bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects on birds of certain chlorinated insecticides used as seed dressings
Authors: Turtle E. E. , Taylor A. , Wright E. N. , Thearle R. J. P. , Egan H. , Evans W. H. , Soutar N. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn England during the spring, commencing in the year 1956, numbers of deaths occurred amongst wild birds and the insecticides used to dress cereal seeds were suspected.Pigeons were fed with dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor and y‐BHC and the toxicities and residues in flesh and organs measured. Following this, birds from the field were examined during the 1960/61 sowing season. The results of analyses support the view that dieldrin, aldrin and heptachlor had been mainly responsible for the deaths. An ecological section includes an explanation for the predominance of casualties in the spring time.
Fumigation of pyramidal stacks of bagged decorticated groundnuts with methyl bromide
Authors: Halliday D. , Prevett P. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn experiment to determine the distribution of methyl bromide gas in a pyramid‐shaped stack of bagged decorticated groundnuts in Kano, Nigeria, is described. It was considered that, in view of the poor distribution of gas observed, a pyramid‐shaped stack is probably unsuitable for a fumigation in which injection of the gas at a single point is used.
Calcium metabolism and the laying hen
Authors: Taylor T. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rate at which calcium is removed from the blood during egg shell formation (100–150 mg./h.) is greater than the mean rate of calcium absorption from the food, and the balance is made good by mobilisation of skeletal reserves. The phosphorus liberated simultaneously is largely excreted in the urine.Occasionally the skeletons of laying birds suffer excessive depletion resulting in an osteoporotic condition accompanied by paralysis. Experiments suggest that this condition, known as ‘layers' cramp’, is caused by a failure of a physiological mechanism whereby the rate of gonadotrophin secretion by the anterior pituitary is reduced when skeletal depletion becomes excessive.
Experiments on cumulative dressings of fertilisers on calcareous soils in South‐West England. II.—phosphorus uptake by ryegrass in the greenhouse
Authors: Mattingly G. E. G. , Russell R. D. , Jephcott B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe P status of the calcareous soils described by Russell1 was evaluated in two greenhouse experiments using ryegrass as a test crop. Soils were arranged by yields into very responsive, moderately responsive and slightly responsive groups and mean values for all methods of soil analysis1 increased in the same order. P uptake by ryegrass, 40 days after sowing, from soils given superphosphate for 5 to 7 years in the field correlated most closely (r = 0.990–0.959) with 0.5m‐sodium bicarbonate‐soluble P and least closely (r = 0.822–0.697) with 1% citric acid‐soluble P.P uptake during the first weeks of growth depended partly on the monocalcium phosphate potential measured on soils before cropping, whereas total P uptake in 4 months was closely correlated (r = 0.979) with the labile P the soils contained but was almost independent of the initial phosphate potential. The soils from different experiments differed more in the total quantity of P in the labile pool than in their capacity, defined as the change in the chemical potential of monocalcium phosphate per unit change in total labile P. Ammonium sulphate applied at 3 cwt. per acre for 5 years in the field to Lulsgate series soils significantly increased P soluble in 0.01m‐calcium chloride and 0.5m‐sodium bicarbonate, labile P, yield and P uptake in the greenhouse.
Studies in beef quality. II.—the influence of sire on the quality and composition of beef
Authors: Jones K. Bryce , Houston T. W. , Harries J. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRib‐joints from Hereford‐Friesian steers from five selected Hereford bulls have been compared by taste panel and laboratory analysis. The steers were raised at two farms.Significant differences were found between sire groups in tenderness, flavour and juiciness. There was also a farm influence on tenderness.Two sire groups were identified as receiving higher valuations for flavour, juiciness and tenderness than one of the other three sire groups. The preferred groups were from the smallest sires and had more marbling fat at the preselected arbitrary slaughter weight. The quality difference due to farms was not associated with marbling fat. Rate of growth was slower on the farm yielding the more tender meat.The iodine values for fat samples showed statistically significant differences between some sire groups, but not between the two farms.
Some effects of gamma‐irradiation on barley and its malting properties
Authors: Tipples K. H. , Norris F. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIrradiation of barley above and below disinfestation levels (16,000 rads) was carried out to study the effects of irradiation and post‐irradiation storage on malting properties.Maltose figures and free β‐amylase of raw barley increased at low irradiation levels. Respiration rate and rootlet production decreased slightly with increasing irradiation, while malts produced from barley irradiated below 100,000 rads showed little change in α‐ and β‐amylase and in proteinase activities. The effects on micro‐ and pilot‐scale malted barley were sometimes in sharp contrast.Growth of barley seedlings demonstrated that unevenness caused by irradiation was more marked in the plumules than in the roots. Plant height, but not root length, showed the ‘reversal effect’.Standard analyses of pilot‐scale malts indicated a slight degree of undermodification after irradiation. Technological implications of the irradiation process for disinfestation are discussed.
The phenolic substances of manufactured tea. X.—the creaming down of tea liquors
Authors: Roberts E. A. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe formation of a deposit, known in the tea trade as tea ‘cream’, when a black tea infusion ‘creams down’ on cooling is used by professional tea tasters as an indication of strength and briskness in the infusion. This ‘cream’ is essentially a complex of caffeine with theaflavins and thearubigins (polyphenol oxidation products that have been identified in soluble constituents of black tea). The amount and composition of the ‘cream’ formed depends on the composition of the tea and the strength of the infusion. A precipitate containing the same constituents as tea ‘cream’ is formed when 1% by volume of conc, sulphuric acid is added to a tea infusion, and the amount of polyphenolic material in this precipitate—estimated by titration with alkaline permanganate (‘cream index’)—provides a measure of the ability of a tea infusion to cream down. Support has been obtained for the view that ‘briskness’ in a tea infusion, which is negatively correlated with the ‘cream index’, is due to a caffeine theaflavin complex. The colour of the cream, which may vary from orange to brown, is determined by the ratio of thearubigins to theaflavins. A visual assessment of the amount and colour of the cream formed in a tea infusion by a tea taster is therefore in effect a judgment of the amounts and relative proportions of theaflavins, thearubigins and caffeine in the tea, as an indication of the qualities of the tea.
A method of measuring the temperature of food in cans during processing
Authors: Hoare P. A. , Warrington E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis paper describes a means of obtaining direct temperature records of food in cans while being rotated during processing. The modified pilot steriliser is equipped with simple thermocouples connected to a recorder mounted upon a turntable, itself turned synchronously with the can carriers. By this means continuous records of temperatures inside the cans may be obtained even though the cans are rotating. This machine has been used successfully in investigation work on milk products. An example of the results obtained by this means is included.
Leaf analysis as a guide to the nutrition of fruit crops. III.—preparation and storaǵe of leaf samples prior to analysis
Authors: Bradfield E. G. , Bould C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the errors involved in the washing, drying, grinding and storage, prior to analysis, of leaf material from strawberry, black currant and apple. On the basis of the results obtained, recommendations are made for the minimisation of these errors.
Symbiotic variation of rhizobium trifolii with S.100 nomark white clover (Trifolium repens L.)
Authors: Jones D. Gareth 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe symbiotic effectiveness of 134 isolates of Rhizobium trifolii was investigated with S.Ioo Nomark as the tester variety; 70 were from sites of over 1000 ft. and 64 from lower elevations. The variation in mean time of primary nodulation for each isolate ranged from 5–6 to 13.9 days after inoculation. There was no significant difference between mountain and lowland isolates, and this factor was not correlated with the eventual growth of the plants. Mean nodule number per isolate varied from 4.4 to 29.5 and this was negatively correlated with symbiotic effectiveness as measured by visual grades of growth.Approximately 60% of the isolates from mountain soils were either ineffective or intermediate, compared with 33% of the lowland isolates. Bacterial strain variation is discussed in comparison with variation due to the host genotype.
Sorption and desorption in raw and parboiled paddy
Authors: Craufurd R. Q. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments on the drying and remoistening of raw and parboiled paddy are described. The different effects of remoistening with water or water vapour are discussed and also the effects of fast and slow drying.The absorption of liquid water causes cracking of the grain up to 15% moisture content. Above 15% there is no further cracking. On absorption, the drier the paddy the greater is the degree of cracking.Slow drying does not cause cracking but fast drying does so when the moisture content is below 15%. With fast drying, cracking is not only caused when passing the 15% point but also when drying, e.g., from 13.0 to 12.0% moisture content.The importance of temperature in causing cracking is discussed.Parboiled paddy dries faster than raw paddy, because the husk is more loosely attached in the former; raw dehusked paddy and parboiled dehusked paddy dry at approximately the same rate.These results are discussed in relation to work on other starchy seeds and particularly to Fish's recent work on sorption and desorption in potato starch.It is suggested that the changes observed in paddy can be related to the peculiar properties of starch which obtain below 15% moisture content.
Immunological comparison of cereal proteins
Authors: Elton G. A. H. , Ewart J. A. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rabbit antiserum against Manitoba No. 2 gluten has been used to compare protein extracts of cereal flours. Five American, a mixture of Canadian, and one English, varieties of Triticum vulgare, and a mixture of Canadian varieties of Triticum durum, appear to share at least four immunologically similar gluten proteins. Rye contains at least three of these and also a minor gluten constituent. Barley, maize and oat extracts also react with the serum but to a much lesser extent, suggesting that most of their proteins have little structural relationship to those of wheat and rye gluten. It is further suggested that the poor baking quality of barley, maize and oat is probably due to lack of proteins of the required structure. This explanation does not appear to apply to variations in rheological properties among wheats because there seem to be close structural similarities in four proteins, presumably major gluten constituents. There is evidence that minor variations may occur in wheat protein composition.
Germination of dried barley after prolonged storage when treated with sulphuric acid
Authors: Caldwell F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAfter prolonged storage, samples of dry undamaged Proctor barley were found to suffer some reduction of germination after treatment with acid. This indicated some change in permeability of the testa.Acid treatment continued to differentiate between harvest treatments, the effects of moisture content of the grain at harvest, cylinder speed and concave clearance being reflected in germination after treatment with acid.
Amino‐acid supplementation of a barley ration for the pig
Authors: Robinson D. W. , Lewis D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA group of pigs were fed a series of diets based on high‐nitrogen barley, supplemented with pure amino‐acids. They were compared with a control group fed a conventional ration of cereals supplemented with fishmeal and soya‐bean meal. Although the grower rations all contained 16.4% of crude protein, the rate of growth and efficiency of food utilisation of pigs fed only barley and a supplement of vitamins and minerals was poor. Addition of L‐lysine and DL‐methionine improved the performance and a further supplementation with DL‐tryptophan, DL‐isoleucine and DL‐threonine resulted in an improvement in performance to equal that of control pigs. The advantages in terms of carcass quality due to the supplementation of amino‐acids was even more pronounced than the growth response.
Decomposition of leguminous plant roots in sand. I.—transformation of nitrogen compounds
Authors: Myskow W. , Morrison R. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe rates of biological decomposition and transformation of nitrogen compounds, especially free and combined amino‐acids, in roots of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus) and white melilot (Melilotus alba) in washed‐sand culture were studied.Most of the free amino‐acids in the sand‐root mixtures were broken down early in the experiment, but the amounts of certain free amino‐acids and of free glucosamine increased at times in both series.The composition of the combined amino‐acid hydrolysate of the melilot material at the end of the experiment differed noticeably from that at the beginning; the difference was smaller in the lupin material.The insoluble organic nitrogen content of the sand‐lupin root mixture changed little during the experimental period, but it decreased rapidly in the sand‐melilot root mixture.As organic nitrogen compounds were mineralised, ammonia was liberated and nitrogen lost. At the end of the experiment this loss was 64% with melilot roots but only 9% with lupin roots. In the experiment with melilot roots nitrification started at 10 days, and with lupin roots at 2 months.
Determination of nitrate in fermentation media by a modification of the nitron method
Authors: Rae A. C. , Hall A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described which is suitable for the determination of nitrate in complex culture media. Nitrate is first precipitated as nitron nitrate and the precipitate reduced to ammonia by Devarda's alloy. The ammonia is distilled and determined colorimetrically by means of Nessler's reagent. Recoveries are in the range 98–102% for amounts of nitrate between 0.1 and 1.0 mg. per ml. of solution.
Vegetable oils. XIII.—the component acids of isano (boleko) oil
Authors: Badami R. C. , Gunstone F. D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIsano oil contains saturated acids (6%), oleic acid (14%), linoleic acid (5%), five C18 acetylenic acids (51%), four 8‐hydroxy‐C18 acetylenic acids (22%), and 9,10‐dihydroxy‐stearic acid (2%).
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). VIII.—further observations on the production of carbonyls in heat‐processed herring
Authors: Hughes R. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractMore of the carbonyls produced when herring are heat‐processed have been tentatively identified. The effect of various factors on the production of certain carbonyls in herring processed in glass and in cans has been studied. Changes occurring in canned herring during storage have been followed.
Effect on performance of a supplement comprised largely of glandular tissue (hormonexa) in the diet of rats, rabbits and chicks
Authors: Wood W. A. , Worden A. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe response to a proprietary supplement, comprising largely animal glandular tissue, in terms of weight gain and food utilisation was variable; in certain instances performance of male rats, but not of females, was improved.It is considered that this variation in response may have been associated with variations in composition of the basal diets or of the supplement itself. It appeared that an improvement in performance was most likely to occur when the supplement was included in diets which did not support a normal growth rate. This was so particularly with a broiler ‘starter’ ration, supplementation of which significantly improved subnormal weight gain and food conversion of chicks.In a limited number of experiments it was found that the material did not contain measurable oestrogenic activity; it had no effect on reproductive ability of rats although there was some indication that reproductive ability of rabbits was improved.
The chemistry of edible rhubarb
Authors: Blundstone H. A. W. , Dickinson D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA plan of investigations into the chemical composition of rhubarb is described. Illustrations show the severe action which this product has on tinplate, and this is of great importance to the canning industry. The determination of the acid constituents of a number of varieties of rhubarb has shown that there is only a limited number of acids present and that all varieties contain the same major acids. There are differences in the concentrations of the acids according to season and age of growth. Oxalic acid appears to accumulate, probably as calcium and magnesium salts.
Mercury residues in potatoes following application of a foliar spray containing phenylmercury chloride
Authors: Smart N. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA fungicide containing phenylmercury chloride (o.6% w/w mercury) and copper oxychloride was sprayed on to potato foliage at the normal rate of 3 lb. formulated wettable powder/100 gal./acre. Four and eight applications were made at 7–10‐day intervals although it is normal practice in this country to make not more than four applications. In the flesh of potatoes 0.02 p.p.m. of mercury was found half‐way through the growing season after four applications and 0.03 p.p.m. at the end of the growing season, whether four or eight sprays had been put on. Similar residues were found in the peel. Unsprayed controls contained less than 0.005 p.p.m. of mercury. Potatoes grown on ground where phenylmercury chloride had been sprayed the previous year were not contaminated. Pot experiments suggested that traces of mercury compounds can be both translocated from the foliage and taken up from soil into tubers.
Behaviour of components of an ethylene dibromide‐methyl bromide mixture during fumigation of flour
Authors: Heuser S. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe behaviour of the separate components of a mixture of ethylene dibromide and methyl bromide was studied during the experimental fumigation of a bag of flour. The rates of penetration of the individual fumigants through columns of flour were also compared. The results obtained are discussed in relation to claims which have been made for the improved efficiency of such mixtures over methyl bromide alone for fumigating milled cereals, with particular reference to the relative amounts of residual bromide likely to be produced.
Health status of sisal plants (Agave sisalana) as related to soils and the mineral composition of their leaves
Authors: Muller A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractLeaf samples from healthy and diseased sisal plants and the corresponding topsoil samples were analysed. The results show that K deficiency is the main cause of ‘banding disease’, whereas manganese is probably involved in ‘purple leaf tip roll’.For healthy growth, the important factors are good content of organic matter, pH 6–7 and a well balanced uptake of nutrients with no excess of one or more elements.
A note on the effects of some soil sterilants on the mineralisation and nitrification of soil‐nitrogen
Authors: Gasser J. K. R. , Peachey J. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDazomet, D‐D, metham‐sodium, and methyl isothiocyanate were applied to seven glasshouse and four field soils; methyl bromide was applied to two of the field soils. In both the glasshouse and field, all sterilants retarded nitrification of ammonium‐N, and in some soils they increased the mineralisation of soil organic‐N; dazomet had most effect and metham‐sodium least. In field soils, methyl bromide increased the mineralisation of soil organic‐N more than the other sterilants.
Long‐term storage of wheat
Authors: Pixton S. W. , Hyde Mary B. , Ayerst G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study is being made of changes in wheat stored up to 10–12 years under conditions such as might be used for long‐term commercial storage. Changes in as many characteristics of the grain as possible are measured. The effects of low temperature and low oxygen concentration, singly and together, on the changes occurring during storage are being studied.The present paper describes the methods used to detect the small changes which occurred in grain stored under the above conditions for 4 years.
Decomposition of leguminous plant roots in sand. II.—humus formation
Authors: Myskow W. , Morrison R. I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHumus substances formed during the decomposition of the root material of yellow lupin and white melilot in sand were isolated and examined and compared with corresponding fractions from a garden soil. Depending on their origin, the humus substances differed in their content of carbohydrate, protein, lignin‐like compounds, and also methoxyl groups. Humic acid fractions from lupin and melilot material seemed less far removed from plant material than that from garden soil. Fulvic acid fractions in comparison with humic acid fractions contained more carbohydrate, less nitrogen and no lignin‐like material. Phenolic acids and aldehydes related to lignin were found in the sand‐root mixtures in greatest amount at 20 and 30 days' incubation. Melilotic acid, a product of coumarin metabolism, was found in melilot root material only during the first 10 days of incubation.The composition of the combined amino‐acids in lupin and melilot humic acids fractions was similar to, but differed somewhat from, that of garden soil humic acid. The fulvic acid fractions contained relatively more glucosamine than the humic acid fractions. The presence of glucosamine, αϵ‐diaminopimelic acid and α‐aminoadipic acid in the fractions indicated that their nitrogen was partly of microbial origin.
The concentration of dimefox in air resulting from its use on hops
Authors: Lloyd G. A. , Tweddle J. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe atmospheric concentration of dimefox in hop gardens in the immediate vicinity of the filling tank was determined while dilution of the concentrate was being carried out, and during the application of the diluted wash to the soil.An agricultural worker in the immediate vicinity of the tank might inhale on an average 0.1 mg. of dimefox in an 8‐h. day and, during application of the diluted wash to the soil in a hop garden, an average of 1.2 mg. of dimefox per day. No cases of poisoning due to the inhalation hazard have been reported in the United Kingdom, presumably because application of dimefox to hops is limited to short periods only during the summer.