bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Attenuation of photoelectrons and Auger electrons leaving nickel deposited on a gold surface
Authors: Zemek J. , Jiricek P. , Houdkova J. , Olejnik K. , Jablonski A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractAttenuation lengths of signal electrons are very important in surface metrology. Contrary to inelastic mean free paths (IMFP), the attenuation length is determined by both inelastic and elastic scattering events of the signal electrons in the solid. Therefore, application of attenuation lengths leads to improved accuracy in measurements of length on a nanometer scale. In the present work, photoelectron and Auger‐electron spectra (AES) in regions of Au 4f, Ni 3p, Ni 2p, and Au MNN were recorded from nickel overlayers deposited in situ, step by step, on a gold surface. The experiment was coupled with advanced calculations of electron transport for the nickel/gold system. An overlayer growth mode has been elucidated by a line‐shape analysis of the Ni 2p spectra with the QUASES‐Tougaard software and from extensive Monte Carlo calculations of electron transport in the overlayer/substrate system with the SESSA software. The QUASES‐Tougaard analysis indicated three‐dimensional island growth followed by a continuous nickel overlayer for thicknesses exceeding 2 nm. The attenuation of electron intensities described by the effective attenuation length (EAL), calculated with the NIST SRD 100 database [Simulation of Electron Spectra for Surface Analysis (SESSA) software] and the NIST SRD 82 database, was found in close agreement for all electron transitions considered. The measured EAL values compared well with EALs calculated for Au 4f, Ni 3p, and Ni 2p photoelectrons, whereas the EAL derived from the measured Au MNN intensity–thickness plot was found to be about 20% less than the predicted values. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modelling multisera data: The estimation of new joint and conditional epidemiological parameters
Authors: Hens N. , Aerts M. , Shkedy Z. , Theeten H. , Van Damme P. , Beutels Ph. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTesting humans for infectious diseases is often done by assessing the presence or absence of disease‐specific antibodies in serum samples. For feasibility and economical reasons, these sera are often tested for more than one antigen. Studying diseases with similar transmission routes can govern new insights for disease dynamics. We use flexible marginal and conditional models to model multisera data on the Varicella‐Zoster virus and the Parvo B19‐virus in Belgium. Next form the derivation of the age‐dependent marginal force of infection (FOI), we introduce new epidemiological parameters: the age‐dependent joint and conditional FOI. These parameters allow us to study the association among the occurrence and acquisition of both infections. Furthermore, we show how to test for association and whether the infection‐specific age‐dependent FOI curves are proportional and consequently whether separable mixing in the population holds. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variation among schools on classroom practices in science based on TIMSS‐1999 in Turkey
Authors: Aypay Ahmet , Erdoğan Mehmet , Sözer Mehmet A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate the differences among schools using student responses in the Trends in Mathematics and Science Study–1999 (TIMSS‐99) data. Schools were classified into two groups based on eighth grade students' overall achievement in science. Two different discriminant function analyses were performed to distinguish high‐ and low‐performing schools, based both on classroom practices and factor structures (student‐centered activities, teacher‐centered activities, attitudes toward technology use, socioeconomic status [SES], and doing well in science). The results indicate that there were significant differences between the two classifications of schools on ten variables regarding classroom practices and activities, and 29 variables regarding classroom practices, attitudes toward science, use of the computer and overhead projector (OHP), parental background characteristics, and need to do well in science. Contrary to general expectations, technology use (computer, OHP, etc.) was found to be negatively related to science achievement. Teachers should be trained on how to use technology in their classrooms. Turkey recently revised its curriculum to a student‐centered approach and this might increase students' ability to transfer knowledge into real life. Teachers and schools should pay more attention to SES effects. Teachers should also work toward building students' confidence in science. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 44: 1417–1435, 2007
Decrease of hirudin degradation by deleting the KEX1 gene in recombinant Pichia pastoris
Authors: Ni Zhenhua , Zhou Xiangshan , Sun Xueqian , Wang Ya , Zhang Yuanxing 
Published: October 2007

AbstractOur previous study on recombinant hirudin production in Pichia pastoris demonstrated that, although the total productivity of hirudin was fairly high, its degradation was still severe, even if many engineering methods were applied to improve cell viability and reduce the release of intracellular proteinases. In this work, a pop‐in/pop‐out method, replacing the auxotrophic marker ARG4 gene with the resistant marker sh ble gene, was used to delete the KEX1 gene to reduce hirudin degradation in P. pastoris GS115Hir. Using this strategy, hirudin degradation was greatly decreased. At the same wet cell weight and cell viability, the percentage of intact hirudin Hir65 in total hirudin in strain GS115HirΔkex1 was always kept as high as 90% in the initial stage of the methanol fermentation phase and above 62% even in the later stage of the methanol fermentation phase, whereas the percentage for the undeleted strain GS115Hir was only about 40% in the whole methanol fermentation phase. As a result, the intact hirudin Hir65 concentration could maximally reach 2.4 g/l in GS115HirΔkex1 while it was only 1.1 g/l in GS115Hir. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Colony growth and dispersal in the ant‐tended aphid,Aphis craccivoraKoch, and the non‐ant‐tended aphid,Acyrthosiphon pisumHarris, under the absence of predators and ants
Authors: Tokunaga Emi , Suzuki Nobuhiko 
Published: October 2007

AbstractTo elucidate the potential for colony growth and the dispersal of aphids in relation to the ant attendance, the mobility, tolerance of starvation, colony growth, and dispersal were examined in the ant‐tendedAphis craccivoraKoch and the non‐ant‐tendedAcyrthosiphon pisumHarris under the absence of predators and ants. The increase of the dispersal rate with density was more conspicuous inAc. pisumthanAp. craccivora.The success rate of dispersal was higher inAc. pisumthanAp. craccivora. These results would be derived from the higher ability of dispersal by walking inAc. pisumthanAp. craccivora. The longer legs, higher walking speed, and stronger tolerance of starvation inAc. pisummight result in a higher ability of dispersal by walking. These traits may have developed in relation to non‐ant attendance, becauseAc. pisumaphids frequently escape from natural enemies by dropping from the host plant. On the other hand,Ap. craccivorahave not developed morphological and behavioral traits concerning dispersal by walking, because increasing colony size without dispersal is likely to be advantageous for ant attraction. Escaping behaviors ofAp. craccivorafrom natural enemies have not been well developed due to the ant's defense against natural enemies. The proportion of alatae inAp. craccivorawas higher than inAc. pisuminstead of a lesser ability for dispersal by walking inAp. craccivora. The differences in ant attendance have been influenced in the development of morphological and behavioral traits concerning the dispersal ability, and then, different potentials for reproduction and dispersal have developed in ant‐tended aphids and non‐ant‐tended aphids.
Basestock Oils for Lubricants from Mixtures of Corn Oil and Synthetic Diesters
Authors: Pop Loredana , Puşcaş Cosmina , Bandur Geza , Vlase Gabriela , Nuţiu Remus 
Published: October 2007

AbstractEnvironmentally friendly vegetable oils and their derivatives represent alternatives to mineral‐based lubricants. Vegetable oils have high biodegradability and low production costs. Their poor thermo‐oxidative stability and poor low temperature properties are disadvantages in their use as lubricant basestocks. In our study we used corn oil and diester mixtures, which become lubricants when additives are introduced. These mixtures of corn oil and di‐2‐ethylhexyl‐adipate (DOA) and di‐2‐ethylhexyl‐sebacate (DOS) offer a wide range of kinematic viscosities, pour points lower than −39 °C and flash points over 218 °C. The diameters of wear scars measured under four‐ball testing (40 daN) are less than 0.90 mm and the copper strip corrosion test result is 1a. The differential scanning calorimetry study and thermogravimetric study under nitrogen atmosphere and in synthetic air are reported. From these studies a higher thermal stability was observed for corn oil than for diester oils. The thermo‐oxidative instability occurred at temperatures higher than 350 °C. The low production cost of corn oil and its mixtures with diesters makes them an attractive alternative to mineral oil lubricants.
Entwicklung der Zähne
Authors: Koch M.J. 
Published: October 2007

Zusammenfassung
Die Zahnentwicklung verläuft in Stadien: Bereits ab der 6. Embryonalwoche bildet sich die Zahnleiste, frühzeitig werden Zahnzahl und Zahnform determiniert. Danach werden – ebenfalls in Stadien – die Zahnhartsubstanzen gebildet. Genetisch bedingte Zahnveränderungen sind nicht selten. Die Zahnzahl kann verändert sein (meist eine verringerte Zahnzahl), was oft auch gemeinsam mit einer Zahnformanomalie (Zapfenzähne, verkleinerte Zähne) auftritt. Hypodontie kommt isoliert (Prävalenz zwischen 1% und 5%) oder im Rahmen von genetisch bedingten Syndromen vor, etwa bei einer Reihe von ektodermalen Dysplasien, bei Rieger-Syndrom, Witkop-Syndrom usw. Zugrunde liegen können Mutationen von Transkriptionsfaktoren. Genetisch bedingte Veränderungen der Struktur von Zahnhartsubstanzen sind seltener (Prävalenz <0,1%). So gibt es verschiedenartige Formen der Amelogenesis imperfecta, verursacht durch Mutationen der spezifischen Zahnschmelzproteine. Die Dentinogenesis imperfecta kann dagegen sowohl für die isolierte genetisch bedingte Dentinveränderung stehen (Mutation des DSPP-Gens) als auch für die Zahnbeteiligung im Rahmen der Osteogenesis imperfecta.
The effect of community-prescribed ankle–foot orthoses on gait parameters in children with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Hayek Shlomo , Hemo Yoram , Chamis Sam , Bat Reuven , Segev Eitan , Wientroub Shlomo , Yzhar Ziva 
Published: October 2007

Purpose To evaluate the efficacy of ankle foot orthoses (AFOs) prescribed in the community for children with cerebral palsy (CP). Methods Fifty-six children (32 boys and 24 girls, mean age 8.9 years, range 4–17) who were diagnosed as having CP were enrolled. They were grouped according to the type of CP, diplegic ( n = 38) and hemiplegic ( n = 18). Three-dimensional gait analyses while patient were barefoot and with AFOs were obtained and analyzed. Results The spatio-temporal findings were the most significantly changed as a result of AFO use. In the hemiplegic group, stride length was 11.7% ( p = 0.001) longer with AFOs in both affected (10.2%) and non-affected (12.4%) legs, and cadence was reduced by 9.7%; walking speed was not affected. In the diplegic group, stride length with AFOs was 17.4% longer compared to barefoot ( p < 0.001) and walking velocity improved by 17.8% ( p < 0.001); cadence was unchanged. AFOs also increased ankle dorsiflexion at initial contact in both groups. In the hemiplegic group, AFOs produced an average 9.4° increase of dorsiflexion at initial contact (IC) on the affected side ( p < 0.001) and 5.87° on the unaffected side ( p = 0.007), and an increase of 9.9° ( p < 0.001) dorsiflexion at swing, on the affected side. In the diplegic group, dorsiflexion at IC was increased by 13.4° on the right side and 7.8° on the left side ( p = 0.05; p > 0.001, respectively) and an increase of 6° ( p = 0.005) at swing. In the hemiplegic group of patients, knee flexion at initial contact on the affected side was reduced by 8.5° ( p = 0.032) while in the diplegic group we found no influence. The number of patients that reached symmetry at initial double support tripled (from 5.6 to 16.7%) with the use of AFOs. Conclusions Our results showed that the use of AFOs improves spatio-temporal gait parameters and gait stability in children with spastic cerebral palsy. It has a lesser effect on proximal joint kinematics. Children with spastic hemiplegia display greater improvement than those with spastic diplegia.
The medical profession and the defense and promotion of sexual and reproductive rights
Authors: Briozzo L. , Faúndes A. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThe values of the medical profession and other healthcare providers allow assessment of the relationship between physicians, healthcare teams, patients, and healthcare networks regarding the defense and promotion of sexual and reproductive health and rights. This paper questions the traditional model of the relationship between healthcare professionals and patients, based on the classic paternalistic role of the physician. It describes the tools available to the medical profession and healthcare teams for the promotion of sexual and reproductive rights, and proposes specific actions that would lead to improvements for women and communities.
Dose-dependent effects of docosahexaenoic acid-rich fish oil on erythrocyte docosahexaenoic acid and blood lipid levels
Authors: Milte Catherine M. , Coates Alison M. , Buckley Jonathan D. , Hill Alison M. , Howe Peter R. C. 
Published: October 2007

Consumption of long-chainn-3 PUFA, particularly DHA, has been shown to improve cardiovascular risk factors but the intake required to achieve benefits is unclear. We sought to determine the relationship between DHA intake, increases in erythrocyte DHA content and changes in blood lipids. A total of sixty-seven subjects (thirty-six male, thirty-one female, mean age 53 years) with fasting serum TAG ≥ 1·1 mmol/l and BMI>25 kg/m2completed a 12-week, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel intervention. Subjects consumed 2, 4 or 6 g/d of DHA-rich fish oil (26 % DHA, 6 % EPA) or a placebo (Sunola oil). Fasting blood lipid concentrations and fatty acid profiles in erythrocyte membranes were assessed at baseline and after 6 and 12 weeks. For every 1 g/d increase in DHA intake, there was a 23 % reduction in TAG (mean baseline concentration 1·9 (sem0·1) mmol/l), 4·4 % increase in HDL-cholesterol and 7·1 % increase in LDL-cholesterol. Erythrocyte DHA content increased in proportion to the dose of DHA consumed (r0·72,P < 0·001) and the increase after 12 weeks was linearly related to reductions in TAG (r− 0·38,P < 0·01) and increases in total cholesterol (r0·39,P < 0·01), LDL-cholesterol (r0·33,P < 0·01) and HDL-cholesterol (r0·30,P = 0·02). The close association between incorporation of DHA in erythrocytes and its effects on serum lipids highlights the importance of erythrocyte DHA as an indicator of cardiovascular health status.
Contaminants in ventilated filling boxes
Authors: BOLSTER D. T. , LINDEN P. F. 
Published: October 2007

While energy efficiency is important, the adoption of energy-efficient ventilation systems still requires the provision of acceptable indoor air quality. Many low-energy systems, such as displacement or natural ventilation, rely on temperature stratification within the interior environment, always extracting the warmest air from the top of the room. Understanding buoyancy-driven convection in a confined ventilated space is key to understanding the flow that develops with many of these modern low-energy ventilation schemes. In this work we study the transport of an initially uniformly distributed passive contaminant in a displacement-ventilated space. Representing a heat source as an ideal sourced of buoyancy, analytical and numerical models are developed that allow us to compare the average efficiency of contaminant removal between traditional mixing and modern low-energy systems. A set of small-scale analogue laboratory experiments was also conducted to further validate our analytical and numerical solutions.We find that on average traditional and low-energy ventilation methods are similar with regard to pollutant flushing efficiency. This is because the concentration being extracted from the system at any given time is approximately the same for both systems. However, very different vertical concentration gradients exist. For the low-energy system, a peak in contaminant concentration occurs at the temperature interface that is established within the space. This interface is typically designed to sit at some intermediate height in the space. Since this peak does not coincide with the extraction point, displacement ventilation does not offer the same benefits for pollutant flushing as it does for buoyancy removal.
Gridless simulations of splashing processes and near-shore bore propagation
Authors: LANDRINI M. , COLAGROSSI A. , GRECO M. , TULIN M. P. 
Published: October 2007

The generation and evolution of two-dimensional bores in water of uniform depth and on sloping beaches are simulated through numerical solution of the Euler equations using the smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method, wherein particles are followed in Lagrangian fashion, avoiding the need for computational grids. In water of uniform depth, a piston wavemaker produces cyclically breaking bores in the Froude number range 1.37–1.82, which were shown to move at time-averaged speeds in very good agreement with the requirements of global mass and momentum conservation. A single Strouhal number for the breaking period was discovered. Complex repetitive splashing patterns are observed and described, involving forward jet formation growth, impact and ricochet, and similarly, backward jet formation and impact. Observed consequences were the creation of vortical regions of both signs, dipole creation through pairing, large-scale transport of surface water downward and high tangential scouring velocities on the bed, which are quantified. These bores are further allowed to rise on linear slopes to the shoreline, where they are seen to collapse into a tongue-like flow resembling dam-break evolution.This essentially inviscid calculation is able to reproduce the development of a highly vortical flow in excellent agreement with experimental observations and theoretical concepts. The turbulent flow behaviour is partially described by the numerical solution.
Measuring Corruption: A Critique of Indicators in Eastern Europe and Central Asia
Authors: KNACK STEPHEN 
Published: October 2007

ABSTRACTConcern about corruption has stimulated the creation of a multiplicity of indicators by a multiplicity of methods by the World Bank, World Economic Forum, Transparency International and commercial rating agencies. However, the construction of indices varies, raising substantive and methodological issues, which are reviewed with particular reference to post-Communist transition societies in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. This paper systematically examines indicators, starting with the definitional distinction between measures of administrative corruption as distinct from state capture. It pays particular attention to problems arising from the aggregation of indicators from multiple sources, and the extent to which the changing composition of cross-country indicators limits trend analysis. It concludes that many of the problems of aggregation may be avoided by using single source and single dimension indexes.
Measuring Adherence in CBT for Psychosis: A Psychometric Analysis of an Adherence Scale
Authors: Rollinson Rebecca , Smith Ben , Steel Craig , Jolley Suzanne , Onwumere Juliana , Garety Philippa A. , Kuipers Elizabeth , Freeman Daniel , Bebbington Paul E. , Dunn Graham , Startup Mike , Fowler David 
Published: October 2007

AbstractThis paper reports the psychometric properties of a CBT for psychosis adherence scale, the Revised Cognitive Therapy for Psychosis Adherence Scale (R-CTPAS). The scale's factor structure, inter-rater reliability and concurrent validity were analysed in a sample of 67 audiotaped sessions of CBT for psychosis. The concurrent validity of the scale was examined through comparison with the Cognitive Therapy Scale (CTS, Young and Beck, 1980). Principal components analysis of the trial data suggested three factors: “engagement/assessment work”, “relapse prevention work” and “formulation/schema work”. Satisfactory levels of inter-rater reliability were established between rater dyads. Moderate correlations with the CTS provided an indication of concurrent validity. The R-CTPAS is concluded to be a reliable and useful instrument that can assess adherence to CBT for psychosis using the Fowler, Garety and Kuipers (1995) therapy model.
Deposition of Lignin Droplets Produced During Dilute Acid Pretreatment of Maize Stems Retards Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose
Authors: Selig Michael J. , Viamajala Sridhar , Decker Stephen R. , Tucker Melvin P. , Himmel Michael E. , Vinzant Todd B. 
Published: October 2007

AbstractElectron microscopy of lignocellulosic biomass following high‐temperature pretreatment revealed the presence of spherical formations on the surface of the residual biomass. The hypothesis that these droplet formations are composed of lignins and possible lignin carbohydrate complexes is being explored. Experiments were conducted to better understand the formation of these “lignin” droplets and the possible implications they might have on the enzymatic saccharification of pretreated biomass. It was demonstrated that these droplets are produced from corn stover during pretreatment under neutral and acidic pH at and above 130 °C, and that they can deposit back onto the surface of residual biomass. The deposition of droplets produced under certain pretreatment conditions (acidic pH; T > 150 °C) and captured onto pure cellulose was shown to have a negative effect (5–20%) on the enzymatic saccharification of this substrate. It was noted that droplet density (per unit area) was greater and droplet size more variable under conditions where the greatest impact on enzymatic cellulose conversion was observed. These results indicate that this phenomenon has the potential to adversely affect the efficiency of enzymatic conversion in a lignocellulosic biorefinery.