bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digitales Röntgen in der Medizin. Bildgebung mit Röntgen‐Flachdetektoren
Authors: Mertelmeier Thomas , Oppelt Arnulf 
Published: January 2009

AbstractIn der medizinischen Röntgentechnik etablieren sich zunehmend großflächige Flachdetektoren, die digitale Bilder zur sofortigen Weiterverarbeitung liefern. Sie lösen den klassischen Analogfilm ab, ebenso modernere Systeme mit Speicherleuchtstoff. Bei der Aufnahme dynamischer Vorgänge ersetzen sie ältere Röntgen‐Bildverstärker mit Kamera. Je nach Bauweise wandeln Flachdetektoren die Röntgenstrahlen entweder direkt oder indirekt über einen Röntgenleuchtstoff in digitale elektrische Signale um. Ihre hohe Empfindlichkeit erlaubt eine Senkung der Patientendosis gegenüber älteren Verfahren. Die digitale Signal‐ und Bildverarbeitung verbessert die Bilddarstellung und ermöglicht neue Aufnahmeverfahren wie Tomosynthese und isotrope Volumendarstellung. Diese verbessern die Mammografie und erlauben eine sichere Durchführung von Gefäßinterventionen und Operationen.
Kollisionen im All
Authors: Bührke Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractGalaxienhaufen sind die größten, gravitativ gebundenen Systeme im Universum: Bis zu mehreren tausend Galaxien bewegen sich mit Geschwindigkeiten von rund 1000 km/s, so dass es immer wieder zu Zusammenstößen kommt. Wir zeigen einige der spektakulärsten Hubble‐Aufnahmen kollidierender Galaxien.
Bratapfel – reloaded
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: January 2009

AbstractAn kalten, dunklen Winterabenden sind warme Desserts wahre Stimmungsaufheller. Kindheitserinnerungen an zimtig süße Düfte nach Nüssen und Bratäpfeln werden wach. Aber einfach Äpfel aushöhlen, mit gemahlenen Nüssen, Zimt und Zucker füllen und im Ofen garen, ist gestandenen Molekulargastronomen zu profan. Wir braten daher Apfelsaft! Natürlich in Geleeform, also als hitzestabilen, weichen Festkörper.
Kooperativ oder selbstbezogen – kann ein Elektron wählen?
Authors: Becker Uwe 
Published: January 2009

AbstractDas klassische Doppelspaltexperiment, das Thomas Young 1802 mit Licht ausführte, ist heute in vielen Varianten möglich. Zum Beispiel kann man als “Doppelspalt” die beiden Atome eines Moleküls verwenden, an denen Elektronen gestreut werden, die das Molekül selbst emittiert. Eine deutsch‐amerikanische Forschergruppe unter maßgeblicher Beteiligung des Fritz‐Haber‐Instituts in Berlin konnte jüngst zeigen, dass das Interferenzverhalten von der Energie der ausgesandten Elektronen abhängt. Ab einer kritischen Energie überlagert sich das gestreute Elektron nicht mehr mit seinem Nachbarelektron, sondern mit sich selbst.
Oriented lamellar structures in uniaxially drawn films of poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) blends studied by small‐angle X‐ray scattering measurements
Authors: Kaito Akira , Li Yongjin , Shimomura Masaki , Nojima Shuichi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe lamellar structures in uniaxially drawn films of miscible crystalline/crystalline polymer blends of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and poly(3‐hydroxybutyrate) (PHB) were investigated by static and time‐resolved measurements of small‐angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS). Intense SAXS in the low angle range of the meridian was interpreted as originating from the interlamellar inclusion structure, in which the PHB chains were included between the lamellae of PVDF. The interlamellar inclusion was induced for the uniaxially drawn films of PVDF/PHB = 30/70 blend with a draw ratio (DR) of 2.8–4.5, whereas the lamellae of the PVDF and PHB components were mutually excluded from each other forming their own lamellar stacks (interlamellar exclusion) in the blend with a higher DR (5.0–5.7). When the highly drawn film with the interlamellar exclusion structure was heat treated at 154–165 °C, the interlamellar inclusion structure was partially induced by the heat treatment. The time‐resolved SAXS measurements indicated that the interlamellar inclusion structure was developed by melting and recrystallization of PVDF during the heat treatment. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 381–392, 2009
Microdeformation behavior in nanotemplated epoxy thermosets: A study with in situ tensile deformation technique in transmission electron microscopy
Authors: Tang Houxiang Sean , Hermel‐Davidock Theresa J. , Hahn Stephen F. , Murray Dan J. , Cieslinski Robert C. , Verghese Nikhil E. , Pham Ha Q. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMicrodeformation behavior in nanostructured block copolymer‐toughened epoxy resins, or templated epoxy thermosets, was studied using an in situ tensile deformation technique performed directly in a transmission electron microscope. The observed microdeformation modes were found to correlate well with the macroscopic mechanical properties of the materials. In the order of decreasing macroscopic fracture toughness, the microdeformation modes were observed to change from large uniform plastic deformation over an extensive area, to localized plastic deformation bands, to little plastic deformation observed in the most brittle material. A similar trend was also observed when samples of the same material were tested at different temperatures, reflecting changes in the deformation mechanism as a function of temperature. Structural defects were observed in nanotoughening phases when plastic deformation was observed. The implication of the observed microdeformation modes to the macroscopic toughening mechanisms is discussed in the context of the micromorphology of the nanometer sized toughening phases and parameters of the epoxy matrix chemistry such as bromination, molecular weight, and interfacial miscibility. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 47: 393–406, 2009
High‐throughput detection of highly benzimidazole‐resistant allele E198A with mismatch primers in allele‐specific real‐time polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Chen Changjun , Zhao Wei , Lu Yuejian , Wang Jianxin , Chen Yu , Li Hongxia , Zhou Mingguo 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBACKGROUND: A point mutation often confers resistance of organisms against medical drugs and agricultural pesticides. Allele‐specific nucleotide polymerase chain reaction (ASPCR) and allele‐specific quantitative real‐time PCR using SYBR Green (ASQPCR) are widely and effectively applied to detect and monitor this type of resistance. However, the former is unsuitable for high‐throughput detection, and the latter often reduces the accuracy of detection.RESULTS: In order to decrease background amplification, a rapid and high‐throughput genotyping method with mismatch primers was developed (ASQPCR‐MP) and applied specifically to survey the frequency of the highly benzimidazole‐resistant MBCHR mutation (E198A) in the β‐tubulin gene of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary populations. Genomic DNA from 223 sclerotia was analysed. Similar genotype results were also obtained using ASPCR with mismatch primers and a mycelial growth inhibition assay. It was found that ASQPCR‐MP clearly differentiated MBCHR and benzimidazole‐sensitive MBCS phenotypes. Moreover, ASQPCR‐MP took less than 6 h to complete.CONCLUSION: ASQPCR‐MP appears suitable for large epidemiological studies involving resistant genotypes and requiring high‐throughout formats. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
A sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry‐based assay for quantitation of amino‐containing moieties in lipid A
Authors: Kalhorn Thomas F. , Kiavand Anahita , Cohen Ilana E. , Nelson Amanda K. , Ernst Robert K. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractA novel sensitive liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry‐based assay was developed for the quantitation of aminosugars, including 2‐amino‐2‐deoxyglucose (glucosamine, GlcN), 2‐amino‐2‐deoxygalactose (galactosamine, GalN), and 4‐amino‐4‐deoxyarabinose (aminoarabinose, AraN), and for ethanolamine (EtN), present in lipid A. This assay enables the identification and quantitation of all amino‐containing moieties present in lipopolysaccharide or lipid A from a single sample. The method was applied to the analysis of lipid A (endotoxin) isolated from a variety of biosynthetic and regulatory mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and Francisella tularensis subspecies novicida. Lipid A is treated with trifluoroacetic acid to liberate and deacetylate individual aminosugars and mass tagged with 6‐aminoquinolyl‐N‐hydroxysuccinimidyl carbamate, which reacts with primary and secondary amines. The derivatives are separated using reversed‐phase chromatography and analyzed using a single quadrupole mass spectrometer to detect quantities as small as 20 fmol. GalN was detected only in Francisella and AraN only in Salmonella, while GlcN was detected in lipid A samples from both species of bacteria. Additionally, we found an approximately 10‐fold increase in the level of AraN in lipid A isolated from Salmonella grown in magnesium‐limited versus magnesium‐replete conditions. Salmonella with defined mutations in lipid A synthesis and regulatory genes were used to further validate the assay. Salmonella with null mutations in the phoP, pmrE, and prmF genes were unable to add AraN to their lipid A, while Salmonella with constitutively active phoP and pmrA exhibited AraN modification of lipid A even in the normally repressive magnesium‐replete growth condition. The described assay produces excellent repeatability and reproducibility for the detection of amino‐containing moieties in lipid A from a variety of bacterial sources. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrative system dynamics: analysis of policy options for tobacco control in New Zealand
Authors: Cavana Robert Y. , Tobias Martin 
Published: January 2009

AbstractTobacco use is a global problem and the health consequences are far reaching. Systemic approaches are needed to help investigate policies to reduce the adverse health effects of tobacco use. This paper provides an overview of the system dynamics model that has been developed to assist the Ministry of Health to evaluate the dynamic consequences of tobacco control policies in New Zealand. The model consists of six sectors: population; smoking prevalences; tobacco consumption; second hand smoke; relative risks and tobacco attributable deaths. The model is simulated for 20–30 years into the future. The simulation package used is'iThink', and a user interface is presented for policy analysis. A range of illustrative scenarios are provided, including: business as usual; fiscal strategies involving less affordable cigarettes; harm minimization strategies involving either less addictive cigarettes or less toxic cigarettes and combinations of the above policies. The main output variables (performance measures) include current smoking prevalence, tobacco consumption and tobacco attributable mortality. Finally some areas for future model enhancement are identified. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating sustainability practices using the viable system model
Authors: Leonard Allenna 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper represents an effort to explore the use of Stafford Beer's Viable System Model (VSM) to design human communities that foster adaptation to criteria of sustainability in our natural and social environments. With the projected rise in sea level and other changes that accompany warming temperatures, it seems probable that many communities, even some large cities, will have to be abandoned and their populations relocated. This difficult circumstance could create tens of millions of climate change refugees. It could be met with the failure and incompetence that characterized and still characterizes the response to Hurricane Katrina or it could provide an opportunity to rebuild in a manner that combines a low impact on the environment without sacrificing quality of life. Using the framework of the VSM, three levels of recursion will be explored: the household, the neighbourhood and the city. It will be possible to draw upon lessons learned about building and maintaining cities in different climates and under different conditions over the centuries and from the construction of ‘new towns’ in the past 50 years. It has been characteristic of communities that regularly endured environmental challenges to have fostered means of collaboration and co‐operation to address them and to constrain competition within bounds that did not threaten their common survival. There is no shortage of ideas and designs that could be applied but there is not yet either the political or social infrastructure to integrate and implement them. Steps taken in this direction might help to coalesce the necessary political will. The following are proposed as guidelines for design using the VSM. The community and the city's external relationships with the surrounding natural, social and economic environments should be such that they can support themselves while avoiding endangering their own survival and well being or that of their surrounding environments. Their internal operations should be such that an adequate quality of life is available to everyone from the most dependent members of its society to the most productive. They should pursue these ends with a view to maintaining a balance between collaboration/symbiosis and competition and with the fewest restrictions on the autonomy of members consistent with the other guidelines. The VSM can be both a template for design and a framework for discussion of what sustainable communities in a time of climate change might look like. Such discussions would be facilitated by Beer's Team Syntegrity process that he invented as a companion to the VSM. The process provides a whole system, high variety structure that gives equivalent status to each participant and viewpoint. This high level of communication will help to provide the cohesiveness that is needed when choices must be made and hardship shared in order to achieve a new equilibrium with the environment. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Holistic formal analysis of dilemmas of negotiation
Authors: Hermawan Pri , Kobayashi Norimasa , Kijima Kyoichi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine dilemmas arising during the negotiation process where negotiators claim their positions and threats reciprocally. To obtain an holistic view of the dilemmas, we first define the class of negotiation we will focus on and then argue that inconsistency between the claims leads to dilemmas. Then, after we define and classify six dilemmas rigorously in terms of a dramatic model, we show that these six dilemmas are all and only dilemmas arising in negotiation. This is the main finding of the paper. A holistic description of the inter‐relationships among the dilemmas is also presented. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Managing innovation for service through systems concepts
Authors: Sato Ryo , Fukunaga Yasuto 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper focuses on innovation management for service. After examining and classifying service industries and service activities in firms, the incorporation of other systems concepts into innovation architecture (IA) methodology is considered, which is called soft systems methodology (SSM)‐IA. Then the methodology is applied to two commercial e‐marketplaces (steel sheet and food supplies) in Japan. SSM–IA is then further specialized for service innovation and applied in some additional cases. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Strategic development in higher education: a critical systems perspective
Authors: Gregory Amanda J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper addresses the question of what it means to adopt a systems approach to strategic development. It arose from reflection on an ongoing case of an academic subject group from a UK business school, which has long been recognized for pioneering work in the field of systems thinking, using systems approaches in its own strategic development process. Critical reflection on this example led to a shift in focus from thinking about how systems methodologies can be used to augment the strategic development process to consideration of why strategic planning has become so important in higher education establishments, such as universities, and the raising of important questions about the ontological status of the strategic development process. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zur Beanspruchbarkeit bei Hertzschen Pressungen
Authors: Nölke Heinz 
Published: January 2009

AbstractEs wird eine Weiterentwicklung des Nachweises der statischen Festigkeit und der Wälzfestigkeit für den rollenden Kontakt zwischen balligen Laufrollen und Schienen vorgeschlagen. Der Linienkontakt bei zylindrischen Laufrollen und Stemmknaggen wird als Grenzfall erfasst. Die Hertzschen Pressungen verursachen mehrachsige Spannungszustände im Halbraum der Festkörper. Die Beanspruchbarkeit hängt von der Anzahl der Spannungsspiele in den maßgebenden Nachweispunkten unterhalb der Kontaktfläche der Bauteile ab. Das allgemein akzeptierte Konzept der Teil sicherheitsbeiwerte wird auf das Kontaktproblem ausgedehnt. Der Beitrag enthält Vorschläge für die einschlägige Normung und ein Zahlenbeispiel (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Vertically distributed multiple tuned mass dampers in tall buildings: performance analysis and preliminary design
Authors: Moon Kyoung Sun 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThis paper investigates the structural performance of vertically distributed multiple tuned mass dampers (MTMDs), which can save valuable occupiable space near the top of tall buildings, control the first as well as higher mode responses and be installed more easily because of smaller tuned mass damper (TMD) masses. Vertically distributed MTMD theory is presented. With this theory, the effectiveness of vertically distributed MTMDs along the building height is predicted using simplified models, compared with the conventional TMDs installed near the top of tall buildings. Vertically distributed MTMDs are designed for a typical 60‐storey tall building subjected to representative dynamic wind loads, and their performance is measured. The results of these studies show that TMDs can be distributed vertically along the building height without substantial loss of their effectiveness. Considering their advantages over the conventional system, vertically distributed MTMDs possess a high potential of practical applications for tall‐building motion control. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating the angle of attack from blade pressure measurements on the National Renewable Energy Laboratory phase VI rotor using a free wake vortex model: yawed conditions
Authors: Sant Tonio , van Kuik Gijs , van Bussel G. J. W. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractWind turbine design codes for calculating blade loads are usually based on a blade element momentum (BEM) approach. Since wind turbine rotors often operate in off‐design conditions, such as yawed flow, several engineering methods have been developed to take into account such conditions. An essential feature of a BEM code is the coupling of local blade element loads with an external (induced) velocity field determined with momentum theory through the angle of attack. Local blade loads follow directly from blade pressure measurements as performed in the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) phase IV campaign, but corresponding angles of attack cannot (on principle) be measured. By developing a free wake vortex method using measured local blade loads, time‐dependent angle of attack and induced velocity distributions are reconstructed. In a previous paper, a method was described for deriving such distributions in conjunction with blade pressure measurements for the NREL phase VI wind turbine in axial (non‐yawed) conditions. In this paper, the same method is applied to investigate yawed conditions on the same turbine. The study considered different operating conditions in yaw in both attached and separated flows over the blades. The derived free wake geometry solutions are used to determine induced velocity distributions at the rotor blade. These are then used to determine the local (azimuth time dependent) angle of attack, as well as the corresponding lift and drag for each blade section. The derived results are helpful to develop better engineering models for wind turbine design codes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prognostic Factors of Pulmonary Metastasectomy for Colorectal Carcinomas
Authors: Chen Fengshi , Hanaoka Nobuharu , Sato Kiyoshi , Fujinaga Takuji , Sonobe Makoto , Shoji Tsuyoshi , Sakai Hiroaki , Miyahara Ryo , Bando Toru , Okubo Kenichi , Hirata Toshiki , Date Hiroshi 
Published: January 2009

AbstractBackgroundPulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal carcinoma is a well‐accepted procedure; however, reports on indications and prognostic factors are inconsistent. This study was designed to clarify a role for resection of pulmonary metastases for such tumors and to define the patients who benefit from pulmonary metastasectomy.MethodsBetween 1990 and 2007, 84 patients with pulmonary metastases from colorectal carcinomas underwent curative pulmonary resection. All patients had obtained or had obtainable locoregional control of their primary tumors. Various perioperative variables were investigated retrospectively to confirm a role for metastasectomy and to analyze prognostic factors for overall survival and disease‐free survival after metastasectomy.ResultsOverall survival rate after metastasectomy was 60.5% and 48.4% at 5 and 10 years, respectively. Disease‐free survival rate was 34.4% and 30.6% at 5 and 10 years after pulmonary resection, respectively. On multivariate analysis, patients with unilateral pulmonary metastasis presented a significantly favorable overall survival (P = 0.045). In contrast, there was no significant prognostic factor for disease‐free survival.ConclusionsCurrent practice of pulmonary metastasectomy for colorectal carcinoma in our institution was well justified. Our study confirmed that unilateral pulmonary metastasis was significantly relevant to a better prognosis.
Uptake and Incorporation of Pinolenic Acid Reduces n‐6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Downstream Prostaglandin Formation in Murine Macrophage
Authors: Chuang Lu‐Te , Tsai Po‐Jung , Lee Chia‐Long , Huang Yung‐Sheng 
Published: January 2009

AbstractMany reports have shown the beneficial effects of consumption of pine seeds and pine seed oil. However, few studies have examined the biological effect of pinolenic acid (PNA; ∆5,9,12–18:3), the main fatty acid in pine seed oil. In this study, using murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells as a model, we examined the effect of PNA on polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) metabolism, prostaglandin (PG) biosynthesis and cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression. Results showed that PNA was readily taken up, incorporated and elongated to form eicosatrienoic acid (ETrA, ∆7,11,14–20:3) in macrophage cells. A small portion of this elongated metabolite was further elongated to form ∆9,13,16–22:3. The degree of incorporation of PNA and its metabolites into cellular phospholipids varied with the length of incubation time and the concentration of PNA in the medium. Incubation of PNA also modified the fatty acid profile of phospholipids: the levels of 18‐ and 20‐carbon PUFA were significantly decreased, whereas those of 22‐carbon fatty acids increased. This finding suggests that PNA enhances the elongation of 20‐carbon fatty acids to 22‐carbon fatty acids. The syntheses of PGE1 from dihomo‐γ‐linolenic acid (DGLA, ∆8,11,14–20:4) and PGE2 from arachidonic acid (ARA, ∆5,8,11,14–20:4) were also suppressed by the presence of PNA and its metabolite. As the expression of COX‐2 was not suppressed, the inhibitory effect of PNA on PG activity was attributed in part to substrate competition between the PNA metabolite (i.e., ∆7,11,14–20:3) and DGLA (or ARA).