bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality Assurance and Quality of Construction
Authors: LaHue SP 
Published: March 2009

Modern quality assurance (QA) systems, including statistically based specifications, are being reviewed and adopted by many states throughout the nation. The U.S. Federal Highway Administration's (FHWA) initial involvement in quality assurance systems started 15 years ago, in 1963. At that time, the Office of Research and Development's efforts were directed toward arousing the highway industry's interest in quality assurance and developing guidelines in this area.
Currently, there are 21 states using quality-assurance-type specifications as their normal specifications for asphaltic concrete construction. In addition, there are seven states that are developing or using QA-type specifications for asphaltic concrete on selected trial projects.
Part of the reasoning for the shift toward the adoption of modern quality assurance systems by state highway and transportation agencies can be attributed to their efforts to apply sound management techniques to the highway industry. The adoption and application of sound management techniques has become essential in this age of increasing costs and reduced revenues and will lead to a better-performing highway system.
Low-Cycle Fatigue Damage Mechanisms in Body-Centered-Cubic Materials
Authors: Magnin T , Driver JH 
Published: March 2009

The mechanisms of low-cycle fatigue damage of two high-purity ferritic alloys, Fe-3Si and Fe-26Cr-1Mo, have been investigated at room temperature using both polycrystal and single crystal specimens. The cyclic stress-strain behavior and the fatigue crack initiation mechanisms are shown to be sensitive to the applied strain rate and the crystal orientation. In the case of single crystals, high strain rates (≳ 10−3 s−1) give rise to large cyclic stress asymmetries and crystal shape changes. In bicrystals and polycrystals the cyclically induced grain distortions lead to intergranular crack initiation. Low cyclic strain rates favor the formation of persistent slip bands and hence transgranular crack initiation and reduced fatigue lives. These results are interpreted as a consequence of the asymmetry of dislocation motion in the body-centered-cubic (bcc) lattice.
Other unusual features of the cyclic deformation of bcc alloys, such as the softening and hardening behavior at low amplitudes and deformation banding, are described and discussed.
Beneficiation of Natural Aggregates by Polymer Impregnation
Authors: Webster RP , Fontana JJ 
Published: March 2009

The use of polymer impregnation as a means of upgrading the physical and mechanical properties of natural aggregates was evaluated in a series of tests performed using four aggregates of varying quality. The strength of concrete cast with polymer impregnated coarse aggregate was also tested. Two monomer systems were used in the investigation, a methyl methacrylate-based system and a styrene-based system.
In general, significant improvements in the physical and mechanical properties of each of the four aggregates resulted from polymer impregnation. The strength of concrete cast with impregnated aggregates varied, being increased in some cases and decreased in others.
Methods of Evaluating Single-Ply Roofing Membranes
Authors: Laaly HO 
Published: March 2009

In the last 20 years several new types of roofing material have been introduced to the construction industry, including various inorganic and organic materials and their combination, generally prefabricated. This paper deals only with single-ply membranes made from such materials as flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC), elastomers, that is, polyisobutylene (PIB), ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM), hypalon (CSPE), and other rubber and rubber-like materials and reinforced modified bitumens.
As there is need for criteria to facilitate appropriate selection and for specifications to ensure proper application, several test methods have been evaluated that assess physical, mechanical, and weathering properties of single-ply membranes. Some have been incorporated in the Standards of the Canadian General Standards Board (CGSB).
Some of the more important tests include those for lap-joint performance, dimensional stability, water absorption, stress-strain properties, low-temperature flexibility, static and dynamic puncturing, load-twist, and the so called wheelbarrow test.
Evaluation of the Effects of Microclimate Differences on Corrosion
Authors: Haynie FH 
Published: March 2009

Analytical and statistical analyses of data obtained from a contracted exposure study performed by Rockwell International in St. Louis, Mo. reveal that many microclimate differences can account for observed differences in corrosion behavior within a geographic region. Data from Mansfeld's Atmospheric Corrosion Monitors (ACM's) were evaluated with data from the Regional Air Monitoring System (RAMS). Relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, and levels of total sulfur gases such as sulfur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen were found to be statistically significant variables. Problems of covariance were avoided by partitioning the large data set into subsets.
Relative humidity was found to be the most important but least accurate variable. Because it is seldom measured at exposure sites, an equation was developed to relate site-to-site relative humidity differences to temperature differences. With average relative humidity and another empirical equation, time-of-wetness can be estimated. The results are in good agreement with time-of-wetness from the ACM's.
Prediction at Long Terms of the Atmospheric Corrosion of Structural Steels from Short-Term Experimental Data
Authors: Bragard AA , Bonnarens HE 
Published: March 2009

Two experimental laws expressing the relationship between the weight losses and the time of exposure allow a fair assessment of the corrosion evolution of steels in numerous sites. The simultaneous existence of these two laws implies intercorrelation between the coefficients of the empirical equations.
The effects of the climatic and pollution factors on these coefficients are discussed.
It is suggested to represent the corrosiveness of a test site toward a steel grade by the one-year weight loss and the further evolution of corrosion as a function of this weight loss and the relative humidity of the site.
Influence of Residual Installation Forces on the Stress Transfer and Settlement Underworking Loads of Jacked and Bored Piles in Cohesive Soils
Authors: Cooke RW 
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses some of the causes of residual installation forces in piles and the effects of the forces on the subsequent behavior of piles under structural or test loading. In the cases of jacked and driven preformed piles, residual forces arise as a result of the different rates of mobilization of bearing forces at the base and frictional forces on the shaft. The magnitudes of these residual forces can be large, and for this reason they may have a dominant effect on the mechanism of load transfer to the supporting soil at working loads. Residual forces are likely to be much smaller in the case of bored, cast in-situ concrete piles.
Some loading tests of jacked tubular-steel piles and bored cast-in-situ, concrete piles are described. All the piles were instrumented so that the distribution of load transfer could be examined, and all were in London clay. Results are presented to show that, as a result of the existence of residual forces, the proportions of shaft and base resistance mobilized at working loads are different for the two types of pile. Some evidence is presented to show that the settlements at working loads may also be influenced by residual forces.
Horizontal Subgrade Reaction Estimated from Lateral Loading Tests on Timber Piles
Authors: Robinson KE 
Published: March 2009

Lateral loading tests on timber piles in a variety of soil conditions are reported. Measured horizontal deflections and slopes of the piles are compared with predicted movements based on elastic theories and published values of horizontal subgrade reaction. It was found that the actual deflections and slopes of the piles were consistently less than the computed values, particularly for cohesionless soils. Based on the test results presented in this paper, suggested relationships between horizontal subgrade reaction and soil consistency are given.
The horizontal subgrade reaction is a function of the magnitude and position of load application (it decreases with increasing soil stress). For cohesionless soils, increases in soil density caused by driving displacement piles apparently increase the horizontal subgrade reaction.
Uptake, Biotransformation, Disposition, and Elimination of 2-Methylnaphthalene and Naphthalene in Several Fish Species
Authors: Melancon MJ , Lech JJ 
Published: March 2009

The uptake, disposition, biotransformation, and elimination of 14C-2-methylnaphthalene and 14C-naphthalene have been studied in several species of fish. The half-lives of elimination of 14C from several tissues, following the exposure of rainbow trout fingerlings to both compounds for 8 h, were less than 24 h. After exposure of the trout to 14C-naphthalene for four weeks, the half-life of elimination was hundreds of hours. After exposure to 14C-2-methylnaphthalene for four weeks, the elimination of 14C was biphasic; the rapid phase of elimination had a half-life of less than 24 h while the half-life of the slow phase was hundreds of hours. Examination of the muscle 14C by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) suggested that differential elimination of the parent compound and its metabolites may be involved in these differences. The elimination of 14C from fingerling carp after four weeks of exposure to 14C-2-methylnaphthalene, was also biphasic.Bile 14C from rainbow trout, carp, and sheepshead which had been exposed to 14C-2-methylnaphthalene was present mainly as metabolites. Most of the metabolites appeared to be conjugated when examined by TLC.Greater bile 14C to water 14C ratios resulted from exposure of the fish to 14C-2-methylnaphthalene than from exposure to 14C-naphthalene and were probably related to the greater uptake of 14C-2-methylnaphthalene. This ratio was also affected by the water level of the chemical, the exposure duration, and the species of the fish.The disposition and biotransformation of 14C-naphthalene, 14C-2-methylnaphthalene, and 14C-1,2,4-trichlorobenzene in rainbow trout were affected by pretreatment of the trout with an inducer of microsomal enzymes, β-naphthoflavone. Biliary 14C levels were much higher in the induced trout, and the tissues contained a greater proportion of 14C as metabolites in the induced trout than in the controls.
Design to Cope with Fully Developed Fires
Authors: Harmathy TZ 
Published: March 2009

Since 80 to 90 percent of the combustible contents of building compartments are consumed during the period of fully developed fire, the conditions that are expected to prevail during this period should be given special attention in the design of buildings for fire safety. The primary purpose of such design is to lessen the danger of spread of fire and smoke beyond the confines of the fire compartment. To provide a sound basis for the design, the characteristics of compartment fires, the factors that determine them, and the mechanisms by which fire and smoke spread through the building are discussed in detail.The most common method of protecting buildings against fire spread is compart-mentation by fire-resistant boundary elements. The shortcomings of the conventional practice of fire resistance allotment are analyzed and the principles of a recommended practice, referred to as fire tolerance design, are described.Information on the fire resistance of building elements is usually obtained by standard tests conducted on replicas of the elements. The meaning of the test results, however, is often unclear. It is becoming more and more acceptable to procure fire resistance information either by analytical and numerical studies, or by the use of extension and prediction formulas, graphs, and tables, many of which are reproduced for the designers' convenience.Owing to fundamental faults in the philosophy of fire resistance testing, information on fire resistance, either from tests or other means, cannot be directly utilized in the fire tolerance design. Methods of conversion between fire resistance and fire tolerance are presented, and techniques of designing for fire tolerance in stagnant and spreading fires, without resorting to fire resistance information, are outlined.Because of the prominent role that convection plays in the spread of fire and smoke, design for fire tolerance does not provide the complete answer to fire safety. The use of self-closing doors, cavity barriers and fire stops, and flame deflectors, that cut off the paths of convective fire spread, is an essential part of the overall fire defense scheme.An effective way of attacking the problem of spread of smoke is the pressurization of the principal shafts of the building. The danger of spread of both fire and smoke is greatly reduced by fire drainage.The need for expert knowledge in the design for fire safety is emphasized.
Determination of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water and Wastewater by a Gas Chromatographic—Ultraviolet Spectrophotometric Method
Authors: Searl TD , Robbins WK , Brown RA 
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and American industry are interested in determining the concentrations of 129 potentially hazardous compounds in water. Included on the recently issued priority pollutant list are 13 polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PNAs) containing from three to six condensed rings. Exxon Research has developed a gas chromatographic, ultraviolet spectrophotometric (GC-UV) method that accurately determines 23 PNAs, including the 13, at the 0.1-ppb (microgram/litre) level and higher in industrial and municipal wastewater effluents. Alkyl-substituted PNAs can be measured and additional compounds added as desired. The method has been verified by analyzing effluents spiked with a variety of PNAs.
At the start of the analysis carbon-14-labeled benz [a] anthracene and benzo [a] pyrene internal standards are added and the sample extracted with methylene chloride. A concentrate of PNA is provided by liquid-liquid extraction with dimethyl sulfoxide; if necessary, this is followed by chromatographic separation on partially deactivated alumina. The individual PNAs are separated by gas chromatography, where eluted fractions are trapped for ultraviolet absorption measurement of the PNAs. Peaks containing the carbon-14 internal standards are assayed for radioactivity. The ratio of the final to the initial radioactivity is used to quantitate the data.
With this technique, the removal of the individual PNA by the various wastewater treatment processes has been followed.
Determination of Hexachloroacetone and Hexafluoroacetone in Industrial Wastewaters
Authors: Smith JS , Burkitt DT , Hanrahan JM 
Published: March 2009

Recently, there has been a great deal of interest shown in the identification and quantitation of halogenated organic pollutants in water. Federal Water Quality Acts of 1972 and 1977 and the Environmental Protection Agency's list of priority pollutants have spurred industrial wastewater analysis. Even though hexafluoroacetone is no longer manufactured in the United States, we were interested in determining if any hexafluoroacetone or its precursors have contaminated wastewater at the low parts per billion (ppb) levels from previous manufacturing sites. Hexafluoroacetone is a toxic compound that is water soluble.
We analyzed for hexafluoroacetone by converting it to fluoroform by treatment of the aqueous sample matrix with base; a procedure derived from an infrared method described by Baker and Carlson [I]2. Headspace analysis by gas chroma tography was used to detect and quantitate the fluoroform. The method has a detection limit of 10 ppb.
Effect of Flash Point Reduction on Jet Fuel Properties
Authors: Dukek WG , Wieland ER 
Published: March 2009

Jet fuel yield and quality information were developed by a computer program from crude assay data for three different refineries on flash point and other parameters, for example, freezing point, smoke point, and aromatics content. Without regard to other product requirements, availability of Jet A (-40°C freezing point) could be increased 10 to 18 percent with a 32°C (90°F) flash point limit and 22 to 30 percent with a 27°C (80°F) flash point limit compared with the current specification flash point of 38°C (100°F). Availability gains of Jet A-1 fuel (-50°C freezing point) for similar flash point limits are larger. A combination of flash point and freezing point relaxations to 27°C (80°F) and -40°C, respectively, increases Jet A-1 volume by 80 to 90 percent.
The theoretical aspects of this study must be emphasized because the competing nonaviation demands for other distillates were ignored. Other fuel properties such as aromatics and smoke point become less critical as flash point is lowered, but the most important new U.S. crude—Alaskan North Slope—still produces jet fuel that is critical in aromatics and smoke point regardless of flash point reduction benefits.
Regulations and Industry Standards (Flammability)
Authors: Maxwell WL 
Published: March 2009

A maze of rules—federal, state, county, or city statutes, plus regulations by the Department of Transportation (DOT), Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), American Petroleum Institute (API), National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), and the U.S. Coast Guard—affect Jet A fuel; any major change such as flash point reduction can have far-reaching impact. Comparing international flammability classifications, only the United States and Sweden would re-classify reduced flash point kerosine from “combustible” (flash point &gt;38°C (100°F) to “flammable” (flash point &gt;27°C &lt;38°C). Among states, 36 have flash point minimums affecting kerosine and other distillates but none regulate jet fuel; if states classified Jet A/A-1 as kerosine, potential conflicts could result at lower flash points than 38°C (100°F).
Shipment regulations of the Federal Code, Civil Aeronautics Board (CAB), International Air Transport Association (IATA), and DOT provide different containers, packing, marking, etc. for Class II combustible versus Class IC flammable liquids for different modes of transport. Tank storage regulations as specified by OSHA (Standard 1910.106) and NFPA, Codes 30, 70 and 407 are similar. Conservation vents or vapor recovery systems on storage tanks might be required in certain states with reduced flash point jet fuel. The downward shift in the flammability zone with lower flash jet fuel suggests that “switch-loading” regulations should apply. NFPA Code 385 describes these procedures.
In certain parts of the world, jet fuel is also used for home heating or cooking. A reduced flash point jet fuel would probably be too hazardous as a dual-purpose kerosine, and changes in supply and distribution systems would be needed. A comprehensive investigation of each country, region, state, city, and industry is needed to assess the worldwide impact of reduced flash jet fuel.
Acoustic Emission Measurements: HSST V-7B Intermediate Vessel Test
Authors: Hutton PH , Dawson JF , Kurtz RJ 
Published: March 2009

The HSST V-7B intermediate test vessel was fabricated from 152-mm thick A533B, Class 1 steel. It was pressurized at 93°C (200°F) to 151 MPa (21 800 psig) where it failed at a flaw machined into the outer surface.
Acoustic emission (AE) generated during testing of the vessel was measured for two purposes: (1) to provide indications of distress in the vessel at locations other than the machined defect, and (2) to acquire AE data for analysis relevant to development of AE/flaw relationships for inservice reactor monitoring.
Two AE monitor systems, a Dunegan/Endevco (DE) 1032 and a Battelle Northwest (BNW) multiparameter, digital memory AE system, were used to more effectively meet the two requirements. Results and conclusions include:
∎ AE source location indications clearly followed flaw development.
∎ Growth of a flaw in 152-mm thick A533 B, Class 1 material at 93°C (200°F) produced readily detectable AE.
∎ Two separate AE monitor systems using substantially different approaches to isolating AE from the defect exhibited consistent results.
∎ AE data correlates well with stress intensity factor (K) and crack opening displacement (COD) showing a basis for relating AE to flaw severity in the pressure vessel configuration.
Composition and Measurement of Radionuclides in Liquid Effluent from Nuclear Power Stations
Authors: Kahn B 
Published: March 2009

The radionuclide content of liquid radioactive wastes discharged from commercially operated light-water-cooled reactors in the United States is described on the basis of recent reports by reactor operators and special studies undertaken by Federal agencies. Discharges are discussed in terms of sources of radioactivity and treatment processes at thestations. Effluent values are compared with the model utilized by the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission.
The radionuclide at highest concentration is consistently hydrogen-3 (H-3). Annual discharges usually range in the hundreds and thousands ofcuries at pressurized water reactors and up to 100 curies at boiling water reactors. The sum of all other fission and activation products usually totals a few curies per year; cobalt-58 (Co-58), cesium-134 (Cs-134), and cesium-137 (Cs-137) are consistently among the radionuclides at highest concentration. At least two stations have operated several years without significant radioactive liquid discharges.
Analysis of liquid radioactive waste for radionuclide content consiststypically of gamma-ray spectrometry with a germanium (lithium) detector and multichannel analyzer, liquid scintillation counting after distillation for H-3 measurements, and more elaborate radiochemical analysis for strontium-89 (Sr-89) and strontium-90 (Sr-90). Special studies at nuclear power stations have shown the presence of other radionuclides that can be analyzed only by specific radiochemical procedures. Among these are carbon-14 (C-14), phosphorus-32 (P-32), iron-55 (Fe-55), and nickel-63 (Ni-63). Approaches for including analysis of such additional radionuclides are discussed.
Acceptable Radiological Environmental Monitoring Programs: Nuclear Regulatory Commission Staff Rationale and Perspective
Authors: Conti EF 
Published: March 2009

A task group of members of the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) staff has reviewed the rationale for radiological environmental monitoring required by NRC.
The results of this group's considerations can be described as the “art” of radiological environmental monitoring, in that the group was unable to develop a tightly knit rationale for all the elements of such a program. Two major factors led to this: (1) the large number of possible nuclide pathway combinations threatened to result in specifying lower limits of detection (LLD's) much more restrictive than considered practicable, and (2) a significant number of public reassurance-type measurement requirements always remained which did not fit a dose rationale. Therefore, the topics discussed are a mixture of requirements related to dose rationale and public reassurance.
The task group concluded that radiological environmental monitoring requires a blend of two types of measurements: one type based on strict dose-related considerations and another type related to a need to make measurements which have a reassurance function.
Further, whether environmental measurement data are used to directly assess the dose, to complement radioactivity release measurements, or to confirm a negative impact on the environment, there is a need for adequate quality in the data obtained. This quality needs to be adequate to demonstrate either a correlation or lack of a correlation between facility operation and measured radioactivity levels in the environment as compared with an environmental radiation dose criterion such as 25 mrem/year.