bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Posterior cingulate activation during moral dilemma in adolescents
Authors: Pujol Jesus , Reixach Jordi , Harrison Ben J. , Timoneda‐Gallart Carme , Vilanova Joan C. , Pérez‐Alvarez Federico 
Published: July 2007

AbstractNeuroimaging research examining correlates of adolescent behavioral maturation has focused largely on issues related to higher cognitive development. Currently few studies have explored neural correlates of emotional reactivity in adolescent groups. In this study, we sought to examine the nature of posterior cingulate activation during situations of moral dilemma in normal adolescents. We focused on this region because of emerging evidence that suggests its role in emotionally self‐relevant mental processing. Ten healthy teenagers, aged from 14 to 16 years, underwent three fMRI sequences designed to examine (i) brain responses during moral dilemma; (ii) brain responses during passive viewing of the moral dilemma outcome; and (iii); “deactivation” during a simple cognitive task compared with resting‐state activity. Our main finding was that during moral dilemma, all subjects showed significant activation of the posterior cingulate cortex, and more variable activation of the medial frontal cortex and angular gyrus. Interestingly, these findings were replicated in each subject using the passive viewing task, suggesting that the previous pattern was not specific to moral reasoning or decision making. Finally, six of the ten subjects showed deactivation of the same posterior cingulate region during the cognitive task, indicating some commonality of function between posterior cingulate activity during moral dilemmas and rest. We propose that these posterior cingulate changes may relate to basic neuronal activities associated with processing self‐relevant emotional stimuli. Given the high single‐subject reproducibility of posterior cingulate activations, our findings may contribute to further characterize adolescent emotional reactivity in developmental neuroimaging studies. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Neural processing of threat cues in social environments
Authors: Han Shihui , Gao Xiaochao , Humphreys Glyn W. , Ge Jianqiao 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPrevious research showed that the processing of overt threat cues formed by evolutionary experience such as snake or angry face induced automatic increased responses of the emotion‐related system consisting of the amygdala, the anterior cingulate, and the orbitofrontal cortex. The present study used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate brain circuits involved in perception of threat cues that lack obvious emotion contents but are potentially dangerous in a particular social situation. Subjects were scanned while watching images showing a person in either a safe or a potentially dangerous situation and being asked to detect threat signals or to evaluate the degree of threat. We found that, in contrast with gender identification, threat detection and evaluation were underpinned by a neural network, shared by both male and female subjects, consisting of the medial and lateral frontal cortex, superior parietal lobes, posterior middle temporal cortex, and cerebellum. In addition, detection of threat cues was associated with stronger posterior parietal activation for males than females. Our findings suggest that neural processing of evolutionary unprepared threat cues in social environments does not necessarily involve the emotion‐related neural system and is influence by evolutionary pressure on sex differences. Hum Brain Mapp, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Memory in the aging brain: Doubly dissociating the contribution of the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex
Authors: Yonelinas Andrew P. , Widaman Keith , Mungas Dan , Reed Bruce , Weiner Michael W. , Chui Helena C. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSince the time of Aristotle it has been thought that memories can be divided into two basic types; conscious recollections and familiarity‐based judgments. Neuropsychological studies have provided indirect support for this distinction by suggesting that different regions within the human medial temporal lobe (MTL) are involved in these two forms of memory, but none of these studies have demonstrated that these brain regions can be fully dissociated. In a group of nondemented elderly subjects, we found that performance on recall and recognition tests was predicted preferentially by hippocampal and entorhinal volumes, respectively. Structural equation modeling revealed a double dissociation, whereby age‐related reductions in hippocampal volume resulted in decreases in recollection, but not familiarity, whereas entorhinal volume was preferentially related to familiarity. The results demonstrate that the forms of episodic memory supported by the human hippocampus and entorhinal cortex can be fully dissociated, and indicate that recollection and familiarity reflect neuroanatomically distinct memory processes. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A numerical model for simulating Hortonian overland flow on tropical hillslopes with vegetation elements
Authors: Ajayi Ayodele E. , van de Giesen Nick , Vlek Paul 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThis paper describes a two‐dimensional hydrodynamic model that characterizes surface runoff process resulting from a varying rainfall intensity event, on an infiltrating soil surface. The soil surface has spatially varied soil physical, hydraulic and microtopographic characteristics. Infiltration process is modelled with the Philip two‐term equation and the time before ponding approximated with the time compression algorithm. Vegetation is modelled as a dynamic component with the modified Gash model. The equation is solved with a modified second order Leapfrog explicit finite difference scheme with centred time and space derivatives. The model was validated with standard analytical solutions. Evaluation with results from field campaigns in the Volta Basin of West Africa during the 2002 rainfall season indicates good agreement, with r2 values ranging from 0·89 to 0·96. The developed method will be useful in studying the dynamics of surface runoff generation under complex microtopographic conditions, spatially varying soil hydraulic characteristics and temporally dynamic rainfall intensity, as found in many tropical catchments. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
When infants grow up in multiperson relationship systems
Authors: Mchale James P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractDespite prompts from the field of family therapy since its inception, contemporary infant mental health theory and practice remain firmly rooted in and guided by dyadic‐based models. Over the past 10 years, a groundswell of new empirical studies of triadic and family group dynamics during infancy have substantiated that which family theory has contended for decades: looking beyond mother‐infant or father‐infant dyads reveals a myriad of critically important socialization influences and dynamics that are missed altogether when relying on informant reports or dyad‐based interactions. Such family‐level dynamics emerge within months after infants are born, show coherence through time, and influence the social and emotional adjustment of children as early as the toddler and preschool years. This report summarizes key findings from the past decade of empirical family studies, highlights several areas in need of further conceptual development and empirical study by those who work with infants and their families, and outlines important implications of this body of work for all practicing infant mental health professionals.
Optimization and application of electrophoretic mobility analysis of human red blood cells to study their in vitro stability, interaction with polycations and proteolytic enzymes
Authors: Grandfils Christian , Foresto Patricia , Riquelme Bibiana , Valverde Juana , Sondag‐Thull Danièle 
Published: July 2007

AbstractElectrophoretic light scattering method has been considered to determine both the mean and polydispersity of electrophoretic mobility of normal human red blood cells. The final goal of our study was to optimize an in vitro test allowing us to investigate the interaction of xenobiotics, in particular polyelectrolytes, with blood cells. The feasibility of our method has been evaluated based on the reproducibility of our technique to analyze the native electrophoretic mobility of human RBCs, as well as their evolution in the presence of polycationic compounds, i.e. a natural polyamine, spermine, and a synthetic polycation, a polyethylenimine (PEI). Additionally, the follow‐up of the human RBCs electrophoretic mobility has been controlled after their incubation with neuraminidase. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Biostability and biocompatibility of poly(ether)urethane containing gold or silver nanoparticles in a porcine model
Authors: Chih‐Wei Chou  , Shan‐hui Hsu  , Pey‐Hwa Wang  
Published: July 2007

AbstractNanocomposites from polyether‐type waterborne polyurethane (PU) incorporated with different amounts of gold nanoparticles (17.4–65 ppm) or silver nanoparticles (30.2–113 ppm) were prepared. Specifically, the nanocomposite containing 43.5 ppm of gold or 30.2 ppm of silver was previously found to possess the best thermal and mechanical properties. The enhanced biostability of the nanocomposite at the specific nanoparticle content was also observed in subcutaneous rats. The latter was probably related to the free radical scavenging ability of the nanocomposite shown in vitro. In this study, the in vivo biostability of the full series of these nanocomposites was assessed by porcine subcutaneous implantation for 19 days followed by microscopic examination and chemical characterization using attenuated total reflectance–infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR). The nanocomposite at 43.5 ppm of gold (“PU‐Au 43.5 ppm”) and that at 30.2 ppm of silver (“PU‐Ag 30.2 ppm”) exhibited superior biostability in pigs to those at higher or lower nanoparticle contents. In particular, evidence of oxidative chain scission and crosslinking of the surface was presented by ATR‐IR spectra in the explanted PU and nanocomposites other than PU‐Au 43.5 ppm and PU‐Ag 30.2 ppm. The extent of biodegradation and that of foreign body reactions were highly associated in these nanocomposites, both of which showing negative correlation with the free radical scavenging ability. The interdependency among antioxidation/biostability/biocompatibility of PU was demonstrated in this porcine model. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Interfacial assembly of bioinspired nanostructures mediated by supersensitive crystals
Authors: Toda Yuriko , Shibata Yo , Kataoka Yu , Kawawa Tadaharu , Miyazaki Takashi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractLaboratory‐designed biocomposites structured by organic matrices impregnated with oriented biominerals have been significantly progressed by mimicking biological processes, although several problems associated with their formulation or antigenicity remain to be solved. Here, we describe a new strategy for the formulation of bioinspired nanostructures that involves spontaneous mediation by cooperative interactions between inorganic nanocrystals and host cells without the complex procedures required for laboratory‐designed biocomposites. In the present study, osteoblastic cells were cultured on hydroxyapatite and β‐tricalcium phosphate nanocrystals prepared by discharging in electrolytes. Specifically, a high level of assembly of collagenous proteins associated with cell proliferation was achieved on nanoscale β‐tricalcium phosphate crystals by catalysis of polyphosphate chains produced during cell culture. Furthermore, a spatial structure that was practically composed of natural biocomposites found in bone and teeth was obtained on the nanocrystals due to increased cross‐linking between inorganic molecules and biomolecules. Suggestions for the spontaneous formulation of bioinspired nanostructures in a living body mediated by inorganic biomaterials are also discussed. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Influence of collagen‐fibril‐based coatings containing decorin and biglycan on osteoblast behavior
Authors: Douglas Timothy , Hempel Ute , Mietrach Carolin , Viola Manuela , Vigetti Davide , Heinemann Sascha , Bierbaum Susanne , Scharnweber Dieter , Worch Hartmut 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCollagen is used as a scaffold material for tissue engineering as well as a coating material for implants with a view to enhancing osseointegration by mimicry of the bone extracellular matrix in vivo. The biomimicry strategy can be taken further by incorporating the small leucine‐rich proteoglycans (SLRPs) decorin and biglycan, which are expressed in bone. Both bind to fibrils during fibrillogenesis in vitro. In this study, the ability of collagen types I, II, and III to bind decorin and biglycan was compared. Collagen type II bound significantly more SLRPs in fibrils than collagen I and III, with more biglycan than decorin bound by all three collagen types. Therefore, type II fibrils with bound decorin or biglycan or neither were used to coat titanium surfaces. Bioavailability of SLRPs was confirmed by direct ELISA after SLRP biotinilation. The in vitro behavior of osteoblasts from rat calvaria (rOs) and human knee (hOs) cultured on different surfaces was compared. Proliferation and collagen synthesis were determined. Also, the influence of SLRPs on the formation of focal adhesions by rO was investigated. Biglycan enhanced the formation of focal adhesions after 2 and 24 h. Decorin and biglycan affected rO and hO proliferation and collagen synthesis differently. Biglycan stimulated hO proliferation significantly but had no effect on rO proliferation, and also inhibited rO collagen synthesis significantly while not affecting hO collagen synthesis. Decorin promoted hO proliferation slightly but did not influence rO proliferation. The results could be relevant when designing implant coatings or tissue engineering scaffolds. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2008
Facile preparation of leukotrienes C4, D4 and E4 containing carbon‐13 and nitrogen‐15 for quantification of cysteinyl leukotrienes by mass spectrometry
Authors: Ghomashchi Farideh , Bollinger James G. , Gelb Michael H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractWith the recent ability to use combined liquid chromatography/electrospray tandem mass spectrometry to analyze for several eicosanoids in biological samples in a single and rapid experiment, heavy isotope‐labeled eicosanoids are needed as internal standards in order to quantify eicosanoid analytes. The present study describes a practical preparation of cysteinyl leukotrienes (leukotriene C4, D4 and E4) with three 13C atoms and one 15N atom in the cysteinyl residue. The method involves solid‐phase peptide synthesis to make glutathione with heavy isotopes in the cysteinyl residue and reaction of this tripeptide with commercially available leukotriene A4 methyl ester to give labeled leukotriene C4 methyl ester, which is hydrolyzed to labeled leukotriene C4. Labeled leukotriene E4 is prepared in the same way with the use of labeled cysteine. Labeled leukotriene D4 is prepared by treatment of labeled leukotriene C4 with commercially available γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increase in diazepam binding inhibitor expression by sustained morphine exposure is mediated via μ‐opioid receptors in primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical neurons
Authors: Shibasaki Masahiro , Katsura Masashi , Torigoe Fumiko , Honda Takeshi , Sumimoto Ayaka , Tsujimura Atsushi , Ohkuma Seitaro 
Published: July 2007

AbstractOur previous in vivo experiment demonstrates that chronic morphine treatment up‐regulates diazepam binding inhibitor (DBI) transcripts in mouse cerebral cortex, although detailed mechanisms were unclear (Katsura et al. [1998] J. Neurochem. 71:2638–2641). This study sought to elucidate the precise mechanisms of DBI mRNA up‐regulation by long‐term treatment with morphine using primary cultures of mouse cerebral cortical neurons. A significant increase in DBI mRNA was observed after sustained exposure to 0.3 μM morphine for 2 days, and the maximal expression occurred after 2 days of exposure, whereas transient exposure to 0.3 μM morphine for 15 min, 1 hr, and 3 hr produced no changes in the expression. Continuous exposure to DAMGO also significantly increased DBI mRNA expression, which was completely abolished by a selective antagonist of μ‐opioid receptors, β‐funaltrexamine (β‐FNA). The morphine‐induced increase in DBI mRNA expression and its content were completely inhibited by naloxone and β‐FNA, and the inhibitory potential of naloxonazine was about half that of β‐FNA. On the other hand, κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptor antagonists showed no effects on the morphine‐induced increase in DBI mRNA. In addition, both a calmodulin antagonist and a CaM II kinase inhibitor significantly suppressed the morphine‐induced increase in DBI mRNA. These results indicate that the increase in DBI expression is induced by continuous activation of μ‐opioid receptors but not of κ‐ and δ‐opioid receptors and is regulated by the calcium/calmodulin‐related phosphorylation system. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Concentration‐dependent surface‐enhanced Raman scattering and molecular dynamic study of dimethyl formamide
Authors: Mishra Shivangi , Ojha Animesh K. , Singh Deepa , Prasad Rajeev R. , Srivastava Sunil K. , Singh Ranjan K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractA concentration‐dependent Raman study of dimethyl formamide (DMF) in Ag nanocolloidal solution was carried out in order to observe the effect of concentration on the surface enhancement mechanism. The Raman spectra in the region 900–2200 cm−1 comprising four prominent Raman modes were measured experimentally and analyzed at five different concentrations: 1, 3, 5, 7, 10 mM, and in neat DMF. In order to find the possible configurations of DMF + Ag complexes, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were carried out taking one, three and five Ag atom clusters. The Raman spectra of unconjugated DMF, DMF + Ag and DMF + 3Ag complexes were calculated theoretically to assign the vibrational modes under consideration more accurately and to understand the wavenumber shift and change in intensity observed in experimental measurements. Water present in the colloidal solution may also conjugate with DMF and its complexes with Ag. In order to see the influence of water on the wavenumber shift and intensity changes, we have also obtained the optimized structures and Raman modes of DMF + water and DMF + water + Ag complexes. Good agreement between the experimental and theoretical wavenumber shifts has been obtained by using B3LYP functional theory and CEP‐31G basis set for the DMF + Ag complex. The experimental results suggest that the SERS enhancement is concentration‐dependent. The concentration‐dependent linewidth shows the existence of the phenomena of motional narrowing and diffusion dynamics in the colloidal solution. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The successful double turnaround of ASEA and ABB—twenty lessons
Authors: Brege Staffan , Brandes Ove 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe double turnaround at ASEA and ABB is one of the most spectacular renewals of large and complex industrial firms in Europe during the last decade. However, we did not know that we had picked a winner when we started in‐depth, longitudinal studies of ASEA in 1982 and ABB in 1987. We consider the change of CEO as the starting point of the turnaround process which can be divided in five phases from retrenchment to international expansion. The lessons cover issues as the CEO's role, the initial situation, the climate for change, the turnaround process, the grand plan and learning. In comparison with earlier studies we have found that the deep involvement of CEO and the top management team in the implementation of the turnaround strategy is of decisive importance for success.
The European Community and the implications for United States banking industry
Authors: Lewis Alfred 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to examine the ramifications of the EC union on the US banking industry both in the US domestic environment and in the EC market. In the context of regulatory changes being imposed by the US government, the competitive posture of US banks is discussed. The future environment of the industry is also addressed in relation to the increasingly global nature of the industry.
Meeting business and management training and development needs through competency assessment
Authors: Tovey L. E. A. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractRecent years have seen the development of a plethora of approaches to competency assessment. While many serve a purpose, it is arguably not that of meeting long‐term business objectives. In this article, I hope to dispel some of the confusion which has arisen and to strengthen the case for a strategic approach to competency assessment. I have begun with a comment on the development of the management training and development market in the UK, which leads into the inception of the concept of competency assessment in the UK. Linked to the comment on the development of the management training and development market is an explanation of why I believe a strategic approach to competency assessment is the only route to take if real business value is to be gained. An outline of the approach is given, explaining how the output can form the basis of an organization's human resource development strategy.
The use of management buyouts as an aspect of corporate strategy in Britain
Authors: Boyle Emily 
Published: July 2007

AbstractManagement buyouts (MBOs) have become increasingly popular in Britain in recent years and although much has been written about the motivation of the acquiring managers‐entrepreneurs and the sources of finance for the buyouts the reasons behind the sale of the firms through this process have remained unexplored. In this article, the main reasons for MBOs taking place are considered. It is argued that where the MBO is of a division/SBU (Strategic Business Unit) from a surviving firm then it forms part of that firm's corporate strategy. The article examines the view that divisions/SBUs operating in declining industries and those that no longer fit into the firm's overall strategy are the most likely to be disposed of through MBOs. It also considers the extent to which the managements of the divesting firms are acting in a reactive or proactive way and illustrates the benefits of using MBOs proactively as part of corporate strategy.
Confucius on leadership
Authors: Platts M. J. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSun Tzu's classic The Art of War, written nearly 2500 years ago, is reputedly the world's most widely read manual on strategic thinking. Using the language of military manoeuvres it in fact discusses the management of long‐term social and psychological growth. The Tao Tě Ching, attributed to Lao Tzu in the same period, is an equally classic guide to the long‐term responsibilities and influence of leadership. Their near contemporary, Confucius, frequently mentioned but equally rarely read in the West, completes a trio of writings containing a profound understanding of the nature of human development, which merits more attention than it gets.
Positioning a business school in the market
Authors: Trim Peter 
Published: July 2007

AbstractStaff at a university business school can use a strategic marketing framework and a price‐quality matrix to establish a positioning strategy, which takes into account the strengths of the business school and the opportunities in the market. The opportunities can be classified as the untapped part‐time management executive Master of Business Administration (MBA) market and the corporate MBA market. The key to establishing an excellent relationship appears to be the ability for the provider of the product/service to identify adequately which type of client group to serve. The client group will have a number of needs and these can be classified as educational, consultancy and research related. A clearly defined strategy will help staff in a young and rapidly expanding university business school to establish an international centre of excellence.