bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The analysis of soaps
Authors: Stillman R. C. 
Published: May 2007

ConclusionIn conclusion, let us say that, while the basic methods for soap analysis were pretty well worked out 50 years ago, laboratory techniques and equipment have changed greatly. Many new analyses have been added due mainly to the use of new builders, antioxidants, and additives of all kinds. Instrumental analyses, such as pH and photometric colors, coupled with a change‐over to rapid analytical methods utilizing polarographs, spectrophotometers, flame photometers, and electronic devices of all kinds have changed the laboratory equipment picture and the man‐power requirements. The analysts must be trained to handle the tools and maintain the equipment. A continuing search for newer and better methods and tools continues.
Screening cottonseed for aflatoxins
Authors: Whitten M. E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA rapid screening method for detecting aflatoxins in cottonseed has been developed. Using long‐wave ultraviolet light and samples containing aflatoxins, the fibers on a few cottonseed fluoresced a greenish yellow and the ends of some sticks and stems (foreign material) fluoresced with a bluish color. Nine out of 10 of the 2300 samples of cottonseed were correctly screened during the last two years of the study. In only one category, 1–10 ppb aflatoxins, was there an appreciable error in the screening method.
Fatty acids of cows' milk. B. Composition by gas‐liquid chromatography aided by other methods of fractionation
Authors: Herb S. F. , Magidman Paul , Luddy Francis E. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA fresh sample of cows' milk was converted directly to the methyl esters by methanolysis and the esters were fractionated into eleven distilled fractions and an undistilled portion. The latter, which contained the bulk of the polyunsaturated and long chain esters, was further fractionated by adsorption chromatography on a silicic acid column. Each fraction from the distillation and adsorption chromatography was analyzed by gas‐liquid chromatography on columns containing polyester stationary phases of different polarity. Twenty‐seven minor components, including some not previously reported, were present each in less than 0.1%. The fatty acid distribution of the major components fell within the range generally reported.
Keeping properties of edible oils. Part II. Refining by treatment with alumina
Authors: Crossley A. , Davies A. C. , Pierce J. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA new refining technique is described in which the normal earth‐bleaching process is replaced by a treatment of the neutral oil, in light petroleum solution, on a column of activated alumina. The products are generally of somewhat improved color and have considerably longer keeping times compared with conventional oils. The application of the process on the semi‐large seale is described.
Structural information of long‐chain fatty material obtained rapidly and conveniently by the use of X‐ray diffraction studies of single crystals of urea and thiourea adducts
Authors: Nicolaides N. , Laves F. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractX‐ray diffraction patterns of single crystals of urea or thiourea adducts of long chain fatty material (channel type of inclusion compounds) yield diffuse, continuous layer lines instead of the usual spots obtained with ordinary crystals. These lines result because adduct crystals have order in one dimension only, (the channel direction) whereas in ordinary crystals there is order in three dimensions which yields spots.These continuous layer lines offer possibilities for structure determination of the included molecule (guest). From their spacing, i.e., their distance from the equator, the length of the guest can be quickly calculated. This in turn can give information on 1) degree of branching, 2)cis‐transisomerism if the substance is unsaturated, and 3) molecular weight of the guest. From an evaluation of the intensities of the various orders of the layer lines, the position of a substituent group (such as a methyl, hydroxyl or keto group) on the hydrocarbon chain of the guest can be determined.
Variability of aflatoxin test results
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Monroe R. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUsing 12 lb samples, 280 g subsamples, the Waltking method of analysis, and densitometric procedures, the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variances associated with aflatoxin test procedures were estimated. Regression analysis indicated that each of the above variance components is a function of the concentration of aflatoxin in the population being tested. Results, for the test procedures given above, showed that sampling constitutes the greatest single source of error, followed by subsampling and analysis. Functional relationships are presented to determine the sampling, subsampling, and analytical variance for any size sample, subsample, and number of analyses.
Ethylene and dimethyl acetals from hydroformylated linseed, soybean, and safflower methyl esters as plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride
Authors: Awl R. A. , Frankel E. N. , Pryde E. H. , Riser G. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDimethyl and ethylene acetals of polyformylated unsaturated fatty esters were prepared, characterized, and evaluated as polyvinyl chloride plasticizers. Dimethyl acetals were prepared with trimethyl orthoformate as a water scavenger in the acid catalyzed acetalation reaction. With ethylene acetals, water was removed azeotropically. Although the acetals prepared were mixtures, molecular distillation gave diacetal esters of 80–90% purity and triacetal esters of 80–95% purity. The samples were characterized by gas liquid chromatography and by IR and NMR spectra. Compared to di‐2‐ethylhexyl phthalate as a plasticizer for polyvinyl chloride, the triacetal esters (both dimethyl and ethylene acetals) gave less migration and at least equivalent volatility characteristics; the triacetals also gave equivalent compatibility and strength, but somewhat less desirable low temperature and heat stability properties. The diacetal esters also had good compatibility, equivalent strength, somewhat better low temperature, but less desirable migration and volatility properties.
How good are analyses of oils by GLC?
Authors: Herb S. F. , Martin V. G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnalyses of the fatty acid composition of 2 methyl ester mixtures and 13 oils, obtained by collaborators from the AOCS Smalley Gas Chromatography Check Program, were treated statistically. The statistical data may be interpreted to indicate groups of analysts who made a good, satisfactory or poor analysis. The data also indicate the relative degree of difficulty of analyzing the various oils. Coconut oil was the most difficult to analyze while safflower oil offered the least difficulty. A comparison of the precision of results employing the thermal conductivity detector and the flame ionization detector shows no difference.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: VIII. N‐Alkylsulfosuccinamates as lime soap dispersants
Authors: Micich T. J. , Linfield W. M. , Weil J. K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA series of sodium methyl N‐alkylsulfosuccinamates was prepared by the reaction of methyl N‐alkylmaleamates with sodium bisulfite in aqueous ethanol. The surface‐active properties and detergency of these derivatives were compared with those of a series of disodium N‐alkylsulfosuccinamates prepared by the reaction of sodium sulfite with N‐alkylmaleamic acid in water. The ester derivatives generally showed good lime soap dispersing requirement and washing ability in combination with soap, where‐as the disodium salts were somewhat deficient in these properties and exhibited good washing ability only at 0.2% concentration with the surfactant as the sole component.
Determination of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol in oilseed meals and flours
Authors: Fore Sara P. , Dupuy H. P. , Rayner E. T. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTwo methods were compared for quantitative determination of trace amounts of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol in acetone‐extracted oilseed meals and flours. In the first, a simple, rapid and direct gas chromatographic procedure, a 0.04 g sample of oilseed meal or flour was placed between 2 small glass wool plugs in a liner of the injection port of a gas chromatograph. Water‐saturated molecular sieve 5A (1.1 g) was added over the glass wool sandwich, and the liner was placed in the heated injection port and firmly secured. Mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol, and other volatiles, were eluted rapidly from the sample onto the column by the combined action of heat, moisture, and carrier gas. The components then were resolved readily by temperature‐programed gas chromatography on a 2 ft × 1/4 in. Porapak P column. The second method, which is time consuming and tedious, is a modification of the Todd azeotropic distillation procedure and was included, for comparison, as a conventional measure of the concentrations of mesityl oxide and diacetone alcohol. Samples of oilseed meals and flours were analyzed by both methods. The results are compared, and the relative merits of the two procedures are discussed.
Search for new industrial oils. V. Oils of cruciferae
Authors: Mikolajczak K. L. , Miwa T. K. , Earle F. R. , Wolff I. A. , Jones Quentin 
Published: May 2007

AbstractSeeds from 37 species of plants in the family Cruciferae were analyzed for oil and protein, and the fatty acid composition of the oils was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Erucic acid, generally considered characteristic of crucifer oils, occurs in about three‐fourths of these species in amounts ranging from 3 to 59%. Some oils free of erucic acid contain up to 63% linolenic acid or up to 58% eicosenoic.
An investigation of oven methods for determining the moisture content of shelled peanuts
Authors: Hart Joe R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAir‐oven methods, using ground, sliced, and whele shelled peanuts, were investigated. The use of ground samples was found to be unsatisfactory. Slightly more accurate results were obtained with whole nuts than with sliced nuts. The method of heating 50‐g. samples of whole shelled peanuts for 3 hrs. at 130°C. in a foreed‐draft oven gave results agreeing closely with those obtained by the Karl Fischer method for samples of low moisture content.
The effect of trans‐isomers on the physical properties of hydrogenated oils
Authors: Stingley Dale V. , Wrobel Raymond J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractData have been presented which indicate a positive relationship between thetrans‐isomer content of a hydrogenated oil and the congeal point, Wiley melting‐point, and solids index. It has also been shown that cottonseed oil and soybean oil undergo substantially the same type of reaction under identical hydrogenating conditions. This conclusion is based on the relationship oftrans‐isomer formation to total reduction in unsaturation up to the point that equilibrium is reached and saturation of thetrans‐isomers occurs. This equilibrium was noted at between 60–70 iodine value.The relationship oftrans‐isomer formation to the total reduction in double bonds can be expressed as the hydrogenation index. This is a reliable indication of the type of reaction taking place up to the point where appreciable hydrogenation of thetrans‐isomers occur.
Analysis of mixtures of ionic and nonionic surface‐active agents. Separation and recovery of components by batch ion exchange
Authors: Rosen Milton J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMixtures of anionic and nonionic surfactants or cationic and nonionic surfactants can be separated by stirting an aqueous solution of the mixture with a small amount of a strong anion exchange or strong cation exchange resin, respectively. The resin‐ionic surfactant complex is removed by filtration and washed; the nonionics are recovered from the filtrate and washings.By suitable treatment the ionic surfactants can be removed selectively from the resin. In the case of anionic surfactants, soaps, alkyl sulfates, and alkylaryl sulfonates can successively be removed from the resin; with cationics, nonquaternary and quaternary surfactants can be selectively removed. Results obtained with various mixtures of surface active agents are discussed.
Selectivity and isomerization during partial hydrogenation of cottonseed oil and methyl oleate: Effect of operating variables
Authors: Albright Lyle F. , Wisniak Jaime 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResults are now available for hydrogenation of cottonseed oil and methyl oleate in which sufficient agitation was provided to eliminate mass transfer resistances from the catalyst surface. The ratio of thetrans‐to‐cis isomers of oleic acid groups approaches 2.0 even at high pressures and high degrees of agitation. The rates of hydrogenation for bothcis andtrans isomers and for positional isomers are all essentially identical. A reaction scheme has been devised that is consistent with extensive experimental data, and the method of evaluating the relative reaction rate constants for each step is outlined. Using these rates constants, selectivity can be quantitatively evaluated.
The chemistry of the 2‐thiobarbituric acid test for the determination of oxidative rancidity in foods. I. Some important side reactions
Authors: Tarladgis Basil G. , Pearson A. M. , Dugan L. R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEvidence is presented by UV, visible, and IR spectra as well as by paper and column chromatography of variously treated TBA‐acid reagents that the structure of TBA is altered upon acid‐heat treatment. A more pronounced but similar effect results from the treatment of the TBA with hydrogen peroxide. Some of the degradation products of TBA absorb at the same wavelength as the TBA‐malonaldehyde complex, as do many compounds which are reported in the literature to react with TBA. The significance of these findings in respect to the quantitative aspects of the test for the determination of rancidity in food products is discussed.
Plant scale comparisons of various refining methods for cottonseed oil
Authors: Cavanagh G. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThree different refining processes were commercially compared by processing 15,148 metric tons of cottonseed with free fatty acid content varying between 7.1% and 8.9%. All of the seed was prepressed and solvent extracted in the Sanbra plant at Bauru, Brazil. The Ranchers Miscella refining process operating on seed averaging 8.8% F.F.A. yielded more oil of lighter color per ton of seed processed than either of the other processes compared, even though the average F.F.A. of the seed processed during the Ranchers Miscella Refining test averaged 1.7% higher than the seed used in the Sanbra process and 1.1% higher than the average F.F.A. for the seed used in the Low Loss Refining test.In another comparison, screw pressed oil, Modified Soda Ash refined was compared to Ranchers Miscella refining with seed containing about 0.5% F.F.A. The results showed 42% lower refining loss and a color of 3.5 Red Lovibond units less for Ranchers Miscella refined oil than for Modified Soda Ash refined oil.The average cost of converting crude cottonseed oil to prime bleachable summer yellow oil by the miscella refining process described is 20.8Ţ per hundred weight of oil (not including refining loss). These costs include the prorated cost of control laboratory, plant labor and supervision, fuel, power, chemicals, depreciation, taxes and insurance.
Establishment of a standardized detergency evaluation method
Authors: Linfield W. M. , Jungermann Eric , Sherrill J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a standardized laboratory procedure for determining the fabric soil‐removal efficiency of heavy‐duty detergents. A careful analysis of machines, standard soil fabrics, operating times, and water hardness had led to the standardization of technique. The precision of the method has been presented for tests carried out in hard and soft water on two anionic heavy‐duty detergents at a concentration of 0.2%. Standard deviations of 0.74% for a water hardness of 50 p.p.m. and 1.03% for a water hardness of 135 or 300 p.p.m. have been obtained.
Use of mercuric acetate addition to prepare unsaturated fatty ester concentrates
Authors: Stearns E. M. , White H. B. , Quackenbush F. W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMereuric acetate in methanol was reacted with unsaturated fatty acid esters in mixtures prepared from linseed, safflower and menhaden oils and pig liver and beef adrenal lipids. Methanol solutions retained predominantly the adducts of the more highly unsaturated esters when extracted with either n‐pentane or commercial pentane (Skellysolve F). The free esters were recoverable from the adducts.Linoleate of 95% purity and linolenate of 90% purity were obtained directly from natural oils by this procedure. Concentrates of more highly unsaturated acids were obtained similarly.
Long chain carboxylic acids containing ether linkage: IV. The antibacterial activities of 0‐(2‐alkylaminoethyl)‐3‐oxypropionic and N‐(2‐alkyloxyethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acids
Authors: Abe Yoshiro , Osanai Shuichi , Matsumura Shuichi 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe carboxylic amphoteric surfactants containing ether and substituted amine groups such as 0‐(2‐alkylaminoethyl)‐3‐oxypropionic‐and N‐(2‐alkyloxyethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acids were synthesized, and their antibacterial activities in terms of growth inhibition ofStaphylococcus aureus andEscherichia coli were examined. The structural effect, such as bonding position of ether and amino groups, and the chain length effect between undecyloxy‐, dodecyloxy‐ and tridecyloxy radicals were examined, but no definite correlation between positional isomers and chain length and antibacterial activities was observed. Furthermore, to study the effect of the increase of the number of ether or amino groups on the antibacterial activities, N‐(2‐(2‐dodecyloxyethyl)‐aminoethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acid and N‐(2‐(2‐dodecyloxyethyl)oxyethyl)‐3‐aminopropionic acid were synthesized. Their antibacterial activities were almost as effective as the corresponding amino or ether acids. Moreover aqueous solution of these substituted propionic acids showed better surface activities at pH 4.0, 7.0 and 10.0.
Hydrogenation of alkali‐conjugated linoleate: Isomeric monoene profiles obtained with nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts
Authors: Koritala Sambasi Varao 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAlkali‐conjugated linoleate (cis‐9,trans‐11‐ andtrans‐10,cis‐12‐octadecadienoate) was hydrogenated with nickel, palladium and platinum catalysts. Thetrans andcis monoenes formed during reduction were isolated, and their double bond distribution was determined by reductive ozonolysis and gas liquid chromatography. About 44–69% of the monoenes were composed of δ10 and δ11trans monoene isomers, whereas the δ9 and δ12cis monoenes amounted to 20–26%. With nickel catalyst, composition of monoene isomers remained the same, even when the hydrogenation temperature was increased. The monoene isomer profiles between nickel and palladium catalysts were indistinguishable. Isomerization of monoenes with platinum catalyst was suppressed at 80 psi. The position of the double bonds in unreacted conjugated diene was always retained, except with nickel at both temperatures and with platinum at 150 C when a slight migration occurred. Geometrical isomerization totrans,trans‐conjugated diene was observed in the unreacted diene with nickel (ca. 15% of diene) at both 100 C and 195 C, and with platinum (ca. 7% of diene) at 150 C.
New castor oil‐based urethane elastomers
Authors: Lyon C. K. , Garrett V. H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUrethane elastomers with a wide range of properties were prepared by reaction of toluene diisocyanate, diphenylmethane diisocyanate or an aliphatic diisocyanate with a series of castor oil derivatives. The castor derivatives included amides prepared by reaction of castor oil with mono‐ or dialkanolamines, amides of ricinoleic acid with long chain di‐ and triamines, butanediol diricinoleate and the commercial products‐castor oil itself and the monoricinoleates of propylene glycol and pentaerythritol. Elastomers were also prepared from commercial polyether diols for comparison. Properties evaluated include hardness, resilience, tear strength, stress‐strain properties, compression set and resistance to water and oil. Particularly high tensile and tear strengths were obtained from the amides. Softer products with good properties were obtained from propylene glycol monoricinoleate and from mixtures of the amides with castor oil or butanediol diricinoleate. Improved products were obtained by the use of diphenylmethane diisocyanate in place of toluene diisocyanate.
Future prospects of animal production of fats and protein
Authors: Borgstrom Georg 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPresent trends in the global animal production of fats and protein are reviewed. The dominance of the West and the temperate latitudes is underlined, and the uniqueness of China and Japan are analyzed. The global disparities are based primarily on the ample soil resources in the West allowing for extensive production of feed crops, led by oilseeds. A second major input is fish protein, half the catches of fish from the oceans being converted into meal and oil. This kind of secondary or even tertiary production is unlikely to be copied under the parsimonious conditions of the poor world. The relative roles of oilseed and fish proteins are analyzed. Future trends are discussed on the basis of the FAO projections presented in the Indicative World Plan.
Fat transport mechanism
Authors: McCollester Duncan L. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryThe body uses several different mechanisms for the transport of fat in the aqueous medium of the blood. Fat is absorbed from the intestine in the form of chylomicrons, which are discrete particles, visible under the microscope. They consist primarily of triglycerides of the longer fatty acids. The chylomicrons are absorbedvia the lymphatic system, which ultimately empties into the blood stream. They are rapidly removed from the blood by several tissues, which either oxidize the fatty acids, store them, or return them to the circulation incorporated in liproproteins or bound to serum albumin. This latter mechanism of transporting fatty acids by binding them to albumin has recently been shown to be of great physiologic significance. Although the quantity of lipide so bound represents only a small percentage of the total serum lipides, it has a rapid turnover. The bulk of the serum lipides are carried as large lipoprotein molecules, of which there is a wide spectrum. Although several methods are now available for characterizing and quantitating these lipoproteins, little is known of their physiologic significance.
Correlation of detergency with physicochemical factors
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryIt is felt that it would be of interest to conclude this paper by showing some of the correlations already established for selected soil‐surfactant series of systems, with particular reference to the variation of the linearity constants K1 and K2 of these systems with corresponding soil or surfactant physicochemical factors. Table IX gives the detergency functions for these multi‐soil, common surfactant, and multi‐surfactant, common soil, series of systems.
Metabolic studies of glyceride esters of adipic acid
Authors: Shull Rosemary L. , Gayle Louis A. , Coleman Richard D. , Alfin‐Slater Roslyn B. , Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractData on the digestibility, absorption, andin vivo oxidation of two types of adipic acid esters of glycerides, a diglyceride adipate and a polymer of fatty acids, adipic acid, and glycerol, have been presented. Findings indicate that these compounds have high digestibility coefficients and that the stearic acid moiety is well absorbed. However, although the stearic acid moieties are oxidized slowly in both cases, which is compatible with previous findings that a slow rate ofin vivo oxidation of the stearic acid moiety of glycerides obtains (6), the rate of oxidation of the stearic acid is greater when fed as the diglyceride adipate than as the polyester.