bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eurocredit Pricing in Sovereign Lending
Authors: Sand Ole Christian , Mascarenhas Briance 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEurocredit pricing to sovereign borrowers was analyzed for the period leading up to the international debt crisis. The return variable measured both fees and spread, instead of spread alone. The importance in pricing of objective and subjective indicators of country‐risk, loan characteristics, and regional factors were examined. The analysis revealed a discrepancy between a perceptual measure and an objective measure of country‐risk. Eurocredit pricing was not positively related to loan size and maturity, commonly viewed as increasing risk, and may have also been influenced by regional and institutional factors.
Translation Exposure Hedging Post SFAS No. 52
Authors: Houston Carol Olson 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTranslation exposure hedging is frequently said to have begun after firms adopted SFAS No. 8 and assumed to have ceased–or at least decreased–after adoption of SFAS No. 52 due to different treatments of translation gains (losses). Based on proprietary data, this study presents evidence from a small sample of firms which would be predicted to cease hedging translation exposure, but of which the majority did not.The study focuses on eighteen firms which exclude at least 50% and up to 100% of the translation gains (losses) from the income statement after adopting SFAS No. 52. Of those eighteen firms, only seven ceased hedging. The other eleven firms not only continued hedging translation exposure, but hedged translation exposure of only those subsidiaries whose translation gains (losses) are now excluded from the income statement.Characteristics which might explain the different decision are investigated: proportion of assets which are nonmonetary; the proportion of net assets located abroad; the geographic dispersion of subsidiaries; and the estimated effect on the balance sheet and income statement of changing from the temporal method to the current rate method of translation.Univariate test results indicate that the geographic dispersion of die foreign subsidiaries as well as the proportion of net assets located abroad differ significantly between firms which ceased hedging and those which continued hedging after adopting the standard. Weak evidence of differential effects of the change to the current rate method on individual firm income statements and of different composition of assets between the two groups also was found. Multivariate analysis, using a linear probability model as well as a randomization procedure, provided weak results corroborating the significance of the proportion of net foreign assets to consolidated assets in differentiating between firms which ceased hedging and those which continued.
Multinationality and Common Stock Offering Dilution
Authors: Tsetsekos George P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines the common stock offering dilution of multinational and domestic firms. Results provide evidence that the benefits of multinationality do not offset the negative information effect of perceived cash flow shortfalls at the announcement of security offerings. MNCs and purely domestic firms experience comparable negative valuation and offering dilution at the announcement of a common stock offering. These results are independent of size and performance differences between multinational and domestic firms at the announcement year.
Headquarter Reliance on Accounting Performance Measures in a Multinational Context
Authors: Hassel Lars 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHeadquarter (HQ) reliance on accounting performance measures (APMs) is studied in a European multinational organization. European MNCs typically manage their foreign operations as a portfolio of relatively independent national businesses (Bartlett and Goshal, 1989). In line with previous work on APMs in a limited country setting (Govindarajan, 1984; Brownell, 1987), the HQ relies less on APMs in monitoring domestic units that face environmental instability. However, in the case of geographically dispersed foreign subsidiaries, the HQ emphasizes APMs more when dynamism increases. The financial control pattern towards foreign subsidiaries is similar to Egelhof s (1988) findings in a broad sample of MNCs. This contrasting result is consistent with the greater cost and difficulty of using information‐intensive alternatives to APMs for units that are geographically and culturally distant from the HQ. There is no indication that tight APM‐based management would have a negative impact on work conditions of managers facing instability, but foreign managers find it more difficult to accept the evaluative framework if high reliance is placed on APMs when their environment is dynamic.
The Use of Forward Contracts for Hedging Currency Risk
Authors: Fung Hung‐Gay , Leung Wai K. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper derives an optimal rule for hedging currency risk in a general utility framework. Ex ante hedging performance of the forward markets is examined using the optimal hedge ratio derived from the utility model and an optimal rule derived from another model (excess return per unit risk) suggested in the hedging literature. Results of this study indicate a naive (one‐to‐one) hedge performs similarly to the optimal hedge ratios under either model. An implication of this study is that financial managers of multinational firms should simply follow a one‐to‐one rule when hedging foreign exchange risk in the forward markets.
Cash Position, Credit Risk and Hedging
Authors: Boyle Glenn W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn choosing between forward and spot hedging, cash constrained and/or high credit risk firms are more likely to hedge foreign currency transactions forward than firms of greater quality. This arises because the cost of the levered component of a spot hedge is greater than the cost of the unlevered component and this premium increases with higher credit risk. For given cash and credit characteristics, importers are more (less) likely to hedge forward than exporters if transactions costs in the home security market are less (more) than the corresponding costs in the foreign security market.
Foreign Currency Translation Under Two Cases‐Integrated and Isolated Economies
Authors: Goldberg Stephen R. , Godwin Joseph H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractBeaver and Wolfson (1982 BW) identify economic interpretability and symmetry as desirable properties for financial statement translation. They then analyze translation methods with respect to these properties assuming perfect and complete markets between and within both countries (referred to, here, as the integrated economies case).This study extends BW's analysis by examining isolated economies characterized by perfect and complete internal markets and a random relationship between prices and exchange rates. In BW's integrated economies case, inflation differentials drive exchange rate changes. No exchange risk exists, although monetary assets are exposed to the risk of unexpected inflation. Isolated economies expose monetary and nonmonetary items to both exchange and inflation risk.In both cases, economic interpretability and symmetry can be achieved only by current value accounting translated at current exchange rates. In the integrated economies case, symmetry alone is achieved through current value accounting translated by current exchange rates for monetary items and historical costs translated by historical rates for nonmonetary items. In the isolated economies case, symmetry alone is achieved through current value accounting for monetary items and historical cost for non‐monetary items, all translated at the current rate. In both cases, including translation gains or losses in income is a condition for these results.This extension of BW demonstrates (1) the translation rate required for symmetry depends upon the assumed relationship between prices and exchange rates, (2) a well‐defined economic scenario exists where historical cost accounting using current rate translation results in symmetry, and (3) the results depend on including translation gains and losses in income.
Home Country Taxation and the Theory of International Production
Authors: Weisfelder Christine J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis paper addresses the taxation of foreign source income from the perspective of a multinational firm. It demonstrates how differences in home country fiscal regimes of multinational firms can lead to variations in the cost of transferring cash resources across the borders of national jurisdictions. In the framework of international production theory, it shows how the home country fiscal regime can be a source of ownership advantage when the firm creates an appropriate network of assets, liabilities and equity. Taxation is the link between some financial decisions to the theory of international production. Observations are taken from the tax calculations of three hypothetical multinational firms.
International Portfolio Diversification and the Magnitude of the Market Timer's Penalty
Authors: Butler Kirt C. , Domian Dale L. , Simonds Richard R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMarket timers without timing skill suffer a penalty relative to buy‐and‐hold investors in the form of higher portfolio risk. With transactions costs, timers suffer lower expected returns as well. We derive the magnitude of this penalty for a timer randomly switching funds between two or more risky assets. Assuming costless trades, a U.S.‐based timer randomly switching between U.S. and Japanese national stock funds can expect to face a 26.2% higher standard deviation than a comparable buy‐and‐hold investor at the same level of expected return. A timer randomly switching between a globally diversified equity portfolio and U.S. T‐bills faces a 50.3% higher standard deviation of return than a comparable buy‐and‐hold investor.
The Effect of Exchange Rate Changes on Geographic Segment Earnings of U.S.‐Based Multinationals
Authors: Johnson Carol Bauman 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines the ability of exchange rate changes to aid in the explanation and prediction of the geographic segment earnings of U.S.‐based multinational corporations. In order to evaluate the potential usefulness of geographic segment earnings disclosures, it is important to understand the effect that currency changes should be expected to have on these earnings. Two types of exchange rate effects are examined. These include the mechanical translation effects of an exchange rate change, as well as the operating effects. A sample of geographic segment earnings disclosures is developed for two geographic locations (Canada and Europe) and six industries in which adequate country‐industry specific subsamples can be identified. Because the factors that impact exchange rate exposure tend to depend on country, industry, or both, provision is made for country, industry, and country‐industry specific sensitivity to currency changes. Regressions and nonparametric analyses are performed to determine whether exchange rate changes can help explain the geographic segment earnings within these samples. Results indicate that the accounting‐based translation effect that is typically modeled as the impact of exchange rate changes on earnings does not adequately capture the effect of exchange rate changes on segment earnings. Operating effects of past and current exchange rate changes do help explain earnings for geographic segments located in Europe and in four industries. Prediction models which are country or country‐industry specific are able to outperform a random‐walk prediction of geographic segment earnings in some circumstances.
The Predictive Ability of Geographic Segment Information at the Country, Continent, and Consolidated Levels
Authors: Herrmann Don 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study examines whether geographic information disclosed at an increasingly disaggregated level (specifically, consolidated vs. continent vs. country) results in increased predictive ability of company operations (specifically, sales, gross profit, and earnings). Multinational corporations (MNCs) are formed using a simulated merger approach by combining the annual operating results of six individual firms, one from each of six countries. This approach makes it possible to compare the forecasting accuracy of data disclosed at the country, continent, and consolidated levels, not possible using current geographic segment disclosures. Previous studies using year‐ahead forecast models implicitly assume the predictive factors included in the models are significant in forecasting operating results. Using regression forecast models, this study tests whether the predictive factors included in the models are effective in forecasting operating results by examining the direction, size, and significance of the regression coefficient estimates. The coefficients provide evidence that exchange rate changes, inflation, and real GNP growth are useful in forecasting annual sales and gross profit. Whereas, at least for this sample and this time period, exchange rate changes, inflation, and real GNP growth are not significant variables in forecasting annual earnings. The results indicate that the accuracy of forecasts increase as sales and gross profit are disclosed at a more disaggregated geographic level. The hypothesized relationship between consolidated, continent, and country levels, while holding strongly under perfect foresight, holds to a lesser extent using forecasts of exchange rates, inflation, and real GNP.
Reviews
Authors: Clark Colin 
Published: April 2007

National Income and Outlay By Colin Clark, MA.The Expenditure and Revenue of Local Authorities By Sir Gwilym Gibbon, C.B.Administrative Management in the Government of the United StatesMoscow in the Making By Sir E. D. Simon, Lady Simon, W. A. Robson J. Jewkes.Letters and Essays on Current Imperial and International Problems, 1935–6 By Arthur Berriedale Keith.Social Stability and Economic Change Leadership in a Free Society. By T. N. Whitehead.The British Civil Servant
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Briggs Asa , Chester T. E. , Chester T. E. , Waterfield A. P. , Headicar B. M. , Keith‐Lucas B. , Keith‐Lucas B. 
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article: Charitable Effort in Liverpool in the Nineteenth Century By Margaret B. Simey. The British Coal Industry By H. Townshend‐Rose. Electricity Supply in Great Britain By Sir Henry Self and Elizabeth M. Watson. Professional People By Roy Lewis and Angus Maude. The Public Librarian By Alice I. Bryan. Problems of Local Government. The Structure of Local Government By W. Eric Jackson. Efficiency in the Nationalised Industries By Sir Hubert Houldsworth, Henry Jones, Lord Latham, and Lord Citrine. Foreword by Herbert Morrison.
“Ngaitana (I will circumcise myself)”: The Gender and Generational Politics of the 1956 Ban on Clitoridectomy in Meru, Kenya
Authors: THOMAS LYNN M. 
Published: April 2007

Those of the iron‐wedge knife (ciorunya), stay at the side, you.Do not abuse those of the razor blade (ciokaembe), you.A circumcised girl without water on the stomach when guarded by the Government.A circumcised girl without water on the stomach when guarded by the Government.1
Writing the History of Irish Women
Authors: LUDDY MARIA 
Published: April 2007

Joanna Bourke, Husbandry to Housewifery: Women, Economic Change, and Housework in Ireland 1890‐1914Margaret Ward (ed.) In Their Own Voice: Women and Irish NationalismMary O'Dowd and Sabine Wichert (eds) Chattel, Servant or Citizen: Women's Status in Church, State and SocietyJoan Hoff and Moureen Coulter (eds) Irish Women's Voices Past and Present
FROM ISLAM TO CHRIST (The Spiritual Experiences of a Persian Convert)
Authors: Wysham Williamn 
Published: April 2007

Foreword. The writer of this narrative became a Christian about thirty years ago, and was one of the very first Moslems in Persia to accept the Gospel. His life has been a varied one, for at different times he has been artisan, steward, attendant in the Parliament during the stormy days of the first constitutional government, city detective, and a trusted an days of the American Mission in Teheran. He is largely self‐educated, but is surprisingly Well‐informed, and spends much time in thought and meditation. Keenly observant, he has contributed to a popular Persian magazine a series of articles on conditions in Persia which have been full of wit and satire, and have created much comment.During thirty years of Christian experience, this man has been remade by the power of Christ. He is now senior elder in a Persian church, and has power in prayer, his wisdom, independence and common sense are invaluable in the church's growth, In his study of the Bible he has had the help of scarcely any of the with of commentaries and spiritual books which we tike for granted, but his conception of Christianity is remarkably broad and comprehensive His life is above reproach, and his quiet efficiency and thoughtfulness are an example to the missionaries with whom he works.As I write we are on an evangelistic trip together to one of the smaller cities which is solidly Moslem. He makes a capital traveling companion, and his unending supply of stories and wise observations fill up any empty hours in OUT days t ether. He is perhaps at his best when he Dresents the Gospel of Christ to Muslims who have never before heard it. Fanatics who come to annihilate us with their arguments find that he skillfully disarms their prejudices, and won they are listening quietly to the old story of the Messiah who was witnessed to by the prophets, taught eternal spiritual truth, and died for our Sins. In these discussions he is always entirely fearless in his personal confession of Christianity, though it is still the law of the land that anstate from Islam shall be killed like a dog by anyone who hears his blasphemy. Surely God has a future for the Persian Church with such men among its founders.]
CURRENT TOPICS
Authors: Sayre. Geneva 
Published: April 2007

Arab ChivalryThe HadramautA Steel Bus Trailer for the DesertGood News from IranPrison Reform in TurkeyA Moslem HeroineThe Cigarette as Peace‐maker (?)An Open Door in YemenCircumcision of Converts to Islam in MalabarChinese Moslem WomenMissionaries in the Honors List
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Guillaume Alfred , Rosenthal Franz , Bishop Eric F. F. , Calverley Edwin E. , Morris Richard Knowles 
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:The Koran Interpreted. By Arthur J. Arberry.Averroes' Commentary on Plato's Republic. Edited with an introduction, translation and notes by E. I. J. Rosenthal.The Concept of Constitutional Law in Islam. By Dr. Rahimuddin Kemat.Islamic Law and Constitution. By Syed Abul Ālā Maudoodi.Kuwait and her Neighbours. By H. R. P. Dickson.Anctent and Modern Man in Southwestern Asia. By Henry Field.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Bodine J. Jermain , Denny Walter B. , Haddad Wadi Z. , Ahmad Aziz , Ahmad Aziz , Burke Edmund , Najjar Fauzi M. , Peretz Don 
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:The Desert Bible. By Morris S. Seale.The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture. By Nader Ardalan and Laleh Bakhtiar.Sayyid Ahmad. A Study of the Religious Reform Movement of Sayyid Ahmad of Rē Bareli. By Muhammad Hedayetullah.The Khilafat Movement in India, 1919‐1924. By A. C. Niemeijer.History of Medieval Deccan (1295‐1724), Vol. I (Mainly Political and Military Aspects). Edited by H. K. Sherwani and P. M. Joshi.New French Imperialism, 1880‐1910: The Third Republic and Colonial Expansion. By James J. Cooke.The U.S.S.R. and the Middle East. Edited by Michael Confino and Shimon Shamir.Survival or Hegemony? The Foundations of Israeli Foreign Policy. By Samuel J. Roberts.Truman, The Jewish Vote and the Creation of. Israel. By John Snetsinger.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: Haddad Wadi Z. , Haddad Wadi Z. , Liebesny Herbert J. , Kasozi A. B. K. , Khader Bichara , Khader Bichara 
Published: April 2007

Book Reviews in This Article:Scholars, Sufis and Saints: Muslim Religious Institutions Since 1500. Edited by Nikki R. Keddie.Sayyid Jam&#x006c;̄ ad‐D&#x006e;̄“al‐Afghān?”: A Political Biography. By Nikki R. Keddie.Kitb̄ lkhtilf̄ Us&#x006c;̄&#x006c;̄‐Madhh̄ib of Qzā? Nuā&#x006e;̄ b. Muāmmad. Edited with a critical introduction by S.T. Lokhand walla.Islam in Uganda :Islamisation Through a Centralised State in Pre‐Colonial Africa. By Arye Oded.The Politics of Palestinian Nationalism. By William B. Quandt, Fuad Jaber, Ann Mosely Lesch.Arab Politics in the Soviet Mirror. By Aryeh Yodfat.
PREVENTION OF CROSS‐REACTIONS IN THE ENZYME LINKED IMMUNOSORBENT ASSAY (ELISA) FOR THE DETECTION OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ENTEROTOXIN TYPE B IN CULTURE FILTRATES AND FOODS
Authors: KOPER J. W. , HAGENAARS A. M. , NOTERMANS S. 
Published: April 2007

Investigations were performed to avoid cross‐reactions in the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, using the sandwich technique, for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxin type B. Non‐specific reactions can be caused by cross‐reacting antigens and by Protein A, produced by S. aureus. The former reactions can be prevented by adsorption with culture filtrate of non‐toxin type B producing strains. The latter reaction is caused by the binding of Protein A to the Fc fragments of the IgG antibodies. Interference by Protein A was completely eliminated by using the F(ab')2 fragments of the IgG antibodies.ELISA experiments in which these purified F(ab')2 fragments were used resulted in a highly specific detection of entertoxin type B, both in culture filtrates and in foods.
DETERMINATION OF ALDICARB SULFONE IN HYDROPONICALLY GROWN CUCUMBERS
Authors: AARONSON MICHAEL J. , TESSARI JOHN D. , SAVAGE ELDON P. , GOES ELIZABETH A. 
Published: April 2007

During a two week period, several residents of a small Nebraska community experienced violent illnesses with short duration following ingestion of locally grown hydroponic cucumbers (Goes et al. 1979). Approximately a year later during another two week period, a second similar outbreak occurred. In each incident those who ingested hydroponic cucumbers experienced similar illnesses. All of the cucumbers were grown at the same greenhouse. The carbamate insecticide aldicarb, was detected in some cucumbers grown at the hydroponic greenhouse.The aldicarb was determined as aldicarb sulfone (a metabolite) by gas chromatography employing a flame photometric detector (FPD) with a 394 mμ filter selective for sulfur‐containing compounds. Separate calibration curves, derived from aldicarb sulfone, are required for the quantitation.
PERSISTENCE OF PHOSPHINE GAS IN FUMIGATED IRAQI DATES
Authors: AL‐OMAR MUTHANNA A. , AL‐BASSOMY MABROUK 
Published: April 2007

Phosphine gas (PH3) is a widely used fumigant for stored fruits and grains. Previous studies indicated that all residues of this gas are eliminated by normal aeration but the exact time has never been determined.The objective of this work was to determine the time required for desorption of phosphine from fumigated dates relative to aeration time and temperature. Flame photometric detection by gas chromatography was used for the detection of sorbed phosphine.Results indicate that the initial residue level of PH3 falls rapidly within 24 h after fumigation but residues persist for at least nine days. Higher residue levels were found in dates stored at low temperatures (4°C) than at 28°C. It is recommend that fumigated dates be marketed after longer periods of aeration, especially those aerated at temperatures of 4°C or less.