bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental study on the effect of loading rate on the strain energy accumulation and release during the weakening process of circular-tunnel
Authors: You Xun , Wang Yunmin , Liu Xiangxin , Zhao Kui , Zhang Zhengnan 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe weakening of circular tunnels is a global problem that has not been resolved satisfactorily. In the tunnelling process, surrounding rock of circular-tunnel performs a process of “excavating → weakening → continuous excavating → weakening strengthens”. Different rates of excavation affect the stress adjustment of the surrounding rock, and also have an impact on the weakening of a circular-tunnel. An instability failure test was conducted on a circular-tunnel with varying vertical loading rates. The loading rate was utilized as a representative measure for the excavation rate on the site. The results showed that the weakening process of a circular-tunnel can be divided into four distinct phases, hydrostatic pressure (E1), particle ejection (E2), flake stripping (E3), and instability (E4). The ordering of these phases is E3 > E4 > E1 > E2. In the weakening process of a circular-tunnel, the root cause is the original stress level, while the essential factor is the engineering disturbance. A faster vertical loading rate leads to greater stress adjustment, higher strain energy accumulation, and an increased probability of circular-tunnel instability. The presence of a quiet period of AE events in the middle and later phases of flake stripping is a precursory characteristic of circular-tunnel instability. This study has both theoretical and practical significance in terms of revealing the mechanism of circular-tunnel instability and achieving a reasonable arrangement of the circular-tunnel support process.
Effects of the spacing between plasma channels on the fracture behavior of red sandstone under high-voltage pulse discharge
Authors: Peng Jianyu , Zhou Yuanhang , Zhang Fengpeng , Li Jiaqiang , Yan Guangliang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn rock engineering, high-voltage pulse technology has attracted attention because it offers environmental protection, controllable energy, and repeatable discharge. It is necessary to study the fracture behavior of rock under high-voltage pulse discharge (HVPD) for the parametric design of rock breaking thereby. HVPD experiments were conducted in red sandstone samples with the plasma channel spacing ranging from 26 to 66 mm at intervals of 10 mm. The stress wave generated by HVPD was obtained from the current waveform measured by Rogowski coils. In combination with numerical simulations, the distribution characteristics, propagation process, and formation mechanism of fractures were analyzed. The results showed that after two applications of HVPD at different positions, the sample was both broken down and two plasma channels and radial fractures centered around them were formed within. The stress wave decays exponentially with the increase of the distance from the plasma channel. When the spacing between plasma channels is less than or equal to 46 mm, fracture coalescence occurs between the two plasma channels; thereafter, the fractures formed by the second HVPD face resistance to propagation towards the fracture area formed by the first HVPD. In addition, numerical simulation results indicate that the second HVPD will generate significant tensile stress in the middle region of the two plasma channels, leading to near-horizontal fracture coalescence. When the spacing between plasma channels increases to 56 mm and 66 mm, the tensile stress induced by the second HVPD in the middle region of the sample is small, and it is difficult to form fracture coalescence between the two channels.
Propagation and complex morphology of hydraulic fractures in lamellar shales based on finite-discrete element modeling
Authors: Wang Mengyao , Gan Quan , Wang Tao , Ma Yueqiang , Yan Chengzeng , Benson Philip , Wang Xiaoguang , Elsworth Derek 
Published: April 2024

AbstractWe explore the controls of stress magnitude and orientation relative to bedding on the resulting morphology/topology of hydraulic fractures using a combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM). Behavior is shown conditioned by the ratio of principal stresses $$\lambda ={\sigma }_{3}/{\sigma }_{1}$$

λ
=

σ
3

/

σ
1

and relative inclination of the bedding. When the lateral pressure coefficient ($$\lambda$$
λ
) is less than 0.67, hydraulic fractures predominantly initiate as tensile fractures along the wellbore, aligning with the maximum principal stress direction. Conversely, for $$\lambda \ge 0.67$$

λ
≥
0.67

, shear cracks are favored to initiate for the minor stress difference, leading to a less predictable initiation and extension direction. Simultaneously, diminished stress differences correspond to elevated reservoir breakdown pressures, displaying a linear correlation with lateral pressure coefficients and little influenced by equivalent bedding orientation. Bedding plane orientation significantly impacts the mode and morphology of hydraulic fracture propagation. Bedding parallel to the direction of the minimum principal stress ($${\sigma }_{3}$$

σ
3

) favors layer-penetrating and bifurcated fractures, whereas inclined bedding facilitates the emergence of numerous steering-type and capture-type fractures. Especially at steeper inclinations ($$\beta =60^\circ$$

β
=

60
∘

), hydraulic fractures readily extend along the bedding surface, inducing macroscopic shear slip failure. Under high-stress disparities, the breakdown pressure exhibits greater sensitivity to bedding inclination, and its influence pattern aligns with the variations in tensile strength, typically reaching maximum and minimum values at bedding inclination angles of 0° and 60°, respectively.
Objective metrics for ethical AI: a systematic literature review
Authors: Palumbo Guilherme , Carneiro Davide , Alves Victor 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe field of AI Ethics has recently gained considerable attention, yet much of the existing academic research lacks practical and objective contributions for the development of ethical AI systems. This systematic literature review aims to identify and map objective metrics documented in literature between January 2018 and June 2023, specifically focusing on the ethical principles outlined in the Ethics Guidelines for Trustworthy AI. The review was based on 66 articles retrieved from the Scopus and World of Science databases. The articles were categorized based on their alignment with seven ethical principles: Human Agency and Oversight, Technical Robustness and Safety, Privacy and Data Governance, Transparency, Diversity, Non-Discrimination and Fairness, Societal and Environmental Well-being, and Accountability. Of the identified articles, only a minority presented objective metrics to assess AI ethics, with the majority being purely theoretical works. Moreover, existing metrics are primarily concentrating on Diversity, Non-Discrimination and Fairness, with a clear under-representation of the remaining principles. This lack of practical contributions makes it difficult for Data Scientists to devise systems that can be deemed Ethical, or to monitor the alignment of existing systems with current guidelines and legislation. With this work, we lay out the current panorama concerning objective metrics to quantify AI Ethics in Data Science and highlight the areas in which future developments are needed to align Data Science projects with the human values widely posited in the literature.
A Frailty Model for Semi-competing Risk Data with Applications to Colon Cancer
Authors: Bedia Elizbeth Ch. , Cancho Vicente G. , Bandyopadhyay Dipankar 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn semi-competing risks (which generalizes the competing risks scenario), a subject may experience both terminal and non-terminal events, usually dependent, where the event time to the intermediate non-terminal event (say, tumor recurrence in cancer studies) is subject to censoring by the terminal event (say, death), but not vice-versa. As an alternative to the latent failure time formulation of semi-competing risks with joint survival functions, here, we consider an illness-death (multistate) shared frailty framework, where the dependency between the terminal and non-terminal failure times is incorporated via the power variance frailty between the conditional transition rates that are assumed Markov. Inference is conducted via maximum likelihood. A simulation study is conducted to evaluate the finite sample performance of the model parameters. Finally, we compare and contrast our power variance frailty proposal to known alternatives via application to a colon cancer dataset. Relevant code for implementation of our model is available in GitHub.
Geospatial Structure and Evolution Analysis of National Terrestrial Adjacency Network Based on Complex Network
Authors: Zhi Zhiyang , Liu Jianzhong , Liu Jiale , Li Aiguang 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe first law of geography is one of the most important concepts in geographical analysis, revealing the significant role of spatial proximity. At present, some current international relation studies or geographic network analysis studies tend to build corresponding network models according to different themes, but the most basic level of geographic neighborhoods is intentionally or unintentionally neglected in those processes. Based on the adjacency relationship between the terrestrial countries in the world, the model of the terrestrial adjacency network (TAN) is constructed. The model includes almost all land-based countries and is divided into three main regions, respectively, Eurasia, Africa, and America. On the mathematical model of these regions, we analyze the geospatial structure and network evolution of the adjacent networks utilizing statistical methods and network analysis methods. This study helps to map and understand the geographical attributes and characteristics of countries from the perspective of holistic structure, aiming to provide a quantitative reference for subsequent research on international relations and geographic computing. Moreover, despite some limitations, TAN represents a new advance in geographical network analysis that can be further applied by overlaying more attribute data.
Content and interaction-based mapping of Reddit posts related to information security
Authors: Charmanas Konstantinos , Mittas Nikolaos , Angelis Lefteris 
Published: April 2024

AbstractEnsuring the privacy and safety of platform users has become a complex objective due to the emerging threats that surround any type of network, software, and hardware. Scams, malwares, hackers, and security vulnerabilities form the epicenter of cyber threats causing severe damage to the affected systems and sensitive data of users. Thus, users turn to online social networks to report cyber threats, discuss topics of their interest, and obtain knowledge concerning the various perspectives of information security. In this study, we aim to address the concepts of social interactions surrounding information security-related content by retrieving and analyzing Reddit posts from 45 relevant subreddits. In this regard, a word clustering approach is employed, based on the Affinity Propagation algorithm, that leads to the extraction and interpretation of 54 concepts. These concepts are relevant to information security and some more generic areas of interest including social media, software vendors, and labors. Furthermore, to provide a more comprehensive overview of users’ activity in the different Reddit communities/subreddits, a knowledge map associating subreddits and concepts based on their conceptual similarities is also established. The analysis shows that the descriptions of the examined subreddits are strongly related to their underlying concepts. At the same time, the outcomes also assess the conceptual associations between the different subreddits, offering knowledge related to similar and distant communities. Ultimately, two post metrics are utilized to explore how the concepts may impact user interactions. This allows us to differentiate between concepts associated with posts typically endorsed by communities, resulting in increased information exchange (via comments), or contributing as news/announcements. Overall, the findings of this study can be used as a knowledge basis in determining user interests, opinions, perspectives, and responsiveness, when it comes to cyber threats, attacks, and malicious activities. Also, the respective outcomes can contribute as a guide for identifying similar communities/subreddits and themes. Regarding the methodological contributions of this study, the proposed framework can be adapted to similar datasets and research goals as it does not depend on the special characteristics of the imported data, offering, in turn, a practical approach for future research.
Combining the strengths of Dutch survey and register data in a data challenge to predict fertility (PreFer)
Authors: Sivak Elizaveta , Pankowska Paulina , Mendrik Adriënne , Emery Tom , Garcia-Bernardo Javier , Höcük Seyit , Karpinska Kasia , Maineri Angelica , Mulder Joris , Nissim Malvina , Stulp Gert 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe social sciences have produced an impressive body of research on determinants of fertility outcomes, or whether and when people have children. However, the strength of these determinants and underlying theories are rarely evaluated on their predictive ability on new data. This prevents us from systematically comparing studies, hindering the evaluation and accumulation of knowledge. In this paper, we present two datasets which can be used to study the predictability of fertility outcomes in the Netherlands. One dataset is based on the LISS panel, a longitudinal survey which includes thousands of variables on a wide range of topics, including individual preferences and values. The other is based on the Dutch register data which lacks attitudinal data but includes detailed information about the life courses of millions of Dutch residents. We provide information about the datasets and the samples, and describe the fertility outcome of interest. We also introduce the fertility prediction data challenge PreFer which is based on these datasets and will start in Spring 2024. We outline the ways in which measuring the predictability of fertility outcomes using these datasets and combining their strengths in the data challenge can advance our understanding of fertility behaviour and computational social science. We further provide details for participants on how to take part in the data challenge.
Multi-phase k-quadrature domains and applications to acoustic waves and magnetic fields
Authors: Kow Pu-Zhao , Shahgholian Henrik 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe primary objective of this paper is to explore the multi-phase variant of quadrature domains associated with the Helmholtz equation, commonly referred to as k-quadrature domains. Our investigation employs both the minimization problem approach, which delves into the segregation ground state of an energy functional, and the partial balayage procedure, drawing inspiration from the recent work by Gardiner and Sjödin. Furthermore, we present practical applications of these concepts in the realms of acoustic waves and magnetic fields.
Evaluation of bacteriostatic and antioxidant activities of various extracts from aerial part of Piper nigrum grown in Gulf countries traditionally used for the treatment of various infectious diseases
Authors: Alateeqi Doaa Ibrahim Marey , Al-Touby Salem Said Jaroof , Hossain Mohammad Amzad 
Published: April 2024

Abstract

Piper nigrum (P. nigrum) is a tropical medicinal plant widely available in Southeast Asian countries including Oman. In Asian It has a long history of usage in places such as Oman for treating of rheumatism, colds, and various infections. Based on the medicinal uses, the purpose of this research is to create diverse fractions using increasing solvent polarity from the aerial part of the collected plant species and evaluate their antibacterial and antioxidant activities by using established bioassays. The aerial part was collected from the Southern part of Oman and processed using the standard method. The processed materials were recovered using the maceration method using methanol, and the methanol raw extracts was further fractionated with water extraction, butanol, ethyl acetate (ETA), hexane, and dichloromethane are produced using different liquid polarities. Each of the six plant extracts was tested for antioxidant and antibacterial potential at different concentrations against DPPH (1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) and agar diffusion methods. All of the fractions at varied concentrations shown promising antioxidant activity with DPPH against the gallic acid. The maximum activity was observed in hexane extract, while the smallest potential was noticed in butanol extract, in the following order: hexane > chloroform > water > methanol > ethyl acetate > butanol extract. The antibacterial efficacy of six different polarities extracts gives moderate activity against two Gram-positive bacteria strains namely S. saprophyticus and S. aureus and three Gram-negative namely P. vulgaris
,
K. senegalensis and E. coli. Among the six extracts, hexane extract had the most antibacterial activity, whereas butanol extract had the smallest activity. The remaining four extracts, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water, all had comparable activity. In conclusion, the extracts with the greatest activity from the chosen plant types might be employed as natural antioxidants to treat infectious disorders.
Replies to critics
Authors: Schmidt Eva 
Published: April 2024

AbstractIn these replies, I react to comments on my paper “Facts about Incoherence as Non-Evidential Epistemic Reasons”, provided by Aleks Knoks, Sebastian Schmidt, Keshav Singh, and Conor McHugh. I discuss potential counterexamples to my claim that the fact that the subject’s doxastic attitudes are incoherent is an epistemic reason for her to suspend; whether such incoherence-based reasons bear on individual attitudes or only on combinations of attitudes; the prospects of restricting evidentialism about epistemic reasons to reasons to believe; whether incoherence-based reasons are truly epistemic; the alleged normative and motivational expendability of incoherence-based reasons; the possibility of incoherence-based reasons to suspend without actual belief in the incoherent propositions; the relationship between suspension, inquiry, and incoherence; and the nature of suspension of judgment.
How does digital inclusive finance improve rural economic resilience? Evidence from China
Authors: Shen Yu , Hu Guangyu 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThis study investigates the role of digital inclusive finance (DIF) in strengthening rural economic resilience in China. Analyzing data from 31 Chinese provinces over 2011–2020, it explores how DIF impacts rural economic resilience, considering factors like the market environment and rural transportation infrastructure. The research identifies the positive influence of DIF, particularly in regions with poor market environment and transportation infrastructure. It also highlights the mediating effects of increased rural entrepreneurship and the reduction of the urban–rural income gap on enhancing rural economic resilience. The findings underscore DIF's potential in promoting sustainable rural economic development.
Origins of Biweekly Sea Surface Temperature Variability in the Eastern Equatorial Pacific and Atlantic
Authors: Xu Gaopeng , Chang Ping , Zhang Qiuying 
Published: April 2024

AbstractBiweekly sea surface temperature (SST) variability significantly contributes to over 50% of the intraseasonal variability in the eastern equatorial Pacific (EEP) and Atlantic (EEA). Our study investigates this biweekly variability, employing a blend of in–situ and reanalysis data sets. The research identifies biweekly signals in SST, meridional wind, and ocean currents, notably in September–November in EEP and June–August in EEA. Biweekly southerly (northerly) winds drive instantaneous northward (southward) ocean currents in EEP, but with a 1–2‐day phase delay in EEA. Consequently, these currents lead to SST anomalies with a 3–4‐day lag in both EEP and EEA due to the presence of the cold tongue. The study reveals the origin of biweekly wind fluctuations in the western Pacific for EEP and the subpolar Pacific for EEA, connected by atmospheric Rossby waves validated through a linearized non‐divergent barotropic model. This research affirms the influence of subtropical and subpolar atmospheric forcing on equatorial SST.
Path and Slip Dependent Behavior of Shallow Subduction Shear Zones During Fluid Overpressure
Authors: Belzer Benjamin D. , French Melodie E. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractElevated pore fluid pressure is proposed to contribute to slow earthquakes along shallow subduction plate boundaries. However, the processes that create high fluid pressure, disequilibrium compaction and dehydration reactions, lead to different effective stress paths in fault rocks. These paths are predicted by granular mechanics frameworks to lead to different strengths and deformation modes, yet granular mechanics do not predict their effects on fault stability. To evaluate the role of fluid overpressure on shallow megathrust strength and slip behavior, we conducted triaxial shear experiments on chlorite and celadonite rich gouge layers. Experiments were conducted at constant temperature (130 and 100°C), confining pressure (130 and 140 MPa), and pore fluid pressures (between 10 and 120 MPa). Fluid overpressure due to disequilibrium compaction was simulated by increasing confining and pore fluid pressure synchronously without exceeding the target effective pressure, whereas overpressure due to dehydration reactions was simulated by first loading the sample to a target isotropic effective pressure and then increasing pore fluid pressure to reduce the effective pressure. We find that the effects of fluid pressure and stress path on the mechanical behavior of the chlorite and celadonite gouges can generally be described using the critical state soil mechanics (CSSM) framework. However, path effects are more pronounced and persist to greater displacements in chlorite because its microstructure is more influenced by stress path. Due to its effects on microstructure, the stress path also imparts greater control on the rate‐dependence of chlorite strength, which is not predicted by CSSM.
The Architecture of a Root Zone of a Large Magmatic Conduit System From High Resolution Magnetic, Gravity and Petrophysical Data: The Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex
Authors: Pastore Z. , Church N. S. , Fichler C. , Michels A. , ter Maat G. W. , Larsen R. B. , McEnroe S. A. 
Published: April 2024

AbstractThe Seiland Igneous Province (SIP) is a large province of mafic and ultramafic (UM) complexes interpreted to be relics of a giant plumbing system feeding the Ediacaran Central Iapetus Magmatic Province. The Reinfjord Ultramafic Complex (RUC) is one of the four major ultramafic complexes of the SIP. The RUC has a younger dunite core surrounded by wehrlite and lherzolite embedded in country rocks consisting of layered gabbros with sub‐horizontal layering and metamorphosed sedimentary rocks. Here, we develop a 3D subsurface model for the RUC using high‐resolution magnetic and gravity data and extensive petrophysical measurements from oriented surface samples and drill core samples. Our model indicates that the RUC narrows in depth, extending a minimum of 1.4 km below sea level, and plunges eastwards below the country rock. This model allows us to decipher the lithologic heterogeneities, and the depth and lateral extent of ultramafic rocks, which we interpret in the context of the geologic history of the area. The RUC is spatially separated from other UM complexes of the SIP and the result of this study indicates a smaller depth extent. Combining these findings with the previously reported distribution of the SIP rocks based on the regional gravity data, we propose that the uplift of the crustal block hosting the RUC is larger than for ultramafic complexes in the northwestern part of the SIP.