bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of replacing brewers' grains with barley tea grounds in total mixed ration silage on feed intake, digestibility and ruminal fermentation in wethers
Authors: XU Chuncheng , CAI Yimin , FUKASAWA Michiru , MATSUYAMA Hiroki , MORIYA Naoko 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTFour wethers were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square to study the feed intake, apparent digestibility, nitrogen balance and ruminal fermentation characteristics when fed total mixed ration (TMR) silages which included wet barley tea grounds (WBTG). The TMR silages were prepared using compound feed including wet brewers' grains (WBG), corn, oat hay, alfalfa hay, dried beet pulp, salt and vitamin‐mineral supplement in a ratio of 30.7:15:8:24:10:12:0.15:0.15, respectively, on a dry matter (DM) basis. The WBTG and soybean meal mixture (7:3 on DM basis) were substituted for WBG at ratio of 0% (Control), 5% (LTG), 10% (MTG), and 15% (HTG) on DM of TMR. WBTG addition to the TMR silages increased lactic acid concentration, decreased pH, acetic acid and ammonia‐N (P < 0.001). Feed intakes and digestibilities for LTG and MTG (except ether extract (EE) digestibility) treatments were not different from the control (P > 0.05). However, EE and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake, crude protein, EE and NDF digestibility was lower, but the DM and gross energy digestibility was higher for the HTG treatment compared to control (P < 0.01). With progressive increases in WBTG concentrations, nitrogen intake, fecal nitrogen and retention nitrogen did not differ, but the urinary nitrogen for MTG and HTG treatments were lower than that of the control (P = 0.001). The ruminal total volatile fatty acid concentration and the molar ratios of propionate and butyrate were higher, but the acetate, ratio of acetate to propionate and ammonia‐N content were lower for the HTG treatment compared with the control (P < 0.05). Therefore, the possible proportion of replacing WBG with WBTG for TMR silage can be 10% or less of the diet DM.
Differential cytokine expression in T cell subsets from bovine peripheral blood
Authors: TANAKA Sachi , NAGAI Yasuhiro , NOGUCHI Yoko , MIYAKE Masato , WATANABE Kouichi , OHWADA Shyuichi , ASO Hisashi , YAMAGUCHI Takahiro 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTAlthough distinct cytokine expression in T cell subsets is well understood in mice and humans, limited information is available on bovine T cell subsets. In the present study, we analyzed the mRNA expression of 10 kinds of cytokines and CD25 expression in CD4+, CD8+, WC1+ and WC1‐γδ T cell subsets in bovine peripheral blood by Concanavalin A (Con A) stimulation. CD25 expression was significantly increased in CD4+, CD8+ and WC1+γδ T cells, but not in WC1‐γδ T cells by Con A stimulation. In CD4+ T cells, the mRNAs of Interleukin (IL)‐2, IL‐6, IL‐10, interferon (IFN)‐γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, TNF‐β and transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β were expressed in control cultures, and IL‐3, IL‐4 and granulocyte‐macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM‐CSF) were newly expressed when the cells were stimulated with Con A. CD8+ T cells expressed the mRNAs of IL‐6, TNF‐α, TNF‐β and TGF‐β in control cultures, and newly expressed those of IL‐2, IFN‐γ and GM‐CSF, but did not express those of IL‐3, IL‐4 or IL‐10 after Con A stimulation. The cytokine expression profile of WC1+γδ T cells was similar to that of CD8+ T cells. However, WC1‐γδ T cells did not express any cytokine mRNA except TGF‐â mRNA. These results will contribute to elucidate the participation of T cell subsets in immune responses against infectious disease in cattle.
Bacteriocin production of probiotic Lactobacillus gasseri LA39 isolated from human feces in milk‐based media
Authors: ARAKAWA Kensuke , KAWAI Yasushi , FUJITANI Kenji , NISHIMURA Junko , KITAZAWA Haruki , KOMINE Ken‐ichi , KAI Kenzo , SAITO Tadao 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThe use of bacteriocins from Lactobacillus gasseri, a probiotic lactic acid bacterium, as bio‐preservatives in the food industry and animal formulations has been limited because few strains of Lb. gasseri are cultivated and produce a bacteriocin in natural media such as milk and milk‐based media. By the determination of the growth‐supplements to milk among the 47 nutrients, Lb. gasseri JCM1131T, LA39 and LA158 isolated from human feces were successfully cultured in reconstituted skim milk and cheese whey using proteose peptone as a nutrient supplement, where Lb. gasseri LA39 produced a useful bacteriocin, gassericin A, with effective growth‐inhibiting activity against Gram‐positive food‐borne pathogens. The data suggest these developed low‐cost safe media supporting enough production of bacteriocins by the probiotic Lb. gasseri LA39 could be used to improve the safe bio‐preservation of foods and therapy of bovine mastitis, and extra cheese whey produced by cheese making industry is reused in the cultivation for probiotics effectively.
Scaling of Frond Form in Hawaiian Tree Fern Cibotium glaucum: Compliance with Global Trends and Application for Field Estimation
Authors: Arcand Naomi , Kagawa Aurora K. , Sack Lawren , Giambelluca Thomas W. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTLarge‐fronded tree ferns are critical components of many tropical forests. We investigated frond and whole‐plant allometries for Hawaiian keystone species Cibotium glaucum, for prediction and to compare with global scaling relationships. We found that C. glaucum fronds maintain geometric proportionality across a wide range of plant and frond sizes. These relationships result in strong allometries that permit rapid field estimation of frond size from simple linear dimensions. C. glaucum frond allometries complied with intra‐ and interspecific global trends for leaf area versus mass established for much smaller‐leafed species, indicating ‘diminishing returns’ in photosynthetic area per investment in mass for larger fronds. The intraspecific trend was related to declining water content in larger fronds, but not to a significantly larger investment in stipe or rachis relative to lamina. However, C. glaucum complied with the global interspecific trends for greater allocation to support structures in larger leaves. Allometries for frond number and size versus plant height showed that as plants increase in height, frond production and/or retention progressively declines, and the increases of leaf size tend to level off. These frond and whole plant‐level relationships indicate the potential for estimating frond area and mass at landscape scale to enrich studies of forest dynamics.
Combined Effects of Host Plant Quality and Predation on a Tropical Lepidopteran: A Comparison between Treefall Gaps and the Understory in Panama
Authors: Richards Lora A. , Coley Phyllis D. 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTIn tropical forests, light‐gaps created from treefalls are a frequent source of habitat heterogeneity. The increase in productivity, through gap formation, can alter food quality, predation and their impact on insect herbivores. We hypothesized that in gaps, herbivores would be less resource‐limited and more predator limited, whereas in the understory, we predicted the reverse. In this study, we investigate the combined effects of food quality and predation on the lepidopteran larva Zunacetha annulata feeding on its host plant Hybanthus prunifolius in two habitats; sunny treefall gaps and the shaded understory in Panama. In bioassays, Z. annulata feeding on sun leaves ate 22 percent less leaf area, grew 25 percent faster, and had higher pupal weights than larvae feeding on shade leaves. However, shade leaves had higher nitrogen content and specific leaf area. In gaps, predation was 26.4 percent compared to 13.8 percent in the understory. Larvae on understory plants traveled greater distances and spent more time searching and traveling than larvae on gap plants. These differences in behavior are consistent with lower predation risk and lower quality food in the understory. Using data from bioassays and field experiments we calculated 0.22 percent and 1.02 percent survival to adulthood for larvae in gaps and the understory, respectively. In conclusion, although these habitats were in close proximity, we found that larvae in the understory are more resource‐limited and larvae in gaps are more predator limited.
Secondary Rain Forests are not Havens for Reptile Species in Tropical Mexico
Authors: Luja Víctor H. , Herrando‐Pérez Salvador , González‐Solís David , Luiselli Luca 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTA widely accepted biodiversity crisis in the tropics has been recently challenged by claims that secondary forests will gradually restore biodiversity losses. This prediction was examined for the herpetofauna in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Quantitative sampling (108 transects) of reptiles was undertaken monthly (January–September 2004) along a vegetation gradient covering induced grasslands, and regrowth and primary rain forests. A total of 35 species was found, 14 being present in and five showing dependence on mature forests. Lizards contributed > 90 per cent of the individuals observed. Reptile abundance and snake species richness was highest in primary forests, even though the lower abundance and richness did not differ between regrowth forest and induced grasslands. Multivariate ordinations and ANOSIM tests displayed clear differences in assemblage structure among vegetation types, mainly caused by contrasting abundances of lizard species having distinctive arboreal or terrestrial habits. There was no evidence that snake assemblages differed between secondary forests and induced grasslands. Microhabitat availability had a key role in shaping species composition through the vegetation gradient. Our results dismiss the hypothesis that secondary forests can act as reservoirs of primary forest reptile diversity on the basis that many taxa depend largely on habitat quality and have specialized life‐history traits, and that biological succession does not guarantee the recovery of assemblage complexity.
Identifying Dicymbe corymbosa Monodominant Forests in Guyana Using Satellite Imagery
Authors: Degagne Rebecca S. , Henkel Terry W. , Steinberg Steven J. , Fox III Lawrence 
Published: August 2008

ABSTRACTThe ectomycorrhizal (EM) canopy tree Dicymbe corymbosa (Fabaceae subfam. Caesalpinioideae) forms monodominant forests in the Pakaraima Mountains of western Guyana. Like other tropical monodominants, D. corymbosa has several life‐history traits that promote conspecific clumping, in contrast to density‐dependent recruitment limitations characterizing most tropical trees. Dicymbe corymbosa forests, occurring in Guyana as patches within a largely non‐EM mixed‐species forest matrix, are important habitats for a diverse assemblage of EM fungi. Ground‐based studies have not adequately determined the regional extent of D. corymbosa forests, nor are they practical due to the rugged, remote nature of the Pakaraima Mountains. We assessed the suitability of Landsat satellite imagery for mapping regional distribution of D. corymbosa forests in Guyana's Upper Potaro River Basin. Supervised image classification was performed on images from August 1989 (Landsat‐5 TM) and October 1999 (Landsat‐7 ETM+). In situ forest reference data were used to quantitatively assess accuracy of output classification maps. Classification performed well in distinguishing monodominant from mixed‐species forests. For both images, D. corymbosa forest class accuracy was good (1989 user's accuracy = 89.8%, Khat= 0.74; 1999 user's accuracy = 80.7%, Khat= 0.59). The resulting output classification maps will be useful for planning fungal surveys and ecological studies in forests of the Pakaraima region. Classification of Landsat images may be effective for identifying monodominant forests in other remote regions of the tropics.
Effect of fetal anaemia on myocardial ischaemia–reperfusion injury and coronary vasoreactivity in adult sheep
Authors: Yang Q. , Hohimer A. R. , Giraud G. D. , Van Winkle D. M. , Underwood M. J. , He G.‐W. , Davis L. E. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAims:  We investigated whether chronic fetal anaemia affects myocardial infarct in adulthood and elicits functional modifications in adult coronary vasoreactivity.Methods:  Seven‐month‐old sheep that were made anaemic in utero and transfused to normal haematocrit before birth were studied. Infarct size was determined by tetrazolium after 1‐h ischaemia (occlusion of the mid of left anterior descending artery) and 2‐h reperfusion. The dose–response to vasoconstrictors and vasodilators was assessed in small resistance coronary arteries.Results:  There were no significant differences between the animals previously subjected to in utero anaemia and the control animals regarding the percentage infarct size and the area‐at‐risk to the left ventricle. The ventricular function (dP/dt) was preserved. The percentage infarct size of the area‐at‐risk (70.7 ± 3.5%) was larger than that in the controls (49.8 ± 4.5%) (P = 0.006). The vascular responses were not altered. Endothelium‐dependent relaxation to bradykinin (96.0 ± 2.6% vs. 98.8 ± 1.0%) was not affected by PGI2 inhibitor (94.6 ± 2.6% vs. 98.5 ± 1.0%) but significantly reduced by the inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) in both anaemic (P < 0.05) and control (P < 0.001) groups with a significant right shift of EC50 (P < 0.01). The non‐NO–non‐PGI2‐mediated relaxation was slightly potentiated in anaemic animals.Conclusions:  Exposing fetal sheep to in utero anaemia in late gestation for 3 weeks may increase the susceptibility of adult hearts to ischaemia–reperfusion injury without major alterations in coronary vasomotor responsiveness. The impact of in utero anaemia at earlier period of pregnancy and on the earlier or later life of the adult is yet to be further investigated.
Training Individuals in Public Health Law
Authors: Smith Jason A. 
Published: August 2008

This report provides an overview of training individuals in public health law. This report is designed to broadly outline the issues in order to facilitate discussion at the November 2007 PHLA meeting in Washington, D.C. I found that attorneys and public health practitioners have different approaches to training and practice. Materials and programs that seek to train individuals must be designed to fit within the professional culture of the targeted group. The differences between the two professional cultures can be a barrier to training if not acknowledged in the design of training programs and materials.In a selected overview of materials and programs available, I found that there is an unmet need for responsive materials and programs. I also found that networking and conference opportunities can play an important role in training that should be explored. I also discuss joint degree programs. The report concludes with a series of future recommendations to facilitate discussion.
Preventing HIV Transmission via HIV Exposure Laws: Applying Logic and Mathematical Modeling to Compare Statutory Approaches to Penalizing Undisclosed Exposure to HIV
Authors: Galletly Carol L. , Pinkerton Steven D. 
Published: August 2008

Twenty-four U.S. states have enacted HIV exposure laws that prohibit HIV-positive persons from engaging in sexual activities with partners to whom they have not disclosed their HIV-status. From a public health perspective, HIV serostatus exposure laws can be viewed as structural interventions that seek to limit the spread of HIV by acting at the policy level. A central premise of these laws is that informed partners are more likely to protect themselves by declining sex, by substituting less risky activities for higher-risk ones, or by using condoms, than are uninformed partners. However, the effectiveness of these laws at preventing HIV transmission is not known.There is little standardization among existing HIV exposure laws, which vary substantially with respect to the sexual activities that are prohibited without prior serostatus disclosure. Among the strictest laws are those in Arkansas, Michigan, New Jersey, and Ohio which mandate disclosure prior to almost any type of sexual contact.
Action Spectrum for the Suppression of Arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase Activity in the Two‐spotted Spider Mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Suzuki Takeshi , Izawa Norimitsu , Takashima Takuya , Watanabe Masakatsu , Takeda Makio 
Published: August 2008

AbstractAn action spectrum was obtained for the suppression of arylalkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (NAT) activity in the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae by irradiating the mite with monochromatic lights of various wavelengths using the Okazaki Large Spectrograph at the National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan. Fluence–response curves were obtained for wavelengths between 300 and 650 nm by irradiating the mite for 4 h day−1. The samples were frozen after the third exposure. A negative correlation between the logarithmic fluence rate and NAT activity was detected in the range of 0.01–1 μmol m−2 s−1 for wavelengths between 300 and 500 nm and in the range of 0.1–10 μmol m−2 s−1 for wavelengths between 550 and 650 nm. The constructed action spectrum indicated that the photoreceptors mediating the circadian and/or photoperiodic systems might be UV‐A‐ and blue‐type photoreceptors with absorption peaks at 350 and 450 nm.
Factors Controlling the Mobility of Photosynthetic Proteins†
Authors: Mullineaux Conrad W. 
Published: August 2008

AbstractProtein diffusion in and around the photosynthetic membrane must play a crucial role in photosynthetic functions including electron transport, regulation of light‐harvesting, and biogenesis, turnover and repair of membrane components. Protein mobility is controlled by a complex web of specific interactions, plus the viscosity of the environment and the extent of macromolecular crowding. I discuss the techniques that can be used to measure protein mobility in photosynthetic membranes. I then summarize what we know about the constraints on protein mobility imposed by macromolecular aggregation and crowding in and around the thylakoid membranes of green plants and cyanobacteria, with particular reference to the fluidity of the thylakoid membrane and the aqueous phases on either side of the membrane (the stroma/cytoplasm and the thylakoid lumen). Current indications are that the stroma/cytoplasm is a relatively fluid environment, whereas protein mobility in the lumen may be extremely restricted. The thylakoid membrane itself has an intermediate fluidity: some protein complexes are virtually immobile, probably due to their incorporation into large, stable macromolecular aggregates. However, there is sufficient free space to allow the long‐range diffusion of some complexes. Finally, I discuss some future directions for research in this area.
Regression Revisited
Authors: Gilchrist Warren 
Published: August 2008

Summary Sir Francis Galton introduced median regression and the use of the quantile function to describe distributions. Very early on the tradition moved to mean regression and the universal use of the Normal distribution, either as the natural ‘error’ distribution or as one forced by transformation. Though the introduction of ‘quantile regression’ refocused attention on the shape of the variability about the line, it uses nonparametric approaches and so ignores the actual distribution of the ‘error’ term. This paper seeks to show how Galton's approach enables the complete regression model, deterministic and stochastic elements, to be modelled, fitted and investigated. The emphasis is on the range of models that can be used for the stochastic element. It is noted that as the deterministic terms can be built up from components, so to, using quantile functions, can the stochastic element. The model may thus be treated in both modelling and fitting as a unity. Some evidence is presented to justify the use of a much wider range of distributional models than is usually considered and to emphasize their flexibility in extending regression models.
Potassium, Magnesium, and Calcium: Their Role in Both the Cause and Treatment of Hypertension
Authors: Houston Mark C. , Harper Karen J. 
Published: August 2008

Despite advances in the prevention and treatment of hypertension over the past decade, hypertension remains an important public health challenge. Recent efforts to reduce the prevalence of hypertension have focused on nonpharmacologic means, specifically diet. An increased intake of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, and calcium by dietary means has been shown in some but not all studies to reduce blood pressure in patients with hypertension. This review will discuss the roles of potassium, magnesium, and calcium in the prevention and treatment of essential hypertension with specific emphasis on clinical trial evidence, mechanism of action, and recommendations for dietary intake of these minerals. A high intake of these minerals through increased consumption of fruits and vegetables may improve blood pressure levels and reduce coronary heart disease and stroke. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2008;10(7 suppl 2):2–11.
A method for quantifying biodiversity loss and its application to a 50‐year record of deforestation across Madagascar
Authors: Allnutt Thomas F. , Ferrier Simon , Manion Glenn , Powell George V. N. , Ricketts Taylor H. , Fisher Brian L. , Harper Grady J. , Irwin Michael E. , Kremen Claire , Labat Jean‐Noël , Lees David C. , Pearce Timothy A. , Rakotondrainibe France 
Published: August 2008

AbstractMadagascar is a top global conservation priority for high rates of deforestation and endemism. Deforestation has been extensive, but impacts of forest loss on biodiversity have not been well quantified, especially for nonvertebrates. We use generalized dissimilarity modeling (GDM) as a basis for estimating forest biodiversity remaining at different points in time. We predict that 9.1% of species in Madagascar have been committed to extinction from deforestation between 1950 and 2000. This quantity is higher than losses expected from random deforestation of the same total area, indicating that deforestation has been biased towards environmentally and biologically distinct areas. In contrast to traditional area‐based methods, these techniques allow one to estimate biodiversity loss based on the location of deforestation and thus can inform land‐use policies that aim to minimize biodiversity impacts of deforestation or development.