bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electronic and steric effects in the SNAr substitution reactions of substituted anilines with 2,4‐dinitrophenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ether in acetonitrile
Authors: Crampton Michael R. , Emokpae Thomas A. , Isanbor Chukwuemeka 
Published: October 2005

AbstractRate measurements are reported for the reactions of 12 ring‐substituted anilines with 2,4‐dinitrophenyl 2,4,6‐trinitrophenyl ether (1) in acetonitrile. Formation of the products, the correspondingly substituted 2,4,6‐trinitrodiphenylamines, occurs without the observation of intermediates in detectable amounts by both base‐catalysed and uncatalysed pathways and Hammett ρ value were determined for these processes. The results show that although substituents at the 3‐ or 4‐positions of the anilines have only small steric effects, alkyl substituents at the 2‐position may result in considerable reductions in reactivity. These effects are more pronounced for the base‐catalysed pathway and in 2,6‐dimethylaniline the uncatalysed pathway takes all the reaction flux. In the case of the 2‐fluoro substituent the electronic effect, strong inductive electron withdrawal, is dominant over steric effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of new polyamides based on Diphenylaminoisosorbide
Authors: Caouthar Asmaa A. , Loupy Andre , Bortolussi Michel , Blais Jean‐claude , Dubreucq Ludovic , Meddour Abdelkrim 
Published: October 2005

AbstractNew aromatic polyamides were synthesized by the microwave‐assisted polycondensation of an optically active isosorbide‐derived diamine with different diacyl chlorides in the presence of a small amount of N‐methylpyrrolidinone. Polymers with inherent viscosities between 0.22 and 0.73 dL/g were obtained corresponding to molecular weights up to 140,000 g/mol. With interfacial polymerization or the Higashi method, lower molecular weight polymers were obtained with inherent viscosities in the range of 0.04–0.36 dL/g. Differential scanning calorimetry measurements clearly demonstrated the high thermal stability of these polymers (mp = 180–300 °C) and the absence of decomposition. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6480–6491, 2005
Synthesis and polymerization of (E)‐p‐[(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐ethenyl]phenylacetylene with Ziegler–Natta, rhodium, and palladium complexes
Authors: Rodríguez J. Gonzalo , Lafuente Antonio , Arranz Javier 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThe synthesis and polymerization of (E)‐p‐[(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐ethenyl]phenylacetylene was carried out with a homogeneous vanadium acetylacetonate/aluminum triethyl catalyst system, a bis(rhodium chloride cycloocta‐1,5‐diene) complex, and a palladium/trimethylsilyl complex. In all cases, the main fraction was a polymer with a stereoregular structure. The polymerization with the vanadium catalyst gave a polymer fraction in a low yield. The polymerization of (E)‐p‐[(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐ethenyl]phenylacetylene with the soluble rhodium complex gave a polymer in a high yield. The soluble palladium/chlorotrimethylsilane complex gave a polymer in a good yield. On the basis of the spectroscopic data, the poly{(E)‐p‐[(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐ethenyl]phenylacetylene)} obtained, in all cases, showed a cis–transoidal stereoregular structure. The molecular mass of poly{(E)‐p‐[(p‐methoxyphenyl)‐2‐ethenyl]phenylacetylene)} was determined by the matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight technique. The kinetics of the reaction were analyzed. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 6438–6444, 2005
Multi‐state multi‐reference Møller–Plesset second‐order perturbation theory for molecular calculations
Authors: Franz Jan 
Published: October 2005

AbstractThis work presents multi‐state multi‐reference Møller–Plesset second‐order perturbation theory as a variant of multi‐reference perturbation theory to treat electron correlation in molecules. An effective Hamiltonian is constructed from the first‐order wave operator to treat several strongly interacting electronic states simultaneously. The wave operator is obtained by solving the generalized Bloch equation within the first‐order interaction space using a multi‐partitioning of the Hamiltonian based on multi‐reference Møller–Plesset second‐order perturbation theory. The corresponding zeroth‐order Hamiltonians are nondiagonal. To reduce the computational effort that arises from the nondiagonal generalized Fock operator, a selection procedure is used that divides the configurations of the first‐order interaction space into two sets based on the strength of the interaction with the reference space. In the weaker interacting set, only the projected diagonal part of the zeroth‐order Hamiltonian is taken into account. The justification of the approach is demonstrated in two examples: the mixing of valence Rydberg states in ethylene, and the avoided crossing of neutral and ionic potential curves in LiF. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
Solid‐phase permethylation of glycans for mass spectrometric analysis
Authors: Kang Pilsoo , Mechref Yehia , Klouckova Iveta , Novotny Milos V. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractA miniaturized approach was developed for quantitative permethylation of oligosaccharides, which involves packing of sodium hydroxide powder in microspin columns or fused‐silica capillaries (500 µm i.d.), permitting effective derivatization in less than a minute at microscale. Prior to mass spectrometry, analytes are mixed with methyl iodide in dimethyl sulfoxide solution containing traces of water before infusing through the microreactors. This procedure minimizes oxidative degradation and peeling reactions and avoids the need of excessive clean‐up. Picomole amounts of linear and branched, sialylated and neutral glycan samples were rapidly and efficiently permethylated by this approach and analyzed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Female precocious puberty, obesity and polycystic‐like ovaries
Authors: Battaglia C. , De Iaco P. , Iughetti L. , Mancini F. , Persico N. , Genazzani A. D. , Volpe A. , de Aloysio D. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the characteristics of obese girls with gonadotropin releasing hormone‐dependent precocious puberty with and without polycystic‐like ovaries.MethodsForty‐seven overweight (> 75th centile of the Italian reference data) girls with a diagnosis of isosexual precocious puberty underwent auxological analysis, hormonal assay and utero‐ovarian sonographic and Doppler evaluation. On the basis of sonography the patients were subdivided into two groups, girls presenting normal ovaries (Group I; n = 31) and those with polycystic‐like ovaries (Group II; n = 16).ResultsThe mean body weight was significantly higher (P = 0.003) in Group II than it was in Group I. In addition, the patients with polycystic‐like ovaries fell within our definition of superobese (≥ 97th centile of the Italian reference data) in 44% of cases. The uterine and ovarian volumes were significantly greater in Group II compared with Group I patients. The Doppler evaluation showed intraparenchymal ovarian vascularization and low downstream impedance to flow in all patients in Group II.ConclusionsGirls with precocious puberty and polycystic ovaries, compared with those without polycystic ovaries, have a higher incidence of body weight exceeding the 85th centile of the Italian reference data (obesity). Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of Z‐scores for fetal cardiac dimensions from echocardiography
Authors: Schneider C. , McCrindle B. W. , Carvalho J. S. , Hornberger L. K. , McCarthy K. P. , Daubeney P. E. F. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectivesZ‐scores for cardiac dimensions are well established in postnatal life, but have yet to be developed for fetal cardiac dimensions. These would be of real advantage to the clinician in accurately quantifying size and growth of cardiac dimensions and to the researcher by allowing mathematical comparison of growth in differing subgroups of a disease. The purpose of this observational study, conducted at tertiary fetal medicine and cardiology units, was to produce formulae and nomograms allowing computation of Z‐scores for fetal cardiac dimensions from knowledge of femur length (FL), biparietal diameter (BPD) or gestational age (GA) using fetal echocardiography.MethodsSeventeen fetal cardiac dimensions were measured in 130 pregnant women with singleton fetuses of gestational age 15–39 weeks. Regression equations were derived relating all dimensions to FL, BPD and GA. From the calculations, formulae were then developed allowing fetal cardiac Z‐score computation.ResultsThe relationships between cardiac dimensions and FL, BPD or GA were described following natural log transformation. From this analysis, FL (taken as an expression of fetal size) had the highest correlation to fetal cardiac dimensions. From the developed nomograms, Z‐scores of specific fetal cardiac structures could be estimated from knowledge of the FL, BPD or GA and echocardiographically derived measurements.ConclusionsThis study allowed computation of Z‐scores in fetal life for 17 cardiac dimensions from FL, BPD or GA. Previous studies of normal data allowed qualitative assessment of where abnormal cardiac dimensions lay with regard to the normal range. Z‐scores from this study allow quantitative analysis of where such dimensions lie relative to the mean. This permits exact assessment of growth of fetal cardiac structures in normal hearts and particularly in congenitally abnormal hearts where quantitative assessment of the growth of cardiac structures is important in analyzing and planning treatment strategies. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Successful vesicoamniotic shunting of posterior urethral valves in the first trimester of pregnancy
Authors: Kim S. K. , Won H. S. , Shim J. Y. , Kim K. S. , Lee P. R. , Kim A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractPrenatal ultrasonography early in gestation allows diagnosis of posterior urethral valves. We report on a fetus with posterior urethral valves treated using vesicoamniotic shunting at 13 + 5 weeks' gestation. A double‐basket catheter was used for shunting. A 2582‐g male neonate was delivered at 33 weeks' gestation, and the infant continued to show normal renal function at 3 years of age. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of successful vesicoamniotic shunt placement using a double‐basket catheter in the first trimester of pregnancy. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fetal cerebellar vermis: anatomy and biometric assessment using volume contrast imaging in the C‐plane (VCI‐C)
Authors: Viñals F. , Muñoz M. , Naveas R. , Shalper J. , Giuliano A. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the normal appearance and study the biometry of the fetal cerebellar vermis by three‐dimensional (3D) volume contrast imaging in the coronal (C‐) plane (VCI‐C).MethodsA total of 203 normally developed fetuses were examined prospectively at 18–33 weeks' gestation. At the level of the view used to measure the transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD), a VCI‐C plane was displayed to examine, using a transabdominal probe, the fetal mid‐saggital vermis. The volumes acquired were stored for later review and measurement of the anteroposterior (AP) diameter, craniocaudal (CC) diameter and surface area of the cerebellar vermis. Each dataset was evaluated by two independent observers. Measurements as a function of gestational age (GA), biparietal diameter (BPD), head circumference (HC) and TCD were expressed by regression equations. Interobserver variability was evaluated. Nomograms were produced. In order to validate the use of VCI in fetal biometry, datasets from 57 patients were selected arbitrarily for comparison of their VCI‐C measurements with those from mid‐sagittal sections of a stored 3D multiplanar examination. Intraclass correlation was used to evaluate the agreement between these measurements.ResultsThe mean maternal age was 32 years. We were able to measure mid‐sagittal CC diameter, mid‐sagittal AP diameter and cerebellar vermis surface area in all fetuses. Interobserver variability analysis showed no significant differences between the two observers (P > 0.05). Measurements of the cerebellar vermis (AP diameter, CC diameter and surface area) correlated linearly with GA, BPD, HC and TCD (r ≥ 0.82, P < 0.0001). CC and AP diameters estimated from the mid‐sagittal section of the multiplanar measurements were significantly correlated with VCI‐C measurements (r = 0.96, P < 0.00001 and r = 0.95, P < 0.00001, respectively).ConclusionsVCI‐C is a valuable tool, allowing intrauterine assessment of the normal appearance of the fetal cerebellar vermis. The nomograms developed in this study should enable accurate evaluation of the cerebellar vermis. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transvaginal sonography in the assessment of distal ureteral calculi
Authors: Yang J.‐M. , Yang S.‐H. , Huang W.‐C. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the morphological and functional findings of transvaginal sonography (TVS) in the diagnosis and management of distal ureteral calculi.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the imaging studies in seven cases of distal ureteral calculi (study group) and 20 cases of female volunteers without urinary tract infection (control group). All 27 patients had undergone TVS for assessment of the lower urinary tract. The variables measured on ultrasound included the presence or absence of distal ureteral calculi, the size and location of a calculus if present, the presence or absence of the ureter jet phenomenon, morphological changes of the ureteral papilla and adjoining tissue, and the height of the ureteral papilla, as well as vascular changes seen on Doppler imaging.ResultsIn the controls, 80% of the ureteral papillae were triangular and 20% trapezoidal. The average (±SD) height of the ureteral papillae was 3.5 ± 0.7 mm on the right and 3.6 ± 0.9 mm on the left. There was no statistically significant difference between the heights of the right and left papillae (P = 0.619). In the study group, echogenic stones were identified in all seven patients and a hypoechogenic tubular structure connected to the involved papilla was identified in 6/7 patients. The average height of the involved papilla was 6.7 ± 1.6 mm. Ureteric jets were visible in all patients in both the study and control groups.ConclusionIn patients with distal ureteral calculi, TVS provides a rapid, non‐invasive and repeatable means of assessing the morphology and function of the distal ureter. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cord entanglement of monochorionic diamniotic twins following spontaneous antepartum septostomy sonographically simulating a true knot of the umbilical cord
Authors: Sherer D. M. , Bitton C. , Stimphil R. , Dalloul M. , Khoury‐Collado F. , Abulafia O. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractSpontaneous antepartum septostomy occurring in monochorionic diamniotic twins is extremely rare. We present a case in which prenatal sonography at 26 weeks' gestation depicted a monochorionic diamniotic twin gestation with concordant fetal growth and findings suggestive of a true knot of the umbilical cord. At Cesarean delivery at 34 weeks' gestation, spontaneous antepartum septostomy with entanglement of the two separate umbilical cords was noted. This case suggests that the differential diagnosis of findings considered consistent with a true knot of the umbilical cord in monochorionic diamniotic twin gestations, should include spontaneous antepartum septostomy and umbilical cord entanglement. Copyright © 2005 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cosmogenic radionuclide evidence for the limited extent of last glacial maximum glaciers in the Tanggula Shan of the Central Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Colgan Patrick M. , Munroe Jeffrey S. , Shangzhe Zhou 
Published: October 2005

AbstractCosmogenic radionuclide (CRN) exposure ages provide evidence for the limited extent of last glacial maximum glaciers in the Tanggula Shan, central Tibetan Plateau. The most extensive advances occurred during or before marine oxygen isotope stage 6 (MIS-6) based on previous CRN exposure ages. The second most extensive advance occurred during or before MIS-4 based on previous ages and new ages of 41,400 ± 4300, and 66,800 ± 7100 10Be yr. A MIS-2 advance of less than 3 km occurred between 31,900 ± 3400 and 16,000 ± 1700 10Be yr.
Do different logging strategies influence the abundance of epiphytic chlorolichens?
Authors: HILMO Olga , HYTTEBORN Håkan , HOLIEN Håkon 
Published: October 2005

The effects of two logging strategies and edge effects on cover and abundance of the epiphytic chlorolichens Cavernularia hultenii, Platismatia glauca and P. norvegica were studied in an experimentally logged boreal spruce forest. Whether lichen size distribution within the three species was affected by logging regimes was also tested. One hundred and ten branches were sampled at random within: (1) fine-grained clearcuts consisting of 23 cutblocks 0·25 ha each; (2) coarse-grained clearcuts consisting of 3 clearcuts 2·25 ha each; and (3) a control area.Of the three species studied, C. hultenii was the most vulnerable to logging, with an abundance much lower in logged areas than in the control area. By contrast, P. glauca was equally abundant in the fine-grained area and in the control area, but significantly less abundant in the coarse-grained area where it seems to have been adversely affected by a pronounced edge effect. No such edge effect, however, was noted in the fine-grained area. Juvenile thalli of C. hultenii and P. glauca were less frequent in the coarse-grained area than in the fine-grained and control areas, suggesting that the juvenile stage might be more sensitive to logging than mature thalli. These results indicate that creation of large clearcuts (2·25 ha) may not be in accordance with the goal of maintaining population size in either C. hultenii or P. glauca. However, P. glauca does not seem to be negatively influenced by a fine-grained logging pattern. No effect of logging strategy or distance from the forest edge was observed on P. norvegica. It follows from the above that any management plans aimed at maintaining population size should be based on an understanding of ecology and life history gleaned from the area in question.
Associations of pre-trauma attributes and trauma exposure with screening positive for PTSD: analysis of a community-based study of 2085 young adults
Authors: PARSLOW RUTH A. , JORM ANTHONY F. , CHRISTENSEN HELEN 
Published: October 2005

Background. While pre-trauma personality and mental health measures are risk factors for post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), such information is usually obtained following the trauma and can be influenced by post-trauma distress. We used data collected from a community-based survey of young adults before and after a major natural disaster to examine the extent to which participants' traumatic experiences, demographic and pre-trauma risk factors were associated with their screening positive for PTSD when re-interviewed.Method. A representative selection of 2085 young adults from the Australian Capital Territory and environs, interviewed in 1999 as part of a longitudinal community-based survey, were re-interviewed 3–18 months after a major bushfire had occurred in the region. When re-interviewed, they were asked about their experiences of trauma threat, uncontrollable and controllable traumatic experiences and their reaction to the fire. They were also screened for symptoms of fire-related PTSD experienced in the week prior to interview.Results. Four-fifths of participants were exposed to the trauma with around 50% reporting having experienced uncontrollable traumatic events. Reporting PTSD symptoms was associated with being female, having less education, poorer mental health and higher levels of neuroticism prior to the trauma. Particular fire experiences, including being evacuated and feeling very distressed during the disaster, were more strongly associated with PTSD symptoms compared with pre-trauma measures.Conclusions. While demographic and pre-trauma mental health increased the likelihood of reporting PTSD symptoms, exposure to trauma threat and reaction to the trauma made greater contributions in explaining such symptoms as a result of this disaster.
Cutaneous glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in antidepressant-resistant depression
Authors: FITZGERALD PETER , O'BRIEN SINEAD M. , SCULLY PAUL , RIJKERS KIM , SCOTT LUCINDA V. , DINAN TIMOTHY G. 
Published: October 2005

Background. There is evidence to indicate that peripheral glucocorticoid receptor (GR) function is reduced in major depression, and a possible molecular explanation for this is the impact of raised pro-inflammatory cytokines. The topical steroid vasoconstriction assay provides a convenient probe of peripheral GR function. The present study sought to assess the sensitivity of peripheral GRs in antidepressant-resistant major depressives and investigate the association between GR sensitivity and circulating plasma cytokines.Method. Nineteen antidepressant-resistant depressives together with age- and sex-matched healthy controls underwent the steroid vasoconstriction assay using three commercial preparations of corticosteroids containing clobetasol propionate 0·05%, betamethasone valerate 0·1%, and clobetasone butyrate 0·05%, corresponding to very potent, potent, and moderately potent steroid creams respectively. The pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The severity of the depressive episode was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Scale (HAMD).Results. Depressed subjects had a significantly reduced vasoconstriction response across all three strengths of steroid. They also had significantly higher concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6. There was a significant inverse correlation between TNF-α concentration and vasoconstriction response and also between the HAMD score and vasoconstriction response.Conclusions. These findings suggest that cutaneous GR function is abnormal in antidepressant-resistant depression, that circulating TNF-α may play a significant role in this abnormality and that the efficacy of topical steroids in antidepressant-resistant depressives is reduced.
Expression and localization of two isoforms of AQP10 in human small intestine
Authors: Li Huiping , Kamiie Junichi , Morishita Yoshiyuki , Yoshida Yukata , Yaoita Eishin , Ishibashi Kenichi , Yamamoto Tadashi 
Published: October 2005

Background information. AQP10 (aquaporin 10) is a new member of water channels and two different transcripts have been reported. The difference between these transcripts is in the presence or the absence of an insertion of 475 nt, which leads to a translation frame shift resulting in a different termination of amino acid translation and synthesis of a shorter form of AQP10. Thus an AQP10 molecule deduced from the transcript with an insertion has a distinct C‐terminus, different from that translated from the transcript without the insertion. In the present study, we investigated the expression and localization of these AQP10 isoforms.Results. Two transcripts were expressed in human duodenum and jejunum. Western‐blot analysis using antibodies for these AQP10 isoforms immunoblotted two bands of approx. 35 and 30 kDa respectively. Immunohistochemistry and immunoelectron microscopy demonstrated localization of the AQP10 with an insertion in the capillary endothelium in villi of the small intestine and the isoform without the insertion in the gastro‐entero‐pancrestic endocrine cells.Conclusion. The different forms of localization of the AQP10 isoforms indicate that they may play different roles in the proximal portion of human small intestine.