bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Growth and yield responses of UK wheat cultivars to winter waterlogging
Authors: DICKIN E. , BENNETT S. , WRIGHT D. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARYWinter waterlogging is expected to become an increasingly serious problem due to climate change. It is therefore important to find whether differences in tolerance to waterlogging exist between wheat cultivars grown in the UK. Screening experiments were conducted outdoors and in a glasshouse to investigate the yield response to waterlogging and waterlogging tolerance at the seedling stage. The experiments suggested that differences in tolerance existed between cultivars, in the form of digression of some cultivars from their expected yield in the outdoor experiment and a significant interaction between cultivar and waterlogging for shoot and root dry weight in the seedling experiment. Cultivars that appeared to differ in their responses to waterlogging were further tested in a field experiment over two seasons and in a second glasshouse seedling experiment. However, there was no significant relationship between measurements taken at the seedling stage and grain yield at maturity; also the field experiment did not provide compelling evidence of differences in tolerance. Cultivars with the largest yield suffered the largest decrease due to waterlogging, and the yield of the cultivar with the lowest yield potential was unaffected. All cultivars showed considerable ability to compensate for winter waterlogging damage by vigorous spring growth. All cultivars produced nodal roots in response to waterlogging, and these displayed evidence of aerenchyma tissue by penetrating below the water level, but no cultivar was any better in this respect than any other. The results of these experiments suggest that screening for waterlogging tolerance at the seedling stage is not representative of final yield. It is suggested that the lack of diversity for tolerance is a result of the inbred nature of UK wheat cultivars and that the overall good level of tolerance and ability to compensate has been selected for, either inadvertently, or as a result of selecting the best cultivars in UK conditions, where tolerance to waterlogging is a part of the general winter hardiness required.
Remarks on the Formation of Cojunctions in Germanic Languages
Authors: Braunmüller Kurt 
Published: December 2008

This paper focusses upon the semantics of cojunctions and their referential properties in texts.It is show that the function of conjunctions can be descrined in terms of deictic theory of didcourse reference. The main argument is that there is in principle neituer a functional nor an original historical difference berween pronominal/deictic expressions on the one hand, and conjunctions on the other.Some general aspects of the historical evolution of conjunctional expressions in Germanic languages are presented which are necessary in order to reach an explanatory level in linguistic description. Thus an analysis of the processes of univerbation, deletion, morphological differentiation, and shifts of morphological classes is given, based on data from the different branches of Germanic.
Deep Case, Text Surface, and Information Structure
Authors: Källgren Gunnel 
Published: December 2008

This article is an attempt at combining sentence level and text level by similar means of analysis, based on a DEEP CASE MODEL. Tentative lists of DEEP CASES and TEXTUAL RELATIONS are given and discussed.The theoretical apparatus has been developed through empirical analyses of important notion of LINK FAMILY is introduced. The ultimate goal of this type of analysis is to find the INFORMATION STRUCTURE of texts, but its connections wiht e.g. “pure” TEXTUAL COHESION are also treated.
Some Remarks on the Government-Binding Theory and Anaphors
Authors: Bilý Milan 
Published: December 2008

The Government-Binding theory cannot account for reflexives in Slavic languages. We may guess that the more a language differs from English with its quite rigid word-order, the worse are the predictions made by the theory.One cannot exclude Slavic reflexives as non-anaphors in a non-arbitrary way while keeping the spirit of Chomsky et al. The Slavic reflexives behave “as they ought to” in tensed clauses, too. An attempt to exclude them would also be another step on the self-destructive path that started by excluding the Japanese reflexives in order to cope with the facts clashing with the Government-Binding theory. Many interesting cases of English reflexives would also have to be ignored for the sake of the theory.
Veterinary vaccines: alternatives to antibiotics?
Authors: Potter Andrew , Gerdts Volker , Littel-van den Hurk Sylvia van Drunen 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe prevention of infectious diseases of animals by vaccination has been routinely practiced for decades and has proved to be one of the most cost-effective methods of disease control. However, since the pioneering work of Pasteur in the 1880s, the composition of veterinary vaccines has changed very little from a conceptual perspective and this has, in turn, limited their application in areas such as the control of chronic infectious diseases. New technologies in the areas of vaccine formulation and delivery as well as our increased knowledge of disease pathogenesis and the host responses associated with protection from disease offer promising alternatives for vaccine formulation as well as targets for the prevention of bacterial disease. These new vaccines have the potential to lessen our reliance on antibiotics for disease control, but will only reach their full potential when used in combination with other intervention strategies.
Describing Catalan–Spanish translation
Authors: Garcia De Toro Cristina 
Published: December 2008

When tackling the issue of translation between Spanish and Catalan, Branchadell and West state that translation into a minority language like Catalan is truly an ill-studied and poorly understood phenomenon (2004:16). This paper aims to start a debate on a language pair that has scarcely been studied and is still poorly known even in the Spanish context: two languages that live together, two close languages, two languages always determined by the socio-political and historical circumstances around them, and, as a result, two languages well understood by all speakers in the crowded Catalan region.
We will focus on the contextual factors that take part and determine this translation practice: ­­the linguistic profile of their speakers, the bi-directionality of professional translation, self-translation and the specificity of fields in the professional marketplace. We will also examine the implications that derive from them, especially the implications for teaching.

This paper will reopen some interesting theoretical debates, like directionality, self-translation, market relations and power balances between a major and a minor language. For example, the closeness of these two languages does not guarantee success in translation, the concepts of direct and reverse translation are not very useful and precise in this language combination, and the reasons for commissioning a translation are not just to facilitate understanding among the readers of the target language.
Combination chemotherapy of oxaliplatin and 5‐fluorouracil may be an effective regimen for mucinous adenocarcinoma of the ovary: A potential treatment strategy
Authors: Sato Seiya , Itamochi Hiroaki , Kigawa Junzo , Oishi Tetsuro , Shimada Muneaki , Sato Shinya , Naniwa Jun , Uegaki Kazunori , Nonaka Michiko , Terakawa Naoki 
Published: December 2008

Resistance of ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma to standard chemotherapy with paclitaxel and carboplatin is associated with poor prognosis, and an effective treatment is needed. The present study aimed to identify an effective chemotherapy for ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma. Five human ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma cell lines (MN‐1, OMC‐1, RMUG‐L, RMUG‐S, TU‐OM‐1) were used in this study. Sensitivity of the cells to the anticancer agents was determined by 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, and we assessed drug sensitivity by calculating the assay area under the curve for each agent. Protein expression was confirmed by Western blot analysis. We also examined the efficacy of combination chemotherapy on survival in a xenograft model of nude mice. The IC50 to anticancer agents ranged widely. The assay area under the curve indicated that two of five cell lines (MN‐1, TU‐OM‐1) were sensitive to oxaliplatin, 5‐fluorouracil and etoposide, and only one (TU‐OM‐1) was sensitive to 7‐ethyl‐10‐hydroxycamptothecin, which is an active metabolite of camptothecin. All cell lines were resistant to cisplatin and paclitaxel. The combination of oxaliplatin and 5‐fluorouracil resulted in additive or synergistic effects on all cell lines. The combination of oxaliplatin and 5‐fluorouracil significantly prolonged survival in a ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma xenograft model of nude mice. Protein expression levels of the excision repair cross‐complementation group 1 were lower in oxaliplatin sensitive cell lines. Exposure to 5‐fluorouracil down‐regulated cross‐complementation group 1 expression in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma cells. We conclude that combination chemotherapy consisting of oxaliplatin and 5‐fluorouracil was an effective treatment for ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma and may be a pivotal candidate for a novel treatment strategy. (Cancer Sci 2009; 100: 546–551)
Mercaptopurine treatment should be considered in azathioprine intolerant patients with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: HINDORF U. , JOHANSSON M. , ERIKSSON A. , KVIFORS E. , ALMER S. H. C. 
Published: December 2008

SummaryBackground  Adverse drug reactions are a significant reason for therapeutic failure during thiopurine treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. Some smaller series in this patient population have shown that a switch to mercaptopurine may be successful in many cases of azathioprine intolerance.Aim  To assess the long‐term outcome of mercaptopurine treatment in a large patient population with azathioprine intolerance.Methods  We identified 135 patients (74 women; median age 40 years) with Crohn’s disease (n = 88) or ulcerative colitis (n = 47) and reviewed their medical records.Results  A total of 70 patients (52%) tolerated mercaptopurine and were followed up for 736 (362–1080) days; 65 patients discontinued mercaptopurine due to adverse events after 25 (8–92) days. Mercaptopurine was tolerated in 71% (12/17) with hepatotoxicity and in 68% (13/19) with arthralgia/myalgia during azathioprine treatment. Previous abdominal surgery was more common in mercaptopurine intolerant patients [39/65 (60%) vs. 27/70 (39%); P = 0.02] and thiopurine methyltransferase activity was higher in mercaptopurine tolerant patients than in mercaptopurine intolerant patients [13.2 (11.4–15.3) vs. 11.8 (9.6–14.2) U/mL red blood cells; P = 0.04; n = 81].Conclusions  A trial of mercaptopurine should be considered in azathioprine intolerance, as half of the patients tolerate a switch to mercaptopurine. Patients with hepatotoxicity or arthralgia/myalgia during azathioprine treatment might benefit more often than those with other types of adverse events.
Differential susceptibility of tree species to oviposition by periodical cicadas
Authors: CLAY KEITH , SHELTON ANGELA L. , WINKLE CHUCK 
Published: December 2008

Abstract 1. Periodical cicadas occur widely in deciduous forests of eastern North America and represent the largest insect emergences in the world. Their effects on forest community dynamics, via oviposition damage and root feeding, are potentially great but not well understood. If tree species vary in their susceptibility to cicada oviposition and root colonization, then periodical cicadas may affect ecological interactions among tree species and forest composition.2. We measured oviposition damage on 63 tree species at 52 sites in southern Indiana, U.S.A. for two broods of periodical cicadas. We compared oviposition damage among different sites, habitats, and tree species. We also measured cicada emergence rates in mature and successional forest habitats and from beneath different tree species.3. Certain tree species received significantly more oviposition damage than others, and the most and least damaged species were consistent between the two broods. For some species, oviposition damage varied between mature and successional sites. Despite the differences in oviposition rates among species, there was no difference in emergence rates from beneath different tree species, suggesting that initial differences in cicada density among tree species are not maintained through the nymphal life cycle.4. Cicadas oviposited more at successional sites, but emerged more in mature forest stands, suggesting that successive generations of cicadas represent a shifting mosaic between forests of different ages. As tree species consistently vary in their susceptibility to oviposition damage, periodical cicadas could alter local competitive interactions and therefore affect forest dynamics.
Elevational zonation of afrotropical forest bird communities along a homogeneous forest gradient
Authors: Romdal Tom S. , Rahbek Carsten 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAim  This study analyses the distribution and abundance of birds from a forested tropical gradient in order to determine whether elevationally distinct communities are detectable in this habitat.Location  An avifaunal census was carried out on a single transect within the tropical forest of the Udzungwa Mountains in the Eastern Arc, Tanzania, covering a range in elevation from 300 to 1850 m.Methods  Two complementary data sets on forest birds were analysed, encompassing (1) data derived from standardized 20‐ha spot‐mapping censuses performed at nine elevations over 175‐m intervals from 400 to 1800 m a.s.l., and (2) all observations of birds binned into 32 data points at 50‐m intervals, from 300 to 1850 m a.s.l. The degree of zonation in the avian community along the elevational gradient was examined using the chronological clustering method, an agglomerative hierarchical clustering method that can be carried out with a range of similarity indices.Results  The chronological clustering analysis of the data set based on standardized spot‐mapping revealed a clearly defined boundary at c. 1200 m a.s.l., separating lowland from montane communities. Most bird species could be categorized as belonging to one of these two communities. The data set based on all observations revealed a number of potential secondary boundaries, although these boundaries delimited the entire elevational ranges of individual species in only relatively few cases.Main conclusions  In contrast to previously published studies, we find evidence of an elevational zonation of distinct communities within a seemingly homogeneous habitat. Although similar boundaries have been assumed to arise as a result of vegetational ecotones, or because of interspecific competition, these mechanisms are poorly corroborated. We suggest that the causes of patterns of zonation are not well understood, and that the interplay among species distributions, species richness, and environmental factors needs more consideration. The chronological clustering method is proposed as an appropriate tool for studying these specific patterns.
Long‐term survival despite low genetic diversity in the critically endangered Madagascar fish‐eagle
Authors: JOHNSON JEFF A. , TINGAY RUTH E. , CULVER MELANIE , HAILER FRANK , CLARKE MICHÈLE L. , MINDELL DAVID P. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe critically endangered Madagascar fish‐eagle (Haliaeetus vociferoides) is considered to be one of the rarest birds of prey globally and at significant risk of extinction. In the most recent census, only 222 adult individuals were recorded with an estimated total breeding population of no more than 100–120 pairs. Here, levels of Madagascar fish‐eagle population genetic diversity based on 47 microsatellite loci were compared with its sister species, the African fish‐eagle (Haliaeetus vocifer), and 16 of these loci were also characterized in the white‐tailed eagle (Haliaeetus albicilla) and the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus). Overall, extremely low genetic diversity was observed in the Madagascar fish‐eagle compared to other surveyed Haliaeetus species. Determining whether this low diversity is the result of a recent bottleneck or a more historic event has important implications for their conservation. Using a Bayesian coalescent‐based method, we show that Madagascar fish‐eagles have maintained a small effective population size for hundreds to thousands of years and that its low level of neutral genetic diversity is not the result of a recent bottleneck. Therefore, efforts made to prevent Madagascar fish‐eagle extinction should place high priority on maintenance of habitat requirements and reducing direct and indirect human persecution. Given the current rate of deforestation in Madagascar, we further recommend that the population be expanded to occupy a larger geographical distribution. This will help the population persist when exposed to stochastic factors (e.g. climate and disease) that may threaten a species consisting of only 200 adult individuals while inhabiting a rapidly changing landscape.
Global map of the prevalence of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children: The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase Three
Authors: Aït‐Khaled N. , Pearce N. , Anderson H. R. , Ellwood P. , Montefort S. , Shah J. ,   and the ISAAC Phase Three Study Group
Published: December 2008

Background:  Phase One of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) measured the global patterns of prevalence and severity of symptoms of rhinoconjunctivitis in children in 1993–1997.Methods:  International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood Phase Three was a cross‐sectional survey performed 5–10 years after Phase One using the same methodology. Phase Three covered all of the major regions of the world and involved 1 059 053 children of 2 age groups from 236 centres in 98 countries.Results:  The average overall prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was 14.6% for the 13‐ to 14‐year old children (range 1.0–45%). Variation in the prevalence of severe rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was observed between centres (range 0.0–5.1%) and regions (range 0.4% in western Europe to 2.3% in Africa), with the highest prevalence being observed mainly in the centres from middle and low income countries, particularly in Africa and Latin America. Co‐morbidity with asthma and eczema varied from 1.6% in the Indian sub‐continent to 4.7% in North America. For 6‐ to 7‐year old children, the average prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms was 8.5%, and large variations in symptom prevalence were also observed between regions, countries and centres.Discussion:  Wide global variations exist in the prevalence of current rhinoconjunctivitis symptoms, being higher in high vs low income countries, but the prevalence of severe symptoms was greater in less affluent countries. Co‐morbidity with asthma is high particularly in Africa, North America and Oceania. This global map of symptom prevalence is of clinical importance for health professionals.
Effects of zinc toxicity on sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in hydroponics
Authors: Sagardoy R. , Morales F. , López‐Millán A.‐F. , Abadía A. , Abadía J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe effects of high Zn concentration were investigated in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) plants grown in a controlled environment in hydroponics. High concentrations of Zn sulphate in the nutrient solution (50, 100 and 300 μm) decreased root and shoot fresh and dry mass, and increased root/shoot ratios, when compared to control conditions (1.2 μm Zn). Plants grown with excess Zn had inward‐rolled leaf edges and a damaged and brownish root system, with short lateral roots. High Zn decreased N, Mg, K and Mn concentrations in all plant parts, whereas P and Ca concentrations increased, but only in shoots. Leaves of plants treated with 50 and 100 μm Zn developed symptoms of Fe deficiency, including decreases in Fe, chlorophyll and carotenoid concentrations, increases in carotenoid/chlorophyll and chlorophyll a/b ratios and de‐epoxidation of violaxanthin cycle pigments. Plants grown with 300 μm Zn had decreased photosystem II efficiency and further growth decreases but did not have leaf Fe deficiency symptoms. Leaf Zn concentrations of plants grown with excess Zn were high but fairly constant (230–260 μg·g−1 dry weight), whereas total Zn uptake per plant decreased markedly with high Zn supply. These data indicate that sugar beet could be a good model to investigate Zn homeostasis mechanisms in plants, but is not an efficient species for Zn phytoremediation.
Involvement of mitochondrial signaling pathways in the mechanism of Fas‐mediated apoptosis after spinal cord injury
Authors: Yu Wen Ru , Liu Tianyi , Fehlings Tara K. , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractActivation of the Fas receptor has been recently linked to apoptotic cell death after spinal cord injury (SCI). Although it is generally considered that Fas activation mediates apoptosis predominantly through the extrinsic pathway, we hypothesized that intrinsic mitochondrial signaling could be involved in the underlying mechanism of Fas‐induced apoptosis after SCI. In the present study, we utilized the FejotaTM clip compression model of SCI at T5–6 in C57BL/6 Fas‐deficient (lpr) and wild‐type mice. Complementary studies were conducted using an in vitro model of trauma or a Fas‐activating antibody to induce apoptosis in primary neuronal–glial mixed spinal cord cultures. After in vivo SCI, lpr mice, in comparison with wild‐type mice, exhibited reduced numbers of terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells at the lesion, reduced expression of truncation of Bid (tBid), apoptosis‐inducing factor, activated caspase‐9 and activated caspase‐3, and increased expression of the antiapoptotic proteins Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐xL. After in vitro neurotrauma or the induction of Fas signaling by the Jo2 activating antibody, lpr spinal cord cultures showed an increased proportion of cells retaining mitochondrial membrane integrity and a reduction of tBid expression, caspase‐9 and caspase‐3 activation, and TUNEL‐positive cells as compared to wild‐type spinal cord cultures. The neutralization of Fas ligand (FasL) protected against traumatically induced or Fas‐mediated caspase‐3 activation and the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential and tBid expression in wild‐type spinal cord cultures. However, in lpr spinal cord cultures, FasL neutralization had no protective effects. In summary, these data provide direct evidence for the induction of intrinsic mitochondrial signaling pathways following Fas activation after SCI.
Prefrontal and midline interactions mediating behavioural control
Authors: Fassbender Catherine , Hester Robert , Murphy Kevin , Foxe John J. , Foxe Deirdre M. , Garavan Hugh 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTop‐down control processes are thought to interact with bottom‐up stimulus‐driven task demands to facilitate the smooth execution of behaviour. Frontal and midline brain areas in humans are believed to subserve these control processes but their distinct roles and the interactions between them remain to be fully elucidated. In this functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, we utilized a GO/NO‐GO task with cued and uncued inhibitory events to investigate the effect of cue‐induced levels of top‐down control on NO‐GO trial response conflict. We found that, on a within‐subjects, trial‐for‐trial basis, high levels of top‐down control, as indexed by left dorsolateral prefrontal activation prior to the NO‐GO, resulted in lower levels of activation on the NO‐GO trial in the pre‐supplementary motor area. These results suggest that prefrontal and midline regions work together to implement cognitive control and reveal that intra‐subject variability is reflected in these lateral and midline interactions.