bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic principles of personal data processing and protection
Authors: Halinkina V. S. 
Published: March 2024

The development of an information society that prefers quick and remote resolution of issues, including on the Internet, raises the issue of protecting information and data disseminated and provided by personal data subjects. People do not want to transmit personal information without a clear understanding that it will be protected and not used, or to transfer it unnecessarily to third parties, because most of this information is identifying and personal, and in some cases even «sensitive». In this case, persons who transfer, process, or store personal data must be guided by legal grounds that determine the course of such actions. The fundamental concepts that must be followed in any operations with personal data are the principles. Principles are the basic framework that everyone in this process must adhere to, and failure to do so entails legal liability.
The institute of personal data protection is relatively new, therefore, with the development of this institute, legislation at various levels develops and improves the basic provisions and general principles of personal data protection. At present, the general principles of personal data processing and protection can be summarised as: transparency, fairness, lawfulness, purpose limitation, data minimisation, data accuracy, data retention period limitation, data security and the principle of accountability.
Such principles are enshrined in the General Data Protection Regulation and meet the main goal, namely to define the standards on the basis of which personal data should be collected, processed, transferred, stored, and destroyed. The existence of such principles and, most importantly, their consolidation in regulatory legal acts that are binding for all and are primarily necessary to preserve and not restrict the right to privacy and the right to protection of personal data, the right to privacy. The general principles of legitimate operations with personal information provide for notification of the person who provides his/her personal data about the purpose of processing and all the details concerning future actions with the provided information and regulation, limitation and determination of liability for violation of the principles of processing and protection of personal data for the person who further carries out the specified operations.
Human rights and information security in the conditions of military aggression
Authors: Kucher V. O. 
Published: March 2024

According to the provisions of the Constitution of Ukraine, human rights and freedoms are inalienable and inviolable. Constitutional rights and freedoms, the list of which is not exhaustive, are guaranteed and cannot be revoked. Human rights and freedoms and their guarantees determine the content and direction of state activity.
In the conditions of Russian aggression, one of the priorities for the state should be ensuring the principles of legality and the rule of law. The role of the state is to assert and ensure human rights and freedoms, which follows from the content of Article 3 of the Constitution of Ukraine and is the main duty of the state.
In the conditions of martial law, the state is unable to fully guarantee human rights, since the military aggression of the Russian Federation requires the state to implement unpopular measures that limit individual rights of citizens to ensure the safety and effectiveness of defense actions. However, this does not mean that the rights and freedoms of citizens should be completely ignored. Ukraine should take measures to guarantee compliance with the rights of individuals. To do this, it is necessary to improve the legal regulation of the protection of the rights of individuals and bring it into line with the requirements of international standards.
The limitations of the constitutional rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen in the conditions of martial law defined by the Constitution of Ukraine are based on the security concept of Ukraine and are covered by the concept of security. In the conditions of war, the emphasis on identifying threats changes in the direction of narrowing human rights, guided by the need to ensure impact on potential and existing threats.
In the conditions of martial law, the implementation of cyber strategies, which take into account potential cyber threats and determine measures to ensure security in the digital space, should become a priority direction. It is necessary to create an effective mechanism that would ensure state information security and respect for human rights, in particular in the temporarily occupied territories. Solving these problems requires a comprehensive approach, which will include technical security measures, legislative and regulatory initiatives of state legal institutions.
Standards for resolving electoral disputes: concepts and their genesis
Authors: Shevchuk V. A. 
Published: March 2024

Elections are the cornerstone of any democratic society. They represent the voice of the people and the legitimacy of those in power. It should be noted that ensuring democratic stability and maintaining the integrity of the democratic process directly depends on the standards of electoral dispute resolution, and thus the attention paid to this institution is quite obvious and justified. We believe that from the very beginning of democracy, there were also mechanisms to protect and guarantee it. Therefore, in order to analyse the approaches to the concept of standards in electoral dispute resolution, it is necessary to study their understanding and application in the judicial process, in particular. We believe that from the very beginning of democracy, there were also mechanisms for its protection and guarantee of electoral rights. What is the essence of the concept of «standards for electoral dispute resolution» and is it really necessary? When answering the above questions, we should keep in mind the conflict potential of the electoral institution caused by the thirst for power. In turn, we note that it is the implementation of international standards in the resolution of electoral disputes that will guarantee the proper resolution of such disputes. However, in order to talk about the concept of international standards of electoral dispute resolution, it is necessary to understand the essence of this legal phenomenon. International standards for electoral dispute resolution should be understood as a set of norms adopted in international law and ratified into national legislation under the guise of democratic principles, legal or regulatory acts that promote proper regulation of social relations before, during and after the electoral process in order to ensure citizens’ free, real and fair active and passive suffrage.
In order to ensure the normal functioning of the electoral system as a whole and to resolve such disputes, standards for their resolution should be developed, improved and unified, but this is already the next topic of our research.
Appeal of notarial deeds or refusal to perform them in court in Ukraine during the soviet period
Authors: Dzhuga M. V. 
Published: March 2024

The article is devoted to the judicial control of notarial activities during the Soviet rule on Ukrainian lands and is designed to analyze the history of notarial actions being appealed to the court or refusal to perform them under the Soviet notarial and procedural legislation.
It is noted that at the beginning In the 20th century, when independent states were proclaimed in Ukraine, the political leadership was not engaged in reforming the notary, and therefore for some time the imperial legislation (of Austria-Hungary and Russia) regulated the institution of judicial control over the performance of notarial acts or refusal to perform them. However, the defeat in the Soviet-Ukrainian war (1917–1921) led to the beginning of the Soviet stage in the history of the Ukrainian notary.
It is indicated that in the first stages of Soviet power, the notary institution declined, as the prerequisites for the activity of a notary were not formed, but with the beginning of a new economic policy, the need for notaries arose again, which actualized the development of mechanisms for judicial control of their activities. It is claimed that the Soviet institution of challenging notarial acts or refusal to perform them, introduced by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine in 1924, was almost entirely based on the legislation of Tsarist Russia. However, the main difference was that complaints against the actions of notaries regarding the performance of a notarial act or refusal to perform it began to be filed according to the rules of civil procedure. Such cases were classified by the legislator as cases of a separate proceeding, since they did not involve the resolution of a civil law dispute, in respect of which a notarial act was performed.
The institution of appealing to the court of notarial actions or refusal to perform them underwent significant changes after the adoption of the Code of Civil Procedure of the Ukrainian SSR in 1963, where it was stipulated that, based on the results of the review of complaints against notaries, a decision should be made, rather than a court decision. According to such a decision, the court could cancel the performed notarial act or oblige the notary (an official who performs notarial acts) to perform it.
It is claimed that the Soviet model of contesting notarial actions or refusing to perform them in court operated in Ukraine for a long period of time, because the Soviet procedural legislation remained in force, and the notarial legislation of Ukraine in terms of judicial control over notarial activity actually resembled the Soviet one.
The Formation and Legal Status of the Crimean Democratic Republic (late 1917 – early 1918)
Authors: Hutiv B. I. 
Published: March 2024

The article analyzes the events preceding the establishment of the Crimean Democratic Republic in 1917 and characterizes its legal status.
The author establishes that the territory of Crimea was the core of the Crimean Khanate, which was annexed by the russian Empire in 1783 in violation of the Kyuchuk-Kainarji Peace Treaty. The century of the russian Empire’s domination of Crimea remains in history as the “black century”, which led to the depressed state of the Crimean Tatar people, which objectively raised the task of its social and national liberation, accelerating the process of transformation into a modern nation.
It is established that in the 1880s the process of Crimean Tatar revival, i.e. the formation of a modern ethnonation, began. The impetus for this process was the creation of the first printed edition of the Crimean Tatar people, the enlightened public newspaper Terdzhiman in 1883. The next significant event in the struggle of the Crimean Tatar people for their independence was the creation of the organization “Vatan” in 1908 by Noman Çelebijihan.
Based on the analysis of scientific publications, the author establishes that the national liberation movement in Crimea was the equivalent of the Ukrainian National Congress in April 1917. In particular, in 1917, several processes took place in Crimea: the democratic revolution, ukrainianization and the revival of Crimean Tatar national statehood. In December, the First Kurultai decided to establish the Crimean Tatar Democratic Republic and form the Crimean Tatar national government. The first democratic constitution of the Crimean Tatar people was created, which declared the principles of separation of powers, equality of all citizens before the law, freedom of religion, etc. However, in January 1918, the Bolshevik army seized the territory of the peninsula and began the Red Terror, which resulted in the termination of the Crimean Democratic Republic.
Classification of restrictions on the exercise of subjective family rights
Authors: Lohvinova M. V. 
Published: March 2024

One of the traditional ways of cognition of any phenomenon is its classification, which is a logical process of division into certain types according to specific criteria. The classification makes it possible to form the basis for a special study of the implementation of restrictions on the exercise of subjective family rights. The classification of restrictions to family rights in the works of family law specialists is studied rather fragmentarily, since until recently this topic has not attracted attention of scholars. Instead, in the author’s opinion, classification as a special method makes it possible to reveal the concept of restrictions on subjective family rights; to identify the correlation between the categories «limits of family law» and «restrictions on the exercise of family rights»; and to consider «encumbrance of family rights» as a separate type of individual restrictions on the exercise of subjective rights which are imposed on family rights of a property nature.
The classification of restrictions on the exercise of family rights may be made according to various criteria. However, the article focuses on the criterion of «grounds for establishment», since it can be used to determine the essence and features of the types of such restrictions. The author distinguishes and characterizes such types of restrictions on the exercise of family rights as normative (legislative) and individual ones.In turn, each of the studied types of restrictions on the exercise of family rights is also not homogeneous and includes certain subtypes. In particular, the normative restrictions on the exercise of family rights are grouped by their scope into general normative limits determined by the basic principles of exercise of subjective family rights; general normative limits on the exercise of subjective family rights determined by the general provisions of family law and relating to the exercise of any family rights; special normative limits on the exercise of subjective family rights determined by special provisions of family law and relating to the exercise of certain types of family rights.In turn, individual restrictions on the exercise of subjective family rights, due to the detailed criterion of the grounds for their establishment, are divided into those established by family agreements and those established by individual legal acts (court decisions, acts of guardianship and custody authorities, etc.). By applying the classification method, the author states that the establishment of restrictions on a certain subjective family right should be viewed as a narrowing of the freedom of behavior of a person vested with the relevant right.
The principle of procedural economy in judicial proceeding (discussion aspects)
Authors: Snidevych O. S. 
Published: March 2024

This article analyzes the problematic issues of the principle of procedural economy in judicial proceedings.
It is determined that, based on the philological approach, the principle of procedural economy in judicial proceedings means frugality, economy in spending something in a judicial proceeding.
The author emphasizes that sometimes, under the guise of observance of the principle of procedural economy, the judicial proceedings implement ideas which, under certain conditions, are quite far from procedural economy. Such is the idea introduced by the Supreme Court into the court practice of the impossibility of the plaintiff’s use of an ineffective method of protection of the violated right when applying to court. The study concluded that under certain conditions it promotes procedural economy, but is questionable given its possible inconsistency with current legislation and the principle of discretionary judicial proceedings. In some cases, the application of effective remedy provisions is detrimental to procedural economy. An example of this may be a court’s dismissal of a claim on the grounds that the plaintiff has filed a claim with an ineffective remedy at the cassation stage. The author concludes that a cassation court has no right to dismiss a claim on the grounds that the plaintiff has chosen an ineffective method of defense of the violated right, if the lower courts (first instance or appellate court) have not done so after having protected the plaintiff’s right. This is due to the existence of the principle of procedural economy in judicial proceedings. It would be advisable to enshrine the relevant criterion in case law and procedural legislation.
The author critically assesses the opinion expressed in science that the content of the principle of procedural economy includes the contribution of such economy to the correct resolution of a case. The author concludes that the provision on the promotion of procedural economy to the correct resolution of a case should lie outside the relevant principle, since it is a manifestation of other principles of judicial procedure.
The importance of international economic agreements in the legal regulation of foreign economic activity
Authors: Gustelev P. O. 
Published: March 2024

Foreign economic activity is an important type of economic activity at the international level and a priority direction of our state’s policy, which creates the foundations for the development of trade relations and a favorable investment climate in Ukraine. It includes foreign trade in goods, services, certain types of works, as well as objects of intellectual property. Any commercial activity on the foreign market is significantly different from similar activity within the country. In particular, leading sectors of the economy are involved in the FED, state bodies, a certain number of individual economic entities, intermediary organizations, as well as foreign organizations on trade and economic issues, which collectively form the foreign economic complex of Ukraine, participate.
The state directly exerts a regulatory influence on the processes taking place in the foreign economic sphere. The effectiveness of state regulation of foreign exchange depends on many factors, but the main lever in this is that the regulatory influence of the state must correspond to the nature of foreign economic activity, the nature and content of the tasks it performs at a specific stage of the development of the economy of Ukraine. In the current conditions of Ukraine’s integration into the world and European economic system, the state of regulatory and legal support of foreign trade and its regulation by the state acquires special importance. As well as the issue of the need to reform the foreign exchange system in order to create more flexible conditions for the development of the general economic situation in the country and the fruitful development of international relations with access to the world market.
An important condition for the development of the economy of each country is the implementation of foreign economic activities by the participants of the national market. The topic of my article examines international economic agreements and their significance in the legal regulation of foreign economic activity, taking into account the existing scientific works, the concepts and types of international economic agreements are defined.
Local rulemaking as a legal basis for the implementation of the policy of sustainable development of the enterprise
Authors: Dolhert V. V. 
Published: March 2024

The article is devoted to the definition of the concept of the sustainable development policy of the enterprise and the research of the directions of legal support for the implementation of the sustainable development policy at the enterprise using local economic and legal rulemaking.
On September 25, 2015, the UN General Assembly adopted the development agenda for the period after 2015: «Transforming our world: Agenda for sustainable development until 2030», which formulated 17 sustainable development goals designed to stimulate activities in economic, social and ecological spheres of life. At the national level, the desire to implement the goals of sustainable development is enshrined in the Decree of the President of Ukraine «On the Goals of Sustainable Development of Ukraine for the Period Until 2030» dated September 30, 2019.
Due to destabilizing factors such as the COVID-19 pandemic and a large-scale military invasion by an aggressor country, the urgency of implementing the Sustainable Development Goals has increased. To effectively overcome the negative impact of the above factors, it is advisable to implement the goals of sustainable development not only at the macroeconomic level, but also at the microeconomic level.
It is considered that the implementation of the goals of sustainable development at the level of a separate economic entity should be carried out using local economic and legal regulation. To ensure the effectiveness of the process of implementing the goals of sustainable development, it can be implemented on the basis of an integrated enterprise policy.
It was concluded that the policy of sustainable development of the enterprise is a set of measures aimed at the legal support of the development of the enterprise in the economic, ecological, and social spheres of its life activity and contribute to the sustainable development of the enterprise and the achievement of the main goal of its activity.
Taking into account the complexity underlying the idea of creating an enterprise’s sustainable development policy, it can be formalized in the form of a system of local acts - the main «Sustainable Development Policy Strategy» and its derivatives. The main local act can be approved by the higher management body of the business entity. Derivative local acts can be approved at a lower level - this will contribute to the formation of a legal model that will have: a rigid core, which will contain a strategy for implementing the goals of sustainable development of the enterprise; moving branches that will regulate the rapid tactical steps of the implementation of the specified process and will be promptly adjusted if necessary.