bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Histrelin Implant: A Novel Treatment for Central Precocious Puberty
Authors: Hirsch Harry J. , Gillis David , Strich David , Chertin Boris , Farkas Amicur , Lindenberg Tzina , Gelber Hadassa , Spitz Irving M. 
Published: December 2005

Objective. Standard treatment of central precocious puberty (CPP) consists of intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist (GnRHa) at 3- to 4-week intervals. Although generally effective in suppressing clinical and laboratory parameters of puberty, GnRHa injections are painful, and the need for monthly clinic visits may contribute to poor compliance. Recently, a subcutaneous implant was developed that releases the GnRHa histrelin at an average rate of 65 μg/day. The aims of this study were to determine if a histrelin implant would suppress gonadotropin and estradiol (E2) in girls with CPP for 1 year and to compare the suppression to standard treatment.
Methods. We studied 11 girls with CPP to determine if the histrelin implant can maintain long-term gonadotropin suppression. Mean age at diagnosis was 6 years (range: 2–9 years). GnRH (100 μg intravenously) stimulation tests (GnRH-STs) showed peak luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responses of 23 ± 28 (mean ± SD) and 20 ± 25 mIU/mL, respectively. All subjects were initially treated with depot intramuscular GnRHa triptorelin embonate. Implants were inserted subcutaneously under local anesthesia, and depot GnRHa treatment was discontinued. Six girls were followed for 15 months after insertion (group A). For the remaining 5 girls, the implant was removed after 9 months, and a new implant was inserted at the same incision site (group B). GnRH-STs were performed before depot GnRHa treatment, immediately before implant insertion, at the 6- and 9-month visits for each patient and the 12- and 15-month visit for those girls followed for 15 months.
Results. In all girls, breast development regressed, growth velocity decreased, and bone-age advancement was slowed. Basal gonadotropins and their responses to GnRH-STs and E2 levels were suppressed. Peak luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone responses to GnRH-STs at preinsertion versus 9 months were 1.30 ± 1.34 vs 0.25 ± 0.08 and 1.68 ± 1.08 vs 1.13 ± 0.55 mIU/mL, respectively. Basal and stimulated gonadotropin levels and E2 level remained suppressed in all 6 patients followed for 15 months after implant insertion. Patients and parents reported less pain and discomfort and less interference with school activity and work with the implant compared with standard monthly injections.
Conclusions. The histrelin implant consistently suppresses clinical and laboratory parameters of puberty for 1 year and is a promising new technique for treating CPP without the pain and inconvenience of monthly injections.
A Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of a School-Based Influenza Vaccination Program
Authors: King James C. , Cummings Ginny E. , Stoddard Jeffrey , Readmond Bernard X. , Magder Laurence S. , Stong Mary , Hoffmaster Margaret , Rubin Judith , Tsai Theodore , Ruff Elizabeth ,   for the SchoolMist Study Group
Published: December 2005

Objective. The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of a school-based influenza immunization program.
Methods. Pupils and their families from 3 demographically similar elementary schools participated in this pilot, unblinded, controlled intervention study. Live attenuated influenza vaccine (FluMist) was made available to all eligible pupils in 1 target school during regular school hours. Two schools where vaccine was not offered served as control schools. All families from the 3 study schools were sent an anonymous questionnaire requesting 7-day recall data on fever or respiratory illness (FRI)-related medical visits, medications purchased, and days of school or paid work lost during the peak influenza week. Changes in weekly pupil absenteeism were also examined.
Results. One hundred eighty-five (40%) of the target school pupils received vaccine, of whom &gt;50% were vaccinated ≤3 weeks before the influenza outbreak period. Questionnaires were returned by 43% to 51% of households. Significant (45–70%) relative reductions in FRI-related outcomes, including doctor visits by adults or children, prescription or other medicines purchased, and family schooldays or workdays missed, were observed for target school households, compared with control school households. The increases in absenteeism rates during the influenza outbreak period, compared with baseline rates earlier in the fall, were not significantly different between target and control schools. Within the target school, however, the increase in absenteeism rates was significantly smaller for the FluMist-vaccinated pupils, compared with the non–FluMist-vaccinated pupils.
Conclusions. This school-based influenza immunization program was associated with significant reductions in FRI-related outcomes in households of pupils attending an intervention school. These results might have underestimated the potential impact of FluMist, because the majority of children received intraepidemic vaccination.
An Epidemiologic Study of Orofacial Clefts with Other Birth Defects in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Vallino-Napoli Linda D. , Riley Merilyn M. , Halliday Jane L. 
Published: December 2005

Objective: To describe the epidemiological characteristics of oral clefts occurring with other birth defects in Victoria, Australia. Methods: Information on infants and fetuses reported to the Victorian Birth Defects Register from 1983 to 2000 was collected. Birth defects were classified as Pierre Robin Sequence, chromosomal anomaly, nonchromosomal syndrome, single-system defect, or multiple-system defect. Pregnancy outcome and associations with selected infant and maternal features was examined. Results: One third of the 2022 oral clefts recorded had other birth defects. There were more overall cleft cases involving multiple systems and chromosomal anomalies than any other birth defect group. The prevalence ratio of cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) was highest among multiple-system defects and chromosomal anomalies. Perinatal mortality was high, with termination of pregnancy highest in CL/P and chromosomal anomalies and multiple-system defects. There was a nonsignificant excess of clefts among multiple births. Women ≥40 years old had a tendency toward having a child with a cleft palate and another birth defect. There was an increased likelihood that women born in the U.K. would have a baby with CL/P and another birth defect. Conclusions: This is among the first reports in Victoria, Australia, describing oral clefts and other birth defects and associations between infant and maternal factors. Although some findings confirmed other population-based studies, some continued to be at variance. Nonetheless, the data derived support examination of babies diagnosed with clefts for associated comorbidities.
Potential Role of Androgens in the Treatment of Hypoactive Sexual Desire in Women
Authors: Clayton Anita H 
Published: December 2005

Evaluation of: van Anders SM, Chernick AB, Chernick BA et al.: Preliminary clinical experience with androgen administration for pre- and postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire. J. Sex Marital Ther. 31, 173–185 (2005). There has been significant debate about the potential role of androgens in the treatment of hypoactive sexual desire in women. In this study, pre- and postmenopausal women with hypoactive sexual desire were age-matched with women without such complaints (n = 33). The treatment group received 100 mg of testosterone cypionate intramuscularly once a month for 3 months. Measures of salivary testosterone indicated no difference between groups at baseline, with an increase in testosterone levels in the hypoactive sexual desire group post-treatment. While significant differences existed between the two groups at baseline in scores on the Sexual Desire Inventory, the treated women demonstrated a significant increase in sexual desire post-treatment, with no difference in Sexual Desire Inventory scores at study end point. This study suggests that supplemental testosterone may improve sexual desire in women with hypoactive sexual desire without hypoandrogenism.
Olfactometry with Mice
Authors: Slotnick Burton , Restrepo Diego 
Published: December 2005

AbstractA computer‐controlled, multiple‐channel odor generator, operant test chamber, and discrimination training procedure for mice are described. The odor generator allows controlled presentation of any one or combinations of eight odors to an odor‐sampling port that contains a liquid reinforcement delivery tube that also serves to detect responses. A modified discrete trial operant conditioning procedure provides measures of both response accuracy and response rate during anticipation of stimulus delivery and in the presence of two different odor stimuli. Results from numerous experiments demonstrate that, with these methods, mice reliably and rapidly acquire odor detection and a variety of odor‐discrimination tasks, and that response rate in the presence of the odor reflects the incentive motivation of stimuli that are or are not associated with reward.
Euthanasia
Authors: Donovan John , Brown Patricia 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEuthanasia of laboratory animals must be performed by trained personnel using appropriate techniques, equipment, and reagents in order to effect a death that is humane and satisfies research requirements. Acceptable methods of euthanasia are painless or minimize distress, and are quick and easy to perform, safe for those performing the procedure, and efficient and economic. They are aesthetically acceptable and are done in the absence of other animals. In addition, these methods do not result in gross histological or histochemical changes that would adversely affect research results. This unit offers protocols for euthanasia employing carbon dioxide asphyxiation (see Basic Protocol 1), pentobarbital overdose (see Basic Protocol 2), exsanguination, and cervical dislocation for the mouse, rat, hamster, and rabbit.
SrCe0.95Yb0.05O3‐α hollow‐fiber membrane and its property in proton conduction
Authors: Liu Yutie , Tan Xiaoyao , Li K. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractSrCe0.95Yb0.05O3‐α (SCYb) hollow‐fiber membranes have been prepared by an immersion‐induced phase‐inversion/sintering method where polyethersulfone (PESf) is used as a binder, N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrollidone (NMP) as solvent, and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP, K16–18) as an additive, respectively. By a programmed sintering process, the hollow‐fiber precursor prepared from the phase‐inversion technique has been successfully sintered into a dense membrane. A hollow‐fiber membrane module has also been fabricated and the hydrogen permeation (proton conduction) properties of the developed SCYb hollow‐fiber membranes have been studied under different operating conditions with respect to temperature and hydrogen/oxygen feed concentration. Comparison between experimental data and theoretical results indicates that the surface exchange reactions may contribute some resistances to hydrogen permeation. With the length of the fiber and operating conditions used in this study, the flow patterns show no noticeable effect on the total hydrogen permeation flux. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Weaning age among foragers at Matjes river rock shelter, South Africa, from stable nitrogen and carbon isotope analyses
Authors: Clayton F. , Sealy J. , Pfeiffer S. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMatjes River Rock Shelter is a large shell midden on the southern coast of South Africa. Stable nitrogen (δ15N) and carbon (δ13C) isotope ratios were measured in bone collagen and dentine from human skeletons excavated from this site in order to establish a weaning curve in mid‐Holocene hunter‐gatherers. δ15N results show a progressive increase in individuals from birth to 1.5 years old. δ13C results are more tightly clustered and mirror the steady progressive change seen for δ15N. We deduce that children at Matjes River Rock Shelter were breastfed for at least the first 1.5 years after birth, and were weaned sometime between 2–4 years of age. A similar pattern was documented for historic‐era Kalahari foraging people, where the interbirth spacing was approximately 3 years. This study provides the first direct evidence for an extended period of breastfeeding, and thus long interbirth intervals, among prehistoric foragers, even when those foragers lived in an environment with abundant food resources. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interpersonal violence at Lepenski Vir Mesolithic/Neolithic complex of the Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia‐Romania)
Authors: Roksandic Mirjana , Djurić Marija , Rakočević Zoran , Seguin Kimberly 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThe Mesolithic populations of the Danube River's Iron Gates Gorge (Serbia/Romania) spanned over 1,500 years (from before 7000 bc to around 5500 bc) in one of the most favorable foraging environments of Europe. Over most of these 1,500 years, the dominant economy was foraging, but farming was practiced by communities in the region from around 6500 bc. This research examines individuals from four sites on the Danube (Lepenski Vir, Vlasac, Padina, and Hajdučka Vodenica) whose traumatic lesions can be most plausibly interpreted as resulting from violent interactions. Given over four hundred individuals buried at these sites (MNI = 418), the episodes of violent interactions were few and without evidence of a specific temporal pattern. They probably represent sporadic episodes of interpersonal conflict that do not support the notion of endemic warfare deemed typical of the Mesolithic, or elevated levels of interpersonal/intertribal conflict at the time of contact with farming communities. The difference in patterns of violence between the Mesolithic sites on the right bank of the Danube and a coeval site of Schela Cladovei on the left bank is explained in terms of differences in archaeological context, geographic location, and possibly specific local histories. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Social play in bonobos (Pan paniscus) and chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes): Implicationsfor natural social systems and interindividual relationships
Authors: Palagi Elisabetta 
Published: December 2005

AbstractThis study compares adult play behavior in the two Pan species in order to test the effects of phylogenetic closeness and the nature of social systems on play distribution. The social play (both with fertile and immature subjects) performed by adults did not differ between the two species. In contrast, in bonobos, play levels among fertile subjects were higher than in chimpanzees. Findings regarding levels of undecided conflicts (more frequent in bonobos) and formal submission displays (lacking in bonobos) confirm, in the two colonies under study, that bonobos exhibit “egalitarianism” more than chimpanzees. Some authors emphasized the importance of play‐fighting for social assessment when relationships among individuals are not codified and structured according to rank‐rules. Indeed, adult bonobos played more roughly than chimpanzees. Moreover, adult bonobos displayed the full play‐face at a high frequency especially during rough play sessions, whereas in chimpanzees, the frequency of play signals was not affected by roughness of play. The frequency of social play among bonobo females was higher than in any other sex combinations, whereas no difference was found for chimpanzees. As a matter of fact, social play can be viewed as a balance between cooperation and competition. Among bonobo females, characterized by social competence and affiliation, social play might enhance their behavioral flexibility and increase their socially symmetrical relationships which, after all, are the basis for their egalitarian society. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chromosome painting between human and lorisiform prosimians: Evidence for the HSA 7/16 synteny in the primate ancestral karyotype
Authors: Nie Wenhui , O'Brien Patricia C.M. , Fu Beiyuan , Wang Jinhuan , Su Weiting , Ferguson‐Smith Malcolm A. , Robinson Terence J. , Yang Fengtang 
Published: December 2005

AbstractMultidirectional chromosome painting with probes derived from flow‐sorted chromosomes of humans (Homo sapiens, HSA, 2n = 46) and galagos (Galago moholi, GMO, 2n = 38) allowed us to map evolutionarily conserved chromosomal segments among humans, galagos, and slow lorises (Nycticebus coucang, NCO, 2n = 50). In total, the 22 human autosomal painting probes detected 40 homologous chromosomal segments in the slow loris genome. The genome of the slow loris contains 16 sytenic associations of human homologues. The ancient syntenic associations of human chromosomes such as HSA 3/21, 7/16, 12/22 (twice), and 14/15, reported in most mammalian species, were also present in the slow loris genome. Six associations (HSA 1a/19a, 2a/12a, 6a/14b, 7a/12c, 9/15b, and 10a/19b) were shared by the slow loris and galago. Five associations (HSA 1b/6b, 4a/5a, 11b/15a, 12b/19b, and 15b/16b) were unique to the slow loris. In contrast, 30 homologous chromosome segments were identified in the slow loris genome when using galago chromosome painting probes. The data showed that the karyotypic differences between these two species were mainly due to Robertsonian translocations. Reverse painting, using galago painting probes onto human chromosomes, confirmed most of the chromosome homologies between humans and galagos established previously, and documented the HSA 7/16 association in galagos, which was not reported previously. The presence of the HSA 7/16 association in the slow loris and galago suggests that the 7/16 association is an ancestral synteny for primates. Based on our results and the published homology maps between humans and other primate species, we propose an ancestral karyotype (2n = 60) for lorisiform primates. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2006. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Decreased Lyn expression and translocation to lipid raft signaling domains in B lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Flores‐Borja Fabian , Kabouridis Panagiotis S. , Jury Elizabeth C. , Isenberg David A. , Mageed Rizgar A. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveB lymphocytes from patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) are hyperactive and produce anti–double‐stranded DNA (anti‐dsDNA) autoantibodies. The cause or causes of B cell defects in SLE are unknown. In this study, we determined the level and subcellular distribution of Lyn protein, a key negative regulator of B cell receptor signaling, and assessed whether altered Lyn expression is characteristic of B cells in the setting of SLE.MethodsNegative selection was used to isolate B lymphocytes from blood. Lipid raft signaling domains were purified from B cells obtained from 62 patients with SLE, 15 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, and 31 healthy controls, by gradient ultracentrifugation. The total Lyn protein level was determined by Western blotting, confocal microscopy, and fluorescein‐activated cell sorting (FACS). The distribution of Lyn into lipid raft and nonlipid raft domains was determined by Western blotting and confocal microscopy. Lyn content in B cell subpopulations was determined by FACS. In order to assess B lymphocyte activity, we used 3H‐thymidine incorporation and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay to measure spontaneous proliferation and IgG and cytokine production by B cells.ResultsThis study revealed that B lymphocytes from a majority of patients with SLE have a reduced level of Lyn and manifest altered translocation to lipid rafts. An investigation into the mechanisms of Lyn reduction suggested that increased ubiquitination is involved. This was evident from increased ubiquitination of Lyn and translocation of c‐Cbl into lipid rafts. Studies of B cell responses showed that altered Lyn expression was associated with heightened spontaneous proliferation, anti‐dsDNA autoantibodies, and increased interleukin‐10 production.ConclusionThis study provides evidence for altered Lyn expression in B cells from a majority of patients with SLE. Altered Lyn expression in SLE may influence the B cell receptor signaling and B cell hyperactivity that are characteristic of the disease.
Nurse‐like cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis support the survival of osteoclast precursors via macrophage colony‐stimulating factor production
Authors: Tsuboi Hideki , Udagawa Nobuyuki , Hashimoto Jun , Yoshikawa Hideki , Takahashi Naoyuki , Ochi Takahiro 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo elucidate the role of nurse‐like cells (NLCs) obtained from rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients in bone loss during progressive synovial expansion.MethodsCD14+ monocytes were cocultured with NLCs for 4 weeks and collected as NLC‐supported CD14+ (NCD14+) monocytes. To determine their ability to differentiate into osteoclasts, NCD14+ monocytes were further cultured with macrophage colony‐stimulating factor (M‐CSF) together with RANKL or tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα). NCD14+ monocytes were also cocultured with SaOS‐4/3 cells, which were shown to support osteoclastogenesis in response to parathyroid hormone (PTH). CD14+ monocytes were cocultured with SaOS‐4/3 cells to elucidate how SaOS‐4/3 cells and NLCs supported CD14+ monocytes for a long period. Synovial expansion adjacent to bone in RA patients was examined immunohistochemically to detect osteoclast precursors such as NCD14+ monocytes.ResultsNLCs supported the survival of CD14+ monocytes for 4 weeks. NCD14+ as well as CD14+ monocytes differentiated into osteoclasts in the presence of M‐CSF together with RANKL or TNFα. NCD14+ monocytes also differentiated into osteoclasts in PTH‐treated cocultures with SaOS‐4/3 cells. SaOS‐4/3 cells supported the survival of CD14+ monocytes for 4 weeks in the presence, but not absence, of PTH. Treatment of SaOS‐4/3 cells with PTH up‐regulated the expression of M‐CSF messenger RNA. Neutralizing antibodies against M‐CSF inhibited the NLC‐supported survival of CD14+ monocytes. CD68+ monocytes and M‐CSF+ fibroblast‐like synoviocytes were colocalized in regions adjacent to the destroyed bone of RA patients.ConclusionOur findings suggest that NLCs are involved in RA‐induced bone destruction by maintaining osteoclast precursors via production of M‐CSF.