bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparisons of Methyl Bromide Fumigation with Other Ways of Minimizing the Incidence of Tomato Brown Root Rot
Authors: Last F. T. , Cole J. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn an experiment in an unheated glasshouse in which tomatoes were picked for about four months, yields from annually cropped soils decreased from 4.48 to 2·71 kg/plant when soil remained untreated for a second year, the decrease being associated with increasing attack by Pyrenochaeta hcopersici. Partial sterilization in 1966 with chloro‐Plcrin or methyl bromide decreased brown root rot (BRR) in previously untreated soil from 60 per csnt to 11 and 12 per cent and increased yields from 2·71 to 4·96 and 4·30 kg/plant respectively. Yields were unaffected when soils, fumigated with methyl bromide in 1965. were partially sterilized with chloropicrin or methyl bromide in 1966. When cylinders of soil 0·23 m diameter and 0·23 m deep, at planting sites within untreated plots were replaced with heat sterilized soil, BRR decreased from 60 to 11 per cent and yields increased from 2·71 to 3·70 kgplant. This effect was attributed to delayed infection of older roots within the sterilized soil, because the slow growing P. lycopersici had to extend further from surrounding infestations. The largest yields (c. 5·85 kg/plant) were obtained, irrespective of soil treatment, from cv. Potentate tomatoes grafted to KN rootstocks resisting P. lycopersici.
Incidence of Cereal Rusts in Cultivar Trials, 1958–67
Authors: Doling D. A. , Dodson J. K. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYWheat yellow rust was found to be the most frequent and serious rust in cereal trials during the period 1958–67. Barley yellow rust, particularly on spring sown trials, was the next most frequent rust. The other rusts, brown rust and black stem rust on wheat, brown rust on barley and crown rust on oats occurred infrequently and at low intensity.Brown rust and black stem rust of wheat and brown rust on barley occurred mainly in the south of the country whilst crown rust on oats was of importance only at the trial centre in the south‐west.Weather conditions during and immediately after harvest, August‐October, seem to be of prime importance in influencing epidemics of yellow rust. But meteorological factors during other seasons of the year may modify the severity of epidemics. Wet, cool and cloudy conditions during the harvest and post‐harvest period appear to be a pre‐requisite of severe yellow rust on wheat.
Oat Mosaic Virus
Authors: Catherall P. L. , Hayes J. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA soil‐borne virus with rod‐shaped particles (700–750 × 12 nm) was isolated from oats. It was transmitted with difficulty by sap inoculation to oats, but not to nine other species of Gramineae nor to Chenopodium amaranticolor. Two distinct strains of the virus were found; one causing chlorotic or ash‐grey eyespots with dark green centres to appear on the basal portion of the oldest leaves and the other a general mottling of the upper portion of the youngest leaves. It is concluded that the virus is similar to, and probably identical with, oat mosaic virus in the United States.
The Effects of Known Amounts of γ‐BHC and Organophosphorus Seed Dressings on Growth of Wheat Seedlings and on Attack by Larvae of Wheat Bulb Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata (Fall.))
Authors: Griffiths D. C. , Scott G. C. , Maskell F. E. , Mathias P. L. , Roberts P. F. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYSix trials were done during three years (1966–69) in eastern England to study how known amounts of insecticidal seed dressings affect the growth of winter wheat and the severity of attack by wheat bulb fly larvae. In the first two years γ‐BHC dry dressing was applied to seeds previously treated with a liquid organomercury fungicide, but in the third year seeds were dressed with powders containing fungicide mixed with the insecticides γ‐BHC, chlorfenvinphos or ethion. Analysis using gas liquid chromatography showed that the ethion+ fungicide dressing stuck to the seeds much better than the chlorfenvinphos+fungicide dressing or either formulation of γ‐BHC. Some ethion, γ‐BHC and chlorfenvinphos later fell off the seeds, the exact amount depending on the method of drilling. Small amounts of insecticide, less than about 10μg/seed of γ‐BHC or less than about 15μg/seed of the organophosphorus compounds, were ineffective against wheat bulb fly. Increasing amounts of all three insecticides progressively decreased the percentage of damaged shoots and the percentage of plants with live larvae, but more of the organophosphorus insecticides, especially of ethion, was generally needed to give the same protection as γ‐BHC. No seed treatment damaged seedlings in trials on peaty loams or sandy clay loams, but seeds dressed with the standard amount of liquid organomercury fungicide and several different amounts of γ‐BHC dry dressing germinated poorly in the sandy loam soils.
Infection of Chrysanthemum Flowers by White Rust (Puccinia horiana Henn.)
Authors: Dickens J. S. W. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA description is given of white rust infection of the florets of cv. Yellow Delaware which is believed to be the first record of flower infection by this rust. Microscopic development of the fungus in the ray florets is described in Yellow Delaware, a cultivar susceptible to leaf infection, and in Apricot Princess Anne, a cultivar which has shown no leaf symptoms in tests in England. In the latter cultivar, fungal development was limited and associated with necrotic flecking.
The Reaction of Spring Wheat Cultivars infected with Black Rust (Puccinia graminis Pers.) in Glasshouse Tests, 1963–1968
Authors: Doodson J. K. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNineteen spring wheat cultivars were tested for their reaction to isolates of black stem rust in glasshouse tests over a period of six years at the N.I.A.B. The various criteria assessed were incorporated into a relative infection index (RII) and cultivars grouped according to their relative resistance. Only one cultivar, Caesar, showed resistance to infection; the remainder were moderately susceptible or very susceptible.The test results are in fair agreement with the results from natural infections in field cultivar trials.
Resistance to the Cream and White Potato Cyst Nematodes
Authors: Howard H.W. , Fuller J. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA recently discovered source of resistance in Solanum tuberosum ssp. andigena (the cultivated Andigena potatoes) was tested against populations of potato cyst nematodes known to produce many cysts on clones such as Maris Piper which have the H1 resistance gene. One clone of this new source possessed two genes for resistance (H1 and H3); another only the H3 gene. The clone with genes H1 and H3 was resistant to all the populations. The clone with gene H3 only was resistant to many populations but was susceptible to others, including a golden nematode (so‐called pathotype A) population. There was an indication that some populations contained a mixture of potato cyst nematode species.
The Sources and Development of Potato Blight in Kent 1966–69
Authors: Cragg I. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe National Forecasting Scheme for potato blight control had not been successful in the Romney Marsh area of Kent for many years.Hygrothermographs sited over a small but uniform topographical area showed marked variation in the occurrence of Beaumont periods indicating a probable reason for the frequent failure of the National Warning Scheme when applied to this area.A modified blight spray programme for Romney Marsh was devised in which spray timings are based primarily on the growth stage of the crop.A nine‐spray trial showed that blight can be controlled in the Romney Marsh and an economic return produced.
Irrigation as a Practical Means to Control Potato Common Scab (Streptomyces scabies)
Authors: Lapwood D. H. , Wellings L. W. , Hawkins J. H. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIrrigation in 1970 at Gleadthorpe E.H.F. increased potato yields and, when given from the time of tuber initiation, controlled common scab on the susceptible cultivars King Edward, Majestic and Record. Pentland Crown had little scab with or without irrigation. It was the driest May and June since 1934 and there was already a soil moisture deficit (S.M.D.) of 1.8 in. (46 mm) at tuber initiation by King Edward and when water was first given. Subsequently irrigation at 0.6 in. (15 mm) or 0.8 in. (20 mm) S.M.D. was more effective than 1.5 in. (38 mm) or 2.25 in. (57 mm) S.M.D. in controlling scab, and more effective at 0.6 in. S.M.D. when maintained for 4 wk than for 2 wk.Irrigation at 0.6 in. S.M.D. for 4 wk increased the weight of premium (Table Grade) potatoes by respectively, 16, 12, 13 and 12 tons/acre (40, 30, 32.6 and 30 t/ha) for King Edward, Majestic, Record and Pentland Crown.Tubers developed slowly in unirrigated plots both in volume and in the rate that eyes separated. King Edwajd produced more tubers per plant than Majestic; irrigation did not increase tuber numbers.
Comparison of Fungicides for suppressing Ascospore Production by Ventmia inaequalis(Cke.) Wint.
Authors: Burchill R. T. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPost‐harvest applications of relatively low concentrations of benomyl (0.0125 per cent a. i.), phenylmercuric chloride (0.005 per cent), thia‐ bendazole (0.0125 per cent a.i.) and triarimol (0.003 per cent a.i.) were effective in preventing the production of perithecia of Venturia inaequalis. Urea (5 per cent) was also effective. Phenylmercuric chloride was the only chemical effective as a spring application in preventing the release of ascospores.
Evaluation of Three Fungicides and one Systemic Insecticide for Control of Red Core of Strawberry
Authors: MONTGOMERIE Isabel G. , Kennedy D. M. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe prophylactic properties of Bayer 22555 (1,000 p.p.m. a.i.), beno‐ myl (333 p.p.m. and 1,000 p.p.m. a.i.), FUN 52.133 (160 p.p.m. and 320 p.p.m. a.i.) and the insecticide Du Pont 1410 (20 p.p.m. and 80 p.p.m. a.i.) were assessed in a pot experiment using pure culture inoculum of Phytophthora fragariae. Bayer 22555 applied either as a drench or as a dust resulted in a significant decrease in the percentage of infected roots. The effects with and differences between the other chemicals were non‐significant.
Control of Stem Nematode (Ditylenchus dipsaci) attacking Onions by Aldicarb and Dazomet in Sandy Loam
Authors: Whitehead A. G. , Tite D. J. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn a field trial in Bedfordshire, England, in 1970–71 aldicarb at 2–8 lb a.i./acre (2·2–9·0 kg/ha) and dazomet at 196–784 lb a.i./acre (220–879 kg/ha) significantly increased the yield of onions (cv. Robusta) in irrigated sandy loam inoculated with Ditylenchus dipsaci (stem nematode). Aldicarb and dazomet prevented D. dipsaci injuring onion bulbs, but yields were greater from treating with dazomet than with aldicarb, probably because dazomet made more nitrogen available to the crop and aldicarb damaged the seedlings.
The Use of Insecticidal Seed Dressings as a Means of Decreasing a Population of Wheat Bulh Fly (Leptohylemyia coarctata(Fall.))
Authors: Dixon G. M. , Rogerson J. P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAn attempt was made in 1968 to reduce a wheat bulb fly population in a field in northern England by means of insecticidal seed dressings on early and late‐sown winter wheat. Ethion seed dressing reduced plant and shoot attack and also decreased the number of larvae within the plants on the late‐sown plots but not on the early‐sown. Chlorfenvin‐ phos seed dressing had no significant effect on either sowing. It is concluded that the control of wheat bulb fly populations by the use of these seed dressings on wheat crops in the previous year is not a promising means of control.
A Necrotic Disease of Tulip Caused by Tomato Bushy Stunt Virus
Authors: Mowat W. P. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAn isolate of tomato bushy stunt virus was obtained from a tulip plant affected by a necrotic disease. The isolate differs from the type strain in virulence in some experimental hosts, and serologically is more closely related to a pelargonium leaf curl strain than to the type strain. When transmitted manually to tulip plants, both the tulip isolate and the type strain of tomato bushy stunt virus produced leaf symptoms indistinguishable from those caused by tobacco necrosis virus, but the tomato bushy stunt isolates had effects on the flowers different from those caused by tobacco necrosis virus.
Weather Conditions and Spore Trap Catches of Barley Mildew
Authors: Smith L. P. , Davies R. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYExamination of the trap catches of barley mildew spores at Hatching Green (1971), Wellesbourne (1970 and 1971) and Paddington (1961–1970), and analysis with respect to meteorological data, indicate an increase of catch with wind strength in the vicinity of the sources; at greater distances strong winds will decrease the catch. Spore catches increase rapidly with day maximum temperatures above about 19°C (66°F) but reach a maximum in the vicinity of 24°C (75°F). The effect of an adjacent winter barley crop is discussed.
The Identification of a New Physiologic Race of Puccinia striiformis Westend. causing Yellow Rust of Wheat, 1971
Authors: Chamberlain N. H. , Smith Julia C. , Doodson J. K. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe name 43 E138 is proposed for a new race of wheat yellow rust identified from two samples collected in South‐east Scotland in 1971. With the appearance of a new virulence gene in the pathogen population there are now no commercially grown cultivars which are resistant at the seedling stage to all races of the pathogen in the U.K.
Biology, Damage and Control of Rosy Rnstic Moth, Hydraecia micacea (Esp.), on Hops
Authors: French N. , Ludlam F. A. B. , Wardlow L. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe biology and importance of rosy rustic moth as a pest of hops was studied during 1967–72 in Kent.First larvae were found inside hop bines between 19 April and 7 May and they normally tunnelled in the pith of bines until June; thereafter they attacked the subterranean crown and roots. Sometimes bine tunnelling did not occur before subterranean feeding. Pupae occurred in soil near damaged hills during July and August. The earliest pupa was found on 29 June 1967. Eggs collected in September and overwintered in a Stevenson screen hatched in early May in the subsequent year.Larval damage occurred more frequently in weedy gardens and was most severe on headlands. Some gardens were regularly damaged each year. Two DDT sprays applied on 6–7 May and 16–18 May gave good control of larvae. Generally, less effective control was obtained with fenitrothion, azinphos‐methyl and methidathion. On a headland where six per cent of bines were tunnelled, larvae were controlled with three DDT sprays and the yield of hops was increased 2·5 cwt/acre (314 kg/ha). Symptoms of Fusarium canker were found in a larger proportion of tunnelled bines than in undamaged bines.
The Effects of Prophylactic Spray Programmes on the Control of Pre‐ and Post‐harvest Diseases of Strawberry
Authors: Jordan V. W. L. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYPre‐harvest treatments of strawberry plants with benomyl, MBC, thiabendazole and thiophanate‐methyl, significantly reduced mildew on leaves and fruit, and all, with the exception of thiabendazole, significantly reduced pre‐ and post‐harvest botrytis fruit rot. The incidence of post‐harvest fruit rot caused by Rhizopus spp., however, was greater on all treated plants than on those receiving no fungicide.
Distribution of Potato Mop‐top Virus in Scotland in Relation to Soil and Climate
Authors: Cooper J. I. , Harrison B. D. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYAlthough more than half the potato stocks examined seemed free of potato mop‐top virus (PMTV), infection was found in 66 cultivars. In the field, up to 48 per cent of plants in a stock were affected, and in the store up to 38 per cent of tubers. PMTV‐infested fields occurred in 13 Scottish counties on several types of both freely drained and imperfectly drained soil. The occurrence of the virus seems unrelated to accumulated temperature but is strongly related to annual rainfall. Little PMTV occurred where the rainfall was less than 30 in. (760 mm) but its prevalence increased with increase of rainfall from 30 to 45 in. (760 to 1,140 mm) and above 45 in. the probability of infection was great.
The Effect of Plant Parasitic Nematodes, Rainfall and Other Factors on Docking Disorder of Sugar Beet
Authors: Cooke D. A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn the years 1963 to 1972 the area of sugar beet in England reported affected with Docking disorder ranged from 174 to 7,819 ha. The disorder was most widespread after heavy May rainfall. Trichodorus spp. and Longidorus spp., which cause the primary damage to seedling roots, were common in sites prone to the disorder and surveyed between 1968 and 1971. Nematode numbers in soil samples taken from these sites at drilling could not be correlated with subsequent yield or root shape. Of the surveyed sites, 104 showed no symptoms of Docking disorder (average root yield=44·5 tonnes/ha), 44 showed symptoms early in the season but these disappeared later (average root yield=34·5 tonnes/ha) and 40 showed persistent symptoms (average root yield=27·0 tonnes/ha). Root shape was worst in sites with persistent symptoms. Docking disorder was impossible to predict accurately because the damage is influenced by growing conditions but it was more likely to be severe in fields with a previous history of the disorder.
Observations on Saddle Gall Midge (Haplodiplosis equestris (Wagn.)) in Eastern England
Authors: Woodville H. C. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYData comparing the amount of infestation in eastern England on wheat, barley and oats by saddle gall midge are given for the years from 1967 to 1972. The level of infestation decreased in 1971 and 1972. The changes in the numbers of overwintering larvae in several fields, with their cropping, are recorded. In 1971 and 1972 the first adult was trapped on 18 and 19 May respectively; the peak flights occurred on 31 May 1971 and on 11 June 1972. It was not possible to obtain an overall relationship between the amount of galling and yield. It is suggested that the individual effects of the many factors which can affect yield can only be assessed from detailed experiments.In a small‐scale trial in 1972, a fenitrothion spray applied in June prevented galling of barley.
The Persistence of Potato Cyst Eelworm (Heterodera pallida Stone) under Different Non‐host Regimes
Authors: Stone L. E. W. , Webley D. P. , Lewis Serfiah , Evans Elizabeth B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYMicroplots were used to measure the rate of decline of potato cyst eelworm from 1961 to 1967 under different non‐host regimes. No differences in decline rate were found, but the overall decline rate was lower than expected, possibly due to the species present.
Cool Storage of Some Parasites Used for Pest Control in Glasshouses
Authors: Scopes N. E. A. , Biggerstaff S. M. , Goodall D. E. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe effect on adult emergence of storing the pupae of Encarsia formosa Gahan, Aphidius matricariae Haliday and Aphelinus fiavipes Kurdjumov at various temperatures has been investigated.Some E. formosa pupae survived storage at 10°C for periods of 41–50 days but survival was, at best, 30 per cent. Storage at lower temperatures is impracticable. After storing pupae at 13°C for 20 days before transferring them to 22°C, adult emergence was 68 per cent.Lower temperature storage of pupae of Aphidius matricariae was possible. Following the return of the pupae to 22°C after 30 days’ storage at 4 or 7°C, adult emergence was 80 and 92 per cent respectively. When the pupae were kept continuously at 4°C, 41 per cent survived and produced adults after 42–52 days.Storage of Aphelinus fiavipes pupae was tested down to 7°C. After 30 days at this temperature, adult emergence was 75 per cent when the pupae were transferred to 22°C. However, only 4 per cent survived storage when the pupae were transferred to 22°C after 83 days.Humidity did not affect the survival or emergence of the parasites. Prehminary tests with E. formosa and Aphidius matricariae showed no adverse effects on fecundity.
The Reaction of Eleven Genotypes of Lolium perenne to British and New Zealand Strains of Gloeotinia temulenta
Authors: SPROULE T. R. M. , FAULKNER J. S. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA method involving induced infections is being used to breed for resistance to Gloeotinia temulenta in Lolium pererme. Resistance has been found to vary in a quantitative manner which is repeatable from year to year, but is not specific to strains of the pathogen from particular geographical areas, although these strains differ in their overall aggressiveness.Any cultivar of L. perenne selected by this method is likely to be resistant throughout the world.
Colorado Beetles Reported in England and Wales, 1973
Authors: SEYMOUR P. R. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYIn 1973, 103–108 adults of the Colorado beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say), were found, of which 51 were alive. This is the largest annual total for 20 years. Details of these finds are presented. The outstanding feature is the large number (74–79) associated with French wheat.
Effect of Nitrogen Nutrition of the Host on Barley Powdery Mildew
Authors: BAINBRIDGE A. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe number of mildew infections, pustule growtk ard conidia production were all increased by giving more nitrogen to barley plants in pots. Thus, independent of any effect of increased plakt growth on atmospheric humidity in a crop, nitrogen supply could directly influence the speed of disease development.
Evaluation of Potential Molluscicides for the Control of the Field Slug, Agriolimax reticulatus (Müll.)
Authors: SYMONDS B. V. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYNine candidate molluscicides were compared with methiocarb and metaldehyde in tests against the field slug, Agriolimax reticulatus (Müll.), in the laboratory and in small plot tests under glasshouse and field conditions. The candidate chemicals comprised two organo‐phosphates and seven carbamates. A mixture of one of the carbamates and metaldehyde was also tested. Formulations included pellets, granules and wettable powders. Only WL21959 (S‐2‐cyanoethyl N‐[(methyl carbamoyl) oxy] thioacetimidate) was more effective than proprietary pellets of metaldehyde or methiocarb. In field trials, pellets of WL 21959 at 5 kg/ha consistently caused the highest slug mortality; a wettable powder formulation was also effective under ideal conditions. In laboratory experiments, WL 21959 was active as a seed treatment for slug control in wheat. The effects of the chemicals on earthworms in field trials were also recorded. WL 21959, particularly the granular formulation, was the most toxic to earthworms.
The Effect on Verticillium Wilt of Strawberries of Plant Spacing, Fertilizer Application and Defoliation
Authors: WILLIAMS HEDLEY 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYThe incidence of verticillium wilt in strawberries was markedly affected not only by cultivar, but by plant spacing, defoliation in the previous year, and fertilizer application. It is suggested that a closer study of these and other components of the environment might lead to a more satisfactory means of control than is at present available.
Strawberry Latent Ringspot Virus In Glasshouse Roses
Authors: SWEET J. B. 
Published: April 2007

SUMMARYA study of 16 glasshouse rose crops in five Lee Valley nurseries revealed infections of strawberry latent ringspot virus (SLRV) in six crops and arabis mosaic virus (AMV) in one crop. Virutiferous Xiphinema spp. were detected in the soil of four of the 16 crops. Virus was not isolated from rose rootstock species and young nursery plants being propagated for rose crop production. It was concluded that Xiphinema was probably primarily responsible for the initial infection of subsequent rose crops with SLRV and the spread of the virus within a crop.