bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF PROTEOLYTIC ENZYMES ON THE FUNCTIONALITY OF CHICKEN EGG ALBUMEN
Authors: GRUNDEN L. P. , VADEHRA D. V. , BAKER R. C. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSAlbumen from eggs of a strain of White Leghorn hens was treated with various proteolytic enzymes (papain, ficin, protease, bromelin and trypsin) for 18 hr at 34°C. Following enzyme treatment the nonprotein nitrogen, measured as moles of tyrosine released per minute, was found to range from 1.1 × to 10‐3 4.8 × 10‐3. All treatments were found to cause some changes in the electrophoretic behavior of albumen. The pH of enzyme‐treated albumen ranged from 6.2 (protease) to 8.4 (trypsin). Enzymatic treatment of albumen, with the exception of papain, improved angel food cake volumes from 3 .9%). In gcneral, enzyme‐treated albumen showed a 6–16% increase in foam volume; however, the foam stability was inferior compared to the control.
CHARACTERISTICS OF MEAT FROM MECHANICALLY DEBONED LAMB BREASTS
Authors: FIELD R. A. , RILEY M. L. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSSeven lots of choice and prime lamb breasts were mechanically deboned using an AUX 70 Beehive deboner with 0.635 mm diam holes in the cylinder. The meat was compared to hand‐boned meat from the same lots of breasts. Numbers of bacteria per g of meat and percent fat, protein and dry matter were similar in hand‐ and machine‐boned meat. Mechanically deboned meat contained less hydroxyproline and more calcium than hand‐boned meat.
LEAD AND CADMIUM CONTENT OF SELECTED OREGON GROUNDFISH
Authors: CHILDS E. A. , GAFFKE J. N. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSThe lead and cadmium content of selected Oregon groundfish was determined. Rex sole (Glyptocephalus zachirus), English sole (Parophrys vetulus), Dover sole (Microstomus pacificus), petrale sole (Eopsetta jordani), orange rockfish (Sebastes pinniger), lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus), Pacific hake (Merluccius productus), starry flounder (Platichthys stellatus) and sand sole (Psettichthys melanostictus) samples had mean lead and cadmium contents of < 0.25 ppm. Therefore Oregon groundfish would not be a source of toxic levels of Pb and Cd in the diet.
COLOR STABILITY OF MAPLE SIRUP IN VARIOUS RETAIL CONTAINERS
Authors: UNDERWOOD J. C. , KISSINGER J. C. , BELL R. A. , WHITE J. W. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTSReduced quality and availability of traditional tinned retail containers for pure maple sirup has prompted the appearance of plastic containers for this product. Tests which four sirups were stored 6 months in glass, metal and two types plastic containers at three temperatures showed that the sirups in both plastics darkened significantly more than in the other containers during the storage, and a significant interaction between temperature and container was shown. The possibility of a sirup falling to the next lower USDA grade during storage is pointed out.
Concentrations of isometamidium chloride (Samorin®) in sera of Zebu cattle which showed evidence of hepatotoxicity following frequent trypanocidal treatments
Authors: EISLER M. C. , STEVENSON P. , MUNGA L. , SMYTH J. B. A. 
Published: March 2007

The concentrations of isometamidium circulating in poorly nourished Zebu cattle which showed morbidity, mortality, and biochemical and histopathological evidence of hepatotoxicity, following frequent treatments with isometamidium chloride and diminazene aceturate were investigated using the isometamidium‐ELISA. As few as two isometamidium treatments one month apart were associated with significant weight loss, and cattle treated with diminazene aceturate after three or four isometamidium treatments suffered a 50% mortality.Although there were no obvious, marked elevations in isometamidium concentration which might have allowed the use of the ELISA as a predictor of a potential toxicity problem, concentrations did increase significantly with the number of monthly treatments administered, suggesting drug accumulation, and the increases were significantly higher in cattle to which diminazene had also been administered. In cattle treated with both trypanocides, weight loss and serum glutamate dehydrogenase levels were correlated with isometamidium concentrations. These observations, together with the histopathological findings, support the hypothesis that the morbidity and mortality observed were related to the repeated treatment with isometamidium in conjunction with diminazene aceturate, and that the pathogenesis involved a component of hepatic damage.It is therefore recommended that cattle, particularly those under nutritional stress, are not subjected to repeated treatments with isometamidium at intervals as short as one month, and particularly not with concurrent administration of diminazene.
Passage through India: the Mozambique Ocean suture, high‐pressure granulites and the Palghat‐Cauvery shear zone system
Authors: Collins Alan S. , Clark Chris , Sajeev K. , Santosh M. , Kelsey David E. , Hand Martin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe Mozambique Ocean closed as Gondwana formed. Its suture has been identified in Madagascar (Betsimisaraka suture), but its continuation, into India, is controversial. The Palghat‐Cauvery shear system appears an ideal candidate as it: (i) lies along strike of the Betsimisaraka suture in Gondwana; (ii) forms a high‐pressure granulite belt; and (iii) separates crustal domains with different geological histories. However, existing age constraints have been used to suggest that the structure is Archaean/Palaeoproterozoic. Here we date metamorphic zircons using secondary ion mass spectrometry (535.0 ± 4.9 Ma) and monazites using electron probe micro‐analysis (537 ± 9, 532 ± 8, 525 ± 10 Ma). No evidence for an earlier metamorphic event was found. The identification of Palghat‐Cauvery high‐pressure metamorphism as Cambrian, and recognition that it bounds crustal domains of contrasting origin, points to it being the southern continuation of the Betsimisaraka suture and southern margin of Neoproterozoic India.
Aseismic deformation in the Alps: GPS vs. seismic strain quantification
Authors: Sue Christian , Delacou Bastien , Champagnac Jean‐Daniel , Allanic Cecile , Burkhard Martin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNeotectonics of the Western and Central Alps is characterized by ongoing widespread extension in the highest zones of the chain and transcurrent/compressive tectonics at the external limits of the belt. The overall geodetically measured deformations also indicate extension across the Western Alps. There is a good qualitative coherency between seismotectonic and geodetic approaches. Here we attempt to quantify the seismic part of the deformation. The seismic strain is compared to the deformation derived from geodesy. In sub‐areas of homogeneous seismic stress/strain, we computed the total seismic moment tensor and related strain tensor. This study provides new quantitative elements about the ongoing geodynamic processes in the alpine belt. The important discrepancies obtained between seismic strains and geodetically‐measured deformations raise the issue of aseismic deformation in the Alps, which could be related to elastic loading, creeping and/or a slower ductile‐style deformation.
Variation in scorpion metabolic rate and rate–temperature relationships: implications for the fundamental equation of the metabolic theory of ecology
Authors: TERBLANCHE J. S. , JANION C. , CHOWN S. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe fundamental equation of the metabolic theory of ecology (MTE) indicates that most of the variation in metabolic rate are a consequence of variation in organismal size and environmental temperature. Although evolution is thought to minimize energy costs of nutrient transport, its effects on metabolic rate via adaptation, acclimatization or acclimation are considered small, and restricted mostly to variation in the scaling constant,b0. This contrasts strongly with many conclusions of evolutionary physiology and life‐history theory, making closer examination of the fundamental equation an important task for evolutionary biologists. Here we do so using scorpions as model organisms. First, we investigate the implications for the fundamental equation of metabolic rate variation and its temperature dependence in the scorpionUroplectes carinatusfollowing laboratory acclimation. During 22 days of acclimation at 25 °C metabolic rates declined significantly (from 127.4 to 78.2 μW;P = 0.0001) whereas mean body mass remained constant (367.9–369.1 mg;P = 0.999). In field‐fresh scorpions, metabolic rate–temperature (MRT) relationships varied substantially within and among individuals, and therefore had low repeatability values (τ = 0.02) and no significant among‐individual variation (P = 0.181). However, acclimation resulted in a decline in within‐individual variation of MRT slopes which subsequently revealed significant differences among individuals (P = 0.0031) and resulted in a fourfold increase in repeatability values (τ = 0.08). These results highlight the fact that MRT relationships can show substantial, directional variation within individuals over time. Using a randomization model we demonstrate that the reduction in metabolic rate with acclimation while body mass remains constant causes a decline both in the value of the mass‐scaling exponent and the coefficient of determination. Furthermore, interspecific comparisons of activation energy,E, demonstrated significant variation in scorpions (0.09–1.14 eV), with a mean value of 0.77 eV, significantly higher than the 0.6–0.7 eV predicted by the fundamental equation. Our results add to a growing body of work questioning both the theoretical basis and empirical support for the MTE, and suggest that alternative models of metabolic rate variation incorporating explicit consideration of life history evolution deserve further scrutiny.
Quality and Developmental Ability of Dromedary (Camelus dromedarius) Embryos Obtained by IVM/IVF, In Vivo Matured/IVF or In Vivo Matured/Fertilized Oocytes
Authors: Khatir H , Anouassi A , Tibary A 
Published: March 2007

ContentsThe effect of source of cumulus‐oocytes‐complexes (COCs), maturation and fertilization conditions on developmental competence of dromedary embryos was examined. Thirty‐six adult females were superovulated with equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) injection (3500 IU, IM) and divided in three groups of 12 females each. Group 1 provided 138 COC's collected from follicles ≥ 5 mm 10 days after stimulation prior hCG treatment and matured in vitro for 30 h. Group 2 provided 120 in vivo matured oocytes which were aspirated from their follicles 20 h after hCG (3000 IU, IV) given on day 10 follow eCG injection. Group 3 provided 65 in vivo matured/fertilized oocytes. Females in Group 3 received hCG on day 10 following eCG treatment and then were mated 24 h later. Fertilized oocytes were collected from the oviducts of females 48‐h post‐mating. Quality of the oocytes was assessed after in vitro maturation (IVM), in vitro fertilization (IVF) and in vitro culture (IVC) of COCs. All cultures were performed in three replicates (n = 3) at 38.5°C, under 5% CO2 and high humidity (>95%). Only COCs with cumulus and homogenous (dark) cytoplasm were used. Nuclear maturation rate for Groups 1 and 2 was determined by epifluorescence microscopy in a sample of COCs (n = 30) denuded, fixed and stained with Hoechst 33342. To study the viability of obtained embryos, hatched blastocysts from each group were transferred to recipients followed by pregnancy diagnosis using ultrasonography at 15, 60 and 90 days. The percentage of COCs reaching metaphase II (MII) after 30 h of maturation was slightly but not significantly higher for in vivo matured oocytes (28/30; 93%) than those in vitro matured (25/30; 84%). The total rate of cleavage (2 cells to blastocyst stage) was not different for the three groups. However, significantly (p < 0.05) more blastocyst and hatched blastocysts were obtained from in vivo matured and in vivo fertilized oocytes (Group 3; 52% and 73%) than from in vitro fertilized oocytes whether they were matured in vitro (Group 1; 35% and 32%) or in vivo (Group 2; 32% and 45%). Pregnancy rates were not significantly different amongst all groups for the three first months following embryo transfer. All pregnancies were lost after day 90 follow transfer except for in vivo matured and in vivo matured/fertilized groups. Only in vivo matured/in vitro fertilized and in vivo matured/fertilized produced embryos continued normal development until term and resulted in the birth of normal and healthy live calves. Six claves (29%; 6/21) were born from Group 3 and one (8%; 1/13) calf was born from Group 2. This study shows that the IVC system used is able to support camel embryo development. However, developmental competence and viability of dromedary embryos may be directly related to the intrinsic quality (cytoplasmic maturation) of oocytes.
Effects of Increased Ambient Temperature During IVM and/or IVF on the In Vitro Development of Bovine Zygotes
Authors: Sugiyama S , McGowan M , Phillips N , Kafi M , Young M 
Published: March 2007

ContentsPrevious research by this group (2003) has demonstrated that heat stress during in vitro culture (IVC) significantly increased early embryo mortality. The experiments reported here examine the effects of heat treatment (HT) during in vitro maturation (IVM) and during in vitro fertilization (IVF). One 24 h cycle of HT entailed a series of 0.5°C incubator temperature increases from 39°C to 39.5°C for 2 h, to 40°C for 2 h, to 40.5°C for 4 h, 41°C for 4 h, 40.5°C for 6 h and 40°C for 6 h. This cycle mimics rectal temperatures recorded in high producing, grain fed dairy cows in hot climates. Experiment I studied the effects of one cycle of heat‐treatment during IVF on the rate of cleavage of in vitro matured presumptive zygotes. Total cleavage rate in the HT group (37.8%) was lower than that of the control group (54.6%, p < 0.05). Experiment II repeated the HT of experiment I but preceded it with a cycle of HT during IVM. The total cleavage rates for control and heat treatment groups were 75.5% and 37.9%, respectively, with a significant difference of p < 0.001 identified. Experiment III examined the rates of embryonic development to ≥8‐cell stage (after 72 h IVC) and to morula or blastocyst (M/B) stage (after 144 h IVC) following HT of the oocyte groups during the preceding IVM or IVF. Rates of development to ≥8‐cell stage (at 72 h IVC) and to M/B stage (after 144 h IVC) for the control group were 27.5% and 35.8%. Those of IVM‐only HT and IVF‐only HT groups were 13.8% and 14.6%, and 8.6% and 14.3%, respectively. Both groups of heat treated embryos developed at significantly lower rates (p < 0.05) than did the control group. These results suggest that hyperthermia during oocyte maturation and/or fertilization adversely affects oocyte maturation and fertilization rates and retards further embryonic development.
Genetic Parameters for Semen Production Traits in Austrian Dual‐Purpose Simmental Bulls
Authors: Gredler B , Fuerst C , Fuerst‐Waltl B , Schwarzenbacher H , Sölkner J 
Published: March 2007

ContentsGenetic parameters were estimated for semen production traits collected in an Austrian AI centre in the years 2000–2004. In total, 12 746 ejaculates from 301 Austrian dual‐purpose Simmental (Fleckvieh) AI bulls were examined considering different effects on ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, percentage of viable spermatozoa in the ejaculate, total spermatozoa per ejaculate and motility. The model for genetic parameter estimation included the fixed effects age of bull, collection interval, number of collections on collection day, bull handler, semen collector, year and month of collection, a random additive genetic component and a permanent environmental effect. Correlations between estimated breeding values for semen traits and male fertility from the routine evaluation were calculated. The fertility trait considered in the routine evaluation is non‐return rate 90 for the first insemination. All semen production traits were moderately heritable. Heritabilities for volume, concentration, percentage of viable spermatozoa, total number of spermatozoa and motility were 0.18, 0.14, 0.10, 0.22 and 0.04, respectively. Correlations between breeding values for semen quality traits and routinely estimated breeding values for male fertility were low and ranged from 0.08 to 0.17 indicating that semen production traits are rather poor predictors of male fertility.
A Low Oxygen Atmosphere during IVF Accelerates the Kinetic of Formation of In Vitro Produced Ovine Blastocysts
Authors: Leoni GG , Rosati I , Succu S , Bogliolo L , Bebbere D , Berlinguer F , Ledda S , Naitana S 
Published: March 2007

ContentsAmong the factors that affect in vitro embryo development, oxygen atmosphere is considered to be of great influence. In this study, we evaluated the influence of two different oxygen atmospheres during in vitro fertilization (IVF) of ovine oocytes on their developmental capacity and quality assessed by cryotolerance. Cumulus oocyte complexes derived from ovaries of slaughtered sheep were matured in vitro and subsequently fertilized under low (5%) or high (20%) oxygen atmospheres, and cultured in SOF + aa + 0.4% BSA in 5% CO2 and 5% O2 up to blastocyst stage. The cleavage rates obtained in the fertilization system at 20% O2 were significantly higher than those obtained in the 5% O2 fertilization system (61.2% vs 50.8%; p < 0.01). The distribution of cleaved oocytes at 22, 26 and 40 h of culture intervals was not different in the low or high O2 atmosphere (31.4%, 26.4% and 42.1% vs 28.0%, 29.3% and 42.7% respectively). Blastocysts output on the 6th day post‐fertilization (dpf) was significantly higher when oocytes were fertilized under 5% O2 concentration (63.04% in 5% O2 vs 47.36% in 20% O2), while on the 7th dpf the higher number of blastocysts was obtained in the 20% O2 system (35.10%.in 20% O2 vs 26.09% in 5% O2). After vitrification no differences were observed between low or high oxygen atmosphere in the viability rates of blastocysts obtained on day 6 (93.6% vs 96.5%), on day 7 (46.3% vs 41.7%) and on day 8 (11.1% vs 6.6%). After differential staining, no significant differences were observed in the total cell number and inner cell mass and trophoblastic cells ratio of blastocysts produced on 6 dpf (189.6 ± 51.3 and 0.260 ± 0.07 vs 223.3 ± 45.6 and 0.277 ± 0.09), on 7 dpf (168.3 ± 25.1 and 0.316 ± 0.06 vs 172.1 ± 33,6 and 0.320 ± 0.06) and on 8 dpf (121.2 ± 23,8 and 0.302 ± 0.03 vs 117.0 ± 35.1 and 0.313 ± 0.04) under low or high oxygen atmosphere respectively). In conclusion, our data suggest that low oxygen atmosphere during IVF affects positively the production of high quality ovine blastocysts.
Is decliningCampanula glomeratathreatened by genetic factors?
Authors: BACHMANN URTE , HENSEN ISABELL 
Published: March 2007

AbstractChanges in land use lead to increasing destruction and fragmentation of natural habitats. As a consequence, many plant species become rare. Remnant populations are often too small and too isolated to persist over time, and face a high risk of extinction because of genetic, demographic or environmental problems. As the decline of rare species is always a focal point in plant conservation, the aim of this study was to investigate the relative importance of genetics for the probability of survival ofCampanula glomeratapopulations, which are not yet rare but are increasingly on the decline because of land‐use changes. We studied 20 populations in three regions in Germany (Saxony‐Anhalt, Baden‐Wuerttemberg and North‐Rhine Westphalia) to assess: (i) whether there is significant genetic differentiation among and between populations; (ii) whether genetic similarity of populations is associated with the geographic distance separating them; and (iii) whether there are relationships between genetic variation and either population size and/or fitness parameters. The results show that the genetic structure ofC. glomeratapopulations is strongly differentiated on a large, but not on a local, scale. As we found neither a correlation between genetic variation and population size parameters, nor between genetic variation and fitness components such as flower number or seed viability/seed germination, we conclude that to date,C. glomeratapopulations have remained almost unaffected by isolation, inbreeding or genetic drift and are not as yet threatened by genetic factors. We assume that particular life history traits preserve the variability of the populations.
Lifetime sexual dimorphism in Juniperus communis var. communis
Authors: WARD LENA K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe sexes of dioecious Juniperus communis were differentially affected over their lifetime in response to ecological and physiological stress in populations of different ages studied over 23 years in southern England. In a young population, the female survival rate was less than the male rate, with more females dying during a severe attack by rabbits and later with fungus disease in the roots. The sex ratio (female : male) in marked individuals was predicted by age, changing from 1:1.13 in 1983 to 1:1.32 in 2005. In an old senescing population, where two‐thirds of the individuals died, the sex ratio varied, but overall became more male biased (1:1.51–1:2.10). Males had a greater resistance to terminal disease, and were slightly older than females at death (110 years compared to 106). Young females grew less than males, presumably because of greater trade‐offs with reproductive effort: the mean annual shoot growth was 6.7 cm compared to 8.1 cm in males. By approximately 30 years of age, heights of the sexes were significantly different. The annual growth of old females (4.8 cm) was greater than that in males (4.3 cm), possibly because males survived longer in poor health. Sexual differences in height in the old population were progressively lost. Cone abundance in females was less than that in males and cone production had greater periodicity; the young population outperformed the old. There were slightly longer time lags in inverse correlations between growth and reproductive indices in females.
Comparison of the rebound tonometer with the Goldmann applanation tonometer in glaucoma patients
Authors: Sahin Afsun , Niyaz Leyla , Yildirim Nilgun 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPurpose:  To determine the agreement between the measurement of intraocular pressure (IOP) by the rebound tonometer (RBT) and by the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT) and to find out the effect of central corneal thickness (CCT) values on IOP measurements in glaucoma patients.Methods:  IOP was measured with the RBT and GAT, respectively, in 61 eyes of 61 glaucoma patients. CCT was measured using an ultrasonic pachymeter after all IOP determinations had been made. The mean IOP measurement by the RBT was compared with the measurement by the GAT, by Student's t‐test. Bland–Altman analysis was performed to assess the clinical agreement between the two methods. The effect of CCT on measured IOP was explored by linear regression analysis.Results:  The mean patient age was 56.7 ± 21.1 years (range: 30–80 years). There were 32 (52.46%) women and 29 (47.54%) men in the study group. The mean IOP readings were 18.70 ± 4.76 mmHg using the RBT, and 18.27 ± 3.49 mmHg using the GAT. The difference was not statistically significant (mean difference 0.43 ± 2.55, P = 0.2). A frequency distribution of the differences demonstrated that in more than 80% of cases the IOP readings differed by <2.3 mmHg between the RBT and GAT. There was a strong correlation between the RBT and GAT readings (r = 0.852, P < 0.0001). The IOP measurements with the two methods were correlated with CCT (r = 0.40, P = 0.02 for the RBT and r = 0.48, P < 0.0001 for the GAT). The IOP increased 1.1 mmHg and 8 mmHg for every 100‐μm increase in CCT for the GAT and RBT, respectively.Conclusion:  The RBT slightly overestimated the IOP value by 0.43 mmHg on average when compared with the GAT. Nevertheless, the RBT readings appeared to be more affected by the various thicknesses of different corneas when compared with those obtained using the GAT.