bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The categorisation process in intergroup relations
Authors: Doise Willem , Sinclair Anne 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the first two parts of the paper a distinction is made between a ‚conflict or convergence of interests' approach (Sherif) and a ‚categorisation' approach (Tajfel) in the area of the experimental study of intergroup relations. Some recent experimental findings are mentioned, and a theoretical development of the categorisation approach is proposed. In the third part a new experiment illustrating the relevance of the categorisation approach is described.
Racial identification and preference in ‚black' British children
Authors: Milner David 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to discover whether the pattern of out‐group oriented racial attitudes manifest among the children of various disadvantaged minority‐groups (e.g. black American children) might also be found among the children of ‚coloured' immigrants to Britain. To this end, measures of racial identification, preference, rudimentary stereotyping and social aspirations were administered to primary school children whose parents were of West Indian and Asian origin, and to native white English children for purposes of comparison. While the English children showed attitudes which consistently favoured the in‐group, both immigrant groups evidenced marked out‐group (i.e. white) orientation. One‐quarter of the Asian children and nearly one‐half of the West Indian children identified themselves with the white out‐group. The phenomenon of misidentification among children of disadvantaged racial minorities is discussed, and explanations of the difference between the West Indian and Asian groups in this respect are suggested in terms of their differing cultural backgrounds and practices, aspirations to integration, and relationship to the host community. The results of the study are reported in the context of the continuing debate over the effect of the race of the tester in racial attitude research.
The effects of reinforcement and social approval on conforming behaviour
Authors: Endler Norman S. , Minden Harold A. , North Corileen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of reinforcement, social approval and sex on conformity were studied. Seventy‐two male and 72 female college Ss were divided into equal high and low need for social approval groups. Each group was assigned to 1 of 3 experimental conformity conditions: (a) True‐agree; (b) neutral; and (c) true‐disagree. The groups were tested via a social conformity apparatus. It was found that: (a) Reinforcement for agreeing with a contrived group consensus (true‐agree group) elicited more conformity than social pressure without reinforcement (neutral group), which in turn elicted more conformity than reinforcement for disagreeing with the consensus (trueA‐	disagree group); (b) females conformed more than males; (c) there was a slight tendency for high social approval Ss to conform more than low social approval Ss. Conformity was explained in terms of social learning, and it was suggested that the situational factor of reinforcement was a more important determinant of conformity than the motivational factor of social approval. The modified conformity scoring procedure used focuses on the conformity process.
Individual risk taking for self and others
Authors: Wilke Henk , Meertens Roel 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this experimental study, individual risk taking for self and others was observed for three experimental situations (the choice dilemma situations of Kogan and Wallach, 1964, the Pruitt and Teger gambling situation, 1969, and a simple one‐trial gamble game). The results of the present study suggest that one takes as much risk for oneself as for somebody else. An attempt was made to determine to what degree the results could be explained by properties of the experimental situations.
Social differentiation and social originality
Authors: Lemaine Gerard 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article we have presented a theoretical outline and a body of empirical work relating to the processes of social differentiation and social originality.If, in a competition, someone else seems to possess a decisive advantage or if mere comparison with this other person constitutes a threat to social identity, there are signs, in given conditions, of a tendency to differentiate oneself from the other, to be different or to do something else, to invent new criteria of being or doing with others or to combine accepted criteria in an original way. In other words, one tends to give proof of originality or, to use a Darwinian metaphor, to occupy ‘vacant places’. Doubtless the strategies described here only apply to certain social systems in which the visibility of the agent is an important social value and in which comparison may pose a threat to that identity. The restoring of identity by way of the search for otherness merits the attention of social psychology.But originality is not necessarily accepted or not necessarily immediately. Innovation may take time, may necessitate the creation of schismatic groups and the waging of battles for recognition, etc.We give a brief account of observations made with regard to groups of children in summer camps, laboratory experiments and the results of surveys in the scientific and artistic communities which fit into our theoretical framework. It will not be difficult for the reader to see that this article is a first step in a direction which, in our eyes, holds out a great deal of promise.
Group composition as a determinant of Kelman's social influence modes
Authors: Smith Peter B. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIt is argued that compliance in groups will be highest where the composition is maximally confrontation‐generating; identification will be highest where composition is support‐generating; and internalisation will be highest where both some support and some confrontation are present. The hypotheses were tested in sixteen one‐day experimentally composed T‐groups. All the hypotheses were supported, particularly the first two. In this setting internalisation was found to be related to confrontation but not to support.
The social‐psychological study of conflict: Rejoinder to a critique
Authors: Deutsch Morton 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis paper is a rejoinder to Plon's critique of the social psychology of conflict published in this Journal. The rejoinder reviews the history of American social psychology, the meaning of ‘conflict resolution’, the nature of the dilemma in the Prisoner's Dilemma, and other related matters, which Plon has apparently misconstrued. The rejoinder criticizes Plon's crude ‘economic determinism’ version of Marxist theory and briefly considers the role of power in politics. The characteristics of the present author's social‐psychological approach to conflict is outlined, and it is suggested that such an approach has direct relevance to the intellectual concerns of those who seek to bring about social change.
Understanding the complexities of group perception: broadening the domain
Authors: Hamilton David L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRecent developments in the study of group perception have been guided by four concepts: homogeneity, essentialism, agency, and entitativity. Research on these topics has broadened the scope of questions asked, issues studied, and explanatory mechanisms that are important in the perception of groups. This article summarizes each concept, discusses its contribution to understanding group perception, and highlights unresolved questions that need investigation. Possible conceptual interpretations of the relations among these concepts and their relationship to stereotyping are then discussed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A hierarchic sparse matrix data structure for large‐scale Hartree‐Fock/Kohn‐Sham calculations
Authors: Rubensson Emanuel H. , Rudberg Elias , Sałek Paweł 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA hierarchic sparse matrix data structure for Hartree‐Fock/Kohn‐Sham calculations is presented. The data structure makes the implementation of matrix manipulations needed for large systems faster, easier, and more maintainable without loss of performance. Algorithms for symmetric matrix square and inverse Cholesky decomposition within the hierarchic framework are also described. The presented data structure is general; in addition to its use in Hartree‐Fock/Kohn‐Sham calculations, it may also be used in other research areas where matrices with similar properties are encountered. The applicability of the data structure to ab initio calculations is shown with help of benchmarks on water droplets and graphene nanoribbons. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Comput Chem, 2007
Endosulfan decreases cell growth and apoptosis in human HaCaT keratinocytes: Partial ROS‐dependent ERK1/2 mechanism
Authors: Antherieu Sebastien , Ledirac Nathalie , Luzy Anne‐Pascale , Lenormand Philippe , Caron Jean‐Claude , Rahmani Roger 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEndosulfan is an organochlorine insecticide described as a potential carcinogen in humans. This insecticide was recently reported to alter the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase signaling pathways and is suspected to affect cell growth and differentiation in human keratinocytes. This study was designed to assess the mitogenic, apoptogenic, and genotoxic effects of endosulfan on the HaCaT cell line. We first found that 25 µM endosulfan led to persistent extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 phosphorylation with an accumulation of the phosphorylated form in the nucleus, probably caused by MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) inhibition. As previously described under sustained ERK1/2 activation, cell growth was decreased: delayed confluency and 35% decrease of BrdU incorporation was demonstrated in endosulfan‐treated keratinocytes. In addition, endosulfan has been shown to generate transient reactive oxygen species (ROS), and blocking this oxidative stress by N‐acetyl cysteine (NAC) strongly prevented both persistent nuclear ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cell growth decrease. Additional experiments demonstrated that unchanged endosulfan rather than its metabolites has mutagenic effects (Ames positive without S9) and increased DNA strand breaks (Comet assay) in HaCaT cells, via a ROS‐dependent mechanism. Therefore, to assess the putative pro‐apoptotic response of damaged cells, caspases 3/7 activity and poly(ADP‐ribose)‐polymerase (PARP) cleavage were measured. The results clearly indicated that endosulfan inhibited both spontaneous and staurosporine‐induced apoptosis. Taken together, these findings strongly support that endosulfan induces ROS generation leading to sustained ERK1/2 phosphorylation and decrease in cell growth. Moreover, endosulfan was found to inhibit apoptosis and this could contribute to mutant cell survival and therefore have possible carcinogenic effects. J. Cell. Physiol. 213: 177–186, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Experimental and theoretical studies of Raman spectroscopy on 4‐mercaptopyridine aqueous solution and 4‐mercaptopyridine/Ag complex system
Authors: Zhang Ling , Bai Ying , Shang Zhiguo , Zhang Yanke , Mo Yujun 
Published: May 2007

AbstractRaman scattering and surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have been used to study the behavior of 4‐mercaptopyridine (4‐Mpy) dissolved in water and adsorbed on silver mirrors. In order to gain the actual structure and the theoretical modes of the 4‐Mpy dissolved in water and adsorbed on the surface of silver mirror, ab initio calculation at the Hartree–Fock (HF) level and density functional theory (DFT) at Beck's three‐parameter Lee‐Yang‐Parr (B3LYP) level were performed to calculate the vibrational modes and wavenumbers. 4‐Mpy/2H2O and 4‐Mpy/Ag complex systems were optimized, and then the corresponding Raman spectra were calculated and analyzed. Compared with the experimental results, the calculated results of 4‐Mpy and 4‐Mpy/2H2O complex systems obtained from DFT method were more accurate. Among the results calculated with HF method, the one with three Ag atoms was economical, which took less computer time but gave equivalent results to those with more noumber of Ag atoms. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The microplate reader: an efficient tool for the separate enzymatic analysis of sugars in plant tissues—validation of a micro‐method
Authors: Gomez Laurent , Bancel Doriane , Rubio Emilie , Vercambre Gilles 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn enzymatic assay method in 96‐well microplates (MP method) is proposed for non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) in ligneous plants. Soluble sugars were extracted from 50 mg of finely ground plant powder, in the presence of water, methanol and chloroform. The glucose, fructose and sucrose contents were successively determined in each well, although sorbitol could not be assayed under these conditions. Whatever the sugar, the precision (reproducibility), linearity (addition of specific amounts of sugars) and accuracy (comparison with method using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)) were excellent. This method was more specific than with HPLC, so that the recovery rate of sugars was improved. In the absence of a significant matrix effect, purification of the extract was unnecessary, thus simplifying the procedure and contributing to its robustness. A micro‐method is thus proposed which can be applied to 5 mg of plant powder. This miniaturization affects neither the precision of the MP method nor sugar concentrations. The results of starch assays further demonstrated that this micro‐method was appropriate to the analysis of NSC in small samples of woody plant tissues. Reliable, rapid and simple to perform, this micro‐method is less expensive than HPLC or other classic enzymatic methods. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
The evolution of backpacker destinations: the case of Zipolite, Mexico
Authors: Brenner Ludger , Fricke Jörn 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDespite the growing literature on backpacker tourism, little is known about the evolutionary patterns of the places that cater to such travellers. This paper analyses, first, the way in which established and current models of tourist development conceptualise backpackers and their destinations. In addition, it offers some specific suggestions that will allow them to explain the evolution of backpacker destinations in a more detailed manner. Then, results of field research conducted at Mexico's largest backpacker resort are presented, to illustrate its particular socio‐spatial evolution. The paper concludes that, when fuelled by an increasing number of arrivals and a growing demand for comforts, what were once drifter‐dominated peripheral places may evolve gradually into well‐established ‘resorts’ that satisfy contemporary backpackers' demands for infrastructure, natural settings and ambience. Developer‐tourists with an affinity to backpacker culture are likely to become key actors as they come to gain control over land use and local economic development. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An appraisal of the psychometric properties of the Clinician version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES‐C)
Authors: Clarke Diana E. , Van Reekum Robert , Patel Jigisha , Simard Martine , Gomez Everlyne , Streiner David L. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article examines the psychometric properties of the clinician version of the Apathy Evaluation Scale (AES‐C) to determine its ability to characterize, quantify and differentiate apathy. Critical appraisals of the item‐reduction processes, effectiveness of the administration, coding and scoring procedures, and the reliability and validity of the scale were carried out. For training, administration and rating of the AES‐C, clearer guidelines, including a more standardized list of verbal and non‐verbal apathetic cues, are needed. There is evidence of high internal consistency for the scale across studies. In addition, the original study reported good test‐retest and inter‐rater reliability coefficients. However, there is a lack of replication on these more stable and informative measures of reliability and as such they warrant further investigation. The research evidence confirms that the AES‐C shows good discriminant, convergent and criterion validity. However, evidence of its predictive validity is limited. As this aspect of validity refers to the scale's ability to predict future outcomes, which is important for treatment and rehabilitation planning, further assessment of the predictive validity of the AES‐C is needed. In conclusion, the AES‐C is a reliable and valid measure for the characterization and quantification of apathy. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Magnetically enriched bone marrow‐derived macrophages loaded in vitro with iron oxide can migrate to inflammation sites in mice
Authors: Hamm Jörg , Pulito Roberta , Benedetto Sabrina , Barberis Laura , Hirsch Emilio , Poli Valeria , Silengo Lorenzo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn vitro labelling of cells permits incorporation of large amounts of iron oxide and consequently high detection sensitivity, but it remains controversial whether labelled cells would respond normally to stimuli. This question was addressed by differentiating bone marrow‐derived macrophages (BMDMs) in vitro, labelling cells with high concentrations of Endorem in vitro, and eliminating unlabelled cells by magnetic enrichment. To explore their acute inflammatory response, enriched cells were injected into mice with carrageenan‐induced inflammation, the ‘air pouch model’. Cells recovered from the inflammation site 16 h after intravenous BMDM injection into the tail vein were analysed by in vitro MRI and fluorescent microscopy. With both assays, Endorem‐labelled cells were detectable. This indicates that BMDMs, loaded with high concentrations of iron oxide in vitro, can still respond to chemokine gradients and infiltrate inflamed tissue in mice. Furthermore, by using genetically modified mice as BMDM donors, it should be possible to study the role of individual genes in macrophage recruitment. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Novel well‐defined star homopolymers and star‐block copolymers of poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate) by anionic polymerization
Authors: Zorba Georgia , Pitsikalis Marinos , Hadjichristidis Nikos 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAnionic polymerization high‐vacuum techniques and appropriate multifunctional initiators/additives were employed for the synthesis of novel star structures of poly(n‐hexyl isocyanate) (PHIC). A new trifunctional initiator prepared by the reaction of tris(4‐isocyanatophenyl)methane with benzyl sodium was used for the synthesis of three‐arm star PHIC. Divinyl benzene and the core‐first or the arm‐first/core‐first (in‐out) approach were utilized for the synthesis of multiarm star homopolymers, (PHIC)n, star‐block copolymers, (PHIC‐b‐PI)n, and miktoarm star copolymers, (PS)n(PHIC)n, where PS is polystyrene. The molecular characteristics obtained by size‐exclusion chromatography, equipped with refractive index and two‐angle light scattering detectors, nuclear magnetic resonance, spectroscopy, and dilute solution viscometry showed that well‐defined structures were synthesized in this study. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2387–2399, 2007
Synthesis of densely branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s via ATR copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate
Authors: Bouhier Marc‐Henri , Cormack Peter A. G. , Graham Susan , Sherrington David C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDensely branched poly(methyl methacrylate)s have been synthesized by copolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) using atom transfer free radical polymerization (ATRP). By employing the phenyl and benzyl esters of 2‐bromo‐2‐methylpropionic acid as the initiators with 2,2‐bipyridyl and Cu(I)Cl it has been possible to use high field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to evaluate in some detail the composition and structure of the branched PMMAs obtained. Parallel molar mass size exclusion chromatographic analysis using a multi‐angle light scattering detector with a refractive index detector (MALS/SEC) has allowed the branched architecture of the products to be confirmed. Rather remarkably, high yields of branched PMMAs can be obtained without crosslinking using MMA/EGDMA molar feed ratios of up to 5/1 by appropriate adjustment of the molar feed of initiator. In particular by maintaining the EGDMA/initiator molar feed ratio ∼1/1 fully soluble products can be obtained that are densely branched since this feed ratio ensures that on average each living primary chain initiated contains on average only one branching EGDMA segment. As might be expected this controlled free radical process offers better control in the synthesis of branched polymer than the corresponding system we have reported using conventional free radical polymerization, and unlike the latter which requires the use of a chain transfer agent, the ATRP system requires no additional chain regulating component. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2375–2386, 2007
Controlled trans‐stereospecific polymerization of isoprene with lanthanide(III) borohydride/dialkylmagnesium systems: The improvement of the activity and selectivity, kinetic studies, and mechanistic aspects
Authors: Terrier Michaël , Visseaux Marc , Chenal Thomas , Mortreux André 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNeodymium trisborohydride, associated with MgR2 alkylating agents, affords an efficient initiator for the stereospecific polymerization of isoprene. This system presents good activity (150 kg of polyisoprene/mol of Nd/h; 95% yield in 2 h) and is trans‐stereospecific (up to 97.7%), and its polymerization shows a quasi‐living character. The molecular weights are controlled by the [Isoprene]/[Nd] ratio, with a polydispersity index lower than 1.6. A full study is presented here, including the influence of the nature of the alkylating reagent (MgR2), the solvent, the reaction temperature, the [MgR2]/[Nd] ratio, and the replacement of neodymium by other lanthanides. This work also includes a kinetic study of the system and a detailed NMR study of the microstructure of the trans‐polyisoprene obtained, providing mechanistic insights about the polymerization reaction. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 2400–2409, 2007
A comparative DFT study of substrates and products of industrial enzyme nitrile hydratase
Authors: Peplowski Lukasz , Kubiak Karina , Zelek Slawomir , Nowak Wieslaw 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNitrile hydratase (NHase) is a metalloenzyme used in industrial biotechnology for a large scale production of common chemicals. NHases convert nitriles to the corresponding amides. Although the structures of some forms of NHases containing nonheme low spin Fe(III) or low spin noncorrinoid Co(III) are known, neither a catalytic mechanism nor the reasons of high selectivity towards aromatic ligands are recognized. Optimized geometries, molecular electrostatic potential maps and infrared spectra of commercially important aromatic substrates of the NHase (nicotinonitrile, o‐, m‐, p‐methylbenzonitrile) and the corresponding products (nicotinamide, o‐, m‐, p‐methylbenzamid) were investigated using the density functional theory method with the B3LYP functional and the 6‐31G(d,p) basis set. Calculated hypothetical intrinsic reaction paths indicate that benzimidic acids may be involved as intermediates. This study elucidates differences in the electronic properties of substrates and products of NHases, provides an insight into the molecular basis of the catalytic reaction and helps to explain varying enzymatic activities of microbial NHases. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008