bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Policy to Practice: Pupils' Responses to Widening Participation Initiatives
Authors: Baxter Arthur , Tate Jim , Hatt Sue 
Published: June 2007

AbstractRecent widening participation policies have been subject to a number of criticisms; they focus on aspirations rather than differences in performance; they place less value on the aspirations of the ‘disadvantaged’ comparing them to a middle class norm; they subordinate what was a radical agenda to the demands of the economy and so constrain the available options to young people. Using data from young people who have taken part in Aimhigher initiatives in the South West of England and from teachers who have organised Aimhigher events, this paper will examine to what extent these features of policy are evidenced in the attitudes and aspirations of these pupils. It will argue that the data shows little evidence of pupils positioning themselves as inferior, that young people display instrumental attitudes to education, but that these attitudes relate to policy discourse and practice in complex ways.
Has Academic Freedom Survived? – An Interview Study of the Conditions for Researchers in an Era of Paradigmatic Change
Authors: Bennich‐Björkman Li 
Published: June 2007

AbstractEuropean universities are being shaken by two revolutions. One is a radical change in the way research is funded, the other is the increased emphasis on the teaching role of the universities. This interview study examines what effects these radical institutional changes have had on academic freedom. Based on a small number of in‐depth interviews with Swedish researchers in various disciplines, different posts, active either at an ancient or a new university, the study explores the concept and content of academic freedom, the current prospects for its survival and the effect of changes in funding on the content of research and research process as such. The results suggest that the institutional changes, not least in the way the funding system is organised, are having a determinate impact on the behaviour of academics, while academic freedom as a norm still thrives in the research community as a whole.
Problem Solving Academic Workloads Management: A University Response1
Authors: Paewai Shelley R. , Meyer Luanna H. , Houston Don J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractUniversities are challenged to maintain a work environment where academic staff fulfil traditional academic duties while responding to a diverse student population, a competitive research environment, and an escalation of administrative tasks within an accountability‐based climate. This paper analyses the development and implementation of a workloads policy at a New Zealand university through a joint university management and staff union initiative. The workloads policy was built on the principles of equity, transparency, reasonableness, safety and acceptability to staff. The integrity and effectiveness of adoption is evaluated through analyses of work requirements, workloads models and the findings from case studies of implementation by six diverse units from across the university. Based on our evaluation, we highlight aspects of the policy and procedures that have promise and suggest modifications where particular processes and outcomes fell short of stated goals for institutional change.
NIETZSCHE'S RELATION TO HISTORICAL METHODS AND NINETEENTH‐CENTURY GERMAN HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: BROBJER THOMAS H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTNietzsche is generally regarded as a severe critic of historical method and scholarship; this view has influenced much of contemporary discussions about the role and nature of historical scholarship. In this article I argue that this view is seriously mistaken (to a large degree because of the somewhat misleading nature of Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben). I do so by examining what he actually says about understanding history and historical method, as well as his relation to the founders of modern German historiography (Wolf, Niebuhr, Ranke, and Mommsen). I show, contrary to most expectations, that Nietzsche knew these historians well and that he fundamentally affirmed their view of historical method. What he primarily objected to among his contemporaries was that historical scholarship was often regarded as a goal in itself, rather than as a means, and consequently that history was placed above philosophy. In fact, a historical approach was essential for Nietzsche's whole understanding of philosophy, and his own philosophical project.
2. CROSSING CULTURAL BORDERS: HOW TO UNDERSTAND HISTORICAL THINKING IN CHINA AND THE WEST1
Authors: RÜSEN JÖRN 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTTopical intercultural discourse on historical thinking is deeply determined by fundamental distinctions, mainly between the “East” and the “West.” The epistemological preconditions of this discourse are normally not reflected or even criticized. this article follows Chun‐Chieh Huang's attempt to give Chinese historical thinking a new voice in this intercultural discourse. It agrees with Huang's strategy of focusing the description of the peculiarity of Chinese historical thinking on fundamental criteria of historical sense‐generation. Huang argues for a strict difference between the Chinese way of sense‐generation in history and the Western one. against this distinction I argue that both traditions of historical thinking follow the same logic, namely that of the exemplary mode, which is known in the Western tradition by Cicero's slogan “Historia vitae magistra.” Instead of claiming this mode as typical of Chinese historical thinking, I propose to clarify the difference between China and the West by looking for a modification of the same logic. Finally the question arises as to what the paradigmatic shift of historical thinking from the exemplary to the genetic mode means for the Chinese tradition Huang has presented. This shift cannot be understood as only a Western one, since it is a mode of pursuing modernity in history by a fundamental temporalization in the interpretation of the human world.
3. SIMA QIAN AND HIS WESTERN COLLEAGUES: ON POSSIBLE CATEGORIES OF DESCRIPTION
Authors: MUTSCHLER F.‐H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis article comments on some of Professor Huang's theses by looking at ancient historiography. It deals with the significance of history in its respective cultural contexts; the kind of orientation that historical thinking and historiography provide; and the relationship between concrete examples and abstract rules in historical argumentation. Distinguishing between ancient Greece and Rome, it shows that Huang's explicit and implicit East‐West oppositions are more valid with respect to ancient Greece than to ancient Rome. on important points, the situation of Rome is surprisingly close to that of china. thus not only in China but also in Rome, tradition and history are highly important as a life‐orienting force (as opposed to the importance of speculative thought in Greece); and not only in China but also in Rome the orientation that historical thinking and historiography provide is to a great extent moral (as opposed to orientation through intellectual insight that, for a historian such as Thucydides, is placed in the foreground). As to the relationship between concrete examples and abstract rules in historical argumentation, the paper takes up Professor Rüsen's category of “exemplary meaning‐generation,” but suggests a distinction between example in the sense of “case/instance” and example in the sense of “model/paragon.” Though the two corresponding modes of exemplary meaning‐generation are mostly entwined, it appears that in Chinese and Roman historical works (in accordance with their stress on moral effect) there is a tendency toward meaning‐generation by example in the sense of “model/paragon,” whereas in Greek historiography (in accordance with its stress on intellectual insight) the tendency is toward meaning‐generation by example in the sense of “case/instance.”
6. THE ARCHETYPE OF HISTORY IN THE CONFUCIAN ECUMENE
Authors: SATO MASAYUKI 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTCultures are constituted by binary oppositions: the absolute and the relative; the perfect and the imperfect; the stable and the unstable. Many of the world's cultures have looked to revealed religion to discover the absolute: that which transcends the human, the intellect, and space and time. by positing a God who is omniscient and omnipotent, they conceive of an eternal and absolute that continues to exist in an immutable state.In such cultures new perspectives for reinterpreting the past are continually propounded. This allows history to be rewritten and re‐rewritten. history simply becomes a method for becoming conscious of the past.By contrast, many east Asian cultures have not developed such a concept of revealed religion. For them, history itself constitutes an absolute, something on which one can rely. History in East Asia is endowed with a normative function, a source of authority that does not permit easy rewriting.
Workplace industrial relations in Britain, 1980–2004
Authors: Blanchflower David G. , Bryson Alex , Forth John 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe Workplace Industrial Relations Surveys marked a radical departure in the study of industrial relations (IR) by ‘mapping’ IR in Britain with nationally representative large‐scale surveys of workplace managers, thus permitting investigation of the incidence of practices and changes over time. This article reflects on some of what we have learned in the five surveys over the quarter century since 1980, focusing selectively on the demise of collective IR, pay determination, the IR climate, and union effects on wages and employment growth.
Equality and diversity in British workplaces: the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey
Authors: Walsh Janet 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTDrawing on key findings from the 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey (WERS 2004), this article examines developments in the incidence, scope and substance of equal opportunities policy provision and practice in Britain. The discussion then considers the extent to which workplaces might be adopting diversity management practices, the potential for further research on equality and diversity using WERS 2004, and the issues that might be considered in future workplace employment relations surveys.
21st‐century models of employee representation: structures, processes and outcomes
Authors: Charlwood Andy , Terry Mike 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe 2004 Workplace Employment Relations Survey allows further exploration of the fate or workplace‐based forms of employee representation charted by earlier surveys. We describe the occurrence and diversity of representational forms, union, non‐union and ‘hybrid’, and the structural characteristics of workplaces where they are found. We go on to analyse a number of structural and processual differences and differences in outcomes. In particular, we try to estimate the effects of different forms for outcomes such as wage dispersion, procedural ‘fairness’ and productivity. The data show that ‘hybrid’ systems of union and non‐union representation are associated with the best outcomes, therefore, notwithstanding the continuing decline in the diffusion of the ‘traditional’ union‐based model of workplace representation, union presence is still a prerequisite for effective representation, while ‘pure’ non‐union forms serve neither employee nor employer interests.
Corporate governance and workplace employment relations: the potential of WERS 2004
Authors: Pendleton Andrew , Deakin Simon 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe relationship between corporate governance and workplace employment relations is reviewed drawing on the Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004. The paper reviews recent analysis and policy developments, and then considers the contribution of earlier WERS‐based research on this topic. The innovations in WERS 2004 are outlined, and it is suggested these provide several opportunities for further analysis in this area. The paper then presents an illustrative example of the use of WERS 2004, and concludes with recommendations for further changes in future WERS surveys.
Why so fed up and footloose in IT? Spelling out the associations between occupation and overall job satisfaction shown by WERS 2004
Authors: Rose Michael 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTAnalysis of the Workplace Employment Relations Survey 2004 employee data shows striking differences in levels of overall job satisfaction among occupational groups. The examination is based on the 81 Minor Occupation groupings in UK Standard Occupational Classification 2000 classification. Taking a possiblespecific occupational effectpossibly conditioned byresonanceeffects, as a theoretical point of departure, multivariate analysis is used to restate apparent occupational effect as occupationallybundledindividual‐level variables and workplace influences—a process seen as exchanging nominal‐level measurement (names of occupations) with theoretical variables. Although 13 minor occupational groups retain statistically significant independent influence after the statistical treatment, these effects are small. Detailed illustration and specification of bundling effects and further examination of their sources take information and communications technology and communication professionals as their point of reference.
The Rise and Fall of Temporary Foreign Worker Policies: Lessons for Poland1
Authors: Plewa Piotr 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis essay reflects upon post‐World War II and post‐Cold War admissions of low‐skilled temporary foreign workers to North America and Europe. The author's hope is that lessons from history can help Polish (and other new European Union immigration states) develop well‐informed labour migration policy. The lessons from North America and Europe suggest that admissions of low‐skilled temporary foreign workers lead to short‐term economic benefits and long‐term economic, political, and social costs. This, in turn, makes coherent and humane statecraft difficult to achieve.Considering the complexity of temporary foreign worker admissions, Polish policymakers would be better off avoiding them like the United States, France, and Switzerland have largely done in the post‐Cold War period after learning the lessons from the post‐war era. The alleged labour shortages and illegal migration pressure could be addressed through settlement‐oriented policies which are more likely to prevent unexpected outcomes since they allow greater economic, social, and political integration of admitted immigrants.
Social and Academic Adaptation Styles of Female Students who Immigrated Alone from the Former Soviet Union to Israel
Authors: Eisikovits Rivka A. , Schechter Hava 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTMigration from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) included a unique group of young women who immigrated alone to Israel in search of opportunities for higher education. Individual migration is a rare phenomenon in the Jewish‐Russian family context, which is characterized by close family ties among members. The content analysis of in‐depth interviews with a group of female immigrant undergraduates revealed two profiles based on their mode of migration: Independent Decision Makers (Profile A) who were determined to integrate rapidly into Israeli society, with far‐reaching concessions in respect of their original culture and of friends from their country of migration; Family Emissaries (Profile B) who wished to preserve their original culture and friends. Their pace of familiarization with Israeli customs was slow and did not constitute a major focus of interest. Profile A respondents used their time at the university for self reflection, celebrating their newly gained insights into their personhood and their independence. Migration “through” the university came to symbolize individuation from their enmeshed family. Profile B informants concentrated on career development at the expense of preoccupation with social adjustment. This group of informants, though more passive observers than active participants in the social aspects of campus life, were also exposed to a new model of university, which served them as a precursor to the diversity of choices awaiting outside the university. The university experience, though more inclusive for Profile A and more limited for Profile B, was positive according to all informants. Regardless of differences in reasons for migration, family attitudes or personality, the desire for quality higher education was the most powerful driving force behind the migration of these single young women from the FSU and its fulfilment helped them cope in the receiving society. Although a neglected area of research, and contrary to the tradition of strong family cohesion, the migration of independent young women from the FSU to Western countries, in search of opportunities for quality higher education, is gaining salience. The lessons learned from the idiosyncratic experiences of participants in this phenomenological study provide valuable insights into issues arising in the course of the intercultural transition of this understudied migrant population and suggest directions for further research.
Evaluation of the effectiveness of a broad‐spectrum sunscreen in the prevention of chloasma in pregnant women
Authors: Lakhdar H , Zouhair K , Khadir K , Essari A , Richard A , Seité S , Rougier A 
Published: June 2007

AbstractBackground  Chloasma, or melasma, is a pigmentary disorder that can affect between 50% and 70% of pregnant women. During pregnancy, chloasma does not require any particular treatment beside the use of an effective sunscreen and avoiding the use of any photosensitizing products or inappropriate skin care routine. However, there exist very few studies related to the benefits of sunscreens to prevent this dermatosis.Objective  The aim of this study was to assess the role of a broad‐spectrum sunscreen in the prevention and treatment of chloasma in pregnant women.Methods  We tested the effectiveness and tolerance of a sunscreen composition (SPF 50+, UVA‐PF 28) during a 12‐month clinical trial on 200 parturients.Results  The ‘excellent’ tolerance of the sunscreen under evaluation was confirmed. Out of 185 patients who completed the study, only five new cases of chloasma were noted, an occurrence of 2.7%, which is much lower than the 53% previously observed in an usual condition study (same investigators, same geographical area and same time frame). In addition, the clinical effectiveness of the evaluated sunscreen was judged ‘excellent’ by the majority of parturients and by the research dermatologists during all the consultations. It is also worth noting that at 6 months, a clinical improvement was observed in 8 out of 12 volunteers who were affected by a pre‐existing chloasma observed during their inclusion visit. Colorimetric measurements showed that, at the end of their pregnancy, the parturients’ skin was, on average, significantly lightened (increase of parameter L* in 38% cases) and less pigmented (reduction of parameter b* in 50% cases); thus, resulting in a significantly lighter skin colour (increase of ITA° in 69% cases) compared to their inclusion visit.Conclusions  This study clearly demonstrates the effectiveness of the well‐tolerated broad‐spectrum sunscreen evaluated, in the prevention of the development of chloasma in pregnant women.
Intermittent vs. continuous 1‐year cyclosporin use in chronic plaque psoriasis
Authors: Chaidemenos GC , Mourellou O , Avgoustinaki N , Papakonstantinou M , Karakatsanis G , Katsambas A 
Published: June 2007

AbstractObjective  To comparatively assess the impact of intermittent and continuous cyclosporine (CyA) administration in chronic plaque psoriasis.Methods  A two‐step procedure was followed for the 51 patients who were randomly assigned in the study. CyA in doses 2.5 mg kg−1 day−1 escalated up to 5 mg kg−1 day−1 for efficacy reasons, were given to all patients during the initial 12‐week step. Only patients who achieved a minimum 50% reduction of baseline PASI could enter the 2nd step, which lasted for nine additional months. Subjects on the intermittent schedule stopped all therapy to receive other 12‐week course(s) if and when they relapsed. Patients on the continuous schedule continued CyA therapy at the lowest, individualized, effective dose.Results  78% of all patients achieved a PASI‐75, with subjects on continuous treatment manifesting greater improvement (92% vs 62%, P= 0.008). The decrease of DLQI was 89%, without any difference between the two schedules (P= 0.214). The median effective and maintenance doses were 3 (2.5–3.8) and 1.8 (0.7–3) mg kg−1 day−1, respectively for intermittent and continuous schedules. A significant correlation was observed between the clinical parameters and DLQI change at 1 year, for both groups of patients. Dose modifications for safety reasons were necessary in 5 patients, but no treatment discontinuation was required. Patients on the continuous regimen received 139% of the mean cumulative annual CyA dose of Intermittent therapy.Conclusion  The significantly higher annual cumulative dose required for the continuous CyA regimen compared to intermittent, leads to the suggestion that the first modality may offer higher physical improvement but must remain an option for those patients who do not respond or are uncooperative with intermittent CyA use.
End‐of‐Life and Palliative Care for People with Intellectual Disabilities Who have Cancer or Other Life‐Limiting Illness: A Review of the Literature and Available Resources
Authors: Tuffrey‐Wijne Irene , Hogg James , Curfs Leopold 
Published: June 2007

Background As patterns of morbidity and mortality are changing, more people with intellectual disabilities develop cancer or other life‐limiting illness. This paper reviews the literature around the need of people with intellectual disabilities for palliative care.Methods A range of databases and the World Wide Web were searched for relevant papers, book chapters, training and information materials, unpublished materials and policy guidelines. Publications from 1995 to 2005 are included.Findings Although there has been a steady increase in published materials in recent years, research data around the palliative care needs of people with intellectual disabilities remain scarce. Case reports are the most prevalent method of exploring pertinent issues. The paper presents an overview of issues identified in the literature, with a particular focus on pain and symptom assessment, ethical issues, service planning and training needs.Conclusion There are significant gaps in current knowledge. The authors make recommendations for future areas of research and development.