bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childbearing after age 35: its effect on early perinatal outcomes
Authors: Fortney Judith A. , Higgins J. E. , Diaz-Infante A. , Hefnawi F. , Lampe L. G. , Batar I. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryBirths to women aged 35 years and older are compared with births to women aged 20–34 in three hospitals, one each in Mexico, Egypt and Hungary. In the two developing countries, babies born to the older women had lower rates of survival until hospital discharge, and were more likely to have depressed 5-minute Apgar scores. They were not, however, more likely to be of low birth weight. The differences were statistically significant, and remained when several other variables were controlled. The variables controlled were known to be age-related and to influence pregnancy outcome.Hungary, the only developed country in the analysis, was quite different. Age had a significant influence on the weight of the infant, but not on survival or Apgar score. It seems therefore that when older women are in general good health and there are no concurrent social risk factors, advanced maternal age does not necessarily increase the risk of an adverse pregnancy outcome.
Starting a Family in Aberdeen 1961–79: The Significance of Illegitimacy and Abortion
Authors: Pritchard Colin , Thompson Barbara 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe age structure of the population of married women resident in Aberdeen District starting a family has changed over the last two decades. Since 1970, successive populations have tended to be smaller in numbers and older. These tendencies may, in part, be accounted for by couples delaying the start of family building and the related reduction in the proportions of legitimate first births which were prenuptially conceived. Although a feature of all social classes, the later ages and longer marriage durations are class differentiated, women of the higher social classes tending to be older and to have been married longer than those of the lower social classes. The increasing proportion of first pregnancies terminated relates closely to the decline in the proportion of single women, pregnant for the first time, who marry and bear a legitimate child. Although complete comparisons for Aberdeen and Scotland are not possible, the trends with respect to legitimate first births are similar.
Illegitimacy in Aberdeen
Authors: Filinson Rachel 
Published: July 2008

SummarySince the 1960s, illegitimacy rates in Britain have increased and it is likely that the rise is related to a changing meaning of illegitimacy. Three cohorts of women bearing illegitimate babies in Aberdeen are studied in order to explore the social context of illegitimacy over the period of rising illegitimacy rates. One cohort of women bore their babies in 1954, a second cohort in 1964 and the third cohort in 1974. By using three sources of official data in conjunction—birth registrations, marriage registrations and hospital records—an effort is made to construct the careers of these women and thereby to obtain some insight into the circumstances in which illegitimacy occurs. It is found that there is a continuing pattern of women who bear illegitimate babies being young, single and primiparous, that the rates of marriage and timing of marriage after delivery of an illegitimate child for all three cohorts are similar and that there is no evidence of an increased incidence of cohabitation. More and better types of data on illegitimacy are needed to supplement the existing stock of official data.
Motivations for Childbearing Among Malaysians
Authors: Kee Poo-Kong 
Published: July 2008

SummaryEconomic reasons for wanting children predominate among 541 Malaysian adults and 2014 children, followed by happiness, love, and companionship, the latter group especially in several subgroups of young Malaysians identified as demographic innovators. Five empirically constructed value and cost of children indices with known reliability were used to predict variation in the achieved family size of parents as well as the desired family sizes of parents and children. Completeness of family appeared to be the best predictor of achieved family size, whereas intrinsic value of a large family was generally a good predictor of family size preferences.
Inuit Natality Rhythms in the Central Canadian Arctic
Authors: Condon Richard G. 
Published: July 2008

SummarySeasonal variation in human natality is examined over a period of several decades for an isolated Inuit settlement in the central Canadian Arctic. The results substantiate earlier reports of the existence of a birth season in the first half of the year. The 2-decade period coinciding with the gradual concentration of the regional population into the settlement experienced a temporary disruption of this traditional rhythmic pattern. Family planning has been introduced in the modern period, yet birth seasonality is even more pronounced than during previous decades. Both planned and unplanned births occur predominantly in the first half of the year, indicating the paramount importance of behavioural and social responses to extreme seasonal variation.
Post–partum sterilization in Sao Paulo state, Brazil
Authors: Janowitz Barbara , Lewis Joann , Clopton Deborah , Nakamura Milton S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper examines the accessibility of post-partum sterilization at five hospitals in Campinas, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Of the women who planned sterilization 60% were sterilized. Services were not equally available to all women. While caesarean sections accounted for an extremely high percentage of deliveries at these hospitals, this type of delivery, and concurrent sterilizations, are not equally available to all women who indicated a desire to be sterilized. Since poor women are less likely to have caesarean deliveries, their access to sterilization is limited.
The relationship between income, education and hypertension
Authors: Sear Alan M. , Weinrich Martin , Hersh James E. , Lam Jan Jan 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA sample survey was conducted in South Carolina to determine how income and education relate to hypertension, independently of age, race and sex. The results indicated that there was a significant inverse relationship between income and hypertension for Whites (P < 0·0001), but not for Blacks. There was also a statistically significant inverse relationship between education and hypertension for Whites (P < 0·0001) and for Blacks (P < 0·001).
Artificial insemination by donor: a review of 12 years' experience
Authors: Foss G. L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTwelve years' experience of AID in a non-NHS clinic is reviewed. Of 381 women treated, 230 became pregnant at least once; 308 pregnancies were achieved in 450 courses of treatment (68%) resulting in 263 live births (85%). For women aged over 35 years the pregnancy rate was 47%. Timing of insemination and treatment with clomiphene are described. The use of fresh or frozen semen and future developments are discussed.
Family Size from the Child's Point of View
Authors: Langford C. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe mean size of sibship in which children are reared is greaterthan the mean number of children born to those children's parents' generation. In this paper, family size is considered from the child's point of view, and estimates made of how many siblings (and some other relatives) children have, using data from a survey carried out in Great Britain in the late 1960s. The size of the ‘family’ experienced by children is largerthan may at first sight appear. For example, women who married in the period 1941–55 onaverage had 2·2 children, but these women's children grew up, on average, in sibships of3·5 children; 38% of them grew up in a family with four children or more. Moreover, on average, these women's children had six uncles and aunts and possibly twice that number of first cousins. More than half of the children had at least one parent who was brought up in a family with six children or more and almost one in five had at least one parent who came from a family with ten children or more.
Fertility regulation in nursing women: I. The probability of conception in full nursing women living in an urban setting
Authors: Díaz S. , Peralta O. , Juez Gabriela , Salvatierra Ana María , Casado María Eugenia , Durán Eliana , Croxatto H. B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOne hundred and thirty healthy women who were willing to breast-feed their babies were followed during the first postpartum year to assess their fertility, lactation and bleeding pattern and examine possible relationships between these variables. Seventy-five women were in full nursing and 22 in partial nursing at the end of the 6th postpartum month. Five hundred and three woman-months and nine pregnancies were recorded during full nursing between the 2nd and the 6th month after delivery. The cumulative probability of pregnancy at the end of 6 months in all full nursing women and in non-amenorrhoeic full nursing women was 10.0% and 27.2% respectively. The corresponding figure for partial nursing women was 40–5%.By the end of the first year, the cumulative probability of pregnancy in full nursing women had increased to 33.9%. Except for the bleeding pattern, no differences were found among full nursing women who did or did not become pregnant.It was concluded that full nursing women living in an urban setting who want to space pregnancies need additional protection at a time that depends upon the level of assurance wanted.
Fertility and family planning in the Irish Republic 1975
Authors: Wilson-Davis K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA survey of 600 married couples in the Irish Republic in 1975 found marked pronatalist attitudes and an overall mean family size of 3·1 children, ranging from 1·1 children for couples with marriage duration of less than 5 years to 5·1 children for couples married for 15 years or longer. Husbands and wives had the same viewson the ideal size for the average family—5·6 children; this is considerably higher than other European survey findings. Overall, 66% of wives said that they had used some formof contraception and this correlates highly with social class, age of wife, educational level and residence. Use of the pill correlates with residence and age but not with social class or education. One-third of the sample would like more information on the subject of family planning. Although very few gave religious attitudes as a reason for not using birth control in general, 13% stated that the pill was immoral.
Community attitudes to cancer
Authors: Dent Owen , Goulston Kerry 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe success of screening programmes for cancer will depend greatly on public attitudes if sufficiently high levels of participation are tobe attained. The aimof this study was to identify major independent dimensions of public attitudes to cancer through factor analysis of responses to interview questions using a representative population sample. Data were collected by questioning a random sample of 500 persons aged 18 or over in Canberra on their attitudes to and knowledge of cancer and experience of the disease in others knownpersonally to them. Subjects with the disease were excluded. Factor analysis showed four relatively independent attitude dimensions: anxiety about cancer, denial of the threat of cancer, fatalism about prevention and fatalism about control. Item analysis and inter-scale correlations confirmed the internal coherence and relative independence of these dimensions, except that the latter two showed a moderate positive correlation. It is suggested that cancer education and promotion of screening should deal separately yet concurrently with these four attitudes toachieve best effect.
Socio-demographic Variations in the Sex composition and Preferences of Aberdeen families
Authors: Carr-Hill R. , Samphier M. , Sauve B. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn contrast to early studies of parental preference for the sex of their offspring which showed an over-riding son preference in terms of both the expressed desires for a male infant and of the sex ratio of completed families, more recent studies show that the desire for a balance of sexes outweighs the preference for a particular sex. A recent attitude survey in the UK (Dunnell, 1979) confirms this and also claims to find no difference in the pattern of preferences between social classes.This article examines family building patterns among Aberdeen families over the last 20 years in the light of these earlier findings. The analysis shows first that considerably more families continue to have a third child after two children of the same sex than after one boy and one girl, thus supporting the proposition that parents prefer a balanced sex composition. Second, a multivariate analysis of the data shows in contrast to other findings that this tendency to continue to have a third child does vary according to social class.
Menstruation and Marital Sex
Authors: Morris Naomi M. , Richard Udry J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUsing daily report data from 85 husbands and wives for about 100 days each, this paper explores differences in sexual behaviour between menstrual and non-menstrual days. Intercourse and orgasm are reduced during menstruation, in association with impressively less female desire for intercourse during menstruation. In the highly educated group studied, the women respond to a resultant potential increase in male sexual frustration by providing the husbands an increase in non-coital orgasm on menstrual days.
Demographic and Maternal Correlates of Infant and Child Mortality in Bangladesh
Authors: Edmonston Barry 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper analyses the influence of maternal factors (mother's age, parity, prior birth interval, and subsequent birth interval) on mortality risk for 2150 Bangladeshi infants and children, taking the sex and age of the child into account. Logistic regression estimates from retrospective maternal birth histories for the period 1966–75 reveal age and sex patterns consistent with previous research. These estimates also demonstrate that there are associations with mother's age and parity, but that prior birth interval emerges as the strongest predictor of mortality risk. It appears that part of the mortality risk of mother's age and parity actually stems from association with shorter prior birth interval, a factor to which infant and child health programmes need to give more attention.
Social Mobility and Psychometric Variation in a Group of Oxfordshire Villages
Authors: Gibson J. B. , Harrison G. A. , Hiorns R. W. , Macbeth H. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe patterns of male social mobility among the contemporary populations of Otmoor are described in terms of both intra- and inter-generational mobility. The social classes are differentiated by IQ and it is shown that sons' IQ is more highly correlated with their class, after their social mobility than before it. In 85 father-son pairs the number of steps sons moved in the social scale is positively related to the magnitude of the difference between their IQ and that of their fathers. However, the relationship between social mobility and IQ appears to be entirely confined to non-locally born subjects and the social mobility among the locals, although of comparable dimension is essentially non-meritocratic. These findings are discussed in relation to the structure of the Otmoor populations and particularly the phenomenon of selective out-migration.
Repeat and First Abortion Seekers: Single Women in Brisbane, Australia
Authors: Callan Victor J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryComparison of single women who were initial and repeat abortion seekers revealed that the latter tended to perceive themselves as having a better knowledge of contraception, and to be more regular users of contraceptives. Repeat abortion seekers had more favourable attitudes towards abortion, and were more likely than first-time aborters to have initiated the abortion decision. Initial abortion seekers were somewhat more likely to rate their decision as most difficult. Both groups of single women mentioned similar reasons for wanting an abortion, although initial aborters mentioned somewhat more often the effect of the pregnancy upon career or studies, being unmarried, and disgracing their parents.
A new approach to assessing the effect of birth order on the outcome of pregnancy
Authors: Yudkin P. L. , Baras M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryA new approach is suggested for assessing the relationship between birth order and pregnancy risk. Population data are used to estimate the risk of a poor pregnancy outcome after different reproductive histories. The risk of a poor outcome at the first pregnancy appears to be twice that at subsequent pregnancies, but no change in risk is observed between the second and fifth birth orders. If there has been a previous poor pregnancy outcome, the risk of another is increased four-fold.
Fertility of Indian Tamil concentrations in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Dallas F. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe paper uses multiple regression analysis to examine the variation in fertility among Indian Tamil concentrations in the Grama Sevaka divisions of Sri Lanka. Significant contributions are made by the proportion of females employed in agriculture, and the proportion of females aged 5–14 attending school, which together account for 85% of the variability. These variables serve as an index to the underlying attitudes to fertility and reproductive behaviour.
Australian family planning surveys: some problems of comparability
Authors: Lucas David 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis paper assesses the Australian data on the current use of family planning during the 1970s. The problems of comparing the results of various surveys, and of reconciling these results with Department of Health statistics, are discussed. In spite of an unfortunate lack of comparability between the various sources, the switch from oral contraceptives to sterilization is well-marked. Whereas the IUD has maintained its popularity, natural methods are shown to be of declining importance.
Perceptions about the value and cost of children: Australian and Papua New Guinean high school youth
Authors: Callan Victor J. , Wilks Jeffrey 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe present study of 329 Australian and 281 Papua New Guinean (PNG) high school youth compared students' perceptions of the economic role of children, the importance of personal aspirations, evidence of support for the conjugal family and for cultural props. As predicted, the economic role of children was more important to PNG students, and considerably less so to young Australians. Predicted differences in personal aspirations were less clear cut, but young Australians cited more frequently the restrictions and economic costs in having children. In addition, Australians emphasized more than PNG students the pleasure, pride, fulfilment and achievement in having children. As expected in a low fertility country, Australian students mentioned more often the love and companionship of children, although students in both countries had similar views about the impact of children upon the marital relationship. Lineage and religious benefits from children were more salient to PNG youth.
Breast-feeding as cultural or personal decision: sources of information and actual succes in Japan and the United States
Authors: Shand Nancy , Kosawa Yorio 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe impact of sources of information about breast-feeding used by Japanese and American primiparous women during pregnancy is examined in relation to subsequent maternal behaviour and success in breast-feeding infants during the 1st week, 1st month, and 3rd month after birth. Culture differences were found in the sources of information used. Japanese mothers used more sources reflecting a formal, impersonal, group-oriented ‘learning context’, while American mothers used a greater variety of sources, reflecting both an informal, private, personalized approach and a formal approach. Hospital classes taught by nurses were significantly negatively correlated with success in breast-feeding in both cultures (r = −0.78,P< 0·01). Private consultations with health professionals and reading materials (books, magazines, pamphlets) were found to have little or no correlation with success in breast-feeding. The findings indicate that present sources of information on breast-feeding are not achieving the desired result—assisting women in learning to breast-feed their infants successfully. Sources of information need to be re-evaluated in terms of content, tenor, and the culture learning context in which information is being disseminated.
Risks and costs of illegally induced abortion in Bangladesh
Authors: Khan A. R. , Begum S. F. , Covington D. L. , Janowitz B. , James S. , Potts M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis article reports on women admitted to Dhaka Medical College Hospital for incomplete, illegally induced abortion. Women with low complication rates more often had abortions induced by medical practitioners. These women were younger, of lower parity and better educated than women having abortions initiated by other practitioners. Poorly educated women from slum areas almost always had an abortion induced by a non-medical practitioner through the insertion of a solid object. These women experienced high complication rates and often required hysterectomies. This group also had high mortality rates. The drain on hospital resources needed to treat these abortion patients was great.
Impact of child mortality and sociodemographic attributes on family size desires: some data from urban India
Authors: Saksena D. N. , Srivastava J. N. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUsing follow-up data on a sample of mothers who gave birth at a Lucknow city hospital, the family size ideals of the women were examined in relation to experienced and perceived levels of child mortality and socioeconomic and demographic characteristics.The fear of child mortality and their own experience tended to increase the size of family which the mothers considered to be ideal. Lower ideal family size was found among younger women, those who married at later ages and those currently using contraception. Family size preferences were also influenced by rural/urban background, religion, caste, type of family, education, income and occupation of husband and type of housing.
Migration, genetic markers and race admixture in Curitiba. Brazil
Authors: Culpi L. , Salzano F. M. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryOne thousand Blacks and 1001 Whites from the southern Brazilian city of Curitiba were studied in relation to migration patterns, ABO and Rh blood groups, and haemoglobin types. Despite a lower socioeconomic level, Blacks migrated more than Whites. Carriers of abnormal haemoglobin types show about the same degree of mobility as those with normal haemoglobin only. As much as half of the genes present among the Blacks of this city may be of European origin, while persons classified as White may have from 3 to 19% of African ancestry.