bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Changes in Verbal Stimuli on the Skin Conductance Response Component of the Orienting Response
Authors: Siddle David A. T. , Kyriacou Chris , Heron Peter A. , Matthews William A. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper presents three experiments which were designed to investigate the effects of changes in verbal stimulus meaning on magnitude of the skin conductance response (SCR) component of the orienting response (OR). In Experiments 1 and 2, subjects received 12 visual presentations of a single word stimulus followed by a test trial involving change. The results of Experiment 1 (N = 48) indicated that a test stimulus which constituted change in meaning and taxonomic category induced larger responses than did a change in meaning alone, which in turn induced larger responses than did a control condition of no change. Experiment 2 (N = 64) investigated the effects of both semantic and acoustic changes and the results indicated that only semantic changes resulted in test trial SCRs which were larger than those in the control condition. Experiment 3 (N = 48) investigated the effects on SCR magnitude of within‐ and between‐taxonomic category shifts following habituation training with 4 examples of the category. In this case, only the between‐category change resulted in SCRs which were larger than those in the control condition of no change. The results of all three experiments were interpreted as support for Sokolov's (1963) claim that the meaning of verbal stimuli is encoded during habituation. Moreover, the results of Experiment 1 indicate that responsiveness on a change trial is a positive function of the amount of change, while the results of Experiment 3 suggest that when a number of examples of a word class are employed during habituation, the semantic characteristics of that class are encoded.
The Time Constant in P300 Recording
Authors: Duncan‐Johnson Connie C. , Donchin Emanuel 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTA standard counting task was used to illustrate the effect of the time constant of the recording system on the amplitude and waveform of the P300 component. A random sequence of 1500 Hz (probability = .10) and 1000 Hz (probability = .90) tones was presented to one male subject. The EEG from Cz and Pz was recorded simultaneously at time constants of 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, and 10.0 sec. The ERP waveform was markedly affected by the time constant: the shorter the time constant, the smaller the amplitude of both the P300 and Slow Wave components.
Effect of Feedback Delay Upon Learned Heart Rate Control
Authors: Williamson Donald A. , Blanchard Edward B. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effects of heart rate feedback delay upon bidirectional heart rate control were determined by comparing four groups of 10 subjects who received either: a) immediate feedback, or b) feedback that was delayed by 1.4 sec, 5 sec, or 14 sec. All subjects received 3 sessions of training which included 3 within‐session phases, i.e. 2 (pre and post‐feedback) Instructional Control phases during which subjects were instructed to speed or slow heart rate without the aid of feedback, and a Feedback phase during which bidirectional heart rate control was assisted by analogue heart rate feedback. Heart rate, chin EMG, and respiration rate were recorded during all phases.The results indicated that the magnitude of heart rate increases and decreases was systematically influenced by differing amounts of feedback delay. For increasing and decreasing heart rate, the group receiving immediate feedback showed superior heart rate control in comparison to groups which received feedback that was delayed by 14 sec. The strongest effects of feedback delay were evident during Feedback and the final Instructional Control phase. Only the group receiving immediate feedback improved HR control during Feedback and post‐feedback Instructional Control phases.These findings were discussed in terms of a motor skills learning model for learned HR control. It was concluded that while many of the same parameters influence HR and motoric behavior, the two responses should not be regarded as equivalent.
Psychological Stress Evaluator—Two Tests of a Vocal Measure
Authors: Brenner Malcolm , Branscomb Harvie H. , Schwartz Gary E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe Psychological Stress Evaluator (PSE), a commercial lie detector employing voice analysis, was tested on two laboratory tasks. On the guilty knowledge task of Lykken (1960), 20 subjects were interrogated on personal information after being offered a reward to fool the interrogator. PSE analysis failed to identify correct responses beyond chance levels. On the mental arithmetic task of Kahneman, Tursky, Shapiro, and Crider (1969) and Tursky, Schwartz, and Crider (1970), 16 subjects performed arithmetic problems which varied in difficulty but were performed under identical pacing. According to PSE scoring, stress increased with task difficulty. In addition, the PSE‐measured differences occurred with high consistency across subjects. Some aspects of PSE analysis may be valid for the measurement of stress, although the validity of the analysis for practical lie detection is questionable.
Somatic and Non‐Somatic Influences on the Heart: Hemodynamic Changes
Authors: Gliner Jeffrey A. , Bedi John F. , Horvath Steven M. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHemodynamic changes in response to two different stressors were obtained and compared in order to determine whether non‐somatic influences on the cardiovascular system were similar to somatic influences regardless of the metabolic requirements. Ten subjects participated in three different treatment conditions: a) pre‐performance anxiety (a realistic psychological stress condition), b) mild exercise (the physical stress condition), and c) a control (no stress condition). The exercise levels were assigned to elicit heart rates equivalent to those observed during the pre‐performance anxiety condition. The cardiac index (CI) for both stressors was significantly increased above control values and even though the exercise condition had a higher predicted metabolic requirement, similar CI values were found in 8 out of 10 subjects. Two subjects classified as labile hypertensive responded with a greater cardiovascular reactivity to the psychological stress than to the physical stress. It appeared that the psychological stress condition evoked a cardiovascular response that was excessive for the metabolic requirements.
Autonomic Differences Between Extraverts and Introverts During Vigilance
Authors: Gange James J. , Geen Russell G. , Harkins Stephen G. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTHeart rate and skin resistance indices were obtained from 30 introverts and 30 extraverts as they performed on one of three levels of a visual vigilance task. Introverts detected more signals than did extraverts during the vigilance task. This superiority by introverts was associated with a pattern of heart rate and electrodermal activity which supported H. J. Eysenck's (1967) theoretical formulation.
Autonomic Interactions in the Control of Heart Rate in the Monkey
Authors: Gottlieb Sheldon H. , Engel Bernard T. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEach of 5 monkeys (Macaca mulatta) was operantly conditioned to raise and to lower heart rate consistently and reliably. Following such training the animals were tested using autonomic blocking agents (methyl‐atropine bromide and 1‐propranolol) to characterize the autonomic mechanisms mediating such control. The results were: 1) In the undrugged animal the extent to which it decreases its heart rate over a 2048‐sec period is a linear function of the baseline heart rate; 2) A linear relationship between baseline heart rate and heart rate decrease also is present within the first 128 sec; 3) There is a less consistent relationship between baseline heart rate and change in heart rate when animals must increase heart rate; 4) Vagal blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate, primarily by reducing their ability to produce large, relatively rapid increases; 5) Sympathetic blockade significantly attenuates the ability of most animals to increase heart rate both in terms of overall changes and in terms of large, relatively rapid responses; 6) Vagal blockade very significantly attenuates the ability of all animals to slow heart rate; 7) Sympathetic blockade facilitates the ability of most animals to slow heart rate. These findings show that both branches of the autonomic nervous system participate in the operant control of heart rate. The relative role of one branch or the other in a given experiment will depend upon the baseline conditions at the time of testing, and upon the requirements—i.e., raising or lowering of heart rate.
Anticipation and Response Set: Cortical, Cardiac, and Electrodermal Correlates
Authors: Simons Robert F. , ÖHman Arne , Lang Peter J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThree experiments are reported investigating cortical and visceral responding during a twostimulus anticipation paradigm. Male undergraduate volunteers received auditory warning stimuli signalling the presentation of either high or low interest color slides at the end of a 6‐sec foreperiod. A between subject factor, reaction time (RT), was included to assess the effects of a motor response on the anticipatory psychophysiology. Subjects performing the reaction time task produced a two component cortical slow potential with both components larger than under no‐task conditions. The reaction time procedure also prompted larger visceral responses. The slow cortical response proved most sensitive to the “interest” manipulation when attentional demands were maximized.
Binocular Depth Perception Following REM Deprivation or Awake State Visual Deprivation
Authors: Herman John H. , Roffwarg Howard P. , Rosenmann Carl J. , Tauber Edward S. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTBased upon the demonstration by Wallach and Karsh (1963) that stereoacuity is easily disruptable in the awake state, we postulated that central visual excitation, which is a feature of rapid eye movement sleep, operates to prevent deterioration of depth perception capacity nightly during sleep. Three awake state and four REM sleep conditions, each consisting of an 8‐hr period, were tested as follows: Awake: 1) baseline testing, 2) monocular patching, 3) binocular patching; Sleeping: 4) REM sleep deprivation, 5) NREM control (Stage 2 awakenings), 6) eye movement control (Condition 4 with substitution of awake eye movements), 7) uninterrupted sleep. A new device was developed and is described which measures stereoacuity as free as possible from other binocular or monocular cues in an actual depth situation.We replicated Wallach and Karsh's (1963) finding of awake state disruption of stereopsis following monocular patching. However, our results indicate that REM sleep deprivation by awakenings is not detrimental to binocular depth perception the next morning. In a second experiment, we found that binocular depth perception at the end of REM periods is not significantly different from depth perception at the beginning of REM periods. We have concluded that REM sleep does not have the function of enhancement of stereoacuity processing.
UR Magnitude as a Predictor of Conditioned Alpha Blocking
Authors: Braggio John T. , Putney R. Thompson 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTClassical conditioning of the EEG response system was examined by considering the influence of US intensity, perceived US intensity, UR magnitude, and awareness of the CS‐US contingency on conditioned alpha blocking. Results indicated that conditioned alpha blocking occurred only for those subjects who had low and not high UR magnitudes in pseudoconditioning. Regression analyses showed that UR magnitude was a better predictor of conditioned alpha blocking than either US intensity or perceived US intensity. Conditioned alpha blocking was unrelated to a subject's awareness of the conditioning process. The influence of cognitive control on CRs for the EEG and GSR response systems is discussed.
Probability Learning and the P3 Component of the Visual Evoked Potential in Man
Authors: Johnston Victor S. , Holcomb Phillip J. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTEvoked potentials were recorded to stimuli (S1) which were predictive of stimuli (S2) worth different monetary values to determine if these waveforms reflected the probability and/or the value of the predicted event as the subject learned the relationship between S1 and S2. Both the monetary value of S2 and its conditional probability following S1 were systematically manipulated over a wide range of values. Subjects were required to use the conditional probability information (0.5,0.75,1.0) in order to make a correct behavioral response and receive the monetary payoff ($0, $1, $2). The results indicate that the amplitude of the P3 component of the average evoked response to S1 increases as subjects learn the relationship between S1 and S2, and S2 is a high value event.
Path Analysis of Psychophysiological Data
Authors: Ray R. L. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this presentation is to discuss the use of path analysis with multivariate psychophysiological data. Path analysis is a simple descriptive multivariate technique which, given a matrix of intercorrelations and a hypothetical model of the direction of relationships among the variables, can produce estimates of the magnitude of the direct and indirect influences which together produce the observed intercorrelations.
Phasic Heart Rate Change and the U‐Shaped Relationship Between Choice Reaction Time and Auditory Signal Intensity
Authors: Van der Molen M. W. , Orlebeke J. F. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe effect of auditory intensity on choice reaction time (RT) and heart rate (HR) was studied in two experiments using a 2.5‐sec fixed foreperiod paradigm and a mixed block intensity presentation mode. Experiment I showed a U‐shaped RT/intensity function and a triphasic HR response. However, the usually obtained anticipatory HR deceleration did not appear. There was only a slight deceleration after the onset of the imperative signal. Both strong tones and faster responding were associated with a more rapid shift from less deceleration to more acceleratory recovery. A second experiment produced similar findings. In addition, differential warning with respect to signal intensity reduced its effect on RT and accelerated the HR response to the imperative signal. The triphasic HR response disappeared in reaction to a “No‐Go” warning signal instructing the subject to withhold his motor response to the imperative signal. It was argued that, apart from being an input variable, auditory intensity has an additional effect upon the motor system. It was concluded that this immediate arousal effect of loud auditory signals (Sanders, 1977) could be related to Graham's (1980) notion of defense as primarily a motor facilitating system.Finally, the finding of a consistent relationship between fast reactions and less deceleration together with the absence of the anticipatory deceleration clearly does not fit either the Obrist model or the Lacey model.
Habituation of The Orienting Response to Complex Sequences of Stimuli
Authors: Ben‐Shakhar Gershon 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThe present paper investigates habituation of the electrodermal component of the orienting response to complex sequences of stimuli—i.e. sequences of at least two different recurring stimuli. From the simple habituation curve to one stimulus, three alternative models are suggested to predict the response to that same stimulus in a given trial of the complex sequence.The study was carried out in two stages. In Experiment 1 simple habituation curves were constructed for two types of stimuli (chosen and non‐chosen). The results of this experiment provided two negative exponential functions fitted to the data of 101 subjects. Experiments 2 and 3 were designed to compare the models and used complex sequences of chosen and non‐chosen stimuli in different mixtures. The prediction of each model was correlated with the actual data of 120 subjects in Experiment 2 and 160 subjects in Experiment 3. The two experiments produced a similar picture regarding the relative validities of the three models. The two models that assume independent habituation processes of the two stimuli comprising the sequence fitted the data better than a model that assumes complete generalization of habituation. The results were discussed within the framework of Sokolov's theory. Theoretical and methodological implications of the models were mentioned, and several suggestions for further research and formulation of more complex models were proposed.
T‐wave Amplitude and the P‐Q Interval: Relationships to Noninvasive Indices of Myocardial Performance
Authors: Bunnell David E. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTThis study examines the interrelationship of five noninvasive measures of cardiac performance: T‐wave amplitude (TWA), the P‐Q interval of the EKG (PQI), Pulse Transit Time (PTT), Carotid dP/dt, and heart rate or interbeat interval (IBI). These measures were manually derived from high‐speed recordings of EKG and carotid displacement pulse made as subjects performed a demanding mental arithmetic task. Within‐subject correlations between the measures were determined from 18 cardiac cycles sampled from baseline and task periods. Five of the median correlations were significant in the overall sample (N=19), most notably that between IBI and PQI. When subjects were partitioned into high and low PTT reactors, a larger number of significant correlations were observed in the more reactive group. PTT reactivity significantly enhanced the magnitude of three correlations: PTT vs IBI, PTT vs PQI, and PQI vs TWA.Comparing the two electrocardiographic indices, PQI displayed larger correlations with both IBI and PTT than did TWA. The pattern of correlations suggests that PQI measurement provides little information beyond that provided by HR alone and that TWA, although strongly related to PTT in a few subjects, is not consistently related to any measure except PQI. The results are discussed in light of reports suggesting that these indices might be used to assess beta‐adrenergic influences on the myocardium.
Sleep, Performance and Mood After the Energy‐Expenditure Equivalent of 40 Hours of Sleep Deprivation
Authors: Bonnet Michael H. 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTTwelve Marine subjects marched approximately 20 miles to expend as much energy in one 16‐hr day as is expended during 40 hrs of relatively inactive sleep deprivation. At the end of the march, performance on addition, vigilance, choice reaction time, tapping, short‐term memory, symbol substitution, and three mood scales was decremented significantly. Those decrements closely approximated decrements reported in the literature following 40 hrs of sleep deprivation. However, recovery sleep stages and arousal thresholds were essentially unchanged as compared to baseline and were significantly different from those predicted after 40 hrs of sleep loss. It was concluded that while changes in performance were probably linked to total energy consumption, the commonly measured sleep variables were not.
Electrodermal Response Dysfunction in Patients on Maintenance Renal Dialysis
Authors: Doerr Hans O. , Follette William , Scribner Belding H. , Eisdorfer Carl 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIn a study of autonomic function in chronic renal failure, electrodermal response to valsalva stimulation (exhalation against 40 mmHg for 12 sec) was recorded for 25 patients maintained on hemodialysis and 25 normal controls. The dialysis patients were found to have greatly reduced phasic (skin conductance response) and tonic (skin conductance level) electrodermal activity. There was minimal overlap between the two groups. Positive correlations were obtained among electrodermal conductance and residual renal function and motor nerve conduction velocity. The results may bear on the assessment of the dialysis technique.
On the Validation of Discriminant Functions: An Empirical Analysis Using Event Related Potentials
Authors: Daruna Jorge H. , Karrer Rathe 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTDiscriminant analysis is becoming increasingly popular in psychophysiology. Appropriate use of this technique requires computation of the discriminant function using one set of data followed by its validation using a new data set (i.e., cross‐validation). Recent studies have relied on an alternative method of validation referred to as the jackknife or leave‐one‐out procedure. This study examined the appropriateness of such a procedure in instances like those typical of psychophysiology, where only a subset of the available variables is used in the discriminant function. Results are presented which indicate that the jackknife procedure can be misleading when the variables entering the discriminant function are selected on the basis of differences between the groups (i.e., stepwise discriminant analysis). It is concluded that under such circumstances cross‐validation is the more appropriate procedure.
Electrodermal Orienting Responses to Onset and Offset of Auditory Stimulation under Nonsignal Conditions
Authors: Goldwater Bram C. , Egner Karl 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTIt has previously been reported that the orienting reflex (OR) to the onset of a stimulus habituates more slowly than the OR to stimulus offset. In this paper, we attempted to account for this in terms of differences between the ON condition (whose presentation elicits the onset OR) and the OFF condition (whose “presentation” elicits the offset OR). Because the typical habituation paradigm begins with a period of adaptation to the OFF (stimulus absent) condition, the relative novelty of the ON condition is enhanced. This bias would contribute to the advantage of onset ORs over offset responses. This hypothesis was evaluated by comparing skin conductance responses (SCRs) to onset and offset of a 600 Hz tone in a group adapted in the presence of that tone (Tone Adaptation, TA) vs one adapted in its absence (Silent Adaptation, SA). The results supported our hypothesis; onset ORs habituated significantly more slowly than offset ORs in Group SA, but not in Group TA.
Male Sexual Arousal and the Law of Initial Value
Authors: Julien Elise , Over Ray 
Published: February 2007

ABSTRACTPenile circumference was measured for 24 men before and during exposure to erotic material of matched content presented in 5 modes: film, slides, spoken, written, and fantasy. Stimulation in each case involved 8, 2‐min episodes graded in content from low to high heterosexual arousal value. Three indices were used to test for the Law of Initial Value (LIV). No consistent evidence was obtained that stimulation levels or change scores varied systematically with prestimulus baseline values. The data indicate that male sexual arousal can be investigated without the need to adjust change scores to take into account initial value, at least when guided relaxation has been used to stabilize basal rates.