bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A new paradigm for granite generation
Authors: Vigneresse Jean Louis 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIdeas about granite generation have evolved considerably during the past two decades. The present paper lists the ideas which were accepted and later modified concerning the processes acting during the four stages of granite generation: melting, melt segregation and ascent, and emplacement. The active role of the mantle constitutes a fifth stage.Fluid-assisted melting, deduced from metamorphic observations, was used to explain granite and granulite formation. Water seepage into meta-sedimentary rocks can produce granitic melt by decreasing melting temperature. CO2 released by the mantle helps to transform rocks into granulites. However, dehydration melting is now considered to be the origin of most granitic melts, as confirmed by experimental melting. Hydrous minerals are involved, beginning with muscovites, followed by biotite at higher temperatures. At even deeper conditions, hornblende dehydration melting leads to calc-alkaline magmas.Melt segregation was first attributed to compaction and gravity forces caused by the density contrast between melt and its matrix. This was found insufficient for magma segregation in the continental crust because magmas were transposed from mantle conditions (decompression melting) to crustal conditions (dehydration melting). Rheology of two-phase materials requires that melt segregation is discontinuous in time, occurring in successive bursts. Analogue and numerical models confirm the discontinuous melt segregation. Compaction and shear localisation interact non-linearly, so that melt segregates into tiny conduits. Melt segregation occurs at a low degree of melting.Global diapiric ascent and fractional crystallisation in large convective batholiths have also been shown to be inadequate and at least partly erroneous. Diapiric ascent cannot overcome the crustal brittle-ductile transition. Fracture-induced ascent influences the neutral buoyancy level at which ascent should stop but does not. Non-random orientation of magma feeders within the ambient stress field indicates that deformation controls magma ascent.Detailed gravity and structural analyses indicate that granite plutons are built from several magma injections, each of small size and with evolving chemical composition. Detailed mapping of the contact between successive magma batches documents either continuous feeding, leading to normal petrographic zoning, or over periods separated in time, commonly leading to reverse zoning. The local deformation field controls magma emplacement and influences the shape of plutons.A typical source for granite magmas involves three components from the mantle, lower and intermediate crusts. The role of the mantle in driving and controlling essential crustal processes appears necessary in providing stress and heat, as well as specific episodes of time for granite generation. These mechanisms constitute a new paradigm for granite generation.
Origin of chemically zoned and unzoned cordierites from the South Mountain and Musquodoboit Batholiths, Nova Scotia
Authors: Erdmann Saskia , Clarke D. Barrie , MacDonald Michael A. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTTextural relations and chemical zoning of cordierites in granites act as sensitive recorders of the conditions of their crystallisation history and underlying magma chamber processes. In this contribution, we present new data on texturally distinct and variably zoned cordierites from the late-Devonian, granitic South Mountain and Musquodoboit Batholiths, and infer the conditions of their formation. Using a combined textural (grain size, grain shape and inclusion relationships) and chemical (major element composition and compositional zoning) classification, we recognise the following six cordierite types: CG1/TT1, anhedral to subhedral macrocrysts with random inclusions and patchy normal zoning; CG2a/TT2, euhedral to subhedral macrocrysts with random inclusions and normal zoning; CG2b/TT2, euhedral to subhedral macrocrysts with random or oriented inclusions, and oscillatory zoning; CG3a/TT3, subhedral to euhedral microcrysts with no inclusions and reverse zoning; CG3b/TT4, euhedral macrocrysts with no inclusions and no zoning; and CG4/TT5, anhedral macrocrysts with random inclusions and normal zoning. The textural criteria suggest that these cordierites formed as a product of cotectic crystallisation from a melt, or as the result of a peritectic reaction involving country-rock material. The combined chemical and textural criteria suggest that: (1) normal zoning results from cotectic crystallisation during cooling, cotectic overgrowths on grains formed in a peritectic reaction with country-rock material, or cation exchange with a fluid; (2) oscillatory zoning results from cotectic crystallisation during variations in XMg of the silicate melt following magma replenishment; (3) reverse zoning results from crystallisation during pressure quenching; and (4) the unzoned cordierite results from cotectic crystallisation under fluid-rich conditions.
Growth of wedge-shaped plutons at the base of active half-grabens
Authors: Richards S. W. , Collins W. J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTCombined field and geophysical data show that plutons from the Bega Batholith are elongate, meridional, wedge-shaped bodies which intruded during a period of regional east–west extension in the Palaeozoic eastern Lachlan orogen, eastern Australia. Plutons within the core of the batholith have intruded coeval, syn-rift sediments and co-magmatic volcanics. The batholith is bound by high-temperature, dip-slip faults, and contains several major NE-trending transtensional faults which were active during batholith construction. In the central part of the batholith, the Kameruka pluton is an asymmetric, eastward-thickening, wedge-shaped body with the base exposed as the western contact, which is characterised by abundant, shallow-dipping schlieren migmatites which contain recumbent folds and extensional shear bands. A shallow (<30°), east-dipping, primary magmatic layering in the Kameruka pluton steepens progressively westward, where it becomes conformable to the east-dipping basal migmatites. The systematic steepening of the layering is comparable to sedimentary units formed during floor depression in syn-rift settings. The present authors suggest that the wedge-shaped plutons of the Bega Batholith are the deeper, plutonic expression of a hot, active rift. The batholith was fed and sustained by injection of magma through sub-vertical dykes. Displacement along syn-magmatic, NE-trending faults suggests up to 25 km of arc-perpendicular extension during batholith construction. The inferred tectonic setting for batholith emplacement is a continental back-arc, where modern half-extension rates of 20–40 mm yr−1 are not unusual, and are sufficient to emplace the entire batholith in ∼1 Ma. This structural model provides a mechanism for the emplacement of some wedge-shaped plutons and is one solution to the ‘room problem’ of batholith emplace
Assemblages of mammalian hair and blood-feeding midges (Insecta: Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) in Miocene amber
Authors: Peñalver Enrique , Grimaldi David 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTFive new fossil species of the Recent genus of blood-feeding sand flies Lutzomyia (Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) are described: L. filipalpis, L. miocena, L. paleopestis, L. schleei, and L. succini. All are preserved in Miocene amber from the Dominican Republic; today Hispaniola harbours only two known species of this genus. Recent Lutzomyia feed on a wide variety of terrestrial vertebrates, including reptiles, birds, and mammals. Three rare pieces of the amber are reported, two described in detail, which preserved assemblages of Lutzomyia swarms with strands of mammalian hair, indicating that at least some of the fossil species were mammal feeders. Microstructure of the fossil hair offers little diagnostic evidence, but is very similar to that of insectivores in the Solenodontidae. Further preserved evidence indicates that the fossil midges swarmed about an arboreal nest or site of decayed wood that was worked by a mammal, but at very specific times during formation of the amber. Other very rare Dominican amber pieces containing a flea and an ixodid tick also contain mammalian hairs of similar microstructure, together with Lutzomyia sandflies, possibly reflecting the ectoparasite community of a Miocene mammal. This parasitic association has implications regarding the evolution of vectors of mammalian pathogens like Leishmania and the study further reveals the extent of palaeobiological inference that is possible with amber.
Late Carboniferous scavenging ostracods: feeding strategies and taphonomy
Authors: Wilby Philip R. , Wilkinson Ian P. , Riley Nicholas J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTDirect fossil evidence of scavenging ostracods is rare. A convincing example, representing the earliest recorded occurrence of ostracods feeding on vertebrate carrion, is described from the Bowland Shale Formation (Kinderscoutian, Upper Carboniferous) of Derbyshire, UK. It consists of the anterior end of a shark (Orodus sp.) whose upper surface is crowded with adults and juveniles of the nektobenthic ostracod Eocypridina carsingtonensis Wilkinson, Williams, Siveter & Wilby, 2004 (Myodocopida: Cypridinidae). Extrapolation of their preserved density suggests that the entire carcass may have hosted over a thousand individuals. It presented a rare opportunity for benthic scavenging in the Widmerpool Gulf because it was sufficiently large to have protruded above the inhospitable, and probably soupy, substrate surface. Although not necessarily a necrophagous specialist, E. carsingtonensis appears to have been well adapted to rapidly locating and exploiting widely dispersed nekton food drops. Its absence from the background sediment suggests that it commuted to the shark over relatively large distances, probably from adjacent basin highs. This implies a well-developed chemosensory capability. The ostracods are interpreted as having been overwhelmed by sediment dislodged during the sudden collapse of the partially buried carcass.
A reassessment of the temnospondyl amphibian Perryella olsoni from the Lower Permian of Oklahoma
Authors: Ruta Marcello , Bolt John R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTAdditional mechanical preparation of the type material of the temnospondyl amphibian Perryella olsoni (Lower Permian, Wellington Formation, Oklahoma) highlights new cranial and postcranial features and provides additional data on previously known structures. Important new information is available for the quadrate, palatal bones and their associated dentition, parasphenoid, and appendicular skeleton. The revised diagnosis and redescription of Perryella provide the basis for a re-evaluation of its systematic affinities. A cladistic analysis of (mostly) Carboniferous and Permian temnospondyls, together with several Devonian and Carboniferous stem tetrapod outgroups, supports a single origin for temnospondyls. The sequence of branching events within temnospondyls consists of: (1) a paraphyletic Edopoidea; (2) a clade of Zatracheidae, Eryopidae, and basal Archegosauriformes; (3) a monophyletic Dvinosauria; and (4) a monophyletic Dissorophoidea. Perryella is nested within Dvinosauria in an intermediate position between Trimerorhachidae and Dvinosauroidea.
Spore assemblages from the Lower Devonian ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ deposits of the Rhynie outlier, Scotland
Authors: Wellman Charles H. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTSince the late 1980s an extensive programme of trenching/borehole drilling has been undertaken in order to study the Lower Devonian ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ deposits of the Rhynie outlier in the Grampian Highlands of Scotland. The boreholes have provided new information on the stratigraphical succession and geological structure of the Rhynie outlier, both of which were hitherto poorly understood due to the paucity of good surface exposure and the complex geological relationships of the deposits. One hundred and eighteen palynological samples were collected, representing much of the stratigraphical sequence of the inlier, of which 106 were productive. Productive samples yield assemblages of well preserved palynomorphs, dominated by spores and phytodebris, but also containing arthropod cuticle and rare freshwater algal remains. The spore assemblages are systematically described and two new genera and six new species proposed. They are similar throughout the sequence and the spores belong to the polygonalis–emsiensis Spore Assemblage Biozone of Richardson & McGregor (1986) and the PoW Oppel Zone (possibly Su Interval Zone) of Streel et al. (1987), indicating an early (but not earliest) Pragian–?earliest Emsian age range, that may possibly be restricted to latest Pragian–?earliest Emsian. The palynomorph assemblages contain only terrestrial forms, supporting sedimentological interpretation of the deposits as ‘Lower Old Red Sandstone’ fluviatile and lacustrine deposits, with occasional extrusive volcanics and volcaniclastic sediments intercalated. The palynomorphs are of variable thermal maturity (within and between samples), probably reflecting differential heating associated with the complex volcanic/hydrothermal system. The new palynological data provide, for the first time, a reliable biostratigraphical age for the deposits, and suggest that they accumulated relatively rapidly. Spore biostratigraphy and thermal maturity studies facilitate correlation of the tectonically complex deposits, and shed light on other aspects of the geological history of the outlier. The palynomorph assemblages also aid interpretation of the biota of the Rhynie basin, including the exceptionally preserved biotas of the Rhynie and Windyfield cherts.
The IPPR and industrial policy
Authors: Brayshaw Peter 
Published: July 2007

Brunskill, I. 1990: The Regeneration Game: A Regional Approach to Regional Policy. IPPR, £7.50. Miliband, D. 1990: Technology Transfer: Policies for Innovation. IPPR, £7.50 IPPR 1991: Annual Report 1990–1991, no price stated.
Reviews
Authors: McBride Robert , Connell Dan , Sano Hans 
                      Otto 
Published: July 2007

Bereket Habte Selassie, Conflict and Intervention in the Horn of Africa(New York: Monthly Review, 1980), pp.211; $15.00.
Basil Davidson, Lionel Cliffe and Bereket Habte Selassie, eds., Behind the War in Eritrea(London: Spokesman, 1980), pp.150; £3.50.
David Pool, Eritrea: Africa's Longest War(London: Anti‐Slavery Society, 1980), pp.78; £1.50; paperback.
Judith Heyer, Pepe Roberts and Gavin Williams (eds.), Rural Development in Tropical Africa(MacMillan Press, 1981); 375pp; £25.00.
LONG TERM EFFICACY OF RELAXATION TRAINING FOR ALCOHOL AND POLY DRUG USERS
Authors: Felstead B. , Postlethwaite R. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThirty alcohol and drug abusing clients of an inclient treatment centre were administered questionnaires regarding their perceptions of the usefulness of Relaxation as a treatment and continued use of Relaxation following discharge. These questionnaires were administered to clients attending follow‐up appointments following discharge from an inclient treatment programme in which Relaxation was a significant component. They were administered at random periods following discharge up to twenty‐three months post‐discharge. The results indicate that a majority of clients perceived relaxation to be an appropriate treatment procedure and a significant proportion continued to use Relaxation at the time of follow‐up. These results were discussed in the light of possible improvements which could be made to the Relaxation training procedure to increase its usefulness.
The Appropriate Use of Psychotropic Drugs
Authors: Ball J.R.B. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe history of psychiatric services and treatment is reviewed from the sedatives and psychotherapy of the 1930s, through electroconvulsive therapy in the 1940s, Rauwolphia and Chlorpromazine in the 1950s, followed by barbiturates then benzodiazepines in more recent times. The move to treatment in the community rather than in institutional settings is discussed, as is the need for care in the use of psychotropic drugs.
Hypoxia/Ischemia and the Regulation of Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin Expression
Authors: Fordel E. , Geuens E. , Dewilde S. , De Coen W. , Moens L. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractIn analogy to hemoglobin (Hb) and myoglobin (Mb), neuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are supposed to be involved in oxygen (O2) storage and delivery. The Cygb gene harbours both conserved HREs and mRNA stabilization sites, strongly suggestive of an oxygen‐dependent regulation. We examined the relative transcriptional changes of Ngb and Cygb in a situation of chronic hypoxia using real‐time quantitative PCR. We could conclude that Cygb is a hypoxia‐induced gene, which is transcriptionally upregulated during chronic hypoxia in a hippocampal neuronal cell line and in multiple murine metabolically active tissues. The mechanism of induction of Cygb is HIF‐1α dependent. HIF‐1 is unique among mammalian transcription factors with respect to the specificity and sensitivity of its induction by hypoxia. Ngb expression seems to be regulated using other response elements and is less influenced by hypoxia.
IUBMB Life, 56: 681‐687, 2004
The Cellular and Subcellular Localization of Neuroglobin and Cytoglobin ‐ A Clue to Their Function?
Authors: Hankeln Thomas , Wystub Sylvia , Laufs Tilmann , Schmidt Marc , Gerlach Frank , Saaler‐Reinhardt Sigrid , Reuss Stefan , Burmester Thorsten 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeuroglobin and cytoglobin are recently discovered respiratory proteins of vertebrates with yet ill‐defined physiological functions. Neuroglobin is widely expressed in neurons, but not glia, in the vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems. Other major expression sites are the retina and endocrine tissues. This distribution is indicative of a function of neuroglobin in metabolically most active, oxygen‐consuming cell types, but does not yet allow to safely distinguish between different cellular roles, such as oxygen homeostasis, scavenging of reactive oxygen species or sustaining energy metabolism. Cytoglobin is predominantly expressed in connective tissue fibroblasts and related cell types in the body organs. Its main function may therefore be related to the specific metabolic properties of these cells, namely the production of massive amounts of extracellular matrix. Cytoglobin may hypothetically be involved in the oxygen‐consuming maturation of collagen proteins. Cytoglobin is also expressed in distinct cell types of brain and retina. Its distribution strikingly differs from neuroglobin, suggesting an independent, yet unknown function.
IUBMB Life, 56: 671‐679, 2004
Reversible hexa‐ to penta‐coordination of the heme Fe atom modulates ligand binding properties of neuroglobin and cytoglobin
Authors: Pesce Alessandra , De Sanctis Daniele , Nardini Marco , Dewilde Sylvia , Moens Luc , Hankeln Thomas , Burmester Thorsten , Ascenzi Paolo , Bolognesi Martino 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeuroglobin (Ngb) and cytoglobin (Cygb) are two recently discovered intracellular members of the vertebrate hemoglobin (Hb) family. Ngb, predominantly expressed in nerve cells, is of ancient evolutionary origin and is homologous to nerve‐globins of invertebrates. Cygb, present in many different tissues, shares common ancestry with myoglobin (Mb) and can be traced to early vertebrate evolution. Ngb is held to facilitate O2 diffusion to the mitochondria and to protect neuronal cells from hypoxic‐ischemic insults, may be an oxidative stress‐responsive sensor protein for signal transduction, and may carry out enzymatic activities, such as NO/O2 scavenging. Cygb is linked to collagen synthesis, may provide O2 for enzymatic reactions, and may be involved in a ROS (NO)‐signaling pathway(s). Ngb and Cgb display the classical three‐over‐three α‐helical fold of Hb and Mb, and are endowed with a hexa‐coordinate heme‐Fe atom, in their ferrous and ferric forms, having the heme distal HisE7 residue as the endogenous ligand. Reversible hexa‐ to penta‐coordination of the heme Fe atom modulates ligand binding properties of Ngb and Cygb. Moreover, Ngb and Cygb display a tunnel/cavity system within the protein matrix held to facilitate ligand channeling to/from the heme, multiple ligand copies storage, multi‐ligand reactions, and conformational transitions supporting ligand binding.
IUBMB Life, 56: 657‐664, 2004
Nutritional needs of elite endurance athletes. Part I: Carbohydrate and fluid requirements
Authors: Tarnopolsky Mark A. , Gibala Martin , Jeukendrup Asker E. , Phillips Stuart M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBoth carbohydrate depletion and dehydration have been shown to decrease performance whilst severe dehydration can also cause adverse health effects. Therefore carbohydrate and fluid requirements are increased with exercise. Ingestion of 200–300 g of CHO 3–4 h prior to exercise is an effective strategy in order to meet daily CHO demands and increase CHO availability during the subsequent exercise period. There is little evidence that CHO during the hour immediately prior to exercise has adverse effects such as rebound hypoglycaemia. CHO ingestion during exercise has been shown to improve performance as measured by enhanced work output or decreased exercise time to complete a fixed amount of work. Recent studies have demonstrated that exogenous CHO oxidation rates can be increased by ingesting combinations of CHO that use different intestinal CHO transporters. After exercise maximal muscle glycogen re‐synthesis rates can be achieved by ingesting CHO at a rate of ∼1.2 g/kg/h, in relatively frequent (e.g., 15–30 min) intervals for up to 5 h following exercise. Protein amino acid mixtures may increase glycogen synthesis further but only if relatively small amounts of CHO are ingested.Hypohydration and hyperthermia alone have negative effects on performance but their combination is particularly serious, both in terms of performance and health. Dehydration can be prevented by fluid ingestion pre exercise and during exercise. Because of large individual differences it is difficult to individualise the advice. Perhaps the best guidance for athletes is to weigh themselves to assess fluid losses during training and racing and limit weight losses to 1% during exercise lasting longer than 1.5 h. Excessive fluid intake has been associated with hyponatremia. Post exercise the volume of fluid ingested and sodium intake are important determinants of rehydration.