bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Central Utilities Commissions and Home Rule: A Paper before the Madison Literary Society, May 9, 1910
Authors: Meyer Balthasar H. 
Published: May 2006

The term “public utilities” embraces all properties devoted to a use in which the public has an interest. As currently employed in this country today, it includes water, light, heat, power, and telephone plants; urban, suburban and interurban electric railways; steam railways; the telegraph, express companies and several minor organizations connected with transportation. In a narrower and more local use of the term, its scope is restricted to water, light, heat, power and local telephone utilities, and urban and suburban electric railways.Central utilities commissions are administrative bodies appointed or elected for the purpose of carrying out legislative acts with reference to public utilities. In the widest sense of the term a central commission is a federal or national commission, of which the Interstate Commerce Commission is the best-known representative. Central Commissions, in the narrower sense of the term, are illustrated by state utilities and railroad commissions. Like many other terms central and local have relative meanings with shifting and overlapping circumferences.
Bibliographical Notes on German State Government
Authors: Wells Roger H. 
Published: May 2006

At the present time, there is an extensive literature dealing with the structure and functions of the eighteen German state governments. For most of the states, one finds collections of laws and regulations, commentaries and manuals, state hand-books, statistical year-books, legal and administrative journals, together with other more or less fugitive publications. But among all this material, there are almost no comparative studies in state law, politics, and administration.It may be worth while to suggest briefly a number of helps for the comparative study of German state government. Of the treatises on public law, the only one which deals exclusively with the states is Julius Hatschek's Ausserpreussisches Landesstaatsrecht (Berlin, 1926). This volume discusses and compares the governments of all the German states except Prussia and Waldeck. The constitutions of ten of the more important states are printed as appendices, but the usefulness of the book is lessened by the complete omission of an index. Otto Meissner's Das Staatsrecht des Reichs und seiner Länder (2nd ed., Berlin, 1923) devotes considerable space to the states and is provided with a good index. It is now, however, somewhat out of date. Walter Jellinek's Verfassung und Verwaltung des Reichs und der Länder (Leipzig, 1925) is of little value for the purpose now under consideration, as it contains only thirteen pages on the states. Fritz Stier-Somlo's Deutsches Reichs-und Landesstaatsrecht (Vol. I, Berlin, 1924) is, of course, recognized as a standard work, but thus far only one volume has appeared. The second volume, dealing with the states, is not yet forthcoming.
America's Rôle in the League of Nations
Authors: Hudson Manley O. 
Published: May 2006

Whatever may be the present attitude of the people of the United States toward the League of Nations, it now seems clear that the Government of the United States has come to feel the necessity for such an international organization. For several years past, official American coöperation with the League has steadily increased. The situation has now developed to a point where the current formulae for explaining the official attitude are to some extent misleading, and it may serve a useful purpose to trace the changes which have occurred since 1920, to survey the situation as it now exists, and to forecast some of the probabilities for the future.Let us start with the fact that the United States has not ratified the Covenant of the League of Nations and has not accepted the place provided for her in the Assembly and the Council of the League. It is beside the present purpose to explain that fact, to attempt to say whether it is due to drift or to design, or to offer any argument for changing it. Whatever the seven millions of voters who constituted President Harding's majority in 1920 may have desired at that time, the Government of the United States has since interpreted their votes as a determination that the United States should not accept membership in the League, and it has proceeded on the theory that that issue is closed. But if this fact is to be taken as the starting-point, there still remains a question as to the account to be taken by the Government of the United States of other important facts, viz., that the League of Nations continues to exist, that more than fifty governments are vigorously pushing its work and effecting through it their coöperative action, and that much of the organized international life of our time is centered at Geneva.
Local Government in Belgium
Authors: Dupriez Léon 
Published: May 2006

In Belgium there are two units of local government, the province and the commune.Belgium is divided into nine provinces, the boundaries of which were drawn somewhat arbitrarily by the government of the French Revolution after the conquest of the country in 1795. All the provinces except one are about equal in territorial extent, but they differ considerably in respect to population, which varies from 250,000 to 1,200,000. Thus the province of Luxemburg, whose area exceeds that of any of the others by about a third, has the smallest population; it has neither industrial centers nor any important city (its largest city has a bare 10,000 inhabitants), and it is in large part covered with forests. The differences in population have increased during the last fifty years, as much from the great development of industry in certain provinces as from the growth of certain great urban centers like those of Brussels and Antwerp.There are 2630 communes in Belgium; their boundaries were not established systematically by a single act, nor by a series of acts of the legislative authority. Almost all grew up in the course of centuries, and their boundaries have come into existence only in accordance with very ancient traditions. There are great differences among the communes, not only in respect to their territorial extent (which varies from some hundreds to some tens of thousands of acres), but also in respect to their population. Some little villages have scarcely a hundred inhabitants, whereas Antwerp had more than 300,000 in 1914. Some communes take the name of cities, others are called villages; but that does not make the least difference so far as the law is concerned, nor in respect to the administrative régime to which they are subject.
The Operation of the Direct Primary in Michigan
Authors: Millspaugh Arthur C. 
Published: May 2006

The purpose of the direct primary, in so far as its purpose can be formulated in general terms, was to realize within the party organization, and especially in the process of nomination, accepted principles of democratic control. It is a commonplace, however, that political machinery must in the long run be judged not by its theoretical democracy but by its practical results. In a study of direct nominations, then, it appears most fruitful to examine the system in its operation rather than in its theory, and, whenever possible, to compare its working with that of the system which it supplanted.Since 1901 the Michigan legislature has passed more than thirty acts, original and amendatory, relating to the nominating machinery. From 1901 to 1905 legislation applied to selected counties, cities, and districts; from 1905 to 1909 it was both local and general but optional with the parties and with the localities; since 1909 it has been general and mandatory. On the whole it has been halting, half-hearted, opportunistic, and unscientific, and is still far from perfection. At the present time all state officials elected in the spring, including judges of the supreme court and regents of the university, all elective state administrative officers except governor and lieutenant-governor, and all township and village officers are still nominated by the old method, a method which is also retained for the selection of delegates to state and national conventions and in a modified form for the drafting of party platforms.
A Program for Research in Political Science
Authors: Willoughby William F. 
Published: May 2006

There are probably few members of the learned professions who do not feel the urge to contribute, if they can, to the existing store of knowledge regarding their chosen field, or, more ambitious still, to advance yet further that body of thought constituting the fundamental principles by which it is sought to interpret the data dealt with, to trace relationships between cause and effect, to distinguish the essential from the non-essential, to evaluate action by results—in a word, to give philosophic coherence to what would otherwise be disconnected and unrelated thinking.In the case of many, this urge is supplemented by a positive obligation. Those holding academic positions calling for the direction of students engaged in advanced or postgraduate work, and those at the head of institutions of research, not only have the desire themselves to engage in work of original research, but are under the responsibility of encouraging, if not compelling, work of a like character by others.
The Summer Schools and Other Educational Activities of the British Conservative Party
Authors: Starr Joseph R. 
Published: May 2006

The British Conservative party recommenced its normal activities after the party truce of the World War years in fundamentally different circumstances. The electorate had been vastly expanded, and the Conservatives faced a formidable new opponent in the Labor party. There was danger that the mass following of the party might be lured away by this new opponent, and there was the necessity of gaining the allegiance of a large number of the new voters.These tasks of holding the old adherents of the party and gaining new recruits were assigned in large measure to labor committees, widely organized as an integral part of the constituency organizations, and the Central Labor Committee which was set up as a subcommittee of the executive council of the National Unionist Association.
The Monroe Doctrine and World War II
Authors: Wilcox Francis O. 
Published: May 2006

Only a decade or two ago, the Monroe Doctrine was in disfavor. The vitriolic pens of its critics denounced it as an “indisputable evidence of our overweening national conceit.” They condemned it as an “obsolete shibboleth,” “hoary with age”—a doctrine which the twentieth century would surely relegate to the dusty archives of diplomatic history. As late as 1937, no less a person than the chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations remarked in the course of an interview that the Monroe Doctrine was dead.Time and circumstance, however, often bring remarkable changes. Since the beginning of World War II, the red blood corpuscles of Pan-American unity have instilled new life and vitality into the Doctrine. Curiously enough, after 120 years, the very threats which confronted President Monroe in 1823 have risen again to becloud the security of the Western Hemisphere. Historians may have argued (before the fall of France) that the Holy Alliance, with its determination “to put an end to the system of representative government,” constituted a greater danger to the New World than the Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis. It is clear, however, that the fascist concepts of the master race and of world domination are far more menacing to democracy than the avowed aims of the Holy Alliance ever were. The tremendous striking power which the Axis has so amply demonstrated in a world shrivelled by technology, coupled with the demoralizing effects of up-to-date fifth column techniques, makes the case even clearer.
The War Department Manpower Board
Authors: Peak George W. 
Published: May 2006

The Army's experience in controlling the utilization of manpower during the war is unique in American annals of management and administration. Although there previously was something of a program of manpower control on a nation-wide level, its administration was beset by the lack of enforcement authority, by division of responsibility as among the executive branches, and by the lack of a clear mandate from the Congress. The Army, on the other hand, suffered no such limitations with respect to the body of manpower allocated to it from the nation's resources. Its authority was unquestioned, its responsibility undivided, its mission clear.Notwithstanding these things, the Army's task in controlling the use of its manpower was exceedingly complex. It involved the training and retraining of millions of individuals for a great variety of unfamiliar jobs, the needs for specific numbers of which could be foreseen with only very rough accuracy. It called for the dispersion and deployment of these individuals to the four corners of the earth, requiring at the same time the maintenance of central control over their use after they had been deployed. It required the shifting of individuals and groups of individuals as among different jobs and types of jobs, and as among various broad tasks or missions. Finally, it called for the orderly withdrawal of these individuals from the military establishment and their return to the civil economy.
Representation of the Region in Missouri Basin Organization
Authors: Zimmermann Frederick L. , Wendell Mitchell 
Published: May 2006

Recently two new and important proposals have been made concerning the character of the needed basin organization for the development and proper utilization of the resources of the Missouri Valley. A Missouri Basin Survey Commission was appointed by President Truman in 1952 to make a “thorough re-evaluation of the whole problem.” In its 1953 report this survey group recommended the establishment of a federal Missouri Basin Commission with authority to “direct and coordinate the activities of all federal agencies relating to resource development.” In December, 1952 the Missouri River States Committee, composed of the governors of the ten basin states, accepted a Council of State Governments' draft of a federal-interstate compact as the desirable framework for basin organization. Each of these proposals would create a new commission to integrate basin planning and secure coordination among all governmental agencies in the operation of water facilities.At one point in its report the Missouri Basin Survey Commission describes the course of the Missouri as “a crude but large question mark across the surface of one-sixth of the nation” and uses the description to symbolize “the great array of problems which await satisfactory solution in the Basin.” Certainly the physical, planning, and policy problems of Missouri Basin conservation and development are difficult enough.
The Whig Tradition in America and Europe
Authors: Hartz Louis 
Published: May 2006

In a liberal society such as prevailed in America during the Jeffersonian and Jacksonian eras, where the aristocracies, peasantries, and proletariats of Europe are missing, where virtually everyone, including the nascent industrial worker, has the mentality of an independent entrepreneur, two national impulses are bound to make themselves felt: the impulse toward democracy and the impulse toward capitalism. The mass of the people, in other words, are bound to be capitalistic, and capitalism, with its spirit disseminated widely, is bound to be democratic. This is one of the basic insights Tocqueville had about the actual behavior of the American people. The irony of early American history, however, is that these impulses, instead of supplementing each other, seemed to fight a tremendous political battle. The capitalist Whiggery of Hamilton was frightened of democracy, and the democratic tradition of Jackson, which was therefore able to destroy it, formulated a philosophy which seemed to deny its faith in capitalism. The result was a massive confusion in political thought, comparable to the one that we find in the constitutional era, and a set of victories and defeats which the Americans who experienced them scarcely understood. One is reminded of two boxers, swinging wildly, knocking each other down with accidental punches.Looked at from one point of view, it is strange that Federalism and neo-Federalism should have been shattered so badly in the liberal setting of American politics.
Correction to “The Political Determinants of International Trade”
Authors: Morrow James D. , Siverson Randolph M. , Tabares Tressa E. 
Published: May 2006

Efforts to replicate our study of the effects of politics on trade flows between the major powers have revealed that the computer program written to calculate the estimates produced errors in both the coefficients and the standard errors. Furthermore, these errors have some consequences for the results. In this brief corrigendum, we present corrected tables for our research note and a slightly modified interpretation of the results.Our study examined evidence to assess three arguments about how politics may affect trade. The first contends that positive political relations in a dyad result in higher levels of trade. This argument leads to two hypotheses: States in conflict will have a lower level of trade than those not in conflict, and trade will increase with the degree of common interests between a pair of states. The second argument concludes that democratic dyads will have a higher level of trade than other dyads. The third argument focuses on the security concerns of states and leads to the hypotheses that alliances will increase trade in a bipolar system but will have no effect in a multipolar system. We refer readers to the original article for a fuller statement of the logic of these arguments, their respective hypotheses, and a complete statement of our research design and operationalization of the variables (Morrow, Siverson, and Tabares 1998).
Solvent‐Less and Fluoride‐Free Hiyama Reaction of Arylsiloxanes with Aryl Bromides and Chlorides Promoted by Sodium Hydroxide: A Useful Protocol for Palladium Recycling and Product Isolation
Authors: Alacid Emilio , Nájera Carmen 
Published: May 2006

AbstractPalladium salts and oxime‐derived palladacycles catalyze the cross‐coupling reaction of arylsiloxanes with aryl bromides and chlorides in low catalyst loading (0.001–0.1 mol % of Pd) under fluoride‐free conditions to provide biaryls and heterobiaryls. For some deactivated aryl bromides and for aryl chlorides, the corresponding cross‐couplings need TBAB as additive. Concentrated aqueous sodium hydroxide (50%) promoted this Hiyama reaction in practically the absence of solvents under air in good yields. The process can be performed at 120 °C either under heating in a pressure tube or under microwave irradiation. This protocol allows palladium recycling and facilitates the final isolation of the products simply by ether extraction.
Establishment of the epaxial–hypaxial boundary in the avian myotome
Authors: Ahmed Mohi U. , Cheng Louise , Dietrich Susanne 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTrunk skeletal muscles are segregated into dorsomedial epaxial and ventrolateral hypaxial muscles, separated by a myoseptum. In amniotes, they are generated from a transient structure, the dermomyotome, which lays down muscle, namely the myotome underneath. However, the dermomyotome and myotome are dorsoventrally continuous, with no morphologically defined epaxial–hypaxial boundary. The transcription factors En1 and Sim1 have been shown to molecularly subdivide the amniote dermomyotome, with En1 labeling the epaxial dermomyotome and Sim1 the hypaxial counterpart. Here, we demonstrate thatEn1andSim1expression persists in cells leaving the dermomyotome, superimposing the expression boundary onto muscle and skin.En1‐expressing cells colonize the myotome initially from the rostral and caudal lips, and slightly later, directly from the de‐epithelializing dermomyotomal center.En1expression in the myotome is concomitant with the appearance ofFgfr4/Pax7‐expressing mitotically active myoblasts. This finding suggests thatFgfr4+/Pax7+/En1+cells carry their expression with them when entering the myotome. Furthermore, it suggests that the epaxial–hypaxial boundary of the myotome is established through the late arising, mitotically active myoblasts. Developmental Dynamics 235:1884–1894, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel gene ashwin functions in Xenopus cell survival and anteroposterior patterning
Authors: Patil Sonali S. , Alexander Tara B. , Uzman J. Akif , Lou Chih‐Hong , Gohil Himika , Sater Amy K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe novel gene ashwin was isolated in a differential display screen for genes activated or up‐regulated early in neural specification. ashwin is expressed maternally and zygotically, and it is up‐regulated in the neural ectoderm after the midgastrula stage. It is expressed in the neural plate and later in the embryonic brain, eyes, and spinal cord. Overexpression of ashwin in whole embryos leads to anterior truncations and other defects. However, a second Organizer does not form, and the secondary axial structures may result from splitting of the Organizer, rather than axis duplication. Morpholino oligonucleotide‐mediated reduction in ashwin expression leads to lethality or abnormalities in gastrulation, as well as significant apoptosis in midgastrula embryos. Apoptosis is also observed in midgastrula embryos overexpressing ashwin. Coexpression of ashwin with the bone morphogenetic protein‐4 antagonist noggin has a synergistic effect on neural‐specific gene expression in isolated animal cap ectoderm. Ashwin has no previously characterized domains, although two nuclear localization signals can be identified. Orthologues have been identified in the human, mouse, chicken, and pufferfish genomes. Our results suggest that ashwin regulates cell survival and anteroposterior patterning. Developmental Dynamics 235:1895–1907, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hybrid layer seals the cementum/4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin interface
Authors: Tanaka Saori , Sugaya Tsutomu , Kawanami Masamitsu , Nodasaka Yoshinobu , Yamamoto Toshiki , Noguchi Hiroshi , Tanaka Yuko , Ikeda Takatsumi , Sano Hidehiko , Sidhu Sharanbir K. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractAlthough 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin has adhesive properties to dentin, and has been clinically used for the bonding treatment of vertically fractured roots and apicoectomy, there has not been any investigation on the adhesion of 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin to cementum. The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the bonding and the sealing ability of 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin to cementum. Bovine root cementum and dentin surfaces were treated with a citric acid and ferric chloride solution, and the 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin was applied on the treated surfaces before testing. The microtensile bond strength and the leakage levels obtained for the cementum were almost equal to those for the dentin. In SEM and TEM observations, a hybrid layer approximately 2–3 μm in thickness was observed at the interface between the resin and the cementum. It is concluded that 4‐META/MMA‐TBB resin adhered to cementum via a hybrid layer on cementum, as previously reported for dentin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2007