bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Blockade of the 4‐1BB (CD137)/4‐1BBL and/or CD28/CD80/CD86 costimulatory pathways promotes corneal allograft survival in mice
Authors: Asai Tatsuhiko , Choi Beom K. , Kwon Patrick M. , Kim Won Y. , Kim Jung D. , Vinay Dass S. , Gebhardt Bryan M. , Kwon Byoung S. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryTo explore the roles of 4‐1BB (CD137) and CD28 in corneal transplantation, we examined the effect of 4‐1BB/4‐1BB ligand (4‐1BBL) and/or CD28/CD80/CD86 blockade on corneal allograft survival in mice. Allogeneic corneal transplantation was performed between two strains of wild‐type (WT) mice, BALB/c and C57BL/6 (B6), and between BALB/c and B6 WT donors and various gene knockout (KO) recipients. Some of the WT graft recipients were treated intraperitoneally with agonistic anti‐4‐1BB or blocking anti‐4‐1BBL monoclonal antibody (mAb) on days 0, 2, 4 and 6 after transplantation. Transplanted eyes were observed over a 13‐week period. Allogeneic grafts in control WT B6 and BALB/c mice treated with rat immunoglobulin G showed median survival times (MST) of 12 and 14 days, respectively. Allogeneic grafts in B6 WT recipients treated with anti‐4‐1BB mAb showed accelerated rejection, with an MST of 8 days. In contrast, allogeneic grafts in BALB/c 4‐1BB/CD28 KO and B6 CD80/CD86 KO recipients had significantly prolonged graft survival times (MST, 52·5 days and 36 days, respectively). Treatment of WT recipients with anti‐4‐1BB mAb resulted in enhanced cellular proliferation in the mixed lymphocyte reaction and increased the numbers of CD4+ CD8+ T cells, and macrophages in the grafts, which correlated with decreased graft survival time, whereas transplant recipients with costimulatory receptor deletion showed longer graft survival times. These results suggest that the absence of receptors for the 4‐1BB/4‐1BBL and/or CD28/CD80/CD86 costimulatory pathways promotes corneal allograft survival, whereas triggering 4‐1BB with an agonistic mAb enhances the rejection of corneal allografts.
A subset of functional effector‐memory CD8+ T lymphocytes in human immunodeficiency virus‐infected patients
Authors: Decrion Anne‐Zélie , Varin Audrey , Drobacheff Christine , Estavoyer Jean‐Marie , Herbein Georges 
Published: March 2007

SummaryCD8+ T cells provide protective immune responses via both cytolytic and non‐cytolytic mechanisms in subjects infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In the present study, we investigated the CD28 expression of CD8+ T cells present in the peripheral blood lymphocyte subset isolated from chronically HIV‐infected subjects. Using flow cytometric analysis, a continuous spectrum of CD28 intensity ranging from negative to high, which could be separated into CD28‐negative, intermediate (int) and high, was seen for CD8+ T cells. Our study focused mostly on the CD28int CD8+ T cells. The CD28int CD8+ T cells are CD57– CD27+ CD45RO+ CD45RA– CCR7low CD62Lint. The proliferative capacity of CD28int CD8+ T cells was intermediate between those of CD28– CD8+ T cells and CD28high CD8+ T cells. The CD28int CD8+ T cells are specific for HIV, cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) antigens as measured by human leucocyte antigen pentamer binding and produce both intracellular interferon‐γ and tumour necrosis factor‐α in response to their cognate viral peptides. The CD28int CD8+ T cells have HIV‐specific, CMV‐specific and EBV‐specific cytotoxic activity in response to their cognate viral peptides. These findings indicate that a subset of functional effector‐memory CD8+ T cells specific for HIV, CMV and EBV antigens may contribute to an efficient immune response in HIV‐infected subjects.
Association between tobacco exposure and reproductive parameters in adolescent males
Authors: Richthoff Jonas , Elzanaty Saad , Rylander Lars , Hagmar Lars , Giwercman Aleksander 
Published: March 2007

SummaryCigarette smoking is quite prevalent in the general population but our knowledge of its effect on male reproductive function is still very limited. Therefore, we investigated the impact of tobacco exposure on reproductive characteristics in young males. Military conscripts, 217 non‐smokers and 85 smokers, with a median age of 18 years were enrolled. Physical examination and semen analysis, including measurement of accessory sex gland markers and reproductive hormone levels, were performed. Lifestyle‐associated factors, including maternal smoking during pregnancy and snuffing, were recorded. Non‐smokers had 49% higher total sperm number than smokers (95% CI 4.5–112%, p = 0.01). In addition, sperm concentration was 37% higher among non‐smokers (95% CI −4% to 95%, p = 0.08). Serum levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH) were 17% higher among non‐smokers (95% CI 3–33%, p = 0.02), whereas no significant differences between smokers and non‐smokers were found for inhibin B, testosterone, sex hormone binding globulin, luteinizing hormone and oestradiol. Those who smoked >10 cigarettes per day exhibited 37% lower (95% CI 10–69%, p = 0.005) FSH levels than those who smoked less. Maternal smoking during pregnancy had a negative impact on epididymal and seminal vesicle marker secretion. Smoking seems to impair sperm production and epididymal as well as accessory sex gland function and could be one of the factors contributing to regional differences in sperm parameters.
Effect of stale seedbed preparations and subsequent weed control in lettuce (cv. Iceboll) on weed densities
Authors: RIEMENS MM , VAN DER WEIDE RY , BLEEKER PO , LOTZ LAP 
Published: March 2007

SummaryThe effects of stale seedbed preparations and several weed control methods on the emergence of weeds in lettuce were studied. The specific goal was to evaluate the use of a stale seedbed in combination with chemical or mechanical weed control methods in the field. Depending on location and year, stale seedbed preparations followed by weed control prior to planting reduced the amount of weeds during crop growth by 43–83%. Control of the emerged seedlings after a stale seedbed preparation was more effective with glyphosate than with a rotary harrow. Covering the rotary harrow during control to prevent light reaching the soil improved its effect on the weed density during crop growth in two of 3 years. Radiation with far red light (FR) did not reduce the number of emerging weeds in this study. Mechanical control by finger weeder, torsion weeder and hoe was applied without stale seedbed preparations. These measures reduced the weed densities by 88–99%, compared with the untreated control and were more effective than chemical weed control with carbetamide and chlorpropham. The results show that the stale seedbed technique in combination with mechanical control of emerging weeds can reduce the weed population during crop growth as effectively as chemical control. The technique may therefore help reduce the use of herbicides in lettuce crops in the future.
UV‐B radiation increases paraquat tolerance of two broad‐leaved and two grass weeds in relation to changes in herbicide absorption and photosynthesis
Authors: WANG S , DUAN L , LI J , TIAN X , LI Z 
Published: March 2007

SummaryDepletion of the protective ozone layer in the atmosphere leads to increasing UV‐B radiation on the earth's surface with potential effects on the response of plants to different stresses. Abutilon theophrasti, Amaranthus retroflexus, Digitaria sanguinalis and Chloris virgata are common weeds encountered in most arable fields in China. The effectiveness of herbicides used in controlling these weeds needs to be evaluated with increased UV‐B radiation. Seedlings of these four weeds were therefore grown under ambient and elevated UV‐B radiation to compare the efficacy of paraquat, a commonly used contact herbicide. Irrespective of species sensitivity to radiation, the elevated UV‐B radiation decreased the effectiveness of paraquat. Net photosynthesis rate was adversely affected except for D. sanguinalis, while the chlorophyll content was significantly reduced in A. retroflexus and C. virgata. UV‐B treatment increased the leaf surface wax and decreased the absorption of 14C‐paraquat in A. theophrasti, D. sanguinalis and C. virgata. These results suggest that the response of weeds to paraquat or the use of the herbicide may be affected by increased UV‐B radiation, to the extent that larger doses may be required to achieve desired effects. This may have damaging consequences for the environment.
Risk factors for candidaemia in critically ill patients: a prospective surveillance study*
Authors: Jordà‐Marcos Ricard , Álvarez‐Lerma Francisco , Jurado Maite , Palomar Mercedes , Nolla‐Salas Juan , León María A. , León Cristóbal ,   the EPCAN Study Group
Published: March 2007

SummaryCandidaemia is frequently a life‐threatening complication in patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). To assess the risk factors for candidaemia in critically ill patients with prolonged ICU stay, a total of 1765 adult patients admitted for at least 7 days to 73 medical–surgical ICUs of 70 tertiary care hospitals in Spain participated in a prospective cohort study. Candidaemia was defined as recovery of Candida spp. from blood culture. Sixty‐eight episodes of candidaemia occurred in 63 patients, representing 35.7 episodes per 1000 ICU patients admitted, with an incidence rate of 1.5 episodes per 1000 days of ICU stay. Causative fungi were C. albicans in 57.1% of cases and non‐albicansCandida spp. in 42.9%. In the multivariate analysis, independent factors significantly associated with candidaemia were Candida colonisation (OR = 4.12, 95% CI: 1.82–9.33), total parenteral nutrition (OR = 3.89, 95% CI: 1.73–8.78), elective surgery (OR = 2.75, 95% CI: 1.17–6.45) and haemofiltration procedures (OR = 1.96, 95% CI: 1.06–3.62). In the ICU setting in Spain and in patients who have stayed in units for >7 days, more than half of cases of candidaemia were caused by C. albicans. Risk factors for candidaemia identified included Candida colonisation, elective surgery, total parenteral nutrition and haemodialysis.
Low‐dose acarbose does not delay digestion of starch but reduces its bioavailability
Authors: Wachters‐Hagedoorn R. E. , Priebe M. G. , Heimweg J. A. J. , Heiner A. M. , Elzinga H. , Stellaard F. , Vonk R. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAims  Slowly digestible starch is associated with beneficial health effects. The glucose‐lowering drug acarbose has the potential to retard starch digestion since it inhibits α‐amylase and α‐glucosidases. We tested the hypothesis that a low dose of acarbose delays the rate of digestion of rapidly digestible starch without reducing its bioavailability and thereby increasing resistant starch flux into the colon.Methods  In a crossover study, seven healthy males ingested corn pasta (50.3 g dry weight), naturally enriched with 13C, with and without 12.5 mg acarbose. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations, and 13CO2 and hydrogen excretion in breath were monitored for 6 h after ingestion of the test meals. Using a primed continuous infusion of D‐[6,6‐2H2] glucose, the rate of appearance of starch‐derived glucose was estimated, reflecting intestinal glucose absorption.Results  Areas under the 2‐h postprandial curves of plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly decreased by acarbose (−58.1 ± 8.2% and −72.7 ± 7.4%, respectively). Acarbose reduced the overall 6‐h appearance of exogenous glucose (bioavailability) by 22 ± 7% (mean ±se) and the 6‐h cumulative 13CO2 excretion by 30 ± 6%.Conclusions  These data show that in healthy volunteers a low dose of 12.5 mg acarbose decreases the appearance of starch‐derived glucose substantially. Reduced bioavailability seems to contribute to this decrease to a greater extent than delay of digestion. This implies that the treatment effect of acarbose could in part be ascribed to the metabolic effects of colonic starch fermentation.
Development of In Vitro Correlate Assays of Immunity to Infection withYersinia pestis
Authors: Bashaw J. , Norris S. , Weeks S. , Trevino S. , Adamovicz J. J. , Welkos S. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTPneumonic plague is a severe, rapidly progressing disease for which there is no effective vaccine. Since the efficacy of new vaccines cannot be tested in humans, it is essential to develop in vitro surrogate assays that are valid predictors of immunity. The F1 capsule antigen stimulates a protective immune response to most strains ofYersinia pestis. However, strains ofY. pestisthat are F1−but still virulent have been isolated, and an in vitro assay, the results which can predict protection against both F1+and F1−strains, is needed. The virulence antigen (V) is an essential virulence factor ofY. pestisand stimulates protective antibodies. We investigated potential correlates of plague immunity that are based on anti-V antibody-mediated neutralization ofYersinia-induced macrophage cytotoxicity. The neutralizing activity of sera from mice vaccinated with an F1-V fusion candidate vaccine was determined. The decrease in the level of the apoptosis-specific enzyme caspase-3 significantly predicted survival in one- and two-dose vaccination experiments. Sera from F1-V-vaccinated nonhuman primates were evaluated with macrophage assays based on caspase-3 and on other markers manifested at the different stages in cell death. Using murine- and human-derived macrophages in microscopic and fluorescence-activated-cell-sorting-based live/dead staining assays of terminal necrosis, we demonstrated a strong association between in vitro neutralization of macrophage cytotoxicity induced by serum-treatedYersiniaand in vivo protection against lethal infection. These results provide a strong base for the development of reliable in vitro correlate bioassays that are predictive of protective immunity to plague.
Structure of Immature West Nile Virus
Authors: Zhang Ying , Kaufmann Bärbel , Chipman Paul R. , Kuhn Richard J. , Rossmann Michael G. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

The structure of immature West Nile virus particles, propagated in the presence of ammonium chloride to block virus maturation in the low-pH environment of the
trans
-Golgi network, was determined by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). The structure of these particles was similar to that of immature West Nile virus particles found as a minor component of mature virus samples (naturally occurring immature particles [NOIPs]). The structures of mature infectious flaviviruses are radically different from those of the immature particles. The similarity of the ammonium chloride-treated particles and NOIPs suggests either that the NOIPs have not undergone any conformational change during maturation or that the conformational change is reversible. Comparison with the cryo-EM reconstruction of immature dengue virus established the locations of the N-linked glycosylation sites of these viruses, verifying the interpretation of the reconstructions of the immature flaviviruses.
Mapping the Landscape of the Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Stable Signal Peptide Reveals Novel Functional Domains
Authors: Saunders April A. , Ting Joey P. C. , Meisner Jeffrey , Neuman Benjamin W. , Perez Mar , de la Torre Juan Carlos , Buchmeier Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

The stable signal peptide (SSP) of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus surface glycoprotein precursor has several unique characteristics. The SSP is unusually long, at 58 amino acids, and contains two hydrophobic domains, and its sequence is highly conserved among both Old and New World arenaviruses. To better understand the functions of the SSP, a panel of point and deletion mutants was created by in vitro mutagenesis to target the highly conserved elements within the SSP. We were also able to confirm critical residues required for separate SSP functions by
trans
-complementation. Using these approaches, it was possible to resolve functional domains of the SSP. In characterizing our SSP mutants, we discovered that the SSP is involved in several distinct functions within the viral life cycle, beyond translocation of the viral surface glycoprotein precursor into the endoplasmic reticulum lumen. The SSP is required for efficient glycoprotein expression, posttranslational maturation cleavage of GP1 and GP2 by SKI-1/S1P protease, glycoprotein transport to the cell surface plasma membrane, formation of infectious virus particles, and acid pH-dependent glycoprotein-mediated cell fusion.
Studies of the Silencing of Baculovirus DNA Binding Protein
Authors: Quadt Ilja , van Lent Jan W. M. , Knebel-Mörsdorf Dagmar 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT

Baculovirus DNA binding protein (DBP) binds preferentially single-stranded DNA in vitro and colocalizes with viral DNA replication sites. Here, its putative role as viral replication factor has been addressed by RNA interference. Silencing of DBP in
Autographa californica
multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus-infected cells increased expression of LEF-3, LEF-4, and P35. In contrast, expression of the structural genes coding for P39 and polyhedrin was suppressed while expression of genes coding for P10 and GP64 was unaffected. In the absence of DBP, viral DNA replication sites were formed, indicating replication of viral DNA. Electron microscopy studies, however, revealed a loss of formation of polyhedra and virus envelopment, suggesting that the primary role of DBP is viral formation rather than viral DNA replication.
Transcatheter closure of persistent unligated vertical vein after TAPVC surgery using the Amplatzer PDA device
Authors: Narula Nidhi , Wilson Neil , Kumar R. Suresh 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn unligated vertical vein (VV) after TAPVC surgery is likely to require subsequent closure. Reports of transcatheter closure of the VV are largely unpublished. This report details transcatheter closure of a persistent VV using an Amplatzer PDA occluder, following TAPVC repair in early infancy. We suggest that transcatheter closure should be considered as a treatment option in this condition. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The International Society for Developmental Psychobiology 39th Annual Meeting Symposium: Alcohol and Development: Beyond fetal alcohol syndrome
Authors: Molina Juan Carlos , Spear Norman E. , Spear Linda P. , Mennella Julie A. , Lewis Michael J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAs has been repeatedly demonstrated, alcohol can exert deleterious morphological and physiological effects during early stages in development. The present review examines nonteratological links existing between alcohol and ontogeny. Human and animal studies are taken into consideration for the analysis of fetal, neonatal, infantile, adolescent, and adult responsiveness to the drug. Sensitivity to alcohol's chemosensory and postabsorptive properties, as well as learning and memory processes mediated by such properties, are examined from this developmental perspective. The studies under discussion indicate that, within each stage in development, we can trace alcohol‐related experiences capable of determining or modulating alcohol seeking and intake patterns. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 49: 227–242, 2007.
Influence of Grafting on the Solution Properties and the Dissociation Behavior of Ionic/Nonionic Grafted Copolymers
Authors: Weber Jens , Boyko Volodymyr , Arndt Karl‐Friedrich 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA new synthetic approach towards grafted terpolymers based on a poly[(methyl vinyl ether)‐alt‐(maleic anhydride)] backbone and poly(ethylene glycol) monomethyl ether (MPEG) side chains is presented. Resulting comb polymers with controllable grafting degree still have highly reactive anhydride moieties along the polymer backbone, as proved by IR spectroscopy. Grafting degree depends on the anhydride hydroxide stoichiometric ratio. It is not influenced by the molecular weight of MPEG. An increase in the grafting degree leads to a contraction of the polymer in the solution. Evaluation of potentiometric titration data gave a deeper insight into the dissociation process. The copolymers showed a two‐step dissociation behavior. No significant influence of the grafting degree on the acidic strength was observed, whilst there is a strong effect of the grafting degree on the free energy change upon neutralization ΔGel. Grafting leads to a higher change in free energy ΔGel,1 for the first step but to lower ΔGel,2 required for the second step.magnified image
Reliability and validity of the eyberg child behavior inventory with African–American and Latino parents of young children
Authors: Gross Deborah , Fogg Louis , Young Michael , Ridge Alison , Cowell Julia , Sivan Abigail , Richardson Reginald 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study evaluated the reliability, equivalence, and convergent validity of the Eyberg Child Behavior Inventory (ECBI) in 682, 2‐ to 4‐year‐old children. For analysis, parent informants' data were blocked by race/ethnicity (African–American, Latino, non‐Latino White), family income (low versus middle/upper), child's gender, and ECBI language version (English and Spanish). ECBI scales had high internal consistency reliabilities and good convergence with the Child Behavior Checklist/1–5. Some racial/ethnic and income effects were found. There were no mean differences by ECBI language version or by child gender. Using confirmatory factor analysis, a single‐factor invariant model of the ECBI Intensity Scale provided a good fit with the data across racial/ethnic and income groups. Implications for using the ECBI to measure behavior problems in young children of color are discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Res Nurs Health 30: 213–223, 2007
Enhanced attenuation: Its place in the remediation of chlorinated solvents
Authors: Wilson Kimberly , Sewell Guy , Kean Judie A. , Vangelas Karen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe development and regulatory acceptance of monitored natural attenuation (MNA) as a remedial strategy has forever changed the field of environmental cleanup. MNA is continuing to develop but it is challenged by a lack of a clear definition for the appropriate application of the MNA strategy. This challenge has resulted in the lack of a significant record of restoration and site closure. Environmental professionals face challenges in providing guidance that addresses how to manage these sites when technologies, performance monitoring, and even environmental conditions are subject to further development, refinement, and/or altered perspectives. As our experience and institutional knowledge grows around the implementation of MNA, we have the opportunity to develop “second‐generation” management tools and procedures for optimizing sites utilizing MNA as a part of a comprehensive site management plan. This opportunity is the focus of the Enhanced Attenuation: Chlorinated Organics (EACO) Team of the Interstate Technology Regulatory Council (ITRC). The development of the “second‐generation” tools/procedures has included defining EA and evaluating, through the use of a national survey of state regulators, the experience with MNA and interest in EA. The results of these two efforts formed the basis for developing a framework that provides a “bridge” from active treatment to MNA. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.