bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immunodetection of Venturia inaequalis Ascospores with Phage Antibodies
Authors: Ribbert M. , Wolters A. , Barth S. , Stoecker M. , Schaeffer A. , Fischer R. , Finnern R. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractWe describe the bacterial expression of single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies that bind specifically to the ascospores of Venturia inaequalis (Cooke). A scFv phage display library was prepared from the expressed V‐gene repertoire of a mouse immunized with whole V. inaequalis ascospores. Affinity selection was then carried out using intact, non‐germinated ascospores. The binding of selected phage antibodies was monitored by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Several scFv antibodies were found to bind specifically to V. inaequalis ascospores. No cross‐reactivity was detected with spores from other phytopathogenic fungi, such as Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Cladosporium spp. and Alternaria brassicicola. Moreover, the scFvs did not bind to V. inaequalis conidiospores or mycelia. This is the first report describing the immunodetection of V. inaequalis ascospores by phage‐derived scFv antibody fragments. The degree of specificity of the antibodies is sufficiently high to allow rapid detection of ascospores within environmental probes such as those from particle samplers.
Characterization of a New Strain of Capsicum chlorosis virus from Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in China
Authors: Chen K. , Xu Z. , Yan L. , Wang G. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA new strain of Capsicum chlorosis virus (CaCV) from peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) in China, designated CaCV‐CP, was characterized. CaCV‐CP causes yellow spots and necrosis on the leaves of affected peanut plants. Of 31 plant species inoculated mechanically, 24 were susceptible to this strain. Quasi‐spherical virions were present in ultrathin section of diseased leaves. The complete sequence of S RNA of CaCV‐CP consisted of 3399 nucleotides (nts). The NSs and N genes of the virus contained 1320 nts and 828 nts, respectively; these two open reading frames were in an ambisense arrangement. The N gene of CaCV‐CP shared 84.7–86.4% and 92.4–93.1% identity with that of CaCV strains from Thailand and Australia at nt and amino acid levels, respectively (the GenBank accession number of the sequence reported in this study is DQ355974).
Microsatellite and Morphological Markers Reveal Genetic Variation within a Population of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum from Oilseed Rape in the Çanakkale Province of Turkey
Authors: Mert‐Türk F. , Ipek M. , Mermer D. , Nicholson P. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe genetic variation among a population of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum collected from oilseed rape fields in the Çanakkale Province of Turkey was assessed using molecular and morphological markers. Seven microsatellite primer pairs (out of eight) revealed 32 clear polymorphic alleles among the 36 fungal isolates examined. An unweighted pair‐group mean analysis dendrogram was generated using the genetic distance matrix with the 32 microsatellite alleles. The level of similarity was as low as 15% between some isolates indicating a high level of genetic diversity within the fungal population; 23 distinct isolates were found (at a genotypic diversity level of 63%). Among the collection of 36 isolates, 19 mycelial compatibility groups (MCGs) were identified; 10 MCGs included at least two isolates. Molecular and morphological data suggest that most of the isolates within a single MCG were identical; however, the isolates belonging to the MCG2 and MCG4 had variable microsatellite haplotypes and were morphologically dissimilar. The data suggest that there is possibly a high rate of outcrossing as well as evolutionary potential within the population of the pathogen in oilseed rape fields. This is the first report demonstrating the genetic and morphological variation within a population of S. sclerotiorum in Turkey.
Sunken wood from the Vanuatu Islands: identification of wood substrates and preliminary description of associated fauna
Authors: Pailleret Marie , Haga Takuma , Petit Patricia , Privé‐Gill Catherine , Saedlou Nima , Gaill Françoise , Zbinden Magali 
Published: February 2007

AbstractTwo trawl samples of natural sunken wood collected near Vanuatu were identified based on histological studies. Detailed descriptions were made and microphotographs of the cell types were taken, using the three classical sections (cross, tangential and radial). The botanical characters were compared first to the native flora of Vanuatu, then also to the introduced species. The possibility of transportation by ocean currents with a mainly southern and eastern direction is discussed. The first sample lacks apparent colonization marks. Its main histologic character is the presence of ‘paedomorphic type I rays’ which relates it to the shrubby genera Fitchia (Asteraceae) and Fuchsia (Onagraceae): both are known in Polynesia but they seem not to be recorded from Vanuatu. The second wood sample is densely colonized by molluscs and other fauna. It comes from a tree close to the Fabaceae‐Mimosoideae, possibly belonging to the genera Leucaena or Serianthes, both known from Vanuatu. Our work shows for the first time that, even after prolonged submergence in water at substantial depth (>500 m), the wood structure may be well preserved. Therefore, the botanical identification and the determination of the origin of the sunken wood were possible. The two selected samples show completely different colonization patterns, which could be related to differences in chemical composition or to time elapsed since sinking.
Use of nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in infants. A survey of members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland
Authors: EUSTACE NICHOLAS , O'HARE BRENDAN 
Published: February 2007

SummaryBackground:  Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used as perioperative analgesics. Many are currently used off label. Diclofenac is currently licensed for use in children over 1 year of age for the treatment of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, while ibuprofen is licensed for use in children weighing over 7 kg. The dose and interval in children is currently extrapolated from adult studies, as the pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) data are lacking in infants.Methods:  A postal questionnaire was sent to members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetist of Great Britain and Ireland seeking to clarify members’ prescribing patterns of NSAIDs, especially in infants. Information regarding the choice of NSAIDS, route of administration, lower age limit, dose interval, dose and practice in two specific perioperative contexts (adenotonsillectomy and open heart surgery) was sought.Results:  The response rate was 80%. NSAIDs are used by 86% of responders in infants. Diclofenac is most commonly used intraoperatively (78%); while ibuprofen (73%) was used more frequently postoperatively. NSAIDs are used by 21% of respondents in ICU. Commonest routes of administration were oral (81%) and rectal (80%), rarely intravenously (9%). The commonest dose for diclofena is 1 mg·kg−1 (59%); the dosing schedule employed being 8 hourly in 53% of cases. NSAIDs are used by 57% of responders as part of their analgesic regime for adenotonsillectomies.Conclusion:  Members of the Association of Paediatric Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland commonly prescribe NSAIDs in infants. This is despite the dearth of PK and PD data in this age group.
Effects of self‐management training in Type 2 diabetes: a randomized, prospective trial
Authors: Kulzer B. , Hermanns N. , Reinecker H. , Haak T. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractAims  The efficacy of three education programmes for Type 2 diabetic patients was tested in a randomized trial. A didactic‐oriented training programme (treatment A) was compared with a self‐management‐oriented programme delivered in group sessions (treatment B). The latter programme was compared with a more individualized approach (treatment C).Methods  One hundred and eighty‐one Type 2 diabetic patients (age 55.6 ± 6.3 years, diabetes duration 6.6 ± 6.2 years, HbA1c 7.8 ± 1.6%, female 49.7%) took part. Efficacy was assessed 3 months (t1) after baseline (t0) and at a follow‐up 15 months (t2) after baseline.Results  The fall in HbA1c in treatment B at t1 was sustained at t2 (t0 8.1 ± 1.8%, t1 7.3 ± 1.7%, t2 7.4 ± 1.9%). In treatment A, HbA1c was unchanged throughout (t0 7.6 ± 1.5%, t1 7.5 ± 1.3%, t2 7.7 ± 1.7%; treatment A vs. treatment B; P < 0.05). With the more individualized approach of treatment C, there was a fall in HbA1c at t1, but this was not sustained at t2 (t0 7.8 ± 1.6%, t1 7.1 ± 1.3%, t2 7.6 ± 1.6%; treatment B vs. treatment C; P = 0.73). There were also significant benefits in treatment B subjects compared with treatment A in further medical (body mass index and fasting blood glucose), psychological (control, irritability and hunger dependency of eating behaviour, and trait anxiety) and behavioural (exercise) variables. There were no significant benefits of the more individualized treatment C compared with group treatment B. No significant differences were found regarding triglyceride levels, high‐density lipoprotein, diabetes‐related knowledge, negative well‐being, urine or blood glucose levels or foot care.Conclusion  Self‐management training had a significantly higher medium‐term efficacy than didactic diabetes education. The group sessions were more effective than a more individualized approach.
The New Right in Central Europe I: Czechoslovakia
Authors: Scruton Roger 
Published: February 2007

‘The New Right’, as it has come to be known, derives from at least two major intellectual sources, free market theory and social conservatism. The question how far these are compatible is frequently raised. The aim of this two-part article is to explore the impact of ‘New Right’ thinking in East Central Europe (specifically in Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary) in order to show that, in the conditions of ‘real socialism’, free market and social conservative ideas seem to arise naturally from the same root conceptions. The first part deals with Czechoslovakia-specifically with the thought of Patocka, Have1 and Bratinka, and with the conservative wing of the Charter movement. It argues that, while many writers would specifically reject labels like ‘conservative’ or ‘right-wing’, the actual content of their thought is very close to that of the New Right in the western hemisphere. In particular, the call for a ‘depoliticization’ of society, for responsible accounting, and for a lived historical identity which will be both national and European, are indistinguishable from long-standing themes of social conservatism.
Leo Strauss: The Ancient as Modern
Authors: Susser Bernard 
Published: February 2007

Although his approach to politics and philosophy were relatively little known outside the United States, Leo Strauss was perhaps the most revered and the most controversial figure in post-war American political science. His followers today form what is arguably the most cohesive intellectual fraternity in the discipline. They constitute a highly influential opposition to the empirical–quantitative course taken by political science and political philosophy. This study explores Strauss's ideas highlighting the unconventional mixture of substance and style that gives them an arrestingly idiosyncratic character. Substantively, Strauss belonged to the pre-modern intellectual tradition that understood Truth as accessible and knowable through philosophical contemplation. The form of his argumentation, however, his relentless critique of modernity and the moderns, is conducted with all the cognitive weaponry provided for by the modernist intellectual style.
The Corporatist Ideal-Type and Political Exchange
Authors: Bull Martin J. 
Published: February 2007

The fundamental reason for corporatism's persistence in political science debates is its failure to respond to the demands of political theory and present a convincing ideal-type to capture the relationship between interest groups and the state. Corporatist writers have misused ideal-types and the most refined example to date of the corporatist ideal-type (Cawson's) is structurally flawed. There are more profound problems than this, however, in the construction of a corporatist ideal-type because of the nature of the dynamics at the heart of the corporatist process: political exchange. Every change of paradigm begins with a new exaggeration.1
The Permanent Crisis of a Divided Mankind: ‘Contemporary Crisis of the Nation State’ in Historical Perspective
Authors: Hont Istvan 
Published: February 2007

It is said that the people are sovereign; but over whom? – over themselves, apparently. The people are thus subject. There is surely something equivocal if not erroneous here, for the people which command are not the people which obey. It is enough, then, to put the general proposition, ‘The people are sovereign’, to feel that it needs an exegesis…. The people, it will be said, exercise their sovereignty by means of their representatives. This begins to make sense. The people are the sovereign which cannot exercise sovereignty… (Joseph De Maistre, Study on Sovereignty) Someone was speaking to Sieyès of the scorn that his detractors continually affect for what they call ‘grand theories’. ‘Theories’, he said, ‘are the practice of centuries; all their practices are the theory of the passing moment! (Pierre Louis Roederer)1
Reviews
Authors: McConkey Roy , Skeffington M. 
Published: February 2007

Marzollo, J. and Lloyd, J. (1977). Learning through Play.Meek, M., Warlow, A. and Barton, G. (1977). The Cool Web: the Pattern of Children's Reading.Hoffman, M. (1977). Reading, Writing and Relevance.Jackson, S. (1977). Oxford Junior Workbook, 1A, 2A, 3A and 4A.Riddell, G. and Gulland, D. (1975). Teaching: Active or Passive.Lewis, L. (1977). Attack‐a‐track.Spooncer, F. A. (1976). The Development of Reading, The Evaluation of Reading.Williams, A. (1971). Reading and the Consumer.Zimet, S. G. (1977). Print and Prejudice.
Reviews
Authors: Green Nancy , Hough Patricia , Jackanicz Sandra J. (Eiker) , Bookbinder Geoff 
Published: February 2007

Moyle, Donald (compiler) (1979) Teaching Reading.Peddie, W. S. & White, G. R. (1978). Testing in Practice–a guide to the preparation and marking of tests, formal examinations and informal assessments.Drummond, Don and Wignell, Edna (Editors), 1979. Reading: A Source Book.Roswell, Florence G. and Chall Jeanne S., (1979). Roswell Chall Diagnostic Reading Test of Word Analysis Skills.
Reviews
Authors: Palmer Jean , Banks Alison , Harris Leslie , Myerscough Pauline 
Published: February 2007

Jeffree, Dorothy M. and Skeffington, Margaret (1980) Let Me Read.MacFarlane, Tom, with Moyle, Donald (adviser), (1980) Comprehension Through the Newspaper.Pugh, A.K., Lee, V.J. and Swann, J. (Ed.) (1980) Language and Language Use.Veatch, Jeannette (1978) Reading in the Elementary School.
Understanding Cohesion—Some Practical Teaching Implications
Authors: Hadley Ilma Louise 
Published: February 2007

SummaryAn experiment was conducted with 151 primary school children from three year levels, in a suburban primary school, set in a moderately high socio‐economic area. The object of the investigation was to test the understanding of twelve anaphoric pronouns, which were embedded in passages of continuous text. The relationship between the perception of the cohesive items, and general reading comprehension was studied, as was the difference between the performance of girls and boys. A further question related to the understanding of anaphoric items set within direct speech.Results showed a significant relationship between the comprehension of the selected anaphoric personal items and ability in reading, as measured by a standardised test. In the early school years, girls were superior to boys in their perception of the items, but no difference was found at the upper level of the school. Children of all levels found the items set within quoted speech more difficult to comprehend than the items in the rest of the text. Some practical teaching strategies are discussed, and attention is drawn to areas where teachers' awareness of cohesion could prove useful.
Textual Cohesion and Effective Reading: A teaching strategy
Authors: Wishart Elizabeth 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe unfamiliarity of the language of books sometimes contributes to the limited effectiveness with which pupils read. An action research project was carried out with a group of primary school teachers and their pupils, who belong to minority ethnic groups, in order to develop a teaching strategy to help these pupils to attend to the cohesive elements of texts, alongside the conceptual content. The teachers selected texts for reading and discussion with their pupils and they included in the discussion some prepared questions aimed at recovering the meaning of cohesive devices in the texts.The teachers found that they developed their own awareness of the linguistic demands on pupils of the texts which they selected, and the responses of the pupils demonstrated the contribution of the cohesive elements of the texts to the interplay of the factors, linguistic and conceptual, which influence pupils' effective reading.
A Comparison of Reader Strategies on Two Versions of A Newspaper Editorial
Authors: Oyetunde Timothy O. , Umolu Joanne J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractReading is seen as a communication process, a meaningful interaction between the reader and his reading text. A number of factors are known to affect this interaction. One prominent factor is the type of text being read. That is, reader strategies may vary in relation to text characteristics. This study used miscue analysis to find out patterns of reader strategies on two types of texts: a syntactically complex and high vocabulary loaded text and a syntactically simple and low vocabulary loaded text. To this end, cloze tests of passages derived from two versions of a newspaper editorial completed by twenty undergraduate education students from the University of Jos were analysed.The results indicated that the readers of the difficult text had less access to semantic and syntactic cues than the readers of the simplified text. Readers for whom the difficult text was on frustration level made less use of context than did readers for whom the same text was on instructional level. There was very little difference in quality of miscues by readers of the simplified text reading on independent level as compared with those reading the same text on instructional level. Readers who performed on instructional level on the difficult passage used similar reading strategies to those who performed on instructional level on the simplified passage. The implications of the findings for reading instruction were discussed.
Children's Attitudes to Reading: Do Teachers Know?
Authors: McKinlay Susan 
Published: February 2007

SummaryTwelve primary aged children with learning difficulties rated their attitudes to reading on a Likert scale. Their teachers rated these children's attitudes on the same scale. They then devised an observation schedule to assess the children's attitudes to reading activities in the classroom. The use of these assessment procedures in the classroom, their differing results and the implications for helping children with learning difficulties, are discussed.
The Diversity of Registers found in Primary Children's Information Books
Authors: Neate Bobbie 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA survey of children's information books was carried out and one of the major findings was that the language of the books was very diverse. This language known as register varied greatly in the number of specialist terms used and in the manner in which the author addressed the reader. The research suggests that readers experience diversity of language from a very early age. The research also suggests that the books we use for project work are often not suitable for research and that they fall well short of any standard that is desirable of informative texts.
Helping Children to Develop as Writers: Supporting, Showing, Responding
Authors: Peacock Colin 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHow can we help children develop as writers once they have begun to master the complexities of the writing system and begun to understand how they can compose their own texts? Colin Peacock proposes some answers to these questions on the basis of a small‐scale research project in one school. Key issues which emerged were the need to develop motivation, to give children opportunities to write, to respond to their difficulties and to show them what counted as success.
The Power of Publication: A Journey Into Authorship by One Child With Learning Disabilities
Authors: Berge Nicole , Zaragoza Nina 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThis article describes the journey of Daniel, a child with learning difficulties, into authorship through one‐to‐one tutoring. It discusses the powerful and positive influence the introduction of book making and publication had on Daniel's enthusiasm for writing and writing fluency. All this is set within a discussion of recent work on writing process teaching.
Raising Reading Standards: What is the Headteacher's Role?
Authors: Bearne Eve 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe role of the headteacher has been identificed as one of the key characteristics of schools which achieve high standards of reading. Eve Bearne here presents the findings of an evaluation which reveals ways in which headteachers influence reading standards, particularly through in‐service provision. The evaluation's aim was to assess the effectiveness of in‐service courses in raising standards of achievement in reading and to consider the implications for school provision and future in‐service arrangements. One factor which emerged strongly was the importance of the headteacher's role in managing reading provision in the primary school. It appeared that where the headteacher had taken a proactive role, developments were likely to be more firmly and permanently established and staff more secure in extending their practice.
Teacher Questions During Story‐book Readings: Who's Building Whose Building?
Authors: Kirby Phillip 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe way in which a story is interpreted by children is heavily influenced by the teacher's questioning strategies and their responses to children. In this article, Phil Kirby explores the nature and operation of such questions during story‐book reading. His purpose is to encourage teachers to look carefully at their own question strategies and the ways in which these might constrain or limit children's responses.
Teaching Your Child to Read: A Critique of Some Recently Published Material
Authors: Pinsent Pat 
Published: February 2007

AbstractMoves to involve parents more fully in the process of teaching reading to their children have been generally universally welcomed. Publishers have seen this area as one for development and a number of materials aimed at parents are now on the market. As yet, however, there has been little critical appraisal of such material and Pat Pinsent's review here will be widely welcomed by teachers and parents alike. She uncovers some rather worrying features in the material she examines, particularly the implicit assumption in the materials that they will themselves teach children to read. As Pat points out, becoming a reader is a rather more complex business than this.
Putting Co‐operative Learning to Good Effect
Authors: Ewing J.M. , Kennedy E.M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCo‐operative learning in primary schools has recently become the focus of a good deal of research and the importance of language and communication to this kind of learning has been well established. Jim Ewing and his colleagues in Dundee have been investigating the effects of co‐operative learning experiences on children's attitudes and linguistic skills and here describe a study which demonstrates the clear gains to be derived from co‐operative learning as a means of classroom organisation.