bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work performance of Chinese cycle haulers: Controlled field experiments in normal work conditions
Authors: Steegmann A. Theodore , Li Tian Lin , Emmer Daniel W. , Hewner Sharon J. , Zhang Xiufen , Liu Zunyong 
Published: February 2006

AbstractForty‐five male Chinese cycle haulers performed a controlled field experiment under mild winter conditions. The objective was to gain insight into factors that affect work performance. Each man hauled the same 481‐kg load around a Beijing street course of 14.18 km. The experiment was a measured sample of the same work they do routinely, on the same roads, using similar human powered hauling cycles (modified only enough to carry observers and instruments). The course was completed at a mean speed of 10.4 kph and mean time of 84.2 min. While there was considerable variation in individual pace and in pace change during work, the haulers performed at relatively high output in reference to their capacities. Mean heart rate was 156.8 ± 16.1 bpm, 83.9% of maximum. The men had average body build and were average in size for the general Chinese population (X stature = 169.7 cm) although they showed relatively high aerobic capacity (determined in laboratory tests). Performance levels during experiments appear to match habitual work patterns, and self‐pacing emerged as a major behavioral finding of this research. Speed, a primary index of job performance, showed significant correlation to heart rate, VO2max, variation in windchill, self‐reported health and other variables, with a multiple regression coefficient of 0.811. Similar patterns were seen for heart rate relative to speed, except that physical size, education, and other behavioral variables were also predictors. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bone remodeling rates and skeletal maturation in three archaeoloqical skeletal populations
Authors: Stout Sam D. , Lueck Rhonda 
Published: February 2006

AbstractCortical bone remodeling rates for rib samples from three archaeological populations and a modern autopsy sample were determined using an algorithm developed by Frost. (Frost [1987a] Calcif. Tissue Res. 3:211–237). When plotted against the relative antiquities for population samples, histomorphometric variables; i.e., activation frequency (μrc, net bone formation (netVf,r,t), and mean annual bone formation rate (Vf,r,t), exhibit a concordant trend of increased cortical bone remodeling activity levels over time. Two intensive foraging populations, Windover and Gibson, are similar for all bone remodeling parameters and have the lowest remodeling activity levels among the samples. The more recent Ledders sample, which is reported to practice agricultural subsistence, is consistently intermediate between these and a modern autopsy sample. Although there appear to be differences in bone formation rates among the populations, it is concluded that these differences cannot be attributed to differences in bone remodeling rates among the populations, but rather are reflecting different effective ages of adult compacta for their ribs. These findings suggest that the earlier populations, particularly Windsor and Gibson, appear to have reached skeletal maturity at an older age than observed for modern. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic heterogeneity among the Hindus and their relationships with the other “Caucasoid” populations: New data on Punjab‐Haryana and Rajasthan Indian States
Authors: Tartaglia Marco , Scacchi Renato , Corbo Rosa Maria , Pompei Fiorenza , Rickards Olga , Ciminelli Bianca Maria , Sangatramani Tarachamd , Vyas Mukesh , Dash Sumitra , Modiano Guido 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe genetic structure of Rajasthan Hindus and Punjab‐Haryana Hindus and Sikhs has been studied for ABO, RH, APOC2, C6, C7, F13A, F13B, HP, ORM1, ACP1, ADA, AK1, ESD, GLO1, PGD, PGM1 subtyping, and PGP. This is the first genetic survey on Hindus of Rajasthan. Furthermore, many of these markers have never been studied on Hindus before (APOC2, C6, 07, F13A, F13B, ORMl, PGP). These data, together with those previously available for Hindus, have been utilized to analyze the within‐Hindus genetic heterogeneity by RST statistic and correspondence analysis. The genetic relationships of Hindus to other Causcasoid populations were also investigated. In the first analysis, two eastern states (Orissa and Andhra Pradesh) were found to be quite separate from each other and clearly distinct from the northwestern and western states. Out of the markers which could not be utilized in this analysis, PGM1 subtyping turned out to discriminate between the Dravidian—speaking and the Indo‐Aryan‐speaking Hindus. The second analysis shows a clear‐cut separation of Hindus from Europeans, with Near Eastern and Middle Eastern populations genetically in an intermediate position. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Muscular and osseous anatomy of the primate anterior temporal fossa and the functions of the postorbital septum
Authors: Ross Callum 
Published: February 2006

AbstractMany adaptive explanations for anthropoid origins incorporate hypotheses regarding the function of the postorbital septum. Two hypotheses are evaluated here: Cachel's ([1979b] Am. J. Phys. Anthropol. 50:1–18) hypothesis that the anthropoid postorbital septum evolved to augment muscle attachment area in the anterior temporal fossa and Cartmill's ([1980] in RL Ciochon and AB Chiarelli (eds.): Evolutionary Biology of the New World Monkeys and Continental Drift. New York: Plenum, pp. 243–274.) hypothesis that the septum evolved to insulate the foveate eye of haplorhines from movements in the temporal fossa during mastication. Dissections of the masticatory muscles of 55 species of primates, with emphasis on the anatomy of the anterior temporal fossa, reveal that in all anthropoids the temporal muscles take origin from the portion of the septum formed by the frontal bone. In some platyrrhines this muscle is anterior temporalis, and in others it is zygomatico‐mandibularis. In tarsiers and most platyrrhines, muscle attachment to the zygomatic portion of the postorbital septum is very restricted (and of possibly varying homologies), whereas in catarrhines the zygomatico‐mandibularis arises from the postorbital ridge on the zygomatic portion of the septum. This suggests that, contrary to Cachel's hypothesis, the earliest anthropoids did not have extensive areas of muscle attachment on the postorbital septum, a suggestion supported by the bony morphology of Catopithecus browni. Dissections also indicate that in all haplorhines the anteriormost temporal fibers curve around the postorbital septum between origin and insertion, implying that, were the septum not present, the anterior temporal muscles would disturb the orbital contents when contracting. This suggests that insulation may have been the septum's original function, even in the absence of a retinal fovea. In anthropoids, the rostral migration of the line of action of the anterior temporal muscles relative to the eye is attributed to their possession of extreme degrees of both orbital frontation and convergence; in tarsiers it is attributed to their possession of both massively hypertrophied eyes and moderately convergent and frontated orbits. It is argued that the postorbital septum is most likely to have evolved in a morphological context similar to that exhibited by omomyids. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A possible case of melorheostosis from antiquity
Authors: Kelley Marc A. , Lytle Karen 
Published: February 2006

AbstractAn unusual case of discontinuous hard tissue hyperostosis is described in a 25‐30–year‐old female dating between 4000 and 5500 BP from northern Chile. This specimen was one of 104 individuals examined from the Morro‐1 site, which is known to represent the Chinchorro culture. The only other reported case from antiquity dates to 500 AD (Lester [1969] J. Bone Joint Surg. [Am.] 49:142–143). A review and comparison of this case to the medical literature supports a diagnosis of melorheostosis. Differential diagnosis is presented with the ruling out of nonspecific manifestations of osteomyelitis/periostitis as the most likely alternative diagnosis. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Beta‐globin gene cluster haplotype distribution in five Brazilian Indian tribes
Authors: Bevilaqua Lia R. M. , Mattevi Vanessa S. , Ewald Gisele M. , Salzano Francisco M. , Coimbra Carlos E. A. , Santos Ricardo V. , Hutz Mara H. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractHaplotypes derived from five polymorphic restriction sites in the beta‐globin gene cluster were investigated in 139 individuals from five different Brazilian Indian tribes by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Eight haplotypes were identified. Haplotypes 2 (+−−−−) and 6 (−++−+) were the most frequent and were common to all tribes. Their prevalences ranged from 60% to 93% and from 3% to 18%, respectively. Average heterozy‐gosity measured by the Gini‐Simpson index is markedly reduced among these Brazilian Indians when compared with Europeans (56%), but much less (8%) in relation to Asiatics, suggesting the absence of an important bottleneck effect in the early colonization of South America. The coefficient of gene differentiation (GST′) was estimated as 0.082 among six Brazilian Indian tribes, but when only three Tupi‐Mondé‐speaking tribes were considered, this estimate was reduced to 0.030. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rheological behavior of CPE/NR blends filled with precipitated silica
Authors: Phewthongin Nilobon , Saeoui Pongdhorn , Sirisinha Chakrit 
Published: February 2006

AbstractBlends of elastomeric chlorinated polyethylene (CPE) and natural rubber (NR) at the blend composition ratio of 80/20 CPE/NR with various precipitated silica loadings from 0 to 30 phr were prepared. Their rheological behaviors were determined using two rheometers with different shear modes, i.e., the oscillatory rheometer (Rubber Process Analyzer, RPA2000) and the rate‐controlled capillary rheometer (Goettfert Rheotester 2000). Results obtained reveal that the viscoelastic behavior of blends is influenced remarkably by loadings of silica. Within the oscillatory shear strains of 0.3–30%, the unfilled blend appears to be almost insensitive to shear strain that means the unfilled blend possesses a broad linear viscoelastic (LVE) region. As silica is incorporated, the elastic modulus (G′) of blends increases, particularly at silica loadings of 20 and 30 phr. The increase in G′ as a function of silica loading could be explained by a reinforcing effect via a hydrodynamic effect as well as a strong interaction between chlorine atoms on CPE molecules and silanol functional groups on silica surfaces associated with a formation of silica tridimensional transient network, usually known as a secondary filler network. Also, all blends with various loadings of precipitated silica reveal an increase in elasticity with increasing frequency, and those with high silica loadings (i.e., 20 and 30 phr) give a more time‐independent elastic response, which supports the presence of filler transient network in these blends. By applying the Cox and Merz concept to the rheological results, the superimposition of flow curves determined from of the oscillatory shear flow and steady shear flow in the highly silica filled blends is possible if the silica transient network effect is eliminated. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2565–2571, 2006
New emulsion polymerization tubular reactor with internal angular baffles: Reaction temperature effect
Authors: Marín Florentino L. Mendoza , Lona Liliane Maria Ferrareso , Maciel Maria R. Wolf , Filho Rubens Maciel 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDeterministic models of physicochemical, mathematical, and computational sciences were used for modeling and simulation of emulsion homopolymerization process of styrene with baffles into tubular reactor (TR) as static mixer. Modeling and simulation were approximate to steady state, cylindrical one‐dimensional model, fully developed laminar plug flow, and they were solved with finite volume method and programmed with Fortran language. Also, the Smith‐Ewart model was considered to estimate the monomer conversion and Arrhenius chemical kinetics was considered as laminar finite‐rate model to compute chemical source. The experimental‐inductive and mathematical‐deductive methods were applied for obtaining mass balance results and properties characterization. The objective is to model, to simulate, and to analyze the emulsion polymerization reactor performance with internal‐inclined angular baffles, and to compare with continuous TR in variable reaction temperature. The predictions were validated with experimental results for the isothermic and TR, with a good concordance. The results in no isothermal conditions without and with baffles were better than in isothermal conditions without and with baffles in relation to the desired properties. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2572–2581, 2006
In situ visualization of drop deformation, erosion, and breakup in high viscosity ratio polymeric systems under high shearing stress conditions
Authors: Mighri Frej , Huneault Michel A. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn this paper, deformation and breakup under simple shear of single molten polymer drops in a polymer matrix were investigated. Flow visualization was carried out in a Couette‐Flow apparatus under relatively high shear rates and temperatures up to 230°C. Drop/Matrix combinations were composed of polystyrene drops of 0.5–0.6 mm in diameter in polyethylene matrix, and ethylene–propylene copolymer drops of approximately the same size in polypropylene matrix. The deformation and breakup processes were studied under steady state and time‐dependent shearing conditions. Either for steady state or time‐dependant shearing conditions, drop elasticity generated at relatively high shear rates helped the drops to align perpendicular to the flow direction, i.e., parallel to vorticity axis. Also, the most striking non‐Newtonian effects for the high viscosity ratio systems were the surface erosion and the drop splitting mechanisms. The particles eroded off the main droplet surface were very fine, in the range of 10–50 μm, and led to a significant reduction in main drop size before its final breakup. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2582–2591, 2006
Crystallization of 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol substituted poly(ethylene terephthalate). I. Thermal behavior and isothermal crystallization
Authors: Lewis Christopher L. , Spruiell Joseph E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractDifferential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to evaluate the thermal behavior and isothermal crystallization kinetics of poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) copolymers containing 2‐methyl‐1,3‐propanediol as a comonomer unit. The addition of comonomer reduces the melting temperature and decreases the range between the glass transition and melting point. The rate of crystallization is also decreased with the addition of this comonomer. In this case it appears that the more flexible glycol group does not significantly increase crystallization rates by promoting chain folding during crystallization, as has been suggested for some other glycol‐modified PET copolyesters. The melting behavior following isothermal crystallization was examined using a Hoffman–Weeks approach, showing very good linearity for all copolymers tested, and predicted an equilibrium melting temperature (Tm0) of 280.0°C for PET homopolymer, in agreement with literature values. The remaining copolymers showed a marked decrease in Tm0 with increasing copolymer composition. The results of this study support the claim that these comonomers are excluded from the polymer crystal during growth. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 2592–2603, 2006
Optimized design of multilayer barrier films incorporating a reactive layer. I. Methodology of ingress analysis
Authors: Solovyov Stanislav E. , Goldman Anatoliy Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractA new method for the analysis of oxygen ingress into packages and optimized design solutions for multilayer barrier films incorporating an immobile noncatalytic oxygen scavenger within one of the layers are presented in this three‐part series. The results are based on the theoretical framework of transient permeation through a dense reactive medium with a finite solute scavenging capacity. The target application was flexible and rigid plastic packaging for oxygen‐sensitive products, and the goal was the minimization of oxygen ingress into the package within a predetermined timeframe. A predictive model for oxygen ingress was developed, and practical recommendations for the selection of layer material properties, layer sequencing, and placement of the scavenger within a layer to achieve this goal are provided. Part I introduces the concepts of reference and steady‐state lag times for passive barriers to gas permeation. These concepts are expanded to include the scavenger exhaustion lag time for noncatalytic reactive barriers with an instantaneous scavenging reaction. The steady‐state lag time concept is applied to the characterization of noncatalytic reactive barrier solutions with finite rates of the scavenging reaction using transient effective flux dynamics and the model of solute ingress into the package. The model is based on the semipermeable reaction wavefront concept, which we developed. The corresponding passive‐to‐reactive film transition and its effect on the lag times are discussed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1940–1951, 2006
Optimized design of multilayer barrier films incorporating a reactive layer. II. Solute dynamics in two‐layer films
Authors: Solovyov Stanislav E. , Goldman Anatoliy Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractExtending the model of transient permeation through the reactive barrier film presented in part I of this series to two‐layer reactive–passive barrier structures, we devote part II to the analysis of the evolution of interfacial solute concentrations between the layers. The concepts developed earlier are applied to the transient ingress analysis of two‐layer films where one of the layers contains a noncatalytic solute scavenger. In particular, we show that for reactive–passive films, the averaging approximation of the transient interfacial solute concentration provides good agreement with numerical results for the transient effective flux. The applicability range of this averaging and the error introduced by it are quantified. For the passive–reactive films, the same averaging fails to predict the effective flux dynamics. A new method of ingress analysis is presented for such structures to correct the situation. The method is based on the effective flux dynamics in the homogeneous reactive membrane and the dynamic reactive to the passive–reactive flux scaling between the initial and final solute concentration profiles corresponding to the scavenger activation and scavenger exhaustion times. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1952–1965, 2006
Optimized design of multilayer barrier films incorporating a reactive layer. III. Case analysis and generalized multilayer solutions
Authors: Solovyov Stanislav E. , Goldman Anatoliy Y. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractIn part III of this series of articles, we present the analysis of transient permeation through two‐layer reactive–passive (RP) film designs, the analysis extension to multilayer structures, and optimized design solutions for multilayer barriers incorporating immobile noncatalytic oxygen scavenger within one of the layers. The reduction of oxygen ingress into a package within a certain timeframe depends on two factors: extension of the scavenger exhaustion time and reduction of the transient transmission rate through the film during that time. The optimal design for the scavenger exhaustion time involves exposure of the reactive layer to the package contents and its protection from high levels of environmental oxygen by the best possible passive barrier layer. The film barrier properties can be further optimized by the selection of the matrix material to place the scavenger in. Reducing the initial transmission rate requires the placement of the scavenger within a layer with the lowest diffusivity of the matrix polymer. When one chooses between two layers with different material transport properties in which to put the scavenger, the optimal solution for the ingress depends on the desired time to provide an improved barrier. The lifetime of the scavenger in the RP film is shortened for design 1, when the diffusivity of the reactive layer is smaller than that of the passive layer, compared to RP design 2, with the layer matrix sequence reversed, but the transient transmission rate is greatly reduced on average for the former. If the desired time to provide a barrier does not exceed the scavenger exhaustion time for RP design 1, the lowest diffusivity material should be used as a matrix for the innermost layer loaded with the scavenger. Otherwise, the highest possible passive barrier should be placed into the film external layer to minimize the total ingress during longer times. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 100: 1966–1977, 2006
The psychology and ideology of an islamic terrorist leader: Usama bin Laden
Authors: Miliora Maria T. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThis essay presents what the author proposes are the motivational bases for Usama bin Laden's avowed “holy war” against the United States. Bin Laden's biography is presented against the backdrop of the recent political history of the Middle Eastern Islamic world including the emergence of radical Islam. In assessing bin Laden's personality from the data that are available, three features are prominent: archaic narcissistic states (expressed as conscious and unconscious fantasies), paranoia and a Manichean sense of reality. It is shown that his ideology derives from his personality and his perception of and reaction to political events involving the United States and nations in the Middle East. The findings suggest that bin Laden imagines that he is walking in the shoes of the prophet Muhammad as he engages in an apocalyptic war to restore Islam as a potent force in the world. Usama bin Laden is compared to Hitler as a charismatic, messianic leader. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Therapeutic supervision with families of high‐conflict divorce
Authors: Scharff Katherine E. 
Published: February 2006

AbstractThe author describes therapeutic supervision by a therapist for helping families of high‐conflict divorce, a model derived from psychoanalytic principles applied to the study and treatment of dysfunctional family patterns at times of transition of the children from the care of one separated parent to another. Therapeutic supervision allows the collection of rich, accurate data about the family's functioning that inform the court's custody decisions, and it offers a naturalistic setting in which to study conflict and vulnerability and intervene in the form of powerful verbal and behavioral interpretations. The author gives guidelines for setting conditions and agreements that support the hard work of therapeutic supervision, and she concludes with a clinical case study. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.