bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fluid genomes, uncertain species, and the genetics of crop domestication
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter reviews new research findings that are changing our ideas of the nature of genomes and of biological species. All genomes, from bacteria to humans, are constantly changing with DNA being added and lost, frequently between different species. Some species, including many crops, contain over 90% non-coding ‘extra DNA’. This DNA was originally believed to be parasitic or non-functional, but is now increasingly recognized as having many important roles in the development of organisms from rice to humans. Thanks to molecular genetics, the species concept is becoming less useful, especially in many plants, as the increasingly blurred boundaries between supposedly distinct species are recognized. It is now clear that the detailed genome organization of our major crops, particularly the close physical linkages between domestication syndrome genes, was a major contributor to their amenability to cultivation by early farmers.
The domestication of cereal crops
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBy 10 million years ago, the major cereal groups had diverged from each other and were distributed across the world. Many of these grassy plants have remained recalcitrant to domestication, but thanks to their unusual genomic architectures, a few of the larger grained species were able to adapt to cultivation during the early Neolithic period to become our most important crop plants. The major cereal crops in the Near East were the wheat/barley/rye groups, which included many polyploid hybrids, especially among the wheats. In eastern Asia, rice and millets were the first cereals to be farmed, while in Africa sorghum and several millet species were cultivated. The major American cereal was maize, which was initially domesticated from teosinte to form small-cob maize in a relatively rapid process that was followed by several millennia of slow increases in cob length that eventually resulted in the high yielding crop of today.
Evolution of agrourban cultures: III Africa, Europe, and the Americas
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractFrom 8,000-5,500 BP, the African Sahara was a centre for domestication of millets and sorghum. Agriculture in the region was extinguished following a sustained drought after 5,450 BP, but may have contributed to the development of the Nile Valley as one of the greatest agro-urban cultures of the ancient world. In Central Europe, after 8,500 BP, farming was introduced by migrants from the Near East who slowly travelled northwestwards along the fertile river valleys from the Balkans towards the Atlantic coast. Other seaborne migrants brought farming to southern Europe via the Mediterranean. Complex urban cultures did not develop in this region for many millennia. Agro-urban cultures developed separately in Mesoamerica, the Andes, and parts of North America once the indigenous crops could be cultivated under high yield conditions. Social collapse and simplification occurred repeatedly in several parts of the continent, probably due to a combination of climatic and social factors.
Crop management in the classical and medieval periods
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe classical and medieval periods of 1800 BCE to 1500 CE were characterized by some limited technical innovation in agriculture, but little progress was made in crop improvement as global populations ceased their expansion, which had been occurring since the early Holocene. Babylonian and Assyrian imperial rulers established a much-copied precedent of introducing new crops from conquered regions and in producing manuals for agricultural management. From 500 to 50 BCE, Greek naturalists began systematically to study plant biology and publish their findings, but this first blooming of scientific methodology proved short lived. Later cultures tended to reinterpret old knowledge rather than create it anew. From 700 CE, the expanding Muslim empires introduced many improvements into Mediterranean farming from the Near East, most notably in their Iberian realm of Al Andalus. Medieval farming in Europe was relatively stagnant and declined further after 1320 CE during the Little Ice Age.
Anatomy of Cluster Development: Emergence and Convergence in the US Human Biotherapeutics, 1976–2003
Authors: Romanelli Elaine , Feldman Maryann 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the spatial and temporal dimension of a variety of forms of entrepreneurship across cities in the United States in the human biotherapeutics. The first finding is that clusters grow predominantly through the investments of local entrepreneurs, local firms, and local venture capitalists. Second, for three of the regions with the largest clusters — San Diego, Boston, and San Francisco — the critical spur to growth appears to be a tendency of entrepreneurs to leave local, established firms to found additional firms. Moreover, only those regions, however, that exhibited this secondary, or second-generation growth grew to substantial sizes relative to other clusters. The attraction of entrepreneurs and firms to a region is a tertiary influence on growth, occurring late in the history of the industry and the clusters.
Policy-Induced Clusters: The Genesis of Biotechnology Clustering on the East Coast of China
Authors: Prevezer Martha , Tang Han 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThe Chinese government has the ambition to develop China into a globally leading biotech nation. The genesis of three major biotechnology clusters along the east coast of China is considered in this chapter. Two main phases are distinguished in the evolution of government policy with respect to these clusters. A preceding phase is mainly concerned with institutional reform, creating new forms of property rights, setting out strategic programmes for the development of the biotechnology, and building up the appropriate knowledge base. Partly as a result of these policies, the entry of companies into the biotech clusters in each region more than doubled during the period 1995-2003 as compared to the period before 1995. Scientists returning from abroad frequently founded the new companies formed in the latter period.
The Emergence of a European Biotechnology Cluster: The Case of Medicon Valley
Authors: Braunerhjelm Pontus , Helgesson Christian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter examines the forces that sparked the emergence of a leading European biotechnology cluster — Medicon Valley. This cluster displays one characteristic feature which separates it from most other biotechnology clusters: its geographical location stretches over two countries: parts of Sweden and Denmark. The emergence of the Medicon Valley biotechnology cluster seems to have followed a somewhat different path than the biotech clusters in the United States. Whereas entrepreneurs orchestrated the emergence of clusters in the United States, universities played a crucial role in the Medicon Valley case and entrepreneurs entered — and reinforced — the process in a later stage. The more dynamic and fast growing biotechnology sector in Denmark is argued to be partly policy driven, partly associated with cultural differences.
The Emergence of Israel's Venture Capital Industry: How Policy Can Influence High-Tech Cluster Dynamics
Authors: Avnimelech Gil , Teubal Morris 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter documents the emergence of the Israeli venture capital (VC) industry. The process is divided into three phases that spread out over three decades and it is also a vital part of Israel's innovation and technology policy. There was a deliberate policy that targeted VC — besides the importance of bringing in foreign expertise at an early stage, is the importance of designing policy in a way that reassures the existence of a sufficient knowledge base. Moreover, the successful launching of a VC industry hinges on a critical mass of technology-based start-ups for a robust demand side. A truly innovative part in Israel's policy was the inclusion of a mechanism from the very start for the government to withdraw and privatize the venture capital funds.
Local Antecedents and Trigger Events: Policy Implications of Path Dependence for Cluster Formation
Authors: Wolfe David A. , Gertler Meric S. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers the degree of path dependency in cluster origin and development. One issue that continues to bedevil the analysis of clusters is the question of their origins and the relative importance of chance events, or serendipity as opposed to planned policy actions. Much of the literature on path dependency, and a certain stream of analysis in the literature on clusters, suggests that they are frequently seeded by chance events or by policy initiatives that frequently had a different intention than the support and development of a cluster. This chapter presents a more nuanced view where more weight is allocated to the role of policies in generating and developing clusters.
10 Juan II, a Monarch Beset
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Juan II, who inherited the throne of Aragon following the death of Alfonso. On his first appearance as sovereign in Catalonia, Juan dispelled all doubt as to his stance on the peasant issue. Realizing that Juan was no better disposed towards them than his brother had been, the reactionary forces in Catalonia began to seek ways of imposing their will upon him.
11 The Drawing of Swords
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the struggle between two hostile factions for the allegiance of Girona, with each proclaiming the remensa crisis to be at the forefront of its concerns. On one side was Queen Juana who was able to make a great show of her professed determination to suppress disorder in a series of measures directed against remensa violence and rejection of legal obligations. On the other side were the Diputació, and the Council, the bodies claiming to represent Catalonia.
16 The Castilian Marriage
Authors: Ryder Alan 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the king of Aragon's interest in Castile, not only as an immediate source of salvation, but as the kingdom where lay his dynastic roots and ambition. With mastery over it, towards which he had struggled all his life, the Crown of Aragon needed fear no foe. He could achieve a goal that had long tantalized his family: take the crown of Castile from the senior branch, which had produced a catastrophic series of kings, into the resolute hands of the junior Trastámares.
Sexual size dimorphism in birds
Authors: Székely Tamás , Lislevand Terje , Figuerola Jordi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractBirds provide excellent model organisms for testing functional explanations of sexual size dimorphism (SSD), since many species are exceptionally well-studied in nature. This chapter reviews four major functional hypotheses of SSD, and tests these using data on five morphometric traits from over 2,500 bird species. This comprehensive analysis reveals that SSD is male-biased in most avian species and families, and that allometry consistent with Rensch's rule occurs in significantly more avian families than expected by chance. Using cross-species analyses, the chapter shows that the pattern of SSD is most consistent with patterns of sexual selection, specifically with the Mating competition and the Display agility hypotheses. Sexual selection, however, is unlikely to explain all variation in SSD, and further work is essential on ecological use of resources and fecundity selection.
The evolution of sexual size dimorphism in reptiles
Authors: Cox Robert M. , Butler Marguerite A. , John-Alder Henry B. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractMost studies interpret reptilian sexual size dimorphism (SSD) as a means to reducing resource competition by way of sexual selection, fecundity selection, and natural selection. This chapter assesses the importance of these processes using data on 832 species of snakes, lizards, and turtles. The data reveal allometry consistent with Rensch's rule in most, but not all reptilian taxa, and support the hypothesis that sexual selection for large male size has influenced the evolution of reptile SSD. However, more data on male combat and territoriality are needed to test more fully this hypothesis. Although fecundity increases with female body size in many reptiles, comparative data provide only weak support for the fecundity advantage of large female size. The chapter concludes that further progress in assessing the relative importance of different selective processes in reptiles will require studies that more fully integrate evolutionary hypotheses with knowledge of proximate physiological and developmental mechanisms.
Sexual size dimorphism in spiders: patterns and processes
Authors: Foellmer Matthias W. , Moya-Laraño Jordi 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter uses data for 489 spider species from fifteen families to describe patterns of variation in sexual size dimorphism (SSD), and to evaluate hypotheses explaining these patterns. The direction and magnitude of SSD is found to depend strongly on the size measure chosen, and the use of carapace width is recommended because it is less affected by condition than body mass or length. Comparative analyses reveal that spiders do not exhibit allometry consistent with Rensch's rule. Instead, females appear to have diverged more than males over evolutionary time, and male and female body size show uncorrelated co-evolution, which is unusual for animals. Only two adaptive hypotheses — fecundity selection favouring large size in females and gravity selection favouring small size in males — have general explanatory power for patterns of SSD in spiders. However, processes may differ among species and comprehensive studies of selection within given species are needed.
Case studies of the differential-equilibrium hypothesis of sexual size dimorphism in two dung fly species
Authors: Blanckenhorn Wolf U. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter describes studies on two common dung fly species with contrasting sexual size dimorphism (SSD): females are the larger sex in Sepsis cynipsea but the smaller sex in Scathophaga stercoraria. In both species, there is overwhelming evidence for sexual and fecundity selection favouring large body size, but only sparse evidence for selection favouring small size in either sex. The absence of evidence of net balancing selection on either sex does not support the differential equilibrium model of SSD. For the yellow dung fly, S. stercoraria, the efforts taken to detect selection against large individuals were substantial, including multiple viability selection estimates covering a wide and representative range of environmental conditions and artificial extension by artificial selection of the body size range available. Therefore, undetected selection favouring small size is unlikely. Phylogenetic, genetic, or developmental constraints are also unlikely to be responsible for lack of support of the differential equilibrium model in dung flies, but physiological constraints have not yet been properly addressed.
Phylogenetic analysis of sexual dimorphism in eye-lid geckos (Eublepharidae): the effects of male combat, courtship behavior, egg size, and body size
Authors: Kratochvíl Lukáš , Frynta Daniel 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter summarizes research on sexual size dimorphism (SSD) in eye-lid geckos (Eublepharidae) by integrating morphological, behavioural, and life-history data, and using phylogenetic analyses to determine which variable(s) may explain SSD. These comparisons reveal that male combat has disappeared twice within this family, and both events were associated with losses of male scent glands and male-biased head size dimorphism, which is consistent with the predictions of sexual selection theory. Evolutionary changes in male-male aggression, in the complexity of courtship display, or in relative egg size were not correlated with reversals from male-biased to female-biased SSD. Eublepharids demonstrate Rensch's rule, since in small species females tend to be larger whereas in large species males are larger. An explanation of this common allometric pattern will be necessary for a full understanding of SSD in this family.
Irreconcilable differences: when sexual dimorphism fails to resolve sexual conflict
Authors: Bedhomme Stéphanie , Chippindale Adam K. 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the relationship between sexual conflict and sexual dimorphism. It presents evidence that intralocus sexual conflict is a widespread and potentially important contributor to several basic evolutionary phenomena, including the evolution of sexual dimorphism. Accumulating evidence suggests that intralocus sexual conflict creates a significant gender load in populations, reducing fitness in both sexes and preventing or slowing attainment of sex-specific optimal trait values. The chapter argues that the complexities of tuning individual gene expression to each sex separately explain why sexual dimorphism usually produces intergradation between the sexes, and why there is so much diversity in sexual form, function, and preference. However, in spite of these important effects, intralocus sexual conflict is expected to be difficult to detect and quantify. The chapter discusses these problems and presents prospects for future research directions.
Retrieving Cosmos: Gilbert Murray's Thought on International Relations
Authors: Wilson Peter 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter takes a retrospective look at the international political thought of Gilbert Murray, ninety years after his first substantial work on the subject was published (1915), and nearly sixty years after his last (1948). The disciplinary tradition of International Relations (IR) is used to draw up a balance sheet of achievement and failure. It is shown that while Murray played an important role in the establishment of IR, and while he worked closely with several early IR professors, he was not an IR professor himself, and certainly no theorist in today's sense.
The Classicist as Liberal Intellectual: Gilbert Murray and Alfred Eckhard Zimmern
Authors: Stapleton Julia 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter considers Murray's conception of Hellenism in relation to the vicissitudes of 20th-century liberalism, both political and intellectual, and explores his tireless work on its behalf. It examines his early influence on classical scholarship at Oxford, and the wider pursuit of cultural and political improvement to which he believed Classics was inextricably tied. The chapter analyses the quarters of society in which Murray and Zimmern sought to spread the Hellenist message as they understood it, and the extent of their success. It further emphasizes Murray's growing attachment to the historic English nation as an example of his later conservatism which has often been overlooked. Finally, it sets Murray's enhanced cultural pessimism during the interwar period in the context of the decline of a particular type of ‘public intellectual’ in Britain: the liberal intellectual, whose role it was to cultivate selflessly liberal habits of mind throughout Britain and beyond, and in increasingly adverse climates of opinion.
‘Yours Obediently, Gilbert Murray’: Letters toThe Times
Authors: Bruneau William , Wodell Russell 
Published: September 2007

AbstractGilbert Murray wrote or co-signed almost three hundred letters to the Editor of The Times. His topics ranged from Liberal politics and the League of Nations to reform of the national diet, simplification of English spelling, the humane treatment of animals, and the banning of smoking in cinemas. Excerpts from this formidable corpus suggests the range of Murray's epistolary art, force of argument, ready literary technique, and dry wit. To encourage reassessment of Murray as writer-activist, this chapter reviews letters illustrating Murray's hard-won eminence as professor, writer, Hellenist, politician, and citizen.
INTIAL BOUNDARY VALUE PROBLEM IN A HALF-SPACE WITH CONSTANT COEEFICIENTS
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter drops the assumption of symmetry, or at least it does not assume the dissipativity in a classical sense. The search for a necessary condition for maximal estimates (strong well-posedness in Kreiss' sense) yields the so-called uniform Kreiss-Lopatinskii condition. The chapter investigates the case of a characteristic boundary. It gives practical devices to check the K.-L. condition, including the construction of a Lopatinskii determinant. It shows that the adjoint BVP shares with the direct one the K.-L. condition, a fact exploited in the duality method employed in the existence theory. The latter is carried out for the BVP in weighted (in time) spaces under the assumption that a Kreiss' dissipative boundary symmetrizer exists. Its existence is stated for a constantly hyperbolic operator, but the proof will be seen in the next chapter. The evolutionary property is shown with the use of the Paley-Wiener Theorem. Rauch's Theorem tells what the solution at a given time T can be estimated to; this extends the well-posedness to the full IBVP.
CONSTRUCTION OF A SYMMERTRIZER UNDER (UKL)
Authors: Benzoni-Gavage Sylvie , Serre Denis 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This chapter considers constantly hyperbolic operators. It proves the so-called ‘block structure’ due to Kreiss in the strictly hyperbolic case, and to Métivier in the general case. It then constructs in detail the dissipative boundary symmetrizer to pass to variable coefficients. An important issue is to ensure smooth dependence on parameters.
Atomic Forces and Tunneling
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter presents a unified theory of tunneling phenomenon and covalent bond force, as a result of the similarity between the Bardeen theory of tunneling and the Herring-Landau theory of the covalent bond. Three general theoretical treatments are presented, which show that tunneling conductance is proportional to the square of the covalent bond interaction energy, or equivalently, the square of covalent bond force. The constant of proportionality is related to the electronic properties of the materials. For the case of a metal tip and a metal sample, an explicit equation contains only measurable physical quantities is derived. Several experimental verifications are presented. The equivalence of covalent bond energy and tunneling conductance provides a theoretical explanation of the threshold resistance observed in atom-manipulation experiments, and points to a method of predicting the threshold resistance for atom manipulation.
Nanometer-Scale Imaging
Authors: Chen C. Julian 
Published: September 2007

AbstractThis chapter discusses the imaging mechanism of STM at the nanometer scale, where the features of interest are of about one nanometer and up. Using an s-wave tip model, using the Bardeen tunneling theory, Tersoff and Hamann showed that the STM image in this case is tip-independent: it is determined by the local density of states of the bare sample surface at Fermi level, taken at the center of curvature of the tip. The Tersoff-Hamann model has found numerous applications in interpreting the STM images, from the superstructure of surface reconstruction to the confined or scattered waves of the surface states. However, as shown by Tersoff and Hamann in their original papers, for features much smaller than one nanometer, such as at the atomic features of 0.3 nm, the non-spherical electronic states of the tip could play a significant role and thus cannot be overlooked.