bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fishing for words: the taboo language of Shetland fishermen and the dating of Norn language death1
Authors: Knooihuizen Remco 
Published: February 2008

AbstractThere has been considerable debate about when Norn, the Scandinavian language formerly spoken in Orkney and Shetland, died as a community language in the islands. Arguments thus far have focused primarily on second‐hand commentary from travel and census reports, sparking disputes about the credibility of these sources. Linguistic evidence, although very little survives, is seldom used systematically in the debate about when Norn died. I argue that a list of thirty Norn words collected in 1774 can tell us about the state of the language at the time, and can thus be used as evidence in this debate.1
A New Method for Analysing Discrete Life History Data with Missing Covariate Values
Authors: Catchpole E. A. , Morgan B. J. T. , Tavecchia G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryRegular censusing of wild animal populations produces data for estimating their annual survival. However, there can be missing covariate data; for instance time varying covariates that are measured on individual animals often contain missing values. By considering the transitions that occur from each occasion to the next, we derive a novel expression for the likelihood for mark–recapture–recovery data, which is equivalent to the traditional likelihood in the case where no covariate data are missing, and which provides a natural way of dealing with covariate data that are missing, for whatever reason. Unlike complete-case analysis, this approach does not exclude incompletely observed life histories, uses all available data and produces consistent estimators. In a simulation study it performs better overall than alternative methods when there are missing covariate data.
Szasz and His Interlocutors: Reconsidering Thomas Szasz's “Myth of Mental Illness” Thesis
Authors: CRESSWELL MARK 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTIt is a matter of some irony that psychiatry's most trenchant critic for over four decades is himself a psychiatrist. I refer to Thomas S. Szasz. Szasz's core thesis may be succinctly rendered: mental illness is a “myth”, a “metaphor” which serves only to obscure the social and ethical “problems in living” we face as human beings. This paper reconsiders the conceptual bases of Szasz's assault on psychiatry and assesses recent counter‐arguments of his critical interlocutors. It presents a defence of the Szaszian conception and emphasises the continuing relevance of his earliest work. Additionally, the paper discusses Szasz's thesis in light of the work of the influential French philosopher of medicine, Georges Canguilhem.
Psychological distress in mothers and fathers of preschool children: a 5‐year follow‐up study after birth
Authors: Skreden M , Skari H , Björk MD , Malt UF , Veenstra M , Faugli A , Åvitsland TL , Emblem R 
Published: February 2008

Objective Maternal and paternal psychological distress influence children’s development and health beyond the perinatal period. The aim of our study was to describe psychological health during a 5‐year period in parents of preschool children. Secondarily, we wanted to explore differences between mothers and fathers and identify predictors for increased psychological distress in parents.Design Prospective cohort study.Setting A county in Southern Norway 1998–2004.Population One hundred and twenty‐three mothers and 112 fathers were candidates for the follow‐up study.Methods Parental psychological responses were assessed using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28), State Anxiety Inventory‐X1 and Impact of Event Scale at 0–4 days, 6 weeks, 6 months and 5 years after delivery of a healthy child.Main outcome measure Parental psychological distress defined by GHQ‐28 Likert sum score at 5‐year follow‐up.Results Clinically important psychological distress (GHQ case score ≥ 6) was reported by more mothers (29%) than by fathers (11%) (P= 0.004). In multivariate analysis, psychological distress (GHQ‐28 Likert sum score) after 5 years was predicted by initial psychological distress, being single and low educational level in mothers, and unemployment and low quality of relationship with partner in fathers.Conclusions Fathers reported significantly lower frequency of clinically important psychological distress and more stable scores than mothers throughout the period. The results indicate that selected psychometric screening may be warranted for parents with known psychosocial risk factors.
Fetal exposure to herpesviruses may be associated with pregnancy‐induced hypertensive disorders and preterm birth in a Caucasian population*
Authors: Gibson CS , Goldwater PN , MacLennan AH , Haan EA , Priest K , Dekker GA ,   South Australian Cerebral Palsy Research Group
Published: February 2008

Objective  To investigate the role of fetal viral infection in the development of a range of adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs), including pregnancy‐induced hypertensive disorders (PIHD), antepartum haemorrhage (APH), birthweight <10th percentile (small for gestational age, SGA) and preterm birth (PTB).Design  Population‐based case–control study.Setting  Laboratory‐based study.Population  The newborn screening cards of 717 adverse pregnancy cases and 609 controls.Methods  Newborn screening cards were tested for RNA from enteroviruses and DNA from herpesviruses using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The herpesviruses were detected using two PCRs, one detecting nucleic acids from herpes simplex virus (HSV)‐1, HSV‐2, Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV) and human herpesvirus (HHV)‐8, hereafter designated Herpes PCR group A viruses, and the other detecting nucleic acids from varicella‐zoster virus (VZV), HHV‐6 and HHV‐7, hereafter designated Herpes PCR group B viruses.Main outcome measure  Odds ratios and 95% CIs for specific APOs.Results  For both term and PTBs, the risk of developing PIHD was increased in the presence of DNA from Herpes PCR group B viruses (OR 3.57, 95% CI 1.10–11.70), CMV (OR 3.89, 95% CI 1.67–9.06), any herpesvirus (OR 5.70, 95% CI 1.85–17.57) and any virus (OR 5.17, 95% CI 1.68–15.94). The presence of CMV was associated with PTB (OR 1.61, 95% CI 1.14–2.27). No significant association was observed between SGA or APH and exposure to viral infection.Conclusions  Fetal exposure to herpesvirus infection was associated with PIHD for both term and PTBs in this exploratory study. Exposure to CMV may also be associated with PTB. These findings need confirmation in future studies.
The Child With Headache in a Pediatric Emergency Department
Authors: Conicella Elena , Raucci Umberto , Vanacore Nicola , Vigevano Federico , Reale Antonino , Pirozzi Nicola , Valeriani Massimiliano 
Published: February 2008

Objectives.—To investigate clinical features of a pediatric population presenting with headache to a pediatric emergency department (ED) and to identify headache characteristics which are more likely associated with serious, life‐threatening conditions in distinction from headaches due to more benign processes.Background.—Although headache is a common problem in children visiting a pediatric ED, a few studies thus far have attempted to identify the clinical characteristics most likely associated with suspected life‐threatening disease.Methods.—A retrospective chart review of all consecutive patients who presented with a chief complaint of headache at ED over a 1‐year period was conducted. Etiologies were classified according to the International Headache Society diagnostic criteria 2nd edition.Results.—Four hundred and thirty‐two children (0.8% of the total number of visits) aged from 2 to 18 years (mean age 8.9 years) were enrolled in our study. There were 228 boys (53%) and 204 girls (47%). School‐age group was the most represented (66%). The most common cause of headache was upper respiratory tract infections (19.2%). The remaining majority of non‐life‐threatening headache included migraine (18.5%), posttraumatic headache (5.5%), tension‐type headache (4.6%). Serious life‐threatening intracranial disorders (4.1%) included meningitis (1.6%), acute hydrocephalus (0.9%), tumors (0.7%). We found several clinical clues which demonstrated a statistically significant correlation with dangerous conditions: pre‐school age, recent onset of pain, occipital location, and child's inability to describe the quality of pain and objective neurological signs.Conclusions.—Differential diagnosis between primary and secondary headaches can be very difficult, especially in an ED setting. The majority of headaches are secondary to respiratory infectious diseases and minor head trauma. Our data allowed us to identify clinical features useful to recognize intracranial life‐threatening conditions.
Balloon cells and dysmorphic neurons in the hippocampus associated with epileptic amnesic syndrome: A case report
Authors: Kim Se Hoon , Cho Yang‐Je , Seok Kim Hyung , Heo Kyoung , Lee Min‐Cheol , Lee Byung‐In , Seung Kim Tai , Woo Chang Jin 
Published: February 2008

SummaryRecently, we encountered a 39‐year‐old woman with typical epileptic amnesic syndrome. The patient underwent right anterior temporal lobectomy, which removed the right hippocampus. The patient's resected hippocampus showed typical histological features of Ammon's horn sclerosis (AHS) with dysmorphic neurons. In addition, the prominent balloon cells, admixed with dysmorphic neurons, were noted in the hippocampus. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case showing AHS with balloon cells. The presence of balloon cells reinforces the hypothesis that AHS itself might be a maldevelopment disorder.
Asymmetric breast enlargement minus central venous thrombosis in a hemodialysis patient
Authors: YOUSSEF Jacques J. , BROWN Clinton D. , FRIEDMAN Eli A. 
Published: February 2008

AbstractA 76‐year‐old woman hemodialysis patient was hospitalized for community‐acquired pneumonia complicating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. End‐stage renal disease secondary to hypertension had been diagnosed at the age of 64 for which the patient was initiated on maintenance hemodialysis. Then, she received a deceased donor kidney transplant at the age of 68 that succumbed to chronic rejection 4 years later when she was restarted on hemodialysis. Hemodialysis was performed via a right subclavian vein double lumen catheter for 2 months when a right brachio‐axillary graft was inserted. Severe venous congestion, swelling, and nipple tenderness of her right breast noted on admission had been increasing for 6 weeks before hospital admission. No arm swelling was evident. Initial management of the patient's pneumonia and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease consisted of intravenous ceftriaxone and albuterol inhaler to which intravenous oxacillin (1 g q 6 hr) was added for presumed right mastitis. Radiological work‐up for masses and malignancies was negative. An angiogram of the right upper extremity detected stenosis of the dialysis access graft at its anastomosis with the axillary vein. Angioplasty of the stenosis was performed without incident or evidence of central vein stenosis. Rapid resolution over 10 days of the unilateral breast congestion followed without complication.
Elevated cytokine expression in the orbitofrontal cortex of victims of suicide
Authors: Tonelli L. H. , Stiller J. , Rujescu D. , Giegling I. , Schneider B. , Maurer K. , Schnabel A. , Möller H.‐J. , Chen H. H. , Postolache T. T. 
Published: February 2008

Objective:  Based on the reported association between cytokines with depression and suicide, and evidence of increased markers of inflammation in the brain of suicide victims, the present study examined the expression of cytokines in the orbitofrontal cortex of suicide victims.Method:  In a postmortem sample obtained from the Brodman area 11 of suicides (n = 34) and controls (n = 17), real‐time RT‐PCR was used to compare the expression of mRNA species for tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α), interleukin (IL)‐1β, 4, 5, 6, and 13.Results:  Increased expression of IL‐4 was found in women suicide victims and IL‐13 in men suicide victims. Elevated but not significant cytokine expression was also observed for TNF‐α in women suicide victims.Conclusion:  To our knowledge, these results provide the first evidence of the presence of mRNA transcripts of type 2 T‐helper cytokines in the human orbitofrontal cortex and their increased expression in the brain of suicides.
Decision Coaching to Support Shared Decision Making: A Framework, Evidence, and Implications for Nursing Practice, Education, and Policy
Authors: Stacey Dawn , Murray Mary Ann , Légaré France , Sandy Dunn , Menard Prudy , O'Connor Annette 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACT Background: Patients with values‐sensitive health decisions frequently experience decisional conflict and require support. Decision coaching shows promise but little is known about the fit within the therapeutic relationship and factors influencing implementation of decision coaching in practice. Aims: To offer an evidence‐based decision coaching framework and explore implications for competency development and environmental infrastructures needed to facilitate client‐centered decision coaching. Methods: A review of the evidence and our experience supporting the development of a framework for decision coach‐mediated shared decision making that outlines the roles of the primary practitioner, the patient, and decision coach for achieving high‐quality health decisions. Implications: Competence in providing decision coaching requires knowledge and skill building at both pre‐ and post‐licensure levels. Practice environments, regulatory bodies, educational systems, and professional and accreditation organizations are vital to successful integration of decision coaching skills into practice. Practical, visible, accessible, evidence‐based, and equitably enforced regulations and policies endorsing patients' decision support interventions are essential. Conclusions: Enhancing nurses' coaching skills for supporting patients and their families in decision making can be fostered through interventions aimed at the nurses, educational systems, and regulatory organizations. Further research and pragmatic evaluation are needed to better support the acquisition and implementation of decision coaching for all types of health decisions. Application to Nursing Practice: The framework indicates the practitioner's role in diagnosing the problem, providing options, and screening for decisional conflict. Decision coaching involves assessing factors influencing patients' decisional conflict, providing support to address decisional needs, monitoring progress in decision making, and screening for factors influencing implementation. Informed patients share their values and preferences shaped by their personal situation.
Clinical Interventions for Children With Attachment Problems
Authors: Cornell Tonya , Hamrin Vanya 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC:  Applying the current evidence to treating clinical populations with attachment disorders. PURPOSE:  This study aims to review the literature regarding the treatment of childhood attachment disorders, with the goal of guiding clinicians towards evidence‐based practice. SOURCES USED:  MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychBooks, EMBASE and PsychINFO were searched and all articles reporting results of a treatment intervention for attachment disorder were reviewed. Ancestry analysis garnered additional sources. CONCLUSIONS:  There are few studies addressing therapeutic interventions for attachment disorder, but the literature supports benefits to the child–parent attachment relationship in biological families in the application of both psychoeducational and psychotherapeutic treatment modalities. A summary of the important components of applying these techniques in therapy is included. Foster and adoptive families with attachment disorders require different types of intervention than biological families. In particular, foster and adoptive parents need to help repair their child's negative internal representations by responding appropriately to their child's cues. Advanced practice psychiatric nurses are well‐prepared to provide evidence‐based interventions to both biological and foster families with attachment problems. More research is needed to determine the most appropriate treatment interventions for children with attachment disorders.
Narrative Therapy: A Psychotherapeutic Approach in the Treatment of Adolescents With Asperger's Disorder
Authors: Cashin Andrew 
Published: February 2008

TOPIC:  The conundrum of how to carry out psychotherapy with an adolescent whose primary currency of information exchange is visual as opposed to linguistic, and who is unable to develop a unified base of knowledge and hence generalize concepts, has confronted many mental health nurses in their encounters with individuals with Asperger's disorder. At the currently estimated escalating rate of occurrence of 1 to every 100 individuals having an autism spectrum disorder, and the estimate that 80% of these people have average or above intelligence, it makes sense that Asperger's disorder is frequently encountered by child and adolescent mental health nurses. Asperger's disorder represents a different way of being in the world that is associated with a higher frequency of anxiety disorders and depression than experienced by neurotypical counterparts. The inherent concretization in the externalization techniques in narrative therapy provide a novelly successful approach to psychotherapy with people with Asperger's disorder and in many cases resolution of the conundrum. PURPOSE:  This paper considers the features of Asperger's disorder and its consonance with the techniques of narrative therapy, and utilizes a case example that shows the potential efficacy of the application of this established approach in a new context. SOURCES:  Contemporary literature on autism and narrative therapy.CONCLUSIONS:  The implication of the potential application of narrative therapy in psychotherapy with individuals with autism is raised.
THE TRANSFER AND CONVERSION OF ELECTRONIC ENERGY IN SOME ‘MODEL’ PHOTOCHEMICAL SYSTEMS*
Authors: Pitts J. N. , Hess L. D. , Baum E. J. , Schuck E. A. , Wan J. K. S. , Leermakers P. A. , Vesley G. 
Published: February 2008

Abstract— Recent studies of the effects of molecular structure and reaction environment on the mechanism of primary photochemical processes involving transfer and conversion of electronic energy in relatively ‘simple’ organic molecules are presented and discussed. A quantitative i.r. spectroscopic method for studying intramolecular and intermolecular photoprocesses of u.v. irradiated substrates dispersed in solid alkali halide matrices at room temperature is described. Current data for the substrates ortho‐nitrobenzaldehyde, anthracene and benzophenonebenzhydrol are presented.A series of ‘model’ ketones containing cyclopropyl groups have been synthesized and while their absorption spectra are similar, the efficiency of vapor‐phase photodissociation into radicals is shown to be strongly dependent on molecular structure.Butyrophenone and a series of ring substituted derivatives have been photolyzed in the liquid phase using the quantum yield of the photoelimination of ethylene (Type II split) as a “probe” to determine the effect of substituents on the internal H atom abstracting power of the excited carbonyl chromophore. Φc2H4 is very sensitive to ring substitution, dropping from 0.24 in butyrophenone to 0.20, 0.058 and 0.00 in the p‐CH3, p‐OCH3 and p‐NH2 derivatives respectively, and to 0.00 in both ortho and para hydroxy derivatives. This effect is correlated with their absorption spectra in terms of the lowest states of these alkyl aryl ketones being 3(π, π*) rather than 3(π, π*) in character.While several ‘classic’ photochemical reactions, unimolecular and bimolecular, proceed efficiently in solid KBr matrices giving the same product as in liquid systems, the ‘model’ cyclopropyl compounds and the alkyl aryl ketones did not undergo their usual intramolecular processes. Implications of this molecular environment effect are pointed out.
Serological Survey for Antibodies to Encephalitozoon cuniculi in Pet Rabbits in Italy
Authors: Dipineto L. , Rinaldi L. , Santaniello A. , Sensale M. , Cuomo A. , Calabria M. , Menna L. F. , Fioretti A. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryPet rabbits (n = 125) from Southern Italy were submitted to a serological screening for Encephalitozoon cuniculi, using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a carbon immunoassay (CIA). Seventy‐eight examined rabbits showed clinical signs suggestive of encephalitozoonosis (head tilt, ataxia, paralysis, cataracts, uveitis, polyuria and polydipsia), whereas 47 were healthy rabbits. Antibodies anti‐E. cuniculi were found in 84/125 (67.2%) sera analysed. The results of the chi‐squared test showed that sex and health status had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on E. cuniculi seropositivity; however, rabbits older than 4 months had a seropositivity for E. cuniculi significantly (P < 0.05) higher than that of rabbits aged up to 4 months. The results of the present survey reinforce the assumption that rabbit may be indicated as the main reservoir of E. cuniculi; therefore, routine screening examinations in pet rabbits are strongly advised considering the zoonotic potential of this parasite.
Nationwide Surveillance of salmonella in the Faeces of Pigs in Japan
Authors: Kishima M. , Uchida I. , Namimatsu T. , Osumi T. , Takahashi S. , Tanaka K. , Aoki H. , Matsuura K. , Yamamoto K. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of faecal carriage of salmonella in 5393 pigs reared on 218 pig farms located in 31 of 47 prefectures in Japan over the period July 2003 to June 2005 was investigated. We isolated 172 strains belonging to 20 serovars and one untypableSalmonella entericafrom 169 pig faecal samples (3.1%) collected from 48 farms (22.0%). The most prevalent type ofS. entericawas untypable O4,12:d:– which lacks phase 2 flagellar antigen, representing 29.1% (50/172) of all isolates. Of 26S. entericaserovar Typhimurium isolates, 16 strains appeared to be definitive phage type 104 (DT104) by polymerase chain reaction.