bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy of moxidectin and other anthelmintics against small strongyles in horses
Authors: ROLFE PF , DAWSON KL , HOLM‐MARTIN M. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To compare the efficacy of moxidectin to ivermectin, oxibendazole and morantel against some gastrointestinal nematodes in horses. Design Faecal egg count reduction after treatment. Procedure A farm was selected where the population of small strongyles in horses was known to be resistant to oxibendazole. Horses were allocated to treatment groups based on faecal egg counts. After treatment, faecal samples were taken up to 109 days after treatment and faecal egg counts estimated. Faecal cultures were used to estimate the contribution of small and large strongyles to the faecal egg counts at each sampling. Results Moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg) suppressed faecal egg counts for 109 days after treatment in most horses compared to 40 days with ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg), 13 days with morantel (9.4 mg/kg) and less than 13 days with oxibendazole (10 mg/kg). Most of the faecal egg count was attributable to small strongyles based on faecal culture, although Strongylus vulgaris was present in some samples in low numbers. Oxibendazole resistance in small strongyles was confirmed and a less than expected efficacy of morantel was also seen. Conclusion Moxidectin was highly effective in reducing faecal egg counts after treatment for at least 12 weeks and up to 16 weeks in most horses. These horses were infected with a population of small strongyles known to be resistant to oxibendazole and possibly morantel. The duration of the reduction in faecal egg counts after treatment with moxidectin (0.4 mg/kg) was at least twice that of ivermectin (0.2 mg/kg) and greater than four times that for morantel and oxibendazole.
Effects of two large doses of equine recombinant growth hormone on clinical, haematological and serum biochemical variables in adult horses
Authors: DART AJ , STRONG M. , ROSE RJ , HODGSON DR 
Published: March 2008

Objective To evaluate the clinical, haematological, and serum biochemical effects of two large doses of recombinant equine growth hormone. Design Duplicated Latin square.Sample populationThree Thoroughbred and three Standardbred mares aged between 12 and 17 years. Procedure Two horses were randomly assigned into one of three groups. On each of three successive days, each horse pair received one of two dosages of growth hormone or a saline placebo so that by the end of the experiment all three horse pairs had received both dosages and the saline placebo. Dose rates selected were 50 μg/kg, and 100 μg/kg. A clinical examination was performed and a venous blood sample drawn for a complete blood count and serum biochemical analysis before administration of growth hormone and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 and 24 h after injection. Data were analysed by a repeated measures analysis of variance assessing the effects of dose and time. Results There was an effect of time on a number of clinical, haematological, and serum biochemical variables. There were significant effects of growth hormone on heart rate and serum glucose concentration but values for both variables remained within the reference range. Conclusion The results of the present study suggest that equine recombinant growth hormone has a wide margin of safety and show that the single administration of up to five times the recommended dose rate has no significant effects on clinical, haematological, or serum biochemical variables.
Molybdenum poisoning in feedlot cattle
Authors: SWAN DA , CREEPER JH , WHITE CL , RIDINGS M. , SMITH GM , COSTA ND 
Published: March 2008

Objective To describe a case of acute, fatal molybdenum poisoning in feedlot cattle.Description of the herdIn total, 831 Hereford, Hereford x Angus, and Hereford x Simmental steers, aged 8 to 10 months, with an average body weight of 310 kg were fed a diet, to which sodium molybdate at a rate of 1.9 % of the total ration had been accidently added. Investigation The steers lost appetite within 3 days and deaths commenced within 6 days of the diet being first offered. The error was rectified when deaths started to occur, but steers continued to die for up to 7 months afterwards. Of the 831 steers on the feedlot, 90 died and a further 5 remained in poor condition. The cause of death was periacinar to massive hepatic necrosis and acute renal tubular necrosis. Blood and tissue samples were taken from surviving steers for 76 days, by which time plasma molybdenum concentrations had returned to normal concentrations. Conclusion Sodium molybdate when fed at a rate of 1.9 % of the diet results in acute renal tubular necrosis and periacinar to massive hepatic necrosis.
Combination of zolazepam and tiletamine as a sedative and anaesthetic for wombats
Authors: EVANS M. , ATKINSON S. , HORSUP A. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo assess the suitability of the combination of zolazepam and tiletamine for routine use as chemical restraint, sedative and anaesthetic in wild wombats.AnimalsSixty common wombats, 25 southern hairy‐nosed wombats and 40 northern hairy‐nosed wombats.ProcedureWombats caught in cage‐traps in the wild were given injections of the anaesthetic combination either intramuscularly or intraperitoneally. Anaesthesia was maintained for up to 4 h in some cases, and for 12 h in one case. All wombats were released after anaesthesia.Results and conclusionThis drug combination is effective and apparently safe for the sedation or light anaesthesia of wombats. We did not observe adverse reactions or deaths and the dose range used (4 to 15 mg/kg) demonstrates a wide safety margin. The use of this anaesthetic combination was effective in reducing the stress to wombats from capture and handling.
Distribution of G serotypes and P genotypes of bovine group A rotavirus isolated in Japan
Authors: FUKAI K. , SAKAI T. , KAMATA H. 
Published: March 2008

Objective To identify the distribution of G serotype and P genotype of bovine group A rotavirus in Japan. Design Detection, isolation, electropherotyping, G serotyping and P genotyping of bovine group A rotavirus in 167 diarrhoeal faecal samples. Procedure Bovine group A rotavirus was detected and isolated, and bovine group A rotavirus isolates were identified electropherotype by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and G serotype and P genotype by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. Results Twenty‐eight bovine group A rotavirus strains were isolated from 167 samples. Electropherotypes of the bovine group A rotavirus isolates were identified as long‐genome electropherotype and the most prevalent combination of G serotype and P genotype of the bovine group A rotavirus isolates was G6P5 (25/28; 89.3%), followed by G6P11 (2/28; 7.1%) and G10P11 (1/28; 3.6%). Conclusion These results suggest that the bovine group A rotavirus exhibiting G6P5 is the most common in Japan.
Diversity among isolates of Actinobacillus equuli and related organisms as revealed by ribotyping
Authors: BLACKALL PJ , CHRISTENSEN JP , BISGAARD M. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveThe objective of this work was to examine the diversity within Australian isolates ofActinobacillus equuliand related organisms by the genotypic method of ribotyping.DesignRibotyping, performed using the enzymeHaeIII, was used to examine the diversity in 12 field isolates ofA equuli(five being capable of fermenting L‐arabinose), one field isolate ofPasteurella caballiand two unclassifiable field isolates. Isolates were obtained from Australian horses, except for three isolates ofA equuli(one L‐arabinose positive and two L‐arabinose negative) which were obtained from horses and a pig in Africa. In addition, the type strains forA equuliandP caballiand a reference strain for Bisgaard Taxon 9 were included in the study.ResultsThe ribotype patterns were analysed by computerised cluster analysis, yielding five clusters (A to E). All five of the L‐arabinose positiveA equuliwere assigned to cluster A, with all the other sevenA equuliisolates (all L‐arabinose negative) and the type strain being assigned to cluster B. One of the two unclassified isolates formed cluster C along with the reference strain for Bisgaard Taxon 9. The remaining unclassified isolate formed cluster D. Cluster E consisted of the field isolate and reference strain ofP caballi.ConclusionThe results of this study indicate thatA equuliis a diverse species, with L‐arabinose positive isolates ofA equulibeing quite distinct from typical L‐arabinose negative isolates. Ribotyping appears to be a useful tool in confirming the identity ofA equuli‐like organisms from horses.
Factors on farms in eastern Australia associated with the development of tibiotarsal rotation in ostrich chicks
Authors: SQUIRE BT , MORE SJ 
Published: March 2008

Objectives To determine the incidence of tibiotarsal rotation (TTR) in ostrich chicks and to identify factors on farms associated with the development of TTR. DesignA cross‐sectional study using a personal interview. ProcedureDuring a single visit to 31 farms, data were collected about a defined cohort of chicks, and about farm‐related factors that may be associated with the development of TTR. Farms were categorised for TTR status according to the proportion of the chick cohort that survived to 10 weeks of age without developing TTR. Chick performance was measured using descriptive epidemiological methods and univariable analyses were conducted to identify unconditional associations between TTR status and farm‐related factors. ResultsNinety‐six of 931 ostrich chicks from 21 (68%) farms developed TTR during the first 10 weeks following hatch. Lower limb deformities were the most common cause of death in chicks between 3 and 10 weeks of age. On seven (23%) study farms, where less than 87% of young chicks survived to 10 weeks without developing this condition, TTR was considered a serious problem. Twelve farm‐related factors were associated with farm TTR status, including eight chick‐related variables (aspects of nutrition, pen design and management) and four farm‐related variables (related to the number of veterinary visits, farm location, number of rainy days and the person most closely involved with chick raising). ConclusionThe results confirm a continuing problem of young chick wastage in eastern Australia. TTR was an important cause of mortality in farmed ostrich chicks during the first 10 weeks after hatch. The factors that producers could address to reduce the incidence of TTR include pen design, access to water and nutrition.
Acute cortisol responses of calves to scoop dehorning using local anaesthesia and/or cautery of the wound
Authors: SYLVESTER SP , MELLOR DJ , STAFFORD KJ , BRUCE RA , WARD RN 
Published: March 2008

Objective To measure plasma cortisol responses in calves dehorned using a scoop after administration of local anaesthesia and/or cautery of the wounds. DesignA physiological study with controls. Procedure There were six treatments: control handling with and without local anaesthesia, dehorning, dehorning after local anaesthesia, dehorning followed by wound cautery, and dehorning after local anaesthesia followed by wound cautery. Blood samples were taken before and after dehorning. Results Dehorning caused an increase in plasma cortisol concentrations, which decreased a little to plateau values and then declined to pretreatment values 3 to 4 h after dehorning. The peak was smaller after local anaesthesia was administered but when its effects wore off, cortisol concentrations increased and thereafter were similar to those in the dehorned animals. The combination of local anaesthesia and cautery resulted in a plasma cortisol response similar to those in control calves with or without local anaesthesia. Conclusions If plasma cortisol concentrations reflect the distress being experienced by the calves, then local anaesthesia reduces the acute distress for about 3 h after dehorning but not during the subsequent 3 to 4 h. Combining local anaesthetic and cautery prevented the significant increase in plasma cortisol following dehorning and may eliminate the acute distress caused by scoop dehorning.
Comparison of intradermal testing and serum testing for allergen‐specific IgE using monoclonal IgE antibodies in 84 atopic dogs
Authors: MUELLER RS , BURROWS A. , TSOHALIS J. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo compare an ELISA measuring serum allergen‐specific IgE with intradermal skin testing in canine atopic dermatitis.ProcedureEighty‐four dogs with the clinical diagnosis of atopic dermatitis underwent intradermal skin testing and serum testing for allergen‐specific IgE. Tests were performed in a blinded fashion. Positive reactions were compared and the sensitivity and specificity of the serum test (using intradermal skins test as the standard) were determined overall and for individual allergen groups (grass pollens, weed pollens, tree pollens, house dust mites and fleas).ResultsThe sensitivity of the ELISAoverall was 90.4%. Evaluating the individual allergen groups, the sensitivity for dust mite hypersensitivity was 95.1%, for fleas 85.4%, for tree pollens 84.3%, for grass pollens 95.1% and for weed pollens 96.4%. The specificity was 91.6% overall, for dust mites 96.3%, for fleas 92.7%, for tree pollens 95.2%, for grass pollens 94% and for weed pollens 80.7%.ConclusionThe evaluated ELISA seemed reliable for the diagnosis of atopy in practice and can be recommended as a screening test prior to intradermal skin testing or for use in dogs when immunotherapy is not a therapeutic option.
Outcomes after extrahepatic portosystemic shunt ligation in 49 dogs
Authors: HUNT GB , HUGHES J. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo evaluate outcomes after attenuation of extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs using surgical silk. Design Retrospective study.ProcedureCase records were reviewed for degree of surgical attenuation, experience of the primary surgeon, perioperative mortality and problems related to persistent portosystemic shunting or shunt ligation. Presence of portosystemic shunting after surgery was evaluated by ammonia tolerance testing, measurement of postprandial serum bile acid, plasma urea and cholesterol concentrations and liver enzyme activity. The influence of age, postocclusion portal pressure, primary surgeon, degree of attenuation and postoperative biochemical findings on the occurrence of postoperative problems was assessed.ResultsThe mortality rate was 2.1%. Shunt attenuation was complete in 34% and partial in 66% of dogs. Portal hypertension necessitating ligature removal was encountered in only one dog. Five dogs experienced neurological abnormalities (seizures or ataxia), possibly as a manifestation of 'postligation seizure syndrome. Postoperative liver function was normal in 78% of dogs, including 70% with partial shunt attenuation. Experience of the surgeon was related positively to outcome after partial attenuation (P = 0.002). Postoperative biochemical evidence of abnormal liver function was the most sensitive predictor of recurrence of clinical signs referable to persistent portosystemic shunting.ConclusionsIn the hands of an experienced surgeon, surgical attenuation of single extrahepatic shunts was safe and effective, even in animals with partial attenuation. Most dogs with biochemical evidence of persistent shunting suffer relapse of clinical signs within 18 months of surgery. Postligation neurological syndromes of variable intensity may be more common than previously thought.
Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis in formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded intestinal tissue by IS900 polymerase chain reaction
Authors: WHITTINGTON RJ , REDDACLIFF L. , MARSH I. , SAUNDERS V. 
Published: March 2008

ObjectivesTo evaluate and compare methods for DNA extraction from formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissues and methods for detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis by IS900 PCR for confirmation of Johne's disease in ruminants. Design Alaboratory study. ProcedureThree methods of DNA extraction of differing complexity and two PCR protocols using different pairs of IS900 primers were compared. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed using samples from ruminants with and without histological evidence of Johne's disease. ResultsThe simplest method of DNA extraction, which involved two cycles of boiling and freezing followed by centrifugation, gave more consistent results than two methods that required solvent extraction of paraffin, proteinase digestion and DNA purification. The sensitivity of detection of Mavium subsp paratuberculosis in paraffin blocks stored for 1 to 6 years from 34 cases of Johne's disease in sheep, cattle and goats was 88% for a 229 bp IS900 PCR assay and 71% for a 413 bp assay, using the detection of acid‐fast bacilli by Ziehl Neelsen staining of histological sections from the same blocks as the gold standard test. PCR results correlated with the abundance of acid‐fast organisms in the tissues. No false positive reactions were detected. ConclusionPCR for identification of M avium subsp paratuberculosis in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded intestinal tissues from ruminants is a rapid and useful method. A simple method of sample preparation is effective. Amplification of short fragments of IS900 is more effective than amplification of longer fragments.
Evaluation of diagnostic tests for Johne's disease in young cattle
Authors: McDONALD WL , RIDGE SE , HOPE AF , CONDRON RJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To investigate the development of immune responses in calves experimentally and naturally infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis and to evaluate the potential for diagnostic tests to detect infected calves. Design Sequential testing of four treatment groups of calves over a 2 year period. Procedure Twenty‐nine calves were allocated to four groups. Group D calves were orally dosed with M paratuberculosis, group N calves naturally exposed to M paratuberculosis, group V calves vaccinated for M paratuberculosis, and group C were control calves (not infected or vaccinated). Blood and faecal specimens were collected from each calf at monthly intervals to 18 months of age and then every 2 months until they were slaughtered between the ages of 21 and 29 months. Specimens were tested using absorbed EIA, IFN‐g EIA and faecal culture. The infection status of the calves was confirmed by extensive histopathological examination and tissue culture. Results
M paratuberculosis infection was confirmed in 10 calves, comprising six of eight orally dosed calves, three of five naturally exposed calves and one of nine vaccinated calves. The six artificially infected calves and one naturally infected calf were detected shedding M paratuberculosisi n their faeces. Results with positive absorbed EIA were obtained from one artificially infected calf, one naturally infected calf and three vaccinated calves. All calves including controls had positive results on at least one occasion using the IFN‐g EIA. In addition, seven calves had positive bovine tuberculosis results using the IFN‐g EIA, even though bovine tuberculosis has been eradicated from Australia. Conclusion Detection of M paratuberculosis infection in young cattle continues to be difficult using current tests.
Efficacy of doxorubicin as an induction agent for cats with lymphosarcoma
Authors: PEASTON AE , MADDISON JE 
Published: March 2008

ObjectiveTo determine the efficacy of doxorubicin when used alone in inducing remission in cats with lymphosarcoma.DesignProspective multi‐institutional study of naturally occurring disease.MethodsCases were accrued from veterinary institutions in Australia and New Zealand after obtaining consent from informed owners. Cats were treated with doxorubicin every 3 weeks for three treatments. If there was no response to the first dose of doxorubicin or if the cat relapsed during the doxorubicin regimen, the cat was withdrawn from the trial and either euthanased or treated with other agents. Age, breed, gender and anatomic site of the lymphosarcoma (multicentric, alimentary, mediastinal, extranodal) were recorded for each cat. Clinical remission was assessed before each treatment by physical examination, radiography, ultrasonography and computed tomography where appropriate. Complete remission was defined as the disappearance of all clinical signs and clinically detectable tumour.ResultsTwenty‐one cases were accrued over a 2‐year‐period but only 19 were available for data analysis. Young Siamese cats were over‐represented and all cats with mediastinal tumours were young Siamese. There was a significant difference between the mean ages of cats with mediastinal or multicentric lymphosarcoma (mean±SD: 3.5±3.0 and 4.3±2.6 years, respectively) and cats with alimentary or extranodal LSA (11.4±0.9 and 11.0±0.9 years, respectively). Of 19 cats treated with doxorubicin alone, 6 (32%) had complete remission, 6 (32%) had partial remission and 7 (36%) did not respond.ConclusionsThe results suggest that doxorubicin cannot be recommended as a single agent for treatment of feline lymphosarcoma because of the rather poor remission rate achieved.
Effect of breed of cattle on transmission rate and innate resistance to infection with Babesia bovis and B bigemina transmitted by Boophilus microplus
Authors: BOCK RE , KINGSTON TG , de VOS AJ 
Published: March 2008

Objective To assess the effect of breed of cattle on the transmission rates of and innate resistance to Babesia bovis and B bigemina parasites transmitted by Boophilus microplus ticks. Design Groups of 56 purebred B indicus and 52 B indicus cross B taurus (50%, F1 generation) steers were placed in a paddock seeded with and also naturally infested with B microplus which were the progeny of females ticks fed on B taurus cattle specifically infected with a virulent isolate of B bovis. The cattle were placed in the infested paddock 50 days after seeding had started. Procedure Cattle were inspected from horseback daily for 50 days. Clinically ill cattle were brought to yards and assessed by monitoring fever, depression of packed‐cell volume, parasitaemia and severity of clinical signs. Any animals that met preset criteria were treated for babesiosis. Blood samples were collected from all cattle on day 28, 35 and 42 after exposure and antibodies to Babesia spp and packed cell volume measured. Results All steers, except for one crossbred, seroconverted to B bovis and B bigemina by day 35 and 75% of the crossbred steers showed a maximum depression in packed cell volume of more than 15% due to infection with Babesia spp compared with only 36% of the B indicus group. Ten of the 52 crossbreds and 1 of the 56 B indicus steers showed sever e clinical signs. Two of the crossbreds required treatment of which one died 2 weeks after initial treatment. Conclusions Pure‐bred B indicus cattle have a high degree of resistance to babesiosis, but crossbred cattle are sufficiently susceptible to warrant the use of preventive measures such as vaccination. Transmission rates of B bovis and B bigemina to B indicus and crossbred cattle previously unexposed to B microplus were the same.