bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of periodontal therapy on salivary enzymatic activity
Authors: Zambon Joseph J. , Nakamura Masakazu , Slots Jorgen 
Published: July 2006

This study determined changes in the levels of enzymes in whole mixed saliva of adults following periodontal therapy including two or more sessions of meticulous periodontal scaling and root planing and 1 g/day of tetracycline‐HCI for 14 days. Clinical variables assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after treatment included Gingival Index, Plaque Index, periodontal pocket depth, and gingival crevicular fluid flow. Subgingival specimens obtained from the deepest periodontal pocket in each quadrant were analyzed for Bacteroides gingivalis and Bacteroides intermedius using indirect immunofluorescence microscopy and for bacterial morphotypes using bright light phase contrast microscopy. The enzymatic profile of unstimulated whole mixed saliva was determined using the API ZYM and API ZYM AP micromethod systems.Periodontal treatment significantly reduced gingival inflammation and the proportions of subgingival black‐pigmented bacteroides and motile organisms. However, the Plaque Index and total salivary bacterial counts remained virtually unchanged. Treatment also resulted in reduced salivary levels of caprylate esteraselipase, leucine, valine, and cystine aminopeptidases, trypsin, β‐galactosidase, β‐glucuronidase, and β‐glucosidase.The present study indicates that the efficacy of periodontal treatment may be readily monitored by changes in levels of activity of specific enzymes in whole saliva.
The in vivo fractional rate of gingival collagen production in non‐diabetic and diabetic rats
Authors: Schntir M. , Imberman M. , Ramamurtiiy N. , Golub L. 
Published: July 2006

A new approach (pool‐expansion) has been applied for quantifying the in vivo fractional rate of gingival collagen production. This approach obviates a major shortcoming inherent in a lraditional tracer approach; decreasing specific radioactivity S. R., DPM/μg proline of tissue free‐Phlproline oocurring throughout the interval during stuch production is meausured, Poolexparision, involving the injection of excess unlaheled proline concomitant with a tracer amount of nidiotabeled proline, has been judged successful for incisor gingiva of non‐diabetic control rats by the following enteria. (I) the S. R. of gingival tree‐PHlproline remained constant from 0.5 to 2 h after Phlproline anjection and (2) during this interval, radiolabeled collagen Phlhydroxyprobne S. R. inereised linearly in contrasl pool‐expansion in gingiva of diabetic rats was less successful 0.5 h after injection, the S. R. of gingival free S. R. of gingival freep‐Phlproline was less than that after 2 h. indicating incomplete pool‐expansion at 0.5 h.For meisor gingiva of non‐diabetic control rats, the fractronal rate of collagen production 1–1% a day is slouer than that in rat skin, For incisor gingiva of diaberic rats, the fractronat rate in reduced by 65%
Detection of cathepsin L‐like proteinase and cathepsin D in gingival fluid
Authors: Lah Tamara , Skallrič Urošer , Babnik Joža , Turk Vito 
Published: July 2006

Intracellular proteinases play an important role in normal and pathological degradative processes. The contribution of cysteine proteinases in connective tissue breakdown is known, but their activity in the inflammatory process of periodontal disease received only limited attention. Gingival fluid was collected from eight female patients with different degrees of periodontal disease as indicated by pocket depth. Proteolytic activity of cathepsins, D and L was measured using hemoglobin as substrate.Evidence that cathepsin L‐like proteinase contributed significantly to acid proteolytic activity in gingival fluid was found. In addition, proteolytic activity at pH 3.5 and cathepsin L‐like activity in gingival fluid were positively correlated with the degree of periodontal disease as measured by the pocket depth at the site of fluid collection. Cathepsin D in crevicular fluid was also determined immunologically. These results may contribute to a better understanding of the etiopathology of periodontal disease.
Citric acid conditioning of roots affects guided tissue regeneration in experimental periodontal wounds
Authors: Pettersson E. C. , Aukhii I. 
Published: July 2006

The effect of citric acid conditioning of roots on the formation of a new connective tissue attachment was evaluated in the presence of a selective cell population. Fenestration wounds of standard sizes were made on the buccal aspects of mandibular premolars in 6 beagle dogs. The exposed root surfaces were curetted thoroughly and conditioned with citric acid (experimental) or distilled water (controls) for 3 minutes. The wounds were covered with Millipore filters to facilitate population of curetted root surfaces by cells from the adjacent periodontal ligament. Histologic analysis was made after 3 months of healing.The extent of new connective tissue attachment varied in both the experimental and control specimens. The percentage of surgically denuded root surface showing new cementum with inserting fibers was significantly lower in the experimental group compared with the controls. Root resorption was seen in both experimental and control specimens but involved a significantly larger percentage of denuded root surface in the experimental specimens. Ankylosis occurred more frequently in the experimental group compared with the controls, while no difference was seen in the degree of bone regeneration.The results indicate that new connective tissue attachment can form on denuded root surfaces by a selective cell population. Citric acid conditioning of roots appears to either delay or complicate healing in the presence of a selective cell population.
Efficacy of supervised rinsing with chlorhexidine digluconate in comparison to phenolic and plant alkaloid compounds
Authors: Siegrist B. E. , Gusberti F. A. , Brecx M. C. , Weber H. P. , Lang N. P. 
Published: July 2006

The experimental gingivitis model was used to compare the antigingivitis, antiplaque, and antimicrobial efficacies of two commercially available (a phenolic and a plant alkaloid) compounds used as mouthrinses with those of a mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine digluconate. Thirty‐one male and female volunteers with healthy gingivae and clean teeth ceased all oral hygiene procedures for 21 days during which they rinsed twice daily with: a) a phenolic compound (Listerine®), b) sanguinarine (Viadent®), c) 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate, or d) a placebo mouthrinse. After 21 days of rinsing, virtually no signs of clinical gingivitis were observed in the chlorhexidine group. Subjects rinsing with Listerine, Viadent, or placebo developed clinical signs of gingivitis as measured by gingivitis occurrence, severity, and the proportion of gingival bleeding sites. At the same time, plaque accumulation was only slightly higher than at baseline in the chlorhexidine group, while the Listerine, Viadent, and placebo groups had significantly greater plaque accumulations, particularly during the initial period of treatment between day 0 and day 7. Microbiological enumeration of supragingival plaque collected at the end of the treatment period showed that chlorhexidine digluconate reduced plaque bacteria by 62–62% compared to the placebo group. No significant reductions in plaque bacteria were found among subjects using Listerine or Viadent.This study demonstrated that 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate was superior to Listerine and Viadent in its ability to maintain optimal gingival health during the entire three weeks of mouthrinse use. It was of particular interest to note these effects during the final 14 to 21‐day period of extreme challenge in this experimental model when gingivitis severity and bleeding site occurrence are most pronounced in the placebo group.
Evidence for the existence of intraepithelial nerve endings in the junctional epithelium of rat molars: an immunohistochemical study using protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) antibody
Authors: Maeda Takeyasu , Sodeyama Takao , Hara Kohji , Takano Yoshiro 
Published: July 2006

Innervation of the junctional epithelium was investigated in rat molars by means of immunohistochemistry for protein gene product 9.5 (PGP 9.5) at light and electron microscopic levels. In comparison with our previous study on same tissues using neurofilament protein (NFP)‐antibody, the PGP 9.5‐immuno‐staining further disclosed numerous nerve fibers in the gingiva of rat molars and revealed the existence of a well‐developed plexus of PGP 9.5‐positive nerve fibers. The interproximal portion also contained numerous nerve fibers.Observation of horizontal sections revealed a denser innervation toward the inner junctional gingival epithelium than the outer marginal epithelium. The nerve fibers, beaded in appearance and extending from the nerve bundles in the lamina propria, penetrated into the junctional epithelial layer and were distributed throughout the junctional epithelium, with some nerves being located near the epithelial surface. Non‐neuronal cells showing PGP 9.5‐immunoreactivity were absent in the junctional epithelium. In immunoelectron microscopy, the axoplasm of nerves in the gingiva was filled with electron‐dense reaction products of PGP 9.5, except for the cell organellae. The nerve fibers were devoid of Schwann cell investment and terminated among the epithelial cells in the junctional epithelium, frequently beneath the epithelial surface. The intraepithelial nerve endings contained various kinds of vesicles including large‐cored ones, supporting the presence of peptidergic innervation shown by previous studies. These findings confirmed the usefulness of PGP 9.5‐immunohisto‐chemistry for the identification of delicated nerve fibers in dental tissue, and suggested the dense network of nerve fibers that may serve as sensory receptor and other functions in the junctional epithelium.
Presence of activated eosinophils, high IgE and sCD23 titers in gingival crevicular fluid of patients with adult periodontitis
Authors: Suzuki T. , Sugitam N. , Yoshie H. , Hara K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryOur previous studies showed that the expression of CD23 on polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNLs) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from adult periodontitis (AP) patients was higher than in autologous peripheral blood (PB). Percentages of eosinophils in GCF PMNLs ranged between 6 and 14%. The purpose of the present studies was to increase understanding of the potential role of eosinophils and their products, including CD23, in periodontal disease. We analysed the eosinophil fraction in GCF and PB by flow cytometry using monoclonal antibodies to CD23b (BB10), eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) in stored and secretory forms (EG1 and EG2), and CD67 (80H3). Simultaneously, we measured IgE and soluble CD23 titer and GCF and serum by ELISA. Flow cytometric analysis of BB10, EG2 and 80H3 binding showed that GCF eosinophils from AP were activated. A large BB10+ EG2+ cellular fraction was detected in GCF from AP whereas it was very low in autologous serum (9.30±2.460 vs 0.16±0.10, p>0.001). GCF from gingivitis patients exhibited no flow cytometric evidence for the presence of BB10+ EG2+ cells. BB10+ EG1+ cells, or inactivated eosinophils rated lower in GCF than in PB both in gingivitis and periodontitis patients (0.45±0.63 vs 1.83±0.96 and 0.15±0.30 vs 1.30±0.20, p>0.05. respectively). IgE titer in AP patients reached 1208.1 ±421.2 IU/ml in GCF while only 49.1 ±50.4 in sera. Soluble CD23 in GCF reached 236.1 ±81.3 ng/ml in GCF and 5.6±1.8 ng/ml in sera. GCF of gingivitis patients, however, contained no detectable sCD23. Thus. GCF from AP patients displayed a high rate of activated eosinophils secreting ECP. while GCF of gingivitis patients did not. These results suggest that ECP‐secreting activated eosinophils are relevant to the pathology of adult periodontitis.
Effect of substance P administration on vascular permeability in the rat oral mucosa and sublingual gland
Authors: Györfi A. , Fazekas Á , Lrmes F. , Rosivall L. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryNeuropeptides, including substance P (SP) may play a role in neurogenic inflammation. Although SP‐immunoreactive (SP‐IR) axons are known to be present within the oral mucosa (OM) and salivary glands, the functional significance of SP in oral mucosa and sublingual salivary gland (SLG) is not fully understood. The present experiments were carried out to study the effects of SP infused into the left common carotid artery on vascular permeability in the OM and in the SLG of male rats. Vascular permeability was assessed on the basis of Evans Blue extravasation. Separate groups of animals received histamine (H1) receptor antagonist (chloropyramine, 10 mg kg−1 i.v.) or prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor (indomethacin, 4 mg kg−1 i.v.) prior to SP infusions. Infusion of SP in doses of 30 and 74 pmol min−1 increased the vascular permeability of OM by 162.3±16.3% (n=8, p>0.05) and 482.7±46.7% (n=8, p>0.001), respectively. SP in a dose of 15 pmol min−1 did not increase Evans Blue extravasation in OM (38.3±4.0 μ g−1, n=8, compared to the control: 44.0±7.9 μg g−1, n = 8, NS). Although SP increased plasma extravasation in OM, it failed to affect vascular permeability in SLG (15 pmol min−1 SP: 46.9±6.9 μg g–1, n = 6, NS; 30 pmol min−1 SP: 54.1 ±6.2 μg g−1, n= 11 NS; 74 pmol min−1 SP: 49.7±2.3 μg g−1, n = 7, NS; compared to the control: 48.9±5.8 μg g−1, n = 8). After chloropyramine administration the SP effect on vascular permeability decreased in OM by 41.5±5.9% (n=10, p>0.05). Indomethacin pretreatment similarly diminished the effect of SP on the dye extravasation in OM by 43.9±6.1% (n = 8, p>0.01). Our results suggest that the effect of SP on plasma extravasation in the oral mucosa is partly elicited via the release of vasoactive agents (histamine, prostaglandins), and the microvasculature of SLG has lower sensitivity of SP than that of the oral mucosa.
Influence of sE‐selectin and L‐selectin on the regulation of cell migration during chronic periodontitis
Authors: Krugluger W. , Nell A. , Solar P. , Matejka M. , Boltz‐Nitulescu G. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySoluble endothelial leukocyte adhesion molecule‐1 (sE‐selectin) levels in peripheral blood (PB) and gingival capillary blood (GCB) of both healthy donors (HD) and patients with adult periodontitis (AP) were assayed by ELISA. Binding of sE‐selectin to polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) from PB, GCB and crevicular fluid (GF), and expression of L‐selectin and sialyl‐Lewisx (sLex) on these cells were analyzed by immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. No significantly enhanced serum levels of sE‐selectin in patients with AP. compared to HD (28±5 ng/ml vs 19±3 ng/ml, respectively), and no differences in the concentration of sE‐selectin in GCB (16±1 ng/ml vs 16±2 ng/ml, respectively) were observed. On PB‐PMN no significant differences in the expression of L‐selectin and sLex were found and binding of sE‐selectin to PB‐PMN was comparable between HD and patients with AP. Binding of sE‐selectin to GCB‐PMN was significantly higher in patients with AP compared to HD (mean channel fluorescence (MCF)=88.5± 13.2 vs MCF=24.2±5.3, respectively). The expression of sLex on GCB‐PMN did not differ significantly between the two groups. A significant decrease in the expression of the adhesion molecule L‐selectin on GCB‐PMNs compared to PB‐PMN was found in patients with AP but not in HD. CF‐PMN showed decreased expression of both L‐selectin and sLex compared to PMN from PB and GCB, both in HD and patients with AP. Taken together, these data suggest that PMN from patients with AP had reduced selectin‐mediated adhesive capabilities to inflamed gingival endothelium.
Microbial vitality of supragingival dental plaque during initial stages of experimental gingivitis in humans
Authors: Weiger R. , Netuschil L. , von Ohle C. , Brecx M. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryAlthough vital plaque micro‐organisms are part of the natural ecosystem in the oral cavity they are also the key factor in the development of diseases induced by the human dental plaque. In a previous study (9) the portion of vital bacteria related to the total number of plaque micro‐organisms (i.e. the microbial vitality) appeared low in small plaque samples. The objective of this investigation was to determine the exact relationship of microbial vitality and age of supragingival plaque during the early phases of human dental plaque formation. Between intervals of optimal oral hygiene, thirteen participants refrained from all oral hygiene measures for periods of 1, 2, 4, 8, 24 and 72 h. Plaque was completely sampled from a defined area situated on the vestibular surface of the teeth 13, 14, 15, 23, 24 and 25. The pooled plaque from these areas was immediately processed. Total bacterial counts (BC) as enumerated by darkfield microscopy, and colony‐forming units (CFU) were recorded. The microbial vitality was calculated indirectly as plating efficiency (PE=CFU per BC) and directly assessed using a vital fluorescence (VF) technique. In the 1 h old plaque samples the median values of PE and VF were 29% and 18%, respectively. Thereafter, the microbial vitality increased significantly with plaque age. The 24 h old plaque samples yielded values of 77% (PE) and 62% (VF). It was concluded that the microbial vitality of the early dental plaque investigated was considerably lower compared to that of a more mature plaque.
Development and characterization of an in vitro gingival epithelial model
Authors: Odioso L.L. , Doyle M.J. , Quinn K.W. , Bartel R.L. , Zimber M.P. , Stevens‐Burns D. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryA 3‐dimensional gingival epithelial model has been developed and characterized. Oral epithelial cells and connective tissue fibroblasts were isolated from human gingival tissue and used to create an in vitro oral mucosa co‐culture model. Fibroblasts were seeded on a scaffold of nylon mesh, allowed to proliferate and secrete collagen and extracellular matrix proteins to form a stroma capable of supporting the growth of epithelial cells. Epithelial cells were seeded on top of a confluent stromal layer, proliferated and differentiated to form a stratified squamous epithelium. Resident epithelial cells were stimulated, by manipulation of growth medium and culture conditions, to form a multi‐layered oral mucosa‐like tissue. Histologic analyses revealed cellular architecture exhibiting stromal‐epithelial interaction which supports the growth and differentiation of an epithelial layer. lmmunohistochemical analyses confirmed production of types I and III collagen. Immunofluorescence of the stromal layer identified type IV collagen and fibronectin. Fibronectin was also detected on surface epithelium. Differentiation of basal, spinous and granular cells was observed, and the presence of differentiation markers, acidic (K10, 14–16, 19) and basic (Kl–8) cytokeratins were confirmed using broad spectrum cytokeratin antibodies, AE1 and AE3. Development of a discontinuous basal lamina zone, with hemidesmosomes, was observed by electron microscopy. The co‐culture was metabolically active, as measured by the thiazoyl blue (MTT) assay for mitchondrial function and [3H] thymidine incorporation into DNA. The human gingival epithelial co‐culture model was viable up to 35 days post‐epithelial seed. This model may offer opportunities for limited study of periodontal tissue responsiveness.
Microflora in adult periodontitis
Authors: Petsios A. , Nakou; M. , Manti F. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryThe subgingival microflora of adult periodontitis was studied in 8 adults (36–47 years) and compared with that of 10 periodontally healthy individuals (36–43 years). A total of 64 periodontal lesions were examined, and classified according to the attachment level in three categories: attachment loss >6 mm, attachment loss 4–6 mm and attachment loss <4 mm. Also for comparative purposes 20 gingival sulci were evaluated. Samples were taken using three standardized paper points and were incubated anaerobically in selective and non‐selective media. The results showed a statistically significant association of Capnocytophaga gingivalis and Capnocytophaga sputigena with moderate periodontal lesions, while Haemophilus segnis has been correlated to severe periodontal lesions. We concluded that C. gingivalis, C. sputigena and H. segnis might be potentially conducive to periodontal deterioration in adult periodontitis.
Distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in human subgingival plaque at different periodontal pocket depths examined by immunohistochemical methods
Authors: Kigure T. , Saito A. , Seida K. , Yamada S. , Ishihara K. , Okuda K. 
Published: July 2006

SummaryLocalization of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Treponema denticola in different areas of subgingival plaque from advanced adult periodontitis patients was studied immunohistochemically using sensitive immunogold‐silver staining and immunoelectron microscopy. Fourteen periodontally diseased teeth were extracted without damaging the subgingival plaque, fixed, and embedded. The subgingival plaque samples were sectioned according to four different pocket depths (0–2 mm, 2–4 mm, 4–6 mm and ≤6 mm). Serial thin sections were stained using specific antisera to P. gingivalis or T. denticola and then with secondary antibody labelled with colloidal‐gold. Cells of both P. gingivalis and T. denticola were predominantly found in subgingival plaque located at depths of more than 4 mm in periodontal pockets. T. denticola cells were found in the surface layers of subgingival plaque, and P. gingivalis were predominant beneath them. However, in the deeper subgingival plaque, the coexistence of P. gingivalis and T. denticola was observed. The present findings suggest that P. gingivalis and T. denticola play important roles in the pathogenicity of periodontal disease and provide the useful information for elucidating the pattern of colonization of microorganisms in the periodontal pocket.
Immunohistochemical study of linear gingival erythema from HIV‐positive patients
Authors: Gomez R.S. , da Costa J.E. , Loyola A.M. , de Araújo N.S. , de Araújo V.C. 
Published: July 2006

SummarySevere forms of periodontal disease are frequent in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Linear gingival erythema (LGE) is a progressive disease described in HIV‐positive patients and is considered to be an early stage of necrotizing periodontitis. Although clinical and microbiological differences are reported in LGE and non‐specific gingivitis (NSG), a comparative immunopathological approach of both has not been performed yet. The purpose of this study was to compare relative populations of T‐lymphocytes, B‐lymphocytes, neutrophils, macrophages and IgG bearing plasma cells in gingival biopsies from sites exhibiting LGE and from sites exhibiting NSG. A biotin‐streptavidin amplified system was used for identification of the following antigens: CD3 (T‐lymphocytes), CD20 (B‐lymphocytes), elastase (neutrophils), CD68 (macrophages) and IgG (plasma cell's secretors of IgG). The results have demonstrated decrease proportions of T‐lymphocytes, macrophages and high percentage of neutrophils and IgG bearing plasma cells in LGE. In contrast with NSG, many neutrophils cells in LGE were found inside oral gingival epithelium. Our results highlight the idea that progressive periodontal disease is not only characterized by increased tissue inflammation, but, in addition, by significant changes in the proportion of specific inflammatory cells. The high number of neutrophils along the gingival epithelium is probably associated with the severe gingival necrosis reported in AIDS patients.