bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enilconazole Treatment of Horses with SuperficialAspergillusSpp. Rhinitis
Authors: Kendall A. , Bröjer J. , Karlstam E. , Pringle J. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Mycotic rhinitis is an uncommon disease in horses with a wide range of clinical signs and treatment options based on case studies of a single or only a few individuals. Moreover, while dogs with mycotic rhinitis appear to respond well to treatment with topical enilconazole, this approach has yet to be reported in horses.Objectives:The aim of this study was to describe the clinical findings, results of diagnostic investigations, treatment, and outcome in horses with mycotic rhinitis treated with topical enilconazole.Animals:Eight horses were included in the study.Methods:Medical records from 1995 to 2007 from an equine veterinary teaching hospital were reviewed to identify cases with a diagnosis of mycotic rhinitis.Results:Eleven cases were identified, of which 8 were treated with topical enilconazole. Seven of those 8 horses recovered and had normal appearance of the nasal passages on endoscopic examination. Fungal culture, where positive, yielded onlyAspergillusspp. Treatment was readily performed and no adverse effects were noted in these horses. In 5 horses, long‐term follow‐up revealed complete recovery for an average of 5 years.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Mycotic rhinitis owing toAspergillusspp. in horses can be effectively and safely treated with topical enilconazole.
Blood Glucose Concentrations in Critically Ill Neonatal Foals
Authors: Hollis A.R. , Furr M.O. , Magdesian K.G. , Axon J.E. , Ludlow V. , Boston R.C. , Corley K.T.T. 
Published: January 2009

Reasons for Performing Study: Critical illness is associated with hyperglycemia in humans, and a greater degree and duration of hyperglycemia is associated with nonsurvival. Hypoglycemia is also seen in critically ill humans, and is associated with nonsurvival. This might also be true in the critically ill foal.Objectives: To investigate the association of blood glucose concentrations with survival, sepsis, and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS).Methods: Blood glucose concentrations at admission (515 foals) and 24 hours (159 foals), 36 hours (95), 48 hours (82), and 60 hours (45) after admission were analyzed. Logistic regression analyses were performed to investigate the association of glucose concentrations with survival, sepsis, a positive blood culture, or SIRS.Results: 29.1% of foals had blood glucose concentrations within the reference range (76–131 mg/dL) at admission, 36.5% were hyperglycemic, and 34.4% were hypoglycaemic. Foals that did not survive to hospital discharge had lower mean blood glucose concentrations at admission, as well as higher maximum and lower minimum blood glucose concentrations in the 1st 24 hours of hospitalization, and higher blood glucose at 24 and 36 hours. Foals with blood glucose concentrations <2.8 mmol/L (50 mg/dL) or >10 mmol/L (180 mg/dL) at admission were less likely to survive. Hypoglycemia at admission was associated with sepsis, a positive blood culture, and SIRS.Conclusions and Potential Relevance: Derangements of blood glucose concentration are common in critically ill foals. Controlling blood glucose concentrations may therefore be beneficial in the critically ill neonatal foal, and this warrants further investigation.
Predictive Factors and the Effect of Phenoxybenzamine on Outcome in Dogs Undergoing Adrenalectomy for Pheochromocytoma
Authors: Herrera M.A. , Mehl M.L. , Kass P.H. , Pascoe P.J. , Feldman E.C. , Nelson R.W. 
Published: January 2009

Background: Some studies in dogs undergoing adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma suggest that anesthetic complications and perioperative mortality are common. In humans, surgical outcome has improved with the use of phenoxybenzamine (PBZ) before adrenalectomy.Hypothesis: Dogs treated with PBZ before adrenalectomy have increased survival compared with untreated dogs.Animals: Forty‐eight dogs that underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma.Methods: A retrospective medical record review for dogs that underwent adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma at a veterinary medical teaching hospital over the period from January 1986 through December 2005.Results: Twenty‐three of 48 dogs were pretreated with PBZ (median dosage: 0.6 mg/kg PO q12h) for a median duration of 20 days before adrenalectomy. Duration of anesthesia and surgery, percentage of dogs with pheochromocytoma involving the right versus left adrenal gland, size of tumor, and presence of vascular invasion were similar for PBZ‐treated and untreated dogs. Thirty‐three (69%) of 48 dogs survived adrenalectomy in the perioperative period. PBZ‐treated dogs had a significantly (P= .014) decreased mortality rate compared with untreated dogs (13 versus 48%, respectively). Additional significant prognostic factors for improved survival included younger age (P= .028), lack of intraoperative arrhythmias (P= .0075), and decreased surgical time (P= .0089).Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Results from this retrospective study support treatment with PBZ before surgical removal of pheochromocytoma in dogs.
Contrast‐Enhanced Power and Color Doppler Ultrasonography of the Pancreas in Healthy and Diseased Cats
Authors: Rademacher N. , Ohlerth S. , Scharf G. , Laluhova D. , Sieber‐Ruckstuhl N. , Alt M. , Roos M. , Grest P. , Kaser‐Hotz B. 
Published: January 2009

Background: The diagnosis of feline pancreatic disease is difficult, because clinical abnormalities and routine noninvasive diagnostic tests are unreliable.Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate by Doppler ultrasonography if vascularity and blood volume differs in the otherwise ultrasonographically normal and diseased feline pancreas.Animals: Thirty‐six client owned cats.Methods: The pancreas was examined with B‐mode and contrast‐enhanced color and power Doppler ultrasonography. Doppler images were analyzed with a computer program: parameter fractional area represents a vascularity index and color‐weighted fractional area assesses blood volume.Results: Based on the B‐mode findings, the pancreas was considered normal in 11 clinically healthy cats and diseased in 25 cats of which 4 were clinically healthy and 21 had clinical signs consistent with pancreatic disease. Histologic or cytologic samples were taken in all diseased pancreata. Fifteen samples were of diagnostic quality: purulent or mixed cellular inflammation (8), nodular hyperplasia (4), and neoplasia (3) were identified. Vascularity and blood volume for all Doppler methods was significantly higher in cats with pancreatic disease. Significantly higher Doppler values were detected with power Doppler than with color Doppler, and with postcontrast color and power Doppler than with precontrast Doppler technologies.Conclusion: Contrast‐enhanced Doppler ultrasonography appears feasible in the feline pancreas. Significant differences were found between normal cats and those with evidence of pancreatic pathology. Further studies are needed to evaluate its use for the differentiation of pancreatic disorders and in cats suspected to have pancreatic disease but without B‐mode ultrasonographic changes of the pancreas.
Phase I Dose Escalation of Single‐Agent Vinblastine in Dogs
Authors: Bailey D.B. , Rassnick K.M. , Kristal O. , Chretin J.D. , Balkman C.E. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Vinblastine (VBL) is commonly used in dogs at a dosage of 2.0 mg/m2. The minimal toxicity observed at this dosage indicates that higher dosages might be well tolerated.Hypothesis:The maximum tolerated dosage (MTD) for a single VBL treatment is higher than the previously published dosage of 2.0 mg/m2.Animals:Twenty‐three dogs with lymphoma or cutaneous mast cell tumors.Methods:Dogs received 1 single‐agent VBL treatment IV. The starting dosage was 3.0 mg/m2, and dosages were increased in increments of 0.5 mg/m2in cohorts of 3 dogs. Hematologic toxicity was assessed with weekly CBCs. Gastrointestinal toxicity was assessed from medical histories from owners. Once the MTD was determined, additional dogs were treated with VBL at that dosage. Dogs whose cancers responded to VBL continued to receive treatments q2–3 weeks.Results:VBL dosages ranged from 3.0 to 4.0 mg/m2. Neutropenia was the dose‐limiting toxicity, with the nadir identified 7 days after treatment and resolving by 14 days after treatment. The MTD was 3.5 mg/m2. Sixteen dogs were treated at this dosage, and 3 experienced severe toxicity characterized by asymptomatic grade 4 neutropenia, febrile grade 4 neutropenia, and death. Gastrointestinal toxicity was mild and self‐limiting. Preliminary evidence of antitumor activity was identified in 2 of 12 dogs with lymphoma treated at the MTD.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:In dogs, single‐agent VBL is well tolerated at a dosage of 3.5 mg/m2IV. At this dosage, the minimum safe treatment interval is q2 weeks, and adjunct treatment with prophylactic antibiotics should be considered.
The Use of Radial Extracorporeal Shockwave Therapy in the Treatment of Urethral Urolithiasis in the Horse: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Verwilghen D. , Ponthier J. , Van Galen G. , Salciccia A. , Sandersen C. , Serteyn D. , Grulke S. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Radial extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) is widely used in equine practice for the treatment of orthopedic problems. However, its original use as a lithotripsy device in human and canine urology led us to postulate that it could be used as an alternative to the surgical treatment of urethral calculi in horses.Hypothesis:Radial ESWT can easily and safely fragment calculi in the distal urethra of the horse.Animals:Two postmortem cases and 1 live case of obstructive urinary disease admitted at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of Liege.Methods:A radial shockwave device was directly applied to the urethra in an attempt to fragment calculi. An ex vivo trial was performed on the same retrieved calculi to investigate pressure settings in order to obtain complete fragmentation of the calculus.Results:In all cases, radial ESWT was able to fragment the calculus partially, enabling retrieval of the remaining fragments via the urethra. Much higher pressure settings than those used for in vivo partial fragmentation were necessary to obtain complete destruction of the calculi ex vivo.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:This brief report suggests the use of radial ESWT as a safe and useful alternative to more invasive surgical management of urethral calculi in horses.
Effects of Time of Collection and Sample Processing on von Willebrand Factor Concentration in Retired Racing Greyhounds
Authors: Marín L.M. , Couto C.G. , Iazbik M.C. , Westendorf N. , Vilar Saavedra P. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Concentrations of von Willebrand factor (vWF) are less than 30% in approximately 10% of Greyhounds.Hypothesis:That sample collection, processing, and storage can affect the concentration of vWF in plasma of Greyhounds.Animals:Nineteen healthy former racing Greyhounds.Methods:Prospective study: Blood samples were obtained from the jugular vein of dogs at 4 times during the day. Samples were divided and processed in each of 3 ways. The 1st tube was centrifuged immediately, the 2nd tube was kept in a household refrigerator, and the 3rd tube was kept at room temperature for 3 hours before centrifugation and processing.Results:There were no significant differences in the vWF concentration between different sample storage and processing (P=5.31). There was no statistically significant diurnal variation in vWF concentration in the samples evaluated (P=.37).Conclusions and Clinical Importance:Time of sample collection and short‐term storage temperature do not influence the vWF concentration in retired racing Greyhounds.
Pharmacokinetics of Butorphanol and Evaluation of Physiologic and Behavioral Effects after Intravenous and Intramuscular Administration to Neonatal Foals
Authors: Arguedas M.G. , Hines M.T. , Papich M.G. , Farnsworth K.D. , Sellon D.C. 
Published: January 2009

Background:Despite frequent clinical use, information about the pharmacokinetics (PK), clinical effects, and safety of butorphanol in foals is not available.Objectives:The purpose of this study was to determine the PK of butorphanol in neonatal foals after IV and IM administration; to determine whether administration of butorphanol results in physiologic or behavioral changes in neonatal foals; and to describe adverse effects associated with its use in neonatal foals.Animals:Six healthy mixed breed pony foals between 3 and 12 days of age were used.Methods:In a 3‐way crossover design, foals received butorphanol (IV and IM, at 0.05 mg/kg) and IV saline (control group). Butorphanol concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography and analyzed using a noncompartmental PK model. Physiologic data were obtained at specified intervals after drug administration. Pedometers were used to evaluate locomotor activity. Behavioral data were obtained using a 2‐hour real‐time video recording.Results:The terminal half‐life of butorphanol was 2.1 hours and C0was 33.2 ± 12.1 ng/mL after IV injection. For IM injection,CmaxandTmaxwere 20.1 ± 3.5 ng/mL and 5.9 ± 2.1 minutes, respectively. Bioavailability was 66.1 ± 11.9%. There were minimal effects on vital signs. Foals that received butorphanol spent significantly more time nursing than control foals and appeared sedated.Conclusions and Clinical Importance:The disposition of butorphanol in neonatal foals differs from that in adult horses. The main behavioral effects after butorphanol administration to neonatal foals were sedation and increased feeding behavior.
In Vitro Activity of Isavuconazole against
Aspergillus
Species and Zygomycetes According to the Methodology of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing
Authors: Perkhofer Susanne , Lechner Veronika , Lass-Flörl Cornelia 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT

We evaluated the MICs of isavuconazole (ISAV) against 96 isolates of
Aspergillus
species and 36 zygomycetes according to the methodology of the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing. In addition, the in vitro activity was obtained for hyphal inocula. ISAV exhibited good antifungal activity against the tested isolates with the exception of
Aspergillus niger
and
Mucorales
. The in vitro activity of ISAV was comparable to that of voriconazole aside from
Mucorales
.
Heterogeneity of Vaginal Microbial Communities within Individuals
Authors: Kim Tae Kyung , Thomas Susan M. , Ho Mengfei , Sharma Shobha , Reich Claudia I. , Frank Jeremy A. , Yeater Kathleen M. , Biggs Diana R. , Nakamura Noriko , Stumpf Rebecca , Leigh Steven R. , Tapping Richard I. , Blanke Steven R. , Slauch James M. , Gaskins H. Rex , Weisbaum Jon S. , Olsen Gary J. , Hoyer Lois L. , Wilson Brenda A. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Recent culture-independent studies have revealed that a healthy vaginal ecosystem harbors a surprisingly complex assemblage of microorganisms. However, the spatial distribution and composition of vaginal microbial populations have not been investigated using molecular methods. Here, we evaluated site-specific microbial composition within the vaginal ecosystem and examined the influence of sampling technique in detection of the vaginal microbiota. 16S rRNA gene clone libraries were prepared from samples obtained from different locations (cervix, fornix, outer vaginal canal) and by different methods (swabbing, scraping, lavaging) from the vaginal tracts of eight clinically healthy, asymptomatic women. The data reveal that the vaginal microbiota is not homogenous throughout the vaginal tract but differs significantly within an individual with regard to anatomical site and sampling method used. Thus, this study illuminates the complex structure of the vaginal ecosystem and calls for the consideration of microenvironments when sampling vaginal microbiota as a clinical predictor of vaginal health.
Site of Human Rhinovirus RNA Uncoating Revealed by Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Brabec-Zaruba Marianne , Pfanzagl Beatrix , Blaas Dieter , Fuchs Renate 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
By using fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), we visualized viral RNA of human rhinovirus type 2 (HRV2) during its entry into HeLa cells. RNA uncoating of HRV2 is entirely dependent on low endosomal pH (≤5.6). When internalized into cells treated with bafilomycin, which results in neutralization of the endosomal pH, no FISH signal was recorded, whereas in the absence of the drug, fluorescent dots were seen. Therefore, FISH detects the genomic viral RNA only upon its release from the capsid. Free viral RNA was first seen at 10 min postinfection (p.i.) in the perinuclear area of the cell, which is indicative of RNA release in/from late endosomal compartments. Pulse-chase experiments and observation of HRV2 RNA and capsid proteins via microscopy, Western blotting, and reverse transcription-PCR revealed that the RNA signal persisted whereas the protein signal disappeared. This demonstrates transport of capsids to lysosomes and degradation. In contrast, viral RNA that had already been transferred into the cytoplasm escaped lysosomal breakdown as indicated by a persistent FISH signal. Taken together, our results demonstrate by direct means RNA arrival in the cytosol within 10 min p.i. Based on persistence of the FISH signal and productive infection in the presence of the microtubule-depolymerizing drug nocodazole, we localized this process to endosomal carrier vesicles/late endosomes.
Poxvirus MC160 Protein Utilizes Multiple Mechanisms To Inhibit NF-κB Activation Mediated via Components of the Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1 Signal Transduction Pathway
Authors: Nichols Daniel Brian , Shisler Joanna L. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACT
Poxviruses express proteins that limit host immune responses to infection. For example, the molluscum contagiosum virus MC160 protein inhibits tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-induced NF-κB activation. This event correlates with MC160-induced IKK1 protein degradation, suggesting a mechanism for the above-mentioned phenotype. IKK1 is stabilized when it associates with the cellular heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90). Here, Hsp90 overexpression restored IKK1 levels in MC160-expressing cells, suggesting that MC160 competitively interacted with Hsp90. In support of this, further investigation showed that a mutant MC160 protein comprising only the C-terminal region (C protein) immunoprecipitated with Hsp90. In contrast, Hsp90 IP with a mutant MC160 protein consisting of only the N-terminal tandem death effector domains (DEDs) (N protein) was dramatically decreased. Since cells expressing either the N or C mutant MC160 protein remained similarly resistant to TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation, the N mutant protein probably utilized a different mechanism for inhibiting NF-κB. One likely mechanism for the N protein lies in its association with the DED-containing procaspase-8 protein, a cellular apoptosis precursor protein that regulates NF-κB activation. Here, IPs revealed that this association relied on the presence of the DED-containing N terminus of the MC160 protein but not the C-terminal portion. These interactions appear to have relevance with NF-κB activation, since the expression of the viral DEDs strongly inhibited procaspase-8-mediated NF-κB activation, an event not substantially altered by the C protein. Thus, the MC160 protein utilizes at least two distinct mechanisms for impeding NF-κB activation, association with Hsp90 to result in IKK1 protein degradation or interaction with procaspase-8.
Oncostatin M Enhances the Antiviral Effects of Type I Interferon and Activates Immunostimulatory Functions in Liver Epithelial Cells
Authors: Larrea Esther , Aldabe Rafael , Gonzalez Iranzu , Segura Victor , Sarobe Pablo , Echeverria Itziar , Prieto Jesus 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTOncostatin M (OSM) is released together with type I interferon (IFN) by activated dendritic cells, suggesting a concerted action of these cytokines in the biological response against infection. We found that OSM increases the antiviral effect of IFN-α in Huh7 hepatoma cells infected with hepatitis A or hepatitis C virus and synergizes with IFN-α in the induction of antiviral genes. The combination of OSM and IFN-α led to upregulation of both STAT1 and STAT3 together with intense and prolonged activation of STAT1, STAT3, and Jak1. OSM with or without IFN-α also activated p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase, which is known to enhance transcription of IFN-α-inducible genes. Interestingly, OSM combined with IFN-α strongly induced immunoproteasome genes and other genes involved in antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, OSM, alone or in combination with IFN-α, upregulated relevant innate immunity molecules and increased the expression of intracellular adhesion molecule 1 and interleukin-15 receptor alpha (IL-15Rα) in liver cells. Hepatoma cells transfected with a plasmid encoding a viral antigen were able to activate effector T cells when pretreated with IFN-α plus OSM but not with each cytokine separately. Also, OSM, more than IFN-α, augmented the ability of Huh7 cells to transpresent IL-15 to responding lymphocytes and increased the immunostimulatory activity of liver epithelial cells by presenting a short viral peptide to sensitized cytotoxic T cells. In conclusion, OSM enhances the antiviral effects of type I interferon and cooperates with it in the induction of adaptive immune responses to pathogens. These findings may have therapeutic implications.
Online survey of current autopsy practice
Authors: Biggs M J P , Brown L J R , Furness P N 
Published: January 2009

Aims:The Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) has for several years published guidance on good autopsy practice. However, pressures such as time, cost and the introduction of the Human Tissue Act have generated suggestions that there is a discrepancy between the published guidelines and what can realistically be achieved in daily practice. The aims of this study were to determine the extent to which practising pathologists agree with this complaint, and what suggestions they might have for its resolution.Methods:All histopathologists in the UK on the RCPath database (n = 1213) were sent an email invitation to participate in an online questionnaire.Results:406 pathologists completed the survey, providing numerical data and free-text responses. Results concerning pressures of time, resources and limitations on examination and sampling were in keeping with those expected from recent issues raised. The view that RCPath guidelines are higher than can be achieved in routine coronial autopsy practice was widely supported, but only 45% stated that the RCPath should publish separate guidelines to differentiate between hospital (“consent”) autopsies and medico-legal cases.Conclusion:The circumstances under which coronial autopsies are conducted in many parts of the UK make it difficult or impossible to comply with current RCPath guidance. Pathologists disagree on whether this situation demands a reduction of RCPath standards, an improvement in autopsy practice in medico-legal cases to current RCPath standards, or the implementation of “double standards”. Resolution of this dilemma requires clarification of exactly what a coronial autopsy is trying to achieve.