bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Congenital coronary artery anomalies: Diagnosis with 64 slice multidetector row computed tomography coronary angiography: A single‐centre study
Authors: Srinivasan KG , Gaikwad A , Kannan BRJ , Ritesh K , Ushanandini KP 
Published: March 2008

SummaryRetrospective review of the congenital coronary artery (CA) anomalies detected by a 64‐slice multidetector row computed tomographic (MDCT) angiography. The type of the anomaly, imaging characteristics, clinical relevance and the superiority of the MDCT over conventional coronary angiography are discussed. Multidetector row computed tomographic coronary angiography was carried out by the usual technique with 70 cc of non‐ionic contrast agent and retrospective electrocardiogram gating. The volume data obtained were reconstructed in axial plane, along with volume‐rendered three‐dimensional reconstruction and virtual angioscopy in selected patients. The images were analysed by a radiologist, experienced in cardiac CT, and an experienced cardiologist. A retrospective review of the records was carried out, and subjects with congenital coronary anomalies were included in the study. Between 15 November 2005 and 27 February 2007, 1495 MDCT coronary angiograms were carried out. Eleven of them were found to have coronary anomalies. Five had absent left main CA. Two had interarterial course of the left main CA artery passing in between the right ventricular outflow tract and the root of aorta. In one patient, there was aberrant origin of right CA from the left aortic sinus with subsequent interarterial course and another one had aberrant origin of circumflex artery from the right aortic sinus. One patient each of congenitally absent circumflex artery and atresia of the right CA were found. Sixty‐four slice MDCT coronary angiography provided accurate depiction of anomalous vessel origin and course along with the complex anatomical relation with the adjacent structures. CT can be considered as a first‐line imaging method for delineating coronary arterial anomalies.
Interventional radiology: A survey of trainees
Authors: McGuinness B , Holden A 
Published: March 2008

SummaryA survey of trainees on the RANZCR training programme was carried out regarding their training in and attitudes towards interventional radiology. There was a 37% response rate with 132 respondents. Approximately 60% of trainees are moderately or strongly interested in interventional radiology. Factors involved in deciding on interventional radiology as a career are discussed, as is the current level of interventional training in Australasia. The idea of a separate interventional radiology stream was met with moderate support. Early training involvement, a more rigorous training programme and providing a high‐quality service were identified as the most important factors in improving and maintaining standards in interventional radiology.
Percutaneous radiological management of high‐output chylothorax with CT‐guided needle disruption
Authors: Litherland B , Given M , Lyon S 
Published: March 2008

SummaryWe present the study of a 58‐year‐old man who underwent percutaneous management of a high‐output chylothorax following cardiac bypass graft surgery. The patient presented to a peripheral hospital 3 weeks postoperatively following cardiac bypass graft surgery with shortness of breath. A chest radiograph taken on arrival to the emergency department showed a large left‐sided pleural effusion. Subsequent intercostal chest tube insertion drained a large amount of chylous fluid. The patient was treated conservatively with no improvement until undergoing a CT‐guided needle disruption of lymphatics with good effect. This case is presented to show the minimally invasive treatment methods that are available in the management of high‐output chylothorax.
Radiation therapists’ perspective on barriers to clinical trials research
Authors: Agustin C , Grand M , Gebski V , Turner S 
Published: March 2008

SummaryThis study investigates the barriers to the conduct of research as perceived by radiation therapists (RT) particularly with regards to their activity as part of collaborative clinical trials groups such as the Trans‐Tasman Radiation Oncology Group. These were examined to identify solutions that might promote research by RT working within busy clinical services. In September to October 2005, surveys were sent to an RT Educator and RT Chiefs in four public hospitals in New South Wales, Australia, with a request to distribute and collect the surveys from RT employed at their centres. The overall response rate across these centres was 59% (78/133). Most of the respondents felt that their managers regarded research to be of high priority (79%) and that others in their workplace considered initiating and conducting research as important (79%). The RT considered lack of time during working hours to be the greatest barrier to research (87%). However, the RT felt that the availability of a research mentor would facilitate research in their workplace (90%). Based on our findings, the availability of structural support from radiation oncology centres may promote the clinical trials research participation of RT.
Radiation therapy treatment verification imaging in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Rybovic M , Banati RB , Cox J 
Published: March 2008

SummaryAn original questionnaire was used to investigate the available types of reference and treatment image verification equipment and specific practices related to image analysis. A section on treatment site‐specific imaging was included. The questionnaire was distributed to all radiation oncology facilities in Australia and New Zealand. A response rate of 87% (40/46) was achieved. Most facilities (90%) in Australia and New Zealand reported the availability of electronic portal imaging devices. Use of computer software to assist with image interpretation was indicated by 92% of centres. Frequency of image acquisition and tolerance levels used for radical treatment sites were variable, but palliative treatment site protocols were more consistent between treatment facilities. In conclusion, departments should strive to use evidence‐based protocols and guidelines to ensure acceptable accuracy in treatment delivery.
Multiple cranial nerve palsies as the presenting features of prostate carcinoma
Authors: Mitchell DM , Wynne CJ , Cowan I 
Published: March 2008

SummaryCranial nerve palsies have previously been reported in metastatic prostate carcinoma, usually occurring late in the course of the disease. We describe the case of a 55‐year‐old man whose diagnosis of prostate cancer was made following investigation of multiple cranial nerve palsies.
Pathophysiology of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: McLeod J. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Parkinson's Disease is a disorder of the extrapyramidal system, and its major clinical manifestations are rigidity, tremor and akinesia.The extrapyramidal system takes origin from the cerebral cortex and from basal ganglia and other subcortical nuclei. It controls movement by its influence on the alpha and gamma motoneurones in the spinal cord through the reticulospinal, vestibulospinal and rubrospinal tracts.The rigidity of Parkinson's Disease is basically of a plastic type; the cogwheel effect is caused by the superimposed tremor. The increased muscle tone may be caused by an increase in the background gamma efferent activity to the muscle spindles, or by hyperexcitability of the alpha motoneurones.The frequency of the resting tremor in Parkinson's Disease is 3–5 cycles/sec. It is caused by an imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory activity to the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus which results from disease of the substantia nigra and globus pallidus. The spontaneous rhythmical activity is transmitted to the periphery by way of the pyramidal tract and section or disease of this tract will abolish the tremor.The mechanism of the akinesia, loss of postural control, and gait disturbance in Parkinson's Disease is not clear but is probably related to disease of the substantia nigra, since experimental lesions of the structure result in poverty of movement.
The Past, Present and Future of Surgical Procedures in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Bleasel Kevin 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Effective surgery for the symptoms and signs of Parkinson's Disease began about 1940 when surgery was for the first time directed at the basal ganglia and internal capsule. The initial operations were by open craniotomy and it was not until 1947 that stereotaxic methods originally used by Horsley were applied by Spiegel and Wycis. Their first lesions were made in the ansa lenticu‐laris. From 1953 onwards stereotaxic techniques created lesions in the globus pallidus with success.Irving Cooper working from a different approach started in 1952 to cause lesions by deliberate occlusion of the anterior choroidal artery, the effectiveness of this depended upon the creation of a lesion in the globus pallidus, internal capsule and thalamic region. Cooper perfected a technique for making chemical lesions in the globus pallidus and later in the lateral ventral nucleus of the thalamus and refined this technique by developing a cryoprobe, which had the advantage of making an initially reversible lesion so that with the patient conscious possible complications could be anticipated and avoided.At the present time stereotaxic surgery for Parkinson's Disease is a predictable procedure, having a low mortality provided proper case selection is carried out pre‐operatively.Surgery is effective in abolishing rigidity in 90% of cases and tremor in 75% of cases. It has no effect on the brady‐kinesia and no effect on the bulbar disturbances such as softness of speech or dysarthria. In fact, these may be worsened, particularly in operations on the dominant hemisphere. Disturbances of gait such as locking of gait, slow stumbling gait and disturbances of balance in the form of forward or backward running are not influenced by surgery.The contra‐indications to surgery are dementia, severe bulbar disturbances, particularly diminished voice volume, and poor health. Hypertension is not necessarily an absolute contra‐indication.The ideal candidate for surgery is a patient who is still active and employable, who has rigidity predominantly affecting the intrinsic muscles of the hand and who has predominantly unilateral symptoms and signs. Age is better assessed on the physiological age of the patient rather than on an absolute value and patients in early 70's have been successfully operated upon.Surgery must be directed towards relieving the actual disability of the patient and not merely to the attempted cure of an unsightly tremor. It is likely that there will always be a place for surgery for unilateral disability followed by L‐dopa medication, to control the more generalised features when they arise.
A Summary of Overseas Experience with L‐dopa in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Fisher A. G. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The use of L‐dopa in the treatment of Parkinson's Disease was based on two observations. The induction of Parkinsonism in man during treatment with reserpine and the reduction in the striatal dopamine in patients dying with involutional and post‐ence‐phalitic Parkinson's Disease.Experience in using L‐dopa in several overseas centres was surveyed, while the significance of the side‐effects produced by the drug was appraised.Improvement in the disabling symptoms of the disease was noted in approximately 70 to 80 per cent of patients during extended treatment with L‐dopa.
Clinical Experiences in Oral Antidiabetic Therapy with Sulphonylureas and Biguanides
Authors: Schöffling K. 
Published: March 2008

Summary1. Glibenclamide is a highly potent and nontoxic antidiabetic drug.2. Many patients classified as secondary failures under tolbutamide have shown satisfactory results when given glibenclamide. However, it is still to be determined how long this improvement will last.3. The three‐year study which has been reported gives evidence of the high potency and the efficacy of glibenclamide.4. The use of sulphonylureas in combination with biguanides enlarges the group of diabetics who can be treated orally. At present, this combined treatment represents progress in oral therapy.
Long‐Term Use of Oral Contraceptives: A Study of Chromosomes and Lymphocyte Transformation††
Authors: Fitzgerald P. H. , Pickering Alison F. , Ferguson Deborah N. , Hamer J. W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Findings from 17 women who had unbroken histories of oral contraceptive use covering 4.5 years or longer were compared to a control group of 18 women, approximately matched for age, who had never used oral contraceptives.Anomalies of chromosome number and structure in blood lymphocytes, cultured for 48 hours with PHA, did not differ between the two groups. Lymphocyte transformation in response to PHA, as measured by mitotic index and cell uptake of tritiated thymidine, was reduced in oral contraceptive users compared to controls.
Enteric Disease in Young Australian Aborigines
Authors: Gracey Michael 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The clinical features are presented of two hundred and fifty‐one (251) Aboriginal infants and children with diarrhoea treated over a recent two‐year period.Clinical evidence of malnutrition was present in 40 per cent of these patients and 37 per cent were anaemic. Sugar intolerance complicated the clinical course in one‐quarter of the cases. More than one‐half of the patients had enteric pathogens in their stools; they included a wide variety of intestinal parasites and enteropathogenic bacteria.The clinical pattern of diarrhoeal illnesses seen so commonly in young Aborigines resembles that seen in under‐privileged communities in developing countries. Improvement of this situation will depend on elevation of the presently unsatisfactory standards of living, nutrition, education and hygiene in the Aboriginal population.
Leucocyte Histamine Release Studies and Skin Tests with Aggregated γ‐Globulin in Hypogammaglobulinaemia
Authors: Schumacher M. J. , Ellis E. F. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The leucocytes of nine children and adolescents with hypogammaglobulinaemia were tested in vitro for histamine release in response to heat‐aggregated human γ‐globulin. In this system, no histamine release was demonstrable in any of the subjects. Hypogammaglobulinaemic subjects did not differ from controls in their skin reactivity to heat‐aggregated human γ‐globulin, and the cutaneous response to this material could be blocked by an antihistamine, chlorpheniramine.The results suggest that systemic reactions to aggregated γ‐globulin in patients with immunological deficiency are unlikely to be mediated by intravascular histamine release.
Assessment of Cardiovascular Side Effects of Therapeutic Doses of Tricyclic Anti‐depressant Drugs
Authors: Vohra Jitu , Burrows Graham D. , Sloman Graeme 
Published: March 2008

Summary: An assessment of the side effects of therapeutic doses of tricyclic anti‐depressant drugs was attempted in 32 patients with depressive illness. The patients studied had no evidence of clinical heart disease or hypertension and were not receiving any other drugs.Moderate increase in heart rate and mild prolongation of atrioventricular conduction occurred. No significant effect on the corrected QT interval or blood pressure was found. There was no correlation between the increased heart rate, prolongation of the atrioventricular conduction time (PR interval) and plasma nortriptyline levels measured in 20 out of 32 patients.
The Pituitary‐testicular Response to Luteinising Hormone Releasing Hormone Administration to Normal Men*
Authors: de Kretser D. M. , Burger H. G. , Hudson B. , Keogh E. J. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: The pituitary‐testicular response to luteinising hormone releasing hormone administration to normal men.The response of the pituitary and testis in normal men to the injection of LH‐RH has been studied using single intravenous doses of either 25 μg or 100 μg.Serum LH levels rose with both doses but significant elevation of plasma testosterone was evident only following 100 μg of LH‐RH. Though testosterone levels were elevated within 60 minutes, peak responses occurred from 4–12 hours post‐injection. The rise in serum FSH levels was small or absent at 25 μg but was clearly present following 100 μg LH‐RH, in general rising more slowly than LH levels but persisting for a longer period.
Changing Results of Treatment of Infarction in a Coronary Care Unit
Authors: Sloman J. G. , Penington Christina , Hunt D. , Duffield Anne 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Changing results of treatment of infarction in a coronary care unit.A comparison has been made between the first 300 patients admitted from 1963 to 1967 to the Coronary Care Unit (CCU) of The Royal Melbourne Hospital with transmural cardiac infarction, and two groups of similar numbers admitted in 1969 and 1974. While the age spectrum and duration of stay of survivors in the Unit has remained similar, there has been a reduction in mortality, most marked in the most recent group of patients. The improvement was seen in all age groups, but was statistically significant only in the patients under 50 years and over 70 years. The reduction occurred in both sexes and was most evident in the patients admitted with severe cardiac infarction.The improvement in results of treatment is due in part, at least, to improvements in management introduced since 1963.
Plasma Heparin Concentrations during Subcutaneous Heparin Therapy
Authors: Pitney W. R. , Deant Shirley 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Plasma heparin concentrations during subcutaneous heparin therapy.Plasma heparin concentrations were measured at two‐hourly intervals following the subcutaneous injection of varying doses of heparin. With doses of 5000 and 10,000 units, peak plasma concentrations were seen most commonly four hours after the injection. There was a wide range of peak values at both dose levels with considerable overlap and no correlation could be shown between plasma heparin concentration and the age, sex or weight of the individual. Traces only of heparin could be detected in the blood after a WOO unit injection. Comparable results were obtained up to six hours after the injection with either the calcium or sodium salts of heparin.
Smooth Muscle‐associated Contractile Protein in Human and Experimental Acute Leukaemias*
Authors: Toh B. H. , Muller H. K. , Cauchi M. N. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Smooth muscle‐associated contractile protein in human and experimental acute leukaemias.Cells from ten human myeloblastic leukaemias and from spontaneous rat myeloblastic and lymphoblastic leukaemias were examined by indirect immunofluorescence with human serum containing smooth muscle antibody. Strong positive cell outline staining of blast cells was seen in cryostat sections of rat leukaemic lymph nodes, spleen and liver. In cell smears of human and rat leukaemias, cell outline fluorescence was restricted to cells in close contact with each other. Membrane immunofluorescence tests of suspensions of viable leukaemic cells were negative. Specificity of the immunofluor‐escent staining reaction was established by failure to obtain staining with normal serum, or with smooth muscle antibody serum neutralized by homogenates of smooth muscle or extracts containing actin derived from smooth muscle. These observations suggest that smooth muscle‐associated microfilaments are present in leukaemic blast cells and that expression of the antigen is dependent on cell‐ cell contact. The presence of this antigen may facilitate leukaemic infiltration of tissues.
Effect of Prostaglandin E2 on the Healing of Gastric Ulcers: A Double‐Blind Endoscopic Trial
Authors: Fung Wye‐Poh , Karim Sultan M. M. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Effect of prostaglandin E2 on the healing of gastric ulcers: A double‐blind endoscopic trial. Wye‐Poh Fung and Sultan M. M. Karim, Aust. N.Z. J. Med., 1976. 6, pp. 121–122.A double‐blind trial was performed to assess the effect of prostaglandin E2 on the healing of gastric ulcers. The prostaglandin preparation was given orally in doses of 1 mg, 6 hourly for two weeks to ten subjects with proven gastric ulcer. The control group consisted of ten subjects with proven gastric ulcer, without prostaglandin treatment. Gastric ulcer healing was assessed endoscopically with a duodenofiberscope. The maximum diameter of the ulcer crater was determined endoscopically just before and after two weeks of treatment. In the prostaglandin group, complete healing was seen in two cases, considerable healing (50% and more) in three cases, and the overall mean healing rate was 42%. In the control group, complete healing was seen in none, considerable healing in one case, and the overall mean healing rate was 14.3%. The difference, statistically, was significant. The results show that prostaglandin E2 is effective in promoting the healing of gastric ulcers.
Essential Hypertension—The Starting Point for Improved Drug Treatment
Authors: Boyd G.W. 
Published: March 2008

Summary: Essential hypertension—The starting point for improved drug treatment.Hypertension is a common disease and plays an important role as a potentially remediable contributor to cardiovascular causes of death in the community. In moderate to severe hypertension recent treatment has improved morbidity and mortality substantially, but it is disappointing that despite this myocardial infarction still stands as an important cause of death. In this regard it is encouraging that beta adrenergic blockade may be useful not only in lowering blood pressure, but also possibly in reducing independently the risk of myocardial infarction and/or sudden death in some patients. In mild hypertension the number of patients is large and the possible beneficial effect of treatment less well‐established, so that there is a clear need for further research in order to define patients at relatively high risk in this group.