bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The diffusion of theories: A functional approach
Authors: Veer Martens Betsy Van der , Goodrum Abby A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis comparative case study of the diffusion and nondiffusion over time of eight theories in the social sciences uses citation analysis, citation context analysis, content analysis, surveys of editorial review boards, and personal interviews with theorists to develop a model of the theory functions that facilitate theory diffusion throughout specific intellectual communities. Unlike previous work on the diffusion of theories as innovations, this theory functions model differs in several important respects from the findings of previous studies that employed Everett Rogers's classic typology of “innovation characteristics that promote diffusion.” The model is also presented as a contribution to a more integrated theory of citation.
A framework for authorship identification of online messages: Writing‐style features and classification techniques
Authors: Zheng Rong , Li Jiexun , Chen Hsinchun , Huang Zan 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWith the rapid proliferation of Internet technologies and applications, misuse of online messages for inappropriate or illegal purposes has become a major concern for society. The anonymous nature of online‐message distribution makes identity tracing a critical problem. We developed a framework for authorship identification of online messages to address the identity‐tracing problem. In this framework, four types of writing‐style features (lexical, syntactic, structural, and content‐specific features) are extracted and inductive learning algorithms are used to build feature‐based classification models to identify authorship of online messages. To examine this framework, we conducted experiments on English and Chinese online‐newsgroup messages. We compared the discriminating power of the four types of features and of three classification techniques: decision trees, backpropagation neural networks, and support vector machines. The experimental results showed that the proposed approach was able to identify authors of online messages with satisfactory accuracy of 70 to 95%. All four types of message features contributed to discriminating authors of online messages. Support vector machines outperformed the other two classification techniques in our experiments. The high performance we achieved for both the English and Chinese datasets showed the potential of this approach in a multiple‐language context.
Monitoring redox‐dependent contribution of lipids in Fourier transform infrared difference spectra of complex I from Escherichia coli
Authors: Hielscher Ruth , Wenz Tina , Stolpe Stefan , Hunte Carola , Friedrich Thorsten , Hellwig Petra 
Published: December 2005

AbstractBiochemical and crystallographic studies have shown that phospholipids are essential for the integrity and activity of membrane proteins. In the study presented here, we use electrochemically induced Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy to demonstrate variations occurring upon the presence and absence of lipids in NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) from Escherchia coli by following the CO vibration of the lipid molecule. Complex I is activated in the presence of lipids. Interestingly, in electrochemically induced FTIR difference spectra of complex I from E. coli, a new signal at 1744/1730 cm−1 appears after addition of E. coli polar lipids, concomitant with the oxidized or reduced form, respectively. Absorbance spectra of liposomes from mixed lipids at different pH values demonstrate shifts for the carbonyl vibration depending on the environment. On this basis we suggest that lipids, though not redox active themselves, contribute in reaction‐induced FTIR difference spectra, if a change occurs in the direct environment of the lipid during the observed reaction or coupled processes. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 291–294, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Inhibition and partial reactions of Na,K‐ATPase studied by fourier transform infrared difference spectroscopy
Authors: Stolz Michael , Lewitzki Erwin , Mäntele Werner , Barth Andreas , Grell Ernst 
Published: December 2005

AbstractReaction‐induced infrared (IR) difference spectroscopy with caged ATP and Na,K‐ATPase allows us to differentiate unambiguously between phosphorylated and unphosphorylated states of the enzyme as well as of its ouabain complex. The IR spectral changes upon phosphoenzyme formation are characterized and interpreted. Our results show clearly that high Na+ concentrations prevent the binding of ouabain with high affinity, which is consistent with the results of a corresponding kinetic study employing spectrofluorimetry and calorimetric titrations. This unexpected antagonism leading to low ouabain affinity is assumed related to a conformation of the protein, induced by low affinity binding of the third Na+ ion. We thus conclude that not the free enzyme but a phosphorylated state of the reaction cycle preferentially binds ouabain and leads to the loss of hydrolytic activity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 82: 368–372, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
DNA compaction into new DNA vectors based on cyclodextrin polymer: Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy characterization
Authors: Burckbuchler V. , Wintgens V. , Lecomte S. , Percot A. , Leborgne C. , Danos O. , Kichler A. , Amiel C. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe ability of DNA to bind polycation yielding polyplexes is widely used in nonviral gene delivery. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the DNA compaction with a new DNA vector using Raman spectroscopy. The polyplexes result from an association of a β‐cyclodextrin polymer (polyβ‐CD), an amphiphilic cationic connector (DC‐Chol or adamantane derivative Ada2), and DNA. The charge of the polymeric vector is effectively controlled by simple addition of cationic connector in the medium. We used surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) to characterize this ternary complex, monitoring the accessibility of adenyl residues to silver colloids. The first experiments were performed using model systems based on polyA (polyadenosine monophosphate) well characterized by SERS. This model was then extended to plasmid DNA to study polyβ‐CD/Ada2/DNA and polyβ‐CD/DC‐Chol/DNA polyplexes. The SERS spectra show a decrease of signal intensity when the vector/DNA charge ratio (Z+/−) increases. At the highest ratio (Z+/− = 10) the signal is 6‐fold and 3‐fold less intense than the DNA reference signal for Ada2 and DC‐Chol polyplexes, respectively. Thus adenyl residues have a reduced accessibility as DNA is bound to the vector. Moreover, the SERS intensity variations are in agreement with gel electrophoresis and zeta potential experiments on the same systems. The overall study clearly demonstrates that the cationic charges neutralizing the negative charges of DNA result in the formation of stable polyplexes. In vitro transfection efficiency of those DNA vectors are also presented and compared to the classical DC‐Chol lipoplexes (DC‐Chol/DNA). The results show an increase of the transfection efficiency 2‐fold higher with our vector based on polyβ‐CD. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 360–370, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
The effect of water on the glass transition of human hair
Authors: Wortmann F.‐J. , Stapels M. , Elliott R. , Chandra L. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe glass transition of human hair and its dependence on water content were determined by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The relationship between the data is suitably described by the Fox equation, yielding for human hair a glass transition temperature of Tg = 144°C, which is substantially lower than that for wool (174°C). This effect is attributed to a higher fraction of hydrophobic proteins in the matrix of human hair, which acts as an internal plasticizer. The applicability of the Fox equation for hair as well as for wool implies that water is homogeneously distributed in α‐keratins, despite their complex morphological, semicrystalline structure. To investigate this aspect, hair was rendered amorphous by thermal denaturation. For the amorphous hair neither the water content nor Tg were changed compared to the native state. These results provide strong support for the theory of a quasi‐homogeneous distribution of water within α‐keratins. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 81: 371–375, 2006This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Composition of perineuronal nets in the adult rat cerebellum and the cellular origin of their components
Authors: Carulli Daniela , Rhodes Kate E. , Brown David J. , Bonnert Timothy P. , Pollack Scott J. , Oliver Kevin , Strata Piergiorgio , Fawcett James W. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe decrease in plasticity that occurs in the central nervous system during postnatal development is accompanied by the appearance of perineuronal nets (PNNs) around the cell body and dendrites of many classes of neuron. These structures are composed of extracellular matrix molecules, such as chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs), hyaluronan (HA), tenascin‐R, and link proteins. To elucidate the role played by neurons and glial cells in constructing PNNs, we studied the expression of PNN components in the adult rat cerebellum by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization. In the deep cerebellar nuclei, only large excitatory neurons were surrounded by nets, which contained the CSPGs aggrecan, neurocan, brevican, versican, and phosphacan, along with tenascin‐R and HA. Whereas both net‐bearing neurons and glial cells were the sources of CSPGs and tenascin‐R, only the neurons expressed the mRNA for HA synthases (HASs), cartilage link protein, and link protein Bral2. In the cerebellar cortex, Golgi neurons possessed PNNs and also synthesized HASs, cartilage link protein, and Bral2 mRNAs. To see whether HA might link PNNs to the neuronal cell surface by binding to a receptor, we investigated the expression of the HA receptors CD44, RHAMM, and LYVE‐1. No immunolabelling for HA receptors on the membrane of net‐bearing neurons was found. We therefore propose that HASs, which can retain HA on the cell surface, may act as a link between PNNs and neurons. Thus, HAS and link proteins might be key molecules for PNN formation and stability. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:559–577, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural activity‐ and development‐dependent expression and distribution of CASK interacting nucleosome assembly protein in mouse brain
Authors: Lin Chia‐Wen , Huang Tzyy‐Nan , Wang Guey‐Shin , Kuo Ting‐Yu , Yen Tsen‐Yann , Hsueh Yi‐Ping 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCASK interacting nucleosome assembly protein (CINAP) modulates gene expression and its abundance in cultured neurons is regulated by synaptic activity. To further study the function of CINAP in vivo, we examined the temporal and spatial expression profiles of CINAP. CINAP was widely expressed in different regions of adult mouse brain, including the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, striatum, hypothalamus, cerebellum, and two adult brain regions known to generate progenitor neurons. During early development, CINAP was also expressed in regions where neuronal progenitor cells were actively dividing, the ventricular and subventricular zones, suggesting that in addition to regulating gene expression in mature neurons, CINAP may also play a role in dividing cells. Since the hypothalamus responds to several physiological responses, we examined whether CINAP protein levels in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus are regulated by changes in osmolality achieved through oral administration of hypertonic saline. Compared with control mice, mice treated with hypertonic saline expressed higher CINAP protein levels in the PVN, supporting a role of CINAP in neural response in vivo. Using confocal microscopic analysis, a significant amount of CINAP was found in the cytoplasm of neurons. Biochemical fractionation further confirmed that CINAP was associated with synapses, suggesting a translocation of CINAP protein from synapse to the nucleus. Consistent with this speculation, nuclear CINAP levels in the PVN were higher in hypertonic saline‐treated mice than those who drank water. CINAP may be regulated through changes in protein stability and nuclear translocation in neurons. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:606–619, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Immunohistochemical localization of calbindin‐D28k and calretinin in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis
Authors: Morona Ruth , Moreno Nerea , López Jesús M. , González Agustín 
Published: December 2005

AbstractImmunohistochemical techniques were used to investigate the distribution and morphology of neurons containing the calcium‐binding proteins calbindin‐D28k (CB) and calretinin (CR) in the spinal cord of Xenopus laevis and determine the extent to which this organization is comparable to that of mammals. Most CB‐ and CR‐containing neurons were located in the superficial dorsal gray field, but with distinct topography. The lateral, ventrolateral, and ventromedial fields also possessed abundant neurons labeled for either CB or CR. Double immunohistofluorescence demonstrated that a subpopulation of dorsal root ganglion cells and neurons in the dorsal and ventrolateral fields contained CB and CR. By means of a similar technique, a cell population in the dorsal field was doubly labeled only for CB and nitric oxide synthase (NOS), whereas in the ventrolateral field colocalization of NOS with CB and CR was found. Choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry revealed that a subpopulation of ventral horn neurons, including motoneurons, colocalized CB and CR. The involvement of CB‐ and CR‐containing neurons in ascending spinal projections was demonstrated combining the retrograde transport of dextran amines and immunohistochemistry. Cells colocalizing the tracer and CB or CR were quite numerous, primarily in the dorsal and ventrolateral fields. Similar experiments demonstrated supraspinal projections from CB‐ and CR‐containing cells in the brainstem and diencephalon. The distribution, projections, and colocalization with neurotransmitters of the neuronal systems containing CB and CR in Xenopus suggest that CB and CR are important neuromodulator substances with functions conserved in the spinal cord from amphibians through mammals. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:763–783, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
AII amacrine cells in the distal inner nuclear layer of the mouse retina
Authors: Lee Eun‐Jin , Mann Laura B. , Rickman Dennis W. , Lim Eun‐Jin , Chun Myung‐Hoon , Grzywacz Norberto M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractWe serendipitously found a distal Disabled‐1 (Dab1)‐immunoreactive cell in retina of the C57BL/6J black mouse. The somata of these cells are located in the outermost part of the inner nuclear layer (INL). Their processes extend toward the outer plexiform layer (OPL), receiving synaptic inputs from horizontal and interplexiform cells. In the current study, we name this cell the “distal Dab1‐immunoreactive cell.” Double‐labeling experiments demonstrate that the distal Dab1‐immunoreactive cell is not a horizontal cell. Rather, the distal Dab1 cell appears to be a misplaced AII cell, by being glycine transporter‐1‐immunoreactive and by resembling the latter cell in an electron microscopic analysis. A distal Dab1 cell had been reported in the FVB/N mouse retina, a model of retinitis pigmentosa (Park et al. [2004] Cell Tissue Res 315:407–412). However, here, we found this distal Dab1‐immunoreactive cell in the adult and normal developing mouse retinas. Hence, we show that such cells do not require the loss of photoreceptors as suggested previously (Park et al. [2004] Cell Tissue Res 315:407–412). Instead, two other pieces of data suggest an alternative explanation sources for distal Dab1 cells. First, we find a correlation between the number of these cells in the left and right eyes Second, developmental analysis shows that the distal Dab1‐immunoreactive cell is first observed shortly after birth. At the same time, AII cells emerge, extending their neurites into the inner retina. These data suggest that distal Dab1‐immunoreactive cells are misplaced AII amacrine cells, resulting from genetically modulated anomalies owing to migration errors. J. Comp. Neurol. 494:651–662, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reduction of [Cp*2Mo2O5] in Aqueous Medium: Structure and Properties of a Triangular Mixed Oxo‐Hydroxo‐Bridged Product, [Cp*3Mo3(μ‐O)2(μ‐OH)4](X)2 (X = CF3CO2 or CF3SO3)
Authors: Demirhan Funda , Çağatay Bahar , Demir Deniz , Baya Miguel , Daran Jean‐Claude , Poli Rinaldo 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe reduction of [Cp*2Mo2O5] with Zn in a MeOH/H2O solution acidified with either CF3COOH or CF3SO3H leads to the formation of the [Cp*3Mo3(μ‐O)2(μ‐OH)4]2+ ion as its trifluoroacetate or trifluoromethanesulfonate salt. The structure of the compound was confirmed by X‐ray analyses. The anions establish hydrogen‐bonding interactions with all four bridging OH groups. Density functional calculations afford bonding parameters in close agreement with the observed structure and indicate that the cluster is best described as a valence‐delocalized Mo313+ species. The five metal electrons are distributed among an a‐type (z2) orbital, which accounts for most of the metal–metal attraction, and two essentially metal–metal nonbonding e‐type (xy) orbitals with a slight Mo‐(μ‐O) π*‐type contribution. Because of the C2 symmetry, the latter orbitals are not degenerate. The calculations show that the unpaired electron is located in a molecular orbital with equal contribution from two Mo atoms, in agreement with the experimental observation of coupling of the unpaired electron to two Mo atoms in the isotropic EPR spectrum. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Tag SNP selection for Finnish individuals based on the CEPH Utah HapMap database
Authors: Willer Cristen J. , Scott Laura J. , Bonnycastle Lori L. , Jackson Anne U. , Chines Peter , Pruim Randall , Bark Craig W. , Tsai Ya‐Yu , Pugh Elizabeth W. , Doheny Kimberly F. , Kinnunen Leena , Mohlke Karen L. , Valle Timo T. , Bergman Richard N. , Tuomilehto Jaakko , Collins Francis S. , Boehnke Michael 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe pattern and nature of linkage disequilibrium in the human genome is being studied and catalogued as part of the International HapMap Project [:2003 Nature 426:789–796]. A key goal of the HapMap Project is to enable identification of tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that capture a substantial portion of common human genetic variability while requiring only a small fraction of SNPs to be genotyped [International HapMap Consortium, 2005: Nature 437:1299–1320]. In the current study, we examined the effectiveness of using the CEU HapMap database to select tag SNPs for a Finnish sample. We selected SNPs in a 17.9‐Mb region of chromosome 14 based on pairwise linkage disequilibrium (r2) estimates from the HapMap CEU sample, and genotyped 956 of these SNPs in 1,425 Finnish individuals. An excess of SNPs showed significantly different allele frequencies between the HapMap CEU and the Finnish samples, consistent with population‐specific differences. However, we observed strong correlations between the two samples for estimates of allele frequencies, r2 values, and haplotype frequencies. Our results demonstrate that the HapMap CEU samples provide an adequate basis for tag SNP selection in Finnish individuals, without the need to create a map specifically for the Finnish population, and suggest that the four‐population HapMap data will provide useful information for tag SNP selection beyond the specific populations from which they were sampled. Genet. Epidemiol. 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Incorporating endophenotypes into allele‐sharing based linkage tests
Authors: Wang Wen‐Chang , Chang I‐Shou , Chang Chin‐Hao , Curb David , Ho Low‐Tone , Hsiung Chao A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractFor a genetic study in which there are concordant and discordant sibpairs for a complex disease trait and the measurements of other endophenotypes/intermediate phenotypes for each of the individuals are also available, we describe an allele‐sharing based multipoint linkage test that utilizes nonparametrically the additional endophenotypes/intermediate phenotypes. The usefulness of this method is evaluated in simulation studies, which show that the gain in power is influenced by not only the endophenotypic value but also the correlation between the diagnosis‐based phenotype and the endophenotype. In addition to reporting p values, our method also provides an index CE, derived from the coefficients of the weight function associated with the endophenotype in the proposed statistic, to indicate the relevance of a specific endophenotype/intermediate phenotype in the genetic study. The simulation study indicates that a larger power, in general, corresponds to a larger value of the index CE. The index CE is thus suggested as a quantity to be used in the choice of endophenotypes in linkage study. Data from the Stanford Asian Pacific Program in Hypertension and Insulin Resistance (SAPPHIRe) are used to illustrate the method. Genet. Epidemiol. 30:133–142, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Epidemiology and the causes of breast cancer
Authors: MacMahon Brian 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis article describes the characteristics of 3 dominant features of breast cancer epidemiology. These characteristics include the association of disease risk with childbearing, its relationship to ovarian activity and its international variation (particularly as the latter differs in the years before and after menopause). Equivocal tests of one hypothesis that reconciled some of these features through variations in levels of the fractions of estrogen are described. Other hypotheses with a similar objective are needed. The 3 known causes of human breast cancer, ionizing radiation, exogenous ovarian hormones and beverage alcohol, offer some preventive possibilities but do little to explain the epidemiologic features of the majority of cases of the disease that occur in their absence. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Automated radiosynthesis of [18F]SPA‐RQ for imaging human brain NK1 receptors with PET
Authors: Chin Frederick T. , Morse Cheryl L. , Shetty H. Umesha , Pike Victor W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract[18F]SPA‐RQ is an effective radioligand for imaging brain neurokinin type‐1 (NK1) receptors in clinical research and drug discovery with positron emission tomography. For the automated regular production of [18F]SPA‐RQ for clinical use in the USA under an IND we chose to use a modified commercial synthesis module (TRACERlab FXF‐N; GE Medical Systems) with an auxiliary custom‐made robotic cooling–heating reactor, after evaluating several alternative radiosynthesis conditions. The automated radiosynthesis and its quality control are described here. [18F]SPA‐RQ was regularly obtained within 150 min from the start of radiosynthesis in high radiochemical purity (>99%) and chemical purity and with an overall decay‐corrected radiochemical yield of 15±2% (mean±S.D.; n=10) from cyclotron‐produced [18F]fluoride ion. The specific radioactivity of [18F]SPA‐RQ at the end of synthesis ranged from 644 to 2140 mCi/µmol (23.8–79.2 GBq/µmol). Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.