bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Binding and uptake of Aβ1‐42 by primary human astrocytes in vitro
Authors: Nielsen Henrietta M. , Veerhuis Robert , Holmqvist Bo , Janciauskiene Sabina 
Published: December 2008

AbstractClearance of the amyloid‐β peptide (Aβ) as a remedy for Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a major target in on‐going clinical trials. In vitro studies confirmed that Aβ is taken up by rodent astrocytes, but knowledge on human astrocyte‐mediated Aβ clearance is sparse. Therefore, by means of flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), we evaluated the binding and internalization of Aβ1‐42 by primary human fetal astrocytes and adult astrocytes, isolated from nondemented subjects (n = 8) and AD subjects (n = 6). Furthermore, we analyzed whether α1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT), which is found in amyloid plaques and can influence Aβ fibrillogenesis, affects the Aβ uptake by human astrocytes. Upon over night exposure of astrocytes to FAM‐labeled Aβ1‐42 (10 μM) preparations, (80.7 ± 17.7)% fetal and (52.9 ± 20.9)% adult Aβ‐positive astrocytes (P = 0.018) were observed. No significant difference was found in Aβ1‐42 uptake between AD and non‐AD astrocytes, and no influence of ApoE genotype on Aβ1‐42 uptake was observed in any group. There was no difference in the percentage of Aβ‐positive cells upon exposure to Aβ1‐42 (10 μM) combined with ACT (1,000:1, 100:1, and 10:1 molar ratio), versus Aβ1‐42 alone. CLSM revealed binding of Aβ1‐42 to the cellular surfaces and cellular internalization of smaller Aβ1‐42 fragments. Under these conditions, there was no increase in cellular release of the proinflammatory chemokine monocyte‐chemoattractant protein 1, as compared with nontreated control astrocytes. Thus, primary human astrocytes derived from different sources can bind and internalize Aβ1‐42, and fetal astrocytes were more efficient in Aβ1‐42 uptake than adult astrocytes. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Oligodendrocyte positioning in cerebral cortex is independent of projection neuron layering
Authors: Tan Seong‐Seng , Kalloniatis Michael , Truong Hue‐Trung , Binder Michele D. , Cate Holly S. , Kilpatrick Trevor J. , Hammond Vicki E. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe factors affecting normal oligodendrocyte positioning in the cerebral cortex are unknown. Apart from the white matter, the highest numbers of oligodendrocytes in the rodent cortex are found in Layers V/VI, where the infragranular neurons normally reside. Few, if any, oligodendrocytes are normally found in the superficial cortical layers. To test whether or not this asymmetric positioning of oligodendrocytes is linked to the lamina positions of Layer V/VI projection neurons, mutant mice that cause neuronal layer inversion were examined. In three lines of mutant mice (Reeler, disabled‐1, and p35) examined, representing two different genetic signaling pathways, the oligodendrocyte distribution was altered from an asymmetric to a symmetric distribution pattern. Unlike cortical neurons that are inverted in these mutant mice, the lack of oligodendrocyte inversion suggests a decoupling of the genetic mechanisms governing neuronal versus oligodendrocyte patterning. We conclude that oligodendrocyte positioning is not linked to the layer positions of V/VI projection neurons. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pre‐freeze and post‐thaw characteristics on chimerism patterns in double‐unit cord blood transplantation
Authors: Jaing Tang‐Her , Tsay Pei‐Kwei , Lin Tung‐Liang , Yang Chao‐Ping , Hung Iou‐Jih , Wen Yu‐Chuan 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe analyzed the pre‐freeze and post‐thaw characteristics on chimerism patterns in 20 cases of double‐unit cord blood transplantation. The cord blood units (CBUs) were a 4/6 HLA match or better with recipients and achieved a minimum combined precryopreservation cell dose of 3.7 × 107 total nucleated cell (TNC)/kg. The unit with a higher cell dose was infused first. All evaluable patients engrafted at a median of 18 days. By day 42, neutrophil engraftment was derived from both donors in 63% of cases and a single donor in 37% of patients. By day 100, one unit predominated in 80% of the patients. Higher pre‐freeze TNC and CD34+ cell doses were associated with cord predominance in 67% of patients. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2009;52:547–550. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Bayesian approach to average power calculations for binary regression models with misclassified outcomes
Authors: Cheng Dunlei , Stamey James D. , Branscum Adam J. 
Published: December 2008

AbstractWe develop a simulation‐based procedure for determining the required sample size in binomial regression risk assessment studies when response data are subject to misclassification. A Bayesian average power criterion is used to determine a sample size that provides high probability, averaged over the distribution of potential future data sets, of correctly establishing the direction of association between predictor variables and the probability of event occurrence. The method is broadly applicable to any parametric binomial regression model including, but not limited to, the popular logistic, probit, and complementary log–log models. We detail a common medical scenario wherein ascertainment of true disease status is impractical or otherwise impeded, and in its place the outcome of a single binary diagnostic test is used as a surrogate. These methods are then extended to the two diagnostic test setting. We illustrate the method with categorical covariates using one example that involves screening for human papillomavirus. This example coupled with results from simulated data highlights the utility of our Bayesian sample size procedure with error prone measurements. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physigrams: modelling devices for natural interaction
Authors: Dix Alan , Ghazali Masitah , Gill Steve , Hare Joanna , Ramduny-Ellis Devina 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper explores the formal specification of the physical behaviour of devices ‘unplugged’ from their digital effects. By doing this we seek to better understand the nature of physical interaction and the way this can be exploited to improve the design of hybrid devices with both physical and digital features. We use modified state transition networks of the physical behaviour, which we call physiograms, and link these to parallel diagrams of the digital state. These are used to describe a number of features of physical interaction exposed by previous work and relevant properties expressed using a formal semantics of the diagrams. As well as being an analytic tool, the physigrams have been used in a case study where product designers used and adapted them as part of the design process.
Purification of Soybean Phosphatidylcholine Using D113‐III Ion Exchange Macroporous Resin Packed Column Chromatography
Authors: Liu Yuanfa , Shan Liang , Wang Xingguo 
Published: December 2008

AbstractTen ion‐exchange resins were compared for their abilities to separate soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC). D113‐III resin was selected for PC purification among ten resins tested. The optimum PC adsorption conditions were: concentration of PC solution, 3 mg/mL; pH of PC solution, 7.5; and adsorption flow rate, 1 mL/min. The optimum PC desorption conditions were: eluent, 95% ethanol aqueous solution; and elution flow rate, 1 mL/min. Under these conditions, the PC content in the product and the amount of product were 94 and 80% (wt.%), respectively, and the D113‐III resin was able to be used at least six times for purifying PC. The adsorption and desorption characteristics were also studied.
Cross‐fostering effect on postnatal development of rat pups exposed to methamphetamine during gestation and preweaning periods
Authors: Pometlová Marie , Hrubá Lenka , Šlamberová Romana , Rokyta Richard 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThere are studies showing that drug abuse during pregnancy may have a long‐term effect on progeny of drug‐abusing mothers. Our previous work demonstrated that prenatal and/or postnatal methamphetamine injections impair maternal behavior. The purpose of the present study was to assess the effect of prenatal methamphetamine or stress exposure and postnatal breeding on postnatal development of rat pups. Female rats were injected with methamphetamine (5 mg/kg daily) or physiological saline prior, during and after gestation. Absolute controls did not receive any injections. On postnatal day 1, pups were cross‐fostered so that each mother received some of her own and some of the pups from the mothers with the other two treatments. Pups were weighted daily for the entire lactation period. Postural motor reaction development was examined daily by righting reflex between postnatal day 1 and 12. On postnatal day 15 homing test examining pups' nest‐seeking behavior was performed. On postnatal day 23 rotarod and bar‐holding tests were used to investigate sensorimotor coordination of pups. We demonstrated that prenatal methamphetamine exposure impairs performance of sensorimotor tests (righting reflex on surface and rotarod test). Moreover, the effect of methamphetamine as well as the effect of prenatal stress induced by saline injections was affected by postnatal breeding conditions in sensorimotor tests as well as in the test of homing. Our results support the hypothesis that the variation in rat maternal care could serve as a mechanism for a nongenomic behavioral mode of transmission of traits.
Healthcare responsibilities and conscientious objection
Authors: Cook Rebecca J. , Arango Olaya Mónica , Dickens Bernard M. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractThe Constitutional Court of Colombia has issued a decision of international significance clarifying legal duties of providers, hospitals, and healthcare systems when conscientious objection is made to conducting lawful abortion. The decision establishes objecting providers' duties to refer patients to non‐objecting providers, and that hospitals, clinics, and other institutions have no rights of conscientious objection. Their professional and legal duties are to ensure that patients receive timely services. Hospitals and other administrators cannot object, because they do not participate in the procedures they are obliged to arrange. Objecting providers, and hospitals, must maintain knowledge of non‐objecting providers to whom their patients must be referred. Accordingly, medical schools must adequately train, and licensing authorities approve, non‐objecting providers. Where they are unavailable, midwives and perhaps nurse practitioners may be trained, equipped, and approved for appropriate service delivery. The Court's decision has widespread implications for how healthcare systems must accommodate conscientious objection and patients' legal rights.
Climate drying and associated forest decline in the lowlands of northern Guatemala during the late Holocene
Authors: Mueller Andreas D. , Islebe Gerald A. , Hillesheim Michael B. , Grzesik Dustin A. , Anselmetti Flavio S. , Ariztegui Daniel , Brenner Mark , Curtis Jason H. , Hodell David A. , Venz Kathryn A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractPalynological studies document forest disappearance during the late Holocene in the tropical Maya lowlands of northern Guatemala. The question remains as to whether this vegetation change was driven exclusively by anthropogenic deforestation, as previously suggested, or whether it was partly attributable to climate changes. We report multiple palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironment proxies (pollen, geochemical, sedimentological) from sediment cores collected in Lake Petén Itzá, northern Guatemala. Our data indicate that the earliest phase of late Holocene tropical forest reduction in this area started at ∼ 4500 cal yr BP, simultaneous with the onset of a circum-Caribbean drying trend that lasted for ∼ 1500 yr. This forest decline preceded the appearance of anthropogenically associatedZea mayspollen. We conclude that vegetation changes in Petén during the period from ∼ 4500 to ∼ 3000 cal yr BP were largely a consequence of dry climate conditions. Furthermore, palaeoclimate data from low latitudes in North Africa point to teleconnective linkages of this drying trend on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
Selection at 6-PGD locus in laboratory populations ofBactrocera oleae
Authors: COSMIDIS NIKOS , GOULIELMOS GEORGE , ELIOPOULOS ELIAS , LOUKAS MICHAEL 
Published: December 2008

SummaryWe have previously shown that laboratory populations of the olive fruitflyBactrocera oleaecome to equilibrium with allele frequencies at the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) locus markedly different from those of wild populations. In this study, we present new evidence from perturbation experiments in support of the notion that the locus is under selective pressure under laboratory conditions. Eleven populations were started with frequencies at the 6-PGD locus different from the laboratory equilibrium. Over 12 generations, the populations showed a return to the previous equilibrium, indicating a direct and powerful selection pressure on the naturally occurring allozymes of this locus. That is, a marked increase of the F allele followed by a compensatory decrease of allele I. Populations were set up to minimize the effects of associative overdominance, and we discuss the possible influence of this factor. Nucleotide sequence for the 6-PGD F and I alleles revealed two missense mutations at positions 501 and 730 leading to different amino acids among the two alleles.
On the placement of accent in dialogue: A feature of context grammar
Authors: Gunter Richard 
Published: December 2008

It is well known that an English sentence may have its accent, or point of greatest prominence, on any of several syllables. This phenomenon has been called SHIFT.1 It is the feature of English that permits us to render such a sentence as The man can see the boy in a variety of ways, as follows:The man can see the Boy.The man can SEE the boy.The man CAN see the boy.The MAN can see the boy.
Quasi-modals
Authors: Chapin Paul G. 
Published: December 2008

In a lengthy footnote to his article ‘Pronominalization, negation, and the analysis of adverbs’ (1970) George Lakoff makes the following interesting observation:All known selectional restrictions on the occurrence of lexical items are finite in scope. Usually they apply in the same sentence (subject–verb and verb–object selections) and sometimes one sentence away (verb–verb selections; i.e.forcerequires an activity verb in its complement) (160).
Like subject verbs and causal clauses in English
Authors: Fodor Janet Dean 
Published: December 2008

Perlmutter claimed (Perlmutter, 1968) that the like subject constraint in English is a deep structure constraint. Apart from being a contribution to a theory of filtering devices in natural languages, this claim is of interest because it is based on the assignment of abstract deep structures containing causal clauses which do not appear in surface structure. For example, Perlmutter proposed deriving the sentence:(1) ( = (7)) I tried to be arrested.from the deep structures:rather than from the more conservative:(3) ( = (9)) I tried [Pro arrest I]Like other proposed abstract deep structures, (2) brings out the meaning of the sentence; it predicts paraphrase relations between (1) and the sentences:Perlmutter presented independent evidence for this analysis, but he also used it to explain away what would otherwise have been counterexample to the claim that the like subject constraint holds over deep structures (the ‘deep subject hypothesis’).
Problems with phonological chains
Authors: Fox Anthony 
Published: December 2008

I. Chains are familiar in diachronic phonology as sets of shifts of the form A>B, B>C, C>D, etc. Well-known examples include the following (cf. Martinet, 1955: Ch. 2):(I)(a) Grimm's Law: bh>b>p>f(b) Azores Portuguese: a>doubt:>о>u>y(c) Great English Vowel Shift: æ>doubt:ēī>ai(d) Hauteville dialect: ề>doubt:ε>a>doubt:(e) High German Consonant Shift: d>>ts/s(f) Latin>Italian: kui>kwi>ki>tfiMartinet (1952, 1955) gives a ‘functional’ interpretation of this phenomenon, distinguishing between ‘push’ and ‘drag’ chains; King (1969), arguing from a generative point of view, rejects the ‘push’ variety, and considers ‘drag’ chains to be a case of rule simplification.
Old English γ-metathesis and generative phonology
Authors: Hogg Richard M. 
Published: December 2008

Postal (1968: 300) writes as follows:Bloomfield in effect noted the incompatibility of phenomena like … metathesis, dissimilation, etc., with the view of sound change as gradual drift in performance. Instead of admitting that these were counterexamples to the view, he simply appealed to terminology and declared that they were not sound change … But, since these types of changes are as systematic, regular, cross-lexical, etc., as other changes, this terminological attempt amounts to nothing more than the naming of a class of exceptions.
Greek diglossia and some aspects of the phonology of common Modern Greek
Authors: Warburton Irene Philippaki 
Published: December 2008

Two American linguists, Ferguson (1959) and Householder (1962) who have worked on the subject of Greek diglossia from a technical and theoretical point of view have predicted that in the conflict between Katharevousa (K), an artificially created archaic form of Greek and Dimotiki (D), the language based on the vernacular, the latter will finally win.The debate between the supporters of these two language forms has recently entered a new phase due to the Karamanlis' government decision to recognize the D as the official language and as the medium of all levels of education. The linguistic activity which followed this event falls into three main types.
Productive and non-productive morphology: the case of the German strong verbs
Authors: Barbour J. S. 
Published: December 2008

In this paper various conclusions will be drawn from a comparison of productive and non-productive German verb morphology; more specifically, it examines some of the properties of the morphological component of a generative grammar of German.1Two assumptions are made at the outset, which clearly distinguish the position adopted from that of the standard model of transformational phonology as exemplifed particularly in Chomsky & Halle (1968) (SPE). The first of these refers to the position of morphological rules in a grammar: it is that, for at least a large number of languages, the phenomena of morphology are not appropriately dealt with by syntactic, readjustment and phonological rules, in the manner of SPE, but that distinct morphological rules are required, rules which are, in particular, quite distinct from phonological rules.
Cardinal numbers in French: a study in analogical change
Authors: Picard Marc 
Published: December 2008

I. I. In a paper dealing with the analogical elimination of allomorphy and the explanatory (in)adequacy of generative phonology in accounting for it, Hogg hypothesized that ‘a necessary condition for analogical change is that the alternation which is subject to the analogy must not be synchronically rule-governed’ (1979: 58). This observation was elevated to the status of a principle which was formulated as follows:Analogical extension or levelling of some phonological rule can take place only if that rule is no longer present in the synchronic grammar of the language (Hogg, 1979: 8).
Verb-preposition constructions and small clauses in English
Authors: Aarts Bas 
Published: December 2008

The analysis of verb-particle constructions, or verb-preposition constructions, as I will call them, has-given rise to much debate in the linguistic literature over a long period of time. Traditionally, a bipartite classification of these structures has been assumed consisting of a class of ‘phrasal verbs’, such as those in (1) and (2), and a class of ‘prepositional verbs’, such as those in (3):(1) Iswitchedthe lightoff.(2) Ilookedthe informationup.(3)Look atthe prospectus: it clearly states that your admissiondepends onyour examination results.
The development of young children's speech act comprehension: How much language is necessary?
Authors: Reeder Kenneth , Wakefield Jane 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTTwo experimental studies investigate the extent of 3- and 4-year-olds' relative dependence upon contextual and linguistic information as they discriminate between presentations of Requests from Offers, and Requests from Questions presented in contexts. Contexts are manipulated systematically, and quantity of linguistic information in the presentations is progressively reduced. While younger subjects' discrimination of each speech act appeared relatively unaffected by reduction of linguistic information, the older subjects' performance was relatively adversely affected. We consider a developmental shift in speech act comprehension strategy from an early more context-based approach to a later, more heavily text-dependent approach, perhaps linked to continuing development of linguistic awareness.
A note concerning /s/ plus stop clusters in the speech of language-delayed children
Authors: Bond Z. S. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTThe acquisition of /s/ plus stop clusters by language-delayed children was compared with normal acquisition, first, for phonemic substitutions and second, for differential use of voice onset time (VOT) for the substituted stops. Ten children, diagnosed as language delayed, produced 95 percent of the intended clusters as singleton stops; children who could employ VOT contrastively produced most stops, substituting for clusters with VOT values in the long lag range.
Acquisition and generalization of Japanese locatives by English-speakers
Authors: Weber-Olsen Marcia , Ruder Kenneth F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTAmerican 5-year-olds and adults learned to label various spatial relationships using four Japanese locatives that coincided or partially overlapped in meaning with the locative prepositions into, onto, out of, and off.Subjects' generalization of the Japanese words was pre- and post-tested to determine if locatives that were semantically (and to a small extent phonemically) similar to their English equivalents would yield better transfer than terms that deviated in meaning and phonemic structure from English. Results confirmed for children only that generalization was differentially affected following lexical training. Adults generalized all four Japanese words with equal accuracy and showed significantly better transfer than children on all but one locative.Lexical interference initially accounted for many adult and child substitution errors, but did not explain child errors on the post-test. Findings did not agree with predictions that semanticphonemic differences between English and Japanese locatives would adversely affect transfer of the Japanese lexicon to novel exemplars of these terms. Results did confirm, however, that adults learned the Japanese lexicon faster and better than the 5-year-olds.
Generalization of correct articulation in clusters
Authors: McReynolds Leija V. , Elbert Mary F. 
Published: December 2008

ABSTRACTCluster Reduction is purported to be a general phonological process applied by misarticulating children to simplify production of the two consonants in a cluster. In this study the generality of the process was explored in six misarticulating children. The children produced errors on all /s/ and /r/ or /l/ clusters in baseline. In a counterbalanced order three children were trained on /s/ clusters first and /r/ or /l/ clusters second in a multiple baseline design; whereas three children received training on /r/ clusters first and /s/ clusters second. Generalization to other forms of /s/ and /r/ or /l/ clusters was tested throughout training. Results showed that with one exception children generalized to within class clusters but not to across class clusters. It was concluded that if cluster error patterns reflect processes, the processes are not general enough to operate across classes, but rather, are confined to the cluster receiving training.