bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPETITION BETWEEN PLANTS OF COCKSFOOT (DACTYLIS GLOMERATA) GROWN FOR SEED
Authors: Lambert D. A. 
Published: April 2006

In each of a series of sub‐divided containers, two plants of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata) were planted in one of four arrangements to study the effects of: (a) no competition; (b) aerial competition, considered to be competition for light; (c) edaphic competition, considered to be competition for nitrogen; (d) full (aerial plus edaphic) competition, for light and N.The weight of seed produced per plant was reduced by aerial compeition, but not by edaphic competition, except where aerial competition also existed. With the exception of the seed, the weights of the components of the plants at harvest were reduced substantially by edaphic competition.The concentration of N in the various parts of the plant varied considerably, but only in the culms was it significantly affected by treatment so that the uptake of N was approximately proportional to the weight of the plant. Edaphic competiton gave most tillers per plant and full competition least. Aerial competition decreased the number of ears per plant.
COMPARISON OF DIPLOID AND TETRAPLOID RYEGRASSES IN ANIMAL‐PRODUCTION EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Alder F. E. 
Published: April 2006

A number of experiments are reported in which comparisons were made, using calves, or ewes and lambs, between Tetila Tetrone and S22 or Danish Italian rye‐grasses or between Reveille and S24 perennial ryegrasses.In general, the differences over the whole growing season were not large, but grazing experiments with calves during 1963‐5 all showed that a substantial advantage in live‐weight gain, can be obtained in the later part of the grazing season (July to September) by using T. Tetrone rather than S22 or Danish Italian ryegrasses.
THE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT OF SOME GRASS SPECIES UNDER COMPETITIVE STRESS
Authors: Rhodfis I. 
Published: April 2006

Two experiments were set up in a semi‐controlled glasshouse environment to determine the nature of the competitive stress, and the characters associated with competitive ability, during the seedling growth of some grass species. Over a period from sowing until the attainment of a relatively stable tiller population root competition was almost entirely responsible for the suppression of Festuca arundinacea in association with H1 ryegrass at two densities. In contrast, root and shoot competition were of equal importance in bringing about the suppression of Phalaris coerulescens in association with H1 ryegrass, an effect which only occurred at the high density.Differences in the patterns of root growth of the species and populations are discussed in relation to differences in their competitive abilities.It is suggested that the rate and extent of nodal root production are closely associated with seedling competitive ability.
HARVESTING S352 TIMOTHY FOR SEED
Authors: Roberts H. M. 
Published: April 2006

On the basis of the most commonly used criteria for determining ripeness in grass seeds (involving a continuous examination of certain physical properties) the rip‐o‐cut stage was reached in S352 timothy 31–35 days after peak anthesis. The attainment of a moisture level just below 40% wet basis (excluding precipitation), which corresponded with the same stage of seed maturation, appears to be a further practical ripeness indicator in this variety.In view of initial dormancy and the susceptibility of the seeds to mechanical injury, the indirect‐ rather than the direct‐combining method of harvest is recommended.
RESPONSE OF CREEPING RED FESCUE SEED FIELDS TO AFTERMATH GRAZING BY BEEF CATTLE
Authors: Pringle W. L. , Elliott C. R. , Dobb J. L. 
Published: April 2006

Autumn grazing of creeping red fescue seed fields at moderate stocking rates produced excellent animal gains, while only slightly reducing the subsequent seed yields. Under autumn grazing of moderate intensity (3.7 animal units/ha) steers made gains of over 1 kg/day while seed yields were reduced by 8%. Under grazing of heavy intensity (6.2 animal units/ha) animal gains were almost 1 kg/day, but seed yields were reduced by 16%.A spring‐grazing period reduced seed yields by 35% and was too short to provide animal gains. Removal of the aftermath as hay improved seed yields slightly, particularly in the second and third harvest years.A conversion of TDN to body gain of 5.5:1 indicated that the nutritive quality of the aftermath was adequate.
A COMPARISON OF THE HERBAGE YIELD OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS AND TALL FESCUE MIXTURES IN THE SECOND AND THIRD YEAR AFTER SOWING
Authors: Charles A. H. 
Published: April 2006

The annual yield of tall fescue was higher than that of Italian ryegrass in the third year after sowing, but the total yield of herbage from grass plus clover swards was similar.In both the second and third year after sowing, the yield of herbage in the spring grazing was higher when fescue was used as the sown grass. The method of establishment of both tall fescue and Italian ryegrass affected the total and seasonal yield in the second and third year after sowing, but the magnitude of these effects was not nearly as marked as it was earlier in the life of the leys. In the second year after sowing, swards of both Italian ryegrass and tall fescue had a higher yield of total herbage and of white clover, and a lower ingress of unsown species, when established without a cover crop and grazed frequently in the year of sowing.The inclusion of red clover did not increase total yield of DM in the second and third year after sowing, and it slightly decreased the yield of the tall fescue mixture in the third year following sowing when N was applied. S170 tall fescue was readily grazed by sheep in spring and autumn.The apparent recovery of applied N varied with the mixture sown, and the management given during establishment.
SEASONAL TILLER POPULATIONS OF GRASS AND GRASSJCLOVER SWARDS WITH AND WITHOUT IRRIGATION
Authors: Garwood E. A. 
Published: April 2006

The number of tillers per unit area of pure swards of S23 and S24 perennial ryegrass, S37 cocksfoot, S48 timothy and of a S23 perennial ryegrass/white clover sward, were examined at intervals of 4 weeks during a period of two years. The monthly appearance of new tillers and the death of tillers of S23 and S24 ryegrass and S48 timothy were followed for 15 months. The studies were made with and without irrigation.The number of tillers varied with season through the year. Tiller numbers increased rapidly in late winter or early spring, and then declined until midsummer. Numbers rose again between June and August. This seasonal pattern of tiller numbers was most marked in ryegrass and timothy and least in cocksfoot. The effect of irrigation on tiller numbers was variable, and usually small in relation to the overall seasonal fluctuations in tiller numbers, but dry soil conditions could delay an increase in tiller numbers between June and August. The relationship between seasonal fluctuations in tiller number and root growth of swards is discussed.
EFFECTS OF TWO LEVELS OF APPLIED NITROGEN ON THE GROWTH OF S37 COCKSFOOT IN SMALL SIMULATED SWARDS IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Ryle G. J. A. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo contrasting levels of N were applied in natrient solution to dense stands of cocksfoot plants grown in tins in controlled‐environment cabinets. During a 12‐week period of growth in a constant environment a full growth analysis was carried out. High N caused a three‐ or four‐fold increase in total dry weight per unit area by doubling shoot number and increasing shoot weight by approximately 60%. The increase in shoot weight arose mainly from a large Increase in leaf and sheath weight per shoot; root weight per shoot was for the most part negatively affected by high N. The large positive effect of N on leaf weight resulted from the development of slightly wider and much longer leaves, which had a similar or greater weight per unit area of leaf than equivalent leaves from the low‐N treatment.The effect of high N on total dry weight was the consequence of a superior NAR and, in the first half of the experiment, a superior LAR. The physiological implications of the effects of high levels of applied N on DM production in the field are discussed. ice and analyses.
DETERMINING CUTTING SCHEDULES FOR MAXIMUM YIELD AND QUALITY OF BROME GRASS, TIMOTHY, LUCERNE AND LUCERNE/GRASS MIXTURES
Authors: Winch J. E. , Sheard R. W. , Mowat D. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThree grass‐ and two lucerne‐based harvest schedules were applied to pure sowings of timothy, smooth hrome grass, lucerne and the single grass/lucerne mixtures. Harvesting at the medium‐bud stage of development of lucerne was selected as the criterion which provided the highest DM yield in conjunction with high and consistent levels of rVD and CP from harvest to harvest, as well as persistence of the species in the pure sowings of lucerne/grass mixtures. On the same basis, the heads‐emerged stage of development proved most satisfactory for harvesting pure sowings of timothy and hrome grass.
SILAGE AND MILK PRODUCTION, A COMPARISON BETWEEN GRASS SILAGES MADE WITH AND WITHOUT FORMIC ACID
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo grass sUages made in June and two made in September, all from the same field, were compared in a 16‐week winter‐feeding experiment with 12 Ayrshire cows. The silages were fed ad lib. with a supplement of barley and groundnut eake. One of the sUages made in June and one made in September had been treated with 1/2 gallon of formie acid per ton of herbage when cut, whereas the other two silages were untreated. The contents of digestible organic matter in the silage DM made with and without the acid additive were 67.4 and 63.8%, respectively, in the June silage, and 66‐1 and 62.7% in the September silage. The intakes of silage and total DM were higher in the treatments containing the acid‐treated silages than in those containing the untreated silages. The mean daily milk yields from cows fed on the sUages made with and without the additive were 36.3 and 33.8 lb (16.5 and 15.3 kg), respectively, for silages made in June, and 35.4 and 34.1 lb (16.0 and 15.5 kg) for those made in September. The solids‐not‐fat (S.N.F.) contents of the milk averaged 8.60 and 8.50% respectively, from the silages with and without the additive. It is concluded that the silage with the formic‐acid additive was superior to the untreated silage as a feed for dairy cows.
THE EFFECT OF NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER ON THE RATE OF GROWTH OF ITALIAN RYEGRASS
Authors: Wilman D. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThis paper describes the rate of growth of Italian ryegrass in the spring, measured by recording DM yield at weekly intervals up to 10 weeks. There were 3 levels of applied N: 25, 75 aud 125 lhJac (28, S4 and 140 kgJha). Rate of growth declined after the sixth week at all 3 levels of N. Grass receiving 25 Ib N produced 5000 Ib DMJac (5600 kgJha) in 10 weeks, that receiving 75 lb N 6800 Ib (7700 kgJha) and that receiving 125 lb N 7100 lb (8000 kgJha). The DM content of herbage fell after the first week and subsequently increased steadily up to 10 weeks; the fall was least marked and the rate of increase most rapid at tbe lowest level of N. In vitro digestibility (measured in one year only) was much affected by stage of growth and little affected by level of N.
DRIED FORAGES AND BEEF PRODUCTION*
Authors: Tayler J. C. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe vuluntary Intake of dried forage by young cattle rises with increasing D value and with increasing proportions of fine particles in the compressed package (wafer, coh, or pellet). Higher intakes are accompanied hy higher live–weight gains per day and per unit of food consumed.When different amounts of pellets or cobs of dried forage of high D value or protein content are fed with silage of high digestibility, maximum liveweight gains at lowest food cost have been ohtained with 35–50% dried forage in the diet. The dried forage gave results comparable with alternative supplements of energy or protein fed with the same silage.Hie application of the results of short‐term experiments in systems of heef production is discussed.
THE SIMULATION OF ANIMAL RETURNS IN GRASSLAND EXPERIMENTATION
Authors: Wolton K. Margaret , Brockman J. S. , Shaw P. G. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAn experiment was carried out on a grass/white‐clover sward at North Wyke to evaluate the use of mixtures of inorganic and organic nutrient sources to simulate the nutrient effect of animal excreta, both with and without overall PK fertilizer. Grazing with sheep and the return of excreta from caged sheep both increased herbage yields, as did artificial return treatments. Artificial return treatments giving 75% of the nutrient level returned by excreta gave yields comparable with grazing. The effect of the simulated return treatments was not influenced by PK application. Grazing gave a very different botanical composition to that from the treatments in wbich natural or simulated excreta were returned to cut swards.Mixtures simulating excreta may replace the nutrient effect of the grazing animal, but not its physical effect, in some forms of grassland experimentation. They are not recommended for fertilizer trials.
MINERALIZATION OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS FROM ORGANIC MATERIALS OF PLANT AND ANIMAL ORIGIN AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE NUTRIENT CYCLE IN GRAZED UPLAND AND HILL SOILS
Authors: Floate M. J. S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPlant DM production from natural Nardus and Festuca–Agrostis pastures under two cutting regimes ranged from 1023 to 2265 kg/ha. The amounts of mineral N and P produced during the incubation of these plant materials, and from sheep faeces derived from them, were measured under a range of temperature and moisture conditions. These amounts, together with the N liberated in urine, and the increase in inorganic P concentration which resulted from the conversion of feed to faeces, were used to calculate the range in ‘potentially available’ plant nutrients derived from decomposition pathways in the presence and absence of sheep. Factors which infiuence the actual availability of nutrients for plant growth are considered and the results discussed in relation to the role of the grazing animal in the soil‐plant–aaimal nutrieut cycle.
PRODUCTIVITY AND CANOPY STRUCTURE OF TWO CONTRASTING VARIETIES OF PERENNIAL RYEGRASS (LOLIUM PERENNE L.) GROWN IN A CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Rhodes I. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTAn experiment was conducted to measure the vertical distribution of LAI, sheath material and light in canopies of two contrasting perennial ryegrass varieties, S23 and Ba6280. In addition, the time course of DM production and LAI accumulation were measured over various periods of regrowth after defoliation. Considerable differences existed between these two varieties in canopy structure, light interception, LAI and crop growth‐rate over various periods of regrowth. The results offer explanations for intervarietal differences in productivity and differential responses to various cutting frequencies. A description is given of a technique for measuring the vertical distribution of herhage in a grass canopy.
THE VOLUNTARY INTAKE OF DIPLOID (S22) AND TETRAPLOID (TETILA TETRONE) ITALIAN RYEGRASS, AND WHITE CLOVER BY SHEEP
Authors: Thomson D. J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo experiments were conducted to measure the voluntary intake and digestibility of (a) primary growth and (b) regrowth of diploid (S22) and tetraploid (Tetila tetrone) varieties of Italian rye‐grass (Lolium muitifiorum): Sl00 white clover (Trifolium repens) was included as an additional treatment in the second experiment with the re‐growth herbage diets. Mature adult wether sheep, housed indoors in digesdhility crates, were fed individually on fresh herbage cut daily from late April to early June (primary growth) and in early Septemher (regrowth). The yield, digestihility, nitrogen and soluble–carhohydrate contents of the two ryegrass varieties were similar during the primary growth stage. Intake‐digestibility relationships for the graces were positive, linear and different (P=0.05). The voluntary intake of diploid ryegrass was approximately 14% higher than that of tetraploid ryegrass of the same digestibility. With regrowth herbage the digestibility and voluntary intake of white clover was higher than both the Italian ryegrasses. The digestihility of the regrowth tetraploid was 6% units higher than the diploid variety, but there was no difference in the voluntary intake of digestible organic matter between the varieties at the regrowth stage. The intake of regrowth herbage was higher thaa that of primary growth herhage of similar digestihility.
BURNING MOLINIA–DOMINANT VEGETATION FOR GRAZING BY RED DEER
Authors: Miles J. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTBurnt Molinia caerulea–dominant range on the Isle of Rhum, N.W. Scotland, was grazed much more heavily by red deer than surrounding unhurnt Molinia stands. The effect was greatest in the first growing season after hurning. The practice of hurning Molinia in this region, where red–deer management is a major land use and Molinia is one of the main forage plants, is discussed.
SILAGE AND MILK PRODUCTION. A COMPARISON BETWEEN A DIPLOID AND A TETRAPLOID RYEGRASS
Authors: Castle M. E. , Watson J. N. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTTwo grass silages made in May and two made in August were compared in a 16‐week winter‐feediag experiment with 12 Ayrshire cows. The silages were fed ad lib. with a supplement of barley and groundnut cake. One of the silages made ia May and one made in August consisted of S24, a diploid variety of perennial ryegrass, and the other two of Reveille, a tetraploid variety of the same species. The silages made from Reveille had a higher content of lactic acid and a lower pH than those made from S24. The contents of digestihie organic matter in the silage DM made in May and August were 71.9 and 63.2%, respectively, for RevelUe and 68.7 and 60.9% for S24. Silage and total DM intakes were higher in the treatments where Reveille silages rather than S24 silages were fed. The mean daily milk yields from cows fed on the silages made in May and August were 39.6 and 34.5 lb (18.0 and 15.7 kg), respectively, for Reveille, and 38.0 and 34.1 lb (17.3 and 15.5 kg) for S24. The solids‐not‐fat (S.N.F.) and the crude protein contents of the milk averaged 8.64 and 3.29%, respectively, for Reveille, and 8.56 and 3.22% for S24. It is concluded (hat the silages made from Reveille were superior to those made from S24 as a feed for dairy cows.
EFFECT OF DAY‐NIGHT TEMPERATURE REGIMES ON GROWTH AND MORPHOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF TIMOTHY PLANTS DERIVED FROM WINTER AND SUMMER TILLERS
Authors: Smith Dale 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTWinter (vernalized) and summer (non‐vernalized) timothy tillers were grown to anthesis in day/night temperature regimes of 32/26°, 27/21°, 21/15°, and 15/10°C. Herbage and total plant yields, total leaf‐blade number and area, and total plant growth‐rate were highest, or very nearly so, in the 21/15°C regime for both the winter and summer plants. However, summer plants reached anthesis 13 to 14 days later than winter plants in each temperature regime. Even though virtually all primary shoots produced an infiorescence, summer plants had significantiy more leaves and leaf‐blade area, produced significantiy higher yields of leaf blade, stem plus sheath, stubble, and root tissues and had a significantly higher total plant growth rate than winter plants in each temperature regime.
STUDIES OF RESPONSE TO FERTILIZER NITROGEN
Authors: Hunt I. V. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTFifteen out of 36 possible combinations of 3 cutting dates for hay, 3 rates of N application and 4 intervals between N application and cutting date were compared to study the effects of pre‐harvest application of N on the N, P, K, Mg and Ca contents of the aftermath and the effectiveness of utilization of these elements.According to the method of calculation given by ARC (1), the control haycrop harvested on 16 June was deficient in N, Ca, P and Mg, and the aftermath which was given no further N after harvest was of low bulk, but adequate in mineral content. Earlier harvesting improved the quality of the hay, and increased the bulk and reduced the mineral content of the aftermaths. Applying 125.6 kg N/ha after harvest resulted in a satisfactory increase in bulk, plus an improved mineral content in the aftermath. Applying N before harvest resulted in increased uptake of N, K, Ca, P and Mg in the hay and in the increased percentage of N, K, and Ca in the DM of the hay. Very early application of pre‐harvest N increased the percentage of Mg.The general effect of pre‐harvest N on the aftermath was to reduce yield and uptake of N, K, Ca, P and Mg. Doubling the pre‐harvest N raised the mineral uptake. Very early pre‐harvest application resulted in low mineral uptake in the aftermath. The percentage of N, K and P in the aftermath was reduced by pre‐harvest N applied at both levels and on both dates.Deferring the application of fertilizer N until 4 days after harvesting the hay crop produced the highest mineral contents in the aftermath, without reducing its bulk.Mineral uptake in the regrowths was linearly related to N uptake at 1.43 kg K, 0.34 kg Ca, 0.157 kg P, 0.006 kg Mg/kg N uptake.
THE EFFECTS OF WHITE CLOVER AND APPLIED NITROGEN ON THE NITROGEN CONTENT OF VARIOUS GRASS/CLOVER MIXTURES
Authors: Chestnutt D. M. B. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTPercentages and yields of N in various grasses and grass mixtures with clover and in associated clover grown at various levels of N application over 5 years are given. Grasses varied consistently in N content, percentages being highest in meadow fescue (cv. S53) and lowest in perennial ryegrass (cv. S24). N application did not significantly affect the N percentage in clover, but the associated grasses had a highly significant effect Percentages were highest in clover associated with meadow fescue and lowest in clover associated with ryegrass. The apparent transfer of N to grass per Ib N in associated clover was calculated for various treatments each year. Reasons for the changing levels of apparent transfer from year to year are considered.
THE EFFECTS OF HARVEST DATE ON THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SEED OF TETRAPLOID HYBRID RYEGRASS
Authors: Williams S. 
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACTThe ripening process in a tetraploid ryegrass is described in terms of seed moisture content changes. The heavier seeds of tetraploids appear to be shed at an earlier stage in the ripening process than those of diploid ryegrass. The seed moisture level at which a tetraploid ryegrass seed crop is harvested is shown to be a critical factor determining the yield and quality of from the crop harvested seed.