bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Post‐traumatic stress disorder and illness perceptions over time following myocardial infarction and subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Sheldrick Russell , Tarrier Nicholas , Berry Elisabeth , Kincey John 
Published: July 2006

Objectives. This study investigated post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and illness perceptions in people who suffered the acute medical trauma of a myocardial infarction (MI) or a subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). The study tested hypotheses regarding changes in PTSD symptoms and illness perceptions over time, associations between PTSD and illness perceptions and cognitive predictors of PTSD.Design and method. The study employed a longitudinal design and measured the illness perceptions and PTSD symptoms of an MI group (N = 17) and a SAH group (N = 27). Data were collected within 2 weeks of admission (T1), 6 weeks after admission (T2) and 3 months after admission (T3). Statistical analysis was undertaken to examine associations between illness perceptions and PTSD and to examine cognitive predictors of PTSD.Results. The prevalence of PTSD within the total acute medical trauma sample was 16% at 2 weeks, 35% at 6 weeks and 16% at 3 months. Illness perception factors of identity, timeline (acute/chronic), consequences and emotional representation were strongly correlated with PTSD at all three time points. PTSD symptoms and illness perceptions were shown to have changed over time. The results also showed that several illness perception factors are significant predictors of PTSD.Conclusions. Both PTSD symptoms and illness perceptions changed significantly over time following an MI or SAH. Illness perception factors are significant predictors of PTSD.
Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and Metabolites HMA, MDA, and HMMA in Human Urine
Authors: Pirnay Stephane O , Abraham Tsadik T , Huestis Marilyn A 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Background: A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy), and its metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMMA) in human urine.
Methods: We hydrolyzed 1 mL urine, fortified with MDMA-d5, MDA-d5, and MDEA-d6, with 100 μL of concentrated hydrochloric acid at 120 °C for 40 min, then added 100 μL 10 N sodium hydroxide and 3 mL phosphate buffer 0.1 N (pH 6.0) were added to hydrolyzed urine specimens before solid-phase extraction. After elution and evaporation, we derivatized extracts with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in EI-selected ion-monitoring mode.
Results: Limits of quantification were 25 μg/L for MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites. Calibration curves were linear to 5000 μg/L for MDEA, MDMA, HMA, MDA, and HMMA, with a minimum r2 &gt; 0.99. At 3 concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean overall extraction efficiencies from urine were &gt;85.5% for all compounds of interest. Intra- and interassay imprecisions, produced as CV, were &lt;15% for all drugs at 30, 300, and 3000 μg/L.
Conclusions: This gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay provides adequate sensitivity and performance characteristics for the simultaneous quantification of MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites HMMA, MDA, and HMA in human urine. The method meets and exceeds the requirements of the proposed Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s guidelines for federal workplace drug testing of MDEA and MDMA in urine.
De-esterification and sulfonation in spruce CTMP: Effects on pulp and paper properties
Authors: Konn Jonas , Vähäsalo Lari , Pranovich Andrey , Holmbom Bjarne 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
De-esterification and sulfonation reactions, which create new anionic groups in the middle lamella and primary wall layers, are the key chemical reactions in chemithermomechanical pulping. The effects of these reactions on the resulting fibre dimensions, refining energy demand, hand-sheet bulk and strength properties were assessed by laboratory-scale chemical pre-treatments and refining of Norway spruce chips. After pre-treatments with alkaline, sulfite, alkaline sulfite and alkaline peroxide liquors, a Wing defibrator-type batch refiner was used. The refining energy was measured. The degree of alkaline hydrolysis of acetyl and methyl ester groups in galactoglucomannans (GGMs) and pectins, and the degree of lignin sulfonation were determined. Hand-sheets were prepared and their physical properties were tested. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis and the order of significance of the chemical reactions towards pulp and paper properties was estimated. Chemical pre-treatments were found to increase the fibre length and the energy demand considerably. The fibre length and width after refining were strongly influenced by lignin sulfonation and pectin demethylation. GGM deacetylation had little influence on preserving the fibre dimensions in CTMP refining. The bulk, on the other hand, was highly influenced by GGM deacetylation. Peroxide reactions in alkaline peroxide treatments had no effect on the pulp and paper properties.
The nature of chromophores in high-extractives mechanical pulps: Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP)
Authors: Keating Jeffrey , Johansson C. Ingemar , Saddler John N. , Beatson Rodger P. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The utilization of western red cedar mechanical pulp is limited by low brightness caused by a high chromophore content. In this paper we identify these chromophores and provide a possible mechanism for their formation during the mechanical pulping process. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet (DRUV) and Fourier-transform infrared (DRIFT) spectra were recorded for western red cedar chemimechanical pulp treated with hydrogen peroxide, sodium borohydride and acetic anhydride. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide was conducted over different time periods. The spectra indicate that three carbonyl-containing chromophores contribute to light absorption in the visible region. Two conjugated ortho-quinones contributed most of the color. These quinones were formed by oxidation and polymerization of lignans during the refining process. The third chromophore was coniferaldehyde. There was a large initial time lag for the reaction of peroxide with coniferaldehyde relative to reaction time with the quinones. We ascribe this to differences in topochemistry. It was deduced that coniferaldehyde was mainly associated with lignin in the interior of the fiber wall, whereas the quinones were derived from lignans that had been deposited on the fiber surface. Identification of the three chromophores provides a basis for studies of the kinetics of brightening of western red cedar mechanical pulps.
On the relationship between fibre length, cellulose chain length and pulp viscosity of a softwood sulfite pulp
Authors: Lapierre Luc , Bouchard Jean , Berry Richard 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Many chemical pulp mills use pulp viscosity as an indicator of pulp strength, and some mill customers stipulate a particular viscosity threshold for the delivered product. Nevertheless, the value of the viscosity-strength relationship is often questioned, particularly as it varies with the wood species and the pulping process. To provide some insight, the viscosity, degree of polymerisation and fibre length were measured for a bleached softwood sulfite pulp segregated into different fractions with respect to fibre length using a Bauer-McNett fractionator. It was demonstrated that fractions with a longer average fibre length also had a higher degree of polymerisation and higher viscosity. The cellulose chain length in chemical pulps is approximately three orders of magnitude shorter than the fibre length, and thus a relationship between these two properties should not be expected. The possible causes of the correlation between fibre length and viscosity are discussed. In this work, viscosity appears to be an indirect measurement of the average fibre length of a pulp, which would be the direct contributor to the strength of that pulp.
Effect of acetyl groups on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates
Authors: Pan Xuejun , Gilkes Neil , Saddler Jack N. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Evidence showed that acetyl groups introduced during acetic acid delignification was a primary cause of the poor enzymatic digestibility of acetic acid pulp. The inhibition by acetyl groups could be removed by saponification. Acetyl groups might inhibit the enzymes by interfering with the productive binding (hydrogen bonds) between cellulose and the catalytic domain of cellulases, by affecting the binding of CBD to cellulose, or by increasing the diameter of the cellulose chain.
NIR PLSR results obtained by calibration with noisy, low-precision reference values: Are the results acceptable?
Authors: Rodrigues José , Alves Ana , Pereira Helena , da Silva Perez Denilson , Chantre Guillaume , Schwanninger Manfred 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Both spectral noise and reference method noise affect the accuracy and the precision NIR predicted values. The reference noise is often neglected, and the few reports dealing with it only consider random noise artificially added to the original sound reference data. A calibration for lignin content of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) wood meal was developed, but due to low precision and accuracy in the reference data set, NIR partial least-squares regression (PLSR) yielded a slope of 0.51 and an intercept at 14% Klason lignin. We demonstrate with an independent data set for external validation, obtained with higher precision and accuracy, that the NIR PLSR model based on the noisy reference data led to better results. The slope of the correlation between predicted and reference values was 0.89 and the intercept was 3.9. Thus, the model performed much better than expected from the cross-validation results. The predictability can be explained by the facts that the loadings of the first principal component (PC) of the calibration and test samples are very similar and dominated by lignin-related bands, and that most of the variation in the test set can be explained by the first PC. This only explains why the Klason lignin content could be predicted with the model without giving many spectral outliers, but not the good result of the external validation. We show that the latter can be explained by the inverse calibration used for PLSR and that predicted values can be more accurate and precise than the reference values used for calibration.
Polycarboxylic acids as non-formaldehyde anti-swelling agents for wood
Authors: Bischof Vukusic Sandra , Katovic Drago , Schramm Christian , Trajkovic Jelena , Sefc Bogoslav 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Wood specimens of fir (Abies alba Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were chemically modified using polycarboxylic acids (PCA), cured by convection heating or microwave treatment and analyzed by HPLC. A new non-formaldehyde cross-linking system was composed of citric acid (CA) and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), which are representative polycarboxylic acids (PCAs). These reagents require phosphono-based catalysts, so a sodium hypophosphite (SHP) catalyst was used in this study. The effects of PCA treatment were compared with a previously introduced 1,3-dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) treatment. The dimensional stability of the modified wood was determined in terms of the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) using the water soak/oven dry method. The results revealed an improvement in ASE for wood modified with PCA compared to modification with DMDHEU. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of bound acids were performed by HPLC. Further intensification of the wood modification process and an increase in the quality of wood-based materials were achieved using microwave treatment. Among other benefits, the formation of cross-links between the wood and the reagent components led to an improvement in the tensile strength retention, particularly in combination with the microwave treatment.
Permeability changes in heartwood of Picea abies and Abies alba induced by incubation with Physisporinus vitreus
Authors: Schwarze Francis W.M.R. , Landmesser Helge , Zgraggen Bruno , Heeb Markus 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The present study shows that isolates of P. vitreus have an extraordinary capacity to induce substantial permeability changes in heartwood of P. abies without causing significant losses in impact bending strength. The degradation of pit membranes by P. vitreus is an important aspect that could also have significant benefits in wood protection processes. Further studies are currently in progress with the objective of optimising the uniformity of wood colonisation and duration of incubation, so as to improve the permeability of water-borne wood preservatives or hydrophobic substances applied by brushing, dipping and impregnation.
Antioxidant activity of extracts from the bark of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl.
Authors: Gao Heng , Shupe Todd F. , Hse Chung Y. , Eberhardt Thomas L. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The bark of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl. was extracted with methanol and sequentially partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and deionized water. The antioxidant activities of the four extracts were evaluated using the DPPH• and ABTS+• methods. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Butylated hydroxytoluene was used as a positive control in the radical-scavenging activity tests. All the bark extracts showed significant radical-scavenging activity. In the ABTS+• assay, n-butanol extracts exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity, followed by ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane extracts. The greatest total phenolic content was 428.54 mg GAE per gram of dry extract and was detected in the n-butanol extract, followed by the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. The antioxidant activities correlate with the amount of phenolics present in these extracts. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts were rich in phenolics and may represent a good source of antioxidants.
How valid is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diagnosis for the individual risk assessment of breast cancer? / Welchen Stellenwert hat der diagnostische Einsatz von Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen (SNPs) bei der individuellen Risikoeinschätzung von Brustkrebs?
Authors: Tempfer Clemens B. , Hefler Lukas A. , Schneeberger Christian , Huber Johannes C. 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
The number of reports investigating disease susceptibility based on the carriage of low-penetrance, high-frequency single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has increased over the last years. Evidence is accumulating defining specific individual variations in breast cancer susceptibility. Genetic variations of the estradiol and xenobiotic metabolisms, as well as genes involved in cell cycle control, have been described as significant contributors to breast cancer susceptibility with variations depending on ethnic background and co-factors such as smoking and family history of breast cancer. In sum, the highest level of evidence to date linking SNPs and breast cancer comes from nested case-control studies within the prospective Nurses' Health Study. These data establish seven SNPs – hPRB +331 G/A, AR CAG repeat, CYP 19 TTTA(10), CYP 1A1 Msp I, VDR FOK1, XRCC1 Arg194Trp, and XRCC2 Arg188His – as small, but significant risk factors for spontaneous, non-hereditary breast cancer. In addition, meta-analysis of data in the literature established the TGFBR1*6A, the HRAS1, GSTP Ile105Val, and the GSTM1 SNPs as low-penetrance genetic risk factors for sporadic breast cancer. The clinical consequences of such a risk elevation may be a detailed instruction of the patient as to general measures of breast cancer prevention such as a low-fat diet, optimization of the BMI, physical exercise, avoidance of alcohol and long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and participation in a breast cancer screening program between the age of 50 and 70 years. Specific surgical or drug interventions such as prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy or prophylactic intake of tamoxifen are not indicated based on SNP analysis at this time.
Kriterien für den Einsatz von Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismen (SNPs) in der medizinischen Routinediagnostik: Erarbeitung technischer und diagnostischer Empfehlungen / Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in routine diagnosis: technical and diagnostic recommendations
Authors: Klein Hanns-Georg , Funke Harald , Neumaier Michael , Langmann Thomas , Knabbe Cornelius , Cullen Paul 
Published: July 2006

Zusammenfassung
Nach Abschluss des Humanen Genomprojekts (www.sanger.ac.uk), dessen Ergebnisse derzeit die wichtigste Grundlage unseres Wissens über das menschliche Erbgut bilden, wurden international weitere Großprojekte initiiert, um zu einem besseren Verständnis von genetischer Variation und deren Bedeutung als Marker für Erkrankungen und Krankheitsdisposition zu gelangen. Zu diesen Großprojekten zählen das internationale SNP-Konsortium (www.snp.cshl.org), das HapMap-Projekt (www.hapmap.org) sowie das kürzlich begonnene Medical Sequencing Program (www.genome.gov/17516031). Parallel zu diesen systematischen Ansätzen der Genomforschung existiert eine nahezu unüberschaubare Anzahl von Fall-Kontroll-Studien, welche bei mehr oder weniger gut charakterisierten, kleineren und größeren Patientenkollektiven die Assoziation von Mutationen oder Polymorphismen mit mendelisch vererbten (monogenen) oder häufigen (multifaktoriellen) Erkrankungen untersuchen. Besonders Assoziationsstudien im Bereich der multifaktoriellen Erkrankungen, wie z.B. Diabetes, Bluthochdruck oder nicht-familiäre Tumorerkrankungen, kommen zum Teil zu sehr unterschiedlichen oder sogar widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen, weshalb der klinisch-diagnostische Wert der untersuchten genetischen Marker oft in Frage gestellt wird. Prospektive Studien, welche den prädiktiven Wert oder das absolute Risiko eines Markers untersucht haben, gibt es kaum. Dennoch kann die genetische Diagnostik auch bei multifaktoriellen Erkrankungen bereits heute sinnvoll eingesetzt werden, wie die Beispiele Faktor-V-Leiden im Zusammenhang mit tiefer Beinvenenthrombose oder der HFE-C282Y-Polymorphismus bei Hämochromatose Typ I zeigen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Hintergründe der teilweise widersprüchlichen Datenlage zu beleuchten und Qualitätskriterien für den Einsatz von genetischen Markern bei der Diagnostik multifaktorieller Erkrankungen zu erarbeiten.
Laboratory network of excellence: enhancing patient safety and service effectiveness / Labor-Network of Excellence: bessere Sicherheit für Patienten und effektivere Labordienstleistungen
Authors: Plebani Mario , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Messeri Gianni , Ottomano Cosimo , Pansini Nicola , Bonini Pierangelo 
Published: July 2006

Abstract
Clinical laboratories have undergone major changes due to technological progress and economic pressure. While costs of laboratory testing continue to be the dominant issue within the healthcare service worldwide, quality, effectiveness and impact on outcomes are also emerging as critical value-added features. Five Italian laboratories are therefore promoting a network of excellence by investigating markers of effectiveness of laboratory services and sharing their experience of using them in clinical practice. In the present study we report preliminary data on indicators of quality in all phases of the so-called total testing process, the key to evaluating all phases of the total testing process, including the appropriateness of test requests and data interpretation. Initial findings in evaluating pre-analytical causes of specimen rejection in three different laboratories and the effects of introducing three laboratory clinical guidelines are reported. These data should stimulate debate in the scientific community and encourage more clinical laboratories to use the same indicators to improve clinical effectiveness and clinical outcomes within the healthcare service.
Experimental and modeling study of the O2‐enrichment by perovskite fibers
Authors: Hamel Christof , Seidel‐Morgenstern Andreas , Schiestel Thomas , Werth Steffen , Wang Haihui , Tablet Cristina , Caro Jürgen 
Published: July 2006

AbstractThe production of O2‐enriched air (OEA) using dense mixed conducting perovskite hollow fiber membranes was studied experimentally and theoretically. The fibers were prepared by phase inversion spinning followed by sintering. A mathematical model was developed based on the mass balances for the OEA side, the O2‐depleted air side and the hollow fiber itself to simulate the O2‐enrichment. Based on the experiments and the model, the mass transport in the mixed conducting material was quantified using Wagner's theory. Furthermore, 3‐D plots of broad parameter fields were calculated to estimate optimal operation conditions for a maximum O2‐enrichment. The results elucidate that a required O2 concentration in the OEA, and the production rate can be adjusted by controlling the operation parameters, such as temperature, air pressure differences and sweep air flow rates. The long term operation (800 h) indicates that the perovskite hollow fiber membranes offer a promising potential for the industrial OEA production. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Mass‐transfer models for rapid pressure swing adsorption simulation
Authors: Todd Richard S. , Webley Paul A. 
Published: July 2006

AbstractIn this study, trends from an adsorption process simulator are compared against experimental results obtained from a Rapid Pressure Swing Adsorption (RPSA) pilot plant for the separation of air over a packed bed of LiLSX pellets. The primary purpose of this study was to examine the impact of two model formulations for intrapellet mass transfer on predicted process performance, the linear driving force model and a rigorous pellet model (the viscous flow plus dusty gas model intrapellet flux equation). Non‐isothermal and non‐isobaric behavior is maintained within the model formulation. Nine PSA data sets at cyclic steady state were measured, with total cycle time varying from 8 to 50 s. At the short cycle time, large discrepancies between the simple lumped model and the rigorous pellet model arose, with the rigorous pellet model tracking qualitative trends in pilot plant data more faithfully than the simple model. The accepted value for the dimensionless cycle time θi below which linear driving force models fail is 0.1. However, our data and models suggest that a more appropriate value would be 1.0. Below θi = 1.0 the simple linear driving force model started to deviate from experimental data and the rigorous pellet model. This suggests that conclusions from studies of single pellets may not apply rigorously to packed beds of pellets in which each pellet is exposed to rapidly varying and coupled boundary conditions in which composition, pressure, and temperature all change with time. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Retracted: Alteration of cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis
Authors: Nakashima Ichiro , Fujihara Kazuo , Fujinoki Masakatsu , Kawamura Takeshi , Nishimura Toshihide , Nakamura Masashi , Itoyama Yasuto 
Published: July 2006

AbstractAlteration of Cystatin C in the Cerebrospinal Fluid of Multiple SclerosisThe letter "Alteration of cystatin C in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis" by Nakashima I, Fujihara K, Fujinoki M, Kawamura T, Nishimura T, Nakamura T, Itoyama Y first published in Wiley InterScience on July 17th, 2006. The content was later re‐submitted as a Brief Communication at the request of the Editors and has published in volume 62, page 197, DOI: 10.1002/ana.20955, under the same title. The letter therefore has been removed.