bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Does the MAD system make test facilities mad?
Authors: Amalan Stanley V. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThere needs more clarity in ad hoc Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) certification conferred to test facilities of non‐member economies. There is a similar kind of issue with the ‘GLP status’ of the test data generated by a test facility that has been conferred GLP certification by the country that is only a provisional adherent. In both cases, the objective of the Mutual Acceptance of Data (MAD) system will not be fulfilled if the answer is ‘no’. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The process for implementation of a Quality Management System within a multi‐functional cereal laboratory
Authors: Ferguson Roslyn , Henry Robert , Inkerman Andy 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe intent of this study was to design, document and implement a Quality Management System (QMS) into a laboratory that incorporated both research and development (R&D) and routine analytical activities. In addition, it was necessary for the QMS to be easily and efficiently maintained to: (a) provide documented evidence that would validate the system's compliance with a certifiable standard, (b) fit the purpose of the laboratory, (c) accommodate prevailing government policies and standards, and (d) promote positive outcomes for the laboratory through documentation and verification of the procedures and methodologies implemented. Initially, a matrix was developed that documented the standards' requirements and the necessary steps to be made to meet those requirements. The matrix provided a check mechanism on the progression of the system's development. In addition, it was later utilised in the Quality Manual as a reference tool for the location of full procedures documented elsewhere in the system. The necessary documentation to build and monitor the system consisted of a series of manuals along with forms that provided auditable evidence of the workings of the QMS.Quality Management (QM), in one form or another, has been in existence since the early 1900's. However, the question still remains: is it a good thing or just a bugbear? Many of the older style systems failed because they were designed by ‘non‐users’, fiercely regulatory, restrictive and generally deemed to be an imposition. It is now considered important to foster a sense of ‘ownership’ of the system by the people who use the system. The system's design must be tailored to best fit the purpose of the operations of the facility if maximum benefits to the organisation are to be gained. Copyright © The State of Queensland, Australia, Department of Primary Industries and Fisheries (2006). Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer‐aided diagnosis with potential application to rapid detection of disease outbreaks
Authors: Burr Tom , Koster Frederick , Picard Rick , Forslund Dave , Wokoun Doug , Joyce Ed , Brillman Judith , Froman Phil , Lee Jack 
Published: January 2007

AbstractOur objectives are to quickly interpret symptoms of emergency patients to identify likely syndromes and to improve population‐wide disease outbreak detection. We constructed a database of 248 syndromes, each syndrome having an estimated probability of producing any of 85 symptoms, with some two‐way, three‐way, and five‐way probabilities reflecting correlations among symptoms. Using these multi‐way probabilities in conjunction with an iterative proportional fitting algorithm allows estimation of full conditional probabilities. Combining these conditional probabilities with misdiagnosis error rates and incidence rates via Bayes theorem, the probability of each syndrome is estimated.We tested a prototype of computer‐aided differential diagnosis (CADDY) on simulated data and on more than 100 real cases, including West Nile Virus, Q fever, SARS, anthrax, plague, tularaemia and toxic shock cases. We conclude that: (1) it is important to determine whether the unrecorded positive status of a symptom means that the status is negative or that the status is unknown; (2) inclusion of misdiagnosis error rates produces more realistic results; (3) the naive Bayes classifier, which assumes all symptoms behave independently, is slightly outperformed by CADDY, which includes available multi‐symptom information on correlations; as more information regarding symptom correlations becomes available, the advantage of CADDY over the naive Bayes classifier should increase; (4) overlooking low‐probability, high‐consequence events is less likely if the standard output summary is augmented with a list of rare syndromes that are consistent with observed symptoms, and (5) accumulating patient‐level probabilities across a larger population can aid in biosurveillance for disease outbreaks. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
BMW‐Welt München: die Kundenlounge als das zentrale Element im statischen Gesamtsystem – Von der Planung bis zur Realisierung
Authors: Schidzig Rüdiger , Wagner Stefan , Peters Jochen , Päßler Harald 
Published: January 2007

AbstractÜber die 4000‐t‐Wolke, die außergewöhnlichen Dachkonstruktion der BMW‐Welt, dem neuen High‐Tech und Auslieferungscenter für die Nobelkarossen von BMW, wurde schon des öfteren berichtet.So wurde in der Juli‐Ausgabe 2005 der Zeitschrift Stahlbau ausführlich über die schwebende Stahlkonstruktion des Regeldaches und über den Doppelkegel referiert.Der nun folgende Artikel soll auf das Kernstück der wenigen aussteifenden Elemente, die zentrale Kundenlounge, eingehen. Wir erinnern, die rund 25000 m2 nahezu freitragende Dachkonstruktion der BMW‐Welt wird über drei Kerne (Bild 1) ausgesteift, den Doppelkegel, als integraler Bestandteil der Stahlkonstruktion, dem Gastrokern, einer vorgespannten Stahlbetonkonstruktion und der Kundenlounge, einer räumlich tragenden Stahlskelettverbundkonstruktion.
Enhancement of Sm3+emission by SnO2nanocrystals in the silica matrix
Authors: Mu Jin , Liu Lingyun , Kang Shi-Zhao 
Published: January 2007

Abstract
Silica xerogels containing Sm3+ions and SnO2nanocrystals were prepared in a sol–gel process. The image of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) shows that the SnO2nanocrystals are dispersed in the silica matrix. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) of the sample confirms the tetragonal phase of SnO2. The xerogels containing SnO2nanocrystals and Sm3+ions display the characteristic emission of Sm3+ions (4G5/2 → 6H
J
(J = 5/2, 7/2, 9/2)) at the excitation of 335 nm which energy corresponds to the energy gap of the SnO2nanocrystals, while no emission of Sm3+ions can be observed for the samples containing Sm3+ions. The enhancement of the Sm3+emission is probably due to the energy transfer from SnO2nanocrystals to Sm3+ions.
Late glacial impacts on dispersal and colonization of Atlantic Canada and Maine by freshwater fishes
Authors: Allen Curry R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractLate glacial scenarios of ice retreat and biogeography databases constrain the dispersal routes of obligate freshwater fishes into Atlantic Canada and Maine. Evidence indicates glacial ice covered the present-day mainland and offshore islands at 18,00014C yr before present. Possible refugia for extirpated freshwater fishes were the exposed outer edge of the Grand Banks (east), exposed Georges Bank (south-Atlantic Refugium), and the Mississippi Refugium in the west. It is improbable that the region was recolonized from the offshore refugia. Rather, fishes recolonized from the east via the upper St. Lawrence River valley into the upper Saint John River, Maine (Lake Madawaska) from 11,000 to 12,00014C yr BP. The short period of entry resulted in the low diversity of obligate freshwater species in the region. Lake Madawaska was breached and dispersal continued into the remainder of the region after 800014C yr BP. By 600014C yr BP, access routes to the east along low-lying coastal zones were blocked by rising sea levels, which isolated Prince Edward Island, Cape Breton Island, and most probably Nova Scotia. Natural dispersal across the region appeared complete by this time.
Artificial neural networks in models of specialization, guild evolution and sympatric speciation
Authors: Holmgren Noél M.A , Norrström Niclas , Getz Wayne M 
Published: January 2007

Sympatric speciation can arise as a result of disruptive selection with assortative mating as a pleiotropic by-product. Studies on host choice, employing artificial neural networks as models for the host recognition system in exploiters, illustrate how disruptive selection on host choice coupled with assortative mating can arise as a consequence of selection for specialization. Our studies demonstrate that a generalist exploiter population can evolve into a guild of specialists with an ‘ideal free’ frequency distribution across hosts. The ideal free distribution arises from variability in host suitability and density-dependent exploiter fitness on different host species. Specialists are less subject to inter-phenotypic competition than generalists and to harmful mutations that are common in generalists exploiting multiple hosts.When host signals used as cues by exploiters coevolve with exploiter recognition systems, our studies show that evolutionary changes may be continuous and cyclic. Selection changes back and forth between specialization and generalization in the exploiters, and weak and strong mimicry in the hosts, where non-defended hosts use the host investing in defence as a model. Thus, host signals and exploiter responses are engaged in a red-queen mimicry process that is ultimately cyclic rather then directional. In one phase, evolving signals of exploitable hosts mimic those of hosts less suitable for exploitation (i.e. the model). Signals in the model hosts also evolve through selection to escape the mimic and its exploiters. Response saturation constraints in the model hosts lead to the mimic hosts finally perfecting its mimicry, after which specialization in the exploiter guild is lost. This loss of exploiter specialization provides an opportunity for the model hosts to escape their mimics. Therefore, this cycle then repeats.We suggest that a species can readily evolve sympatrically when disruptive selection for specialization on hosts is the first step. In a sexual reproduction setting, partial reproductive isolation may first evolve by mate choice being confined to individuals on the same host. Secondly, this disruptive selection will favour assortative mate choice on genotype, thereby leading to increased reproductive isolation.
Objective measurement of pilling by image processing technique
Authors: Behera B.K. , Madan Mohan T.E. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper aims to report on a new pilling measurement system that has been developed using image processing technique.Design/methodology/approachA pilling assessment cabinet is designed and developed which captures images and a software is developed to process and analyze the image of a pilled fabric to find out the various pilling parameters such as total number of pills, total area of the pills, mean area and number of pills per unit area. The image processing software processed image data of both the existing subjective assessment standards and pilled fabrics and assign suitable grades for comparison.FindingsThe grades assigned by the machine correlates well with that of the experts grades and the results are reliably reproducible. The system can count the number of pills, find their total area, and their mean area. The results of EMPA‐W2 and EMPA‐W3 standards behave almost similar. The ASTM standards also gives somewhat the same results as the EMPA standards in number of pills but has a wide variation in the pilled area and mean pill area. The IWS standards produced an entirely different result from the other two standards, which leads us to the conclusion that all these standards are not objectively comparable to each other.Practical implicationsThe machine grade becomes a suitable methodology to compare the different grading systems.Originality/valueTraditional pilling tests are subjective by nature. Moreover, standards set by different organizations are not comparable with each other. This method presents a more universal and objective approach to describe the nature of the pilling.
Implementing EDRM: has it provided the benefits expected?
Authors: Smyth Zoë A. 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo analyse the lessons learned from the Electronic Document and Records Management (EDRM) project at the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland to inform other practitioners.Design/methodology/approachUsing PRINCE II project methodology the EDRM project objectives were to re‐introduce best practice records management following ISO 15489 as the standard, implement software that met the 2002 functional requirements devised by The National Archives UK and provide a detailed lessons‐learned report to inform the wider roll‐out to 18,000 users in the Northern Ireland Civil Service.FindingsDevelops practical lessons learned and highlights key issues and risks with a project of this nature and identifies some of the initial business benefits that can be achieved.Research limitations/implicationsThe Public Record Office of Northern Ireland was a relatively small organisational project and, due to the remit of the agency senior management support, which is critical, was somewhat easier to obtain.Practical implicationsThis paper is a useful case study investigation of a project management approach to the introduction of EDRM within an organisation using ISO 15489 as a tool.Originality/valueThis paper reflects practical lessons learned from a successful implementation of EDRM and will help other professionals who are considering or already introducing EDRM in their own organisations.
Supply chain risk management
Authors: Jüttner Uta 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThis paper seeks to understand business requirements for supply chain risk management (SCRM) from a practitioner perspective.Design/methodology/approachBased on the findings from an exploratory quantitative survey and qualitative focus group discussions with supply chain managers, some issues of SCRM are derived and structured along the three conceptual levels of “philosophy”, “principles” and “processes”.FindingsThe survey showed that 44 per cent of all eight responding companies expect the vulnerability of their supply chains to increase in the next five years. However, the concept of SCRM is still in its infancy.Originality/valueThe paper contributes to our knowledge on SCRM by presenting the business requirements from a practitioner perspective and by deriving a structure for an integrated approach to SCRM which can guide further research.
Social innovators or lagging behind: factors that influence managers' time use
Authors: Blunsdon Betsy , Reed Ken , McNeil Nicola 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe broad aim of this paper is to investigate whether managers in Australia allocate their time differently than other occupational groups, and the impact gender and life situation (using marital status and presence or absence of dependent children as a proxy) has on time allocation.Design/methodology/approachTo address these broad aims, data are drawn from the 1997Australian Time Use Survey. This is a nationally representative survey that examines how people in different circumstances allocate time to different activities.FindingsThe results of this study highlight three important issues. The first is that male and female managers display different patterns of time use. Male managers' time is dominated by paid employment activities, whereas female managers' time is spent predominantly on employment and domestic activities. The second is that life situation impacts on the time use of female managers, but not male managers. The third important find of this study is that managers' time use is different to other occupational groups.Practical implicationsThese findings have policy implications relating to work‐life balance, career progression and changes in patterns of work. In terms of work‐life issues, it reveals that male and female managers face a “time squeeze”, with some evidence of a “second‐shift” for female managers. In addition, the findings provide insight into the work‐life issues faced by male and female managers.Originality/valueThe results of this inquiry provide insight into how different individuals spend their time – insight into “lifestyles”. However, in‐depth qualitative studies are required to reveal why individuals allocate their time in this way and to understand the opportunities and constraints individuals face in time allocation.
Differential effects of price‐beating versus price‐matching guarantee on retailers' price image
Authors: Desmet Pierre , Le Nagard Emmanuelle 
Published: January 2007

PurposeSeeks to study the effect of a low‐price guarantee (PG) on store price image and store patronage intention. Two kinds of low‐price guarantee are studied: a price‐matching guarantee (PMG) where the price difference is refunded and a price‐beating guarantee (PBG) where a retailer offers an additional compensation.Design/methodology/approachA questionnaire is used to collect information on 180 non‐student respondents in an experimental framework where low‐price guarantee dimension is manipulated through three advertisements for printers.FindingsFindings are: first, that PG indeed lowers store price image, increases the confidence that the store has lower prices and increases patronage intention; second, that, compared with a PMG whose effects are positive but rather small, a PBG further lowers the store price image on the low prices dimension without increasing the intention to search for lower price, this intention being already rather high in the PMG condition; third, that a larger effect is observed for non‐regular customers.Research limitations/implicationsResearch limitations are associated with the data collection. For greater reality the study uses an existing retail chain, so specific effects coming from this chain could influence the results but this bias cannot be evaluated as the experiment involves one retailer only.Practical implicationsPractical implications are that price image can be manipulated without any change in pricing policy by a low‐price guarantee and that the interest to adopt a price‐beating guarantee is real.Originality/valueThe contribution of this study lies in its focus on a large PBG level that retailers already apply and in demonstrating that a PG depends on the relationship between the consumer and the retailer with a stronger effect on non‐regular customers.
“Surfing Global Change”: how didactic visions can be implemented
Authors: Ahamer Gilbert 
Published: January 2007

PurposeAims to examine a negotiation‐oriented and partly web‐based game “Surfing Global Change” (SGC) invented by the author based on didactics of self‐managed learning and successfully implemented in WebCT.Design/methodology/approachAlong three historic generations of web‐based teaching (WBT), the key functionalities of any platform (content, discussion and evaluation) are perceived to be utilized in a characteristic way depending on the prevalent didactic concepts. The changing roles of teacher and students are highlighted using the example of SGC Level 3, where students assess one another's competence, each trying to outdo the others in controversial argumentsFindingsThe outlay of Surfing Global Change aims at accomplishing sustainable results for complex themes. Thus SGC sets out to weigh out competition vs consensus, self‐study vs team work, emphasizing one's own standpoint vs readiness to compromise, differentiation into details vs integration into a whole. SGC hence wants to mirror professional realities along five interactive game levels: learn content and pass quizzes; write and reflect a personal standpoint; win with a team in a competitive discussion; negotiate a complex consensus between teams; integrate views when recognizing and analyzing global long‐term trends.Research limitations/implicationsSome interactive assessment functionalities are still missing in current platforms.Practical implicationsIn advanced university courses the negotiation game SGC was repeatedly used as a procedural shell for interdisciplinary themes.Originality/valueThe paper shows that a “communicative space” is created by utilising mainstream web platform technology, capable of transposing visions of “progressive education”. The definition of three generations of WBT allows for a functional differentiation in the styles of using web‐based tools.
Enhancing customer privacy while searching for products and services on the world wide web
Authors: Elovici Yuval , Glezer Chanan , Shapira Bracha 
Published: January 2007

PurposeTo propose a model of a privacy‐enhanced catalogue search system (PECSS) in an attempt to address privacy threats to consumers, who search for products and services on the world wide web.Design/methodology/approachThe model extends an agent‐based architecture for electronic catalogue mediation by supplementing it with a privacy enhancement mechanism. This mechanism introduces fake queries into the original stream of user queries, in an attempt to reduce the similarity between the actual interests of users (“internal user profile”) and the interests as observed by potential eavesdroppers on the web (“external user profile”). A prototype was constructed to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the model.FindingsThe evaluation of the model indicates that, by generating five fake queries per each original user query, the user's profile is hidden most effectively from any potential eavesdropper. Future research is needed to identify the optimal glossary of fake queries for various clients. The model also should be tested against various attacks perpetrated against the mixed stream of original and fake queries (i.e. statistical clustering).Research limitations/implicationsThe model's feasibility was evaluated through a prototype. It was not empirically tested against various statistical methods used by intruders to reveal the original queries.Practical implicationsA useful architecture for electronic commerce providers, internet service providers (ISP) and individual clients who are concerned with their privacy and wish to minimize their dependencies on third‐party security providers.Originality/valueThe contribution of the PECSS model stems from the fact that, as the internet gradually transforms into a non‐free service, anonymous browsing cannot be employed any more to protect consumers' privacy, and therefore other approaches should be explored. Moreover, unlike other approaches, our model does not rely on the honesty of any third mediators and proxies that are also exposed to the interests of the client. In addition, the proposed model is scalable as it is installed on the user's computer.
Withdrawing a declaration of will
Authors: Lekkas Dimitrios , Gritzalis Stefanos , Mitrou Lilian 
Published: January 2007

PurposeThe objective of this paper is to investigate the legal and technical reasons why a declaration of will, denoted by a digital signature, can be cancelled and how this cancellation can be technically achieved.Design/methodology/approachProposes a technical framework for establishing a signature revocation mechanism based on special data structures, the signature revocation tokens (SRT), and investigates the alternatives for disseminating the signature status information (SSI) to the relying parties.FindingsA relying party has to take into consideration the possible existence of a signature revocation, in order to decide on the validity of a digital signature. A scheme based on a central public repository for the archival and distribution of signature revocation tokens exhibits significant advantages against other alternatives.Originality/valueIdentifies various intrinsic problems of the digital signature creation process that raise several questions on whether the signer performs a conscious and wilful act, although he/she is held liable for this action. The law faces the eventual right of the signer to claim a revocation of a previously made declaration of will, especially in cases of an error, fraud or duress.