bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Medieval Greek weak object pronouns and analogical change: A response to Condoravdi & Kiparsky (2001)
Authors: Pappas Panayiotis A. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractI present here the results of a quantitative analysis of weak object pronoun placement in Later Medieval Greek. The description that I provide concurs, in large part, with the conclusions of Mackridge (1993), but also introduces some new complexities and disproves certain previous assumptions. On the basis of these results, I evaluate the latest proposal that seeks to account for this pattern (Condoravdi & Kiparsky 2001) and demonstrate that, despite its advantages, this new account is founded on a controversial assumption, and it also fails to answer some of the more interesting questions raised by the data. I propose an alternative approach, which treats the variation as the result of analogical change.
The Pharmacological Management of Behavioural Disturbance in Psychosis: a Naturalistic Study
Authors: Daniel Jeffrey , Chamberlain James , Castle David 
Published: September 2007

Objective: The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of atypical and typical anti-psychotics in treating behavioural disturbance in people with psychotic disorders, in a naturalistic setting. Method: This was a prospective naturalistic study of 303 incidents of behavioural disturbance at Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Results: There was no significant difference between atypicals and typicals on two efficacy measures and some evidence on a third measure, that typicals are more effective. Conclusions: In the pharmacological treatment of behavioural disturbance in psychosis, typical and atypical anti-psychotics have largely comparable efficacy.
The global trace graph, a novel paradigm for searching protein sequence databases
Authors: Heger Andreas , Mallick Swapan , Wilton Christopher , Holm Liisa 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMotivation: Propagating functional annotations to sequence-similar, presumably homologous proteins lies at the heart of the bioinformatics industry. Correct propagation is crucially dependent on the accurate identification of subtle sequence motifs that are conserved in evolution. The evolutionary signal can be difficult to detect because functional sites may consist of non-contiguous residues while segments in-between may be mutated without affecting fold or function.Results: Here, we report a novel graph clustering algorithm in which all known protein sequences simultaneously self-organize into hypothetical multiple sequence alignments. This eliminates noise so that non-contiguous sequence motifs can be tracked down between extremely distant homologues. The novel data structure enables fast sequence database searching methods which are superior to profile-profile comparison at recognizing distant homologues. This study will boost the leverage of structural and functional genomics and opens up new avenues for data mining a complete set of functional signature motifs.Availability: http://www.bioinfo.biocenter.helsinki.fi/gtgContact: liisa.holm@helsinki.fiSupplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Crack–heroin speedball injection and its implications for vein care: qualitative study
Authors: Rhodes Tim , Briggs Daniel , Kimber Jo , Jones Steve , Holloway Greg 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTBackground  We report on an exploratory qualitative study investigating drug injectors' narratives of vein damage and groin (femoral vein) injection associated with the injection of crack–heroin speedball.Methods  We undertook 44 in‐depth qualitative interviews among injectors of crack–heroin speedball in Bristol and London, England, in 2006.Findings  The data suggest an emerging culture of crack‐based speedball injection. Injectors' narratives link speedball injection with shifts towards groin injection articulated as an acceptable risk, and not merely as a last resort in the face of increased vein deterioration associated with speedball. Accounts of vein damage linked to speedball emphasize ‘missed hits’ related to the local anaesthetic action of crack, the excess use of citric in the preparation of speedball injections and ‘flushing’ when making a hit. We find that groin injection persists despite an awareness of health risks and medical complications.Conclusions  We emphasize an urgent need for reviewing harm reduction in relation to vein care in the context of shifts to crack‐based speedball injection, and the use of the femoral vein, among UK injectors. There is an additional need for interventions to promote safer groin and speedball injecting as well as to prevent transitions toward groin and crack injection.
Young Australians and alcohol: the acceptabllity of ready‐to‐drink (RTD) alcoholic beverages among 12–30‐year‐olds
Authors: Copeland Jan , Stevenson Richard J. , Gates Peter , Dillon Paul 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTBackground  Concern has been expressed regarding the influence of the newer premixed alcohols, known as ready‐to‐drinks (RTDs), on adolescent alcohol use as a result of their sweet and milky flavours. Use of these flavours may reduce the natural barrier of the often strong and unpleasant flavour of alcohol to early experimentation and regular and heavy use.Aim  To determine the acceptability and alcohol detectability of a range of alcoholic and non‐alcoholic beverages to young adolescents and young adults.Design  A convenience sample of 350 participants was recruited, 70 in each of five age groups. Participants were grouped according to age into 12–13 years, 14–15 years, 16–17 years, younger adults of 18–23 years and older adults of 24–30 years, with even gender distribution in an experimental design comparing blind and labelled acceptability testing of a range of RTDs and their alcohol and soft drink components, beer, wine and a novel beverage.Findings  The acceptability of alcohol increased with age; however, chocolate ‘Mudshake’, and to a lesser extent watermelon ‘Breezer’, had acceptability scores more like their soft drink base than their alcohol component. There were no significant differences in the ability to detect the presence of alcohol in the RTDs across age or beverage types.Conclusion  Public policy makers and others concerned with preventing early initiation to alcohol use and binge drinking among adolescents should be aware that when using milk as a base for an RTD, particularly with an alcoholic base such as vodka, the drink may have high acceptance with young adolescents and equal palatability to milk, even though the presence of alcohol is not completely masked. Further research with a wider range of RTDs is required.
Comparative toxicology of fatal heroin overdose cases and morphine positive homicide victims
Authors: Darke Shane , Duflou Johan , Kaye Sharlene 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTAims To compare the blood toxicology of heroin overdose cases and morphine positive homicide victims.Design Analysis of coronial cases.Setting Sydney, Australia.Cases A total of 705 cases of death due to opioid toxicity and 28 morphine positive homicide cases (1 January 1998–31 December 2002).Findings There was no significant difference between the median morphine concentrations of the overdose and homicide groups (0.50 versus 0.45 mg/l). The overdose group was more likely to have blood alcohol (OR 3.21) present, but less likely to have methadone (OR 0.26) and cannabis (OR 0.04). There was a significant negative correlation between blood morphine and alcohol concentrations among the overdose group (rho = −0.32), but not among the homicide group (rho = −0.03). Independent predictors of a higher blood morphine concentration were a lower alcohol concentration and a higher methadone concentration.Conclusions Morphine concentrationsper seare not diagnostic of overdose. The study confirms the salience of concomitant alcohol consumption in such events.
A comparison of the forces exerted during laryngoscopy
Authors: McCOY E. P. , MIRAKHUR R. K. , RAFFERTY C. , BUNTING H. , AUSTIN B. A. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe forces exerted at laryngoscopy with the McCoy and Macintosh blades have been compared in 40 patients. The variables measured were the duration of laryngoscopy, the three maximally‐applied forces and the mean force. The mean (SD) forces recorded were 18.9 (7.82) and 10.1 (5.33) N, respectively, with the Macintosh and the McCoy blades (p < 0.001) with a similar duration of laryngoscopy. There was a significant positive correlation between the mean force and patients' weight, height and body mass index for the Macintosh blade but only for weight and height for the McCoy blade. It is concluded that the use of the McCoy blade results in significantly less force being applied during laryngoscopy. This may be the reason for the reduction in the stress response reported previously with the use of the McCoy blade.
Neuromuscular and cardiovascular advantages of combinations of mivacurium and rocuronium over either drug alone
Authors: KIM S. Y. , CHO M. H. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryWe Investigated isobolic mixtures of mivacurium and rocuronium to determine if the combination offered any advantages over either drug alone. We used five dose regimens to achieve ED95× 2: {(1.5 × ED95 mivacurium) + (0.5 × ED95 rocuronium); (I × ED95 mivacurium) + (1 × ED95 rocuronium); (0.5 × ED95 mivacurium) + (1.5 × ED95 rocuronium); (2 × ED95 mivacurium); (2 × ED95 rocuronium)}. We studied onset time, duration of block, recovery of block, arterial blood pressure and heart rate. Mivacurium alone produced the block of shortest duration (p < 0.001). Onset time was shortest in the rocuronium alone group and was significantly faster in all the rocuronium treated groups compared to mivacurium alone (p < 0.001). Arterial blood pressure and heart rate decreased transiently in the mivacurium alone group but not in the other groups. These results demonstrate increased cardiovascular stability and more rapid onset of block with combinations of mivacurium and rocuronium without significant prolongation of the block.
Feasibility of day case laparoscopic cholecystectomy in unselected patients
Authors: Tuckey J. P. , Morris G. N. , Peden C. J. , Tate J. J. T. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe feasibility of clay ease laparoscopic cholecystectomy was assessed in unselected patients using a standard anaesthetic protocol. Postoperative pain and nausea were assessed at 6 and 24 h postoperatively (visual analogue scale, range 0‐10). Thirty‐two patients were studied (23 female. 9 male, mean age 49.6 years). The mean duration of surgery was 68 mitt. At 6 h after surgery, 10 patients (31%) had no pain at rest. For the group as a whole, the median pain score was 3 at rest (range 0‐6), 4 on movement (0 9), and 5 on coughing (0 9) and eight patients (25%) were nauseated. At 24 It, 15 (46.9%) had no pain at rest. For the group as a whole, the median pain score was I at rest (0‐7), 3 (0‐6) on movement and 3 on coughing (0 9). The same eight patients were nauseated. Ten patients (31.3%) were judged fit for discharge at 6h, and 28 (87.5%) by 24h. There was no statistical difference in mean age or duration of surgery in those judged fit for early discharge compared to the study group as a whole. Nausea was an important factor in those unfit for discharge at 24 It. Selection criteria might improve these figures. Front the results of our study, 24 h admission is a more realistic goal and will be suitable for most patients requiring laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
Ambiguous position of the child in supervised meetings
Authors: Forsberg Hannele , Pösö Tarja 
Published: September 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper addresses the ambiguous nature of supervised meetings between children and their non‐residential parent(s) which, according to the current legal idea, should serve the best interest of the child. In Finland the meetings between the child and the non‐residential parent can be ordered supervised if there are justified grounds for assuming that they constitute a risk for the child's safety. In many parts of Europe the need for such kinds of meetings controlled by outsiders has increased. The aim of the paper is to consider the child's position and the closely related issue of the child's interest in supervised meetings, based on the daily experiences of the supervisors. Data are gathered by focus group interviews and analysed qualitatively in terms of categorization analysis. As a result, the child's position is an ambiguous phenomenon with multiple interests. Obviously the child's interests will be met in some cases, although paradoxically it is mostly the interests of the parents and most often the fathers, which seem to demand more attention. Thus adult‐centredness, meanings of gender, time together with both the positive and possible detrimental outcomes for the child need further reflection.
Expression of caveolin‐1 in human adipose tissue is upregulated in obesity and obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes mellitus and related to inflammation
Authors: Catalán Victoria , Gómez‐Ambrosi Javier , Rodríguez Amaia , Silva Camilo , Rotellar Fernando , Gil María J. , Cienfuegos Javier A. , Salvador Javier , Frühbeck Gema 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  Caveolin‐1 (CAV‐1) plays important roles in many aspects of cellular biology, including vesicular transport, cholesterol homeostasis and signal transduction. The aim of the present study was to explore gene expression levels of CAV‐1 in human adipose tissue in obesity and obesity‐associated type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to analyse its potential implication in the inflammatory state associated with obesity.Design and methods  Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) obtained from 15 females were used in the study. Patients were classified as lean (BMI 20·8 ± 1·0 kg/m2) or obese (BMI 50·5 ± 2·6 kg/m2). The obese group was further subclassified as normoglycaemic (NG) or patients with T2DM. Anthropometric measurements as well as circulating metabolites, hormones and adipokines were determined. Real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analyses were performed to quantify transcript levels of CAV‐1 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP‐1).Results  The presence of CAV‐1 protein was detected in VAT and SAT by immunohistochemistry. Both obese NG and with T2DM patients exhibited significantly higher CAV‐1 expression levels in VAT and SAT compared with lean subjects (P < 0·05). No differences between obese NG and T2DM patients were observed in VAT. However, obese T2DM patients were found to have higher CAV‐1 expression levels in SAT (P < 0·05) compared with obese NG patients. A significant correlation was found between CAV‐1 mRNA expression levels in VAT and different circulating inflammatory markers such as sialic acid (SA) (P < 0·001) and fibrinogen (P < 0·001) as well as with MCP1 mRNA expression (P < 0·05).Conclusion  Our findings show for the first time the upregulation of mRNA CAV‐1 expression levels in VAT and SAT of obese NG and obese T2DM patients compared with lean controls, suggesting a role for CAV‐1 in obesity and T2DM development. The association with different inflammatory markers further suggests an implication of CAV‐1 in the low‐grade inflammation accompanying obesity.
Seminiferous tubule function in delayed‐onset X‐linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita associated with incomplete hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism
Authors: Bergadá Ignacio , Andreone Luz , Bedecarrás Patricia , Ropelato María Gabriela , Copelli Silvia , Laissue Paul , Rey Rodolfo A. , Campo Stella 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  X‐linked adrenal hypoplasia congenita (AHC, OMIM 300200) due to mutations in the DAX‐1 gene is frequently associated to hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism (HHG, OMIM 238320). Clinical variants with delayed‐onset have been recognized. The objective of this study is to assess Sertoli cell function throughout pubertal development in patients with childhood‐onset AHC due to stop mutations in the DAX‐1 gene.Design  Observational follow‐up study of gonadotrophin pulsatility pattern, and serum levels of antimüllerian hormone and inhibin B through pubertal development in these patients.Patients  Three patients belonging to two families with AHC were included in this study.Measurements  The gonadotrophic pattern, serum inhibin B and antimüllerian hormone were determined in relation to clinical Tanner stage of pubertal development.Results  One patient showed a marked elevation in serum FSH concomitantly with low inhibin B and antimüllerian hormone levels, indicating a primary testicular dysfunction. The other two patients showed a gonadotrophic pattern of HHG, and their serum levels of inhibin B and antimüllerian hormone also reflected a moderate primary testicular dysfunction. The three patients were azoospermic.Conclusions  These cases give further insight into the clinical spectrum of phenotypes of the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis in patients with variants in hypogonadism associated with childhood‐onset X‐linked AHC due to DAX‐1 mutations.
Carotid integrated backscatter analysis in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
Authors: Franzoni Ferdinando , Galetta Fabio , Fallahi Poupak , Tocchini Leonardo , Braccini Lara , Rossi Marco , Carpi Angelo , Santoro Gino , Antonelli Alessandro 
Published: September 2007

SummaryObjective  The aim of the present study was to determine whether integrated backscatter (IBS) analysis combined with conventional ultrasonography could differentiate the tissue characteristics of carotid artery intimal hyperplasia in patients with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH).Methods  Forty‐one patients with SH, as judged by elevated serum TSH levels and free thyroid hormones within the normal range, and 31 sex‐ and age‐matched euthyroid volunteers underwent two‐dimensional conventional ultrasonography and IBS analysis of the carotid wall. Carotid intima–media thickness (IMT) and corrected IBS (C‐IBS), an index of arterial wall degeneration and fibrosis, were evaluated.Results  Mean IMT as well C‐IBS values were higher in SH than in controls (P < 0·0001 for both), whereas the carotid diameter was not significantly different between the two groups. The distribution of C‐IBS values in each group showed that regions with higher C‐IBS values were found more frequently in SH patients than in control subjects. The percentage of regions that could be considered as fibromatous (C‐IBS value from –18 to –21 dB) was 28% in SH and 9% in euthyroid subjects (P < 0·0001). In the SH group, C‐IBS values were significantly and positively associated with plasma TSH (r = 0·32, P < 0·05 and r = 0·59, P < 0·0001, respectively) and with both total cholesterol (r = 0·46, P = 0·01) and low density lipoprotein (LDL)‐cholesterol (r = 0·55, P = 0·001).Conclusions  Carotid IMT in subclinically hypothyroid patients is higher than that in euthyroid controls. This is characterized by increased IBS values, which are related to the collagen content of the arterial wall. The severity of this remodelling process seems to be related to TSH and cholesterol levels.
Crayfish assemblage shifts in a large drought‐prone wetland: the roles of hydrology and competition
Authors: DORN NATHAN J. , TREXLER JOEL C. 
Published: September 2007

Summary1. Faster growing, larger and/or more aggressive crayfish species are predicted to dominate permanent waterbodies. We tested this prediction using a 9 year dataset for two species of crayfish (Procambarus alleni and Procambarus fallax) co‐existing in a sub‐tropical flowing slough in southern Florida. Using a series of laboratory and mesocosm experiments we also compared life history traits and performance of the respective species to test mechanisms that could explain dominance shifts in the local crayfish assemblages.2. Over the 9‐year period, P. alleni densities were the greatest in shallower, shorter‐hydroperiod areas bordering the slough, while P. fallax densities were higher in deeper, longer‐hydroperiod central areas. These areas were separated by 0.8–2 km of continuous wetland with no apparent barriers to movement between them.3. Density of P. fallax was not strongly affected by any measures of hydrological variation, while P. alleni density increased with more severe drought conditions. Following the strongest droughts, P. alleni colonized areas in the centre of the slough where they had been absent or scarce in wetter years.4. We conducted experiments to compare growth rates, drought tolerance, and competitive dominance of these species. P. alleni survived drought conditions better, had higher growth rates, and was the dominant competitor for space and food. While drought probably limits P. fallax in the drier slough habitats, neither drought sensitivity nor interspecific competition with P. fallax can explain decreases of P. alleni with wetter conditions.5. Our results indicate that a competition‐colonization tradeoff cannot explain the crayfish compositional dynamics in this wetland because P. alleni is both the best competitor and the best at surviving in and colonizing areas with the strongest droughts. Future attention should focus on the potential for selective effects of predators that co‐vary with hydrology.6. The traits (large size, fast growth, competitive dominance) exhibited by P. alleni, which is absent in long‐hydroperiod wetlands, are those exhibited by dominant crayfish in permanent lakes and streams containing fish. Although these traits make crayfish less vulnerable to fish in some lakes and streams, life‐history models of community structure across permanence gradients suggest the opposite traits should be favoured for co‐existence with fish.
The mode of nutrition of mixotrophic flagellates determines the food quality for their consumers
Authors: WEITHOFF G. , WACKER A. 
Published: September 2007

Summary

Mixotrophic organisms can combine two functionally different modes of nutrition to acquire carbon: (i) by using photosynthesis for inorganic carbon fixation; and (ii) by taking up organic sources. Because of these different metabolic pathways, their biochemical composition, for example, the amount and composition of consumer‐relevant compounds such as polyunsaturated fatty acids, varies, and thus, we tested the hypothesis that the mode of nutrition of an osmo‐mixotrophic flagellate determines the food quality for their consumers: three rotifer species.
Using life table experiments with auto‐, mixo‐ and heterotrophically grown Chlamydomonas acidophila as food sources, we found species‐specific differences in life span, fecundity, population growth rate, egg size and maternal effects on the starvation resistance of neonates between the three rotifer species.
Population growth of two out of the three rotifers (Brachionus sericus and Elosa worallii) was negatively affected when fed with heterotrophic food, compared to animals fed with autotrophic food. In contrast, Cephalodella sp. was able to use all C. acidophila with similar efficiency.
These results explain the vertical distribution of two of the rotifers in their natural habitat, where Cephalodella sp. dominates over E. worallii in deep water layers characterized by light intensities below the compensation point for autotrophic growth of C. acidophila. It is hypothesized that temporal changes in the mode of nutrition of mixotrophs have consequences for the outcome of the competition between consumers and for the carbon transfer in many planktonic food webs.