bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ground‐Water Studies— Chicagoland Deep Tunnel System
Authors: Papadopulos Istavros S. , Larsen William R. , Neil Forrest C. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe Deep Tunnel System planned by the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago will provide flood and pollution control for the combined sewer areas of the Chicago region. Elements of the Deep Tunnel System that are of main concern to the ground‐water resources of the area are the conveyance tunnels and the mined storage reservoir which will convey and store polluted storm‐water overflows. The Silurian and the Cambrian‐Ordovician aquifers, in units of which these elements will be located, will be protected from any deleterious effects of the System by ensuring that a positive hydraulic head, causing an inward flow, is continuously maintained around the tunnels and the mined reservoir. In the Cambrian‐Ordovician aquifer, this necessitates1 that ground‐water levels are maintained by artificial recharge. Extensive ground‐water studies were conducted to (1) demonstrate the feasibility of aquifer protection by recharge, (2) determine the needed amounts of recharge water, and (3) estimate the seepage of ground water into the tunnels and mined res.ervoir. The studies included field investigations, analog computer analyses and office evaluation of the collected data and analog results. The results indicate that (1) the proposed aquifer protection is feasible, (2) the recharge requirements will vary from 1.4 mgd in 1976 to 6.0 mgd in 2010, (3) seepage into the tunnels will be small, in amounts that can be easily controlled.
Some Applications of Geophysical Well Logging to Basalt Hydrogeology
Authors: Crosby James W. , Anderson Jay V. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe application of borehole geophysics to study of basalt hydrogeology has been pursued at Washington State University for the past six years. Throughout this period much effort has been directed to redesign of commercial geophysical system components and development of expanded downhole capabilities. It has been demonstrated that composite logging techniques can be used to define the hydraulic regime of a well constructed in basalt. Certain of the logging measures, with further study, may become powerful tools for identifying anomalous conditions associated with pollutant dispersion in an aquifer. Positive correlations of basalt with the logging methods have not yet been made over distances greater than 20 miles. However, as improved logging density permits intermediate points of correlation to be established, further extensions are anticipated. Both major and minor log features of the basalts display varying degrees of lateral persistence. Because driller's logs are generally inadequate in describing subtleties of basalt geology, subsurface correlations are best made with geophysical logs. In areas with extensive surficial cover, the geophysical methods may prove to be a very practical method of determining basalt stratigraphy. Geophysical well logging offers to agencies charged with ground‐water management many opportunities for gaining new knowledge which have been largely neglected.
Mapping Ground Water by Using Electrical Resistivity with a Buried Current Sourcea
Authors: Merkel R. H. , Kaminski J. T. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractStandard resistivity configurations lose resolution in regions where multiple geologic layering of high conductivity contrast occurs. To partially circumvent this problem an electrode configuration was used, which includes a current electrode at depth down a drill hole in a water field, to examine the possibility of delineating ground‐water flow channels. Results show the value of this technique in enhancing the electrical anomaly and hence determining structure. It was found that the ground water in this area flows primarily in fracture traces in the dolomite. Moreover, it was determined from well log synthesis that these fracture traces increase the effective porosity in the flow region by approximately ten percent.
Migration and Leaching of Metals from Old Mine Tailings Deposits
Authors: Galbraith James H. , Williams Roy E. , Siems Peter L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTLeaching of heavy metals by ground water passing through mine tailings is caused by the oxidation of sulfides through the action of microorganisms. The pH of the ground water entering the tailings system is reduced by mechanisms within the tailings system itself. Action of sulfide‐oxidizing and sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria causes the formation of sulfuric acid, thereby increasing the H+ and SO42− concentration within the system. Metal ions go into solution as metal sulfates, and the concentration of H2S increases by the interaction of H+ and S2− Increase in H2S creates an environment suitable for the growth of sulfate‐reducing bacteria which converts SO42− to S2− and simultaneously precipitates metal sulfides at a pH near 6.6. Decrease in pH with depth destroys sulfate‐reducing bacteria, and dissolution and leaching of the tailings increase.Four lines of evidence demonstrate the presence of microorganisms in the tailings system: (1) Fe‐Mn concretions below the water table at Cataldo Mission Flats, (2) fixation of Na and K below the water table, (3) precipitation of sulfate salts on the surface of Cataldo Mission Flats, and (4) experiments on two sets of tailings samples, one from the surface which showed predominant aerobic activity and one from below the water table which showed predominant anaerobic activity. Where oxygen is sufficient, iron oxidizing bacteria oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ which forms an insoluble hydroxide. Consequently, very little iron is found in the ground water coming from the system. The combination of these mechanisms produces poor‐quality ground water with respect to metals.
Water Development on Tropic Volcanic Islands—Type Example: Hawaiia
Authors: Peterson Frank L. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTDespite rainfalls which commonly exceed 200 inches per year in the mountainous portions of many of the islands in the Hawaiian chain, most streams in the islands are very flashy, and only a few carry water throughout the year. This is owing to the extremely permeable nature of the volcanic rocks and soils which make up the Hawaiian islands, and, in fact, the permeability of some of the younger volcanic rocks is so great that virtually no runoff occurs. As a result, development of reliable year‐round sources of surface water is difficult especially on the leeward portions of the islands. Furthermore, surface storage is difficult because of the high infiltration capacities of the rock and soil cover. Consequently, development of ground water provides the most abundant and the most reliable source of water supply for these islands. Three modes of fresh ground‐water occurrence may be distinguished: perched, dike‐confined, and basal. Although perched and dike‐confined ground water are of considerable local importance, the basal ground‐water body is by far the most widely developed and most important source of fresh ground water for these islands.
A Traditional Method of Ground‐Water Utilisation in the Middle East
Authors: Beaumont Peter 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTIn the Middle East ground water has been used by man for at least 10,000 years, so that cultivation could be practised in arid regions. One of the most unusual ways of obtaining ground water is by means of qanats, which are small man‐made tunnels carrying water by gravity flow from beneath the water table to the ground surface. In Iran and Afghanistan in particular, many complex qanat systems are found supplying water to regions with very low precipitation totals, which are thus able to support locally intensive human settlement. At the present time in those areas close to the larger urban centres qanats are being replaced by pumped wells as the major suppliers of ground water.
Rapid Recharge in a Limestone Aquifer
Authors: Fox I. A. , Rushton K. R. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTThe introduction of an infiltration mechanism called rapid recharge assists in the mathematical modelling of large seasonal variations in the response of the confined portion of a limestone aquifer. Such modelling employs the technique of using an interactive analogue‐digital computer, together with a new method of utilising standard hydrological input data.
A Mathematical Model Study of Fresh‐Water Lenses
Authors: Chidley Thomas R. E. , Lloyd John W. 
Published: July 2006

ABSTRACTAn analysis of the unsteady flow in a fresh‐water lens on a small tropical island is developed using the Ghyben‐Herzberg relationship to determine the lens thickness. An alternative view of the problem to that most commonly given is presented. Results are shown for some lenses on Grand Cayman Island in the Caribbean Sea. The aquifer material is a micro‐karst limestone. The chief result of engineering significance is that the conventional steady‐state analysis is shown to be a sound basis for estimating the long‐term yield if drought sequences are not long.
EFFICIENCY AND FARM SIZE IN WESTERN CAPE GRAPE PRODUCTION: POOLING SMALL DATASETS
Authors: Conradie Beatrice , Cookson Graham , Thirtle Colin 
Published: July 2006

AbstractA stochastic frontier is fitted to two panels of wine grape farms (34 in Robertson and 36 in Worcester) for 2003 and 2004 and a cross section of 37 table grape farms in De Doorns for 2004 only. The panel of wine grape farms is the best model as tests show that De Doorns is different. Output is explained by land, labour and machinery and efficiency is affected by labour quality, age and education of the farmer, location, the percentage of non‐bearing vines and expenditures on electricity for irrigation. There is evidence of a small degree of increasing returns to scale.
COLLECTIVE ACTION IN SMALLHOLDER ORGANIC FARMING: A STUDY OF THE EZEMVELO FARMERS' ORGANIZATION IN KWAZULU‐NATAL
Authors: Gadzikwa L , Lyne Mc , Hendriks Sl 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThis study analyses the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation (EFO), a certified organic smallholder group in KwaZulu‐Natal province (South Africa), as an institution to improve smallholder access to a niche market by reducing unit production and transaction costs in the supply chain. Using a multinomial logit model, results suggest that EFO is more likely to survive if it continues to secure fully subsidised information, transport, fencing, and certification services for its members, and if it improves the benefits of participating by synchronising harvest and delivery dates, negotiating price discounts for organic inputs, and by maintaining an office with telephone, fax and postal services.
Application of Finite Deformation Theory to the Development of an Orthogonal Cutting Model—Part II: Experimental Investigation and Model Validation
Authors: Zheng Yuliu , Hu Xuefei , Sutherland John W. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn Part 1 of this paper, a continuum mechanics model of the orthogonal cutting process was developed based on finite deformation theory. In this part of the paper, constitutive equations for O1 and L6 tool steels are developed using the results from split Hopkinson pressure bar tests. Statistically designed orthogonal cutting experiments are conducted to secure process results across a range of cutting conditions. The continuum mechanics model established in Part 1 of this paper is used to simulate all the cutting tests. All the model outputs are calculated and compared with the corresponding cutting experiment results. Good agreement is observed between the model predictions and the experimental results. The continuum mechanics model is successfully used to predict the cutting force, shear angle, and temperature.
Research productivity of the medical faculty at the American University of Beirut
Authors: Dakik H A , Kaidbey H , Sabra R 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Objective
To analyse the quality and quantity of scientific publications of the medical faculty at the American University of Beirut (AUB) during a six year period (1996–2001)

Methods
The study included all faculty members in the medical school of AUB in the year 2001. A Medline search inclusive of the years 1996–2001 was done for each faculty member and a total number of 881 publications was obtained.

Results
The faculty consisted of 203 members. Their average productivity rate (mean (SD)) was 1.24 (1.38) publications/faculty member/year (PFY), with a mean impact factor of 2.69 (4.63). Eighteen per cent of the faculty did not have any publication in the six year study period, and only 20% had two or more publications per year. There was a significantly higher publication rate among newly recruited faculty members (0.93 (1.40) PFY for those appointed before 1990, 1.45 (1.24) PFY for those appointed during 1990–1995, and 1.67 (1.43) for those appointed after 1995, p = 0.007), and among those who are younger in age (p&lt;0.01). Collaboration with international investigators resulted in more original publications than work done only at AUB (65% v 35%, p&lt;0.001), and a higher journal impact factor for the publications (3.20 (3.85) v 1.71 (2.36), p&lt;0.05).

Conclusions
This is one of the first studies that analyse the research productivity of the medical faculty in a university setting in a developing country. It shows a wide variation in the research productivity of the faculty members that seems to be related to individual as well as institutional characteristics. Further analysis is needed to define and characterise these factors.
Outpatient follow up appointments; Are we using the resources effectively?
Authors: Bromage S J , Napier-Hemy R D , Payne S R , Pearce I 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Objective
British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) guidelines and government initiatives have put pressure on the effective use of outpatient resources. Follow up appointments need to be carefully managed to ensure efficient use of available resources. The aim of this study was to audit outpatient follow up service with particular attention to the appropriateness of the appointments made.

Methods
All patients attending a general urology clinic were assessed by a form completed for each individual appointment. The source of the appointment and the time interval was recorded and each follow up appointment was judged to be either appropriate or inappropriate by the person giving the consultation. For those deemed to be inappropriate, justification was sought and the notes independently reviewed by a different clinician to verify this categorisation.

Results
Of 164 appointments made, 143 patients attended for follow up. A total of 131 appointments were considered to be appropriate (92%) with only 12 deemed by the consulting clinician to be inappropriate (8%). The commonest cause for an inappropriate appointment was failure to appreciate that follow up had already been arranged for a different date. There was no correlation between the source of the referral and an inappropriate referral.

Conclusion
This audit suggests an effective use of the outpatient follow up resource with respect to the appropriateness and timing of follow up consultations. Other areas of resource management such as default rates should be investigated in an attempt to improve the efficiency of a service.
Delayed recognition of congenital heart disease
Authors: Massin M M , Dessy H 
Published: July 2006

Abstract

Objective
The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate the proportion of children with delayed recognition of congenital heart disease (CHD).

Methods
Of the 744 children with CHD primarily diagnosed during a 10 year period in one hospital, the patients were identified where the diagnosis of CHD was established with a significant delay.

Results
Sixty six patients (8.9%) had delayed diagnosis of CHD. Among patients with cyanotic CHD, 10.4% (7 of 67 cases) were referred after they had initially been discharged home from the birth clinic. Among patients with acyanotic CHD, 8.7% (59 of 677) of all children and 35.1% (59 of 168) of the children who required surgery or interventional catheterisation were referred at an age where elective repair should have already been performed or needed immediate treatment because of their haemodynamic status. Of the 66 patients with delayed diagnosis, one infant with cor triatriatum died at admission because of delayed referral and 10 children had severe complications: preoperative cardiogenic shock in seven cases of aortic coarctation and one case of endocardial fibroelastosis, pulmonary hypertensive crisis in one child after delayed repair of a ventricular septal defect, and infectious endocarditis after dental care in a teenager with undiagnosed moderate aortic stenosis, who required Ross operation a few months later.

Discussion and conclusion
A substantial proportion of CHD was detected with relevant delay. In all cases of late diagnosis, clinical cardiac findings were present that should have alerted the physician on the possible presence of underlying CHD.
Oncostatin M Induces Growth Arrest by Inhibition of Skp2, Cks1, and Cyclin A Expression and Induced p21 Expression
Authors: Halfter Hartmut , Friedrich Matthias , Resch Ansgar , Kullmann Michael , Stögbauer Florian , Ringelstein E. Bernd , Hengst Ludger 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Oncostatin M has been characterized as a potent growth inhibitor for various tumor cells. Oncostatin M–treated glioblastoma cells cease proliferation and instigate astrocytal differentiation. The oncostatin M–induced cell cycle arrest in G1 phase is characterized by increased level of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitory proteins p21Cip1/Waf1/Sdi1 and p27Kip1. Induction of p21 protein corresponds to increased mRNA level, whereas p27 accumulates due to increased stability of the protein. Interestingly, stabilization of p27Kip1 occurs even in S phase, showing that p27 stabilization is a direct consequence of oncostatin M signaling and not a result of the cell cycle arrest. Degradation of p27 in late G1 and S phase is initiated by the ubiquitin ligase complex SCF-Skp2/Cks1. Oncostatin M inhibits expression of two components of this E3 ligase complex (Skp2 and Cks1). Although combined overexpression of Skp2 and Cks1 rescues p27 degradation in S phase, it can not override p27 accumulation in G1 phase and cell cycle arrest by oncostatin M. In addition to increasing Cdk inhibitor level, oncostatin M also impairs cyclin A expression. Cyclin A mRNA and protein level decline shortly after oncostatin M addition. The accumulation of two CDK inhibitor proteins and the repression of cyclin A expression may explain the broad and potent antiproliferative effect of the cytokine. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6530-9)
Sustained Expression of Early Growth Response Protein-1 Blocks Angiogenesis and Tumor Growth
Authors: Lucerna Markus , Pomyje Jiri , Mechtcheriakova Diana , Kadl Alexandra , Gruber Florian , Bilban Martin , Sobanov Yuri , Schabbauer Gernot , Breuss Johannes , Wagner Oswald , Bischoff Markus , Clauss Matthias , Binder Bernd R. , Hofer Erhard 
Published: July 2006

AbstractTransient induction of the transcription factor early growth response protein-1 (EGR-1) plays a pivotal role in the transcriptional response of endothelial cells to the angiogenic growth factors vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), which are produced by most tumors and are involved in the angiogenic switch. We report here that sustained expression of EGR-1 by recombinant adenoviruses in endothelial cells, however, leads to the specific induction of potent feedback inhibitory mechanisms, including strong up-regulation of transcriptional repressors, negative cell cycle check point effectors, proteins with established antiangiogenic activity, and several proapoptotic genes. Sustained EGR-1 expression consistently leads to an antiangiogenic state characterized by an altered responsiveness to VEGF and bFGF and a striking inhibition of sprouting and tubule formation in vitro. Furthermore, EGR-1–expressing viruses potently inhibit cell invasion and vessel formation in the murine Matrigel model and repress tumor growth in a murine fibrosarcoma model. We propose that gene therapy involving sustained EGR-1 expression may constitute a novel therapeutic principle in the treatment of cancer due to the simultaneous induction of multiple pathways of antiangiogenesis, growth arrest, and apoptosis induction in proliferating cells leading to preferential inhibition of angiogenesis and tumor growth. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6708-13)
Tumors Face NO Problems?
Authors: Lancaster Jack R. , Xie Keping 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The effect of nitric oxide (NO) synthase (NOS) II expression on cancer biology is unclear and difficult to define, with multiple reports of pro- and anti-cancer actions. Here we address the major factors that seem likely to account for these paradoxical behaviors, which include variability in NO production, heterogeneity in NO chemistry (and thus its cellular actions), and differential cellular responses. In addition, we suggest that a major determinant of the outcome of NO actions in the tumor environment is cellular adaptation/selection to the cytotoxic actions of NO. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6459-62)
Suppression of Lung Tumor Formation by the Regulatory Subunit of Ribonucleotide Reductase
Authors: Gautam Ashish , Bepler Gerold 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The nucleotide metabolism enzyme ribonucleotide reductase is composed of a regulatory subunit (RRM1) and a catalytic subunit (RRM2). The RRM1 locus has frequent loss of heterozygosity in lung cancers, ectopic expression of RRM1 suppresses proliferation of ras-transformed mouse fibroblasts, and high levels of RRM1 expression are associated with a significant survival benefit in patients with lung cancer. In RRM1 transgenic human lung and colon cancer cell lines, we observed induction of G2 cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and efficient DNA damage repair. We generated strains of RRM1 transgenic mice and found that carcinogen-induced lung tumor formation was significantly suppressed. The tumor suppression was more pronounced in strains with high levels of RRM1 expression than in those with low levels of expression. DNA damage repair capacity in transgenic animals was determined, and RRM1 transgenic animals repaired chemically induced DNA damage with greater efficiency than control animals. We conclude that the regulatory subunit of ribonucleotide reductase has tumor suppressor activity that is mediated through efficient DNA damage repair. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6497-502)
Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase Class I but not Class II Is Critical for the Sensitization of Leukemic Cells to Tumor Necrosis Factor–Related Apoptosis-Inducing Ligand–Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Inoue Satoshi , Mai Antonello , Dyer Martin J.S. , Cohen Gerald M. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
From work done largely on derived cell lines, it has been suggested that tumor necrosis factor–related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) might be a therapeutic target for many forms of malignancy. However, use of primary tumor cells, including chronic lymphocytic leukemic (CLL) cells, has shown inherent resistance to TRAIL. Although the molecular basis for this resistance remains unknown, treatment with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) often sensitizes resistant cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. We used structurally diverse HDACi to ascertain which HDAC needs to be inhibited for the sensitization. Inhibition of HDAC class I but not class II is required for sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis of CLL cells and various cell lines. Using different HDACi together with small interfering RNA for HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC3, and HDAC6, we report that inhibition of HDAC1 and HDAC2 but not HDAC3, HDAC6, and HDAC8 are primarily responsible for sensitization to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Based on these data and our previous studies, we propose that a clinical trial in CLL is warranted using a combination of a selective HDACi that inhibits HDAC1 and/or HDAC2 together with a form of TRAIL that signals through TRAIL receptor 1. (Cancer Res 2006; 66(13): 6785-92)