bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chapter 16 Devonian history
Authors: Harland W. Brian 
Published: August 2007

Svalbard is part of the Old Red Sandstone province with affinities in East Greenland, Norway, Appalachian North America and, of course, the British Isles where the Devonian Period was defined. This allows Devonian history in this region, controlled by Caledonian events, to form a neat and natural chapter, though not necessarily a global one. Old Red Sandstone environments in each area were already becoming established in Late Silurian time. Olaf Holtedahl was the prime author of both Caledonian tectogenesis in Svalbard and the Old Red Sandstone aftermath.
Of the many and varied biotas of Svalbard the fossil fish have made remarkable and classic contributions to Spitsbergen geology.
The earliest 'Old Red Sandstone' Spitsbergen strata have yet to yield evidence of age and so may be latest Silurian (Siktefjellet Group). But the earliest Devonian strata to be identified biostratigraphically begin with the Red Bay Group. Similarly the (major) Ny Friesland Orogeny and the various late orogenic granite emplacements, while initially Silurian, continued at least to cool in Devonian time. For convenience the orogenic events that may continue as early Devonian are treated in the Silurian chapter and the sedimentary events that may be Silurian are treated here.
Devonian successions in Svalbard are known only from terranes which are postulated to have originated from the North East Greenland Province. No record has yet been established for Devonian strata in Svalbard either from the eastern terranes (East Greenland Province) or from the western terranes (North Greenland-Pearya Province). Moreover, the East Greenland succession lacks
The Rights of People with an Intellectual Disability in the Netherlands: From Restriction to Development
Authors: Frederiks  
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this article is to discuss whether the right to self-determination 1 is the only and the best principle in health law for care providers to support their clients with an intellectual disability, or whether other principles such as the right to development, the right to good care and the right to protection might lead to a better protection of the rights of clients in this field of care. The right to self-determination is the central principle in the Dutch Psychiatric Hospitals (Compulsory Admissions) Act, which at times seems less than beneficial to the legal position of persons with an intellectual disability. The question is whether a new (alternative) legal framework, in which the focus shifts to the right to good care and the right to development, might improve the legal position of people with an intellectual disability.
Ambiguity of the Embryo Protection in the Human Rights and Biomedicine Convention: Experiences from the Nordic Countries
Authors: Walin Laura 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUntil 1998 research on in vitro human embryos concentrated on the issues related to assisted reproduction. The situation changed dramatically when the first scientific report on the laboratory culture of human embryonic stem cells was published. This scientific breakthrough with new therapeutic promises put human embryo into a new, more vulnerable position. Combined with creation of embryos via somatic cell nuclear transfer, it inveigles into mass production of embryos, first for scientific purposes, but later perhaps for the healing of people.This article examines the efficacy of the Convention on Human Rights and Biomedicine in protecting embryos in this new era of embryo research. The interpretative latitude of Article 18 of the Convention is demonstrated, and legislation in three Nordic countries with highly variable approach to embryo research regulation is analysed. I examine how this divergence is possible in the light of the Convention text. In the end, potential reasons for variation in regulation in the otherwise similar Nordic countries are discussed, as well as under what conditions harmonisation of regulation on embryo research, a highly value-charged matter, could be possible at the European level.
Variational Pseudo-Multiple-Doppler Wind Retrieval in the Vertical Plane for Ground-Based Mobile Radar Data
Authors: Weiss Christopher C. , Bluestein Howard B. , Conzemius Robert , Fedorovich Evgeni 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A variational procedure is developed that utilizes mobile ground-based range–height indicator (RHI) Doppler radar velocity data for the synthesis of two-dimensional, RHI plane wind vectors. The radial component winds are obtained with the radar platform in motion, a data collection strategy referred to as the rolling RHI technique. Using the assumption of stationarity—standard to any pseudo-multiple-Doppler processing technique—individual radial velocity values at a given point in space will contribute a varying amount of independent information to the two components of wind velocity in the RHI plane, depending strongly on the difference in radar viewing angles amongst the looks.
The variational technique is tested successfully with observation system simulation experiments, using both a homogeneous flow field and large eddy simulation (LES) output from a highly sheared convective boundary layer simulation. Pseudoradar data are collected in these tests in a manner consistent with the specifications of the University of Massachusetts mobile W-band radar, which was used in a separate study to resolve the finescale structure of a dryline during the International H2O Project (IHOP_2002). The results of these tests indicate clearly that the technique performs well in regions of adequate “look” angle separation. Observation error contributes significantly to the analysis when the radar looks become more collinear.
Depolarization in Ice Crystals and Its Effect on Radar Polarimetric Measurements
Authors: Ryzhkov Alexander V. , Zrnić Dusan S. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Simultaneous transmission and reception of horizontally and vertically polarized waves is a preferable choice technique for dual-polarization weather radar. One of the consequences of such a choice is possible cross-coupling between orthogonally polarized waves. Cross-coupling depends on depolarizing properties of propagation media, and it is usually negligible in rain because the net mean canting angle of raindrops is close to zero.
Snow crystals at the tops of thunderstorm clouds are often canted in the presence of strong electric fields and produce noticeable cross-coupling between radar signals at horizontal and vertical polarizations if both signals are transmitted and received simultaneously. As a result, peculiar-looking radial signatures of differential reflectivity ZDR and differential phase ΦDP are commonly observed in the crystal regions of thunderstorms.
The paper presents examples of strong depolarization in oriented crystals from the data collected by the polarimetric prototype of the Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) and a theoretical model that explains the results of measurements. It is shown that the sign and magnitude of the ZDR and ΦDP signatures strongly depend on the orientation of crystals and a system differential phase on transmission.
Solar Power for Autonomous Floats
Authors: D’Asaro Eric A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Advances in low-power instrumentation and communications now often make energy storage the limiting factor for long-term autonomous oceanographic measurements. Recent advances in photovoltaic cells, with efficiencies now close to 30%, make solar power potentially viable even for vehicles such as floats that only surface intermittently. A simple application, the development of a solar-powered Argos recovery beacon, is described here to illustrate the technology. The 65-cm2 solar array, submersible to at least 750 dbar, powers an Argos beacon. Tests indicate that with minor improvements the beacon will run indefinitely at any latitude equatorward of about 50°. Scaling up this design to current operational profiling floats, each profile could easily be powered by a few hours of solar charging, a shorter time than is currently being used for Argos data communications.
Spectral Density of Polarimetric Variables Separating Biological Scatterers in the VAD Display
Authors: Bachmann Svetlana , Zrnić Dusan 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Echoes in clear air from two types of biological scatterers mixed within the resolution volumes over a large region, observed with S-band dual polarization radar, are presented. This case occurred in the evening of 7 September 2004, at the beginning of the fall migrating season of song birds (passerines). Polarimetric spectral analyses are used for distinguishing birds and insects in multimodal spectra. Spatial continuity of spectral peaks shows clear separation of insect (wind) speeds from bird speeds. Spectral densities of polarimetric variables exhibit vastly different values at speeds corresponding to insects than from those of birds, allowing the separation of the two scatterer types. Therefore, the statistics of the intrinsic polarimetric variables computed from spectral densities are unbiased and closer to the ensemble statistics of the echo type than the ones obtained with standard processing techniques. A novel display of the spectral densities versus azimuth, termed spectral velocity–azimuth display (SVAD), is constructed for easier viewing and interpretation of the velocity field. Analyses of the SVADs reveal the mean velocities and the directions of the two types of scatterers.
The Hook Test for Distal Biceps Tendon Avulsion
Authors: O'Driscoll Shawn W. , Goncalves Lucas B. J. , Dietz Patricio 
Published: August 2007

Background Complete biceps tendon avulsions are frequently missed on clinical examination, suggesting the need for a reliable diagnostic test. Hypothesis Complete distal biceps avulsions can be reliably detected with the Hook test. Study Design Cohort study (diagnosis); Level of evidence, 2. Methods The hook test was performed by a single surgeon in a cohort of 45 patients undergoing surgical exploration of the distal biceps tendon. While the patient actively supinates with the elbow flexed 90°, an intact hook test permits the examiner to hook his or her index finger under the intact biceps tendon from the lateral side. With an abnormal hook test, indicating distal avulsion, there is no cord-like structure under which the examiner may hook a finger. Results Thirty-three patients had an avulsion and 12 had a partial tear. The hook test was abnormal in 33 of 33 (100%) patients with complete biceps avulsions, and intact in 12 of 12 with partial detachments. However, it was painful in 9 of those 12. In the noninjured contralateral arms, which served as the normal control group, 45 of 45 (100%) had a normal hook test. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosed a complete tear in 11 of 12 patients with partial tears and in 11 of 13 with complete lesions. The sensitivity and specificity were both higher with the hook test (both 100%) than with MRI (92% and 85%, respectively). Conclusions The hook test is a highly sensitive and specific test for assessment of distal biceps tendon avulsions.
Extensive variation in synonymous substitution rates in mitochondrial genes of seed plants
Authors: Mower Jeffrey P , Touzet Pascal , Gummow Julie S , Delph Lynda F , Palmer Jeffrey D 
Published: August 2007

AbstractBackgroundIt has long been known that rates of synonymous substitutions are unusually low in mitochondrial genes of flowering and other land plants. Although two dramatic exceptions to this pattern have recently been reported, it is unclear how often major increases in substitution rates occur during plant mitochondrial evolution and what the overall magnitude of substitution rate variation is across plants.ResultsA broad survey was undertaken to evaluate synonymous substitution rates in mitochondrial genes of angiosperms and gymnosperms. Although most taxa conform to the generality that plant mitochondrial sequences evolve slowly, additional cases of highly accelerated rates were found. We explore in detail one of these new cases, within the genusSilene. A roughly 100-fold increase in synonymous substitution rate is estimated to have taken place within the last 5 million years and involves only one of ten species ofSilenesampled in this study. Examples of unusually slow sequence evolution were also identified. Comparison of the fastest and slowest lineages shows that synonymous substitution rates vary by four orders of magnitude across seed plants. In other words, some plant mitochondrial lineages accumulate more synonymous change in 10,000 years than do others in 100 million years. Several perplexing cases of gene-to-gene variation in sequence divergence within a plant were uncovered. Some of these probably reflect interesting biological phenomena, such as horizontal gene transfer, mitochondrial-to-nucleus transfer, and intragenomic variation in mitochondrial substitution rates, whereas others are likely the result of various kinds of errors.ConclusionThe extremes of synonymous substitution rates measured here constitute by far the largest known range of rate variation for any group of organisms. These results highlight the utility of examining absolute substitution rates in a phylogenetic context rather than by traditional pairwise methods. Why substitution rates are generally so low in plant mitochondrial genomes yet occasionally increase dramatically remains mysterious.
Characterization of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Central Asian Strain1 using mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit genotyping
Authors: Ali Asho , Hasan Zahra , Tanveer Mahnaz , Siddiqui Amna R , Ghebremichael Solomon , Kallenius Gunilla , Hasan Rumina 
Published: August 2007

Abstract

Background
The Central Asian Strain1 (CAS1) genogroup of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is the most prevalent in Pakistan, India and Bangladesh. Mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units variable number tandem repeat (MIRU-VNTR) typing is a reliable and reproducible method for differentiation of MTB isolates. However, information of its utility in determining the diversity of CAS1 strain is limited. We performed standard 12 loci based MIRU-VNTR typing on previously spoligotyped CAS1 strains and 'unique' strains in order to evaluate its discriminatory power for these isolates.

Methods
Twelve loci based MIRU- VNTR typing was used to type178 CAS1 and 189 'unique' MTB strains. The discriminatory index for each of the loci was calculated using the Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index (HGDI). A subset of these strains (n = 78) were typed using IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). MIRU-VNTR profiles were studied together with their drug susceptibility patterns.

Results
A total of 349 MIRU patterns were obtained for the 367 strains tested. The CAS1 strains were subdivided into 160 distinct patterns; 15 clusters of 2 strains each, 1 cluster of four strains and 144 unique patterns. Using HGDI, seven MIRU loci, (numbers 26, 31, 27, 16, 10, 39, and 40) were found to be "highly discriminatory" (DI: ≥0.6), four MIRU loci (numbers 20, 24, 23, and 4) were "moderately discriminatory" (DI: 0.3–0.59), and one locus (number 2) was "poorly discriminatory" (DI< 0.3). Loci 26 and 31 were the most discriminatory for the CAS1 isolates. Amongst 'unique' strains in addition to loci 26, 31, 27, 16, 10, 39, and 40, locus 23 was highly discriminatory, while no locus was poorly discriminating. DI values for loci 4, 10 and 26 were significantly lower (P-value < .01) in CAS1 strains than in 'unique' strains. The association between CAS1 strains and MDR was not found to be significant (p value = 0.21).

Conclusion
We propose that MIRU typing could be used to estimate the phylogenetic relatedness amongst prevalent CAS1 strains, for which MIRU loci 26, 31, 16, 10, 27, 39 and 40 were found to be the most discriminatory.
Adherence to the European Working Time Directive and its influence on clinical experience
Authors: McLernon Conor , Coccia Floriana , Patel Ashokkumar G. 
Published: August 2007

Aims and MethodTo identify deficits in senior house officer (SHO) on-call experience since the advent of accident and emergency (A&E) liaison nurse cover, by retrospectively examining records of 267 A&E patients between October 2004 and January 2005. We collated our data in terms of presenting symptoms.ResultsThe majority (59%) of A&E referrals received no SHO attention. In particular, SHOs had no involvement in 69% of ‘social’ presentations, 72% of presentations involving drug or alcohol misuse and 63% of presentations with associated suicidality, self-harm or overdose.Clinical ImplicationsClinical experience is being lost in key areas, and is not yet being replaced via other routes. There is a pressing need to consider methods to ensure development of these skills, at the same time as adhering to the European Working Time Directive.
Relationship between food availability, glycerol and glycogen levels in low-temperature challenged rainbow smelt Osmerus mordax
Authors: Driedzic William R. , Short Connie E. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARY
Rainbow smelt Osmerus modax accumulate glycerol in winter that serves as an antifreeze. Fish were held at 8°C, or subjected to a decrease in water temperature to –1°C over a 19 day period, and subsequently maintained at –1°C from 15 January to 11 May 2004. Starved fish did not survive the challenge of temperature decrease, with death ensuing above the typical freeze point for marine teleosts (–0.8°C). A decrease in temperature activates the glycerol accumulation mechanism at about 5°C with peak plasma levels exceeding 300 μmol ml–1. Glycerol levels begin to decrease in late February even at water temperatures below–1°C, suggesting either an inherent circannual or photoperiod trigger, possibly in association with sufficiently high levels of antifreeze protein. Glycogen levels in liver did not change significantly in starved fish maintained at 8°C. However, liver glycogen was depleted in fish subjected to the low-temperature challenge and at a faster rate in starved than in fed fish. Stored glycogen in liver and other tissues can account for only a small amount of the total glycerol production, suggesting a strong requirement for food during accelerated glycerol production. Liver glycogen levels increased in April and May in association with the decrease in glycerol. Levels of glycerol in liver, kidney, spleen, gill, intestine, heart, muscle and brain follow the same pattern as that in plasma. During the early part of the glycerol accumulation phase, all tissues except for liver have lower levels of glycerol in the intracellular space than the levels in plasma. In liver,glycerol is in equilibrium between the two compartments.
Behavioral evidence for within-eyelet resolution in twisted-winged insects (Strepsiptera)
Authors: Maksimovic Srdjan , Layne John E. , Buschbeck Elke K. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYCompound eyes are typically composed of hundreds to thousands of ommatidia,each containing 8–10 receptors. The maximal spatial frequency at which a compound eye can sample the environment is determined by the inter-ommatidial angle. Males of the insect order Strepsiptera are different: their eyes are composed of a smaller number of relatively large units (eyelets), each with an extended retina. Building on a study of Xenos vesparum, we use a behavioral paradigm based on the optomotor response to investigate the possibility that the eyelets of the Strepsiptera Xenos peckii are image-forming units. From anatomical evidence, we hypothesize that spatial sampling in the strepsipteran eye is determined not only by the interactions of widely spaced photoreceptors in different eyelets, but also by the angular separation between groups of closely spaced photoreceptors within eyelets. We compared X. peckii's optomotor response with the predictions of an elementary motion detector (EMD) model consisting of two distinctly different sampling bases. The best match between our empirical results and the model shows that the optomotor response in X. peckii males is determined by both the small (intra-eyelet) and large (possibly inter-eyelet) separations. Our results indicate that the X. peckii eye has sampling bases around 10° and 20°, and that each eyelet could be composed of up to 13 sampling points, which is consistent with previous anatomical findings. This study is the first to use the EMD model explicitly to investigate the possibility that strepsipteran eyes combine motion detection features from both camera and compound eyes.
Corticosterone modulation of reproductive and immune systems trade-offs in female tree lizards: long-term corticosterone manipulationsviainjectable gelling material
Authors: French Susannah S. , McLemore Ryan , Vernon Brent , Johnston Gwynne I. H. , Moore Michael C. 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYPhysiological trade-offs arise because multiple processes compete for the same limiting resources. While competition for resources has been demonstrated between reproduction and immune function, the regulation of this competition remains unclear. Corticosterone (CORT) is a likely mediator due to its dual role in mobilizing energy stores throughout the body and regulating physiological responses to stressors. We manipulated CORT concentrations and resources in pre-reproductive and reproductive female tree lizards(Urosaurus ornatus) to test the hypothesis that CORT regulates the distribution of limiting resources between the reproductive and immune systems. To manipulate circulating concentrations of CORT we utilized a novel method of hormone implantation, in which a polymeric compound is mixed with hormone and injected in liquid form into the animal. After injection, the liquid quickly gels in situ forming a slow release hormone implant. This method of hormone delivery eliminated the need for substantial wounds to the animal or repeated handling required by other methods. In this study, the hormone-treated animals had plasma CORT concentrations comparable to high physiological concentrations. We found that CORT treatment suppressed immune function, but only when animals were energetically compromised. We assessed immune function by measuring the healing rate of a cutaneous biopsy. Healing was suppressed in all CORT-treated reproductive animals and in all CORT-treated animals (pre-reproductive and reproductive) undergoing food restriction, but CORT had no effect in ad libitum non-reproductive females. The context-dependent action of CORT renders its response adjustable to changing environmental conditions and may allow for the suppression of specific functions depending on resource availability.
A Novel and Less-expensive Preparation of Titanium Silicalite-1 Membrane
Authors: Chen Pei , Chen Xiangshu , Tanaka Kazuhiro , Kita Hidetoshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A novel method was developed for the preparation of titanium silicalite-1 (TS-1) zeolite membrane with low cost through tetrapropylammonium bromide (TPABr)/weak organic base synthesis system, in which TS-1 crystals grew on an unseeded support from a synthesis gel containing seeds. This membrane reactor showed relatively high catalytic activity for the oxidation of 2-propanol.
A Dimeric Cerium(III) Acetylacetonate Complex Containing Intramolecular and Intermolecular Hydrogen Bond
Authors: Bai Fenghua , Su Haiquan , Chang Fei 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A dimeric [Ce(acac)3(acacH)2] (acacH = acetylacetone) complex has been synthesized. The crystal structure showed that the complex contains intramolecular H-bond and intermolecular H-bond formed through the neutral enol acetylacetone unidentate ligands.
Novel Photoinduced Phase Transition Observed in Three-dimensional Liquid-crystalline Phase of Azobenzene Compound
Authors: Yamamoto Takahiro , Nishiyama Isa , Yokoyama Hiroshi 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A novel dichiral azobenzene compound which shows two kinds of highly ordered liquid-crystalline phases was prepared. One of the mesophases was found, by miscibility studies, to be a chirality-induced three-dimensional (3D) liquid crystal phase. We, for the first time demonstrate the photoinduced phase transition of the liquid-crystalline 3D structure.