bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lymphocyte transformation and humoral immune factors in Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease
Authors: Barta Ota , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Shaffer Linda M. , Pourciau Susan S. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum protein concentrations and 4 immunologic factors were determined in 5 Basenji dogs with immunoproliferative small intestinal disease. There was no correlation between the total serum proteins, immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M concentrations, and physical health status of the animals. The severity of clinical signs correlated roughly with decrease in albumin and increase in globulin concentrations. The main changes were detected in β- and fast γ-globulins. The total hemolytic complement levels were decreased in the 2 most severely affected animals below the minimal laboratory values observed in healthy animals. Alteration in the intrinsic responsiveness of lymphocytes to various mitogens did not correlate with progression in severity of the disease. Correlation between the appearance of blastogenesis-suppressing substances in serum and the severity of the disease was only partial: Sera (at 20% concentration) from the 2 most severely affected dogs completely suppressed blastogenesis induced by all 3 mitogens. The sera of 3 other dogs either did not suppress or suppressed only concanavalin A-induced mitogenesis and to a lesser extent phytohemagglutinin-induced mitogenesis without correlations to the overall clinical status. The disturbances of immunologic mechanisms were detected after the appearance of clinical disease, were not considered the cause of immunoproliferative small intestinal disease, may represent a manifestation of the secondary infection, and may contribute to aggravation of the clinical course.
Postural influence on systemic blood pressure, gas exchange, and acid/base status in the term-pregnant bitch during general anesthesia
Authors: Probst Curtis W. , Webb A. I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of positioning on certain physiologic parameters were done in 7 term-pregnant bitches during general anesthesia. Five positions (right and left lateral recumbency, right and left 10° to 15° tilt toward lateral recumbency, and dorsal recumbency) were examined. Anesthesia was induced with thiamylal sodium and was maintained with halothane and nitrous oxide in oxygen. Direct arterial blood pressure, arterial blood gases, pH, base excess, heart rate, respiratory rate, and a lead II ecg were recorded from the bitches during each position. Effects of positioning for each bitch during general anesthesia were reexamined after the bitch weaned its pups; therefore, each bitch served as its own control.
Maternal posture had no significant (P < 0.05) effect on any measured parameters in bitches before or after parturition. Pregnancy had a significant (P < 0.05) effect on every parameter, except heart rate. Pregnant bitches had a lower systolic blood pressure, lower Pao2, lower pcv, higher Paco2, higher respiratory rate, and a more severe acidosis than did the bitches after parturition.
Seemingly, supine hypotension did not occur in anesthetized term pregnant bitches (9 to 16 kg). Tilting the bitch 10° to 15° toward right or left lateral recumbency or true lateral recumbency was not preferable to dorsal recumbency for doing cesarean sections using general anesthesia.
Survey of bacteriologic flora of conjunctiva and cornea in healthy psittacine birds
Authors: Zenoble R. D. , Griffith R. W. , Clubb S. L. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A total of 151 eyes from healthy psittacine birds were examined by bacteriologic cultural methods. Bacterial growth was not found in 41% of eyes cultured, Staphylococcus epidermidis was found in 25%, α-hemolytic streptococci in 25%, Corynebacterium spp in 7%, and Staphylococcus aureus in 5%. Each of the following organisms were found in 1% of the eyes; Pasteurella spp, Actinobacillus spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp, Enterobacter spp, Pseudomonas spp, Proteus spp, and Bacillus spp. More than one bacterial species was found in numerous eyes. Psittacines from an import station had a greater occurrence of ocular bacterial growth than did birds from private owners. The frequency of ocular bacterial growth and types of bacteria isolated were similar to studies from dogs and cats.
Investigation of the nature and specificity of antinuclear antibody in dogs
Authors: Shull Robert M. , Miller Hugh A. , Chilina Allen R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A liquid phase radioimmunoassay was used to test sera from 34 dogs in 3 categories, determined by presence of antinuclear antibody (ana) and disease, for antibodies against native canine DNA and dAdT, a synthetic double-stranded DNA analog. Antibodies to dAdT were absent in healthy dogs which, as a group, had levels of DNA antibodies consistent with those reported for healthy persons. Canine patients with a variety of illnesses, but which remained ana negative, had slightly increased levels of binding of DNA and dAdT. As a group, ana-positive dogs had significantly increased binding of dAdT and native DNA, which was shown to be mainly, but not entirely, double stranded. In the ana-positive group, no correlation was found among ana titer, % DNA binding, and % dAdT binding, indicating that these 3 procedures detect antibodies with differing specificities. In dogs, ana are heterogeneous in antigenic specificity. Antibodies to double-stranded nucleic acid in dogs do not appear to be as specific for systemic lupus erythematosus as they are reported to be in persons with autoimmune disease.
Dose response of topical pilocarpine-epinephrine combinations in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagles
Authors: Gelatt Kirk N. , Gum Glenwood G. , Brooks Dennis E. , Wolf E. Daniel , Bromberg Nancy M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dose responses to single-dose loadings with a placebo (0.50% methylcellulose) and 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 6% pilocarpine combined with 1% epinephrine were determined in normotensive and glaucomatous Beagle dogs. All combinations of pilocarpine and 1% epinephrine significantly (P < 0.007) reduced pupil size and intraocular pressure in the normotensive and glaucomatous-treated eyes at most measurement times, as compared with base-line (predrug) values, untreated fellow eyes, and placebo-treated eyes. There were no significant (P < 0.11 or greater) contralateral effects on pupil size and intraocular pressure by unilateral pilocarpine-epinephrine instillations as compared with base-line values or placebo-treated eyes.
Shedding patterns in swine of virulent and attenuated pseudorabies virus
Authors: Maes Roger K. , Kanitz C. L. , Gustafson D. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Shedding patterns of 2 virulent (P-2208 and KC-152-D) and 1 attenuated (BUK) strains of pseudorabies virus (prv) were determined in groups of intranasally inoculated feeder pigs.
Clinical signs observed following inoculation with the P-2208 and KC-152-D strains included increase in rectal temperatures up to 42.2 C, anorexia, severe respiratory disturbance, and fatal cns signs in 2 cases. Clinical signs in pigs inoculated with 7.2 × 107 median tissue culture infective dose (tcid50) of the BUK strain were limited to depression and a rise in rectal temperatures to 40.5 C for 3 to 4 days.
Evaluation of the efficacy of the virus isolation method used showed that the presence on swabs of only 12.5 tcid50 of the P-2208 strain or 8.4 tcid50 of the BUK strain resulted in a 50% chance of virus recovery. Intranasal inoculations with 500 tcid50 of the P-2208 or KC-152-D strain did not result in synchronous infection of the whole group. Intranasal inoculations with 5,000 tcid50 of the KC-152-D strain or 50,000 tcid50 of the P-2208 strain resulted in continuous virus shedding in all pigs between postinoculation days (pid) 4 and 13 (KC-152-D strain) or 14 (P-2208 strain). Some of the pigs in these 2 groups further shed the P-2208 or KC-152-D strain in a continuous or discontinuous pattern up to pid 19 (P-2208 strain) or 20 (KC-152-D strain). The time of onset or the level of virus neutralizing antibody production in individual pigs was not found to have an influence on their shedding patterns. Three of 4 pigs inoculated intranasally with 106 tcid50 of the P-2208 strain were still shedding prv on the 22nd day after inoculation. Pigs inoculated intranasally with 500 or 5,000 tcid50 of the attenuated BUK strain did not shed detectable amounts of virus. Shedding of this strain by 4 pigs inoculated intranasally with 7.2 × 107 tcid50 was detected between pid 3 and 7.
Observations on the postnatal morphogenesis of the porcine humeral condyle and the pathogenesis of osteochondrosis
Authors: Kincaid S. A. , Lidvall E. R. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The condyles of the distal humeri of 75 pigs ranging in age from 1 day to 9 months were studied by gross observation and radiography. Twenty-eight pigs were reared on pasture, necropsied, and were studied histologically. The portion of the secondary center of ossification of the distal humeral epiphysis located in the lateral condyle of neonatal pigs was larger than that observed in the medial condyle and assumed the contour of the articular surface at an earlier age. Thus, the articular-epiphyseal cartilage of the medial condyle had an inherent propensity to be thicker than that of the lateral condyle and might be predisposed to the influence of deleterious biomechanical insult. Projections of cartilage containing degenerating chondrocytes from the epiphyseal cartilage into the subadjacent trabecular bone may have been early lesions of osteochondrosis in pigs ≤ 3 months of age.
Osteochondral and articular fractures of the medial condyles and intercondylar cristae of the distal humeri of 6- to 9-month-old pigs were observed. Seemingly, fractures resulted from shearing forces within the humeral articular surfaces at the junction of the articular-epiphyseal cartilage continuum and the subchondral epiphyseal bone with subsequent separation of the tissues at the osteochondral interface. Such shearing forces could result from a torque and/or laterally to medially directed forces of unusually great magnitude generated by movement of the proximal radius against the distal humerus. The cause of the transversely oriented forces may be of biomechanical origin from potentially unbalanced development, tone, or contractile activity of skeletal muscle and/or nervous system influence.
Regional distribution and variation of γ-globulin absorption from the small intestine of the neonatal calf
Authors: Fetcher A. , Gay C. C. , McGuire T. C. , Barbee D. D. , Parish S. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
125I-labeled immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 in colostral whey was used to determine the region of maximum absorption of Ig from the small intestine of the neonatal calf and the variation in Ig absorption among calves at the intestinal level.
In experiment 1, 5 segments (approx 5%, 35%, 60%, 80%, and 95% of the duodenocecal length) were formed in the small intestine of 9 colostrum-deprived calves shortly after birth. These segments were injected with colostral whey containing 125I-IgG1 4 hours after birth, and uptake, transfer, and absorption (defined as uptake plus transfer) were determined for each segment 2 hours later. Raw data were adjusted for the milligrams of IgG1 injected per gram of intestinal tissue to obtain the least squares mean (lsm) value. The lsm values for absorption of IgG1 from distal segments 3, 4, and 5 were significantly greater (P < 0.05) than those values for proximal segments 1 and 2. The region of the maximum IgG1 absorption was the lower small intestine, 60% to 80% of the duodenocecal length. There was also an indication of independence between uptake and transfer in each of the segments. Significant differences (P < 0.05) were present among calves in the lsm values for uptake and absorption, but not for transfer.
In experiment 2, thoracic ducts of 8 newborn calves were cannulated 4 to 5 hours after birth. At 6 hours after birth, colostral whey with 125I-IgG1 was injected into an intestinal segment (approx 60% to 80% of the duodenocecal length). Thoracic duct fluid was collected for 6 hours after injection. The total amount of IgG1 recovered in the thoracic duct fluid, and the amounts taken-up, transferred, and absorbed by the segment were determined for each calf. The amount of IgG1 in the thoracic duct fluid from each calf was inconsistent and did not reflect the amount that was transferred by the segment. This discrepancy was explained by evidence of 125I-IgG1 degradation and transfer of free 125I or 125I-IgG1 fragments. However, based on the calculated values for uptake, transfer, and absorption of IgG1 by the segments, variation among these calves was minimal.
Indirect immunoperoxidase test for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis
Authors: Nguyen Hai T. , Buergelt Claus D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An indirect immunoperoxidase procedure for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis was described. Formalin-fixed ileocecal tissue containing large numbers of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis organisms was used as the source of antigen. Goat anti-bovine immunoglobulin G labeled with peroxidase was used as the conjugate in the test system. The method is relatively simple to do and may prove to be valuable as a routine screening test.
Phloroglucinol microassay for plasma xylose in dogs and horses
Authors: Merritt A. M. , Duelly Pamela 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The phloroglucinol microassay technique for measuring plasma concentrations of xylose was compared with the more tedious orcinolferric chloride technique. Sequential blood samples were collected from 5 dogs and 6 horses every 30 minutes after oral administration of 0.5 g of d-xylose/kg of body weight. Comparison of the results by regression analysis shows a highly significant (P < 0.01) positive linear correlation for both dogs (r = 0.95) and horses (r = 0.77). These results indicate that xylose in canine and equine plasma can be accurately measured by the phloroglucinol technique.
Use of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of K88 pili in fecal specimens from swine
Authors: Mills K. W. , Tietze K. L. , Phillips R. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli are important in neonatal pig diarrhea. To be pathogenic, E coli must possess the ability to produce toxin and adherence structures called pili. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to detect K88 pili in feces of swine. Results were compared with standard isolation and identification techniques. Isolates were tested for labile toxin production by the Y-1 mouse adrenal gland test and presence of pili by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay test. The ability to detect K88 pili in feces correlated with the isolation of labile toxin-positive, K88-positive E coli.
Reduction of the red blood cell mass of horses: Toxic effect of heparin anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Duncan S. G. , Meyers K. M. , Reed S. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This study was designed to test the efficacy of heparin anticoagulant therapy in the horse and its effect on the formed elements of blood. Nine clinically normal, nontraumatized adult horses were subjected to 4 different heparin maintenance regimens (dosages of 320, 240, 160, and 40 U/kg of body weight). Porcine intestinal mucosa heparin (20,000 U/ml) was injected subcutaneously every 12 hours for 96 hours (total 9 times). A loading dose of one-third the maintenance dose was given iv just before the first heparin injection. Three control horses were given an equivalent volume of 0.9% saline solution.
The 2 large doses of heparin (320, 240 U/kg) resulted in an extension of the therapeutic range for heparin anticoagulant therapy (1.5 to 2.5 × data base-line prolongation of the activated partial thromboplastin time [aptt]). The 160-U/kg dose maintained the aptt in the therapeutic range, and the 40-U/kg dose had no effect on the aptt.
Heparin was shown to exert a profound influence on the rbc mass of the horse. Three of the heparin regimens (320, 240, and 160 U/kg) resulted in a significant decrease in rbc numbers, pcv, and total hemoglobin content. Platelet count also was reduced in the horses when given the 320 and 240 U/kg doses. The observed increase in the mean corpuscular volume was associated with decreasing rbc numbers. Plasma proteins, serum bilirubin, free hemoglobin (plasma), haptoglobin (plasma), and urine and fecal hemoglobin values remained unchanged in all groups. Heparin anticoagulation therapy with the smallest dose (40 U/kg) had no detectable effects on the measured values, nor did the saline solution.
Succinylcholine infusion associated with hyperthermia in ponies anesthetized with halothane
Authors: Hildebrand S. V. , Howitt G. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Succinylcholine was administered by infusion to halothane-anesthetized ponies to determine dosage requirements for surgical relaxation up to 3 hours’ duration. This was not possible to do, since 4 of 6 ponies studied developed severe reactions characterized by prolonged muscle fasciculations after the initial succinylcholine dose, muscle rigidity, hyperthermia, hypercapnia, tachycardia, increasing pulse pressure, and metabolic acidosis. The reactions resembled those associated with malignant hyperthermia, a disease recognized in persons and swine.
Two ponies showed signs of the phase II or desensitization block of succinylcholine. All ponies recovered from anesthesia without signs of muscle injury.
Effectiveness of fenbendazole against later 4th-stage Strongylus vulgaris in ponies
Authors: Slocombe J. O. D. , McCraw B. M. , Pennock P. W. , Baird J. D. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Twelve pony foals (reared worm-free) were inoculated with Strongylus vulgaris. Approximately 8 weeks later, 4 of the foals were given fenbendazole (10% suspension) at a dosage rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight daily for 5 days and 4 foals were given the suspension at a dosage rate of 50 mg/kg daily for 3 days; the remaining foals were given a placebo. All treatments were administered by stomach tube. Fenbendazole was 99.6 and 97.9% effective in the 2 treatment groups, respectively, in eliminating later 4th-stage S vulgaris larvae located near the origin of major intestinal arteries. On microscopic examination of the ileocolic artery from fenbendazole-treated foals, a few larval remnants were found beneath the tunica intima in small organized mural thrombi overgrown with endothelium. It would appear that larvae are rapidly destroyed after administration of fenbendazole.
A pony foal reared on pasture and with arteriographic evidence of arteritis of the cranial mesenteric and ileocolic arteries was treated with fenbendazole (10% suspension) by stomach tube at a dosage rate of 50 mg/kg of body weight daily for 3 days. By arteriographic examination made 4 weeks later, there was evidence of regression of the lesion, and at necropsy done a week later, there was no arteritis or larvae in the lumen of those arteries.
Leptospiral vaccines: Immunogenicity of protein-free medium cultivated whole cell bacterins in swine
Authors: Bey Russell F. , Johnson Russell C. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Swine serologically negative for anti-Leptospira antibodies were given 2 doses of a pentavalent vaccine (3 weeks between doses) prepared from Leptospira serovars canicola, icterohaemorrhagiae, hardjo, pomona, and grippotyphosa (0.2 mg/serovar/dose). Leptospires used for vaccinal production were cultivated in a protein-free medium or in a bovine albumin-containing medium. All vaccinated swine had demonstrable antibody titers within 1 week of the initial vaccination. Peak microscopic agglutination titers were between 256 and 1,024 after the 2nd vaccinal dose was given. After challenge exposure with serovar canicola, control swine had titers of at least 13,653 and the vaccinated swine had titers of 3,403 to 8,192, depending on the vaccine.
Leptospiremia and kidney infections were not detected in any canicola Moulton immunized swine, but did appear in control swine. The Al(OH)3 adjuvant had no obvious influence on any of the vaccinal titers.
Comparison of five preanesthetic medicaments in pentobarbital-anesthetized dogs: Antagonism by 4-aminopyridine, yohimbine, and naloxone
Authors: Hatch Roger C. , Clark J. Derrell , Booth Nicholas H. , Kitzman Joseph V. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Effects of saline solution (groups 1, 2, and 3), xylazine (2.2 mg/kg of body weight, groups 4 and 5), acepromazine (0.1 mg/kg, groups 6 and 7), diazepam (1.0 mg/kg, groups 8 and 9), morphine (1.0 mg/kg, groups 10 and 11), or fentanyl-droperidol (0.055 ml/kg, groups 12 and 13), im were compared in groups of atropinized dogs. Treated dogs were anesthetized to stage III, plane 2 with pentobarbital, iv. After stabilization of anesthesia, the dogs were given iv 0.5 mg of 4-aminopyridine (4-ap)/kg + 0.25 mg of yohimbine/kg (groups 2, 5, 7, and 9), or 4-ap + yohimbine + 0.04 mg of naloxone/kg (groups 3, 11, and 13). Groups 1, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 were given saline solution instead of test antagonists. Required dosage of pentobarbital, arousal and walk times (measured from injection of antagonists), respiratory rate, and heart rate were measured. Emergence phenomena were recorded and graded as smooth, fairly smooth, smooth in some dogs to rough in other dogs, rough, or very rough.
In group 1 dogs, mean arousal time (mat) was 279.5 minutes, mean walk time (mwt) was 583.3 minutes, and emergence was rough. In groups 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12, mat was decreased by the sedatives to the range of 52 to 115.3 minutes and mwt was decreased to the range of 82.3 to 188.5 minutes. Emergence was smooth (groups 4 and 6), fairly smooth (groups 10 and 12), or smooth to rough (group 8). In groups given 4-ap + yohimbine, mat and mwt (in minutes) and emergence, respectively, were: group 5—3.3, 4.9, smooth; group 7—33.2, 119.7, smooth to rough; and group 9—77.5, 307.8, smooth to rough. In groups given 4-ap + yohimbine + naloxone, these values were: group 11—1.8, 55.6, rough (with mild tonic seizures in 3 dogs); and group 13—3.6, 53.3, very rough (with defensive biting and snapping in 4 dogs).
The 5 preanesthetic sedatives decreased the required dosage of pentobarbital by different amounts. The greatest reduction was 78% (with xylazine). Differences in required dosage of pentobarbital probably influenced mat, mwt, and emergence.
Seemingly, pentobarbital anesthesia can be reversed rapidly, safely, smoothly, and permanently in atropinized dogs that are given xylazine premedication and given 4-ap + yohimbine iv. The results also provide a basis for dose-response studies, using 4-ap + yohimbine or 4-ap + yohimbine + naloxone as antagonists of sedative-barbiturate anesthesia.