bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PATTERNS OF SPECIES DIVERSITY
Authors: MACARTHUR ROBERT H. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Species diversity is most simply measured by counting species. More complicated measures, which take into account the relative abundance of the species, have been derived from information theory or from parameters of statistical distributions fitted to the census data. The information theory formulae can also be used to measure habitat diversity and differences between communities or habitats. In this way, changes in the pattern of species diversity can be compared with changes in the environment.2. Small or remote islands and islands with uniform topography have fewer species than large or complex islands or islands nearer the source of colonization. For birds and some orders of insects it appears that the rate of colonization of new species is virtually balanced by the rate of extinction, so that the number of species has reached equilibrium. For other organisms, such as mammals, and for all organisms on the most remote islands, this equilibrium has probably not been reached and further increases in the fauna may be expected. The comparison of impoverished island faunas with the mainland faunas whence they were derived shows the effect of relaxed competition.3. Local variations in the species diversity of small uniform habitats can usually be predicted in terms of the structure and productivity of the habitat. Habitats of similar structure on islands and mainland often have similar species diversities; the impoverishment of the island is reflected in the fact that different habitats on the island have nearly the same species, while different habitats on the mainland have more different species. This is interpreted as evidence that uniform habitats are nearly saturated with species and that new species usually colonize by occupying different habitats from present species.4. The theory of competition and the facts of character displacement indicate that there is a limiting similarity to species which co‐exist within a habitat. Species more similar than this limiting value must occupy different habitats. According to the theory, this limiting value should be less where productivity is high, where family size is low and where the seasons are relatively uniform. It should also be less for pursuing hunters than for species which search for stationary prey.5. Total species diversities, from areas composed of many types of habitat, are usually, but not always, much greater in the tropics than in temperate regions. This is accomplished by a finer subdivision of habitats (habitat selection) more than by a marked increase in diversity within habitats. This total diversity may still be increasing and may have not reached saturation.
BIOCHEMICAL ADAPTATION AND LOSS OF GENETIC CAPACITY IN HELMINTH PARASITES
Authors: FAIRBAIRN DONALD 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. Adaptation and loss of genetic capacity differ chiefly in that adaptation is goal‐ directed whereas loss of genetic capacity is not. Given sufficient information about an individual organism and its environment, adaptations are recognizable without reference to historical events extending beyond a single generation. This is not true of loss of genetic capacity, which requires a preliminary judgement that genetic information now absent was present in ancestral organisms. Together, adaptation and loss of genetic capacity are the major contributors to overall reproductive fitness. Accidental selection is genetically associated with adaptation, but is not goal‐directed.2. Adaptations arevariant or invariant; invariant adaptations comprising biochemical unity, and variant adaptations contributing to biochemical diversity. Variant adaptations may be either exploitive or epigenetic. Exploitive adaptations are a measure of thegenetic capacity for phenotypic response to an altered environment, which the individual may not in fact encounter. Epigenetic adaptations are more rigidly programmed and are responsive to altered environments only insofar as these are a constant feature of the life cycle.3. Selected observations in the biochemistry of helminth parasites are examined with respect to their interpretation in terms of adaptation, loss of genetic capacity and accidental selection. Secure judgements concerning adaptation are often possible at the most general level, i.e. when the physicochemical properties of the environment, such as temperature or oxygen supply, are clearly defined. I t is more difficult to make judgements concerning the specific mechanisms used in achieving these goals. Conclusions concerning loss of genetic capacity require knowledge of the specific function through‐out the life cycle. In many cases loss of genetic capacity is only apparent, as the function appears in another part of the life cycle. Such apparent losses are in reality epigenetic adaptations. These concepts are helpful in interpreting past work and in devising new experiments.4. Development in helminth parasites includes a pronounced capacity for the orderly release of information to be used in the next stage. As each stage may require a radically different environment, programming for it may lead to phenomena which are superficially puzzling, such as the existence of aerobic electron transport systems in a stage whose energy metabolism is fermentative. The concept of epigenetic adaptation is especially useful for interpreting such observations.5. Although possible adaptations are most readily apparent in biochemically complex mechanisms, these mechanisms are an expression of the orderly effects of many different primary gene products which have not been much studied. There are indications that organisms possessing relatively complex life cycles may provide opportunities for relating primary gene products, such as isozymes, to their physiological functions.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE DURATION OF INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY TO MACROMOLECULES IN NEWBORN ANIMALS
Authors: PATT JOHN A. 
Published: January 2008

Summary1. In several species, partial, or even complete passive immunization of the offspring is achieved through maternal antibodies which are concentrated in the colostrum. Failure to obtain sufficient colostrum renders newborn farm animals highly susceptible to systemic and enteric infection with E. coli.2. A significant number of colostrum‐fed calves nevertheless develop colisepticaemia and many of these animals are hypo‐ or even agammaglobulinaemic. A premature termination of intestinal ability to absorb colostral antibodies (closure) may be responsible for some of these cases.3. Pharmacological doses of certain exogenous corticosteroids are capable of inducing premature closure in rats. It is not certain though whether exogenous corticosterone can induce precocious closure in rat pups or whether exogenous corticosteroids can induce closure in members of other mammalian orders. Corticosteroid levels, however, may influence the efficiency of immunoglobulin absorption. Attempts to delay closure with adrenal suppression in animals with short immunoabsorptive periods have not been effective.4. In piglets, but not in puppies or calves, starvation can postpone closure for several hours and consumption of food may be necessary before closure can occur.5. Closure in the rat and pig apparently takes place by different methods.
EFFECTS OF GREEN LIGHT ON BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
Authors: KLEIN RICHARD M. 
Published: January 2008

SummaryGreen light (510–565 nm) constitutes a significant portion of the visible spectrum impinging on biological systems. It plays many different roles in the biochemistry, physiology and structure of plants and animals. In only a relatively small number of responses to green light is the photoreceptor known with certainty or even provisionally and in even fewer systems has the chain of events leading from perception to response been examined experimentally. This review provides a detailed view of those biological systems shown to respond to green light, an evaluation of possible photoreceptors and a review of the known and postulated mechanisms leading to the responses.
Globalization's Alternatives: Competing or Complementary Perspectives?
Authors: Glenn John 
Published: January 2008

AbstractRecent writings on globalization have tended to argue that such economic interconnectedness is, in one way or another, geographically delimited. Three competing views appear in the literature, regionalization, triadization and the involutionist perspective. This article challenges the portrayal of these perspectives as competing conceptions and instead argues that each perspective furnishes us with a partial view of a larger process. In so doing, this paper revisits the involutionist perspective, arguing that, in relation to the developing countries’ relative share of world trade and investment shares, the use of the term ‘globalization’ should be questioned. Rather, in relation to trade, involution is a more apt description. However, in terms of FDI, stasis better describes the contemporary international economy. The article then examines the trade and investment patterns within the triad, corroborating earlier findings that each leg of the triad is increasingly trading more with their neighbours than with each other, but that inter-triad FDI is indeed increasing. Three main factors are presented in order to explain the contemporary patterns of trade and investment associated with involution, regionalization and triadization: product differentiation, vertical specialization and the continuing concentration on primary product production in much of the developing world.
Kaposi's Varicelliform Eruptions1
Authors: Alm Ingvar 
Published: January 2008

SummaryAn account is given of the symptomatology and therapy in five cases of Kaposi's varicelliform eruptions in infants between the ages of five and nine months. In one case bacteriologic and serologic studies showed the presence of Staphylococci, and resistance determinations showed that these bacteria were sensitive only to streptomycin. The patient rapidly became afebrile and there was a considerable improvement in his condition after administration of this drug.Résumé Eruptions varicelliformes de Kaposi.On relate la symptomatologie et la thérapeutique mise en oeuvre dans cinq cas d'éruptions varicelliformes de Kaposi, chez des enfants de 5 à 9 mois. Dans un de ces cas, les études bactériologiques et sérologiques montrhrènt la présence de staphylocoques, et les déterminations de résistance montrèrent que ces bacthéies n'étaient sensibles qu'à la streptomycine. Le patient devint rapidement afébrile, et il y eut une amélioration considerable de son état après administration de ce produit.Zusammenfassung Kaposi's varicelliförmige Ausschläge.Eine Darstellung der Symptomatologie und Therapie von fünf Fallen an Kaposi's varicellenförmigen Ausschlägen bei Säuglingen im Alter von 5–9 Monaten wird gegeben. In einem Fall zeigten die bakteriologischen und serologischen Untersuchungen das Vorhandensein von Staphylokokken. Bestimmungen der Resistenz zeigten, dass diese Bakterien nur auf Streptomycin empfindlich waren. Der Patient wurde sehr bald fieberfrei und nach Verabreichung dieser Medizin konnte man eine bedeutende Besserung in seinem Befinden konstatieren.Sumario Erupcióra varicelifome de Kaposi.Se describe la sintomatologia y terapeutica de 5 casos de Erupción variceliforme de Kaposi en niños de 5 a 9 meses.En un caso el estudio bacteriológico y serológico demostró la presencia de estafilococos, y las determinaciones de resistencia demostraron que estas baclerias eran solamente sensibles a la Estreptomicina. El enfermo, luego de la administración de esta droga se vuelve afebril y se comprueba una mejoria considerable de su condición.
Investigations into the Histamine Content of Umbilical Blood
Authors: PETTAY OSSI 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe author has determined the histamine percentage of 25 umbilical blood plasmas. Ten normal adult plasmas served as control. On an average the histamine content of the umbilical plasmas was found to be two—three times higher than that of the normal plasmas. This difference is supposed to be due to lack of oxygen during birth.RésuméL'auteur a déterminé le pourcentage d'histamine de 25 plasmas de sang ombilical. Les plasmas de 10 adultes normaux ont servi de contrôle. On a constaté qu'en moyenne le contenu d'histamine des plasmas ombilicaux était deux à trois fois plus élevé que celai des plasmas normaux. On suppose que la différence est due au manque d'oxygène pendant la naissance.ZusammenfassungBericht über Histamingehaltbestimmungen des Nabelschnurblutplasmas in 25 Fällen. Der Histamingehalt des Nabelschnurblutplasmas (25 Fälle) wurde mit den Werten von Plasmahistamin bei Erwachsenen (10 Fälle) verglichen und durchschnittlich 2—3 mal höher gefunden. Die Ursache ist wahrscheinlich ein Sauerstoffmangel während der Geburt.ResumenEl autor ha determinado el tanto por ciento de histamina de 25 plasmas de sangre umbilical. Los plasmas de 10 adultos normales han servido de control. Se ha comprobado que el contenido medio de histamina de los plasmas umbilicales era dos o tres veces mayor que el de los plasmas normales. Se supone que la difereneia se debe a falta de oxígeno durante el nacimiento.
Observations on the Development of the Hypophysial‐Portal System
Authors: NIEMINEVA KALEVI 
Published: January 2008

SummaryThe writer found that the hypophysial‐portal system is fully developed in human fetuses at term. About the middle of the fetal period, on the other hand, the capillary tufts essential to this system which penetrate from the sinusoids of the pars tuberalis into the region of the median eminence and the neural stalk are not demonstrable. As fetal life progresses the formation of these vessel tufts can be seen.It is concluded that if the hypothalamus regulates the function of the pars distalis by neurovascular channels, this regulation begins as late as towards the end of the fetal period.RésuméL'auteur a constaté que le système portal hypophysaire est entièrement développé chez les foetus humains à terme. Au milieu de la période foetale, d'autre part, les ramifications capillaires essentielles pour ce système, qui viennent des sinusoïdes de la pars tuberalis vers la région de l'éminence médiane et la tige nerveuse ne peuvent être mises en évidence. Au fur et à mesure que progresse la vie foetale, la formation de ces ramifications de vaisseaux peut être observée.On conclut que si l'hypothalamus règle la fonction de la pars distalis par des canaux neurovasculaires, cette régulation ne commence que vers la fin de la période foetale.ZusammenfassungVerfasser fand, dass das Hypophysen‐Portal‐System beim ausgetragenen Neugeborenen voll entwickelt ist. In der Mitte der foetalen Entwicklung dagegen sind die kapillären Verbindungen zwischen den Gefässen der Pars tuberalis und der mittleren Region, sowie dem Stiel nicht nachweisbar, was dagegen beim älteren Foetus der Pali ist. Es folgt daraus, falls die Funktion der Pars distalis vom Hypothalamus durch neurovaskuläre Verbindungen reguliert wird, dass dann diese Regulation erst am Ende der Foetalperiode anfängt.ResumenEl autor ha comprobado que el sistema portal de la hipófisis está enteramente desarrollado en los fetos humanos al final de la gestación. En medio del período fetal, por otra parte, las ramificaciones capilares esenciales de este sistema, que penetran de las sinusoides de la parte tuberal en la región de la eminencia media y el tronco nervioso, no pueden ser demostradas. La formación de estas ramificaciones de vasos puede ser observada a medida que progresa la vida fetal.Se concluye que si el hipotálamo regula la función de la parte distal por dos canales neurovasculares, esta regulación no comienza más que hacia el fin del període fetal.
Respiratory Studies in Newborn Infants: I. Apparatus and Methods for Studies of Pulmonary Ventilation and the Mechanics of Breathing. Principles of Analysis in Mechanics of Breathing1
Authors: KARLBERG PETTER , CHERRY RUTH B. , ESCARDO FLORENCIO , KOCH GÜNTER 
Published: January 2008

SummaryApparatus and methods for studying the pulmonary ventilation and the mechanics of breathing in newborn infants are described. For volunie recording with long duration a body plethysmograph system is used; for short recording periods, a reverse plethysmograph system. For studies of the mechanics of breathing the intraesophageal pressure changes have been cycles. recorded simultaneously with the volume changes occurring during single respiratory cycles. The reprodcibility and calibration of the methods are explained. The set has been used in respiratory studies in the neonatal period, which will be published at a later date in this journal.An outline of the principles of analysis of the mechanics of breathing and the different methods used for calculations
THE IMMUNOGLOBULIN DEVELOPMENT DURING THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE
Authors: BERG TORSTEN 
Published: January 2008

SummaryIn 33 infants repeated blood samples were taken during the first year of life for determination of the different immunoglobulins. The infants were divided into groups according to their histories of infection. These groups were compared with each other and, as also was the series as a whole, with a series of children investigated previously from a Baby Welfare Centre (BWC). A distinct relationship was found between the infants' histories of infection and their immunoglobulin development. The history of infection appeared to be reflected predominantly in the serum concentrations of IgA and IgM, and to a lesser extent in their IgG levels. The initial IgG concentration appeared to be of little importance for the IgG development after the first weeks of life.The infants who had the highest IgG levels at birth showed a significantly more rapid decrease in their IgG concentrations during the first 6 weeks of life than those with the lowest initial IgG levels. This finding may possibly indicate a later start of their own synthesis of IgG in infants who have a high serum concentration of maternal IgG at birth. The infants exhibited a very early capacity for IgM synthesis and the mean IgM curve rose steeply during the first two weeks of life, subsequently becoming flatter. The infants with recurrent infections of different kinds showed, on the average, twice as high IgM concentrations at the age of 1 year as the children in the previously reported BWC series.The IgA development took place considerably more slowly than that of IgM, but at the age of 1 year the infants with recurrent infections had, however, on the average, more than twice as high IgA concentrations as the children in the BWC series. On comparing this longitudinally studied series of infants in its entirety with the previous BWC series, which can be regarded as selected from the point of view of infection, the former series was found to show a more rapid development of the IgG, IgA and IgM levels during the first year of life.
Complicated Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections Due toEscherichia coliandProteus mirabilis
Authors: Jacobsen S. M. , Stickler D. J. , Mobley H. L. T. , Shirtliff M. E. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYCatheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs) represent the most common type of nosocomial infection and are a major health concern due to the complications and frequent recurrence. These infections are often caused byEscherichia coliandProteus mirabilis. Gram-negative bacterial species that cause CAUTIs express a number of virulence factors associated with adhesion, motility, biofilm formation, immunoavoidance, and nutrient acquisition as well as factors that cause damage to the host. These infections can be reduced by limiting catheter usage and ensuring that health care professionals correctly use closed-system Foley catheters. A number of novel approaches such as condom and suprapubic catheters, intermittent catheterization, new surfaces, catheters with antimicrobial agents, and probiotics have thus far met with limited success. While the diagnosis of symptomatic versus asymptomatic CAUTIs may be a contentious issue, it is generally agreed that once a catheterized patient is believed to have a symptomatic urinary tract infection, the catheter is removed if possible due to the high rate of relapse. Research focusing on the pathogenesis of CAUTIs will lead to a better understanding of the disease process and will subsequently lead to the development of new diagnosis, prevention, and treatment options.
Transmission of Tropical and Geographically Restricted Infections during Solid-Organ Transplantation
Authors: Martín-Dávila P. , Fortún J. , López-Vélez R. , Norman F. , Montes de Oca M. , Zamarrón P. , González M. I. , Moreno A. , Pumarola T. , Garrido G. , Candela A. , Moreno S. 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYIn recent years, the increasing number of donors from different regions of the world is providing a new challenge for the management and selection of suitable donors. This is a worldwide problem in most countries with transplantation programs, especially due to the increase in immigration and international travel. This paper elaborates recommendations regarding the selection criteria for donors from foreign countries who could potentially transmit tropical or geographically restricted infections to solid-organ transplant recipients. For this purpose, an extensive review of the medical literature focusing on viral, fungal, and parasitic infections that could be transmitted during transplantation from donors who have lived or traveled in countries where these infections are endemic has been performed, with special emphasis on tropical and imported infections. The review also includes cases described in the literature as well as risks of transmission during transplantation, microbiological tests available, and recommendations for each infection. A table listing different infectious agents with their geographic distributions and specific recommendations is included.
Molecular Pathogenesis ofShigellaspp.: Controlling Host Cell Signaling, Invasion, and Death by Type III Secretion
Authors: Schroeder Gunnar N. , Hilbi Hubert 
Published: January 2008

SUMMARYShigellaspp. are gram-negative pathogenic bacteria that evolved from harmless enterobacterial relatives and may cause devastating diarrhea upon ingestion. Research performed over the last 25 years revealed that a type III secretion system (T3SS) encoded on a large plasmid is a key virulence factor ofShigella flexneri. The T3SS determines the interactions ofS. flexneriwith intestinal cells by consecutively translocating two sets of effector proteins into the target cells. Thus,S. flexnericontrols invasion into EC, intra- and intercellular spread, macrophage cell death, as well as host inflammatory responses. Some of the translocated effector proteins show novel biochemical activities by which they intercept host cell signal transduction pathways. An understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlyingShigellapathogenesis will foster the development of a safe and efficient vaccine, which, in parallel with improved hygiene, should curb infections by this widespread pathogen.