bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Levels of platelet activating factor in gingival crevice fluid following periodontal surgical therapy
Authors: Keles G. C. , Cetinkaya B. O. , Isildak I. , Koprulu H. , Acikgoz G. 
Published: July 2006

Background and Objective:  Elevated levels of platelet activating factor (PAF), a potent inflammatory phospholipid mediator, have been previously detected in gingival tissues and gingival crevice fluid (GCF) in periodontal disease. However, the role of this mediator during wound healing after periodontal surgery remains unclear. The hypothesis, a relationship between PAF levels and periodontal healing, was tested by measuring PAF levels in GCF samples collected from sites that had undergone guided tissue regeneration (GTR) or flap surgery.Material and Methods:  Using a split‐mouth design, 30 intrabony defects were randomly assigned to treatment with GTR (group 1) or to flap surgery (group 2). GCF was sampled pre‐operatively and at 6‐, 12‐ and 24‐wk follow‐up evaluation visits. PAF levels in GCF were analyzed by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results:  Both treatment modalities significantly reduced the probing pocket depth and improved the clinical attachment level (p < 0.01). Compared with pre‐operative values, the GCF volume and PAF levels were significantly decreased at postoperative weeks 6, 12 and 24 in both groups (p < 0.01). There were also significant differences in GCF volume and PAF levels at all time points up to 24 wks in both groups (p < 0.01). No statistically significant differences were observed in any of the parameters investigated between the two groups (p > 0.05).Conclusion:  PAF is detectable in GCF by HPLC and showed a continuous decrease at all the time points monitored following periodontal surgical therapy. This suggests that changes in the levels of this mediator in GCF might be useful for monitoring the progress of periodontal repair and regeneration.
Pre‐emptive analgesia and metronidazole on post‐haemorrhoidectomy pain control
Authors: Ng Simon Siu‐Man , Lee Janet Fung‐Yee , Cheung Ka‐Yin , Leung Ka‐Lau , Yiu Raymond Ying‐Chang , Lau Wan‐Yee 
Published: July 2006

Background:  Post‐haemorrhoidectomy wound pain is often the focus of concern for patients as well as their clinicians. Despite the recent enthusiasm brought about by stapled haemorrhoidectomy, conventional haemorrhoidectomy still remains the mainstay of surgical treatment for symptomatic third and fourth degree haemorrhoids in places where healthcare funding cannot afford these expensive devices. The present study aims at evaluating the effectiveness of pre‐emptive analgesia and oral metronidazole in reducing wound pain and complications after open haemorrhoidectomy.Method:  Patients with symptomatic third or fourth degree haemorrhoids undergoing open haemorrhoidectomy were randomized into four groups. Group 1 received pre‐emptive analgesia (0.5% bupivacaine). Group 2 received oral metronidazole (400 mg three times daily for 1 week). Group 3 received both treatments while group 4 was the control group.Results:  Number of patients recruited was 105. There was no significant difference among the four groups in terms of pain scores on the first three postoperative days, analgesic requirements, hospital stay and the time to return to normal daily activities. Patients who received oral metronidazole had significantly less pain at the time of the first bowel motion (P = 0.037).Conclusion:  Oral metronidazole significantly reduces pain during the first bowel motion after open haemorrhoidectomy. Pre‐emptive analgesia with 0.5% bupivacaine does not reduce postoperative pain.
Use of Analog Plotter in Water‐Control Problemsa
Authors: Sherwood C. B. , Klein Howard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe City of Fort Lauderdale's Prospect well field, near the coast in southeastern Florida, is developed in the highly permeable Biscayne aquifer. Major drainage canals which transect the well‐field area are hydraulically connected with the aquifer. Although the canals were designed primarily to drain ground water from storage during wet periods, they serve also to convey water eastward from large inland conservation areas during dry periods, to replenish the aquifer in coastal areas, and to retard salt‐water encroachment.An aquifer analog plotter and model were used to predict changes in ground‐water levels in the Prospect well‐field area caused by changes in the regulation of the canals. Analysis of the model showed that if water stages in the canals were controlled at locations downstream from existing control structures, the area of recharge from the canals to the well field would be increased and a rise in ground‐water levels would result. The increase in ground‐water storage would permit larger withdrawals from existing facilities and would offer additional protection from salt‐water encroachment.
Geophysics as an Aid to the Small Water Well Contractor
Authors: Linck C. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this paper geophysical techniques, as used in ground‐water exploration are subdivided into “bore‐hole” and “surface” methods. The former include the commonly used electrical and gamma‐ray logging and the less commonly used hole calipering and current meter logging. Also included with this classification, but important enough to be considered separately, is the field of water‐level measurements. The surface techniques discussed include electrical resistivity and refraction seismograph exploration.Because of the type of data which they yield the surface methods are most economical where much area is to be explored and large quantities of water are needed. These factors limit the use of the techniques by small water well contractors in domestic water well work. These same contractors, on the other hand, can gain real economic advantages, in many cases, by use of one or more of the bore‐hole methods.Geophysical methods properly used can do much to guide the water well contractor. It is extremely important, however, that their use be carefully directed because in the past, where geophysical methods have failed, it has often been due to the incorrect application of the technique, rather than a failure of the technique.
Saline Ground Water in Southern Floridaa
Authors: Sherwood C. B. , Klein Howard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractSouthern Florida is known for its abundant but seasonal rainfall, and its large quantities of ground water; however, parts of its principal aquifers contain water of inferior quality. Coastal aquifers that yield fresh water for municipal supplies, industry, and irrigation, are subject to sea‐water encroachment as water use increases. In inland locations, parts of these aquifers contain salty remnants from ancient inundating seas. The highly productive artesian Floridan aquifer contains saline water throughout southern Florida. The rapid development of south Florida will eventually require greater use of saline water resources.In the Naples area of southwestern Florida large quantities of moderately saline water in an inland area can be developed by shallow wells or can be drained westward to replenish the aquifer in the coastal area. Accelerated flushing caused by increased drainage and water use should gradually improve the quality of the water in the aquifer in the inland area.Irrigational and industrial use of water from the Floridan aquifer are increasing in areas where the mineralization is not critical. In the future it may be used to maintain water levels in parts of the Everglades National Park during periods of prolonged drought, to sustain the ecology, and to control fires. In coastal Miami it may prove feasible to inject artesian water into the shallow Biscayne aquifer to cut off the tongue of encroaching sea water. Development of artesian water poses the problem of possible contamination of shallow aquifers by leakage through corroded well casings or into uncased zones.
Modern Water‐Well Drilling Techniques in Use in the United Kingdoma
Authors: Snewin Stow George Raymond 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe paper describes the main water‐well drilling systems used in the United Kingdom, with some details of the tools used and the principles of operation.Limitations as regards diameter and depth for various systems and their suitability for drilling different strata are discussed. The materials customarily employed for lining wells and for making sand screens are mentioned. The usual method of measuring the deflexion from the vertical is outlined.Methods of developing or improving the yields of wells, and inspections by television cameras are described.
Saline Ground Water — A Little Used and Unmapped Resourcea
Authors: Poole J. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractVast quantities of saline ground water await new commercial uses and economical demineralization processes for recognition as a valuable resource.Saline ground water is more widely distributed than any other natural resource, occurring throughout the United States and in geologic formations ranging from the oldest to the youngest.The Coastal Plain has the greatest reserve of fresh water in the country, but at depths ranging from a few feet to about 3,500 feet most of the fresh‐water aquifers also contain large quantities of brackish water. Paleozoic formations in the east‐central United States have long been producers of saline water as commercial brines and in association with oil and gas. The volume of saline ground water perhaps exceeds the fresh ground‐water supply in the Great Plains Region. The greater part of the Western Mountain Region is generally deficient in fresh ground water; however, saline water is present in highly permeable deposits in numerous closed basins and along saline streams. In each of these major ground‐water regions small to very large amounts of saline water can be pumped from wells ranging from a few tens of feet to several thousand feet in depth.Knowledge of saline water distribution is general and inadequate, having been attained as a by‐product of investigations of fresh‐water supplies. This knowledge should be expanded as technological advances in demineralization processes enhance the importance of saline water for potential supply in numerous water‐deficient areas.
Ground‐Water Conditions in the Carrizo Sand in Texasa
Authors: Scalapino R. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Carrizo sand aquifer of Eocene age furnishes water to wells in a belt extending from the Rio Grande in South Texas northeastward to Louisiana, a distance of 500 miles. It is one of the most important water‐bearing formations in Texas, and has a large potential for additional development of ground water.
Water from the Cretaceous Sands in Cochran County, Texasa
Authors: Rayner F. A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractDuring recent years an ever‐increasing number of oil operators in West Texas have been faced with the problem of securing relatively large amounts of water to stimulate additional oil production from the region's waning oil reservoirs. Such operations are termed secondary recovery, or in particular, water flooding, which consists of forcing and stripping oil from the voids of the oil reservoirs by the injection of water through retired oil wells. As previously mentioned, this process requires relatively large amounts of water of a quality compatible with the oilfield equipment and the oil reservoir.From 1949 through 1959, in a 30‐county West Texas area, secondary oil recovery operations have increased from 14 to 223 projects. As of January 1960, in the Southern High Plains from Hockley and Cochran Counties, southward through Midland and Ector Counties, there were 96 source wells producing about 12,000 acre‐feet of water annually for water‐flooding operations.
Transmissibility Determination by the Bail‐Test Methoda
Authors: Lennox D. H. , Jones J. F. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe determination of aquifer transmissibility by the bail‐test method can be considerably simplified if proper attention is paid to the regular spacing of bailer cycles. The transmissibility calculation will then depend on the evaluation of the difference between two numbers, instead of on the evaluation and summation of a large set of numbers, one number for each bailer cycle. The mathematical development on which this method is based is given briefly and a table listing the sums of the reciprocals of the natural numbers, which is used in the simplified determination, is also presented.The formula for the recovery of the water level after repeated bailing of a well completed in a confined aquifer (Skibitzke, 1958) may be written (Ferris et al., 1962):
Progress Report on Development of the California State Water Projecta
Authors: Golze A. R. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractMy subject does not deal directly with either wells or ground water ‐ it does report to you the present (October, 1963) status of construction of one of the world's greatest projects in water resource development. What is the California State Water Project? What areas will it serve? What progress is being made? The answers are the story told in this paper.The magnitude of the project is measured in terms of quantity of water, money and time. The amount of water is four million acre‐feet, estimated to meet the needs of the deficient areas it will serve until at least 1990. The cost is $1,750,000,000. The time is nine years from now to begin the delivery of water to the southernmost communities on the State's system.
Educational Facilities in Ground‐Water Geology and Hydrology in the United States and Canada, 1963
Authors: Walton W. C. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIncreased activity in the fields of ground‐water geology and hydrology has focused attention on the academic preparations required of a geologist or engineer planning to enter the field of ground water. In an effort to improve understanding of the educational facilities available in the United States and Canada, the Research Committee of the Technical Division of the National Water Well Association is periodically inquiring into the status of these facilities.To arrive at a better understanding of the formal course work in ground water, a seven‐item questionnaire was circulated to appropriate educational institutions in May 1960. A report, “Educational and Academic Research Facilities in Ground‐Water Geology and Hydrology in the United States and Canada”, was published in May 1961 summarizing the information obtained from returned questionnaires. A similar survey was made in May 1963 to obtain data on advancements in educational facilities in ground water since 1960.This report, a contribution of the Technical Division of NWWA, is based on questionnaires completed in 1963 and provides statistical data on university and college facilities in the field of ground water. Detailed information is presented on 1) course work, 2) textbooks, 3) degrees granted, 4) descriptions of departments offering course work, 5) course instructors and 6) student training and employment. Recent advancements in educational facilities are summarized. It is hoped that the statistical and descriptive information embodied in this report will provide a suitable background for those who wish to assess the adequacy of available educational facilities in ground‐water geology and hydrology.
Salt‐Water Movement in the Principal Artesian Aquifer of the Savannah Area, Georgia and South Carolinaa
Authors: McCollum M. J. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe Savannah area obtains most of its water supply from the principal artesian aquifer. The aquifer consists of limestones of middle and late Eocene age. Unflushed salty water is present in the lower water‐yielding zones of the aquifer in the eastern part of the area and sea water is entering the upper water‐yielding zones in the northeastern part of the area. The salty water in the lower zones and the upper zones is moving slowly toward Savannah because a cone of depression created by pumping has reversed the natural hydraulic gradient.
The Role of Ground Water in Comprehensive River Basin Planninga
Authors: Morgan Russell 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe role of ground water in comprehensive river basin planning has been neither a significant one nor a consistent one. The improved use of ground‐water storage is one of the major goals in improving the stewardship of our water resources. While present policies and general procedures are adequate for the attainment of this goal, basic data and detailed techniques need to be further developed before ground water can assume a more significant role in water resources planning. The development of these and the solution of problems attending the use of ground‐water resources will come in time with the assistance of all parties interested in the wise use of our ground‐water resources. The development of techniques for fully integrating ground‐ water resources into comprehensive river basin planning must be accompanied by the development and implementation, at all governmental levels, of sound ground‐water management policies. Progress toward their accomplishment may seem barely perceptible at times but the present high level of interest in all of the nation's water resources bodes well for an early date when optimum use of our ground‐water resources can be planned and developed.
The Effectiveness of Michigan's Oil and Gas Conservation Law in Preventing Pollution of the State's Ground Watersa
Authors: Eddy Gerald E. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractWith the exception of a few special cases, there has been no pollution of fresh ground water from oil wells, gas wells and dry holes drilled in Michigan since 1925. This is especially significant since water for over 90 percent of Michigan's rural population and about 70 percent of the total population, exclusive of the Detroit metropolitan area, is supplied by ground‐water sources. The most classic exception is in the Saginaw Valley where abandoned wells drilled for salt, coal and oil remain unplugged. Special emphasis is given to the proper plugging of wells as the most important phase of the program to protect fresh water.The present protective oil and gas conservation law– Public Act 61 of 1939 – is good. Its flexibility allows needed rules and regulations to be adopted as the necessity arises without having to go to the legislature.
Computer Processing of Hydrologic and Geologic Dataa
Authors: Johnson A. I. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe computer is a tool to extend our capabilities for using the ever‐increasing mass of available scientific information. Hydrologic and geologic data are being assembled in great quantity and the quantity and complexity of data collected in the future undoubtedly will increase.This paper points out some of the applications that have been used for computer processing of data in solving hydrologic and geologic problems. As a specific example of the progress that has been made in this field, the ADP work of the U. S. Geological Survey is summarized.A Survey committee recently developed 16 punchcards, a well‐schedule form for recording and coding data in the field, and a manual of instructions for machine‐processing of hydrologic data. During 1964, three Water Resources offices of the Survey started experimental use of the well‐inventory and water‐quality cards and forms, and the Hydrologic Laboratory began use of punchcards and evaluation of microfilm aperture cards for storage of information. For those who are considering use of ADP in processing of hydrologic and geologic data, the paper concludes with a discussion of items to consider prior to initiation of a system. A list of references providing greater detail on application of ADP systems is included.
Water Rights and Regulation in the Eastern Statesa
Authors: Ellis H. H. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThere are numerous ramifications to consider in discussing water rights and laws. In this discussion meaningful impressions concerning water rights and related laws in the 31 States lying east of Texas and the Dakotas are presented. Research is still in progress and a number of the statements are necessarily tentative.cAlthough legislation of various types has been enacted, court‐made rules still provide the primary basis for the water rights laws of most eastern States. This means rules developed by the reported decisions of the State appellate courts. In Louisiana, however, unlike the common‐law States, the Civil Code provides the primary basis for its laws (see Borton, Mark E. and Ellis, Harold H., “Some Legal Aspects of Water Use in Louisiana,” La. Agr. Expt. Sta. Bul. 537, June, 1960). Bear in mind that these general rules often vary from State to State and that they may be modified by voluntary contractual arrangements, the exercise of eminent domain, prescriptive rights, legislation, and various other complicating factors. Furthermore, the laws of most States are unsettled regarding a number of questions, and several court decisions are of elderly vintage and hence might be modified under current conditions.Water supplies, natural or developed, all may be more or less interrelated. But rights to use them may vary according to their particular designation as classified by the courts for various purposes. Some common classifications of natural water supplies include natural watercourses, diffused surface water, percolating ground water, and underground streams.
Hydrologic Aspects of Disposal of Oil‐Field Brines in Texasa
Authors: McMillion L. G. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLack of effective control of brine pollution at the State level in Texas has hindered development of an inventory of the effects of oil‐field brine disposal on the diverse geologic and hydrologic environments in which ground water occurs. In Texas, where 35 per cent of the nation's crude oil is produced, the volume of brine production and the widespread distribution of its points of origin complicate the initiation of unified control programs. Brine production and disposal figures for calendar year 1961 showed that a total of 2,236,599,746 barrels of salt water were produced from approximately 67,000 oil and gas leases throughout the State. In that year 460,892,427 barrels of salt water were reportedly disposed of into unlined earthen pits, which contribute directly to pollution of fresh water either by seepage or overflow; and 1,536,543,715 barrels were injected into the subsurface where inadequate well‐completion methods may constitute a longer‐range problem than surface disposal.Brine‐pollution control programs must regulate standards for the whole range of oil‐field operation including exploration, well completion, brine disposal during the productive phase, and well plugging and abandonment. To be effective, these programs must equate the objective of maximum oil and gas conservation and development with acceptable standards of oil‐field operation to provide safeguards for usable water supplies.
Ground‐Water Geology of West Coleman, Alberta, Canada
Authors: Nielsen G. L. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn an investigation of a high water‐table problem in the west part of Coleman, Alberta, ground‐water temperatures were found to vary by as much as 12 degrees F at different points within a one‐quarter square mile area. Analysis of their distribution, together with ground‐water chemistry, and configuration of the water table itself led to discovery of three distinct sources contributing ground water to the townsite. They are: Cordilleran glacial deposits north of the town, an abandoned coal mine underlying the town, and the Crowsnest River. The permeability distribution showed that a major direction of ground‐water movement is along a former course of the Crowsnest River, although the river was channelled to a different location more than fifty years ago.