bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physicochemical characteristics of soybean oil, palm kernel olein, and their binary blends
Authors: Nor Hayati Ibrahim , Che Man Yaakob B. , Tan Chin Ping , Nor Aini Idris 
Published: July 2008

SummarySoybean oil (SBO), palm kernel olein (PKO) and their binary blends (containing 5–40% PKO) were studied for their physicochemical characteristics. Decreases in band absorbencies of the resultant Fourier transform infrared spectra were observed in regions attributable to vibrations of the functional groups of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly the =C–H cis stretching at 3009 cm−1and –C=C cis stretching at 1657 cm−1. The solid fat content was measurable in the blends containing 15–40% PKO at 5 and 10 °C, ranging within 4–20% and 2–13%, respectively. The differential scanning calorimetry melting curve for SBO exhibited more complex transition peaks, suggesting a polymorphic transformation when compared with PKO with a simpler . Blending of SBO with PKO reduced the complexity caused by the polymorphic transformation, featuring the endotherms that only related to the β′ fat crystals.
Effect of oil content and processing conditions on the thermal behaviour and physicochemical stability of oil‐in‐water emulsions
Authors: Tippetts Megan , Martini Silvana 
Published: July 2008

SummaryThe destabilisation mechanism of oil‐in‐water (o/w) emulsions was studied as a function of oil content (20% and 40% o/w), homogenisation conditions and crystallisation temperatures (10, 5, 0, −5 and −10 °C). A mixture of anhydrous milk fat and soya bean oil was used as the lipid phase and whey protein isolate (2 wt%) as emulsifier. Crystallisation and melting behaviours were analysed using differential scanning calorimetry. Physicochemical stability was measured with a vertical scan macroscopic analyser. Emulsions with 20% oil were found to be less stable than those with 40% oil. For 20% o/w emulsions, the crystallisation was delayed and inhibited in emulsions with smaller droplets and promoted in emulsions with larger droplets when compared with 40% o/w emulsions. Depending on the droplet sizes in the emulsion, the formation of lipid crystals (in combination with the emulsifier) either stabilises (small droplets) or destabilises (big droplets) the emulsion.
Historical biogeography of New World emballonurid bats (tribe Diclidurini): taxon pulse diversification
Authors: Lim Burton K. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractAim  To reconstruct the biogeographical history of New World emballonurid bats (tribe Diclidurini). Although bats are the second most species‐rich order of mammals, they have not contributed substantially to our understanding of the historical biogeography of mammals in the Neotropics because of a poor fossil record. In addition, being the only group of mammals that fly, bats typically have large distributions with relatively few species endemic to restricted areas that are amenable to vicariant biogeographical approaches.Location  Central and South America.Methods  Phylogenetic analysis for comparing trees (PACT) is a new algorithm that incorporates all spatial information from taxon area cladograms into a general area cladogram. There were nine biogeographical areas identified in Central and South America for New World emballonurid bats. Molecular dating was used to incorporate the temporal aspect of historical biogeography. This method was compared with dispersal–vicariance analysis (DIVA), which assumes vicariance as the default mode of speciation.Results  Of the 45 speciation events in a fully resolved phylogeny, eight that were hypothesized by DIVA as vicariance were considered by PACT as two peripheral isolations and six within‐area events. DIVA was less parsimonious because it required six more post‐speciation dispersal events in addition to the 73 hypothesized by PACT. DIVA reconstructed a widely distributed ancestor, suggesting that most dispersal events occurred earlier, whereas the ancestral area for PACT based on character optimization was the Northern Amazon, suggesting that dispersal events were more recent phenomena.Main conclusions  The general area cladogram from PACT indicated that within‐area events, and not vicariance, provide the major mode of speciation for New World emballonurid bats. There was no biological evidence supporting or rejecting sympatric speciation in New World emballonurid bats. However, the geological history, combined with fluctuations in temperature and sea level, suggested within‐area speciation in a changing and heterogeneous environment in the Northern Amazon during the Miocene. This scenario is similar to the taxon‐pulse hypothesis of biotic diversification, which posits repeated episodes of range expansions and contractions from a stable core area such as the Guiana Shield within the Northern Amazon.
Do heart failure specialist nurses think differently when faced with ‘hard’ or ‘easy’ decisions: a judgement analysis
Authors: Thompson Carl , Spilsbury Karen , Dowding Dawn , Pattenden Jill , Brownlow Ros 
Published: July 2008

Aims. To unpack specialist heart failure nurses’ decision‐making and explore whether viewing a decision as ‘hard’ or ‘easier’ is associated with different decision‐making characteristics.Background. Specialist heart failure nurses exemplify modern nursing roles. They face diagnostic, prognostic and treatment uncertainties of varying degrees of complexity in the choices they face. Nurses’ cognitive handling of complexity is largely unknown.Design. Judgement analysis survey.Methods. Judgement analysis with 29 nurses and two judgement tasks was undertaken. A drug titration decision (classed as ‘easier’ by nurses) was compared with a ‘harder’ palliative care referral choice. Measures of agreement between the nurses, the linearity and non‐linearity in information processing by nurses and the degree of cognitive control exercised by them were explored. Differences between nurses with varying degrees of education were explored using pairedt‐testing. The relationship between experience and key measures was explored using bivariate correlations.Results. Nurses varied in their judgements and the weighting afforded to information. Self‐reported decision difficulty was less important for cognitive handling of information and agreement between nurses than we predicted. Nurses had high degrees of cognitive control in the drug task and far less in the palliative referral condition. However, there was no change in the linear or non‐linear processing of information of the two tasks. Education and clinical experience were not related to agreement or information processing.Conclusions. Nurses’ self‐reported difficulty in decisions should not be relied upon as valid indicators of decisional complexity. The title ‘specialist nurse’ should not be assumed to equate by default with clinical expertise. Thinking in a more sophisticated way about the relationship between experience, uncertainty, decision structure and information available may help nurses make better choices.Relevance to clinical practice. Teaching nurses about what makes for hard and difficult decisions and increasing awareness of the decisions they make may lead to better quality choices. Practice developers should pay attention to the quality of clinical experience as well as the quantity when considering decision‐making expertise.
Value of wireless personal digital assistants for practice: perceptions of advanced practice nurses
Authors: Garrett Bernard , Klein Gerri 
Published: July 2008

Aims and objectives.  The aims were to explore advanced practice nurses’ perceptions on wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies, to establish the type and range of tools that would be useful to support their practice and to identify any requirements and limitations that may impact the implementation of wireless Personal Digital Assistants in practice.Background.  The wireless Personal Digital Assistant is becoming established as a hand‐held computing tool for healthcare professionals. The reflections of advanced practice nurses’ about the value of wireless Personal Digital Assistants and its potential to contribute to improved patient care has not been investigated.Design.  A qualitative interpretivist design was used to explore advanced practice nurses’ perceptions on the value of wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies to support their practice.Methods.  The data were collected using survey questionnaires and individual and focus group interviews with nurse practitioners, clinical nurse specialists and information technology managers based in British Columbia, Canada. An open‐coding content analysis was performed using qualitative data analysis software.Results.  Wireless Personal Digital Assistant’s use supports the principles of pervasivity and is a technology rapidly being adopted by advanced practice nurses. Some nurses indicated a reluctance to integrate wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies into their practices because of the cost and the short technological life cycle of these devices. Many of the barriers which precluded the use of wireless networks within facilities are being removed. Nurses demonstrated a complex understanding of wireless Personal Digital Assistant technologies and gave good rationales for its integration in their practice.Conclusions.  Nurses identified improved client care as the major benefit of this technology in practice and the type and range of tools they identified included clinical reference tools such as drug and diagnostic/laboratory reference applications and wireless communications.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses in this study support integrating wireless mobile computing technologies into their practice to improve client care.
A systematic review of the effectiveness of nurse communication with patients with complex communication needs with a focus on the use of augmentative and alternative communication
Authors: Finke Erinn H , Light Janice , Kitko Lisa 
Published: July 2008

Aims and objectives.  To systematically review the research regarding communication between nurses and patients with complex communication needs (CCN). The research was reviewed with respect to the following themes: (a) the importance of communication; (b) the barriers to effective communication; (c) the supports needed for effective communication; and (d) recommendations for improving the effectiveness of communication between nurses and patients with CCN. Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) strategies that can be used by nurses to facilitate more effective communication with patients with CCN are discussed.Background.  Effective nurse‐patient communication is critical to efficient care provision. Difficulties in communication between nurses and patients arise when patients are unable to speak. This problem is further complicated because nurses typically receive little or no training in how to use AAC to communicate with patients with CCN.Design.  Systematic review.Method.  This paper reviewed the published research focusing on the perspectives of nurses, patients with CCN and their caregivers regarding the challenges to effective communication between nurses and patients with CCN. Further, specific strategies (i.e., using AAC) that nurses can use to improve and facilitate communication with patients with CCN are provided.Conclusions.  Communication between nurses and patients is critical to providing and receiving quality care. Nurses and patients have reported concern and frustration when communication is not adequate. Using AAC strategies will help nurses and patients better communicate with each other when speech is not an option.Relevance to clinical practice.  Communication with all patients is very important to the provision of quality nursing care. Communication cannot always be achieved using the speech modality. Nurses need to have tools and skills that will allow them to communicate with all of their patients whether or not they can speak.
An observational study of health professionals’ use of evidence to inform the development of clinical management tools
Authors: Hutchinson Alison M , Johnston Linda 
Published: July 2008

Aim.  This observational study sought to investigate the process of evidence use by health professionals during development of evidence‐based clinical management tools.Background.  Studies conducted to explore the process of research use are scarce and knowledge of this process is essential for our understanding of the influences on research use in practice.Design.  A qualitative, non‐participant, observational design.Methods.  Behaviour and actions of two separate multidisciplinary teams were observed and audio‐recorded during a combined total of seven meetings for the development of clinical management tools. Semi‐structured, one‐to‐one interviews were conducted approximately half‐way through the development process and following completion of the clinical management tools.Results.  Three major themes emerged from this research. First, the process of clinical management tool development and evidence use. Nurses assumed responsibility for coordination of development which focused on describing current practice. Second, the forms of evidence employed during the development process included the use of experiential knowledge, opinions and knowledge of the context, in addition to research evidence. However, reference to research evidence was limited and its incorporation into the instrument was infrequently observed. Third, the use of research evidence emerged with respect to how such evidence was employed.Conclusion.  This study focused on real‐life discussion and decision‐making that occurred between health professionals when developing evidence‐based clinical management tools. Health professionals may have a tendency to rely on their professional experience and current practice in preference to seeking and applying relevant research evidence.Relevance to clinical practice.  Nurses have an important role to play in the development of multidisciplinary evidence‐based clinical management tools, but to actively participate in this process they need to be familiar with the relevant research evidence and have the skills and confidence to integrate the evidence into practice.
Sterility screening of platelet concentrates: questioning the optimal test strategy
Authors: Dreier J. , Störmer M. , Pichl L. , Schottstedt V. , Grolle A. , Bux J. , Kleesiek K. 
Published: July 2008

Background  Routine bacterial monitoring of apheresis platelet concentrates (APC) and pooled platelet concentrates (PPC) was introduced in two German blood services using culture and real‐time reverse transcriptase (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The results of testing are reviewed and used to discuss different strategies for detection of bacterial contamination of PCs.Study Design and Methods  Two thousand three hundred and sixty‐two APCs and 1993 PPCs have been tested by real‐time RT‐PCR and the BacT/Alert automated culturing system using aerobic and anaerobic culture bottles. After standard processing of PCs and storage of 22–24 h at 20–24°C with agitation, samples were taken under aseptic conditions. Reactive culture bottles were confirmed as positive and bacterial isolates were identified by 16S rRNA analysis and biochemical tests.Results  Seventeen of 2362 tested APCs were reactive in culture and one also in RT‐PCR. Of these, 13 APCs were identified as initially positive as Staphylococcus warneri (n = 1, positive in aerobic and anaerobic culture), Propionibacterium acnes (n = 12, positive only in anaerobic culture) and four were initially reactive. Two of 1993 PPCs were initially reactive (anaerobic) and two more were confirmed positive (anaerobic) from a repeat culture and identified as P. acnes. All remaining specimens were tested negative.Conclusion  Our study demonstrates that the predominant organisms implicated in platelet bacterial contamination are part of the human skin flora. Inoculating blood culture systems and anaerobic cultivation detects these bacteria after approximately 3–7 days when blood products have been transfused. Based on the presented data different screening strategies are discussed.
Impact of Verticillium longisporum on Yield and Morphology of Winter Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus) in Relation to Systemic Spread in the Plant
Authors: Dunker S. , Keunecke H. , Steinbach P. , Von Tiedemann A. 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe impact of Verticillium longisporum on single plant and whole plot yield of oilseed rape (OSR) was studied in field experiments with natural infection or artificial soil infestation. Disease incidence (DI) and disease severity (DS) correlated with the amount of inoculum provided at four different levels by addition of infested rapeseed straw to the soil. DI and DS were higher in 2003, a year with higher average soil and air temperatures, than in 2004, at similar levels of added inoculum. Maximum DI and DS levels achieved with artificial soil infestation were 54.3% and 0.57 (rating scale from 0 to 2), respectively, which was insufficient to induce significant yield reduction in whole plots. In contrast, a significant decrease in yield was recorded on single naturally infected plants removed from the field at growth stage (GS) 83 to 85. Yield losses of single plants accounted for 20 to more than 80% at DS levels above 5 (scale 0 to 9). The systemic spread of V. longisporum was significantly delayed in plants in the field with substantial colonization of the shoots not occurring before maturity stages. However, fungal systemic spread into the shoots was faster in 2003, consistent with the visual disease assessment in the field. Conversely, the pathogen systemically spread after 28 days in plants (susceptible cultivar ‘Falcon’) in the greenhouse. Root dip inoculation with conidia suspension induced earlier and more severe disease symptoms than microsclerotia added to the soil. In contrast to the field, intense stunting was recorded on inoculated plants in the greenhouse. The susceptible cultivar, ‘Falcon’, showed higher DS, stronger reduction in root and shoot lengths and a faster fungal spread in the plant tissue than the moderate susceptible cultivar, ‘Talent’. Climatic conditions appear to be responsible for the strong delay in fungal invasion of plants in the field. This may prevent the plants from stunting and mitigate the overall yield effects of the disease. This study indicates a significant yield damage potential of V. longisporum in areas with DI above 60% and conditions accelerating the systemic pathogen spread in the plants.
Effect of Sowing Time on Toxigenic Fungal Infection and Mycotoxin Contamination of Maize Kernels
Authors: Blandino Massimo , Reyneri Amedeo , Vanara Francesca 
Published: July 2008

AbstractField experiments were set up from 2000 to 2002 in northwest Italy to determine the effects of sowing date on the susceptibility of maize hybrids to ear rot and mycotoxin contamination in natural infection conditions. Three sowing dates (March, April and May) were compared using two hybrids with different maturity classes. The ears were rated for the incidence and severity of disease symptoms at harvest and the harvested kernels were analysed for mycotoxin fumonisin B1, zearalenone, deoxynivalenol, aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A. The last sowing date resulted in higher values of European corn borer incidence (+39%), kernel Fusarium infection and fungal ear rot severity (increased respectively by a factor of 4 and 3) than the plots sowed in March. The sowing date did not influence the type of mycotoxin found in the kernel, which only depended on the climatic conditions during the season and on their influence on the infection and the development of the fungal species. The natural occurrence of fumonisin B1 and deoxynivalenol was always significantly higher in late‐sowed plots. A late sowing, after May 10, multiplies the risk of the occurrence of fumonisins and deoxynivalenol in the grains at harvest by a factor of 11.2 and 1.9, respectively. No significant difference was observed for the contamination of zearalenone or aflatoxin B1 for the different sowing dates. An earlier sowing time than April, resulted in a significant reduction in mycotoxin contamination only in the years in which the meteorological trend protracted the kernel dry down to the autumn months. The use of a late‐maturity hybrid with late sowing, compared with a medium‐maturity hybrid, could lead to a serious risk of mycotoxin contamination. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study to report on the effects of sowing time on maize kernel contamination of mycotoxins other than aflatoxins in non‐inoculated conditions.
Red Light‐induced Systemic Disease Resistance against Root‐knot Nematode Meloidogyne javanica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000
Authors: Islam Sayed Zahirul , Babadoost Mohammad , Bekal Sadia , Lambert Kris 
Published: July 2008

AbstractThe pretreatment of Arabidopsis with red light (600–700 nm) induces systemic resistance against root‐knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC 3000. Red light treatment significantly (P = 0.05) reduced the number of root galls in both wild type (Col‐0) and nahG‐expressing Arabidopsis compared with those of white light‐treated control plants, while red light treatment only induced resistance to P. syringae in wild‐type plants. This result suggests that red light induces resistance against root‐knot nematode in Arabidopsis through a transduction pathway, which is independent of salicylic acid (SA) accumulation in roots, but resistance to P. syringae is SA‐dependent. PR1 gene expression was monitored as a marker for systemic acquired resistance (SAR). Relative quantification of expression of the PR1 gene corresponding to the cDNA was examined in both leaves and roots. There was no significant difference between leaves and roots of red light‐treated Arabidopsis in quantitative PR1 gene expression. In red light‐treated wild type (Col‐0) Arabidopsis, PR1 mRNA was induced by 23.11‐ and 22.47‐fold for leaf and root, respectively, compared with the plants treated with white light. However, in nahG plants, PR1 gene expression changed only by 0.4‐fold. These findings indicate that plant defense responses activated by the foliar SA‐dependent pathway depend on the specific host–pathogen system. This is the first report of red light‐induced resistance in Arabidopsis against root‐knot nematode.
Tryptamine Pathway‐mediated DNA Fragmentation is Involved in Sekiguchi Lesion Formation for Light‐enhanced Resistance in Lesion Mimic Mutant of Rice to Magnaporthe grisea Infection
Authors: Ueno Makoto , Imaoka Atsuko , Kihara Junichi , Arase Sakae 
Published: July 2008

AbstractIn this study, the correlation between tryptamine pathway‐mediated Sekiguchi lesion formation and DNA fragmentation in the sl mutant infected with Magnaporthe grisea under light was investigated. DNA fragmentation was observed beginning at 12 h after M. grisea inoculation, and then increased with increasing time after inoculation under light, but not in the dark. However, in cycloheximide (CHX)‐ or heat shock (HS)‐pretreated leaves of the sl mutant, Sekiguchi lesion formation and DNA fragmentation were significantly inhibited, but not in chloramphenicol (CP)‐pretreated leaves. Tryptamine accumulation and enzyme activity such as tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) and monoamine oxidase (MAO) were also inhibited, even under light in the CHX‐ or HS‐pretreated leaves, but not in the CP‐pretreated ones. DNA fragmentation and TDC gene expression were induced in the leaves by the treatment with tryptamine or H2O2 under light, but not in the presence of the MAO inhibitor and H2O2 scavenger. The suppressive and inducible effects of biotic and abiotic agents on the induction of DNA fragmentation in the leaves of the sl mutant agree well with those effects on the activation of the tryptamine pathway involved in Sekiguchi lesion formation. These results suggested that tryptamine pathway‐mediated DNA fragmentation induces Sekiguchi lesion formation, which is responsible for light‐enhanced resistance in the sl mutant infected with M. grisea under light.