bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electron Spectroscopy in Catalyst Research
Authors: Brinen JS 
Published: March 2009

Catalysis is an area of research which stands to benefit greatly from the development of surface analysis techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), or electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), is one of these techniques and is already providing valuable information even though its limitations have not yet fully been established. This paper describes several applications of XPS to research in catalysis.
Two catalyst systems are discussed in terms of the type of information which can be derived by using XPS. The first one is the hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalyst, which consists of oxides of cobalt and molybdenum on an alumina support. It will be shown how XPS studies can be used to elucidate the surface chemistry of activated HDS catalysts. The study demonstrates that both binding energy and intensity are required to describe the working catalyst fully. The HDS system is also used to demonstrate the use of XPS for quantitative surface analysis of catalysts.
The second catalyst system, rhodium on carbon, is first discussed in terms of catalyst deactivation. Changes in the intensity ratio of rhodium to carbon are used to monitor changes in the catalyst surface produced by hydrogen (H2) reduction at elevated temperatures and are related to catalyst performance. The results reinforce the importance of intensity ratios as a measure of catalyst dispersion. It is also shown, using rhodium on carbon catalysts with carbon supports, that observed intensity ratios are affected by properties of the support and therefore can result in significant errors in quantitative measurements.
Other aspects of the application of XPS to catalyst studies discussed are catalyst poisoning (auto exhaust catalyst) and the distribution of active components on catalyst surfaces (supported silver catalysts).
Ion Scattering Spectroscopy
Authors: Taglauer E , Heiland W 
Published: March 2009

The backscattering of low-energy ions-typically He+ and Ne+, with primary energies between 200 and 2000 eV—has been applied to a variety of problems of the surface analysis of metals, semiconductors, and, also, insulators. The specific sensitivity of this method makes it particularly useful for composition and structure analysis of the topmost atomic layer. In this review the potential of the method will be demonstrated for three types of investigations in which low-energy ion scattering has been successfully applied.In adsorption studies, ion scattering is used in addition to low-energy electron diffraction. The systems studied so far have contained, for example, oxygen, sulfur, and carbon monoxide as adsorbates and nickel, silver, and tungsten crystals as substrates. Ion scattering is used to obtain information about the position of the adsorbates and, in the case of molecules, about their orientation also.Desorption of adsorbates by ion bombardment is widely used for target preparation in surface physics and also plays a decisive role in large vacuum vessels such as storage rings or fusion devices. Low-energy ion scattering is a very useful tool for systematic investigations of ion-induced desorption. The features of some of these studies will be shown, and data for desorption cross sections (including hydrogen) will be given.In composite systems such as oxides and alloys, the properties of the topmost layer are of particular interest. Its composition depends strongly on the type of preparation, for example, sputtering or annealing (surface segregation). Low-energy ion scattering has been applied to analyze the composition of the outermost layer of a number of binary systems after different treatments. It is also particularly useful as a complement to other methods with different probing depths.These examples will show the advantages and limitations of the technique and will lead to a short discussion of the present understanding of the underlying physics.
Digital Data Acquisition and Processing in an Auger Electron Spectrometer
Authors: Strausser YE 
Published: March 2009

The historical development of data systems for Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) is reviewed with the purpose of putting the role of potential modulation differentiation in perspective. Typical current AES systems employ completely analog controls, signal trains, and data output devices. They use potential modulation differentiation with a lock-in amplifier measuring the first harmonic signal component as an approximation to the derivative of the secondary electron energy distribution. This approach to the generation of Auger spectra makes a considerable sacrifice in the signal-to-noise ratio and the quantitative accuracy in an attempt to improve signal “contrast” in the data. This sacrifice is not necessary when the E∙N(E) output, which is available from the cylindrical mirror analyzer (CMA), is used.
An AES system is described which uses a mini-computer, a microprocessor, a disk drive, and a graphics terminal to provide digital control functions, a digital signal train, digital data storage and processing, and reconversion to analog only in the final data display devices. This permits the acquisition of the E∙N(E) signal as measured by the CMA with no arbitrarily imposed modulation or system time-constant effects. This approach provides a high dynamic range in the data storage so that all data may be immediately stored in unprocessed form, which precludes the type of information loss that commonly results from incorrect sensitivity settings in analog systems. After the data are stored, a copy of the data may be digitally processed to provide the smoothing or averaging effect of a time constant, to differentiate the data, to integrate over specific peaks, etc. By converting the signal to digital form immediately after it leaves the CMA, the sensitivity to the pickup of stray noise is drastically reduced. The benefits of the digital approach are illustrated through examples from actual applications and through comparison with data from typical analog systems.
Effects of Thermal Insulation Penetrating Electrical Boxes
Authors: Clifton JR , Beausoliel RW , Meese WJ 
Published: March 2009

When residential walls are retrofitted with “foamed-in” urea-formaldehyde or“blown-in” cellulose thermal insulations, the insulation may enter electrical outlet and switch boxes. The effects of these thermal insulations on electrical components such as outlet and switch boxes were studied.
Electrical outlet and switch boxes were filled with thermal insulation, and exposed to 44, 75, or 96 percent relative humidities for periods of 1 to 12 months. The amounts and rates of corrosion which took place were determined by measuring weight loss, corrosion current, and by visual inspection. Effects of the insulations on the performances of the electrical components also were investigated.
Results of this study indicate that shock hazards may exist if metal wall plates are used with ungrounded systems when they are in contact with moist thermal insulation. Therefore, it is recommended that thermal insulations should be removed from outlet and switch boxes.
Service Fatigue Loads Monitoring, Simulation, and Analysis
Authors: Abelkis PR , Potter JM 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on Service Fatigue Loads Monitoring, Simulation, and Analysis was presented in Atlanta, Ga., 14-15 Nov. 1977. The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials, through its Committee E09 on Fatigue, in cooperation with American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Society of Automotive Engineers, and American Society of Civil Engineers. The symposium was organized by a committee consisting of: P. R. Abelkis, Douglas Aircraft Company, McDonnell Douglas Corp., and J. M. Potter, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, cochairmen; H. Jaeckel, Ford Motor Company, SAE representative; W. Milestone, University of Wisconsin, ASME representative; B. Hillbery, Purdue University, ASCE representative; and J. Ekvall, Lockheed-California Company; H. Fuchs, Stanford University; D. Bryan, Boeing Company, Wichita.
MiCon 78: Optimization of Processing, Properties, and Service Performance Through Microstructural Control
Authors: Abrams H , Maniar GN , Nail DA , Solomon HD 
Published: March 2009

Description
The symposium on MiCon 78: Optimization of Processing, Properties, and Service Performance Through Microstructural Control was held in Houston, Texas, 3-5 April 1978. Sponsored by Committee E-4 on Metallography of the American Society for Testing and Materials, the symposium was also cosponsored by The Metallurgical Society of the American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, the International Metallographic Society, and the Houston Chapter of the American Society for Metals. Dr. Halle Abrams, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, G. N. Maniar, Carpenter Technology Corporation, D. A. Nail, Cameron Iron Works, and Dr. H. D. Solomon, General Electric Company are editors of this publication.
Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials
Authors: Beck JR 
Published: March 2009

Description
The second symposium on Test Methods for Vertebrate Pest Control and Management Materials was held 10 March 1978 in Monterey, Calif. Committee E35 on Pesticides of the American Society for Testing and Materials sponsored the event. J. R. Beck, Biological Environmental Consultant Services, presided as chairman of the symposium and served as editor of this publication.
Avian and Mammalian Wildlife Toxicology
Authors: Kenaga EE 
Published: March 2009

Description
Most of the papers in this publication were presented at a symposium held in New Orleans, Louisiana, 17 October 1978. The symposium was sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials' Committee E35 on Pesticides in cooperation with Subcommittee E35.21 on Safety to Man and Environment. E. E. Kenaga, The Dow Chemical Company, presided as symposium chairman and editor of this publication.
Nondestructive Evaluation and Flaw Criticality for Composite Materials
Authors: Pipes RB , Scott WR , Kulkarni SV , Stinchcomb WW 
Published: March 2009

Description
These papers attempt to characterize the many types of flaws frequently encountered in composite materials and to show how these flaws influence the response of material. This publication presents the state-of-the-art of nondestructive inspection methodologies, assesses deficiencies; evaluates the analytical methods for the description of critical flaw geometries and growth phenomena; and develops a basic understanding of failure phenomena and established methods of fractography.
Acoustic Emission Monitoring of Pressurized Systems
Authors: Hartman WF , McElroy JW 
Published: March 2009

Description
A publication that addresses the acoustic emission technique as a viable complimentary nondestructive testing method. The papers presented draw a correlation between the generation of acoustic emission and defect growth; develop methods to evaluate and rank the severity of the flaw growth; and include the evaluation that acoustic emission method may be lower in cost than other inspection methods.
Effect of Load Spectrum Variables on Fatigue Crack Initiation and Propagation
Authors: Bryan DF , Potter JM 
Published: March 2009

Description
Documents the significance of load spectra variation on structural life as measured by crack initiation and crack growth and presents an excellent service spectrum fatigue technology. Experts cover a wide variety of subjects from various engineering fields, such as load spectra representative of aircraft structures, gas turbines, and windmill structures along with analytical and experimental fatigue and fracture results and the effects of spectrum editing, time dependent changes in material characteristics, compression loads and gust alleviation.
Health Effects of Synthetic Silica Particulates
Authors: Dunnom DD 
Published: March 2009

Description
Focused on health problems caused by synthetic silica dust, STP732 brings you up to date on the complete picture of our present understanding of the physiological effects of silica particulates. Topics range from Characterization of Silicon Dioxide Surfaces by Successive Determinations of the Solution Rate to Immunological Aspects of Silica.
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment
Authors: Pearson JG , Foster RB , Bishop WE 
Published: March 2009

Description
STP 766 presents a discussion of the science's lack of quantitative growth and innovation based on the experience of those dealing in the practical application of aquatic toxicology as decision tools in aquatic toxicology as decision tools in aquatic safety assessment. However the papers contained combat this challenge and express new and innovative techniques for screening chemicals, for measuring population and community effects of stress, and field validation of lab-derived data.
Rolling Contact Fatigue Testing of Bearing Steels
Authors: Hoo JJC 
Published: March 2009

Description
This volume is a collection of papers devoted entirely to the problems of rolling contact fatigue testing of bearing steels. It is a good reference for all engineers and metallurgists working with rolling bearings and bearing steels. The results obtained by past researchers and a review of the most up-to-date state of the art are contained.
Materials Evaluation Under Fretting Conditions
Authors: Brown SR 
Published: March 2009

Description
This volume presents a state of the art review of the equipment, devices, and techniques available for controlling fretting test conditions and for assessing damage. The papers comprising the contents address topics such ad: the systematic investigation of fretting phenomena and fretting damage, fretting test devices, the involvement of computers in controlling conditions and correlation results, methods of preventing fretting, and the effects of various factors on fretting wear.
Prevalence of Viral Erythrocytic Necrosis in Pacific Herring and Epizootics in Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, Washington
Authors: Hershberger P. K. , Elder N. E. , Grady C. A. , Gregg J. L. , Pacheco C. A. , Greene C. , Rice C. , Meyers T. R. 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Epizootics of viral erythrocytic necrosis (VEN) occurred among juvenile Pacific herring Clupea pallasii in Skagit Bay, Puget Sound, Washington, during 2005–2007 and were characterized by high prevalences and intensities of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies within circulating erythrocytes. The prevalence of VEN peaked at 67% during the first epizootic in October 2005 and waned to 0% by August 2006. A second VEN epizootic occurred throughout the summer of 2007; this was characterized by disease initiation and perpetuation in the age-1, 2006 year-class, followed by involvement of the age-0, 2007 year-class shortly after the latter's metamorphosis to the juvenile stage. The disease was detected in other populations of juvenile Pacific herring throughout Puget Sound and Prince William Sound, Alaska, where the prevalences and intensities typically did not correspond to those observed in Skagit Bay. The persistence and recurrence of VEN epizootics indicate that the disease is probably common among juvenile Pacific herring throughout the eastern North Pacific Ocean, and although population-level impacts probably occur they are typically covert and not easily detected.
A Predictive Index of Biotic Integrity Model for Aquatic‐Vertebrate Assemblages of Western U.S. Streams
Authors: Pont Didier , Hughes Robert M. , Whittier Thomas R. , Schmutz Stefan 
Published: March 2009

AbstractBecause of natural environmental and faunal differences and scientific perspectives, numerous indices of biological integrity (IBIs) have been developed at local, state, and regional scales in the USA. These multiple IBIs, plus different criteria for judging impairment, hinder rigorous national and multistate assessments. Many IBI metrics are calibrated for water body size, but none are calibrated explicitly for other equally important natural variables such as air temperature, channel gradient, or geology. We developed a predictive aquatic‐vertebrate IBI model using a total of 871 stream sites (including 162 least‐disturbed and 163 most‐disturbed sites) sampled as part of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program survey of 12 conterminous western U.S. states. The selected IBI metrics (calculated from both fish and aquatic amphibians) were vertebrate species richness, benthic native species richness, assemblage tolerance index, proportion of invertivore‐piscivore species, and proportion of lithophilic‐reproducing species. Mean model IBI scores differed significantly between least‐disturbed and most‐disturbed sites as well as among ecoregions. Based on a model IBI impairment criterion of 0.44 (risks of type I and II errors balanced), an estimated 34.7% of stream kilometers in the western USA were deemed impaired, compared with 18% for a set of traditional IBIs. Also, the model IBI usually displayed less variability than the traditional IBIs, presumably because it was better calibrated for natural variability.
Toxicity of two insecticides to california, USA, anurans and its relevance to declining amphibian populations
Authors: Sparling Donald W. , Fellers Gary M. 
Published: March 2009

AbstractContaminants have been associated with population declines of several amphibian species in California (USA). Pesticides from the Central Valley of California are transported by winds into the Sierra Nevada Mountains and precipitate into wet meadows where amphibians breed. The present study examined the chronic toxicity of two of the insecticides most commonly used in the Central Valley and found in the mountains, chlorpyrifos and endosulfan, to larval Pacific treefrogs (Pseudacris regilla) and foothill yellow-legged frogs (Rana boylii) and discusses the implications of this toxicity to declining amphibian populations. Larvae were exposed to the pesticides from Gosner stages 25 to 26 through metamorphosis. The estimated median lethal concentration (LC50) for chlorpyrifos was 365 μg/L in P. regilla and 66.5 μg/L for R. boylii. Time to metamorphosis increased with concentration of chlorpyrifos in both species, and cholinesterase activity declined with exposure concentration in metamorphs of both species at Gosner stages 42 to 46. For endosulfan, the estimated LC50 was 15.6 μg/L for P. regilla and 0.55 μg/L for R. boylii. All R. boylii exposed to concentrations of greater than 0.8 μg/L died before they entered metamorphosis. Pseudacris regilla remains relatively abundant and is broadly distributed throughout California. In contrast, R. boylii is among the species experiencing severe population declines. The present study adds to the increasing evidence that pesticides are very harmful to amphibians living in areas that are miles from sources of pesticide application.
Reversibility of estrogenic sex changes in zebrafish (Danio Rerio)
Authors: Larsen Mia G. , Bilberg Katrine , Baatrup Erik 
Published: March 2009

Abstract
Development of male zebrafish (Danio rerio) courtship behavior was studied following estrogenic disruption of sexual differentiation. Sixty zebrafish were exposed at 28C to 5 ng/L (nominal concentration) of 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) from the egg stage until adulthood at four months of age, resulting in a female-biased sex ratio. Twenty-five EE2-exposed phenotypic female zebrafish were subsequently held in clean water for eight months. During this period, eight phenotypic males developed. These phenotypic males demonstrated significant behavioral aberrations and a low fertilization rate compared to control males.
Speech Perception Outcome in Multiply Disabled Children Following Cochlear Implantation: Investigating a Predictive Score
Authors: Trimble Keith , Rosella Laura C. , Propst Evan , Gordon Karen A. , Papaioannou Vicky , Papsin Blake C. 
Published: March 2009

Background: Children with multiple disabilities account for a small percentage of implantees in a cochlear implant program, but they remain the most challenging group for which to predict benefit from the implant and for cooperation with habilitation postoperatively. Purpose:
To assess the relationship of pre-implant functional disabilities with postoperative speech perception scores and determine the feasibility of predicting outcome with a cochlear implant in a multiply disabled pediatric population. Research Design: Retrospective cohort study. Study
Sample: Sixty-six children with a cochlear implant and at least one additional disability. Data Collection And Analysis: We retrospectively examined the relationship between pre-implant Graded Profile Analysis (GPA) scores and postimplant speech perception scores. A pre-implant
functional disability score (based on the Battelle developmental screen) was applied to the same cohort of patients and its association with postimplant speech perception scores was examined. Results: The functional disability score significantly predicted high (k > 24) and low (k
< 7) speech perception scores (p < 0.001 and p < .0001) and had excellent discrimination ability (c statistic = 0.88 and 0.93 respectively). The GPA score was not significantly associated with speech perception scores (p = 0.519 and p = 0.146) and
demonstrated no ability to discriminate postimplant speech perception scores in this implant population (c statistic = 0.49 and c = 0.57). Conclusions: Prediction of outcomes following cochlear implantation in multiply disabled children can be facilitated using
this newly developed functional disability score as an adjunct to traditional candidacy assessments.
Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders in Primary Care
Authors: Myers Scott M. 
Published: March 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Using a chronic disease management model, describe the key goals in continuous management of autism in the office setting.

2.
Discuss the empiric evidence supporting educational/habilitative interventions used in children with autism spectrum disorders.

3.
Outline the medical interventions available for children with autism spectrum disorders with emphasis on current evidence of proven efficacy and the need for ongoing monitoring.
Genetic Evaluation of the Child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Pickler Laura , Elias Ellen 
Published: March 2009

CME Educational Objectives

1.
Recognize the key genetic causes of autism.

2.
Discuss recommended diagnostic testing modalities for genetic conditions in children with autism.

3.
Review the role of CGH microarray and the effect this may have on the diagnostic evaluation of children with ASD.