bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating the angle of attack from blade pressure measurements on the NREL Phase VI rotor using a free wake vortex model: axial conditions
Authors: Sant Tonio , van Kuik Gijs , van Bussel G. J. W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBlade element momentum (BEM) methods are still the most common methods used for predicting the aerodynamic loads during the aeroelastic design of wind turbine blades. However, their accuracy is limited by the availability of reliable aerofoil data. Owing to the 3D nature of the flow over wind turbine blades, the aerofoil characteristics will vary considerably from the 2D aerofoil characteristics, especially at the inboard sections of the blades. Detailed surface pressure measurements on the blade surfaces may be used to derive more realistic aerofoil data. However, in doing so, knowledge of the angle of attack distributions is required. This study presents a method in which a free wake vortex model is used to derive such distributions for the NREL Phase VI wind turbine under different operating conditions. The derived free wake geometry solutions are plotted together with the corresponding wake circulation distribution. These plots provide better insight into how circulation formed at the blades is eventually diffused into the wake. The free wake model is described and its numerical behaviour is examined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd.
Technical aspects of status and expected future trends for wind power in Denmark
Authors: Akhmatov Vladislav , Rasmussen Carsten , Eriksen Peter Børre , Pedersen Jens 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe power system of Denmark is characterized by significant incorporation of wind power. Presently, more than 20% of the annual electricity consumption is covered by electricity‐producing wind turbines. The largest increase in grid‐incorporated wind power is expected to come from large (offshore) wind farms operating as large wind power plants with ride‐through solutions, connected to the high‐voltage transmission system and providing ancillary services to the system. In Denmark there are presently two offshore wind farms connected to the transmission system: Horns Rev A (160MW rated power in the western part of the country) and Nysted (165MW rated power at Rødsand in Eastern Denmark). The construction of two more offshore wind farms, totalling 400MW by the years 2008–2010, has been announced. This article presents the status, perspectives and technical challenges for wind power in the power system from the point of view of Energinet.dk, Transmission System Operator of Denmark. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley &Sons, Ltd
Spread of the pinewood nematode vectored by the Japanese pine sawyer: modeling and analytical approaches
Authors: Togashi Katsumi , Shigesada Nanako 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe pinewood nematode,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the causative agent of pine wilt ofPinus thunbergiiandP. densiflorain Japan. The nematode is vectored by cerambycid beetles of the genusMonochamus. It is inferred to have been introduced from North America early in the 1900s and then to have distributed in China, Korea, and Taiwan. Intensive and/or long‐term studies of pine wilt systems have elucidated the pattern and mechanism of the nematode's spread within a pine stand, dispersal of vector beetles, and spread pattern of pine wilt within a prefecture. The modeling of nematode spread over pine stands, which involves beetle reproduction within a pine stand, has been developing and should elucidate the factors influencing the rate at which the nematode range expands. In this review, we summarize the biologies of the nematode, beetle, and tree, and then characterize the spread of the nematode within a pine stand, locally over pine stands, and regionally over unit administrative districts. Local and regional spreading of the nematode is related primarily to long‐distance dispersal by insect vectors and to the artificial transportation of pine logs infested with the nematode and its vector, respectively.
Simultaneous landmark classification, localization and map building for an advanced sonar ring
Authors: Fazli Saeid , Kleeman Lindsay 
Published: September 2006

SUMMARYAn autonomous mobile robot operating in an unknown indoor environment often needs to map the environment while localizing within the map. Feature-based world models including line and point features are widely used by researchers. This paper presents a novel delayed-classi-fication algorithm to categorize these features using a recently developed high-performance sonar ring within a simultaneous localization and map-building (SLAM) process. The sonar ring sensor accurately measures range and bearing to multiple targets at near real-time repetition rates of 11.5 Hz to 6 m range, and uses 24 simultaneously fired transmitters, 48 receivers and multiple echoes per receiver. The proposed algorithm is based on hypothesis generation and verification using the advanced sonar ring data and an extended Kalman filter (EKF) approach. It is capable of initiating new geometric features and classifying them within a short distance of travel of about 10 cm. For each new sonar reading not matching an existing feature, we initiate a pair of probational line and point features resulting from accurate range and bearing measurements. Later measurements are used to confirm or remove the probational features using EKF validation gates. The odometry error model of the filter allows for variations in effective wheel separation required by pneumatic robot tyres. The implementation of the novel classification and SLAM algorithm is discussed in this paper and experimental results using real sonar data are presented.
Co‐administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental causes death by acute pulmonary oedema in rats
Authors: Pereda J , Gómez‐Cambronero L , Alberola A , Fabregat G , Cerdá M , Escobar J , Sabater L , García‐de‐la‐Asuneión J , Viña J , Sastre J 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:Pentoxifylline exhibits rheological properties that improve microvascular flow and it is widely used in vascular perfusion disorders. It also exhibits marked anti‐inflammatory properties by inhibiting tumour necrosis factorαproduction. Thiopental is one of the most widely used drugs for rapid induction of anaesthesia. During experimental studies on the treatment of acute pancreatitis, we observed that when pentoxifylline was administered after anaesthesia with thiopental, most of the rats exhibited dyspnea, signs of pulmonary oedema and died. The aim of the work described here was to investigate the cause of the unexpected toxic effect of the combined treatment with thiopental and pentoxifylline.Experimental approach:Pulmonary vascular permeability and arterial blood gases were measured, and a histological analysis was performed. The possible role of haemodynamic changes in the formation of pulmonary oedema was also assessed.Key results:Co‐administration of pentoxifylline and thiopental increased pulmonary vascular permeability and markedly decreased arterial pO2,with one third of rats suffering from hypoxemia. This combined treatment caused death by acute pulmonary oedema in 27% of normal rats and aggravated the respiratory insufficiency associated with acute pancreatitis in which the mortality rate increased to 60%. This pulmonary oedema was not mediated by cardiac failure or by pulmonary hypertension.Conclusions and Implications:Co‐administration of pharmacological doses of pentoxifylline and thiopental caused pulmonary oedema and death in rats. Consequently, pentoxifylline should not be administered when anaesthesia is induced with thiopental to avoid any possible risk of acute pulmonary oedema and death in humans.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 450–455. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706871
An M2‐like muscarinic receptor enhances a delayed rectifier K+current in rat sympathetic neurones
Authors: Cruzblanca H 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:Resting superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurones are phasic cells that switch to a tonic mode of firing upon muscarinic receptor stimulation. This effect is partially due to the muscarinic inhibition of the M‐current. Because delayed rectifier K+channels are essential to sustain tonic firing in central neurones, we asked whether the delayed rectifier current IKVin SCG neurones was modulated by the muscarinic receptors expressed in these cells.Experimental approach:Whole‐cell patch‐clamp records of M‐current and IKVwere done in cultured or acutely dissociated rat SCG neurones. To characterize the receptor that regulates IKV, cells were bathed with muscarinic agonists and antagonists, relatively specific for receptor subtypes.Key results:The muscarinic agonist oxotremorine‐M (Oxo‐M) enhanced IKVby ∼46% relative to its basal value. This effect remained unaltered when M‐current was suppressed by linopirdine or Ba2+. Enhancement of IKVwas insensitive to the M1‐antagonist pirenzepine, whereas it was inhibited (∼60%) by the M2/4‐antagonist himbacine. Further, the relatively specific M2‐agonist bethanechol was as potent as Oxo‐M in enhancing IKV. The modulation of IKVwas insensitive to pertussis toxin (PTX), but was severely attenuated when internal ATP was replaced by its non‐hydrolysable analogue AMP‐PNP.Conclusions and Implications:These results suggest that an M2‐like muscarinic receptor couples to a PTX‐insensitive G‐protein and to an ATP‐dependent pathway to enhance IKV. Modulation of IKVmust be taken into consideration in order to understand more precisely how muscarinic receptors acting on different ion channels regulate sympathetic excitability.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 441–449. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706874
Effects of the somatostatin receptor subtype 4 selective agonist J‐2156 on sensory neuropeptide release and inflammatory reactions in rodents
Authors: Helyes Z , Pintér E , Németh J , Sándor K , Elekes K , Szabó Á , Pozsgai G , Keszthelyi D , Kereskai L , Engström M , Wurster S , Szolcsányi J 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:Substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene‐related peptide (CGRP) released from capsaicin‐sensitive sensory nerves induce local neurogenic inflammation; somatostatin exerts systemic anti‐inflammatory actions presumably via sst4/sst1 receptors. This study investigates the effects of a high affinity, sst4‐selective, synthetic agonist, J‐2156, on sensory neuropeptide release in vitro and inflammatory processes in vivo.Experimental approach:Electrically‐induced SP, CGRP and somatostatin release from isolated rat tracheae was measured with radioimmunoassay. Mustard oil‐induced neurogenic inflammation in rat hindpaw skin was determined by Evans blue leakage and in the mouse ear with micrometry. Dextran‐, carrageenan‐ or bradykinin‐induced non‐neurogenic inflammation was examined with plethysmometry or Evans blue, respectively. Adjuvant‐induced chronic arthritis was assessed by plethysmometry and histological scoring. Granulocyte accumulation was determined with myeloperoxidase assay and IL‐1β with ELISA.Key results:J‐2156 (10–2000 nM) diminished electrically‐evoked neuropeptide release in a concentration‐dependent manner. EC50 for the inhibition of substance P, CGRP and somatostatin release were 11.6 nM, 14.3 nM and 110.7 nM, respectively. J‐2156 (1–100 μg kg−1 i.p.) significantly, but not dose‐dependently, inhibited neurogenic and non‐neurogenic acute inflammatory processes and adjuvant‐induced chronic oedema and arthritic changes. Endotoxin‐evoked myeloperoxidase activity and IL‐1β production in the lung, but not IL‐1β‐ or zymosan‐induced leukocyte accumulation in the skin were significantly diminished by J‐2156.Conclusions and implications:J‐2156 acting on sst4 receptors inhibits neuropeptide release, vascular components of acute inflammatory processes, endotoxin‐induced granulocyte accumulation and IL‐1β synthesis in the lung and synovial and inflammatory cells in chronic arthritis. Therefore it might be a promising lead for the development of novel anti‐inflammatory drugs.British Journal of Pharmacology (2006) 149, 405–415. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706876
Inhibitory effect of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitors on cytokine release from human macrophages
Authors: Smith S J , Fenwick P S , Nicholson A G , Kirschenbaum F , Finney‐Hayward T K , Higgins L S , Giembycz M A , Barnes P J , Donnelly L E 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:Macrophages release cytokines that may contribute to pulmonary inflammation in conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Thus, inhibition of macrophage cytokine production may have therapeutic benefit. p38 MAPK may regulate cytokine production, therefore, the effect of two p38 MAPK inhibitors, SB239063 and SD‐282, on the release of TNF‐α, GM‐CSF and IL‐8 from human macrophages was investigated.Experimental approach:Cytokine release was measured by ELISA. Immunoblots and mRNA expression studies were performed to confirm p38 MAPK isoform expression and activity. Macrophages were isolated from lung tissue of current smokers, ex‐smokers and emphysema patients and exposed to lipopolysaccharide. These cells then released cytokines in a concentration‐dependent manner.Key results:SB239063 only inhibited TNF‐α release (EC500.3±0.1 μM). Disease status had no effect on the efficacy of SB239063. SD‐282 inhibited both TNF‐α and GM‐CSF release from macrophages (EC506.1±1.4 nM and 1.8±0.6 μMrespectively) but had no effect on IL‐8 release. In contrast, both inhibitors suppressed cytokine production in monocytes.Conclusions and Implications:The differential effects of p38 MAPK inhibitors between macrophages and monocytes could not be explained by differences in p38 MAPK isoform expression or activity. However, the stability of TNF‐α mRNA was significantly increased in macrophages compared to monocytes. These data suggest a differential involvement for p38 MAPK in macrophage cytokine production compared with monocytes. These effects are not due to lack of p38 activation or p38α expression in macrophages but may reflect differential effects on the stability of cytokine mRNA.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 393–404. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706885
In vitroandin vivopharmacology of synthetic olivetol‐ or resorcinol‐derived cannabinoid receptor ligands
Authors: Cascio M G , Bisogno T , Palazzo E , Thomas A , van der Stelt M , Brizzi A , de Novellis V , Marabese I , Ross R , van de Doelen T , Brizzi V , Pertwee R , Maione S , Di Marzo V 
Published: September 2006

Background and purpose:We have previously reported the development of CB‐25 and CB‐52, two ligands of CB1and CB2cannabinoid receptors. We assessed here their functional activity.Experimental approach:The effect of the two compounds on forskolin‐induced cAMP formation in intact cells or GTP‐γ‐S binding to cell membranes, and their action on nociceptionin vivowas determined.Key results:CB‐25 enhanced forskolin‐induced cAMP formation in N18TG2 cells (EC50∼20 nM, max. stimulation=48%), behaving as an inverse CB1agonist, but it stimulated GTP‐γ‐S binding to mouse brain membranes, behaving as a partial CB1agonist (EC50=100 nM, max. stimulation=48%). At human CB1receptors, CB‐25 inhibited cAMP formation in hCB1‐CHO cells (EC50=1600 nM, max. inhibition=68% of CP‐55,940 effect). CB‐52 inhibited forskolin‐induced cAMP formation by N18TG2 cells (IC50=450 nM, max. inhibition=40%) and hCB1‐CHO cells (EC50=2600 nM, max. inhibition=62% of CP‐55,940 effect), and stimulated GTP‐γ‐S binding to mouse brain membranes (EC50=11 nM, max. stimulation∼16%). Both CB‐25 and CB‐52 showed no activity in all assays of CB2‐coupled functional activity and antagonized CP55940‐induced stimulation of GTP‐γ‐S binding to hCB2‐CHO cell membranes.In vivo, both compounds, administered i.p., produced dose‐dependent nociception in the plantar test carried out in healthy rats, and antagonised the anti‐nociceptive effect of i.p. WIN55,212‐2. In the formalin test in mice, however, the compounds counteracted both phases of formalin‐induced nociception.Conclusions and implications:CB‐25 and CB‐52 behavein vitromostly as CB1partial agonists and CB2neutral antagonists, whereas their activityin vivomight depend on the tonic activity of cannabinoid receptors.British Journal of Pharmacology(2006)149, 431–440. doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0706888
Presbycusis: A Human Temporal Bone Study of Individuals With Downward Sloping Audiometric Patterns of Hearing Loss and Review of the Literature
Authors: Nelson Erik G. , Hinojosa Raul 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjective: The purpose of this retrospective case review was to identify patterns of cochlear element degeneration in individuals with presbycusis exhibiting downward sloping audiometric patterns of hearing loss and to correlate these findings with those reported in the literature to clarify conflicting concepts regarding the association between hearing loss and morphologic abnormalities.Methods: Archival human temporal bones from individuals with presbycusis were selected on the basis of strict audiometric criteria for downward‐sloping audiometric thresholds. Twenty‐one temporal bones that met these criteria were identified and compared with 10 temporal bones from individuals with normal hearing. The stria vascularis volumes, spiral ganglion cell populations, inner hair cells, and outer hair cells were quantitatively evaluated. The relationship between the severity of hearing loss and the degeneration of cochlear elements was analyzed using univariate linear regression models.Results: Outer hair cell loss and ganglion cell loss was observed in all individuals with presbycusis. Inner hair cell loss was observed in 18 of the 21 individuals with presbycusis and stria vascularis loss was observed in 10 of the 21 individuals with presbycusis. The extent of degeneration of all four of the cochlear elements evaluated was highly associated with the severity of hearing loss based on audiometric thresholds at 8,000 Hz and the pure‐tone average at 500, 1,000, and 2,000 Hz. The extent of ganglion cell degeneration was associated with the slope of the audiogram.Conclusions: Individuals with downward‐sloping audiometric patterns of presbycusis exhibit degeneration of the stria vascularis, spiral ganglion cells, inner hair cells, and outer hair cells that is associated with the severity of hearing loss. This association has not been previously reported in studies that did not use quantitative methodologies for evaluating the cochlear elements and strict audiometric criteria for selecting cases.
Laryngeal Cancer in the United States: Changes in Demographics, Patterns of Care, and Survival
Authors: Hoffman Henry T. , Porter Kimberly , Karnell Lucy H. , Cooper Jay S. , Weber Randall S. , Langer Corey J. , Ang Kie‐Kian , Gay Greer , Stewart Andrew , Robinson Robert A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackground: Survival has decreased among patients with laryngeal cancer during the past 2 decades in the United States. During this same period, there has been an increase in the nonsurgical treatment of laryngeal cancer.Objective: The objectives of this study were to identify trends in the demographics, management, and outcome of laryngeal cancer in the United States and to analyze factors contributing to the decreased survival.Study Design: The authors conducted a retrospective, longitudinal study of laryngeal cancer cases.Methods: Review of the National Cancer Data Base (NCDB) revealed 158,426 cases of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (excluding verrucous carcinoma) diagnosed between the years 1985 and 2001. Analysis of these case records addressed demographics, management, and survival for cases grouped according to stage, site, and specific TNM classifications.Results: This review of data from the NCDB analysis confirms the previously identified trend toward decreasing survival among patients with laryngeal cancer from the mid‐1980s to mid‐1990s. Patterns of initial management across this same period indicated an increase in the use of chemoradiation with a decrease in the use of surgery despite an increase in the use of endoscopic resection. The most notable decline in the 5‐year relative survival between the 1985 to 1990 period and the 1994 to 1996 period occurred among advanced‐stage glottic cancer, early‐stage supraglottic cancers, and supraglottic cancers classified as T3N0M0. Initial treatment of T3N0M0 laryngeal cancer (all sites) in the 1994 to 1996 period resulted in poor 5‐year relative survival for those receiving either chemoradiation (59.2%) or irradiation alone (42.7%) when compared with that of patients after surgery with irradiation (65.2%) and surgery alone (63.3%). In contrast, identical 5‐year relative survival (65.6%) rates were observed during this same period for the subset of T3N0M0 glottic cancers initially treated with either chemoradiation or surgery with irradiation.Conclusions: The decreased survival recorded for patients with laryngeal cancer in the mid‐1990s may be related to changes in patterns of management. Future studies are warranted to further evaluate these associations.
Gastrointestinal Tract as a Target Organ for Orally Administered Insulin
Authors: Shehadeh Naim , Sukhotnik Igor , Shamir Raanan 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTThe intestine is not considered to be a classic target tissue for insulin. Recent in vitro and in vivo experiments suggest that intestinal as well as systemic effects are observed following oral administration of insulin. Local effects include enhancement of intestinal growth, cell maturation, enzyme expression, gut adaptation after intestinal resection and reduction of intestinal permeability. Systemic effects, at least in animal models, include favorable effects on blood glucose and lipid profile and on the prevention of autoimmunity and attenuating the atherosclerosic process.
Breast‐feeding in Athens, Greece
Authors: Theofilogiannakou Melina , Skouroliakou Maria , Gounaris Antonis , Panagiotakos Demosthenis , Markantonis Sophia L. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTObjectives:To determine the prevalence, examine the influence of hospital practices and investigate potential determinants of breast‐feeding in Athens.Patients and Methods:Three hundred twelve mothers provided information regarding feeding practices at certain maternity hospitals in Athens, at 40 days and 6 months postpartum. Multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between the initiation and maintenance of breast‐feeding and potential risk factors.Results:Although almost 90% of newborn infants were given a breast milk substitute one or more times during the first 2 days at the maternity hospital, the exclusive breast‐feeding percentage on the last day of hospital stay reached 85%. Breast‐feeding and exclusive breast‐feeding percentages dropped to 55% and 35%, respectively, at 40 days postpartum and to 16% and 12%, respectively, at 6 months postpartum. While in the hospital, 3% of mothers initiated breast‐feeding within 1 hour of labor, only 34% were informed about the advantages of breast‐feeding by health professionals and 42% were trained to breast‐feed by the midwives. “Rooming‐in” was not practiced in the private hospitals. The educational level was positively associated with the initiation of breast‐feeding [odds ratio (OR):1.36, confidence interval (CI):1.02‐1.81], the mother's body mass index was negatively associated with the maintenance of breast‐feeding for 40 days (OR:0.56, CI:0.32‐0.98) and 6 months (OR:0.28, CI:0.06‐1.26) and a caesarean section was negatively associated with the initiation (OR:0.24, CI:0.11‐0.49) and maintenance of breast‐feeding (OR:0.42, CI:0.20‐0.89).Conclusions:Breast‐feeding is not appropriately supported in certain maternity hospitals in Athens, and this is probably the cause of observed low breast‐feeding prevalence.