bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neurons Form Functional Networks In Vitro
Authors: Ban Jelena , Bonifazi Paolo , Pinato Giulietta , Broccard Frederic D. , Studer Lorenz , Torre Vincent , Ruaro Maria Elisabetta 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells provide a flexible and unlimited source for a variety of neuronal types. Because mature neurons establish neuronal networks very easily, we tested whether ES-derived neurons are capable of generating functional networks and whether these networks, generated in vitro, are capable of processing information. Single-cell electrophysiology with pharmacological antagonists demonstrated the presence of both excitatory and inhibitory synaptic connections. Extracellular recording with planar multielectrode arrays showed that spontaneous bursts of electrical activity are present in ES-derived networks with properties remarkably similar to those of hippocampal neurons. When stimulated with extracellular electrodes, ES-derived neurons fired action potentials, and the evoked electrical activity spread throughout the culture. A statistical analysis indicated that ES-derived networks discriminated between stimuli of different intensity at a single trial level, a key feature for an efficient information processing. Thus, ES-derived neurons provide a novel in vitro strategy to create functional networks with defined computational properties.
Can Political Science Develop Alternative Careers for its Graduates?
Authors: Hargrove Erwin C. 
Published: November 2006

The committee has been charged by the Council with exploring possibilities for employment of political scientists outside of universities in the present and future. This assignment is prompted by some historic facts. We can expect to see a 25 percent decline in the number of undergraduate students in the next decade. This means fewer faculty members. If graduate programs continue at their present size during that period, one-half of the Ph.D.s in political science will be employed outside of academic life by the late 1980s.The discipline could encourage these trends by closing down many graduate programs, keeping the field small and academic, and focusing increasingly on undergraduate teaching. This may happen anyway as prospective graduate students disappear.As an alternative the discipline could develop new kinds of graduate education which would prepare M.A. and Ph.D. students for professional careers outside academic life.
The Mershon Center at The Ohio State University
Authors: Snyder Richard C. 
Published: November 2006

Although the Mershon Center was formally established by The Ohio State University Trustees in 1967, it is necessary and accurate to add that its origins can be traced back to 1954 when the will of Colonel Ralph D. Mershon, an alumnus, was probated. That document provided that not less than 50 percent of the income from the bequest be spent for the promotion of activities that can be said to fall within the area of national security.Following a period of years during which a university-wide faculty committee administered the funds made available from the restricted endowment income, the Trustees approved what amounted in essence to a social science program of national security studies to be administered by a director. The late Edgar S. Furniss, Jr., came from Princeton in 1963 to conceive and implement the new program. Until his untimely death in 1966, Furniss' extremely effective leadership made possible a series of faculty appointments, doctoral fellowships, widely heralded international conferences, and high quality, scholarly publications whose enduring relevance and impact are plainly visible years later.
Clinical and serological study of human alveolar echinococcosis in Slovakia in relation to the outcome of chemotherapy
Authors: Kinčeková J. , Hrčková G. , Auer H. , Szilágyiová M. , Hudačková J. , Stanislayová M. , Poláček H. , Šimeková K. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Alveolar echinococcosis (AE), caused by proliferating metacestodes of the parasitic fox tapeworm Echinococcus multilocularis, is a life-threatening disease in humans. In this study we report four human cases of AE in Slovak Republic with regard to various clinical manifestations and susceptibility to chemotherapy with albendazole or mebendazole. Patients were monitored serologically by ELISA test and Western Blots within 2–5 years after initiation of chemotherapy/surgery. Using computerized tomography (CT) we compared morphological changes of the parasitic lesions in the liver during the course of treatment.
The parasitic lesions in the CT were manifested as nodular hyperplasia with hyper or hypodense zones and calcified foci within the lesion. In other cases the lesion was visualised as a hypodense poorly-delineated septated focus without calcifications. In the last case, the diagnosis of AE was confirmed only at surgery. Calcified foci found inside the main parasitic lesions were the only abnormality that was detected in two cases and were absent in other two cases. The levels of specific anti-parasitic antibodies followed the pathomorphological changes in the livers. Total IgG levels to Em2+ and EmP antigen declined gradually during the follow-up (1–5 years) and disappeared only in the patient receiving radical surgery (cured). In comparison with total IgG, concentration of the IgG4 antibody subclass seemed to correlate more adequately with the outcome of therapy as their levels decreased in improved/stabilised patients, but were elevated in “aggravated” patients. We showed that, in patients with AE in Slovakia, radical surgery of parasitic foci proved to be the most successful treatment and, in inoperable cases, albendazole and mebendazole were differently effective. Moreover. IgG4 levels rather than total IgG to protoscoleces antigens proved to be more sensitive serological marker of the progress of therapy.
Influence of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of causative agents of helminthozoonoses in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
Authors: Antolová D. , Miterpáková M. , Reiterová K. , Dubinský P. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Red fox (Vulpes vulpes) presents major wildlife reservoir of parasitozoonoses, transmissible to humans and domestic animals. The study was aimed to find out the effect of anthelmintic baits on the occurrence of Echinococcus multilocularis and other intestinal helminths in red foxes. In two bait areas (B1 and B2) 20 baits per km2 were distributed monthly between August 2004 and April 2005. Fox fecal samples were collected in both bait areas and two control areas (C1 and C2) between August 2004 and August 2005. In bait area B1 the decrease of parasite species number, decrease of their prevalence and prevalence of E. multilocularis was observed. No significant decline was observed in bait area B2, probably due to consumption of baits by wild boars. Bait distribution represents the possibility of reduction of environmental contamination with parasites and their propagation stages. Especially on the periphery of towns and villages and in recreational areas it seems to be suitable way of human health protection.
The first report of authochthonous dirofilariosis in dogs in the Czech Republic
Authors: Svobodová Z. , Svobodová V. , Genchi C. , Forejtek P. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
In the Czech Republic, canine dirofilarial infection (Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens) is usually diagnosed in dogs coming from endemic areas and as such has been considered an imported infection. Here, 77 dogs that had never travelled abroad from the Břeclav area, close to Slovak border, were tested for Dirofilaria spp. infection. The presence of microfilaria in peripheral blood was detected by Knott test. Microfilariae were further examined by acid phosphatase staining and molecular methods (PCR). The presence of adult female D. immitis circulating antigens in blood was assessed by a commercial kit (PetChek, IDEXX Laboratories, Portland, USA). Microfilariae were detected in 7 (9 %) out of the 77 animals by the Knott test. The result of the acid phosphatase staining and PCR for all seven samples agreed with Dirofilaria repens species. Other five dogs of the 77 sera (6.5 %) sampled were serologically positive for circulating D. immitis antigens. No D. immitis microfilariae were found in these five dogs. D. repens positive dogs were negative on the ELISA for D. immitis. This is the first report of autochthonous cases of heart-worm disease and subcutaneous dirofilariosis in dogs in the Czech Republic.
Surface and Interface Analysis
Authors: Hofmann Siegfried 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
After a brief survey of surface and interface analysis methods, a representative selection of the latter is given in an introductory manner, emphasizing the following aspects: (i) analysis of surface morphology [transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), atomic force microscopy (AFM)], (ii) analysis of surface elemental composition [X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), auger electron spectroscopy (AES), sputter depth profiling, ion scattering spectroscopy (ISS), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS)], (iii) analysis of surface molecular composition [Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and infrared reflection–absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS)]. A biography for further reading is added.
Toluene
Authors: Ozokwelu E. Dickson ,   Updated by Staff
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Changes in the environment necessitate that information on commodity chemicals like toluene be updated periodically. Because of the global technological and economic changes that have occurred since 1983, considerable material on improved and emerging technologies for the manufacture of toluene and also on the economic aspects and uses of toluene are included.
Physical and chemical properties are presented. The majority of toluene produced is unrecovered, ie, it remains in the various refinery streams. Manufacture and processing aspects treated include production of toluene along with benzene and xylenes from reformate and highlight the improvements on toluene–benzene recovery by extraction and extractive distillation. Emerging technologies for the manufacture of BTX from light hydrocarbons are reviewed. Toluene supply and demand are discussed. The use of toluene for gasoline blending and the increase in demand of toluene for use in disproportionation plants to produce xylenes are analyzed. Specifications, standards, and quality control are outlined. The analytical and test methods and storage procedures are listed, and health and safety factors (toxicology) are discussed. Uses and derivatives are presented.
Vaccine Technology
Authors: Somasekhar Gopalam , Chao Shou‐Bai 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA vaccine is a preparation used to prevent a specific infectious disease by inducing immunity in the host against a specific pathogenic microorganism. Beginning in the 1950s, with the discovery of antibiotics, interest in vaccine research faded; however, the development of biotechnology and modern immunology has created new opportunities for producing new antigens, and vaccine research has become a significant focus once again. Vaccines have been developed against poliomyelitis, diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, measles, mumps, rubella, influenza virus,Hemophilus influenzaeserotype b, hepatitis B, hepatitis A, varicella, pneumococcus, meningococcus, rotavirus, herpes zoster, and human papilloma virus, which are all in commercial use. Vaccines being developed include those against respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza, herpes simplex, malaria, gonorrhea, and the human immunodeficiency virus. Details of these vaccines and the methods for their preparation and testing are discussed. Also discussed are future technologies, the effects of genetic engineering, adjuvants, combination vaccines, and economic considerations.
Waste Management, Solid
Authors: Bagchi Amalendu 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
This article provides concise information regarding integrated solid waste management (ISWM) of nonhazardous waste. The primary goal of ISWM is to minimize energy use, environmental impact, and landfill space use by maximizing reduction, reuse, and recycling (also known as “Three Rs”) of waste. Many communities and companies are adopting a new concept of “zero waste”, which is a philosophy grown out of concerns for global warming and sustainable development. The concept looks at overall picture of consumption and disposal. The article includes information regarding identification and characterization of various nonhazardous wastes generated in communities. Discussion regarding efficient collection system for various waste types, how to reduce their volume and toxicity, and waste disposal related issues are included.
Functional Supramolecular Ruthenium Cyclodextrin Dyes for Nanocrystalline Solar Cells
Authors: Faiz J. , Philippopoulos A. I. , Kontos A. G. , Falaras P. , Pikramenou Z. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA supramolecular complex [Ru(dcb)2(α‐CD‐5‐bpy)]Cl2 (1‐α‐CD) (dcb = 4,4′‐dicarboxyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, α‐CD‐5‐bpy = 6‐mono[5‐methyl(5′‐methyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl)]‐permethylated α‐CD) (CD: cyclodextrin) based on a ruthenium tris‐bipyridyl core with an appended α‐CD cavity is designed and synthesised, in order to facilitate dye/redox couple interaction and dye regeneration in nanocrystalline TiO2 solar cells. The luminescent complex is fully characterized and anchored on mesoporous titania electrodes showing increased power‐conversion efficiency in solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells using a composite polymer electrolyte. Direct comparison of the properties of the CD complex with an analogous ruthenium complex [Ru(dcb)2(5,5′‐dmbpy)]Cl2 (2) (5,5′‐dmbpy = 5,5′‐dimethylbipyridine) without the CD cavity reveals that the photovoltaic performance of 1‐α‐CD is enhanced by about 40 % compared to 2. Independent studies have shown complexation of the iodide redox couple to the CD in 1‐α‐CD. These results indicate that the CD moiety is able to act as a mediator and fine tune the photoelectrode/electrolyte interface.
Cover Picture: Light‐Emitting Organic Solar Cells Based on a 3D Conjugated System with Internal Charge Transfer (Adv. Mater. 22/2006)
Authors: Cravino A. , Leriche P. , Alévêque O. , Roquet S. , Roncali J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe cover image illustrates the dual photovoltaic and electroluminescence function of a single‐layer device based on a thienylenevinylene–triphenylamine with internal charge transfer (ICT), as reported by Cravino, Roncali, and co‐workers on p. 3033. The material forms an organic glass with isotropic electronic properties while ICT leads simultaneously to an extension of the photoresponse to the red and to an increase of the open circuit voltage. The use of an additional layer of C60 further improves the photovoltaic. Images of the sun and moon courtesy NASA/JPL–Caltech.
Header design for flow equalization in microstructured reactors
Authors: Rebrov Evgeny V. , Ismagilov Ilyas Z. , Ekatpure Rahul P. , de Croon Mart H.J.M. , Schouten Jaap C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo enhance the uniformity of fluid flow distribution in microreactors, a header configuration consisting of a cone diffuser connected to a thick‐walled screen has been proposed. The thick‐walled screen consists of two sections: the upstream section constitutes a set of elongated parallel upstream channels and the downstream section constitutes a set of elongated parallel downstream channels positioned at an angle of 90° with respect to the upstream channels. In this approach the problem of flow equalization reduces to that of flow equalization in the first and second downstream channels of the thick‐walled screen. In turn, this requires flow equalization in the corresponding cross sections of the upstream channels. The computational fluid dynamics analysis of the fluid flow maldistribution shows that eight parallel upstream channels with a width of 300–600 μm are required per 1 cm of length for flow equalization. The length to width ratio of these channels has to be >15. The numerical results suggest that the proposed header configuration can effectively improve the performance of the downstream microstructured devices, decreasing the ratio of the maximum flow velocity to the mean flow velocity from 2 to 1.005 for a wide range of Reynolds numbers (0.5–10). © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Consolidation and expansion of a granular bed of superabsorbent hydrogels
Authors: Iritani Eiji , Katagiri Nobuyuki , Yoo Kyong‐Min , Hayashi Hirotoshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBoth consolidation and expansion properties of a packed bed of superabsorbent hydrogel particles under the action of the mechanical loads were investigated in various ionic environments using a KCl solution to clarify the role of the osmotic pressure of the solution on the deformation behaviors of hydrogel particles. A description of the consolidation process was accomplished through the use of either the modified Terzaghi model or a simplified computation method. As the concentration of KCl solution increased, the consolidation rate increased and the packed hydrogels became denser. The data were well analyzed based on the idea of the effective osmotic pressure of the solution. Moreover, in the expansion process of the compressed bed of hydrogel particles, it was determined that the secondary expansion effect known as the creep effect plays an important role on the expansion behavior. It was found that expansion proceeds more slowly than consolidation. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Lepirudin for anticoagulation in patients with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia treated with continuous renal replacement therapy
Authors: Gajra Ajeet , Vajpayee Neerja , Smith Arienne , Poiesz Bernard J. , Narsipur Sriram 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLepirudin is a potent, direct thrombin inhibitor used for anticoagulation in patients with heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia type II (HIT). The half‐life of lepirudin is prolonged in patients with renal insufficiency. Preliminary studies suggest that it is safe to use lepirudin in patients being treated with intermittent hemodialysis but information regarding its use with continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is scarce. CRRT is used in acute care settings to remove fluid and uremic toxins in patients with renal failure with hemodynamic instability. Patients with HIT, renal failure, and hemodynamic instability pose a complex situation for clinical management. These patients require anticoagulation with nonheparin agents with simultaneous CRRT. There are no guidelines in the literature regarding the management of this patient group. We report our experience with lepirudin at managing four such patients with HIT, being treated with CRRT. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Safety and tolerability of a novel chromatography‐based intravenous immunoglobulin when administered at a high infusion rate in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Bussel James B. , Hanna Kim 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIntravenous immunoglobulin (IGIV) therapy is generally considered to be a safe and effective treatment for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). The usual initial treatment dose is 1–2 g/kg body weight, which results in an extended infusion time, significantly impacting patients' day‐to‐day activities. Two crossover studies assessed the safety and tolerability of a novel IGIV preparation (IGIV‐C; Gamunex®, 10%) when infused at rates ranging from 0.08 mL/kg/min (the standard maximum licensed rate) to 0.14 mL/kg/min in patients with ITP. The first study included 28 patients and 3 infusion rates; 0.08, 0.11, and 0.14 mL/kg/min. The second study included 8 patients and 2 infusion rates; 0.08 and 0.14 mL/kg/min were evaluated. The incidence of infusion‐related adverse events was similar for all infusion rates. Headache was the most commonly reported infusion‐related adverse event. The incidence, combined for Studies 1 and 2, was 14.7% (n = 34), 18.2% (n = 22), and 19.4% (n = 31) of patients, for each infusion rate of 0.08, 0.11, and 0.14 mL/kg/min, respectively. The majority were mild in severity. None of the other drug‐related, treatment‐emergent events were serious; most were mild, in spite of the higher rate of fluid loading over a shorter period of time for patients infused at 0.14 mL/kg/min. There were no clinically important changes in parameters that distinguished between infusion rates; there were no signs of hemolysis. The results suggest that IGIV‐C infused at rates up to 0.14 mL/kg/min in patients with ITP is well tolerated. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Karyotype–phenotype insights from 11q14.1‐q23.2 interstitial deletions:FZD4haploinsufficiency and exudative vitreoretinopathy in a patient with a complex chromosome rearrangement
Authors: Li Peining , Zhang Hui Z. , Huff Shannon , Nimmakayalu Manjunath , Qumsiyeh Mazin , Yu Jingwei , Szekely Anna , Xu Tian , Pober Barbara R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe detected a unique de novo complex chromosome rearrangement (CCR) in a patient with multiple abnormalities including growth retardation, facial anomalies, exudative vitreoretinopathy (EVR), cleft palate, and minor digital anomalies. Cytogenetic analysis, fluorescent in situ hybridization, and microsatellite genotyping showed a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 5 and 8, and a complex translocation‐deletion‐inversion process in the formation of derivative chromosomes 11 and 16. High‐density whole‐genome oligonucleotide array comparative genomic hybridization (oaCGH) defined a 35‐megabase interstitial deletion of 11q14.1‐q23.2 and a 1 megabase deletion of 16q22.3‐q23.1. The Frizzled‐4 (FZD4) gene is located within this 11q deletion. Parental studies and sequencing analysis confirmed that the patient was hemizygous forFZD4due to the loss of a paternal allele on the derivative chromosome 11. Mutations inFZD4are known to cause autosomal dominant exudative vitreoretinopathy (EVR1). Our patient's findings suggest that haploinsufficiency of theFZD4gene product can also be a disease‐causing mechanism for EVR1. We reviewed the clinical manifestations of 23 cases with 11q14‐q23 interstitial deletions, with particular scrutiny of the present case and four reported cases characterized by molecular cytogenetics. These findings were used to construct a regional deletion map consisting of a haplosufficient segment at 11q14.3, a flanking centromeric segment at 11q14.1‐q14.2, and a flanking telomeric segment at 11q21‐q23.3. We propose that deletions of theFZD4gene located within the centromeric segment cause retinal dysgenesis, while deletions within the telomeric segment account for dysmorphic craniofacial features, growth and mental retardation, and mild digital anomalies. These results provide insight into karyotype–phenotype correlations and prompt a rational analytic approach to cases with interstitial deletions of the 11q14‐q23 region. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.