bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of P300 from a Passive Tone Sequence Paradigm and an Active Discrimination Task
Authors: Polich John 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe P300 (P3) event‐related potential elicited with a passive tone sequence paradigm was compared with an active auditory discrimination task. Each stimulus situation was replicated successively to study repetition effects. The first stimulus of the tone sequences produced a positive‐going potential with a scalp distribution and peak latency similar to the P3 from the active discrimination task, although its amplitude was smaller than that obtained from the active paradigm. The first block of trials demonstrated the strongest correlations for both P3 latency and amplitude between the sequence and discrimination tasks. The results suggest that the passive tone sequence paradigm may provide P3 measures which approximate those acquired from an active discrimination task.
Electrogastrography: Current Issues in Validation and Methodology
Authors: Stern Robert M. , Koch Kenneth L. , Stewart William R. , Vasey Michael W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn this review we present some current applications of electrogastrography, relationships between the electrogastrogram (EGG) and electrical and contractile activity of the stomach, EGG recording technique, and the current status of electrogastrography. The authors conclude the following: (1) The 3 cpm frequency of the EGG reflects the frequency of pacesetter potentials occurring at the serosal and mucosal surfaces of the stomach. (2) An increase in the contractile activity of the corpnsantrum is associated with an increase in the amplitude of the 3 cpm EGG signal. (3) Tachygastria (5–9 cpm waves) recorded with the EGG reflects identical frequencies recorded with mucosal electrodes from the gastric antrum. (4) Low frequency components (approximately 1 cpm) appear in the EGG signal but their physiological significance is unknown at this time.
Enhanced P3 Evoked Potentials and Longer P3 Recovery Times in Psychopaths
Authors: Raine Adrian , Venables Peter H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA recent study by Raine and Venables (1987) reported increased P3 amplitudes in antisocial adolescents, a replicable result indicating enhanced processing of task‐relevant events. The present study assesses whether adult psychopaths similarly show enhanced P3 amplitudes; latency of P3 recovery to baseline was also measured to assess Jutai et al.'s (1987) finding of sustained late positivity in psychopaths. EPs were measured at T3, T4, P3, and P4 to targets and nontargets during a continuous performance task in 14 psychopathic and 14 nonpsychopathic top‐security prisoners. Psychopaths showed larger P3 amplitudes to targets relative to nontargets at parietal but not temporal sites, and larger P3 recovery times. Psychopaths also scored higher on WAIS subtests sensitive to parietal lobe functioning but not on non‐parietal subtests. No laterality effects were uncovered to support a left hemisphere dysfunction theory of psychopathy. It is argued that this evidence for proficient information‐processing on parietal‐related tasks may underlie clinical reports of enhanced short‐term attentional ability in psychopaths.
Attentional Effects on Sexual Arousal
Authors: Dekker Joost , Everaerd Walter 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTLang's theory on emotions was applied to the sexual response: the cognitive processing of information on sexual responses (in contrast to information on sexual stimuli) was predicted to elicit the sexual response. Each of 48 men and 48 women imagined a sexual interaction, looked at a series of slides, and listened to an erotic story. Subjects were instructed to attend to images of sexual stimuli or to images of sexual stimuli plus responses. During imagery the genital response and the experience of sexual arousal were stronger when subjects focused on stimuli plus responses than when they focused on stimuli only. This effect occurred in both men and women. During slides and story a similar effect was found in men, but not in women. The genital response and the experience of sexual arousal were found to correlate more strongly when attentional focus was on stimuli plus responses instead of on stimuli only: in women, and, although marginally significant, also in men.
Electrodermal Lability Predicts Presentation Rate Effects and Stimulant Drug Effects on Paired Associate Learning in Hyperactive Children
Authors: Conte Richard , Kinsbourne Marcel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHyperactive children were divided into three groups (electrodermal labiles, electrodermal stabiles, and a medium group which fell in between) on the basis of the frequency of spontaneous electrodermal activity. Subsequent tests on a paired associate learning task revealed that the stabiles and medium groups performed poorly when stimulus‐response pairs were presented at a relatively slow rate, while for labiles there was no difference across rates. Treatment with stimulant medication abolished the differences across rates for the stabiles and the medium groups, but led to significantly more learning on the fast rate relative to the slow rate for labiles. While the placebo findings were consistent with a low arousal view of hyperactivity, the drug results suggested that stimulant medication corrects an imbalance in the mechanisms which govern sensitivity to task‐related stimulation, but induces an imbalance where none is present on placebo.
Eye Movements and the Detection of Sleep Onset
Authors: Ogilvie Robert D. , Mcdonagh Donna M. , Stone Sharonne N. , Wilkinson Robert T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe convergence of behavioral, EEG, and respiratory measures has been shown to increase the accurate detection of sleep onset (SO) (Ogilvie, 1985; Ogilvie & Wilkinson, 1984). The present investigation used a behavioral response (BR) measure and standard EEG indices to examine slow eye movement (SEM) activity during the transition from wakefulness to sleep. Several methods of scoring and assessing slow eye movements were employed in order to determine their usefulness as an index in the detection of sleep onset. Correlations between SEM activity and behavioral and EEG sleep stages were low to moderate. In multiple regression analyses, slow eye movements were shown to be a fairly stable but less powerful predictor of sleep onset than either behavioral or EEG measures. The data confirmed earlier observations linking the appearance of slow rolling eye movements with drowsiness and the disappearance of them with the beginning of behaviorally defined sleep. In most people this pattern is consistent enough to be useful in studying sleep onset. The applicability of this measure as a co‐indicator of sleep onset was discussed.
Cardiovascular Responses to Mental Arithmetic and Handgrip During Different Conditions of Postural Change
Authors: Goldstein Iris B. , Shapiro David 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwenty healthy male subjects, aged 18–29 yrs, were studied during three sequences of four different postural trials‐sitting, sitting to standing, standing, and standing to sitting. The first sequence was a baseline, without other stimulation. In the remaining two, subjects performed a mental arithmetic task and an isometric handgrip task during each trial (counterbalanced). Systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, heart rate, and skin conductance were recorded during the trials. The physiological responses to the two tasks were shown to vary as a function of the specific postural trial. Systolic and diastolic blood pressure were generally more sensitive to these effects than heart rate or skin conductance. The two tasks facilitated increases in blood pressure during the sitting to standing trials, especially during the standing phase. The increases in blood pressure were comparable to those reported previously for voluntary control and biofeedback procedures. Mental and physical strategies are effective in increasing blood pressure during postural change and may be useful in the management of orthostatic hypotension.
Cardiovascular Reactivity to Psychological Stress in Healthy Children
Authors: Murphy Joseph K. , Alpert Bruce S. , Willey Elaine S. , Somes Grant W. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTCardiovascular reactivity to stress has been implicated as a marker and/or mechanism in the development of cardiovascular disease. No normative data exist to classify children's reactivity to psychological stress. This investigation presents normative percentile data on the hemodynamic responses (heart rate and blood pressure) of 310 healthy, black or white, children between the ages of 6 and 18 years to the stress of a television video game. A series of three video games, played under three increasing levels of stress, elicited progressively higher values of blood pressure and heart rate. Both the child's race and gender, as well as the experimenter's race, significantly affected reactivity. Children demonstrated a wide range of interchild reactivity, thus allowing separation of individuals into high and low risk percentile groups.
Parental History of Hypertension and Myocardial Infarction Predicts Cardiovascular Responses to Behavioral Stressors in Middle‐aged Men and Women
Authors: Stoney Catherine M. , Matthews Karen A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present study had two objectives: to examine the influence of parental history of hypertension on cardiovascular responses during behavioral stress in middle‐aged men and women; and to study the impact of parental history of myocardial infarction on stress responses. Participants were separated into four groups: no parental history of cardiovascular disease; parental history of hypertension only; parental history of myocardial infarction only; or parental history of both hypertension and myocardial infarction. Heart rate and blood pressure were monitored at rest and during serial subtraction, mirror image tracing, and isometric handgrip. Analyses of residualized difference scores showed that like younger, male offspring of hypertensives, middle‐aged men and women with a parental history of hypertension exhibited exaggerated diastolic blood pressure responses during all stressors. Men with a parental history of myocardial infarction, with or without a parental history of hypertension, exhibited exaggerated systolic blood pressure responses during all stressors. These data are the first to show that family history of hypertension influences middle‐aged men's and women's stress responses, and that family history of myocardial infarction influences men's stress responses. Results suggest the importance of parental history of cardiovascular diseases in understanding acute psychophysiological responses of middle‐aged adults.
Toward a Functional Categorization of Slow Waves
Authors: Ruchkin Daniel S. , Johnson Ray , Mahaffey David , Sutton Samuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study is concerned with slowly varying, long‐duration brain event‐related potential (ERP) components, referred to as Slow Wave activity. Slow Wave activity can be observed in the epoch following P3b, suggesting that it reflects further processing invoked by increased task demands, beyond the processing that underlies P3b. The present experiment was designed to distinguish Slow Wave activity related to specific types of task demands which arise during difficult perceptual (pattern recognition) and conceptual (arithmetic) mental operations.Three late ERP components that respond differentially in amplitude to manipulation of perceptual and conceptual difficulty were identified: 1) A P3b, with a topography focused about Pz, evidently related to the subjective categorization of easy and difficult conceptual operations, that increased when the subjective low‐probability operation was performed; 2) A longer latency, centroparietal positive Slow Wave that increased directly with perceptual difficulty but was not affected by conceptual difficulty; 3) A very long latency negative Slow Wave, broadly distributed over centroposterior scalp, that increased directly with conceptual difficulty while its onset was delayed when perceptual difficulty increased.
Effects of Cigarette Smoking on Bilateral Electrodermal Measures of the Orienting Reflex
Authors: Lyvers Michael , Boyd Gayle , Maltzman Irving 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBilateral skin conductance was recorded in 6 male and 6 female smokers and in 6 male and 6 female nonsmokers on two different days. On the first day, a 10‐min rest period during which 3 male and 3 female smokers smoked a cigarette was followed by a taped series of common and uncommon innocuous tone stimuli to which evoked responses were measured. Nonsmokers did not smoke prior to presentation of the tones. On the second day, one week later, evoked responding was again measured during two further presentations of the tone stimuli after a 10‐min rest period during which the remaining smokers smoked a cigarette. During the first presentation, subjects listened to the tones as before. During the second presentation, subjects performed a pedal‐press whenever they heard the uncommon tone in the series. Results showed that smoking depressed responding to common and uncommon tones on the first day, but elevated responding to both tones on the second day during the passive listening phase. During the pedal‐press task, smoking selectively elevated responding to uncommon tones. Male smokers gave larger responses to uncommon tones in their left than right hands during the pedal‐press task, especially after smoking. Results are interpreted in terms of nicotine‐induced enhancement of the voluntary orienting reflex possibly mediated by the left frontal cortex.
The Effect of Repeated Tense‐Release Sequences on EMG and Self‐Report of Muscle Tension: An Evaluation of Jacobsonian and Post‐Jacobsonian Assumptions About Progressive Relaxation
Authors: Lehrer Paul M. , Batey David M. , Woolfolk Robert L. , Remde Alan , Garlick Talma 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study tested three psychophysiological hypotheses generated from assumptions underlying post‐Jacobsonian progressive relaxation techniques and assumptions that conflict with the rationale for Jacobson's progressive relaxation method. Twenty‐eight subjects tensed and released tension from the forearm extensor and frontalis muscles during a series of trials interspersed with intervals of relaxation. Correlations between self‐report of tension and EMG were moderate during relaxation, but did not increase across successive tense‐release trials, thus indicating no increase in self‐awareness of muscle tension. As predicted by Jacobson, paying attention to either muscle produced increased tension in the frontal area, but Jacobson's prediction of increases in forearm tension while paying attention to the forearm was not confirmed. Evidence was equivocal for the existence of the “pendulum effect” predicted by Bernstein and Borkovec. Tense‐release trials produced gradual decreases in frontal EMG, but no changes in forearm EMG. Declines below baseline in self‐reported muscle tension occurred only several minutes after the end of the tense‐release trials, and did so for the forearm despite lack of EMG decreases in that area. This finding may reflect the influence of cognitive rather than muscular processes.
Psychophysiological Correlates of Electrodermal Lability
Authors: Schell Anne M. , Dawson Michael E. , Filion Diane L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study of 75 college student subjects investigated the psychophysiological correlates of electrodermal lability. Resting‐stabile and resting‐labile subjects were defined as those who were respectively below and above the median of all same‐sex subjects in frequency of nonspecific skin conductance responses during rest, whereas stimulus‐stabile and stimulus‐labile subjects were those respectively below and above the median in trials to habituation of the skin conductance orienting response. These two classification systems were found to be highly correlated with one another, but not entirely equivalent. With both lability measures, labiles had higher resting skin conductance levels than stabiles and also exhibited larger skin conductance orienting responses to both signal and nonsignal tones. Labiles produced orienting responses with shorter latencies, rise times, and half recovery‐times. Resting‐labiles also differed from resting‐stabiles in the components of the triphasic heart rate response to the tones, having larger decelerative responses. The data are consistent with the view that labiles are better able than stabiles to allocate attentional capacity to environmental events and to respond to changing demands in an attentional situation.
Sex Differences in Lipid, Lipoprotein, Cardiovascular, and Neuroendocrine Responses to Acute Stress
Authors: Stoney Catherine M. , Matthews Karen A. , Mcdonald Robert H. , Johnson Cheryl A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study had two objectives: (a) to examine whether or not lipids and lipoproteins change in response to acute behavioral stress in young adults; and (b) to test the extent of sex differences in the magnitude of the lipid, lipoprotein, neuroendocrine, and cardiovascular changes during stress. Nineteen women and 22 men participated in a serial subtraction task, a videotaped speech task, and a self‐evaluation task. The cholesterol portions of low density and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides, free fatty acids, epinephrine, norepinephrine, heart rate, and blood pressure were examined at rest and during each stressor. Repeated measures analyses of variance indicated that stress‐related levels of low density and high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol, triglycerides, free fatty acids, norepinephrine, heart rate, and blood pressure were elevated, relative to baseline, and that these responses were partially task or order dependent. Subsequent analyses of sex differences showed that males had larger low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and blood pressure increases during all tasks, relative to those of females, and females had larger heart rate responses to the speech task, relative to those of males. There were no sex differences in plasma catecholamine adjustments. These data demonstrate that the cholesterol fractions of high and low density lipoproteins increase during acute psychological stress, and are the first to systematically examine male/female differences in those stress responses.
Event‐Related Potentials During Memory Search and Selective Attention to Letter Size and Conjunctions of Letter Size and Color
Authors: Wijers Albertus A. , Mulder Gijsbertus , Okita Tsunetaka , Mulder Lambertus J.M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe analysis of event‐related potentials was used in two experiments to investigate the structure of information processing in a task in which subjects selectively attended to letter size (Experiment 1) or a conjunction of letter size and color (Experiment 2) and searched for target letters within the attended stimulus category. The event‐related potentials showed that selective attention to letter size resulted in the enhancement of a central N2b component (onset about 200 ms), which was assumed to reflect feature nonspecific orienting of attention. When attention was directed to conjunctions of letter size and color an earlier effect was found (onset about 150 ms) consisting of positivity at the anterior electrodes and negativity at Oz. This earlier effect was assumed to reflect feature‐specific selective processing. Although the early effect showed a hierarchical pattern of results, in which the effect of attending to size was contingent on the relevance of the color attribute, the N2b showed a more independent pattern of results, in which the relevance of either the color or the size attribute resulted in an enhancement of this component, independent of the relevance of the other attribute. An increase in the duration of the memory search process resulted in a prolonged negativity with an onset of about 200 ms which was maximal at Cz. In both experiments the initial phase of this negativity was also found in the event‐related potentials to the unattended stimulus categories, suggesting that the search process was initiated nonselectively and terminated after the selection cues were identified. Detection of attended target letters resulted in a parietal P3b component. In both experiments there was an earlier effect discriminating targets and nontargets in the range 200–300 ms.
Evidence for Circadian Influence on Human Slow Wave Sleep During Daytime Sleep Episodes
Authors: Campbell Scott S. , Zulley Juergen 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe occurrence of slow wave sleep within spontaneously initiated daytime sleep episodes was studied to examine hypothesized associations with prior wakefulness and circadian factors. There was a strong relationship between measures of slow wave sleep and the proximity of sleep episodes to the maximum of body core temperature. Those sleep episodes that began within 4 hours of the maximum in body core temperature contained significantly more slow wave sleep than did all other daytime sleep periods, approximating proportions typical of nocturnal sleep. Multiple regression analysis revealed no relationship between measures of slow wave sleep and prior wakefulness. These findings are consistent with an hypothesized approximately‐12‐hour rhythm in the occurrence of slow wave sleep and they underscore the influence imposed on human sleep by the endogenous circadian timing system.
Event‐Related Potentials, Spatial Orienting, and Reading Disabilities
Authors: Harter M. Russell , Anllo‐Vento Lourdes , Wood Frank B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvent‐related potentials (ERPs) were used to investigate the effects of visual‐spatial orienting on selective neural processing in boys with learning disabilities. Twenty‐seven 8–12 year old boys were classified into four groups depending on whether or not they had a reading disability or attention deficit disorder. Event‐related potentials were recorded over the left and right occipital, central, and frontal cortical regions. The behavioral task required the subjects 1) to rapidly switch their attention from the center to the periphery of the visual field (spatial component), and 2) to selectively respond to a target versus a nontarget flash when the target was presented in the relevant visual field (nonspatial component).The amplitude of two ERP components was enhanced in response to relevant as compared to irrelevant stimuli. The enhancement of an early negative occipital‐central component, which peaked 180–200 ms following targets (N1), indicated that selective neural processing associated with spatial attention could be switched in 600 ms. This enhancement of N1 was greater in boys with than without a reading disability, which implies that reading disability is associated with enhanced spatial attention. The enhancement of a later positive component, which peaked 300–340 ms following targets (P3), suggested that nonspatial target selection was reduced in boys with a reading disability, particularly over the left occipital hemisphere. Target relevance and reading disability also influenced trial‐to‐trial variability in the ERP waveform. The effects of reading disability on event‐related potentials did not vary as a function of attention deficit disorder, indicating that these two disorders are distinct.