bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trimethylstannylation of mono‐ and dichloroarenes by the SRN1 mechanism in liquid ammonia
Authors: Santiago Ana N. , Basso Silvana M. , Montañez Juan P. , Rossi Roberto A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe photostimulated reaction of methyl 2,5‐dichloro benzoate (1) or methyl 3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxy benzoate (7) with −SnMe3 ions give good yields of the disubstitution products by the SRN1 mechanism in liquid ammonia. Conversely, in dark conditions, substrate 1 reacts with −SnMe3 ions to afford the mono‐substitution products by the SRN1 mechanism. On the other hand, substrate 7 reacts with −SnMe3 ions in dark conditions to give mono‐reduced product probably by a halogen metal exchange reaction. In addition, the photostimulated reaction of 2‐chloro‐N
4‐ethyl‐N
6‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐4,6‐diamine (Atrazine, 11) with −SnMe3 ions affords the reduced and substitution products in liquid ammonia‐DMSO as co‐solvent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of interacting nanoparticles on the ordered morphology of block copolymer/nanoparticle mixtures
Authors: Park Moon Jeong , Park Jongnam , Hyeon Taeghwan , Char Kookheon 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe investigated the effect of hard additives, that is, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) and metal NPs, on the ordered morphology of block copolymers by varying the NP concentration. To characterize the structural changes of a block copolymer associated with different NP loadings, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Monodisperse maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) NPs (7 nm in diameter) and silver (Ag) NPs (6 nm in diameter) with surfaces modified with oleic acids were synthesized, and a cylinder‐forming poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene) diblock copolymer was used as a structure‐directing matrix for the NPs. As the NP concentration increased, domains of NP aggregates were observed for both magnetic and metal NPs. In the case of mixtures of cylinder‐forming poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene) and Ag NPs with weak particle–particle interactions, random aggregates of Ag NPs were observed, and the ordered morphology of the block copolymer lost its long‐range order with an increase in the NP concentration. However, regular, latticelike aggregates obtained with γ‐Fe2O3 NPs, because of the strong interparticle interactions, induced an intriguing morphological transformation from hexagonal cylinders to body‐centered‐cubic spheres via undulated cylinders, whereas the neat block copolymer did not show such a morphological transition over a wide range of temperatures. The interplay between magnetic NPs and the block copolymer was also tested with magnetic NPs of different sizes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3571–3579, 2006
Pore structure and glass transition temperature of nanoporous poly(ether imide)
Authors: Liu Tong , Ozisik Rahmi , Siegel Richard W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effect of nanopores on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of poly(ether imide) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Nanoporous poly(ether imide) samples were obtained through the phase separation of immiscible blends of poly(ether imide) and polycaprolactone diol and by the removal of the dispersed minor phase domains with a selective solvent. Microscopy and statistical methods were used to characterize the pore structure and obtain the pore structure parameters. The pore size was found to depend on the processing time and the initial blend composition, mainly because of phase‐coarsening kinetics. A decrease in Tg was observed in the nanoporous poly(ether imide) in comparison with the bulk samples. The change in Tg was strongly influenced by the pore structure and was explained by the percolation theory. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3546–3552, 2006
An improved risk graph approach for determination of safety integrity levels (SILs)
Authors: Baybutt Paul 
Published: November 2006

AbstractRisk graphs are one of the techniques used to determine safety integrity levels (SILs) for the safety instrumented functions (SIFs) that make up safety instrumented systems (SISs) for processes. The standard risk graph approach originated in a German standard published in 1994. The standard approach has a number of disadvantages that are delineated in this article. An improved risk graph approach has been developed to overcome these disadvantages. The improved method is described and an example of its application is provided. The improved method preserves the simplicity of risk graph methods while providing a theoretical foundation that facilitates moving into more refined methods such as layers of protection analysis (LOPA) or quantitative risk analysis (QRA), if needed. Furthermore, the improved risk graph method can be incorporated easily into process hazard analysis (PHA). © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Movement of chlorfenvinphos in soil
Authors: Edwards M. J. , Beynon K. I. , Edwards C. A. , Thompson A. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe leaching of chlorfenvinphos through soil was studied in two field experiments by applying it to sloping arable land at 22 kg active ingredient/ha and following its movement down the slope. Only very small quantities of the insecticide later appeared lower down the slope and at the bottom. In one of these experiments there was a pond at the bottom of the slope and residues could not be detected in the mud or water from this pond. Residues of the main soil metabolites of chlorfenvinphos could not be detected in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks after application.Chlorfenvinphos was applied at the same dosage to the surface of the soil in the first compartment of a trough that sloped from the treated end with a gradient of 1 : 3–7 and consisted of six compartments containing soil to a height of 5 cm above the height of the transverse partitions. Leachates were collected at the bottom of each compartment. Most of the chlorfenvinphos in the leachates was collected during the first 9 weeks from the first compartment. Only 0.18% of the amount of insecticide applied was leached through the soil but this was nine times more than was observed with dieldrin in a similar experiment. Only small amounts moved down the surface of the slope. More chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage water than laterally over the surface.
Persistence of chlorfenvinphos in natural waters
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Edwards M. J. , Thompson A. R. , Edwards C. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractChlorfenvinphos was sprayed at a dosage level of 74 kg/ha (some 20–40 times the normal rate of application to agricultural land) on to the surface of a pond so that the water contained an average concentration of 6.1 ppm. This decreased to 2.0 ppm after five hours, and to 0.12 ppm after 1 month. Residues were detected in the mud 5 hours after the treatment of the water and the concentration increased rapidly up to 5 hours after treatment and reached a maximum value of 0.32 ppm at 115 hours after treatment.Chlorfenvinphos persisted in mud for at least 34 days and whilst there was a decrease in the numbers of Chironomidae larvae the numbers of other animals were too small to detect any significant changes.It seems unlikely that contamination of ponds by aerial spraying at commercial dosages (up to 5 kg/ha) or from run‐off and leaching of chlorfenvinphos from treated soil would be a serious hazard to free swimming aquatic animals.
Comparative properties of N‐acetyl derivatives of oxime N‐methylcarbamates and aryl N‐methylcarbamates as insecticides and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Boulton J. J. K. , Boyce C. B. C. , Jewess P. J. , Jones R. F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractN‐acylation of aryl N‐methylcarbamates is known to reduce their mammalian toxicity considerably without adversely affecting their insecticidal activity. It has now been found that N‐acylation of several insecticidal oxime carbamates results in loss of toxicity both to insects and mammals. Kinetic data for base‐catalysed solvolysis and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, together with published work on metabolism, are combined to provide a rationale for this unexpected observation and to account for the selective toxicity of aryl N‐acetyl‐N‐methylcarbamates.
Activity of some new pyrethroids against Blattella germanica L.
Authors: Chadwick P. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe activities of natural and synthetic pyrethroids against male German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were examined by means of dusting and direct spraying techniques. NRDC 107 (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate) was the most active compound in killing cockroaches. Pyrethrins gave the most rapid knockdown and were 60% as active as NRDC 107 (Bioresmethrin) in killing power. Tetramethrin and the corresponding (+)‐trans‐ester gave rapid knockdown. Only (+)‐trans‐allethrin [(+)‐trans‐chrysan‐themate of (±)‐allethrolone] provided useful knockdown and killing power together. Piperonyl butoxide had a relatively stronger synergistic action with less active killing agents. The rate of knockdown during the first few minutes of exposure was not altered greatly by piperonyl butoxide.
Theory, preparation and ‘exhaustion’ on wool fibres of pesticide emulsions. III.—‘exhaustion’ of pesticide emulsions on wool fibres
Authors: Carino L. , Nagy G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe spreading on the wool surface of emulsion droplets, stabilised by blends of calcium dodecylbenzene‐sulphonate and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol condensates, and containing toxaphene and diazinon as toxicants, kerosene and xylene as solvents, is mainly due to the intermolecular forces operating at the resulting interface, i.e. van der Waals forces, π‐ and H‐bonds.
Effect of concentration on the decomposition rates in soil of atrazine, linuron and picloram
Authors: Hance R. J. , McKone C. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe decomposition of atrazine, linuron and picloram when incubated with two soils at four levels of application was measured for periods of 3 or 4 months. The applicability of zero‐order, half‐order, first‐order and Michaelis‐Menten kinetics was considered. None of the equations described the breakdown rates adequately in spite of the apparent theoretical advantage for using an expression of the Michaelis‐Menten type. In each case the rate of decomposition increased as the initial herbicide concentration decreased.
Some factors affecting the activities of dinitrophenol fungicides. II.—Use of g.l.c. partition data in studies of chemical structure/fungicidal activity against powdery mildew
Authors: Clifford D. R. , Watkins D. A. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe application of partition data, derived by a gas‐liquid chromatographic (g.l.c.) technique, to the study of the activities of members of homologous 4‐(l‐substituted alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenol series against cucurbit and apple powdery mildews (caused by Oidium sp. and Podosphaera leucotricha respectively) is discussed. The correlation between the possession of high protectant activity and a favourable πglc value for maximum ‘zonal’ movement within the leaf surface is stressed. This criterion is more important than vapour‐phase activity in this context; it may well rival in importance the possession of optimum conidial penetration properties.
Genotoxic activity of dichlorvos, trichlorfon and dichloroacetaldehyde
Authors: Aquilina Gabriele , Benigni Romualdo , Bignami Margherita , Calcagnile Angelo , Dogliotti Eugenia , Falcone Emiliana , Carere Angelo 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo structurally related organophosphorous insecticides, dichlorvos and trichlorfon, and their main metabolite dichloroacetaldehyde, were assayed for their ability to induce DNA repair, detected as unscheduled DNA synthesis in human epithelial‐like cell (EUE) cultures in vitro. A dose‐response relationship was found for treatment with the two pesticides, but negative results were obtained with dichloroacetaldehyde. Tests for induction of gene mutation, as ouabain resistance in Chinese hamster cells (V79), failed to show any mutagenic activity by these compounds.
Effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on oogenesis in the mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Mothes‐Wagner Ursula 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSome effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on oogenesis in the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae were demonstrated by means of electron microscopy. Four main effects were evident, depending on the oogenetic stages. Nuclear defects, observed in oogonia and primary oocytes, included a widened nuclear envelope, the intermembranous spaces of which were filled with electron‐dense material, and the occurrence of small electron‐dense agglomerations and altered nucleoli inside the nuclei. Cytoplasmic defects occurred mainly in nurse cells and involved electron‐dense granular areas accompanied by mitochondria, and large cisternae and vesicles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Yolk synthesis in oocytes could be inhibited, as shown by the lack of yolk droplets or the presence of abnormal yolk droplets. Both phases of egg shell synthesis were disturbed, resulting in an inhibition of egg deposition. Mechanisms based upon the oogenetic effects of the metabolite complex nikkomycin are discussed.
Failure of permethrin to repel horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.) on cattle
Authors: Khan Mushtaq A. , Colwell Douglas D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPermethrin is not a repellent against horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.). The flies were able to land but not rest or feed on cattle treated with a spray or a pour‐on application of permethrin, because the insecticide had a quick toxic effect. During the 15 days after treatment, all of the 813 flies exposed to the steer treated with the spray, died without taking a blood meal. During the same period, all but two of the 1426 horn flies died when exposed to the steer treated with the pour‐on application, and only one of the living and seven of the dead horn flies had taken a blood meal.
The effects of a new pyrethroid insecticide WL‐85871 on foraging honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: Shires Stephen W. , Murray Andrew , Debray Phillippe , Blanc Jean Le 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEmulsifiable concentrate formulations of WL‐85871 (‘Fastac’) at 10 and 20 g a.i. ha−1, parathion‐methyl (MEP) at 500 g a.i. ha−1, and phosalone at 1200 g a.i. ha−1 were individually applied to flowering mustard during June and July 1982. The applications were made by tractor‐mounted boom‐and‐nozzle equipment to small plots in Normandy, France. Before each application, bee hives were placed adjacent to the mustard plots and fitted with either a pollen trap or a dead‐bee trap. The application of both dose rates of WL‐85871 and phosalone resulted in no increase in bee mortalities and no discernible effect on pollen collection or long‐term hive development. In contrast, the application of MEP resulted in substantial bee mortalities, reduced pollen collection and adversely affected hive development. Both dose rates of WL‐85871 caused a sharp decline in foraging activity immediately after application, followed by a return to normal activity within a few hours. A prolonged gradual reduction in foraging activity occurred throughout the afternoon period after the phosalone application; with MEP, foraging activity fell rapidly to a very low level and remained so for the rest of that day and the following day. It was concluded that the ground application of WL‐85871 at 10 and 20 g a.i. ha−1 had no direct effect on honey bee survival and no observable effect on hive development.
Foliar residues and toxicity to green leafhoppers of the systemic insecticides aldicarb and its isomer butocarboxim in young peach and plum groves
Authors: Klein Meir , Aharonson Nadav , Muszkat Lea 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe isomeric systemic carbamoyloximes aldicarb and butocarboxim were applied at two dose rates to the soil in young peach and plum groves to control the green leafhopper Asymmetrasca decedens Paoli. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed indirectly by measuring the growth rate of shoots, and by determining the adult mortality of leafhoppers that were collected in the field and kept for 24 h on detached peach leaves in the laboratory. Residues of the insecticides and of their sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites, in the leaves of the peach trees, were determined 18 and 31 days after treatment. Only the sulphoxides and sulphones were found; the sulphoxides amounted to 70–80% of the toxic residues after 18 days, and to 50–70% after 31 days. At an identical rate of application, the leaves from aldicarb‐treated peach trees contained higher concentrations of the toxic metabolites and were more toxic to leafhoppers than those of trees treated with butocarboxim.
The degradation of diflubenzuron and its chief metabolites in soils. Part I: Hydrolytic cleavage of diflubenzuron
Authors: Nimmo Wijnand B. , De Wilde Pieter C. , Verloop Arie 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[14C]Diflubenzuron is readily degraded in various agricultural soils and in hydro‐soil; 50% of the applied dose of 1 mg kg−1 was metabolised in 2 days or less. The chief products of hydrolysis were identified as 4‐chlorophenylurea and 2, 6‐difluorobenzoic acid. A part of the radioactivity, increasing with incubation time, could not be extracted. Release from the soil of [14C]carbon dioxide, derived from both labelled phenyl rings, points to the ultimate mineralisation of diflubenzuron.
The fungicidal activity of substituted 1,4‐naphthoquinones. Part III: Amino, anilino and acylamino derivatives
Authors: Clark Nigel G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA variety of 2‐amino‐, 2‐anilino‐ and 2‐acylamino‐1, 4‐naphthoquinones, with hydrogen, chlorine, alkoxy, phenoxy, methylthio or phenylthio as the 3‐substituent, have been synthesised and assayed against Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium fulvum and Venturia inaequalis. With few exceptions, only the 2‐acylamino compounds possessed appreciable fungicidal activity: this was of a high order in the cases of 2‐prop‐ionamido‐, 2‐N‐methylacetamido‐3‐methylthio‐, and 3‐methoxy‐2‐N‐methylacetamido‐1, 4‐naphthoquinones.
Separation and identification of short‐lived free radicals formed by photolysis of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate
Authors: Mikami Nobuyoshi , Takahashi Naohiro , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractUsing a spin‐trap reagent 3‐nitrosodurene (1,2,4,5‐tetramethyl‐3‐nitrosobenzene), the short‐lived free radicals generated by ultraviolet irradiation of fenvalerate [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyrate] in degassed benzene or dichloromethane, were scavenged as the more stable nitroxide radicals. These radicals were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography and identified individually by electron‐spin resonance spectroscopy, as well as by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As a result, they were found to be the spin adduct mixtures of the 4‐chloro‐α‐isopropylbenzyl and α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl radicals, which are involved in the photo‐induced decarboxylation process of fenvalerate. Discrimination of the radicals was also performed by the isotope‐labelling method whereby the benzylic proton in the acid moiety was deuteriated. The spin numbers of the nitroxides decreased by about five‐fold when photolysis was carried out in oxygenated benzene solution. N‐Benzylidene‐tert‐butylamine N‐oxide trapped both radicals but much less efficiently. The nitroxide of the 4‐chloro‐α‐isopropylbenzyl radical was predominant at 25°C or –40°C, but the proportion of the α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl nitroxide radical increased at the lower temperature.
Hydrolysis of the pyrethroid insecticide fenpropathrin in aqueous media
Authors: Takahashi Naohiro , Mikami Nobuyoshi , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe hydrolysis of [14C] fenpropathrin (I) [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] was studied in buffer solutions at pH 1.9–10.4, and in natural river and sea water at 25, 40, 55 and 65°C under laboratory conditions. The hydrolysis of I proceeded predominantly through neutral (pH independent) and base‐catalysed processes in the regions below pH 3.9 and above pH 7.0, respectively, whereas both reactions occurred between pH 3.9 and 7.0. The rates of hydrolysis of I in buffer solutions were similar to those in one sample of river and one sample of sea water. If this obtains generally, it may be expected that the half‐life of I in natural waters, normally within the range pH 5–9, will range from 1.54 to 1080 days at 40°C, 11.3 to 8520 days at 25°C and, by extrapolation of the data obtained in buffer solutions, 106 to 83 000 days at 10°C. The rate constants for hydrolysis of I in aqueous media can be expressed by:

Where log kN = 9.60–(5.56 × 103 T−1) and log kB = 7.32–(2.56 × 103 T−1). The calculated rate constants were in good accord with the observed values in buffer solutions. Cleavage of the ester linkage was more rapid than hydration of the cyano group at any pH and temperature tested.
The effects on resistant mosquitoes of interrupted exposure to insecticides
Authors: Rawlings Peter 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn paired tests on batches of malathion‐ and dieldrin‐resistant Anopheles arabiensis, one of each pair received a continuous exposure to either malathion or dieldrin for 16 h or more, while the other received a non‐exposed rest phase in the middle of the exposure period. Among dieldrin‐resistant mosquitoes, the mortality rate was decreased in the group that experienced the interrupted, as opposed to the continuous exposures; however, the survival rate of malathion‐resistant adults was unaffected by interrupted exposure. There was a significant positive correlation between the mortality rate and the adult age for malathion, but the responses to dieldrin were independent of age. Movement of adult mosquitoes to and from malathion deposits in sprayed houses should not impair the efficacy of this insecticide, whereas prolonged absence from contact with dieldrin would require even longer exposures to achieve the same mortality in the insects.
Laboratory tests to investigate the effects of pesticides on two beneficial arthropods: A predatory mite (Phytoseiulus persimilis) and a rove beetle (Aleochara bilineata)
Authors: Samsøe‐Petersen Lise 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTests have been developed to enable growers to choose pesticides that spare the natural enemies of pests. The test for Aleochara bilineata is carried out in glass cells, and for Phytoseiulus persimilis on detached bean leaves; both expose the laboratory‐reared arthropods to a fresh, uniform pesticide residue under standardised conditions. The duration of the tests is 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. In both tests reproduction during the experimental period is measured, and the reduction caused by the pesticide is calculated by comparison with a water‐treated control.
The fate and distribution of chlorpropham when applied to stored potatoes as a sprout suppressant
Authors: Coxon David T. , Filmer Anthony A. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTwo varieties of potato were treated with 14C‐ or 36Cl‐radiolabelled chlorpropham to suppress sprouting, and stored under controlled ventilation conditions in the laboratory for up to 6 months at 10°C. The migration of chlorpropham into the potato tubers was studied at intervals by autoradiography and analysis of tuber extracts. Little penetration of chlorpropham beyond the peel layer occurred even after storage for 6 months. No identifiable degradation product of chlorpropham was detected in the extracts, although there was evidence of bound non‐extractable residues. Volatile compounds lost by ventilation through the storage containers were collected in cold traps and analysed by liquid scintillation counting. Loss of chlorpropham by volatilisation from the tuber surface was very small.