Post-COVID-19 condition: systemic inflammation and low functional exercise capacity
Authors: de Castro Gabriela Salim , Gama Leonardo R. , Ramos Alexandre Ferreira , Gatti da Silva Guilherme , Teixeira Alexandre Abilio de Souza , Cunha-Neto Edecio , de Souza Heraldo Possolo , Marie Suely K. , Talib Leda L. , Coelho Verônica , Kalil Jorge , de Araujo Adriana Ladeira , Ritto Ana Paula , Belon Alessandro Rodrigo , Santos Amanda Soares , Barrére Ana Paula Noronha , Sawamura Márcio V. Y. , Lamas Celina Almeida , Baldi Bruno Guedes , Carvalho Carlos R. R. , Kulikowski Leslie Domenici , Damiano Rodolfo Furlan , Imamura Marta , Rosa Neto José Cesar , Lira Fabio S. , Otoch José Pinhata , Miguel Euripedes Constantino , Battistella Linamara , Forlenza Orestes V. , Busatto Geraldo , Seelaender Marilia 
Published: March 2024

IntroductionPost-COVID-19 condition (PCC) is characterised by a plethora of symptoms, with fatigue appearing as the most frequently reported. The alterations that drive both the persistent and post-acute disease newly acquired symptoms are not yet fully described. Given the lack of robust knowledge regarding the mechanisms of PCC we have examined the impact of inflammation in PCC, by evaluating serum cytokine profile and its potential involvement in inducing the different symptoms reported.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we recruited 227 participants who were hospitalised with acute COVID-19 in 2020 and came back for a follow-up assessment 6–12 months after hospital discharge. The participants were enrolled in two symptomatic groups: Self-Reported Symptoms group (SR, n = 96), who did not present major organ lesions, yet reported several debilitating symptoms such as fatigue, muscle weakness, and persistent loss of sense of smell and taste; and the Self-Reported Symptoms and decreased Pulmonary Function group (SRPF, n = 54), composed by individuals with the same symptoms described by SR, plus diagnosed pulmonary lesions. A Control group (n = 77), with participants with minor complaints following acute COVID-19, was also included in the study. Serum cytokine levels, symptom questionnaires, physical performance tests and general clinical data were obtained in the follow-up assessment.ResultsSRPF presented lower IL-4 concentration compared with Control (q = 0.0018) and with SR (q = 0.030), and lower IFN-α2 serum content compared with Control (q = 0.007). In addition, SRPF presented higher MIP-1β serum concentration compared with SR (q = 0.029). SR presented lower CCL11 (q = 0.012 and q = 0.001, respectively) and MCP-1 levels (q = 0.052 for both) compared with Control and SRPF. SRPF presented lower G-CSF compared to Control (q = 0.014). Female participants in SR showed lower handgrip strength in relation to SRPF (q = 0.0082). Male participants in SR and SRPF needed more time to complete the timed up-and-go test, as compared with men in the Control group (q = 0.0302 and q = 0.0078, respectively). Our results indicate that different PCC symptom profiles are accompanied by distinct inflammatory markers in the circulation. Of particular concern are the lower muscle function findings, with likely long-lasting consequences for health and quality of life, found for both PCC phenotypes.