bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Significance and Statistical Models
Authors: McNamara James F. 
Published: August 2008

The results of an extensive analysis of the statistical methodology employed by researchers whose manuscripts were published in the first twelve volumes of the Educational Administration Quarterly are re ported. It is concluded that univariate analysis has been utilized pre dominately in the treatment of data ivhile tests for practical significance and significance of relationships have been largely ignored. A case is made for the application of the omega, squared statistical index to esti mate the proportion of the variance of the dependent variable accounted for by a given independent variable. James F. McNamara is Professor of Interdisciplinary Education and Educational Administration at Texas A &M University.
From Scopes to Scope: The Genetic Mutation of the School Control Issue
Authors: Kerchner Charles T. 
Published: August 2008

The historical background of restricted scope of bargaining is traced, and factors that have contributed to an expansion of scope are identified and discussed. A case is then developed to support the idea that broader scope of bargaining coupled with wider avenues for citizen participation would constitute betterpublicpolicy. Charles T. Kerchner is Assistant Professor, Education Faculty, Clare mont Graduate School.
Isolation and Alienation in Educational Organizations
Authors: Forsyth Patrick B. , Hoy Wayne K. 
Published: August 2008

Power and friendship networks in academic organizations are exam ined to see what effects selected dimensions of interaction have on the work alienation of educators. Findings suggest that interaction with friends and respected coworkers is more important to professional educa tors than contacts with those in authority. Patrick B. Forsyth is Assistant Professor of Educational Administra tion, Oklahoma State University; Wayne K. Hoy is Professor and Chair- person of the Department of Educational Administration, Rutgers Uni versity.
Scientific Research in Educational Administration
Authors: Hoy Wayrte K. 
Published: August 2008

Wayne K. Hoy is Professor of Educational Administration and Chair man of the Department of Educational Adntinistration and Supervision at Rutgers University. (This perspective paper was presented originally as a Presidential Ad dress to the Plenary Session of the University Council for Educational Administration in February, 1978. The point-of-view developed by Pro fessor Hoy is worthy of examination and discussion on the basis of its own merits. In addition, however, it offersyet another perspective on the present state and future direction of theory and research development in educational administration. As such, it is a valuable extension and in some ways a stimulating contradiction of the thought pieces written by Jean Hills, Daniel E. Griffiths, and Thomas B. Greenfield, which have been published in this section of recent issues of the Educational Admin istration Quarterly. We acknowledge with appreciation the cooperation of UCEA and of the editors of the UCEA Review in permitting us to make the paper available to the readers of the EAQ — eds.)
Beyond Management Information Systems
Authors: Clemson Barry 
Published: August 2008

Conventional management information systems attempt to aid deci sion making by providing administrators with all of the potentially rele vant data. The critique of this approach is theoretical (from information theory) and practical (from the characteristics of organizational decision makers). An alternative approach, based on general systems theory con siderations, is presented. Barry Clemson is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Admin istration, Supervision, and Curriculum at the University of Maryland.
Supervisory Effectiveness
Authors: Martin Yvonne M. , Isherwood Geoffrey B. , Rapagna Socrates 
Published: August 2008

The underlying assumption that the supervision of teachers has posi tive effects on subsequent teacher classroom behavior has not been sub jected to a rigorous empirical test. The findings of this study support the practice of goal-oriented supervision and do not isolate any differential effects of direct and indirect supervisory styles. Yvonne M. Martin is Assistant Professor of Educational Administra tion, Geoffrey B. Isherwood is Associate Professor of Educational Ad ministration, and Socrates Rapagna is Associate Professor of Education al Psychology and Sociology, McGill University.
The Education of Swedish School Leaders — A Brief Description
Authors: Ekholm Mats 
Published: August 2008

Mats Ekholm is Director of the School Leader Educational Project in Sweden. (Structured preparatory progrants for educational administrators, which historically have been viewed in many countries of the world as unneces sary, or undesirable, or both, are experiencing notable growth in num bers and in diversity of designs. Evidence of the expanding interest in the formalization of administrator preparation in Western Europe was pro vided at an international conference of educational leaders held in Ober wesel, West Germany, in the fall of 1977. At the final session, represen tatives of six countries described the conceptualization and implementa tion of administrator preparation in their homelands. This article is an adaptation of an address delivered at Oberwesel by Mats Ekholm in which an experimental effort, evolved from the literature on change and developed to meet the particular needs of the Swedish educational sys tem, was discussed — eds.)
Choosing health in prison: Prisoners' views on making healthy choices in English prisons
Authors: Condon Louise , Hek Gill , Harris Francesca 
Published: August 2008

Objective To explore the views of prisoners on making healthy choices in prison. Design In-depth semi-structured interviews were carried out with 111 prisoners in 12 prisons between September and November 2005. Prisoners interviewed included women, older prisoners, young offenders and prisoners from Black and minority ethnic groups. Setting Prisons in the north and south of England, including men's prisons (categories A—D), young offenders' institutions and a women's prison. Method Prisoners were interviewed individually by pairs of interviewers, using a topic guide concerned with experiences of health care in prison. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed. Data were analysed thematically. This article presents prisoners' views on making healthy choices in the areas identified in the 2004 white paper Choosing Health, as priorities for action in public health. Results All the priority areas of Choosing Health were relevant to the self-identified health needs of prisoners. Opportunities to make healthy choices varied between prisons, particularly in relation to diet, exercise and access to smoking cessation support. Alcohol misuse was considered insufficiently addressed in prison. Conclusion While imprisonment offers prisoners an opportunity to access health promotion services, in the priority areas identified in Choosing Health prisoners are often prevented from making healthy choices by the prison setting. Barriers exist within the prison setting which limit the ability of prisoners to maintain and improve their health.
Physical education in primary schools: Classroom teachers' perceptions of benefits and outcomes
Authors: Morgan Philip J , Hansen Vibeke 
Published: August 2008

Objective The aim of the current study was to examine the perceptions of classroom teachers regarding the benefits and outcomes of their PE programs. Design Cross-sectional. Setting Thirty eight randomly selected primary schools in New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Method A mixed-mode methodology was utilized, incorporating semi-structured interviews of 31 classroom teachers and questionnaire responses of 189 teachers from 38 randomly selected schools in NSW. Results Results indicated teachers believed PE: (1) provides children with opportunities to improve fitness and be active to counter societal trends towards obesity and increased sedentary behaviours; (2) impacts positively on learning and behaviour in the classroom; (3) helps children to improve social skills and allows some children an opportunity to experience success in a unique learning environment. The teachers in the current study believed their programmes were only somewhat successful in achieving outcomes relating to physical activity, self-esteem, motor skills and fitness. Conclusion Teachers believed PE was beneficial as a vehicle for physical activity and positively impacted on learning and behaviour in the classroom. However, the reasons provided for including PE in their daily programmes were reflected in the delivery of programmes of little educational value.
Chronic disease risk reduction with a community-based lifestyle change programme
Authors: Merrill Ray M , Aldana Steven G , Greenlaw Roger L , Salberg Audrey , Englert Heike 
Published: August 2008

Objective To assess whether reduced health risks resulting from the Coronary Health Improvement Project (CHIP) persist through 18 months. Methods The CHIP is a four-week health education course designed to help individuals reduce cardiovascular risk by improving nutrition and physical activity behaviours. Analyses were based on 211 CHIP enrollees, aged 24—81 years from Rockford, IL. Results Improvements in BMI, SBP, DBP, total cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides and glucose continued through 18 months for those who started the programme with higher risk status at baseline. Conclusion The CHIP is an intensive lifestyle change programme that lowers cardiovascular risks through 18 months.
Development, Training and Education for the Small Firm: A European Perspective"
Authors: Watkins David S. 
Published: August 2008

David S. Watkins is director of the New Enterprise Centre at Manchester Business School, England. The first part of the paper demonstrates-on the basis of empirical research work carried out by the author and colleagues in France and West Germany-that the problems faced by small businessmen are remarkably similar across national boundaries. Moreover, it shows too that the bankers who finance small businesses in each of these countries share a common perception of small firms' problems, albeit a different one from the owner-managers. In the bankers' view, the major problems concern the competence of the owner-manager and the ultimate solution is through the development of the owner-manager himself, as a manager. Since the owner-managers perceive many of their problems as essentially financial, there is here a strong basis for dialogue, rooted in mutual interest and leading to productive development for both parties. What then prevents the owner-manager from engaging in appropriate management development activities and pursuing this dialogue more extensively? The second part of the paper seeks answers to this question by examining in detail the background, education and training of a carefully structured sample of more than 200 British owner-managers. This analysis goes some way to explaining the alienation and antipathy which small businessmen feel towards the traditional training system and suggests new designs for problem-centred, action-oriented management development activities. It also highlights the periods during the growth of the firm at which the owner-manager is most receptive to engaging in the business development process through personal development.
Preparing for palliative medicine; evaluation of an education programme for fourth year medical undergraduates
Authors: Mason SR , Ellershaw JE 
Published: August 2008

Prompted by directives from the GMC, ‘care of the dying’ is identified as ‘core curricula’ for undergraduate medical education. However, there are many technical and interpersonal challenges faced in learning the practice of palliative medicine. Accordingly, the design and delivery of education programmes need to be both carefully considered and evaluated. Using Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory as a driver, appropriate methodology for evaluating a novel education programme in palliative medicine was drafted. A pre- and post-survey of an education programme and palliative care placement for fourth year medical undergraduate students from Liverpool University ( n = 216) was completed using a composite questionnaire containing; i) Self-efficacy in Palliative Care Scale (SEPC) and ii) Thanatophobia Scale. Both scales have shown reliability and validity within the sample population. Additionally, a randomly selected Focus Group was conducted to provide qualitative information on the students’ experience. A total of 139 pre- and post-questionnaires (64%) were completed. Analysis identified significant improvements in perceived efficacy (SEPC Communication t = −16.41, P < 0.001; SEPC Patient Management t = −22.31, P < 0.001; SEPC Multidisciplinary Teamwork t = −15.56, P < 0.001). Significant improvements in thanatophobia were also recorded ( z = −7.51, P < 0.001) although some interesting anomalies were noted. This study demonstrates that considered and appropriately structured clinical education has been shown to significantly improve students’ belief in their ability to practice palliative medicine and to improve their attitude towards care. In accordance with the study’s theoretical driver, it is reasonable to propose that the engaged active learning will have a positive effect on the future care of dying patients.
Population-based study of dying in hospital in six European countries
Authors: Cohen J , Bilsen J , Addington-Hall J , Löfmark R , Miccinesi G , Kaasa S , Onwuteaka-Philipsen B , Deliens L 
Published: August 2008

This study examined the proportion of deaths taking place in hospitals in six European countries in relation to demographic, epidemiologic and healthcare factors. Retrospective analyses were performed on a database integrating death certificate data of all deaths in 2002 in Sweden and 2003 in Belgium, England, Scotland, the Netherlands and Wales ( N = 891,780). Data were linked with regional healthcare statistics. Of all deaths, from 33.9% (the Netherlands) to 62.8% (Wales) occurred in hospital. Large country differences in hospital deaths were partly explained by the availability of care home and hospital beds. Differences between countries were strikingly large in older patients and cancer patients. Older patients had a higher probability of dying in hospital in Sweden, Scotland, England and Wales than in Flanders and, in particular, in the Netherlands. Cancer patients often died in hospitals in Sweden but less frequently so in the Netherlands and England. Country differences in the proportion of patients dying in hospital are only partly the result of differences in health care provision, and are in particular larger for certain patient categories, suggesting country-specific end-of-life practices in these categories. These findings can contribute to rational public health policies aimed at reducing hospital deaths.
Validation of a Consciousness Level Scale for Palliative Care
Authors: Gonçalves F , Bento MJ , Alvarenga M , Costa I , Costa L 
Published: August 2008

The main objective of this study is to validate a Consciousness Scale for palliative care. The scale was named Consciousness Scale for palliative care (CSPC). The validation had two phases: 1) face validity – the scale was assessed by seven healthcare professionals, both doctors and nurses, experienced in palliative care; 2) reliability and construct validity – performed by four investigators, two nurses and two doctors. The construct validation was performed by comparing the CSPC with a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of 100 mm, anchored in the terms ‘awake’ and ‘unarousable’, and then with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). In this study, all four observers completed 44 periods of observation relative to 38 patients resulting in a total of 176 observations. In the phase of face validation, there were no discrepancies in relation to the issue: the scale provides measures for measurement; the scale can be useful to clinical practice; the scale can improve communication among professionals and the scale is easy to use. As a measure of internal consistency, Cronbach’s α was found to be very high (0.99). The inter-rater reliability was also very high with an intraclass correlation coefficient of 0.99 ( P < 0.001). The correlation of the CSPC to the VAS was 0.94 ( P < 0.001) and the CSPC to the GCS was −0.82 ( P < 0.001). The CSPC can be a very useful tool for assessing consciousness in palliative care patients. It is very ease to use, not time consuming and can be used with minimal training. Communication between professionals can be improved in the clinical setting and in the research environment.
Palliative care education in Swiss undergraduate medical curricula: a case of too little, too early
Authors: Pereira J , Pautex S , Cantin B , Gudat H , Zaugg K , Eychmuller S , Zulian G 
Published: August 2008

Palliative medicine education is an important strategy in ensuring that the needs of terminally ill patients are met. A review was conducted in 2007 of the undergraduate curricula of all five of Switzerland’s medical schools to identify their palliative care-related content and characteristics. The average number of mandatory hours of palliative care education is 10.2 h (median 8 h; range 0–27 h), significantly short of the 40 h recommended by the European Palliative Care Association’s Education Expert Group. The median time allocated to designated palliative care blocks is 3 h (range 0–8 h). Most of the education occurs before the clinical years, and there are no mandatory clinical rotations. Three schools offer optional clinical rotations but these are poorly attended (<10% of students). Although a number of domains are covered, ethics-related content predominates; 21 of a total of 51 obligatory hours (41%). Communication related to palliative care is largely limited to ‘breaking bad news’. In two of the schools, the teaching is done primarily by palliative care physicians and nurses (70% or more of the teaching). In the others, it is done mostly by educators in other clinical specialties and ethics (approximately 90% of the teaching). These findings show significant deficiencies.
Myocardial lysis in a fetus induced by maternal paraphenylenediamine poisoning following an intentional ingestion to induce abortion
Authors: Abidi K , Himdi B , Cherradi N , Lamalmi N , Alhamany Z , Zeggwagh AA , Abouqal R 
Published: August 2008

The acute toxicity of paraphenylenediamine (PPD) has been associated with several histopathological changes. In humans, acute PPD poisoning is known to cause rhabdomyolisis and particularly myocardial lysis. However, its toxicity for the fetus has never been reported in the literature. We report a case of myocardial lysis in a fetus expelled by a 22-year-old mother after apparent ingestion of an unknown amount of PPD. The patient was admitted to our intensive care unit with acute onset of respiratory distress and rhabdomyolysis. The pelvic ultrasonography on admission showed a normally progressing pregnancy of 23–24 weeks. On day 9 post-ingestion, the patient spontaneously expelled a non-viable fetus. The fetal examination did not show any external or macroscopic abnormalities. However, the histopathological exam showed an important heart and lung congestion. There was also some interstitial edema and inflammation at the base of the lingua, in addition to a chorionic villus thrombosis and abruptio placentae. The histopathology of the myocardium showed lysis of the cardiac muscle. This observation suggests that the PPD was most likely responsible for the myocardial injury in the fetus.
Ofloxacin-associated retinopathy in rabbits: role of oxidative stress
Authors: Rampal S , Kaur R , Sethi R , Singh O , Sood N 
Published: August 2008

Ofloxacin, a quinolone, is an extensively used, well-tolerated antibacterial agent but has been reported to induce photosensitivity at low incidences. In the present investigation, the possible role of oxidative stress in ofloxacin-induced retinopathy in rabbits was evaluated. It was observed that ofloxacin at a dose rate of 10 and 20 mg/rabbit, twice daily for 21 consecutive days, resulted in significant elevation in the extent of lipid peroxidation and depletion of the blood glutathione levels. Marked alterations were also observed in various parameters of the glutathione-redox cycle. There was significant increase in the enzymic activity of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase, whereas a significant decrease was observed in the activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione-S-transferase enzymes. Histopathological studies revealed retinal damage especially in the pigmented cell layer. Degenerative changes in liver and kidneys were also observed. Liver showed focal areas of necrosis, dilation of sinusoids, and cellular infiltration, whereas in kidneys, there was glomerular and tubular degeneration, suggesting impaired renal functioning.
Etiology and outcome of patients presenting for poisoning to the emergency department in Taiwan: a prospective study
Authors: Lee H-L , Lin H-J , Yeh ST-Y , Chi C-H , Guo H-R 
Published: August 2008

Poisoning is one of the most common reasons for visiting the emergency department in many countries, and the pattern varies from countries to countries and time to time. To compare the etiology and outcome of poisoning patients in different gender and age groups, we conducted a prospective study at the emergency departments of two medical centers in southern Taiwan between January 2001 and December 2002. All cases of poisoning, excluding patients diagnosed as cases of alcohol or food poisoning, were included, and relevant information was collected. There were 1512 cases of poisoning observed with a male to female ratio of 1:1.2 (684/828). Overall, drugs (49.9%) were the main agents involved, and a suicidal attempt (66.1%) was the predominant etiology. A total of 63 fatalities (4.2%) were observed and pesticides, especially paraquat, resulted in most fatalities. Patients aged 19–30 years constituted the most cases, and significant differences in exposure agents, causes, and fatality rates were found among different age and gender groups. The results are compatible with the trend reported by other Asian countries. This study also shows important differences existing in poisoning patients of different age and gender groups. Therefore, different poisoning-prevention strategies should be applied to different groups.
Toxicity of repeated intravenous injection of gene therapeutics for X-CGD in mice
Authors: Lee YM , Choi WH , Kim YB , Ha CS , Song CW , Lee M , Joo CW , Hong Y , Ho SH , Kim S , Kim JM , Koh WS 
Published: August 2008

We made gene therapeutics for X-chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) by transducing murine bone marrow-derived stem cells with MT-gp91 retrovirus and evaluated possible toxicity in mice as a prerequisite for human clinical trials. Male C57BL/6 mice were injected intravenously with gene therapeutics for X-CGD twice at an interval of two weeks at 5 × 107 cells/kg and sacrificed 2 weeks after the last administration. Significant changes noted in gene therapeutics for X-CGD-treated animals were an increase in white blood cell counts and a slight decrease in albumin/globulin ratio. The red pulp hyperplasia in the spleen accompanied with an increase in organ weight was considered to result from the accumulation of gene therapeutics for X-CGD, bone marrow-derived stem cells, in the spleen. No anti-gp91 antibody was detected in the sera collected from the animals treated with gene therapeutics for X-CGD. No integration of gp91 DNA from retroviral vector was detected in chromosomal DNA of gonads in animals dosed with the test substance, indicating no potential of genomic integration. In conclusion, the repeated dose of gene therapeutics for X-CGD exerted no toxicity. The splenic red pulp hyperplasia and the increase observed in white blood cell counts and in spleen weights were considered as pharmacological changes induced by the treatment.