bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine needle aspiration cytology of palatine tonsils: a study of 112 consecutive adult tonsillectomies
Authors: Ashraf M. J. , Azarpira N. , Nowroozizadeh B. , Shishegar M. , Khademi B. , Faramarzi A. , Hashemi S. B. , Hakimzadeh A. , Abedi E. 
Published: March 2009

M. J. Ashraf, N. Azarpira, B. Nowroozizadeh, M. Shishegar, B. Khademi, A. Faramarzi, S. B. Hashemi, A. Hakimzadeh and E. Abedi Fine needle aspiration cytology of palatine tonsils: a study of 112 consecutive adult tonsillectomiesObjective:  To study fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) findings of tonsillar lesions with histological controls and to assess its role in the diagnostic evaluation of tonsillectomy specimens.Methods:  This study consisted of 112 cases that required tonsillectomy, comprising 55 (49.1%) men and 57 (50.9%) women. The ages ranged between 20 and 62 years. The clinical diagnosis in 101 cases was chronic tonsillitis, whereas 11 were suspected of neoplasia. FNAC was performed before tonsillectomy under general or local anaesthesia or on fresh specimens using a 21‐G needle. The smears were stained using Wright–Giemsa and Papanicolaou methods. Histological examination was carried out on surgical specimens of all cases and, when required, immunohistochemistry was performed on histological sections. The diagnostic outcomes between FNAC and surgical biopsy were compared.Results:  In this study, 106 cases were diagnosed as chronic tonsillitis/follicular hyperplasia, four cases as non‐Hodgkin’s lymphoma, one as Hodgkin’s lymphoma and one as monophasic synovial sarcoma. All malignant cases were diagnosed by FNAC, but synovial sarcoma was incorrectly diagnosed as squamous cell carcinoma. Five cases clinically suspected of neoplasia were correctly diagnosed as chronic tonsillitis on cytology.Conclusion:  Tonsillar aspiration is a safe procedure and is useful in the evaluation of tonsillectomy specimens. However, ancillary tests on cytological material are often needed when neoplasia is suspected and would help clinical management and allow histological examination of cases diagnosed cytologically as lymphoma.
CD98hc (SLC3A2), a novel marker in renal cell cancer
Authors: Prager G. W. , Poettler M. , Schmidinger M. , Mazal P. R. , Susani M. , Zielinski C. C. , Haitel A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  In a variety of malignant diseases, molecular targeting represents a therapeutic option, whereby, when compared with chemotherapy, fewer side effects are thought to be expected. Especially in renal cell cancer (RCC), tyrosine kinase‐inhibitors have been established as useful and highly effective therapy. However, tyrosine kinase‐inhibitors currently approved for RCC treatment lack single molecule specificity and bear a variety of side effects of the gastro‐intestinal tract, skin, heart and haematopoietic system. Therefore, the identification of novel cell surface markers is sought, which might lead to novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies in cancer.Material and methods  Paraffin‐embedded RCCs from a well characterized tissue bank were immunohistochemically quantified for embryonic transmembrane antigen CD98hc (SLC3A2) expression and semi‐quantitative analyses were correlated with subtype or grade of differentiation.Results  We found increased CD98hc expression in different types of malign RCCs, among them clear cell (cc)RCC, papillary (p)RCC and chromophobe (ch)RCC, but lack of expression in the benign renal oncocytoma. Thereby, the extent of CD98hc expression directly complies with grade of malignancy. Furthermore, the more malignant type II pRCC significantly higher expressed CD98hc than the less malignant and more differentiated type I pRCC (type II 83·34%, type I 4·76% CD98hc positive, P < 0·00001; n = 51). The established marker for type I pRCC, Cytokreatin 7, showed 95·24% expression in type I and 26·67% expression in type II pRCC (P < 0·00001, n = 51).Conclusions  From these data, we conclude that CD98hc is expressed in RCCs, whereby the extent of expression is likely to correlate directly with grade of malignancy. In pRCCs, CD98hc might represent a novel and reliable marker for type II pRCC.
Chronic renal failure induces genetic instability in multiple organs of Wistar rats
Authors: Ribeiro D. A. , Campos R. R. , Bergamaschi C. T. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBackground  Taking into consideration the strong evidence for a relationship between DNA damage and carcinogenesis, the aim of this study was to investigate whether blood, liver, heart, kidney and brain are particularly sensitive organs for DNA damaging during chronic renal disease by the single‐cell gel (comet) assay to predict genetic instability induced by this pathological condition.Methods  A total of 18 male Wistar rats were divided into two groups: negative control (n = 8) and experimental (n = 10), in which was submitted to the 5/6 renal mass ablation by ligation of two or three branches of the left renal artery and total right nephrectomy during 8 weeks.Results  The results showed that chronic renal disease was able to induce genetic damage in blood, heart, liver and kidney cells as depicted by the mean tail moment. No genetic damage was induced in brain cells, i.e. no significant statistically differences (P > 0·05) were noticed when compared to negative control.Conclusion  In conclusion, our results suggest that chronic renal failure could contribute to the damage of DNA at all organs evaluated, except to the brain cells. As DNA damage is an important step in events leading to carcinogenesis, this study represents a relevant contribution to the correct evaluation of the potential health risks associated with kidney disease.
Research use in clinical practice – extent and patterns among nurses one and three years postgraduation
Authors: Forsman Henrietta , Gustavsson Petter , Ehrenberg Anna , Rudman Ann , Wallin Lars 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Research use in clinical practice – extent and patterns among nurses one and three years postgraduation. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study of nurses’ research use in clinical practice one and three years postgraduation in Sweden.Background.  Internationally, learning to critically appraise and use research is an educational objective within nursing training, with the aim of promoting research use in nursing practice. The extent to which these skills is acquired and used among relatively newly graduated nurses is largely unexplored, however.Method.  A descriptive study was conducted in 2006 using a national longitudinal survey of two nursing cohorts one (n = 1,365) and three (n = 933) years postgraduation. The self‐reported extent of instrumental, conceptual and persuasive research use was measured. Data were analysed using both variable‐ and pattern‐oriented approaches based on cluster analysis.Results.  Research use was reported to occur in about half or fewer of the working shifts. In both samples, seven clusters of nurses with different research use profiles were identified. Clusters representing overall low and very low users in all three types of research use were predominant both at one (45·6%) and three (51·6%) years postgraduation, whereas clusters of nurses reporting overall high research use were uncommon. The proportion of very low users was larger 3 years after graduation than 1 year after graduation.Conclusions.  The low extent of reported research use, raises the question of whether scientific perspectives included in nursing education are translated into clinical application. The pattern‐oriented approach illustrates the complexity of research use and identification of typical research use profiles in specific contexts may have potential to guide interventions aimed at supporting evidence‐based practice.
Knowing in nursing: a concept analysis
Authors: Bonis Susan A. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle. Knowing in nursing: a concept analysis.Aim. This paper is a report of an analysis of the evolution of the concept of knowing in nursing.Background. Following the seminal contribution of Carper in 1978, knowing has been discussed with increasing frequency in the nursing literature with reference to the development of nursing knowledge. Various patterns of knowing, as well as research focused on reflection on experience, have been the foundation for activities and research designed to improve practice as well as patient care in clinical, community, education, cultural and administrative settings.Methods. Rodgers’ evolutionary method of concept analysis provided the framework for this analysis. The data source was a search of literature published from 1978 to 2007. Three aims guided the analysis: to understand how the concept of knowing is used in nursing, how it is used in other health‐related disciplines and how the concept has evolved into the current interpretation.Discussion. Analysis revealed that knowing in nursing refers to a uniquely personal type of knowledge constructed of objective knowledge interfaced with the individual’s subjective perspective on personal experience. Knowing is a dynamic process and a result of personal reflection and transformation as the individual lives and interacts in the world. Its antecedents are experience, awareness and reflection. The consequences are understanding, finding meaning and transformation.Conclusion. This analysis illuminates an area in which nursing has carved out its own niche in healthcare research. The concept of knowing in nursing practice and research reflects a focus on the individual experience of health and illness.
Humanism and its critiques in nursing research literature
Authors: Traynor Michael 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Humanism and its critiques in nursing research literature. Aim.  This paper raises for debate the issue of how humanist ideas have been taken up by nurse scholars, particularly in research literature.Background.  Many nurses from the mid‐1970s onwards have described and promoted humanism as an appropriate philosophical basis for nursing practice and research. This has been partly in an attempt to sharply differentiate the profession from medicine, and later, managerialism, which have been represented as reductionist and failing to adequately respond to the whole patient.Methods.  A summary of definitions of humanism and critiques of humanism in broad philosophical literature is followed by an examination and critique of literature appearing in PubMed published within nursing scholarship from 1976 to 2007 which discusses or promotes humanism in nursing practice or research.Findings.  Writers have attempted to enhance the importance of nursing by associating it with the humanistic project of accepting responsibility for realizing our human potential. They have promoted a version of research which is qualitative and centres on understanding individual lifeworlds of research participants because of a strong valuing of the experiences and perspectives of the individual. Much of the literature on this topic describes this humanism in dualistic contrast to medico‐scientific reductionism and objectivity.Conclusion.  Some of the presentations of humanistic nursing lack rigour and can be seen as doing little more than reproducing professional ideology. Scholars and others in the field of nursing could take the trouble to submit these ideologies to proper scrutiny.
Clinical decision‐making for ‘as needed’ medications in mental health care
Authors: Usher Kim , Baker John A. , Holmes Colin , Stocks Belinda 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Clinical decision‐making for ‘as needed’ medications in mental health care. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study exploring the medical and nursing decision‐making process associated with the prescription and administration of ‘as needed’ psychotropic medication.Background.  The administration of ‘as needed’ psychotropic medications is a relatively autonomous component of a nurse’s role, allowing for the capacity to administer psychotropic medications rapidly in acute situations or at the request of a patient. From the research evidence available to date, it is very difficult to determine how doctors and nurses make decisions about the prescription and administration of ‘as needed’ psychotropic medications.Method.  A qualitative exploratory‐descriptive study was undertaken to explore nurses and doctors decision‐making surrounding the administration of pro re nata or ‘as needed’ psychotropic medications. Nineteen medical and nursing staff from three mental healthcare sites (acute, secure and rehabilitation) in Australia participated in semi‐structured interviews in 2006. Thematic content analysis of the transcripts was conducted independently by two members of the research team and then merged to form the final themes.Results.  Four themes were identified in the data: decision‐making processes; factors which influenced the administration and prescription of ‘as needed’ medication; individual protocols and improving practice.Conclusion.  In‐service education should be developed for mental health nurses on psychotropic medications and ‘as needed’ medications, and on the appropriate use of ‘as needed’ medications as a behaviour management strategy. Further, an extensive review of ‘as needed’ medication prescription and administration compared to best practice guidelines is needed.
Resident perspectives of the determinants of quality of life in residential care in Ireland
Authors: Cooney Adeline , Murphy Kathy , O’Shea Eamon 
Published: March 2009

AbstractTitle.  Resident perspectives of the determinants of quality of life in residential care in Ireland. Aim.  This paper is a report of a study conducted to identify the determinants of quality of life for older people living in residential care, including exploration of mediating factors at personal and institutional levels and to construct a model of these.Background.  The quality of life of older people living in residential care is an under‐researched area. The focus in the gerontology literature has been on quality of care rather than quality of life for these people. There is emerging consensus, however, that quality of life for older people is a complex, multidimensional concept, incorporating both subjective and objective elements, whether people live at home or in residential care.Method.  A grounded theory study was conducted in 2005–2006. A total of 101 interviews were undertaken with older people across 12 sites, representing different types of residential care in Northern Ireland. The constant comparative technique was used to analyse data.Findings.  Four themes having an impact on the quality of life of residents were identified: ethos of care; sense of self and identity; connectedness; and activities and therapies. Mediating and facilitating and/or constraining factors for quality of life were also identified. The core category was conceptualized as ‘maximizing potential’.Conclusion.  Achieving optimal quality of life for older people in residential care will remain elusive unless all the factors which affect on it are taken into account by practitioners and policy‐makers. Improving the quality of life of older people in residential care will require action in respect of all of the domains identified in this paper.
First in line or first in time? Effects of settlement order and arrival date on reproduction in a group‐living beetle Dendroctonus ponderosae
Authors: Latty Tanya M. , Reid Mary L. 
Published: March 2009

Summary

In group‐living organisms, individuals that initiate aggregations, termed pioneers, may suffer higher mortality costs than individuals that join established aggregations. Here we examine the hypothesis that aggregation initiators achieve higher reproductive success in the early phases of colonization, potentially through lower competition and increased access to the resource (finder's advantage), and that this benefit is sufficient to outweigh the costs of pioneering.
We also examine the role of arrival date (irrespective of order within the aggregation) on reproductive success, because individuals in seasonal environments may gain an advantage by arriving early. We test these hypotheses using mountain pine beetles, Dendroctonus ponderosae (Coleoptera: Curculionidae, Scolytinae), an obligately aggregating insect wherein pioneers suffer high mortality due to tree defences. We measured reproductive success at the start of winter when most components of final offspring number were likely to be determined.
Surviving pioneers that successfully recruited conspecifics had smaller broods than individuals that joined aggregations, refuting our hypothesis. The later that a beetle settled within an aggregation, the higher its reproductive success. However, beetles that settled early in the season produced more offspring than those that settled later in the season, and this effect was generally stronger than settlement order within an aggregation. Our study highlights the importance of examining the effects of both settlement order and arrival date on the costs and benefits of pioneering aggregations.
Cascading top‐down effects of changing oceanic predator abundances
Authors: Baum Julia K. , Worm Boris 
Published: March 2009

Summary

Top‐down control can be an important determinant of ecosystem structure and function, but in oceanic ecosystems, where cascading effects of predator depletions, recoveries, and invasions could be significant, such effects had rarely been demonstrated until recently.
Here we synthesize the evidence for oceanic top‐down control that has emerged over the last decade, focusing on large, high trophic‐level predators inhabiting continental shelves, seas, and the open ocean.
In these ecosystems, where controlled manipulations are largely infeasible, ‘pseudo‐experimental’ analyses of predator–prey interactions that treat independent predator populations as ‘replicates’, and temporal or spatial contrasts in predator populations and climate as ‘treatments’, are increasingly employed to help disentangle predator effects from environmental variation and noise.
Substantial reductions in marine mammals, sharks, and piscivorous fishes have led to mesopredator and invertebrate predator increases. Conversely, abundant oceanic predators have suppressed prey abundances. Predation has also inhibited recovery of depleted species, sometimes through predator–prey role reversals. Trophic cascades have been initiated by oceanic predators linking to neritic food webs, but seem inconsistent in the pelagic realm with effects often attenuating at plankton.
Top‐down control is not uniformly strong in the ocean, and appears contingent on the intensity and nature of perturbations to predator abundances. Predator diversity may dampen cascading effects except where nonselective fisheries deplete entire predator functional groups. In other cases, simultaneous exploitation of predator and prey can inhibit prey responses. Explicit consideration of anthropogenic modifications to oceanic foodwebs should help inform predictions about trophic control.
Synthesis and applications. Oceanic top‐down control can have important socio‐economic, conservation, and management implications as mesopredators and invertebrates assume dominance, and recovery of overexploited predators is impaired. Continued research aimed at integrating across trophic levels is needed to understand and forecast the ecosystem effects of changing oceanic predator abundances, the relative strength of top‐down and bottom‐up control, and interactions with intensifying anthropogenic stressors such as climate change.
Phylogeographic patterns in Hypochaeris section Hypochaeris (Asteraceae, Lactuceae) of the western Mediterranean
Authors: Ortiz María Ángeles , Tremetsberger Karin , Stuessy Tod F. , Terrab Anass , García‐Castaño Juan L. , Talavera Salvador 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim  To analyse phylogeographic patterns in the four species of Hypochaeris sect. Hypochaeris, evaluating possible areas of origin and the microevolutionary processes that have shaped their morphology, genetics and distribution.Location  Western Mediterranean area.Methods  We applied amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers to a total of 494 individuals belonging to 82 populations of Hypochaeris arachnoidea, H. glabra, H. radicata and H. salzmanniana to determine population structure.Results  Populations with the largest proportion of private and rare AFLP fragments were found in Morocco. This region was consequently inferred to be the ancestral area for H. arachnoidea, H. glabra, H. radicata and H. salzmanniana. The Guadalquivir River (southern Spain) was inferred to be an effective dispersal barrier for H. glabra and H. radicata. The Strait of Gibraltar was inferred to be a somewhat weaker barrier than the Guadalquivir River for H. radicata and a much weaker barrier for H. glabra. The main barrier for H. salzmanniana coincides with the extension of the Rif Mountains to the Atlantic coast in Morocco, and the Strait of Gibraltar is a much weaker barrier for this species. Hypochaeris arachnoidea appears to have originated in the Atlas Mountains.Main conclusions  The highest levels of genetic variation in La Mamora forest (H. glabra and H. salzmanniana) or the adjacent central Middle Atlas (H. arachnoidea and H. radicata) in Morocco suggest that these areas were a centre of origin of Hypochaeris sect. Hypochaeris. All three potential barriers – the Guadalquivir River, the Strait of Gibraltar, and the Rif Mountains – have been important in shaping genetic diversity in species of section Hypochaeris.
Large‐scale spatio‐temporal shifts in the diet of a predator mediated by an emerging infectious disease of its main prey
Authors: Moleón Marcos , Sánchez‐Zapata José Antonio , Real Joan , García‐Charton José Antonio , Gil‐Sánchez José María , Palma Luís , Bautista Jesús , Bayle Patrick 
Published: March 2009

AbstractAim  To explore the influence of an emerging infectious disease (EID) affecting a prey species on the spatial patterns and temporal shifts in the diet of a predator over a large geographical scale. We reviewed studies on the diet of Bonelli’s eagles (Hieraaetus fasciatus) in order to determine the repercussions of the reduction in the density of its main prey, the rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus), caused by outbreaks of rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD) since 1988.Location  Western continental Europe.Methods  We compiled published and unpublished information on the diet of breeding Bonelli’s eagles from Portugal, Spain and France for a 39‐year study period (1968–2006). Nonparametric tests were used in order to analyse temporal shifts in diet composition and trophic diversity (H′) between the periods of ‘high’ (before outbreak of RHD) and ‘low’ rabbit density (after outbreak of RHD). A combination of hierarchical agglomerative clustering and non‐metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analyses were used to test for the existence of geographical patterns in the diet of Bonelli’s eagles in each period.Results  The diet of the Bonelli’s eagle consisted of rabbit (28.5%), pigeons (24.0%), partridges (15.3%), ‘other birds’ (11.6%), ‘other mammals’ (7.1%), corvids (7.0%), and herptiles (6.4%). However, RHD had large consequences for its feeding ecology: the consumption of rabbits decreased by one‐third after the outbreak of RHD. Conversely, trophic diversity (H′) increased after outbreak of RHD. At the same time, the analyses showed clear geographical patterns in the diet of the Bonelli’s eagle before, but not after, RHD outbreak.Main conclusions  Geographical patterns in the diet of the Bonelli’s eagle in western Europe seem to be driven mainly by spatio‐temporal variation in the abundance of rabbits and, to a lesser extent, by the local (territorial) environmental features conditioning the presence and density of alternative prey species. We show that an EID can disrupt predator–prey relationships at large spatial and temporal scales through a severe decline in the population of the main prey species. Hence we argue that strict guidelines should be drawn up to prevent human‐aided dissemination of ‘pathogen pollution’, which can threaten wildlife not only at the population and species level but also at the community and ecosystem scale.