bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Black Drum, Red Drum, and their Hybrid in Saltwater Pond Culture
Authors: Henderson‐Arzapalo Anne , Colura Robert L. , Maciorowski Anthony F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractHybridization has been used in aquaculture to produce fish that exhibit improved growth and survival over parent species. Previous studies produced an intergeneric hybrid by crossing female black drum Pogonias cromis with male red drum Sciaenops ocellatus. In the present study, the two parent species and their hybrid were simultaneously cultured in ponds for 9 mo. Two‐ to three‐day‐old larvae of each type were initially placed into three separate 0.1 ha ponds. After about 41 d, fingerlings of each type were transferred from the larval culture ponds to six 0.2 ha ponds. Two ponds each received 3,000 black drum, red drum or hybrid fingerlings. Fish were fed a commercial feed and harvested after about 230 d. At harvest, mean weight, mean total length, and production for the hybrids was 190 g, 245 mm, and 10.7 kg/ha/d, respectively; red drum averaged 142 g, 236 mm, and 7.0 kg/ha/d; and black drum averaged 144 g, 214 mm, and 10.6 kg/ha/d. Black drum survival was 94%, red drum survival was 63%, and hybrid survival was 72%. Hybrid growth was more rapid than either parent. A taste panel failed to identify differences in flavor between the three fishes. With similar flavor and faster growth, hybrid drum have potential for commercial mariculture.
Indoor Spawning and Egg Development of the Red Claw Crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus
Authors: Yeh Hsin‐Sheng , Rouse David B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn 1991 and 1992, indoor hatchery experiments were conducted with red claw crayfish Cherax quadricarinatus a large tropical crayfish from northern Australia. Six fiberglass tanks were stocked with 40–190 g mature red claw crayfish at 10/m2 and a 1:2 male to female ratio. Water temperature was maintained at 28 ± 1 C. Photoperiod was provided by natural daylight in 1991 and controlled lighting in 1992.With natural lighting, monthly spawning rates (% of females spawning/month) ranged from an average of 15% during months with less than 12 h of light per day to over 35% in months with more than 12 h of light per day. Peak spawning occurred from May to July, too late to obtain juveniles for spring stocking. During the second year, photoperiod was increased from 10L:14D in December to 14L:10D in February and maintained at this level until July. Red claw spawning increased with increasing day length. Peak spawning rates of 50% per month and higher occurred from March to May. Spawning rates decreased dramatically after May, even though photoperiod and temperature remained constant. Eggs per spawn increased with an increase in female size. Fecundity average 7.3 juveniles per gram of body weight for females from 40 to 190 g, regardless of size. Egg color was useful for predicting stage of development.
Effects of Environmental Factors on Egg Development and Hatching of Pacific Halibut Hippoglossus stenolepis
Authors: Liu Han Wu , Stickney Robert R. , Dickhoff Walton W. , McCaughran Donald A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractEggs of Pacific halibut were incubated under various environmental conditions. Optimum hatching occurred over a temperature range from 6 C to 8 C, whereas temperatures of 3, 10, and 11 C were lethal. Development time from fertilization to 50% hatching varied from 250 h (9 C) to 320 h (6.5 C). Salinity effects on hatching were not as critical as temperature, as long as eggs were floating during the incubation period. Light intensity between 5 and 15 lux did not affect hatching success, but high light intensity (15 lux) and red and blue light (5 lux) produced high levels of larval abnormality. Simulated transport of unfertilized eggs indicated that the eggs can be safely moved and that fertilization rate is acceptable during the first 12 h after collection.
Profit‐Maximizing Stocking Rates for Channel Catfish in Cages
Authors: Duarte Sergio A. , Nelson Robert G. , Maser Michael P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA production function for catfish in cages was estmated by combining data from a survey of producers in Alabama with data from experimental studies in Texas, South Carolina, and Alabama. Explanatory variables in the quadratic model included cage stocking density, fingerling size, length of growing season, feed conversion rate, squared and cross‐product terms, and dummy variables for data sources. Model R2 was 87%. Profit‐maximizing stocking densities were calculated for varying levels of growing season duration, fingerling size, fingerling price and market price. Optimal stocking density was shown to be most sensitive to length of growing season.
Effects of Dietary Mycotoxins Produced by the Mold Fusarium moniliforme on Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus1
Authors: Li Meng H. , Raverty Stephen A. , Robinson Edwin H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChannel catfish Ictalurus punctatus (initial weight: 6.1 g/fish) were fed eight diets containing the mold Fusarium moniliforme‐cultured corn supplying 0.7, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 40, 80, or 240 mg of the mycotoxin, fumonisin B1 (FB1)/kg diet under laboratory conditions for 12 wk. Fish fed diets containing FB1 levels of 40 mg/kg and above showed reduced growth, feed consumption, and feed efficiency, but fish fed FB1 concentrations of 20 mg/kg and below did not. The minimum level of FB1 that depressed growth appeared to be between 20 and 40 mg/kg. Hematocrit was significantly lower for fish fed diets containing 80 and 240 mg FB,/kg than for fish fed diets containing lower levels of FB1. Fish fed diets containing 40 mg FB1kg and above had increased liver glycogen, increased vacuolation in nerve fibers, and perivascular lymphohistiocytic investment in the brain compared to fish fed diets containing lower levels of fumonisins. Results from this study indicate that FB1 levels below 20 mg/kg diet are not a problem in commercial catfish feeds. However, it is prudent to screen for fumonisins in feed ingredients.
Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soils from Freshwater and Brackishwater Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Boyd Claude E. , Tanner Margaret E. , Madkour Mahmoud , Masuda Kiyoshi 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSoil chemical analyses were conducted on samples from 358 freshwater fish ponds and 346 brackishwater shrimp ponds. Freshwater ponds were located in Honduras, Rwanda, Bhutan, and the United States. Ponds in the United States were in Alabama, Georgia, Mississippi, Florida, and South Carolina. Brackishwater ponds were in Thailand, Ecuador, Philippines, and Venezuela. Soils of freshwater and brackishwater ponds did not differ greatly in average concentrations and concentration ranges for carbon, nitrogen, calcium, and pH. Concentrations of copper and barium tended to be higher in freshwater soils than in brackishwater ones. All other measured chemical constitutents tended to be more abundant in the soils of brackishwater ponds than in those of freshwater ponds. For the most part, ranges of pond soil chemical properties were similar to those of terrestrial soils, with freshwater pond soils resembling terrestrial soils from humid areas and brackishwater soils being similar in many respects to soils of arid regions. However, some brackishwater pond soils were highly acidic, acid‐sulfate soils. Data were arranged into concentration categories (very low, low, medium, high, and very high) to facilitate comparisons of the present data set with other data on soil chemical properties for aquaculture ponds. All ponds included in the present study were used for aquaculture, showing that it is possible to rear fish and shrimp across an extremely wide range of soil chemical properties.
Utilization of Animal‐Protein and Plant‐Protein Supplements by Red Swamp Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Fed Formulated Diets1
Authors: Reigh Robert C. , Ellis Simon C. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA study was conducted to evaluate alternative protein supplements that could be used to reduce the cost of formulated crayfish diets. Red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii were held in the laboratory for 9 wk and fed 30% crude protein diets containing isonitrogenous mixtures of plant and animal protein in a 65:35 ratio. Combinations tested were: soybean meal/menhaden fish meal (SOY/FSH); cottonseed meal/menhaden fish meal (COT/FSH); soybean meal/meat and bone meal (SOY/MB); cottonseed mealheat and bone meal (COT/MB); soybean meal/meat and bone meal/ blood meal (SOYIMB‐B); and cottonseed meal/meat and bone meal/blood meal (COTIMB‐B). Comparison of crayfish weight gain, feed efficiency ratio, apparent net protein and energy retention, and body composition indicated that SOY/FSH was the best protein combination tested. Weight gain was reduced when cottonseed meal replaced soybean meal in diets that contained either fish meal or meat and bone meal. Feed consumption of crayfish fed SOY/MB‐B and COT/MB‐B was lower than that of crayfish fed other diets containing the same plant‐protein supplement and weight gain was lower in crayfish fed blood meal in all but one case. Differences in amino acid composition and amino acid availability of protein supplements, inhibitory effects of gossypol in cottonseed meal, and reduced consumption of diets containing blood meal could have contributed to diet effects. Results suggest that soybean meal is a better dietary protein source for crayfish than cottonseed meal, menhaden fish meal is better than meat and bone meal, and both fish meal and meat and bone meal are superior to a 60:40 meat and bone meal/blood meal mixture. However, cottonseed meal, meat and bone meal, and meat and bone meal/blood meal mixtures could be useful as lower‐cost alternatives to soybean meal and fish meal in diets for pond‐raised crayfish, since the apparent lower protein (amino acid) quality of these ingredients would be unlikely to depress growth of crayfish that have access to natural food in ponds.
Effects of Density Reduction and Supplemental Feeding on Stunted Crayfish Procambarus clarkii Populations in Earthen Ponds1
Authors: Jarboe Herman H. , Romaire Robert P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractDensity reduction, supplemental feeding, and a combination of two treatments were evaluated as means to alleviate stunting of red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii in earthen ponds. Mean total yield of crayfish in low density control ponds averaged 1,218 kg/ha and was 1.5 to 2 times higher (P≤ 0.05) than either the high density control or treatment ponds. Mean individual harvest weight of crayfish averaged 15.1 g and did not differ among treatments. Mean total yield of crayfish in ponds receiving supplemental feed was 32% higher than non‐fed ponds (P≤ 0.05). Mean total yield and size of crayfish at harvest from reduced and non‐reduced treatments did not differ. Density reduction and supplemental feeding implemented in early April did not increase individual crayfish weight to the commercially desirable size of 20 g.
Economic Feasibility of Small‐Scale Sponge Farming in Pohnpei, Federated States of Micronesia1
Authors: Adams Chuck , Stevely John M. , Sweat Don 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInterest exists in the commercial culture of sponges in the Pohnpei region of the Federated States of Micronesia. Sponge culture is appealing in that capital and labor investment is minimal. Investment requirements for a 0.4‐ha sponge farm totals $650. Average annual production costs total $500. The sponge farm yields 2,400 sponges per 0.4 ha annually. Annual net returns are approximately $1,744 per 0.134 ha component, beginning in Year 4. Profitability is most sensitive to changes in opportunity wage rate, survival rate, and market price. Commercial sponge farming in Pohnpei shows promise as a source of supplemental income.
Evaluation of Soil pH‐Percent Base Saturation Relationships for Use in Estimating the Lime Requirements of Earthen Aquaculture Ponds
Authors: Bowman James R. , Lannan James E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe pH‐percent base saturation relationships of selected subsurface soil horizons were evaluated by fitting theoretical and empirical models to published soils data. The selected models were validated by fitting them to an independent set of data. The selected models did not fit the second set of data as well as the original data, but they provide initial approximations for use in cases when real values can't be measured. Possible reasons for the poorer fit to the second data set are discussed. One possibility for increasing the range of soils to which suitable pH‐percent base saturation models can be fit is to refine the soil classification system being used. Valid pH‐percent base saturation models can be combined with on‐site soil pH measurements and typical cation exchange capacity values to estimate aquaculture pond lime requirements on a broad range of soil types in the field i.e., without reliance on laboratory analyses.
Susceptibility of Three Penaeus Species to a Vibrio campbellii‐like Bacterium
Authors: Hameed A. S. Sahul 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe susceptibility of larvae and post‐larvae of Penaeus indicus, P. monodon, and P. semisulcatlls to a Vibrio campbellii‐like bacterium was studied by immersion challenge. Exposure to bacteria caused up to 100% mortality, depending upon bacterial dose and time of exposure. Mortality rate was higher for nauplius and protozoeal stages than for mysis and post‐larval stages. Based upon LC50 values at different time intervals, P. monodon was found to be the most sensitive of the three shrimp species to this pathogen.
Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Bottom Soil Profiles in Ponds at Auburn, Alabama, USA and a Proposed System for Describing Pond Soil Horizons
Authors: Munsiri Prasert , Boyd Claude E. , Hajek Ben F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSoil cores were taken from each of three, 2‐, 23‐, and 52‐yr‐old research ponds (650–1,010 m2area) at Auburn, Alabama. Many physical and chemical variables changed in intensity with increasing depth in cores. Compared to original compacted pond soil, sediment contained more moisture; had lower bulk density (<1.4 g/cm3); possessed higher percentages of silt and clay; had greater porosity, specific surface area, and cation exchange capacity; and contained greater concentrations of organic matter and nutrients. Sediment organic matter was highly decomposed as evidenced by low proportions (5–15%) of carbon and nitrogen associated with the light fraction (soil retained on a 53‐μm sieve). Sediment depth at 100‐cm water depth increased with pond age (11.7 cm, 28.3 cm, and 48.3 cm in 2‐, 23‐, and 52‐yr‐old ponds, respectively), but sediment composition did not change greatly over time. Successive layers in cores were as follows: 1) water near the soil‐water interface with a high concentration of solids; 2) high moisture content sediment with dry bulk density <0.3 g/cm3; 3) lower moisture content sediment with bulk density between 0.3 and 0.5–0.7 g/cm3; 4) rapid transition of bulk density from 0.5–0.7 g/cm3to 1.4 g/cm3; 5) original compacted soil with bulk density of 1.4–1.7 g/cm3. We propose that these five layers be referred to as F (flocculent layer), S (stirred or mixed sediment), M (mature, bulk, un‐mixed sediment), T (transitional layer), and P (original, undisturbed pond bottom) horizons, respectively. Superficial, oxidized sediment is termed an Sohorizon, and the reduced part of the S horizon is termed an Srhorizon. The upper part of the T horizon is an MT horizon when it is similar to the M horizon, or a FT horizon when it resembles the P horizon. A system for delineating horizons in pond soil profiles will be valuable in future attempts to classify pond soils.
Evaluation of Sperm‐Activating Solutions in Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar Fertilization Tests
Authors: Krise William F. , Hendrix Michael A. , Bonney Wayne A. , Baker‐Gordon Susan E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe use of saline solutions was tested to determine their efficacy as replacements for ovarian fluid as sperm activators and to eliminate variability encountered with the use of Ovarian fluid. We tested fertilization rate of semen from eight males on Atlantic salmon Salmo salar eggs after five sperm‐activating solutions and a non‐activating saline were substituted for ovarian fluid. We used solutions shown acceptable for use with other salmonid species. The six solutions tested were a non sperm‐activating phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS, 7.2 g/L NaCl, 1.48 g/L Na2HPO4, 0.43 g/L K H2PO4), a Tris buffer (6.99 g/L NaCl, 3.63 g/L Tris and 2.42 g/L glycine), a Borax buffer (12.2 g boric acid/L in solution 1, 76 g disodium tetraborate/L combined 100:118, then 1 L combined with 3.7 L water and 18 g NaCl), and three solutions of 9.25 g/L (125 mM) NaCl buffered to pH 6.0, 7.5, and 8.9. The latter five solutions activated sperm immediately on contact, while PBS required additional water to activate sperm. The PBS solution was the least effective (mean percent eyed eggs 37.6%) for egg fertilization. The mean percent eyed eggs for the other five saline solutions (range 78% to 86%) were not significantly different. Sperm from one male provided significantly lower egg fertilization (39.6%) when compared with the other seven males (67.2–87.4% egg fertilization). Percent egg fertilization was not related to number of live sperm cells per egg. Our results show that osmotically‐balanced sperm‐activation solutions, even those with a pH range from 6.0 to 8.9 provide adequate media for fertilization of Atlantic salmon eggs. Fertilization in a deactivation saline and water reactivation of sperm resulted in low egg fertilization.
Growth Characteristics of a Neurotoxin‐Producing Chloromonad Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae)
Authors: Khan Saleha , Arakawa Osamu , Onoue Yoshio 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of temperature, salinity, irradiance and pH on the growth of Fibrocapsa japonica (Raphidophyceae) were examined to determine how environmental factors affect the distribution of this species. Optimal growth was observed at temperatures of 15–25 C, salinities of 25–35 parts per thousand (ppt), irradiances of 60–140 μmol quanta/m2 per s and pH between 7.5–8.5. Growth did not occur at temperatures below 10 C or above 30 C nor at salinities below 15 ppt. Fibrocapsa japonica grew when subjected to irradiances of 20–180 μmol quanta/m2 per s, and could tolerate a pH range of 6.5–8.5.
Substitution of Cottonseed Meal for Marine Animal Protein in Diets for Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Lim Chhorn 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSolvent‐extracted cottonseed meal was used in shrimp Penaeus vannamei diets at levels of 0, 13.3, 26.5, 39.8, 53.0 and 66.3%, substituting on an equal nitrogen basis for 0, 20, 40, 60, 80 and 100% of animal protein mix (53% menhaden fish meal, 34% shrimp waste meal and 13% squid meal). The feeds were formulated to contain 32% crude protein and 3,100 kcal metabolizable energy/kg. Each diet was fed to juvenile shrimp to satiation four times daily for 8 wk. Shrimp fed the three lowest dietary levels of cottonseed meal (0, 13.3 and 26.5%) had similar weight gain, feed consumption and survival. The performance of shrimp was adversely affected when diets containing more than 26.5% cottonseed meal, or 1,100 ppm free gossypol, were fed. Shrimp fed the diet with 39.8% cottonseed meal or 1,600 ppm free gossypol had depressed weight gain, reduced feed intake and high mortality. The groups receiving the two highest dietary levels of cottonseed meal lost weight by the end of week 4 and all shrimp in these treatments died within 6 to 8 wk. These adverse effects were probably due to the toxicity of free gossypol. Shrimp appeared to accumulate gossypol in the body as evidenced by light yellow‐green coloration in shrimp fed diets containing cottonseed meal.
Induced Meiotic Gynogenesis of Paddlefish Polyodon spathula
Authors: Mims Steven D. , Shelton William L. , Linhart Otomar , Wang Changzheng 
Published: April 2007

AbstractViable, diploid gynogenetic (gynogenotes) paddlefish Polyodon spathula were produced by activating eggs with ultraviolet‐irradiated shovelnose sturgeon Scaphirhynchus platorynchus spermatozoa and heat shocking. Without irradiation treatment, sturgeon spermatozoa appeared to activate the eggs (up to gastrulation), but did not result in any viable hybrids. Experiment 1 determined that heat‐shock treatment of 35 C for a 2‐min duration within the interval of 2–22 min post‐activation resulted in highest yield of gynogenotes (12–19%) from eggs incubated at 18 C. Experiment 2 applied the heat shock treatment at 35 C from 14.0 to 28.0 min in 2‐min intervals after activation at 18 C for a larger scale of gynogenetic production. Both experiments showed that the best yields of gynogenotes were obtained when the heat shock treatment occurred at 16, 18, and 20 min after activation. When these times were expressed in terms of τ0. units (duration of one mitotic cycle of synchronous cell division related to water temperatures), optimal activations were 0.26, 0.29, and 0.32τ0 (τ0@ 18 C = 63.5 min). Experiment 3 tested the utility of τ0. at two different pre‐shock incubation water temperatures of 18 C and 16 C, and determined that there was no significant interaction in percentage of viable gynogenotes between two different incubation temperatures and the mitotic intervals (0.21, 0.26, 0.31, 0.36, 0.41τ0) tested. Best survival of gynogenotes occurred when eggs held at either pre‐shock incubation water temperatures were shocked at 0.26τ0 All gynogenotes examined were histologically confirmed to have ovarian tissue and were determined to have similar oocyte development to that of normal female (control) paddlefish.
Effects of Temperature and Photoperiod on Reproduction of Female Yellow Perch Perca flavescens: Plasma Concentrations of Steroid Hormones, Spontaneous and Induced Ovulation, and Quality of Eggs
Authors: Ciereszko R. E. , Dabrowskl Konrad , Ciereszko A. , Ebeling J. , Ottobre J. S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe involvement of photoperiod and temperature in the regulation of reproductive processes was investigated in female yellow perch. Initially, all fish kept indoors were exposed to the same water temperature (22°C) and photoperiod (15L:9D). By the end of August, following the first sampling, fish were submitted to different photothermal regimes. Group A3 was maintained under photothermal conditions characteristic for southern Ohio. Group B3 was submitted to a condensed light/temperature regime designed to accelerate photothermal changes. The mean gonadosomatic index in group A3 gradually increased throughout the experiment. Gonadosomatic index in group A3 was higher than that in group B3 from February through April. The highest plasma concentrations of estradiol in group A3 occurred in November and December and exceeded those in group B3. Plasma concentrations of testosterone in group A3 were highest in December and tended to be higher in October and April than in other months. There was no difference in plasma testosterone between groups A3 and B3 except in March when concentrations of this androgen were extremely high in group B3. Ovulation occurred earlier in B regime fish in comparison to that of A regime fish. However, egg quality of fish from regime B was lower than that of fish from regime A. We conclude that the condensed photothermal cycle is not an entirely effective method of inducing out‐of‐season spawning in female yellow perch. These data suggest that although the compression of the photothermal cycle slightly accelerated spawning, it also caused disturbances in patterns and levels of plasma steroids, diminished ovarian and hepatic growth, and reduced the quality of eggs. Thus, temperature and/or photoperiod may have only a modifying effect on the onset of perch spawning, but these environmental cues seem to markedly influence earlier stages of gonadal growth and development.