bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapeseed meal II.—Chemical composition and biological quality of the protein
Authors: Ballester Digna , Rodrigo R. , Nakouzi J. , Chichester C. O. , Yáñez E. , Mönckeberg F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe chemical composition (moisture, ash, protein, amino acids, ether extract, crude fibre, Ca, P, Fe, thioglucosides, isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones) and biological quality (net protein utilisation, available lysine and digestibility) were investigated in 12 samples of presscake meal of rapeseed (Brassica napus) collected from local factories. Crude fibre and mineral contents were comparatively high. Thioglucosides and their hydrolysis products (isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones, which are toxic) were found in high concentrations. All samples showed a high protein content and their amino acid patterns corresponded to a good‐quality protein with a score of 80, and an adequate level of available lysine. Nevertheless, the biological quality measured as net protein utilisation and digestibility gave low values, which could be explained on the basis of the presence of the toxic factors and the high level of crude fibre, respectively.
Use of molecular sieve 5A in the analysis of the flavour volatiles of cooked chicken
Authors: Hobson‐Frohock A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA short column of molecular sieve 5A has been used to simplify the complex pattern of flavour volatiles extracted by isopentane from cooked meat, prior to analysis by gas‐liquid chromatography and identification by mass spectrometry. The molecular sieve removed all components from the mixture except aromatic hydrocarbons, branched cyclic compounds and some halogenated derivatives. Recovery experiments showed no loss of aromatics on the sieve and there was complete removal of n‐alkanes, n‐alkanals, n‐alkanones, n‐alkanols and fatty acid methyl esters. Some n‐alkanes were recovered from the molecular sieve by displacement with hexadecane.
Effect of time of application of fertiliser nitrogen on the distribution and identity of the nitrogenous constituents of young apple trees
Authors: Hill‐Cottingham D. G. , Cooper Denise R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe initial response to an application of fertiliser N appeared always as a rise in the level of asparagine. Following spring and summer N applications this high level of asparagine later decreased as those of arginine and the insoluble N increased, but after autumn N application both asparagine and arginine accumulated, especially in the roots. Leaves were exceptional both in containing a high proportion of insoluble N at all times and in containing a large amount of soluble glutamine soon after spring N application, in addition to the arginine and asparagine.Direct analyses have been transformed on to a weight basis and the results are given diagrammatically as the total weight of N present in each tissue of the tree as each of the four components: insoluble N, soluble arginine, soluble asparagine, or the total of all other soluble compounds. This has enabled the movement of N within the whole tree and the interchange between compounds in response to season and to fertiliser application to be recognised more readily.The possible significance of the relative mobilities of arginine and asparagine is also discussed, together with the possible merits of sampling leaves or other tissues, for example the roots, for predicting the future crop potential of apple trees.
Electrochemical aspects of ion transport in plants
Authors: Macklon A. E. S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOne of the fundamental problems of ion transport is to differentiate between those ion species which are transported by means of metabolically driven ‘ion pumps’ and those which enter or leave the cell by diffusion. Electrochemical theory proposes models which allow relatively precise analysis of the ionic relationships of the cell, and has led to considerable advances in distinguishing between actively and passively transported ions. A brief account of the theory adopted is given, and its use illustrated with examples of ion‐uptake studies on potato tuber tissue, pea seedling stems and castor‐bean root systems.
Protein and amino acid composition of maize grain as influenced by variety and fertility
Authors: Keeney D. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe protein and amino acid composition of maize grain from four Wisconsin single‐cross hybrids grown on plots treated with 200 kg/ha of N or 200 kg/ha of N and 278 kg/ha of K fertiliser was determined. The yield increase due to N fertiliser was large, but K increased the yield of only one variety because of the adequate level of available K in the soil of the plot area. Little variation was found among varieties with respect to amino acid composition of the protein. The average protein concentration in maize grain was 7.0,7.7 and 8.4% with the control, N and N‐K treatments respectively. The results obtained indicated that the protein increase was due in large part to an increase in zein. The concentration in the maize grain of all essential amino acids, except methionine, was highest in the grain from the balanced N‐K fertilizer treatment.
Isolation of further components from wheat gliadins
Authors: Booth M. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIon‐exchange chromatography on CM‐Sephadex C‐50 has enabled a wheat protein, the β3‐gliadin, to be isolated in a pure state for the first time from two widely differing varieties. The two proteins were shown to be almost identical in amino acid composition. The preparation of an athin from gliadin, and its analysis, is also reported.
Effect of processing variables on the stability of β‐Carotenes and xanthophylls of dehydrated parsley
Authors: Nutting M‐D. , Neumann H. J. , Wagner J. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCurled‐ and plain‐leaf parsley were analysed for β‐carotene, xanthophyll and the stereo‐isomers of β‐carotene, before and after various combinations of freezing, blanching, sulphiting and air‐drying. Heating of parsley by blanching or by dehydration of unblanched samples generally resulted in an increased retention of β‐carotene. Dried samples contained a higher percentage of the cis‐isomer and neo‐β‐carotene b but a lower percentage of the all‐trans‐isomer. Freezing unblanched parsley reduced total carotene content 8–13 %. Xanthophyll changes were similar to those for total carotene except that dried samples contained 2–28 % less xanthophyll than fresh parsley. Sulphited samples retained 8–30 % more carotenoid pigments than the non‐sulphited samples. Total β‐carotene of dried parsley stored for 3 months in air and in nitrogen at 22° decreased 10‐15%and 3·5‐10%, respectively, while that stored at –18° showed no change. The stereo‐isomer ratio did not change. Blanching had no apparent effect on carotene stability in storage. Carotene loss in fresh parsley, additional extractions, and enzymic destruction of added carotene were also investigated.
Isoprenoid fatty acids in antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Meiklen Suzanne M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn an attempt to elucidate the origin of phytanic (3,7,11,15‐tetramethylhexadecanoic), pristanic (2,6,10,14‐tetramethylpentadecanoic) and 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acids found in small quantities in whales, the fatty acid composition of the lipids from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba Dana) was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. Phytanic acid was found to be present to the extent of 1·4% of the total fatty acids, and was isolated and identified by mass and infra‐red spectrometry. Two other isoprenoid fatty acids, pristanic acid (0·04%) and 4,8,12‐trimethyltridecanoic acid (0·05%) were detected by gas‐liquid chromatography. E. superba constitute almost exclusively the diet of whales inhabiting Antarctic waters, and the phytanic acid in whale oils is probably derived from ingested krill which presumably biosynthesise this acid from the phytol moiety of chlorophyll present in the diatoms on which these planktonic crustaceans live.
Infra‐red identification of synthetic food colours
Authors: Evans W. H. , Macnab J. A. , Wardleworth D. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe solid‐state infra‐red spectra of 55 permitted and formerly permitted synthetic food colours have been recorded, and their polymorphism has been investigated. 31 of these, within the wide context of available spectra, are readily distinguishable; a further 15 are polymorphic but may be consistently converted to a form with a unique spectrum. The remaining nine give spectra indistinguishable from at least one other closely related dyestuff. With the aid of chromatographic techniques the latter, within the group of 55 food colours investigated, should be identifiable with the exception of two pairs of food colours.
Simultaneous determination of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in plant material by automatic methods
Authors: O'neill Judith V. , Webb R. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExisting methods, using autoanalyser and flame photometer equipment have been adapted and combined. Using one acid digest of plant material, three determinations, for nitrogen, phosphorus and potassiums are carried out simultaneously and automatically. Seventy samples per hour can be assayed. Time and mental fatigue in calculating results are reduced by using a two‐way table produced as a computer print‐out.
Changes in the composition of the rumen and abomasum lipids of sheep from birth to maturity
Authors: Body D. R. , Shorland F. B. , Czochanska Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe composition of the lipids of the rumen and abomasum tissues of foetal (at term), 1 month, 2 month and 1‐2‐year old sheep grazed on pasture has been determined.The lipid content of the rumen tissues increased from 2.0% at birth to 3.4% in 1‐2‐year old sheepWhile that of the abomasum tissues increased from 2.6 to 5.7%. The main change in the neutral lipid fraction was a decrease in the hydrocarbon content from 0.13 % in the rumen tissues and 0.08 % in the abomasum tissues at birth to 0.003% and 0.006% respectively in the 1‐2‐year old sheep. The main components of the phospholipid fraction of the rumen and abomasum tissues were 34.9‐ 46.8% phosphatidyl choline; 14.623.5 % phosphatidyl ethanolamine; 14.3‐21.1 % sphingomyelin; with smaller amounts of lysophosphatidyl choline (4 13‐12.6 %), acidic phospholipids (cardiolipin) (4.1‐8 ‐5 %) and phosphatidyl inositol/phosphaticlyl serine (3.0‐5.5 %). No marked changes in phos‐ pholipid composition with age were noted. The amounts of phosphatidyl choline and phosphatidyl ethanolamine tended to be higher in the abomasum than in the rumen whereas the sphingomyelin content of the rumen tissue phospholipids was generally greater than that of the abomasurn tissue phospholipids.From the fatty acid composition of the triglycerides of the rumen and abomasum tissues it appeared that the foetal triglycerides were largely, though not entirely, of endogenous origin. In contrast the phospholipids of the foetal rumen and abomasum tissues contained di‐ and poly‐unsaturated as well as branched‐chain fatty acids in proportions similar to those found in older animals having access to pasture. From these results it is suggested that the phospholipids of the foetus are derived to a considerable extent from the maternal phospholipids.
Conservation of wilted and unwilted grass ensiled in air‐tight metal containers with and without the addition of molasses
Authors: Anderson B. K. , Jackson N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractItalian ryegrass was ensiled in gas‐tight silos in unwilted (21% dry matter) and wilted (42% dry matter) conditions without an additive and with the addition of molasses at a mean level of 8% in the dry matter. The total dry matter losses were 8·7, 7·2, 4·5 and 5·0% for unwilted, molassed unwilted, wilted, and molassed wilted grass silages respectively. The silages were all well preserved but the extent of fermentation had been reduced in the wilted silages. The losses of individual sugars during the silage process and the products of fermentation were used to assess the pathways of fermentation. The dominant pathway of fructose utilisation was by heterolactic fermentation. The addition of molasses reduced the ratio of fructose: glucose in the ensiled material and reduced the amount of mannitol produced during the ensilage process.
Determination of water‐soluble P2O5 in fertiliser solutions containing short‐chain linear polyphosphates. I—A preliminary study
Authors: Palgrave D. A. , Paton T. J. , Elson R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study of the official vanadium phosphomolybdate spectrophotometric method, to determine water‐soluble P2O5 in fertilisers, has shown that incomplete recovery may occur if a substantial proportion of the P2O5 is present as short‐chain linear polyanions. It is essential that the preparative stage allows for complete conversion of all water‐soluble P2O5 into orthophosphate, but unless the regulations are very broadly interpreted, degradation may be only partial. Consequently there is an element of uncertainty about the validity of the results. This investigation has shown the need for minor modifications of the method, including the use of a greater volume of acidulant and a more precise definition of the term ‘incipient ebullition’.
Automated determinations of phosphate content of soils under rubber cultivation
Authors: Ng S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe phosphate status of rubber‐growing soils in West Malaysia is assessed by measuring the phosphate extracted with acid fluoride and with a mixture of perchloric and sulphuric acids. The extracted phosphate can in each case, be determined automatically on a Technicon Auto‐Analyzer, using the molybdenum blue colorimetric method with ascorbic acid as reductant. For P soluble in acid fluoride, the automated procedure is slightly more reproducible but gives somewhat lower results than the manual stannous chloride procedure, except for very low concentrations where the position is reversed.Ascorbic acid prevents interference by Fe in the determination of perchloric acid‐soluble P; recovery and replicate tests show that the automated procedure is more accurate than the manual phosphovanadate method. Digestion with HCIO4/H2SO4 gives as good a measure of total soil P as HF/HNO3, and although values are slightly lower than with sodium carbonate fusion, the method is more convenient and rapid for routine analysis.
Uptake of magnesium and trace elements by the herbage of a reseeded upland pasture
Authors: Archer F. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCopper sulphate, sodium molybdate, magnesium sulphate, cobalt sulphate and basic slag were applied to the seedbed of a reseeded Welsh upland pasture in conjunction with lime at 1 ton and 4 tons per acre. The higher rate of liming produced a lower uptake of applied Co and a slightly higher uptake of applied Mo. The Cu and Mg contents of the herbage were similar at both rates of liming. Copper sulphate at 20 lb per acre increased the Cu content of the herbage by a factor of about 1·5 during the first growing season, but this effect was not significant during the subsequent seasons. Sodium molydbate at 4 oz per acre increased the Mo content of the herbage by a factor of about 2·0 in the first season after application, but this effect declined and was not observed after 4 years. Cobalt sulphate at 2 ib per acre increased the Co content of the herbage by a factor of about 4·0 in the first season after application, but this effect had declined to a factor of about 1·5 four years later. Basic slag at 6·75 cwt per acre each spring slightly increased the Mo and Mg contents of the herbage, but had no effect on its Co or Cu contents. Magnesium sulphate at 5 cwt per acre produced no significant effects on the Mg content of the herbage.
Copper‐catalysed oxidation of linoleic acid in buffered aqueous solutions. I—Effect of ascorbic acid
Authors: Allan W. A. , Wood H. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAscorbic acid at a concentration of 10−3 M was a more effective pro‐oxidant in the presence of low copper concentrations than at high concentrations, particularly in the initial stages of oxidation or in the lower pH range (5·5–4·7). This suggested a much more complex role for ascorbic acid than that of copperreducing agent. Reaction of the ascorbic acid radical with oxygen and consequent formation of free HO' radicals was considered to be the most likely initiation reaction resulting from the oxidation of ascorbic acid to dehydroascorbic acid by copper. Dehydroascorbic acid was also found to be an effective pro‐oxidant in the presence of copper.
Conditioning of bovine muscle I.—Composition of the proteins of the myofibril
Authors: Penny I. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBy selective extraction, precipitation and separation on diethylaminoethyl cellulose the proteins of the myofibril have been divided into a number of fractions which, quantitatively, do not vary in the longissimus dorsi muscles of six different beef animals. The fractions have been analysed by starch‐gel electrophoresis and some have been found to consist of almost pure proteins while others are complexes. About 80–85 % of the myofibrillar protein could be extracted of which 47% was myosin, 12% tropomyosin and 3% troponin. The amount of actin could not be determined since it appeared partly as complexes with α‐actinin, with troponin, and with the insoluble residue.
Variations in the vitamin C content of imported tomatoes
Authors: Twomey D. G. , Goodchild Jane 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn analysis was made of the vitamin C content of late winter tomatoes.A range of 6·8 to 31·2 mg reduced ascorbic acid per 100 g of fruit was observed in the batches of fruit examined in mid‐March 1969. The mean value was 12·6 mg ascorbic acid per 100 g of fruit.It is emphasised that this mean figure was considerably lower than the 20 mg per 100 g given in McCance & Widdowson's (1967) ‘Tables of the Composition of Foods’ which are widely used in dietary surveys.
Pink discoloration in canned pears II.—Measurement of potential and developed colour in pear samples
Authors: Chandler B. V. , Mary Clegg K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractProcedures are described for the comparative assessment of the leucocyanidin content of pears, which is the principal factor determining their susceptibility to discoloration on processing, and for measuring the shade and depth of discoloration in the processed material. Application of these procedures to pears of different varieties, storage treatment, and processing treatments lead to useful conclusions relevant to the discoloration problem, and establish relations between the three parameters under certain defined processing conditions. The results emphasise the difficulties associated with the assessment of the susceptibility of large consignments of pears to discoloration under normal canning operations.
Carbohydrates in milk replacers for calves
Authors: Burt A. W. A. , Irvine Sheila M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe lack of appropriate intestinal enzymes apparently limits the use of other carbohydrates to replace glucose and lactose in milk replacers.The replacement of 20% lactose or glucose by wheat flour slightly reduced the digestibility of the organic constituents of the diet and a further slight reduction occurred when wheat flour was replaced by precooked maize starch. The relative digestibilities of these materials were: glucose, 100; lactose, 93.5; wheat flour, 71.5, and cooked maize starch, 62.5%.Addition of a mixture of amylases and maltase reduced the digestibility of a milk replacer containing cooked potato starch.Invertase addition immediately prior to feeding substantially improved the digestibility of a milk replacer containing 25% sucrose.
Nutritive value of meat meals. I—Possible growth depressant factors
Authors: Atkinson J. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen fed as supplements in a well‐balanced diet for the rat, a commercial meat‐meal sample and various heat‐damaged laboratory preparations including pure tendon stimulated growth, thus providing contradictory evidence to previous reports of possible toxicity in such materials. An increase in dietary ash level, similar to that brought about by addition of meat meal, caused no growth depression in rats given, as their sole source of protein, gut preparations low in ash. Freeze‐dried tendon had as low a value as oven‐dried tendon in sole protein experiments in which rats lost weight and died. Meat meal itself supported slow growth and no further response was obtained with supplements of methionine, cystine, tryptophan and lysine.
Nutritive value of meat meals II. —influence of raw materials and processing on protein quality
Authors: Atkinson J. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractCommercial meat meals have shown low net protein utilisation values with rats of about 32, which is only 40% of the corresponding value for freeze‐dried meat or gut. Biological assays for methionine and tryptophan, based on the weight gains of chicks, have shown a similar inferiority of meat meals despite 81–87% digestibility of their N. It is concluded that the lysine, methionine and tryptophan of the meat meals are approximately 80% available and that dilution of muscle protein with tendon and ossein in the raw material is at least as important as processing damage in reducing the quality of the products. It is argued that previous estimates of only 30% availability of methionine in meat meals are erroneous. Further problems in the use of values for fluorodinitrobenzene‐available lysine and Streptococcus zymogenes‐ayailable trytophan are discussed.
Nutritive value of meat meals III. —value of meat meals as supplements to a cereal basal diet: Limiting amino acids in these diets
Authors: Atkinson J. , Carpenter K. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhen fed to rats and pigs as supplements to a cereal‐based diet, meat meals were of significantly lower quality than fishmeal. The order of amino acid limitation in the meat meal‐plus‐cereal diet was first lysine and equal second methionine and threonine. Supplementation of meat meal with these three amino acids gave performance approximately equal to that obtained with fishmeal. Results obtained with the two species were very similar.
Comparison of a microbiological and a spectrophotometric method for the determination of nicotinic acid in fresh meat
Authors: Gorin N. , Schütz G. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe microbiological method for the determination of nicotinic acid with the aid of Leuconostoc mesenteroides ATCC 9135 was compared with a spectrophotometric method which included cleaning‐up of a meat extract by thin‐layer chromatography.The results obtained were in good agreement. Average recovery factors of 95–107% and reproducibilities of 2–6% (standard deviation in % of the average) indicate that the results are reliable.
Studies on a kerosene‐like taint in mullet (Mugil cephalus)I.—general nature of the taint
Authors: Vale Gwenda L. , Sidhu G. S. , Montgomery W. A. , Johnson A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA taint resembling kerosene is sometimes present in mullet (Mugil cephalus) caught near Brisbane, Australia. It is not thought to be the same as the ‘petroleum’ taint sometimes found in cod and salmon which is caused by the thermal decomposition of dimethyl‐β‐propiothetin to dimethyl sulphide. The ‘kerosene’ taint is removed from the body tissue of mullet by solvent extraction and is associated with the hydrocarbon fraction of the extract. Tainted fish differ from untainted fish in that they have fatinfiltrated livers, a higher lipid content in fillets and a different fatty acid composition of both fillets and livers.