bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PAPR reduction of OFDM signal by neural networks without side information and its FPGA implementation
Authors: Ohta Masaya , Ueda Yasuo , Yamashita Katsumi 
Published: October 2008

AbstractA major drawback of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is the high peak‐to‐average power ratio (PAPR) of the transmitted signal. PAPR reduction techniques by using neural networks have been proposed to reduce the PAPR problem in OFDM transmitter. These techniques require side information to be transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver in order to recover the original data symbol from the receive signal. In this paper, we propose a novel technique to reduce PAPR of OFDM signal. The proposed technique is based on tone injection (TI) and does not use any side information to be transmitted from the transmitter to the receiver. Moreover, the proposed model is designed with VHDL for an FPGA device, and we report evaluation of the performance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 91(4): 52–60, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10081
Tr1 and naturally occurring regulatory T cells induce IgG4 in B cells through GITR/GITR‐L interaction, IL‐10 and TGF‐β
Authors: Satoguina Judith S. , Adjobimey Tomabu , Arndts Kathrin , Hoch Jochen , Oldenburg Johannes , Layland Laura E. , Hoerauf Achim 
Published: October 2008

AbstractRegulatory T cells exert their function through the modulation of both T and B cell responses. Our previous studies demonstrated that IL‐10‐producing Treg (Tr1) can induce B cells to secrete IgG4 in a cell‐contact‐dependent manner. The benefit of such non‐inflammatory B‐cell responses is apparent in the hyporesponsive state of patients with helminth infections such as Onchocerciasis. Here, we investigated the mechanisms involved to induce IgG4, within B:Tr‐cell co‐cultures, using IL‐10‐producing tetanus‐toxoid‐specific regulatory T cell lines and clones (Tr‐TCC) from human PBMC. During the generation process, we found that increasing Foxp3 levels in regulatory T cell lines correlated with their ability to induce IgG4 in B cells. Using Tr‐TCC, we found that blocking glucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor‐related protein (GITR) molecules selectively prevented IgG4 production as did neutralizing Ab to glucocorticoid‐induced tumour necrosis factor receptor‐related protein ligand (GITR‐L), IL‐10 and TGF‐β. Furthermore, the prevention of IgG4 induction by anti‐GITR Ab was reversed by excess rIL‐10 but not rTGF‐β. In contrast, anti‐ICOS and anti‐CTLA‐4 Abs had no effect. When compared with Tr‐TCC, freshly isolated CD4+CD25+ T cells, but not effector T cell populations, induced low levels of IgG4, which were also blocked by anti‐GITR and anti‐GITR‐L Ab. Thus, the mechanism of IgG4 induction by regulatory cells involves GITR–GITR‐L interactions, IL‐10 and TGF‐β.
Increased diabetes development and decreased function of CD4+CD25+ Treg in the absence of a functional DAP12 adaptor protein
Authors: Hall Håkan T. L. , Sjölin Hanna , Brauner Hanna , Tomasello Elena , Dalod Marc , Vivier Eric , Höglund Petter 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPrior to the development of type 1 diabetes, T cells are primed in the pancreatic lymph nodes (PLN) where they interact with APC displaying β cell‐derived peptides. The details concerning the regulation of autoreactive T cell responses in the PLN are unclear. BDC2.5/B6g7 TCR transgenic mice represent a simplified model of type 1 diabetes, in which β cell‐specific CD4+ T cells expressing a diabetogenic transgenic TCR are first activated in the PLN and subsequently home to the pancreas where they mediate killing of β cells. DNAX‐activating protein of 12 kDa (DAP12) is an adaptor molecule carrying an ITAM motif. It associates with receptors on lymphoid and myeloid cells, including APC. We here show that introduction of a DAP12 null mutation in BDC2.5/B6g7 mice accelerated diabetes development and promoted an augmented activation state of PLN T cells expressing the transgenic TCR. Transferred BDC2.5 T cells proliferated more efficiently in the PLN of DAP12‐deficient B6g7 recipients, which correlated with a decreased impact of co‐transferred BDC2.5+CD4+CD25+ T cells. We propose that signaling through a DAP12‐associated receptor on APC facilitates activation of Treg in the PLN and by this contributes to the maintenance of peripheral tolerance to β cell‐derived antigens.
Evasion of macrophage scavenger receptor A‐mediated recognition by pathogenic streptococci
Authors: Areschoug Thomas , Waldemarsson Johan , Gordon Siamon 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPRR recognize conserved structures on pathogenic microbes and are important for the defense against invading microorganisms. However, accumulating evidence indicates that many pathogens have evolved mechanisms to avoid recognition by PRR. One type of PRR is the macrophage scavenger receptor A (SR‐A), which has been shown to play an important role in recognition and non‐opsonic phagocytosis of pathogenic bacteria. The bacterial ligands for SR‐A have been suggested to be LPS or lipoteichoic acid. Here, we use murine bone marrow‐derived macrophages to analyze the role of SR‐A in non‐opsonic phagocytosis of two major Gram‐positive pathogens, Streptococcus agalactiae (group B streptococcus; GBS) and Streptococcus pyogenes. We show that the polysaccharide capsule of GBS and the surface M protein of S. pyogenes, two important virulence factors, prevent SR‐A‐mediated non‐opsonic phagocytosis of streptococci. The sialic acid moiety of the GBS capsule was crucial for its ability to prevent recognition by SR‐A. Moreover, we show that a ligand on GBS recognized by SR‐A in the absence of capsule is the surface lipoprotein Blr. These findings represent the first example of a microbial strategy to prevent recognition by SR‐A and suggest that bacterial surface proteins may be of importance as ligands for SR‐A.
Allergy therapy: The therapeutic potential of targeting sphingosine kinase signalling in mast cells
Authors: Melendez Alirio J. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractMast cell activation is a central event in allergic diseases, and investigating the signalling pathways triggered during mast cell activation may lead to the discovery of novel therapeutic targets. Mast cells can be activated by a multitude of stimuli including antibodies/antigen, cytokines/chemokines and neuropeptides, resulting in a variety of responses including the immediate release of potent inflammatory mediators. Moreover, recent data suggest that mast cell‐mediated responses are also influenced by the differential sphingolipids/sphingosine to sphingosine‐1‐phosphate ratio. The importance of sphingolipids as potent biological mediators of both intracellular and extracellular responses is being increasingly recognized and accepted; it is now appreciated that activation of mast cells, via the high‐affinity IgE‐receptor (FcεRI) leads to the activation of sphingosine kinases (SphK), resulting in increased formation of sphingosine‐1‐phosphate. Furthermore, FcεRI activates SphK‐dependent calcium mobilization in mast cells, leading to degranulation, cytokine, and eicosanoid production, and chemotaxis. In the past two years a critical role for SphK in allergic responses in vivo has emerged. In this review, I focus on the current understanding of the role of sphingosine kinases during mast cell signalling in vitro and their role during hypersensitivity responses in vivo, and discuss the potential of these enzymes as novel therapeutic targets to treat allergic diseases.
Synthesis of Chiral Amines Using α‐Amino Aldehydes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 31/2008)
Authors: Hili Ryan , Baktharaman Sivaraj , Yudin Andrei K. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe cover picture is an attempt to represent a cornucopia of molecules that are derived from α‐amino aldehydes. One hundred years ago, Emil Fischer attempted to prepare glycinal, a prototypical α‐amino aldehyde. Although glycinal resisted isolation and was found to be too unstable, it did provide a foundation for numerous synthetic studies of related molecules. Over the last century this field has flourished, proving the lasting value of these important synthetic intermediates. A. K.Yudin et al. summarize the latest trends in α‐amino aldehyde synthesis and applications on p. 5201 ff. The cover art was created by Mr. Ryan Hili. The authors gratefully acknowledge ongoing financial support from NSERC.
Bibliography review on applications of correlation analysis in power system operation and planning
Authors: Lim Jung‐Uk , Jiang John N. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractFast growth of large‐scale distributed renewable energy resources, electric power markets, and responsive demand impose significant amount of correlated uncertainties on operation of the power system from both resource side and load side. Understanding the correlations between these uncertainties and applying sophisticated correlation analysis of multiple dependent uncertainties is a defining issue for the development of methodologies and technologies for power system operation in the new era.Application of correlation analysis in operation of the power system is not as fully explored as many other methodologies. The complexity of mathematic modeling of multiple correlated random variables challenges the power system professionals. The research is further challenged by lacking of operational experience and empirical investigation challenges.This paper provides a bibliography survey on application of correlation analysis in operation of the power system. The scope of the review covers IEEE power systems proceedings, IEEE and IEE transactions published after 1980. There are 77 relevant papers identified. These papers are put into seven technical categories: power system reliability, wind generation, power market analysis, load forecast, resource planning and dispatch, transmission load flow, other non‐operation‐related topics. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switching between the SA‐DCT and the EI‐DCT in arbitrarily shaped image coding
Authors: Freitas Flávia Magalhães , Alcaim Abraham 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn object‐oriented image coding applications, the use of the SA‐DCT (Shape‐Adaptive Discrete Cosine Transform) and of the block‐based DCT schemes associated to the EI (Extension‐Interpolation) padding technique have shown promising results at high and low bit rates, respectively. Both the SA‐DCT and the EI padding algorithm consist of two 1D‐DCT processing. Recent works have shown that their efficiencies can be further improved by the most appropriate selection of the first direction to be processed. This paper introduces novel methods to determine the preferential direction of processing boundary blocks of the SA‐DCT and of the EI padding technique. These methods are based on two known strategies related to the variances of the lengths of object segments in both directions, and a third one, which measures the energy compaction efficiency of the transforms. The proposed methods use the morphological feature TNOP (distribution of Texture according to the Number of Object Pixels) to adaptively select the most adequate strategy for each group of boundary blocks exhibiting similar number of object pixels. At last, it is introduced an adaptive switching scheme that selects between the proposed scheme for the block‐based DCT or for the SA‐DCT, when the available bit rate is known. This novel scheme allows different switching rules for distinct groups of boundary blocks, according to the feature TNOP. It outperforms the isolated use of both the SA‐DCT and the block‐based DCT schemes, at any specific bit rate. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 219–227, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
Inverse scattering of buried inhomogeneous biaxial dielectric cylinders coated on a conductor
Authors: Huang Chung‐Hsin , Liu Chun‐Liang , Lin Chun Jen , Chiu Chien‐Ching 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe inverse scattering of buried inhomogeneous biaxial dielectric cylinders coated on a conductor with known cross section is investigated. Dielectric cylinders with known cross section coated on a conductor of unknown permittivities are buried in one half space and scatter a group of unrelated waves incident from another half space where the scattered field is recorded. By proper arrangement of the various unrelated incident fields, the difficulties of ill‐posedness and nonlinearity are circumvented, and the permittivity distribution can be reconstructed through simple matrix operations. The algorithm is based on the moment method and the unrelated illumination method. Numerical results are given to demonstrate the capability of the inverse algorithm. Good reconstruction is obtained both with and without Gaussian noise in measured data. In addition, the effect of noise on the reconstruction result is also investigated. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 228–236, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
Video compression by bit‐plane watermarking
Authors: Wang Chuen‐Ching , Chen Bo‐Yu 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis article proposes a new fragile watermarking scheme named bit‐plane watermarking (BPW) which considers ways to improve coding efficiency whereas providing watermarking capability. Because of the use of the run‐length coding strategy for embedding watermark information, the BPW not only verifies the authenticity and integrity of video streams, but also can recompress the bit streams for improving the compression ratio. To verify the effectiveness of this new concept, we select the MPEG‐4 FGS as the platform for implementation. The watermark is embedded in the bit‐plane blocks of MPEG‐4 FGS enhancement layer bitstream, and the coefficient in each bit‐plane block is automatically selected so that the run‐length symbols can be reduced and the location of embedded bits is not required to memorize. The effectiveness of the proposed scheme is demonstrated in a series of experimental simulations. It is shown that the scheme successfully detects changes made to the content of MPEG‐4 FGS video streams and identifies the specific location at which these changes have been made. Furthermore, the results show that the scheme can further reduce the length of compressed bit stream. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 257–264, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
An efficient gait recognition based on a selective neural network ensemble
Authors: Lee Heesung , Hong Sungjun , Kim Euntai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThe neural network ensemble is a learning paradigm where a collection of neural networks is trained for the same task. Generally, the ensemble shows better generalization performance than a single neural network. In this article, a selective neural network ensemble is applied to gait recognition. The proposed method selects some neural network based on the minimization of generalization error. Since the selection rule is directly incorporated into the cost function, we can obtain adequate component networks to constitute an ensemble. Experiments are performed with the NLPR database to show the performance of the proposed algorithm. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 18, 237–241, 2008; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com).
Effects of estradiol on the development of the bursa of Fabricius in Japanese quail
Authors: Quinn Michael James , McKernan Moira , Lavoie Emma T. , Ottinger Mary Ann 
Published: October 2008

AbstractEffects of androgens on the development of the bursa of Fabricius are better understood than those of estradiol, despite the known sensitivity of the bursa to estradiol early in embryogenesis. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of one‐time yolk injections of estradiol at day 4 of incubation on the development of the bursa and spleen as indices of treatment effects on the immune system. Follicle size and numbers in hatchling bursas were significantly reduced at 50 and 500 μg/egg, respectively. Additionally, distorted plicae and thicker epithelial layers surrounding the plicae were observed in day‐old chicks at the same treatment levels. Adult bursas from birds embryonically exposed to estrogen were significantly larger than controls, suggesting an inhibition of natural bursal regression. Although estradiol altered the development of the bursa, the spleen appeared to be unaffected. The observed effects of estradiol on the development of the bursa indicate that this lymphoid organ may be a target for developmental disruption by estrogenic endocrine disrupting chemicals, though long‐term consequences of embryonic exposure on immune function remain unknown. J. Exp. Zool. 311A:91–95, 2009. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Role of Self‐Dilution in Step‐Growth Polymerizations
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn step‐growth polymerizations, the molar concentration of reactive linear species (oligomers and polymers) decreases with higher conversions and finally reaches zero at 100% conversion. This self‐dilution favors cyclization at the expense of chain‐growth. Cyclization reduces the average lengths of the linear species, and thus, induces a kind of “self‐acceleration”. Both effects together overcompensate the decreasing cyclization tendency resulting from increasing chain lengths. This influence of the self‐dilution is also operating in the case of “abn” monomers, so that at 100% conversion (defined for the “a” functional groups) all hyperbranched polymers will have a cyclic core. With modifications, the “law of self‐dilution” also applies to “a2 + b3” or “a2 + b4” polycondensations. Furthermore, the “law of self‐dilution” is valid for both kinetically‐ and thermodynamically‐controlled polycondensations.magnified image
Synthesis of Poly(glycidyl methacrylate)‐block‐Poly(pentafluorostyrene) by RAFT: Precursor to Novel Amphiphilic Poly(glyceryl methacrylate)‐block‐Poly(pentafluorostyrene)
Authors: Gudipati Chakravarthy S. , Tan Maureen B. H. , Hussain Hazrat , Liu Ye , He Chaobin , Davis Thomas P. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractPoly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) was synthesized by the RAFT method in the presence of 2‐cyanoprop‐2‐yl dithiobenzoate (CPDB) chain transfer agent using different [GMA]/[CPDB] molar ratios. The living radical polymerization resulted in controlled molecular weights and narrow polydispersity indices (PDI) of ≈1.1. The polymerization of pentafluorostyrene (PFS) with PGMA as the macro‐RAFT agent yielded narrow PDIs of ≤1.2 at 60 °C and ≤1.5 at 80 °C. The epoxy groups of the PGMA block were hydrolyzed to obtain novel amphiphilic copolymer, poly(glyceryl methacrylate)‐block‐poly(pentafluorostyrene) [PGMA(OH)‐b‐PPFS]. The PGMA epoxy group hydrolysis was confirmed by 1H NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. DSC investigation revealed that the PGMA‐b‐PPFS polymer was amorphous while the PGMA(OH)‐b‐PPFS displayed a high degree of crystallinity.magnified image
Ability and specialization among economic researchers
Authors: Kendall Todd D. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIt is not obvious whether a firm's more talented workers should be more specialized, and in fact, the relationship between ability and specialization seems to differ across industries. In this paper, I examine the case of knowledge production in economic research, and find that abler economists tend to publish more general research. This result suggests substitutability between general and specialized skill in research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A model to evaluate transient industry effects
Authors: Ariño Miguel A. , Ariño Africa , Garcia‐Castro Roberto 
Published: October 2008

AbstractIn this paper we present a model to evaluate transient industry effects, that is, the impact of business cycles on the industry. While the importance of the economic cycle for industry and firm performance is widely recognized, we do not know much about how much the business cycle influences industry activity. The aim of this paper is to present a method that helps to understand the relationship between the business cycle and an industry's level of activity. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vertical merger: monopolization for downstream quasi‐rents
Authors: Higgins Richard S. 
Published: October 2008

AbstractThis paper provides a welfare analysis of vertical merger between an input monopolist and downstream firms that compete perfectly in a homogeneous product market. The distinguishing feature of the present model is that the downstream firms face capacity constraints. As a result of downstream quasi‐rents, vertical merger—the extent of merger is gauged by the capacity share of the acquired downstream firm—may either raise or lower final output. An analytical criterion for distinguishing pro‐ and anti‐competitive mergers is derived, which relies entirely on pre‐merger market quantities and the capacity share of the downstream target. A common result is that vertical merger is output‐increasing even when unaffiliated downstream rivals are completely foreclosed. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A complex variable solution for stress and displacement field around a lined circular tunnel at great depth
Authors: Wang Ming‐Bin , Li Shu‐Cai 
Published: October 2008

AbstractBy applying the series expansion technique in the complex variable method established by Muskhelishvili, the plane elasticity problem for the stress and displacement field around a lined circular tunnel in conjunction with the consideration of misfit and interaction between the liner and the surrounding geomaterial is dealt with. The tunnel is assumed to be driven in a homogeneous and isotropic geomaterial. The coefficients in the Laurent series expansion of the stress functions are determined. The complex potentials in the liner and the surrounding geomaterial are explicitly derived, respectively. As an example, the case of a lined circular tunnel located in an isotropic initial stress field but subjected to uniform internal pressure is numerically considered. Numerical results indicate that the installation of tunnel liner can reduce the influences of the tunnel excavation on the in situ displacement and stress fields. However, the relative thickness and rigidity of the liner should be in an appropriate range. In addition, the effect of the tunnel excavation upon the displacement field is more significant than that upon the stress field. As far as the stress field in the surrounding geomaterial is concerned, when the ratio between the cover depth of tunnel and the tunnel radius is larger than 5, the results for the stress field in the paper are applicable. When the ratio between the tunnel depth and the tunnel radius is larger than 20, the results are applicable for the displacement field. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.