beyond 18 days, both the size of the litter and the percentage of pups alive in the litter declined.Increasing gestation length was also accompanied by a gradual fall in the total body water, the body fat to body weight ratio and the heart glycogen content. There was a marked fall in liver glycogen content between the 19th and 20th day.These charges in energy reserves were similar in foetuses taken from mothers at 21° and from mothers at 36°. At all ages the foetues at 36° had a higher water content than those at 21°.Pups delivered at 19 days and exposed to 21° survived for longer periods than those exposed to 36°. The rates of disappearance of water, fat and heart glycogen were similar in both groups, but those at 36° lost liver glycogen at a significantly higher rate than those at 21°.When pups delivered at 20 days were exposed to 21° or to 36° they survived less well than those delivered at 19 days. Twenty‐day pups exposed to 36° died in a shorter time than those exposed to 21°. In the group at 36° both liver glycogen and body water stores were depleted rapidly.When pups delivered at 19 days were fostered to mothers at 21° they increased their fat stores threefold in a period of 6 hr. Two‐thirds of pups delivered at 20 days failed to suck when left with a foster mother for 6 hr.
ANTIGEN LOCALIZATION AND THE IMMUNE RESPONSE AS A FUNCTION OF AGE
Authors: Legge Josephine S , Austin Caroline M 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe pattern of localization of 123I‐polymerized flagellin prepared from SW1338 was studied in the spleens of young (3–4 month) and aged (18–27 month) C57B1 mice. Young animals invariably localized antigen in the primary and secondary follicles contained within the white pulp. Aged animals varied in their ability to localize antigen, the variation correlating with variable spleen histology. Improvement in follicular localization in aged mice was noted in the presence of specific active or passive antibody.Aged mice given a single intravenous injection of polymerized flagellin developed a level of serum anti‐H antibodies not detectably different from that of a group of young mice. On secondary challenge, however, antibody response of aged mice was markedly depressed.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Nelson DS , Mildenhall P 
Published: December 2007

SummarySome factors affecting the production of cytophilic antibodies by guinea‐pigs were investigated, with special reference to the possible relationship between delayed‐type hypersensitivity and cytophilic antibody production.Guinea‐pigs were injected by different routes (intradermal, footpad, intra‐peritoneal, subcutaneous) with sheep erythrocytes incorporated in Freund's complete adjuvant. Sera were obtained after two weeks, when some of the animals were skin tested to determine the degree of delayed‐type hypersensitivity, and after three weeks. They were titrated for macrophage cytophilic antibody activity and complement‐fixing antibody activity. There was not a close correlation between the intensity of the delayed skin reactions and the titres of cytophilic antibodies present in the sera of individual animals two weeks after sensitization.Animals immunized by the subcutaneous rovite tended to develop much less intense delayed reactions and to produce much less cytophilic antibody than those immunized by other routes. This was, however, true only for sheep erythrocytes in guinea‐pigs. The responses to human serum albumin in adjuvant were almost as great after subcutaneous as after intradermal injection. These findings, together with previous observations on the responses of guinea‐pigs to ovalbumin and of mice to sheep erythrocytes, highlight the importance of an exact definition of conditions before conclusions on the efficacy of a particular mode of immunization can be drawn.The skin tests acted as booster doses of antigen which were followed by a much more pronounced rise in cytophilic antibody titres than in complement‐fixing antibody titres. There was some correlation between the intensity of delayed skin reactions at two weeks and the titres of cytophilic antibodies at three weeks, suggesting that to some extent cytophilic antibody production might reflect a previous delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction. There was no correlation between cytophilic and complement‐fixing antibody titres in individual animals, suggesting that these two types of antibody are produced independently.
THE CONCENTRATION OF MAJOR CATIONS IN THE SPERMATOZOA AND ERYTHROCYTES OF HK AND LK RAMS
Authors: White IG , Quinn PJ , Evans JV 
Published: December 2007

SummarySemen and blood were collected from 19 HK and 12 LK rams and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium estimated in the spermatozoa and erythrocytes. HK sheep had a characteristically high potassium and low sodium concentration in the erythrocytes but there was no difference in the calcium and magnesium concentrations. The concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium in the spermatozoa were very similar for the two groups of sheep.
THE LOCAL ACTION OF AMMONIUM, CALCIUM AND MAGNESIUM ON ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION
Authors: Blair‐West JR , Coghlan JP , Denton DA , Goding JR , Wintour Marelyn , Wright HD 
Published: December 2007

SummarySolution of ammonium chloride, magnesium chloride and calcium chloride were infused locally into the adrenal arterial blood supply of conscious sheep with autotransplanted adrenal glands. At rates of infusion calculated to increase ammonia concentration by 1 mEq./l, or more. NH4Cl increased aldosterone secretion without a regular effect on glucocorticoid secretion. Increase of plasma magnesium concentration by 1–6 mEq./l. or plasma calcium by 2–10 mEq./l. did not affect aldosterone secretion.
THE SEPARATION OF DIFFERENT CELL CLASSES FROM LYMPHOID ORGANS
Authors: Shortman Ken , Evans Margaret A 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method is presented for the separation of lymphoid cells on the basis of buoyant density. Up to 5 × 108 cells are dispersed in an isotonic, linear gradient of albumin in balanced salt solution at pH 5·1, and centrifuged at 3800 g. for 45 min at 4°. Density distribution profile for the cell population are calculated after determining the density, cell count and biological activity of about 30 fractions. The method maintains cells at their original volume and density, and gives around 90% cell recovery with little loss of biological activity. The position of a peak of cells is reproducible to ± 0·0003 g./cm3.The density distribution profiles of lymphocytes from many sources showed considerable heterogeneity, with several distinct peaks; control experiments suggested these were not products of the method. Lymphocyte populations appear to be composed of many sub‐populations separable on the basis of density.
THE SYNTHESIS OF IMMUNOGLOBULIN‐G BY CULTURED HUMAN LYMPHOCYTES
Authors: Lobb Noelene 
Published: December 2007

SummaryHuman peripheral blood lymphocytes have been grown in short‐ term tissue culture in the presence of phytohaemagglutinin. Fluorescent anti‐ sera directed against the immunoglobulin heavy chain markers Gm(a) and Gm(b), and against whole human IgG, have been used to detect cellular immunoglobulin. Lymphocytes from all cell donors, regardless of whether the serum phototype was Gm(a), Gm(b) or Gm(ab), showed two populations of cells, one positive with anti‐Gm(a) serum and the other positive with anti‐ Gm(b) serum. However, cells which contained both markers were rare. The observations provide evidence in favour of active synthesis of immunoglobulin by cultured lymphocytes. However, immunoglobulin was not detected in the culture fluids. The potential of the cultured lymphocyte and its immunological commitment have been discussed in the light of these findings.
IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES IN RATS FOLLOWING ANTIGENIC STIMULATION OF PEYER'S PATCHES
Authors: Cooper GN , Turner Kaye 
Published: December 2007

SummaryThe techniques of Peyer's patch infection and preparation of isolated intestinal loops in rats have been used in on attempt to determine whether coproantibody, formed in the local lymphoid tissues, passes directly from these sites to the intestinal lumen. Contrary to this belief, the results suggest that the bulk of antibody which accumulates in the intestine reaches there by way of the blood stream, irrespective of whether it is produced in local or peripheral tissues.The effects of secondary or tertiary injections of small doses of sheep red blood cells given at 3‐week intervals to rats initially injected by the Peyer's patch or intravenous routes have also been studied. While repeated intravenous injections resulted in primary‐type responses, greatly increased serum antibody titres were observed in animals challenged intravenously after a Peyer's patch injection. In the latter circumstances the greater secondary response was reflected by development of larger numbers of haemolytic plaque‐forming cells in the spleen but not in other lymphoid tissues.
THE ACTION OF EPHEDRINE ON FOREARM BLOOD VESSELS IN MAN
Authors: Frewin DB , Whelan RF 
Published: December 2007

SummaryEphedrine hydrochloride given into the brachial artery has been shown to have two distinct actions on the vessels of the human forearm.The predominant effect is a vasoconstriction which is mediated by release of a constrictor substance from the sympathetic nerve ends acting on α‐adrenergic receptors of the vascular smooth muscle.The second effect is a vasodilatation which is unmasked when the α‐receptors are blocked by phentolamine or when the sympathetic nerves are absent. This effect is due to a direct action of ephedrine on β‐adrenergic receptors.A mild vasoconstriction is seen following blockade of both α‐and β‐receptors and in the β‐blocked sympathectomized limb. The mechanism of this effect is uncertain.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE CALCIUM CONTENT OF DEPOLARIZED MAMMALIAN SMOOTH MUSCLE AND ITS CONTRACTILITY IN RESPONSE TO ACETYLCHOLINE
Authors: Potter Julia M , Sparrow MP 
Published: December 2007

SummaryOnly a small fraction of the calcium content of depolarized cat circular intestinal smooth muscle is necessary for muscle contraction in response to acetylcholine stimulation at 25°. Equilibration of the tissue at 37° in calcium containing sodium chloride Ringer and potassium sulphate Ringer for up to 6 hr. did not significantly alter the calcium content of 1·57 μmoles/g. Magnesium, sodium and potassium contents were measured concurrently. Tissue damage increased the calcium content by 26%. Storage at 6° resulted in calcium contents of 123%, 180% and 294% after 24 hr., 48 hr. and 120 hr. respectively. The tissue still spontaneously contracted after re‐equilibration at 36°.Equilibration of the smooth muscle in calcinm containing potassium sulphate Ringer at 25° likewise did not significantly alter the calcium content of the tissue. Contractile responses to maximal acetylcholine stimulation were lost in calcium free potassium sulphate Ringer at 25° when 22% of the tissue calcium remained. Replacement of only a further 9% giving a total calcium content of 31% fully restored contractility.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SELECTIVITY OF PROTEIN ABSORPTION FROM THE INTESTINE DURING SUCKING IN THE RAT
Authors: Jordan Susan M , Morgan EH 
Published: December 2007

SummaryPreparations of purified rat albumin transferring, γ‐globulin, whole rat serum and rat milm whey, labeled with radioactive iodine, where administered intragastrically to suckling rats aged from 1 to 21 days. Absorption of the proteins was determined by measuring protein‐bound radioactivity in the suckling rats serum 4 hr. later. It was found that on the 1st and 3rd days after birth all three purified proteins were absorbed, but by the 7th day albumin absorption had ceased, and by the 21st day no proteins were absorbed. On the 7th and 14th days γ‐globulin absorption was greater than that of transferrin. The results with whole serum and whey showed that, with increasing age during suckling. Absorption ceased first with the albumin‐fractions, then with the α‐globlins and last of all with the β‐ and γ‐globulin fractions. It is concluded that the suckling rat shows a progressive increase with age in selectivity for absorption of proteins from the alimentary canal and that this is related to the net electric charge carried by the proteins.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kossard S , Nelson DS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryAn attempt was made to study the. dynamics of the interaction between cytophilie antibodies and the macrophage surface. Two aspects of the problem received particular attention: (1) the ability of macrophage cytophilic antibodies to sensitize (confer an affinity for antigen upon) cells of different species, and (2) the inhibitory effect of normal sera on homologous and heterologons sensitization.Mouse and rabbit antibodies sensitized peritoneal macrophages from mouse, rabbit and guinea‐pig, although the cytophilic factor from “early” mouse serum did not sensitize guinea‐pig macrophages. Guinea‐pig antibodies sensitized guinea‐pig macrophages strongly, rabbit inacrophages weakly and inconsistently and mouse macrophages not at all.Normal rabbit serum was inhibitory with all the combinations tested. Normal guinea‐pig serum was inhibitory with all combinations except mouse antibodies on rabbit macrophages. Normal mouse serum was inhibitory only when either the antibodies or the cells were from mice. Guinea‐pig niacrophages carrying cytophilic antibodies were desensitized by ineubation with normal guinea‐pig serum. Guinea‐pig macrophages carrying cytophilic antibodies to one antigen were as efficiently sensitized by cytophilic antibodies to another antigen as were normal guinea‐pig niacrophages. Normal human serum inhibited the uptake of guinea‐pig antibodies by guinea‐pig macrophages.
RESPONSE OF THE PYLORUS AND OESOPHAGEAL LIGATED RAT TO GASTRIN AND A RELATED PEPTIDE
Authors: Hansky J 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA pylorus and oesophageal ligated rat preparation has been used to test the acid stimulating properties of crude gastrin, pure commercial gastrin and the synthetic “gastrin‐like” pentapeptide ICI 50123 given as subcutaneous injections. Amounts of 5 μg. and 25 μg. of gastrin and pentapeptide respectively were detected above basal control levels and maximum secretion was achieved with doses of 20 and 100 μg. respectively, supramaximal does giving inhibition of acid secretion. These results indicate that the pylorus and oesophageal ligated rat may be a suitable preparation for the bioassay of gastrin and related peptides.
STUDIES ON CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODIES
Authors: Kossard S , Nelson DS 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMarked physicochemical heterogeneity has been found previously among mouse antibodies eytophilic for macrophages. The possibility of heterogeneity among guinea‐pig cytophilic antibodies has also been noted. In the present study the susceptibility to proteolytic enzymes of the macrophage receptor sites for cytophilic antibodies has been investigated. Again important differences between two types of mouse cytophilic antibody have been seen, together with some differences between guinea‐pig and mouse cytophilic antibodies.Treatment of monolayers of guinea‐pig macrophages with papain does not abolish and may slightly increase their ability to be sensitized by homologous cytophilic antibodies. Similar treatment of guinea pig macrophages passively sensitized in vitro with cytophilic antibodies does not affect their ability to take up antigen (sheep erythrocytes). Treatment of mouse macrophages with trypsin or papain does not abolish and may slightly increase their ability to take up homologous cytophilic antibodies from hyperimmune sera. Similar treatment profoundly reduces their capacity to take up cytophilic antibodies from sera obtained early (7 days) after immunization with sheep erythrocytes in adjuvant. Treatment of mouse macrophages with serum after passive sensitization in vitro apparently removes all the cytophilic antibody taken up from early sera, but has much less effect on the cytophilic antibodies taken up from hyperimmune sera.
THE PHYSICO‐CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODY
Authors: Gowland E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryGuinea‐pig cytophilic antibody to sheep erythrocytes was found to be of 7S γ‐globulin‐type. Most of the cytophilic activity was located in the 7S γ2‐globulin fraction of immune serum, but activity was also present in other 7S γ‐globulin fractions. Evidence was presented to support the view that cytophilic antibody is distinct from the overall population of 7S γ2‐complement‐fixing antibodies.
AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE POSSIBLE ROLE OF CYTOPHILIC ANTIBODY AS THE SPECIFIC MEDIATOR OF DELAYED‐TYPE HYPERSENSITIVITY IN THE GUINEA‐PIG
Authors: Gowland E 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA study has been made of the levels of cytophilic antibody and delayed‐type hypersensitivity both in actively sensitized guinea‐pigs and in the passive recipients of serum or serum‐globulins. Cytophilic antibody was frequently not detected in guinea‐pigs tested late after immunization with sheep erythrocytes in complete Freund's adjuvant, although these animals showed delayed reactions of comparable severity to those seen in animals tested earlier when cytophilic antibody titres were generally high. Guinea‐pigs injected with immune serum or serum‐globulins showed high titres of cytophilic antibody, but in no case was delayed‐type hypersensitivity passive1y transferred. Thr results obtained are discussed in relation to the hypothesis that cytophilic antibody acts as the specific mediator of delayed‐type hypersensitivity in the guinea‐pig.
A COMPARATIVE ASSAY OF O‐SOMATIC ANTIGEN 5 OF SALMONELLAE
Authors: Auzins Ieva 
Published: December 2007

SummaryA method is described for determining the amount of antigen 5 (O‐acetyl galactose) present in a number of strains of Salmonellae. Using haemagglutination inhibition reactions specific for antigen 5, a measure was made of the ability of various strains of bacteria and the lipopolysaccharides and polysaccharides extracted from these bacteria to produce haemagglutination inhibition. The O‐acetyl contents of the various polysaccharides were determined using the Hestrin technique. Because good correlation was found between the O‐acetyl content of the polysaccharides and their ability to produce haemagglutination inhibition, estimations of the amount of antigen 5 available for reaction with antibody on the surface of a virulent (C5) and an avirulent (M206) strain of S. typhimurium were made, based on the assumption that each O‐acetyl group detected in the polysaccharide represents one antigen 5 site. It was foimd that the M206 strain contains half the number of antigen 5 reactive groups that are present on the surface of the C5 strain.
SOME FACTORS INFLUENCING THE REACTIONS OF HUMAN SYNOVIAL CELLS IN VITRO WITH FRESH HOMOLOGOUS AND AUTOLOGOUS SERUM
Authors: Clarris BJ , Fraser JRE 
Published: December 2007

SummaryMultiplication of human synovial cell strains was studied in media containing homologous or autologus serum.When serum was applied to cell cultures 24 hr. after attachment and spreading, the effects of fresh serum relative to heat‐inactivated serum were as follows:(a) In 10% concentration, growth was often stimulated by fresh serum; (b) in 50% concentration, some individual specimens of fresh serum caused stimulation or slight depression of growth, but a series of observations showed no consistent difference in the effects of fresh and heat‐inactivated serum at this level;(c) in 100% concentration, fresh serum caused a consistent and significant depression of growth;(d) autologous fresh serum caused a similar depression of growth.Treatment of cultures with bacterial hyaluronidase caused a slight but definite enhancement of the inhibitory effect of fresh serum.When serum was applied to cells in suspension immediately after treatment with trypsin, the inhibitory effect of fresh serum was much greater and morphological changes were apparent.The implications of these findings are discussed.
THE SIZE AND DENSITY DISTRIBUTION OF FOWL BLOOD LYMPHOCYTES INITIATING A GRAFT‐VERSUS‐HOST REACTION
Authors: Shortman Ken , Szenberg A 
Published: December 2007

Summary.The cells in fowl blood capable of initiating a graft‐versus‐host reaction have been characterised using a series of separation methods. Lymphocytes were separated from other cells by preparation of a buffy‐coat fraction followed by passage through cotton‐wool columns to remove adherent cells. The lymphocytes were then separated by size using filtration through cold, small, glass bead columns, or by density using centrifugation in albumin gradients.Purified lymphocytes were fully active. The majority of the active cells behaved like small lymphocytes on the glass head columns, However, activity appeared to be carried by a small sub‐population of cells, distinguishable by their density distribution from the bulk of circulating lymphocytes, and distinct from the total population of small lymphocytes.The graft‐versus‐host activity showed marked density heterogeneity, with well defined peaks. This suggests that active cells exist in many distinct metabolic or differentiation states or, alternatively, that different lines of cells are active.The density distribution of activity and of lymphocytes varied from one bird to another. The basis for the variation is discussed.
MACROPHAGE INTERLINKAGE REACTION INDUCED BY PHYTOHAEMAGGLUTININ AND BY TUBERCULIN
Authors: Maclaurin BP 
Published: December 2007

Summary.Phytohaemagglutinin is shown to produce marked changes in the appearance and behaviour of macropbages in monolayer tissue culture. Rapid induction of intercellular cytoplasmic bridging is described and the term Macrophage Interlinkage Reaction is proposed to designate this phenomenon.Similar interlinkage can be induced between sensitized macrophages by stimulation with tuberculin, but is not seen when unsensitized cells are used.The suggestion is made that cytoplasmic bridging could enable rapid dissemination of antigen throughout the lymph node macrophage population and thereby enhance the speed and intensity of the secondary immune response.
AUTOMATED DETERMINATION OF INULIN IN THE ESTIMATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE
Authors: Wilson BW , Stagy BD , Thorburn GD 
Published: December 2007

Summary.Flow systems are described for the automated determination of inulin in urine and protein‐free plasma (method without dialysis), and in urine and untreated plasma (method with dialysis). The methods are based on the resorcinol reaction without alkali treatment. Automated and manual versions of this method gave similar results, and recovery of inulin added to plasma and urine was satisfactory.The renal clearance of inulin was determined in sheep and dogs; it was found that clearance values obtained by autoanalysis were in satisfactory agreement with the clearance of alkali‐stable inulin measured by a standardized manual technique.