bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urinary complications of Crohn's disease
Authors: Kyle James 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA 22‐year review of 328 patients with Crohn's disease revealed 70 patients with urinary tract symptoms. Cystitis was the most common problem, occurring in 44 patients. The urinary tract infections were recurrent in most patients, usually with 3 or 4 attacks per year. Despite the persistence of urinary infection, only 3 patients developed chronic pyelonephritis. Forty‐nine patients had intravenous urography, and many were found to have slight dilatation of the upper urinary tract on one side. Seven patients had hydronephrosis, 3 with pyonephrosis. Five of 6 patients who developed calculi had a bowel resection. All of the recovered calculi were oxalate stones, but 3 were passed spontaneously and not analyzed. Eight patients, 7 of them males, had an ileovesical fistula. In 1, the colon was also affected. It was unusual for these patients to have severe urinary symptoms. One patient had a fistula from the rectum to the urethra. Although 32 of the 70 patients were female, most of the severe complications occurred in men. Aggressive investigation is not indicated, nor is radical surgery required.
The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in north Tees health district
Authors: Devlin H. Brendan , Datta D. , Dellipiani A. W. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe experience with inflammatory bowel disease in a stable, defined population in northeast England is described. In this population, the incidence of inflammatory bowel disease was higher than expected. In particular, a high incidence of colorectal and anal Crohn's disease was found. The literature is reviewed in order to identify some of the factors responsible for this unusual prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease in the study population. No explanation for our unexpected findings can be advanced.
The payout stage in Chile: who annuitizes and why?
Authors: JAMES ESTELLE , MARTINEZ GUILLERMO , IGLESIAS AUGUSTO 
Published: May 2006

In 1981 Chile adopted its new multi-pillar system, which featured privately managed individual accounts. Starting in 1983 payouts from the accounts were permitted and detailed rules about payouts were put in place. The Chilean scheme therefore gives us an opportunity to examine how pensioners and pension providers react when individual accounts replace DB systems, and how detailed regulations shape these reactions.Retirees in Chile have a choice between early versus normal retirement (before or after age 65M/60W) and between annuitization versus programmed withdrawals; lump sum withdrawals are largely ruled out. Almost two-thirds of all retirees have annuitized – a very high proportion compared with other countries. This paper argues that this high rate of annuitization is the result of guarantees and regulations that constrain payout choices, insure retirees through the minimum pension guarantee, eliminate other DB components, and give a competitive advantage to insurance companies selling annuities. The minimum pension financed by the government provides insurance to workers with small accumulations, who retire at the normal age with programmed withdrawals, while those with large accumulations retire early and must purchase annuities to acquire longevity and investment insurance. Insurance companies further induce annuitization by marketing aggressively, facilitating early retirement for those who annuitize and offering a high money's worth ratio for price-indexed annuities. We find evidence of adverse selection based on asymmetric information about short-run health status, but this does not seem to deter the high rate of annuitization.
Soluble CD26/CD30 levels in visceral leishmaniasis: markers of disease activity
Authors: Ajdary S , Riazi-Rad F , Jafari-Shakib R , Mohebbali M 
Published: May 2006

SummaryLeishmania infantum is the causative agent of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (VL). If untreated the disease could be fatal; however, in some cases the infection can run a subclinical course. In subclinical infections a Th1-response predominates, while Th2-responses and/or probably Treg cells are related to unfavourable outcome of the disease in active VL. In the present study we determined the levels of soluble (s) CD26 and CD30 co-stimulatory molecules in sera from patients with active VL, asymptomatic individuals and healthy volunteers. Results showed a significant difference in both sCD26 and sCD30 between infected cases and normal individuals (P ≤ 0·001). However, there was no significant difference in sCD26 levels between asymptomatic cases and patients, although the difference was not significant. sCD30 levels were significantly higher in VL patients than asymptomatic cases (P ≤ 0·001). These findings suggest a possible association between sCD26 and sCD30 levels and the clinical manifestation of L. infantum infection.
Contribution of interferon‐β to the immune activation induced by double‐stranded DNA
Authors: Shirota Hidekazu , Ishii Ken J. , Takakuwa Hiroki , Klinman Dennis M. 
Published: May 2006

SummaryIntroducing double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) into the cytoplasm of macrophages and dendritic cells triggers the activation of these professional antigen‐presenting cells (APCs). This process is characterized by the up‐regulation of costimulatory molecules and the production of various cytokines, chemokines, and antibacterial/viral factors. Current findings indicate that interferon‐β (IFN‐β) plays a key role in the stimulatory cascade triggered by dsDNA. Both immune and non‐immune cells respond to intracytoplasmic dsDNA by up‐regulating IFN‐β) expression, a process that reduces host susceptibility to infection. The immune activation induced by dsDNA is independent of MyD88, TRIF and DNA‐PKcs, indicating that a Toll‐like receptor‐independent mechanism underlies the cellular activation mediated by intracytoplasmic dsDNA.
Oestradiol Induced Inhibition of Neuroendocrine Marker Expression in Leydig Cells of Adult Rats
Authors: Ortega HH , Salvetti NR , Baravalle C , Lorente JA , Mira GA 
Published: May 2006

ContentsThe objectives of this work were to determine the changes in the expression of neuroendocrine markers in Leydig cell by oestradiol treatment, and to determine whether testosterone is able to recover partially the effects of hormonal suppression induced by oestradiol. Adult male rats were injected daily with either 50 μg of oestradiol or oestradiol plus testosterone propionate (25 mg every 3 days) for 15 days. The animals were sacrificed and testicles were dissected and processed by routine histological protocols. FSH and LH serum levels were determined by radioimmunoassay. The visualization of antigens was achieved by the streptavidin‐peroxidase immunohistochemical method. Antibodies against chromogranin A (CrA), S‐100 protein (S‐100), P substance (PS), synaptofisin (SYN), neurofilament protein (NF), gliofibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were used. The mean LH and FSH serum concentrations were consistently suppressed with hormonal treatments. Intermediate filaments (NF and GFAP) showed no difference in their expression. The expression of S‐100, NSE and SYN was significantly lower in both hormone‐treated groups. In oestradiol‐treated rats, the immunoreactivity of CrA and SP decreased significantly but was restored after testosterone supplementation. Although the nature and functions of many of these substances in Leydig cells remain unknown, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that the expression of some neuroendocrine markers is hormonally controlled.
Interaction of carbohydrate metabolism and rat liquid gastric emptying in sustained running
Authors: CHANG FULL‐YOUNG , LU CHING‐LIANG , LEE SHOU‐DONG , DOONG MING‐LUEN , YEH JIUN‐YIH , WANG PAULUS S 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:  Moderate to severe running usually leads to gastrointestinal dysmotility and critical energy exhaustion. It is unknown whether the carbohydrate metabolism of runners can influence gastric emptying (GE). Using a running rat model, the present study explored the impact of exercise/carbohydrate metabolism on liquid GE.Methods:  Rats were put on the runways of a moving treadmill for 1 h. Trained rats underwent daily running 5 days a week for 4 weeks. Untrained rats were those put on a quiet treadmill to serve as sham exercise. On the motility study day, trained and untrained rats ran for 45 min. After orogastric feeding of radiochromium marker, they resumed running for an additional 15 min and were then killed in order to measure GE. Another group of trained and untrained rats received lactate infusion for 1 h in the quiet condition to measure their GE. The third group of rats received glucose infusion during running to measure GE.Results:  Running of untrained (P < 0.05) and trained (P < 0.01) rats enhanced GE compared to sham exercise. Running for the untrained rats rather than the trained counterparts had diminished plasma glucose level (P < 0.05). Running also elevated plasma lactate levels for both untrained (P < 0.001) and trained rats (P < 0.01). Lactate infusion delayed GE in untrained (P < 0.01) and trained rats (P < 0.05). Glucose infusion of untrained rats during running was not only to correct hypoglycemia (P < 0.01) but also to restore their enhanced GE (P < 0.01).Conclusions:  Running‐induced hypoglycemia, rather than lactate accumulation, is one of the essential factors leading to enhanced liquid GE in untrained rats.
Lovastatin‐induced up‐regulation of the BH3‐only protein, Bim, and cell death in glioblastoma cells
Authors: Jiang Zhihong , Zheng Xiao , Lytle Richard A. , Higashikubo Ryuji , Rich Keith M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractThe mechanism of lovastatin‐induced cell death was examined in three established human glioblastoma cell lines; U87, U251, and U138. Changes in potential modifiers of apoptosis, including Bcl‐2 family proteins and MAP kinase targets after such lovastatin treatment, were evaluated. Lovastatin (5 μm) treatment causes extensive cell death in two of the cell lines, U87 and U251; but only minimal in a third, U138. Lovastatin‐induced death occurs in correlation with significantly increased levels of the BH3‐only protein, Bim. The up‐regulation of Bim levels was directly associated with an increased incidence of apoptosis. Lovastatin treatment in U87 cells results in activation of targets of three major mitogen‐activating protein kinase cascades including Erk1/2, JNK and p38. Changes in levels of Bim, as well as increase phosphorylation of Erk1/2, c‐jun, and p38 are all prevented by co‐incubation of lovastatin and the isoprenylation metabolite, geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate. Inhibition of the MAP kinase pathways failed to block the increased expression of Bim expression or cell death. Further elucidation of the mechanisms of lovastatin‐induced up‐regulation of Bim and apoptosis in glioblastoma cells are important in determining a potential role for lovastatin as a chemotherapy agent.
Hepatitis C infection in Alaska Natives with persistently normal, persistently elevated or fluctuating alanine aminotransferase levels
Authors: Bruce Michael G. , Bruden Dana , McMahon Brian J. , Christensen Carol , Homan Chriss , Sullivan Dan , Deubner Heike , Hennessy Thomas , Williams Jim , Livingston Stephen , Gretch David 
Published: May 2006

Abstract: Background/Aims: An estimated one‐third of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection have persistently normal alanine transaminase (PNALT); however, in many previous studies alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels were followed for ≤12 months.Methods: We analyzed data from a population‐based cohort of 935 Alaska Natives with HCV, recruited from 1994 to 2005, to determine the proportion of persons with PNALT, persistently elevated ALT (PEALT), and fluctuating ALT (FLUXALT) to determine factors for each ALT state. We selected persons with two positive HCV RNA results ≥1 year apart and ≥6 ALT levels measured over the subsequent 3 years with at least 1 month between ALT measurements (n=265). We defined a person as having PNALT, PEALT, or FLUXALT when all six ALT levels were normal, elevated, or did not fit either of the above two categories, respectively, during the 3‐year follow‐up period.Results: Among 208 persistently HCV RNA‐positive persons, 13 had PNALT, 121 PEALT, 74 FLUXALT. Among 77 persons who underwent liver biopsy, those with PEALT were more likely to have Ishak fibrosis scores >2 compared with persons with FLUXALT (44% vs. 10%, OR 7.0, 95% CI: 1.5–33.2). No statistically significant differences were found in ALT classification by age, gender, infection duration, median body mass index, alcohol consumption, residence, risk behavior, RNA level, or genotype.Conclusions: Only 6% of persons with chronic HCV had PNALT. Persons with PEALT were significantly more likely to have higher fibrosis scores on liver biopsy than those with FLUXALT. Previous studies with short follow‐up periods may have overestimated the proportion of persons with normal ALT levels.
Effects of Acute Ethanol Exposure on Regulatory Mechanisms of Bcl‐2‐Associated Apoptosis Promoter, Bad, in Neonatal Rat Cerebellum: Differential Effects During Vulnerable and Resistant Developmental Periods
Authors: Siler‐Marsiglio Kendra I. , Madorsky Irina , Pan Qun , Paiva Michael , Neeley Andy W. , Shaw Gerry , Heaton Marieta B. 
Published: May 2006

Background: Prenatal alcohol exposure produces anatomical and behavioral abnormalities associated with fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS). Animal FAS models have demonstrated temporal windows of vulnerability in the developing cerebellum, with substantial ethanol (EtOH)‐mediated apoptotic activation during these periods. In rodents, the cerebellum is most sensitive to EtOH on postnatal days 4 to 6 (P4 to P6). At slightly later ages (P7 and later), this region is less vulnerable to EtOH. The present study investigated EtOH effects on mechanisms related to activities of Bad, a proapoptotic member of the Bcl‐2 gene family, to further characterize processes underlying these disparate EtOH sensitivities. In healthy cells, Bad is retained in the cytosol by association with 14‐3‐3, a primarily cytosolic protein. Bad promotes apoptosis by disassociating from 14‐3‐3 and sequestering Bcl‐xL through heterodimerization. This dimerization prevents the neutralizing association of Bcl‐xL with Bax, freeing Bax to perform in a prodeath manner. Caspase‐dependent cleavage of Bad to a 15‐kDa fragment increases its proapoptogenic capacity.Methods: Two hours following EtOH exposure of P4 and P7 animals via inhalation, we determined how exposure affects intracellular localization and proteolytic cleavage of Bad and expression of cerebellar 14‐3‐3, using subcellular fractionation and Western blot techniques. Ethanol effects on interactions between Bad and 14‐3‐3 or Bcl‐xL at the more vulnerable and less vulnerable ages were determined using an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay–based technique to detect native protein–protein interactions.Results: At P4, EtOH increased mitochondrial localization of Bad, expression of a 15‐kDa fragment recognized by Bad antibody, and formation of Bad:Bcl‐xL complexes. At that more vulnerable age, EtOH also decreased formation of Bad:14‐3‐3 complexes. At P7, EtOH increased Bad:14‐3‐3 complexes and reduced Bad:Bcl‐xL complexes. Cytosolic 14‐3‐3 remained unchanged by EtOH at P4 and P7.Conclusions: Ethanol‐induced alterations of Bad‐related mechanisms at P4 favor a prodeath response. EtOH does not influence these same mechanisms in a manner that promotes cell death at P7. Divergent Bad‐related responses at these 2 developmental ages likely contribute to their differential EtOH vulnerability.
Correlating fracture trends and hydraulic head using semivariogram cloud analysis
Authors: Kurtzman Daniel , Nativ Ronit , Adar Eilon M. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFracture trends (defined as kilometer‐scale linear features interpolated between field observations of fractures along their strikes) often have a dominant orientation. Finding a correlation between this orientation and hydraulic data could shed light on their hydraulic influence. A significant correlation between head residuals from first‐order regional drift and the orientation of 2‐ to 4‐km‐long fracture trends was found in a study site in the Negev, Israel, using the semivariogram cloud analysis. Correlation of head residuals rather than the head itself implies that the orientation of the fracture trends controls the anisotropy and heterogeneity at this scale, mainly because the fracture trends define the orientation of blocks, which differ in their hydraulic properties. Preferential transmissive pathways are probably shorter than the full extent of the fracture trends, causing a relatively high head difference along the trends on the 2‐ to 4‐km scale. Fracture trend density and additional data from short‐range hydraulic tests helped characterize two blocks separated by a fault zone. The identification of hydraulic features on a kilometer scale is necessary for better modeling of regional ground water flow and transport. Hydraulic tests at this scale are not feasible, thereby rendering combined analyses of head and structural data, such as the one presented here, essential.
Spatial weighting functions: Transient hydraulic tests and heterogeneous media
Authors: Molz Fred J. , Guan Jianyong , Wang Jinjun 
Published: May 2006

AbstractTo improve understanding of property measurements in heterogeneous media, an energy‐based weighting function concept is developed. In (assumed) homogeneous media, the instrument spatial weighting function (ISWF) depends only on the energy dissipation distribution set up by the measurement procedure and it reduces to simply inverse sample volume (uniform weighting) for 1‐D parallel flow case (ideal permeameter). For 1‐D transient flow in homogeneous media, such as with slug tests, the ISWF varies with position and time, with 95% of the total weighting contained within 115 well radii, even late in the test. In the heterogeneous case, the determination of the ISWF is connected to the problem of determining an equivalent hydraulic conductivity (K), where the criterion for equivalence is based on equal energy dissipation rate rather than equal volume discharge. The discharge‐based equivalent K (KE) and the energy‐based equivalent K in heterogeneous media (Keh) are not equal in general, with Keh typically above the nodal arithmetic mean K. The possibly more fundamental problem is that as one makes K measurements in heterogeneous media at different locations or on different cores of heterogeneous materials, the ISWF will be heterogeneity dependent, implying that the averaging process resulting in the equivalent K value also varies with position. If the testing procedure is transient, then the averaging process varies with time. This suggests a fundamental ambiguity in the interpretation of hydraulic conductivity measurements in heterogeneous media that may impact how we approach modeling and prediction in a practical sense (Molz 2003). Further research is suggested.
Application of Pervaporation to Phenol–Acetone Condensation Reaction
Authors: Okamoto Ken-ichi , Semoto Toshio , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Kita Hidetoshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Pervaporation through asymmetric polyimide membranes promoted phenol–acetone condensation catalyzed by cation exchange resin as a result of removal of produced water acting as a catalyst inhibitor. This resulted in a significant improvement of the reaction process.
Diastereofacial Discrimination in the Reaction of Chiral Alkoxymethyl Oxime Ethers with Allyl Metallic Reagents
Authors: Ukaji Yutaka , Kume Kouji , Watai Toshiyuki , Fujisawa Tamotsu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Allyl Grignard reagent complexed with cerium trichloride added to chiral (E)-alkoxymethyl oxime ether, derived from (S)-2-methoxy-1-phenylethanol, to give the corresponding (S)-amine stereoselectively, while the imino addition of allyllithium occurred with a preference for the opposite (R)-isomer. The configuration of the starting oxime ethers was found to greatly influence the diastereofacial discrimination.
Novel Carboxymethylation of Styrene Derivatives by Mn3+-Mediated Electrooxidation
Authors: Shundo Ryushi , Nishiguchi Ikuzo , Matsubara Yoshiharu , Toyoshima Manabu , Hirashima Tsuneaki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Anodic oxidation in a mixed solvent of acetic acid and acetic anhydride containing a variety of styrene derivatives, small amounts of Mn(OAc)2·4H2O and Cu(OAc)2·H2O brought about a facile carboxymethylation to give the corresponding γ-butyrolactones as the main products in good yields.
Photoinduced Electron Transfer Affected by Electrical Potential Difference in LB Films
Authors: Kondo Toshihiro , Fujihira Masamichi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The comparison of the dependence of the electron transfer quenching rate on the signs in head group charge indicates that the inner potential difference of the electrical double layer (EDL) created between the sensitizer and the ferrocene monolayer, Δφ, has to be taken into account for estimation of the effective standard free energy of the electron transfer quenching reaction, ΔG°.
Highly Efficient Palladium Catalyst System for Insertion of Acetylenes into Si–Si Bonds. A New Method for Modification of Silicon-containing Polymers
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Catellani Marta , Tanaka Masato 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The Pd(dba)2–2P(OCH2)3CEt (dba = dibenzylideneacetone) system exhibited highly efficient catalysis in the insertion of acetylenes into Si–Si bonds of hexamethyldisilane, octamethyltrisilane, poly[(disilanylene)phenylene] , poly[(disilanylene)ethylene], and poly(dimethylsilylene).
Lanthanoid Complexes with Hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) Ligand. Preparation and Crystal Structure of Ytterbium Complexes of HMPA, [Yb(H2O)5(HMPA)2]Cl3·H2O·HMPA and YbCl3 (HMPA)3
Authors: Hou Zhaomin , Kobayashi Kimiko , Yamazaki Hiroshi 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Reaction of YbCl3 with hexamethylphosphoramide (HMPA) in THF under air gave [Yb(H2O)5(HMPA)2]Cl3·H2O·HMPA and YbCl3(HMPA)3 respectively, depending on the recrystallization conditions. Both complexes have been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography.
Regiospecific and Diastereoselective Crotylation of Aldimines with Crotyltrifluorosilanes Activated by Fluoride Ions
Authors: Kira Mitsuo , Hino Takakazu , Sakurai Hideki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
Aliphatic and aromatic aldimines are crotylated in a regiospecific and diastereo selective manner by the reaction with (E)- and (Z)-crotyltrifluorosilanes in the presence of cesium fluoride to give homoallylamines in high yields.
An Improved Synthesis of Poly(m-aniline) and the Magnetic Properties of Its HCl Salt
Authors: Ishida Takayuki , Iwamura Hiizu 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
An analytically satisfactory sample of poly(m-aniline) was obtained from m-bromoaniline in the presence of a copper-based catalyst. The magnetic susceptibility of the HCl salt followed a Curie–Weiss law and the spin concentration was determined to be 2.6 × 1019 spins/g.
Photo-Induced Electron Transfer Reaction of Polysilanes. Intramolecular Trapping of a Transient Silyl Radical Cation with a Nucleophile
Authors: Nakadaira Yasuhiro , Sekiguchi Akira , Funada Yasuhito , Sakurai Hideki 
Published: May 2006

Abstract
The radical cation, produced in photo-induced electron transfer of polysilanyl alkanols, can be trapped efficiently intramolecularly with the hydroxyl group. The silyl radical generated in the process is trapped by the solvent employed. A good Hammett relationship is observed in aryldisilanylalkanols between the relative reactivities of the Si–Si bond and σ+ constants of the substituent on the aryl group.