bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Hydraulic Fracture Width Behind Casing Using a Radioactive Proppant
Authors: Reis J. C. , Fisher K. , Holcomb D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Knowing the width of a hydraulic fracture behind casing can be useful in evaluating bodi reservoir performance and fracture design methods. This paper presents a method to obtain the widths of hydraulic fractures behind casing using radioactive, isotope-traced proppants. A tool-specific relationship between die gamma ray flux detected in a wellbore and the fracture width was developed using Monte Carlo simulation of gamma ray transport around a wellbore. This method provides fracture width estimates with a vertical resolution of about one foot. The method has been successfully used in the field and compares favorably with other methods for evaluating fracture widths.
Formation Damage Issues: Implications of Some Detailed Observations Using Analytical Transmission Electron Microscopy (ATEM)
Authors: Hill P. I. , Hughes C. R. , Issac K. P. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Solids characterisation forms an integral part of many studies related to petroleum engineering, e.g., coreflood evaluation assessment of fines migration and characterisation of precipitates; and is often completed using routine analytical methods such as Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). These methods, however, cannot provide sub-micron detail of morphology and chemistry of solids and cannot be applied readily to characterise non-crystalline solids or solids present in low quantities. In this study, ATEM has been applied to examine solids isolated from produced fluids from an oilfied. The method has the potential to give early indication of production problems like sands production and scaling. It has also been used effectively to characterise scale inhibitor precipitates, which are non-crystalline, from corefloods and ‘batch’ experiments. Although ATEM cannot be viewed as a routine method since it requires specialised equipment and expertise, it can provide critical information.
Pyrobitumen Induced Formation Damage Problems
Authors: Shaw J. C. , Tsuen R. , Leggitt S. M. , Schramm L. L. , Rao D. N. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Pyrobitumen is a black solid insoluble carboniferous deposit derived from thermal degradation of hydrocarbons. Although the organic material has been observed in carbonate rocks world-wide, very little is known about its effect on some basic rock properties such as porosity, permeability, wettability, and potential for formation damage. All of these properties play significant roles in hydrocarbon recovery processes.
In this study, the amount and distribution of pyrobitumen were determined using a newly developed ashing method. Potential formation damage, which can be caused by entrainment of pyrobitumen during waterflood, oil production and acid stimulation, was examined using coreflood experiments. Electrophoretic mobility measurements and surfactant adsorption coreflood experiments were performed to study the effects of pyrobitumen on the surface properties and adsorption behaviour of these carbonate rocks. The effect of pyrobitumen on the wettability of carbonate rocks was investigated in the contact angle experiments.
Some Mechanical Aspects of Formation Damage and Removal in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Byrom T. G. , Coulter Gerald R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper examines some mechanical aspects of formation damage as they apply uniquely to horizontal wells. First a seldom recognized phenomenon of mechanical damage due to drill string rotation is presented along with a method for estimating the extent of the damaged area. Next, the invaded zone is examined in some simple examples to ascertain qualitatively the geometry of the invaded zone due to varying exposure times of different parts of the horizontal section during drilling. The relative time scales between exposing new hole with the drill bit, the invasion rates into the formation, as well as the changing differential pressure in the horizontal annulus are incorporated into a simple model to determine the effect of changing annular pressure while drilling. Finally an inexpensive means of mechanically achieving zone isolation for damage removal treatments in unconsolidated zones is presented.
Viscous Fluids Provide Improved Results from Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments
Authors: Rosene R.B. , Shumaker E.F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Improved recovery of oil and gas is possible with the use of highly viscous fluids in the hydraulic fracturing process. These are water or oil base gels that help create wider fractures than is possible with the so-called conventional fluids. This allows the placement of additional quantities (concentrations up to six pounds per gallon or more) of highly permeable propping agents in the fracture.
Guar gum, cellulose derivatives and synthetic polymers may be chemically modified to produce the thick gels that have viscosities in produce the thick gels that have viscosities in the 1000 to 20,000 centipoise range. Chemical breakers are added to assure adequate viscosity reduction after the treatment.
The oil-base gel is the latest development representing the introduction of new ester systems that can crosslink in refined oils such as kerosene, diesel oil, and low boiling aliphatic hydrocarbons.
Field results with these viscous gels are summarized. Specific case histories are examine to show improvement over other methods of stimulation.

Introduction
Since the advent of hydraulic fracturing as a well stimulation tool, a variety of fluids and treatment methods have been proposed and used to improve well productivity. Fluids used in this process over the years include: water, lease oil, process over the years include: water, lease oil, refined oil, water-oil emulsions, acid-oil emulsions, gelled oil, gelled water, and gelled acid. A recent development has been the introduction of thick fluids for hydraulic fracturing. These can carry higher concentrations of propping Agent, and they also produce wider fractures allowing for increased fracture conductivity. Low friction pressures while pumping, even though the fluids appear extremely viscous, allow the treatments to be performed at reasonable injection rates. This paper describes four of these fluid their characteristics, and treatment results that demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach to hydraulic fracturing. These fluids are:
(1) crosslinked guar gel;
(2) crosslinked cellulose;
(3) high concentration synthetic polymer; and
(4) an oil base gel.
Heavy refined oil-water dispersions were recently described by Kiel.
While the volume of fluid employed in hydraulic fracturing treatments has increased markedly, the flow capacity of the fracture has remained relatively constant. In many cases, the formation can feed the fracture faster than the fracture can transmit fluid.
WEMCO Depurator TM System
Authors: Bassett Glen M. 
Published: December 2007

Introduction
The meaning of the word depurate is "to purify or cleanse"; therefore, a depurator is one which purifies or cleanses. Depurator is the name given purifies or cleanses. Depurator is the name given to the four cell flotation system, WEMCO TM Depurator System, which is manufactured by WEMCO Division of Envirotech Corporation.
The Depurator System is a natural aspirating, shear force flotation cell that has been designed for use in hazardous locations in the petroleum industry. The primary function of the Depurator System is to reduce the oil content in oily waters. In most cases, with chemical aid, the oil content con be reduced to acceptable limits such as 20 ppm oil or less.

ORIGIN
The WEMCO Depurator System originated from the WEMCO Fogergren flotation cell which is used in the benefication of ore in the mining industry. The WEMCO Fogergren is a single cell flotation unit which has been used for years; as a matter of fact, more than 15,000 WEMCO Fagergren flotation cells are presently in use. Other than the principle of self air inducement, the similarity just about ends. The WEMCO Depurator System operates with four cells in series which are completely enclosed, and explosion-proof motors; whereas the WEMCO Fogergren is an open cell which does not require explosion-proof motors. Also, the tank design is different. The Fagergren is designed for solid-liquid separation and the Depurator is designed for liquid-liquid separation.
Questions have arisen regarding how the WEMCO Depurator System came about as for as the petroleum industry is concerned, and what the need is for this equipment. First, the market was developed by federal state and local agencies that began to enforce and regulate the discharge of water to open ditches, pits, ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans. In most areas the ponds, lakes, rivers and oceans. In most areas the maximum oil content allowed in effluent waters is 20 ppm. To meet this demand, a process was necessary ppm. To meet this demand, a process was necessary that would be both efficient and economical. Therefore, the market is there for any process meeting these requirements; the WEMCO Depurator System does.
The next question was, how did the use of the WEMCO Depurator System come about for this purpose? It just so happens that during an equipment exposition in 1968, a representative for the Tretolite Division of Petrolite Corporation saw a Fagergren bench model on Petrolite Corporation saw a Fagergren bench model on display. After finding out that the Fagergren was used in benefication of ore, questions and interest developed into a program to determine if the Fagergren could be useful in effluent water clarification.
Numerical Simulation of Borehole and Formation Temperature Distributions While Drilling to Total Depth
Authors: Schoeppel Roger J. , Bennett Richard E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A method was developed to model numerically the unsteady temperature distributions in a circulating drilling fluid and the surrounding formation. The model was based on a set of fourth-order partial differential equations describing heat flow by forced convection in the wellbore and by conduction in the adjacent formation. Finite-difference representations of these equations were formulated implicitly, and the resulting algebraic equations solved by modified methods of Gaussian elimination. A numerical error analysis was made to determine the accuracy of the method. Computer simulation time for solution of the numerical model is reasonably short. The method was found to provide an accurate solution to the problem of provide an accurate solution to the problem of predicting nonsteady temperature distributions predicting nonsteady temperature distributions associated with drilling of a well. It can be used to study the physical system in detail and is capable of simulating real systems that have heterogeneous and/or time dependent properties.

Introduction
A knowledge of subsurface temperatures is of prime interest to geoscientists and geotechnologists alike. Geologists are interested in subsurface temperatures to better understand geomechanisms such as diagenesis of sediments, formation of hydrocarbons, genesis and emplacement of magmatic formation of mineral deposits, and crustal deformations. Geophysicists are interested in studies of subsurface heat flows. Petroleum engineers require a knowledge of subsurface temperature to design properly the drilling and completion programs and to facilitate accurate log interpretation. Mining engineers need this information to assess the economic value of mineral resources. For geothermal engineers, this knowledge is valuable in the proper exploitation of geothermal resources.
Recognizing the usefulness of subsurface temperature data, a geothermal survey of North America aimed at preparing a regional geothermal gradient map was initiated by the AAPG. It was known that equilibrium temperature data were not readily available for most of the continent. Therefore, an engineering recourse to use near equilibrium logged temperatures was proposed.
Mathematical equations describing borehole heat transfer during and after drilling are available in the literature. However, neither a direct nor an approximate solution has been reported. Accordingly, it is the objective of this paper to present a numerical method capable of modeling accurately the nonequilibrium temperature distribution in a borehole.
Early Planning for Gas Storage Pays Off - A Case History of Kentucky's Largest Gas Field
Authors: Griffith Howard D. , Rinehart Richard D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper traces the transition of a natural gas field into a major gas storage system" Texas Gas Transmission Corporabon's programs to facilitate the transition programs to facilitate the transition early in the life of the field are shown. A detailed geologic and engineering analysis of the reservoir which has played an important role in the development of storage is also presented. presented. The reservoir in this study is the Midland gas field which is located in Muhlenberg County, Ky. on the southeast flank of the Illinois basin. The field, discovered in Oct., 1962, was converted to a gas storage field on Jan. 1, 1970. It has the potential of being one of the largest gas storage reservoirs in the country and is ideally situated for effective market requirements. The field is approximately 10 miles long and 1-1/2 miles wide, and originally contained 123.6 Bcf of native gas. At the time it was converted to gas storage, 72 Bcf had been produced. The balance was retained for a storage cushion volume.
The Midland gas field produces from the Bethel sandstone of the Lower Chester section of Mississippian age. The rather narrow and elongate physical attitude of the reservoir is the result of a sand fill in a channel cut into the underlying Mississippian carbonates. The maximum thickness of the Bethel Channel fill is in the order of 250 feet.
Diligent collection of reliable basic log and core data, together with the accumulation of an accurate pressure and production history during the productive life of the field is quite important. Because of early planning and persistence, this information has been collected persistence, this information has been collected for very little additional cost. A comparison based on such data is made between original gas-in-place calculations using volumetric methods, steady-state material balance and unsteady-state material balance. This data can also be utilized in additional programs which are needed for future underground storage operations.

Introduction
Midland gas field is located in Muhlenberg County, Ky. along the southeast flank of the Illinois basin. As shown in Fig. 1, it is located in an area marked by numerous gas and oil producing fields. The discovery well, drilled in Oct., 1962 encountered gas in the Bethel Channel sand of Mississippian age at a depth of approximately 2,100 feet.
An Electromagnetic Method of Orienting a Gun Perforator in Multiple Tubingless Completions
Authors: Stroud S.G. , DeGough K.G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In multiple tubingless completions, two or more strings of casing are run and cemented in the same borehole.
In order to perforate one string and avoid damaging adjacent strings, it is necessary to orient the perforating gun away from adjacent strings. Orienting systems which have been used include the mechanical method, the radioactive multiple line method, and the radioactive single line or density method.
The electromagnetic orienting tool is a new approach to the problem of orienting a gun perforator. It operates by detecting adjacent strings based on their magnetic properties. This method is not affected by properties. This method is not affected by cement or formation density since it responds only to magnetic material. No radioactive sources or radiation detectors are used.
This tool has been field-tested for several months with good results and a high degree of reliability. Having a diameter of 1-11/16" O.D., the tool will pass through 2-3/8" O.D. tubing and successfully orient in 4-1/2" O.D. casing.

Introduction
A method of completing a well with multiple zones consists of running two or more strings of casing in a side by side relationship, into a well bore which penetrates all the zones. In normal practice penetrates all the zones. In normal practice all strings are run to about the same depth. In order to produce a particular zone, a gun perforator is run into one of the strings of perforator is run into one of the strings of casing and placed opposite the zone to be produced. The gun must be of the type which produced. The gun must be of the type which fires in a single direction and must be directed so that other casing strings will not be perforated. In this manner each zone may be produced independently from a different casing string.
In order to perforate one string and avoid damaging adjacent strings, it is necessary to orient the perforating gun away from the adjacent strings. Orienting systems which have been used include the mechanical method, the radioactive source method using multiple lines, and the radioactive single line or density method.
The mechanical method has become obsolete because of inflexibility and high cost. The multiple line radioactive method accurately locates adjacent strings but has the disadvantage that all strings must be entered with wire lines.
Coarse Grind Cement for Oil Well Cementing
Authors: Clark Charles R. , Steele John H. , Gidley John L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the performance properties of a retarded Class H properties of a retarded Class H cement that was developed by removing the fines from the cement powder. Such a cement should be useful for high-temperature cementing because of its increased thickening time. Slurries prepared from the coarse grind cement powder provide high compressive strength, low permeability of the set cement, and acceptable free water content.

Introduction
Development of a slow set cement by using a coarsely ground cement powder is not new. Knowledgeable powder is not new. Knowledgeable people in the cement industry have people in the cement industry have long recognized that large particles of cement, having smaller surface area and being less reactive, should provide longer thickening time. provide longer thickening time. Coleman and Corrigan studied the effect of cement fineness on the ratio of set cement volume to slurry volume and the permeability of set cement. However, permeability of set cement. However, to our knowledge, data pertaining to the effect of particle size on thickening time and. other cement performance properties has not previously been properties has not previously been published. Therefore, the objective published. Therefore, the objective of this paper is to determine the magnitude of this effect and to determine whether sufficient retardation could be achieved to be of practical value for deep well cementing.
Energy from Oil Shale: Environmental Research
Authors: Cook Glenn L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The development of the vast energy resources of the oil shales of the Green River Formation in Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming requires the application of satisfactory environmental controls. Expected waste materials from processing oil shale are the shales from processing oil shale are the shales from which the organic materials have been removed, waters produced during retorting or mining, and gases produced during retorting. Present status of environmental research on oil shales at the Laramie Energy Research Center will be discussed.

Introduction
Environmental research associated with the future production of energy from oil shale is directed toward the identification of possible problems and the solution of those possible problems and the solution of those problems before any large-scale use is made problems before any large-scale use is made of the shale. In the words of Bureau of Mines Director Osborn, speaking at commencement exercises at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology in May of this year, "… the truth is beginning to dawn: Most of American's environmental problems are related, in one way or another, to the production and use of minerals and fuels." production and use of minerals and fuels." The presently small, but growing, environmental research effort on oil shale has the mission of preventing environmental degradation when an oil-shale industry comes into being.
Concern for the protection of the environment has resulted in several studies. The States of Colorado, Utah, and Wyoming have each prepared reports on the environmental problems peculiar to their states. problems peculiar to their states. The Oil Shale Corporation (TOSCO) has an active research program investigating possibilities for revegetating retorted possibilities for revegetating retorted shale. Denver Research Institute and The Colorado State University have each studied some of the problems of disposal of retorted shale. The neighborhood effects, those that affect people and land areas adjacent to proposed operations, are being studied by the Bureau of Land Management. One study of such effects was made at the Utah State University at Logan, Utah. The latest proposal for the use of nuclear explosives in a recovery scheme for oil from shale, called Project Utah, will include environmental plans in the Project Definition.
Desalination of Brackish Waters by Ion Exchange
Authors: Epstein A.C. , Yeligar M.B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent developments in ion exchange technology have made it economically feasible to desalt blackish waters. Four ion exchange systems capable of desalting brackish waters containing 1000 to 3000 ppm of TDS are reviewed with respect to their technology, operating results and operating costs. Laboratory and field studies of these systems show that desalination of brackish water is technically feasible and that the most economical systems depend on the characteristics of the brackish water, the characteristics of the desalted water and the required quality of the product water (desalted water blended with brackish water) for its end use.

Introduction
The petroleum industry is second, only to the steel industry, as a consumer of water. The water, whose acceptable quality varies from poor to excellent, is needed both at refineries and in the field. Many of these sites are located where the only major source of water is brackish.
Demineralization by ion exchange of waters containing less than 500 ppm has been an accepted practice for many years. For this type of water, the chemical cost, capital cost, labor cost and maintenance cost compare favorably with other systems, such as reverse osmosis, distillation, etc. In addition, ion exchange processes are usually easier to build, simpler to operate and produce water qualities as good as those obtained from other systems.
Ion exchange demineralization of waters containing greater than 500 ppm TDS has been infrequent. As the salinity increases, the capital cost and operating costs increase. This is because large volumes of ion exchange resins are necessary and high consumptions of regenerants are required.