bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Local effect of topical FP‐receptor agonists on retinal vessels of the ipsilateral posterior retina in normal rabbit eyes
Authors: Ohashi Masaaki , Mayama Chihiro , Ishi Kiyoshi , Araie Makoto 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPurpose:  To determine whether a topically instilled prostaglandin analogue inhibits endothelin‐1 (ET‐1)‐induced vasoconstrictive effects in the posterior retina by its local effects, and the duration of the effect in normal rabbit eyes.Methods:  Travoprost, a potent selective FP‐agonist, or unoprostone, a prostone that also has a weak non‐selective FP‐agonistic activity, solution was instilled once, or once daily (travoprost) or twice daily (unoprostone) for 7 days in one randomly chosen Dutch rabbit eye, and vehicle in the contralateral eye. ET‐1 was intravitreously injected in both eyes 30 min after a single instillation of a test drug or its vehicle, or just after, 30, 60, 90 or 180 min after the final instillation of a 7‐day instillation, and fundus photographed before, 30 and 60 min after the injection to study whether difference was seen in the ET‐1‐induced constriction of retinal vessels between the drug‐ and vehicle‐instilled eyes. The same experimental procedures were conducted with indomethacin pretreatment.Results:  In the rabbit eyes where travoprost was instilled for 7 days, the ET‐1‐induced constriction of retinal vessels was significantly inhibited only on the drug‐treated side, when ET‐1 was injected 30 or 60 min after the final instillation (P = 0.026–0.005), which was abolished by indomethacin pretreatment. A single instillation of travoprost or unoprostone and 7‐day instillation of unoprostone showed no effect.Conclusions:  After a 7‐day instillation in normal rabbit eyes, topical travoprost suppressed ET‐1‐induced vasoconstrictive effects only in the ipsilateral posterior retina by its local effect; this effect was maintained at least for 30 min and mediated by endogenous prostaglandins.
Complications and failure of uterine artery embolisation for intractable postpartum haemorrhage
Authors: Maassen MS , Lambers MDA , Tutein Nolthenius RP , van der Valk PHM , Elgersma OE 
Published: November 2008

Objective  Primary postpartum haemorrhage (PPH) is a major cause of maternal morbidity and mortality around the world. Most patients can be managed conservatively, but patients with intractable bleeding require more aggressive treatment. In these cases uterine artery embolisation (UAE) has proven to be a useful tool to control PPH. The reported success rate of UAE is over 90% with only minor complications. In this case series we studied the effectiveness and complications of UAE.Design  Retrospective analysis of a case series.Setting  Case series in a large peripheral hospital in the Netherlands.Sample  Eleven patients who were treated with UAE for intractable PPH from November 2004 to February 2008.Methods  In this paper we review the results of all patients treated with UAE for intractable PPH in our hospital and focus on the two cases with adverse outcomes.Main outcome measures  Effectiveness, causes of failure of UAE, complications.Results  Nine out of eleven patients were treated successfully with UAE. One patient needed an emergency hysterectomy for intractable bleeding. In the aftermath she developed a vesicovaginal fistula (VVF). Another patient suffered a major thrombo‐embolic event of the right leg, for which she underwent embolectomies and despite fasciotomy a necrotectomy.Conclusions  UAE is a valuable tool in managing major PPH and in most cases it can replace surgery and thus prevent sacrification of the uterus. However, due to blood supply of the uterus by one of the ovarian or aberrant arteries, UAE might fail to control the bleeding. In addition, serious complications such as a thrombo‐embolic event or VVF may occur. We hereby present a case of migration of an embolus from the site of re‐embolisation into the femoral artery requiring immediate intervention to prevent the loss of the lower leg. This complication demonstrates that gelatine sponge particles could migrate from the internal iliac artery into the external iliac artery.
The right to remain silent: a qualitative study of the medical and social ramifications of pregnancy disclosure for Gambian women
Authors: Stokes E , Dumbaya I , Owens S , Brabin L 
Published: November 2008

Objectives  Control of infectious diseases in developing countries often requires using drugs that are contraindicated during pregnancy. Avoiding inadvertent exposure to drugs involves women (a) recognising pregnancy early, (b) disclosing the pregnancy to health workers and (c) using medicines in an informed manner. We explored these factors to inform and improve the process by which health workers provide care and treatment to pregnant women.Design  Qualitative study.Setting  The Gambia.Population  Rural women and men.Methods  We conducted 41 interviews and 16 focus group discussions with women, adolescents, men and traditional birth attendants (TBAs).Main outcome measure  Pregnancy disclosure.Results  Most women recognised early signs and symptoms of pregnancy and believed other people could easily do so. To avoid gossip, women hid their pregnancies and delayed antenatal care, even though husbands and TBAs insisted on attendance. Women acutely ill in early pregnancy hoped health workers would recognise pregnancy without explicit disclosure. Women said that they knew, and sought to avoid, some contraindicated drugs, but their knowledge was rudimentary. Health workers stressed the benefits, not the risks of prescribed drugs.Conclusions  Despite public health and clinical benefits of preventing and treating pregnancy infections, women were ill informed and pressurised into taking drugs. These ethical issues should be more widely addressed.
Varietal Licensing Standards and Canadian Wheat Exports
Authors: Carter C. A. , Loyns R. M. A. , Ahmadi‐Esfahani Z. F. 
Published: November 2008

Canada's wheat grading system is largely based on visual criteria and it is based on relatively high quality standards. A strict varieties licensing system exists to maintain the integrity of the grade standards. One of the consequences of the licensing system is that higher yielding, lower or different quality wheats have not been grown in Canada until recently. The basic objective of this paper is to examine some of the consequences of the regulatory strategy of limiting wheat production to the traditional high quality wheats. This question is analyzed in the context of important changes in the international grain markets. Using a partial equilibrium trade model this paper estimates that if higher yielding wheats were permitted to be grown, annual producer gains would be 5 to 17 percent of current net farm income.Le classement des blés au Canada est basé sur des critères visuels qui sont de hautes qualités. Le système actuel d'homologation des variétés est tel que l'intégrité de ce système est maintenue. En conséquent, ce système n'a pas encouragé la cultivation des blés de hauts rendements ou des varietés différentes que tout récemment. L'objectif principal de cette étude est d'examiner quelques unes des conséquences de la stratégic de la réglementation visant à limiter la production du blé aux variétés de hautes qualités. Cette question est adressée dans le contexte des changements importants qui ont eu lieu dans le marché international des grains. A l'aide d'un modèle d'équilibre partiel des échanges, la présente étude démontre gu'en permettant la production des blés de hauts rendements, le gain annuel aux producteurs serait de 5 à 17 pourcent du revenue agricole net.
Reducing the Cost of the Dairy Program
Authors: Short Cameron 
Published: November 2008

The effects on farm incomes and consumer prices of elimination of the special export program and both an immediate and phased elimination of the direct subsidy with compensatory increases in support prices are examined.The supply of milk is assumed to be verticle at a level determined by the amount of quota which in turn is set so that butter supplies and demand balance at the support price. The analysis then is concentrated on the demand side which is represented by the demands for 13 categories of dairy products at the consumer level. The demands are represented in a linear programming model to simulate changing relative prices of individual products caused by the changing support prices.Dropping the special export program unambiguously leads to gains in Canadian welfare. Both an immediate and phased reduction of the direct subsidy requires either a large increase in consumer prices or decrease in farm income. All policy alternatives require a reduction of quota. Gradually eliminating the direct subsidy has the advantage that growth in demand due increases in population and per capita incomes will offset the reduction of quota due to the policy.L'article qui suit examine les consequences, aux revenus agricoles et aux consommateurs de l'élimination du programme spécial d'exportation ainsi que de l'élimination immédiate et progressive de la subvention directe avec compensation sur les prix d'indemnités.On suppose que l'offre du lait est verticale à un niveau déterminé par le quota qui lui est établi de façon à ce que l'offre et la demandé du beurre soient en équilibre avec les subventions.L'analyse, est done surtout du côté demande, et, est répresentée par les demandes de 13 catégories de produits laitiers au niveau du consommateur. Les demandes sont répresentées dans un modèle de programmation linéaire simulant le changement des prix relatifs des produits, causé par le changement des subventions.Laisser tomber le programme spécial d'exportation mène éventuellement à une augmentation du bien‐être des canadiens. De toute façon l'élimination immédiate et progressive de la subvention directe requière soit une augmentation du prix aux consommateurs ou une diminution dans les revenus agricoles. Toutes alternatives requièrent une réduction du quota. L'avantage de l'élimination progressive est que la demande évoluant de la croissance de la population et des revenus per capita contrebalance la réduction des quotas.
A Review of Issues Pertaining to Soil Deterioration in Canada
Authors: Van Kooten G. C. , Furtan W. Hartley 
Published: November 2008

In Canada, there exists a perception that the annual costs of soil deterioration to farmers are enormous and that, unless something is done quickly to ameliorate the problem of soil degradation, agricultural production potential could be threatened. In this paper, we argue that the on‐farm costs of soil degradation are grossly overstated and that Canada' s agricultural future is not on the verge of a catastrophe. Further, we argue that concern with conservation is a philosophical issue which is not readily analyzed in a neoclassical economic framework. However, where this framework has been employed by (primarily) physical scientists, the analysis has resulted in on‐farm loss estimates which are somewhat misleading.Au Canada, on perçoit que les coûts annuels aux fermiers à cause de la détérioration du sol sont énormes et que, à moins que quelque chose soit faite bientôt pour améliorer le problème de dégradation du sol, la production potentielle agricole pourrait être menacée. Dans cette étude, nous avançons que les coûts sur la ferme de la dégradation du sol sont grandement exagérés et que le futur agricole au Canada n' est pas sur le point dse catastrophe. En plus, nous avançons que le souci de conservation est une issue philosophique qui n' est pas facilement analysée dans un cadre néoclassique économique. Cependant, là où ce cadre fut utilisé par (surtout) des spécialistes des sciences physiques, les estimations de l' analyse montraient une perte sur la ferme et ceci porte quelque peu à confusion.
Sustainable Rates of Return for Milk Quotas in Ontario
Authors: Moschini Giancarlo , Meilke Karl D. 
Published: November 2008

This paper utilizes the capital asset pricing model, together with available econometric estimates of the cost function of Ontario dairy farms, to estimate rates of returns for three types of milk quotas. The estimated rates follow the trend of the interest rate in the economy, and the rate of return on fluid milk quota is higher than the rate of return on industrial milk quotas.Cet article utilise un modèle de formation des prix des actifs, avec des estimées économetriques de la fonction de coûts des producteurs laitiers de ľOntario, pour estimer les taux de retour associés avec trois differents types de quotas laitiers. Les taux estimés suivent la même tendence que le taux ďintérêt dans ľéconomie, et le taux de retour du quota pour le lait fluide est plus elevée que les taux de retour du quotas pour le lait industriel.
Demand System Estimation with Upward‐Sloping Supply
Authors: Wahl Thomas I. , Hayes Dermot J. 
Published: November 2008

This paper motivates the use of three‐stage least squares in demand systems estimation in which disaggregated data are used and supply adjustment costs exist. A system of Japanese meat expenditures is used as an example. It is shown that all but one of the meat prices are endogenous to the system. Correcting these prices for endogeneity has a significant effect on the calculated elasticities.Cet ouvrage utilise la technique de minimisation des moindres carrés à trois étapes dans un système de demande utilisant des données désagrégées et où des coûts d'ajustement de l'offre existent. Un système de dépenses pour les viandes au Japon est utilisé comme exemple. Il est démontré que tous les prix des viandes sont endogènes à l'exception d'un seul. Les élasticités qui sont dérivées sont très sensibles à l'endogénization des prix.SUMMARYThere are three important implications of this work. First, demand systems estimates that overlook supply response are as subject to simultaneous equations bias as single ad hoc demand equations. Theil shows theoretically that assuming supply curves are perfectly elastic, when in fact they are not will underestimate price responsiveness in demand equations. An empirical example is presented that demonstrates that the price elasticities generally increase when upward‐sloping supplies are assumed.Second, the iterative testing procedure presented may provide direction for model building when the true structure of the system is unknown. For example, the results of the Wu‐Hausman test indicate that assuming chicken supply is perfectly elastic in a model of the Japanese livestock industry is justified. The results also indicate that the supplies of Wagyu beef, dairy beef, pork and fish are upward‐sloping and therefore should be modeled as endogenous variables in the demand system.Third, the results emphasize the sensitivity of projections of Japanese beef imports to the assumptions underlying the demand system. If perfectly elastic meat supplies are assumed for an analysis of reducing Japanese beef import liberalization, the results will likely underestimate the impacts on beef imports.In summary, the supply curves for agricultural products tend to slope upward within the time periods used for traditional policy analysis and demand system estimation, which in turn implies that prices are determined endogenously within the system. Endogenous price determination is contrary to the assumptions that underlie the theoretical foundations and many empirical applications of demand systems. We present a methodology to test for and adjust demand systems for endogeneity. The importance of this adjustment is demonstrated by using an analysis of the liberalization of the Japanese beef market.
Value of Household and Farm Work: Evidence from Alberta Farm Family Data
Authors: Fast Janet E. , Munro Brenda 
Published: November 2008

Estimates of the economic value of unpaid household and farm work of Alberta farm women and men are calculated using two common market alternative cost methods. Time use data for 1984 collected by Doherty and Keating (1985) from 414 Alberta grain farm families as well as Statistics Canada wage data are used. The average annual value of unpaid farm work ranges from $20,647.35 to $29,088.24 for men and from $5,017.54 to $6,604.19 for women. Conversely, unpaid household work performed by women has an average annual value of $17,460.98 to $34,617.66, while the value of men's unpaid household work ranges from $1,943.02 to $3,962.54 annually. When the values of farm and household production and the income generated by off‐farm work are accounted for, there is little difference between mend's and womend's total contributions to the economic well‐being of the farm family. These estimates illustrate the importance of family membersd' unpaid work to the economic well‐being of the family. They also suggest that there is little basis for the historic inequity of legal and other social systems that neglect the economic value of womend's contributions to family welfare.On estime la valeur du travail domestique et agricole non rémunéré des agricultrices et des agriculteurs de l'Alberta au moyen de deux autres méthodes de calcul des coûts, dd'usage courant sur le marché. On se sert pour cela des données de 1984 sur le temps recueillies par Keating and Doherty (1985) auprès de 414 producteurs de céréales de l'Alberta et des données sur les salaires de Statistique Canada. La valeur annuelle moyenne du travail agricole non rémunéré varie de 20 647,35 $ à 29 088,24 $ pour les hommes et de 5 017,54 $ à 6 604,19 $ pour les femmes. Parallèlement, le travail domestique non rémunéré effectuÉ par les femmes vaut de 17 460,98 $ à 34 617,66 $ en moyenne par année, tandis que pour les hommes il varie entre 1 943,02 $ et 3 962,54 $. Lorsqud'on additionne la valeur de la production agricole et domestique et le revenu générÉ par le travail non agricole, on constate qud'il y a peu dd'écart entre la contribution totale de l'homme et celle de la femme au bien‐être économique de la famille rurale. Ces estimations prouvent 1d'importance du travail non rémunéré des membres de la famille pour la situation économique de cette derniÈre. Elles suggèrent également qud'il nd'existe pas de véritable fondement à l'injustice historique introduite par les systèmes juridiques et sociaux qui négligent la valeur de la contribution des femmes au bien‐être économique de la famille.
Testing for Asymmetric Pricing in the Alberta Pork Market
Authors: Punyawadee Varaporn , Boyd Milton S. , Faminow Merle D. 
Published: November 2008

Asymmetry tests have been used by agricultural economists to determine if the effects of price changes in one region or level in the marketing channel are transmitted to other regions or levels in the marketing channel in an identical manner for price increases and decreases. Two tests are normally conducted: sum of coefficients tests and speed of adjustment tests. In this analysis, these two tests are conducted on weekly price response equations that relate Alberta and Ontario price changes. Six separate periods of analysis are used to reflect institutional changes in the Alberta market. Evidence of asymmetrical price response is detected for the period immediately preceding the establishment of the Alberta Pork Producers Marketing Board.Les spécialistes en économie rurale vérifient i'asymétrie des prix pour voir si la fluctuation des cours dans une région ou un élément du circuit se transmet aux autres régions ou éléments de la même façon pour les hausses et les baisses de prix. On effectue habituellement deux épreuves: (1) somme des résultats des épreuves sur les coefficients et (2) vérification de la rapidité d'ajustement. Les auteurs ont appliqué ces deux épreuves aux équations qui mesurent la réaction des prix hebdomadaires et relient les fluctuations des prix entre l'Ontario et l'Alberta. lis se sont servis de six périodes d'analyse distinctes pour tenir compte des changements institutionnels survenus sur le marché albertain. Les résultats indiquent une réaction asymétrique des prix pour la période qui a immédiatement précédé la création de l'Office de commercialisation des producteurs de pores de l'Alberta.
Dynamics and Long‐run Structure in U.S. Meat Demand
Authors: Kesavan T. , Hassan Zuhair A. , Jensen Helen H. , Johnson Stanley R. 
Published: November 2008

Empirical analysis, based on a general dynamic Almost Ideal Demand System, shows the commonly used autoregressive and partial adjustment processes are restrictive to meat demand data. This study derives a linear specification in levels form to investigate dynamics in a general framework. Merging a long‐run steady state structure with short‐run dynamics results in consistent and robust long‐run demand elasticitiesUne analyse empirique, basée sur un systéme dynamique général de demande quasi optimale, montre que les mécanismes courants d'ajustement autorégressif et d'ajustement partiel ont un effect restrictif sur l'évaluation des données de la demande de viande. Les auteurs proposent une spécifcation linéaire par niveaux pour examiner la dynamique du cadre général. La combinaison d'une structure stable de longue durée avec une dynamique de courte période a produit des élasticités cohérentes et solides de la demande à long terme
Are Subsidies Capitalized into Land Values? Some Time Series Evidence from Saskatchewan
Authors: Clark J. Stephen , Klein K. K. , Thompson Shelley J. 
Published: November 2008

A simple capitalization formula model is used to determine whether subsidies are capitalized into land values. Using Saskatchewan annual data, it is found that while income by itself cannot support the secular growth in land values, income plus subsidies may. The results of this study indicate that income plus subsidies are mildly cointegrated with land values and the series are not too volatile. The evidence suggests that there is some support for the hypothesis that short‐term subsidies are capitalized into land values; however, the evidence is not strongUn modèle à formule de capitalisation simple est utilisé pour établir si les subventions sont capitalisées dans les valeurs foncières. À partir de données annuelles recueillies en Saskatchewan, on constate que si le revenu à lui seul ne suffit pas à soutenir la croissance à long terme des valeurs foncières, il le peut lorsqu'il est complété par des subventions. Le résultat de l'étude montre que le revenu complété par les subventions est modérément coinégré avec la valeur de la terre et que les séries obtenues ne fluctuent pas outre mesure. Il semble que les subventions à court tenne soient Capitalisées dans la valeur des terres, encore que les preuves à l'appui ne soient pas des plus convaincantes
The Economics of a Single North American Barley Market
Authors: Carter Colin A. 
Published: November 2008

On I August 1993, the Canadian government extended the dual feed barley market to all of North America and established a similar marketing system for malting barley. The 1993 policy reform removed the Canadian Wheat Board's (limited) ability to set monopoly prices. While the loss of the board's domestic monopoly power was negative for farmers, there were offsetting positive impacts. The new policy will lead to economic gains for farmers due to improved price signals and competitive discipline in grain handling. The author concludes that the gains to farmers from a move to a single North American market far ourneigh any associated losses.Le 1er août 1993, le gouvernement canadien étendait le système de double marché de l'brge fourragère a toute l'Amérique du Nord et instaurait un régime semblable pour l'orge de brasserie. La réforme de 1993 retirait à la Commission canadienne du blé son quasi‐monopole sur l'établissement des prix. Bien que cette perte de monopole ait eu des effets négatifs pour les agriculteurs, elle a eu certaines incidences positives. La nouvelle politique apportera aux agriculteurs des gains économiques en leur envoyant des signalcx plus clairs sur les prix du marché, et aussi par l'instauration d'une discipline plus concurrentielle du réseau de manutention des céréales. L'auteur estime que les avantages pour les agriculteurs du passage à un marché unique pour l'Amérique du Nord compenseront largement les penes corollaires éventuelles que peuvent en découler.