bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration of the NBS Calibrated Hot Box
Authors: Zarr RR , Burch DM , Faison TK , Arnold CE , O'Connell ME 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A series of calibration tests were conducted in the laboratory in order to determine the overall experimental error and uncertainty for the NBS calibrated hot box. For these tests, 10 cm (4 in.) and 20 cm (8 in.) thick polystyrene wall specimens having independently measured thermal resistances were installed in a support frame and sandwiched between the metering and climatic chambers. The metering chamber was operated at a typical indoor condition for a residence, while the climatic chamber was operated at selected steady outdoor winter conditions. For each of the tests, an energy balance was performed on the metering chamber. The heat transfer that flanks the wall specimen and passes through the support frame was predicted using a finite-difference model. The other heat losses and gains for the energy balance were measured. The residual energy loss for the energy balance of the metering chamber represents the overall experimental error and uncertainty.
The maximum observed residual energy loss for all of the calibration tests without the metering chamber cooling coil operated was 1.9 W. This value occurred when the 10 cm (4 in.) wall specimen was exposed to a 23 K (41°F) temperature difference. This value, however, comprised only 1.8% of the net energy input to the metering chamber.
Equivalent Crack Lengths in Thin Sheet Materials Subjected to Tensile Loads
Authors: Huculak P 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The elastic compliance is determined for the configuration of the line slot terminated by circular holes and for the elliptical cut-out in a finite-width sheet specimen loaded in tension. Comparisons are then made with real cracks to ascertain the extent of equivalence with respect to strain energy release rates and compliance for the two configurations selected.
A Model for Predicting Fracture Toughness of a Cementitious Particulate Composite Molded under Impact Pressure
Authors: Crockford WW , Little DN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The form of a model relating two influential compositional factors of a material to fracture toughness is identified. A similar, simpler form is proposed for regression analyses. Demonstration of the utility of the model is accomplished using experimental results from testing of a portland cement stabilized fine grained soil.
A Survey of Grade Verification Methods for Steel Plants
Authors: Henry EB , Patsey JA 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A perennial problem in steel producing and fabricating plants is the maintenance of the identities of each of the many varieties of steel produced daily. There are more claims entered because of wrong-grade or mixed-steel shipments than for any other reason. Usually, these claims are not the result of mixes between similar grades but between grades that differ significantly in chemical composition and/or physical properties. This paper reviews the conventional practices employed in steel plants to avoid mixes, describes the equipment and techniques used to verify steel grade, and outlines a typical grade-tracking system. It discusses state-of-the-art technology in grade verification and postulates a system for automatically tracking steel grade through a steel producing plant.
Large-Scale Metals Identification and Sorting Using Instrumented Techniques
Authors: Riley WD , Brown RD , Larrain JM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The U.S. Bureau of Mines is studying methods for the identification of scrap metals that will lead to better segregation, conservation of strategic materials, and utilization of this existing secondary reserve. A joint scrap segregation-marketing test is being conducted by the Bureau of Mines and the Defense Property Disposal Service at the Defense Property Disposal Office at Cherry Point, North Carolina. The purpose of the test is to determine the cost effectiveness of offering well-segregated metallic scrap fractions for sale.
Thus far, approximately 250 000 kg of aircraft scrap have been identified and sorted by a combination of conventional and instrumental techniques into 30 categories with better than 95% accuracy at a manual sorting rate averaging 93 kg/man-h. Techniques used in this study included fluorescent X-ray spectrography, thermoelectric response, optical spectroscopy, spark testing, magnet testing, and object recognition. The practical application of these techniques in a large-scale test is described.
Experience with a Digitized Instrumented Impact Testing System
Authors: Mark-Markowitch M , Rosenthal Y , Adam G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a simple and inexpensive way of upgrading an analog instrumented impact testing machine by digitizing its output and connecting it to a computer. The instrumentation, calibration, and set-up procedures as well as a software package for data acquisition and analysis, which was locally developed, are described. Some typical results of impact tests are given, and the improvement in the overall performance of the digital setup is demonstrated.
Prediction of Heat Release Rates of Surface Materials in Large-Scale Fire Tests Based on Cone Calorimeter Results
Authors: Wickström U , Göransson U 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A simple theory is suggested for the important fire engineering problem of predicting large-scale test fires of surface materials based on information obtained from small-scale tests. Ignition time and heat release rate history obtained from cone calorimeter tests are input to a straightforward numerical model that predicts the heat release rate history of a product when tested in the standardized large-scale room/corner test. A constant heat output rate of the ignition source, as suggested by NORDTEST, is, however, necessary; the original ASTM method prescribes varying output rates which makes the type of analysis suggested here impossible.
Predicted and measured large-scale heat release rate histories for nine products were compared. The agreement was considered reasonable.
Comparison of Severity of Exposure in ASTM E 119 and ISO 834 Fire Resistance Tests
Authors: Harmathy TZ , Sultan MA , MacLaurin JW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Using specimens similar to those described in the draft revision of ASTM E 119, tests were conducted in floor and wall fire test furnaces. The tests were designed to compare the practical consequences of following the ASTM E 119 and ISO 834 specifications for measuring and controlling the nominal furnace temperature. It has been found that in fire tests of shorter duration, perhaps up to 1.5 h, the ASTM test is slightly more severe than the ISO test. In longer tests the difference in severities is negligible. Some observations concerning the non-uniformity of heat absorption by the test specimen point to the importance of proper furnace design in the satisfactory performance of test furnaces.
Evaluation of Notch Tip Opening Displacement Using a Composite Crack Profile Approach
Authors: Pratap CR , Pandey RK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A composite crack profile model has been used to evaluate the notch tip opening displacement (NTOD) for blunt notches in single-edge-notched (SEN) tension and SEN bending geometries. For the small-scale yielding situation, the values of crack tip opening displacement (CTOD) as a function of the K/σys ratio are almost equal in the two geometries. The NTOD values obtained using the present method are, however, geometry dependent and are more representative of displacement at the notch tip than the values obtained in an earlier paper.
Load-Point Compliance of a Three-Point Loaded Cracked-Notched Beam
Authors: Baratta FI 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Load-point compliances are determined for several three-point loaded notched-cracked beam configurations utilized by ASTM as standard test specimens. A method of accounting for the crack starter notch configuration as well as the crack itself is presented. Results from this analysis are compared with tabular data included in ASTM Test for JIc. A Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813-81). Because load-point compliance is a sensitive indicator of crack growth and of general interest, two additional beam test configurations standardized by ASTM are examined: Test for Plane-Strain Fracture Toughness of Metallic Materials (E 399-83) and Test for Crack Strength of Slow Bend, Precracked Charpy Specimens of High-Strength Metallic Materials (E 812-81). These results are also compared with an available method that predicts compliance based on an idealized crack representing a crack starter notch. Results show, where accuracy is required, as specified in ASTM E 813, that the presence of the notch geometry and be considered.
A regression analysis was accomplished to provide convenient formulae that describe load-point compliance and inverse compliance for particular three-point loaded cracked-notched beams as specified in ASTM E 813, E 399, and E 812. These expressions should be useful for fracture testing including fatigue crack growth rate measurements.
An Experimental Technique for Determining a Measure of Structural Damping
Authors: Wren GG , Kinra VK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An experimental procedure for the determination of structural damping in a material specimen at low frequencies (&lt;20 Hz) and low strain amplitudes (&lt;10−5) is presented. The experimental apparatus entails a beam specimen supported under free-free boundary conditions and vibrated in first-mode flexural resonance. All experiments were carried out in vacuum at frequencies near 20 Hz, and data were automatically acquired using a system of electronic equipment. A measure of structural damping was obtained by reducing the acquired data using a linearized logarithmic decrement technique. Damping results are presented in the form ψ = Δ W/W, where ΔW is the energy dissipated during each loading cycle and W is the maximum stored energy.
Experimental results discussed concern the structural damping of the following specimens: 6061-T6 aluminum, 6061 (annealed) aluminum, and 0 and 90 deg orientation continuous fiber P55Gr/6061A1 (graphite/aluminum) metal matrix composite. Damping values were determined for strain amplitudes of 6 × 10−6 to 20 × 10−6 and displayed an experimental scatter of 5 to 10%. An experimental technique to quantify extraneous apparatus losses is proposed, which estimates these losses to be approximately 10% of the measured damping value.
One-Dimensional Consolidation Under Linear Loading
Authors: Gangopadhyay CR , Bhattacharya U 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A nonlinear theory of consolidation under linear loading is formulated for various load-increment ratios. Variable coefficients of permeability and volume decrease and constant coefficient of consolidation are assumed during consolidation. The results obtained for a very small load-increment ratio very closely follow those of Schiffman's linear loading theory. A hydraulic loading odometer having provisions for applying linear loading and multipoint pore-pressure measurement is developed. Laboratory linear loading tests on kaolin and Calcuttta silty clay under a load-increment ratio K of 0.25 indicate that the experimental pore pressures dissipate at a faster rate than predicted by both non-linear and Schiffman theories. Improved agreement between experiment and theories are observed for K = 4. A quasi-preconsolidation effect is observed during early stages of consolidation. The void ratio effective stress relationship based on base pore pressures and isochrones obtained during slow rate of linear loading tests very closely follows the curve determined conventionally.
Quantitative Determination of Metals in Oils by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry: Inorganic Standards in Acidified Emulsions
Authors: Arfelli W 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Introducing the emulsion of an oil into the flame of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer, instead of introducing the solution of the oil or ash extract, may afford an advantage. A number of these “emulsification” procedures are summarized schematically.
The Quality of Runoff from Model Coal Piles
Authors: Stahl RG , Davis EM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Four different coals were tested under controlled laboratory conditions of simulated rainfall events over a 120-day period to determine some of the changes in the quality of the runoff. Illinois #6, Western Kentucky, Montana Nerco, and Central Texas lignite coal-pile runoffs were analyzed for 13 standard water quality parameters. Ranges of the average values for those runoffs were pH, 2.2 to 7.1; oxidation-reduction potential, −3 to 284 mV; conductivity, 200 to 5833 μmhos/cm; turbidity, 5 to 98, number of transfer units; ammonia, 0.2 to 1.0 mg/L; nitrate 0.3 to 27.0 mg/L, organic nitrogen, 9 to 50 mg/L; sulfate, 65 to 7211 mg/L; total organic carbon, 6 to 70 mg/L; inorganic carbon, 2.6 to 21 mg/L; biochemical oxygen demand &lt;5 to 20 mg/L; chemical oxygen demand, 65 to 744 mg/L; and suspended solids (nonfiltrable residue) 54 to 596 mg/L. This research demonstrated some of the qualities of runoff that may be expected from stockpiles of these four representative coals.
Foot Measurement Strategies for Fitting Athletes
Authors: Bunch RP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Last development in the shoe industry has historically been a craft practiced by skilled artisans. Although satisfactory fit has been established over the years for the general population, it is very difficult, if not impossible, to evaluate if the fit is “optimal” for a specific group of athletes. Two development projects, supported by case studies, are reported which demonstrate improvements in the traditional approach to last design, and the resulting fit for shoes built on the lasts.
Custom Footwear: The Role of Computer-Aided Engineering
Authors: Staros A , Schwartz RS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We propose that research be performed to specify the computer-aided engineering required in custom footwear production. Presently, custom shoes for orthopedic conditions and for very active athletes must be derived from casts representing foot topography or wood lasts which must be modified by hand to represent the essential biomechanical features. Three-dimensional (3-D) imaging technology should be accessed for application to this problem. In replacing the cast and last skill-based techniques, the proposed system would record surface and underlying bony topographies for display and operator modifications made interactively on the computer screen. Software, like the operator intervention, would introduce biomechanical requirements of pathology or of special service demands, as in sports. Pressure mapping can also be introduced to display how shape modifications affect the critical force (shear) patterns on the foot. Stages are proposed in the development of a complete system for the provision of custom footwear, making such footwear accessible to an increased proportion of the nation's population.
Development of a Method to Measure Wear on Resilient Flooring—Part II
Authors: Bradway DH , Irwin WE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
An interlaboratory study conducted by the ASTM F06.33 Task Group on Abrasion and Wear has shown that a correlation exists between the Frick-Taber Method for measuring abrasion resistance and in situ wear. This is a verification of results obtained on European flooring reported by Otto F. V. Frick, National Institute for Material, Stockholm, Sweden. Dr. Frick developed the original grit feeding device which is now manufactured in the United States in a modified form. ASTM Subcommittee F06.30 on Resilient Flooring directed that this work be done to show that a correlation exists using the commercially available abrasion equipment on flooring manufactured in the United States.
CFC 113: A Unique Member of the Halogenated Solvent Family
Authors: Murphy KP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Halogenated fluorocarbons form a unique class of materials. One member of this class, CFC 113, has found wide application as a solvent in the electronics, metal working, and aerospace industries. Because of concerns over possible ozone depletion by certain members of the fluorocarbon family, various alternatives are being evaluated. It has been found difficult, however, to find replacements with similar properties. In the short term the conservation and recycling of CFC 113 solvents offer the best opportunity of reducing its possible impact on the environment.
Fatigue of Submerged Concrete under Low-Cycle, High-Magnitude Loads
Authors: Mor A , Hester WT , Gerwick BC 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A procedure for testing submerged, reinforced concrete beams subjected to reversible fatigue loading is presented. The procedure focused on the use of simplified systems for reversible loading and effective submersion of the concrete. These systems helped to reduce substantially the cost associated with fatigue testing of reinforced concrete beams. Degradation of the beam was measured continuously by analyzing deflection without halting the cyclic loading. Extensive tests on accompanying specimens and post-failure tests were performed. The program also utilized a computerized, highly automatic system for test control, data acquisition, and analysis of data.
Use of a Digital Waveform Analyzer, Accelerometers, and a Load Cell to Measure Momentum and Clamping Forces of Killing Traps for Furbearers
Authors: Cook SR , Proulx G 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes a procedure that can be used to mechanically evaluate the momentum and clamping forces of a killingtype animal trap. The instrumentation, set-up procedures, and software packages used to analyze the data are described. Some typical results of the firing of a trap and the graph generated by the software are shown.
Determination of the Loading Rate Needed to Obtain Environmentally Assisted Cracking in Rising Load Tests
Authors: Mayville RA , Warren TJ , Hilton PD 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method is proposed to calculate the loading rate needed to induce environmentally assisted cracking (EAC) in precracked specimens tested under rising load. The procedure applies to materials that fracture by ductile tearing under inert conditions and requires some EAC data, although these may be obtained from one of several sources. A fundamental basis is provided to explain why the rising load test can serve as an accelerated test. Application to a medium strength steel in synthetic seawater and a pipeline steel in a carbonate/bicarbonate solution shows good results: EAC was exhibited and a close estimate of the threshold stress intensity factor for sustained load was obtained in less than one tenth the time required by conventional methods.
Proposed Standard Arc-Bend Chord-Support Fracture Toughness Specimens and K Expressions
Authors: Underwood JH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Collocation and finite element calculations and limit solutions were used to propose standard geometries and K expressions for measuring fracture toughness with arc-bend chord-support specimens. Polynomial expressions for K were determined for a wide range of crack lengths and for two span-to-depth ratios. The fracture toughnesses of steel and aluminum alloys were measured using the proposed methods and compared with results from existing standard methods.
Morphological Structures in Analysis and Inspection of Hole Quality in Fiber Composites
Authors: Griswold NC , Massarweh WA , Hough CL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Use of vision systems for evaluating hole quality in fiber composites is gaining acceptance. As cost of production becomes increasingly critical, manufacturers are seeking methods for production which have high speed through-put and are less computationally intensive. The solution to these types of dilemmas is in the algorithm structure as opposed to simply more computing power. This paper presents algorithms for high quality evaluation of composite machining and drill wear. This research applies mathematical morphology as an image processing construct and demonstrates its utility by evaluating several drilling operations with fiber composites. It is concluded that this method allows higher through-put and less cost of checking holes during the machining process. The algorithm's structure is implementable on most personal computers compatible with the IBM PC-AT class.
Effect of Relative Humidity on Permeance of Coatings
Authors: Batdorf V 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The water vapor permeance is defined as a ratio of the water vapor transmission of a body between two specified parallel surfaces, to the water vapor pressure difference between the two surfaces. Since water vapor pressure differential across a film is the principal driving force in water vapor diffusion through the film, the transmission rate through any particular film should have a linear relationship to the difference in relative humidity across the film for any fixed temperature condition. This linear relationship can only be true if the coating has no interaction with the water molecules passing through the film, and the film remains unchanged by relative humidity conditions.
Test data are presented showing that for various coating compositions there is an interaction with moisture passing through the film, which is dependent upon each film's particular water sensitivity and absorption. This interaction is shown to result in a non-ideal behavior, with the permeance not being independent of relative humidity conditions. Rather the permeance was found to increase with an increasing relative humidity differential across the film.
Comparison of Six Media for Klebsiella spp. Enumeration by Membrane Filtration
Authors: Desjardins RM , Seyfried PL , Alarcon A , Young M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Six media (mK2, mK4, mK5, mKleb, mFCIC, and mCIK) were assessed for their ability to recover Klebsiella spp. from nonpolluted and polluted waters. Ninety-six percent of presumptive target colonies recovered on mK2 were identified as Klebsiella spp., while approximately 93% of the presumptive target colonies on mFCIC, mKleb, mK4, and mK5 were identified as Klebsiella spp. Target colony identification on mCIK was difficult; therefore this medium was not considered for further testing.
Performance characteristics were determined on mFCIC, mK2, and mK4 media in accordance with ASTM specifications. The false positive error for mK4 was 0.058, whereas the other media had values approximating 0.015. The mFCIC and mK5 media had an undetected target error of 0; the undetected target error for mKleb, mK2, and mK4 was less than 0.06. The index of selectivity for mKleb was 0.53, while the other media had an index of selectivity of approximately 0.64. Due to the low index of selectivity of mKleb, and the lower presumptive target colony recovery on mK5, these media were not considered for further evaluation.
Accuracy values using unstressed Klebsiella cultures, for mFCIC, mK2, and mK4, averaged 114% compared to the reference mK medium base. Following the application of stress to the cultures for 24 h, the accuracy value calculated for mFCIC was 81.9% in comparison with values of 118.8% and 111.0% for mK2 and mK4, respectively. The upper counting limits for mK2, mFCIC, and mK4 were 115, 127, and 127 colonies per filter, respectively.
Even though the performance characteristics of mK2, mK4 and mFCIC were similar, the medium judged most suitable for Klebsiella recovery was mK4. This was primarily due to the ease of identification of target colonies and the relatively low background colony interference.
Temperature Dependence of Dynamic Young's and Shear Moduli for Four Different Heat Treated Conditions of Depleted U-2Mo
Authors: Varughese JV , Wolfenden A , Ludtka GM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Dynamic Young's and shear moduli measurements were made for depleted U-2Mo alloys. The experimental technique used was the PUCOT (Piezoelectric Ultrasonic Composite Oscillator Technique). Experiments were performed on four different heat treatments of the alloy from ambient temperature to 800°C in 50°C increments.