bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
‘Who’s Still Standing?’ A Comment on Antony Duff’s Preconditions of Criminal Liability
Authors: Matravers Matt 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAntony Duff has argued that an important precondition of criminal liability is that the state has the moral standing to call the offender to account. Conditions of severe social injustice, if allowed or perpetuated by the state, can undermine this standing. Duff’s argument appeals to the ordinary idea that a person’s own behaviour can sometimes negate his standing to call others to account. It is argued that this is an important issue, but that the analogy with individual standing is problematic. Moreover, Duff’s account of standing needs to address two interconnected issues: first, when and in what way the state can lose its standing to call offenders to account, and second, over what range of offences.
Bcr-Abl signaling through the PI-3/S6 kinase pathway inhibits nuclear translocation of the transcription factor Bach2, which represses the antiapoptotic factor heme oxygenase-1
Authors: Yoshida Chikashi , Yoshida Fumiko , Sears Daniel E. , Hart Stephen M. , Ikebe Dai , Muto Akihiko , Basu Subham , Igarashi Kazuhiko , Melo Junia V. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe malignant phenotype of chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is due to the abnormal tyrosine kinase activity of the Bcr-Abl oncoprotein. We have previously reported that expression of the Bach2 transcription factor, which induces apoptosis in response to oxidative stress, is greatly reduced in CML cells. Because these cells are resistant to apoptosis, we tested whether Bach2 could also be regulated through posttranslational mechanisms that promote inhibition of the apoptotic response to mutagenic stimuli in CML. We found that Bach2 is phosphorylated on S521 via the phosphatidylinositol-3/S6 kinase pathway, and substitution of this site to alanine leads to nuclear accumulation of the protein, indicating that this phosphorylation is important for its subcellular localization. Ectopic expression of the S521 mutant imparts greater impairment to CML cell growth than the wild-type factor. Furthermore, we showed that Bach2 transcriptionally represses heme oxygenase-1, an antiapoptotic factor up-regulated in CML. Because CML cells are known to produce high levels of intracellular reactive oxygen species, overexpression of heme oxygenase-1 resulting from inhibition of Bach2 activity may contribute to their genomic instability and leukemic phenotype.
The crystal structure of superoxide dismutase from Plasmodium falciparum
Authors: Boucher Ian W , Brzozowski Andrzej M , Brannigan James A , Schnick Claudia , Smith Derek J , Kyes Sue A , Wilkinson Anthony J 
Published: October 2006

Abstract

Background
Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are important enzymes in defence against oxidative stress. In Plasmodium falciparum, they may be expected to have special significance since part of the parasite life cycle is spent in red blood cells where the formation of reactive oxygen species is likely to be promoted by the products of haemoglobin breakdown. Thus, inhibitors of P. falciparum SODs have potential as anti-malarial compounds. As a step towards their development we have determined the crystal structure of the parasite's cytosolic iron superoxide dismutase.

Results
The cytosolic iron superoxide dismutase from P. falciparum (Pf FeSOD) has been overexpressed in E. coli in a catalytically active form. Its crystal structure has been solved by molecular replacement and refined against data extending to 2.5 Å resolution. The structure reveals a two-domain organisation and an iron centre in which the metal is coordinated by three histidines, an aspartate and a solvent molecule. Consistent with ultracentrifugation analysis the enzyme is a dimer in which a hydrogen bonding lattice links the two active centres.

Conclusion
The tertiary structure of Pf FeSOD is very similar to those of a number of other iron-and manganese-dependent superoxide dismutases, moreover the active site residues are conserved suggesting a common mechanism of action. Comparison of the dimer interfaces of Pf FeSOD with the human manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase reveals a number of differences, which may underpin the design of parasite-selective superoxide dismutase inhibitors.
The PedsQL™ Present Functioning Visual Analogue Scales: preliminary reliability and validity
Authors: Sherman Sandra A , Eisen Sarajane , Burwinkle Tasha M , Varni James W 
Published: October 2006

AbstractBackgroundThe PedsQL™ Present Functioning Visual Analogue Scales (PedsQL™ VAS) were designed as an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) instrument to rapidly measure present or at-the-moment functioning in children and adolescents. The PedsQL™ VAS assess child self-report and parent-proxy report of anxiety, sadness, anger, worry, fatigue, and pain utilizing six developmentally appropriate visual analogue scales based on the well-established Varni/Thompson Pediatric Pain Questionnaire (PPQ) Pain Intensity VAS format.MethodsThe six-item PedsQL™ VAS was administered to 70 pediatric patients ages 5–17 and their parents upon admittance to the hospital environment (Time 1: T1) and again two hours later (Time 2: T2). It was hypothesized that the PedsQL™ VAS Emotional Distress Summary Score (anxiety, sadness, anger, worry) and the fatigue VAS would demonstrate moderate to large effect size correlations with the PPQ Pain Intensity VAS, and that patient" parent concordance would increase over time.ResultsTest-retest reliability was demonstrated from T1 to T2 in the large effect size range. Internal consistency reliability was demonstrated for the PedsQL™ VAS Total Symptom Score (patient self-report: T1 alpha = .72, T2 alpha = .80; parent proxy-report: T1 alpha = .80, T2 alpha = .84) and Emotional Distress Summary Score (patient self-report: T1 alpha = .74, T2 alpha = .73; parent proxy-report: T1 alpha = .76, T2 alpha = .81). As hypothesized, the Emotional Distress Summary Score and Fatigue VAS were significantly correlated with the PPQ Pain VAS in the medium to large effect size range, and patient and parent concordance increased from T1 to T2.ConclusionThe results demonstrate preliminary test-retest and internal consistency reliability and construct validity of the PedsQL™ Present Functioning VAS instrument for both pediatric patient self-report and parent proxy-report. Further field testing is required to extend these initial findings to other ecologically relevant pediatric environments.
Adiponectin Concentration in Umbilical Cord Serum Is Positively Associated with the Weight Ratio of Fetus to Placenta
Authors: Kadowaki Kozo , Waguri Masako , Nakanishi Isao , Miyashita Yoshihiro , Nakayama Masahiro , Suehara Noriyuki , Funahashi Tohru , Shimomura Iichiro , Fujita Tomio 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Context: Adiponectin (APN) concentration in umbilical cord serum is higher than that in adult serum. Except for the positive association between birth weight and cord APN concentration, little is known about the pathophysiological function of APN in fetal development.
Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationship of cord serum APN and IGF-I concentrations with the development of the fetoplacental unit.
Design and Methods: Umbilical cord serum APN and IGF-I concentrations were measured in term singleton deliveries (n = 94). The association of cord APN and IGF-I concentrations was evaluated in relation to fetal weight, placental weight, and fetoplacental (F/P) weight ratio.
Results: Mean concentrations and sd of APN and IGF-I were 36.1 ± 14.0 μg/ml and 58.6 ± 27.0 ng/ml, respectively. Cord APN concentration was positively associated with F/P weight ratio (r = 0.375, P &lt; 0.001) as well as fetal weight (r = 0.389, P &lt; 0.001) but not placental weight. Cord IGF-I concentration was positively associated with fetal weight (r = 0.405, P &lt; 0.001) and placental weight (r = 0.400, P &lt; 0.001) but not F/P weight ratio. In multiregression analysis, only APN concentration resulted in a significant determinant of F/P weight ratio among variables (β = 0.376, P &lt; 0.001).
Conclusions: In cord hyperadiponectinemia, fetuses tend to be disproportionately larger for their placental weight and vice versa in cord hypoadiponectinemia. APN is shown to be the first biomarker positively associated with F/P weight ratio.
Temporalis pericranial muscle flap for reconstruction of the lateral face and head
Authors: Renner Gregory , Davis William E. , Templer Jerry 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLarge ablative surgical tissue defects of the lateral face and head can pose a difficult task for the reconstructive surgeon who must choose from among a large variety of possible reparativce techniques. In many situations the temporalis pericranial muscle flap offers the outstanding feature of providing a large amount of soft tissue at no direct expense of donor site skin cover. It is easily obtained and results in negligible functional loss. With care taken to preserve the neurovascular pedicle, this flap may be rotated in multiple directions and even overturned as either surface can receive surface skin closure. The amount of operative time and effort required is much less than for many of the more elaborate reconstructive flaps. Five representative cases are presented.
Diagnostic value of vestibular function tests: An analysis of 200 consecutive cases
Authors: Kumar Arvind , Sutton Dale L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe contribution that vestibular function tests can make in achieving a topographic and etiologic diagnosis is being increasingly questioned. A greater reliance is therefore being placed on audiometeric tests including auditory brain stem tests. Our experience with vestibular testing has been most favorable, using photoelectric nystagmography and the Torok monothermal differential caloric test. This analysis of 200 consecutive cases shows that patients with normal vestibular function can be differentiated with certainty from those with organic disorders. In the latter group the site of lesion could be confirmed with greater than 90% accuracy. The reasons why vestibular tests in general are non‐productive are discussed.
Primary melanoma of the middle ear
Authors: Mckenna Ernest L. , Holmes William F. , Harwick Robert 
Published: October 2006

AbstractWe present a case of a 52‐year‐old white female with what we believe is the first documented example of a primary melanoma of the middle ear. Multiple myringotomies and two tube insertions over a 14‐month period were curried out until frank hemorrhage was encountered on the last one. Middle ear exploration found the lesion to be a primary melanoma. The supposed course of her diseased ear is discussed as regards the lag between effusion and frank blood when tumor was finally hit on the last myringotomy.
Bell's palsy: The steroid controversy revisited
Authors: Burgess Lawrence P. A. , Yim Donald W. S. , Lepore Michael L. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe treatment of Bell's palsy with steroids is controversial. Several series of patients have shown steroids to be beneficial to a statistically significant degree; however, their experimental design was of poor quality and made this data less clinically valuable. The negative trials showing no benefit with steroids did not examine enough patients to have a chance to show a clinically important difference. These series must be considered as partially completed studies and not as conclusive negative trials. A Type I error analysis is the accepted method of statistically analyzing the data of these trials. After reviewing the evidence, it becomes clear that further scientific research is needed.
Relationship of optic neuritis to disease of the paranasal sinuses
Authors: Rothstein Jack , Maisel Robert H. , Berlinger Norman T. , Wirtschafter Jonathan D. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe relationship of paranasal sinusitis to optic neuritis remains an intriguing curiosity to both the otolaryngologist and the ophthalmologist. The literature is replete with anecdotal case reports of patients whose sinusitis appears to have caused optic neuritis. There is much speculation about the pathophysiological mechanisms which relate these two distinct disease entities. Five new cases are described which highlight distinct pathophysiologic routes through which paranasal sinus disease has caused optic neuritis. These include compressive optic neuropathy secondary to mucoceles and/or pyoceles; direct extension of sinus infection to the optic nerve from suppurative paranasal sinusitis; and, in one case, from osteomyelitis of the ethmoid and sphenoid sinuses. The usefulness of computerized axial tomography of the orbits and paranasal sinuses to evaluate optic neuritis and to elucidate in detail the pathophysiology of its relationship to disease of the paranasal sinuses is emphasized.Currently, optic neuritis is felt to be a rare complication of paranasal sinusitis. Paranasal sinus surgery is advocated in those cases where sinus suppuration is suspected, or when a compressive optic neuropathy is caused by a sinus mucocele or pyoeele. Since in most cases, however, optic neuritis is self‐limited, it is difficult to evaluate the results of surgery in circumstances other than those mentioned already. Continued careful evaluation, management, and documentation of this group of patients is necessary to help better define the relationship between these two disease entities.
Agent-Based Modeling of Drinking Behavior: A Preliminary Model and Potential Applications to Theory and Practice
Authors: Gorman Dennis M. , Mezic Jadranka , Mezic Igor , Gruenewald Paul J. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. We developed a preliminary agent-based simulation model designed to examine agent–environment interactions that support the development and maintenance of drinking behavior at the population level. Methods. The model was defined on a 1-dimensional lattice along which agents might move left or right in single steps at each iteration. Agents could exchange information about their drinking with each other. In the second generation of the model, a “bar” was added to the lattice to attract drinkers. Results. The model showed that changes in drinking status propagated through the agent population as a function of probabilities of conversion, rates of contact, and contact time. There was a critical speed of population mixing beyond which the conversion rate of susceptible nondrinkers was saturated, and the bar both enhanced and buffered the rate of propagation, changing the model dynamics. Conclusions. The models demonstrate that the basic dynamics underlying social influences on drinking behavior are shaped by contacts between drinkers and focused by characteristics of drinking environments.
Population-Level Changes in Folate Intake by Age, Gender, and Race/Ethnicity after Folic Acid Fortification
Authors: Bentley Tanya G.K. , Willett Walter C. , Weinstein Milton C. , Kuntz Karen M. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. We sought to quantify the impact of the 1998 US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) folic acid fortification policy by estimating folate intake at the population level. Methods. We analyzed total folate intake levels (from food and supplements) according to gender, age, and race/ethnicity, using data from 2 National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. We measured pre- and postfortification folate intake distributions, adjusted for measurement error, and examined proportions of the population who reached certain thresholds of daily total folate intake. Results. Mean daily food and total folate intake increased by approximately 100 μg/day after fortification. The proportion of women aged 15–44 years who consume more than 400 μg/day of folate has increased since fortification, but has not yet reached the FDA’s 50% target and varies by race/ethnicity from 23% to 33%. Among persons aged 65 years and older who may be at risk for masking a vita-μg/day (the min B12 deficiency, the percentage who consume more than 1000 “tolerable upper intake level”) has at least doubled among Whites and Black men, but has remained less than 5% for all groups. Conclusions. Since fortification, folic acid intake among the US population has increased, and there are substantial variations by age, gender, and race/ethnicity.
Genes, Race, and Population: Avoiding a Collision of Categories
Authors: Kahn Jonathan 
Published: October 2006

A wide array of federal mandates have a profound impact on the use of racial and ethnic categories in biomedical research, clinical practice, product development, and health policy. Current discussions over the appropriate use of racial and ethnic categories in biomedical contexts have largely focused on the practices of individual researchers. By contrast, our discussion focuses on relations between the daily practices of biomedical professionals and federal regulatory mandates. It draws upon the legal doctrine of equal protection to move beyond such debates and to propose guidelines to address the structural forces imposed by federal regulations that mandate how data about race and ethnicity are used in biomedical research. It offers a framework to manage the tension involved in using existing federally mandated categories of race and ethnicity alongside new scientific findings about human genetic variation.
Public Willingness to Participate in and Public Opinions About Genetic Variation Research: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Sterling Rene , Henderson Gail E. , Corbie-Smith Giselle 
Published: October 2006

Scientists are turning to genetic variation research in hopes of addressing persistent racial/ethnic disparities in health. Despite ongoing controversy, the advancement of genetic variation research is likely to produce new knowledge and technologies that will substantially change the ways in which we understand and value health. They also may affect the ways in which individuals and groups organize socially, politically, and economically.Addressing concerns that may exist in different communities is vital to the scientific and ethical advancement of genetic variation research. We review empirical studies of public willingness to participate in and opinions about genetic research with particular attention to differences in consent and opinion by racial/ethnic group membership.
Voluntary Participation and Informed Consent to International Genetic Research
Authors: Marshall Patricia A. , Adebamowo Clement A. , Adeyemo Adebowale A. , Ogundiran Temidayo O. , Vekich Mirjana , Strenski Teri , Zhou Jie , Prewitt T. Elaine , Cooper Richard S. , Rotimi Charles N. 
Published: October 2006

Objectives. We compared voluntary participation and comprehension of informed consent among individuals of African ancestry enrolled in similarly designed genetic studies of hypertension in the United States and Nigeria.Methods. Survey questionnaires were used to evaluate factors associated with voluntariness (the number of people volunteering) and understanding of the study’s genetic purpose. A total of 655 individuals (United States: 348; Nigeria: 307) were interviewed after participation in the genetic studies.Results. Most US respondents (99%), compared with 72% of Nigerian respondents, reported being told the study purpose. Fewer than half of the respondents at both sites reported that the study purpose was to learn about genetic inheritance of hypertension. Most respondents indicated that their participation was voluntary. In the United States, 97% reported that they could withdraw, compared with 67% in Nigeria. In Nigeria, nearly half the married women reported asking permission from husbands to enroll in the hypertension study; no respondents sought permission from local elders to participate in the study.Conclusions. Our findings highlight the need for more effective approaches and interventions to improve comprehension of consent for genetic research among ethnically and linguistically diverse populations in all settings.
Addressing the scheduling of chemical supply chains under demand uncertainty
Authors: Guillén Gonzalo , Espuña Antonio , Puigjaner Luis 
Published: October 2006

AbstractA multistage stochastic optimization model is presented to address the scheduling of supply chains with embedded multipurpose batch chemical plants under demand uncertainty. In order to overcome the numerical difficulties associated with the resulting large‐scale stochastic mixed‐integer‐linear‐programming (MILP) problem, an approximation strategy comprising two steps, and based on the resolution of a set of deterministic and two‐stage stochastic models is presented. The performance of the proposed strategy regarding computation time and optimality gap is studied through comparison with other traditional approaches that address optimization under uncertainty. Results indicate that the proposed strategy provides better solutions than stand‐alone two‐stage stochastic programming and two‐stage shrinking‐horizon algorithms for similar computational efforts and incurs much lower computation times than the rigorous multistage stochastic model. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Biochemical markers of bone turnover in diagnosis of myeloma bone disease
Authors: Dizdar Omer , Barista Ibrahim , Kalyoncu Umut , Karadag Omer , Hascelik Gulsen , Cila Aysenur , Pinar Asli , Celik Ismail , Kars Ayse , Tekuzman Gulten 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThis study was designed to explore the value of markers of bone turnover, macrophage inflammatory protein‐1α (MIP‐1α), and osteopontin (OPN) in the diagnosis of myeloma bone disease. Twenty‐five patients with newly diagnosed and untreated multiple myeloma (MM), and 22 age‐, sex‐, and bone mineral density‐matched control subjects were enrolled. Levels of MIP‐1α, OPN, carboxy‐terminal telopeptide of Type‐1 collagen (C‐telopeptide or Ctx), deoxypyridinoline (DPD), Type‐1 collagen propeptide (T1Pro), and bone‐specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP) were assessed in both groups. Twenty‐two of the patients had bone involvement documented by skeletal surveys and lumbar spinal magnetic resonance imaging. Levels of serum Ctx, OPN, MIP‐1α, and urine DPD were significantly higher in MM patients with bone disease than in controls (P < 0.01). Serum Ctx levels were elevated in 90.9% of patients with MM and 40.9% of controls (P < 0.001). Urine DPD levels were elevated in 90.4% of the patients and 31.8% of the controls (P < 0.001). The serum OPN and MIP‐1α levels of the patients were significantly correlated with β2‐microglobulin and lactate dehydrogenase levels (P < 0.05). Our study indicates that Ctx and DPD are sensitive markers of bone disease in MM, and higher than normal values suggest presence of bone disease rather than benign osteoporosis in MM. The utility of OPN and MIP‐1α needs to be further investigated. Am. J. Hematol., 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.