bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eliciting Patient Treatment Preferences: A Strategy to Integrate Evidence‐Based and Patient‐Centered Care
Authors: Sidani Souraya , Epstein Dana , Miranda Joyal 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT Background: The integrated patient‐centered evidence‐based approach to care is integral to guide practice and enhance the quality of care. In this paper, a strategy to operationalize the integrated approach is described. Description of strategy: The strategy flows from the processes used to synthesize the best available evidence for interventions that address a clinical problem, and to elicit patient preferences for treatment options, which is an important step in patient‐centered care. The strategy consists of three phases: (1) synthesis of evidence about the effectiveness and relevance of interventions derived from research and practice; (2) generation of written material describing the nature, dose, effectiveness, and risks associated with the evidence‐based interventions; and (3) using the written descriptions to elicit patient preferences. Examples from an ongoing study are presented to illustrate the implementation of the strategy within the context of research. Implications: Nurses are invited to apply the strategy in practice and to evaluate its feasibility and utility in enhancing the quality of care.
Evidence for Novel pH-Dependent Regulation of
Candida albicans
Rim101, a Direct Transcriptional Repressor of the Cell Wall β-Glycosidase Phr2
Authors: Baek Yong-Un , Martin Samuel J. , Davis Dana A. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

Candida albicans
is a commensal fungus of mucosal surfaces that can cause disease in susceptible hosts. One aspect of the success of
C. albicans
as both a commensal and a pathogen is its ability to adapt to diverse environmental conditions, including dramatic variations in environmental pH. The response to a neutral-to-alkaline pH change is controlled by the Rim101 signal transduction pathway. In neutral-to-alkaline environments, the zinc finger transcription factor Rim101 is activated by the proteolytic removal of an inhibitory C-terminal domain. Upon activation, Rim101 acts to induce alkaline response gene expression and repress acidic response gene expression. Previously, recombinant Rim101 was shown to directly bind to the alkaline-pH-induced gene
PHR1
. Here, we demonstrate that endogenous Rim101 also directly binds to the alkaline-pH-repressed gene
PHR2
. Furthermore, we find that of the three putative binding sites, only the −124 site and, to a lesser extent, the −51 site play a role in vivo. In
C. albicans
, the predicted Rim101 binding site was thought to be CCAAGAA, divergent from the GCCAAG site defined in
Aspergillus nidulans
and
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. Our results suggest that the Rim101 binding site in
C. albicans
is GCCAAGAA, but slight variations are tolerated in a context-dependent fashion. Finally, our data suggest that Rim101 activity is governed not only by proteolytic processing but also by an additional mechanism not previously described.
Evolutionary Origins of the Eukaryotic Shikimate Pathway: Gene Fusions, Horizontal Gene Transfer, and Endosymbiotic Replacements
Authors: Richards Thomas A. , Dacks Joel B. , Campbell Samantha A. , Blanchard Jeffrey L. , Foster Peter G. , McLeod Rima , Roberts Craig W. 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACTCurrently the shikimate pathway is reported as a metabolic feature of prokaryotes, ascomycete fungi, apicomplexans, and plants. The plant shikimate pathway enzymes have similarities to prokaryote homologues and are largely active in chloroplasts, suggesting ancestry from the plastid progenitor genome.Toxoplasma gondii, which also possesses an alga-derived plastid organelle, encodes a shikimate pathway with similarities to ascomycete genes, including a five-enzyme pentafunctionalarom. These data suggests that the shikimate pathway and the pentafunctionalaromeither had an ancient origin in the eukaryotes or was conveyed by eukaryote-to-eukaryote horizontal gene transfer (HGT). We expand sampling and analyses of the shikimate pathway genes to include the oomycetes, ciliates, diatoms, basidiomycetes, zygomycetes, and the green and red algae. Sequencing of cDNA fromTetrahymena thermophilaconfirmed the presence of a pentafusedarom, as in fungi andT. gondii. Phylogenies and taxon distribution suggest that thearomgene fusion event may be an ancient eukaryotic innovation. Conversely, the Plantae lineage (represented here by both Viridaeplantae and the red algae) acquired different prokaryotic genes for all seven steps of the shikimate pathway. Two of the phylogenies suggest a derivation of the Plantae genes from the cyanobacterial plastid progenitor genome, but if the full Plantae pathway was originally of cyanobacterial origin, then the five other shikimate pathway genes were obtained from a minimum of two other eubacterial genomes. Thus, the phylogenies demonstrate both separate HGTs and shared derived HGTs within the Plantae clade either by primary HGT transfer or secondarily via the plastid progenitor genome. The shared derived characters support the holophyly of the Plantae lineage and a single ancestral primary plastid endosymbiosis. Our analyses also pinpoints a minimum of 50 gene/domain loss events, demonstrating that loss and replacement events have been an important process in eukaryote genome evolution.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
a
-Factor Mutants Reveal Residues Critical for Processing, Activity, and Export
Authors: Huyer Gregory , Kistler Amy , Nouvet Franklin J. , George Carolyn M. , Boyle Meredith L. , Michaelis Susan 
Published: September 2006

ABSTRACT

The
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
mating pheromone
a
-factor
provides a paradigm for understanding the biogenesis of prenylated
fungal pheromones. The biogenesis of
a
-factor involves multiple
steps: (i) C-terminal CAAX modification (where C is cysteine, A is
aliphatic, and X is any residue) which includes prenylation,
proteolysis, and carboxymethylation (by Ram1p/Ram2p, Ste24p or Rce1p,
and Ste14p, respectively); (ii) N-terminal processing, involving two
sequential proteolytic cleavages (by Ste24p and Axl1p); and (iii)
nonclassical export (by Ste6p). Once exported, mature
a
-factor
interacts with the Ste3p receptor on
MATα
cells to
stimulate mating. The
a
-factor biogenesis machinery is well
defined, as is the CAAX motif that directs C-terminal modification;
however, very little is known about the sequence determinants within
a
-factor required for N-terminal processing, activity, and
export. Here we generated a large collection of
a
-factor mutants
and identified residues critical for the N-terminal processing steps
mediated by Ste24p and Axl1p. We also identified mutants that fail to
support mating but do not affect biogenesis or export, suggesting a
defective interaction with the Ste3p receptor. Mutants significantly
impaired in export were also found, providing evidence that the Ste6p
transporter recognizes sequence determinants as well as CAAX
modifications. We also performed a phenotypic analysis of the entire
set of isogenic
a
-factor biogenesis machinery mutants, which
revealed information about the dependency of biogenesis steps upon one
another, and demonstrated that export by Ste6p requires the completion
of all processing events. Overall, this comprehensive analysis will
provide a useful framework for the study of other fungal pheromones, as
well as prenylated metazoan proteins involved in development and
aging.
Clinical relevance of mutations and gene-expression changes in adult acute myeloid leukemia with normal cytogenetics: are we ready for a prognostically prioritized molecular classification?
Authors: Mrózek Krzysztof , Marcucci Guido , Paschka Peter , Whitman Susan P. , Bloomfield Clara D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractRecent molecular analyses of leukemic blasts from pretreatment marrow or blood of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and a normal karyotype, the largest cytogenetic subset (ie, 40%-49%) of AML, have revealed a striking heterogeneity with regard to the presence of acquired gene mutations and changes in gene expression. Multiple submicroscopic genetic alterations with prognostic significance have been discovered, including internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene, mutations in the NPM1 gene, partial tandem duplication of the MLL gene, high expression of the BAALC gene, and mutations in the CEBPA gene. Application of gene-expression profiling has also identified a gene-expression signature that appears to separate cytogenetically normal AML patients into prognostic subgroups, although gene-expression signature-based classifiers predicting outcome for individual patients with greater accuracy are needed. These and similar future findings are likely to have a major impact on the clinical management of cytogenetically normal AML not only in prognostication but also in selection of appropriate treatment, since many of the identified genetic alterations already constitute or will potentially become targets for specific therapeutic intervention. In this report, we review prognostic genetic findings in karyotypically normal AML and discuss their clinical implications.
FAT 10, a gene up-regulated in various cancers, is cell-cycle regulated
Authors: Lim Chuan-Bian , Zhang Dongwei , Lee Caroline GL 
Published: September 2006

Abstract

Background
FAT10 is a member of the ubiquitin-like-modifier family of proteins. Over-expression of the FAT10 gene was observed in the tumors of several epithelial cancers. High FAT10 expression was found to lead to increased chromosome instability via the reduction in the kinetochore localization of MAD2 during the prometaphase stage of the cell-cycle. FAT10 expression was also previously reported to be regulated by cytokines and p53.

Results
Here, we report that FAT10 expression is regulated at the protein and transcript level during cell-cycle with highest expression observed during the S-phase of the cell-cycle. The distal region between -1997 to -975 bp from the transcription start site of the FAT10 promoter may play a role in the repression of FAT10 expression during G2/M phase of the cell-cycle.

Conclusion
FAT10 expression is regulated during cell-cycle.
Endotoxin tolerance attenuates LPS-induced TLR4 mobilization to lipid rafts: a condition reversed by PKC activation
Authors: Cuschieri Joseph , Billigren Jens , Maier Ronald V 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Endotoxin tolerance is characterized by attenuated macrophage activation to subsequent LPS challenge and can be reversed through nonspecific protein kinase C (PKC) activation, and activation by LPS within naïve cells requires the activation of the cell surface receptors CD14 and TLR4 on lipid rafts. The effect of PKC activation and endotoxin tolerance on lipid raft receptor complex assembly is unknown and the focus of this study. Tolerance was induced in THP-1 cells through LPS pre-exposure. Naïve and tolerant cells were stimulated with LPS, with or without PMA pretreatment to activate PKC. TLR4 surface expression and LPS binding were determined by flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry. Cellular and lipid raft protein was analyzed for the presence and activation of the TLR4 complex components. Harvested supernatants were examined for TNF-α production. Total TLR4 surface expression and LPS binding were not affected by tolerance induction. LPS stimulation of naïve cells resulted in TLR4 and heat shock protein (HSP)70 lipid raft mobilization, MAPK activation, and TNF-α production. LPS stimulation of tolerant cells was associated with attenuation of all of these cellular events. Although PKC activation by PMA had no effect on naïve cells, it did result in reversal in tolerance-induced suppression of TLR4 and HSP70 lipid raft mobilization, MAPK activation, and TNF-α production. In addition, the effects associated with PMA were reversed with exposure to a myristoylated PKC-ζ pseudosubstrate. Thus, endotoxin tolerance appears to be induced through attenuated TLR4 formation following LPS stimulation. This complex formation appears to be PKC-dependent, and restoration of PKC activity reverses tolerance.
Acute epiglottitis in adults
Authors: Hawkins Donald B. , Miller Alden H. , Sachs George B. , Benz Ronald T. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEpiglottitis occurs more frequently in adults than is generally realized. More than 100 adults with epiglottitis have been reported prior to this paper. Sixty‐two have been reported in the last 15 years. The mortality rate of these 62 patients was 32 percent. Tracheostomy was required in 45 percent of those who recovered.Seventeen adults with epiglottitis have been managed at the Los Angeles County/University of Southern California Medical Center in the past 10 years; 13 of these were seen in the last four years. Most were males between 20 and 45 years of age. Four required tracheostomy. There were no deaths. An additional adult, treated at a neighboring hospital, who recovered from Hemophilus influenzae epiglottitis and meningitis is reported. He required tracheostomy for acute airway obstruction.The following impressions can be derived from an anlysis of the literature and the patients discussed in this paper: 1. epiglottitis in adults has been reported more often in recent years. This may be due to increased awareness of this condition; or it may be due to actual increased incidence. 2. Epiglottis is more severe when due to Hemophilus influenzae, Type B than when due to other pathogens; and infections due to H. influenzae are being noted more frequently in adults. 3. The primary treatment of adult epiglottitis is: mist tent, intravenous antibiotics, and tracheostomy when indicated. Steroids may benefit some patients by slowing progression of epiglottic edema. 4. The symptoms of epiglottitis are sore throat, dysphagia, respiratory distress, and muffled voice. The characteristic early symptoms are sore throat and dysphagia. Any patient with acute painful dysphagia should have indirect laryngoscopy to rule out epiglottitis.
Isolated sphenoid sinus lesions
Authors: Wyllie John W. , Kern Eugene B. , Djalilian Mohsen 
Published: September 2006

AbstractForty‐five patients with isolated sphenoid sinus lesions were seen at the Mayo Clinic between 1935 and 1972. The types of lesions that these patients had included inflammatory lesions (chronic sphenoid sinusitis and mucopyoceles), tumors, fibrous dysplasia, rhinoliths, and sphenoid polyp. A review of the anatomy and important structures contiguous to the sphenoid sinus reflected the range and progression of clinical symptoms. Complications included pain or headache, visual disturbance including blurred vision, diplopia, exophthalmos, blindness, meningitis, and even death. The most frequent presenting symptoms were headache, retro‐orbital pain, nasal congestion, and visual disturbance, especially diplopia. Some time during the course of the illness, 40. percent of the patients developed visual involvement. Diagnosis was made with the aid of the patient's history and physical examination, whereas the laboratory studies usually were negative, and roentgenographic findings ranged from thickening to fluid levels and bony erosion or frank destruction of the floor of the sella. Fifteen percent of the roentgenograms were false‐negatives, all of which were noted in patients with inflammatory lesions. The differential diagnosis includes pituitary lesions, although the clinical features, the bitemporal hemianopsia, and hypopituitary function, which are characteristic of pituitary tumors, are absent in isolated sphenoid sinus lesions. Mild degrees of panhypopituitarism may exist with inflammatory lesions of the sphenoid sinus. Definitive diagnosis and therapy are usually effected by transnasal exploration of the sphenoid sinus.
Acquired nasopharyngeal stenosis
Authors: Pratt Loring W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAcquired Nasopharyngeal Stenosis is a rare lesion. In the pre‐antibiotic era it was most commonly caused by infections, chiefly syphilis. Since improved control of infectious diseases has been obtained, the most common cause is nasopharyngeal surgery, primarily T and A. The symptoms are those of complete postnasal obstruction. Its treatment is surgical, utilizing various techniques, depending upon the precise nature of the lesion. The use of regional mucosal flaps is one of the most satisfactory methods of repair.
Cochlear otosclerosis: Fact or fantasy
Authors: Schuknecht Harold F. , Kirchner J.Cameron 
Published: September 2006

AbstractHistological examination of 910 temporal bones from 582 individuals reveals 92 specimens with clinical otosclerosis (stapes fixation) and 32 with histological otosclerosis (without stapes fixation). The incidence of histological otosclerosis in ears from white individuals over the age of five (734 ears) was 4.4 percent. The otosclerotic focus involved the endosteum of the cochlear wall (cochlear otosclerosis) in three of the latter group for an incidence of 0.3 percent.The atrophic changes in one of the ears with cochlear otosclerosis cannot be attributed to the otosclerosis, for the same changes are present in the other ear which does not have an otosclerotic focus; neither can the mild hearing loss in the other two ears showing cochlear otosclerosis be attributed to the otosclerosis, for the atrophic changes are identical to those observed in aging individuals without otosclerosis.In conclusion, this study shows that sensori‐neural hearing loss occurring in pure form without a conductive loss cannot be attributed to otosclerosis, for when the otosclerotic lesion is sufficiently severe to cause atrophy of the supporting, sensory, and neural structures within the cochlea, it invariably also fixes the stapes.
Benign osteoblastoma of the temporal bone
Authors: Ronis Max L. , Obando Marcelo , Bucko Matthew I. , Liebman Emil P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWe have described a benign osteoblastic lesion in the middle ear in a 13‐year‐old boy who presented with a gradual hearing loss in the right ear. The patient also described a beating or pulsating sensation in the right ear without other symptoms. The examination of the right ear revealed a mass lesion which occupied the medial portion of the canal and seemed to be arising from and in continuity with the posterior inferior wall of the external canal. The benign osteoblastoma rarely has malignant characteristics. Based on the experience of others, partial removal of the lesion was carried out by curettage preserving the integrity of the middle ear space and facial nerve. This is probably the first case report of such a lesion involving the temporal bone in the middle ear and we found it to be a most interesting and thought provoking lesion both by virtue of its presentation and management.
Traumatic Brain Injury and Prospective Memory: An Examination of the Influences of Executive Functioning and Retrospective Memory
Authors: Kinch Julianne , McDonald Skye 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) on prospective memory. It also sought to identify the relative contributions of executive functioning and retrospective memory to prospective memory. Thirteen patients with severe TBI and 13 matched control subjects were assessed on two novel, yet ecologically valid, experimental measures of prospective memory and standard tests of neuropsychological functioning. Participants with TBI performed significantly worse than did controls on neuropsychological tests and a time-based prospective memory task, indicating that TBI affected not only retrospective but also prospective memory functioning. Multiple regression analyses identified relationships between executive functioning and time-based prospective memory and between retrospective memory and event-based prospective memory. Implications of these findings for the assessment and rehabilitation of memory impairment in individuals with TBI are discussed.
Duncan's Spearman's “G” — A New Measure of Executive Function?
Authors: Andrewes David 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDuncan's theory allows that executive function may be represented by a central and general construct of intelligence which was originally described by Spearman (Spearman, 1946). This theoretical critique discusses the three planks of evidence which appear to support this proposal: (1), the finding that intra correlations between “executive” tests are low and in one study equivalent to those with non-executive tasks, (2), that tests which are seen as most representative of Spearman's G may be used to identify patients with frontal lobe lesions and executive dysfunction and (3), the finding that functional neuroimaging studies which have used disparate tasks may show a similar region of activation within the prefrontal cortex. The evidence for these three findings is discussed in terms of their ability to support Duncan's theory.
Development and Piloting of the Starship Posttraumatic Amnesia Scale for Children Aged Between Four and Six Years
Authors: Fernando Kris , Eaton Lynette , Faulkner Morag , Moodley Yogi , Setchell Raylene 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe aim of this study was to develop and pilot a posttraumatic amnesia scale (PTA) scale for children aged between four and six years. The scale consists of seven orientation questions and five memory items modelled on the Westmead PTA Scale which assesses posttraumatic amnesia in children from eight years onwards and adults. The sample consisted of 45 four-year-olds, 82 five-year-olds and 49 six-year-old children from a variety of cultural and socioeconomic backgrounds. Children were recruited from hospitals, kindergartens and schools. Results were analysed across age groups using means and standard deviations. The orientation and memory items were analysed separately as well as in combination. Early analyses indicate that the majority of normal children in the four to 6 year age group can answer most of the orientation questions correctly and remember the memory stimuli from day to day. The results indicate that the Starship PTA Scale is suitable for young children aged 4 to 6 years. It is simple and quick to administer and utilises an operational definition of posttraumatic amnesia in terms of measuring continuous memory.
Point-of-care testing in the cardiovascular operating theatre
Authors: Nydegger Urs E. , Gygax Erich , Carrel Thierry 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPoint-of-care testing (POCT) remains under scrutiny by healthcare professionals because of its ill-tried, young history. POCT methods are being developed by a few major equipment companies based on rapid progress in informatics and nanotechnology. Issues as POCT quality control, comparability with standard laboratory procedures, standardisation, traceability and round robin testing are being left to hospitals. As a result, the clinical and operational benefits of POCT were first evident for patients on the operating table. For the management of cardiovascular surgery patients, POCT technology is an indispensable aid. Improvement of the technology has meant that clinical laboratory pathologists now recognise the need for POCT beyond their high-throughput areas.Clin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1060–5.
Exploring allelic imbalance within paraffin-embedded tumor biopsies using pyrosequencing technology
Authors: Pascual Manuel Hidalgo , Luis Royo José , Martínez-Tello Francisco Jose , Crespo Carmen , Salinas Ana , Herrero Eduardo Ferrero , Lopez-García María , Real Luis Miguel , Ruiz Agustín , Ramirez-Lorca Reposo 
Published: September 2006

AbstractClin Chem Lab Med 2006;44:1076–81.