bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Purinergic control of neuropathic pain
Authors: McGaraughty Steve , Jarvis Michael F. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractUnderstanding the purinergic modulation of neurotransmission has been greatly advanced in recent years by the development of receptor‐selective compounds and the ability to manipulate expression of specific receptor subtypes. The use of these tools has resulted in a wealth of evidence demonstrating the importance of adenosine (ADO)‐sensitive and adenosine 5′‐triphosphate (ATP)‐sensitive receptors (P1 and P2, respectively) to the development of pathological nociceptive states, including neuropathic pain. It is likely that more than one of these P1 and P2 receptor subtypes is involved in the modulation and/or transmission of pathological nociceptive signals. ATP, acting at sensory neurons in the periphery and spinal cord as well as on glial cells contributes to neural excitability, is pro‐nociceptive, and likely participates in the sensitization of the central nervous system during chronic pain. ATP is a non‐selective agonist for several ionotropic P2X and metabotropic P2Y receptor subtypes. The homomeric P2X3, P2X4, P2X7, heteromeric P2X2/3, and possibly P2Y2, P2Y4, and P2Y6have all been linked to neuropathic pain in preclinical models. In contrast, ADO generally functions as an endogenous inhibitory neuromodulator and produces these effects by activating on a family of G‐protein coupled cell surface receptors (A1, A2A, A2B, A3). Systemic and intrathecal administration of ADO itself, both preclinically and clinically, reduces neuropathic hypersensitivity, and these effects are likely mediated through activity at the A1receptor subtype. In order to reduce side effects typically related to the administration of ADO, compounds have been identified to allosterically modulate the A1receptor or to limit ADO reuptake. These compounds potently affect neuropathy‐related sensitivity with an improved therapeutic window. Thus, advances in the pharmacology of purinergic neurotransmission have led to the development of new strategies to enhance the endogenous actions of ADO and to limit the neuro‐excitatory effects of ATP. The contributions of the various purinergic receptors to states of neuropathic pain will be reviewed. Drug Dev. Res. 67:376–388, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Modulation of neurotrophic growth factors as a therapeutic strategy for neuropathic pain
Authors: Sah Dinah Y.W. , Porreca Frank , Ossipov Michael H. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNeurotrophic growth factors have tremendous untapped potential for the treatment of neurological injuries and diseases. In contrast to specific neurotransmitter modulators or ion channel blockers, a neurotrophic growth factor profoundly impacts multiple molecular pathways within a cell, with the possibility of exerting broad, and potentially “disease‐modifying” effects that may counteract the underlying pathology. Although numerous clinical trials have been carried out with the prototypic neurotrophic growth factors, including most notably NGF for diabetic neuropathy and GDNF for Parkinson's disease, none of these trials have been successful to date in providing compelling data for drug approval. The apparent lack of translation from the bench to the clinic may be considered in the context of our current understanding of the neurotrophic growth factors, especially mechanism of action, efficacy in animal models of disease, and safety and tolerability, and how these factors relate to clinical trial design. The application of this new knowledge to future clinical trials of neuropathic pain may provide opportunities for successful clinical development of neurotrophic growth factor modulators. Drug Dev. Res. 67:389–403, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
T‐type calcium channels: an emerging therapeutic target for the treatment of pain
Authors: Snutch Terrance P. , David Laurence S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractIt has become generally accepted that presynaptic high voltage–activated N‐type calcium channels located in the spinal dorsal horn are a validated clinical target for therapeutic interventions associated with severe intractable pain. Low voltage–activated (T‐type) calcium channels play a number of critical roles in nervous system function, including controlling thalamocortical bursting behaviours and the generation of spike wave discharges associated with slow wave sleep patterns. There is a growing body of evidence that T‐type calcium channels also contribute in several ways to both acute and neuropathic nociceptive behaviours. In the one instance, the Cav3.1 T‐type channel isoform likely contributes an anti‐nociceptive function in thalamocortical central signalling, possibly through the activation of inhibitory nRT neurons. In another instance, the Cav3.2 T‐type calcium channel subtype acts at the level of primary afferents in a strongly pro‐nociceptive manner in both acute and neuropathic models. While a number of classes of existing clinical agents non‐selectively block T‐type calcium channels, there are no subtype‐specific drugs yet available. The development of agents selectively targeting peripheral Cav3.2 T‐type calcium channels may represent an attractive new avenue for therapeutic intervention. Drug Dev. Res. 67:404–415, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Rapid three‐dimensional imaging and analysis of the beating embryonic heart reveals functional changes during development
Authors: Liebling Michael , Forouhar Arian S. , Wolleschensky Ralf , Zimmermann Bernhard , Ankerhold Richard , Fraser Scott E. , Gharib Morteza , Dickinson Mary E. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWe report an accurate method for studying the functional dynamics of the beating embryonic zebrafish heart. The fast cardiac contraction rate and the high velocity of blood cells have made it difficult to study cellular and subcellular events relating to heart function in vivo. We have devised a dynamic three‐dimensional acquisition, reconstruction, and analysis procedure by combining (1) a newly developed confocal slit‐scanning microscope, (2) novel strategies for collecting and synchronizing cyclic image sequences to build volumes with high temporal and spatial resolution over the entire depth of the beating heart, and (3) data analysis and reduction protocols for the systematic extraction of quantitative information to describe phenotype and function. We have used this approach to characterize blood flow and heart efficiency by imaging fluorescent protein‐expressing blood and endocardial cells as the heart develops from a tube to a multichambered organ. The methods are sufficiently robust to image tissues within the heart at cellular resolution over a wide range of ages, even when motion patterns are only quasiperiodic. These tools are generalizable to imaging and analyzing other cyclically moving structures at microscopic scales. Developmental Dynamics 235:2940–2948, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Germ cell restricted expression of chick Nanog
Authors: Cañón Susana , Herranz Cristina , Manzanares Miguel 
Published: August 2006

AbstractNanog is a pluripotency‐associated factor expressed in embryonic stem cells and in the epiblast and primordial germ cells of the mouse embryo. We have identified the chick orthologue of Nanog and found that its expression is limited to primordial germ cells in the early embryo and is not found throughout the epiblast. Genomic analysis has shown that Nanog is an amniote‐specific gene and is absent from anamniotes and invertebrates. Furthermore, other pluripotency associated genes that are located in close proximity to Nanog in human and mouse are absent from the chick genome. Such observations lead to a scenario of sequential addition of novel genes to a genomic region associated to pluripotency. These results have profound implications for the study of the evolution of pluripotent lineages in the embryo and of vertebrate stem cells. Developmental Dynamics 235:2889–2894, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Endotoxin modulates the capacity of CpG‐activated liver myeloid DC to direct Th1‐type responses
Authors: Abe Masanori , Tokita Daisuke , Raimondi Giorgio , Thomson Angus W. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDC are believed to play important roles in the induction and regulation of immune responses in the liver, an organ implicated in peripheral tolerance. Since the liver is located downstream of the gut, it is constantly exposed to bacterial LPS. Our recent observations indicate that prior exposure to endotoxin modulates subsequent liver DC responses to this TLR4 ligand. In this study, we demonstrate that endotoxin modifies the capacity of mouse liver myeloid DC (MDC) activated by CpG (TLR9 ligand) to direct Th1‐type responses. IL‐12 production by liver MDC was significantly lower than that of spleen MDC following CpG or Imiquimod (R837; TLR7 ligand) activation in vitro. In addition, allogeneic T cells stimulated by CpG‐activated liver MDC secreted significantly lower levels of IFN‐γ than T cells stimulated with CpG‐activated spleen MDC. A similar effect on liver DC was observed in response to in vivo CpG administration. This effect may be explained by exposure of the DC to endotoxin, because LPS attenuated IL‐12 production by CpG‐stimulated liver MDC, both in vitro and in vivo. Moreover, attenuation of the response to CpG was not observed in liver MDC from TLR4‐mutant (C3H/HeJ) mice, in which TLR4 signaling is impaired. These data suggest that endotoxin‐induced ‘cross‐tolerance’ to TLR ligands in liver DC may contribute to down‐regulation of hepatic immune responses.
The co‐expression of 2B4 (CD244) and CD160 delineates a subpopulation of human CD8+ T cells with a potent CD160‐mediated cytolytic effector function
Authors: Rey Jérôme , Giustiniani Jérôme , Mallet Francoise , Schiavon Valèrie , Boumsell Laurence , Bensussan Armand , Olive Daniel , Costello Régis T 
Published: August 2006

AbstractWithin human CD8+ T lymphocytes, the CD27−CD45RAhigh or CD56+ phenotypes contribute to precisely define the cells with CTL effector function. Novel markers were demonstrated to correlate with CTL properties, such as the 2B4 (CD244) receptor, a member of the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin superfamily or the glycosylphosphatidylinositol‐anchored CD160 receptor. We performed a study of these markers to further define the population of effectors with CTL functions. Here we show that cytotoxic subpopulations defined by surface markers CD160, CD56 and CD57 are mostly contained in the 2B4+CD8+ T cell population. Expression of CD160 identifies two populations in the 2B4+ population. The 2B4+CD160+ subset expresses a bona fide CTL phenotype. The co‐expression of 2B4 and CD160 defines T cells containing high amounts of perforin and granzyme B. During CTL ontogeny, an up‐regulation of 2B4 and CD160 is observed from a naive to a terminally differentiated phenotype. Finally, we demonstrated that CD160 triggering failed to induce cytotoxicity per se, but costimulated CD3‐redirected killing. We conclude that the co‐expression of 2B4 and CD160 defines a CD8+ T lymphocyte subpopulation with high CTL activity.
Contribution of the PD‐1 ligands/PD‐1 signaling pathway to dendritic cell‐mediated CD4+ T cell activation
Authors: Kuipers Harmjan , Muskens Femke , Willart Monique , Hijdra Daniëlle , van Assema Friso B. J. , Coyle Anthony J. , Hoogsteden Henk C. , Lambrecht Bart N. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractDendritic cells (DC) are extremely proficient inducers of naïve CD4+ T cell activation due to their high expression level of peptide‐MHC and an array of accessory molecules involved in cell migration, adhesion and co‐signaling, including PD‐1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) and PD‐1 ligand 2 (PD‐L2). Whether PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 have a stimulatory or inhibitory function is a matter of debate, and could be partially dependent on the model system used. In this study we examined the role of PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expressed by DC in naïve CD4+ T cell activation in a more physiologically relevant model system, using OVA‐specific T cells in combination with various levels of TCR stimulation. Overexpression of PD‐L1 or PD‐L2 by DC did not inhibit T cell proliferation, even when B7–1 and B7–2 mediated costimulation was absent, although IL‐2 production was consistently decreased. Surprisingly, blocking PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 with soluble programmed death‐1 (sPD‐1) also inhibited T cell activation, probably via reverse signaling via PD‐L1 and/or PD‐L2 into DC, leading to reduced DC maturation. This study suggests a relatively minor contribution of PD‐1 ligands in DC‐driven CD4+ T cell activation and provides evidence for reverse signaling by PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 into DC, resulting in a suppressive DC phenotype.
NK cells of human secondary lymphoid tissues enhance T cell polarization via IFN‐γ secretion
Authors: Morandi Barbara , Bougras Gwenola , Muller William A. , Ferlazzo Guido , Münz Christian 
Published: August 2006

AbstractHuman secondary lymphoid tissues harbor NK cells that predominantly secrete cytokines in response to activation. Here, we demonstrate that these immunoregulatory NK cells assist in the Th1 polarization of primary immune responses, induced by dendritic cells. Tonsilar, but not peripheral blood NK cells enhanced the expansion of IFN‐γ‐producing CD4+ T cells via their superior ability to produce IFN‐γ. Addition of IFN‐γ increased Th1 polarization while antibody blocking of this cytokine abolished NK cell‐dependent Th1 polarization. Our data suggest that NK cells in secondary lymphoid organs assist priming of Th1 cells via cytokine secretion and this effect should be harnessed during vaccination against viruses and tumors.
Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition of 2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐one to Nitro Alkenes Employing Proline‐Based Catalysts
Authors: Enders Dieter , Chow Sharon 
Published: August 2006

AbstractThe organocatalytic asymmetric Michael addition of 2,2‐dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxan‐5‐one (1) was performed with various nitro alkenes 2 using a number of proline‐based catalysts (A–M) affording polyfunctional nitro ketones 3. Reverse diastereoselectivity was observed with the diphenylprolinol catalyst J, and the best diastereo‐ and enantiomeric excesses were achieved with the sulfonamide catalyst M (de = 84–98 %, ee = 81–86 %). (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Why minority group members resent impostors
Authors: Warner Ruth , Hornsey Matthew J. , Jetten Jolanda 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAn impostor is defined as somebody who publicly lays claim to an identity while simultaneously disguising their failure to fulfill key criteria for group membership. The current study aimed to identify why minority group members feel negatively toward impostors. In two experiments, gay participants evaluated a person who claimed to be either gay or straight. In half of the conditions the target's claims for identity were consistent with their behavior, and in the other half the target's claims for identity were inconsistent with their behavior (impostors). Participants perceived a straight target that claimed to be gay to be doing more damage to the group than a consistent straight target. This effect was mediated by ratings of the extent to which the target was threatening the distinctiveness of gay identity. Furthermore, a gay target who claimed to be straight was seen to be less likeable and was seen to be doing more damage to the group than a consistent gay target, effects that were mediated by the extent to which the target was perceived to feel shame about their group identity. Implications of the results for our understanding of impostorism are discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Opinion‐based group membership as a predictor of commitment to political action
Authors: Bliuc Ana‐Maria , McGarty Craig , Reynolds Katherine , Muntele Daniela 
Published: August 2006

AbstractResearch on group identification has shown it to be a surprisingly weak predictor of intentions to take large‐scale social action. The weak links may exist because researchers have not always examined identification with the type of group that is most relevant for predicting action. Our focus in two studies (one in Romania and one in Australia, both Ns = 101) was on opinion‐based groups (i.e. groups formed around shared opinions). We found that social identification with opinion‐based groups was an excellent predictor of political behavioural intentions, particularly when items measuring identity certainty were included. The results provide clear evidence of the role of social identity constructs for predicting commitment to social action and complement analyses of politicised collective identity and crowd behaviour. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of the positive–negative asymmetry effect: in‐group exclusion norm as a mediator of children's evaluations on negative attributes
Authors: Rutland Adam , Brown Rupert J. , Cameron Lindsey , Ahmavaara Anni , Arnold Katie , Samson Jenni 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo studies were conducted that go beyond previous research by examining when and why children might show intergroup bias in the attribution of positive, but not negative traits (PNAE: the positive–negative asymmetry effect, Mummendey & Otten, 1998, European review of social psychology, Vol. 9). In Study 1 (n = 107) children completed a ‘mixed’ trait attribution task in a dichotomous group context. As predicted there was a developmental trend between 7 and 12 years of age in the PNAE. The 7‐year olds were the only age group not to show the effect. Study 1 also found a quadratic developmental trend in children's national intergroup bias. Study 2 (n = 62) replicated the developmental path of the PNAE found in Study 1 using a wider age range of 6–16 years. This study used a ‘mixed’ list of traits which were not only antonyms and a procedure that made the positive and negative trait dimensions explicitly independent. Significantly, Study 2 found in‐group exclusion norm partially mediated the development of the PNAE. These findings support an account of the positive–negative asymmetry effect based upon normative processes. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How regulatory focus influences consumer behavior
Authors: Werth Lioba , Foerster Jens 
Published: August 2006

AbstractAccording to Higgins (1997) the theory of regulatory focus says that in terms of both information processing and motivation it makes a difference whether people have a promotion or prevention focus. In this paper, this theory will be applied to the area of consumer psychology. In three experiments we show that consumer's regulatory focus either measured or induced in a given situation influences product evaluations. Study 1 shows that consumers are interested in different product features depending on their focus; whereas in the prevention focus they are more interested in safety‐oriented aspects, in the promotion focus they concentrate more on comfort‐oriented qualities. In Study 2, a typical prevention product and a typical promotion product are compared with one another and data shows that focus compatible products are evaluated more positively. In Study 3 we demonstrate that advertisments that correspond to the focus of the consumer lead to more positive evaluations of the product than advertisments that are incompatible with the focus of the consumer. Theoretical and practical implications will be discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Group polarization and choice‐dilemmas: how important is self‐categorization?
Authors: Krizan Zlatan , Baron Robert S. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSelf‐categorization proponents (e.g., Turner, 1991) assume that group polarization occurs because discussants wish to differentiate themselves from outgroup positions and implicitly think of such groups even when they are not specifically mentioned. Ingroup/outgroup salience is thought to heighten such effects. To examine this view, we had participants discuss Choice Dilemma items either with or without explicit knowledge of outgroup positions. Contrary to a self‐categorization account, this manipulation of outgroup salience did not affect the degree of group polarization. In addition, rating measures revealed little spontaneous consideration of outgroup positions on the part of participants, nor was consideration of outgroup positions related to degree of polarization. Group members did show evidence of ingroup identification, but this identification was unrelated to participants' post‐discussion conformity to the group consensus. Taken as a whole, these results suggest distinct limits to the self‐categorization interpretation of group polarization involving Choice Dilemmas. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social identity and the attitude–behaviour relationship: effects of anonymity and accountability
Authors: Smith Joanne R. , Terry Deborah J. , Hogg Michael A. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractTwo experiments examined the impact of anonymity and accountability on the expression of group‐mediated attitude‐behaviour consistency. In Study 1, low and high identifiers (N = 106) were exposed to an attitude‐congruent norm and provided information about their intentions under anonymous and in‐group accountable conditions. In Study 2, salience of identity was manipulated, and participants (N = 185) were exposed to either an attitude‐congruent or an attitude‐incongruent norm, and provided information on their intentions and behaviour under anonymous and in‐group accountable conditions. In both studies, accountability elicited group‐normative attitudes and behaviour among individuals for whom the group was not a salient basis for self‐definition. When the group was a salient basis for self‐definition, the expression of attitude‐consistent intentions and behaviour was greater in anonymous conditions. It is suggested that strategic effects, such as those that occur in the presence of an in‐group audience, influence displays of group‐normative attitude–behaviour consistency. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sex ratio and mate preferences: a cross‐cultural investigation
Authors: Stone Emily A. , Shackelford Todd K. , Buss David M. 
Published: August 2006

AbstractSex ratio is the number of men per 100 reproductive‐age women within a specified mating pool. We generated and tested two hypotheses about the cross‐cultural relationships between sex ratio and mate preferences using preference ratings of 18 characteristics provided by 9809 participants and corresponding sex ratio data secured from an international organization. The Classical Sex Ratio Mate Preference Shifts Hypothesis predicts that in imbalanced sex ratio societies, the more numerous sex will lower their standards, to facilitate acquisition of a partner of the less numerous sex. The Alternative Sex Ratio Mate Preference Shifts Hypothesis predicts that in lower sex ratio societies, men will lower their standards to secure more short‐term matings, whereas women will raise their standards to avoid deception by men seeking short‐term relationships. Results supported the Classical Sex Ratio Mate Preference Shifts Hypothesis for men, and the Alternative Sex Ratio Mate Preference Shifts Hypothesis for women. Discussion addresses limitations of the current research and highlights future directions for research on the relationships between sex ratio and mating psychology and behavior. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.