bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Root‐Zone Temperature on Growth and Development of Roots of Two Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Clones as Influenced by Plant Age, Nutrient Supply, and Light Intensity
Authors: Sattelmacher B. , Marschner H. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of supraoptimal root‐zone temperature (30 °C) on growth and development of roots were investigated in water and soil culture with cuttings of two potato clones DTO‐2 (heat tolerant) and LT‐1 (heat sensitive) at different plant ages, with different compositions of the nutrient solution, and different light intensities. It is suggested that the negative relation between cutting age and heat susceptibility observed in our experiments, is a reflection of the decreasing shoot/root dry weight ratio rather than of age. Heat damage of root systems increased with the concentration of the nutrient solution, nitrate being the main factor responsible. The influence of light intensity on temperature mediated restriction of root growth was relatively small. However the roots of plants grown under low light intensity (60 W m−2 PAR) appeared to be less stressed by supraoptimal temperature, i.e. roots appeared brighter, thinner and more ramified than plants growing at high light intensity (190 W m−2).
Cytoplasm Influences the Photosynthetic Efficiency in Brassica carinata
Authors: Uprety D. C. , Prakash Shyam , Tomar V. K. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractCytoplasmic effects on the photosynthesis was investigated in experimentally produced Brassica carinatas of reciprocal cytoplasmic origin. These are obtained by hybridizing B. nigra x B. oleracea var. italica (B. carinata 226) and B. oleracea x B. nigra(B. carinata 241). Natural B. carinata and the two parents viz. B. nigra and B. oleracea var. italica were also included in this study. It was observed that the rate of photosynthesis in B. carinata 226 with nigra cytoplasm, and natural B. carinata was higher than that of B. carinata 241 with oleracea cytoplasm. This was substantiated by the diurnal values of photosynthesis among these cultivars. The result indicated that the cytoplasm does affect the rate of photosynthesis in B. carinata and high photosynthetic efficiency in natural B. carinata was due to B. nigra maternal parent.
The Effect of Cyst Nematode Race 3 and Bradyrhizobium japonicum Interactions on Nodulation and Other Agronomic Characters of Three Soybean Genotypes
Authors: Jordan Diann , Pacumbaba R. P. , Floyd M. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) race 3 and strains of Bradyrhizobium japonkum interactions on nodulation and other agronomic characters of several soybean genotypes was investigated. Nodule weight was reduced in soybean cultivar Ogden treated with SCN plus Bradyrhizobia strains USDA 110 and 6 and on soybean cultivar Essex treated with SCN plus strain USDA 6. The result was reversed on soybean cultivar Essex treated with SCN plus strain USDA 110. The nodule number also decreased on soybean cultivars Ogden and Essex treated with SCN plus strains USDA 110 and 6. The fresh root weights of soybean cultivars Ogden and Essex treated with SCN plus strain USDA 110 were heavier than the fresh root weight of Essex treated with SCN plus strain USDA 6. Lower nitrogen content of stems and leaves was noted only in cultivar Essex treated with SCN plus strains USDA 110 and 6. Bradyrhizobia strain USDA 110 was more efficient in the initiation of nodules in cultivars Ogden and Essex than strain USDA 6. The nitrogen‐fixing capacity of strain USDA 6 in Ogden was better than strain USDA 110. The differences in the agronomic performances of the various soybean genotypes were due to their degree of susceptibility to SCN and Bradyrhizobia strains and also to their genetic make‐up.
Ein Beitrag zur Stickstoffwirkung nach unterschiedlichen Verfahren stabilisierter Klärschlämme*
Authors: Scherer H. W. , Steffens Do. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractA distribution to the availability of the nitrogen in sewage sludges stabilized with different processesIn two pot experiments the availability of the nitrogen in sewage sludges stabilized with different processes was investigated. Further it was examined whether the Quantofix‐N‐Volumeter (method for rapid determination of ammonia in slurries) is able to determine the plant available nitrogen in sewage sludge.The following results were obtained:In the experiment where same amounts of total N were applied as sewage sludge a highly significant correlation existed between the amount of NH4‐N applied and the N uptake of the plants.When equal amounts of NH4‐N were applied the N uptake was lowest with the sewage sludges with a high relative part of NH,‐N of the total N (thermophile‐aerob; mesophile‐anaerob). However the reason for this result was not only the lower application rate of total N with these sewage sludges but also the lower efficiency of the organically bound nitrogen.A very highly significant correlation existed between the application rate of organically bound nitrogen and the N uptake.The values of nitrogen in sewage sludges measured by the rapid method gave information about the plant available nitrogen in the year of application.A close quantitative agreement existed between the available nitrogen determined with the rapid method and the values calculated with the formula of Furrer and Bolliger (1978).ZusammenfassungIn zwei Gefäßversuchen wurde die N‐Wir‐kung nach unterschiedlicher Verfahren stabili‐sierter Klärschlämme untersucht sowie die Brauchbarkeit der volumetrischen Schnellme‐thode (Quantofix‐N‐Volumeter) zur Bestim‐mung des pflanzenverfügbaren Stickstoffs von Klärschlämmen überprüft.Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt:Bei Zufuhr gleich hoher Gesamt‐N‐Gaben bestand erwartungsgemäß eine sehr enge Be‐ziehung zwischen der zugeführten Menge an NH4‐N und dem N‐Entzug der Pflanzen.Bei Verabreichung gleich hoher NH4‐N‐Gaben war der N‐Entzug bei den Klärschlämmen mit einem hohen relativen NH4‐Anteil am Gesamt‐N‐Gehalt (thermophil‐aerob; meso‐phil‐anaerob) am niedrigsten, was aber nicht allein auf eine niedrigere Gesamt‐N‐Zufuhr, sondern auch auf eine geringere Verfügbarkeit des organisch gebundenen Stickstoffs zurück‐zuführen ist.Zwischen der Menge an zügefuhrtem organisch gebundenen Stickstoff und dem N‐Entzug der Pflanzen bestand eine sehr hoch signi‐fikante Korrelation.Der mittels Schnellmethode bestimmte Ge‐halt an verfügbarem Stickstoff und der N‐Entzug der Pflanzen korrelierten hoch signifi‐kant.Der nach der Formel von Furrer und Bolli‐ger (1978) berechnete Gehalt an wirksamem Stickstoff und der mittels Quantofix ermittelte Gehalt an pflanzenverfügbarem Stickstoff korrelierten sehr hoch signifikant.
The Significance of NPK Fertilizers on Yield and Smut Incidence of Corn
Authors: Kostandi S. F. , Soliman M. F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe significance of N, K and P fertilizers on corn yield and smut incidence was evaluated in the field during the seasons 1988 and 1989. Rates of fertilizers were 30, 60 and 90 kg N/acre; 0, 50 and 100 kg K2O/acre and 0 and 30 kg P2O5/acre. The corn plants were artificially inoculated with U. maydis spore suspension at 6‐leaf growth stage. The results showed that N fertilization acted to enhance N content of ear‐leaf and smut index and imposed depressing effects on leaf K. Unlike N, enhanced K‐fertility performed opposite results on leaf N and smut index. A significant N x K interaction was detected on ear‐leaf K and smut index, due to the antagonistic effects between ions. Grain yield data showed positive response to each N, K and P application, but the effect was much greater at the highest application rates. Yield losses were clearly pronounced, along all of the applied nutrient fertilizers, on plants where galls are located above ear than those with galls below ear. On average, the relative losses were 12.8 and 5.9 %, respectively, compared with 3.7 % for the main plot treatment. The 2‐way interaction (except N × P) showed variable effects on yield performance.
The Impact of Temperature on Seedling Root Traits of European and Tropical Maize (Zea mays L.) Cultivars
Authors: Feil B. , Thiraporn R. , Geisler G. , Stamp P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwelve European and twelve tropical maize cultivars were grown in polyethylene tubes under three temperature regimes (14/12 °C, 22/20 °C; 30/28 °C). The plants were harvested when the third leaf was fully expanded. The experiments were undertaken in order to: (i) study the general response of root traits of maize seedlings to chilly, temperate and very warm conditions and (ii) find out whether and how the geographical origin of the maize material modifies the results. The results may be summarized as follows:1. The 22/20 °C temperature regime led to the highest shoot and root dry weight, the greatest total root length, the most apices and the greatest root surface area. However, the optimal temperature for these traits appeared to be either slightly higher or lower than 22/20 °C (optimal temperature for number of apices > shoot dry weight > root surface area > root dry weight).2. The shoot: root dry weight ratio was almost the same at 14/12 °C and 22/20 °C but increased significantly at 30/28 °C. The root surface area: root dry weight ratio was optimal at 22/20 °C but extremely low at 14/12 °C. The production of apices per unit root dry matter was lowest at 14/12 °C and increased steadily at higher temperatures.3. The root surface area: shoot dry weight ratio was low both at 14/12 °C and at 30/28 °C. This may indicate that mineral nutrient deficiency, as a result of undersized root systems, is most likely at extremely low and extremely high temperatures.4. Low temperatures promoted the formation of seminal roots.5. Temperature affected the dominance of the longest seminal root (= primary root). At 14/12 °C, the primary root was rather short as compared to the seminal roots of higher order. At 30/28 °C, however, the primary root was markedly longer than other seminal roots of higher order.6. At 14/12 °C, the European cultivars produced more shoot and root dry matter, generated more apices and developed greater root surface area than the tropical cultivars. At 30/28 °C, the situation was reversed. This confirms that the response to different temperatures is modified by the geographical origin of the plant material.
Sickersaft‐Austrag und Stickstoff‐Fracht aus Mistmieten
Authors: Dewes T. , Ahrens E. , Willing O. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractLeachates and nitrogen leakage from farmyard manure heapsLeachates from differently covered cattle manure heaps amount to 88.7–117.4 1/m3within 177 days, nitrogen leakage to 89.0–119.0 g, respectively. A total protection against precipitation with plastic foil led to the lowest quantity of leachates indeed, but not to the lowest nitrogen leakage. During the first decomposition period no rain fell, but the quantities of leachates as well as the leakage of nitrogen were highest. After 20 days (11,7% of the experimental period) already 55.0–81.3% of total leachates and 71.2‐87.0% of total nitrogen leakage were found, but only 1.7 % of the precipitate, fallen within 177 days. This clearly shows, that only the covering of manure heaps can not be sufficient either to reduce liquid leaching or nitrogen leakage significantly.
Changes in Content of Glucosinolates and its Accumulation in Siliquae and Seeds of Oilrape (Brassica napus L.)
Authors: Qinzheng Zhang , Haifu Xi , Xiafua Lan , Xuequn Zhu , Yinhua Liu 
Published: April 2008

AbstractRape plants were labelled by applying (NH4)235SO4 to soil. Changes in content of 35S in various constituents in pods and grains were determined during siliquae development to exploit formation and accumulation of glucosinolates in oilseed rape. Content of 35S in glucosinolates expressed as μmol S/g.d.w. and its relative amounts in extractable forms in young siliquae were in constant level within one week after flowering, but either absolute content or relative content of 35S in glucosinolates increased largely by two weeks after flowering, thereafter the distribution of extractable 35S in glucosinolates of siliquae and grains increased linearly as proceeding of its development, 35S in extracts of grains almost was in form of glucosinolates after 8 weeks from flowering. Amounts of both 35S in glucosinolates and dry matter per pod increased linearly with time after flowering. According to the changes of amounts of 35S in other constituents per pod, it could be supposed that glucosinolates accumulated in seeds might be transported from other organs together with nutrients.
Diurnal Changes in Photosynthesis in Wheat Under Different Source‐Sink Relationships
Authors: Ghildival M. C. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effect of alteration in source‐sink ratio by defoliation and ear removal on diurnal changes in photosynthesis was examined in wheat var. Kalyansona. The photosynthesis rate was maximum during initial few hours in the forenoon and decreased towards evening. The increase in sink demand for a particular leaf by excising other sources leaves, sustained higher rate of photosynthesis during the day. On the other hand de‐eared plants where sink demand was decreased by removal of main shoot ears and all the tillers, photosynthesis rate showed a more rapid decline towards evening, although, the photosynthesis rates were more or less similar to control plants in the morning. These results indicate the influence of sink demand on sustenance of photosynthesis during the day.
Proteolysis in Flag Leaves of Wheat as Related to Different Levels and Timing of Nitrogen Supply
Authors: Scalet M. , Miceli F. , Martin M. , Zerbi G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSenescence of wheat leaves is related to the increase of proteolytic activities and to lower photosynthetic performance. A good nitrogen fertilization management generally delays the senescence of the crop photosynthetic tissues; in environments without terminal water‐stress this can improve crop yield and grain quality.The effects of two N levels, 70 and 210 kg/ha and three side‐dressing timings (at double ridge, stem elongation and anthesis) on proteolytic activities and carbon exchange rate (CER) in the flag leaf were investigated from anthesis to maturity; the cultivar was Saliente, a high quality, bread‐making winter wheat and the site was near Udine, Northern Italy.With high N level, endoprotease (pH 4.5) and carboxypeptidase (pH 5.5) activities increased up to the last sampling, while with low N these activities dropped earlier. Soluble protein decreased steadily, and its level was influenced by endoproteolytic activities. With high N, total chlorophyll content was degraded later if compared with low N treatment. The latest N side‐dressing initially increased leaf chlorophyll and soluble protein contents, but they did not exceed the levels of second side‐dressing timing. This was related to an increased auto‐proteolytic activity. Leaf carbon exchange rate decreased after anthesis; comparing the two N levels, only at the last measurement the N210 level obtained higher values.
The Effect of Different Planting Dates on the Infestation of Soybean by Heterodera glycines Race 5
Authors: Pacumbaba R. P. , Tadesse W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe effects of different planting dates on infestation of susceptible soybean cvs. Essex and Lee by Heterodera glycines were investigated during three growing seasons. Early planting dates of susceptible soybean cvs. at lower temperatures resulted in smaller nodules, lower nematode populations and field infestations, lower soybean cyst nematode (SCN) disease ratings, taller plants, and higher yields. SCN induced more nodules on soybean roots at 14 May plantings date. The development of SCN race 5 in the field was associated closely with soil temperature. The infestation of susceptible soybean cvs. at early planting dates by H. glycines greatly affected the agronomic performance of these cvs. in the field. Susceptible soybean cvs grown in infested soil with SCN race 5 planted earlier than the recommended planting dates escaped severe infestation of SCN in the field.
Effects of Integrated Rice‐Cum‐Fish Culture and Water Regime on Weed Growth and Development in Irrigated Lowland Rice Fields of Northeast Thailand
Authors: Piepho H. P. , Alkämper J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe presence of the fish species Cyprinus carpio L., Tilapia nilotica L. and Puntius gonionotus Bleeker in irrigated paddy fields resulted in a reduction of the numbers of sedges and broadleaved weeds at low water levels around 5 cm. On the contrary, weed growth was enhanced at higher water levels. Similar results were obtained for the percentage area covered and the species Marsilea crenata. At low water levels the number of uprooted weeds in rice‐fish fields was markedly increased if compared to control fields. This indicates that fish prefer shallow areas of rice fields with more abundant food supplies as a feeding place. In rice‐fish fields the water was turbid on 77.8% of the test plots (1 m2) compared to only 47.4 % on the control fields. The findings are explained by the combined action of a ‘fertilizing effect’ and a ‘feeding effect’, both of which are due to fish.
Studies on Seed Residues Following Carbofuran Application in Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor [L.] Moench) with Reference to Viability
Authors: Ramamoorthy K. , Kannathasan M. , Kalavathi D. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSoil application of different formulations of carbofuran at 3.0 and 1.5 g.a.i. metre row−1 did not have any impact on vigour and viability of the resultant seeds of sorghum. Fresh seeds from encecap ‘A’, encecap ‘B’ and furadan treated plots contained higher residues than the permissible limits and in artificially aged seeds the quantities were below the permissible limits. The degradation was evident with the growth and development of seedlings grown from fresh and aged seeds. Residues from lower doses dissipated faster than higher doses. The general decline in percentage germination and vigour could not be attributed to the residual toxicity but only to the ageing phenomena.
Varietal Differences of Wheat and Triticale to Water Stress
Authors: Sapra V. T. , Savage E. , Anaele A. O. , Beyl C. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractSix wheat (Triticurn aestivum L.) and ten triticale (x Triticosecale Wittmack) cultivars were screened for water stress tolerance during germination and seedling stages in the laboratory and growth chamber, respectively. Germinating seeds and hydroponically‐grown seedlings were subjected to osmotic stresses of –0.3 and –0.6 MPa using polyethylene glycol M. W. 8000. Both species and cultivar differences were found among the tested genotypes for all the parameters analyzed in both germination and seedling tests. Germination stress index was lower for seed exposed to ‐0.6 MPa than for ‐0.3 MPa osmotic stress. A significant relationship was found among plant height, fresh weight and dry weight stress indices evaluated during the seedling test. The cultivars that grew taller under stress conditions had greater dry matter accumulation, as well as higher germination and water uptake stress indices indicating the reliability of height to predict cultivar performance under such conditions. The cultivars Stacy (wheat) and Eu 14/15 (triticale) had higher dry matter accumulation, higher water uptake and leaf water potential, greater height and better germination under stress conditions than the other cultivars tested. Conversely, the cultivars GA 781014 (wheat) and Am 4147 (triticale) performed poorly with respect to all the parameters analyzed. Based on results from germination and seedling tests, the cultivars Stacy and Eu 14/15 were selected for more stress studies in the greenhouse and field.
Water Use and Seed Yield of Horsegram Under Different Moisture Regimes and Mulches in Semi‐Arid Region of Eastern India
Authors: Zaman A. , Mallick S. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn a two years field study on effect of irrigation at vegetative and flowering stages occurring at 40 and 60 days after sowing, respectively alongwith straw mulch ca. 5 t/ha were found to have beneficial effect on growth, yield attributes and seed yield of horsegram (Dolichos biflorus Roxb.). Application of mulches significantly increased pods/plants, seeds/pod, test weight and seed yield and maintained better soil moisture during crop growth in semi‐arid lateritic region of Indian sub‐tropics. Mulches proved useful to conserve more moisture in soil profile and thereby increased the water use efficiency of the crop; straw mulch was found superior to leaf mulch.
Irrigation Regimes on Utilization of Nutrients, Yield and Quality of Sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.)
Authors: Subramanian K. S. , Selvakumari G. , Selvaraj K. V. , Chinnaswami K. N. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractWith a view to study the influence of irrigation regimes at critical stages of sugarcane an investigation was carried out at Agricultural Research Station, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Bhavanisagar, India during Mid‐late season (March–April) using Co 6304 as test variety. Treatments consisted of eight irrigation regimes created by imposing two levels of irrigation 0.75 and 0.5 IW/CPE ratio at critical stages (tillering, grand growth and maturity). The results revealed that irrigating sugarcane at 0.75 IW/CPE ratio at tillering and growth and 0.5 IW/CPE at maturity phase recorded highest nutrient uptake, cane yield (139 t/ha) with 10.6 % CCS consuming 1791 mm of water the highest water use efficiency of 77.3 kg/ha mm.
Enlargement Quotient to Estimate Leaf Area in Two Cultivars of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench)
Authors: Abdullahi M. U. , Jasdanwala R. T. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractTwo cultivars of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus [L.] Moench) were used to compare the relationship between linear dimensions of leaf and leaf area. Formula A = eL2 (where A = leaf area, e = enlargement quotient and L = midrib length of leaf) determined leaf area more accurately.
Adaptive Responses of Root Systems of Some Native and Cultivated Species to Desert Conditions
Authors: Elhaak M. A. , El‐Shourbagy M. N. , Ayyad M. A. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractStudy of the root systems of the wild species Plantago albicans, Rumex pictus and Cutandia dichotoma and the cultivated species Medicago sativa, Sorghum sudangrass and Hordeum vulgare indicated a maximum penetration to lateral root specialized species from 20 to 50 cm and from 25 to more than 110 cm in tap root specialized species. Root number increased with dryness while root length increased with wet conditions. This leads to low root length density for wild and irrigated cultivated species. Root/shoot ratio increased in the dry season as a result of shoot deterioration by water stress. Magneto tropism was recorded in the secondary branches of Plantago albicans roots.
Allelopathic Potential of Parthenium hysterophorus L.
Authors: Singh S. P. , Sangeeta  
Published: April 2008

AbstractAllelopathic influences of aqueous extracts of congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus L.) were investigated on germination and seedling vigour of cereals (rice and wheat) and pulses (black gram and chick pea).The observations on germinations of crop seeds were recorded daily while linear growth of plumules and radicles were measured 2, 4 and 6 days after initiation of study. Aqueous extract of this weed exhibited allelopathic effects on germination and seedling vigour of both cereals and pulses. With increase in concentrations of aqueous extract there was decline in percentage of germination in both cereals and pulses but germination of pulses were more adversely affected than cereals.It was also observed that aerial portion of plant part was found to be more potent than sub‐aerial portion in reducing germination and length of roots and shoots of both cereals and pulses under test. The aqueous extract of 10 % concentration obtained from aerial/sub‐aerial portion of plant brought about maximum reduction in length of roots and shoots.