bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rapid equilibrium extraction of rice bran oil at ambient temperature
Authors: Proctor A. , Jackson V. M. , Scott M. , Clark P. K. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractRapid equilibrium extraction of soybean flour has been effective in obtaining an oil with reduced phospholipid content. This technique was examined to obtain a low phospholipid and low free fatty acid rice bran oil (RBO). The amount of RBO extracted with hexane from 1 g of rice bran at 22°C was measured over a 10‐min period. The amount of oil extracted from variable amounts of bran with a fixed volume of solvent was also studied. Ninety percent of the oil was extracted in one minute, with 93% of the total RBO being extracted after ten minutes. This compares with the 98% yield obtained from soy flour, but increasing the amount of bran used did not reduce the extraction rate. This extraction method produced a good quality RBO with low phospholipid, low free fatty acid and low peroxide values.
Factors governing the extent of overoxidation in permanganate oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Selvaraj Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe extent of overoxidation of half‐esters of dicarboxylic acids is governed mainly by the nature and proportions of the oxidizing agent employed and not by reaction temperatures. In procedures which produce overoxidation, this occurs mainly at the time of the scission of the double bonds and no method is known to prevent it. The acetone permanganate procedure overoxidizes monocarboxylic acids (MCA), dicarboxylic acids (DCA) and half esters of DCA. The acetic acid‐acetone permanganate procedure overoxidizes DCA but not MCA half‐esters of DCA or azelaoglycerides. The DCA corresponding to the first double bond in unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) can be isolated quantitatively if the esters or triglycerides are oxidized by the latter procedure.
Tocotrienols from palm oil: Electron spin resonance spectra of tocotrienoxyl radicals
Authors: Goh S. H. , Hew N. F. , Ong A. S. H. , Choo Y. M. , Brumby S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe major vitamin E components present in palm oil, viz. α‐tocopherol, α−, ψ‐and δ‐tocotrienols, have been isolated and their structures verified by the NMR spectra of their acetate and succinate derivatives. Oxidation of γ‐and δ‐tocotrienols with alkaline K3Fe(CN)6 gave isolable dimeric species, which were studied by13C NMR. Free radicals generated from the monomeric and dimeric tocotrienols were investigated using ESR spectroscopy. The distinction between antioxidant activity and antioxidant capacity of vitamin E isomers is discussed.
Sources of error in the analysis of glucosinolates by gas liquid chromatography
Authors: Hase Anneli , Johansson Maj‐Len , Viljava Tuula‐Riltta 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA study was made of the accuracy and precision of glucosinolate determination by gas liquid chromatography (GLC) after transformation of the glucosinolates to desulfoglucosinolates and silylation. The condition of the GLC column and the cleanness of the injection port were found to be crucial for quantitative determination of the glucosinolate silyl ethers. The relative stabilities of glucosinolate silyl ethers in pyridine solution remained constant over a period of weeks in air at ambient temperature.
Heat treatment of vegetable oils. II. GC‐MS and GC‐FTIR spectra of some isolated cyclic fatty acid monomers
Authors: Sebedio J. L. , Le Quere J. L. , Semon E. , Morin O. , Prevost J. , Grandgirard A. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractGas liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) showed that the cyclic fatty acid monomers (CFAM) isolated from a heated linseed oil have two ethylenic bonds, while the CFAM isolated from heated sunflower oils were saturated and monoethylenic isomers. GC‐MS studies also showed the presence of cyclohexenic derivatives in the case of linseed oil.GLC coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (GC‐FTIR) studies indicated that the CFAM isolated from linseed oil were ofcis (Z),trans (E) structures except two components which werecis,cis (Z,Z) dienoic acids. The unsaturated CFAM isolated from sunflower oils werecis (Z) andtrans (E) monoethylenic isomers. For sunflower oils, the major CFAM were isomers having acis (Z) ethylenic bond. The saturated CFAM isolated from a heated sunflower oil had molecular weights of 296 and 294. The latter could correspond to some bicyclic isomers.
Lipid peroxide catalyzed chemical carcinogenesis
Authors: O'Brien Peter J. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractPeroxides, including lipid peroxides, with heme catalysts cause the binding of C14‐acetylaminofluorene to DNA if microsomes are present. This binding was 96% inhibited by paraoxon, a deacetylase inhibitor. It is concluded that peroxide‐peroxidase systems rapidly oxidize acetylated arylamines to proximate carcinogens following deacetylation by microsomal deacetylases. The DNA binding observed was greater than that observed with the liver microsomal mixed function oxidase catalyzed activation to N‐OH‐acetylaminofluorene, which binds to DNA following deacetylation by microsomal deacetylase. Lipid peroxidation or prostaglandin synthesis should therefore enhance carcinogenesis induced by arylamides.
High oil‐ and polyphenol‐producing species of the northwest
Authors: Carr M. E. , Bagby M. O. , Roth W. B. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe examination of plant species for their potential as renewable sources of industrial raw materials, conducted at the Northern Regional Research Center, has been extended to include 110 species from North Dakota (ND), Colorado (CO), and Oregon (OR), U.S.A. Plant samples were collected and analyzed for yields of “oil,” “polyphenol,” “hydrocarbon” and crude protein as well as for botanical characteristics. Data are presented only for the relatively high‐yielding species. Oil and hydrocarbon extracts of plants that yielded at least 3.0% oil (dry, ash‐free, plant sample basis) and/or at least 0.4% hydrocarbon were analyzed for classes of constituents. Oils of such species were saponified to determine yields of fatty acids and unsaponifiable matter. Hydrocarbon was examined for the presence of rubber, gutta and/or waxes. Polyisoprenes were analyzed for average molecular weight and molecular weight distribution. Even when compared to about 1000 species previously analyzed in this program, seven of the species yielded high amounts of oil (7.1–11.1%) plus substantial amounts of polyphenol (10.0–19.7%). Of these, six are evergreen trees or shrubs and one is a nonwoody perennial. Another seven species yielded substantial amounts of oil (5.4–6.6%), of which five gave 17.1–24.7% polyphenol. The most notable oil‐producing species wereJuniperus scopulorum (11.1%),Pinus albicaulis (10.1%),Pinus flexilis (9.3%),Pinus mugo (8.4%),Liatris punctata (8.0%) andJuniperus communis (7.8%). Crude protein contents for all 22 species were low (4.2%) to moderate (10.4%). Maximum hydrocarbon content for the 22 selected species reported was only 0.5%. The highest total amount of oil, polyphenol, hydrocarbon and crude protein was 38.9% forAcer ginnala. Data obtained in this study are discussed with respect to those from species previously analyzed in this program.
Production of hydrocarbons by pyrolysis of methyl esters from rapeseed oil
Authors: Billaud F. , Dominguez V. , Broutin P. , Busson C. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe pyrolysis of a mixture of methyl esters from rapeseed oil has been studied in a tubular reactor between 550 and 850°C and in dilution with nitrogen. A specific device for the condensation of cracking effluents was used for the fractionated recovery of liquid and gaseous effluents, which were analyzed on‐line by an infrared analyzer and by gas chromatography. The cracking products in the liquid effluent were identified by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry coupling. The effects of temperature on the cracking reaction were studied for a constant residence time of 320 ms and a constant dilution rate of 13 moles of nitrogen/mole of feedstock. The principal products observed were linear 1‐olefins,n‐paraffins, and unsaturated methyl esters. The gas fraction also contained CO, CO2, and H2. The middle‐chain olefins (C10–C14 cut) and short‐chain unsaturated esters, produced with a high added value, had an optimum yield at a cracking temperature of 700°C.
Sulfonation of hexadecene‐1 and octadecene‐1
Authors: Weil J. K. , Stirton A. J. , Smith F. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe reaction of dioxane‐sulfur trioxide with hexadecene‐1 and octadecene‐1 carried out below 10C gave difficultly soluble sodium 2‐hydroxy‐1‐alkanesulfonates containing smaller amounts of other vicinal position isomers.Sulfonation of the olefins at 50C gave a mixture of isomeric vicinal sodium alkenesulfonates containing also small amounts of hydroxyalkanesulfonates, sulfo‐sulfates and sultones. This higher temperature reaction product was readily soluble with good foaming and detergent properties.
Chemical reactions involved in the deep fat frying of foods. I. A laboratory apparatus for frying under simulated restaurant conditions
Authors: Krishnamurthy R. G. , Kawada Tsukasa , Chang S. S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA laboratory apparatus has been designed which can be used to quantitatively collect the volatile decomposition products produced during deep fat frying under simulated restaurant conditions. In order to study the chemical reactions of frying fat without any inter‐reaction with the food fried, moist cotton balls were fried in corn oil.The oil used for frying was shown to differ considerably from oil which was continuously heated. The latter had a darker color and higher viscosity. It foamed significantly while the oil used for frying did not. Furthermore, the continuously heated oil had a much lower free fatty acid content than did the oil used for frying under simulated restaurant conditions.The volatile decomposition products collected during frying of cotton balls in corn oil were separated into acidic and nonacidic compounds. Each group exhibited a definite gas chromatographic pattern after only a short period of frying. Part of the degradation products, particularly those of higher boiling points, were found to remain in the frying oil.
Dimensional analysis applied to detergency
Authors: Mankowich A. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractSix fundamental soil and surfactant variables of the detergency process have been combined by dimensional analysis into a complete and valid set of three dimensionless products which represent the mechanism by a diagram comprising a family of curves of two of the products at fixed values of the third. Five soils and six surfactants have been combined into eighteen soil‐surfactant systems to validate the dimensional analysis. The dependent parameter of soil removal, normally viewed as dimensionless, was assigned the dimensions of mass times length following more subtle considerations of the mechanism. This means of representing the detergency process is a considerable improvement over the previously established transcendental relationships of selected groups of soil‐surfactant systems (2).
Hydroxymethylation of jojoba oil by lewis acid‐catalyzed ene reaction with formaldehyde
Authors: McLellan Jill F. , Mortier Roy M. , Orszulik Stefan T. , Paton R. Michael 
Published: January 2007

AbstractFormaldehyde undergoes ethylaluminum dichloride‐catalyzed ene reaction with jojoba oil to afford a mixture of 1∶1 and 1∶2 adducts. The hydroxymethyl products were identified by comparison with model adducts prepared from methyl oleate and oleyl acetate.
Trends in industrial usage for vegetable oils — symposium overview
Authors: Pryde E. H. , Carlson K. D. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractVegetable oils are firmly established components of many industrial products and contribute a small but important share to the oleochemical and chemical industries‐about 2% of total organic chemicals produced. The oleochemical industry is a mature one with low profit margins and in need of novel products and product applications, the development of which will require both basic and applied research. Several symposium participants identify areas that could add significantly to existing markets for unmodified vegetable oils, such as a diluent or enhancing agent in the application of pesticides and as an energy or heat source. Others show that considerable potential exists for new chemicals and modified vegetable oils and unique chemicals derived therefrom in value‐added products such as coatings, polymers, lubricant additives or food additives, sometimes involving unique oils other than the traditional commodity mix. Without doubt, this is a time for the oleochemicals industry to invest in the future with nontraditional approaches to research and development. The oleochemical industry can and should expand its horizons, but with the realization that vegetable oils will have a lesser role compared to that of other renewable resources, such as wood and agricultural residues.
Semiarid legume crops as protein resources
Authors: Becker R. , Sayre R. N. , Saunders R. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWorldwide population pressures and accompanying increased demands on water supplies and tillable land has forced a reevaluation of traditional agricultural techniques and crops. Under‐used semiarid lands are becoming candidates for crop production that uses stress‐tolerant plants. Desert legume trees and shrubs, e.g., species ofProsopis, Leucaena, Acacia, Geoffroea andOlneya, fix nitrogen and could be sources of seed protein forage or biomass. Seeds from desert legume perennials have a high potential as protein producers.
Derivatization of keto fatty acids. III. synthesis of terminal thiazole and oxazole derivatives from α‐bromoketones
Authors: Rafat Husain S. , Ahmad F. , Ahmad M. , Osman S. M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe synthesis of alkyl chain substituted thiazole and oxazole derivatives is described. The reaction of 11‐bromo‐10‐oxoundecanoic acid with thiourea and acetamide yielded terminally located thiazole and oxazole derivatives, respectively. A similar treatment with urea produced the unexpected urea‐substituted product, together with an unidentified product.
Characteristic properties of cutting fluid additives derived from the derivatives of ricinoleic acid polymers
Authors: Watanabe S. , Nakagawa H. , Ohmori Y. , Fujita T. , Sakamoto M. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA number of esters were prepared from the reaction of acid chlorides with ricinoleic acid polymers and screened for anti‐rust properties and antimicrobial activity in spent coolants of water‐based cutting fluids. Aqueous solutions of triethanolamine salts with decanoic acid, undecanoic acid and oleic acid esters of ricinoleic acid dimer, trimer, tetramer and hexamer showed good anti‐rust properties for water‐based cutting fluids. Dehydrates of ricinoleic acid polymers also showed good anti‐rust properties for water‐based cutting fluids.
A convenient synthesis of long‐chain 1‐O‐Alkyl glyceryl ethers
Authors: Urata K. , Yano S. , Kawamata A. , Takaishi N. , Inamoto Y. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA convenient and economical procedure for synthesis of long‐chain 1‐O‐alkyl glyceryl ethers (V) is described. Alkyl glycidyl ethers (II) which were derived from the reaction of alcohols (I) with epichlorohydrin using a phase transfer catalyst were first converted into the corresponding dioxolanes (III) or 1‐O‐alkyl‐2,3‐di‐O‐acetylglycerols (IV). Subsequent hydrolysis of the resultant products provided 1‐O‐alkyl glyceryl ethers (V) in high yields.
Effects of limited proteolysis on functional properties of ovalbumin
Authors: Doi Etsushiro , Koseki Taihei , Kitabatake Naofumi 
Published: January 2007

AbstractWe examined the limited proteolysis of ovalbumin by pepsin and its effect on the functional properties of the ovalbumin. Pepsin hydrolyzed only the single peptide bond of ovalbumin between His‐22 and Ala‐23. This provided a large intermediate (MW 42,500), P‐ovalbumin. A P‐ovalbumin solution gave a transparent gel when heated. Under the same conditions, an ovalbumin solution gave a turbid gel. We studied the physicochemical properties of P‐ovalbumin and the formation of the transparent gel.
Fish oil tetracosenoic acid isomers and GLC analyses of polyunsaturated fatty acids
Authors: Shantha N. C. , Ackman R. G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe total tetracosenoic acid (24∶1) levels in nine marine oils examined ranged from 0.4 to 1.1% of the total fatty acids. Gas‐liquid chromatography (GLC) analysis of whole fish oil fatty acid methyl esters usually shows a single 24∶1 peak, as the dominant (60–90%) isomer is 24∶1ω9, and the minor peaks are not seen. Isolation and oxidative fission demonstrate that the lesser isomers present in these oils (in the first peak to elute) include 24∶1ω15, 24∶1ω13 and 24∶1ω11, which are not resolvable from each other on open‐tubular GLC; 24∶1ω9 is followed by a peak for 24∶1ω7. The complex first 24∶1 isomer peak of fish oil fatty acids tends to coincide with or just follows the 22∶6ω3 peak in GLC analyses carried out on Carbowax‐20M type open‐tubular (capillary) columns.
Separation and quantification of heart and liver phospholipid classes by high‐performance liquid chromatography using a new light‐scattering detector
Authors: Juanéda P. , Rocquelin G. , Astorg P. O. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThis work describes a one‐step separation of rat tissue phospholipid classes by high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a silica column and a new light‐scattering detector (LSD). Complete separation of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, lysophosphatidylethanolamine, and lysophosphatidylcholine was obtained. Direct quantification was achieved after detector calibration for each phospholipid class. The detector response was shown to be linear within the ranges used. The LSD results agreed well with those obtained by phospholipid phosphorus assay. The present method was applied to rat heart and rat liver phospholipid analysis.
Urethane coatings based on aldehyde oils
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Lakshmanan P. R. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractA series of polyol acetals of aldehyde oils was prepared by an acetal interchange reaction between dimethyl and tetramethyl acetals of aldehyde oils derived by the reductive ozonolysis of linseed and soybean oils. The acetals interchanged with pentaerythritol, trimethylol propane and glycerol contained the equivalent of .93 and 1.88 aldehyde groups per oil molecule. The polyol acetals were reacted with toluene diisocyanate in an NCO/OH of 2. These products were tested as film formers. Curing was by two reactions, namely oxidation polymerization of the residual unsaturation in the oil and moisture curing of the unreacted isocyanate group. Good quality films were formed.
Non‐volatilea‐branched chain fatty acid derivatives: IV. Addition of aryl esters to long chain olefins
Authors: Bilyk A. , Eisner A. , Maerker G. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe di‐tertiary butyl peroxide initiated free radical addition of methyl phenylacetate, methylp‐tolylacetate and methylp‐methoxyphenylacetate to 1‐decene gives two types of products. In addition to the expecteda‐branched esters, dehydrodimer (bothmeso anddl) esters were also obtained. The highest yield ofa‐branched ester was obtained from methyl phenylacetate. Higher yields of the dehydrodimer esters were obtained from the substituted phenyl esters. Attempts to add methylp‐nitrophenylacetate to 1‐decene were not successful and no evidence for the formation of a dehydrodimer product was observed.
The mechanism of the aqueous perchloric acid isomerization of oleic acid to γ‐stearolactone
Authors: Shepherd Ian S. , Showell John S. 
Published: January 2007

AbstractThe migration of the double bond in the reaction of oleic acid with aqueous 67% deuteroperchloric acid occurs by the reversible intermolecular esterification of carboxylic acid by olefin; when a double bond reaches the Δ4,5 position and intramolecular carboxylic acid‐olefin, esterification occurs to yield γ‐stearolactone.
Lipase made active in hydrophobic media
Authors: Takahashl Katsunobu , Saito Yuji , Inada Yuji 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEnzymes are distinguished from other catalysts by their high substrate specificity. This is a great asset when one wants to apply them for syntheses of various compounds. Their usage, however, generally is limited to hydrophilic reaction media, because they usually are not soluble and active in hydrophobic media. Recently, we have been able to make various enzymes soluble and active in highly hydrophobic organic solvents. The key to this success is the chemical modification of enzymes with an amphipathic synthetic polymer, polyethylene glycol. The activated polymers can be attached to enzymes in aqueous buffer solutions, and once enzymes are modified they become soluble and active in various organic solvents such as benzene, toluene and cholorinated hydrocarbons and exhibit high enzymic activities in these organic solvents. Modified hydrolytic enzymes catalyzed the reverse reaction of hydrolysis in organic solvents. The modified lipase catalyzed various ester synthesis reactions. Because the reactions were conducted in the pure solvent system, it also was possible to study the kinetics and the substrate specificity for ester synthesis reaction. It also catalyzed the polymerization of a hydroxy group containing carboxylic acid due to the bifunctional nature. The modified lipase catalyzed ester exchange between an ester and an alcohol, between an ester and a carboxylic acid and between two esters in organic solvents. When the two substrates for ester exchange were liquid, the reaction could take place without organic solvents. The modified lipase catalyzed an ester exchange reaction between trilaurin and triolein when dissolved in these substrates. Dilauroyl‐monooleoylglycerol and monolauroyl‐dioleoyl‐glycerol were formed from these two substrates in the presence of the modified lipase. The modified enzyme was extremely thermostable in its substrates. In the ester synthesis and ester exchange reactions, a trace amount of water was necessary for expression of the enzymic activity. It is suggested that the amphipathic polymer molecules retained water in close proximity to the enzyme.
Fat oxidation at low oxygen pressure: III. Kinetic studies on linoleic acid oxidation in emulsions in the presence of added metal salts
Authors: Marcuse R Einhard , Fredriksson Per‐Olof 
Published: January 2007

AbstractEarlier studies on lipid oxidation at low oxygen pressure were continued to cover the effect of low oxygen pressure in the presence of added metal salts. Addition of Cu2+ and Fe3+ salts was shown to exert a catalytic effect, which, on increasing metal concentration, may reach a maximum and then decrease. This so called conversion is favored at low oxygen pressure (e.g., corresponding to 1% O2 at atmospheric pressure). Under certain conditions it may result in an antioxidative effect. The phenomenon is more pronounced at pH 5 than at pH 7, and it is dependent on the anions present and the ratio between the concentration of the catalyst and that of the substrate. A tentative explanation of these effects of Cu2+ and Fe3+ salts at low oxygen pressure, which are not given by Fe2+ and Co2+ salts, is offered.