bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluating Aeration Techniques for Decreasing Phosphorus Export from Grasslands Receiving Manure
Authors: Butler David M. , Franklin Dorcas H. , Cabrera Miguel L. , Tasistro Armando S. , Xia Kang , West Larry T. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractBecause surface‐applied manures can contribute to phosphorus (P) in runoff, we examined mechanical aeration of grasslands for reducing P transport by increasing infiltration of rainfall and binding of P with soil minerals. The effects of three aeration treatments and a control (aeration with cores, continuous‐furrow “no‐till” disk aeration perpendicular to the slope, slit aeration with tines, and no aeration treatment) on the export of total suspended solids, total Kjeldahl P (TKP), total dissolved P (TDP), dissolved reactive P (DRP), and bioavailable P (BAP) in runoff from grasslands with three manure treatments (broiler litter, dairy slurry, and no manure) were examined before and after simulated compaction by cattle. Plots (0.75 × 2 m) were established on a Cecil soil series with mixed tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.)‐bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] vegetation on 8 to 12% slopes. Manures were applied at a target rate of 30 kg P ha−1, and simulated rainfall was applied at a rate of 85 mm h−1 Although the impact of aeration type on P export varied before and after simulated compaction, overall results indicated that core aeration has the greatest potential for reducing P losses. Export of TKP was reduced by 55%, TDP by 62%, DRP by 61%, total BAP by 54%, and dissolved BAP by 57% on core‐aerated plots with applied broiler litter as compared with the control (p < 0.05). Core and no‐till disk aeration also showed potential for reducing P export from applied dairy slurry (p < 0.10). Given that Cecil soil is common in pastures receiving broiler litter in the Southern Piedmont, our results indicate that pairing core aeration of these pastures with litter application could have a widespread impact on surface water quality.
The Effect of Cattle Slurry Electroflotation Products as Fertilizers on Gaseous Emissions and Grassland Yield
Authors: Menéndez S. , Merino P. , Lekuona A. , Pinto M. , González‐Murua C. , Estavillo J. M. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe climatic conditions of the Basque Country (northern Spain) provide the favorable conditions for the growth of grasslands and the development of livestock enterprises. The intensification of the farms is leading to serious environmental risks due to the great generation of manures and slurries and their subsequent inefficient management. Their application involves N losses that can be pollutant. The environmental company ADE BIOTEC S.L. is developing the process called “electroflotation” with the aim of reducing the volume of slurries from intensive livestock farms. The process consists basically of an electrolysis of the slurry catalyzed by iron which leads to the flocculation of the solid particles, giving as a final result a solid and a liquid fraction. The objective of this work was to assess the usefulness of these two fractions as fertilizers. With this aim, the environmental risk of their application was determined regarding gaseous emissions to the atmosphere (i.e., of NO, NH3, N2O, and CO2) and their fertilizer capacity was investigated by determining their effects on grassland yield and N uptake in comparison to the untreated slurry. The untreated slurry and the solid and the liquid fractions were all applied at a rate of 70 kg NH4+–N ha−1 The application of the products of electroflotation did not affect N2O and CO2 losses, being of the same magnitude as those caused by the application of the original slurry. However, after their application, a reduction in NH3 volatilization losses was induced in the short term and a reduction in NO losses was caused in the long term. The solid and liquid fractions both increased biomass yield with respect to the untreated slurry. The solid fraction even induced a higher N uptake than the liquid fraction and the untreated slurry.
Antibiotic Degradation during Manure Composting
Authors: Dolliver Holly , Gupta Satish , Noll Sally 
Published: May 2008

AbstractOn‐farm manure management practices, such as composting, may provide a practical and economical option for reducing antibiotic concentrations in manure before land application, thereby minimizing the potential for environmental contamination. The objective of this study was to quantify degradation of chlortetracycline, monensin, sulfamethazine, and tylosin in spiked turkey (Meleagris gallopavo) litter during composting. Three manure composting treatments were evaluated: a control treatment (manure pile with no disturbance or adjustments after initial mixing), a managed compost pile (weekly mixing and moisture content adjustments), and vessel composting. Despite significant differences in temperature, mass, and nutrient losses between the composting treatments and the control, there was no difference in antibiotic degradation among the treatments. Chlortetracycline concentrations declined rapidly during composting, whereas monensin and tylosin concentrations declined gradually in all three treatments. There was no degradation of sulfamethazine in any of treatments. At the conclusion of the composting period (22–35 d), there was >99% reduction in chlortetracycline, whereas monensin and tylosin reduction ranged from 54 to 76% in all three treatments. Assuming first‐order decay, the half‐lives for chlortetracycline, monensin, and tylosin were 1, 17, and 19 d, respectively. These data suggest that managed compositing in a manure pile or in a vessel is not better than the control treatment in degrading certain antibiotics in manure. Therefore, low‐level manure management, such as stockpiling, after an initial adjustment of water content may be a practical and economical option for livestock producers in reducing antibiotic levels in manure before land application.
A New Method to Quantify the Impact of Soil Carbon Management on Biophysical Soil Properties: The Example of Two Apple Orchard Systems in New Zealand
Authors: Deurer Markus , Sivakumaran Siva , Ralle Stefanie , Vogeler Iris , McIvor Ian , Clothier Brent , Green Steve , Bachmann Jörg 
Published: May 2008

AbstractA new method to diagnose the environmental sustainability of specific orchard management practices was derived and tested. As a significant factor for soil quality, the soil carbon (C) management in the topsoil of the tree‐row of an integrated and organic apple orchard was selected and compared. Soil C management was defined as land management practices that maintain or increase soil C. We analyzed the impact of the soil C management on biological (microbial biomass C, basal respiration, dehydrogenase activity, respiratory quotient) and physical (aggregate stability, amount of plant‐available water, conductive mean pore diameter near water saturation) soil properties. Soil in the alley acted as a reference for the managed soil in the tree row. The total and hot‐water–extractable C amounts served as a combined proxy for the soil C management. The soil C management accounted for 0 to 81% of the degradation or enhancement of biophysical soil properties in the integrated and organic system. In the integrated system, soil C management led to a loss of C in the top 0.3 m of the tree row within 12 yr, causing a decrease in microbial activities. In the tree row of the organic orchard, C loss occurred in the top 0.1 m, and the decrease in microbial activities was small or not significant. Regarding physical soil properties, the C loss in the integrated system led to a decrease of the aggregate stability, whereas it increased in the organic system. Generally, the impact of soil C management was better correlated with soil microbial than with the physical properties. With respect to environmental soil functions that are sensitive to the decrease in microbial activity or aggregate stability, soil C management was sustainable in the organic system but not in the integrated system.
Pck1 Gene Silencing in the Liver Improves Glycemia Control, Insulin Sensitivity, and Dyslipidemia in db/db Mice
Authors: Gómez-Valadés Alicia G. , Méndez-Lucas Andrés , Vidal-Alabró Anna , Blasco Francese X. , Chillon Miguel , Bartrons Ramon , Bermúdez Jordi , Perales José C. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Cytosolic phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK-C; encoded by Pck1) catalyzes the first committed step in gluconeogenesis. Extensive evidence demonstrates a direct correlation between PEPCK-C activity and glycemia control. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the metabolic impact and their underlying mechanisms of knocking down hepatic PEPCK-C in a type 2 diabetic model.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—PEPCK-C gene targeting was achieved using adenovirus-transduced RNAi. The study assessed several clinical symptoms of diabetes and insulin signaling in peripheral tissues, in addition to changes in gene expression, protein, and metabolites in the liver. Liver bioenergetics was also evaluated.
RESULTS—Treatment resulted in reduced PEPCK-C mRNA and protein. After treatment, improved glycemia and insulinemia, lower triglyceride, and higher total and HDL cholesterol were measured. Unsterified fatty acid accumulation was observed in the liver, in the absence of de novo lipogenesis. Despite hepatic lipidosis, treatment resulted in improved insulin signaling in the liver, muscle, and adipose tissue. O2 consumption measurements in isolated hepatocytes demonstrated unaltered mitochondrial function and a consequent increased cellular energy charge. Key regulatory factors (FOXO1, hepatocyte nuclear factor-4α, and peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor-γ coactivator [PGC]-1α) and enzymes (G6Pase) implicated in gluconeogenesis were downregulated after treatment. Finally, the levels of Sirt1, a redox-state sensor that modulates gluconeogenesis through PGC-1α, were diminished.
CONCLUSIONS—Our observations indicate that silencing PEPCK-C has direct impact on glycemia control and energy metabolism and provides new insights into the potential significance of the enzyme as a therapeutic target for the treatment of diabetes.
Association of Common C-Reactive Protein (CRP) Gene Polymorphisms With Baseline Plasma CRP Levels and Fenofibrate Response
Authors: Shen Jian , Arnett Donna K. , Parnell Laurence D. , Peacock James M. , Lai Chao-Qiang , Hixson James E. , Tsai Michael Y. , Province Michael A. , Straka Robert J. , Ordovas Jose M. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker that contributes to the prediction of cardiovascular disease. We investigated the influences of CRP polymorphisms on baseline CRP levels and fenofibrate-induced CRP changes in subjects with the metabolic syndrome.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We examined the association of CRP single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (m772A&gt;G, m301G&gt;A &gt;T, i178T&gt;A, 3u1273C&gt;T, and 3u2131C&gt;T) with baseline plasma CRP levels among 1,123 white U.S. participants in the Genetics of Lipid Lowering Drugs and Diet Network (GOLDN) Study and the modulating effect of these SNPs on CRP response to a 3-week fenofibrate treatment among 290 participants with the metabolic syndrome.
RESULTS—There were strong associations of m301G&gt;A&gt;T (rs3091244; P = 0.003), i178T&gt;A (rs1417938; P = 0.001), 3u1273C&gt;T (rs1130864; P = 0.001), and 3u2131C&gt;T (rs1205; P &lt; 0.001) with baseline CRP levels. Moreover, among subjects with the metabolic syndrome, fenofibrate induced the greatest reduction in CRP levels for TT subjects of the i178T&gt;A compared with TA and AA subjects (−30 for TT, −19 for TA, and −11% for AA; P = 0.004). Similarly, for the m301G&gt;A&gt;T, major allele carriers displayed maximal reduction of CRP over noncarriers (−20 for GG, −15 for GA and GT, and −0.3% for TA and AA; P = 0.020).
CONCLUSIONS—Our results demonstrate that common genetic variants within the CRP gene affect baseline CRP levels and further modulate CRP response in subjects with the metabolic syndrome treated with fenofibrate. This knowledge could contribute to a better prediction of therapeutic success.
Modestly Elevated Glucose Levels During Pregnancy Are Associated With a Higher Risk of Future Diabetes Among Women Without Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Carr Darcy B. , Newton Katherine M. , Utzschneider Kristina M. , Tong Jenny , Gerchman Fernando , Kahn Steven E. , Heckbert Susan R. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether 1-h oral glucose challenge test (OGCT) or 3-h oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results below gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) criteria are associated with developing diabetes.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A retrospective cohort study was performed among women without GDM who had a pregnancy OGCT (n = 24,780) or OGTT (n = 6,222). Subsequent diabetes was ascertained by ICD-9 codes or pharmacy or laboratory data over a median follow-up of 8.8 years.
RESULTS—Diabetes risk increased across OGCT quartiles: adjusted hazard ratio (HR) 1.67 (95% CI 1.07–2.61) for 5.4–6.2 mmol/l, 2.13 (1.39–3.25) for 6.3–7.3 mmol/l, and 3.60 (2.41–5.39) for ≥7.4 mmol/l compared with ≤5.3 mmol/l. Women with one abnormal OGTT result had a higher risk compared with those with normal values (HR 2.08 [95% CI 1.35–3.20]).
CONCLUSIONS—Women with modestly elevated glucose levels below the threshold for GDM had a higher risk for diabetes.
Leptin Does Not Directly Regulate the Pancreatic Hormones Amylin and Pancreatic Polypeptide
Authors: Hwang Janice J. , Chan Jean L. , Ntali Georgia , Malkova Dalia , Mantzoros Christos S. 
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Leptin and the pancreatic hormones amylin and pancreatic polypeptide are being evaluated alone or in combination for the treatment of obesity, but their physiological regulation has not yet been fully elucidated. Thus, we examined whether amylin and pancreatic polypeptide are regulated by caloric intake and/or short- and long-term energy deprivation and whether any potential regulation is mediated by changes in leptin levels.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We measured circulating levels of amylin and pancreatic polypeptide after 1) a 75-g glucose load in 28 healthy, normal-weight women, 2) 72-h complete energy deficiency (severe hypoleptinemia) with administration of either placebo or replacement-dose recombinant methionyl human leptin (r-metHuLeptin) in normal-weight men (n = 6) and women (n = 7), and 3) chronic mild energy deficiency (mild hypoleptinemia) in 7 women with hypothalamic amenorrhea before and after r-metHuLeptin administration for 3 months.
RESULTS—Amylin and pancreatic polypeptide levels increased 15 min after a 75-g glucose load and remained elevated at 60 and 120 min (P &lt; 0.0001). Fasting for 72 h decreased leptin (to 21%) and amylin (to 67%) of baseline but not pancreatic polypeptide levels. Normalizing leptin levels with r-metHuLeptin did not alter the fasting-induced decrease in amylin and had no effect on pancreatic polypeptide levels. Neither amylin nor pancreatic polypeptide levels were different in leptin-deficient women with hypothalamic amenorrhea compared with weight-matched control subjects, and normalization of leptin levels with r-metHuLeptin treatment did not alter amylin or pancreatic polypeptide levels.
CONCLUSIONS—Circulating amylin levels increase after a glucose load and decrease in response to short-term complete fasting, but these changes are not mediated by leptin.
A G2(MP2) theoretical study of substituent effects on H3BNHnCl3−n (n= 3-0) donor-acceptor complexes
Authors: Anane Hafid , Houssame Soufiane , Guerraze Abdelali , Guermoune Abdeladim , Boutalib Abderrahim , Jarid Abedellah , Nebot-Gil Ignacio , Tomás Francisco 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The complexation energies of H3BNHnCl3−n (n= 3-0) complexes and the proton affinities of NHnCl3−n compounds have been computed at the G2(MP2) level of theory. G2(MP2) results show that the successive chlorine substitution on the ammonia decreases both the basicity of the NHnCl3−n ligands and the stability of H3BNHnCl3−n complexes. The findings are interpreted in terms of the rehybridisation of the nitrogen lone-pair orbital. The NBO partitioning scheme shows that the variation of the N-H and N-Cl bond lengths, upon complexation, is due to variation of “s” character in these bonds.
A Quantitative Comparison of Surgical Approaches for Posterolateral Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
Authors: Garras David N. , Santangelo James A. , Wang David W. , Easley Mark E. 
Published: April 2008

Background Exposure of the posterolateral talar dome for osteochondral autograft transfer can be challenging. The purpose of this study is to compare surgical exposures for perpendicular access to the posterolateral talar dome using osteochondral transfer instrumentation. Materials and Methods Five surgical approaches were performed on each of eight cadaveric ankles. The sequence was: (1) Anterolateral arthrotomy with ATFL release, (2) Anterolateral tibial osteotomy, (3) Fibular osteotomy with ATFL intact, (4) Fibular osteotomy with ATFL release, and (5) Fibular osteotomy with ATFL/CFL release. (ATFL repaired between 1 and 2). While maintaining the orientation of the harvester perpendicular to the talar dome articular surface, osteochondral plugs were harvested as far posteriorly as possible using a 6-mm harvester. Distances from the anterior talar articular surface to the posterior aspect of the recipient site were measured. Statistical analysis used ANOVA and Fisher post hoc tests. Results Average AP exposure (mm) and percentage of AP talar dome dimensions exposed: (1) Anterolateral arthrotomy with ATFL release: 21.2 mm (43.3%), (2) Anterolateral tibial osteotomy: 33.7 mm (68.5%), (3) Fibular osteotomy(ATFL intact): 43.2 mm (87.8%), (4) Fibular osteotomy with ATFL release: 44.9 mm (91.2%), and (5) Fibular osteotomy with ATFL/CFL release: 46.6 mm (94.6%). All osteotomies provided greater exposure than anterolateral arthrotomy with ATFL release ( p < 0.0001). A significant difference was obtained between each of the fibular osteotomies and tibial osteotomy ( p < 0.0001). Differences between the fibular osteotomy approaches (3 to 5) were not significant. Conclusion Fibular osteotomy provides the greatest perpendicular exposure to the posterolateral talar dome. Anterolateral tibial osteotomy provides greater exposure than arthrotomy alone. Clinical Relevance This study provides a guide for surgical exposures to the posterolateral talar dome for osteochondral autograft transfer.
Potential Weed Management Systems for Organic Peanut Production
Authors: Johnson W. Carroll , Mullinix Benjamin G. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Studies were conducted near Tifton, GA to develop weed management systems for organic peanut production. Trials in 2004 and 2005 evaluated row patterns (two levels), remedial weed control (four levels), and cultivation (three levels). Row patterns were wide rows (91 cm apart) and narrow rows (30 cm apart). Remedial weed control was early-season applications of clove oil, citric plus acetic acid, broadcast propane flaming, and a nontreated control. Cultivation regimes were 1X or 2X sweep cultivation and a non-cultivated control. The experimental sites had heavy natural infestations of annual grasses and broadleaf weeds. None of the treatment combinations effectively controlled weeds season-long and resulting peanut yields were poor. Annual grasses were particularly troublesome due to ineffective control from flaming and citric plus acetic acid. Clove oil was slightly more effective in controlling annual grasses than the other remedial treatments, but annual grass control was still unacceptable. Dicot weeds were not effectively controlled by mid-season, although clove oil and flaming controlled the seedling weeds early season. The lack of residual weed control by the remedial weed control treatments resulted in heavy weed infestations by mid-season. Poor control of annual grasses, no residual weed control, and high cost of remedial treatments indicates that these systems of weed management in organic peanut production are not suited to sites with heavy weed infestations.
Development of an Inoculation Method for Quantifying Fungicide Residues on Peanut Foliage
Authors: Woodward J. E. , Brenneman T. B. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
A bioassay was developed to evaluate residues of three foliar applied fungicides on peanut leaflets and stems obtained from the upper, middle, and lower canopy. Experiments were conducted to determine the effects of wounding and nutrient source on the development of Sclerotium rolfsii lesions. Results indicated that wounding was not required for infection on either tissue type, and that adequate lesion development was obtained when ¼ strength potato dextrose agar (PDA) was used as a nutrient source. Significant differences in lesion development were observed among canopy layers for leaflets and stems. Tissues collected from the upper canopy were more rapidly colonized by S. rolfsii than tissues from the middle or lower canopy. One-quarter strength PDA was used as a nutrient source to determine an appropriate sample size, and to evaluate the response of S. rolfsii to varying concentrations of azoxystrobin, flutolanil and tebuconazole on non-wounded tissues. Based on differences in the sample mean, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation, a total of 8 to 10 samples are required to obtain a reliable estimate. The application of fungicides significantly reduced the size of S. rolfsii lesions compared to the non-treated controls. Consistent results were obtained from the leaflet and stem assays, and lesion size decreased linearly with increasing log10+1 transformed fungicide concentration. The EC50 values from the leaflet and stem assays were 17.2, 9.5, and 18.1 mg/L, and 18.1, 8.3, and 13.5 mg a.i. /L for azoxystrobin, tebuconazole, and flutolanil, respectively. These results demonstrate an effective method to determine differences in the activity of foliar applied fungicides.
Disease Management and Variable Planting Patterns in Peanut
Authors: Nuti R. C. , Faircloth W. H. , Lamb M. C. , Sorensen R. B. , Davidson J. I. , Brenneman T. B. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractPeanut (Arachis hypogea L.) is typically sown in single or twin rows centered on 91-cm beds. A planter capable of sowing 8 peanut rows on a 182-cm bed was developed by USDA-ARS. This planting pattern optimizes plant spacing and may contribute to crop advantages. Management of soil borne diseases in peanut may be affected by planting patterns. Replicated field experiments were conducted in 2002, 2003, and 2004 at two locations each year near Dawson, Georgia to compare interactions of planting patterns and disease management programs. Three fungicide application regimes were factored over single row, twin row, and diamond planting patterns, for a total of 9 treatments. A block calendar schedule with 14-d intervals was compared with two weather advisory programs, including AU-Pnuts and an experimental version of AU-Pnuts using minimum daily soil temperature (MDST) as a guide for fungicide selection. The seeding rate of each planting pattern was 22 seed/m2. There were no planting pattern by fungicide program interactions. Twin row and diamond planting patterns were often superior in yield than single rows; however, diamond patterns did not yield better than twin rows. Incidence of peg, pod, and limb rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani and stem rot caused by Sclerotium rolfsii was not severe in any trial and was not affected by planting pattern. Despite low disease presence, the calendar program was consistently better for yield and overall disease control than the two advisory programs. Yield was similar for the three fungicide treatments in four of six experiments. Grade of twin row and diamond planted peanut was 0.7 points better than single row peanut over three years at one location. Net return based on crop value less fungicide program cost was more closely tied to yield than variable input costs for fungicide programs.