bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Storage, retrieval, and editing of information for a dictionary
Authors: Venezky Richard L. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA computer system has been designed for storing, retrieving, and editing data for the Dictionary of American Regional English (D.A.R.E.). This dictionary, in contrast to most commercial dictionaries, will consist of words which have regional rather than national currency and will derive its entries from data collected by its own fieldworkers, readers, and researchers. Entries, consisting of a headword or phrase, plus descriptors for such items as the user, meaning, pronunciation, and collection technique for this word or phrase are stored in a central file. Interrogations on this file can be made on the value of any headword or description, or any logical combination of such values.Any portion of an entry which satisfies an interrogation may be designated for retrieval. An experimental editing system employing an on‐line CRT terminal has been developed for the editing process, although a more flexible system will be needed for the actual editing which is scheduled to begin in approximately three years.
A proposed structure for displayed information to minimize search time through a data base
Authors: Thompson David A. , Bennigson Lawrence A. , Whitman David 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMinimum user search time is selected as a relative measure of efficiency for evaluation of data base classification structures. For two common structures with similar characteristics, a “table of contents” format and a “decision tree” format, a visual search time formula is derived. The optimal shape for a data base classification structure is shown to be narrow: three to five information items to be selected at each successive level of the structure, with as many levels as necessary for the data base size. This shape is compared with those of classification structures commonly in use and, based on search time parameters developed, recommendations for librarians and other information classifiers are made.
Unanswered science and technology reference questions
Authors: Jahoda G. , Culnan Mary 
Published: June 2007

AbstractTwenty‐six science and technology and chemistry libraries kept a record of unanswered science and technology reference questions received during a 1‐month period. The 47 questions collected are listed and reasons why they were not answered are given. Unanswered questions and types of questions that are difficult or impossible to answer were collected to determine what improvements in the science and technology bibliographic apparatus appear desirable. In view of the small number of unanswered questions collected in this study, other techniques for determining desirable improvements in the bibliographic apparatus are suggested.
Photocopying, copyright, and the librarian
Authors: Lazowska Edward S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractPrior to the advent of microfilm, copyright was of little concern to American librarians. They viewed it, according to Verner Clapp, as a “vague but commendable doctrine, intended for the encouragement of authors and the discouragement of plagiarism. Its connection with copying performed on library premises was remote.” (1, p. 11) Indeed, copying on library premises has been common practice since the beginning of library history. As Clapp points out, libraries (as opposed to archives) exist for the very purpose of copying, since the use of books (as contrasted with their mere storage) involves making some kind of copy, either mental or mechanical. (1, p. 1) Although copyright laws have existed for centuries, the question of copyright was never considered relevant to the kind of pencil‐and‐paper copying traditionally performed in libraries. This situation began to change with the development of inexpensive photographic copying methods in the 1920's and 1930's. Since that time, technological advances have made it possible for libraries to use mass‐production methods of copying, with the result that copyright and library photocopying now present serious ethical, if not yet legal, problems for librarians. This paper will attempt to explore the subject of copyright as it relates to photocopying in libraries.
Combined grouping for coordinate indexes
Authors: Perry Peter 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA method is suggested for the more economical storage of documents in coordinate indexes on the basis of inclusion relationships existing between sets of features assigned to documents. Essentially, the technique consists of using sets of features to identify documents that have been indexed either by all or by only some of the total features of the sets. The resulting index has been named a combined grouped coordinate index. Using combined grouping in the construction of a punched feature card index, the Group Research and Development Centre of E. S. & A. Robinson (Holdings) Ltd., Bristol, England, has achieved a 35% saving in dedicated positions. The advantages, implications, and applications of combining groups of features in coordinate indexes are discussed.
An index system of terms with related and associated words
Authors: Potocko Richard J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn Index System of Terms with Related and Associated Words is described with a general discussion of the mechanical and the intellectual aspects of indexing. The details of grammar, syntax, and rhetoric are only mentioned. Index systems from the traditionally ordered Dewey Decimal System to the more recent Uniterm system have been evaluated. Both have positive qualities that contribute to a system of four Look‐up aids: a table of contents, a glossary, a vocabulary, and an index. A survey and word count of a variety of technical literature resulted in a consistently smooth statistical distribution of word combinations. Hence, a simple, numeric code system is recommended to prefix word combinations; and a second numeric code system is recommended to cross‐reference the indexed word combinations. These numeric code systems are one extension to the presently operational permuted term index systems. This system can increase the recall and relevance ratios of retrospective searches by systematically displaying to the information specialist those unique words of the total vocabulary and also the actual, not all of the possible, word combinations that exist in the texts of the document library.The continuation of this system is a system of truth tables and the use of the Socratic Method to program and control the order of events during the interrogation of the information file that has been derived from the document store.
Systematics of knowledge with enneametry and data processing machines
Authors: Santiago Antony 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe logic of a functional system of classification of variables of any taxon within a matrix of (3 × 3)n cells, codified systematically with numbers and letters is named enneametry. Examples of using enneametry in systematics of fields of knowledge are presented. The natural basis of enneametry in systematics of knowledge is discussed. The adaptability of enneametry in data processing machines with a practicable procedure is illustrated. The value of the principles of enneametry in systematics of complex variables of a qualitative nature is compared with the value of the principles of the abacus in data processing machines. Systematists of knowledge are therefore urged to investigate seriously the intrinsic, practical, and abstract properties of enneametry which may be developed further to meet the demands of information recording, storage, and retrieval for all time.
Possibilities of articulation of information systems into a network
Authors: Wall Eugene 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe interconnection of systems into a network permits sharing of effort in certain respects so that, from an input—output viewpoint, only 14 types of systems for handling serial literature are possible; it is believed that systems for handling separate literature are identical, nearly identical, or closely equivalent. Each of the 14 system types produces a different combination of outputs for use by its clientele or by other systems. When the variations in combinations of outputs transmitted between pairs of system types are examined, it is concluded that only 13 different modes of such communication—i.e., “modes of articulation”—are possible. Further, the 14 types of systems constitute only six overall groups; all system types within a group interact with each other system type in identical ways. Finally, the 13 modes of articulation can be organized into hierarchies, with the more general modes subsuming the more specific modes—pointing to the possibilities of (1) planned routes for evolutionary development of systems' articulative capabilities and (2) the need for only a very few standard procedures of articulation from which the more specific modes may be excerpted. In short, articulation among information systems for handling serial literature is not technically complex on the “system of systems” level (i.e., determining what is to be done) once the requirements of the clientele of the individual component systems have been determined. The matter of determining how to implement the what, however, may well be technically and sociopolitically difficult, and perhaps even economically impracticable.
Subject heading authority list, computer prepared
Authors: Way William 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA Subject Heading Authority List containing main entries, scope notes, cross‐references, and subdivisions is compiled, printed, and updated by computer. A code‐sort method preserves the Library of Congress format of the subject headings and allows for random insertion and deletion of entries. The master tape and updated punched cards are used to produce biweekly change notices plus a quarterly revision of the list. Design criteria, programing, input preparation, printing, and future refinements of the list technique are covered. Selection from among several design alternatives is emphasized.
A framework for comparing SDI systems
Authors: Jordan John R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe process of comparing the many Selective Dissemination of Information (SDI) systems numerically is a complicated task, requiring proper test procedures and the control of critical variables. The necessity for controlling for interest level as well as the number of documents disseminated when evaluating systems is discussed here. The process of SDI is described graphically in order to demonstrate the effect of these variables.
Document specification and search strategy using basic intersections and the probability measure of sets
Authors: Uhlmann Wolfram 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe usefulness of basic intersections and of the probability measure of sets for the formulation of document and search specifications in coordinate indexing systems is discussed. It is possible to formulate a search equation representing accurately the matching procedure between the specification of the request and that of the file item. The equation contains, besides the usual set of descriptive terms, a part comprising a matrix formulation of the truth tables of the file item and of the request. Through an operation between these matrix representations a new truth table referring to the subset of descriptive terms that are common to both, the request and the file item, is generated. The equation produces, furthermore, a general and quantitative criterion of relevance between request and file item. Certain numerical values of this criterion may be specified in advance, and thus the search operation may be controlled at will.
Extracting the basic structure of scientific literature
Authors: Van Cott Harold P. , Zavala Albert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMuch of the periodical literature within scientific disciplines is characterized by overlap in content among journals and by scatter of content areas across journals. This obscures the inherent structure that may exist within the literature of a discipline, creating problems for authors seeking suitable publication outlets, for editors wishing to establish coverage policy, and for fibraries wishing to be selective but representative in acquiring journals for a discipline. Four factor analytic studies were done on samples of the periodical literature of physics in an attempt to define its inherent structure. The first study resulted in 10 factors interpreted as journal groups within physics. The remaining three studies resulted in factors that define relatively homogeneous topical or content areas. The consistency of results across the analyses justified the conclusion that factor analysis methods are applicable to defining the structure of the literature of science.
Traditional methods of organizing and storing information
Authors: Evans Luther H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe library science of precomputer days developed or accepted the fundamental concepts and processes that are the heart of the library science of the future. The methods used were so time consuming and the technical orientation so limited, however, that inefficiencies of method and of scale rendered the system almost self‐destroying. The ramifications of this situation are described in regard to the processes of acquisition, classification, descriptive and subject cataloging, and circulation.
Psychology and information
Authors: Miller George A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn aspect of the human use of information that has generally been overlooked in the automation of information services is the human tendency to locate information spatially. Computer‐based systems do not necessarily assign any unique role to spatial tags, and so a feature of considerable importance for the organization of the user's memory seems to have been largely overlooked. The spatial dimension of human memory is discussed, and some suggestions are offered for exploiting it more effectively in the context of information retrieval services.
The scientist and scientific data
Authors: Sarett Lewis H. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe statistic that 90% of scientists of all time are alive today has often been used for its shock value, but the same can be said of babies, of TV repairmen, and of newlyweds, a piece of data which alarms no one. The massive growth of the literature produced by this corps of scientists does present a problem—a real one for society but sometimes an illusory one for the individual scientist. The latter may undergo anxiety, not so much because of the two million scientific papers which appear annually but because his fraternal badge says “biochemist,” “pathologist,” or what you will, and this semantic tyranny demands reading a constant fraction of the swelling mass. What the scientist puts into the literature is different from what he wants back out of it. He must endow his published work with experimental reproducibility and add his interpretation as a very separate adjunct. In order to insure plausibility, the referee system of peer judgment is brought to bear on manuscripts. The scientist does not enjoy having his manuscript trimmed. What he prefers to take out of the literature is its quintessence, which has predictive value when applied to his own field of exploration. It is clear that an extensive job of adaptation is needed to reconcile input of raw material with output of knowledge potentially useful to society. Carrying the problem a step further, the conversion of that knowledge into applied technology requires a system for adaptation. It will be the task of the future to define fresh means to effect this conversion.
Habitability
Authors: Watt W. C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA “habitable” language is one in which its users can express themselves without straying over the language's boundaries into unallowed sentences. If meant only to permit expressions addressed to a restricted subject matter, such a language can be a proper subset of, for example, the set of English sentences. Such a habitable subset is what any practical English man—computer interface must be. Yet, for any subject matter of interest, a subset that contains all English sentences “appropriate” to that subject will be impossibly large. Moreover, the subset must consist of the utterances of performance, not the sentences of competence; and, besides having differences of form, utterances are partly interpreted and disambiguated on the basis of the situation of usage. Thus the “English subset” must be redefined to bear the less direct relationship to the grammar that its performative nature indicates, and then, because of the large size of this subset, it must be greatly reduced, though without losing habitability.
Cyclopropene als Komplexliganden: Darstellung und Struktur von Komplexen des Typs (η3:η1‐Allylcarbonyl)tricarbonyleisen, (η3:η1‐C3R1R2R3R3′CO)Fe(CO)3, und Hexacarbonyl‐μ‐(phenylallyl)‐dieisen(FeFe), (C3PhR1R2R3)Fe2(CO)6
Authors: Dettlaf Gerd , Behrens Ulrich , Weiss Erwin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCyclopropene (1a–e) reagieren mit Fe2(CO)9 im Molverhältnis 1:1 unter Öffnung des Dreirings und CO‐Einschiebung zu (η3:η1‐Allylcarbonyl)tricarbonyleisen‐Komplexen (2a–e). Die Struktur von Tricarbonyl(η3:η1‐1,2,3‐triphenylallylcarbonyl)eisen (2d) wurde röntgenographisch bestimmt. – 3‐Phenylsubstituierte Cyclopropene (1d–f) reagieren mit überschüssigem Fe2(CO)9 zu Hexacarbonyl‐μ‐(η2‐phenyl‐η3:η1‐allyl)‐dieisen(FeFe)‐Komplexen (4d–f). 4d und e entstehen auch aus 2d und e mit weiterem Fe2(CO)9. Die Kristallstruktur von Hexacarbonyl‐μ‐(1η2, 2,3‐triphenyl‐η3:η1‐allyl)‐dieisen(FeFe) (4d) wurde gleichfalls ermittelt.
[3 + 2]‐Cycloadditionen mesoionischer 1,3‐Dithiolone an Ethylendicarbonsäure‐Derivate und 1,2‐Dibenzoylethylen
Authors: Gotthardt Hans , Christl Brigitte 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAls cyclisches Thiocarbonyl‐ylid vereinigt sich das 1,3‐Dithiolylium‐4‐olat 1a in 2,5‐Stellung mit N‐Phenylmaleinimid unter Bildung der endo exo‐isomeren 2,7‐Dithiabicyclo[2.2.1]heptan‐3‐on‐Derivate 2,3 in 98 proz. Ausbeute. Mit Maleinsäureanhydrid reagiert 1a zu 6. Die analogen Umsetzungen der mesoionischen Dithiolone 1a–d mit Maleinsäure‐dimethylester führen zu den endo‐Addukten 10a–d. Weiterhin reagiert 1a mit Fumarsäure‐dimethylester bzw. cis‐ oder trans‐Dibenzoylethylen zu 11a, 12a bzw. 11b, 12b. Spektroskopische Daten und die Ergebnisse chemischer Abbaureaktionen sind in Übereinstimmung mit den Addukt‐Konstitutionen.
Cycloadditionen mesoionischer 1,3‐Dithiolone an cyclische Olefin‐Abkömmlinge
Authors: Gotthardt Hans , Weisshuhn C. Michael , Christl Brigitte 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDas 1,3‐Dithiolylium‐4‐olat 1a reagiert mit 1,2,3‐Triphenylcyclopropen bei 100°C in 88proz. Ausbeute zum isomerenfreien exo‐Tricyclus 2a, der durch Oxidation in die Sulfoxide 3 und 4 übergeht. Mit 1,2‐Diphenylcyclopropen‐3‐carbonester vereinigt sich 1a bei 100°C zu 2b (88%), während Cyclopropen bereits bei Raumtemp. mit 1a, b die 1:1‐Cycloaddukte 2c, d bildet. Aus 1a, c und Acenaphthylen erhält man 5a bzw. 5b. Andererseits liefern die Reaktionen von 1a bzw. 1d mit überschüssigem p‐Benzochinon neben den 1:1‐Addukten 7a, b noch die Thiophen‐Derivate 9a, b als Ergebnis einer dehydrierenden Fragmentierung. Durch entsprechende Umsetzungen von 1c bzw. 1a mit Norbornadien, Norbornen oder Norbornen‐5,6‐dicarbonester gelangt man zu den tetracyclischen Addukten 10, 12a bzw. 12b. Weiterhin cycloaddiert 1a an Cyclopenten, Cyclopentadien, 1,3‐Cyclohexadien und 1,5‐Cyclooctadien unter Bildung der Heterotricyclen 13–16, 18a, b.Spektroskopische Daten und die Ergebnisse chemischer Überführungsreaktionen sind in Einklang mit den Strukturen der neuen Addukte.
Präparative, spektroskopische und strukturelle Untersuchungen an Organyl‐IVb‐Element‐Seleninsäure‐Derivaten
Authors: Ansorge Ulrich , Lindner Ekkehard , Strähle Joachim 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDurch Umsetzung verschiedener Triorganyl‐IVb‐Elementhalogenide R3EX (X = Cl, Br) mit Natrium‐ oder Silberseleninaten R′SeO2M erhält man die Seleninsäurederivate R3EO2SeR′ [E = Pb (1), Sn (2), Ge (3), Si (4), C (5); R = CH3, C6H5: R′ = CH3 (a, d), C2H5 (b, e), C6H5 (c, f)]. Die Blei‐ und Zinnverbindungen 1 und 2 liegen als polymere Seleninato‐O, O′‐Komplexe mit der Koordinationszahl 5 vor. Während es sich bei den Germanium‐ und Silicium‐Derivaten 3 und 4 um Ester handelt, in denen die Ge‐ und Si‐Atome über nur ein O‐Atom an die R′SeO2‐Liganden gebunden sind, ist (C6H5)3CSe(O)2C6H5 (5f) ein Selenon. Die IR‐, Raman‐, 1H‐. 77Se‐, 13C‐NMR‐ und Mößbauer‐Spektren werden diskutiert. (CH3)3SnO2SeCH3 (2a) kristallisiert monoklin in der Raumgruppe P21/c mit Z = 8.
Natürlich vorkommende Terpen‐Derivate, 144: Über ein dimeres Furanoeremophilan und neue Cacalohastin‐Derivate aus Senecio crispus Thumb. und Senecio macrospermus DC
Authors: Bohlmann Ferdinand , Zdero Christa 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie südafrikanischen Senecio‐Arten, Senecio crispus und S. macrospermus, enthalten neben bereits bekannten Verbindungen neue Cacalohastin‐Derivate, deren Konstitutionen durch spektroskopische Methoden geklärt werden. S. crispus liefert das dimere Sesquiterpen 13 und den Diester 4, während aus S. macrospermus der Diester 7, der Hydroxyester 6, der Dehydrocacalohastinester 10 und der Alkohol 11 isoliert werden. Die stereochemischen Probleme werden durch intensive NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen geklärt.
Radikalionen, XVI: Einelektronenoxidation silyl‐substituierter Tetrazene und Pentazene
Authors: Bock Hans , Kaim Wolfgang , Wiberg Nils , Ziegleder Gottfried 
Published: June 2007

AbstractSilyl‐substituierte Tetrazene und Pentazene 1, 2 und 3 weisen vertikale 1. Ionisierungsenergien IE1 < 8 eV auf und können daher mit AlCl3/CH2Cl2 oxidiert werden. Während Derivate mit cis‐Tetrazen‐Gruppierung auch bei 200K nur umgelagerte Radikalkationen liefern, ist dasjenige von trans‐Tetrakis(trimethylsilyl)tetrazen (1) bei Raumtemperatur stabil. Die aus seinem hoch‐aufgelösten ESR‐Spektrum entnehmbaren Spinpopulationen gleichen denen isoelektronischer 4‐Zentren/5‐Elektronen‐π‐Systeme wie Butadien‐Radikalanionen oder Bis(dialkylamino)ethylen‐ und Tetramethyltetrazen‐Radikalkationen.
Darstellung von 1,3‐Dithiolylium‐Salzen und Reaktionen mesoionischer 1,3‐Dithiolone mit Aminen
Authors: Gotthardt Hans , Weisshuhn C. Michael 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie Darstellung der neuen 4‐Acetoxy‐1,3‐dithiolylium‐Salze 3a–c aus den Dithiocarbonestern 1a–c sowie des 4‐Hydroxy‐1,3‐dithiolylium‐fluorosulfats 4 aus 2a werden beschrieben. – Die Reaktionen der mesoionischen 1,3‐Dithiolone 2a, d mit Morpholin werden eingeleitet durch nucleophilen Angriff in 4‐Position von 2 unter Bildung der Thiobenzomorpholide 6 und von Mercaptophenylacetomorpholid, das Oxidation zum Disulfid 7 erleidet. Einen überraschenden Verlauf nimmt dagegen die Umsetzung von 2a mit Anilin: Unter Schwefelwasserstoff‐Freisetzung werden 76% mesoionisches 1,3‐Thiazolon 11 neben Thiobenzanilid (5%) und dem Disulfid 12 (9%) gebildet.
13C‐NMR‐Spektroskopie von Norbornanderivaten, I: Gerüstabhängige Verschiebungseffekte und ihre Nichtadditivität als Indikator für intramolekulare Wechselwirkungen
Authors: Bicker Richard , Kessler Horst , Zimmermann Gottfried 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDie 13C‐NMR‐chemischen Verschiebungen von 36 Norbornanderivaten mit exo‐ oder endo‐ Cyclopropanringen und/oder Doppelbindungen sowie unterschiedlicher Substitution in Position 7 (7CH2, 7CHOH, 7C(OR)2, 7C=O) werden beschrieben. Die Substituenteneffekte und die Einflüsse von Gerüstveränderungen auf die chemischen Verschiebungen sind in bestimmten fällen nicht additiv. So findet man in der Reihe Kohlenwasserstoff – Alkohol – Acetal – Keton einen deutlichen Trend in den Effekten auf C‐7. Die Abweichungen von der Additivität lassen Wechselwirkungen von Cyclopropanringen bzw. Doppelbindungen mit C‐7 erkennen. Darüber hinaus können nichtadditive Verschiebungsänderungen von C‐7 auch herangezogen werden, um Wechsel‐wirkungen innerhalb des Cyclohexanringes (z. B. die Wechselwirkung zweier Doppelbindungen oder die einer Doppelbindung mit einem exo‐Cyclopropanring) aufzudecken.