bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N,N‐Bis(2‐Acyloxyethyl) amides of long chain fatty acids as plasticizers
Authors: Magne F. C. , Mod R. R. , Skau E. L. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA series of N,N‐bis‐(2‐acyloxyethyl) amides and a few related derivatives have been prepared wherein a long chain fatty acid or fatty acid mixture comprises 33 mole percent of the total acyl groups present: the other 66 mole percent being either a short chain aliphatic or aromatic acyl group. Both ordered and random diesteramides have been prepared. All have been tested as plasticizers for vinyl chloride copolymers. Some are acceptable as nitrile rubber softeners and cellulose acetate plasticizers. The ordered diesteramides give the best overall performance as plasticizers, but it is possible to achieve acceptable performance levels in semi‐ordered diesteramides.
Suitability of lipid extraction procedures for gas‐liquid chromatography
Authors: Sheppard A. J. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA comparison of two methods of extracting liver tissue lipids has been made using a limited amount of experimental material. The extracts prepared by a procedure using Bloor舗s reagent were more stable in storage, contained nearly 100% more total lipids and phospholipids, and produced more uniform and reproducible patterns on gas chromatographic analysis, than extracts of the same liver prepared by a diethyl ether Soxhlet extraction.
The estimation of lactic acid in lactylated monoglycerides and shortenings containing lactylated monoglycerides
Authors: Pohle W. D. , Gregory R. L. , van Giessen B. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA titrimetric method has been presented for the determination of lactic acid in lactylated monoglycerides and shortenings containing these products, when the only water soluble acid present is lactic acid. Analyses by this method: of knowns, samples from a material balance test, and commercial products, indicate that it is applicable to these types of product. Comparison of analyses of the material balance samples and commercial products by the titrimetric method and the colorimetric p‐phenylphenol method indicated that the latter gave lower and more variable results.
Caloric availability and digestibility of new‐type fats
Authors: Booth A. N. , Gros A. T. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractDigestibility and caloric availability of new‐type fats were determined by feeding these products to young rats while on a restricted caloric intake. Amylose stearate, amylose palmitate, amylose oleate, distearin adipate, and glycerol adipate were low in both categories. Diolein fumarate was completely digested but poorly utilized. These materials were compared with common oils and fatty acids. These new‐type fats have potential use as pan greases and surface coatings for foods.
Cis‐trans isomerization of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acids
Authors: Litchfield Carter , Lord J. E. , Isbell A. F. , Reiser Raymond 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe equilibrium composition ofcis andtrans isomers obtained by isomerizing oleic, linoleic, and linolenic acids with selenium or nitrous acid has been studied using gas chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The oleic/elaidic equilibrium mixture was found to contain 75舑80% elaidic acid instead of the generally accepted 66% value. It is felt that the greater accuracy of gas chromatography and infrared analyses over older methods allows this equilibrium to be defined with greater precision.Similar studies on thecis‐trans isomerization of linoleic and linolenic acids indicated that their equilibrium mixtures also contained 75舑80%trans double bonds. With linoleic acid, thesetrans bonds were shown to be randomly distributed among the double bonds present.Cis‐trans isomerization of linoleic or linolenic acids with selenium produced by‐products having elution times equivalent to 18蝘2, 18蝘1, and 18蝘0 on a gas chromatograph. No such by‐products were observed when oleic acid was isomerized. Apparently some type of hydrogen‐transfer reaction accompanies thecis‐trans isomerization of polyunsaturated acids with selenium.
Structural correlation of unsaturated fatty acid esters through graphical comparison of gas‐liquid chromatographic retention times on a polyester substrate
Authors: Ackman R. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe correlation of structures of esters of certain unsaturated fatty acids is possible through a linear relation when logarithms of retention time on polyester substrates are plotted against the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain.This correlation is independent of any relation to the retention times of the esters of the saturated fatty acids, and depends solely on the fatty acid chain length, the number of double bonds, and the length of the end carbon chain. It appears to depend on the influence of the latter on vapor pressure.A sound basis is thus provided for advocating a modified equivalent chain length system, virtually independent of temperature effects, and based on certain commonly occurring monounsaturated acids rather than on the saturated acids.
An analysis of separation factors applicable in the gas‐liquid chromatography of unsaturated fatty acid methyl esters on a polyester substrate
Authors: Ackman R. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe employment of gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) separation factors between methyl esters of unsaturated fatty acids is feasible as a means of tentative identification, either between acids of one chain length and differing numbers of double bonds, or between acids of one chain length and the same number of double bonds in differing positions, provided the acid structures are appropriately grouped by end carbon chain. The modification of separation factors by temperature, chain length, number of double bonds, or position of double bonds is apparent from examination of a larger number of examples than was hitherto available. Examples of the usefulness of separation factors in identifying unknowns or predicting retention times are given.
The pancreatic hydrolysis of natural fats. III. The influence of the extent of hydrolysis on monoglyceride composition
Authors: Coleman M. H. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSamples of lard and illipȳ butter have been hydrolyzed with pancreatic lipase for varying lengths of time, and the products estimated and analyzed. The composition of the monoglycerides from both fats, and of the tri‐ and diglycerides of illipȳ butter, were independent of the degree of hydrolysis; but the tri‐ and diglyceride fractions of lard became progressively more saturated with increasing hydrolysis. These results provide evidence for the sort of fatty acid distribution in fats envisaged by VanderWal. Representation of the results by a theoretical expression suggests that the rates of hydrolysis of the tri‐ and diglycerides are similar. It is concluded that analysis of the monoglycerides provides a better estimate of the distribution of fatty acids in natural fats than the analysis of the free fatty acids.
Gossyverdurin: A newly isolated pigment from cottonseed pigment glands
Authors: Lyman C. M. , El‐Nockrashy A. S. , Dollahite J. W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe constituents of cottonseed pigment glands were fractionated by the use of column chromatography with DEAE cellulose ion exchanger and silicic acid, and a new green pigment was isolated. The acute oral toxicity of the new pigment was determined using rats as experimental animals. The LD‐50 value obtained was 0.66 g/kg of body weight indicating that the new pigment which was named gossyverdurin is the most toxic of any cottonseed pigment so far reported. Gossyverdurin showed absorption maxima at 250, 370, and 560 mॖ. Reaction with para‐anisidine under the conditions used for the determination of gossypol gave an absorption peak similar to that obtained with gossypol indicating that the new compound is structurally related to gossypol. In addition a second peak at 342 mॖ appears on reaction with para‐anisidine indicating important structural differences between gossypol and gossyverdurin.
The separation of glycerides by liquid‐liquid column partition chromatography
Authors: Black B. C. , Hammond E. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractA liquid‐liquid partition chromatography method was developed to separate triglycerides. The solvent was a two phase mixture of acetone, heptane, and water supported on silane treated celite. A study was made of the best means for equilibrating the solvents and support, packing the column, and introducing the sample. The effect of various operating variables such as flow rate, sample size, column length, and solvent compositions was studied using trilaurin and trimyristin as model glycerides. Under the best conditions achieved, it was calculated that glycerides differing by two carbon atoms or one double bond would not separate completely, but glycerides differing by two double bonds or four carbon atoms would be separated. Cocoa butter, a relatively simple triglyceride, was fractionated, and the fatty acid composition of each fraction was determined by gas chromatography. The glyceride composition was calculated and compared with theoretical compositions. The results indicate that useful glyceride separation can be obtained with this system. Probably even more useful separations could be obtained if a more sensitive device were used to detect the triglycerides in the effluent. This would allow the use of solvent compositions which give larger retention volumes and more plate efficiency.
Methods for improving yields of cyclic acid from linseed oil
Authors: Friedrich J. P. , Palmer J. C. , Bell E. W. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractLiquid C‐18 saturated monocarboxylic acids, which are termed 舠cylic acids舡 because they contain a ring structure, have been prepared by the action of excess sodium hydroxide on linseed oil in ethylene glycol at elevated temperatures, followed by distillation and hydrogenation of the resulting free fatty acid monomers and by separation of the straight‐chain components by low‐temperature crystallization from acetone. In a survey of other possible catalysts and reaction conditions, cyclic acid yields were improved from the previously reported 32.4 g to 43.5 g of cyclic acid per 100 g of linseed fatty acids by removing water from the starting materials and using the monosodium derivative of ethylene glycol as catalyst. The corresponding amount of polymer formed decreased because of a decrease in hydroxylation and subsequent polyester formation.
Vernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. enzyme studies conversion of epoxyoleic acid to (+)‐threo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid
Authors: Scott W. E. , Krewson C. F. , Luddy F. E. , Riemenschneider R. W. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractVernonia anthelmintica (L.) Willd. seed was found to contain enzymes that were active only after the seed was ground. By deactivation of the enzymes, an oil rich in trivernolin (the triglyceride of epoxyoleic acid) was produced, and pure trivernolin was isolated. Acceleration of the enzyme activity altered the composition of the oil as evidenced by changes in free fatty acid content, iodine values, and oxirane oxygen (epoxy) content. Investigation showed that these changes were due, at least partially, to the conversion of epoxyoleic acid to (+)‐threo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid, which was isolated in pure form. Pure (蜢)‐threo‐12,13‐dihydroxyoleic acid was prepared by acetolysis ofV. anthelmintica seed oil. Neither of these isomers had been obtained previously from mature,V. anthelmintica seed.
The reactions of alkylene oxides with various butyl and other alcohols
Authors: Stockburger G. J. , Brandner J. D. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAcid‐catalyzed additions of ethylene oxide to various isomeric butyl alcohols were observed to agree with the Poisson equation and the products were relatively unaffected in composition by changes in the reactants or reaction conditions. Base‐catalyzed reactions yielded products whose composition could be more closely approximated by Weibull and Nycander舗s equations. The product composition, although largely independent of reaction conditions, varied with the structure of the starting alcohol. Good correlation was found between the relative acidities of the starting alcohols and their reaction products and Weibull‐Nycander distribution constants for base‐catalyzed reactions of ethylene oxide and propylene oxide. It is believed that the relative acidities of the alcohol and its epoxide adduct influence the product composition through the equilibrium reaction:ROH+RO (CH2CH2O)=X薔RO蜢+RO(CH2CH2O)xH
Methanesulfonic acid catalyzed additions to oleic acid and cyclohexene. III. Addition of acids and substituted phenols
Authors: Eisner Abner , Perlstein Theodore , Ault W. C. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractBenzoic acid adds to oleic acid in methanesulfonic acid as catalyst‐solvent to form an addition product in 30% yield. Saponification studies on the product reveal that the addition is made via the carboxyl group and no rearrangement of the initial product takes place. A number of substituted benzoic acids were also tried but the yield of addition product was nil. Data are included for the experiments with a number of phenols not previously reported. These include: o‐chlorophenol,2,6‐di‐tert.‐butylphenol, 2,4,6‐trichlorophenol, resorcinol, 5‐n‐pentadecylresorcinol, hydroquinone, methyl salicylate, and 3‐n‐pentadecylphenol. Good yields of addition products of cyclohexene are obtained using methanesulfonic acid as catalyst‐solvent and the same nucleophiles employed previously.
The psoas muscle as cause of low back pain in infantile cerebral palsy
Authors: Marrè-Brunenghi G. , Camoriano R. , Valle M. , Boero S. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Psoas muscle spasticity is hypothesised as a rare cause of low back pain in patients with infantile cerebral palsy. The authors describe a new manoeuvre for the study of psoas tenderness and ultrasound (US)-guided transabdominal botulinum toxin injection technique. A possible causal relationship between psoas tension and low back pain was found incidentally in two examined cases. In subsequent patients, botulinum toxin was injected and, in cases of disappearance of symptoms, the psoas tendon was sectioned at the pelvic brim with definitive disappearance of pain. The relationship between psoas tension and low back pain in patients with infantile cerebral palsy seems likely, given the result in the four patients.
Respiratory Performance Offered by N95 Respirators and Surgical Masks: Human Subject Evaluation with NaCl Aerosol Representing Bacterial and Viral Particle Size Range
Authors: Lee Shu-An , Grinshpun Sergey A. , Reponen Tiina 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed at determining the protection factors (PFs) provided by N95 filtering facepiece respirators and surgical masks against particles representing bacterial and viral size ranges (aerodynamic size: 0.04–1.3 μm).
Methods: The protection levels of N95 filtering facepiece respirators (four models) and surgical masks (three models) were investigated while they were donned by 12 subjects performing the OSHA (US Occupational Safety and Health Administration) fit-testing exercises in a test chamber.
Results: About 29% of N95 respirators and ∼100% of surgical masks had PFs &lt;10, which is the assigned PF designated for this type of respirator by the OSHA. On average, the PFs of N95 respirators were 8–12 times greater than those of surgical masks. The minimum PFs were observed in the size range of 0.04–0.2 μm. No significant difference in PF results was found between N95 respirators with and without an exhalation valve.
Conclusions: The study indicates that N95 filtering facepiece respirators may not achieve the expected protection level against bacteria and viruses. An exhalation valve on the N95 respirator does not affect the respiratory protection; it appears to be an appropriate alternative to reduce the breathing resistance.
MiSearch adaptive pubMed search tool
Authors: States David J. , Ade Alex S. , Wright Zachary C. , Bookvich Aaron V. , Athey Brian D. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Summary: MiSearch is an adaptive biomedical literature search tool that ranks citations based on a statistical model for the likelihood that a user will choose to view them. Citation selections are automatically acquired during browsing and used to dynamically update a likelihood model that includes authorship, journal and PubMed indexing information. The user can optionally elect to include or exclude specific features and vary the importance of timeliness in the ranking.
Availability: http://misearch.ncibi.org
Contact: dstates@umich.edu
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
3D-Garden: a system for modelling protein–protein complexes based on conformational refinement of ensembles generated with the marching cubes algorithm
Authors: Lesk Victor I. , Sternberg Michael J. E. 
Published: March 2008

Abstract
Motivation: Reliable structural modelling of protein–protein complexes has widespread application, from drug design to advancing our knowledge of protein interactions and function. This work addresses three important issues in protein–protein docking: implementing backbone flexibility, incorporating prior indications from experiment and bioinformatics, and providing public access via a server. 3D-Garden (Global And Restrained Docking Exploration Nexus), our benchmarked and server-ready flexible docking system, allows sophisticated programming of surface patches by the user via a facet representation of the interactors’ molecular surfaces (generated with the marching cubes algorithm). Flexibility is implemented as a weighted exhaustive conformer search for each clashing pair of molecular branches in a set of 5000 models filtered from around ∼340 000 initially.
Results: In a non-global assessment, carried out strictly according to the protocols for number of models considered and model quality of the Critical Assessment of Protein Interactions (CAPRI) experiment, over the widely-used Benchmark 2.0 of 84 complexes, 3D-Garden identifies a set of ten models containing an acceptable or better model in 29/45 test cases, including one with large conformational change. In 19/45 cases an acceptable or better model is ranked first or second out of 340 000 candidates.
Availability: http://www.sbg.bio.ic.ac.uk/3dgarden (server)
Contact: v.lesk@ic.ac.uk
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Decrease in Manganese Superoxide Dismutase Leads to Reduced Root Growth and Affects Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Flux and Mitochondrial Redox Homeostasis
Authors: Morgan Megan J. , Lehmann Martin , Schwarzländer Markus , Baxter Charles J. , Sienkiewicz-Porzucek Agata , Williams Thomas C.R. , Schauer Nicolas , Fernie Alisdair R. , Fricker Mark D. , Ratcliffe R. George , Sweetlove Lee J. , Finkemeier Iris 
Published: March 2008

AbstractSuperoxide dismutases (SODs) are key components of the plant antioxidant defense system. While plastidic and cytosolic isoforms have been extensively studied, the importance of mitochondrial SOD at a cellular and whole-plant level has not been established. To address this, transgenic Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants were generated in which expression of AtMSD1, encoding the mitochondrial manganese (Mn)SOD, was suppressed by antisense. The strongest antisense line showed retarded root growth even under control growth conditions. There was evidence for a specific disturbance of mitochondrial redox homeostasis in seedlings grown in liquid culture: a mitochondrially targeted redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein was significantly more oxidized in the MnSOD-antisense background. In contrast, there was no substantial change in oxidation of cytosolically targeted redox-sensitive green fluorescent protein, nor changes in antioxidant defense components. The consequences of altered mitochondrial redox status of seedlings were subtle with no widespread increase of mitochondrial protein carbonyls or inhibition of mitochondrial respiratory complexes. However, there were specific inhibitions of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes (aconitase and isocitrate dehydrogenase) and an inhibition of TCA cycle flux in isolated mitochondria. Nevertheless, total respiratory CO2 output of seedlings was not decreased, suggesting that the inhibited TCA cycle enzymes can be bypassed. In older, soil-grown plants, redox perturbation was more pronounced with changes in the amount and/or redox poise of ascorbate and glutathione. Overall, the results demonstrate that reduced MnSOD affects mitochondrial redox balance and plant growth. The data also highlight the flexibility of plant metabolism with TCA cycle inhibition having little effect on overall respiratory rates.
Independence and Interaction of Regions of the INNER NO OUTER Protein in Growth Control during Ovule Development
Authors: Gallagher Thomas L. , Gasser Charles S. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractThe outer integument of the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) ovule develops asymmetrically, with growth and cell division occurring primarily along the region of the ovule facing the base of the gynoecium (gynobasal). This process is altered in the mutants inner no outer (ino) and superman (sup), which lead to absent or symmetrical growth of the outer integument, respectively. INO encodes a member of the YABBY family of putative transcription factors, and its expression is restricted to the gynobasal side of developing ovules via negative regulation by the transcription factor SUP. Other YABBY proteins (e.g. CRABS CLAW [CRC] and YABBY3 [YAB3]) can substitute for INO in promotion of integument growth, but do not respond to SUP regulation. In contrast, YAB5 fails to promote integument growth. To separately investigate the growth-promotive effects of INO and its inhibition by SUP, domain swaps between INO and YAB3, YAB5, or CRC were assembled. The ability of chimeric YABBY proteins to respond to SUP restriction showed a quantitative response proportional to the amount of INO protein and was more dependent on C-terminal regions of INO. A different response was seen when examining growth promotion where the number and identity of regions of INO in chimeric YABBY proteins were not the primary influence on promotion of outer integument growth. Instead, promotion of growth required a coordination of features along the entire length of the INO protein, suggesting that intramolecular interactions between regions of INO may coordinately facilitate the intermolecular interactions necessary to promote formation of the outer integument.