bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Ontological and Moral Status of Organizations
Authors: McMahon Christopher 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The paper has two parts. The first considers the debate about whether social entities should be regarded as objects distinct from their members and concludes that we should let the answer to this question be determined by the theories that social science finds to have the most explanatory power. The second part argues that even if the theory with the most explanatory power regards social entities such as organizations as persons in their own right, we should not accord them citizenship in the moral realm. Rather we should accept moral individualism, the thesis that only individual humans can have rights and duties. The moral status of corporations and other organizations is often thought to depend on their ontological status. In particular, it is thought to depend on whether they can be said to exist as distinct entities, and especially as persons distinct from the individuals who are their members. In this article I argue that the two questions are actually independent of each other. No matter what the ontological status of organizations, they should not be accorded citizenship in the moral realm in their own right.
Can Ethical Character be Stimulated and Enabled? An Action-Learning Approach to Teaching and Learning Organization Ethics
Authors: Nielsen Richard P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:There can be ethical understanding of organizational policy issues and that is important. However, there can be policy understanding about what the organization should do without understanding of individual level responsibility. There can be cognitive understanding of both policy and individual level ethics responsibilities and that is important. However, there can be cognitive understanding without affective, emotive concern. Intellectual understanding without affective concern can lead to understanding without motivation. There can be cognitive understanding and affective concern and that is important, but not enough. There can be cognitive understanding and affective concern without effective political method. An action-learning approach to organizational ethics can join cognitive understanding of policy and individual level issues with both affective concern and effective political method. Joining of cognitive understanding, affective concern, and effective political method can stimulate and enable ethical character.
Liability-Driven Ethics: The Impact on Hiring Practices
Authors: Ladd Rosalind , Pasquerella Lynn , Smith Sheri 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This paper examines economic arguments employers sometimes use to justify restricting or excluding from employment those workers who are likely to incur high costs in health care insurance. We argue that, although profit-making is a legitimate goal for businesses, hiring practices based on non-job-related criteria violate principles of self determination, autonomy, discrimination, justice, and privacy. We conclude that hiring practices based on liability-driven ethics are not morally justified, but that as long as health care insurance and employment are linked, businesses will continue to have an incentive to use liability-driven arguments.
Corporate Culpability and the Limits of Law
Authors: Laufer William S. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractEthicists and legal theorists have proposed models of corporate culpability that shift the standard of guilt determination from vicarious attribution of individual action and intention to an assessment of culture, policies, as well as organizational action and inaction. This paper briefly reviews four prominent models of corporate culpability, arguing that each makes claims that extend well beyond the limits of existing law. As an alternative to these models, a constructive corporate fault is described that relies on both objective and subjective reasonableness judgments. The paper concludes with a consideration of constructive corporate fault in relation to an Accountability model of corporate liability.
Employee Vice: Some Competing Models A Response to Moberg
Authors: Koehn Daryl 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Much of the current discussion of evil within business and professions locates evil within the individual employee. Dennis Moberg (1997) has argued for conceiving of employee viciousness as a lack of self-control. This paper argues, that while some evil behaviors may be well-modelled as instances of low self-control, this model does not fit much of what might qualify as evil (e.g., child-caregivers falsely accusing their fellow employees of ritual child abuse). The paper examines three alternative models of evil, two drawn from literature, one from theology, and shows why these alternative models are just as relevant for thinking about the nature and cause of evil as the low self-control model drawn from the criminology literature.How intoxicating to feel like God the Father and to hand out definitive testimonials of bad character and habits—Albert Camus
Theorising the Ethical Organization
Authors: Collier Jane 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:The aim of this paper is to create a framework which can serve as a guide to the understanding of organizational ethicality. This is done by linking ethical and organizational theory. Organizational ethicality is about “being” as well as “doing”: relevant ethical theory is therefore both substantive (agent-centred, concerned with the “good”) as well as procedural (act-centred, concerned with the “right” in the sense of the moral or just thing to do). The ethical theories of Alasdair MacIntyre and Jurgen Habermas, as representatives of these two traditions, are mapped onto a framework which characterises organizations as assemblages of practices supported by a climate embedded within an organizational culture. Organizational practice is articulated and given meaning within a discourse of “sensemaking” in which narrative creates space-time links between people and events. Within that same communicative climate practices are evaluated and decisions taken. This theoretical framework is specified in such a way as to highlight the parallels with the ethical theories of MacIntyre, who uses notions of practice, tradition and the narrative unity of moral experience to create an ethical theory of the “good,” and Habermas, who spells out the process of moral argumentation by which consensus on the “just” or “right” is reached. Some possibilities for further research are suggested at the end of the paper.
Punitive Damages: New Twists in Torts
Authors: Walton Clarence C. 
Published: July 2007

While jurisprudence in the United States has been cast in the general mode of the English common law, modifications over time have produced enough significant variations that American law has a distinctive quality. To illustrate: The exclusionary rule in criminal cases prohibiting the use of evidence (even from reliable witnesses) acquired through illegal search, is not followed in Britain—or, for that matter, in Canada, Germany, and Israel. The punitive-damage concept (PD) in tort law is also a jurisprudential novelty. Punitive damages are imposed in addition to compensatory awards given to tort victims to warn manufacturers and sellers to be careful in their safety and marketing practices. PDs are society's warning signals: Seller beware! Because they are one of society's ways to protect itself, PDs have recently been considered as fines which, to prevent excesses, should be under the rubric of the Eighth Amendment.This essay introduces new elements into the discussion on torts by hypothesizing (1) PDs are fines which belong to the public purse; (2) that expenditures from the public purse should be given to local organizations (like orphanages and inner-city hospitals) which provide vital services for those unable to pay; and (3) that the victim (or the victim's survivor) has a right to designate what local organizations should benefit from his or her punitive-damage awards.The hypotheses require reexamination of the concepts of citizenship, community, and work, respectively.Tort law is an integral part of the American law of injuries, a body of judicial doctrine and legislation and a set of legal arrangements that also include compensation systems and safety legislation. It would have been unthinkable as recently as twenty-five years ago that the tort system would become a source of bitter contention. Today, however, it generates sharp rhetoric and dramatic proposals for change to address its contested problems, as well as strong views in favor of continuing the system essentially intact so as not to disturb its contended benefits.
On Getting to the Future First
Authors: Ciulla Joanne B. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This paper will discuss the uncertainty of job tenure, inequality of wages in American business, and the challenges for a creating a new social and moral compact between employer and employee. I begin by arguing that business ethics scholars missed some of the disturbing trends in management thinking because they often focused on current problems in business rather than questioning some of the basic assumptions about the way businesses are managed. As Rochefoucauld observed (albeit in a different context) we were overtaken by the evils of the present and I would argue, this was because we didn’t pay attention to the past. Business ethics research, like management research, is often ahistorical and hence tells only part of the story. If we don’t know how we got to a certain problem, it’s really difficult to see where the present problem and our solutions to it might lead us.
Casuistry and the Business Case Method
Authors: Calkins Martin 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This article argues for the compatibility of casuistry and the business case method. It describes the salient features of casuistry and the case method, shows how the two methods are similar yet different, and suggests how elements of casuistry might benefit the use of the case method in management education. Toward these ends, it shows how casuistry and the case method are both inductive and practical methods of reasoning focussed on single settings and real-life situations and how both methods stress that real-life decision making is not the exclusive domain of experts. It also shows how casuistry and the case method are not identical processes but have different purposes and emphasize order and problem-resolution differently. In the end,Casuistry and the Business Case Methodsuggests that, despite their differences, casuistry and the case method might be brought together to benefit business management and the field of business ethics.
The Ethical Environment of Russian Business
Authors: Sidorov Alexey , Alexeyeva Irina , Shklyarik Elena 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:In 1995, the American Association for the Advancement of Science and the American Society for Engineering Education received a grant from the National Science Foundation to undertake a project aimed both at assisting Russian philosophers in developing curriculum on engineering ethics and learning how context affects the teaching of engineering ethics. The project began with three Russian philosophers visiting the U.S. to observe how we teach engineering ethics. The American members of the project then made three visits to Russia to be part of three different workshops that brought together Russian professors from a variety of disciplines to exchange ideas about teaching ethics among themselves and with the Americans. During these visits, three of the Russians asked if we thought American philosophers would be interested in hearing about the Russian situation. We were delighted by the question (especially since we had become fascinated with the differences in Russian ideas about ethics), and responded with enthusiasm for the idea of their writing such an article. The article that follows is the result of their endeavor to explain how business ethics issues arise in Russia. Among other things, the article reveals how Russia’s history and the experiences of Russians under the U.S.S.R create a context extremely different from our own, for thinking about (and teaching) business ethics.
Management Ethics without the Past: Rationalism and Individualism in Critical Organization Theory
Authors: Feldman Steven P. 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Since the Enlightenment our attachment to the past has been greatly weakened, in some areas of social life it has almost ceased to exist. This characteristic of the modern mind is seen as an overreaction. The modern mind has lost the capacity to appreciate the positive contribution the maintenance of the past in the present achieves in social life, especially in the sphere of moral conduct.In the field of organization theory, nowhere is the past as explicitly distrusted as in critical organization theory. The maintenance of the past in the present is seen as a potential carrier of oppressive and unjust social relationships. Perpetual critique is advocated as a means to uncover these oppressive and unjust relations and prevent any new undemocratic relations from becoming established.I present an historical and cultural analysis of the modern attitude toward the past and develop a concept of moral tradition to analyze critical organization theory’s ethical assumptions and implications. In so doing, an effort is made to rectify the exaggerated confidence critical organization theory places in rationalism and individualism and to recognize the ineluctable role traditions play not only in organizational life, but also in the way we theorize about organizations.
On Messick and Naturalism: A Rejoinder to Fort
Authors: Hartman Edwin M. 
Published: July 2007

Professor Fort (1999) imagines a dispute over the moral importance of certain facts, with David Messick and himself on one side and Donna Wood and me on the other. He has identified an important issue—ethical naturalism—but that issue is not a point of disagreement between Messick and me.Fort has some interesting ideas about how Messick’s views might help in creating organizations that are moral communities. Beyond noting that those ideas constitute the most important part of his essay and merit consideration, I shall not comment on them.Moral philosophers who are naturalists—I am one—hold that there is no bright line between ought-statements and is-statements and that empirical facts have implications for moral facts. So, for example, that a certain practice helps a community survive is a strong sort of reason for claiming that it is a morally good practice, other things being equal. But most naturalists do not claim that any practice that has arisen by virtue of evolution isipso factoa morally good practice even if it does serve some purpose. Nor does ethical naturalism have a characteristic view of the extent to which our evolutionary history, as opposed to our rational deliberation, determines what we do.
Reimagining the Law
Authors: Nesteruk Jeffrey 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Legal issues have long been a prominent part of the discourse of business ethics. This widespread attention to legal questions within business ethics arises primarily because specific legal issues are as a practical matter often intertwined with prominent ethical issues occurring in the workplace. Many of the central issues of business ethics—issues such as whistle blowing, insider trading, and workplace privacy—have significant legal dimensions.But this widespread attention to specific legal issues obscures a more significant deficiency within business ethics. This deficiency relates to the consideration of law at a much more fundamental level. Business ethics lacks any developed awareness of the images of law within its discourse.Unlike jurisprudence, the field of business ethics has little in the way of fully developed models or concepts of law. Rather, our understanding of the law here exists more at the level of images—general, unreflected-upon depictions of the law, determinate in some aspects, indeterminate in others.Such images are epistemologically potent, containing unexamined assumptions and exerting an often unrecognized influence over the development of our knowledge. As such, they deserve our attention, especially within a newly evolving field such as business ethics. Of particular importance to business ethics is how such images portray the relation of law to ethics.
The Hope and Limits of Legal Optimism: A Comment on the Theories of Orts and Nesteruk Regarding the Impact of Law on Corporate Ethics
Authors: Hoch David , Hamilton J. Brooke 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:Joining the dialogue on the relationship between the law and business ethics, Jeffrey Nesteruk and Eric W. Orts have offered conceptions of the law as a positive influence rather than a negative curb on corporate behavior. While these “legal optimists” pursue a noble end in promoting higher ethical standards for corporations through the law, they may be overly optimistic in their suggestion that these more skillfully wielded legal models will influence corporate behavior for the better. Reviewing the basic tenets of their two approaches, this paper uses corporate responses to environmental statutes to suggest that while legal optimism may offer hope for promoting corporate ethics, it has definite limitations in its current stage of development.
Esterification of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin on anion exchange resin catalyst
Authors: Muresan Emil , Oprea Spiridon , Malutan Theodor , Vata Mihai 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The esterification reaction of palmitic acid with epichlorohydrin catalyzed by an anionic macroporous resin was studied. Purolite A-500 resin proved to be a very effective catalyst in the synthesis of 3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl palmitate. The effects of certain parameters such as speed of agitation, catalyst particle size, catalyst loading, temperature, initial molar ratio between reactants on the rate of reaction were studied. It was found that the overall rate is intrinsically kinetically controlled. The structure of synthesized ester was confirmed by FTIR and 1H NMR analyses.
Analysis of Pigments from Roman Wall Paintings Found in the “Agro Centuriato” of Julia Concordia (Italy)
Authors: Mazzocchin Gian‐Antonio , Del Favero Michela , TASCA Giovanni 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe analysis of wall painting fragments recovered in the “agro centuriato” of Julia Concordia has been carried out by using Scanning Electron Microscopy equipped with an EDS microanalysis detector (SEM‐EDS), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and X‐Ray powder Diffraction (XRD).The pigments used have been identified and the data obtained suggest the presence of three rustic villas richly decorated also with Egyptian blue. The presence of white of aragonite suggest that these villas were decorated during the Imperial Age, in agreement with the recovery of high quality materials and a bronze statue.
P14iPr4 – das erste hexacyclische Organophosphan
Authors: Baudler Marianne , Jachow Harald , Lieser Bernhard , Tebbe Karl‐Friedrich , Fehér Magda 
Published: July 2007

Zwei Norbornan‐analoge P7‐Einheiten in neuartiger Verknüpfung kennzeichnen das erste strukturell charakterisierte Tetradecaphosphan 1, das bei der Thermolyse eines Gemischs aus bi‐ und tricyclischen Isopropylphosphanen gebildet wird. Laut 1H{31P}‐NMR‐Spektren steht das im Kristall vorliegende Konfigurationsisomer in Lösung mit zwei Diastereomeren im Gleichgewicht.magnified image
Struktur und Eigenschaften des Cryptophan‐E/CHCl3‐Komplexes, eines stabilen van‐der‐Waals‐Moleküls
Authors: Canceill Josette , Cesario Michèle , Collet André , Guilhem Jean , Lacombe Liliane , Lozach Bénédicte , Pascard Claudine 
Published: July 2007

In Abwesenheit hydrophober Effekte hängt die Triebkraft der Komplexbildung zwischen neutralen Wirt‐ und Gastmolekülen (z. B. Cryptophan E und Halogenmethanen) von mehreren Faktoren ab: Sind Größe und Form passend wie im CHCl3‐Komplex 1, ist die Komplexierung enthalpiegesteuert, und es entstehen stabile Übermoleküle („van‐der‐Waals‐Moleküle”︁).magnified image
Cryptophan‐Radikalkationen als Komponenten dreidimensionaler Charge‐Transfer‐Salze
Authors: Renault Anne , Talham Daniel , Canceill Josette , Batail Patrick , Collet André , Lajzerowicz Janine 
Published: July 2007

Ein delokalisiertes quasi‐freies π‐Elektron im Radikalkation von 1 ließ sich ESR‐spektroskopisch und durch Messungen mit einem SQUID‐Magnetometer nachweisen. Salze von 1˙⊕ wurden durch elektrochemische Oxidation von 1 an Pt‐Draht in Form blaugrüner Einkristalle erhalten. Nach cyclovoltammetrischen Messungen ist auch das Dikation 12⊕ relativ stabil; es hat möglicherweise einen Triplett‐Grundzustand.magnified image
1‐Phenalenol: Isolierung und Disproportionierung
Authors: Sugihara Yoshikazu , Kawanaka Hidetoshi , Murata Ichiro 
Published: July 2007

Ein großer Überschuß an Reduktionsmittel und Arbeiten bei starker Verdünnung machten 1 gemäß (a) isolierbar. Die Disproportionierung von 1 in Phenalen und Phenalenon wird durch protische Verbindungen stark beschleunigt: keine Reaktion in CDCl3, Halbwertszeit nach Zusatz von HOAc (HOAc: 1 = 1:30) 30 min. Carbinole, die sich von stabilen Carbenium‐Ionen ableiten, sind generell sehr labil, so daß der hier vorgestellte Zugang zu 1 von allgemeinerer Bedeutung ist.magnified image
Theoretische Betrachtungen über die Stabilität der Trioxo(η5‐cyclopentadienyl)‐Verbindungen der Übergangsmetalle Mangan, Technetium und Rhenium
Authors: Szyperski Thomas , Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: July 2007

Eine Isolobal‐Analogie zwischen den Radikalen TcO3, ReO3 und CH3, nicht aber zwischen MnO3 und CH3, ergaben ab‐initio‐SCF‐Rechnungen. Daher sollten RTcO3‐und RReO3‐Verbindungen (R = organischer oder anorganischer Rest) stabil sein. Dies bestätigten Rechnungen an CpMO3 1, die für M = Tc, Re positive Kraftkonstanten, für M = Mn dagegen Abstoßung ergaben.magnified image
Spontane Oxidation und in‐situ‐Polymerisation von Pyrrol in Kanälen des dreidimensionalen Koordinationspolymers [(Me3Sn)3FeIII(CN)6]∞
Authors: Brandt Peter , Fischer R. Dieter , Martinez Enrique Sanchez , Calleja Ricardo Diaz 
Published: July 2007

Vorstufen des hochleitfähigen Polypyrrols (Ppy) bilden sich in den lipophilen Kanälen von 1 im Anschluß an eine spontane, streng stöchiometrisch (N(Ppy)/ Fe = 1/1) ablaufende Redoxreaktion. Angesichts des Durchmessers der Kanäle von 6.8 Å sollte das eingeschlossene Ppy frei von Quervernetzungen sein („molekulare Drähte”︁).magnified image
Ketten‐substituierte Lipide als Substrate für Phospholipase A2
Authors: Menger Fredric M. , Wood M. G. 
Published: July 2007

Stabilere wirkstofftragende Liposomen und Substanzen zur Steuerung der Prostaglandin‐Konzentration könnten aus der Beobachtung resultieren, daß Phospholipide wie 1 mit sperrigen Alkylsubstituenten in der ersten Hälfte der Fettsäurereste sehr viel schlechter durch Phospholipase A2 hydrolysiert werden als Distearoylphosphatidylcholin selbst.magnified image
Ungesättigte 1,4‐cis‐ und 1,4‐trans‐Diaminotetradesoxycycloheptite – enantiomerenreine, polyfunktionalisierte Tropa‐Derivate durch enzymatische Hydrolyse
Authors: Falk‐Heppner Manuela , Keller Manfred , Prinzbach Horst 
Published: July 2007

Der aus Tropiliden (Tropon) hergestellte anti‐cis‐Diepoxy‐cyclohepten‐alkohol 1 (R = H) ist Ausgangsmaterial für die effiziente Synthese zahlreicher für Glykosidierungen geeignet geschützter, enantiomerenreiner 1,4‐Diaminotetradesoxycycloheptite. Bei enzymatischen Hydrolysen der Tropa‐analogen meso‐Diacetat‐Zwischenprodukte werden für die Monoacetate bei Ausbeuten von 86–100% ee‐Werte von über 99% erreicht.magnified image