bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La6(C2)3Cl4 und La8(C2)5Cl4: Schichten und Kanäle aus La6(C2)‐Clustern
Authors: Mattausch Hansjürgen , Hoch Constantin , Zheng Chong , Simon Arndt 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLa6(C2)3Cl4 and La8(C2)5Cl4: Sheets and Channels of La6(C2)‐ClustersSingle crystals of La6(C2)3Cl4 are formed from a mixture of LaCl3, La und C (2:7:9) at 1000 °C, those of La8(C2)5Cl4 at 975 °C (2:10:15). La6(C2)3Cl4 crystallizes in P21/c with a = 7.770(2) Å, b = 12.962(3) Å, c = 6.910(1) Å and β = 104.30(3)°, La8(C2)5Cl4 in C2/m with a = 22.570(4) Å, b = 3.9300(8) Å, c = 10.190(2) Å and β = 95.69(3)°.The structure of La6(C2)3Cl4 is composed of La octahedra centered by (C2) groups, which are connected via common edges to form buckled sheets. These are coordinated by Cl atoms above and below the tetrahedra edges of close‐packed La atoms. This special arrangement leads to the composition La:Cl = 3:2 and to the corrugation of the layers.The structure of La8(C2)5Cl4 also contains sheets formed by (C2)‐centered La octahedra. These sheets are further connected by chains of La double octahedra to form tunnels, which contain the Cl atoms.Both compounds are metallic conductors, La6(C2)3Cl4 becomes superconducting at 2.5 K.Band structure calculations support the C‐C double bond assignment suggested by the C‐C distance according to ionic formulations as(La3+)6(C24−)3(Cl−)42e− und (La3+)8(C24−)5(Cl−)4.
Synthesis and Characterization of the Zinc Amides: [EtZnL]2 and [ZnL2] (L = N,N‐dimethyl(N′‐trimethylsilyl)ethane‐1,2‐diaminate)
Authors: Bakker Jacinta M. , Deacon Glen B. , Junk Peter C. , Moxey Graeme J. , Turner David R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe ligand N,N‐dimethyl(N′‐trimethylsilyl)ethane‐1,2‐diamine (HL) was treated with ZnEt2 in varying stoichiometric ratios to synthesize [EtZnL]2 and [ZnL2] complexes. Crystal data: [EtZnL]2, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 10.0149(5) Å, b = 8.0296(3) Å, c = 16.1689(8) Å, β = 91.715(2)°. [ZnL2], monoclinic, P21/n, a = 8.8457(3) Å, b = 15.4249(6) Å, c = 16.0121(7) Å, β = 92.656(1)°. The former complex is an amido nitrogen bridged dimer with distorted tetrahedral stereochemistry of the zinc atom and the latter is a distorted tetrahedral monomer based on amide/amine chelation.
A Tetranuclear μ3‐Alkoxo‐bridged Cubane‐like Copper(II) Complex Containing 2‐(Ethylamino)ethanol and Acetate: Synthesis and Structural Characterization
Authors: Yilmaz Veysel T. , Kars Vecdi , Kazak Canan 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA tetranuclear cubane‐like complex, [Cu4(μ‐Etae)4(OAc)4]·H2O (1), with 2‐(ethylamino)ethanol (EtaeH) and acetate (OAc)− ligands has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, and single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pccn and consists of a tetranuclear [Cu4O4]4+ cubane core in which four copper(II) ions are bridged by μ3‐alkoxide oxygen atoms of the Etae− anion. The amine N atom of Etae−, and one of the O atom OAc also coordinate to the copper(II) ions forming a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry with a CuO4N chromophore. The Cu···Cu separations with in the [Cu4O4]4+ cubane range from 2.905(2) to 3.377(2) Å, and these short Cu–Cu separations are responsible for the anti‐ferromagnetic coupling between the copper centers. The cubane‐like units are linked by N–H···O hydrogen bonds into one‐dimensional supramolecular chains, which are further arranged in a two‐dimensional array by van der Waal's interactions.
Free and Esterified 4,4′‐dimethylsterols in Hazelnut Oil and their Retention During Refining Processes
Authors: Azadmard‐Damirchi Sodeif , Dutta Paresh C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFree and esterified forms of sterols provide detailed information on the identity and the quality of vegetable oils. In this study, 4,4′‐dimethylsterols in free and esterified forms were investigated in hazelnut and virgin olive oils. Moreover, a sample of solvent‐extracted hazelnut oil was refined at the laboratory to monitor the effects of processing on the levels of 4,4′‐dimethylsterols. Generally, the level of total 4,4′‐dimethyslterols was higher in the esterified form (49–68%) compared with that in free form (32–51%) of these compounds in the hazelnut oil. In virgin olive oil samples, cycloartenol and 24‐methylenecycloartanol were present in higher amounts in free forms (70–80%) than in esterified forms (20–30%). Among the refining processes, degumming, deodorization, neutralization and bleaching, only neutralization and bleaching considerably reduced 4,4′‐dimethylsterols. In fully refined hazelnut oil, 18 and 37% of lupeol and an unknown compound X in the esterified form were lost, respectively. The loss of these two compounds in the free form was considerably higher, 26 and 72%, respectively. GC–MS analysis showed that adulteration of olive oil with a sample of fully refined hazelnut oil could be detected at a level as low as 2% by tracing lupeol in total or only in esterified forms of 4,4′‐dimethylsterols. Further studies on the levels of free and esterified 4,4′‐dimethylsterols and their retention during refining processes are anticipated in hazelnut cultivars from different origins.
Reasons for seeking acute care in chronic heart failure
Authors: Patel Harshida , Shafazand Masoud , Schaufelberger Maria , Ekman Inger 
Published: January 2007

AbstractBackground:Patients with chronic heart failure (CHF) have frequent episodes of exacerbation leading to recurrent hospitalization.Aims:To explore factors related to patients seeking care for worsening CHF.Methods:Eighty‐eight patients diagnosed with a deteriorating CHF condition were interviewed. Data were analysed using content analysis.Results:Overall, 51 (58%) patients sought emergency care because of their symptoms while 37 (42%) were either sent by relatives or referred from outpatient clinics. Delay in seeking care was explained by 62 (71%) patients as a “wait and see” strategy, 9 (10%) were reluctant to use the health care system and 10 (11%) felt that it was futile to seek care. Fifty percent of the patients were uncertain about their current deteriorating status. Only 4 patients reported their symptoms to be related to heart failure.Conclusions:Although symptoms were the dominant reason for seeking emergency care, only a few patients related their symptoms to worsening CHF, which might be an important factor for not seeking emergency care earlier. Patient education programs should make efforts to improve understanding of symptom recognition.
Body mass index and functioning in long-term schizophrenia
Authors: Salokangas Raimo K.R. , Honkonen Teija , Stengård Eija , Hietala Jarmo 
Published: January 2007

AbstractObjectiveThe study evaluates the association of body mass index (BMI) with functioning in male and female patients with long-term schizophrenia.Method722 long-term schizophrenia patients were interviewed three years after discharge from hospital. Their weight and height were recorded and data on their background, illness history, psychosocial functioning (Global Assessment Scale; GAS), health behaviour, daily doses of neuroleptics, and psychiatric symptoms were collected.ResultsBMI correlated significantly with GAS scores in male (r = 0.202, p = 0.000) but not in female patients. In male patients, BMI associated significantly (p = 0.005) with GAS scores even when the effects of psychiatric symptoms and other confounding variables were taken into account.ConclusionsIn male but not in female long-term patients with schizophrenia, low BMI associates with poor functioning. It is suggested that among male schizophrenia patients, low BMI may be an indicator of poor functioning.
Prevalence and demography of transsexualism in Belgium
Authors: De Cuypere G. , Van Hemelrijck M. , Michel A. , Carael B. , Heylens G. , Rubens R. , Hoebeke P. , Monstrey S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAimThe Belgian medical world has acknowledged the diagnosis of transsexualism and accepted Sex Reassignment Surgery (SRS) as one of the steps in the treatment of choice since 1985. This prevalence and demographic study analyses data on all Belgian individuals who have undergone SRS since that year.MethodsAll (188) plastic surgeons as well as all gender teams (Antwerp, Bruges, Ghent, and Liège) in Belgium were sent demographic questionnaires to be completed for each of their transsexual patients.ResultsThe results show an overall prevalence of 1:12,900 for male-to-female and 1:33,800 for female-to-male transsexuals in Belgium. In Wallonia (the French-speaking region of Belgium) the prevalence is significantly lower than in Flanders (the Dutch-speaking region) and in Brussels (the bilingual capital region). In the total Belgian population the male/female sex ratio is 2.43:1, again with a substantial difference between Wallonia on the one hand and Flanders on the other.Discussion and ConclusionWhile in Flanders and in Brussels the prevalence is comparable to that in other Western European countries, in Wallonia it is markedly lower. Transsexualism in Wallonia appears to be socially less acceptable: persons suffering from gender dysphoria in that part of Belgium encounter more problems accessing gender clinics and receiving treatment.
Effects of etanercept, a tumour necrosis factor‐α antagonist, in an experimental model of periodontitis in rats
Authors: Di Paola R , Mazzon E , Muià C , Crisafulli C , Terrana D , Greco S , Britti D , Santori D , Oteri G , Cordasco G , Cuzzocrea S 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:Etanercept is a tumour necrosis factor antagonist with anti‐inflammatory effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate, for the first time, the therapeutic efficacy of in vivo inhibition of TNF‐α in an experimental model of periodontitis.Experimental approach:Periodontitis was induced in adult male Sprague‐Dawley rats by placing a nylon thread ligature around the lower 1st molars. Etanercept was administered at a dose of 5 mg kg−1, s.c., after placement of the ligature.Key results:Periodontitis in rats resulted in an inflammatory process characterized by oedema, neutrophil infiltration and cytokine production that was followed by the recruitment of other inflammatory cells, production of a range of inflammatory mediators, tissue damage, apoptosis and disease. Treatment of the rats with etanercept (5 mg kg−1, s.c., after placement of the ligature) significantly reduced the degree of (1) periodontitis inflammation and tissue injury (histological score), (2) infiltration of neutrophils (MPO evaluation), (3) iNOS (the expression of nitrotyrosine and cytokines (eg TNF‐α)) and (4) apoptosis (Bax and Bcl‐2 expression).Conclusions and Implications:Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that treatment with etanercept reduces the development of inflammation and tissue injury, events associated with periodontitis.British Journal of Pharmacology (2007) 150, 286–297. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706979
Extracellular nucleotides induce migration of renal mesangial cells by upregulating sphingosine kinase‐1 expression and activity
Authors: Klawitter S , Hofmann L P , Pfeilschifter J , Huwiler A 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:Extracellular nucleotides act as potent mitogens for renal mesangial cells (MC). In this study we determined whether extracellular nucleotides trigger additional responses in MCs and the mechanisms involved.Experimental approach:MC migration was measured after nucleotide stimulation in an adapted Boyden‐chamber. Sphingosine kinase‐1 (SK‐1) protein expression was detected by Western blot analysis and mRNA expression quantified by real‐time PCR. SK activity was measured by anin vitrokinase assay using sphingosine as substrate.Key results:Nucleotide stimulation caused biphasic activation of SK‐1, but not SK‐2. The first peak occurred after minutes of stimulation and was followed by a second delayed peak after 4–24 h of stimulation. The delayed activation of SK‐1 is due to increased SK‐1 mRNA steady‐state levels andde novosynthesis of SK‐1 protein, and depends on PKC and the classical MAPK cascade. To see whether nucleotide‐stimulated cell responses require SK‐1, we selectively depleted SK‐1 from cells by using small‐interference RNA (siRNA). MC migration is highly stimulated by ATP and UTP; this is mimicked by exogenously added S1P. Depletion of SK‐1 by siRNA drastically reduced the effect of ATP and UTP on cell migration but not on cell proliferation. Furthermore, MCs isolated from SK‐1‐deficient mice were completely devoid of nucleotide‐induced migration.Conclusions and implications:These data show that extracellular nucleotides besides being mitogenic also trigger MC migration and this cell response critically requires SK‐1 activity. Thus, pharmacological intervention of SK‐1 may have impacts on situations where MC migration is important such as during inflammatory kidney diseases.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 271–280. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706983
Role of calcineurin in the regulation of human lung mast cell and basophil function by cyclosporine and FK506
Authors: Harrison C A , Bastan R , Peirce M J , Munday M R , Peachell P T 
Published: January 2007

Background and purpose:Cyclosporine and FK506 are thought to act by targeting the Ca2+‐dependent protein phosphatase, calcineurin. The aim of the present study was to determine whether cyclosporine and FK506 stabilize mast cells and basophils by interacting with calcineurin.Experimental approach:The effects of cyclosporine and FK506 on the IgE‐mediated release of histamine from mast cells and basophils were evaluated. The presence of calcineurin in cells was determined by Western blotting. Ca2+‐dependent protein phosphatase activities were assessed in cell extracts using a synthetic phosphorylated peptide that is known to serve as a substrate for calcineurin.Key results:FK506 was about 100‐fold more potent than cyclosporine as an inhibitor of IgE‐dependent histamine release from mast cells and basophils. Immunoblotting of solubilized preparations of purified cells demonstrated the presence of calcineurin in mast cells and basophils. In enzyme assays, mast cells expressed approximately 7‐fold higher Ca2+‐dependent protein phosphatase activity than basophils. Whereas cyclosporine effectively inhibited Ca2+‐dependent protein phosphatase activity in cell extracts, FK506 was considerably less effective.Conclusions and implications:FK506 and cyclosporine inhibit the stimulated release of histamine from mast cells and basophils. However, the ability of cyclosporine, but not FK506, to inhibit Ca2+‐dependent protein phosphatase activity questions whether FK506 stabilizes mast cells and basophils by interacting with calcineurin.British Journal of Pharmacology(2007)150, 509–518. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707002
Nondenaturing Protein Immunoprecipitation from Mammalian Cells
Authors: Tansey William P. 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThis protocol describes a nondenaturing immunoprecipitation (IP) for mammalian cells. Where possible, we prefer to use denaturing IPs to recover labeled proteins from pulse-chase experiments. However, the nondenaturing protocol is useful when one wishes to separate soluble from insoluble proteins, or when the antibody being used recognizes a native epitope.
Denaturing Protein Immunoprecipitation from Yeast
Authors: Tansey William P. 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONWhere possible, it is preferable to use denaturing IPs to recover labeled proteins from pulse-chase experiments. The use of denaturing IPs reduces background and simplifies protein harvest. Yeast are boiled in an SDS-containing solution to liberate total proteins. This is also much safer than bead-beating radioactive yeast samples.
A Sealed Preparation for Long-Term Observations of Cultured Cells: Movie 1.
Authors: Sluder Greenfield , Nordberg Joshua J. , Miller Frederick J. , Hinchcliffe Edward H. 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONThe continuous long-term observation of cultured cells on the microscope has always been a technically demanding undertaking. This protocol describes a sealed preparation that allows the continuous long-term observation of cultured mammalian cells on upright or inverted microscopes without environmental CO2 control. The preparation allows for optical conditions consistent with high-quality imaging and good cell viability for at least 100 hours. The preparation is an aluminum support slide with a square aperture cut in its center. The coverslip bearing the cells is attached to the top of the slide with a thin layer of silicone grease, and the bottom of the slide is similarly covered with a clean coverslip of the same size. The thickness of the slide is intended to coordinately maximize the volume of the medium while maintaining optical properties that allow Koehler illumination with standard condensers. The chamber is filled in equal parts with HEPES-buffered media containing fetal calf serum and a low-viscosity fluorocarbon oil. These oils have a high solubility for atmospheric gases. The inclusion of the oil in the preparations is intended to provide a source of oxygen and perhaps a sink for some of the CO2 produced by the cells. Although the inclusion of fluorocarbon oil in the preparation may not be necessary for short-term (~24 hr) observations, particularly with cells that are sparsely plated, long-term cell viability is ensured when the oil is present.
Whole-Mount DAPI Staining and Measurement of DNA Content in Plant Cells
Authors: Schnittger Arp , Hülskamp Martin 
Published: January 2007

INTRODUCTIONDuring development, many plant cells undergo endoreduplication, whereby ploidy increases to a multiple of the normal 2C content. For example, trichome development is accompanied by an increase in ploidy to 32C, indicating that trichome cells undergo four rounds of endoreduplication. In the protocol described here, DNA levels, and hence developmental progress in the corresponding cells, are measured by staining the DNA with a fluorescent marker and then quantifying the fluorescence of individual nuclei.
Mini‐incisions by lombotomy or subcostal access in living kidney donors: a randomized trial comparing pain, safety, and quality of life
Authors: Aguiar Wilson Ferreira , Passerotti Carlo Camargo , Claro Joaquim Francisco de Almeida , Almeida Claudio Jose Ramos , Gattas Nelson , Cedenho Agnaldo Pereira , Pestana Jose Osmar Medina , Ortiz Valdemar 
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to compare two mini‐incision techniques and judge the impact on the quality of life, pain, and safety of living kidney donors.Patients and methods:  From March through September 2003, a prospective randomized study with 60 donors had nephrectomy performed – 30 through a lombotomy and another 30 patients underwent subcostal mini‐incisions. The same anesthetic procedure was used for both groups. All patients were evaluated from baseline (T0) to day 90 after surgery. Pain evaluation included visual analog scale (VAS) and drug usage. To assess quality of life (QOL), the questionnaire SF‐36 was used and surgical outcomes were also checked.Results:  Sixty patients (41.6 ± 8.9 yr old) were included in the protocol. Regarding incision length and blood loss, no statistical difference was observed. However, irrespective to the site of the mini‐incision, patients with body mass index (BMI) higher than 25 kg/m2 had significantly longer incision length as well as higher blood loss. There were no complications. No significant difference in tramadol or in pain perception was observed between groups. QOL was also not different between groups, however, there was a significant loss with subsequent return to baseline levels.Conclusion:  The position of the mini‐incision (lombotomy or subcostal) has no significant impact on surgical outcomes, pain perception, and QOL of living kidney donors. Mini‐incision techniques represent fast and safe approaches to perform nephrectomy in the healthy population. Special care must be taken in obese patients in order to minimize surgical complications.
Skin wounds in the MRL/MPJ mouse heal with scar
Authors: Colwell Amy S. , Krummel Thomas M. , Kong Wuyi , Longaker Michael T. , Lorenz H. Peter 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTAdult MRL/MpJ mice regenerate cartilage during repair of through‐and‐through ear punch wounds. However, the ability of this mouse strain to heal isolated cutaneous wounds by regeneration or with scar is unknown. The purpose of this study was to characterize the rate of reepithelialization and collagen architecture in dermal wounds from MRL/MpJ mice compared with C57bl/6 and Balb/c strains. Full‐thickness incisional (5 mm) and excisional (2 mm diameter) skin wounds were made on the dorsum of 7‐week‐old MRL/MpJ, C57bl/6, and Balb/c mice. Ear punch wounds were made simultaneously on each animal. Reepithelialization was complete by 48 hours for incisional skin wounds in each strain. All excisional wounds showed incomplete reepithelialization at 24, 48, and 72 hours. At 14 days, all skin wounds had grossly healed. In contrast to the ear wounds made in C57bl/6 and Balb/c mice, MRL/MpJ ear wounds were completely healed by day 28. Dorsal skin wound sections at 14 and 28 days revealed dense collagen deposition and similar degrees of fibrosis between the three strains of mice. In conclusion, in contrast to wound healing in the ear, MRL/MpJ mouse dorsal cutaneous wounds heal similarly to C57bl/6 and Balb/c mice with dermal collagen deposition and scar formation.
L‐Dihydroxyphenylserine (L‐DOPS): A Norepinephrine Prodrug
Authors: Goldstein David S. 
Published: January 2007

ABSTRACTL‐threo‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylserine (L‐DOPS, droxydopa) is a synthetic catecholamino acid. When taken orally, L‐DOPS is converted to the sympathetic neurotransmitter, norepinephrine (NE), via decarboxylation catalyzed by L‐aromatic‐amino‐acid decarboxylase (LAAAD). Plasma L‐DOPS levels peak at about 3 h, followed by a monoexponential decline with a half‐time of 2 to 3 h. Plasma levels of NE and of its main neuronal metabolite, dihydroxyphenylglycol (DHPG) peak approximately concurrently but at much lower concentrations. The relatively long half‐time for disappearance of L‐DOPS from plasma, compared to that of NE, explains their very different attained plasma concentrations. In patients with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension, L‐DOPS increases blood pressure and ameliorates orthostatic intolerance. Inhibition of LAAAD, such as by treatment with carbidopa, which does not penetrate the blood‐brain barrier, prevents the blood pressure effects of the drug, indicating that L‐DOPS increases blood pressure by augmenting NE production outside the brain. Patients with pure autonomic failure (which usually entails loss of sympathetic noradrenergic nerves), and patients with multiple system atrophy (in which noradrenergic innervation remains intact) have similar plasma NE responses to L‐DOPS. This suggests mainly non‐neuronal production of NE from L‐DOPS. L‐DOPS is very effective in treatment of deficiency of dopamine‐beta‐hydroxylase (DBH), the enzyme required for conversion of dopamine to NE in sympathetic nerves. L‐DOPS holds promise for treating other much more common conditions involving decreased DBH activity or NE deficiency, such as a variety of syndromes associated with neurogenic orthostatic hypotension.
Seasonal Barotropic Modulation of the Deep-Water Overflow through the Faroe Bank Channel
Authors: Lake Iréne , Lundberg Peter 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
As a joint Nordic project, an upward-looking ADCP has been maintained at the sill of the Faroe Bank Channel from 1995 onward. Records from a period in 1998 with three current meters deployed across the channel were used to demonstrate that the Faroe Bank Channel deep-water transport from the Norwegian Sea into the North Atlantic Ocean proper can be reasonably well estimated from one centrally located ADCP. The long-term average of this transport over the period 1995–2001 was found to be 2.1 Sv (Sv ≡ 106 m−3 s−1). The transport record demonstrates a pronounced seasonality. Satellite altimetry shows that this is caused by the northbound Atlantic surface water inflow giving rise to a barotropic modulation of the deep-water flow through the Faroe–Shetland Channel and the southern reaches of the Norwegian Sea.