bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PERIOD PREVALENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN EDMONTON
Authors: Bland R. C. , Newman S. C. , Orn H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT‐3,258 randomly selected adult household residents of Edmonton were interviewed by trained lay interviewers using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS). Six‐month prevalence figures for DIS/DSM III diagnoses are given, and selected figures for the one‐month and one‐year prevalence, and the one‐year symptom‐free rates. The six‐month prevalence for any diagnosis is 17.1%, comparable to findings from other population studies using DSM III derived diagnoses, but lower than studies using the PSE. The prevalence rates for most disorders tended to be lowest in the elderly, but this was not as marked as the drop in lifetime prevalence. Men had higher prevalence for substance use disorders than women, but women had higher rates for affective disorders and anxiety/somatoform disorders. Prevalences for all disorders were either similar or lower in those who were married or living as though married, than in those who were not cohabiting. One‐year symptom‐free rates were highest for those with substance use disorders and lowest for those with anxiety/somatoform disorders ‐ largely due to the persistence of phobias.
AGE OF ONSET OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
Authors: Bland R. C. , Newman S. C. , Orn H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAge of onset of psychiatric disorders was determined from a random sample of 3, 258 household residents who were administered the DIS by trained lay interviewers. Onset was determined by the subject's recall of the age of the first symptom in those who met lifetime criteria for a diagnosis (DSM III without exclusions). The peak age of risk for most disorders was from the teens to 30 years, however a number of schizophrenics showed first symptoms before age 10. Few cases of any disorder had an onset in old age. The ages of onset are generally lower than those usually given from series of treated or hospitalized cases.
PREVALENCE OF PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS IN THE ELDERLY IN EDMONTON
Authors: Bland R. C. , Newman S. C. , Orn H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTPrevalence rates (six month and lifetime) for a random sample (N=358) of the eldery living at home, are compared to the rates for a sample (N=3,258) of the whole adult popultion of Edmonton and found to be generally lower in the elderly, except for cognitive impairment. These household resident results are similar to those reported from the United States using similar methods. A sample (N = 199) of the elderly living in institutions was found to have a very high overall prevalence of illness, mostly consisting of cognitive impairment (69%). It is estimated that over half of all cases of cognitive impairment live in institutions. This has considerable implications for the programs in institutions for the elderly, and also the need for institutions in the future, unless alternate means of care can be developed.
Prediction of clinical change by ethological methods
Authors: Bouhuys A. L. , Beersma D. G. M. , Van den Hoofdakker R. H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe aim of this paper is to show that ethology may contribute to the search for early indicators of clinical changes in depression. Three studies are presented. One study deals with the prediction of treatment outcome over 10 weeks and the other two with the prediction of the acute clinical response to total sleep deprivation (TSD). In each study a number of behaviours were observed, as displayed during a baseline psychiatric interview by the patients as well as the psychiatrist. In this report, the predictive potency of directly observed behaviours is compared to the predictive value of global clinical measures of psychomotor activation. The behaviours of the patients were interpreted as “relational” and “nonrelational” behaviours. The relational behaviours (i.e., variation in looking, yes‐nodding, gesturing) occurred less, the nonrelational behaviours (i.e., intensive body touching, head movements) occurred more in responders than in nonresponders to 10 weeks of treatment. Also in the TSD studies body touching was positively related to improvement. Global clinical assessment of psychomotor activation could not be related to outcome. The advantages of the observational methods are discussed.
Differences in adjustment among university‐educated men and women: (Mental health of the Finnish student. Follow‐up, report IV)
Authors: Holmström Reijo , Koivisto Riitta‐Liisa , Niemi Päivi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe present study forms a part of a thirteen‐year longitudinal study of mental health and examines how university‐educated men and women have adapted to an average environment. In basic cross‐tabulations, 63 out of the total 356 psychological and sociological characteristics proved to be differently distributed for men and women. On the other hand, there were no quantitative differences in global mental healthillness indicators between the sexes. Fifteen central personality characteristics indicating good adaptation were kept constant. Different scales for men and women were needed for adjustment measures such as: »social position», »level of university degree», »ego strength», »control of anger», »general ability», »norm‐dependence». On the contrary, »satisfaction with occupation», »self‐actualization in love», »having children», »quality of social background» were distributed identically. Consequently, keeping these indicators constant did not decrease sex‐differences.Hartmann's concept of adaptation to average environment proved to be rather difficult to apply in practice. Differences in how men and women adapted in Finnish society were examined in detail. The general adjustment was rather successful but there were signs indicating that the women's adaptation was less successful.
Attitudes towards mental illness
Authors: Bhugra D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTWith the advent of community psychiatry, the pressure of care of the mentally ill will increasingly fall on the family and the community. In order for this transition to succeed, it is important to bear in mind the attitudes of the community and the caregivers. This article reviews the literature on public attitudes and suggestions are made for future research and lessons to be learnt from the experience in Northe America.
Paranoid symptoms and disorders among 100 among refugees: a longitudinal study
Authors: Westermeyer J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTParanoid disorder has been recognized as a special problem among migrants in general, and refugees in particular. Controversy exists about whether vulnerability to paranoia is a pre‐emigration or post migration phenomenon, and whether paranoia is caused by genetic or organic factors, victimization, or the stress of acculturation, information is limited on the distribution of paranoid symptoms among refugees. The course of paranoid symptoms in refugees is unknown. Findings reveal that: most refugees have no or mild paranoid symptoms (suspiciousness or mistrust); a small number have severe symptoms (ideas of reference, paranoid delusions or paranoid hallucinations); paranoid symptoms (unlike depressive symptoms) tend to remain at about the same level over several years; and the prevalence and incidence of paranoid disorders among refugees are high compared with other groups.
Psychodynamic features in borderline personality disorder identified by a subliminal test, the Defense Mechanism Test
Authors: Sundbom E. , Kullgren G. , Armelius B.‐Å. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty seven psychiatric inpatients, diagnosed according to DSM‐III and the Diagnostic Interview for Borderline (DIB), and 7 healthy controls were tested with the Defense Mechanism Test (DMT), a test of subliminal perception based on psychoanalytic theory. In the test a specific stimulus is presented subliminaily in a tachistoscope and the patient's perceptual distortions are registered. Patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) were compared with patients with other personality disorders, patients with schizophrenic disorders and healthy controls. Specific perceptual distortions were identified among patients with BPD. Some individual DMT signs correlated with some deviant behaviors as identified by the DIB. The findings supported the psychodynamic validity of the concept of borderline personality disorder. It is concluded that DMT is a promising research instrument that provides an empirical approach to crucial psychodynamic phenomena.
Successful treatment with clonazepam for neuroleptic‐induced akathisia
Authors: Horiguchi J. , Nishimatsu O. , Inami Y. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty‐one patients with severe neuroleptic‐induced akathisia resistant to antiparkinsonian medications were treated with oral clonazepam in an open trial. All the patients reported subjective improvement. We suggest that elonazepam is effective in managing neuroleptic‐induced akathisia.
Assessment of suicide risk by computer‐delivered self‐rating questionnaire: preliminary findings
Authors: Levine S. , Ancill R.J. , Roberts A.P. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA prospective study of 167 consecutive patients admitted to a general hospital following an episode of deliberate self‐harm was carried out; 102 patients were interviewed by computer and then by a psychiatrist who was blind to the results of the computer interview. The computer interview consisted of a self‐rating modification of the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression and a novel questionnaire developed lo assess suicidal ideation. This article explores the preliminary findings in these patients and suggests that not only is the computer interview acceptable to the majority of patients but the data suggest, in line with previous studies, that the patients are prepared to confide information to the computer that they may be unwilling to tell the clinician. Further the data also suggest a significant pathoplastic effect of the personality of the patient on the perception of the psychopathology by the clinician. The computer appeared to be a better predictor of suicidality than the interview by the clinician.
Factors associated with discontinuation of long‐term lithium treatment
Authors: Nilsson A. , Axelsson R. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTSixty‐four outpatients with major affective disorder according to DSM‐IH and on continuous lithium treatment for an average duration of 7.8 years were first investigated in 1980 and then followed for 7 years. The predictive value of patients’ attitudes to their lithium, the prognostic influence of psychiatric status, side effects, and anamnestic and laboratory data including lithium parameters were studied. At the end of the 7‐year follow‐up, 61% of the patients were still on lithium maintenance treatment, 25% had discontinued lithium for clinical reasons, and 14% of the patients had died. Side effects of lithium were the major clinical reason for discontinuing treatment, while attitudes towards medication were of minor importance. Approximately one fourth of the patients who discontinued lithium were differentiated from those who continued treatment by showing a high frequency of the neurologic side effects incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbed sensibility in addition to having more severe tremor. In yet another fourth of those who discontinued for clinical reasons, lithium was stopped by the treating psychiatrist as maximal urine osmolality values were considered to be too low. These patients did not show any signs of clinically significant impairment of renal functions. Their psychiatric status was excellent in terms of extremely low CPRS scores. The patients who died during the follow‐up period were differentiated from those who continued treatment by a much higher frequency of alcohol and drug abuse prior to the initiation of lithium therapy. The total number of side effects and the number of severe side effects were significantly larger than in continuers on lithium. The most common causes of death were cardiovascular disease and suicide. In no case was the cause of death attributed to lithium therapy.
Diazepam‐binding inhibitor and corticotropin‐releasing hormone in cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Roy A. , Pickar D. , Gold P. , Barbaccia M. , Guidotti A. , Costa E. , Linnoila M. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTDiazepam‐binding inhibitor (DBI) is a neuromodulatory peptide for gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmission. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of DBI have been found to be elevated in depression. CSF levels of the peptide corticotropin‐releasing hormone (CRH) have also been found to be elevated in depression. Therefore, we examined for a relationship between DBI and CRH in human CSF. We found significant positive correlations between CSF levels of DBI and CRH in depressed patients, pathological gamblers, and normal controls. These data, along with the elevated CSF levels of DBI in depression, suggest the possibility that DBI may have a role in coordinating responses to stress in humans in addition to its possible role in the pathophysiology of depression.
Suicide and the attempted suicide: An interntional perspective
Authors: Diekstra R. F. W. 
Published: August 2007

This article reviews the scope of suicide and attempted suicide as public health problems from an interntional perspective. Socio‐demographic trends are analyzed and explanatory theories for interntional differences proposed.Suicide and attempted suicide can be prevented, but the development and evaluation of effective large‐scale prevention programs is still in its infancy. Inadequacies in current programs across the world has promoted the establishment of national Task Forces on Suicide Prevention in the United States, Canada and The Netherlands, as well as a WHO strategy on suicide prevention. These groups have formulated comprehensive strategies for the prevention of suicide. The main components of these strategies are:‐ Design and implementation of national research programs;‐ The improvement of services;‐ The provision of information and training on suicide prevention to relevant professional groups, organizations and the general public; and‐ Formulation of strategies and techniques to deal with special risk groups.The added recommendations are seen as important steps in translating a comprehensive national plan to prevent suicide into clinical and research programs that can be effectively implemented to prevent these tragedies around the world.
Why do amitriptyline and dothiepin appear to be so dangerous in overdose?
Authors: Montgomery S. A. , Baldwin D. , Green M. 
Published: August 2007

Data from different analyses of reported deaths from overdose with antidepressants in the U. K. reveal that amitriptyline and dothiepin are the antidepressants most likely to be associated with death from overdose. All widely used tricylic antidepressants (TCAs) except clomipramine and lofepramine appear to be dangerous in overdose, whereas the newer antidepressants such as mianserin, trazodone, viloxazine and the TCA lofepramine appear to be relatively safe. The toxicity of amitriptyline and dothiepin appears to be greater than all antidepressants including other TCAs and it is important to try to understand why. A number of explanations will be considered:1. Dothiepin and amitriptyline may be inherently more toxic than other TCAs.2. Dothiepin and amitriptyline may induce suicide more than other antidepressants. It is assumed that antidepressants are neutral with regard to inducing suicide but this may not be true. There is, for example, evidence that alprazolam and other benzodiazepines induce suicidal behaviour.3. Amitriptyline and dothiepin are often presented in subtherapeutic and ineffective doses and it is possible that increased suicides may result from inadequately treated depression.4. There may be a selective overreporting of deaths with amitriptyline and dothiepin.5. Amitriptyline and prothiaden may be selectively given to the suicide prone on the mistaken assumption that they are safe.
Disaster psychiatry and traumatic stress studies in Norway
Authors: Malt U. F. , Weisæth L. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT The breakthrough of Norwegian disaster psychiatry and traumatic stress studies came when the “Board of Norwegian Doctors of 1957” carried out exceptionally thorough and comprehensive studies of former concentration camp prisoners. These studies convincingly demonstrated that chronic mental illnesses could develop in persons who had a harmonious childhood but who had been subject to extreme physical and psychological stress.During the seventies Norway became the first country in the world to have a University chair of disaster psychiatry. The scope of the field was broadened by the initiation of several studies on traumatic neurosis, industrial disaster and injuries. The support from the Joint Norwegian Armed Forces Medical Services, the University of Oslo, the Norwegian Research Council for Science and the Humanities, and later the Royal Norwegian Council for Scientific and Technical Research, was crucial for this development.Currently stress and disaster psychiatry has become an integrated part of the care of victims who have suffered individual or collective disaster. Disaster psychiatry is taught in medical schools and is part of the obligatory training for residents in psychiatry.
Pharmacological data of the atypical neuroleptic compound melperone (Buronilr̀)
Authors: Christensson E. G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTBased on the non‐cataleptic properties, the weak affinity for D2 receptors and the inability to induce DA receptor supersensitivity after both acute and repeated administration, melperone may be characterized as an atypical neuroleptic drug. This indicates a weak effect of melperone on striatal DA neurotransmission. On the other hand melperone is potent in blocking amphetamine induced locomotion, exploratory behaviour, L‐Dopa induced jumping and aggression suggesting a limbic mode of action.The effect on limbic Da neurotransmission together with an antiadrenergic and 5‐HT modulating action may explain the antipsychotic effect and the low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects observed during treatment with melperone.
Healthy students as adult citizens
Authors: Holmström Reijo 
Published: August 2007

ABSTACTThe longitudinal research project dealing with the mental health of Finnish students was started in the year 1965. This paper is the fifth follow‐up report from research phase III. It describes the most healthy subgroup by contrasting it with the ill subgroup. Time and sex as well as external and internal reality are essential aspects of this comparison between the healthy and the ill. Differences between the healthy and the ill have been described in terms of a) external facts, b) background information (phases I and II) and c) subjective inner feelings. The special character of mental health and illness in men and women is also discussed from several points of view.In the attempt to interpret the extensive body of data and to give it a coherent shape, one general hypothesis which has been formed is that women tend to be characterized by a greater‘mobility’between the more mature, adult level and an earlier one, reaching back all the way to the oral aspects of the dyadic relationship. Such mobility and flexibility has both its advantages and its disadvantages. The specific aspects of women's difficulties are easily obscured by the duality of the roles taken on by the woman, and the great difference between them ‐ that of adult woman and that of mother. In particular the maternal role easily comes to mask problematic early elements, which under subsequent conditions of stress may be activated. The male personality is more definite and clearcut in this respect, but by the same token also more rigid.
Homicide in the Nordic countries
Authors: Guôjónsson G. H. , Pétursson H. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThis article reviews and assesses previous studies of homicide in the Nordic countries and compares the main findings with those from other countries. In spite of the relative sparsity of data, the nature of the available information allows a reasonably reliable comparison to be made between different Nordic countries. Although findings from separate studies vary somewhat, some general trends have been noticed and seem to apply to most of the countries in question: in particular, changes that have occurred over the last 2 decades. Thus, all the Nordic countries have experienced an increase in homicide incidence during this period, and with some notable exceptions, this increase has been quite drastic. Certain other trends have been observed, such as the prominent role of alcoholism and drug abuse in homicide offences, as well as the relative increase in nondomestic offences. Homicide followed by suicide has decreased proportionately among males, whereas this trend has not occurred to the same extent among females, who are more frequently involved in domestic homicide. Methods of homicide have also varied somewhat during the last few decades. The case of homicide in Greenland is discussed separately in view of its special circumstances. Studies dealing with the various psychiatric and mental health problems related to homicide in the Nordic countries are discussed and a hypothesis is offered about possible sociocultural factors, in particular alcohol and drug abuse, that seem to be important.
Primary and secondary erotomania: clinical characteristics and follow‐up
Authors: Gillett T. , Eminson S. R. , Hassanyeh F. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTA survey within a defined area of the north‐east of England (population of approximately 1.25 million) generated a number of patients with current or past erotomanic phenomenology. A casenote study was carried out on the 11 patients identified. Cases were classified in accordance with DSM‐111‐R criteria and an assessment was made of the extent to which each case fulfilled specific criteria for primary and secondary erotomania, as defined by previous authors. The response to treatment of both psychiatric syndrome and erotomanic phenomenology is described for each case. The findings are discussed in relation to the current debate regarding the status of de Clerabault's syndrome and delusional disorder (erotomanic type) as nosological entities.
Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs in pregnancy
Authors: Fava G. A. , Grandi S. , Michelacci L. , Saviotti F. , Conti S. , Bovicelli L. , Trombini G. , Orlandi C. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTIllness attitudes were evaluated in 26 pregnant women and 26 control subjects matched for sociodemographic variables, by means of a self‐rating scale, on 3 different occasions. For each trimester of pregnancy, women displayed more hypochondriacal fears and beliefs and conviction of disease (disease phobia) than normal controls. In the third trimester, they also reported more fear of dying and bodily preoccupations. The findings should alert physicians to ask their pregnant patients whether they are preoccupied with fear of dying, or are concerned that they suffer from an undiagnosed physical illness, or dread a specific illness such as cancer or heart disease. Hypochondriacal fears and beliefs are liable to affect well‐being and the health attitudes of pregnant women. If properly recognized, they may effectively be treated.