bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethanol‐Stimulated Bioremediation of Nitrate‐Contaminated Ground Water
Authors: Tartakovsky B. , Millette D. , Del Isle S. , Guiot S.R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractExtensive characterization of a nitrate‐contaminated site at a Canadian airport revealed that natural attenuation of the plume was limited due to aerobic conditions. However, nitrate removal rates as high as 1.4 mg‐N/(L/day) were observed in batch tests carried out under denitrifying conditions with an added carbon source. On the basis of these results, a field denitrification pilot test using a setup of vertical withdrawal and injection wells was carried out. Ethanol was used as a carbon source to stimulate the growth and activity of indigenous denitrifying bacterial populations. Denitrification rates of up to 1.2 mg‐N/(L/day) were achieved during the test. The test confirmed the feasibility of the technology, which uses the indigenous bacterial populations for denitrification and transforms the aquifer into a subsurface bioreactor.
Abandoned Underground Storage Tank Location Using Fluxgate Magnetic Surveying: A Case Study
Authors: Van Biersel Thomas P. , Bristoll Bill C. , Taylor Robert W. , Rose James 
Published: February 2007

AbstractIn 1993, during the removal of a diesel and a gasoline underground storage tank at the municipal garage of the Village of Kohler, Sheboygan County, Wisconsin, soil testing revealed environmental contamination at the site. A site investigation revealed the possibility of a second on‐site source of petroleum contamination. Limited historical data and the present usage of structures within the suspected source area precluded the use of most invasive sampling methods and most geophysical techniques. A fluxgate magnetometer survey, followed by confirmatory excavation, was conducted at the site. The fluxgate magnetometer survey identified nine possible magnetic anomalies within the 18 × 25 m area. The subsequent excavation near the anomalies revealed the presence of five paired and two individual 2000 L underground storage tanks. The fluxgate magnetometer survey, although affected by the proximity of buildings, was able to detect the buried tanks within 3 m of the brick structures, using a 1.5 × 1.5 m sampling array.
Importance of Nonequilibrium Sorption Conditions: Contaminated Soil
Authors: Opdyke Daniel R. , Loehr Raymond C. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWhen modeling the fate and transport of chemicals in ground water, a common assumption is that sorption equilibrium is achieved rapidly. This local equilibrium assumption is valid when the rate of chemical sorption to soil particles is more rapid than the rate of aqueous chemical change by other processes. However, for some chemicals (e.g., weathered hydrocarbons) this assumption is not necessarily correct. As a result, an increasing body of knowledge related to the extent and rate of release (ROR) of hydrocarbons from soil has been generated.When evaluating site remediation options, it is important to know when nonequilibrium sorption conditions may have a significant impact on such decisions. In this study, a tiered procedure was developed to consistently evaluate the importance of ROR information at a site. The procedure consists of three tiers, each requiring more information and computational effort than the previous one. The first tier employs three power‐law relationships between site parameters and the importance of ROR kinetics to quickly and easily estimate the importance of ROR information at a site. The second tier involves running and evaluating the deterministic component of a ground water fate and transport model. The third tier involves running and evaluating the probabilistic component of the ground water model. Given the sequential nature of the procedure, it is not necessary to perform Tier II (or Tier III) unless the Tier I (or Tier II) evaluation indicates that ROR kinetics may be important at the specific site under consideration. An example of applying the Tier I analysis to a specific site is provided. The results illustrate the influence of the chemical removal processes (e.g., advection and biodegradation) on the predicted importance of ROR kinetics. For the site considered, ROR kinetics had an important impact on model predictions when the biodegradation rate was high.
Evaluation of the Johnson and Ettinger Model for Prediction of Indoor Air Quality
Authors: Hers Ian , Zapf‐Gilje Reidar , Johnson Paul C. , Li Loretta 
Published: February 2007

AbstractScreening level models are now commonly used to estimate vapor intrusion for subsurface volatile organic compounds (VQCs). Significant uncertainty is associated with processes and models and, to date, there has been only limited field‐based evaluation of models for this pathway. To address these limitations, a comprehensive evaluation of the Johnson and Ettinger (J&E) model is provided through sensitivity analysis, comparisons of model‐predicted to measured vapor intrusion for 11 petroleum hydrocarbon and chlorinated solvent sites, and review of radon and flux chamber studies. Significant intrusion was measured at five of 12 sites with measured vapor attenuation ratios (αm's) (indoor air/source vapor) ranging from ∼1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−4. Higher attenuation ratios were measured for studies using radon, inert tracers, and flux chambers; however, these ratios are conservative owing to boundary conditions and tracer properties that are different than those at most VOC‐contaminated sites. Reasonable predictions were obtained using the J&E model with comparisons indicating that model‐predicted vapor attenuation ratios (αp's) were on the same order, or less than the αm's. For several sites, the αm were approximately two orders of magnitude less than the αp's indicating that the J&E model is conservative in these cases. The model comparisons highlight the importance in using appropriate input parameters for the J&E model. The regulatory implications associated with use of the J&E model to derive screening criteria are also discussed.
Geochemical Changes in Ground Water Due to Landfill Gas Effects
Authors: Kerfoot Henry B. , Baker John A. , Burt David M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractConcentrations of dissolved inorganic constituents commonly monitored in ground waters at landfills were evaluated during and after a period of landfill gas effects on the ground water. Landfill gas can potentially act as an acid or as a reducing agent (Lewis base) due to its carbon dioxide and methane content, respectively. Ground water data from a single landfill gas‐affected well were used to evaluate the correlation of the total volatile organic compound (VOC) concentration (as a general measure of landfill gas effects) with bicarbonate alkalinity, ammonia, calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, chloride, and sulfate concentrations. Bicarbonate alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium concentrations were correlated with total VOC concentrations. The correlation with calcium and magnesium concentrations is attributed to increased dissolution of carbonate minerals by carbonic acid from the landfill gas carbon dioxide. Total manganese concentrations also increased with increasing VOC content. This is attributed to reduction of manganese (IV) in aquifer minerals by methane in the landfill gas. No detectable iron was observed during the landfill gas effects or after successful corrective action, suggesting that the redox potential of the ground water was not sufficiently low to reduce iron (III) minerals. There was no correlation observed between total VOC concentrations and chloride, sodium, or sulfate concentrations, and there were insufficient ammonia detections to evaluate. The observed effects of landfill gas are expected to depend on the particular mineralogy and ground water quality of a site. These results and basic chemical principles, however, suggest that landfill gas effects on ground water could cause an increase in bicarbonate alkalinity, calcium, and magnesium concentrations, without increases in sodium or chloride concentrations at many sites. Because municipal solid waste landfill leachate is typically characterized by concentrations of chloride and sodium that are significantly elevated relative to background ground water concentrations, landfill gas effects on ground water could potentially be differentiated from leachate effects by a lack of increases in sodium or chloride concentrations accompanying VOC detections.
Modeling a Ground Water Circulation Well Alternative
Authors: Elmore Andrew Curtis , DeAngelis Luca 
Published: February 2007

AbstractGround water circulation wells (GCWs) provide an appealing alternative to typical pump‐and‐treat ground water remediation systems because of the inherent resource‐conservative nature of the GCW systems. GCW performance prediction is challenging because the consideration of extraction and recharge in a single well is unusual for most practitioners, the technology is relatively new, and a meaningful body of literature has not been published. A three‐part evaluation process using state‐of‐the‐practice numerical ground water flow and mass transport models was developed for application during GCW pilot studies at the former Nebraska Ordnance Plant site. A small‐scale ground water flow model was developed during the pilot study planning process to predict the system performance and to locate performance‐measuring monitoring wells. Key predictions included the capture zone predicted to develop upgradient of the GCW, the downgradierit GCW recharge zone, and the circulation zone centered on the GCW. The flow model was subsequently verified using ground water elevation data and contaminant concentration data collected during pilot study operation. Aquifer parameters were reestimated as a result of the verification process. Those parameter values were used as input to a larger scale model, which was used to develop a remedial alternative consisting of multiple GCW systems.
Vertical Delineation of Contamination in Fractured Bedrock Aquifer
Authors: Muscalo David 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection's Technical Regulations require the horizontal and vertical delineation of contamination. Monitor wells screened at increasingly deeper intervals are used to delineate vertical contamination. In New Jersey, the open interval in a bedrock well cannot exceed 7.6 m. Since contamination has been found at depths as great as 91.4 m in a production well in the study area, it would be prohibitively expensive to install monitor wells with 7.6 m open holes at ever‐increasing depths until no contamination was found. Isolation of discrete zones in boreholes using pneumatic packers was implemented at a site in north central New Jersey. Ground water samples were collected from selected 6.1 m sections of boreholes drilled into fractured bedrock at three locations on the property and one offsite location. The ground water samples were analyzed in a field laboratory. The analytical results were used to determine the vertical extent of gasoline‐related compounds dissolved in the ground water on the property and offsite. These compounds include benzene, ethylbenzene, methyl tertiary butyl ether, toluene, and xylenes. The four boreholes were converted into bedrock monitor wells. The intake interval for each of the wells was selected through evaluation of the vertical distribution of contaminants as determined from analytical results obtained from a field laboratory located onsite. Three wells are used for the recovery of contaminated ground water. The recovered water will be treated at the onsite air‐stripping unit. The fourth well is used to chemically and hydraulically monitor the progress of the ground water recovery program.
A FIELD‐BASED METHOD FOR ESTIMATING AGE IN FREE‐RANGING STELLER SEA LIONS (EUMETOPIAS JUBATUS) LESS THAN TWENTY‐FOUR MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: King James C. , Gelatt Thomas S. , Pitcher Kenneth W. , Pendleton Grey W. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractStudies of health, survival, and development of juvenile Alaskan Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus, SSL) require accurate estimates of age for wild‐captured animals. However, the value and accuracy of several potential predictors of age have not been assessed with data from known‐age free‐ranging animals. During 2001–2005, forty‐six individual SSL originally branded or tagged at ≤6 mo of age were recaptured by the Alaska Department of Fish and Game (ADF&G). Using a series of general linear models, we evaluated the ability of morphometrics measurements: permanent canine tooth length (CTL), diastema (DIAS), whisker length (WHIS), and dorsal standard length (DSL) to predict the age of forty‐six known‐age juveniles (n= 46 ≤23 mo of age). Permanent CTL was the strongest individual predictor (r2= 0.80); followed by DSL, DIAS, and WHIS (r2= 0.70, 0.56, and 0.45, respectively). The inclusion of a single sample from a 44‐mo‐old sea lion suggested quadratic relationships between age and all predictors for older animals. Only models including CTL predicted age to within 6 mo of known age. The equation Age = (−3.0112 +[0.6726 * CTL]+[0.4965 * DIAS]) allows for accurate age estimates of SSL ≤23 mo for both sexes.
Lifetime Distribution Estimation of Boot Seals in Automotive Applications by Bayesian Method
Authors: Guerin Fabrice , Hambli Ridha 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe constantly increasing market requirements of high quality vehicles ask for the automotive manufacturers to perform lifetime testing to verify the reliability levels of new products. A common problem is that only a small number of examples of a component of system can be tested. In the automotive applications, mechanical components subjected to cyclic loading have to be designed against fatigue. Boot seals are used to protect velocity joint and steering mechanisms in automobiles. These flexible components must accommodate the motions associated with angulation of the steering mechanism. Some regions of the boot seal are always in contact with an internal metal shaft, while other areas come into contact with the metal shaft during angulation. In addition, the boot seal may also come into contact with itself, both internally and externally. The contacting regions affect the performance and longevity of the boot seal. In this paper, the Bayesian estimation of lognormal distribution parameters (usually used to define the fatigue lifetime of rubber components) is studied to improve the accuracy of estimation in incorporating the available knowledge on the product. In particular, the finite element results and expert belief are considered as prior knowledge. For life time prediction by finite element method, a model based on Brown–Miller law was developed for the boot seal rubber-like material.
Inhibition of Dll4-mediated signaling induces proliferation of immature vessels and results in poor tissue perfusion
Authors: Scehnet Jeffrey S. , Jiang Weidong , Ram Kumar S. , Krasnoperov Valery , Trindade Alexandre , Benedito Rui , Djokovic Dusan , Borges Cristina , Ley Eric J. , Duarte Antonio , Gill Parkash S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVascular development is dependent on various growth factors and certain modifiers critical for providing arterial or venous identity, interaction with the surrounding stroma and tissues, hierarchic network formation, and recruitment of pericytes. Notch receptors and ligands (Jagged and Delta-like) play a critical role in this process in addition to VEGF. Dll4 is one of the Notch ligands that regulates arterial specification and maturation events. In the current study, we have shown that loss of function by either targeted allele deletion or use of a soluble form of Dll4 extracellular domain leads to inhibition of Notch signaling, resulting in increased vascular proliferation but defective maturation. Newly forming vessels have thin caliber, a markedly reduced vessel lumen, markedly reduced pericyte recruitment, and deficient vascular perfusion. sDll4 similarly induced defective vascular response in tumor implants leading to reduced tumor growth. Interference with Dll4-Notch signaling may be particularly desirable in tumors that have highly induced Dll4-Notch pathway.
Atiprimod inhibits the growth of mantle cell lymphoma in vitro and in vivo and induces apoptosis via activating the mitochondrial pathways
Authors: Wang Michael , Zhang Liang , Han Xiaohong , Yang Jing , Qian Jianfei , Hong Sungyoul , Samaniego Felipe , Romaguera Jorge , Yi Qing 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAtiprimod is a novel cationic amphiphilic compound and has been shown to exert antimyeloma effects both in vitro and in mouse experiments. This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of atiprimod on mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) and elucidate the mechanism by which it induces cell apoptosis. Atiprimod inhibited the growth and induced apoptosis of MCL cell lines and freshly isolated primary tumor cells in vitro. More importantly, atiprimod significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo and prolonged the survival of tumor-bearing mice. However, atiprimod also exhibited lower cytotoxicity toward normal lymphocytes. Atiprimod activated c-Jun N-terminal protein kinases (JNK) and up-regulated the level of Bax, Bad, and phosphorylated Bcl-2, resulting in release of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF) and cytochrome c from mitochondria and activation and cleavage of caspase-9, caspase-3, and PARP. However, AIF, but not activation of caspases or PARP, was responsible for apoptosis in MCL cells because an AIF inhibitor, but not pan-caspase or paspase-9 inhibitors, completely abrogated atiprimod-induced apoptosis. Taken together, our results demonstrate that atiprimod displays a strong anti-MCL activity. Cell apoptosis was induced mainly via activation of the AIF pathway. These results support the use of atiprimod as a potential agent in MCL chemotherapy.
The effect of a single nucleotide polymorphism on human α2-antiplasmin activity
Authors: Christiansen Victoria J. , Jackson Kenneth W. , Lee Kyung N. , McKee Patrick A. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe primary inhibitor of plasmin, α2-antiplasmin (α2AP), is secreted by the liver into plasma with Met as the amino-terminus. During circulation, Met-α2AP is cleaved by antiplasmin-cleaving enzyme (APCE), yielding Asn-α2AP, which is crosslinked into fibrin approximately 13 times faster than Met-α2AP. The Met-α2AP gene codes for either Arg or Trp as the sixth amino acid, with both polymorphic forms found in human plasma samples. We determined the Arg6Trp genotype frequency in a healthy population and its effects on Met-α2AP cleavage and fibrinolysis. Genotype frequencies were RR 62.5%, RW 34.0%, and WW 3.5%. The polymorphism related to the percentage of Met-α2AP in plasma was WW (56.4%), RW (40.6%), and RR (23.6%). WW plasma tended to have shorter lysis times than RR and RW plasmas. APCE cleaved purified Met-α2AP(Arg6) approximately 8-fold faster than Met-α2AP(Trp6), which is reflected in Asn-α2AP/Met-α2AP ratios with time in RR, RW, and WW plasmas. Removal of APCE from plasma abrogated cleavage of Met-α2AP. We conclude that the Arg6Trp polymorphism is functionally significant, as it clearly affects conversion of Met-α2AP to Asn-α2AP, and thereby, the rate of α2AP incorporation into fibrin. Therefore, the Arg6Trp polymorphism may play a significant role in governing the long-term deposition/removal of intravascular fibrin.
Intrinsic differentiation potential of adolescent human tendon tissue: an in-vitro cell differentiation study
Authors: de Mos Marieke , Koevoet Wendy JLM , Jahr Holger , Verstegen Monique MA , Heijboer Marinus P , Kops Nicole , van Leeuwen Johannes PTM , Weinans Harrie , Verhaar Jan AN , van Osch Gerjo JVM 
Published: February 2007

Abstract

Background
Tendinosis lesions show an increase of glycosaminoglycan amount, calcifications, and lipid accumulation. Therefore, altered cellular differentiation might play a role in the etiology of tendinosis. This study investigates whether adolescent human tendon tissue contains a population of cells with intrinsic differentiation potential.

Methods
Cells derived from adolescent non-degenerative hamstring tendons were characterized by immunohistochemistry and FACS-analysis. Cells were cultured for 21 days in osteogenic, adipogenic, and chondrogenic medium and phenotypical evaluation was carried out by immunohistochemical and qPCR analysis. The results were compared with the results of similar experiments on adult bone marrow-derived stromal cells (BMSCs).

Results
Tendon-derived cells stained D7-FIB (fibroblast-marker) positive, but α-SMA (marker for smooth muscle cells and pericytes) negative. Tendon-derived cells were 99% negative for CD34 (endothelial cell marker), and 73% positive for CD105 (mesenchymal progenitor-cell marker). In adipogenic medium, intracellular lipid vacuoles were visible and tendon-derived fibroblasts showed upregulation of adipogenic markers FABP4 (fatty-acid binding protein 4) and PPARG (peroxisome proliferative activated receptor γ). In chondrogenic medium, some cells stained positive for collagen 2 and tendon-derived fibroblasts showed upregulation of collagen 2 and collagen 10. In osteogenic medium Von Kossa staining showed calcium deposition although osteogenic markers remained unaltered. Tendon-derived cells and BMCSs behaved largely comparable, although some distinct differences were present between the two cell populations.

Conclusion
This study suggests that our population of explanted human tendon cells has an intrinsic differentiation potential. These results support the hypothesis that there might be a role for altered tendon-cell differentiation in the pathophysiology of tendinosis.