bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood Factors Associated With Unnatural Death Through Midadulthood
Authors: Roth Kimberly B. , Kahn Geoffrey , Storr Carla L. , Wilcox Holly C. 
Published: February 2024

ImportanceLife expectancy is decreasing in the US. Without national efforts to address factors that support policies and programs directed at children living in areas of concentrated poverty, life expectancy will likely continue to decline while costs and suffering associated with unnatural deaths will increase.ObjectiveTo identify which childhood factors are associated with death from unnatural causes through midadulthood.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsFor this cohort study, longitudinal data on childhood characteristics came from a group-randomized intervention trial implemented in Baltimore City Public Schools, Baltimore, Maryland (baseline 1985-1986; all students entering first grade were selected to participate at age 6 years). Participants were followed up to midadulthood with a National Death Index search through December 31, 2020. Data analysis was performed from February to May 2023.ExposuresExposures included individual factors (ie, sociodemographic characteristics, teacher-reported aggressive behavior, self-reported depression, anxiety, early alcohol and cannabis use, and assaultive violence exposure), family and peer factors (ie, household structure and education level, deviant peer affiliation, and parental monitoring), and neighborhood factors (ie, rates of neighborhood assault and public assistance).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was unnatural death, defined as death due to unintentional injury, suicide, and homicide. A National Death Index search ascertained participants who died by age 41 to 42 years and cause of death. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify whether the exposures were independently associated with future mortality by unnatural causes.ResultsThe initial trial included 2311 children, and longitudinal data were available for 2180 participants (median [IQR] age in first grade, 6.3 [6.0-6.5] years; 1090 female [50.0%]; 1461 Black [67.0%]; 1168 received free or reduced lunch in first grade [53.6%]). A total of 111 male participants (10.2%) and 29 female participants (2.7%) died; among those who died, 96 male participants (86.5%) and 14 female participants (48.3%) died of unnatural causes. Two factors remained significantly associated with mortality from unnatural causes: female sex was associated with reduced risk (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% CI, 0.08-0.22), and neighborhood public assistance was associated with increased risk (hazard ratio, 1.89; 95% CI, 1.09-3.30).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this urban population-based cohort study, no modifiable risk factors of mortality at the level of the individual (eg, depression or anxiety and substance use) or the family (eg, household education level) were identified. However, the degree of neighborhood poverty in early childhood was significantly associated with death by unnatural causes in early adulthood, suggesting that economic policies are needed to advance health equity in relation to premature mortality.
Polymorphic Structure Determination of the Macrocyclic Drug Paritaprevir by MicroED
Authors: Bu Guanhong , Danelius Emma , Wieske Lianne H.E. , Gonen Tamir 
Published: February 2024

AbstractParitaprevir is an orally bioavailable, macrocyclic drug used for treating chronic Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Its structures have been elusive to the public until recently when one of the crystal forms is solved by microcrystal electron diffraction (MicroED). In this work, the MicroED structures of two distinct polymorphic crystal forms of paritaprevir are reported from the same experiment. The different polymorphs show conformational changes in the macrocyclic core, as well as the cyclopropyl sulfonamide and methyl pyrazinamide substituents. Molecular docking shows that one of the conformations fits well into the active site pocket of the HCV non‐structural 3/4A (NS3/4A) serine protease target, and can interact with the pocket and catalytic triad via hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonds. These results can provide further insight for optimization of the binding of acyl sulfonamide inhibitors to the HCV NS3/4A serine protease. In addition, this also demonstrates the opportunity to derive different polymorphs and distinct macrocycle conformations from the same experiments using MicroED.
Water Soluble, Ionically Generated Thiopolymers
Authors: Dale Joseph J. , Smith Martin W. , Hasell Tom 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSodium allyl sulfonate (SAS) is a surfactant molecule that has occasional use as a monomer for the formation of functional polymers. A polymerization method is detailed herein, whereby it is demonstrated that the positioning of the individual functional groups can allow for the removal of protons adjacent to a sulfonate position before reaction with an electrophilic center to generate a polymeric material. In this case, sodium polysulfides are applied to promote the formation of a sulfur polymer using a mild synthesis that poses significant safety and energy benefits when compared to other methods of sulfur polymer generation, for example, inverse vulcanization. The polymer product that forms is demonstrated to retain all starting functionalities. Poly‐S‐SAS polymer also demonstrates impressive properties for application as a desiccant with a sorption maximum of 345 w/w % water, or as a flocculant material capable of removing up to 87% of different metals from low ppm solutions rapidly.
A Multifaceted Competitive Zn–Cu Battery Unleashed by Optimizing Charge Protocols
Authors: Shang Wenxu , Ma Yanyi , Tan Peng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractRechargeable alkaline Zn–Cu batteries show great potential for energy storage systems due to their high capacity, cost‐effectiveness, and environmental‐friendliness. However, restricted by the severe dissolution upon charging, rapid capacity decline occurs throughout the cycle. Herein, the charging protocol is adjusted to bypass the dissolution stage of high‐valent states, thereby preserving the optimal reaction section of Zn–Cu batteries and greatly improving cycling stability. Additionally, a self‐activation process in the initial stage led to the spontaneous transformation of the original electroplated Cu particles on nickel foam from 10 to 4 mm, enhancing both conductivity and mass transfer, ultimately increasing the utilization of active materials. The battery achieved a discharge capacity of 349.5 mAh g−1, an ultra‐flat charge–discharge voltage platform, over 92% energy efficiency, a low cost of only $43.25 per kWh, and an exceptionally stable cyclic performance with no noticeable decay over 400 cycles. These 5D improvements position the Cu electrode as a robust candidate for the positive electrode material in the next generation of commercial Zn batteries.
Oriented Exfoliating 3D Metal–Organic Frameworks into Ultrathin Metal–Organic Nanosheets with Different Crystal Faces
Authors: Shao Bing , He Xing‐Lu , Huang Du , Xiang Yi‐Lei , Luo Yan , Wei Yan‐Mei , Jiang Linbin , Huang Rui‐Kang , Dong Min , Huang Jin 
Published: February 2024

AbstractManufacturing two‐dimensional (2D) materials or nanosheets with desired crystal faces originating from an established intrinsic 3D structure is a significant challenge. Herein, an intrinsic t3D metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) can be exfoliated into ultrathin metal–organic nanosheets with (001) and (101) crystal faces, which is regulated by the solute's shard and soft acid−base and pH value in the exfoliating solution. The inorganic ligands (with different charges) possessing the similar hardness of Lewis acid‐base of metal center can replace some of the organic ligands along the established crystal faces of the 3D MOFs with different electrostatic potentials, resulting in the exfoliating of the 3D MOFs into metal–organic nanosheets with different crystal faces. Using the Knoevenagel reaction as the catalytic reaction model, the catalytic activity of (001) crystal faces is three times that of (101) crystal faces, which is determined by the different locations of open metal sits in the 3D lamellar structure, further confirming the occurrence of oriented exfoliation.
Near‐Ideal Schottky Junction Photodetectors Based on Semimetal‐Semiconductor Van der Waals Heterostructures
Authors: Wang Guangcan , Sun Yang , Yang Zhe , Lu Weixi , Chen Shuo , Zhang Xinhao , Ma Heqi , Sun Tianyu , Huo Panpan , Cui Xiangyong , Man Baoyuan , Wang Xiangling , Yang Cheng 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSchottky junction barrier is promising to suppress dark current in photodetectors by blocking the tunneling electrons. Due to the Fermi pinning effect, designing the Schottky barrier with a conventional 3D metal/2D semiconductor interface is challenging. Here, it is shown that a 2D semimetal‐semiconductor van der Waals Schottky junction can be utilized to design the near‐ideal Schottky barrier for the high Ion/Ioff ratio photodetectors. It is demonstrated that the experimental barrier height (≈467 meV) of the 1T′‐MoTe2/WS2 Schottky junction can largely follow the Schottky‐Mott rule by effectively resolving the Fermi pinning effect. Such increased barrier height suppresses the thermionic emission (TE) and the tunneling of the electrons. However, for the photo‐generated electron‐hole pairs with the higher energy case, holes cannot be prevented, while most of the electrons with the higher energy can also be easily transferred. The 1T′‐MoTe2/WS2/1T′‐MoTe2 photodetector exhibits the dark current density of 5 × 10−13 A µm−1, a light on/off ratio of 106, a responsivity of 30 A W−1, and a detectivity of 1.82 × 1014 Jones. Modulated Schottky barrier height is adopted to construct a self‐powered 1T′‐MoTe2/WS2/Au photodetector.
Single‐Atom Control of Arsenic Incorporation in Silicon for High‐Yield Artificial Lattice Fabrication
Authors: Stock Taylor J. Z. , Warschkow Oliver , Constantinou Procopios C. , Bowler David R. , Schofield Steven R. , Curson Neil J. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractArtificial lattices constructed from individual dopant atoms within a semiconductor crystal hold promise to provide novel materials with tailored electronic, magnetic, and optical properties. These custom‐engineered lattices are anticipated to enable new, fundamental discoveries in condensed matter physics and lead to the creation of new semiconductor technologies including analog quantum simulators and universal solid‐state quantum computers. This work reports precise and repeatable, substitutional incorporation of single arsenic atoms into a silicon lattice. A combination of scanning tunneling microscopy hydrogen resist lithography and a detailed statistical exploration of the chemistry of arsine on the hydrogen‐terminated silicon (001) surface are employed to show that single arsenic dopants can be deterministically placed within four silicon lattice sites and incorporated with 97 ± 2% yield. These findings bring closer to the ultimate frontier in semiconductor technology: the deterministic assembly of atomically precise dopant and qubit arrays at arbitrarily large scales.
Dynamic Acoustic Beamshaping with Coupling‐Immune Moiré Metasurfaces
Authors: Zhou Hong‐Tao , Li Chen‐Yang , Zhu Jia‐Hui , Hu Chuanjie , Wang Yan‐Feng , Wang Yue‐Sheng , Qiu Cheng‐Wei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractMoiré effects arising from mutually twisted metasurfaces have showcased remarkable wave manipulation capabilities, unveiling tantalizing emerging phenomena such as acoustic moiré flat bands and topological phase transitions. However, the pursuit of strong near‐field coupling in layers has necessitated acoustic moiré metasurfaces to be tightly stacked at narrow distances in the subwavelength range. Here, moiré effects beyond near‐field interlayer coupling in acoustics are reported and the concept of coupling‐immune moiré metasurfaces is proposed. Remote acoustic moiré effects decoupled from the interlayer distance are theoretically, numerically, and experimentally demonstrated. Tunable out‐of‐plane acoustic beam scanning is successfully achieved by dynamically controlling twist angles. The engineered coupling‐immune properties are further extended to multilayered acoustic moiré metasurfaces and manipulation of acoustic vortices. Good robustness against external disturbances is also observed for the fabricated coupling‐immune acoustic moiré metasurfaces. The presented work unlocks the potential of twisted moiré devices for out‐of‐plane acoustic beam shaping, enabling practical applications in remote dynamic detection, and multiplexed underwater acoustic communication.
IGZO Phototransistor with Ultrahigh Sensitivity at Broad Spectrum Range (450–950 nm) Realized by Incorporating PM6:Y6 Bulk Heterojunction
Authors: Ko Hyung Min , Yang Seok Joo , Jeung Jinpyeo , Park Hyuk , Seo Taewon , Kim Seung‐Mo , Lee Byoung Hun , Cho Kilwon , Chung Yoonyoung 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAmong various photoresponsive materials, organic materials have gained interest due to their low cost, large‐scale yields, and compatibility with flexible substrates. However, their low photoresponsivity compared to inorganic counterparts has been consistently pointed out as a limitation. To address this issue, a highly photoresponsive PM6:Y6/IGZO hybrid phototransistor is presented with a broad spectral range of 450–950 nm. The photoresponse of the device is enhanced by controlling the PM6:Y6 blending ratio, active layer thickness, and solvent additive treatment. The PM6:Y6 blending ratio and thickness are optimized to promote charge separation and efficient charge transport, leading to a significant increase in photoresponsivity. Moreover, solvent additives are employed to improve the crystallinity of the PM6:Y6 film, which further enhanced the charge transport. As a result, the PM6:Y6/IGZO hybrid phototransistor exhibited exceptional performance, with an ultrahigh photoresponsivity of 2.2 × 108 A W−1 and specific detectivity of 9.8 × 1016 Jones under 750 nm light with an intensity of only 1.03 nW cm−2. These results highlight the potential of organic materials in developing high‐performance phototransistors.
Catalytic Generation and Intermolecular Addition of Diarylmethyl Anions Utilizing [1,2]‐Phospha‐Brook Rearrangement Under Brønsted Base Catalysis
Authors: Kondoh Azusa , Terada Masahiro 
Published: February 2024

AbstractAn intermolecular addition reaction involving an unconventional combination of a diarylmethyl anion and an electrophile, which is mediated by the [1,2]‐phospha‐Brook rearrangement under Brønsted base catalysis, was developed. Diarylmethyl anions having a benzofuran moiety were generated through the rearrangement with the aid of a catalytic amount of phosphazene base P2‐tBu. The resulting carbanion intermediates were trapped by various electrophiles, such as α,β‐unsaturated ketones, aryl aldehydes, α‐ketoesters, and N‐Boc imines, providing the corresponding diarylalkane derivatives in good yields.
The 90‐Day Survival Threshold: A Pivotal Determinant of Long‐Term Prognosis in HBV‐ACLF Patients – Insights from a Prospective Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Xiao Lanlan , Chen Jiajia , Zhao Shuai , Zhoudi Wenxin , He Keting , Qian Xiaohan , Zhang Fen , Liu Qiuhong , Li Tan , Zhu Danhua , Wu Xiaoxin , Pu Zhangya , Huang Jianrong , Xie Zhongyang , Xu Xiaowei 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThis work aims to explore the long‐term prognosis of hepatitis B virus‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (HBV‐ACLF). In this prospective study, eligible inpatients with HBV‐ACLF are enrolled and followed up from December 2012 to February 2023, for clinical events, laboratory tests at least every 6 months. Overall, the survival rates at 28 days, 90 days, 1 year, 5 years, and 8 years are 64.7%, 48.8%, 46.1%, 43.8%, and 42.2%, respectively. Among the 8‐year mortality and liver transplant cases, ACLF survivors (who survived over 90 days) accounted for 7.8% (9/115). Among 101 patients who survived for more than 90 days, 97.9% of patients achieve virologic response at 1 year. For HBeAg‐positive patients, the HBeAg seroconversion are 25.5%, 63.6%, and 76.9% at 1, 5, and 8 years, respectively. Alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, total bilirubin, INR, white blood cell count, and albumin levels gradually improve within the first year. Fibrosis biomarkers APRI, FIB‐4 and Chitinase‐3‐like protein 1 (CHI3L1) levels decreases within the first 5 years. The Cox proportional hazards regression reveal that high total bilirubin (HR = 1.008, p = 0.021) is the independent risk factor for 8‐year survival of ALCF survivors. The 90‐day period following of HBV‐ACLF represented a critical juncture for long‐term prognosis, revealing favorable outcomes beyond this timeframe.
Disposable and Flexible Paper‐Based Optoelectronic Synaptic Devices for Physical Reservoir Computing
Authors: Komatsu Hiroaki , Hosoda Norika , Kounoue Toshiya , Tokiwa Kazuyasu , Ikuno Takashi 
Published: February 2024

AbstractHealth monitoring using wearable artificial intelligence (AI) sensors with sensing and cognitive capabilities has garnered significant attention. The development of self‐contained AI sensors that can operate with low power consumption, akin to the human brain, is necessary. Physical reservoir computing (PRC), which mimics the human brain using physical phenomena, offers a low‐power consumption architecture. Nevertheless, creating a flexible and easily disposable sensors using PRC capable of processing optical signals with sub‐second response times suitable for biological signals presents a challenge. In this study, a disposable and flexible paper‐based optoelectronic synaptic devices are designed, which are composed of nanocellulose and ZnO nanoparticles, for PRC. This device exhibits synaptic photocurrent in response to optical input. To assess its performance, a classification and time‐series forecasting tasks are conducted. The memory capacity of short‐term memory task, indicating the device's ability to store past information, is 1.8. The device can recognize handwritten digits with an accuracy of 88%. These results highlight the potential of the device for PRC. In addition, subjecting the device to 1000 rounds of bending do not affect its accuracy. Furthermore, the device burn in a few seconds, much like regular office paper, demonstrating its disposability.
Component Fluctuation Modulated Gelation Effect Enable Temperature Adaptability in Zinc‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ji Shanguo , Luo Hao , Qin Shuo , Zhang Xinyue , Hu Yuanyuan , Zhang Weiwei , Sun Jianchao , Xu Jing , Xie Haijiao , Yan Zhenhua , Yang Kai 
Published: February 2024

AbstractThe active H2O and slow ion kinetics behavior deteriorate the performance of aqueous zinc‐ion batteries at a wide temperature range, even in hydrogel electrolyte. Herein, a component fluctuation modulated gelation effect is applied to optimize Zn2+ solvation structure, realizing a balance between H2O activity limitation and Zn2+ kinetics retention. The as‐prepared hydrogel electrolyte via in situ copolymerization of [2‐(methacryloyloxy)ethyl] dimethyl‐(3‐sulfopropyl) and acrylamide in the electrolyte salt matrix facilitates stable overall performance at both normal and low temperatures. Theoretical calculations and experimental results attest that polymer functional groups exhibit a higher efficacy in substituting bound water in the Zn2+ solvated shell with the polymer content increasement, thereby alleviating water‐associated parasitic reactions. Furthermore, the hydrogel with abundant zwitterionic groups not only interacts with H2O to limit hydrolysis, but also constructs separated ionic migration channels to promote uniform and fast Zn2+ transport. As a result, the hydrogel electrolytes promote stable Zn2+ plating/stripping behaviors over 1050 h and 3000 h at 25 and −20 °C, respectively. The full batteries achieve a capacity retention of 98.8% over 2000 cycles at 25 °C and stably cycle for 600 times at −20 °C. This work yields novel insights into the development and design of hydrogel electrolytes.
Application of motor learning theory to teach the head impulse test to emergency medicine resident physicians
Authors: Lenning Jacob C. , Messman Anne M. , Kline Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2024

AbstractObjectivesThe objective was to develop an innovative method of training emergency medicine (EM) resident physicians to perform the head impulse test (HIT) component of the HINTS (head impulse test, nystagmus, test of skew) examination using video‐oculography (VOG) device feedback.MethodsUsing principles from motor learning theory and Ericsson's framework for expertise, we developed a training innovation utilizing VOG device feedback to teach the degree (10°–20°) and velocity (>100°/s) of head turn required for the HIT. We assessed the technical ability of participants to perform the HIT using the VOG device, without feedback, to count the number of successful HITs out of 20 attempts before, immediately after, and 2 weeks after the training innovation. Participants rated their confidence on a 1 to 5 Likert scale before and 2 weeks after training.ResultsMost participants (11 of 14, 78%) were unable to perform even one successful HIT in 20 attempts before training despite brief verbal and visual instruction regarding the head turn parameters. However, most participants achieved more than one success, in fact, all with at least five successes, immediately after training (13 of 14, 93%) and again 2 weeks after training (nine of 11, 82%). The median (interquartile range) number of successful HITs was 0 (0, mean 0.79) during baseline testing, 7.5 (5.8) immediately after training, and 10 (8.0) 2 weeks after training (p < 0.01, Kruskal–Wallis). The median confidence rating increased from 1.5 (1) before baseline testing to 3 (1.5) after follow‐up testing (p = 0.02, Mann–Whitney U).ConclusionsPrior to motor training, most participants failed to properly perform the HIT. Feedback training with VOG devices may facilitate development of the skills required to properly perform the HIT. Further study is needed to assess the ability to train the interpretive aspect of the HIT and other components of the HINTS examination.
Modified cadaver technique to simulate contaminated airway scenarios to train medical providers in suction‐assisted laryngoscopy and airway decontamination
Authors: Chadason Kathryn , Root Christopher , Boyle Jess , St. George Jonathan , Ducanto James 
Published: February 2024

AbstractSimulation training plays a vital role in modern medical education, fostering safe skill development. Task‐trainer manikin and cadaveric airway management training (CAMT) offer realistic airway management practice. Simulation allows learners the opportunity to manage high‐risk, low‐frequency scenarios, including difficult airways and massive airway contamination, common in emergent airway management. The suction‐assisted laryngoscopy and airway decontamination (SALAD) technique was developed to address massive airway contamination. This paper describes two methods to simulate massive airway contamination utilizing cadavers. We detail our techniques for both esophageal and nasopharyngeal delivery of simulated airway contaminant. Nasopharyngeal delivery was less invasive and required less time to set up. Utilizing cadavers to simulate massive airway contamination in CAMT provides learners with tools to manage airway complications effectively, enhancing readiness for complex airway challenges while promoting patient safety in clinical practice.