bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Suggestive linkage on chromosome 2, 8, and 17 for lifetime major depression
Authors: Middeldorp Christel M. , Sullivan Patrick F. , Wray Naomi R. , Hottenga Jouke‐Jan , de Geus Eco J.C. , van den Berg Mireille , Montgomery Grant W. , Coventry Will L. , Statham Dixie J. , Andrews Gavin , Slagboom P. Eline , Boomsma Dorret I. , Martin Nicholas G. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIt is well established that major depressive disorder (MDD) is partly heritable. We present a genome‐wide linkage study aiming to find regions on the genome that influence the vulnerability for MDD. Our sample consists of 110 Australian and 23 Dutch pedigrees with two or more siblings affected with MDD (total N = 278). Linkage analysis was carried out in MERLIN. Three regions showed suggestive linkage signals. The highest LOD‐score of 2.1 was found on chromosome 17 at 52.6 cM along with LOD scores of 1.9 and 1.7 on chromosome 8 at 2.7 cM and chromosome 2 at 90.6 cM, respectively. The result on chromosome 8 seems most promising as two previous studies also found linkage in this region, once suggestive and once significant. The linkage peak on chromosome 17 harbors the serotonin transporter gene. In the Australian and Dutch sample, the serotonin transporter length polymorphism did not show evidence for association, thus other genes in this region or other polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter gene might be associated with MDD. Further replication is needed to establish the relevance of our linkage finding on chromosome 2. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel de novo SHANK3 mutation in autistic patients
Authors: Gauthier Julie , Spiegelman Dan , Piton Amélie , Lafrenière Ronald G. , Laurent Sandra , St‐Onge Judith , Lapointe Line , Hamdan Fadi F. , Cossette Patrick , Mottron Laurent , Fombonne Éric , Joober Ridha , Marineau Claude , Drapeau Pierre , Rouleau Guy A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractA number of studies have confirmed that genetic factors play an important role in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). More recently de novo mutations in the SHANK3 gene, a synaptic scaffolding protein, have been associated with the ASD phenotype. As part of our gene discovery strategy, we sequenced the SHANK3 gene in a cohort of 427 ASD subjects and 190 controls. Here, we report the identification of two putative causative mutations: one being a de novo deletion at an intronic donor splice site and one missense transmitted from an epileptic father. We were able to confirm the deleterious effect of the splice site deletion by RT‐PCR using mRNA extracted from cultured lymphoblastoid cells. The missense mutation, a leucine to proline at amino acid position 68, is perfectly conserved across all species examined, and would be predicted to disrupt an alpha‐helical domain. These results further support the role of SHANK3 gene disruption in the etiology of ASD. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
DRD2 C32806T modifies the effect of child‐rearing environment on adulthood novelty seeking
Authors: Keltikangas‐Järvinen Liisa , Pulkki‐Råback Laura , Elovainio Marko , Raitakari Olli. T. , Viikari Jorma , Lehtimäki Terho 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPreliminary evidence suggests that there may be longitudinal interactions between environmental and genetic factors in predicting Novelty seeking. We have previously found in small and selected subsample from the Cardiovascular Risk in Young Finns study, that an association between the polymorphism of dopamine receptor D4 was moderated by the childhood environment, as indexed by hostile maternal child‐rearing. We wanted to replicate this finding in a population based sample of 1,114 men and women using another candidate gene of dopaminergic system, that is, the dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2). The child‐rearing environment of the participants was assessed by their mothers when the participants were children or adolescents, and adulthood Novelty seeking was self‐rated by the participants 17 and 21 years later at the ages of 24–39. Genotyping of DRD2 C32806T (rs 1800497) was performed using TaqMan 5′nuclease assay. DRD2 was not directly associated with Novelty seeking, but there was a significant DRD2 × strict maternal disciplinary style interaction in predicting Novelty seeking (F = 7.08, P = 0.008). The interaction showed that when the child‐rearing environment was punitive, participants carrying any A1 allele of the DRD2 gene had higher scores on Novelty seeking than carriers of the A2/A2 genotype. The genotype had no effect on Novelty seeking when the childhood environment was more favorable. The findings suggest that the DRD2 may have an environmentally moderated impact on Novelty seeking and that the origins of such an association may lie already in childhood. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Peaceful Post‐Conflict Interactions between Aggressors and Bystanders in captive lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)
Authors: Palagi Elisabetta , Chiarugi Elena , Cordoni Giada 
Published: July 2008

AbstractWe observed a colony of lowland gorillas in order to assess the occurrence of Peaceful Post‐Conflict Interactions between Aggressors and Bystanders (PPIAB). We compared the dynamics of PPIAB with those of Peaceful Post‐Conflict Interactions between Victims and Bystanders (PPIVB), which are directed toward victims. We confirmed the occurrence of PPIAB (mean Triadic Contact Tendency: 41.7%±16.2% SEM) at frequencies comparable to PPIVB. Immature gorillas were responsible for most PPIAB. PPIAB occurred when the bystander was unrelated to either the aggressor or the victim, and when it was a relative of the aggressor. However, affinitive contact rates were higher in the former case. Unlike PPIVB, PPIAB significantly reduced the likelihood of further aggressions within the group, suggesting that they work at an immediate level. Our data also suggest that bystanders decide when a peaceful contact may be too risky; in fact, neither PPIAB nor PPIVB occurred after high‐intensity aggressions. Am. J. Primatol. 70:949–955, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Factors affecting fecal glucocorticoid levels in semi‐free‐ranging female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx)
Authors: Setchell Joanna M , Smith Tessa , Wickings E Jean , Knapp Leslie A 
Published: July 2008

AbstractSubordinate female cercopithecine primates often experience decreased reproductive success in comparison with high‐ranking females, with a later age at sexual maturity and first reproduction and/or longer interbirth intervals. One explanation that has traditionally been advanced to explain this is high levels of chronic social stress in subordinates, resulting from agonistic and aggressive interactions and leading to higher basal levels of glucocorticoids. We assessed the relationships among fecal cortisol levels and reproductive condition, dominance rank, degree of social support, and fertility in female mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) living in a semi‐free‐ranging colony in Franceville, Gabon. Lower‐ranking females in this colony have a reproductive disadvantage relative to higher‐ranking females, and we were interested in determining whether this relationship between dominance rank and reproductive success is mediated through stress hormones. We analyzed 340 fecal samples from 19 females, collected over a 14‐month period. We found that pregnant females experienced higher fecal cortisol levels than cycling or lactating females. This is similar to results for other primate species and is likely owing to increased metabolic demands and interactions between the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis, estrogen, and placental production of corticotrophin releasing hormones during pregnancy. There was no influence of dominance rank on fecal cortisol levels, suggesting that subordinate females do not suffer chronic stress. This may be because female mandrills have a stable social hierarchy, with low levels of aggression and high social support. However, we found no relationship between matriline size, as a measure of social support, and fecal cortisol levels. Subordinates may be able to avoid aggression from dominants in the large enclosure or may react only transiently to specific aggressive events, rather than continuously expecting them. Finally, we found no relationship between fecal cortisol levels and fertility. There was no difference in fecal cortisol levels between conceptive and nonconceptive cycles, and no significant relationship between fecal cortisol level and either the length of postpartum amenorrhea or the number of cycles before conception. This suggests that the influence of dominance rank on female reproductive success in this population is not mediated through chronic stress in subordinate females, and that alternative explanations of the relationship between social rank and reproduction should be sought. Am. J. Primatol. 70:1023–1032, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Isotopic and dental evidence for infant and young child feeding practices in an imperial Roman skeletal sample
Authors: Prowse Tracy L. , Saunders Shelley R. , Schwarcz Henry P. , Garnsey Peter , Macchiarelli Roberto , Bondioli Luca 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThis study integrates isotopic, palaeopathological, and historical evidence to investigate infant and young child feeding practices in a Roman period (1st to 3rd centuries AD) skeletal sample from the Isola Sacra necropolis (Rome, Italy). Stable isotope analysis of bone collagen from 37 rib samples indicates that transitional feeding began by the end of the first year and weaning occurred by 2–2.5 years of age. Both δ15N and δ13C data clearly show the trophic level effect associated with breastfeeding. Childhood diet is investigated using dental pathology data in the deciduous dentitions of 78 individuals aged between 1 and 12 years. The presence of calculus, caries, and tooth wear in young children suggests that individuals were provided complementary foods and other items that impacted their dental health at an early age. The isotopic and dental data are generally consistent with the historical evidence from the Roman period with respect to the general timetable of weaning and the character of complementary foods. This is the first study to integrate isotopic and deciduous dental pathology data to explore infant and young child feeding practices in the Roman world. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Greater sciatic notch as a sex indicator in juveniles
Authors: Vlak Dejana , Roksandic Mirjana , Schillaci Michael A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractUsing Schutkowski's method for juvenile sex determination (Schutkowski H. 1993. Am J Phys Anthropol 90:199–205), we evaluated the morphology of the greater sciatic notch of 56 ilia (23 females and 33 males) from a documented skeletal collection housed at the Bocage Museum in Lisbon (Portugal). After applying Schutkowski's original methodology and comparing the results with previous studies, we used age‐adjusted metrical variables to describe greater sciatic notch depth, breadth, and angle. Although results of both morphological and metrical analyses did not reveal a statistically significant level of sexual analyses dimorphism, we found a strong correlation between pelvic morphology and age at death. On the basis of the obtained results, we argue that Schutkowski's morphological method does not predict sex accurately in all populations and that recorded correlation of iliac features with age needs to be further explored in the context of the ontogeny of sexual dimorphism. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dental crown size and sex hormone concentrations: Another look at the development of sexual dimorphism
Authors: Guatelli‐Steinberg Debbie , Sciulli Paul W. , Betsinger Tracy K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractPrevious researchers hypothesized that tooth types forming during early childhood should be less sexually dimorphic than those forming during later childhood, if sex hormone concentration differences between males and females increase progressively throughout childhood and can affect tooth size. Descriptive tooth size data have recently been cited in support of this hypothesis, particularly with respect to differences in sexual dimorphism among the tooth types of tooth classes. The present study tests this hypothesis for the mesiodistal dimension of human permanent teeth using published data for incisor, premolar, and molar tooth classes from seven diverse populations. The sample size for each tooth type per population was at least 50. This study also tests a modification of this hypothesis which takes into account the postnatal testosterone surge in males and the low levels of sex hormones in both sexes prior to puberty. Predictions are developed for both the original and modified hypotheses. The “D” statistic, the total area of nonoverlap between the phenotypic distributions of males and females, is used to quantify sexual dimorphism. Comparison of D values for different tooth types within tooth classes across these seven populations does not strongly support either hypothesis. These results suggest that gross changes in sex hormone concentrations during development are not related to population‐wide patterns of sexual dimorphism among the tooth types of human permanent tooth classes, as recent studies indicate. This finding is consistent with other studies which suggest that sex hormones have only a minor role in generating crown size sexual dimorphism. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cheek pouch use, predation risk, and feeding competition in blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni)
Authors: Smith Lindsey W. , Link Andres , Cords Marina 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe adaptive function of cheek pouches in the primate subfamily Cercopithecinae remains unresolved. By analyzing the circumstances of cheek pouch use, we tested two hypotheses for the evolution of cercopithecine cheek pouches proposed in earlier studies: (1) cheek pouches reduce vulnerability to predation, and (2) cheek pouches increase feeding efficiency by reducing competition. We studied two groups of wild blue monkeys (Cercopithecus mitis stuhlmanni) in the Kakamega Forest, Kenya, conducting focal observations of feeding individuals. Monkeys were less exposed while emptying their cheek pouches than filling them, supporting the predation‐avoidance hypothesis. We investigated several measures of competitive threat, but only one supported the competition‐reduction hypothesis: when the nearest neighbor's rank increased, subjects were more likely to increase than to decrease cheek pouch use. Overall, our findings supported the predation‐avoidance hypothesis more strongly than the competition‐reduction hypothesis. We suggest that variation in cheek pouch use may reflect differing behavioral strategies used by cercopithecines to mitigate competition and predation, as well as factors such as resource size and distribution, home range size, and travel patterns. Am J Phys Anthropol 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modern humans are not (quite) isometric
Authors: Sylvester Adam D. , Kramer Patricia A. , Jungers William L. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAllometric relationships are important sources of information for many types of anthropological and biological research. The baseline for all allometric relationships is isometry (or geometric similarity), the principal that shape is invariant of size. Here, we formally test for geometric similarity in modern humans, looking at the maximum lengths of four long bones (humerus, radius, femur, and tibia). We use Jolicoeur's multivariate allometry method to examine globally distributed samples of human populations, both collectively and individually. Results indicate that humans are not geometrically similar, although morphological deviations from isometry are small. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Basics in paleodemography: A comparison of age indicators applied to the early medieval skeletal sample of Lauchheim
Authors: Wittwer‐Backofen Ursula , Buckberry Jo , Czarnetzki Alfred , Doppler Stefanie , Grupe Gisela , Hotz Gerhard , Kemkes Ariane , Larsen Clark Spencer , Prince Debbie , Wahl Joachim , Fabig Alexander , Weise Svenja 
Published: July 2008

AbstractRecent advances in the methods of skeletal age estimation have rekindled interest in their applicability to paleodemography. The current study contributes to the discussion by applying several long established as well as recently developed or refined aging methods to a subsample of 121 adult skeletons from the early medieval cemetery of Lauchheim. The skeletal remains were analyzed by 13 independent observers using a variety of aging techniques (complex method and other multimethod approaches, Transition Analysis, cranial suture closure, auricular surface method, osteon density method, tooth root translucency measurement, and tooth cementum annulation counting). The age ranges and mean age estimations were compared and results indicate that all methods showed smaller age ranges for the younger individuals, but broader age ranges for the older age groups. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic history of Southeast Asian populations as revealed by ancient and modern human mitochondrial DNA analysis
Authors: Lertrit Patcharee , Poolsuwan Samerchai , Thosarat Rachanie , Sanpachudayan Thitima , Boonyarit Hathaichanoke , Chinpaisal Chatchai , Suktitipat Bhoom 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe 360 base‐pair fragment in HVS‐1 of the mitochondrial genome were determined from ancient human remains excavated at Noen U‐loke and Ban Lum‐Khao, two Bronze and Iron Age archaeological sites in Northeastern Thailand, radio‐carbon dated to circa 3,500–1,500 years BP and 3,200–2,400 years BP, respectively. These two neighboring populations were parts of early agricultural communities prevailing in northeastern Thailand from the fourth millennium BP onwards. The nucleotide sequences of these ancient samples were compared with the sequences of modern samples from various ethnic populations of East and Southeast Asia, encompassing four major linguistic affiliations (Altaic, Sino‐Tibetan, Tai‐Kadai, and Austroasiatic), to investigate the genetic relationships and history among them. The two ancient samples were most closely related to each other, and next most closely related to the Chao‐Bon, an Austroasiatic‐speaking group living near the archaeological sites, suggesting that the genetic continuum may have persisted since prehistoric times in situ among the native, perhaps Austroasiatic‐speaking population. Tai‐Kadai groups formed close affinities among themselves, with a tendency to be more closely related to other Southeast Asian populations than to populations from further north. The Tai‐Kadai groups were relatively distant from all groups that have presumably been in Southeast Asia for longer‐that is, the two ancient groups and the Austroasiatic‐speaking groups, with the exception of the Khmer group. This finding is compatible with the known history of the Thais: their late arrival in Southeast Asia from southern China after the 10th–11th century AD, followed by a period of subjugation under the Khmers. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Der Weg zu nichtenzymatischen molekularen Netzwerken
Authors: Dadon Zehavit , Wagner Nathaniel , Ashkenasy Gonen 
Published: July 2008

AbstractDieser Kurzaufsatz gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Konstruktion und der Analyse von chemischen Systemen, die templatgelenkte autokatalytische und kreuzkatalytische Vorgänge als Mittel zum Verknüpfen dynamisch wechselwirkender Moleküle einsetzen. Dabei werden synthetische Netzwerke aus zwei bis neun replizierenden Einheiten erörtert, und es wird gezeigt, dass bei größeren Systemen mehr katalytische Wege beeinflusst werden müssen, um die Gesamttopologie des Netzwerks und die Funktionalität der einzelnen Einheiten oder Unternetzwerke zu beherrschen. Die Zellbiochemie ist ein Beispiel für ein natürliches funktionales molekulares Netzwerk. Synthetische selbstorganisierte Netzwerke können zusätzliche Modelle für komplexere Systeme bereitstellen.
Study of epoxy toughened by in situ formed rubber nanoparticles
Authors: Ma Jun , Mo Mao‐Song , Du Xu‐Sheng , Dai Shao‐Rong , Luck Ian 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe effect of rubber nanoparticles on mechanical properties and fracture toughness was investigated. Rubber nanoparticles of 2–3 nm were in situ synthesized in epoxy taking advantage of the reaction of an oligomer diamine with epoxy. The chemical reaction was verified by gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and 1HNMR, and the microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscope. The rubber nanoparticles caused much less Young's modulus deterioration but toughened epoxy to a similar degree in comparison with their peer liquid rubber that formed microscale particles during curing. Fifteen wt % of rubber nanoparticles increased fracture energy from 140 to 840 J/m2 with Young's modulus loss from 2.85 to 2.49 GPa. The toughening mechanism might be the stress relaxation of the matrix epoxy leading to larger plastic work absorbed at the crack tip; there is no particle cavitation or deformation; neither crack deflection nor particle bridging were observed. The compound containing rubber nanoparticles demonstrates Newtonian liquid behavior with increasing shear rate; it shows lower initial viscosity at low shear rate than neat epoxy; this provides supplementary evidence to NMR and GPC result. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Carboxymethyl tamarind: Synthesis, characterization and its application as novel drug‐delivery agent
Authors: Pal Sagar , Sen G. , Mishra S. , Dey R. K. , Jha U. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCarboxymethylated tamarind (CMT) has been synthesized by reacting tamarind kernel powder (TKP) with sodium salt of monochloro acetic acid (SMCA) in the presence of sodium hydroxide. This new material was characterized by a variety of materials characterization techniques, namely intrinsic viscosity measurement, FTIR spectroscopy, 13C NMR spectra, thermal studies (TGA and DTA), static light scattering (SLS) technique for determination of weight average molecular weight and elemental analysis (C, H, N and O). The material thus developed was studied for its suitability as a matrix for controlled drug delivery. The kinetics of Drug release was also undertaken. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effects of a Hindered Amine Stabilizer (HAS) on radiolytic and thermal stability of poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Aquino Katia Aparecida S. , Araujo Elmo S. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractCommercial Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) containing Tinuvin 622, a Hindered Amine Stabilizer (HAS), in 0.3% (wt/wt) concentration was investigated. The samples were irradiated with gamma radiation (60Co) at room temperature in air. The viscosity‐average molecular weight (Mv) was analyzed by viscosity technique. Both control PMMA (without HAS) and PMMA + 622 (with HAS) showed a decrease in molecular weight with the increase in dose, reflecting the random scissions that occurred in the main chain. The G value (scissions/100 eV of energy transferred to the system) was also obtained by viscosity analysis. G value results showed that the addition of Tinuvin 622 into the PMMA matrix significantly decreased the number of scissions/100 eV at dose range of 0–60 kGy. Analysis of infrared spectra showed a decrease in the carbonyl index (CI) in irradiated samples. However the CI decrease was found lower for PMMA + 622 than for control PMMA sample. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that maximum decomposition temperature of additive PMMA is 42°C higher than control PMMA for unirradiated system. On the other hand this difference is not significant in irradiated systems at 60‐kGy irradiation dose. The activation energy of the thermal degradation of PMMA was 165 kJ/mol, this activation energy increased 60 kJ/mol when Tinuvin 622 was added to PMMA matrix. Therefore Tinuvin 622 is a suitable radiostabilizing agent for commercial PMMA in a 0–60 kGy dose interval. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008