bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of a procedure for analytical hydrogenation of edible oils
Authors: Tene Z. , Yaron Anina , Letan A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractUnsaturation, an important parameter in edible oils, can be determined by analytical hydrogenation. Recently Brown et al. (3–9) have proposed an “automatic” direct titration method for hydrogenation of various unsaturated organic compounds. Sodium borohydride, introduced through a pressure‐actuated mercury valve, was utilized as hydrogen producing reagent, and both the hydrogen and the platinum catalyst were generated in situ. Application of the above method to determination of unsaturation in various edible oils was the subject of the present study. Several shortcomings inherent in the original procedure and apparatus have been overcome by introducing suitable changes. Isopropanol was used as a solvent for the borohydride; the buret was used at the operational stage in the near horizontal position; the end point manometer was filled with Brodie’s solution; and the system was preliminarily flushed with hydrogen from an external source and was operated at a slight overpressure. As a result of those changes, the determined hydrogen iodine values were closer to the expected ones and the standard deviations were appreciably lowered. Gravimetric determinations have confirmed Brown’s observation that the precipitated powder produced by reduction of chloroplatinic acid consists only of pure platinum. Microscopic examinations revealed that a finer structure and better dispersion is obtained when platinum was precipitated on activated carbon as support. This can be conceived with the observed higher over‐all reaction rates achieved with the supported catalyst.
Methyl 9(10)‐carboxystearate by catalytic oxidation of hydroformylated oleate
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Frankel E. N. , Dufek E. J. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMethyl 9(10)‐formylstearate from hydroformylated oleate is autoxidized effectively to the corresponding carboxystearate in the presence of metal naphthenates at 20 C. Up to 95% conversion is obtained by treatment with Ca naphthenate for 24 hr. Catalyst activity based on disappearance of formylstearate approximates the following order: Co>Pb>Mn>Ce>Fe>Zr>Ca. Decreasing yields of carboxyester obtained with different catalysts follow the approximate order: Ca>Pb≈Fe≈Zr≈Mn>Co>Ce. The active redox metal catalysts such as Co, Ce and Mn produce varying amounts of methyl stearate, epoxy‐, keto‐ and hydroxystearate as side products. Ca naphthenate minimizes free radical decarbonylation and other side reactions. Mechanisms are proposed for the formation of side products.
Grapefruit seed oil sterols
Authors: Barroso M. Angela T. , Moura Fe J. A. , Whiting F. M. , Brown W. H. , Stull J. W. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGrapefruit seed oil sterols separated from other lipids by Florisil column chromatography were characterized by gas liquid chromatography. The presence of stigmasterol, campesterol and β‐sitosterol is indicated. Expressed in terms of peak area, the three sterols are present in proportions of 2.5%, 7.4% and 90.1% of the total, respectively.
Identification and estimation of tocopherols by gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Slover Hal T. , Shelley Lydia M. , Burks Teman L. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA gas chromatographic method is described for the identification and estimation of the individual tocopherols as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) ethers. The TMS ethers are prepared by dissolving the sample in a mixture of hexamethyl‐disilazane, trimethylchlorosilane, and anhydrous pyridine (2:1:10), and allowing it to stand for at least 15 min. The separations described were made at 235C on 0.08 in. I.D. ȕ15 ft silanized glass columns packed with either 0.5% Apiezon L or 2% SE‐30 on 110/120 mesh Anakrom (acid and base washed, and silanized). Retention data, obtained either by chromatographing known compounds or by prediction using the Kovȥts Retention Indices, are presented for tocol, tocotrienol, and all 14 possible methylated tocols and tocotrienols. The quantitative results from the analyses of two standard mixtures are also presented. The application to naturally occurring tocopherols is illustrated by chromatograms of partially purified fractions from soy oil, wheat germ oil, whole wheat flour, and corn meal.
Temperature shifts in regulation of lipids accumulated byLipomyces starkeyi
Authors: Suutari M. , Priha P. , Laakso S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe effect of temperature on the accumulating triglycerides ofLipomyces starkeyi was studied in 10‐L fermentation experiments. The temperature during the growth, lipid accumulation and postaccumulation phases was altered. The cellular lipid content, the glucose conversion efficiency and the specific lipid production rate were highest when the growth phase temperature was 28°C, instead of 16–18°C. The temperature of the accumulation phase had an influence on the lipid quality at the end of the accumulation. Oleic acid content increased from 52 to over 60% when the accumulation phase temperature was decreased from 28 to 15°C and, concomitantly, palmitic acid decreased from 33 to 26%. The degree of fatty acid unsaturation was the highest (0.75 Δmol−1) when the accumulation phase temperature was the lowest (15°C) andvice versa. The temperature shift after the lipid accumulation phase affected neither the composition nor the amount of the accumulated lipids. In conclusion, the temperature profile for the highest lipid yield with the most desired composition should be: (i) a growth phase temperature that gives the maximum growth rate and (ii) an accumulation phase temperature that produces the desired ratio of palmitic to oleic acid.
Factors in the decolorizing of tallow. I. Addition of water with the adsorbent
Authors: Rich A. D. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryData have been presented demonstrating a substantial improvement in atmospheric batch decolorizing of tallow when an activated adsorbent was used by supplementing it with added water. Negative results were obtained under similar conditions with a natural adsorbent.Studies on other phases of tallow decolorizing will be reported in subsequent articles.
Comparative rates of formation of fatty acids in the soybean seed during its development
Authors: Simmons R. O. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: January 2007

SummaryLincoln soybeans harvested at successive stages of maturity showed continuous increases in amounts present of each of the fatty acids: saturated, oleic, linoleic, and linolenic.The iodine value and linolenic acid percentage of the oil decreased somewhat during the early stages of seed development. The linoleic acid and total oil percentage in the bean increased continuously until the 50th day then remained constant. Oleic and saturated acids fluctuated.No evidence for dehydrogenation of saturated fatty acids was obtained either in the oil analyses or in tests of soybean tissues for dehydrogenase activity.
Film forming and foaming behavior of food proteins
Authors: German J. B. , O'Neill T. E. , Kinsella J. E. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe current state of understanding of protein structure as it relates to its function in foaming has proven to be of sufficient accuracy to predict the effects of particular modifications in soy proteins. Comparative whipping studies performed on egg white, casein, Bovine serum albumin and soy protein showed important differences both in the development and subsequent stability of foams produced from these proteins. Our understanding of the structures of soy proteins and the alterations induced by reductive modification and heating implied that similar modifications would have dramatic impact on the foaming properties specifically of the 11S protein. The foaming ability and stability of the 11S protein were enhanced dramatically by cleavage of intersubunit disulfide bridging. Computerized lamellar measurement techniques developed in this laboratory indicated that these modifications enhanced the ability of the protein to foam rapidly and then to stabilize surface films at the rate typically encountered in the whipping of foams.
Engineering the Stem Cell Microenvironment
Authors: Metallo Christian M. , Mohr Jeffrey C. , Detzel Christopher J. , de Pablo Juan J. , Van Wie Bernard J. , Palecek Sean P. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractMultipotent stem cells in the body facilitate tissue regeneration, growth, and wound healing throughout life. The microenvironment in which they reside provides signals that direct these progenitors to proliferate, differentiate, or remain dormant; these factors include soluble molecules, the extracellular matrix, neighboring cells, and physical stimuli. Recent advances in the culture of embryonic stem cells and adult progenitors necessitate an increased understanding of these phenomena. Here, we summarize the interactions between stem cells and their local environment, drawing on in vivo observations and tissue culture studies. In addition, we describe novel methods of characterizing the effects of various environmental factors and review new techniques that enable scientists and engineers to more effectively direct stem cell fate.
Whose turtles are they, anyway?
Authors: MORTIMER JEANNE A. , MEYLAN PETER A. , DONNELLY MARYDELE 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), listed since 1996 by the IUCN as Critically Endangered and by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) as an Appendix I species, has been the subject of attention and controversy during the past 10 years due to the efforts of some nations to re‐open banned international trade. The most recent debate has centred on whether it is appropriate for Cuba to harvest hawksbills from shared foraging aggregations within her national waters. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Bowen et al. have used molecular genetic data to show that such harvests are likely to have deleterious effects on the health of hawksbill populations throughout the Caribbean.
Unthinkable Thoughts: Education of Gifted Students
Authors: Gallagher James J. 
Published: January 2007

The advent of a new millenium is an appropriate time to consider some “unthinkable thoughts,” those thoughts that make us so uncomfortable that most professionals prefer to ignore them. Yet, if progress is to be made, such challenges to our professional roles must be confronted. Four such ugly questions are considered for gifted education, together with suggested actions to cope with them. 1. Is there really such an entity as a gifted child? 2. Is there such an entity as gifted education? 3. Is there such an entity as special personnel preparation for teachers of gifted students? 4. Is the application of special services for gifted students sufficient in scope and intensity to make a difference in the classroom? We should recognize that, however we choose to cope with these issues, our status quo, business as usual, is hardly a viable choice for the 21st century.
Suicide Ideation and Personality Characteristics Among Gifted Adolescents
Authors: Cross Tracy L. , Cassady Jerrell C. , Miller Kimberly A. 
Published: January 2007

This study describes psychological characteristics of gifted adolescents. It also identifies the relationships between psychological personality types and suicide ideation. Participants in the study were 152 juniors enrolled in a public residential high school for academically gifted students. The Suicide Ideation Questionnaire, a 30-item self-report measure, was used to assess adolescent levels of suicide ideation. The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers, 1962), a widely used measure of psychological type that contrasts four dimensions of personality—extra-version (E)/introversion (I), sensing (S)/intuition (N), thinking (T)/feeling (F), and judging (J)/perceiving (P)—was used to determine personality types of the students.The results indicated that gifted adolescents did not exhibit heightened rates of suicide ideation as compared to their nongifted peers. However, female students held higher levels of suicide ideation than male students. Female students exhibiting introversion-perceiving (IP) types held higher levels of suicide ideation than those with other types. There was a significant between-groups effect for the judging-perceiving analysis. Students identified as perceiving personality types held higher levels of suicide ideation than those with the judging personality type. Gender, judging/perceiving, and extraversion/introversion combined to reliably predict approximately 18% of the variance in suicide ideation in this sample.
Are There Sex Differences in Fiscal Political Preferences?
Authors: Alvarez R. Michael , Mccaffery Edward J. 
Published: January 2007

This article examines the relationship between attitudes on potential uses of the budget surplus and sex. Survey results from the Fall of 1999 show relatively weak support overall for using a projected surplus to reduce taxes, with respondents more likely to prefer increased social spending on education or social security. There were, however, significant sex differences, confirmed by multinomial logit analysis: men were far more likely than women to support minimizing “private bads,” that is, tax cuts or paying down the national debt; women were more likely to support expanded spending on public goods, such as education or social security. The strongest sex effect from the Fall 1999 surveys was that women were far more likely to express no opinion than men. When respondents were primed that the tax laws are biased against two-worker families, men significantly changed their stated preferences; women did not. A second round of surveys conducted from July through mid-October, 2000—a period encompassing the two major party political nominating conventions and the brunt of the presidential election campaign—revealed a dramatic narrowing of sex differences in fiscal political preferences, with an almost complete elimination of the gap in “no opinion” responses as to using the surplus to fund a tax cut. Combined with other recent work, this new research suggests that sex differences in fiscal political preferences are a far more complex, nuanced phenomenon than previously thought.
Review Essay : The Philosophical Politics of the Modern-Postmodern Debate
Authors: Gabardi Wayne 
Published: January 2007

Between Freiburg and Frankfurt: Toward a Critical Ontology By Fred Dallmayr Amherst: The University of Massachusetts Press, 1991. Pp. x, 224. $35.00. Political Theory and Postmodernism. By Stephen K. White. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1991. Pp. xiv, 153. $39.50. The New Constellation: The Ethical-Political Horizons of Modernityl Postmodernity. By Richard J. Bernstein. Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1992. Pp. 358.
Clinical relevance of Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP/CD10) in melanoma
Authors: Velazquez Elsa F , Yancovitz Molly , Pavlick Anna , Berman Russell , Shapiro Richard , Bogunovic Dusan , O'Neill David , Yu Yi-Lo , Spira Joanna , Christos Paul J , Zhou Xi Kathy , Mazumdar Madhu , Nanus David M , Liebes Leonard , Bhardwaj Nina , Polsky David , Osman Iman 
Published: January 2007

Abstract

Background
Overexpression of Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP) has been reported in metastatic carcinomas, implicating NEP in tumor progression and suggesting a role for NEP inhibitors in its treatment. We investigated the role of NEP expression in the clinical progression of cutaneous melanoma.

Methods
We screened 7 melanoma cell lines for NEP protein expression. NEP-specific siRNA was transfected into the lines to examine the role of gene transcription in NEP expression. Immunohistochemistry was done for 93 specimens and correlated with clinicopathologic parameters. Thirty-seven metastatic melanoma specimens were examined for NEP transcript expression using Affymetrix GeneChips. In a subset of 25 specimens for which both transcript and protein expression was available, expression ratios were used to identify genes that co-express with NEP in GeneChip analysis.

Results
NEP was overexpressed in 4/7 human melanoma cell lines, and siRNA knock-down of NEP transcripts led to downregulation of its protein expression. NEP protein overexpression was significantly more common in metastatic versus primary tumors (P = 0.002). Twelve of 37 (32%) metastatic tumors had increased NEP transcript expression, and an association was observed between NEP transcript upregulation and protein overexpression (P < 0.0001). Thirty-eight genes were found to significantly co-express with NEP (p < 0.005). Thirty-three genes positively correlated with NEP, including genes involved in the MAP kinase pathway, antigen processing and presentation, apoptosis, and WNT signaling pathway, and 5 genes negatively correlated with NEP, including genes of focal adhesion and the notch signaling pathways.

Conclusion
NEP overexpression, which seems to be largely driven by increased transcription, is rare in primary melanoma and occurs late in melanoma progression. Functional studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms of NEP regulation in melanoma.
Involvement of α1-acid glycoprotein in inter-individual variation of disposition kinetics of ropivacaine following epidural infusion in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: Yokogawa Koichi , Shimomura Shoko , Ishizaki Junko , Shimada Tsutomu , Fukuwa Chie , Kawada Masayuki , Tsubokawa Tsunehisa , Yamamoto Ken , Miyamoto Ken-ichi 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The influence of drug interaction and protein variants on the binding disposition of ropivacaine to α1-acid glycoprotein (AGP) was examined. The subjects were five patients who received epidural infusion of ropivacaine for 24–54 h in off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting followed by drug combination therapy, and 10 healthy volunteers.
The post-operation plasma albumin concentration showed little overall change, while the AGP concentration in the five patients decreased for 6 h, then increased gradually to about 3-times the initial value by 54 h. The unbound fraction in plasma (fu) of ropivacaine gradually decreased as the AGP concentration increased, but there was large inter-individual variation among the five patients. In contrast, there was a good correlation between the fu value and AGP concentration when ropivacaine was added to blood samples from the 10 healthy volunteers. Among the volunteers, eight showed F1S variants and two showed F1 variant without S variant of AGP. The fu value of ropivacaine did not differ between these two groups. However, when ropivacaine was added in combination with dipyridamole, the fu values of ropivacaine in blood from volunteers with F1S variants were greater than those in blood from volunteers without S variant. In the case of co-administration of disopyramide or lidocaine, there was no such difference. Among the patients, one showed F1S variants and four showed F1 variant without S variant. The results indicate that variability in the side-effects of therapy with ropivacaine alone is caused by the change of the unbound concentration upon changes in the AGP concentration. However, in combination therapy, it is also important to consider the AGP variant-dependence of the inhibitory effect of concomitantly administered drugs.
Changes in Family Involvement Following a Relative's Move to a Long-Term Care Facility
Authors: Gladstone James W. , Dupuis Sherry L. , Wexler Evelyn 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to examine changes in family involvement following a relative's move to a long-term care facility as well as factors associated with these changes. Qualitative data, using in-depth, active interviews were gathered from 35 family members at two points in time following a relative's move to a facility. Findings showed some changes in contact that were related to personal, social, institutional, and health conditions. Occasionally, new types of care were provided; more often care was rebalanced or expressed in alternative ways. The majority of participants did not view themselves as caregivers, a perception that remained stable over time. Consistent with continuity theory, families, in most cases, tended to seek ways to maintain consistency in their roles as family members and carers, particularly in the first year or so after placement. Nonetheless, facility staff should be aware of the factors that might influence changes over time in family caregiving roles and offer support to families dealing with these issues.
L. Radlin and G. Radlin. A Caregivers' Guide to Dementia: What If It's Not Alzheimer's?Amherst, NY: Prometheus, 2003.
Authors: O'Connor Deborah 
Published: January 2007

RÉSUMÉDans cet ouvrage, Radlin et Radlin apportent une contribution importante à la littérature sur les soins familiaux. Centré sur les soins aux personnes atteintes de démence frontotemporale, ce livre met à la disposition des familles et des professionnels de la santé d'importantes informations biomédicales ainsi que de nouvelles perspectives professionnelles susceptibles de les aider à mieux comprendre les personnes qui souffrent de cette maladie, et ainsi mieux s'occuper d'elles. Chacun des chapitres aborde des questions centrées sur une explication de cette condition et fournit des conseils pratiques pour faire face aux problèmes quotidiens que les proches des malades doivent affronter. Dans une perspective canadienne, cependant, cet ouvrage s'avère un peu limité par son contexte de référence exclusivement américain. De plus, il risque par inadvertance d'accabler les familles en soulignant leur manque de qualifications formelles, sans leur communiquer une juste appréciation de la contribution inestimable que constituent leurs connaissances particulières. Il est par ailleurs décevant de voir que l'ouvrage ne souligne guère l'importance du fait que les proches des malades doivent aussi avoir soin d'eux-mêmes, et non seulement de la personne atteinte de démence frontotemporale.
Probing the Future of Mandatory Retirement in Canada
Authors: Ibbott Peter , Kerr Don , Beaujot Roderic 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTThe future of mandatory retirement is at least partly driven by changing demographics. In Canada, these demographics include slowing population growth, rapid aging, declining rates of labour force participation, and slowing labour force growth. After reviewing the demographic trends and considering alternate scenarios in labour force participation, we consider the determinants of early departures from the labour force and suggest scenarios that might reverse these trends. With a decline in labour force entrants, delays in early life transitions, and possible reductions in retirement benefits, a trend to retire later would bring mandatory retirement into question.
Male nonworkers: Who are they and who supports them?
Authors: Stewart Jay 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Although male nonworkers have become a larger fraction of the population since the late 1960s, very little is known about who they are or who supports them. Using data from the March Current Population Survey and the 1979 National Longitudinal Survey of Youth, this article fills that void. The picture that emerges is that there is a small cadre of marginal workers who often do not work for periods of a year or more. The vast majority of nonworking men (men who do not work at all during the year) receive unearned income from at least one source, and the amount of unearned income they receive varies significantly by their reason for not working. Family members provide an important alternative source of support for nonworking men who have little or no unearned income of their own.