bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of coexcipients on drug release and floating property of nifedipine hollow microspheres: A novel gastro retentive drug delivery system
Authors: Soppimath Kumaresh S. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. , Agnihotri Sunil A. , Mallikarjuna Nadagouda N. , Kulkarni Padmakar V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA gastro retentive drug‐delivery system for nifedipine was developed by incorporating the drug in cellulose acetate hollow microspheres capable of floating on the gastric and intestinal fluid. The microspheres were prepared by solvent diffusion–evaporation technique in the presence of coexcipients like polyethylene glycol, dibutyl phthalate, and poly(ε‐caprolactone) using ethyl acetate as a dispersing solvent. Size of the microparticles depends upon the type and concentration of the excipient used. Microparticles exhibited floating properties on the simulated‐gastric fluid for >12 h. Their percentage buoyancy followed the rank order of: blank (no coexcipients) > dibutyl phthalate > polyethylene glycol > poly(ε‐caprolactone) after 15 h of floating. Release of nifedepine was enhanced by the addition of coexcipients. The drug release followed non‐Fickian transport in almost all formulations. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 486–494, 2006
Effect of hydrotalcite on the swelling and mechanical behaviors for the hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels based on gelatin and hydrotalcite
Authors: Lee Wen‐Fu , Lee Sung‐Chuan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA series of hybrid nanocomposite hydrogels, based on gelatin and intercalated hydrotalcite (IHT), crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, was prepared in this study. The microstructures of the IHT and sample gels were identified by X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Swelling behaviors and physical properties of these hybrid gels were investigated. XRD results indicated that exfoliation of IHT was achieved in the hybrid nanocomposite gels. The results indicated that adding a small amount of IHT could effectively decrease the swelling ratio of the hybrid gels, but adding excess IHT could increase the swelling ratio of the nanocomposite hybrid gels. The crosslinking densities (ρx) of the present gels varied with IHT content and swelling ratio of the gels. The drug release behaviors of these gels were also investigated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 500–507, 2006
High temperature bulk copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile. I. Reactivity ratio estimation
Authors: Khesareh R. , McManus N. T. , Penlidis A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and acrylonitrile has been studied in the bulk phase. Experiments for estimating reactivity ratios were conducted at 60, 100, 120, and 140°C. Tidwell–Mortimer and the feed composition constraint approaches were used to design the experiments. The error in variables model (EVM) method was employed to evaluate the reactivity ratios and analyze the error involved. The results show that the reactivity ratios do not vary significantly with temperature up to 140°C. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 843–851, 2006
Shear creep resistance of styrene–isoprene–styrene (SIS)‐based hot‐melt pressure‐sensitive adhesives
Authors: Kim Dae‐Jun , Kim Hyun‐Joong , Yoon Goan‐Hee 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effects of the properties of substrates and tackifier on the shear creep of SIS‐based HMPSAs were investigated. The holding power (tb) and shear adhesion failure temperature (SAFT) were measured. The relationship between the complex viscosity and the holding power was examined. The holding power and SAFT values of the triblock SIS blends were higher than those of the diblock‐containing SIS blends, perhaps because blends using triblock SIS have higher crossover temperature and complex viscosity than those using diblock‐containing SIS. Higher levels of aromatic resin‐modified aliphatic tackifier and rosin ester were found to decrease the holding power of the HMPSAs. This maybe due to the fact that rosin ester and aromatic‐modified aliphatic resin are compatible with both the ends and midblocks of SIS. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 825–831, 2006
Synthesis and characterization of novel polyureas based on benzimidazoline‐2‐one and benzimidazoline‐2‐thione hard segments
Authors: Raghu A. V. , Gadaginamath G. S. , Mallikarjuna N. N. , Aminabhavi T. M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSix novel polyureas were prepared from benzimidazolin‐2‐one and benzimidazolin‐2‐thione, which acted as hard segments, with two aromatic diisocyanates (4,4′‐diphenylmethane diisocyanate and toluene 2,4‐diisocyanate) and one aliphatic diisocyanate (hexamethylene diisocyanate). The polymers that formed were fully characterized with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, 13C‐NMR cross‐polarization/magic‐angle spinning, differential scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetry. X‐ray diffraction revealed that the polymers contained crystalline and amorphous regions that varied with the nature of the backbone structures. All the polyureas were insoluble in common organic solvents, and this made it difficult to investigate their solution properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 576–583, 2006
Effect of temperature and type of food simulant on antioxidant stability
Authors: Dopico‐García M.S. , López‐Vilariño J.M. , González‐Rodríguez M.V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractAdditive migration levels in food simulants from polimeric materials that are intended to be into contact with food can be affected by additive stability under the migration test conditions. In this work, the stability of some phenolic antioxidants and one oxidized phosphite antioxidant was studied in four food simulants: distilled water, 3% (w/v) acetic acid, 10% (v/v) ethanol, and the fatty food simulant olive oil, under different temperatures 5, 40, and 70°C, during ∼20 days. Samples were analyzed by reversed‐phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with UV diode‐array detector. In general, antioxidants appeared to be more stable in olive oil than in the aqueous simulants. Among aqueous simulants, water and 10% ethanol allowed the highest stability of antioxidants at low temperatures. The 3% acetic acid allowed good stability for the lowest phenolic compounds even at high temperatures, but the highest molecular weight compounds decomposed very fast even at low temperatures. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 656–663, 2006
Fracture toughness in random‐chopped fiber‐reinforced composites and their strain rate dependence
Authors: Jacob George C. , Starbuck James Michael , Fellers John F. , Simunovic Srdan , Boeman Raymond G. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhile many scientists have investigated the fracture toughness properties in various continuous fiber‐reinforced composite materials and their dependence on strain rate, there is absolutely no literature available on the fracture toughness properties of random‐chopped fiber‐reinforced composite materials and their strain rate dependence, which can find extensive use in a wide range of load‐bearing engineering and industrial process applications primarily due to the low costs involved in their manufacture in addition to the ease of manufacture. Therefore, the primary goal of this manuscript is to determine the fracture toughness of various random‐chopped carbon fiber composite material systems. The four different random‐chopped carbon‐reinforced epoxy composite material systems studied were P4, HexMC, CCS150, and CCS100. In addition, an attempt is made to investigate and characterize the strain rate effects on the fracture toughness of a random‐chopped carbon fiber P4 composite. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 695–701, 2006
Differential scanning calorimetric and free volume study of reactive compatibilization by EPM‐g‐MA of poly(trimethylene terephthalate)/EPDM blends
Authors: Ravikumar H. B. , Ranganathaiah C. , Kumaraswamy G. N. , Deepa Urs M. V. , Jagannath J. H , Bawa A. S. , Thomas Sabu 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and positron annihilation lifetime measurements have been carried out to study the effect of the compatibilizer maleic anhydride grafted ethylene propylene copolymer (EPM‐g‐MA) in poly trimethylene terephthalate and ethylene propylene diene monomer (PTT/EPDM) immiscible blends. The DSC results for the blends of 50/50 and 30/70 compositions show two clear glass transition temperatures, indicating that the blends are two‐phase systems. With the addition of compatibilizer, the separation between the two glass transitions decreased, suggesting an increased interaction between the blend components with compatibilizer. At 5 wt % of compatibilizer, the separation between the Tgs reduced in both 50/50 and 30/70 blends. The positron results for the blends without compatibilizer showed an increase in relative fractional free volume, as the EPDM content in the blend is increased. This suggests the coalescence of free volume of EPDM with the free volumes of PTT due to phase separation. However, the effect of compatibilizer in the blends was clearly seen with the observed minimum in free volume parameters at 5% of the compatibilizer, further suggesting that this percent of compatibilizer seems to be the optimum value for these blends. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 740–747, 2006
Preformed microspherical inclusions for rheological control and physical property modification of epoxy resins
Authors: Frigione M. , Calò E. , Maffezzoli A. , Acierno D. , Carfagna C. , Ambrogi V. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractEpoxy microspheres, with average diameters in the order of 4–5 μm, were first produced as insoluble gel resulting from the reactions of a bisphenolic epoxy resin with an aromatic hardener in solution. They were then used as reactive flow modifiers and toughening agents for bisphenolic epoxy resins with same chemical composition. Thermal analysis, rheological measurements, and impact tests were performed to assess their ability to modify the viscosity of the uncured resin and to determine the effects on the cured resins with respect to the glass transition temperature and impact strength. Two similar epoxy systems modified with the addition of different amounts of microspheres preserve the glass transition temperature of the cured unmodified epoxy. The addition of microspheres is responsible for secondary transition. The addition of a small fraction of microspheres does not affect the reactivity of the epoxy resin, while the inclusion of a higher content leads to a noticeable reduction in the gel time of the epoxy systems, indicating that microspheres are not inert fillers. Finally, a limited enhancement of the toughness of the epoxy resin was observed, as a consequence of strong interactions between the matrix and the microspheres. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 748–757, 2006
Preparation of polysulfone hollow fiber affinity membrane modified with mercapto and its recovery properties. I. Synthesis and preparation of hollow fiber matrix membrane
Authors: Wang Bing , Cheng Bowen , Cui Yongfang 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSeveral kinds of chloromethyl polysulfones (CMPSF) with different chlorinity and reactive groups were synthesized by Friedel‐Crafts reaction, which could be utilized as reactively matrix membrane materials. The CMPSF hollow matrix membranes were prepared with phase inversion by utilization of the CMPSF/additive/DMAC casting solution and CMPSF as membrane materials. The rheological behavior of CMPSF/additives/DMAC spinning casting solution was studied. The experimental results showed that the spinning casting solution was a pseudoplastic fluid, the apparent viscosity of the spinning casting solution decreased with the increase of shearing rate, and the viscous flow activity energy of the spinning casting solution was inclined to unchange at high shearing rate. The effects of composition of spinning casting solution and process parameters of dry–wet spinning on the structure of CMPSF hollow fiber matrix membrane were investigated. The pore size, porosity, and water flux of membrane decreased with the increase of additive content, bore liquid, and dry spinning distance. With the increase of extrusion volume outflow, the external diameter, wall thickness, and porosity of the hollow fiber matrix membrane increased, but the pore size and water flux of the membrane decreased. It was also found that the effects of internal coagulant composition and external coagulant composition on the structure of CMPSF hollow fiber matrix membrane were different. The experimental results showed that thermal drawing could increase the mechanical properties of CMPSF hollow fiber matrix membrane and decrease the pore size, porosity, and water flux of the CMPSF hollow fiber matrix membrane, and the thermal treatment could increase the homogeneity and stability of the structure of the CMPSF hollow fiber matrix membrane. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 758–771, 2006
Synthesis of polyethylene oxide end‐capped with perfluoroalkyl groups/polystyrene prototype brushes
Authors: Ishizu Koji , Yamada Hiroe , Toyoda Keiichi , Furukawa Taiichi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPolystyrene (PS)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) prototype brushes were prepared by alternating free‐radical copolymerization of methacryloyl‐terminated PS and α‐vinylbenzyl‐ω‐hydroxy or α‐vinylbenzyl‐ω‐perfluoroalkyl (Rf) PEO macromonomers with the addition of Lewis acid (SnCl4). It was found from their dilute‐solution properties that PS/PEO end‐capped with Rf (PBRf), and PS/PEO having OH groups at terminal ends (PBOH) prototype brushes formed a single molecule in benzene and aggregates in chloroform, respectively. However, the brush PBOH formed a single molecule in N,N‐dimethylformamide. Such aggregation behaviors seemed to be caused by the interaction between hydroxy groups of PEO chain ends. The brush PBOH was also converted into PBRf‐type brush by chemical modification, using corresponding acid chloride. The substitution of Rf groups was ∼70% due to slipping of terminal hydroxy groups into PEO internal domains. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 772–778, 2006
Recovery of scrap iron metal value using biogenerated ferric iron
Authors: Ballor Nicholas R. , Nesbitt Carl C. , Lueking Donald R. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe utility of employing biogenerated ferric iron as an oxidant for the recycling of scrap metal has been demonstrated using continuously growing cells of the extremophilic organism Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans. A ferric iron rich (70 mol%) lixiviant resulting from bioreactor based growth of A. ferrooxidans readily solubilized target scrap metal with the resultant generation of a leachate containing elevated ferrous iron levels and solubilized copper previously resident in the scrap metal. Recovery of the copper value was easily accomplished via a cementation reaction and the clarified leachate containing a replenished level of ferrous iron as growth substrate was shown to support the growth of A. ferrooxidans and be fully recyclable. The described process for scrap metal recycling and copper recovery was shown to be efficient and economically attractive. Additionally, the utility of employing the Eh of the growth medium as a means for monitoring fluctuations in cell density in cultures of A. ferrooxidans is demonstrated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Projections of the sensory trigeminal nucleus in a percomorph teleost, tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
Authors: Xue Hao‐Gang , Yamamoto Naoyuki , Yang Chun‐Ying , Kerem Gulnisa , Yoshimoto Masami , Sawai Nobuhiko , Ito Hironobu , Ozawa Hitoshi 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe sensory trigeminal nucleus of teleosts is the rostralmost nucleus among the trigeminal sensory nuclear group in the rhombencephalon. The sensory trigeminal nucleus is known to receive the somatosensory afferents of the ophthalmic, maxillar, and mandibular nerves. However, the central connections of the sensory trigeminal nucleus remain unclear. Efferents of the sensory trigeminal nucleus were examined by means of tract‐tracing methods, in a percomorph teleost, tilapia. After tracer injections to the sensory trigeminal nucleus, labeled terminals were seen bilaterally in the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, periventricular pretectal nucleus, medial part of preglomerular nucleus, stratum album centrale of the optic tectum, ventrolateral nucleus of the semicircular torus, lateral valvular nucleus, prethalamic nucleus, tegmentoterminal nucleus, and superior and inferior reticular formation, with preference for the contralateral side. Labeled terminals were also found bilaterally in the oculomotor nucleus, trochlear nucleus, trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, facial lobe, descending trigeminal nucleus, medial funicular nucleus, and contralateral sensory trigeminal nucleus and inferior olive. Labeled terminals in the oculomotor nucleus and trochlear nucleus showed similar densities on both sides of the brain. However, labelings in the trigeminal motor nucleus, facial motor nucleus, facial lobe, descending trigeminal nucleus, and medial funicular nucleus showed a clear ipsilateral dominance. Reciprocal tracer injection experiments to the ventromedial thalamic nucleus, optic tectum, and semicircular torus resulted in labeled cell bodies in the sensory trigeminal nucleus, with a few also in the descending trigeminal nucleus. J. Comp. Neurol. 495:279–298, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Programmed Helicity in Self‐Assembled Hydrogen‐Bonded Chains of Chiral Copper(II) Complexes
Authors: Lonnon David G. , Colbran Stephen B. , Craig Donald C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe copper(II) complexes [Cu(H2L1)Cl2]2[CuCl4]·CH3CN·H2O (HL1 = N‐6‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐2‐pyridylmethyl‐N,N′,N′‐trimethylethylenediamine), [Cu(HL2)Cl2] (HL2 = N‐4‐hydroxybenzylmethyl‐N,N′,N′‐trimethylethylenediamine)and [Cu2(μ‐L3)2(H2O)(ClO4)]ClO4·H2O (HL3 = N‐2‐hydroxybenzylmethyl‐N,N′,N′‐trimethylethylenediamine) were prepared and characterised in acetonitrile solution (by ESI‐MS, EPR and UV/Vis‐NIR spectroscopy) and in the solid state (by X‐ray crystallography). Each copper(II) complex is chiral and has a potential inter‐complex hydrogen‐bond donor group. Upon crystallisation, all three copper(II) complexes undergo spontaneous enantioselective self‐assembly into hydrogen‐bond‐linked helices.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Metal‐Free Catalytic Nucleophilic Substitution of Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: Sanz Roberto , Martínez Alberto , Álvarez‐Gutiérrez Julia M. , Rodríguez Félix 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOrganic acids such as PTS efficiently catalyze direct nucleophilic substitutions of the hydroxy groups of propargylic alcohols with a large variety of carbon‐ and heteroatom‐centered nucleophiles. Reactions can be conducted under mild conditions and in air without the need for dried solvents. Reactions on multigram scales are also possible. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Quantifying effects of ligands on androgen receptor nuclear translocation, intranuclear dynamics, and solubility
Authors: Marcelli Marco , Stenoien David L. , Szafran Adam T. , Simeoni Silvia , Agoulnik Irina U. , Weigel Nancy L. , Moran Tim , Mikic Ivana , Price Jeffrey H. , Mancini Michael A. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing manual and automated high throughput microscopy (HTM), ligand‐dependent trafficking of green fluorescent protein‐androgen receptor (GFP‐AR) was analyzed in fixed and living cells to determine its spatial distribution, solubility, mobility, and co‐activator interactions. Within minutes, addition of the agonist R1881 resulted translocation of GFP‐AR from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, where it displayed a hyperspeckled pattern and extraction resistance in low expressing cells. AR antagonists (Casodex, hydroxyflutamide) also caused nuclear translocation, however, the antagonist‐bound GFP‐AR had a more diffuse nuclear distribution, distinct from the agonist‐bound GFP‐AR, and was completely soluble; overexpressed GFP‐AR in treated cells was extraction resistant, independent of ligand type. To more dramatically show the different effects of ligand on AR distribution, we utilized an AR with a mutation in the DNA binding domain (ARC619Y) that forms distinct foci upon exposure to agonists but retains a diffuse nuclear distribution in the presence of antagonists. Live‐cell imaging of this mutant demonstrated that cytoplasmic foci formation occurs immediately upon agonist but not antagonist addition. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) revealed that agonist‐bound GFP‐AR exhibited reduced mobility relative to unliganded or antagonist‐bound GFP‐AR. Importantly, agonist‐bound GFP‐AR mobility was strongly affected by protein expression levels in transiently transfected cells, and displayed reduced mobility even in slightly overexpressing cells. Cyan fluorescent protein‐AR (CFP‐AR) and yellow fluorescent protein‐CREB binding protein (YFP‐CBP) in the presence of agonists and antagonists were used to demonstrate that CFP‐AR specifically co‐localizes with YFP‐CBP in an agonist dependent manner. Dual FRAP experiments demonstrated that CBP mobility mirrored AR mobility only in the presence of agonist. HTM enabled simultaneous studies of the sub‐cellular distribution of GFP‐AR and ARC619Y in response to a range of concentrations of agonists and antagonists (ranging from 10−12 to 10−5) in thousands of cells. These results further support the notion that ligand specific interactions rapidly affect receptor and co‐factor organization, solubility, and molecular dynamics, and each can be aberrantly affected by mutation and overexpression. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 770–788, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Roles of MAP kinases in the regulation of bone matrix gene expressions in human osteoblasts by oscillatory fluid flow
Authors: Wu Chia‐Ching , Li Yi‐Shuan , Haga Jason H. , Wang Nanping , Lian Ian Y‐Z. , Su Fong‐Chin , Usami Shunichi , Chien Shu 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effects of oscillatory flow in regulating the gene expressions of type I collagen (COL1, the main component of human bone tissues) and osteopontin (OPN, the key gene for calcium deposition) in human osteoblast‐like (MG‐63) cells, and the roles of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in this regulation. The cells were subjected to oscillatory flow (0.5 ± 4 dyn/cm2) or kept under static condition for various time periods (15 min, 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, 4 h, 8 h, and 16 h). Oscillatory flow caused significant up‐regulations of both COL1 and OPN gene expressions over the 16 h of study, and a transient activation of MAPKs was starting at 15 min and declining to basal level in 2 h. The flow‐induction of COL1 was blocked by an ERK inhibitor (PD98059) and reduced by a JNK inhibitor (SP600125), whereas that of OPN was abolished by PD98059. Analysis of the cis‐elements in the COL1 and OPN promoters suggests the involvement of transacting factors Elk‐1 and AP‐1 in the transcription regulation. The ERK inhibitor (PD98059) blocked Elk‐1 phosphorylation, as well as COL1 and OPN gene expression. The JNK inhibitor (SP600125) abolished c‐jun phosphorylation and COL1 expression. These results suggest that the flow‐induction of OPN was mediated through the ERK‐Elk1‐OPN pathway, and that COL1 was regulated by both the ERK‐Elk1‐COL1 and JNK‐c‐JUN‐COL1 pathway. J. Cell. Biochem. 98: 632–641, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.