bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Schottky‐barrier heights of metal/alpha‐SiC{0001} interfaces by first‐principles calculations
Authors: Tanaka Shingo , Tamura Tomoyuki , Okazaki Kazuyuki , Ishibashi Shoji , Kohyama Masanori 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAtomic and electronic structures and Schottky barrier heights (SBH) of multi‐layer metal (= Al, Ti, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Pt and Au) /6H ‐SiC{0001} interfaces have been calculated by the projector augmented wave (PAW) method. The p ‐type SBHs of the C‐terminated interfaces are smaller than those of the Si‐terminated ones due to the different interface dipoles. About the dependence on the metal species, the SBHs of the Si‐terminated interfaces range within a relatively narrow energy region because of more metallic characters, although those of the C‐terminated ones show clearer dependence, where the SBHs decrease for the increment of metal electronegativity or work function. This inverse proportion is different from the results of monolayer metal/SiC interfaces, while consistent with experiments. All the results can be explained by the viewpoint of the interface dipole and the intrinsic relation of the band structures. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Influence of Cu contamination on dislocation related luminescence
Authors: Steinman E. A. , Tereshchenko A. N. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThis work is devoted to investigation of Cu contamination on dislocation related luminescence (DRL) in Si. Cu is known to be a very fast diffuser with high solubility. Fz Si samples were plastically deformed at 950 °C up to dislocation density of about 107 cm–2. Cu diffusion was performed by diffusion at 950 °C from a quartz ampoule contaminated with Cu. The presence and concentration of luminescent copper (Cu PL) centers was evaluated from the excitation dependence of the copper bound exciton no‐phonon line (BE NP) line at 1.014eV, which was activated after annealing at 1100 °C and rapid quenching in the water. 10 minutes isochronous annealing of the samples in the temperature range 300–600 °C revealed quite a different behavior of D4 and D1/D2 lines. It was assumed that a strong decrease of D1/D2 line intensity in annealing interval 400–500 °C could be attributed to passivation of D1/D2 luminescence centers by Cu atoms. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Alterations induced in the structure of intelligent power devices by extreme electro‐thermal fatigue
Authors: Khong B. , Legros M. , Dupuy P. , Levade C. , Vanderschaeve G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMicrostructural analysis of power devices were carried out on components from Freescale Semiconductor that underwent extreme electrothermal fatigue. Several destructive and non destructive techniques were used. Altered layers are located on both sides of the Si substrate: at the heat sink (drain) and the Al metallization (source). Here, we have tried to establish a link between the increase of the transistor resistance and the amount of delamination of the solder at the die attach on one side and to the evolution of grain size and intergranular grooving on the other. Concerning the Al grain size, we will show that this parameter can be taken as a fatigue marker only in definite regions of the metallization. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
State‐constrained stabilization of beam‐balance systems
Authors: Mahindrakar Arun D. , Sankaranarayanan V. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractWe present nonlinear control techniques to stabilize a beam‐balance system with state constraints. We consider two different actuator configurations: the first one is actuated by a cart moving on the beam, while in the second case, the actuation is by a single electromagnet. In the first case, the constrained stabilization problem is solvedviaan output feedback controller designed using feedback linearization, Luenberger‐like observer and linear matrix inequality based optimization. In the second case, a Lyapunov‐based controller is proposed that takes care of both the input and state constraints. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Concept and application of the usable volume for modelling the physical habitat of riverine organisms
Authors: Mouton Ans , Meixner Harald , Goethals Peter L. M. , De Pauw Niels , Mader Helmut 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMost physical habitat models such as PHABSIM (Physical HABitat SIMulation) calculate the Usable Area (UA) of the river surface or the riverbed as an indicator for the available habitat for a species of interest. Although these models have been widely applied, the three dimensionality of habitat hydraulics is increasingly being recognized as an essential issue for understanding the ecological needs of aquatic organisms. This paper describes the modular toolbox HaMoSOFT (Habitat Modelling SOFTware) which quantifies the available habitat as the Usable Volume (UV) for each class of depth, flow velocity, substrate and cover and for all possible class combinations. The toolbox was calibrated in an artificial river under laboratory conditions. Optimal grids for field sampling were defined by comparing model results based on reduced sampling densities. The UV of a natural river stretch, the Schwechat River in Austria, was analysed at different discharges to assess the impact of flow changes on model outputs. UA and UV percentages were modelled for five cross‐sectional datasets, one collected in the artificial river, one in the Zwalm River (Belgium) and three in the Schwechat River at different discharges. UA percentages appeared to be higher than those of UV for lower flow velocity classes in all natural rivers and for lower depth classes in all rivers. Analysis of the Usable Volumes for the three Schwechat River scenarios revealed the observed trends were independent of flow changes. The results indicate HaMoSOFT is an interesting tool to overcome some shortcomings of Weighted Usable Area (WUA) modelling. Since the UV method is a trade‐off between the practical needs for model application in river management and the complexity of the three‐dimensional hydraulic models, it may be a practical approach for realistic physical habitat quantification. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a process framework using principles of value‐based software engineering
Authors: Boehm Barry , Jain Apurva 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn this article we present a software process framework using the 4 + 1 theory and principles of value‐based software engineering (VBSE). The value‐based process framework serves as a 6‐step process guide, and explains critical interactions between the five theories in the 4 + 1 theory of value‐based software engineering. This article also applies the process framework to a supply chain organization through a case study analysis to illustrate its strength in practice. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Berechnung der Reibung und Tragkraft eines endlich breiten Gleitschuhes auf ebener Gleitbahn
Authors: Frössel W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractDie vorliegende Arbeit behandelt den dreidimensionalen Strömungsvorgang, wie er zwischen einem endlich breiten ebenen oder balligen Gleitschuh und einer ebenen Gleitbahn auftritt, wenn bei guter Schmierung zwischen beiden eine relative Geschwindigkeit herrscht. In der weiteren Auswertung der entwickelten Theorie wurden insbesondere die Trag‐ und Reibungskräfte für die genannten Gleitsysteme berechnet. Die Ergebnisse sind zur Erleichterung der Anwendung in Kurven dargestellt.
Zur Theorie der kompressiblen Potentialströmungen II. Intermediäre und singuläre Integrale der Grundgleichung der ebenen adiabatisch kompressiblen Potentialströmung
Authors: Behrbohm H. , Pinl M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMit Hilfe einer auf G. Boole zurückgehenden Methode gelingt die Integration der beiden “integrablen Kombination” der zur Grundgleichung der ebenen adiabatisch kompressiblen Potentialströmung gehörigen beiden Charakteristikensysteme. Damit sind zwei partielle Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung gewonnen, deren jede Lösung auch der Grundgleichung (zweiter Ordnung) für das Geschwindigkeitspotential des adiabatisch kompressiblen ebenen Strömungsproblems genügt (intermediäre Integrale).Die Integration dieser Differentialgleichungen erster Ordnung wird im nichtsingulären Falle nach Cauchys Charakteristikentheorie, im singulären Falle nach Lagranges Theorie des vollständigen Integrals durchgeführt. In beiden Fällen sind die Integralflächen z (x, y), welche das Geschwindigkeitspotential repräsentieren, Torsen. Im singulären Falle verschwindet die Schallgeschwindigkeit im Strömungsfeld, dagegen nicht im allgemeineren nichtsingulären Falle. Für spezielle Konstantenwahl gehen die Resultate der Untersuchung in mehr oder weniger bekannte Ergebnisse aus der Theorie der Minimalflächen über.
Der elastische Halbraum bei einer mechanischen Beeinflussung seiner Oberfläche (Zweidimensionales Problem)
Authors: Sauter Fritz 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIm Anschluß an die vorhergehende Arbeit wird nach der gleichen Methode die zweidimensionale Wellenausbreitung in einem elastischen Halbraum untersucht, dessen ebene Begrenzungsfläche unter dem Einfluß irgendwelcher (eindimensionaler) Oberflächenbeanspruchung steht. Bei stoßförmiger schneidenartiger Beanspruchung ergibt sich die erwartete und mehrfach beobachtete Stoßwellenausbreitung einschließlich der v. Schmidtschen Kopfwelle.
Bemerkungen zur Stabilisierung eines physikalischen Pendels. I
Authors: Haacke Wolfhart 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs werden die Stabilisierungsmöglichkeiten eines im Aufhängepunkt vertikal periodisch erschütterten Pendels gesucht. Es wird gezeigt, daß bei Betrachtung des Pendels als starren Körper nur die normale Gleichgewichtslage und die um π verschobene Lage stabil sein können, während bei Berücksichtigung der Elastizität sich eine schräge stabilisierte Lage ergibt.
Eine Fehlerabschätzung für die Verfahren von Adams und Störmer
Authors: Weissinger Johannes 
Published: May 2007

AbstractNach der in [4] entwickelten Methode werden die von G. Schulz angegebenen Fehlerabschätzungen für das Adamssche Interpolations‐ und das Störmersche Extrapolationsverfahren verschärft.
Die Strömung an einer angeblasenen rotierenden Scheibe
Authors: Schlichting H. , Truckenbrodt E. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird die laminare Strömung an einer rotierenden ebenen Scheibe berechnet, die gleichzeitig in Richtung der Drehachse angeströmt wird. Die Dicke der durch die Drehbewegung mitgeschleppten Schicht und damit auch das Drehmoment sind stark abhängig von dem Verhältnis der Anströmungsgeschwindigkeit zur Umfangsgeschwindigkeit.
Der Sonderschieber für Häufigkeitsrechnung
Authors: De Beauclair W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAn Hand von kennzeichnenden Beispielen wird gezeigt, daß der neuentwickelte Sonderschieber für Häufigkeitsrechnungen ein vielseitig und vorteilhaft brauchbares Hilfsmittel ist, das auch dem mit der Theorie der mathematischen Statistik nicht Vertrauten ohne große Mühe verständlich und dienlich ist, um jeden Versuchsbericht oder Erfahrungsniederschlag statistisch exakt zu formulieren und zu beurteilen.
Graphische Lösung von gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen mit nomographischen Hilfsmitteln
Authors: Richter W. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs wird ein allgemeines Verfahren angegeben, das gewisse gewöhnliche Differentialgleichungen erster und höherer Ordnung mit nomographischen Hilfsmitteln zu lösen gestattet und welches die bekannten Verfahren für deren graphische Integration (Alferov, Czuber, Heinrich, Mehmke, Sobotka, Willers) als Sonderfälle umfaßt. An Beispielen wird die praktische Anwendung gezeigt. Es wird auf Sonderfälle deß allgemeinen Verfahrens sowie auf die Möglichkeiten, nomographische Hilfsmittel noch weitgehender zu verwenden, hingewiesen.
Betrachtungen zur Analyse empirischer Funktionen
Authors: Mittmann Otfrid M. J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMan kann die einem empirischen Funktionsverlauf innewohnende Systematik klären, ohne vorher eine Hypothese über den Funktionstyp der systematischen Komponente zu machen, wenn man einem Faktum der lebendigen Wirklichkeit, der sog. „Erhaltungstendenz”︁, Rechnung trägt und den neuartigen Begriff einer stückweisen Systematik zur Hilfe nimmt. Die auffindbare Systematik stellt eine im ganzen betrachteten Argumentbereich mindestens vorhandene systematische Komponente dar.
Über die asymptotische Entwicklung der Hankelschen Funktionen für große positive Werte der Veränderlichen und des Zeigers
Authors: Lense J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEs werden zwei Verfahren angegeben, mit denen man die Schwierigkeiten vermeiden kann, die bei der Verwendung der Sattelpunktsmethode zur asymptotischen Entwicklung der Hankelschen Funktionen Hv(1) (x) und H(2)v (x) in dem Fall auftreten, wo x und v gleichzeitig so über alle Schranken wachsen, daß ihr Verhältnis x/v gleich einer positiven Konstanten < 1 ist. Dabei wird auf eine Beweislücke in dem Verfahren von Weyrich hingewiesen.
Detection of adulterated and misbranded olive oil products
Authors: Firestone D. , Summers J. L. , Reina R. J. , Adams W. S. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractThe Food and Drug Administration has been examining bulk and packaged olive oil products in a continuing program to detect adulteration of olive oil products. Thirteen of 20 products collected in 1983–84 labeled as olive oil contained undeclared esterified (synthetic) olive oil and four contained undeclared olive‐residue oil (derived from olive pomace and pits). Seven of 13 brands of imported olive oil contained undeclared esterified oil, suggesting that considerable quantities of esterified oil have been shipped to the United States identified as olive oil.
High yield monoglycerides preparation from glycidol and carboxylic acids
Authors: Zlatanos S. N. , Sagredos A. N. , Papageorgiou V. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractIn the present work we examined the reaction conditions that maximize the yield in monoglycerides (>90%) of 2,3‐epoxy‐1‐propanol (glycidol) reaction with carboxylic acids. Mono‐ and dicarboxylic acids of different chemical structures are used in this study. It was found that the reaction rate depends upon the temperature, the molar excess of glycidol, the structure and the length of the carbon chain of carboxylic acids. Further, the reaction is positively affected by the use of tetraethylammoniumiodide as catalyst. A technique is proposed to improve the glycidol method which appears to be very efficient for the continuous production of monoglycerides in high yields.
Preparation and characterization of derivatives of isoricinoleic acid and their antimicrobial activity
Authors: Ahmed S. M. , Ahmad Fasih , Osman S. M. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractMethylisoricinoleate (methyl‐9‐hydroxy‐cis‐12‐octadecenoate) (I) has been derivatized to yield new fatty acid derivatives analogous to those obtained from the ricinoleic acid of castor oil. These derivatives include 1,9‐dihydroxy‐12‐octadecene (II); 1,9‐diacetoxy‐12‐octadecene (III); 12,13‐epoxy‐1,9‐diacetoxyoctadecane (IV); 9‐cyanoethoxy‐1‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecene (V); 1‐morpholine‐9‐hydroxy‐12‐octadecene (VI), and 1‐morpholine‐9‐cyanoethoxy‐12‐octadecene (VII). Structures of these compounds were established by chemical and spectral data. The compounds V, VI and VII showed antifungal activity againstAlternaria sp.,Helminthosporium sp.,Penicillium citrinum, Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus ochraceous, A. flavus, A. niger, Actinomyces sp. andCladosporium harbarum.
Enzymatically produced flavors for fatty systems
Authors: Nelson John H. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractTechnology has been developed for the production of flavor systems via controlled enzyme modification of fats. Lipases and esterases from various sources are used. Fats modified include milk fat and meat fats. A wide range of flavor profiles can be produced via control of enzyme, fat and processing prior to and subsequent to enzyme modification. Applications for the flavor systems include margarine, imitation dairy products, confections and prepared foods.
Use of simplex experimental designs in detergent formulation
Authors: Narcy J. P. , Renaud J. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractResearch in the field of detergent formulation is deeply involved in the optimization of numerous detergent systems. The use of experimental designs in looking for optimal formulations can save a large amount of laboratory time. This paper describes a coherent strategy of use for a special class of simplex designs adapted from Scheffé's work. The technique applies to multicomponent systems, as they are generally met in detergent formulation. Proper designs provide polynomial equations and, in addition, convenient graphical representations that enable the chemist to predict responses for a wide range of mixtures. Calculations are easy. A computer may help for routine application of these designs, but is not strictly required. The method is illustrated by a problem in the solubilization of light duty liquid detergents and at the same time provides arguments for better use of statistics in formulation. Finally, this simplex method is positioned among some other statistical techniques dealing with mixture designs.
Analysis of whole beeswax by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Tulloch A. P. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatographic analysis of unfractionated beeswax (treated with diazomethane) using Dexsil 300 as liquid phase gives a good separation of hydrocarbons, free fatty acids as methyl esters, and long chain monoesters. These components can be estimated using internal standards and together account for ca. 65% of the wax. Petroleum hydrocarbon or fatty acid adulterants can be detected. Unsaturated hydrocarbons are partially resolved from the corresponding saturated compounds.
The removal of metals from edible oil by a membrane extraction procedure
Authors: Keurentjes J. T. F. , Bosklopper Th. G. J. , van Dorp L. J. , van’t Riet K. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractEdible oils may contain traces of metals. In oil refining procedures these metals have to be removed to guarantee oxidatively stable products. In this study we present a hollow fiber membrane extraction system for the removal of metals from an oil. Several extraction liquids were tested, of which an ammonia solution gives the best distribution coefficient (m=11.7). From mass transfer calculation it follows that the resistance to mass transfer in the extraction phase in the fiber wall can be neglected compared to the resistances in the oil phase inside the fibers and the extraction phase outside the fibers. A cost evaluation shows that such a membrane extraction can be profitable in conventional refining if more than 1.5% bleaching earth has to be added in surplus to remove metals.
Properties of the aqueous vesicle dispersion formed with poly(oxyethylene) hydrogenated castor oil
Authors: Tanaka Minako , Fukuda Hidenori , Horiuchi Teruo 
Published: May 2007

AbstractAssociated properties of the aqueous dispersion of poly(oxyethylene)hydrogenated castor oil ether(HCO‐10) were studied by means of polarized microscopy, freeze‐fractured electron microscopy, particle size analysis, ESR spin labelling and1H‐NMR spectra. A stable multilamellar vesicle with an average diameter of ca 0.4 μ is formed from the HCO‐10 concentration below 20 wt% whose phase shows a concentric lamella.The hydrophilic layer of the vesicle is more rigid than the hydrophobic core. The fluidity around the spin label 12NS incorporated in the HCO‐10 vesicle significantly decreased with temperature; however, both spin labels 5NS and 16NS did not change significantly.The mechanism of fluidity change with temperature was discussed in terms of the dehydration of ethylene oxide and the breakdown of hydrogen bonding in the HCO‐10 vesicle.
Chick edema factor: Removal from soybean oil
Authors: Mounts T. L. , Dutton H. J. , Evans C. D. , Cowan J. C. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractProcedures to remove 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin, a potent chick edema factor, have been evaluated in laboratory simulations of commercial deodorization, hydrogenation, and bleching. Soybean oil samples with 1–5 ppm concentrations of added 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin‐14C were assayed by liquid scintillation counting before and after processing treatments. Standard conditions of deodorizing were ineffective for removal of 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin; extreme conditions (300 C, 10 hr) reduced the concentration appreciably. Although hydrogenating the oil before deodorization improved 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin removal under standard conditions, the level of residue was still greater than acceptable. Treating the oil with activated bleaching clay according to the American Oil Chemists’ Society standard method was totally ineffective for 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzodioxin removal. Substituting either of two different activated carbons in the same procedure removed this contaminant from soybean oil.
Color characteristics and chemical analyses of oil from frost‐ and weather‐damaged soybeans
Authors: Macmillan Duncan , Melvin Eugene H. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryFrosted soybeans and oils from frost‐damaged soybeans were obtained from the farm and commercial sources. All soybeans used were classed as inferior, according to the Handbook of Official Grain Standards of the United States, with respect to both green and weather damage. Localities represented were Oklahoma, Mississippi, Illinois, and Iowa. Spectrophotometric measurements and visual comparisons were made to establish the green grades. If the necessary quantities of oils were available, the samples were refined and bleached; otherwise only the chemical analyses, green grading, and spectrophotometric measurements were made on the crude oils. Iodine values and free fatty acid were determined also.If a spectrophotometric method for the green grading of soybean oil were to be adopted, present indications are that the boundary between grades 1 and 2, comparable to the present N.S.P.A. grading system, should be at optical density 0.45 at 700 mμ, as measured in a 21.8 mm. I.D. tube in a Coleman Model 6B instrument, and that between grades 2 and 3 should be at optical density 0.58. It is recommended that duplicate systems of green grading be avoided.
Consistency changes in global spread caused by tempering
Authors: Hellman N. N. , Zobel H. F. , Senti F. R. 
Published: May 2007

SummaryGlobal edible spreads became firmer in consistency subsequent to their manufacture probably because slow deposition of monoglyceride in the supercooled mixture cemented existing aggregates together. Tempering global edible spread at 95°F. (35°C.) or above caused softening initially, followed by hardening on prolonged tempering. The higher the temperature in the range, 95°–130°F. (35°–54°C), the more rapid was the rate at which consistency changes occurred. Physical studies of spreads led to the conclusion that consistency changes were a consequence of recrystallization of solid components. Softening occurring in initial stages of tempering resulted from a) weakening of aggregate structure present in untempered spread and b) recrystallization of solids into more perfectly ordered and sharply defined crystals. Hardening after prolonged tempering resulted from furtherrecrystallization of solids into needlelike and platelike forms.
Amide plasticizers from safflower and tall oil derived fatty acids
Authors: Magne F. C. , Mod R. R. , Sumrell G. 
Published: May 2007

AbstractFatty acids derived from a high oleic strain of safflower seeds are eminently suited for the preparation of compatible and efficient N,N‐disubstituted fatty acid amide polyvinyl chloride plasticizers with low temperature properties in the adipate‐azelate range. N,N‐disubstituted amides of tall oil‐derived acids, Westvaco Type 1480, give comparable plasticizing performance. Polyvinyl chloride compositions plasticized with the hexachlorocyclopentadiene adduct of N,N‐dibutyloleamide show no soapy water extraction loss.