bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality of General Movements Is Related to White Matter Pathology in Very Preterm Infants
Authors: Spittle Alicia J. , Brown Nisha C. , Doyle Lex W. , Boyd Roslyn N. , Hunt Rod W. , Bear Merilyn , Inder Terrie E. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE. Preterm infants are at an increased risk for abnormalities of general movements, which predict subsequent poor neurodevelopmental outcome. The cerebral lesion that predisposes the preterm infant to abnormal general movements remains unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the association between MRI-defined cerebral abnormalities and general movements at 1 and 3 months' corrected age in infants who were born very preterm.
METHODS. Eighty-six preterm infants (&lt;30 weeks' gestation) were prospectively recruited and underwent brain MRI at term-equivalent age to investigate the relationship between qualitative white and gray matter pathology and abnormality of general movements. Standardized videotaped recordings of general movements were obtained at 1 and 3 months postterm (±1 week) and scored without knowledge of the MRI findings. At 1 month corrected age, general movements of a writhing character were classified as normal or abnormal (poor repertoire, cramped synchronized, or chaotic). At 3 months' corrected age, fidgety general movements were classified as present or absent.
RESULTS. At 1 month, 53 (62%) infants had abnormal general movements, 46 of whom had poor repertoire general movements and 7 of whom had cramped synchronized general movements. At 3 months, 23 (25%) infants had absent fidgety movements. At both 1 and 3 months of age, consistently abnormal general movement classifications were related to increasing white matter abnormality on MRI. In contrast, there were no significant relationships between general movement classifications and gray matter abnormalities, either individually or in total.
CONCLUSION. The significant relationships between general movements at 1 and 3 months and cerebral white matter abnormalities on MRI in the very preterm infant support the concept that abnormal general movements reflect white matter injury.
Percutaneously Inserted Central Catheter for Total Parenteral Nutrition in Neonates: Complications Rates Related to Upper Versus Lower Extremity Insertion
Authors: Hoang Viet , Sills Jack , Chandler Michelle , Busalani Erin , Clifton-Koeppel Robin , Modanlou Houchang D. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to compare the complication rates of upper versus lower extremity percutaneously inserted central catheters used for total parenteral nutrition in neonates.METHODS. During a 48-month study period, 396 neonates were identified as having had percutaneously inserted central venous catheters. A total of 370 catheters were inserted from the upper and 107 from the lower extremity. Data retrieved and analyzed were birth weight, gestational age, age at placement, duration in place, duration of total parenteral nutrition, type of infusates, catheter-related bloodstream infection, phlebitis, leakage, occlusion, necrotizing enterocolitis, intraventricular hemorrhage, serum creatinine, liver function tests, and length of hospitalization.RESULTS. The median birth weight and gestational age were 940 g and 28 weeks. The rate of catheter-related bloodstream infection was 11.6% for the upper and 9.3% in the lower extremity catheters. The most common organism was coagulase-negative Staphylococcus for both upper and lower extremity catheters and significantly higher with catheters from the upper extremity. Lower extremity catheters were in place longer, and the time from insertion to complication was also longer. The rate of cholestasis was higher for the upper extremity catheters. Multiple regression analysis showed that the most significant contributor to cholestasis was duration of time the catheters were in place and the duration of total parenteral nutrition administration. Receiver operating characteristics curve demonstrated higher sensitivity for duration of catheters in predicting cholestasis with duration of total parenteral nutrition being more specific.CONCLUSION. Lower extremity percutaneously inserted central venous catheters had lower rates of catheter-related bloodstream infection, longer time to first complication, and lower cholestasis despite longer duration of total parenteral nutrition. When possible, lower extremity inserted catheters should be used for the administration of total parenteral nutrition.
Carbon(IV) oxide Capture and Sequestration in Nigeria: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Isehunwa O. S. , Makinde A. A. , Olamigoke O. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
The capture and storage of carbon dioxide (CCS) produced during the combustion of fossil fuels now offers one option for attaining large scale reductions in the emissions of greenhouse gases and thus, promote a clean environment. It is now becoming clear that CCS technologies could promote the use or consumption of fossil fuels than otherwise previously thought.
This paper presents an overview of the techniques involved in the capture and sequestration of carbondioxide(CO2). The opportunities and the challenges of the application of CCS in Nigeria are considered.
It is concluded that the development of gas utilization schemes and power plants makes it imperative for Nigeria to give attention to CCS technologies.
A Correlation to Predict the Viscosity of Light Crude Oils
Authors: Isehunwa O. S. , Olamigoke O. , Makinde A. A. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Direct viscosity measurements are often expensive or unavailable. Therefore, empirical correlations are often used for predicting the viscosity of crude oils. However, several published correlations are either too simplistic or too complex for routine operational use. Many of the common correlations in use were developed using data from other regions of the world.
Empirical correlations for predicting the viscosity of light crude oils in the Niger Delta have been presented in this paper.
Data from over 400 oil reservoirs from the Niger Delta were collected. The samples were representative of the two crude oil viscosity regimes: above and below the bubble point. After normalquality checks, non-linear multiple regression with linear partial correlation coefficient techniques were used to establish simple correlations between viscosity, pressure, temperature, oil specific gravity and solution gas oil ratio.
Statistical error analysis of the developed correlation showed average absolute relative percentage error of4.00% and 3.25% and R2 of 0.99 and 0.97 for oil viscosity above and below the bubble point respectively. These results constitute considerable improvements over existing correlations.
Leveraging Green Power: Environmental Rules for Project Finance
Authors: Schaper Marcus 
Published: April 2008

Environmental policies of providers of international finance – namely the World Bank, export credit agencies, and Equator Principles banks – provide interesting cases within which to study the power of business not as only an input to the political process or as a constraint on politics, but also as a conduit for both state and non-state actors.This paper shows how targeting financial actors has allowed NGOs to transform their rather weak discursive power base into instrumental power over business actors in other sectors. NGOs have channeled their power through states, consumers, and financial institutions; this has allowed them to augment discursive power over their targets with additional indirect, yet more immediate, forms of structural and instrumental power. As a consequence of both direct and indirect NGO pressure, financial institutions have adopted environmental policies. This article posits a theoretical explanation of the underspecified power relationships in NGO strategies that allow NGOs to exploit weak links in commodity chains for their campaigns.This paper argues that financial institutions wield considerable structural power through their ability to control access to finance. It is particularly this power base which has made them prime targets for NGOs campaigning for the greening of infrastructure development projects. As a consequence of NGO pressure, financial institutions have adopted environmental policies which in turn have provided the World Bank and Equator banks with additional sources of discursive power.
The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition Initiative and the Tax Havens: From Bombshell to Damp Squib
Authors: Kudrle Robert T. 
Published: April 2008

The OECD's Harmful Tax Competition of 1998 departed in both tone and substance from almost anything the organization had published before. The roots of the associated project lie mainly in EU concerns that certain forms of intra-union competition were eroding both the corporate and personal income tax bases of member states. But it appeared impossible to deal with those problems unless policies were also changed in the 40 or so jurisdictions know as “tax havens.” HTC threatened sanctions against the tax havens if they failed to collect and share information upon request about individuals and corporations attempting to evade or avoid income taxes. HTC also set criteria for the legitimacy of claims about corporate location. A firm could claim location in a tax haven only if it had “substantial” activity there. The report created a furor among the tax havens, which complained loudly that they were facing a new form of colonial control by being held accountable for standards they had no role in setting. Over the next several years the corporate element of the project disappeared, and the style of the OECD's approach shifted from confrontation to cooperation. HTC was strongly supported by the Clinton Administration, and summaries of the project's development often stress how much change came with the election of George W. Bush. A careful look at OECD reports, however, reveals that much of the shift in direction occurred before the outcome of the U.S. election in 2000 had been determined. The revised focus on bank secrecy did yield results. Virtually all of the tax havens had acceded to the revised OECD demands for transparency and information exchange by 2004. This article looks at the data on tax haven liabilities to gauge the impact of the project on tax evasion. It employs the ARIMA technique to investigate both tax haven activity as a whole and the particularly important case of the Cayman Islands. No significant impact can be found probably because investment in the havens remains very easy to disguise and very difficult to detect. This suggests that an effective attack on personal income evasion will require more than the OECD demanded. Automatic information-sharing on the ownership based on an internationally consistent set of identifying numbers over a range of financial instruments holds greater promise for a significant decline in the use of the havens for tax evasion.
Social Dumping: The Debate on a Multilateral Social Clause
Authors: Hurtado Inmaculada , Argerey Patricia 
Published: April 2008

Competition between countries has rapidly increased in the current context of economic globalization. Both indirect competition (through trade) and direct competition (through illegal immigration) can breed social dumping, exerting downward pressure on labor conditions in developed countries. In this paper we show the need for a social clause in order to prevent firms from illegally obtaining a comparative advantage. The adoption of a social clause, based on agreed labour rights by all signatories to ILO Conventions and on the compliance by multinationals, would eliminate social dumping. Linking labor standards and trade at the multilateral level has received a lot of criticism. Some claim that this is just another strategy to masquerade the protectionist ambitions of developed countries. We believe that it should be adopted at the multilateral level in order to favor an ethical behavior in both trade and investment. This is particularly crucial for less developed countries that have inserted themselves in the international economy. A balanced analysis of the arguments in favor and against the adoption of a social clause reveals that there is a patent need for an international harmonization of workers' rights regardless of the instruments.
What Can the Economics of Intellectual Property Learn from the Economics of Insurance?
Authors: Watt Richard 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper considers how the economics of intellectual property can benefit from what has been published in the area of the economics of insurance. The objective is to show that the two areas of study are sufficiently related for the insights of the latter to be relevant to the former. Since the economics of insurance is a very mature subject, while the economics of IP is much younger, it seems that there could be many valuable lessons from insurance that can be imported into IP, at least at a first degree of approximation.
Copyright Doctrines, Abstraction and Court Error
Authors: Khong Dennis W.K. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Copyright protection can be divided into ?ve levels: subject matter, level of abstraction, exceptions, term limit, and restricted acts. Although copyright exceptions, in particular the fair use doctrine, and term limit have been subject to signi?cant economic analyses, studies on protection and the limits of protection of subject matter, and level of abstraction in copyright are still fairly scarce. Furthermore, the dominant model for optimal copyright protection is problematic for it requires a standard-based copyright doctrine to achieve what was postulated. Since copyright doctrines in respect of protection based on the level of abstraction are more rule-based in nature, an alternative explanation is in order. In a recent article titled “Copyright as a Rule of Evidence”, Douglas Lichtman (2003) hinted such an approach where evidence plays a role in explaining this set of doctrines. In this paper, we use an abstraction and a probabilistic model to explain copyright doctrines. Copyright doctrines such as the idea-expression dichotomy, the originality requirement, de minimis rule, substantiality requirement, merger doctrine, and the scènes á faire doctrine, have the effect of creating a protection divide. Doctrines such as the causal connection requirement, independent creation defence, and the objective similarity requirement, further create an inference divide. We show that the protection and inference divides are relevant in protecting the literal and non-literal dimensions in a copyrighted work. Furthermore, we ?nd that between the protection divide and the inference divide, there is a region of non-strict liability protection. All these three regions, and the related copyright doctrines, are explained by an evidence theory of minimising the risk of court error in deciding infringement cases.
Copyright Infringement, Product Quality and Producer's Profit
Authors: Banerjee Dyuti , Mukherjee Vivekananda 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper uses a strategic entry-deterrence framework to study the relationship between copying cost, and a monopolist’s profit and product quality. The potential entrant is a fake-producer producing and selling identical copies of the monopolist’s product. The monopolist’s subgame perfect equilibrium quality and profit is either unaffected or positively affected by changes in the copying cost. Tariffs on copying devices may be an effective copyright right protection instrument. Though an increase in tariff increases the product quality and monopolist’s profit, its welfare effects are ambiguous.
Conflict and Production: An Application to Natural Resources
Authors: Wick Katharina 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
I present a Stackelberg model of conflict, in which contestants have limited endowments to be put in two separate sectors, thus incorporating salient features of many conflicts. The model is applied to the case of conflict over natural resources. Consistent with amounting empirical evidence regarding a so-called "resource curse," I find that the relation between conflict intensity and resource rents is non-monotonous, and that the economy's income growth rate may be negatively affected by resource abundance.
Millers, Commission Agents and Collusion in Grain Markets: Evidence from Basmati Auctions in North India
Authors: Banerji A. , Meenakshi J.V. 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
This paper undertakes structural estimation of asymmetric auction models in a market for basmati, and detects the presence of a cartel consisting of a large (in market share) local miller and commission agents purchasing for large distant millers. The contracts between the distant millers and their commission agents help to explain the specific form that collusion takes. Simulations indicate that (i) the cartel gains considerably by colluding, over the competitive outcome; (ii) however, sellers (farmers) do not lose significantly under collusion when the commission agents bid. The paper also shows that efficient collusion, the form of collusion commonly assumed in the literature, does not explain the data well.
The Economics of Workaholism: We Should Not Have Worked on This Paper
Authors: Hamermesh Daniel S. , Slemrod Joel B 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
A large literature examines the addictive properties of such behaviors as smoking, drinking alcohol, gambling and eating. We argue that for some people addictive behavior may apply to a much more central aspect of economic life: working. Although workaholism raises some of the same health-related concerns as other addictions, compared to most of the more familiar addictions it is more likely to be a problem of higher-income individuals and is more likely to generate negative spillovers onto individuals around the workaholic. Using the Retirement History Survey and the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, we show that high-income, highly educated people exhibit behavior that is consistent with workaholism with regard to retiringthey are more likely to postpone earlier plans for retirement. The theory and evidence suggest that the presence of workaholism calls for a more progressive income tax system than otherwise, although other more targeted policies may be part of optimal policy.
Risk Attitude in Real Decision Problems
Authors: Botti Fabrizio , Conte Anna , Di Cagno Daniela Teresa , D'Ippoliti Carlo 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
We use data from 298 showings of the television program "Affari Tuoi," which involves contestants making decisions between risky prospects with possible prizes of up to half a million euros, to estimate three models of decision-making under risk: Expected Utility, Rank-Dependent Expected Utility and Regret-Rejoice. We find that Regret-Rejoice does not significantly improve upon Expected Utility, while Rank-Dependent outperforms it. Interestingly, we find that the CARA specification fits significantly better than the conventionally-adopted CRRA specification. Crucially, we find a significant role for unobserved heterogeneity, implying that our estimates provide more superior estimates of risk attitude and of probability weighting than other studies.
The Shape of Demand: What Does It Tell Us about Direct-to-Consumer Marketing of Antidepressants?
Authors: Meyerhoefer Chad D. , Zuvekas Samuel H 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Much of the debate surrounding Direct-to-Consumer Advertising (DTCA) of pharmaceuticals centers on whether DTCA conveys useful information to consumers or indiscriminately increases requests for the advertised medication. By identifying how DTCA changes the shape of the demand curve for antidepressants, we seek to infer the promotional objectives of manufacturers. Using data from the 1996-2003 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS), we find that advertising shifts the demand curve for antidepressants outward and rotates it counter-clockwise. DTCA increases the probability that an individual will initiate use of antidepressants, particularly when out-of-pocket medication costs are low, but does not necessarily increase utilization levels among those already taking antidepressants. This is consistent with a promotional campaign that seeks to alert consumers to the product's existence, but conveys no real information that would allow them to learn their true match with the product.
Did 'Targets and Terror' Reduce Waiting Times in England for Hospital Care?
Authors: Propper Carol , Sutton Matt , Whitnall Carolyn , Windmeijer Frank 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Waiting times have been a central concern in the English NHS, where care is provided free at the point of delivery and is rationed by waiting time. Pro-market reforms introduced in the NHS in the 1990s were not accompanied by large drops in waiting times. As a result, the English government in 2000 adopted the use of an aggressive policy of targets coupled with the publication of waiting times data at the hospital level and strong sanctions for poor performing hospital managers. This regime has been dubbed targets and terror. We estimate the effect of the English target regime for waiting times for hospital care after 2001 by a comparative analysis with Scotland, a neighbouring country with the same healthcare system that did not adopt the target regime. We estimate difference-in-differences models of the proportion of people on the waiting list who waited over 6, 9 and 12 months. Comparisons between England and Scotland are sensitive to whether published or unpublished data are used but, regardless of the data source, the targets and terror regime in England lowered the proportion of people waiting for elective treatment relative to Scotland.
Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Nižná Boca Sb-Au Hydrothermal Ore Deposit (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)
Authors: Smirnov Alexander , Pršek Jaroslav , Chovan Martin 
Published: April 2008

Mineralogy and Geochemistry of the Nižná Boca Sb-Au Hydrothermal Ore Deposit (Western Carpathians, Slovakia)Samples from hydrothermal Sb-Au mineralization in the area SE of Nižná Boca village in the N&iAzke Tatry Mountains were investigated using a variety of geochemical and mineralogical methods. Ore minerals typically occur in N-S striking quartz-carbonate veins hosted by an I-type biotite granodiorite to tonalite of Variscan Age (the Ďumbier Type). Paragenetic associations in the deposit are comparable to other mineralizations of the same type in the Ďumbierske Nízke Tatry Mountains. A quartz-arsenopyrite, pyrite stage of mineralization is the oldest with a calculated temperature of formation of about 445°C. It is followed by a quartz-carbonate-stibnite, zinkenite stage and, in turn, a quartz-carbonate-sphalerite-galena, boulangerite-gold stage. The gold typically contains between 9-18 wt.% Ag regardless of mineral association. No evidence for further generations of gold was found although it is possible that some gold was remobilized from the structure of the auriferous arsenopyrite. The Au and Ag content of the bulk ore ranges from 0.53 g.t-1to 20.2 g.t-1and from 0.9 g.t-1to 31.2 g.t-1, respectively. A tetrahedrite-chalcopyrite stage is followed by a barite-hematite stage - the youngest assemblage in the deposit. Fluid inclusions from the first mineralization stage are usually less than 3 μm in size and contain less than 3.6 wt.% CO2; salinity, density and homogenization temperature range from 2.7-16.3 wt.% NaCl(eq), 0.85-1.03 g.cm-1and 128-280°C, respectively.