bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial Comparing Adjuvant Interferon Alfa and Isotretinoin With Interferon Alfa Alone in Stage IIA and IIB Melanoma: European Cooperative Adjuvant Melanoma Treatment Study Group
Authors: Richtig Erika , Soyer H. Peter , Posch Martin , Mossbacher Ulrike , Bauer Peter , Teban Ligia , Svolba Gerhard , Wolf Ingrid H. , Fritsch Peter , Zelger Bernhard , Volc-Platzer Beatrix , Gebhart Walter , Mischer Paul , Steiner Andreas , Pachinger Wolf , Hintner Helmut , Gschnait Friedrich , Rappersberger Klemens , Pilarski Peter , Pehamberger Hubert 
Published: November 2005

Purpose The combination of interferon alfa (IFNα) and isotretinoin has shown a direct antiproliferative effect on human melanoma cell lines, but it remained unclear whether this combination is more effective than IFNα alone in patients with metastatic melanoma. We evaluated safety and efficacy of IFNα and isotretinoin compared with IFNα alone as adjuvant treatment in patients with primary malignant melanoma stage IIA and IIB. Patients and Methods In a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 407 melanoma patients in stage IIA (301 patients) and IIB (106 patients) were randomly assigned to either IFNα and isotretinoin (isotretinoin group; 206 patients) or IFNα and placebo (placebo group; 201 patients) after excision of the primary tumor. IFNα was administered three times a week at a dose of 3 million units subcutaneously for 24 months. Isotretinoin at a dose of 20 mg for patients ≤ 73 kg, 30 mg for patients greater than 73 kg, or placebo daily for 24 months. Results A scheduled interim analysis revealed no significant differences in survival rates, with the isotretinoin group and the placebo group showing 5-year disease-free survival rates of 55% (95% CI, 46% to 65%) and 67% (95% CI, 59% to 75%), respectively, and overall 5-year survival rates of 76% (95% CI, 67% to 84%) and 81% (95% CI, 74% to 88%), respectively. The trial was stopped for futility. Conclusion The addition of isotretinoin to an adjuvant treatment of low-dose IFNα in patients with stage IIA and IIB melanoma had no significant effect on disease-free or overall survival and is therefore not recommended.
Low-Dose Outpatient Chemobiotherapy With Temozolomide, Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor, Interferon-α2b, and Recombinant Interleukin-2 for the Treatment of Metastatic Melanoma
Authors: Weber Robert W. , O'Day Steven , Rose Madalene , Deck Regina , Ames Patricia , Good James , Meyer John , Allen Robert , Trautvetter Sharon , Timmerman Molly , Cruickshank Scott , Cook Mary , Gonzalez Rene , Spitler Lynn E. 
Published: November 2005

Purpose The objective of this study was to further investigate the efficacy and safety of low-dose outpatient chemobiotherapy in patients with unresectable metastatic melanoma. Patients and Methods Thirty-one patients with histologically confirmed unresectable measurable metastatic melanoma were enrolled onto an open-label, multicenter phase II study. The treatment regimen consisted of oral temozolomide followed by subcutaneous biotherapy with granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, interferon-alfa, and recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). Results Twenty-eight patients (90%) had M1c disease, and 58% had three or more sites of metastasis. Four patients (13%), all with M1c disease, had a complete response, and four patients had a partial response. The median progression-free survival was 4.9 months and the median overall survival was 13.1 months. Two patients (6%) developed CNS metastasis as the first site of disease progression, and 7 (23%) of 30 experienced CNS progression after receiving chemobiotherapy. A total of 112 cycles of therapy were administered. Toxicity occurred in 78% of the cycles and was grade 1 or 2 in the majority of cases and easily managed. Grade 4 toxicity occurred in 3% of the cycles. Conclusion This low-dose chemobiotherapy combination produces clinical responses in patients with metastatic melanoma, even in those with M1c disease, is well tolerated, and allows home dosing. It offers a reasonable alternative to high-dose regimens, such as high-dose biochemotherapy or rIL-2 requiring prolonged periods of hospitalization, or single agent outpatient regimens, such as dacarbazine, which is usually not effective in patients with M1c disease. Furthermore, it may protect against the development of brain metastases.
Switch to diester preen waxes may reduce avian nest predation by mammalian predators using olfactory cues
Authors: Reneerkens Jeroen , Piersma Theunis , Damsté Jaap S. Sinninghe 
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY
It has long been recognised that nest depredation by olfactory-searching mammals greatly influences the reproductive success of ground-nesting birds. Yet adaptations of birds to diminish smell during nesting have rarely been investigated. Recently, a remarkable shift in the composition of uropygial gland secretions (preen waxes) was discovered in many ground-nesting shorebirds and ducks that begin incubation, during which the usual mixtures of monoester preen waxes are replaced by mixtures of less volatile diester waxes. In this study we show experimentally that an olfactory-searching dog had greater difficulty detecting mixtures of the less volatile diesters than mixtures of monoesters. This is consistent with the hypothesis that diester preen waxes reduce birds' smell and thereby reduce predation risk.
Book Reviews
Authors: Lev Benjamin 
Published: November 2005

The range of books reviewed is wide, covering theory and applications in operations research, statistics, management science, econometrics, mathematics, computers, and information systems (no software is reviewed). In addition, we include books in other fields that emphasize technical applications. Publishers who wish to have their books reviewed should send them to Professor Benjamin Lev. We list the books received; not all books received can be reviewed because space is limited. Those who would like to review books are urged to send me their names, addresses, and specific areas of expertise. We commission all reviews and do not accept unsolicited book reviews. Readers are encouraged to suggest books that might be reviewed or to ask publishers to send me copies of such books.The authors or editors of the books reviewed in this issue are Tito A. Ciriani, Giorgio Fasano, Stefano Gliozzi, Roberto Tadei, Elliott Mendelson, John L. Nazareth, Narayan S. Rau, Philippe Robert, Stefan Seuring, Martin Muller, Maria Goldbach, and Uwe Schneidewind.
The Spectrographic Characterization of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Hyman H. M. , Weisberger S. 
Published: November 2005

A spectrographic method has been developed for the determination of the following elements, in the given concentration ranges, in aluminum alloys: manganese 0.01–0.8%, iron 0.1–6.0%, magnesium 0.1–2.0%, copper 0.3–10.0%, zinc, 0.03–5.0%, silicon 0.1–6.0%, chromium 0.02–0.4%, nickel 0.02–0.6%, titanium 0.01–0.1%, lead 0.01–1.0%, calcium 0.1–2.0%. The standard errors of estimate, calculated for each of the working curves used, range from 11.4% to 14.0%. The method has proven itself highly satisfactory for the classification of unknown types of aluminum alloys and, to a limited extent, in specification analyses. It is versatile since it can be applied to a sample of any size, shape or metallurgical history.
A Rapid Matching Technique for Semi-Quantitative Spectrochemical Analysis
Authors: Hodge Edwin S. , Baer William K. 
Published: November 2005

Several widely-used methods of qualitative and semi-quantitative analysis involve the visual estimation of line intensity. The subjective nature of such observations and the repetitious handling of plates or films have led to the development of a visual intensity scale. A selected single line at several different intensities was enlarged to make a transparent intensity scale. This was placed behind the viewing screen of an ARL projection-comparator A table of intensities measured by the scale was prepared for about 40 elements ranging from 0.0001 to 30% concentration. Using the scale and the table, over 90% of the individual determinations on 25 standard samples were in agreement with the certified values. The advantages of this technique include faster analysis, freedom from handling standard spectrograms on plates or films, elimination of eye strain in using a plate magnifier, and the elimination of comparison of lines intensities by memory.
Quantitative Ultraviolet Vapor Spectrophotometry
Authors: Friedel R. A. 
Published: November 2005

Applications of quantitative ultraviolet vapor spectrophotometry are discussed. A micropipet-sintered disc sample introduction technique based on accurate volume measurements circumvents difficult measurement of low pressures. The method greatly facilitates determination of accurate absorption intensities and thus permits many applications of vapor spectra requiring accurate intensity data. Quantitative analyses are presented. Deviations from the linear absorption law in the sharp bands of benzene and toluene vapors have been studied quantitatively. These deviations may be due to finite slit widths or to nearby scattered radiation, but they apparently are not due to sample fluorescence.
The Use of Perchloryl Fluoride in Flame Photometry
Authors: Schmauch George E. , Serfass Earl J. 
Published: November 2005

Perchloryl fluoride and hydrogen as a gas combination burned in a modified Beckman burner produces an easily controlled, bluish flame with sufficiently low background for use as an excitation source A survey of the type of spectra produced by the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flame with various series of solutions of metallic salts was performed to determine the effectiveness of this gas combination in flame photometric analyses. A comparison of the various lines and bands produced upon excitation of samples by three gas combinations was made These included acetylene-oxygen, hydrogen-fluorine, and hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride gas combinations From this comparison, one observes that primarily atomic line and metal oxide band radiation is produced by the acetylene-oxygen flame and primarily atomic line and metal fluoride and chloride band radiation is produced by the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flame The hydrogen-fluorine flame produced primarily atomic line and metal fluoride band radiation for the elements studied. Both the hydrogen-fluorine and the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flames are capable of producing the same type of radiation, however, the lines and bands produced by the former are generally more intense It should be noted that, in general, the solvent does not effect the type of radiation observed for a particular element when excited with the hydrogen-perchloryl fluoride flame, but the organic solvents seem to produce higher intensity under similar conditions
Spectrochemical Analysis of a Nickel-Base High-Temperature Alloy
Authors: Mohan P. V. , Schreiber T. P. 
Published: November 2005

A single exposure point-to-plane spectrographic procedure has been developed for the analysis of a nickel-base high-temperature alloy, GMR-235. Analytical curves have been established for the major constituents, Cr, Fe, Mo, Al, and T1, and the minor elements, Mn, S1, and B. High repeatability and minimum matrix effects were obtained through the use of nitrogen in the analytical gap and through a careful choice of line pairs. Effects of source conditions, electrode shape, and atmosphere on the preburn were investigated
Bibliography on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy 1956—March 1959
Authors: Mavrodineanu R. 
Published: November 2005

The bibliography is a continuation of an earlier work which covered the period 1848 to 1956 and contained 925 references. The present work covers the period 1956 to March 1959 with 766 references distributed, according to the index, as follows: Books on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy (2); Basic and Theoretical Papers (96); Bibliographies on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy (3); Chapters and Information on Analytical Flame Spectroscopy in Scientific Books (23); Reviews (24); Theses (11); Instrumentation (62); Procedures (319).
The Effect of Graphite Absorption Using Vacuum Cup Electrodes by Spark Techniques
Authors: Bass S. T. , Soulati J. 
Published: November 2005

It has been found after not recording the first exposure with vacuum cup electrodes, that the next eight to ten exposures on each electrode are much improved in the precision of intensity ratios The results show the possibility of using a single vacuum cup electrode to determine not only replicas of a single sample, but that more than one sample may be determined on a single electrode These electrodes have been tested only with similar elements present and with 2 1/2 times increase in sample concentration, and no effects were apparent by changing the samples, providing certain analytical precautions were followed A study of the adsorption of graphite electrodes was carried out in solution similar to the samples. The results indicated that adsorption was dependent upon concentration, but that once an electrode had adsorbed elements, even long periods in water would not cause the loss of the adsorbed elements. Neither would less concentrated samples cause a reduction in the amount of elements adsorbed
Carbamylphosphonates and Related Compounds—Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance and Infrared Spectra
Authors: Siddall T. H. , Prohaska C. A. 
Published: November 2005

Proton magnetic resonance and infrared spectra were obtained for 44 carbamylphosphonates and related compounds, the common structural features being the grouping As with ordinary amides, slow rotation is observed around the carbonyl-to-nitrogen bond, but the chemical shift between nitrogen substituents is three to five times as great. Evidence is presented for long range coupling of phosphorus to protons in N-substituents. Correlations are observed between the carbonyl and phosphoryl stretching frequencies and substituents both on nitrogen and on phosphorus.
Production and separation of 24Na and 28Mg from 7Li-irradiated aluminium target
Authors: Mukhopadhyay K. , Lahiri S. 
Published: November 2005

Summary
Charged particle activation of Al-foil with 46 MeV 7Li3+ beam results in the formation of no-carrier-added radionuclides 24Na and 28Mg in the matrix. Two popular extractants, namely, 18-Crown-6 ether and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acids were used to separate no-carrier-added radionuclides. It was found that HDEHP is more efficient for separation of these two adjacent s-block elements in their no-carrier-added state.
Long-term Follow-up of Neonatal Mitochondrial Cytopathies: A Study of 57 Patients
Authors: García-Cazorla A. , De Lonlay P. , Nassogne M.C. , Rustin P. , Touati G. , Saudubray J.M. 
Published: November 2005

Objectives. We sought to determine the long-term clinical and biochemical outcome of newborns with mitochondrial cytopathies (MCs) and to identify possible prognostic factors that may modify the course of these diseases.
Material and Methods. Fifty-seven newborns with MCs were identified in a retrospective review (1983–2002). We defined 2 different outcome categories: clinical (neurologic, hepatic, myopathic, and multiorganic) and biochemical (lactate level normalization or initially normal remaining unchanged, decreased but not normalized, and persistently high). We used 2 different statistical approaches: (1) survival studies depending on the initial symptoms and lactate and enzymatic deficiencies using the Kaplan-Meier method; and (2) the same variables compared with different survival age groups and clinical and biochemical outcome categories using the χ2 test.
Results. Thirty-three patients died (57.8%), 12 remain alive (21%), and 12 were lost in the follow-up; 6 of them are currently older than 4 years. Most of the patients manifested multiorganic disease (64.8%) and high lactate level (77.1%) over time. Children surviving to 2.5 to 3 years of age were more likely to survive for a long period of time. Initial neurologic and hepatic presentation increased the risk to develop neurologic disease and severe persistent hyperlactacidemia, respectively. Initial severe hyperlactacidemia and combined enzyme deficiencies were significant risk factors for higher mortality and multiorganic disorders. Two patients with exclusively myopathic outcome are alive and cognitively normal at 12 years of life.
Conclusions. Children with neonatal-onset MCs have very high mortality and poor prospects. However, some with life-threatening presentations may gradually improve, giving rise to less severe diseases. Those with exclusively myopathic symptoms have a better prognosis.
Effect of a Low-Allergen Maternal Diet on Colic Among Breastfed Infants: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
Authors: Hill David J. , Roy Neil , Heine Ralf G. , Hosking Clifford S. , Francis Dorothy E. , Brown Jennifer , Speirs Bernadette , Sadowsky Joel , Carlin John B. 
Published: November 2005

Background. There is controversy regarding whether hypersensitivity to food proteins contributes to colic among breastfed infants.Methods. A randomized, controlled trial of a low-allergen maternal diet was conducted among exclusively breastfed infants presenting with colic. In the active arm, mothers excluded cow's milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, wheat, soy, and fish from their diet; mothers in the control group continued to consume these foods. Outcomes were assessed after 7 days, as the change in cry/fuss duration over 48 hours, with validated charts. The primary end point was a reduction in cry/fuss duration of ≥25% from baseline. Mothers also assessed the responses to diet with categorical and visual analog scales.Results. Of 107 infants, 90 completed the trial (mean age: 5.7 weeks; range: 2.9–8.6 weeks; 54 male infants). Infants in both groups presented with significant distress (geometric mean: low-allergen group: 690 minutes per 48 hours; control group: 631 minutes per 48 hours). In follow-up assessments on days 8 and 9, there were significantly more responders in the low-allergen group (74% vs 37%), ie, an absolute risk reduction of 37% (95% confidence interval: 18–56%). Cry/fuss duration per 48 hours was reduced by a substantially greater amount in the low-allergen group; the adjusted geometric mean ratio was 0.79 (95% confidence interval: 0.63–0.97), ie, an average reduction of 21% (95% confidence interval: 3–37%). Mothers' subjective assessments of the responses to diet indicated little difference between the groups.Conclusion. Exclusion of allergenic foods from the maternal diet was associated with a reduction in distressed behavior among breastfed infants with colic presenting in the first 6 weeks of life.
Child Deaths Resulting From Inflicted Injuries: Household Risk Factors and Perpetrator Characteristics
Authors: Schnitzer Patricia G. , Ewigman Bernard G. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. To determine the role of household composition as an independent risk factor for fatal inflicted injuries among young children and describe perpetrator characteristics.Design, Setting, and Population. A population-based, case-control study of all children &lt;5 years of age who died in Missouri between January 1, 1992, and December 31, 1999. Missouri Child Fatality Review Program data were analyzed. Cases all involved children with injuries inflicted by a parent or caregiver. Two age-matched controls per case child were selected randomly from children who died of natural causes.Main Outcome Measure. Inflicted-injury death. Household composition of case and control children was compared by using multivariate logistic regression. We hypothesized that children residing in households with adults unrelated to them are at higher risk of inflicted-injury death than children residing in households with 2 biological parents.Results. We identified 149 inflicted-injury deaths in our population during the 8-year study period. Children residing in households with unrelated adults were nearly 50 times as likely to die of inflicted injuries than children residing with 2 biological parents (adjusted odds ratio: 47.6; 95% confidence interval: 10.4–218). Children in households with a single parent and no other adults in residence had no increased risk of inflicted-injury death (adjusted odds ratio: 0.9; 95% confidence interval: 0.6–1.9). Perpetrators were identified in 132 (88.6%) of the cases. The majority of known perpetrators were male (71.2%), and most were the child's father (34.9%) or the boyfriend of the child's mother (24.2%). In households with unrelated adults, most perpetrators (83.9%) were the unrelated adult household member, and only 2 (6.5%) perpetrators were the biological parent of the child.Conclusions. Young children who reside in households with unrelated adults are at exceptionally high risk for inflicted-injury death. Most perpetrators are male, and most are residents of the decedent child's household at the time of injury.
Review of Case-Control Studies Related to Breastfeeding and Reduced Risk of Childhood Leukemia
Authors: Guise Jeanne-Marie , Austin Donald , Morris Cynthia D. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. To conduct a systematic review to evaluate the evidence for the effect of breastfeeding on the risk of developing childhood leukemia.Review Methods. We sought studies providing data regarding the association of breastfeeding and occurrence of childhood leukemia. Studies were identified by using Medline, HHS Blueprint for Action on Breastfeeding, US Department of Health and Human Services Office on Women’s Health, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, National Centre for Reviews and Dissemination, reference lists, and national experts. Methodologic quality was evaluated for each study by using criteria from the US Preventive Services Task Force and the National Health Service Centre for Reviews and Dissemination.Results. We reviewed 111 citations to identify 32 potentially eligible full-text articles. Of the 10 studies reviewed, only 4 were sufficient to provide at least fair-quality evidence regarding the association between maternal breastfeeding and childhood leukemia. Studies conflicted regarding the protective effect of breastfeeding on childhood leukemia. In the 2 largest and highest quality studies, breastfeeding was associated with a significant risk reduction in one study with longer breastfeeding duration, reflecting greater protection, and a nonsignificant but suggestive difference in the other. Taken together, half of the studies associated breastfeeding with a lower risk of acute lymphocytic leukemia.Conclusions. There are few high-quality studies that examine the potential for a protective effect of breastfeeding for childhood leukemia. Furthermore, the few studies that exist disagree regarding the association. It is estimated that the United States spends $1.4 billion annually on the treatment of childhood leukemia. Patients, clinicians, and policy makers do not have the data that they need to make decisions regarding this important potential preventive measure.