bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The length of the uterine cervix and its significance
Authors: Zemlyn Seymour 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSonographic measurement of 150 pregnant and nonpregnant uteri indicate that the uterine cervix is about 2.5 cm in length in the nongravid and is seldom or never more than 6 cm in length during pregnancy. This information is used to better identify the level of the internal cervical os, especially in evaluating early placenta previa. If careful sonography is used to identify the lowest attachment of the placenta and the cervical tip, placenta previa could be excluded when the placenta is more than 6 cm from the cervical tip. This seems reliable in clinical practice and reduces the unreasonably high level of early placenta previa predictions and the attendant anxiety of mother and obstetrician.
Sonographic monitoring of ovarian follicular development
Authors: Fleischer Arthur C. , Daniell Facog James F. Md, , Rodier Jacqueline , Lindsay Annie M. , James A. Everette 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSerial sonographic examinations were performed on 15 volunteers five days during the expected midcycle. The 75 sonographic studies were evaluated in a nonbiased manner, and the following features were assessed: (1) the presence or absence of a follicle within the ovary; (2) if present, the average dimension of the follicle; (3) the ability to delineate both ovaries; and (4) the presence of associated changes, such as involution of the follicle, echogenic texture within the follicle, or fluid in the cul‐de‐sac. The sonographic findings were correlated with serial leutinizing hormone (LH) assays as well as basal body temperature charts. As defined in the study, the correlation between the sonographic findings and hormonal determination were considered excellent in 70% of the cases, good in 20%, and poor in 10%. Both ovaries were delineated in 73% of the examinations performed, thus substantiating the ability of sonography to detect maturing ovarian follicles.
A microcomputer measuring system applied to real‐time ultrasound video imaging
Authors: Godfrey Keith A. , Flanagan Gordon J. , Gerrard Jean , Lind Tom 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe high‐resolution graphics facility of a microcomputer has been synchronized with real‐time ultrasound images on a television monitor, allowing quick and accurate measurements of linear distances, arc lengths, perimeter lengths, and areas, whether regular or irregular in shape. No particular knowledge of computers is required, as the program gives step‐by‐step directions. However, the full facilities of a 48K microcomputer using BASIC language remain accessible, which is a considerable advantage over equivalent measuring systems currently available.
Slice‐thickness artifacts in gray‐scale ultrasound
Authors: Goldstein Albert , Madrazo Beatrice L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe have become increasingly aware of the presence of a type of image artifact normally appearing in anechoic areas (eg, cyst, bladder, gallbladder) and giving the appearance of “sludge” or “debris.” These artifactual echoes may be caused by the fact that the finite width of the transducer beam pattern produces a finite thickness of the patient scan plane. All echoes produced in this “thick” scan plane are misinterpreted as being due to structures in the normally assumed “thin” scan plane. We have tested and verified this hypothesis by simulating soft tissue interfaces with 400 grit silicon carbide sandpaper in a water tank. A set of clues are proposed to enable the rapid identification of these artifacts.
Detection of neonatal intracranial hemorrhage utilizing real‐time and static ultrasound
Authors: Johnson Michael L. , Rumack Carol M. , Mannes Eric J. , Appareti Kevin E. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAccurate assessment of neonatal brain anatomy and pathology can now be obtained with commercially available ultrasound equipment. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) has a 50% to 60% incidence in premature infants under 32 wk gestational age and is felt to be one of the leading causes of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Computerized tomography (CT) has been the standard for detecting ICH; this study demonstrates that ultrasound is equally accurate and sensitive. Real‐time examination through the anterior fontanelle resulted in 100% accuracy when compared with CT in a prospective study. Compound axial scans through the parietal bone were not as accurate, with a sensitivity of 91% and a specificity of 85%. If available, good quality real‐time, transfontanelle sector ultrasound should be the screening procedure of choice for detecting and following intracranial hemorrhage in the high‐risk premature infant.
The use of ultrasound in the assessment of normal fetal growth: A review
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carpenter Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis review presents the basic principles underlying the quantitative assessment of normal fetal growth using ultrasound. Data on fetal growth derived from measurements of body, head, chest, and abdominal dimensions, are summarized, compared, and evaluated. Fetal volume and weight determination are also discussed. Most of the data evaluated were obtained in cross‐sectional studies, but we present the preliminary results of our longitudinal study of fetal growth for comparison.
Ruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of valsalva: Two pulsed doppler echocardiographic studies
Authors: Yokoi Kiyoshi , Kambe Tadashi , Ichimiya Satoshi , Toguchi Masao , Itoh Ken‐ichi , Nanki Michio , Matsubara Tatsuaki , Yanagisawa Kiyoshi , Hibi Norio , Nishimura Kinya 
Published: February 2007

AbstractPulsed Doppler echocardiography (PDE) was performed on two cases with ruptured aneurysm of the right sinus of Valsalva into the right ventricle. PDE revealed a wide band pattern throughout the cardiac cycle when the sample volume was placed within the aneurysm. In the right ventricle below the aneurysm, a continuous disturbed flow in case 1 and a diastolic turbulence in case 2, was widely recorded, respectively. In contrast, the flow pattern of the right ventricular outflow tract distal to the aneurysm showed a systolic disturbed flow in both cases. These PDE findings were consistent with the shunt flows in angiocardiography.
Pitfalls in ultrasonic determination of total intrauterine volume
Authors: Grossman Michael , Flynn John J. , Aufrichtig David , Handler Curtis R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCalculation of total intrauterine volume (TIUV) has become an important part of obstetric sonography in the evaluation of possible intrauterine growth retardation. However, a number of problems with the measurements and the calculation itself limit the reliability of this determination. More reliable measurements may be obtained through rigid standardization of technique. However, a certain amount of inaccuracy is inherent in the procedure and cannot be corrected.
Feasibility of detailed M‐mode echocardiographic examination in markedly obese adults: Prospective study of 50 patients
Authors: Zema Michael J. , Caccavano Michele 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA study that investigated the applicability of M‐mode echocardiography in a group of obese adults who were referred to the clinical echocardiographic laboratory is summarized. The M‐mode echocardiographic imaging technique, as performed with currently available equipment, permitted visualization of the cardiac anatomy in a majority of the patients. Comparable clinical information may be difficult to obtain by other methods.
Inferior vena cava echocardiography
Authors: Meltzer Richard S. , McGhie Jackie , Roelandt Jos 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe inferior vena cava can be imaged during echocardiography from the subcostal transducer position as an echo‐free space at a depth ranging from 6 to 15 cm from the abdominal wall. The normal inferior vena cava M‐mode echocardiogram has an “a” and “v” pulsation pattern similar to that seen in the jugular venous tracing and exhibits prominent cyclic respiratory changes. Since right atrial activity can be seen as a pulsation on the M‐mode inferior vena cava tracing, specific patterns can be observed during cardiac arrhythmias. In right heart failure the inferior vena cava is usually distended, with diminished respiratory collapse. In tricuspid regurgitation, contrast injected into an arm appears in the inferior vena cava during the “v” wave. “A‐wave synchronous” inferior vena cava contrast or a contrast appearance unrelated to the cardiac cycle, frequently with deep inspiration, does not suggest tricuspid regurgitation.
Anthropomorphic breast phantoms for assessing ultrasonic imaging system performance and for training ultrasonographers: Part I
Authors: Madsen Ernest L. , Zagzebski James A. , Frank Gary R. , Greenleaf James F. , Carson Paul L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThree prototype anthropomorphic breast phantoms are discussed. The phantoms were constructed using ultrasonically tissue‐mimicking materials; these materials mimic various tissue parenchymae in terms of attenuation, speed of sound, density, and scatter level. Realistic artifacts related to refraction and reflection at interfaces between different simulated parenchymae are produced. The phantoms represent premenopausal breasts, and they complement one another. Two of them represent the dense breasts of women under 30 years of age, and one represents that of a woman between 35 and 40 years of age. Of the former two, one produces what is apparently above‐average refraction effects in the region of the peripheral fat layer; the other produces more typical refraction effects. Simulated tumors, cysts, and calcifications of various sizes are suspended in the glandular regions. Such phantoms are valuable for use in developmental testing of state‐of‐the‐art ultrasound machines, quality assurance testing of clinical machines, and training of sonographers in breast imaging.
Prospective evaluation of the sonographic murphy sign in suspected acute cholecystitis
Authors: Ralls Philip W. , Halls James , Lapin Stewart A. , Quinn Michael F. , Morris Una L. , Boswell William 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe sonographic Murphy sign, the presence of maximal tenderness elicited over a sonographically localized gallbladder, has been considered useful in the evaluation of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis. We prospectively evaluated this sign in 427 consecutive patients referred for evaluation of acute cholecystitis. The overall accuracy of the sonographic Murphy sign in the 219 patients with sufficient confirmation to be included in the statistical analysis was 87.2%. Sensitivity was 63% and specificity was 93.6%. The predictive value of a positive sign was 72.5%, while the predictive value of a negative sign was 90.5%. The sonographic Murphy sign is a useful, albeit imperfect, adjunct in the assessment of patients with suspected acute cholecystitis.
Transplant immunity in hamsters treated with ultrasound
Authors: Hare John D. , Linke Charles A. , Child Sally Z. , Fridd Charlotte W. , Carstensen Edwin L. , Davis Henry T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHamsters with subcutaneous fibrosarcomas were treated by excision and by exposure to 5‐MHz ultrasound for six minutes at an intensity of 3 W/sq cm. Rates for successful elimination of the tumors were between 80% and 90% and were not significantly different for the two methods of treatment. After 30 days, the animals were challenged with the same tumor cells. Animals successfully treated with ultrasound or excision required at least 10 times as many cells to produce a tumor as controls, indicating that eradication of the tumor by ultrasound induced a level of transplant immunity at least as good as that resulting from surgical excision.
Ultrasound volume measurements comparing a prolate ellipsoid method with a parallel planimetric area method against a known volume
Authors: Geirsson Reynir T. , Christie Alexander D. , Patel Naren 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA comparison of a prolate ellipsoid method and a parallel planimetric area method for measuring volumes with ultrasound was made using phantom models of water‐filled balloons scanned under set conditions. Correlation with actual volumes was significantly better with the parallel planimetric area method (p < 0.02) with 93.3% of parallel planimetric area measurements being within 5% of the actual volume compared with only 33.4% of measurements obtained with the prolate ellipsoid method. For uterine volume measurements, a parallel planimetric area method is the more suitable.
Fetal head and abdominal circumferences: I. Evaluation of measurement errors
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carpenter Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSeveral sources of error associated with the measurement of fetal head and abdominal circumferences (HC, AC) were examined using dynamic image ultrasound. Statistically significant systematic intraobserver errors were not seen unless technical differences in the images were present (HC only) and the range for random errors was 4–5% (2 SD) for both measurements. Although differences in the procedures used to acquire images for measurement had some effect on accuracy (HC only), the primary source of variations in measurements made by different investigators was the measurement methods. Different measuring devices gave different results and different investigators used the same devices differently. Under optimal measuring conditions, the interobserver error for experienced investigators was 1.2 (±4.3 SD)% for HC and 2.4 (±1.6 SD)% for AC. Comparison of prenatal and postnatal measurements indicated that there were no systematic differences for HC but for AC, the prenatal measurements were 6% greater. Random differences were ±6% (2 SD) for HC and ±13% (2 SD) for AC.
Fetal head and abdominal circumferences: II. A critical re‐evaluation of the relationship to menstrual age
Authors: Deter Russell L. , Harrist Ronald B. , Hadlock Frank P. , Carpenter Robert J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDynamic image ultrasound was utilized to re‐examine the changes in head and abdominal circumferences (HC, AC) with gestational age in normal fetuses. Data collected in a cross‐sectional study of fetal growth were evaluated using mathematical modeling techniques. The results of this analysis indicated that a linear‐cubic function optimally fits the HC data (R2 = 97.3%) while the AC data was fitted optimally by a linear function (R2 = 95.5%). The predicted values calculated from these functions were in very close agreement [mean deviation (absolute value): 1.97% (HC), 1.38% (AC)] with those calculated from average functions for HC and AC obtained in a previous longitudinal growth study. Variability was not constant throughout pregnancy for either HC or AC. With HC the normal range changed from ±1.5 cm to ±2.5 cm at 28 wk (menstrual age). The AC variability increased progressively with increasing menstrual age and was shown to be related to the predicted AC value. The normal range was found to be 13% of the predicted AC value throughout pregnancy. Based on these results, a new set of normal HC and AC values for the 12–40 wk (menstrual age) period is presented.
Ultrasonographic patterns in hepatic hemangiomas
Authors: Mirk Paola , Rubaltelli Leopoldo , Bazzocchi Massimo , Busilacchi Paolo , Candiani Francesco , Ferrari Francesco , Giuseppetti Gianmarco , Maresca Giulia , Rizzatto Giorgio , Volterrani Luca , Zappasodi Franco 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwenty‐one cases of hepatic hemangioma were examined by ultrasound, and three main sonographic patterns were identified. In 14 cases hyperechoic focal areas were observed, in five cases larger hemangiomas exhibited a complex pattern, and in two cases hemangiomas appeared as rounded sonolucent areas with distal enhancement mimicking cysts. Hemangiomas may have significantly variable ultrasonographic features. According to the authors' experience, only in cases of hyperechoic well‐defined lesions in asymptomatic patients can a definite diagnosis of hemangioma be made.
Distortions of ultrasonic field introduced by the rib cage in echocardiography
Authors: Savakus Adam D. , Shung K. Kirk , Miller Norman B. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn ultrasonic examination of the heart, the anatomy and motion of heart structures can be observed by placing the ultrasonic transducer over an intercostal window adjacent to the sternum. The ultrasonic beam may be reflected, refracted, or scattered from its path by the ribs and soft tissues before reaching the target of interest. This interaction between the tissues and ultrasound beam, which introduces significant changes in ultrasonic beam characteristics, may result in considerable degradation of the lateral resolution of the ultrasonic system, determined largely by the beam width. In this paper, the effect of rib cage on the beam characteristics is examined. It is shown that the rib cage can produce severe distortions of the ultrasonic beam, namely, asymmetry in beam cross‐section, alteration in beam diameter, and deflection of the beam from its central path. It is also demonstrated that this distortion is dependent upon transducer diameter, width of the intercostal window, and transducer angulation relative to the breast plate.
Two‐dimensional echocardiographic evaluation of intracardiac transvenous pacemaker leads
Authors: Meier Bernhard , Felner Joel M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA two‐dimensional (2‐D) echocardiographic study was performed on 40 consecutive patients presenting for a routine check‐up of their transvenous pacemaker devices, in order to assess the visibility of the intracardiac portion of the pacemaker lead.In 34 patients (85%) the presence of the lead could be demonstrated satisfactorily. In 4 of these 34 patients the entire intracardiac portion of the pacing wire was imaged, in 20 the distal fragment bearing the electrode(s) was seen, and in 10 an intermediate segment was visible. In 6 of the 40 patients (15%) the lead was not visible. In 3 of these 40 patients it was virtually impossible to image any cardiac structure. The less than 100% visibility of the pacing wire may be due to our randomized patient group with a high mean age of 75 years.We conclude that during follow‐up examinations or when problems arise in patients with transvenous pacemakers, 2‐D echocardiography may be an alternative to roentgenograms, especially if simultaneous information about heart function is desired or septal perforation is suspected. However, chest roentgenograms are still more accurate and remain the technique of choice under normal circumstances.
Tricuspid valve prolapse: A common occurrence in the click‐murmur syndrome
Authors: Schlamowitz Robert A. , Gross Steven , Keating Edward , Pitt William , Mazur John 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIsolated mitral valve prolapse (MVP) may represent one end of a spectrum of disease involving dysfunction of multiple cardiac valves. Eighty‐nine consecutive patients with MVP diagnosed by two‐dimensional echocardiography (2‐D echo) were prospectively studied specifically to determine the incidence of tricuspid valve prolapse (TVP) and its clinical correlations. Criteria for prolapse of the atrioventricular (A‐V) valves by 2‐D echo included extension of the valve leaflets behind an imaginary line defining the valve annulus.Forty‐one of 82 patients with MVP had associated TVP. No significant differences existed between patients with isolated MVP and combined A‐V valve prolapse with regard to sex, clinical history, symptoms, or physical examination.The parasternal long axis view was more sensitive than the apical four chamber view in diagnosing prolapse of either mitral or tricuspid valves.Thus, TVP is a frequent concomitant of MVP and occurs with equal frequency in both young and old patients.
Pancreatic duct diameter: Sonographic measurement in normal subjects
Authors: Hadidi Ali 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn a prospective ultrasonic study of the pancreatic duct, 233 sonograms were obtained from 49 normal subjects. The duct in the regions of the head‐neck and body was measured in the transverse/oblique planes. The mean diameter of the duct in the area of the head‐neck was 3 mm; in the body proximal and distal to the neck, duct diameters were 2.1 and 1.6 mm, respectively.
Direct measurement of left ventricular ejection time from echocardiographic posterior wall excursion time: Validation of technique
Authors: Osborn Roger C. , Roitman David I. , Kansal Santosh , Sheffield L. Thomas 
Published: February 2007

AbstractEchocardiography has proven useful in determining systolic time intervals. Left ventricular mean velocity of circumferential fiber shortening has been calculated utilizing the left ventricular ejection time measured in several manners, usually from the echocardiographic aortic valve opening time or indirect carotid pulse tracing. Left ventricular ejection time is related to the time of posterior wall excursion in patients without conduction defects or segmental wall motion abnormalities. Thus, a single echocardiographic view can measure ventricular diameters and approximate ejection time simultaneously without other echocardiographic or phonocardiographic measurements which may be cumbersome to obtain, particularly during dynamic echocardiographic studies.
Septa of bertin: A sonographic pseudotumor
Authors: Mahony Barry S. , Jeffrey R. Brooke , Laing Faye C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe sonographic features of six renal “pseudotumors” representing septa of Bertin are described. Septa of Bertin are isoechoic with renal parenchyma and demonstrate a characteristic splaying of the central sinus echoes. CT performed in all six cases revealed the “mass” to be normally enhancing renal cortex. The characteristic radiographic features of septa of Bertin are reviewed and the split sinus sign is discussed.
Quantitative characterization of the growth of the fetal kidney
Authors: Bertagnoli L. , Lalatta F. , Gallicchio R. , Fantuzzi M. , Rusca M. , Zorzoli A. , Deter R. L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe time‐dependent changes in the antero‐posterior (A‐P) diameter and length (L) of fetal kidneys has been evaluated by means of statistical analysis of measurements made during the third trimester in a normal population. Two hundred eighty pregnant women were examined between 22 and 40 weeks of gestation. Differences between operator‐scanner combinations were evaluated. The relationships of the A‐P diameter and length to menstrual age were determined in cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies of kidney growth. The results obtained confirmed that measurements of fetal kidney can be used as an additional parameter in the routine assessment of fetal well being and to rule out kidney malformations characterized by changes in kidney size.
Ultrasonic diagnosis of scrotal contents using newly developed circular compound scanner
Authors: Kimura Akira , Nakamura Shohei , Niijima Tadao 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA prototype circular compound scanner for scrotal contents was developed in order to improve the ultrasonogram (Aloka SSD 115 Gray Scale Unit, employing 3MHz ASO‐25H mechanical sector scanner). Using this scanner, 21 patients with scrotal masses were examined. The internal structure of a testicular tumor and a testes with a hydrocele were clearly visualized. This scanner has proven useful in the evaluation of the scrotal contents.