bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Vitamin E Source and Dietary Supplementation Level on Production Performance of Sunshine Bass, Morone chrysops ♀ × Morone saxatilis ♂, Fillet Tocopherol Content, and Immunocompetency during Stress and Bacterial Challenge
Authors: Trushenski Jesse T. , Kohler Christopher C. 
Published: July 2008

Abstract We evaluated the effects of dietary vitamin E concentration and source on production performance and immunocompetency of sunshine bass, Morone chrysops × Morone saxatilis, following stress and disease challenge. Four diets were formulated to contain requisite levels (1×) or five times (5×) the vitamin E requirement of sunshine bass as met by synthetic vitamin E (SYNE) or natural source vitamin E (NSVE). Each diet was fed to juvenile sunshine bass for 8 wk prior to experimental challenges. Replicate tanks within each dietary treatment were challenged with stressor exposure (chasing with dip net), incidental Flavobacterium columnare exposure, or both; control groups were not challenged. Pathogen and/or stressor exposure largely resulted in significant reductions in immunological performance. Although significant independent dietary effects were not observed among immunological parameters, suppression of complement and macrophage respiratory burst activities was numerically lower within the 5× NSVE treatment. Production performance was largely unaffected by dietary vitamin E source or level. Fillet α‐tocopherol concentration was significantly higher among fish fed the 5× diets (40.7/41.6 vs. 12.2/14.5 μg/g dry tissue for 1× diets); however, the dietary concentration required to achieve these levels was lower for NSVE. Although super‐requirement levels of either source of vitamin E were apparently beneficial, NSVE was effective at ∼50% lower supplementation levels.
Improvement of Water Quality by the Macroalga, Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Rhodophyta), near Aquaculture Effluent Outlets
Authors: Xu Yongjian , Fang Jianguang , Tang Qisheng , Lin Junda , Le Guanzong , Liao Lv 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Raft culture of the seaweed, Gracilaria lemaneiformis (Bory) Dawson, was used as biofilter for purifying effluent and removing nutrients from the nearby animal aquaculture. The results showed that the cultivated seaweed grew well outside effluent discharge outlets for growout ponds and a hatchery plant. The biomass (fresh weight) of Gracilaria from the 0.5‐ha area outside the growout ponds increased about 60 times, from 80 to 4750 g/m during the 65 d of experiment (with the daily special growth rate [SGR] of 3.87%/d); the yield was 30.4 tons and 93.97 kg N and 12.81 kg P were removed; the seaweed biomass from the 0.2‐ha area outside the hatchery outlet increased 37.5 times, from <100 to 3600 g/m (with SGR of 3.4%/d); the yield was 10.4 tons and 31.7 kg N and 4.33 kg P were removed. Several water quality parameters such as dissolved oxygen, secchi disk depth, and pH value in the algal cultivation area were substantially higher than those in the noncultivation zone, whereas chemical oxygen demand, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, and dissolved inorganic phosphorous at both areas were similar.
Excess Runoff Contribution to Daily Discharge Frequency of Channel Catfish Farms in Alabama
Authors: Boyd Claude E , Pine Harvey , Boyd Christopher A , Hulcher Richard 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Aquaculture facilities producing more than 45,454 kg/yr and discharging 30 d or more annually, excluding excess runoff, are designated concentrated aquatic animal production facilities by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA), and they require National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System permits. Three individual ponds and three of four channel catfish farms in Alabama discharged 30 d or more annually. USEPA did not define excess runoff or explain how to adjust for it. There is normally at least 7.6 cm storage depth in ponds when rainfall begins. Runoff that causes overflow should be considered excess runoff. The year in Alabama can be divided into three soil moisture epochs. The 24‐h rainfall amounts necessary to cause ponds to overflow under normal conditions for each epoch were estimated by water budgeting. For watershed ponds, daily rainfall greater than amounts given below could cause excess runoff:

Period
Blackland Prairie region (cm)
Other regions (cm)

December to April
2
3.3

May to August
3.8
5.8

September to November
5.6
7.5

Daily rainfall above 7.5 cm could cause overflow during any soil moisture epoch from embankment ponds in all regions. Ponds discharged for 2–5 d after some rainfall events, and discharge for up to 4 d after an excess rainfall day should be excess runoff.
Critical Thermal Minima of Penaeus semisulcatus (Decapoda: Penaeidae) Acclimated to Four Temperature Levels
Authors: Kır Mehmet , Kumlu Metin 
Published: July 2008

Abstract Critical thermal minima (CTmin) and lower incipient lethal temperature (LILT) were determined for Penaeus semisulcatus juveniles at four different acclimation temperatures (14, 20, 26, and 32
C). The effect of cooling rate on the CTmin was also investigated. The CTmin of shrimps at these respective acclimation temperatures were 7.1, 8.9, 10.5, 12.6
C and 6.6, 8.0, 9.7, 11.4
C and 6.1, 7.2, 8.3, 9.9
C for the cooling rates of 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0
C/h, respectively. The LILT value of P. semisulcatus were 5.23, 6.14, 7.36, 8.57
C at 14, 20, 26, and 32
C, respectively. The results indicated that both the cooling rate and the acclimation temperature significantly affected the CTmin (P < 0.05). Acclimation temperature had also significant effects on the LILT of P.

semisulcatus

(P < 0.05). In acclimation temperatures between 14 and 32
C, the acclimation response ratio values were 0.30, 0.26, and 0.21 at the cooling rates of 0.25, 0.5, and 1
C/h, respectively. The cold tolerance zone in which P.

semisulcatus

can survive for short period in this study ranged from 6.1 to 12.6
C.
Growth hormone responses to 3 different exercise bouts in 18- to 25- and 40- to 50-year-old men
Authors: Gilbert Kate L. , Stokes Keith A. , Hall George M. , Thompson Dylan 
Published: July 2008

Exercise is a potent stimulus for growth hormone (GH) release, although aging appears to attenuate this response. The aim of this study was to investigate GH responses to different exercise stimuli in young and early middle-aged men. Eight men aged 18–25 y and 8 men aged 40–50 y completed 3 trials, at least 7 days apart, in a random order: 30 s cycle-ergometer sprint (sprint), 30 min resistance exercise bout (resistance), 30 min cycle at 70% maximal oxygen consumption (endurance). Blood samples were taken pre-, during, and post-exercise, and area under the GH vs. time curve was calculated for a total of 120 min. Mean blood lactate concentrations and percentage heart rate maximum at which the participants were working were not different between groups in any of the trials. In both groups, blood lactate concentrations were significantly lower in the endurance trial than in the sprint and resistance trials. There were no significant differences in resting GH concentration between groups or trials. GH AUC was significantly greater in the young group than the early middle-aged group, in both sprint (531 (±347) vs. 81 (±54) µg·L–1 per 120 min, p = 0.003) and endurance trials (842 (±616) vs. 177 (±137) µg·L–1 per 120 min, p = 0.010). Endurance exercise elicits a greater GH response than sprint and resistance exercise; however, aging per se, factors associated with aging, or an inability to achieve a sufficient absolute exercise intensity results in a smaller GH response to an exercise stimulus in early middle-aged men.
An obsession with CO2This paper is a summary from the John Sutton Memorial Lecture at the Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology Annual Meeting, held in London, Ont., 14–17 November 2007.
Authors: Jones Norman L. 
Published: July 2008

The concept that underlies this paper is that carbon dioxide (CO2) removal is at least as important as the delivery of oxygen for maximum performance during exercise. Increases in CO2pressure and reductions in the pH of muscle influence muscle contractile properties and muscle metabolism (via effects on rate-limiting enzymes), and contribute to limiting symptoms. The approach of Barcroft exemplified the importance of integrative physiology, in describing the adaptive responses of the circulatory and respiratory systems to the demands of CO2production during exercise. The extent to which failure in the response of one system may be countered by adaptation in another is also explained by this approach. A key factor in these linked systems is the transport of CO2in the circulation. CO2is mainly (90%) transported as bicarbonate ions — as such, transport of CO2is critically related to acid–base homeostasis. Understanding in this field has been facilitated by the approach of Peter Stewart. Rooted in classical physico–chemical relationships, the approach identifies the independent variables contributing to homeostasis — the strong ion difference ([SID]), ionization of weak acids (buffers, Atot) and CO2pressure (PCO2). The independent variables may be reliably measured or estimated in muscle, plasma, and whole blood. Equilibrium conditions are calculated to derive the dependent variables — the most important being the concentrations of bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. During heavy exercise, muscle [H+] can exceed 300 nEq·L–1(pH 6.5), mainly due to a greatly elevated PCO2and fall in [SID] as a result of increased lactate (La–) production. As blood flows through active muscle, [La–] increase in plasma is reduced by uptake of La–and Cl–by red blood cells, with a resultant increase in plasma [HCO3–]. Inactive muscle contributes to homeostasis through transfer of La–and Cl–into the muscle from both plasma and red blood cells; this results in a large increase in [HCO3–]. In the lungs, oxygenation of hemoglobin increases red blood cell [A–] aiding rapid conversion of HCO3–into CO2in red cells (containing carbonic anhydrase), with diffusion of CO2into alveoli, but full equilibration of the CO2system in plasma may not occur during the short pulmonary capillary circulation time in heavy exercise. The ionization state of imidazole groups on protein histidine may provide integration between acid–base homeostasis, membrane anion transfer proteins, and activation of rate-limiting enzymes.
Association between non-responsiveness to plant sterol intervention and polymorphisms in cholesterol metabolism genes: a case-control study
Authors: Rudkowska Iwona , AbuMweis Suhad S. , Nicolle Catherine , Jones Peter J.H. 
Published: July 2008

Plant sterol (PS) consumption decreases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels; however, high variability of responsiveness of lipid levels to PS intervention has been observed. We hypothesized that common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the genes for the ATP binding cassette proteins G5 (ABCG5) and G8 (ABCG8), Niemann-Pick C1-like 1 (NPC1L1), or other proteins of the cholesterol pathway, would underline inter-individual variations in response to PS. Twenty-six hyperlipidemic subjects completed a randomized trial of 3 PS phases and a control phase. Three non-responders were identified who failed on 3 consecutive occasions to decrease either total cholesterol or LDL-C level vs. control. It was observed that after 3 PS phases compared with a control phase, cholesterol absorption changed to a lesser degree (–7.7% ± 10.8%) in the non-responders than in the top 3 responders (–22.1% ± 8.8%); however, cholesterol synthesis rates did not differ between sub-groups. No common polymorphisms in ABCG8, ABCG5, or NPC1L1 were demonstrated between the 3 top responders and the non-responders. Yet, 1 non-responsive subject did demonstrate a rare SNP in NPC1L1. Results indicate PS intake did not decrease cholesterol absorption rates to the same degree in certain subjects, possibly clarifying the inter-individual variability in the cholesterol-lowering effect; hence, this work should be expanded.
Physical activity in youth from a subsistence agriculture community in the Valley of Oaxaca, southern Mexico
Authors: Malina Robert M. , Reyes Maria Eugenia Peña , Tan Swee Kheng , Little Bertis B. 
Published: July 2008

Observations of activities of contemporary subsistence agricultural communities may provide insights into the lifestyle of youth of 2 to 3 generations ago. The purpose of this study was to document age- and sex-associated variation in household activities and daily steps walking to school of youth 9–17 years in an indigenous subsistence agricultural community in Oaxaca, southern Mexico. Activities during leisure were also considered. A cross-sectional survey of a rural Zapotec-speaking community was undertaken, and respondents included 118 boys and 152 girls, aged 8.7–17.9 years. Household and leisure activities were documented by questionnaire and subsequent interview. Household activities were classified by estimated intensity for before and after school and on the weekend, and an estimate of METS per day accumulated while doing chores was derived. Number of steps from home to school was estimated. Contingency table analysis and MANCOVA controlling for age was used to evaluate results. Household activities tended to cluster at light and moderate intensities in girls and at moderate to moderate-to-vigorous intensities in boys. Estimated METS per day in ~2 h of chores differed significantly by sex. Secondary school girls expended significantly more METS per day in chores than primary school girls, but there was no difference by school level in boys. The daily round trip from home to school was ~2400 steps for primary students and ~2700 and ~3100 steps for secondary boys and girls, respectively. Television viewing and participation in sports were major leisure activities for boys and girls. Daily household chores, walking, and leisure activities suggest moderately active and moderately-to-vigorously active lifestyles in girls and boys, respectively, in this indigenous subsistence agricultural community.
Monitoring muscle oxygenation after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage using near-infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Ahmadi Sirous , Sinclair Peter J. , Foroughi Nasim , Davis Glen M. 
Published: July 2008

Eccentric exercise (EE), a common type of muscular activity whereby muscles lengthen and contract simultaneously, is associated with higher levels of force but may also evoke muscle damage. We investigated the hypothesis that unaccustomed EE might impair muscle oxygenation and muscle blood flow in healthy adults. Ten healthy males performed a bout of 70 maximal eccentric contractions of the elbow flexors. Before and after EE on day 1 and over the next 6 days, maximum voluntary isometric torque (MVT), serum creatine kinase (CK), and the changes in muscle oxygen saturation, blood flow, and oxygen uptake (using near-infrared spectroscopy) within the biceps brachii were assessed. MVT decreased, whereas muscle soreness and CK increased after EE (p < 0.05). Mean resting oxygen saturation increased by 22% after acute EE, and remained elevated by 5%–9% for the following 6 days. During isometric contractions, significant decreases were observed in oxygen desaturation and re-saturation kinetics after EE and these declines were also significantly prevalent over the following 6 days. Both muscle blood flow and oxygen uptake increased significantly after acute EE, but recovered on the next day. This study revealed some prolonged alterations in muscle oxygenation at rest and during exercise after EE, which might be due to a decrease in muscle oxygen consumption, an increase in oxygen delivery, and (or) a combination of both. However, both oxygen consumption and blood flow recovered within 24 h after the eccentric exercise session, and therefore, the reason(s) for the changes in tissue oxygen saturation remain unknown.
The effect of inspiratory muscle training on high-intensity, intermittent running performance to exhaustion
Authors: Tong Tom Kwokkeung , Fu Frank Hokin , Chung Pak Kwong , Eston Roger , Lu Kui , Quach Binh , Nie Jinlei , So Raymond 
Published: July 2008

The effects of inspiratory muscle (IM) training on maximal 20 m shuttle run performance (Ex) during Yo-Yo intermittent recovery test and on the physiological and perceptual responses to the running test were examined. Thirty men were randomly allocated to 1 of 3 groups. The experimental group underwent a 6 week pressure threshold IM training program by performing 30 inspiratory efforts twice daily, 6 d/week, against a load equivalent to 50% maximal static inspiratory pressure. The placebo group performed the same training procedure but with a minimal inspiratory load. The control group received no training. In post-intervention assessments, IM function was enhanced by >30% in the experimental group. The Ex was improved by 16.3% ± 3.9%, while the rate of increase in intensity of breathlessness (RPB/4i) was reduced by 11.0% ± 6.2%. Further, the whole-body metabolic stress reflected by the accumulations of plasma ammonia, uric acid, and blood lactate during the Yo-Yo test at the same absolute intensity was attenuated. For the control and placebo groups, no significant change in these variables was observed. In comparison with previous observations that the reduced RPB/4i resulting from IM warm-up was the major reason for improved Ex, the reduced RPB/4i resulting from the IM training program was lower despite the greater enhancement of IM function, whereas improvement in Ex was similar. Such findings suggest that although both IM training and warm-up improve the tolerance of intense intermittent exercise, the underlying mechanisms may be different.
Can supine recovery mitigate the exercise intensity dependent attenuation of post-exercise heat loss responses?
Authors: Kenny Glen P. , Gagnon Daniel , Jay Ollie , McInnis Natalie H. , Journeay W. Shane , Reardon Francis D. 
Published: July 2008

Cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC) and sweat rate are subject to non-thermal baroreflex-mediated attenuation post-exercise. Various recovery modalities have been effective in attenuating these decreases in CVC and sweat rate post-exercise. However, the interaction of recovery posture and preceding exercise intensity on post-exercise thermoregulation remains unresolved. We evaluated the combined effect of supine recovery and exercise intensity on post-exercise cardiovascular and thermal responses relative to an upright seated posture. Seven females performed 15 min of cycling ergometry at low- (LIE, 55% maximal oxygen consumption) or high-(HIE, 85% maximal oxygen consumption) intensity followed by 60 min of recovery in either an upright seated or supine posture. Esophageal temperature, CVC, sweat rate, cardiac output, stroke volume, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were measured at baseline, at end-exercise, and at 2, 5, 12, 20, and every 10 min thereafter until the end of recovery. MAP and stroke volume were maintained during supine recovery to a greater extent relative to an upright seated recovery following HIE (p ≤ 0.05) and were paralleled by an elevated CVC and sweat rate response (p ≤ 0.05). A significantly lower esophageal temperature was subsequently observed when supine throughout recovery (p ≤ 0.05). Although we observed a reflex bradycardia and increased stoke volume with supine recovery following LIE, no differences were observed for MAP, CVC, sweat rate or esophageal temperature. Supine recovery attenuates the post-exercise reductions in MAP, CVC, and sweat rate in a manner dependent directly on exercise intensity. This effect is likely attributable to a non-thermal baroreceptor mechanism.
Oxygenation performance of a laboratory-scale Speece Cone hypolimnetic aerator: preliminary assessment
Authors: Ashley K. I. , Mavinic D. S. , Hall K. J. 
Published: July 2008

A prototype laboratory-scale Speece Cone hypolimnetic aerator was used to examine the effect of oxygen input rate and outlet port water velocity on oxygen transfer, using four standard units of measure for quantifying oxygen transfer: (i) the oxygen transfer coefficient at 20 °C, KLa20 (h–1); (ii) the standard oxygen transfer rate (SOTR) (g O2·h–1); (iii) the standard aeration efficiency (SAE) (g O2 kW·h–1); and (iv) the standard oxygen transfer efficiency (SOTE) (%). The maximum inlet velocity (i.e., 70 cm·s–1) was only 23% of the recommended design velocity (i.e., 305 cm·s–1), and the two-phase bubble swarm did not properly develop inside the cone, but remained as a gas pocket at the top of the cone, resulting in a drastically reduced bubble surface area to water ratio. Therefore, all of the performance measures from this prototype Speece Cone were much lower than would be expected with the recommended design inlet velocity of 305 cm·s−1. Despite this difference, the system was still capable of oxygen transfer efficiencies of about 61%, under low gas flow rates, which is still higher than any full-lift design hypolimnetic aerator operating on air. Future research efforts are focused on building a pilot-scale Speece Cone, with as close to the correct inlet and outlet velocities, hydraulic residence time, and physical dimensions as possible, such that a two-phase bubble swarm could be generated. Once this experimental data is collected and analyzed, it can be properly compared with predictive models.
Bacteriocin ST91KM, produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ST91KM, is a narrow-spectrum peptide active against bacteria associated with mastitis in dairy cattle
Authors: Pieterse Reneé , Todorov Svetoslav D. , Dicks Leon M.T. 
Published: July 2008

Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ST91KM produces a bacteriocin (macedocin ST91KM) active against Streptococcus agalactiae , Streptococcus dysgalactiae subsp. dysgalactiae , Streptococcus uberis , Staphylococcus aureus , and Staphylococcus epidermidis . Macedocin ST91KM is, according to tricine-SDS PAGE, between 2.0 and 2.5 kDa in size. Antimicrobial activity remained unchanged after 2 h of incubation at pH 2.0–10.0 and after 100 min at 100 °C. The peptide was inactivated after 20 min at 121 °C and when treated with proteolytic enzymes. Treatment with α-amylase had no effect on activity, suggesting that the mode of action does not depend on glycosylation. Amplification of the genome of strain ST91KM with primers designed from the macedocin precursor gene (mcdA) produced 2 fragments (approximately 375 and 220 bp) instead of one 150-bp fragment, as recorded for macedocin produced by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus ACA-DC 198. Strain ACA-DC 198 was not available. However, DNA amplified from strain LMG 18488 (ACA-DC 206), genetically closely related to strain ACA-DC 198, revealed 99% homology to the mcdA of strain ACA-DC 198 (accession No. DQ835394). Macedocin ST91KM may thus be a second putative bacteriocin described for Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. macedonicus.