bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facile synthesis of 6‐aryl‐5H‐8‐oxa‐4b, 7‐diaza‐benzo[a]azulen‐9‐one derivatives, new tricyclic heterocycles
Authors: Praveen Cherukupally , Rao Javvaji Rama , Reddy Padi Pratap , Mukkanti Kaga , Reddy Gade Srinivas 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image8‐Oxa‐4b,7‐diaza‐benzo[a]azulene‐9‐one system, a new tricyclic heterocyclic framework is designed through a simple and convenient synthetic sequence. Its 6‐aryl derivatives are synthesized starting from ethyl indole‐2‐carboxylate. Reaction of differently substituted phenacyl bromides with ethyl indole‐2‐carboxylate, treatment of the resultant N‐substituted indole‐2‐carboxylates with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to provide corresponding oximes, subsequent ester hydrolysis followed by dehydrative cyclisation furnished the desired compounds 5 a‐g.
2‐(Azulen‐1‐yl)‐4,6‐diphenyl substituted six‐membered heteroaromatics
Authors: Razus Alexandru C. , Birzan Liviu , Zaharia Oana , Enache Cristian 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image2‐(Azulen‐1‐yl)‐4,6‐diphenyl substituted pyranylium salts, pyridinium salts and pyridines were efficiently synthesized and the new obtained compounds were completely characterized. Comparative structural analysis between these compounds and their corresponding isomers that contain the azulen‐1‐yl moiety in the 4‐position of the heterocycle, were carried out. These studies are based on calculated dihedral angles formed between central heterocycle and the aromatic substituents and on the obtained electronic and NMR spectra. Due to the restriction in the rotation around azulenyl‐pyridinium bond produced by the quaternary nitrogen substituent, in the herein reported pyridinium salts, the substitution groups of the quaternary nitrogen atom are prochiral. This property leads to the non‐equivalence of gem‐protons or gem‐methyl groups of N‐substituents in the 1H nmr spectra of the synthesized pyridinium salts.
Reactions of 4‐dimethylamino‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides with nitrating mixture and transamination of 4‐dimethylamino‐3‐methylsulfinyl‐6‐nitroquinoline
Authors: Chrobak Elwira , Maślankiewicz Andrzej 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image4‐Amino‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides 4d‐e and 7a‐c were prepared by amination of 4‐chloro‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides 4c or 1c, respectively, in methanol (140‐160 °C) or in boiling phenol with yields up to 95 %. Reaction of 4‐dimethylamino‐3‐quinolinyl sulfides 7c and 4e with nitrating mixture proceeded simultanously as oxidation of the methylthio group to the methylsulfinyl one and as C6‐nitration to form 6‐nitro‐β‐quinolinyl sulfoxides 9c or 10b, respectively. 4‐Dimethylamino‐3‐methylsulfinyl‐6‐nitroquinoline 9c underwent acid catalysed transamination when reacting with primary aliphatic amines and ammonia.
Oxalic acid as a versatile catalyst for one pot facile synthesis of 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones and their thione analogues
Authors: Sangshetti Jaiprakash N. , Shinde Devanand B. , Kokare Nagnnath D. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image3,4‐Dihydropyrimidin‐2‐(1H)‐ones and their thione analogues are synthesized from the condensation of aromatic aldehydes, β‐dicarbonyl compound and urea or thiourea in presence of 5 mol% of oxalic acid in ethanol‐water (1:2; v/v) under mild reaction conditions. The yields obtained are better and also the use of very inexpensive catalyst, environmentally benign solvent and easy work‐up are the advantageous aspects of the present method.
A simple and efficient procedure for the synthesis of benzimidazoles using trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) as the oxidant
Authors: Bigdeli Mohammad A. , Dostmohammadi Hamideh , Nemati Firouzeh , Mahdavinia Gholam Hossein 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA Direct one step synthesis of various benzimidazoles from 3,4‐diaminotoluene and benzaldehydes is described using TCCA as the oxidant. The salient features of this method include simple procedure, mild condition, no waste products, easy separation, low reaction times and generality.
Facile routes to 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines and 1,2,4‐triazino[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazine by heteropolyacides
Authors: Motamedi Radineh , Heravi Majid M. , Bamoharram Fatemeh F. , Haeri Anahita 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageCyclization of 4‐amino‐6‐methyl‐3‐propargylmercapto‐1,2,4‐triazine‐5‐one 3 and 4‐amino‐3‐propargyl mercapto‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives 6 were afforded 1,2,4‐triazino[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines 4 and 1,2,4‐triazolo[3,4‐b][1,3,4]thiadiazines 7 in presence of heteropolyacids, H14[NaP5W29MoO110] and H6P2W18O60 in high yields. Among used heteropoly acids, the yields were higher with H14‐P5Mo, caused to their high acid strengths.
Studies with phenylsulfone derivatives: Synthesis of pyrrole, thiophene and their fused derivatives
Authors: Elkholy Yehya M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageDiethyl 2‐(1‐phenyl‐2‐(phenylsulfonyl)ethylidene)malonate 3 has been prepared via the reaction of 6 with sodium benzenesulfinate. Compound 3 proved to be highly reactive towards various reagents and underwent numerous chemical transformation, resulting in the construction of a wide range of heterocyclic sulfone systems.
An efficient synthesis of new benzo[1′,2′:6,7]quinolino[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidine derivatives via three‐component microwave‐assisted reaction
Authors: Chen Yan , Wu Shanshan , Tu Shujiang , Shi Feng , Li Chunmei 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA series of benzo[1′,2′:6,7]quinolino[2,3‐d]pyrimidine derivatives were synthesized via condensation of an aromatic aldehyde, 2‐hydroxy naphthalene‐1,4‐dione and 2,6‐diaminopyrimidin‐4‐one in mixed solvent of acetic acid and glycol (3:1,V:V) under microwave irradiation. This one‐pot protocol has the advantage of good yield (86‐91%), simple workup procedure and rapid reaction time (4‐8min).
Synthesis of pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines and attachment of amino acids and carbohydrate as linkers
Authors: Kendre Dhananjay B. , Toche Raghunath B. , Jachak Madhukar N. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageSynthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines has been achieved successfully by sequence of Gould ‐ Jacobs reaction between 5‐aminopyrazole and diethylethoxymethylenemalonate in good yield. Further the pyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridines were converted into succinimidoyl active esters which are then replaced by biological samples such as amino acids and carbohydrate in slightly aqueous medium.
Simple and mild procedures for synthesis of benzimidazole derivatives using heterogeneous catalyst systems
Authors: Sharghi Hashem , Asemani Omid , Tabaei Seyed Mohammad Hossein 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageTsOH/graphite and N,N‐dimethylaniline/graphite were found to be catalyst systems for condensation reaction of o‐phenylendiamine with different aldehydes to form benzimidazole derivatives under mild and simple conditions. The graphite was easily recovered by a simple extraction and could be reused without decrease of activity in the presence of fresh TsOH and N,N‐dimethylaniline.
N‐Alkylation of imides using phase transfer catalysts under solvent‐free conditions
Authors: Jaśkowska Jolanta , Kowalski Piotr 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageN‐Alkylation of imides in the reaction of imides and alkylhalides, catalyzed by PT catalysts under solvent‐free conditions, has been developed. The reaction occurs in the presence of K2CO3, and in many cases it takes place spontaneously. In the N‐benzylation reaction, it has been recognized that TBAB (tetrabutylammonium bromide) and TBATFB (tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate) show highest catalytic effect. Versatility and synthetic capacity of the solvent‐free alkylation has been confirmed by N‐benzylation and N‐ethylation of various imides. The developed procedure gives easy access to N‐(ω‐bromoalkyl)imides.
High yield synthesis of 4H‐1,4‐benzothiazine‐1,1‐dioxide derivatives
Authors: De Montis Stefania , Fattuoni Claudia , Cadoni Enzo , Cabiddu Maria G. , Usai Michele , Cabiddu Salvatore 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image4H‐1,4‐Benzothiazine‐1,1‐dioxide derivatives were synthesized through a sequence of almost quantitative reactions. The commercial starting material 2‐(methylsulfanyl)aniline was Boc‐protected, N‐acylated and oxidized at the sulfur atom to obtain a sulfonyl derivative. An anionic transposition of the acyl group followed by asimultaneous deprotection‐cyclization gave the title products in excellent yields. All products and intermediates were fully characterized.
Synthesis of α‐[5‐(5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐imidazolylthio]acetic acids
Authors: Hadizadeh Farzin , Vosooghi Rahil 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe paper describes synthesis and antituberculosis activity of α‐[5‐(5‐amino‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)‐imidazol‐2‐ylthio]acetic acids (5a,b). The compounds were tested against Mycobacterium tuberculosis strain H37Rv in comparison to rifampicin. Compounds exhibited low activity (MIC ≤ 6.25 μg/ml, % inhibition ≥ 24).
Microwave induced efficient synthesis of (un)substituted benzaldehyde (5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)hydrazones using silica‐supported dichlorophosphate as a recoverable dehydrant
Authors: Li Zheng , Feng Xu , Zhao Yanlong 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image(Un)substituted benzaldehyde (5‐aryl‐1,3,4‐thiadiazol‐2‐yl)hydrazones were efficiently synthesized by reactions of (un)substituted benzaldehyde thiocarbohydrazones with aromatic carboxylic acids by using silica‐supported dichlorophosphate as a recoverable dehydrant under microwave irradiation. The protocol has advantages of short reaction time, high yield, easy work‐up procedure and no environmental pollution.
A facile synthesis of asterriquinone D
Authors: Tanoue Yasuhiro , Motoi Takashi , Masuda Yutaka , Kai Norihisa , Sakata Kazunori , Hashimoto Mamoru , Nagai Takeshi 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAsterriquinone D was easily synthesized in three steps from 2,5‐dichloro‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The reaction of benzoquinone with indole in the presence of Pd(OAc)2, followed by oxidation with cerium (IV) ammonium nitrate (CAN) produced 3,6‐dichloro‐2,5‐bis (3‐indolyl)‐1,4‐benzoquinone. The methoxylation of the dichloride with NaOH in CH3OH afforded asterriquinone D.
Unexpected formation of pyridodiindole derivatives with cytotoxic activity via double nenitzescu reaction
Authors: Willemann Christine , Waibel Reiner , Troschütz Reinhard , Grünert Renate , Bednarski Patrick 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe title compounds 10 and 11 were prepared by a one‐step procedure from 1,4‐benzoquinone (4) and pyridine‐2,4,6‐triamine (5) via an extension of the Nenitzescu reaction
First example of the groebke mcr using hydoxybenzal dehydes and substituted 2‐aminopyrimidines
Authors: Polyakov Anatoliy I. , Eryomina Vera A. , Medvedeva Lidiya A. , Tihonova Nadezhda I. , Voskressensky LeoniD. G. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA three component condensation of 2‐aminopyrimidines, isocyanides and 4‐hydroxybenzaldehydes was studied. 3‐Amino‐2‐(4‐hydroxyphenyl)imidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidine derivatives were obtained in moderate yields. Using 4‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dimethoxybenzaldehyde and 2‐aminopyrimidine as starting materials in the condensation led to mixtures of isomeric 2‐ and 3‐aminoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyrimidines. It was demonstrated, that the regiospecificity of this reaction is mainly defined by the steric hindrance of substituents on the pyrimidine nucleus and the carbonyl activity of the corresponding aldehydes.
Design and synthesis of optically active 2‐phenylimidazolecarboxamides featuring amino acid motive
Authors: Sivek Roman , Pytela Oldřich , Bureš Filip 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageOverall sixteen new, optically active carboxamides 1‐3 have been synthesized. These compounds based on the 2‐phenylimidazole and featuring amino acid residues are linked on the 4‐position by an amidic bond. Two general methods were used for their construction. Whereas the first method employs acylchlorides as a reactive species, the second one involves a condensation of mixed anhydrides with the amino acid counterparts. Actually, the second method proved to be more efficient than the first one. Carboxamides 1‐3 were preliminarily tested as N‐chelating ligands with an application in the Henry or Aldol reactions affording either poor yields or enantiomeric excesses.
Utility of 2‐[4‐(3‐oxobenzo[f]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐yl)‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl]ethanenitrile in heterocyclic synthesis
Authors: Abdelhamid Abdou O. , Abdelaziz Hassan M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imagePyrazolo[4,3‐d]pyrimidines, pyrazolo[4,3‐d]triazolino[4,3‐a]pyrimidines, 3‐(2‐thiazolyl)thiophenes, thiazolo[3,2‐a]pyridine and pyrazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidines were synthesized from 2‐[4‐(3‐oxobenzo[f]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐yl)‐1,3‐thiazol‐2‐yl]ethanenitrile. The newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by elemental analysis, spectral data, chemical transformation and alternative synthesis route whenever possible.
Synthesis of novel pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine, pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole and triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine derivatives
Authors: Shaaban Mohamed R. , Eldebss Taha M. A. , Darweesh Ahmed F. , Farag Ahmad M. 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image4‐Acetyl‐5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazole reacts with dimethylformamide dimethylacetal (DMF‐DMA) to afford the corresponding (E)1‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐3‐(N,N‐dimethylamino)‐2‐propen‐1‐one. The latter product undergoes regioselective 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition with nitrilimines and nitrile oxides to afford the novel 3‐aroyl‐4‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)carbonyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole and 3‐aroyl‐4‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)carbonyl isoxazole derivatives, respectively. It reacts also with 1H‐benzimidazole‐2‐acetonitrile, 2‐aminobenzimidazole and 3‐amino‐1,2,4‐triazole to afford the novel pyrido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole, pyrimido[1,2‐a]benzimidazole and the triazolo[4,3‐a]pyrimidine derivatives, respectively. The reaction of 3‐aroyl‐4‐(5‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl) carbonyl‐1‐phenylpyrazole derivatives with hydrazine hydrate led to a new pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine derivatives.
A mild and highly efficient method for the synthesis of 5‐aryl‐(N‐phenyl‐)6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐2‐aminium salts using reusable heterogeneous catalysts
Authors: Rostamizadeh Shahnaz , Shadjou Nasrin , Amani Ali M. , Aryan Reza 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image5‐Aryl‐6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐2‐aminium and 5‐aryl‐N‐phenyl‐6H‐1,3,4‐thiadiazin‐2‐aminium salts have efficiently been synthesized from the reaction of thiosemicarbazide and α‐haloketones in acetonitrile at room temperature using i) silica supported sodium hydrogen sulfate and ii) silica sulfuric acid as reusable heterogeneous catalysts. The experimental procedure is simple and the products are obtained in high yields.
Polystyrene‐supported AICI3: A highly active and reusable heterogeneous catalyst for the one‐pot synthesis of dihydropyrimidinones
Authors: Wang Liang , Cai Chun 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageAn environmentally benign Biginelli protocol for the one‐pot synthesis of substituted 3,4‐dihydropyrimidin‐2(1H)‐ones using polystyrene supported aluminium chloride as catalyst has been achieved. This polymeric catalyst is stable and can be easily recovered and reused without obvious change in their efficiency.
An efficient synthesis of new pyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives
Authors: Hu Yang‐Gen , Ding Ming‐Wu , Zeng Guo‐Ping 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe carbodiimides 5, obtained from reactions of iminophosphorane 4 with aromatic isocyanates, reacted with amines, phenols or ROH to give 2‐substituted 5,6,7,8‐tetrahydropyrido[4′,3′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐d]‐pyrimidin‐4(3H)‐one 7 in the presence of catalytic amount of sodium alkoxide or solid potassium carbonate in satisfactory yields.
Synthesis of hetaryl‐substituted benzoxazoles via oxidative cyclization of phenolic schiff's bases
Authors: Ozokan Kadri G. , Gumus Mustafa K. , Kaban Seniz 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified image2‐(1H‐Pyrrol‐2‐yl)benzo[d]oxazoles, 4‐(benzo[d]oxazol‐2‐yl)quinoline and 2‐(benzo[d]oxazol‐2‐yl)‐4,6‐dimethylquinolines were obtained in good yield by the oxidative intramolecular ring closing reactions of phenolic Schiff's bases with the effect of manganese triacetate.
Synthesis, spectroscopic and antibacterial investigations of new hydroxy ethers and heterocyclic coumarin derivatives
Authors: Hamdi Naceur , Saoud Mustapha , Romerosa Antonio , Hassen Rached Ben 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageThe reactions between oligoethylene glycol diglycidyl ethers 2a‐c with both 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methyl‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one and 4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one lead to new hydroxy ethers 3 and 4 containing coumarin moieties in good yield. The synthesis of 3‐(3‐(dimethylamino)acryloyl)‐4‐hydroxy‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 5 and new heterocyclic compounds 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(1H‐pyrazol‐3‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 6a, 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(1‐phenylpyrazol‐3‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 6b and 4‐hydroxy‐3‐(isoxazol‐3‐yl)‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one 6c is also described. All compounds were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C{1H} NMR, 2D‐1H‐13C HMBC, 2D‐1H NOESY NMR, IR, and MS spectroscopy. Additionally, the antibacterial activity of the new products containing coumarin moiety was evaluated. This activity is clearly dependent on the chemical structure of compounds.
Synthesis and cytotoxicity of nitrogen mustard/tripolypyrrole conjugate
Authors: Liu Cun‐Jiang , Liu Yan‐Hong , Cao Li‐Feng , Ye Yong , Zhao Yu‐Fen 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA series of nitrogen mustard derivatives were synthesized by chloroform reaction and coupling reaction using DCC/ HOBT as promoting additives. The structure of compound was confirmed by 1H NMR, 31P NMR, MS and IR. The data show that the nitrogen mustard with tripolypyrrole as the linker inhibits all the four tested cells and has the highest activity.
FeCI3‐promoted [3+3] cycloaddition: Efficient preparation of 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylate and 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide derivatives
Authors: Li Shuheng , Wang Shaozhong 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA facile approach was developed on assembly of the 2‐pyridone nucleus by ferric chloride promoted [3+3] cycloaddition in propionic acid. The tandem process involves cyclization of Michael adduct followed by aromatization. Thus, different substituted 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxylate and 1,2‐dihydro‐2‐oxo‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide derivatives were prepared in good yields from various enones with malonamic ester and malonamide, respectively
Synthesis and antifungal activity of spiro[cyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazol‐3‐one] derivatives
Authors: Maruoka Hiroshi , Kashige Nobuhiro , Eishima Takafumi , Okabe Fumi , Fujioka Toshihiro , Miake Fumio , Yamagata Kenji , Tanaka Reiko 
Published: March 2009

Abstractmagnified imageA series of new spiro[cyclopropane‐1,4′‐pyrazol‐3‐one] derivatives 3a‐h were synthesized by the reaction of 4‐arylidene‐3H‐pyrazol‐3‐one 1 with secondary and tertiary carbanions derived from a methylene and methine group bearing both a leaving group and electron‐withdrawing group, e.g. methyl chloroacetate, ethyl chloroacetate, isopropyl chloroacetate, tert‐butyl chloroacetate, chloroacetonitrile, 2‐chloro‐N,N‐diethylacetamide, methyl 2‐chloropropionate and 2‐chloropropionitrile, in the presence of sodium hydride. All the synthesized compounds 3a‐h were active against Candida albicans with MIC ≤ 25 μg/mL in vitro.
Persistent gap of incremental charges for obesity as a secondary diagnosis in common pediatric hospitalizations
Authors: Woolford Susan J. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Clark Sarah J. , Davis Matthew M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractOBJECTIVE:To use hospitalization data from 2003 to determine whether prior findings, showing higher charges and longer lengths‐of‐stay (LOSs) for children with obesity versus those without, were stable over time and whether the magnitude of differences was consistent over a 4‐year period.METHODS:Using the 2000 and 2003 Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) Kids Inpatient Database (KID), we examined discharges for the top 4 nonpregnancy‐related principal discharge diagnoses for children aged 2‐18 years (asthma, pneumonia, affective disorders, and appendicitis), classified as with or without obesity based on the presence of the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD‐9‐CM) code 278.0x as a secondary diagnosis. We compared mean charges for hospitalizations with obesity listed as secondary diagnosis versus those without. Results are presented in 2003 dollars.RESULTS:Among children's discharges in 2000 and 2003, 1.1% and 1.6%, respectively, listed obesity as a secondary diagnosis. In 2003, for all 4 diagnoses, adjusted mean hospital charges were statistically significantly higher and adjusted mean LOS was statistically significantly longer for discharges with obesity as a secondary diagnosis versus those without. Additionally, the magnitude of the differences for both charges and LOS was generally somewhat greater in 2003 than in 2000 (asthma 9%, pneumonia 17%, affective disorders 121%, and appendicitis 3%) although it did not achieve statistical significance (P > 0.05).CONCLUSIONS:These findings suggest a widening gap of incremental charges and LOS associated with obesity as a comorbidity. This implies a financial imperative for further research to evaluate factors that contribute to greater resource utilization among obese children. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2009;4:149–156. © 2009 Society of Hospital Medicine.
‘Standpipes and beyond’—a universal water service dynamic
Authors: Gerlach Esther , Franceys Richard 
Published: March 2009

AbstractThe failure of many developing countries water utilities to provide adequate services to low‐income urban populations stands in marked contrast with calls for universal access to water services, often based on a concept of human rights. Much of the parallel, regulation oriented, ‘universal service obligation’ rhetoric not only ignores the origins and continuing evolution of the term but equally fails to consider the practical realities of achieving universality of networked urban water supply, particularly in the slums. This paper proposes a ‘universal water service dynamic’ which allows service obligations to evolve transparently and progressively in line with different consumer groups' preparedness to pay, relative to their perception of the benefits. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid and efficient synthesis of stable isotope labeled [13C4, D4]‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)thiazole: versatile building block for biologically interesting compounds
Authors: Lin Ronghui , Salter Rhys , Gong Yong 
Published: March 2009

Abstract5‐(Hydroxymethyl)thiazole is a versatile building block for many biologically active compounds. A rapid and efficient four‐step synthesis of its stable isotope labeled counterpart with four 13C and four deuterium atoms in 32% total yield is reported. Condensation of [13C2]‐chloro acetic acid with [13C]‐thiourea gave [13C3]‐2,4‐thiazolidinedione. Reaction of [13C3]‐2,4‐thiazolidinedione with phosphorus oxybromide and [13C, D]‐DMF (Me2N13CDO) produced [13C4, D]‐2,4‐dibromo‐thiazole‐5‐carboxaldehyde. The resultant aldehyde was then reduced by sodium borodeuteride to [13C4, D2]‐(2,4‐dibromo‐thiazol‐5‐yl)‐methanol. Catalytic deuteration of [13C4, D2]‐(2,4‐dibromo‐thiazol‐5‐yl)‐methanol by palladium black with deuterium gas at 1 atm pressure and room temperature produced completely de‐brominated [13C4, D4]‐5‐(hydroxymethyl)thiazole. De‐bromination of the 2,4‐dibromothiazole by the catalysis of palladium black provides a simple and convenient synthetic method for the stable isotope labeled and potentially radioactive isotope labeled thiazole compounds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.