bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Retinopathy Predicts Cardiovascular Mortality in Type 2 Diabetic Men and Women
Authors: Juutilainen Auni , Lehto Seppo , Rönnemaa Tapani , Pyörälä Kalevi , Laakso Markku 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE—To investigate the association of retinopathy with the risk of all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and coronary heart disease (CHD) mortality in type 2 diabetic subjects in a population-based 18-year follow-up study with particular emphasis on sex differences.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Our study cohort comprised 425 Finnish type 2 diabetic men and 399 type 2 diabetic women who were free of CVD at baseline. The findings were classified based on standardized clinical ophthalmoscopy to categories of no retinopathy, background retinopathy, and proliferative retinopathy. The study end points were all-cause, CVD, and CHD mortality.
RESULTS—Adjusted Cox model hazard ratios (95% CIs) of all-cause, CVD, and CHD mortality in men were 1.34 (0.98–1.83), 1.30 (0.86–1.96), and 1.18 (0.74–1.89), respectively, for background retinopathy and 3.05 (1.70–5.45), 3.32 (1.61–6.78), and 2.54 (1.07–6.04), respectively, for proliferative retinopathy and in women 1.61 (1.17–2.22), 1.71 (1.17–2.51), and 1.79 (1.13–2.85), respectively, for background retinopathy and 2.92 (1.41–6.06), 3.17 (1.38–7.30), and 4.98 (2.06–12.06), respectively, for proliferative retinopathy.
CONCLUSIONS—Proliferative retinopathy in both sexes and background retinopathy in women predicted all-cause, CVD, and CHD death. These associations were independent of current smoking, hypertension, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, glycemic control of diabetes, duration of diabetes, and proteinuria. This suggests the presence of common background pathways for diabetic microvascular and macrovascular disease other than those included in the conventional risk assessment of CVD. The sex difference observed in the association of background retinopathy with macrovascular disease warrants closer examination.
Comparison of Vildagliptin and Rosiglitazone Monotherapy in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Baron Michelle A. , Dejager Sylvie , Mills David , Schweizer Anja 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE—To compare the efficacy and tolerability of vildagliptin and rosiglitazone during a 24-week treatment in drug-naïve patients with type 2 diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—This was a double-blind, randomized, active-controlled, parallel-group, multicenter study of 24-week treatment with vildagliptin (100 mg daily, given as equally divided doses; n = 519) or rosiglitazone (8 mg daily, given as a once-daily dose; n = 267).
RESULTS—Monotherapy with vildagliptin and rosiglitazone decreased A1C (baseline = 8.7%) to a similar extent during the 24-week treatment, with most of the A1C reduction achieved by weeks 12 and 16, respectively. At end point, vildagliptin was as effective as rosiglitazone, improving A1C by −1.1 ± 0.1% (P &lt; 0.001) and −1.3 ± 0.1% (P &lt; 0.001), respectively, meeting the statistical criterion for noninferiority (upper-limit 95% CI for between-treatment difference ≤0.4%). Fasting plasma glucose decreased more with rosiglitazone (−2.3 mmol/l) than with vildagliptin (−1.3 mmol/l). Body weight did not change in vildagliptin-treated patients (−0.3 ± 0.2 kg) but increased in rosiglitazone-treated patients (+1.6 ± 0.3 kg, P &lt; 0.001 vs. vildagliptin). Relative to rosiglitazone, vildagliptin significantly decreased triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL, non-HDL, and total-to-HDL cholesterol (−9 to −16%, all P ≤ 0.01) but produced a smaller increase in HDL cholesterol (+4 vs. +9%, P = 0.003). The proportion of patients experiencing an adverse event was 61.4 vs. 64.0% in patients receiving vildagliptin and rosiglitazone, respectively. Only one mild hypoglycemic episode was experienced by one patient in each treatment group, while the incidence of edema was greater with rosiglitazone (4.1%) than vildagliptin (2.1%).
CONCLUSIONS—Vildagliptin is an effective and well-tolerated treatment option in patients with type 2 diabetes, demonstrating similar glycemic reductions as rosiglitazone but without weight gain.
Thiazolidinediones and Risk of Repeat Target Vessel Revascularization Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Riche Daniel M. , Valderrama Rodrigo , Henyan Nickole N. 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE—Thiazolidinediones (TZDs) (rosiglitazone and pioglitazone) are a class of antidiabetes agents that have a high affinity for peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ. TZDs initiate a multitude of physiologic processes that may elicit benefits as systemic agents for the prevention of restenosis requiring revascularization following percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Numerous trials have evaluated the impact of TZDs on repeat target vessel revascularization (TVR) in patients following PCI; however, several limitations (small sample size, inconclusive results, and risk factor stratification) complicate definitive conclusions. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the impact of TZDs on repeat TVR following PCI.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Included trials met the following criteria: 1) prospective, randomized controlled trials evaluating available TZDs versus standards of care; 2) well-described protocol; 3) minimum of 6 months of follow-up; and 4) data provided on repeat TVR. Data are presented as relative risks (RRs) with 95% CIs.
RESULTS—Seven clinical trials (n = 608) met the inclusion criteria. Upon meta-analysis, the risk of repeat TVR was significantly reduced in patients who received TZD therapy compared with standards of care (RR 0.35 [95% CI 0.22–0.57]). In studies using rosiglitazone (0.45 [0.25–0.83]) and pioglitazone (0.24 [0.11–0.51]), risk of repeat TVR was significantly reduced. Risk of repeat TVR was also significantly reduced among patients with (0.34 [0.19–0.63]) and without (0.37 [0.18–0.77]) diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—Results from this meta-analysis suggest that TZDs effectively reduce the risk of repeat TVR following PCI.
Should Central Obesity Be an Optional or Essential Component of the Metabolic Syndrome?
Authors: Lee Jeannette , Ma Stefan , Heng Derrick , Tan Chee-Eng , Chew Suok-Kai , Hughes Kenneth , Tai E-Shyong 
Published: January 2007

OBJECTIVE—The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) proposes that central obesity is an “essential” component of the metabolic syndrome, while the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (AHA/NHLBI) proposes that central obesity is an “optional” component. This study examines the effect of the metabolic syndrome with and without central obesity in an Asian population with ischemic heart disease (IHD).
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—From the population-based cohort study (baseline 1992–1995), 4,334 healthy individuals were grouped by the presence or absence of the metabolic syndrome and central obesity and followed up for an average of 9.6 years by linkage with three national registries. Cox’s proportional hazards model was used to obtain adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for risk of a first IHD event.
RESULTS—The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 17.7% by IDF criteria and 26.2% by AHA/NHLBI criteria using Asian waist circumference cutoff points for central obesity. Asian Indians had higher rates than Chinese and Malays. There were 135 first IHD events. Compared with individuals without metabolic syndrome, those with central obesity/metabolic syndrome and no central obesity/metabolic syndrome were at significantly increased risk of IHD, with adjusted HRs of 2.8 (95% CI 1.8–4.2) and 2.5 (1.5–4.0), respectively.
CONCLUSIONS—Having metabolic syndrome either with or without central obesity confers IHD risk. However, having central obesity as an “optional” rather than “essential” criterion identifies more individuals at risk of IHD in this Asian cohort.
Surface analysis of the size-fractioned urban aerosols by secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS)
Authors: Rogowski J. , Bem H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe secondary ion mass spectrometry method (ToF-SIMS) has been applied to the analysis of some mineral and organic species on the surface layers of airborne urban particulates. Particulate matter was collected on aluminum sheets of the 8-stage Anderson type cascade impactor from three different sampling sites in the city of Lodz, Poland, which were different in terms of aerosol source apportionment. The obtained results show that vehicle combustion products occur mainly in fine fraction with aerodynamic diameters below 1µm. The main contribution to the mineral components comes from direct and traffic related soil resuspension.
Cyclic AMP-dependent PKA phosphorylates starfish sperm proteins during acrosome reaction
Authors: Sadiqul Islam M. , Hoshi Motonori , Matsumoto Midori 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
The induction of acrosome reaction (AR) happens when starfish spermatozoa encounter the egg jelly (EJ). This complex process involves different signal transduction pathways, such as elevation of cAMP and the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). The specific inhibitors of PKA (H89 and KT5720) have been shown to inhibit the EJ-induced Ca2+ elevation and AR. By using a Phospho-Ser/Thr PKA substrate antibody, we have detected an increased phosphorylation of 150, 200 and 220-kDa protein bands when starfish spermatozoa treated with EJ. The specific PKA inhibitors effectively inhibit phosphorylation of these proteins, suggesting an involvement of PKA on EJ-induced AR.
Trematodes from Red Sea fishes: On the validity of Helicometra marmoratae Nagaty et Abdel-Aal, 1962 and the description of H. aegyptense sp. nov. (Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925)
Authors: Hassanine Reda 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSpecimens of the fishes Siganus spinus L. (Siganidae) and Sargocentron spiniferum Forsskål (Holocentridae) were caught in the Red Sea off the coast of Sharm El-Sheikh, South Sinai, Egypt. Twenty-three (46%) and 12 (20%) of these fishes, respectively, were found to harbour intestinal trematodes. Siganus spinus was parasitized by Helicometra marmoratae Nagaty et Abdel-Aal, 1962 (Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925) and S. spiniferum by Helicometra aegyptense sp. nov. (Opecoelidae Ozaki, 1925). Based on a large number of specimens collected from its type host and locality, H. marmoratae is broadly redescribed for the first time, and its type specimen is re-examined. The validity of this species is discussed and considered a new synonym of H. fasciata (Rudolphi, 1819) Odhner, 1902 (type species of the genus). Helicometra aegyptense sp. nov. is similar to H. equilata (Manter, 1933) Siddiqi et Cable, 1960, H. nasae Nagaty et Abdel-Aal, 1962, H. pteroisi (Gupta, 1956) Fischthal et Kuntz, 1965 and H. interrupta Hassanine, 2005 in having a short forebody and a long cirrus sac extending posterior to the ventral sucker, but differs significantly from them or unique in having a distinctly elongate pharynx, a larger sucker ratio and vitelline follicles grouped in small clusters arranged in two lateral rows on each side of the body. The valid species of Helicometra are listed in four principal groups.
Diving behavior reduces genera richness of lice (Insecta, Phthiraptera) of mammals
Authors: Felső Bernadett , Rózsa Lajos 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLice of mammals spend the entire life cycle in the host hair, thus, the microclimate found near the mammal skin is likely to influence the structure of louse communities. Here we use a comparative approach to examine the effect of mammals’ diving behavior on the taxonomic richness of their lice. We compared the mean genera richness of lice, and — as potential confounding variables — the mean species richness of host, and the mean body mass of host between diving clades and their non-diving sister clades. Louse genera richness was significantly lower in clades of aquatic mammals than on their non-diving sister clades. Host species richness was not significantly different between these clades. Body mass was significantly higher in clades of aquatic mammals, however, the direction of this difference cannot explain the difference in parasite taxonomic richness. This study suggests that mammals’ diving behavior can effectively shape their ectoparasite communities.
Design and Synthesis of Binucleating Macrocyclic Clefts Derived from Schiff‐Base Calixpyrroles
Authors: Givaja Gonzalo , Volpe Manuel , Leeland James W. , Edwards Michael A. , Young Thomas K. , Darby S. Barnie , Reid Stuart D. , Blake Alexander J. , Wilson Claire , Wolowska Joanna , McInnes Eric J. L. , Schröder Martin , Love Jason B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe syntheses, characterisation and complexation reactions of a series of binucleating Schiff‐base calixpyrrole macrocycles are described. The acid‐templated [2+2] condensations between meso‐disubstituted diformyldipyrromethanes and o‐phenylenediamines generate the Schiff‐base pyrrolic macrocycles H4L1 to H4L6 upon basic workup. The single‐crystal X‐ray structures of both H4L3⋅2 EtOH and H4L6⋅H2O confirm that [2+2] cyclisation has occurred, with either EtOH or H2O hydrogen‐bonded within the macrocyclic cleft. A series of complexation reactions generate the dipalladium [Pd2(L)] (L=L1 to L5), dinickel [Ni2(L1)] and dicopper [Cu2(L)] (L=L1 to L3) complexes. All of these complexes have been structurally characterised in the solid state and are found to adopt wedged structures that are enforced by the rigidity of the aryl backbone to give a cleft reminiscent of the structures of Pacman porphyrins. The binuclear nickel complexes [Ni2(μ‐OMe)2Cl2(HOMe)2(H4L1)] and [Ni2(μ‐OH)2Cl2(HOMe)(H4L5)] have also been prepared, although in these cases the solid‐state structures show that the macrocyclic ligand remains protonated at the pyrrolic nitrogen atoms, and the NiII cations are therefore co‐ordinated by the imine nitrogen atoms only to give an open conformation for the complex. The dicopper complex [Cu2(L3)] was crystallised in the presence of pyridine to form the adduct [Cu2(py)(L3)], in which, in the solid state, the pyridine ligand is bound within the binuclear molecular cleft. Reaction between H4L1 and [Mn(thf){N(SiMe3)2}2] results in clean formation of the dimanganese complex [Mn2(L1)], which, upon crystallisation, formed the mixed‐valent complex [Mn2(μ‐OH)(L1)] in which the hydroxo ligand bridges the metal centres within the molecular cleft.
Syntheses, Crystal and Solution Structures, Ligand‐Exchange, and Ligand‐Coupling Reactions of Mixed Pentaarylantimony Compounds
Authors: Schröder Günter , Okinaka Takaaki , Mimura Yasuyuki , Watanabe Mitsuko , Matsuzaki Takayuki , Hasuoka Atsushi , Yamamoto Yohsuke , Matsukawa Shiro , Akiba Kin‐ya 
Published: January 2007

AbstractAll possible combinations of mixed pentaarylantimony compounds bearing p‐methylphenyl and p‐trifluoromethylphenyl groups were synthesized; ArnTol5−nSb (n=0–5: Ar=p‐CF3C6H4, Tol=p‐CH3C6H4): Tol5Sb (1), ArTol4Sb (2), Ar2Tol3Sb (3), Ar3Tol2Sb (4), Ar4TolSb (5), and Ar5Sb (6). Compounds 2–5 are the first well‐characterized examples of mixed acyclic pentaarylantimony species. The structures of 2–6 were determined by X‐ray crystallography to feature trigonal‐bipyramidal (TBP) geometry with the more electronegative p‐trifluoromethylphenyl substituents selectively occupying the apical positions. Consideration of the chemical shifts of the ipso carbons of the aryl and tolyl groups suggested that the solution structures of 1–6 were also TBP, although their pseudorotation could not be frozen even at −80 °C. Ligand‐exchange reactions (LERs) took place between 1 and 6 at ≈60 °C in [D6]benzene and all six species 1–6 were found in the equilibrium mixture. The relative stabilities of 1–6 were determined quantitatively by comparison of the observed molar ratios of 1–6 in equilibrium with calculated statistical molar ratios, and Ar2Tol3Sb (3) was found to be the most stable. The ligand‐coupling reactions (LCRs) of 2–5 in solution were greatly accelerated by adding Cu(acac)2 or Li+TFPB− (TFPB: [3,5‐(CF3)2 C6H3]4 B), whereby the rate becomes comparable to the LER. The use of flash vacuum thermolysis (FVT) allowed the LCR to occur with very little ligand‐exchange; the exception ArTol4Sb had very fast ligand‐exchange. The selectivities of the LCRs were calculated from the yield of the biaryls synthesized by using FVT. These results were highly consistent with reactions catalyzed in solution, in which bitolyl was not obtained at all. The experimental results suggested that the LCR of pentaarylantimony compounds proceeds in the manner of apical–apical coupling.
Ionic Self‐Assembly of Ammonium‐Based Amphiphiles and Negatively Charged Bodipy and Porphyrin Luminophores
Authors: Camerel Franck , Ulrich Gilles , Barberá Joaquín , Ziessel Raymond 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper describes the synthesis of wedge‐shaped, charged amphiphilic molecules bearing an ammonium group at the tip that are able to organize negatively charged luminophores through an ionic self‐assembly (ISA) process into discotic liquid‐crystalline materials. For this purpose, two negatively charged luminescent molecules, 4,4‐difluoro‐1,3,5,7,8‐pentamethyl‐2,6‐disulfonato‐4‐bora‐3a,4a‐diaza‐s‐indacene (sulfobodipy2−) and tetrakis(4‐sulfonatophenyl)porphyrin (TPPS4−), were tested. The neutral luminescent complexes obtained through ISA form columnar mesophases that display hexagonal symmetry. Molecular modeling provides a structural description of the discotic mesophases in which the anionic luminophores are stacked in the middle of the disks. The key role of the amide linkage in the stabilization of the columnar architecture was probed by using infrared spectroscopy. Fluorescence microscopy has been used to show that the complexes are luminescent in both the solid and mesomorphic states.
An Acidity Scale of Tetrafluoroborate Salts of Phosphonium and Iron Hydride Compounds in [D2]Dichloromethane
Authors: Li Tianshu , Lough Alan J. , Morris Robert H. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEquilibrium constants (K) for reactions between acids and the conjugate base forms of a number of phosphonium salts, [HPR3][BF4], and iron hydrides, [Fe(CO)3H(PR3)2][BF4], in CD2Cl2 have been determined by means of 31P and 1H NMR spectroscopy at 20 °C. The anchor compound chosen for pK determinations was [HPCy3][BF4] with a pK value of 9.7, as assigned by literature convention (Cy: cyclohexyl). A continuous scale of pK values covering the range from 9.7 to −3 was created and correlated with the ΔH values reported by Angelici and co‐workers and literature pKa values. The pK values for 15 other hydride or dihydrogen complexes of the iron group elements and of diethyl ether were also placed on this scale. The crystal structures of [Fe(CO)3H(PCy2Ph)2][BF4] and [Fe(CO)3(PCy2Ph)2] revealed that the trans‐oriented, bulky, unsymmetrical phosphane ligands distort the equatorial plane of the complexes. The acidity of iron carbonyl hydrides is an important feature of the reactions of iron hydrogenase enzymes.
Tryptophan‐Based Peptides to Synthesize Gold and Silver Nanoparticles: A Mechanistic and Kinetic Study
Authors: Si Satyabrata , Mandal Tarun K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSynthetic oligopeptides with a tryptophan residue at the C‐terminus have been used for the synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles at pH 11. The tryptophan residue in the peptides is responsible for the reduction of metal ions to the respective metals, possibly through electron transfer. A mechanistic pathway has been proposed to explain the reductive properties of the tryptophan moiety of the peptide based on some spectroscopic techniques, such as UV‐visible and fluorescence spectroscopy. This study reveals that some of the peptide molecules are converted to its corresponding ditryptophan, kynurenine form and some cross‐linked products, all of which are highly fluorescent species. The resultant peptide‐functionalized metal nanoparticles have also been characterized by UV‐visible spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and Fourier transform IR spectroscopy and thermogravimatric analysis.
Self‐Organisation in the Assembly of Gels from Mixtures of Different Dendritic Peptide Building Blocks
Authors: Hirst Andrew R. , Huang Buqing , Castelletto Valeria , Hamley Ian W. , Smith David K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis paper investigates dendritic peptides capable of assembling into nanostructured gels, and explores the effect on self‐assembly of mixing different molecular building blocks. Thermal measurements, small angle X‐ray scattering (SAXS) and circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy are used to probe these materials on macroscopic, nanoscopic and molecular length scales. The results from these investigations demonstrate that in this case, systems with different “size” and “chirality” factors can self‐organise, whilst systems with different “shape” factors cannot. The “size” and “chirality” factors are directly connected with the molecular information programmed into the dendritic peptides, whilst the shape factor depends on the group linking these peptides together—this is consistent with molecular recognition hydrogen bond pathways between the peptidic building blocks controlling the ability of these systems to self‐recognise. These results demonstrate that mixtures of relatively complex peptides, with only subtle differences on the molecular scale, can self‐organise into nanoscale structures, an important step in the spontaneous assembly of ordered systems from complex mixtures.
Homo‐ and Hetero‐Dinuclear Anion Complexes
Authors: Allevi Michela , Bonizzoni Marco , Fabbrizzi Luigi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe tripodal system 4, in which urea fragments are appended to the three terminal amine nitrogen atoms of a tris(2‐aminoethyl)amine (tren) subunit, includes a CuII ion and two anions X−, according to a cascade mechanism through three well defined stepwise equilibria in a DMSO solution. The first anion X− (halide, N3−, NCS−, NO2−, H2PO4−) seeks the CuII centre coordinated by the tren moiety; the second anion X− interacts with the trisurea cavity, but this occurs only if the stronger H‐bond acceptors, such as N3− and H2PO4−, are used. Binding of the second X− ion is favoured by the preorganising effect exerted by the metal and disfavoured by the steric and electrostatic repulsions between the anions. Under the appropriate conditions, heterodinuclear complexes of formula [CuII(4)(Cl)(H2PO4)] can be obtained in solution, in which Cl− is bound to the metal centre and H2PO4− interacts with the trisurea compartment.
Kinetic and Thermodynamic Selectivity in Subcomponent Substitution
Authors: Schultz David , Nitschke Jonathan R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWithin assemblies prepared by metal‐templated imine condensation, one amine residue (subcomponent) may be replaced with another through substitution reactions. Proton transfer from a more to a less acidic amine may be used as the driving force for substitution. Herein, we detail the development of a set of selectivity rules to predict the outcome of subcomponent substitution reactions when several different substrates are present. When both iron and copper complexes were present, substitution occurred preferentially at imines bound to copper. This preference was kinetic in nature in the absence of a chelating amine subcomponent: The different amine residues were found to scramble between the copper and iron complexes following an initial clean substitution at the copper‐bound imine. When both chelating and nonchelating amine subcomponents were present, the preference became thermodynamic in nature. Only the nonchelating amine was substituted and no evidence of scrambling was found after the reaction mixture was heated to 50 °C for several days. This thermodynamic selectivity, based on the chelate effect, operated in mixtures of CuI and FeII complexes, and in systems containing only FeII complexes.