bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
DrosophilaABC transporter mutantswhite,brownandscarlethave altered contents and distribution of biogenic amines in the brain
Authors: Borycz J. , Borycz J. A. , Kubów A. , Lloyd V. , Meinertzhagen I. A. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYMonoamines such as dopamine, histamine and serotonin (5-HT) are widely distributed throughout the brain of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, where many of their actions have been investigated. For example, histamine is released from photoreceptor synapses in the lamina neuropile of the visual system. Mutations of the genes white, an important eye pigmentation marker in fly genetics that encodes an ABC transporter, and its binding partner brown, cause neural phenotypes not readily reconciled solely with actions in eye pigmentation. We find that flies mutant for these genes, and another binding partner, scarlet, have about half the wild-type amount of histamine in the head, as well as reduced 5-HT and dopamine. These differences parallel reductions in immunoreactivity to the corresponding biogenic amines. They also correlate with the amine content of fractions after differential centrifugation of head homogenates. Thus, most of the amine is found in the vesicle-rich fraction of wild-type head homogenates, whereas it is found in the supernatant fractions from white, brown and scarlet flies. White co-expresses in lamina epithelial glia with Ebony, which conjugates histamine to β-alanine. Histamine is then released when the conjugate is hydrolyzed in photoreceptors, by Tan. Mutant white ameliorates the effects of tan on head histamine whereas it exacerbates the effects of ebony. Our results are consistent with the proposal that histamine uptake by the epithelial glia may be white dependent. Behavioral abnormalities in white, brown and scarlet mutants could arise because aminergic neurons in the Drosophila brain have reduced amine for release.
The balance of power in therapeutic interactions with individuals who have intellectual disabilities
Authors: Jahoda Andrew , Selkirk Mhairi , Trower Peter , Pert Carol , Kroese Biza Stenfert , Dagnan Dave , Burford Bronwen 
Published: October 2008

ObjectivesEstablishing a collaborative relationship is a cornerstone of cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Increasingly CBT is being offered to people with intellectual disabilities who may have problems with receptive and expressive communication, and a history of disadvantage or discrimination in their relationships with those in positions of power. Consequently, they may have difficulty establishing a collaborative interaction with their therapist. This paper uses a novel method of interactional analysis to examine if collaboration increases as therapy progresses.Design and methodsFifteen participants with borderline to mild intellectual disabilities and significant problems of depression, anxiety and anger were recruited from specialist clinical services to participate in this study. Verbatim transcripts of therapy sessions 4 and 9 were coded using an initiative‐response method of analysing power distribution in dialogue, to investigate collaboration at the level of therapeutic interaction.ResultsThe initiative‐response scores indicated that power was relatively equally distributed between clients and therapists. On this measure there was no significant increase in collaboration as therapy progressed, as the dialogues were relatively equal from session 4. Analyses of the pattern of interaction showed that whilst the therapists asked most questions, the clients contributed to the flow of the analysis and played an active part in dialogues.ConclusionsThe implications of these findings are discussed, along with the possible uses of such interactional analyses in identifying barriers to communication and ways of establishing effective therapeutic dialogue.
Brief cognitive behavioural therapy for extreme shape concern: An evaluation
Authors: Shafran Roz , Farrell Claire , Lee Michelle , Fairburn Christopher G. 
Published: October 2008

ObjectivesThis study was designed to evaluate a new brief cognitive‐behavioural intervention to reduce concerns about body shape.DesignWomen with high levels of shape concern (N = 50) were randomly assigned to cognitive behaviour therapy or applied relaxation (AR). Baseline assessments were made and then women received their treatment immediately after this assessment, (‘immediate’ treatment) or 5 weeks after this assessment, during which time no treatment was given (‘delayed’ treatment, DT).MethodsShape concern and related cognitions and emotions were assessed at baseline, post‐treatment and at 4 and 12 week follow‐up (FU).ResultsImmediate treatment was superior to DT in reducing shape concerns, and this difference was maintained at 4 week FU. The cognitive behavioural intervention was more effective than AR in changing shape concern and this difference was largely maintained for 3 months.ConclusionsThese initial findings support the further investigation of this brief intervention.
Use of a time series design to test effectiveness of a theory‐based intervention targeting adherence of health professionals to a clinical guideline
Authors: Hanbury Andria , Wallace Louise , Clark Michael 
Published: October 2008

Objectives. The aim of this study was to test the effectiveness of a theory of planned behaviour intervention to increase adherence of community mental health professionals to a national suicide prevention guideline.Design. Routinely collected audit adherence data from an intervention and control site were collected and analysed using time series analysis to test whether the intervention significantly increased adherence. The effects of a local and national event on adherence were also examined.Method. A Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) questionnaire, developed from interview findings, was administered to the health professionals. Subjective norms were found to be the most significant predictor of intention to adhere to the guideline, and were targeted with an interactive educational intervention. Time series analysis applied to routinely collected audit adherence data was used to test intervention effectiveness.Results. The TPB accounted for 58% of the variance in intention to adhere, with subjective norms the only significant predictor. The intervention did not significantly increase adherence; however, the national and local events were found to have significantly increased adherence.Conclusions. The TPB was a useful framework for exploring barriers to adherence; however, this did not translate into an effective intervention. Future research should seek collaboration with local experts, and use this information in combination with the TPB, to develop interventions. Collaborative research with experts in pedagogy may also help to develop more effective interventions, particularly education‐based interventions that require adult learning.
Estimation of the Apparent Permeability in the Dynamic Centrifuge Tests
Authors: Su Dong , Li Xiang-Song , Xing Feng 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Centrifuge model tests have been widely used to validate analytical procedures, with the assumption that variations of parameters from the prototype to the model are governed by the scaling law. However, the coefficient of permeability in dynamic centrifuge tests seems to be much larger than the value calculated from the scaling law. Permeability may significantly affect the rate of pore-pressure buildup in liquefiable soil and associated deformation during earthquake loading. Therefore, proper estimation of the actual coefficient is very important in interpreting experimental data and validating analytical procedures. Based upon the physical law of conservation of mass, this paper presents an approach for backanalysis of the permeability of saturated sand in the dynamic centrifuge test. The ability and necessity of such an approach was demonstrated by comparing the experimental and numerical results.
Dynamic Lateral Response of a Pile Group in Clay
Authors: Blaney GW , O'Neill MW 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A series of lateral dynamic loading tests were conducted on a rigid concrete cap supported by nine 273-mm-diameter steel pipe piles in a square group. The piles were driven 13.7 m into a layered deposit of overconsolidated clay. A linear inertial mass vibrator applied horizontal constant-rate frequency sweep and steady state loadings from frequencies above the first mode resonance to frequencies below the resonance frequency of the pile-soil-cap system at several amplitudes of dynamic load. Sixty channels of system response data were recorded for each test. Frequency response functions between the applied load and points on the pile cap, points on the embedded piles, and locations in the surrounding soil were computed by standard digital signal processing techniques. The average measured pile cap frequency response function peak amplitude was 1.03 × 10−4 mm/N, or about 10 times the static flexibility, and the horizontal resonance frequency was about 7.5 Hz. The measured performance of the group was interpreted in terms of simple modeling techniques.
Modified Bromhead Ring Shear Apparatus
Authors: Anayi JT , Boyce JR , Rogers CDF 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A modified Bromhead ring shear apparatus is described, which incorporates vanes on the loading surfaces to improve torque transfer to the specimen. The specimen thickness is increased to accommodate the vanes. A method of specimen preparation is described that ensures a flat shear surface in the center of the specimen. Results are given for the residual failure envelope of Lias clay using the modified apparatus.
A Device for Lateral Strain Measurement in Triaxial Tests with Unsaturated Specimens
Authors: Kolymbas D , Wu W 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
A device capable of measuring the lateral displacement in triaxial tests on dry specimens is described. After a detailed discussion of the manufacture and properties of the device, results of the triaxial test obtained using this device are presented, which show remarkable inhomogeneous deformations over the specimen height at early stage of the test. The difficulty concerning evaluation imposed by the inhomogeneous deformation is circumvented by employing a deconvolution technique.
Effects of Surface Morphology and Distributed Inclusions on the Low Cycle Fatigue Behavior of Miniaturized Specimens of F82H steel
Authors: Kim S. W. , Tanigawa H. , Hirose T. , Kohyama A. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Depending on the pulse lengths, the operating conditions, and the thermal conductivity, oscillating temperature gradients will cause elastic and elastic-plastic cyclic deformation giving rise to (creep) fatigue in the structural first wall and blanket components of a nuclear fusion reactor. Small specimen testing technology (SSTT) and related remote control testing techniques are indispensable for the effective use of the limited volumes of materials test reactor and proposed intense neutron sources for the fusion materials test. In order to perform an accurate fatigue lifetime assessment using small specimens, the effects of material factors (surface morphology, inclusion, etc.) on low cycle fatigue (LCF) is mandatory. In this work, the LCF properties of reduced activation ferritic/martensitic steel (F82H IEA heat) were examined for three kinds of surface morphology using miniaturized hourglass-type fatigue specimens (SF-1), and a correlation between LCF crack initiation/propagation and distribution of inclusions was found. Fracture surfaces and crack initiation sites were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM).
On Using Laboratory Measurements to Predict Corrosion Service Lives for Engineering Applications
Authors: Ricker Richard E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Issues concerning corrosion service life predictions on the basis of laboratory measurements are examined. Models for corrosion service life prediction will reduce corrosion failures and operation costs by enabling better design, alloy selection, full life-cycle cost analysis, and operation. An expected value approach for estimating corrosion damage accumulation and failure rates is proposed. Examination of this approach indicates that understanding the uncertainties due to the variability of the exposure environments will be a critical element of these predictions. It is concluded that, with properly developed, evaluated, and standardized corrosion defect sample designs and propagation rate measurement techniques, it will be possible to develop corrosion defect tolerant design approaches analogous to those used successfully to prevent fatigue failures.
Effect of Prestrain on Fatigue Crack Growth of Age-Hardened Al 6061-T6
Authors: Ikematsu Koji , Mishima Takuhiro , Kang Minwoo , Aono Yuuta , Noguchi Hiroshi 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The effect of prestrain on fatigue crack growth characteristic (FCGC) of age-hardened Al 6061-T6 was investigated. Al 6061-T6 specimens were subjected to tension to produce plastic strain. Extruded bars were prepared to investigate FCGC. Specimens with an artificial hole from the bar were used to observe Mode I fatigue crack. On the other hand, coarse-grained plain specimens were used and observed for Mode II fatigue crack. Fatigue tests were performed under a rotating bending load (R=−1). The experimental results showed the Mode I fatigue crack growth rates decelerated a little due to prestrain. However, in the case of Mode II, fatigue crack growth rates of prestrain specimens accelerated about ten times due to prestrain. The Mode II fatigue crack easily propagates on the slip bands, because precipitation particles on the slip bands are sheared by prestrain. The result means the influence of prestrain on Mode II fatigue should be taken into account for damage-tolerant design.
An Examination of Fatigue Initiation Mechanisms in Thin 35Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo Medical Grade Wires
Authors: Schaffer Jeremy E. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Knowledge of the intrinsic defect size distribution, surface grain size distribution, and prior deformation history are important factors in determining fatigue crack initiation mechanisms and total life variability in thin, metallic, medical grade wires. The ASTM F562 alloy system is used extensively as a fine wire coil or cable in the production of cardiac rhythm management leads which require excellent fatigue life, and a good understanding of life variability. In the present investigation, samples of 0.0070 in. diameter ASTM F562, 35Co-35Ni-20Cr-10Mo wires were produced with a variety of grain sizes and strain hardening conditions. Samples were then cyclically loaded to failure in rotary beam testing and preserved for post mortem fractography using high resolution scanning electron microscopy (HR-SEM). Fatigue cracks were found to initiate from three sources: intrinsic microstructural inhomogeneities, persistent slip bands (PSBs), and extrinsic surface defects. The dominance of the various initiation mechanisms was shown to be a function of the constituent particle and grain size as well as the fatigue loading conditions and prior deformation history. In samples exhibiting a surface grain size significantly larger than the constitutive particle distribution, cracks were observed to preferentially nucleate from surface intersecting PSBs rather than near-surface-particles. Understanding of these phenomena is important in the design of robust cardiac lead systems that will outlive the patient.
Effects of Water Immersion on Building and Civil Engineering Joints and the Use of the Arrhenius Method in Predicting Adhesion Lifetime of Water-Immersed Joints
Authors: Wolf Andreas T. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Moisture in the form of humidity, condensation, rain, or water immersion is the most commonly encountered element of the service environment and must be considered a critical factor in determining the long-term reliability of sealed or bonded joints. Moreover, the effects of moisture are exacerbated by elevated temperature. For many polymeric systems, warm, moist environments can considerably weaken the bulk or interfacial performance properties of the jointing materials formulated with these polymers. The majority of joint failures in service environments that comprise water exposure occur by degradation of the interface(s) between sealant or adhesive, primer, and substrate. Therefore, predicting the interfacial degradation in an actual service environment is of utmost importance. This paper provides information on the current understanding of the role of water in the failures of adhesive and sealant joints and discusses the usefulness of the Arrhenius’ relation in predicting the lifetime of sealed or bonded joints based on data generated at elevated temperatures. Finally, the paper suggests some guidelines aimed at improving the reliability of accelerated test and prediction procedures used in the evaluation of the durability performance of sealed or adhered joints in immersed environments.
Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines extrinsischen faseroptischen Elementarsensors zur Temperaturmessung Manufacture and Characterization of an Extrinsic Elementary Fiber-Optical Sensor for Temperature Measurement
Authors: Trautner Ralph , Schmauß Bernhard , Shamonin Mikhail 
Published: October 2008

Zusammenfassung
Es werden Herstellung und Charakterisierung eines faseroptischen Elementarsensors zur Temperaturmessung vorgestellt. Der Sensorkopf in Form eines Prismas aus Indiumphosphid nutzt die Temperaturabhängigkeit der Absorptionskante des Halbleitermaterials. Aufgrund der Abmessungen des Prismas im Grenzbereich von Feinmechanik zu Mikrosystemtechnik ist ein angepasstes Herstellungsverfahren notwendig.
The Shop-Girl Revolutionary in Henry James's The Princess Casamassima
Authors: Mullin Katherine 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
This essay argues that the complex political resonances of Henry James's The Princess Casamassima (1886) can be further elucidated through closer critical attention to one of its more marginal characters, the shop-girl Millicent Henning. Ebullient, assertive, and, for many early reviewers, the novel's sole redeeming feature, Millicent supplies the novel with far more than local color. Instead, James seizes on a sexual persona already well established within literary naturalism and popular culture alike to explore a rival mode of insurrection to that more obviously offered elsewhere. While the modes of revolution contemplated by Hyacinth Robinson and his comrades in the Sun and Moon public house are revealed to be anachronistic and ineffectual, Millicent's canny manipulation of her sexuality supplies her with an alternative, effective, and unmistakably modern mode of transformation. The novel's portrait of “revolutionary politics of a hole-and-corner sort” is thus set against Millicent's brand of quotidian yet inexorable social change.
Catch-and-Release Fishing: A Comparison of Intended and Actual Behavior of Marine Anglers
Authors: Wallmo Kristy , Gentner Brad 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Research on catch-and-release fishing has typically relied on stated or observed preferences, with few applications that incorporate both data types. Further, most models ignore the effects of species on the release decision. We present a discrete-choice model estimated from stated preference data in which conservation release is a function of the species caught and angler characteristics that include fishing avidity, demographic variables, and three angler orientation measures that assess an angler's catch-and-release ethic, attitude toward fisheries regulations, and need for self-caught fish for food. We then compare our stated preference model predictions for an individual angler with field data on catch-and-release fishing for the same angler. The results provide some important messages for managers. First, all angler characteristics were significant in the discrete-choice model, suggesting that an understanding of angler populations may help predict future catch-and-release behavior. Second, our results suggest that behavioral intent (e.g., stated preference data) is a good indicator of actual behavior, as the model correctly predicts the release decision in 74% of the cases. Finally, species type had a significant effect in the stated preference model as well as on model prediction success when compared with actual behavior. These results should be of interest to managers as they address both the understanding of angler catch-and-release behavior and validity issues concerning behavioral data that is collected from an off-site survey.
Effects of Stocking Rate, Stocking Size, and Angler Catch Inequality on Exploitation of Stocked Channel Catfish in Small Missouri Impoundments
Authors: Michaletz Paul H. , Wallendorf Michael J. , Nicks Dean M. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
Put–grow–take fisheries for channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus provide popular sport fisheries in many small impoundments and lakes throughout the United States. These fisheries are costly to maintain because the fish that are stocked are usually large fingerlings (&gt;175 mm total length). Given the substantial fiscal and human resources required, it is important that these stockings contribute to the fishery. We estimated the exploitation of stocked channel catfish by tagging fish in 14 small impoundments to determine their use. Secondly, we determined whether the stocking rate, stocking size, and angler catch inequality (proportion of tags returned) affected exploitation. Annual exploitation varied more than 10-fold among the impoundments, ranging from 0 to 0.65 for the year after the fall stockings and usually declining thereafter. Cumulative exploitation in the 3 years after stocking ranged from 0 to 0.69, indicating that there is wide variation in the use of the stocked fish. Exploitation was unrelated to the stocking rate but was affected by stocking size, larger fish being more vulnerable than smaller fish to catch and harvest. In several impoundments, one to three anglers accounted for one-third or more of all returned tags, showing that just a few anglers can markedly affect exploitation. These results suggest that exploitation can be dynamic, changing with stocking size and angling clientele. Despite this inherent variability, we found substantial differences in exploitation among lakes. Managers should focus on impoundments where channel catfish are heavily exploited, possibly by stocking more fish or implementing protective harvest restrictions. For lightly exploited lakes, reducing stockings may be necessary to improve the growth and size structure of channel catfish.
Adherence of Myxobolus cerebralis Myxospores to Waders: Implications for Disease Dissemination
Authors: Gates Kiza K. , Guy Christopher S. , Zale Alexander V. , Horton Travis B. 
Published: October 2008

Abstract
The vectors involved in the spread of whirling disease, which is caused by Myxobolus cerebralis, are only partly understood. However, the parasite has rapidly become established in many regions, suggesting that it is easily disseminated. We gained insight into transport vectors by examining the surface porosity of common wading equipment materials and the adherence of M. cerebralis myxospores to them. Interstitial spaces within rubber, felt, lightweight nylon, and neoprene were measured on scanning electron microscope images. Myxospores were applied to each material, the material was rinsed, and the myxospores recovered to assess adherence. The mean interstitial space size of rubber was the smallest (2.0 μm), whereas that of felt was the largest (31.3 μm). The highest recovery rates were from rubber and the glass control. Percent myxospore recovery varied by material, the recovery from felt being lower than that from all other materials. The potential for felt to carry even small numbers of myxospores suggests that the introduction of M. cerebralis by felt-soled wading boots is possible.