bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La Chine et l'Union européenne
Authors: Jousse Claudie 
Published: November 2007

China and the European Union, by Claudie Jousse
As part of its "new Asian strategy", the EU is trymg to reinforce its présence in China and to assert itself as a major partner of the Chinese People's Republic. For its part, the latter, while pursuing its policy of exploiting the rivalries between European countries, expects the EU to counterbalance the economie weight of the USA and Japan and wishes a really united Europe that could be a balancing factor in the new political world order. But the absence of a real EU common foreign policy on the one hand, the uncertainties connected with the evolution of the Chinese regime on the other hand, limit the potential impact of this attempt of rapprochement.
Les perspectives de paix et de sécurité dans le Caucase
Authors: Hovannisian Raffi K. 
Published: November 2007

Prospects for Security and Peace in Caucasia, by Raffi K. Hovannisian
Regional security for Central Asia and the Caspian basin depends on peace and security in Trans caucasia. However, current prospects for peace and a contempo-rary, effective security System in the region hinge on the ability of the international community to create mechanisms to engage ail three regional actors, Russia, Turkey and Iran. There must be greater Western commitment to the development of alternative routes of communication and to the économie integration and prosperity of the Transcaucasian States. The world community must attempt a fresh, forward-looking approach to the Karabakh conflict. Finally, by openly addressing the Armenian genocide issue, it must help bring about real, not showease, normalization of the bilateral relationship between Turkey and Armenia.
Une nouvelle stratégie pour le renseignement ?
Authors: Lacoste Pierre 
Published: November 2007

A New Strategy for Intelligence ?, by Pierre Lacoste
Intelligence is at the heart of the cultural revolution that is shaking the world in transition between the pseudo-balances of bipolarity and the as yet-uncertain structures that will prevail in the 21st century. But the legacy of the Cold War is causing problems everywhere. Most States are wondering how the secret services will develop and about new ways of managing them. The United States, strengthened by its victory over the Soviet Union, is vigorously pursuing a policy aimed at reinforcing its position of hegemony. That country is demonstrating a first application of what could be called the « new era of intelligence ». But intelligence strategies have to be seen in a new context : that of the « two worlds ». One — official — world is that of sovereign States ; the other is that of recognized or clandestine multinational organizations whose intentions are often licit but sometimes criminal. Now intelligence must remain an exclusive power of states based on the rule of law, serving their national interests.
Stratégie et désarmement : les chances d'une politique de sécurité coopérative
Authors: Klein Jean 
Published: November 2007

Strategy and Disarmament : the Chances of a Cooperative Security Policy, by Jean Klein
Since the end of the First World War disarmament has entered the diplomatie arena and has been a subject of constant debate for the great powers. However, the failure of collective security under the auspices of the League of Nations and the East-West antagonism caused by the great rift that followed the Second World War set narrow limits to this undertaking. Although the mastery of wea-pons made it possible to stabilize the balance on which reciprocal deterrence between the two nuclear powers was based, disarmament proper began only towards the end of the 1980s. With the disappearance of the bipolar order and the emergence of a new security System in Europe and the world, disarmament is set to become a major component of a peace policy based on sufficiency of resources and transparency of military activities.
L'euro contre le dollar : un défi pour qui ?
Authors: Cohen Benjamin J. 
Published: November 2007

The Euro Versus the Dollar: a Challenge for Whom?, by Benjamin J. Cohen
Contrary to a widely-held idea, it is not the dollar that could easily suffer from the advent of the Euro but rather the latter itself which could be threatened by the strength of the American currency in Europe as a vehicle for investment and trade. Care should therefore be taken on either side of the Atlantic in handling this new challenge, because the reorganization of the international monetary System is at stake.
Les Nations unies et la lutte contre les mines antipersonnel : au-delà d'Ottawa
Authors: Miyet Bernard 
Published: November 2007

The United Nations and Mine Action, by Bernard Miyet
On December 2, 3 and 4 last year, approximately one hundred States gathered in Ottawa to sign a treaty banning antipersonnel landmines. This extraordinary achievment should not hide the scope of the work that remains to be done: according to the ICRC, 800 people are killed and 1,200 maimed every single month by landmines; about 70 states are directly affected by the problem. The United Nations has already accomplished a lot, establishing half a dozen demining programmes in Asia, Africa and Eastern Europe. In a view to strengthen its capacity, the Secretary General, Kofi Annan, has designated the Department of Peacekeeping Operations as new focal point for mine action. The aim is to better coordinate the activities of the various partners (UNDP, UNICEF, UNHCR, Non-Governmental Organizations...) while developing the humanitarian dimension of a problem which has all too often been looked at solely under its technical and military aspects.
Bill Clinton et la paix israélo-arabe
Authors: Quandt William 
Published: November 2007

Clinton and Arab-Israeli Peace, by William B. Quandt
The Clinton Administration in its first term developed a modest approach to Arab-Israeli peacemaking that seemed to work as long as Rabin and Peres were in power. Netanyahu's election created a new, more difficult situation in the region, and Clinton and his team have not been able to devise a successful strategy. The key problem is that Clinton, for domestic political reasons, and perhaps from conviction as well, does not want to impose an American plan on the Israelis. And even if he were so inclined, many in Congress would be opposed. As Clinton enters the waning years of his presidency — a process accelerated by the scandals of early 1998 -, American policy is unlikely to do much to revive the ailing Arab-Israeli peace process.
A propos du « modèle hollandais »
Authors: Chavranski Henri 
Published: November 2007

"The Dutch Model", by Henri Chavranski
Since 1982 the government, employers' organizations and trade unions have been applying in concert a general policy that has been made possible by soli-darity, pragmatism and the constant search for consensus. An intelligent specialization of the economy, the discovery of natural gas and membership of a stable currency zone have strengthened the model. A spectacular drop in unemployment, balanced growth and social policy have only one counterpart: a low level of participation in work, due to the growth of part-time work and above ail the invalidity pension scheme. The Dutch model is neither a mirage nor a miracle and deserves to be examined closely and contemplated.
Déclin de l'influence, déclin des ambitions : la politique étrangère de l'Allemagne au crépuscule de l'ère Kohl
Authors: Maull Hans 
Published: November 2007

Declining Influence, Declining Ambitions: Germany's Foreign Policy in the Twilight of the Kohi Era, by Hanns Maull
Throughout the Helmut Kohi era, Germany's foreign policy was marked by continuity. Even after unification, Germany did not veer away from its traditional orientation, and it certainly did not become a traditional Great Power dominating Europe. On the contrary, Germany remained attached to its orientation towards multilateral cooperation and integration in the European Union, NATO and the OSCE. Contrary to a widely held belief outside Germany, Germany's foreign policy in recent years has been marked both by a certain erosion of German power and its purpose. Domestic economie and sectoral interests increasingly crept into German foreign policy, detracting from its cohesion and consistency.
La politique de change du Vietnam face à la crise asiatique
Authors: Guillaumont Patrick , Guillaumont Jeanneney Sylviane 
Published: November 2007

Vietnam's Exchange Rate Policy in the Face of the Asian Crisis, by Patrick Guillaumont and Sylviane Guillaumont Jeanneney
Since 1992 Vietnam has adopted a policy of pegging its currency to the dollar. Is the "Asian crisis" calling this strategy into question? The arguments of the debate are set out by analyzing the consequences of this crisis for Vietnamese competitiveness, as well as the risks of a similar crisis being reproduced in Vietnam.
Vingt ans de négociations sur le désarmement et la maîtrise des armements
Authors: Klein Jean 
Published: November 2007

Twenty Years of Disarmament Negotiations and Arms Control, by Jean Klein
Over the past twenty years, disarmament negotiations and arms control have been marked by an alternation of successes and setbacks, and the agreements concluded tended mainly to stabilize the balance of deterrence between the two nuclear protagonists, to reduce conventional forces in the area extending from the Atlantic to the Urals and to regulate, or even ban, chemical wea-pons and anti-personnel mines. Until the collapse of the bipolar world order, it was mainly a matter of organizing the strategie status quo and of reducing the risks of surprise attack. Since then some breakthroughs have been achieved with a view to genuine disarmament and some measures have been taken to consolidate the regime of non-proliferation of nuclear weapons. However, the obstacles that have arisen along this road and the paralysis of the multilateral negotiations in Geneva bode ill for the contribution of disarmament to the establishment of a new security order.
La France dans un monde multipolaire
Authors: Chirac Jacques 
Published: November 2007

France in a Multipolar World, by Jacques Chirac
The end of the century is characterized not only by irréversible globalization of human activities and constant accélération of scientific and technological progress, but also by incipient global management of interdependencies. The international System in the 21st century must be better organized, notably by progressing towards a multipolar world consisting of several régional pôles — in particular the European Union, which must act as a major pôle of global equilibrium. It is also necessary to reinforce the international institutions by giving an expanded Security Council an increased rôle. Progress must also be made in stepping up the campaign against prolifération, stabilization of the international financial System, the rules of world trade and global environ-mental protection. Finally, the 21st century must be the century of ethics centred on two main thèmes : combating exclusion and affirming a universal ethic, more specifically, preserving cultural and linguistic diversity.
L'intervention au Timor et le multilatéralisme possible
Authors: Vasconcelos Álvaro 
Published: November 2007

The Intervention in Timor and Possible Multilateral Action, by Álvaro Vasconcelos
How is it that the international community mobilized itself to défend the fundamental rights of the population of a half-island in the Pacific Ocean with about 850,000 inhabitants, an area of 19,000 km2, and situated 500 km from the Australian coast, against the will of the army of Indonesia, a country of more than 200 million inhabitants? What contribution did Portugal make, as a member of the EU, to the internationalization of the Timor issue? What can be deduced from the Eastern Timor experience about the future of multilateral action in resolving conflicts? What support can one hope to find for humanitarian interventions in other regions of the world, outside the so-called « Western world » ?
La France dans le monde. 1979-2000
Authors: Hoffmann Stanley 
Published: November 2007

France in the World, 1979-2000, by Stanley Hoffmann
When analysing the last twenty years of French foreign policy, Stanley Hoffmann emphasizes, first of ail, its great continuity, centred on two concerns: reaching a stable relationship with Germany; and combatting decline. But the world is changing. The collapse of the Communist bloc and the winding up of the Soviet Union in 1989-1991 caused a diplomatie earthquake. These are difficult times for France. She has to behave more modestly, and in particular more flexibly with the great American protector. Yet, without any continuity of her diplomacy, France has undergone a major transformation. Europe is now the great plan. The purely national chapter in her history is nearly over, or at least reaching its limits. Is the European chapter beginning?
Politique étrangère et politique intérieure aux Etats-Unis : la parenthèse du XXe siècle ?
Authors: Parmentier Guillaume 
Published: November 2007

En 1917, les Etats-Unis intervenaient, pour la première fois de leur histoire, dans un conflit européen, rompant avec plus d'un siècle d'isolement. Pourtant, la doctrine de Monroe n'a pas cessé de hanter la conscience des Américains, qui regrettent ces temps idylliques où ils se sentaient protégés, de par leur Constitution, des troubles affaires des autres nations. Cette attitude connaît un regain de vigueur depuis la fin de la guerre froide, l'opposition frontale entre les deux blocs ne justifiant plus ni l'intervention permanente des États-Unis dans les problèmes du globe, ni la prééminence du président américain dans la conduite de la politique étrangère. Soit autant d'entorses aux principes constitutionnels d'une Amérique où les mécanismes régissant la politique intérieure déterminent, plus que dans
tout autre pays, la politique extérieure.
Défenses antimissiles : l'analyse stratégique et l'intérêt européens
Authors: Heisbourg François 
Published: November 2007

Missile Defence Systems: Strategie Analysis and Interests in Europe, by François Heisbourg
American and European analyses on the issue of missile defence tend to diverge considerably. Europeans are sceptical as to the credibility of the threat that the "rogue" states would impose on the present deterrence model. They are not convinced that antimissile weapons would add anything to deterrence, since they would bestow on their holders an increased strategie mobility. They are not convinced that American missile defence should be a 'decoupling' factor, which would then no longer be a central element of their relations with the United States. Europeans are asking questions as to the opportunity cost of this type of defence, particularly with regard to relations with Russia, the impact on Chinese strategy, and the military decisions and budgets concerned. Areas of common interest do exist in the areas of terminal phase Systems and early warning satellites. It is to be hoped that, in each of thèse subjects, Europe should have the will to make its interests known in the discussions underway with its transatlantic ally.
Dynamiques régionales au Proche et au Moyen Orient et limites des influences extérieures
Authors: Perthes Volker 
Published: November 2007

Regional Dynamics in the Near and Middle-East and the Limits of Foreign Influence, by Volker Perthes
Aside from the troubled state at présent of Israeli-Palestinian relations since the setbacks in the peace process and the resumption of the intifada in October 2000, récent political developments in the Near and Middle East are of major importance for the region's future. Whether it be the creation of the Palestinian Authority, the succession of new Arab political elites, the Gulf War or the Oslo Agreement, the 1990s have seen the emergence of a veritable "regional System of states", bound together as much by security questions and perceptions of risk as by geographical proximity alone. In this context, the influence of foreign powers, in particular, the United States and Europe, reaches its limits very quickly when it does not take into account the interests that are considered vital by the regional players.
Nationalisme et gouvernance en Inde : les dilemmes du pouvoir
Authors: Racine Jean-Luc 
Published: November 2007

Nationalism and Governance: Indian Government's Dilemma, by Jean-Luc Racine
Elected to power in 1998, re-elected in 1999, the Bharatiya Janata Party — the political arm of the Hindu nationalist family— has preached for a "résurgent India," rich of its identity, its newly acquired nuclear status, its intellectual and economie potential. At mid-term of its mandate, the BJP is however losing ground, for the electorate gives more emphasis to governance issues than to the troublesome agenda of the Sangh Parivar. The party will have therefore to choose between the ideologues and the pragmatists, particularly in the present context of coalition politics, resulting rrom the development of caste-based parties and regional leaders-based political formations. The old Congress Party, slowly recovering from décline, faces the same challenge from smaller forces, which express, under a new garb, the long Indian quest for unity in diversity.
De la paix manquée d'Oslo à la marche vers l'abîme
Authors: Schattner Marius 
Published: November 2007

The Difficulty of Lowering Expectations: From the Near-Peace of Oslo to a Complete Breakdown, by Marius Schattner
Nine years after the Oslo Agreements, promises of peace have a bitter after-taste. Israelis and Palestinians are caught in a morbid treadmill of attacks and reprisals, suicide operations and "targeted assassinations". The West Bank is in effect totally reoccupied and the risks taken for peace have been in vain. The idea that the peace process is dead and buried is preponderant: deceased in July 2000 at Camp David, when the two parties confronted the fundamental issues for the first time, buried afterwards by the Sharon government. The failure is for ail to see. It is possible to debate the causes - to ponder what happened at Camp David. But beyond these interrogations, the question of interpretation arises: the lessons for the two parties on what has oeen called a "tragedy of errors". This paper tries to show how the most radical interprétation of the failure has taken root in Israel, why this has happened, and looks at the consequences.
La France, l'OTAN et la sécurité européenne : statu quo ingérable, renouveau introuvable
Authors: Howorth Jolyon 
Published: November 2007

France, NATO and European Security: Status Quo Unsustainable, New Balance Unattainable? , by Jolyon HOWORTH
Between 1947 and 1997, that is fifty years, France's search for a new balance between Europe and the United States has been more or less in vain. It was necessary to wait for a warming of relations between Paris and London, at the same time as the war in Bosnia, and the Saint-Malo declaration, which seemed to announce a revolution in transatlantic relations, for this French ambition to come about. But if Paris and London were agreed on the prin-ciple of balance, there were not at all in accord over its content or putting in place. And the advent of the Bush administration and September 11 have overturned the structures and concepts of the Alliance. It is in this context that France, while reinforcing its military capacities, is opposed to the new US doctrine of pre-emptive war and is making use of its status as member of the major multilateral organisations to counterbalance, sometimes with success, the United States. But France will once more need, to succeed in this mission to rebalance Europe and America, the support of Great Britain.
La France, l'Europe et la Méditerranée : un espace à construire
Authors: Leveau Rémy 
Published: November 2007

How the French See the Rest of the World, by Jean-François BUREAU
How do the French see the world? What do they think of their country's foreign policy? Of the roles played by the United States, the European Union, Russia or China? Do they think France still has any influence on the world stage? What for them are the new threats that endanger their security? Has September 11 changed their view of the near and distant exterior? Jean-François Bureau tries to answer all these questions by looking at opinion polls and other measures of public opinion in France, Europe and the United States. No single view cornes out of this study. On the one hand, the French seem suspicious of the outside world, to be afraid of it. On the other hand, they entrust Europe with their hopes of addressing in time the global trends that they believe too often run counter to their interests. Thus the French exception no longer provides solutions in the areas of defence or foreign policy to their concerns for the future of the country, whose power has, they are aware, declined.
Irak : et si la France s'était trompée ?
Authors: Cuche Pascal 
Published: November 2007

Iraq: What if France Went too Far?, by Pascal CUCHE
The diplomatie approach adopted by France during the Iraqi crisis has met with severe defeat. France did not have enough "clout" to support its policy. The position adopted by France has therefore contributed to weakening not only transatlantic relations but also multilateralism, and has brought to light the "cracks" within Europe itself. In reality, the Iraqi crisis constitutes an acute demonstration of a profound divergence between the two sides of the Atlantic, in their way of apprehending the government of the world, which must lead one to rethink the transatlantic relations and multilateralism. In a context of an asymmetry of power, the multilateral System cannot work efficiently when strategies are out of step. If Europe and the United States continue to follow strategies which are out of step one with the other, only an increase in Europe's power could help to keep the United States in the multilateral game.
Le ministre, les affaires et son portefeuille
Authors: Courty Guillaume 
Published: November 2007

Tbe minister, public affairs, and bis portfolio.
Guillaume Courty. [51-78].
Who bears the differential causes pleaded by the spokesmen of economic interests, and how ? To answer this question, it is necessary to understand how the minister holding the civil engineering portfolio prevents his management from becoming an "affair" in the polilical field. He must then keep a distance between himself and the interest he stands for, firstly by proving that only bis vocation as a politician can account for bis interest in those interests, and secondly by using his team of advisers as an instrument of perception which embody this disinterested judgement.
La «soviétologie» après le putsch. Vers une guérison ?
Authors: Berelowitch Vladimir 
Published: November 2007

«Sovietology» after the Putsch : towards a Recovery.
Wladimir Berelowitch. [7-20].
Since the 1950' s, «sovietology», especially in the United States and in France, has hesitated between the «totalitarist» interpretation and the «revisionnist» interpretation of Soviet history. Whatever the motivations, be they political (the Cold War) or psychological (conflicts between generations within the university), whatever the russophile or russophobe passions, the tightening of these antithetic and sharply delineated models can be explained by the difficulties of the object itself. The ideology produced by the regime said that the latter, would bring on the end of history, and made the subject disappear from the historic scene, for the benefice of abstract categories. Both -schools-, each in its own way — one through an excess of facination, the other through a will to render Soviet history common place — did not always avoid these snares which the communist regime's fall (and the fall of past passions and challenges) will now defuse.