bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
3 Guiding the Digital Revolution: Is European Technology Policy Misguided?
Authors: Dai Xiudian 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The Commission promotes a competitive technology and related industrial policy through its coordination Framework Programmes. Commission funding is concentrated on a variety of Information Society Technologies. This chapter examines its role through two case studies of advanced television broadcasting technologies projects: High Definition Television (HDTV) and Digital Video Broadcasting (DVB). Competing leadership candidates with the Commission for HDTV included the French and Dutch national governments and major firms based on government-industry collusion in the service of competitiveness. The HDTV flagship project to meet the Japanese and American challenge, supported by the Commission and Council of Ministers with subsidies, was a failure of European technology policy. The DVB firm-led consortium has by contrast been market-driven and successful without public subsidy.
4 Environmental Policy: EU Actors, Leader and Laggard States
Authors: Wurzel Rüdiger K. W. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractStarting from internal market harmonization regulations and with the European Court of Justice's broad interpretation of the Rome Treaty, a common environmental policy have emerged with leader and laggard governments and businesses pulling in opposite directions. Even before the 1987 replacement of unanimity by qualified majority voting, progress was made on product if not process standards. Five phases are distinguished in this chapter: infant (1958-72), adolescent (1972-87), mature (1987-92), sedate (1992-2005), and selective activism (since 2005). Climate change emerged as a priority policy issue and the EC Commission was active in rescuing the Kyoto protocol. Germany, Denmark, and the Netherlands were the initial environmental leader states, followed by Sweden, Finland, and Austria. The Commission, Environmental Council of Ministers, the European Council, and European Parliament have all been active on climate change as policy entrepreneurs.
5 Did France and Germany Lead Europe? A Retrospect
Authors: Paterson William E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
The exclusive reliance on the Franco-German relationship to provide EU leadership is misleading because it acted as the brake rather than the motor of integration. The Coal and Steel Community was a French initiative, with Monnet and Schuman the leaders and Adenauer's Germany as follower. De Gaulle successfully challenged Hallstein's supranational aspirations and then dominated the alliance with Adenauerm but failed to exercise intergovernmental leadership. Giscard d'Estaing and Helmut Schmidt launched the European Council to take over more of the leadership from the Commission. With Delors, the Mitterrand-Kohl cooperative hegemony of the 1980s prevailed but the 1989 reunification of Germany shifted the balance of power within the tandem. Thereafter, weaker national leaderships in France and Germany, in a context of enlargement, precluded joint EU leadership.
7 Security Policy and the Logic of Leaderlessness
Authors: Menon Anand 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Despite acute international tensions, the EU has failed to exert influence, especially in security matters most requiring heroic leadership. The EU has no defence responsibility or capability, and seeks indirect influence through the Common Foreign and Security Policy, the Anglo-French European Security and Defence Policy, and through other policies. The main actors are the Council Secretariat and the Political and Security Committee, but lack of clear institutional lines of authority results in disputes, notably over relations with NATO and policy implementation despite the efforts of the High Representative for foreign policy. Because foreign and security policy are member state responsibilities, the EU is condemned to leaderlessness and concentration on non-military tasks and ambitious schemes are unrealistic. It should reduce institutional overlap to achieve greater coherence in action.
9 A Bid Too Far? New Labour and UK Leadership of the European Union under Blair
Authors: Kassim Hussein 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
After Thatcher and Major Euroscepticism, Tony Blair's UK did a better job at bringing Britain to Europe than Europe to Britain. He achieved the former objective by avoiding being isolated and seeking to give a lead when possible as part of New Labour's modernizing project. Failure to join the Euro — blocked by his Chancellor Gordon Brown — showed limitations to Blair's power. Although he succeeded in promoting an EU defence capability associated with NATO, the Iraq War weakened Britain's influence. While taking an active part in preparing the 2005 constitutional treaty, the UK government failed to sell the treaty to the British public and conceded a referendum Blair was likely to lose. While Britain was seen as somewhat less detached from the EU despite its opt outs, public hostility to integration was not overcome.
11 Legal Leadership in the European Union
Authors: Bell John 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
Leadership does not always come from leaders. Laws provide for its exercise or constraint and the European Court of Justice (ECJ) gives legal but not political leadership. The 2005 constitutional treaty did not create a favourable climate of opinion for the proposed changed EU leadership through a stable president of the European Council. Nor would it have transformed the ECJ into a genuine constitutional court through its discretion on remedies. Its main contribution is as the reactive leader of the legal community of national judges in implementation of Union — wide norms with an integrationist bent. The ECJ's interpretive approach is preoccupied with achieving uniformity and consistency of integration in the market for goods and the treatment of individuals.
12 Commission Leadership and the Internet: Dragging the Net through Choppy Waters
Authors: Shahin Jamal 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
To overcome its reputation as a remote bureaucracy, the Commission has used the Internet to promote public and media understanding, citizen participation and support for the EU, as well as for networking with national administrations, businesses, and civil society organizations. It has made both a top-down use of the Internet to increase openness, blaming the ‘democratic deficit’ on an information deficit, as well as advocating a bottom-up improvement of consultation processes to ensure better governance and interaction with decision-makers, e.g., through Your Voice in Europe. However, the Commission officials make little use of the feedback mechanisms. The use of an Intranet has helped increase Commission efficiency and interaction with other EU institutions. Citizen participation has taken second place to improving internal elite coordination.
14 Beyond the Rotating Presidency
Authors: Schout Adriaan 
Published: September 2008

Abstract
All of the presidents of the Council of Ministers have left their mark, in areas ranging from EU agenda-setting to securing agreement after technical negotiations. Partly because their duties are multifarious and poorly defined, their success has been variable. Leadership has been of three kinds. Task-oriented leadership involves chairing meetings efficiently according to rules of procedure and its importance is generally underrated. Group-oriented leadership requiring sounding out positions and identifying acceptable solutions irrespective of their quality. Transformational leadership is aimed at proposing ambitious innovations for the longer term, adding to the agenda, and finding new solutions. Discontinuities and excessive workload have been corrected by team presidencies, annually from 2002 and over eighteen months since 2007. A stable President of the European Council devoted to transformational leadership would cause tensions with the rotating presidents and raise excessive expectations.
Augustine's Text of John
Authors: Houghton Hugh 
Published: September 2008

AbstractPart I of this book considers Augustine's use of and attitude towards the Gospels and biblical manuscripts. His comments on the history of the Latin Bible are assembled, along with references to the use of codices in liturgy, debates and the composition of theological works. Augustine's method of citation is also described, introducing the concepts of ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ citations, ‘flattening’, ‘conflation’ and ‘mental text’. Some of his explicit observations about New Testament readings are quoted, together with an assessment of the evidence his citations provide for different traditions of the Bible: Old Latin, Vulgate, Greek and Diatessaron. Part II compares all Augustine's citations of John in individual works, mostly in chronological order. It is shown that Augustine used a Vulgate text-type for his two commentaries, the Tractatus in Iohannis euangelium and De consensu euangelistarum, but in earlier works (e.g. De trinitate) and in sermons from all periods, especially those preached in Carthage, he bears witness to an Old Latin form of text. Part III is a verse-by-verse commentary on Augustine's text of John, focussing on non-Vulgate citations or distinctive Vulgate readings. It also has information about Augustine's exegesis of particular verses.
1 Augustine and the History of the Biblical Text
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAugustine's observations on the history of the early Latin translations constitute the majority of contemporary evidence for these versions. He approved of Jerome's revision of the Gospels and, despite a preference for the Latin version of the Septuagint, used Jerome's translations from the Hebrew. Augustine himself corrected biblical manuscripts, but there is little evidence to suggest that he undertook a systematic revision of the Bible. he also comments on the nature of biblical manuscripts used by his sectarian opponents, especially the Manichees and Donatists.
2 The Use of the Bible and the Production of Books in the Time of Augustine
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDespite the laborious process of copying by hand, a wide variety of books seems to have been available in the Church in North Africa. The collection at Hippo, supplemented by Augustine's personal library, included Bibles in Latin and Greek and the works of several Church Fathers. Stenographers were used to transcribe sermons and public debates, as well as take down Augustine's theological works as he dictated them. These records give indications of how biblical codices were used for teaching and liturgical purposes.
3 Augustine's Biblical Exposition and Citation Technique
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractAugustine's negative first impressions of the Bible were replaced by reverence for the authority of Scripture. He made a clear distinction, however, between divine inspiration and the writers of biblical books. The role of scriptural citations in his argument is described alongside an assessment of his citation technique. ‘Primary citations’, more likely to be made directly from a codex, are contrasted with ‘secondary citations’, the bulk of which were probably made from memory. Certain types of alteration such as ‘flattening’ and ‘conflation’ are shown to be characteristic of Augustine's ‘mental text’.
4 Augustine as a Witness for the Text of the New Testament
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter considers the types of evidence Augustine provides for the text of the New Testament. His explicit comments on variants in New Testament manuscripts and corrections to the biblical citations of his opponents are, along with primary citations, the most important for determining the readings of the codices known to him. Anticipating later parts of the book, his citations of John are compared with the Old Latin, Vulgate and Greek traditions of the Gospel. Forms identical to other Church Fathers may preserve a version now lost, but they could also be due to independent ‘flattening’ of the text. Some Old Latin readings are fossilized in Augustine's mental text, and a few verses also offer important evidence for the Greek text, but it seems unlikely that Augustine was ever acquainted with the Diatessaron.
5 Tractatus in Iohannis Euangelium
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractFour types of gospel citation are identified in Augustine's commentary on John. The continuous treatment of the text is made up of the initial citation, most likely to have been taken from a manuscript, and repetitions in the same sermon which sometimes comprise sequential variants. Illustrative material is adduced in non-sequential citations. The biblical text of the title is also of considerable interest, although this is unlikely to have originated with Augustine. The overall dependence of the work on a Vulgate-text type is demonstrated: variations from this are reversions to Augustine's mental text.
6 Other Sermons
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe distinction between the initial citation and sequential variants put forward in Chapter Five also proves to be useful in the analysis of Augustine's Sermones ad populum and Enarrationes ad Psalmos. Eighty-three sermons can be identified as following the liturgical reading of the Gospel according to John, which makes them a potential source of primary citations. Many of these feature an Old Latin text-type, even some preached as late as 418; this appears to be a particular characteristic of sermons preached in Carthage. In later sermons, however, the influence of the Vulgate on Augustine's mental text displaces his customary Old Latin readings.
Commentary
Authors: Houghton H. A. G. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe textual commentary treats Augustine's text of John verse by verse, concentrating on variants from the Vulgate. There are a number of occasions on which Augustine has a reading not attested in surviving Latin manuscripts: on some occasions this is shared with other Church Fathers, while others remain unique to him. The distinction between primary and secondary citations is important in determining which readings should be cited in an edition of the Gospel. The form of his mental text is given for a number of verses, with comments on how it may have arisen. Brief details are sometimes given of Augustine's exegesis, with bibliographic references to further studies. Passages of particular interest include John 7:53-8:11 (the Woman taken in Adultery), in which Augustine provides the earliest attestation of several variants in John 8:9. He also has an intriguing treatment of the contested verses John 5:2-4 (the Angel stirring the Waters), and shows evidence for the interpolation at John 3:6. His text of John 21:18 suggests that a Greek variant only preserved in Codex Bezae may underlie the entire Latin tradition.
Innovating Democracy
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn recent years, democratic theory has taken a deliberative turn. Instead of merely casting the occasional ballot, deliberative democrats want citizens to reason together. They embrace ‘talk as a decision procedure’. But of course thousands or millions of people cannot realistically talk to one another all at once. When putting their theories into practice, deliberative democrats therefore tend to focus on ‘mini-publics’, usually of a couple dozen to a couple hundred people. The central question then is how to connect micro-deliberations in mini-publics to the political decision-making processes of the larger society. This book surveys these new deliberative mechanisms, asking how they work and what we can properly expect of them. Much though they have to offer, they cannot deliver all that deliberative democrats hope. Talk, this book concludes, is good as discovery procedure but not as a decision procedure. The recommended slogan is, ‘first talk, then vote’. Micro-deliberative mechanisms should supplement, not supplant, representative democracy. This book shows how to adapt our thinking about those familiar institutions to take full advantage of deliberative inputs. That involves rethinking who should get a say, how we hold people accountable, how we sequence deliberative moments and what the roles of parties and legislatures can be in that.
1 Introduction
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn recent years, democratic theory has taken a ‘deliberative’ turn. Deliberative democrats tell us, most fundamentally, that we should shun merely adding up votes in favour of talking together. What especially distinguishes the deliberative democracy movement is its concern with finding ways of putting the theory into practice. A host of micro-deliberative innovations — Citizen's Juries, Consensus Conferences, Deliberative Polls — show us what deliberative democracy might look like in miniature.
2 Making use of mini‐publics
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Dryzek John S. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractDemocratic theorists often place deliberative innovations such as Citizen's Juries, Consensus Conferences, Planning Cells, and Deliberative Polls at the centre of their hopes for deliberative democratization. This chapter charts the ways in which such mini-publics can impact on the ‘macro’ world of politics. Impact may come in the form of actually making policy, being taken up in the policy process, informing public debates, market-testing of proposals, legitimation of public policies, building confidence and constituencies for policies, popular oversight, and resisting co-option. Exposing problems and failures is all too easy; the chapter highlights instead cases of success along each of these dimensions.
5 How talk informs
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractInsofar as the reason ‘why’ we want deliberative democracy is just to pool information, what justifies so much emphasis among deliberative democrats on talking face-to-face to the exclusion of other equally good ways of pooling information? This chapter develops a contrast between two ways of pooling information: mechanically (through vote counting) and discursively (through talking together). It goes on to canvass five ways in which pooling information discursively might capture information that would have been lost had the information-pooling been done by more purely mechanical means.
8 Modes of democratic accountability
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter identifies three different accountability regimes associated with each of the main sectors of society: the state, the market, and the voluntary non-profit sector. Each focuses on a different subject of accountability (actions, results, and intentions, respectively) and on a different mechanism of accountability (hierarchy, competition, and cooperative networking, respectively). Those different regimes can complement one another, enhancing the democratic accountability of the system overall. The sort of ‘network accountability’ that is found among non-profit organizations in the more formally organized Third Sector is indicative of how accountability might be achieved within civil society and the public sphere more generally.
9 Sequencing deliberative moments
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter offers a model of a ‘deliberative system’ in which different deliberative responsibilities are distributed among different agents playing different deliberative roles. There, component deliberative virtues would be on display sequentially, over the course of various stages of deliberation involving different agents in different roles. That constitutes a more realistic alternative to the ‘unitary’ model of deliberation, in which all the deliberative virtues have to be continuously and simultaneously present in all parties to the deliberation.
10 The place of parties
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThis chapter develops a principled role for political parties. What would be lacking in a polity that is perfectly democratic but that has no parties? The answer is: the politics of ideas, systematically pursued. Democracy requires that a community is collectively self-legislating; a ‘ratio’ is required to have truly ‘given a law to yourself’, and to be ‘self-legislating’ in that sense; and collective ‘ratio’ is necessarily absent from the uncoordinated votes of independent actors in a No-Party Democracy. The ‘giving law to ourselves’ requirement, further unpacked, suggests a need for at least (and perhaps at most) two parties, and further imposes a requirement that they be ‘ideationally unified’ rather than catch-all parties.
11 Democratic mandates
Authors: Goodin Robert E. , Saward Michael 
Published: September 2008

AbstractThe democratic aspiration of rule by the people requires that the people know — are told — what they are really voting on. The clarity and consistency of messages from candidates to voters matters deeply to the quality of democracy. What sort of a mandate a government can claim, and what a government is entitled to do in office, depends heavily upon how the campaign messages are conveyed. If campaign messages are mixed, sending different signals to different parts of the constituency, then whomever is elected might have a ‘mandate to rule’ but has no strong policy mandate.
12 Representing diversity
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

Abstract‘Mirror representation’ or a ‘politics of presence’ presupposes relatively modest levels of diversity among those being represented. If the groups to be represented are too numerous, internally too heterogeneous or too cross-cutting, too many representatives will be required for the assembly to remain a deliberative one where ‘presence’ can have the effects its advocates desire. In those circumstances, what is being represented ought be conceptualized as the ‘sheer fact of diversity’ rather than ‘all the particularities of the diversity among us’. The appropriate response to that is legislative reticence.
13 Conclusion
Authors: Goodin Robert E. 
Published: September 2008

AbstractIn any large and complex community, deliberation cannot realistically take place in the agora (or its electronic equivalent), with everyone potentially affected by the decision taking an active part in all the deliberations. Deliberative democracy, in such a world, simply has to work on and through our inherited institutions of representative democracy. Revisioning those institutions through a deliberative lens, we can think of them as constituting a ‘deliberative system’, with different parts of the deliberative task being allocated to each. Political parties play a key (but non-exclusive role) in all that. The public sphere can best be connected to that process through networked accountability mechanisms.