bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of analgesia resulting from extracorporeal shock wave therapy and radial pressure wave therapy in the limbs of horses and sheep
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Sonea Iona M. , Evans Richard B. , Yaeger Michael J. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To identify the duration and potential
mechanisms of analgesia following extracorporeal
shock wave therapy (ESWT) and radial pressure wave
therapy (RPWT) in limbs of horses and sheep.

Animals—6 horses and 30 sheep.

Procedure—An electrical stimulus was used to identify
the nociceptive threshold for each horse daily for
3 days before treatment (baseline) with ESWT or
RPWT, 8 hours after treatment, and at 24-hour intervals
for 7 days after treatment. Testing was conducted
for the treatment field (midmetacarpus or
midmetatarsus) and nerve field (medial and lateral
forelimb heel bulbs) distal to a treatment site that
included the nerve on the abaxial surface of the proximal
sesamoid bone. All 4 limbs of 30 sheep were
treated with ESWT, RPWT, or a sham treatment. Two
sheep were euthanatized daily and tissue harvested
for histologic evaluation of nerves, and concentrations
of substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide
were measured in the skin and periosteum.

Results—Values did not differ significantly between
baseline and after treatment for the treatment field or
nerve field sensation. There was a large difference in
the slope when data for horses were plotted for the
first 3 days after treatment, compared with the slope
for days 4 to 7 after treatment. No differences were
found in neuropeptide concentrations after treatment
of the sheep, but there was an inflammatory
response in the treated nerves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A small cutaneous
analgesic effect may exist at the treatment site
for approximately 3 days after ESWT or RPWT in
horses. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1702–1708)
Use of corrosion casting techniques to evaluate coronary collateral vessels and anastomoses in hearts of canine cadavers
Authors: Noestelthaller Arne , Probst Alexander , Koenig Horst E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To study and investigate branching patterns
of the canine coronary arteries and collateral
circulation by use of corrosion casting techniques.

Sample Population—31 hearts obtained from cadavers
of clinically normal dogs of various ages and
breeds and of either sex.

Procedure—3-dimensional reproduction of coronary
arteries was achieved by postmortem injection and
perfusion with casting materials into the aortic sinus
via the ascending aorta. Perfused hearts were macerated
and carefully irrigated; the air-dried specimens
were examined macroscopically and with a magnifying
headset.

Results—Collateral arteries and inter- and intra-arterial
anastomoses were successfully detected in 8
corrosion cast specimens. In total, 9 coronary collateral
arteries and 3 interarterial anastomoses were
found.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our finding of
coronary collateral arteries in canine hearts is in
agreement with recent findings in coronary flow
study. On the basis of our results, vasodilation treatment
to improve collateral vessel remodeling in dogs
with myocardial dysfunction may be warranted. (Am J
Vet Res 2005;66:1724–1728)
Effects of osteogenic inducers on cultures of canine mesenchymal stem cells
Authors: Volk Susan W. , Diefenderfer David L. , Christopher Scott A. , Haskins Mark E. , Leboy Phoebe S. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To examine age-related efficacy of bone
morphogenetic protein (BMP)-2, ascorbate, and
dexamethasone as osteogenic inducers in canine
marrow-derived stromal cells (MSCs).

Sample Population—Samples of femoral bone marrow
obtained from 15 skeletally immature (< 1 year
old) and 4 skeletally mature (> 1.5 years old) dogs.

Procedure—First-passage canine MSC cultures were
treated with 100 µg of ascorbate phosphate/mL,
10–7M dexamethasone, 100 ng of BMP-2/mL, or a
combination of these osteoinducers. On day 6, cultures
were harvested for quantitation of alkaline phosphatase
(ALP) activity and isolation of RNA to prepare
cDNA for real-time polymerase chain reaction analyses
of osteoblast markers.

Results—Early markers of osteogenesis were
induced in canine MSCs by BMP-2 but not dexamethasone.
In young dogs, the combination of BMP-
2 and ascorbate yielded the highest ALP mRNA concentrations
and activity. This combination also
induced significant increases in mRNA for osteopontin
and runt-domain transcription factor 2. In comparison
to MSCs from immature dogs, those from
mature dogs had diminished ALP activity in response
to BMP and ascorbate. Results for cultures treated
with 3,4-dehydroproline suggested that ascorbateinduced
production of extracellular matrix was important
for maximal BMP-2 response in canine MSCs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—BMP-2 was
capable of inducing markers of osteogenesis in shortterm
cultures of canine MSCs. In MSCs obtained
from skeletally immature dogs, ascorbate was
required for maximal effects of BMP. These results
define optimal conditions for stem cell osteogenesis
in dogs and will facilitate development of stem
cell–based treatments for dogs with fractures. (Am J
Vet Res 2005;66:1729–1737)
Computed tomography and cross-sectional anatomy of the brain in clinically normal dogs
Authors: De Rycke Lieve M. , Gielen Ingrid M. , Meervenne Sofie A. Van , Simoens Paul J. , Bree Henri J. van 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To provide a detailed anatomic description
of brain structures in clinically normal dogs by
means of computed tomography (CT).

Animals—4 clinically normal adult German Shepherd
Dogs weighing 30 to 35 kg.

Procedure—Each dog was anesthetized and positioned
in ventral recumbency for CT examination of
the brain; transverse scans were completed at 2-mm
intervals from the cribriform plate of the ethmoid
bone to the cranial part of the atlas by use of a thirdgeneration
CT scanner. Contrast material was injected
IV, and a second series of scans was completed.
Images (with or without contrast) from all dogs were
reviewed by use of a soft tissue setting (window
width, 150 Hounsfield units; window level, 50
Hounsfield units). One of the dogs was euthanatized,
and a 3.5% formaldehyde solution was perfused via
the common carotid arteries. After fixation, the brain
was embedded in gelatin and sectioned into 5-mm thick
transverse sections by use of a stainless-steel
knife. Anatomic sections were photographed and
compared with the corresponding CT views.

Results—Most features of the brain that were identified
on anatomic sections could be identified on the
corresponding CT scans despite the low contrast
between structures, particularly if adjacent bony and
soft tissue structures were used as landmarks.
Additional anatomic structures surrounding the brain
were also identifiable on the CT images.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Images
obtained in this study could be used as a guide for
evaluation of CT images of the brain in dogs with
brain diseases. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66;1743–1756)
Evaluation of the concentration of marbofloxacin in alveolar macrophages and pulmonary epithelial lining fluid after administration in dogs
Authors: Boothe Harry W. , Jones Sarah A. , Wilkie W. Scott , Boeckh Albert , Stenstrom Kristol K. , Boothe Dawn M. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine concentrations of marbofloxacin
in alveolar macrophages (AMs) and epithelial
lining fluid (ELF) and compare those concentrations
with plasma concentrations in healthy dogs.

Animals—12 adult mixed-breed and purebred
hounds.

Procedure—10 dogs received orally administered marbofloxacin
at a dosage of 2.75 mg/kg every 24 hours for
5 days. Two dogs served as nontreated controls.
Fiberoptic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage
procedures were performed while dogs were anesthetized
with propofol, approximately 6 hours after the
fifth dose. The concentrations of marbofloxacin in plasma
and bronchoalveolar fluid (cell and supernatant fractions)
were determined by use of high-performance liquid
chromatography with detection of fluorescence.

Results—Mean ± SD plasma marbofloxacin concentrations
2 and 6 hours after the fifth dose were 2.36 ±
0.52 µg/mL and 1.81 ± 0.21 µg/mL, respectively.
Mean ± SD marbofloxacin concentration 6 hours after
the fifth dose in AMs (37.43 ± 24.61 µg/mL) was significantly
greater than that in plasma (1.81 ± 0.21
µg/mL) and ELF (0.82 ± 0.34 µg/mL), resulting in a
mean AM concentration-to-plasma concentration
ratio of 20.4, a mean AM:ELF ratio of 60.8, and a
mean ELF-to-plasma ratio of 0.46. Marbofloxacin was
not detected in any samples from control dogs.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Marbofloxacin
concentrations in AMs were greater than the mean
inhibitory concentrations of major bacterial pathogens
in dogs. Results indicated that marbofloxacin accumulates
in AMs at concentrations exceeding those
reached in plasma and ELF. The accumulation of marbofloxacin
in AMs may facilitate treatment for susceptible
intracellular pathogens or infections associated
with pulmonary macrophage infiltration. (Am J Vet Res
2005;66:1770–1774)
Evaluation of intra- and interobserver reliability and image reproducibility to assess usefulness of high-resolution ultrasonography for measurement of anterior segment structures of canine eyes
Authors: Bentley Ellison , Miller Paul E. , Diehl Kathryn A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the usefulness of high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) for measurements of anterior segment structures in canine eyes.Animals—4 clinically normal Beagles.Procedure—Images were obtained from 8 eyes with a handheld 20-MHz transducer. Eleven anterior segment structures on each image were measured 5 times by 2 independent observers. Coefficients of variation (CVs) for measurements were used to assess intraobserver reliability. Interobserver reliability was assessed by comparing measurements obtained by the 2 observers from the same images. Five images were sequentially obtained from 2 locations (ie, superior and temporal) to evaluate image reproducibility. Anterior segment structures were measured once on each image; image reproducibility was assessed by use of the CV for each parameter measured. Imaging location was assessed by comparison of CV for measurements from each location.Results—CVs were < 10% for observer A for all measurements except the ciliary cleft area (11.63%). The CVs were > 10% for observer B for measurements of the angle recess area (18.51%) and ciliary cleft width (17.44%) and area (16.01%). Significant differences in measurements between observers were found for 5 of 11 anterior segment structures. Imaging the superior aspect of the globe provided the most reproducible images, although image reproducibility was still somewhat variable, with the highest and lowest CVs for measurements of 33.01% and 11.32%, respectively, in the superior position.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—High-resolution ultrasound images can be used to reliably measure various anterior segment structures. Clinically relevant findings in the anterior segment of canine eyes may be detectable by use of HRUS. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1775–1779)
Serologic responses of dogs given a commercial vaccine against Leptospira interrogans serovar pomona and Leptospira kirschneri serovar grippotyphosa
Authors: Barr Stephen C. , McDonough Patrick L. , Scipioni-Ball Roberta L. , Starr Jennifer K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate serum titers obtained by use of the microscopic agglutination test (ie, MAT titers) toLeptospira interrogansserovar pomona and autumnalis andLeptospira kirschneriserovar grippotyphosa in dogs given a commercial vaccine against serovars pomona and grippotyphosa.Animals—Forty 12-week-old puppies and 20 mature Beagles.Procedure—Puppies received a commercial vaccine against serovars pomona and grippotyphosa at 12 weeks of age, then received a booster vaccine and 3 weeks later; mature dogs received the vaccine once. Serum MAT titers to serovars pomona, autumnalis, and grippotyphosa were measured before vaccination and at 2, 4, 6, 10, and 16 weeks after the first or only vaccination.Results—Of the 40 puppies vaccinated, 40, 0, and 40 developed MAT titers of > 100 after vaccination to serovars pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis, respectively. Microscopic agglutination test titers to serovar autumnalis were higher than MAT titers to serovars pomona and grippotyphosa and persisted in some dogs for 16 weeks (6 weeks longer than for titers to serovar pomona). Of the 20 mature dogs, 13, 5, and 20 developed MAT titers of > 100 at 2 weeks to serovars pomona, grippotyphosa, and autumnalis, respectively. Titers to serovar pomona were higher and persisted in some dogs beyond 16 weeks after vaccination, compared with titers to serovars pomona and grippotyphosa, which persisted for 10 and 6 weeks, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Subunit vaccines against serovars pomona and grippotyphosa induce MAT titers not only to homologous antigens but also to serovar autumnalis, which could lead to a misdiagnosis of leptospirosis caused by serovar autumnalis. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1780–1784)
Temporality of early-term abortions associated with mare reproductive loss syndrome in horses
Authors: Cohen Noah D. , Carey Vincent J. , Donahue James G. , Seahorn Janyce L. , Brown II Stuart E. , Riddle Thomas W. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To characterize the temporality of dates
of breeding and abortion classified as mare reproductive
loss syndrome (MRLS) among mares with abortions
during early gestation.

Animals—2,314 mares confirmed pregnant at
approximately 28 days after breeding from 36 farms in
central Kentucky, including 515 mares that had earlyterm
abortions.

Procedure—Farm veterinarians and managers were
interviewed to obtain data for each mare that was
known to be pregnant to determine pregnancy status,
breeding date, last date known to be pregnant, and
date of abortion.

Results—Mares bred prior to April 1, 2001,
appeared to be at greatest risk of early-term abortion,
both among and within individual farms.
Mares bred in mid-February appeared to be at
greatest risk of abortion, with an estimated weekly
incidence rate of abortion of 66% (95% CI, 52% to
80%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mares in
central Kentucky bred between mid-February and
early March were observed to be at greatest risk of
early-term abortion, and risk gradually decreased to
a background incidence of abortion of approximately
11%. Mares bred after April 1, 2001, appeared to
be at markedly less risk, indicating that exposure to
the cause of MRLS likely occurred prior to this
date. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1792–1797)
Assessment of the dark-adaptation time required for recovery of electroretinographic responses in dogs after fundus photography and indirect ophthalmoscopy
Authors: Tuntivanich Nalinee , Mentzer A. Lexi , Eifler Danielle M. , Montiani-Ferreira Fabiano , Forcier Janice Q. , Johnson Cheri A. , Petersen-Jones Simon M. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To investigate the duration of dark-adaptation time required for recovery of electroretinographic responses after fundus photography or indirect ophthalmoscopy in dogs.Animals—6 dogs.Procedure—Initially, scotopic-intensity series of electroretinograms (ERGs) were recorded after 20 minutes of dark adaptation. The fundus of the left eye of each dog was photographed (n = 10) or examined via indirect ophthalmoscopy for 5 minutes with moderate- (117 candela [cd]/m2) or bright-intensity (1,693 cd/m2) light; ERGs were repeated after a further 20 or 60 minutes of dark adaptation (6 procedures/dog).Results—Following 20 minutes of dark adaptation after fundus photography, the b- and a-wave amplitudes were reduced in response to brighter stimuli, compared with pretest ERGs; after 60 minutes of dark adaptation, ERG amplitudes had recovered. Following 20 minutes of dark adaptation after indirect ophthalmoscopy (moderate-intensity light), significantly lower b-wave amplitudes were recorded in response to 2 of the brighter flash stimuli, compared with pretest ERGs; after 60 minutes of dark adaptation, ERG amplitudes had recovered. Following 20 minutes of dark adaptation after indirect ophthalmoscopy (bright-intensity light), all ERG amplitudes were significantly decreased and implicit times were significantly decreased at several flash intensities, compared with pretest ERGs; after 60 minutes of dark adaptation, ERG amplitudes and implicit times had returned to initial values, except for b-wave amplitudes recorded in response to dimmer stimuli.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that at least 60 minutes of dark adaptation should be allowed before ERGs are performed in dogs after fundus photography or indirect ophthalmoscopy. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1798–1804)
Association between subjective lameness grade and kinetic gait parameters in horses with experimentally induced forelimb lameness
Authors: Ishihara Akikazu , Bertone Alicia L. , Rajala-Schultz Päivi J. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the association between subjective lameness grades and kinetic gait parameters and assess the variability in kinetic parameters in horses with experimentally induced forelimb lameness.Animals—32 horses.Procedures—Forelimb lameness was induced in each horse via injection of lipopolysaccharide into 1 metacarpophalangeal joint (40 experimental trials). Subjective lameness grading and 13 kinetic gait parameters (force plate analysis) were assessed before (baseline) and at 12, 18, and 24 hours after lipopolysaccharide injection. While horses were trotting, kinetic gait analysis was performed for 8 valid repetitions at each time point. Repeated-measures analyses were performed with 8 repetitions for each kinetic parameter as the outcome, and lameness grades, time points after lipopolysaccharide injection, and repetition order as explanatory variables. Sensitivity and specificity of kinetic parameters for classification of horses as sound or lame (in relation to subjective lameness scores) were calculated. Between- and within-horse variabilities of the 13 kinetic parameters were assessed by calculation of coefficients of variation.Results—Subjective lameness grades were significantly associated with most of the kinetic parameters. Vertical force peak and impulse had the lowest between- and within-horse coefficients of variation and the highest correlations with subjective lameness grade. Vertical force peak had the highest sensitivity and specificity for lameness classification. Vertical force peak and impulse were significantly decreased even in horses with mild or unobservable lameness.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among the kinetic gait parameters, vertical force peak and impulse had the best potential to reflect lameness severity and identify subclinical forelimb gait abnormalities. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1805–1815)
Evaluation of subchondral bone mineral density associated with articular cartilage structure and integrity in healthy equine joints with different functional demands
Authors: Lewis Chad W. , Williamson Amanda K. , Chen Albert C. , Bae Won C. , Temple Michele M. , Wong Van W. , Nugent Gayle E. , James Susan P. , Wheeler Donna L. , Sah Robert L. , Kawcak Chris E. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract

Objective—To determine and correlate subchondral
bone mineral density and overlying cartilage structure
and tensile integrity in mature healthy equine stifle
(low magnitude loading) and metacarpophalangeal
(high magnitude loading) joints.

Animals—8 healthy horses, 2 to 3 years of age.

Procedure—Osteochondral samples were acquired
from the medial femoral condyle (FC) and medial
trochlear ridge (TR) of the stifle joint and from the
dorsal (MC3D) and palmar (MC3P) aspects of the distal
medial third metacarpal condyles of the
metacarpophalangeal joint. Articular cartilage surface
fibrillation (evaluated via India ink staining) and tensile
biomechanical properties were determined. The
volumetric bone mineral density (vBMD) of the
underlying subchondral plate was assessed via dualenergy
x-ray absorptiometry.

Results—Cartilage staining (fibrillation), tensile moduli,
tensile strength, and vBMD were greater in the
MC3D and MC3P locations, compared with the FC
and TR locations, whereas tensile strain at failure was
less in MC3D and MC3P locations than FC and TR
locations. Cartilage tensile moduli correlated positively
with vBMD, whereas cartilage staining and tensile
strain at failure correlated negatively with vBMD.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—In areas of
high joint loading, the subchondral bone had high
vBMD and the articular cartilage surface layer had
high tensile stiffness but signs of structural wear (fibrillation
and low failure strain). The site-dependent
variations and relationships in this study support the
concept that articular cartilage and subchondral bone
normally adapt to physiologic loading in a coordinated
way. (Am J Vet Res 2005;66:1823–1829)
Measurement of plasma chromogranin A concentrations for assessment of stress responses in dogs with insulin-induced hypoglycemia
Authors: Akiyoshi Hideo , Aoki Mica , Shimada Terumasa , Noda Katsura , Kumagai Daijiro , Saleh Nahed , Sugii Shunji , Ohashi Fumihito 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective—To determine whether cross-reactivity exists between canine chromogranin A (CgA) and anti-human CgA antibody and investigate the usefulness of plasma CgA concentration measurements as an index of acute stress responses in dogs.Animals—12 healthy Beagles.Procedure—Canine CgA was extracted and purified from canine adrenal glands of cadaver dogs for studying cross-reactivity with anti-human CgA antibody. Western blotting with anti-human CgA antibody was performed. Blood samples were collected from dogs at 0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 120, and 180 minutes after IV administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or insulin. Canine plasma CgA concentrations were determined by use of a CgA ELISA kit with rabbit antiserum against the carboxy-terminal fragment of human CgA. Plasma cortisol and catecholamine (ie, norepinephrine and epinephrine) concentrations were measured by use of an ELISA and a high-performance liquid chromatography method, respectively.Results—Purified canine CgA was specifically detected by use of western blot analysis and an ELISA with anti-human CgA antibody. An increase in plasma CgA concentrations was observed in insulin-induced hypoglycemic dogs. Changes in plasma CgA concentration were correlated with changes in plasma cortisol or catecholamine concentrations of hypoglycemic dogs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of the CgA ELISA kit for determination of human plasma CgA concentrations is applicable to the measurement of canine plasma CgA concentrations. Canine plasma CgA concentrations, along with measurements of plasma cortisol and catecholamine concentrations, correctly reflect insulin-induced hypoglycemic stressed conditions in dogs. Measurement of canine plasma CgA concentrations may provide a useful index for evaluation of an acute stress response. (Am J Vet Res2005;66:1830–1835)