bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Plan of Union in Ohio
Authors: Zorbaugh Charles L. 
Published: April 2006

The operation of the Plan of Union in Ohio, while less spectacular in its effects than in New York, was equally important, and needs to be thoroughly understood by the student of the pioneer development of either Presbyterianism or Congregationalism in Ohio.It is not strange if in New York Congregational writers regarded the Plan as a misfortune, since all Congregational associations dissolved or became absorbed in the Presbyterian system. Yet in Ohio, too, where Congregationalism was more successful in surviving its influence, the reader of the papers of the Ohio Church History Society, a Congregational group, runs across such expressions as “those dark days of the prevalence of the Plan of Union,” “the unclean thing,” and descriptions of what seemed to them an unmixed calamity.
Pope Nicholas I and John of Ravenna: The Struggle for Ecclesiastical Rights in the Ninth Century
Authors: Belletzkie Robert Joseph 
Published: April 2006

On 24 February 861 Pope Nicholas I excommunicated and deposed one of Italy's most powerful prelates, John VIII, archbishop of Ravenna. This papal action, prompted by a number of transgressions on the archbishop's part, was taken with the consent of a council of bishops at Rome. John immediately turned for aid to Louis II, king of Italy and emperor in the West. A delegation from Louis, however, failed to deter Nicholas who insisted that John come to Rome for adjudication. Moreover, the pope journeyed to Ravenna at the invitation of its citizens, and there personally rectified the situation which John's abuses had created. As Nicholas advanced, John retreated to seek Louis's intercession at Pavia again, but this time his reception was less cordial. The Pavians, led by their bishop, shunned the excommunicate and his retinue and Louis, who would not even grant John an audience, advised him through an intermediary to “humble himself to such a pontiff to whom we and the entire Church bow.” When a second delegation, gained only by John's repeated pleas, was again unsuccessful in bargaining with the pope, the archbishop had no choice but to submit. At the Roman synod which met from 16 to 18 November 861, John acknowledged the charges against him and was restored to his see on conditions laid down by the synod. According to the Vita Nicolai, the proceedings concluded with a standing ovation for the pope from the bishops who proclaimed three times:The correct judgement of the supreme pontiff, the just ordering of the pastor of the whole Church, the generous settlement of the disciple of Christ is pleasing to all. We are all of one voice, one mind, one judgement.
A low, particle‐sized, nonporous support for enzyme immobilization: Uniform poly(glycidyl methacrylate) latex particles
Authors: Yalçın Gamze , Elmas Begum , Tuncel Murvet , Tuncel Ali 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe uniform and nonporous poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (poly(GMA)) latex particles, 1.7 μm in size, were first tried as a support in enzyme immobilization. For this purpose, α‐chymotrypsin (CT) was selected as the model enzyme. The low particle size and nonporous character of the selected support allowed to carry out the enzyme–subtrate interaction on a sufficiently large surface area (3.36 m2/g) and in the absence of intraparticular diffusion limitations. This property is particularly important when the immobilized CT is used for the substrates with high molecular weights (i.e., proteins). The latex particles were synthesized by dispersion polymerization of GMA. The reactive character of poly(GMA) allowed the direct attachment of primary amine groups onto the particles. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) showed that primary amine groups were preferentially located on the particle's surface. Hence, the selected enzyme, CT was immobilized on the surface of nonporous particles via glutaraldehyde activation. For CT‐immobilized poly(GMA) particles, the maximum activity (rm) and Michealis constant (Km) were found to be 17.2 μmol/mg CT min and 121.6 μm, respectively. No significant loss was observed in the activity of immobilized CT, during the course of experiments. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 818–824, 2006
Polyphosphazene microspheres: Preparation by ionic complexation of phosphazene polyacids with spermine
Authors: Andrianov Alexander K. , Chen Jianping 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPolyphosphazene polyacids are potent immunostimulating compounds. Formulation of these water‐soluble macromolecules into a microparticulate form can extend their utility in vaccine delivery applications. A simple method for the preparation of microspheres and nanospheres using polyphosphazene polyacids is reported. The key element of the process is ionic complexation of polyphosphazenes in aqueous solutions with physiologically occurring amines, such as spermine. A phase diagram of poly[di(carboxylatophenoxy)phosphazene] (PCPP)–spermine–water system is established, which shows an extensive area of microsphere formation. Microsphere size distribution is studied as a function of reaction conditions and concentrations of reactants. This method can be applied to polyphosphazene polyacids containing carboxylic acid and sulfonic acid functionalities and can be used for protein encapsulation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 414–419, 2006
Thermal stability of radiation‐grafted and dyed poly(ethylene terephthalate) fabric
Authors: El‐Gendy E. H. , El‐Shanshoury I. A. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe effect of degree of grafting (GY) and degree of dye uptake on the thermal stability of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fabric was studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and X‐ray diffraction analysis (XDA). TGA showed that the degradation process was composed of three overlapping stages. The first and second stages were studied in detail. Methacrylic acid (MAA)‐grafted PET fabric was dyed using Rhodamine Red (RR) and Astrazonrot Violet (AV) basic dyes. It was found that grafting deteriorated the thermal stability of both stages. The first stage showed the formation of two new steps at low and high temperatures. Both steps are heating rate and graft yield dependent. The deteriorating effect of grafting was followed by the changes in the kinetic parameters. AV dyeing of grafted samples accelerated the degradation of both stages whereas RR dyeing improved the thermal stability to reach that of ungrafted fabric. XDA showed that the crystalline nature of AV dye stuff is responsible for the rapid degradation in both stages via the introduction of highly incompatible crystalline phase in the polymer back bone, which resulted in the formation of internal stresses that enhanced the degradation process. DSC measurements supported TGA results. The improvement in the thermal stability by RR dyeing is attributed to the amorphous nature and the high thermal stability of the RR dye stuff. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:1007–1020, 2006
Thermoplastic apparent interpenetrating polymer networks of polyurethane and styrene/acrylic acid block copolymer: Structure–property relationships
Authors: Kanapitsas A. , Lebedev E. , Slisenko O. , Grigoryeva O. , Pissis P. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThermoplastic apparent interpenetrating polymer networks (t‐AIPNs) of crystallizable polyurethane (CPU) and a styrene/acrylic acid block copolymer (S‐b‐AA, acid form) of several compositions were prepared by casting from a common solvent. A variety of experimental techniques, including size exclusion chromatography (SEC), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), broadband dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (DRS), thermally stimulated depolarization currents (TSDC), and density measurements were employed to investigate structure–property relationships of the t‐AIPNs. Special attention was paid to the investigation of molecular dynamics of the CPU component in the t‐AIPNs, by combination of the dielectric DRS and TSDC techniques, as well as from the methodological point of view, to the prospects of morphological characterization by broadband DRS. The results show that the CPU/S‐b‐AA t‐AIPNs studied can be considered as multiphase systems having at least two amorphous and one crystalline phases, as well as regions of mixed compositions. Their properties are determined by the heterogeneity of the individual components, as well as by the heterogeneity caused by the thermodynamic incompatibility of these components. The degree of incompatibility is determined, to a large extent, by the intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the functional groups of the CPU and the S‐b‐AA components (ester groups and COOH‐groups, respectively), which is more effective on addition of small amounts of either of the components. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1021–1035, 2006
Dispersion of carbon black in high‐abrasion furnace black filled nonsulfur modified powdered polychloroprene rubber
Authors: Wang Lianshi , Lin Yaling , Zhang Anqiang 
Published: April 2006

AbstractHigh‐abrasion furnace black (HAF, grade N330) filled nonsulfur modified powdered polychloroprene rubber [P(CR231/HAF)] was prepared with the method of carbon black–rubber latex coagulation using CR231 latex as raw rubber material, HAF as reinforcing filler, and polymeric resin as coating resin. The influence of the content of dispersing agent and coating resin on contact staining and dispersion properties of carbon black in P(CR231/HAF) were investigated. The results show that the addition of dispersing agent and coating resins can decrease the contact staining level of carbon black effectively. When the dispersing agent/HAF (w/w) ratio was 0.12 or 0.1, 10 phr coating resin was added, and P(CR231/HAF) without contact staining can be prepared. The analysis on scanning electron microscopy and surface energy spectrum showed that free carbon black crumb on the surface and inner of P(CR231/HAF) particles causes its contact staining. The well dispersion of carbon black in the P(CR231/HAF) can eliminate contact staining effectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 192–196, 2006
Bituminous polyurethane network: Preparation, properties, and end use
Authors: Singh B. , Gupta M. , Kumar Lokesh 
Published: April 2006

AbstractIndustrial‐grade bitumen (85:25) was treated with 4,4′‐diphenyl methane diisocyanate as a blocking agent to make it compatible with polyurethane resin. Optimization of treatment conditions for the bitumen such as isocyanate dose (∼3 wt % of bitumen), reaction temperature (180°C), and treatment time (120 min) was done on the basis of estimating its residual acid value and unreacted NCO groups. Formation of the urethanized bituminous species after treatment resulted in a reduction in the glass‐transition temperature of the base bitumen from −9.63°C to −17.09°C and in moisture vapor transmission from 16.95 to 12.21 g 24 h−1m−2. The bituminous networks were prepared from these treated/SBS‐modified treated bitumen and polyurethane prepolymers byin situand conventional liquid blending methods. Lack of low‐temperature flexibility in the bituminous network made from the blending method restricted its use for waterproofing/sealing purposes. Modulated differential scanning calorimetry showed the presence of two overlapping glass‐transition temperatures and an endothermic peak in thein situprepared networks similar to the base bitumen, evidence of a close intermixing of the bitumen constituents with the polyurethane phases. Rheological studies revealed that the SBS‐modified bituminous polyurethane network exhibited superior behavior than that of other systems in terms of stiffness and elasticity over a wide range of frequencies. The compounded bituminous networks satisfied the requirements of standard specifications and can be suitably used for waterproofing purpose and sealing of concrete joints. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 217–226, 2006
Graft copolymerization of methacrylic acid onto guar gum, using potassium persulfate as an initiator
Authors: Mundargi Raghavendra C. , Agnihotri Sunil A. , Patil Sangamesh A. , Aminabhavi Tejraj M. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractGraft copolymerization of methacrylic acid (MAA) onto guar gum (GG) was carried out by free radical initiation mechanism by using potassium persulfate (PPS) as an initiator. It was found that % grafting, grafting efficiency, and % conversion were all dependent on the concentration of PPS, MAA, reaction temperature, and reaction time. Using PPS, the maximum % grafting was ascertained to be 241 at the optimum conditions of 60°C reaction temperature, 3 h of reaction time, 1.1 mmol of PPS, and 0.058 mol of MAA. Plausible mechanism for grafting reaction was suggested. The graft copolymer formed was characterized by Fourier transform infrared and differential scanning calorimetry. The graft copolymer formed could find applications in drug delivery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 618–623, 2006
Surface characterization of 8‐quinolinyl acrylate‐grafted poly(ethylene terephthalate) prepared by plasma glow discharge and it's antibacterial activity
Authors: Hyun Seok‐Hee , Kim Min‐Woo , Oh Dae‐Hee , Kang Inn‐Kyu , Kim Woo‐Sik 
Published: April 2006

AbstractPoly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) film was exposed to oxygen plasma glow discharge to produce peroxides on its surface. These peroxides were then used as catalysts for the polymerization of 8‐quinolinyl acrylate (QA) to prepare the PET grafted with QA (PET‐Q). The surface‐modified PET was characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐FTIR) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The introduction of QA to the PET surface was confirmed by observing the presence of nitrogen in the XPS survey scan and high‐resolution spectra. The amount of QA grafted on to the PET surface as measured by the gravimetric method was about 5.2 μg cm−2. The antibacterial activity of the surface‐modified PET texture was investigated by using a shake‐flask and an inhibition zone test method. After 6 h of shaking, the PET grafted with QA showed the inhibition (91%) of the growth of the gram‐positive microorganism, S. aureus. Even after laundering ten times, an effectiveness of the inhibition was found. However, little inhibition was shown with the gram‐negative microorganism, K. pneumoniae. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 863–868, 2006
Direct synthesis of new soluble and thermally stable poly(urethane‐imide)s from an imide ring‐containing dicarboxylic acid using diphenylphosphoryl azide
Authors: Behniafar Hossein 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe direct preparation of various aromatic poly(urethane‐imide)s from 4‐p‐biphenyl‐2,6‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenyl)pyridine (1) using diphenylphosphoryl azide (DPPA) was investigated. The polymers were mainly obtained by the conversion of imide ring‐containing diacid 1 to corresponding di(carbonyl azide) 2 with DPPA and then to diisocyanate 3 through the Curtius rearrangement of compound 2 followed by polyaddition of 3 in different amounts with aromatic dihydroxy compounds. The molecular weights of the resulting poly(urethane‐imide)s were evaluated viscometrically. All of the resulted polymers were thoroughly characterized by spectroscopic methods and elemental analyses. The poly(urethane‐imide)s exhibited an excellent solubility in a variety of polar solvents. Crystallinity nature of the polymers was estimated by means of WXRD. The glass‐transition temperatures of the polymers determined by DSC method were in the range of 191–202°C. The 10% weight loss temperatures of the poly(urethane‐imide)s from their thermal gravimetric analysis curves were found to be in the range of 392–416°C in nitrogen. The films of the resulting polymers were also prepared by casting the solution. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 869–877, 2006
Electrorheological fluids of particle/emulsion complexes and their properties
Authors: Yan Hua , Liao Zi‐Jun , Mao Hua‐Jun , Zhang Bin , Zhu Xia 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThree kinds of emulsifying agents have been used as emulsion droplets to prepare particle/emulsion complex electrorheological fluids (ERFs) to explore the effects of emulsifying agents on rheological properties. The rheological properties and microstructure of such ERFs have been examined, and a model of the complex chain for particle/emulsion complex ERFs has been given. Using emulsifying agents is an efficient way of improving the electrorheological effects in dry‐based ERFs. There are three methods for emulsifying agents in ERFs: coating on the particle surface, dissolving in the continuous phase, and distributing in the continuous phase as droplets. This is determined by the interactions between the particles, emulsifying agents, and oil. For higher polarity emulsifying agents, the complex particles aggregate to form a bulk and cannot disperse in oil. For moderate ones, the complex particles disperse in oil and form complex chains or columns; the neighboring complex chain forms a network structure because of the rotation of the complex particles and displays a stronger electrorheological effect. With a lower polarity emulsifying agent dissolved in silicone oil, ERFs show lower electrorheological properties because of the decreasing mismatch of conductivity between the particles and continuous phase. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 638–642, 2006
Graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate onto chitosan initiated by potassium diperiodatoargentate (III)
Authors: Liu Zhenghao , Wu Guangchen , Liu Yinghai 
Published: April 2006

AbstractA novel efficient redox system—potassium diperiodatoargentate [Ag(III)]‐chitosan—was employed to initiate the graft copolymerization of methyl acrylate (MA) onto chitosan in aqueous alkali solution. The effects of reaction variables such as monomer concentration, initiator concentration, reaction time, and temperature were investigated and the grafting conditions were optimized. The structures and the thermal stability of chitosan and chitosan‐g‐PMA were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (IR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The solubility of chitosan‐g‐PMA in some mixed solvent was tested. The graft copolymer was shown to be an effective compatibilizer in blends of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) and chitosan. Finally, a mechanism is proposed to explain the formation of radicals and the initiation. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 799–804, 2006
Hydrosilylation reactions of methylhydridesiloxane to styrene and α‐methylstyrene
Authors: Mukbaniani O. , Tatrishvili T. , Titvinidze G. , Mukbaniani N. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe hydrosilylation reaction of α,ω‐bis(trimethylsiloxy)methylhydridesiloxane to styrene and α‐methylstyrene in the presence of the catalyst platinum hydrochloric acid (a 0.1M solution in tetrahydrofuran) at a 1:35 ratio of initial compounds at various temperatures (80–90°C) was investigated, and methylsiloxane oligomers with aryl‐substituted groups in the side chain were obtained. Complete hydrosilylation of all active SiH groups did not take place. The hydrosilylation reaction order, activation energies. and rate constants were determined. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by 1H, 13C, and IR spectral data. For the full characterization of the hydride addition of methylhydridesiloxane to styrene by the quantum‐chemical half‐empiric Austin Model 1 (AM1) method for all initial, intermediate, and final products, in the modeling of the hydrosilylation reaction of methyldimethoxysilane to styrene, the heats of formation, energy changes of the system depending on the change of distance between CSi bonds, and the charge values on the atoms, dipole moments, and bond orders were calculated. The synthesized oligomers were characterized by gel permeation chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, and wide‐angle X‐ray diffraction. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 388–394, 2006
Wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes for monitoring of polymerization
Authors: Wang Francis W. , Lowry Robert E. 
Published: April 2006

AbstractThe feasibility of using wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes for cure monitoring of an epoxy resin and an acrylic resin was evaluated. 4‐(N,N‐dihexylaminostyryl)‐4′‐pyridinium propylsulfonate (DHASP‐PS), as well as each of other wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes, was dissolved in the epoxy resin, a stoichiometric mixture of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A and 4,4′‐methylene‐bis(cyclohexylamine). The fluorescence and the excitation spectra of each of the probes dissolved in the epoxy resin were then measured at various times during the cure of the epoxy resin at 60°C. The fluorescence and the excitation spectra of the probe DHASP‐PS dissolved in methyl methacrylate (MMA) were also measured at various times during the cure of the acrylic resin at 55°C. Since the peak fluorescence wavelength of each of the wavelength‐shift fluorescent probes decreased during the cure of the epoxy resin or MMA, these fluorescent probes can be used for monitoring the polymerization reactions of epoxy resins and vinyl resins. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 747–750, 2006
Conducting composites of poly(N‐vinylcarbazole), polypyrrole, and polyaniline with 13X‐zeolite
Authors: Maity Arjun , Ballav Nirmalya , Biswas Mukul 
Published: April 2006

AbstractN‐vinylcarbazole (NVC) was polymerized by 13X zeolite alone in melt (65°C) or in toluene (110°C) and a poly(N‐vinylcarbazole) (PNVC)‐13X composite was isolated. Composites of polypyrrole (PPY) and polyaniline(PANI) with 13X zeolite were prepared via polymerization of the respective monomers in the presence of dispersion of 13X zeolite in water (CuCl2 oxidant) and in CHCl3 (FeCl3 oxidant) at an ambient temperature. The composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared analyses. Scanning electron microscopic analyses of various composites indicated the formation of lumpy aggregates of irregular sizes distinct from the morphology of unmodified 13X zeolite. X‐ray diffraction analysis revealed some typical differences between the various composites, depending upon the nature of the polymer incorporated. Thermogravimetric analyses revealed the stability order as: 13X‐zeolite > polymer‐13X‐zeolite > polymer. PNVC‐13X composite was essentially a nonconductor, while PPY‐13X and PANI‐13X composites showed direct current conductivity in the order of 10−4 S/cm in either system. However, the conductivity of PNVC‐ 13X composite could be improved to 10−5 and 10−6 S/cm by loading PPY and PANI, respectively. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 913–921, 2006