bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quelques aspects du droit japonais de la famille
Authors: Takizawa Itsuyo 
Published: October 2008

Si, à certains égards, le Japon se montre différent des pays européens, sa spécificité devrait se refléter dans l'ensemble de son droit. Le droit de la famille n'est-il pas le mieux indiqué pour procéder à ces observations ? C'est dans ce but que nous avons donné un aperçu, dans le Code civil, du droit japonais de la famille, replacé dans son contexte historique et sociologique, et que nous avons résumé les modifications apportées au cours des années 1970 et 1980.
La famille japonaise ancienne se fondait sur une idée de la maison, institution juridique féodale, réglée par les anciennes dispositions du Code civil. Après la deuxième guerre mondiale, ce statut familial du Code civil a été totalement réécrit selon les idéaux démocratiques de la nouvelle Constitution de 1946. A cette époque, le décalage était grand entre un mode de vie traditionnel et un droit trop avancé. Mais avec le temps ce décalage a disparu et il semble que les Japonais soient parvenus à l'idéal du Code civil et qu'ils soient même en train de le dépasser.
Les manquements au droit de la famille en Afrique Noire
Authors: Ndoko Nicole-Claire 
Published: October 2008

Le droit de la famille n'a pas résisté à la crise profonde de société que connaît l'Afrique contemporaine. Aussi légiférer en la matière notamment en ce qui concerne les manquements entre les membres d'une famille apparaît comme une tâche périlleuse tant les interrogations de base demeurent nombreuses. Le concept même de famille n'est pas à l'abri de l'incertitude. Qui faut-il considérer comme membres d'une même famille au sens juridique ? La réponse à cette question dépend de la politique législative choisie par chaque pays, elle est donc loin d'être homogène.
Des interrogations existent également quant au choix des manquements à sanctionner dans un domaine aussi particulier que le cercle familial. D'une manière générale, les législateurs d'Afrique noire, malgré les diversités culturelles ou religieuses, devraient se garder des législations hâtives inadaptées et qui constituent souvent des échecs, en raison des résistances des populations tant dans le choix des manquements juridiquement sanctionnés, que dans celui des organismes chargés du contentieux familial qui ne devraient pas être forcément judiciaires, afin de ne pas perdre notre identité.
Le système juridique de l'Ouzbékistan : histoire et droit contemporain
Authors: Saïdov Akmal 
Published: October 2008

This article, composee of two parts, examines, in the first part, the historical development of the legal system of Uzbeksitan and, in the second part, its present legal system.
The author divides the historical development of Uzbek law into four periods. The first period is the age ofthe ancient Tour an state, its civilization and law. The second period, the period of the Maverannakhr (Transoxiane) civilization, is the age of Islamic law, which was established in the 8th century A.D. The third period is the colonial era which began with the occupation of Central Asia by Russia in the second halfofthe 19th century and extended through Soviet rule. The fourth period is the contemporary one which began in september 1991, with the declaration of independance of the Republic of Uzbekistan.
The second part of the article discusses the contemporary legal system of Uzbekistan, classifying it as member of the family of Roman-Germanie law. The main elements of the system of continental law are found not only in the realm ofprivate law, but also in the realm of public law, where legal principles are gradually being asserted.
The article examines the legal aspects ofthe Constitution of Uzbekistan of 1992, and points out its similarities to the French Constitution of 1958. It also discusses new legislative developments in various area of law and certain distinctive characteristics of Uzbek private law.
La Convention internationale relative aux droits de l'enfant et son application au Canada
Authors: Lavallée Carmen 
Published: October 2008

La présente étude s'interroge sur les conséquences, en droit canadien, de l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention internationale relative aux droits de l'enfant.
La première partie traite des événements qui ont conduit à la promulgation de la Convention au plan international et explique le mécanisme de la mise en œuvre du droit international dans le contexte fédéral canadien. La deuxième partie évalue les suites données à la Convention par les législateurs fédéral et provincial québécois ainsi que son influence sur les tribunaux canadiens.
Depuis l'entrée en vigueur de la Convention au Canada, elle a eu un impact certain sur les modifications législatives concernant les enfants, particulièrement en ce qui a trait au nouveau Code civil du Québec. De plus, la Cour suprême du Canada semble tout à fait disposée à utiliser la Convention comme une norme supplétive d'interprétation de la Charte canadienne des droits et libertés.
Étude de publicité foncière comparée : l'influence de la connaissance des droits non publiés sur leur inopposabilité dans les jurisprudences anglaise et française
Authors: Salvat Odile 
Published: October 2008

Les règles de la publicité foncière font échec, dans le domaine de la transmission des immeubles entre vifs, au principe Nemo plus juris ad alium transferre potest quam ipse habet et, en outre, en droit anglais, à la doctrine of notice de Yequity.
Le défaut de publication est sanctionnée par l'inopposabilité de l'acte portant transmission ou constitution de droit réel. L'application mécanique de cette sanction rigoureuse, en l'absence de concert frauduleux, a été âprement débattue en doctrine et devant les juridictions. La Chambre des Lords a fait prévaloir la logique de la publicité foncière, tandis qu'en France, la Cour de cassation a subordonné le jeu de la règle à la condition de bonne foi.
Ainsi la Cour Suprême anglaise a-t-elle donné la prééminence à la certitude du droit et son homologue français au souci d'écarter le tiers de mauvaise foi du bénéfice de la règle légale. Ces décisions ont été le résultat d'un choix, dans chaque cas, douloureux, mais pourtant dépourvu d'arbitraire, parce qu'il reflète certaines caractéristiques, différentes dans chaque pays, du rôle qu'entendent jouer les hautes juridictions et de la place qui est la leur dans l'ensemble du système juridique. Il devait, pour finir, être signalé que, dans le cas de la France, le choix retenu était facilité par une acceptation acquise de la publicité foncière, alors que, dans celui de l'Angleterre, il signifiait la volonté de consolider l'ancrage d'une institution dont la source était purement législative.
La distribution des deniers dans l'exécution forcée en Europe
Authors: Tarzia Giuseppe 
Published: October 2008

The author recalls the opposite rules about the distribution of money in theenforcement proceeding in Europe, that is the equality of creditors according to French tradition and the priority of the creditor, first seizer in Germany.
Then he dwells upon the application of these rules in the States of the European Union and in other European states. At last he recalls the international debate on this matter.
Ultimately he asserts the opportunity of the par condicio creditorum principle in a transnational perspective and the necessity that prevention principle, whereit is, wilibe combined by the organisation of the proportio-nal distribution of sales proceeds among the creditors, in case ofinsolvency of the debtor and that the collective procedure cancels the right of priority acquired by the seizer creditor during the suspicious time.
Aspects juridiques de la bioéthique dans la législation allemande
Authors: Grote Rainer 
Published: October 2008

II n'y a pas en Allemagne, à l'heure actuelle, une législation systématique sur les différents problèmes juridiques liés au progrès des sciences biomédicales. Le législateur allemand s'est plutôt limité à sanctionner péna-lement certains abus qui mettent en cause des principes fondamentaux protégés par la Constitution. Pour le reste, la réglementation des conditions spécifiques pour l'application de nouvelles méthodes de recherche ou de thérapeutique est remise aux organisations professionnelles et aux codes de déontologie.
Les interventions ponctuelles du législateur sont inspirées du souci de garantir une protection efficace des droits de la personne en fixant les limites claires à la disponibilité de l'être humain à des fins scientifiques ou médicales. Ainsi la loi allemande, conformément à une jurisprudence déjà bien établie de la Cour constitutionnelle, accorde un statut juridique particulièrement fort à l'embryon dès sa création et le met à l'abri contre toute forme d'utilisation qui ne sert pas à sa conservation, y compris les mesures de recherche. Le clonage des être humains est interdit comme atteinte à la dignité humaine. Enfin, le droit de l'individu de disposer de son propre corps est protégé par des règles de consentement relativement strictes qui ont été confirmées par l'entrée en vigueur de la nouvelle loi sur le don et la transplantation d'organes du 5 novembre 1997.
Changer d'avis : le droit des décisions regrettées
Authors: Allan Farnsworth E. 
Published: October 2008

The author invokes what he calls the « reliance principle » and the « intention principle » to analyze situations in which one makes a decision and then changes one's mind and wants to disregard thai decision. Why would one not want to be free to do so ? Why sould a promise be effective to commit oneself not to do so ?
After discussing these questions, the author outlines the circumstances in which a commitment is binding under American common law. He addres-ses the enigma of why a simple exchange of promises should be enforce able although neither party has done anything in reliance on the other's promise. Finally, he turns to the legal effect of promises to rnake gifts and of completed gifts. The author concludes by noting the ascendancy of the reliance principle, the neglect of the intention principle, and the impact of paternalism, at least as far as American common law is concerned.
La condition de la veuve dans le droit positif tchadien des person­nes et de la famille
Authors: Benan Benjamin Djikoloum 
Published: October 2008

L'idée de promotion des droits fondamentaux des femmes figure en bonne place dans les politiques des pays en développement. Mais en Afrique Noire, la persistance de certaines pratiques coutumières constitue un frein à tout changement. Ainsi, on observe que dans la plupart des ethnies tchadiennes, le dernier soupir du mari déclenche une situation d'enfer pour le conjoint, enfer créé et attisé par les membres de la grande famille du défunt. La douleur immédiate suscitée par la perte d'un être « cher » fait place à la cruauté du sort qui l'attend : un statut qui réduit la veuve à l'état de chose avec, de surcroît, le risque de l'éloignement de la progéniture ; pire, la veuve, considérée hélas comme un objet de droit, n'a aucune vocation successorale...
Le Gouvernement tchadien, conscient de cette situation pour le moins anachronique, a élaboré un projet de Code des Personnes et de la Famille ; mais devant l'opposition de certains milieux religieux, il a décidé de suspendre la procédure d'adoption du texte.
Il apparaît aujourd'hui que seul le juge tente d'assurer la défense des droits de la veuve. Le Gouvernement tchadien, prompt à se targuer d'être un État démocratique, doit aussi montrer qu'il se préoccupe de la défense des droits et libertés de l'ensemble de ses citoyens.
Tellurium: Inorganic ChemistryBased in part on the article Tellurium: Inorganic Chemistry by William R. McWhinnie which appeared in theEncyclopedia of Inorganic Chemistry, First Edition.
Authors: Laitinen Risto S. , Oilunkaniemi Raija 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article describes the main trends in the progress of inorganic tellurium chemistry during recent decades. The emphasis is on the synthesis and characterization of novel nonmetallic tellurium compounds and on transition metal compounds with tellurium‐containing ligands. Many inorganic tellurium compounds find use as single‐source precursors for the generation of binary telluride thin films for electronic applications, or as reagents in organic synthetic chemistry. The advent and progress in modern instrumental methods of analysis has shown that the structural features of tellurium compounds often differ from those of sulfur and selenium compounds.
Tellurium: Organic and Organometallic Compounds
Authors: Laitinen Risto S. , Oilunkaniemi Raija 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe chemistry of organotellurium compounds has developed very rapidly during the recent decades. Tellurium reagents find uses in various aspects of synthetic organic chemistry. Organometallic complexes with tellurolato or telluroether ligands show potential application in the fabrication of new materials for electronic devices. The present article emphasizes the preparation and structural characterization of some of the main classes of organic tellurium compounds and their organometallic complexes that are deemed of interest for inorganic chemists.
Synthesis of Semiconducting Functional Materials in Solution: From II‐VI Semiconductor to Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Semiconductor Nanomaterials
Authors: Yao Wei‐Tang , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis Feature Article provides a brief overview of the latest development and emerging new synthesis solution strategies for II–VI semiconducting nanomaterials and inorganic‐organic semiconductor hybrid materials. Research on the synthesis of II–VI semiconductor nanomaterials and inorganic–organic hybrid semiconducting materials via solution strategies has made great progress in the past few years. A variety of II–VI semiconductor and a new family of [MQ(L)0.5] (M = Mn, Zn, Cd; Q = S, Se, Te; L = diamine, deta) hybrid nanostructures can be generated using solution synthetic routes. Recent advances have demonstrated that the solution strategies in pure solvent and a mixed solvent can not only determine the crystal size, shape, composition, structure and assembly properties, but also the crystallization pathway, and act as a matrix for the formation of a variety of different II–VI semiconductor and hybrid nanocomposites with diverse morphologies. These II–VI semiconductor nanostructures and their hybrid nanocomposites display obvious quantum size effects, unique and tunable optical properties.
Catalyst‐Free Efficient Growth, Orientation and Biosensing Properties of Multilayer Graphene Nanoflake Films with Sharp Edge Planes
Authors: Shang Nai Gui , Papakonstantinou Pagona , McMullan Martin , Chu Ming , Stamboulis Artemis , Potenza Alessandro , Dhesi Sarnjeet S. , Marchetto Helder 
Published: October 2008

AbstractWe report a novel microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition strategy for the efficient synthesis of multilayer graphene nanoflake films (MGNFs) on Si substrates. The constituent graphene nanoflakes have a highly graphitized knife‐edge structure with a 2–3 nm thick sharp edge and show a preferred vertical orientation with respect to the Si substrate as established by near‐edge X‐ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy. The growth rate is approximately 1.6 µm min−1, which is 10 times faster than the previously reported best value. The MGNFs are shown to demonstrate fast electron‐transfer (ET) kinetics for the Fe(CN)63−/4− redox system and excellent electrocatalytic activity for simultaneously determining dopamine (DA), ascorbic acid (AA) and uric acid (UA). Their biosensing DA performance in the presence of common interfering agents AA and UA is superior to other bare solid‐state electrodes and is comparable only to that of edge plane pyrolytic graphite. Our work here, establishes that the abundance of graphitic edge planes/defects are essentially responsible for the fast ET kinetics, active electrocatalytic and biosensing properties. This novel edge‐plane‐based electrochemical platform with the high surface area and electrocatalytic activity offers great promise for creating a revolutionary new class of nanostructured electrodes for biosensing, biofuel cells and energy‐conversion applications.
Changes in plasma haptoglobin and alpha‐2‐macroglobulin in hemophiliacs receiving factor replacement therapy
Authors: Shulman Gerald , Ballard James O. , Eyster M. Elaine 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPlasma proteins were studied in 84 patients with hemophilia A, who were receiving factor replacement therapy. Compared with age‐matched controls, 63 patients (75%) had subnormal haptoglobin and 58 (69%) had elevated alpha‐2‐macroglobulin.Causes for depressed haptoglobin were sought by correlating ABO blood types, liver function tests, factor VIII procoagulant levels, and intensity of yearly exposure to clotting factor products. Subnormal haptoglobin levels in chronically transfused patients may relate in part to hemolysis from AB incompatability. However, depressed haptoglobin levels were also found in group O hemophiliacs without other evidence of hemolysis. Most patients lacked evidence of active liver disease, making synthetic deficiency unlikely. There was close correlation between depressed haptoglobin and severity of clotting factor deficiency.The degree of alpha‐2‐macroglobulin elevation correlated with severity of procoagulant deficiency but not with intensity of clotting factor replacement therapy. Since alpha‐2‐macroglobulin plays a major role in the catabolism of fibrinogen, elevated levels may represent a compensatory increase in response to exogenous fibrinogen contained in the clotting factor concentrates. Alternatively, since alpha‐2‐macroglobulin has potent immunosuppressive properties, the elevation may represent a response to transfused alloantigens. Whatever the underlying cause, it is likely the elevations are due to endogenous production rather than to transfusions since clotting factor concentrates contain minimal amounts of alpha‐2‐macroglobulin.
Treatment of the blastic transformation of chronic granulocytic leukemia using high dose BCNU chemotherapy and cryopreserved autologous peripheral blood stem cells
Authors: Karp Daniel D. , Parker Leroy M. , Binder Neil , Tantravahi Ramana , Smith Brian R. , Ervin Thomas J. , Canellos George P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractSeven nonsplenectomized patients with blastic CGL have received high dose BCNU chemotherapy followed by cryopreserved peripheral blood stem cells (PBSC). The PBSC obtained at diagnosis were stored in the vapor phase of liquid nitrogen in 10% dimethyl sulfoxide for 11–46 months prior to use. Patients received 2.9 × 108 (1.9–7.8) thawed washed mononuclear cells/kg over 30 minutes with minimal morbidity. One patient was not rendered pancytopenic and died with blastic leukemia at 4 months. One patient, previously treated with daily busulfan, died of progressive hepatic failure 2 months after high dose BCNU. Restoration of the chronic phase of CGL was observed in the remaining five patients. Peripheral blood counts returned to normal ranges after a median of 19 days. Median survival for all patients is 11 months. Cytogenetic studies revealed elimination of acquired aneuploid cell lines in four of seven patients with persistence of Ph1. We conclude that: 1) frozen PBSC retain their viability for up to 4 years after cryopreservation and 2) the use of autologous PBSC following ablative chemotherapy may be associated with both symptomatic and karyotypic improvement in patients with blastic CGL.
Anomalous neutrophil granule distribution in a patient with lactoferrin deficiency: Pertinence to the respiratory burst
Authors: Borregaard Niels , Boxer Laurence A. , Smolen James E. , Tauber Alfred I. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractNeutrophils from a patient with lactoferrin deficiency were examined and the quantity and subcellular localization of protein markers were determined on Percoll density gradients. Distribution of azurophilic and specific granule markers was abnormal in that azurophilic granules were lighter than normal and appeared in the fraction of the gradient where normally the specific granules sediment. The specific granule membrane markers, cytochrome b‐235 and its associated flavoprotein, were abnormally distributed in the γ fraction, the site of the plasma membrane marker alkaline phosphatase. Thus, the b‐cytochrome‐flavoprotein complex had either been incorporated into the plasma membrane or was still present in the membranes of granules that were abnormally light and cosedimented with the plasma membranes. This is of particular interest in regard to the patient's respiratory burst oxidase function, since the b‐cytochrome/flavoprotein complex normally translocates from the specific granules to the plasma membrane to constitute the active respiratory burst oxidase. The functional consequences of this abnormal distribution are discussed, as is the importance of characterizing both intragranular enzymatic markers and granule membrane proteins to define granular disorders.
Pseudothrombocytopenia masking true thrombocytopenia
Authors: Forscher C. A. , Sussman I. I. , Friedman E. W. , Solomon V. , Spaet T. H. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPseudothrombocytopenia owing to platelet clumping is usually associated with blood specimens anticoagulated with EDTA. It may also be seen if spcimens possessing IgM cold agglutinins are processed at room temperature. A patient with a temperature‐independent, EDTA‐independent agglutinin is reported whose pseudothrombocytopenia was masking true thrombocytopenia. A technique for blood collection when evaluating similar cases is described.
Heparin‐mediated neutralization of platelet antiaggregatory activity of prostacyclin (PGI2): Studies on mechanism
Authors: Saba Sabiha R. , Saba Hussain I. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractProstacyclin (PGI2) is a well‐known potent inhibitor of platelet aggregation. Its role has been implicated in physiological and pathological states of hemostasis. Heparin blocks the prostacyclin‐mediated antiaggregatory activity on platelets. Prior treatment of heparin with heparinase as well as with protamine destroyed heparin's ability to neutralize PGI2. Studies on the mechanism of heparin blocking of PGI2 activity suggested that heparin interacted directly with PGI2, as shown by the loss of PGI2 mobility on thin layer chromatography concomitant with the loss of PGI2‐mediated inhibition of platelet aggregation. PGI2 in this combination with heparin, nevertheless, retained its time‐dependent ability to be hydrolyzed to 6‐keto‐PGF1α. Findings of these studies may have implications in thrombosis and hemostasis, particularly in heparin‐mediated abnormalities of circulating platelets.
Case report: 1‐deamino‐8‐D‐arginine vasopressin and cryoprecipitate in variant von Willebrand disease
Authors: Hanna Wahid T. , Slywka Joseph , Dent Judith , Ruggeri Zaverio M. , Zimmerman Theodore S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe effect of infusing DDAVP and cryoprecipitate either singly or in combination was studied in a patient with variant von Willebrand disease. Both DDAVP and cryoprecipitate caused only partial correction in the hemostatic defect when used as a single agent. A combination of DDAVP and cryoprecipitate induced a complete correction of the hemostatic defect as well as factor VIII related properties.