bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Listening Communities? Some Remarks on the Construction of Religious Authority in Islamic Podcasts
Authors: Selge Tobias , Zimmermann Johannes , Scholz Jan , Stille Max 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn the context of the vivid activity of Muslim individuals and groups on the Internet and the recent technological developments in the field of computer mediated communication, podcasts offering a wide range of religious information and/or advice to Muslim (and non-Muslim) listeners play an increasingly important role. Being an integral part of the Web 2.0's online landscape and presenting, at the same time, many characteristics of more “traditional” audio media such as cassette recordings, podcasts cannot only be located at the intersection between virtual space and “real world”, but represent, as a medium, also a direct continuation of older forms of Muslim media usage for da'wa-purposes and propagandistic aims. This article attempts to analyze in how far the use of podcasts (and to a smaller extent of videocasts) by Muslim groups and individuals contributes to the emergence of a Muslim online “counter public” sometimes challenging, sometimes reinforcing existing authority structures. Special attention is paid to the question which means and features specific to this new medium Muslim podcasters use to legitimize their religious authority, and to the question in how far established symbol systems commonly relied upon in the Muslim community are used as instruments for the construction of religious online authority and the redistribution of Definitionsmacht. Furthermore, it discusses to what extent questions of “right belief” and “correct religious practice” play a role in these processes. For this purpose, style and content of four selected podcasts (Zaytuna Institute Knowledge Resource Podcast, MeccaOne Media Podcast, Ahmadiyya Podcast, Alt.muslim Review) are analyzed in order to illustrate different ways in which this new medium is used by Muslim groups today. It is shown that podcasts—as part of the overall media spectrum—are used by Muslim groups for internal and external da'wa-purposes, as well as for the reinforcement of existing power and authority structures (e.g. by projecting the presence of the group's leader both into time and into space) and as a means to cope with institutional and communal crisis. They might also become an important instrument not for the (re-)construction, but for the deconstruction of religious authority.
The Dynamics of Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy in Uyghur Religious Practice
Authors: Schrode Paula 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe framework of this paper is provided by a theoretical discussion of the scholarly terms “orthodoxy” and “heterodoxy” and their heuristic value. Local Islam among the Uyghur people in Xinjiang, PRC as well as among other Muslim peoples in Central Asia has often been discussed either as something different from an assumed “real”, “pure” or “official” Islam, or as a distinct religious system in its own right. Such approaches, however, sometimes lose sight of the fact that the question of what “Uyghur Islam” is supposed to be is negotiated among Uyghurs themselves no less vigorously. Traditional practices such as ritual healing and saint veneration are highly contested, yet widely adhered to in Uyghur society. This article examines the complex structures and processes of the religious discourses concerning such practices and some features of their embeddedness in historical, social and political settings. One finding is an increased reference to Islamic scripturalism as a legitimizing strategy for certain ideas, mainly for those targeted at “purifying” Uyghur Islam from local practices.
The Relativity of Categorizing in the Context of the Ahmadiyya
Authors: Lathan Andrea 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAt the latest since the criticism of Edward Said, Orientalists as well as scientists of other disciplines dealing with contrasting cultural settings have to reflect on their way of analyzing and categorizing the “Other”. To make the unknown understandable by categorizing and judging it according to one's own (moral) concepts as well as adopting generic concepts without reflecting upon them bears the risk of a vague, one-sided and non-differentiated analysis. A great number of the publications about the Ahmadiyya are a vivid example of such tendencies. Reading them an often seemingly thoughtless use of ascriptions becomes apparent which makes the movement appear in an extremely negative or positive light depending on the background of the author and his particular motivation—failing to meet the complexity of the movement with respect to their doctrine and practices. Due to the multitude of attributions to the Ahmadiyya only the ascriptions “orthodox” and “heteropraxic” will be discussed after a short outline of the history of the movement and its theological characteristics.
What is Heterodox About Alevism? The Development of Anti-Alevi Discrimination and Resentment
Authors: Karolewski Janina 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThis article examines how the widespread denomination of the Alevi tradition as “heterodox Islam” was introduced in the academic field in the late 19th century. This denomination reflects the differentiation between Alevis and Sunnis, which originally did not base on religious differences but on the socio-political power struggle between the Ottoman Empire and the Safavids/Kızılbaş. First, the historical development of this conflict and the spread of anti-Safavid/Kızılbaş propaganda in the 16th century will be highlighted. Second, it will be illustrated how the Kızılbaş were 'rediscovered' by Westerners in the late 19th century. Then, the development of anti-Alevi discrimination and resentment in the 20th century will be described. Finally, Turkey's official line in regard to the Alevis' religious status and the Alevis' aggressive response to this will be shown.
Helicobacter pylori and Chronic ITP
Authors: Stasi Roberto , Provan Drew 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Eradication of Helicobacter pylori infection has been variably associated with a platelet response in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP). Responses occur in approximately half of ITP patients infected with this bacterium, more frequently in Japan and Italy than in other countries. For those with severe ITP (platelet count < 30 × 109/L) and a long duration of disease, eradication therapy seems to be less effective. Despite extensive efforts, distinctive clinical features and factors predicting the response to eradication therapy have not been consistently identified.
There is no established mechanism to explain how H pylori could be implicated in the pathogenesis of an immune-mediated platelet destruction. Several theories have been proposed to explain the platelet response to anti–H pylori therapy, including molecular mimicry, platelet aggregation, and the induction of a Th1 phenotype that favors the onset and/or persistence of ITP. The role of bacterium-related factors, such as the CagA (cytotoxin-associated gene A) protein, are still under investigation.
Eradication therapy is simple and inexpensive, with limited toxicity and the advantage of avoiding long-term immunosuppressive treatment for those who respond. Although the evidence and follow-up are limited, it appears reasonable to routinely screen patients with ITP for H pylori, particularly in those populations with a high background prevalence of H pylori infection.
The Pathophysiology of ITP Revisited: Ineffective Thrombopoiesis and the Emerging Role of Thrombopoietin Receptor Agonists in the Management of Chronic Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura
Authors: Gernsheimer Terry B. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractAutoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is characterized by autoantibody-mediated platelet destruction that can be demonstrated by shortened radiolabeled platelet survival. An additional role of ineffective thrombopoiesis was suggested by autologous platelet kinetic studies performed in the 1980s. Sera of patients with ITP have been demonstrated to inhibit megakaryocyte growth in culture supporting the concept of suboptimal platelet production as a contributing factor to the thrombocytopenia. The relatively modest rise in thrombopoietin (TPO) levels in thrombocytopenic patients with ITP has helped to identify the TPO receptor as a potential target for the treatment of ITP. Initial studies with recombinant TPO in patients with ITP were encouraging, and novel compounds designed to stimulate the TPO receptor and resultant pathways have been shown in randomized trials to be effective in raising the platelet count and sustaining it at safe levels. Adverse effects of these agents have been relatively mild, although rare serious events including increased bone marrow reticulin deposition, increased numbers of circulating blasts and thrombosis have occurred, and theoretic risks of stimulation of megakaryocytopoiesis and platelet activation remain a concern. As these agents become available it will be important to identify those patients who will most benefit from their use. The place of these drugs in the current management algorithms of ITP will evolve over time as results of clinical trials with these agents and experience with their use in the clinic clarify short-term and long-term efficacy and potential toxicities.
Management of Hodgkin Lymphoma in Relapse after Autologous Stem Cell Transplant
Authors: Crump Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractRecurrence of Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) occurs in about 50% of patients after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT), usually within the first year, and represents a significant therapeutic challenge. The natural history of recurrent HL in this setting may range from a rapidly progressive to a more indolent course. Patients in this setting are often young, without comorbidities and able to tolerate additional therapies: expectations are often still high. The approach to treatment depends on clinical variables (time to relapse, perceived sensitivity to additional cytotoxic therapy, disease stage), prior history of radiation therapy, the availability of an HLA-identical donor, and the availability of new agents via clinical trials. Although very few of these patients can be cured, results from reported series, albeit often small and sometimes with relatively short follow-up, document that excellent disease control can be achieved with radiation, single or multiagent chemotherapy, and reduced-intensity allogeneic transplantation. The results of these approaches will be reviewed, and a treatment algorithm incorporating the use of standard or investigational agents or approaches will be discussed.
What Is the Evidence for the Off-label Use of Recombinant Factor VIIa (rFVIIa) in the Acute Reversal of Warfarin?
Authors: Rosovsky Rachel P. , Crowther Mark A. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
A 47-year-old man presents with hypovolemic shock. He takes warfarin as a result of a mechanical mitral valve insertion 5 years prior, his INR at presentation is 8.4 and emergent CT reveals a very large retroperitoneal hematoma. Despite aggressive fluid and transfusion support he continues hypotensive, requiring ionotrope support. You are asked if he should receive recombinant factor VIIa.
Novel Agents in CML Therapy: Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors and Beyond
Authors: Melo Junia V. , Chuah Charles 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe emergence of resistance to imatinib has become a significant problem despite the remarkable clinical results achieved with this tyrosine kinase inhibitor in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukaemia. The most common cause of imatinib resistance is the selection of leukemic clones with point mutations in the Abl kinase domain. These mutations lead to amino acid substitutions and prevent the appropriate binding of imatinib. Genomic amplification of BCR-ABL, modulation of drug efflux or influx transporters, and Bcr-Abl–independent mechanisms also play important roles in the development of resistance. Persistent disease is another therapeutic challenge and may in part, be due to the inability of imatinib to eradicate primitive stem cell progenitors. A multitude of novel agents have been developed and have shown in vitro and in vivo efficacy in overcoming imatinib resistance. In this review, we will discuss the current status of the ATP-competitive and non-ATP–competitive Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We will also describe inhibitors acting on targets found in signaling pathways downstream of Bcr-Abl, such as the Ras-Raf-mitogen-activated protein kinase and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase-Akt-mammalian target of rapamycin pathways, and targets without established links with Bcr-Abl.
Activity of the BH3 mimetic ABT-737 on polycythemia vera erythroid precursor cells
Authors: Zeuner Ann , Pedini Francesca , Francescangeli Federica , Signore Michele , Girelli Gabriella , Tafuri Agostino , De Maria Ruggero 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
An increased expression of antiapoptotic molecules is often found in malignant cells, where it contributes to their clonal expansion by conferring an improved survival ability. We found that erythroid precurors derived from patients with polycythemia vera (PV) with medium and high JAK2V617F mutation rates often express elevated levels of the antiapoptotic molecules Bcl-2 and Bcl-XL (5 of 12 patients with 3 to 7 times Bcl-2 and 3 of 12 patients with 4 to 7 times Bcl-XL than average normal controls) and are more resistant to myelosuppressive drugs than normal erythroblasts. ABT-737, a small-molecule inhibitor of Bcl-2, Bcl-XL, and Bcl-W, induced apoptosis preferentially in JAK2V617F-high PV erythroid precursors as compared with JAK2V617F-low or normal erythroblasts. ABT-737 inhibited also the proliferation of PV erythroblasts and interfered with the formation of endogenous erythroid colonies by PV hematopoietic progenitors. Altogether, these results suggest that small-molecule inhibitors of Bcl-2/Bcl-XL may be used in the treatment of patients with PV with high JAK2V617F allele burden.
Imatinib mesylate dose escalation is associated with durable responses in patients with chronic myeloid leukemia after cytogenetic failure on standard-dose imatinib therapy
Authors: Jabbour Elias , Kantarjian Hagop M. , Jones Dan , Shan Jenny , O'Brien Susan , Reddy Neeli , Wierda William G. , Faderl Stefan , Garcia-Manero Guillermo , Verstovsek Srdan , Rios Mary Beth , Cortes Jorge 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe assessed the long-term efficacy of imatinib dose escalation in 84 patients with chronic myeloid leukemia in chronic phase who met the criteria of failure to standard-dose imatinib. Twenty-one patients with hematologic failure and 63 with cytogenetic failure had their imatinib dose escalated from 400 to 800 mg daily (n = 72) or from 300 to 600 mg daily (n = 12). After a median follow-up of 61 months from dose escalation, 69% remained alive. Complete cytogenetic responses were achieved in 40%; including 52% of patients with cytogenetic failure and 5% of those with hematologic failure. The estimated 2- and 3-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 57% and 47%, and 84% and 76%, respectively. Responses were long-lasting; 88% of patients with major cytogenetic response sustained their response beyond 2 years. Treatment was well tolerated, with 76% of patients, at 12 months, continuing to receive imatinib at 100% of the intended dose. In conclusion, imatinib dose escalation can induce sustained responses in a subset of patients with cytogenetic failure and a previous cytogenetic response to standard-dose imatinib.
Stem cell factor and interleukin-2/15 combine to enhance MAPK-mediated proliferation of human natural killer cells
Authors: Benson Don M. , Yu Jianhua , Becknell Brian , Wei Min , Freud Aharon G. , Ferketich Amy K. , Trotta Rossana , Perrotti Danilo , Briesewitz Roger , Caligiuri Michael A. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractStem cell factor (SCF) promotes synergistic cellular proliferation in combination with several growth factors, and appears important for normal natural killer (NK)–cell development. CD34+ hematopoietic precursor cells (HPCs) require interleukin-15 (IL-15) for differentiation into human NK cells, and this effect can be mimicked by IL-2. Culture of CD34+ HPCs or some primary human NK cells in IL-2/15 and SCF results in enhanced growth compared with either cytokine alone. The molecular mechanisms responsible for this are unknown and were investigated in the present work. Activation of NK cells by IL-2/15 increases expression of c-kit whose kinase activity is required for synergy with IL-2/15 signaling. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling intermediaries that are activated both by SCF and IL-2/15 are enhanced in combination to facilitate earlier cell-cycle entry. The effect results at least in part via enhanced MAPK-mediated modulation of p27 and CDK4. Collectively the data reveal a novel mechanism by which SCF enhances cellular proliferation in combination with IL-2/15 in primary human NK cells.
The Montreal platelet syndrome kindred has type 2B von Willebrand disease with the VWF V1316M mutation
Authors: Jackson Shannon C. , Sinclair Gary D. , Cloutier Stephanie , Duan Zhaoxia , Rand Margaret L. , Poon Man-Chiu 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Montreal platelet syndrome (MPS), hitherto described in only one kindred, is a hereditary thrombocytopenia associated with mucocutaneous bleeding, giant platelets, and spontaneous platelet aggregation in vitro. These are features shared with some forms of type 2B von Willebrand disease (VWD); however, the MPS kindred had not been investigated for VWD. We found that all affected MPS family members had borderline to normal von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag; 0.43-0.75 U/mL), discrepantly low ristocetin cofactor activity (VWF:RCo; 0.16-0.29 U/mL), and normal factor VIII coagulant activity (FVIII:C; 0.57-1.04 U/mL). Unaffected family members all had normal VWF:Ag, VWF:RCo, and FVIII:C levels. In addition, persons with MPS, but not unaffected family members, had loss of plasma (but not platelet) high molecular weight VWF multimers, and were heterozygous for the previously reported V1316M type 2B VWD mutation. Thus, in reevaluating this kindred, we determined that patients with MPS have type 2B VWD with the V1316M VWF mutation.
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D transgenic mice show enhanced blood capillary density, improved postischemic muscle regeneration, and increased susceptibility to tumor formation
Authors: Kärkkäinen Anna-Mari , Kotimaa Antti , Huusko Jenni , Kholova Ivana , Heinonen Suvi Elina , Stefanska Anna , Dijkstra Marike Hinke , Purhonen Hanna , Hämäläinen Eveliina , Mäkinen Petri Ilmari , Turunen Mikko Petri , Ylä-Herttuala Seppo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor-D (VEGF-D) has angiogenic and lymphangiogenic activity, but its biologic role has remained unclear because knockout mice showed no clear phenotype. Transgenic (TG) mice expressing the mature form of human VEGF-D (hVEGF-D) were produced by lentiviral (LV) transgenesis using the perivitelline injection method. Several viable founders showed a macroscopically normal phenotype and the transgene transmitted through germ line. Expression of hVEGF-D mRNA was high in skeletal muscles, skin, pancreas, heart, and spleen. A significant increase was found in capillary density of skeletal muscles and myocardium, whereas no changes were observed in lymphatic capillary density. After induction of hindlimb ischemia, the TG mice showed enhanced capacity for muscle regeneration. However, on aging the TG mice had significantly increased mortality from malignant tumors, of which half were breast adenocarcinomas characterized with the absence of periductal muscle cells. Some tumors metastasized into the lungs. In addition, lung and skin tumors were found, but no blood- or lymphatic vessel–derived malignancies were detected. We conclude that in mice hVEGF-D is an angiogenic factor associated with improved muscle regeneration after ischemic injury but also with increased incidence of tumor formation with a preference for mammary gland tumors.
Donor-derived oral squamous cell carcinoma after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation
Authors: Janin Anne , Murata Hideyuki , Leboeuf Christophe , Cayuela Jean-Michel , Gluckman Eliane , Legrès Luc , Desveaux Allison , Varna Mariana , Ratajczak Philippe , Soulier Jean , de Thé Hugues , Bertheau Philippe , Socié Gérard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractIn animal models, tissue stem cells were proposed to exhibit an unexpected level of plasticity, although issues on cell fusions have lead to some controversies. Only transplantation experiments using genetically distinct recipients and donors can unequivocally show these changes in cell fate. We have analyzed oral squamous cell carcinomas arising in 8 long-term survivors of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation, in whom chronic graft-versus-host disease greatly favors development of squamous cell carcinomas, possibly as a consequence of lichenoid mucosal inflammation. With the use of 2 independent methods, (1) combined immunostaining and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for X and Y chromosomes sequences in sex-mismatched grafts and (2) comparison of microsatellite typing of laser-microdissected tumor, donor, and recipient cells, in all tumors, we showed that 4 of these 8 epithelial tumors actually arose from the engrafted allogeneic bone marrow. Thus, donor-derived bone marrow cells, whether hematopoietic or mesenchymal, recruited to sites of chronic mucosal inflammation yielded epithelial tumors. Our observations therefore show that marrow cells in humans have a major role in epithelial cancer formation after allogeneic transplantation.