bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of incorporating spatial autocorrelation into the analysis of species distribution data
Authors: Dormann Carsten F. 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACTAim Spatial autocorrelation (SAC) in data, i.e. the higher similarity of closer samples, is a common phenomenon in ecology. SAC is starting to be considered in the analysis of species distribution data, and over the last 10 years several studies have incorporated SAC into statistical models (here termed ‘spatial models’). Here, I address the question of whether incorporating SAC affects estimates of model coefficients and inference from statistical models.Methods I review ecological studies that compare spatial and non‐spatial models.Results In all cases coefficient estimates for environmental correlates of species distributions were affected by SAC, leading to a mis‐estimation of on averagec. 25%. Model fit was also improved by incorporating SAC.Main conclusions These biased estimates and incorrect model specifications have implications for predicting species occurrences under changing environmental conditions. Spatial models are therefore required to estimate correctly the effects of environmental drivers on species present distributions, for a statistically unbiased identification of the drivers of distribution, and hence for more accurate forecasts of future distributions.
On the Effects of Wage Pressure on the Unemployment Rate and Capital Share
Authors: Ohno Takashi 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to understand the behaviour of the capital share and the unemployment rate in Europe over the past quarter of a century. We consider a model with monopolistic competition, increasing returns and an imperfect labour market, assuming that the elasticity between capital and labour is less than unity. Previous works have generally assumed constant returns to scale. Our results offer an important conclusion, namely that increased wage pressure will increase the unemployment rate and the capital share even though the latter initially decreases, which fits the stylized facts about the studied economies.
Granite‐related overpressure and volatile release in the mid crust: fluidized breccias from the Cloncurry District, Australia
Authors: OLIVER N. H. S. , RUBENACH M. J. , FU B. , BAKER T. , BLENKINSOP T. G. , CLEVERLEY J. S. , MARSHALL L. J. , RIDD P. J. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe source and transport regions of fluidized (transported) breccias outcrop in the Cloncurry Fe‐oxide–Cu–Au district. Discordant dykes and pipes with rounded clasts of metasedimentary calc–silicate rocks and minor felsic and mafic intrusions extend several kilometres upwards and outwards from the contact aureole of the 1530 Ma Williams Batholith into overlying schists and amphibolites. We used analytical equations for particle transport to estimate clast velocities (≥20 m sec−1), approaching volcanic ejecta rates. An abrupt release of overpressured magmatic‐hydrothermal fluid is suggested by the localization of the base of the breccias in intensely veined contact aureoles (at around 10 km, constrained by mineral equilibria), incorporation of juvenile magmatic clasts, the scale and discordancy of the bodies, and the wide range of pressure variation (up to 150 MPa) inferred from CO2 fluid inclusion densities and related decrepitation textures. The abundance of clasts derived from depth, rather than from the adjacent wallrocks, suggests that the pressure in the pipes was sufficient to restrict the inwards spalling of fragments from breccia walls; that is, the breccias were explosive rather than implosive, and some may have vented to the surface. At these depths, such extreme behaviour may have been achieved by release of dissolved fluids from crystallizing magma, in combination with a strongly fractured and fluid‐laden carapace, sitting under a strong, low permeability barrier. The relationship of these breccias to the Ernest Henry iron‐oxide–Cu–Au deposit suggests they may have been sources of fluids or mechanical energy for ore genesis, or alternately provided permeable pathways for later ore fluids.
Outcomes of low‐vision services using optometric and multidisciplinary approaches: a non‐randomized comparison
Authors: De Boer Michiel R. , Twisk Jos , Moll Annette C. , Völker‐Dieben Hennie J. M. , De Vet Henrica C. W. , Van Rens Ger H. M. B. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractConsecutive patients (n = 215) who were referred to optometric (55%) or multidisciplinary (45%) low‐vision services and above 50 years of age were recruited from four hospitals in the Netherlands. They completed two vision‐related quality of life questionnaires, the Vision Quality of Life Core Measure (VCM1) and the Low Vision Quality of Life Questionnaire (LVQOL), before their first visit with low‐vision services and 1 year later.At follow‐up, patients referred to multidisciplinary low‐vision services had lower scores on the mobility subscale of the LVQOL than patients referred to optometric low‐vision services [5.3 points; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.2–10.5]. Paired sample t‐tests for the two groups of patients taken together show improvement for the VCM1 (3.1 points; 95% CI: 0.6–5.6) and deterioration for the basic aspects of vision (3.5 points; 95% CI: 1.1–5.9) and the mobility (6.6 points; 95% CI: 3.7–9.5) subscales of the LVQOL.In conclusion, people referred to optometric services showed less deterioration in mobility than those referred to multidisciplinary services. No differences were observed for any of the other subscales of the LVQOL and the VCM1. Future research in this field should include randomized controlled designs comparing low‐vision services with no treatment or placebo.
Involvement of apoptosis and cholinergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: TAGAMI Shinji , TSUJIMOTO Yoshihide , AKAIKE Akinori , TAKASHIMA Akihiko , HASEGAWA Masato , ISHIGURO Koichi , SHOJI Mikio , ITO Nobuo , KANEMARU Kazutomi , URAKAMI Katsuya , OKOCHI Masayasu , TAKEDA Masatoshi 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAs Alzheimer’s disease (AD) progresses, brain atrophy becomes conspicuous, and histologically there is neuronal loss, primarily with a deficit of cholinergic neurons observed. Hitherto, the view has been that cell death, apoptosis, plays a role in this neuronal loss. Apoptosis is characterized by the morphological changes of nuclear fragmentation, chromatin condensation and cell shrinkage, with activation of caspases, members of the cysteine protease family, resulting in considerable substrate cleavage. TUNEL positive neurons have in fact been detected in AD brain, indicating increased caspase activity and resulting substrate cleavage. In AD brain, amyloid beta peptides (Aβ), the main constituent of senile plaque, are a specific pathological hallmark observed in extracellular spaces. In contrast, the main constituent of intracellularly observed neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) is hyperphosphorylated tau, which is observed in various neurodegenerative disorders other than AD. The viewpoint of many studies is that the Aβ and NFT that cause these neuropathological changes probably participate in neuronal death. However, up until now it has been thought that there was no hypothesis offering a comprehensive explanation of how the accumulation of extracellular Aβ and intracellular NFT leads to neuronal death. This report first covers the mechanism of apoptosis as clarified by molecular biological methods, and provides an explanation of how apoptosis could be involved in AD pathology. The subject of autophagic cell death, a type of cell death morphology that has recently been the focus of attention, is also addressed.
Isotopic constraints on age and duration of fluid‐assisted high‐pressure eclogite‐facies recrystallization during exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust in the Sulu orogen
Authors: ZHAO Z.‐F. , ZHENG Y.‐F. , GAO T.‐S. , WU Y.‐B. , CHEN B. , CHEN F.‐K. , WU F.‐Y. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractFluid availability during high‐grade metamorphism is a critical factor in dictating petrological, geochemical and isotopic reequilibration between metamorphic minerals, with fluid‐absent metamorphism commonly resulting in neither zircon growth/recrystallization for U‐Pb dating nor Sm‐Nd isotopic resetting for isochron dating. While peak ultra‐high pressure (UHP) metamorphism is characterized by fluid immobility, high‐pressure (HP) eclogite‐facies recrystallization during exhumation is expected to take place in the presence of fluid. A multichronological study of UHP eclogite from the Sulu orogen of China indicates zircon growth at 216 ± 3 Ma as well as mineral Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr reequilibration at 216 ± 5 Ma, which are uniformly younger than UHP metamorphic ages of 231 ± 4 to 227 ± 2 Ma as dated by the SHRIMP U‐Pb method for coesite‐bearing domains of zircon. O isotope reequilibration was achieved between the Sm‐Nd and Rb‐Sr isochron minerals, but Hf isotopes were not homogenized between different grains of zircon. The HP eclogite‐facies recrystallization is also evident from petrography. Thus this process occurred during exhumation with fluid availability from decompression dehydration of hydrous minerals and the exsolution of hydroxyl from nominally anhydrous minerals. This provides significant amounts of internally derived fluid for extensive retrogression within the UHP metamorphosed slabs. Based on available experimental diffusion data, the consistent reequilibration of U‐Pb, Sm‐Nd, Rb‐Sr and O isotope systems in the eclogite minerals demonstrates that time‐scale for the HP eclogite‐facies recrystallization is c. 1.9–9.3 Myr or less. This provides a maximum estimate for duration of the fluid‐facilitated process in the HP eclogite‐facies regime during the exhumation of deeply subducted continental crust.
Reaction progress related to indentation structures at glaucophane/glaucophane contacts in an impure marble from Syros, Greece
Authors: OKAMOTO A. , MIYAKE T. , MASUDA T. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractMicrostructures of brittle mineral grains embedded in a ductile matrix provide information on the influence of stress concentration on reaction progress during metamorphism. Under non‐hydrostatic conditions, contrasts of mechanical properties between minerals possibly cause stress concentrations at specific grain boundaries, which may result in a localization of subsequent reactions. In an impure marble from Syros, Greece, glaucophane grains occurring in a calcite matrix commonly impinge on other glaucophane grains to form concavo‐convex boundary contacts. The geometrical relationship between grain boundary and growth zoning within glaucophane grains indicates that indentation and dissolution occurred preferentially at the glaucophane/glaucophane contacts in response to compression normal to the foliation. In contrast, idioblastic surfaces of glaucophane were preserved at glaucophane/calcite boundaries, indicating that stress concentrated at glaucophane/glaucophane contacts. The retrograde minerals (winchite, albite and biotite) that were formed by consuming glaucophane are observed not only at the extensive site, but also at the ‘compressive’ site where indentation occurred. The precipitation of retrograde minerals at the extensive sites was accompanied by glaucophane dissolution at the indentation stage. In contrast, the formation of retrograde minerals at the ‘compressive’ site indicates that retrograde replacement preferentially proceeded at the indented sites even after stress relaxation. Such a localization of the replacement suggests that the formation of damaged zones around glaucophane/glaucophane contacts induced by stress concentration would have provided the preferential sites for glaucophane breakdown at the later stage.
The lawsonite paradox: a comparison of field evidence and mineral equilibria modelling
Authors: CLARKE G. L. , POWELL R. , FITZHERBERT J. A. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractLawsonite equilibria are predicted to occur over a broad P–T spectrum developed during subduction, yet lawsonite‐bearing assemblages are rare. In the context of mafic mineral equilibria modelled for the range of common crustal metamorphism (4–23 kbar, 400–750 °C) using the system Na2O‐CaO‐K2O‐FeO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐H2O and the software thermocalc, unusually high water contents are demanded by lawsonite assemblages. As a consequence, lawsonite assemblages are predicted to have difficulty forming and lawsonite equilibria to be uncommon. Metabasalt undergoing cooler subduction may experience substantial periods involving the metastable persistence of mineral assemblages because of water under‐saturation with non‐occurrence of recrystallization. If formed, lawsonite‐bearing assemblages are observed to be highly unstable; their preservation requires that exhumation be accompanied by substantial cooling. The amount of structurally bound H2O in minerals plays a critical role in the formation and preservation of mineral assemblages, controlling key changes in rocks undergoing subduction.
Uncomplicated Metabolic Syndrome Is Associated with Prolonged Electrocardiographic QTc Interval and QTc Dispersion
Authors: Soydinc Serdar , Davutoglu Vedat , Akcay Murat 
Published: October 2006

Aim: Metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk of mortality and morbidity. The present study evaluates the repolarization abnormalities in patients with uncomplicated metabolic syndrome measuring corrected QT interval (QTc) and corrected QT dispersion (QTd) on electrocardiogram. Methods: The study involved 83 subjects. A total of 50 individuals met criteria of metabolic syndrome (Group A: 11 men, 39 women, mean body mass index (BMI) 36.7 kg/m2, mean waist circumference 117.3 cm). And 33 participants were healthy normal volunteers (Group B: 9 men, 24 women, mean BMI 21.3 kg/m2, mean waist circumference 76.2 cm). The two groups were matched for age and sex. Metabolic syndrome was diagnosed according to the Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. The QTc intervals and QTd were measured. Results: Patients with uncomplicated metabolic syndrome had significantly higher values of QTc‐min, QTc‐max, and QTd than control group (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Patients with uncomplicated metabolic syndrome have a greater dispersion of ventricular repolarization time and increased QTc‐min and QTc‐max.
An efficacy and safety analysis of a chlorhexidine chewing gum in young orthodontic patients
Authors: Cosyn Jan , Verelst Kathleen 
Published: October 2006

AbstractAim: The objective of the present study was to investigate the impact of a chlorhexidine (CHX) chewing gum in teenage orthodontic patients on plaque levels, gingival bleeding tendency and tooth staining.Materials and Methods: A randomized‐controlled, double‐blind, parallel study was conducted on 31 teenagers in fixed orthodontic therapy. Subjects of the CHX gum group were asked to continue their oral hygiene procedures in conjunction with chewing two pieces of a 5 mg CHX‐containing chewing gum for 10 min. twice a day for 3 months. Subjects of the placebo gum group received the same instructions; however, using a CHX‐free chewing gum. Plaque levels, gingival bleeding on probing and tooth staining were monitored at baseline and subsequently after 1–3 months.Results: Plaque levels significantly decreased from baseline at lingual/palatal sites in the placebo gum group. In the CHX gum group, a similar, yet non‐significant trend was observed. At buccal sites, plaque levels remained unaffected in both groups. Gingival bleeding tendency significantly decreased in both groups, predominantly at lingual/palatal sites. There were no significant between‐group differences in any of the efficacy parameters at any time point. However, the increase in staining was nearly five times higher in the CHX gum group.Conclusions: There seems to be no indication for a CHX chewing gum in teenage orthodontic patients when used as an adjunct to normal oral hygiene practices.
The Prevalence of Sexual Dysfunction and Potential Risk Factors That May Impair Sexual Function in Malaysian Women
Authors: Sidi Hatta , Puteh Sharifah Ezat Wan , Abdullah Norni , Midin Marhani 
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) is a prevalent sexual health problem that does not spare the women in Malaysia, a nation with a conservative multiethnic society.

Aim
To investigate the prevalence of FSD and the potential risk factors that may impair sexual function among women at a primary care setting in Malaysia.

Main Outcome Measure
The prevalence, the risk factors, and the main predictors for FSD were measured among these women.

Methods
A validated Malay version of the Female Sexual Function Index was used to assess FSD. A total of 230 married women aged 18–70 years participated in this study. The sociodemographic and marital profiles of women who had FSD and those who did not were compared; the risk factors for FSD were determined.

Results
The majority of the respondents were younger than 50 years old, predominantly Malays, and had a higher academic achievement. The prevalence of FSD in the primary care population was 29.6%. The prevalence of women with lack of orgasms, low sexual arousal, lack of lubrication, sexual dissatisfaction, and sexual pain were 59.1%, 60.9%, 50.4%, 52.2%, and 67.8%, respectively.

Conclusion
The risk factors for FSD are older age, Malays, married longer (more than 14 years), having less sexual intercourse (less than 1–2 times a week), having more children, married to an older husband (aged &gt;42 years), and having a higher academic status. Lack of lubrication is found to be the main predictor for FSD in this study. Is lack of lubrication a cause or a complication of FSD? Prospective research is needed in the near future.
Galaxy clusters at 0.6 &lt; z &lt; 1.4 in the UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey Early Data Release
Authors: Van Breukelen C. , Clewley L. , Bonfield D. G. , Rawlings S. , Jarvis M. J. , Barr J. M. , Foucaud S. , Almaini O. , Cirasuolo M. , Dalton G. , Dunlop J. S. , Edge A. C. , Hirst P. , McLure R. J. , Page M. J. , Sekiguchi K. , Simpson C. , Smail I. , Watson M. G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract
We present the first cluster catalogue extracted from the UKIRT Infrared Deep Sky Survey (UKIDSS) Early Data Release. The catalogue is created using UKIDSS Ultra Deep Survey infrared J and K data combined with 3.6- and 4.5-μm Spitzer bands and optical BVRi′z′ imaging from the Subaru Telescope over 0.5 deg2 in the Subaru XMM–Newton Deep Field. We have created a new cluster detection algorithm, based on the friends-of-friends and Voronoi tessellation methods, which utilizes probability distribution functions derived from a photometric redshift analysis. We employ mock catalogues to understand the selection effects and contamination associated with the algorithm. The cluster catalogue contains 13 clusters at redshifts 0.61 ≤z≤ 1.39 with luminosities 10 L*≲Ltot≲ 50 L*, corresponding to masses 5 × 1013≲Mcluster≲ 3 × 1014 M⊙ for (M/M⊙)/(L/L⊙) = 75 h. The measured sky surface density of ∼10 clusters deg−2 for high-redshift (z= 0.5–1.5), massive (&gt; 1014 M⊙) clusters is precisely in line with theoretical predictions presented by Kneissl et al.
Supply Base Reduction: An Empirical Study of Critical Success Factors
Authors: Ogden Jeffrey A. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYOne important factor in the design of an organization's supply chain is the number of suppliers used for a given product or service. Supply base reduction is one option useful in managing the supply base. The current paper reports the results of case studies in 10 organizations that recently implemented supply base reduction activities. Specifically, the paper identifies the key success factors in supply base reduction efforts and prescribes processes to capture the benefits of supply base reduction.
Emerging Respiratory Viruses: Challenges and Vaccine Strategies
Authors: Gillim-Ross Laura , Subbarao Kanta 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARY
The current threat of avian influenza to the human population, the potential for the reemergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)-associated coronavirus, and the identification of multiple novel respiratory viruses underline the necessity for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies to combat viral infection. Vaccine development is a key component in the prevention of widespread viral infection and in the reduction of morbidity and mortality associated with many viral infections. In this review we describe the different approaches currently being evaluated in the development of vaccines against SARS-associated coronavirus and avian influenza viruses and also highlight the many obstacles encountered in the development of these vaccines. Lessons learned from current vaccine studies, coupled with our increasing knowledge of the host and viral factors involved in viral pathogenesis, will help to increase the speed with which efficacious vaccines targeting newly emerging viral pathogens can be developed.
Helicobacter pyloriPersistence: an Overview of Interactions betweenH. pyloriand Host Immune Defenses
Authors: Algood Holly M. Scott , Cover Timothy L. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYHelicobacter pyloriis a gram-negative bacterium that persistently colonizes more than half of the global human population. In order to successfully colonize the human stomach,H. pylorimust initially overcome multiple innate host defenses. Remarkably,H. pylorican persistently colonize the stomach for decades or an entire lifetime despite development of an acquired immune response. This review focuses on the immune response toH. pyloriand the mechanisms by whichH. pyloriresists immune clearance. Three main sections of the review are devoted to (i) analysis of the immune response toH. pyloriin humans, (ii) analysis of interactions ofH. pyloriwith host immune defenses in animal models, and (iii) interactions ofH. pyloriwith immune cells in vitro. The topics addressed in this review are important for understanding howH. pyloriresists immune clearance and also are relevant for understanding the pathogenesis of diseases caused byH. pylori(peptic ulcer disease, gastric adenocarcinoma, and gastric lymphoma).
Ventilator-Associated Pneumonia: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: Koenig Steven M. , Truwit Jonathon D. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYWhile critically ill patients experience a life-threatening illness, they commonly contract ventilator-associated pneumonia. This nosocomial infection increases morbidity and likely mortality as well as the cost of health care. This article reviews the literature with regard to diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. It provides conclusions that can be implemented in practice as well as an algorithm for the bedside clinician and also focuses on the controversies with regard to diagnostic tools and approaches, treatment plans, and prevention strategies.
Human Pharmacogenomic Variations and Their Implications for Antifungal Efficacy
Authors: Meletiadis Joseph , Chanock Stephen , Walsh Thomas J. 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYPharmacogenomics is defined as the study of the impacts of heritable traits on pharmacology and toxicology. Candidate genes with potential pharmacogenomic importance include drug transporters involved in absorption and excretion, phase I enzymes (e.g., cytochrome P450-dependent mixed-function oxidases) and phase II enzymes (e.g., glucuronosyltransferases) contributing to metabolism, and those molecules (e.g., albumin, A1-acid glycoprotein, and lipoproteins) involved in the distribution of antifungal compounds. By using the tools of population genetics to define interindividual differences in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, pharmacogenomic models for genetic variations in antifungal pharmacokinetics can be derived. Pharmacogenomic factors may become especially important in the treatment of immunocompromised patients or those with persistent or refractory mycoses that cannot be explained by elevated MICs and where rational dosage optimization of the antifungal agent may be particularly critical. Pharmacogenomics has the potential to shift the paradigm of therapy and to improve the selection of antifungal compounds and adjustment of dosage based upon individual variations in drug absorption, metabolism, and excretion.