bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Some Bibliographical Aids to the Use of British Government Publications
Authors: Brown Everett S. 
Published: May 2006

It is a well recognized fact that government publications are frequently the most valuable, and sometimes practically the only, reliable source of information on many phases of political, social, and economic life. Every bibliographical aid to their use, therefore, is to be highly welcomed by the student of government; and, fortunately for him, these aids are being rapidly multiplied. A noteworthy illustration is the List of Serial Publications of Foreign Governments, 1815–1929, now being prepared by Miss “Winifred Gregory under the general direction of a joint committee of the American Council of Learned Societies, the National Eesearch Council, and the American Library Association. Under each country will be listed, in a classified arrangement, the reports and other serials which record governmental activities since 1815. Section two of the preliminary checking edition of the List is devoted to the British Overseas Empire (except Canada).Angus Fletcher, librarian of the British Library of Information in New York, points out that “the publication of official documents is a relatively recent development in English parliamentary history. It was not until 1837 that official documents were finally made available to the public, in the form of the regularly issued Parliamentary Papers as we know them today. The publication of Non-Parliamentary Papers is of stilllater origin.” The establishment of His Majesty's Stationery Office was a result of Burke's Act for Economical Reform in 1782, prior to which time the service of this office had been granted as a monopoly to persons in favor at court. The student entering on a study of British public documents can well afford to review the very readable and valuable historical account of the records of Parliament given by Sir Courtney Ilbert, wherein he traces the development of the written reports of the journals and debates from their beginnings.
The Reference Committee of the Ohio House of Representatives
Authors: Baker Roscoe 
Published: May 2006

In 1921, the House of Representatives of the Ohio General Assembly established a committee of eight members whose duty it was to scan all bills introduced for the purpose of determining whether they were frivolous or irrelevant, not introduced in good faith, or duplications of existing law. When this committee had satisfied itself on these points, bills were to be reported back to the House with recommendations of assignment to appropriate standing committees, thus relieving the speaker of this particular duty. In 1929, the rule covering the functions of this Reference Committee was amended so as to permit it to recommend changes, combine bills, and give its approval to “the form and legal effect” of bills. Other changes in 1937 and 1939 dealt with the number of members serving on the committee, and allowed the committee eight legislative days, instead of six, for disposing of bills. The rule under which the committee now functions is as follows:“When a bill has been read the first time, it shall be referred to the Reference Committee for its consideration and report within eight legislative days after such reference. If it be apparent to said committee that any bill is of a frivolous nature, or that it was not introduced in good faith, or that it is a duplication of a House bill, or can easily be handled as an amendment to a House bill already introduced, or that it is in conflict with or a duplication of an existing statute without making proper provision for the repeal or amendment of such existing statute, said committee shall report said bill back to the House for its return to the author with a notation thereon of the reason for its return.
Organization of the Executive Branch of the National Government of the United States: Changes between November 15, 1941, and March 31, 1942
Authors: Schmeckebier L. F. 
Published: May 2006

As in previous lists, mention is here confined generally to units specifically authorized by law or established by the President by executive order or reorganization plans under general authority vested in him. Changes in units created by heads of departments or independent establishments are excluded unless of major importance.Authority for General Reorganization. Public Law 354, 77th Congress, approved December 18, 1941, authorizes the President to make redistribution of functions among executive agencies; the authority is limited to “matters relating to the conduct of the present war” and excludes any part of the General Accounting Office and its functions. This act is to be in force during the continuance of the present war and for six months thereafter, or until such earlier time as Congress by concurrent resolution or the President may designate. At the termination of the act all agencies will exercise the same functions as heretofore or as hereafter by law may be provided, any authorization of the President to the contrary notwithstanding.
The First Session of the Seventy-eighth Congress
Authors: Riddick Floyd M. 
Published: May 2006

In his budget message for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1944, which really should be labelled the State of the Union Message, President Roosevelt presented in outline his legislative program, which occupied Congress for the session. The message was devoted primarily to war expenditures, farm and food program, stabilization program, civilian control, non-war expenditures, the debt limit, and a pay-as-you-go tax system.Organization. The political complexion of the Seventy-eighth Congress differs considerably from that of the Seventy-seventh, particularly in the House. The Republicans gained 47 Representatives and ten Senators, while the Democrats lost 45 Representatives and nine Senators. The third parties retained the same number of Representatives, but lost one Senator. The change in personnel was even greater, with thirteen changes in the Senate's membership and 106 in that of the House. The chairmanship of three standing committees of the Senate and fifteen of the House were changed at the beginning of or during the session.
Nationalised Industries in Britain and France
Authors: Robson William A. 
Published: May 2006

The trend towards public ownership or control of certain basic industries and services, particularly those relating to fuel, power, transport and banking, is a secular movement of world-wide dimensions. Traces of it can be found, in greater or less degree, in almost every country which is economically developed, and in many backward ones as well.The political scientist who studies this subject in his own country is almost certain to feel strongly tempted to consider developments elsewhere. There is a deep fascination in comparing and contrasting the manner in which this great movement manifests itself in different countries. The pattern of development will inevitably be influenced by history, and by variations in the political, economic, legal, psychological and sociological characteristics of the several nations. These divergences, however, serve to heighten the interest by enabling us to distinguish the fundamental elements of general significance from the incidental aspects of local significance due to national idiosyncrasies.
Administrative Ethics and the Rule of Law
Authors: Marx Fritz Morstein 
Published: May 2006

“Anybody we like is efficient. Anybody we do not like is a bureaucrat.” This good-natured comment on legislative attitudes toward the executive branch was made recently in Congress by an experienced lawmaker, speaking as chairman of a subcommittee of the House Committee on Appropriations. The epigram may be relished for its knowing humor, but its greater significance lies in the light it sheds on one of the most important problems of modern government—the problem of insuring responsible administration in the framework of democratic society.For, of course, one way of getting nowhere in attempting a solution of this problem is to reduce it to a matter of personal preference. In the broader context, it is plainly irrelevant whether or not “we,” as citizens or as lawmakers, happen to “like” the individual administrative official we confront, or the particular public agency, or the functions that have to be performed under the laws, or the general direction in which things are moving in response to the policies of those elected to exercise political control. Nor do our likes and dislikes furnish a trustworthy criterion to mark the border line between “efficient” public service and “bureaucracy.”And yet, for the administrative official it is a familiar experience to encounter sharp animosity on the part of some legislators, as well as some elements of the public, precisely for doing his statutory duty. In a party system like ours, which puts only a small premium on political solidarity, the frequency of such experience is increased because lawmakers exercise great freedom of dissent from legislative measures passed with the support of their own party.
Strengthening State Legislatures
Authors: Caldwell Lynton K. 
Published: May 2006

Declining prestige of legislative bodies has recently prompted inquiries looking to self-appraisal and reform in Congress and in legislatures of a number of the states. Dissatisfaction with the traditional organization and procedure of state legislatures has grown among legislators, who undertake the perplexities of present-day law-making with inadequate assistance and ineffective machinery. Legislation was seldom a simple problem, but it is today more difficult than at any time in our national history. As the responsibilities thrust upon legislatures are increased, so must the tools and processes of legislation be improved if the quality of legislation is to meet the needs which call it forth.To assist in the reappraisal and review of state legislative organization and procedure, twelve general suggestions for strengthening state legislatures have been reported to the Council of State Governments by a committee of state officials. Appointed in November, 1945, by the Board of Managers of the Council, the Committee on Legislative Processes and Procedures developed its report after broadly surveying legislative theory and practice and selecting for recommendation to the states those measures of most general application. Dealing with the problems of state legislatures generally, the committee decided at an early date to direct its attention to the strengthening of state legislatures as presently constituted. Questions of reapportionment, of representation in the legislature, proportional representation, unicameralism, and certain mechanics of procedure such as electrical voting were not treated in the final report.
The Politics of Management Improvement in the States
Authors: Bosworth Karl A. 
Published: May 2006

In the wake of the Hoover Commission reports, a great majority of the states authorized special inquiries into the organization and operation of their executive institutions. With very few exceptions, the numerous postwar movements for state reorganization appear to have resulted in only moderate or negligible legislative acceptance of the reorganization proposals. The spectacle of such meager accomplishment from so much effort invites reflection on the politics of management improvement in the states.Through the generous cooperation of professional colleagues about the country, data were assembled on the successes and failures of these reorganization movements, upon the initiation, organization, and scope of the surveys, and upon the methods of presenting the survey reports to the legislatures and to the public. The data cover thirty states, in twenty-four of which the state legislature has had at least one chance to consider commission recommendations. In the remaining six states the reports are still in the process of preparation, or await legislative consideration. Included in the twenty-four are four states in which the study group has made some reports but continues in existence to make further reports, so that the success of the efforts in these states must be, tentatively judged on the basis of legislative reception of reports so far received.
The British Commonwealth of Nations
Authors: Hall H. Duncan 
Published: May 2006

The British Commonwealth of Nations is the oldest international organization of states in existence. Its uniqueness lies in its unbroken historical continuity, the loyalty of its members to each other, their solidarity on vital matters of common concern, the fluidity of their machinery for dealing with such matters, and their abhorrence of constitutional contracts within the family of the Commonwealth. These are its features so far as we can see them yet in the perspective of history. This article will discuss some of these features and advance an hypothesis for research on the nature of Commonwealth.Continuity, with change but without revolution, has been the British political formula for the Commonwealth. The evolution of the Commonwealth was one of the long-range consequences of the American Revolution. In a broad historical sense the Commonwealth is the lesson that Britain drew from that revolution. There have been other examples in history, such as Rome and Spain, of the expansion overseas of a people and of its concepts, language, traditions, and institutions. But only in the case of the Commonwealth has historical continuity been maintained without catastrophic change or revolution. It is true that revolution severed the main branch of the first British Empire. The cause of that revolution was the still unresolved deadlock between executive and legislature which had caused the revolt under Cromwell in the preceding century.
The Developing Field of International Legal Studies
Authors: Cavers David F. 
Published: May 2006

In the academic year 1939–40, it would have taken a hardy prophet to forecast that the field of international legal studies was destined soon to become a major growing point in American legal education. Yet, for that reason and because it was the last year before World War II registered its impact on law school faculties, students, and even curricula, it provides a useful baseline from which to measure the developments that have since been taking place in this field among American law schools.The law school work offered in 1939–40 which could be fitted within the category of international legal studies was represented by courses and seminars in International Law, Comparative (and Roman) Law, and Conflict of Laws. A brief survey of these offerings will lay bare the grounds for pessimism as to the prospects for progress at that time.
State Administration of Natural Resources in the West
Authors: Ostrom Vincent 
Published: May 2006

West of the one hundredth meridian, the average annual rainfall is generally less than twenty inches except for higher mountainous areas and the humid area west of the Cascade range in western Washington and Oregon and an area west of the Coast range in northwestern California. With less than twenty inches of rainfall, irrigation and dry-farming methods are required to supplement and conserve the native moisture if successful crops are to be produced. At twenty inches of rainfall successful agriculture is subject to extreme hazards from frequent droughts that call to mind the tragedy of crop failure and dust storms. In the humid Pacific Northwest the dry summer climate introduces another variable limiting successful agricultural production without supplementary water.American institutional arrangements, sustenance patterns and resource policies were conceived in humid England and developed in the humid regions of the United States. However, the general aridity of the West stands in marked contrast to the humidity that prevailed in the physical environment where American social institutions and traditions were formed. This alteration of the physical environment has caused an important shift in the balance of human ecology requiring significant modification in institutional arrangements and social policy, especially in regard to the control and development of natural resources.
Chiral Thiourea‐Based Bifunctional Organocatalysts in the Asymmetric Nitro‐Michael Addition: A Joint Experimental‐Theoretical Study
Authors: Yalalov Denis A. , Tsogoeva Svetlana B. , Schmatz Stefan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractA highly enantioselective (84–92% ee) organocatalytic Michael addition of acetone to aromatic nitroolefins has been described. The transition state geometries for formation of R and S enantiomers in this Michael addition have been calculated and analyzed. It was shown that only one oxygen atom of the nitro group is bound to the thiourea moiety, in juxtaposition to the working hypothesis known from the literature which involves a bonding of both oxygens. The theoretical and experimental enantiomeric excess values show good agreement, rendering the computations an efficient tool for predicting the ee values in similar reactions.
Fast Aqueous/Organic Hydrogenation of Arenes, Olefins and Carbonyl Compounds by Poly(N‐Vinylpyrrolidone)‐Ru as Amphiphilic Microreactor System
Authors: Lu Fang , Liu Jing , Xu Jie 
Published: May 2006

AbstractFast aqueous/organic hydrogenations of arenes, olefins and carbonyl compounds were successfully realized in a PVP‐Ru amphiphilic microreactor system. The turnover frequency (TOF) of aqueous/organic hydrogenation of benzene reached 45,000 h−1. All the hydrogenation TOFs of investigated benzene derivatives, olefins and carbonyl compounds exceeded 1000 h−1.
To Catalyze or not to Catalyze? Insight into Direct Amide Bond Formation from Amines and Carboxylic Acids under Thermal and Catalyzed Conditions
Authors: Arnold Kenny , Davies Bryan , Giles Richard L. , Grosjean Christophe , Smith Gillian E. , Whiting Andrew 
Published: May 2006

AbstractKinetic studies show that the direct formation of amides from amines and carboxylic acids without catalyst does occur under relatively low temperature conditions, but is highly substrate dependent. Boric and boronic acid‐based catalysts improve the reaction, especially for less reactive acids, and initial results indicate that bifunctional catalysts show even greater potential.
Chemical images: Technical approaches and issues
Authors: Clark Don , Šašić Slobodan 
Published: May 2006

AbstractChemical mapping techniques using Raman microscopy are introduced, and using an example of a pharmaceutical tablet, the practical aspects of data collection and processing to produce a chemical image of the sample are detailed. Issues related to data processing, instrument standards, chemical image reportable errors, and the interpretation of chemical images are presented to encourage debate, develop solutions, and promote use in other challenging scientific applications. applications. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
3D parallel coordinate systems—A new data visualization method in the context of microscopy‐based multicolor tissue cytometry
Authors: Streit Marc , Ecker Rupert C. , Österreicher Katja , Steiner Georg E. , Bischof Horst , Bangert Christine , Kopp Tamara , Rogojanu Radu 
Published: May 2006

AbstractBackground:Presentation of multiple interactions is of vital importance in the new field of cytomics. Quantitative analysis of multi‐ and polychromatic stained cells in tissue will serve as a basis for medical diagnosis and prediction of disease in forthcoming years. A major problem associated with huge interdependent data sets is visualization. Therefore, alternative and easy‐to‐handle strategies for data visualization as well as data meta‐evaluation (population analysis, cross‐correlation, co‐expression analysis) were developed.Methods:To facilitate human comprehension of complex data, 3D parallel coordinate systems have been developed and used in automated microscopy‐based multicolor tissue cytometry (MMTC). Frozen sections of human skin were stained using the combination anti‐CD45‐PE, anti‐CD14‐APC, and SytoxGreen as well as the appropriate single and double negative controls. Stained sections were analyzed using automated confocal laser microscopy and semiquantitative MMTC‐analysis with TissueQuest 2.0. The 3D parallel coordinate plots are generated from semiquantitative immunofluorescent data of single cells. The 2D and 3D parallel coordinate plots were produced by further processing using the Matlab environment (Mathworks, USA).Results:Current techniques in data visualization primarily utilize scattergrams, where two parameters are plotted against each other on linear or logarithmic scales. However, data evaluation on cartesianx/y‐scattergrams is, in general, only of limited value in multiparameter analysis. Dot plots suffer from serious problems, and in particular, do not meet the requirements of polychromatic high‐context tissue cytometry of millions of cells. The 3D parallel coordinate plot replaces the vast amount of scattergrams that are usually needed for the cross‐correlation analysis. As a result, the scientist is able to perform the data meta‐evaluation by using one single plot. On the basis of 2D parallel coordinate systems, a density isosurface is created for representing the event population in an intuitive way.Conclusions:The proposed method opens new possibilities to represent and explore multidimensional data in the perspective of cytomics and other life sciences, e.g., DNA chip array technology. Current protocols in immunofluorescence permit simultaneous staining of up to 17 markers. Showing the cross‐correlation between these markers requires 136 scattergrams, which is a prohibitively high number. The improved data visualization method allows the observation of such complex patterns in only one 3D plot and could take advantage of the latest developments in 3D imaging. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Employee reactions to corporate social responsibility: an organizational justice framework
Authors: Rupp Deborah E. , Ganapathi Jyoti , Aguilera Ruth V. , Williams Cynthia A. 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe seek to bridge the macro concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) with micro research in organizational justice. A theoretical model is presented whereby employees' perceptions of CSR impact their subsequent emotions, attitudes, and behaviors, mediated by instrumental, relational, and deontic motives/needs, as well as moderated by organizations' social accounts. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CARS microscopy in a wide‐field geometry with nanosecond pulses
Authors: Heinrich Christoph , Meusburger Clara , Bernet Stefan , Ritsch‐Marte Monika 
Published: May 2006

AbstractWe demonstrate coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microscopy in a wide‐field geometry and discuss the reasons why this approach is capable of becoming a complementary method to confocal scanning CARS microscopy. By means of nanosecond laser pulses and a non‐confocal excitation geometry, the CARS signal is generated over a sample area of approximately 50 µm in diameter. As an example, we recorded images of oil drops within finely sliced sunflower seeds by tuning the laser frequency to the strong Raman transition of linoleic acid around 2870 cm−1. Meaningful images with spectral selectivity could already be recorded using only a few nanosecond pulses. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.