bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimation of red cell folate activity
Authors: Spray G. H. 
Published: June 2007

The conditions described by Hoffbrand, Newcombe, and Mollin (1966) for the estimation of red cell folate activity have been confirmed using a different method (Spray, 1964) of micro-biological assay withLactobacillus casei.In 81 control subjects the levels of folate activity in the red cells were between 80 and 470 mμg/ml (mean 192), and in plasma between 2·1 and 13 mμg/ml (mean 4·9). In 16 patients with megaloblastic anaemia due to folic acid deficiency, the red cell folate level was between 3 and 74 mμg/ml (mean 32). In 15 of these patients the plasma level was between 0·1 and 1·0 mμg/ml; in the other patient it was 3·3 mμg/ml. Subnormal red cell levels were found in only eight out of 29 other patients whose plasma folate level was below 2·0 mμg/ml. In 26 patients with untreated pernicious anaemia, the red cell folate activity was between 44 and 280 mμg/ml (mean 129) and the plasma level was between 1·6 and 19 mμg/ml (mean 7·5).
Ultramicrofluorimetric determination of calcium in plasma
Authors: Lewin M. R. , Wills M. R. , Baron D. N. 
Published: June 2007

A precise and reproducible method is described for the ultramicro fluorimetric determination of calcium in plasma, based upon the formation of a fluorescent complex between calcium and calcein at a strongly alkalinepH.In a group of normal subjects, the mean concentration of plasma calcium was 9·66 mg/100 ml with a normal range of 8·9 to 10·4 mg/100 ml.
The histology and cytology of changes in the epithelium of the cervix uteri
Authors: Govan A. D. T. , Haines R. M. , Langley F. A. , Taylor C. W. , Woodcock A. S. 
Published: June 2007

Abnormalities of the cervical epithelium are set out in two main groups: bland lesions which are regarded as unrelated to malignancy, and malign lesions which are considered as potential precursors of invasive carcinoma. The histological features of each condition and the cytological pattern of the corresponding cervical smear are described and correlated.Cone biopsy is advocated as the only satisfactory form of cervical biopsy for both the diagnosis and evaluation of lesions such as dysplasia and carcinomain situ.It is emphasized that further study is necessary to determine their natural history and prognosis in relation to invasive carcinoma.
Peritoneal infections in patients on long-term peritoneal dialysis before and after human cadaveric renal transplantation
Authors: Leigh D. A. 
Published: June 2007

Long-term peritoneal dialysis was carried out on 38 patients awaiting human cadaveric renal transplantation. Fifty-eight per cent of patients developed infection before transplantation and 41% of those requiring dialysis after transplantation became infected.Infection did not usually occur before the third day of dialysis and 26% of patients developed their first episode of infection in the first week. Almost 50% of patients had only a single episode of infection.The overall rate of infection per 100 patient days of dialysis was 1·23 before transplantation and 4·17 after transplantation.The commonest infecting organisms wereStaph aureusandStaph albusand these organisms were frequently isolated from the skin around the dialysis catheter before the infection occurred. Gram-negative infections were more commonly seen after transplantation.Sixty-five per cent of the infections responded to a single course of antibiotic therapy administered in the dialysis fluid. After transplantation Gram-negative infections were usually associated with severe complications and were a major cause of death.Peritoneal dialysis is a convenient way of maintaining patients with chronic renal failure before human cadaveric renal transplantation, and infection, although common is not inevitable, provided precautions are taken to ensure that the dialysis procedure is carried out using aseptic techniques and prophylactic therapy is applied to the skin around the dialysis catheter.
Sensitivity of Gram-negative bacilli to ampicillin after six years' clinical use
Authors: Slocombe B. , Sutherland R. 
Published: June 2007

A total of 1,102 clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacilli was obtained from four hospitals during 1967 and these cultures were tested for sensitivity to ampicillin. Approximately 80% of the strains ofEscherichia coliand 90% of the strains ofProteus mirabilis,the two organisms most frequently isolated, were sensitive to ampicillin. Klebsiella-Enterobacter species andPseudomonas aeruginosawere generally insensitive. Comparison of these results with data obtained in an earlier study with Gram-negative organisms isolated in 1961 showed that there had been no significant increase in the incidence of resistance of Gram-negative bacilli to ampicillin during the period 1961-67.The majority of ampicillin-resistant strains ofE. coliisolated in 1967 transferred ampicillin resistance to a sensitive strain ofE. coliK12. Only four ampicillin-resistant strains ofE. coliisolated in 1961 were available for transferable resistance tests but all four strains transferred ampicillin resistance. Infective or transferable resistance was therefore a feature of ampicillin resistance of certain Gram-negative bacteria before ampicillin became generally available for clinical use.
Generalized herpes simplex in malnourished children
Authors: Templeton A. C. 
Published: June 2007

Five cases of fatal generalized herpes simplex infection in malnourished children are described. This is almost certainly a much more common disease in underdeveloped communities than is at present appreciated. Only a greater awareness of the disease, coupled with full use of histological and cultural methods of diagnosis, will lead to knowledge of its true frequency.A case of neonatal infection, the first recorded in an African, is also described. Reasons are suggested as to why this disease should be seen in malnourished infants in Africa but only very rarely in neonates.
A data processing system for hospital bacteriology
Authors: Alexander M. K. , Connigale J. , Johnson T. , Poulter I. R. , Wakefield J. 
Published: June 2007

A system for the automatic capture and retrieval of information contained in routine bacteriology reports is described. The system depends on the preparation of reports on an electric typewriter producing punched paper tape as a byproduct.Periodically the information contained on the tape is analysed by computer. The potential value of the system for the analysis of the results of antibiotic sensitivity testing and for the study of the epidemiology of hospital infections is briefly discussed.
Measurement of plasma volume by means of59Fe-labelled dextran and Evans blue compared
Authors: Wilson R. J. , Mills Ivor H. 
Published: June 2007

The apparent volumes of distribution of Evans blue and59Fe-dextran were determined in 18 studies.59Fe-dextran volume was 5% lower than Evans blue volume, a highly significant difference.The rate of loss of59Fe dextran from the circulation was significantly less than that of Evans blue.
Thermal damage to red cells
Authors: Baar S. , Arrowsmith D. J. 
Published: June 2007

Erythrocytes from a burned patient show a temporal sequence of morphological changes. Immediate severe changes occur which are followed by a transient phase only of less abnormal morphology.Heating whole bloodin vitroto 49°C instead of 50°C does not show the expected dose response curve.Heating whole bloodin vitroto 50°C induces progressive morphological changes.Fractionation of whole blood and subsequent heating to 48°C show the older cells to be less deformable.
The effect of exercise on the venous blood ammonium concentration in man
Authors: Sinniah D. , Fulton T. T. , McCullough H. 
Published: June 2007

Mild muscular exercise did not cause any significant rise in the ammonium concentration of venous blood draining the exercising forearm of control subjects or patients with cirrhosis. However, in both cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic subjects moderate exercise produced significant increases in venous blood ammonium values and these occurred earlier and were more prolonged in cirrhotic patients. Severe exercise caused larger increases in venous blood ammonium concentration in all subjects but there were no significant differences between the mean ammonium concentrations of the cirrhotic and control groups either before or after exercise. All ammonium values returned to their pre-exercise levels within half an hour of resting.The exact mechanism of these phenomena is not fully understood but they are of practical importance in the study of blood ammonium metabolism in normal subjects and in patients with cirrhosis of the liver. The importance of making subjects rest for at least 30 minutes before obtaining blood for ammonium determination is emphasized in order to obviate misleadingly high readings due to muscular activity.
Colistin, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim in synergy against Gram-negative bacteria
Authors: Simmons N. A. 
Published: June 2007

The antibacterial activity of the four possible combinations of the three drugs, colistin, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim, has been investigated with Gram-negative bacteria. All of the strains examined, with the exception of the strains of Proteus, were sensitive to colistin.The combination of colistin and sulphamethoxazole was synergic against all 141 sulphamethoxazole-sensitive bacteria out of a total of 164 organisms against which it was tested. The sensitive strains comprised 27 of the 37Esch. coli, 51 of the 54Ps. aeruginosa, 24 of the 30Kl. aerogenes, eight of the 12 shigellae, and all 21 Proteus and 10 salmonellae tested. The combined effect was indifference against the remaining 23 organisms which were resistant to sulphamethoxazole.The combination of colistin and trimethoprim was synergic against all 72 organisms against which it was tested, which comprised 10Esch. coli, 14Ps. aeruginosa, 14Kl. aerogenes, 12 Proteus spp, 10 salmonellae, and 12 shigellae. The combination of sulphamethoxazole and trimethoprim was synergic against 61 of the same 72 organisms; the exceptions were threeEsch. coli, fourKl. aerogenes, and four shigellae, all of which were sulphamethoxazole resistant.The combination of all three drugs—colistin, sulphamethoxazole, and trimethoprim—was more active than combinations of any two against 66 of the 72 organisms. The exceptions were three strains ofEsch. coli, two ofKl. aerogenes, and one shigella, all of which were sulphamethoxazole resistant.
A rapid whole blood solubility test to differentiate the sickle-cell trait from sickle-cell anaemia
Authors: Huntsman R. G. , Barclay G. P. T. , Canning D. M. , Yawson G. I. 
Published: June 2007

A simple and rapid screening test which differentiates sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell anaemia is described. The test utilizes 0·1 ml of whole blood and is based on the low solubility of reduced sickle haemoglobin. Results intermediate between the sickle-cell trait and sickle-cell anaemia are obtained in unusual cases of sickle-cell anaemia with high foetal haemoglobin.The need to supplement the results with haematological and electrophoretic techniques is discusses.
Changes in the drug resistance ofStaphylococcus aureusin a non-hospital population during a 20-year period
Authors: Goldie D. J. , Alder V. G. , Gillespie W. A. 
Published: June 2007

The antibiotic resistance ofStaphylococcus aureusisolated in Bristol from primary skin sepsis and nasal carriers outside hospital was recorded between 1949 and 1969. The proportion of penicillinase-forming strains rose to about 60% but resistance to other antibiotics remained un-common except for a peak about 1957, due to the spread of multiresistant phage-type 80 staphylococci. Reasons are discussed for the failure of other multiresistant staphylococci to increase outside hospital.Recently isolated strains from inside and outside hospital were tested with sulphonamide and trimethoprim. All were sensitive to trimethoprim but 5% of non-hospital strains and 40% of hospital strains were resistant to sulphonamide. It is suggested that sulphonamide-resistant staphylococcal infections should not be treated with sulphonamide-trimethoprim mixtures because of the risk of breeding trimethoprim-resistant strains.
An assessment of platelet aggregation induced by 5-hydroxytryptamine
Authors: Hilton Barbara P. , Cumings J. N. 
Published: June 2007

A method of expressing platelet aggregation response after incubation relative to the response before incubation has been used in preference to using direct measurements, and some reasons are given for this choice.The effect of pre-incubating human platelets with reserpine has been compared with the effect of pre-incubation with 5-hydroxytryptamine (5HT). Reserpine inhibited 5HT-induced aggregation more slowly than 5HT and on this basis their actions could be distinguished.It was found that the aggregation response of human platelets to 5HT without pre-incubation (R) is inversely proportional to the natural 5HT content of whole blood, and an explanation has been suggested.A decrease in the aggregation response of human platelets to 5HT without pre-incubation (R) with increasing age has been noted, and is commented upon with reference to the release of amines from blood platelets.Platelets in plasma obtained from control subjects and incubated with methysergide and from migrainous patients taking methysergide both have reduced aggregation responses to 5HT.Platelets incubated with clonidine (St155) do not have reduced aggregation responses. A potentiating effect was noted after 20 minutes' incubation, but platelets from migraine patients taking St155 behaved normally.Tyramine affected the response of platelets to 5HT, giving results similar to those reported for reserpine.The differences between the aggregation responses to 5HT of platelets from migraine patients and normal control subjects are discussed.
The possible significance of IgA in abnormal cerebrospinal fluid
Authors: Sheth Neela K. 
Published: June 2007

In a study of 21 patients with disease of the central nervous system IgA, which is normally absent, could be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid in the presence of meningitis of bacterial or fungal origin: the concentration of IgA in the cerebrospinal fluid could not, however, be correlated with serum levels. A reaction of non-identity has been demonstrated between serum and cerebrospinal fluid IgA using the diffusion technique on cellulose acetate.These data seem to suggest that cerebrospinal fluid IgA is produced independently of serum IgA and can be detected in measurable amounts where microorganisms are the cause of inflammatory disease of the central nervous system.
Colorimetric determination of serum acid phosphatase activity using adenosine 3′-monophosphate as substrate
Authors: Ellis Graham , Belfield Alan , Goldberg David M. 
Published: June 2007

The hydrolysis of adenosine 3′-monophosphate by serum acid phosphatase has been coupled to the liberation of ammonia from the adenosine generated through the action of exogenous adenosine deaminase. The ammonia is measured at the end of the incubation by a modification of the phenol-hypochlorite reaction of Berthelot. Optimum conditions for the enzyme reaction have been defined. Inhibition of the Berthelot reaction by the serum used in the assay is small, and may be compensated by a correction factor. Although the value for the control is high in relation to the test over the normal range, this is largely outweighed by the good sensitivity and precision of the method.The substrate is not significantly hydrolysed by erythrocyte acid phosphatase within the limits encountered in haemolysed sera. Experience of the method in routine hospital diagnosis compared favorably with that of a standard method employing disodium phenyl phosphate as substrate. It is suggested that activities greater than 3·1 IU/l should be further investigated and those greater than 3·7 IU/l should be regarded as definitely raised. The stability of human serum AcPase when promptly separated and held at 4°C or − 20°C was confirmed. At room temperature, acidification topH 6·0 greatly improved stability.
Quantitative observations on mineralized and non-mineralized bone in the iliac crest
Authors: Ellis H. A. , Peart Kathleen M. 
Published: June 2007

The amounts of mineralized bone and osteoid in thin undecalcified sections of iliac crest have been measured in 68 control subjects at necropsy using a point-counting method. The effect of varying the site selected for quantitative study on the value obtained for total bone mass has been investigated in decalcified sections of iliac crest.The total bone mass shows individual variation within a fairly constant range with a mean of 22·7 ± 0·5% up to the age of 50 years and then progressively falls to a mean of 15·5 ± 1·1% for individuals aged > 50 years. Some of the lowest values in the range 5·5 to 16·4 (mean 8·9 ± 1·9%) were observed in elderly women in the seventh to ninth decades. It is concluded that so-called senile osteoporosis is usually a manifestation of a normal aging process. In controls osteoid accounts for only about 0·1% of the area measured and for a maximum of 1·8% of bone with a mean mineralization of 99·5%. Osteoid is patchily distributed and the maximum number of birefringent lamellae in any seam is four.The results of quantitative histology carried out in different parts of the iliac crest indicate that there are variations with the distance of the site from the anterior superior spine and its depth below the crest surface. The importance of this in relation to the site and size of iliac crest biopsies used for quantitative histology is discussed.There is a significant correlation between the values for total bone mass when estimated by the point-counting technique in undecalcified sections and by a volumetric method using blocks of bone.
A disposable bedpan system using an improved disposal unit and self-supporting bedpans
Authors: Gibson G. L. 
Published: June 2007

A system using totally disposable self-supporting bedpans requiring no carrier was examined in use in two hospitals. The bedpans and their contents were disposed of by destruction and flushing to waste carried out in a modified Haigh Sluicemaster disposal unit. This incorporates a positively closing and locking lid with refinements to avoid the lid slamming and has effective safety devices.The new bedpans and the improved disposal units reduce the risk of transfer and dispersal of pathogenic organisms to an acceptable level in ward and sluice room.
The antimycotic activity of 5-fluorocytosine
Authors: Holt R. J. , Newman R. L. 
Published: June 2007

5-Fluorocytosine (5 FC) showed markedin vitroactivity against nearly all the clinical isolates ofCandidaandCryptococcusexamined; the required minimal inhibitory concentration was usually below 2 μg/ml and the minimal cidal concentration below 10 μg/ml. The drug had limited activity towardsAspergillusspecies and dermatophytes. Strains ofCandidaand other fungi with greatly enhanced resistance were fairly readily obtained by successive cultures on increasingly high concentrations of 5-fluorocytosine.Serum, urine, and faecal assays of 5 FC were made by a microbiological method on specimens from eight children who received between 100 and 25 mg/kg/day of the drug over several weeks for candidosis of the urinary tract usually associated with congenital anatomical abnormalities. Seven of these cases were successfully treated but in the other theCandidabecame highly resistant and treatment was discontinued. Serum drug levels ranged up to 30 μg/ml; urine levels were frequently between 200 and 500 μg/ml. No 5 FC was detected in faecal samples.Sensitivity tests and assays were also made on samples from subjects receiving 5 FC in other hospitals; five had systemicC. albicansinfection, the sixth had cryptococcal meningitis. In the latter case levels up to 34 μg/ml were recorded in the cerebrospinal fluid after oral administration, and an investigation was made into the possibility of competitive antagonism by intrathecal cytosine arabinoside given for Hodgkin's disease. The emergence in two other cases of strains ofCandidahighly resistant to 5 FC is discussed, and it is suggested that careful laboratory monitoring of cases receiving 5 FC must continue throughout therapy and afterwards.
Triglycerides, cholesterol, and phospholipids in normal heart papillary muscle and in patients suffering from diabetes, cholelithiasis, hypertension, and coronary atheroma
Authors: Alavaikko M. , Elfving Riitta , Hirvonen J. , Järvi J. 
Published: June 2007

The triglyceride, cholesterol, and phospholipid contents of heart papillary muscle were measured in groups of obviously healthy and diseased females and males on whom either routine or forensic necropsies were performed. In healthy men the triglyceride content was 1·77 ± 1·30 mg/g of wet weight and in women 1·25 ± 0·48 mg/g wet weight. The corresponding values for cholesterol were 1·07 ± 0·24 mg/g and 1·21 ± 0·22 mg/g and those for phospholipids 17·70 ± 5·15 mg/g and 19·65 ± 10·21 mg/g. The differences between the sexes were not significant.The hypertensive or cardiac hypertrophy group had about the same or slightly lower means for lipid content.In the cholelithiasis group, women had significantly high triglyceride values (3·38 ± 2·36 mg/g). The cholesterol values were not significantly elevated in either men or women.In the diabetic group, triglycerides were significantly increased both in men (mean 8·12 ± 0·54 mg/g) and in women (6·85 ± 5·66 mg/g). The cholesterol mean values were also high in both sexes, but the rise was not significant because of the great variation.In the coronary atheroma group, both male and female hospital cases had high triglyceride contents (mean 4·48 ± 4·25 mg/g and 3·65 ± 3·94 mg/g) whereas the forensic cases had only slightly elevated or normal values. Cholesterol assays paralleled the triglyceride ones, but phospholipids showed an inverse trend.The results showed that the lipid content of papillary muscle was increased in diseases where disturbances of lipid metabolism are evident, as in diabetes and cholelithiasis. In coronary atheroma only those cases with advanced obstruction of the arteries were associated with abnormal values of papillary lipids. No increase of the lipid content with age alone was found, nor was there any correlation with obesity.
A comparative survey of the results of analyses of blood serum in clinical chemistry laboratories in the United Kingdom
Authors: Whitehead T. P. , Browning D. M. , Gregory A. 
Published: June 2007

Since July 1969, portions of the same blood serum have been dispatched to clinical chemistry laboratories in the United Kingdom at 14-day intervals. The results of each serum survey were reported to each of the 390 participants within 11 days of their originally receiving the specimen.During the first 18 months of the survey no overall improvement in the results was seen. Therefore a summary of each laboratory's ability consistently to produce results close to the mean of the method used was calculated and reported as a single figure, the variance index, and sent to all participants at regular intervals together with a histogram distribution of the variance indices of other participants. The subsequent improvement in the overall results is described.
Early detection of influenza virus in cell culture by means of immunofluorescence
Authors: Rahman A. F. M. S. 
Published: June 2007

An indirect fluorescent antibody technique using human serum for the rapid detection of influenza A virus in monkey kidney cell cultures is described.Influenza A2 virus was isolated from 38 of 88 nose/throat swabs received from patients with suspected influenza during the winter of 1971-72.Thirty-two strains isolated in monkey kidney cell cultures were identified by immunofluorescence on the day haemadsorption was observed, 22 of them within a week of receipt of the specimen.Human antiserum was found to be very satisfactory for this purpose.