bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Near infrared thoracoscopy of tumoral protease activity for improved detection of peripheral lung cancer
Authors: Figueiredo Jose‐Luiz , Alencar Herlen , Weissleder Ralph , Mahmood Umar 
Published: December 2005

AbstractImprovement in tumor detection using “smart” probes in combination with microcatheter fluorescence thoracoscopy was evaluated in a mouse model. These imaging probes increase in fluorescence intensity after protease activation; cathepsin B is a major activator of the probes used in this study. Lewis lung carcinoma cells were orthotopically implanted in the subpleural lung parenchyma. Two activatable near infrared (NIR) probes with different excitation and emission wavelength were administered intravenously to determine whether wavelength would modulate target to background ratio (TBR). Mice were selectively intubated and thoracoscopy performed. A 0.8 mm outer diameter imaging catheter was used to record simultaneous white‐light (anatomic) and NIR (protease expression) images. At both wavelength pairs evaluated (680/700 and 750/780 nm excitation/emission), the intrinsic luminosity differences between tumors and normal lung in uninjected animals was low (p > 0.3 and p = 0.4, respectively and TBR near 1). In mice receiving protease probes IV, tumors were significantly more fluorescent than adjacent lung (p < 0.0005 for 680/700 and p < 0.006 for 750/780) and TBR increased to approximately 9‐fold. Confirmatory fluorescence microscopy and immunohistochemistry were similar and revealed that normal lung had very low levels when compared to tumors of cathepsin B and probe fluorescence. In conclusion, protease sensitive imaging probes selective for cathepsin B, imaged with NIR microcatheters, significantly increase the TBR, making small peripheral lung tumors more readily apparent. Such an approach may be a useful adjunct in staging or restaging patients with lung cancer to find minimal disease in the pleural and subpleural space. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Fruit consumption reduces the effect of smoking on bladder cancer risk. The Belgian case control study on bladder cancer
Authors: Kellen Eliane , Zeegers Maurice , Paulussen Aimée , Van Dongen Martien , Buntinx Frank 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe have hypothesized that consumption of fruit and vegetables may be associated with reduced risk of bladder cancer and that this may interact with cigarette smoking and metabolic genetic polymorphisms. A population‐based case–control study was performed in the Belgian province of Limburg among 200 cases and 385 controls. Logistic regression was performed to calculate odds ratios (ORs) for bladder cancer occurrence with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Effect modification by smoking was investigated. We also evaluated interaction between fruit intake and GSTM1, GSTT1, NAT2 and SULT1A1 amongst “ever‐smokers.” Total vegetable intake was not significantly associated with the risk of bladder cancer (OR 1.15, 95% CI: 0.70–1.88 for the highest compared to the lowest tertile). However, total fruit intake was negatively associated with bladder cancer risk (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.37–0.99 comparing the same tertiles). Among individuals with low daily fruit consumption, ever smokers had a highly increased risk of bladder cancer risk (OR: 4.23, 95% CI: 1.91–9.40). By increasing the daily fruit consumption, the risk of “ever‐smokers” for developing bladder cancer decreased, however it remained significant (OR: 2.15; 95CI%: 1.15–4.05). No interaction was identified between the different genotypes and fruit consumption. We conclude that fruit consumption may decrease the effect of smoking on developing bladder cancer. Antioxidants, found in fruit, may protect against the damage caused by free radicals found in cigarette smoke. Metabolic polymorphisms appear not to modify this relation. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Are mammotropic hormones mainly permissive for the development of breast cancer?
Authors: Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Bamia Christina , Lagiou Pagona , Trichopoulou Antonia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn a case–control study nested within the Greek EPIC cohort, serum levels of estrone, estradiol, androstenedione, dehydroepiandosterone sulfate, testosterone and IGF‐1 were measured for 29 breast cancer patients and 58 control women, matched for age and menopausal status. There was little difference in breast cancer risk when values of 4–6—as compared to values of 1–3—hormones were elevated, a finding arguing against a positive interaction among these hormones. Breast cancer risk, however, was significantly and substantially lower among women with levels of all hormones below the corresponding age‐ and menopausal‐status‐predicted means, compared to women with levels of at least 1 hormone above the predicted mean (odds ratio = 0.11 with 95% confidence interval 0.01–0.90; p = 0.04). Our results suggest that the studied mammotropic hormones may act as permissive factors for breast cancer occurrence, and that the levels of some of them above the mean suffice for sustaining growth of a developing tumor. A corollary is that studies of mammotropic hormones in relation to breast cancer risk may also need to focus on the lower end of the distributions of these growth‐enhancing hormones. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The norepinephrine‐driven metastasis development of PC‐3 human prostate cancer cells in BALB/c nude mice is inhibited by β‐blockers
Authors: Palm Daniel , Lang Kerstin , Niggemann Bernd , Drell Theodore L. , Masur Kai , Zaenker Kurt S. , Entschladen Frank 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe development of metastases is a decisive step in the course of a cancer disease. The detection of metastases in cancer patients is correlated with a poor prognosis, and over 90% of all deaths from cancer are not due to the primary tumor, which often can be successfully treated, but are due to the metastases. Tumor cell migration, a prerequisite for metastasis development, is not merely genetically determined, but is distinctly regulated by signal substances of the environment including chemokines and neurotransmitters. We have shown previously that the migration of breast, prostate, and colon carcinoma cells is enhanced by the stress‐related neurotransmitter norepinephrine in vitro, and that this effect can be inhibited by the β‐blocker propranolol. We now provide for the first time evidence for the in vivo relevance of this neurotransmitter‐driven regulation using PC‐3 prostate carcinoma cells. The development of lumbar lymph node metastases in athymic BALB/c nude mice increased with the application of norepinephrine via microosmotic pumps, while propranolol inhibited this effect. However, the growth of the primary tumor was not affected by either treatment. Additionally, experiments using human tissue microarrays showed that 70–90 percent of breast, colon, and prostate carcinoma tissues express the relevant β2‐adrenoceptor. Thus, our work contributes to the understanding of the basic cellular mechanisms of metastasis development, and furthermore delivers a rationale for the chemopreventive use of clinically established β‐blockers for the inhibition of metastases. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Combined therapy of an established, highly aggressive breast cancer in mice with paclitaxel and a unique DNA‐based cell vaccine
Authors: Chopra Amla , Kim Tae Sung , O‐Sullivan InSug , Martinez Don , Cohen Edward P. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractHere, we describe the enhanced benefits of treating a highly aggressive breast cancer in mice with a combination of paclitaxel and immunization with a unique DNA‐based cell vaccine. An adenocarcinoma was isolated from a spontaneous neoplasm that arose in the mammary gland of a C3H/He mouse (H‐2k) (SB5b cells). The vaccine was prepared by transfer of genomic DNA‐fragments (25 kb) from the breast cancer cells into a mouse fibroblast cell line (LM), modified to enhance its immunogenic properties. As the transferred DNA is integrated, and replicated as the recipient cells divide, the vaccine could be prepared from relatively small numbers of cancer cells (107 = 4 mm tumor). SB5b cells were injected into the mammary fat pad of naïve C3H/He mice, which are highly susceptible to the growth of the cancer cells. When the tumors reached ˜3 mm, the mice were injected s.c. with a noncurative dose of paclitaxel. Six days later, when immune competence returned, the mice received the first of 3 weekly s.c. injections of the vaccine. The combined therapy induced robust cellular immunity to the breast cancer, mediated by CD8+ and NK/LAK cells, which resulted in prolonged survival. The immunity was specific, as immunization with a vaccine prepared by transfer of DNA from B16 melanoma cells into the fibroblasts failed to induce immunity to the breast cancer. This type of vaccine raises the possibility that an analogous strategy could be used in the treatment of breast cancer patients at an early stage of the disease. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Space‐time clustering of childhood cancer in great Britain: A national study, 1969–1993
Authors: McNally Richard J.Q. , Alexander Freda E. , Bithell John F. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractPrevious studies have provided evidence that infections may play a part in the aetiology of certain childhood cancers. The finding of space‐time clustering indicates the presence of an environmental component to aetiology and is especially supportive of a role for infections. Space‐time clustering occurs when excess numbers of cases of a disease are observed within small geographical locations at limited periods of time and this cannot be explained in terms of general excesses in those locations or at those times. To investigate whether infections may be involved in the aetiology of childhood cancer, we have analysed for space‐time clustering using a large set of national population‐based data from Great Britain for the period 1969–1993. Data were examined by a second‐order procedure based on K‐functions, with fixed thresholds of closeness in space (0.5–7.5 km) and closeness in time (0.1–1.5 years). Locations were addresses at diagnosis. Tests were repeated, replacing geographical distances with distances to the 19th–33rd nearest neighbours and this provided the primary result for each analysis. There were a total of 32,295 cases of childhood cancer. The analyses showed statistically significant evidence of space‐time clustering for acute lymphoblastic leukaemia over the whole age range (p = 0.04), but especially for ages 1–4 years (p = 0.03). There was less statistically significant evidence for total leukaemia (p = 0.048). Significant space‐time clustering was also evident for soft tissue sarcomas (p = 0.03) and osteosarcomas (p = 0.02). Results support other evidence suggesting a role for infections in the aetiology of these particular diagnostic groups. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Salzburg concept of intraoperative radiotherapy for breast cancer: Results and considerations
Authors: Reitsamer Roland , Sedlmayer Felix , Kopp Michael , Kametriser Gerhard , Menzel Christian , Deutschmann Heinz , Nairz Olaf , Hitzl Wolfgang , Peintinger Florentia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAim of this study is to show that ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast conserving surgery can be reduced by proper surgery and modern radiotherapy techniques. Three hundred and seventy eight women with stage I or II breast cancer had breast conserving surgery and received 51–56.1 Gy of postoperative radiation to the whole breast in 1.7 Gy fractions, but patients received different boost strategies. Group 1 (n = 188) received electron boost radiation of 12 Gy subsequent to the irradiation to the whole breast, group 2 (n = 190) received intraoperative electron boost radiation of 9 Gy directly to the tumor bed, followed by whole breast irradiation. After a median follow up period of 81.0 months in group 1 and a median follow up period of 51.1 months in group 2, 12 IBTRs (6.4%) could be observed in group 1 and no IBTR could be observed in group 2 (0.0%). The 5‐year actuarial rates of IBTR were 4.3% (95% CI, 1.9–8.3%) and 0.0% (95% CI, 0.0–1.9%), respectively (p = 0.0018). The 5‐year actuarial rates of distant recurrence were 8.6% (95% CI, 4.9–13.5%) and 4.2% (95% CI, 1.8–8.2%), respectively (p = 0.08). The 5 year disease‐free survival rates were 90.9% (95% CI, 85.8–94.7%) in group 1 and 95.8% (95% CI, 91.8–98.2%) in group 2 (p = 0.064). Immediate IORT‐boost and whole breast irradiation yields excellent local control at 5 years, and was associated with a statistically significant decreased rate of IBTR compared with a similar cohort of patients treated with whole breast irradiation and conventional electron boost. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A search algorithm for fixed‐composition protein design
Authors: Hom Geoffrey K. , Mayo Stephen L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe present a computational protein design algorithm for finding low‐energy sequences of fixed amino acid composition. The search algorithms used in protein design typically do not restrict amino acid composition. However, the random energy model of Shakhnovich suggests that the use of fixed‐composition sequences may circumvent defects in the modeling of the denatured state. Our algorithm, FC_FASTER, links fixed‐composition versions of Monte Carlo and the FASTER algorithm. As proof of principle, FC_FASTER was tested on an experimentally validated, full‐sequence design of the β1 domain of protein G. For the wild‐type composition, FC_FASTER found a lower energy sequence than the experimentally validated sequence. Also, for a different composition, FC_FASTER found the hypothetical lowest‐energy sequence in 14 out of 32 trials. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 375–378, 2006
Continuous medium theory for nonequilibrium solvation: IV. Solvent reorganization energy of electron transfer based on conductor‐like screening model
Authors: Fu Ke‐Xiang , Zhu Quan , Li Xiang‐Yuan , Gong Zhen , Ma Jian‐Yi , He Rong‐Xing 
Published: December 2005

AbstractIn this work the authors present some evidences of defects in the popular continuous medium theories for nonequilibrium solvation. Particular attention has been paid to the incorrect reversible work approach. After convincing reasoning, the nonequilibrium free energy has been formulated to an expression different from the traditional ones. In a series of recent works by the authors, new formulations and some analytical application models for ultrafast processes were developed. Here, the authors extend the new theory to the cases of discrete bound charge distributions and present the correct form of the nonequilibrium solvation energy in such cases. A numerical solution method is applied to the evaluation of solvent reorganization energy of electron transfer. The test calculation for biphenyl–cyclohexane–naphthalene anion system achieves excellent agreement with the experimental fitting. The central importance presented in this work is the very simple and a consistent form of nonequilibrium free energy for both continuous and discrete charge distributions, based on which the new models can be established. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem 27: 368–374, 2006
Postembryonic development of Tanystylum bealensis (Pycnogonida, Ammotheidae) from Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Gillespie J.M. , Bain B.A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAll developmental stages of Tanystylum bealensis are described. This is the first complete developmental series of a pycnogonid species collected from a natural, rather than a laboratory‐reared population. Development proceeds through a series of nine instars from egg to adult, with major defining characteristics of the instars being the addition of walking legs, loss of chelifores, and modification of larval appendages into adult palps and ovigers. All stages are free‐living on the hydroid Plumularia setacea, except for the first instar (protonymphon), which remains on the ovigers of the adult male for a short time after hatching. Development in T. bealensis is compared to development in both the closely related species T. orbiculare and to the more distantly related Achelia alaskensis. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sizing the Jurassic theropod dinosaur Allosaurus: Assessing growth strategy and evolution of ontogenetic scaling of limbs
Authors: Bybee Paul J. , Lee Andrew H. , Lamm Ellen‐Thérèse 
Published: December 2005

AbstractAllosaurus is one of the most common Mesozoic theropod dinosaurs. We present a histological analysis to assess its growth strategy and ontogenetic limb bone scaling. Based on an ontogenetic series of humeral, ulnar, femoral, and tibial sections of fibrolamellar bone, we estimate the ages of the largest individuals in the sample to be between 13–19 years. Growth curve reconstruction suggests that maximum growth occurred at 15 years, when body mass increased 148 kg/year. Based on larger bones of Allosaurus, we estimate an upper age limit of between 22–28 years of age, which is similar to preliminary data for other large theropods. Both Model I and Model II regression analyses suggest that relative to the length of the femur, the lengths of the humerus, ulna, and tibia increase in length more slowly than isometry predicts. That pattern of limb scaling in Allosaurus is similar to those in other large theropods such as the tyrannosaurids. Phylogenetic optimization suggests that large theropods independently evolved reduced humeral, ulnar, and tibial lengths by a phyletic reduction in longitudinal growth relative to the femur. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental evolution and phenotypic plasticity of hindlimb bones in high‐activity house mice
Authors: Kelly Scott A. , Czech Polly P. , Wight Jeffrey T. , Blank Katie M. , Garland Theodore 
Published: December 2005

AbstractStudies of rodents have shown that both forced and voluntary chronic exercise cause increased hindlimb bone diameter, mass, and strength. Among species of mammals, “cursoriality” is generally associated with longer limbs as well as relative lengthening of distal limb segments, resulting in an increased metatarsal/femur (MT/F) ratio. Indeed, we show that phylogenetic analyses of previously published data indicate a positive correlation between body mass‐corrected home range area and both hindlimb length and MT/F in a sample of 19 species of Carnivora, although only the former is statistically significant in a multiple regression. Therefore, we used an experimental evolution approach to test for possible adaptive changes (in response to selective breeding and/or chronic exercise) in hindlimb bones of four replicate lines of house mice bred for high voluntary wheel running (S lines) for 21 generations and in four nonselected control (C) lines. We examined femur, tibiafibula, and longest metatarsal of males housed either with or without wheel access for 2 months beginning at 25–28 days of age. As expected from previous studies, mice from S lines ran more than C (primarily because the former ran faster) and were smaller in body size (both mass and length). Wheel access reduced body mass (but not length) of both S and C mice. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) revealed that body mass was a statistically significant predictor of all bone measures except MT/F ratio; therefore, all results reported are from ANCOVAs. Bone lengths were not significantly affected by either linetype (S vs. C) or wheel access. However, with body mass as a covariate, S mice had significantly thicker femora and tibiafibulae, and wheel access also significantly increased diameters. Mice from S lines also had heavier feet than C, and wheel access increased both foot and tibiafibula mass. Thus, the directions of evolutionary and phenotypic adaptation are generally consistent. Additionally, S‐line individuals with the mini‐muscle phenotype (homozygous for a Mendelian recessive allele that halves hindlimb muscle mass [Garland et al., 2002, Evolution 56:1267–1275]) exhibited significantly longer and thinner femora and tibiafibulae, with no difference in bone masses. Two results were considered surprising. First, no differences were found in the MT/F ratio (the classic indicator of cursoriality). Second, we did not find a significant interaction between linetype and wheel access for any trait, despite the higher running rate of S mice. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrastructural investigation of a salivary gland in a centipede: Structure and origin of the maxilla I‐gland of Scutigera coleoptrata (Chilopoda, Notostigmophora)
Authors: Hilken Gero , Rosenberg Jörg 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe maxilla I‐gland of Scutigera coleoptrata was investigated using light and electron microscopy methods. This is the first ultrastructural investigation of a salivary gland in Chilopoda. The paired gland opens via the hypopharynx into the foregut and extends up to the third trunk segment. The gland is of irregular shape and consists of numerous acini consisting of several gland units. The secretion is released into an arborescent duct system. Each acinus consists of multiple of glandular units. The units are composed of three cell types: secretory cells, a single intermediary cell, and canal cells. The pear‐shaped secretory cell is invaginated distally, forming an extracellular reservoir lined with microvilli, into which the secretion is released. The intermediary cell forms a conducting canal and connects the secretory cell with the canal cell. Proximally, the intermediary cell bears microvilli, whereas the distal part is covered with a distinct cuticle. The cuticle is a continuation of the cuticle of the canal cells. This investigation shows that the structure of the glandular units of the salivary maxilla I‐gland is comparable to that of the glandular units of epidermal glands. Thus, it is likely that in Chilopoda salivary glands and epidermal glands share the same ground pattern. It is likely that in compound acinar glands a multiplication of secretory and duct cells has taken place, whereas the number of intermediary cells remains constant. The increase in the number of salivary acini leads to a shifting of the secretory elements away from the epidermis, deep into the head. Comparative investigations of the different head glands provide important characters for the reconstruction of myriapod phylogeny and the relationships of Myriapoda and Hexapoda. J. Morphol. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.