bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enzymatic synthesis of carbohydrate esters of fatty acid (I) esterification of sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol
Authors: Seino Hajime , Uchibori Tsuyoshi , Nishitani Toshiyuki , Inamasu Sachiko 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe authors attempted to synthesize carbohydrate esters of fatty acids enzymatically in order to overcome the problems associated with the chemical processes for the synthesis of commercial sucrose esters. The enzymes used were lipases from microorganisms belonging toRhyzopus, Enterbacterium, Aspergillus, Pseudomonas, Chromobacterium, Candida, Mucor andPenicillium. Fatty acids (stearic, oleic and linoleic) and carbohydrates (sucrose, glucose, fructose and sorbitol) used for the reaction were obtained from commercial sources. The enzyme reaction was performed by mixing the enzyme and the substrates in the buffer solution and incubating at 40 C; after freeze‐drying the mixture, the products were extracted and subjected to thin layer chromatography (TLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). It was observed by TLC and HPLC that carbohydrate esters of fatty acid were produced by the enzyme reaction, and their structures were confirmed by infra red (IR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometries. The lipase fromCandida cylindracea was the most enzyme active on the synthesis of carbohydrate esters. The optimum conditions for its activity were as follows: molar ratio of carbohydrate to fatty acid: 0.05mol/l : 0.2mol/l; amount of lipase: 4g/l; pH of the reaction mixture: 5.4 in phosphate buffer; reaction period: 72 hr.
Preliminary gas chromatographic analysis of flavor compounds in mayonnaise
Authors: Min D. B. , Tickner D. B. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe flavor compounds in fresh, 3‐ and 6‐month‐old mayonnaise at room temperature have been analyzed by a gas chromatographic method. The results indicate that as the storage time of mayonnaise increased, the flavor compounds formed from oil in mayonnaise increased. However, the concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate which is the major flavor compound of mustard, and acetic acid and ethyl acetate which are the major compounds in vinegar did not change during the 6 months’ storage at room temperature. The analytical method described has shown good reproducibility in the analysis of mayonnaise flavor compounds and can be used as an instrumental analytical method to evaluate the mayonnaise flavor quality and to complement the sensory evaluation of mayonnaise.
Composition of fatty acids obtained by decomposition of castor oil fatty acid estolides
Authors: Lakshminarayana G. , Subbarao R. , Sastry Y. Sita Rama , Rao T. Chandrasekhara , Kale Vijay , Vijayalakshmi P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe composition (wt %) of the fatty acids obtained by decomposition of castor oil fatty acid estolides and distillation was determined by a combination of spectroscopic (ultraviolet, nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared), chromatographic (thin layer on Silica Gel G modified with silver nitrate and ammonium hydroxide, gas liquid) and chemical (partial reduction and periodate/permanganate oxidation) techniques and found to be 16:0, 2.7; 18:0, 2.6; 18:1, 5.2; conjugatedcis,trans (trans,cis)‐18:2, 34.4; conjugatedcis,cis‐18:2, 9.7; conjugatedtrans,trans‐18:2, 3.9; 9‐cis,12‐trans‐18:2, 20.8; 9‐trans,12‐cis‐18:2, 2.3; and 9‐cis,‐18:2, 18.4.
Sodium santalbate‐dimethyl sulfate inclusion complex
Authors: Narayana K. H. Shankara , Rao G. S. Krishna 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA molecular inclusion complex has been obtained from the major acetylenic acid, santalbic acid (octadec‐11‐en‐9‐ynoic acid ortrans‐11‐octadecen‐9‐ynoic acid) of the seed oil ofSantalum album L. by a simple treatment of its sodium salt with dimethyl sulfate. Aqueous solutions (0.5–1%) of the complex produce good lather and have efficient cleansing (detergent) action on grease and dirt particles.
Jaocs news feature: malaysian palm oil
Authors: Guan Ho Sim 
Published: March 2007

AbstractPalm oil is growing rapidly in importance as an export oil. The Malaysian palm oil development is described, and predictions are that it will supply 1,400,000 tons of oil by 1975 and 1,750,000 tons by 1980. Production in 1971 was ca. 580,000 tons.
Treatment of soybean oil soapstock to reduce pollution
Authors: Beal R. E. , Sohns V. E. , Menge H. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractOften soapstock is acidulated to convert this byproduct of vegetable oil refining to a salable commodity. The acidic waste water from this treatment constitutes a significant part of the environmental pollution from refineries. A process of neutralizing and drying was investigated as a nonpolluting method for upgrading soybean oil soapstock. Neutralization with sulfuric acid was conducted in a ribbon blender. The neutral soapstock was dried to ca. 4% moisture, either batchwise in a natural circulation evaporator or continuously in a scraped film evaporator. The product is liquid while hot but solidifies to a waxy solid when cooled to room temperature. When added to a standard broiler ration, the feed efficiency and rate of gain of chickens equaled that obtained with a commercial feed fat added at the same level. The soapstock products fed, which contained 200–300 ppm xanthophyll, gave significantly better shank pigmentation than the commercial fat, which contained 3 ppm.
Evaluation of a gas chromatogram of a mixture containing aldehydes and aldehydic esters obtained by oxidative degradation of the positional isomers of methyl octadecenoate
Authors: Van Der Plank P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA simple method is described to evaluate gas chromatograms of mixtures containing aldehydes and aldehydic esters obtained by ozonolysis of mixtures of positional isomers of methyl octadecenoate. The evaluation is based on the assumption that the process of ozonolysis and the subsequent reduction of the ozonides is independent of the double bond position. This implies the formation of equivalent amounts of aldehydes and aldehydic esters, which results in certain ratios between the values of gas chromatographic peak areas of degradation products from the same molecule. These ratios can be calculated for a flame‐ionization detector. Peak area values of partly or completely fused peaks can then easily be corrected.
Nutritional quality in formulated foods
Authors: Johnson Ogden C. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWith advances in food technology, fortification of foods for proper nutrition is becoming more complex. Eating patterns are changing; snack foods and formulated products are becoming a larger part of the diet. An added nutrient must be regarded as a food additive and its safety must be established. Meat analogs and meal replacements involve special problems. Additional analytical methods are needed. The optimum quantity of added nutrient must be carefully determined and controlled. Programs must be devised to inform consumers about food quality and safety.
Regional differences of lipid composition in morphologically distinct fatty tissues: IV. Safflower and sunflower seeds
Authors: Fedeli E. , Cortesi N. , Camurati F. , Jacini G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe lipids were extracted from three different anatomical parts of safflower and sunflower seeds. The neutral lipids and nonsaponifiable components were examined. While the differences in composition of the neutral lipid fractions in the extracts of the various anatomical parts were insignificant, the differences in minor components were noteworthy.
Preparation of lot samples of nut meats for mycotoxin assay
Authors: Stoloff Leonard , Dantzman John , Wegener John 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA procedure has been devised for preparing lot samples of mycotoxin‐contaminated nut meats so that a representative analytical sample may be removed. The sample is rapidly reduced to coarse size. A relatively large portion (about 1/10 of total sample) of subsample is then split out and further comminuted to a fine particle size with the aid of a fat solvent (meat‐solvent, w/v, 3:2). The analytical sample is removed from this mixture. The procedure was tested with shelled almonds and shelled walnuts using radioactive nuts to simulate the mycotoxin contamination and provide a simple, precise measure of the contaminated nut meat distribution. The pooled coefficient of variation was 18% for the subsamples and 4.4% for the analytical samples. Considering the dilution factors used (1.50 and 2.14 contaminated nuts/104 nuts) and the low degree of reliability of the lot sample, the sample preparation methods tested appear to be practical and reliable.
Dielectric properties of some long‐chain esters in the solid state
Authors: Hunter James , Eddy C. Roland 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe dielectric properties of a series of long‐chain alkyl esters were investigated over a wide temperature range (+25C to ‐35C) and frequency range (0.05kc to 100kc). The series included esters of all combinations of tetradecanol, hexadecanol, and octadecanol alcohols with tetradecanoic, hexadecanoic, and octadecanoic acids. The thermodynamic parameters were calculated and related to chain length, position of ester group in the chain, and crystal structure.
A method for calculating the ratio of each possible type of triglyceride in natural fat
Authors: Hayakawa Kan‐Ichi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA generalized method for calculating the weight ratios or mole fractions of triglycerides in natural fat is developed by applying Vander Wal's method for calculating the mole fractions. In the proposed method a generating function is introduced to calculate the mole fractions of triglycerides.
Binary systems with monoglycerides
Authors: Lutton E. S. , Jackson F. L. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractA number of binary systems have been studied, each involving a 1‐monoglyceride. Included was the binary system of 1‐monopalmitin (1P)‐1‐monostearin (1S). Other systems involved 2‐monoglycerides, 1,3‐diglycerides and triglycerides as follows: 2P‐1P, 2S‐1S, PP‐1P, SS‐1S, PPP‐1P, SSS‐1S. A general principle running through the observed behavior is that the more chemically similar the components, the greater is the interaction or solid solution formation. Thus 1P‐1S showed continuous solid solution in both stable and metastable states with “compound formation” in the stable state. The systems 2P‐1P and 2S‐1S showed ॅ (sub ॅ) stability in a single solid solution phase for the range 20‐80% 1‐monoglyceride. The system PP‐1P and SS‐1S showed extensive solid solution formation in an ॅ state but little or none in the stable state. There was essentially no solid solution formation observed for stable states of PPP‐1P and SSS‐1S; experimental limitations made it difficult to draw certain conclusions about the metastable state, but here, too, it is believed, solid solution formation was negligible.
New polymeric surfactants from butadiene, urea and sulfuric acid
Authors: Rutledge Thomas F. , Hughes Francis A. , Galvin Thomas J. , Zech John D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractButadiene, urea, and sulfuric acid react to form a new sulfated polymer. The sodium salt of the polymer, called BUS, is a good detergent and dispersant; it is practically nontoxic and nonirritating. BUS‐soap blends are good detergents for use in hard water. BUS can be precipitated from waste water by heavy metal salts and can be removed by percolation through soil.
Xanthurenic aciduria due to a mutation in KYNU encoding kynureninase
Authors: Christensen M. , Duno M. , Lund A. M. , Skovby F. , Christensen E. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractMassive urinary excretion of xanthurenic acid, 3‐hydroxykynurenine and kynurenine, known as xanthurenic aciduria or hydroxykynureninuria, in a young Somali boy suggested kynureninase deficiency. Mutation analysis of KYNU encoding kynureninase of the index case revealed homozygosity for a c.593 A > G substitution leading to a threonine‐to‐alanine (T198A) shift. A younger brother was found to have a similar excretion pattern and the same genotype. At present, neither of the two boys has symptoms of niacin deficiency. This is the first report linking xanthurenic aciduria to a mutation in the gene encoding kynureninase.
Changes in olfactory function in pregnancy and postpartum
Authors: Ochsenbein‐Kölble N. , von Mering R. , Zimmermann R. , Hummel T. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractObjective: To track changes in olfactory performance during pregnancy and the postpartum. Methods: In a prospective study the olfactory function of 38 pregnant women was assessed at about 12, 21, and 36 weeks of pregnancy and 7 weeks after delivery. A control group of 46 nonpregnant women were also asked to rate the intensity and hedonic tone of 10 “natural” odors. Results: There was no difference in olfactory performance between the women in the first trimester of pregnancy and the controls, but at approximately 36 weeks of pregnancy the pregnant women experienced a decreased odor threshold compared with the nonpregnant controls, and this decrease was still present after delivery. There was no significant difference between the groups in capacity for odor discrimination or odor identification. “Objective” decreases were observed even though pregnant women rated their olfactory sensitivity significantly higher than the controls. Although the 2 groups did not differ with regard to intensity ratings of the 10 “natural” odors, there were differences with regard to the hedonic ratings. Conclusion: Pregnancy is accompanied by changes in olfactory performance. Changes in hedonic odor ratings indicate a potential embryo‐protective mechanism. The discrepancy between “objective” and “subjective” olfactory function may relate to changes in the cognitive processing of chemosensory information during pregnancy.
Quantifying climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition based on lake isotope palaeohydrology from central Turkey
Authors: Jones Matthew D. , Roberts C. Neil , Leng Melanie J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractQuestions remain as to the nature of climatic change through the last glacial–interglacial transition in the eastern Mediterranean region, particularly the relative contribution of evaporation and precipitation to regional water balance. Here changes in oxygen isotope values through this time period from Eski Acıgöl, a crater lake in central Turkey, are investigated using hydrological and isotope mass balance models. These allow changes in evaporation and precipitation to be quantified and their relative importance evaluated. We show that it is the volumetric flux rate of water passing through the lake system and not the precipitation-to-evaporation ratio per se which controlled the stable isotope record in Eski Acıgöl. Early Holocene precipitation is shown to be much greater than that during both the latter part of the last glaciation and the present day. We test these calculated values against other records in the same region, firstly with other lake records in Anatolia, the Konya basin and Lake Van, and secondly with isotope-inferred palaeo-precipitation data from Soreq cave in Israel. This reveals a contrast between pre- and post-LGM precipitation values in Turkey (wetter and drier, respectively) and also suggests that during the last glacial–interglacial transition there was a more marked precipitation gradient than at present between northern/interior and southern/coastal parts of the eastern Mediterranean region.
Dissemination and communication of agrometeorological information—global perspectives
Authors: Sivakumar M. V. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAgrometeorological information and services from the National Meteorological and Hydrological Services (NMHSs) are increasingly being demanded by the farming community to cope more efficiently with climate variability and the increasing incidence of extreme meteorological events such as droughts, floods, frosts and wind erosion. While considerable advances have been made in the collection, archiving and analysis of weather and climate data, their transformation into information that can be readily used by the farm sector has lagged behind, especially in developing countries where such information needs are the greatest. One of the important reasons is the lack of adequate interaction with the user community in assessing the appropriate dissemination and communication procedures that can enhance the value of the agrometeorological information and services. A brief review of the present status of dissemination and communication of agrometeorological information by the NMHSs and associated agencies in different regions around the world is presented. A description of the user communities for agrometeorological information and their varying needs is also presented. Opportunities and challenges in the dissemination and communication of agrometeorological information by the NMHSs are described with suitable examples which emphasize that continued improvements are necessary to make agrometeorological information more accessible and useful to the user community. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
World agrometerological information service (WAMIS)
Authors: Stefanski Robert , Sivakumar M. V. K. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring an Inter‐Regional Workshop on Improving Agrometeorological Bulletins in Barbados in October 2001, participants recommended that a dedicated web server be developed for distributing agrometeorological products from WMO members. Subsequently, an Expert Group Meeting on Internet Applications for Agrometeorological Products was held in Washington, DC, during May 2002, to discuss the practical steps needed to develop this web server. Discussions from this meeting led to the development of the World AgroMeteorological Information Service (WAMIS). WAMIS is a dedicated web server on which countries and organisations can place their agrometeorological bulletins and advisories. Provision of such a central location for agrometeorological information enables users to quickly and easily evaluate various bulletins and gain insight into improving their own bulletins. Also, these bulletins represent the expert knowledge of the individual countries and provide the possibility to assess extreme events and disasters in a historical perspective, especially when an archive of bulletins is present. Placement of agrometeorological bulletins on WAMIS also increases the visibility of the National Meteorological/Hydrological Services (NMHS). In March 2005, a tools and resources section was added to WAMIS to provide users with additional papers, links to software tools, Internet links, and other resources to help improving their agrometeorological bulletins and advisories and services. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Weather and climate monitoring for food risk management
Authors: Maracchi Giampiero , Capecchi Valerio , Marta Anna Dalla , Orlandini Simone 
Published: March 2007

AbstractFood insecurity represents one of the main indicators of the poverty level of a country and can breed a strong dependence on foreign aid with a strong slowdown of the national economy. African arid and semi‐arid areas are characterised by food precariousness and their agricultural activity is strongly dependent on the extreme climatic conditions that affect the available water supply. This situation has led to the need to develop new tools for the prediction and the management of crisis. The characterisation of climate and the identification of anomalies, the monitoring of weather conditions and their influence on crops, short and medium range weather forecasts and long‐term climate predictions are among the most powerful tools to predict, in as short a time as possible, crises due to the absence or delay of rainfall season. Meteorological information can also be used as an input to agrometeorological models applied for crisis prevention or for its management during the growing season when the crops are already present. In this paper, a review of these tools is made and some operational products presented. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Commission 8: Astrometry
Authors: Platais Imants , Kumkova Irina I. , Costa E. , Ducourant C. , Evans D. W. , Jin W.-J. , Lattanzi M. G. , Lu C.-L. , Scholz R.-D. , Sôma M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis triennial report from Commission 8 covers astrometry-related matters for objects ranging from Solar system bodies out to Milky Way stars and QSOs at cosmological distances. This enormous range of distances is needed to establish, maintain, and improve the metric of the visible Universe--a very challenging effort since everything is moving. The progress of astrometry in the last three years (2002-2005) is reflected here. To locate the references, the reader is advised to check the NASA ADS Astronomy Abstract Service and the expanded report posted at URL http://www.pha.jhu.edu/iau_comm8/comm8.html
Division I Working Group on Future Development of Ground-Based Astrometry
Authors: Stavinschi Magda 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe working group “The Future Development of Ground-Based Astrometry” of the IAU Division 1, founded in 2000, continued its activity for the last triennium. Part of its results—meetings or programs—are presented here. The FDGBA web site is http://www.astro.ro/wg
Division I Working Group on “Precession and the Ecliptic”
Authors: Hilton James L. , Capitaine N. , Chapront J. , Ferrandiz J.M. , Fienga A. , Fukushima T. , Getino J. , Mathews P. , Simon J.-L. , Soffel M. , Vondrak J. , Wallace P. , Williams J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe WG has conferred via email on the topics of providing a precession theory dynamically consistent with the IAU 2000A nutation theory and updating the expressions defining the ecliptic. The consensus of the WG is to recommend:(a) The terms lunisolar precession and planetary precession be replaced by precession of the equator and precession of the ecliptic, respectively.(b) The IAU adopt the P03 precession theory, of Capitaine et al (2003a, A& A 412, 567–586) for the precession of the equator (Eqs. 37) and the precession of the ecliptic (Eqs. 38); the same paper provides the polynomial developments for the P03 primary angles and a number of derived quantities for use in both the equinox based and celestial intermediate origin based paradigms.(c) The choice of precession parameters be left to the user.(d) The recommended polynomial coefficients for a number of precession angles are given in Table 1 of the WG report, including the P03 expressions set out in Tables 3–;5 of Capitaine et al (2005, A& A 432, 355–;367), and those of the alternative Fukushima (2003, AJ 126, 494–;534) parameterization; the corresponding matrix representations are given in equations 1, 6, 11, and 22 of the WG report.(e) The ecliptic pole should be explicitly defined by the mean orbital angular momentum vector of the Earth-Moon barycenter in an inertial reference frame, and this definition should be explicitly stated to avoid confusion with older definitions. The formal WG report will be submitted, shortly to Celest. Mech. for publication and their recommendations will be submitted at the next General Assembly for adoption by the IAU.