bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's understanding of mental ill health: implications for risk and resilience in relationships
Authors: Walsh Judi 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTResearch shows that having a parent with a mental health problem has associated risks for children, but some families seem very resilient and do not always suffer these difficulties. In order for social workers to be able to support the development of resilience in families who appear to be at risk, we need to understand what factors may ameliorate some of these risks. Research seems to suggest that children who can conceptualize their parent's mental health problem as something ‘outside’ their representation of that parent as an attachment figure are likely to have better outcomes than children who see the mental‐health problem as part of, and embedded within, their representation of that parent. However, in order to develop an understanding of how this conceptualization affects attachment relationships and outcomes, we need to know what children understand by mental ill health. We also need to consider how this conceptualization might be changed, and it appears that parents, other attachment figures and other support figures may play a key role here. This paper provides a selective review of the research area and discusses the mechanisms which may govern this complex process. The review concludes with recommendations for future research and practice.
Sensitization of human breast cancer cells to natural killer cell-mediated cytotoxicity by proteasome inhibition
Authors: Ames E , Hallett W H D , Murphy W J 
Published: January 2009

Summary
The proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib, has direct anti-tumour effects and has been demonstrated to sensitize tumour cells to tumour necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand-mediated apoptosis. Natural killer (NK) cells are effective mediators of anti-tumour responses, both through cytotoxic granule killing and apoptosis-inducing pathways. We therefore investigated if bortezomib sensitized human breast cancer cells to killing by the human NK cell line, NK-92. Bortezomib was unable to sensitize MDA-231 breast cancer cells to NK cell-mediated killing in short-term in vitro assays. However, bortezomib did cause these cells to up-regulate apoptosis-related mRNA as well as death receptors on the cell surface. In a long-term in vitro tumour outgrowth assay that allows NK cells to use their full repertoire of killing pathways, bortezomib sensitized three breast cancer cell lines to NK cell-mediated killing, which led to greater anti-tumour effects than either treatment alone. We then used a xenogeneic mouse model in which CB-17 SCID mice were injected with human breast cancer cells. This model displayed the effectiveness of NK-92 cells, but the addition of bortezomib did not increase the survival further or reduce the number of lung metastases in tumour-bearing mice. However, while bortezomib was highly cytotoxic to NK-92 cells in vitro, bortezomib treatment in vivo did not decrease NK-92 function, suggesting that through alternative dosing or timing of bortezomib, greater efficacy may occur from combined therapy. These data demonstrate that combined treatment of human breast cancer with bortezomib and NK cells has the potential to generate superior anti-tumour responses than either therapy alone.
Bone morphogenetic protein‐2 enhances Wnt/β‐catenin signaling‐induced osteoprotegerin expression
Authors: Sato Mari M. , Nakashima Aiko , Nashimoto Masayuki , Yawaka Yasutaka , Tamura Masato 
Published: January 2009

Wnt/β‐catenin signaling plays an important role in the developing skeletal system. Our previous studies demonstrated that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling inhibits the ability of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 to suppress myotube formation in the multipotent mesenchymal cell line C2C12 and that this inhibition is mediated by Id1. In this study, we examined the role of intracellular signaling by Wnt/β‐catenin and BMP‐2 in regulating the expression of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and of the receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL). OPG expression was induced by Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in C2C12 cells and osteoblastic MC3T3‐E1 cells. Silencing of glycogen synthase kinase‐3β also increased OPG expression. In contrast, R expression was suppressed by Wnt/β‐catenin signaling. In a transfection assay, β‐catenin induced the activity of a reporter gene, a 1.5 kb fragment of the 5′‐flanking region of the OPG gene. Deletion and mutation analysis revealed that Wnt/β‐catenin signaling regulates transcription of OPG via a promoter region containing two Wnt/β‐catenin responsive sites. BMP‐2 enhanced Wnt/β‐catenin‐dependent transcriptional activation of the OPG promoter. In response to BMP‐2 stimulation, Smad 1 and 4 interacted with Wnt/β‐catenin responsive sites. These results show that the regulation of OPG expression is mediated through two transcription pathways that involve the OPG promoter.
Modelling and migration with orthogonal isochron rays
Authors: Ferreira da Silva Eduardo Filpo , Sava Paul 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTFor increasing time values, isochrons can be regarded as expanding wavefronts and their perpendicular lines as the associated orthogonal isochron rays. The speed of the isochron movement depends on the medium velocity and the source‐receiver position. We introduce the term equivalent‐velocity to refer to the speed of isochron movement. In the particular case of zero‐offset data, the equivalent velocity is half of the medium velocity. We use the concepts of orthogonal isochron‐rays and equivalent velocity to extend the application of the exploding reflector model to non‐zero offset imaging problems. In particular, we employ these concepts to extend the use of zero‐offset wave‐equation algorithms for modelling and imaging common‐offset sections. In our imaging approach, the common‐offset migration is implemented as a trace‐by‐trace algorithm in three steps: equivalent velocity computation, data conditioning for zero‐offset migration and zero‐offset wave‐equation migration. We apply this methodology for modelling and imaging synthetic common‐offset sections using two kinds of algorithms: finite‐difference and split‐step wavefield extrapolation. We also illustrate the isochron‐ray imaging methodology with a field‐data example and compare the results with conventional common‐offset Kirchhoff migration. This methodology is attractive because it permits depth migration of common‐offset sections or just pieces of that by using wave‐equation algorithms, it extends the use of robust zero‐offset algorithms, it presents favourable features for parallel processing, it permits the creation of hybrid migration algorithms and it is appropriate for migration velocity analysis.
Artificial neural networks applied to mineral potential mapping for copper‐gold mineralizations in the Carajás Mineral Province, Brazil
Authors: Leite Emilson Pereira , De Souza Filho Carlos Roberto 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTMotivated by recent successful results of artificial neural network modelling in a variety of problems related to the geosciences, we have applied a radial basis functional link net to a regional‐scale mapping of the potential for Cu‐Au mineralizations in the Carajás Mineral Province, northern Brazil. To derive the input feature vectors, we have used geological and both radiometric and magnetic geophysical data. Ak‐fold cross‐validation method was employed in order to tune the parameters of the network and to select the best radial basis functional link net model amongst several others. Subsets of the available data set were used for training and validation and the estimated overall accuracy of the selected model is 91.7%. The plotting of a cumulative area versus favourability curve allowed us to define favourability zones of occurrences of Cu‐Au mineralizations and to assess the efficiency and the predictive power of the model. A binary map showing high and low favourability sectors was produced for the study area as an end product that can be used to guide and support more detailed exploration efforts. Our results show that 4.18% of the study area has an extremely high potential to contain Cu‐Au mineralizations, especially those of iron‐oxide Cu‐Au type, which are related to volcanic rocks and hydrothermal alteration.
Chronic mustard toxicity on the testis: a historical cohort study two decades after exposure
Authors: Amirzargar Mohammad Ali , Yavangi Mahnaz , Rahnavardi Mohammad , Jafari Mohammad , Mohseni Mohammadjavad 
Published: January 2009

SummaryWe aimed to assess the long‐term toxic effects of sulphur mustard (SM) on the testis and male fertility two decades after exposure. A historical cohort study was conducted in 2005. Sixty‐four SM‐exposed and 64 matched SM‐unexposed casualties of the Iraq–Iran conflict were enrolled. Fecundity status, semen indices, hormonal assay results and testis histopathology were evaluated. Male factor infertility was diagnosed in 23 and 5% of married exposed and unexposed casualties, respectively (p < 0.01). All semen indices declined over the 15 years since 1990 among the exposed group. Furthermore, all indices with the exception of sperm motility were significantly lower in the exposed than in unexposed men. The follicle‐stimulating hormone level was higher in the infertile than in fertile exposed men (p < 0.001). Testis histopathology of the azoospermic men showed complete absence of spermatogenesis with only Sertoli cells in the seminiferous tubules. SM can be gonadotoxic and its chronic toxicity may be permanent. Germ cells are probably the most susceptible gonadal cells to SM.
Acquired cryptorchidism is frequent in infancy and childhood
Authors: Wohlfahrt‐Veje Christine , Boisen Kirsten A. , Boas Malene , Damgaard Ida N. , Kai Claudia M. , Schmidt Ida M. , Chellakooty Marla , Suomi Anne‐Maarit , Toppari Jorma , Skakkebæk Niels E. , Main Katharina M. 
Published: January 2009

SummaryAccurate prevalence data for acquired cryptorchidism are currently sparse and systematic prospective studies have not yet been reported. Our aim was to determine the prevalence of testicular ascent in childhood. In a prospective longitudinal population‐based child cohort from Copenhagen, Denmark (1997–2007), testicular position was examined according to a standardised protocol in a total of 1072 boys, at birth (n = 1051), at 3 months (n = 983), 18 months (n = 888), 36 months (n = 790) and again once between 4½ and 10 years of age (n = 509). Ascensus testis was defined as ascent of the testis into a cryptorchid position after normal scrotal position at birth. A congenital cryptorchid testis with spontaneous postnatal descent followed by recurrence of cryptorchidism was named recurrent cryptorchidism. Ascensus testis occurred in 0.2%, 0.6% and 0.6% of boys at 3, 18 and 36 months of age respectively. When including recurrent cryptorchidism the prevalence was 0.2%, 1.2% and 0.8% respectively. Ascensus testis accounts for 58% of all cases of cryptorchidism (congenital and acquired) at 18 months, 71% at 36 months and thereafter 69%. Ascensus testis accounts for more than half of cryptorchid testes seen in childhood and occurs in both previously scrotal and cryptorchid testes. We therefore recommend that all boys should have testis position checked regularly during childhood, at least up to 3 years of age.
Divergent selection and heterogeneous genomic divergence
Authors: NOSIL PATRIK , FUNK DANIEL J. , ORTIZ‐BARRIENTOS DANIEL 
Published: January 2009

AbstractLevels of genetic differentiation between populations can be highly variable across the genome, with divergent selection contributing to such heterogeneous genomic divergence. For example, loci under divergent selection and those tightly physically linked to them may exhibit stronger differentiation than neutral regions with weak or no linkage to such loci. Divergent selection can also increase genome‐wide neutral differentiation by reducing gene flow (e.g. by causing ecological speciation), thus promoting divergence via the stochastic effects of genetic drift. These consequences of divergent selection are being reported in recently accumulating studies that identify: (i) ‘outlier loci’ with higher levels of divergence than expected under neutrality, and (ii) a positive association between the degree of adaptive phenotypic divergence and levels of molecular genetic differentiation across population pairs [‘isolation by adaptation’ (IBA)]. The latter pattern arises because as adaptive divergence increases, gene flow is reduced (thereby promoting drift) and genetic hitchhiking increased. Here, we review and integrate these previously disconnected concepts and literatures. We find that studies generally report 5–10% of loci to be outliers. These selected regions were often dispersed across the genome, commonly exhibited replicated divergence across different population pairs, and could sometimes be associated with specific ecological variables. IBA was not infrequently observed, even at neutral loci putatively unlinked to those under divergent selection. Overall, we conclude that divergent selection makes diverse contributions to heterogeneous genomic divergence. Nonetheless, the number, size, and distribution of genomic regions affected by selection varied substantially among studies, leading us to discuss the potential role of divergent selection in the growth of regions of differentiation (i.e. genomic islands of divergence), a topic in need of future investigation.
Activated T cells Inhibit NK Cell‐mediated Tumour Rejection
Authors: Wang X.‐J. , Hu J. , Yuan J. , Peng Y.‐M. , Gui L. , He W.‐F. , Tan J. , Luo G.‐X. , Wu J. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractPrevious studies have described the regulation of some T‐cell subsets toward natural killer (NK) cells. Naturally occurring CD4+CD25+ T regulatory cells can inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity, while activated interleukin‐2 (IL‐2) secreting T cells can stimulate NK cells. However, little is known about the impact of the integrity T‐cell population on the final outcome of NK cell cytotoxicity. We thus examined the possible role of activated T cells in affecting NK cell cytotoxicity by mixed lymphocyte co‐cultures in vitro and a B16 melanoma tumour model in vivo. In our study, activated T cells were found to be able to significantly inhibit NK cell cytotoxicity in vitro and blunt NK cell‐mediated tumour rejection in vivo. The inhibition of NK cell function is a cell–cell contact dependent way. Results suggest that activated T cells may play an important role in limiting NK cell functions, which might be very significant for the design of biotherapy against tumour or infection in future.
How to prescribe antihistamines for chronic idiopathic urticaria: desloratadine daily vs PRN and quality of life
Authors: Grob J.‐J. , Auquier P. , Dreyfus I. , Ortonne J.‐P. 
Published: January 2009

Background:  Chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU) impairs quality of life (QoL). Currently, no consensus exists regarding how second‐generation H1‐antihistamines (proven to control CIU symptoms) should be taken long‐term: as daily treatment or only when symptoms return (PRN). We sought to determine which regimen improves or better maintains QoL in CIU: desloratadine (DL) daily or PRN.Methods:  Subjects with CIU initially responding to DL 5 mg/day for 4 weeks were randomized for an additional 8 weeks, to DL 5 mg/day (arm 1: ‘continuous’, n = 46) or to DL only on days when urticarial wheals were present (arm 2: “PRN”, n = 60). To ensure blinding, treatment was presented in both arms as a combination of daily treatment (arm 1: DL; arm 2: placebo), plus a “rescue” tablet (arm 1: placebo; arm 2: DL) to be taken only in case of symptoms. The main outcome measure was QoL assessed by the VQ‐Dermato, a validated French QoL instrument, and the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI).Results:  At 4 and 8 weeks after randomization, subjects taking continuous DL showed statistically significant improvements in VQ‐Dermato Global Index score (P = 0.001 and P = 0.016, respectively) and dimension scores for daily living activity, mood state, and social functioning vs subjects taking DL PRN. Improvement in DLQI score at Week 4 was also significantly greater with continuous DL (P = 0.001).Conclusion:  Continuous daily therapy with DL 5 mg is a better regimen than PRN treatment to maintain or improve QoL in subjects with CIU.
Allelic distribution and the effect of haplotype combination for HLA type II loci in the celiac disease population of the Valencian community (Spain)
Authors: Donat E. , Planelles D. , Capilla‐Villanueva A. , Montoro J. A. , Palau F. , Ribes‐Koninckx C. 
Published: January 2009

AbstractThe association between human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II antigens and celiac disease (CD) was analyzed in a Spanish population. No association with DRB1*04 and DQB1*0302 was noted. The main associated haplotype (70.8%) was DRB1*03–DQB1*0201–DQA1*0501(DR3–DQ2), followed by DRB1*07–DQB1*0202–DQA1*0201 (DR7–DQ2) haplotype, which is associated with DRB1*11–DQB1*0301–DQA1*0505 (DR11–DQ7). The combinations of DR3–DQ2 with DR7–DQ2, and DR7–DQ2 with DR11–DQ7, present a twofold risk compared with each haplotype in homozygosis. An independence test in DR3‐DQ2 haplotype found that association with CD was attributable to the whole haplotype, but for DR7‐DQ2 was secondary to DQB1/DQA1. There is no need of a double gene dosage to increase the risk. CD‐associated alleles typing demonstrates a very high negative predictive value to exclude CD in risk groups.
Ethnic variation of the HLA‐G*0105N allele in two Chinese populations
Authors: Lin A. , Li M. , Xu D.‐P. , Zhang W.‐G. , Yan W.‐H 
Published: January 2009

AbstractUnlike high polymorphic classical human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules, the genetic polymorphism of HLA‐G is very limited. However, the prevalence of HLA‐G alleles among different ethnic populations varied dramatically. The HLA‐G null allele (HLA‐G*0105N) is defined by a cytosine deletion (ΔC) at position 1597 in exon 3, which disrupts the reading frame and alters the expression of HLA‐G proteins. The HLA‐G*0105N allelic frequency was investigated in previous studies and possible roles were addressed. In the current study, a total of 310 Chinese Han and 260 Chinese She ethnic minority population had been genotyped for the G*0105N polymorphism. Marked difference was observed that the G*0105N allelic frequency in Chinese Han was 1.61%, while no copy of the null allele was observed in the Chinese She minority population (Pc = 0.0073). Data also revealed that no homozygote of HLA‐G*0105N allele exists in this Chinese Han population. Furthermore, significant difference was found for the frequencies of HLA‐G*0105N both in Chinese Han and in Chinese She populations when compared with other ethnic populations. Taken together, our results indicated that ethnic variation of the HLA‐G*0105N polymorphism among different ethnic populations is possibly the result of evolution. However, the advantages of the selection of this allele are necessary to be further investigated.
Study of coagulation function in thawed apheresis plasma for photochemical treatment by amotosalen and UVA
Authors: De Valensart N. , Rapaille A. , Goossenaerts E. , Sondag‐Thull D. , Deneys V. 
Published: January 2009

Background and Objectives  Photochemical treatment (PCT) based on amotosalen and ultraviolet A light (UVA) demonstrated a wide range of pathogen inactivation. However, coagulation proteins are affected by this treatment. The aim of this study was to evaluate the coagulation parameters in apheresis plasma units after thawing and processing by PCT.Materials and Methods  Thirty apheresis plasma units were rapidly frozen at ≤ –30°C after collection. Plasma units were thawed after 7 days for PCT with amotosalen and UVA light. Treated apheresis units were refrozen and stored at ≤ –30°C for 1 month. Samples were collected for each plasma units at several times of process. Coagulation times (prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time), coagulation factors (fibrinogen, Factor [F] II, FV, FVII, FVIII, FIX, FX, FXI), prothrombin fragments 1 and 2, antithrombotic proteins (protein C, protein S, antithrombin) and total protein content were measured. Functionality of ADAMTS‐13 was also tested.Results  After thawing, coagulation times were slightly increased and a decrease of FV, FVIII and protein C activity was found. The mean recovery for all proteins, except one, ranged from 81% to 97% of the baseline activity in plasma units after thawing and PCT. FVIII was more affected with a mean recovery of 69 ± 8%. ADAMTS‐13 function was also preserved after the whole process. The effect of an additional 1‐month frozen storage on coagulation parameters was minimum.Conclusion  Coagulation protein levels after thawing and processing of plasma by PCT with amotosalen and UVA were preserved well in the physiological ranges.
HEART DISEASE AND SOCIAL INEQUALITY: ETHICAL ISSUES IN THE AETIOLOGY, PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF HEART DISEASE
Authors: BODDINGTON PAULA 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTHeart disease is a complex condition that is a leading cause of death worldwide. It is often seen as a disease of affluence, yet is strongly associated with a gradient in socio‐economic status. Its highly complex causality means that many different facets of social and economic life are implicated in its aetiology, including factors such as workplace hierarchy and agricultural policy, together with other well‐known factors such as what passes for individual ‘lifestyle’. The very untangling of causes for heart disease thus inevitably raises social, moral and political issues. These include the proper role of the individual and of larger social forces in its aetiology, prevention and treatment. The construction of risk factors for heart disease likewise is enmeshed with questions of distributive justice in the responsible targeting of those at risk for heart disease, a debate which has received much overt attention in the medical literature, but less attention within the ethical literature. Strategies for addressing a condition of such complex causality can be highly diverse, from pharmaceutical to social interventions, and value issues attach to the choice and presentation of such strategies. For example, prevention strategies may raise complex issues of responsibility and of judgements of what it is to ‘live well’. Further ethical debate on this highly political disease would be welcome.
JUSTICE, STIGMA, AND THE NEW EPIDEMIOLOGY OF HEALTH DISPARITIES
Authors: COURTWRIGHT ANDREW M. 
Published: January 2009

ABSTRACTRecent research in epidemiology has identified a number of factors beyond access to medical care that contribute to health disparities. Among the so‐called socioeconomic determinants of health are income, education, and the distribution of social capital. One factor that has been overlooked in this discussion is the effect that stigmatization can have on health. In this paper, I identify two ways that social stigma can create health disparities: directly by impacting health‐care seeking behaviour and indirectly through the internalization of negative interpersonal judgments. I then argue that social arrangements that foster self‐respect can reduce the impact of stigmatization on health disparities. I conclude by showing how John Rawls' conception of justice can be used to address the intersection of stigma, health, and self‐respect, in contrast to critics of his position, who have seen him as excessively focused on the allocation of material goods.