bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INSTITUTIONS AND TECHNOLOGY: KEYS TO BETTER WATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Lord William B. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTSeven considerations which bear upon the achievement of better water management are discussed. First, separation of judgments of fact from judgements of value is helpful in deciding upon what actions to take. Second, separation of social values from matters of individual or group interest is crucial to institutional design. Third, achieving economically efficient water management may create a surplus of benefits which can be divided among the parties in order to resolve conflicts. Fourth, surpluses also can be used inappropriately, whether to reward undesirable behavior or to penalize unjustly. Fifth, avoidance of external costs is best achieved through restructuring of rewards and penalties. Sixth, technological solutions are too easily selected in place of less costly institutional change. Seventh, water management technology is too often selected in place of more cost‐effective, water‐related technology. Selected examples of each of these considerations are offered. However, better water management is not easy to define. The social process criterion adopted in this paper is discussed briefly.
INTERVENTION ANALYSIS OF WATER QUALITY RECORDS1
Authors: Whitfield Paul H. , Woods Paul F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe impoundment of the Kootenai River by Libby Dam caused changes in discharge and water quality in the river downstream from Lake Koocanusa. The changes observed downsteam were largely attributable to the depth of withdrawal from the reservoir and the reservoir's ability to store and mix various influent water masses. The preimpoundment and postimpoundment time series of discharge and six water quality variables were autocorrelated and exhibited strong seasonality. Intervention analysis, a technique employing Box‐Jenkins time series models, was used to quantify the nature and magnitude of the changes in water quality after the construction of Libby Dam. The models were developed with data from June 1967 through February 1981 and were able to satisfactorily forecast riverine conditions from March 1981 through January 1982.
FLOOD FREQUENCY CHARACTERISTICS OF SOME ARIZONA WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Boughton W. C. , Renard K. G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe flood frequency characteristics of 18 watersheds in southeastern Arizona were studied using the log‐Boughton and the log‐Pearson Type 3 distribution. From the flood frequency study, a generalized envelope for Q100 for watersheds 0.01 to 4000 mi2 in area has been produced for southeastern Arizona. The generalized envelope allows comparisons to be made among the relative flood characteristics of the watersheds used in the study and provides a conservative estimate of Q100 for ungaged watersheds in the region.
GROUND WATER YIELDS AND INVENTORY FOR LAND‐USE PLANNING IN CRYSTALLINE ROCK AREAS OF WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA1
Authors: Welby Charles W. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryIn urbanizing areas underlain by crystalline rocks an inventory of the usable ground water should form an important element in the land‐use planning process. Land‐use decisions are most often made upon water‐well yield data alone, but these data do not address the inventory question. A method utilizing local geology, stream lowflow characteristics, and pumping test data permitted outlining portions of Wake County, North Carolina, which are more favorable and those which are less favorable for ground water supply development. Information from state‐required 24‐hour pumping tests on 232 wells was supplemented by information from an additional 100 wells whose initial yields were determined by shorter pumping tests.Comparison of the ground water inventory values on a per acre or per square mile basis with average water use at various residential densities provides information useful to the responsible political body as it decides about population density distribution and the need for surface water supplies. For Wake Country an average density of one residential unit per acre appears generally permissible before overdraft of the ground water supplies becomes a significant risk. By utilizing the ground water inventory and patterns of ground water yields from various rock types, county officials can maximize the effectiveness of public facilities funds. The technique appears useful for other parts of the Piedmont region of the southeastern United States.
SIDE EFFECTS OF 58 YEARS OF COPPER SULFATE TREATMENT OF THE FAIRMONT LAKES, MINNESOTA1
Authors: Hanson Mark J. , Stefan Heinz G. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThe shallow Fairmont Lakes in southern Minnesota have been treated with copper sulfate for 58 years to reduce excessive algal growth. Copper sulfate was applied to five lakes at cumulative rates upo to 1647 kg/ha (1470 1b/acre), totaling 1.5 million kilograms. Data collected since treatment of the Fairmont Lakes began in 1921 provide alarming insights into lake responses to sustained chemical treatment with copper sulfate. Short‐term and long‐term effects have occurred. Short‐term effects include: a) the intended temporary killing of algae, b) dissolved oxygen depletion by decomposition of dead algae, c) accelerated phosphorus recycling from the lake bed and recovery of the algal population within 7 to 21 days, and d) occasional fish kills due to oxygen depletion or copper toxicity or both. Long‐term effects are shown to include: a) copper accumulation in the sediments, b) tolerance adjustments of certain species of algae to higher copper sulfate dosages, c) shift of species from green to blue‐green algae and from game fish to rough fish, d) disappearance of macrophytes, and e) reductions in benthic macroinvertebrates. The conclusion is that while copper sulfate treatments enjoy great popularity because they kill and remove algae almost instantaneously, other immediate or cumulative side effects can be harmful to many other aquatic organisms.
AN ENGINEERING ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF A PROGRAM FOR ARTIFICIAL GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1
Authors: Reichard Eric G. , Bredehoeft John D. 
Published: June 2007

SummaryThis study describes and demonstrates two alternate methods for evaluating the relative costs and benefits of artificial groundwater recharge using percolation ponds. The first analysis considers the benefits to be the reduction of pumping lifts and land subsidence; the second considers benefits as the alternative costs of a comparable surface delivery system. Example computations are carried out for an existing artificial recharge program in Santa Clara Valley in California. A computer groundwater model is used to estimate both the average long term and the drought period effects of artificial recharge in the study area. For the example problem, the benefits of reduced average annual pumping lifts and reduced incremental subsidence are greater than the total costs of continuing the existing artificial recharge program. Benefits for reduced subsidence are strongly dependent on initial aquifer conditions. The second analysis compares the costs of continuing the artificial recharge program with the costs of a surface system which would achieve the same hydraulic effects. Results indicate that the costs of artificial recharge are considerably smaller than the alternative costs of an equivalent surface system. In evaluating a particular program, consideration should also be given to uncertainties in future supplies and demands for water as well as to the probability of extreme events such as droughts.
THE STATUS OF NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION: ITS NATURE, EXTENT AND CONTROL1
Authors: Vigon Bruce W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTNonpoint source pollution remains as the primary reason for the designation of many of the Nation's streams as “water quality limited.” This means that even with the application of technology‐based effluent limitations on point sources, ambient water quality standards will not be met. This paper explores several of the reasons why nonpoint sources are so difficult to come to grips with. These reasons include: (1) the inability to expand the definition of nonpoint sources to encompass nonengineering attributes, (2) the relatively primitive state of characterizing nonpoint sources, (3) the lack of prior success in conducting programs to study and alleviate nonpoint problems, and (4) an uncertain approach to providing incentives for control practices.
POLLUTANT RUNOFF MODELS: SELECTION AND USE IN DECISION MAKING1
Authors: Reckhow Kenneth H. , Butcher Jonathan B. , Marin Carlos M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTModels for pollutant runoff can be useful in water quality management planning if appropriately structured for the problem at hand. Accordingly, a “top‐down” approach is proposed for the examination of extant pollutant runoff models. The approach consists of the identification of objectives and attributes that reflect the needs of planners and decision makers when these models are used for water quality management planning. Ideally, the attributes should concern the effect of model information on improved decision making and the cost of model application. Practical difficulties with the first attribute necessitates substitution of surrogate attributes reflecting model appropriateness, resolution, and uncertainty. Common pollutant runoff models, in particular export coefficients and hydrology‐driven simulation models, are found to have serious weaknesses on some of the attribute scales. The “top‐down” approach leads to a set of desirable pollutant runoff model attributes; alternate modeling techniques are thus examined in order to identify promising future directions for model development. The focus of this examination is phosphorus, due to its importance in the eutrophication of surface waters. Models for both sediment‐attached and dissolved phosphorus are considered. Among the conclusions is the belief that the partial contributing area concept can yield an effective yet simple simulation despite the variable and complex nature of runoff.
URBAN RUNOFF: POLLUTION SOURCES, CONTROL, AND TREATMENT1
Authors: Field Richard 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews progress on urban storm water management and pollution control, with emphasis on non‐ and low‐structurally intensive techniques along with the total system approach encompassing control‐treatment.Many of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's demonstration‐evaluation projects are presented to exemplify: Land Management Techniques, i.e., land use planning, best use of natural drainage, dual use of retention and drainage facilities required for flood control designed concurrently or retrofitted for pollution control, porous pavement, surface sanitation, and chemical use control; Collection Systems Control, i.e., catchbasin cleaning, flow regulators (including swirl and helical devices), and the new concepts of elimination or reduction of unauthorized cross‐connections, in‐channel/conduit storage and/or other forms of storage for bleed‐back to existing treatment plants; Storage including in‐receiving water storage; Treatment, i.e., physical/chemical, disinfection, and a treatment‐control planning and design guidebook; Sludge and Solids Residue from Treatment; and Integrated Systems, i.e., storage/treatment, dual‐use wet‐weather flow/dry‐weather flow facilities, and reuse of stormwater for nonpotable purposes.Recommendations for the future in the areas of: control based on receiving water impacts, toxics characterization and their control, sewer system cross‐connections, integrated stormwater management, and institutional/sociological/economic conflicts are also presented.
GOLD‐MINING EFFECTS ON STREAM HYDROLOGY AND WATER QUALITY, CIRCLE QUADRANGLE, ALASKA1
Authors: Bjerklie David M. , LaPerriere Jacqueline D. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTEffects of placer mining on the hydrology and water quality of several interior Alaska streams were studied as part of a project on the impacts of placer mining on stream ecosystems. Surface and subsurface waters were analyzed in the field for conductivity, pH, temperature, alkalinity, total and calcium hardnesses, iron, copper, manganese, ammonia‐N, nitrate‐N, nitrite‐N, settleable solids, and turbidity. Total, nonfiltrable, and filtrable residues were determined in the laboratory.In the streams placer mining increased turbidity, settleable solids, nonfiltrable and filtrable residues and total iron. Surface and subsurface water levels, as measured in wells driven in the stream beds, were correlated with stream flow. Fine sediment deposited on stream beds in mined drainages reduced the hydraulic contact between the surface and subsurface waters of the stream and caused the piezometric water level to be below the surface water level of the mined streams. This resulted in higher specific conductance and significantly lower dissolved oxygen concentrations in the subsurface waters of mined streams compared to their surface waters. No significant differences were found for any water quality characteristics comparing surface to subsurface waters for the unmined streams.
PERIODIC AUTOREGRESSIVE‐MOVING AVERAGE (PARMA) MODELING WITH APPLICATIONS TO WATER RESOURCES1
Authors: Vecchia A. V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTResults involving correlation properties and parameter estimation for autoregressive‐moving average models with periodic parameters are presented. A multivariate representation of the PARMA model is used to derive parameter space restrictions and difference equations for the periodic autocorrelations. Close approximation to the likelihood function for Gaussian PARMA processes results in efficient maximum‐likelihood estimation procedures. Terms in the Fourier expansion of the parameters are sequentially included, and a selection criterion is given for determining the optimal number of harmonics to be included. Application of the techniques is demonstrated through analysis of a monthly streamflow time series.
FORECASTING QUARTER‐MONTHLY RIVERFLOW1
Authors: Thompstone Robert M. , Hipel Keith W. , McLeod A. Ian 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTRecent developments with respect to transfer function‐noise models are reviewed and used to model and forecast quarter‐monthly (i.e., near‐weekly) natural inflows to the Lac St‐Jean reservoir in the Province of Quebec, Canada. The covariate series are rainfall and snowmelt, the latter being a novel derivation from daily rainfall, snowfall and temperature series. It is clearly demonstrated using the residual variance and the Akaike information criterion that modeling is improved as one starts with a deseasonalized ARMA model of the inflow series and successively adds transfer functions for the rainfall and snowmelt series. It is further demonstrated that the transfer function‐noise model is better than a periodic autoregressive model of the inflow series. A split‐sample experiment is used to compare one‐step‐ahead forecasts from this transfer function‐noise model with forecasts from other stochastic models as well as with forecasts from a so‐called conceptual hydrological model (i.e., a model which attempts to mathematically simulate the physical processes involved in the hydrological cycle). It is concluded that the transfer function‐noise model is the preferred model for forecasting the quarter‐monthly Lac St‐Jean inflow series.
DETECTABILITY OF STEP TRENDS IN THE RATE OF ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION OF SULFATE1
Authors: Hirsch Robert M. , Gilroy Edward J. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA method is presented to assist policy makers in determining the combination of number of sampling stations and number of years of sampling necessary to state with a given probability that a step reduction in atmospheric deposition rates of a given magnitude has occurred at a pre‐specified time. This pre‐specified time would typically be the time at which a sulfate emission control program took effect, and the given magnitude of reduction is some percentage change in deposition rate one might expect to occur as a result of the emission control. In order to determine this probability of detection, a stochastic model of sulfate deposition rates is developed, based on New York State bulk collection network data. The model considers the effect of variation in precipitation, seasonal variations, serial correlation, and site‐to‐site (cross) correlation. A nonparametric statistical test which is well suited to detection of step changes in such multi‐site data sets is developed. It is related to the Mann‐Whitney Rank‐Sum test. The test is used in Monte Carlo simulations along with the stochastic model to derive statistical power functions. These power functions describe the probability of detecting (α=0.05) a step trend in deposition rate as a function of the size of the step‐trend, record length before and after the step‐trend, and the number of stations sampled. The results show that, for an area the size of New York State, very little power is gained by increasing the number of stations beyond about eight. The results allow policy makers to determine the tradeoff between the cost of monitoring and time required to detect a step‐trend of a given magnitude with a given probability.
PARAMETRIC/NONPARAMETRIC MIXTURE DENSITY ESTIMATION WITH APPLICATION TO FLOOD‐FREQUENCY ANALYSIS1
Authors: Schuster E. , Yakowitz S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMuch attention has been invested in the model choice problem for peak annual flows, in the context of flood frequency analysis. The authors would sidestep this dilemma through non‐parametric density estimation methodology, but recognize that the standard nonparametric estimators preclude the use of prior information and related data, and furthermore have virtually no tail at all. Here we offer a remedy for these inadequacies by introducing an estimator which mixes parametric and nonparametric density estimates. We prove that our mixture rule is consistent. By this procedure, we do allow incorporation of prior information, experience, and regional data information, but nevertheless provide a safeguard against incorrect model choice.
MEASURED AND CREAMS‐PREDICTED NITROGEN LOSSES FROM TOMATO AND CORN MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1
Authors: Sweeney D. W. , Bottcher A. B. , Campbell K. L. , Graetz D. A. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTNitrogen runoff and leaching losses from two tomato and four corn field plots were compared to model predictions by CREAMS, a field‐scale model for Chemicals, Runoff, and Erosion from Agricultural Management Systems. The tomato treatments were (1) trickle irrigation with one‐half of applied N at preplant and one‐half of applied N through the trickle irrigation system and (2) overhead sprinkler irrigation with one‐half of applied N at preplant and one‐half of applied N in two equal sidedressings. The corn treatments consisted of multiple N applications, minimum tillage, and “conventional” management. Soil type appeared to influence the ability of CREAMS to predict seasonal trends and treatment influences. Model predictions for N losses from tomato and corn treatments that were located on sandy soils often disagreed with measured values. Treatment influences and seasonal trends for N losses from corn treatments that were located on a higher clay content soil were more satisfactorily predicted by CREAMS. Even though model input parameter estimation and measurement techniques may be imperfect, the simulation ability of CREAMS for predicting N leaching losses from systems on deep sands probably needs to be improved. Sensitivity analyses indicated that annual NC3−‐N leaching loss predictions were either minimally or not affected by changes in saturated hydraulic conductivity. Input estimations of the fraction of soil pore space filled at field capacity and soil organic matter were inversely related to annual NO3−‐N leaching losses, while potential mineralizable N was directly related to yearly N leaching losses.
THE OPTIMAL STEADY‐STATE IN GROUNDWATER MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Knapp Keith C. , Feinerman Eli 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTGroundwater use is likely to be inefficient in the absence of regulation and hence there is substantial interest in optimal groundwater withdrawals over time. Under an optimal regime withdrawals, pumping lifts, and profits converge to steady‐state levels. In this paper we show that optimal steady‐state lifts, withdrawals, and marginal user costs can be readily calculated for multi‐cell models of confined aquifers. Applications to the design of economically efficient groundwater management policies are discussed, comparisons to previous work and to the safe yield concept are made, and an illustrative example is given.
AIRBORNE THERMAL MAPPING OF A “FLOW‐THROUGH” LAKE IN THE NEBRASKA SANDHILLS1
Authors: Rundquist Donald , Murray Gene , Queen Lloyd 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Sandhills region represents a tremendous water resource for the State of Nebraska. Small shallow lakes, marshes, and subirrigated meadows are abundant due to interactions between ground water and surface water. One theory relating ground water to lake‐flow systems in the Sandhills has been termed the “flow‐through” concept. Thermal‐infrared remotely acquired images document the flow‐through model for a test site in Western Nebraska.
AN APPLICATION OF MATHEMATICAL PROGRAMMING IN PLANNING SURFACE WATER STORAGE1
Authors: Buras Nathan 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDesigning a surface reservoir involves the concept of reservoir yield. This concept embodies three basic information items: hydrologic regime, active storage volume, and reservoir release policy. In the actual case presented below, the magnitude of the active storage was prescribed by a legal procedure, so that the planning issue became that of determining the reservoir yield given the hydrological information. A stochastic dynamic programming model was formulated to derive a schedule of seasonal optimal reservoir releases and their respective probabilities of occurrence. This schedule is the reservoir yield. The yearly cycle was divided into three seasons representing the actual climatic conditions, and conditional probabilities linking streamflows in consecutive seasons were estimated. An operating policy was postulated, based on the same set of legal decisions that prescribed the active storage volume, and target reservoir releases were assumed. Similarly, target storages at the end of each season were set up. The optimizing/ minimizing criterion in the dynamic programming formulation was the sum of squares of deviations of actual releases and final storage volumes from their respective targets.
ESTABLISHING PRIORITIES FOR WETLAND MANAGEMENT1
Authors: Barnard William D. , Ansell Christopher K. , Ham Joan G. , Kevin Daniel 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTWetlands provide a variety of ecological services, but are attractive sites for many development activities. Between the mid‐1950's and mid‐1970's about 550,000 acres, or about 0.5 percent, of the vegetated wetlands remaining in the conterminous states were converted to other uses each year. About 80 percent of these losses involved draining and clearing of inland wetlands for agricultural purposes. Recent reductions in national wetland conversion rates are due primarily to declining rates of agricultural drainage and secondarily to government programs that regulate wetlands use. Several governmental policies and programs exist that either encourage or discourage wetland conversions. Section 404 of the Clean Water Act is the major tool for Federal involvement in controlling the conversion of wetlands to other uses. The 404 program, in combination with State regulatory programs, is responsible for reducing annual conversions nationwide by about 50 percent of what is applied for, or 50,000 acres of wetlands per year, primarily through project modifications. Coastal wetlands are reasonably well protected. Inland, freshwater wetlands are generally poorly protected. Efforts to protect wetlands, given a set level of resources, could be improved by categorizing wetlands according to their relative importance and focusing existing wetland programs on high value wetlands.