bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NORCSEX '88: A pre‐launch ERS‐1 experiment
Authors:   NORCSEX '88 Group
Published: October 2006

The first European Space Agency (ESA) Earth Resource Satellite (ERS‐1) will be launched into polar orbit in the winter of 1991, almost 13 years after the launch of the U.S. ocean radar satellite Seasat in July 1978. ERS‐1 will be equipped with the same active microwave sensor package as Seasat, including a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR), a scatterometer, and a radar altimeter.To demonstrate the potential of these active microwave sensors for mapping near‐surface wind, ocean waves and current and their interaction, the ERS‐1 NORwegian Continental Shelf EXperiment (NORCSEX) was carried out in March 1988. NORCSEX was centered at 64°N, off the west coast of Norway (Figure 1). An experiment to detect ship wakes using ship‐based and airborne SAR was carried out simultaneously. In this and many other coastal regions subject to extensive cloud cover and to a weakening in the surface temperature gradient across ocean fronts during seasonal warming, satellite infrared radiometers are of limited use. The instruments on ERS‐1 will provide the first regular observations of these marine variables.
Canadian Absolute Gravity Program: Applications in geodesy and geodynamics
Authors: Lambert A. , Liard J. O. , Courtier N. , Goodacre A. K. , McConnell R. K. , Faller J. E. 
Published: October 2006

The vast distances, poor accessibility and need for uniform accuracy in the Canadian Gravity Standardization Network (CGSN) have required that stations be connected by numerous interlocking gravity ties involving expensive air transportation of relative gravimeters. It is expected that the introduction of regular high‐accuracy absolute gravity measurements into the Canadian network will ensure that the accuracy of the network is sufficient to meet modern geodetic requirements and will render a selected number of stations suitable for geodynamic studies.As the first step in providing the required absolute measurements, the Geological Survey of Canada has acquired an absolute gravimeter of the direct free‐fall type developed by the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics (JILA), National Institute of Standards and Technology and University of Colorado, Boulder [Faller et al,1979, 1983].
Effects of the March 1989 solar activity
Authors: Allen Joe , Sauer Herb , Frank Lou , Reiff Patricia 
Published: October 2006

On Monday, March 6, 1989, a very large and complex sunspot group, Region 5395, rotated into view around the east limb of the Sun and quickly gained attention when it produced an X15/3B flare (N35, E69). The event began a period of high solar activity that lasted two weeks and had many important consequences at Earth and in near‐Earth space.From March 6–19, Region 5395 produced 11 X‐class and 48 M‐class X ray flares. Prolonged proton events occurred that lasted several days and had an unusually high proportion of lower‐energy particles. The solar activity produced an historically “great” magnetic storm, long‐lasting Polar Cap Absorption events, and a major Forbush decrease, which is a decrease of the galactic cosmic ray flux observed at Earth. The ionosphere was greatly disturbed.
Quake hearing at Fall Meeting
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The House subcommittee on Science, Research, and Technology held a hearing, “The Loma Prieta Earthquake: Lessons Learned” December 4 at the AGU Fall national meeting in San Francisco. A House hearing hosted by a scientific society is a rare if not unique event.The chairman of the subcommittee, Douglas Walgren (D‐PA) was joined at the meeting by House members Barbara Boxer (D‐CA), George Brown, Jr., (D‐CA), Tom Campbell (R‐CA), Norman Mineta (D‐CA), Nancy Pelosi (D‐CA), Don Ritter (R‐PA), and James Sensenbrenner (R‐WI), who took testimony from three panels after making opening statements. About 250 people attended the hearing, which was preceded by a n informal lunch with most of the congressmen and AGU officials.
Two ways to erupt
Authors: Maggs William Ward 
Published: October 2006

Sometimes volcanos erupt violently, sometimes they don't. A simple new model of the physical interaction of magmas and the volcanos they build may explain why.Developed by John Eichelberger and Charles R. Carrigan of Sandia National Laboratories in Albuquerque, N.M., the theory suggests that magmas from the same source contain similar amounts of water and other volatile compounds, rather than differing widely in composition.
Put space science first, NASA advised
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

The first priority of the U.S. space program should be scientific research, not manned spaceflight, according to a high‐level NASA advisory committee, chaired by Martin Marietta chief executive officer Norman R. Augustine, that reported its findings in December. The committee's recommendations, which also include a 10% annual increase in NASA's budget through the 1990s and a cost‐cutting redesign of Space Station Freedom, were well received January 3 on Capitol Hill during the first of a series of Congressional hearings on the committee's report.The report identifies four content areas that make up the U.S. civil space program—space science, Earth observation missions, manned exploration of the Solar System, technology and launch systems—and states that “the civil space science program should have first priority for NASA resources.” That funding level is to be maintained at a constant level of approximately 20% of NASA's budget. The report also recommends that NASA increasingly use universities and other organizations as “prime contractors for space research instruments and projects.”
Quaternary stress‐field change in the Gregory rift, Kenya
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

In areas of continental extension, many regions are now known that have recorded kinematic changes in the course of their evolution [lilies and Greiner, 1978; Zoback et al., 1981; Golombek et al., 1983; Doser and Yarwood, 1990]. Different kinematics can be introduced by rotations in the direction of the least horizontal stress direction ( Shmin) by permutation of the principal stresses.A reoriented stress field in a rifting environment may cause the structural framework to become unsuited to accommodate extension, so that strike‐slip faulting may assume a major role. This appears to happen in some areas of advanced rifting that have many strike‐slip earthquakes, and where the rift‐related faults are oblique to the modern extension direction [Doser and Yarwood, 1990].
Geosat ends
Authors: Cheney Robert E. , Douglas Bruce C. 
Published: October 2006

The Geosat satellite altimeter mission ended January 5 after nearly 5 years of highly successful operation. Geosat data collection had already been dramatically curtailed since October 1989, when the remaining operable tape recorder failed. The mission was terminated when the altimeter output power dropped below acceptable limits.Following NASA's abbreviated Seasat altimeter mission in 1978, Geosat was conceived by the U.S. Navy as a means of obtaining high‐resolution maps of mean sea level for geodesy. The satellite was designed and constructed by the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, Laurel, Md., and launched in March 1985.
U.S. Science agencies unveil FY 92 budgets: National Science Foundation
Authors: Bush Susan , Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

NSF's budget request is $2.72 billion for FY 1992, 17.5% above what it received last year. In introducing the budget, Frederick M. Bernthal, NSF acting director, stressed the critical role that scientific research and education must play to keep America competitive in the world economy—a context that has shaped the budget. Bernthal called the request “an extraordinarily good budget,” characterizing NSF's allotment as “favored treatment.”NSF cited two major objectives behind its budget: to “strengthen the research base and infrastructure,” and “to develop human resources, broaden participation, and improve science and engineering education and training.”Bernthal ranked NSF's priorities as people first, instrumentation next, and facilities third. About three‐fourths of the budget would fund research and infrastructure. One special high‐priority area is high performance computing and communications ($213 million, up 26%), “to provide the cutting‐edge computing and networking technology and the development and infrastructure necessary for advanced research in all science and engineering disciplines,” according to NSF. Another special area is global change research, receiving $118.5 million (up 36%) for basic research on “future changes in the Earth–s environment.” Eight other federal agencies are part of this initiative. Education and human resources also receives priority ($582 million, with $390 million devoted to education).
MSA short course: Mineral‐solution interface geochemistry
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

As science advances, important changes rapidly ripple through many disciplines and lead to radically new interpretations of old data, so argued Thomas Kuhn (The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, University of Chicago, 1970). Such a scientific revolution is now taking place, as scientists revise models of the mineral‐solution interface. These revisions extend through such disparate fields as materials science (for example, the synthesis of thin oxide films) and medicine (for example, biomineralization), as well as through the Earth sciences.The Mineralogic Society of America sponsored the short course “Mineral‐Solution Interface Geochemistry,” to summarize some of these advances. The course, organized by Michael Hochella of Stanford University and Art F. White of the U.S. Geological Survey, was held at the Tanglewood Resort near Dallas, Tex., October 25–28, 1990. Hochella and White also edited a book to accompany the short course, which is published as volume 23 of the Reviews in Mineralogy and available at low cost through MSA.
Congress emphatic on DOE peer review
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

“What research priorities has the Department of Energy set?” “Does an adequate peer‐review process exist?” These questions were asked by James H. Scheuer (D‐NY), chairman of the House Subcommittee on Environment of the Committee on Science, Space, and Technology to witnesses at a Fiscal Year 1992 budget hearing for the Department of Energy's Biological and Environmental Research (BER) program on March 21.The hearing was held, Scheuer said, “as part of a larger effort to work with DOE to ensure that the nation receives the best research for every dollar invested.” He is very interested in evaluating the adequacy of peer review at DOE as “an essential ingredient to cost‐effective research.”
What is AGU's proper role in society?
Authors: Kaula William M. , Anderson Don L. 
Published: October 2006

A series of articles that appeared in Eos (“Planet Earth Report,” December 11–25, 1990) concerning our terrestrial environment, ranging from the Earth's interior to the magnetosphere were generated by a concern that a more comprehensive understanding of our Earth is needed, requiring a “Mission to Planet Earth” that includes substantial efforts in surface and sub‐oceanic measurements, as well as spaceborne. Our question is whether AGU should undertake further action on public issues raised by these educative articles, since almost any action involves judgments based on more than geophysical expertise.Guidelines on public issues were stated by the AGU Council in May 1982: “As a scientific society, AGU should not take or advocate public positions on judgmental issues that extend beyond the range of available geophysical data or recognized norms of legitimate scientific debate.”
NOAA should embrace Landsat
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

“If only NOAA would embrace the Landsat satellite system, rather than trying to abandon it, then NOAA would be taking a giant step toward establishing its proper leadership role in global environmental science.” This statement was made by James H. Scheuer (D‐N.Y.), chairman of the House Subcommittee on Natural Resources, Agriculture Research and Environment at a hearing on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's Fiscal Year 1992 budget, on April 11.Responding to a report by the Committee on Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), which stated that Landsat data is critical to the understanding of global warming, Scheuer is perplexed that NOAA would not want to fund Landsat 7 and that NOAA can have towering leadership and support of global climate research but tepid support of the Landsat part of the program. NOAA requested a 66% increase in funding for FY92 for the Global Climate Change Research program ($31 million total). Operational costs of Landsat 4 and 5, currently in orbit, and Landsat 6, scheduled for launch in May 1992, are part of NOAA's FY92 budget. Total cost, said NOAA comptroller, Rodney Weiher, will be almost $19 million, of which $9.15 million will come out of the NOAA budget and the remaining $9 million from other agencies.
NASA budget, EOS face cuts
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

The hefty FY 1992 increase for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration proposed by President George Bush has begun to attract Congressional budget‐cutting axes, as predicted. The first cuts, however, have come from an unexpected ax‐wielder—the space subcommittee of the House Committee on Space, Science, and Technology—normally a cheerleader for NASA in recent years.The subcommittee trimmed $488 million from NASA's budget request of $15.8 billion on April 11, according to a staff member of the space subcommittee. Notably, the panel did not touch the allotment for Space Station Freedom. The subcommittee has submitted the NASA authorization bill to the full committee, which is slated to act on it by the end of April, according to the Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report.
Hydrothermal activity in the Lau Basin: First results from the NAUTILAU Cruise
Authors:   The NAUTILAU Group
Published: October 2006

The Lau Basin, a back arc spreading center, is one of the most active hydrothermal areas in the ocean. A scientific team from France, Germany, and Tonga investigated the southern Lau Basin near Tonga in 1989 to study the processes of seafloor ore‐mineral formation associated with hydrothermal circulation along the volcanic Valu Fa ridge (Ride de Valu Fa in Figure 1), which lies in back of the Tonga‐Kermadec trench.Between April 17 and May 10 scientists on the R/V Nadir used the submersible Nautile to make 22 dives in the southern Lau Basin. The cruise was called NAUTILAU, for Nautile in Lau Basin. In addition to the standard equipment of the submersible (video and photo cameras, and temperature probe), a CTD (conductivity‐temperature‐depth) instrument was integrated with a “mini rosette” water sampling device used for the first time on the Nautile to obtain correlations between the geological observations and the physical and chemical anomalies measured in the seawater.
Drought management proceedings available
Authors: Anonymous  
Published: October 2006

Proceedings of the Drought Management and Planning Seminar and Workshop, held May 30–June 1, 1990, in Denver, Colo., are now available. Organized by the International Drought Information Center of the University of Nebraska, the program was designed to network public agencies and private organizations in the United States with drought‐related responsibilities (monitoring, impact assessment, mitigation, and planning) at the state, regional, and national levels.Improved intergovernmental coordination was viewed as an important first step toward reducing societal vulnerability to drought. At the time of the meeting, public and private institutions were struggling with these issues in anticipation of continued drought in 1990 and beyond.
Origin of Archean granitoids and continental evolution
Authors: Rapp R. P. 
Published: October 2006

The origin of a stable, permanent crust is inextricably linked to granitoid genesis. The oldest terranes on Earth contain abundant granitoids, presumably representing the low density material that buoyed the crust and prevented its recycling into the mantle. The question of the origin of these rocks is thus fundamental to understanding Earth history: What was their source material, and what processes caused it to melt? Analogies with modern felsic magma genesis are tempting but not necessarily applicable, first because there are obvious reasons to doubt that present conditions characterized the early Archean (modern geotherms, well‐established subduction zones, massive stable continental crust, and others), and also because early granitoids differed in detail from most of their modern counterparts.In this article, R.P. Rapp, who has done extensive experiments on the moderate‐to‐high‐pressure melting behavior of mafic rocks, presents a decidedly non‐uniformitarian view of the origin of the tonalite‐trondhjemite‐granodiorite suite that characterizes the early Archean crust.—Calvin Miller, “Friends of Granite” editor, Vanderbilt University
Rock Deformation Meeting
Authors: Green Harry 
Published: October 2006

The Third Rock Deformation Colloquium was held December 4, 1989, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Steve Kirby of the U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif., reported on actions taken by the rock deformation steering committee. Brian Wernicke of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., talked on the structural geology of the Great Basin.The steering committee voted for “Committee on Deformation of Earth Materials” as the name for the AGU technical committee on rock deformation, Kirby said. Considerable discussion has occurred in the steering committee over our relationship to the AGU Mineral Physics Committee. Indeed, Kirby will become chairman of that committee in 1990, underlining the overlap of the two groups. It was agreed that we will pursue closer association with Mineral Physics.
[Comment on ““AGU advocacy for science” by H. Frank Eden” and “Fencing Position” by G. Shaw, et al.] Ambivalence
Authors: Murphy Hugh 
Published: October 2006

The April 10, 1990, issue of Eos illustrated the ethical ambivalence of our times. The article on AGU advocacy for science laments that scientists are being “out‐lobbied” and urges AGU scientists to “become familiar with the interests of your local representatives, your senators and their staff… pay close attention to critical points in the fast changing budget process… and recommend specific actions to your congressional delegation … ”A few pages later, the article on AGU's fencing position cautions us that Congress should continue to make its funding decisions “on scientific, not political considerations”, and scientists should “not be divisive by urging Congress to protect their parts of agency budgets.”
Shaping AGU's contributions to policy debate
Authors: Morgan M. Granger , Patwardhan Anand 
Published: October 2006

In their Forum piece in the April 9 issue of Eos, Kaula and Anderson paint an unrealistically stark choice for the roles AGU might play in policy debates that substantially involve geophysical science. On the one hand is the antiseptic model of AGU‐above‐the‐policy‐fray: the aloof provider of geophysical facts from the literature. On the other hand is the model of AGU‐as‐policy‐advocate: blending geophysical knowledge with value judgements in order to argue for specific policy actions in the political trenches.The problem with the first model is that the form assumed by most geophysical facts in the literature is rather distant from the needs of policy makers. Thus, the facts are easily overlooked in the face of pressing short‐term political agendas. The problem with the second model is that AGU is a professional society comprised of scientists who hold many different value orientations. Any particular set of values adopted in a piece of political advocacy is likely to be at odds with many AGU members.
Boosting the U.S. economy with basic research
Authors: Simarski Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

How healthy is U.S. basic research, and how can research improve the country's position in the global marketplace? Such questions were explored at a hearing held on June 20 by the House Science Committtee's subcommittee on science. Much of the outside witnesses' testimony called for better links between government, industry, and universities to improve the research enterprise.Erich Bloch, former director of the National Science Foundation and currently a Council on Competitiveness fellow, testified that the United States is slipping as a technological leader not because it lags in science and basic research, but because “we are trailing badly in our ability to translate basic research results and insights into commercial products.”
Panel calls for smaller EOS, caution on data system
Authors: Simarksi Lynn Teo 
Published: October 2006

A review panel has apparently dealt the decisive blow to the use of massive platforms for NASA's Earth Observing System. The engineering review panel, chaired by Edward Frieman, director of Scripps Institution of Oceanography, also urged NASA to cooperate with the Departments of Defense and Energy and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to get EOS off the ground as quickly as possible. The panel also expressed considerable skepticism about EOSDIS, the system's vast information system.Frieman discussed the panel's findings on September 26 before the House science committee's subcommittee on space. The panel, charged by the president in March 1991 with reviewing the platform configuration and launch sequence of EOS, released its report on September 23.
Free software helps map and display data
Authors: Wessel Paul , Smith Walter H. F. 
Published: October 2006

When creating camera‐ready figures, most scientists are familiar with the sequence of raw data → processing → final illustration and with the spending of large sums of money to finalize papers for submission to scientific journals, prepare proposals, and create overheads and slides for various presentations. This process can be tedious and is often done manually, since available commercial or in‐house software usually can do only part of the job.To expedite this process, we introduce the Generic Mapping Tools (GMT), which is a free, public domain software package that can be used to manipulate columns of tabular data, time series, and gridded data sets and to display these data in a variety of forms ranging from simple x‐y plots to maps and color, perspective, and shaded‐relief illustrations. GMT uses the PostScript page description language, which can create arbitrarily complex images in gray tones or 24‐bit true color by superimposing multiple plot files. Line drawings, bitmapped images, and text can be easily combined in one illustration. PostScript plot files are device‐independent, meaning the same file can be printed at 300 dots per inch (dpi) on an ordinary laserwriter or at 2470 dpi on a phototypesetter when ultimate quality is needed. GMT software is written as a set of UNIX tools and is totally self contained and fully documented. The system is offered free of charge to federal agencies and nonprofit educational organizations worldwide and is distributed over the computer network Internet.
Water policy bill debated
Authors: Bush Susan 
Published: October 2006

“Federal water‐related policy is extremely fragmented and haphazard and prevents us from dealing with our water problems in an expeditious and coordinated fashion,” said Mark O. Hatfield (R‐Oreg.), member of the Senate committee on Energy and Natural Resources and sponsor of the Western Water Policy Review Act.At a September 19 hearing on the proposed legislation, Hatfield pointed out that there are currently at least 13 congressional committees, 8 Cabinet‐level departments, 6 independent agencies, and 2 White House offices with some form of responsibility relating to national water management policy. As a result of this fragmentation, coordinating solutions to water problems remains difficult. Jurisdiction disputes between federal and state governments and between states must be resolved, Hatfield believes.