bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF PRIMARY GLIAL CELL CULTURES FROM NORMAL ADULT HUMAN BRAIN
Authors: NEWCOMBE J. , MEESON A. , CUZNER M. L. 
Published: May 2008

Newcombe J., Meeson A. & Cuzner M. L. (1988) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 14, 453–465Immunocytochemical characterization of primary glial cell cultures from normal adult human brainPrimary cultures were established from autopsy or biopsy samples of normal adult human brain and characterized by immunocytochemical techniques. Initially, macrophages were the predominant cell type adhering to the substratum, but as their number fell that of glial cells increased. Oligodendrocytes comprised 30% of the glial population in white matter cultures, and their perikarya and elongated processes were immunostained with antibodies directed against galactocerebroside and four myelin proteins. In white and grey matter cultures, process–bearing astrocytes and small numbers of polygonal astrocytes were stained with antibodies against glial fibrillary acidic protein and glutamine synthetase. Fibroblasts started to appear at 3 weeks and proliferated to form a monolayer beneath glial cells by 5 weeks. Glia began to die in the 6th week. These primary cell cultures of white or grey matter can be used to study the properties of glial cells from normal or pathological adult human brain.
ENHANCEMENT OF DEMYELINATION IN THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM OF SEMLIKI FOREST VIRUS INFECTED MICE AFTER PRETREATMENT WITH MURAMYL DIPEPTIDE
Authors: ILLAVIA S. J. , WEBB H. E. , COLOVER J. 
Published: May 2008

Illavia S. J., Webb H. E. & Colover J. (1988) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology 14, 483–493Enhancement of demyelination in the central nervous system of Semliki Forest virus infected mice after pretreatment with muramyl dipeptideSemliki Forest virus infections in mice produce an encephalitis with demyelination. If before giving the virus the mice are treated with muramyl dipeptide in Freund's incomplete adjuvant, there is a significant increase in demyelination. If ovalbumin is added to the above and then followed after an interval by a second dose of ovalbumin and finally by the virus, the demyelination is further, but only marginally increased. The addition of ovalbumin without muramyl dipeptide in the schedule appears to increase the number of infiltrating cells and to a lesser extent the perivascular cuffing, but does not increase the demyelination as compared to that obtained when Semliki Forest virus is given on its own.
CORTICAL AND SUBCORTICAL ARGYROPHILIC GRAINS CHARACTERIZE A DISEASE ASSOCIATED WITH ADULT ONSET DEMENTIA
Authors: BRAAK H. , BRAAK E. 
Published: May 2008

Cortical and subcortical argyrophilic grains characterize a disease associated with adult onset dementiaUnusual cytoskeleton abnormalities were found in the brains of 28 individuals afflicted with adult onset dementia. Most conspicuous were small spindle‐shaped argyrophilic grains loosely scattered throughout the neuropil. Additionally, coiled bodies of silver‐stained filaments were encountered, mainly located within the white matter close to the cortical grey matter. Argyrophilic grains and coiled bodies contained dense accumulations of straight filaments with a diameter of about 9 nm.The argyrophilic grains were found in abundance within sector CA1 of the Ammon's horn and layer Pre‐β of the entorhinal region. A slightly less dense scattering of the grains occurred in layer IIIab of the adjoining temporal isocortex, insular cortex and orbitofrontal cortex. The basolateral amygdaloid complex and the hypothalamic lateral tuberal nucleus were the most affected subcortical structures. Deeper brain stem nuclei merely showed a sparse number of grains or were devoid of them.Eighty brains of demented individuals were examined. Forty‐eight of them showed the features of Alzheimer's disease and four showed the features of Pick's disease. Twenty‐eight cases revealed the abnormalities under consideration. Ten showed exclusively argyrophilic grains and coiled bodies, while 16 also had neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and neuropil threads. One of the 28 cases was associated with Parkinson's disease and one showed features of both Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease. Twenty brains of non‐demented individuals of about the same age and devoid or almost devoid of Alzheimer changes were used as controls. None of the control brains showed the presence of argyrophilic grains and coiled bodies. These changes, therefore, are considered the morphological substrate of an unknown disease associated with adult onset dementia.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: KAPUR NARINDER , BELL JEANNE E. , POLKEY C. E. 
Published: May 2008

Book reviewed in this article:Walsh, K. Neuropsychology. A Clinical Approach 2nd EditionWALSH, K.W. (1985) Understanding Brain Damage.Ounstead, C, Lindsay, J. & Richards, P. Temporal Lobe Epilepsy–A Biographical Study 1948–1986 Clinics in Developmental Medicine No 103.Milhorst, T. H. Cerebrospinal Fluid and the Brain Oedemas Neuroscience Society of New York
A COMPARATIVE IMMUNOCYTOCHEMICAL STUDY OF HUMAN CEREBELLAR CORTEX IN X–CHROMOSOME–LINKED COPPER MALABSORPTION (MENKES‘ KINKY HAIR DISEASE) AND GRANULE CELL TYPE CEREBELLAR DEGENERATION
Authors: GOTO S. , HIRANO A. , ROJAS–CORONA R. R. 
Published: May 2008

A comparative immunocytochemical study on the cerebellar cortex with X–chromosome–linked copper malabsorption (X–cLCM) and granule cell type cerebellar degeneration (gc–CD) was carried out by using specific monoclonal antibodies to synaptophysin (SY) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). In X–cLCM cases, marked depletion of SY–immunoreactivity (IR) and reduction in number of SY–positive glomeruli were seen in the molecular and granular layers, respectively. Abnormal Purkinje cells occasionally showed moderately strong SY–IR having a fine granular pattern. Proliferation of GFAP–positive cells was observed in the granular and Purkinje cell layers. In the gc–CD case, SY–positive materials were coarsely distributed in a less dense fashion in the molecular layer as compared to a normal control. Purkinje cell perikarya did not show SY–IR. In the gc–CD granular layer, SY–IR appeared to have a coarsely punctate pattern, whereas immunoreactive glomeruli were almost completely absent. A number of GFAP–positive Bergmann cells was observed in the Purkinje cell layer and their fibres were densely and irregularly distributed in the molecular layer, whereas the granular layer was devoid of GFAP–positive cells.We present an immunocytochemical study of the X–cLCM and gc–CD cerebellar cortices, discuss the possible pathogenic mechanisms occurring in these diseases and discuss the usefulness of the SY–immunostaining technique for visualization of axon terminal involvement in these pathological conditions.
A preliminary investigation of promotion of brain tumours by hexachlorophane in Sprague‐Dawley rats transplacentally exposed to N‐ethylnitrosourea
Authors: PURVES D. , DAYAN A. 
Published: May 2008

Two‐stage carcinogenesis (initiation and promotion) has been demonstrated in various mammalian tissues, but there is no conclusive evidence that it occurs in the nervous system. The present work has investigated the possibility that it might occur in the brain of the rat.Pregnant Sprague‐Dawley rats were given an initiating dose (10 mg/kg intravenously (i.v.)) of N‐ethylnitrosourea (ENU), which resulted in a low but consistent yield of brain tumours in the offspring. The dose was determined in a prior dose‐response investigation. The ‘initiated’ offspring were treated postnatally with the putative promoter, hexachlorophane, and its ability to increase tumour incidence was examined by standardized step sectioning of the brain from rats killed at 6 months.There was no evidence of promotion of ENU‐induced brain neoplasms by hexachlorophane in the rat. The experimental procedure led to a reproducible incidence of glial tumours in the Ppups.
A Golgi study of human locus coeruleus in normal brains and in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Patt S. , Gerhard L. 
Published: May 2008

The locus coeruleus (LC) of eight adults without neurodegenerative disease and eight patients with Parkinson's disease was investigated by means of the Golgi‐Braitenberg method for formalin‐fixed human autopsy material. As with Golgi studies in the rat and cat, two main neuronal classes could be demonstrated in the human LC: (i) medium‐sized fusiform and multipolar LC neurons known to contain neuromelanin and (ii) smaller neurons of widely varying somatic shape and dendritic arborization which are considered to be intermingled neurons of adjacent brain stem nuclei not containing neuromelanin.In Parkinson's disease, the Golgi‐impregnated medium‐sized LC neurons were reduced in number. They showed marked reduction of dendritic length, severe loss of spines, dendritic varicosities and swollen perikarya. The last two findings could be due in part to Lewy‐body inclusions. The smaller non‐noradrenergic neurons did not show severe pathological changes by the Golgi impregnation technique, which is in line with the fact that only neuromelanin‐containing LC neurons are affected in the pathological process of Parkinson's disease.
Human neoplastic Schwann cells: changes in the expression of neurotrophins and their low‐affinity receptor p75
Authors: Bonetti B. , Panzeri L. , Carner M. , Zamboni G. , Rizzuto N. , Moretto G. 
Published: May 2008

B. Bonetti, L. Panzeri, M. Carner, G. Zamboni, N. Rizzuto & G. Moretto (1997) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology23, 380–386Human neoplastic Schwann cells: changes in the expression of neurotrophins and their low‐affinity receptor p75Neurotrophins are known to influence Schwann cells during development and to promote peripheral nerve regeneration after axonal damage. In neoplastic conditions, Schwann cells from experimentally‐induced schwannomas appear to retain their responsiveness to nerve growth factor (NGF), although the role of neurotrophins in the neoplastic process is poorly understood. In this study, human neoplastic Schwann cells (five cases of acoustic schwannoma and two cases of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumours [MPNST]) were investigated for the expression in situ of molecules of the neurotrophin system. In particular, we studied the 75 kDa low‐affinity receptor (p75) and the mRNA for its ligands, NGF and neurotrophin‐3 (NT‐3). By immunohistochemistry, the p75 receptor was found to be present at high levels in Schwann cells from acoustic schwannomas, whereas it was very weak or absent in MPNST. Messenger RNA for NGF and NT‐3 was detected by reverse transcriptase in situ polymerase chain reaction technique and showed the same fluctuation of p75, being up‐regulated in acoustic schwannomas and very weak or absent in MPNST. In normal non‐neoplastic tissue, no detectable amounts of either ligand or receptor were observed. Our results indicate that changes in the expression of neurotrophins and their p75 receptor occurred during the neoplastic transformation of Schwann cells. In benign schwannomas, such changes are likely to reflect the loss of axonal contact, while in MPNST they may be related to a complete derangement of cell machinery in the tumour cells.
Peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve guides seeded with adult Schwann cells
Authors: Ansselin A.D. , Fink T. , Davey D.F. 
Published: May 2008

A.D. Ansselin, T. Fink and D.F. Davey (1997) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology23, 387–398Peripheral nerve regeneration through nerve guides seeded with adult Schwann cellsThis study tested the usefulness of Schwann cells in the repair of a severed nerve with a biosynthetic bridge or guide. Reinforced collagen nerve guides were used to bridge an 18 mm gap in the sciatic nerve of 21 young adult rats. The animals were divided into three groups and the guides were filled with: (i) more than 0.5 × 106 cultured syngeneic adult Schwann cells (group L, n= 12); (ii) less than 0.5 × 106 Schwann cells (Group S, n= 6); and (iii) phosphate buffered saline (control, n= 3). Schwann cells were pre‐labelled with Hoechst dye. Regeneration was assessed functionally and histologically at 1, 2, 3 and 6+ months after surgery. Group L animals showed numerous regenerated axons surrounded by implanted Schwann cells within the first month. The total number of myelinated fibres (12.5 × 103) remained above normal unoperated values (7 × 103) in long‐term animals. Regenerated axons were found in Group S in the third month, but no Hoechst labelled cells were found. The number of myelinated fibres (3.9 × 103) remained below normal values in long‐term animals. Control guides failed to support axonal regeneration. Functional recovery was evident at week 20 (Group L) and week 30 (Group S) after surgery, with no difference in function between the two groups by the end of the study. Supplementing guides with Schwann cells enhances regeneration of peripheral axons over a distance normally prohibitive. This effect is greatest in the early stages of regeneration (1–3 months) and is dependent on the number of cells implanted.
Non‐isotopic molecular cytogenetics in neuro‐oncology
Authors: Darling J. L. , Warr T. J. , Ashmore S. M. , Luxsuwong M. , Luxsuwong M. , Revesz T. 
Published: May 2008

J. L. Darling, T. J. Warr, S. M. Ashmore, M. Luxsuwong and T. Revesz (1997) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 23, 441–456Review. Non‐isotopic molecular cytogenetics in neuro‐oncologyThe molecular genetic analysis of brain tumours has been the focus of considerable interest for a number of years. However, these studies have been largely directed towards understanding the fundamental biological processes involved in tumorigenesis and the techniques which have been used require considerable molecular biological skills. Unfortunately, there has not been the impetus to correlate basic biological studies with clinical or neuropathological features. The development of non‐isotopic molecular cytogenetic in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques which can be applied to archival tumour material provides an opportunity to address a wide range of neuropathological questions at a genetic level. Identification of specific chromosomes has been made possible by the isolation of probes which recognize the highly repeated sequences present in the centromeric regions of individual chromosomes. Libraries of human chromosome‐specific painting probes are also available. A range of probes which bind to the whole or part of specific single copy genes are becoming available. These can be detected with either fluorochromes with different emission colours or with enzymatic detection systems in either interphase nuclei derived from fresh, fixed and embedded tumour samples, touch preparations or smears (so‐called ‘interphase cytogenetics’) as well as conventional metaphase spreads. Comparative genomic hybridization can be used to scan the entire genome for deletions or amplifications without any pre‐existing information about the likely locations of these abnormalities or the availability of any specific DNA probes. These techniques can be used to identify aneuploidy or structural alterations in individual chromosomes and are likely to yield important information about the location of genes important in the pathogenesis of brain tumours and may also provide the basis for the refinement of diagnostic or prognostic criteria of these neoplasms.
Increased endothelial expression of transglutaminase in glioblastomas
Authors: Hilton D. A. , Love S. , Barber R. 
Published: May 2008

D. A. Hilton, S. Love and R. Barber (1997) Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology, 23, 507–511Increased endothelial expression of transglutaminase in glioblastomasTransglutaminases are a family of calcium‐dependent enzymes that catalyse the formation of covalent cross‐links between proteins. They have several diverse functions and are thought to be involved in cell differentiation, apoptosis and blood coagulation. We have investigated the expression of tissue transglutaminase in five fibrillary astrocytomas, five anaplastic astrocytomas and seven glioblastomas by immunohistochemistry. Strongly labelled tumour cells were seen in most of the fibrillary and anaplastic astrocytomas and all of the glioblastomas. Labelling was particularly prominent in the pseudopalisading tumour cells that surrounded foci of necrosis and apoptosis in glioblastomas. Most of the immunostained cells did not themselves show morphological features of apoptosis. In addition, apoptotic cells were demonstrated using in situ end‐labelling and by in situ hybridization with digoxigenin‐labelled poly(A) oligonucleotide probes. Apoptotic cells demonstrated by both of these methods were most numerous in anaplastic astrocytomas and glioblastomas. However, their distribution did not correlate with that of the tumour cells showing transglutaminase labelling. Strong transglutaminase labelling was also observed in the endothelial cells of vessels showing microvascular proliferation in all of the glioblastomas studied. In contrast, endothelial transglutaminase labelling was weak or absent in lower grade astrocytic tumours. Enhanced expression of transglutaminase by endothelial cells in glioblastomas may contribute to the high prevalence of vascular thrombosis and necrosis in these tumours.
The effects of the herbicide metsulfuron‐methyl on litter invertebrate communities in a coastal dune invaded by Chrysanthemoides monilifera spp. rotundata
Authors: FRENCH K , BUCKLEY S 
Published: May 2008

SummaryWe investigated the impacts of application of the sulfonylurea herbicide, metsulfuron‐methyl, on soil and litter invertebrates in coastal vegetation where the weed Chrysanthemoides monilifera has invaded. We followed changes in litter invertebrates for 125 days following treatment to investigate direct toxic and indirect effects of treatment. Overall we found no effect of treatment on abundance, taxonomic richness or composition of litter invertebrates. In general, abundance and richness declined with time in both treated and untreated sites, suggesting that climatic factors were far more important in determining invertebrate communities than the effects of the treatment. Even changes in cover of vegetation as a result of death of the weed resulted in few measurable effects on invertebrates. It is concluded that metsulfuron‐methyl had no impact on invertebrate communities up to 125 days following treatment.
A weed suppressive index for spring barley (Hordeum vulgare) varieties
Authors: HANSEN P K , KRISTENSEN K , WILLAS J 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA screening programme for crop variety competitiveness would ideally be based on only a few, non‐destructive measurements of key growth traits. In this study we measured the weed suppressive ability of 79 varieties of spring barley in two ways: (i) directly, by weed coverage assessments under weedy conditions at three Danish locations in 2002–2004 and (ii) indirectly, by non‐destructive measurements of varietal growth traits under weed‐free conditions in 17 other experiments in Denmark in 2001–2003. Based on just four varietal growth traits (reflectance, leaf area index, leaf angle and culm length), we successfully developed a method for indexing the weed suppressive ability of spring barley varieties. The suppressive index ranged from 12% in Lux and 55% in Modena in proportion to the 90% quantile coverage of all varieties. The index was validated against independent data from two locations in 2005 with 14 and 24 varieties and was found valuable for future use in regular screening programmes.
The role of road disturbance in the dispersal and spread of Ageratina adenophora along the Dian–Myanmar International Road
Authors: DONG S K , CUI B S , YANG Z F , LIU S L , LIU J , DING Z K , ZHU J J , YAO W K , WEI G L 
Published: May 2008

SummaryThis study was conducted to examine the roles of both environmental variables and road factors in explaining the spatial patterns of the exotic plant, Ageratina adenophora (Crofton weed), within the roadside habitats along the Dian–Myanmar International Road. The results indicate this plant was comparatively abundant along the middle part of this International Road and significantly less common along the northern section. The highest presence of A. adenophora was found at the site of new roads. This plant invaded more easily into spoil ground where road soil or construction waste was piled up. This road was confirmed as a corridor of A. adenophora invasion and should be considered as an important target of local and regional efforts to prevent and control cross‐border and interior invasions of this exotic plant.
Mast cells and transforming growth factor‐β expression: a possible relationship in the development of porphyria cutanea tarda skin lesions
Authors: Lançoni Glalcyara , Ravinal Roberto Cuan , Costa Roberto Silva , Roselino Ana Maria 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBackground  Porphyria cutanea tarda (PCT) is a metabolic disease characterized by vesicles and blisters in sun‐exposed areas and scleroderma‐like lesions in sun‐exposed and non‐sun‐exposed areas. Mast cells participate in the pathogenesis of bullous diseases and diseases that show sclerosis, including PCT. Moreover, transforming growth factor‐β (TGF‐β) is the main cytokine in the development of tissue sclerosis. The correlation of mast cells and TGF‐β with the lesions of PCT has not been examined, however. The possible role of mast cells and TGF‐β (and the relationship between them) in the development of PCT lesions is discussed.Methods  To quantify mast cells and cells expressing TGF‐β in skin samples from patients with PCT and controls, immunohistochemical studies were performed in tissue sections allied to morphometric analyses.Results  The numbers of mast cells and cells expressing TGF‐β per square millimiter were increased in the PCT group relative to controls, and there was a direct and significant correlation between the mast cell number and cells expressing TGF‐β in PCT.Conclusions  The results suggest that the increased number of mast cells and of cells expressing TGF‐β, as well as their direct correlation, may contribute to the pathogenesis of the skin lesions in PCT.
Disseminated lobomycosis
Authors: Talhari Carolina , Oliveira Camila Bandeira , De Souza Santos Mônica Nunes , Ferreira Luis Carlos , Talhari Sinésio 
Published: May 2008

AbstractLobomycosis, also known as Jorge Lobo's disease, is a granulomatous, chronic fungal disease that involves the skin and subcutaneous tissue. The disease has been reported in South American, Central and North American countries, being particularly frequent in the Brazilian Amazon region. We report a case of disseminated lobomycosis in an 86 year‐old Brazilian woman with a 55‐year history of disseminated cutaneous lesions.
On the Nomenclature of Coelom‐derived Body Cavities
Authors: Knospe C. 
Published: May 2008

SummaryA rationalization of terms about the body cavities is urgently needed. Students and practitioners have difficulty in understanding the contradictory terms prevalent at present. For many years, the International Committee on Veterinary Gross Anatomical Nomenclature has failed to bring it off; therefore some proposals for the anatomical instruction until the next edition of the Nomina Anatomica Veterinaria are made.