bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Grooming Responsible Adolescents in the Times of AIDS (RATA): A Comprehensive Health Promotion Workshop for Young-Dependants of Oil and Gas Workers in Nigeria
Authors: Faleyimu B. L. , Fagade O. A. , Imala I. H. , Ubuane L. A. , Kpiasi E. O. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recent reports indicate that there is increasing rate of sexual intercourse amongst Nigerian Adolescents. They are poorly informed about reproductive health and their main sources of information on such intimate subjects are peer groups, or schoolmates with the media contributing moderately and Parents playing the least role. This scenario is expected to be worse with Field-Based Oil Workers who are highly mobile, spending long time away from home, have poor access to health information and hence impact no sexuality education on their young dependants.
Using Key Informant Interviews and Focus Group Discussions (FGD), 200 dependants of Oil & Gas Employees of Chevron Nigeria Limited (CNL) between 14 -24yrs of age in Warri Nigeria, were studied to assess their social and reproductive health perceptions. The Medical Unit of CNL organized a youth-friendly comprehensive reproductive-health promotion workshop for these randomly selected youths nominated by their parents with the theme-"Responsible Adolescents in the Times of AIDS" [RATA]. This Enter-education consists of lectures (on HIV/AIDS, Drug Abuse, etc), Film Shows, Quiz, Dance drama, etc. with the youths participating. Souvenirs were also distributed to sustain knowledge gained and promote Peer education.
The study revealed poorly informed youths with poor risk perception and high rate of Sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). The post workshop FGD revealed more informed youths that were ready to take decisions that will protect them from health hazards, practice safe sex and become role models to other youths in their community.
Though RATA is a pilot project, the benefits of the workshop cannot be overemphasized. The participatory approach by the youths enhanced their positive response to the consequences of STDs, unwanted pregnancies, drug abuse and violence. In the near future, a modified form of this program will be extended to parents, guardian and teachers in this community to enhance its success.
Health Program Planning: Analysis and Overview of World Bank Guidelines and Requirements
Authors: Krieger G. R. , Balge M. Z. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
In 1995-96, the World Bank issued new guidelines covering the nature and content of health services for large infrastructure projects in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). These guidelines proposed a substantial paradigm shift from the more traditional tropical disease prevention approach. Under the World Bank approach, a sectoral, e.g. housing, sanitation, transportation communications, urban development, strategy for disease prevention and management is advocated. A useful approach is to adapt the Bank's new paradigm but still retain many of the proven benefits of a disease specific approach for problems like certain infectious diseases like malaria, AIDS, TB and hepatitis. Health matrices and disease specific planning maps are useful tools that will be presented and discussed.
Electromagnetic Heating Methods for Heavy Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Sahni Akshay , Kumar Mridul , Knapp Richard B. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The most widely used method of thermal oil recovery is by injecting steam into the reservoir. A well-designed steam injection project is very efficient in recovering oil, however its applicability is limited in many situations. Simulation studies and field experience has shown that low injectivity reservoirs and small thickness of the oil-bearing zone limit the performance of steam injection. This paper discusses alternative methods of transferring heat to heavy oil reservoirs, based on electromagnetic energy. We present a detailed analysis of low frequency electric resistive (ohmic) heating and higher frequency electromagnetic heating (microwave frequency).
We show the applicability of electromagnetic heating in two example reservoirs. The first reservoir has thin sand zones separated by impermeable shale layers and viscous oil (9541 cp at initial reservoir conditions). We model preheating the reservoir with low frequency current using two horizontal electrodes, before injecting steam. The second reservoir has low permeability and oil viscosity of 33 cp at initial reservoir conditions. In this case we use a high frequency microwave antenna located 30 ft from the producing well as the heat source. Simulation results presented in this paper suggest that electromagnetic heating may be a good stimulation technique for heavy oil reservoirs with low injectivity or with thin payzones. We identify the parameters which are critical for electromagnetic heating. We also discuss past field applications of electromagnetic heating as well as technical challenges and limitations.
Integration of Technology Supports Preventive Conformance Reservoir Techniques
Authors: Soliman M. Y. , Rester Stephen , Sigal Richard , Everett Don , Johnson M. H. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Traditional conformance applications, when defined as the management of unwanted water and gas, normally have been applied late in the life of the reservoir. In these cases, the success of the conformance treatment has been totally dependent upon an accurate description of the reservoir. Obviously, without a proper determination of the reservoir conditions, the underlying reasons for the water and/or gas problems cannot be assessed, and the most appropriate treatment cannot be applied. It has now been shown that a conformance treatment can be even more effective if it is applied early in the life of the reservoir. In other words, a preventive or a proactive conformance treatment may be more successful and less costly to apply than a reactive treatment if analysis determines that the reservoir conditions are such that water and gas production are likely to occur as the field matures.
Thus, since accurate reservoir description is the key to whether a treatment will be effective, regardless of whether applied early or late in the life of the well, it is obvious that the proper diagnostic and analytical tools are critical to the success of any conformance application. This fact will be proven in this paper through use of a database that contains over 900 actual conformance treatments that show that a success ratio exceeding 90% is obtained when the proper diagnostic tools are used.
To apply the concept of preventive conformance, the availability of a diagnostic tool is extremely important. This tool should have the capability to determine the type and location of reservoir fluids and whether the encountered water is mobile. A powerful tool for providing this information is the MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) Logging tool.
This paper shows how coupling reservoir description in general and conformance in particular to MRI technology through the application of MRI logs can benefit the process. It also illustrates the technical and economical value of this technological integration through the use of simulated examples. The simulated examples were created using a commercially available 3-D, 3-phase simulator.
Rotational Toolface Orientation to Facilitate Coiled Tubing Target Acquisition
Authors: Bingham Brian 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Coiled tubing drilling has proven to be a valuable asset in petroleum recovery; however, the application of this technology has also posed its own unique challenges. One of the greatest challenges has been devising a way to orient downhole toolface without the ability to rotate the drillstring. The operation of the patented indexing tool described in this paper, only one of two currently available on the market, achieves toolface orientation by using available hydraulic forces already present during the drilling process: air, gas, or mud.
Actuation is achieved through a flow-operated orienter. The mud or other sources of hydraulic power drive a cam that rotates the toolface. The design of this tool also helps to ensure actuation accuracy by restricting drilling fluid flow until orientation is achieved. Flow will resume only when the toolface is in the correct position, thus reducing possible errors.
Successfully in use for five years on Alaska's North Slope, the indexing tool has a simple design and yet is durable enough to withstand downhole stresses and operate in virtually any environment. Technical and operational features, and the benefits of those features to drillers are discussed in detail in this paper. The indexing tool has also been used successfully as a coiled tubing fishing tool.
Its unique design and operation makes it a cost-effective technique in coiled tubing drilling and a unique achievement in downhole technology.
The Development of a Coiled-Tubing Deployed Slow-Rotating Jet Cleaning Tool that Enhances Cleaning and Allows Jet Cutting of Tubulars
Authors: Courville Perry , Connell Michael L. , Tucker James C. , Branch Alton L. , Tyre Robert S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Tubular restrictions from scale buildup can significantly reduce hydrocarbon production and the overall production capacity of a well. Before production can be restored, this buildup must be removed. Although scale buildup is a global problem, the material composition and characteristics of scales can vary drastically, even within the same field. Therefore, most tools traditionally used for scale removal cannot efficiently remove scale in all well conditions. This paper discusses a recently developed, customized jet cleaning tool that resolves some of the problems inherent with scale-cleaning operations.
Traditional jet cleaning tools have not adequately controlled jet dwell time, which has severely impacted their operational performance. Depending on the type and hardness of the scale, many removal methods cannot control the jet dwell time required to accomplish scale removal. Because the required jet dwell time increases with the hardness of the buildup material, cleaning efficiency can be measured by the capability of the scale-removal method to control dwell time. A new, slow-rotating jet cleaning tool maximizes jet dwell time without introducing repetitive cyclic effects on a coiled tubing (CT) workstring.
The slow-rotating jet cleaning tool can also be used for cutting tubulars. Previously, tubulars could only be cut by mechanical, explosive, or chemical methods. CT was used either for deploying positive-displacement motors (PDM's) for rotating mechanical cutters or to deploy pressure-activated firing devices that initiated the firing sequence in explosive or chemical cutters. The slow-rotating jet cleaning tool can be used to cut tubulars when limitations exist for other cutters.
This paper discusses the evolution of CT cleaning procedures, alternatives to cleaning with CT, and the design and application of the new slow-rotating jet cleaning tool. Case histories discuss the use of the jet cleaning tool for removing scale and production buildup on tubing walls. The new tool can be used for performing through-tubing cuts and can help reduce service costs for difficult applications, such as those involving long bottomhole assemblies (BHA's). The capacity of the new jet cleaning tool to control jet dwell time and pump abrasive fluids helps reduce the risks, obstacles, and costs associated with traditional cleaning and cutting methods.
A Single Slurry System for Cementing Surface Casing in a Low Fracture Gradient Shallow Gas Area Off Shore Kalimantan
Authors: Hartoni A. , Hobson B. , Huizenga R. , Helmana M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Offshore Kalimantan presents some unique challenges in zonal isolation. Two of the problems include low fracture pressure and a shallow gas zone. To overcome these challenges, the operator had resorted to pumping three different slurry systems, each designed to overcome one specific problem. The three slurries were:
Low-density, gas tight slurry. Low-density filler slurry. Neat slurry.
The three slurry systems caused logistic difficulties in transportation, storage on the rig, job execution, and job design. In designing and executing the job, a good understanding of the actual open-hole size was important. If the hole was actually smaller than predicted, the filler cement would be placed over the gas zone.
During the execution of the job, the same problem could occur if too much filler cement was pumped. If this happened, gas migration was not controlled and a costly remedial job was pumped.
An extensive technical study resulted in the development of a single engineered-particle-size slurry system that simplified the job execution procedures, mitigated gas migration, and improved the quality of the overall cement job. Changes made to the physics of the cementing operations could also be pre-evaluated using an advanced u-tube simulator. Input of well and fluid parameters allowed analysis of the impact and optimization of slurry design prior to actual execution of the first new system trials. Impact of system reengineering effects on pump rates, wash/spacer volumes, surface/downhole pressures, and total job times could be predicted and design improvements made. Case histories are given on the first two successes using this new lightweight technology.
Main Aspects Considered in the Upgrade of a Semi-Submersible Platform to Operate in Ultra Deep Waters as a Dynamically Positioned Drilling Unit
Authors: dos Santos Aldemir Bonfim , Bardanachvili Carlos Alberto 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Upgrading existing Drilling Units has been considered an attractive option for offshore oil exploitation, since costs and time to be spent at shipyards can be lower than for new building. Moreover, use of a Dynamic Positioning System and automated drilling facilities are essential for the performance of the Unit when operating in ultra deep waters.
The demand of drilling offshore Brazil was the motivation to evaluate the feasibility of upgrading a Mobile Drilling Unit to operate in water depths up to 2500 m, with slender drilling risers.
This paper focuses on the main aspects considered during the basic design phase of the upgrading of a Semi-submersible Drilling Unit as follows: Additional utility systems;New Bilge and Ballast system;Drilling facilities;Increase in Payload;DP system with addition of thrusters;Naval architecture, including blisters, pontoons enlargements, thrusters locations and new compartmentation;Upper hull arrangement;Structural reinforcements;Model testing;Power demand and Generation;Integration between systems;Class Notation.
With all those aspects addressed, the objective of providing a design of a Unit feasible to operate in ultra deep waters has been reached, from safety, structural, stability, station keeping, arrangement and drilling performance points of view.
Enviromental Protection in Drilling Operation Using Minimum Pit and Zero Cost
Authors: Sauman M. , Law Brian , French Christoper P. , Pianca Justin 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
PERTAMINA / Vico Indonesia made the decision to minimize the size of mud pits in order to minimize the environment impact and reduce costs in its onshore drilling operation in East Kalimantan. Vico Drilling use a water base mud for drilling the surface hole and a synthetic oil base mud for drilling the production section. At the time of the decision, all cuttings and mud waste from the operation were dumped into a large pit. Since 1999, new technology has been applied for "reduced pit drilling". The environmental goals were achieved at a cost saving, as the costs are more than offset by cost reductions.
The first stage of the environmental protection project used a combination of additional solids control equipment to recover as much of the liquid phase as possible and improved locations to channel the rainwater. Water-based mud, location drainage, and rainfall were treated using water clarification. This process allowed the clean water discharge from the process to be recycled for the rig operation or disposed to the environment.
The second stage of the project used a special equipment to maximize the recovery of synthetic oil base mud and to reduce the oil content in the cuttings. The cuttings are further processed using bioremediation and landfarming technology to degrade the toxic hydrocarbons to harmless end products on location.
Once the system and waste disposal is proven, the third stage will be for pitless drilling. Depending on the success of the bioremediation, the requirement for other advanced technology such as thermal desorption will be evaluated.
During the project, special effort has been given to confirm the water clarification and remediation results. In order to meet Indonesia regulations and other applicable regulations and standards, water and solid waste are tested to ensure discharges are acceptable. The remediated soil area has been planted with a variety of native plants.
Using the above technology PERTAMINA / Vico Indonesia have minimized the environmental impact in its drilling operation. There is a cost saving as the cost of the service is offset by reduced costs for land, construction, reclamation, and re-greening.
The First Multi-Lateral / Dual Completion Well in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AL-Umair Naji A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Recently Saudi Aramco completed the first multi-lateral / dual completion well with permanent segregated access and segregated production in one of its offshore fields in the Arabian Gulf region. The well presents a technical milestone to the company in the development of multiple reservoir fields. Also it demonstrated how new technological tools could be deployed effectively in an ideal situation to meet both reservoir and production requirements in a very cost-effective manner. Several systems were considered for this particular application which were thoroughly evaluated based on company requirements, cost, and immediate availability. Other considerations such as service company experience, number of jobs performed by service company and technical support were also part of the screening criteria.
This paper presents Saudi Aramco's first and successful experience in the deployment of new acquired technology for the multi-lateral / dual completion systems. The screening criteria for selecting the system as well as the benefits realized and lessons learned from this experience are also discussed.
Modern Total Well Management
Authors: McCoy J. N. , Podio A. L. , Drake Bill 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The need for oilfield operators to verify that wells are being produced at their optimum capacity and in a cost effective manner is always present. The need to reduce operating costs, increase oil production and increase net income from wells requires an integrated analysis of the pumping system including the performance and interaction of all the elements: the reservoir, wellbore, the downhole pump, the gas separator and the prime mover. The analysis is to be made based on data obtained at the surface without entering the wellbore and must yield an accurate representation of conditions that exist on the surface, within the wellbore and within the reservoir. This paper presents a modern and logical approach to the solution of this problem through the use of Windows based applications and Sigma-Delta state of the art data acquisition hardware.
Integrating Seismic Monitoring and Intelligent Wells
Authors: Mjaaland Svein , Wulff Angelika-M. , Causse Emmanuel , Nyhavn Fridtjof 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
4D seismic is a valuable tool for reservoir monitoring and improved reservoir management. With the introduction of intelligent completion systems arizes the opportunity of a continuous monitoring of the near wellbore formations from the well. Future intelligent well completions may include high-frequency downhole source and sensors to be utilized for active and passive seismic reservoir monitoring. The advantage of such a system lies in its excellent repeatability and high resolution, resulting in more sensitive and detailed reservoir observation and formation evaluation. Specific benefits are monitoring of fluid/gas contact zone movements as gas/water coning, improved reservoir characterization, and optimization of reservoir drainage.
Finite difference seismic modeling was performed to illustrate the advantages and challenges related to continuous in-well reservoir monitoring. The reservoir model was based on log, core and production data, as well as geological information. Rock physical calculations were performed to relate expected variations of reservoir pore fillings to changes in seismic properties. The time-lapse seismograms reveal important features of high-frequency seismic monitoring. Due to high repeatability even small changes in seismic contrast can be resolved at a small scale, hence in-well seismic data provide detailed reservoir information to be combined with conventional 4D seismic results. Moreover, new processing requirements are identified.
Cementation of Horizontal Wellbores
Authors: McPherson S. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper outlines the cement slurry design methodology used to cement one of the world’s longest horizontal well bores. The work detailed has been carried out on ‘M-Site’ of BP Amoco’s Wytch Farm Development on the south coast of Dorset, England, over the past 4–5 years. Of the 17 wells, so far completed on M-Site, none have required remedial cementing work and all reservoir sections exhibit satisfactory zonal isolation, as confirmed by bond log results. The formations to be drilled exhibit very low fracture gradients, with the possibility of losses during the cement job constantly present.
The discussion compares and contrasts cementing techniques between vertical and horizontal casings. It looks at procedures and concerns common to both, then describes how downhole temperature calculation and some lab testing techniques, were modified to account for the nature of the horizontal well bore. Output from the computer temperature simulator confirmed assumptions made earlier in the project. Details of the slurry design criteria and testing procedures are discussed. The slurry properties included zero free water and low fluid loss, along with considerable thickening times, to allow for correct placement.
The discussion includes hole cleaning measures, and the influences of mechanical contribution, such as centralisers and pipe movement. Spacers and flushes with controlled flow regimes have been used to provide optimum mud and solids removal. In addition, an outline of the computer simulation programme used for well bore analysis is shown to be invaluable to the design engineer, by allowing modification of many inputs very quickly.