bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduction of Cost with New Well Intervention Technology, Well Tractors
Authors: Hallundbæk Jørgen 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
We have successfully tested a new concept for a down hole tool, a Well Tractor, that significantly reduces operation costs for servicing horizontal wells. The Well Tractor is a cost effective alternative to the very expensive and time consuming conventional drill pipe conveyed operations.
In general the Well Tractor is capable of pulling coiled tubing and/or wireline horizontally beyond 10,000 ft. The Well Tractor is capable of pulling more then 25,000 ft of coiled tubing and/or wireline into a highly deviated well. Furthermore the tool is designed for pushing other tools into the hole, e.g. logging tools, video cameras. The lateral reach capacity with coiled tubing is therefore increased considerably. Time consuming production logging operations of horizontal wells utilising jointed pipe can be carried out by the Well Tractor as a wireline job.
We have tested the Well Tractor for cleaning horizontal wells. We have run production logs, we have performed test with running of a tool string with 40 ft. long perforation guns. We have set bridge plugs with a safe ignition system and we have retrieved the plugs again with a Well Tractor.
Apart from the mentioned applications the Well Tractors can also be used for operating sliding sleeves, open hole logging and coiled tubing drilling etc.
The Well Tractor with modular power source is designed in two versions. A fluid driven version for coiled tubing operations and an electric driven version of the Well Tractor for wireline operations
Deployment Systems and Down Hole Swab Valves
Authors: Sharman D. M. , Pettitt A. J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
A deployment system has been developed which allows for the insertion of any length of Bottom Hole Assembly (BHA) both into and out of wells, under pressure. Simultaneously a Down Hole Swab Valve (DHSV) has been developed which also permits the insertion of long BHAs into live wells. These developments mean that the lubricator height is no longer the limiting factor for the length of a BHA. These techniques can be applied to: Long perforating gunsLong logging toolsRunning screens or other completion components into live wells
The deployment system has been used in the field to run 910 ft of 2-7/8" perforating guns into a horizontal well in the Dutch sector of the North Sea. The first use of the DHSV is anticipated in a multilateral well in the Danish sector of the North Sea.
The debut for both systems was intended for perforating a well in the British sector of the North Sea. This paper explains the process of evaluation, selection, development and testing of both systems. The relative applicability of each system is discussed.
Operations Support Vessel for Liverpool Bay Development
Authors: McCurley Mark , Summers James L. , O&apos;Callaghan Michael J. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Operational support functions are an important consideration in the development of offshore reserves and must be administered in such a manner that prevailing environmental regulations, personnel safety, and the local environment are not compromised. At the same time, the economic burdens imposed by their administration must be compatible with production forecasts.
This paper will discuss a unique support approach that was codeveloped by BHP Petroleum Limited (BHP) and the engineering staff of an international oilfield servicing/ manufacturing company to support the operational objectives for the Hamilton, Hamilton North, Douglas, and Lennox fields in the Liverpool Bay Development. A key component of the concept is a manned, self-elevating Operations Support Vessel (OSV) that can provide cost-efficient infield service to the offshore platforms in the developed locations while maintaining all safety and environmental requirements.
The OSV concept has enabled the operator to develop fields in shallow water with unmanned, minimum-facility, standardized platforms that are consistent with the industry "Cost Reduction in the New Era" (CRINE) initiative. When multiple fields are within reasonable proximity, the economic advantage gained with this vessel is enhanced even further.
The success of this approach brings a cost effective solution to the development of offshore reserves in shallow waters that cannot support the economic burdens of traditional North Sea manned platform designs. This approach to field development for the UKCS has resulted in a life-cycle operating contract between BHP and the servicing company. This interaction has not only enhanced current operational technology within the required parameters but also illustrates a practical example of an industry "win-win" relationship.
Full Scale Kick Detection System Testing Relevant for Slim-Hole / HPHT Drilling
Authors: Steine Otto Gams , Rommetveit Rolv , Harris T. W. R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
During June 1994 tests in the project "HPHT Kick Detection System Testing" were performed in Ullrigg well U-2.
Experimental parameters such as influx type (liquid/ gas), gas concentration, kick injection rate, flow rate, rpm's, pipe reciprocation, pump speed changes, etc. were varied. Three kick detection systems were operating during the experiments. Two delta flow systems were supplied by Baker Hughes INTEQ (DrillByte "Kick detect" and "KDS") and one acoustic system was provided by Smedvig (Gas Kick Warner). In addition, the Petreco J-Meter flow out measuring device was also tested.
A total number of 14 kicks were performed during these experiments. The majority of kicks were performed at slim hole conditions.
Raw data files containing approx. 14 Mbytes of downhole pressure data from bottom P-sensor, and surface data have been gathered for further analysis. The data was of high quality and provide opportunities to improve existing well control procedures and to incorporate this knowledge into future drilling operations.
This paper summarises the experimental conditions during which data were recorded, main results and operational recommendations.
GAS INJECTION – STARTS.
An Experimental Study on Fluid-Loss Behavior of Fracturing Fluids and Formation Damage in High-Permeability Porous Media
Authors: Parlar M. , Nelson E. B. , Walton I. C. , Park E. , DeBonis V. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A recent trend in stimulating high-permeability formations is the development of techniques (such as frac-pack) to create short fractures which bypass formation damage in the near-wellbore region. Analysis and refinement of these techniques are hampered by a lack of knowledge of the leakoff behavior of candidate fluids in high-permeability rocks. In this paper, we present results from static-fluid-loss and formation-damage (reverse-flow) experiments using 12-inch-long cores in the permeability range of 3 to 1,000 md. A Hassler cell, with 6 pressure taps placed at 2-inch intervals, was used. The test fluids included borate-crosslinked-guar, linear-guar, linear-HEC, and viscoelastic-surfactant solutions. The effects of differential pressure, gel concentration, permeability, and temperature on spurt and leakoff coefficients were investigated, and correlations were given. In the absence of fluid-loss-control additives, the internal cake is the controlling factor for spurt and total leakoff for crosslinked fluids. Linear HEC behaves as a shear-thinning fluid during flow through porous media. A nonlinear, algebraic equation generalizing the well-known Williams expression for Cvo to power-law fluids was derived as an approximate method of incorporating the leakoff behavior of power-law fluids into current fracturing simulators.
Oil Pollution Incidents in the Southeast - Damage, Cleanup, and Future Control
Authors: Little John A. , Smith Al 
Published: December 2007

Many in the water pollution control field have tired of hearing the names Torrey Canon and Santa Barbara. Certainly these names do bring to mind the most notorious of the oil spills. We must not forget, however, that both of these events have helped to provide the impetus to prevent and control oil spills. prevent and control oil spills. Since the Torrey Canyon disaster in March 1967, the incidence of spills in the United States, both extensive and minor, has been on the rise. This rise cannot be attributed solely to the increase in reporting oil spills. There are simply more of them. Soon after completion of his recent historic voyage across the Atlantic, Thor Heyerdahl revealed that petroleum-base residues litter the seas from coast to coast. We all know, then, that there is a serious problem, and it is gratifying to note problem, and it is gratifying to note the voluntary efforts on the part of the petroleum industry to correct this problem. petroleum industry to correct this problem. It might be added that your industry was proceeding to research means for abating proceeding to research means for abating oil pollution well before the stiff fines provided for in the 1970 Water Quality provided for in the 1970 Water Quality Improvement Act were enacted into law.
Another statement which can be made at this time, and one which borders on triteness, is that many more improvements remain to be made in this country's overall efforts to control oil pollution. One way to effect improvement is to promote a free exchange of ideas among promote a free exchange of ideas among people who are concerned and/or are people who are concerned and/or are knowledgeable in this field. Meetings such as this provide a forum for this information exchange.
The intent of this paper is to report on some of the oil spill incidents which have occurred within the Southeast Region, Federal Water Quality Administration (FWQA). For whether the reason—extensive coastline, number of petrochemical product manufacturers or users, number of pipelines traversing, etc.—the Southeast Region, FWQA, has had its share of oil spills. Two such spills will be mentioned here in some detail—one a coastal spill and one inland.
On March 3, 1968, almost one year after Torrey Canyon the tanker, Ocean Eagle, broke apart at the entrance to San Juan Bay in Puerto Rico. For the next several weeks, Federal, Commonwealth, and private groups fought the most severe oil spill experienced in U. S. territorial waters up until that time.
Application of a Highly Variable Gauge Stabilizer at Wytch Farm to Extend the ERD Envelope
Authors: Odell A. C. , Payne M. L. , Cocking D. A. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Wytch Farm operations have demonstrated that downhole adjustable, highly variable gauge stabilizers (HVGSs) can cost-effectively extend the reach of extended-reach-drilling (ERD) wells. This paper will describe the operation and benefits of using an HVGS at the Wytch Farm ERD project to control hole inclination while minimizing time consuming oriented drilling. The first Wytch Farm well drilled with an HVGS had a Reach/TVD ratio of 4.22 at a true vertical depth (WD) of 1603 m, The total depth was 7522 m with a reach of 6732 m, which set a new world record for reach at the subject reservoir depth. The second well drilled with an HVGS had a Reach/TVD ratio of 4.28 at a TVD of 1592 m. The HVGS was used in conjunction with an instrumented steerable motor with near-bit inclination sensor. The HVGS is controlled from the surface through a series of mud pump flow sequences, and communicates the blades' commanded and measured positions to the surface with mud pulse telemetry. Wytch Farm operations required that the HVGS telemetry be modified to allow compatibility with previously contracted measurement-while-drilling/logging-while-drilling (MWD/LWD) systems. This paper will describe the new telemetry scheme and will document the success of the HVGS in receiving commands and in actuating to desired positions at measured depths in excess of 7300 m and departures beyond 6100 m.
Rolling Cone Bits with Novel Gauge Cutting Structure Drill Faster, More Efficiently
Authors: Pessier Rudolf C.O. , Grimes Robert E. , Isbell Matthew R. , Scott Danny E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Roller cone bit design practices that focus on improving gauge durability have resulted in heavily reinforced and rugged, but highly inefficient, cutting structures.
This dilemma prompted an in-depth study of the cutting mechanics in the corner of the borehole. The study consisted of a review of gauge cutting structure design and kinematics, laboratory testing with individual cutting elements to determine cutting forces and full-scale simulator and field tests,
The work not only confirmed the original supposition, but led to the development of a novel, patented gauge cutting structure that is more aggressive, faster, and at least as durable and wear resistant as conventional designs.
Simultaneous Drilling and Reaming with Fixed Blade Reamers
Authors: Warren T. M. , Sinor L. A. , Dykstra M. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Deep well drilling programs often require the use of multiple casings or liners. Designing these wells require compromises between using the smallest surface hole possible to minimize tubular costs and maintaining the largest hole possible to allow for contingencies and for the optimum completion design. The conflict between these two considerations can be resolved somewhat by nesting the casing strings with the minimum clearance between them. Unfortunately this often requires that the section drilled below a casing string be reamed to a larger diameter than the casing ID. The reaming process is often fraught with many inefficiencies. This paper describes a technique for simultaneously drilling and reaming with a bi-center reamer run on a stabilized assembly above a pilot bit. The successful use of the technique in three field wells is reported.
High-Power Slim-Hole Drilling System
Authors: Cohen John H. , Maurer William C. , Leitko Curtis E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Economic conditions in the oil and gas industry have encouraged the use of new methods to reduce drilling costs. Slim-hole drilling, abandoned in the past, has found new life because it offers savings by reducing equipment size, tubular products, and environmental impact. A new high-power slim-hole drilling system has been developed that overcomes many of the problems that led to the abandonment of slim holes in the past. This new system is composed of a new high-power positive-displacement motor and new TSP bits developed to run at high horsepowers and produce high drilling rates. The new slim-hole system has the potential for reducing drilling costs by 40 to 60 percent.
Characterization of Breaker Efficiency Based upon Size Distribution of Polymeric Fragments
Authors: Brannon Harold D. , Pin Robert M. Tjon Joe 
Published: December 2007

AbstractDamage to proppant packs is known to negatively impact well productivity. The damage is often the result of inadequate degradation of the polymers used to viscosify fracturing fluids. Gel breakers are used to degrade the polymer by cleaving the macro-molecule into smaller fragments, ideally to a size which can easily be produced during load recovery. Fluid viscosity reduction is commonly used to gauge polymer degradation. However, although viscosity reduction indicates polymer degradation, it is misleading to conclude that this reduced viscosity equates to improved fracture conductivity. Polymer fragments which are desolublized from the gelled fluid no longer contribute to fluid viscosity but do, unfortunately contribute significantly to proppant pack damage.Several new breaker technologies have been introduced in efforts to improve polymer degradation, and hence, improve fracture conductivity and ultimately well productivity. Many production case histories have been offered as evidence of the utility of the new technologies to improve well productivity. However, the facility to quantitatively determine the polymer degrading efficiency of the breakers has heretofore been lacking. Laboratory procedures, both wet chemical and instrumental, have recently been developed to address characterization of the relative degrading efficiency of the various breakers and breaking mechanisms. The analysis of the combined data provide both a qualitative size distribution, as well as a quantitative profile of the polymer fragments. Extensive studies were conducted employing the new procedures to compare the degrading efficiency of various oxidative and enzymatic breakers. Detailed analysis of the results are provided.
An Investigation of Fluid Leakoff Phenomena Employing a High-Pressure Simulator
Authors: Lord David L. , Vinod P. S. , Shah Subhash , Bishop Milton L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
This paper describes the results of fluid-loss tests conducted with various hydraulic fracturing fluids through the use of a large-scale, high-temperature, high-pressure simulator (HPS) thai can perform dynamic fluid-loss experiments over a large surface area under 1,000 psi differential pressure. Nearly all fluid-loss studies previously reported in the literature have described laboratory tests involving small-core plugs having a surface area of approximately 11 cm2. In contrast, the fluid-loss data collected in the HPS are over a significantly larger surface area, approximately 3912 cm2.
Results from the HPS were compared to laboratory data, and significant differences in spurt-loss values were found. Surface texture was also found to be a significant factor in determining the extent of filter-cake formation. The paper provides insight into the differences between fluid-loss control mechanisms displayed by linear polymer solutions and crosslinked gels. Experiments specifically designed to evaluate various hypotheses were performed to determine the significance of external filter cake on fluid-loss control of crosslinked fluids. Conventional fracturing fluids and additives were found to be inefficient in controlling fluid loss to natural fractures in a rock matrix.
Theoretical Model and Numerical Investigation of Near-Wellbore Effects in Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Romero J. , Mack M. G. , Elbel J. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The high near-wellbore pressure drop which has frequently been reported in fracture treatments is indicative of ineffective communication between the wellbore and the fracture. Although numerous observations of such effects have been published, few attempts have been made to understand them. This paper describes three possible mechanisms of near-wellbore effects: perforation phasing misalignment-induced rock pinching, perforation pressure drop, and fracture reorientation (deviation tortuosity) – and their implementation in a numerical fracture simulator. Typical signatures of all three effects in fracture treatment records are shown, and a method proposed by which to distinguish them.
Perforation phasing misalignment has been identified as a cause of near-wellbore restriction. Because the fracture does not always initiate at the perforation, the fluid must communicate with the fracture through a narrow channel (micro-annulus) around the casing. The paper describes this pinching effect and shows that it is related to the contact stress between the cement and the formation.
Perforation pressure drop and deviation tortuosity, which have previously been proposed by other authors, have also been modeled. They have been incorporated in the simulator, together with the phasing misalignment effect, to allow investigation of the differences in response between the different mechanisms. Results of simulating the effects of erosion of near-well effects on treating pressure are also shown.
Down-Hole Water-Oil Separation and Water Reinjection Through Well Branches
Authors: Kjos T. , Sangesland S. , Michelet J. F. , Kleppe J. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Cyclone separation of oil, water and gas has created new possibilities for separation of fluids down-hole close to the producing formation and thus facilitating separation at generally more favourable conditions.
In this paper, alternative well configurations incorporating down-hole separation of oil and water are suggested and discussed in terms of costs and feasibility, and effects of down-hole separation on well flow performance and reservoir behavior are evaluated.
Potential effects of the new technology on reservoir behavior has been investigated on a hypothetical water coning reservoir. Reservoir behavior under dual completion above and below water-oil contact combined with water reinjection in the aquifer is compared to conventional coning behavior. Our results show that balancing of the water-oil contact is possible by dual completion.
By reinjection of the produced water far away from the production interval, the water displacement mechanism is maintained. By supplementing the produced water reinjection by external water, in order to enhance the water displacement, very high recoveries may be obtained.
Separation of oil and water down-hole may reduce the use of toxic chemicals in pipelines and a brief discussion of the topic is included.
A Rational Characterization of Proprietary High Collapse Casing Grades
Authors: Klementich Erich F. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
An increasing number of users are finding it necessary to utilize "High Collapse" casing grades for deep set and intermediate size drilling and production casing strings. Unfortunately, the great variety of proprietary (non-API) high collapse casing grades has made it extremely difficult for drilling and completion engineers to logically select the optimum size, weight, and grade of pipe meeting the design objective, due to the wide variation in collapse resistance claims and the guaranteed pipe dimensional and mechanical properties supporting that claim. This paper provides a technically sound method for selecting and safely using high collapse pipe.
Characterization and Modeling of Channel and Thin-Bedded Turbidite Prospects in the Gulf of Mexico: Integration of Outcrops, Modern Analogs, and Subsurface Data
Authors: Shew R. D. , Tiller G. M. , Hackbarth C. J. , Rollins D. R. , White C. D. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Deep-water reservoirs composed of thin-bedded deposits or thin-bedded deposits with subordinate channel complexes have been penetrated throughout the Gulf of Mexico. These reservoirs are problematic to evaluate because conventional petrophysical and geophysical data cannot resolve their internal architectures and rock properties. Proper characterization and delineation of these types of reservoirs require detailed core analyses, analog studies, and multiple reservoir sensitivity and simulation studies in addition to high resolution log and seismic data. This paper focuses on the description and application of these techniques to the evaluation of two Gulf of Mexico reservoirs.