bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of scintigraphy for assessment of fracture healing and early diagnosis of osteomyelitis following fracture repair in rabbits
Authors: Southwood Louise L. , Kawcak Chris E. , McIlwraith C. Wayne , Frisbie David D. , Steyn Phillip F. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate use of technetium Tc 99m disodium hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (99m-Tc- HDP) for assessing fracture healing and 99m-Tc-HDP and technetium Tc 99m ciprofloxacin (99m-Tc-CIPRO) for early diagnosis of osteomyelitis in rabbits.Animals—32 skeletally mature New Zealand White rabbits.Procedure—A femoral fracture defect stabilized with bone plates and cortical screws was used. Scintigraphy was performed 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks after surgery. The 99m-Tc-CIPRO scan was performed 48 hours after the 99m-Tc-HDP scan. The uptake ratio of the experimental limb to the normal limb was calculated by use of multiple regions of interest. Results of radiography performed to determine external callus and lysis grade and percentage defect ossification at 16 weeks were compared with scintigraphy results.Results—Infected fractures had a higher uptake ratio for 99m-Tc-HDP and 99m-Tc-CIPRO than noninfected fractures. Infected fractures could be differentiated from noninfected fractures late in healing by use of 99m-Tc-HDP. Although 99m-Tc-CIPRO was better than 99m-Tc-HDP for identifying infection, there was a high incidence of false positive and negative results with 99m-Tc-CIPRO. There was an association between 99m-Tc-HDP uptake ratio and callus formation and a good correlation between 99m-Tc-HDP uptake ratio and defect ossification after 4 weeks.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—99m-Tc-HDP and 99m-Tc-CIPRO may be useful for diagnosing osteomyelitis late in fracture healing; however, false positive and false negative results occur. Technetium Tc 99m disodium hydroxymethylene diphosphonate may be useful for evaluating fracture healing. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:736–745)
Body weight, hematologic findings, and serum and plasma biochemical findings of horses competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions
Authors: Barton Michelle H. , Williamson Lisa , Jacks Stephanie , Norton Natalie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare physiologic, hematologic, and selected serum and plasma biochemical variables obtained from horses competing in 48-, 83-, or 159- km endurance rides before competition and at the same cumulative distance points.Animals—83 horses.Procedure—Weight and rectal temperature measurements and blood samples were obtained from horses before, during, and after 1 of 3 rides conducted on the same day. Plasma protein (PP), lactate, WBC, serum electrolyte, and calcium concentrations; PCV; and creatine kinase (CK) activity were determined. Assessments were made to determine whether any differences among groups, with respect to total distance competed, could be explained by differences in lap speed or conditioning and to investigate the effect of time in transit or on-site prior to competition on results of blood analyses or competition outcome.Results—Horses in the 159-km distance group had the lowest preride serum sodium, chloride, bicarbonate, and calcium concentrations. As hours in transit increased, preride PP concentration was significantly greater; serum sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate concentrations were lower; CK activity at 159 km was greater; and horses were more likely to be eliminated. The preride sodium was significantly greater in horses that completed the ride, compared with those eliminated.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Among distance groups, distance ridden, speed, level of fitness, and years of experience of horses had little effect on the variables examined. Electrolyte and water supplementation and earlier arrival at the event may be beneficial for horses that are transported long distances to endurance competition. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:746–753)
Effects on plasma endotoxin and eicosanoid concentrations and serum cytokine activities in horses competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance ride under similar terrain and weather conditions
Authors: Barton Michelle H. , Williamson Lisa , Jacks Stephanie , Norton Natalie 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine plasma endotoxin concentration in horses competing in a 48-, 83-, or 159-km endurance race and its importance with regard to physical, hematologic, or serum and plasma biochemical variables.Animals—83 horses.Procedure—Weight and rectal temperature measurements and blood samples were obtained before, during, and after exercise. Blood samples were analyzed for plasma endotoxin concentration; serum antiendotoxin antibody titers; thromboxane B2(TxB2) and 6- keto-prostaglandin F1α(PGF1α) concentrations; tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) activities; WBC, plasma protein, lactate, serum electrolyte, and calcium concentrations; PCV; and creatine kinase activity.Results—Detection of plasma endotoxin increased during exercise for horses competing at all distances but occurred more frequently in the 48- and 83-km groups. Plasma lactate concentration was significantly greater when endotoxin was concurrently detected. Endotoxin in plasma was not significantly associated with success of race completion. Plasma TxB2and PGF1αconcentrations and serum IL-6 activity significantly increased with exercise. Horses that had an excellent fitness level (as perceived by their owners) had greater decreases in serum antiendotoxin antibody titers during exercise than did horses perceived as less fit. In horses with better finish times, TxB2and PGF1αconcentrations were significantly greater and TNFαactivity was significantly less than that of slower horses.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Endotoxemia developed during endurance racing, but was significantly correlated with increased plasma lactate concentration and not with other variables indicative of endotoxemia. Plasma TxB2and PGF1αconcentrations and serum TNFαactivity may be associated with performance success. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:754–761)
Evaluation of skin test reactivity to environmental allergens in healthy cats and cats with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Schleifer Sebastian G. , Willemse Ton 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate skin test reactivity to environmental allergens in healthy cats and in cats with atopic dermatitis (AD).Animals—10 healthy cats and 10 cats with AD.Procedure—10 allergens in serial dilutions were injected ID on the lateral aspect of the thorax of sedated cats. Histamine (0.01% solution) and buffer solutions were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. Immediately after the last injection, 10% fluorescein solution was administered IV. Skin test results were evaluated with ultraviolet light after 15 to 30 minutes and at 4 and 6 hours by 2 independent observers. In the control group, skin tests were repeated after 6 weeks. Skin test reactivity and the nature of the immunoglobulin involved were investigated by use of the Prausnitz-Küstner test with untreated and heat-treated cat sera.Results—Intertest and interobserver agreement were high when measurement of the diameter of the fluorescent wheal was used to evaluate skin test responses, compared with assessment of its intensity. In both groups of cats, immediate skin test reactivity was observed as an IgE-mediated reaction, as an IgG-mediated reaction, and as a result of nonspecific mast cell degranulation. There was no correlation between allergen concentration and the type of reaction observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Skin test reactivity in cats should be evaluated after IV administration of 10% fluorescein solution by means of a Prausnitz-Küstner test to differentiate among IgEmediated, IgG-mediated, and nonspecific reactions. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:773–778)
Effect of histamine on lung contractile elements in growing cattle
Authors: Jolly Sandra , Robinson N. Edward , Desmecht Daniel J. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To determine the effect of histamine on
the contractile elements of the respiratory tract in
neonatal calves and young adult cattle.

Sample Population—Samples of trachealis muscle,
bronchi, and intrapulmonary arteries and veins dissected
from the respiratory tracts of healthy bovids (2
to 8 days and 16 to 20 months old).

Procedure—Histamine cumulative concentrationeffect
curves (10–8 to 10–3M) were constructed in duplicate
smooth muscle samples mounted in organ
baths. Contractile responses to histamine were compared
with reference contractions elicited by methacholine
(10–5M) for airways or KCl (127mM) for vessels.

Results—In young adult cattle, trachealis muscle had
a substantial contractile response to histamine (84%
of methacholine-induced contraction), whereas
bronchi reacted slightly (15 and 20% for large and
small bronchi, respectively). Although contractile
responses to KCl were comparable in arteries and
veins, histamine-induced contractions were greater
for intrapulmonary veins than for arteries (202 vs 48%
of KCl-induced contraction). In neonatal calves, histamine-
induced contraction of veins also exceeded that
of arteries (230 vs 54% of KCl-induced contraction);
however, unlike in young adult cattle, histamine produced
notable contraction of large and small bronchi
(48 and 60% of methacholine-induced contraction,
respectively).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Compared
with intrapulmonary arteries, intrapulmonary veins
have greater contractile responses to histamine in
neonatal and young adult cattle. Data suggest loss of
histamine responsiveness in bronchial smooth muscle
as neonatal calves grow to young adults.
Venodilation may be useful in treatment of lung
edema in cattle. (Am J Vet Res 2003;64:819–822)
Submural histopathologic changes attributable to peracute laminitis in horses
Authors: Morgan Sherry J. , Hood David M. , Wagner Ilka P. , Postl Steve P. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To describe submural histopathologic changes attributable to peracute laminitis in horses.Animals—20 adult horses.Procedure—A concurrent-control design was used to compare laminar lesions in 10 horses subjected to carbohydrate-induced laminitis with laminar characteristics of 10 sex- and aged-matched control horses with normal feet. Horses in the treatment group were administered an overload of carbohydrate. Tissues were obtained by biopsy 4 to 8 hours after onset of lameness or 72 hours after administration of the carbohydrate overload when lameness did not develop. Sections were stained with H&E, Masson's trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff stains. Histopathologic changes were analyzed to detect differences between groups and to correlate epidermal changes with severity and duration of lameness.Results—Analysis indicated that dermal and epidermal lesions were evident despite lack of visible separation of the epidermal basement membrane, can be found in horses without detectable lameness, and were nonspecific and progressive following onset of lameness. Furthermore, severity and location of lesions were associated with severity and duration of lameness.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—These observations are consistent with the concept that separation of the laminar epithelial basement membrane is a delayed step in the pathogenesis of acute laminitis, digital vascular hypoperfusion is an underlying cause for laminitis, and the potential for repeated episodes of subclinical laminitis may underlie the development of structural and mechanical changes consistent with chronic laminitis despite lack of clinical signs of acute laminitis. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:829–834)
New approach for quantitative assessment of articular cartilage degeneration in horses with osteoarthritis
Authors: Brommer Harold , Weeren P. René van , Brama Pieter A. J. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate a modified digital imaging technique for quantitative assessment of the grade of osteoarthritis across the proximal articular surface of the first phalanx in horses.Sample Population—6 metacarpophalangeal (fetlock) joint specimens from 6 horses with various stages of osteoarthritis.Procedure—First phalanx specimens, together with 4 gray scale reference calibration targets, were positioned in a bath with the proximal articular cartilage surface submerged in saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Digital images were obtained from the articular surface before and after staining with Indian ink. Computer-controlled gray level analysis of the nonstained and Indian ink-stained cartilage surfaces and gray scale reference calibration targets was performed by use of the mean pixel value (based on 255-gray scale). An increase in the mean pixel value after staining was used to calculate the cartilage degeneration index (CDI).Results—The CDI of the proximal articular cartilage surface of the first phalanx specimens ranged from 9.2 ± 5.7 (early stage osteoarthritis) to 41.5 ± 3.6% (late stage osteoarthritis). The effect of repeating the measurement 6 times in nonstained (including repositioning) and stained specimens (including repositioning and restaining) was not significant. Up to 10 measurements of nonstained specimens could be made without refreshing the bath solution. In stained specimens, mean gray level increased significantly after the sixth measurement.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The modified digital imaging technique allowed quantitative assessment of cartilage degeneration across the articular cartilage surface. The CDI is the first quantitative measure for osteoarthritis-induced cartilage degeneration over an entire joint surface in horses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:83–87)
Influence of topically applied cold treatment on core temperature and cell viability in equine superficial digital flexor tendons
Authors: Petrov Raina , MacDonald Melinda H. , Tesch Anthony M. , Hoogmoed Linda M. Van 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine rate and degree of cooling for the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT) during a standard cryotherapy application in horses and evaluate in vitro effects of cooling on survival of tendon cells.Sample Population—6 limbs of 5 adult horses and cultured cells obtained from SDFT of 3 adult horses during necropsy.Procedure—In vivo data were acquired by use of a thermocouple temperature probe inserted into the SDFT of a forelimb of each standing sedated horse. After baseline temperatures were recorded, a commercial compression splint with circulating coolant was placed on each selected limb, which was then exposed to cold treatment for 60 minutes. Temperatures were recorded at 30-second intervals. Mean minimum core temperature was calculated and used to design a protocol for in vitro cold treatment of cells. Specimens were obtained from the SDFT of horses during necropsy; tendon cells were cultured in suspension and exposed to 1-hour of cold treatment that mimicked the in vivo procedure. Viability of cells after cold treatment was compared with viability of cells maintained at body temperature.Results—After 1 hour of cold treatment, SDFT core temperature was reduced by a mean of 21.8°C, reaching a mean minimum temperature of 10oC. Viability did not differ significantly between cold-treated and control cells.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that topical application of cryotherapy significantly reduced core SDFT temperature in standing sedated horses. Temperatures achieved in vivo during cold treatment were not detrimental to the in vitro viability of tendon cells. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:835–844)
Replication of bluetongue virus and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus in pulmonary artery endothelial cells obtained from cattle, sheep, and deer
Authors: McLaughlin Bridget E. , DeMaula Christopher D. , Wilson William C. , Boyce Walter M. , MacLachlan N. James 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare replication of bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) in pulmonary artery endothelial cells (ECs) obtained from juvenile cattle, sheep, white-tailed deer (WTD;Odocoileus virginianus), and black-tailed deer (BTD;O hemionus columbianus).Sample Population—Cultures of pulmonary artery ECs obtained from 3 cattle, 3 sheep, 3 WTD, and 1 BTD.Procedure—Purified cultures of pulmonary artery ECs were established. Replication, incidence of infection, and cytopathic effects of prototype strains of BTV serotype 17 (BTV-17) and 2 serotypes of EHDV (EHDV-1), and (EHDV-2) were compared in replicate cultures of ECs from each of the 4 ruminant species by use of virus titration and flow cytometric analysis.Results—All 3 viruses replicated in ECs from the 4 ruminant species; however, BTV-17 replicated more rapidly than did either serotype of EHDV. Each virus replicated to a high titer in all ECs, although titers of EHDV-1 were significantly lower in sheep ECs than in ECs of other species. Furthermore, all viruses caused extensive cytopathic effects and a high incidence of cellular infection; however, incidence of cellular infection and cytopathic effects were significantly lower in EHDV-1-infected sheep ECs and EHDV-2-infected BTD ECs.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—There were only minor differences in replication, incidence of infection, and cytopathic effects for BTV-17, EHDV-1, or EHDV-2 in ECs of cattle, sheep, BTD, and WTD. It is not likely that differences in expression of disease in BTV- and EHDV-infected ruminants are attributable only to species-specific differences in the susceptibility of ECs to infection with the 2 orbiviruses. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:860–865)
Effects of topical application of antimicrobials and bandaging on healing and granulation tissue formation in wounds of the distal aspect of the limbs in horses
Authors: Berry II Douglass B. , Sullins Kenneth E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether povidone iodine ointment or 2 forms of silver sulfadiazine applied topically to wounds of the distal aspect of the limbs in horses affect the rate of second intention healing and to evaluate the additional influence of bandaging with these antimicrobials on granulation tissue formation.Animals—6 healthy adult horses.Procedure—Six standardized 2.5-cm2skin wounds/horse were distributed between the dorsomedial surfaces of the metacarpi and metatarsi. One of the following 6 treatments was applied to each wound: 1% silver sulfadiazine cream with bandage, 1% silver sulfadiazine slow-release matrix with bandage, 1% silver sulfadiazine slow-release matrix without bandage, povidone-iodine ointment with bandage, untreated control with bandage, and untreated control without bandage. Wound area, granulation tissue area, and perimeter were measured by use of planimetry software applied to digital images. Exuberant granulation tissue was excised when present. Days until healing, rate of healing parameter, rate of contraction, and epithelialization were compared among wound treatment groups.Results—Healing parameters and mean days to healing did not differ significantly among any of the wound treatment groups. Percentage wound contraction and rate of epithelialization were similar among wound treatments. All bandaged wounds produced exuberant granulation tissue, which was surgically excised; none of the unbandaged wounds produced exuberant granulation tissue.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—When exuberant granulation tissue is removed, rates of epithelialization and wound contraction were not different among wound treatment groups, whether bandaged or unbandaged. Topical application of 1% silver sulfadiazine slow-release matrix on unbandaged wounds induced the same result as medications applied beneath bandages, but without exuberant granulation tissue formation. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:88–92)
Efficacy of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves
Authors: Fecteau Marie-Eve , House John K. , Kotarski Susan F. , Tankersley Natalie S , Ontiveros Monica M. , Alcantar Carlos R. , Smith Bradford P 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of a high extralabel dose of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves.Animals—Forty-two 1- to 4-day-old Holstein bull calves.Procedure—36 calves were orally challenged withSalmonella enteriticaserovar Typhimurium (6.5 × 108colony-forming units). Six additional calves were retained as nonmedicated nonchallenged control calves. Four days followingSalmonellachallenge, surviving calves were randomly allocated to ceftiofurtreated (5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h) or nonmedicated control groups. Calves assigned to the treated group were medicated daily for 5 days starting on day 4 after challenge. Calves were monitored for 18 days followingSalmonellachallenge. Outcome assessments included clinical parameters (attitude, appetite, fecal characteristics, and rectal temperature), mortality rate, and quantitativeSalmonellaculture of fecal samples, mesenteric lymph nodes, and cecal contents.Results—Ceftiofur treatment was associated with a significant decrease in rectal temperature and diarrhea. Three of 15 medicated calves and 4 of 14 nonmedicated calves died or were euthanatized between days 4 and 18. A significant decrease in fecal shedding ofSalmonellaorganisms was observed in treated calves, compared with non-medicated calves.Salmonellaorganisms were isolated from all 10 nonmedicated calves at necropsy, whereas noSalmonellaorganisms were isolated from 5 of 12 medicated calves.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Treatment of salmonellosis in neonatal calves with a high extralabel dose of ceftiofur (5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h) promotes animal welfare, reduces fecal shedding ofSalmonellaorganisms, and may promote clearance ofSalmonellainfections when plasma ceftiofur concentrations are maintained above minimal inhibitory concentrations. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:918–925)
Comparison between invasive hemodynamic measurements and noninvasive assessment of left ventricular diastolic function by use of Doppler echocardiography in healthy anesthetized cats
Authors: Schober Karsten E. , Fuentes Virginia Luis , Bonagura John D. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To compare Doppler echocardiographic variables of left ventricular (LV) function with those obtained invasively via cardiac catheterization under a range of hemodynamic conditions.Animals—7 healthy anesthetized cats (1 to 3 years of age).Procedure—Cats were anesthetized and instrumented to measure the time constant of isovolumic relaxation (tau []), LV end-diastolic pressure (LVEDP), peak negative and positive rate of change of LV pressure, arterial blood pressure, and cardiac output. Echocardiographic variables of diastolic function (isovolumic relaxation time [IVRT], early LV flow propagation velocity [Vp], transmitral and pulmonary venous flow velocity indices, and LV tissue Doppler imaging indices) were measured simultaneously over a range of hemodynamic states induced by treatments with esmolol, dobutamine, cilobradine, and volume loading. Correlation between invasive and noninvasive measures of LV filling was determined by univariate and multivariate regression analyses.Results—Significant correlations were found betweenand IVRT, peak Vp, peak late transmitral flow velocity, and peak systolic pulmonary venous flow velocity. A significant correlation was found between LVEDP and early diastolic transmitral flow velocity (peak E) and the ratio of peak E to peak Vp, but not between LVEDP and peak Vp.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—IVRT and Vp can be used as noninvasive indices of LV relaxation; Vp was independent of preload and heart rate in this study. The E:Vp ratio may be useful as an indicator of LV filling pressure. (Am J Vet Res2003;64:93–103)