bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune Reactivity Is More Suppressed in Patients with Alcoholic Liver Disease than in Patients with Virus‐Induced Cirrhosis after CRH Stimulation
Authors: Eggers Verena , Pascher Andreas , Althoff Hilke , Thiele Stefanie , Mütze Juliane , Selignow Julia , Neuhaus Peter , Spies Claudia D. 
Published: July 2006

Background: The most frequent diagnoses for liver transplantation are virus‐induced cirrhosis (VIC) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD), after an abstinence period of at least 6 months. Chronic ethanol consumption has been linked to an abnormal neuroendocrine‐immune axis and to an altered surgical stress response inducing an increased infection rate. Preoperative stress testing might be relevant to detect stress‐induced immune alteration. The aim of this study was to investigate the preoperative stress‐like response to corticotrophin‐releasing‐hormone challenge (CRH) of patients with ALD compared with patients with VIC and their immune sequelae.Methods: Nine patients with ALD and 8 patients with VIC were included in this clinical study prior to transplantation. All patients received CRH in the morning. Blood samples were drawn before and after stress testing.Results: In response to CRH, the ALD patients showed a significant decrease in the plasma interleukin (IL)‐6/IL‐10 ratio. After lipopolysaccharide stimulation of whole blood from CRH‐challenged ALD patients, IL‐10 increased significantly. The cytotoxic T1‐(Tc1) to cytotoxic T2 (Tc2) ratio was significantly decreased in ALD patients after the stress test. Infections occurred significantly more often in ALD patients within the past year before study inclusion.Conclusions: ALD patients showed a stronger anti‐inflammatory immune status and response than VIC patients. This difference was associated with a higher infection rate despite a median alcohol abstinence time of 3.5 years. Although an altered immune response is well known among patients with actual alcohol‐use disorders, to the best of our knowledge, it is not described in patients after such a long abstinence time.
Crevice Corrosion of Implants Recovered After Tibial Plateau Leveling Osteotomy in Dogs
Authors: CHARLES ALASDAIR E. , NESS MALCOLM G. 
Published: July 2006

Objective— To describe corrosion discovered on implants recovered from dogs after tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO).Study Design— Descriptive.Animals— Dogs (n=4) that had TPLO (n=7) ∼3 years earlier.Methods— Implants were recovered surgically and lightly cleaned before visual inspection, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis (EDX).Results— Multiple corrosion sites were found on the recesses of each plate; invariably, there was a corroded area present on that part of the bone screw which had been in contact with a corrosion site on a plate. Most corroded regions featured attached, nonmetallic material believed to be a precipitate arising from interaction with the local environment during electrochemical corrosion. SEM examination of TPLO plates revealed surface porosity, particularly visible in the screw hole recesses.Conclusions— Surface irregularities and porosity of TPLO plates—a consequence of the casting process—are initiation sites for corrosion which, in concert with the crevice geometry between the plate and screw, result in the observed corrosion defects.Clinical Relevance— Implants used for TPLO, a commonly performed veterinary orthopedic procedures may corrode generating a number of chemical species that have the potential to cause disease.
Evaluation of the Norberg Angle Threshold: A Comparison of Norberg Angle and Distraction Index as Measures of Coxofemoral Degenerative Joint Disease Susceptibility in Seven Breeds of Dogs
Authors: CULP WILLIAM T. N. , KAPATKIN AMY S. , GREGOR THOMAS P. , POWERS MICHELLE Y. , MCKELVIE PAMELA J. , SMITH GAIL K. 
Published: July 2006

Objective—To evaluate the thresholds of 2 radiographic methods used to determine coxofemoral joint laxity in 7 breeds of dogs.Animals—Three hundred and fifty clinically normal dogs.Study Design—Retrospective study.Methods—Hip radiographs from 7 breeds of dogs were randomly selected from a database. None of the dogs had radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease (DJD). Distraction index (DI) and Norberg angle (NA) were measured on these radiographs and compared with DI and NA thresholds for diagnosing DJD susceptibility derived from the literature and from evaluated Borzois. Dogs with a NA<105° and a DI of ≤0.32 were considered false‐positives and dogs with a NA≥105° and a DI of >0.32 were considered false‐negatives.Results—Mean age of all dogs was 22.9 months. Mean NA for all dogs was 99.37°, and mean DI for all dogs was 0.44. Borzoi mean DI of was significantly less than the mean DI of the other 6 breeds. The highest (most hip laxity) Borzoi DI was 0.32, and the lowest (most hip laxity) Borzoi NA was 99°. False‐positive and false‐negative diagnoses were identified in 6 of the 7 breeds.Conclusions—Using the NA threshold of 105° (literature established threshold of susceptibility to DJD) resulted in a high percentage of false‐negative and false‐positive diagnoses. Breeds like the Labrador Retriever and Rottweiler would have large numbers of hip dysplasia susceptible dogs remain in the breeding population based on this NA threshold. False‐positive diagnoses were common in breeds like the Australian Shepherd, Borzoi, and German Shepherd effectively eliminating hip dysplasia nonsusceptible dogs from the breeding population.Clinical Relevance—The NA was not an accurate predictor of DJD susceptibility in these 7 breeds of dogs when using a NA threshold of 105°.
Mechanical Evaluation of Two Loop Tensioning Methods for Crimp Clamp Extracapsular Stabilization of the Cranial Cruciate Ligament‐Deficient Canine Stifle
Authors: MOORES ANDREW P. , BECK ALISON L. , JESPERS KARIN J. M. , WILSON ALAN M. 
Published: July 2006

Objectives— To describe a method of tightening nylon loops secured with a crimping system for extracapsular fabello‐tibial stabilization of the cranial cruciate ligament‐deficient stifle and to compare this with a method using a commercially available tensioning device.Study Design— In vitro mechanical testing.Methods— Fourteen standardized nylon loops were tensioned using a tensioning device and secured with crimp clamps. Another 14 loops were tightened by partially securing the crimp clamp, followed by tightening of the loop by hand, before definitively securing the crimp clamp. Loops were loaded to failure in a materials testing machine.Results— Mean ultimate loads for instrument‐tightened and hand‐tightened loops were 383.7 and 371.4 N, respectively. Mean stiffness values for instrument‐tightened and hand‐tightened loops were 59.7 and 59.3 N/mm, respectively. These differences were not significant.Conclusions— The hand tightening method does not affect the mechanical properties of the loop.Clinical Relevance— The hand tightening method described is a valuable technique for unassisted surgeons without access to tensioning devices.
A Clinical Evaluation of Pancarpal Arthrodesis in Nine Dogs Using Circular External Skeletal Fixation
Authors: LOTSIKAS PETER J. , RADASCH ROBERT M. 
Published: July 2006

Objective—To report clinical outcome and complications after pancarpal arthrodesis using circular external skeletal fixation (CESF) in dogs.Study Design—Retrospective study.Animals—Dogs (n=9) with carpal injury.Methods—Medical records including radiographs (10 limbs) with underlying severe carpal injury that had pancarpal arthrodesis with CESF were reviewed. Short‐term follow‐up (>6 months) was obtained by phone interview of owners.Results—Mean weight was 24.5 kg (range, 10.1–69.5 kg). Mean duration until CESF removal was 110.6 days (range, 72–149 days). Complications in all dogs were mild postoperative edema of the distal aspect of the limb and initial mild serous discharge form exit points of CSEF wires. Follow‐up (mean, 328 days; range, 190–541 days) was available for 8 dogs. All owners reported limb function and cosmesis as being excellent, and perceived that their animals were pain free. Perception of fixator care difficulty, as reported by owners, varied significantly based on previous splint management experience; owners who had experienced splint management for >1 month found fixator care equal to or easier than splint management.Conclusion—Pancarpal arthrodesis with a CESF produces a favorable clinical outcome with high owner acceptance.Clinical Relevance—Pancarpal arthrodesis by use of CESF is a clinically applicable technique and may offer advantages over internal fixation with respect to postoperative complications.
Containment Criterion for Contaminant Isolation by Cutoff Walls
Authors: Neville Christopher J. , Andrews Charles B. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA rigorous solution is developed from first principles to guide the preliminary design of cutoff walls installed to contain the migration of contaminants from source zones. The full analytic solution is used to develop a criterion for determining the configuration and hydraulics of optimal wall designs. The solution is used to demonstrate the interaction between the properties of the wall, the Darcy flux, and the concentration of contaminants at the outside face of the well. For a particular wall design, the containment criterion can be used to estimate the long‐term concentration that will develop at the outside face of the wall. Alternatively, for a given concentration on the outside face of the cutoff wall, the containment criterion can be used to estimate the Darcy flux required to balance the outward diffusion of contaminants. The results of numerical simulations are presented to evaluate the analytic approach. The numerical results confirm that for a wall with known transport properties, a specified Darcy flux is associated with a unique outside contaminant concentration.
AP-1-directed human T cell leukemia virus type 1 viral gene expression during monocytic differentiation
Authors: Grant Christian , Jain Pooja , Nonnemacher Michael , Flaig Katherine E , Irish Bryan , Ahuja Jaya , Alexaki Aikaterini , Alefantis Timothy , Wigdahl Brian 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) has previously been shown to infect antigen-presenting cells and their precursors in vivo. However, the role these important cell populations play in the pathogenesis of HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis or adult T cell leukemia remains unresolved. To better understand how HTLV-1 infection of these important cell populations may potentially impact disease progression, the regulation of HTLV-1 viral gene expression in established monocytic cell lines was examined. U-937 promonocytic cells transiently transfected with a HTLV-1 long-terminal repeat (LTR) luciferase construct were treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) to induce cellular differentiation. PMA-induced cellular differentiation resulted in activation of basal and Tax-mediated transactivation of the HTLV-1 LTR. In addition, electrophoretic mobility shift analyses demonstrated that PMA-induced cellular differentiation induced DNA-binding activity of cellular transcription factors to Tax-responsive element 1 (TRE-1) repeat II. Supershift analyses revealed that factors belonging to the activator protein 1 (AP-1) family of basic region/leucine zipper proteins (Fra-1, Fra-2, JunB, and JunD) were induced to bind to TRE-1 repeat II during cellular differentiation. Inhibition of AP-1 DNA-binding activity by overexpression of a dominant-negative c-Fos mutant (A-Fos) in transient expression analyses resulted in severely decreased levels of HTLV-1 LTR activation in PMA-induced U-937 cells. These results have suggested that following infection of peripheral blood monocytes, HTLV-1 viral gene expression may become up-regulated by AP-1 during differentiation into macrophages or dendritic cells.
Reactions with 2(1H)-Quinolinone and Coumarine Derivatives: New Routes to Polysubstituted 2(1H)-Quinolinone and Coumarine Derivatives
Authors: El-Taweel Fathy Mohamed Abdel Aziz , Sowellim Salah Zaki Ahmed , Elagamey Abdel Ghani Ali 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Whereas 2H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinoline-2,5(6H)-dione (2a) or 3-acetyl-1-methyl-2(1H)-quinolinone (3a) reacted with the benzylidenenitriles 1a—f or a mixture of either malononitrile or ethyl cyanoacetate and aromatic aldehydes in ethanol/piperidine to give 4H-pyran derivatives 8, the reaction of 2b,c or 3b,c with the same reagents afforded 4,6-dihydro-5H-pyrano[3,2-c]quinolin-5-ones 11. Compounds 11 were also prepared from 1a—f and 3d,e,f. Reaction of pyrano[3,2-c]coumarin 2d with 1a yielded 6H,11H-[2]benzopyrano[4,3-c][1]benzopyran-6,11-dione (15). Treatment of 17 with aqueous potassium cyanide or hydroxylamine afforded the 2(1H)-quinolinone derivatives 19 and 20 respectively.
Rhodium(I)- and Palladium(0)-Catalyzed Carbonylation of Triarylbismuthines with Carbon Monoxide via a Possible Oxidative Addition of a Carbon–Bismuth Bond to Rhodium(I) and Palladium(0)
Authors: Cho Chan Sik , Yoshimori Yasuharu , Uemura Sakae 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Triarylbismuthines react with carbon monoxide (CO) at atmospheric pressure in acetonitrile at 25 °C in the presence of a catalytic amount of a rhodium compound such as [RhCl(CO)2]2, RhCl3·3H2O, and [RhCl(COD)]2 to give the corresponding diaryl ketones in high yields. If methanol is used as the solvent, methyl benzoates are also produced. When similar reactions are carried out in methanol in the presence of a catalytic amount of palladium(II) acetate together with potassium carbonate in place of the rhodium compound, methyl benzoates are formed as the sole carbonylation products. The oxidative addition of a carbon–bismuth bond to rhodium(I) and palladium(0) is proposed as the key step of these carbonylation reactions.
Incorporating Satisfaction into Customer Value Analysis: Optimal Investment in Lifetime Value
Authors: Ho Teck-Hua , Park Young-Hoon , Zhou Yong-Pin 
Published: July 2006

We extend the Schmittlein et al. model (1987) of customer lifetime value to include satisfaction. Customer purchases are modeled as Poisson events, and their rates of occurrence depend on the satisfaction of the most recent purchase encounter. Customers purchase at a higher rate when they are satisfied than when they are dissatisfied. A closed-form formula is derived for predicting total expected dollar spending from a customer base over a time period (0, T]. This formula reveals that approximating the mixture arrival processes by a single aggregate Poisson process can systematically underestimate the total number of purchases and revenue. Interestingly, the total revenue is increasing and convex in satisfaction. If the cost is sufficiently convex, our model reveals that the aggregate model leads to an overinvestment in customer satisfaction. The model is further extended to include three other benefits of customer satisfaction: (1) satisfied customers are likely to spend more per trip on average than dissatisfied customers, (2) satisfied customers are less likely to leave the customer base than dissatisfied customers, and (3) previously satisfied customers can be more (or less) likely to be satisfied in the current visit than previously dissatisfied customers. We show that all the main results carry through to these general settings.
On the Profitability of Firms in a Differentiated Industry
Authors: Jing Bing 
Published: July 2006

In a model of vertical differentiation, the principal concern of this paper is to identify sufficient conditions for producing a higher- or lower-quality good to be more profitable (in terms of profits and profit margin). Our basic model considers a short-run scenario where the firms’ quality levels are fixed and they engage in price competition. Here, our results are three. First, we develop the notion of relative cost efficiency and show that its (increasing or decreasing) monotonicity in product quality implies that of firm profitability in equilibrium. A firm’s relative cost efficiency refers to its quality-adjusted cost (dis)advantage relative to its immediate competitors, for a given distribution of consumer tastes. Second, selling a higher-quality good is more profitable when absolute cost efficiency (defined as the ratio between a firm’s quality and unit cost) is increasing in quality. Third, we also establish a set of lower and upper bounds on each firm’s profitability. The basic model is then extended in two directions. We examine unit cost functions that demonstrate monotone profitability, even when both quality and price are endogenous variables. We also show that the spirit of relative cost efficiency and its associated sufficient condition hold valid for a logconcave consumer distribution.
Biologisch aktive Moleküle mit “Lichtschalter”
Authors: Mayer Günter , Heckel Alexander 
Published: July 2006

AbstractBiologisch aktive Verbindungen, die auf Licht reagieren, bieten experimentelle Möglichkeiten, die sonst nur sehr schwierig zu realisieren sind. Da Licht z. B. mit Lasern und (konfokalen) Mikroskopen punktgenau eingesetzt werden kann, sind schnelle Konzentrationssprünge der aktiven Form von Molekülen mit exakter räumlicher, zeitlicher und dosierungsbezogener Steuerung möglich. Die Entwicklung derartiger Strategien reicht bis in die 70er Jahre zurück. Dieser Aufsatz fasst neue Entwicklungen der letzten fünf Jahre zusammen und behandelt “kleine Moleküle”, Proteine und Nucleinsäuren, die entweder durch Licht irreversibel aktiviert werden (“photoaktivierbare Verbindungen”) oder reversibel zwischen einem aktiven und einem inaktiven Zustand geschaltet werden.
Novel formulation of the quadrupole equation for potential stellar gravitational‐wave power estimation
Authors: Baker R. M. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA novel formulation of the quadrupole equation for potential stellar gravitational‐wave power estimation is derived. The derivation commences with the classical Einstein quadrupole formalism and then utilizes Newton's second law to establish a simplified formulation involving the radius of gyration of a mass or system of masses involving a pair of massive stars either on orbit about one another, or otherwise separated, or a star with a dumbbell‐like or aspherical mass distribution and an impulsive force acting on the mass or masses in order to estimate the power of a gravitational wave that is generated. A numerical example, based upon the well‐known gravitational‐wave power observed to be generated by PSR 1913+16, is utilized to test the formulation. Potential applications to stellar jets, including stellar‐black‐hole produced jets, are cited as examples of the potential applications of the novel quadrupole formulation. It is suggested that the gravitational waves, generated by the applications suggested, might be detected by the proposed space‐based Laser Interferometer Space Antenna or LISA. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Challenges in optics for Extremely Large Telescope instrumentation
Authors: Spanò P. , Zerbi F. M. , Norrie C. J. , Cunningham C. R. , Strassmeier K. G. , Bianco A. , Blanche P. A. , Bougoin M. , Ghigo M. , Hartmann P. , Zago L. , Atad‐Ettedgui E. , Delabre B. , Dekker H. , Melozzi M. , Snÿders B. , Takke R. , Walker D. D. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe describe and summarize the optical challenges for future instrumentation for Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). Knowing the complex instrumental requirements is crucial for the successful design of 30–60 m aperture telescopes. After all, the success of ELTs will heavily rely on its instrumentation and this, in turn, will depend on the ability to produce large and ultra‐precise optical components like light‐weight mirrors, aspheric lenses, segmented filters, and large gratings. New materials and manufacturing processes are currently under study, both at research institutes and in industry. In the present paper, we report on its progress with particular emphasize on volume‐phase‐holographic gratings, photochromic materials, sintered silicon‐carbide mirrors, ion‐beam figuring, ultra‐precision surfaces, and free‐form optics. All are promising technologies opening new degrees of freedom to optical designers. New optronic‐mechanical systems will enable efficient use of the very large focal planes. We also provide exploratory descriptions of “old” and “new” optical technologies together with suggestions to instrument designers to overcome some of the challenges placed by ELT instrumentation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cancelling magnetic feature and filament activation
Authors: Contarino L. , Romano P. , Zuccarello F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWe report in this paper the analysis of the evolution of a magnetic fragment observed in NOAA 9445 on 5 May, 2001. This magnetic fragment emerged laterally to a filament which later split into two parts. The bifurcation site coincided with the magnetic fragment location and the part of the filament which split was later destabilized and a flare occurred. The magnetic flux variations in the magnetic fragment and in the surrounding area were analyzed and, considering their trends and other observational signatures (Hα brightenings and associated plasma motions), we could infer that it was a cancelling magnetic feature (CMF).We determined some geometrical and physical parameters of the CMF (area, magnetic flux variation, cancellation speed and flux cancellation rate) using high resolution magnetograms taken by BBSO. We compared the observed parameters of the CMF with the parameters of low‐lying reconnection current sheets given in the model proposed by Litvinenko (1999) and found good agreement between observed and theoretical values. Therefore, we conclude that a low‐lying magnetic reconnection process might be the cause of the filament activation. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Epstein–Barr virus in breast cancer: artefact or aetiological agent?
Authors: Murray PG 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) has been reported to be associated with a variety of different tumours; for some of these malignancies, including breast cancer, the association remains controversial. This might be due in part to differences in the methodologies used to detect EBV in tissue samples. One approach favoured by many groups is to use immunohistochemistry to detect an EBV protein, EBNA1, which is essential for the maintenance of viral latency in infected cells and therefore should be a good marker for the presence of the virus. However, in this issue of the Journal of Pathology, Hennard and colleagues report that one of the antibodies frequently employed to detect EBNA1 in tissue samples cross‐reacts with the MAGE4 protein, a cancer testis antigen expressed in many cancer types. Their observation suggests that reports documenting an EBV association on the basis of reactivity with this antibody must be considered unreliable. It also re‐opens the debate about whether breast cancer is an EBV‐associated disease. Copyright © 2006 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.