bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Clinical outcomes of bacillus Calmette‐Guérin instillation therapy for carcinoma in situ of urinary bladder
Authors: Takenaka Atsushi , Yamada Yuji , Miyake Hideaki , Hara Isao , Fujisawa Masato 
Published: March 2008

Objectives:  We analyzed the clinical outcomes of instillation therapy with Bacillus Calmette‐Guerin (BCG) to treat carcinoma in situ (CIS) and searched for prognostic factors that could predict disease progression.Methods:  Between January 1995 and January 2001, 185 patients (male, 155; female, 30) diagnosed with bladder CIS underwent weekly BCG instillations (80 mg of Tokyo 172 strain) for eight weeks. Primary, concomitant, and secondary CIS was found in 62 (33.5%), 60 (32.4%) and 63 (34.1%), patients, respectively. Seventy‐five (40.5%) and 64 (34.6%) patients had limited and extensive CIS, respectively. The median follow up period was 37.5 months (range 4–95 months).Results:  The overall complete response rate was 86.5%. The five‐year progression‐free survival rate was 78.5%. Several factors, such as age (<60 or ≥60 years), gender, previous transurethral resection, type of CIS, and CIS extension (three or more positive sites out of four to six biopsy sites was defined as extensive), were examined by multivariate analysis to predict progression. The extension of CIS was the only independent prognostic factor. The five‐year recurrence‐free rate of complete responders (n = 160) was 66.0%. Radical cystectomy was performed in 10 patients (6.3%) during follow up incomplete responders, of whom seven had invasive bladder cancer. Extravesical involvement was identified in 30 patients (16.2%) among whom, 21 (11.3%) had upper urinary tract recurrence and nine (4.9%) had prostatic involvement.Conclusion:  Therapy with BCG is effective against CIS, the extent of which might be a prognostic factor. Disease progression including extravesical involvement should be carefully monitored over the long‐term after BCG therapy.
Comparison of cancers detected at only a sextant or alternative location
Authors: Ochiai Atsushi , Troncoso Patricia , Babaian Richard J. 
Published: March 2008

OBJECTIVESTo evaluate the effect of the tumour‐positive biopsy site at extended biopsy on tumour volume and potential biological significance of prostate cancer.PATIENTS AND METHODSWe retrospectively evaluated radical prostatectomy specimens from 247 consecutive men diagnosed with prostate cancer by extended biopsy. Men who had both a positive sextant and alternative site were excluded, resulting in 132 evaluable men. We assessed age, pretreatment prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, prostate volume, pathological stage, Gleason score, total tumour volume, and location (sextant or alternative site) of the positive biopsy. Patients were grouped by location of the positive biopsy, i.e. sextant site only or alternative site only, including anterior horn, midline region and transition zone.RESULTSA biopsy from a sextant‐only or an alternative site only was positive in 42% (56/132) and 58% (76/132) of men, respectively. There was no significant difference in PSA level, number of positive cores, pathological stage, Gleason score, total tumour volume or the incidence of low‐volume/low‐grade cancer (volume <0.5 mL and a Gleason score of ≤6) between the groups. In men with one positive core, there was no significant difference in total tumour volume (median 0.20 vs 0.36 mL, respectively) or in the incidence of low‐volume/low‐grade cancer (42% vs 40%, respectively) between the groups.CONCLUSIONSTotal tumour volume and the incidence of low‐volume/low‐grade cancer detected at an alternative site only were comparable to those of cancers detected at a sextant site only. Alternative site biopsy did not increase the incidence of low‐volume/low‐grade cancers detected.
Obesity and central obesity as risk factors for incident dementia and its subtypes: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Beydoun M. A. , Beydoun H. A. , Wang Y. 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWhile dementia affects 6–10% of persons 65 years or older, industrialized countries have witnessed an alarming rise in obesity. However, obesity's influence on dementia remains poorly understood. We conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis. PUBMED search (1995–2007) resulted in 10 relevant prospective cohort studies of older adults (40–80 years at baseline) with end points being dementia and predictors including adiposity measures, such as body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC). There was a significant U‐shaped association between BMI and dementia (P = 0.034), with dementia risk increased for obesity and underweight. Pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for underweight, overweight and obesity compared with normal weight in relation to incident dementia were: 1.36 (1.07, 1.73), 0.88 (0.60, 1.27) and 1.42 (0.93, 2.18) respectively. Pooled ORs and 95% CI for obesity and incident Alzheimer's disease (AD) and vascular dementia were 1.80 (1.00, 3.29) vs. 1.73 (0.47, 6.31) and were stronger in studies with long follow‐up (>10 years) and young baseline age (<60 years). Weight gain and high WC or skin‐fold thickness increased risks of dementia in all included studies. The meta‐analysis shows a moderate association between obesity and the risks for dementia and AD. Future studies are needed to understand optimal weight and biological mechanisms.
Accommodating differences: variations in differentiated literacy instruction in Grade 2/3 classrooms
Authors: Tobin Ruthanne , McInnes Alison 
Published: March 2008

AbstractAlthough teachers are acutely aware of variance in students' literacy needs, many are unsure exactly how to support these needs in the dynamic classroom. This study reports on compelling evidence from Grade 2/3 classrooms in which teachers differentiated instruction in a variety of ways to benefit all students. In particular, teachers provided additional scaffolding for struggling literacy learners by offering a menu of tiered work products, expert tutoring and additional supports. At the base of instruction were common essential understandings grounded in best literacy practices: shared reading and writing, guided reading, excellent texts and literacy centres. The article emphasises the critical importance of responding to the needs of diverse and at‐risk learners in the regular classroom. Differentiated instruction is suggested as a powerful organising framework in the language arts classroom.
Inviting conversation: meaningful talk about texts for English language learners
Authors: Purdy Joyce 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn Canada, as in other anglophone countries, classrooms are becoming more diverse as the number of English language learners (ELLs) increases. More and more teachers are faced with the task of meeting the needs of culturally and linguistically diverse students. In this article, I share excerpts of dialogue between ELL students, native English‐speaking children and their teacher during guided reading events. Excerpts will illustrate how conversations around texts during reading activities can shape and extend the construction of meaning for the benefit of all, but especially for ELL students. Based on Vygotsky's (1986) proposition that learning is socially situated, I suggest four ways for teachers to structure meaningful conversations: through questioning, teaching vocabulary, engaging in collaborative talk and recognising that the culture and identity of the child are important to literacy learning.
Barriers to teachers using digital texts in literacy classrooms
Authors: Honan Eileen 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIn many accounts of school literacy teaching and learning, there are claims that young people's familiarity with digital texts (ICTs) could provide teachers with opportunities to plan exciting and innovative activities. It would seem, however, that despite intensive research and exemplary practices over the last 20 years, the infiltration of ICTs into literacy classrooms is not widespread. This paper reports on one study where teachers discussed, argued and thought about their uses of digital texts in their classrooms. It provides some insight into the reasons why literacy teachers do not engage with digital texts as part of their everyday literacy activities. It also shows teachers using institutional and societal discourses about the value of students' home experiences to their schooling, the production of digital texts for presentation of print‐based work and the importance of technical knowledge about computers and new technologies, to describe and in part to overcome the barriers to using new technologies in their literacy classrooms.
Testing for Heteroskedasticity and Predictive Failure in Linear Regression Models*
Authors: Godfrey L. G. 
Published: March 2008

AbstractIt is argued that, when researchers wish to carry out a Chow test of the significance of prediction errors, it is necessary to assume homoskedasticity because standard results on heteroskedasticity‐robust tests are not available. The effects of heteroskedasticity on the Chow prediction error test are examined. The implementation of tests for heteroskedasticity is discussed, with the case in which the regressors include dummy variables for prediction error tests receiving special attention. Monte Carlo results are reported.
Cost‐effectiveness of magnetic resonance‐guided focused ultrasound surgery for treatment of uterine fibroids
Authors: Zowall H , Cairns JA , Brewer C , Lamping DL , Gedroyc WMW , Regan L 
Published: March 2008

Objective To estimate the cost‐effectiveness of a treatment strategy for symptomatic uterine fibroids, which starts with Magnetic Resonance‐guided Focused Ultrasound Surgery (MRgFUS) as compared with current practice comprising uterine artery embolisation, myomectomy and hysterectomy.Design Cost‐utility analysis based on a Markov model.Setting National Health Service (NHS) Trusts in England and Wales.Population Women for whom surgical treatment for uterine fibroids is being considered.Methods The parameters of the Markov model of the treatment of uterine fibroids are drawn from a series of clinical studies of MRgFUS, and from the clinical effectiveness literature. Health‐related quality of life is measured using the 6D. Costs are estimated from the perspective of the NHS. The impact of uncertainty is examined using deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analysis.Main outcome measures Incremental cost‐effectiveness measured by cost per quality‐adjusted life‐year (QALY) gained.Results The base‐case results imply a cost saving and a small QALY gain per woman as a result of an MRgFUS treatment strategy. The cost per QALY gained is sensitive to cost of MRgFUS relative to other treatments, the age of the woman and the nonperfused volume relative to the total fibroids volume.Conclusions A treatment strategy for symptomatic uterine fibroids starting with MRgFUS is likely to be cost‐effective.
Maternal HIV status and pregnancy outcomes in northeastern Tanzania: a registry‐based study
Authors: Habib NA , Daltveit AK , Bergsjø P , Shao J , Oneko O , Lie RT 
Published: March 2008

Objectives  The proportion of women delivering with known HIV status in sub‐Saharan Africa is not well described. Risk of HIV transmission to newborns is a major concern, but there may also be increased risks for other adverse pregnancy outcomes.Design  Hospital registry.Setting  North East Tanzania (1999–2006).Population  Singletons (n= 14 444).Methods  Births were grouped by maternal HIV status and socio‐demographic factors predicting HIV status, and associations between status and pregnancy outcomes were studied.Main outcome measures  Maternal HIV status, perinatal mortality, prematurity, small for gestational age (SGA), birthweight and low Apgar score.Results  The proportion of mothers with known HIV status increased from 7% before 2001 to 78% after 2004. Single motherhood, rural residence, low maternal education, maternal and paternal farming and higher paternal age were associated with unknown HIV status. About 7.4% (95% CI 6.7–8.1%) of women were HIV infected, with increased likelihood of infection with higher gravidity, single motherhood, rural residence, maternal business or farming occupations and paternal tribe. Compared with HIV‐uninfected women, the untreated HIV‐infected women had a higher risk of SGA births (adjusted risk ratio [ARR] 1.6; 95% CI 1.1–2.4), preterm birth (ARR 1.8; 95% CI 1.1–2.7) and perinatal death (ARR 1.9; 95% CI 0.95–3.8). Women with unknown HIV status had moderately increased risks. Treated HIV‐infected women had a risk similar to that of the HIV‐uninfected women for all outcomes, except for low Apgar score.Conclusion  HIV testing and infection were associated with socio‐demographic factors. Untreated HIV‐infected women had higher risks of adverse pregnancy outcomes, and risks were also increased for women with unknown HIV status. There is still a need to increase availability of HIV testing, education and adequate therapy for pregnant women.
Adolescents Who Self Harm: A Comparison of Those Who Go to Hospital and Those Who Do Not
Authors: Hawton Keith , Rodham Karen , Evans Emma , Harriss Louise 
Published: March 2008

Background:  Deliberate self harm (DSH) by adolescents is a major problem at both hospital and community levels although little is known about the factors associated with hospital presentation.Method:  Using a community survey a comparison was undertaken of adolescents in 41 schools who reported DSH and presented to hospital with those who reported DSH but did not attend hospital.Results:  While hospital presentation following DSH was associated with several factors, multivariate analysis indicated that the most important were method of DSH (overdose, methods other than self‐cutting and multiple methods) and help‐seeking before the act.Conclusions:  The few differences between adolescents who present to hospital following DSH and those who do not, other than in method of DSH and prior help‐seeking, highlight the need for primary preventive initiatives.
THE DRUMLINOID LAND FORMS OF THE “BARREN GROUNDS”, N.W.T.
Authors: Dean W.G. 
Published: March 2008

SUMMARYThe drumlin‐like landforms that Tyrre'll described in 1896 as lrdrumlinoidstl are themost characteristic features of glacial origin in the Barren Grounds. Their widespread distribution throughout the glacial‐drift covered portions of this region, as well as manyother regions in more southerly lati‐tudes covered by glacial materials, implies that thedrumlinoids are a rather significant landform developed under a continental glaciation. A yet, the pro‐cesses involved in their formation can only be speculated upon, or at best, drumlinoids might be regarded as being related to drumlins and therefore formed in a similar manner. There are a number of glaciological and geomorphological factors apparently affecting theirformation. Some of these are discussed here, but, until more detailed investigations have been carried out especially in field surveys, and a definite classification of such features has been evolved, drumlinoids can only be definitely described as widespread features which re‐sulted frc TI both depositional and erosional processes of a continental ice sheetFurther study concerning the nature and orientations of the drumlfnoids in the BarrenGrounds, and elsewhere, dong with an investigation into the pro‐cesses involved En their origin should bring to light much useful Information. Such information would not only concern glacial geology and geomorphology, but also glaciology, and, indirectly, glacial climatology.
GLACIAL FEATURES OF THE HEARST‐COCHRANE MAP‐SHEET AREA: An Aerial Photograph Reconnaissance
Authors: Dean W.G. 
Published: March 2008

A number of glacial landform features which are interpretable from aerial photographs are described for the area covered by the Hearst‐Cochrane 8 miles to 1 inch map sheet. These include both the drumlinoidal patterns created by moving ice sheets, and various glacio‐fluvial and outwash landforms associated with the recession of continental glaciers. Sequence of late‐Wisconsin events is postulated as a working hypothesis.In the subsequent discussion of the distribution and nature of these landforms a sequence of late‐Wisconsin events is postulated as a working hypothesis.The hypothetical series of events worked out mainly on the basis of the evidence provided by the aerial photograph interpretation, may be briefly enumerated as follows:‐

A late‐Wisconsin glacial advance from the northeast ‐ the Labradorean In the subsequent discussion of the distribution and nature of these landforms a The hypothetical series of events worked out mainly on the basis of the evidence glacier ‐ presumed to be correlated to the Mankato ice advance.
Recession of the Mankato (?) ice‐sheet, along with the formation of a proglacial lake and a possible marine invasion.
A second glacial advance from the northwest covering all but the southern sections of the map‐area and the complete o r partial destruction of mariy of the eskers and other landforms of the Mankato (?) advance.
Recession of the second glacier and the creation of Lake Ojibway as well as the large eskers, with their associated esker deltas, of the northeastern area of the map. Continued recession of this ice sheet no doubt allowed the complete drainage of Lake Ojibway and possibly the beginnings of marine inundation in the James Bay area.
A readvance took place (Antevs'‐ Cochrane readvance) from the region to the north of the area of the Hearst‐Cochrane map‐sheet. This readvance took a asymmetric lobate form, and in part moved southward as far as approximately the latitude of Iroquois Falls where it formed kame deposits. This readvance also left a thin mantle of silty till covering the glacio‐flwial and lacustrine deposits associated with the recession of the second (northwestern) glaciation.
A NOTE ON THE POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY OF THE INDIA‐CHINA BORDER
Authors: TAYYEB ALI 
Published: March 2008

RÉSUMÉL'Inde et la Chine traversent une période de révolution. Bien qu'on puisse reconnaître des différences de méthode, de degré et D'intensité, il existe dans les deux cas des objectifs communs: prospérité, puissance, prestige. Malgré le pacte de paix, connu sous le titre de “Panch Shila”, qui lie les deux pays, ces derniers en sont venus récemment à une brouillerie acrimonieuse et même à un conflit armé au sujet de certaines portions de territoire limitrophes, qui sont sans réelle valeur.Les commentaires publiés jusqu'à date ont, en général, porté exclusivement sur ces parties de territoire en dispute et n'ont pas tenu compte de facteurs assez complexes se rattachant à la géographie D'une zone beaucoup plus vaste, dont les pièces en question ne représentent que des parcelles assez minimes.Le but de cette note est de démontrer comment L'examen des traits physiques, humains, économiques et politiques de cette zone peut aider à mieux comprendre le problème.Le comportement des groupes habitant cette région montagneuse est caractérisé par L'instabilité et la controverse. Ce comportement a été rendu plus erratique encore par les incursions chinoises et L'occupation par la Chine de certaines parties du territoire limitrophe. Ces incursions, dans une région relativement vierge et isolée, et dont la condition ne changera vraisemblablement pas, ne s'expliquent ni par des considérations économiques, ni par la géographie du territoire.L'auteur est D'avis que ces invasions sont dues en partie au fait que la Chine doute de plus en plus de la neutralité de L'Inde et en partie aux avantages stratégiques, tant au point de vue politique que militaire, que la Chine prétend en retirer. De plus, la Chine conserve un vif ressentiment à L'endroit de L'Inde, à la suite du refus de celle‐ci de repatrier le Dalaï‐Lama et de ses critiques de la politique chinoise au Tibet.La querelle persiste et L'auteur indique qu'elle est plus coûteuse à L'Inde qu'à la Chine. Avec L'affermissement graduel de la supériorité de cette dernière dans le domaine économique, son influence auprès des autres nations D'Asie deviendra de plus en plus considérable.La mise en rapport des faits politiques, historiques et géographiques peut, dans certains cas, fournir une explication rationnelle et adéquate des problèmes de politique nationale et internationale tels que ceux qui ont trait présentement à la frontière sinoindienne.
OTTAWA'S GREENBELT AND ITS ANTICIPATED EFFECTS*
Authors: HOSSE H. A. 
Published: March 2008

RÉSUMÉLe systéme classique d'aménagement régional, comprenant méropole, ceinture de verdure et villes‐satellites, d'abord conçu par Heinrich von Thünen en 1826 et formulé ensuite de façon pratique par Ebenezer Howard, sera réalisé partiellement pour la première fois sur le continent nord‐américain par la création d'une ceinture de verdure autour d'Ottawa. Après plus d'une décade d'étude, le gouvernement fédéral a décidé de mettre ce projet à exécution.La Commission de la Capitale Nationale est à acquérir environ 37,000 acres de terre principalement agricole, à la périphéric des villes d'Ottawa et de Hull, á même le territoire de chacune des deux provinces bordant la rivière Ottawa. Cette initiative a trois buts principaux: l'aménagement de sites pour la construction future d'édifices gouvernementaux, la création de cadres pratiques et économiques pour circonscrire les constructions urbaines à forte densité, la prévention de l'expansion urbaine linéaire en bordure des routes de banlieue.Suivant la théorie de Howard, l'excédent urbain serait absorbé par des villes‐satellites de fonctionnement autonome. Ces dernières seraient créées de toutes pièces ou encore résulteraient de l'expansion et de la transformation de villes‐dortoirs existantes. L'objectif ultime de la Commission de la Capitale Nationale est ainsi d'établir une zone urbaine assurant l'intégration complète des éléments géographiques, économiques et sociaux.Entre‐temps, l'occupation de tout le territoire disponible à l'intérieur des limites d'Ottawa se fera très rapidement. Le prix des terrains situés dans la zone qu'enclora la ceinture de verdure projetée a atteint des chiffres très élevés déjà et les fermes qui sont à la périphéric immédiate de cette ceinture sont rapidement acquises pour fins de spéculation. De plus, les noyaux urbains existants autour desquels pourraient croître les villessatellites qu'on envisage se gonflent rapidement de quartiers domiciliaires ou se logent l'armée toujours grandissante des fonctionnaires, et leur fonction de villes‐dortoirs continue ainsi de s'amplifier.Cette ceinture de verdure deviendra‐t‐elle effectivement la première initiative efncace vers la realisation du type d'aménagement hiérarchique tel que formulé par Howard? Est‐ce que, au contraire, l'essor de l'expansion à faible densité qu'on a connue jusqu'ici sera tel que la ceinture sera tout simplement ignorée et enjambée?
THE ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY
Authors: INNIS DONALD Q. 
Published: March 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Bullock, F. J.: Ships and the Seaway, J. M. Dent & Sons (Canada) Ltd.Chevrier, L.: The St. Lawrence Seaway, Macmillan Co. of Canada Ltd.Hills, T. L.: The St. Lawrence Seaway, Methuen & Co. Ltd.Judson, C. I.: St. Lawrence Seaway, Follet Pub. Co.Mayer, H. M.: The Port of Chicago and the St. Lawrence Seaway, University of Chicago PressMassena Observer: The Billion Dollar Story, Annual Publications