bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Question: How Should Middle East Studies Address the Issues of Academic Freedom and Academic Boycotts?
Authors: Brand Laurie A. 
Published: April 2008

Challenges to academic freedom have been much in the news of late, with coverage and interest extending well beyond college newspapers and the publications of our profession.In the United States, there is no question that members of the Middle East studies community have been disproportionately targeted. A number of our colleagues have been victims of ugly smear campaigns regarding their scholarship; several tenure cases have triggered vicious, high-profile “extramural” attacks against junior faculty; and, in a handful of cases, our colleagues have been barred from giving talks or participating in educational events, owing to their political positions on Middle East-related issues. Others from outside this community who have also ventured to engage key regional issues in critical ways have had their invitations to give presentations in policy or academic forums rescinded.
Analyzing kinematics and solving active/constrained forces of a 4-dof 3SPS+SP parallel manipulator
Authors: Lu Yi , Hu Bo 
Published: April 2008

SUMMARYA novel 3SPS+SP parallel manipulator (PM) with 4-dof is proposed. Its kinematics and statics are analyzed systematically. The analytic formulae for solving the displacement, velocity, acceleration, workspace, active forces and constrained force are derived. The analytic results are verified by using a simulation mechanism of the 3SPS+SP PM.
History, An Exit Strategy: The RetroFuture Fabulations of kara lynch
Authors: OUZOUNIAN GASCIA 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA cartographer constructs a map of an individual creative history, that of the American artist kara lynch, as it emerges in connection to a collective history of African American cultural expression. Positioning history as complex, dynamic systems of interwoven memory networks, the map follows lynch's traversals through various “zones of cultural haunting”: places where collective memories made invisible through systematic processes of cultural erasure may be recovered and revived. Through these traversals, which are inspired by lynch's “forever project”Invisible, the map covers such terrains as haunted narratives, mechanisms of abstraction and coding within African American media production, water as an informational technology, the distribution of memory in blood, the dialectics of materiality and immateriality that frame considerations of black subjectivity, and the possibility that place of music might not be the site of sound but instead the social production of memory.
Humoral immunity to commensal oral bacteria in human infants: evidence that Streptococcus mitis biovar 1 colonization induces strain-specific salivary immunoglobulin A antibodies
Authors: Wirth Katherine A , Bowden George H , Kirchherr Jennifer L , Richmond Dorothy A , Sheridan Michael J , Cole Michael F 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
To define the relationship between salivary SIgA antibodies and commensal oral bacteria, we examined the reactivity of SIgA antibodies from the saliva of four infants with their own colonizing Streptococcus mitis biovar 1 (S. mitis bv 1) clones (ribotypes). Immunoblot analysis was used to examine reactivity of these antibodies with persistent ribotypes isolated from the mouths of the infants over the first year postpartum. Results showed that the pattern of SIgA antibody reactivity with the majority of clones increased in complexity after colonization but that most additional bands were common to other clones, indicating that they represented shared antigens. However, unique bands were identified in 75% of the selected persistent clones. We hypothesized that if strain-specific SIgA antibody was induced in response to colonization of a particular clone and contributed to its elimination from the mouth, then the appearance of unique bands would immediately precede the disappearance of the strain. Seventy-three percent of all unique bands identified in the study fulfilled this criterion. Because the mouth is an open, dynamic environment and multiple factors are believed to play a role in the immune response at mucosal surfaces, it may not be possible to conclusively define the relationship between SIgA antibody and commensal bacteria. However, our data provide evidence that SIgA antibody, reactive with unique antigens of their own colonizing strains, is produced in infants and may point to a role of this antibody in regulating colonization by S. mitis bv 1.
Calcium and Dairy Product Modulation of Lipid Utilization and Energy Expenditure
Authors: Teegarden Dorothy , White Kimberly M. , Lyle Roseann M. , Zemel Michael B. , Van Loan Marta D. , Matkovic Velimir , Craig Bruce A. , Schoeller Dale A. 
Published: April 2008

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary calcium or dairy product intake on total energy expenditure (TEE), fat oxidation, and thermic effect of a meal (TEM) during a weight loss trial.Methods and Procedures: The intervention included a prescribed 500‐kcal deficit diet in a randomized placebo‐controlled calcium or dairy product intervention employing twenty‐four 18 to 31‐year‐old (22.2 ± 3.1 years, mean ± s.d.) overweight women (75.5 ± 9.6 kg). TEM and fat oxidation were measured using respiratory gas exchange after a meal challenge, and TEE was measured by doubly labeled water. Fat mass (FM) and lean mass (fat‐free mass (FFM)) were measured by dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. Subjects were randomized into one of these three intervention groups: (i) placebo (<800 mg/day calcium intake); (ii) 900 mg/day calcium supplement; (iii) three servings of dairy products/day to achieve an additional 900 mg/day.Results: There were no group effects observed in change in TEE; however, a group effect was observed for fat oxidation after adjusting for FFM (P = 0.02). The treatment effect was due to an increase in fat oxidation in the calcium‐supplemented group of 1.5 ± 0.6 g/h, P = 0.02. Baseline 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) was positively correlated with TEM (R = 0.31, P = 0.004), and trended toward a correlation with fat oxidation (P = 0.06), independent of group assignment. Finally, the change in log parathyroid hormone (PTH) was positively correlated with the change in trunk FM (R = 0.27, P = 0.03).Discussion: These results support that calcium intake increases fat oxidation, but does not change TEE and that adequate vitamin D status may enhance TEM and fat oxidation.
Childhood Obesity: Genetic and Environmental Overlap With Normal‐range BMI
Authors: Haworth Claire M.A. , Plomin Robert , Carnell Susan , Wardle Jane 
Published: April 2008

Objective: To understand the overlap between the etiology of obesity and normal variation in BMI in children.Methods and Procedures: Height and weight data were available from a large UK representative sample of twins: 2,342 same‐sex pairs at 7 years and 3,526 same‐sex pairs at 10 years. The twin method and model‐fitting techniques were used to estimate genetic and environmental contributions to BMI. DeFries‐Fulker (DF) extremes analysis was used to investigate genetic and environmental influences on the mean difference between obese and normal‐weight children. Obesity was classified using the International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) criteria.Results: At both ages, BMI and obesity were highly heritable (0.60–0.74) and only modestly influenced by shared environmental factors (0.12–0.22). Extremes analyses indicated that genetic and environmental influences on obesity are quantitatively and qualitatively similar to those operating across the range of BMI.Discussion: Obesity is the extreme of the same genetic and environmental factors responsible for variation throughout the distribution of BMI. This finding implies that genes that influence obesity will also be associated with BMI in the normal range, and similar environmental influences will affect BMI in the clinical and normal range. Knowing that obesity is influenced by the same genetic and environmental factors that affect weight at all levels has implications for investigating the mechanisms for weight gain and developing interventions for weight control.
B2FH, the Cosmic Microwave Background and Cosmology
Authors: Burbidge G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn this talk I shall start by describing how we set about and carried out the work that led to the publication of Burbidge et al. (1957, hereafter B2FH). I then shall try and relate this work and the circumstances that surrounded it to the larger problem of the origin and formation of the universe. Here it is necessary to look back at the way that ideas developed and how, in many situations, astronomers went astray. Of course this is a personal view, though I very strongly believe that if he were still here, it is the approach that Fred Hoyle would take.I start by describing the problems originally encountered by Gamow and his associates in trying to decide where the helium was made. This leads me to a modern discussion of the origin of 2D, 3He, 4He and 7Li, originally described by B2FH as due to the x-process. While it is generally argued, following Gamow, Alpher, and Herman, that these isotopes were synthesised in a big bang I shall show that it is equally likely that these isotopes were made in active galactic nuclei, as was the cosmic microwave background (CMB), in a cyclic universe model. The key piece of observational evidence is that the amount of energy released in the conversion of hydrogen to helium in the universe is very close to the energy carried by the CMB, namely ∼4.5 × 10−13 erg cm−3.
Nuclear Physics of thesProcess
Authors: Dillmann I. , Pardo C. Domingo , Käppeler F. , Mengoni A. , Sonnabend K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStarting from a sketch of thes-process concept formulated 50 years ago, the nuclear physics data fors-process calculations are briefly reviewed with emphasis on the status of neutron capture cross sections and beta decay rates. Accurate and comprehensive experimental data are mandatory as direct input fors-process calculations as well as for improving the complementary information from nuclear theory. The current challenges of the field are discussed in the light of new or optimized methods and state-of-the-art facilities, indicating the potential for accurate measurements and the possibility to study cross sections of radioactive isotopes. These opportunities will be considerably enriched by the enormous improvements provided by new facilities.
An Unsettling Integration: Immigrant Lives and Work in Palermo
Authors: Booth Sally S. , Cole Jeffrey E. 
Published: April 2008

SummaryThis article, based on ethnographic research, describes the precarious integration of Africans, Asians and others in the Sicilian city of Palermo. Most newcomers perform low-status jobs (particularly domestic work), have little access to state-sponsored services, lack political representation and suffer from derogatory stereotypes of non-whites and non-Westerners. In this context, immigrants express frustration at their marginality and they obtain jobs, housing, information and mutual aid from family and co-national networks that span the city, Italy itself and international borders.
IDMap: facilitating the detection of potential leads with therapeutic targets
Authors: Ha Soyang , Seo Young-Ju , Kwon Min-Seok , Chang Byung-Ha , Han Cheol-Kyu , Yoon Jeong-Hyeok 
Published: April 2008

Abstract
Summary: Pharmaceutical industry has been striving to reduce the costs of drug development and increase productivity. Among the many different attempts, drug repositioning (retargeting existing drugs) comes into the spotlight because of its financial efficiency. We introduce IDMap which predicts novel relationships between targets and chemicals and thus is capable of repositioning the marketed drugs by using text mining and chemical structure information. Also capable of mapping commercial chemicals to possible drug targets and vice versa, IDMap creates convenient environments for identifying the potential lead and its targets, especially in the field of drug repositioning.
Availability: IDMap executable and its user manual including color images are freely available to non-commercial users at http://www.equispharm.com/idmap
Contact: idmap@equispharm.com
Part Task and Variable Priority Training in First-year Anesthesia Resident Education
Authors: Johnson Ken B. , Syroid Noah D. , Drews Frank A. , Ogden L Lazarre , Strayer David L. , Pace Nathan L. , Tyler Diane L. , White Julia L. , Westenskow Dwayne R. 
Published: April 2008

Background
Part task training (PTT) focuses on dividing complex tasks into components followed by intensive concentrated training on individual components. Variable priority training (VPT) focuses on optimal distribution of attention when performing multiple tasks simultaneously with the goal of flexible allocation of attention. This study explored how principles of PTT and VPT adapted to anesthesia training would improve first-year anesthesiology residents' management of simulated adverse airway and respiratory events. The authors hypothesized that participants with PTT and VPT would perform better than those with standard training.

Methods
Twenty-two first-year anesthesia residents were randomly divided into two groups and trained over 12 months. The control group received standard didactic and simulation-based training. The experimental group received similar training but with emphasis on PTT and VPT techniques. Participant ability to manage seven adverse airway and respiratory events were assessed before and after the training period. Performance was measured by the number of correct tasks, making a correct diagnosis, assessment of perceived workload, and an assessment of scenario comprehension.

Results
Participants in both groups exhibited significant improvement in all metrics after a year of training. Participants in the experimental group were able to complete more tasks and answered more comprehension questions correctly. There was no difference in perceived workload or the number of correct diagnoses between groups.

Conclusion
This study in part confirmed the study hypotheses. The results suggest that VPT and PTT are promising adjuncts to didactic and simulation-based training for management of adverse airway and respiratory events.
Sevoflurane Concentrations Required to Block Autonomic Hyperreflexia during Transurethral Litholapaxy in Patients with Complete Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Yoo Kyung Y. , Jeong Cheol W. , Kim Seok J. , Chung Sung T. , Bae Hong B. , Oh Kyung J. , Lee JongUn 
Published: April 2008

Background
Autonomic hyperreflexia (AHR) is a potentially life-threatening hypertensive condition that occurs in patients with high spinal cord injury (SCI). The current study was aimed to determine sevoflurane concentrations that block AHR in SCI patients.

Methods
The study involved 28 patients with chronic, complete SCI scheduled to undergo transurethral litholapaxy during general anesthesia. Nine patients without SCI served as controls post hoc. Anesthesia was induced with thiopental, and sevoflurane concentrations in 50% nitrous oxide were adjusted to maintain a Bispectral Index of 40-50. When a patient developed AHR during bladder distension, the target sevoflurane concentration was maintained for at least 10 min, and then the procedure was resumed. Systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and Bispectral Index as well as plasma concentrations of catecholamines and arginine vasopressin were measured before and during the bladder distension. Each target concentration was determined by the up-and-down method based on changes (15% increase or more) of systolic blood pressure in response to bladder distension.

Results
In SCI, systolic pressure increased by 67 +/- 33 mmHg, whereas heart rate decreased by 13 +/- 8 beats/min during the first trial (P < 0.01). The hypertensive event was associated with increases of norepinephrine concentrations, but not of epinephrine or vasopressin concentrations. Systolic pressure, heart rate, and norepinephrine concentrations did not change significantly in the control patients. The end-tidal concentrations of sevoflurane to prevent AHR were EC50 of 3.12% and EC95 of 3.83%.

Conclusion
The EC95 for sevoflurane in 50% nitrous oxide to block AHR during transurethral litholapaxy in patients with SCI was 3.83%.
Hypertonic Resuscitation Improves Neuronal and Behavioral Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury plus Hemorrhage
Authors: Sell Stacy L. , Avila Marcela A. , Yu Guangxiang , Vergara Leoncio , Prough Donald S. , Grady James J. , DeWitt Douglas S. 
Published: April 2008

Background
: Resuscitation with hypertonic saline or hypertonic saline plus l-arginine acutely improves cerebral blood flow after traumatic brain injury (TBI) followed by hemorrhagic hypotension. The authors investigated whether hypertonic saline or hypertonic l-arginine would improve long-term neuronal survival and behavioral outcomes 15 days after TBI and hemorrhagic hypotension.

Methods
: Mean arterial pressure, arterial blood gases, pH, plasma glucose, hematocrit, and hemoglobin were measured in male Sprague-Dawley rats before and after moderate (2.0 atm) fluid percussion TBI. Rats were assigned to one of six groups: (1) sham TBI, (2) hemorrhage only, (3) TBI only, (4) TBI plus hemorrhage and resuscitation with 0.9% saline, (5) TBI plus hemorrhage and resuscitation with hypertonic saline (7.5%), or (6) TBI plus hemorrhage and resuscitation with l-arginine (100 mg/kg) in hypertonic saline. On postinjury days 1-5, vestibulomotor function was assessed using beam balance and beam walking tasks. On postinjury days 11-15, spatial memory function was assessed using the Morris water maze. After behavioral testing, neuronal counting was performed bilaterally on specific hippocampal regions.

Results
: Groups receiving hypertonic saline (P < 0.05, day 15 vs. day 11) or hypertonic l-arginine (P < 0.05, days 13-15 vs. day 11) showed improved performance over time on the Morris water maze, as well as significantly improved neuronal survival in the contralateral hippocampus (P < 0.05, hypertonic saline or hypertonic l-arginine vs. normal saline) compared with untreated TBI or normal saline-treated TBI plus hemorrhage groups.

Conclusions
: Hypertonic saline and hypertonic l-arginine were both effective at promoting long-term neuronal survival and behavioral recovery. The slightly earlier improvement in Morris water maze performance in the hypertonic l-arginine group warrants further studies to determine whether higher doses of l-arginine provide additional improvement. This study supports the therapeutic benefits of hypertonic resuscitation after TBI plus hemorrhagic hypotension.
Effect of Disrupting N -Methyl-d-aspartate Receptor–Postsynaptic Density Protein-95 Interactions on the Threshold for Halothane Anesthesia in Mice
Authors: Tao Feng , Johns Roger A. 
Published: April 2008

Background
The authors' previous studies have shown that clinically relevant concentrations of inhalational anesthetics dose-dependently and specifically inhibit the PSD-95, Dlg, and ZO-1 (PDZ) domain-mediated protein interactions between postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD-95) and N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors, and that the knockdown of spinal PSD-95 by intrathecal injection of PSD-95 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide significantly reduces the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration for isoflurane in rats.

Methods
The authors constructed a fusion peptide, Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2, comprising the second PDZ domain of PSD-95, which can specifically disrupt PSD-95 PDZ2-mediated protein interactions by binding to its interaction partner. By intraperitoneal injection of this fusion peptide into mice, the authors investigated the effect of disrupting the PSD-95 PDZ2-mediated protein interactions on the threshold for halothane anesthesia.

Results
Systemically injected fusion peptide Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 was delivered into the central nervous system, disrupted the protein-protein interactions between N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor NR2 subunits and PSD-95, and significantly reduced the minimum alveolar anesthetic concentration and righting reflex EC50 for halothane.

Conclusions
By disrupting PSD-95 PDZ2 domain-mediated protein interactions, intraperitoneal injection of cell-permeant fusion peptide Tat-PSD-95 PDZ2 dose-dependently reduces the threshold for halothane anesthesia. These results suggest that PDZ domain-mediated protein interactions at synapses in the central nervous system might play an important role in the molecular mechanisms of halothane anesthesia.
STOP Questionnaire
Authors: Chung Frances , Yegneswaran Balaji , Liao Pu , Chung Sharon A. , Vairavanathan Santhira , Islam Sazzadul , Khajehdehi Ali , Shapiro Colin M. 
Published: April 2008

Background
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a major risk factor for perioperative adverse events. However, no screening tool for OSA has been validated in surgical patients. This study was conducted to develop and validate a concise and easy-to-use questionnaire for OSA screening in surgical patients.

Methods
After hospital ethics approval, preoperative patients aged 18 yr or older and without previously diagnosed OSA were recruited. After a factor analysis, reliability check, and pilot study; four yes/no questions were used to develop this screening tool. The four questions were respectively related to snoring, tiredness during daytime, observed apnea, and high blood pressure (STOP). For validation, the score from the STOP questionnaire was evaluated versus the apnea-hypopnea index from monitored polysomnography.

Results
The STOP questionnaire was given to 2,467 patients, 27.5% classified as being at high risk of OSA. Two hundred eleven patients underwent polysomnography, 34 for the pilot test and 177 for validation. In the validation group, the apnea-hypopnea index was 20 +/- 6. The sensitivities of the STOP questionnaire with apnea-hypopnea index greater than 5, greater than 15, and greater than 30 as cutoffs were 65.6, 74.3, and 79.5%, respectively. When incorporating body mass index, age, neck circumference, and gender into the STOP questionnaire, sensitivities were increased to 83.6, 92.9, and 100% with the same apnea-hypopnea index cutoffs.

Conclusions
The STOP questionnaire is a concise and easy-to-use screening tool for OSA. It has been developed and validated in surgical patients at preoperative clinics. Combined with body mass index, age, neck size, and gender, it had a high sensitivity, especially for patients with moderate to severe OSA.