bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Explicit Atmosphere–Ocean Coupling on MJO-Like Coherent Structures in Idealized Aquaplanet Simulations
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
This paper discusses the impact of the atmosphere–ocean coupling on the large-scale organization of tropical convection simulated by an idealized global model applying the Cloud-Resolving Convection Parameterization (CRCP; superparameterization). Because the organization resembles the Madden–Julian Oscillation (MJO), the results contribute to the debate concerning the role of atmosphere–ocean coupling in tropical intraseasonal oscillations.
The modeling setup is an aquaplanet with globally uniform mean sea surface temperature (SST) of 30°C (tropics everywhere) in radiative–convective quasi equilibrium. The simulations apply an interactive radiation transfer model and a slab ocean model with a fixed oceanic mixed layer depth. Results from several 80- and 100-day-long simulations are discussed, where the only difference between the simulations is the prescribed oceanic mixed layer depth, which varied from 5 to 45 m. A simulation with a very deep oceanic mixed layer is also performed to represent constant-SST conditions. The simulations demonstrate that the interactive SST impedes the development of large-scale organization and has insignificant impact on the dynamics of mature MJO-like systems. The impediment is the result of a negative feedback between the large-scale organization of convection and SST, the convection–SST feedback. In this feedback, SST increases in regions of already suppressed convection and decreases in regions with enhanced convection, thus hindering the large-scale organization. Once developed, however, the MJO-like systems are equally strong in interactive and constant-SST simulations, and compare favorably with the observed MJO.
The above impacts of the atmosphere–ocean coupling contradict the majority of previous studies using traditional general circulation models, where, typically, an enhancement of the intraseasonal signal occurs compared to prescribed-SST simulations. An explanation of this discrepancy is suggested.
Simultaneous Determination of Aerosol and Thin Cirrus Optical Depths over Oceans from MODIS Data: Some Case Studies
Authors: Roskovensky J. K. , Liou K. N. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The importance of separating thin cirrus and aerosols from satellite remote sensing to produce broader and more accurate fields for the determination of respective radiative forcings is highlighted. This has been accomplished through the development of a new methodology for retrieving both thin cirrus and aerosol optical depths simultaneously over oceans from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data. This method employs a procedure to quantify and remove the thin cirrus contribution to the observed reflectance through a correlation of visible and 1.38-μm reflectances so that the aerosol signal can be extracted. Aerosol optical depths are then retrieved through comparisons with the simulated reflectances created a priori. Using the aerosol optical depth along with the specific viewing geometry and surface reflectance as pointers to locations in a lookup table of modeled reflectances, cirrus optical depth and an effective ice crystal size can be retrieved. An iterative scheme has been created that uses the retrieved effective cirrus ice crystal size to account for the effect that the particle size distribution has on the correlation of visible and 1.38-μm reflectance. Retrievals of both aerosol and thin cirrus optical depths over the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Tropical Western Pacific (TWP) site of Nauru performed on a limited number of cases have proven to be consistent with values determined from ground measurements. Also, comparisons with the MODIS aerosol retrievals over a broad area of ocean have highlighted the potential usefulness of this procedure in increasing the amount of potential aerosol information recovered and removing the ever-present thin cirrus contamination.
Multiscale Temporal Variability of Warm-Season Precipitation over North America: Statistical Analysis of Radar Measurements
Authors: Hsu Hsiao-ming , Moncrieff Mitchell W. , Tung Wen-wen , Liu Changhai 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Directionally averaged time series of precipitation rates for eight warm seasons (1996–2003) over the continental United States derived from Next Generation Weather Radar (NEXRAD) measurements are analyzed using spectral decomposition methods. For the latitudinally averaged data, in addition to previously identified diurnal and semidiurnal cycles, the temporal spectra show cross-scale self-similarity and periodicity. This property is revealed by a power-law scaling with an exponent of −4/3 for the frequency band higher than semidiurnal and −3/4 for the 1–3-day band. For the longitudinally averaged series the scaling exponent for the frequency band higher than semidiurnal changes from −4/3 to −5/3 revealing anisotropic properties.
The dominant periods and propagation speeds display temporal variability on about 1/2, 1, 4, 11, and 25 days. Composite patterns describing periods of &lt;5 days display the eastward propagation characteristic of classical mesoscale convective organization. The lower-frequency (&gt;5 days) patterns propagate westward suggesting the influence of large-scale waves, and both dominant periods and propagation speeds show marked interannual variability. The implied dependence between propagation and mean-flow for &lt;5 days is consistent with the macrophysics of warm-season convective organization, and extends known dynamical mechanisms to a statistical framework.
Efficient Monte Carlo Methods for Radiative Transfer Modeling
Authors: Iwabuchi Hironobu 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Demands for Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling have grown with the increase in computational power in recent decades. This method provides realistic simulations of radiation processes for various types of application, including radiation budgets in cloudy conditions and remote measurements of clouds, aerosols, and gases. Despite many advantages, such as explicit treatment of three-dimensional radiative transfer, issues of numerical efficiency can make the method intractable, especially in radiance calculations. The commonly used local estimation method requires computationally intensive ray tracing at each collision. Furthermore, the realistic phase function of Mie scattering by cloud and aerosol particles has very sharp peaks in the forward direction. Radiance computations by Monte Carlo methods are inefficient for such spiky phase functions because of significant noise. Moreover, in optically thin regions, sampling of radiance contributions is so rare that long computing times are required to reduce noise. To solve these issues, several variance reduction methods have been proposed. This paper discusses a modified local estimation method, a truncation approximation for a highly anisotropic phase function, a collision-forcing method for optically thin media, a numerical diffusion technique, and several related topics. Numerical experiments demonstrated significant improvements in efficiency for solar radiance calculations in a limited number of cloudy cases.
Precipitation over Concave Terrain
Authors: Jiang Qingfang 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Many topographic barriers are comprised of a series of concave or convex ridges that modulate the intensity and distribution of precipitation over mountainous areas. In this model-based idealized study, stratiform precipitation associated with stratified moist airflow past idealized concave ridges is investigated with a focus on windward blocking, flow confluence, and the associated precipitation enhancement.
It is found that flow confluence and precipitation enhancement by a concave ridge are controlled by the nondimensional ridge height M (M = Nmhm/U, where Nm is the moist buoyancy frequency, hm is the maximum ridge height, and U is the wind speed), based on which three dynamical regimes can be defined. In the linear regime (M &lt; 0.4), a flow confluence zone is present over the upwind slope of the ridge vertex, where precipitation is significantly enhanced. The precipitation enhancement is due to the additional updraft driven by the horizontal flow convergence with a considerable contribution from lateral confluence. In the blocking regime (0.4 &lt; M &lt; Mc), the area and intensity of the flow confluence zone decrease with increasing mountain height due to low-level blocking. The critical nondimensional ridge height (Mc) for windward flow stagnation decreases with increasing concave angle. In the two regimes, flow confluence and precipitation enhancement are more pronounced for concave ridges with a longer cross-stream dimension or a larger concave angle. In the flow reversal regime (M &gt; Mc), no steady state can be achieved and the precipitation enhancement at the vertex is absent.
In addition, the flow confluence and precipitation enhancement upstream of a concave ridge are sensitive to the presence of a relative gap or peak at the vertex, the earth’s rotation, and the incident wind. The relevant dynamics has been examined.
Apoptotic cells induce Mer tyrosine kinase–dependent blockade of NF-κB activation in dendritic cells
Authors: Sen Pradip , Wallet Mark A. , Yi Zuoan , Huang Yingsu , Henderson Michael , Mathews Clayton E. , Earp H. Shelton , Matsushima Glenn , Baldwin Albert S. , Tisch Roland M. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDendritic cells (DCs) play a key role in immune homeostasis and maintenance of self-tolerance. Tolerogenic DCs can be established by an encounter with apoptotic cells (ACs) and subsequent inhibition of maturation and effector functions. The receptor(s) and signaling pathway(s) involved in AC-induced inhibition of DCs have yet to be defined. We demonstrate that pretreatment with apoptotic but not necrotic cells inhibits activation of IκB kinase (IKK) and downstream NF-κB. Notably, receptor tyrosine kinase Mer (MerTK) binding of ACs is required for mediating this effect. Monocyte-derived DCs lacking MerTK expression (MerTKKD) or treated with blocking MerTK-specific antibodies (Abs) are resistant to AC-induced inhibition and continue to activate NF-κB and secrete proinflammatory cytokines. Blocking MerTK activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway prevents AC-induced inhibition. These results demonstrate an essential role for MerTK-mediated regulation of the PI3K/AKT and NF-κB pathways in AC-induced inhibition of monocyte-derived DCs.
Attenuation of phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by manipulating CD47
Authors: Wang Hui , VerHalen Jon , Madariaga Maria Lucia , Xiang Shuanglin , Wang Shumei , Lan Ping , Oldenborg Per-Arne , Sykes Megan , Yang Yong-Guang 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Signal regulatory protein α (SIRPα) is a critical immune inhibitory receptor on macrophages, and its interaction with CD47, a ligand for SIRPα, prevents autologous phagocytosis. We hypothesized that interspecies incompatibility of CD47 may contribute to the rejection of xenogeneic cells by macrophages. Here, we show that pig CD47 does not interact with mouse SIPRα. Similar to CD47−/− mouse cells, porcine red blood cells (RBCs) failed to induce SIRPα tyrosine phosphorylation in mouse macrophages. Blocking SIRPα with antimouse SIRPα mAb (P84) significantly enhanced the phagocytosis of CD47+/+ mouse cells, but did not affect the engulfment of porcine or CD47−/− mouse cells by mouse macrophages. CD47-deficient mice, whose macrophages do not phagocytose CD47−/− mouse cells, showed markedly delayed clearance of porcine RBCs compared with wild-type mouse recipients. Furthermore, mouse CD47 expression on porcine cells markedly reduced their phagocytosis by mouse macrophages both in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that interspecies incompatibility of CD47 contributes significantly to phagocytosis of xenogeneic cells by macrophages and suggest that genetic manipulation of donor CD47 to improve its interaction with the recipient SIRPα may provide a novel approach to prevent phagocyte-mediated xenograft rejection.
Expression of a bcr-1 isoform of RARα-PML does not affect the penetrance of acute promyelocytic leukemia or the acquisition of an interstitial deletion on mouse chromosome 2
Authors: Walter Matthew J. , Ries Rhonda E. , Armstrong Jon R. , Park John S. , Mardis Elaine R. , Ley Timothy J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractExpression of a bcr-3 isoform of retinoic acid receptor α–promyelocytic leukemia (RARα-PML) in mice expressing a bcr-1 isoform of PML-RARα is associated with increased penetrance of murine acute promyelocytic leukemia (APL) and the frequent acquisition of an interstitial deletion of one copy of mouse chromosome 2 (del(2)). To determine whether the isoform of RARα-PML is important for these effects, we created mice that expressed a bcr-1 isoform of RARα-PML. Coexpression with the bcr-1 isoform of PML-RARα did not increase the penetrance of APL (7 of 45 animals developed APL with PML-RARα alone vs 12 of 44 with both transgenes; P = .19). Furthermore, the frequency of del(2) in APL cells from doubly transgenic mice was not different from that of mice expressing PML-RARα alone (3 of 6 vs 6 of 12, respectively—P = 1.38—compared with 11 of 11 for mice coexpressing PML-RARα and bcr-3 RARα-PML). The bcr-1 and bcr-3 isoforms of RARα-PML, therefore, have different biological activities that may be relevant for the pathogenesis of murine APL.
Disparities in preventive procedures: comparisons of self-report and Medicare claims data
Authors: Fiscella Kevin , Holt Kathleen , Meldrum Sean , Franks Peter 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Background
Racial/ethnic disparities are assessed using either self-report or claims data. We compared these two data sources and examined contributors to discrepancies in estimates of disparities.

Methods
We analyzed self-report and matching claims data from Medicare Beneficiaries 65 and older who participated in the Medicare Current Beneficiary Survey, 1999–2002. Six preventive procedures were included: PSA testing, influenza vaccination, Pap smear testing, cholesterol testing, mammography, and colorectal cancer testing. We examined predictors of self-reports in the absence of claims and claims in the absence of self-reports.

Results
With the exception of PSA testing, racial/ethnic disparities in preventive procedures are generally larger when using Medicare claims than when using patients' self-report. Analyses adjusting for age, gender, income, educational level, health status, proxy response and supplemental insurance showed that minorities were more likely to self-report preventive procedures in the absence of claims. Adjusted odds ratios ranged from 1.07 (95% CI: 0.88 – 1.30) for PSA testing to 1.83 (95% CI: 1.46 – 2.30) for Pap smear testing. Rates of claims in the absence of self-report were low. Minorities were more likely to have PSA test claims in the absence of self-reports (1.55 95% CI: 1.17 – 2.06), but were less likely to have influenza vaccination claims in the absence of self-reports (0.69 95% CI: 0.51 – 0.93).

Conclusion
These findings are consistent with either racial/ethnic reporting biases in receipt of preventive procedures or less efficient Medicare billing among providers with large minority practices.
Discovery of significant variants containing large deletions in the 5'UTR of human hepatitis C virus (HCV)
Authors: Revie Dennis , Alberti Michael O , Braich Ravi S , Bayles David , Prichard John G , Salahuddin S Zaki 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
We recently reported the isolation and in vitro replication of hepatitis C virus. These isolates were termed CIMM-HCV and analyzed to establish genotypes and subtypes, which are reported elsewhere. During this analysis, an HCV isolated from a patient was discovered that had large deletions in the 5'UTR. 57% of the HCV RNA found in this patient's sera had 113 or 116 bp deletions. Sequence data showed that domains IIIa to IIIc were missing. Previous studies have suggested that these domains may be important for translation. In vitro replicated HCV from this patient did not contain these deletions, however, it contained a 148 bp deletion in the 5'UTR. Whereas the patient HCV lacked domains IIIa through IIIc, the isolate lacked domains IIIa through IIId. HCV from this patient continues to produce large deletions in vitro, suggesting that the deletion may not be important for the assembly or replication of the virus. This is the first report describing these large deletions.
Synthesis and Applications of 1,1-Diborylated Cyclopropanes: Facile Route to 1,2-Diboryl-3-methylenecyclopentenes
Authors: Shimizu Masaki , Schelper Michael , Nagao Ikuhiro , Shimono Katsuhiro , Kurahashi Takuya , Hiyama Tamejiro 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
Cyclopropylidene lithium carbenoids reacted with bis(pinacolato)diboron in THF/Et2O at −110 °C to give various 1,1-diborylated cyclopropanes in good yields. Treatment of the diborylated cyclopropanes with 3-chloro-1-lithio-3-methyl-1-butyne produced the corresponding diborylated allenylcyclopropanes, which underwent ring-expansion in the presence of a Rh catalyst to give 1,2-diborylated methylenecyclopentenes conveniently.
The fate of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts in mandibulo‐facial restoration
Authors: Canalis Rinaldo F. , Saffouri Muhammed , Mirka Joseph , Ward Paul H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTo overcome some of the problems encountered in the repair of extensive composite defects of the head and neck, several means of transfering bone and soft tissue — while preserving the blood supply by means of a pedicle — have been clinically attempted.The superiority of pedicle osteocutaneous grafts compared to free grafts is demonstrated in a series of experiments in monkeys and dogs. Conventional and tetracycline labelled histological specimens, from animals sacrificed at intervals from two weeks to six months after grafting, illustrate the dynamic changes in the grafts. Pedicle supported grafts appeared superior to free grafts and participated actively in bone reconstruction.
Mandibular trauma: Secondary problems in reconstruction
Authors: Bone Robert C. , Davidson Terence M. , Nahum Alan M. , Dahlberg Roger 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCosmetic and functional restoration of the fractured mandible in the great majority of cases is the sine qua non of therapeutic success. Not only must an acceptable low complication rate be obtained, but when present, their complex nature must be understood from the onset. Successful treatment of complications is a multifaceted problem requiring planned, interdisciplinary, often times staged reconstruction. The radiologist and dental prosthodontist make valuable contributions towards the surgeon's ultimate rehabilitation of the patient.A three year experience of 111 mandibular fractures treated on the UCSD Otolaryngology Service is characterized. Sixteen complications nine of which were seen after initial treatment elsewhere provide the focus of this report. Special emphasis is given to the pre‐treatment planning and surgical techniques necessary to correct malunion and nonunion. Particular advantages achieved by the use of osteogenic autogenous marrow, cellulose acetate filters and Vitalliumf (chrome cobalt) trays are detailed.
A new concept in the treatment of frey's syndrome: The use of interpositional dermal grafts. an experimental study in the dog
Authors: Cassady Charles L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractFrey's syndrome or gustatory sweating is a common complication of parotid gland injury or surgery. Forty to 60 percent of the patients undergoing parotidectomy will develop manifestations of this syndrome but only 10‐15 percent of these require treatment. To date tympanic neurec‐tomy is the most efficacious method of treating the problem but relief is not obtained in all cases. Based on an experimental study in the dog, a new approach to the prevention of Frey's syndrome is presented. Since Frey's syndrome is clue to the aberrent regeneration of parasympathetic nerve fibers of the parotid gland into the severed sympathetic nerve endings in skin overlying the gland, it is proposed that the insertion of a dermal graft barrier between the resected parotid gland and the skin will prevent Frey's syndrome. Histological sections of dermal grafts, buried for three to six months tend to confirm that this idea has some merit.
Lipomas presenting as parotid tumors
Authors: Janecka Ivo P. , Conley John , Perzin Karl H. , Pitman Gerald 
Published: September 2006

AbstractEleven cases of lipoma in the parotid region have been reviewed. Nine tumors were found to be compressing the lateral surface of the parotid gland (periparotidlipoma). One lesion was totally surrounded by salivary tissue, and another involved both the superficial and the deep lobes of a parotid gland (intraparotid lipoma). The tail of the gland was involved most frequently (six patients). The tumors were predominantly right sided (eight cases). All patients were treated by surgical excision. Only one tumor has recurred and this has apparently been successfully treated by a reexcision.
Mastoidectomy update
Authors: Paparella Michael M. , Kim Chong Sun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe long‐term results of 375 primary mastoidectomy operations for chronic otitis media and chronic mastoiditis are described and discussed. Two‐thirds of these cases were open cavity mastoidectomies and 1/3 closed cavity mastoidectomies. Primary pathology was cholesteatoma in 1/3 and granulation tissue in 2/3 of the cases. The method of reducing the size of the mastoid cavity by sculpturing mastoid cortical bone is most important in avoiding large postoperative cavity problems.Principles and methods are described. Healing (dry ear) is a more important management objective than hearing and, indeed, enhances the prospects of obtaining a long‐term hearing result. Three important phases of controlling mastoid disease (preoperative, operative, and postoperative) are equally stressed. Intact wall tympanomastoidectomy is not recommended in sclerotic mastoids (the majority of our cases) as being unsafe and unnecessary. Revisions, mostly minor, were done in 31% of the cases for a total of 521 procedures. We recommend a one‐stage tympanomastoidectomy. Multiple planned procedures are, in the main, unnecessary and should be avoided to reduce unnecessary hospitalization and expense.
Sarcoidosis of the head and neck
Authors: Miglets Andrew W. , Viall John H. , Kataria Yash P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSarcoidosis is a multisystem granulomatous disease of unknown etiology, occasionally presenting with signs or symptoms that occur within the head and neck.The diagnosis may be made by a combination of histological evaluation of involved tissue, the presence of a relative cutaneous anergy, a positive Kveim test, and certain abnormal laboratory or radiographic findings.Although pulmonary sarcoidosis is by far the most common manifestation of the disease, an occasional patient will present with involvement of the nose, tonsils, larynx, or parotid gland. The otolaryngologist should include this entity in his differential diagnosis of lesions which occur in these areas.