bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pressurized LNG: A Paradigm Shift in Gas Transportation
Authors: Nelson E. D. , Papka S. D. , Bowen R. R. , Gentry M. C. , Leger A. T. 
Published: December 2007

Proposal
With natural gas emerging as a critical energy source, industry is placing significant effort into reducing the cost of commercializing gas resources.Since many resources are located far from markets, one area of particular interest has been gas transportation. Advancements in both pipelines and LNG continue to improve the economics for these conventional methods of gas transportation.In addition, new concepts are being investigated to potentially improve the economics of commercializing remotely located gas resources. ExxonMobil has developed a new gas transportation technology called Pressurized Liquefied Natural Gas (PLNG) that has the potential to reduce the costs of delivering gas in some applications.
The PLNG concept utilizes specially designed containers integrated into a ship to store LNG under moderate pressures. Conventional LNG ships transport gas with no applied pressure at -160°C, whereas gas transported in a PLNG ship is under 17 bar of pressure at -115°C.A large portion of the investment for a LNG development is in the gas treating and liquefaction at the export plant. The increase in the liquefaction temperature for PLNG reduces the required refrigeration horsepower. In addition, the gas treating requirements are less stringent because higher concentrations of some components, such as CO2, can be tolerated at the higher PLNG temperatures. The result is approximately a 50% reduction in the facilities. A key PLNG advantage, along with the savings in facilities costs, is the smaller export plant footprint that facilitates offshore deployment on a ship or barge.The implications can be significant for offshore developments or in areas where onshore construction costs are prohibitive.
In order for this concept to be realized, ExxonMobil researchers developed a new high strength, low temperature (HSLT) steel and welding consumable for the containers. After the necessary properties were obtained from the steel plate and welds, a commercial fabricator constructed a prototype container in their facility using the new materials and welding procedures to further verify the manufacturing feasibility.
Shipyards and fabricators from around the world have evaluated the base ship design and provided cost estimates. Conceptual designs for both the import and export terminals leverage existing LNG technology with the necessary modifications to handle the pressure. The completion of the prototype fabrication and the development of the conceptual designs of the ship, terminals, and facilities established the technical viability of PLNG.
With a suite of gas transportation options, ExxonMobil can consider a broad range of development concepts and select the optimum for a specific application.
High-Accuracy Oriented Perforating Extends the Sand-Free Production Life of Andrew Field
Authors: Martin A. J. , Robertson D. , Wreford J. , Lindsay A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
BP started development of Andrew field in 1996 with a program for 13 producer wells and one gas injection well. Oriented perforating was used for the weaker Andrew sandstone intervals in some wells, as a means of reducing the risk of sand production. However, the accuracy of oriented perforating was unknown at the time and sanding has recently occurred on some of the wells. Subsequent work with the latest sanding-prediction software showed that perforations oriented away from the vertical direction could have collapsed and provided a source of sand production. Perforations oriented much closer to the vertical direction would, however, be stable and would extend the sand-free field life considerably. This paper describes the results and the evolution to high-accuracy orienting systems on three new Andrew wells and two workover wells.
ExxonMobil's Advanced Gas-to-Liquids Technology–AGC-21
Authors: Fiato R. A. , Sibal P. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Conversion of natural gas to liquids (GTL) utilizing Fischer-Tropsch hydrocarbon synthesis technology is a viable option to bring gas resources to market. Over the past two decades, ExxonMobil has invested in the development of proprietary technology, Advanced Gas Conversion for the 21st Century (AGC-21) [1].
This state-of-the-art GTL technology provides an important option for commercialization of natural gas resources. ExxonMobil is continuing to pursue technology enhancements to further reduce the cost of producing fuels, lube basestocks and other specialty products from natural gas. This paper discusses advances in ExxonMobil's AGC-21 technology achieved over the years as a result of a comprehensive research, development and engineering program.
Impact Of Gas Flaring On Soil Fertility
Authors: Akpojivi R. E. , Akumagba P. E 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Gas flaring is employed by oil production companies in Nigeria as a means of getting rid of associated gas. Low flare stacks are employed bringing the ‘flare’ into close proximity to nearby vegetation and soil. This study investigated the impact of oil sector gas flaring activity in Nigeria on some soil fertility parameters. Gas flaring impacts adversely on soil fertility; air/soil temperature becomes higher, soil becomes more acidic and total organic carbon, nitrate, and phosphate content of the soil decreases. No clear relationship was observed between soil potassium and gas flaring.
Applications of Underbalanced Drilling Reservoir Characterisation for Water Shut Off in a Fractured Carbonate Reservoir—A Project Overview
Authors: Murphy D. , Davidson I. , Kennedy Kennedy , Busaidi R. , Wind J. , Mykytiw C. , Arseneault L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Following successful implementation of underbalanced drilling in Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) an evaluation of the value of underbalanced drilling (UBD) in a northern carbonate field was commissioned. The study showed that there was a production upside to developing the reservoir with UBD. A four-well trial campaign was conducted between June and October 2004 to assess the potential.
The trial campaign was implemented following a structured program built from PDO's previous experience. During this campaign a Reservoir Characterization (RC) system allowing identification of multiple high permeability features was developed. Water shut-off devices were installed in two wells based upon the results of the Reservoir Characterisation system. Production in the four wells was equivalent to or greater than field average and the campaign scope has been increased. The campaign was also a stepping stone towards the goal of integrating UBD, Reservoir Characterization and water shut off techniques.
The Role of Geographical Information System in Land Acquisition and Optimization of Well Location
Authors: Shamsan F. , Kumar K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Bahrain field is located in the central part of the Bahrain Main Island. The peripheral areas of the field are in Townships and suburban villages. This causes industrial interference with Electricity, Water, Telephone, and Sewerage authorities.Field development planning of the peripheral areas commenced in late eighties. From this time onwards land acquisition in the peripheral areas has been undergoing negotiations with landowners and city planners. Also field facilities such as wells, pipelines, and separation equipment come more in contact with the inhabitants around. This can pose safety and security issues to both the people and the facilities. Therefore it is wiser to think of such issues during the field development planning itself.
Such cumbersome tasks, where innumerable land/property owners, municipalities, town ship planners, industrial institutions have to be contacted and negotiated becomes almost impossible with out utilizing GIS maps. Every peripheral potential area of Bahrain field has to be negotiated with the above agencies. Using conventional mapping would take large durations of time and result in inconsistencies, when dealing with a number of agencies for a single potential area.
The purpose of this poster is to show our experience in utilizing GIS for field development planning and to have a consistent approach in dealing with outside agencies for land acquisition. GIS has been used for number of purposes like optimization of the selection of surface locations for development wells, shifting of wells, safety & security management, planning and design of pipeline routes etc.
Competency-Based Program: An Effective Tool to Develop Graduate Engineers
Authors: Sammarrai W. A. , Saadawi H. , Olma S. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
As a part of the United Arab Emirates Government policy to increase the percentage of nationals in the workforce of the oil sector, every year a number of UAE national graduates join Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) as developee engineers. They follow a development program to introduce them to the oil industry, company activities and develop operational competencies.
The traditional approach to develop graduate engineers is to prepare a "time and skill" program of rotation among the various departments. Over the past eight years, the Engineering and Major Projects (EMP) Division of Abu Dhabi Company for Onshore Oil Operations (ADCO) has successfully implemented a Graduate Development Program (GDP) complete with competence profile and development pathways for its new engineers.
The main features of this Graduate Development Program (GDP) are: Phased approachSkills aligned with the career ladderMentor support systemCompetency assurances measures
This paper discusses ADCO‘s experience in implementing this program.
Multicomponent Processing and Fracture Characterization Analysis of 3-D PS-Wave Onshore Seismic Surveys
Authors: Gaiser J. E. , Van Dok R. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Multicomponent 3-D surveys where downgoing compres-sional (P) waves convert to upgoing shear (S) waves at interfaces provide a practical means for analyzing fracture properties.This is particularly important for delineating naturally fractured reservoirs by exploiting the unique characteristics of S-wave azimuthal anisotropy induced by vertical fracturing. In the presence of fractured media, S-waves split into a fast wave that is polarized parallel to fractures and a slow wave that is polarized normal to fractures.The amount of splitting (time difference between the two S-waves) is proportional to fracture intensities.To investigate this phenomenon we utilize a wide range of source-receiver azimuths in the processing and analyze the fast and slow S-waves to extract fracture information.
Two 3-D 3-component (one vertical and two horizontal geophones) surveys from Wyoming are presented: one acquired over a portion of the Pinedale Field and the other in the Washakie Basin. The targets are naturally fractured gas sand reservoirs. From the analysis of fast and slow S-waves a regional direction of anisotropy was observed in both areas. Layer-based analyses confirmed that much of the anisotropy was in the overburden, which required compensation during the processing to isolate the variations at reservoir depths.Eight limited-azimuth volumes were created for the two horizontal geophone components. These volumes were analyzed to determine the time-variant anisotropy within the survey and indicated areas of increased S-wave splitting in the overburden as well as at target levels. Azimuthal anisotropy sweet spots observed in the datasets suggest more intense fracturing, and are typically associated with other structural features such as lineaments, faults and folds. At Pinedale this occurs over the crest and along the limbs of the anticline. Also, the strike of near vertical fractures observed on an FMI log is in agreement with the fast S-wave direction.
Waterflood Geocellular Model of a Giant Carbonate Reservoir in the Lower Cretaceous, Abu Dhabi, U. A. E
Authors: Rassas S. , Valle A. , Hassen M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A 3D geo-cellular model of water-flood fluid saturation was constructed for a giant onshore Lower Cretaceous carbonate reservoir in Abu Dhabi, UAE.The water-flood saturation geo-cellular model was created using water saturation versus depth data from Open Hole log interpretations of wells drilled between 1997 and 2003 and from Pulsed Neutron Log (PNL) data acquired during the same time period. In addition, integration of engineering data such as well performance, well and field history and well completion anomalies, is a necessity in order to produce a model that represents the current water-flood status.
The new model has been checked and validated against actual well performance data and results of recently drilled wells. Integration of multidisciplinary data including geology, reservoir engineering to petrophysics and geophysics is imperative to understand the reservoir performance and for building an accurate 3D geo-cellular model of the water-flood. Such model is being used to select new well locations, plan well horizontalizations, and for daily reservoir management decisions related to field and well performance.
Novel Use of Seismic Volume Interpretation for Fracture Detection and Modeling: Examples from Fields in the Philippines and The Middle East
Authors: Stephenson B. , Cassidy P. , Warrlich G. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A fundamental problem with the characterization of fractured reservoirs is that there is a scale of structure that is difficult to identify – that between fractures detected in the well bore and faults/fractures interpreted from seismic. A new workflow for structural characterization is presented here based on the application of Shell's proprietary software:- "Van Gogh" filtering for the highlighting of structural discontinuities from 3D seismic, called Stopper-Voxels,"FaultWorld" for analyzing the Stopper-Voxels,"SVS" for characterisation and modelling of fractured reservoirs.
The result is several field-wide discrete fracture/fault scenarios, based on detection rather than prediction.
Incorporating Hydraulic Units Concepts in Saturation-Height Modeling in a Gas Field
Authors: Amabeoku M. O. , Kersey D. G. , BinNasser R. H. , Al-Waheed H. H. , Belowi A. R. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A comprehensive petrophysical study in a gas field has demonstrated the effective application of saturation-height functions for calculating water saturation. The results show that linking depositional and diagenetic rock fabric to hydraulic units, and then linking the hydraulic units to zones with similar core capillary pressure relationships, improved the accuracy of the models. In the study field, saturation-height functions provided accurate water saturation, and they can potentially overcome uncertainties associated with log interpretation, using Archie or shaly sand models. The saturation-height models were developed from core capillary pressure (Pc) data to calculate water saturation versus depth, which is independent of logs. Consequently, the core-based saturation height functions can be useful in the calibration of log-based petrophysical models.
Capillary pressure curves from special core analysis (SCAL) studies were distributed into corresponding hydraulic units (HUs), based on the calculated flow zone indicators. Saturation-height function was then developed for each HU and used to calculate water saturation in the study field. The most accurate saturation model that evolved is a function of only porosity and height above free water level. It is a modification of Cuddy's1 saturation function, which relates the bulk volume water (BVW) to height above free water level. Cuddy referred to the function as FOIL, but did not define the acronym. Like FOIL, the Modified FOIL function, that has been developed, does not require permeability in its application, and performed better than the Leverett J-function in this field.
Modified FOIL model that has evolved out of rigorous core-log integration will provide more accurate petrophysical interpretation in shaly sands and thin bed units.
Investigation of injectivity Loss Caused by Iron in Waterflood Water
Authors: Al-Bazzaz W. H. , Gupta A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Injection of seawater through pipelines subject to corrosive conditions may lead to the introduction of dissolved and particulate iron which may cause formation damage and loss in injectivity. This study addresses the estimation of damage potential by a combination of modeling and laboratory testing. The specific goal of the proposed program is to create a database of acceptable iron contamination in injection water, and, injection rates for targeted reservoirs in Kuwait.
Past studies show that iron concentration in injection water fluctuates due to seasonal temperature variations which control the corrosion rate inside pipelines. Conventional methods for quantifying formation damage due to seawater injection do not accurately reflect the processes occurring in the field, such as the variation of iron concentration with temperature.
Traditional "rules-of-thumb" for predicting the lifespan and performance of injection wells ignore the contribution of temperature fluctuations on iron concentration in the injection water. This study proposes a procedure to estimate the potential and tolerance for formation damage in injection well systems due to uncontrolled introduction of iron and other particulate in the injection water. The proposed experiments include: study of the dry rock samples; study of reservoir brine and injected water; and, study of the fluid-rock interactions.
Study of reservoir-rock utilizes routine core analyses to obtain the petrophysical parameters. SEM/ EDS are proposed as tools to characterize mineralogy and pore-morphology. Porosimitery is proposed for obtaining the pore size distributions and the mean hydraulic radius, MHR. Fluid Characterization involves the analysis and interaction of formation brine and the injection fluids. Knowledge of rock mineralogy and pore throat size distribution is expected to help in estimating the acceptable solid and iron concentration in the injected water. Characterization of rock-fluid interactions involves the injection of water with a range of solids and iron concentration in the reservoir cores to identify potential formation damage.
The Application of an Analytical Model for the Controlled Makeup of Rotary Shouldered Connections in the Field
Authors: Teodoriu C. , Kinzel H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Accurate makeup of Rotary Shouldered Connections (RSC) is of most importance in achieving the best torque and axial force transmission through the connection which optimizes its lifetime under downhole conditions. The makeup torque value of RSC depends on the friction coefficient between the threads and the parts of the shoulder that are connected during the makeup procedure. This friction coefficient cannot normally be individually measured or determined, so that the API Recommended Practice 7G gives an average recommended makeup torque based upon an assumed friction coefficient, adding a certain safety margin. Therefore, the majority of the RSC are being made-up with a torque value that differs from the connection optimum torque. This has two consequences: the lifetime of each connection is not maximized and the torque and axial force values that can be transferred through the connection is different from the technical maximum that the connection is able to transfer if it was made-up with the optimum makeup torque
This paper describes a computer model that can be used to determine the optimum torque at rig site. The model was developed at the Institute of Petroleum Engineering of the University of Technology Clausthal and is based on more than 300 tests on full scale specimens. Throughout the research project the authors found a new method of determining the overall coefficient. A dynamic friction coefficient to achieve a much better applicability of this method was introduced and the way to determine is presented. This dynamic coefficient is the key to compute the optimum makeup torque.
Systems to makeup rotary shouldered connections are much more accurate than the traditional makeup with chains and rig tongs, thus reducing the damage of connections. State-of-theart devices do not only allow the precise mechanized makeup of connections, but they also provide sufficient data to analyze the quality of the connection make-up. The motivation behind the research performed is the desire to make use of the data that are already provided for the benefit of increased lifetime of the connections and the reduction of drill string failures.
A comparative evaluation of the proposed and the existing (API and Baryshnikov) methods was studied. The new method out performed the existing ones. The new method can be implemented in the new generation of computer controlled power tongs to improve the makeup quality at rig site.
The Role of Unconventional Natural Gases in the Next 30 Years in Asia
Authors: Terasaki D. , Fujita K. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Genetic algorithm method was utilized to study on the optimum supply rates of various types of natural gases for the importing countries such as China, India and Japan. Genetic algorithm procedure was able to compute annual time series of economically optimum supply rates combination consisting individual natural gases so that net present value of total supply costs could be minimized to result in economic optimization.
First of all, several computations for USA case history data matching were carried out to establish appropriate parameters of genetic algorithm, because USA has long term historical data provided by DOE/EIA and USGS about natural gas production activities and has the infrastructures of gas pipelines fully furnished.
Next, computations for the whole region of Asia, Oceania and the Middle East based on the forecast of total demand by OECD/IEA were carried out, and then individual computation for China, India and Japan was carried out in the same way. It was concluded that unbalance between the demand and the supply of natural gases would occur in Asia, and unconventional natural gases especially coal-bed methane would play an important role both to satisfy stable natural gas demand, and to keep national security on energy in the next 30 years in Asia, especially China and India countries.