bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROactive 06: cost‐effectiveness of pioglitazone in Type 2 diabetes in the UK
Authors: Valentine W. J. , Bottomley J. M. , Palmer A. J. , Brändle M. , Foos V. , Williams R. , Dormandy J. A. , Yates J. , Tan M. H. , Massi‐Benedetti M. ,   on behalf of the PROactive Study Group
Published: June 2007

AbstractAims  To determine the cost‐effectiveness of adding pioglitazone to existing treatment regimens in patients with Type 2 diabetes with a history of macrovascular disease who are at high risk of further cardiovascular events.Methods  We conducted two analyses. A within‐trial cost‐effectiveness analysis (CEA) based on data from the PROspective pioglitAzone Clinical Trial In macroVascular Events (PROactive) Study was performed to estimate the impact of additional pioglitazone treatment on life expectancy, quality‐adjusted life expectancy (QALE) and macrovascular events. PROactive data was then used as a basis for a lifetime modelling analysis using a modified version of the validated CORE diabetes model that simulated the same outcomes over a 35‐year time horizon. We accounted for direct medical costs from a health‐care payer perspective and related these to the clinical outcomes from the study. Costs and benefits were discounted at 3.5% per annum and extensive sensitivity analyses were performed to account for uncertainty in input parameters.Results  (i) Within‐trial CEA: compared with placebo, pioglitazone was associated with improved life expectancy (undiscounted 0.0109 years), increased QALE [0.0190 quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs)] and slightly higher costs (£102 per patient). After a mean treatment period of 3 years, the incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) of pioglitazone vs. placebo was £5396 per QALY gained. The ICERs were relatively insensitive to cost and utility values and were most sensitive to event rates in the pioglitazone arm. (ii) Long‐term CEA: pioglitazone was associated with improvements in clinical outcomes based on model projections beyond the PROactive Study. Patients treated with pioglitazone could expect improved life expectancy (undiscounted 0.406 years), increased QALE (0.152 QALYs) and higher costs of care (£619 per patient) compared with those on existing treatment alone. The base case analysis indicated that the ICER of pioglitazone vs. placebo was £4060 per QALY gained. The cost‐effectiveness acceptability curve showed there was an 84.3% likelihood that pioglitazone would be considered cost‐effective in the UK using a willingness‐to‐pay threshold of £30 000 per QALY gained. These long‐term results were most sensitive to variation in the time horizon, the duration of cardiovascular benefit of pioglitazone, and changes in mortality rates.Conclusions  The addition of pioglitazone to existing therapy in patients with Type 2 diabetes at high risk of further cardiovascular events is cost‐effective and represents good value for money by currently accepted standards in the UK.
Teaching & Learning Guide for: Asking New Questions about the Partition of the Indian Subcontinent
Authors: Khan Yasmin 
Published: June 2007

Focus Questions

Why have historians found it difficult to integrate the history of Partition’s extraordinary violence into the political narrative?
In Salman Rushdie’s novel Shame, about Pakistan, he writes, ‘Perhaps the place was just insufficiently imagined . . .’ What does he mean by this and would you agree with his analysis?

Author Recommends * Ayesha Jalal and Sugata Bose, Modern South Asia: History, Culture, Political Economy (Routledge: 1997), chapters 16 and 17.An excellent overview of modern South Asian history by the most prominent authors working in the field which gives an impressive and succinct account of the major events leading up to 1947 and also analyses the ongoing repercussions of memories and meanings of Partition for South Asians. Includes an annotated bibliography. * Urvashi Butalia, The Other Side of Silence (Hurst: 2000).A moving and important set of oral accounts with Partition survivors and eye witnesses from Punjab, conducted over ten years; Butalia was one of the first to call for the history of violence and dislocation to be prioritised, but is also critical of ‘conventional’ historical methodology which has written ordinary people out of the story of 1947. * Mohammad Mahbubar Rahman and Willem Van Schendel ‘I am Not a Refugee: Rethinking Partition Migration’Modern Asian Studies, 37/3 (2003): 551–584.An important intervention in the historiography; this challenges the Punjabi‐centrism of many elite Partition narratives by focusing on poor Bengali migrants in the porous Bengal borderlines. This article argues for a rethinking of Partition’s scope and extent and also challenges the paradigm of ‘victimhood’ by examining the resilience and enterprise with which Bengali refugees remade their lives. * Swarna Aiyar‘August Anarchy: The Partition Massacres in Punjab, 1947’ in D. A. Low and H. Brasted (eds.), Freedom, Trauma, Continuities: Northern India and Independence (Sage: 1998), 15–38. Also reprinted in South Asia, 22 (special issue, 1999):155–65.This article rethinks the ways in which Partition violence was carried out in Punjab and draws attention to the role of militia groups and demobilized soldiers in the killings. It paints a convincing picture of Punjab in 1947 while also raising new questions about the relationship between politics and violence more broadly.Online Materials 1. South Asia Citizens Web http://www.sacw.net/partition/ A very useful page of full text links to a wide range of Partition‐related material maintained by Harsh Kapoor for the South Asia Citizen’s Web. 2. BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/south_asia/1751044.stm A BBC timeline with photographs and audio links to the speeches of Indian and British leaders at the time of Independence.
Negative Feedback Loop in the Bim–Caspase-3 Axis Regulating Apoptosis and Activity of Osteoclasts
Authors: Wakeyama Hidetoshi , Akiyama Toru , Takahashi Katsuhiko , Amano Hitoshi , Kadono Yuho , Nakamura Masaki , Oshima Yasushi , Itabe Hiroyuki , Nakayama Keiichi I , Nakayama Keiko , Nakamura Kozo , Tanaka Sakae 
Published: June 2007

Abstract
Proapoptotic Bcl-2 family member Bim plays an essential role in the osteoclast apoptosis and is degraded through ubiquitin/proteasome pathways in a caspase-3–dependent manner. This negative feedback loop in the Bim–caspase-3 axis is important for regulating the survival and activity of osteoclasts.
Introduction: Bim is a member of the proapoptotic Bcl-2 family and regulates the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway. Bim expression is post-translationally regulated in osteoclasts (OCs) through ubiquitin/proteasome pathways, and Bim is critical for their survival and activity.
Materials and Methods: Time-course of change in the expression of Bim in the course of OC apoptosis was examined, and the effect of various proteinase inhibitors on the degradation of Bim was analyzed. The role of caspase-3 and caspase-7 on Bim degradation was studied using RNA interference technique and caspase-3−/− mice.
Results: Bim was degraded after caspase-3 activation, which was suppressed by a caspase inhibitor and a proteasome inhibitor. Bim degradation was suppressed by gene knockdown of caspase-3 or in caspase-3−/− OCs but not by caspase-7 knockdown. OCs generated from caspase-3−/− bone marrow cells exhibited a shorter life span and higher bone-resorbing activity than normal OCs. Association of Bim with E3 ubiquitin ligase c-Cbl was suppressed by gene knockdown of caspase-3 or in caspase-3−/− OCs. Actin ring formation and cathepsin K expression were promoted in caspase-3−/− OCs.
Conclusions: Caspase-3 negatively regulates Bim expression by stimulating its degradation through ubiquitin/proteasome pathways, thus creating a negative feedback loop in the Bim–caspase axis.
Beyond the Shadow
Authors: Gillman Laura 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis essay examines racial scripts as indicators of differentiated gender–race formations, expressed through a double-voiced discourse. White feminists deploy scripts to disaffiliate from a universalized gender but at the same time deny racial difference in order to maintain a coherent narrative of oppression based on gender. Feminists of color, on the contrary, adopt a double-voiced discourse in order to dismantle a false unity that depends on discursive processes of exclusion of a racialized ‘other.’ The implementation of a ‘conjunctural approach,’ one that systematically brings together intersectionality and whiteness studies frameworks as well as the scripts they generate, models a critical pedagogy that exposes race–gender constitution as a relational dynamic, characterized by racialized discursive struggle. The intentional juxtaposition of incompatible perspectives and political commitments that emerge in real-lived interactions enhances our understanding of how power accrues, how it is contested, and how it can be dismantled within feminist thought and practices.
Novel preparation and mechanical properties of rigid polyurethane foam/organoclay nanocomposites
Authors: Xu Zhongbin , Tang Xiling , Gu Aijuan , Fang Zhengping 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA novel method for preparing rigid polyurethane (PU) foam/organoclay nanocomposites was developed through the direct incorporation of an organoclay into PU foam matrices without the addition of any physical or chemical blowing agent. The resultant foams with an appropriate content of the organoclay had a finer cell structure than the pristine PU foams because the organoclay not only acted as a nucleating agent as expected but also acted as a blowing agent of the PU foams; this could be attributed to the bound water between the interlayers of the organoclay. In addition, the incorporation of the organoclay up to 4 phr resulted in improvements in the tensile and compressive strengths, with the maximum values appearing at 2 phr (110 and 152%, respectively). The significant improvement in the mechanical properties could be attributed to the finer cell structure and the increased internal strength of the materials due to the higher degree of hydrogen bonding. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Evidence for the Mode of Action of the Highly Cytotoxic Streptomyces Polyketide Kendomycin
Authors: Elnakady Yasser A. , Rohde Manfred , Sasse Florenz , Backes Christina , Keller Andreas , Lenhof Hans‐Peter , Weissman Kira J. , Müller Rolf 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe macrocyclic polyketide kendomycin exhibits antiosteoporotic and antibacterial activity, as well as strong cytotoxicity against multiple human tumor cell lines. Despite the promise of this compound in several therapeutic areas, the cellular target(s) of kendomycin have not been identified to date. We have used a number of approaches, including microscopy, proteomics, and bioinformatics, to investigate the mode of action of kendomycin in mammalian cell cultures. In response to kendomycin treatment, human U‐937 tumor cells exhibit depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane, caspase 3 activation, and DNA laddering, consistent with induction of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. To elucidate possible apoptotic triggers, DIGE and MALDI‐TOF were used to identify proteins that are differently regulated in U‐937 cells relative to controls. Statistical analysis of the proteomics data by the new web‐based application GeneTrail highlighted several significant changes in protein expression, most notably among proteasomal regulatory subunits. Overall, the profile of altered expression closely matches that observed with other tumor cell lines in response to proteasome inhibition. Direct assay in vitro further shows that kendomycin inhibits the chymotrypsin‐like activity of the rabbit reticulocyte proteasome, with comparable efficacy to the established inhibitor MG‐132. We have also demonstrated that ubiquitinylated proteins accumulate in kendomycin‐treated U‐937 cells, while vacuolization of the endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial swelling are induced in a second cell line derived from kangaroo rat epithelial (PtK2) cells, phenotypes classically associated with inhibition of the proteasome. This study therefore provides evidence that kendomycin mediates its cytotoxic effects, at least in part, through proteasome inhibition.
Glycosylations Directed by the Armed‐Disarmed Effect with Acceptors Containing a Single Ester Group
Authors: Schmidt Thomas H. , Madsen Robert 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA selective glycosylation reaction controlled by the armed‐disarmed effect is described by the use of phenyl thioglycosides. The donor thioglycoside is fully protected with benzyl ethers while the acceptor thioglycoside contains benzyl ethers at position 2 and 3 and a strongly electron‐withdrawing pentafluorobenzoate ester group at position 6. The coupling can be performed with galactose, glucose, mannose, and phthalimide‐protected glucosamine to afford the corresponding 1,4‐linked disaccharides in good yield. These disaccharides can act as glycosyl donors for an additional coupling reaction in the same pot if another acceptor and more promoter are added. In this way, two consecutiveglycosylations can be achieved to afford trisaccharides in one operation. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of Mercury Fulminate (Knallquecksilber)
Authors: Beck Wolfgang , Evers Jürgen , Göbel Michael , Oehlinger Gilbert , Klapötke Thomas M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA short survey on the fascinating history of mercury fulminate is given. The crystal structure of Hg(CNO)2 has been determined using single crystal X‐ray diffraction. Mercury fulminate crystallizes in an orthorhombic cell, space group Cmce with a = 5.3549(2), b = 10.4585(5), c = 7.5579(4) Å and Z = 4. The distances and angles in the O‐N≡C‐Hg‐C≡N‐O molecule are Hg‐C 2.029(6) Å, C≡N 1.143(8) Å, N‐O 1.248(6) Å and C‐Hg‐C 180.0(1)°, Hg‐C≡N 169.1(5)°, C≡N‐O 179.7(6)°. Each mercury atom is surrounded by two oxygen atoms from neighbouring Hg(CNO)2 molecules with a nonbonding distance of Hg···O 2.833(4) Å. The Hg‐C bond lengths in the linear Hg(CNO)2 molecules are shorter than those in the tetrahedral complex [Hg(CNO)4]2−. This refers to a large contribution of the 6s orbital in the Hg‐C bonds of Hg(CNO)2. The results of the X‐ray powder investigation on Hg(CNO)2 are also reported.
Syntheses, Crystal Structures, and Optical and Magnetic Properties of Some CsLnCoQ3 Compounds (Ln = Tm and Yb, Q = S; Ln = Ho and Yb, Q = Se)
Authors: Chan George H. , Sherry Leif J. , Van Duyne Richard P. , Ibers James A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe four new compounds CsTmCoS3, CsYbCoS3, CsHoCoSe3, and CsYbCoSe3 have been synthesized at 1123 K. These black‐colored isostructural compounds crystallize in the KZrCuS3 structure type with four formula units in space group Cmcm of the orthorhombic system. The structure of these compounds is composed of layers separated by Cs atoms. Because there are no Q–Q bonds, the formal oxidation states of Cs/Ln/Co/Q are 1+/3+/2+/2−, respectively. CsHoCoSe3 shows paramagnetic behavior with μeff = 11.9(1) μB, whereas CsYbCoS3 displays an antiferromagnetic‐like transition at ∼2.7 K with μeff = 5.85(1) μB. Both CsYbCoS3 and CsYbCoSe3 exhibit optical band gaps in the near infrared region and broad absorption bands at lower energies.
Schools do Make a Difference
Authors: Chapman B.L.M. 
Published: June 2007

Summary A recent re‐analysis of a large data base relating to ‘O’ level achievement in England is revealing significant school effects which could not have been disclosed by the more conventional procedure of multiple regression analysis.These effects are due to strong interaction between variables and they present schools characteristics not so much as factors which elevate or depress achievement but as agents which aggregate or disperse achievement scores about the group mean.This implies that school process is uniquely and strongly associated with enhanced achievement among certain well‐defined subsets of pupils but that grouping within schools is such as to nullify any overall effect.
Progression Through School: a study of the school careers of secondary modern girls
Authors: Lomax Pamela 
Published: June 2007

AbstractIn this paper a new approach to the study of organisations is suggested, one that focuses on the organisation in terms of the meaning that organisation members find within it. In the following account I have used this approach to examine school from the pupil's perspective. The major concepts that are employed are career, career segment and career pattern. The term ‘career’ is open to objection because of possible ambiguity. It is, however, a convenient term and no difficulty should be caused if it is borne in mind that it relates to what happens in the school and not what happens after. I have drawn on my own research at Rushel Secondary Modern School to illustrate the analysis.
Towards Effective Schools: problems and progress in British research
Authors: Gray John 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA number of recent studies have questioned the conclusion that ‘schools don ' t make a difference’. A brief review of earlier studies suggests a number of key questions which would result in significant increments to our knowledge and understanding of issues of school effectiveness. More recent studies are then examined in the light of these criteria and, in turn, suggest some further questions. It is argued that the research base for any conclusions about school effectiveness is weaker than previously thought but that, in general, the findings from all the studies are fairly consistent. Some suggestions for reanalysing existing studies and for extending the range of questions addressed are put forward.
Rasch‐Fitting
Authors: Bryce T.G.K. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAn analysis is made of Goldstein's contention that the assumptions and rationale of the Rasch model render it unsuitable for routine educational assessment. The argument hinges on the mechanisms underlying item discrimination and the certainty with which response patterns may be said to reflect mental processes. Consequently, the relationship between the homogeneity of test items and the dimensionality of ability is examined from a theoretical and an empirical stance. Evidence concerning the nature of good‐ and ill‐fitting SCE O‐grade physics items is provided and, at least in the circumstances studied, item‐failure found to be a reflection of discrepancies between teaching and testing. In so far as we have evidence concerning the dimensions of ability, or take practical steps to ensure their reflection in item responses, the rejection of items in a Rasch analysis will lead to more homogeneity (where this refers to content coverage) and not to less heterogeneity (where this refers to the abilities tapped by items). Thus far, the case against Rasch‐scaling is argued to be unduly pessimistic.
The Construct Validity of some Certificate of Secondary Education Biology Examinations: the evidence from factor analysis
Authors: Hoste Roland 
Published: June 2007

AbstractFactor analysis of a number of Certificate of Secondary Education (CSE) examinations showed that tests of practical biology loaded significantly on the same factor as biology theory papers. When a fictitious correlation matrix was factored it was necessary for the correlation between tests of practical and theoretical biology to fall to about 0.17 before the two separate tests of biological ability appeared as distinct constructs. It is concluded that the examinations studied were not adequately distinguishing practical biology from theoretical biology. All assessments appeared to be testing a general factor which might be related either to general ability, or to a specific biological ability.
Active Tutorial Work, Discussion and Educational Research
Authors: Hutchinson Barry 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe use of classroom discussion healthily remains on the agenda of concerns of teachers and of educational researchers. What is not often considered is the relationship between the kind of dialogue which researchers engage in with teachers, and the kind of dialogue teachers engage in with their pupils. This paper explores the relationships between different kinds of research and their implications for the practice of discussion. In this exploration the nature of discussion itself is examined; a Gadamarian account of it is provided; and the way in which this can contribute to the improvement of discursive practice is illustrated.
Research Partnership and an Issues Framework: a review of the methodology of an overarching project on competence funded by the Further Education Unit and the Training Agency
Authors: Haffenden Ian , Blackman Shane , Brown Alan 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reports on the structure and the methodology of a national overarching project funded by the Training Agency and the Further Education Unit. The project sought to investigate the impact and implications of competence‐led curricula in the further education sector in England and Wales. The article outlines how the project evolved through a two‐phase process, the research methodology adopted and the management approach applied. Finally, the paper outlines the alternative dissemination strategies that have been utilised in phase two of the project in an attempt to satisfy the needs of a range of audiences. In conclusion, the paper identifies that the ‘teacher‐as‐researcher’ approach, which has been advanced so successfully in schools, needs now to be applied more explicitly within the context of further education.
The Profession of Educational Research
Authors: Gipps Caroline V. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper argues that educational research and policy‐making is in crisis: centrally funded research is subject to increasing intervention and restrictions on reporting; research findings are misreported in the press; and the policy‐making process has become truncated ignoring discussion, debate and research evidence. Furthermore the direction in which current reforms are taking education is contrary to the style of curriculum, learning and assessment that is needed to produce resourceful, active learners for the twenty‐first century. The author calls on researchers to continue to work with teachers in support of a worthwhile educational enterprise, urges researchers to continue to strive to publish their findings and to work together within BERA to move forward in the hostile climate.
Teachers' Careers and Comprehensive School Closure: policy and professionalism in practice
Authors: Riseborough George F. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis paper presents tape‐recorded material obtained from ethnographic interviews conducted with two secondary school teachers in an urban working‐class school. It illustrates how their careers were made and unmade during a particular historical moment, exploring the experience of the closure of a comprehensive school in the context of falling rolls and monetarist state policy. The collapse of their (and others') vertical, horizontal and moral careers is presented. The teachers' crises of motivation are outlined, together with the practical accomplishment of transfer to other schools within the authority. In conclusion, the social class position of these teachers is explored—whether their experience pushed them ideologically and culturally closer to their students and the working class, and away from the New Right state and its policy.