bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide expression profiling of the osmoadaptation response of Debaryomyces hansenii
Authors: Gonzalez Nancy Arroyo , Vázquez Adrinel , Ortiz Zuazaga Humberto G. , Sen Arup , Olvera Hugo Luna , de Ortiz Sandra Peña , Govind N. S. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe euryhaline marine yeast Debaromyces hansenii is a model system for the study of processes related to osmoadaptation. In this study, microarray‐based gene expression analyses of the entire genome of D. hansenii was used to study its response to osmotic stress. Differential gene expression, compared to control, was examined at three time points (0.5, 3 and 6 h) after exposure of D. hansenii cultures to high salt concentration. Among the 1.72% of genes showing statistically significant differences in expression, only 65 genes displayed at least three‐fold increases in mRNA levels after treatment with 2 M NaCl. On the other hand, 44 genes showed three‐fold repression. Upregulated as well as the downregulated genes were grouped into functional categories to identify biochemical processes possibly affected by osmotic stress and involved in osmoadaptation. The observation that only a limited number of genes are upregulated in D. hansenii in response to osmotic stress supports the notion that D. hansenii is pre‐adapted to survive in extreme saline environments. In addition, since more than one‐half of the upregulated genes encode for ribosomal proteins, it is possible that a translational gene regulatory mechanism plays a key role in D. hansenii's osmoregulatory response. Validation studies for ENA1 and for hyphal wall/cell elongation protein genes, using real‐time PCR, confirmed patterns of gene expression observed in our microarray experiments. To our knowledge, this study is the first of its kind in this organism and provides the foundation for future molecular studies assessing the significance of the genes identified here in D. hansenii's osmoadaptation. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
LiB6O9F, the First Lithium Fluorooxoborate – Crystal Structure and Ionic Conductivity
Authors: Cakmak Güliz , Nuss Jürgen , Jansen Martin 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe first lithium fluorooxoborate LiB6O9F was synthesized from LiF and B2O3 in an all‐solid state reaction at 673 K. Single crystals have been grown by subsequent long‐term annealing at 473 K. According to X‐ray analysis of the crystal structure [Pna21, Z = 4, a = 7.6555(1) Å, b = 8.5318(1) Å, c = 10.7894(2) Å, R1 = 0.0184, wR(all) = 0.0487, 853 independent reflections], the fluorooxoborate anion forms a two‐dimensional infinite network with boroxine rings, connected by bridging oxygen atoms constituting the basic building units. To one boron atom in every second ring, a fluorine atom is added. Pentacoordinate lithium cations interconnect neighboring fluorooxoborate layers. LiB6O9F is thermally stable up to 743 K and decomposition is accompanied by evolution of BF3. Ionic conductivities were investigated with impedance spectroscopy, and the new compound can be classified as a solid ionic conductor.
Facility design for Bachelor Gorilla groups
Authors: Coe Jon C. , Scott Dwight , Lukas Kristen E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis paper emerged from discussions following the Bachelor Gorilla 2000 Workshop Facility Design sessions. Although many ape facility design features are common to all gorillas, the purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of special needs of bachelor gorillas. For example, managing escalating aggression between maturing or silverback males may require a high degree of caregiver intervention and thus easy access to gorillas both on‐ and off‐exhibit is beneficial. Facility design features that reduce contact aggression, increase affiliation, provide visual barriers or escape routes, and allow safe outlets for species‐typical behavior are essential to the successful management of bachelor gorilla groups in zoos. Such provisions permit caregivers the ability to constantly monitor and modify the zoo environment to meet rapidly changing husbandry needs. Creatively designed habitats and continuing research on bachelor group dynamics will undoubtedly allow zoo managers to maintain all gorilla groups in an environmental and social context that enhances well‐being over the long term. Zoo Biol 28:144–162, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Birth statistics for African (Loxodonta africana) and Asian (Elephas maximus) elephants in human care: history and implications for elephant welfare
Authors: Dale Robert H. I. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAfrican (Loxodonta africana) and Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) have lived in the care of humans for many years, yet there is no consensus concerning some basic parameters describing their newborn calves. This study provides a broad empirical basis for generalizations about the birth heights, birth weights, birth times and gestation periods of elephant calves born in captivity. I obtained data concerning at least one of these four characteristics for 218 newborn calves from 74 institutions. Over the past 30 years, newborn Asian elephants have been taller and heavier than newborn African elephants. Neonatal African elephants exhibited sex differences in both weight and height, whereas neonatal Asian elephants have exhibited sex differences only in height. Primiparous dams ex situ are at least as old as their in situ counterparts, whereas ex situ sires appear to be younger than sires in range countries. Confirming earlier anecdotal evidence, both African [N=47] and Asian [N=91] dams gave birth most often at night. Zoo Biol 29:87–103, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Investigating the impact of rank and ovarian activity on the social behavior of captive female African elephants
Authors: Freeman Elizabeth W. , Schulte Bruce A. , Brown Janine L. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractOver a third of captive female African elephants in North America fail to exhibit normal estrous cycles based on long‐term serum progestagen analyses. Why acyclicity occurs is unknown; however, the majority of noncycling females are ranked by keepers as the dominant individual within the group. To investigate the relationship between ovarian cyclicity status and keeper‐determined social rank, observations were conducted on 33 female African elephants (18 cycling, 15 noncycling). Based on keeper evaluations, five cycling elephants were ranked dominant, seven in the middle and six as subordinate. In contrast, 10 noncycling elephants were ranked as dominate and five as subordinate with none ranked as middle. When comparing the behavior of the elephants by their keeper‐determined rank, the dominant females dominant were significantly more likely to approach, displace and push. Similarly, keeper‐determined subordinate females more frequently presented their hind end and held their ears erect. Behaviors initiated by one elephant toward another did not vary between cycling and noncycling females, except when the interaction with social rank was tested. Dominant, noncycling females initiated a higher percentage of “approach” and “displace” behaviors than both cycling and noncycling, subordinate elephants. Subordinate, noncycling elephants displayed the highest percentage of “ears erect.” Social rank drives the interactions of ex situ female African elephants more than ovarian cyclicity status. Thus, behavioral interactions cannot be used to predict which cycling elephants are most likely to become acyclic. Zoo Biol 29:154–167, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of dilution degree of commercial nectar and provision of fruit on food, energy and nutrient intake in two rainbow lorikeet subspecies
Authors: Kalmar I. D. , van Loon M. , Bürkle M. , Reinschmidt M. , Waugh D. , Werquin G. , Janssens G. P. J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA feeding trial was performed on adult rainbow lorikeets of two subspecies: six green‐naped lorikeets (Trichoglossus haematodus haematodus) and six red‐breasted lorikeets (T. haematodus mitchellii). Throughout the entire trial, half of the birds from each subspecies had ad libitum access to water‐diluted commercial nectar powder and drinking water only, whereas the other half also received ad libitum apple pieces. During three consecutive 14‐d periods, the nectar powder was diluted to a different degree: 1:3 (low), 1:5 (high) and 1:4 (medium) (v:v). Diluting nectar to a higher degree resulted in both subspecies in a decrease in voluntary energy intake. Next, nectar intake significantly decreased when apple was available and apple intake significantly increased when fed higher‐diluted nectar. In green‐naped lorikeets fed nectar and apple, energy intake was similar between dilution degrees of nectar but was lower compared with feeding only low‐ or medium‐diluted nectar. Whereas, in red‐breasted lorikeets, provision of apple next to medium‐ or high‐diluted nectar resulted in higher voluntary energy intake compared with feeding solely nectar of any degree. Overall, protein and thiamine intake as well as Ca:P ratio of the ingested ration were lowest when fed highly diluted nectar and apple. Yet, minimal requirements were still covered. Because energy content of fruit can be higher than liquid diets, in this case medium‐ or high‐diluted nectar, ad libitum provision of fruit as a means to lower voluntary energy intake in lorikeets, for instance in case of obesity, needs to be considered with care. Zoo Biol 28:98–106, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Symmetry Properties of Single-Walled BC2N Nanotubes
Authors: Pan Hui , Feng YuanPing , Lin Jianyi 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The symmetry properties of the single-walled BC2N nanotubes were investigated. All the BC2N nanotubes possess nonsymmorphic line groups. In contrast with the carbon and boron nitride nanotubes, armchair and zigzag BC2N nanotubes belong to different line groups, depending on the index n (even or odd) and the vector chosen. The number of Raman- active phonon modes is almost twice that of the infrared-active phonon modes for all kinds of BC2N nanotubes.
Functional Properties of Soy Protein Isolates Prepared from Gas‐Supported Screw‐Pressed Soybean Meal
Authors: Nazareth Zara M. , Deak Nicolas A. , Johnson Lawrence A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWhite flakes (WFs) are obtained from dehulled flaked soybeans by extracting oil with hexane and flash‐ or downdraft‐desolventizing the (defatted) flakes, and WFs are the normal feedstock used to produce soy protein ingredients. Gas‐supported screw pressing (GSSP) is a new oilseed crushing technology in which traditional screw pressing is combined with injecting high‐pressure CO2, thereby producing hexane‐free, low‐fat, high‐PDI soybean meal. The objectives of the present study were to evaluate yields, compositions, and functional properties of soy protein isolates (SPIs) produced from GSSP soybean meal and to compare these properties to those of SPIs produced from WFs. GSSP meals produced SPIs in significantly higher yields (59.7–63.1% vs. 51.6–61.1%), with greater free (0.05–0.40%) and bound fat (3.70–4.92%) contents than did WFs. There were no significant differences in protein contents of the SPI; all exceeded 90% protein content (db). SPIs prepared from GSSP meals had similar or slightly lower water‐solubilities compared to SPIs prepared from WFs. SPIs prepared from GSSP meals had higher water‐holding capacities and viscosities, and significantly better emulsifying and fat‐binding properties compared to SPIs prepared from WFs. SPIs prepared from WFs had significantly better foaming properties compared to SPIs prepared from GSSP meals, which were attributed to the lower fat contents of SPIs prepared from WFs.
Dynamisches Epigenom als Vermittler zwischen Umwelt und Genom
Authors: Szyf M. 
Published: February 2009

ZusammenfassungDie Bedeutung des epigenetischen Zustands von Zellen (Epigenom) als Vermittler zwischen dynamischer Umwelt und vererbtem statischem Genom wird immer deutlicher. Wesentliche Mediatoren dabei sind das Chromatin und kovalente DNA-Modifikationen (Methylierungen). Die Veränderung des Epigenoms während der Ontogenese bildet die Grundlage der zelltypspezifischen Genexpression eines Organismus und ist Ausdruck eines hochkomplexen Prozesses. Epigenetische Aberrationen können ähnliche Konsequenzen wie eine Genfunktion beeinflussende genomische Veränderungen haben. Laut jüngsten Daten ist das Epigenom dynamisch und kann auf Umwelteinflüsse reagieren. Dies ist nicht nur auf den Expositionszeitraum beschränkt, sondern kann im weiteren Verlauf des Lebens nachweisbar sein. Im vorliegenden Beitrag werden der Einfluss chemischer Agenzien sowie von Verhaltensweisen auf das Epigenom dargestellt. Es ist absehbar, dass die Exposition gegenüber verschiedenen Umweltfaktoren/Xenobiotika zu interindividuellen phänotypischen Unterschieden sowie unterschiedlichen Suszeptibilitäten gegenüber Krankheiten und Verhaltenspathologien führen kann. Obwohl nach derzeitigem Verständnis die Bedeutung epigenetischer Mechanismen für den Stoffwechsel von Xenobiotika gering ist, wird die Epigenetik bei der Beurteilung des Gefährdungspotenzials von Chemikalien an Bedeutung gewinnen.
A meta-analysis of sugarbeet yield responses to nitrogen fertilizer measured in England since 1980
Authors: JAGGARD K. W. , QI A. , ARMSTRONG M. J. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYThe data from 161 experiments testing the response of sugarbeet yield to nitrogen fertilizer were assembled in a database. Three commonly used N response models (Mitscherlich, linear plus exponential and bilinear) were fitted to each set of fertilizer application rates and the models were then assessed on how well they fitted all the data. The bilinear model was judged the most appropriate model for fitting to beet root yield adjusted to a standard sugar concentration. The optimum N application was determined for each experiment. Attempts were then made to correlate these optima with factors associated with the site and the season (winter rainfall, soil texture, amount of soil mineral N at sowing, sowing date, summer rainfall and harvest date). Beet grown in peat soil never responded significantly to any applied N fertilizer and neither did crops treated recently with organic manure supplying large amounts (>150 kg N/ha) of available N. Variation in N optima between other sites could not be explained by factors that could be used to predict the amount of fertilizer to apply. In the absence of any method to make reliable predictions of variations in fertilizer need, the most economical uniform amount was calculated. At present fertilizer prices and beet values, this amount is between 100 and 110 kg N/ha. It is possible that the N fertilizer need of beet crops does not vary predictably because this variation is an experimental error. The crop needs a reasonably standard application of fertilizer because much N has to be taken up early in the crop's development, rapidly and predominantly from the topsoil that, at this stage, contains most of the small fibrous root system.
Locke and Mind-Body Dualism
Authors: Odegard Douglas 
Published: February 2009

The word ‘dualism’ can be used to pick out at least four different theories concerning the relationship between mind and body.(1) A mind and a body are two different entities and each is “had” by a man. A man is thus a composite being with two components, one “inner”, the other “outer”. You, for example, are a man and your mind is “inner” in the sense that you alone can reflectively experience yourself thinking, or feeling pain, or seeing colours (or at least that you alone can reflectively experience your own thoughts, feelings and visual experiences). I can in a sense observe you thinking, but only by observing you use your body in certain ways—e.g. to make certain sounds, write certain things, look at the pages of an open book and frown. My “experience” of you thinking (or of your thoughts) is thus not a reflective experience. Your body is “outer”, on the other hand, in the sense that you cannot experience it or its (non-relational) properties in any exclusive way. That is, in whatever sense you can be said to experience your body, someone else can equally be said to experience it.
Effects of onset density in preschool children: Implications for development of phonological awareness and phonological representation
Authors: FOY JUDITH G. , MANN VIRGINIA A. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTNeighborhood density influences adult performance on several word processing tasks. Some studies show age-related effects of density on children's performance, reflecting a developmental restructuring of the mental lexicon from holistic into segmental representations that may play a role in phonological awareness. To further investigate density effects and their implications for development of phonological awareness, we compared performance on dense and sparse onset words. We adapted these materials to three phonological awareness tests that were pretested on adults then administered to preschool children who were expected to vary in phonological awareness skills. For both the adults and the children who passed a phonological awareness screening task, dense onset neighborhoods were associated with slower reaction times and increased errors. A separate comparison of word repetition by the children who passed and who did not pass the phoneme awareness screening failed to provide evidence that lexical restructuring was a sufficient condition for the attainment of phonological awareness. Both groups of children more accurately repeated words from high onset density neighborhoods, regardless of the level of their phonological awareness. Thus, we find no evidence of either age- or ability-driven effects in children's performance, contradictory to a view that the attainment of phoneme awareness relates to developmental changes in the segmental representation of words in dense neighborhoods.
Age-related changes in acoustic modifications of Mandarin maternal speech to preverbal infants and five-year-old children: a longitudinal study
Authors: LIU HUEI-MEI , TSAO FENG-MING , KUHL PATRICIA K. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTAcoustic-phonetic exaggeration of infant-directed speech (IDS) is well documented, but few studies address whether these features are modified with a child's age. Mandarin-speaking mothers were recorded while addressing an adult and their child at two ages (0 ; 7–1 ; 0 and 5 ; 0) to examine the acoustic-phonetic differences between IDS and child-directed speech (CDS). CDS exhibits an exaggeration pattern resembling that of IDS – expanded vowel space, longer vowels, higher pitch and greater lexical tone differences – when compared to ADS. Longitudinal analysis demonstrated that the extent of acoustic exaggeration is significantly smaller in CDS than in IDS. Age-related changes in maternal speech provide some support for the hypothesis that mothers adjust their speech directed toward children as a function of the child's language ability.
On systems of diagonal forms II
Authors: KNAPP MICHAEL P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractGiven a system of diagonal forms over ℚp, we ask how many variables are required to guarantee that the system has a nontrivial zero. We show that if the prime p satisfies p > (largest degree) − (smallest degree) + 1, then there is a bound on the sufficient number of variables which is a polynomial in the degrees of the forms.
Feasibility of screening broiler chicken flocks for risk markers as an aid for meat inspection
Authors: LUPO C. , Le BOUQUIN S. , BALAINE L. , MICHEL V. , PERASTE J. , PETETIN I. , COLIN P. , CHAUVIN C. 
Published: February 2009

SUMMARYThe feasibility of using risk markers to screen broiler chicken flocks and anticipate their risk of condemnation at meat inspection was examined in 404 randomly selected flocks in 15 French slaughterhouses in 2005. Condemnation rate and information about rearing conditions, health history, catching and loading, transport and slaughtering were collected. The Poisson regression model of the condemnation rate consisted of six simple and biologically relevant predictors: production type, frequency of farmer's visits during the starting period, health disorders during rearing, on-farm mortality, mortality during transport, and slaughter-line speed. Although accurate prediction of the condemnation rate for a given flock was not feasible, flocks with low or high risk of condemnation could be distinguished. These findings could be useful at various stages of chicken production, to monitor and improve farm husbandry practices, minimize the impact of transport conditions, and optimize meat inspection procedures.
Developmental pattern of hexaploid mouse embryos produced by blastomere fusion of diploid and tetraploid embryos at the 2-cell stage
Authors: Lei Lei , Guan Na , Xu Yan-Ning , Zhang Qing-Hua , Shen Jing-Ling , Jin Lian-Hong 
Published: February 2009

SummaryPolyploid mouse embryos are important models for understanding the mechanisms of cleavage and preimplantation development in mammals. In this study, hexaploid (6n) mouse embryos were produced by the electrofusion of blastomeres from diploid (2n) and tetraploid (4n) embryos at the 2-cell stage. Furthermore, the developmental pattern of hexaploid embryos was evaluated by blastocyst rate, cell number, karyotype analysis, cytoskeleton staining and Oct-4 immunofluorescence. The results showed that 72.7% of the hexaploid embryos were able to develop to the blastocyst stage, which is a lower number than that found with normal diploid embryos (98.0%,p< 0.05). The cell number in hexaploid blastocyst was 12.3 ± 2.0, which was less than that found in diploid or tetraploid blastocysts (41.2 ± 7.2; 18.4 ± 3.5). Karyotype analysis confirmed that the number of chromosomes in hexaploid embryos was 120. β-Tubulin and Oct-4 immunofluorescence indicated that the hexaploid blastocysts were nearly lacking inner cell mass (ICM), but some blastomeres did show Oct-4-positive expression.
Neural substrates of object identification: Functional magnetic resonance imaging evidence that category and visual attribute contribute to semantic knowledge
Authors: WIERENGA CHRISTINA E. , PERLSTEIN WILLIAM M. , BENJAMIN MICHELLE , LEONARD CHRISTIANA M. , ROTHI LESLIE GONZALEZ , CONWAY TIM , CATO M. ALLISON , GOPINATH KAUNDINYA , BRIGGS RICHARD , CROSSON BRUCE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRecent findings suggest that neural representations of semantic knowledge contain information about category, modality, and attributes. Although an object’s category is defined according to shared attributes that uniquely distinguish it from other category members, a clear dissociation between visual attribute and category representation has not yet been reported. We investigated the contribution of category (living and nonliving) and visual attribute (global form and local details) to semantic representation in the fusiform gyrus. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 40 adults named pictures of animals, tools, and vehicles. In a preliminary study, identification of objects in these categories was differentially dependent on globalversuslocal visual feature processing. fMRI findings indicate that activation in the lateral and medial regions of the fusiform gyrus distinguished stimuli according to category, that is, livingversusnonliving, respectively. In contrast, visual attributes of global form (animals) were associated with higher activity in the right fusiform gyrus, while local details (tools) were associated with higher activity in the left fusiform gyrus. When both global and local attributes were relevant to processing (vehicles), cortex in both left and right medial fusiform gyri was more active than for other categories. Taken together, results support distinctions in the role of visual attributes and category in semantic representation. (JINS, 2009,15, 169–181.)