bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homogenization of the Navier‐Stokes equations with a slip boundary condition
Authors: Allaire Grégoires 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper deals with the homogenization of the Stokes or Navier‐Stokes equations in a domain containing periodically distributed obstacles, with a slip boundary condition (i.e., the normal component of the velocity is equal to zero, while the tangential velocity is proportional to the tangential component of the normal stress). We generalize our previous results (see [1]) established in the case of a Dirichlet boundary condition; in particular, for a so‐called critical size of the obstacles (equal to ε3 in the three‐dimensional case, ε being the inter‐hole distance), we prove the convergence of the homogenization process to a Brinkman‐type law.
Optimal use of the translation method and relaxations of variational problems
Authors: Firoozye Nikan B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe translation method has been used with great success in bounding the effective moduli of composite materials. We consider here the analogous method for bounding the relaxations of variational problems. We optimize the bound over the set of all available translations. Our method is to cast this in the form of a minmax problem. Using techniques of nonsmooth analysis, we are able to identify the optimal translation bound, meanwhile proving the existence of at least one optimal combination rank‐one convex quadratic and null‐Lagrangian translation. The optimal translation bound proves to be a better general lower bound on relaxations of variational problems than is the polyconvexification in three dimensions. In two dimensions, we discuss the negative result that the optimal translation bound is exactly the polyconvexification. Several examples of optimal applications of translation bounds to non‐convex nonlinear variational problems are given.
The fluid‐dynamic limit of the Broadwell model of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation in the presence of shocks
Authors: Xin Zhouping 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper studies the asymptotic equivalence of the Broadwell model of the nonlinear Boltzmann equation to its corresponding Euler equation of compressible gas dynamics in the limit of small mean free path ε. It is shown that the fluid dynamical approximation is valid even if there are shocks in the fluid flow, although there are thin shock layers in which the convergence does not hold. More precisely, by assuming that the fluid solution is piecewise smooth with a finite number of noninteracting shocks and suitably small oscillations, we can show that there exist solutions to the Broadwell equations such that the Broadwell solutions converge to the fluid dynamical solutions away from the shocks at a rate of order (ε) as the mean free path ε goes to zero. For the proof, we first construct a formal solution for the Broadwell equation by matching the truncated Hilbert expansion and shock layer expansion. Then the existence of Broadwell solutions and its convergence to the fluid dynamic solution is reduced to the stability analysis for the approximate solution. We use an energy method which makes full use of the inner structure of time dependent shock profiles for the Broadwell equations.
A class of homogenization problems in the calculus of variations
Authors: Weinan E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractWe study a class of integral functionals for which the integrand fe(x, u, ∇u) is an oscillatory function of both x and u. Our method is based on the concept of Γ‐convergenee. Technical difficulties arise because fe(x, u, ∇u) is not convex or equi‐continuous in u with respect to e. Two somewhat different approaches, based respectively on abstract convergence theorems and the study of affine functions, are exploited together to overcome these technical difficulties. As an application, we give another proof of a homogenization result of P. L. Lions, G. Papanicolaou, and S. R. S. Varadhan for Hamilton‐Jacobi equations.
The distance to the stomach for feeding tube placement in children predicted from regression on height
Authors: Beckstrand Jan , Ellett Marsha , Welch Joyce , Dye Janice , Games Connie , Henrie Sue , Barlow Roberta S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNurses use several external measures referenced to the head and chest to gauge the insertion distance for orogastric and nasogastric (NG) tubes. Few of the measures have been tested. However, in previous studies height was the external measure most correlated with esophageal length both in children and adults. In this study, the ability of previously published regression equations on height to predict esophageal length for NG–tube insertion in 107 children was evaluated. The regression equations were examined for stability, predictive performance, and the likely positions of the tube. The data were heights and esophageal lengths obtained from esophageal manometry records and hospital charts. The predicted values for nasal insertions were biased and averaged 2.4 cm too long (R=.56, n=30). Prediction errors greater than 5 cm in absolute value occurred in 25% of the nasally‐referenced sample. The predicted values represented overestimates in 18 nasally referenced cases that were 11.5% longer on the average than the measured esophageal lengths. In contrast, the predicted values for the oral insertions were unbiased (R=.92, n=77), and gave accurate predictions in the majority of cases. Eighty percent of the oral predictions were within ±1.5 cm of the measured esophageal length and represented percentage errors between 0 and 7% (M=3%, n=50).
Breast self‐examination and the health belief model: Variations on a theme
Authors: Wyper Mary Alexandra 
Published: April 2007

AbstractVariables derived from the Health Belief Model (HBM) were studied in relation to breast self‐examination (BSE) performance, which was measured in terms of both frequency and thoroughness. Data were collected from 202 adult women via self‐administered questionnaires. Susceptibility and Seriousness were combined to form a “threat of breast cancer” variable, and two approaches were used to compute “net perceived efficacy of BSE.” However, barriers and susceptibility in their original form explained more variance in BSE practice than did the combined variables. The negative relationship found between perceived barriers and BSE performance (r= –.44) is consistent with previous findings. Implications for research and practice are presented.
Early postpartum transition: Progress in maternal identity and role attainment
Authors: Pridham Karen F. , Lytton Diane , Chang Audrey S. , Rutledge Dorothy 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSets of early postpartum transition variables and relationships among them examined in this study were: (a) Maternal attributes (parity, age, education); (b) infant feeding plan (extent of breast‐feeding); (c) birthing conditions (supports and stressors during labor and delivery); (d) birthing experience (how well labor and delivery went, usefulness of postpartum learning resources, adequacy of hospital stay); and (e) transition markers (evaluation of parenting and of infant‐ and self‐care capability). Infant feeding plan was related to supports but not to how well labor and delivery went. Whereas preparation for birthing was positively related to how well labor and delivery went, stressors were negatively related. The direct contribution of preparation for birthing to both parenting evaluation and infant‐ and self‐care capability and of supports and usefulness of postpartum resources to self‐care capability merits clinical attention to these variables. Research concerning types of birthing experience that may contribute to evaluation of parenting is needed.
Factors associated with participation or nonparticipation in a workplace wellness center
Authors: Alexy Betty B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe aim of this project was to compare characteristics and factors that distinguished those individuals (n = 101) who participated in a worksite wellness program from those who did not (n = 100). This project was unique in that the majority of subjects were bluecollar workers. Factor analysis of a 35‐item questionnaire resulted in six factors: perceived benefits of health promotion behaviors, perceived physical barriers of health promotion, perceived self‐efficacy for health promotion behaviors, perceived psychological barriers, situational components relating to convenience of the wellness facility, and the need for social support. Discriminant analysis revealed that self‐efficacy was the most useful factor in distinguishing between the two groups. Participants identified more benefits and fewer barriers to health promotion activities. Nonparticipants were older, less educated, and tended to view their age, their perceived lack of fitness, and perceived poorer health status as deterrents to regular physical activity. Nonparticipants also identified shift work, working overtime, responsibilities at home, and distance from work as important barriers to health promotion activities. Self‐efficacy factors appear to warrant further investigation in future attempts to explain health promotion behaviors in this high risk group.
Multiple drug regimens: Medication compliance among veterans 65 years and older
Authors: Graveley Elaine A. , Oseasohn Celia S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn this study we attempted to develop a profile that could be used prospectively to identify veterans over 64 years of age who might be at risk for medication noncompliance. Male veterans (N = 249) having from one to seven oral daily prescribed medications were studied. Instruments administered to determine their relationship to compliance were the Paired—Associate Test, the Mini Mental State, the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control, and the Standard Depression Scale. Compliance was determined by a pill count made at two home visits. Seventy‐three percent of the subjects were noncompliant. Variables significantly related to noncompliance by bi‐variate analysis were included in the stepwise logistic regression to develop a predictive model of noncompliance. Ethnicity and number of daily prescribed pills were the only significant variables in the final model. The model correctly classified the subjects as compliant/noncompliant in 77% of the cases. Discussions during home interviews revealed a number of common problems.
Effect of teaching decision analysis on student nurses' clinical intervention decision making
Authors: Shamian Judith 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of teaching decision analysis on nursing students' ability to prioritize clinical interventions given the probabilities for the decision situation. Sixty‐eight university nursing students were randomly assigned to one of two groups. The 37 nursing students in the experimental group received a 4‐hour didactic and interactive teaching session on decision analysis. The 31 nursing students in the control group also received a 4‐hour interactive session on a nondecision analysis topic. A posttest experimental design was selected to minimize testing bias. Three clinical case studies were developed, tested, and utilized for data collection. Subjects in the experimental group selected clinical decisions that were in accordance with clinical decisions made by experts more often and more consistently than did subjects in the control group (ρ < .0001).
Agressive behavior in cognitively impaired nursing home residents
Authors: Ryden Muriel B. , Bossenmaier Monica , McLachlan Carrie 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAggressive behavior was documented in a sample of 124 residents on units for the cognitively impaired in four nursing homes over a period of 7 days using the Ryden Aggression Scale. Some form of aggression was found in 86.3% of the residents, with no differences among facility, gender or diagnostic group. Neither mental status nor physical dependency was associated with aggression. The 68.5% who received psychotropic drugs had significantly higher aggression scores. Most incidents of aggression involved response to invasion of personal space and occurred during the day shift.
Correlates of diurnal sleep patterns in infants of adolescent and adult single mothers
Authors: Becker Patricia T. , Chang Audrey , Kameshima Shinya , Bloch Marianne 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSleep behavior has been related to both child and environmental factors, but the relative importance of these factors is not yet clear. This study was an examination of the relation of diurnal sleep patterns to perinatal risk, infant temperament, home environment, parenting stress, emotional support, and social class. Twenty‐three adolescent and 23 single adult mothers and infants were assessed in the home at 4 and 12 months. Percent sleep during the night was most strongly related to parenting stress and variability of night sleep to emotional support. Emotional support mediated effects of stress at 4 months. Results support the value of clinical assessment of sleep behavior.
Interaction between high‐risk infants and their mothers: The NCAST as an assessment tool
Authors: Farel Anita M. , Freeman Victoria A. , Keenan Nora L. , Huber Cathee J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractUsing the NCAST Feeding, Teaching, and HOME Scales, we tested 37 high‐risk infants matched with 37 healthy infants on gender, race, and socioeconomic status. All infants were 8 months old. A one‐to‐one matched case‐control design was used to determine whether increased risk of impaired mother—infant interaction was associated with case status. Conditional logistic regression was used to control for possible confounding and to evaluate interaction. Of the 37 high‐risk infant—mother dyads, 25 had a low score on one or more scales while only 10 of the control dyads had a low score on one or more of the three scales. The Feeding scale was the only assessment in which the association found in the univariate analysis persisted after adjusting for other variables. Because of its low cost and high efficiency, the NCAST battery appears to be valuable for directing more specialized intervention services in a high‐risk infant population.
The concept of grief: A foundation for nursing research and practice
Authors: Cowles Kathleen V. , Rodgers Beth L. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn spite of the significance of grief as a human response, research to expand knowledge of this phenomenon has been impeded by the existence of a conceptual problem. In this study, a comprehensive and systematic review of both current and classic literature concerning grief was conducted within the disciplines of nursing and medicine. Findings contributed to the definition of grief as a pervasive, highly individualized, dynamic process that often is discussed normatively within professional disciplines. This definition provides not only a synthesis of knowledge concerning grief but a reconceptualization that can promote efforts to clarify this important concept for nursing.
Video analysis of playground injury‐risk situations
Authors: Coppens Nina M. , Gentry Lois Krehel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAn observational study was conducted to examine injury‐risk situations as they occurred during playground recess periods. A process analysis approach was used to describe antecedent conditions, response, consequence, and reaction depicted in the video scenes. Results indicate that boys were more involved than girls, playground equipment was frequently used improperly, aggressive behaviors were sometimes a factor, situations occurred more frequently with nonteacher than teacher monitors, and children infrequently took action to stop the situations. Other children were more likely to react to the target child than the monitor. Direction is provided for child and monitor safety promotion programs.
Operationalizing the theory of planned behavior
Authors: Young Heather M. , Lierman Letha , Powell‐Cope Gail , Kasprzyk Danuta , Benoliel Jeanne Q. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) is an expectancy‐value theory that provided a framework for the study of behavioral and normative beliefs affecting health behaviors. The purpose of this article is to describe operationalization of the TPB. The process of instrument development is explicated, with examples from two studies of BSE behavior in older women. Potential threats to reliability are discussed.
Development and evaluation of the osteoporosis health belief scale
Authors: Kim Katherine K. , Horan Mary L. , Gendler Phyllis , Patel Minu K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe Osteoporosis Health Belief Scale was developed to measure health beliefs related to osteoporosis. It is a 35‐item self‐report questionnaire based on the Health Belief Model which is specifically designed to assess beliefs related to exercise behaviors and calcium intake of elderly subjects. The instrument consists of seven subscales: Seriousness, Susceptibility, Health Motivation, Calcium Benefits, Calcium Barriers, Exercise Benefits, and Exercise Barriers. The instrument was tested on a sample of 150 elderly individuals. The psychometric properties of the scales are discussed along with recommendations for its use in research and practice.
Discovering older women's experience of urinary incontinence
Authors: Dowd Therese Trudel 
Published: April 2007

AbstractGrounded theory was used to acquire an understanding of older women's experience of urinary incontinence (Ul). Women explained that accidents or other problems related to the UI were threats to their self‐esteem. These threats provided strong incentives to develop an effective continence care system which would help to protect their self‐esteem. If they were successful in developing an effective system, it was possible that they could accept the UI and lead “normal” lives. Examination of the data using the constant comparative method revealed the self‐care system that the women in this study produced to manage the UI, but not how they developed or sustained it. Further investigation into how women with UI develop and sustain continence care routines is needed, so that nurses can provide better assessments and nursing care.
A model of parenting stress
Authors: Younger Janet B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA preliminary theoretical model of parenting stress was tested. The additive effects of a series of stresses, namely, stressful pregnancy, stress of labor and delivery, and the stress of parenting were examined in a causal model of parenting stress. Factors theoretically expected to be protective in stressful circumstances, like, personality strength, prior experience, age, education, and social support, were predicted to be negatively related to stress. Data from 101 mothers whose infants were 6 weeks old were analyzed using path analysis. The data fit the model and explained 41% of the variance in parenting stress. The empirical model showed significant paths from prior experience and social support to the stress of pregnancy. The mother's education was the only significant variable in the pathway to labor and delivery stress and it was positively related to stress. Paths to parenting stress existed from personality and from pregnancy stress, but not from labor and delivery stress or any of the other variables.
Remarriage and health
Authors: Ganong Lawrence H. , Coleman Marilyn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractOne hundred and five adult females and 100 adult males from the mid‐Missouri area participated in a study to compare the health complaints of remarried women and men and to determine correlates of these health complaints. A structured interview format was used to gather information, and each subject completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and the Inventory of Family Feelings (IFF). No major health differences between women and men were found, although women experienced more changes in health complaints following remarriage than men did. Overall, the health of both men and women was affected most by their feelings toward one another and by having decision‐making power within the family. For men, more decision‐making power in the family and high marital satisfaction were associated with better health. For women, health was associated with positive feelings toward their spouse and less decision‐making power. In addition, a woman's health was better with fewer children in the family and when all the children in the household were hers.
The patient intensity for nursing index: A validity assessment
Authors: Prescott Patricia A. , Ryan Judith W. , Soeken Karen L. , Castorr Alexandria H. , Thompson Kathleen O. , Phillips Carole Y. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe psychometric assessment of a new measure of nursing intensity, The Patient Intensity for Nursing Index (PINI) is reported. Four dimensions of nursing intensity are measured by the PINI: (a) severity of illness, (b) dependency, (c) complexity of care, and (d) time. There are 10 items rated on a 5‐point ordinal scale. A purposively drawn sample of 6,445 patients was obtained from five hospitals, with 487 registered nurses (RNs) providing daily patient ratings from 29 medical—surgical and intensive care units.Substantial interrater reliability was demonstrated. Validity testing included confirmatory factor analysis, hypothesis‐testing, contrasted groups, and an observational study of time. The factor structure confirmed specified components of severity, dependency, and complexity, with time loading on all three factors. PINI scores were significantly related to medical severity of illness, length of hospital stay, disposition at discharge, number of secondary medical diagnoses and specialty consults, and scores on three different hospital classification systems used for staffing. PINI scores were significantly different for high‐and low‐intensity DRGs. Observed time spent delivering nursing care to specific patients was significantly correlated with nurse estimates of time.
Utilizing research assistants and maintaining research integrity
Authors: Gift Audrey G. , Creasia Joan , Parker Barbara 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe appropriate use and supervision of research assistants is essential to the success of a research study and the avoidance of academic misconduct. The focus of this article is to provide guidelines for the new principal investigator regarding hiring, contracting, orienting, monitoring, and evaluating research assistants. Particular attention is given to techniques that will avoid academic misconduct resulting from research assistants being uniformed or unsupervised.
Computer‐assisted reinforcement of instruction: Effects on adherence in adult atopic asthmatics
Authors: Huss Karen , Salerno Maria , Huss Richard W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA randomized comparison group pretest–posttest experimental design was used to determine computer‐assisted instruction effects on adherence to implementing house dust mite avoidance measures in adult atopic asthmatics. Fifty‐two subjects were randomly assigned to comparison and experimental groups. The comparison group received traditional instruction in avoidance measures while the experimental group received traditional instruction supplemented by identical information provided by computer‐assisted reinforcement of instruction. Adherence was measured by subjects' self‐ratings and investigators' observations. Data were collected during two home visits 12 weeks apart. The computer group had significantly (p < 0.05) greater adherence scores than the comparison group. The results indicate that computer‐assisted reinforcement of instruction is an effective method of increasing self‐care behaviors about allergen avoidance activities.