bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Particle trapping and acceleration in turbulent post-flare coronal loops
Authors: Bacchini Fabio , Ruan Wenzhi , Keppens Rony 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
We present a study of energetic-electron trapping and acceleration in the Kelvin–Helmholtz-induced magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) turbulence of post-flare loops in the solar corona. Using the particle-tracing capabilities of MPI-AMRVAC 3.0, we evolve ensembles of test electrons (i.e. without feedback to the underlying MHD) inside the turbulent looptop, using the guiding-centre approximation. With the MHD looptop model of Ruan et al., we investigate the relation between turbulence and particle trapping inside the looptop structure, showing that better-developed turbulent cascades result in more efficient trapping primarily due to mirror effects. We then quantify the electron acceleration in the time-evolving MHD turbulence, and find that ideal-MHD processes inside the looptop can produce non-thermal particle spectra from an initial Maxwellian distribution. Electrons in this turbulence are preferentially accelerated by mirror effects in the direction perpendicular to the local magnetic field while remaining confined within small regions of space between magnetic islands. Assuming dominance of Bremsstrahlung radiation mechanisms, we employ the resulting information from accelerated electrons (combined with the MHD background) to construct HXR spectra of the post-flare loop that include non-thermal-particle contributions. Our results pave the way to constructing more realistic simulations of radiative coronal structure for comparison with current and future observations.
Observations of spiral and streamer on a candidate proto-brown dwarf
Authors: Riaz B , Stamatellos D , Machida M N 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Spirals and streamers are the hallmarks of mass accretion during the early stages of star formation. We present the first observations of a large-scale spiral and a streamer towards a very young brown dwarf candidate in its early formation stages. These observations show, for the first time, the influence of external environment that results in asymmetric mass accretion via feeding filaments on to a candidate proto-brown dwarf in the making. The impact of the streamer has produced emission in warm carbon-chain species close to the candidate proto-brown dwarf. Two contrasting scenarios, a pseudo-disc twisted by core rotation and the collision of dense cores, can both explain these structures. The former argues for the presence of a strong magnetic field in brown dwarf formation while the latter suggests that a minimal magnetic field allows large-scale spirals and clumps to form far from the candidate proto-brown dwarf.
Heavy Ion Radiolysis of the Chiral Terpene α-pinene
Authors: de Barros A L F , Ricca A , Bychkova A , da Costa C A P , Costa J W , Boduch P , Rothard H , da Silveira E F , Domaracka A 
Published: March 2024

ABSTRACT
Radiolysis of α-pinene by 61.3 MeV 84Kr15 + ions was analysed with the scope to simulate the effects of heavy ion cosmic ray bombardment on chiral molecules in the interstellar medium. The α-pinene ice samples were irradiated at 10 K and their chemical evolution was monitored by mid-infrared Fourier transform (FTIR) spectroscopy to characterize the reaction products and to determine the extent of racemization. The integrated band strengths have been obtained for all the neutral α-pinene vibrational bands using the experimental band integrated absorbances and the theoretical absolute intensities calculated along the column densities. In the current heavy ion bombardment experiments, small molecules were formed and the precursor, α-pinene, was destroyed instead of being racemized. Twelve hydrocarbons were produced (final fluence of 2.0 × 1012 ions cm−2): methane (CH4), acetylene (C2H2), ethylene (C2H4), propylene (C3H6), propane (C3H8), n-butane (C4H10), butene (C4H8), propyne (C3H4), benzene (C6H6), ethane (C2H6), vinylacetylene (C4H4), and 2-methyl-1,3-butadiene or isoprene (C5H8). The highest formation cross-section (∼ 40 × 10−15 cm2) was observed for the C3H4 and the lowest was for C3H8 (∼ 3 × 10−15 cm2). The radiochemical yields for these molecules follow the same trends as those of their cross-sections. The atom budget calculation confirms that all the expected products have been generated during the radiolysis and supports the conclusion that the proposed A values are accurate. The α-pinene sputtering yield for this ion beam was found to be Y0 = 1.84 × 106 molecules per impact.
CRISPR antiphage defence mediated by the cyclic nucleotide-binding membrane protein Csx23
Authors: Grüschow Sabine , McQuarrie Stuart , Ackermann Katrin , McMahon Stephen , Bode Bela E , Gloster Tracey M , White Malcolm F 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
CRISPR-Cas provides adaptive immunity in prokaryotes. Type III CRISPR systems detect invading RNA and activate the catalytic Cas10 subunit, which generates a range of nucleotide second messengers to signal infection. These molecules bind and activate a diverse range of effector proteins that provide immunity by degrading viral components and/or by disturbing key aspects of cellular metabolism to slow down viral replication. Here, we focus on the uncharacterised effector Csx23, which is widespread in Vibrio cholerae. Csx23 provides immunity against plasmids and phage when expressed in Escherichia coli along with its cognate type III CRISPR system. The Csx23 protein localises in the membrane using an N-terminal transmembrane α-helical domain and has a cytoplasmic C-terminal domain that binds cyclic tetra-adenylate (cA4), activating its defence function. Structural studies reveal a tetrameric structure with a novel fold that binds cA4 specifically. Using pulse EPR, we demonstrate that cA4 binding to the cytoplasmic domain of Csx23 results in a major perturbation of the transmembrane domain, consistent with the opening of a pore and/or disruption of membrane integrity. This work reveals a new class of cyclic nucleotide binding protein and provides key mechanistic detail on a membrane-associated CRISPR effector.
Structural change, labour reallocation, and productivity growth in post-reform China
Authors: Li Wenliang 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Why has the structural bonus been so small during China’s post-reform era? This article explains the puzzle by exploiting the heterogeneity in structural-change patterns across Chinese provinces. Using an original database covering production and factor inputs in 8 sectors and 31 provinces over 1993–2016, I show only those provinces where labour was reallocated from agriculture to manufacturing and services benefited from a structural bonus on labour productivity growth. In the other provinces, this structural-change effect was minimal or negative. Regarding the structural-change effect on total factor productivity (TFP) growth, I find both labour and capital reallocation played a limited role. Labour reallocation has little potential in boosting aggregate TFP growth, as marginal labour returns are similar across sectors. Capital reallocation has a far greater potential but remains restrained, suggesting substantial reallocation frictions. China’s TFP growth is mostly explained by within-sector technological progress, which has been dissipating since 2008, leading to declining TFP growth.
Remarks on Effects of Projective Phase on Eigenstate Thermalization Hypothesis
Authors: Fukushima Osamu 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The existence of p-form symmetry in a (d + 1)-dimensional quantum field is known to always lead to the breakdown of the eigenstate thermalization hypothesis for certain (d − p)-dimensional operators other than symmetry operators under some assumptions. The assumptions include the mixing of symmetry sectors within a given energy shell, which is rather challenging to verify because it requires information on the eigenstates in the middle of the spectrum. We reconsider this assumption from the viewpoint of projective representations to avoid this difficulty. In the case of $\mathbb {Z}_N$ symmetries, we can circumvent the difficulty by considering $\mathbb {Z}_N\times \mathbb {Z}_N$-symmetric theories with nontrivial projective phases, and perturbing the Hamiltonian while preserving one of the $\mathbb {Z}_N$ symmetries of our interest. We also perform numerical analyses for (1 + 1)-dimensional spin chains and the (2 + 1)-dimensional $\mathbb {Z}_2$ lattice gauge theory.
Preslaughter factors affecting mobility, blood parameters, bruising, and muscle pH of finished beef cattle in the United States
Authors: Sullivan Paxton A , Davis Melissa K , Nair Mahesh N , Hess Ann M , Mooney Daniel F , Edwards-Callaway Lily N 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDecades of work have focused on reducing fear, stress, and discomfort in cattle during the preslaughter phase by improving and promoting animal handling, transportation, and management processes. Even still, there is limited information about the effects of preslaughter factors on animal welfare and meat quality outcomes in finished cattle in the United States. This study aimed to track individual animals through the slaughter process to identify preslaughter factors associated with key welfare and quality outcomes. A total of 454 cattle from one commercial slaughter facility were studied. Preslaughter factors assessed included distance traveled, truck waiting time, lairage density, lairage duration, and season. Animal characteristics, i.e., body weight, breed, and sex, were also recorded. One trained observer scored the mobility of all cattle using the North American Meat Institute’s 1-4 scale (i.e., normal to extremely reluctant to move). Exsanguination blood was collected and analyzed for cortisol, creatine kinase, and lactate. Carcass bruising was scored using a modified version of the National Beef Quality Audit’s bruise-scoring methodology (i.e., no bruise, one bruise ≤ the size of a deck of cards, one bruise &gt; than the size of a deck of cards, and multiple bruises). Ultimate muscle pH was measured 32 to 36 h postmortem. Multi-predictor models were selected for each outcome variable using Akaike Information Criterion. Continuous outcome variables were analyzed using linear mixed-effect models and categorical outcome variables with mixed-effect logistic regression models. Longer truck waiting times were associated with increased cortisol (P = 0.04) and lactate (P = 0.02) concentrations. Similarly, increased lairage duration was associated with increased creatine kinase concentrations (P = 0.05) and the odds of cattle being bruised (P = 0.03). Less space allowance per animal in lairage was associated with increased odds of cattle having impaired mobility (P = 0.01). There was a seasonal effect for many of the measured outcomes; the summer season was associated with greater lactate concentrations (P &lt; 0.0001), increased odds of impaired mobility (P &lt; 0.0001), and increased odds of carcass bruising (P = 0.003). The findings of this study indicate that many of the preslaughter factors assessed influence critical welfare and meat quality outcomes of finished beef cattle, warranting future research and consideration.
Financial market regulation and private law: a new frontier of transnational commercial law
Authors: Wittmann Josef 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Global financial markets are among the most extensively regulated markets in the world economy. This poses significant challenges from a private law perspective when regulatory rules interfere with private rights and obligations. This article examines the potential of transnational commercial law (TCL) to provide for a private law framework suited to the regulatory reality in global financial markets. The article finds that, while regulatory aspects are generally excluded from TCL instruments, notable exceptions to this general rule occur. Based on an analysis of the approaches undertaken in the Unidroit Convention of Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities (Geneva Convention), including the accompanying Legislative Guide, the Unidroit Principles on the Operation of Close-Out Netting Provisions and the UNCITRAL Model Law on Secured Transactions, the article maps out three methods that allow for a reconciliation of private and regulatory rules: (i) the adoption of a flexible private law system including default and conflict rules; (ii) the use of opening clauses to allow deviations from TCL rules in accordance with international regulatory standards; and (iii) a codificatory approach through the development of a comprehensive and systematic legal framework consisting of both private law and regulatory rules. Finally, the article addresses potential obstacles and objections that future TCL instruments will face when addressing regulatory aspects. Overall, the article argues that an efficient financial market requires a foreseeable set of private law rules that—considering the continuous expansion of regulatory law—must address the pressing issues deriving from the interrelation of regulation and private law. However, the adaption of TCL instruments should be limited to common-sense financial market regulation that, even if differing from State to State, generally follows globally shared regulatory goals.
Multigene phylogeny and expanded morphological comparison reveal one new lineage and finer differentiation in the order Peniculida (Alveolata: Ciliophora)
Authors: Wang Tian , Lu Linger , Sun Cuiming , Li Tao , Zhao Yan , Ni Bing , Fan Xinpeng 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Frontoniidae, the largest family of the order Peniculida, is non-monophyletic with its members dispersed among other families in phylogenetic trees, which complicated the unsolved inner relationship of the order. In this study, we conducted phylogenetic analyses using 34 newly obtained nuclear sequences and 29 COI sequences from the families Frontoniidae and Stokesiidae. Additionally, the nematodesmata of Frontoniidae species were described using light and electron microscopy. Our findings revealed that Frontonia depressa represents a distinct lineage within the order Peniculida, leading to the establishment of a new genus, Protofrontonia, based on the distinctive morphology of F. depressa as a diagnostic feature. The finer differentiation of nematodesmata and cysts were adopted as novel characters for evolutionary discussion of the major Peniculida lineages. We propose that the strengthened nematodesmata, enabling the ability to feed on larger food, represents a derived feature of the ‘true’ Frontoniidae lineage, while a cyst with a papula may serve as a common derived feature of Stokesiidae and its Frontoniidae affinity. It is suggested that divergent evolution may have also occurred in the lineages retaining Frontoniidae plesiomorphies, albeit not reflected in the traditional taxonomic features.
Disease-Suppressive Soils Induce Systemic Resistance in Arabidopsis thaliana Against Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Authors: Weller David M. , van Pelt Johan A. , Thomashow Linda S. , Mavrodi Dmitri V. , Mavrodi Olga V. , Pieterse Corné M. J. , Bakker Peter A. H. M. 
Published: March 2024

Arabidopsis thaliana accession Col-0 seedlings were transferred into an autoclaved soil/sand mixture amended with either 10 or 20% (wt/wt) soil from fields in Washington State that are suppressive to take-all or Rhizoctonia root rot of wheat. Three weeks after transplanting, these plants had population sizes of 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (DAPG) or phenazine-1-carboxylic acid (PCA)-producing pseudomonads of greater than 5 × 105 colony forming units per gram fresh weight of root with rhizosphere soil. When the plants were challenge-inoculated with Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000, both soils induced systemic resistance in the leaves against bacterial speck to a level similar to that induced by P. simiae WCS417r, P. fluorescens Q2-87 (DAPG+), P. brassicacearum Q8r1-96 and L5.1-96 (both DAPG+), and P. synxantha 2-79 (PCA+). Pasteurization of the soils before adding them into the soil/sand mixture eliminated DAPG- and PCA-producing pseudomonads from the Arabidopsis rhizosphere and significantly reduced induced systemic resistance activity. However, populations of total culturable aerobic bacteria were similar in the rhizosphere of plants grown in soil/sand mixes amended with untreated or pasteurized suppressive soils. This is the first report of induction of systemic resistance in Arabidopsis by take-all and Rhizoctonia-suppressive soils and the ability of PCA-producing P. synxantha 2-79 to induce resistance. [Formula: see text] The author(s) have dedicated the work to the public domain under the Creative Commons CC0 “No Rights Reserved” license by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law, 2024.
Clinical Utility of Repeat Magnetic Resonance Imaging Studies Among Children With Acute Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
Authors: Thorne Abby , Moss Angela , Sanders Julia S. , Stein Jill , Searns Justin B. 
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives:
There is limited guidance for whether repeat magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are clinically impactful among children with acute hematogenous osteomyelitis (AHO) who fail to improve as expected. This study aimed to determine whether repeat MRIs changed management among children with AHO and identify clinical characteristics predictive of which patients benefit from repeat MRIs.

Methods:
Children admitted to a quaternary care pediatric hospital with AHO were identified during a 9-year period. Patients with chronic symptoms, non-hematogenous infections, or significant contributing comorbidities were excluded. Medical records were retrospectively reviewed for all MRIs performed 3 weeks before admission to 24 months after discharge. An MRI was considered clinically impactful if it identified a new infectious process (eg, abscess not seen on the initial MRI) or if it resulted in surgical intervention within 24 hours. Bivariable comparisons of categorical variables were performed, and multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the clinical factors of impactful repeat MRIs.

Results:
Among the 239 included patients, 41 (17%) had more than 1 MRI performed during their clinical course, the majority of whom (53.7%) had a repeat MRI that impacted care. Patients who underwent repeat MRIs had longer hospitalizations (7 vs. 5 d, P<0.01), were more likely to have C-reactive protein (CRP) levels >20 mg/dL (41% vs. 10%, P<0.01), and were more likely to have a delayed transition to oral antimicrobials (8.4 vs. 3.3 d, P<0.01). Peak CRP >20 mg/dL and prolonged bacteremia were found to be associated with increased odds of having an impactful repeat MRI, with adjusted odds ratios of 3.9 (P=0.007) and 3.4 (P=0.03), respectively.

Conclusions:
When used judiciously among ill children with complicated AHO, repeat MRI can be clinically impactful. Prospective studies are needed to better define which children with AHO benefit from repeat MRI.

Level of Evidence:
Level II evidence—this is a retrospective cohort study interested in determining the clinical utility of repeat magnetic resonance imaging studies for children with osteomyelitis.
Absorbable Sutures Repair Without Meniscopexy, Results in Superior Outcomes for Discoid Lateral Meniscus With Meniscocapsular Anterior Detachment in Children
Authors: Cance Nicolas , Dan Michael J. , Bauwens Paul Henri , Commeureuc Jeanne , Vandergugten Simon , Chotel Franck 
Published: March 2024

Background:
Despite the fact that meniscocapsular anterior detachment is the most common location of instability in children with a Discoid Lateral Meniscus (DLM), there is a lack of consensus about the type of repair that should be utilized for stabilization. The aim of this study was to determine the best fixation method for anterior detachment of DLM in children. Our hypothesis was that excessive rigidity with fixation would restrict meniscal mobility and increase the rate of failure or prevent full knee flexion.

Methods:
This study was a retrospective single-center study consisting of 51 consecutive knees (45 children) with menico-capsular anterior detachment that underwent stabilization and minimal saucerization of the meniscus between 2007 and 2018. We aimed to compare the need for revision surgery and knee flexion between the different types of fixations utilized; namely we compared meniscopexy using anchors on the tibia (n=30) with outside-in arthroscopic soft tissue fixation (n=21), and absorbable (n=18) and nonabsorbable sutures (n=33) were compared.

Results:
The mean age at surgery was 10.4 years (3 to 17) with a mean follow-up of 52 months (18 to 148). The group of knees treated with absorbable sutures had a significantly better rate of full knee flexion (15/18) compared with the nonabsorbable group (17/33) (P=0.03). Despite the absence of significance (P=007), there was a lower rate of revision surgery due to suture failure in the soft tissue fixation group (0 revision operations) compared with the meniscopexy group (5 revision operations).

Conclusions:
For anterior meniscocapsular detachment of DLM, it is recommended to perform soft tissue fixation with absorbable sutures, as this technique resulted in better knee flexion and a lower rate of revision surgery when compared with meniscopexy and nonabsorbable suture fixation.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective case studies.
Efficacy of an Intensive Exposure Intervention for Individuals With Persistent Concussion Symptoms Following Concussion: A Concurrent Multiple Baseline Single-Case Experimental Design (SCED) Study
Authors: King Skye , Stapert Sven Z. , Winkens Ieke , van der Naalt Joukje , van Heugten Caroline M. , Rijkeboer Marleen M. 
Published: March 2024

Objective:
After a concussion, 1 in 3 patients report persistent symptoms and experience long-term consequences interfering with daily functioning, known as persistent concussion symptoms (PCS). Evidence suggests PCS is (partly) maintained by anxious thoughts about brain functioning, recovery, and experienced symptoms, leading to avoidance behaviors, which may prevent patients from meeting life demands. We aimed to investigate the efficacy of a newly developed intensive exposure intervention for individuals with PCS after concussion aimed to tackle avoidance behavior.

Setting:
Participants took part in the intervention at the Maastricht University faculty.

Participants:
Four participants who experienced PCS after concussion partook in the exploratory study. Participants' age ranged between 20 and 32 (mean = 26.5, SD = 5.9) years, with an average length of time after the concussion of 9.8 months.

Design:
A concurrent multiple-baseline single-case design was conducted. The baseline period (A phase) length was randomly determined across participants (3, 4, 5, or 6 weeks). The exposure intervention (B phase) was conducted by psychologists over a 4-week period and consisted of 3 stages: exploration (2 sessions), active exposure (12 sessions conducted over 1 week), and 2 booster sessions.

Main Measures:
Participants answered daily questions on a visual analog scale related to symptom experience, satisfaction with daily functioning, and degree of avoidance of feared activities. Additional outcomes included symptom severity, catastrophizing, fear of mental activity, anxiety, depression, and societal participation.

Results:
Tau-U yielded significant effects (P < .05) for all participants on all measures when comparing baseline and intervention phases. The pooled standardized mean difference was high for all measures (symptom experience = 0.93, satisfaction of daily functioning = 1.86, and activity avoidance = −2.05).

Conclusions:
The results show efficacy of the newly developed intensive exposure treatment for PCS after concussion, which is based on the fear avoidance model. Replication in a larger heterogeneous sample is warranted and needed.