bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The forced swimming‐induced behavioural immobility response involves histone H3 phospho‐acetylation and c‐Fos induction in dentate gyrus granule neurons via activation of the N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase/mitogen‐ and stress‐activated kinase signalling pathway
Authors: Chandramohan Yalini , Droste Susanne K. , Arthur J. Simon C. , Reul Johannes M. H. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe hippocampus is involved in learning and memory. Previously, we have shown that the acquisition of the behavioural immobility response after a forced swim experience is associated with chromatin modifications and transcriptional induction in dentate gyrus granule neurons. Given that both N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors and the extracellular signal‐regulated kinases (ERK) 1/2 signalling pathway are involved in neuroplasticity processes underlying learning and memory, we investigated in rats and mice whether these signalling pathways regulate chromatin modifications and transcriptional events participating in the acquisition of the immobility response. We found that: (i) forced swimming evoked a transient increase in the number of phospho‐acetylated histone H3‐positive [P(Ser10)‐Ac(Lys14)‐H3+] neurons specifically in the middle and superficial aspects of the dentate gyrus granule cell layer; (ii) antagonism of NMDA receptors and inhibition of ERK1/2 signalling blocked forced swimming‐induced histone H3 phospho‐acetylation and the acquisition of the behavioural immobility response; (iii) double knockout (DKO) of the histone H3 kinase mitogen‐ and stress‐activated kinases (MSK) 1/2 in mice completely abolished the forced swimming‐induced increases in histone H3 phospho‐acetylation and c‐Fos induction in dentate granule neurons and the behavioural immobility response; (iv) blocking mineralocorticoid receptors, known not to be involved in behavioural immobility in the forced swim test, did not affect forced swimming‐evoked histone H3 phospho‐acetylation in dentate neurons; and (v) the pharmacological manipulations and gene deletions did not affect behaviour in the initial forced swim test. We conclude that the forced swimming‐induced behavioural immobility response requires histone H3 phospho‐acetylation and c‐Fos induction in distinct dentate granule neurons through recruitment of the NMDA/ERK/MSK 1/2 pathway.
The circadian pacemaker in the cultured suprachiasmatic nucleus from pup mice is highly sensitive to external perturbation
Authors: Nishide Shin‐ya , Honma Sato , Honma Ken‐ichi 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus (SCN) entrains to non‐photic maternal rhythms in the fetal and neonatal periods of rodents but this capacity disappears in later life. In order to understand the mechanism behind the non‐photic entrainment in the early postnatal period, the phase response of the clock gene (Bmal1) expression rhythm to external stimuli was examined in cultured SCN harvested at postnatal day 6. The SCN was obtained from transgenic mice carrying a bioluminescence reporter for Bmal1 expression. Phase‐dependent phase shifts of circadian rhythm were detected in the pup as well as in the adult for culture medium exchange but the amount of phase shift was significantly larger in the pup than in the adult SCN. Half of the pup SCNs did not show integrated circadian rhythmicities in the first few days in culture. In pups, the circadian period of Bmal1 expression rhythm was shorter and the amplitude of circadian rhythm was much lower than in adults. It is concluded that the responsiveness of cultured SCN to medium exchange is much larger in pups than in adult mice. Immaturity of the structural organization in the circadian system seems to underlie the high responsiveness of the pup SCN.
Evidence for topographically organized endogenous 5‐HT‐1A receptor‐dependent feedback inhibition of the ascending serotonin system
Authors: Commons Kathryn G. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractRaphe and extra‐raphe 5‐HT‐1A receptors contribute to feedback inhibition of serotonin (5‐HT) neurons; however, the endogenous function of 5‐HT‐1A receptor‐dependent feedback inhibition remains poorly understood. Here, the possibility that 5‐HT‐1A‐mediated feedback inhibition of the raphe nuclei is topographically organized was examined. This was done by testing the effect of systemic blockade of 5‐HT‐1A receptors on Fos expression in 5‐HT neurons in the dorsal raphe (DR) and median raphe (MR). The premise was that appearance of Fos after 5‐HT‐1A receptor blockade would implicate endogenous inhibition via 5‐HT‐1A‐dependent processes. 5‐HT‐1A receptor antagonist administration (WAY‐100635) in rats returned to their home cage significantly increased the number of Fos‐containing 5‐HT cells in the lateral wings and the ventral caudal part of the DR as compared to vehicle‐injected controls, suggesting that tonic activity of brain 5‐HT‐1A receptors impacts on these regions. In rats receiving vehicle injections, swim, a behavior known to influence 5‐HT neurotransmission, increased the number of Fos‐containing 5‐HT cells only in the caudal third of DR. Administration of WAY‐100635 preceding a swim did not change the amount of Fos in the caudal DR, but increased the number of Fos‐containing 5‐HT cells in the rostral DR, lateral wings of the DR, and MR. These results confirm, using an imaging approach, that 5‐HT‐1A receptor‐dependent feedback inhibition depends on behavioral state (return to home cage vs. swim). Moreover, they reveal that the effect of 5‐HT‐1A receptor blockade in each case is subregionally organized.
Abundant and diverse bacteria involved in DMSP degradation in marine surface waters
Authors: Howard Erinn C. , Sun Shulei , Biers Erin J. , Moran Mary Ann 
Published: May 2008

SummaryAn expanded analysis of oceanic metagenomic data indicates that the majority of prokaryotic cells in marine surface waters have the genetic capability to demethylate dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP). The 1701 homologues of the DMSP demethylase gene, dmdA, identified in the (2007) Global Ocean Sampling (GOS) metagenome, are sufficient for 58% (±9%) of sampled cells to participate in this critical step in the marine sulfur cycle. This remarkable frequency of DMSP‐demethylating cells is in accordance with biogeochemical data indicating that marine phytoplankton direct up to 10% of fixed carbon to DMSP synthesis, and that most of this DMSP is subsequently degraded by bacteria via demethylation. The GOS metagenomic data also revealed a new cluster of dmdA sequences (designated Clade E) that implicates marine gammaproteobacteria in DMSP demethylation, along with previously recognized alphaproteobacterial groups Roseobacter and SAR11. Analyses of G+C content and gene order indicate that lateral gene transfer is likely responsible for the wide distribution of dmdA among diverse taxa, contributing to the homogenization of biogeochemical roles among heterotrophic marine bacterioplankton. Candidate genes for the competing bacterial degradation process that converts DMSP to the climate‐active gas dimethylsulfide (DMS) (dddD and dddL) occur infrequently in the (2007) GOS metagenome, suggesting either that the key DMS‐producing bacterial genes are yet to be identified or that DMS formation by free‐living bacterioplankton is insignificant relative to their demethylation activity.
Magnetic resonance imaging accuracy in assessing tumour down‐staging following chemoradiation in rectal cancer
Authors: Suppiah A. , Hunter I. A. , Cowley J. , Garimella V. , Cast J. , Hartley J. E. , Monson J. R. T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective  Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is increasingly accepted as the radiological modality of choice staging rectal cancer but is subject to error. Neoadjuvant therapy is increasingly used in rectal cancer and MRI is used to stage response and occasionally plan surgery. We aim to assess the staging accuracy of MRI following chemoradiotherapy in rectal cancer.Method  Retrospective analysis of 86 patients with MRI stage pre‐ and postlong‐course chemoradiotherapy and comparison with pathological assessment.Results  Fourty‐nine patients (34 men, 15 women) with median age 68 years (60–74) were analysed. The median time from completion of CRT to MRI was 32 days (16–37). Chemoradiotherapy led to significant down‐staging (P < 0.001). MRI‐staging accuracy was 43% (21/49) with over‐ and under‐staging in 43% (21/49) and 14% (7/49) respectively. T‐stage accuracy was 45% (22/49) with over‐staging in 33% (16/49) and under‐staging in 22% (11/49). MRI stage correlated poorly with pathological assessment for International Union Against Cancer (κ = 0.255) and T stages (κ = 0.112). MRI nodal assessment was 71% (35/49) accurate, with 82% (9/11) sensitivity, 68% (26/38) specificity and positive predictive value (PPV) of 43% (9/21) and negative predictive value of 93% (26/28). There was a significant difference in node positivity between MRI and pathological staging (P = 0.005, Fisher’s exact). Complete radiological response was observed in 4% (2/49). Complete pathological response was observed in 10% (5/49), which were staged 0(1), I(1), II(2) and III(1) postchemoradiotherapy by MRI.Conclusion  MRI staging following chemoradiation is poor. Over‐staging occurs three times more commonly than under‐staging. Over‐staging is due to poor PPV of nodal assessment.
The correlation between tumour regression grade and lymph node status after chemoradiation in rectal cancer
Authors: Berho M. , Oviedo M. , Stone E. , Chen C. , Nogueras J. , Weiss E. , Sands D. , Wexner S. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective  To determine the correlation between tumour response to preoperative RCTX and lymph node status, an established parameter of clinical outcome.Method  After IRB approval, 86 consecutive rectal cancer patients who received preoperative RCTX were identified. Fifty seven were males. Mean age 62 years. Preoperative staging by ultrasound was available in 60 patients. Radiotherapy consisted of (40–60 g) and chemotherapy of 5‐FU infusion (1500 mg/m2 week), assessed using Dworak’s system.Results  Tumour response according to Tumor regression grade (TRG) were: TRG 0: 8 (9.3%); TRG 1: 15 (17.4%); TRG 2: 14 (16.2%); TRG 3: 31 (36%); TRG 4: 18 (20%). Eighteen patients had tumour stage 0 (20.9%); while 8 (9.2%), 28 (32.1%), 30 (34.5%) and three had tumours stages 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Evaluation of nodal status revealed no involvement in 65 patients (N0), and positive nodes in 21 (14 N1, 7 N2). Response to RCTX was significantly associated with node stage, hence individuals without node involvement (N0) had 66% of positive tumour response (TRG 4), while individuals with node metastasis had less response to RCTX (TRG 0, 1 and 2) 35% N1 and 14% for N2 (P = 0.007). Node status was independently associated to poor response to preoperative RCTX, even after adjusting for tumour stage, age and gender (OR 0.02, 95% CI 0.0009–0.67).Conclusion  Tumour shrinkage by preoperative RCTX appears to correlate with lymph node metastasis suggesting that neoadjuvant RCTX may have a positive impact in overall patient survival.
Pioglitazone and cardiovascular risk. A comprehensive meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials
Authors: Mannucci E. , Monami M. , Lamanna C. , Gensini G. F. , Marchionni N. 
Published: May 2008

Aim:  The aim of this meta‐analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCT) was to assess whether pioglitazone is also associated with increased cardiovascular risk, as recently reported for rosiglitazone.Methods:  RCT of pioglitazone were retrieved from Medline (any date up to 31 August 2007; English language only). Unpublished RCT were identified through http://www.clinicaltrials.gov or http://www.fda.gov websites, and results on cardiovascular outcomes were retrieved from investigators and/or sponsors, whenever possible. RCT were included in meta‐analysis if pioglitazone was compared with other treatments (placebo, active comparators or no treatment) for at least 4 weeks. Ninety‐four trials, 10 of which were unpublished, were retrieved; those included in the analysis, which excluded PROspective PioglitAzone Clinical Trial In MacroVascular Events (PROACTIVE), enrolled 11 268 and 9912 patients in the pioglitazone and comparator groups respectively. Data for analysis, extracted independently by two observers, included all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality and incidence of non‐fatal coronary events and heart failure. Proportions of outcome measures across treatment groups were compared by odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence interval.Results:  Pioglitazone was associated with reduced all‐cause mortality [OR 0.30 (0.14–0.63); p < 0.05], with no relevant effect on non‐fatal coronary events. The observed increase in incidence of non‐fatal heart failure was not statistically significant [OR 1.38 (0.90–2.12)].Conclusion:  The use of pioglitazone does not appear to be harmful in terms of cardiovascular events and all‐cause deaths.
Structure of sperm, spermatozeugmata and ‘lateral organs’ in the bivalve Arthritica (Galeommatoidea: Leptonidae)
Authors: Jespersen Åse , Lützen Jørgen 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe position and structure of paired ‘lateral organs’ in the foot of Arthritica semen and Arthritica bifurca might indicate a chemosensory function. In both species part of the organ is also glandular. In A. semen the glandular epithelium is detached piecemeal and, probably by means of the foot, is moved to and grafted upon the gills of the same individual. The transferred epithelia appear as disk‐shaped actively secretory ‘gill bodies’ which, attached to the abfrontal side of the inner demibranch, replace the ordinary unciliated gill epithelium. The secretion is liberated into the suprabranchial chamber, which serves as a marsupium, but its function is uncertain. Arthritica semen is a protandric hermaphrodite and produces very large ova that undergo a direct development that results in a non‐planktonic lecithotrophic crawling juvenile stage. The sperm cells have filiform nuclei that are straight in the euspermatozoa and more or less helicoidal in what is considered to represent paraspermatozoa. By a process of aggregation, spermatozeugmata are formed which consist exclusively either of euspermatozoa or paraspermatozoa. Spermatozoa are stored in the oviduct in A. semen but in paired seminal receptacles in A. bifurca.
Structure of the ovaries of the primitive aphids Phylloxera coccinea and Phylloxera glabra (Hemiptera, Aphidinea: Phylloxeridae)
Authors: Szklarzewicz Teresa , Jankowska Władysława , Wieczorek Karina , Węgierek Piotr 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOvaries of phylloxerids consist of short telotrophic ovarioles. Ovaries of wingless morphs contain four ovarioles whereas those of winged morphs contain one or two ovarioles. The individual ovariole of the adult female is differentiated into a terminal filament, trophic chamber (tropharium), vitellarium and short ovariole stalk (pedicel). The number of germ cells constituting ovarioles is not stable and ranges between 49 and 64. The tropharia enclose individual trophocytes and arrested oocytes. The vitellaria contain usually two oocytes, which develop through three stages: previtellogenesis, vitellogenesis and choriogenesis. Endosymbiotic microorganisms do not occur in the germ cells. In the light of the obtained results, the phylogenetic relationships between aphid families are discussed.
Symptoms of depression in people with impaired glucose metabolism or Type 2 diabetes mellitus: The Hoorn Study
Authors: Adriaanse M. C. , Dekker J. M. , Heine R. J. , Snoek F. J. , Beekman A. J. , Stehouwer C. D. , Bouter L. M. , Nijpels G. , Pouwer F. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjective  To study the prevalence and risk factors of depressive symptoms, comparing subjects with normal glucose metabolism (NGM), impaired glucose metabolism (IGM) or Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2).Research design and methods  Cross‐sectional data from a population‐based cohort study conducted among 550 residents (276 men and 274 women) of the Hoorn region, the Netherlands. Levels of depressive symptoms were measured using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D score ≥ 16). Glucose metabolism status was determined by means of fasting and post‐load glucose levels.Results  The prevalence of depressive symptoms in men with NGM, IGM and DM2 was 7.7, 7.0 and 15.0% (P = 0.19) and for women 7.7, 23.1 and 19.7% (P < 0.01), respectively. Depression was significantly more common in women with IGM [odds ratio (OR) = 3.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.57 to 8.28] and women with DM2 (OR = 3.18, 95% CI = 1.31 to 7.74). In men, depression was not associated with IGM (OR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.32 to 2.57) and non‐significantly more common in DM2 (OR = 2.04, 95% CI = 0.75 to 5.49). Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease and diabetes symptoms reduced the strength of these associations.Conclusions  Depressive symptoms are more common in women with IGM, but not men. Adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, cardiovascular disease and diabetes symptoms partially attenuated these associations, suggesting that these variables could be intermediate factors.
Genetic engineering of improved nitrogen use efficiency in rice by the tissue‐specific expression of alanine aminotransferase
Authors: Shrawat Ashok K. , Carroll Rebecka T. , DePauw Mary , Taylor Gregory J. , Good Allen G. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryNitrogen is quantitatively the most essential nutrient for plants and a major factor limiting crop productivity. One of the critical steps limiting the efficient use of nitrogen is the ability of plants to acquire it from applied fertilizer. Therefore, the development of crop plants that absorb and use nitrogen more efficiently has been a long‐term goal of agricultural research. In an attempt to develop nitrogen‐efficient plants, rice (Oryza sativa L.) was genetically engineered by introducing a barley AlaAT (alanine aminotransferase) cDNA driven by a rice tissue‐specific promoter (OsAnt1). This modification increased the biomass and grain yield significantly in comparison with control plants when plants were well supplied with nitrogen. Compared with controls, transgenic rice plants also demonstrated significant changes in key metabolites and total nitrogen content, indicating increased nitrogen uptake efficiency. The development of crop plants that take up and assimilate nitrogen more efficiently would not only improve the use of nitrogen fertilizers, resulting in lower production costs, but would also have significant environmental benefits. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the development of strategies to engineer enhanced nitrogen use efficiency in crop plants.
The Council for the Australian Federation: A New Structure of Australian Federalism
Authors: Tiernan Anne 
Published: May 2008

In October 2006, state premiers and territory chief ministers gathered in Melbourne for the first meeting of the Council for the Australian Federation (CAF). This little‐heralded event marked the beginning of the first formalised structure for state and territory only collaboration since Federation. This article describes the genesis and creation of this new structural response to ongoing state concerns about the trend to an increasingly centralised pattern of Commonwealth‐state relations. It identifies the intended functions of the Council, which include: acting as a mechanism for coordinating approaches to negotiations with the Commonwealth; operating as a clearing house for policy ideas in Australia and internationally; harmonising regulatory frameworks; and developing improvements to service delivery in areas of state responsibility. Informed by interviews with key players involved with its establishment and documentary sources, this article assesses CAF's performance during its first 18 months of operation. It explores the hopes and aspirations of key CAF stakeholders, and some of the issues that have confronted the fledgling organisation. Personnel changes among the cohort of state and territory leaders, and the election of a federal Labor government in November 2007 have altered the dynamics of CAF. The article argues that CAF's emergence is an attempt by sub‐national governments to develop new capacity and leverage to address the asymmetries that characterise contemporary Australian federalism. However, there are questions about CAF's future, particularly about state and territory governments' capacity to pursue collaborative agendas given the pace and scope of Kevin Rudd's ‘new federalism’ reforms and the demands it is placing on their policy and administrative systems.
Being a Good Senior Manager in Indigenous Community Governance: Working with Public Purpose and Private Benefit
Authors: Sanders Will 
Published: May 2008

This article seeks to understand the role of being a senior manager in Indigenous community governance, particularly though not exclusively in remote Aboriginal communities. It argues against the tendency of would‐be reformers of Indigenous community governance to focus on the competence and ethical qualities of those who occupy these roles and asks instead how can isolated managerialism in Indigenous community governance be overcome? The article begins with an overview of Ralph Folds' analysis of relations between Pintupi settlements and the larger Australian polity. While taking much from Folds' analysis, the article argues that ultimately he relies too heavily on the idea of antithetical worldviews across the settlement interface, on a problematic distinction between the official and private uses of publicly allocated resources and on too idealist a view of the Australian state. The article argues that the state's allocation of public resources inevitably involves a flow of private benefits and that public purposes and private benefits are not different phenomena, but rather different perspectives on state action. In contrast to Folds' idealism about the state, the article outlines a more thoroughly realist or materialist analysis of being a good senior manager in Indigenous community governance. In its concluding section, the article makes some suggestions for overcoming isolated managerialism in Indigenous community governance oganisations.
Securitization and Rate Setting in the UK Mortgage Market*
Authors: PAIS AMELIA 
Published: May 2008

ABSTRACTThe objective of this paper is to investigate the way mortgage rates are set by lenders funded by deposits versus lenders funded in the capital markets by securitization. The paper tests the response of both types of lenders to changes in market rates using an Error Correction Model. The results obtained here show that the rates of lenders opting for securitization adjust slightly faster to changes in market rates, lowering borrower costs at times of falling interest rates; the difference in mark‐up over the market rate is also lower on average for these lenders although it is not statistically significant. On the contrary, depository institutions seem to engage in more interest rate smoothing, confirming one of the distinctive characteristics of traditional bank lending, the provision of risk‐sharing opportunities to borrowers.