bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
EXPERIMENTS WITH AN ACCELERATED WEATHERING TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELS*
Authors: Spencer‐Strong G. H. , Cooper W. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExperiments were conducted on porcelain enamels using the accelerated weather test developed at the National Bureau of Standards. A comparison of results indicates this test to be a promising solution to the problem of the rapid determination of the weather resistance of porcelain enamel.
MODULAR SIZE OF CLAY‐PRODUCTS UNITS*
Authors: Plummer and Harry C. , Wanner E. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn cooperation with the Modular Service Association, studies have been made during the past two years on present unit masonry sizes as used in conventional building construction and their adaptability to a coordinated system. It was found that a significant relationship exists between present unit sizes in height, thickness, and length and a 4‐in. modular dimension. There is little consistency, however, in the assembly of these units in similar or composite walls and far less in the coordination with component building materials and equipment.Recommendations are made for single masonry units based on whole multiples of four inches with consideration given to the various joint thicknesses. Methods are shown for relating unit sizes in fractional multiples of four inches plus mortar joints to the grid pattern. Suggestions for standardization of unit sizes are proposed to obtain maximum simplification and corresponding economy to meet postwar construction requirements.
SOME PARTICULATE CHARACTERISTICS OF COMMERCIAL FLINT AND FELDSPAR *
Authors: Russell R. , Weisz R. S. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe particle‐size variations of eleven shipments of commercial flint and of fifteen shipments of feldspar have been investigated as a possible cause of production variations in electrical porcelain. A correlation of sieve data with specific surface calculations based on sedimentation determinations was made on six grades of commercial flint. The Andreasen pipette sedimentation method was used for all tests except those in which the hydrometer method was employed for comparison purposes. Either of these sedimentation methods had adequate accuracy to control particle size. The percentage remaining on the 325‐mesh sieve, however, could not be correlated with the specific surface values. Particle‐size distribution was determined for each sample. To facilitate comparisons, specific surface values were calculated from a plot of the distribution data on log‐probability graph paper. The investigation included the effect of various liquid suspending media and electrolytes on the settling characteristics of flint and feldspar. Neither flint nor feldspar could be adequately dispersed in non‐polar liquids. Feldspar apparently has surface‐active characteristics that permit it to be flocculated or deflocculated, depending on the nature of the ions present in solution. An anomalous peptizability of some feldspar samples in the particle‐size range below 3 microns is discussed.
VOLUME CHANGE ATTENDING LOW‐TO‐HIGH INVERSION OF CRISTOBALITE *
Authors: Beals M. D. , Zerfoss Samuel 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe volume expansion of cristobalite, as it passes through the low‐temperature inversion range, was studied by means of a dilatometer in which the cristobalite expanded against a column of mercury. The volume change was measured in a capillary tube attached to the mercury column. The temperature of inversion is a function of the previous history of the cristobalite sample. A volume change of 7% was obtained upon inversion. The volume change was found to depend on the previous heat‐treatment of the sample, the presence of added catalysts, and the source and grain size of silica. All of these factors affect the amount of cristobalite present and hence the change of volume on inversion of the cristobalite. Several samples of cristobalite from used silica brick were studied. The information is applied to the problems of silica refractories.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: V, NATURE OF WATER FILM IN PLASTIC CLAY*
Authors: Norton F. H. , Johnson A. L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUsing a pure monodisperse system of kaolinite particles of known diameter and thickness, it has been possible to calculate with a fair degree of precision the thickness of the water film separating the particles and the variation in thickness of this film for different pressures. It has also been possible to calculate with considerable certainty the force acting between two clay particles.
POLARISCOPIC EXAMINATION OF GLASS CONTAINER SECTIONS*
Authors:   Glass Container Association Ring Section Sub‐Committee of the Standard Testing Procedure Committees
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe ring‐section technique has been studied by the Standard Testing Procedure Committee of the Glass Container Association, and a tentative Standard Method of Examining and Grading Glass Container Ring Sections is proposed. The scope, method, and frequency of sampling, method of examination, and the methods used for ware‐quality grading and glass‐quality grading are described.
ENAMELED UTENSIL MANUFACTURERS' COUNCIL TENTATIVE STANDARD SOLUBILITY TEST FOR PORCELAIN ENAMELED COOKING UTENSILS*
Authors: Petersen F. A. , Andrews A. I. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe various methods for determining the degree of resistance of porcelain enameled cookingware to acid solubility are discussed. A method that overcomes many of the difficulties encountered in such a test and offers greater accuracy and reproducibility is described in detail.
FUNDAMENTAL STUDY OF CLAY: VI, FLOW PROPERTIES OF KAOLINITE‐WATER SUSPÉNSIONS*
Authors: Norton F. H. , Johnson A. L. , Lawrence W. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThe flow properties of six monodisperse kaolinite fractions were studied over a large range of concentration. From these results, it has been possible to set up an equation relating viscosity to concentration which holds over a very wide range. Equations relating concentration to thixotropy and to the yield point which have general application could also be established. The viscosity of a suspension is obtained from the sum of three quantities, namely, those contributed by (1) the liquid, (2) the individual particle, and (3) the collisions of the particles. Thixotropy is found to be due to the sum of two quantities, namely, the contribution of (1) the individual particle and (2) the interference of the particles. The yield point in these fractions was found to be proportional to the cube of the concentration. With these relations, it is possible to calculate the viscosity of a casting slip for any change in specific gravity.
STUDY OF FACTORS INVOLVED IN GLAZE‐SLIP CONTROL, I–IV* I, GLAZE‐SLIP SPECIFICATIONS
Authors: Harman C. G. , Schaefer C. F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractExperiments were conducted to find a simple, adequate means of specifying glaze consistency. Tests showed that the amount of slip clinging to a glass plate after it is withdrawn from a reservoir of slip (known as its coherence value) was directly influenced by such factors as amount of water, clay content, and age. These factors are commonly thought of as governing the working quality of the slip. Surface tension has little apparent relation to the working qualities of the slip. Examination of the fired glazes revealed that a distinct coherence value separated good glazes from poor types. A total of 110 pieces was fired; of these samples, fifty‐two were glazed with slips having coherence values above 0.04 gm. per sq. cm. Only three of the fifty‐two samples were satisfactory; the remaining fifty‐eight were coated with slips with a coherence value of less than 0.04 gm. per sq. cm. Only nine of these were defective in any respect and most of them were in the region of 0.04 gm. per sq. cm. coherence value.
MELTING RATE OF SODA‐LIME GLASSES AS INFLUENCED BY GRAIN SIZES OF RAW MATERIALS AND ADDITIONS OF CULLET*
Authors: Potts J. C. , Brookover George , Burch O. G. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractUsing the complete solution of silica grains as a criterion of melting, a comparison of the melting rate of a typical soda‐lime glass as affected by the grain size of the constituent materials has been made. This study indicates that if the grain sizes of raw materials are mismatched, separation or demixing of the batch during melting is likely to occur. The tendency of additions of cullet to minimize such separation is indicated.Further tests have been made on five commercial container‐glass compositions, which have raw materials of the same grain‐size distribution as those in commercial use. These experiments indicate a varying effect of the addition of cullet in decreasing melting time. This variation cannot be explained by differences in the degree to which the various raw‐material grain sizes are matched.
TIME PROBLEM IN ANNEALING*
Authors: Winter Aniuta 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA discussion of the homogeneity and stability that can be obtained by submitting a sample of glass to a given cooling schedule leads to a new method of annealing called the “freezing process.” The problems (a) how to obtain a given degree of annealing in a minimum amount of time and (b) how to obtain the best possible annealing in a given time are discussed theoretically in conjunction with the general principles of glass annealing. Numerical values of different quantities involved are given, and the application of the freezing process to a light flint glass is described in detail.
LEAD REPLACEMENTS IN DINNERWARE GLAZES*
Authors: Orlowski H. J. , Marquis John 
Published: June 2006

AbstractData are presented on leadless glazes in which barium, fluorine, lithium, and strontium have been employed as fluxes. Molecular and batch formulas are given for the best glazes with the test results from plant trials conducted in seven vitreous and semivitreous dinnerware plants. The glazes were developed for practical plant production as to cost of preparation, ease of application, and length of firing range. Tests include autoclave, thermal shock, impact, chipping, modulus of rupture, glazed‐ring compression, and scratch hardness.
FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF RAW CLAYS INFLUENCING THEIR USE*
Authors: Harman C. G. , Parmelee C. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSeveral properties of single‐base clays were measured to test the general correlation of these properties. This correlation is possible providing the water content and the soluble constituents are controlled, in which case the properties can be denned as functions of sorption capacity, the nature of the adsorbed ions, and the pore structure.
PROPERTIES OF WOLLASTONITE AND DIOPSIDE WITH ADMIXTURES OF TiO2/ ZrO2, AND SiO2*
Authors: Amberg C. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDiopside and wollastonite from natural sources were mixed with TiO2, ZrO2, and SiO2. The firing and fired properties were studied. Certain admixtures were found to improve the color of the fired materials and at the same time produced exceptionally hard bodies of high density.SummaryAll of the mixtures of wollastonite or diopside with TiO2, ZrO2, and SiO2 showed the short firing range typical of the alkaline earth silicates.Exceptionally high hardness and density were obtained with many of the compositions.The color of wollastonite showed the greatest improvement with 15% of TiO2 and that of diopside with 10 to 25% of ZrO2.
SOME FIRING AND FIRED PROPERTIES OF NEW YORK STATE DIOPSIDE, WOLLASTONITE, AND A TREMOLITIC MATERIAL *
Authors: Amberg C. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractNew York State diopside and wollastonite as well as a high tremolite material obtained as a by‐product of the electrostatic separation of talc were fired at a series of temperatures. Petrographic examination of the fired materials, absorptions, shrinkages, and P.C.E. values are reported, and observations on color and hardness are also given.SummaryDiopside and wollastonite resemble talc in having short firing ranges, but they develop a dark color at higher temperatures due to a brown, glassy phase that separates from solid solution at temperatures of 1200°C. and higher.The tremolite‐talc‐quartz mixture is highly refractory; its color at 1435°C. is still white and complete reaction of the constituents has taken place to produce cristobalite and a solid solution of diopside in enstatite. Low absorption was not obtained even with the complete reaction and no glassy phase was evident.
SOME INTERESTING PROPERTIES OF TITANIUM STEELS *
Authors: Comstock George F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSteel containing sufficient titanium to combine with all of the carbon does not react with vitreous enamels like ordinary low‐carbon steel or ingot iron so that white cover‐coat enamels, without a ground coat, can be fused on it without blistering or black specking. The titanium content must be more than 4.5 times the carbon content. This steel has been made commercially by the basic open‐hearth process, and the requirements for successful manufacture are explained. It is of excellent quality for deep‐drawing and does not have a definite yield point even when normalized or annealed so that stretcher strains cannot occur in it. It is not subject to strain aging of any kind, even when strained as much as 17% and aged at 450°F. It is resistant to caustic embrittlement, and to attack by hydrogen at high temperatures and pressures, and it also resists sagging at enameling temperatures better than regular enameling steel or iron. The yield strength of this steel at room temperature as now manufactured commercially is low, but titanium steels of higher strength containing manganese, nickel, and copper are described, which have the same favorable enameling quality. These stronger steels have excellent ductility and toughness, fair weldability, good resistance to strain‐aging embrittlement, and better resistance to grain growth at high temperature than the regular titanium enameling steel. Their properties, however, still remain to be checked on commercial heats.
STUDY OF SEVERAL GROUPS OF ORGANIC BINDERS UNDER LOW‐PRESSURE EXTRUSION*
Authors: Treischel C. C. , Emrich E. W. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA number of organic binders were added to a talc‐water system and the mixtures were extruded at low pressures through a deairing extruder. These binders were (1) flours, starches (both short and long chain), (2) gums, (3) alcohols and cellulose derivatives, (4) wood extracts, and (5) alginates. Data are presented on wet strength, water retention during extrusion, extrusion characteristics, drying shrinkage, water of plasticity, days required to air dry, warpage, dry modulus of rupture, hardness, and migration.
NOTE ON REACTIONS OF ALKALI WITH KAOLIN AND METAKAOLIN*
Authors: Zerfoss S. , Utter B. A. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractSamples of electrodialyzed kaolin, to which a known small quantity of alkali was added, were heated to temperatures in the range of room temperature to 1000°C. The state of combination of the alkali was studied by means of a microchemical reagent developed by Feigl. This reagent, a neutral saturated solution of nickel dimethylglyoxime, is color sensitive to OH ions. Results on various samples suggest the existence of at least one alkali‐kaolin compound and one alkali‐metakaolin compound.
CHANGES OF DENSITY OF SILICATE GLASSES RESULTING FROM CHANGES OF COMPOSITION*
Authors: Sun Kuan‐Han , Huccins Maurice L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractApproximate equations, published by Ghering and Knight and by Elliott, for the calculation of the change in density of a glass resulting from small changes in composition are discussed. The corresponding more exact equations, deduced from fundamental relationships previously published and tested by the authors, are presented. They are but slightly more complicated than the approximate equations.
RELATION BETWEEN INELASTIC DEFORMABILITY AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF GLASS IN ITS ANNEALING RANGE*
Authors: Tool Arthur Q. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn accordance with experience concerning the behavior of glass at temperatures within its annealing range, an equation is proposed which relates the various extraordinary heat effects to the inelastic deformability and to the degree of superheating or undercooling. By using this equation in connection with the thermal‐expansion curves of a glass within its annealing range, certain constants that are related to the coefficient of viscosity and its changes with temperature and the degree of superheating or undercooling have been determined with reasonable results. Such results make it possible to estimate the inelastic deformability of a glass in its various conditions at all annealing temperatures and are therefore valuable in connection with problems that are encountered in the process of annealing glass. The apparent success achieved in applying the proposed equation to experimental data suggests that the concepts underlying this equation are fundamental and must be considered in any theory concerning the constitution of glass or that of any other extremely viscous liquid.
ILLITE, MONTMORILLONITE, HALLOYSITE, AND VOLCANIC ASH AS WHITEWARE BODY INGREDIENTS*
Authors: Mattyasovszky‐Zsolnay L. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractPlasticity of whiteware bodies can be increased by additions of montmorillonitic, illitic, or halloysitic clays. Montmorillonite gives the highest plasticity, illite slightly less, and halloysite the least.The use of montmorillonite may cause poor casting properties owing to its thixotropic quality. Both montmorillonite and halloysite increase the shrinkage of cast or jollied ware. The former, however, may be used successfully in dry‐pressed bodies to increase the plasticity.Illite increases the plasticity without increasing the shrinkage or damaging the casting properties of slips, and small additions of illite to kaolins give a workability similar to that of ball clays. Illite, a flux with a wide vitrification range, also yields a true translucent porcelain at maturing temperatures as low as cone 8 and vitreous floor tile at cone la.Although the rhyolite ashes are not plastic, they increase the shrinkage of vitrified ware without increasing the plasticity. They are, however, good raw material for porous ware, especially wall tile, permitting a rapid firing schedule.
EFFECT OF COMPOSITION ON PROPERTIES OF CONE 11 ZIRCONIUM SILICATE‐OPACIFIED GLAZES *
Authors: Danielson R. R. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStudies were made of the effects of magnesium, calcium, barium, strontium, and zinc oxides on the gloss, texture, and opacity of one‐fire, zirconium silicate‐opacified glazes at cone 11. The opacity was determined with a Hunter multipurpose reflectometer and the gloss was observed visually. Limits for the various fluxes were determined and a practical base glaze formula was developed.
EFFECT OF ADDING ALUNITE TO REFRACTORY CLAYS
Authors: Knížek Jan O. , Fetter Hans 
Published: June 2006

AbstractFour grades of alunite ore were mixed with four grades of fire clays, and the mixtures were formed into modulus of rupture test bars. These were fired to cone 13–14. Specimens were tested for bulk density and modulus of rupture after the initial firing and after reheating to 1400°C. and 1600°C. Softening temperatures of the mixtures were also determined. In general, small quantities (not exceeding 20%) of alunites improved fired characteristics, including decreasing the reheat shrinkage and increasing the P.C.E. The purity of both raw materials was the determining factor. Excessive additions of alunite, particularly to the low‐grade clays, caused bloating as a result of the evolution of sulfur gases from the alunite.
PROPERTIES OF SODA‐STRONTIUM OXIDE‐ALUMINA‐SILICA GLASSES*
Authors:   Contribution of the Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

AbstractData are presented on the properties of twenty‐seven Na2OSrO. Al2O3.SiO2 glasses covering the following percentage composition ranges: SiO2 66 to 78; SrO 4 to 16; Al2O3 0,2, and 4; and Na2O 14, 15.5, and 17. The effects of the systematic substitution of SrO for SiO2, A12O3, and Na2O are shown for liquidus temperature, viscosity, coefficient of expansion, deformation temperature, density, and resistance to dilute acid and distilled water.Comparisons are shown between these SrO glasses and corresponding CaO glasses for those properties previously described.
EFFECT OF BORIC OXIDE ON PROPERTIES OF SODA‐DOLOMITIC LIME‐SILICA GLASS*
Authors:   Contribution of the Owens‐Illinois Glass Company General Research Laboratory
Published: June 2006

AbstractIn two base glasses, the first containing 16% of sodium oxide, 10% of dolomitic lime, and 74% of silica, and the second with 14% of sodium oxide, 12% of dolomitic lime, and 74% of silica, boric oxide was systematically substituted for (a) Na2O, (b) CaO MgO, and (c) SiO2 in amounts of 1, 3, and 5%. The effects of these substitutions on such properties as liquidus temperature, viscosity, deformation temperature, fiber softening point, coefficient of expansion, and the resistance of the glasses to dilute acid and distilled water, are presented.
PRECISION METHOD OF THERMAL ANALYSIS*
Authors: Gruvbr R. M. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA continuously recording potentiometer, measuring accurately heat effects of from 0.1° to 500°C., is used to determine the differential temperature between a sample and a reference material. The temperature rise of sample and reference material is controlled to within 5° of a uniform rate (generally 400° per hour) by a continuous voltage adjustment‐type program controller. The sample holder differs from the usual holder described in the literature in that it has low heat capacity, high conductivity, and small mass. These properties necessitate a uniform temperature area in the furnace.
TRANSMITTANCE OF NEAR‐INRARED ENERGY BY BINARY GLASSES*
Authors: Florence J. M. , Glaze F. W. , Hahner C. H. , Stair Ralph 
Published: June 2006

AbstractA study has been made of the transmittance of near‐infrared energy by a number of binary glasses. Of the systems studied, the lithia‐silica and lead oxide‐silica glasses were found to have the highest transmittance of energy in the range of wave lengths from 3.0 to 5.0 microns. The transmittance of lithia‐silica glass is compared with that of the other alkali‐silica glasses. Values of transmittance are given for lead silicate glasses of higher lead content than previously reported in the literature.
DIFFERENTIAL THERMAL ANALYSES OF SOME MISSOURI FIRE CLAYS*
Authors: Keller W. D. , Westcott Jambs F. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractDifferential thermal analyses were made of a large number of fire clays representative of Missouri production. Flint clays gave typical kaolinite curves. The curves of plastic and semiplastic clays were similar to that of kaolinite. Staining with aniline dyes, petrographic determination, and ceramic behavior indicate that clay minerals other than kaolinite are present in Missouri semiplastic clays but these (other clay minerals) were not revealed by the differential thermal method.High‐alumina hurley clays showed variously endothermic peaks of diaspore, boehmite, and kaolinite, but no exothermic peak which is characteristic of kaolinite.