bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Consciously Constructing Exclusivity in the Suburbs? Unpacking a Master Planned Estate Development in Western Sydney
Authors: KENNA THERESE E. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn Australia, master planned estates are emerging as a favoured form of residential development, finding support from urban planners and government. The proliferation of master planned estates has led urban researchers to comment on the socially exclusive nature of many of these new developments and their potential contribution to socio‐spatial polarisation in the urban landscape. Do master planned estates purposefully inculcate an image of exclusivity, and do these constructions result in socio‐spatial polarisation? A case study of the contribution of master planned estates to polarisation in the urban landscape is examined here. This research analysed the intentions, imagery and outcomes of a specific master planned estate in suburban Sydney – Glenmore Park. The established, socially constructed, and in some ways negative image of western Sydney has been used as a mirror against which an alternative – albeit exclusive and distinct – identity for Glenmore Park has been advanced. The intended image was for an exclusive and prestigious estate for white nuclear families. The developers and place marketers played a key role in the construction of this exclusivity, which ultimately superseded some of the more socially inclusive planning objectives for the area. The overriding conclusion from this research is that, in this case, there is an explicit connection between intentions and imagery, which encourages socio‐spatial polarisation.
Human Genetics Studies: The Case for Group Rights
Authors: Underkuffler Laura S. 
Published: August 2007

During the past 20 years, the importance of human genetic information has exploded. Whether sought for medical treatment, disease prediction studies, cultural studies, or the general study of human origins, human genetic information is now viewed as crucial for scientific research and general attempts at human understanding.With the importance of genetic information have come bitter battles over its control. The demonstrated power of human genetic information has moved the issue of its “ownership” from the realm of musty academic musings to protracted political and legal battles among “source” individuals, researchers, commercial concerns, government agencies, and others. Whether collected through targeted scientific studies, “discarded” biological tissue, initial charitable bequest, or other means, genetic information and the biological materials in which it is contained have become the subject of protracted legal battles for control and intense social and ethical controversy.
Adenosine Kinase ofTrypanosoma bruceiand Its Role in Susceptibility to Adenosine Antimetabolites
Authors: Lüscher Alexandra , Önal Pinar , Schweingruber Anne-Marie , Mäser Pascal 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTTrypanosoma bruceicannot synthesize purines de novo and relies on purine salvage from its hosts to build nucleic acids. With adenosine being a preferred purine source of bloodstream-form trypanosomes, adenosine kinase (AK; EC 2.7.1.20) is likely to be a key player in purine salvage. Adenosine kinase is also of high pharmacological interest, since for many adenosine antimetabolites, phosphorylation is a prerequisite for activity. Here, we cloned and functionally characterized adenosine kinase fromT. brucei(TbAK). TbAKis a tandem gene, expressed in both procyclic- and bloodstream-form trypanosomes, whose product localized to the cytosol of the parasites. The RNA interference-mediated silencing of TbAKsuggested that the gene is nonessential under standard growth conditions. Inhibition or downregulation of TbAKrendered the trypanosomes resistant to cordycepin (3′-deoxyadenosine), demonstrating a role for TbAK in the activation of adenosine antimetabolites. The expression of TbAKinSaccharomyces cerevisiaecomplemented a null mutation in the adenosine kinase geneado1. The concomitant expression of TbAKwith theT. bruceiadenosine transporter gene TbAT1allowedS. cerevisiae ado1 ade2double mutants to grow on adenosine as the sole purine source and, at the same time, sensitized them to adenosine antimetabolites. The coexpression of TbAKand TbAT1inS. cerevisiae ado1 ade2double mutants proved to be a convenient tool for testing nucleoside analogues for uptake and activation byT. bruceiadenosine salvage enzymes.
Lipopolysaccharide fromSalmonella entericaActivates NF-κB through both Classical and Alternative Pathways in Primary B Lymphocytes
Authors: Souvannavong Vongthip , Saidji Nabila , Chaby Richard 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTLipopolysaccharides (LPS) are potent polyclonal B-lymphocyte activators. Recently, we have shown that LPS inhibits both spontaneous and drug-induced apoptosis in mature B lymphocytes, through cytosolic retention of Bax, a proapoptotic protein of the Bcl-2 family, by preventing its translocation to mitochondria. Research within the last few years has revealed that members of the NF-κB transcription factor regulate cell viability by activating genes involved in mitochondrion-dependent apoptosis. In this report, we examined the effect of sustained LPS stimulation on cytosolic and nuclear proteins of the IκB/NF-κB family to determine which NF-κB pathway, canonical (classical) or noncanonical (alternative), is activated by this agent in mature B cells. Immunoblotting analyses showed that LPS induced a time-dependent degradation of the NF-κB inhibitors IκBβ and IκBε (preferentially to isoform IκBα), via IκB kinase β. In addition, we observed that LPS triggered the processing of NF-κB p105 to p50 and that of NF-κB p100 to p52 in parallel with nuclear translocation of active p50 and p52, as NF-κBp50/RelA and NF-κBp52/RelB heterodimers, respectively. These results suggest that sustained stimulation with LPS can activate NF-κB through both classical and alternative pathways.
Clinical Evaluation of the Microscopic Observation Drug Susceptibility Assay for Detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Resistance to Isoniazid or Rifampin
Authors: Mello Fernanda C. Q. , Arias Mayra S. , Rosales Senia , Marsico Anna Grazia , Pavón Ada , Alvarado-Gálvez Carlos , Pessôa Carlos Leonardo Carvalho , Pérez Melly , Andrade Monica K. , Kritski Afranio L. , Fonseca Leila S. , Chaisson Richard E. , Kimerling Michael E. , Dorman Susan E. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

This prospective study evaluated the performance of the
m
icroscopic
o
bservation
d
rug
s
usceptibility (MODS) assay for the direct detection of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
drug resistance. MODS assay sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 96.7% (95% confidence interval [95% CI], 92.1 to 98.8%), 78.4% (95% CI, 73.5 to 80.6%), 82.4% (95% CI, 78.4 to 84.2%), and 95.8% (95% CI, 89.9 to 98.5%), respectively, for isoniazid resistance and 96.0% (95% CI, 90.3 to 98.6%), 82.9% (95% CI, 78.8 to 84.7%), 80.0% (95% CI, 75.2 to 82.1%), and 96.7% (95% CI, 91.9 to 98.8%), respectively, for rifampin resistance. For both rifampin and isoniazid testing, the likelihood ratio for a negative test was ≤0.05, indicating that the MODS assay may be useful for ruling out drug resistance.
Bacteremia Due to Clonally Derived Methicillin-Resistant, Gentamicin-Susceptible Isolates and Methicillin-Susceptible, Gentamicin-Resistant Isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Daskalaki Maria , Otero Joaquin R. , Sanz Francisca , Chaves Fernando 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

We report recurrent bacteremia due to mixed infection with two clonally derived isolates of
Staphylococcus aureus
in a patient with Sezary syndrome. The two isolates, one gentamicin resistant and methicillin susceptible and the other gentamicin susceptible and methicillin resistant, developed by the deletion of the
mecA, ant(4
′
)Ia
, and
aacA-aphD
genes from a common gentamicin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible ancestor.
The Topology of Hepatitis B Virus Pregenomic RNA Promotes Its Replication
Authors: Abraham Teresa M. , Loeb Daniel D. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

Previous analysis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) indicated base pairing between two
cis
-acting sequences, the 5′ half of the upper stem of ε and φ, contributes to the synthesis of minus-strand DNA. Our goal was to identify other
cis
-acting sequences on the pregenomic RNA (pgRNA) involved in the synthesis of minus-strand DNA. We found that large portions of the pgRNA could be deleted or substituted without an appreciable decrease in the level of minus-strand DNA synthesized, indicating that most of the pgRNA is dispensable and that a specific size of the pgRNA is not required for this process. Our results indicated that the
cis
-acting sequences for the synthesis of minus-strand DNA are present near the 5′ and 3′ ends of the pgRNA. In addition, we found that the first-strand template switch could be directed to a new location when a 72-nucleotide (nt) fragment, which contained the
cis
-acting sequences present near the 3′ end of the pgRNA, was introduced at that location. Within this 72-nt region, we uncovered two new
cis
-acting sequences, which flank the acceptor site. We show that one of these sequences, named ω and located 3′ of the acceptor site, base pairs with φ to contribute to the synthesis of minus-strand DNA. Thus, base pairing between three
cis
-acting elements (5′ half of the upper stem of ε, φ, and ω) are necessary for the synthesis of HBV minus-strand DNA. We propose that this topology of pgRNA facilitates first-strand template switch and/or the initiation of synthesis of minus-strand DNA.
Protein Kinase CK2 Phosphorylation of EB2 Regulates Its Function in the Production of Epstein-Barr Virus Infectious Viral Particles
Authors: Medina-Palazon Cahora , Gruffat Henri , Mure Fabrice , Filhol Odile , Vingtdeux-Didier Valérie , Drobecq Hervé , Cochet Claude , Sergeant Nicolas , Sergeant Alain , Manet Evelyne 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACT

The Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) early protein EB2 (also called BMLF1, Mta, or SM) promotes the nuclear export of a subset of early and late viral mRNAs and is essential for the production of infectious virions. We show here that in vitro, protein kinase CK2α and -β subunits bind both individually and, more efficiently, as a complex to the EB2 N terminus and that the CK2β regulatory subunit also interacts with the EB2 C terminus. Immunoprecipitated EB2 has CK2 activity that phosphorylates several sites within the 80 N-terminal amino acids of EB2, including Ser-55, -56, and -57, which are localized next to the nuclear export signal. EB2S3E, the phosphorylation-mimicking mutant of EB2 at these three serines, but not the phosphorylation ablation mutant EB2S3A, efficiently rescued the production of infectious EBV particles by HEK293
BMLF1-KO
cells harboring an EB2-defective EBV genome. The defect of EB2S3A in transcomplementing 293
BMLF1-KO
cells was not due to impaired nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the mutated protein but was associated with a decrease in the cytoplasmic accumulation of several late viral mRNAs. Thus, EB2-mediated production of infectious EBV virions is regulated by CK2 phosphorylation at one or more of the serine residues Ser-55, -56, and -57.
Modulation of bcl-xL in Tumor Cells Regulates Angiogenesis through CXCL8 Expression
Authors: Giorgini Simona , Trisciuoglio Daniela , Gabellini Chiara , Desideri Marianna , Castellini Laura , Colarossi Cristina , Zangemeister-Wittke Uwe , Zupi Gabriella , Del Bufalo Donatella 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
In this paper, we investigated whether bcl-xL can be involved in the modulation of the angiogenic phenotype of human tumor cells. Using the ADF human glioblastoma and the M14 melanoma lines, and their derivative bcl-xL–overexpressing clones, we showed that the conditioned medium of bcl-xL transfectants increased in vitro endothelial cell functions, such as proliferation and morphogenesis, and in vivo vessel formation in Matrigel plugs, compared with the conditioned medium of control cells. Moreover, the overexpression of bcl-xL induced an increased expression of the proangiogenic interleukin-8 (CXCL8), both at the protein and mRNA levels, and an enhanced CXCL8 promoter activity. The role of CXCL8 on bcl-xL–induced angiogenesis was validated using CXCL8-neutralizing antibodies, whereas down-regulation of bcl-xL through antisense oligonucleotide or RNA interference strategies confirmed the involvement of bcl-xL on CXCL8 expression. Transient overexpression of bcl-xL led to extend this observation to other tumor cell lines with different origin, such as colon and prostate carcinoma. In conclusion, our results showed that CXCL8 modulation by bcl-xL regulates tumor angiogenesis, and they point to elucidate an additional function of bcl-xL protein. (Mol Cancer Res 2007;5(8):761–71)
IR-Theory and Transformation in the Greater Middle East: the Role of the United States
Authors: Amineh Mehdi Parvizi , Houweling Henk 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
This article analyzes why post-Cold War American foreign policy regarding the Greater Middle East (GME) changed course and why the United States having a virtual military monopoly fails to achieve its war aim in Iraq. To that end, the authors consult realist and liberal theory in international relations. Realists have a security-driven policy agenda. They fail to create a micro-level foundation in political man for the posited collective interest at the level of the state. Realists therefore produce indeterminate results. Liberal theory in international relations does have a micro-foundation in explanations of foreign policy choices in the form of the economic man. Liberal scholars therefore inquire into domestic sources of foreign policy decisions. However, the liberal national interest is not just a summation of private actor interests. These dominant approaches therefore fail to explain US foreign policy choices and policy outcomes in the region under study.The three quotations below create the problematic of this study:Today we are presented with a unique strategic opportunity. For more than 50 years we were constrained by a bipolar rivalry with a superpower adversary. Today and tomorrow, we have an opportunity to pursue a strategy of engagement and to design a military force to help the strategy succeed. I fully agree with the defense strategy of helping to shape the environment to promote US interests abroad.John Shalikashvili, Clinton's Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (1997)[Y]ou live now in the Mohammedan nation which, if the traveler's accounts are to be believed, is intelligent and even refined. What is this irredeemable decadence dragging it down through the centuries? Is it possible that we have risen while they remain static? I do not think so. I rather think that the dual movement has occurred in opposite directions […] European races are often the greatest rogues, but at least they are rogues to whom God gave the will and the power and whom he seems to have destined for some time to be at the head of mankind […] the European is to other races of mankind what man himself is to the lower animals: he makes them subservient to his use, and when he cannot subdue he destroys them.Alexis de Tocqueville (1962: 75-76)Why is it that we did not complete our cultural journey, and how is it that we have ended up today in the very worst of times? What is it that made our predecessor pore over their desks, writing down and recording the marvels of mathematics and sciences and searching out the skies with the stars and constellations in order to discover their secrets, and driven by the love of knowledge, to study medicine and to devise medicaments even from the stomachs of bees […] Andalus became a lost place, then Palestine became Andalus.Mahmud Darwish (2004)
From Soviet Republics to Independent Countries: Challenges of Transition in Central Asia
Authors: Rahimov Mirzohid 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn the twentieth century, the Central Asian countries of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan passed through a complex historical period. They were originally founded as republics of the Soviet Union in the 1920s-30s as a result of national and territorial state delimitation. The process of the creation of new national state formations began after the Soviet Union disintegrated and these republics achieved independence. At the same time, the region's nations are facing complex problems of transition and the creation of new societies. Nevertheless, these countries have to continue the process of political and economic reforms, as well as development of civic institutions. The Central Asian nations established contacts with foreign states and international organizations and started to form a system of interstate relations between the countries of the region. There are potentials for development of regional integration of Central Asia. Future integration will depend on the readiness of the nations to carry out political and economic reforms, introduce forms and methods of economic regulation compatible with global norms, and most important, international support of political reforms and regional integration.
Indian Power Projection in the Greater Middle East: Tools and Objectives
Authors: Mudiam Prithvi Ram 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIndia's approach to the Middle East during the Cold War years was weighed down by the partition of the subcontinent and the creation of Pakistan on a religious basis, the dispute with Pakistan over the Muslim majority province of Jammu and Kashmir and its own large Muslim minority. Hence, its policy towards the region tended to be defensive and reactive, and a general policy of support to the Arab causes, particularly that of the Palestinians, and a non-relationship with Israel were considered necessary to serve India's broad interests in the region. India's projection of secularism into the region was meant to prevent Pakistan from organizing an anti-Indian Islamic bloc in the region, and its projection of nonalignment was meant to scuttle the Western attempts to build anti-communist alliances there. However, the transformation in the superpowers relations following the collapse of the Soviet Union, changes in the regional environment in the Greater Middle East (GME) as well as South Asia and changes in India's domestic sphere created a new strategic and economic context for India to pursue its interests in the GME in the 1990s. There is an increasing convergence of strategic interests between the two regions and a growing complementarity of their economies in the post-Cold War world. Iran and Israel have become the two lynchpins of India's policy toward the region and, as an emerging global player, India, unlike during the Cold War, is in a strong position to promote its own interests as well as those of the international system in the region, which largely seem to coincide in the post-Cold War milieu.
India–Pakistan Engagement with the Greater Middle East: Implications and Options
Authors: Jain  
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article aims to examine Indo–Pakistan relations to assess their implications for the Greater Middle East (GME). Both countries are frantically engaged in deploying their military and nuclear capabilities, resources as well as extra-regional connections, with an intention to alter the balance of power in one's favor, as this is evident from their close contest for enhancing the level of strategic cooperation with the United States, especially after 9/11. Moreover, the deep-seated historic hostility between India and Pakistan has produced a peculiar geopsychology among ruling elites to outmaneuver the other in order to contain each country's political, economic, and strategic influences in GME rather than to contribute to peace, prosperity, and stability there. This article also aims to explore interaction and interconnectedness between the three core concepts—geopolitics, geoeconomics and geopsychology—while evaluating Indo–Pakistan engagement with GME to advance and safeguard their respective manifold national interests.
An Improved Canopy Integration Scheme for a Land Surface Model with Prognostic Canopy Structure
Authors: Thornton Peter E. , Zimmermann Niklaus E. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A new logical framework relating the structural and functional characteristics of a vegetation canopy is presented, based on the hypothesis that the ratio of leaf area to leaf mass (specific leaf area) varies linearly with overlying leaf area index within the canopy. Measurements of vertical gradients in specific leaf area and leaf carbon:nitrogen ratio for five species (two deciduous and three evergreen) in a temperate climate support this hypothesis. This new logic is combined with a two-leaf (sunlit and shaded) canopy model to arrive at a new canopy integration scheme for use in the land surface component of a climate system model. An inconsistency in the released model radiation code is identified and corrected. Also introduced here is a prognostic canopy model with coupled carbon and nitrogen cycle dynamics. The new scheme is implemented within the Community Land Model and tested in both diagnostic and prognostic canopy modes. The new scheme increases global gross primary production by 66% (from 65 to 108 Pg carbon yr−1) for diagnostic model simulations driven with reanalysis surface weather, with similar results (117 PgC yr−1) for the new prognostic model. Comparison of model predictions to global syntheses of observations shows generally good agreement for net primary productivity (NPP) across a range of vegetation types, with likely underestimation of NPP in tundra and larch communities. Vegetation carbon stocks are higher than observed in forest systems, but the ranking of stocks by vegetation type is accurately captured.
Validation Schemes for Tropical Cyclone Quantitative Precipitation Forecasts: Evaluation of Operational Models for U.S. Landfalling Cases
Authors: Marchok Timothy , Rogers Robert , Tuleya Robert 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
A scheme for validating quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPFs) for landfalling tropical cyclones is developed and presented here. This scheme takes advantage of the unique characteristics of tropical cyclone rainfall by evaluating the skill of rainfall forecasts in three attributes: the ability to match observed rainfall patterns, the ability to match the mean value and volume of observed rainfall, and the ability to produce the extreme amounts often observed in tropical cyclones. For some of these characteristics, track-relative analyses are employed that help to reduce the impact of model track forecast error on QPF skill. These characteristics are evaluated for storm-total rainfall forecasts of all U.S. landfalling tropical cyclones from 1998 to 2004 by the NCEP operational models, that is, the Global Forecast System (GFS), the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) hurricane model, and the North American Mesoscale (NAM) model, as well as the benchmark Rainfall Climatology and Persistence (R-CLIPER) model. Compared to R-CLIPER, all of the numerical models showed comparable or greater skill for all of the attributes. The GFS performed the best of all of the models for each of the categories. The GFDL had a bias of predicting too much heavy rain, especially in the core of the tropical cyclones, while the NAM predicted too little of the heavy rain. The R-CLIPER performed well near the track of the core, but it predicted much too little rain at large distances from the track. Whereas a primary determinant of tropical cyclone QPF errors is track forecast error, possible physical causes of track-relative differences lie with the physical parameterizations and initialization schemes for each of the models. This validation scheme can be used to identify model limitations and biases and guide future efforts toward model development and improvement.