bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modification of the surface characteristics of cotton by the introduction of anionic groups, and the mechanism of ion binding
Authors: Baugh P. J. , Lawton J. B. , Phillips G. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe introduction of carboxymethyl, phosphate and sulfate groups into cotton cellulose considerably modifies the capacity of the cellulose to bind cationic systems. The ion‐binding characteristics of these anionic derivatives have been quantitatively studied using the cationic dye methylene blue. Diffuse reflectance spectral measurements demonstrate that two types of sulfated and phosphorylated celluloses can be produced, which differ considerably in the interaction of their anionic groups with the dye. Anionic systems are, in contrast, repelled by the anionic substituents. In this way the resistance of the cotton cellulose to wet soiling can be considerably increased. The mechanism of ion binding to anionic celluloses has been examined and the information utilized to predict methods of modifying the surface characteristics of cotton cellulosee.
Agricultural and genetic potentials of cruciferous oilseed crops
Authors: Downey R. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractOilseed crops of the Cruciferae are widely adapted and are of particular importance to countries in the northern latitudes. Cruciferous seed oils from the crops, rapeseed, mustard, Camelina, oilseed radish and Crambe, enter edible or industrial markets, or both. The oil‐seed meal can be used either as a high protein feed supplement or as an organic fertilizer. The spring and winter forms of the two species of rapeseed,Brassica napus andB. campestris, are commercially the most important. Advances in crop management and plant breeding have resulted in a 40% to 50% increase in seed yield over the past 25 years. In the next 10 to 15 years, application of newer plant‐breeding techniques will result in varieties even higher in yield and seed with improved oil and meal quality. Some of the quality improvements will be new patterns in fatty acid composition, higher oil and protein content, lower fiber content, and removal of the undesirable glucosinolate compounds from the meal. The mustard cropsBrassica juncea andB. hirta are important condiment crops which have considerable potential as edible oil sources. Oilseed radish,Raphanus sativus, yields significantly less seed and oil than other cruciferous oil crops but its oil, which contains a low level of erucic acid (3.7%) and a relatively high content of 16‐carbon fatty acids (9.3%), may be useful in blending with normal or zero erucic acid rapeseed oils.Camelina sativa or false flax has many desirable agronomic characteristics but the oil of camelina seed contains too high a level of linolenic acid (36%) to penetrate the edible oil market and too low to compete industrially with linseed oil.Crambe abyssinica andC. hispanica are potentially important producers of high erucic acid industrial oils. Factors limiting Crambe development are the high cost of seed transportation due to the high volume to weight ratio of the threshed seed and the need for extra seed processing steps to render the meal suitable as a high protein feed supplement for livestock and poultry.
Saponification value determination of difficultly saponifiable drying oil products
Authors: Shaw John N. , Formo Marvin W. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionsThe use of n‐butyl alcohol as a solvent for saponification of a representative series of drying oils has been studied. It appears from this work that n‐butyl alcoholic potassium hydroxide reagent, containing 5% of water added to the reaction mixture, gives very acceptable results based upon calculated saponification values.With the exception of maleic‐modified oils of certain types, the solvent system of ethyl alcohol‐pyridine exhibits excellent results based upon calculated values. However it has the disadvantages that it is a two‐solvent system, and the pyridine must be of reagent grade to avoid end‐point difficulties.The end‐point in the butyl alcohol system is not as sharp as the normal saponification end‐point in ethyl alcohol. This may be caused by the two‐phase nature of the titration mixture. Addition of ethyl alcohol to the n‐butyl alcoholic saponification reaction mixture gives improvement, although the end‐point is not as sharp as in the regular ethyl alcohol system. Work is continuing on methods for improvement of the end‐point.
Photochemical oxidation of fatty acid esters with and without chlorophyll
Authors: Khan N. A. , Tolberg W. E. , Wheeler D. H. , Lundberg W. O. 
Published: May 2007

Summary

It has been confirmed that the principal products formed in the oxidation of methyl oleate by oxygen under a variety of conditions are predominantlytrans hydroperoxides. However no inversion of the double bond occurs in unoxidized oleate. Hence the conversion ofcis totrans double bonds and peroxide formation occur together in the same molecules.

The autoxidation of methyl linoleate at low temperature yields predominantlycis,trans conjugated hydroperoxides. Autoxidation at 25°C., oxidation catalyzed by visible light, or ultraviolet light and copper soap catalyzed oxidation at temperatures appreciably above 0°C., lead to the formation primarily oftrans,trans conjugated hydroperoxides. The inversion of the second double bond in this case appears to be independent of the peroxide‐forming reactions.

The photochlorophyll oxidation of methyl linoleate leads to the formation of some unconjugated hydroperoxides, some of which containtrans double bonds.

Under all of the conditions employed in the present investigation, the oxidation of methyl oleate and linoleate led primarily to the formation of monomeric peroxides which retained most of the unsaturation of the parent compound.
Fatty alcohols
Authors: Wilson Glenn R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe two commercially important processes for the production of fatty alcohols (sodium reduction and hydrogenolysis) have been reviewed with respect to operations, types of alcohols obtainable, relative economics, properties and uses of the fatty alchols.The sodium‐reduction process is applicable to the reduction of saturated as well as unsaturated esters, and in the latter case the unsaturation of the raw materials is preserved in the product alcohols. Hydrogenolysis, on the other hand, produces predominantly saturated alcohols, regardless of the unsaturation of the raw materials, except in instances where special catalysts are used.Hydrogenolysis has the advantages of cheaper raw materials, wider choice of feed stocks, and wider choice of locations whereas sodium reduction is more flexible (permits production of both saturated and unsaturated fatty alcohols), requires a lower initial investment, involves simpler operation and maintenance, and yields products of superior quality for detergent uses.The physical and chemical properties of fatty alcohols have been reviewed briefly.While the largest current market for fatty alcohols lies in the field of detergent preparation, the unsaturated fatty alchols and their derivatives also have many potential uses in the manufacture of such other products as lubricant additives, waxes, and wetting and emulsifying agents. Markets for these fatty alcohols depend upon the results of application research and product development.
Applications of fatty acids in metallic soaps
Authors: Wendt R. E. , Wagner E. F. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIn this discussion we have attempted to cover pertinent factors concerning the production and applications of solid fatty acid soaps, with particular emphasis on how the fatty acid characteristics come into play. We have avoided reference to specific formulations because these must be kept in the realm of metallic soap manufacturers’ “know how.” Those interested in modifiers and their effect on metallic soaps can find reference material in past issues of the Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society (for example, reference 9) and in the patent literature.Reference to theoretical considerations of metallic soap structure has also been avoided as in this area the reader can again find reference material in the Journal of American Oil Chemists’ Society (for example, reference 10).
Incorporation of gossypol into eggs of hens fed gossypol schiff bases
Authors: Dechary J. M. , Wakabayashi G. , Grau C. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryEggs from hens fed gossypol Schiff bases derived from various aromatic and aliphatic amines were examined spectrophotometrically for gossypol‐cephalin.Aniline, p‐aminobenzoic acid, dehydroabietylamine, and cyclohexylamine were not effective gossypol binders when the Schiff base was fed at the 0.5% equivalent gossypol level in the diet whereas the long chain aliphatic amines were very effective. Hens produced normal eggs when fed the 0.5% level of gossypol Schiff bases derived from these amines.
The kinetics of esterification of resin acids
Authors: Smith Thor L. , Elliott John H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe kinetics of the esterification of resin acids in both concentrated solutions and dilute alcoholic solutions were studied over a wide temperature range. In concentrated solutions the order of the reaction changes with both the temperature and the extent of reaction, but in dilute solutions the kinetics are similar to those for other organic acids. The uncatalyzed esterification is pseudo‐second order while the hydrogen‐ion‐catalyzed esterification is first order and follows the Goldschmidt equation. Thus the esterification mechanism is probably the same as for other organic acids even though the carboxyl group on a resin acid molecule is highly hindered.Catalysts by six metallic resinates—especially calcium and lithium—was also studied. The catalytic rate constants at 260°C. varied quantitatively with the “acidity” of the metallic resinates in rosin at 200°C. As esterification catalysts, the metallic resinates increase the activation energy but also increase the activation entropy sufficiently so that the free energy of activation is decreased, especially at high temperatures. The observed kinetic behavior agrees with a rate expression derived by assuming that the ratecontrolling step is a reaction of metallic resinate with the alcohol to form an ester and a basic metallic resinate.
Iron ore flotation—1969
Authors: Frommer D. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractCurrent flotation practice in the iron ore industry is reviewed with special attention given to gains made since the 1966 AOCS meeting. Known applications are described with estimates of tonnage treated, the degree of beneficiation achieved, and the quantity and types of reagents used. Apparent trends and prospects for new applications of flotation in the iron ore industry are discussed.
Measurement of enzyme laundry product dust levels and characteristics in consumer use
Authors: Hendricks M. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrior to the adoption of improved dust control measures, some factory workers developed allergic respiratory symptoms during the manufacture of enzyme laundry detergents. Since then, the industrial hygiene problem is being brought under control by maintaining dust exposure below levels where allergic respiratory symptoms develop. However, the fact that enzyme allergies could develop in manufacturing plants prompted questions from outside the soap and detergent industry regarding consumer safety of enzyme detergents. Although detergent dust levels in consumer use were known to be very low, a comprehensive testing program was undertaken to place quantitative dimension on the difference between home use and factory operation. Levels and characteristics of detergent dust and enzyme dust generated during home use of laundry detergents have been measured using specialized equipment and procedures. Data from laboratory and in‐home studies confirm that laundry products containing an agglomerated enzyme complex are safe from the standpoint of potential consumer exposure to enzyme dust. Even under conditions of excessive home use, consumer exposure is extremely low and can be compared to only a minute fraction of the industrial exposures which are considered to be safe.
Determination of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed soapstocks
Authors: Cucullu Alva F. , Lee Louise S. , Pons W. A. , Goldblatt L. A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn accurate and sensitive procedure is proposed for estimating aflatoxins in both alkaline and acidulated soapstocks. Sample suspensions in aqueous acetone are adjusted to pH 3 with hydrochloric acid, extracted in a high speed blender, treated with lead acetate and partitioned into chloroform. After silica gel cleanup, aflatoxins in purifie extracts are estimated by thin layer chromatography. The use of acetone and lead acetate together apparently catalyzes the relactonization of flatoxins B1 nd G1 and leads to essentially quantitative recovery of aflatoxin B1 and somewhat lower recovery of G1 added to alkaline or acidulated soapstock.
Urethane polymers from hydroxylated fish oil
Authors: Hustad G. O. , Richardson T. , Amundson C. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlewife fish oil was hydroxylated by performic, peracetic and pertungstic acid methods. Products were compared with respect to yield, free acid, hydroxyl number, saponification value and peroxide value. Fish oils oxidized with performic acid resulted in high yields (83% to 95%), low acid values (0.12 to 0.19), high hydroxy (142 to 245) and saponification (247 to 271) numbers, and relatively low peroxide values (72 to 266). Performic acid hydroxylated alewife and menhaden oils were used to prepare urethane foams. These foams exhibited characteristic low compressive strengths at 10% deflection (6.4 to 9.5 psi), low density (1.45 to 1.65 pcf), high porosity (0.7 to 1.7% closed cells) and high water absorption compared to a conventional polyether urethane foam. Performic acid hydroxylated alewife oil was further refined, using cation and anion exchange resins, for use in the preparation of urethane elastomers. These polymers generally exhibited higher tensile and Graves tear strengths than a comparable castor oil elastomer used as a control. though dielectric strengths were similar for both fish oil and castor oil elastomers, tensile elongation at break point was greater for the castor oil elastomers. When the isocyanate index of the fish oil elastomers was increased from 105 to 156, the Graves tear strength exhibited the greatest change.
Aerated lagoons for the treatment of fats and oil industry wastes
Authors: Kenyon William R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper diseusses the effects of discharging waste materials into receiving streams, and the methods whereby a treatment system condenses the biological cycle to a few days. Also covered are the three basic types of lagoon operations, their advantages and limitations, typical biochemical oxygen demand and solids reduction, as well as the associated economics of each type of system. Methods of installing and positioning mechanical surface aerators in a lagoon, both platform or bridge mounted and floating platform units, are included.
Industrial utilization of C21 dicarboxylic acid
Authors: Ward Benjamin F. , Force Carlton G. , Bills Alan M. , Woodward Fred E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractInterest in polyfunctional materials has increased steadily in recent years as polymer systems have become more prevalent in our society. One of the more unique and versatile of these products has only recently become commercially available, 5(6)‐carboxy‐4‐hexyl‐2‐cyclohexene‐1‐octanoic acid. This C21 dicarboxylic acid not only has the expected ability to be incorporated into polymers for modification of the system, but it also has very unique surfactant properties. The sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts of this C21 dicarboxylic acid are unusually soluble in water, and the water solutions maintain relatively low viscosities even at high concentrations. The mono substituted derivatives of the C21 dicarboxylic acid are prepared easily, and they provide unique properties for a variety of end uses. This paper illustrates the potential industrial applications for the dibasic acid and some of its derivatives in ink resins; adhesives; coatings; lubricants; plasticizers; corrosion inhibitors; synthetic coolants; emulsions; temporary coatings; floor polishes; and industrial, household, and institutional cleaners.
Nucleophilic addition of hydrogen sulfide to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and soybean oil
Authors: Schwab A. W. , Gast L. E. , Rohwedder W. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractHydrogen sulfide was added to methyl oleate, methyl linoleate, and soybean oil at −70 and 25 C in the presence of boron trifluoride. Major reaction compounds were identified by gas liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. At −70 C with a 200 molar ratio of hydrogen sulfide to ester, the reactions were complete in 4 hr. Primary reaction product from methyl oleate was methyl 9(10)‐mercaptostearate. Methyl linoleate gave ca. equal amounts of methyl 9‐(2‐pentyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl) nonanoate and methyl 8‐(2‐hexyl‐1‐thiolan‐5‐yl) octanoate. At 25 C, the reaction of methyl oleate and linoleate with hydrogen sulfide was less complete, and more side reactions were noted. When equimolar amounts of methyl oleate and methyl 9(10)‐mercaptostearate were reacted in the presence of boron trifluoride at 25 C, a new compound was formed, bis(methyl n‐octadecanoate 9[10]‐yl) sulfide. The addition of liquid hydrogen sulfide to soybean oil at −70 C in the presence of boron trifluoride yields a product which, upon saponification, acidification, and methylation analyzes by gas liquid chromatography as ca. 52% thiolan, 27% mercaptostearate, 10% palmitate, 6% stearate, and 5% unidentified compounds.
Soybean “lecithin” and its fractions as metal‐inactivating agents
Authors: Evans C. D. , Cooney Patricia M. , Scholfield C. R. , Dutton H. J. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe addition prior to deodorization of 0.1% of either crude phosphatides, or the alcohol‐soluble, or the alcohol‐insoluble fraction all improved the oxidative stability and the initial flavor of soybean salad oil. However all three additives caused significant darkening of the oils and the introduction of undesirable storage flavors when added at levels which improved the oxidative stability.High‐sugar fractions from the crude phosphatides did not darken the oil nor did they confer improved oxidative or flavor characteristics.Cadmium‐precipitated lecithin and inositol‐phosphatidic acids containing no amino nitrogen gave lower color to salad oils upon deodorization than did the amino‐nitrogen‐containing phosphatides.Purified cadmium‐precipitated lecithin had little effect upon the oxidative stability when added at levels below 0.02%. A significant improvement results from the addition of 0.05%, and oxidative stability shows further improvement by raising the level to 0.1%; however no increase in stability was obtained by raising of the concentration above this level.At concentrations of 0.01 and 0.05%, cadmium‐precipitated lecithin had little effect on the color of the oil. At levels of 0.1 and 0.2%, significant darkening of the oils occurred though much less than with the amino‐nitrogen‐containing phosphatides.Based on the flavor responses of oils to which these phosphatides were added, it appears that phosphatides constitute the precursors for the melony, bitter, cucumber flavors frequently encountered in aged soybean salad oils. These flavor responses are the same as those obtained from added phosphoric acid.
Pyrethrum synergists in sesame oil. Sesamolin, a potent synergist
Authors: Beroza Morton 
Published: May 2007

SummaryBy the systematic entomological examination of chromotographic fractions of sesame oil two pyrethrum synergists, sesamin and sesamolin, were found to account for practically all the synergistic activity of the oil. Sesamolin, which had not been known to be synergistic, is about five times as active as sesamin and, even though usually present in smaller amount than sesamin, it is believed to account for most of the synergistic activity in sesame oil.Because of sesamolin's marked synergistic activity, studies on its chemistry were made, and some of its chemical properties are reported. The studies have indicated a close similarity between sesamin and sesamolin, and a tentative chemical formula for sesamolin has been proposed as a basis for future work.Infrared absorption spectra of sesamin and sesamolin are reported.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XI. Alternate synthesis and structural assignment of sodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates
Authors: Marmer W. N. , Linfield W. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSodium methyl alkylbenzoylsulfopropionates, derived from detergent alkylates, previously were reported to be good lime soap dispersing agents and beneficial additives in tallow soap based, sodium silicate built laundry detergents. Their synthesis from β‐aroylacrylic acid intermediates has been facilitated by sulfonation with sodium bisulfite before esterification. This single phase process occurs rapidly at room temperature, whereas in the previously reported process, the sulfonation of the methyl ester requires a two‐phase, high temperature, closed system procedure. Final esterification is mandatory for producing a useful lime soap dispersing agent, because the sulfonated disodium salt is a poor lime soap dispersing agent and not compatible with a soap‐silicate mixture. Deoiling improves the detergency of the final products from either procedure; this is especially apparent when polyester‐cotton permanent press fabric is laundered. Data from NMR spectra, base‐induced decompositions, hydrolysis studies, and detergency screening tests suggest that the sulfopropionate product derived from the new procedure is structurally the same as that from the old one, and that these products have been sulfonated regiospecifically α to the carboxy group.
Fate of dietary sterols in hydrogenated oils and fats
Authors: Parodi F. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSamples of table margarines, so‐called polyunsaturated table margarines, hydrogenated vegetable oils, and so‐called polyunsaturated hydrogenated vegetable oils were shown by infrared spectroscopy to contain hydrogenated components. Examination of the sterols from these oils by argentation thin layer chromatography and gas liquid chromatography did not reveal campestanol, stigmastanol, or Δ22‐stigmastenol, the expected hydrogenation products of the natural sterols. The sterol compositions of the above samples, animal fats, and blends of hydrogenated vegetable oils and animal fats were determined. The compound 24‐methyl cholest‐7‐en‐3β‐ol was identified tentatively in sunflower and safflower oils.
Chemical investigation ofSolanum khasianum seed fat
Authors: Parimoo P. , Baruah R. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe seeds ofSolanum khasianum contain 14.5% of a fatty oil. The component fatty acids were found by gas liquid chromatography analysis to be 0.2% myristic, 14.2% palmitic, 0.9% palmitoleic, 4.4% stearic, 15% oleic, and 62.6% linoleic acids.