bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suicide risk in schizophrenia: Explanatory models and clinical implications, The Schematic Appraisal Model of Suicide (SAMS)
Authors: Johnson Judith , Gooding Patricia , Tarrier Nicholas 
Published: January 2008

Purpose. The objective of this paper was to evaluate the Cry of Pain model of suicide behaviour as applied to psychosis and to derive theoretically driven guidelines for prevention. Suicide risk in psychotic patients is a serious but poorly understood clinical and social problem. There is a dearth of psychological models to explain suicidal behaviour and to guide effective preventative clinical interventions. Understanding suicidal behaviour in psychosis may be facilitated by utilizing models from depression. The ‘Cry of Pain’ model of suicide is founded on an evolutionary approach to understanding suicidal behaviour in depression.Methods. The model was critically evaluated and relevant literature reviewed.Results. Although strengths of the model were identified, lack of clarity regarding the concepts of defeat, entrapment, and lack of rescue appeared to limit its theoretical and clinical utility. We suggest a modification to this model which replaces concepts of defeat, entrapment, and lack of rescue with a four‐stage appraisal process in conjunction with information‐processing biases and suicidal schema.Conclusions. Methods of testing this model are suggested and guidelines for a clinical intervention (Cognitive Behavioural Suicide Prevention for Psychosis; CBSPp) are outlined.
Implementing clinical guidelines for bipolar disorder
Authors: Morriss Richard. 
Published: January 2008

Purpose. To critically review the evidence concerning the implementation of clinical guidelines for bipolar disorder.Methods. A Medline search was made of the literature on the implementation of guidelines in bipolar disorder and mental health. The implementation of non‐pharmacological treatments from the 2006 NICE Guideline for Bipolar Disorder was then used as a case example. May's model of normalization of complex interventions was then applied to the NICE guideline recommendations for bipolar disorder.Results. The effective local implementation of guidelines requires a detailed understanding of local barriers to their implementation. Some recommendations in the NICE Guideline on advanced directives and management of anxiety disorder in bipolar disorder appear to follow the existing trends in practice and are more likely to be implemented. Interventions concerning the psychological management of bipolar depression and maintenance psychological treatments are going to be the most difficult to implement because of shortages of skilled staff, the absence of specific training and supervision, the requirements for staff to adopt practices that are quite different from what they are used to, and some uncertainty about whether these interventions are effective in the most severe patients.Conclusions. Without a detailed local understanding of the barriers to implementation and the resources and will to overcome them, there is likely to be a considerable local variation in the implementation of guidelines for bipolar disorder. Recommendations that require little change to working practices and resources are most likely to be implemented.
Detection and Characterization of Placental MicroRNAs in Maternal Plasma
Authors: Chim Stephen S C , Shing Tristan K F , Hung Emily C W , Leung Tak-yeung , Lau Tze-kin , Chiu Rossa W K , Dennis Lo Y M 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Background: The discovery of circulating fetal nucleic acids in maternal plasma has opened up new possibilities for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small RNAs, have been intensely investigated recently because of their important regulatory role in gene expression. Because nucleic acids of placental origin are released into maternal plasma, we hypothesized that miRNAs produced by the placenta would also be released into maternal plasma.
Methods: We systematically searched for placental miRNAs in maternal plasma to identify miRNAs that were at high concentrations in placentas compared with maternal blood cells and then investigated the stability and filterability of this novel class of pregnancy-associated markers in maternal plasma.
Results: In a panel of TaqMan MicroRNA Assays available for 157 well-established miRNAs, 17 occurred at concentrations &gt;10-fold higher in the placentas than in maternal blood cells and were undetectable in postdelivery maternal plasma. The 4 most abundant of these placental miRNAs (miR-141, miR-149, miR-299-5p, and miR-135b) were detectable in maternal plasma during pregnancy and showed reduced detection rates in postdelivery plasma. The plasma concentration of miR-141 increased as pregnancy progressed into the third trimester. Compared with mRNA encoded by CSH1 [chorionic somatomammotropin hormone 1 (placental lactogen)], miR-141 was even more stable in maternal plasma, and its concentration did not decrease after filtration.
Conclusion: We have demonstrated the existence of placental miRNAs in maternal plasma and provide some information on their stability and physical nature. These findings open up a new class of molecular markers for pregnancy monitoring.
Density-Dependent Growth of Yellow Perch in Southern Lake Michigan, 1984–2004
Authors: Headley Heath C. , Lauer Thomas E. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
The relationship between the growth rates and abundance of yellow perch Perca flavescens was evaluated in the Indiana waters of Lake Michigan from 1984 to 2004. Relative abundance values were taken from trawl catch per unit effort, while growth rates were determined by back-calculation. Abundance was approximately one order of magnitude higher during the mid-1980s than in 1990–2004. Growth rates were negatively related to relative abundance and were sexually dimorphic (females grew faster than males). Regression analysis indicated that approximately one-half of the observed variation in growth was related to abundance; this was most apparent with smaller and younger fish. Lee's phenomenon was shown to be present during periods of high exploitation and not present during periods of low exploitation. Both intraspecific competition and physiological changes associated with age at maturity are plausible explanations for these relationships.
Overwintering Distribution, Behavior, and Survival of Adult Summer Steelhead: Variability among Columbia River Populations
Authors: Keefer Matthew L. , Boggs Charles T. , Peery Christopher A. , Caudill Christopher C. 
Published: January 2008

Abstract
Unlike most anadromous salmonids, summer steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss overwinter in rivers rather than the ocean for 6–10 months prior to spring spawning. Overwintering in rivers may make summer steelhead more vulnerable to harvest and other mortality sources than are other anadromous populations, but there has been little systematic study of this life history strategy. Here, we used a large-scale radiotelemetry study to examine the overwintering behaviors and distributions of 26 summer steelhead stocks within the regulated lower Columbia–Snake River hydrosystem. Over 6 years, we monitored 5,939 fish, of which 3,399 successfully reached spawning tributaries or the upper Columbia River basin and were assigned to specific populations. An estimated 12.4% of fish that reached spawning areas overwintered at least partially within the hydrosystem (annual estimates = 6.8–19.6%), while the remainder overwintered in tributaries. Across all populations, later-arriving fish were more likely to overwinter in the hydrosystem; overwintering percentages ranged from less than 1% for fish tagged in June to over 40% for those tagged in October. Proportionately more interior-basin steelhead (Clearwater, Salmon, and Snake River metapopulations) overwintered in the hydrosystem than did fish from lower-river populations. Steelhead were distributed in mixed-stock assemblages throughout the hydrosystem during winter, usually in reservoirs closest to their home rivers but also in nonnatal tributaries. Overwintering fish moved upstream and downstream between reaches in all months; a nadir occurred in early January and peak egress into spawning tributaries was in March. The estimated survival to tributaries was higher for fish that overwintered in the hydrosystem (82%) than for fish that did not (62%); this difference was largely attributable to low winter harvest rates. Our results suggest that large main-stem habitats, including reservoirs, may be widely used by overwintering summer steelhead. The complex migration behaviors of steelhead indicate both the potential for adaptation and possible susceptibility to future river environment changes.
Large Time Behavior of Solutions for Derivative Cubic Nonlinear Schrödinger Equations
Authors: Hayashi Nakao , Naumkin Pavel , Uchida Hidetake 
Published: January 2008

We study the asymptotic behavior in time and scattering problem for the solutions to the Cauchy problem for the derivative cubic nonlinear Schrödinger equations of the following form

\begin{align*}
iu_t+u_{xx} = \mathcal N(u, \bar u, u_x, \bar u_x),\quad t\in \mathbf R,\ x\in \mathbf R;\quad u(0, x) = u_0(x),\quad x \in \mathbf R,\\
\tag{A}
\end{align*}

where

\begin{align*}
&\mathcal N(u, \bar u, u_x, \bar u_x) = \\
&\quad \mathcal K_1|u|^2 u +
i\mathcal K_2|u|^2 u_x +
i\mathcal K_3 u^2 \bar u_x +
\mathcal K_4|u_x|^2 u +
\mathcal K_5 \bar uu_x^2 +
i \mathcal K_6|u_x|^2 u_x,
\end{align*}

\mathcal K_I = \mathcal K_I(|u|^2)

,

\mathcal K_I(z) \in C^3(\mathbf R^+)

;

\mathcal K_I(z) = λ_I + O(z)

, as

z → +0

,

\mathcal K_1

,

\mathcal K_6

are real valued functions. Here the parameters

λ_1, λ_6 \in \mathbf R

, and

λ_2, λ_3, λ_4, λ_5 \in ℂ

are such that

λ_2 – λ_3 \in \mathbf R

and

λ_4 – λ_5 \in \mathbf R

. If

\mathcal K_5(z) = \frac{λ_5}{1+μz}

and

λ_5 = μ = ∓ 1

,

\mathcal K_1 = \mathcal K_2 = \mathcal K_3 = \mathcal K_4 = \mathcal K_5 = \mathcal K_6 = 0

, equation (A) appears in the classical pseudospin magnet model [9]. We prove that if

u_0 \in H^{3,0} ∩ H^{2,1}

and the norm

‖u_0‖_{3,0} + ‖u_0‖_{2,1} = ε

is sufficiently small, then the solution of (A) exists globally in time and satisfies the sharp time decay estimate

‖u(t)‖_{2,0, ∞} ≤ Cε(1+|t|)^{-1/2}

, where

‖φ‖_{m,s,p} = ‖(1+x_2)^{s/2}(1−∂_x^2)^{m/2}φ‖_{L^p}

,

H_p^{m,s} =\{φ \in S'; ‖φ‖_{m,s,p} < ∞\}

. Furthermore we prove existence of modified scattering states and nonexistence of nontrivial scattering states. Our method is based on a certain gauge transformation and an appropriate phase function.
Subcoercive and Subelliptic Operators on Lie Groups: Variable Coefficients
Authors: ter Elst A. F.M. , Robinson Derek W. 
Published: January 2008

Let

a_1, \ldots, a_{d'}

be an algebraic basis of rank

r

in a Lie algebra

\mathfrak g

of a connected Lie group

G

and let

A_τ

be the left differential operator in the direction

a_i

on the

L_p

-spaces with respect to the left, or right, Haar measure, where

p\in [1, \infty]

. We consider

m

-th order operators

H= Σ c_αA^α

with complex variable bounded coefficients

c_α

which are subcoercive of step

r

, i.e., for all

g\in G

the form obtained by fixing the

c_α

at

g

is subcoercive of step

r

and the ellipticity constant is bounded from below uniformly by a positive constant. If the principal coefficients are

m

-times differentiate in

L_∞

in the directions of

a_1, \ldots, a_{d'}

we prove that the closure of

H

generates a consistent interpolation semigroup

S

which has a kernel. We show that

S

is holomorphic on a non-empty

p

-independent sector and if

H

is formally self-adjoint then the holomorphy angle is

π/2

. We also derive ‘Gaussian’ type bounds for the kernel and its derivatives up to order

m-1

.
Systèmes Différentiels Fuchsiens le Long d'une Sous-Variété
Authors: Laurent Yves , Monteiro Fernandes Teresa 
Published: January 2008

Let

X

be a complex analytic manifold and let

Y

be a submanifold of

X

. We introduce
the notion of “fuchsian differential System along

Y

”, and we prove that for such Systems
the meromorphic solutions and those with essential singularities are the same. We prove as
well that the formal solutions (along

Y

) always converge. These results are well-known
in the regular holonomic case.

Résumé

Soit

X

une variété analytique complexe et

Y

une sous-variété lisse de

X

. Nous introduisons la notion de “système différentiel fuchsien le long de

Y

”, et nous montrons que pour de tels systèmes les solutions méromorphes et les solutions à singularités essentielles sont les mêmes. Nous montrons aussi que les solutions formelles (le long de

Y

) sont toujours convergentes. Ces résultats sont bien connus dans le cas holonôme singulier régulier.
Bargmann's Inequalities In Spaces of Arbitrary Dimension
Authors: Seto Noriaki 
Published: January 2008

An inequality is derived which gives an upper bound of the number of bound states in the

l

th partial wave (

l = 0, 1,…

) of the two-body Schrödinger equation with a spherically symmetric potential function in the

n

-dimensional space (

n = 1, 2,…

). This is a generalization of Bargmann’s inequality for the case

n = 3

. The generalization is straightforward for the case

l ≥ 1

with

n = 2

and

l ≥ 0

with

n ≥ 3

. After a mathematically rigorous justification of his heuristic argument, Schwinger’s method in his simple proof of Bargmann’s inequality is employed here. Newton’s result for the case

l = –\frac 1 2

,

n = 3

, which is equivalent to the case

l = 0

,

n = 2

, is reobtained.
Training in Psychiatry: An Examination of Trainee Perceptions. Part 1
Authors: Kozlowska Kasia , Nunn Kenneth , Cousens Pennelope 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To look at the perceptions of New South Wales (NSW) psychiatric trainees in relation to their training experiences and the role and quality of the consultant registrar relationship. Methods: A self-report questionnaire was developed to probe trainee perceptions of the consultant–trainee relationship in all those who had completed at least 1 year of training in psychiatry (n = 138) in NSW, as well as all consultants who had completed their training in the last 5 years (n = 95). Test-retest reliability was assessed at 3 months for each of the subscales (r = 0.70–0.89) and found to be acceptable. Validity issues are discussed. Results: The results are discussed with special reference to the perceived competence, availability, breadth of knowledge and willingness to accept responsibilities of the supervising consultant. Consultant competence as a clinician was consistently rated as more important than being emotionally supportive. Conclusion: In addressing these issues, we aim to increase the degree of self-consciousness and reflectiveness of the profession of psychiatry within the Australian context. If there is to be a substantial shift for the better in trainees' perceptions of consultants, it is likely that the general consultant experience will have to be improved rather than providing small amounts of exposure to high quality consultants.
Gender, Race and Poverty: Bringing the Sociopolitical into Psychotherapy
Authors: Krawitz Roy , Watson Christine 
Published: January 2008

Objective: To explore the modification of traditional psychotherapy to provide a more relevant service for non-dominant groups including women, Maori and the poor. Method: The philosophy and practice of a psychotherapy service that made overt sociopolitical issues for women, Maori and the poor was analysed and linked with literature on psychotherapy for non-dominant groups. Results: Traditional psychotherapy, with its focus on the intrapsychic, has not addressed the condition of marginalised groups such as the poor, ethnic minorities including Maori, and some women, whose mental health difficulties have major contributions from external sources. The service analysed, and much of the literature, used social analysis as a therapeutic tool to break the cycle of self-blame and doubt and to contextualise intrapsychic experience. As non-dominant groups lack power, power differences in the therapy relationship should be lessened to avoid retrauma-tising the patient. Conclusion: It is possible for psychotherapy to broaden its traditional base to include a sociopolitical viewpoint. This would make it more available and meaningful to a wider range of people, especially those with the double disadvantage of adverse intrapsychic and sociopolitical factors.
Comparative Levels of Psychological Distress in a Pre-Migratory Refugee Population
Authors: McKelvey Robert S. , Webb John A. 
Published: January 2008

Objective: This study compares levels of psychological distress in a pre-migratory sample of Vietnamese Amerasians with those in a like-aged, non-migratory sample of Vietnamese living in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Method: Subjects were assessed using two measures developed and validated for Vietnamese clinical populations in the United States: the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 and the Vietnamese Depression Scale. Results: Amerasians had significantly higher symptom levels on the depression scale of the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25, but not on the other measures utilised. Conclusions: Amerasians' higher levels of depressive symptoms are probably a result of their traumatic lives in Vietnam, but may also reflect acute situational factors or selection bias.
Depressive Symptoms in Patients with HIV Infection: A Further Exploration
Authors: Judd Fiona , Mijch Anne , McCausland Jean , Cockram Alex 
Published: January 2008

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the frequency and severity of depressive symptoms, to determine the rate of depressive disorder, to explore possible reasons for the development of depressive symptoms and to examine the effects of depression in a group of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patients. Method: HIV-positive patients attending an outpatient treatment facility were assessed by the research psychologist and completed a number of questionnaires: the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI); the Life Event Inventory (LEI); the Core Bereavement Item (CBI-17) questionnaire; and the Psycho social Adjustment to Illness Scale (PAIS). Patients scoring 2 14 on the BDI were seen by the psychiatrist for further assessment, and where appropriate, diagnoses were made according to DSM-III-R criteria. Results: One hundred and ninety-two patients participated in the study; 95 scored ≥ 14 on the BDI and one-third of these were found to have a depressive disorder. Factors significantly predictive of a BDI score ≥ 14 were: an LEI score ≥ 77; a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS); being on sickness benefits or a pension; no current relationship; and a past history of depression. Few differences were demonstrated between those with a depressive disorder and those with a BDI score ≥ 14 but no diagnosis of depressive disorder. Both groups had high mean PAIS scores indicating significant illness effects in multiple areas of function. Conclusions: Depressive symptoms are common among patients with HIV infection. Few factors differentiate between patients with a depressive disorder and those whose depressive symptoms do not meet diagnostic criteria. Substantial disability is present in both groups.
Molecular Biology and the Major Psychoses
Authors: Lloyd Andrew , Dixon Gavin , Huang Xu Feng , Ward Phillip , Catts Stan , Hickie Ian , Wakefield Denis 
Published: January 2008

Objective:To highlight the potential role of molecular biological studies in examining the expression of genes of interest in brain tissue to elucidate the pathophysiological basis of the major psychoses. Method:To review the principles underlying the available techniques for expression studies. Results:Detection of messenger RNA by in situ hybridisation and quantitation by Northern analysis are powerful tools to detect abnormalities in gene expression in brain tissue. Conclusion:The availability of simple techniques to examine the expression of RNA and protein products of individual genes, including examination at the level of individual cells, offers a clear opportunity to define the molecular basis of the major psychoses.
Utilising Molecular Biological and Histopathological Techniques to Study the Dopaminergic System in Patients with Melancholia
Authors: Hickie Ian , Lloyd Andrew , Dixon Gavin , Wakefield Denis , Halliday Glenda , McRitchie Deborah , Scott Elizabeth , Mitchell Philip 
Published: January 2008

Objective:To describe the rationale for investigating the dopaminergic system in patients with melancholia by applying molecular biological (notably, in situ hybridisation) and histopathological techniques in postmortem brain tissue. Method:Relevant advances in the functional neuroanatomy of frontostriatal circuits, as well as insights from clinical neuroimaging studies in primary and secondary depressive disorders, are presented. These are integrated with developments in the pharmacological and molecular characteristics of dopamine receptor subtypes and recognition of their selective anatomical distribution. Results:Converging data from the basic and clinical neurosciences suggest that the pathophysiology of depressive disorders characterised by psychomotor phenomena, such as melancholia, may involve dysregulation of dopaminergic mechanisms within complex frontostriatal circuits. Conclusions:The key feature of in situ hybridisation is its capacity to test for variations in the functional components of designated biochemical systems within highly specific anatomical regions. We utilise this approach, in combination with relevant histopathological techniques, to test the structural and functional integrity of the dopaminergic system within key fronto-striatal circuits in patients who had exhibited psychomotor phenomena. The same approach can also be used to study the integrity of other relevant biochemical systems, such as the serotoninergic and noradrenergic systems, in patients with other mood disorders.
Consultation—Liaison Psychiatry in General Practice
Authors: Carr Vaughan J. , Lewin Terry J. , Walton Jane M. , Faehrmann Catherine , Reid Alexander L. A. 
Published: January 2008

Objective:This paper describes the characteristics of 303 consecutive referrals, over a 12-month period, to a consultation—liaison (C—L) psychiatry service provided to eight group general practices in Newcastle, Australia. Method:A purpose designed service audit form was used throughout the evaluation period to collect information about demographic characteristics, reasons for referral, service contacts, psychiatric diagnoses and clinical management. In addition, patients were invited to participate in a separate, prospective outcome evaluation study, which involved structured interviews and questionnaires. Results:The most common reasons for referral were: depression (33%); anxiety (12%); diagnostic assessment (9%); and impaired relationships (8%). The most common psychiatric diagnoses were: mood disorders (29%); mild, transient conditions (29%); anxiety (14%); and substance abuse disorders (12%). Following the psychiatric consultation(s), GPs were actively involved in patients’ treatment in 53% of cases. However, there was a higher than expected rate of referral (44%) to another mental health agency. Selected comparisons are also reported between patients referred to the C—L service (n = 303) and a sample of non-referred GP attenders (n = 535). Conclusions:As expected, the diagnostic profiles of patients attending the C—L service differed in several respects from those using similar services in general hospitals. There were comparatively low rates of organic brain syndromes, suicide risk evaluations, and problems of differential diagnosis of somatic symptoms. Greater emphasis needs to be placed on more formal psychiatric education for GPs, on ways of screening out from the referral process those patients with mild, transient conditions who do not require specialist expertise, and on the development of strategies to help GPs manage such conditions.