bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Joint custody and the preschool child
Authors: McKinnon Rosemary , Wallerstein Judith S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA longitudinal study of 25 families, with children aged 14 months‐5 years, in joint custody, is reported. Varying motivations that lead divorcing parents to undertake and sustain joint custody are discussed, together with the stresses and gratifications of these arrangements for the parents and children. Findings are that where both parents are motivated primarily by interest in the child, where the parenting is sensitive and where the child is shielded from interparental conflict, young children do well. Such families were not the majority in this study. Significant differences emerged in the adjustment of the 1–3 age group as compared with the 3–5 age group which point to greater difficulties for the 3–5‐year‐olds.
Law and antipsychotic medications
Authors: Brooks Alexander D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis article reviews the origin and development of recent legal concepts surrounding use of antipsychotic medications. Complications (side effects) of certain psychiatric medications are seen as fueling the right to refuse treatment doctrine in the law. The leading cases in right to refuse treatment and right to object to treatment are presented and analyzed. The impact of Supreme Court actions on these concepts is evaluated. The influence of the various legal interpretations of right to refuse treatment on standards of psychiatric practice is explored. Have these laws made a difference on the standard of care in public mental institutions?
Characteristics of adolescents charged with homicide: Review of 72 cases
Authors: Cornell Dewey G. , Benedek Elissa P. , Benedek David M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe present study examined a comparatively large sample of 72 adolescents charged with murder who were referred for pretrial evaluation in the State of Michigan over a 9‐year period. Subjects are compared with a control group of 35 adolescents charged with nonviolent larceny offenses. Information regarding the adolescents' demographic and social background, and the circumstances of the offense, are presented. Recognition of the diverse motives and circumstances of adolescent homicide may help to explain discrepant characterizations of them presented in the literature.
Sex hormones in murderers and assaulters
Authors: Bain Jerald , Langevin Ron , Dickey Robert , Ben‐Aron Mark 
Published: May 2007

AbstractA study of hormonal levels of violent and nonviolent offenders failed to establish any significant differences among murderers, assaulters, and controls. While the results do not suggest a contributory role for random blood hormone levels in facilitating aggressive behavior, further study of complex interactions is necessary to rule out endocrinological factors.
Expert testimony and jury decision making: An empirical analysis
Authors: Cutler Brian L. , Dexter Hedy R. , Penrod Steven D. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis experiment examines the influence of expert psychological testimony on juror decision making in eyewitness identification cases. Experienced jurors and undergraduate mock jurors viewed versions of a videotaped trial, rated the credibility of the eyewitness and the strength of the prosecution's and defense's cases, and rendered verdicts. In the absence of expert testimony jurors were insensitive to eyewitness evidence. Expert testimony improved juror sensitivity to eyewitness evidence without making them more skeptical about the accuracy of the eyewitness identification. Few differences emerged between the experienced jurors and undergraduate mock jurors.
Rape myth acceptance: A case for providing educational expert testimony in rape jury trials
Authors: Tetreault Patricia A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe prevalence and content of rape myth acceptance indicate a need for educational expert testimony in rape jury trials. It is proposed that expert testimony regarding common misconceptions about rape and rape victim behavior, conceptualized in terms of a social framework, would help to compensate for societal bias against the complainant in a rape trial. Rape trauma syndrome, eyewitness identification, and general educational testimony concerning rape are discussed. Evidence is presented that suggests inclusion of such testimony serves the purpose of expert testimony according to the Federal Rules of Evidence.
Bias and expert testimony of mental health professionals in adversarial proceedings: A preliminary investigation
Authors: Otto Randy K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe role of mental health professionals testifying as expert witnesses has been the subject of increasing criticism. Cases in which opposing experts reach different conclusions are dismissed as “battles of the experts” and psychologists and psychiatrists are described as “hired guns.” This preliminary, analogue study examined the degree to which the opinions and testimony of mental health professionals may differ according to which side retains the expert. Results provided some support for the proposition that mental health professionals' testimony may vary according to the side by which they are retained.
Principles in judgment/decision making research pertinent to legal proceedings
Authors: Arkes Hal R. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractPrinciples in the judgment/decision making literature relevant to the legal community are reviewed. These principles are divided into four areas: the decision process itself, communicating a judgment to others, evaluating a decision, and possible ways of “debiasing.” Several influences on the decision process are enumerated, among them being insufficient consideration of base rates, selective memory for relevant material, the framing of the decision in either the domain of losses or the domain of gains, and consideration of the “cues to causation.” Particular attention is paid to suboptimal consideration of covariation information. In communicating the decision to others the two most prominent findings are overconfidence in expressing one's decision and the inability to describe accurately the bases of one's decision. Evaluating a decision is plagued by two biases. The first is the hindsight bias. After an event has occurred we tend to exaggerate how easily we could have predicted the event beforehand. The second is the outcome bias. We tend to base our evaluation of the decision upon the evaluation of the outcome. Among the debiasing techniques mentioned are the admonition to “consider the opposite” of the preferred option, the reduction of reliance on memory, and the use of decision aids.
Training and credentialing in forensic psychiatry
Authors: Zonana Howard V. , Crane Lansing E. , Getz Marjorie A. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe increase in legal regulation of psychiatric practice, malpractice litigation, number of mentally ill in correctional settings and concerns about the sometimes embarrassing quality of expert witness testimony has led to an heightened focus on training and credentialing of psychiatrists who work in these areas. The past 20 years has witnessed a growth of professional organizations, journals, accredited training programs and board certification. The paper outlines the nature of these programs and some of the dilemmas for the profession in establishing formal subspecialties.
Bringing the behavioral sciences to the law: Tell it to the judge or talk to your legislator?
Authors: Mikva Abner J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe empirical data generated by behavioral scientists is frequently targeted for presentation in courts in order to influence decision making. However, legislative bodies, rather than the courts, may be the most appropriate forum to consider such evidence. This article discusses the comparative reception of social science evidence in judicial versus legislative arenas.
Diversion of mentally disordered offenders: A legitimate role for clinicians?
Authors: Rogers Richard , Bagby R. Michael 
Published: May 2007

AbstractConsultations to the courts often extend beyond criminal competencies and may include implicit statements regarding the diversion of mentally disordered offenders to treatment facilities. Arguments for diversion are based on humanitarian interests and treatment needs. Arguments opposing diversion recommendations emphasize (a) the variability of opinions regarding treatability, (b) the lack of sufficient outcome data, and (c) the potential for negative consequences in offering unsolicited opinions on diversion. Initial data from 271 pretrial evaluations underscore the range in psychiatric use of diversion recommendations, although inpatient referrals in particular appear to be based on clinical status.
Abused children and foster care—the need for specialist resources
Authors: Roberts Jacquie 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEstimates vary on how many abused and neglected children are admitted to care and how many children in care are there because of abuse and neglect. Nevertheless, it is important to examine their special needs and the problems they present to carers. Although research findings are difficult to interpret, there is enough evidence to show that abused and neglected children in care have special needs in three particular areas: education, health and social behaviour. The evidence is available from research into children in care and research into child maltreatment. Children in care run the risk of disrupted educational careers; abused and neglected children have additional problems in school. Many children in care have a patchy and neglected medical history; abused and neglected children are seriously at risk of further ill‐health. Abused and neglected children have been shown to have behaviour problems that jeopardize their relationships with peers and adults; they run the risk of placement breakdown. Foster care of abused and neglected children is a specialist and demanding task, requiring knowledge of, and sensitivity to special needs. Because many abused and neglected children return to their parents, foster carers also need to include the natural family in their task. High expectations of these foster carers, however, should not lead to exploitation but rather an enhancing of fostering assessment, preparation, support and training.
Defining organized sexual abuse
Authors: La Fontaine J. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe label ‘organized abuse’ is widely used but without an agreed meaning. An agreed definition would improve communication among practitioners and make it easier to compare the results of different pieces of research. Items classified together must possess at least one feature in common: in the case of organized abuse this is that they all involve more than one perpetrator. Some types of case for which the label ‘organized’ has been used, like those that concern children's sexual abuse in an institution or that include allegations of a ritual context, do not fulfil even this initial criterion. Some cases of institutional or ritual abuse may also be cases of organized abuse but the terms are not synonymous with each other. Domestic cases, where all the perpetrators and the victims are members of a single household, are also sufficiently unlike the paradigmatic case of organized abuse for them to be excluded from the category. The recognition that exclusion is as necessary to rigorous definition as inclusion requires making explicit what definitions are and what they are for.
Teachers' role in the primary prevention of child abuse dilemmas and problems
Authors: Johnson Bruce 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDuring the 1980s, many school‐based primary prevention programmes were developed and adopted by schools. Much of the early enthusiasm which greeted these programmes dissipated in the light of often disappointing evaluations of the impact of the programmes on children. It is argued, however, that evaluating student outcomes should not occur before theextent of programme utilization is established. In this paper, an overview is given on the dilemmas and problems faced by teachers attempting to implement a primary prevention programme in South Australia. It is revealed that teachers selectively omit sections of the primary prevention programme as a way of resolving personal dilemmas presented by the programme. Some teachers are sensitive about teaching personal and controversial issues related to child abuse, while others deny the seriousness of child abuse in theirschool. The implications of the findings are that: (a) it cannot be assumed that primary prevention programmes are implemented by teachers in ways that are consistent with programme design; (b) teachers' personal beliefs, attitudes and feelings need to be addressed in any school‐based primary prevention initiative; (c) training approaches and school support mechanisms need to focus on methods by which teachers can resolve the dilemmas raised by school‐based primary prevention programmes in ways other than by radically dismembering the programme.
Children in separated families: A group‐based intervention strategy
Authors: Durkin Chris , Mesie Jeff 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe effects of divorce and separation on children can be traumatic and long lasting. Any intervention has to be aware of, and sensitive to, the aims of custodial parents. A group‐based intervention aimed at helping children to be less vulnerable to both emotional problems and future abuse is described. The results of such groups suggest that future intervention needs to treat the panacea of increasing child‐parent communication with some caution, and should instead recognize that children make their own choices about when to speak out and what to say within their own family situation. Intervention should instead be geared towards helping children to sort out their own feelings and letting them decide how they want to express them.
Travelers and their traits: a hierarchical model approach
Authors: Scott Kristin , Mowen John C. 
Published: May 2007

Abstract

Adventure travel represents an interesting form of consumer behavior that has seen tremendous growth as a segment of the tourism industry. In Study 1, we employ a hierarchical model of personality to identify the personality traits predictive of a broad measure of adventure travel. In Study 2, we distinguish several types of travel, including soft‐adventure travel, hard‐adventure travel, luxury travel, and camping. We then compare the trait predictors of each of the constructs. The results reveal that the motivational network of traits is different for the divergent types of travel interest.

Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
II. Über Komplexverbindungen des 1.1.1‐Tris‐aminomethyl‐Propans
Authors: Hein Franz , Burkhardt Rudolf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractVom 1.1.1‐Tris‐aminomethyl‐propan (thn) werden Komplexe beschrieben, die alle gemäß der zu erwartenden 3‐Zähligkeit des Liganden den Typen [MeII(thn)2]. X2 (Ni, Cu) bzw. [MeIII(thn)2]X3 (Cr, Co) entsprechen. 1.1.1‐Tris‐amino‐methyl‐propan wird aus Trimethylester über das Tris‐brommethyl‐propan bzw. den Tritosylester dargestellt.
Unter Mitwirkung von Elisabeth Preissler und Silvia Lorenz. Über Die Aktivitätsbestimmung von Fructosidasepräparaten, Zugleich Ein Beitrag Zur Frage der Übertragungswirkung der Carbohydrasen
Authors: Weidenhagen Rudolf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDas reinste Fructosidasepräparat, an dem bisher transfructosidatische Wirkung nachgewiesen werden konnte, ist vom Fructosidasewert 100. Die gleiche Eigenschaft wurde für eine β‐h‐Fructosidase aus Hefe vom dreifachen Reinheitsgrad auf papierchromatographischem Wege aufgezeigt. Die transferierende Wirkung der Glykosidasen ist damit weiter gesichert.
Pteridine, III. Über 2.4.6‐Trioxo‐Hexahydropteridine und die Homologen 7‐Methyl‐Derivate
Authors: Pfleiderer Wolfgang 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethoden zur Darstellung von 2.4.6‐Trioxo‐ und 7‐Methyl‐2.4.6‐trioxo‐hexa‐hydropteridinen werden beschrieben. Die physikalischen Daten wie pk‐Werte und UV‐Absorptionsspektren dieser Verbindungen wurden bestimmt und daraus die Strukturen der Neutralmoleküle in wäßrigem Medium im Sinne von Trilactamen wahrscheinlich gemacht.
Über die Darstellung von 2.4‐Dioxo‐3.3‐Dialkyl‐6‐Methyl‐Tetrahydro‐Pyridinen
Authors: Röhnert Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Darstellung von 2.4‐Dioxo‐3.3‐dialkyl‐6‐methyl‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐pyridinen über die entsprechenden γ‐Acetyl‐α,α‐dialkyl‐acetessigester und β‐Amino‐crotonoyl‐dialkyl‐essigester wird beschrieben. 2.4‐Dioxo‐3.3‐dicrotyl‐6‐methyl‐1.2.3.4‐tetrahydro‐pyridin wird durch Crotylierung von 2.4‐Dihydroxy‐6‐methyl‐pyridin dargestellt.
2‐Methyl‐protoanemonin und 2.2′‐Dimethyl‐anemonin
Authors: Buchta Emil , Satzinger Gerhard 
Published: May 2007

Abstractα‐Methyl‐β‐acetyl‐acrylsäure gibt beim Erwärmen mit Acetylchlorid und wenig konz. Schwefelsäure das flüssige 2‐Methyl‐protoanemonin, das sich nach kurzer Zeit in eine feste Masse umwandelt, aus der das Kristalline 2.2′‐Dimethyl‐anemonin vom Schmp. 135–136° erhalten wird.
Über Sauerstoffradikale, XI. Das 4‐Phenyl‐2.6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyl‐(1)
Authors: Müller Eugen , Schick Anton , Scheffler Klaus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDarstellung sowie physikalische und chemische Eigenschaften eines neuen stabilen Aroxyls. des 4‐Phenyl‐2.6‐di‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyls‐(1) werden beschrieben. Die 4‐ständige Phenylgruppe dieses Aroxyls bedingt, verglichen mit 2.4.6‐Tri‐tert.‐butyl‐phenoxyl‐(1) und ähnlichen Verbindungen, einige Besonderheiten im reaktiven Verhalten dieses freien Radikals.
Homologe Aldehyde aus Carbonsäuren
Authors: Weygand Friedrich , Bestmann Hans Jürgen 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBei der durch Lichteinstrahlung bewirkten Wolffschen Umlagerung von Diazoketonen in Gegenwart von N‐Methylanilin bzw. Äthylmercaptan entstehen die N‐Methylanilide bzw. die Thiolester der homologen Säuren. Die N‐Methylanilide lassen sich mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid, die Thiolester mit Raney‐Nickel in die homologen Aldehyde überführen.
Untersuchungen in der Azolreihe, VIII. Notiz zur Hydrierung der as‐Triazine
Authors: Hoyer Ernst , Gompper Rudolf 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBei der Hydrierung des 5.6‐Diphenyl‐as‐triazin‐carbonsäure‐(3)‐äthylesters entsteht der 3.4(4.5)‐Diphenyl‐pyrazol‐carbonsäure‐(5(3))‐äthylester.
Synthesen in der Purinreihe, VIII. „Desoxyharnsäuren”︁: Ihre Konstitution als Xanthiniumbetaine und neue Synthesen
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Kupsch Gottfried , Wieland Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie von Biltz beschriebene Darstellung mehrerer Desoxyharnsäuren wird, z. T. unter Anwendung neuer Methoden, nachgearbeitet. Die von Biltz beschriebene 1.3.7.9‐Tetramethyl‐desoxyharnsäure existiert nicht. Auf Grund neuer Synthesen, u. a. durch Quaternierung von Xanthin und 9‐Methyl‐xanthin, wird die Struktur der Desoxyharnsäuren als Xanthiniumbetaine aufgeklärt. Mit dieser Struktur stimmen die UV‐Spektren überein. An Stelle von „Desoxyharnsäuren”︁ wird die der Konstitution entsprechende Bezeichnung „Xanthiniumbetaine”︁ vorgeschlagen.
Steroide, CXIV. 16β‐Methyl‐östran‐Derivate
Authors: Kincl Fred A. , García María 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Mannich‐Kondensation von Östron‐methyläther und die thermische Spaltung der so entstandenen Base lieferte 16‐Methylen‐östron‐methyläther. Die Methylengruppe wurde katalytisch hydriert, die 17‐Keto‐Gruppe reduziert und das Östradiol‐Derivat durch Lithium in Ammoniak sowie Säurehydrolyse in das 16β‐Methyl‐19‐nor‐testosteron übergeführt. Im Tierversuch zeigten die Östron‐ und Östradiol‐Derivate eine gegenüber den Stammsubstanzen verminderte östrogene Aktivität, die nor‐Testosteron‐Abkömmlinge hingegen eine starke anabole und eine verminderte androgene Aktivität.
Die Synthese von Hexahydroisochinolinen
Authors: Grewe Rudolf , Otto Hans‐Werner 
Published: May 2007

Abstractβ‐Cyclohexadienyl‐äthylamine vom Typ V lassen sich mit Aldehyden nach Art der PICTET‐SPENGLER‐Synthese zu Hexahydroisochinolin‐Derivaten cyclisieren. Der Verlauf der Reaktion wird an den beiden Beispielen Formaldehyd bzw. Benzaldehyd genauer untersucht. Dagegen läßt sich bei N‐Acyl‐Verbindungen von V nach Art der BISCHLER‐NAPIERALSKY‐Synthese kein Isochinolin‐Ring schließen.
Alkylhydroperoxyde aus Alkylhalogeniden, II
Authors: Hüttel Rudolf , Schmid Hans , Ross Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDer Ersatz von organisch gebundenem Chlor und Brom durch den Hydroperoxy‐Rest des Wasserstoffperoxyds ist immer dann möglich, wenn das Alkylhalogenid genügend reaktionsfähig im Sinne des SNl‐Schemas ist. Komplexbildner können die Reaktion erleichtern.
N‐Pyridyl‐aminophenole aus Pyridyl‐[amino‐phenyl]‐äthern; eine neue Umlagerungsreaktion
Authors: Jerchel Dietrich , Jakob Ludwig 
Published: May 2007

AbstractUmlagerungen von [Pyridyl‐(4) bzw. ‐(2)]‐[amino‐phenyl]‐äthern in [Pyridyl‐(4)‐bzw. (2)]‐[hydroxy‐phenyl]‐amine werden beschrieben und die hierfür wichtigen, besonderen Voraussetzungen diskutiert. Entscheidend für den Ablauf dieser Reaktion ist das Vorliegen des Pyridinstickstoffs im 4‐bindigen Zustand.
Zur Kenntnis der Oligomeren des Acrylnitrils I. Synthesen
Authors: Zahn Helmut , Schäfer Paul 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAls Oligomere des Acrylnitrils wurden 1.3‐Dicyan‐butan und 1.3.5‐Tricyanhexan, als ähnliche Verbindungen 1.3.5‐Tricyan‐pentan und 1.3.5.7‐Tetracyanheptan — im wesentlichen durch Cyanäthylierung – synthetisiert.
Über Orceinfarbstoffe, X. Lichtabsorption und Chromophor des Lackmus
Authors: Musso Hans , Rathjen Claus 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird spektroskopisch nachgewiesen, daß beim Lackmus der Farbumschlag mit Säure und Alkali darauf beruht, daß ein rotes substituiertes 7‐Hydroxyphenoxazon‐(2) I in das blauviolette Anion II übergeht.
Untersuchungen zur Komplexchemie der Brenztraubensäure, III. Struktur und Eigenschaften von Brenztraubensäure‐Komplexen
Authors: Schellenberger Alfred , Winter Kurt 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBrenztraubensäure besitzt in komplexer Bindung eine Reihe von Eigenschaften, die von der freien Säure nicht bekannt sind. So nimmt das Substitutionsvermögen gegenüber Halogen namentlich bei Gegenwart von guten Komplexbildnern beträchtlich zu. Im Falle der Jodsubstitution konnte die Abhängigkeit der Substitutionsgeschwindigkeit von der Komplexstabilität bewiesen und damit ein Einblick in die Struktur der als Liganden fixierten Brenztraubensäuremoleküle gewonnen werden.
Ein Beitrag zum Verhalten organischer Peroxyde Über die Autoxydation des 3c.6c‐Diphenyl‐Δ4‐cyclohexen‐dicarbonsäure‐(1c.2c)‐dimethylesters
Authors: Alder Kurt , Günzl‐Schumacher Mariane 
Published: May 2007

AbstractBei der Veresterung des Additionsproduktes aus trans,trans‐1.4‐Diphenylbutadien und Maleinsäure‐anhydrid erhält man einen Dimethylester, der unter den mildesten Bedingungen, z. B. mit molekularem Sauerstoff, Azodicarbonsäure‐dimethylester und mit katalytisch erregtem Wasserstoff, einheitliche, kristalline Derivate liefert. Das Autoxydationsprodukt ist ein Hydroperoxyd, das bei der Umsetzung mit organischen Aminen interessante Abwandlungs‐produkte liefert.
Formamid‐Reaktionen, XIV. Reaktionen von Säureamid‐Acylhalogenid‐Addukten: Darstellung substituierter Amidine und Amidrazone
Authors: Bredereck Hellmut , Gompper Rudolf , Klemm Kurt , Rempfer Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie Struktur des kristallin erhaltenen Dimethylformamid‐Phosphoroxychlorid‐Adduktes wird erörtert. N.N‐Disubstituierte Amide geben mit Phosphoroxychlorid und Aminen N.N.N′‐trisubstituierte Amidine. Die Umsetzung des Dimethylformamid‐Phosphoroxychlorid‐Adduktes mit Hydrazinen führt zu den bisher unbekannten Formyl‐formamidrazonen. Durch Umsetzung von Formaniliden mit Alkylierungsmitteln entstehen N.N′‐disubstituierte Formamidine.
α‐Hydroxyalkyliden‐lacton‐Umlagerung, X. α‐Hydroxyalkyliden‐lacton‐Umlagerung in wäßriger Salzsäure
Authors: Korte Friedhelm , Büchel Karl Heinz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDurch Umlagerung von α‐Acyl‐δ‐lactonen in wäßriger Salzsäure lassen sich auf einfache Weise Dihydropyran‐carbonsäuren‐(3) darstellen. α‐Acyl‐γ‐lactone werden unter diesen Bedingungen decarboxyliert. α‐Acetyl‐γ‐ und ‐δ‐lactone reagieren mit konz. Salzsäure zu γ‐ und δ‐Chlor‐ketonen.