bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Practical Molt Staging of Penaeus setiferus and Penaeus stylirostris
Authors: Robertson Lori , Bray William , Leung‐Trujillo Joanna , Lawrence Addison 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMolt staging has many applications in penaeid aquaculture as a routine procedure. Using criteria developed for various crustaceans, a method of rapid molt staging was applied to Penaeus stylirostris and Penaeus setiferus adults. The most useful characters were the degree of epidermal retraction from the setal bases and epidermal retraction from the cuticle coupled with the development of new setae. The duration of the molt cycle of P. stylirostris was 11.5 ± 1.0 days (N = 5) at 27–29 C. The early postmolt, late postmolt, intermolt, early premolt and late premolt stages were readily determined. For P. stylirostris, the duration of postmolt was 27% of the cycle; intermolt, 17%; and premolt, 56%. The length of the molt cycle of P. setiferus at 27–29 C was 13.6 ± 1.0 days (N = 21) with postmolt occupying 22% of the cycle; intermolt, 19%; and premolt, 59%. Unilaterally eyestalk enucleated P. setiferus had a significantly shorter molt cycle than intact P. setiferus (11.7 ± 1.21 days vs. 13.6 ± 1.02 days, P < 0.05). There were no differences in molt cycle duration between the sexes, whether enucleated or intact (P > 0.05). A series of illustrations identifies the key characteristics for determining stage of molt in these penaeids.
Experimental Infections with Baculovirus penaei in the White Shrimp Penaeus vannamei (Crustacea: Decapoda) as a Bioassay
Authors: Overstreet Robin M. , Stuck Kenneth C. , Krol Rena A. , Hawkins William E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractInfections of the virus Baculovirus penaei (BP) have historically impacted penaeid shrimp production in both hatcheries and ponds. BP causes cytopathological alterations and mortality in at least four species, including Penueus vannamei. This study established experimental infections with BP in laboratory‐reared P. vannamei. The most useful protocol involved BP infection in third substage protozoea (P3) induced by feeding virus‐contaminated material to rotifers and, in turn, feeding those rotifers to the shrimp larva. Infections were also established by delivering virus‐containing brine shrimp to mysis (M) and postlarval (PL) stages. When virus originating from infected adults and juveniles was fed to P3's, the shrimp exhibited patent infections with hypertrophic nuclei, polyhedra, free virions, and occluded virions five or six days after being fed the virus. In contrast, when the source of virus material was from bioassay larvae rather than from adults and juveniles, similar patent infections developed in P3's by one to two days. A significant mortality in the resulting M's and PL's was associated with the infections with short but not long prepatent periods. In experimentally infected shrimp, examination by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy revealed extensive viral infection in many cells in the anterior midgut and as many as 80–90% of the proximal and medial hepatopancreatic tubular cells. Free and occluded virions capable of producing disease ruptured into the gut lumen soon after infections became patent. Tests conducted in 1 L Imhoff cones, 160 L spat‐cones, and aquaria all produced infections, usually with a prevalence of 100%. The system provides a useful method to detect and assay for infective agents, to amass infective material for research purposes, and to assess the biology of and host response to the virus under different conditions.
Dietary Zinc Requirement of Oreochromis aureus and Effects of Dietary Calcium and Phytate on Zinc Bioavailability
Authors: McClain W. Ray , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to determine the dietary zinc requirement of fingerling blue tilapia (Oreochromis oureus) and the effects of dietary calcium and phytate on zinc bioavailability. Purified egg white diets containing graded levels of supplemental zinc were fed to fingerling tilapia in triplicate aquaria for 80 days. No overt signs of zinc deficiency were observed; however, scale and bone zinc concentrations of fish fed the various diets were significantly (P < 0.05) affected and increased linearly as dietary zinc increased until plateauing at 20 mg Zn/kg diet and greater. Based on these data, 20 mg Zn/kg of dry diet was determined to be the minimum dietary zinc requirement of blue tilapia. Purified egg white diets containing 20 mg Zn/kg were also supplemented with 0.5 or 2.0% calcium and 0 or 1.5% phytate in a factorial arrangement to determine the effects of these dietary factors on zinc bioavailability. At this level of supplemental zinc, 1.5% phytate significantly (P < 0.05) reduced zinc bioavailability as reflected in scale and bone zinc concentrations; whereas, dietary calcium did not affect zinc bioavailability. Results from this study establish the dietary zinc requirement of blue tilapia and indicate that higher levels of supplemental zinc should be included in practical feeds to compensate for reduced zinc bioavailability caused by dietary phytate.
Comparison of Three Solvent Systems for Extraction of Chlorophyll a from Fish Pond Phytoplankton Communities
Authors: Lloyd Steven W. , Tucker Craig S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractChloroform‐methanol (2:1 v/v), absolute methanol, and 90% acetone were evaluated for their effectiveness as extractants of chlorophyll a from samples of phytoplankton communities collected from catfish ponds. Chloroform‐methanol consistently extracted more chlorophyll a than either 90% acetone or methanol. Precision for the methanol extraction was also unacceptably low, with an average coefficient of variation of 17%. Average coefficients of variation for the chloroform‐methanol and 90% acetone extraction procedures were 6 and 5%, respectively. Filtered samples should be steeped in chloroform‐methanol for at least 4 h to obtain maximum chlorophyll extraction, and the addition of MgCO3 to the extractant as a buffer is not necessary.
An Estimate of the Dietary Lysine Requirement of Juvenile Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Davis D. Allen , Robinson Ed H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractQuadruplicate groups of juvenile red drum (initial mean weight 2.7 g; 20 fish per replicate) were fed experimental diets containing 35% crude protein and graded levels of lysine for eight weeks. Lysine concentration in the basal diet was 1.2% and was supplied by a combination of peanut meal and shrimp‐head meal. The basal diet was supplemented with lysine‐HCl to provide 1.6, 2.0, and 2.4% lysine. Each of these diets contained an essential amino acid (EAA) premix. Two additional diets were formulated to contain 1.2 and 2.4% lysine without the EAA premix. Weight gain and feed efficiency (FE) data indicated between 1.2 and 1.6% dietary lysine was adequate. However, serum lysine concentrations indicated 1.6‐2.0% lysine was required. Fish fed 1.2 or 2.4% lysine, without the EAA premix, exhibited reduced weight gain and feed efficiency. Results indicated that red drum were able to utilize crystalline amino acids when incorporated into diets containing intact protein and, when lysine was adequate, the proteins were deficient in at least one other essential amino acid. It is recommended that a dietary lysine level of 5.7% of the dietary protein be used in formulating red drum diets.
Explanation of Size Diversity Among Artemia Cohorts: A Model of Food Uptake Kinetics
Authors: Brune David E. , Anderson T. H. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractModels describing the food uptake kinetics of a growing Artemia culture and the hatching rate of Artemia cysts are combined to yield equations capable of predicting the effects of variable algal cell concentration upon the growth rates of brine shrimp cohorts. The model illustrates that the feeding ability of the brine shrimp can be viewed as one becoming increasingly more efficient as the animals mature. This increasing efficiency in a population of variable age animals (from a single hatch) results in accelerated growth of first hatched animals relative to later hatched animals, especially at algal cell concentrations below certain threshold values. Growth rates of variable age groups of brine shrimp are mathematically manipulated to predict variable size brine shrimp at low algal cell concentration and uniformly sized brine shrimp at high algal cell concentration. This predicted result is confirmed with data from Artemia growth trials at high and low algal cell concentrations. It is suggested that similar variations in population attributes of other species may be explained as an animal‐food interaction in which minor initial variations in individual animal maturity (weight, size, etc.) are magnified as a consequence of continuous competition for a common pool of food.
Production of the Freshwater Prawn Macrobrachium rosenbergii Stocked as Juveniles at Different Densities in Temperate Zone Ponds1
Authors: D'Abramo Louis R. , Heinen John M. , Robinette H. Randall , Collins Jeffrey S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractJuvenile freshwater prawns Mucrobruchium rosenkrgii (mean wet weight = 0.75, 1986 or 0.17g, 1985) were stocked into 0.06–0.07 ha earthen ponds at densities ranging from 39,536 to 118,608/ha during two separate growing seasons. After growout periods ranging from 135 to 142 days, survival was from 54.3% to 89.9% (x = 77.0%). Mean prawn weight at harvest ranged from 15.0 to 44.3g and decreased with increasing stocking density. The larger stocking weight of prawns was associated with harvest weights that were 16.8 to 39.6% greater than those achieved with the smaller stocking weight at comparable stocking densities.Stocking of juveniles of the proper size and the effective management of the social structure of M. rosenkrgii appear to be critical to the success of intensive pond culture in temperate climates where the length of the growing season is restricted.
Apparent Digestible Energy Coefficients and Associative Effects in Practical Diets for Red Swamp Crayfish
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Robinson Edwin H. , Clark Ann E. , Lawrence Addison L. , Bordner Clark E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAdult red swamp crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) were held in fecal collection chambers and fed common feedstuffs in two different types of diets, as the sole feedstuff and as a 30% substitution in a reference diet. Feedstuffs tested were soybean meal, peanut meal, wheat shorts, cooked corn, menhaden fish meal, and shrimp‐head meal. Feed consumption, apparent digestible dry matter, and energy coefficients were determined for feedstuffs when fed in both diets. Addition of menhaden fish meal, shrimp‐head meal, and peanut meal in the reference diet resulted in decreased consumption, and menhaden fish meal was poorly digested when incorporated at 30% in the reference diet. Apparent dry matter and energy digestion coefficients Indicated that plant feedstuffs have greater potential as ingredients in crayfish diets than feedstuffs of animal origin. Differences in consumption and digestibility between the two types of diet were observed. Therefore, it appears that the associative effects of additions of feedstuffs in diets should be considered when formulating crayfish feeds.
Toxicity of Ammonia to Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus Fingerlings with Information on Uptake and Depuration1
Authors: Wise D. J. , Weirichand C. R. , Tomasso J. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractMedian lethal concentrations of un‐ionized ammonia‐nitrogen to red drum (Sciuenops ocellarus) were 0.9 ± 0.14 mg/L (mean ± SE) after 24 h and 0.8 ± 0.16 mg/L after 48 h (salinity = 4.0%, temperature = 20 C, pH = 6.8–7.1). Ammonia moved quickly from the environment into the plasma with 90% of steady state concentrations being reached after 33 minutes. When ammonia‐exposed fish were moved to ammonia‐free water, 90% of the ammonia which had accumulated in the plasma was no longer present after 3.3 minutes. The sensitivity of red drum to environmental ammonia appears to be similar to that of most other fishes tested. Based on the median lethal concentrations for red drum observed in this study and the acute‐chronic concentration ratios for other species of fish, it is suggested that red drum fingerlings be chronically exposed to no more than 0.05 mg/L un‐ionized ammonia‐nitrogen.
Acute Toxicity of Nitrite to Red Drum Sciaenops ocellatus: Effect of Salinity1
Authors: Wise D. J. , Tomasso J. R. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAcute toxicity of nitrite to red drum fingerlings was investigated under static conditions in environments containing 36.0 to 0.6 g/L salinity. The 48 h median lethal concentrations ranged from 85.7 mg/L nitrite‐N (36.0 g/L salinity) to 2.8 mg/L nitrite‐N (0.6 g/L salinity). Plasma nitrite concentrations increased with exposure time during a 48 h study and exceeded environmental concentrations in fish exposed to 9.1 and 5.1 mg/L nitrite‐N (1.4 g/L salinity). During 24 h of exposure, methemoglobin levels increased with increasing environmental nitrite conditions in fish exposed to 3, 6 and 9 mg/L nitrite‐N for 24 h (1.4 g/L salinity). The chloride component of salinity was not as effective in preventing nitrite toxicity as in other species of fish, indicating a potential problem for the culture of red drum in low‐salinity waters.
Preliminary Evaluation of Baits and Traps for Harvesting Orconectid Crayfish from Earthen Ponds
Authors: Brown Paul B. , Hooe Michael L. , Buck D. Homer 
Published: April 2007

AbstractFour commercially available crayfish baits and two trap types were evaluated for efficiency in trapping Orconecres virilis and O. immunis from 13 unmanaged, contiguous earthen ponds in southern Illinois from May through October 1988. Specifically, this study compared three long‐life baits and one one‐day bait to gizzard shad, and four‐funnel submerged pillow traps to three‐funnel stand‐up pyramid traps in matched‐pair comparisons. Data from O. immunis harvest was not included in the final evaluation because of the relatively low numbers caught (343). The three long‐life baits attracted significantly more O. virilis than did gizzard shad, but the attractability of the one‐day bait was not significantly different from shad. There were no significant differences between four‐funnel pillow traps and three‐funnel pyramid traps or between catch per unit effort from deep or shallow ends of typical culture ponds. These data indicate that wild populations of O. virilis are susceptible to trapping with typical baits and traps used in the southern United States, and these methods may be more effective than those currently employed.
Replacement of Fishmeal with Soybean Meal in Male Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticusxO. aureus) Fingerling Diets at a Suboptimal Protein Level
Authors: Shiau Shi‐Yen , Kwok Chung‐Ching , Hwang Jean‐Yu , Chen Chin‐Mei , Lee Shue‐Li 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA feeding trial was conducted to study the feasibility of using soybean meal (SBM) to replace fish meal (FM) as a protein source for tilapia feeds containing 24% dietary protein. Replacement levels were 0%, 33%, 67% and 100%. At each replacement level, methionine was either supplemented up to the amount that the 100% FM protein diet contained or not supplemented. The experiment was carried out for eight weeks in a recirculated water system. Fish fed diets in which 100% of the FM was replaced with SBM either with or without methionine supplementation had significantly (P < 0.05) lower weight gain, feed conversion ratio, protein efficiency ratio and protein digestibility than that of the groups fed the diets containing FM as the sole source of protein. Also, fish fed diets in which 67% and 33% of the FM was replaced with SBM did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) from that of the control group. These data suggest that when dietary protein level was suboptimal (24%), up to 67% of the FM protein in tilapin feeds can be replaced by hexane‐extracted SBM protein without any adverse effect on tilapia growth and feed conversion ratio.
Use of Cottonseed Meal in Channel Catfish Feeds
Authors: Robinson Edwin H. , Brent J. Robert 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSolvent extracted cottonseed meal was substituted for soybean meal in catfish feeds on a nitrogen basis. The feeds, which contained either 0, 10, or 20% cottonseed meal, were formulated to contain about 32% protein and 2.9 kcal digestible energy/g. The fish were reared in 6 m3 net pens suspended in a 1.6 ha earthen pond. Twelve pens (four per treatment) were stocked with 400 fish with an initial average weight of 95 g/fish. All fish were fed to satiation once daily. A sample of 60 fish from each pen was weighed at 76 days to evaluate feed consumption, feed conversion, and weight gain. At the end of the experiment (132 days), fish from each net pen were weighed collectively and samples were taken to determine tissue free gossypol concentrations, proximate composition of fillets, and dressout percentages. There were no significant differences in weight gain, feed conversion, or survival of fish sampled at 76 days or of fish at the end of the experiment regardless of dietary treatment. At 76 days, feed consumption of fish fed the 20% cottonseed meal feed was significantly higher than that of other fish, but there were no significant differences in feed consumption at the end of the experiment. Free gossypol levels were below detectable limits in fish tissue. There were no significant differences in percentage dressout or in body composition, except for a slightly higher ash content in fish fed the feed containing 10% cottonseed meal. It appears that cottonseed meal can be used to partially substitute for soybean meal in catfish feeds. At the present, it is recommended that cottonseed meal be limited to 15% of the catfish diet.
Production and Nutritional Quality of Two Small‐Sized Strains of the Rotifer Brachionus plicatilis1
Authors: James Charles M. , Abu‐Rezeq Tawfiq S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe rotifer Brachionus glicatilis, strain‐S (from Japan) and strain‐S1 (Pozuelo 1975) were mass cultured using Chlorella and bakers' yeast. Under the same feed regime, a significant increase (P < 0.001) in rotifer strain‐S production (44.19 ± 8.50 individuals/mL/d) was observed compared with strain‐S1 (29.64 ± 9.38 individuals/mL/d). The population growth rate was significantly higher (P> 0.001), and doubling time was significantly lower (P> 0.0001) in rotifer strain‐S than in strain‐S1. There was a significant decline (P> 0.001) in birth rate of strain‐S rotifers in the culture system compared with strain‐S1, suggesting short longevity and deterioration of the culture system while using strain‐S. In general, no significant difference (P< 0.05) in the presence of ω3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (ω3 PUFA) in different strains of rotifers was observed.
Heavy Metal Content of Coho Oncorhynchus kisutch and Chinook Salmon O. tschawytscha Reared in Deep Upwelled Ocean Waters in Hawaii1
Authors: Fast Arlo W. , D'Itri Frank M. , Barclay David K. , Katase Steven A. , Madenjian Charles 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCoho (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and chinook salmon (O. tschawyrscha) were reared in seawater pumped from the 600 m depth at the Natural Energy Laboratory of Hawaii. Fish were reared in either 100% deep water at 11 C, or a mixture of 55% deep and 45% surface waters at 17 C. Salmon flesh was analyzed for mercury, zinc, cadmium and lead. Mercury concentration in coho salmon reared at 11 C was significantly lower than the concentration in coho reared at 17 C (P < 0.05), but other heavy metal concentrations in tissue did not differ between the two species or between the two rearing temperatures. Compared with wild salmon from the northwest Pacific Ocean, salmon reared in Hawaii had significantly lower concentrations of mercury and lead (P < 0.05), but significantly higher concentrations of zinc and cadmium. These differences in heavy metal concentration between wild and cultured salmon were most readily explained by differences in the heavy metal content of diets and the lack of heavy metal concentrations in rearing water. The concentration of mercury in salmon tissue was at least 20 times less than the 1.0 μ/g U.S. Food and Drug Administration action level for mercury. Action levels have not been established for zinc, cadmium, and lead.
Effectiveness of Commercially Formulated and Fish Baits in Trapping Cambarid Crawfish1
Authors: Huner Jay V. , Pfister Vernon A. , Romaire Robert P. , Baum Tammy J. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractIn the USA, cambarid crawfishes are harvested commercially with traps baited with fishes, formulated baits, or a combination of the two. Commercially formulated baits and fish baits, done and in combination, were evaluated to assess their relative effectiveness M attractants for crawfish. Traps baited with a combination of fish and formulated bait generally captured the most crawfish. Traps baited with common carp, the most effective natural bait, captured more crawfish than traps baited with skipjack herring, gizzard shad or channel catfish heads. Crawfish harvest from traps baited with several types of commercially formulated baits was equal to that obtained with traps baited with either gizzard shad or skipjack herring. Population density of crawfish and the availability of natural forage did not appear to influence relative effectiveness of either formulated baits or fish baits.
Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Penueus monodon Juveniles
Authors: Chen Jiann‐Chu , Lei Shun‐Chiang 
Published: April 2007

Abstract Pcnaeus monodon juveniles (35.4 ± 2.2 mm TL) were exposed to seawater (20 ppt) having different concentrations of total ammonia (NH3+ NH,+) and nitrite. Median lethal concentration (LC50) was determined with static‐renewal tests. The LC50, of total ammonia‐N, NH3‐N and niMte‐N on shrimps decreased with increase of exposure time. The 24, 48, 72, % and 120 h LC50 were 94.96, 61.09, 47.47 45.58 and 38.00 mg/L total ammonia‐N (2.68, 1.73, 135, 1.29 and 1.08 mg/L NH3‐N) and 215.85, 185.33, 88.54, 54.76 and 37.97 mg/L nitrite‐N, respectively. The 144h LC50 of total ammonia‐N and NH3‐N was 36.71 mg/L and 1.04 mgL. The “threshold” of ammonia and nitrite was found at 144h and 120h respectively, from the toxicity curve approaching asymptote. A “safe value” was 3.7 mg/L total ammonia‐N, 0.1 mg/L NH3‐N (20 ppt, pH 7.70, 27C) and 3.8 mg/L nitrite‐N for P. monodon juvenile.
A Derived Climatology of Water Temperatures for the Mississippi Catfish Industry
Authors: Wax Charles L. , Pote Jonathan W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA 36 year (1951–1986) record of water temperatures in Mississippi catfish ponds is synthesized from relationships with existing air temperature records. Multiple regression analysis is used to produce the following predictor equations for morning and afternoon pond temperatures: morning pond temperatures = 2.218 + 0.062(max air temp, day before) + 0.285(min air temp, same day) + 0.561 (afternoon pond temp, day before) (1) afternoon pond temperatures= 2.071 ‐ 0.068(min air temp, same day) + 0.651 (morning pond temp, same day) + 0.373(max air temp, same day) (2)The derived pond temperature record is analyzed to produce annual average regimes; daily average, maximum, and minimum temperatures with standard deviations; and probabilities at 10 levels of Occurrence through the year and for each individual month. Applications for the aquaculture industry are presented and evaluated.