bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measurement of total urethral compliance in females with stress incontinence
Authors: Walter James S. , Wheeler John S. , Morgan Chris , Zaszczurynski Paul , Plishka Michael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractUrodynamic evaluation of stress incontinence has failed to result in consistent diagnostic parameters. Using retrospective female bladder pressure and urine flow data, we evaluated two parameters based on a conductance formula. This formula was derived from fitting a classical fluid dynamic equation to published data of voiding cystourethography. The Area Equivalent Factor‐female at maximal flow represents maximal urethral opening and this value further divided by the pressure is the total urethral compliance. A stress incontinent group had a strong trend toward greater maximal urethral opening and total urethral compliance than a continent group. These parameters may, therefore, have potential in the evaluation and understanding of stress urinary incontinence.
Does it matter, the shape of the bladder?
Authors: Damaser Margot S. , Lehman Steven L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo determine if the pressure‐volume curve of the urinary bladder is dependent on its shape, we compared the pressure‐volume curves of spherical, prolate spheroidal, and oblate spheroidal bladders, all made of the same material. We found that oblate spheroidal bladders are significantly more compliant than either spherical or prolate spheroidal bladders. Since the capacity of normal oblate spheroidal bladders is not larger in vivo than those of any other shape bladder, we have concluded that bladder fullness can not be determined by transmural bladder pressure alone.
A transcutaneous implantable bladder controller
Authors: Sawan M. , Duval F. , Hassouna M. , Li J. S. , Elhilali M. M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe describe a computerized experimental system to investigate the effect of early electrical stimulation of the bladder during the spinal shock phase in paraplegic dogs. This system is composed of two main devices: an external part (or controller) based on a portable microcomputer, and a versatile implant (internal) based on a multichannel CMOS microstimulator. Using a new operative technique, this system enabled us to obtain many favorable results.
Evolution of bladder contraction in course of time after implantation of a sacral anterior root stimulator
Authors: Egon G. , Colombel P. , Isambert J. L. , Guerin J. , Barat M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe reviewed bladder contraction evolution after sacral anterior root stimulator implantation in thirty patients operated on from 1984 to 1991. Two patients underwent a complete denervation with a reinnervation within a maximal time of seventeen months. One patient underwent a lesion, like a neuropraxia with a complete recovery at four months. Five patients have undergone a partial denervation with a recovery of miction by neurostimulation within the time of eighteen months. In three patients, bladder contraction disappeared for various reasons.
Computerized voiding diary
Authors: Rabin Jill M. , McNett Joseph , Badlani Gopal H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn electronic, computerized voiding diary, “Compu‐Void” (patent pending) was developed in order to simplify, augment, and automate patients' recording of bladder symptomatology. A voiding diary as a tool has the potential to provide essential information for a more complete diagnostic and therefore therapeutic picture for each patient. Two major problems with the standard written voiding diary have been a lack of patient compliance and the limited amount of information it garners. Twenty‐five women with various types of voiding dysfunctions were compared to twenty‐five age and parity‐matched control women in order to determine patient preferences of the Compu‐Void when compared to the standard written voiding diary, compliance with each method, and amount and quality of information obtained with each method. Over 90% of subjects and over 70% of control group patients preferred the Compu‐Void over the written diary (P<0.005). The amount and quality of information obtained with Compu‐Void exceeded that obtained with the written method.
Distribution and function of the adrenergic and cholinergic receptors in the fetal calf bladder during mid‐gestational age
Authors: Lee Jeong G. , Macarak Edward , Coplen Douglas , Wein Alan J. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPrevious studies on the developing fetal bovine bladder demonstrate that compliance is low during early stages of fetal development and increases with fetal age. In addition, the pharmacological response of isolated fetal bovine bladder smooth muscle strips to field stimulation and bethanechol increased in proportion with the gestational age. In the adult bladder (rabbit), the contractile response to autonomic receptor stimulation and the autonomic receptor density showed a parallel gradation in the the bladder between bladder dome and the urethra.The present studies were designed to determine the distribution of the cholinergic and adrenergic receptors in the urinary bladder of the fetal calf at mid‐gestational age, and to correlate the receptor density with the magnitude of the response to receptor stimulation. Each bladder body was separated into upper, middle, and lower segments. For the functional studies, circular and longitudinal strips were cut from each bladder segment and stimulated with field stimulation (FS), bethanechol, methoxamine, isoproterenol, and KCl. Autonomic receptor assays were performed using 3H‐QNB (muscarinic cholinergic), 3H‐DHE (alpha adrenergic), and 3H‐DHA (beta adrenergic) as ligands. In general, there were no significant differences in receptor density among the three bladder segments. However, the density of muscarinic receptors was significantly greater than the density of alpha‐ or beta‐adrenergic receptors for all bladder segments. The receptor densities correlated very well with the functional response of isolated bladder strips to the specific autonomic agonists. The contractile responses of the strips to FS, bethanechol, and methoxamine were not significantly different among the three different bladder segments. The magnitude of the contractile response to methoxamine was significantly smaller than the response to FS, bethanechol, and KC1 for all bladder segments. Isoproterenol (10 μM) relaxed precontracted bladder strips of all segments to a substantial degree (65–85%).In conclusion, at mid‐gestation, there were no significant differences in either the autonomic receptor densities or in the functional responses to receptor stimulation among three different segments of the fetal bovine bladder.
Subjective and objective evaluation of patients with prostatism and infravesical obstruction treated with both intraprostatic spiral and transurethral prostatectomy
Authors: Nielsen Kurt K. , Kromann‐Andersen Bjarne , Poulsen Asger L. , Schou Jesper , Nordling Jørgen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn order to evaluate the effect of intraprostatic spiral and subsequent transurethral prostatectomy (TURP) on obstructive benign prostatic hyperplasia, 9 men were evaluated with symptom scores and urodynamic studies at inclusion after 4 months of spiral treatment and 4 months after TURP. Six patients in a control group were evaluated at inclusion after an observation period of 4 months and 4 months after TURP.After treatment with spiral the symptom score decreased in 7 patients, increased in 1. and was unchanged in 1. After the observation period in the control group the symptom score decreased in 4 patients, increased in 1, and was unchanged in 1. After TURP the symptom score decreased even further in all patients, but one. After spiral treatment the urethral resistance decreased in 8 of 9 patients, but according to Abrams and Griffith's [(1979): Br J Urol 51:129–134] definition, only 2 were unobstructed. Five patients in the control group were unchanged obstructed after the observation period, while one was unobstructed. After TURP, the patients in both groups were all unobstructed.Intraprostatic spirals decrease the severity of symptoms and reduce the urethral resistance, but TURP in the same patient was much more effective. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Needle emg registration of striated urethral wall and pelvic floor muscle activity patterns during cough, valsalva, abdominal, hip adductor, and gluteal muscle contractions in nulliparous healthy females
Authors: Bø K. , Stien R. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe aim of the present study was to describe co‐activity patterns of the striated urethral wall muscle and the pelvic floor muscles (PFM) during contraction of outer pelvic muscles. Six healthy nulliparous physical education students, mean age 19.5 years (19–21) participated in the study. Concentric needle EMG and a Dantec amplifier were used for registrations. EMG activity was continuously recorded with the participants lying in a supine position. EMG was recorded during relaxation, contraction of the PFM. valsalva maneuver, coughing, hip adductor contraction, gluteal muscle contraction, backward tilting of the pelvis, and sit‐ups. The procedure was performed with the needle in the striated muscle of the anterior wall of the urethra and then repeated with the needle set lateral to the urethra in the PFM. The results showed that the striated urethral wall muscle was contracted synergistically during PFM, hip adductor, and gluteal muscle contraction, but not during abdominal contraction. Both hip adduction, gluteal muscle, and abdominal muscle contraction gave synergistic contraction of the PFM. Thus the urethral wall striated muscle and the PFM react differently during abdominal contraction. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
3H‐thymidine uptake by the rat urinary bladder after partial outflow obstruction
Authors: Saito Masahiko , Longhurst Penelope A. , Murphy Miles , Monson Frederick C. , Wein Alan J. , Levin Robert M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPartial outflow obstruction induces marked changes in detrusor contractile function and morphology. One common finding in all experimental animal models of outflow obstruction is a significant increase in bladder mass. It is not clear which tissue compartments undergo hypertrophy, hyperplasia, or both. The present study was designed to evaluate the time‐related changes in 3H‐thymidine uptake and distribution within each tissue compartment induced by partial outflow obstruction using autoradiography.Partial outlet obstruction in rats induced a mild 2‐fold increase in mass over a 14 day period. DNA synthesis increased significantly at 1 day following surgery, and remained increased through 7 days. DNA synthesis returned to control levels by 14 days. Distribution studies (using autoradiography) demonstrated a marked increase in the number of labelled urothelium cells at 1 and 3 days after obstruction. Sham surgery also initiated an increase in the number of labelled cells in the urothelium at 1 day. Although both sham and obstructive surgeries induced substantial increases in the labelling of cells within the connective tissue components, the magnitude of the increase in labelled connective tissue cells of the obstructed bladders was greater than that of the sham group. The number of labelled smooth muscle cells of the obstructed bladder increased significantly at 3, 5, and 7 days. However, there were no changes in smooth muscle incorporation of 3H‐thymidine by the sham groups.In conclusion, partial outflow obstruction induced time‐dependent increases in bladder wall proliferation. The urothelium and connective tissue were the compartments first affected, followed by smooth muscle. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Intracellular mechanism of penile erection in monkeys
Authors: Trigo‐Rocha Flavio , Hsu Geng‐Long , Donatucci Craig F. , Martinez‐Piñeiro Luis , Lue Tom F. , Tanagho Emil A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractTo elucidate the sequence of events between the release of neurotransmitters and cavernous smooth muscle relaxation in erection, we studied the role of the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) systems. In a well‐established simian model, the effects of specific agonists and antagonists of the intracellular sequence for smooth muscle relaxation and potassium channel openers on the intracavernous pressure were examined.Sodium nitroprusside (10−3 M), a nitric oxide releaser and thus a stimulant of the cGMP system, caused an increase in the intracavernous pressure from 82 to 115 cm H2O for 7 to 19 min and penile diameter from 24.8 ± 2.28 to 43 ± 4.87 mm. When nitroprusside was injected after methylene blue (10−3 M), a specific antagonist of the enzyme guanylate cyclase, intracavernous pressure rise decreased significantly, but cromakalin, a potassium channel opener, provoked excellent increases after the block. A smaller dose of sodium nitroprusside (10−4 M) caused an increase in intracavernous pressure from 35 to 85 cm H2O for 7 to 11.5 min. When nitroprusside was injected after zaprinast, a phosphodiesterase inhibitor, the increase in pressure ranged from 80 to 116 cm H2O for 15 to 30 min. Prostaglandin E1, an activator of the cAMP system, caused an increase in the intracavernous pressure of 20–80 cm H2O for 5 to 10 min, and an increase in penile diameter from 25 ± 2.22 to 35 ± 3.48 mm. The erectile response to PGE1, but not to cromakalin, was nearly abolished by ethylmaleimide, an adenylate cyclase blocker. The response to nitroprusside was significantly greater (P < 0.05) than to PGE1.Both systems. cAMP and cGMP, may be involved in cavernous smooth muscle relaxation, and cGMP is probably the predominant intracellular second messenger in penile erection in monkeys. Stimulants of the cGMP system, such as nitric oxide releasers, could represent a more physiological and effective approach in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dollars and sense: Considerations for experimental model design
Authors: Ghoniem Gamal M. , Vandenberg Todd L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOur recent review indicates that numerous factors are involved in selecting an animal model for the study of human disease processes. These include: anatomic, neurologic, physiologic, and pathologic parameters, concept of discrimination, volume of knowledge available, and costs.Regarding costs, data was collected from twelve medical research institutions in relation to the eight animals selected for comparative cost analysis: rhesus monkey, cynomolgus monkey, Sprague‐Dawley (S.D.) rat. dog (mongrel), cat (mixed breed), swine (piglet), guinea pig, and rabbit.Biologically, the choices are vast and depend upon the investigator and the experimental design. Economically, pricing is a substantial constraint that varies widely and is institutionally dependent. Furthermore, within the same institution, costs differ according to the source of funding (e.g., private, federal, state, or institutional). However, if the investigator carefully considers these biologic and economic factors, it is possible to select an appropriate animal model. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Conscious minipig model for evaluating the lower urinary tract
Authors: Guan Zhichen , Kiruluta George , Coolsaet Bo , Elhilali Mostafa 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAn animal model using minipigs to study urodynamic pressure flow relationships in the conscious animal is described. Port‐catheters were implanted subcutaneously in the hacks of 22 minipigs with access to the bladder (to measure intravesical pressure Pves) and to the peritoneal cavity (to measure abdominal pressure Pabd). The subtracted pressure (Pdet = Pves = Pabd) was recorded during the storage phase following Furosemidc diuresis. Simultaneously, measurement of urinary flow (Q) during voiding was also recorded. Urodynamic studies were performed satisfactorily in all animals, and normal urodynamic profiles in minipigs were established. The minipig model allows reliable and reproducible measurement of pressure‐flow parameters in a conscious state and in the natural posture. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Urodynamic measure of urethral cross‐sectional area: Application for obstructive uropathy
Authors: Walter James S. , Wheeler John S. , Zaszczurynski Paul , Plishka Michael 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA conductance formula was developed based on pressure (P) and flow (Q) data collected from rigid tubes with a cross‐sectional area in the range of the flow controlling zone of the urethra. Curve fitting of data resulted in an exponential formula and a simple proportionality constant related tube of differing cross‐sectional area. The resulting formula estimates cross‐sectional area based on P and Q data and is in the form of a conductance ratio because Q is in the numerator and P is in the denominator. The formula is AEFm = 3.5 Q/P0.58, where AEFm is the area equivalent factor‐male and Q is measured in ml/sec and P is cm H2OTo further introduce the estimate of cross‐sectional area, urodynamics were retrospectively reviewed from 19 males over the age of 50 with complaints of prostatism. The AEFm was plotted on standard urodynamic records much like P and Q data. The onset of voiding was characterized by a rapid increase in urethral area. Maximal cross‐sectional area obtained at maximal flow was 2.9 ± 1.4 mm2. The maximal urethral area per unit of applied detrusor pressure, an estimate of urethral compliance, was 0.06 ± 0.6 mn2/cm H2O. This latter measure may help to compare patients with widely different detrusor pressures. The urodynamic data from two young adult males is also presented for comparison. Their average maximal urethral cross‐sectional area was 7.1 mm2. Their average area per unit of applied detrusor pressure was 0.15 mm2/cm H2O. These larger values contrast sharply with the BPH group. The AEFm clearly shows urethral function in terms of the principal factor regulating the urine flow rate, the urethral cross‐sectional area. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.This article is a US Government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Bladder contractility and idiopathic detrusor instability in males
Authors: Cucchi A. , Griffiths Derek 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThirty males (mean age 54 ± 13 years) with an “idiopathic” delrusor instability and fully compensated bladders (no post‐micturition residuals) were assessed urodynumically at a short distance of time (3 months, on average) from the beginning of clinical symptoms. Thirty age‐matched controls were also investigated. Detrusor shortening velocity was found to be increased in the unstable patients (P < 0.001), which seemed to derive from enhanced contractile capability in the presence of normal urethral resistance. Such data confirm the results of previous investigations in males with obstructive detrusor instability as well as in women with idiopathic unstable bladders. The significance ol these findings was discussed. In particular, it was suggested that detrusor instability may involve changes leading both to more excitable bladder smooth muscle cells and to an easier electrical coupling between the same cells, thus, to enhanced contractile capability. It was also suggested that if an impaired contractile function in unstable bladders may be the final result of a process of detrusor collagenosis. increased bladder contractility would rather characteri/.e an initial phase in the natural history of detrusor instability. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ultrasonic evaluation of bladder neck position and mobility: The influence of urethral catheter, bladder volume, and body position
Authors: Mouritsen Lone , Bach Per 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe influence of urethral catheter, bladder volume, and body position on the ultrasonic assessment of bladder neck position and mobility was evaluated in 24 incontinent women. The bladder neck position was described by two independent parameters: BS‐distancc, from the bladder neck to the lower tip of the symphysis pubis. and the rotation angle between the BS‐line and the symphyseal middline.Catheterisution resulted in apposition of the bladder neck towards the symphysis puhis, seen as a significant shortening of the BS‐distance in postmenopausal women without estrogen replacement. The rotation angle was unaffected. Increasing the bladder volume to symptomatic‐ally full resulted in increased capacity to withhold, since the rotation angle decreased 6.6°. Examination in the sitting position, compared to the supine resulted in bladder neck descent to a “lower level.” and the rotation angle increased in average 16°. Bladder neck mobility was unaffected by cathelerisalion and body position.Vaginal ultrasonic evaluation of bladder neck suspension is recommended to be performed without a catheter, with a comfortably full bladder in a convenient, but standardised examination position. © 1994 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of sacral dorsal rhizotomy on bladder function in patients with spastic cerebral palsy
Authors: Sweetser Philip M. , Badell Angeles , Schneider Steven , Badlani Gopal H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA newly revised operation for controlling spasticity in cerebral palsy patients, selective dorsal rhizotomy (SDR), has the potential to affect bladder function. The goal of this multidisciplinary study is to investigate the potential change in bladder function by characterizing and comparing pre‐ and post‐operative symptoms and bladder function, both qualitatively and quantitatively, in 34 pediatric patients over the age of three with spastic cerebral palsy as the indication for selective dorsal rhizotomy.Video urodynamics were performed in a subset of patients. Almost all patients with quadriplegia were incontinent (8/9) and none were significantly helped with bladder control. Almost half (5/11) of patients with diplegia who failed prior bladder control training were able to gain continence post‐operatively No patient experienced permanent damage to the function of their bladder.In conclusion, selective dorsal rhizotomy using the revised technique of Peacock [Peacock et al. (1987): Pediatr Neurosci 13:61–66.] appears to be safe for spastic cerebral palsy patients' bladder function. It can help decrease symptoms and improve bladder capacity and control in almost half of those symptomatic cerebral palsy patients with diplegia.
Intravesical oxybutynin in patients with posterior rhizotomies and sacral anterior root stimulators
Authors: Singh Gurpreet , Thomas David G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis report investigates the use of intravesical oxybutynin in spinal injury patients, who have had dorsal rhizotomies to abolish reflex detrusor activity and void with S2, S3, and S4 stimulation, done with the Brindley anterior root stimulator.Six male patients (age range 27 to 56, mean 36 years) who have had Brindley anterior root stimulators implanted were included in this study. Video urodynamic assessment was done and 10 mg of oxybutynin hydrochloride was instilled through the urethral catheter. This was left in the bladder for 60 minutes and video urodynamics were repeated. Voiding, both pre and post oxybutynin, was achieved with sacral root stimulation.Peak detrusor pressure (Pves) during voiding in the 6 patients before oxybutynin instillation was 89, 154, 90, 60, 56, and 80 (mean 88.2) cm of water. Post oxybutynin the pressures were 83, 163, 95, 40, 30, and 68 (mean 79.8) cm of water. The peak flow rate (Qmax) pre oxybutynin was 32, 24, 20, 20, 12, and 28 (mean 22.7) ml per second and this changed to 28, 31, 18, 24, 10, and 32 (mean 23.8) ml per second. This shows no difference in the detrusor pressure (P = 0.2) and flow rate (P = 0.54) pre and post oxybutynin instillation into the bladder.Effectiveness of oxybutynin is attributed to a combination of M3 receptor antagonism in the smooth muscle and direct spasmolytic, local anaesthetic and calcium channel blocking action. Its therapeutic benefit is limited by the ami cholinergic side effects (40–80%) and recent studies have shown the intravesical route to be effective and better tolerated. However in this study it has been ineffective in abolishing any detrusor contractions generated by S2, S3, and S4 stimulation. © 1995 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.