bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis Using Traditional and Molecular Techniques: Houston, Texas
Authors: Wootton Susan H. , Gonzalez Blanca E. , Pawlak Rebecca , Teeter Larry D. , Smith Kim Connelly , Musser James M. , Starke Jeffrey R. , Graviss Edward A. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. To investigate the transmission dynamics of pediatric tuberculosis (TB) by analyzing the clinical characteristics with the molecular profiles of Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates during a 5-year period.Methods. A retrospective review of a prospective population-based active surveillance and molecular epidemiology project was conducted in private and public pediatric clinics within Houston and Harris County, Texas. The study population consisted of patients who had pediatric TB diagnosed from October 1, 1995, through September 30, 2000. Cases and potential source cases (PSC) were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Available Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from cases and PSCs were characterized and compared by IS6110 restriction fragment length polymorphism, spoligotyping, and genetic group assignment. Clinical characteristics were described, and molecular characterizations were compared. Data were analyzed by using EpiInfo 6.02b and SAS 8.2.Results. A total of 220 (92%) of 238 pediatric TB cases were included. Epidemiologic and clinical findings were consistent with previous studies. Molecular profiles from 3 cases did not match the profile of PSC. Four previously unknown PSCs were identified using molecular techniques. Fifty-one (71.8%) of 71 isolates matched at least 1 other Houston Tuberculosis Initiative TB database isolate and were grouped into 33 molecular clusters. Cases were more likely to be clustered when the patients were younger than 5 years, identified a source case, or were US born.Conclusions. Traditional contact tracing may not always be accurate, and molecular characterization can lead to identification of previously unrecognized source cases. Recent transmission plays a significant role in the transmission of TB to children as evident by the high degree of clustering found in our study population.
Apnea Is Not Prolonged by Acid Gastroesophageal Reflux in Preterm Infants
Authors: Di Fiore Juliann M. , Arko Marina , Whitehouse Meghan , Kimball Amy , Martin Richard J. 
Published: November 2005

Objective. To examine the temporal relationship between apnea and gastroesophageal reflux (GER) and to assess the effect of GER on apnea duration.
Methods. A total of 119 preterm infants underwent 12-hour cardiorespiratory monitoring studies using respiratory inductance plethysmography, heart rate, oxygen saturation (SaO2), and esophageal pH. The studies were scored for GER (pH &lt;4 for ≥5 seconds) and apnea ≥15 seconds or ≥10 seconds that occurred within 30 seconds of GER. Apnea ≥10 seconds was used to assess whether GER would prolong apnea duration.
Results. There were 6255 episodes of GER. Only 1% of GER episodes were associated with apnea ≥15 seconds, and there was no difference in apnea rate before, during, or after GER. There was also no difference in rate of apnea ≥10 seconds before versus during GER; however, there was a decrease in apnea rate immediately after GER. The presence of GER during apnea did not prolong apnea duration, and GER had no effect on the lowest SaO2 or heart rate during apnea.
Conclusion. There is no evidence of a temporal relationship between acid-based GER and apnea in preterm infants. In addition, GER does not prolong apnea duration and does not exacerbate the resultant decrease in heart rate and SaO2.
Photochemical Behavior and Na+,K+ ‐ATPase Sensitivity of Voltage‐sensitive Styrylpyridinium Fluorescent Membrane Probes
Authors: Amoroso Steve , Agen Vanessa V. , Starke‐Peterkovic Thomas , McLeod Malcolm D. , Apell Hans‐Jürgen , Sebban Pierre , Clarke Ronald J. 
Published: November 2005

ABSTRACTRH421 is a widely used voltage‐sensitive fluorescent membrane probe. Its exposure to continuous illumination with 577 nm light from an Hg lamp leads, however, to an increase in its steady‐state fluorescence level when bound to lipid membranes. The increase occurs on the second time scale at typical light intensities and was found to be due to a single‐photon excited‐state isomerization. Modifications to the dye structure are, therefore, necessary to increase photochemical stability and allow wider application of such dyes in kinetic studies of ion‐transporting membrane proteins. The related probe ANNINE 5, which has a rigid polycyclic structure, shows no observable photochemical reaction when bound to DMPC vesicles on irradiation with 436 nm light. The voltage sensitivity of ANNINE 5 was tested with the use of Na+,K+‐ATPase membrane fragments. As long as ANNINE 5 is excited on the far red edge of its visible absorption band, it shows a similar sensitivity to RH421 in detecting charge‐translocating reactions triggered by ATP phosphorylation. Unfortunately the wavelengths necessary for ANNINE 5 excitation are in a region where the Hg lamps routinely used in stopped‐flow apparatus have no significant lines available for excitation.
Preclinical Perspectives on Bisphosphonate Renal Safety
Authors: Body Jean-Jacques , Pfister Thomas , Bauss Frieder 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Renal insufficiency is not rare in cancer patients who may receive nephrotoxic medications as antineo-plastic agents or for comorbid conditions. Thus, the choice of a particular bisphosphonate for patients with metastatic bone disease should be based not only on efficacy but also on the risk for renal deterioration. Some i.v. bisphosphonates have been associated with occasional renal toxicity in the clinical setting. Preclinical studies have also shown that there may be considerable differences among bisphosphonate renal safety profiles. Comparative studies show variations in the risk for histopathologic damage and the ability to cause cumulative toxicity during intermittent dosing. Reasons for the differences among bisphosphonates are not fully understood; however, research shows that they may be influenced by pharmacokinetic properties such as renal tissue half-life or protein binding and intracellular potency. Further preclinical analyses are needed to confirm and evaluate differences among bisphosphonates.
Efficacy of Ibandronate in Metastatic Bone Disease: Review of Clinical Data
Authors: Bell Richard 
Published: November 2005

Abstract
Metastatic bone disease affects many cancer patients and has a significant disease burden because of complications such as pathologic fractures and severe pain, which affect patient mobility and quality of life. Bisphosphonates are the current standard of care for treating metastatic bone disease. Available agents have shown varying degrees of efficacy in clinical trials, and treatment potential can be limited by efficacy, tolerance, or toxicity issues. Ibandronate (Bondronat®; F. Hoffman-La Roche Ltd., Basel, Switzerland, http://www.roche.com) is a highly potent, single-nitrogen bisphosphonate that is available in i.v. and oral formulations. In phase III trials in breast cancer patients, both formulations reduced the incidence of skeletal complications associated with metastatic bone disease and had significant and sustained effects on bone pain and patient quality of life. Open-label studies of loading-dose ibandronate administered over consecutive days suggest it also may be useful for relieving severe or opioid-resistant metastatic bone pain. New trials have been designed or are in progress that may extend the clinical indications of ibandronate for patients with metastatic bone disease.
Pulsing to improve bubble column performance: II. Jetting gas rates
Authors: Knopf F. Carl , Waghmare Yogesh , Ma Jia , Rice Richard G. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe bubble column reactor (BCR) used in Part I was subjected to forced oscillations at high gas rates under jetting conditions. Two piston types were used: a flexible rubber membrane as used in Part I and a modification thereof to cause a more rigid, stiff piston behavior. The mass transfer performance differences between the piston types were quite remarkable, the former yielding peaking with respect to increased frequency and the latter produced monotonic increases up to an asymptote as the frequency was increased. The Benjamin–Ursell stability theory was found useful in tracking regimes of maximum enhancement. © 2005 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Second hit deletion size in von Hippel–Lindau disease
Authors: Gläsker Sven , Sohn Tae‐Sung , Okamoto Hiroaki , Li Jie , Lonser Russell R. , Oldfield Edward H. , Vortmeyer Alexander O. , Zhuang Zhengping 
Published: November 2005

Abstractvon Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease is caused by germline mutations of the VHL tumor suppressor gene. Affected individuals are predisposed to development of multiple neoplastic and preneoplastic lesions of different organs. A “second hit,” which is usually represented by deletion in the wild‐type VHL allele at 3p25, is necessary for initiation of tumor formation. The impact of the size of this deletion is thought to be critical, because other tumor suppressor genes are located nearby, but this has not yet been studied in detail. We mapped the deletion size of the “second hit” in microdissected tissue from 16 different VHL‐associated lesions from the same patient using 10 polymorphic chromosome 3 markers. We found that the deletion size is highly variable, ranging from short deletions around the VHL gene to complete loss of the chromosome 3. The deletion sizes are not correlated with the site of the germline mutation, the affected organ, or the type or biological behavior of the tumor. Even preneoplastic cystic structures may harbor entire loss of the chromosome 3, suggesting that loss of VHL gene function alone is not immediately causative for neoplastic growth, but further events, either mutations and deletions in other chromosomes or epigenetic or other than genetic phenomena, are required for tumor formation. Ann Neurol 2005
A novel superporous agarose medium for high‐speed protein chromatography
Authors: Shi Qing‐Hong , Zhou Xin , Sun Yan 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA novel superporous agarose (SA) bead characterized by the presence of wide pores has been fabricated by water‐in‐oil emulsification using solid granules of calcium carbonate as porogenic agent. After cross‐linking, the solid granules were removed by dissolving them in hydrochloric acid. Then, the gel was modified with diethylaminoethyl groups to create an anion exchanger, SA‐DEAE, for protein adsorption. A homogeneous agarose (HA) bead was also produced and modified with DEAE for comparison. It was found that the porosity of SA‐DEAE was about 6% larger than that of HA‐DEAE. Moreover, both optical micrographs and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) of the ion exchangers with adsorbed fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) labeled IgG revealed the superporous structure of the SA medium. In addition, the SA‐DEAE column had lower backpressure than the HA‐DEAE column, confirming the convective flow of mobile phase through the wide pores. Due to the presence of the wide pores, more channels were available for protein transport and, furthermore, more diffusive pores in the agarose network were accessible for the protein approach from different directions. This led to 40% higher protein capacity and two times higher effective pore diffusivity in the SA‐DEAE than in HA‐DEAE. Moreover, an increase of the efficiency of the SA‐DEAE column until a flow rate of 5 cm/min and the independency of the column efficiency at flow rates from 5 to 17.8 cm/min was found, indicating that intraparticle mass transfer was intensified by convective flow at elevated flow rates. Therefore, the chromatographic resolution of IgG and BSA was little affected up to a flow rate of 17.8 cm/min. The results indicate that the SA medium is favorable for high‐speed protein chromatography. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Terpenoid indole alkaloid production by Catharanthus roseus hairy roots induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens harboring rol ABC genes
Authors: Hong Seung‐Beom , Peebles Christie A.M. , Shanks Jacqueline V. , San Ka‐Yiu , Gibson Susan I. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractWe have established Catharanthus roseus hairy root cultures transgenic for the rol ABC genes from TL‐DNA of the agropine‐type Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain A4. The rol ABC hairy root lines exhibit a wild‐type hairy root syndrome in terms of growth and morphology on solid medium. However, they differ from wild‐type hairy root lines in that they more frequently have excellent adaptability to liquid medium and do not appear to form calli during cultivation. Moreover, they do not produce detectable levels of mannopine and agropine which, in contrast, are often synthesized abundantly in wild‐type hairy root lines. The absence of these opines does not appear to cause the rol ABC lines to have higher levels of terpenoid indole alkaloids than wild‐type hairy root lines. Unlike wild‐type lines, rol ABC lines produce very similar levels of total alkaloids despite wide variations in individual alkaloid contents. This work demonstrates that the three genes rol ABC are sufficient to induce high‐quality hairy roots in Catharanthus roseus. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2C4, a monoclonal antibody against HER2, disrupts the HER kinase signaling pathway and inhibits ovarian carcinoma cell growth
Authors: Takai Noriyuki , Jain Anjali , Kawamata Norihiko , Popoviciu Laura M. , Said Jonathan W. , Whittaker Sadie , Miyakawa Isao , Agus David B. , Koeffler H. Phillip 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDHuman epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) is overexpressed in 25–30% of ovarian carcinoma cases and a correlation between increased HER2 expression and decreased survival has been demonstrated. HER2 is a ligand‐less member of the HER family that functions as the preferred coreceptor for epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), HER3, and HER4.METHODSAn approach was developed to target HER2's role as a coreceptor using a monoclonal antibody, 2C4, which sterically hinders HER2's recruitment into a functional HER complex.RESULTSHER2 was robustly expressed in all eight ovarian carcinoma cell lines; expression of EGFR and HER3 was variable. Even though four of the eight cell lines responded to EGF, 2C4 antibody moderately inhibited in vitro proliferation of only two cell lines (OVCA433 and SK‐OV‐3). Furthermore, ligand‐stimulated p‐MAPK expression was inhibited by 2C4 only in these two cell lines after exposure to EGF. Immunoprecipitation and eTag analysis revealed that OVCA433 expressed heterodimers of EGFR/HER2, and these heterodimers were disrupted after treatment with 2C4, whereas OVCA432 cells did not have these heterodimers. In murine xenograft experiments, the in vivo growth of OVCA433, but not of OVCA432, ovarian carcinoma cells was significantly inhibited by 2C4 treatment of the mice.CONCLUSION2C4 is able to disrupt the HER signaling pathway and inhibit the in vitro and in vivo growth of ovarian carcinoma cell lines. The response appears limited to lines in which HER2 heterodimers were able to transduce proliferative signals. Our findings suggest a strong rationale to conduct clinical trials of 2C4 in a subset of patients with ovarian tumors. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Topotecan as a radiosensitizer in the treatment of children with malignant diffuse brainstem gliomas
Authors: Bernier‐Chastagner Valerie , Grill Jacques , Doz Francois , Bracard Serge , Gentet Jean Claude , Marie‐Cardine A. , Luporsi E. , Margueritte G. , Lejars O. , Laithier V. , Mechinaud F. , Millot F. , Kalifa C. , Chastagner Pascal 
Published: November 2005

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe current Phase II study was conducted to evaluate the survival and toxicity observed in children with newly diagnosed brainstem gliomas who were treated with the daily radiotherapy with topotecan used as a radiosensitizer.METHODSEligible patients were those ages 3–18 years with previously untreated tumors arising in the pons diagnosed within the previous 6 months. Histologic confirmation was not mandatory provided that the clinical and magnetic resonance imaging findings were typical for a diffusely infiltrating brainstem lesion. Treatment was comprised of a 6‐week course of topotecan administered intravenously at a dose of 0.4 mg/m2/day over 30 minutes within 1 hour before irradiation. Radiotherapy was comprised of a once‐daily treatment of 1.8 grays (Gy) per fraction to a total dose of 54 Gy.RESULTSThirty‐two patients were included in the current study between August 2000 and October 2002. All patients completed the combined treatment in accordance with the treatment design. Only partial responses were observed, occurring in 40% of the patients. The 9‐month and 12‐month survival rates were 34.4% ± 8% and 25.5% ± 8%, respectively. The median duration of survival for these 32 patients was 8.3 months. An intratumoral cystic/necrotic change was observed in five patients, with clinical impairment noted in two patients. One intratumoral hemorrhage occurred during radiotherapy, and was associated with transitory neurologic impairment.CONCLUSIONSThe findings of the current study regarding newly diagnosed brainstem glioma patients treated with topotecan given as a radiosensitizing agent did not reproduce the encouraging results obtained in preclinical studies. Therefore, the concomitant combination of topotecan and radiotherapy at this schedule and these doses cannot be recommended for the treatment of patients with brainstem gliomas. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
A control volume finite element method for three‐dimensional NAPL groundwater contamination
Authors: Letniowski F. W. , Forsyth P. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA three‐dimensional control volume finite element method is developed for NAPL groundwater contamination problems. Tetrahedral elements are formed by decomposing deformed blocks. The decomposition is carried out in such a way as to minimize the size of the negative transmissibilities. Negative transmissibilities produce non‐physical discrete fluid flow paths and can cause oscillatory behaviour in the Newton iteration. Example results are presented for a three‐dimensional NAPL contamination scenario using typical geophysical data.
Grey‐body surface radiation coupled with conduction and convection for general geometries
Authors: Engelman Michael , Jamnia Mohammad‐Ali 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThis paper presents a numerical technique for the simulation of the effects of grey‐diffuse surface radiation on the temperature field of fluid flows using FIDAP, a general purpose incompressible, viscous fluid code. The radiating surface relationships assume a non‐participating medium, constant surface temperature and heat fluxes at the discretized elemental level.The technique involves the decoupling of energy and radiation exchange equations. A concept of macrosurfaces, each containing a number of radiating boundary surfaces, is introduced. These boundary macroelements then carry the information from the radiating boundary into the fluid regime. A number of simulations illustrating the algorithm are presented.
A decomposed Crouzeix‐Raviart element for the finite element solution of the Navier‐Stokes equation
Authors: Bertrand F. H. , Hayes R. E. , Tanguy P. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA methodology for the decomposition of the Crouzeix‐Raviart finite element into six linear subelements is described. The resulting element is shown to satisfy the Brezzi‐Babuška compatibility condition. The error bounds are also established. A comparison in accuracy between this and the standard Crouzeix‐Raviart element is presented for driven cavity flows. Other results include the execution time for the DCR element and the Crouzeix‐Raviart element along with both analytical and numerical integration. It is shown that the decomposed element results in shorter execution times with only marginal changes in accuracy.
A local adaptive grid procedure for incompressible flows with multigridding and equidistribution concepts
Authors: Moukalled F. , Acharya S. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractAn adaptive grid solution procedure is developed for incompressible flow problems in which grid refinement based on an equidistribution law is performed in high‐error‐estimate regions that are flagged from a preliminary coarse grid solution. Solutions on the locally refined and equidistributed meshes are obtained using boundary conditions interpolated from the preliminary coarse grid solution, and solutions on both the refined and coarse grid regions are successively improved using a multigrid approach. For this purpose, suitable correction terms for the coarse grid equations are derived for all variables in the flagged regions. This procedure with Local Adaptation, Multigridding and Equidistribution (LAME) concepts is applied to various flow problems to demonstrate the accuracy improvements obtained using this method.
Turbulent flow calculations using unstructured and adaptive meshes
Authors: Mavriplis Dimitri J. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractA method of efficiently computing turbulent compressible flow over complex two‐dimensional configurations is presented. The method makes use of fully unstructured meshes throughout the entire flow field, thus enabling the treatment of arbitrarily complex geometries and the use of adaptive meshing techniques throughout both viscous and inviscid regions of the flow field. Mesh generation is based on a locally mapped Delaunay technique in order to generate unstructured meshes with highly stretched elements in the viscous regions. The flow equations are discretized using a finite element Navier‐Stokes solver, and rapid convergence to steady state is achieved using an unstructured multigrid algorithm. Turbulence modelling is performed using an inexpensive algebraic model, implemented for use on unstructured and adaptive meshes. Compressible turbulent flow solutions about multiple‐element aerofoil geometries are computed and compared with experimental data.
Theoretical investigation of combustion characteristics in ram‐jet dump combustor with side‐inlet
Authors: Chuang Shu‐Hao , Lin Hsun‐Cheng , Chen Ming‐Hua , Jan Jin‐Fa 
Published: November 2005

AbstractThe combustion flow of a sudden‐expansioin dump combustor with injecting side‐inlet is analysed using the SIMPLE‐C algorithm and the Jones‐Launder k‐ϵ two‐equation turbulence model. The transport properties of velocity, turbulence kinetic energy, temperature and combustion efficiency as a function of the injected mass fraction and the number of side‐inlet nozzles are solved in this paper. The axial velocities of the sudden‐expansion dump combustor without injected side‐inlet flow are solved first and found to be in good agreement with the experimental data of Moon and Rudinger. For a fixed value of the side‐inlet number the wall temperature and combustion efficiency of the dump combustor are decreased when the injected mass fraction is increased. For a fixed value of the injected mass fraction the wall temperature and combustion efficiency are decreased when the number of side‐inlet nozzles is increased.
An orthogonal mapping technique for the computation of a viscous free‐surface flow
Authors: Cliffe K. A. , Tavener S. J. , Wheeler A. A. 
Published: November 2005

AbstractIn this paper we describe finite element computations of the free‐surface flow of a viscous fluid down an undulating inclined plane. The technique developed here employs an orthogonal mapping that is computed along with the velocity and pressure. This is allied to a technique to compute symbolically the Jacobian and other derivatives required for numerical continuation methods. The solutions obtained are compared with laboratory experiments and finite element computations reported by Pritchard and co‐workers. The finite element computational method used by these authors employs spines to represent the free surface. An excellent agreement is shown to exist between the new computations and the laboratory experiments, and with the numerical solutions of Pritchard and co‐workers.