bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovering How Accessible Electroacoustic Music Can Be: the Intention/Reception project
Authors: WEALE ROB 
Published: August 2006

The Intention/Reception (I/R) project concerns an investigation of the relationship between composer intention and listener response in electroacoustic (E/A) compositions. Phase one of the project focuses on E/A compositions that contain or are perceived to contain real-world sound references (RWE/A). The methodology involves introducing works that are unknown to the listening subjects and then evaluating their listening experience. Through repeated listening and the introduction of the composers' articulation of intent (through a work's title, inspiration, elements that the composer intends to be communicated, eventually elements of the compositional process itself – in short, the ‘dramaturgy’ of the work) listening responses are monitored. The purpose here is to investigate to what extent familiarity contributes to access and appreciation and to what extent intention and reception are meeting in this particular corpus of E/A art music.This paper offers an introduction to the I/R project outlining its background, its context and presenting pertinent points concerning the design and operation of its methodology. Following this, some of the key results discovered thus far, including the first presentation of test data that formed the basis of the conclusions of a recently completed doctoral thesis, will be shared.
Online counselling: The motives and experiences of young people who choose the Internet instead of face to face or telephone counselling
Authors: King Robert , Bambling Matthew , Lloyd Chris , Gomurra Rio , Smith Stacy , Reid Wendy , Wegner Karly 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThis study used a Consensual Qualitative Research methodology to explore the motivations and experiences of young people who utilize the Internet for counselling over other counselling media. Semi‐structured online group interviews (focus groups) were conducted with 39 participants from the Kids Help Line, a 24‐hour national telephone and counselling service located in Australia. Analysis revealed five domains relevant to the adolescents’ motives and experiences and the frequency of categories within and across cases were analyzed to generate and understand themes and patterns. Specific motivators and barriers are identified and discussed, as are implications for practice and continued research.
Attitudes to counselling via the Internet: A comparison between in‐person counselling clients and Internet support group users
Authors: Skinner Adrian E. G. , Latchford Gary 
Published: August 2006

AbstractE‐therapy has emerged as an apparently popular alternative to face‐to‐face (f2f) therapy, with some evidence of effectiveness and of the ability of therapist and client to develop a good therapeutic relationship. As yet, however, little is known about those choosing this form of therapy. The present study investigated self disclosure style and attitudes towards e‐therapy in three groups: current e‐therapy clients, current users of Internet mental health support groups, and current f2f counselling clients. Participants completed a measure of self disclosure (the SD‐40) and answered questions asking about the influence of factors thought to be potentially important in influencing a decision to undertake e‐therapy, adapted by the authors. Two versions were used, pencil and paper and web‐based. Unfortunately, too few e‐therapy clients were recruited for the data to be analysed. There was no significant difference in self disclosure style between Internet support group users and f2f therapy users, though the latter had a higher tendency to self disclose. Attitudes were generally not extreme, but Internet support group users were significantly more positive about the influence of using computers to communicate with a therapist. In summary, the study found that Internet support group users had broadly positive views of the advantages of e‐therapy, particularly if they had had some personal experience of therapy. Experience of both using the Internet and therapy appear to be important in determining attitudes towards e‐therapy. Self disclosure was also found to be related to some attitudes to e‐therapy. The difficulties recruiting e‐therapy participants was a surprise given the efforts to do this, and may reflect the fact that e‐therapy is not widely used. This raises the question of why those who appear to have positive attitudes to e‐therapy are not, in fact, engaging in it.
Telephone and online counselling for young people: A naturalistic comparison of session outcome, session impact and therapeutic alliance
Authors: King Robert , Bambling Matthew , Reid Wendy , Thomas Ian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractKids Help Line is a national service providing free telephone counselling and online counselling to young people in Australia. This study used a naturalistic design and standardized measures to compare outcomes, session impact and therapeutic alliance for samples of 100 young people receiving a single session of telephone counselling and 86 young people receiving a single session of online counselling, provided by Kids Help Line. Results suggested that telephone counselling is associated with better counselling outcomes, higher session impact and stronger counselling alliance when compared with online counselling. The limitations imposed by a naturalistic design require caution in interpretation of the results. However, the pattern of results suggests that there are differences in effectiveness between telephone and online counselling. The most likely explanation is the greater communication efficiency of telephone counselling, which enables more counselling work to be undertaken in the time available. Implications for further development of online counselling are discussed.
Observations on the evolution of wave modulation
Authors: Hwung Hwung-Hweng , Chiang Wen-Son , Hsiao Shih-Chun 
Published: August 2006

A series of laboratory experiments on the long-time evolution of nonlinear wave trains in deep water was carried out in a super wave flume (300×5.0×5.2 m) at Tainan Hydraulics Laboratory of National Cheng Kung University. Two typical wave trains, namely uniform wave and imposed sideband wave, were generated by a piston-type wavemaker. Detailed discussions on the evolution of modulated wave trains, such as transient wavefront, fastest growth mode and initial wave steepness effect, are given and the results are compared with existing experimental data and theoretical predictions.

Present results on the evolution of initial uniform wave trains cover a wide range of initial wave steepness (

) and thus, greatly extend earlier studies that are confined only to the larger initial wave steepness region (

). The amplitudes of the fastest growth sidebands exhibit a symmetric exponential growth until the onset of wave breaking. At a further stage, the amplitude of lower sideband becomes larger than the carrier wave and upper sideband after wave breaking, which is known as the frequency downshift.

The investigations on the evolution of initial imposed sideband wave trains for fixed initial wave steepness but different sideband space indicate that the most unstable mode of initial wave train will manifest itself during evolution through a multiple downshift of wave spectrum for the wave train with the smaller sideband space. It reveals that the spectrum energy tends to shift to a lower frequency as the wave train propagates downstream due to the sideband instability.
Experiments on initial imposed sideband wave trains with varied initial wave steepness illustrate that the evolution of the wave train is a periodic modulation and demodulation at post-breaking stages, in which most of the energy of the wave train is transferred cyclically between the carrier wave and two imposed sidebands. Meanwhile, the wave spectra show both temporal and permanent frequency downshift for different initial wave steepness, suggesting that the permanent frequency downshift induced by wave breaking observed by earlier researchers is not permanent. Additionally, the local wave steepness and the ratio of horizontal particle velocity to linear phase velocity at wave breaking in modulated wave group are very different from those of Stokes theory.
Sludge‐derived organic carbon in an agricultural soil estimated by 13C abundance measurements
Authors: Parat C. , Leveque J. , Chaussod R. , Andreux F. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe objective of this study is to develop a method to follow the dynamics of sludge‐derived organic carbon, which will allow us to understand the behaviour of trace metals in the sludge‐treated soils. We studied, in a sandy agricultural soil of southwest France, cultivated with maize and amended with sewage‐sludge over 20 years, the dynamics of different sources of organic matter and compared this with a control, which had never received any treatment. For the first time, a method is proposed that will distinguish and quantify sludge‐derived organic carbon, maize‐derived organic carbon, and native organic carbon. This method is based on the mean differences in δ13C abundances between native (−26.5‰), maize (−12.5‰) and sludge (−25.4‰) organic carbon. Three hypotheses on the dynamics of soil organic matter sources are proposed: (i) isotopic differences observed between control and sludge‐treated soils are due only to the incorporation of sludge C, whereas in the others, the control was used to model the incorporation of (ii) maize C or (iii) native C in the sludge‐treated soils. The comparison of the stocks of each source (native C, maize C and sludge C) found in the bulk soil with the sum of corresponding stocks found in particle‐size fractions allowed us to reject the two first hypotheses and to validate the last one. Repeated applications of sewage‐sludge induced accumulation of sludge‐derived organic carbon in the topsoil, and simultaneously contributed to the preservation of maize‐derived organic carbon. When sludge applications ceased, the rapid decrease in soil organic matter stocks was mostly caused by the degradation of the sludge‐derived organic carbon sources. At the same time, the maize‐derived organic carbon shifted from the coarsest fraction (200–2000 μm) to the finest fraction (0–50 μm). Therefore, this study has shown that repeated applications of sewage‐sludge induced changes in soil organic matter dynamics over time.
Relation of dispersivity to properties of homogeneous saturated repacked soil columns
Authors: Bromly M. , Hinz C. , Aylmore L. A. G. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryIt is expected that solute dispersivity is determined by the physical properties of the transport medium. However, experimental investigations to date have not identified such a relationship. In this work, we examine the relation between soil physical parameters, experimental parameters and dispersivity. Experimental data were compiled for 291 repacked, saturated homogeneous laboratory column experiments reported in the literature. Using multiple stepwise regression and classification and regression tree analysis, the relationships between soil physical parameters (sand, silt and clay content, bulk density, water content), experimental parameters (pore‐water velocity, column length and diameter), and transport parameters (dispersion coefficient and dispersivity) were examined. Regression tree analysis showed that clay content was the most important factor controlling dispersivity, followed by column diameter. Columns of length less than approximately 10 cm generally resulted in greater dispersivities than longer columns. A scale effect appeared significant with increasing column diameter, but was not apparent with column length. These results suggest that it may only be possible to relate dispersivity to intrinsic soil properties by explicitly accounting for the experimental design, including column geometry, inlet dead volume and soil packing.
Production and consumption of ethylene in temperate volcanic forest surface soils
Authors: Xu X. , Inubushi K. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryTo date our knowledge is limited with regard to the cycling of ethylene (C2H4) in temperate forest soils containing volcanic ash, and the effect of forest‐to‐orchard conversion on its cycling. We studied ethylene accumulation in such forest soils by oxic and anoxic incubations, along with the stimulatory effect of glucose addition on soil C2H4 accumulation. We also studied the effect of antibiotics and autoclaving on C2H4 production and consumption by volcanic forest soils, and the cycling of C2H4 and CH4 in surface soils after conversion of a Japanese cedar forest to an orchard. Ethylene production and consumption by forest surface soils results from a microbial process, and soil streptomycin‐sensitive bacteria make a minor contribution. Soil C2H4 accumulation was much larger during anoxic than during oxic incubation, which indicates that anoxic conditions can induce C2H4 accumulation in forest soils. Glucose addition as a carbon source can sharply increase C2H4 accumulation rates in the anoxic and oxic forest soils during the first week of incubation. However, there was no difference in total C2H4 accumulation in the amended and non‐treated soils after 35 days of anoxic incubation. Ethylene production of the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm soils beneath forest and orchard showed the greatest rate after 2 weeks of anoxic incubation when soil CH4 production started to increase sharply, and later it was strongly suppressed. The forest‐to‐orchard conversion showed little influence on the CH4 production of surface soils during short‐term anoxic incubation, but significantly reduced soil C2H4 production. The conversion also significantly decreased the consumption of soil CH4 and C2H4, the former more than the latter. Soil properties such as total C, water‐soluble organic C and pH contribute to the consumption and production of C2H4 in the 0–5 cm and 5–10 cm soils, and there are the parallels between CH4 and C2H4 consumption in soils, which suggests the presence of similar microorganisms. Long‐term anoxic conditions of in situ surface upland soils are normally not prevalent, so it can be reasonably concluded that there is a larger C2H4 accumulation rather than CH4 accumulation in surface soils beneath forest and orchard after heavy rainfall, especially beneath forest.
Measured soil organic matter fractions can be related to pools in the RothC model
Authors: Zimmermann M. , Leifeld J. , Schmidt M. W. I. , Smith P. , Fuhrer J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryUnderstanding the response of soil organic carbon (SOC) to environmental and management factors is necessary for estimating the potential of soils to sequester atmospheric carbon. Changes over time in the amount and distribution of SOC fractions with different turnover rates can be estimated by means of soil SOC models such as RothC, which typically consider two to five SOC pools. Ideally, these pools should correspond to measurable SOC fractions. The aim of this study was to test the relationship between SOC pools used in RothC and fractions separated through a fractionation procedure. A total of 123 topsoil samples from agricultural sites (arable land, grassland and alpine pasture) across Switzerland were used. A combination of physical and chemical methods resulted in two sensitive (particulate organic matter and dissolved organic carbon), two slow (carbon associated to clay and silt or stabilized in aggregates) and one passive (oxidation‐resistant carbon) SOM fractions. These fractions were compared with the estimated equilibrium model pools when the corresponding soils were modelled with RothC. Analysis revealed strong correlations between SOC in measured fractions and modelled pools. Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients varied between 0.82 for decomposable plant materials (DPM), 0.76 for resistant plant materials (RPM), 0.99 for humified organic matter (HUM) and biomass (BIO), and 0.73 for inert organic matter (IOM). The results show that the proposed fractionation procedure can be used with minor adaptations to identify measurable SOC fractions, which can be used to initialize and evaluate RothC for a wide range of site conditions.
Dissolved organic carbon interactions with sorption and leaching of diuron in organic‐amended soils
Authors: Cox L. , Velarde P. , Cabrera A. , Hermosín M. C. , Cornejo J. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryDiuron (N′‐[3,4‐dichlorophenyl]‐N,N‐dimethylurea) is one of the most frequently used herbicides in olive groves in Spain and other Mediterranean countries. The main objective of this work was to investigate the effect of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) from a commercial humic amendment, derived by composting the liquid waste of the olive‐mill process (LF), and a solid residue from the olive oil production industry (AL) on the sorption and leaching behaviour of diuron in soil. For this purpose, a clay and a sandy soil were selected. Soil sorption coefficients of diuron increased with LF (32%) and AL (76%) amendment in the sandy soil, whereas sorption decreased in the clay soil upon amendment, especially in the case of the liquid LF (52%). The DOC from LF and AL is composed of very poorly humified molecules, which are strongly sorbed onto the clay soil and thus compete with diuron for the same sorption sites. Dialysis experiments revealed that diuron forms stable complexes with DOC from LF and AL. Leaching of diuron in columns of the sandy soil treated with the organic amendments caused earlier breakthrough and maximum concentration peaks at fewer pore volumes when compared with leaching with 0.01 m CaCl2. Competition between diuron and DOC molecules for sorption sites and diuron–DOC interactions can both account for the enhanced leaching of diuron.
Louisiana waterthrushes (Seiurus motacilla) and habitat assessments as cost‐effective indicators of instream biotic integrity
Authors: MATTSSON B. J. , COOPER R. J. 
Published: August 2006

Summary1. Benthic stream animals, in particular macroinvertebrates, are good indicators of water quality, but sampling can be laborious to obtain accurate indices of biotic integrity. Thus, tools for bioassessment that include measurements other than macroinvertebrates would be valuable additions to volunteer monitoring protocols.2. We evaluated the usefulness of a stream‐dependent songbird, the Louisiana waterthrush (waterthrush,Seiurus motacilla) and the Environmental Protection Agency Visual Habitat Assessment (EPA VHA) as indicators of the macrobenthos community in headwater streams of the Georgia Piedmont, U.S.A. We sampled macrobenthos, surveyed waterthrushes and measured habitat characteristics along 39 headwater reaches across 17 catchments ranging from forested to heavily urbanised or grazed by cattle.3. Of the indicators considered, waterthrush occupancy was best for predicting relative abundances of macrobenthic taxa, while the EPA VHA was best for predicting Ephemeroptera–Plecoptera–Trichoptera (EPT) richness. Individual components of EPA VHA scores were much less useful as indicators of EPT richness and % EPT when compared with the total score. Waterthrushes were found along streams with higher % EPT, a lower Family Biotic Index (FBI) values and greater macrobenthos biomass.4. While macroinvertebrates remain one of the most direct indicators of stream water quality, stream bird surveys and reach‐scale habitat assessments can serve as cost‐effective indicators of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Using stream‐dependent birds as an early warning signal for degradation of stream biotic integrity could improve the efficacy of catchment monitoring programmes in detecting and identifying perturbations within the catchment.
Leaf litter flammability in some semi‐arid Australian woodlands
Authors: SCARFF F. R. , WESTOBY M. 
Published: August 2006

SummaryWildfires strongly influence the biotic composition and carbon cycle of many ecosystems. Plant species provide the fuel for wildfires, but vary widely in their flammability. This study aimed to determine what plant characteristics control leaf litter flammability and to clarify how they are related to other functional traits.Litter flammability varied across 14 tree species occurring in a mosaic of five floristic associations.Differences in heat‐release rate between species were driven by leaf size, from small‐leaved conifers, casuarinas and acacias to large‐leaved eucalypts andBrachychiton.Large leaves created an open litter‐bed structure that burned more rapidly because it was better ventilated. The results on heat‐release rate were partitioned according to fundamental principles for the transport of oxygen through a packed fuel bed, showing that heat‐release rate scaled linearly with estimated gas‐flow rates, as expected in ventilation‐controlled fires.Species that were able to resprout after fire had litter that burned more intensely and was more likely to sustain a spreading fire than litter from obligate seeders, and were correspondingly larger‐leaved.Many fire‐prone wooded ecosystems in the region consist of large‐leaved resprouting tree species co‐occurring with small‐leaved obligate seeders.
Enhanced neutrophil motility by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor: the role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase
Authors: Nakamae‐Akahori Mika , Kato Takayuki , Masuda Sayuri , Sakamoto Erina , Kutsuna Haruo , Hato Fumihiko , Nishizawa Yoshiki , Hino Masayuki , Kitagawa Seiichi 
Published: August 2006

SummaryThe effect of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) on human neutrophil motility was studied using videomicroscopy. Stimulation of neutrophils with G‐CSF resulted in enhanced motility with morphological change and increased adherence. Enhanced neutrophil motility was detected within 3–5 min after G‐CSF stimulation, reached a maximum at 10 min, and was sustained for approximately 35 min. The maximum migration rate was 84·4 ± 2·9 μm/5 min. A study using the Boyden chamber method revealed that G‐CSF‐stimulated neutrophils exhibited random migration but not chemotaxis. Enhanced neutrophil motility and morphological change were inhibited by MEK [mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) kinase] inhibitors (PD98059 and U0126), and a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (wortmannin), but not by a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580). These findings are consistent with the fact that G‐CSF selectively activates MEK/ERK and PI3K, but not p38, in neutrophils. MEK/ERK activation was associated with G‐CSF‐induced redistribution of F‐actin and phosphorylated myosin light chain. Enhanced neutrophil motility was observed even in the presence of neutralizing anti‐CD18 antibody, which prevented cell adherence. These findings indicate that G‐CSF induces human neutrophil migration via activation of MEK/ERK and PI3K.