bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neurological manifestations of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Experience at UCSF and review of the literature
Authors: Levy Robert M. , Bredesen Dale E. , Rosenblum Mark L. 
Published: December 2007

✓In this review of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), the authors have evaluated a total of 352 homosexual patients with AIDS or generalized lymphadenopathy managed at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), between 1979 and 1984. Of an initial unselecled group of 318 patients, 124 (39%) were neurologically symptomatic, and one-third already had their neurological complaints at the time of presentation. An additional 210 AIDS patients with neurological symptoms have been reported in the literature. Thus, a total of 366 neurologically symptomatic patients with AIDS or lymphadenopathy are reviewed.
Central nervous system (CNS) complications, encountered in 315 patients, included the following viral syndromes: subacute encephalitis (54), atypical aseptic meningitis (21), herpes simplex encephalitis (nine), progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (six), viral myelitis (three), and varicella-zoster encephalitis (one). Non-viral infections were caused by Toxoplasma gondii (103), Cryptococcus neoformans (41), Candida albicans (six), Mycobacteria (six), Treponema pallidum (two), coccidioidomycosis (one), Mycobacterium tuberculosis (one), Aspergillus fumigatus (one), and Escherichia coli (one). Neoplasms included primary CNS lymphoma (15), systemic lymphoma with CNS involvement (12), and metastatic Kaposi's sarcoma (three). Cerebrovascular complications were seen in four patients with hemorrhage and five with infarction. Five patients in the UCSF series had multiple intracranial pathologies, including two cases of simultaneous Toxoplasma gondii infections and primary CNS lymphoma, two cases of coexistent Toxoplasma gondii and viral infections, and one case of combined Toxoplasma gondii and atypical mycobacterial infection.
Cranial or peripheral nerve complications, seen in 51 patients, included cranial nerve syndromes secondary to chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy (five), lymphoma (five), and Bell's palsy (five). Peripheral nerve syndromes included chronic inflammatory polyneuropathy (12), distal symmetrical neuropathy (13), herpes zoster radiculitis (six), persistent myalgias (two), myopathy (two), and polymyositis (one).
In light of the protean behavior of AIDS and the problems related to the clinical, radiological, and serological diagnosis of the unusual and varied associated nervous system diseases, patients with AIDS and neurological complaints require a rigorous and detailed evaluation. The authors' experience suggests that biopsy of all CNS space-occupying lesions should be performed for tissue diagnosis prior to the institution of other therapies.
Use of osteogenic protein-1 in patients at high risk for spinal pseudarthrosis: a prospective cohort study assessing safety, health-related quality of life, and radiographic fusion
Authors: Furlan Julio C. , Perrin Richard G. , Govender Preneshlin V. , Petrenko Yuriy , Massicotte Eric M. , Rampersaud Yoga R. , Lewis Stephen , Fehlings Michael G. 
Published: December 2007

Object
The capability of osteogenic protein (OP)–1 to induce bone formation has led to an increasing interest in its use in fusion surgery. This prospective study examines the safety and efficacy of OP-1 use in patients considered to be at a high risk for developing pseudarthrosis following reconstructive spinal surgery.

Methods
Outcome measures included documentation of adverse events, radiographic evaluation of fusion by an independent musculoskeletal radiologist blinded to treatment, the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36). The health-related quality of life (HRQOL) assessments (ODI and SF-36) were given at baseline and at 3, 6, 12, 18, and 24 months after the surgical OP-1 implant.

Results
The study consisted of 17 male and 13 female patients, with a mean age of 53 years (range 20–77 years). Fourteen patients underwent operations for cervical disease, and 16 for lumbar disease, with a median postoperative follow-up of 24 months (range 13–46 months). There were significant improvements in the physical health (from 28.7 ± 1.5 to 34.2 ± 3; p = 0.025) and mental health (from 43.7 ± 2 to 47.5 ± 3.1; p = 0.015) summary scores on the SF-36. The mean postoperative ODI score at 6, 9, 12, and 18 months was significantly lower than the baseline ODI score, after taking into consideration a 10-point measurement error (p = 0.0003, p = 0.003, p = 0.004, and p = 0.032, respectively). At 24 months, however, the differences in ODI scores were no longer significant. Of the 30 patients, 24 (80%) were deemed to have a solid fusion. There were no allergic reactions to OP-1 and no symptomatic postoperative hematomas.

Conclusions
Our results suggest that the use of OP-1 is safe and may contribute to high fusion rates, as demonstrated by radiographs, reduced levels of disability, and improved HRQOL in patients considered to be at a high risk for developing a nonunion after spinal reconstructive surgery.
Anterior lumbar interbody fusion in comparison with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion: implications for the restoration of foraminal height, local disc angle, lumbar lordosis, and sagittal balance
Authors: Hsieh Patrick C. , Koski Tyler R. , O'Shaughnessy Brian A. , Sugrue Patrick , Salehi Sean , Ondra Stephen , Liu John C. 
Published: December 2007

Object
A primary consideration of all spinal fusion procedures is restoration of normal anatomy, including disc height, lumbar lordosis, foraminal decompression, and sagittal balance. To the authors' knowledge, there has been no direct comparison of anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF) with transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) concerning their capacity to alter those parameters. The authors conducted a retrospective radiographic analysis directly comparing ALIF with TLIF in their capacity to alter foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis.

Methods
The medical records and radiographs of 32 patients undergoing ALIF and 25 patients undergoing TLIF from between 2000 and 2004 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical data and radiographic measurements, including preoperative and postoperative foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis, were obtained. Statistical analyses included mean values, 95% confidence intervals, and intraobserver/interobserver reliability for the measurements that were performed.

Results
Our results indicate that ALIF is superior to TLIF in its capacity to restore foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis. The ALIF procedure increased foraminal height by 18.5%, whereas TLIF decreased it by 0.4%. In addition, ALIF increased the local disc angle by 8.3° and lumbar lordosis by 6.2°, whereas TLIF decreased the local disc angle by 0.1° and lumbar lordosis by 2.1°.

Conclusions
The ALIF procedure is superior to TLIF in its capacity to restore foraminal height, local disc angle, and lumbar lordosis. The improved radiographic outcomes may be an indication of improved sagittal balance correction, which may lead to better long-term outcomes as shown by other studies. Our data, however, demonstrated no difference in clinical outcome between the two groups at the 2-year follow-up.
In vitro biomechanical comparison of transpedicular versus translaminar C-2 screw fixation in C2–3 instrumentation
Authors: Reddy Chandan , Ingalhalikar Aditya V. , Channon Scott , Lim Tae-Hong , Torner James , Hitchon Patrick W. 
Published: December 2007

Object
In instrumentation of the upper cervical spine, placement of pedicle screws into C-2 is generally safe, although there is the potential for injury to the vertebral arteries. Owing to this risk, translaminar screws into C-2 have been used. The aim of this study was to compare the stability of the in vitro cadaveric spine using C-2 laminar compared with C-2 pedicle screws in C2–3 instrumentation.

Methods
Eight fresh frozen human cadaveric cervical spines (C1–6) were potted at C1–2 and C5–6. Pure moments in increments of 0.3 Nm to a maximum of 1.5 Nm were applied in flexion, extension, right and left lateral bending, and right and left axial rotation. Each specimen was tested sequentially in three modes: 1) intact; 2) C2 pedicle screw–C3 lateral mass fixation; and 3) C2 laminar screw–C3 lateral mass fixation. The sequence of fixation testing was randomized. Motion was tracked with reflective markers attached to C-2 and C-3.

Results
Spinal levels with instrumentation showed significantly less motion than the intact spine in all directions and with all loads greater than 0.3 Nm (p < 0.05). Although there was no significant difference between C2 pedicle screw–C3 lateral mass fixation and C2 laminar screw–C3 lateral mass fixation, generally the former type of fixation was associated with less motion than the latter.

Conclusions
When pedicle screws in C-2 are contraindicated or inappropriate, laminar screws in C-2 offer a safe and acceptable option for posterior instrumentation.
A comparison of the effectiveness of mitomycin C and 5-fluorouracil in the prevention of peridural adhesion after laminectomy
Authors: Sun Yu , Wang Li-Xin , Wang Lei , Sun Si-Xin , Cao Xiao-Jian , Wang Peng , Feng Li 
Published: December 2007

Object
The effectiveness of the topical application of mitomycin C (MMC) or 5-fluorouracil (5FU) in preventing peridural adhesion after laminectomy was compared in this study.

Methods
Laminectomies were performed at L-1 in 30 rats. Cotton pads soaked with 0.1 mg/ml MMC, 25 mg/ml 5FU, or 9 mg/ml saline (control) were applied to the operative sites. To evaluate neurological deficits pre- and postoperatively, somatosensory evoked potentials were monitored and the Basso-Beattie-Bresnahan locomotion test was performed. Four weeks postlaminectomy the rats were killed, and peridural scar adhesion was evaluated histologically. The level of hydroxyproline, the area of peridural scar tissue, and the number of fibroblasts were determined. The degree of peridural adhesion was classified according to the Rydell standard.

Results
No obvious adhesion formed in the rats in the MMC group, but severe peridural adhesions were found in those in the 5FU and control groups. The content of hydroxyproline, the area of peridural scar tissue, and the number of fibroblasts in the MMC group were significantly lower than those in the 5FU and control groups.

Conclusions
The topical application of MMC rather than 5FU may be a successful method of preventing post-laminectomy peridural adhesions.
A porous bioactive titanium implant for spinal interbody fusion: an experimental study using a canine model
Authors: Takemoto Mitsuru , Fujibayashi Shunsuke , Neo Masashi , So Kazutaka , Akiyama Norihiro , Matsushita Tomiharu , Kokubo Tadashi , Nakamura Takashi 
Published: December 2007

Object
Porous biomaterials with adequate pore structure and appropriate mechanical properties are expected to provide a new generation of devices for spinal interbody fusion because of their potential to eliminate bone grafting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the fusion characteristics of porous bioactive titanium implants using a canine anterior interbody fusion model.

Methods
Porous titanium implants sintered with volatile spacer particles (porosity 50%, average pore size 303 μm, compressive strength 116.3 MPa) were subjected to chemical and thermal treatments that give a bioactive microporous titania layer on the titanium surface (BT implant). Ten adult female beagle dogs underwent anterior lumbar interbody fusion at L6–7 using either BT implants or nontreated (NT) implants, followed by posterior spinous process wiring and facet screw fixation. Radiographic evaluations were performed at 1, 2, and 3 months postoperatively using X-ray fluoroscopy. Animals were killed 3 months postoperatively, and fusion status was evaluated by manual palpation and histological examination.

Results
Interbody fusion was confirmed in all five dogs in the BT group and three of five dogs in the NT group. Histological examination demonstrated a large amount of new bone formation with marrowlike tissue in the BT implants and primarily fibrous tissue formation in the NT implants.

Conclusions
Bioactive treatment effectively enhanced the fusion ability of the porous titanium implants. These findings, coupled with the appropriate mechanical properties in load-bearing conditions, indicate that these porous bioactive titanium implants represent a new generation of biomaterial for spinal interbody fusion.
Wrong-sided and wrong-level neurosurgery: a national survey
Authors: Jhawar Balraj S. , Mitsis Demytra , Duggal Neil 
Published: December 2007

Object
Perhaps the single greatest error that a surgeon hopes to avoid is operating at the wrong site. In this report, the authors describe the incidence and possible determinants of incorrect-site surgery (ICSS) among neurosurgeons.

Methods
The authors asked neurosurgeons to complete an anonymous survey. These surgeons were asked to report the number of craniotomies and lumbar and cervical discectomies performed during the previous year, as well as whether ICSS had occurred. They were also asked detailed questions regarding the potential determinants of ICSS.

Results
There was a 75% response rate and a 68% survey completion rate. Participating neurosurgeons performed 4695 lumbar and 2649 cervical discectomies, as well as 10,203 craniotomies. Based on this self-reporting, the incidence of wrong-level lumbar surgery was estimated to be 4.5 occurrences per 10,000 operations. The ICSSs per 10,000 cervical discectomies and craniotomies were 6.8 and 2.2, respectively. Neurosurgeons recognized fatigue, unusual time pressure, and emergent operations as factors contributing to ICSS. For spine surgery, in particular, unusual patient anatomy and a failure to verify the operative site by radiography were also commonly reported contributors.

Conclusions
Neurosurgical ICSSs do occur, but are rare events. Although there are significant limitations to the survey-based methodology, the data suggest that the prevention of such errors will require neurosurgeons to recognize risk factors and increase the use of intraoperative imaging.
Cervical spinal motion before and after surgery in patients with Chiari malformation Type I associated with syringomyelia
Authors: Ono Atsushi , Suetsuna Futoshi , Ueyama Kazumasa , Yokoyama Toru , Aburakawa Shuichi , Takeuchi Kazunari , Numasawa Takuya , Wada Kanichiro , Toh Satoshi 
Published: December 2007

Object
There have been few reports about the cervical spinal motion in patients with Chiari malformation Type I (CM-I) associated with syringomyelia. To investigate this phenomenon, the relationship between the preoperative cervical range of motion (ROM) and the stage of cerebellar tonsillar descent as well as the cervical ROM before and after foramen magnum decompression (FMD) were evaluated.

Methods
Thirty patients who had CM-I associated with syringomyelia and who underwent FMD participated in the study. The ROM and lordosis angle of the cervical spine were measured on x-ray films. In addition, the relationship between preoperative degree of cerebellar tonsillar descent and the ROM between the levels of the occiput (Oc) and C2 was investigated.

Results
The mean flexion–extension ROM at Oc–C2 was 15.5° before and 14.1° after surgery, and the mean flexion–extension ROM of C2–7 was 55.1° before and 52.8° after surgery. The mean pre- and postoperative lordosis angles at C2–7 were 16.8 and 19.1°, respectively. There was no significant difference between the values measured before and after surgery. There was no correlation between the degree of cerebellar tonsillar descent and the ROM at Oc–C2.

Conclusions
Foramen magnum decompression is an excellent surgical technique that has no effect on the postoperative cervical ROM and cervical alignment.
Effect of autologous platelet gel on early and late graft fusion in anterior cervical spine surgery
Authors: Feiz-Erfan Iman , Harrigan Mary , Sonntag Volker K. H. , Harrington Timothy R. 
Published: December 2007

Object
In a double-blind randomized study, platelet concentrate was used to treat 50 patients who underwent anterior cervical fusion with allograft bone and internal fixation, predominantly for degenerative disc disease or soft herniated cervical disc. The goal in this study was to compare the outcomes in patients treated with and without the platelet gel.

Methods
Patients were assessed radiographically at 6, 12, and 52 weeks and at 2 years if needed. Clinically, patients were evaluated with the visual analog scale, Neck Disability Index, Short Form–36, and a modified Prolo Scale.

Results
Follow-up included 90% of the patients at 1 year and 84% at 2 years. The overall fusion rate was 84%.

Conclusions
Whereas patients with degenerative discs treated with platelet gel demonstrated early fusion at the 12-week follow-up interval, no consistent early fusion was obtained with the use of the platelet gel preparation in patients with a soft disc herniation.
Multiple cervical arcocristectomies for the treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: surgical technique and results
Authors: Amaral Sergio H. , Silva Marcelo N. , Giraldi Mauricio , Viterbo Marcelo B. S. , Pereira Clemente A. B. 
Published: December 2007

Object
In the surgical treatment of cervical spondylotic myelopathy, a posterior approach is recommended for patients with multilevel cervical stenosis. In this article the authors describe the multiple cervical arcocristectomy technique and results.

Methods
This surgical technique involves the removal of the upper half of the cervical laminae and was performed in 17 patients between 1997 and 2005 with a mean follow-up of 55 months.

Results
Sixteen patients showed immediate improvement in myelopathic symptoms, and all of them had long-term improvement with no complications and a relatively short surgical time.

Conclusions
Multiple cervical arcocristectomy is a surgical technique that offers physiological and biomechanical advantages in the treatment of the spondylotic myelopathy.
A new paradigm for staging pedicle screw–based spinal procedures: rationale, feasibility, safety, and efficacy
Authors: Ringstrom Mark J. , Sullivan Humbert G. , Fundell Larry J. , Nigogosyan Mark A. 
Published: December 2007

Object
The aims of this study were to present the rationale for and the evolution of a staged, two-procedure paradigm for spinal surgery requiring pedicle screw instrumentation, and to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the technique.

Methods
The rationale for the new algorithm is presented for consideration in the form of unproven hypotheses subject to verification by subsequent studies. The first stage of the two-staged algorithm, performed in an interventional radiology (IR) setting, involves percutaneous placement of either headless pedicle screws or K-wire fragment placeholders of the trajectory for pedicle screws. The second stage, performed days or weeks later, involves open surgical completion of instrumentation placement and other surgical objectives. The techniques for IR percutaneous K-wire fragment and percutaneous screw placement evolved over the duration of the study.
Instrumentation was placed in 126 pedicles in 25 patients. Efficacy was equated to the accuracy of screw placement, which was evaluated using computed tomography (CT). Algorithms incorporating correction for metal artifact were developed to determine deviation of the screws and K-wire fragments from proper position. Over 1500 measurements were made to evaluate K-wire fragment and screw position in the 116 instrumented pedicles for which CT data were available.

Results
Accuracy of placement (relative to both cortical and pedicle breaches or to only pedicle breaches) was 98 to 100% for K-wire fragments, 96 to 98% for screws following K-wire fragments, and 100% for percutaneous screws. The only adverse consequence of pedicle screw placement by this method was one infection that occurred 8 months postoperatively.

Conclusions
The staged, two-procedure paradigm for pedicle screw placement proved, within the limits of this study, to be feasible, safe, and effective; therefore, the unproven rationale behind the new paradigm merits further evaluation in a larger cohort of patients with randomized, matched controls.
A preliminary biomechanical evaluation in a simulated spinal fusion model
Authors: Ferrara Lisa A. , Gordon Illya , Coquillette Madeline , Milks Ryan , Fleischman Aaron J. , Roy Shuvo , Goel Vijay K. , Benzel Edward C. 
Published: December 2007

Object
A preliminary in vitro biomechanical study was conducted to determine if the pressure at a bone graft–mortise interface and the load transmitted along a ventral cervical plate could be used as parameters to assess fusion status.

Methods
An interbody bone graft and a ventral plate were placed at the C3–4 motion segment in six fresh cadaveric goat spines. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) was used to simulate early bone fusion at the bone graft site. The loads along the plate and the simultaneous pressures induced at the graft–endplate interfaces were monitored during simulated stages of bone healing. Each specimen was nondestructively tested in compression loading while the pressures and loads at the graft site were recorded continuously. Each specimen was tested under five conditions (Disc, Graft, Plate, PMMA, and Removal).

Results
The pressure at the interface of the bone graft and vertebral endplate did not change significantly with the addition of the ventral plate. The interface pressure and segmental stiffness did increase following PMMA augmentation of the bone graft (simulating an intermediate phase of bone fusion). The load transmitted along the ventral plate in compression increased after the addition of the bone graft, but decreased after PMMA augmentation. Thus, there was an increase in pressure at the graft–endplate interface and a decrease in load transferred along the ventral plate after the simulation of bone fusion. Upon removal of the ventral plate, the simulated fusion bore most of the axial load, thus explaining a further increase in graft site pressure.

Conclusions
These observations support the notions of load sharing and the redistribution of loads occurring during and after bone graft incorporation. In the clinical setting, these parameters may be useful in the assessment of fusion after spine surgery. Although feasibility has been demonstrated in this preliminary study, further research is needed.