bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence of alcohol problems among selected AIDS risk groups: United States, 1988
Authors: STINSON FREDERICK S. , DEBAKEY SAMAR FARHA 
Published: January 2006

The Data Note Series is edited by Dr Bridget Grant, Chief of Biometry of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, USA.AbstractEstimates of the prevalence of various alcohol problems (DSM‐III‐R alcohol abuse/dependence, heavier drinking, and consuming 5 or more/9 or more drinks per occasion) were examined for a general population group of 29 155 persons age 18 years and older at self‐reported risk for contracting AIDS by several definitions. All AIDS risk groups showed elevated risk for alcohol problems. Results are presented separately for males and females and for various demographic groups (age, marital status, family income, education, and race).
AIDS risk behaviors and knowledge among heterosexual alcoholics and non‐injecting drug users
Authors: FITTERLING JAMES M. , MATENS PAUL B. , SCOTTI JOSEPH R. , ALLEN J. SCOTT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe disinhibitory effects of abusable substances on sexual behavior and the increasing HIV prevalence among heterosexuals suggest that alcoholics and non‐injection drug users may be at risk for HIV infection. We examined alcohol and non‐injection drug use as AIDS risk factors, AIDS risk knowledge, and the effect of AIDS education upon voluntary HIV testing among 91 heterosexual male inpatients in a VA alcohol rehabilitation program. Questionnaire data revealed relationships between age, the use of alcohol, marijuana and intranasal cocaine just prior to sex and an increase in the number of female sexual partners. Use of alcohol just prior to sex was also associated with an increased number of unprotected sexual behaviors. AIDS risk knowledge in our sample was comparable to norms from previous studies. Inpatients received education concerning alcohol and sexuality either with or without an AIDS component. AIDS education and offer of HIV testing were associated with increased requests for HIV testing.
The Significant‐other Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ): an instrument for measuring the behavior of significant others towards a person's drinking and abstinence
Authors: LOVE CRAIG T. , LONGABAUGH RICHARD , CLIFFORD PATRICK R. , BEATTIE MARTHA , PEASLEE CHRISTINE F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe psychometric properties of the Significant‐other Behavior Questionnaire (SBQ), an instrument measuring the specific social support in terms of the patient's drinking. Assessments of the significant other's behavior in the presence of the patient drinking is provided by both the patient and significant other. Data from the two SBQ forms were analyzed with a principal axis factor analytic procedure with varimax rotation. The scales were similar for the two forms with four behavioral reactions, withdraw from the patient, support drinking, support sobriety, and punish drinking. Correlations between the two forms on the same four scales were higher than correlations within groups on three of four scales and differed from measures of general social support. Applications of the SBQ are discussed.
The families of problem drug users: a study of 50 close relatives
Authors: VELLEMAN RICHARD , BENNETT GERALD , MILLER TONY , ORFORD JIM , RIGBY KATE , TOD ANNE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe research described in this paper resulted from a‐collaborative multi‐centre study of the relatives of problem drug users involving six practitioners and researchers, in four centres within the south‐west of England. The objective of this research was simply to interview 50 close relatives of identified problem drug users, with the identification occurring through clinics and self‐help groups. Quantitative and qualitative results show that large numbers of these relatives reported many negative experiences. The partners of illicit drug users reported both more and differently patterned problematic behaviours than those of prescribed tranquilliser users. The partners of illicit users also reported different problems to those of the parents. Relatives reported many negative effects in terms of how they viewed the drug user, and how the experiences had affected their health. They also described various coping mechanisms, and the extent of the support which they had received. The results are discussed in terms of coping, and similarity with research into the families of problem drinkers.
Influencing the labelling of alcoholic beverage containers: informing the public
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn 1990, a small research project costing about Aus. $4500 conducted in a Perth shopping centre directly influenced the development of a national policy within 4 months of its completion. The policy in question is a recommendation by Australia's Ministerial Council on Drug Strategy that all alcoholic beverage containers should many labels indicating the number of ‘standard drinks’ they contain. The purpose of this paper is to describe the events leading up to so unusual an event with a view to discerning what factors may have been critical or its occurrence. The paper attempts to analyse the nature of the interactions between the research team and the policy makers. It is argued that the critical factors included there being a favourable policy climate created by the National Campaign Against Drug Abuse, the support of influential public servants and, in turn, politicians, the consultative process which lead to the study's design and the manner in which the findings were disseminated.
Policies to halve smoking deaths
Authors: TOWNSEND JOY 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBritain still has amongst the highest mortality rates in the world for all the major smoking diseases. A third of all adults smoke cigarettes regularly and smoking causes one third of UK deaths in middle age. This paper discusses factors related to changes in smoking levels and concludes that without the intervention of government policies, smoking prevalence and the amount smoked per smoker is likely lo rise, particularly for young people. Measures to reduce smoking are surveyed and estimates made of the maximum likely effects from health education, advertising control, general practitioner smoking cessation advice and public and work place policies. A pricing policy is suggested which, with the other policies could reduce cigarette consumption by a half so that only one in five adults smoke by the year 2000. Predictions are made of the effect of this policy package on lives and life years saved. Within twenty five years there would be 50 000 fewer deaths from smoking and half a million life years saved annually. This would rise to two thirds of a million within forty years. Deaths from lung cancer would fall by 38%. The quality of these life years saved would tend to the average for their age.
An evaluation of freestanding alcoholism treatment for Medicare recipients
Authors: LO ANNIE , WOODWARD ALBERT 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe Health Care Financing Administration (HCFA) and the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) conducted a demonstration between 1982 and 1985 to test the feasibility of providing payments for alcoholism treatment services to Medicare and Medicaid recipients in specially selected freestanding facilities. This study of the Medicare part of the demonstration answers two questions: do freestanding facilities save money for Medicare and do their patients have lower health care utilization following imitation of treatment than patients treated in hospital‐bated facilities? The statistical methodology is a logit and cluster approach. The analysis begins with a logistic regression model to predict the probability of patients seeking alcoholism treatment in either the demonstration (freestanding facility) or hospital‐based cohort. The statistically significant variables from logit analysis are then used to form clusters. The health expenditure of freestanding and hospital patients are compared within homogeneous clusters. This study shows that the number of admissions, the average length of stay, and the average monthly health expenditures following the start of treatment are lower for the group treated in the freestanding facilities. The conclusion is that for some persons with alcohol problems, treatment in freestanding facilities is less costly and leads to lower subsequent health care utilization than treatment in hospitals.
The survival roles of children of alcoholics: their measurement and validity
Authors: DEVINE CINDY , BRAITHWAITE VALERIE 
Published: January 2006

AbstractScales to measure five survival rules proposed by Black (1979) and Wegscheider (1976) as characteristic of children of alcoholics were developed and tested among a sample of 112 adolescents. Scales representing the lost child, the acting out child, and the mascot were highly intercorrelated, but use of the placater role was relatively unrelated to other roles. The relationship between parental drinking and role use was examined using hierarchical multiple regression which controlled for sex, age and three family variables, intimacy, deliberateness and cohesiveness. Parental alcoholism contributed to children adopting the acting out role, did not contribute to explaining variation in the lost child and mascot roles, but was the sole predictor of the adoption of the responsible child role. In the case of the placater role, controlling family deliberateness led to the emergence of a previously masked relationship with parental alcoholism. The survival roles appear to be as much a response to family disorganization as to parental alcoholism.
Alcohol and violence‐related injuries: an emergency room study
Authors: CHERPITEL CHERYL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractDrinking patterns, alcohol‐related problems and drinking‐in‐the‐injury event were compared between those admitted to the emergency room (ER) with and without injuries resulting from violence. A probability sample of 1770 adult casualty patients in four hospitals in a single California suburb county were breathalyzed and interviewed at the time of the ER visit. Among all males and females over 30, those with violence‐related injuries were more likely than those with other injuries to have positive breathalyzer readings and to report drinking prior to the event, frequent heavy drinking, consequences of drinking, experiences associated with alcohol dependence and loss of control and prior treatment for an alcohol problem. The data suggest a need for research to test whether a brief intervention at the time of the ER visit for problem drinking or a referral for more extensive alcohol treatment can effect a reduction in alcohol‐related violence and other alcohol‐related problems.
Methadone dose and heroin use during maintenance treatment
Authors: CAPLEHORN JOHN R. M. , BELL JAMES , KLEINBAUM DAVID G. , GEBSKI VAL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA retrospective study examined the association between methadone dose and in‐treatment heroin use as measured by fixed‐interval urine testing in a cohort of 62 patients admitted to an Australian maintenance program. Urinalysis and methadone dose data were collected on subjects for a maximum two years and were analysed using Zeger & Liang's (1986) method for modelling longitudinal data. While allowing for patient descriptors and the time period in which urine samples were collected, the relative odds of using heroin were reduced by 2% for every 1 mg increase in the maintenance dose of methadone. It is estimated that the odds of patients maintained on 40 nig of methadone using heroin mere 2.2 times those of patients maintained on 80 mg.
Relative frequency of heavy drinking and the risk of alcohol dependence
Authors: DAWSON DEBORAH A. , ARCHER LORAN D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData from a national representative sample of US adults were analyzed to determine the association between the relative frequency of heavy drinking (the proportion of drinking occasions on which 5 + drinks were consumed) and past‐year alcohol dependence, adjusting for the influences of average ethanol intake and sociodemographic factors. Fifty‐seven percent of current drinkers reported never drinking 5 + drinks, and 21% drank 5 + drinks at least once but on less than 10% of all drinking occasions. Nine percent reported drinking 5 + drinks on at least half of all drinking occasions. Average daily intake was positively correlated with the relative frequency of heavy drinking, and both consumption measures were positively associated with the risk of alcohol dependence. Increases in either relative frequency of heavy drinking or average ethanol intake reduced, but did not eliminate, the effect of the other on the risk of dependence. The excess risk of dependence associated with frequent heavy drinking varied among population subgroups and was increased by age, education, and female gender.
High risk drinking settings: the association of serving and promotional practices with harmful drinking
Authors: STOCKWELL TIM , LANG ERNIE , RYDON PHIL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA household survey of 1160 Western Australian adults was used as a basis for exploring drinkers' reports about the settings in which they drank alcohol and their experiences of alcohol related harm. Of the 873 drinkers identified, 7.9% had experienced some form of acute alcohol related harm over the previous 3 months. Violent incidents were the mat common of these and drink‐driving offences the least. Such harm was significantly more likely among drinkers who variously drank ‘heavily’, mere male, single, under 25 years of age and/or who drank on licensed premises. Regression analyses revealed that even when demographic characteristics of the drinkers were controlled for licensed premises were significantly more likely to be the settings used prior W harm occurring. Barstaff continuing to serve ‘obviously intoxicated’ customers was the most powerful predictor of harm. Premises which offered discounted drinks or permitted crowding also tended to be those where intoxication was permitted but these variables were not directly associated with an increased risk of harm. These findings lend further weight to the view that prevention efforts should focus on licensed drinking environments and, in particular, the practice of continuing to serve obviously intoxicated customers.
The importance of amount and location of drinking for the experience of alcohol‐related problems
Authors: CASSWELL SALLY , ZHANG JIA FANG , WYLLIE ALLAN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPeople's self report of a variety of alcohol‐related problems was collected as part of a national survey carried out in New Zealand in 1988. These problems included self perception of adverse effects of drinking on a number of life areas such as health, friendships and financial position; items covering tangible consequences of alcohol use and items suggestive of alcohol dependence. The experience of these problems was predicted from a number of socio‐demographic variables and respondent's reports of their typical drinking behaviour. Of the socio‐demographic variables only age was found to relate strongly to experience of problems. The overall frequency of drinking relatively large amounts and the typical quantity drunk in certain licensed premises (hotels, taverns and clubs) and the typical quantity drunk in others' homes predicted the experience of problems. These findings are similar to research from other countries using different methodologies and support the likely effectiveness of prevention strategies which reduce the access of young people to alcohol and which aim to influence the amounts consumed in drinking sessions on licensed premises.
HIV risk behaviours among female prostitute drug injectors in Glasgow
Authors: TAYLOR AVRIL , FRISCHER MARTIN , McKEGANEY NEIL , GOLDBERG DAVID , GREEN STEPHEN , PLATT STEPHEN 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper focuses upon HIV‐related risk behaviours of 51 female drug injecting prostitutes, interviewed as part of a serial cross‐sectional study of injecting drug users in Glasgow. Forty‐five per cent injected with used needles and syringes in the 6 months prior to interview. Condom use in private sexual relations was low with only 9% of those with primary partners and 22% of those with casual partners reporting consistent use of condoms with these partners. In contrast, use of condoms for all commercial sexual encounters was almost universal. Prevalence of HIV was 2.2%. Despite this low prevalence, we conclude that the level of injecting‐related and private sexual risk behaviours reported here requires the continuing monitoring of drug injecting prostitutes in Glasgow.
Researching self help drug treatment: collaboration and conflict in the age of harm reduction1
Authors: TOUMBOUROU JOHN , HAMILTON MARGARET 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhere there is evidence supporting the effectiveness of drug treatment in self help groups there are many points of divergence between the philosophies traditionally espoused by these groups and those advocated within harm reduction policies. In this paper we examine some of the differences between self help and harm reduction approaches. We argue that (in common with other treatment modalities) self help groups have altered and developed in response to changing community expectations and that this process should be expected to continue. We report on our ongoing exploration of research partnerships with self help group members focusing particularly upon research conducted in collaboration with self help groups in Victoria. We argue that research partnerships have advantages for both parties. These partnerships have the potential to better inform researchers of developments in the self help community (including the practices of active drug users). Research partnerships also encourage better understanding among self help group members of some of the potential problems that, as research has indicated, may be associated with certain self help group practices. We advocate such understanding as a potentially effective means of encouraging the appropriate development and refinement of self help group practices in line with harm reduction principals.
Alcohol and injuries resulting from violence: a review of emergency room studies
Authors: CHERPITEL CHERYL J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis paper reviews emergency room (ER) studies from a number of countries which have reported findings related to the association of alcohol and injuries resulting from violence. Special attention is given to those studies which used probability samples of patients which were representative of the population served by the emergency room facility where the data were collected, and which compared those admitted to the ER with violence‐related injuries with those admitted to the same ER during the same period of time with injuries unrelated to violence. Those with violence‐related injuries were more likely to be admitted to the ER with a positive blood alcohol concentration, to report drinking prior to the event, to report more frequent heavy drinking and to report more alcohol‐related problems than those admitted with injuries from other causes.
Why has it proved so difficult to match drug abuse patients to appropriate treatment?
Authors: BALL JOHN C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractWhy has it proved so difficult to match drug abuse patients to appropriate treatment? In seeking answers to this dilemma, attention is directed to the conceptual, semantic, substantive, methodological, political and cultural issues which need to be resolved. In particular, the lack of knowledge about the treatment domain as well as the corresponding dearth of instruments to measure program characteristics and the delivery of treatment services is noted. Although the importance of demographic and cultural determinants of both patient and treatment characteristics seems evident, numerous conceptual issues persist. Is matching patients to treatment and rehabilitation a one‐time event or a process? Is matching a simplistic concept? It is suggested that the principal questions to be resolved about matching drug abuse patients to treatment and rehabilitation are conceptual, or theoretical.
Predictors of injecting and injecting risk‐taking behaviour among methadone maintenance clients
Authors: DARKE SHANE , SWIFT WENDY , HALL WAYNE , ROSS MICHAEL 
Published: January 2006

AbstractA sample of 222 methadone maintenance clients were interviewed regarding current injecting and needle risk‐taking in order to ascertain factors associated with these behaviours. Just over half (55%) of subjects had injected in the month preceding interview. Current injecting was associated with being female, having a regular sexual partner who was a current injecting drag user, polydrug use and higher levels of global psychopathology. Approximately 15% of subjects had shared needles in the month preceding interview, predominantly with one other person. Needle sharing was associated with having a regular sexual partner who was a current injecting drug user, current criminality and injecting at places other than home. Needle‐sharing episodes in the study period were considered safe by practically all sharers. The implications of these findings are discussed.
Prevalence of tobacco smoking among junior high school students in Japan and background life style of smokers
Authors: WADA KIYOSHI , FUKUI SUSUMU 
Published: January 2006

AbstractIn order to estimate the prevalence of tobacco smoking among junior high school students in Japan and to assess certain characteristics of smokers, the authors surveyed 5240 students aged between 12 and 15 years. In terms of both the number of subjects and of schools, this was the first major survey of Japanese junior high schools on the relationship between tobacco smoking and the background life styles of smokers. Of all students, 30.5% of males, 13.3% of females and 22.2% of the total were lifetime smokers; 3.3%, 0.8% and 2.2%, respectively, were daily smokers. As the frequency of tobacco smoking increased, the regularity of the life style routine was significantly more disturbed, and school and family life were significantly less relaxed. The authors suggest that the strengthening of family cohesion would be an effective preventive strategy in Japan.
Randomized response estimates for the purchase of smuggled liquor in Norway
Authors: NORDLUND STURLA , HOLME INGAR , TAMSFOSS STEINAR 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe randomized response technique is applied on a voluntary basis for estimating the purchase of smuggled liquor in Norway. Of a total sample of 2330 respondents, aged 15 and over, about one half chose the protective option of the RR‐technique. The other half responded directly to the supposed sensitive questions. The estimates from the two groups were weighted together to give population estimates for the percentage of buyers, and the quantities bought, of smuggled liquor. The resulting estimates were found to be considerably higher than estimates from a contemporary survey based on direct response only.
Comparing usual quantity/frequency and graduated frequency scales to assess yearly alcohol consumption: results from the 1990 US National Alcohol Survey
Authors: MIDANIK LORRAINE T. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractData were used from the 1990 US national alcohol survey to compare two volume measures of alcohol consumption: usual quantity/frequency (QF) and graduated frequency (GF). The QF measure obtained global estimates of average alcohol intake per day; the GF measure is a series of questions on the frequency of consuming specific numbers of drinks which ranges from the most ever consumed in the last year to 1–2 drinks per occasion. The GF measure provided higher estimates of alcohol use. Respondents whose reports were inconsistent between the measures were more likely to be male, never married, and report getting drunk at least monthly and drinking five or more drinks on one occasion at least monthly during the last year.