bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prospective study of physical activity in different periods of life and the risk of ovarian cancer
Authors: Weiderpass Elisabete , Margolis Karen L. , Sandin Sven , Braaten Tonje , Kumle Merethe , Adami Hans‐Olov , Lund Eiliv 
Published: January 2006

AbstractOnly few studies have assessed the role of physical activity in the etiology of ovarian cancer, and the results have been inconclusive. We studied associations between physical activity and risk of ovarian cancer in 96,541 women aged 30–49 at enrollment in a prospective study in Norway and Sweden. Participants reported physical activity level at ages 14, 30 and at enrollment, and participation in competitive sports. Complete follow‐up through 2001/2002 was achieved by linkage to national registries. The relation between physical activity and ovarian cancer incidence was assessed using multivariate Cox proportional hazard models. During an average 11.1 years of follow‐up, there were 264 ovarian cancer cases (including 81 borderline tumors) diagnosed at a mean age of 49 years. Highly physically active women at cohort enrollment had a similar risk of ovarian cancer as women reporting no activity (multivariate relative risk RR = 1.08, 95% CI 0.53–2.18). Physical activity at age 30 or at age 14 did not either afford any protection from ovarian cancer, nor did a consistently high level of activity from younger ages until enrollment. Results were similar for invasive and borderline tumors, and for different subgroups of women classified according to other known risk factors for ovarian cancer. In our study of primarily premenopausal women, physical activity at different ages did neither reduce nor increase risk of ovarian cancer. In the context of the inconsistent scientific literature, our findings probably reflect that physical activity is not causally related with ovarian cancer. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vivo study of novel biodegradable and osteoconductive CaO‐SiO2‐B2O3 glass‐ceramics
Authors: Lee Jae Hyup , Lee Choon‐Ki , Chang Bong‐Soon , Ryu Hyun‐Seung , Seo Jun‐Hyuk , Hong Kug Sun , Kim Hwan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTo evaluate the possibility of novel CaO‐SiO2‐B2O3 glass‐ceramics (CS10B) as a new bone replacement material, we compared the biodegradation and osteoconduction properties of CS10B, hydroxyapatite (HA), and tricalcium phosphate (TCP). Porous CS10B implants were prepared by the polymer sponge method. L5–6 single‐level posterolateral spinal fusions were performed on 30 New Zealand white male rabbits. The animals were divided into three groups by implant material: CS10B, HA, and TCP. Radiographs were performed every 2 weeks. All animals were euthanized 12 weeks after surgery. The ratio of the area occupied by the ceramics by final and initial radiographs was calculated using radiomorphometric analysis. Uniaxial tensile strength was determined from seven cases in each group. The ratio of the area occupied by HA (88.7% ± 16.1%) was significantly higher than the others (p < 0.005), and the ratio of the area occupied by CS10B (28.2% ± 9.3%) was significantly lower than those of HA and TCP (37% ± 9.6%, p < 0.05). The mean values of the tensile strengths of the CS10B (182.7 ± 19.9 N) and HA (191.4 ± 33.5 N) were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that of TCP (141.1 ± 28.2 N). CS10B had a fusion mass tensile strength similar to that of HA. Histological analysis confirmed that CS10B was well incorporated into the fusion mass. These findings suggest that CS10B is a possible bone replacement material. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Simulation of a membrane bioreactor for regeneration of degreasing systems
Authors: Okoth George , Thöming Jorg , Schmidt Hans‐Jürgen 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe dynamic behaviour of membrane bioreactors (MBRs) with negligible biomass growth due to the presence of toxic substances was modelled to simulate a pilot plant test in an industrial degreasing unit. Modelling was done by introducing a substrate biodegradation rate into a material balance equation of an MBR. This was followed by a discrimination procedure between the simulated and measured values, from which best‐fit specific substrate uptake rates (qsp) were determined at different air supply rates. The results showed clear improvement of qsp with increased air supply, indicating a possible increase in the active cell population in the reactor due to reduced toxicity. The highest specific substrate uptake rate (qsp = 0.08 gsubstrate gbiomass−1 d−1) determined was assumed equal to the maintenance coefficient (qm) for the biodegradation of the substrate under the test conditions. The understanding of the dynamics provided a reference in subsequent regeneration system improvement. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Developmental mechanisms underlying tooth patterning in continuously replacing osteichthyan dentitions
Authors: Huysseune Ann , Witten P. Eckhard 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe dentition of osteichthyans presents an astonishing diversity with regard to the distribution of teeth in the oral cavity, tooth numbers, arrangements, shapes, and sizes. Taking examples from three unrelated teleosts—the most speciose group of osteichthyans—and from the literature, this study explores how the initial tooth pattern is set up, and how this relates to the establishment and maintenance (or modification) of the tooth replacement pattern.In teleosts, first‐generation teeth (the very first teeth in ontogeny to develop at a particular locus) are commonly initiated in adjacent or in alternate (odd and even) positions. The mechanisms responsible for these divergent developmental patterns remain to be elucidated, in particular, whether they reflect a field or local type of control. However, patterns of adjacent or alternate tooth initiation, set up by the first‐generation teeth, can easily turn into replacement patterns where new teeth are initiated simultaneously every second, or even every third position, by synchronizing the formation of new first‐generation teeth to the formation of replacement teeth at older loci.Our observations suggest that, once established, the replacement pattern appears to be maintained, as a kind of “default” state. Variations and modifications in this pattern are nevertheless common and suggest that tooth replacement is under local control, exerted at the level of the initiation of replacement teeth. Further studies are needed to test the hypothesis that regular replacement patterns are more frequent in association with the plesiomorphic condition of extramedullary replacement (replacement on the surface of the dentigerous bone) and more rare in the derived condition of intramedullary replacement (replacement within the medullary cavity of the dentigerous bone). J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 306B, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Antioxidant capacity of methanolic and water extracts prepared from food‐processing by‐products
Authors: Amin I , Mukhrizah O 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThis study aims to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of mango peel, roselle seed, okara (by‐product of soya milk industry), cocoa shell and pink guava (by‐product of pink guava industry) in comparison to 6‐hydroxy‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethylchroman‐2‐carboxylic acid (Trolox). The β‐carotene bleaching, 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl and reducing power assays were used to determine the antioxidant capacity of selected by‐products by measuring the absorbance at 470, 520 and 700 nm, respectively. The results showed that methanolic extracts of pink guava and cocoa shell exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging activity compared to other studied samples. Roselle seed water extract exhibited the highest antioxidant activity and free radical scavenging when extracted with water. Pink guava possessed the highest reducing power in methanolic extract at a concentration of 0.16 mg mL−1. At the same concentration, mango peel exhibited the highest reducing power when extracted with water. The present study shows that pink guava, roselle seed and cocoa shell are potential sources of antioxidant components that can be exploited as food preservative agents or nutraceuticals. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Investigation of the effect of sumac extract and BHT addition on the quality of sucuk (Turkish dry‐fermented sausage)
Authors: Bozkurt Hüseyin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe effect of sumac extract and BHT (butylated hydroxytoluene) addition on the quality (pH, colour, biogenic amine, TBARS values and sensory attributes) of sucuk (Turkish dry‐fermented sausage) were investigated during the ripening period. Addition of BHT decreased the TBARS value by about 23.7%, whereas sumac extract decreased it by 42.0%. Sumac extract decreased (P < 0.05) putrescine formation more than BHT addition. However, no significant difference (P > 0.05) was observed in histamine formation for both the sumac extract and BHT‐added recipe. The highest tyramine concentration was observed in a control recipe (R1) prepared without any antioxidants, and the lowest was in the sumac extract‐added recipe (R3) with mean values of about 96.62 and 63.17 mg kg−1, respectively. The control recipe (R1) was found to be the worst (P < 0.05) sample with respect to overall sensory quality and addition of either sumac extract or BHT increased (P < 0.05) the overall sensory quality of sucuk. The pH and colour attributes of sucuk were not significantly different (P > 0.05) between the addition of sumac extract and BHT. This study demonstrated that sumac extract had more effect on the quality of sucuk during the ripening period, hence it could be easily utilised in sucuk to enhance quality. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of Polypyrrole Using Benzoyl Peroxide as a Novel Oxidizing Agent
Authors: Saravanan Chandrasekaran , Shekhar Rampally Chandra , Palaniappan Srinivasan 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSummary: Benzoyl peroxide is used as an oxidizing agent for the first time in the synthesis of conducting polypyrrole. Synthesis of polypyrrole is commonly performed by chemical oxidative polymerization using water‐soluble oxidizing agents. In this work, polypyrrole was prepared using organic solvent‐soluble benzoyl peroxide as an oxidizing agent in the presence of p‐toluenesulfonic acid (p‐TSA) and sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) surfactant via the inverted‐emulsion‐polymerization technique. During polymerization, SLS is converted to dodecyl hydrogensulfate (DHS) and incorporated on to polypyrrole along with p‐TSA dopant, indicating SLS is acting as emulsifier as well as dopant. The influence of synthesis conditions such as the duration of the reaction, the temperature, the concentration of the reactants, etc., on the properties of polypyrrole was investigated to determine the optimum conditions for the synthesis of polypyrrole salt. Polypyrrole was obtained in a reaction time of 1 h with high yield (154 wt.‐% with respect to pyrrole used) and good conductivity (2 S · cm−1). The conductivity of polypyrrole‐salt was found to be nearly the same even after seven months of storage at ambient temperature (1.7 S · cm−1).
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Evolution of the Morphology and Characterization of Compatibilized PBT/EVA Blends Prepared by Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Scaffaro Roberto , La Mantia Francesco Paolo 
Published: January 2006

AbstractSummary: In this work, the possibility of preparing compatibilized blends of poly(butylene terephthalate) (PBT) and an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer by reactive extrusion in the presence of an ethylene acrylic acid copolymer (EAA) and a bisoxazoline compound (PBO) as compatibilization promoters has been studied. In addition, the evolution of the morphology of the blends under different annealing conditions in the presence and absence of the compatibilizing promoters has been studied. Binary blends of PBT and EVA showed behavior typical of incompatible blends with a gross morphology and bad mechanical performance. The situation was however different for ternary PBT/EVA/EAA and especially for quaternary PBT/EVA/EAA/PBO blends. In the latter case, the morphology was finer, the adhesion improved and the mechanical properties were enhanced, with values almost doubled with respect to those of uncompatibilized blends. These results can be explained by the formation of in situ EAA‐g‐(PBO)PBT copolymers which act as compatibilizers for the blends. While the binary and, to some extent, the ternary blend display coalescence under annealing with rapid coarsening of the morphology, the quaternary compatibilized blends showed the best morphological stability as the particle dimensions remained practically unchanged. This phenomenon was interpreted considering the role of kinetic hindrance played by the compatibilizer formed in situ.SEM micrograph of PBT/EVA/EAA/PBO blend at 5 000×.magnified imageSEM micrograph of PBT/EVA/EAA/PBO blend at 5 000×.
Chemoprevention of lung cancer by tea
Authors: Clark Julie , You Ming 
Published: January 2006

AbstractTea is the second only to water as the most consumed beverage in the world. Both green and black teas have been studied for their health benefits for a variety of diseases, particularly cancer. Lung cancer is the predominant cause of cancer mortality in developed countries. Smokers’ risk of lung cancer is 20 times that of persons who have never smoked. Epidemiological studies on the cancer‐preventive effects of tea produce inconsistent results, which could in part be attributed to the lack of a universal standard for tea preparations. However, most animal studies indicate that tea has strong chemopreventive effects against lung tumorigenesis. The reported mechanisms for chemopreventive activity of green tea are antioxidation, induction of phase II enzymes, inhibition of TNFα expression and release, inhibition of cell proliferation, and induction of apoptosis. Cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induced by green tea are probably the two most significant factors. Future studies are needed to determine how green tea affects the genes associated with cell cycle regulation and apoptosis during the mouse lung carcinogenesis process.
The matricellular protein SPARC is internalized in Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells during testis differentiation
Authors: Wilson Megan J. , Bowles Josephine , Koopman Peter 
Published: January 2006

AbstractThe gene encoding the matricellular protein secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) was identified in a screen for genes expressed sex‐specifically during mouse gonad development, as being strongly upregulated in the male gonad from very early in testis development. We present here a detailed analysis of SPARC gene and protein expression during testis development, from 11.5 to 15.5 days post coitum (dpc). Section in situ hybridization analysis revealed that SPARC mRNA is expressed by the Sertoli cells in the testis cords and the fetal Leydig cells, found within the interstitial space between the testis cords. Immunodetection with anti‐SPARC antibody showed that the protein was located inside the testis cords, within the cytoplasm of Sertoli and germ cells. In the interstitium, SPARC was present intracellularly within the Leydig cells. The internalization of SPARC in Sertoli, Leydig, and germ cells suggests that it plays an intracellular regulatory role in these cell types during fetal testis development. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ca2+ and Na+ current patterns during oocyte maturation, fertilization, and early developmental stages of Ciona intestinalis
Authors: Cuomo Annunziata , Silvestre Francesco , De Santis Rosaria , Tosti Elisabetta 
Published: January 2006

AbstractUsing the whole‐cell voltage clamp technique, the electrical changes in oocyte and embryo plasma membrane were followed during different meiotic and developmental stages in Ciona intestinalis. We show, for the first time, an electrophysiological characterization of the plasma membrane in oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage with high L‐type calcium (Ca2+) current activity that decreased through meiosis. Moreover, the absence of Ca2+ reduced germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD), which is consistent with a role of Ca2+ currents in the prophase/metaphase transition. In mature oocytes at the metaphase I (MI) stage, Ca2+ currents decreased and then disappeared and sodium (Na+) currents first appeared remaining high up to the zygote stage. Intracellular Ca2+ release was higher in MI than in GV, indicating that Ca2+ currents in GV may contribute to fill the stores which are essential for oocyte contraction at fertilization. The fertilization current generated in Na+ free sea water was significantly lower than the control; furthermore, oocytes fertilized in the absence of Na+ showed high development of anomalous “rosette” embryos. Current amplitudes became negligible in embryos at the 2‐ and 4‐cell stage, suggesting that signaling pathways that mediate first cleavage do not rely on ion current activities. At the 8‐cell stage embryo, a resumption of Na+ current activity and conductance occurred, without a correlation with specific blastomeres. Taken together, these results imply: (i) an involvement of L‐type Ca2+ currents in meiotic progression from the GV to MI stage; (ii) a role of Na+ currents during electrical events at fertilization and subsequent development; (iii) a major role of plasma membrane permeability and a minor function of specific currents during initial cell line segregation events. Mol. Reprod. Dev. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Salivary gland neoplasms in children: The experience of the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan
Authors: Guzzo Marco , Ferrari Andrea , Marcon Ilaria , Collini Paola , Gandola Lorenza , Pizzi Natalia , Casanova Michela , Mattavelli Franco , Scaramellini Gabriele 
Published: January 2006

AbstractBackgroundEpithelial salivary gland tumors are very uncommon in pediatric age. We report a series of 52 cases treated at the Istituto Nazionale Tumori of Milan, Italy, over a 30‐year period. These results are presented in conjunction with a literature review of salivary tumors with a view to providing an up‐to‐date overview of the clinical course, prognosis, and treatment options for this rare tumor.ProcedureFifty‐two cases of epithelial salivary tumors were reviewed and the clinical‐pathological information concerning tumor characteristics, therapy, and follow‐up were collected. Patients' age ranged between 4 and 18 years.ResultsThe major salivary glands were the main site of tumor occurrence (79% of cases arose in parotid glands); 37 patients had benign tumors (pleomorphic adenoma), 15 had malignant tumors (12 mucoepidermoid carcinoma, 9 low grade). All the patients were treated by surgery; local relapses after parotidectomy were 4% and 25%, in benign and malignant tumors, respectively. When tumor enucleation was performed, recurrences occurred in 50% of benign neoplasms. At the time of the report, all patients with benign tumors were alive, 35(95%) without evidence of disease; only one patient with malignant tumor died of disease.ConclusionsEpithelial salivary glands tumor in children had different characteristics compared with their adult counterpart with respect to the frequency of histotypes and site of occurrence, but their prognosis seems to be similar. Parotidectomy (total or superficial) is the best choice for achieving good cure rates in both benign and malignant tumors. Pediatric Blood Cancer 2006;47:806–810. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Asparagine depletion after pegylated E. coli asparaginase treatment and induction outcome in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first bone marrow relapse: A Children's Oncology Group study (CCG‐1941)
Authors: Jarrar Mohammad , Gaynon Paul S. , Periclou Antonia P. , Fu Cecilia , Harris Richard E. , Stram Daniel , Altman Arnold , Bostrom Bruce , Breneman John , Steele David , Trigg Michael , Zipf Theodore , Avramis Vassilios I. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPurposeRe‐induction outcomes vary for children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and marrow relapse. We explored possible relationships among asparaginase (ASNase) activity levels, asparagine (ASN) depletion, anti‐ASNase antibody titers, and response to re‐induction therapy in children and adolescents with ALL and an ‘early’ first marrow relapse.Patients and methodsAfter appropriate informed consent, we enrolled children and adolescents 1–21 years old with ALL and first marrow relapse within 12 months of completion of primary therapy. Induction therapy included intramuscular pegylated ASNase on Days 2 and 16. We assessed ASNase activity, anti‐ASNase antibody titers against native and pegylated (E. coli) ASNase, and amino acid levels of asparagine (ASN) and glutamine (GLN) on Days 0, 14, and 35 of re‐induction.ResultsNinety‐three patients were at least partially assessable. Among 21 patients with M1 marrow status at Day 35, the median Day 14 ASN level was <1 µM. This is significantly lower than the median Day 14 ASN level of 4 µM in the group of patients with M3 marrow at Day 35. Neither Day 0 nor Day 35 antibody titers predicted ASNase enzymatic activity level on Day 14. Surprisingly, Day 14 ASNase activity did not predict serum ASN level on Day 14. However, Day 0 and Day 35 anti‐native ASNase antibody titers, and Day 0 anti‐PEG ASNase antibody titers correlated positively with Day 14 serum ASN levels as one might expect from neutralizing antibody. Day 35 anti‐PEG ASNase antibody titers did not.ConclusionsPatients with greater ASN depletion were more likely to achieve second remission in the context of six‐drug therapy. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The return of research results to participants: Pilot questionnaire of adolescents and parents of children with cancer
Authors: Fernandez C.V. , Santor D. , Weijer C. , Strahlendorf C. , Moghrabi A. , Pentz R. , Gao J. , Kodish E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractPurposeThe offer to return research results to participants is increasingly recognized as an ethical obligation, although few researchers routinely return results. We examined the needs and attitudes of parents of children with cancer and of adolescents with cancer to the return of research results.MethodsSeven experts in research ethics scored content validity on parent and adolescent questionnaires previously developed through focus group and phone interviews. The questionnaires were revised and provided to 30 parents and 10 adolescents in a tertiary care oncology setting.ResultsThe content validity index for individual questions and the overall questionnaires scored as 0.86 for both questionnaires. All 30 parents and 10 adolescents who agreed to participate returned questionnaires. The majority (>95%) indicated that they had a strong or very strong right to receive results. Letter or e‐mail was a satisfactory means to return results described as good or neutral (66% parents, 100% adolescents) but more participants wished face‐to‐face disclosure of results with negative implications (50% parents, 60% adolescents). Very few wanted results disseminated through a Web site. The majority acknowledged the need for peer‐review before disclosure (60% of adolescents and parents) but did not want “to be the last to know.”ConclusionsOur data suggest that pediatric oncology patients and parents of children with cancer strongly feel that they have a right to research results, and that they wish to receive these in a timely manner. Pediatr Blood Cancer © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.