bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Valence band engineering for remarkable enhancement of surface emission in AlGaN deep‐ultraviolet light emitting diodes
Authors: Atsushi Yamaguchi A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractValence band engineering for remarkable enhancement of surface emission in AlGaN deep‐ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (LEDs) has been theoretically investigated by the calculation using the 6×6 k·p Hamiltonian. It has already been pointed out that the topmost valence band in deep‐UV AlGaN material has a Z‐like character and this causes the c‐axis polarized emission unfavourable for light extraction from c‐plane based LEDs. We have found, in this study, that this unfavourable polarization can be switched into favourable in‐plane polarization by decreasing quantum well (QW) width and/or introducing in‐plane compressive strain, which cause band‐crossing and change the character of the topmost band. It is also shown that such polarization changes occur in the QWs on semipolar substrates although that does not take place in those on nonpolar substrates. Furthermore, we have derived the condition of the polarization switch as an approximate analytical expression which could be useful for device structural design. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Unpolarized intersubband photocurrent in Te doped GaInAsN/GaAlAs quantum well IR photodetector
Authors: Albo Asaf , Fekete Dan , Bahir Gad 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWe report observation of unpolarized intersubband photocurrent (PC) in quantum‐well infrared photodetector (QWIP) based on Te doped GaInAsN/AlGaAs multiple‐quantum well structures (MQWs). The unpolraized photocurrent spectrum is peaked at 2.4 μm in front and wedge waveguide configuration illumination. Clear PC signals are observed up to room temperature. Reference sample not containing nitrogen with the same MQW structure shows p polarized intersubband photoresponse as expected in the conduction band of III‐V semiconductors MQWs. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Design issues for adaptive control charts
Authors: Jensen Willis A. , Bryce G. Rex , Reynolds Marion R. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAdaptive control charts allow the components of the quality‐monitoring scheme to vary in order to obtain improved performance over non‐adaptive control charts. Research has centered on components such as the sample size, time between samples, warning limits, and control limits and has recommended a variety of schemes, many of which are optimal in some sense. In practice, there are many other adaptive schemes that are near optimal, which will still yield considerable improvement over non‐adaptive control charts. In addition, the impact of parameter estimation on adaptive control chart performance must be taken into consideration. Based on the simulation results shown here, adaptive control charts should only be used for mature processes, where a sufficient amount of Phase I data have been obtained to ensure that the estimated control limits are accurate. When evaluating control chart performance, we consider initial state performance measures for simplicity and note that the conclusions obtained here apply to steady‐state performance measures. The evaluation of performance measures is easily handled by the Markov chain approach detailed in the Appendix. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydraulically related hydro‐morphological units: description based on a new conceptual mesohabitat evaluation model (MEM) using LiDAR data as geometric input
Authors: Hauer C. , Mandlburger G. , Habersack H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA new conceptual mesohabitat evaluation model was developed and applied to the Kamp River, Austria. The model uses a functional linkage of three parameters (velocity, depth and bottom shear stress) to distinguish six different mesohabitat types (riffle, fast run, run, pool, backwater and shallow water) based on two‐dimensional depth‐averaged hydrodynamic‐numerical modelling. The results clearly revealed the variety and change of mesohabitat‐units under various flow conditions (3.6–89 m3s−1). In particular for low‐energy habitats, a shift from shallow‐ to backwater habitats was recognized at increasing discharges. Fast runs featured a larger percentage of the total wetted area (9–33%) as discharges increased, whereas pool habitats showed low variability (means of around 15%). A velocity‐depth‐bottom shear stress relationship (VDSR) was most suitable to differentiate between mesohabitat patterns; this relationship was compared with Froude numbers and with velocity‐depth ratios using ANOVA statistical analysis. This study also documented that the accuracy of river geometry plays a decisive role in habitat descriptions. Different height tolerances for the computation mesh (0.2 m, 0.5 m, 1 m accuracy) based on LiDAR significantly reduced important mesohabitats. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chronology of rainbow trout reproduction in a warmwater tributary of the Chattahoochee River: using an invasive species as an indicator of watershed integrity
Authors: Long James M. , Tupy John A. , Scales Jennifer 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia, USA is a stocked tailwater trout (Salmonidae) fishery and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) have been found to spawn in selected warmwater tributary streams. Because these stocked fish enter non‐stocked waters and produce offspring that reside year‐round, they are technically invasive. One tributary in particular, Cabin Creek, has had documented spawning activity for three consecutive years since the stream was monitored. We chronicled the production of the 2006 year‐class of rainbow trout in this small, warmwater tributary to the Chattahoochee River. Based on electrofishing samples and otolith microstructure, the 2006 year‐class of trout were produced from spawning that occurred from 6 February 2006 to 10 March 2006. Fish from this year‐class grew from an average size of 34.28 mm total length (TL) on 26 April 2007 to 102.00 mm TL on 14 May 2007, which is an average increase in size of 67.72 mm over a 383‐day period or 0.18 mm/day. Water temperatures in the stream were near the lethal limits for rainbow trout, reaching a maximum of 24.57°C on 1 August 2006 and a maximum 7‐day average maximum (M7DAM) of 22.99°C on 7 August 2006. The watershed of Cabin Creek is one of the least urbanized in the area, protected from development within lands owned by the National Park Service, with high levels of forest cover, which facilitates rainbow trout young‐of‐year survival through the summer. Thus, the documented spawning and young‐of‐year survival of this invasive species appears to be indicative of high forested watershed integrity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Science Lesson Plan Analysis Instrument for formative and summative program evaluation of a teacher education program
Authors: Jacobs Christina L. , Martin Sonya N. , Otieno Tracey C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn evaluating the success of teacher development programs, valid and scalable measures of teaching practice are needed. We have developed and validated the Science Lesson Plan Analysis Instrument (SLPAI) for quantitative evaluation of teacher‐generated multiday lesson plans. This paper presents the SLPAI as a complement to surveys and classroom observation, and demonstrates its use in 2 pilot studies. The SLPAI was used formatively to measure the teaching practices of incoming program cohorts and tailor program instruction. It was also used to track changes in teaching practice and pedagogical knowledge of participants over time, providing summative evidence of program effectiveness. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Sci Ed 92:1096–1126, 2008
Firm systems thinking: unifying educational problem solving
Authors: Johnson Genevieve Marie 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTheorists and practitioners have debated the nature of educational systems and the most appropriate conceptualization of educational problems. Although terminology is idiosyncratic, both hard and soft systems thinking (SST) are evident in educational discourse. However, given that the school system has precise required outcomes (i.e. student achievement) coupled with subjective interpretation of those requirements (i.e. definition of an educated person), defining educational thought as either a hard or soft seems inappropriate and counter‐productive. Based on the assumption that human activity includes equally consequential objective and subjective realities, firms systems thinking is proposed as a unifying paradigm of educational problem solving. Firm systems thinking (FST) begins with the assumption that elements in a system are interconnected and interdependent. FST is appropriately applied to systems that: (1) have objective elements that are subject to individual interpretation; (2) have both precise and imprecise requirements and specifications and (3) focus on both micro (i.e. specific situation) and macro (e.g. general situation) improvement. FST is proposed as the logical progression of problem solving strategies in educational systems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The combination of methamphetamine and of the HIV protein, Tat, induces death of the human neuroblastoma cell line, SH‐SY5Y
Authors: Cai Ning Sheng , Cadet Jean Lud 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected methamphetamine (METH) abusers show greater neuropathological abnormalities than HIV‐negative METH abusers or HIV‐positive non‐METH users. Herein, we investigated the effects of METH and of the HIV protein, Tat, using the human neuroblastoma cell line, SHY5Y. METH and Tat alone caused no toxic effects. In contrast, the combination of METH and Tat caused significant increases in the percentage of dead cells observed after 48 h of exposure. These results suggest the possibility of using this model to elucidate cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the potentiation of clinical effects observed in patient populations of HIV‐positive METH‐abusing patients. Synapse 62:551–552, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autoradiographic characterization of α2C‐adrenoceptors in the human striatum
Authors: Fagerholm Veronica , Rokka Johanna , Nyman Leena , Sallinen Jukka , Tiihonen Jari , Tupala Erkki , Haaparanta Merja , Hietala Jarmo 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIndirect experimental evidence suggests that drugs acting on the α2C‐adrenoceptor could be useful in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders such as depression and schizophrenia. In rodent brain, the highest levels of α2C‐adrenoceptors are found in the striatum, with lower levels in cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In human brain, because of the poor subtype‐selectivity of the available α2‐adrenoceptor ligands, the localization of α2C‐adrenoceptors has remained unknown. Recently, a selective α2C‐adrenoceptor antagonist, JP‐1302, was characterized, and to assess the presence of α2C‐adrenoceptors in human brain, we performed competition binding in vitro receptor autoradiography with JP‐1302 and the α2‐adrenoceptor subtype nonselective antagonist [ethyl‐3H]RS79948‐197 on rat and human postmortem brain sections. In striatum of both species, JP‐1302 vs. [ethyl‐3H]RS79948‐197 competition binding was biphasic, identifying high‐ and low‐affinity binding sites, whereas in cortex and cerebellum, only low‐affinity binding sites were detected. The results indicate that a significant portion of the α2‐adrenoceptors in striatum is of the α2C subtype, whereas non‐α2C‐adreocneptors predominate in cortex and cerebellum. Because the α2C‐adrenoceptor subtype distribution pattern appears to be conserved between rodents and humans, results obtained from studies on the role of the α2C‐adrenoceptor in rodent models of neuropsychiatric disorders may be relevant also for human diseases. Synapse 62:508–515, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparison of the knowledge of chronic pain and its management between final year physiotherapy and medical students
Authors: Ali Nada , Thomson D.I. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe scientific literature reveals a surprising lack of knowledge of chronic pain mechanisms and its management amongst health care professionals, including physicians and physiotherapists. There is little information directly related to a comparison between medical and physiotherapy students’ knowledge of chronic pain. This study aimed to determine and compare the level of knowledge of chronic pain and its management between final year medical (n=126) and physiotherapy students (n=62). A chronic pain questionnaire which included two sections on knowledge and one section on management was used to gather quantitative and qualitative data. Final year physiotherapy students were found to have statistically greater knowledge of chronic pain than final year medical students (p=0.01 and p=0.002). In contrast, medical students were found to have statistically significantly greater understanding of the management of patients with chronic pain (p=0.001). Male students from both groups scored significantly higher in the management section (p=0.008) as did older students (p=0.01). There was a lack of understanding, in varying degrees, of central sensitization, opioid addition, fear‐avoidance and a number of students from both cohorts appeared to bring a curative focus to the treatment of chronic pain. One way forward could be found in the interprofessional agenda. This will offer students from different disciplines opportunities to understand their different roles and enhance each others’ learning base so that a biopsychosocial framework of care can be implemented. In this way, physiotherapists could learn more about the drug management of chronic pain and medical students could explore more collaborative patient‐centred paradigms that address issues such as self‐efficacy, self‐management and patient empowerment. More focus needs to be paid to the education of the health professionals regarding their assumptions and understanding what ‘vulnerable’ means in a tissue in comparison to a person.
Bhagat Singh as ‘Satyagrahi’: The Limits to Non-violence in Late Colonial India
Authors: NAIR NEETI 
Published: April 2008

AbstractAmong anti-colonial nationalists, Bhagat Singh and M.K. Gandhi are seen to exemplify absolutely contrasting strategies of resistance. Bhagat Singh is regarded as a violent revolutionary whereas Gandhi is the embodiment of non-violence. This paper argues that Bhagat Singh and his comrades became national heroes not after their murder of a police inspector in Lahore or after throwing bombs in the Legislative Assembly in New Delhi but during their practice of hunger strikes and non-violent civil disobedience within the walls of Lahore's prisons in 1929–30. In fact there was plenty in common in the strategies of resistance employed by both Gandhi and Bhagat Singh. By labelling these revolutionaries ‘murderers’ and ‘terrorists’, the British sought to dismiss their non-violent demands for rights as ‘political prisoners’. The same labels were adopted by Gandhi and his followers. However, the quality of anti-colonial nationalism represented by Bhagat Singh was central to the resolution of many of the divisions that racked pre-partition Punjab.
The utopia and reality of sovereignty: social reality, normative IR and ‘Organized Hypocrisy’
Authors: KARP DAVID JASON 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis article applies E. H. Carr’s analysis of utopia and reality, and a Searlean-constructivist analysis of rules and norms, to the concept of ‘sovereignty’ in general, and Stephen Krasner’s argument in Sovereignty: Organized Hypocrisy in particular. In doing this, the article charts a theoretical space that incorporates insights from classical realism, scientific realism, and philosophical (social) constructivism. To view ‘utopia’ and ‘reality’ as distinct yet equally important planes of International Relations (IR) inquiry, thereby treating ‘sovereignty’ as a single concept with descriptive and normative elements, highlights both the merits and the shortcomings of Krasner’s approach. Furthermore, this type of analysis suggests a fruitful way to continue a contemporary normative discussion about what sovereign entities ought to do.
Why do states bother to deceive? Managing trust at home and abroad
Authors: JACOBSEN JOHN KURT 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWhy do democratic states try to deceive their own citizens as to the foreign policies they practice, their motives, and their consequences? This question presupposes not only that states craft ‘stories’ to disguise activities abroad, but that they do so because they are constrained by an audience of non-elite actors. Theories derived from realpolitik, at best, make little allowance for such domestic ‘interference’. Yet there is evidence that in democracies the role of mass publics in driving, curbing, or modifying the conduct of foreign policy is a force, and explanatory factor, to reckon with.
‘Real’? As if! Critical reflections on state personhood
Authors: SCHIFF JACOB 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a 2004 forum, Alexander Wendt, Patrick Jackson, Colin Wight and Iver Neumann asked two questions about state personhood: Are states real, or merely as-if? Are they people? I question the terms of their debate, which relies upon a problematic distinction between ‘real’ and ‘as if’. Drawing largely upon Foucault, I challenge that distinction. This challenge has important theoretical and normative implications. Theoretically, a discourse of state personhood is completely unnecessary to understand world politics. Normatively, by tightly linking personhood and responsibility, some of the authors obscure important dimensions of responsibility to and respect for the non-human world.
MIND the gap: an astroglial perspective on barrier regulation
Authors: Savidge Tor C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a specialized tissue interface that provides an important homeostatic and immunosurveillance role in the CNS. Unlike most microvascular tissues, which readily promote paracellular passage of solutes and macromolecules, the BBB is more analogous to polarized mucosal epithelia that restrict such permeability in order to prevent disease onset. Recent transgenic ablation studies have demonstrated that the BBB and mucosal tissues also share a requirement for astroglial-regulated barrier integrity. This review highlights the emerging concept that astroglia regulate barrier function at markedly different tissue interfaces. It also explores possible lessons that might be learnt by adopting epithelial model paradigms of the BBB. For example, novel glial-derived S-nitrosylation signals that regulate intestinal permeability in the digestive tract might provide new mechanistic insights into the function of the BBB. A better understanding of such universal mechanisms for barrier regulation will facilitate novel therapeutic strategies that target permeability disorders at CNS and mucosal tissue interfaces.
Strategic Biopharmaceutical Portfolio Development: An Analysis of Constraint‐Induced Implications
Authors: George Edmund D. , Farid Suzanne S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOptimizing the structure and development pathway of biopharmaceutical drug portfolios are core concerns to the developer that come with several attached complexities. These include strategic decisions for the choice of drugs, the scheduling of critical activities, and the possible involvement of third parties for development and manufacturing at various stages for each drug. Additional complexities that must be considered include the impact of making such decisions in an uncertain environment. Presented here is the development of a stochastic multi‐objective optimization framework designed to address these issues. The framework harnesses the ability of Bayesian networks to characterize the probabilistic structure of superior decisions via machine learning and evolve them to multi‐objective optimality. Case studies that entailed three‐ and five‐drug portfolios alongside a range of cash flow constraints were constructed to derive insight from the framework where results demonstrate that a variety of options exist for formulating nondominated strategies in the objective space considered, giving the manufacturer a range of pursuable options. In all cases limitations on cash flow reduce the potential for generating profits for a given probability of success. For the sizes of portfolio considered, results suggest that naïvely applying strategies optimal for a particular size of portfolio to a portfolio of another size is inappropriate. For the five‐drug portfolio the most preferred means for development across the set of optimized strategies is to fully integrate development and commercial activities in‐house. For the three‐drug portfolio, the preferred means of development involves a mixture of in‐house, outsourced, and partnered activities. Also, the size of the portfolio appears to have a larger impact on strategy and the quality of objectives than the magnitude of cash flow constraint.
Cleaning Characterization of Protein Drug Products Using UV‐vis Spectroscopy
Authors: Rathore Nitin , Qi Wei , Ji Wenchang 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThis study uses on‐line absorbance monitoring to evaluate cleanability of protein drug products. Characterization and validation of equipment cleanliness is a key requirement for a biopharmaceutical facility. A manufacturing‐scale cleaning cycle has to be developed and validated for its ability to clean all of the equipment parts for a given soil. Cleaning validation in a multiproduct fill‐finish facility could benefit from using a worst‐case‐based approach that involves validating the cleaning process for the most difficult to clean product. Such an approach minimizes the number of required validation runs. Scaled‐down cleaning evaluations can provide helpful information for evaluating multiple products and determine the worst case. This study presents a simple and rapid technique for bench‐scale characterization of cleanability of protein drug products. On‐line A280 (UV absorbance at 280 nm) measurements are performed using a fiber optic probe, and the data are used to establish the dynamics of protein dissolution in cleaning solution. The model not only helps to estimate cleaning time of different formulated proteins (and peptides) but also provides insights into the kinetics of cleaning under different thermal and chemical conditions. Protein product degradation during cleaning is also evaluated through gel electrophoresis. Such information is useful in designing new cleaning cycles. While the study is performed using drug products, the model as well as the findings are also applicable for characterization of final purified bulk soils relevant to bulk drug manufacturing.