bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moving up the processing ladder in primary product exports: Sri Lanka's “value‐added” tea industry
Authors: Ganewatta Gaminda , Waschik Robert , Jayasuriya Sisira , Edwards Geoff 
Published: October 2005

AbstractGovernments in many developing countries, influenced by the experience of the East Asian newly industrialized countries, have adopted policies to enhance domestic processing of primary commodities as a tool for accelerating employment growth, export revenues, and development. Sri Lanka has traditionally exported tea in the form of bulk (commodity) teas, but “value‐added” teas such as packaged teas, tea bags, etc., have expanded in recent years. This article examines factors affecting the processing of value‐added tea products in Sri Lanka by modeling export supply behavior. Estimates of the long‐run relationship and short‐run dynamics of export supply are presented and discussed. The price of value‐added tea relative to bulk tea, and industry capacity, are identified as the main determinants of export supply, while exchange rate changes have no discernible effect. The policy implications of the analysis for enhancing further expansion of such value‐added teas are presented. These are of interest for both policy makers and development analysts. In particular, the reasons that undermine the effectiveness of exchange rate policy as an instrument to stimulate value addition of primary products have much relevance for similar developing countries.
Are apparent associations between parental representations and psychosis risk mediated by early trauma?
Authors: Janssen I. , Krabbendam L. , Hanssen M. , Bak M. , Vollebergh W. , De Graaf R. , Van Os J. 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  It was investigated whether the reported association between representations of parental rearing style and psychosis does not represent a main effect, but instead is a proxy indicator of the true underlying risk factor of early trauma.Method:  In a general population sample of 4045 individuals aged 18–64 years, first ever onset of positive psychotic symptoms at 3‐year follow‐up was assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and clinical interviews if indicated. Representations of parental rearing style were measured with the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI).Results:  Lower baseline level of PBI parental care predicted onset of psychotic symptoms 2 years later. However, when trauma was included in the equation, a strong main effect of trauma emerged at the expense of the effect size of PBI low care.Conclusion:  The results suggest that associations between representations of parental rearing style and psychosis may be an indicator of the effect of earlier exposure to childhood trauma.
Family history of suicide, female sex, and childhood trauma: separate or interacting risk factors for attempts at suicide?
Authors: Roy A. , Janal M. 
Published: October 2005

Objective:  Female sex, childhood trauma, and a family history of suicidal behavior are three well established risk factors for attempting suicide. However, interactions between these three factors in attempting suicide have been little studied.Method:  One thousand eight hundred and eighty‐nine abstinent substance dependent patients were interviewed about their lifetime and family history of suicidal behavior and completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ). Gender, family history of suicidal behavior, and CTQ scores – and their interaction – were examined in relation to suicidal behavior.Results:  Each of the three risk factors was associated with at least a doubling of the risk for an attempt at suicide. There were no significant interactions in relation to the risk of making an attempt. However, female sex and higher levels of childhood trauma each discriminated patients at risk for both a younger age of first attempting suicide and for making more attempts.Conclusion:  Female sex, childhood trauma, and a family history of suicidal behavior are each independent, and non‐interacting, risk factors for attempting suicide. Additionally, female sex and high childhood trauma are independent risk factors for both an early onset of first attempting suicide and for making more attempts.
Two New Saponins from Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl.
Authors: TIAN Jing‐Kui , ZOU Zhong‐Mei , XU Li‐Zhen , YANG Shi‐Lin 
Published: October 2005

Abstract: To investigate the saponins from whole plants of Lysimachia capillipes Hemsl., two new saponins, named capilliposide E (1) and capilliposide F (2), were isolated. The structures of the new saponins were elucidated as 3β,22α‐dihydroxy‐16α‐acetat‐28→13‐lactone‐oleanane‐3‐O‐[β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(1←2)‐α‐Z‐arabinpyranoyi]‐22‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (1) and 3β, 22α‐dihydroxy‐16α‐acetat‐28‐l3‐lactone‐oleanane‐3‐O‐{[β‐D‐glucopyranosy‐(l→2)‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl‐(l→4)]‐α‐L‐arabinpyranoyl}‐22‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside (2). The structures of these compounds were determined by 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR, MS techniques, and chemical methods.(Managing editor: Wei WANG)
The anomalous flux ratio of iron K lines in NGC 3783 and its possible Cerenkov origin
Authors: Liu D. B. , Chen L. , You J. H. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
When thermal relativistic electrons with an isotropic distribution of velocities move through a dense gas region, or impinge upon the surface of a cloud of dense gas, the Cerenkov effect will produce peculiar atomic or ionic emission lines, which we call ‘Cerenkov line-like radiation’. This prediction has been verified by laboratory experiments in the optical waveband. The newly recognized line emission mechanism can find wide applications in high-energy astrophysics. The first candidates are active galactic nuclei (AGNs), e.g. Seyfert 1 galaxies, for which iron Kα at ∼6.4–6.5 keV and Kβ at ≳7.0 keV with peculiar properties have been detected in observations. The traditional ‘photoelectric absorption–fluorescence line emission’ mechanism seems insufficient to explain some of the observational properties of the iron K lines. However, the Cerenkov line-like radiation mechanism provides solutions for these puzzles. In particular, the updated observed ratio of photon number fluxes of iron K lines fobsKα/fobsKβ≈ 4.0 is very difficult to understand from the prevailing fluorescence mechanism in classical physics. A solution can be obtained when the Cerenkov line mechanism is taken into consideration. If our suggestion were further supported by observations, the conventional scenario around the central supermassive black hole of an AGN would need to be modified to accommodate a more energetic, more violent and much denser environment than previously thought.
The Influence of a Firm's Cross‐Functional Orientation on Supply Chain Performance
Authors: Eng Teck‐Yong 
Published: October 2005

SummaryIn today's growing complexity of global networks of supply chains and hypercompetitive business environments, firms are confronted with the need to manage supply chain activities across functions and between firms. While prior research has noted the benefits of collaboration between functional areas for enhanced supply chain performance, there is not yet empirical evidence on whether an orientation toward working collectively among different functions for a firm's supply chain could influence customer satisfaction and supply chain responsiveness. A structured questionnaire was administered to U.K.‐based food service suppliers, and 112 usable mail responses were obtained. Measures supporting cross‐functional orientation (CFO) were developed using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, and hypotheses were tested via path analysis. The findings show that a CFO positively affects customer satisfaction and supply chain responsiveness. The length of Internet adoption was also found to play a critical role in enhancing CFO, through positive moderating relationships with customer satisfaction and supply chain responsiveness.
Superresonant systems of scatterers. II
Authors: Tolstoy I. , Tolstoy A. 
Published: October 2005

S y s t e m s of identical monopole scatterers interacting through multiple scatter will, under certain conditions, develop normal modes, i.e., bonafide resonant behavior at certain frequencies (corresponding to poles of the multiple scatter coefficients). This occurs when the monopole scattering cross sections are large enough to give significant interaction; this happens for highly tuned scatterers, e.g., gas-filled bubbles/balloons/shells in water, insonified at frequencies near their characteristic resonant frequencies. This phenomenon has been called superresonance (SR) and has been discussed mostly in the case when the primary energy transport mechanism between scatterers is a cylindrically spreading boundary wave, like the flexure mode of a thin elastic plate [I. Tolstoy, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 80, 282–294 (1986)]. The singularity of the field at the scatterer is removed by introducing the finite radius of the scatterers. The present article investigates the effect of the plate material on the SR phenomenon, showing that for a steel plate and a pair of bubbles/balloons (doublet) the acoustic amplitudes on the scatterer surfaces may be 3×103 times the free-field value, i.e., one has an amplitude amplification factor μ≊3×103, where μ decreases as the plate rigidity decreases. On the other hand, in a homogeneous acoustic full space SR does not, strictly speaking, occur:
The scatterer system does not become fully resonant (the theory does not indicate the existence of poles) since spherically spreading acoustic modes are less efficient transporters of energy between scatterers than the cylindrically spreading boundary modes. Nevertheless, simple symmetrical systems of bubbles/balloons/shells can still demonstrate a tendency to resonate, i.e., produce sharp peaks on the μ curve. Plane and polyhedral configurations may still yield μ≊102 at each scatterer. To distinguish this from bonafide SRs near a plate, we call these quasiresonances (QRs). It is shown, however, that partial shielding between selected pairs of scatterers in such configurations affects the phase relationships in the system in such a way as to allow the appearance of true SRs.
Tip Jets and Barrier Winds: A QuikSCAT Climatology of High Wind Speed Events around Greenland
Authors: Moore G. W. K. , Renfrew I. A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe high topography of Greenland results in a number of orographically induced high wind speed flows along its coast that are of interest from both a severe weather and climate perspective. Here the surface wind field dataset from the NASA–JPL SeaWinds scatterometer on board the Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) satellite is used to develop a wintertime climatology of these flows. The high spatial resolution and the twice-daily sampling of the SeaWinds instrument allows for a much more detailed view of the surface winds around Greenland than has been previously possible. Three phenomena stand out as the most distinctive features of the surface wind field during the winter months: the previously identified tip jets and reverse tip jets, as well as the hitherto unrecognized barrier flows along its southeast coast in the vicinity of the Denmark Strait. Peak surface wind speeds associated with these phenomena can be as large as 50 m s−1 with winds over 25 m s−1 occurring approximately 10%–15% of the time at each location.A compositing technique is used to show that each type of flow is the result of an interaction between a synoptic-scale parent cyclone and the high topography of Greenland. In keeping with previous work, it is argued that tip jets are caused by a combination of conservation of the Bernoulli function during orographic descent and acceleration due to flow splitting as stable air passes around Cape Farewell, while barrier winds are a geostrophic response to stable air being forced against high topography. It is proposed that reverse tip jets occur when barrier winds reach the end of the topographic barrier and move from a geostrophic to a gradient wind balance, becoming supergeostrophic as a result of their anticyclonic curvature.
Intraseasonal Dynamical Evolution of the Northern Annular Mode
Authors: McDaniel Brent A. , Black Robert X. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The Northern Hemisphere annular mode (NAM) accounts for a significant fraction of the extratropical wintertime atmospheric variability. The dynamics of NAM events have been studied on monthly time scales, but little is known about the physical mechanisms that give rise to NAM variability on shorter time scales. Composite diagnostic analyses based on daily NAM indices are performed with a goal of identifying the dominant processes responsible for the growth and decay of large-amplitude positive and negative NAM events on short intraseasonal time scales.
Transformed Eulerian mean, piecewise potential vorticity inversions, and regional Plumb flux diagnoses are employed to deduce the proximate forcings of the zonal-mean wind tendency during maturing and declining NAM stages. A remarkable degree of reverse symmetry is observed between the zonal-mean dynamical evolution of positive and negative NAM events. Anomalous equatorward and downward (poleward and upward) Eliassen–Palm fluxes are observed during the maturation of positive (negative) NAM events, consistent with index of refraction considerations and an indirect downward stratospheric influence. The associated patterns of anomalous wave driving provide the primary forcing of the zonal wind tendency field. Spectral analyses reveal that both the stratospheric and tropospheric patterns of wave driving are primarily due to low-frequency planetary-scale eddies. Regional wave activity flux diagnoses further illustrate that this wave-driving pattern represents the zonal-mean manifestation of planetary-scale anomalies over the North Atlantic that are linked to local anomalies in stationary wave forcing. The decay of NAM events coincides with the collapse in the pattern of anomalous stationary wave forcing over the North Atlantic region. Our diagnostic results indicate that both (i) synoptic eddies and (ii) direct downward stratospheric forcing provide second-order reinforcing contributions to the intraseasonal dynamical evolution of NAM events.
Dynamic–Thermodynamic Sea Ice Model: Ridging and Its Application to Climate Study and Navigation
Authors: Shoutilin Sergey V. , Makshtas Alexander P. , Ikeda Motoyoshi , Marchenko Alexey V. , Bekryaev Roman V. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A dynamic–thermodynamic sea ice model with the ocean mixed layer forced by atmospheric data is used to investigate spatial and long-term variability of the sea ice cover in the Arctic basin. The model satisfactorily reproduces the averaged main characteristics of the sea ice and its extent in the Arctic Basin, as well as its decrease in the early 1990s. Employment of the average ridge shape for describing the ridging allows the authors to suggest that it occurs in winter and varies from year to year by a factor of 2, depending on an atmospheric circulation pattern. Production and horizontal movement of ridges are the focus in this paper, as they show the importance of interannual variability of the Arctic ice cover. The observed thinning in the 1990s is a result of reduction in ridge formation on the Pacific side during the cyclonic phase of the Arctic Oscillation. The model yields a partial recovery of sea ice cover in the last few years of the twentieth century. In addition to the sea ice cover and average thickness compared with satellite data, the ridge amount is verified with observations taken in the vicinity of the Russian coast. The model results are useful to estimate long-term variability of the probability of ridge-free navigation in different parts of the Arctic Ocean, including the Northern Sea Route area.
Internal Variability of Indian Ocean SST
Authors: Jochum Markus , Murtugudde Raghu 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A 40-yr integration of an eddy-resolving numerical model of the tropical Indian Ocean is analyzed to quantify the interannual variability that is caused by the internal variability of ocean dynamics. It is found that along the equator in the western Indian Ocean internal variability contributes significantly to the observed interannual variability. This suggests that in this location the predictability of SST is limited to the persistence time of SST anomalies, which is approximately 100 days. Furthermore, a comparison with other sources of variability suggests that internal variability may play an important role in modifying the Indian monsoon or preconditioning the Indian Ocean dipole/zonal mode.
Effects of Central American Mountains on the Eastern Pacific Winter ITCZ and Moisture Transport*
Authors: Xu Haiming , Xie Shang-Ping , Wang Yuqing , Small R. Justin 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) is displaced to the south edge of the eastern Pacific warm pool in boreal winter, instead of being collocated. A high-resolution regional climate model is used to investigate the mechanism for this displaced ITCZ. Under the observed sea surface temperature (SST) and lateral boundary forcing, the model reproduces the salient features of eastern Pacific climate in winter, including the southward displaced ITCZ and gap wind jets off the Central American coast. As the northeast trades impinge on the mountains of Central America, subsidence prevails off the Pacific coast, pushing the ITCZ southward. Cold SST patches induced by three gap wind jets have additional effects of keeping the ITCZ away from the coast. In an experiment in which both the Central American mountains and their effect on SST are removed, the ITCZ shifts considerably northward to cover much of the eastern Pacific warm pool.
The Central American mountains are considered important to freshwater transport from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, which in turn plays a key role in global ocean thermohaline circulation. The results of this study show that this transport across Central America is not very sensitive to the fine structure of the orography because the increased flow in the mountain gaps in a detailed topography run tends to be compensated for by broader flow in a smoothed topography run. Implications for global climate modeling are discussed.
Air–Sea Interactions in the Tropical Atlantic: A View Based on Lagged Rotated Maximum Covariance Analysis
Authors: Frankignoul Claude , Kestenare Elodie 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The dominant air–sea feedbacks that are at play in the tropical Atlantic are revisited, using the 1958–2002 NCEP reanalysis. To separate between different modes of variability and distinguish between cause and effect, a lagged rotated maximum covariance analysis (MCA) of monthly sea surface temperature (SST), wind, and surface heat flux anomalies is performed. The dominant mode is the ENSO-like zonal equatorial SST mode, which has its maximum amplitude in boreal summer and is a strongly coupled ocean–atmosphere mode sustained by a positive feedback between wind and SST. The turbulent heat flux feedback is negative, except west of 25°W where it is positive, but countered by a negative radiative feedback associated with the meridional displacement of the ITCZ. As the maximum covariance patterns change little between lead and lag conditions, the in-phase covariability between SST and the atmosphere can be used to infer the atmospheric response to the SST anomaly. The second climate mode involves an SST anomaly in the tropical North Atlantic, which is primarily generated by the surface heat flux and, in boreal winter, wind changes off the coast of Africa. After it has been generated, the SST anomaly is sustained in the deep Tropics by the positive wind–evaporation–SST feedback linked to the wind response to the SST. However, north of about 10°N where the SST anomaly is largest, the wind response is weak and the heat flux feedback is negative, thus damping the SST anomaly. As the in-phase maximum covariance patterns primarily reflect the atmospheric forcing of the SST, simultaneous correlations cannot be used to describe the atmospheric response to the SST anomaly, except in the deep Tropics. Using instead the maximum covariance patterns when SST leads the atmosphere reconciles the results of recent atmospheric general circulation model experiments with the observations.
Simple Optical Models for Diagnosing Surface–Atmosphere Shortwave Interactions
Authors: Winton Michael 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
A technique is developed for diagnosing effective surface and atmospheric optical properties from climate model shortwave flux diagnostics. These properties can be used to distinguish the contributions of surface and atmospheric optical property changes to shortwave flux changes at the surface and top of the atmosphere. In addition to the four standard shortwave flux diagnostics (upward, downward, surface, and top of atmosphere), the technique makes use of surface-down and top-up fluxes over a zero-albedo surface obtained from an auxiliary online shortwave calculation. The simple model optical properties, when constructed from the time-mean fluxes, are effective optical properties, useful for predicting the time-mean response to optical property changes. The technique is tested against auxiliary online shortwave calculations at four validation albedos and shown to predict the monthly mean surface absorption with an rms error of less than 2% over the globe. The reasons for the accuracy of the technique are explored. Less accurate techniques that make use of existing shortwave diagnostics are presented and compared.
Ross Sea Ice Motion, Area Flux, and Deformation
Authors: Kwok R. 
Published: October 2005

Abstract
The sea ice motion, area export, and deformation of the Ross Sea ice cover are examined with satellite passive microwave and RADARSAT observations. The record of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, from 1998 and 2000, allows the estimation of the variability of ice deformation at the small scale (∼10 km) and to assess the quality of the longer record of passive microwave ice motion. Daily and subdaily deformation fields and RADARSAT imagery highlight the variability of motion and deformation in the Ross Sea. With the passive microwave ice motion, the area export at a flux gate positioned between Cape Adare and Land Bay is estimated. Between 1992 and 2003, a positive trend can be seen in the winter (March–November) ice area flux that has a mean of 990 × 103 km2 and ranges from a low of 600 × 103 km2 in 1992 to a peak of 1600 × 103 km2 in 2001. In the mean, the southern Ross Sea produces almost twice its own area of sea ice during the winter. Cross-gate sea level pressure (SLP) gradients explain ∼60% of the variance in the ice area flux. A positive trend in this gradient, from reanalysis products, suggests a “spinup” of the Ross Sea Gyre over the past 12 yr. In both the NCEP–NCAR and ERA-40 surface pressure fields, longer-term trends in this gradient and mean SLP between 1979 and 2002 are explored along with positive anomalies in the monthly cross-gate SLP gradient associated with the positive phase of the Southern Hemisphere annular mode and the extrapolar Southern Oscillation.