bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The availability of the nitrogen in some bone materials used in horticulture
Authors: Long M. I. E. , Owen O. , Winsor G. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe total nitrogen content of 16 commercial samples designated as bone meal showed a wide range of values from 2.12 to 5.55%. Samples of bone meal were added to soil in quantities equivalent to 300 p.p.m. nitrogen in each case, and the fraction of the total nitrogen readily converted to ammonia and nitrate was determined after incubation for nine days at 23.5° c.; these fractions so converted were significantly correlated with the percentage of the total nitrogen that was soluble in water. Significant correlations were also found with the bulk densities and sieve analyses of the milled samples, the pH of their aqueous suspensions, and the ammonia liberated on distillation with magnesia. The effect of different degrees of milling upon the results of the tests was examined for selected samples.
The component acids and glycerides of pentaclethra (Leguminosae) and lophira (Ochnaceae) seed fats
Authors: Hilditch T. P. , Meara M. L. , Patel C. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe seed fats of these West African species of plants contain 15–20% of saturated acids (mainly behenic or lignoceric) of higher molecular weight than stearic acid; the unsaturated acids are confined to oleic and linoleic in varying proportions. The composition of the mixed glycerides in the fats conforms closely to the usual ‘evenly‐distributed’ type. Although the fats are probably capable of use as supplementary sources of edible fats, the presence in appreciable proportions of behenic and/or lignoceric acid is disadvantageous either for edible purposes or, more especially, for soap making. In a specimen of deteriorated seed fat from Lophira alata, it was observable that the behenic acid present had proved relatively resistant to enzyme action.
Taint in potatoes grown on land treated with crude benzene hexachloride against wireworms
Authors: Jameson H. R. , Tanner C. C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt is shown that the degree of taint produced in potatoes grown on land treated (worked into the soil by normal cultivation methods) with crude benzene hexachloride is a function of the amount of crude BHC applied per acre and the time elapsing after application. An equation linking degree of taint with these variables is given and summarizes data accumulated over a period of four years in numerous trials under varying soil and climatic conditions in England.Potatoes grown after treating land with 4 lb. crude benzene hexachloride per acre for control of wireworm are likely to be tainted if planting takes place within r8 months of the date of soil treatment; if planting takes place three years after soil treatment the crop should be free from taint.
Equilibrium humidity of sugar solutions
Authors: Money R. W. , Born R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAs a result of studies of the equilibrium humidity‐concentration relationship of a number of solutions of sugars, an empirical formula has been derived relating the equilibrium humidity value with the molar concentration. The equation is of the same form as that derived from Raoult's law, but is applicable over a wide range of concentrations. An ‘equivalent molecular weight’ has been derived for the solids of glucose syrup, whereby this material may be considered in a similar manner to simple sugars. Examples are given of the application of the equation in the calculation of the equilibrium humidity values of jams, fondant creams and boiled sweets.
The availability of soil phosphate. I.—Examination of the soil solution with special reference to the fixation of phosphate
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe effects of fertilizer treatments and of season on the constituents of the soil solution, with special reference to phosphate, have been examined, using soils tested as part of a long‐term fertilizer‐experiment.The concentration of inorganic phosphate in the soil solution in phosphate‐treated plots was higher than that of the control throughout the year, the increases ranging from 21‐5 to 66.6%. The effect of superphosphate did not increase during cropping; the concentrations of inorganic phosphate in the soil solution were low in summer and varied very little through the year. Ammonium sulphate and lime reduced the inorganic‐phosphate concentration. In plots receiving dung the concentrations of inorganic phosphate were unusually high, the increases ranging from 120 to 635% in the 0–8‐in. soil layer. In the presence of lime the increases of phosphate due to dung were lower. There was no indication of the downward movement of phosphate through the soil.The concentration of organic phosphorus in the soil solution decreased during the cropping season. Ammonium sulphate, superphosphate and potassium sulphate tended to increase the organic phosphorus in soil solutions but lime tended to reduce its accumulation in July. Dung did not increase the organic phosphate greatly, especially in the presence of lime.Simple and partial correlations between inorganic phosphate and other constituents in the soil solution were studied. Inorganic phosphate examined in April was negatively correlated with both pH and calcium. The relationship with pH was most clearly observed in plots without phosphate treatment and that with calcium in the superphosphate‐treated plots. The relationship was unchanged when the correlation coefficients were calculated between phosphate and calcium with pH or nitrogen constant, and between phosphate and pH with calcium or nitrogen constant. There was no significant correlation in the July and September samples.Colloidal absorption of phosphate appears to dominate the fixation of phosphate in the soil although there is evidence of chemical precipitation by calcium.
Applicability of the morgan test for determining available soil phosphate
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAn examination of the Morgan ‘quick’ test showed that the amount of phosphate extracted from soils increased with the widening of the ratio, soil/extractant, and with the period of extraction; the maximum extraction was obtained in most soils by shaking the soil with the extractant for I hr. Of the likely phosphorus‐bearing constituents of soil Morgan's reagent dissolves mainly calcium (and probably magnesium) phosphates; organic forms of phosphorus dissolve only to a small extent. In the soil examined, Morgan's test failed to distinguish the effect of 17 successive annual applications of superphosphate at the rate of 100 lb. per acre. However, it did detect, decisively, corresponding applications at the rates of 200 and 400 lb. per acre.The Morgan test further demonstrated the depression of phosphate availability by repeated application of ammonium sulphate, the opposite effect of liming, the very substantial increase in availability after the application of dung, the absence of any effect of treatments with potassium sulphate and an apparent seasonal variation in phosphate status in the soil examined.
The ovicidal activity of some phenyltrichloromethylcarbinols and their esters towards eggs of the glasshouse red spider mite (Tetranychus telarius L.)
Authors: Read W. H. , Wain R. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlthough numerous investigations have been directed towards relating chemical structure to insecticidal activity, little work of this type has been carried out with ovicides. This paper describes the results of ovicide tests using some phenyltrichloromethylcarbinols and their esters against eggs of Tetranychus telarius L.The laboratory method employed for assaying ovicidal activity, which was developed at the Cheshunt Research Station, is described.4‐Chlorophenyltrichloromethylcarbinol and its acetate were the only compounds showing appreciable ovicidal action, but the following relations between ovicidal activity and chemical constitution were indicated by the results: (a) toxicities of phenyltrichloro‐methylcarbinol and its esters are increased by the introduction of C1— and, to a lesser degree, of CH3— into the para‐position of the ring; (b) the ovicidal activity of the carbinols is reduced by esterification; (c) the 4‐chlorobenzoates appear to be more toxic than the corresponding 4‐nitrobenzoates, but less toxic than the acetates.
The availability of soil phosphate. II.—Comparison of extraction methods
Authors: Yuen S. H. , Pollard A. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractComparison is made of the Dyer, Truog and Morgan tests for available phosphate in soils using long‐term fertilizer trial plots. All three tests recorded the cumulative effects of annual applications of superphosphate and the more marked effects of dung; however, the actual values indicated by the tests differed. The Truog and Morgan methods, but not the Dyer test, reflected the depressive effect of ammonium sulphate and the beneficial effect of lime on phosphate availability. Test data are compared with the recovery of phosphate by a flax crop. A seasonal variation in the available phosphate in soil was indicated, notably by the Morgan and Truog tests: it was more marked in plots receiving annual dressings of superphosphate than in those receiving dung, untreated controls occupying an intermediate position in this respect.
The fatty acids and glycerides of okra seed oil
Authors: Crossley A. , Hilditch T. P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe component acids and glycerides of okra seed oil (iodine value 94.0, free fatty acid 0.1%, unsaponifiable matter 1.2%) from the Sudan have been investigated. The acids comprised palmitic 23.8%, stearic 7.4%, oleic 27.1% and linoleic 41.7% (wt.). The glycerides included about 40% of saturated‐oleo‐linoleins, 25% of triunsaturated glycerides (mainly oleodilinolein), 10% of saturated‐dilinoleins and 23% of glycerides containing two saturated acid groups with either an oleic or a linoleic group.The oil is very closely similar in constitution to cottonseed oil and, providing the harvesting of the seed and its subsequent decortication present no insuperable difficulties, it should be completely suitable for all uses to which cottonseed oil is put.
The determination of lactic acid in milk
Authors: Ling E. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA rapid method for the determination of lactic acid in milk is described.After precipitation with NaOH‐ZnSO4 in the presence of BaCl2, the filtrate is treated with FeCl3‐HCl reagent, and the colour is measured by one of the three common methods. Reference to standard curves prepared from similar observations on lactic‐treated fresh mixed milk enables lactic acid to be determined with an accuracy which compares favourably with the p‐hydroxydiphenyl method.The approximate lactic content may be determined by adding to the filtrate a mixture of ferric chloride, potassium ferrocyanide and salicylic acid solutions.Although the apparent lactic content of fresh mixed milk is 0.003%, advanced lactation may cause considerable increases in this value.
Oxidation in apple juice. III.—Oxidation turbidities
Authors: Marshall C. R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractHydrogen peroxide has been used as a reagent for studying oxidation turbidities in bottled apple juice. The extent of sediment formation is dependent upon concentration of both dissolved oxygen and of an oxygen acceptor which is probably tannin, since juices with high tannin contents throw heavier deposits than others. Prolonged storage in bulk before bottling and heat treatment by pasteurization reduce the volume of deposit in bottle. Ascorbic acid added as an antioxidant is only slightly effective in controlling oxidation turbidities. The role of dissolved oxygen in apple juice is discussed at some length.
The cultivation and analytical data of blackcurrants and raspberries in Tasmania
Authors: Hill H. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA description is given of the berry fruit‐growing industry in Southern Tasmania. The methods of harvesting and conditions of transportation are described. Analyses of blackcurrants and raspberries, made during the 1948, 1949 and 1950 seasons, are presented with a view to providing information of assistance in determining the amounts of these fruits in pulps and jams.
Distribution of carotenoids in different parts of the carrot
Authors: Booth V. H. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe concentration of total carotenoids in various sections of the root of the carrot was studied by extracting the fat‐soluble yellow pigment and estimating it colorimetrically. The concentration had a general fall longitudinally from crown to tip although there was a small increase just beyond half‐way. The side roots and the ‘rat‐tail’ root had relatively very low concentrations of carotenoids.The pigmentation of xylem was always less, and varied much more, than that of the phloem but the two were positively correlated. Carotene comprised about 70% of the total carotenoids in the xylem and this percentage was positively correlated with depth of pigmentation. The concentration of carotenols in xylems of different carrots was much more nearly constant than that of carotene.
The corrosion‐resistance of stainless steels towards citrus fruit‐squash concentrates and towards citric acid‐sugar‐common salt‐sulphur dioxide solutions
Authors: Bryan J. M. , Selby J. W. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThis research was undertaken to determine the relative suitability of a range of Austenitic stainless steels for use in equipment for handling hot citrus fruit concentrates containing sulphur dioxide. The work was carried out as two parallel investigations in separate Laboratories using, as corroding agents, in one Laboratory a hot solution of citric acid, sugar, common salt and sulphur dioxide, and in the other, natural citrus fruit concentrates containing sulphur dioxide.It is shown that the steels which contained from 2% to 3% of molybdenum were much more resistant to both these agents than were similar steels which did not contain this element. It is reasonable to suppose that the molybdenum‐bearing steels would give satisfactory service in the citrus juice industry, and this opinion has been confirmed by further tests under factory conditions.It is noted that the use of welding in the fabrication of stainless‐steel equipment frequently causes a lowering of the corrosion‐resistance of the steel in the welded region. This applies to some extent even with the molybdenum‐bearing steels.
Thiouracil as a supplement in rations for fattening pigs
Authors: Robinson K. L. , Coey W. E. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractExperiments are described in which thiouracil was given to fattening pigs under different systems of feeding. When individually fed pigs received 0.1% thiouracil in the meal ration, they increased in weight from 150 lb. to 210 lb. almost a week sooner than the controls, with a saving of about 45 lb. meal (20%). Thiouracil given to younger pigs tended to extend the period required to increase from 100 lb. live weight to 210 lb., as compared with the controls; the saving of food was up to 75 lb. per head (17%).From the results obtained it is concluded that the frequency of thiouracil administration, as distinct from the daily intake, is an important factor in determining the ultimate response. Attention is given to the effects of thiouracil on carcass quality and composition.
A method for the estimation of fucosterol in seaweeds
Authors: Black W. A. P. , Cornhill W. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method has been worked out for the estimation of fucosterol in seaweed samples. Ether has been found to be the most satisfactory solvent for the extraction of the fats; after saponification, the fucosterol is estimated in the unsaponifiable fraction by a colorimetric method based on the Liebermann‐Burchard colour reaction.
The chemistry of mushroom composts. I.—General introduction and methods of investigation
Authors: Burrows S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious analytical work on mushroom and other composts is briefly reviewed and the scope and aims of the present investigation are indicated. Methods of sampling and analysis of composts are described together with an estimate of sampling errors likely to be met with.Acid‐insoluble ash was used as a reference constituent and absolute changes in other constituents during the processes of composting and cropping were calculated from it.
The chemistry of mushroom composts. II.—Nitrogen changes during the composting and cropping processes
Authors: Burrows S. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe absolute losses of total nitrogen from composts during their preparation from straw and activators for mushroom cultivation and during their subsequent use for mushroom cropping were determined by methods described in Part I of this series. During composting, losses depended upon the amount of nitrogen originally present, upon the temperatures attained during composting and upon the readiness with which the nitrogen activators added were converted to ammonia.Losses of nitrogen during the cropping period were much larger than could be accounted for by its removal in the crop and it is concluded that bacterial denitrification to molecular nitrogen occurs.
The analytical determination of mineral oil in bread and buns: The effect of varying composition of these baked goods on mineral oil absorption
Authors: Cookson M. A. , Coppock J. B. M. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA method is described for the determination of mineral oil in commercial bread, which might contain added gluten and/or fat, malt breads and buns. The variation in composition of these products influences the relative quantities of mineral oil absorbed by each, and also the quantities capable of solvent‐extraction under the standard conditions described. Complete extraction of mineral oil from such products is difficult to achieve, but the ratio of mineral oil to the natural oils present in the extract obtained by solvent extraction under standard conditions is constant. Analytical results obtained with various types of bread and buns adulterated with known quantities of mineral oil permit correlation with the quantity of such oil extracted from unknown samples by the described method. This procedure is reasonably satisfactory for all the above products except malt breads. The work described in this paper has been carried out to guide the producers of baked goods in ascertaining that their products comply with the limit of 0.2% mineral oil resulting from the use of mineral oils as machinery lubricants etc. and permitted by the Mineral Oil in Food Order (1949). The variations in composition of different types of baked products and the fundamental effect these have on the quantity of mineral oil extracted under the conditions described emphasizes the difficulty confronting the public analyst in the legal interpretation of the Order. Other methods of analysis are also discussed.
Whale processing. I.—The composition of the products obtained by the concentration and spray‐drying of glue waters
Authors: Gray D. J. S. , Hougen F. W. , Novellie L. , Sephton H. H. , Spruit C. J. P. , Tarica V. , Volckman O. B. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWhale‐meat and ‐blubber glue waters—the aqueous liquors remaining after the prolonged boiling of whale carcass and blubber respectively for the liberation of their oil contents—constitute a largely unexploited source of partially degraded (hydrolysed) protein together with other essential mineral and organic nutrients. Such glue waters have been concentrated, the dissolved solids recovered by spray‐drying and the dry materials analysed for mineral constituents, nitrogen, essential amino‐acids and certain B‐group vitamins. The data presented provide a basis for the application of the products in animal nutrition. In general the essential amino‐acids were present in such proportions as to place the products into the category of second‐class proteins like gelatin. With the exception of thiamin, B‐group vitamins were present in fairly satisfactory amounts, the concentrations being greater, as would be expected, in glue waters derived from the carcass. The mineral constituents were present in proportions normally to be expected in extracts of this type. These spray‐dried glue waters should find their best application in the formulation of rations for ruminants rather than in those for swine and poultry.
Whale processing. II.—The composition of some whale‐liver extracts
Authors: Gray D. J. S. , Novellie L. , Sephton H. H. , Shuttleworth R. G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAqueous extracts have been prepared from fin, sei, humpback and sperm‐whale livers under conditions similar to those often used for the preparation of extracts for medicinal purposes from the livers of domestic animals. The extracts have been analysed for B‐group vitamins and for mineral constituents, and the data indicate that they should be suitable alternatives to cattle‐liver extracts and to aqueous fish‐liver extracts (Gray, Novellie & Shuttleworth, 1951) in the preparation both of pharmaceuticals and of animal feeding‐stuffs.
Low‐temperature vacuum drying of herbage
Authors: Parish D. H. , Robinson K. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe limitations of air‐ and oven‐drying for the desiccation of herbage samples are discussed and the alternative of low‐temperature vacuum drying is examined. An apparatus capable of drying 250 g. of grass in four hours by the low‐temperature vacuum‐drying method is described, together with the field technique used in obtaining samples.
The lactic acid content of dried samples of grass silage
Authors: Barnett A. John G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractEstimations of the lactic acid or lactate remaining in grass silage after drying have been made and the results have been considered in relation to the pH of the original fresh silage, the pH of the remoistened dry silage and the dry‐matter content. The lactic acid or lactate content has been compared with the different figures for ‘oil’ obtainable by extracting the dry matter with ether and with light petroleum.
The optical rotation of (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid
Authors: Campbell A. , Mitchell Wm. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractOur previous figures (Campbell & Mitchell, 1950) for the optical activity of natural (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid have been questioned by Harper, Reed & Thompson (1951). Examination of another specimen of the natural acid has given much higher figures than those recorded by Harper et al. (1951) and by Campbell & Harper (1945), though slightly lower than those previously reported by us. It is now suggested that the acid component of pyrethrin I and cinerin I may be racemized to a slight and variable extent in the plant during metabolism or after collection. It is shown that the acid is not racemized by the conditions of hydrolysis through which we prepared it. It seems unlikely that Campbell & Harper's synthetic (—)‐trans‐acid was optically pure; it is possible that the natural (+)‐trans‐acid has yet to be isolated in an optically pure form.
A rapid colorimetric method for the determination of boron, with its application to soils and crops
Authors: Higgons D. J. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWaxoline purple AS has been established as an efficient colorimetric reagent for the determination of boron in 84% sulphuric acid. Data are presented showing the loss of boron during the orthodox ashing techniques of both plant residues and soil extracts. Conditions of ignition have been established whereby it is possible to check the relative boron status of any crop or soil when compared against standards from the same crop or similar soil type known to have a satisfactory boron status.
Fluorescent lighting in chick laboratories
Authors: Coates M. E. , Hall H. S. , Harrison G. F. , Kon S. K. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFluorescent lighting screened with 26–0z. clear glass has been found not to interfere with the artificial production of rickets in chicks for assay of vitamin D3.There are indications that fluorescent lighting at intensities over 100 ft.‐candles may have a detrimental effect on chick growth in some conditions.