bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental induction of nocardiosis in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata Temminck & Schlegel by artificial challenge
Authors: Itano T , Kawakami H , Kono T , Sakai M 
Published: September 2006

AbstractChallenge methods for inducing nocardiosis, caused by Nocardia seriolae in yellowtail, Seriola quinqueradiata, were evaluated. The first method involved intraperitoneal injection of 1.1 × 102, × 103 and × 104 cfu of N. seriolae; the second was by bath immersion with three different concentrations of bacterial suspension for 10 min; the third was by intradermal injection using a multipuncture device; the fourth was by oral administration using a tube; the fifth was based on the co‐habitation of uninfected fish with others that had been artificially infected, i.e. intraperitoneally or by immersion for 10 min. The LD50 values for the infection trials were 1.9 × 102 (intraperitoneal injection), 1.5 × 104 mL−1 (immersion), 4.3 × 106 (intradermal injection) and 1.7 × 107 (oral administration). In the co‐habitation challenge, mortalities were 70% and 50% in groups of non‐infected fish mixed with fish infected by the i.p. injection and immersion methods, respectively. Fish challenged by intraperitoneal injection developed adhesions. Fish challenged by other methods did not show any gross clinical signs and moribund fish were similar to natural infection.
Effect of month of vaccine administration on antibody responses in The Gambia and Pakistan
Authors: Moore Sophie E. , Collinson Andrew C. , Fulford Anthony J.C. , Jalil Fehmida , Siegrist Claire‐Anne , Goldblatt David , Hanson Lars Å. , Prentice Andrew M. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryObjective  To explore the relationship between calendar month of administration and antibody (Ab) response to vaccination in subjects from The Gambia and Pakistan, two countries with distinct patterns of seasonality.Methods  Three cohorts were investigated: Responses to rabies and pneumococcal vaccine were assessed in 472 children (mean age 8 years, males 53%) from rural Gambia. Responses to tetanus, diphtheria and hepatitis B (HBsAg) were investigated in 138 infants also from The Gambia (birth to 52 weeks of age, males 54%). Responses to rabies and Vi typhoid vaccines were assessed in 257 adults from Lahore, Pakistan (mean age 29.4 years, males 57%).Results  In Gambian children, significant associations were observed between month of vaccination and Ab response for the pneumococcal and rabies vaccines. As no consistent pattern by month was observed between the responses, it is assumed that different immunomodulatory stimuli or mechanisms were involved. In Pakistani adults, a significant pattern by month of vaccination was observed with both rabies and typhoid vaccine. No monthly influences were observed in the infant study to the tetanus, diphtheria or the HbsAg vaccines.Conclusions  Antibody responses to certain specific vaccines are influenced by month of administration. Further research is required to elucidate the precise mechanisms explaining these observations, but a co‐stimulatory effect of seasonally variable environmental antigens is a likely cause. Future studies of Ab response to vaccination in countries with a seasonally dependent environment should consider month of vaccination when interpreting study findings.
Risk factors for injuries in young children in four developing countries: the Young Lives Study
Authors: Howe L. D. , Huttly S. R. A. , Abramsky T. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryObjective  To assess the occurrence of child injury in four developing country settings and to explore potential risk factors for injury.Methods  Injury occurrence was studied in cohorts of 2000 children of age 6–17 months at enrolment, in each of Ethiopia, Peru, Vietnam and India (Andhra Pradesh). Generalized estimating equation models were used to explore potential risk factors for child injury.Results  Occurrence of child injury was high in all countries. Caregiver depression emerged as a consistent risk factor for all types of injury measured (burns, serious falls, broken bones and near‐fatal injury) across all countries. Other risk factors also showed consistent associations, including long‐term child health problems, region of residence and the regular care of the child by a non‐household member.Conclusions  This report provides further evidence of the importance of childhood injury in developing countries and emphasizes the importance of including infants in injury research and prevention strategies. It provides strong evidence of an association between caregiver mental health and child injury risk and contributes to the limited knowledge base on risk factors for child injury in developing countries.
Finding patients eligible for antiretroviral therapy using TB services as entry point for HIV treatment
Authors: Bwire Robert , Nagelkerke Nico J. D. , Borgdorff Martien W. 
Published: September 2006

SummaryObjective  To estimate the proportion of antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligible adults (15–49 years) with tuberculosis potentially identifiable through tuberculosis services using a CD4 count below 350 cells/mm3 as cut‐off value for ART initiation.Methods  Using TB notification rate data, HIV seroprevalence data, and estimates of the size of the adult population (15–49 years) in 18 sub‐Saharan African countries with an HIV seroprevalence of > 5%, calculations of the number of ART eligible adults with tuberculosis presenting to tuberculosis services were made. Assumptions were made on the tuberculosis notification rates in the age‐group 15–49 years, the HIV‐infected population with a CD4 count below 350 cells/mm3 and the relative risk of developing tuberculosis, and average duration from HIV infection to death. The probability of having a CD4+ count below 350 cells/mm3 given a diagnosis of tuberculosis was estimated using Bayes’ theorem, and estimates of the number of patients with a CD4 count below 350 cells/mm3 identifiable through tuberculosis were made. The number needed to screen to identify one ART eligible patient through tuberculosis services was estimated for each country.Results  ART eligible adults with tuberculosis potentially identifiable through tuberculosis services in the 18 countries ranged from 2% to 18% of the total HIV‐infected adult population with a CD4+ count below 350 cells/mm3 and would average 10% of all such HIV patients. The number needed to screen to identify ART eligible patients through tuberculosis services ranged from 1.4 to 4.2, against 8.6 to 65.4 if adults aged 15–49 are randomly screened for low CD4 counts.Conclusion  Tuberculosis services are an important entry point for identifying ART eligible patients. Given that dually infected patients identified through tuberculosis services contributed to 10% of the HIV‐infected adult population with a CD4 cell count below 350 cells/mm3 in the 18 sub‐Saharan African countries, major efforts are required beyond the tuberculosis services in detecting patients that should benefit from ART. However, the low number needed to screen gives opportunity to use tuberculosis services in AIDS control and ART scaling‐up programmes.keywords  HIV
,
tuberculosis
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CD4+ count , ART , Bayes’ theorem , screening
Dose‐dependent schistosome‐induced mortality and morbidity risk elevates host reproductive effort
Authors: BLAIR L. , WEBSTER J. P. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractParasitism changes the host environment and may influence resource allocation between reproductive effort and somatic maintenance. We characterized the impact of dose‐dependent schistosome exposure and/or infection establishment on intermediate host survival and reproduction. Four matched groups of Biomphalaria glabrata snails were individually exposed to increasing doses of Schistosoma mansoni parasites, with a fifth control group remaining unexposed. Increased mortality was observed amongst both snails infected and also those snails exposed to the parasite but within which infection did not establish, although only exposed but uninfected snails showed a dose‐dependent increase in mortality. Snails also facultatively altered their reproductive output in response to parasite exposure: egg mass production decreased with increasing parasite dose in patently infected snails, whilst, in contrast, exposed but uninfected snails demonstrated a positive association between egg mass production and parasite dose in the post‐patent period. These results uniquely suggest an exposure‐dose‐dependent post‐patent fecundity compensation occurring in relation to the risk of future parasite‐associated mortality.
Relationship between skin response to ultraviolet exposure and skin color type
Authors: Del Bino S. , Sok J. , Bessac E. , Bernerd F. 
Published: September 2006

SummarySun exposure is responsible for detrimental damage ranging from sunburn to photoaging and skin cancer. This damage is likely to be influenced by constitutive pigmentation. The relationship between ultraviolet (UV) sensitivity and skin color type was analyzed on 42 ex vivo skin samples objectively classified from light to dark skin, based on their values of individual typology angle (ITA) determined by colorimetric parameters. The biologically efficient dose (BED) was determined for each sample by quantifying sunburn cells after exposure to increasing doses of UV solar‐simulated radiation. Typical UV‐induced biologic markers, other than erythema, such as DNA damage, apoptosis and p53 accumulation, were analyzed. A statistically significant correlation was found between ITA and BED and, ITA and DNA damage. Interestingly, DNA lesions were distributed throughout the whole epidermal layers and the uppermost dermal cells in light, intermediate and tanned skin while they were restricted to suprabasal epidermal layers in brown or dark skin. Our data support, at the cellular level, the relationship between UV sensitivity and skin color type. They emphasize the impact of DNA damage accumulation in basal layer in relation to the prevalence of skin cancer.
ZNF652, A Novel Zinc Finger Protein, Interacts with the Putative Breast Tumor Suppressor CBFA2T3 to Repress Transcription
Authors: Kumar Raman , Manning Jantina , Spendlove Hayley E. , Kremmidiotis Gabriel , McKirdy Ross , Lee Jaclyn , Millband David N. , Cheney Kelly M. , Stampfer Martha R. , Dwivedi Prem P. , Morris Howard A. , Callen David F. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The transcriptional repressor CBFA2T3 is a putative breast tumor suppressor. To define the role of CBFA2T3, we used a segment of this protein as bait in a yeast two-hybrid screen and identified a novel uncharacterized protein, ZNF652. In general, primary tumors and cancer cell lines showed lower expression of ZNF652 than normal tissues. Together with the location of this gene on the long arm of chromosome 17q, a region of frequent loss of heterozygosity in cancer, these results suggest a possible role of ZNF652 in tumorigenesis. In silico analysis of this protein revealed that it contains multiple classic zinc finger domains that are predicted to bind DNA. Coimmunoprecipitation assays showed that ZNF652 strongly interacts with CBFA2T3 and this interaction occurs through the COOH-terminal 109 amino acids of ZNF652. In contrast, there was a weak interaction of ZNF652 with CBFA2T1 and CBFA2T2, the other two members of this ETO family. Transcriptional reporter assays further confirmed the strength and selectivity of the ZNF652-CBFA2T3 interaction. The transcriptional repression of growth factor independent-1 (GFI-1), a previously characterized ETO effector zinc finger protein, was shown to be enhanced by CBFA2T1, but to a lesser extent by CBFA2T2 and CBFA2T3. We therefore suggest that each of the various gene effector zinc finger proteins may specifically interact with one or more of the ETO proteins to generate a defined range of transcriptional repressor complexes. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):655–65)
Endoplasmic Reticulum Vacuolization and Valosin-Containing Protein Relocalization Result from Simultaneous Hsp90 Inhibition by Geldanamycin and Proteasome Inhibition by Velcade
Authors: Mimnaugh Edward G. , Xu Wanping , Vos Michele , Yuan Xitong , Neckers Len 
Published: September 2006

AbstractGeldanamycin and Velcade, new anticancer drugs with novel mechanisms of action, are currently undergoing extensive clinical trials. Geldanamycin interrupts Hsp90 chaperone activity and causes down-regulation of its many client proteins by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway; Velcade is a specific proteasome inhibitor. Misfolded Hsp90 clients within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen are cleared by ER-associated protein degradation, a sequential process requiring valosin-containing protein (VCP)–dependent retrotranslocation followed by ubiquitination and proteasomal proteolysis. Cotreatment of cells with geldanamycin and Velcade prevents destruction of destabilized, ubiquitinated Hsp90 client proteins, causing them to accumulate. Here, we report that misfolded protein accumulation within the ER resulting from geldanamycin and Velcade exposure overwhelms the ability of the VCP-centered machine to maintain the ER secretory pathway, causing the ER to distend into conspicuous vacuoles. Overexpression of dominant-negative VCP or the “small VCP-interacting protein” exactly recapitulated the vacuolated phenotype provoked by the drugs, associating loss of VCP function with ER vacuolization. In cells transfected with a VCP-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein fluorescent construct, geldanamycin plus Velcade treatment redistributed VCP-enhanced yellow fluorescent protein from the cytoplasm and ER into perinuclear aggresomes. In further support of the view that compromise of VCP function is responsible for ER vacuolization, small interfering RNA interference of VCP expression induced ER vacuolization that was markedly increased by Velcade. VCP knockdown by small interfering RNA eventually deconstructed both the ER and Golgi and interdicted protein trafficking through the secretory pathway to the plasma membrane. Thus, simultaneous geldanamycin and Velcade treatment has far-reaching secondary cytotoxic consequences that likely contribute to the cytotoxic activity of this anticancer drug combination. (Mol Cancer Res 2006;4(9):667–81)
Vibrational Imaging of a Single Pollen Grain by Ultrabroadband Multiplex Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Microspectroscopy
Authors: Kano Hideaki , Hamaguchi Hiro-o 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Ultrabroadband coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) microspectroscopy using supercontinuum has been applied to investigate a single pollen grain at a molecular level. The CARS images due to carotenoid derivative and lipid have been successfully obtained with different vibrational contrast.
Enhancement of Photoinduced Electron Transfer from Porphyrin to Methyl Viologen by Binding of an Antibody for Porphyrin
Authors: Onji Takeshi , Ohara Hidetaka , Yamaguchi Hiroyasu , Ikeda Noriaki , Harada Akira 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Photoinduced electron transfer from porphyrins to electron acceptors was enhanced in the presence of a monoclonal antibody for porphyrin. A hydrogen evolution system was constructed by utilizing the antibody–porphyrin complex, methyl viologen, and colloidal Pt.
Terahertz Time-domain Spectra of Inter- and Intramolecular Hydrogen Bonds of Fumaric and Maleic Acids
Authors: Ueno Yuko , Rungsawang Rakchanok , Tomita Isao , Ajito Katsuhiro 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The inter- and intramolecular hydrogen-bonding modes of two steric isomers, namely fumaric acid and maleic acid, are observed by using terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS). The intermolecular modes observed with fumaric acid crystals are inactivated by incorporating the molecules in the nano-sized pores of a mesoporous silicate (SBA-16) due to the separation of the molecules, whereas the intramolecular modes of maleic acid of the crystal and the incorporated samples are similar.
Micropatterning of Organic–Inorganic Hybrid Film Using Photosensitive Sol–Gel System Consisting of Double-decker-shaped Multifunctional Silsesquioxane
Authors: Watanabe Akira , Miyashita Tokuji 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
The micropatterning of an organic–inorganic hybrid film consisting of a double-decker-shaped multifunctional silsesquioxane was achieved using a photosensitive sol–gel system containing a titanium alkoxide modified with β-diketone. Negative patterns with a high-resolution of ca. 1 μm were obtained by UV-irradiation.
Enhanced Sensitivity of a Surface-plasmon-resonance (SPR) Sensor for 2,4-D by Controlled Functionalization of Self-assembled Monolayer-based Immunosensor Chip
Authors: Kim Sook Jin , Gobi K Vengatajalabathy , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Shoyama Yukihiro , Miura Norio 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A highly sensitive SPR immunosensor has been fabricated by covalent binding of a protein conjugate of 2,4-D (2,4-D-BSA) on SAM of 3-mercaptopropionic acid. With indirect inhibition immunoassay, it demonstrated a low detection limit of 0.1 ppb 2,4-D. Taking advantage of the combination of the SAM technique and immobilization of 2,4-D-BSA at controlled surface coverage, a remarkable enhancement of the low detection limit by 10-fold to 10 ppt with no use of any labels was demonstrated, while keeping the response time constant at 4 min.
Oxidation of 1,3-Diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl with Ammoniumyl Antimonate and EPR Study of the Corresponding Cation Radical
Authors: Yoshifuji Masaaki , Arduengo, III Anthony J , Konovalova Tatyana A , Kispert Lowell D , Kikuchi Manabu , Ito Shigekazu 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
A sterically protected biradical species, 1-tert-butyl-3-methyl-2,4-bis(2,4,6-tri-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3-diphosphacyclobutane-2,4-diyl was allowed to react with tris(4-bromophenyl)ammoniumyl hexachloroantimonate as an oxidant and the product was analyzed by EPR to show that the biradical was oxidized to give the corresponding radical cation species. The structure of the cation radical was also supported by ab initio calculations on a model compound.
Antioxidant Properties of Layer-by-Layer films on the Basis of Tannic Acid
Authors: Shutava Tatsiana G , Prouty Malcolm D , Agabekov Vladimir E , Lvov Yuri M 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Tannic acid, a polyphenol of natural origin, assembled in alternation with polyelectrolytes via the layer-by-layer method retains its ability to scavenge free radicals. Kinetics of 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) cation-radical bleaching by tannic acid/polyelectrolyte films depend on multilayer architecture, while total radical scavenging capacity depends on the amount of adsorbed TA.
A Novel Carbothermal Method for the Preparation of Nano-sized WC on High Surface Area Carbon
Authors: Liu Wei , Soneda Yasushi , Hatori Hiroaki 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Nano-sized WC was successfully synthesized on high surface area carbon by a novel carbothermal method wherein carbonization of mixture of hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) and K2WO4 at 800 °C resulted in the simultaneous formation of carbon and WC nano-particles. Different with the common carbothermal method, porous carbon was obtained by pyrolysis of hydroxypropyl cellulose and the reducing gas of H2 was not necessary.
Oligothiophene-based Liquid Crystals Exhibiting Smectic A Phases in Wider Temperature Ranges
Authors: Kimura Masaomi , Yasuda Takuma , Kishimoto Kenji , Götz Günther , Bäuerle Peter , Kato Takashi 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Oligothiophene-based block molecules having a tetra(ethylene oxide) chain exhibit enantiotropic smectic A phases in wider temperature ranges.
Symposium on basic ear research. I. Cochlear microvasculature in normal and damaged ears
Authors: Hawkins Joseph E. , Johnsson Lars‐Göran , Preston Robert E. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe minute vessels of the cochlea were examined post mortem in normal guinea pigs and in others exposed to intense noise or treated with the ototoxic drugs gentamicin and quinine. The benzidine stain was used to display the capillary networks, and osmic acid for surface preparations, “thick” sections, and ultrathin sections for electron microscopic examination.The capillaries of the spiral ligament, i.e., the so‐called arteriovenous anastomoses, do not show the characteristics of the muscular shunts described by Chambers and Zweifach. They are divided into two groups, the adstrial capillaries closely applied to the basal surface of the stria vascularis, and the poststrial capillaries which supply the tissue of the spiral ligament. Continuing beneath the floor of the external sulcus they form an alternating pattern with the root cells, and are surrounded by a specialized pericapillary tissue which resembles that found around the capillaries of the spiral prominence. These tissues are readily destroyed by gentamicin and other ototoxic aminoglycosidic antibiotics.Vasoconstriction of the outer and inner spiral vessels in response to noise and quinine appears to involve both contraction of pericytes and swelling of the endothelial cells. After prolonged exposure to noise or treatment with gentamicin, degeneration of capillaries with formation of intervascular strands and avascular channels is found in the suprastrial network of the spiral ligament. Similar capillary changes are seen in presbycusis, and in the deaf Dalmatian dog.
Symposium on basic ear research. III. Auditory evoked averaged responses in monkeys
Authors: Nagafuchi Masaaki , Cody D. Thane R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAveraged responses evoked by tone‐bursts were investigated in the alert, anesthetized, and sedated Rhesus monkey. Identified were a short latency (peak 13.5 msec) triphasic extracranial response and a longer latency (P1 38 msec, N1 93 msec, P2 152 msec, N2 199 msec) polyphasic intracranial response. The early and late components of the intracranial response seemed to originate in different auditory centers. It was concluded that, with intracranially implanted electrodes, determining averaged response thresholds for tone‐bursts in the monkey sedated with phencyclidine hydrochloride is a reasonably accurate method of estimating behavioral thresholds of hearing.
Symposium on ear surgery. I. Soft tissue technique in musculoplasty obliteration of mastoidectomy cavities
Authors: Turner Jack 
Published: September 2006

AbstractWhen properly performed musculoplasty is capable of producing a satisfactory canal reproduction and a high percentage of postoperative trouble free ears. Failure to obtain mastoid cavity obliteration with this procedure is due to improper preparation and placement of the soft tissue pedicles and does not represent a deficiency in the operation itself.A method of musculoplasty which evolved during the performance of 346 cases of this type of operation during the past 11 years is described in detail. The method is based upon the principles of an adequate incision; utilization of all available adjacent soft tissue for obliteration; sufficient mobility of the pedicle flaps to insure cavity adaptation; beveling of the cavity margins; “overfilling” of the mastoid defect; and, finally, fixation of the obliterative pedicles by suturing.Using this technique, the following results have been obtained:

Eighty‐one percent trouble‐free postoperative cavities with a satisfactory canal reproduction rate of 68 percent. (Five or more years observation on 100 cases.)
Where combined with tympanoplasty, utilizing a malleostapediopexy conductive repair, closure of the air‐bone gap to within 15 db was maintained in 65 percent of the cases. (Two or more years observation on 40 cases.)
Postoperative occurrence of cholesteatoma has been limited to 2 percent residual and 1 percent recurrent. (Five or more years observation on 100 cases.)