bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
God and Whatever Comes to Pass
Authors: Helm Paul 
Published: October 2008

In thinking about God's relation to the world philosophical theologians have taken two lines of thought. In some cases (e.g. Aquinas) these two views have been held side by side, in others separately.The first has been to conceive of God as existing timelessly, or outside time, and as contemplating the world in one timeless creative gaze. (Convenient documentation can be found in God and Timelessness by Nelson Pike.)1 As has often been pointed out, this view is subject to the difficulty of making sense of a temporal order of events in a tenseless mode. God may know (timelessly) that e is earlier than f. But A. N. Prior has forcefully argued that if God's knowledge is outside time this restricts what God knows to those truths that are themselves timeless. The idea of something's being over, or going to happen, or happening now cannot fall within the knowledge of God if he exists timelessly. To replace the indexical words such as ‘now’ and ‘then’ with dates and definite descriptions of places will not suffice because (for example) what we know when we know that e is over but f is not is not simply that e is before f.2
Once more on the two truths: What does Chi–Tsang mean by the two truths as ‘Yüeh–Chiao’?
Authors: Lai Whalen W. 
Published: October 2008

The teaching of the Buddha concerning Reality has recourse to Two Truths: the Mundane and the Highest Truth.Without knowing the distinction between the two, one does not know the profound point of the teachings.The Highest Truth cannot be taught apart from the Mundane, but without understanding the former, one does not apprehend nirvāna.
The Impossibility of Miracles
Authors: Everitt Nicholas 
Published: October 2008

Traditional discussions of miracles focus primarily on the issue of whether miracle reports are credible, either in fact or in principle, and whether they could be used as the foundation for theistic belief. Some commentators (such as Hume and Mackie decide that such reports are not credible; others decide that they are, or at least that they can be (Swinburne, Davies). All parties to this dispute presuppose that there is a coherent concept of miracle about whose application we might sensibly dispute. A good example of this assumption explicitly stated is found in a recent book by Davies. Davies implicitly takes over Hume's definition of a miracle as ‘a transgression of a law of nature by a particular volition of the Deity’, and, after making clear that he is using ‘impossible’ in the sense of ‘logically impossible’, he comments…it is hard to see that miracles are impossible when considered as violations of the laws of nature…it is hard to see that there is any contradiction involved in saying that they [miracles] have happened. Where would the contradiction lie?
Is God a Utilitarian?
Authors: Holley D. M. 
Published: October 2008

In a well-known passage Mill defends his utilitarian theory against the objection that it is a godless doctrine. He argues,If it be a true belief that God desires, above all things, the happiness of his creatures, and that this was his purpose in their creation, utility is not only not a godless doctrine, but more profoundly religious than any other. If it be meant that utilitarianism does not recognize the revealed will of God as the supreme law of morals, I answer that a utilitarian who believes in the perfect goodness and wisdom of God necessarily believes that whatever God has thought fit to reveal on the subject of morals must fulfil the requirements of utility in a supreme degree.
“The Luck That Lies Beyond a Man”: Guido's Salvation in The Ring and the Book
Authors: McGhee Richard D. 
Published: October 2008

Robert Langbaum has recently offered another affirmative answer to the question whether Guido is saved in the end of his second monologue in The Ring and the Book. Langbaum reviews the previous answers which have been given to this question:Such early critics as Henry Jones, Charles W. Hodell, and Arthur Symons saw promise of deliverance in Guido's final utterance. But in 1920, A. K. Cook, in his influential Commentary upon The Ring and the Book, saw Guido as like Iago beyond redemption, and he was followed in this view by W. C. De-Vane in his even more influential Browning Handbook. Among recent critics, Park Honan sees Guido as saved; while Richard Altick and James F. Loucks, in their book-length study of the poem, think him irredeemable because the devil incarnate. Our stand does depend on whether we see Guido as human and therefore capable of development, or whether we see him as belonging to another order of existence, as an Iago or devil figure, (p. 290)
Phenotypic and molecular characterization ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains of veterinary, dairy and human origin
Authors: GONANO M. , HEIN I. , ZANGERL P. , RAMMELMAYR A. , WAGNER M. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYAustrian veterinary (n=91), dairy (n=86), and human strains (n=48) ofStaphylococcus aureuswere tested for various phenotypic properties including clumping factor, egg-yolk reaction, production of thermonuclease and susceptibility to 14 antibiotics. In addition the expression of enterotoxins (A–E), and the presence of enterotoxin genesseatosejandtstwas determined. Significant differences in antimicrobial susceptibility were found with 84·6% of veterinary, 57·0% of dairy, and 20·8% of human strains susceptible to all antibiotics tested (P<0·0005). More human strains produced enterotoxins (41·7%) than veterinary (9·9%) and dairy strains (12·6%) while 40·7% and 38·5% of veterinary, 47·7% and 52·3% of dairy, and 77·1% and 87·5% of human strains werese- andtst-positive, respectively. AFLP analysis revealed nine clusters with over- or under-representation of strains with specific characteristics. Strains clustered according to origin (veterinary, dairy, and human) and/or presence of toxin genes and antimicrobial resistance.
Community-wide outbreak ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 associated with consumption of frozen beef burgers
Authors: KING L. A. , MAILLES A. , MARIANI-KURKDJIAN P. , VERNOZY-ROZAND C. , MONTET M. P. , GRIMONT F. , PIHIER N. , DEVALK H. , PERRET F. , BINGEN E. , ESPIÉ E. , VAILLANT V. 
Published: October 2008

SUMMARYOn 24–25 October 2005 a cluster of five haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS) cases was reported in southwest France. An investigation was undertaken to identify the outbreak source and implement control measures. Cases were defined as individuals with HUS or diarrhoea with isolation ofEscherichia coliO157:H7 in stools or a positive antibody response toE. coliO157 lipopolysaccharide, resident in southwest France with symptom onset after 19 September 2005. Sixty-nine identified patients had symptom onset between 5 October and 3 November 2005, including 17 cases of HUS. One brand of frozen beef burgers produced on 22 August 2005 was consumed by all patients in the week before symptom onset.E. coliO157:H7 strains from patients, patients' burgers and the manufacturing plant were genetically related. This is the largest community-wide outbreak ofE. coliO157:H7 in France to date and the first associated with consumption of contaminated frozen beef burgers.
“A New Unfolding of Life”: Romanticism in the Late Novels of George Eliot
Authors: Dramin Edward 
Published: October 2008

Victorian ambivalence toward Romanticism is expressed with alternating vehemence and reticence. Repudiating “the noise / And outcry of the former men” who “left their pain” for Victorian generations (“Stanzas from the Grande Chartreuse,” 127–28, 131), in his critical essays Arnold nevertheless reiterates respect for Wordsworth, and in “Dover Beach” he incorporates the free-associationist structure of Coleridge' conversation poems. InHard Times, the rural world beyond Coketown and Blackpool' gospel of the holiness of the heart constitute Dickens' consolations for the hellish industrial wasteland, but at the same time Harthouse — personifying the empty prodigality and flashy decadence that Victorians saw in Byron and Shelley — subverts moral order. Browning, though warning against the self-defeating diffidence and isolation of the Romantic artist in “Andrea del Sarto,” reaffirms Romantic individuality of vision and rebellion against tradition in “Fra Lippo Lippi.” While venerating the Goethe who proclaimed aspiration for infinitude and extension of the limits of possibility, Carlyle sees Lord Byron as the personification of moral and psychic pathology — unreined sorrow and cynicism, world weariness and decadent hedonism, derisive mockery and pessimism, high-strung sensitivity and emotional vulnerability — defects which Carlyle also sees as immanent in Shelley and which are subsumed in the Victorians' image of the negative side of the Romantics:Poor Shelley always is a ghastly object: colorless, pallid, tuneless, without health or warmth or vigour, the sound of him shrieky, frosty, as if a ghost were trying to sing to us; the temperament of him, spasmodic, hysterical, instead of strong or robust — a man infinitely too weak for that solitary scaling of the Alps. (Reminiscences2: 292–93; qtd. in Buckley 22)
Adding semantic roles to the Chinese Treebank
Authors: XUE NIANWEN , PALMER MARTHA 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report work on adding semantic role labels to the Chinese Treebank, a corpus already annotated with phrase structures. The work involves locating all verbs and their nominalizations in the corpus, and semi-automatically adding semantic role labels to their arguments, which are constituents in a parse tree. Although the same procedure is followed, different issues arise in the annotation of verbs and nominalized predicates. For verbs, identifying their arguments is generally straightforward given their syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank as they tend to occupy well-defined syntactic positions. Our discussion focuses on the syntactic variations in the realization of the arguments as well as our approach to annotating dislocated and discontinuous arguments. In comparison, identifying the arguments for nominalized predicates is more challenging and we discuss criteria and procedures for distinguishing arguments from non-arguments. In particular we focus on the role of support verbs as well as the relevance of event/result distinctions in the annotation of the predicate-argument structure of nominalized predicates. We also present our approach to taking advantage of the syntactic structure in the Chinese Treebank to bootstrap the predicate-argument structure annotation of verbs. Finally, we discuss the creation of a lexical database of frame files and its role in guiding predicate-argument annotation. Procedures for ensuring annotation consistency and inter-annotator agreement evaluation results are also presented.
Follow-up question handling in the IMIX and Ritel systems: A comparative study
Authors: VAN SCHOOTEN B. W. , OP DEN AKKER R. , ROSSET S. , GALIBERT O. , MAX A. , ILLOUZ G. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractOne of the basic topics of question answering (QA) dialogue systems is how follow-up questions should be interpreted by a QA system. In this paper, we shall discuss our experience with the IMIX and Ritel systems, for both of which a follow-up question handling scheme has been developed, and corpora have been collected. These two systems are each other's opposites in many respects: IMIX is multimodal, non-factoid, black-box QA, while Ritel is speech, factoid, keyword-based QA. Nevertheless, we will show that they are quite comparable, and that it is fruitful to examine the similarities and differences. We shall look at how the systems are composed, and how real, non-expert, users interact with the systems. We shall also provide comparisons with systems from the literature where possible, and indicate where open issues lie and in what areas existing systems may be improved. We conclude that most systems have a common architecture with a set of common subtasks, in particular detecting follow-up questions and finding referents for them. We characterise these tasks using the typical techniques used for performing them, and data from our corpora. We also identify a special type of follow-up question, the discourse question, which is asked when the user is trying to understand an answer, and propose some basic methods for handling it.
Music and the Politics of Memory: Charles Ives'sA Symphony: New England Holidays
Authors: KRAMER LAWRENCE 
Published: October 2008

AbstractScholarship on Charles Ives has too often been reluctant to sort out what is problematical in his musical image of America. This article attempts to do so as part of an examination of Ives'sA Symphony: New England Holidays, a cycle of tone poems depicting the major patriotic holidays celebrated during Ives's boyhood. The work is both a memorial to national unity, which Ives felt had collapsed in the twentieth century, and a protest against the political culture responsible. The musical means to these ends raise the question of the relationship between politics and musical form, and, with form, of musical analysis, in a particularly transparent way. Like many European composers of the era, Ives wanted to create a national style. But he did not want a style that could be reduced to formulas and circulated as a commodity. The old America he celebrated, as opposed to the new one he resisted, could be identified (or fantasized) as a culture that above all could not be commodified. TheHolidays Symphonyseeks to create what one might call a critical nostalgia. Its music demands to be understood as a “picture” of authentic American experience by refusing to be understandable as music on the only terms available in its day.
Song, Genre, and Transatlantic Dialogue inGosford Park
Authors: MAGEE GAYLE SHERWOOD 
Published: October 2008

AbstractHidden in plain sight, the five songs in the middle of,Gosford Park(2001) prepare the audience for the untangling of sordid relationships and the resolution of a murder mystery at the end of the film. This article presents a detailed analysis of the film's central musical sequence using video captures, reception history, transcriptions, and other approaches from music history and film studies. As is shown, the close relationship between music and image reflects the fascination of US audiences with British-themed films and the equally complicated appeal of Hollywood films to British audiences. Additionally, the songs provide a surfeit of narrative information crucial to the resolution of the multiple story lines. Lastly, the songs complicate and expand the work's seemingly straightforward murder-mystery genre to include such incompatible models as the British heritage film, Hollywood musicals, melodramas, and the double feature. Informing this musical sequence, and the entire film, is a complex, reciprocal transatlantic exchange founded on mutually inaccurate, yet often irresistible, myths of history and identity.
Bill Finegan's Gershwin Arrangements and the American Concept of Hybridity
Authors: RAPPORT EVAN 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBill Finegan's arrangements of George Gershwin'sRhapsody in Bluefor the Glenn Miller Orchestra in 1942 and ofConcerto in Ffor the Sauter-Finegan Orchestra in 1952 provide a basis for interpreting Gershwin's compositions. Finegan's treatments suggest that techniques central to popular forms were foundational to Gershwin's style in these pieces. Furthermore, Gershwin's and Finegan's works shed light on the concept of hybridity in the United States, especially as it concerns the label of “symphonic jazz” or “concert jazz” and ideas about race. Hybrid terms such as “symphonic jazz” manage to challenge musical and social categories while simultaneously reinforcing them.
“I Dream of Her and Avalon”: 1930s Sweet Jazz, Race, and Nostalgia at the Casino Ballroom
Authors: BERISH ANDREW 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe Casino Ballroom of Avalon, Catalina Island, is located about twenty miles off the coast of the metropolitan Los Angeles area. Completed in 1929 under the direction of chewing gum magnate William Wrigley Jr., the ballroom became a significant venue for dance bands of the 1930s and early 1940s. The Casino did not, however, feature any of the most familiar names of the era. Instead, it was designed as a state-of-the-art dance hall for the presentation of exclusively white dance bands playing “sweet” jazz, a style that avoided the most obvious musical signifiers of “hot” popular music.Through a comparison of three commercial recordings of “Avalon,” I detail how the music of Jan Garber's sweet jazz orchestra—a group immensely popular at the Casino—differed from the music of hotter jazz dance bands, such as the Jimmie Lunceford and Casa Loma Orchestras. Garber's sweet “Avalon” established a sonic place characterized by specific musical relationships and values that were easily fused to the ideology of the island's promoters. For the owners and managers of the Casino Ballroom, jazz was to be the sound of modernity suffused with nostalgia for a threatened, racialized social order.
GO faster ChEBI with Reasonable Biochemistry
Authors: Hull Duncan 
Published: October 2008

AbstractChemical Entities of Biological Interest (ChEBI) [1] is a database and ontology that represents knowledge about more than 15,000 small molecules and their biochemistry. The database does not currently use description logic reasoning or OWL, but is investigating this possibility for better, cheaper and faster ontology development in the future. This poster describes four specific problems and solutions to reasoning in ChEBI: 1. Using necessary and sufficient conditions 2. identifying inconsistencies 3. Improving alignment with the the Gene Ontology (GO) 4. Reasoning with chemical structures.
Alterations in Fatty Acid Kinetics in Obese Adolescents With Increased Intrahepatic Triglyceride Content
Authors: Fabbrini Elisa , DeHaseth Dinky , Deivanayagam Sheela , Mohammed B. Selma , Vitola Bernadette E. , Klein Samuel 
Published: October 2008

Objective: It has been hypothesized that excessive fatty acid availability contributes to steatosis and the metabolic abnormalities associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether adipose tissue lipolytic activity and the rate of fatty acid release into plasma are increased in obese adolescents with NAFLD.Methods: Palmitate kinetics were determined in obese adolescents with normal (n = 9; BMI = 37 ± 2 kg/m2; intrahepatic triglyceride (IHTG) ≤5.5% of liver volume) and increased (n = 9; BMI = 36 ± 2 kg/m2; IHTG ≥ 10% of liver volume) IHTG content during the basal state (postabsorptive condition) and during physiological hyperinsulinemia (postprandial condition). Both groups were matched on body weight, BMI, percent body fat, age, sex, and Tanner stage. The hyperinsulinemic‐euglycemic clamp procedure, in conjunction with a deuterated palmitate tracer infusion, was used to determine free‐fatty acid (FFA) kinetics, and magnetic resonance spectroscopy was used to determine IHTG content.Results: The rate of whole‐body palmitate release into plasma was greater in subjects with NAFLD than those with normal IHTG content during basal conditions, (87 ± 7 vs. 127 ± 13 µmol/min; P < 0.01) and during physiological hyperinsulinemia, (24 ± 2 vs. 44 ± 8 µmol/min; P < 0.01).Discussion: These results demonstrate that adipose tissue lipolytic activity is increased in obese adolescents with NAFLD and results in an increase in the rate of fatty acid release into plasma throughout the day. This continual excess in fatty acid flux supports the hypothesis that adipose insulin resistance is involved in the pathogenesis of steatosis and contributes to the metabolic complications associated with NAFLD.
Inhibition of energy-producing pathways of HepG2 cells by 3-bromopyruvate1
Authors: Pereira Da Silva Ana Paula , El-Bacha Tatiana , Kyaw Nattascha , Dos Santos Reinaldo Sousa , Da-Silva Wagner Seixas , Almeida Fabio C. L. , Da Poian Andrea T. , Galina Antonio 
Published: October 2008

3-BrPA (3-bromopyruvate) is an alkylating agent with anti-tumoral activity on hepatocellular carcinoma. This compound inhibits cellular ATP production owing to its action on glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation; however, the specific metabolic steps and mechanisms of 3-BrPA action in human hepatocellular carcinomas, particularly its effects on mitochondrial energetics, are poorly understood. In the present study it was found that incubation of HepG2 cells with a low concentration of 3-BrPA for a short period (150 μM for 30 min) significantly affected both glycolysis and mitochondrial respiratory functions. The activity of mitochondrial hexokinase was not inhibited by 150 μM 3-BrPA, but this concentration caused more than 70% inhibition of GAPDH (glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase activities. Additionally, 3-BrPA treatment significantly impaired lactate production by HepG2 cells, even when glucose was withdrawn from the incubation medium. Oxygen consumption of HepG2 cells supported by either pyruvate/malate or succinate was inhibited when cells were pre-incubated with 3-BrPA in glucose-free medium. On the other hand, when cells were pre-incubated in glucose-supplemented medium, oxygen consumption was affected only when succinate was used as the oxidizable substrate. An increase in oligomycin-independent respiration was observed in HepG2 cells treated with 3-BrPA only when incubated in glucose-supplemented medium, indicating that 3-BrPA induces mitochondrial proton leakage as well as blocking the electron transport system. The activity of succinate dehydrogenase was inhibited by 70% by 3-BrPA treatment. These results suggest that the combined action of 3-BrPA on succinate dehydrogenase and on glycolysis, inhibiting steps downstream of the phosphorylation of glucose, play an important role in HepG2 cell death.