bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Racisme, xénophobie et idéologies politiques dans les stades de football
Authors: Bodin Dominique , Robène Luc , Héas Stéphane 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Récemment les manifestations racistes et xénophobes semblent se multiplier dans les stades au point qu'hommes politiques, dirigeants sportifs, voire le pape en personne, les dénoncent et annoncent des mesures pour éradiquer le phénomène. Mais ces problèmes sont ils si récents ? L'annonce de mesures pour éradiquer ce qui se donne à voir dans les stades de football ne répond elle pas de la logique de l'urgence médiatique face à un trouble de « l'ordre en public » ? Ces prises de position amalgament de fait des manifestations et des comportements qui n'ont bien souvent rien à voir entre eux, bien que hautement condamnables, au lieu de chercher à interpréter ce qui se donne à voir dans les stades afin d'adapter les réponses politiques et sociales et tenter de s'en prémunir. C'est à l'analyse des idéologies existantes ou émergentes dans les stades, réalisée à partir d'une recherche sur le hooliganisme commencée depuis bientôt dix ans que s'intéresse cet article, en examinant à travers différents exemples de manifestations racistes les constructions identitaires et sociales mais aussi les processus sociaux à l'œuvre dans les tribunes des stades européens.
Nicolas Sarkozy ou la masculinité mascarade du Président
Authors: Achin Catherine , Dorlin Elsa 
Published: December 2008

Résumé L'analyse de la construction de l'identité stratégique du Président de la République Nicolas Sarkozy dévoile la façon dont l'identité sexuelle travaille le rôle présidentiel, mais aussi comment elle peut être définie comme un « capital corporel identitaire » qui fonctionne à plein dans et pour le corps politique. L'investissement exacerbé, explicite et inédit du Président dans une « virilité ressource » se comprend en effet dans le contexte paritaire français et son duel avec Ségolène Royal, mais aussi par une logique compensatoire liée à la structure de ses capitaux et à sa trajectoire. Nicolas Sarkozy retourne en ressources des stigmates apparents, par la revendication d'une « rupture » dans le style présidentiel, qui passe notamment par la mise en avant d'une masculinité populaire et décomplexée. Pour la première fois au sein de la République universaliste, la virilité n'est donc plus un privilège implicite, mais apparaît comme un capital comme un autre.
La condition biomérique. Une approche socio-anthropologique des techniques d'identification biométrique
Authors: Dubey Gérard 
Published: December 2008

Résumé Généralement le thème de l'identification biométrique est abordé par les sciences humaines sous l'angle de la problématique du contrôle, et en particulier du contrôle exercé par les Etats sur les individus. Or, si une filiation existe bien entre la logique de contrôle à distance mise en oeuvre par les Etats au 19e siècle et les techniques d'identification biométriques que nous connaissons aujourd'hui, une autre dimension doit être prise en compte. L'identification biométrique cristallise en même temps qu'elle révèle les tensions qui affectent nos représentations du corps et de l'identité. Ainsi le corps « par défaut » de la biométrie met-il paradoxalement à découvert d'autres figures de celui-ci qui transcendent le clivage désormais classique entre corps subjectif (ipséité) et corps objectif et laisse entrevoir d'autres modes de légitimation et d'autres rapports à l'identité. Ce sont ces micro-déplacements de sens que cet article propose d'analyser sur la base d'un travail empirique de type anthropologique.
La peur de la violence et la figure du « dernier homme »
Authors: Castillo Monique 
Published: December 2008

Résumé On parle beaucoup aujourd'hui des transformations qui marquent les pratiques de la violence, eu égard aux « guerres nouvelles » et aux violences urbaines notamment. Mais en même temps, ce qui frappe les esprits, c'est le fait que ces changements dans la violence ont lieu dans un monde qui se veut de plus en plus pacifique et pacificateur, dans un monde où la sécurité tend à devenir la valeur sociétale suprême, le bien public dominant de toutes les communautés. Une curieuse cohabitation s'installe : d'un côté, une frénésie de violence auto-régénérée alimente et perpétue la peur comme facteur de déstabilisation ; d'un autre côté, l'obsession sécuritaire conduit à des politiques uniquement vouées à lutter contre la peur de la violence. Par suite, les nouvelles pratiques de la violence obligent à repenser plusieurs types de questions : A-t-on affaire à un nouvel enjeu sociétal ? Les violences nouvelles sont-elles la mise en cause de la société de consommation ? A-t-on affaire à de nouveaux enjeux de pouvoir sur le plan symbolique et culturel ? Nous testerons une dernière hypothèse de travail sur la place du ressentiment dans une démocratisation sans démocratie.
Three‐dimensional CFD model for a flat plate photocatalytic reactor: Degradation of TCE in a serpentine flow field
Authors: Jarandehei Asefeh , De Visscher Alex 
Published: December 2008

AbstractComputational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation was applied to a photocatalytic reactor with surface reaction for trichloroethylene (TCE) oxidation at various pollutant concentrations, and flow rates. First‐order and Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetics for TCE removal rate were considered. The results were compared with those from experiments of Demeestere et al. (Appl Catal B Environ. 2004;54:261–274) in a flat plate photocatalytic reactor with serpentine geometry. The flow regime was laminar. Through the CFD simulation, the velocity field and the concentration gradient of TCE in the reactor were studied in detail. At Reynolds numbers around 900, the laminar flow becomes unstable. Under such a condition, when flow passes the 180° sharp turns, due to formation of secondary flow and consequently vortices, there is a lot of cross‐sectional mixing in the reactor. This kind of studies can help us to model the photocatalytic reactor as accurately as possible. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
A heuristic design procedure for water‐using networks with multiple contaminants
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Yong , Yang Yi , Wan Lin‐Zhan , Wang Xi , Hou Kai‐Hu 
Published: December 2008

AbstractOn the analogy of the water‐using networks with single contaminant, we will introduce new methodology concepts: the concentration potentials of the demand streams and those of the source streams in the water‐using systems with multiple contaminants, based on the overall allocation possibility of the source streams to the demand streams. In the design procedure, the performing order of the processes is determined by the inlet concentration potentials of the processes. The processes with the lowest inlet concentration potential will be performed first. When satisfying the inlet stream of the process being performed, the source with the largest quasi‐allocation amount, which is defined in this article, will be used first. A few literature examples are investigated to show the method proposed. The results show that the method proposed in this work is very simple and the freshwater consumptions of the designs obtained are very close to the minimum freshwater targets. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Identification of cellular objective for elucidating the physiological state of plasmid‐bearing Escherichia coli using genome‐scale in silico analysis
Authors: Ow Dave Siak‐Wei , Lee Dong‐Yup , Yap Miranda Gek‐Sim , Oh Steve Kah‐Weng 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe presence of multiple copies of plasmids in Escherichia coli could induce a complex cascade of physiological changes known as the metabolic burden response. In this work, the physiological effect of such plasmid metabolic burden on E. coli metabolism was investigated by constraint‐based genome‐scale flux modeling. We systematically applied three cellular objectives: (a) maximizing growth rate, (b) maximizing plasmid production, and (c) maximizing maintenance energy expenditure to quantify in silico flux distributions. These simulated results were compared with experimental flux information to identify which of these cellular objectives best describes the physiological and metabolic states of plasmid‐bearing (P+) E. coli. Unlike the wild‐type E. coli cells that have directed the metabolism toward an optimum growth rate under the nutrient‐limited condition, the maximum growth rate objective could not correctly predict the metabolic state of recombinant P+ cells. Instead, flux simulations by maximizing maintenance energy expenditure showed good consistency with experimental observation, indicating that the P+ cells are energetically less efficient and could require higher maintenance energy. This study demonstrates that the cellular objective of maximizing maintenance energy expenditure provides a better description of the underlying physiological state in recombinant microorganisms relevant to biotechnological applications. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 2009
Newer concepts in the medical management of patients with congestive heart failure
Authors: Weintraub Neal L. , Chaitman Bernard R. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractCongestive heart failure (CHF) remains a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the United States, especially among the elderly. Although an underlying disturbance in cardiac function can be identified in most patients, manifestations of the disease are greatly influenced by other factors, particularly neurohumoral and peripheral adaptive responses which occur secondary to impaired cardiac function. The renin‐angiotensin system (RAS) is integrally involved in the pathophysiology of CHF. Originally considered a humoral system, the RAS is now known to exist and operate within cardiac and vascular tissues. The importance of tissue‐specific renin‐angiotensin systems in CHF is presently under investigation. Most patients with symptomatic CHF benefit from the administration of an ACE inhibitor. Certain asymptomatic patients, such as those with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction and those who are at high risk for LV remodeling after anterior wall myocardial infarction, may also benefit from ACE inhibitor therapy. Diuretics and nitrates improve symptoms and often cardiac output in many patients with CHF. Although many new inotropic agents have been tested in CHF patients, none appear clinically superior to digitalis glycosides. The efficacy of digitalis glycosides in CHF may in part result from sympathoinhibitory properties such as the activation of baroreceptor mechanisms. Despite the fact that many CHF patients die from arrhythmias, treatment of asymptomatic ventricular arrhythmias in these patients is not recommended. Patients with symptomatic or sustained ventricular arrhythmias are best treated by a physician experienced in cardiac electrophysiology. Therapy with beta‐blocking drugs for CHF patients is controversial. Anticoagulants are recommended for selected patients with CHF. Finally, exercise therapy may improve functional capacity in some patients with CHF through its effects on peripheral blood vessels and skeletal muscle tissues.
One‐year prognosis in patients hospitalized with a history of unstable angina pectoris
Authors: Karlson BjöRn W. , Herlitz Johan , Pettersson Per , Hallgren Per , Strömbom Ulf , Hjalmarson ÅKe 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe prognosis during 1 year of follow‐up in 715 patients admitted to one single hospital due to suspected acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with a history of unstable angina pectoris immediately preceding hospitalization is described. AMI developed in 192 patients (27%) during the first three days and in 255 patients (38%) during the first year. The mortality during hospitalization was 7% (50 patients) and during 1 year 19% (130 patients). Of the nonsurvivors, 54% died of AMI, 28% of congestive heart failure, and 20% of cardiogenic shock. Based on simple clinical parameters on admission to the emergency room, risk indicators for death during the following year could be identified as follows, in the order of significance: high age (p < 0.001), ST‐segment depression on admission (p < 0.001), and a history of diabetes mellitus (p < 0.05). At admission to the emergency room, risk indicators for development of AMI during the following year were as follows: initial degree of suspicion of AMI (p < 0.001), electrocardiographic signs of acute ischemia on admission (p < 0.001), ST‐segment elevation on admission (p < 0.01), age (p < 0.05), and lack of a previous history of chronic stable angina pectoris (p < 0.05). We conclude that, among patients admitted to hospital due to suspected AMI with a history of unstable angina pectoris immediately preceding hospitalization, 38% developed a confirmed infarction and 19% died during the following year.
Programmed learning in medical education. An experimental comparison of programmed instruction by teaching machine with conventional lecturing in the teaching of electrocardiography to final year medical students
Authors: Owen S G , Hall R , Anderson J , Smart G A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Programmed instruction in electrocardiography presented by a teaching machine produced results just as good as very carefully prepared lectures. For academically poorer students and for those whose native tongue was other than English, the programme was probably the more effective teaching method. In this experiment women appeared to learn better from lectures and men from the programme, but further study is required to confirm the generality of this result. The students reacted favourably to programmed instruction and to teaching machines and expressed their preference for these over conventional methods of learning.
Stab-wounds and other penetrating injuries of the abdomen and thorax
Authors: Garland J B 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A series of 100 penetrating wounds of the abdomen and thorax is reviewed. Eighty-three were due to stab-wounds.
The recent increase in incidence is confirmed and the distribution throughout the day and months of the year is given.
The results and methods of treatment of thirty-six abdominal, ten thoraco-abdominal and thirty-seven thoracic wounds are given and described.
An operative approach to abdominal wounds is supported.
Conservative measures, including more frequent use of intercostal-tube drainage for pneumothorax and haemothorax, are satisfactory for the majority of chest wounds.
Cardiac wounds require urgent assessment and resuscitation with pericardiocentesis and thoracotomy.
A plea for simplicity in the classification of ankle fractures
Authors: Phillips R S , Monk C J E , Balmer G A 
Published: December 2008

Summary
1. Ashurst and Bromer’s classification of ankle fractures is a useful one, but falls into the complexities of subdivision into sequential progression of severity, i.e. ‘degrees’ of fracture.
2. A similar criticism can be made of the Lauge-Hansen classification which has an added semantic disadvantage. Doubts are also cast upon the validity of the direct application of experimental results in cadaveric specimens to a clinical series.
3. A third classification, essentially a modified form of those preceding it but with both an anatomical and a functional basis is presented, in the belief that it can provide evidence of: (a) the mechanism of production and hence the achievement of reduction; and (b) the recognition of significant ligamentous damage, i.e. the recognition of major from minor, stable from unstable injuries—when used in association with radiographs taken while straining the ankle under anaesthesia.
4. An Appendix to the paper (pp. 210-211), giving a more detailed account of our revised classification, is included.
Pyrexia and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate in acute gastro-duodenal haemorrhage
Authors: Chapman R S , Mohamed S D 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Rises in the body temperature and the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in the absence of significant associated disease, were each observed in one-third of a large series of patients with acute gastro-duodenal haemorrhage.
While only 15% of the patients showed both a pyrexial reaction and a rise in the ESR, fully 55% of the cases showed one or the other abnormality.
There was no significant difference in the incidence of these abnormalities in haematemesis from chronic duodenal ulcer, chronic gastric ulcer or acute gastric erosion and the rise in the ESR showed no signficant correlation with the severity of bleeding.
Oliguric glomerulonephritis and parathyroid adenoma
Authors: Woolcock Jacqueline A , Shaw Allen B 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe case is reported of a woman who recovered from acute glomerulonephritis with oliguria of 43 days duration and who subsequently developed hypercalcaemia, treated by parathyroidectomy.The evidence is presented that the acute nephritis developed in the presence of a primary parathyroid adenoma, providing the natural experiment of hypercalcaemia temporarily depressed by acute renal failure.
Tricuspid incompetence due to right ventricular papillary muscle dysfunction
Authors: Tattersfield Anne E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
There has recently been much interest in mitral incompetence as a result of papillary muscle damage in myocardial infarction. We report a case of tricuspid incompetence due to papillary muscle dysfunction following myocardial infarction involving the right ventricle.
Intrahepatic granulomatous arteriopathy
Authors: Fox H , Gleeson M H , Logan W F W E 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The case history is detailed of a 55-year-old woman who was investigated for persistent pyrexia and anaemia. A liver biopsy specimen showed an unusual lesion of the small intrahepatic arteries. Many of these vessels showed circumferential replacement of their adventitial coat by a non-caseating granuloma whilst others showed localized granulomata focally interrupting the adventitial coat. The medial and intimal coats of the affected arteries were normal.
This was an intrahepatic granulomatous arteriopathy of unknown origin. The patient responded promptly and completely to steroid therapy.
The treatment of iron-deficiency anaemia by iron-dextran infusion, with special reference to the effect on blood-grouping, coagulation, sedimentation and haemolysis
Authors: Groden Bernard M , Whitelaw James , Will George 
Published: December 2008

Summary
Fifty patients with iron-deficiency anaemia were treated by total-dose infusion of iron-dextran. The therapeutic response was satisfactory in all cases. No severe systemic side effects occurred. In ten patients in whom detailed investigations were made there was no change in erythrocyte sedimentation rate or blood coagulation nor was there evidence of haemolysis following the iron-dextran infusion. No difficulty was found in ABO and Rh blood grouping and cross matching after infusion.
The pathogenesis of gallstone pancreatitis
Authors: Trapnell J E 
Published: December 2008

SummaryThe pathogenesis of gallstone pancreatitis has been re-examined. It is concluded that there is no evidence that reflux of bile occurs: even if it does, it is not, of itself, harmful in any way. Opie’s ‘common channel’ theory is of historical interest only and should now be firmly discarded.Clinical studies have shown the efficacy of comprehensive biliary tract surgery in terminating the recurring pattern of attacks of pancreatitis in these patients. It is suggested that this surgery eradicates a septic focus as well as a mechanical factor and that in the majority of cases it is this infective element which is important in the pathogenesis. This working hypothesis receives strong support from established clinical facts and also from experimental studies.
Clinico-pathological aspects of the neurosyphilitic psychoses
Authors: Dewhurst Kenneth 
Published: December 2008

Summary
(1) The immediate causes of death of eighteen patients with neurosyphilitic psychosis are analysed. There were five females and thirteen males. Their average age was 56 years, and the mean length of stay in a mental hospital was approximately 2½ years.
(2) Of the original ninety-one patients, twenty-eight had malaria therapy. There was one death due to malaria therapy, giving a mortality rate of 3·6%. It is concluded that the risk associated with malaria is too great and fever induced by bacterial pyrogens is safer and just as effective.
(3) The duration of mental symptoms before treatment was started is analysed. In one group there was a delay of between 1 and 4 years before treatment was given. In six patients the disease ran a rapidly fatal course in spite of adequate antibiotics. Combined treatment may be beneficial in such cases as fever facilitates the penetration of penicillin into the cerebrospinal fluid.
(4) Of the four cases that came to necropsy, only one had a full pathological and histological examination of the brain and meninges. Although these four patients had profound dementia and considerable deterioration of the personality only minimal neuropathological and histological changes were found. It would seem that the widespread use of antibiotics has modified the pathological and histological picture in neurosyphilis, corresponding to alterations recently reported in the clinical features of the disease.
(5) Such adverse presenting symptoms as epilepsy, and profound dementia associated with pupillary and reflex abnormalities, are discussed.
Psychological illness in medical outpatients
Authors: Taylor Thomas R 
Published: December 2008

Summary
A survey of psychological illness in medical outpatients reveals an incidence of 27·4% which is close to that of previous studies. The bulk of the cases are anxiety states and reactive depressions, and the great majority respond well to drugs and simple psychotherapy. The most important aetiological factors are shown to be disturbances of interpersonal relationships within the family with alcoholism, financial difficulties, illness and bereavement being of special importance. The problem of minor psychological illness is discussed from the viewpoint of community medicine, as well as that of the medical, surgical and gynaecological clinic. A simple scheme for the management of the more difficult cases, in co-operation with a Medical Social Work Department, is presented and is shown to work successfully during busy outpatient clinics.
Factors affecting maximal acid secretion
Authors: Desai H G 
Published: December 2008

Summary
The mechanisms by which different factors affect the maximal acid secretion of the stomach are discussed with particular reference to nationality, sex, age, body weight or lean body mass, procedural details, mode of calculation, the nature, dose and route of administration of a stimulus, the synergistic action of another stimulus, drugs, hormones, electrolyte levels, anaemia or deficiency of the iron-dependent enzyme system, vagal continuity and parietal cell mass.