bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Digital Evaluation of the Trueness and Fitting Accuracy of a Three-Unit Fixed Zirconium Bridge Fabricated from Different Types of Zirconia and Different Marginal Cement Space Thickness
Authors: Mosa Mutaz Omran , Ibraheem Adel Farhan , Hussein Hashim Mueen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to measure the internal, marginal fitness, and trueness of a three-unit fixed zirconium bridge fabricated using two types of zirconia and different marginal cement space thicknesses.
Methods and Materials Thirty-two aluminum master models, constructed by computer numerical control (CNC) milling machines using aluminum rod, representing two prepared aluminum abutments (the upper first premolar and the first molar) were chosen due to differences in shape and dimensions, which may affect adaptation. It may also be considered one of the most common cases in clinical practice and a missing second premolars were used to fabricate a three-unit fixed partial zirconium bridge. A master model was scanned with an intraoral scanner. Fixed dental prostheses (FDPs) were fabricated with two designs (single-layer high-translucent [HT] Katana and ultra-translucent multilayer (UTML] zirconia Katana) and two marginal cement space thicknesses (0 and 25μm for HT and ML). These specimens are divided according to marginal cement space and type of zirconia into four groups, each containing eight samples. Group A: 25-μm marginal cement space with single-layer HT zirconia. Group B: 25-μm marginal gap with UTML zirconia. Group C: 0 μm marginal gap single-layer HT zirconia. Group D: 0 μm marginal gap with UTML zirconia. Fitness and trueness of the fabricated three-unit FDPs were evaluated by scanning the silicone replica of the cement space and analyzing the thickness of the silicone replica in the three-dimensional inspection software (Geomagic Control X, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA).
Results Highest mean value of internal gap was recorded at the molar abutment of group D (95.05, ± 3.42 μm), while the lowest was recorded at the premolar abutment of group A (57.12, ± 2.43μm). For marginal gap, the lowest marginal gap was also recorded at the premolar abutment of group A (36.14, ± 3.94μm), and the highest was at the molar abutment of group D (84.74, ± 2.98 μm).For trueness, group A showed the lowest root mean square (RMS) of mean with both abutments compared with group D, which recorded the highest RMS of mean for trueness.
Conclusion The marginal cement space thickness affects the FPD internal, marginal fitness, and trueness; single-layer HT (Katana) zirconia shows better fitness and trueness than UTML (Katana).
Development of a novel bioartificial cornea using 3D bioprinting based on electrospun micro-nanofibrous decellularized extracellular matrix
Authors: Zhang Shi-yao , Zhang Mingshan , Li Xin-yu , Huang Shuai , Han Daobo , Chang Le , Ling Liyun , Huo Yan , Alzogool Mohammad , Yang Ning , Ye Qing , Wang Yan 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Corneal damage contributes to blindness in millions of people. Simulating natural corneas with artificial corneas is challenging due to material and manufacturing limitations, including poor mechanical properties, complex manufacturing processes, and ocular histocompatibility. In this study, electrospun micro-nanofibrous decellularized extracellular matrix (dECM) is combined with digital light processing 3D bioprinting and validated as a bioartificial cornea for the first time. Electrospinning gives the material a controllable shape, and the electrospun micro-nanofibrous dECM, with preserved inherent biochemical components, can better mimic the natural ECM native microenvironment. An efficient platform can be developed for creating novel structural materials, when combined with intelligent manufacturing. Artificial biological corneas developed using this method showed five-fold improvements in mechanical properties (248.5 ± 35.67 kPa vs. 56.91 ± 3.68 kPa, p < 0.001), superior guidance for cell organization and adhesion, and better maintenance of the cellular phenotype of keratocytes. In animal studies, in vivo transplantation of this artificial cornea showed better regeneration, which accelerated corneal epithelialization and maintained corneal transparency. This method has potential for biomedical applications, and bioartificial corneas manufactured by this method have ideal properties as an alternative to lamellar keratoplasty, with promise for clinical transformation.
Effect of carbon nanotube content and annealing temperature on corrosion performance of carbon nanotube/Ni composite layer
Authors: Li Yuxin , Yang Ping , Xiao Yi , Liu Yingnan , Chen Yulin , Yang Hongshan , Feng Hao , Zhang Jian , Shu Baipo 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Adding carbon nanotubes (CNTs) to metal composites changes their corrosion resistance, which is significantly affected by the distribution of CNTs. In this study, the effect of the content and distribution of CNTs on the corrosion resistance of composites was investigated by changing the electrodeposition process. The results indicated that could inhibit grain growth and act as an elemental channel for passivation film formation, which positively enhanced the corrosion resistance of the material. However, the annealing used to improve the bonding strength of CNTs to the matrix increased the grain size of the material, which had a weakening effect on the corrosion resistance. Using ultrasonic in electrodeposition had an obvious promoting effect on the uniform distribution of CNTs. The composites with 0.1 g/l CNT showed the best corrosion resistance after annealing for 30 min at 600 °C.
The Plea
Authors: Wang Elise 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter posits that the Placita Corone, the only extant manual of criminal pleading, was designed to teach narrative satisfaction, and that the plea offers a way to think about narrative theory in medieval law. Although there is a lively scholarly conversation on narrative in the law in the modern context, it has been more difficult to develop a similar focus in the medieval context. Drawing on recent scholarship on medieval narrative theory, this chapter argues that this manual and this conversation was designed for the medieval reader, who was trained by the most popular literary genres to relish repetitions and stitch up connections between discontinuous episodes. With this perspective, the chapter considers the manual alongside examples of literary pleaders, including the sages in the Seven Sages of Rome, Chaucer’s Man of Law, and John Gower’s ideal pleader, to trace a shared conversation about the construction and dangers of narrative satisfaction to the law.
Testimony
Authors: Wang Elise 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Medieval law depended heavily on hearsay and reputation, and this has made it seem as though neither scholars nor laymen saw any problems in a testimonial system based on the word of the “oathworthy witness.” This chapter argues that we can locate a sharp critique of the testimonial system in legal-minded literature and in cases that tried “oathworthy men” for abuse of their powers. It focuses on The Pistil of Swete Susan, a Middle English adaptation of the story of Susannah and the Elders from Daniel, in which the virtuous Susannah is falsely accused of adultery after spurning the advances of the lecherous Elders. I pair this with a case in which a justice baldly attempts to cajole, threaten, and beg a group of oathworthy men into accepting some token accountability for their criminal actions to demonstrate that the case and the justice’s forthrightness partake in the same understanding of the testimonial system’s inherent instabilities.
Standing Mute
Authors: Wang Elise 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 addresses the practice of refusing to plead, or “standing mute,” and the effect it had on the audience and the procedure itself. The law had its own response—torture via peine forte et dure—but this chapter considers the silence itself. It considers to two literary versions of silence, one dramatic and one allegorical, in order to understand this practice that was unique to felony procedure. The most obvious analogue for those watching an accused stand silent at trial would have been the Christ of the Mystery Plays, whose dramatic trials would have posed silence as a protest, but whose own words caution against interpreting messages in silence. I turn then to the personification of silence in the poem Mum and the Sothsegger, whose aggressive interruption helps us see that—when speech is the order of the day—silence seems aggressive, even if it is not intended that way. The chapter argues that these treatments of silence caution us against interpreting silence too hastily, and that in preserving a space for uninterpretability it in its procedure, the felony trial both undermined and shored up its own authority.
Epilogue
Authors: Wang Elise 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This Epilogue returns with more sustained attention to the problem presented in the Introduction: felony provides the archetype for crime, but is only ever defined by its practice, which this book and other works have repeatedly shown to be contingent and capricious. In this Epilogue, I briefly trace its post-medieval conceptual history, demonstrating the resilience of the category. I suggest that the way we treat felons and felony convictions demonstrates that current American law has retained the medieval concept of felony, in which felony is an act that reveals essential villainy, not a discrete crime in itself. While several scholars have called for felony’s abolition on the grounds of its inconsistencies and cruelties, I argue that we retain it because it allows us to maintain a fiction that crime—in its most essential form—brings punishment down upon itself. The concept of felony allows us to rid our impression of the law of contingency and fallible actors, providing a fantasy of judgment perfectly clear and punishment perfectly justified.
The Last Great Plague of Colonial India
Authors: Sarkar Natasha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Plague has attained pandemic proportions on three occasions in recorded history, and it is within the context of the third, modern pandemic that this book unfolds. Colonial India was not new to the disease, but when plague resurfaced in the late nineteenth century, it took over twelve million lives in India alone. A crisis of such magnitude is captured for the first time in a book-length treatise on India’s encounter with the plague, detailing the nature and progression of the disease in a complex colonial environment. It raises broad concerns regarding colonial assumptions and attitudes, exploring deep-seated colonial anxieties about governing India, and reflecting a space where disease carriers were identified and scapegoats stigmatized. While anti-plague measures signified perceptions of the disease, both old and new, the clash between Western imperialism and its speedy developments in biomedicine on the one hand, and older indigenous medical systems on the other, was inevitable. The book throws a revealing light on the mentalities of Indian society. It studies what the indigenous population made of the disease, and investigates whether social prejudices became increasingly polarized in a colonial environment. It locates the disparate, heterogeneous voices across communities, for the Indians encapsulated all the contradictions that came from being a multi-religious, multi-lingual, and multi-cultural society. This book examines with meticulous attention the last great plague of colonial India and its political, social, economic, and demographic dimensions.
Introduction
Authors: Sarkar Natasha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The chapter introduces readers to the times when bubonic plague attained pandemic proportions in recorded history, and India’s association with the disease through the ages. It traces the origins of the third and most recent plague pandemic, primarily focusing on how it devastated British India. It argues that this book will add to the growing historical scholarship around the conquest of diseases and critiques of systems as tools of domination within the socio-political structures of colonialism. It then makes a case for the relevance of the book through an examination of the existing historiography on plague. The introductory chapter also engages with the scope of the book, a description of the book’s individual chapters and the sources used. It provides an overview of the significance of the book in this day and age.
Indigenous Response
Authors: Sarkar Natasha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In an emotionally charged environment, it was only a matter of time before a mass exodus took place. This chapter delineates this outward flow of population from Bombay city, and the resultant suburbanization that took place. The chapter further examines the paradox of resistance, rebellion, and cooperation in the face of colonial anti-plague measures. Epidemics provide a mirror to the systemic disadvantages of women and the chapter reveals how a great many women suffered from insensitivity and loss of personal dignity and honour. The interventionist measures also led to the emergence of a more vocal press, and a section on sedition delves into the circumstances surrounding the demand for stringent sedition laws. In the face of anxiety and resistance, the chapter also uncovers the remarkable contributions of public-spirited indigenes in allaying the fears of the masses.
Missionary Zeal
Authors: Sarkar Natasha 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses missionary work and its accomplishments during the period. While the uncertainty around the laws that governed the origins and spread of the plague were acknowledged, the sanitarian view of the disease held by the colonial administration was embraced by the missionaries. The latter reckoned that since the anti-plague measures were adopted by the colonial government and were dictated by experts, and hence represented the weight of scientific opinion, they constituted the best course of action to save the masses. The chapter looks at the role of medical missionaries in breaking down traditional resistance to medical aid by bringing the sick to hospitals and by insisting upon the use of prescribed remedies—actions that were helpful in furthering the cause of Western medicine. The record of services rendered by the mission nurses, and the gratitude they evoked, forms a gratifying picture of the plague years.
The Evolution of Sex
Authors: Teather Kevin Lee 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The evolution of sexual reproduction has perplexed biologists for decades. The earliest organisms on Earth could replicate by themselves, so why do almost all multicellular species combine their genetic material with other individuals to reproduce? After all, asexual reproduction was very successful for well over a billion years. It remains the only mode of reproduction in all of today’s bacteria and is used by many multicellular organisms at certain times in their lifecycle. Sex is costly. It is characterized by increased time and energy at the cellular and organismal levels, may result in injury or even death, and exposes individuals to predators and parasites. Conversely, it can repair damaged stretches of DNA and create the variability necessary for natural selection. Furthermore, assuming that there is some benefit to reproducing sexually, why are sex partners so different? Given that the objective of both individuals is to optimize the production of high-quality progeny, one would expect all members of a species to be similar. Instead, the two types of individuals we denote as biological males and females often exhibit an array of anatomical and behavioural differences that may influence their approach to sexual encounters. Interactions between the two can be co-operative, but their unique strategies often reveal an underlying conflict. This book explores the possible reasons why sex evolved, examines how the differences between males and females arose, and discusses how those differences affect their reproductive strategies.
Introduction
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Why do most organisms on Earth reproduce sexually? There are significant costs to this mode of reproduction, and many organisms can replicate their genomes without it. Indeed, the first kind of reproduction was asexual, and this mode is still employed by many species today. Further, why do males’ and females’ reproductive approaches differ when the goals of each are the same? Indeed, why are there two sexes at all? After laying out the topics covered in subsequent chapters, various issues are reviewed. These include natural and sexual selection, proximate and ultimate questions, gender and sex, and the naturalistic fallacy. The intention of the book is to give readers a fundamental understanding of these topics, making it easier to follow subsequent material. While disagreements over the scientific validity of statements are always welcomed, any difference of opinion resulting from an incomplete understanding of these subjects is unwarranted.
Sexual Reproduction Is Costly
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In examining the evolution of a particular trait, it’s essential to understand the costs and benefits of that behaviour. Sexual reproduction has many costs. Importantly, sexual reproducers, using the same energy, produce only half as many offspring capable of breeding. This disadvantage is often referred to as the twofold cost of males. Additionally, during meiosis, favourable gene combinations may be broken apart. Species that reproduce sexually must devote a significant amount of time to the activity at both the cellular and organismal levels. In some species, this may involve searching for and assessing mates. Increased energy to produce structures used during reproduction, increased exposure to predators, and increased likelihood of contracting diseases spread through close contact are all costs that asexual breeders don’t encounter. These costs suggest that sexual reproduction must have been offset by significant benefits for it to have evolved.
So Why Sex?
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Asexual reproduction faces a few drawbacks. The most important of these are the accumulation of deleterious mutations and the lack of variability between individuals in a population. Both problems are partially offset in prokaryotes, where transformation, conjugation, and transduction make it possible to use parts of the chromosome of another individual to repair its own and add variability to the genome. However, sexual reproduction addresses both disadvantages more fully, and addressing one or both may have been influential in its evolution. Combining genes with those of another individual during reproduction results in access to genetic material that can also be used to repair, or at least mask, DNA damage or deleterious mutations. Additionally, sexual reproduction results in variable young. This variability is due to crossing-over and the random segregation of chromosomes during the formation of gametes and combining the genes of two individuals. Recent studies have focussed on the Red Queen hypothesis, which states that having offspring genetically different from their mother makes them less susceptible to parasites. A short life cycle enables these parasites to adapt well to their hosts. Offspring can better combat pathogens tailored to their mother by being a little different.
Determining an Individual’s Biological Sex
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
In some situations, it is advantageous to the parent to produce either male or female offspring. Because males can potentially father more offspring than females, high-quality males may have greater reproductive success than high-quality females. For this reason, females in good condition might favour male offspring. While there is good evidence that sex-ratio manipulation occurs in some species, there is little evidence for it in others. Part of a parent’s ability to influence the sex ratio of their progeny probably depends on how sex is determined. We often think of genes controlling whether an individual becomes male or female, which is the case in many species, including mammals. However, sex can also be determined by the environment in which the organism develops. While temperature is the most frequently studied environmental factor, location, population density, and other factors may also contribute to sex determination. Hermaphrodites can change sex from male to female, female to male, or even harbour the reproductive organs of males and females simultaneously. This ability is advantageous when reproductive performance is related to size or when individuals of the opposite sex are difficult to find.
Co-operation Between the Sexes
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Co-operative strategies to enhance breeding performance are employed intrasexually as well as intersexually. For example, males may co-operate with other males to maximize their access to females. In contrast, females may collaborate with other females to maximize the quantity or quality of offspring they produce. When co-operation with the other sex increases the reproductive success of each individual, they may work together to rear offspring. A male or female uses individuals of the other sex like any other object in their environment. Intersexually, we most often see co-operation when biparental care of offspring is required. Despite this collaboration between males and females, each is trying to optimize their lifetime fitness. As a result, conflict between the two sexes often arises, even during periods of co-operation.
The Best Mate
Authors: Teather Kevin 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Males and females have differing strategies when it comes to maximizing their fitness. In general, males are limited by the availability of receptive females, while females are constrained by the number of offspring they can produce. However, their availability for reproduction largely determines which sex competes and which is most selective about their breeding partner. Typically, the sex that requires more time to go through one reproductive cycle (thus being unavailable for breeding) is the sex that invests more in reproduction; correspondingly, they tend to be choosiest. Alternatively, the sex available to breed for more time typically invests less in offspring and competes for members of the opposite sex. Thus, while males usually compete for choosy females, the opposite may be true, or both sexes may be choosy. When competing, indirect means (e.g. finding mates, sexual endurance) and direct interactions (fighting) may result in selection for different characteristics. ‘Intrasexual selection’, often used interchangeably with ‘female choice’, has been used to explain the evolution of elaborate male traits. Runaway selection, the handicap principle, parasite resistance, and mitonuclear compatibility have all been proposed as hypotheses for intrasexual selection. Current evidence suggests choosing high-quality mates may be based on parasite resistance or overall energy levels.