bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto silk sericin initiated by tert‐butyl hydroperoxide
Authors: Song Yan , Jin Yong , Sun Jing , Wei Deqing 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA novel redox system, tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP)–silk sericin (SS), was used to initiate the graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) onto silk sericin in an aqueous medium. The graft copolymer, consisting of nanoparticles with a fine core–shell structure, was characterized using Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy. The effects of the concentrations of MA and TBHP, reaction temperature and time on the grafting parameters of the copolymerization were studied in detail. In terms of grafting percentage and grafting efficiency, the optimum reaction conditions were obtained as follows: [MA] = 0.465 mol L−1, [TBHP] = 3.884 × 10−4 mol L−1, T = 80 °C, t = 150 min. Transmission electron microscopy images of the particles showed a core–shell morphology, where poly(methyl acrylate) cores were covered with SS shells. A possible initiation mechanism is proposed. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(butylene terephthalate)/attapulgite nanocomposites
Authors: Chen Xueqin , Xu Jiajing , Lu Hongbin , Yang Yuliang 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPoly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT)/organo‐attapulgite (ATT) nanocomposites containing 2.5 and 5 wt % nanoparticles loadings were fabricated via a simple melt‐compounding approach. The crystal structure and isothermal crystallization behaviors of PBT composites were studied by wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry, respectively. The X‐ray diffraction results indicated that the addition of ATT did not alter the crystal structure of PBT and the crystallites in all the samples were triclinic α‐crystals. During the isothermal crystallization, the PBT nanocomposites exhibited higher crystallization rates than the neat PBT and the varied Avrami exponents when compared with the neat PBT. At the same time, the regime II/III transition was also observed in all the samples on the basis of Hoffman‐Laurizten theory, but the transition temperature increased with increasing ATT loadings. The fold surface free energy (σe) of polymer chains in the nanocomposites was lower than that in the neat PBT. It should be reasonable to treat ATT as a good nucleating agent for the crystallization of PBT, which plays a determinant effect on the reduction in σe during the isothermal crystallization of the nanocomposites, even if the existence of ATT could restrict the segmental motion of PBT. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 2112–2121, 2006
State‐of‐the‐art of Multilayer Optics for Laboratory X‐ray Devices
Authors: Hertlein Frank , Oehr Alexandra , Hoffmann Christian , Michaelsen Carsten , Wiesmann Jörg 
Published: June 2006

AbstractMultilayer X‐ray optics with single layers of a few nanometers thickness can be obtained nowadays. These optics are used in X‐ray diffractometers (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence spectrometers (XRF) and at synchrotron sources. A detailed description of the production of multilayer X‐ray optics using sputter deposition methods is presented and the simulation of X‐ray optics and characterization with X‐ray analytical measurements are explained. Finally, the advantages of multilayer X‐ray optics in typical X‐ray analytical applications are summarized.
Capillary Optics in X‐Ray Analytics
Authors: Bjeoumikhov Aniouar , Bjeoumikhova Semfira , Wedell Reiner 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe principles of X‐ray capillary optics are described and different types of capillary optical elements are discussed, especially, the main parameters of these optical elements such as intensity gain, focal spot size, beam divergence, etc. Details are given and experimental results for these parameters are presented. Furthermore, various application examples in micro X‐ray fluorescence analysis for the determination of the two dimensional elemental distribution at sample surfaces as well as depth profiling are presented. Finally, the suitability of capillary optics for different diffractrometric investigations is shown, especially, examples for single crystal, polycrystal and powder diffractometry also with high lateral resolution and real time diffractometry are presented.
Microstructure of Energetic Particles Investigated by X‐ray Powder Diffraction
Authors: Herrmann Michael 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIncorporation of improved particle qualities reduces the sensitivity of plastic bonded explosives. The mechanisms that cause this effect are far from being clear. Investigations were made using Powder X‐ray Diffraction for the characterization of the microstructure of energetic cyclic nitramines Hexogen (RDX (C3H6N6O6)) and Octogen (HMX (C4H8N8O8)), respectively, including reduced sensitivity and conventional samples.The investigations show that qualities can be distinguished in terms of particle size and micro strain by means of powder X‐ray diffraction. Problems originating from low absorbance or poor orientation statistics of coarse powders have been overcome using advanced measuring techniques. The results are so far interesting for practical applications, e.g., the investigation of slightly absorbing powders (e.g., pharmaceutics, cosmetics, explosives) or coarse crystalline powders by means of diffractometry.The investigations revealed that sensitivity of RDX correlates with crystallite size, where insensitive particles consist of larger and fewer crystallites than the conventional product. The HMX qualities were found to be micro strain and crystallite size driven.
Energy Dispersive X‐Ray Diffraction
Authors: Kämpfe Bernd , Luczak Falk , Michel Bernd 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe important advantage of energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction is the opportunity to obtain diffraction patterns without the use of any goniometer. Thus, a combination of small power X‐ray tubes, appropriate X‐ray optics and high energy‐resolution detectors enables the construction of small and transportable measurement devices also for mobile use. Specimens of different size, shape, and geometry can be investigated. In this article, the application of energy‐dispersive X‐ray diffraction on polycrystalline materials is demonstrated and examples in the fields of micro system technologies, deposition techniques and quality control are presented.
Combining functional and topological properties to identify core modules in protein interaction networks
Authors: Lubovac Zelmina , Gamalielsson Jonas , Olsson Björn 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAdvances in large‐scale technologies in proteomics, such as yeast two‐hybrid screening and mass spectrometry, have made it possible to generate large Protein Interaction Networks (PINs). Recent methods for identifying dense sub‐graphs in such networks have been based solely on graph theoretic properties. Therefore, there is a need for an approach that will allow us to combine domain‐specific knowledge with topological properties to generate functionally relevant sub‐graphs from large networks. This article describes two alternative network measures for analysis of PINs, which combine functional information with topological properties of the networks. These measures, called weighted clustering coefficient and weighted average nearest‐neighbors degree, use weights representing the strengths of interactions between the proteins, calculated according to their semantic similarity, which is based on the Gene Ontology terms of the proteins. We perform a global analysis of the yeast PIN by systematically comparing the weighted measures with their topological counterparts. To show the usefulness of the weighted measures, we develop an algorithm for identification of functional modules, called SWEMODE (Semantic WEights for MODule Elucidation), that identifies dense sub‐graphs containing functionally similar proteins. The proposed method is based on the ranking of nodes, i.e., proteins, according to their weighted neighborhood cohesiveness. The highest ranked nodes are considered as seeds for candidate modules. The algorithm then iterates through the neighborhood of each seed protein, to identify densely connected proteins with high functional similarity, according to the chosen parameters. Using a yeast two‐hybrid data set of experimentally determined protein–protein interactions, we demonstrate that SWEMODE is able to identify dense clusters containing proteins that are functionally similar. Many of the identified modules correspond to known complexes or subunits of these complexes. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
psbA mutation (Asn266 to Thr) in Senecio vulgaris L. confers resistance to several PS II‐inhibiting herbicides
Authors: Park Kee Woong , Mallory‐Smith Carol A 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDNA sequence analysis of the psbA gene encoding the D1 protein of photosystem II (PS II), the target site of PS II‐inhibiting herbicides, identified a point mutation (Asn266 to Thr) in a bromoxynil‐resistant Senecio vulgaris L. population collected from peppermint fields in Oregon. Although this mutation has been previously reported in Synechocystis, this is the first report of this particular point mutation in a higher plant exhibiting resistance to PS II‐inhibiting herbicides. The resistant population displayed high‐level resistance to bromoxynil and terbacil (R/S ratio 10.1 and 9.3, respectively) and low‐level resistance to metribuzin and hexazinone (R/S ratio 4.2 and 2.6, respectively) when compared with the susceptible population. However, the population was not resistant to the triazine herbicides atrazine and simazine or to the urea herbicide diuron. A chlorophyll fluorescence assay confirmed the resistance levels and patterns of cross‐resistance of the whole‐plant studies. The resistant S. vulgaris plants produced fewer seeds. Differences in cross‐resistance patterns to PS II‐inhibiting herbicides and the difference in fitness cost could be exploited in a weed management program. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric determination of testosterone and its metabolites in in vitro samples
Authors: Wang Ganfeng , Hsieh Yunsheng , Cui Xiaoming , Cheng Kuo‐Chi , Korfmacher Walter A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes the development and partial validation of a fast, sensitive and specific ultra‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometric (UPLC/MS/MS) method for the determination of testosterone (T) and its four metabolites, 6β‐OH‐T, 16α‐OH‐T, 16β‐OH‐T and 2α‐OH‐T, in in vitro samples. The analytical method involves direct dilution of samples with acetonitrile containing an internal standard, followed by separation of testosterone and the four metabolites on an Acquity UPLC™ C18 column and detected by selected reaction monitoring (SRM) in positive ionization mode using turbo ionspray ionization. The parent compound and its metabolites investigated were well separated (Rs >1.5) with a run time of 4 min under a gradient condition. The method was partially validated. The linear concentration range was 0.01 to 5 µM for all the compounds of interest. Inter‐assay mean bias and relative standard deviation (RSD) were in the range of −12% to 8% and 4.1% to 8.5%, respectively. Intra‐assay mean bias and RSD were in the range of −8.0% to 5.2% and 3.4% to 9.6%, respectively. The lower limit of quantitation for this assay was 0.01 µM. The differences in LC/MS performance were investigated by conducting a comparison of UPLC with another method previously optimized for HPLC‐based separation and quantification of testosterone and its metabolites. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ nucleophilic substitution reaction of N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl‐2‐chlorides monitored by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
Authors: Lakshmi V. V. S. , Reddy T. Jagadeshwar , Murty M. R. V. S. , Prabhakar S. , Vairamani M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe detection and identification of degradation products of scheduled chemicals, which are characteristic markers of Chemical Warfare agents (CWAs), plays a key role in verification analysis. Identification of such non‐scheduled but specific markers of CWAs helps in deciphering the kind of agent that was present in the sample submitted for off‐site analysis. This paper describes the stability of N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl‐2‐chlorides, which are precursors for highly toxic chemicals like VX, in different solvents. These compounds are stable in chloroform, acetonitrile, hexane and dichloromethane but tend to undergo in situ nucleophilic substitution reaction in the presence of alcohols giving the corresponding alkyl ether. The study shows that N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl alkyl ethers can be used as markers of N,N‐dialkylaminoethyl‐2‐chlorides. A detailed degradation study of these compounds in the presence of alcohols was carried out and it was found that the reaction follows pseudo‐first order kinetics. Electron ionization mass spectral data for the methyl ethers of all the compounds are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishing structural testing criteria for Java bytecode
Authors: Vincenzi A. M. R. , Delamaro M. E. , Maldonado J. C. , Wong W. E. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper describes intra‐method control‐flow and data‐flow testing criteria for the Java bytecode language. Six testing criteria are considered for the generation of testing requirements: four control‐flow and two data‐flow based. The main reason to work at a lower level is that, even when there is no source code, structural testing requirements can still be derived and used to assess the quality of a given test set. It can be used, for instance, to perform structural testing on third‐party Java components. In addition, the bytecode can be seen as an intermediate language, so the analysis performed at this level can be mapped back to the original high‐level language that generated the bytecode. To support the application of the testing criteria, we have implemented a tool named JaBUTi (Java Bytecode Understanding and Testing). JaBUTi is used to illustrate the application of the ideas developed in this paper. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experiences with component‐oriented technologies in nuclear power plant simulators
Authors: Díaz Manuel , Garrido Daniel , Romero Sergio , Rubio Bartolomé , Soler Enrique , Troya José M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThis paper proposes the application of modern component‐oriented technologies to the development of nuclear power plant simulators. On the one hand, as a significant improvement on previous simulators, the new kernel is based on the Common Component Architecture (CCA). The use of such a high‐performance computing oriented component technology, together with a novel algorithm to automatically resolve simulation data dependencies, allows the efficient execution of both parallel and sequential simulation models. On the other hand, RT‐CORBA is employed in the development of the rest of the applications that comprise the simulator. This real‐time communication middleware not only makes the management of communications easier, but also provides the applications with real‐time capabilities. Software components used in these two ways, simulation models integrating the kernel and distributed applications from which the simulator is comprised, improve the evolution and maintenance of the entire system, as well as promoting code reusability in other projects. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Heuristics for fault diagnosis when testing from finite state machines
Authors: Guo Qiang , Hierons Robert M. , Harman Mark , Derderian Karnig 
Published: June 2006

AbstractWhen testing from finite state machines, a failure observed in the implementation under test (IUT) is called a symptom. A symptom could have been caused by an earlier state transfer failure. Transitions that may be used to explain the observed symptoms are called diagnosing candidates. Finding strategies to generate an optimal set of diagnosing candidates that could effectively identify faults in the IUT is of great value in reducing the cost of system development and testing. This paper investigates fault diagnosis when testing from finite state machines and proposes heuristics for fault isolation and identification. The proposed heuristics attempt to lead to a symptom being observed in some shorter test sequences, which helps to reduce the cost of fault isolation and identification. The complexity of the proposed method is analysed. A case study is presented, which shows how the proposed approach assists in fault diagnosis. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
2′‐deoxy′4′‐C‐ethynyl‐2‐fluoroadenosine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, is highly potent against all human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 and has low toxicity
Authors: Ohrui Hiroshi 
Published: June 2006

AbstractAn idea to use 4′‐C‐substituted‐2′‐deoxynucleoside derivatives was proposed based on a working hypothesis to solve the problems of existing acquired immune deficiency syndrome chemotherapy (highly active antiretroviral therapy). Subsequent studies have successfully proved the validity of the idea and resulted in the development of 2′‐deoxy‐4′‐C‐ethynyl‐2‐fluoroadenosine, a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, which is highly potent to all human immunodeficiency viruses type 1 (HIV‐1s) including multidrug‐resistant HIV‐1 and has a low toxicity. © 2006 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 6: 133–143; 2006: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20078
The Landmark Surgical Trials of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project
Authors: Wickerham D. Lawrence , Costantino Joseph P. , Mamounas Eleftherios P. , Julian Thomas B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn this paper we provide a summary of several of the completed and ongoing surgical trials of the National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project, one of the cancer cooperative trials groups supported by the US National Cancer Institute.
Reoperative Surgery for Chronic Pancreatitis: Is It Safe?
Authors: Schnelldorfer Thomas , Lewin David N. , Adams David B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIntroductionEleven percent to fifty‐six percent of patients do not achieve adequate pain relief with initial operative treatment for chronic pancreatitis, and reoperations for recurrent or persistent pain are common. This study evaluates the influence of prior pancreatic procedures on operative morbidity for chronic pancreatitis.MethodsThe records of 336 consecutive patients who underwent pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD, n = 78), lateral pancreaticojejunostomy (LPJ, n = 152), distal pancreatectomy (DP, n = 83), transduodenal sphincteroplasty (SP, n = 20), and total pancreatectomy (TP, n = 3) for chronic pancreatitis were retrospectively reviewed and analyzed.ResultsSeventy‐four patients underwent reoperation after failed prior pancreatic surgery. Patients with de novo pancreatic operations had a similar complication rate as those with reoperation (PD: 48% versus 65%, P > 0.05; LPJ: 23% versus 23%, P > 0.05; DP: 26% versus 28%, P > 0.05; SP: 21% versus 100%, P > 0.05). Major complications such as pancreatic leak or abdominal abscess were similar in the two groups. Minor complications such as delayed gastric emptying or wound infections were more common in the reoperation group. There was no difference in postoperative hospital length of stay.ConclusionsPatients who undergo reoperative surgery for chronic pancreatitis have an increased risk for minor perioperative complications. The overall complication rate and the incidence of major complications are similar compared to de novo procedure. Reoperative surgery therefore appears feasible and safe in experienced hands.
Assessment of the Preserved Function of the Remnant Stomach in Pylorus‐preserving Gastrectomy by Gastric Emptying Scintigraphy
Authors: Michiura Taku , Nakane Yasushi , Kanbara Tatsuya , Nakai Koji , Inoue Kentaro , Yamamichi Keigo , Kamiyama Yasuo 
Published: June 2006

AbstractBackgroundThis study evaluated the preserved function of the remnant stomach by gastric emptying scintigraphy in patients who underwent pylorus‐preserving gastrectomy (PPG), and it investigated whether this examination method is a useful tool for evaluation.Materials and MethodsThe residual stomach function was evaluated by gastric emptying scintigraphy in 45 patients with early gastric cancer who had undergone PPG. Function was classified as rapid, intermediate, and delayed emptying types according to gastric emptying curves. Then, the relationships were examined between the gastric emptying types and postprandial symptoms, food intake status, body weight changes, and endoscopic findings.ResultsSeventy‐three percent of the PPG patients were classified as belonging to the intermediate emptying type, and the remainder to the delayed emptying type. The frequencies of complaints such as epigastric fullness, nausea, and vomiting were high in the delayed emptying‐type patients. The intermediate emptying‐type patients consumed larger amounts of food and gained more weight than the delayed emptying‐type patients. It was difficult to estimate gastric emptying function from endoscopic findings.ConclusionsGastric function was evaluated by gastric emptying scintigraphy in PPG patients. This method might be useful not only for evaluating the motor function of the remnant stomach, but also for predicting postoperative status.
Quality of Life Assessment in Surgical Oncology Trials
Authors: Avery Kerry , Blazeby Jane M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIntegrating health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) as an endpoint for randomized surgical trials provides valuable insight into the patients’ perspective on treatment outcome. Health related quality of life data also play a role in ensuring fully informed consent, determining treatment options and informing treatment decision making. However, few randomized surgical trials have been conducted that meet the minimum requirements for rigorous HRQL assessment and, despite increasing efforts to improve the reporting of randomized trials, many are still not adequately performed. Such methodologic limitations may influence trial findings for HRQL outcomes and undermine the ability of the data collected to inform clinical practice. This review describes key methodological aspects of HRQL assessment that are required in randomized trials to ensure that data are robust. This includes choice of HRQL instrument, the method and timing of assessments and data analysis and presentation. The review also makes recommendations for future research in this area.
Research Reservations: Response and Responsibility in an American Indian Community
Authors: Gone Joseph P. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCommunity action research among the Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes of the Fort Belknap Indian reservation in Montana was undertaken to identify the cultural grounds for innovative mental health service delivery. As an enrolled tribal member investigating these matters in my “home” community, however, I encountered a series of challenges and limitations emerging from respondent reservations about sharing personal experiences of difficulty and distress, and the perceived means for redressing these. Focusing upon a difficult interview with a knowledgeable tribal elder, I enlist sociolinguistic analysis—the study of communicative norms governing who talks with whom about what (and under which conditions)—as one crucial means to making sense of this complex research encounter. Similar analyses would seem necessary to ensuring the cultural validity of research conclusions in cross‐cultural action research more generally.