bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of a bovine herpesvirus-1 isolate on reproductive function in heifers: Classification as a type-2 (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) virus by restriction endonuclease analysis of viral DNA
Authors: Miller J. M. , Van Der Maaten M. J. , Whetstone C. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A bovine herpesvirus-1 (bhv-1) isolate (fi) from an aborted fetus was used to infect 9 heifers at various stages of gestation. Two heifers were inoculated iv on postbreeding day (pbd) 1, 7, or 14, and 3 heifers were inoculated in the sixth month of pregnancy.
Plasma progesterone assays were used to monitor corpus luteum function in heifers inoculated during early pregnancy. Low progesterone values and infertility were seen in the 2 heifers inoculated on pbd 1. Luteal function remained normal in heifers inoculated on pbd 7 or 14. These 4 heifers inoculated on pbd 7 or 14 carried their fetuses to term, and their calves were free of bhv-1 infection at birth.
Three heifers inoculated during the sixth month of pregnancy also carried their fetuses to term. Two calves were born alive, and bhv-1 was not isolated from nasal swab samples of either calf; the third calf was stillborn. Virus was not isolated from the stillborn calf's tissues, but bhv-1 was isolated from the placenta. Lesions were not detected in several tissues examined by light microscopy, and bhv-1 antigen was not detected by immunohistochemical examination of paraffin sections.
Restriction endonuclease analysis of viral dna was used to compare the fi virus to other bhv-1 isolates (Colorado-1, Iowa, and K22). On the basis of restriction endonuclease analysis, the fi isolate should be classified as a type-2 (infectious pustular vulvovaginitis) virus, specifically subtype a.
Attachment of Mycoplasma bovoculi to bovine conjunctival epithelium and lung fibroblasts
Authors: Salih Barik A. , Rosenbusch Ricardo F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A specialized tip structure in some mycoplasmas facilitates their attachment to host cells. Mycoplasma bovoculi strains FS8-7 and M165/69 did not have specialized membrane structure and did not exhibit capsule when stained with ruthenium red and examined by use of transmission electron microscopy. The organisms attached in vitro to bovine lung fibroblasts, with no apparent specialized structure. Attachment to conjunctival epithelium in vivo was observed (after death) in a calf infected with M bovoculi. Close association between M bovoculi and the host cells was noticed. Mycoplasmal cells pretreated with hyperimmune rabbit serum and labeled with protein A-gold complex had gold particles randomly distributed around the membrane. Gold-labeled monoclonal antibodies, M25.5 and M7.3, which were directed against 2 surface antigens of M bovoculi, also were distributed randomly on the mycoplasmal surface as seen in results of double-labeling experiments.
In vitro Sendai viral replication in pulmonary macrophages from mice treated with 4-ipomeanol
Authors: Durham Stephen K. , Dubovi Edward A. , Castleman William L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The ability of pulmonary macrophages from female mice given 4-ipomeanol (4-ip) to support viral replication in vitro was examined. On posttreatment days 5, 7, and 9, greater numbers of macrophages were recovered in lavage fluid from lungs of mice given 4-ip, compared with those from controls. Pulmonary macrophages recovered in lavage fluid from control mice and from mice given 4-ip supported Sendai virus replication in vitro, and nearly all Sendai virus produced in pulmonary macrophages from both groups was in an infectious form. On posttreatment days 5 and 7, slightly greater absolute numbers of virions were produced in pulmonary macrophages recovered from mice given 4-ip.
Serum and synovial fluid steady-state concentrations of trimethoprim and sulfadiazine in horses with experimentally induced infectious arthritis
Authors: Bertone Alicia L. , Jones Robert L. , McIlwraith C. Wayne 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The tarsocrural joints of 11 horses were inoculated with 1.2 to 2.16 × 106 viable Staphylococcus aureus organisms susceptible to a trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (tmp-sdz) combination with minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) of 0.25 μg of tmp/ml and 4.75 μg of sdz/ml. Antimicrobial treatment consisted of oral administration of a tmp-sdz combination—30 mg/kg of body weight given once daily (group-1 horses) or 60 mg/kg given as 30 mg/kg every 12 hours (group-2 horses). Paired serum and synovial fluid samples were obtained before intra-articular inoculation with the S aureus, after inoculation with S aureus but before antimicrobial treatment, and after inoculation at various hourly intervals after oral administration of the tmp-sdz combination. The tmp-sdz combination was administered daily in the 2 dosages for 21 days. Samples were collected after day 3 of repetitive drug administration so that drug steady-state concentration would have been achieved. Serum and synovial fluid samples were analyzed for tmp and sdz concentrations.
Administration of the tmp-sdz combination at a dosage of 30 mg/kg once daily was not effective in maintaining tmp or sdz concentrations above the mic of tmp-sdz for the S aureus (0.25 and 4.75 μg/ml for tmp and sdz, respectively) in the infected synovial fluid or in maintaining adequate tmp concentration in the serum. The alternative use of the tmp-sdz combination at a dosage of 60 mg/kg given as 30 mg/kg every 12 hours was effective in maintaining serum and synovial fluid concentrations of tmp and sdz that were greater than the mic for the infective organism. Sulfadiazine concentration was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower in the infected synovial fluid sample than that in the corresponding serum sample.
We concluded that administration of 60 mg of tmp-sdz/ kg given as 30 mg/kg every 12 hours is more effective than 30 mg/kg given once daily for the treatment of equine infectious arthritis caused by organisms for which the mic of tmp-sdz is ≤ 0.25-4.75 μg/ml.
Prophylactic efficacy of an ivermectin sustained-release bolus against challenge exposure with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematode infective larvae in calves
Authors: Alva-Valdes R. , Wallace D. H. , Egerton J. R. , Benz G. W. , Gross S. J. , Wooden J. W. , Reuter V. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve Holstein calves were used to determine the prophylactic efficacy of ivermectin against challenge exposure with gastrointestinal and pulmonary nematodes. Two groups of 6 calves (mean body weight, 205 kg) each were formed by restricted randomization according to body weight. Group-1 calves served as nonmedicated controls. Each calf of group 2 was orally given one prototype sustained-release bolus designed to deliver ivermectin at a continuous daily dose of 8 mg. Third-stage nematode infective larvae were given to the calves on posttreatment days 28 and 42. The calves were euthanatized 77 or 78 days after treatment. Ivermectin was 100% effective (P < 0.05) in preventing the establishment of infection by Haemonchus placei, Ostertagia ostertagi, Cooperia spp (C punctata, C oncophora, C surnabada), Nematodirus helvetianus, Oesophagostomum radiatum, and Dictyocaulus viviparus and was > 99% effective against Trichostrongylus axei. Incidental infection by Trichuris spp was reduced by 94% (P = 0.08).
Use of the sustained-release morantel bolus in stocker calves in southern United States
Authors: Craig T. M. , Field R. W. , Rupp G. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Two groups of 21 mixed-breed heifers were wintered on separate permanent pastures. Each heifer from one group was administered a sustained-release morantel bolus on October 7 (day 0), and the other group remained as untreated controls. Body weights were determined and fecal samples were taken at 28-day intervals. At the onset of the trial and at every 56 days, 6 heifers were removed from each group for slaughter to determine the developmental stages and the number of gastrointestinal nematodes. In addition, 3 tracer calves that were free of gastrointestinal nematodes were released on each pasture for 28 days at the beginning of the trial and after the last experimental-group calves had been removed.
The 6 calves slaughtered on day 0 of the trial had a mean of 5,544 gastrointestinal nematodes. Tracer calves released on day 0 and removed on day 28 of the trial acquired 31,143 and 30,530 gastrointestinal nematodes from the pastures containing the treated and control heifers, respectively. Throughout the trial, the number of nematodes in the control calves increased at each sampling date (mean, 126,168 worms), whereas the mean number of worms in the treated heifers was 45,458. Tracer calves placed in the pastures after the 168-day trial acquired significantly more worms (9,632 vs 2,899; P < 0.05) from grazing the pastures with control heifers than from grazing the pastures with treated heifers.
Counts of eggs per gram of feces were significantly different (P < 0.01) between the 2 groups from day 28 through day 112. Beginning at day 28, mean weight gain in the treated calves (45.1 kg) was significantly (P < 0.01) greater during the trial than was the mean weight gain for the control calves (2.5 kg). The use of a sustained-release morantel bolus in calves on winter pasture in the southern United States proved to be of value on the basis of fewer nematodes acquired and improved weight gains.
Energy balance and growth rate of outbred and inbred male guinea pigs
Authors: Liu C. T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Water intake, food consumption, growth rate, and rectal temperature were measured daily for 14 days and oxygen uptake was determined weekly for 3 weeks in healthy outbred (Hartley stock) and inbred (strains 2 and 13) male guinea pigs. Body weights ranged from 300 to 465 g, and ages were approximately 6 to 10 weeks. Strain-13 guinea pigs had the lowest daily body weight gain (3.27 ± 0.33 g), when compared with strain-2 (4.04 ± 1.21 g) and Hartley guinea pigs (5.72 ± 1.08 g). Outbred guinea pigs also had highest values of water intake and water/food intake ratio(s), and had significantly (P < 0.05 and 0.01) lower oxygen uptake values than did inbred guinea pigs. The ratio of daily average body weight gain to the corresponding daily retained calories, with or without corrections of body surface area (0.05 m2), was higher in Hartley stock than in the strain-13 guinea pigs. Rectal temperatures and food consumption were similar in all guinea pigs. Data indicated that the outbred Hartley guinea pig had a faster growth rate and appeared stronger physiologically, compared with inbred strains.
Effects of ventriculectomy, prosthetic laryngoplasty, and exercise on upper airway function in horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia
Authors: Shappell Kristie K. , Derksen Frederik J. , Stick John A. , Robinson N. Edward 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of ventriculectomy and prosthetic laryngoplasty on upper airway flow mechanics and blood gas tensions in exercising horses with induced left laryngeal hemiplegia were assessed. Five adult horses were trained to stand, trot (4.5 m/s), and gallop (7.2 m/s) on a treadmill (6.38° incline). Inspiratory and expiratory airflows (, , respectively) were measured using a 15.2-cm diameter pneumotachograph in a face mask. Inspiratory and expiratory transupper airway pressures (PuI, PuE, respectively) were determined as pressure differences between barometric pressure and lateral tracheal pressure. Blood collected from exteriorized carotid arteries was analyzed for PaO2, PaCO2, pH, hemoglobin (Hb) content, and HCO3− values. Heart rate (hr) was determined with an hr monitor. Measurements were made with horses standing, trotting, and galloping before left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy (lrln; base line), 14 days after lrln, 30 days after ventriculectomy (44 days after lrln), and 14 days after prosthetic laryngoplasty (58 days after lrln).
Before lrln (base line), increasing treadmill speed for horses from standing to the trot and gallop progressively increased hr, respiratory frequency, , , PuI, PuE, Hb, and PaCO2 values and decreased PaO2, pH, and HCO3− values; inspiratory and expiratory impedances were unchanged. After lrln, inspiratory impedance and PuI were significantly (P < 0.05) increased in horses at the trot and gallop, and PaCO2 was significantly increased in horses at the gallop. The and respiratory frequency were significantly (P < 0.05) decreased in horses at the gallop. Left recurrent laryngeal neurectomy had no effect on PuE, , hr, PaO2, pH, Hb, or expiratory impedance values. Ventriculectomy failed to improve upper airway flow mechanics induced by lrln, whereas prosthetic laryngoplasty restored upper airway flow mechanics to base-line values.
Effects of T-2 mycotoxin ingestion on phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by rabbit alveolar macrophages and on hematologic, serum biochemical, and pathologic changes in rabbits
Authors: Niyo K. A. , Richard J. L. , Niyo Y. , Tiffany L. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Rabbits were given T-2 mycotoxin orally at 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 0.75 mg/kg of body weight/day for 21 days. Only rabbits in the 0.75 mg/kg/day group (4 of 5 rabbits) died. Alveolar macrophages were harvested on day 22 and used for in vitro phagocytosis of killed Aspergillus fumigatus conidia. Cultures included sera from untreated rabbits or rabbits treated with T-2. Phagocytosis was significantly (P < 0.01) reduced in cultures that used serum from rabbits treated with 0.5 mg of T-2/kg/day and alveolar macrophages from untreated rabbits or rabbits treated with T-2. There was little reduction in phagocytosis when alveolar macrophages from rabbits treated with T-2 and normal serum were used. Ingestion of 0.5 mg of T-2 toxin/ kg/day significantly (P < 0.05) reduced weight gain, serum alkaline phosphatase activity, serum sorbitol dehydrogenase activity, and serum bacteriostasis. Similar changes were found in the 0.75 mg/kg/day group, as well as a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in pcv, total wbc, and differential leukocyte counts. Neutrophil counts decreased, but not significantly (0.05 < P < 0.10). Significant changes were not detected in alanine transaminase activity, aspartate transaminase activity, blood urea nitrogen concentration, or complement hemolytic activity. Histopathologic changes consisting of centrilobular hepatocellular swelling, mild portal and periportal fibrosis and lymphocyte necrosis within secondary lymphoid tissues developed in most rabbits treated with T-2. Thymic atrophy, bile duct reduplication, and lymphocyte depletion of secondary lymphoid tissues developed in the group given 0.75 mg/kg/day. Severity of lymphoid depletion in secondary lymphoid tissues was greatest in the appendix and decreased in the following order: appendix > sacculus rotundus > ileal Peyer patches > lymph nodes and spleen.
In this study, we provide additional data showing that, at these oral doses of T-2 toxin, rabbits could be immunosuppressed, as evidenced by reduced alveolar macrophage phagocytosis and histopathologic changes in lymphoid tissues. Also, these doses caused reductions in weight gain, certain hematologic factors, and serum alkaline phosphatase and sorbitol dehydrogenase activities.
Frequency of isolation of environmental mastitis-causing pathogens and incidence of new intramammary infection during the nonlactating period
Authors: Oliver S. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Quarter samples (n = 6,328) of mammary secretions were collected from 160 cows during physiologic transitions of the udder to determine the frequency of isolation of mastitis-causing pathogens and the incidence of new intramammary infections (imi) during the nonlactating period. None of the cows in the herd was infected with Streptococcus agalactiae, and the prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus was low. Cows were not treated with antibiotics at cessation of milking. A threefold increase in the percentage of quarters infected with major mastitis-causing pathogens developed from late lactation to early involution. Coliforms and streptococci other than Str agalactiae accounted for 94% of major pathogen infections. The number of quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci increased slightly from late lactation to early involution, whereas the number of quarters infected with Corynebacterium bovis decreased markedly. Major pathogens caused 101 of 153 imi at parturition and > 90% were caused by streptococci and coliforms. At parturition, 51 of 52 minor pathogen imi were caused by coagulase-negative staphylococci. During early lactation, there was a marked decrease in quarters infected with major pathogens; however, the number of quarters with major pathogen imi during early lactation was 2.3 times higher than the number of quarters infected before cessation of milking. The number of quarters with minor pathogen imi during early lactation was the same as at parturition, but a marked decrease in quarters infected with coagulase-negative staphylococci and a marked increase in C bovis imi developed from parturition to early lactation.
Isolation and comparative restriction endonuclease dna fingerprinting of equine herpesvirus-1 from cattle
Authors: Crandell Robert A. , Ichimura Hiroshi , Kit Saul 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprinting analyses with 4 restriction endonucleases (EcoRI, BamHI, BglII, and HindIII) and serotest results have definitively indicated that 5 herpesviruses isolated from 1974 to 1986 from aborted bovine fetuses and from bovine tissues and nasal secretions were abortigenic subtypes of equine herpesvirus type 1 (ehv-1). The herpesviruses, designated BH1247, 3M20-3, G118, H1753, and 9BSV4, were neutralized by ehv-l-specific antiserum and could be propagated in cultures of either bovine or equine cells. Only minor differences in restriction endonuclease patterns were detected from the pattern of an Army 183 isolate of ehv-1 subtype 1 that had been passaged only in equine cells and from that of an attenuated ehv-1 subtype 1 (RQ) strain that had been passaged several hundred times in non-equine cells. The individual differences in the restriction endonuclease fragments of the 5 bovine isolates and the Army 183 and RQ strains mainly were attributable to alterations in the terminally repeated and the unique short nucleotide sequences of the ehv-1 genomes, which are known to be hot spots for deletions and tandem repeats. The BamHI restriction endonuclease pattern of the 1977 bovine isolate H1753 was identical to that of ehv-1 subtype-1 strains responsible for most of the virus abortions in vaccinated horses since 1981. Abortigenic ehv-1 strains have the ability to infect cattle and cause disease under natural conditions.
Comparison of two methods for detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus in feces of pigs with experimentally induced infection
Authors: van Nieuwstadt A. P. , Cornelissen J. B. W. J. , Zetstra T. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect, double-antibody sandwich-type elisa for detection of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (tgev) was developed, using a solid phase of rabbit hyperimmune serum and a pool of 3 antipeplomer monoclonal antibodies to trap and to detect the virus, respectively. The technique was used to detect viral antigen in feces of pigs that had been infected with the virulent Miller strain, the attenuated Purdue strain, or the Erica strain (a Dutch field isolate) of tgev. The results were compared with those of a solid-phase immunosorbent electron microscopy (spiem) technique for virus detection. Both techniques detected shedding of virulent virus in feces obtained from pigs on the first or second day after infection, and virus excretion continued for 6 to 8 consecutive days. Virus shedding started later in pigs infected with the attenuated Purdue strain of tgev and lasted only 2 to 4 days. In comparison with the 2 virulent strains, infection with the attenuated strain appeared to be limited to a smaller portion of the small intestine. Of 242 fecal specimens that were tested by use of elisa and spiem, 119 had positive results in both tests. Additionally, virus could be detected by elisa in 21 and by spiem in 16 specimens. Fecal specimens obtained from pigs before infection always reacted negatively by elisa for tgev antigen; there was no cross-reactivity with fecal specimens containing porcine rotavirus or porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. The elisa and spiem were found to be specific and sensitive for the detection of tgev in feces.
Induction of nasal turbinate atrophy in germ-free pigs, using Pasteurella multocida as well as bacterium-free crude and purified dermonecrotic toxin of P multocida
Authors: Kamp E. M. , Kimman T. G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
To establish the role of the dermonecrotic toxin (dnt) of Pasteurella multocida in the cause and pathogenesis of atrophic rhinitis, germ-free pigs were inoculated with several strains of P multocida, crude dnt, or purified dnt. In some experiments, the aforementioned inocula were combined with Bordetella bronchiseptica.
All dnt-producing P multocida strains induced severe turbinate atrophy. Histologic examination of the remnants of the nasal turbinates revealed intact, but undulated, ciliated epithelium and numerous osteoclasts. Inflammation was minimal or absent.
A dnt-producing B bronchiseptica strain induced only mild turbinate atrophy. The lesions were characterized histologically by loss of cilia and ciliated cells and by an infiltration of predominantly mononuclear cells. Bone formation seemed impaired. Turbinate lesions were most severe in pigs infected with a combination of B bronchiseptica and a dnt-producing P multocida strain.
Intranasal administration of sterile dnt-containing culture filtrate of P multocida or purified dnt of P multocida did not result in turbinate atrophy. In contrast, turbinate atrophy developed when these preparations were injected im or when intranasal administration of dnt was preceded by inoculation of B bronchiseptica.
Molecular cloning of fragments of the channel catfish virus (Herpesviridae) genome and expression of the encoded mRNA during infection
Authors: Bird R. Curtis , Nusbaum Kenneth E. , Screws E. Allen , Young-White Robert R. , Grizzle John M. , Toivio-Kinnucan Maria 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eleven EcoRI dna fragments from the genome of an isolate of channel catfish virus (ccv) were cloned into the bacterial vector pUC19. The cloned dna fragments ranged in size from approximately 200 base pairs to > 5,400 base pairs and accounted for about 13.5% of the 130,000-base pair ccv genome. Nine of these ccv dna fragments encoded sequences that were expressed during late ccv infection. Channel catfish (total length, 4 cm) injected with ccv expressed ccv mRNA at detectable amounts in ≥ 1 tissues. Uninjected control fish failed to express ccv-specific mRNA or expressed ccv-specific mRNA at lower amounts because of the presence of endogenous ccv. Tissue samples from clinically normal channel catfish fingerlings from 2 other farms as well as from adult brood stock also expressed ccv-specific mRNA. The results suggest that ccv can persist in a dormant or transcriptionally active state without causing clinical disease.