bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Burn Wound Infections
Authors: Church Deirdre , Elsayed Sameer , Reid Owen , Winston Brent , Lindsay Robert 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARYBurns are one of the most common and devastating forms of trauma. Patients with serious thermal injury require immediate specialized care in order to minimize morbidity and mortality. Significant thermal injuries induce a state of immunosuppression that predisposes burn patients to infectious complications. A current summary of the classifications of burn wound infections, including their diagnosis, treatment, and prevention, is given. Early excision of the eschar has substantially decreased the incidence of invasive burn wound infection and secondary sepsis, but most deaths in severely burn-injured patients are still due to burn wound sepsis or complications due to inhalation injury. Burn patients are also at risk for developing sepsis secondary to pneumonia, catheter-related infections, and suppurative thrombophlebitis. The introduction of silver-impregnated devices (e.g., central lines and Foley urinary catheters) may reduce the incidence of nosocomial infections due to prolonged placement of these devices. Improved outcomes for severely burned patients have been attributed to medical advances in fluid resuscitation, nutritional support, pulmonary and burn wound care, and infection control practices.
Interpretive Breakpoints for Fluconazole and
Candida
Revisited: a Blueprint for the Future of Antifungal Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Pfaller M. A. , Diekema D. J. , Sheehan D. J. 
Published: April 2006

SUMMARY

Developing interpretive breakpoints for any given organism-drug combination requires integration of the MIC distribution, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters, and the relationship between in vitro activity and outcome from both in vivo and clinical studies. Previously, the Subcommittee for Antifungal Testing of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI [formerly National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards]) proposed MIC interpretive breakpoints for fluconazole and
Candida
spp. These breakpoints were considered to be somewhat weak, because the clinical data supporting them came largely from mucosal infections and there were very few infections involving strains with elevated fluconazole MICs. We readdress the issue of fluconazole breakpoints for
Candida
by using published clinical and microbiologic data to provide further validation of the breakpoints proposed by the CLSI in 1997. We also address interpretive breakpoints for agar disk diffusion testing of fluconazole. The MIC distribution for fluconazole was determined with a collection of 13,338 clinical isolates. The overall MIC at which 90% of the isolates were inhibited was 8 μg/ml: 91% were susceptible (S) at a MIC of ≤8 μg/ml and 3% were resistant (R) (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml). Similar results were obtained for 2,190 isolates from randomized clinical trials. Analysis of available data for 1,295 patient-episode-isolate events (692 represented mucosal infections and 603 represented invasive infections) from 12 published clinical studies demonstrated an overall success rate of 77%, including 85% for those episodes in which the fluconazole MIC was ≤8 μg/ml, 67% for those episodes in which the MIC was 16 to 32 μg/ml, and 42% for those episodes with resistant (MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml) isolates. Pharmacodynamic analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between MIC, fluconazole dose, and outcome. A dose/MIC ratio of ∼25 was supportive of the following susceptibility breakpoints for fluconazole and
Candida
spp.: S, MIC ≤ 8 μg/ml; susceptible-dose dependent (SDD), MIC = 16 to 32 μg/ml; R, MIC ≥ 64 μg/ml. The corresponding disk test breakpoints are as follows: S, ≥19 mm; SDD, 15 to 18 mm; R, ≤14 mm.
Non-fatal horse related injuries treated in emergency departments in the United States, 2001–2003
Authors: Thomas K E , Annest J L , Gilchrist J , Bixby-Hammett D M 
Published: April 2006

Objective:To characterise and provide nationally representative estimates of persons with non-fatal horse related injuries treated in American emergency departments.Methods:The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System All Injury Program (NEISS–AIP) is a stratified probability sample comprising 66 hospitals. Data on injuries treated in these emergency departments are collected and reported. NEISS–AIP data on all types (horseback riding and otherwise) of non-fatal horse related injuries from 2001 to 2003 were analysed.Results:An estimated 102 904 persons with non-fatal horse related injuries (35.7 per 100 000 population) were treated in American emergency departments each year from 2001 to 2003 inclusive. Non-fatal injury rates were higher for females (41.5 per 100 000) than for males (29.8 per 100 000). Most patients were injured while mounted on a horse (66.1%), commonly from falling or being thrown by the horse; while not mounted, injuries most often resulted from being kicked by the horse. The body parts most often injured were the head/neck region (23.2%), lower extremity (22.2%), and upper extremity (21.5%). The most common principal diagnoses were contusions/abrasions (31.4%) and fractures (25.2%). For each year that was studied, an estimated 11 502 people sustained traumatic brain injuries from horse related incidents. Overall, more than 11% of those injured were admitted to hospital.Conclusions:Horse related injuries are a public health concern not just for riders but for anyone in close contact with horses. Prevention programmes should target horseback riders and horse caregivers to promote helmet use and educate participants about horse behaviour, proper handling of horses, and safe riding practices.
Aerobic capacity and peak power output of elite quadriplegic games players
Authors: Goosey-Tolfrey V , Castle P , Webborn N 
Published: April 2006

Background:Participation in wheelchair sports such as tennis and rugby enables people with quadriplegia to compete both individually and as a team at the highest level. Both sports are dominated by frequent, intermittent, short term power demands superimposed on a background of aerobic activity.Objective:To gain physiological profiles of highly trained British quadriplegic athletes, and to examine the relation between aerobic and sprint capacity.Methods:Eight male quadriplegic athletes performed an arm crank exercise using an ergometer fitted with a Schoberer Rad Messtechnik (SRM) powermeter. The sprint test consisted of three maximum-effort sprints of five seconds duration against a resistance of 2%, 3%, and 4% of body mass. The highest power output obtained was recorded (PPO). Peak oxygen consumption (V̇o2peak), peak heart rate (HRpeak), and maximal power output (POaer) were determined.Results:Mean POaerwas 67.7 (16.2) W, mean V̇o2peakwas 0.96 (0.17) litres/min, and HRpeakwas 134 (19) beats/min for the group. There was high variability among subjects. Peak power over the five second sprint for the group was 220 (62) W. There was a significant correlation between V̇o2peak(litres/min) and POaer(W) (r =  0.74, p<0.05).Conclusions:These British quadriplegic athletes have relatively high aerobic fitness when compared with the available literature. Moreover, the anaerobic capacity of these athletes appeared to be relatively high compared with paraplegic participants.
Are There Gender Differences in Colorectal Cancer Test Use Prevalence and Correlates?
Authors: McQueen Amy , Vernon Sally W. , Meissner Helen I. , Klabunde Carrie N. , Rakowski William 
Published: April 2006

AbstractDespite evidence that screening tests reduce colorectal cancer incidence and mortality, screening prevalence is low. Gender differences in test uptake have been reported, but few studies examine correlates of test use by gender. Differences, if present, may inform strategies to increase test use. We examined gender differences in the prevalence and correlates of colorectal cancer test use [fecal occult blood test (FOBT) and endoscopy] using data from the 2002 to 2003 Health Information National Trends Survey. Male (n = 999) and female (n = 1687) respondents ages ≥50 years, without a personal history of colorectal cancer, were interviewed by telephone. Age-adjusted prevalence rates were reported for lifetime, recent, and repeat use by gender and test type. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify correlates of test use stratified by gender and colorectal cancer test type. More females reported only using FOBT in lifetime and in the past year, whereas more males reported repeat endoscopy use. The use of other tests or combinations of tests did not differ by gender. Consistent positive correlates of colorectal cancer test use for both genders included age, recent physician visits, recent breast or prostate cancer screening, and knowledge of test-specific screening intervals. Correlates that differed by gender included comparative perceived risk, belief that colorectal cancer testing was too expensive, fear of finding colorectal cancer if tested, and attention to and trust in media sources of health information. Such differences, if confirmed in future studies, may inform the use of gender-specific intervention strategies or messages to increase colorectal cancer test use. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):782–91)
Hepatitis Viruses, Alcohol, and Tobacco in the Etiology of Hepatocellular Carcinoma in Italy
Authors: Franceschi Silvia , Montella Maurizio , Polesel Jerry , La Vecchia Carlo , Crispo Anna , Dal Maso Luigino , Casarin Pietro , Izzo Francesco , Tommasi Luigi G. , Chemin Isabelle , Trépo Christian , Crovatto Marina , Talamini Renato 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Mortality rates of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are high in Italy compared with other Western countries. To elucidate further the role of hepatitis B virus (HBV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), alcohol drinking, and tobacco smoking in the etiology of HCC, we carried out a hospital-based case-control study in two areas of Italy: the province of Pordenone in the Northeast and the town of Naples in the South. A total of 229 HCC cases (median age, 66 years) and 431 controls (median age, 65 years) answered a questionnaire and provided blood samples between 1999 and 2002. Odds ratios (OR), percent attributable risks, and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed using unconditional multiple logistic regression. ORs for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) positive versus HBsAg negative and for anti-HCV antibody positive versus anti-HCV antibody negative were 20.2 and 15.6, respectively. Positivity for both markers was associated with an OR of 51.6. Sensitive molecular techniques applied to sera in a subset of HCC cases disclosed a very small number of occult hepatites. Maximal lifetime alcohol intake of ≥35 versus &lt;7 drinks/wk was associated with an HBV/HCV adjusted OR of 5.9. Tobacco smoking was unrelated to HCC risk overall but seemed to enhance HCC risk among virus carriers. Overall, 61% of HCC were attributable to HCV, 13% to HBV, and 18% to heavy alcohol drinking. In conclusion, our study confirms the importance of HCV in HCC etiology in Italy where the widespread dissemination of the virus dates back four or five decades. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):683–9)
Plasma C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in a Nested Case-Control Study: Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Study
Authors: Otani Tetsuya , Iwasaki Motoki , Sasazuki Shizuka , Inoue Manami , Tsugane Shoichiro ,   Japan Public Health Center–Based Prospective Study Group
Published: April 2006

Abstract
C-reactive protein is a biomarker indicating inflammation in the body. We measured plasma C-reactive protein to assess whether this biomarker could predict subsequent colorectal cancer incidence. A nested case-control study was conducted within a Japan Public Health Center–based prospective study. During a 11.5-year follow-up, 375 newly diagnosed colorectal cancers were identified in a cohort of 38,373 adults who had returned the baseline questionnaire and provided blood samples. Two controls were selected from the cohort for each case matched by age, sex, study area, date of blood drawn, and fasting time at blood donation. The odds ratio of colorectal cancer for plasma C-reactive protein was estimated using a conditional logistic regression model adjusted for pack-years of smoking, body mass index, alcohol consumption, physical exercise, and family history of colorectal cancer. The highest quartile group of plasma C-reactive protein was significantly associated with colorectal cancer compared with the lowest group (odds ratio, 1.6; 95% confidence interval, 1.1-2.5; Ptrend = 0.053). The association became clearer after excluding cases of rectal cancer (Ptrend = 0.041) and limiting colorectal cancer to the intramucosal type (Ptrend = 0.017). This association was unchanged after deletion of the first 2-year cases. In conclusion, plasma levels of C-reactive protein were associated with a subsequent risk of colon cancer. Inflammation may be involved at the early stage of colon tumor growth. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):690–5)
Aberrant Neuropeptide Y and Macrophage Inhibitory Cytokine-1 Expression Are Early Events in Prostate Cancer Development and Are Associated with Poor Prognosis
Authors: Rasiah Krishan K. , Kench James G. , Gardiner-Garden Margaret , Biankin Andrew V. , Golovsky David , Brenner Phillip C. , Kooner Raji , O'Neill Gordon F. , Turner Jennifer J. , Delprado Warick , Lee C. Soon , Brown David A. , Breit Samuel N. , Grygiel John J. , Horvath Lisa G. , Stricker Phillip D. , Sutherland Robert L. , Henshall Susan M. 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
Studies to elucidate dysregulated gene expression patterns in premalignant prostate lesions have identified several candidate genes with the potential to be targeted to prevent the development and progression of prostate cancer and act as biomarkers of early disease. Herein, we explored the importance of two proteins, neuropeptide Y (NPY) and macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), as biomarkers of preinvasive prostate disease and investigated the relationship of expression to biochemical recurrence following treatment for localized prostate cancer. NPY and MIC-1 protein expression was determined by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays containing 1,626 cores of benign, low-grade prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), high-grade PIN (HGPIN), and prostate cancer tissue from 243 radical prostatectomy patients. Both NPY and MIC-1 showed higher proportional immunostaining in HGPIN and prostate cancer compared with benign epithelium (P &lt; 0.0001). NPY and MIC-1 immunostaining was higher in low-grade PIN compared with other benign tissues (both P &lt; 0.0001) and was equivalent to immunostaining in HGPIN. NPY immunostaining of prostate cancer was independently associated with relapse, after adjusting for traditional prognostic factors, as a categorical variable in 20% intervals (P = 0.0449-0.0103) and as a continuous variable (P = 0.0017). Low MIC-1 immunostaining (20% categories) was associated with pathologic stage &gt;2C after adjusting for predictors of pathologic stage (P = 0.3894-0.0176). This is the first study to show that altered NPY and MIC-1 expression are significantly associated with prostate cancer progression and suggests that these molecules be developed further as biomarkers in the management of prostate disease. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):711–6)
Haplotype Analysis of Common Vitamin D Receptor Variants and Colon and Rectal Cancers
Authors: Sweeney Carol , Curtin Karen , Murtaugh Maureen A. , Caan Bette J. , Potter John D. , Slattery Martha L. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractInherited variants of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene may influence cancer risk by altering the effect of vitamin D on cell growth and homeostasis. Studies have examined genotypes for common VDR polymorphisms, including a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) detected by Bsm1, a polyadenosine [poly(A)] repeat polymorphism, and a SNP detected by Fok1, as candidates for susceptibility to cancer, but most have not evaluated haplotypes for these markers. We investigated haplotypes for these polymorphisms in case-control studies of colon cancer (1,811 cases and 1,451 controls) and rectal cancer (905 cases and 679 controls). We used the expectation-maximization algorithm to estimate haplotypes for White, Hispanic, African-American, and Asian subjects, tested for differences in VDR haplotype distribution, and calculated odds ratios (OR) for association between haplotype and cancer. The distribution of haplotypes differed by race or ethnic group, but four common haplotypes accounted for the majority of alleles in all groups. VDR haplotype distributions differed between colon cancer cases and controls (P = 0.0004). The common haplotype bLF, containing Bsm1 b (Bsm1 restriction site present), poly(A) long (18-22 repeats), and Fok1 F (restriction site absent) was associated with increased risk of colon cancer, OR 1.15 (95% confidence interval, 1.03-1.28), as was the rare haplotype BLF, containing Bsm1 B (restriction site absent), poly(A) long, and Fok1 F (OR, 2.40; 95% confidence interval, 1.43-4.02). No case-control differences were detected for rectal cancer. In this analysis, haplotypes of the VDR influenced risk of colon cancer, but haplotype variables had only slightly better ability to explain case-control differences than genotype variables. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers prev 2006;15(4):744–9)
C-Peptide, Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Protein-1, Glycosylated Hemoglobin, and the Risk of Distal Colorectal Adenoma in Women
Authors: Wei Esther K. , Ma Jing , Pollak Michael N. , Rifai Nader , Fuchs Charles S. , Hankinson Susan E. , Giovannucci Edward 
Published: April 2006

AbstractBackground: Determinants of insulin secretion and insulin-like growth factors (IGF) have been directly associated with risk for colorectal cancer. However, few studies have evaluated whether these factors are also associated with risk of colorectal adenoma, the main precursor lesion to colorectal cancer.Methods: We identified 380 distal colorectal adenoma cases diagnosed between 1989 and 1998 and 380 controls among nondiabetic women from the cohort of 32,826 women, nested in the Nurses' Health Study, who provided blood samples in 1989 to 1990. Cases and controls were individually matched on year of birth, time period of and indication(s) for endoscopy, and date of blood draw.Results: High concentrations of C-peptide, an indicator of insulin secretion, were statistically significantly associated with risk of distal colorectal adenoma [multivariable relative risk (MVRR) top versus bottom quartile, 1.63; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.01-2.66; P = 0.01], even after including body mass index and physical activity in the statistical model. Fasting IGF binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) concentrations did not show any clear association with risk for adenoma (MVRR top versus bottom quartile, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.56-2.07). These associations did not differ significantly by size/stage of adenoma. Glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) was associated with a nonstatistically significant increased risk of colorectal adenoma (MVRR top versus bottom quartile, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.89-2.44).Conclusions: High HbA1c and low IGFBP-1 were not clearly associated with increased risk of distal colorectal adenoma. However, our current results and previous associations between C-peptide and colorectal cancer suggest that hyperinsulinemia may play a role throughout the development of colorectal neoplasia. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):750–5)
Polymorphisms in thehMSH2Gene and the Risk of Primary Lung Cancer
Authors: Jung Chi Young , Choi Jin Eun , Park Jung Min , Chae Myung Hwa , Kang Hyo-Gyoung , Kim Kyung Mee , Lee Su Jeong , Lee Won Kee , Kam Sin , Cha Seung Ick , Kim Chang Ho , Han Sung Beom , Jung Tae Hoon , Jeon Su Han , Park Jae Yong 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPolymorphisms in the DNA repair genes may be associated with differences in the capacity to repair DNA damage, and so this can influence an individual's susceptibility to lung cancer. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the association of hMSH2 −118T&gt;C, IVS1+9G&gt;C, IVS10+12A&gt;G, and IVS12−6T&gt;C genotypes and their haplotypes with the risk of lung cancer in a Korean population. The hMSH2 genotypes were determined in 432 lung cancer patients and in 432 healthy controls who were frequency matched for age and gender. The hMSH2 haplotypes were estimated based on a Bayesian algorithm using the Phase program. The presence of at least one IVS10+12G allele was associated with a significantly decreased risk of adenocarcinoma, as compared with the IVS10+12AA genotype [adjusted odds ratio (OR), 0.59; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 0.40-0.88; P = 0.01], and the presence of at least one IVS12-6C allele was associated with a significantly increased risk of adenocarcinoma, as compared with the IVS12-6TT genotype (adjusted OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.02-2.27; P = 0.04). Consistent with the results of the genotyping analysis, the TGGT haplotype with no risk allele was associated with a significantly decreased risk of adenocarcinoma, as compared with the TCAC haplotype with two risk allele [i.e., IVS10+12A and IVS12-6C allele; adjusted OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.30-0.78; P = 0.003 and Pc (Bonferroni corrected P value) = 0.012]. The effect of the hMSH2 haplotypes on the risk of adenocarcinoma was statistically significant in the never smokers and younger individuals (adjusted OR, 0.45; 95% CI, 0.27-0.75; P = 0.002 and Pc = 0.004; and adjusted OR, 0.44; 95% CI, 0.23-0.85; P = 0.014 and Pc = 0.028, respectively) but not in the ever-smokers and older individuals. These results suggest that the hMSH2 polymorphisms and their haplotypes may be an important genetic determinant of adenocarcinoma of the lung, particularly in never smokers. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15(4):762–8)
Comparison of two commercial interferon-γ assays for diagnosingMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection
Authors: Lee J. Y. , Choi H. J. , Park I-N. , Hong S-B. , Oh Y-M. , Lim C-M. , Lee S. D. , Koh Y. , Kim W. S. , Kim D. S. , Kim W. D. , Shim T. S. 
Published: April 2006

The clinical usefulness ofex vivointerferon-γ assays may largely depend on the assay format and epidemiological status of tuberculosis (TB) in the region studied.From July 2004 to June 2005 a prospective comparison study was undertaken at a tertiary referral hospital in South Korea. The results of tuberculin skin tests (TST) and the commercially available QuantiFERON-TB Gold (QFT-G) and T SPOT-TB (SPOT) assays were compared in an intermediate TB-burden country.Of the 224 participants studied, results from all three tests (TST, QFT-G, and SPOT) were available in 218; 87 with active TB and 131 at a low risk for TB. Using 10 mm as a cut-off for TST, SPOT sensitivity (96.6%) was significantly higher than that seen for TST (66.7%) and QFT-G (70.1%). QFT-G showed superior specificity over TST (91.6versus78.6%). Although the specificity of QFT-G was higher than that of SPOT (91.6versus84.7%), the difference was not statistically significant.Whilst some differences were found in the performance of the two commercialised interferon-γ assays, they seemed to be superior in their detection ofMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection compared with tuberculin skin tests. The most appropriate choice of interferon-γ assay to use may depend on the clinical setting.