bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emerging Treatments for Bipolar Disorder: Safety and Adverse Effect Profiles
Authors: Marken Patricia A , Pies Ronald W 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To provide an overview of the safety and tolerability of newer agents used to treat bipolar disorder (BPD) and provide clinicians with management strategies for drug-related toxicity and adverse effects. Data Sources: MEDLINE was searched through July 2005 for BPD treatment, adverse effects, tolerability, safety, emerging agents, atypical antipsychotics, new antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), risperidone, quetiapine, clozapine, ziprasidone, aripiprazole, lamotrigine, topiramate, gabapentin, oxcarbazepine, and olanzapine. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Results from randomized controlled trials, open-label studies, and reviews are described. Data Synthesis: Emerging agents recently approved for BPD include atypical antipsychotics and new AEDs. Safety and tolerability are as Important as efficacy because poor adherence in BPD worsens outcome; metabolic and other comorbidities pose specific challenges; and manic patients often require combination therapy, which increases adverse effects. Most atypical antipsychotics cause fewer extrapyramidal symptoms than conventional antipsychotics, but may cause more weight gain and metabolic complications. The newer AEDs generally cause less weight gain than the older agents, and some even promote weight loss. Several newer AEDs used in BPD also offer the advantages of fewer drug interactions and less need for therapeutic drug monitoring compared with older AEDs. Conclusions: Pending the results of ongoing controlled studies, several emerging agents may be useful additions to the therapeutic arsenal for BPD.
Role of Lenalidomide in the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma and Myelodysplasic Syndrome
Authors: Maier Sara K , Hammond Julia M 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To evaluate lenalidomide in the treatment of multiple myeloma and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS). Data Sources: Clinical literature was accessed through MEDLINE (1966–August 2005), Science Citation Index (1980–August 2005), and Proceedings of the American Society of Hematology (2000–2004). Data Synthesis: New analogs of thalidomide have been synthesized that are more potent and less toxic. Lenalidomide (CC-5013) is currently in Phase III trials for the treatment of multiple myeloma and MDS. Phase II trials demonstrated lenalidomide's efficacy in patients refractory to thalidomide. The full potential of this agent has yet to be proven, but preliminary data seem promising. Conclusions: Lenalidomide is a potent immunomodulating drug that offers different mechanisms of action and therapeutic potential for the treatment of multiple myeloma, MDS, and other malignancies.
Current Status of Cetuximab for the Treatment of Patients with Solid Tumors
Authors: Frieze Deborah A , McCune Jeannine S 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical evidence, and safety, as well as the potential directions for use, of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) monoclonal antibody cetuximab. Data Sources: A MEDLINE search (1966–December 2005) was conducted using the following terms: cetuximab, Erbitux, C225, epidermal growth factor receptor, and EGFR. Additional information was obtained via meeting abstracts, bibliographies from relevant articles, national guidelines, and the manufacturer. Study Selection and Data Extraction: Preclinical and clinical trials utilizing cetuximab in the treatment of solid tumors were selected from the data sources. All published, randomized clinical trials involving cetuximab in treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer and studies providing a description of the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, safety, or efficacy were included in this review. Data Synthesis: Many solid tumors overexpress EGFR, making it an ideal target for anticancer agents. Cetuximab is the only EGFR monoclonal antibody commercially available and is approved for the treatment of EGFR-expressing, metastatic colorectal cancer in patients refractory or intolerant to irinotecan. Data on patients with other solid tumors are encouraging with cetuximab used as monotherapy or in combination with chemotherapy, radiation, or other targeted agents. Common adverse effects include dermatologic and hypersensitivity reactions. Conclusions: Further clinical data are necessary to clearly define the role of cetuximab in the treatment of patients with solid malignancies, with emphasis on survival and quality-of-life benefits relative to its cost.
Mycophenolate Mofetil Treatment of Myasthenia Gravis
Authors: Cahoon William D , Kockler Denise R 
Published: January 2006

Objective: To review published literature evaluating the effectiveness of mycophenolate mofetil for the treatment of myasthenia gravis (MG). Data Sources: Searches of MEDLINE (1966–August 2005) and Cochrane Database (1993–August 2005) were conducted. Studies conducted in humans and published in English were retrieved. Additional data were identified through subsequent bibliographic reviews. Data Synthesis: Interruption of T- and B-lymphocyte proliferation in various autoimmune diseases has been investigated. Mycophenolate is known to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation and has shown improved clinical responses in several autoimmune diseases including lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic vasculitis. Data suggesting similar benefits in MG treatment have been reported in case reports, retrospective analyses, an open-label trial, and a randomized, double-blind trial. Conclusions: Limited evidence from retrospective analyses and clinical trials suggests that mycophenolate is a possible treatment option for patients with MG. Improvement in clinical symptoms and a steroid-sparing effect have been reported when mycophenolate is used in this patient population. Larger, randomized, controlled, and comparative trials are needed to establish optimal dose, time to effect, specific therapeutic role, and long-term safety for mycophenolate when used for treating MG.
Tactile Spatial Attention Enhances Gamma-Band Activity in Somatosensory Cortex and Reduces Low-Frequency Activity in Parieto-Occipital Areas
Authors: Bauer Markus , Oostenveld Robert , Peeters Maarten , Fries Pascal 
Published: January 2006

We investigated the effects of spatial-selective attention on oscillatory neuronal dynamics in a tactile delayed-match-to-sample task. Whole-head magnetoencephalography was recorded in healthy subjects while dot patterns were presented to their index fingers using Braille stimulators. The subjects' task was to report the reoccurrence of an initially presented sample pattern in a series of up to eight test stimuli that were presented unpredictably to their right or left index finger. Attention was cued to one side (finger) at the beginning of each trial, and subjects performed the task at the attended side, ignoring the unattended side.After stimulation, high-frequency gamma-band activity (60–95 Hz) in presumed primary somatosensory cortex (S1) was enhanced, whereas alpha- and beta-band activity were suppressed in somatosensory and occipital areas and then rebounded. Interestingly, despite the absence of any visual stimulation, we also found time-locked activation of medial occipital, presumably visual, cortex. Most relevant, spatial tactile attention enhanced stimulus-induced gamma-band activity in brain regions consistent with contralateral S1 and deepened and prolonged the stimulus induced suppression of beta- and alpha-band activity, maximal in parieto-occipital cortex. Additionally, the beta rebound over contralateral sensorimotor areas was suppressed.We hypothesize that spatial-selective attention enhances the saliency of sensory representations by synchronizing neuronal responses in early somatosensory cortex and thereby enhancing their impact on downstream areas and facilitating interareal processing. Furthermore, processing of tactile patterns also seems to recruit visual cortex and this even more so for attended compared with unattended stimuli.
Water, Atmosphere, and Environmental Governance: A Comprehensive Perspective
Authors: Ferrara Enzo 
Published: January 2006

Reflections on Water: New Approaches to Transboundary Conflicts and Cooperation. Joachim Blatter and Helen Ingram. eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.Changing the Atmosphere: Expert Knowledge and Environmental Governance. Clark Miller and Paul N. Edwards. eds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001.
Synthesis, Liquid‐Crystalline Properties, and Photo‐optical Studies of Photoresponsive Oligomeric Mesogens as Dopants in a Chiral Glassy Liquid Crystal
Authors: Akiyama H. , Mallia V. A. , Tamaoki N. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe have prepared photoresponsive oligomers that have molecular weights of ca. 4500, 8000, and 16 000 g mol–1 via the free‐radical polymerization of 4‐[4‐alkylphenylazo]phenoxyalkyl acrylates. All of the oligomers possess bilayer smectic A (SmA) and smectic B (SmB) phases. Increasing the concentration of these oligomeric dopants in a glass‐forming cholesteric liquid crystal causes a dramatic red‐shift in the reflection wavelength. The pitch shifts are very dependent on the alkyl chain lengths and molecular weights of the dopants. The oligomer that contains octyl chains and an octyl spacer, and that has a molecular weight of 4500 g mol–1 exhibits the largest shift in the reflection wavelength. UV exposure has been used to control the cholesteric reflection pitch of the oligomer‐cholesteric glassy liquid‐crystal mixture over the entire visible region of the electromagnetic spectrum and vitrifies the samples by rapid cooling from their cholesteric temperatures to 0 °C. Extremely stable, even at 70 °C, erasable, full‐color images have been created using this host–guest mixture.
Analytical approach for entropy generation during a laser‐pulse heating process
Authors: Yilbas B. S. , Kalyon M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractLaser‐pulse heating of engineering surfaces finds application in the metal industries. In general, energy‐efficient processing depends on the workpiece and laser‐pulse properties. Consequently, investigation into entropy generation during the heating and cooling cycles of the process becomes fruitful. In the present study, analytical solutions for temperature distribution and entropy generation inside the substrate material are presented. Temperature distribution and entropy generation resulting from two different pulses having the same energy content, but different pulse lengths, are computed. The entropy number ratio (ratio of entropy generation number in the heating cycle to entropy generation number in the cooling cycle) is obtained. It is found that entropy generated in the surface region of the substrate material is considerably low because of the small temperature gradient in this region. However, the entropy ratio reaches its maximum in this region, which in turn indicates that entropy generation in the heating cycle is considerably higher than its counterpart in the cooling cycle in this region. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Functional connectivity networks are disrupted in left temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Waites Anthony B. , Briellmann Regula S. , Saling Michael M. , Abbott David F. , Jackson Graeme D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjectiveFunctional connectivity maps the distributed network of brain regions fluctuating synchronously during a continuous brain state. This study sought to investigate whether patients with left temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) differ from controls in their resting‐state functional connectivity between typical language regions.MethodsWe studied 17 patients with left TLE, together with eight healthy controls, using seeded functional connectivity. Seed regions were defined using the regions of maximal activation and deactivation during a language functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) task in a separate cohort of 30 controls.ResultsLanguage fMRI produced the expected activation pattern, which was not different between patients and controls. However, functional connectivity between language areas during rest was markedly different; whereas controls showed connectivity between each of the seed areas and the majority of the language areas, patients showed connectivity only with a few areas, particularly the seed area itself. This difference was significant in the direct comparison of patients and control connectivity maps.InterpretationWe suggest that this reduced connectivity in left temporal lobe epilepsy may reflect a disturbance of the language network during resting state in patients and may be related to subtle language difficulties in this patient population. Ann Neurol 2006
An amphoteric water‐soluble copolymer. II. Effect of its molecular weight on the dispersion of barium titanate in water
Authors: Ying Kuo‐Liang , Hsu Kung‐Chung , Wei Wen‐Cheng J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAn amphoteric water‐soluble copolymer, that is, polyacrylamide/(α‐N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐acryloyloxyethyl)ammonium ethanate (PAAM/DAAE) was synthesized and it showed the ability to disperse BaTiO3 (BT) particles in aqueous solutions. In this work, the effect of molecular weight of this polymer on the dispersing properties was further examined. The results indicate that the effectiveness of three polymer samples with different molecular weights in the dispersion of BT particles is P2 (Mw = 1.1 × 105) > P1 (Mw = 1.2 × 104) > P3 (Mw = 3.0 × 105). Apparently, P2 is most effective in dispersing the particles, reducing the viscosity of the suspensions, and obtaining highest green and sintered densities. This is attributed to the highest adsorption of this polymer onto BT powder, and causes strongest electrostatic and steric repulsions. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 886–891, 2006
Rapid Monitoring of the Nature and Interconversion of Supported Catalyst Phases and of Their Influence upon Performance: CO Oxidation to CO2 by γ‐Al2O3 Supported Rh Catalysts
Authors: Newton Mark A. , Dent Andrew J. , Diaz‐Moreno Sofia , Fiddy Steven G. , Jyoti Bhrat , Evans John 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSpatially and temporally resolved energy‐dispersive EXAFS (EDE) has been utilised in situ to study supported Rh nanoparticles during CO oxidation by O2 under plug‐flow conditions. Three distinct phases of Rh supported upon Al2O3 were identified by using EDE at the Rh K‐edge during CO oxidation. Their presence and interconversion are related to the efficiency of the catalysts in oxidising CO to CO2. A metallic phase is only found at higher temperatures (>450 K) and CO fractions (CO/O2>1); an oxidic phase resembling Rh2O3 dominates the active catalyst under oxygen‐rich conditions. Below about 573 K, and in CO‐rich environments, high proportions of isolated RhI(CO)2 species are found to co‐exist with metallic Rh nanoparticles. Alongside these discrete situations a large proportion of the active phase space comprises small Rh cores surrounded by layers of active oxide. Confinement of Rh to nanoscale domains induces structural lability that influences catalytic behaviour. For CO oxidation over Rh/Al2O3 there are two redox phase equilibria alongside the chemistry of CO and O adsorbed upon extended Rh surfaces.
Novel 10‐I‐3 Hypervalent Iodine‐Based Compounds for Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation
Authors: Eisenberger Patrick , Gischig Sebastian , Togni Antonio 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe synthesis of a new family of 10‐I‐3 hypervalent iodine compounds is described in which the CF3 functionality participates directly in the hypervalent bond. These materials are accessible by nucleophilic ligand substitution at iodine using Me3SiCF3 in the presence of a substoichiometric amount of fluoride. The expected T‐shaped geometry at iodine was verified by X‐ray crystallographic analyses of three of the products (1‐trifluoromethyl‐1,2‐benziodoxol‐3‐(1 H)‐one and two substituted 1‐trifluoromethyl‐1,3‐dihydro‐1,2‐benziodoxoles). Preliminary results for the direct electrophilic transfer of the trifluoromethyl moiety onto organic nucleophiles show modest reactivity in polar aprotic solvents under relatively mild conditions. The overall process can be understood as a formal umpolung of the CF3 group.
The Cycloaddition Strategy for the Synthesis of Natural Products Containing Carbocyclic Seven‐Membered Rings
Authors: Battiste Merle A. , Pelphrey Phillip M. , Wright Dennis L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractHighly substituted carbocyclic seven‐membered rings are frequently found in natural products and their synthesis represents a significant challenge to the synthetic chemist. Direct intramolecular cyclization of these systems often proves difficult and this fact has catalyzed the development of a variety of strategies based on a convergent intermolecular cycloaddition strategy. This concept article discusses the major cycloaddition approaches utilized to access these types of structures and primarily focuses on examples employed in the synthesis of natural products.
Magnetic Short‐Range Order in the New Ternary Phase Mn8Pd15Si7.
Authors: Eriksson T. , Mellergaard A. , Nordblad P. , Larsson A.‐K. , Felton S. , Hoewing J. , Gustafsson T. , Andersson Y. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Benzofurans with Remote Bromide Functionality by Domino “Ring‐Cleavage‐Deprotection‐Cyclization” Reactions of 2‐Alkylidenetetrahydrofurans with Boron Tribromide.
Authors: Bellur Esen , Langer Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Entry into 1‐Methyl‐ and 1‐Aryl‐octahydropyrrolo[3,4‐b]pyrroles and Their N‐1—C‐2 Fused Derivatives: Stereoselective Synthesis via an Intramolecular Azomethine Ylide Cycloaddition Reaction.
Authors: Poornachandran Mahalingam , Raghunathan Raghavachary 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Lewis Acid—Doped Natural Phosphate: New Catalysts for the One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐one.
Authors: El Badaoui Hanane , Bazi Fathallaah , Tamani Soumia , Baoulaajaj Said , Zahouily Mohamed , Lazrek Hassan B. , Sebti Said 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient and Clean One‐Pot Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydropyrimidine‐2‐(1H)‐ones Catalyzed by SrCl2×6H2O‐HCl in Solvent or Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Nasr‐Esfahani Masoud , Khosropour Ahmad Reza 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Domino Addition/Annulation of δ‐Alkynylaldehydes and Oxygen Nucleophiles: A New Entry to [1,4]Oxazino[4,3‐a]indoles.
Authors: Abbiati Giorgio , Canevari Valentina , Caimi Solange , Rossi Elisabetta 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Family of New 1,2,4‐Trioxanes by Photooxygenation of Allylic Alcohols in Sensitizer‐Doped Polymers and Secondary Reactions.
Authors: Bartoschek Anna , El‐Idreesy Tamer T. , Griesbeck Axel G. , Hoeinck Lars‐Oliver , Lex Johann , Miara Claus , Neudoerfl Joerg M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Novel Reductive Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 2‐Nitrobenzoic Hydrazides and Aldehydes or Ketones Promoted by the Low‐Valence Titanium Reagent: An Access to 2,3,4,5‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐1,3,4‐benzotriazepine‐5‐one Derivatives.
Authors: Shi Daqing , Shi Chunling , Rong Liangce , Wang Juxian , Zhuang Qiya , Tu Shujiang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Synthesis of trans‐7‐Aryl‐6H‐6a,7‐dihydro[1]benzopyrano[3,4‐c][1,5]benzothiazepines.
Authors: Sathunuru Ramadas , Koh Benjamin , Zhang Hongming , Biehl Ed 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Phenylpyrroles, a New Chemolibrary Virtual Screening Class of 5‐HT7 Receptor Ligands.
Authors: Paillet‐Loilier Magalie , Fabis Frederic , Lepailleur Alban , Bureau Ronan , Butt‐Gueulle Sabrina , Dauphin Francois , Delarue Catherine , Vaudry Hubert , Rault Sylvain 
Published: January 2006

AbstractFor Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone provide significant reduction in toxicity compared with doxorubicin, vincristine, and dexamethasone in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma
Authors: Rifkin Robert M. , Gregory Stephanie A. , Mohrbacher Ann , Hussein Mohamad A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBACKGROUNDPegylated liposomal doxorubicin has pharmacologic and safety advantages over conventional doxorubicin.METHODSFor this noninferiority trial, 192 patients with newly diagnosed, active multiple myeloma were randomized to receive either combined pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (40 mg/m2) and vincristine (1.4 mg/m2; maximum, 2.0 mg) as an intravenous infusion on Day 1 plus reduced‐dose dexamethasone (40 mg) orally on Days 1–4 (DVd) (n = 97 patients) or combined vincristine (0.4 mg per day) and conventional doxorubicin (9 mg/m2 per day) as a continuous intravenous infusion on Days 1–4 plus reduced‐dose dexamethasone (VAd) (n = 95 patients) for at least 4 cycles. Treatment was repeated every 4 weeks until patients either achieved maximal response, disease progression, or unacceptable toxicity or underwent transplantation. The primary endpoints were response and toxicity.RESULTSObjective response rates (DVd, 44%; VAd, 41%), progression‐free survival (hazard ratio, 1.11; P = 0.69), and overall survival (hazard ratio, 0.88; P = 0.67) were similar between the treatment groups. However, DVd was associated with significantly less Grade 3/4 neutropenia or neutropenic fever (10% vs. 24%; P = 0.01), a lower incidence of sepsis, and less antibiotic use. Compared with VAd, DVd also significantly decreased the need for central venous access (P < 0.0001) and growth‐factor support (P = 0.03) and resulted in less alopecia (20% vs. 44%; P < 0.001) but more hand–foot syndrome (25% vs. 1%; P < 0.001), mainly Grade 1/2.CONCLUSIONSThe DVd regimen demonstrated similar efficacy with less toxicity and supportive care compared with VAd, which should improve clinical utility and optimize the opportunity for transplantation. Cancer 2006. © 2006 American Cancer Society.