bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychotic symptoms in normal‐pressure hydrocephalus
Authors: Lying‐Tunell U. 
Published: August 2007

Two patients with a psychiatric history of about 20 years, and clinical and neuroradiological signs of normal‐pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) are reported. One had a periodic psychosis subsequent to a tuberculous meningitis, and this overshadowed the slight classical symptoms of NPH. She had received at least 120 treatments with electro‐convulsive therapy. The second patient suffered from a paranoid psychosis; other signs of NPH were moderate though progressive. Both patients showed definite improvement of their NPH symptoms after ventriculo‐atrial shunting, and psychotic symptoms ceased totally. Follow‐up was 5 years for the patient with periodic psychoais. The other patient died from septicaemia 2.5 years after shunting.A large‐scale screening of patients with psychiatric symptoms or dementia, particularly when combined with gait disturbance, should be done by using computerized tomography. Patients suspected of having NPH should then be referred for further examination with the aim of selecting patients suitable for shunting. These measures seem well motivated from humanitarian as well as economic points of view.
Female alcoholics: IV. MARITAL SITUATION AND HUSBANDS
Authors: Dahlgren L. 
Published: August 2007

Little research on the husbands of alcoholic women has been reported. A few studies have shown that they often are alcoholics or are suffering from other psychiatric diseases. The present study describes 51 men, married to female alcoholics, as regards alcoholism, other psycho‐social disturbances and mortality, and accounts for the marital situation after an observation period of 6–12 years. A comparison is made with a control group of married male alcoholics.About 50 % of the husbands were shown to be alcoholics, 14 % had been treated for psychiatric diseases and more than 10 % were disabled due to somatic diseases. At the end of the observation period, one‐third of both patient groups were still married, one half of the male and one‐third of the female patients were divorced. Twenty per cent of the marriages among the male patients and 35 % of those among the female patients had been terminated by death. Ten female alcoholics and 14 husbands died, which is a significant excess mortality for both sexes. Mortality among the husbands was higher than expected due to cirrhosis of the liver and diseases of the circulatory system.
Factors related to increased risk of assaultive behavior in suicidal patients
Authors: Tardiff K. , Sweillam A. 
Published: August 2007

This study compared suicidal patients with assaultive behavior to suicidal patients without assaultive behavior. Of 667 suicidal male patients admitted to psychiatric hospitals during the study period, 90 (14%) were assaultive at the time of or just prior to admission, while of the 893 female suicidal patients admitted, 60 (7%) were assaultive. Male assaultive suicidal patients were more likely than non‐assaultive males to be referred to hospitals by the law and mental health services, while female assaultive patients were more likely to be 34 years of age or younger and to have primary psychiatric diagnoses of paranoid schizophrenia, alcohol or drug abuse, or psychotic organic brain syndrome.For both sexes, assaultive suicidal patients were more likely to have delusions, hallucinations, feelings of suspicion or persecution as well as anger, belligerence, agitation and anti‐social behavior. There was no significant difference between assaultive and non‐assaultive suicidal patients in regard to the frequency of depressive symptoms.
ACTH 4–10 and memory in ECT‐treated and untreated patients I. EFFECT ON CONSOLIDATION
Authors: D'Elia G. , Frederiksen S.‐O. 
Published: August 2007

The aim of the study was to investigate the possible effect of a single dose of ACTH4–10 (30 mg subcutaneously) on memory as measured with a test battery appropriate for the study of “consolidation”.Twenty depressive inpatients participated in the intraindividual double‐blind cross‐over comparison between ACTH4–10 and placebo in connection with the second and third treatment in the ECT series. ACTH4–10 (or placebo) was administered subcutaneously 30 min after unilateral ECT. Memory functions were examined 90 min before and 150 min after the administration of the drug.A similar design was used in a study of 20 inpatients with neurotic depression not treated with ECT.The results of both studies give no evidence of a positive influence of a single dose of ACTH4–10 on consolidation of memory. Possible sources of error are discussed.
Psychiatric morbidity through 25 years in a socially healthy population individually defined at the outset
Authors: Essen‐Möller E. , Hagnell O. , ÖJesjö L. 
Published: August 2007

In 1947 a medicopsychological census was performed in a South Swedish rural population numbering 2550 inhabitants. Almost every inhabitant could be reached and subjected to a semistructured interview which was then supplemented by systematic outside information. Among other things, we tried to rate subjectively the personality of every individual, even those who were socially healthy. The results were published by Essen‐Möller et al. in 1956.After ten and twenty‐five years, respectively, the surviving inhabitants were again interviewed by other psychiatrists (Hagnell & Öjesjö) irrespective of present domicile, and information was collected regarding those deceased. The meantime incidence of mental disorder was registered. The results from the first of these repetitions were published by Hagnell in 1966, and those from the second repetition are now under processing. Some probings for differential risks according to the classification of the outset are presented.
Can drug abuse treatment be adequately evaluated?
Authors: Wilson Stephen 
Published: August 2007

SUMMARYThis paper jumps off from the observation that after ten years of experience we are still unable to say whether the treatment given by British Drug Clinics cures addicts or makes them worse! Four categories are created in order to explore possible reasons for this situation. Descriptive problems revolve around finding a way to conceptualise drug dependence, to grasp the complexity of different treatments and to formulate meaningful outcome criteria. Measurement problems include difficulties in quantification and the creation of operational definitions as well as practical issues connected with establishing the truth. Design problems include questions as to the ideal way of discovering the relationship between variables and the compromise forced by practical constraints. Interpretive problems include difficulties in arriving at the meaning of results, questions relating to causality and drawing the limits which apply to our conclusions.There are many problems at a variety of different levels and it may not be astonishing that we are unable to come out with a clear‐cut causal statement regarding the efficacy of drug abuse treatment. The conditions under which a given evaluative study is to be considered “adequate” remain a matter of taste.
Late (4–8 years) outcome of treatment with megadoses of fluphenazine enanthate in drug‐refractory schizophrenics
Authors: Dencker S. J. , Enoksson P. , Johansson R. , Lundin L. , Malm U. 
Published: August 2007

Fourteen schizophrenics who did not respond to standard doses of neuroleptics have been treated with megadoses of fluphenazine enanthate during a period of 4–8 years. Repeated attempts have been made to reduce the dose to the standard dosage. Some of the patients have gradually been transferred to maintenance treatment with standard doses, with megadoses given only during psychotic relapse. The megadose treatment has led to substantial reduction in social disablement, enabling the patients, for instance, to leave the hospital or live in an open ward.These patients have been evaluated with rating scales for psychopathology and side effects, and subjected to EEG, ECG, chest X‐ray, and examinations for skin and eye changes and local infiltrations. Laboratory tests, including anti‐DNA examination, have also been performed. These patients, treated with high total doses of different oral neuroleptics and fluphenazine depot, showed some EEG and ECG abnormalities, eye changes, slight leucopenia, a low number of staff nuclei neutrophils and infiltrations at the injection site, but these reactions did not result in any practical handicaps. The rating scales showed dyskinetic movements, usually slight, in six out of the 14 patients studied.
Computerized tomography of the brain in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Tanaka Y. , Hazama H. , Kawahara R. , Kobayashi K. 
Published: August 2007

Computer tomography (CT) of the brain was carried out in 49 schizophrenic patients and 38 controls in order to study the organic characteristics of the brain in schizophrenia.Between the schizophrenic and control groups aged 21 to 40 years, there was no marked difference in ventricular size or cortical atrophy. In the groups aged 41 to 60 years, however, enlargement of the ventricular system and cortical atrophy were highly significant in the schizophrenic group. Positive correlation was observed (P < 0.05) between enlargement of the third ventricle and duration of illness. There was a high frequency of cortical atrophy in the frontal and temporal lobes in the schizophrenic group.
The frequency of XYY and XXY men among criminal offenders
Authors: Schröder J. , Chapelle A. de la , Hakola P. , Virkkunen M. 
Published: August 2007

Among 1,040 consecutive male criminals remitted for mental examination nine had the karyotype 47.XYY, one 48.XXYY and eleven 47.XXY.The types of crime in the XYY men were much like those in the XXY men, the proportion of sexual crimes possibly being greater than among other criminal offenders. The reasons for these findings are discussed.
Luria's neuropsychological investigation in organic brain syndrome
Authors: Sharma S. , Nandkumar V. K. , Mazumdar M. 
Published: August 2007

A controlled study was conducted on 25 patients diagnosed to be suffering from organic brain syndrome. Luria's Neuropsychological Investigation was administered to detect organicity and to determine its locus.The Bender Visual Motor Gestalt Test served as a control. Luria's test confirmed organicity in all of the proband population and in none of the controls. It also indicated probable locus of the lesion.Administration of Luria's test on a larger population with equivocal cases is suggested.
Beta‐adrenergic stimulation and antidepressant activity
Authors: Lecrubier Y. , Puech A. J. , Frances H. , Jouvent R. , Widlöcher D. , Simon P. 
Published: August 2007

The results presented here, together with the literature data, support the noradrenergic hypothesis of depressive states, and especially the involvement of beta‐adrenergic receptors:– In animals, beta stimulants have the same spectrum of activity as other antidepressants.– These effects of both classical antidepressants and beta‐adrenergic stimulants are antagonized by beta blockers.– Chronic administration of antidepressants results in a decrease of beta receptors.– Salbutamol, a beta‐adrenergic stimulant has, in depressed patients, a clear and rapid antidepressant effect.
Controlled cross‐over study of a 5‐HT uptake inhibiting and an NA uptake inhibiting antidepressant
Authors: ÅBerg A. 
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind comparison of zimelidine, a potent and fairly selective 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) uptake inhibitor, and desipramine, a nor‐adrenaline (NA) uptake inhibitor, was carried out in hospitalized patients with endogenous depression. The patients were randomized into parallel groups receiving either zimelidine 100 mg b.i.d. or desipramine 75 mg b.i.d. Forty patients completed the study, twenty in each treatment group. Patients who did not respond adequately to one drug after 4 weeks were treated with the other drug (cross‐over design) after a washout period.For evaluation of the therapeutic efficacy Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale for Depression, Beck's Inventory and Global Rating Scales were used. All ratings indicated greater effectiveness for zimelidine as compared with desipramine, although the differences were not generally statistically significant. Only “somatic anxiety” on the Hamilton scale was significantly (P<0.05) in favour of zimelidine. Although both zimelidine and desipramine were well tolerated, the zimelidine patients reported significantly less severe anticholinergic adverse reactions.Of five patients who did not improve on zimelidine, three were then given desipramine but only one recovered completely. Of 10 patients who were switched over to zimelidine, 6 recovered completely and one moderately.Zimelidine produced strong inhibition of the uptake of 5‐HT in platelets and a decrease in blood 5‐HT after 2 weeks or longer treatment. The uptake of 5‐HT in rat hypothalamic synaptosomes was reduced by about 50% and that of NA about 20% when incubated in the patients’ plasma. All these effects seem to be mainly due to norzimelidine. Desipramine produced strong inhibition of the uptake of NA in hypothalamic synaptosomes but weak effect on the 5‐HT uptake. Urinary MHPG tended to decrease during desipramine treatment but was not affected or tended to increase during zimelidine treatment.
Safety data on zimelidine hydrochloride following an overdose
Authors: Georgotas A. , Mann J. , Bush D. , Gershon S. 
Published: August 2007

Zimelidine, a new antidepressant, has proved to be a potent and selective inhibitor of 5‐HT uptake into central 5‐HT neurons. Due to its structural differences from the tricyclic antidepressants, it has also been suggested that it might have a different pharmacological profile, and be devoid of anticholinergic and noradrenaline potentiating properties.During the treatment with zimelidine hydrochloride, as a part of an open trial, one of our patients, a 38‐year‐old chronically depressed woman, overdosed herself with more than 10 times the actual therapeutic dose of zimelidine with no undesirable side effects.Previous studies have indicated that zimelidine in comparison with imipramine and chlorimipramine has no, or at most, a slight effect on peripheral adrenergic neurons, and has less pronounced anticholinergic properties than imipramine. The findings of our overdose case provide some support for these findings.
Anxiety and/or the depressive syndromes
Authors: Kline Nathan S. 
Published: August 2007

The relationship of anxiety to depression in a number of the depressive and neurotic syndromes (agitated depressive syndrome, affective hypochondriacal syndrome, depressed obsessive‐compulsive syndrome, phobic and obsessive‐compulsive syndrome, anxiety state, depressive neurotic syndrome) is far from clear.Are anxiety and depression entirely separate disorders which may co‐exist in the same patient? Does anxiety give rise to the depression? Does depression give rise to the anxiety? Are anxiety and depression manifestations of a single underlying disorder, dysphoria?Therapeutic responsivity to specific drugs suggest: relief of anxiety may reveal an underlying depression; anxiety syndromes which fail to respond to anxiolytics may respond to antidepressants; short‐term relief of depression may occur at times with anxiolytics.Proposed mechanisms of action of depression and anxiety also involve overlap of the elements and Systems involved. The basic sensations of pain, anticipation, depression and euphoria alone or in combination are sufficient to account for the dysphoric feelings and emotions when these sensations are associated with specific mental content. These may be related in turn to biogenic amines, beta‐endorphins, diazepam receptors and possibly cocaine receptors.
Sedative/anxiolytic effects of antidepressants in animals
Authors: ÖGren S. O. , Cott J. M. , Hall H. 
Published: August 2007

The sedative effects of several different structural types of antidepressants were investigated in mice. Six different models of sedation were used and the results were averaged. The rank order of sedative potency was: amitriptyline > mianserin > maprotiline > imipramine > desipramine > clomipramine > alaproclate > zimelidine > norzimelidine. Sedative potency of the antidepressants was found to be significantly correlated with their affinity for four different brain amine receptors. The rank order of correlation of sedation with receptor affinity was: histamine (H1) > serotonergic > muscarinic > α1‐adrenergic. These findings appear to be associated with clinical side effects observed during treatment with antidepressants.While scant literature is available concerning specific anxiolytic effects of antidepressants, pharmacological evidence for the role of central 5‐HT systems in the anxiolytic effect is plentiful. Our preliminary findings show a marked antagonism of isolation‐induced aggression by low doses of the specific 5‐HT uptake inhibitor, zimelidine, and the 5‐HT releasing agent, p‐chloramphetamine, thus supporting the hypothetical importance of 5‐HT in the pharmacology of anxiolytic agents.
Critical flicker fusion (CFF) test for sedative effect of antidepressants
Authors: Holmberg Gunnar 
Published: August 2007

It is important to know in which direction and to what extent a drug affects cerebral arousal. Critical flicker fusion (CFF) is a most reliable method for measuring this particular quality of various drugs. A semi‐automatic apparatus was used under standardized conditions, and double‐blind technique was employed. Only acute experiments are described here. Dose‐effect relationships can be demonstrated.The effect on cerebral arousal varies greatly from one antidepressant to another. Amitriptyline and doxepin were found to exert strong sedative effect, and amitriptyline‐N‐oxide an intermediate one, while imipramine and imipramine‐N‐oxide lacked this quality. Nomifensine in large doses has a significant stimulant action.Zimelidine in a low dose (75 mg) slightly, but significantly, lowered the CFF level, but at a dose of 150 mg no significant effect was obtained. At the doses 225 and 300 mg a slight increase was seen (about 2%).Various aspects of the findings are discussed in the paper.
Double‐blind comparisons of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, and placebo on quantified EEG parameters and psychological variables
Authors: Schenk G. K. , Filler W. , Ranft W. , Zerbin D. 
Published: August 2007

A double‐blind crossover comparison of three different single doses of a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor, zimelidine, and a placebo on quantified EEG parameters and psychological variables was carried out in ten healthy male volunteers. Each subject randomly received 100 mg, 200 mg and 300 mg of zimelidine as well as placebo. C4‐P4, P4‐O2, C3‐P3, P3‐O1 and Fz‐O1 EEG samples were taken by means of collodium Ag/AgCl stick on electrodes. 3 min average Fast Fourier Transformation power spectra based on 5 sec epochs were established. Additionally, performance tests and a subjective self‐rating were carried out. The measurements, performed according to a strictly controlled schedule, were repeated 1,2,4 and 6 h post baseline (i.e. 8 a.m.). The data analysis was performed by means of two‐way variance analysis for repeated measurements.Administration of three different single oral doses of zimelidine was found to significantly stabilize the average vigilance behaviour in terms of reduced slow wave EEG activity and of increased monorhythmic alpha activity. Simultaneously, concentration ability was improved and mild feelings of activation were reported. The results are discussed in the light of biochemical aspects and with regard to neurophysiological vigilance concepts.
Parental loss and reported childhood stress in young women who attempt suicide
Authors: Goldney R. D. 
Published: August 2007

For young women aged 18 to 30 years who attempted suicide, and whose suicide attempts were of widely differing physical threat to life, the experience of parental death and separation or divorce, and of reported childhood stress, was similar, irrespective of the lethality of the suicide attempt. Taken as a group, the suicide attempters reported significantly greater childhood stress and more often had experienced parental loss through separation or divorce than young women in a control group. The association between parental loss and suicidal behaviour did not appear to be an artefact of a primary relationship between parental loss and depression.Five of eight reported childhood stress factors significantly distinguished the suicidal and control subjects. Those who attempted suicide were more likely to report a childhood broken home, that their parents quarrelled often, that they had frequent disagreements with their parents, that they had poor physical health, and that they perceived their parents' character negatively.
Triazolam (Halcion) versus flunitrazepam (Rohypnol) against midwinter insomnia in Northern Norway
Authors: Lingjærde O. , Bratlid T. 
Published: August 2007

In a double‐blind, cross‐over trial, triazolam (0.25 mg) was tested against flunitrazepam (1 mg) in the typical midwinter insomnia which is often seen among otherwise healthy people in Northern Norway. Each drug was given for five nights, in random order, with a five‐night placebo period between the active drugs (providing for a single blind comparison with placebo). A total of 22 outpatients started the trial; 19 completed. There were highly significant differences between each active drug and placebo on the subjectively scored variables sleep latency, duration of sleep, and total evaluation of sleep, and also significant differences for feeling in the morning, number of awakenings, and quality of sleep; all differences were in favour of the active drugs. Generally, the sleep variables were rated on the same level in the placebo period as they were for the last five nights prior to the trial.There were no significant differences between triazolam and flunitrazepam on any variable. However, eight patients stated a preference for triazolam and eight for flunitrazepam. These two groups of patients did not differ significantly with regard to sex, age, previous use of hypnotics, or severity of insomnia.Only three patients complained about side effects. Notably, the feeling of being alert and refreshed in the morning was significantly superior in the active drug periods as against the placebo period.It is concluded that both active drugs were highly effective, with a minimum of side effects, in this type of insomnia and with the relatively low dosage used.
Age‐of‐onset and genetic transmission in affective disorders
Authors: Baron M. , Mendlewicz J. , Klotz J. 
Published: August 2007

Age‐of‐onset data were gathered on first‐degree relatives of 252 probands with bipolar and unipolar affective disorders. Early onset probands (younger than 40 at onset) had more early onset relatives and a greater risk for affective disorder among their relatives than late onset probands (40 or older). This indicates that age‐of‐onset is a familial factor correlated with the liability to affective illness.Multiple threshold models of inheritance were applied to the data using age‐of‐onset as a liability‐threshold determinant. The hypothesis of autosomal single‐major locus was ruled out. Multi‐factorial‐polygenic inheritance provided a better fit to the data. The data suggest that early and late onset affective disorders can be placed at different thresholds on a genetic environmental continuum and that the early onset form is more deviant genetically than the late onset type. The implications for genetic research in affective disorder are discussed.