bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Incidence of ovulation in young women
Authors: Metcalf Mary G. , Mackenzie Judith A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryUrine was collected at weekly intervals for 3 months from 254 menstruant women aged 15–39 years, all of whom were 4 or more years from the menarche. Menstrual cycles were classed as ovulatory if the 24-hr pregnanediol output was 5 μmol or over on a single occasion, or if the total excreted on 2 days, 1 week apart, was 7 μmol or over. Of the 108 women aged 20–24 years, only 62% ovulated in every cycle compared with 88% for the 58 women aged 25–29 years, and 91% for the 44 women aged 30 or over. Unfailing ovulation occurred more often in non-students (99 women, of whom 83·5% ovulated in every cycle) than in age-matched students (111, 59·5%), and more often in women who lived with relatives (127, 83·5%) than in those living in flats and hostels (72, 51·4%).
A survey of attitudes towards permanent contraceptive methods
Authors: Reading A. E. , Sledmere C. M. , Newton J. R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn this survey of attitudes towards permanent contraceptive methods, four groups were studied: (A) men having undergone a vasectomy 12 months previously (n = 61); (B) men currently attending for vasectomy (n = 58); (C) female partners of men currently undergoing vasectomy (n = 60); and (D) women undergoing sterilization by tubal ligation (n = 52). All patients completed a questionnaire which included questions on the reasons for selecting their chosen method, and attitudes towards permanent methods and hypothetical pills and injectable contraceptives for men. Results showed that contraception was generally regarded as a mutual responsibility. This attitude was more pronounced in the vasectomy groups than among the sterilization women. Generally favourable reactions were elicited with respect to vasectomy, although substantial proportions expressed a preference for alternative methods (40%). Women undergoing sterilization exhibited predominantly negative attitudes towards this procedure. The implications of these findings, in terms of enhancing the acceptability of new male methods and improving subsequent adjustment to currently available permanent methods, are discussed.
Ethnic and religious factors in marriage in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Dallas F. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe study examines the sex imbalance at the marriageable ages according to ethnic group and religion, utilizing data obtained from the complete tabulations of the 1971 Census of Population in Sri Lanka. The active enforcement of Indian repatriation, commencing in 1971, played a major role in increasing net migration rates to significant levels in 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 and 1975 and thereby reducing the island's growth rate to 1·45% and 1·71% in 1974 and 1975. These out-movements were further increased by the exodus of Sri Lanka citizens which began in 1972 and continued in the years 1973–75, presumably dominated by males aged 20–44 years. This emigration of Sri Lanka citizens is expected to continue and will aggravate further the difficulties of contracting a marriage within each ethnic and religious group. Possible demographic consequences are suggested.
Detection of natural selection by methods based on models of the behaviour of neutral alleles
Authors: Averill B. K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe allele frequency data of artificial populations were examined by several methods which test whether various configurations of allele frequencies are the result of drift or selection. Although no genotypic selective differences were included in these populations the methods indicated that selection was operating in some instances; hence the models are not reliable. Distinguishing between the actions of drift and selection would be facilitated if data for many loci were included, so that a notion of the variance of the genetic variation measure could be obtained.
The evolution of human disease: new findings and problems
Authors: Klepinger Linda L. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe pattern of human disease is not immutable. Some diseases change their expression; new diseases arise, and some die out. Man's diseases have influenced his history and evolution and, conversely, his biological and cultural evolution have affected his pathology, most powerfully through his alteration of the environment and his changing demographic patterns. This paper briefly reviews the history of those diseases which are, or have been, the leading causes of human morbidity and mortality and draws attention to a curious contrast between the Old and New Worlds.
The social environment of malnourished children compared with that of other children in Jamaica
Authors: Sheffer M. L. , Grantham-McGregor S. M. , Ismail S. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis investigation was part of a longitudinal study of mental development of seventeen Jamaican children who were admitted to hospital with severe protein energy malnutrition. The children were compared with 20 adequately nourished children who were admitted to hospital for other reasons.Previous research had shown that, 1 month after the children left hospital, both groups had similar scores on a modified Caldwell Inventory of Home Stimulation. When, in the present investigation, the inventory was repeated 24 months later, scores remained similar in both groups. When compared with data collected from a survey in a poor neighbourhood, again the scores of the neighbourhood children were similar to those of the malnourished group. The malnourished children were however living in poorer houses and had failed to catch up to the other groups in nutritional status.Comparison of these findings with those from other countries suggests that the ecology of malnutrition differs in different cultures and that Jamaican mothers of malnourished children are characterized by poverty rather than poor maternal–child relationships.It also appears that, at this age, poor levels of home stimulation were not a major factor in producing the deficit in development manifested by the malnourished group.
Sexual behaviour and contraceptive use among socioeconomic groups of young women in the United States
Authors: Ford Kathleen , Zelnik Melvin , Kantner John F. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAlthough much research has been devoted to understanding differences in contraceptive behaviour among socieconomic groups of married women, little is known about group differences among young unmarried women. In this paper, data from a national survey of women 15–19 years of age are used to study the relationship between socioeconomic status, sexual activity, and contraceptive use. The socioeconomic status of the young women is related to age at first intercourse, contraceptive use at first intercourse, regularity of use, and use of medical methods. The results indicate that both an earlier initiation of sexual activity and less regular use of contraceptives in all probability lead to a concentration of pregnancies in the lower socioeconomic groups.
Changing Profile of Iud Users in Family Planning Clinics in Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Bhatia Shushum , Faruque A. S. G. , Chakraborty J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a rural area of Bangladesh IUD acceptors in the 2 years prior to the introduction of a family planning health services programme differed from the women who accepted IUDs following the initiation of the programme. The pre-programme acceptors were older, higher parity women who were using IUDs to terminate childbearing, in contrast to the post-programme acceptors who were younger, lower parity women who were using IUDs to space the next pregnancy. The reasons for these differences are examined. The result of the programme has been a pronounced drop in the birth rate.
Socioeconomic Factors, Intermediate Variables and Fertility in Bangladesh
Authors: Lee Che-Fu , Amin Ruhul 
Published: July 2008

SummaryCumulative fertility as measured by deviation from the natural fertility schedule is determined more by intermediate variables such as child mortality, the use of supplementary food, lactation, and husband's absence, than by the practice of fertility control using modern contraceptive methods. Socioeconomic factors like education, urban residence and the possession of household assets, though differentiating these intermediate variables of fertility, do not have direct effects on cumulative fertility among the sample of Bangladeshi women in the Bangladesh Fertility Survey. The effect of age, controlling for the effect of these intermediate variables, remains strongly negative, suggesting an early onset of subfecundity. The implications of these findings for fertility trends and differentials in recent decades are discussed.
The Tokelau island study: fertility of New Zealand migrants
Authors: Stanhope J. M. , Prior I. A. M. , Harding W. R. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryAtoll-dwelling people of Tokelau in the central Pacific have been studied in their home environment and after migration to the industrial culture of New Zealand (NZ). The NZ migrants reflect the predominantly male and young composition of the migrating group. Recent migration has eased the lot of the surplus young women from Tokelau, resulting in earlier marriage and less long-term spinsterhood. The apparently higher fertility of women residing in NZ is largely explained by selection of female migrants who already have two or more children. Earlier menarche and earlier marriage in NZ probably contribute little. Future trends will be monitored, and a decline in migrant fertility is expected, if Tokelauans follow the pattern of other Polynesian migrants to urban environments.
Factors influencing the infant mortality rate in Sri Lanka
Authors: Fernando Dallas F. S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines by multiple regression analysis the factors influencing district variation in infant mortality rate in Sri Lanka in a given year (1971). It shows that 83% of the district variation is explained by differences in the proportion of the population that is Indian Tamil, the proportion of female employees, and the proportion of females aged 15–19 with at least 5 years of education.
Breast-feeding and child survival in Egypt
Authors: Janowitz Barbara , Lewis Joann Henderson , Parnell A. , Hefnawi F. , Younis M. N. , Serour G. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn a retrospective study, the impact of breast-feeding on the survival probabilities of children born to women in hospitals in Cairo, Egypt, is estimated. The analysis shows that early cessation of breastfeeding is associated with higher mortality and the effects are more severe the lower the education level of the mother.
Obesity, socioeconomic variables and eating habits in New Zealand
Authors: Birkbeck J. A. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryEvidence from a national sample of New Zealand adults demonstrates a high prevalence of obesity, including severe obesity. Maori subcutaneous fat distribution is different from white, the former having relatively greater subscapular than triceps skinfolds compared to whites. Obesity is more prevalent in Maori. In whites, higher educational attainment tends to be associated with lesser indices of obesity and greater stature. The obese do not appear to have greater dietary energy intakes, but are less likely to consume breakfast than the non-obese.
Anthropometric measurements and Darwinian fitness
Authors: Mueller William H. , Lasker Gabriel W. , Evans F. Gaynor 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe relationship between anthropometrics and three measures of Darwinian fitness—number of surviving children, number of living siblings and marital status—was sought in a population practising no contraception. The pattern suggestive of stabilizing selection was evident for one dimension, destabilizing selection for another dimension, and directional selection for yet another. The dimensions studied were those least intercorrelated one with another. Stabilizing selection for human physical characteristics may not be a universal phenomenon.
Genetic structure in Cumbria
Authors: Roberts D. F. , Jorde L. B. , Mitchell R. J. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryGenetic structure of the Cumbrian population is examined from data on gene and genotype frequency distributions, on geographical location, and on population movement in two generations.The population is genetically heterogeneous; the central Lake District particularly, and also Carlisle and the southern periphery, stand out as distinct from the remainder and from each other. Regional subdivision of the population is sufficient to lead to some increased overall homozygosity, but its effect on inbreeding is considerably lower than the inbreeding level within regions, the latter being highest in the Lake District and the southern periphery. Examination of isolation by distance shows distance to be an important determinant of genetic differentiation in Cumbria; local and regional kinship levels are similar to those in alpine Swiss areas. Migration analysis suggests the distinctness of the west coast and southern periphery, and a slight increase in kinship between regions in the last generation.The measures of genetic distance are closely correlated with each other. The measures of kinship derived from migration frequencies between regions are highly correlated with each other, and with geographical distance, but not with genetic distance. Present migration patterns are insufficient to account for the affinities within and between regions indicated by the genetic variation. It is possible that retention of Norwegian influence over a great length of time in the central Lake District is a major contributory element in present-day genetic heterogeneity in Cumbria.
Economic condition and demography among the Mahishyas of Chakpota village, Howrah district, West Bengal
Authors: Bharati Premananda 
Published: July 2008

SummaryDemographic and socioeconomic data were collected from the Hindu, Mahishya caste community of Chakpota village, Amta Police Station area, Howrah district, West Bengal, to examine the possible effects of economic differences on fertility and mortality, and their potential genetic consequences. The age structure of the low, medium and high economic groups suggests decreasing growth potentials from the former to the latter, with a recent decline of fertility in all the three groups. Analogously, a trend of fertility and mortality decline from the low to high economic groups seems to exist, although with some exceptions. The index of total selection intensity (I) is the highest in the low economic group. Genetic selection seems to be sensitive even to very small differences in economic condition, among related subpopulations of the same population, sharing very similar physical environmental stresses.
Lifetime patterns of childbearing and employment: a study of second-generation Japanese American women
Authors: Leonetti Donna L. , Newell-Morris Laura 
Published: July 2008

SummaryWith the increase in labour force participation by wives and mothers in the United States, family roles of modern women are becoming increasingly complex. As mother/provider, women are faced with problems in planning their lives to accommodate their modern roles. Three variant lifetime patterns of fertility and employment are identified in a study of second-generation Japanese American women, a group which has experienced high rates of labour force participation. Analysis of socio-economic background factors suggests that these patterns are alternative modes of integrating the complex lifetime demands on women in the modern world.
Sibling and family environment correlates of children's achievement: ethnic group differences
Authors: Marjoribanks Kevin 
Published: July 2008

SummaryRegression surface analysis was used to examine relationships between sibling variables and measures of cognitive performance at different levels of family environment measures, for children from different Australian ethnic groups. Included in the sample were 460 Anglo-Australian, 170 Greek, and 120 Southern Italian families. Each family had an 11-year-old child and interviews with parents related to those children. There were no associations between the sibling variables and intellectual ability scores. For word-test scores the findings provided some tentative support for an admixture explanation of sibling correlates of children's cognitive performance. Generally, the study revealed that at different levels of family environment dimensions, sibling variables had few associations with various cognitive measures for children from different ethnic groups.
Fertility control and the voluntarily childless: an exploratory study
Authors: Carlisle Elaine 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe widespread availability of effective means of fertility control in many developed countries has made voluntary childlessness a viable alternative to parenthood. Little attention however has been given to the family planning requirements of those who take this minority decision. Data from Scotland suggest that the voluntarily childless have contrasting needs and that usage of and perspectives on contraceptive techniques, sterilization, and abortion depend primarily upon the extent and basis of individual commitment. It is important that those involved in providing family planning services should be aware of the variations in the childless condition and how these might influence individual behaviour in relation to fertility control.
Isonymy and population structure of Irish isolates during the 1890s
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe estimation of genetic similarity from correspondence of surnames (isonymy) allows investigation of historical population structure. This study uses surname data from seven isolates located along the west coast of Ireland during the 1890s to assess geographic and historic influences on population structure. Observed genetic variation among populations shows a close fit with the expected isolation by distance model, with estimated parameters of isolation and migration being similar to those obtained in other studies of isolated populations. Local genetic variation appears to be due primarily to the size of the local breeding population, with deviations being explained in terms of recent emigration.
Social and environmental factors as criteria for success in artificial insemination by donor (AID)
Authors: Ledward R. S. , Symonds E. M. , Eynon S. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study analyses the first 366 couples attending the AID Clinic at Nottingham and outlines those social factors which appear to have some bearing on the success of AID treatment. Residence close to the clinic, social class and the employment of the wife all appear to affect success rates.
An analysis of the sex ratio and occupational class in Japan
Authors: Murata Motoi , Imaizumi Yoko 
Published: July 2008

SummaryTo investigate the effect of social class on the secondary sex ratio, atotal of 7·2 million births in the period 1975–78 in Japan has been tabulated according to the occupation of the head of the household, paternal and maternal ages and birth order. Although the variation in the sex ratio among occupational classes is not statistically significant, the changes observed are compatible with those reported by other authors. Multipleregression analysis revealed that the association of birth order and paternal age with the sexratio is relatively consistent among different occupational classes, while that of maternal age varies substantially among occupational groups, a significant negative regression on maternal age being observed in agricultural workers.
The demographic effect of socioeconomic development in guam
Authors: Tung Shui-Liang 
Published: July 2008

SummaryGuam has experienced a dramatic socioeconomic development since the end of World War II, accompanied by one of the most rapid fertility declines on record. Although Guam has a very low mortality, comparable to that of the United States, its fertility is higher than in most countries with the same income level. It is suggested that the current high fertility results from the pro-natalist pressures associated with Roman Catholicism. The emigration of residents has been completely offset by immigration from the Orient and, to a lesser extent, the United States. Rural-to-urban migration, mainly from the south to the north, did not start until the late 1950s. Since the end of World War II, the military and alien population has accounted for approximately 40% of the total population and has had substantial demographic, political, and socioeconomic effects.
A Study on genetic selection and haemoglobin heterozygotes: HB A/E and β-thalassaemia trait
Authors: Bhattacharya K. K. , Sarkar J. M. , Das N. K. , Ghosh A. K. 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn this paper the genetic fitness of the two heterozygotes Hb A/E and β-thalassaemia trait, in Calcutta, is examined in terms of their reproductive performance. It is found from fertility that the heterozygote Hb A/E enjoys some selective advantage over the normal homozygote Hb A/A, but the other heterozygote (β-thalassaemia trait) does not. But from overall reproductive performance (fertility and infant mortality together) it is postulated that the heterozygotes will eventually suffer from a selective disadvantage in a place like Calcutta, where malaria was eradicated about three decades ago.
Hospital morbidity among Aboriginal Australians in New South Wales
Authors: Yusuf Farhat , Hamilton Annette 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThis study examines data from 15,172 episodes of hospitalization pertaining to Aboriginal Australians discharged from public and private hospitals in New South Wales during 1978. Morbidity patterns revealed provide quantitative evidence on a whole population basis for the often impressionistic statements of those dealing with limited areas or with specific diseases.Respiratory diseases are by far the most common and their occurrence seems to be out of proportion in relation to other diagnoses. Gastrointestinal and diarrhoeal diseases are important among young children, alcoholism among men, and diabetes among older people of both sexes. The most common surgical procedures involved abdomen, female genitals and ear, nose and throat.It was noted that for most disease categories Aborigines were more likely to be hospitalized than non-Aborigines, the major exception being neoplasms. On the other hand, Aborigines were significantly less likely to be hospitalized for surgical operations. Overall, Aborigines were found to suffer higher levels of ill-health primarily due to their depressed economic conditions and social exclusion as well as racial discrimination to which they are commonly subjected in Australia.
Mortality of the Korean Population in Japan: a life table analysis of selected causes of death
Authors: Shin Kim Yoon 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe average gains in life expectancy and in working life ages for Koreans in Japan and Japanese are examined when four selected causes of death are hypothetically eliminated. The life expectancy at birth of Korean males and females in Japan (1974–76) was 67·1 and 77·1 years, respectively. The largest increases in life expectancy at birth for Koreans in Japan and Japanese (both sexes) result when cardiovascular diseases are eliminated. At the working ages, 15–65 years, of Koreans in Japan and Japanese (both sexes) the largest gains result from elimination of malignant neoplasms. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to the public health services and acculturation of Koreans in Japan.
Early menopause and its determinants
Authors: Mahadevan K. , Murthy M. S. R. , Reddy P. R. , Bhaskaran Syamala 
Published: July 2008

SummaryIn rural women in Andhra Pradesh, major determinants of early menopause are poor health status, particularly low haemoglobin and protein levels, increased parity, and pathological conditions including infection by bacteria, fungi and viruses. Early menopause leads to increased likelihood of extramarital sexual relations by husbands, resulting in family disharmony. As remedial measures, a greater age difference between prospective spouses, education in sexual hygiene, improvement of health and nutritional status, and limitation of conception are indicated.