bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulin and hepatitis B surface antigen‐specific circulating immune complexes in chronic hepatitis with hepatitis delta virus infection
Authors: Tsai Jung‐Fa , Margolis Harold S. , Fields Howard A. , Nainan Omana V. , Chang Wen Yu , Tsai Juei‐Hsiung 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIgM, IgG, and HBsAg containing circulating immune complexes (CIC) were determined, by conglutinin (K) and C1q assays, for assessing the role of CIC in hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in 54 HBsAg‐negative controls and 85 HBsAg‐positive patients with chronic hepatitis. The prevalence of HDV markers (HDV antigen and anti‐HD) was 24.70% (21/85). CIC were a common feature of HDV infection with 95.24% of patients having at least one abnormal test resutlt. The prevalence of elevated IgM‐K, IgG‐K, IgM‐C1q, and IgG‐C1q CIC were 85.71, 85.71, 57.14, and 85.71%, respectively. The prevalence of IgM class CIC were statistically higher in patients with HDV infection than in those without (P= .001 for the K assay andP= .023 for the C1q assay). There was no difference in the prevalence of IgG class CIC. Patients with HDV infection also have significantly higher median levels of IgM K‐CIC (P= .002), IgG K‐CIC (P= .049), and IgG C1q‐CIC (P= .008). In patients with HDV infection, there was positive correlation between IgM C1q‐CIC and transminase levels (r= .519,P= .016 for AST;r= .500,P= .021 for ALT). There was no difference in the prevalence of HBsAg containing CIC between patients with HDV infection (76.19%) and those without (74.60%). In conclusion, IgM class CIC are the major CIC and correlate with disease activity in HDV infection. CIC may play a role in the pathogenesis of HDV infection.
Serial passage of West‐European sporadic non‐A non‐B hepatitis in rhesus monkeys by inoculation with fecal extracts
Authors: Sharma Madhav D. , Maillard Patrick , Vrati Sudhanshu , Mukherjee Rama , Rajagopalan M. S. , Poynard Thierry , Talwar Gurusaran P. , Pillot Jacques 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn experimental model of sporadic non‐A non‐B hepatitis involving a Fab nonimmune binding activity in stools was established in the rhesus monkey. The first animal was inoculated intravenously with a stool extract from a French patient who had never left the country and in whom post‐transfusion hepatitis was excluded. Four passages were performed, and the infection was transmitted by parenteral as well as the oral routes by inoculation of stools or liver extracts. Infection led in three monkeys to reversible hepatocyte injury manifested by a transitory increase in serum aminotransferases. The other three animals, in which persistently high levels of aminotransferases was observed, were sacrificed on day 60 after inoculation. The incubation period, as evidenced by elevation of aminotransferases was about 3 to 4 weeks. The infectious agent was transitorily present in the stools before aminotransferase elevation. The presence of the infectious agent in the stools was correlated with the nonimmune Fab binding activity.
A new genome type of adenovirus 3 associated with severe lower acute respiratory infection in children
Authors: Kajon Adriana E. , Murtagh Patricia , Franco Susana Garcia , Freire Maria Cecilia , Weissenbacher Mercedes C. , Zorzópulos Jorge 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAdenovirus 3 was found associated with ten cases of infantile lower acute respiratory infection in patients aged 2–18 months. Of these, five had a fatal outcome, with severe lung damage. Restriction enzyme analysis with Bam HI, Bcl I, BgI II, Bst E II, Hind III, Sal I, Sma I, Xba I, and Xho I revealed the presence of the same genome type in all ten specimens. The genomic variant was different from those previously reported for serotype 3 and therefore was tentatively denominated 3f.
Hepatitis B vaccine in the prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infection: Final report on a West Midlands pilot study
Authors: Wheeley Susan M. , Boxall Elizabeth H. , Tarlow Michael J. , Rashid Gatrad A. , Anderson Janet , Bissenden Jeffrey , Chin Kwei Cheong , Mayne Andrea 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA four‐dose vaccination schedule was used to interrupt perinatal transmission of hepatitis B virus from carrier mothers to their babies. Of 49 babies immunised and successfully followed up, 43 (88%) became immune: 15 out of 21 (71%) of babies born to HBeAg+ mothers became immune, the other 6 becoming the only carrier babies in the study. Without immunisation a carrier rate in excess of 70% would have been expected in this high‐risk group. Vaccine alone, given in a rapid immunisation schedule, protected the majority of babies at risk. In those babies in whom the carrier state occurred in spite of immunisation, infection may have taken place in utero, or the infant may have failed to produce adequate antibody in response to the vaccine.
Glycoprotein gB of herpes simplex virus expresses type‐common and type‐specific antigenic determinants in vivo
Authors: Dix Richard D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFour monoclonal antibodies directed against glycoprotein B of herpes simplex virus were evaluated for their ability to immunize mice passively against acute virus‐induced neurological illness and death when administered intraperitoneally 2 hours prior to footpad challenge with type 1 or type 2 virus. Two monoclonal antibodies, H120 and H157, failed to reduce the severity of neurological disease in infected animals. In contrast, H233 and H368 antibodies provided significant protection in type‐common and type‐specific fashions, respectively. A direct correlation was observed between in vitro neutralization and in vivo protection. These results provide the first in vivo evidence that glycoprotein gB of herpes simplex virus expresses both type‐common and type‐specific determinants during the evolution of acute virus‐induced neurological disease.
Group C rotavirus associated with fatal enteritis in a family outbreak
Authors: Caul E. O. , Ashley C. R. , Darville J. M. , Bridger J. C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA family outbreak of gastroenteritis involving three adults and three children is described in which diarrhoea and vomiting were the main clinical features. One infant died in whom no pathogens could be detected in either small or large intestinal postmortem samples. Stool samples from two symptomatic siblings contained rotaviruses as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Both of these faecal samples were negative when assayed in a group A specific rotavirus enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and subsequent genomic analysis of these rotaviruses was suggestive of group C rotavirus. Serological evidence showed that these atypical rotaviruses were members of serogroup C. Other atypical rotaviruses in faecal samples from sporadic cases in symptomatic children were detected over a similar time period and location. These had electrophoretic RNA profiles similar to those in the family outbreak. Furthermore, seroepidemiological studies detected group C rotavirus antibody in blood donors resident in the location of the family outbreak.
Prospective study of diarrheal diseases in Venezuelan children to evaluate the efficacy of rhesus rotavirus vaccine
Authors: Perez‐Schael Irene , Garcia Dorys , Gonzalez Marino , Gonzalez Rosabel , Daoud Naimeh , Perez Mireya , Cunto Walter , Kapikian Albert Z. , Flores Jorge 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe efficacy of a rhesus rotavirus vaccine (MMU 18006, serotype 3) against infantile diarrhea was evaluated by active home surveillance of a group of 320 children 1–10 months of age in Caracas, Venezuela. During a 1 year period following oral administration of vaccine or placebo under a double‐masked code, over 600 diarrheal episodes were detected. Etiologic studies revealed that heat‐stable toxin (ST) producing enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) was the most common diarrheal agent detected (34%) followed by enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC, 10.9%), heat‐labile toxin (LT) producing ETEC (7.6%), rotavirus (6.9%), Cryptosporidium (4.8%) and Campylobacter (1.3%). ST‐producing ETEC were also recovered from over 20% of control stool specimens obtained during diarrhea‐free periods, whereas EPEC, rotavirus, Cryptosporidium, and Campylobacter were rarely detected in such control specimens. Rotavirus was responsible for about one‐half of the more severe cases of diarrhea. Twenty‐two of 151 infants who received placebo (14.6%) and eight of 151 receiving a 104 PFU dose of vaccine (5.3%) had rotavirus diarrhea during the follow‐up period for an efficacy level of 64% against any rotavirus diarrhea. However, vaccine efficacy reached 90% against the more severe cases of rotavirus diarrhea and was notably high in the 1–4 month age group. Serotypic analysis of the rotaviruses detected suggests that the resistance induced by the vaccine was type specific since significant protection was only evident against serotype 3 rotaviruses. A 103 PFU dose tested initially in 18 children did not appear to protect against rotavirus diarrhea.
Postexposure treatment of experimental DHBV infection: A new therapeutic strategy
Authors: Freiman John S. , Murray Scott M. , Vickery Karen , Lim Diana , Cossart Yvonne E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe therapeutic efficacy of antiviral agents for postexposure prophylaxis to hepadnavirus infection has been studied using acyclovir and foscarnet in the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) model. A total of 112 Pekin‐Aylesbury ducks were inoculated with DHBV at 11 days posthatch. Three days later, groups of these birds were injected intraperitoneally twice daily for 10 days with acyclovir (25 mg/kg) or foscarnet (250 mg/kg) or phosphate‐buffered saline. Serum samples were taken before, during, and up to 4 weeks post‐treatment and were analysed for DHBV DNA by dot hybridization. Liver tissue obtained at sacrifice was examined for viral DNA and for histological changes.At completion of treatment with acyclovir, 21 of 22 ducks were not viremic, compared with 6 of 26 control birds (P<0.001). Four weeks after withdrawal of acyclovir, 12 of 20 ducks remained nonviremic, compared with 2 of 23 controls (P<0.01). In liver tissue, viral DNA was detected in 10 of 19 treated ducks, compared with 21/24 controls (P<0.01). Histological changes of hepatitis were present in more of the control birds than in the treated group. The results with foscarnet treatment were similar, although a smaller inoculum of DHBV was used and fewer control birds became infected.The administration of antiviral agents soon after exposure prevented productive infection in approximately 50% of birds. Therefore, the use of a safe antiviral agent such as acyclovir, which can be given orally, should be considered in post‐exposure prophylaxis against human hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.
From virus to vaccine: Recombinant mammalian cell lines as substrates for the production of herpes simplex virus vaccines
Authors: Lasky Laurence A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe use of mammalian cells as substrates for the production of various vaccines is a time‐honored procedure. With the advent of recombinant DNA technology, various investigators soon realized that these techniques could be applied to mammalian cells to convert them to reliable, safe producers of a variety of vaccines. While none of these types of recombinant vaccines have, as yet, been widely utilized, many individuals believe that these technologies are the wave of the future in vaccine production. In this paper our work on the use of mammalian cells for the development of subunit vaccines for the prevention of infection by herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 is reviewed. A surface glycoprotein of these viruses, gD, was chosen as a likely candidate for a subunit vaccine based upon its primary sequence conservation between the two viral types as well as upon data suggesting that antibodies against this glycoprotein were highly efficient at neutralizing virus infectivity. Stable mammalian cell lines were constructed that expressed secreted forms of this protein, and the protein could be purified from cell‐conditioned supernatants to near‐homogeneity. Vaccination of mice with this glycoprotein was found to protect them form a lethal intraperitoneal infection by either the type 1 or type 2 forms of this virus. In a more realistic study, guinea pigs vaccinated with either the type 1 or type 2 forms of this virus. In a more realistic study, guinea pigs vaccinated with either the type 1 or type 2 form of gD were found to be protected form a genital form of HSV 2 infection. Finally, analysis of these guinea pigs revealed that the establishment of latency by HSV 2 was also inhibited by vaccination with gD. These preliminary animal studies strongly suggest that gD produced in a recombinant mammalian cell expression system might induce protective immunity in humans vaccinated with this glycoprotein.
Hepatitis D virus infection among intravenous drug abusers in Taiwan: Analysis of risk factors and liver function tests
Authors: Hsu Hsu‐Mei , Wang Yue‐Fen , Lo Shu‐Hui , Sun Hui‐Chih , Yip Kwok‐Kee , Chen Jui‐San , Chuang Cheng‐Hua , Chen Ding‐Shinn 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo investigate the prevalence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection among intravenous drug abusers in Taiwan, a total of 761 male prisoners, including 680 intravenous drug abusers, were studied for serological markers of HBV and HDV. Questionnaires were distributed to evaluate the risk factors for HDV infection and also to estimate the strength of association among HDV infection and the risk factors.HBV infection was common, and the positive rates of HBV markers between intravenous drug abusers and non‐drug abusers were not statistically different. However, the positive rate of the antibody to HDV was significantly higher among intravenous drug abusers than among non‐drug abusers (21.3% vs. 8.6%). Of 131 chronic HBV carriers with intravenous drug abuse, 119 (91%) were anti‐HD positive. Using multiple logistic regression models, we found that the most important risk factor for HDV infection was hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) carriage, and intravenous drug addiction the next. A matched case‐control study also was conducted to compare liver function tests among both anti‐HD‐ and HBsAg‐positive group anti‐HD‐negative, and HBsAg‐positive group as well as those with neither positive. Statistically significant difference in liver function tests was not found.It is concluded that the HBsAg carriers with intravenous drug abuse in Taiwan are commonly HDV infected with and that the infection does not seem to affect the liver as assessed by liver function tests.
Antiviral strategies in chronic hepatitis B virus infection: II. Inhibition of duck hepatitis B Virus in vitro using conventional antiviral agents and supercoiled‐DNA active compounds
Authors: Civitico Gilda , Wang Yanyan , Luscombe Carolyn , Bishop Naomi , Tachedjian Gilda , Gust Ian , Locarnini Stephen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrimary duck hepatocyte (PDH) cultures, congenitally infected with the duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV), were grown on feeder cell layers of irradiated human embryonic lung fibroblasts and then exposed to a number of compounds with recognized or potential antiviral activity. These compounds included conventional antiviral agents, reverse transcriptase inhibitors, compounds with activity to supercoiled‐DNA, and DNA‐binding agents. Twenty‐three compounds were evaluated, and 13 were found to inhibit significantly viral DNA replication. Seven of these compounds (ellipticine, amsacrine, coumermycin A1, Adriamycin, mitozantrone, chloroquine, and neocarzinostatin) acted at the level of viral SC DNA and significantly inhibited production of duck hepatitis B surface antigen (DHBsAg). Conventional agents that inhibited DHBV DNA replication included ganciclovir, acyclovir, bromovinyldeoxyuridine, ribavirin, phosphonoformate, and dideoxyadenosine. Except for dideoxyadenosine, these inhibitors of viral DNA synthesis did not significantly inhibit DHBsAg production. Two additional compounds, novobiocin and nalidixic acid, altered the pattern of viral DNA replication, especially the generation and processing of viral SC DNA, and also inhibited the production of DHBsAg. Several compounds acting at the level of viral SC DNA have now been identified and may offer potential for the management of chronic hepatitis B virus infection.
A rapid and simplified micromethod for subtyping varicella‐zoster virus
Authors: Gharabaghi Farhad , Aymard Michèle , Trotemann Pierre , Gerdil Catherine 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA simplified and rapid micromethod based on restriction endonuclease analysis of radiolabelled varicella‐zoster virus (VZV) DNA is described and applied to strains for comparison. This procedure is cheaper and less time consuming than that requiring viral nucleocapsid purification (macromethod). The micromethod is suitable for routine DNA analysis of VZV isolates, allows differentiation of vaccine strain from wild strains, and provides evidence for variability of wild strains.
Further studies of 48‐1 antigen in serial liver biopsies from chimpanzees infected with hepatitis delta virus
Authors: Sugitani Masahiko , Shimizu Yohko K. , Hanawa Mie , Azumi Jun‐Ichi , Abe Kenji , Shikata Toshio 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe 48‐1 antibody, initially reported to react specifically with non‐A, non‐B infected liver tissue, has been found to react also with liver specimens from chimpanzees infected with hepatitis delta virus (HDV). To clarify further the relation between HDV and appearance of the antigen reacting with the 48‐1 antibody (48‐1 Ag), immunoperoxidase studies were carried out on serial liver specimens from chimpanzees infected with HDV. Immunohistochemical and serological findings suggested that the appearance of 48‐1 Ag paralleled that of HDV. Double immunoperoxidase staining revealed HDAg in the nucleus and 48‐1 Ag in the cytoplasm of the same hepatocytes as well as in different hepatocytes separately. The course of appearance of microtubular aggregates paralleled that of 48‐1 Ag. The present results suggested that expression of 48‐1 Ag was related to infection with HDV, probably because expression of this antigen is induced from the host genome.
Inhibition of hepatitis A virus replication in vitro by antiviral compounds
Authors: Crance J. M. , Biziagos E. , Passagot J. , van Cuyck‐Gandré H. , Deloince R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractForty antiviral compounds were screened for inhibitory effect on hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigen expression in the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. Ribavirin, amantadine, glycyrrhizin, and pyrazofurin were selected in this screening test and were studied further. The selectivity indices of these four compounds, calculated as the ratio of 50% cytotoxic dose (determined by the trypan blue exclusion and by inhibition of [3H] leucine incorporation) to the 50% effective dose (determined by the viral antigen expression), were 4.6 and 3.0 with ribavirin, 5.3 and 5.9 with amantadine, 15.2 and 16.9 with glycyrrhizin, and 45.4 and 74.6 with pyrazofurin. All four compounds resulted in concentration‐dependent reductions of HAV antigen expression and HAV infectivity. Ribavirin, amantadine, pyrazofurin, and glycyrrhizin emerged, from the present study, as promising candidates for chemotherapy of acute hepatitis A.
Hepatitis B virus transcripts and surface antigen in human peripheral blood lymphocytes
Authors: Lobbiani A. , Lalatta F. , Lugo F. , Colucci G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe presence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) genome, transcripts, and antigens (HBsAg, HBcAg, HBeAg) was examined in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) from 12 patients with HBsAg‐positive (B) chronic active hepatitis (CAH) and 8 normal donors by Southern and Northern blot techniques and enzyme‐linked immunoassays (ELISA). HBV DNA was detected in 5 patients with B‐CAH as extrachromosomal, full‐length monomers of 3.2 kb. In 3 of these patients Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of the 3.6–3.8 kb RNA species, which were accompanied in one case by the HBsAg‐specific 2.4 kb transcript. An ELISA performed on cell lysate obtained from this patient showed low but detectable amounts of HBsAg as compared to control PBL incubated with up to 50 μg/ml of the viral antigen.Serum HBV DNA was found in 3 patients with B‐CAH, whereas all individuals positive for cellular HBV DNA had circulating HBeAg. These data indicate that lymphocytes from some patients with hepatitis B can harbor a transcriptionally and translationally active HBV genome.
Simplified test for detecting the resistance of herpes simplex virus to acyclovir
Authors: Agut Henri , Aubin Jean‐Thierry , Ingrand Didier , Blanc Sylvie , Clayton Anne‐Louise , Chantler Shireen M. , Huraux Jean‐Marie 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe detection of herpes simplex virus (HSV) antigen by means of an enzyme amplified ELISA was investigated for rapid screening of acyclovir (ACV) resistance. Vero cell monolayers were inoculated with various strains of HSV and incubated in the presence of different concentrations of ACV. When cytopathic effect was present, the culture supernatants were tested by ELISA. The absorbance values were found to correlate with the results of virus yield and plaque reduction assays. The comparison between absorbance values obtained in the presence of 10 μM ACV and in the absence of drug provided the basis for a simplified sensitivity test. The use of a single ACV concentration allowed discrimination between ACV‐resistant and ACV‐sensitive reference strains, the detection of ACV‐resistant virus mixed in the proportion of 10% with ACV‐sensitive virus, and a study of the emergence of an ACV‐resistant virus population in serial samples taken from experimental rabbit keratitis. The simplified susceptibility assay is a sensitive and convenient method for rapid screening of HSV resistance to ACV.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus‐1 by polymerase chain reaction and virus cultivation
Authors: Sönnerborg Anders , Abens Janis , Johansson Bo , Strannegård Örjan 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPeripheral blood of 57 patients with antibodies to human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV‐1) and of five HIV‐1 seronegative subjects at risk for HIV‐1 infection were analysed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation. The virus was recovered from peripheral blood cells in 89% and from plasma in 75% of the HIV‐1 seropositive cases. In contrast, proviral HIV‐1 DNA was detected in all HIV‐1 seropositive patients by dot blot hybridization of the amplified fragments. The intensities of the dot blot reactions were less pronounced in asymptomatic HIV‐1 seropositive individuals than in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) or AIDS‐related complex (ARC), suggesting an increase in proviral DNA with advancing disease. Three of five seronegative patients with signs or symptoms suggesting HIV‐1 infection, but none of the controls, were positive for HIV‐1 DNA by one or two primer pairs. These results show a high sensitivity of the PCR for detecting HIV‐1 DNA in patients of all stages of HIV‐1 infection. Proviral DNA can also be detected in some individuals without detectable antibodies to the virus. The virus load in peripheral blood, as determined by virus cultivation and PCR, seems to increase with progression of the infection.