bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Artificial Defect Engineering in Three‐Dimensional Colloidal Photonic Crystals
Authors: Yan Q. , Wang L. , Zhao X. S. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractArtificial defect engineering in 3D colloidal photonic crystals is of paramount importance in terms of device applications. Over the past few years, we have carried out a great deal of research on introducing artificial defects, including point, line, and planar defects, in 3D colloidal photonic crystals by using “bottom‐up” self‐assembly in combination with “top‐down” micromachining techniques. In this Feature Article, we summarize our research results regarding the engineering of artificial defects in self‐assembled 3D photonic crystals, along with other important research breakthroughs in the literature. The significant advancements in the engineering of defects as reviewed here together with the encouraging reports on the fabrication of perfect colloidal crystals without unwanted defects will collectively lead to technological applications of self‐assembled 3D photonic crystals in the near future.
InGaP@ZnS‐Enriched Chitosan Nanoparticles: A Versatile Fluorescent Probe for Deep‐Tissue Imaging
Authors: Sandros M. G. , Behrendt M. , Maysinger D. , Tabrizian M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractInGaP QDs overcoated with several monolayers of ZnS are covalently bound to chitosan to address the challenges of developing highly biologically stable and fluorescent nanoparticle probes for deep‐tissue imaging. Transmission electron microscopy images reveal that the average diameter of these luminescent nanoparticles is approximately 29 nm, and they contain multiple InGaP@ZnS QDs that have an average diameter between 4 and 5 nm. These new InGaP@ZnS–chitosan nanoparticles emit near the near IR region at 670 nm and are able to penetrate three times deeper into tissue (e.g., even through a mouse skull) while revealing a higher uptake efficiency into PC12 cells with a robust signal. Additionally, a cell viability assay demonstrates that these new fluorescent nanoparticles have good biocompatibility and stability with PC12 cells and neural cells. As a result, these near‐IR‐emitting nanoparticles can be used for real‐time and deep‐tissue examination of diverse specimens, such as lymphatic organs, kidneys, hearts, and brains, while leaving the tissue intact.
Flocculation analysis and control system by laser diffractometry at industrial scale
Authors: Bizi Mohamed , Gaboriau Hervé 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe flocculant injection control system efficiency was evaluated on‐site in an aggregate quarry, by means of laser diffraction and analysis of the size and texture of flocs. The configuration of the feed tank and the laser particle size measurement cell installed at the facility (280,000 t/year of aggregates) allowed characterization of flocs with particle size between 4.2 and 3473 μm under hydrodynamic conditions that were highly favorable for the examination of large and very fragile flocs. Two days of analysis of the floc formation process along the path followed by the slurry showed that flocculation was optimal during standard operation of the facility when the flow rate of waste fines and concentrations of solids were close to those used to calibrate the flocculant injection control system. Conversely, when the concentration of solids in the flocculator feed slurry dropped by 57.3%, the flocculant dosing fluctuated during stabilization of the mechanism, the kinetics of flocculation slowed, the mean size of flocs arriving at the settling tank dropped by 69%, and the mode of smaller flocs shifted from 77.8 to 10.4 μm in relation to normal operation. On‐site analyses confirmed that the measurements made with laser diffraction (using a methodology developed in the laboratory) allow determination of the effects of conditioning on the characteristics of flocs in terms of particle size, porosity, density, and volume fraction in the slurry. Evolution of these characteristics according to the local parameters of conditioning (mean detention time, mean slurry velocity, and mean velocity gradient) provides a significant part of basic information necessary to a diagnosis of the operation of an industrial circuit of flocculation. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2008
A hitchhiker's guide to the older literature of descriptive teratology
Authors: Beckwith J. Bruce 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThough relatively neglected in the age of molecular biology, the older literature of teratology includes superb illustrations and descriptions of malformations, and other information of permanent value to science and medicine. Accessing that literature can be challenging, as most is in works that are rare, published in languages other than English, and not available in digital form. This article describes some valuable sources of information concerning the antiquarian literature of descriptive teratology. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oro‐facial‐digital syndrome IX with severe microcephaly: A new variant in a genetically isolated population
Authors: Erickson Robert P. , Bodensteiner John B. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe describe four patients, two pairs of siblings, with a somewhat unique oro‐facial‐digital syndrome. The siblings come from the Navajo population which has undergone several genetic “bottlenecks.” Thus, as would be anticipated, this syndrome seems to show autosomal recessive inheritance. The combination of the presence of retinal colobomata and the paucity of digital findings in these patients leads us to believe that their condition is best described as a variant of oro‐facial‐digital syndrome IX. In addition to retinal colobomata, these patients also show severe microcephaly, mental retardation and short stature. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Syndromic craniosynostosis due to complex chromosome 5 rearrangement andMSX2gene triplication
Authors: Bernardini Laura , Castori Marco , Capalbo Anna , Mokini Vahe , Mingarelli Rita , Simi Paolo , Bertuccelli Alice , Novelli Antonio , Dallapiccola Bruno 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCraniosynostosis is a common birth defect (∼1/3,000 births) resulting from chromosome imbalances, gene mutations or unknown causes. We report a 6‐month‐old female with multiple sutural synostosis and prenatal onset growth deficiency, developmental delay, facial dysmorphism, congenital heart defect, and inguinal hernia. An integrated approach of standard cytogenetics, mBAND, locus‐specific FISH, and 75 kb resolution array‐CGH disclosed a complex chromosome 5 rearrangement, resulting in 3 paracentric inversions, 2 between‐arm insertions, and partial duplication of 5q35. An extra copy of theMSX2gene, which maps within the duplicated segment and is mutated in Boston‐type craniosynostosis, was confirmed by molecular cytogenetic studies. Our study confirms that early fusion of cranial sutures commonly observed in the dup(5q) syndrome is caused by triplication of theMSX2gene and strongly supports the crucial role of this gene in the development of craniofacial structures. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Testing the quality of nonadult Bayesian dental age assessment methods to juvenile skeletal remains: The Lisbon collection children and secular trend effects
Authors: Heuzé Yann , Cardoso Hugo F.V. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractAge estimation of nonadult skeletons from archaeological or forensic contexts has relied heavily on modern schedules of dental formation developed on samples of children of affluent populations. Although genetic factors have been considered to have had the greatest influence on population differences in dental development, increased interest has been placed on the role of environmental influences, such as differences in socioeconomic status and secular trends. This study evaluates the quality (i.e., accuracy and reliability) of two Bayesian dental age estimation methods to a sample of identified child skeletons from the Lisbon collection (20th century Portugal). The two Bayesian methods are developed on a reference sample of modern children from France, Ivory Coast, Iran, and Morocco. The test sample from Lisbon, compared to the reference sample, is separated by over 50 years of secular trends and comprises a lower socioeconomic segment. The two Bayesian methods show that the Lisbon children are consistently 1‐year behind in dental age compared to the modern children of the reference sample. Environmental factors largely explain the differences between dental and chronological age in historic samples of nonadults. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stature in archeological samples from central Italy: Methodological issues and diachronic changes
Authors: Giannecchini Monica , Moggi‐Cecchi Jacopo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractStature reconstructions from skeletal remains are usually obtained through regression equations based on the relationship between height and limb bone length. Different equations have been employed to reconstruct stature in skeletal samples, but this is the first study to provide a systematic analysis of the reliability of the different methods for Italian historical samples. Aims of this article are: 1) to analyze the reliability of different regression methods to estimate stature for populations living in Central Italy from the Iron Age to Medieval times; 2) to search for trends in stature over this time period by applying the most reliable regression method. Long bone measurements were collected from 1,021 individuals (560 males, 461 females), from 66 archeological sites for males and 54 for females. Three time periods were identified: Iron Age, Roman period, and Medieval period. To determine the most appropriate equation to reconstruct stature the Delta parameter of Gini (Memorie di metodologia statistica. Milano: Giuffre A. 1939), in which stature estimates derived from different limb bones are compared, was employed. The equations proposed by Pearson (Philos Trans R Soc London 192 (1899) 169–244) and Trotter and Gleser for Afro‐Americans (Am J Phys Anthropol 10 (1952) 463–514; Am J Phys Anthropol 47 (1977) 355–356) provided the most consistent estimates when applied to our sample. We then used the equation by Pearson for further analyses. Results indicate a reduction in stature in the transition from the Iron Age to the Roman period, and a subsequent increase in the transition from the Roman period to the Medieval period. Changes of limb lengths over time were more pronounced in the distal than in the proximal elements in both limbs. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Melt‐state miscibility of poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) and linear polyethylene
Authors: Shin Kyusoon , Nam Byeong Uk , Bang Joona , Jho Jae Young 
Published: November 2007

AbstractOn purpose to examine the effect of branch length on the miscibility of polyolefin blends, miscibility behavior of linear polyethylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) blend was studied and compared to that of linear polyethylene/poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐butene) blend. Miscibility of the blend was determined by observing the morphology quenched from the melt, and by using the relation between interaction parameter and copolymer composition. When the weight composition and molecular weight was the same, poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐octene) was slightly more miscible with linear polyethylene than poly(ethylene‐co‐1‐butene) was. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Conductive polymer composite materials and their utility in electromagnetic shielding applications
Authors: Fox Richard T. , Wani Vijay , Howard Kevin E. , Bogle Andrew , Kempel Leo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCommercial electronic devices require shielding solutions that ensure electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) while accounting for effects of specific enclosure structural features such as seams, vents, and port dimensions. In practice, suitable EMC materials combine with the device operating characteristics to determine an overall shielding response. To optimally couple plastic design practices with EMC requirements, both polymer materials science and electrical engineering concepts, must be considered. Use of extrinsically conductive polymer (ECP) formulations for electronic applications has advantages in that they can be directly molded to a desired shape and serve to provide the necessary shielding while also meeting mechanical integrity requirements. Shielding and mechanical performance can be varied via filler loading or altered through wall thickness changes to satisfy demands associated with a particular device. Injection‐moldable ECP polycarbonate‐based formulations can attain average shielding effectiveness (SE) levels of ∼50–60 dB through 2 GHz at 2‐mm thickness as measured using ASTM D 4935 procedures. These values vary with thickness, and SE improvements of ∼10–20 dB are observed when increasing from 1 to 2 mm. Additionally, resultant mechanical properties of shielding composites are strong functions of overall fiber content. These interrelated material and shielding characteristics, which form the basis for filled conductive polymer use within practical enclosure shielding designs, are described. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Direct grafting of ε‐caprolactone on solid core/mesoporous shell silica spheres by surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization
Authors: Moon Jin‐Ho , Ramaraj B. , Lee Soo Min , Yoon Kuk Ro 
Published: November 2007

AbstractPoly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PCL) was formed on Solid core/mesoporous shell (SCMS) silica surface by surface‐initiated ring‐opening polymerization (SI‐ROP). The SI‐ROP of ϵ‐caprolactone was achieved by heating a mixture of SCMS silica, ϵ‐caprolactone and the tin(II) 2‐ethylhexanoate [Sn(Oct)2] in a anhydrous toluene for 20 h at different temperatures viz. 40, 60, and 80°C. The PCL grafted SCMS silica was characterized by fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X‐ray, differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The FTIR spectroscopic analysis reveals the formation of ester linkage between PCL and hydroxyl terminated SCMS silica. TGA investigation shows increase in PCL content on SCMS silica surface with increase in reaction temperature. The SEM photographs clearly show the formation of PCL polymer on the SCMS silica surface without altering the spherical nature of SCMS silica. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Effect of mixing conditions on the rheological and optical properties of chemically modified poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene isophthalate)
Authors: Yamaguchi Masayuki , Wakabayashi Takashi , Kanoh Taichi 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe optical properties and rheological properties were studied for binary reactive blends composed of poly(ethylene terephthalate‐co‐ethylene isophthalate) [P(ET–EI)] and a styrene–acrylate based copolymer with glycidyl functionality. The blade rotation speed in the internal mixer greatly affected the structure and properties for the blend system. Intensive mixing at a high rotation speed enhanced the optical transparency because of the reduced particle size of the dispersed phase. The graft copolymer generated by the reaction between P(ET–EI) and the modifier was responsible for the fine morphology. Furthermore, the copolymer also enhanced the elastic nature in the molten state because it acted as a long‐chain branched polymer. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2008
The effect of crosslinker structure upon the rate of hydroperoxide formation in dried, crosslinked poly(vinylpyrrolidone)
Authors: Tallon M. A. , Malawer E. G. , Machnicki N. I. , Brush P. J. , Wu C. S. , Cullen J. P. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe hydroperoxide levels of two commercial types of crosslinked poly(vinylpolypyrrolidinone) (or crospovidone) disintegrants were studied as a function of time and temperature using the titanyl sulfate titration method. It was noted that the two crospovidone types exhibited significantly different rates of hydroperoxide buildup and that this difference increases with increasing temperature. While the chemical and physical structures of these commercial types are essentially the same, they are known to be different with respect to their crosslinkers which represent nominally 2% of the total mass. These crosslinkers are 3‐ethylidene‐N‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone and N,N′‐divinylimidazolidinone. While both contain lactam type rings, the latter possesses two nitrogen atoms versus one in the former. It was hypothesized that this difference in the number of heteroatoms results in a greater susceptibility to oxidative attack at carbon positions vicinal to these nitrogen atoms. To test this hypothesis, model compounds representing the two crosslinker ring structures were subjected to oxidative attack and analyzed for hydroperoxide buildup over time and at several temperatures. The results of the model compound study were consistent with the observations made for hydroperoxide buildup in the corresponding crospovidone types thereby supporting this hypothesis. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Molecular and structural characterization of a trypsin highly expressed in larval stage of Zabrotes subfasciatus
Authors: Magalhães Cláudio P. , Fragoso Rodrigo R. , Souza Djair S.L. , Barbosa Aulus E.A.D. , Silva Carlos P. , Finardi‐Filho Flávio , Da Silva Maria C.M. , Rocha Thales L. , Franco Octavio L. , Grossi‐De‐Sa Maria F. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe Mexican bean weevil, Zabrotes subfasciatus, feeds on several seeds such as Vigna unguiculata, Phaseolus vulgaris, and Pisum sativum, causing severe crop losses. This ability to obtain essential compounds from different diets could possibly be explained due to a wide variability of digestive proteinases present in the weevil's midgut. These may improve digestion of many different dietary proteins. Coleopteran serine‐like proteinases have not been thoroughly characterized at the molecular level. In this report, a full‐length cDNA encoding a trypsin‐like protein, named ZsTRYP, was isolated from Z. subfasciatus larvae using RT‐PCR, 5′ and 3′ RACE techniques. The quantitative real‐time PCR analysis strongly correlated the Zstryp transcript accumulation to the major feeding developmental larval stage. Zstryp cDNA was subcloned into pET101 vector and expressed in a Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) strain. Nickel‐nitrilotriacetic acid (Ni‐NTA) affinity chromatography was used to purify a 29.0‐kDa recombinant enzyme. The purified ZsTRYP was then assayed with several synthetic peptide substrates and also challenged with different inhibitors. The biochemical data allowed us to classify ZsTRYP as a trypsin. Moreover, homology modeling analysis indicated a typical trypsin structural core and a conserved catalytic triad (His41, Asp86, and Ser182). Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 66:169–182, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identifying work preferences among supported workers with severe disabilities: efficiency and accuracy of a preference‐assessment protocol
Authors: Reid Dennis H. , Parsons Marsha B. , Towery Donna , Lattimore L. Perry , Green Carolyn W. , Brackett Leah 
Published: November 2007

AbstractDespite considerable research on assessing preferences among people with severe disabilities, relatively little investigatory attention has been directed to preferences in supported work situations. We evaluated a protocol for identifying work preferences among adults with severe disabilities in supported jobs. The protocol involved obtaining opinions of support staff regarding most and least preferred tasks of a supported worker, conducting a multi‐task preference assessment and then if necessary, a paired‐task assessment for workers for whom the former assessment did not reveal work preferences. For the 12 participating workers, the multi‐task assessment revealed preferences for 7 of the workers and subsequently, the paired‐task assessment revealed preferences for 4 of the 5 remaining workers. The former assessment required 40% less time than the latter. Staff opinion required much less time to obtain, but accurately identified preferences (based on validation through systematic assessment) only somewhat consistently. Results are discussed regarding guidelines for efficiently identifying supported work preferences, and future research areas are noted for developing more definitive guidelines. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of a high‐probability instructional sequence to increase compliance to feeding demands in the absence of escape extinction
Authors: Patel Meeta , Reed Gregory K. , Piazza Cathleen C. , Mueller Michael , Bachmeyer Melanie H. , Layer Stacy A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of a high‐probability (high‐p) instructional sequence on the feeding‐related compliance (food acceptance) of a young boy diagnosed with a feeding disorder. The high‐p sequence consisted of three presentations of an empty spoon; the low‐probability (low‐p) instruction was the presentation of a spoon with food. Results showed that acceptance of food increased in the presence and not the absence of the high‐p sequence. Data are discussed in terms of the role of high‐p instructional sequences in the treatment of feeding problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How to create successful discussions in science classrooms
Authors: Grover Neena 
Published: November 2007

AbstractProfessors often expect students to have the skills that are necessary to participate in discussions. Students, on the other hand, have been trained to glean information from the lecture format; their prior experiences in discussions are likely to be limited to personal opinions on topics such as stem–cell research or evolution. Sudden changes in expectations are jarring and unwelcome at any stage of life but especially when it affects our performance. Thus, bringing any new pedagogy into the classroom has to come with proper preparation for both the students and the faculty. Here, I present my guidelines for bringing discussions into small classrooms. A great deal of structure and preparation are needed to make a discussion‐based class successful. To teach using a discussion‐based format requires creating pedagogical links to every aspect of the course. It requires changing not only what we teach but also what we value. Various components that are needed for a successful discussion‐based course are outlined here.
Bridging the educational research‐teaching practice gap
Authors: Anderson Trevor R. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractStudent assessment, in all its forms, is central to the educational process. In this paper in the series, “Bridging the Gap”, I describe how assessment can be used as a powerful instrument for influencing how and what students learn and how and what instructors teach in a manner that is conducive to educationally sound curriculum change and improvement. In this way assessment is seen as a useful strategy for colleagues interested in bridging the gap between educational research and its application in teaching practice.