bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Real-Time Precipitation Estimation Based on Index Station Percentiles*
Authors: Tang Qiuhong , Wood Andrew W. , Lettenmaier Dennis P. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Operational hydrologic models are typically calibrated using meteorological inputs derived from retrospective station data that are commonly not available in real time. Inconsistencies between the calibration and (generally sparser) real-time station datasets can be a source of bias, which can be addressed by expressing real-time hydrological model forcings (primarily precipitation) as percentiles for a set of index stations that report both in real time and during the retrospective calibration period, and by using the real-time percentiles to create adjusted precipitation forcings. Although hydrological model precipitation forcings typically are required at time steps of one day or shorter, percentiles can be calculated for longer averaging periods to reduce the percentile estimation errors. The authors propose an index station percentile method (ISPM) to estimate precipitation at the models input time step using percentiles, relative to a climatological period, for a set of index stations that report in real time. In general, this approach is most appropriate to situations in which the spatial correlation of precipitation is high, such as cold season rainfall in the western United States. The authors evaluate the ISPM approach, including performance sensitivity to the choice of percentile estimation period length, using the Klamath River basin, Oregon, as a case study. Relative to orographically adjusted interpolation of the real-time index station values, ISPM gives better estimates of precipitation throughout the basin. The authors find that ISPM performs best for percentile estimation periods longer than 10 days, with diminishing returns for averaging periods longer than 30 days. They also evaluate the performance of ISPM for a reduced station scenario and find that performance is relatively stable, relative to the competing methods, as the number of real-time stations diminishes.
Family Caregiving in Bipolar Disorder: Caregiver Consequences, Caregiver Coping Styles, and Caregiver Distress
Authors: Goossens P.J.J. , Van Wijngaarden B. , Knoppert-Van Der Klein E.A.M. , Van Achterberg T. 
Published: July 2008

Aims: This study investigated the consequences caregivers of outpatients with bipolar disorder are confronted with, the distress they experience and their coping styles. Methods: Caregivers ( n = 115) were asked to complete the Involvement Evaluation Questionnaire (IEQ) to measure caregivers' consequences, the Utrecht Coping List (UCL) to measure caregivers' coping styles, and the 12-item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) to measure caregiver distress. Scale (sub)scores were calculated and relationships between the results were explored. Results: Caregiver consequences were found to be limited, although approximately 30% reported distress. Male caregivers used a more avoiding coping style and undertook activities to provide diversion. Female caregivers used a less active approach and sought less social support. Correlations were found between the IEQ overall score and its subscales `tension' and `worrying' and the UCL subscales `palliative reaction pattern' and `passive reaction pattern'. Distress appears to occur more often in caregivers who report more consequences, tend to use a more avoiding coping style, and have a more passive reaction pattern. Conclusions: Clinicians should assess symptoms of caregiver distress. When caregiver distress is noticed, efforts should be undertaken to support the caregiver and teach them skills to cope effectively with the consequences they experience in order to stay well.
The Value of Routine Outcome Measurement for Consumers of Mental Health Services: Master or Servant?
Authors: Happell Brenda 
Published: July 2008

Background: Standardized instruments have been introduced for routine use within Victorian mental health services. The aim of routine outcome measurement (ROM) is to ensure the highest standard of service delivery as demonstrated through quality and accountability processes. Aims: The aim is to determine the extent to which ROM measure against the 12 principles of outcome measurement described by Smith et al. (1997). Method: The three ROM currently used in Victoria were critiqued according to the 12 principles, with the support of a review of the literature regarding outcome measurement. Results: Of the 12 principles articulated, nine are not met by ROM currently used in Victoria. Only one is fully met, one partially met and one cannot be conclusively decided either way in light of current knowledge. Conclusions: ROM currently utilized in Victoria do not reflect the areas considered of most relevance and importance to consumers of mental health services. Priority should therefore be given to developing an alternative consumer-derived approach to determining the effectiveness of mental health services according to those most affected by them.
Stalking Behaviour By Patients Towards Psychiatrists in a Large Mental Health Organization
Authors: Mcivor Ronan J. , Potter Laurence , Davies Lisa 
Published: July 2008

Background: Mental health professionals are at greater risk than the general population of being stalked, particularly by patients. Aims: To assess the prevalence of stalking behaviour by patients towards psychiatrists and ascertain patient characteristics. Method: Semi-structured questionnaire to all psychiatrists ( n = 324) working in a large mental health organization. Results: The response rate was 61% ( n = 198). Forty-one doctors (21%) reported having been stalked by patients, the majority being consultants ( n = 31; 76%). No sub-speciality was over-represented. Most stalkers ( n = 24; 59%) were male with a diagnosis of personality disorder (39%) or major mental illness (34%). Duration of stalking ranged from several weeks to 16 years, and most commonly occurred at work. On average, victims experienced two types of inappropriate contact. Physical threats were made against 14 psychiatrists (34%). Conclusions: Stalking by patients towards psychiatrists is common and represents an important occupational risk. Formal training programmes and policy development within healthcare organizations may help manage risk.
Whose Life Am I Living? Relatives Living in the Shadow of Depression
Authors: Stjernswärd Sigrid , Östman Margareta 
Published: July 2008

Background: Families living with mental illness experience added burden and need information and support. Aim: This aim of this study was to explore the experiences of families living close to a depressed individual. Methods: Eighteen persons were interviewed individually or in focus groups. Data was analysed using a grounded theory-inspired methodology. Results: Most participants expressed a feeling of not living their own life, struggling to balance relationships, adapting to and re-evaluating their life circumstances, and struggling to voice their ill relatives' and their own needs. Conclusions: More can be done to help and sustain hope in the relatives of persons with depression.
Ethical conduct and the nurse ethnographer: consideration of an ethic of care
Authors: Griffiths Pauline 
Published: July 2008

Abstract During an ethnographic study of an Acute Medical Admissions Unit, informed consent was not obtained from some patient informants despite research proposals to various research committees stating that it would. The ethical judgement was made that not to seek informed consent was in the best interests of patients who were very ill or distressed and that to insist on informed consent would have been potentially harmful to these patients. Drawing on my experiences of collecting data whilst holding the dual roles of researcher and nurse, I argue that contextual moral judgements can enhance ethical decisions in the field and further that rigid adherence to formal bio-medical ethical guidance can lead to inappropriate ethical actions. Importantly, the ethnographer must be able to articulate arguments that reflect the contextual nature of ethical decision-making to powerful gatekeepers, such as research committees. If this does not happen then challenges to the dominance of deontological-rationalist ethics will not occur and researchers may be drawn to the use of less ethically demanding data collection methods. Drawing on insights from literature that considers feminist ethics, and in particular the concept of an ethic of care, justification for my ethical conduct whilst in the field is presented.
Ethnomethodological ethnography and its application in nursing
Authors: Harper Phil 
Published: July 2008

Abstract This paper examines the use of a qualitative research methodology, ethnomethodological ethnography that has had little application within nursing, whether in the United Kingdom or elsewhere. This methodology is concerned with describing how members of a social group perceive, define and classify the ways that they perform their daily activities and what meanings they assign to these activities. Ethnomethodological ethnography analyses the everyday methods people use to construct and sustain the typical activities in their cultural world, that is, their ‘sense assembly equipment’. This enables them to act in ways that are congruent with their culturally learnt attitudes. Although this paper focuses on describing ethnomethodological ethnography, examples of its use in a study of nursing practice are provided from a doctoral study that explored the everyday methods military nurses used to rationalise their post-operative pain assessment decisions. From the experiences of this study, it is argued that ethnomethodological ethnography is a valuable methodology for investigating how nurses rationalise their decisions within nursing practice.
Protections Et Statut D'auteur À L'époque Moderne: Formes Et Enjeux Des Pratiques de Patronage Dans La Querelle Du Cid (1637)
Authors: Haddad Déborah Blocker et Elie 
Published: July 2008

Protections et statut d'auteur à l'époque moderne: Formes et enjeux des pratiques de patronage dans la querelle du Cid (1637)
Dans l'historiographie du patronage, le regard est habituellement focalisé en France sur les relations entre les littérateurs et l'Etat monarchique. La querelle du Cid invite néanmoins à prendre en compte l'ensemble des protections parmi lesquelles les auteurs se mouvaient. Les trajectoires des homme de lettres qui y participèrent ne peuvent en effet se comprendre sans faire intervenir (1) les relations entre auteurs et troupes de théâtre, (2) celles entre ces auteurs et les espaces de sociabilités qu'ils fréquentaient et (3) celles qu'ils nouaient avec des aristocrates qui n'étaient pas nécessairement insérés dans l'appareil monarchique. Une telle perspective éclaire la variété des parcours de ceux dont la principale compétence était alors l'écriture. Ces hommes trouvaient en effet l'aide de protecteurs de statut très divers, en fonction d'imaginaires de la protection où l'accession à la noblesse, réelle ou symbolique, occupait une place centrale. Et l'écriture, comme pratique, s'insérait de manière très différente dans leurs projets sociaux respectifs.
Protection and Status of the Author in the Modern Era: Forms and Stakes of Patronage Practices in the Quarrel of Le Cid (1637)
In the historiography of patronage in France, the focus has generally been on protection granted by the king and members of his government. However, the quarrel over Corneille's play Le Cid shows the need to factor in the entire network of patronage that early modern French writers cultivated. To understand properly the social positions of these writers, one must consider their relationships with (1) the troupes for which they wrote, (2) the social circles that they frequented, and (3) the various aristocratic patrons who were not necessarily a part of the king's closest circle of councillors. This perspective highlights how varied the social trajectories of these writers actually were. Indeed, they often sought the protection of individuals of very diverse social status, according to an understanding of patronage in which the accession to nobility, whether real or symbolic, played a crucial role. And writing, as a practice, occupied a very different place in their respective social projects.
“Les Garçons Et Les Filles Sont Pêle-Mêle Dans L'école”: Gender and Primary Education in Early Modern France
Authors: Carter Karen E. 
Published: July 2008

“Les garçons et les filles sont pêle-mêle dans l'école”: Gender and Primary Education in Early Modern France
Most historians have treated the education of boys and girls in early modern France separately, emphasizing that girls rarely received primary education. Evidence presented in this article demonstrates that in the dioceses of Reims, Châlons-sur-Marne, and Auxerre, boys and girls in rural areas regularly attended the same community-supported primary schools, or petites écoles, and that these schools grew significantly during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Because both boys and girls needed the religious education that the petites écoles provided, parents and community leaders ignored the wishes of both the king and the bishops and sent children of both sexes to the same schools. The core of primary education—reading and catechism—was essentially the same for boys and girls, and few children of either sex learned to write, suggesting the need for increased attention to the relationship between gender, religion, and the definition and measurement of literacy.
« Les garçons et les filles sont pêle-mêle dans l'école »: Les sexes et l'éducation primaire au début de la France moderne
Les éducations reçues par les garçons et les filles au début de la France moderne ont été examinées séparément par la majorité des historiens, qui soulignent le fait que les filles recevaient rarement une éducation primaire. Les documents consultés pour cet article démontrent qu'au sein des diocèses de Reims, Châlons-sur-Marne et Auxerre, les garçons et les filles des régions rurales se retrouvaient souvent dans les mêmes petites écoles, et que ces petites écoles connurent une croissance considérable pendant les dix-septième et dix-huitième siècles. Puisque les filles comme les garçons avaient besoin d'éducation religieuse, les parents et les dirigeants de la communauté envoyaient les deux sexes aux petites écoles, passant outre à la volonté exprimée par le roi et les évêques. Le noyau de l'éducation primaire, c'est-à-dire, la lecture et le catéchisme, était essentiellement le même pour les garçons et les filles, et peu d'enfants apprirent à écrire, suggérant la nécessité d'une plus grande attention à comment s'imbriquent la relation entre les deux sexes, la religion et la définition et l'évaluation de l'alphabétisme.
The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914
Authors: Chrastil Rachel 
Published: July 2008

The French Red Cross, War Readiness, and Civil Society, 1866–1914
The French Red Cross contributed to a fundamental increase in civilians' perceived responsibilities regarding advance war preparation during the early Third Republic. In the 1880s, after a mediocre contribution to the Franco-Prussian War, the French Red Cross began to play a prominent role in French civil society. It occupied an ambiguous space between the state and private citizens, becoming increasingly linked over the decades to the army's Service de Santé. The Nancy committee in particular illuminates these issues, as well as the periphery's relationship to the center in this hierarchical organization.
La Croix rouge française, les préparatifs de guerre et la société civile, 1866–1914
Pendant les premières décennies de la Troisième République, la Croix rouge française contribua à une augmentation significative des responsabilités qu'on donnait aux civils dans les préparatifs de guerre. Suite à une participation plutôt médiocre à la Guerre de 1870, la Croix rouge française a commencé à jouer un rôle important dans la société civile pendant les années 1880. Occupant une place ambiguë, entre l'Etat et les citoyens, la Croix rouge s'incorporait de plus en plus au service de Santé. Le comité de Nancy est un cas exemplaire, et illumine aussi la relation entre les marges et le centre de cette organisation hiérarchique.
Wine and Women: Grape Growers and Pulperas in Mendoza, 1561–1852
Authors: Lacoste Pablo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This article examines the role of entrepreneurial women in colonial Mendoza, a trade and transport center characterized by wine production. In other economic activities, such as cattle raising and transportation, female ownership of the local means of productions was practically nonexistent. Women were increasingly important in the cultivation of vineyards and in the production and selling of wine in taverns and stores (pulperías). This development was brought about by three factors: first, Hispanic ideology allowed women a privileged space in the cultivation of vineyards, as is illustrated in Fray Luis de León’s La perfecta casada (1583). Second, as a transportation center, Mendoza had many men who worked as muleteers, on wagon trains, and on cattle drives; their extended absences generated greater responsibilities and independence for women. Third, the example set by the first taverns and wineries in Mendoza created models for other women to pursue. For all these reasons, women took advantage of opportunities in vineyards and taverns, thus advancing their own economic and mental emancipation. This study is based on unpublished documents in the Archivo Histórico de Mendoza and the Archivo Nacional in Santiago, Chile.
The Marriage Penalty: Women, Property Rights, and Credit Markets in Yucatán, 1850 – 1900
Authors: Levy Juliette 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
This article addresses how marital property regimes acted as obstacles to the development of the Yucatán credit market. Marriage is a contract, and historically it carries with it significant financial corollaries. Dowries, marital property regimes, and inheritance laws were all designed to support the economic instrument that marriage represented. There are many other ways in which marriage intersects with markets; this article assesses the role of property rights, and specifically, married women’s property rights, in the credit markets of nineteenth-century Yucatán.
Using mortgage contracts and probate records recorded by notaries, this article analyzes the participation of women in the local mortgage market, taking into account the legal context in which it developed, and explains how legal tradition and civil codes contributed to the distortions that affected women in the local credit market. This article shows specifically that the analysis of women’s participation in economic markets in the nineteenth century must take their marital status into account, as well as the unequal legal position of husbands and wives under the laws of the time, and concludes that marital property rights, and by extension marriage, played an important and unexpected role in the region’s credit market.
Fluorescence Switching of a Diarylethene Derivative Having Oxazole Rings
Authors: Shibata Katsunori , Kuroki Lumi , Fukaminato Tuyoshi , Irie Masahiro 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
A diarylethene derivative, in which oxazole rings are attached to the ethene moiety at the 5-position, was synthesized, and its photochromic and fluorescent properties were examined. The derivative undergoes photochromism in solution and the open-ring isomer exhibits strong fluorescence. The fluorescence intensity was found to reversibly change along with the photochromism.
Niobium Oxides as Cathode Electrocatalysts for Platinum-free Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Ohnishi Ryohji , Takahashi Yohei , Takagaki Atsushi , Kubota Jun , Domen Kazunari 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Niobium oxides are shown to exhibit oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) activity with high onset potential (ca. 0.85 V vs. NHE) comparable to that for Pt-based catalysts along with excellent stability under acidic conditions.
Effect of Growth Temperature on the Shape and Crystallinity of Chemically Produced FePt Nanoparticles
Authors: Hachisu Takuma , Yotsumoto Takahiro , Sugiyama Atsushi , Iida Hironori , Nakanishi Takuya , Asahi Toru , Osaka Tetsuya 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
The process of preparation of FePt nanoparticles was investigated with emphasis on the effect of “growth temperature,” at which the atomic diffusion between Pt-rich and Fe-rich phases leads to the formation of uniform nanoparticles. Consequently, it was demonstrated that by controlling the growth temperature, the shape and crystallinity of FePt nanoparticles can be controlled. On the other hand, the size and composition were almost invariable at 5.6±0.5 nm and Fe53Pt47, respectively.
Platinum-catalyzed 1,4-Addition of Arylboronic Acids to β-Substituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones
Authors: Hayashi Tamio , Sasaki Keigo 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Platinum salts represented by K2PtCl4 were found to catalyze the 1,4-addition of arylboronic acids to β-substituted α,β-unsaturated ketones to give high yields of β-arylated ketones. The reaction is completed in 1 h in the presence of 1 mol % of the catalyst in dioxane/H2O at 70 °C.
An Efficient Method for Aromatic Friedel–Crafts Acylation Reactions
Authors: Khodaei Mohammad Mehdi , Bahrami Kiumars , Shahbazi Fomeida 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Friedel–Crafts acylation of aromatic compounds was carried out using FeCl3-based ionic liquid. This liquid serves as an efficient media as well as a Lewis acid catalyst. The significant advantages of this methodology are excellent yields, short reaction times, mild reaction conditions, environmentally friendly method, simple work-up procedure, low cost, and easy preparation and handling of the catalyst.
Fused Five-membered Porphyrin for Dye-sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Hayashi Shinya , Matsubara Yusuke , Eu Seunghun , Hayashi Hironobu , Umeyama Tomokazu , Matano Yoshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi 
Published: July 2008

Abstract
Fused five-membered zinc porphyrin carboxylic acid has been synthesized to improve light-harvesting capability in the visible and near-infrared regions. The fused porphyrin-sensitized TiO2 cell exhibited the photocurrent generation extending over 800 nm, although the power conversion efficiency was found to be moderate (0.30%).
Variability in longitudinal cerebrospinal fluid tau and phosphorylated tau measurements
Authors: Verwey Nicolaas A. , Bouwman Femke H. , van der Flier Wiesje M. , Veerhuis Rob , Scheltens Philip , Blankenstein Marinus A. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract: The influence of assay variation and duration of storage on changes in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of tau and phosphorylated (P)-tau with time was evaluated in 112 patients with various neurological disorders.: These patients (aged 66±9 years, 52% male), referred to our memory clinic, underwent two spinal taps (mean interval 19 months) and the baseline samples were assayed twice in a sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA): once after the first spinal tap (A1) and once in a separately stored aliquot (A2) simultaneous with the follow-up sample (B).: Coefficients of variances (CVs) of tau and P-tau levels determined in repeated spinal taps (ΔB–A2) measured in one assay (10.9% and 7.6%) were lower (p<0.01) than the CVs observed in two different (ΔB–A1) assays (16.5% and 11.7%). The CVs of tau and P-tau measurement of one CSF sample repeated on two occasions (ΔA1–A2) were 12.3% and 8.6%. A difference in mean P-tau level was found if the same CSF samples were repeatedly measured in two different ELISAs (A1–A2).: Longitudinal CSF tau and P-tau are best measured in one assay resulting in a lower variability compared to measurement in two different assays. The within person variability in levels of these markers currently limits the use of these ELISAs in a longitudinal clinical setting.Clin Chem Lab Med 2008;46:1300–4.