bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Belonging and Institution in Islam
Authors: Dialmy Abdessamad 
Published: March 2007

English The notion of fitra (state of nature) makes membership in Islam an innate belonging. According to this notion, the Moslem faith is an innate natural order, a quasi-biological given inherent in the individual, from birth. How is this fitra implemented? What rites of passage socialize it? As we see, this different vision of belonging does not involve two actors, the inclividual and the (religious) institution. Thus, it seems sociologically legitimate to ask ourselves whether the notions of individual and institution are neutral sociological tools capable of conceptualizing membership in Islam. It seems that the institutionalization of Islamic belonging may be a multifunctional problematic which arises principally within multiconfessional European lay states. In this context, belonging to Islam by birth does not seem enough and needs to be affirmed by membership of a modern type of an Islamic association. But these types of lay organizations succeed neither in the mission of religious accompaniment nor in that of representing Moslems. As a context of belonging, Islamic associations oscillate between a particularist ethnic-national orientation (where Islam is lost/rediscovered in the weight of traditions without belief) and a universalist orientation (where Islam is lost/rediscovered in the utopia of belief without traditions). French La notion de fitra (état de nature) fait de l'appartenance a l'islam une appartenance innée. Selon cette notion, lafoi musulmane est un ordre naturel inné, une donnée quasi-biologique inhérente à l'individlu, dès sa naissance. Comment la fitra est-elle mise en wuvre? À travers quels rites dle passage est-elle socialisée? Cette vision différente de l'appartenance n'implique pas, comme on le constate, deux acteurs, l'incdividu et l'institution (religieuse). Aussi est-il sociologiquement légitime de se demander si les notions d'individlu et d'institution sont des outils sociologiques neutres susceptibles de conceptualiser l'appartenance a l'islam. II semble que l'institutionnalisation de l'appartenance islamique soit une problamatique polyfonctionnelle qui se pose principalement au sein dles États laïcs européens pluriconfessionnels. C'est dlans ce contexte que l'appartenance dle naissance à l'islam semble ne pas suffire et a besoin de s'affirmer comme appartenance à une association islamique dle type mocderne. Mais ce type d'organisation laïque ne réussit ni clans la mission d'encacdrement religieux ni dlans celle de représentation cles musulmans. L'association islamique comme cadre d'appartenance oscille entre une orientation ethnico-nationale particulariste (ou l'islam se perd/se retrouve clans le poidls dle traditions sans croyance) et une orientation universaliste (oli l'islam se perdlse retrouve dans l'utopie d'une croyance sans traditions).
“Not Us, but You Have Changed!” Discourses of Difference and Belonging among Haredi Women
Authors: Longman Chia 
Published: March 2007

English Feminist research into the position and participation of women in contemporary fundamentalist and traditionalist identity movements shows how essentialist ideologies of sexual difference are often deployed in critique of western secular liberal feminism. In this article the author draws a comparison between discourses of belonging according to studies of ba'alot teshuvahin the USA (female “returnees” to an Orthodox Jewish lifestyle), and her own interviews with “frumfrom birth” women (raised as haredi) in the strictly Orthodox Jewish community of Antwerp, Belgium. Whereas for the former, a rhetoric of choice, essentialism, and religious ideologies of female superiority appeared important, for the frum-born women, gender is more a question of orthopraxis and religious role equivalence. Nevertheless, the author argues that for the strictly Orthodox Jewish diasporic community in question, an increase in gender conservatism, with particular notions of female sexuality and modesty, goes hand in hand with isolationism vis-à-vis the surrounding secular society. French La recherche féministe concernant la position et la participation dles femmes dtans les mouvements d'identité foncdamentalistes et traditionalistes contemporains montre combien les idéologiés essentialistes de la difference sexuelle sont souvent soumises aux critiques du féminisme libéral et séculier occidental. Dans cet article, l'auteure établit une comparaison entre les discours d'appartenance en se référant à des études portant sur les ba'alot teshuvah aux États- Unis (desfemmes "revenant" à un style de viejuiforthodoxe) .par comparaison a ses propres interviews avec clesfemmes "frum de naissance" (connues comme haredi) dans la stricte communauté juive orthodoxe d'Anvers en Belgique. Alors que pour lespremières, un dliscours dle choix, d'essentialisme et d'idéologie religieuse dle supériorité féminine parait important, le genre est davantage une question d'orthopraxie et d'equivalence de rc$les religieux pour les femmes "nées frum'". Cepencdant, I'auteure avance que pour la communauté diasporique strictement juive orthodoxe en question, une augmentation du conservatisme dle genre, avec des notions particulières en termes de sexualité et dle modlestie féminine, va dle pair avec (le l'isolement par rapport a la société seculière environnante.
A novel proteoliposomal vaccine induces antitumor immunity against follicular lymphoma
Authors: Neelapu Sattva S. , Gause Barry L. , Harvey Linda , Lee Seung-Tae , Frye Andrea Robin , Horton Jessie , Robb Richard J. , Popescu Mircea C. , Kwak Larry W. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractClinical studies suggest that treatment with vaccines comprised of idiotype protein may be associated with improved clinical outcome in follicular lymphoma patients. The time-consuming process required to generate patient-specific vaccines is a major limitation, however. Here we report results of a pilot clinical trial with a novel autologous, tumor-derived proteoliposome vaccine formulation that could be rapidly produced within a single day. Vaccination was safe, induced autologous tumor-specific type 1 cytokine responses in 5 out of 10 follicular lymphoma patients, and was associated with induction of a sustained complete response in one patient. Other patients had large tumor burdens and progressed after a median duration of 8 months. These results suggest that further testing of this vaccine formulation, particularly in the setting of minimal disease, is warranted. Furthermore, the proteoliposome formulation may provide a model for vaccine development for other human cancers, for which tumor-associated antigens need not be defined.
Proteomic patterns predict acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Weissinger Eva M. , Schiffer Eric , Hertenstein Bernd , Ferrara James L. , Holler Ernst , Stadler Michael , Kolb Hans-Jochem , Zander Axel , Zürbig Petra , Kellmann Markus , Ganser Arnold 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Diagnosis of GvHD is mainly based on clinical features and tissue biopsies. A noninvasive, unbiased laboratory test for GvHD diagnosis does not exist. Here we describe the application of capillary electrophoresis coupled online with mass spectrometry (CE-MS) to 13 samples from 10 patients with aGvHD of grade II or more and 50 control samples from 23 patients without GvHD. About 170 GvHD-specific polypeptides were detected and a tentatively aGvHD-specific model consisting of 31 polypeptides was chosen, allowing correct classification of 13 of 13 (sensitivity 100.0% [95% confidence interval {CI} 75.1 to 100.0]) aGvHD samples and 49 of 50 (specificity 98.0% [95% CI 89.3 to 99.7]) control samples of the training set. The subsequent blinded evaluation of 599 samples enabled diagnosis of aGvHD greater than grade II, even prior to clinical diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 83.1% (95% CI 73.1 to 87.9) and a specificity of 75.6% (95% CI 71.6 to 79.4). Thus, high-resolution proteome analysis represents an unbiased laboratory-based screening method, enabling diagnosis, and possibly enabling preemptive therapy.
Friend of GATA-1–independent transcriptional repression: a novel mode of GATA-1 function
Authors: Johnson Kirby D. , Boyer Meghan E. , Kang Jeong-Ah , Wickrema Amittha , Cantor Alan B. , Bresnick Emery H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe GATA-1–interacting protein Friend Of GATA-1 (FOG-1) is essential for the proper transcriptional activation and repression of numerous GATA-1 target genes. Although FOG-1–independent activation by GATA-1 has been described, all known examples of GATA-1–mediated repression are FOG-1 dependent. In the GATA-1–null G1E cell line, estrogen receptor ligand binding domain (ER) chimeras of either wild-type GATA-1 or a FOG-1–binding defective mutant of GATA-1 repressed several genes similarly upon activation with β-estradiol. Repression also occurred in a FOG-1–null cell line expressing ER–GATA-1 and during ex vivo erythropoiesis. At the Lyl1 and Rgs18 loci, we found highly restricted occupancy by GATA-1 and GATA-2, indicating that these genes are direct targets of GATA factor regulation. The identification of genes repressed by GATA-1 independent of FOG-1 defines a novel mode of GATA-1–mediated transcriptional regulation.
Dominant inheritance of retinal ganglion cell resistance to optic nerve crush in mice
Authors: Li Yan , Semaan Sheila J , Schlamp Cassandra L , Nickells Robert W 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
Several neurodegenerative diseases are influenced by complex genetics that affect an individual's susceptibility, disease severity, and rate of progression. One such disease is glaucoma, a chronic neurodegenerative condition of the eye that targets and stimulates apoptosis of CNS neurons called retinal ganglion cells. Since ganglion cell death is intrinsic, it is reasonable that the genes that control this process may contribute to the complex genetics that affect ganglion cell susceptibility to disease. To determine if genetic background influences susceptibility to optic nerve damage, leading to ganglion cell death, we performed optic nerve crush on 15 different inbred lines of mice and measured ganglion cell loss. Resistant and susceptible strains were used in a reciprocal breeding strategy to examine the inheritance pattern of the resistance phenotype. Because earlier studies had implicated Bax as a susceptibility allele for ganglion cell death in the chronic neurodegenerative disease glaucoma, we conducted allelic segregation analysis and mRNA quantification to assess this gene as a candidate for the cell death phenotype.

Results
Inbred lines showed varying levels of susceptibility to optic nerve crush. DBA/2J mice were most resistant and BALB/cByJ mice were most susceptible. F1 mice from these lines inherited the DBA/2J phenotype, while N2 backcross mice exhibited the BALB/cByJ phenotype. F2 mice exhibited an intermediate phenotype. A Wright Formula calculation suggested as few as 2 dominant loci were linked to the resistance phenotype, which was corroborated by a Punnett Square analysis of the distribution of the mean phenotype in each cross. The levels of latent Bax mRNA were the same in both lines, and Bax alleles did not segregate with phenotype in N2 and F2 mice.

Conclusion
Inbred mice show different levels of resistance to optic nerve crush. The resistance phenotype is heritable in a dominant fashion involving relatively few loci. Bax was excluded as a candidate gene for this phenotype.
Estradiol valerate and alcohol intake: dose-response assessments
Authors: Quirarte Gina L , Reid Larry D , de la Teja I Sofía Ledesma , Reid Meta L , Sánchez Marco A , Díaz-Trujillo Arnulfo , Aguilar-Vazquez Azucena , Prado-Alcalá Roberto A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract

Background
An injection of estradiol valerate (EV) provides estradiol for a prolonged period. Recent research indicates that a single 2.0 mg injection of EV modifies a female rat's appetite for alcoholic beverages. This research extends the initial research by assessing 8 doses of EV (from .001 to 2.0 mg/female rat), as well assessing the effects of 2.0 mg EV in females with ovariectomies.

Results
With the administration of EV, there was a dose-related loss of bodyweight reaching the maximum loss, when it occurred, at about 4 days after injections. Subsequently, rats returned to gaining weight regularly. Of the doses tested, only the 2.0 mg dose produced a consistent increase in intake of ethanol during the time previous research indicated that the rats would show enhanced intakes. There was, however, a dose-related trend for smaller doses to enhance intakes. Rats with ovariectomies showed a similar pattern of effects, to intact rats, with the 2 mg dose. After extensive histories of intake of alcohol, both placebo and EV-treated females had estradiol levels below the average measured in females without a history of alcohol-intake.

Conclusion
The data support the conclusion that pharmacological doses of estradiol can produce enduring changes that are manifest as an enhanced appetite for alcoholic beverages. The effect can occur among females without ovaries.
Response of lymphocyte subsets and cytokines to Shenyang prescription in Sprague-Dawley rats with tongue squamous cell carcinomas induced by 4NQO
Authors: Jiang Canhua , Ye Dongxia , Qiu Weiliu , Zhang Xiuli , Zhang Zhiyuan , He Di , Zhang Ping , Chen Wantao 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackgroundThe study was designed to investigate immunocompetence in relation to cancer progression in rat and to assess the effect of the traditional Chinese anti-cancer medicine, "Shenyang" prescription, on immunity.Methods4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) was administered to 80 Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats via the drinking water for up to 36 weeks. Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) was confirmed by pathological examination in 61 rats. "Shenyang" prescription was administered to subgroups of these rats, and blood samples were taken before and after treatment. Lymphocyte subsets were determined by flow cytometry. Serum Th1 and Th2-type cytokines were assessed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.ResultsAs the cancer progressed at the tongue root, the percentage of CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes and NK cells and the levels of IFN-γ and IL-2 decreased gradually, while the percentage of CD3+CD8+ T lymphocytes and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 increased. The CD4+/CD8+ ratios were lower in the cancer groups than in the control group. However, after administering "Shenyang" prescription, the levels of CD3+CD4+ T lymphocytes, NK cells, IFN-γ and IL-2 increased, while the CD3+CD8+ T lymphocyte counts and the levels of IL-4 and IL-10 decreased.Conclusion4NQO-induced lesions were good models for exploring oral cavity carcinogenesis. The rats with 4NQO-induced SCC demonstrated abnormalities in lymphocyte subsets and a shift from Th1-type to Th2-type, which were good models for assessing the effect of anticancer agent on immunity. Oral cancer progression was associated with an aggressive disturbance of immune function. "Shenyang" prescription has the ability to improve the disturbance of immune function.
Predicting the intention to quit smoking and quitting behaviour: Extending the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Rise J. , Kovac V. , Kraft P. , Moan I. S. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. The present study examined the ability of the TPB to predict the intention to quit smoking and quitting behaviour. In addition, the predictive power of future orientation, number of cigarettes smoked, planning, past behaviour and the interactions between intention and other predictors was examined.Material and methods. The data were derived from a longitudinal survey among 103 daily smoking students at the University of Oslo (mean age 24.6 years, mean number of years of smoking = 8 years). These data were collected by means of self‐administered questionnaires at T1 (October 2003) and at T2 (February 2004) in terms of recording actual quitting.Results. The TPB components accounted for 30% of the variance in quitting intentions, and affective attitude and descriptive norm emerged as the strongest predictors of quitting intention. Ordinal regression analysis showed that intention was a borderline significant predictor of subsequent quitting behaviour, while the impact of PBC was non‐significant (model 1). The inclusion of the additional variables improved the fit of the model, with number of cigarettes and planning appearing as significant predictors of behaviour (model 2). As predicted, there was a significant interaction between perceived control and intentions on quitting (model 3). Nagelkerke R2 increased from .07 in model 1 to .54 in model 2, and finally to .58 in model 3.Conclusions. The results indicate that affective attitude and descriptive norm play a more crucial role than the other TPB predictors in motivating smokers to quit. The results also indicate that self‐regulatory strategies are important in relation to addictive behaviours.
Specific Defects in Different Transcription Complexes Compensate for the Requirement of the Negative Cofactor 2 Repressor in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Peiró-Chova Lorena , Estruch Francisco 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Negative cofactor 2 (NC2) has been described as an essential and evolutionarily conserved transcriptional repressor, although in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that it can function as both a positive and a negative effector of transcription. NC2 operates by interacting with the core promoter and components of the basal transcription machinery, like the TATA-binding protein (TBP). In this work, we have isolated mutants that suppress the growth defect caused by the depletion of NC2. We have identified mutations affecting components of three different complexes involved in the control of basal transcription: the mediator, TFIIH, and RNA pol II itself. Mutations in RNA pol II include both overexpression of truncated forms of the two largest subunits (Rpb1 and Rpb2) and reduced levels of these proteins. Suppression of NC2 depletion was also observed by reducing the amounts of the mediator essential components Nut2 and Med7, as well as by deleting any of the nonessential mediator components, except Med2, Med3, and Gal11 subunits. Interestingly, the Med2/Med3/Gal11 triad forms a submodule within the mediator tail. Our results support the existence of different components within the basic transcription complexes that antagonistically interact with the NC2 repressor and suggest that the correct balance between the activities of specific positive and negative components is essential for cell growth.
Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations
Authors: Witherspoon D J , Wooding S , Rogers A R , Marchani E E , Watkins W S , Batzer M A , Jorde L B 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe proportion of human genetic variation due to differences between populations is modest, and individuals from different populations can be genetically more similar than individuals from the same population. Yet sufficient genetic data can permit accurate classification of individuals into populations. Both findings can be obtained from the same data set, using the same number of polymorphic loci. This article explains why. Our analysis focuses on the frequency, ω, with which a pair of random individuals from two different populations is genetically more similar than a pair of individuals randomly selected from any single population. We compare ω to the error rates of several classification methods, using data sets that vary in number of loci, average allele frequency, populations sampled, and polymorphism ascertainment strategy. We demonstrate that classification methods achieve higher discriminatory power than ω because of their use of aggregate properties of populations. The number of loci analyzed is the most critical variable: with 100 polymorphisms, accurate classification is possible, but ω remains sizable, even when using populations as distinct as sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans. Phenotypes controlled by a dozen or fewer loci can therefore be expected to show substantial overlap between human populations. This provides empirical justification for caution when using population labels in biomedical settings, with broad implications for personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics, and the meaning of race.
Precise Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci for Resistance to Southern Leaf Blight, Caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus Race O, and Flowering Time Using Advanced Intercross Maize Lines
Authors: Balint-Kurti P J , Zwonitzer J C , Wisser R J , Carson M L , Oropeza-Rosas M A , Holland J B , Szalma S J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
The intermated B73 × Mo17 (IBM) population, an advanced intercross recombinant inbred line population derived from a cross between the maize lines B73 (susceptible) and Mo17 (resistant), was evaluated in four environments for resistance to southern leaf blight (SLB) disease caused by Cochliobolus heterostrophus race O. Two environments were artificially inoculated, while two were not inoculated and consequently had substantially lower disease pressure. Four common SLB resistance quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in all environments, two in bin 3.04 and one each in bins 1.10 and 8.02/3. There was no significant correlation between disease resistance and days to anthesis. A direct comparison was made between SLB QTL detected in two populations, independently derived from the same parental cross: the IBM advanced intercross population and a conventional recombinant inbred line population. Several QTL for SLB resistance were detected in both populations, with the IBM providing between 5 and, in one case, 50 times greater mapping resolution.
Comparative Physical Mapping Between Oryza sativa (AA Genome Type) and O. punctata (BB Genome Type)
Authors: Kim HyeRan , Miguel Phillip San , Nelson William , Collura Kristi , Wissotski Marina , Walling Jason G , Kim Jun Pyo , Jackson Scott A , Soderlund Carol , Wing Rod A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
A comparative physical map of the AA genome (Oryza sativa) and the BB genome (O. punctata) was constructed by aligning a physical map of O. punctata, deduced from 63,942 BAC end sequences (BESs) and 34,224 fingerprints, onto the O. sativa genome sequence. The level of conservation of each chromosome between the two species was determined by calculating a ratio of BES alignments. The alignment result suggests more divergence of intergenic and repeat regions in comparison to gene-rich regions. Further, this characteristic enabled localization of heterochromatic and euchromatic regions for each chromosome of both species. The alignment identified 16 locations containing expansions, contractions, inversions, and transpositions. By aligning 40% of the punctata BES on the map, 87% of the punctata FPC map covered 98% of the O. sativa genome sequence. The genome size of O. punctata was estimated to be 8% larger than that of O. sativa with individual chromosome differences of 1.5–16.5%. The sum of expansions and contractions observed in regions &gt;500 kb were similar, suggesting that most of the contractions/expansions contributing to the genome size difference between the two species are small, thus preserving the macro-collinearity between these species, which diverged ∼2 million years ago.