bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using a quality control approach to define an ‘adequately cellular’ liquid‐based cervical cytology specimen
Authors: McQueen F. , Duvall E. 
Published: July 2006

Objective:  To define a minimum acceptable total squamous cellularity for (ThinPrep®) liquid‐based cervical cytology (LBC) specimens using quality control techniques.Methods:  Two hundred LBC preparations were made containing varying numbers (<200) of severely dyskaryotic squamous cells and with varying total cellularities.Results:  Ninety‐eight per cent of the LBC preparations that were missed by one or more of three cytoscreeners had fewer than 16 abnormal objects (single dyskaryotic cells or clumps of cells) and 87 dyskaryotic cells. The minimum ratio of dyskaryotic to total squamous cells that, in a preparation of 5000 squamous cells has a probability of at least 0.98 that 87 or more dyskaryotic cells will be present is 1 : 47. Twenty‐three preparations diagnosed as abnormal had ratios of dyskaryotic to total squamous cells of between 1 : 2.5 and 1 : 4596. There is thus no feasible minimum acceptable squamous cellularity that will give an acceptable probability of detection of all specimen vials containing abnormal cells in the observed proportions.Conclusions:  It is suggested that the minimum acceptable cellularity for LBC specimens is set pragmatically by the screening programme to give a feasible percentage of repeat tests.
Host choice by Aphidius colemani: effects of plants, plant–aphid combinations and the presence of intra‐guild predators
Authors: BILU EINAT , HOPPER KEITH R. , COLL MOSHE 
Published: July 2006

Abstract 1. This study first measured the effect of plant (radish, pepper, and wheat), aphid–plant combination (the green peach aphid Myzus persicae on pepper and radish, and the bird cherry‐oat aphid Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat) and the host on which Aphidius colemani was reared (the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii on cucumber, M. persicae on radish and pepper, and R. padi on wheat) on host choice behaviour of the parasitoid and the performance of its offspring. Then, the effect of predator presence (Coccinella undecimpunctata larvae) on host preference of the wasps was tested.2. When reared on M. persicae on either radish or pepper, wasps preferred the aphid–plant combination from which they had emerged. Wasps reared on A. gossypii (naïve to all hosts offered) and R. padi preferred to parasitise M. persicae on radish and M. persicae on either radish or pepper, respectively. Rhopalosiphum padi on wheat was the least preferred and also the least suitable host, as determined by offspring body size.3. Contrary to expectations, the presence of predators did not influence the host choice of A. colemani, even when predator‐free plants were offered nearby. Results indicate that wasps are more likely to remain in some host systems but not in others, even when facing risk of predation.4. Results are discussed in respect to field data and the relative importance of risk of predation and host preference to wasp fitness.
Seasonal variation in the migration strategies of the green lacewingChrysoperla carneaspecies complex
Authors: CHAPMAN JASON W. , REYNOLDS DON R. , BROOKS STEPHEN J. , SMITH ALAN D. , WOIWOD IAN P. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract1. Insect migration strategies are generally poorly understood due to the propensity for high‐altitude flight of many insect species, and the technical difficulties associated with observing these movements. While some progress has been made in the study of the migration of important insect pests, the migration strategies of insect natural enemies are often unknown.2. Suction trapping, radar monitoring, and high‐altitude aerial netting were used to characterise the seasonal migrations in the U.K. of an assemblage of aphid predators: three green lacewings in theChrysoperla carneaspecies complex.3.Chrysoperla carnea sens. str. was found to be very abundant at high altitudes during their summer migration, and some individuals were capable of migrating distances of ≈ 300 km during their pre‐ovipositional period. In contrast, high‐altitude flights were absent in the autumn migration period, probably due to a behavioural adaptation that increases the probability that migrants will encounter their over‐wintering sites. The other two species in the complex,C. lucasinaandC. pallida, were much rarer, making up ≈ 3% of the total airborne populations throughout the study period.4. The summer migration ofC. carnea sens. str. was not directly temporally associated with the summer migration of its cereal aphid prey, but lagged behind by about 4 weeks. There was also no evidence of spatial association between aphid and lacewing populations.5. The results show that to understand the population ecology of highly mobile insect species, it is necessary to characterise fully all aspects of their migration behaviour, including the role of high‐altitude flights.
Receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand and osteoprotegerin in men with thyroid cancer
Authors: Mikosch P. , Igerc I. , Kudlacek S. , Woloszczuk W. , Gallowitsch H. J. , Kresnik E. , Stettner H. , Grimm G. , Lind P. , Pietschmann P. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBackground  Suppressive thyroid hormone therapy is generally a lifelong treatment for patients with differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC). However, long‐standing thyrotropin (TSH) suppression is a risk factor for osteoporosis. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) and receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand (RANKL) are central regulators of bone turnover. The aim was to analyze the effects of a suppressive thyroid hormone therapy in males with DTC on the OPG/RANKL system and on bone metabolism.Patients and methods  The OPG and soluble RANKL (sRANKL) were determined in 40 men (mean age, 53·2 years) with DTC on suppressive thyroid hormone therapy (TSH; 0·053 ± 0·037 mU L−1, duration 5·7 ± 4·4 years) and 120 healthy controls matched for age. The markers of bone metabolism were C‐terminal telopeptide of type I collagen in serum (sCTx) and osteocalcin (OC).Results  The control group had OPG values (mean ± SD) of 1·9 ± 1·0 pmol L−1 and sRANKL values of 0·40 ± 0·62 pmol L−1. In patients with DTC, results for OPG were 3·03 ± 1·04 pmol L−1 (P < 0·05) and for sRANKL were 0·13 ± 0·16 pmol L−1 (P < 0·05). The control group presented values for sCTx of 2669 ± 1132 pmol L−1 and for OC of 17·89 ± 6·5 ng mL−1. Patients with DTC on suppressive thyroid hormone therapy had increased sCTx values of 3810 ± 2020 pmol L−1 (P = 0·03) but comparable OC values of 19·21 ± 7·67 ng mL−1 (NS).Conclusion  Suppressive thyroid hormone therapy in men with DTC increased bone degradation and induced significant changes in the OPG/RANKL system. These changes include, besides the risk of osteoporosis, possible negative effects on the vascular function and an increased risk of cardiovascular disease.
A model incorporating the diffuse double layer to predict the electrical conductivity of bulk soil
Authors: Mojid M. A. , Rose D. A. , Wyseure G. C. L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA model has been developed to predict the electrical conductivity of bulk soil. The total soil‐water content is divided into free water and water in the diffuse double layer (DDL) around clay particles. These two fractions of soil water conduct electrical current through the soil and are assumed to act in parallel with the soil solid. The volume of water in the DDL is evaluated from the surface area of the clay and the thickness of the DDL. The surface area of the clay is estimated from its cation exchange capacity (CEC) and surface charge density. A transmission coefficient correcting for the effect of the tortuous flow path of current through the soil, and a proportionality constant relating the electrical conductivity of water in the DDL to that of free water, are included in the model. The transmission coefficient is a function of the contents of water and clay and has been modelled in terms of these factors. The values of the proportionality constant and those relating to the transmission coefficient were optimized for five different soils. The electrical conductivities of the five soils estimated by the model compare well with the measured values, which, however, deviate systematically from predictions by the three‐component model of Rhoades et al.
Scaling plant size to below‐ground zone of influence in annuals under contrasting competitive environments
Authors: BERGER A. G. , McDONALD A. J. , RIHA S. J. 
Published: July 2006

Summary

Understanding the development of plants’ below‐ground zone of influence, the region over which a plant acquires soil resources, is essential for understanding and predicting interplant competition.
The objective of this experiment was to characterize root system development of four weed species (Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Chenopodium album L. and Setaria faberi Herm.) when grown in monoculture and in mixture to assess the influence of maize competition on root system volume and shape.
Using a herbicide‐injection technique, root development was assessed at two field sites with contrasting soil textures. Lateral root growth (LRG) was measured over the growing season at 15, 30 and 60 cm depths. Similarly, vertical root growth (VRG) was assessed when roots reached 15, 30 and 60 cm depths. The technique proved useful for quantifying VRG and LRG over time for all four weed species. From vertical and lateral root system expansion, the volume of soil exploited by the root system (V) was calculated and used as an estimator of the below‐ground zone of influence.
For A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus, VRG was less influenced than LRG by interspecific competition, and was independent of plant size. In contrast, LRG was strongly related to plant size. Differences in LRG were primarily responsible for the sizeable reductions in below‐ground zone of influence for plants of similar ages but of lower above‐ground biomass (AGB) due to competition with maize.
Above‐ground biomass of A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus was exponentially related to below‐ground zone of influence with a scaling exponent of 0·71 (AGB = 84·14V0·71, R2 = 0·74). Soil type (sandy loam vs silt loam), plant species, or interspecific competition (monoculture vs mixture with maize) did not substantially influence this relationship.
The scaling factor reported in this study could be used to improve dynamic models of plant competition in annual agroecosystems. This work also provides insights into the likelihood of below‐ground competition between neighbouring plants during root system development.
Cyclic fatigue resistance and three‐dimensional analysis of instruments from two nickel–titanium rotary systems
Authors: Grande N. M. , Plotino G. , Pecci R. , Bedini R. , Malagnino V. A. , Somma F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAim  To determine how instrument design affects the fatigue life of two nickel–titanium (Ni–Ti) rotary systems (Mtwo and ProTaper) under cyclic fatigue stress in simulated root canals.Methodology  Cyclic fatigue testing of instruments was performed in stainless steel artificial canals with radii of curvature of 2 or 5 mm and an angle of curvature of 60°. A total of 260 instruments were rotated until fracture occurred and the number of cycles to failure were recorded. The morphology of Ni–Ti rotary instruments was investigated by measuring the volume of millimetre slices of each instrument size starting from the tip to the shank by means of μCT analysis. The fracture surface of three representative samples of each size was analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data were analysed by one‐way anova, Holm t‐test, paired t‐test and linear regression; the significance was determined at the 95% confidence level.Results  Cycles to failure significantly decreased as the instrument volume increased for both the radii of curvature tested (P < 0.01). The radius of curvature had a statistically significant influence on the fatigue life of the instruments (P < 0.05). Larger instruments underwent fracture in less time under cyclic stress than smaller ones. SEM evaluation showed typical features of fracture through fatigue failure.Conclusions  The metal volume in the point of maximum stress during a cyclic fatigue test could affect the fatigue life of Ni–Ti rotary instruments. The larger the metal volume, the lower the fatigue resistance.
Identification of Predominant Aroma Compounds in Muscadine Grape Juice
Authors: BAEK H.H. , CADWALLADER K.R. , MARROQUIN E. , SILVA J.L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe aroma components of muscadine (Vitis rotundifoliaMichx) grape juice were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC)/mass spectrometry and GC/olfactometry (aroma extract dilution analysis). 2,5‐Dimethyl‐4‐hydroxy‐3(2H)‐furanone (furaneol), with a burnt sugar‐like aroma, was the most intense aroma in the juice. Other predominant compounds included 2,3‐butanedione, ethyl butanoate, ethyl 2‐methylbutanoate, 2‐phenylethanol, and o‐aminoacetophenone. These compounds were described as buttery/cream cheese, bubble gum/fruity, green apple/fruity, rosy, and foxy, respectively. Furaneol and o‐aminoacetophenone were thought to be responsible for characteristic candy and foxy‐like aroma notes of muscadine grape juice. Flavor dilution chromatograms were similar for juices prepared from grapes harvested on different dates and from different locations.
Aroma Volatiles in Cooked Alligator Meat
Authors: BAEK H.H. , CADWALLADER K.R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTVolatile components from cooked (convection oven at 176.7°C for 30 min) alligator meat were isolated by vacuum simultaneous distillation and solvent extraction (V‐SDE) and dynamic headspace sampling (DHS) and analyzed by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, or olfactometry. We identified 56 compounds in V‐SDE extracts and 13 in DHS extracts. Volatile profiles were similar for all alligator meat samples regardless of alligator size (length). However, concentration of volatiles increased as alligator size increased. Most volatile compounds were lipid‐derived aldehydes, which made up 73.9–79.4% of total volatiles in V‐SDE extracts and 82.4–89.2% in DHS extracts. Hexanal, the most abundant compound, and (Z)‐4‐heptenal were considered responsible for the green, grassy and fishy, rancid off‐odor of cooked alligator meat samples.
Destruction and Inhibition of Bacterial Spores by High Voltage Pulsed Electric Field
Authors: MARQUEZ V.O. , MITTAL G.S. , GRIFFITHS M.W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTElectric field strengths (E) from 20 to 50 kV/cm with pulse numbers ranging from 15 to 50 were applied to Bacillus spore suspensions in 0.10 to 0.15% NaCl solution. The lowest count of viable spores, expressed as the logarithmic ratio of initial count before treatment to surviving spores (log(No/N) 3.425 and 5 at 25°C) was obtained at 50 kV/cm with 30 and 50 pulses for B. subtilis and B. cereus, respectively. The log(No/N) increased with increased treatment temperature or increased time gap between pulses. Spores were unable to repair damage even after 1 mo.
Covalent Cross‐linking Effects on Thermo‐Rheological Profiles of Fish Protein Gels
Authors: LEE H.G. , LANIER T.C. , HAMANN D.D. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe extent of covalent cross‐linking in surimi sols by transglutaminase was modified by addition of either EDTA (inhibition by calcium sequestering), variation of preincubation time at 25°C to allow action of endogenous transglutaminase, or by addition of a microbial transglutaminase. Gels were cooked following preincubation to fix the effects of the cross‐linking reaction. Torsion, dynamic (small strain) test and stress relaxation measurements were made on the gels over a range of temperatures. Gels preincubated with EDTA had similar rheological response to temperature as gels cooked without preincubation. The stress relaxation and thermo‐rheological profiles of gels with increased covalent cross‐linking (induced by added or endogenous transglutaminase) were increasingly rubber elastic in their behavior.
Physicochemical Changes in Prawns (Machrobrachium rosenbergii) Subjected to Multiple Freeze‐Thaw Cycles
Authors: SRINIVASAN SUBRAMANIAN , XIONG YOULING L. , BLANCHARD SUZANNE P. , TIDWELL JAMES H. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTFresh prawns were subjected to five freeze‐thaw cycles (–29°C ⇄ 22°C) and associated physicochemical changes in muscle were determined. Shear force to break prawn tails was dependent on prawn size, more on weight (r = 0.75–0.81) than on diameter (r = 0.56–0.66). No change (P > 0.05) in shear force was observed in raw prawns after five freeze‐thaw cycles. However, shear force of cooked prawns decreased after three freeze‐thaw cycles which coincided with accelerated lipid oxidation in raw prawns. Electrophoretic analysis revealed gradual decreases in myosin, actin, and most other myofibrillar proteins with each successive freeze‐thaw cycle. Enthalpy of protein denaturation decreased from 16.6 J/g (fresh) to 13.5 J/g after one freeze‐thaw cycle with minor changes thereafter.
Fractal Analysis and Crust Water Diffusivity of a Restructured Potato Product During Deep‐Fat Frying
Authors: RUBNOV M. , SAGUY I.S. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe effect of added fructose (0–10% w/w) on restructured potato product surface characteristics, mechanical properties, moisture loss, oil uptake and color changes during deep‐fat frying was investigated. The apparent fractal dimension derived from the silhouettes of the sample contour was related to surface ruggedness, and displayed a marked linear effect of the added fructose on reducing its value from 1.27 to 1.08. The apparent fractal dimension correlated linearly with oil uptake and UR, suggesting a practical criterion for predicting oil uptake during deep‐fat frying. Added fructose reduced water diffusivity coefficients of pre‐fried specimens from 2.00 × 10−9 to 1.26 × 10−9 m2/s. Porosity ranged from 0.79 to 0.82.
Development and Characterization of Biodegradable/Edible Wheat Protein Films
Authors: RAYAS LUIS M. , HERNANDEZ RUBEN J. , NG PERRY K.W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTBiodegradable and edible films were prepared from three types of wheat flours: commercial bread, hard red winter, and soft white. Films were produced at two pH values (4 and 11) and tested for oxygen permeability as related to temperature. Films were also produced with a cross‐linked agent and tested for tensile strengths. Oxygen permeability was 5.9 × 10−20 to 18.5 × 10−20 m3O2 m m−2 s−1 Pa−1 similar to values for commercial nylon. The oxygen permeability activation energy varied from 9.1 to 14.5 kcal mol−1, depending on type of flour and pH did not affect oxygen permeability. Presence of the cross‐linking agent increased the strength of films and elongation at break ranged from 490% to 640%, while tensile stress at break ranged from 25.8 × 10−3 kg m−2 to 44.1 × 10−3 kg m−2, lower than commercial nylon.
Quality Characteristics of Ham Formulated with Modified Corn Starch and Kappa‐Carrageenan
Authors: PRABHU G. A. , SEBRANEK J.G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTEight treatments utilizing kappa‐carrageenan (0%, 1.5%) and starch (0%, 2%, 3.5%, 5%) in hams were compared. Hams were evaluated for cooking yields, purge, color, texture and sensory characteristics. Incorporation of carrageenan at 1.5% increased yield, decreased purge and resulted in sensory perception of reduced juiciness. Increasing starch increased perception of juiciness. There was no synergistic effect on moisture retention due to a combination of starch and carrageenan. Microstructural characteristics revealed that starch and carrageenan were randomly distributed in localized areas with no evidence of interaction.
Texture Profile Analysis of Heat‐Formed Gels and Cakes Prepared with Low Cholesterol Egg Yolk Concentrates
Authors: PARASKEVOPOULOU A. , KIOSSEOGLOU V. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTGels were formed by heating water dispersions of egg yolk protein concentrates of low cholesterol content, prepared from yolk by applying different lipid extraction methods. Texture profiles, obtained by applying an Instron double compression test, showed that in general, gels exhibited higher hardness and springiness and lower cohesiveness than those of the control yolk. Cakes prepared with yolk concentrates showed higher hardness and similar cohesiveness and springiness values and, with one exception, harder textures compared to control cakes, as assessed by panelists. Results were related to the differences in protein and lipid composition of yolk samples.
Sensitivity Analysis for Hygrostress Crack Formation in Cylindrical Food During Drying
Authors: LIU HONG , ZHOU LIUMING , HAYAKAWA KAN‐ICHI 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTA parametric analysis was performed to examine the influence of several factors on stress crack formation in cylindrical food during drying using a previously developed, validated simulation method. They included initial food moisture (Wo), air humidity (Rh) and temperature (Ta), convective surface mass transfer coefficient (hm), convective surface heat transfer coefficient (ht), moisture diffusivity (Dw), and initial food diameter (do). Rh influenced most strongly drying time for crack formation (tcf), followed by Ta and Wo. The other 4 parameters in descending order of influence were hm, ht, do and Dw. The influence of all parameters, except Wo, was due to their influence on mass transfer Biot number, Bim, that was closely related to moisture concentration gradient in food. The influence of Wo was due to increased critical stress for crack formation with a reduced moisture level.
Whey Changes during Processing Determined by Near Infrared Spectroscopy
Authors: POULIOT MICHEL , PAQUIN PAUL , MARTEL RICHARD , GAUTHIER SYLVIE F. , POULIOT YVES 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTWe assessed the potential application of near infrared (NIR) spectrophotometry using a remote optic fiber probe for the development of calibrations. We evaluated the heat denaturation of whey proteins, the chemical composition of a whey protein concentrate (WPC) during production, and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) of whey proteins during trypsin hydrolysis. Partial least square (PLS) calibrations were developed for these applications and were related to a variety of products and processing conditions, so as to increase their reliability. NIR has potential applications in real time analysis for whey processing lines.
Oxidation Kinetics of Menhaden Oil with TBHQ
Authors: FARKAS J.K. , FLOROS J.D. , LINEBACK D.S. , WATKINS B.A. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe oxidation kinetics of menhaden oil containing 0% to 0.02% tertbutylhydroquinone (TBHQ) were evaluated at 37°C. Induction periods, and monomolecular and bimolecular oxidation rates were determined from thiobarbituric acid analysis. The disappearance rates of several fatty acids were determined from GC analysis. Free fatty acid and viscosity changes were evaluated. Induction periods were directly related to TBHQ concentration. Monomolecular rates decreased with increasing TBHQ concentration, but bimolecular rates did not change. The rate of disappearance of unsaturated fatty acids was proportional to their degree of unsaturation, but not related to TBHQ concentration. Free fatty acid content and viscosity increased rapidly after the monomolecular period.
Carrageenan Effects on Thermal Stability of Meat Proteins
Authors: DeFREITAS Z. , SEBRANEK J.G. , OLSON D.G. , CARR J.M. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTMeat myofibrillar protein (MP) gels and ground pork were used as model systems for studying thermal transition temperatures. Addition of up 2% of κ, ι, or λ carrageenan (CGN) to MP caused a very slight change in the thermal denaturation of the meat proteins. Three transition temperatures were found in ground pork samples, which were characteristic of myosin (59.4°C), sarcoplasmic proteins (67.8°C), and actin (82.4°C). Mixtures of high ionic strength had lower thermal transition peaks. CGN did not cause major shifts in transition temperatures, suggesting that molecular interactions between CGN and meat proteins did not occur.