bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Diagnostic Assays for Hepatitis E Virus in Outbreak Settings
Authors: Myint Khin Saw Aye , Endy Timothy P. , Gibbons Robert V. , Laras Kanti , Mammen Mammen P. , Sedyaningsih Endang R. , Seriwatana Jitvimol , Glass Jonathan S. , Narupiti Sumitda , Corwin Andrew L. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a major cause of hepatitis. We evaluated five HEV antibody diagnostic assays by using outbreak specimens. The Abbott immunoglobulin G (IgG), Genelabs IgG, and Walter Reed Army Institute of Research (WRAIR) IgM assays were about 90% sensitive; the Abbott IgG and WRAIR total Ig and IgM assays were more than 90% specific.
Nosocomial Bacteremia Due to an As Yet Unclassified
Acinetobacter
Genomic Species 17-Like Strain
Authors: Rodriguez-Baño Jesús , Martí Sara , Ribera Anna , Fernández-Cuenca Felipe , Dijkshoorn Lenie , Nemec Alexandr , Pujol Miquel , Vila Jordi 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT

We describe a case of bacteremia due to an as yet unclassified
Acinetobacter
genomic species 17-like strain. The recognition of this microorganism as non-
Acinetobacter baumannii
may have important epidemiological implications, as it relieves the hospital of the implementation of barrier precautions for patients infected or colonized as may be necessary with a multiresistant
A. baumannii
epidemic.
Young people and work injuries: an examination of jurisdictional variation within Canada
Authors: Breslin F C , Smith P , Mustard C , Zhao R 
Published: April 2006

Objective:The purpose of this study was to identify risk factors of work injuries among Canadian adolescents and young adults and to examine provincial differences in work injury rates.Methods:Information on work and injuries were obtained from a representative sample of 14 541 Canadians aged 15–24 years. Respondents reported medically attended, work related injuries in the past 12 months, work hours, and type of occupation. A multivariate logistic regression on likelihood of work injury included demographic and work variables, as well as province of residence.Results:Even when factors expected to vary by province such as occupation were statistically controlled, Saskatchewan youth were about twice as likely to be injured at work compared to Ontario youth. Type of job was a major correlate of injury risk, with all jobs showing higher risk than administrative clerical jobs. Even with type of job controlled, visible minorities, students, and 15–17 year olds had a reduced likelihood of work injury than their counterparts.Conclusions:Many young Canadians sustain work injuries that have clear medical costs and potential long term health consequences. Individual level explanations for youth’s increased risk for workplace injuries (for example, inexperience or developmental factors) need to be supplemented with a better understanding of the broader social, economic, and political factors across jurisdictions.
Child passenger safety for inner-city Latinos: new approaches from the community
Authors: Martin M , Holden J , Chen Z , Quinlan K 
Published: April 2006

Objective:Motor vehicle crashes injuries, the leading cause of death for Latino children in the United States, can be reduced by the correct use of child safety seats. This study evaluated the ability of a community health worker education program to improve proper child safety seat usage in urban low income Latino families.Methods:At a series of check events, proper child safety seat usage in families who had received an education intervention was compared with similar families who had not. The education intervention, provided by Latino community health workers trained as child passenger safety technicians, used videos and an office demonstrator. Members of the target community initiated the study and participated in its subsequent design and implementation.Results:The families that participated in the study were primarily Mexican with low income, education, and acculturation levels. Forty six rear facing and 44 forward facing child safety seats were checked. Families exposed to the intervention were more likely to have their child’s seat within the manufacturer’s recommended weight/height range, their child facing the correct direction, the harness straps positioned properly, to have not been in a crash, the harness straps snug, the harness retainer clip used correctly, the seat belt routed correctly, and the seat belt locked.Conclusions:Exposure to an educational intervention provided by community health workers trained as child passenger safety technicians was associated with child safety seats being used more properly than seats of families not exposed to the intervention in an urban low income Latino community.
Passenger seating position and the risk of passenger death in traffic crashes: a matched cohort study
Authors: Smith K M , Cummings P 
Published: April 2006

Objective:To estimate the association of passenger seating position with the risk of death for passengers in traffic crashes.Design, setting, participants:Matched cohort analysis of data from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration Fatality Analysis Reporting System regarding 56 644 passengers in 23 308 passenger cars, light trucks, vans, and sport utility vehicles that crashed during 1990–2001.Main outcome measure:The adjusted risk ratio (aRR) for death of a rear seat passenger compared with a front seat passenger within 30 days of a crash.Results:The aRR for all passengers in the rear seat in a crash was 0.79 (95% CI 0.77 to 0.82). This estimate varied by age, restraint use, and the presence of a front passenger airbag (p<0.001). For restrained passengers in cars with a front passenger airbag, the aRR was 0.62 (95% CI 0.48 to 0.81) for children 0–12 years, 0.96 (95% CI 0.88 to 1.06) for passengers 13–29 years, 1.03 (95% CI 0.93 to 1.15) for passengers 30–59 years, and 1.06 (95% CI 0.90 to 1.26) for passengers 60 years or older. The rear seat was associated with more protection in cars without front airbags and more protection for unrestrained passengers compared with restrained passengers.Conclusions:Previous studies have reported that the rear seat was safer for persons of all ages; thus seating a young child in the rear has often meant that older children and adults had to assume an increased risk of death by sitting in the front. These results suggest that when front passenger airbags are present and passengers are restrained, putting adults in front and children in back enhances child safety without sacrificing adult safety.
A prospective cohort study of health outcomes following whiplash associated disorders in an Australian population
Authors: Rebbeck T , Sindhusake D , Cameron I D , Rubin G , Feyer A-M , Walsh J , Gold M , Schofield W N 
Published: April 2006

Objective:To define health outcomes of whiplash associated disorders (WAD) at three months, six months, and two years after injury and to examine predictors of these outcomes.Design:Prospective cohort study.Setting:New South Wales, Australia.Subjects:People with compensable motor crash injuries who reported whiplash as one of their injuries.Interventions:None.Main outcome measures:Functional Rating Index (FRI), Short Form 36 (SF-36) at three months, six months, and two years after injury, ascertained by telephone interview.Results:At three months, 33.6% of the cohort was recovered (as defined by FRI⩽25), increasing marginally at six months (38.9% recovered), but more significantly at two years (51.7% recovered, p = 0.001). The mean physical component score of the SF-36 improved at each time point (p = 0.002), while the mean mental component score did not (p = 0.59). Predictors of recovery at two years (as defined by global perceived effect) included a lower FRI index at baseline (p = 0.001) and closure of the claim at two years (p = 0.02).Conclusion:Whiplash injury had a large effect on the health of this Australian cohort of whiplash sufferers, with only 50% of the cohort recovered at two years. Physical measures of health appear to improve over time, whereas mental measures of health did not. Despite this, this cohort is largely able to participate in activities and work at two years. Prevention of chronic disability may lie with concentration of resources to those who score highly on the FRI at baseline. In addition, chronic psychological ill health may be prevented by directing treatment to those with poor scores on sensitive measures of psychological ill health at baseline.
The spectrum of intoxication and poisonings among adolescents: surveillance in an urban population
Authors: Cheng T L , Wright J L , Pearson-Fields A S , Brenner R A 
Published: April 2006

Aim:Among adolescents, poisoning is a leading cause of injury mortality in the United States. This study describes the epidemiology of poisonings, intoxication, and maladaptive effects of drugs among adolescents age 10–19 years in a large city.Methods:An injury surveillance system used records at seven hospitals, medical examiner records, and vital records over a two year period.Results:Of 633 cases (618 injuries/100 000/year), 6% were unintentional, 36% self-inflicted, 41% alcohol intoxication, and 15% maladaptive effects of drugs. Alcohol was involved in 45% of cases, 23% illegal drugs, 23% non-prescription drugs, 19% prescription drugs; 19% involved more than one substance. Hospitalization was required in 20%; 8% transferred to another hospital; one died from intoxication. The authors found high rates of self-inflicted poisoning, intoxication, and maladaptive effects of drugs among this urban population.Conclusion:The study highlights the need to broadly define poisonings among adolescents and the challenge of assessing intent in some cases.
Associations between risk behavior and injury and the protective roles of social environments: an analysis of 7235 Canadian school children
Authors: Pickett W , Dostaler S , Craig W , Janssen I , Simpson K , Shelley S Danielle , Boyce W F 
Published: April 2006

Objective:The social etiology of adolescent injury remains poorly understood. ThePopulation Health Frameworksuggests that the etiology of adolescent injury involves interactions between individual risk factors and the natures of adolescent environments. The purpose of this study was to apply this framework to examination of relationships between adolescent risk taking and injury, and the potential modifying effects of supportive home and school environments.Methods:The analysis was conducted in a representative sample of 7235 males and females (10–16 years old) from Canada. Results were based on records from the 2001/02 World Health OrganizationHealth Behaviour in School-Aged Children Survey. Individual items and factor analytically derived scales were used to describe and then model injury outcomes, risk behaviors, perceived home, and school climates, and the relationships between these variables in a theory driven etiological analysis.Results:Adolescents with supportive home and school environments experienced lower relative odds of engagement in risk taking behavior and lower relative odds of injury. Gradients were observed between the extent of adolescent risk taking and the occurrence of injury. Interactions were not observed between risk taking behavior, perceived support in home and school climates, and injury.Conclusions:Risk taking is common among adolescents and plays a role in the etiology of injury. Supportive social climates clearly protect adolescents from engaging in these behaviors, and also the occurrence of some forms of injury. However, once an adolescent chooses to engage in risk taking behaviour, a supportive environment may not protect them from injury.
Gall stones and chronic pancreatitis: the black box in between
Authors: Yan M-X , Li Y-Q 
Published: April 2006

Abstract
The relation between gall stones and chronic pancreatitis is uncertain; there are differing opinions on this issue. Firstly, gall stones are the most common reason for acute pancreatitis, but it cannot cause chronic pancreatitis. Secondly, a connection between gall stones and chronic inflammation of the pancreas might exist. Numerous studies or investigations have shown that changes associated with chronic pancreatitis are common in gallstone patients. Although it seems that gall stones might be a cause of chronic pancreatitis according to these findings, clinical and experimental studies are still needed for confirmation, and further studies are required to determine the mechanisms involved.
Ulmus leaves and fruits from the Early–Middle Eocene of northwestern North America: systematics and implications for character evolution within Ulmaceae
Authors: Denk Thomas , Dillhoff Richard M. 
Published: April 2006

Leaves and fruits of Ulmus from the Early–Middle Eocene of British Columbia and Washington are assigned to two species. Ulmus okanaganensis sp.nov. is based on leaves attached to flowering and fruiting twigs and isolated leaves and fruits. Leaves display a polymorphism ranging from large leaves with compound teeth with a blunt apex to small ones with simple teeth resembling those of Zelkova. In extant Ulmus, sucker-shoot leaves, elongation-shoot leaves, and leaves on short annual branches often display a very similar polymorphism. In the fossil, flowers are arranged in fascicles having short pedicels. Fascicles are formed in the axils of leaves of current-year shoots and appear together with the leaves. This is uncommon in modern species of Ulmus, where leaves appear either in spring on previous-year shoots or in autumn in the axils of leaves of current-year shoots. Fruits of U. okanaganensis are samaras with extremely reduced or absent wings. Unwinged fruits of modern Ulmus are typically ciliate along the margin of the endocarp and the persistent styles but only a single fruit of U. okanaganensis has been found preserving hairs. The small, shallowly lobed perianth is situated below the endocarp. A second type of foliage is assigned to Ulmus chuchuanus (Berry) LaMotte. This foliage is wider than that of U. okanaganensis and has more densely spaced secondary veins. It also has characteristic compound teeth with primary and subsidiary teeth displaying conspicuously different orientations. Leaves of U. chuchuanus co-occur with a second type of fruit but have not been found in attachment. These fruits are larger than in U. okanaganensis, with a narrow wing, persistent styles, and a large and wide persistent perianth that tapers abruptly into the perianth tube. A cladistic analysis suggests that U. okanaganensis is nested within the subgenus Ulmus, which is a paraphyletic grade basal to the subgenus Oreoptelea. Ulmus chuchuanus foliage shows affinities to the subgenus Ulmus, while the associated fruits display affinities to the subgenus Oreoptelea.
Effects of variable nitrogen fertilization on growth, gas exchange, and biomass partitioning in black spruce and tamarack seedlings
Authors: Islam M. Anisul , Macdonald S. Ellen 
Published: April 2006

To compare the ability of black spruce ( Picea mariana (Mill.) BSP) and tamarack ( Larix laricina (Du Roi) K. Koch) to adjust to variable edaphic conditions, as found in natural peatlands, we varied N fertilization of seedlings in a growth chamber experiment over two growing seasons and examined growth, biomass partitioning, and gas exchange. Seedlings from both species received either high N (100 µg·L–1) or low N (10 µg·L–1) in consecutive growing seasons as follows: (i) low N and low N (LL), (ii) low N and high-N (LH), (iii) high N and low N (HL), and (iv) high N and high N (HH). Both species had greater shoot and total dry weight after 1 year in the high-N treatment as compared with seedlings grown for 1 year under low-N. For tamarack, these differences were larger and they also exhibited a positive effect of fertilization on net assimilation and water use efficiency. Only black spruce exhibited a positive growth response following the move to higher N fertilization in the second year (LL versus LH), whereas only tamarack exhibited a negative growth response following the move to lower N fertilization (HH versus HL). Still, tamarack had greater total biomass at the end of 2 years than did black spruce, irrespective of fertilizer treatment. Both species had greater total biomass in the HL treatment than in the LH treatment. Tamarack seems able to take advantage of favorable nutrient conditions, but it also experiences more dramatic growth declines under poor or deteriorating conditions. While black spruce grows more slowly than tamarack, it is somewhat buffered from declines in growth under poor or deteriorating conditions. Each species appears to be adapted in its own way to the edaphic heterogeneity that exists in natural boreal peatlands.
Morphophysiological dormancy in seeds of six endemic lobelioid shrubs (Campanulaceae) from the montane zone in Hawaii
Authors: Baskin Carol C. , Baskin Jerry M. , Yoshinaga Alvin 
Published: April 2006

The purpose of this study was to investigate seed dormancy breaking and germination requirements of six woody Hawaiian endemic lobelioids (Campanulaceae). Seeds of all species had underdeveloped, physiologically dormant embryos and thus morphophysiological dormancy. Fresh seeds of Clermontia pyrularia Hillebr. and Trematolobelia macrostachys (Hook. & Arnott) A. Zahlbr. did not germinate during 4 weeks of incubation in light at 15/6, 20/10, or 25/15 °C, whereas those of Clermontia fauriei H. Lev., Clermontia hawaiiensis (Hillebr.) Rock, Clermontia kakeana Meyen, and Cyanea angustifolia (Cham.) Hillebr. germinated to 61%–85% but only at 25/15 °C. Since seeds of the latter four species eventually germinated to 84%–100% when incubated for 12–36 weeks at the three temperature regimes, fresh seeds had conditional dormancy; the physiological component of morphophysiological dormancy was nondeep. Seeds of Trematolobelia macrostachys also came out of dormancy (and germinated to 90%) during 18 weeks of incubation at each of the three temperatures regimes, whereas those of Clermontia pyrularia did so only at 15/6 °C. Simulated seasonal temperature variations did not promote dormancy break and germination in any species except Clermontia pyrularia , in which a 12-week incubation period at 25/15 °C resulted in 90% germination after seeds were moved to 20/10 °C. Seeds of all species had an absolute light requirement for germination except those of Clermontia pyrularia, which germinated to 48% in darkness. Since seeds of the six species only require high temperatures for embryo growth and the breaking of physiological dormancy, they have nondeep simple morphophysiological dormancy.
Biomass and nutrient responses of a clonal tundra sedge to climate warming
Authors: Jónsdóttir Ingibjörg S. , Khitun Olga , Stenström Anna 
Published: April 2006

We explored how climate change affects biomass, nutrient status, and late-season resource-allocation patterns in a rhizomatous tundra sedge, and how differentiation and development of ramets may constrain plant responses. We simulated climate warming for 5 years at a subarctic–alpine tundra site by using open-top chambers before destructively sampling clonal fragments of the dominant and widespread sedge, Carex bigelowii Torr. ex Schwein. We found differential growth response among ramets to experimental warming, but reduced aboveground tissue nutrient concentrations across entire clonal systems. Warming did not affect biomass allocation within ramets, but it did change biomass allocation among developmental stages and ramet types (i.e., long- and short-rhizome ramets, termed guerrilla and phalanx). A positive warming effect on biomass was mostly confined to mature vegetative ramets and the response of individual plant parts was significantly greater for guerrilla ramets than for phalanx ramets. Despite the differential biomass response, warming significantly reduced nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations in aboveground tissues across all developmental stages within the integrated clonal system (10% decrease in green leaf nitrogen concentration, 18%–25% decrease in phosphorus concentration). However, late-season nutrient concentrations in storage organs (rhizomes) were not affected. Nutrient pools significantly increased in mature vegetative ramets, especially those of the guerrilla type, apparently as a result of both redistribution of nutrients among ramets and increased nutrient uptake. At the community level, estimated aboveground biomass per unit area was similar in warmed and control plots. Rhizome and dead-leaf mass and all nutrient pools per unit area were 10%–20% less in warmed plots than in controls. The ecosystem implications of the responses of C. bigelowii, a forage species favoured by a range of herbivores, to warming are a reduction in forage quality without compensation in terms of quantity and, eventually, a reduction in litter quality.
Branching, biomass distribution, and light capture efficiency in a pioneer tree, Rhus trichocarpa, in a secondary forest
Authors: Osada Noriyuki 
Published: April 2006

Crown architecture and biomass distribution patterns were investigated in relation to branching and tree size in a pioneer species, Rhus trichocarpa Miq. (Anacardiaceae), in a Japanese secondary forest. Crown architecture changed with tree size and with branching. Crown depth and area were greater in taller trees. In addition, branched trees had crowns of greater depth, and crown area increased more rapidly with increasing height in branched trees as compared with unbranched trees. In contrast, biomass distribution to nonphotosynthetic and photosynthetic organs changed only with tree size and was similar in unbranched and branched trees of similar size. Light capture efficiency was related to neither height nor branching status for trees with heights of 1–2.5 m. Coexistence of unbranched and branched trees at the height around the onset of branching is possible because these trees realize similar biomass distribution patterns and light capture efficiencies. Individual leaf area and leaf area index increased with tree size in unbranched trees but decreased with tree size in branched trees. These results suggest that several leaf clusters of limited size are sparsely arranged in a large three-dimensional space in tall trees.