bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fifteen Years of Progress in Catalytic Treating of Exhaust Gas
Authors: Barstow W.F. , Watt Gary W. 
Published: June 2008

Abstract
For over half a century, producers of petroleum products have been seeking an inexpensive gas to inject into subsurface formations for diverse applications. Natural gas has widely been used for this service, but its value has increased to the point where it is uneconomical to use in most instances. In many locations, the natural gas supply is diminishing or is completely nonexistent and a substitute must be found.
Stack or flue gases from steam boiler plants and the exhaust from gas-burning or oil-burning engines have long been considered as a potential source of cheap inert gas for this service. As early as 1924, a plant was built in Texas in an attempt to produce large quantities of inert gas from a mixture of boiler stack gas and engine exhaust. It was never successful because of severe corrosion incompression equipment. An inert gas installation that has become well-known to the industry is Amoco's Elk Basin Plant in Wyoming. It began operation in 1949injecting boiler stack gas into a reservoir. In early stages of operation, this plant encountered severe corrosion in compression and related equipment that was later alleviated, but not completely eliminated, through ammonia injection at several points within the system. The plant operated more or less continuously for over twenty years when injection into that field was abandoned.
Many other abortive attempts have been made over the years to produce a compressible inert gas from engine exhaust, from boiler stack gas or from combinations of the two. In most cases they were complete failures. Some did have limited success but all were short lived due to the corrosive qualities of the gas.
In the year 1959, the first successful system for producing noncorrosive inert gas from internal combustion engine exhaust was installed and put on-stream in a Louisiana oil-producing field.
Liberal Democracy and the Challenge of Ethical Diversity
Authors: Rossi Enzo 
Published: June 2008

Liberal Democracy and the Challenge of Ethical Diversity
What do we talk about when we talk about ethical diversity as a challenge to the normative justifiability of liberal democracy? Many theorists claim that liberal democracy ought to be reformed or rejected for not being sufficiently ‘inclusive’ towards diversity; others argue that, on the contrary, liberalism is desirable because it accommodates (some level of) diversity. Moreover, it has been argued that concern for diversity should lead us to favour (say) neutralistic over perfectionist, universalistic over particularistic, participative over representative versions of liberal democracy. This paper provides a conceptual framework to situate those debates, and argues that there are two fundamental ways in which diversity constitutes a challenge to the justificatory status of liberal democracy: consistency (whereby diversity causes clashes between the prescriptions generated by normative political theories), and adequacy (whereby diversity generates a rift between our experience of what is considered valuable and what the theory treats as such).
Ethical, Religious and Legal Arguments in the Current Debate over Euthanasia in Spain
Authors: Siurana Juan , Tamarit Isabel , de Tienda Lidia 
Published: June 2008

Ethical, Religious and Legal Arguments in the Current Debate over Euthanasia in Spain
In the last ten years, there have been several cases in Spain (Ramón Sampedro, Leganés, Jorge León that have led to an intense social debate on euthanasia. The recent case of Inmaculada Echevarría, a woman suffering from a serious disease that kept her immobilized in bed, has revived the debate on euthanasia in Spain. On 18 October 2006 she held a press conference and publicly asked to be disconnected from the ventilator that kept her alive. After a long ethical, religious, legal, and social debate, the patient was disconnected on 14 March 2007 after being adequately sedated. As a consequence, the patient died. In our paper we defend the need for a radical and intercultural democracy and present the main ethical, religious and legal arguments on euthanasia that are being posed in Spain and in Europe as a debate that should help to build a radical and intercultural democracy at a European level.
On Conditions of Participation: The Deficits of Public Reason
Authors: Hrubec Marek 
Published: June 2008

On Conditions of Participation: The Deficits of Public Reason
The paper analyzes the conditions of civic participation that are elucidated by criticism of the deficits of public reason. The interpretation proceeds in three steps. First, the idea of public reason and discourse is analyzed, followed by an explanation of democratic deficit and of the social deficit in the second and third steps, respectively. These deficits are analyzed as an essential limit to political and social conditions of the participation of citizens. The analysis focuses thereby on the theory of public reason by one of the most influential political philosophers of the last decades, John Rawls. The paper identifies two main pitfalls in his theory: first, the deficit following from an inadequate integration of an individual into society, which, in this case, represents democratic deficit, second, the deficit linked with underrating the socio-distributive dimension of justice, which means a social deficit.
Forecasting the pattern and pace of Fagus forest expansion in Majella National Park, Italy
Authors: van Gils Hein , Batsukh Orgil , Rossiter David , Munthali Wizaso , Liberatoscioli Elena 
Published: June 2008

AbstractQuestion: Can the pattern and pace of spontaneous Fagus forest expansion from 1975 to 2003 be accurately detected with mid‐resolution satellite imagery? Can the historical Fagus expansion be modelled on the basis of environmental predictors? If so, where are the highest probabilities for future Fagus expansion? What are the implications for park management?Location: Majella National Park, Italy, > 1000 m a.s.l.; municipalities of S. Eufemia and Pacentro.Methods: Fagus cover change was detected by overlaying three classified sequential satellite images. Historical Fagus expansion was related to environmental variables using ordinary logistic and autologistic regression models. Fagus expansion probabilities were generated with the best predictive model.Results: From 1975 to 2003 Fagus advanced into abandoned farmland and subalpine pastures from the contiguous, midaltitudinal Fagus forest and from Fagus outliers, at a rate of 1.2 % per year. Substantial spatial and temporal variations in expansion rates were detected. The ordinary and autologistic models based on the single predictor Distance‐from‐Fagus‐1975 forecasted the Fagus expansion well (AUC 0.81 resp. 0.88). Multiple logistic models, including the topo‐climatic and substrate predictors, improved prediction insignificantly. The strong predictive power of proximity to historical Fagus presence is explained by the dispersal biology of Fagus combined with the shading impact of the Fagus canopy at the forest fringe.Conclusion: Decade‐long Fagus expansion patterns might be reliably forecasted by proximity to historical Fagus distribution. Consequences for park management options are outlined.
Synthetic Studies on (+)‐Biotin, Part 11: Application of Cinchona Alkaloid‐Mediated Asymmetric Alcoholysis of meso‐Cyclic Anhydride in the Total Synthesis of (+)‐Biotin
Authors: Dai Hui‐Fang , Chen Wen‐Xue , Zhao Lei , Xiong Fei , Sheng Hao , Chen Fen‐Er 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA practical and asymmetric process for the total synthesis of (+)‐biotin (1) has been accomplished starting from cis‐1,3‐dibenzyl‐2‐oxoimidazolidine‐4,5‐dicarboxylic acid (2). This approach features a highly enantioselective alcoholysis of meso‐cyclic anhydride 3 into (4S,5R)‐cinnamyl hemiester 4 mediated by Cinchona alkaloids. Another attractive feature of this synthesis involves the use of recyclable palladium nanoparticles‐catalyzed assembly of the 4‐carboxybutyl chain at C‐4 in (3aS,6aR)‐thiolactone 7 employing an improved Fukuyama‐type cross‐coupling reaction
Copper‐Catalyzed Four‐Component Coupling between Aldehydes, Amines, Alkynes, and Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Yoo Woo‐Jin , Li Chao‐Jun 
Published: June 2008

AbstractA simple and efficient synthesis of oxazolidinones was developed through a copper‐catalyzed coupling of aldehydes, amines, and terminal alkynes under atmospheric pressure of carbon dioxide.
Co‐occurring conditions associated with FMR1 gene variations: Findings from a national parent survey
Authors: Bailey Donald B. , Raspa Melissa , Olmsted Murrey , Holiday David B. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractParents enrolling in a national survey of families of children with fragile X (FX) reported whether each of their children had been diagnosed or treated for developmental delay or eight conditions frequently associated with FX: attention problems, hyperactivity, aggressiveness, self‐injury, autism, seizures, anxiety, or depression. This article reports results for 976 full mutation males, 259 full mutation females, 57 premutation males, and 199 premutation females. Co‐occurring conditions were frequently reported for all FMR1 gene variations. The number of co‐occurring conditions experienced was strongly associated with parent reports of their child's ability to learn, adaptability, and quality of life. Most individuals with the full mutation experienced multiple co‐occurring conditions, with a modal number of 4 for males and 2 for females. Most (>80%) full mutation males and females had been diagnosed or treated for attention problems. Premutation males, when compared with a matched group of non‐FX males, were more likely to have been diagnosed or treated for developmental delay, attention problems, aggression, seizures, autism, and anxiety. Premutation females were more likely to have been diagnosed or treated for attention problems, anxiety, depression, and developmental delay. Clusters of conditions were identified, seeming to occur in an additive fashion. Self‐injury, autism, and seizures rarely occurred in isolation, but were more likely in individuals who also had problems with attention, anxiety, and hyperactivity. The findings provide a reference point for future studies on the prevalence and nature of co‐occurring conditions in FX; suggest the possibility that certain conditions cluster together; provide evidence that male and female carriers experience elevated rates of co‐occurring conditions compared with matched groups of non‐carrier children; and emphasize the importance of including an assessment of co‐occurring conditions in any clinical evaluation of individuals with abnormal variation in the FMR1 gene. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Impact of exposure to war stress on exacerbations of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Golan Daniel , Somer Eli , Dishon Sara , Cuzin‐Disegni Limor , Miller Ariel 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the relation between stress caused by the perils of rocket attack on civilian centers in northern Israel during the 2006 war between Hezbollah and Israel and multiple sclerosis (MS) exacerbations.MethodsParticipants were 156 patients with relapsing‐remitting MS. We compared the number of relapses during and after the war with similar time periods at the preceding year. Exposure to war events and resulting subjective stress were evaluated by means of structured interviews using questionnaires previously validated.ResultsDuring the 33 days of the war, there were 18 relapses among our patients, compared with 1 to 6 relapses in similar time periods over the 12 months before the war (p < 0.001–0.02). There was no increase in relapse rate during the 3 months that followed the war (p = 0.58). The percentage of patients reporting the experience of intense subjective stress during the hostilities was significantly greater among patients with wartime relapse compared with the rest of the patients (44 vs 20%). The proportion of patients reporting high levels of distress associated with exposure to rocket attacks, displacement from home, and perceived life threat was greater in relapsing patients compared with those in remission (67 vs 42%, p = 0.05; 33 vs 11%, p = 0.02; and 33 vs 15%, p = 0.08, respectively).InterpretationOur data suggest that civilian exposure to war stress is associated with increased risk for MS relapse. These findings provide insight to stress‐related risk factors associated with relapses of MS. Ann Neurol 2008
Functional imaging: II. Prediction of epilepsy surgery outcome
Authors: Knowlton Robert C. , Elgavish Rotem A. , Bartolucci Al , Ojha Buddhiwardhan , Limdi Nita , Blount Jeffrey , Burneo Jorge G. , Ver Hoef Lawrence , Paige Lebron , Faught Edward , Kankirawatana Pongkiat , Riley Kristen , Kuzniecky Ruben 
Published: June 2008

AbstractObjectiveTo gain information on the value of magnetic source imaging (MSI), 2‐[18F]fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET), and ictal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) to predict seizure‐free outcome following epilepsy surgery in patients who require intracranial electroencephalography (ICEEG).MethodsThis work was part of a prospective observation study of epilepsy surgery candidates not sufficiently localized with scalp EEG and MRI. Of 160 patients enrolled 62 completed ICEEG and subsequent surgical resection. Sixty‐one percent resulted in an Engel I seizure‐free outcome at a minimum of one‐year follow‐up (mean = 3.4 years). Sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values were computed for each modality. Multivariate logistical regression was used to identify prediction of surgical outcome by imaging test.ResultsMSI sensitivity for a conclusively localized study was 55% with a positive predictive value of 78%. Eliminating non‐diagnostic MSI cases (no spikes captured during recording) yielded a corrected negative predictive value of 64%. With available comparison subgroups FDG‐PET and ictal SPECT values were similar to MSI. The OR (adjusted for epilepsy and MRI classification) for MSI prediction of seizure‐free outcome was 4.4 (p =0.01). In cases with both PET and MSI, the adjusted OR for PET was 7.1 (p <0.01) and for MSI was 6.4 (p = 0.01). In the cases with all three tests (n = 27), ictal SPECT had the highest OR of 9.1 (p = 0.05).InterpretationMSI, FDG‐PET, and ictal SPECT each have clinical value in predicting seizure‐free surgical outcome in epilepsy surgery candidates who typically require ICEEG. Ann Neurol 2008
Lewis Acid Catalyzed Benzylic Bromination
Authors: Shibatomi Kazutaka , Zhang Yanhua , Yamamoto Hisashi 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe Lewis acid catalyzed bromination of aromatic side chains was achieved efficiently by using 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin (DBDMH) as the bromination reagent under mild conditions. Zirconium(IV) chloride showed the highest catalytic activity for this benzylic bromination. It was revealed that the present Lewis acid catalysis proceeds by the radical‐generation pathway. In contrast, Brønsted acids promoted aromatic‐ring bromination without any benzylic bromination. Monobromination of tetramethylsilane was also demonstrated with zirconium(IV) chloride and DBDMH to provide the desired product in good yield.
Kinetic modeling analysis of maleic acid‐catalyzed hemicellulose hydrolysis in corn stover
Authors: Lu Yulin , Mosier Nathan S. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMaleic acid‐catalyzed hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction in corn stover was analyzed by kinetic modeling. Kinetic constants for Saeman and biphasic hydrolysis models were analyzed by an Arrhenius‐type expansion which include activation energy and catalyst concentration factors. The activation energy for hemicellulose hydrolysis by maleic acid was determined to be 83.3 ± 10.3 kJ/mol, which is significantly lower than the reported Ea values for sulfuric acid catalyzed hemicellulose hydrolysis reaction. Model analysis suggest that increasing maleic acid concentrations from 0.05 to 0.2 M facilitate improvement in xylose yields from 40% to 85%, while the extent of improvement flattens to near‐quantitative by increasing catalyst loading from 0.2 to 1 M. The model was confirmed for the hydrolysis of corn stover at 1 M maleic acid concentrations at 150°C, resulting in a xylose yield of 96% of theoretical. The refined Saeman model was used to evaluate the optimal condition for monomeric xylose yield in the maleic acid‐catalyzed reaction: low temperature reaction conditions were suggested, however, experimental results indicated that bi‐phasic behavior dominated at low temperatures, which may be due to the insufficient removal of acetyl groups. A combination of experimental data and model analysis suggests that around 80–90% xylose yields can be achieved at reaction temperatures between 100 and 150°C with 0.2 M maleic acid. Biotechnol. Bioeng. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Comparison of the Acid–Base Properties of Ribose and 2′‐Deoxyribose Nucleotides
Authors: Mucha Ariel , Knobloch Bernd , Jeżowska‐Bojczuk Małgorzata , Kozłowski Henryk , Sigel Roland K. O. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe extent to which the replacement of a ribose unit by a 2′‐deoxyribose unit influences the acid–base properties of nucleotides has not hitherto been determined in detail. In this study, by potentiometric pH titrations in aqueous solution, we have measured the acidity constants of the 5′‐di‐ and 5′‐triphosphates of 2′‐deoxyguanosine [i.e., of H2(dGDP)− and H2(dGTP)2−] as well as of the 5′‐mono‐, 5′‐di‐, and 5′‐triphosphates of 2′‐deoxyadenosine [i.e., of H2(dAMP)±, H2(dADP)−, and H2(dATP)2−]. These 12 acidity constants (of the 56 that are listed) are compared with those of the corresponding ribose derivatives (published data) measured under the same experimental conditions. The results show that all protonation sites in the 2′‐deoxynucleotides are more basic than those in their ribose counterparts. The influence of the 2′‐OH group is dependent on the number of 5′‐phosphate groups as well as on the nature of the purine nucleobase. The basicity of N7 in guanine nucleotides is most significantly enhanced (by about 0.2 pK units), while the effect on the phosphate groups and the N1H or N1H+ sites is less pronounced but clearly present. In addition, 1H NMR chemical shift change studies in dependence on pD in D2O have been carried out for the dAMP, dADP, and dATP systems, which confirmed the results from the potentiometric pH titrations and showed the nucleotides to be in their anti conformations. Overall, our results are not only of relevance for metal ion binding to nucleotides or nucleic acids, but also constitute an exact basis for the calculation, determination, and understanding of perturbed pKa values in DNAzymes and ribozymes, as needed for the delineation of acid–base mechanisms in catalysis.
A new definition of life
Authors: Carroll James D. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractChirality is often glossed over in theoretical or experimental discussions concerning the origin of life, but the ubiquity of homochiral building blocks in known biological systems demands explanation. Information theory can provide a quantitative framework for understanding the role of chirality in biology. Here I show how conclusions derived from information theory, in particular the concept of equivocation, can explain not only why chiral building blocks are necessary in living systems but also why a homochiral set of building blocks is necessary. These results lead to a new definition of life, and to the conclusion that the simplest form of life exists in the form of self‐amplifying, autocatalytic reactions such as the Soai reaction. Chirality, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Configurable 3D‐integrated focal‐plane cellular sensor–processor array architecture
Authors: Földesy Péter , Zarándy Ákos , Rekeczky Csaba 
Published: June 2008

AbstractMixed‐signal cellular visual microprocessor architecture with digital processors is described. An Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) implementation is also demonstrated. The architecture is composed of a regular sensor readout circuit array, prepared for 3D face‐to‐face‐type integration, and one or several cascaded array of mainly identical (single instruction multiple data, SIMD) processing elements. The individual array elements were derived from the same general Hardware Description Language (HDL) description and could be of different sizes, aspect ratio, and computing resources. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sonic hedgehog is required for the assembly and remodeling of branchial arch blood vessels
Authors: Kolesová Hana , Roelink Henk , Grim Miloš 
Published: June 2008

AbstractSonic hedgehog (Shh) is a morphogen involved in many developmental processes. Injection of cells (5E1) that produce a Shh‐blocking antibody causes an attenuation of the Shh response, and this causes vascular malformations and impaired remodeling characterized by hemorrhages and protrusions of the anterior cardinal vein and outflow tract, delayed fusion of the dorsal aortae, impaired branching of the internal carotid artery, and delayed remodeling of the aortic arches. Distribution of smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall is unchanged. In 5E1‐injected embryos, we also observed impaired assembly of endothelial cells into vascular tubes, particularly in the sixth branchial arch, around the anterior cardinal vein and around the dorsal aorta. In 5E1‐treated embryos, increased numbers of macrophage‐like cells, apoptotic cells, and a decreased level of proliferation were observed in head mesenchyme. Together, these observations show that Shh signaling is required at multiple stages for proper vessel formation and remodeling. Developmental Dynamics 237:1923–1934, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression patterns of the opsin 5–related genes in the developing chicken retina
Authors: Tomonari Sayuri , Migita Kyoichi , Takagi Akira , Noji Sumihare , Ohuchi Hideyo 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThe opsin gene family encodes G protein–coupled seven‐transmembrane proteins that bind to a retinaldehyde chromophore for photoreception. It has been reported that opsin 5 is expressed in mammalian neural tissue, but its function has been elusive. As a first step to understand the function for opsin 5 in the developing eye, we searched for chicken opsin 5‐related genes in the genome by a bioinformatic approach and isolated opsin 5 cDNA fragments from the embryonic retina by RT‐PCR. We found that there are three opsin 5–related genes, designated cOpn5m (chicken opsin 5, mammalian type), cOpn5L1 (chicken opsin 5‐like 1), and cOpn5L2 (chicken opsin 5‐like 2), in the chicken genome. Quantitative PCR analysis has revealed that cOpn5m is the most abundant in the developing and early posthatching neural retina. In situ hybridization analysis has shown that cOpn5m is specifically expressed in subsets of differentiating ganglion cells and amacrine cells. These results suggest that the mammalian type opsin 5 may contribute to the development of these retinal cells in the chicken. Developmental Dynamics 237:1910–1922, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hsp60C is required in follicle as well as germline cells during oogenesis in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Sarkar Surajit , Lakhotia S.C. 
Published: June 2008

AbstractThis figure shows stage 10 (left) and stage 12 (right) wild type egg chambers stained for F‐actin (red) and hsp60 (green). See Sarkar and Lakhotia, Developmental Dynamics 237:1334‐1347. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.