bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oral health and the elderly in Nigeria: a case for oral health promotion
Authors: Ojofeitimi Ebenezer O. , Adedigba Michael A. , Ogunbodede Eyitope O. , Fajemilehin Boluwaji R. , Adegbehingbe Bernice O. 
Published: November 2007

Objectives:  To determine the prevalence of problems associated with chewing and the relationship with body mass index, the self‐reported rating of oral health and normative oral hygiene assessment among the elderly.Materials and Methods:  This was a descriptive community based study carried out in three locations in Ife‐Ijesa zone (south western Nigeria). Elderly persons of 55 years and above were recruited through the religious organisations. All elderly who volunteered were assisted in completing a questionnaire on their socio‐demographic status, chewing ability, any quadrant associated with problems and self‐rating of oral health. An oral examination under a natural daylight using sterile wooden spatulae and an upright chair was carried out. The Oral Hygiene Index of Greene and Vermillion [Journal of the American Dental Association (1964) 61, p. 172] was used to determine the oral hygiene status.Results:  The lower right quadrant had the highest frequency of complaint on difficulty with chewing (15.6%), and 44.1% of the subjects had problems with chewing. Twenty‐nine per cent rated their oral health as poor or very poor. There was a statistically significant association between the rating of oral health and the presence of calculus (p = 0.022). This was also true for oral hygiene and having any problem with chewing (p = 0.001). The self‐rating of oral health was not in agreement with that of the normative finding.Conclusion:  Health promotion focusing on the oral health of the elderly is a significant requirement for the study population. Proper evaluation of the effectiveness of traditional dentifrices must be carried out and interventions designed to address the possibility of improper usage.
Safety of interhospital transport of cardiac patients and the need for medical escorts
Authors: Lees Michelle , Elcock Mark 
Published: November 2007

AbstractObjective:  To review the safety of the current retrieval service procedures and identify factors associated with the need for a medical escort.Methods:  Detailed retrospective chart review of the records of patients with confirmed or presumed cardiac disorders transferred for acute care by the Townsville Hospital Emergency Department retrieval service between June 2003 and December 2004.Results:  A total of 555 charts were reviewed. During transport, 118 complications and 111 interventions occurred. In total, 414 patients required no intervention, 96 required nurse or paramedic care, and 45 needed a medical escort. Only one patient determined to need a doctor was not accompanied by one; however, 183 patients were accompanied by a doctor when no need was identified. A logistic regression model was applied to 463 patients after excluding intubated patients and those with any missing observation data. This found that the following variables were significantly predictive of events during transport requiring a doctor to be present: myocardial infarction (OR 2.48; P = 0.016; 95% CI 1.2–5.1), having received lysis (OR 3.54; P = 0.004; 95% CI 1.59–7.92), on an infusion (OR 5.06; P < 0.001; 95% CI 2.37–10.82) or history of cardiac arrest (OR 7.77; P < 0.001; 95% CI 2.9–20.77).Conclusion:  Transport of cardiac patients by the Townsville Hospital Emergency Department retrieval service were safely staffed and performed, guided by the expert decision making and clinical support of the clinical coordinators. Patients with a provisional diagnosis at the time of referral of myocardial infarction, a history of receiving lysis or cardiac arrest, or on a drug infusion were more likely to require the expertise of a doctor during transport.
Review of mannequin‐based high‐fidelity simulation in emergency medicine
Authors: Fritz Peter Z , Gray Tim , Flanagan Brendan 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThe spectrum of uses of high‐fidelity simulation in emergency medicine has increased in the past 10 years and ranges from teaching isolated skills to improving complex team behaviours in critical situations. This review will describe these published uses and explore the evidence supporting the use of high‐fidelity simulation, as well as the future directions and difficulties of using this technology in our specialty.
Rapid, Sensitive, and Specific Lateral-Flow Immunochromatographic Point-of-Care Device for Detection of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2-Specific Immunoglobulin G Antibodies in Serum and Whole Blood
Authors: Laderman Elisabeth I. , Whitworth Emma , Dumaual Erickson , Jones Mark , Hudak Andrew , Hogrefe Wayne , Carney Jim , Groen Jan 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) is a common human pathogen that can cause a variety of clinical manifestations in humans. In order to provide near-patient results to allow for faster counseling and treatment, a rapid point-of-care test that is accurate and simple to use is desirable. Here, we describe the development and evaluation of an HSV-2 immunoglobulin G (IgG)-specific antibody lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA) based on colloidal gold nanoparticles. A total of 359 serum samples and 100 whole-blood samples were tested in the newly developed HSV-2 LFIA. Serum results were compared to those from the HerpeSelect HSV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and whole-blood sample results were compared to those of both ELISA and HerpeSelect HSV-1 and -2 immunoblotting (IB). The sensitivity of the HSV-2 LFIA compared to that of the HerpeSelect ELISA was 100% (89/89), and the specificity was 97.3% (257/264). Cross-reactivity with HSV-1 IgG-positive serum samples was observed in 2.6% (5/196) of samples, 2.9% (1/34) for rubella virus, and 6.2% (1/16) for Epstein-Barr virus. No cross-reactivity in varicella-zoster virus or cytomegalovirus IgG-positive serum samples was observed. No interference was observed from bilirubin-, triglyceride-, albumin-, or hemoglobin-spiked samples. The concordance of the LFIA results between capillary whole blood, EDTA-treated venous whole blood, heparin-treated venous whole blood, and serum was 99% (99/100). In conclusion, the LFIA for HSV-2 IgG-specific antibodies demonstrated excellent sensitivity, specificity, and concordance for both serum and whole-blood samples compared to the sensitivity, specificity, and concordance of both HSV-2 ELISA and IB.
Safety and Immunogenicity of Two Influenza Virus Subunit Vaccines, with or without MF59 Adjuvant, Administered to Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Seropositive and -Seronegative Adults
Authors: Durando P. , Fenoglio D. , Boschini A. , Ansaldi F. , Icardi G. , Sticchi L. , Renzoni A. , Fabbri P. , Ferrera A. , Parodi A. , Bruzzone B. , Gabutti G. , Podda A. , Del Giudice G. , Fragapane E. , Indiveri F. , Crovari P. , Gasparini R. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare both the safety and tolerability and the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses for two influenza virus subunit vaccines, one with MF59 adjuvant (Fluad) and one without an adjuvant (Agrippal), in healthy and in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected adult individuals. To achieve this aim, an open, randomized, comparative clinical trial was performed during the 2005-2006 season. A total of 256 subjects were enrolled to receive one dose of vaccine intramuscularly. Blood samples were taken at the time of vaccination and at 1 and 3 months postvaccination. A good humoral antibody response was detected for both vaccines, meeting all the criteria of the Committee for Medical Products for Human Use. After Beyer's correction for prevaccination status, Fluad exhibited better immunogenicity than Agrippal, as shown from the analysis of the geometric mean titers, with significant differences for some virus strains; however, no definitive conclusions on the clinical significance of such results can be drawn, because the method used to estimate antibody response is currently nonstandard for influenza virus vaccines. Significant induction of an antigen-specific CD4
+
T-lymphocyte proliferative response was detected at all time points after immunization, for both the vaccines, among HIV-1-seronegative subjects. This was different from what was observed for HIV-1-infected individuals. In this group, significance was not reached at 30 days postvaccination (T30) for those immunized with Agrippal. Also when data were compared between treatment groups, a clear difference in the response at T30 was observed in favor of Fluad (
P
= 0.0002). The safety profiles of both vaccines were excellent. For HIV-1-infected individuals, no significant changes either in viremia or in the CD4
+
cell count were observed at any time point. The results showed good safety and immunogenicity for both vaccines under study for both uninfected and HIV-1-infected adults, confirming current recommendations for immunization of this high-risk category.
Protection against Shiga Toxin-ProducingEscherichia coliInfection by Transcutaneous Immunization with Shiga Toxin Subunit B
Authors: Zhu C. , Yu J. , Yang Z. , Davis K. , Rios H. , Wang B. , Glenn G. , Boedeker E. C. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTEnterohemorrhagicEscherichia coli(EHEC) strains are important human food-borne pathogens. EHEC strains elaborate potent Shiga toxins (Stx1, and/or Stx2) implicated in the development of hemorrhagic colitis (HC) or hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). In this report, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of Stx1 subunit B (StxB1) administered by transcutaneous immunization (TCI). Three groups of Dutch Belted rabbits received patches containing StxB1, StxB1 in combination withEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin (LT), or LT alone. An additional group of naïve rabbits served as controls. The protective efficacy following TCI with StxB1 was assessed by challenging rabbits with a virulent Stx1-producing strain, RDEC-H19A, capable of inducing HC and HUS in rabbits. Antibodies specific to StxB1 from serum and bile samples were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and toxin neutralization test. Rabbits immunized with StxB1 demonstrated improved weight gain and reduced Stx-induced histopathology. Rabbits receiving StxB or StxB1/LT showed a significant increase in serum immunoglobulin G titers specific to StxB1 as well as toxin neutralization titers. These data demonstrated that the StxB delivered by TCI could induce significant systemic immune responses. Thus, Stx subunit B vaccine delivered by a patch for a high-risk population may be a practical approach to prevent (and/or reduce) Stx-induced pathology.
Evaluation of Endocarditis Caused by Methicillin-Susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
Developing Nonsusceptibility to Daptomycin
Authors: Sakoulas George , Rose Warren , Rybak Michael J. , Pillai Satish , Alder Jeff , Moellering Robert C. , Eliopoulos George M. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

We examined sequential methicillin-susceptible
Staphylococcus aureus
isolates from a patient with mitral valve endocarditis recovered during persistent bacteremia on standard therapy and relapse after treatment with daptomycin. An isolate obtained after 5 days of antimicrobial therapy, but before exposure to daptomycin, showed subtle physiological changes in response to daptomycin, with significant regrowth in the daptomycin killing assay compared to the treatment-naive strain. Once daptomycin was started, the population became more heterogeneous and tested as nonsusceptible. These organisms were examined in a simulated-vegetation in vitro pharmacodynamic model, which confirmed progressive decreases in killing with daptomycin concentrations that simulate those attained in humans with 6-mg/kg of body weight daily dosing. Early surgical intervention or combination therapy or both might have prevented the loss of daptomycin susceptibility.
Virulence Genotypes and Phylogenetic Background ofEscherichia coliSerogroup O6 Isolates from Humans, Dogs, and Cats
Authors: Johnson James R. , Johnston Brian , Clabots Connie R. , Kuskowski Michael A. , Roberts Elisabeth , DebRoy Chitrita 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTMolecular evidence is limited for the hypothesis that humans, dogs, and cats can become colonized and infected with similar virulentEscherichia colistrains. To further assess this possibility, archivedE. coliO6 isolates (n= 130) from humans (n= 55), dogs (n= 59), and cats (n= 16), representing the three main H (flagellar) types within serogroup O6 (H1, H7, and H31), were analyzed, along with selected reference strains. Isolates underwent PCR-based phylotyping, multilocus sequence typing, PCR-based detection of 55 virulence-associated genes, and XbaI pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) profiling. Three major sequence types (STs), which corresponded closely with H types, accounted for 99% of the 130 O6 isolates. Each ST included human, dog, and cat isolates; two included reference pyelonephritis isolates CFT073 (O6:K2:H1) and 536 (O6:K15:H31). Virulence genotypes overlapped considerably among host species, despite statistically significant differences between human and pet isolates. Several human and dog isolates from ST127 (O6:H31) exhibited identical virulence genotypes and highly similar PFGE profiles, consistent with cross-species exchange of specificE. coliclones. In conclusion, the close similarity in the genomic backbone and virulence genotype between certain human- and animal-sourceE. coliisolates within serogroup O6 supports the hypothesis of zoonotic potential.
Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
, an Emerging Pathogen in the United States
Authors: Schlaberg Robert , Huard Richard C. , Della-Latta Phyllis 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Nocardia cyriacigeorgica
is recognized as an emerging pathogen in many parts of the world. We present the first case description of invasive
N. cyriacigeorgica
pulmonary infection in the United States identified to the species level by 16S rRNA and
hsp65
sequence analysis. A subsequent retrospective molecular screening of recent
Nocardia
clinical isolates at our New York City medical center yielded an additional six
N. cyriacigeorgica
isolates. Because routine laboratory algorithms for the phenotypic identification of
Nocardia
species are limited in practice, the true prevalence of
N. cyriacigeorgica
infections may be greater than currently appreciated. Indeed, we present evidence confirming that
N. cyriacigeorgica
is coincident with the unofficial species designation
Nocardia asteroides
complex antimicrobial susceptibility pattern type VI and distinct from the
N. asteroides
sensu stricto strain ATCC 19247
T
. As nocardial species identity can predict antimicrobial susceptibility and guide clinical management, we offer simplified phenotypic and molecular protocols to assist the identification of
N. cyriacigeorgica
.
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
Pneumonia in a Liver Transplant Recipient
Authors: Woo Patrick C. Y. , Lau Susanna K. P. , Ngan Antonio H. Y. , Tse Herman , Tung Edward T. K. , Yuen Kwok-Yung 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

We report a case of
Lasiodiplodia theobromae
pneumonia in a patient who died 14 days after cadaveric-liver transplantation. His condition was complicated by
Enterococcus faecium
peritonitis. Direct microscopy analysis of the bronchoalveolar lavage specimens showed septate hyphae. A dematiaceous mold was recovered and identified as
L. theobromae
by microscopic morphology and EF1α gene sequencing.
Evaluation of a
Chlamydophila psittaci
Infection Diagnostic Platform for Zoonotic Risk Assessment
Authors: Verminnen Kristel , Duquenne Barbara , De Keukeleire David , Duim Birgitta , Pannekoek Yvonne , Braeckman Lutgart , Vanrompay Daisy 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Reports on zoonotic transmission of
Chlamydophila psittaci
originating from poultry are incidentally published. During recent studies in European turkeys we isolated
C. psittaci
genotypes A, B, D, E, F, and E/B, all considered potentially dangerous for humans. This encouraged us to analyze the zoonotic risk on a Belgian turkey farm, from production onset until slaughter, using a
Chlamydophila psittaci
diagnostic platform. Twenty individually marked hens, as well as the farmer and two scientists, were monitored medically. Bioaerosol monitoring, serology, isolation, and nested PCR demonstrated chlamydiosis on the farm leading to symptomatic psittacosis in all 3 persons involved.
ompA
sequencing confirmed the zoonotic transmission of
C. psittaci
genotype A. Strangely, two different antibody microimmunofluorescence (MIF) tests remained negative in all infected persons. The results demonstrate the value of the currently used diagnostic platform in demonstrating
C. psittaci
infections in both birds and humans but raise questions regarding use of the MIF test for diagnosing human psittacosis. In addition, our results suggest the underestimation of psittacosis in the poultry industry, stressing the need for a veterinary vaccine and recommendations for zoonotic risk reduction strategies.
Granulomatous Amoebic Encephalitis Caused by
Acanthamoeba
Amoebae of Genotype T2 in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Negative Patient
Authors: Walochnik Julia , Aichelburg Alexander , Assadian Ojan , Steuer Andrea , Visvesvara Govinda , Vetter Norbert , Aspöck Horst 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Acanthamoeba
amoebae of genotype T2 were identified as the causative agent of
Acanthamoeba
skin lesions and granulomatous amoebic encephalitis (GAE) in a human immunodeficiency virus-negative patient with underlying tuberculosis. To our knowledge this, is the first case of GAE involving genotype T2.
Epidemiological, Molecular, and Clinical Features of Enterovirus Respiratory Infections in French Children between 1999 and 2005
Authors: Jacques Jérôme , Moret Hélène , Minette Delphine , Lévêque Nicolas , Jovenin Nicolas , Deslée Gaetan , Lebargy François , Motte Jacques , Andréoletti Laurent 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Enteroviruses (EVs) can induce nonspecific respiratory tract infections in children, but their epidemiological, virological, and clinical features remain to be assessed. In the present study, we analyzed 252 EV-related infection cases (median age of subjects, 5.1 years) diagnosed among 11,509 consecutive children visiting emergency departments within a 7-year period in the north of France. EV strains were isolated from nasopharyngeal samples by viral cell culture, identified by seroneutralization assay, and genetically compared by partial amplification and sequencing of the VP1 gene. The respiratory syndromes (79 [31%] of 252 EV infections) appeared as the second most common EV-induced pediatric pathology after meningitis (111 [44%] of 252 cases) (44 versus 31%,
P
< 10
−3
), contributing to lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) in 43 (54%) of 79 EV respiratory infection cases. Bronchiolitis was the most common EV-induced LRTI (34 [43%] of 79 cases,
P
< 10
−3
) occurring more often in infants aged 1 to 12 months (
P
= 0.0002), with spring-fall seasonality. Viruses ECHO 11, 6, and 13 were the more frequently identified respiratory strains (24, 13, and 11%, respectively). The VP1 gene phylogenetic analysis showed the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV respiratory strains (species A or B) during the same month or annual epidemic period. Our findings indicated that respiratory tract infections accounted for the 30% of EV-induced pediatric pathologies, contributing to LRTIs in 54% of these cases. Moreover, the concomitant or successive circulation of genetically distinct EV strains indicated the possibility of pediatric repeated respiratory infections within the same epidemic season.
Candida nivariensis
Isolated from an Indonesian Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Patient Suffering from Oropharyngeal Candidiasis
Authors: Wahyuningsih Retno , SahBandar Ivo N. , Theelen Bart , Hagen Ferry , Poot Gé , Meis Jacques F. , Rozalyani Anna , Sjam Ridhawati , Widodo Djoko , Djauzi Samsuridjal , Boekhout Teun 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Candida nivariensis
was isolated from an Indonesian human immunodeficiency virus-infected patient who suffered from oropharyngeal candidiasis and was identified with molecular tools. Our isolate demonstrated low MICs to amphotericin B, flucytosine, posaconazole, caspofungin, and isavuconazole and was susceptible to fluconazole, itraconazole, and voriconazole.
Genetic Diversity of
Burkholderia pseudomallei
Isolates in Australia
Authors: Cheng Allen C. , Ward Linda , Godoy Daniel , Norton Robert , Mayo Mark , Gal Daniel , Spratt Brian G. , Currie Bart J. 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT

Melioidosis is caused by the gram-negative saprophytic bacterium
Burkholderia pseudomallei
, which is endemic to southeast Asia and northern Australia. We have previously found evidence of geographic localization of strains based on multilocus sequence typing (MLST). In this study, we examined the diversity of 277 isolates from northern Australia, which were resolved into 159 different sequence types. No sequence types were common to both Queensland and the Northern Territory, and there was significant differentiation between the alleles present in the two regions. The considerable diversity in sequence types contrasts with the limited diversity of alleles at MLST loci, supporting previous work suggesting a high rate of recombination relative to mutation in
B. pseudomallei
, where new sequence types are primarily generated by reassortment of existing alleles.
Characterization of the Human Herpesvirus 6 U69 Gene Product and Identification of Its Nuclear Localization Signal
Authors: Isegawa Yuji , Miyamoto Yoichi , Yasuda Yoshinari , Semi Katsunori , Tsujimura Kenji , Fukunaga Rikiro , Ohshima Atsushi , Horiguchi Yasuhiro , Yoneda Yoshihiro , Sugimoto Nakaba 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACT
To elucidate the function of the U69 protein kinase of human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in vivo, we first analyzed its subcellular localization in HHV-6-infected Molt 3 cells by using polyclonal antibodies against the U69 protein. Immunofluorescence studies showed that the U69 signal localized to the nucleus in a mesh-like pattern in both HHV-6-infected and HHV6-transfected cells. A computer program predicted two overlapping classic nuclear localization signals (NLSs) in the N-terminal region of the protein; this NLS motif is highly conserved in the N-terminal region of most of the herpesvirus protein kinases examined to date. An N-terminal deletion mutant form of the protein failed to enter the nucleus, whereas a fusion protein of green fluorescent protein (GFP) and/or glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the U69 N-terminal region was transported into the nucleus, demonstrating that the predicted N-terminal NLSs of the protein actually function as NLSs. The nuclear transport of the GST-GFP fusion protein containing the N-terminal NLS of U69 was inhibited by wheat germ agglutinin and by the Q69L Ran-GTP mutant, indicating that the U69 protein is transported into the nucleus from the cytoplasm via classic nuclear transport machinery. A cell-free import assay showed that the nuclear transport of the U69 protein was mediated by importin α/β in conjunction with the small GTPase Ran. When the import assay was performed with a low concentration of each importin-α subtype, NPI2/importin-α7 elicited more efficient transport activity than did Rch1/importin-α1 or Qip1/importin-α3. These results suggest a relationship between the localization of NPI2/importin-α7 and the cell tropism of HHV-6.