bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comprehensive Program for the Evaluation of Artificial Diets
Authors: Bengtson David A. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe evaluation of artificial diets for marine fish larvae involves much more than feeding trials. Information on the diet in the water column (buoyancy, leaching, etc.), the digestive capabilities and requirements of the larvae, and the fate and uptake of the diet inside the larval digestive tract are all necessary to the understanding of the success or failure of a given artificial diet. Interdisciplinary teams of investigators are required to fully evaluate and formulate artificial diets.
Reproductive Quality Evaluation of Male Penueus stylirostris from a Grow‐Out Pond
Authors: Alfaro Jorge 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSeveral male Penucus stylirostris were selected from a 3 ha commercial earthen pond and were individually evaluated for reproductive performance. Indicators measured were compound spermatophore weight, sperm count, and sperm abnormalities.It was found that spermatophore quality was significantly better for 30–40 g shrimp than for 20–30 g shrimp (P < 0.05). The higher frequency of abnormalities measured in younger males and the inverse relationship between abnormalities and sperm count indicate that the vas deferens could be the tissue responsible for producing highly abnormal immature semen. It is proposed that male maturation has at least three independently controlled levels of organization: testes maturation, vas deferens maturation, and spermatophore synthesis.The individual evaluation showed that each male followed a particular response in reproductive quality. Changes in spermatophore weight were not an indicator of sperm density within spermatophores.Male reproductive tract degenerative syndrome (MRTDS) and male reproductive system melanization (MRSM) did not develop in any shrimp during these experiments.
Growth and Survival of Juvenile Orconectes virilis and Orconectes immunis at Different Temperatures1
Authors: Wetzel James E. , Brown Paul B. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractCulture of orconectid crayfishes in the midwestern USA offers the potential of contributing to a year‐round supply of fresh product as summer/fall production would augment winterhpring production in the southern USA. However, relatively little basic biological information exists for this potential new aquaculture crop. In this study, the authors reared juvenile (third instar) Orconectes virilis and Orconectes immunis at either 10, 15, 20, 25 or 30 C and measured weight gain and survival over a 21 day period. Orconcctes immunis juveniles were larger than O. virilis at the third instar and gained weight more rapidly in this experimental system. Gains in weight and length for both species increased as temperature increased from 10 to 25 C. Both values were lower in crayfish reared at 30 C, though number of molts was the same in crayfish reared at 25 or 30 C. Thus, there appears to be a bioenergetic cost of rearing orconectid crayfishes in temperatures above 25 C. Further, incremental growth with successive molts was influenced by water temperature.
Bench‐Scale Evaluation of a Micro‐Computer Automated Algal Turbidostat
Authors: Rusch Kelly A. , Malone Ronald F. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA bench‐scale, micro‐computer automated algal turbidostat was constructed and its production and culture maintenance capabilities were evaluated. The computer program “Supervisor,” written in Turbo Pascal, consisted of a series of functions and procedures integrated through a core program consisting of a: 1) stack; 2) bubble sort routine; and 3) supervisor procedure. The program controlled the daily routine procedures including harvesting, feeding, monitoring and a semimonthly disinfection process. Data received from the monitoring devices were used by the computer for decision making processes concerning changes in operation. In addition to reducing labor, continuous computer monitoring insured more reliable system operation.The system operated successfully for five months, reliably producing Chlorella minutissima. For each harvesting event, the percent volume removed from each chamber depended on the solar cell reading recorded immediately before the harvest cycle began. Significant correlations between millivolts and algal biomass concentrations allowed the use of solar cells as a reliable and inexpensive method of culture density management. Kinetic studies using Chlorella minutissima resulted in a maximum biomass concentration of approximately 190 g/m3 and an average specific growth rate of 0.66/d. Experimental data combined with a first order computer analysis projected a daily harvest of 82 g/m3/d (dry weight) based on a 38% turnover rate, the average observed harvest rate for the three chambers.
Influence of Body Weight and Food Density on Kinetics of Ammonia Excretion by the Brine Shrimp Artemia franciscana
Authors: Tanaka Yoshiaki 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was undertaken to quantify the relationships between the rate of ammonia excretion by brine shrimp and dry weight (body size) and food density. Measurements of the rate of ammonia excretion of the brine shrimp were made at 25 C in darkness. Under these conditions, the excretion rate of ammonium‐nitrogen can be generalized as a function of body weight and food (Nannochloropsis sp.) density. The relationship between the body weight (W) and excretion rate of ammonium nitrogen (EN) is expressed as EN=α Wγ, where α is the metabolic level. The parameter α is dependent on ration, such that α=αo±αr where αo= metabolic level in starvation and αr= the metabolic level which increased with feeding or changed with the food density. In experiments in which the animal starved, the equation above becomes EN=αoWγ, and the values of α and γ were 0.22 and 0.93, respectively. The rate of ammonium excretion rose from 5.42 × 10−4 to 2.28 × 10−1μg N/animal/h as dry weight measured from 1.57 × 10−3− 1.04 mg dry weight per animal. Next, it is convenient to express αr as αr=αfmax= (1 − 10−kc), where αfmax is the maximum rate of αf at saturated level of food density, C is the mean cell density, and k is a constant defining the rate of change of the metabolic rate with cell density. Therefore, the rate of ammonia excretion by brine shrimp could be expressed as EN=αo [1 − a(l − 10−kC)]Wγ, and a =αfmax/αo.The values of the kinetics parameters obtained from experiments where shrimp were fed were a = 2.3 and k = 0.15×10−7. Consequently, the maximum rate of ammonia excretion at a saturated food density is equivalent to 3.3 times the rate of animals that are not fed.
Response of Penaeus vannamei to Dietary Calcium, Phosphorus and Calcium: Phosphorus Ratio
Authors: Davis D. Allen , Lawrence Addison L. , Gatlin Delbert M. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo experiments, consisting of 7 d conditioning periods and 33 d feeding trials, were conducted to evaluate the response of juvenile Penaeus vannamei to dietary calcium, phosphorus and the effects of the calcium to phosphorus ratio on growth and tissue mineralization. In both experiments, the main effects, calcium and phosphorus, and their interaction significantly affected growth and survival of the shrimp. In the absence of supplemental calcium, the basal diet containing 0.35% phosphorus was adequate to maintain good growth and survival of shrimp. In the presence of replete phosphorus, supplementation of 1.0 and 2.0% calcium to the diet depressed survival and did not appear to increase the nutritive value of the diet, indicating that a dietary calcium supplement is not required under these conditions. In the presence of 1.0 and 2.0% supplemental calcium, supplementation of 0.5–1.0% phosphorus and 1.0–2.0% phosphorus, respectively, were required to maintain normal growth of the shrimp. At high levels of calcium supplementation, poor growth was observed at the levels of phosphorus supplementation evaluated. Although the calcium and phosphorus content of the hepatopancreas and the carapace responded to dietary supplementation, there was no clear correlation of tissue mineralization to shrimp growth.
Development and Deterioration of Spermatophores in Pond‐Reared Penaeus vannamei
Authors: Alfaro Jorge , Lozano Xenia 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSpermatophore deterioration in pond‐reared Penaeus vannamei was studied, and spermatophore quality was evaluated and improved. Sperm production of males collected from grow‐out ponds was increased by two techniques: eyestalk ablation using a fresh frozen maturation diet (13% body weight); and laboratory culture using a diet of the formulated feed Nicovita Plus (3% body weight/ d) and frozen squid (2%). Findings are complementary to previous reports that eyestalk ablation improves quality of spermatophores in young (25.7 g) males. The timing of eyestalk ablation for activation of the endocrine mechanism, leading to improved spermatophore quality was also explored. After eyestalk ablation, performed between postmolt and intermolt stages, 26 g males required a minimum of three spermatophore regenerations or 42 d to significantly increase spermatophore size and sperm count. On the other hand, the laboratory culture (2.5 mo) technique improved the quality of spermatophores in successive regenerations for non‐ablated males. In the present study, subadult P. vannamei produced spermatophores which, if not transferred or manually ejaculated, gradually deteriorated (successive stages are described), while a new compound spermatophore was being synthesized.
Sperm Quality of Pond‐Reared and Wild‐Caught Penaeus monodon in Thailand1
Authors: Pratoomchaat Boonyarath , Piyatiratitivorakul Somkiat , Menasveta Piamssak , Fast Arlo W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractSperm quality, as determined by visual examination and by reaction with “egg‐water” was not significantly different (P > 0.05) for sperm obtained by electro‐ejaculation from ablated or non‐ablated pond‐reared Penaeus monodon. Nor was sperm quality different between pond‐reared and wild‐caught prawns. Normal sperm, determined by appearance, ranged from 17.1 to 21.0%, while reactive sperm ranged from 1.5 to 3.0%. There were, however, significant correlations (P < 0.01) between spermatophore weight and prawn weight (r= 0.73, N= 434). Male prawns weighing 4150 g produced on average spermatophores weighing 22.7 mg and containing 0.8 million sperm, while prawns weighing 61‐90 g produced on average spermatophores weighing 56.6 mg with 2.5 million sperm. Ablation did not increase spermatophore size or sperm quality, although it significantly increased mortality of ablated males. Male prawns could be re‐ejaculated at about weekly intervals with no change in sperm quality. Wild‐caught female prawns artificially inseminated with spermatophores from electro‐ejaculated males produced normal spawns with 51% average egg fertilization, and 41% nauplii hatch success. Nauplii hatch success following spawning increased from >60% for newly inseminated females to near zero after 30 days post‐insemination, indicating spermatophore depletion and/or deteriorated sperm quality during spermatophore storage in the thelycum. The findings of the present study indicate that electro‐ejaculation and artificial insemination are relatively simple and practical methods for improving captive reproduction performance of closed‐thelycum prawns such as P. monodon, and that pond‐reared and wild‐caught males produced sperm of similar quality.
Dietary Carnitine and Lysine Affect Channel Catfish Lipid and Protein Composition
Authors: Burtle Gary J. , Liu Qinhua 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe effects of carnitine (L‐carnitine) at 0.1% were tested at three levels of dietary lysine (L‐lysine‐HCl), 1.1, 1.4 or 1.7%, with fingerling channel caffish. Semipurified diets containing 30% protein and 3.44 kcal digestible energy/g were fed for 8 wk in flow‐through water at 26.5 ± 0.5 C. Carnitine did not significantly (P > 0.71) affect channel catflsh weight gain over this time interval. Weight gain was less when 1.1% dietary lysine was fed without supplemented carnitine than when diets contained 1.4 or 1.7% lysine. Carnitine reduced muscle lipid (P < 0.0003) and liver lipid (P < 0.0001) significantly. Percentage visceral fat was reduced with added dietary carnitine (P < 0.0001) but not with dietary lysine although there was a combined effect of carnitine and lysine (P < 0.0008). Channel catfish wholebody lipid content was reduced by supplemented dietary carnitine, lysine, or both. Protein content of channel catfish wholebody increased with added carnitine, lysine, and their interaction (P < 0.19, P < 0.003 and P < 0.001). Under these conditions, dietary carnitine improves caffish tissue characteristics by reducing fat content and increasing protein content.
Effects of Feeding Frequency and Handling on Growth and Mortality of Cultured Walking Catfish Clarias fuscus
Authors: Buurma Brian J. , Diana James S. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractTwo experiments were conducted to study the effects of feeding frequency on growth, and of handling stress on growth and mortality, in intensive tank culture of the walking catfish Clarias fuscus. In the first experiment, fish were grown from an initial weight of 37 g for 34 d. A fixed ration of 3.0% body weight per day was divided into either 1, 2, or 3 feedings per day, and fish were either handled weekly or left unhandled for the entire experiment. Fish given 3 feedings per day experienced 19% faster growth (P < 0.05) than fish given the same ration in a single feeding per day. These differences in growth reflect differences in assimilation efficiency, assuming all other metabolic costs were constant among treatments. Handling of individuals caused decreased growth; however, there was no effect on mortality.In the second experiment, fish were grown from an initial weight of 78 g for 29 d. Fish were fed either 1 or 2 satiation feedings per day and were either handled weekly or left unhandled for the entire experiment. Fish fed 2 satiation feedings per day experienced 47% faster growth (P < 0.05) than fish fed 1 satiation feeding per day, which was assumed to reflect a higher level of food consumption. No effect of handling on either growth or mortality was observed for fish in experiment 2. Multiple meals per day also reduced depensatory growth among individuals in both experiments.
Induced Maturation of Striped Bass Morone saxatilis Exposed to 6, 9, and 12 Month Photothermal Regimes
Authors: Blythe William G. , Helfrich Louis A. , Libey G. , Beal W. E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractPhotoperiod and temperature manipulation were used to induce out‐of‐season spawning in striped bass Morone saxatilis Maturational status of 40 age V striped bass, held in five environmental chambers exposed to compressed 6 mo and 9 mo cycles and a 12 mo reference cycle, was monitored by monthly egg and gonadal (ultrasound) diameter measurements. The primary effect of shortened photothermal and reproductive cycles was a reduction in egg and ovary diameters, and the number of ovulating females. Egg diameters were directly related to cycle length, averaging 845 μm, 946 μm, and 1,073 μm for females held on the 6, 9, and 12 mo cycles, respectively. Ovary diameters of females held on the 6 mo cycle were smaller (19.6 mm) than those held on the 9 mo (27.4 mm) and 12 mo (24.5 mm) cycles. Ovary diameter was highly correlated with egg diameter (r= 0.91). The number of ovulating females decreased with cycle length, totalling 38%, 88%, and 100% in the 6, 9, and 12 mo cycles, respectively. However, no differences in fecundity (58,452 eggslkg) or fertility (39%) were detected between photothermal treatments or tank‐spawned and strigspawned females. When held for a second 6 mo cycle, none of the females spawned repetitively. Males held on the 6 mo cycle had smaller testicular diameters (16.2 mm) than those held on 9 mo (23.6 mm) and 12 mo (19.2 mm) cycles. Testicular diameter of spermiating males (15.7 nun) was significantly larger than that of non‐spermiating males (6.9 mm) in all cycles. The low number of spawning females and small egg, ovarian, and testicular diameter offish held on the 6 mo cycle suggest that subjecting striped bass brood stock to an abbreviated cycle length (<9 mo) constrains maturation development and reproductive success.
Environmental Conditions and Channel Catfish Ictalurus punctatus Production under Similar Pond Management Regimes in Alabama and Mississippi
Authors: Hariyadi Sigid , Tucker Craig S. , Steeby James A. , van der Roeg Martine , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThis study was conducted to compare water quality and channel catfish production in earthen ponds located in two dissimilar physiographic regions of the southeastern United States and supplied with water of disparate quality. Ponds at Auburn, Alabama are on acidic Piedmont soils and filled with poorly mineralized runoff water; ponds at Stoneville, Mississippi are on slightly alkaline alluvial clays and filled with groundwater of high total alkalinity and hardness. Channel catfish were stocked at 8,750 fish/ha, fed daily, and provided nightly aeration in 0.04‐ha ponds at both sites. Ponds were managed as similarly as possible. Minimum daily water temperatures and pH were higher at Stoneville than at Auburn, and there were greater concentrations of suspended clay turbidity, dissolved inorganic phosphorus, total ammonia‐nitrogen, and nitrite‐nitrogen at Auburn than at Stoneville. The taxonomic composition of the phytoplankton community was broadly different between the two sites. Taste tests revealed off‐flavor in fish at both sites, but there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in flavor scores between sites. The quality of flavor was somewhat different between sites, and these differences in quality were thought to result from observed differences in the taxonomic composition of phytoplankton communities. All differences in water quality seemed to be directly or indirectly related to the dissimilarity in the quality of the water supply and soils at the two locations. Although some water quality variables differed between sites and changed over time at both sites, environmental conditions never deteriorated enough at either site to cause serious stress or mortality in fish. There were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in average net fish production, survival, weight of individual fish at harvest, or feed conversion ratios. Average net fish production and feed conversion ratios, respectively, were 4,905 kg/ha and 1.27 at Auburn and 5,286 kg/ha and 1.27 at Stoneville. The results of this study demonstrate the need for site‐specific investigations when conducting certain types of aquaculture research.
Analyzing Production Feasibility and Market Potential For Florida Aquaculture Catfish Products
Authors: Clancy Colleen M. , Spreen Thomas H. , Zimet David J. , Olowolayemo Surajudeen O. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractA spatiotemporal linear programming model (GAMS) was constructed to simulate the catfish production and marketing system in the U.S. in order to study the economic feasibility of Florida entering the aquaculture catfish industry. Evaluation of base model results and sensitivity analysis were used to identify constraints to the potential expansion of the catfish industry in Florida. Results indicated production and processing costs were more important in determining the locus of production and processing than were processing capacity, storage costs and capacity, and transportation costs. Thus, existing industry geographic concentration is likely to continue, but small new processing plants could develop proximate markets for fresh product.
The Nitrogen Budget of a Tropical Semi‐Intensive Freshwater Fish Culture Pond
Authors: Acosta‐Nassar Marco V. , Morell Julio M. , Corredor Jorge E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractNitrogen inputs, outputs and compartamentalization were quantified in a freshwater fish pond stocked with hybrid Oreochromis throughout a production cycle. The budget accounts for 91% of the nitrogen added to the system. Feed addition accounted for 87% of the nitrogen input and an additional 11% was attributable to nitrogen fixation, mainly in the water column. The balance of the nitrogen input was contained in the source water for the pond. Commercial‐size fish accumulated 17.5% of the nitrogen added to the system. Most of the nitrogen was eventually deposited in the sediments. Nitrification constituted a major pathway for nitrogen transformation, but only 1% of the nitrogen input was lost through denitrification.
Spawning by Captive Serranid Fishes: A Review
Authors: Tucker John W. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe current available information on spawning by serranid fishes in captivity is reviewed. Much work has been done on members of the family Serranidae because of their value as food or ornamental fish. At least 31 species have been induced to ovulate with hormones, and at least 23 species have spawned voluntarily (without chemical treatment) in captivity. Typically, a serranid female with fully‐yolked oocytes will ovulate within 24–72h (usually 36–50h) after the first of 1–3 injections of 500–1,000 IU human chorionic gonadotropin/kg body weight. Similar results have been obtained for several species given 1–3 injections of 10–50μg luteinizing hormone‐releasing hormone analog/kg body weight. Voluntary spawning has occurred mostly with well‐fed uncrowded fish during the natural spawning season under conditions of ambient temperature and partial or total natural light. The necessary temperature range for spawning varies among species, and daylength seems to be a less important stimulus than temperature for serranids.
A Comparative Study on the Use of Different Preparations of Decapsulated Artemia Cysts as Food for Rearing African Catfish (Clarias gariepinus) Larvae
Authors: Pector R. , Tackaert W. , Abelin P. , Ollevier F. , Sorgeloos P. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractAfrican catfish (Clarias gariepinus) larvae were fed on five preparations of decapsulated Great Salt Lake Artemia cysts: 1) dried (35C, 6h) and UV‐irradiated cysts; 2) heated cysts (80C, 10 min); 3) brinedehydrated and UV‐irradiated cysts; 4) micro‐bound diet 1 (with intact decapsulated cysts used in diet preparation 1); and 5) micro‐bound diet 2 (with crushed and shited decapsulated cysts used in diet preparation 1). The larvae were fed from the first day after yolk‐sac resorption (fourth day after hatching). After a 14‐d rearing period, larvae fed on dried or heated decapsulated cysts yielded significantly higher mean weights than the groups fed on brine‐dehydrated decapsulated cysts or micro‐bound diet 1. Feeding micro‐bound diet 2 resulted in a significantly lower average gain in weight as compared to the other groups.
Chemistry of Sediment Pore Water in Aquaculture Ponds Built on Clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama
Authors: Masuda Kiyoshi , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: April 2007

AbstractThe composition of sediment pore water was determined for ponds constructed on clayey Ultisols at Auburn, Alabama. Pore water was anaerobic and contained much higher concentrations of ferrous iron (Fe2+), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), total phosphorus (TP), total ammonia‐nitrogen (TAN), and sulfide (S2−) than surface or bottom waters. Concentrations of SRP and TP in pore water were higher in ponds with high soil phosphorus concentrations than in a new pond with less soil phosphorus. Increased concentrations of organic matter in soil or larger inputs of feed to ponds favored greater microbial activity in soils and higher concentrations of TAN in pore water. The pH of pore water was 6.5–7.0, and pH was apparently controlled by the equilibrium:
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Movement of Fe2+, SRP, and S2− from pore water into pond water apparently was prevented by the oxidized layer of soil just below the soil‐water interface. Pond managers should concentrate on maintaining this oxidized layer to reduce the tendency for toxic substances to diffuse into the pond water.