bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Pre-Hispanic Maya Reservoir System at Kinal, Peten, Guatemala
Authors: Scarborough Vernon L. , Connolly Robert P. , Ross Steven P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe southern Lowland Maya hilltop center of Kinal is shown to be a human-modified watershed. The broad paved surfaces of the elevated central precinct acted as runoff-catchment areas directing precipitation into gravity-fed channels and reservoirs. In a geographical zone affected by an extended dry season and away from permanent water sources, Kinal demonstrates the components of a rainfall-dependent water-management system characteristic of other large sites in the region.
Aztec Knotted and Netted Capes
Authors: Anawalt Patricia Rieff 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe past two decades of research and debate in anthropology have shown how ethnocentric perspectives in methodology and interpretation have led to misinterpretations in ethnography and archaeology. This article contrasts Western and indigenous perceptions of ritual attire that marked the role and status of Aztec rulers and deities. Stimulated by inconsistent Spanish colonial descriptions of the emperors' xiuhtlalpilli “blue-knotted” cloaks, the study compares all of the relevant Nahuatl terms, contexts, and native-drawn images and analyzes these in the light of linguistic, technological, social, archaeological, pictorial, iconographic, textual, and ethnographic evidence. This contextual analysis of the primary data reveals the nature of Spanish misperceptions and the true structure of the indigenous clothing-symbol system. While Spanish chronicles are easily accessible and thus more heavily utilized, this study makes the point that only systematic assessment of Nahuatl terms, indigenous images, and contexts are fully dependable. Reliance on the native perspective and evidence allows new insights into pre-Hispanic categories and worldviews.
The Postclassic Occupation at Otumba
Authors: Nichols Deborah L. , Charlton Thomas H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Aztec city-state of Otumba is the focus of a long-term project of archaeological investigation. Analysis of surface and excavated ceramics and obsidian-hydration dates for the capital—Otumba—indicate a dispersed Mazapan occupation, a scattered early Aztec (Aztec II) occupation, and an intense Late Aztec (Aztec III) and Early Colonial (Aztec III/IV) occupation. In the paper we incorporate recent radiocarbon dates to refine the local late Postclassic chronology. A cluster of hydration dates suggests the early (Mazapan) occupation starts ca. a.d. 900. Aztec II ceramics, which are widely distributed in surface artifact collections, may begin as early as a.d. 1200 and continue until a.d. 1400, overlapping Aztec III ceramics, which we have dated from a.d. 1350 ± 50 to 1521 and later. Otumba continued to have a substantial occupation until ca. a.d. 1600/1620 in the early seventeenth century, when most of the Aztec town was abandoned.
The Ceramics and Chronology of Cholula, Mexico
Authors: McCafferty Geoffrey G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChronology is a fundamental prerequisite for problem-oriented, anthropologically relevant archaeology. It is also the shaky foundation that has hampered attempts to reconstruct the culture history of Cholula, Mexico. Cholula is among the oldest continuously occupied urban centers of the New World, yet it remains one of the most enigmatic. This paper evaluates previous cultural sequences for the site, and summarizes recent evidence to construct a chronology using absolute dates and ceramic assemblages from primary depositional contexts. This revised sequence features a clearer understanding of Middle Formative settlement and the definition of ritual and domestic contexts from the Classic period. In addition, there is now evidence for a gradual transition between Late Classic and Early Postclassic material culture; and for the evolution of the Postclassic polychrome tradition within a sequence of short, clearly defined phases.
Discussion
Authors: Cowgill George L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractTo begin the discussion, I propose distinctions between four archaeological approaches to time. I call these clock time, phase time, social time, and characterization. Main points in the other papers are that Postclassic phases tend to be a century or more earlier than recently thought, that Aztec I may be much earlier than thought, and that there may be considerable temporal overlap among Postclassic phases. The evidence is fairly good for the first of these points, but less clear for the other two—more data are needed. I propose a slightly revised Teotihuacan chronology and mention some issues about the nature of the Teotihuacan to post-Teotihuacan transition.
The Rise and Fall of Sexual Inequality
Authors: Haviland William A. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne of the distinguishing features of Tikal is the lack of female representation in both the monumental art and hieroglyphic inscriptions known from the archaeological site. This paper presents the results of a study of 208 burials from Tikal conducted to investigate this apparent androcentric focus. Burials were studied in terms of tomb location and construction, the nature of accompanying grave goods, body alteration, and cause of death. Marked differences were noted between male and female interments, with males receiving preferential treatment, particularly in terms of tomb location and construction as well as the quantity and quality of associated mortuary objects found with the burials. The level of inequality between the sexes varied through time and across social class, but was manifested most strongly among the elite. Beginning shortly after the rise in dynastic authority at Tikal, this androcentrism appears to relate closely to the development of the centralized state. Sexual inequality may have been less pronounced at smaller, less politically centralized Maya centers. Comparative studies using mortuary data from these smaller sites are required to expand our knowledge of gender relations among the Classic-period Maya.
A Regional Study of Classic Maya Ballcourts From the Upper Grijalva Basin, Chiapas, Mexico
Authors: de Montmollin Olivier 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLate/Terminal Classic Maya ballcourts from the upper Grijalva Basin (Chiapas, Mexico) are described and analyzed in a regional settlement and political context. The upper Grijalva Basin is found to have large numbers of ballcourts compared with other parts of the Maya area. The spatial distribution of ballcourts in the basin matches the distribution of civic-ceremonial centers, reflecting the key ritual and political roles of the ballcourt. Absence of a clear hierarchy in size or elaboration among the ballcourts reflects political decentralization. Ballcourt sizes, forms, alignments, and placements indicate their use for either Maya or Mexican hip ball games or more likely some combination of the two game types. Finally, three models that focus on elite factions, elite wealth building, and ritualized conflict are used to explore why the upper Grijalva Basin has so many more ballcourts compared with neighboring parts of the Maya area. An elite-factions model, incorporating a high degree of decentralization across the political landscape, is selected as most plausible for understanding the basin's proliferation of ballcourts.
Copan and Ceren
Authors: Webster David , Gonlin Nancy , Sheets Payson 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe volcanic eruption that buried Cerén, El Salvador, ata.d.590 preserved an extraordinary array of artifacts and features in or near their original positions. Household inventories are virtually complete, and activities can be reconstructed in almost ethnographic detail. It is therefore tempting to think that Cerén will automatically make less-well-preserved contexts at similar sites more explicable. This proposition is tested by comparing Cerén with a well-excavated set of household remains from seven small rural sites in the Copan Valley, Honduras, which have been much more heavily transformed by cultural and natural processes. Comparison is especially attractive because both the Cerén and Copan sites were small domestic places with similar social, residential, and economic functions. Both sets of sites also share a common basic cultural tradition on the southern periphery of Mesoamerica, and are in reasonably similar upland environmental settings.
Accent and metre in French
Authors: Pensom Roger 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThere is currently no generally accepted theory of metre in French such as the one available for English. Students of French verse-texts look to linguists in vain for a clear decision-procedure for the metrical description of French verse. This essay attempts to derive such a decision-procedure from a historical testing of the hypothesis that the word in French has a prosodic identity and that metre in French can be seen as a structure which orders that identity.
Phonologie et lexique: la propagation de changements venus d'ailleurs
Authors: Walter Henriette 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLes langues offrent souvent des exemples d'évolution phonique qui semblent, à tort, contredire le principe des changements phonétiques ‘vrais’, principe selon lequel ‘toutes les réalisations d'un phonème donné, dans un contexte donné, changent dans le même sens et à la même allure’. De plus, un même locuteur peut, d'un moment à l'autre, prononcer le même mot avec des phonèmes différents. Ce phénomène, connu sous le nom de fluctuations, n'affecte pas tous les monèmes dans lesquels figurent les phonèmes en question et on ne l'observe que lorsque se trouvent en contact constant des locuteurs aux systèmes partiellement différents, chaque locuteur adaptant inconsciemment sa prononciation, pour certains mots, à celle de ses interlocuteurs. Ce type de changement est en fait propagé par emprunt de formes lexicales à un système voisin. Lorsqu'on peut étudier ces changements sur le vif au moment même où ils se produisent, il s'avère particulièrement important de distinguer entre les évolutions que l'on peut décrire uniquement en termes phoniques, indépendamment de toute référence grammaticale ou lexicale, et les changements qui se font ‘mot par mot’, qui touchent donc au lexique et à la grammaire et qui connaissent des périodes de fluctuations, avant de se fixer par convergence des usages.
Le Contrôle revisité: y a-t-il une différence entre verbes ‘à contrôle’ et verbes ‘à montée’?
Authors: Baschung Karine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractDepuis les travaux de Chomsky et Rosenbaum dans les années soixante, la question du contrôle des infinitives constitue une sorte de lieu commun en linguistique, en ce sens que toutes les théories se doivent désormais d'en rendre compte, et que la littérature sur le sujet est abondante – au moins en ce qui concerne l'anglais. On se propose ici de réexaminer, à partir des données du fiançais, les fondements empiriques de la distinction devenue notoire entre verbes dits ‘à contrôle’ et verbes dits ‘à montée’: il apparaît que cette distinction est loin d'êcirc;tre toujours évidente, et qu'elle est de nature fondamentalement sémantique plutôt que syntaxique. Les résultats de ce réexamen nous amènent à discuter le traitement du contrôle récemment proposé en HPSG, et à suggérer un traitement alternatif du problème de la sélection du contrôleur.
Une construction dite ne pas exister en français moderne: le passif suivi d'un infinitif nu
Authors: Veland Reidar 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOn se propose, dans cet article, de montrer que l'expansion d'un passif morphologique par un syntagme infinitif sans terme introducteur aboutit, en français moderne, à une construction doublement problématique.Dans le cas des verbes de perception, c'est un problème prescriptif qui se pose, puisque la passivation de la constructionaccusativus cum infintivo, stratégie de thématisation optimale dans certains cas, est critiquée par la grammaire traditionnelle à tendance normative.S'agissant des verbes dont le schéma transitif ne comporte pas de proposition infinitive, la construction ‘passif + infinitif nu’, amplement attestée par des occurrences contemporaines, pose un problème d'analyse syntaxique. La solution qu'en propose cet article s'appuie sur un principe ‘triangulaire’ inspire de l'explication qui a été avancée pour rendre compte de la passivation de verbes sans objet direct manifeste commeobéir.
Un calembour syntaxique en français
Authors: Gaatone Daivd 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLe français possède une structure syntaxique liée à ce qu'on pourrait appeler la ‘caractérisation intrinsèque d'un être', et illustrée par la phrase Clotilde a les yeux verts. La classe des substantifs compatibles avec la position d'objet direct dans cette structure est en principe limitée, du fait même du sens global dc celle-ci, aux mots désignant des ‘parties inaliénables d'animés’. Il est montré, cependant, que de nombreux substantifs, dont la définition ne comporte pas ce sème, peuvent être insérés dans la construction et y recevoir le sens de ‘comportement humain’ comme, par exemple, dans Le vainqueur a le triomphe modeste. On tient lè une illustration intéressante d'un phénomène d'influence sémantique du sens global attaché à une structure formelle sur le sens de l'un de ses constituants.
Authority, prescriptivism and the French standard language
Authors: Lodge R. Anthony 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPrescriptive attitudes to language seem to be more deeply engrained in France than in many other speech-communities. This article traces their development between the sixteenth century and the present day within the model of language standardization proposed by E. Haugen and in the light of the notion of ‘standard ideology’ proposed by J. and L. Milroy. It will be argued that early definitions of what was considered ‘the best French’ were based simply on the observed usage of ‘the best people’; later it was felt that the standard required more permanent jusitification, giving rise to the idea that the ‘best French’ was the ‘best’ because it was the variety most closely in line with clarity and reason; a third stage was reached with the French Revolution when this variety of French became mandatory for everyone wishing to be considered ‘French’ and ‘reasonable’. Powerful institutional forces are engaged in promoting and maintaining this ideology in contemporary France, but excessive rigidity in the traditional standard in the face of the alternative norms which exert countervailing pressures on speakers could lead to a sitution of diglossia.
Non-discrete reference, discourse construction, and the French neuter clitic pronouns
Authors: Cornish Francis 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article examines a range of predicate- and proposition-anaphoric phenomena in French, chiefly involving the ‘neuter’ clitic pronouns le, y and en, from the point of view of their discourse motivation. One aim is to characterise the relatively little-studied phenomenon of ‘non-discrete’ reference in discourse. Another is to determine the extent to which the speaker\ writer can use an anaphoric expression in such a way as to ‘release’ the predicative element from within a co-occuring functionally non-perdicative expression or sequence, or to asssign a ‘third order’ entity status as a mutually validated fact to what in context has been interpreted as a predication. Such uses constitute what I am calling the ‘discourse-operator’ function which anaphoric expressions may fulfil in the appropriate discourse context. The speacker\writer's ability to use predicate anaphors in this kind of the way is constrained by the meta-discursive criterion of coherence.
Ni tu ni vous: principes et paradoxes dans l'emploi des pronoms d'allocution en français contemporain
Authors: Gardner-Chloros Penelope 
Published: October 2008

AbstractCet article rapporte d'abord les résultats d'un certain nombre de travaux sur les pronoms d' allocutontuetvousqui ont explorélats sociolinguistiques des rèles d'emploi de ces pronoms. Ensuite nous décrivons les résultats de notre proper enquête en Alsace, dans laquelle nous avons tenté de montrer l'influence de l'âge du locuteur, et de son interlocuteur, dans le choix de ces pronoms. Nous avons distingué entre le tutoiement de prime abord et les choix qui sont faits dans les relations établies. Les résultats montrent avant tout la diversité des comportements et des motivations dans ce domaine, et notre conclusion porte sur la difficulté, d'après ces résultats, à énoncer des ‘règles’, quelles qu'elles soient, pour le choix detu\vous, étant donné le grand nombre de facteurs personnels et évaluatifs qui entrent en jeu.
‘Maintenant’: emploi pragmatique
Authors: Nyan Thanh 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIl s'agit d'une description, en termes de la Theéorie de l'Argumentation de Ducrot, d'un emploi pragmatique de maintenant. En tant que source de contraintes discursives ce connecteur présente pour nous un double intérêt. D'un point de vue descriptif, son étude rejoint celle de la cohésion textuelle; d'un point de vue théorique, il repose la question de la ligne de démarcation entre la sémantique et la pragmatique.
Clitics, affixes, and the evolution of the question marker ‘tu’ in Canadian French
Authors: Picard Marc 
Published: October 2008

AbstractClitics and affixes are known to originate from erstwhile independent words. In French, a question marker has developed in a most peculiar way through the combination of a verb-final consonant and the third person masculine singular pronoun, and has gradually spread to other persons through a singular series of phonological, syntactic and analogical processes. Although this it is now all but moribund in Continental Frenceh, its offshoot tu is alive and well in Canadian French, the construction subject + verb + tu having become the most usual way of formulating yes-no questions in this dialect. Despite the long history of ti\tu, however, its exact grammatical status has yet to be established. Various criteria that have been proposed in recent years to distinguish clitics from affixes would seem to indicate that this morpheme should be properly classified as a suffis.
L'opposition thème/rhème dans la structuration des dialogues oraux
Authors: Morel Mary-Annick 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProceeding from the dichotomy theme/rheme, we aim to produce a typology of certain syntactical structures of French, recorded from a corpus of oral dialogues gathered in authentic situations. The first group affects statements which present the topicalization of a component: these statements are divided into four types, depending on whether the topicalized component is or is not associated with a lexical marker and with a re–occurrence through a substitute pronoun. The second group includes structures built on the rhematic marker ‘c’est': they are likewise divided into four main types, themselves subdivided into eight variants which appear to play distinct parts in the structuration of dialogues.
On the socio-historical context in the development of Louisiana and Saint-Domingue Creoles
Authors: Valdman Albert 
Published: October 2008

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a hypothesis for the genesis of Creole French by drawing conclusions from an illustrative comparison of Louisiana Creole and Haitian Creole, and by presenting a depiction of the social-historical context in which Louisiana Creole developed.Bickerton's bioprogram and Baker and Corne's model comparing Mauritian Creole and its Reunionese congener are considered and found to be inadequate descriptions of the genesis of Creole French, since they assume that all parts of colonial Saint-Domingue, the île Bourbon (Reunion) and the île de France (Mauritius) had the same demographic mix and social structure. This paper offers and alternative model which suggests that French planation colonies did not constitute monolithic socio–politico–economic entities. On the contrary, differences in social setting were reflected by variartions in the local form of Creole French. Furthermore, certain structural features were diffused from one territory to another via the focal centres that also diffused the colonial model of social, political and economic organization. These are considered together to account for the range of variation found today in Louisiana Creole, and to explain the striking similarities between Louisiana Cre le and its geographically most proximate Creole French congener, Haitian Creole.
The variable use onversustu/vousfor indefinite reference in Spoken French
Authors: Ashby William J. 
Published: October 2008

abstractThe subject cliticonhas a surprising range of referential values, both indefinite and definite, that can be seen only when one examines the use of the pronoun in natural discourse. This paper proposes a partial typology ofonderived from examples found in a socially-deverse corpus of Tourangeau French. The focus of the paper is on the variable use ofonversusvousortuas indefinite-genetic pronouns. The variation is partially constrained by a complex of linguistic, sociolinguistic, and partially discourse pragmatic factors. The saliency the speaker wishes to give to the referent apppears to be a key factor determining the probability of occurrence of the variants.
Enonciation et traduction chez les linguistes francophones
Authors: Chuquet H. , Paillard M. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLe présent article a pour object de donner un aperçu de l'état de la recherche francophone en théorie de la traduction et an linguistique contrastive, et de présenter plus particuliÈrement les travaux contrastifs français-anglais qui s'effectuent dans le cadere de la théorie des opérations énonciatives d'A. Culioli. A travers l'étude de deux points qui posent réguliÈrement problÈme aux anglophones traduisant vers le français (traductions possibles du prétérit anglais et choix entre indicatif et subjonctif français lorsque les duex modes peuvant alterner), nous tentons d'illustrer la contribution de l'approche énonciative à l'analyse contrastive des deux systÈmes linguistiques ainsi que sa pertinence dans la pratique de la traduction.
Le statut grammatical de de
Authors: Englebert Annick 
Published: October 2008

AbstractLe statut grammatical du mot de dans ses emplois partitifs (article ou préposition) est un sujet fort discuté en grammaire française.L'objectif de cette étude est de montrer que le problème du statut grammatical du mot de dépasse le cadre de ses emplois partitifs, que ce sont en fait tous les emplois de de qui sont concernés.Un rapide inventaire des différentes valeurs sémantiques possibles pour de, dans toute l'histoire du français, débouche sur une répartition des emplois répertoriés dans différentes catégories grammaticales.Cette répartition révèle les limites du système traditionnel des parties du discours. Des propositions récentes, dues tant à la grammaire générative (catégorie du complémenteur) qu'à la psychomécanique du langage (catégorie de l'inverseur) sont alors discutées.
Dislocated sequences and word order in French: a processing approach
Authors: Heilenman L. Kathy , McDonald Janet L. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article reports the results of three studies dealing with dislocated sequences in French. A text count of written and spoken French reveals that word order is not entirely free in these sequences but instead obeys certain constraints. Two studies then investigate the use of cues (word order, clitic pronoun type, clitic pronoun agreement and animacy) in the interpretation of dislocated sequences by native speakers of French. Results indicate that the constraints found in the text count, with minor modifications, are also operative in processing.