bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of biodiversity on ecosystem, community, and population variables reported 1974–2004
Authors: Schmid Bernhard , Pfisterer Andrea B. , Balvanera Patricia 
Published: February 2009

This metadata set contains 761 effects of biodiversity on ecosystem, community, or population response variables reported in 137 publications from 1974 to June 2004. All data were obtained in experimental studies. Relationships between species richness or other biodiversity measures and response variables are described by their shape, direction, significance, and if available, the simple (regression) or multiple (analysis of variance) correlation coefficient. We classified response variables into groups according to the ecosystem function or service to which they were related, the trophic level at which they were measured, and several other classification schemes. Similarly, we classified studies into groups according to ecosystem type, experimental system (bottle/pot, greenhouse, field), range and trophic level of biodiversity treatments, and further design variables. Covariates include location of study, number of plots, and number of species used in the biodiversity treatments. Analyses of these metadata have shown, for example, that biodiversity effects on community (and ecosystem) variables are often positive, and those on population variables negative, that stocks are more responsive than rates to biodiversity manipulation, and that bottom‐up biodiversity effects in multi‐trophic studies are often negative. This metadata set gives a representative overview of the results of a first generation of biodiversity experiments and allows a quantitative assessment of the influence of a number of biological and design variables on the significance and shape of the relationship between biodiversity and response variables.The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Effects of biodiversity on the functioning of ecosystems: a summary of 164 experimental manipulations of species richness
Authors: Cardinale Bradley J. , Srivastava Diane S. , Duffy J. Emmett , Wright Justin P. , Downing Amy L. , Sankaran Mahesh , Jouseau Claire , Cadotte Marc W. , Carroll Ian T. , Weis Jerome J. , Hector Andy , Loreau Michel 
Published: February 2009

Over the past decade, accelerating rates of species extinction have prompted an increasing number of studies to reduce the number of species experimentally in a variety of ecosystems and examine how this aspect of diversity alters the efficiency by which communities capture biologically essential resources and convert them into new tissue. Here we summarize the results of 164 experiments (reported in 84 publications) that have manipulated the richness of primary producers, herbivores, detritivores, or predators in a variety of terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems and examined how this impacts (1) the standing stock abundance or biomass of the focal trophic group, (2) the abundance or biomass of that trophic group's primary resource(s), and/or (3) the extent to which that trophic group depletes its resource(s). Our summary includes studies that have focused on the top‐down effects of diversity, whereby researchers have examined how the richness of trophic group t impacts the consumption of a shared resource, and also studies that have focused on the bottom‐up effects of diversity, whereby researchers have examined how the richness of trophic group t impacts consumption of t by the next highest trophic level. The first portion of the data set provides information about the source of data and relevant aspects of the experimental design, including the spatial and temporal scales at which the work was performed. The second portion gives the magnitude of each response variable, the standard deviation, and the level of replication at each level of species richness manipulated. The third portion of the data set summarizes the magnitude of diversity effects in two ways. First, log ratios are used to compare the response variable in the most diverse polyculture to either the mean of all monocultures or the species having the highest/lowest value in monoculture. Second, data from each level of species richness are fit to three nonlinear functions (log, power, and hyperbolic) to assess which best characterizes the shape of diversity effects. The final portion of the data set summarizes any information that helps parse diversity effects into that attributable to species richness vs. that attributable to changes in species composition across levels of richness.The complete data sets corresponding to abstracts published in the Data Papers section of the journal are published electronically in Ecological Archives at 〈http://esapubs.org/archive〉. (The accession number for each Data Paper is given directly beneath the title.)
Influence of liquid water and soil temperature on petroleum hydrocarbon toxicity in Antarctic soil
Authors: Schafer Alexis N. , Snape Ian , Siciliano Steven D. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Fuel spills in Antarctica typically occur in rare ice-free oases along the coast, which are areas of extreme seasonal freezing. Spills often occur at subzero temperatures, but little is known of ecosystem sensitivity to pollutants, in particular the influence that soil liquid water and low temperature have on toxicity of petroleum hydrocarbons (PHC) in Antarctic soil. To evaluate PHC toxicity, 32 locations at an aged diesel spill site in Antarctica were sampled nine times to encompass frozen, thaw, and refreeze periods. Toxicity was assessed using potential activities of substrate-induced respiration, basal respiration, nitrification, denitrification, and metabolic quotient as well as microbial community composition and bacterial biomass. The most sensitive indicator was community composition with a PHC concentration effecting 25% of the population (EC25) of 800 mg/kg, followed by nitrification (2,000 mg/kg), microbial biomass (2,400 mg/kg), and soil respiration (3,500 mg/kg). Despite changes in potential microbial activities and composition over the frozen, thaw, and refreeze period, the sensitivity of these endpoints to PHC did not change with liquid water or temperature. However, the variability associated with ecotoxicity data increased at low liquid water contents. As a consequence of this variability, highly replicated (n = 50) experiments are needed to quantify a 25% ecological impairment by PHCs in Antarctic soils at a 95% level of significance. Increases in biomass and respiration associated with changes in community composition suggest that PHC contamination in Antarctic soils may have irrevocable effects on the ecosystem.
A microtiter-plate-based cytochrome P450 3A activity assay in fish cell lines
Authors: Christen Verena , Oggier Daniela M. , Fent Karl 
Published: February 2009

AbstractEnzymes belonging to the cytochrome P450 3A (CYP3A) subfamily play an important role in the metabolism of endogenous substances and xenobiotics, including pharmaceuticals. Xenobiotics can alter CYP3A expression and activity, and therefore, changes in CYP3A activity may serve as a biomarker of xenobiotic exposure. To determine changes in CYP3A enzyme activity for environmental risk assessment of xenobiotics including pharmaceuticals, high-throughput assays are needed, but these are missing for fish cells to date. Here, we report on the development of a fluorescent-based CYP3A high-throughput assay for four fish cell lines cultivated in 96-well plates based on 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethylcoumarin as a CYP3A substrate. We show that human CYP3A substrate BFC is catalyzed by fish CYP3A enzymes to a fluorescent product. Its formation is dependent on cell numbers and incubation time. Furthermore, we demonstrate that with this new CYP3A assay induction and inhibition of enzyme activity by pharmaceuticals can be determined. This new cell-based assay is suitable for detection of alteration in CYP3A enzyme activity in large-scale experiments for screening of pharmaceuticals occurring in the environment.
Identification and evaluation of pyrethroid insecticide mixtures in urban sediments
Authors: Trimble Andrew J. , Weston Donald P. , Belden Jason B. , Lydy Michael J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Organochlorine, organophosphorous, and pyrethroid insecticides frequently have been detected together as mixtures in stream sediments. To simplify mixture analyses, additive toxic responses usually are assumed but rarely are confirmed, especially for compounds with similar modes of action. The first objective of the present study was to screen a database of 24 different pesticides and 94 urban-stream sediment samples collected throughout central and northern California (USA) to identify compounds and partial mixtures that dominated sample toxicity to Hyalella azteca. Pyrethroids and chlorpyrifos were the most toxicologically relevant compounds in terms of detection frequency, contribution to overall sample toxicity, and co-occurrence in the most common mixture patterns. Organochlorine insecticides were the least toxicologically relevant compounds, with only a small percentage of samples exceeding predefined screening values. The second objective was to confirm that mixtures of type I and type II pyrethroids display additive responses. Ten-day sediment toxicity tests of binary pesticide mixtures were conducted using H. azteca as the test organism. Observed dose-response curves were compared to those predicted from concentration-addition and independent-action models. Model deviation ratios (MDRs) were calculated at the median effect level to quantify the magnitudes of deviation between observed and predicted curves. Whereas the concentration-addition model adequately predicted toxicity for all the pyrethroid mixtures (MDRs within a factor of two), dose-response values deviated from additivity enough to warrant further investigation.
Third-Degree Price Discrimination with Buyer Power
Authors: Inderst Roman , Valletti Tommaso 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper introduces a model of third-degree price discrimination where a seller's pricing power is constrained by buyers' outside options. Price uniformity performs more efficiently than discriminatory pricing, as uniform pricing allows weaker buyers to exploit the more attractive outside option of stronger buyers. This mechanism is markedly different from the mechanisms that are at work in case uniform pricing is imposed on an unconstrained monopolist.
Diabetes in Non-Hispanic White Youth
Authors: Bell Ronny A. , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Beyer Jennifer W. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Lawrence Jean M. , Linder Barbara , Liu Lenna L. , Marcovina Santica M. , Rodriguez Beatriz L. , Williams Desmond , Dabelea Dana ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the incidence, prevalence, and clinical characteristics of diabetes among U.S. non-Hispanic white (NHW) youth.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study (SEARCH study), a multicenter study of diabetes among youth aged 0–19 years, were examined. Incidence rates were calculated per 100,000 person-years across 4 incident years (2002–2005), and prevalence in 2001 was calculated per 1,000 youths. Information obtained by questionnaire, physical examination, and blood and urine collection was analyzed to describe the characteristics of youth who completed an in-person visit.
RESULTS—The prevalence of type 1 diabetes (at ages 0–19 years) was 2.00/1,000, which was similar for male (2.02/1,000) and female (1.97/1,000) subjects. The incidence of type 1 diabetes was 23.6/100,000, slightly higher for male compared with female subjects (24.5 vs. 22.7 per 100,000, respectively, P = 0.04). Incidence rates of type 1 diabetes among youth aged 0–14 years in the SEARCH study are higher than all previously reported U.S. studies and many European studies. Few cases of type 2 diabetes in youth aged &lt;10 years were found. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (at ages 10–19 years) was 0.18/1,000, which is significantly higher for female compared with male subjects (0.22 vs. 0.15 per 1,000, P = 0.01). Incidence of type 2 diabetes was 3.7/100,000, with similar rates for female and male subjects (3.9 vs. 3.4 per 1,000, respectively, P = 0.3). High levels of abnormal cardiometabolic and behavioral risk factor profiles were common among youth with both type 1 and type 2 diabetes. For example, within each of four age-groups for youth with type 1 diabetes and two age-groups for youth with type 2 diabetes, &gt;40% had elevated LDL cholesterol, and &lt;3% of youth aged &gt;10 years met current recommendations for intake of saturated fat. Among youth aged ≥15 years, 18% with type 1 and 26% with type 2 diabetes were current smokers.
CONCLUSIONS—The SEARCH study is one of the most comprehensive studies of diabetes in NHW youth. The incidence of type 1 diabetes in NHW youth in the U.S. is one of the highest in the world. While type 2 diabetes is still relatively rare, rates are several-fold higher than those reported by European countries. We believe efforts directed at improving the cardiometabolic and behavioral risk factor profiles in this population are warranted.
Diabetes in African American Youth
Authors: Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Beyer Jennifer , Bell Ronny A. , Dabelea Dana , D'Agostino Ralph , Imperatore Giuseppina , Lawrence Jean M. , Liese Angela D. , Liu Lenna , Marcovina Santica , Rodriguez Beatriz ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE—To report the prevalence and incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes among African American youth and to describe demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, a population-based, multicenter observational study of youth with clinically diagnosed diabetes aged 0–19 years, were used to estimate the prevalence for calendar year 2001 (692 cases) and incidence based on 748 African American case subjects diagnosed in 2002–2005. Characteristics of these youth were obtained during a research visit for 436 African American youth with type 1 diabetes and 212 African American youth with type 2 diabetes.
RESULTS—Among African American youth aged 0–9 years, prevalence (per 1,000) of type 1 diabetes was 0.57 (95% CI 0.47–0.69) and for those aged 10–19 years 2.04 (1.85–2.26). Among African American youth aged 0–9 years, annual type 1 diabetes incidence (per 100,000) was 15.7 (13.7–17.9) and for those aged 10–19 years 15.7 (13.8–17.8). A1C was ≥9.5% among 50% of youth with type 1 diabetes aged ≥15 years. Across age-groups and sex, 44.7% of African American youth with type 1 diabetes were overweight or obese. Among African American youth aged 10–19 years, prevalence (per 1,000) of type 2 diabetes was 1.06 (0.93–1.22) and annual incidence (per 100,000) was 19.0 (16.9–21.3). About 60% of African American youth with type 2 diabetes had an annual household income of &lt;$25,000. Among those aged ≥15 years, 27.5% had an A1C ≥9.5%, 22.5% had high blood pressure, and, across subgroups of age and sex, &gt;90% were overweight or obese.
CONCLUSIONS—Type 1 diabetes presents a serious burden among African American youth aged &lt;10 years, and African American adolescents are impacted substantially by both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Diabetes in Hispanic American Youth
Authors: Lawrence Jean M. , Mayer-Davis Elizabeth J. , Reynolds Kristi , Beyer Jennifer , Pettitt David J. , D'Agostino Ralph B. , Marcovina Santica M. , Imperatore Giuseppina , Hamman Richard F. ,   for the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study Group
Published: February 2009

OBJECTIVE—To report the 2001 prevalence and 2002–2005 incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes in Hispanic American youth and to describe the demographic, clinical, and behavioral characteristics of these youth.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth Study, a population-based multicenter observational study of youth aged 0–19 years with physician-diagnosed diabetes, were used to estimate the prevalence and incidence of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Information obtained by questionnaire, physical examination, and blood and urine collection was analyzed to describe the characteristics of youth who completed a study visit.
RESULTS—Among Hispanic American youth, type 1 diabetes was more prevalent than type 2 diabetes, including in youth aged 10–19 years. There were no significant sex differences in type 1 or type 2 diabetes prevalence. The incidence of type 2 diabetes for female subjects aged 10–14 years was twice that of male subjects (P &lt; 0.005), while among youth aged 15–19 years the incidence of type 2 diabetes exceeded that of type 1 diabetes for female subjects (P &lt; 0.05) but not for male subjects. Poor glycemic control, defined as A1C ≥9.5%, as well as high LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were common among youth aged ≥15 years with either type of diabetes. Forty-four percent of youth with type 1 diabetes were overweight or obese.
CONCLUSIONS—Factors such as poor glycemic control, elevated lipids, and a high prevalence of overweight and obesity may put Hispanic youth with type 1 and type 2 diabetes at risk for future diabetes-related complications.
Ergonomic Intervention in the Treatment of a Patient With Upper Extremity and Neck Pain
Authors: Fabrizio Philip 
Published: February 2009

Background and Purpose
Work-related musculoskeletal disorders are widespread among computer users and costly to the health care system. Workstation setup and worker postures contribute to upper-extremity and neck symptoms among computer users. Ergonomic interventions such as work risk analysis and workstation modifications can improve workers' symptoms. However, ergonomic interventions do not appear to be a common component of traditional physical therapy treatment.

Case Description
The patient was a 26-year-old woman with right upper-extremity and neck pain referred for physical therapy. A course of traditional physical therapy treatment was performed followed by an ergonomic intervention.

Outcomes
Following 4 weeks of traditional physical therapy, the patient showed a 1.0-cm improvement in her resting pain level but no change in her pain level during exacerbations on the visual analog scale. An ergonomic intervention was performed following traditional physical therapy. At the conclusion of the full course of treatment (traditional physical therapy plus ergonomic intervention), resting pain level decreased by 4.6 cm and exacerbation pain level decreased by 3.2 cm. Improvements in Rapid Upper Limb Assessment and Workstyle scores also were realized.

Discussion
This case report demonstrates the importance of examining the work habits and work-related postures of a patient who complains of upper-extremity and neck pain that is exacerbated by work. Providing an ergonomic intervention in concert with traditional physical therapy may be the most beneficial course of treatment.
Influence of different exercise regimes on the proximal hoof circumference in young Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Decurnex V. , Anderson G. A. , Davies H. M. S. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Most lameness in horses relates to foot problems and may be associated with changes in hoof shape, but there is a lack of information on the influence of normal exercise on hoof shape.Objectives: To investigate the effect of training on proximal hoof circumference in young Thoroughbred racehorses being prepared for racing.Methods: Thirty‐seven young Thoroughbred racehorses were included in this study. Front hoof circumference immediately below the coronary band was measured weekly with a measuring tape in all horses present at the stable. Most horses accomplished a minimum of 2 training periods at the stable separated by periods of rest on a paddock. One samplettests were used to evaluate if the mean change per week differed from zero. To estimate the repeatability coefficient, the left proximal hoof circumference of 25 horses was measured 3 times in a random order on one day.Results: Most horses showed a similar pattern of change. The proximal hoof circumference decreased during the training periods (P<0.0001) and increased when the horse was rested (P<0.0001). The decrease of the circumference during the first training period was −0.66 mm/week on the left and −0.64 mm/week on the right. During the second training period, this was −0.58 mm/week on the left and −0.57 mm/week on the right. During the rest period, the circumference increased by 1.03 mm/week on the left and 1.12 mm/week on the right. The repeatability coefficient for the left circumference was 1.8 mm.Conclusions: Horses showed a decrease in circumference during race training that reversed when they were rested.Potential relevance: Measurement of front hoof circumference is a simple method to assess change in hoof shape. It provides an opportunity to investigate the relationships between specific training, hoof shape and soundness.
Influence of track surface on the equine superficial digital flexor tendon loading in two horses at high speed trot
Authors: Crevier‐Denoix N. , Pourcelot P. , Ravary B. , Robin D. , Falala S. , Uzel S. , Grison A.‐C. , Valette J.‐P. , Denoix J.‐M. , Chateau H. 
Published: February 2009

SummaryReasons for performing study: Although track surfaces are a risk factor of tendon injuries, their effects on tendon loading at high speed are unknown. Using a noninvasive ultrasonic technique, it is now possible to evaluate the forces in the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) in exercise conditions.Objectives: To compare the effects of an all‐weather waxed track (W) vs. a crushed sand track (S), on the SDFT loading in the trotter horse at high speed.Methods: Two trotter horses were equipped with the ultrasonic device (1 MHz ultrasonic probe, fixed on the palmar metacarpal area of the right forelimb). For each trial, data acquisition was made at 400 Hz and 10 consecutive strides were analysed. In each session, the 2 track surfaces were tested in a straight line. The speed was imposed at 10 m/s and recorded. The right forelimb was also equipped with a dynamometric horseshoe and skin markers. The horse was filmed with a high‐speed camera (600 Hz); all recordings were synchronised. Statistical differences were tested using the GLM procedure (SAS; P<0.05).Results: Maximal tendon force was significantly lower on W compared with S. In addition to maximal force peaks around mid‐stance, earlier peaks were observed, more pronounced on S than on W, at about 13%(horse 2)and 30% (both horses) of the stance phase. Comparison with kinematic data revealed that these early peaks were accompanied by plateaux in the fetlock angle‐time chart. For high tendon forces, the tendon maximal loading rate was significantly lower on W than on S.Conclusions and potential clinical relevance: The all‐weather waxed track appears to induce a lesser and more gradual SDFT loading than crushed sand. The SDFT loading pattern at high speed trot suggests proximal interphalangeal joint movements during limb loading.