bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A double‐blind multicentre comparison of mirtazapine and amitriptyline in elderly depressed patients
Authors: Hsyøerg O. J. , Maragakis B. , Mullin J. , Norum D. , Stordall E. , Ekdahl P. , Ose E. , Moksnes K. M. , Sennef C. 
Published: August 2007

Hnyberg OJ, Maragakis B, Mullin J, Norum D, Stordall E, Ekdahl P, Ose E, Moksnes KM, Sennef C. A double‐blind multicentre comparison of mirtazapine and amitriptyline in elderly depressed patients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 184–190. © Munksgaard 1996.A total of 115 elderly patients (60–85 years of age) with DSM III diagnosis of major depressive episode were randomly assigned to 6 weeks of treatment with either mirtazapine, 15–45 mg/day, or amitriptyline, 30–90 mg/day. Efficacy was assessed biweekly, using tbe Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression (HRSD) and Montgomery and Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) as primary outcome variables. The treatment with both drugs resulted in a similar reduction of total HRDS and MADRS scores, with no statistically significant differences between treatment groups at any assessment point or at endpoint. Statistically significant differences favouring amitriptyline were present according to CGI‐Global Improvement Scale at endpoint, HRDS cognitive disturbance factor at weeks 2, 4 and 6 and endpoint and retardation factor at week 6. Adverse events were reported by a similar number of patients in both treatment groups. Additional research is needed to assess further the efficacy and tolerability of mirtazapine among elderly depressed patients.
Relatives' beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia
Authors: Angermeyer M. C. , Matschinger H. 
Published: August 2007

Angermeyer MC, Matschinger H. Relatives' beliefs about the causes of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 199–204. © Munksgaard 1996.Based on a representative survey among the members of German and Austrian asSociations of relatives of mentally ill people, this paper examines the beliefs commonly held by relatives of persons suffering from schizophrenia concerning the causes of this disorder. A comparison of the information gathered in the course of this survey with the results of a representative survey conducted among the general public in Germany shows that relatives will usually look to biological factors when searching for the cause of schizophrenia, while the general public tends to cite psychosocial factors, especially stress‐related factors, in order to explain the development of this illness. We attribute this discrepancy to relatives' greater exposure to the knowledge of psychiatric experts as well as their having to deal with their own feelings of guilt.
GHQ‐28 as an aid to detect mental disorders in neurological inpatients
Authors: Lykouras L. , Adrachta D. , Kalfakis N. , Oulis P. , Voulgari A. , Christodoulou G. N. , Papageorgiou C. , Stefanis C. 
Published: August 2007

Lykouras L, Adrachta D, Kalfakis N, Oulis P, Voulgari A, Christodoulou GN, Papageorgiou C, Stefanis C. GHQ‐28 as an aid to detect mental disorders in neurological inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 212–216. © Munksgaard 1996.The prevalence of mental disorders (DSM‐IIIR criteria) among 107 neurological inpatients was estimated, as well as the extent to which disorders were detected by neurologists. The validity of the scaled version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ‐28) was evaluated using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis and DSM‐IIIR as external criteria. Of the 107 patients who submitted to a structured psychiatric interview (SCID‐R), 56 (52.3%) showed evidence of a mental disorder. Major depressive episode (n= 16), generalized anxiety disorders (n = 13) and dysthymia (n = 12) were the most frequent diagnoses. The neurologists recognized only 13/107 cases (12.1%). Significantly more women than men exhibited some form of mental disorder. The validation of GHQ‐28 in the series of 107 neurological inpatients indicated that the best trade‐off between sensitivity and specificity was the cut‐off score of 5/6. The high occurrence of mental disorder, in association with the low rate of detection by the neurologists, points to the need for special attention to be paid to this problem by staff and experts.
Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism
Authors: Landén M. , Wålinder J. , Lundström B. 
Published: August 2007

Landén M, Wålinder J, Lundström B. Prevalence, incidence and sex ratio of transsexualism.Scand 1996: 93: 221–223. © Munksgaard 1996.Frequency figures for transsexualism, concerning incidence, prevalence and sex ratio calculated in the 1960s and 1970s, were compared with recent reports. The incidence figures remained constant over time, whereas the prevalence figures tended to increase during the review period. The incidence was found to be of the same magnitude in men and women, while the corresponding ratio for prevalence figures was 3:1. It is suggested that men seeking sex reassignment represent a more heterogeneous group than women, and that the reported male predominance to date is due to a lack of categorical studies of primary/ genuine transsexualism. It would appear that genuine transsexualism is, on the whole, insensitive to societal changes. The fundamental disturbance underlying this psychosexual identity disorder is suggested to be neurobiological in origin.
Are all suicidal ideas closely linked to hopelessness?
Authors: Mendonca J. D. , Holden R. R. 
Published: August 2007

Mendonca JD, Holden RR. Are all suicidal ideas closely linked to hopelessness?Scand 1996: 93: 246–251. © Munksgaard 1996.In this study, the link between hopelessness and suicidal intent was investigated for two categories of suicidal thoughts, and the associations of these two categories of thoughts with a range of symptoms were also examined. A total of 97 patients with suicidal thoughts were assessed at the crisis unit of a psychiatric hospital. In interviews, suicidal intent was assessed using the Beck Scale for Suicide Ideation, while psychological distress was assessed using both the Beck Hopelessness Scale and the Derogatis Symptom Checklist. Ideation items describing the frequency, duration and acceptance of a wish to die were significantly correlated with feelings of hopelessness. However, items reflecting preoccupation with a method of self‐ham showed only a weak correlation with hopelessness, although the relationship varied according to diagnosis. That is, this preoccupation was significantly associated with hopelessness for depressed patients, but this was not the case for the personality disorder, anxiety disorder and substance‐abuse subgroups. Finally, analyses indicated that the primary predictor of suicidal intent was the patient's cognitive distortion, not hopelessness.
Inter‐observer and test‐retest reliability of the Italian version of the Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile in two groups of psychiatric patients
Authors: Turrina C. , Siani R. , Regini C. , Campana A. , Bologna R. , Siciliani O. 
Published: August 2007

Turrina C, Siani R, Regini C, Campana A, Bologna R, Siciliani O. lnter‐observer and test‐retest reliability of the Italian version of the Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile in two groups of psychiatric patients.Scand 1996: 93: 282–287. © Munksgaard 1996.A total of 64 psychiatric patients were tested with the Italian version of the Karolinska Psychodynamic Profile in order to investigate inter‐observer and test‐retest reliability. The mean inter‐observer agreement coefficients (rho) ranged from 0.75 to 0.80 with less experienced psychiatrists, while the mean rho value was higher (0.96) with more experienced raters. Test‐retest values were good, ranging from 0.53 to 0.93. Overall, reliability was comparable with that reported in the original Swedish study.
Psychological climate and countertransference in psychiatric treatment homes
Authors: Holmqvist R. , Fogelstam H. 
Published: August 2007

Holmqvist R, Fogelstam H. Psychological climate and countertransference in psychiatric treatment homes.Scand 1996: 93: 288–295. © Munksgaard 1996.The associations between milieu therapists' feelings towards patients and the unit's psychological climate were studied at 21 small treatment homes for severely disturbed psychiatric patients. The milieu therapists filled out self‐report instruments where they rated their feelings towards patients on a feeling‐word checklist and their opinion about the psychological climate on a Bion‐based scale. Scores on the climate scale were used as independent variables in a series of regression analyses, with scores on the feelings as the dependent variables. It was found that a substantial component of the average differences between units with regard to feelings towards patients could be attributed to the unit's climate. Correlations showed that units characterized by ‘Work’ and ‘Pairing’ had high scores for helpful and autonomous feelings, while unhelpful feelings were evoked in units characterized by ‘Dependency’ and ‘Fight’. Close feelings were evoked in units characterized by ‘Dependency’.
Attempted suicide in Europe: rates, trend.S and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989–1992. Results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide
Authors: Schmidtke A. , Bille‐Brahe U. , Deleo D. , Kerkhof A. , Bjerke T. , Crepef P. , Haring C. , Hawton K. , Lönnqvist J. , Michel K. , Pommereau X. , Querejeta . , Phillipe I. , Salander‐Renberg E. , Temesváry B. , Wasserman D. , Fricke S. , Weinacker B. , Sampaio‐Faria J. G. 
Published: August 2007

Schmidtke A, Bille‐Brahe U, DeLeo D, Kerkhof A, Bjerke T, Crepet P, Haring C, Hawton K, Lönnqvist J, Michel K, Pommereau X, Querejeta I, Phillipe I, Salander‐Renberg E, Temesvary B, Wasserman D, Fricke S, Weinacker B, Sampaio‐Faria JG. Attempted suicide in Europe: rates, trends and sociodemographic characteristics of suicide attempters during the period 1989–1992. Results of the WHO/EURO Multicentre Study on Parasuicide.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 327–338. © Munksgaard 1996.The World Health Organization/EURO Multicentre Project on Parasuicide is part of the action to implement target 12 of the WHO programme, ‘Health for All by the Year 2000’, for the European region. Sixteen centres in 13 European countries are participating in the monitoring aspect of the project, in which trends in the epidemiology of suicide attempts are assessed. The highest average male age‐standardized rate of suicide attempts was found for Helsinki, Finland (314/100000), and the lowest rate (45/100000) was for Guipuzcoa, Spain, representing a sevenfold difference. The highest average female age‐standardized rate was found for Cergy‐Pontoise, France (462/100000), and the lowest (69/100000) again for Guipuzcoa, Spain. With only one exception (Helsinki), the person‐based suicide attempt rates were higher among women than among men. In the majority of centres, the highest person‐based rates were found in the younger age groups. The rates among people aged 55 years or over were generally the lowest. For the majority of the centres, the rates for individuals aged 15 years or over decreased between 1989 and 1992. The methods used were primarily ‘soft’ (poisoning) or cutting. More than 50% of the suicide attempters made more than one attempt, and nearly 20% of the second attempts were made within 12 months after the first attempt. Compared with the general population, suicide attempters more often belong to the social categories associated with social destabilization and poverty.
Episodic memory deficit in elderly adults with suspected delusional disorder
Authors: Herlitz A. , Forsell Y. 
Published: August 2007

Herlitz A, Forsell Y. Episodic memory deficit in elderly adults with suspected delusional disorder.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 355–361. © Munksgaard 1996.This study examined memory functions in two groups of elderly adults with and without suspected delusional disorder (SDD). The samples consisted of 66 normal elderly subjects and 33 elderly subjects with symptoms, as reported by close informants, of delusional disorder. Subjects were matched with regard to age, gender and education, and there were no differences between the two groups with regard to performance of visuo‐spatial and primary memory tasks. Subjects were examined concerning a variety of episodic recall and recognition tasks. The results demonstrated that subjects with SDD performed at a lower level than controls for some episodic memory tasks (i.e. recall tasks). There were no group differences in measures of episodic recognition or in the primary memory tasks. In addition, the group of subjects with SDD was, to the same extent as the control group, able to utilize cognitive support in the form of organization, cues and previous knowledge in order to enhance episodic memory. In summary, it appears that elderly adults with SDD have a mild episodic memory deficit in the absence of other cognitive deficits.
Impulsiveness and deliberate self‐harm: a comparison of ‘first‐timers' and ’repeaters‘
Authors: Evans J. , Platts H. , Liebenau A. 
Published: August 2007

Evans J, Platts H, Liebenau A. Impulsiveness and deliberate self‐harm: a comparison of ‘first‐timers’ and ‘repeaters’.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 378–380. © Munksgaard 1996.This study investigated differences in impulsivity between patients admitted to hospital for the first time after an act of deliberate self‐harm (DSH), and those admitted after repetition of DSH. A total of 185 subjects, who were admitted to general hospital wards and referred for psychiatric assessment after DSH, completed self‐report questionnaires including the impulsiveness (I‐V‐E) questionnaire. The presence of factors known to be predictive of repetition was recorded. including any history of DSH. Subjects with a history of DSH had significantly higher scores for impulsiveness than those who were presenting for the first time. Those presenting for the first time had higher scores than expected when compared with normative data after correcting for age and sex. Impulsiveness appears to be an important personality trait in DSH, in particular repeated DSH, and merits further investigation.
Practices and attitudes among Swedish psychiatrists regarding the ethics of compulsory treatment
Authors: Kullgren G. , Jacobsson L. , Lynöe N. , Kohn R. , Levav I. 
Published: August 2007

Kullgren G, Jacobsson L, Lynöe N, Kohn R, Levav I. Practices and attitudes among Swedish psychiatrists regarding the ethics of compulsory treatment.Acta Psychiatr Scand 1996: 93: 389–396. © Munksgaard 1996.Few empirical studies have examined the attitudes and ethical beliefs of psychiatrists. In this study, 328 members of the Swedish Psychiatric Association were randomly selected to respond to a questionnaire containing three clinical vignettes examining involuntary hospitalization, other compulsory interventions, and restraint. The questionnaire also contained 16 controversial statements and items on the abuse of psychiatry. A 60% response rate was obtained. Psychiatrists' responses were influenced not only by the severity of and risks associated with the patient's disorder, but also by family pressure which affected the decision‐making process. Female psychiatrists less often suggested the use of physical restraints and the compulsory use of ECT. Sexual misconduct, and also the inadequate treatment of refugees. were the most frequently reported forms of abuse of psychiatry.
Alendronate therapy in cyclosporine‐induced alveolar bone loss in rats
Authors: Spolidorio L. C. , Marcantonio E. , Spolidorio D. M. P. , Nassar C. A. , Nassar P. O. , Marcantonio R. A. , Rossa C. 
Published: August 2007

Background and Objective: Cyclosporine A is an immunosuppressive drug that is widely used in organ transplant patients as well as to treat a number of autoimmune conditions. Bone loss is reported as a significant side‐effect of cyclosporine A use because this can result in serious morbidity of the patients. As we have shown that cyclosporine A‐associated bone loss can also affect the alveolar bone, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of the concomitant administration of alendronate on alveolar bone loss in a rat model.Material and Methods: Forty Wistar rats (10 per group) were given cyclosporine A (10 mg/kg, daily), alendronate (0.3 mg/kg, weekly), or both cyclosporine A and alendronate, for 60 d. The control group received daily injections of sterile saline. The expression of proteins associated with bone turnover, including osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase and tartrate‐resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), and also the calcium levels, were evaluated in the serum. Analysis of the bone volume, alveolar bone surface, the number of osteoblasts per bone surface and the number of osteoclasts per bone surface around the lower first molars was also performed.Results: The results indicate that cyclosporine A treatment was associated with bone resorption, represented by a decrease in the bone volume, alveolar bone surface and the number of osteoblasts per bone surface and by an increase in the number of osteoclasts per bone surface and TRAP‐5b. These effects were effectively counteracted by concomitant alendronate administration.Conclusion: It is concluded that concomitant administration of alendronate can prevent cyclosporine A‐associated alveolar bone loss.
Contrasting performance of barley and wheat in a wide range of conditions in Mediterranean Catalonia (Spain)
Authors: Cossani C.M. , Savin R. , Slafer G.A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractDespite that the idea of better yield adaptation to low‐yielding conditions of barley than wheat is widespread, there have been few efforts in directly comparing their performance in Mediterranean conditions. We compared wheat and barley regional yields in 41 counties of Catalonia for the period 1992–2004. No differences were clear, particularly at low‐yielding conditions, with a trend for a better wheat performance in relatively high‐yielding environments. We then conducted field experiments during two consecutive seasons, sowing wheat and barley with six levels of nitrogen fertilisation under rainfed conditions (2003–04, experiment I) and two levels of nitrogen fertilisation and two water regimes (rainfed and irrigated) in 2004–05 (experiment II). In experiment I, wheat outyielded barley in treatments that received no N fertiliser (4.58 and 3.60 Mg ha−1, respectively) indicating that the higher yield potential of wheat was associated with better performance in a condition of relatively low yield. In experiment II, wheat and barley yields were found not to be significantly different across all treatments (2.86 and 2.62 Mg ha−1, respectively) or in the lowest yielding treatments (1.40 and 1.07 Mg ha−1, respectively). Therefore, it seems that it may not be universally accepted that under Mediterranean conditions barley would unequivocally behave better than wheat.
Improved Efficacy of a Licensed Acellular Pertussis Vaccine, Reformulated in an Adjuvant Emulsion of Liposomes in Oil, in a Murine Model
Authors: Mansour Marc , Brown Robert G. , Morris Annette , Smith Bruce , Halperin Scott A. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The immunogenicities and efficacies of a licensed diphtheria, tetanus, acellular pertussis, and inactivated poliovirus vaccine and the same vaccine formulated in a liposome/oil emulsion adjuvant were compared in a mouse model of pertussis respiratory infection. A single dose of the liposome/oil emulsion-adjuvanted vaccine produced significantly higher antibody levels than one dose of the licensed vaccine and protected mice from
Bordetella pertussis
infection with an efficacy equivalent to that of three doses of the licensed vaccine.
Synthetic Toll-Like Receptor 4 Agonist Enhances Vaccine Efficacy in an Experimental Model of Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: Morefield Garry L. , Hawkins Lynn D. , Ishizaka Sally T. , Kissner Teri L. , Ulrich Robert G. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The development of new protein subunit vaccines has stimulated the search for improved adjuvants to replace traditional aluminum-containing products. We investigated the adjuvant effects of a synthetic Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) agonist on vaccine efficacy in an experimental model of toxic shock syndrome. The TLR4 agonist E6020 has a simplified structure consisting of a hexa-acylated acyclic backbone. The vaccine examined is a recombinantly attenuated form of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (STEBVax). Using cells stably transfected with TLRs, E6020 transduced signals only through TLR4, suggesting monospecificity, while
Escherichia coli
055:B5 lipopolysaccharide activated both the TLR2/6 heterodimer and TLR4. Coadministration of E6020 with STEBVax, by the intramuscular or intranasal route, induced significant levels of immunoglobulin G (IgG) in BALB/c mice. Further, increased IgG production resulted from the combination of E6020 with aluminum hydroxide adjuvant (AH). The antibody response to the vaccine coadministered with E6020 was a mixed Th1/Th2 response, as opposed to the Th2-biased response obtained with AH. Mice vaccinated with STEBVax coadministered with AH, TLR4 agonists, or a combination of both adjuvants were protected from toxic shock. Our data demonstrate the effectiveness of the synthetic TLR4 agonist E6020 as an alternative adjuvant for protein subunit vaccines that may also be used in combination with traditional aluminum-containing adjuvants.
Selective Pressures of HLA Genotypes and Antiviral Therapy on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Sequence Mutation at a Population Level
Authors: Ahlenstiel Golo , Roomp Kirsten , Däumer Martin , Nattermann Jacob , Vogel Martin , Rockstroh Jürgen K. , Beerenwinkel Niko , Kaiser Rolf , Nischalke Hans-Dieter , Sauerbruch Tilman , Lengauer Thomas , Spengler Ulrich 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was a comprehensive analysis of the immune-driven evolution of viruses of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) clade B in a large patient cohort treated at a single hospital in Germany and its implications for antiretroviral therapy. We examined the association of the HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-DRB1 alleles with the emergence of mutations in the complete protease gene and the first 330 codons of the reverse transcriptase (RT) gene of HIV-1, studying their distribution and persistence and their impact on antiviral drug therapy. The clinical data for 179 HIV-infected patients, the results of HLA genotyping, and virus sequences were analyzed using a variety of statistical approaches. We describe new HLA-associated mutations in both viral protease and RT, several of which are associated with HLA-DRB1. The mutations reported are remarkably persistent within our cohort, developing more slowly in a minority of patients. Interestingly, several HLA-associated mutations occur at the same positions as drug resistance mutations in patient viruses, where the viral sequence was acquired before exposure to these drugs. The influence of HLA on thymidine analogue mutation pathways was not observed. We were able to confirm immune-driven selection pressure by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I and II alleles through the identification of HLA-associated mutations. HLA-B alleles were involved in more associations (68%) than either HLA-A (23%) or HLA-DRB1 (9%). As several of the HLA-associated mutations lie at positions associated with drug resistance, our results indicate possible negative effects of HLA genotypes on the development of HIV-1 drug resistance.