bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous observations of field‐intensity measurements of WWV at Needham, Massachusetts, and at Intervale, New Hampshire, during the summer of 1947
Authors: Stetson H. T. , Pickard G. W. 
Published: February 2008

A study of continuous field recordings of WWV at Needham, Massachusetts, 373 miles from the transmitter at Beltsville, Maryland, has revealed that the diurnal pattern of reception undergoes a progressive metamorphosis, not only with the seasons, but with the change in sunspot‐numbers. This suggests the possibility of predicting fields over a given path based on actual records of performance, provided the records obtained at Needham are representative of a considerable area throughout which such variations may take place.An experimental field station for recording field intensities of WWV, operated during the summer of 1947 at Intervale, New Hampshire, at a distance of 463 miles from Beltsville, has made possible direct comparison with fields obtained at the Cosmic Terrestrial Research Laboratory at Needham over the same interval. Results show the same general form of diurnal variation at the two stations for both the 5‐Mc and the 10‐Mc frequencies. The logarithm of the ratio of the 5‐Mc fields Needham/Intervale ranges from 1.3 at night to 1.7 during the noon hour.Subsequently, the mobile recorder was set up at New Haven, Connecticut, at a distance of 270 miles from Beltsville, and simultaneous recordings were made during the autumn of 1947 with similar results. Sudden ionospheric disturbances and major fadeouts have been observed to occur simultaneously at Intervale and Needham, and at New Haven and Needham. The results of these investigations indicate that the changing patterns observed at Needham must essentially apply to a considerable area approximating at least a hundred‐mile radius from the Laboratory at Needham.
Apia Observatory October to December, 1947
Authors: Beagley J. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 13° 48′,4 S., longitude 171° 46′.5 or 11h 27m.1 W. of Gr.)September 30‐October 3—A sudden commencement at 20h 02m GMT, September 30, introduced a period of moderate activity. Small, irregular movement disturbed the trace during October 1. H diminished fairly rapidly between 00h and 05h, October 2, after which stronger bay‐like movement developed. Conditions returned to normal at 14h, October 3. K‐index 5 was recorded during the fourth and eighth three‐hour periods, October 2, and the third three‐hour period, October 3.
Watheroo Magnetic Observatory October to December, 1947
Authors: Wood F. W. 
Published: February 2008

(Latitude 30° 19′,1 S., longitude 115° 52′.6 or 7h 43m.5 E. of Gr.)November 9–10—A moderate disturbance commenced suddenly at 08h 57m GMT, November 9. H increased rapidly and then more slowly by a total of 39 γ in six minutes. D showed an easterly movement of 16′ before moving again towards the west, while Z decreased by 16 γ in the same time. H showed a downward trend from 12h to 13h, while at the same time Z increased, and all elements showed a few large and irregular movements which continued for the next thirteen hours. H remained depressed until 11h 50m, November 10, by which time movements in all elements had become only very slight. Ranges: D, 20′; H, 166 γ; Z, 168 γ.
The Earth, a great magnet
Authors: Fleming J. A. 
Published: February 2008

When the invitation came to me to address this evening a lecture to a Liverpool audience in accordance with a usual custom during meetings of the British Association, the natural desire arose to select some subject which should have a more or less close relation to the industries and commerce of your great city. With a choice somewhat limited by the nature of my own studies, it seemed to me, however, that we might find an appropriate topic in discussing, for a brief hour, the fact of the earth's magnetic properties, and the history of the discoveries by which that supremely important knowledge has been gained.To do this with advantage, we shall approach the subject through the avenue of some experimental demonstrations intended to place you in possession of the elementary principles of magnetic science.
Water problems
Authors: Thomas H. E. 
Published: February 2008

Viewed from the perspective of the Moon, we could readily see that water is the most abundant mineral on Earth. About 71% of the spheroid's surface is formed by oceans, another 3½% by polar icecaps, and the remaining 25½%, constituting the land masses, is at various times and places obscured by water in the vapor phase, covered by water in the solid phase, and is draining or storing water in the liquid phase.Where there is life there must be water. Every organism on Earth, plant or animal, is dependent on it. The biologist finds plants, animals, entire ecosystems, adapted to practically every environment on Earth, though ranging widely in abundance and variety: least numerous in the intense pressures of great ocean depths and the intense cold of high mountains and polar icecaps, most numerous where the land surface or ocean bottom is within 600 feet of sea level. Characteristically the terrestrial organisms are adapted to the fresh water that comes from precipitation and occurs in the soil, streams, lakes, and rock materials of the continents and islands. Both plants and animals are adapted to the great variety of environments thus available, ranging from deserts and tundras to rain forests and swamps and lakes. The water quality may range from ‘pure as the driven snow’ to highly saline or otherwise contaminated; in some environments both the amount and the quality of water change markedly from time to time. The biological adaptations to the available water supply are necessarily also quite varied and include such extreme examples as the kangaroo rat in the southwestern deserts, the lungfish in the ephemeral streams of east Africa, and the brine shrimp in Great Salt Lake.
The demand for water: Some empirical evidence on consumers' Response to a commodity uncertain in supply
Authors: Turnovsky Stephen J. 
Published: February 2008

Based on a theoretical model that studies how individuals respond to a commodity uncertain in supply, this paper estimates some demand functions for water in situations where supplies are known to be stochastic. The model is applied to data consisting of a sample of Massachusetts towns, separate functions being estimated for household and industrial demand. Two cross sections are estimated, one for 1962 and one for 1965, the beginning and the end, respectively, of the New England drought.As far as household demand is concerned, price, uncertainty as measured by supply variance, and particularly housing space are significant, whereas for industrial demand only the first two variables are significant. The results also indicate that firms are more responsive than households to both price and uncertainty and that their response to uncertainty lessened as a result of the drought, an implication that agrees with the theoretical model.
Anisotropie Permeability of Fractured Media
Authors: Snow David T. 
Published: February 2008

The mathematical equivalents of parallel plate openings are used to simulate real fractures dispersed in orientation, distributed in aperture, and of arbitrary spacing. With this idealization of jointed pervious rock, the discharge of each conductor is a second rank tensor proportional to the cube of aperture and to the projection of a hydraulic gradient generally parallel to no conductor. One may add components of discharge through each intersecting conductor and components of discharge through intervening pervious blocks. The reciprocal of specific surface of the fracture system like spacing serves as a weighting factor for the tensor sum, which is the anisotropic Darcy's law permeability of an equivalent continuous medium.Special cases of one, two, and three joint sets are modeled by applying Monte Carlo methodsto pair orientations of individual planes sampled from Fisher dispersions with apertures sampledfrom skewed normal distributions. Statistics of the orientation of principal axes and ofprincipal permeabilities are developed to show the relationship between joint geometry andanisotropy and to assess its variations.
Consequences of Historic Rainfall on Western Iowa Farmland
Authors: Spomer R. G. , Heinemann H. G. , Piest R. F. 
Published: February 2008

Rainfall on five soil and water conservation research watersheds near Treynor, Iowa, varied from 18 to 22 inches for the period of May 28 to June 27, 1967. This unique series of events has a return period that exceeds 100 years, based on the 97‐year Weather Bureau record at nearby Omaha, Nebraska.Surface runoff from two corn cropped watersheds planted on an approximate contour approached or exceeded 50% of the storm rainfall during the period. Surface runoff was 8% or less for all rainfall events on a corn cropped, terraced watershed and 17% or less for all but one storm on a grassed watershed.These rains occurred a few weeks after planting when the corn plants were only 6 inches tall; consequently, little or no erosion protection was provided for the bare, loose soil. Sheet rill erosion rates were 75 to 100 tons per acre on the contoured corn watersheds. By contrast, conservation practices on two other watersheds limited the sheet rill erosion to 2.5 tons per acre.Gullies on the contoured corn watersheds eroded severely, whereas conservation practices on the other watersheds reduced gully erosion to an insignificant amount.
Water Resources Systems Symposium: Introduction
Authors: Schwarz Harry E. 
Published: February 2008

The Research Committee on Water Resources Systems is the youngest in the family of committees of the Section on Hydrology. Since its organization in 1966, the committee has set itself not only the goal of furthering research in the analysis of water resources systems, but of bringing together researchers and practitioners in a meaningful exchange of ideas.The symposium presented on April 12, 1971, at the 52nd Annual Meeting of the American Geophysical Union in Washington, D.C., was the first effort of the committee to present a program of invited papers.
Preservation of the rescaled adjusted range: 2. Simulation studies using Box‐Jenkins Models
Authors: Hipel Keith William , McLeod Angus Ian 
Published: February 2008

It is demonstrated that autoregressive moving average (Arma) models do preserve the rescaled adjusted range (RAR) or equivalently the Hurst coefficientK. Arma models are fit to 23 geophysical time series, and by using Monte Carlo techniques and a specified statistical test it is shown that the observed RAR orKis retained by the models. The empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) for these statistics can be calculated as closely as is required to the theoretical distribution. Furthermore, the distribution of the RAR is a function of the time series lengthNand the parameter values of the particular Arma process being considered. Various estimates for the Hurst coefficient are compared for the 23 geophysical data sets.The appendix is available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006. Document W78‐003; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
A field test of the transfer function model for predicting solute transport
Authors: Jury William A. , Stolzy Lewis H. , Shouse Peter 
Published: February 2008

A model proposed for predicting average values of solute concentration as a function of depth and time, based on a transfer function model, is tested on a field experiment over 1.44 ha. The experiment consisted of an initial calibration observing the transport of a concentrated solute pulse past 15 replicated solution samplers located at a depth Z = 30 cm. The model was subsequently used without further calibration to predict the shape of the pulse at 60, 90, 120, 180 cm, with good agreement between average predicted and measured values. A further test of the model was conducted by taking 36 soil cores between 180 and 360 cm at 170 days after the addition of the solute pulse to the soil surface. Good agreement was found between the predicted and observed depth of maximum concentration expressed as a relative probability.Appendix Tables A1‐A5 and Bl are available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Document J82‐001; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Stochastic trigger model for flood peaks: 1. Development of the model
Authors: Kavvas M. L. 
Published: February 2008

The flood peak occurrences at a river cross section are treated as a two‐dimensional stochastic counting process in the time‐discharge plane. In order to gain insight into this process, statistical and conceptual analyses are performed on the flood peaks data of the Karahacili station on the Goksu River in the Mediterranean region of Turkey. On the basis of these analyses a two‐dimensional nonhomogeneous stochastic trigger model for the flood peaks is developed in terms of its univariate, bivariate, and multivariate probability generating functions. The first and second theoretical moments and the theoretical one‐ and two‐dimensional probability mass functions of the flood peak counts in the time‐discharge plane are derived from the probability generating functions. The trigger models have two levels. In the primary level the occurrence process of the flood trigger mechanisms (ftm's) takes place in the time dimension. This process is modeled as a one‐dimensional nonhomogeneous Poisson process. Each ftm at the primary level triggers a flood peak process at the secondary level. Each of these flood peak occurrence processes takes place in the time‐discharge plane and is modeled as a two‐dimensional nonhomogeneous Poisson process whose rate‐of‐occurrence function varies with time and discharge and depends on the starting time of the flood peak process. The mixing of the flood peak processes at the secondary level forms the complete process of the flood peak occurrences in the time‐discharge plane.Microfiche Appendix A and Appendix B are available with entire article on microfiche. Order from American Geophysical Union, 2000 Florida Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009. Document J81‐001; $1.00. Payment must accompany order.
Ultrastructural changes induced in cutaneous collagen by ultraviolet‐A1 and psoralen plus ultraviolet A therapy in systemic sclerosis
Authors: SAKAKIBARA Noriyuki , SUGANO Shigeru , MORITA Akimichi 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTIn the present study, we examined the ultrastructural alterations in collagen fibrils clinically softened by ultraviolet‐A1 (UVA1, 340–400 nm) therapy and psoralen plus long‐wave ultraviolet (PUVA) therapy and compared collagen fibril diameters in four patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc). In skin sclerosis, the dermis is compacted from the epidermal layer to the sweat glands, and the collagen bundles are thicker with decreased space between them. We obtained skin specimens before and after UVA1 or PUVA therapy, and compared cutaneous alterations in one diffuse‐type patient and one limited‐type patient following UVA1 therapy, and in two diffuse‐type patients following PUVA treatment. Ultramicroscopic analysis revealed that UVA1 treatment decreased the diameter of the broad collagen fibrils, mainly in the upper reticular layer. PUVA induced similar alterations in the collagen fibrils, extending to the upper and middle reticular layers. PUVA therapy induced alterations in collagen fibril diameter in deeper layers than did UVA1 therapy, which might be related to the direct action of UV light and the depth of the light penetration. In three of four patients, collagen fibril diameter decreased, collagen fibril thickness equalized, and new, thin fibrils developed among the collagen fibrils, suggesting that collagen degradation and synthesis underlie the alterations induced by UVA1 and PUVA phototherapies.
Co‐overexpression of Janus kinase 2 and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5a promotes differentiation of mammary cancer cells through reversal of epithelial–mesenchymal transition
Authors: Sultan Ahmed S. , Brim Hassan , Sherif Zaki A. 
Published: February 2008

Signal transducer and activator of transcription (Stat) 5 appears to play a vital role in prolactin (PRL)‐induced cell differentiation and normal mammary gland development. We previously showed that PRL‐activated Stat5a induced expression of E‐cadherin–β‐catenin complex in vitro and in xenotransplant tumors in vivo led to inhibition of breast cancer invasion. In the present study, we show that human breast cancer cells co‐overexpressing Stat5a and its tyrosine kinase (Jak) 2 cultured in three‐dimensional (3D) Matrigel culture demonstrate changes consistent with induction of mesenchymal–epithelial redifferentiation. Jak2 and Stat5a‐co‐overexpressing cells treated with cocktail (PRL, dexamethasone, and insulin), effectively reverse epithelial–mesenchymal transition by stimulating 3D organoids more reminiscent of the acinar growth of normal mammary epithelial cells, compared with cells overexpressing only Stat5a or Jak2. In contrast, dominant‐negative dominant‐negative‐Stat5 blocks 3D organoid formation, causing cells to grow in layers instead. Hyperactivation of Jak2 and Stat5a in T‐47D cells induces alveolar‐like structures, mamospheres, with marked lumen formation through central apoptosis and restores a polarized epithelial phenotype. However, Jak2 and Stat5a overexpression in BT‐20 cells induces partially differentiated 3D organoids with no central lumen, but effectively re‐expresses estrogen receptor α. Jak2 and Stat5a‐induced 3D differentiated organoids are accompanied by increased expression of E‐cadherin, zonula occludens‐1, and cytokeratins 8 and 18, and decreased levels of vimentin and Snail, indicating a shift from a mesenchymal phenotype toward an epithelial phenotype. Collectively, Jak2 and Stat5a co‐overexpression cooperatively reverses epithelial–mesenchymal transition and promotes differentiation in human breast cancer cells, which may provide a mechanism to explain the invasive suppressor role of PRL‐activated Stat5a in mammary cancer cells. (Cancer Sci 2008; 99: 272–279)
Prediction of breast cancer prognosis by gene expression profile ofTP53status
Authors: Takahashi Shin , Moriya Takuya , Ishida Takanori , Shibata Hiroyuki , Sasano Hironobu , Ohuchi Noriaki , Ishioka Chikashi 
Published: February 2008

TP53mutations are a poor prognostic factor in breast cancers. The present study sets out to identify the gene set that determines the expression signature of theTP53status (TP53signature) and to correlate it with clinical outcome. Using comprehensive expression analysis and DNA sequencing of theTP53gene in 38 Japanese breast cancer patients, a gene set from differentially expressed genes was isolated, depending on theTP53status. As independent external datasets, two published datasets were introduced for validation ofTP53status predictions (251 Swedish samples) and survival analysis (both the Swedish and 295 Dutch samples). Thirty‐three gene sets were identified from microarray analysis. Predictive accuracy of theTP53status by gene expression profiling was 83.3% in the test set (n = 12).TP53signature has the ability to predict recurrence‐free survival (RFS) of 29 stage I and stage II Japanese breast cancers (log rank,P = 0.032), and RFS, overall survival of two independently published datasets (log rank, bothP < 0.0001). Multivariate analysis has shown that theTP53signature an independent and significant prognostic factor with a hazard ratio (HR) for recurrence and survival in two external datasets (P < 0.0001). TheTP53signature is also a strong prognostic factor in the subgroups: estrogen‐receptor positive, lymph node positive and negative, intermediate/high risk in St. Gallen criteria, and high risk in National Cancer Institute (NCI) criteria (log rank,P < 0.0001).TP53signature is a reliable and independent predictor of the outcome of disease in operated breast cancer. (Cancer Sci2008; 99: 324–332)
Addiction science and its genetics
Authors: Ball David 
Published: February 2008

ABSTRACTAim To assess the progress and impact of genetic studies in the addictions arena and to present this information in a form accessible to the general readership ofAddiction.Methods Review of the evidence that genes are involved in addiction, approaches to their identification, current findings and the potential implications.Results Family, twin and adoption studies provide strong evidence that addiction runs in families and that this is determined in part by genetic factors. Two main molecular genetic approaches, namely linkage and association, have been adopted to identify the specific genes involved. Both methods are fraught with problems. Linkage is limited by issues of sensitivity, and association by false positives. Perhaps the strongest finding in psychiatric genetics to date is the impressive effect that a single genetic variant, in the aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 gene, has on drinking behaviour and reducing the risk of developing alcohol dependence. Other findings are currently less robust; however, the implications of elucidating the genetic underpinning of addiction will be profound.Conclusions Addiction genetics is a developing science that has yet to prove its worth in the clinical setting
Intentional induction of mixed haematopoietic chimerism as platform for cellular therapy after HLA‐matched allogeneic stem cell transplantation in childhood leukaemia patients
Authors: Pérez Antonio , González‐Vicent Marta , Ramirez Manuel , Sevilla Julián , Madero Luis , Díaz Miguel Angel 
Published: February 2008

SummaryAllogeneic peripheral blood stem cell CD34+‐selected transplantation followed by donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI) to maximize graft‐versus‐leukaemia effect while avoiding graft‐versus‐host disease was investigated in 22 paediatric patients with acute myeloid leukaemia (n = 10) or acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (n = 12). Patients were grafted with a median (range) 6 × 106 (2–31 × 106)/kg CD34+ cells and 1·1 × 104 (0·2–3·9 × 104) CD3+ cells. Seventy‐five DLI were performed with no complications. Median time (range) to neutrophil and platelet engraftment was 13 (11–15) and 12 d (8–13) respectively. Probability of relapse and disease‐free survival was 23 ± 9% and 72 ± 6% respectively (median follow‐up of 15 months).
Mould‐specific immunoglobulin antibodies quantified by flow cytometry reflect mould exposure in Norwegian children
Authors: Rydjord B. , Marton J. H. , Strømsnes H. , Granum B. , Bolle R. , Nystad W. , Hetland G. 
Published: February 2008

SummaryBackground
Studies from many countries have shown an association between dampness in buildings and airway symptoms. Little is known about the role of mould‐specific IgG antibodies in this context.Objective
To examine the IgG antibody response to mould applying a new flow cytometric assay, compare the results with the standardized ImmunoCap® method, and evaluate the association of IgG to IgE antibodies, dampness in buildings, and airway symptoms like wheeze and asthma.Methods
A population of 3713 children 9–11 years of age living in Northern Norway was investigated for airway symptoms and dampness at homes by a parental questionnaire, using protocols of the International study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC). Among these, a case–control study of 100 wheezers and 100 non‐wheezers was established that included home inspection, a parental structured interview, and serum samples analysed for mould‐specific IgG and IgE antibodies, total IgE, and specific IgE to an allergen panel (Phadiatop®).Results
Self‐reported visible signs of mould or moisture at home during the child's first year of life were a significant risk factor for both wheeze and asthma. The levels of mould‐specific IgG antibodies were associated with mould and moisture findings, but only when IgG antibodies were measured by flow cytometry.Conclusions
The results support that dampness at home can increase the risk of airway symptoms. IgG antibodies determined by flow cytometry reflect mould exposure better than antibodies measured by the conventional method. IgG antibodies measured by flow cytometry may be used as an indicator of mould exposure.