bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparing passive and active hearing: spectral analysis of transient sounds in bats
Authors: Goerlitz Holger R. , Hübner Mathias , Wiegrebe Lutz 
Published: May 2008

SUMMARY
In vision, colour constancy allows the evaluation of the colour of objects independent of the spectral composition of a light source. In the auditory system, comparable mechanisms have been described that allows the evaluation of the spectral shape of sounds independent of the spectral composition of ambient background sounds. For echolocating bats, the evaluation of spectral shape is vitally important both for the analysis of external sounds and the analysis of the echoes of self-generated sonar emissions. Here, we investigated how the echolocating bat Phyllostomus discolor evaluates the spectral shape of transient sounds both in passive hearing and in echolocation as a specialized mode of active hearing. Bats were trained to classify transients of different spectral shape as low- or highpass. We then assessed how the spectral shape of an ambient background noise influenced the spontaneous classification of the transients. In the passive-hearing condition, the bats spontaneously changed their classification boundary depending on the spectral shape of the background. In the echo-acoustic condition, the classification boundary did not change although the background-and spectral-shape manipulations were identical in the two conditions. These data show that auditory processing differs between passive and active hearing:echolocation represents an independent mode of active hearing with its own rules of auditory spectral analysis.
Asymmetric breast uptake of radioiodine in a patient with thyroid malignancy: metastases or not?
Authors: Sinha A , Bradley K M , Steatham J , Weaver A 
Published: May 2008

Summary Various physiological processes can cause potentially misleading appearances in radioiodine whole body scans; proper understanding of the causes of these can therefore obviate diagnostic errors. Whole-body radioiodine scintigraphy with I131 or I123 is an accurate form of imaging used for management of differentiated thyroid carcinoma. Following thyroidectomy, any residual thyroid tissue or metastatic disease is ablated with high dose I131 and diagnostic images are acquired, demonstrating residual thyroid tissue and metastatic disease. However, atypical physiological uptake of I131 can simulate metastases.
Survey of sleep problems in 3421 women aged 41–55 years
Authors: Vaari Tiina , Engblom Janne , Helenius Hans , Erkkola Risto , Polo-Kantola Päivi 
Published: May 2008

Objective To evaluate the prevalence and subtypes of self-reported sleep problems in women at midlife and to assess the predictive factors involved. Methods A total of 6408 consecutive women aged 41–55 years were recruited by sending a postal inquiry concerning health-related issues. Sleep quality was studied with the Basic Nordic Sleep Questionnaire. The effect of age, health, socioeconomic factors and use of hormone therapy (HT) on sleep problems was examined by multivariate analysis. Results A total of 3421 women (53%) returned the questionnaire and 42% of them reported sleep problems. Sleep problems were found in all age groups. Risk for tiredness in the morning was higher in the youngest group. Older women experienced snoring more frequently. Although somatic diseases were of minor importance, mental health was found to be a significant factor relating to almost every kind of sleep com plaint. Currently employed and university educated women suffered less from poor sleep. HT use was not associated with reported sleep symptoms. Conclusions Self-reported sleep problems are common in midlife. A mental health problem is the most significant predisposing factor. Socioeconomic factors are also important. Use of HT does not necessarily prevent sleep problems.
Zwischen Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft: Textualität revisited. Mit Illustrationen aus der Welt der Urlaubsansichtskarte
Authors: Hausendorf Heiko 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The present article takes the concept of textuality and textualization – as it was introduced in the beginning of textlinguistics as a subdiscipline of linguistics in the early 70s – as a starting point for discussing the relationship between linguistics and literature. Textuality is developed in a threefold way: There are textualization devices which can be related to different characteristics of textualization. Textualization devices themselves depend on different textualization resources: the situation of reading, the language of the text and the context of reading. Textualization devices can, therefore, draw upon perception, language and knowledge as different textualization resources. It is argued that textualization has to be traced back to textualization devices at the surface level of the text. This concept is illustrated by an empirical analysis of vacation picture postcards in order to demonstrate in an exemplary fashion the reconstruction of textualization devices. It is additionally shown that textualization devices can be seen as a fruitful intersection between linguistics and literature. Focusing on a text by G. Perec it is argued that both linguists and poets share an interest in textualization devices: While the linguistic interest in textualization devices is a cold and analytical one aiming at the improvement of knowledge, the poetic interest is a practial and sensual one aiming at the reader's entertainment.
Nichtsprachliches als Textfaktor: Medialität, Materialität, Lokalität
Authors: Fix Ulla 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Do linguistic concepts of text provide research approaches that are also suited to study literary texts? Can the category of text be applied for bridge building between linguistics and literary science in the current debate? To answer these questions, we need to first decide on one of the many text concepts developed by linguistics that is best suited to “act this problem out”.
This paper therefore addresses the criteria of textuality postulated by Beaugrande/Dressler (1981), which, initially being accepted, were later criticized, but remain inspiring. These will be examined in the spirit of Adamzik, not as criteria per se but as “descriptive dimensions”. The need to expand these dimensions will be underlined in order to cover features that are text- and genre-constitutive and have not been included so far. This in particular refers to the integration of the nonverbal – categorized according to mediality, materiality, locality – as required elements for the existence of both the text sample and of some genres. A text concept that is expanded by the nonverbal is considered a better approach to meet the particulars of literary texts and to grasp the aesthetic practice of nonliterary texts.
Der virtuelle Text oder: Die Rolle der Sprachgemeinschaft für die Herstellung von Textualität
Authors: Adamzik Kirsten 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Starting with some sceptical remarks on the idea that the relationship between linguistics and literary studies has broken down and that linguistics is primarily concerned with texts for daily use, the article proposes some elements of a text-linguistic approach covering notions, ideas and activities long since familiar to literary scholars, especially those preparing editions. The notion of virtual text is introduced to denote the abstract entity underlying different versions and copies of one and the same text. Following Ehlich's suggestion that a (prototypical) text is not necessarily a written sequence of signs, but a complex sign passed on by tradition, the importance of reproducing texts – and hence the role of members of the speaking community in producing textuality – is emphasized: Re-reading, reciting, reading aloud to others, reprinting, reediting, and even rewriting, resuming or referring to by allusions are different means of transmitting the text or elements of it to others, including the following generations. Some of them require a complete ‘cognitive copy’ of the text, but the longer the text is, the more probable it is that only fragments are part of the linguistic knowledge of (groups of) the community. Nevertheless, (fragments of) texts can be stocked in the individual memory, just as lexical items are. The last chapter presents the number and type of transmission authorities (commercial editors, scientific editors, lecturers, literary agents, and so on), as well as the number and type of versions and copies as criteria to differentiate texts for daily use, scientific and literary texts.
Fingierte Mündlichkeit – inszenierte Interaktion. Die Novelle als Erzählmodell
Authors: Lubkoll Christine 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe reflection of the genre of the “Novelle” (short novel) offers one way for a productive interpenetration of scientific literary and linguistic discussions about the phenomenon of textuality. It is the genre of the “Novelle” whose characterization has always been very dissatisfying according to traditional genre definitions within the scientific discourse. Typical formal and structural features are often too unspecific and mostly remain on the surface, if their function for the (con)text is not reflected adequately. Furthermore all the different catalogues of typical features mostly appear as static schemes that cannot do justice equally well to all the various manifestations of the “Novelle” as to the historical change of the genre itself.Due to these facts the article by Christine Lubkoll tries to define the genre of the “Novelle” and its specific textual manifestations with regard to its historically changing contextual conditions. The thesis of the article is that thenarrationof short novels itself reflects the social and cultural changes and the changes of media within the process of narration as a cultural practice. This becomes evident through textual markers as well as through dynamically developing textual features; both, the textual markers and the textual features of the genre have led to a strong genre-intertextuality; a dialogue of different texts and different époques.The first part of the article by Christine Lubkoll illustrates the history of the genre of the “Novelle” and its specific social and cultural relevance within different literary époques. It is then followed by the second part, an analysis of Goethes “Unterhaltungen deutscher Ausgewanderten” and Musils “Die Amsel”.
Alltägliches erzählen und alltägliches Erzählen
Authors: Gülich Elisabeth 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Storytelling occurs in everyday conversation as much as in literary texts, where the commonplace is often a topic. This article focuses on both aspects: the ordinary as context and as subject matter of narratives. Generally, narrative research practices a division of labor: everyday narratives belong in the field of linguistics. Here, an example is provided for the analysis of an oral story within the scope of linguistic research that focuses on aspects of narratability and orientation. Literary narratives are treated within the framework of literary studies; the stories, however, are many times the object of textual linguistic research, out of which a few aspects will be sketched here. By way of example, a narrative from Franz Hohler that uses the everyday as its subject matter is analysed linguistically. In addition, the aspects of narratability and orientation are taken from research in conversation and linked to the textual analysis with the concept of textuality from text linguistics. On the basis of various criteria of textuality, this article shows how the commonplace becomes narratable through certain formal techniques in Hohler's texts. The essay advocates a stronger cooperation between linguistics and literary studies in narrative research.
Textualitätsannahmen und die Analyse literarischer Texte
Authors: Winko Simone 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This article analyses genre-specific methods of textual analysis that are considered to be elementary and ‘close’ to the surface level of literary texts. It focuses on two questions: How do these methods explicitly and implicitly make use of the concept of textuality? And what kind of knowledge do they presuppose? A linguistic model of textuality is taken as the frame of this analysis. The article argues for the utilization of linguistic concepts in literary studies, both in theory and practice. At the same time it is assumed that historical and genre-oriented studies of literary texts focussing on the prerequisites of textuality will contribute to a differentiated view of a prototypical concept of textuality.
An overview and historical look back at the solvent extraction using nitrogen donor ligands to extract and separate An(III) from Ln(III)
Authors: Ekberg Christian , Fermvik Anna , Retegan Teodora , Skarnemark Gunnar , Foreman M. R. S. , Hudson M. J. , Englund Sofie , Nilsson Mikael 
Published: May 2008

The partitioning of minor trivalent actinides (An) from lanthanides (Ln) is one of the challenges in the chemical treatment of nuclear waste. The optimal ligand to carry out the separation of An(III) and Ln(III) using solvent extraction has to meet several important criteria: high selectivity towards the solute, chemical and radiolytic stability, stripping possibilities and recycling of the organic phase, high separation factors and good distribution ratio, to name just a few of them. A chronological line can be drawn along the development of each extraction ligand family and some milestones are emphasized in this overview.
Further developments in organic synthesis of extracting ligands are expected.
Risk Factors for Coliform Bacteria in Backcountry Lakes and Streams in the Sierra Nevada Mountains: A 5-Year Study
Authors: Derlet Robert W. , Ali Ger K. , Richards John R. , Carlson James R. 
Published: May 2008

Objective To provide a 5-year longitudinal assessment of risk of acquiring disease from Sierra Nevada Wilderness area lakes and streams. This study examines the relative risk factors for harmful water microorganisms, using coliforms as an indicator. Methods Streams and lakes in the backcountry of Yosemite and Kings Canyon National Parks and neighboring wilderness areas were selected and water was analyzed each year over a 5-year period. A total of 364 samples from lakes or streams were chosen to statistically differentiate the risk categories based on land usage, as follows: 1) areas rarely visited by humans (Wild), 2) human day-use-only areas (Day Hike), 3) areas used by backpackers with overnight camping allowed (Backpack), 4) areas primarily impacted by horses or pack animals (Pack Animal), and 5) cattle and sheep grazing tracts (Cattle). Water was collected in sterile test tubes and Millipore coliform samplers. Water was analyzed at the university microbiology lab, where bacteria were harvested and then subjected to analysis using standardized techniques. Statistical analysis to compare site categories was performed utilizing Fisher exact test and analysis of variance. Results A total of 364 sampling sites were analyzed. Coliforms were found in 9% (4/47) of Wild site samples, 12% (5/42) of Day Hike site samples, and 18% (20/111) of Backpacker site samples. In contrast, 63% (70/111) of Pack Animal site samples yielded coliforms, and 96% (51/53) of samples from the Cattle areas grew coliforms. Differences between Backpacker vs Cattle or Pack Animal areas were significant at P ≤ .05. All samples grew normal aquatic bacteria. Conclusion Surface water from watersheds below cattle areas and those used by pack animals is at high risk for containing coliform organisms. Water from Wild, Day Hike, or Backpack sites poses far less risk for contamination by coliforms.
Hypoxic Preconditioning Results in Increased Motility and Improved Therapeutic Potential of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Rosová Ivana , Dao Mo , Capoccia Ben , Link Daniel , Nolta Jan A. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are adult multipotent cells found in bone marrow, adipose tissue, and other adult tissues. MSC have been shown to improve regeneration of injured tissues in vivo, but the mechanisms remain unclear. Typically, MSC are cultured under ambient, or normoxic, conditions (21% oxygen). However, the physiological niches for MSC in the bone marrow and other sites have much lower oxygen tension. When used as a therapeutic tool to repair tissue injuries, MSC cultured in standard conditions must adapt from 21% oxygen in culture to less than 1% oxygen in the ischemic tissue. We therefore examined the effects of preculturing human bone marrow-derived MSC in hypoxic conditions (1%–3% oxygen) to elucidate the best conditions that enhance their tissue regenerative potential. We demonstrated that MSC cultured in hypoxia activate the Akt signaling pathway while maintaining their viability and cell cycle rates. We also showed that MSC cultured in hypoxia induced expression of cMet, the major receptor for hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and enhanced cMet signaling. MSC cultured in hypoxic conditions increased their migration rates. Since migration and HGF responsiveness are thought to be key mediators of MSC recruitment and/or activation in vivo, we next examined the tissue regenerative potential of MSC cultured under hypoxic conditions, using a murine hind limb ischemia model. We showed that local expression of HGF is increased in ischemic muscle in this model. Intra-arterial injection of MSC cultured in either normoxic or hypoxic conditions 24 hours after surgical induction of hind limb ischemia enhanced revascularization compared with saline controls. However, restoration of blood flow was observed significantly earlier in mice that had been injected with hypoxic preconditioned MSC. Collectively, these data suggest that preculturing MSC under hypoxic conditions prior to transplantation improves their tissue regenerative potential.
Disclosure of potential conflicts of interest is found at the end of this article.
Nursing Home Evacuation Plans
Authors: Castle Nicholas G. 
Published: May 2008

Objectives. I examined evacuation plans from 2134 nursing homes and analyzed national data to determine the types of nursing homes cited for deficiencies in their evacuation plans. Methods. Evacuation plans were assessed according to criteria developed by an expert panel funded by the Office of the Inspector General. Deficiency citations came from the Online Survey, Certification, and Recording database, collected from 1997 to 2005. Four specific citations, for written emergency plans, staff training, written evacuation plans, and fire drills, were examined with multivariate logistic regression. Results. Most plans had water supply provisions (96%). Only 31% specified an evacuation route. The rate of citations was relatively stable throughout the study period: each year approximately 0.6% of facilities were found to be deficient in written emergency plans, 2.1% in staff training, 1.2% in written evacuation plans, and 7.9% in fire drills. Conclusions. Some nursing homes need more specific evacuation plans. Water supply was the most and evacuation routes were the least well-addressed areas.
Effects of Social Integration on Preserving Memory Function in a Nationally Representative US Elderly Population
Authors: Ertel Karen A. , Glymour M. Maria , Berkman Lisa F. 
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We tested whether social integration protects against memory loss and other cognitive disorders in late life in a nationally representative US sample of elderly adults, whether effects were stronger among disadvantaged individuals, and whether earlier cognitive losses explained the association (reverse causation). Methods. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study (N = 16 638), we examined whether social integration predicted memory change over 6 years. Memory was measured by immediate and delayed recall of a 10-word list. Social integration was assessed by marital status, volunteer activity, and frequency of contact with children, parents, and neighbors. We examined growth-curve models for the whole sample and within subgroups. Results. The mean memory score declined from 11.0 in 1998 to 10.0 in 2004. Higher baseline social integration predicted slower memory decline in fully adjusted models (P<.01). Memory among the least integrated declined at twice the rate as among the most integrated. This association was largest for respondents with fewer than 12 years of education. There was no evidence of reverse causation. Conclusions. Our study provides evidence that social integration delays memory loss among elderly Americans. Future research should focus on identifying the specific aspects of social integration most important for preserving memory.
Institutionalization of Older Adults After the Death of a Spouse
Authors: Nihtilä Elina , Martikainen Pekka 
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We investigated the risk of entering long-term institutional care after the death of a spouse in relation to the duration of widowhood among older Finnish men and women. We also examined whether high levels of education or household income buffered the effects of bereavement on institutionalization. Methods. We used linked register-based data on Finnish adults 65 years or older who were living with a spouse at the beginning of the study period (n=140902) and were followed from January 1998 to December 2002. Results. The excess risk of institutionalization was highest during the first month following a spouse’s death compared with still living with a spouse (adjusted hazard ratio=3.31 for men, 3.62 for women). This risk decreased over time among both men and women. The relative effect of the duration of widowhood on institutionalization did not significantly vary according to the level of education or income. Conclusions. Risk of institutionalization is particularly high immediately after the death of a spouse, demonstrating the importance of loss of social and instrumental support.
The Risks, Costs, and Benefits of Possible Future Global Policies for Managing Polioviruses
Authors: Thompson Kimberly M. , Tebbens Radboud J. Duintjer , Pallansch Mark A. , Kew Olen M. , Sutter Roland W. , Aylward R. Bruce , Watkins Margaret , Gary Howard E. , Alexander James , Jafari Hamid , Cochi Stephen L. 
Published: May 2008

Objectives. We assessed the costs, risks, and benefits of possible future major policy decisions on vaccination, surveillance, response plans, and containment following global eradication of wild polioviruses. Methods. We developed a decision analytic model to estimate the incremental cost-effectiveness ratios and net benefits of risk management options for polio for the 20-year period and stratified the world according to income level to capture important variability between nations. Results. For low-, lower-middle-, and upper-middle-income groups currently using oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV), we found that after successful eradication of wild polioviruses, OPV cessation would save both costs and lives when compared with continued use of OPV without supplemental immunization activities. We found cost-effectiveness ratios for switching from OPV to inactivated poliovirus vaccine to be higher (i.e., less desirable) than other health investment opportunities, depending on the actual inactivated poliovirus vaccine costs and assumptions about whether supplemental immunization activities with OPV would continue. Conclusions. Eradication promises billions of dollars of net benefits, although global health policy leaders face difficult choices about future policies. Until successful eradication and coordination of posteradication policies, health authorities should continue routine polio vaccination and supplemental immunization activities.