bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One order, two laws: recovering the ‘normative’
in English School theory
Authors: BAIN WILLIAM 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis article takes as its starting point the failure of the so-called normative
wing of the English School to theorise the foundational determinants of value
from which international society derives its normative character. In other
words, they have not adequately thought through ‘the law behind the
law’; that is, the underlying basis of obligation in international
life. Thus, English School theorists are able to describe and to explain various
norms but they cannot make sense of the reasons why any of these norms should be
regarded as obligatory. Failure in this regard is attributable in large part to
the way in which pluralist and solidarist conceptions of international life are
typically understood as representing conflicting moral claims. This article
seeks to move beyond these seemingly incommensurable claims, and the debate to
which they give their names, by putting forward an account of obligation that
reconciles the unity of human community and the freedom of international society
in a single, intellectually coherent argument. The article concludes by arguing
that a normative version of English School theory formulated in this way opens
space for thinking through much of what still confounds the English School,
including the normative character of political economy, the existence of a
rational order of values, and the ever elusive meaning of world society.
Lessons in International Communication: Carr, Angell and Lippmann on human nature, public opinion and leadership
Authors: CHONG ALAN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe sub-field of International Communication within International Relations is insufficiently cognisant of the social foundations of communication. Through a selective interpretation of three prominent interwar thinkers’ works, it will be argued that International Communication is a largely social, even ideological, field. The advantage of reading interwar international theory lies in their eclectic appreciation of the power of public opinion and leadership without undue fixation with realist and idealist labels. By reading Edward Carr, Norman Angell and Walter Lippmann, one can tease out the following three themes for organising the study of International Communication: human nature assumptions; opinion as power; and leadership in foreign policy in terms of public education.
The concept of solidarity in the study of world politics: towards a critical theoretic understanding
Authors: WEBER MARTIN 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe concept of solidarity has been used in IR theory with social theoretic connotations, which have remained, by and large, murky and unclear. Below, I argue that the concept of solidarity must be understood together with its normative implications, that these implications matter per se, and that this has yet to be realised in contexts where the concept is used in IR.
Seasonal variation in hornbill abundance in a West African national park detected using analysis of acoustic recordings
Authors: Rainey Hugo J. , Zuberbühler Klaus 
Published: September 2007

AbstractDistance sampling, line transects and radio-tracking have been used previously to estimate population abundances and movements of hornbills. We used a large dataset of audio recordings made over 10 years to estimate seasonal variation in abundance of three species: Black-casqued Hornbill Ceratogymna atrata, Yellow-casqued Hornbill C. elata and Brown-cheeked Hornbill Bycanistes cylindricus, in Taï National Park, Côte d'Ivoire. The latter two species are Near Threatened. Recordings of hornbill wing-beats were used to control for potential seasonal variation in call production. Yellow- and Black-casqued Hornbill calls were 10 times as abundant from July to February as they were from March to June. Brown-cheeked Hornbills showed a similar trend, but less pronounced. From these data we concluded that large numbers of Yellow- and Black-casqued Hornbills had left the Taï National Park during this period. The significance of these findings is discussed in relation to the fragmentation and regeneration of the Upper Guinea forests and the relatively small size of the remaining forest habitat in the region.Les taux d'abondance et de mouvement des populations de calaos étaient auparavant estimés par un échantillonnage et des analyses sur le logiciel Distance, des transects linéaires et des repérages télémétriques. Nous avons eu recours è un grand ensemble d'enregistrements audio effectués sur plus de 10 ans afin d'estimer la variation saisonniàre de l'abondance de trois espàces rencontrées dans le Parc National de Taï, en Côte d'Ivoire : le Grand Calao è Casque Noir Ceratogymna atrata, le Grand Calao è Casque Jaune Ceratogymna elata et le Calao è Joues Brunes Bycanistes cylindricus. Ces deux derniàres espàces sont aujourd'hui considérées comme presque menacées. Nous avons procédé è des enregistrements de battements d'ailes pour tester une potentielle variation saisonniàre de la production des cris. Les cris des Grands Calaos è Casque Jaune et è Casque Noir étaient dix fois plus abondants entre juillet et février qu'entre mars et juin. En revanche, les Calaos è Joues Brunes n'ont présenté qu'une petite variation du taux d'abondance entre ces deux périodes. D'apràs ces données, nous avons conclu qu'un grand nombre de Calaos è Casque Jaune et è Casque Noir quittent le Parc National de Taï entre mars et juin. La signification de ces découvertes est discutée en tenant compte de la fragmentation et de la régénération des forêts de Haute Guinée ainsi que de la dimension relativement petite de l'habitat forestier subsistant dans cette région.
Time budgets and habitat use of White-naped Cranes Grus vipio in the Ulz river valley, north-eastern Mongolia during the breeding season
Authors: Bradter Ute , Gombobaatar Sundev , Uuganbayar Chuluunbaatar , Grazia Tracy E. , Exo Klaus-Michael 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHabitat loss and degradation are critical threats for the globally threatened White-naped Crane Grus vipio. We estimated the size of the area used per day and the time budgets of parental and non-parental White-naped Crane pairs in north-eastern Mongolia during 2000 and 2001. Six parental crane pairs used an area of 11–155 ha per day. The maximum distance of a focal parental crane from the roosting-site was 3,030 m. Habitat conservation measures for breeding White-naped Cranes need to be targeted to within at least 3 km of the roosting-site or nest-site. Parental cranes spent 79.6 ± 4.8% of the daylight period foraging and had reduced preening and resting behaviour to 4.4 ± 1.9%. Pairs without juveniles showed a pronounced period of resting and preening behaviour during midday, which was absent in parental cranes. This indicates that parental cranes may be time-stressed. We conclude that increases in feeding-related activities (e.g. caused by a decrease in food availability) are likely to be at the expense of parental vigilance. Conversely, increases in vigilance (due to e.g. increased disturbance) may have a negative impact on feeding-related activities. Both increases can potentially negatively affect reproductive success in this Vulnerable species.
The Chestnut-banded Plover is an overlooked globally Near Threatened Species
Authors: Simmons Rob , Baker Neil , Braby Rod , Dodman Tim , Nasirwa Oliver , Tyler Stephanie , Versfeld Wilferd , Wearne Keith , Wheeler Marius 
Published: September 2007

AbstractSpecies that show obvious population declines are relatively easy to categorize as globally threatened under IUCN Red List criteria. However, species whose populations are highly concentrated at a few inaccessible sites that are unprotected or habitat-threatened and then disperse are more difficult to pigeon-hole. Here we re-assess the conservation status of one such species – the Chestnut-banded Plover Charadrius pallidus – that occurs across Africa in specialized, inaccessible and arid habitat. Wetland bird counts from 1991 to the present allow us to determine a new world population estimate of about 17,830 birds. This allows us to determine a new 1% level and we identified only eight sites in southern and East Africa where these plovers congregate in numbers >1% when non-breeding. There are only five other sites that hold more than 100 birds, indicating that the species is not simply widely dispersed across suitable habitats. Simultaneous counts across southern and East Africa indicate that just three sites – Walvis Bay and Sandwich Harbour in Namibia and Lake Natron in Tanzania – can hold 87% of the world population during non-breeding periods. Since two of these sites are under threat from pollution, siltation and water abstraction, and the eight sites in total comprise just 30% of the area criteria set by IUCN, the bird meets one of the two qualifiers for globally Vulnerable status. Despite this, we cannot detect any long-term declines in population size, partly because of wide variations in population numbers over decadal time periods (itself an IUCN qualifier). It is clear that this bird should move from its present Least Concern status to Near Threatened and conservation measures be enacted at two of the top three sites – Walvis Bay and Lake Natron.
Implications of changing species definitions for conservation purposes
Authors: Garnett Stephen T. , Christidis Les 
Published: September 2007

AbstractConcern has been expressed that failure to adopt phylogenetic or related species concepts will result in biodiversity loss. Here we describe how widespread adoption of such concepts may affect conservation administration and the social contract with elected governments that fund management of threatened species. We then review threatened species legislation, showing that most laws and international conventions avoid arguments over species' definitions altogether, thus negating arguments that such definitions should be changed to further species' conservation.
New information on the Critically Endangered Javanese Lapwing Vanellus macropterus, based mainly on unpublished notes by August Spennemann (c. 1878–1945)
Authors: (BAS) Van Balen S , Nijman Vincent 
Published: September 2007

AbstractIn a manuscript written by August Spennemann in the 1930s, information is presented on display behaviour, vocalizations and habitat at two hitherto unknown localities of the Javanese Lapwing Vanellus (Hoplopterus) macropterus, a species last recorded in 1940. We provide a translation of the notes and give a summary of all information additional to what has already been published on the species. The Javanese Lapwing is historically known from two discrete areas on the island of Java: one in the west along the north coast, and one in the east along the south coast. Spennemann's observations, made in 1927 and 1928 at Poponcol and Tegallurung, represent the last documented sightings of the species along the north coast and are situated some 75 km east of the north coast's previous easternmost known locality, effectively doubling the species' known range in western Java. At this time, the Javanese Lapwing was observed daily, and unlike at most other localities from where the species is known, was common. Spennemann observed them in groups of up to six birds, the largest group size recorded. Some local movement or migration is suggested by its erratic occurrence and off-shore sightings.
Initial development of a survey tool to detect issues of chemical coping in chronic pain patients
Authors: Kirsh Kenneth L. , Jass Carolyn , Bennett Daniel S. , Hagen James E. , Passik Steven D. 
Published: September 2007

Objective: Completely compliant drug-taking behavior is associated with opioid therapy that is usually highly beneficial to the pain patient, whereas frequent and severe aberrant behavior is generally associated with therapy that is potentially harmful to the patient and borders on addiction. There is a large group of patients in the middle between these two extremes: those who display aberrant behaviors periodically, who may additionally have a mixed response to opioid therapy, the overall results of which are less than satisfying (often in the domain of functionality) to the clinician. We have used the term chemical coping to describe this vast middle ground and seek to begin a line of research starting with the development of a clinically useful tool to identify this subset of patients.Methods: A background review is provided to highlight the need for better understanding of chemical coping. In addition, the first steps in creating a chemical coping tool are discussed, including the results of focus group interviews to determine the clarity, understandability of the items, and to assure that they are not objectionable or offensive. A total of 15 patients and 15 professionals completed this phase of the project.Results: Both the professionals and patients reported that the items were generally clear and understandable. In addition, although the items cover potentially sensitive topics and some were designed with a provocative edge, the respondents had few requested changes. The researchers are moving forward with the next phase of research.Significance of results: The middle ground between compliant medication use and addiction, which we call chemical coping, is poorly understood and woefully underresearched. Despite this gap in our knowledge base, it is an often observed phenomenon. Creating a tool to identify these characteristics can lead to better treatment outcomes and earlier interventions to help improve compliance with medication regimens.
Prognosticating futures and the human experience of hope
Authors: Thorne Sally , Oglov Valerie , Armstrong Elizabeth-Anne , Hislop T. Gregory 
Published: September 2007

Objectives: Communication between health care providers and patients with cancer and other chronic diseases typically references probabilities that certain future events will or will not occur. Beyond the context of diagnostic encounters and the transmission of “bad news,” such “prognostic” communications take place in various forms throughout the illness trajectory. It is well known that such information transmitted badly can have devastating psychosocial consequences for patients and their families and, conversely, that difficult information exchanged with sensitivity can lend tremendous support. This study aimed to extend our understanding of how such communications are received and interpreted by patients, so that we might optimally apply what we know about general principles of effective communication within the particularly challenging context of predicting futures.Methods: We conducted a combined secondary analysis of two prior qualitative studies into patient perceptions of helpful and unhelpful health care communication with 200 cancer patients and 30 persons with chronic illness. These data sets offered a rich resource for comparing perceptions across a range of contextual variables, and secondary analysis focused on future-oriented interactions, including both prognostication and prediction.Results: The accounts of patients with cancer and chronic illness reveal various ways in which health care communications involving future projections interact with their human experience of hope, powerfully shaping their capacity to make sense of and live with serious illness. They include a synthesis of what patients recommend health care professionals know and understand about this challenging dynamic.Significance of results: The findings of this study offer a distinct angle of vision onto the various communications that involve future predictions, illuminating a patient perspective with the potential to inform health care communication approaches that are both informative and therapeutic. As such, the study supports a dynamic understanding of the tenuous balance between hope and honesty in the clinical encounter.
Primary concerns of advanced cancer patients identified through the structured life review process: A qualitative study using a text mining technique
Authors: Ando Michiyo , Morita Tatsuya , O'Connor Stephen J. 
Published: September 2007

Objective: This study aims to clarify characteristics of the contents of life review in reminiscence therapies in cancer patients by age, gender, and stage of disease.Methods: Sixteen patients who were terminally ill and were receiving anticancer treatments participated in life review therapy. Patients reviewed there lives according to their developmental stage, and they mainly reviewed impressive achievements. A clinical psychologist interviewed each patient four times and the total number of sessions was 64. The contents of each life review were transcribed, and a correspondence analysis and a significance test were conducted on these data to choose characteristic words or phrases.Results: The main concern of 40-year-olds was “about children.” For 50-year-olds, it was “how to confront death” and for 60-year-olds, “death-related anxiety” and “new discoveries”. For 70-year-olds, “resignation about death” and “evaluative reminiscence of their lives” were most important, and for 80-year-olds the main concern was “relationships with others.” When analyzing the data according to disease stage and gender, “transcendence to children”, “reflection on their past behavior”, and “gratitude for my family” were characteristic words for males receiving treatment, “work,” “worries about children,” “side effects,” “homecare,” and “reflection on their past behavior” were characteristic words for females receiving treatment. “Physical condition”, “desire for death” and “how to confront death” were common phrase for males in the terminal stages of the disease process, while “resignation to life” was characteristic reaction for females.Significance of results: There appear to be considerable differences in the focus of life review interviews by age, disease age, disease stage, and gender. Clinicians should consider these differences when using life-review therapy in order to tailor it to the individual.
Potentiation of NF‐κB‐dependent transcription and inflammatory mediator release by histamine in human airway epithelial cells
Authors: Holden N S , Gong W , King E M , Kaur M , Giembycz M A , Newton R 
Published: September 2007

Background and purpose:In asthma, histamine contributes to bronchoconstriction, vasodilatation and oedema, and is associated with the late phase response. The current study investigates possible inflammatory effects of histamine acting on nuclear factor κB (NF‐κB)‐dependent transcription and cytokine release.Experimental approach:Using BEAS‐2B bronchial epithelial cells, NF‐κB‐dependent transcription and both release and mRNA expression of IL‐6 and IL‐8 were examined by reporter assay, ELISA and quantitative RT‐PCR. Histamine receptors were detected using qualitative RT‐PCR and function examined using selective agonists and antagonists.Key results:Addition of histamine to TNFα‐stimulated BEAS‐2B cells maximally potentiated NF‐κB‐dependent transcription 1.8 fold, whereas IL‐6 and IL‐8 protein release were enhanced 7.3‐ and 2.7‐fold respectively. These responses were, in part, NF‐κB‐dependent and were associated with 2.6‐ and 1.7‐fold enhancements of IL‐6 and IL‐8 mRNA expression. The H1receptor antagonist, mepyramine, caused a rightward shift in the concentration‐response curves of TNFα‐induced NF‐κB‐dependent transcription (pA2=9.91) and release of IL‐6 (pA2=8.78) and IL‐8 (pA2=8.99). Antagonists of histamine H2, H3and H4receptors were without effect. Similarly, H3and H4receptor agonists did not affect TNFα‐induced NF‐κB‐dependent transcription, or IL‐6 and IL‐8 release at concentrations below 10 μM. The anti‐inflammatory glucocorticoid, dexamethasone, inhibited the histamine enhanced NF‐κB‐dependent transcription and IL‐6 and IL‐8 release.Conclusions and implications:Potentiation of NF‐κB‐dependent transcription and inflammatory cytokine release by histamine predominantly involves receptors of the H1receptor subtype. These data support an anti‐inflammatory role for H1receptor antagonists by preventing the transcription and release of pro‐inflammatory cytokines.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)152, 891–902; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707457; published online 24 September 2007
Cannabinoid control of neuroinflammation related to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Baker D , Jackson S J , Pryce G 
Published: September 2007

The cannabis plant (Cannabis sativa) has been known by many names but the question remains ‘Can we call it medicine?’ There has been renewed interest in the value of cannabis for the control of neuroinflammatory conditions such as multiple sclerosis, where it has been shown to have some effect on spasticity and pain both experimentally and in clinical trials in humans. However, in addition to symptom control potential, the question remains whether cannabinoids can modify the neuroinflammatory element which drives relapsing neurological attacks and the accumulation of progressive disability. In experimental studies it has been recently shown that synthetic cannabinoids can affect the immune response both indirectly via CB1 receptor‐mediated signalling nerve centres controlling the systemic release of immunosuppressive molecules and directly by CB2 receptor‐mediated inhibition of lymphocyte and macrophage/microglial cell function. However, these immunosuppressive possibilities that would limit the frequency of relapsing attacks will probably not be realized clinically, following use of medical cannabis, due to dose constraints. However, cannabinoids may still affect the glial response within the damaged central nervous system, which facilitate the slow, neurodegenerative processes that account for progressive neurodegeneration, and therefore may have utility in addition to value of cannabis‐related drugs for symptom control.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 152, 649–654; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707458; published online 24 September 2007
Improvement of vascular function by acute and chronic treatment with the PDE‐5 inhibitor sildenafil in experimental diabetes mellitus
Authors: Schäfer A , Fraccarollo D , Pförtsch S , Flierl U , Vogt C , Pfrang J , Kobsar A , Renné T , Eigenthaler M , Ertl G , Bauersachs J 
Published: September 2007

Background and purpose:Diabetes‐associated vascular dysfunction contributes to increased cardiovascular risk. We investigated whether the phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor sildenafil would improve vascular function in diabetic rats.Experimental approach:Male Wistar rats were injected with streptozotocin (50 mg kg‐1, i.v.) to induce insulin‐deficient diabetes. Direct effects of sildenafil as well as modification of endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent vasorelaxation were investigated in vitro. The effects of acute and chronic (2 week) treatment in vivo of sildenafil on vascular function were also characterized in isolated aortic segments in organ bath chambers 4 weeks after diabetes induction.Key results:Sildenafil induced a concentration‐dependent vasorelaxation, which was attenuated by the nitric oxide (NO) synthase inhibitor, NG‐nitro‐L‐arginine. Acetylcholine‐induced endothelium‐dependent as well as endothelium‐independent relaxation induced by the NO donor, DEA‐NONOate, was significantly reduced in aortae from diabetic rats. Incubation with sildenafil in vitro normalized both endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent relaxation in aortae from diabetic rats. Acute as well as chronic in vivo treatment with sildenafil resulted in enhanced endothelium‐dependent and ‐independent vasorelaxation. Superoxide formation was increased in diabetes, associated with enhanced membrane expression of the NAD(P)H oxidase subunit gp91phox and Rac, which were both reduced by chronic treatment with sildenafil.Conclusions and implications:We demonstrate that sildenafil treatment rapidly and chronically improves vascular relaxation in diabetic rats. Treatment with sildenafil might provide a similarly beneficial effect in diabetic patients.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 886–893; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707459; published online 24 September 2007