bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐operative pain management: a literature review
Authors: KITSON ALISON 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The appropriateness of any set of criteria generated to measure the quality of a particular intervention is dependent upon a thorough, up‐to‐date assessment of the current state‐of‐the‐art. Few areas in nursing have received as much research attention as that of pain control, particularly post‐operative pain control.
The following review of the literature* on this subject complements earlier reviews undertaken by Seers (1988) by organizing the information according to four distinct categories, namely environmental issues, nursing actions, patient outcomes and a review of a number of pain measures. This particular format was selected in order to help in the development of structure, process and outcome criteria on the topic of post‐operative pain management.
The section on measurement is to inform practitioners about pain‐assessment charts and provide ideas about auditing this area.
The use of complementary and alternative therapies in health care: a selective review of the literature and discussion of the implications for nurse practitioners and health‐care managers
Authors: GATES BOB 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Much has been written concerning the use of complementary and alternative therapies in health care. It is the author's belief that much of the current debate exists within a context of little knowledge of the research concerning these therapies. Because of this lack of knowledge, nursing practice may not be informed and/or directed by research.
Despite guidance from the UKCC (1992) nurses need to ensure that their position regarding these therapies is based upon a judicious review of the literature and carefully crafted and reasoned actions.
Cognitive therapy as a tool for caring for the elderly confused person
Authors: HITCH SALLY 
Published: November 2007

Summary

With the increase in the numbers of elderly people, methods to improve the quality of life for this population has never been more relevant. As the primary carers for this group of people, nurses are likely to be faced with this task.
Cognitive therapies such as reality orientation, validation, reminiscence and life review, can help to maintain or improve aspects of cognitive or behavioural functioning for the elderly confused.
If this in turn can increase life satisfaction for those elderly suffering from dementia then cognitive therapies must be addressed as means to improve individual quality of life.
Existing research otters contradictory evidence as to the practical application and usefulness of such therapies. More substantial research must be undertaken in the area, addressing nursing perspectives with regards to the implementation of cognitive therapies.
The author maintains that the cognitive therapies discussed in this paper have great potential for use within care of the elderly and despite controversial research results, can help to maintain or improve the quality of life for the elderly confused.
The assessment and management of post‐operative pain in children by registered sick children's nurses: an exploratory study
Authors: NETHERCOTT SALLY G. 
Published: November 2007

Summary

In a small exploratory study, convenience samples of registered sick children's nurses (RSCNs), parents and children were interviewed to establish their perceptions of post‐operative pain assessment and management.
Many of the findings of previous researchers were confirmed.
Nurses and parents made judgements of pain using behavioural cues.
The administration of analgesia depended on the nurse's personal interpretation of the prescription.
The efficacy of analgesia was influenced by the organization of nursing care.
When a vulnerable patient absconds
Authors: ASPINALL PHILLIP 
Published: November 2007

Summary

This case‐study examines the nurse's role when a patient at risk absconds.
It highlights possible weaknesses in the system for dealing with absconding patients who are so cognitively and emotionally impaired, that they may present a danger to themselves.
The issues of patient identification and stigmatization are raised along with the possible conflict this may cause in psychiatric nurses.
Recommendations for care at ward level are made, including asking the vulnerable patient to wear an identity bracelet and the instigation of a prepared action plan which involves engaging the help of outside agencies should a patient abscond.
The management and development of continence services within the framework of the NHS and Community Care Act (1990)
Authors: SWAFFIELD JEAN 
Published: November 2007

Summary

The current context of community health care is described and the main issues concerning the development of continuity of care for the handicapped and elderly raised. Changes in philosophical and governmental approaches have coincided at a time of demographic changes that is resulting in increased numbers of elderly.
Continence services are used as a vehicle in order to demonstrate the need for protocols, systems and evaluation measures across community care team boundaries. Current government decisions and reports are interwoven within the text with professional considerations and other requirements for decision making.
The proactive approach offered in this paper for continence services, is also seen as important to other specialist services, such as stoma and diabetes care so that standards of patient care arc improved‐these being evaluated by approved quality care tools.
Community psychiatric nurses for the elderly: well tolerated, few side‐effects and effective in the treatment of depression
Authors: WATERREUS ANNA , BLANCHARD MARTIN , MANN ANTHONY 
Published: November 2007

Summary

Depression in elderly people is a common yet treatable psychiatric problem.
The Gospel Oak depression study researched this much overlooked group and has shown that a community psychiatric nurse (CPN) was able significantly to improve the mental state of depressed elderly people.
A multifaceted package of care was co‐ordinated and delivered by one CPN over a study period of 3 months.
A detailed account is given of those interventions implemented, highlighting those which were of most benefit for the patient.
Outcome was assessed independently and it was found that those patients allocated to CPN care improved significantly compared to the non‐intervention control group.
Ways in which nurses can enhance care given to patients in the community are discussed.
The distribution of Quercus suber chloroplast haplotypes matches the palaeogeographical history of the western Mediterranean
Authors: MAGRI D. , FINESCHI S. , BELLAROSA R. , BUONAMICI A. , SEBASTIANI F. , SCHIRONE B. , SIMEONE M. C. , VENDRAMIN G. G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCombining molecular analyses with geological and palaeontological data may reveal timing and modes for the divergence of lineages within species. The Mediterranean Basin is particularly appropriate for this kind of multidisciplinary studies, because of its complex geological history and biological diversity. Here, we investigated chloroplast DNA of Quercus suber populations in order to detect possible relationships between their geographical distribution and the palaeogeographical history of the western Mediterranean domain. We analysed 110 cork oak populations, covering the whole distribution range of the species, by 14 chloroplast microsatellite markers, among which eight displayed variation among populations. We identified five haplotypes whose distribution is clearly geographically structured. Results demonstrated that cork oak populations have undergone a genetic drift geographically consistent with the Oligocene and Miocene break‐up events of the European–Iberian continental margin and suggested that they have persisted in a number of separate microplates, currently found in Tunisia, Sardinia, Corsica, and Provence, without detectable chloroplast DNA modifications for a time span of over 15 million years. A similar distribution pattern of mitochondrial DNA of Pinus pinaster supports the hypothesis of such long‐term persistence, in spite of Quaternary climate oscillations and of isolation due to insularity, and suggests that part of the modern geographical structure of Mediterranean populations may be traced back to the Tertiary history of taxa.
Transatlantic Catholicism: Rethinking the Nature of the Catholic Tradition in the Early Modern Period
Authors: Armstrong Megan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractRecent scholarship makes a case for examining the Atlantic world as a Catholic space throughout the Early Modern period. The Catholic Church was the most expansive and broadly flung of the different religious institutions in the West throughout the Early Modern period. For better or worse, the Catholic spiritual tradition was also a critical force in shaping cultures on both sides of the ocean, and it was also itself informed by the many cultures it encountered. While historians on both sides of the Atlantic remain region‐centric in their focus, this article will suggest that a comparative examination of the Catholic tradition in a broader cultural context will best shed light on the resiliency of this tradition in an age of spiritual upheaval.
Characterization and Dynamics of Middle Ear Fluid and Nasopharyngeal Isolates of
Streptococcus pneumoniae
from 12 Children Treated with Levofloxacin
Authors: Davies Todd A. , Leibovitz Eugene , Noel Gary J. , McNeeley David F. , Bush Karen , Dagan Ron 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Children who had acute otitis media and were treated with levofloxacin were assessed for the emergence of fluoroquinolone-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. Nasopharynx cultures were obtained from patients at the entry to and during levofloxacin therapy. All nasopharynx isolates (
n
= 59) from 12 children were levofloxacin susceptible without
parC/E
or
gyrA/B
mutations. Pneumococcal nasopharynx persistence was not associated with levofloxacin resistance.
Familiarity and mating behavior in the subterranean rodent Ctenomys talarum (tuco-tuco)
Authors: Zenuto Roxana R. , Estavillo Candelaria , Fanjul María Sol 
Published: November 2007

Biological odors that convey cues regarding individual identity are known to alter mating behavior in some rodents. Deposition of chemical signals by males on the substrate could give females information about their neighbors’ identity and allow familiarization with their odors. This study tested whether familiarization of females with conspecific male odors affects mating behavior in Ctenomys talarum Thomas, 1898, facilitating mating as a consequence of a decrease in aggressive behavior and an increase in sexual behavior. Tuco-tucos are solitary subterranean rodents that occupy and defend adjacent burrows. Both sexes usually scent-mark burrow openings, providing odor signals to neighbors during their aboveground patrolling and foraging activities. Hence, familiarity by odor cues may represent an important mechanism that mediates neighbor recognition and probably mate selection. In this study, familiarity was established by housing females with male odors for 8 days. In C. talarum, individual recognition by olfactory cues may reduce mating costs when pairing with neighbors, since females showed low aggression towards familiar males and copulations were not repeated in consecutive days. Females that were not exposed to male odors were more aggressive, but surprisingly these pairs copulated repeatedly.
Multicentric Castleman disease is associated with polyfunctional effector memory HHV-8–specific CD8+ T cells
Authors: Guihot Amélie , Oksenhendler Eric , Galicier Lionel , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Papagno Laura , Bedin Anne-Sophie , Agbalika Félix , Dupin Nicolas , Cadranel Jacques , Autran Brigitte , Carcelain Guislaine 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMulticentric Castleman disease (MCD) is a devastating human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8)–related lymphoproliferative disorder that occurs in immunocompromised persons. To determine the role of immune responses in MCD, we studied the frequency, antigenic repertoire, differentiation, and functional profile of HHV-8–specific CD8+ T cells in MCD patients and in human immunodeficiency virus–coinfected asymptomatic HHV-8 carriers (AC). Screening CD8+ T-cell responses with ELISpot interferon-γ (IFN-γ) assays using 56 peptides on 6 latent and lytic HHV-8 proteins showed that MCD and AC patients had responses of similar magnitude and antigenic repertoire and identified a new 10-mer human leukocyte antigen B7 CD8 epitope in K15. Intracellular IFN-γ staining showed significantly more CD45RA−CCR7−CD27− CD8+IFN-γ+ cells (late phenotype) and significantly fewer CCR7−CD27+CD45RA− cells (early and intermediate phenotype) in MCD than in AC patients. This phenotypic shift was not found for Epstein-Barr virus–specific CD8+ T cells tested as controls. HHV-8 viral loads were negatively correlated with early and intermediate effector memory cells. HHV-8–specific T cells were polyfunctional (secretion of IFN-γ, tumor necrosis factor-α, macrophage inflammatory protein-1β, and/or CD107a) in both MCD and AC patients. In conclusion, MCD is not associated with a lack of HHV-8–specific CD8+ T cells or limitation of their functional profile. Their differentiation increases with HHV-8 viral load. These results offer new insight into the pathophysiology of MCD.
Outcomes in CCG-2961, a Children's Oncology Group Phase 3 Trial for untreated pediatric acute myeloid leukemia: a report from the Children's Oncology Group
Authors: Lange Beverly J. , Smith Franklin O. , Feusner James , Barnard Dorothy R. , Dinndorf Patricia , Feig Stephen , Heerema Nyla A. , Arndt Carola , Arceci Robert J. , Seibel Nita , Weiman Margie , Dusenbery Kathryn , Shannon Kevin , Luna-Fineman Sandra , Gerbing Robert B. , Alonzo Todd A. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCCG-2961 incorporated 3 new agents, idarubicin, fludarabine and interleukin-2, into a phase 3 AML trial using intensive-timing remission induction/consolidation and related donor marrow transplantation or high-dose cytarabine intensifi-cation. Among 901 patients under age 21 years, 5-year survival was 52%, and event-free survival was 42%. Survival improved from 44% between 1996 and 1998 to 58% between 2000 and 2002 (P = .005), and treatment-related mortality declined from 19% to 12% (P = .025). Partial replacement of daunomycin with idarubicin in the 5-drug induction combination achieved a remission rate of 88%, similar to historical controls. Postremission survival was 56% in patients randomized to either 5-drug reinduction or fludarabine/cytarabine/idarubicin. For patients with or without a related donor, respective 5-year disease-free survival was 61% and 50% (P = .021); respective survival was 68% and 62% (P = .425). Donor availability conferred no benefit on those with inv(16) or t(8;21) cytogenetics. After cytarabine intensification, patients randomized to interleukin-2 or none experienced similar outcomes. Factors predictive of inferior survival were age more than 16 years, non-white ethnicity, absence of related donor, obesity, white blood cell count more than 100 000 × 109/L, −7/7q−, −5/5q−, and/or complex karyotype. No new agent improved outcomes; experience may have contributed to better results time.
Development of an allele-specific minimal residual disease assay for patients with juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia
Authors: Archambeault Sophie , Flores Nikki J. , Yoshimi Ayami , Kratz Christian P. , Reising Miriam , Fischer Alexandra , Noellke Peter , Locatelli Franco , Sedlacek Petr , Flotho Christian , Zecca Marco , Emanuel Peter D. , Castleberry Robert P. , Niemeyer Charlotte M. , Bader Peter , Loh Mignon L. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractJuvenile myelomonocytic leukemia is an aggressive and frequently lethal myeloproliferative disorder of childhood. Somatic mutations in NRAS, KRAS, or PTPN11 occur in 60% of cases. Monitoring disease status is difficult because of the lack of characteristic leukemic blasts at diagnosis. We designed a fluorescently based, allele-specific polymerase chain reaction assay called TaqMAMA to detect the most common RAS or PTPN11 mutations. We analyzed peripheral blood and/or bone marrow of 25 patients for levels of mutant alleles over time. Analysis of pre–hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, samples revealed a broad distribution of the quantity of the mutant alleles. After hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, the level of the mutant allele rose rapidly in patients who relapsed and correlated well with falling donor chimerism. Simultaneously analyzed peripheral blood and bone marrow samples demonstrate that blood can be monitored for residual disease. Importantly, these assays provide a sensitive strategy to evaluate molecular responses to new therapeutic strategies.
Patterns of airway inflammation and MMP-12 expression in smokers and ex-smokers with COPD
Authors: Babusyte Agne , Stravinskaite Kristina , Jeroch Jolanta , Lötvall Jan , Sakalauskas Raimundas , Sitkauskiene Brigita 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Smoking activates and recruits inflammatory cells and proteases to the airways. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-12 may be a key mediator in smoke induced emphysema. However, the influence of smoking and its cessation on airway inflammation and MMP-12 expression during COPD is still unknown. We aimed to analyse airway inflammatory cell patterns in induced sputum (IS) and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from COPD patients who are active smokers and who have ceased smoking >2 years ago.

Methods
39 COPD outpatients – smokers (n = 22) and ex-smokers (n = 17) were studied. 8 'healthy' smokers and 11 healthy never-smokers were tested as the control groups. IS and BAL samples were obtained for differential and MMP-12+-macrophages count analysis.

Results
The number of IS neutrophils was higher in both COPD groups compared to both controls. The amount of BAL neutrophils was higher in COPD smokers compared to healthy never-smokers. The number of BAL MMP-12+-macrophages was higher in COPD smokers (1.6 ± 0.3 × 106/ml) compared to COPD ex-smokers, 'healthy' smokers and healthy never-smokers (0.9 ± 0.4, 0.4 ± 0.2, 0.2 ± 0.1 × 106/ml respectively, p < 0.05).

Conclusion
The lower amount of BAL neutrophils in COPD ex-smokers, compared to COPD smokers, suggests positive alterations in alveolar compartment after smoking cessation. Smoking and disease itself may stimulate MMP-12 expression in airway compartments (IS and BAL) from COPD patients.
Revealing biases inherent in recombination protocols
Authors: Chaparro-Riggers Javier F , Loo Bernard LW , Polizzi Karen M , Gibbs Phillip R , Tang Xiao-Song , Nelson Mark J , Bommarius Andreas S 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
The recombination of homologous genes is an effective protein engineering tool to evolve proteins. DNA shuffling by gene fragmentation and reassembly has dominated the literature since its first publication, but this fragmentation-based method is labor intensive. Recently, a fragmentation-free PCR based protocol has been published, termed recombination-dependent PCR, which is easy to perform. However, a detailed comparison of both methods is still missing.

Results
We developed different test systems to compare and reveal biases from DNA shuffling and recombination-dependent PCR (RD-PCR), a StEP-like recombination protocol. An assay based on the reactivation of β-lactamase was developed to simulate the recombination of point mutations. Both protocols performed similarly here, with slight advantages for RD-PCR. However, clear differences in the performance of the recombination protocols were observed when applied to homologous genes of varying DNA identities. Most importantly, the recombination-dependent PCR showed a less pronounced bias of the crossovers in regions with high sequence identity. We discovered that template variations, including engineered terminal truncations, have significant influence on the position of the crossovers in the recombination-dependent PCR. In comparison, DNA shuffling can produce higher crossover numbers, while the recombination-dependent PCR frequently results in one crossover. Lastly, DNA shuffling and recombination-dependent PCR both produce counter-productive variants such as parental sequences and have chimeras that are over-represented in a library, respectively. Lastly, only RD-PCR yielded chimeras in the low homology situation of GFP/mRFP (45% DNA identity level).

Conclusion
By comparing different recombination scenarios, this study expands on existing recombination knowledge and sheds new light on known biases, which should improve library-creation efforts. It could be shown that the recombination-dependent PCR is an easy to perform alternative to DNA shuffling.
High risk HPV types 18 and 16 are potent modulators of oral squamous cell carcinoma phenotypes in vitro
Authors: Reddout Nicole , Christensen Todd , Bunnell Anthony , Jensen Dayne , Johnson Devin , O'Malley Susan , Kingsley Karl 
Published: November 2007

Abstract

Background
Human papillomavirus (HPV) has been confirmed as the primary etiological factor that transforms cervical epithelia into cancer. The presence of HPV in oral cancers suggests that HPV may play a similar role in transforming the oral epithelia. A high degree of variability in the prevalence of HPV in oral cancers has been found, however, raising questions regarding its role in the transformation and development of oral cancers. The goal of this study was to test our hypothesis that high-risk HPV strains HPV16 and HPV18 will alter the phenotype of transformed oral squamous cell carcinoma cell lines, CAL27, SCC-15 and SCC-25 in vitro.

Results
CAL27 cells transfected with HPV18, HPV16, as well as HPV16/18 co-transfectants, demonstrated significant increases in proliferation, adhesion and cell spreading compared with non-transfected controls. These observed differences were correlated with a small level of increased cell survival. SCC-15 cells, however, displayed a differential response to HPV transfection, with only HPV18-transfectants demonstrated changes to proliferation. Interestingly, SCC-25 cells displayed a more complex response, with HPV16-induced increases in cell proliferation, viability and cell spreading, while HPV18- and 16/18-transfectants exhibited reduced adhesion and proliferation.

Conclusion
Determining the potential of specific high-risk HPV strains to alter phenotypic behaviors of already transformed oral carcinomas is a critical step in providing more accurate prognosis and treatment options for oral cancer patients. The identification of differential responses to specific HPV strains among oral cancers suggests a more significant, complex and multifactorial role of HPV, not only in transforming, but also in modulating, the phenotype and treatment responsiveness of precancerous and cancerous oral lesions. This study provides some of the first evidence to help identify the important molecular markers for pathways that could be used to determine the most effective and appropriate treatment plans for oral cancer patients with concomitant oral HPV infections.