bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Recruitment of Nurses: Policy and Practice in the United Kingdom
Authors: Buchan James 
Published: March 2007

Objective. To synthesize information about nurse migration into and out of the United Kingdom in the period to 2005, and to assess policy implications.Principal Findings. There has been rapid growth in inflow of nurses to the United Kingdom from other countries. In recent years, 40–50 percent of new nurse registrants in the United Kingdom have come from other countries, principally the Philippines, Australia, India, and South Africa. Outflow has been at a lower level, mainly to other English‐speaking developed countries—Australia, the United States, New Zealand, Ireland, and Canada. The United Kingdom is a net importer of nurses. The principal policy instrument in the United Kingdom, the Code of Practice on International Recruitment, has not ended the inflow of nurses to the United Kingdom from sub‐Saharan Africa.Conclusions. Given the increasing globalization of labor markets, it is likely that the historically high levels of inflow of internationally recruited nurses to the United Kingdom will continue over the next few years; however the “peak” number reached in 2002/2003 may not be repeated, particularly as large‐scale active international recruitment has now been ended, for the short term at least. New English language tests and other revised requirements for international applicants being introduced by the Nurses and Midwives Council from September 2005 may restrict successful applications from some countries and will also probably add to the “bottleneck” of international nurse applicants. Demographic‐driven demand for health care, combined with a potential reduction in supply of U.K. nurses as many more reach potential retirement age means that international recruitment is likely to remain on the policy agenda in the longer term, even with further growth in the number of home‐based nurses being trained.
Nurses on the Move: A Global Overview
Authors: Kingma Mireille 
Published: March 2007

Objective. To look at nurse migration flows in the light of national nursing workforce imbalances, examine factors that encourage or inhibit nurse mobility, and explore the potential benefits of circular migration.Principal Findings. The number of international migrants has doubled since 1970 and nurses are increasingly part of the migratory stream. Critical nursing shortages in industrialized countries are generating a demand that is fueling energetic international recruitment campaigns. Structural adjustments in the developing countries have created severe workforce imbalances and shortfalls often coexist with large numbers of unemployed health professionals. A nurse's motivation to migrate is multifactorial, not limited to financial incentives, and barriers exist that discourage or slow the migration process. The migration flows vary in direction and magnitude over time, responding to socioeconomic factors present in source and destination countries. The dearth of data on which to develop international health human resource policy remains. There is growing recognition, however, that migration will continue and that temporary migration will be a focus of attention in the years to come.Conclusions. Today's search for labor is a highly organized global hunt for talent that includes nurses. International migration is a symptom of the larger systemic problems that make nurses leave their jobs. Nurse mobility becomes a major issue only in a context of migrant exploitation or nursing shortage. Injecting migrant nurses into dysfunctional health systems—ones that are not capable of attracting and retaining staff domestically—will not solve the nursing shortage.
U.S. Nurse Labor Market Dynamics Are Key to Global Nurse Sufficiency
Authors: Aiken Linda H. 
Published: March 2007

Objectives.To review estimates of U.S. nurse supply and demand, document trends in nurse immigration to the United States and their impact on nursing shortage, and consider strategies for resolving the shortage of nurses in the United States without adversely affecting health care in lower‐income countries.Principal Findings.Production capacity of nursing schools is lagging current and estimated future needs, suggesting a worsening shortage and creating a demand for foreign‐educated nurses. About 8 percent of U.S. registered nurses (RNs), numbering around 219,000, are estimated to be foreign educated. Eighty percent are from lower‐income countries. The Philippines is the major source country, accounting for more than 30 percent of U.S. foreign‐educated nurses. Nurse immigration to the United States has tripled since 1994, to close to 15,000 entrants annually. Foreign‐educated nurses are located primarily in urban areas, most likely to be employed by hospitals, and somewhat more likely to have a baccalaureate degree than native‐born nurses. There is little evidence that foreign‐educated nurses locate in areas of medical need in any greater proportion than native‐born nurses. Although foreign‐educated nurses are ethnically more diverse than native‐born nurses, relatively small proportions are black or Hispanic. Job growth for RNs in the United States is producing mounting pressure by commercial recruiters and employers to ease restrictions on nurse immigration at the same time that American nursing schools are turning away large numbers of native applicants because of capacity limitations.Conclusions.Increased reliance on immigration may adversely affect health care in lower‐income countries without solving the U.S. shortage. The current focus on facilitating nurse immigration detracts from the need for the United States to move toward greater self‐sufficiency in its nurse workforce. Expanding nursing school capacity to accommodate qualified native applicants and implementing evidence‐based initiatives to improve nurse retention and productivity could prevent future nurse shortages.
Developing a Nursing Database System in Kenya
Authors: Riley Patricia L. , Vindigni Stephen M. , Arudo John , Waudo Agnes N. , Kamenju Andrew , Ngoya Japheth , Oywer Elizabeth O. , Rakuom Chris P. , Salmon Marla E. , Kelley Maureen , Rogers Martha , St. Louis Michael E. , Marum Lawrence H. 
Published: March 2007

Objective. To describe the development, initial findings, and implications of a national nursing workforce database system in Kenya.Principal Findings. Creating a national electronic nursing workforce database provides more reliable information on nurse demographics, migration patterns, and workforce capacity. Data analyses are most useful for human resources for health (HRH) planning when workforce capacity data can be linked to worksite staffing requirements. As a result of establishing this database, the Kenya Ministry of Health has improved capability to assess its nursing workforce and document important workforce trends, such as out‐migration. Current data identify the United States as the leading recipient country of Kenyan nurses. The overwhelming majority of Kenyan nurses who elect to out‐migrate are among Kenya's most qualified.Conclusions. The Kenya nursing database is a first step toward facilitating evidence‐based decision making in HRH. This database is unique to developing countries in sub‐Saharan Africa. Establishing an electronic workforce database requires long‐term investment and sustained support by national and global stakeholders.
Nurse Migration from a Source Country Perspective: Philippine Country Case Study
Authors: Lorenzo Fely Marilyn E. , Galvez‐Tan Jaime , Icamina Kriselle , Javier Lara 
Published: March 2007

Objectives. To describe nurse migration patterns in the Philippines and their benefits and costs.Principal Findings. The Philippines is a job‐scarce environment and, even for those with jobs in the health care sector, poor working conditions often motivate nurses to seek employment overseas. The country has also become dependent on labor migration to ease the tight domestic labor market. National opinion has generally focused on the improved quality of life for individual migrants and their families, and on the benefits of remittances to the nation. However, a shortage of highly skilled nurses and the massive retraining of physicians to become nurses elsewhere has created severe problems for the Filipino health system, including the closure of many hospitals. As a result, policy makers are debating the need for new policies to manage migration such that benefits are also returned to the educational institutions and hospitals that are producing the emigrant nurses.Conclusions and Recommendations. There is new interest in the Philippines in identifying ways to mitigate the costs to the health system of nurse emigration. Many of the policy options being debated involve collaboration with those countries recruiting Filipino nurses. Bilateral agreements are essential for managing migration in such a way that both sending and receiving countries derive benefit from the exchange.
International Nurse Recruitment in India
Authors: Khadria Binod 
Published: March 2007

Objective. This paper describes the practice of international recruitment of Indian nurses in the model of a “business process outsourcing” of comprehensive training‐cum‐recruitment‐cum‐placement for popular destinations like the United Kingdom and United States through an agency system that has acquired growing intensity in India.Findings. Despite the extremely low nurse to population ratio in India, hospital managers in India are not concerned about the growing exodus of nurses to other countries. In fact, they are actively joining forces with profitable commercial ventures that operate as both training and recruiting agencies. Most of this activity is concentrated in Delhi, Bangalore, and Kochi.Conclusions. Gaps in data on nursing education, employment, and migration, as well as nonstandardization of definitions of “registered nurse,” impair the analysis of international migration of nurses from India, making it difficult to assess the impact of migration on vacancy rates. One thing is clear, however, the chain of commercial interests that facilitate nurse migration is increasingly well organized and profitable, making the future growth of this business a certainty.
Market Transparency and the Accounting Regime
Authors: BLECK ALEXANDER , LIU XUEWEN 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe model the interaction of financial market transparency and different accounting regimes. This paper provides a theoretical rationale for the recently proposed shift in accounting standards from historic cost accounting to marking to market. The paper shows that marking to market can provide investors with an early warning mechanism while historical cost gives management a “veil” under which they can potentially mask a firm's true economic performance. The model provides new explanations for several empirical findings and has some novel implications. We show that greater opacity in financial markets leads to more frequent and more severe crashes in asset prices (under a historic‐cost‐accounting regime). Moreover, our model indicates that historic cost accounting can make the financial market more rather than less volatile, which runs counter to conventional wisdom. The mechanism shown in the model also sheds light on the cause of many financial scandals in recent years.
Assessing the Information Content of Mark‐to‐Market Accounting with Mixed Attributes: The Case of Cash Flow Hedges
Authors: GIGLER FRANK , KANODIA CHANDRA , VENUGOPALAN RAGHU 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTWe examine how outsiders rationally interpret a reported loss on derivatives when the application of mark‐to‐market accounting to cash flow hedges creates a mixed attribute problem. We find that because of the mixed attribute problem, the information content of mark‐to‐market accounting is related to the information content of historical cost accounting in a very specific way. This relationship allows us to identify the circumstances under which mark‐to‐market accounting facilitates and when it detracts from the objective of providing an early warning of potential financial distress. We show that the reporting of an impending derivative loss by a distressed firm can actually lead outsiders to infer that the firm is in a better financial position than what they would have inferred under the silence associated with historical cost accounting. Without the mixed attribute problem, mark‐to‐market accounting would always yield more accurate assessments of the firm's financial position.
Which Institutional Investors Trade Based on Private Information About Earnings and Returns?
Authors: BUSHEE BRIAN J. , GOODMAN THEODORE H. 
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACTRecent work suggests that institutional investors execute profitable trades based on private information about earnings and returns. We provide new evidence on the prevalence and sources of such informed trading by (1) testing for the creation and liquidation of positions based on private information, (2) introducing private information proxies that reflect the size and nature of an institution's position in each portfolio firm, and (3) using a methodology that examines multiple investor characteristics simultaneously at the institution‐firm level. We find that changes in ownership by institutions with large positions in a firm are consistent with informed trading. However, other previously documented proxies for private information produce results more consistent with risk‐based trading (e.g., investment style) or insignificant in the presence of other proxies (e.g., fiduciary type). We also find that informed trading is more prevalent in small firms and when the large positions are taken by investment advisers and large institutions.
Never Ending Stories: Recent Trends in the Historiography of Jammu and Kashmir
Authors: Hewitt Vernon 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis article reviews recent historiography on Jammu and Kashmir, showing how it has sought to escape an overemphasis on independence and partition, and has sought to relocate itself free of the histories of India and Pakistan. In doing so, it has tried to critique the official Indian and Pakistani sources, question the homogeneity of Kashmiri identity, and interrogate the aims and objectives of leading Kashmiri nationalists, primarily that of Sheikh Abdullah. It has also sought to identify the multiplicity of Kashmiri voices premised on issues of culture and language. Energised by the recent violence and turmoil within Indian administered Kashmir, new trends in historiography hold out real potential in offering not just fresh insights but also new and innovative solutions, at some risk of losing sight of the ‘political’ as an subject open to meaningful generalisation and investigation.
The Ethics and Practice of Islamic Medieval Charity
Authors: Lev Yaacov 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCharity is deeply embedded in the religious thought and teachings of the three monotheistic religions. This article, while focusing on medieval Islam, is set in a wider framework with references to both Jewish and Christian parallels. Three main topics are examined: the religious meaning of charity, the social and political ramifications of almsgiving, and the impact of the institutional form of charity (the pious endowment system,waqfpl.awqaf) on Muslim medieval society. In the course of this examination, the article deals with the motives and attitudes of the donors (mainly people of the ruling class and the wealthy) and with the recipients of charity (the poor as well as the learned class). The article equally provides an overview of the charitable institutions and functions that existed in Muslim medieval societies.
Sino‐Cuban Relations and Cuba's Future after Fidel Castro
Authors: Cheng Yinghong 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSince the Soviet block collapsed, how the rest of the communist world has survived the impact has been observed closely by academic and policy communities. This article examines the possibility of the post‐Castro Cuban leadership adopting the Chinese approach – using capitalist mechanism and integrating with world economy to legitimize the one‐party regime – and argues that to forestall such a prospect, the US current embargo policies ought to be abandoned.
Liminal ‘Criminals’: Re‐thinking Historiographies of, and through, the ‘Thuggee’ Phenomenon
Authors: Lloyd Tom 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIf persuasive, this article holds relevance for all historiographical enquiries into ‘the past’, though particularly those engaging with colonial encounters, in which the documentary sources typically relied‐upon are bound‐up with the complex politics of the peculiar political, economic, social and cultural situations in which they were created. In the case of ‘thuggee’– a ‘bandit’ phenomenon suppressed by the British in 1830s India – the complexity of power‐relations between colonizers and colonized are brought to the fore in the court‐records of ‘thug’ trials. In these trials, the British relied upon the use of informants called approvers, who testified against former accomplices in return for a pardon, thus capitalizing on their liminal position in both judicial and criminal worlds. British dependence upon the very ‘criminals’ whose activity they aimed to suppress in order to secure the convictions of other ‘thugs’ has hobbled historical enquiries into ‘thuggee’ however, miring them in questions about its existence or non‐existence independently of the colonial mind. This article argues that a re‐evaluation of the ambitions of historiography and the type of truth‐claims it makes are imperative if historical studies of ‘thuggee’ are to continue to offer insightful impressions about colonial pasts.
LPHT metamorphism in a late orogenic transpressional setting, Albera Massif, NE Iberia: implications for the geodynamic evolution of the Variscan Pyrenees
Authors: VILÀ M. , PIN C. , LIESA M. , ENRIQUE P. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractDuring the Late Palaeozoic Variscan Orogeny, Cambro‐Ordovician and/or Neoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks of the Albera Massif (Eastern Pyrenees) were subject to low‐pressure/high‐temperature (LPHT) regional metamorphism, with the development of a sequence of prograde metamorphic zones (chlorite‐muscovite, biotite, andalusite‐cordierite, sillimanite and migmatite). LPHT metamorphism and magmatism occurred in a broadly compressional tectonic regime, which started with a phase of southward thrusting (D1) and ended with a wrench‐dominated dextral transpressional event (D2). D1 occurred under prograde metamorphic conditions. D2 started before the P–T metamorphic climax and continued during and after the metamorphic peak, and was associated with igneous activity. P–T estimates show that rocks from the biotite‐in isograd reached peak‐metamorphic conditions of 2.5 kbar, 400 °C; rocks in the low‐grade part of the andalusite‐cordierite zone reached peak metamorphic conditions of 2.8 kbar, 535 °C; rocks located at the transition between andalusite‐cordierite zone and the sillimanite zone reached peak metamorphic conditions of 3.3 kbar, 625 °C; rocks located at the beginning of the anatectic domain reached peak metamorphic conditions of 3.5 kbar, 655 °C; and rocks located at the bottom of the metamorphic series of the massif reached peak metamorphic conditions of 4.5 kbar, 730 °C. A clockwise P–T trajectory is inferred using a combination of reaction microstructures with appropriate P–T pseudosections. It is proposed that heat from asthenospheric material that rose to shallow mantle levels provided the ultimate heat source for the LPHT metamorphism and extensive lower crustal melting, generating various types of granitoid magmas. This thermal pulse occurred during an episode of transpression, and is interpreted to reflect breakoff of the underlying, downwarped mantle lithosphere during the final stages of oblique continental collision.
On the origin of oriented rutile needles in garnet from UHP eclogites
Authors: HWANG S. L. , YUI T. F. , CHU H. T. , SHEN P. , SCHERTL H. P. , ZHANG R. Y. , LIOU J. G. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractAlthough oriented rutile needles in garnet have been reported from several ultrahigh‐pressure (UHP) rocks and considered to be important UHP indicators, their crystallographic features including growth habit and lattice correspondences with garnet host have never been properly characterized. This paper presents a detailed analytical electron microscopic (AEM) study on evenly distributed oriented rutile needles in garnet of two eclogitic rocks from Sulu. Some garnet in one UHP diamondiferous quartzofeldspathic rock from the Saxonian Erzgebirge, and in one high‐pressure (HP) felsic granulite from Bohemia also contain a few unevenly distributed oriented rutile needles. They have also been studied for the purpose of comparison. Despite different distribution patterns, AEM revealed that all rutile needles are oriented along the 〈111〉 directions of garnet with their lateral sides surrounded by the {110} planes of garnet, and that the growth directions of most needles are close to the normal of the {101} planes of rutile. No other specific crystallographic orientation relationships between rutile and garnet host were observed, and there is no pyroxene associated with rutile, as necessitated by the precipitation reaction of rutile in garnet as previously proposed. A simple solid‐state precipitation scenario for the formation of the rutile needles in garnet in these two eclogitic rocks is not justified. Three alternative mechanisms are considered for the formation of oriented rutile needles: (i) the rutile needles may be inherited from precursor minerals; (ii) the rutile needles may be formed by a dissolution–reprecipitation mechanism; and (iii) the rutile needles may be formed by cleaving and healing of garnet with rutile deposition. None of these mechanisms can fully explain the observations, although the first one is less likely and the third one is preferred. This study presents an example where the presence of oriented/aligned inclusions in minerals does not necessarily imply a precipitation origin.
Petrology of rodingite derived from eclogite in western Tianshan, China
Authors: LI X‐P. , ZHANG L. , WEI C. , AI Y. , CHEN J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study reports a new rodingite type which was derived from eclogite enclosed in the ultramafic rocks of Changawuzi ophiolites, western Tianshan, China. Based on petrographical investigations, rodingite, partial rodingitized rock and completely rodingitized rock are characterized in this paper. These rocks show a continuous variation in their bulk compositions, mineralogy and their textural properties from eclogite to rodingite. The completely rodingitized rocks can be further divided into prehnite rodingites, hydrogrossular‐diopside rodingite and vesuvianite rodingites on the basis of the mineral assemblage and textural character. The chemical potential path of μ(SiO2)–μ(CaO/MgO) can be used to constrain the evolution of two stages of rodingitization. The first rodingitization possibly started under conditions of 410–430 °C and 7–9 kbar at upper greenschist facies, and resulted from a secondary serpentinization during exhumation of the subducted slab. A second and pervasive rodingitization took place under conditions of 250–350 °C and 2–10 kbar from greenschist to subgreenschist facies. The P–T path presented shows a retrograde evolution from eclogite to rodingite. We conclude that the process of rodingitization may also take place under subduction zone conditions in addition to its more common occurrence under ocean‐floor metamorphic conditions.