bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COMPUTER GRAPHIC PLOTTING AND MAPPING OF DATA IN SYSTEMATICS
Authors: Adams Robert P. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe use of the computer to map and/or plot systematic data is examined in the areas of automatic plotting of taxa's distributions and computer graphic analysis of geographic variation and population differentiation. Automatic plotting of distributional data is discussed in reference to earlier work and present applications in conjunction with the development of the Rapid Access Plant Information Center (RAPIC) of Colorado, (USA). In the area of computer graphic analysis of geographic variation, the following techniques are discussed: contour mapping (2 and 3 dimensional); shading by overprinting; contoured factor analysis; and contoured surface trend analysis. A technique of composite overlay mapping is introduced to systematics and several applications are discussed.
“ADANSONIA”, FÊTES CHAMPÊTRES ET LINNÉENS FRANÇAIS
Authors: Aymonin Gérard G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn France, several “Sociétés Linnéennes” still enjoy a scientific activity, especially at Bordeaux, Caen and Lyon. Information is given on the membership and the nature of the first “Société Linnéenne de Paris”: field meetings around Paris between 1822 and 1827 are reported. The birth of the tradition took place about 1790. The various clubs for french Linnaeans and their correspondents were “branches”, “colonies”, “sociétés affiliées”; women were admitted since 1822. The publications of the Society dealt with various theoretical and technical sciences. The second Parisian Linnaean Society, created by H. E. Baillon, is also briefly discussed.
COMMENTS ON RULES OF PUBLICATION AND USE OF CULTIVAR NAMES
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is proposed that Article 48 and Note of Article 51, of the International Code of Nomenclature of Cultivated Plants — 1969, be deleted, and that Article 44 be amended. This proposal is based on the principle that a cultivar name never loses its importance even if the cultivar is not grown any more. It is also strongly recommended that Registries be done on a world‐wide basis. A few examples taken from oat cultivars are given to illustrate the problem.
CHROMOSOME NUMBERS IN THE MELIACEAE
Authors: Styles B. T. , Vosa C. G. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA detailed chromosome study has been made of 58 species in 30 genera of the tropical family Meliaceae. The results largely confirm observations, by other investigators on similar tropical woody groups, that high chromosome numbers are common and that polyploidy is a frequent phenomenon. Although the chromosomes are, in most species, very small and metacentric, some differences in chromosome size and shape are detectable. Many genera seem to have a high base number and/or several different numbers. The Meliaceae, unlike some other tropical woody groups, are particularly interesting because of the considerable range of chromosome numbers they exhibit. Differences in number have been observed between even closely related species in the economically important timber genera Swietenia, Cedrela and Toona, and this has an obvious bearing on future tree breeding and tree improvement studies. The taxonomic significance of chromosome numbers is discussed.
NOTES AND TYPIFICATION FOR TWO SPECIES OF BONAMIA (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Austin Daniel F. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryTwo species of Bonomia which have been confused with the genus Maripa are discussed. Typification for Bonamia trichantha is clarified and a new synonym given. The lectotype is chosen for B. maripoides with a plate of type labels showing handwriting samples of Choisy, Hallier, and Martius. Ecological data and exsiccatae derived from herbarium material and field studies in Brazil are provided.
A NEW LECTOTYPIFICATION OF THE GENUS XANTHOSOMA SCHOTT (ARACEAE)
Authors: Nicolson Dan H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe genusXanthosomahas been arbitrarily lectotypified onX. jacquiniiSchott, an illegitimate name.Xanthosoma jacquiniiSchott may be considered either as validly published in 1832 (an illegitimate renaming ofArum xanthorrhizonand a synonym ofX. sagittifolium(L.) Schott), or as not validly published until 1856 (an illegitimate later homonym ofX. jacquiniiSchott ex Kunth (1841) and a synonym ofX. undipes(Koch) Koch. In view of the arbitrary designation ofX. jacquiniias “type species” and the confusion surrounding application of the binomial, it is proposed thatX. sagittifolium(L.) Schott be accepted as the lectotype species.
THE TYPIFICATION OF OLEANDRA ARTICULATA (FILIC.)
Authors: de Joncheere G. J. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe basionym of Oleandra articulata (Sw.) Presl, namely Aspidium articulatum Sw. must be typified as indicated by Maxon (1914) thus continuing current usage. Morton's arguments (1968) to change the lectotype are rejected.
A SIMPLE TECHNIQUE FOR MEASURING PHENETIC SIMILARITY IN SOLANUM USING EDGE‐PUNCHED CARDS
Authors: Roe K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryEdge‐punched cards were used in a simple method to detect phenetic relationships among the 27 species of Solanum section Brevantherum. Data from species descriptions were placed on two sets of punch cards, one for measuring the character correlations among species, the other for detecting modal character states of the group and helping with key construction. A matrix of phenetic similarity was compiled by sorting the deck of character cards and comparing each species with every other to determine the number of character states shared by species pairs. Simple analyses were performed which are expressed graphically. Phenetic distance of each species from a hypothetical ancestor is illustrated. Punch card methods have the advantage of allowing constant contact with actual character states during the study.
MÜSSEN WIR GANDOGER WIRKLICH NOCH GERECHT WERDEN?
Authors: Meyer F. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe new names, epithets and combinations published by Gandoger in his Flora Europae are not validly published because:

‘genera’ are subordinated to genera in the sense of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.
‘Species’ are subordinated to species in that same sense.
names of second category genera are used as the first part of binary combinations.
epitheta of second category species are used as the second part of binary combinations.
names and epithets of unequal rank are used as the first part of binary combinations thus creating the impression of genera of the first, second and third order (category).

All these names are inadmissible because not validly published as provided for by Articles 5, 12, 23 and 33 of the Code.
TRAINING OF SYSTEMATISTS FOR THE SEVENTIES
Authors: Turner B. L. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIt is suggested that the most meaningful problem for most systematists working at the graduate or doctoral level is that of monographic‐type studies of relatively small genera, subgenera or sections (i.e., ca 20–40 species) in which the taxa are studied as populations in the field and with phyletic considerations as a conceptual basis for arrangements. A considerable degree of specialization is acknowledged as being desireable in one or more of the following areas: (1) classical systematics; (2) cytogenetical systematics; (3) chemical systematics and (4) numerical systematics. However, most workers will need a broad exposure to area (1) since this is fundamental to the other three; indeed, it is argued that classical monographic studies of poorly studied taxa in remote regions using populational data should be given priority‐focus over the next 30 years. Relatively few systematists should become highly discipline‐oriented with respect to approach (i.e., cytogenetic, chemical or numerical) since most workers will be employed as teacher‐researchers at smaller institutions where time and equipment are minimal resources. As regards recognition of potentially successful doctoral candidates it is concluded that if a student's work gives him pleasure he will be successful, no matter what his training for the seventies.
RECENT TRENDS IN NUMERICAL TAXONOMY
Authors: Sneath P. H. A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryRecent trends in numerical taxonomy, with special reference to the classification of flowering plants, are reviewed. These advances are discussed under the following broad headings: the choice and scoring of characters and OTU's; the estimation of taxonomic resemblance; the representation of taxonomic structure; cladistics; and discrimination and identification. There is considerable activity on problems involving homology, numerical coefficients of resemblance, and clustering methods. The numerical study of cladistics is also of special interest, but it poses some very difficult problems. It is now evident that numerical methods can yield acceptable classifications, and they much increase taxonomic understanding of the groups that are examined. They are also valuable in many other branches of systematics.
SPECIATION
Authors: Lewis Harlan 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA discussion of speciation subsumes that we know what a species is, which operationally is true. Populations that are physiologically incapable of gene exchange and are phenotypically distinguishable pose no problem at the species level. When barriers are not absolute or when they are complete but the phenotypic differences are inconspicuous one must consider the quantitative and qualitative nature of the barriers to gene exchange relative to the number and conspicuousness of the phenotypic differences. In this context barriers to gene exchange and their origin are discussed with special emphasis placed on ecological differentiation and its role in the maintenance of the distinction between species. Speciation involving chromosomal alteration differs markedly from that resulting from genetic divergence alone and the products of the two modes are compared. The argument is made that an understanding of the mode of speciation can be of help in the interpretation of patterns of variation.
SUMMIT GARDEN, PANAMA CANAL ZONE: ITS ROLE IN BOTANICAL RESEARCH
Authors: Croat Thomas B. 
Published: April 2006

SummarySummit Garden in the Panama Canal Zone has been important for its contributions to research in plant introduction and utilization, horticulture and general botanical science. Many famous men of botany have been contributors to its endeavors. Botanical research waned following the war when the Garden became essentially a beautiful public park. With the establishment of Summit Herbarium & Library this year, scientific research is again active at the Garden.
ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TAXONOMY AND EVOLUTION
Authors: Cronquist Arthur 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIf the taxonomic system is to reflect the totality of similarities and differences among organisms, it must have an evolutionary foundation. Too rigid an adherence to the rule of monophylesis, however, would wreak havoc with our system. Similarities due to evolutionary parallelism provide some evidence of relationship, because the greater the genetic and phenetic similarity between two groups, the greater the likelihood that they will produce similar mutations, have similar evolutionary potentialities, and undergo parallel evolutionary change. A workable taxonomic system can provide only a muddy reflection of phylogeny.If the evolutionary diversification of any large taxonomic group were profoundly influenced by the nature of the supply of mutations, if the supply of mutations differed in the various subgroups, if the fixation of many of these mutations did not depend wholly on survival value, and if the evolutionary barriers between different ecologic niches or adaptive zones were in general low, then we might expect that group to show ecological and adaptive correlations most commonly at the lower taxonomic levels such as genera and species, whereas the higher taxa would tend to embrace a wide array of ecological types. These ecologically varied higher taxa would tend to be characterized in large part by features of doubtful adaptive significance, and the critical taxonomic characters for many of them would be so beset by exceptions that the recognition, characterization, and definition of the groups would often be difficult. The taxonomic pattern of the angiosperms, especially the dicotyledons, is precisely that which would be expected under the foregoing set of postulates.
HISTORICAL PROBLEMS FOR THE WORKING TAXONOMIST
Authors: Ewan Joseph 
Published: April 2006

SummarySince the precise origins of a type or critical collection and its subsequent history at the hands of persons who have annotated a specimen are critical in making taxonomic decisions, closer attention must be made to historical problems. Suggestions are offered apropos of four problems: (1) locating the literature, (2) locating the type, (3) establishing the type‐locality as precisely as possible, and (4) deciphering handwritings on labels.Library details include the (a) need to verify dates of issue, (b) need to check translations which may provide valuable annotations and supplement the original, (c) need to search for ancillary materials which may be nursery catalogues or other ephemera: these may help fix the date of a discovery or give other taxonomic history.In the search for the type the life and travels of an author may be important. An author like A. A. Heller who kept a personal herbarium, but who moved from city to city, or an author like A. W. Chapman who assembled two or more herbaria, each destined to lodge in a different institution, presents special problems. Destruction of a type necessitates the search for an isotype. This search should not be forsaken without a thorough canvass of collections which may contain an isotype.Precision in fixing a type locality may be lost when insufficient attention is paid to the collector's travels. Endemic taxa, for example, restricted to certain soils, or to particular geographic features may be involved. Travel narratives of other members of an expedition may also elucidate obscure place names which are possibly wanting on modern maps. Sequences of collector's numbers may or may not be significant in tracing routes since one must consider the possibility of mixed collection numbers.Handwriting is an important consideration, and there are several guides kept by prominent herbaria, and some maintain sample files. The practice of copying collection labels with each exchange of a specimen often has involved miscopying or abbreviating the original information, and so presents a common source of erroneous records. It must be recognized that handwriting modifies during the lifetime of the collector, and this necessitates checking against letters or contemporary holographic records. Fallacious and inaccurate conclusions may follow hasty research.
PROTISTAN PHYLOGENY: MULTIPLE WORKING HYPOTHESES
Authors: Tappan Helen 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe method of the “multiple working hypothesis” is best applied to “those subjects in which, while much is known, more remains to be known,” a description which certainly is applicable to the Phylogeny of the Protista. Although various proposed phylogenies have been stoutly defended by their authors as unassailable, each has been based on one or another line of evidence, generalization or previous assumption which is contested strongly by others.Previous workers have regarded the Protista as animals or as plants, as one distinct kingdom, or as including representatives of two, three or as many as 13 kingdoms. Classifications and phylogenetic interpretations have been based on various aspects of morphology, cytology, ultrastructure, biochemistry, physiology, life cycles, or the fossil record. Each resulting classification has much supporting evidence but leaves unanswered other vexing problems.The present symposium includes only a sampling of the types of approach currently being used, but may aid in stimulating additional interest and study of the highly diverse and intriguing organisms known as the Protista.
THE “IGNORANT MAN” TECHNIQUE OF SAMPLING PLANT POPULATIONS
Authors: Ward Daniel B. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryComments are made regarding the impropriety of using non‐random data in analytic tests requiring the assumption of randomness. The distinction is made between the biological population and that portion of it for which measurement is desired. A technique is proposed that permits the selection of randomly chosen plants from natural plant populations with less labor than is required by conventional methods. A table is provided of ranked random numbers, for employment by this technique.
THE PHYLOGENY OF EUCARYOTIC ALGAE
Authors: Fott Bohuslav 
Published: April 2006

SummaryThe phylogeny of eucaryotic algae can be best illustrated by establishing lines of algal evolution leading from simple unicells to an elaborated tissue thallus. These evolutionary lines of algal morphological progress represent the Classes. The single grades of algal advance in a class represent a lower taxonomic rank, the Order, which is thus defined morphologically by the level of plant body construction. It represents a particular degree of morphological differentiation and a step in the phylogenetic progress. One or more parallel evolutionary lines may occur within the highest rank of taxa, the Division. Apart from the procaryotic Cyanophyceae, nine classes evolved in parallel within the plants called algae: 1. Chlorophyceae (the ancestors of higher land plants), 2. Conjugatophyceae, 3. Charophyceae, 4. Chrysophyceae, 5. Xanthophyceae, 6. Bacillariophyceae, 7. Phaeophyceae, 8. Dinophyceae, 9. Rhodophyceae. Flagellates that cannot be placed with respect to their morphology and structure in monadoid orders of algal classes, are excluded from the system and termed “residual flagellates”: Euglenales, Cryptomonadales, Vacuolariales, Dictyochales and other orders of colorless flagellates.
NOTES ON THE TYPIFICATION OF THE NAME VITALIANA PRIMULIFLORA (PRIMULACEAE)
Authors: Ferguson I. K. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryVitaliana primuliflora Bertol. is based on the same type as Primula vitaliana L. Linnaeus in Sp. Pl. 143 (1753) included two geographical elements in his Primula vitaliana, one, from Italy based on a plate of Sesler and the other from the Pyrenees on a specimen in the Burser Herbarium. Recent authors have typified the name differently. It is proposed here that the name Primula vitaliana L. and therefore Vitaliana primuliflora Bertol. be based on Sesler's plate.
CLASSIFICATION AND EXPLANATION IN BIOLOGY
Authors: Lehman Hugh 
Published: April 2006

SummaryIn this paper I argue in favor of the use of the “biological” species concept rather than either a “typological” concept or a “morphological” concept. In simple form my argument is as follows: Biologists are not merely interested in storing data but in finding satisfactory explanations for that data. Taxonomy is an integral part of this theoretical enterprise. The most satisfactory theory at present for understanding (providing explanations for) biological phenomena is the synthetic theory of evolution. Development of this theory requires use of the biological species concept rather than the other species concepts. The basic limitation on the use of this concept is noted and some objections to the use of the concept are considered.
ON THE APPLICATION OF NOMENCLATURE TO THE TAXONOMY OF HYBRIDS
Authors: Baum Bernard R. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryHybrid formulas should only be used for indication of F1 hybrids between different taxa. They should definitely not be used for relatively well established taxa even if those taxa are of hybrid origin, because of the unlikelihood of repetition of exactly all the conditions and all factors that have been involved in their creation, and therefore the improbability of their creation de novo.I became interested in the problem of the nomenclatural treatment of hybrids during my studies in the genus Avena (Gramineae). I should like to outline a more refined procedure to which I shall refer in my studies of both cultivated and wild groups. This procedure might also be useful for general application concerning nomenclatural treatment of hybrids.
BIGNONIA CRUCIGERA: A CASE OF MISTAKEN IDENTITY
Authors: Gentry Alwyn H. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryA lectotype is chosen for Bignonia crucigera L. which proves to be synonymous with Pithecoctenium echinatum (Jacq.) Baill. The new combination Pithecoctenium crucigerum (L.) A. Gentry is proposed for this wellknown neotropical species.
THE DEFINITION OF SYSTEMATIC CATEGORIES IN BIOLOGY
Authors: Legendre Pierre 
Published: April 2006

SummaryBiological taxonomy, now combined with cytogenetics and mathematical philosophy, has become a new synthetic theory of evolution. The purpose of this paper is to derive a comprehensive, united series of formal descriptions of the results of evolution, which are the systematic categories as understood by biosystematics. In a first move, differences between individuals are found by comparing their chromosomal arrangements, and algebraic measures of feasibility of pairing are derived. Individuals are also compared with regard to their genes, and an algebraic measure of genic similarity between individuals is defined. A chain is also defined, which unites in clusters the groups of individuals which are equivalent with regard to a relation which is to be defined in each case. With these mathematical tools, a species is defined as a group of individuals which cluster when one applies on them a relation showing their possibility of crossing freely. A genus is defined as a group of species which cluster after a chain is formed on pairs of species between which there is a calculated possibility of occasional hybridization. A local population is defined as a group of organisms located within pairing distance of each other. A subspecies is defined as a major subdivision of the specific gene pool which corresponds to a geographical subdivision of the species' range. The usefulness of the semispecies as a category different from the subspecies is discussed according to biosystematic principles. It is also suggested that an environmental multi‐dimensional space could be of major usefulness for determining the major adaptive peaks reached by supra‐generic taxa.
THE VOLUMES ON CRYPTOGAMS OF “ENGLER UND PRANTL”
Authors: Stafleu Frans A. 
Published: April 2006

SummaryAn analysis of the order in which the volumes on cryptogams of Engler und Prantl, Die natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien, came off the press. The contents of the Lieferungen and their approximate dates of publication are ascertained on the basis of notices in Naturae novitates and other contemporary literature. These findings were checked against a copy in original wrappers.