bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age Disorientation in Chronic Schizophrenia: The Nature of the Cognitive Deficit
Authors: Crow T. J. , Stevens M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an interview survey of temporal orientation in chronic schizophrenia, patients with age disorientation (n = 77) were much less likely than patients without age disorientation (n = 222) to be able to give correct answers to simple questions about dates and the passage of time (e.g. their date of birth, the present year and the duration of their hospital stay). The age disorientated systematically underestimate the present year and their duration of hospital stay; in individual patients the errors they make are consistent with their concept of their own age. ‘Time stands still’ for these patients.However, there are patients in whom an incorrect appreciation of their own age co-exists with correct awareness of the present year. Between these patients and those for whom subjective time stands still, there appears to be a continuum of increasing temporal disorientation. This dimension may be a clinical correlate of intellectual impairment.
The Influence of Videotape Feedback on the Self-Assessments of Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Griffiths R. D. P. , Gillingham P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe effects of videotape feedback on patients' self-perception were assessed in a study which was a partial replication of an investigation reported by Griffiths and Hinkson (1973). Subjects were randomly allocated to one of three groups. After a semi-structured interview, they were either (1) shown a videotape of the interview, or (2) shown a videotape of another person being interviewed, or (3) engaged in other activities not involving videotape. Patients' self-ratings indicated that videotape feedback has immediate effects on self-assessments of social ease and physical attractiveness. Feedback produced changes in ratings of social ease, but individuals differed in the direction of the change (i.e. whether social ease was ‘better’ or ‘worse’). The direction of the change was predicted by a questionnaire measure of response style. Feedback also tended to make patients rate themselves as less attractive in the eyes of other people. All changes were, however, temporary and had disappeared at a two-week follow-up.The results are generally consistent with those reported by Griffiths and Hinkson in that they indicate temporary and specific changes in response to videotape feedback. The implications of the results are discussed.
Mianserin and Lithium in the Prophylaxis of Depression
Authors: Coppen Alec , Ghose Karabi , Rao Rama , Bailey John , Peet Malcolm 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-one out-patients with a history of at least three attacks of depressive illness were randomly allocated to treatment on a double-blind basis for one year with either mianserin 20 mg three times daily plus placebo lithium tablets, or to lithium tablets once daily plus placebo mianserin tablets. After one year, the dosage of mianserin was increased to 30 mg t.d.s. for a further six months. All but three of the patients had previously been stabilized on prophylactic lithium therapy. Lithium was found to be significantly superior to mianserin in avoiding admission to hospital or ECT. The overall affective morbidity index, calculated from global rating, showed no significant difference between drugs, but the index of the mianserin group was higher in the second six months than in the first. The lithium group showed no such change. Lithium remains the choice for the prophylaxis of unipolar recurrent depressive illness.
A Study of Thyroid Function in Psychiatric In-patients
Authors: McLarty D. G. , Ratcliffe W. A. , Ratcliffe J. G. , Shimmins J. G. , Goldberg A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of abnormal serum total thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) concentrations were determined in 1,206 in-patients in two associated psychiatric hospitals. The biochemical pattern of primary hypothyroidism occurred in five females and one male (prevalence 0.5 per cent), but in only one patient was the diagnosis clinically obvious. Eight patients (all female) were clinically hyperthyroid (prevalence 0.7 per cent), of whom six were previously undiagnosed. There was no evidence that phenothiazines or benzodiazepine therapy had any significant effect on thyroid hormone levels. The small differences in thyroid hormone levels between psychiatric diagnostic groups could be explained by differences in age distribution.
Accidents in a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Hawton Keith , Leopoldt Helmut 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a six-month study of psychiatric hospital in-patients, it was found that accidents more often occurred among females and among patients on psychogeriatric wards. Falls were the most common form of accident. Accidents resulting from the aggressive behaviour of other patients usually occurred on long-stay and rehabilitation wards, with middle-aged patients the victims.
Molecular Mechanisms Mediating the Action of Diazepam on GABA Receptors
Authors: Costa E. , Guidotti A. , Toffano G. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo types of crude synaptic membranes have been prepared which differ in their kinetic properties to bind3H-GABA in a Na+-free medium. One type (B) has one type of receptor (affinity or KDabout 0.2 μM), the other type (A) has two populations of receptors which have a high (0.16 μM) and a low (.02 μM) KDfor GABA binding. This difference is due to the presence of a selective endogenous inhibitor of the high affinity receptor for GABA, a thermostable protein of about 15,000 molecular weight. Inhibitor action is counteracted by diazepam (7 x 10-7M), competitively. Clonazepam is more active but chlordiazepoxide is less active than diazepam. Two enantiomers of a benzodiazepine were studied. One of them is endowed with anxiolytic activity and nullifies the action of the endogenous inhibitor on high affinity GABA binding, the other is devoid of anxiolytic activity and is inactive against the inhibitor. The endogenous protein inhibitor also competitively blocks the high affinity binding of3H-diazepam to Type A membranes. It is concluded that the endogenous inhibitor and diazepam act on the same receptor; and suggested that the endogenous inhibitor may be the natural ligand for the brain receptors that bind benzodiazepines with high affinity.
The Pattern of Mortality in Severe Neuroses
Authors: Sims Andrew , Prior Patricia 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIs there an increased relative risk of death in severe neurosis? 1,482 patients from three psychiatric units in different hospitals in Birmingham were followed-up after a mean of 10.9 years. 91 per cent of the sample were traced and 139 patients were found to have died; a highly significant increased mortality for both sexes for all causes of death. Although suicide and accidents contributed disproportionately, particularly in early follow-up, there was still a markedly increased mortality from the combined categories of nervous respiratory and cardiovascular disease, more evenly distributed in time.
Childhood Behaviour in Schizophrenia, Personality Disorder, Depression, and Neurosis
Authors: Lewine Richard R. J. , Watt Norman F. , Prentky Robert A. , Fryer John H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTeachers' comments in the childhood school records (grades K-12) of 143 psychiatric patients and their matched controls were coded along 23 bipolar dimensions. Two methods of grouping these scales were compared: rational clusters and factor analysis. Factor analysis yielded more numerous and narrowly defined behavioural groupings. Schizophrenics, personality disorder patients, neurotics, and depressives were compared to their matched controls on each of the cluster and factor scores. Both schizophrenics and personality disordered patients were significantly less agreeable in childhood than their respective controls. Pre-schizophrenics also were significantly more unstable. Depressives were more independent than their controls, while neurotics did not differ significantly in any respect from normals in childhood. The data suggest that schizophrenia may have specific developmental patterns of possible aetiological or early diagnostic significance.
Depot Injections and Tardive Dyskinesia
Authors: Gibson Alan C. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA prospective study was undertaken on 374 out-patients receiving depot fluphenazine or depot flupenthixol to determine the incidence of tardive dyskinesia. In three years the percentage showing the bucco-linguo-masticatory syndrome rose from 8 per cent to 22 per cent, though patients had received various neuroleptics for a mean of 13 years previously. Fluphenazine and flupenthixol were equally involved though 75 per cent of affected patients had the condition in mild degree. Six additional cases of generalized chorea were all receiving flupenthixol. Reduction of dose or the substitution of pimozide produced marked improvement, but results suggest that it is unlikely that this will be permanent. Substitution of depot fluspirilene also produced favourable results. Careful monitoring, minimal neuroleptic dosage, and periods of neuroleptic abstinence are recommended.
Eysenck's Theory of Criminality Applied to Women Awaiting Trial
Authors: Barack Leonard I. , Widom Cathy Spatz 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAmerican women awaiting trial were administered the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Compared to a heterogeneous control group, these women scored significantly higher on the neuroticism and psychoticism scales and on Burgess's ‘hedonism’ variable, though they did not differ with respect to extraversion or lie scale scores. Women awaiting trial were more likely to fall in the neurotic-extravert quadrant (a trend more marked for non-white women). In general, the results support Eysenck's theory of criminality and the usefulness of Burgess's ‘hedonism’ variable.
The Prevalence of Problem Drinking and Alcoholism in the West of Scotland
Authors: Saunders W. M. , Kershaw P. W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA 10 per cent probability sample of the population of Clydebank was interviewed, using an indirect questionnaire, to assess the extent of alcohol-related disabilities. Eighty-two per cent of 4,397 persons gave information and weighted symptom-scoring analysis showed 5.0 per cent of adult males and 1.1 per cent of adult females could be classified as problem drinkers and 5.2 per cent and 0.5 per cent respectively could be labelled alcoholics. These figures are compared to existing Scottish and English alcoholism prevalence statistics.
Recovery from ECT in Elderly Patients
Authors: Fraser R. M. , Glass I. B. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNine elderly depressed patients were given ECT in courses which alternated unilateral and bilateral electrode placement; recovery times were measured. When compared with similar times for younger patients, recovery took on average five times as long from unilateral treatment and nine times as long from bilateral. Within the group, bilateral treatment took significantly longer for recovery than unilateral treatment and was significantly more sensitive to cumulative effect and interval effect.
Undetermined Deaths—Suicide or Accident?
Authors: Holding T. A. , Barraclough B. M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA consecutive series of 110 undetermined deaths (U.D.) was compared with matched samples of suicides and accidents recorded in the same metropolitan Coroner's District. The hypothesis tested was that U.D. are mostly concealed suicides and will resemble known suicides more closely than accidents. The samples were compared on social and demographic variables, psychiatric and physical illness, evidence of suicide intent, information available to the Coroner and the circumstances of death. The results did not confirm the hypothesis. The study widens the investigation of the mortality of mental disorder from unnatural causes beyond the category of suicide.
The Outcome of Severe Acute Schizophrenic Illnesses After One Year
Authors: Johnstone Eve C. , Frith C. D. , Gold Aviva , Stevens Marilyn 
Published: August 2008

SummaryForty-five patients with acute schizophrenic illnesses (defined by PSE criteria) were assessed in clinical, cognitive and social terms before being entered in a four week study of the isomers of flupenthixol and placebo. At the end of one year they were re-assessed in the same terms. The clinical and psychological features of the acute illness and the drug treatment given did not predict outcome. Poor outcome in social terms was significantly related to severe social isolation in the initial assessment and to the presence of nuclear symptoms and negative schizophrenic features at follow-up.
The Focus in Brief Interpretive Psychotherapy: Dilemmas, Traps and Snags as Target Problems
Authors: Ryle Anthony 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe need for a focus for brief interpretive psychotherapy is considered and a new approach is suggested. In this method, the ways in which the patient's construction of himself and his relationships are related to his problems are identified and expressed in the form of dilemmas, traps and snags. It is suggested that these formulations represent an appropriate level of abstraction, allowing patient and therapist to share provisional hypotheses about the goals of therapy and offering the basis for a method of measuring how far these goals are achieved.
Behaviour Therapy in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Eckert Elke D. , Goldberg Solomon C. , Halmi Katherine A. , Casper Regina C. , Davis John M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn three collaborating hospitals, 81 anorexia nervosa patients were randomly assigned to behaviour modification or its absence and followed over 35 days. There was no overall significant difference in weight gain in the two groups except in a subset of patients: those with no prior out-patient treatments.
Cyproheptadine in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Goldberg Solomon C. , Halmi Katherine A. , Eckert Elke D. , Casper Regina C. , Davis John M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn three hospitals 81 female patients satisfying rigorous diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa were randomly allocated to one of four treatment combinations of cyproheptadine and placebo with behaviour therapy and no behaviour therapy. Cyproheptadine was found to be effective in inducing weight gain in a subgroup of anorexia nervosa patients who (a) had a history of birth delivery complications, (b) had lost 41–52 per cent weight from norm and (c) had a history of prior outpatient treatment failure. This subgroup may represent a more severe form of anorexia nervosa.
Pretreatment Predictors of Outcome in Anorexia Nervosa
Authors: Halmi Katherine A. , Goldberg Solomon C. , Casper Regina C. , Eckert Elke D. , Davis John M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe relationship of selected pretreatment characteristics to weight gain during treatment was examined in 81 anorexia nervosa patients. Good prognostic indicators correlating positively with weight gain were: no previous hospitalizations for anorexia nervosa, a great amount of overactivity before treatment, less denial of illness, less psychosexual immaturity and the admission to feeling hunger. A perinatal history of delivery complications was associated with the poor outcome predictor of prior hospitalizations.
Psychotic and Neurotic Depression: 1. Some Points of Method
Authors: Bhrolcháin Máire Ní 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTesting hypotheses on classification could be made more precise by using only clinical symptoms and signs as its basis. Analyses based on a mixture of clinical, aetiological and background variables give ambiguous results since they incorporate the assumption that aetiological and symptomatological patterns are related in a one-to-one manner. A set of simplified models of possible relationships between aetiology and symptomatology is used to discuss these problems of interpretation. The clinical variables to be used for discriminant analyses may be chosen by testing for the existence of lower-order and higher-order differences between groups.
Parental Age and Birth Order in Homosexual Patients: A Replication of Slater's Study
Authors: Hare E. H. , Moran P. A. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryParental age (at patient's birth) and birth order were studied in 623 male and 89 female patients diagnosed as homosexual, who were born in England and Wales and first attended the Maudsley Hospital between the years 1961–1975. For male patients, mean parental ages were significantly higher than expectation, and mean birth order was significantly later. Regression analysis indicated that the raised fathers' age was probably of more aetiological importance than the raised mothers' age. The results confirm those of previous studies. The female patients did not show a raised parental age or late birth order.
A Shifting Seasonality of Schizophrenic Births
Authors: Torrey E. Fuller , Torrey Barbara Boyle 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn view of recent findings in Japan, and in England and Wales, data on schizophrenic births in the United States were reexamined to see if seasonal shifts had occurred. In Missouri a progressive shift from February to April and May was noted between 1921 and 1930 and between 1941 and 1950. In five New England states there was no shift over the same period. Data were then obtained to compare the Missouri shift with two hypotheses previously put forward to explain schizophrenic birth seasonality: (1) that it is related to the seasonality of general births, and (2) that it is related to seasonal temperature variation. Neither hypothesis was supported by the data.
An Experimental Study of Pictures Produced by Acute Schizophrenic Subjects
Authors: Russell-Lacy Stephen , Robinson Victoria , Benson Janet , Cranage Janet 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to examine the validity of assessing pictures produced by acute schizophrenic subjects as a technique in differential diagnosis. It was hypothesized that art productions by schizophrenics differ from those both by other acute psychiatric patients and by ‘normals'. Coloured slides were made from pictures produced in standardized conditions by three samples each of thirty subjects. It was found that repetition of abstract forms was the only factor studied to be associated specifically with schizophrenia; whereas the presence of pictorial imbalance, overelaboration, childlike features, uncovered space, detail and colour variety were found to be associated with psychiatric admission irregardless of diagnosis. Doubt is cast on the use of art as a technique in differential psychiatric diagnosis.
Psychological and Behavioural Disturbance in West Indians, Indians and Pakistanis in Britain: A Comparison of Rates Among Children and Adults
Authors: Cochrane Raymond 
Published: August 2008

SummaryData are presented from four studies which compare rates of psychological disturbance for three groups of immigrants to Britain and natives respectively. Children of West Indian and Asian parents are compared to native British children on the Rutter Teachers' Questionnaire and on rates of admission to psychiatric hospitals. Asian children have lower rates of behavioural deviance and mental hospital admissions than do British children. Children of West Indian immigrants show no more behavioural deviance in schools than do British children, but have considerably higher rates of admission to mental hospitals. The pattern for adults is remarkably similar to that shown by children, even though different definitions of psychological disturbance are used. The findings are discussed in the context of previous studies of immigrants to Britain and contemporary theories of immigrant adjustment.
First Rank Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Questions Concerning Clinical Boundaries
Authors: Koehler Karl 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe phenomenological criteria of prominent Anglo-American researchers on certain so-called passivity experiences, sense deceptions and delusional phenomena, reflecting their interpretations of Kurt Schneider's first rank symptoms of schizophrenia, are examined. In this way the frequent discrepancies and difficulties in delimiting the clinical boundaries of these phenomena more clearly come to light.
Monoamine Mechanisms in Chronic Schizophrenia: Post-Mortem Neurochemical Findings
Authors: Crow T. J. , Baker H. F. , Cross A. J. , Joseph M. H. , Lofthouse R. , Longden A. , Owen F. , Riley G. J. , Glover V. , Killpack W. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDopamine and its metabolites homovanillic acid and dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, noradrenaline, serotonin and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, and tryptophan and its metabolite kynurenine have been assayed in 9 schizophrenic and 10 control brains, together with the monoamine-related enzymes tyrosine hydroxylase monoamine oxidase, dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and catechol-o-methyltransferase. In schizophrenic brains dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin were significantly increased in some areas of corpus striatum, but there were no significant changes in enzyme activity or monoamine metabolite concentrations in any of the brain areas examined. The findings are not consistent with theories that serotonin or noradrenaline stores are grossly depleted or noradrenaline neurones have degenerated, or that monoamine oxidase activity is abnormal, in schizophrenia, and provide no direct support for the hypothesis that dopamine neurones are overactive.
A Comparison of Social Workers and Psychiatrists in Evaluating Parasuicide
Authors: Newson-Smith J. G. B. , Hirsch S. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty parasuicide patients admitted to medical wards were assessed by social workers prior to routine psychiatric assessment. Both disciplines completed a rating schedule. The social workers' and psychiatrists' rating schedule responses were compared, and their decisions were examined against further information obtained by a research psychiatrist, which included standardized mental state assessment. Overall the results show that social workers can safely and reliably assess these patients, but they are more cautious. A management approach involving social workers as assessors of parasuicide patients is discussed.
The Reconstruction of Schizophrenic Speech
Authors: Rutter D. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA suggestion that schizophrenic speech may be harder to understand than normal speech was tested by a technique of reconstruction. Ten schizophrenic and ten normal passages were typed onto cards, one sentence per card. Each passage was then presented with the sentences in random order, and students were asked to reconstruct what they believed was the original order. Fewer correct strings of three or more sentences were achieved for the schizophrenic material than the normal material. It is concluded that thereisa detectable abnormality in the structure of schizophrenic speech, but that it stems from the relationshipbetweensentences rather than the content of individual sentences.
A New Depression Scale Designed to be Sensitive to Change
Authors: Montgomery Stuart A. , Åsberg Marie 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe construction of a depression rating scale designed to be particularly sensitive to treatment effects is described. Ratings of 54 English and 52 Swedish patients on a 65 item comprehensive psychopathology scale were used to identify the 17 most commonly occurring symptoms in primary depressive illness in the combined sample.Ratings on these 17 items for 64 patients participating in studies of four different antidepressant drugs were used to create a depression scale consisting of the 10 items which showed the largest changes with treatment and the highest correlation to overall change.The inter-rater reliability of the new depression scale was high. Scores on the scale correlated significantly with scores on a standard rating scale for depression, the Hamilton Rating Scale (HRS), indicating its validity as a general severity estimate. Its capacity to differentiate between responders and non-responders to antidepressant treatment was better than the HRS, indicating greater sensitivity to change. The practical and ethical implications in terms of smaller sample sizes in clinical trials are discussed.