bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Glucamine‐based gemini surfactants II: Gemini surfactants from long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines and epoxy resins
Authors: Warwel S. , Brüse F. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGemini surfactants were synthesized by reaction of long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines with epoxy resins. Analogous to the synthesis of gemini surfactns from long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines and α, ω‐diepoxides (1), the reaction in methanol at 70°C could be used to convert the starting materials selectively and almost quantitatively.N‐Octyl glucamine,N‐decyl glucamine, andN‐dodecyl glucamine were combined with several epoxy resins, mainly technical glycidyl ethers of diols. Syntheses involving equimolar amounts of amine resulted in quantitative conversion of the epoxy resins, and epoxide and products could be isolated quantitatively by removing the solvent. Gemini surfactants having hydrophobic or hydrophilic spacers were preparared according to their structures and the hydrophilic properties of the epoxy resin. Surface tensions were measured, and foaming propertiers were examined to characterize surface‐active properties of these surfactants. The more hydrophilic products were of particularly high surface activity. Tensiometric studies showed a reduction of surface tension to 30–34 mN/m and critical micelle concentrations in the range of 2–35 mg/L. Comparison of gemini surfactants from long‐chainN‐alkyl glucamines and diepoxides of α,ω‐diolefins (chain lengths: C8, C9, C10, and C14) with those based on epoxy resins showed similar or lower surface activities using hydrophobic epoxy resins and much better surface‐active properties using hydrophilic epoxy resins (e.g., based on glycerol). This, together with the easier availability, makes the epoxy resin‐based products interesting surfactants. Products having very good surface‐active properties are available, especially using glycidyl ether of aliphatic diols or glycerol.
Enhancing solubilization in microemulsions—State of the art and current trends
Authors: Salager Jean‐Louis , Antón Raquel E. , Sabatini David A. , Harwell Jeffrey H. , Acosta Edgar J. , Tolosa Laura I. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractAlong a formulation scan, solubilization is maximal when a bicontinuous microemulsion is in equilibrium with both oil and water excess phases in a so‐called Winsor III system. The logical way to enhance solubilization is to increase the interaction of the surfactant for both the oil and water phases, which can be easily attained by increasing the size of both the head and tail groups. However, this approach is limited by solubility constraints. Additional solubilization enhancement can be attained by introducing a molecule(s) that bridge the bulk phase and the adsorbed surfactant layer; this can be accomplished by using the so‐called lipophilic and hydrophilic “linker effect” or by using block copolymer additives. In either case, the goal is to modify an extended zone in the oil and water domains close to their boundary. The intramolecular grafting of a linker group between the hydrophilic and lipophilic moieties in a surfactant results in a so‐called “extended” surfactant structure, which produces enhanced solubilization, as does the surfactant/linker combination, but with the added benefit that the self‐contained extended surfactant structure does not undergo selective partitioning. We conclude that an improvement in solubilization is directly related to the presence of a smooth, blurred, and expanded transition across the interfacial region from polar to apolar bulk phases.
Detergency of used motor oil from cotton and polyester fabrics
Authors: Chi Yong‐Seung , Obendorf S. Kay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA study was conducted to identity factors contributing to the difficult removal of used motor oil from textile materials by detergency. Infrared spectroscopy and gel permeation chromatography of used motor oil showed that the oil was a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon with molecular weight around 950. X‐ray analysis revealed that particulates present in the used motor oil contained S, Mg, Al, Si, K, Ca, Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn. Used motor oil was distributed throughout the cotton fibers with similar concentration of oil in the lumen, secondary wall, and surface crenulation. Higher relative concentrations of used motor oil were observed in the secondary wall of the fiber than has been reported for human sebum. No oil was found in the interior of polyester fibers although high concentrations of oil were detected in the interfiber spaces and on the fiber surfaces of polyester fibers. Dispersant additives of motor oil are though to enhance penetration into the cotton structure and wicking over the polyester fibers, making the nonpolar used motor oil very difficult to remove by detergency.
α‐tocopherol affects the urinary and biliary excretion of 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman, γ‐tocopherol metabolite, in rats
Authors: Kiyose Chikako , Saito Hisako , Kaneko Kazuyo , Hamamura Kimio , Tomioka Mitsugu , Ueda Tadahiko , Igarashi Osamu 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIn this study, we investigated a change in the excretory content of 2,7,8‐trimethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychroman (γ‐CEHC), a γ‐tocopherol (γ‐Toc) metabolite, in rat urine and bile by using a new high‐performance liquid chromatography‐elelectrochemical detection (HPLC‐ECD) method. In this determination, CEHC [α‐ and γ‐CEHC, where α‐CEHC‐2,5,7,8‐tetramethyl‐2(2′‐carboxyethyl)‐6‐hydroxychioman] in the biological specimens were treated with 3 N methanolic HCl to hydrolyze conjugates and to promote esterification. The methylated samples were extracted by n‐hexane/water (1∶2). The analyses of the methyl esters of α‐CEHC and γ‐CEHC were performed by an HPLC‐ECD using an ODS‐3 column at 35°C. The mobile phase was acetonitrile/water (45∶55, vol/vol) containing 50 mM sodium perchlorate. After rat urine and bile samples, respectively, were methylated as described above, methylated biliary metabolites were identified by liquid chromatography mass spectrometry as methyl esters of γ‐CEHC. Furthermore, we examined the differences in the excretion of γ‐CEHC between rat urine and bile after an oral administration of γ‐Toc or α‐ +γ‐Toc by the above HPLC method. In the γ‐Toc group, each vitamin E‐deficient rat was given 0.5 mL of a stripped corn oil preparation containing 10 mg of γ‐Toc. In the α‐ +γ‐Toc group, the rat was given 10 mg of α‐Toc and 10 mg of γ‐Toc. The content of γ‐CEHC in rat urine from the α‐ +γ‐Toc group was increased more in comparison to the γ‐Toc group at 18–36 h after oral administration. Moreover, the content of γ‐CEHC in rat bile in the α‐ +γ‐Toc group was increased more in comparison to the γ‐Toc group at 6–18 h after oral administration. Therefore, we have suggested that γ‐CEHC was shifted mainly to urinary excretion after γ‐CEHC had been excreted into the bile. Furthermore, we assume that α‐Toc may affect the metabolism of γ‐Toc to γ‐CEHC in the body.
Temperature‐enhanced alumina HPLC method for the analysis of wax esters, sterol esters, and methyl esters
Authors: Moreau Robert A. , Kohout Karen , Singh Vijay 
Published: November 2006

AbstractPrevious attempts at separating nonpolar lipid esters (including wax esters, sterol esters, and methyl esters) have achieved only limited success. Among the several normal‐phase methods tested, a single recent report of a method employing an alumina column at 30°C with a binary gradient system was the most promising. In the current study, modification of the alumina method by increasing the column temperature to 75°C improved the separation of standards of wax esters and sterol esters. Elevated column temperature also enhanced the separation of FAME with differing degrees of unsaturation. Evidence was also presented to indicate that the method similarly separated phytosterol esters, based on their levels of unsaturation. With the increased interest in phytosterol‐ and phytostanol esterenriched functional foods, this method should provide a technique to characterize and compare these products.
Synthesis of fluorinated analogs of myristic acid as potential inhibitors of egyptian armyworm (Spodoptera littorialis) Δ11 desaturasedesaturase
Authors: Abad José‐Luis , Villorbina Gemma , Fabriàs Gemma , Camps Francisco 
Published: November 2006

AbstractTo study the activity of the different desaturases present in the pheromone biosynthetic pathway of the Egyptian armyworm, Spodoptera littoralis, we prepared a series of mono‐and gem‐difluorinated analogs of myristic acid with halogen substitution at the C8–C11 positions of the aliphatic chain via specifically positioned dithiane precursors. Thus, transformation of dithianes by treatment with N‐bromosuccinimide in the presence of H2O followed by reduction with LiAIH4 afforded the appropriate alcohols, which reacted with diethylaminosulfur trifluoride to give rise to the corresponding monofluoroderivative intermediates. Alternatively, the introduction of the gem‐difluoro functionality was carried out by reaction of the appropriate dithiane intermediate with 1,3‐dibromo‐5,5‐dimethylhydantoin in the presence of HF/pyridine. The activity of these fluorinated FA as substrates and inhibitors of the desaturases involved in the biosynthesis of the sex pheromonal blend of S. littoralis has been studied. In this case, 11‐fluorotetradecanoic acid elicited a moderate inhibitory activity of Δ11 desaturase.
Daphnia magna can tolerate short‐term starvation without major changes in lipid metabolism
Authors: Bychek E. A. , Dobson G. A. , Harwood J. L. , Guschina I. A. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDaphnia magna is a common crustacean that is adapted to brief speels of fasting. Lipids are naturally a major component of their diet and are stored as energy reserves. However, there has been some controversy in the literature on the extent to which dietary lipids are used directly for complex lipid formation in Daphnia. We examined lipid metabolism in D. magna by labeling the animals using [1‐14C]acetate and then followed the turnover of radiolabeled lipids during a pulse chase. Daphnia were either fed or maintained without food during the chase period. The decrease in radioactivity during the chase was relatively unaffected by feeding, although there were some differences in the distribution of radioactivity between lipid classes or individual FA. The polar lipids, which were four times better labeled than nonpolar lipids, contained the most radioactivity in the zwitterionic phosphoglycerides, PE and PC. Under the experimental conditions, the turnover of the polar membrane lipids was unaffected by feeding. Within nonpolar lipids, TAG accounted for up to about 80% of the label, followed by DAG. Overall, our data show that D. magna is capable of high rates of lipid radiolabeling de novo and, in addition, is able to use—and indeed may be dependent on—some dietary components such as the PUFA linoleate and α‐linolenate. The results also clearly show that Daphnia is able to tolerate brief spells of fasting (24 h) with very little change to its lipid metabolism.
Dietary phospholipids are more efficient than neutral lipids for long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supply in European sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax larval development
Authors: Gisbert E. , Villeneuve L. , Zambonino‐Infante J. L. , Quazuguel P. , Cahu C. L. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe evaluated the effects of dietary lipid class (phospholipid vs. neutral lipid) and level of n−3 long‐chain PUFA (LC‐PUFA) on the growth, digestive enzymatic activity, and histological organization of the intestine and liver in European sea bass larvae. Fish were fed from the onset of exogenous feeding at 7 to 37 d post‐hatch with five isoproteic and isolipidic compound diets with different levels of EPA and DHA. Diet names indicated the percentage of EPA and DHA contained in the phospholipids (PL) and neutral lipids (NL), as follows: PL5, PL3, PL1, NL1, and NL3. Histological observations showed different patterns of lipid absorption and accumulation in the intestinal mucosa depending on the level and nature of the dietary lipid fraction. Fish fed high levels of neutral lipids (11%, NL3 diet: 2.6% of EPA+DHA in the NL fraction) showed large intracellular and intercellular lipid deposits in the anterior intestine, but no such lipid accumulation was detected when larvae were fed with low and moderate levels of EPA and DHA in the phospholipid and neutral lipid fractions of the diet (PL and NL1 diets). PL were preferentially absorbed in the postvalvular intestine, and the accumulation of marine PL was inversely correlated to their dietary level. The postvalvular intestinal mucosa and liver showed signs of steatosis; large lipid vacuoles were observed in this region of the intestine and in the liver and were inversely correlated with the level of dietary neutral lipids. The best results in terms of growth, survival, and development (maturation of the digestive system and histological organization of the liver and intestinal mucosa) were obtained in the group fed with 2.3% of EPA and DHA in the PL fraction of the diet (PL3 diet), revealing that European sea bass larvae use the LC‐PUFa contained in the PL fraction more efficiently than those from the NL fraction of the diet.
Recent advances in the biochemistry and clinical relevance of the isoprostane pathway
Authors: Musiek Erik S. , Yin Huiyong , Milne Ginger L. , Morrow Jason D. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIsoprostanes (IsoPs), lipid peroxidation products formed via the free radical‐mediated oxidation of arachidonic acid, have become the “gold standard” biomarker of oxidative stress in vivo over the past 15 yr. Significant advances have been made in understanding this important pathway of lipid peroxidation. Recent studies from our laboratory are discussed that have provided insights into the mechanism of formation and regioisomeric distribution of these compounds and that have identified novel products of the IsoP pathway such as cyclized dioxolane IsoPs, IsoP‐derived racemic prostaglandins, and reactive cyclopentenone IsoP, the latter of which possess potent biological actions. Furthermore, new independent studies have demonstrated that IsoPs are the most reliable available marker of lipid peroxidation in vivo, and recent work examining IsoP formation has provided valuable infromation about the pathogenesis of numerous human diseases. Thus, the complexity of the IsoP pathway has expanded, providing novel insights into mechanisms of lipid peroxidation in vivo and allowing investigators to explore the role of oxidative stress in human disease.
Fatty acids in must prepared from 11 grapes grown in Japan: Comparison with wine and effect on fatty acid ethyl ester formation
Authors: Yunoki Keita , Yasui Yoshiro , Hirose Shuji , Ohnishi Masao 
Published: November 2006

AbstractFA components of 11 mustsmade from grape cultivars grown for making red wine in various regions of Japan and of wines made from the musts were compared to elucidate variety‐dependent characteristics and to clarify their effect on FA ethyl ester (FAEE) formation in wine. Sixteen FA with carbon chain lengths from 12 to 26 were detected in all musts, with palmitic, linoleic, and linolenic acids generally predominating. Higher levels of linoleic acid were found in musts from a cold region (Hokkaido), and higher levels of oleic acid occurred in musts from a warm region (Honshu). Moreover, the unsaturation indexes (1.31–1.56) of five grape musts from the cold region showed significant differences among varieties, corresponding to the grapevines’ degree of cryotolerance. The FA levels (610–6,610 nmol/100 mL) of all wines were extremely low (1.2–12.8%) compared with those of must, but the FA compositions were similar to those of must. Additionally, significant amounts of FAEE, possibly derived from yeast activity, were found in wines by using a solid‐phase extraction method. The amounts of FAEE in wine significantly differed among samples (245–904 nmol/100 mL) and were inversely correlated with the percentage of linoleic acid in musts (R=−0.883). Thus, higher linoleic acid levels in must may be related to lower FAEE formation by yeast.
A pathway for biosynthesis of divinyl ether fatty acids in green leaves
Authors: Hamberg Mats 
Published: November 2006

Abstract[1‐14C]α‐Linolenic acid was incubated with a particulate fraction of homogenate of leaves of the meadow buttercup (Ranunculus acris L.). The main product was a divinyl ether fatty acid, which was identified as 12‐[1′(Z),3′(Z)‐hexadienyloxy]‐9(Z), 11(E)‐dodecadienoic acid. Addition of glutathione peroxidase and reduced glutathione to incubations of α‐linolenic acid almost completely suppressed formation of the divinyl ether acid and resulted in the appearance of 13(S)‐hydroxy‐9(Z), 11(E), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid as the main product. This result, together with the finding that 13(S)‐hydroperoxy‐9(Z), 11(E), 15(Z)‐octadecatrienoic acid served as an efficient precursor of the divinyl ether fatty acid, indicated that divinyl ether biosynthesis in leaves of R. acris occurred by a two‐step pathway involving an ω6‐lipoxygenase and a divinyl ether synthase. Incubations of isomeric hydroperoxides derived from α‐linolenic and linoleic acids with the enzyme preparation from R. acris showed that 13(S)‐hydroperoxy‐9(Z), 11(E)‐octadecadienoic acid was transformed into the divinyl ether 12‐[1′(Z)‐hexenyloxy]‐9(Z), 11(E)‐dodecadienoic acid. In contrast, neither the 9(S)‐hydroperoxides of linoleic or α‐linolenic acids nor the 13(R)‐hydroperoxide of α‐linolenic acid served as precursors of divinyl ethers.
Metabolism of dietary α‐linolenic acid vs. eicosapentaenoic acid in rat immune cell phospholipids during endotoxemia
Authors: Palombo John D. , DeMichele Stephen J. , Boyce Patricia J. , Noursalehi Mojtaba , Armour Forse R. , Bistrian Bruce R. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractShort‐term (i.e., 3 d) continuous enteral feeding of diets containing eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and γ‐linolenic (GLA) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) to endotoxemic rats reduces the levels of arachidonic acid (AA) and linoleic acid (LA) in alveolar macrophage (AM) and liver Kupffer and endothelial (K&E) cell phospholipids with attendant decreases in prostaglandin formation by these cells in vitro. Diets that contain α‐linolenic acid (LNA) as a substrate for endogenous formation of EPA may not be as effective in facilitating these immune cell modifications given the limited activity of Δ6 desaturase. In the present study we compared the effectiveness of an LNA‐enriched diet vs. an (EPA+GLA)‐enriched diet to displace phospholipid AA from AM and liver K&E cells in vivo in endotoxemic rats fed enterally for 3 or 6 d. We determined the fatty acid composition of AM and K&E cell phospholipids by gas chromatography. We found that AM and K&E cells from rats that had received the EPA+GLA diet for 3 d had significantly (P<0.001) higher mole percentage of EPA and the GLA metabolite, dihomoGLA, than corresponding cells from rats given the LNA diet or a control diet enriched with LA. Rats given the LNA diet had relatively low levels of stearidonic acid, EPA and other n−3 PUFA, while rats given the LA diet had low levels of GLA and dihomoGLA. We conclude that diets enriched with LNA or LA may not be as effective as those enriched with FPA+GLA for purposes of fostering incorporation of EPA or dihomoGLA into and displacement of AA from macrophage phospholipids under pathophysiologic conditions commonly found in acutely septic patients.
Classification of protein content and technological properties of eighteen wheat varieties grown in Iran
Authors: Sahari Mohammad Ali , Gavlighi Hassan Ahmadi , Tabrizzad Mohammad Hossein Azizi 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe best method for wheat planning and its food industrial usage is evaluation of its technological properties. Classification of protein content and some technological properties of eighteen important Iranian wheat cultivars were investigated. Statistical analysis revealed, highest protein content (11%), protein quality (SDS = 35.6 mL), hardness degree (63%), in Rooshan of Karaj (I), Zagroos of Ahvaz (K) and Marvdasht of Karaj (O) varieties, respectively. On the basis of the quality, the Zagross of Ahvaz (K), Zarrine of Aurumieh (L), Rooshan of Karaj (I), and Chamran of Ahvaz (D) varieties were recognized for their farinograph and extensograph characteristics (water absorption = 61–65%, dough development time = 2.3–5.3 min, dough stability to break down = 15–19.3 min, mixing tolerance index = 22.3–32.3 BU, valorimetry index = 55–64.3 Unit, maximum resistance to extension = 134–450 BU, dough energy = 11.3–100.3 cm2 and extensibility = 156–179 mm). The dendrogram was classified into four groups and in general, the wheat cultivar K was the most separated from the other cultivars, followed by L and I.
Effect of extrusion parameters on flavour retention, functional and physical properties of mixtures of starch and d‐limonene encapsulated in milk protein
Authors: Yuliani Sri , Torley Peter J. , D'Arcy Bruce , Nicholson Timothy , Bhandari Bhesh 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe purpose of this research was to investigate the retention of flavour volatiles encapsulated in water‐insoluble systems during high temperature–short time extrusion process. A protein precipitation method was used to produce water‐insoluble capsules encapsulating limonene, and the capsules were added to the extruder feed material (cornstarch). A twin‐screw extruder was used to evaluate the effect of capsule level of addition (0–5%), barrel temperature (125–145 °C) and screw speed (145–175 r.p.m.) on extruder parameters (torque, die pressure, specific mechanical energy, residence time distribution) and extrudate properties [flavour retention, texture, colour, density, expansion, water absorption index, water solubility index (WSI)]. Capsule level had a significant effect on extrusion conditions, flavour retention and extrudate physical properties. Flavour retention increased with the increase in capsule level from 0% to 2.5%, reached a maximum value at capsule level of 2.5% and decreased when the capsule level increased from 2.5% to 5%. The die pressure, torque, expansion ratio, hardness and WSI exhibited the opposite effect with the presence of capsules.
Effect of partial baking, storage and rebaking process on the quality of white pan bread
Authors: Murat Karaoğlu Mehmet , Gürbüz Kotancilar Halis 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe effect of par‐baking, antimicrobial additive (calcium‐propionate) and refrigerator storage on the aging behaviour and quality of white pan bread was evaluated. Breads were par‐baked for 10, 15, 20 min at 230°C, with and without Ca‐propionate (0.2%), and were stored at refrigerator temperature (4°C) for 7, 14, 21 days, wrapped with two polyethylene bags. After storage, rebaked breads were subject to moisture, baking loss, volume, hydration capacity, softness, total titratable acidity (TTA) and colour analysis. Addition of Ca‐propionate significantly decreased crust moisture content, baking loss, specific volume, hydration capacity and softness values of white pan bread, while crumb moisture content, acidity and a colour value significantly increased. Initial baking time of rebaked white pan bread had a significant effect on moisture, specific volume, hydration capacity, softness, TTA and colour of bread. Regarding the crumb softness, 10 min of initial baking time gave the softest white pan bread crumb. The increase in the time of intermediate storage of the par‐baked bread leads to a decrease in the quality of the resulting full baked bread, namely a loss in the moisture content, softness and an increase of the baking loss, specific volume. The rebaked white pan bread, which was par‐baked for 10 min and stored for 7 and 14 days at refrigerator temperature, gave softer crumb than the control group.