bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
First Principle Study of the Electron-transport Behavior of Porphyrin and Metalloporphyrin Wires
Authors: Xu Zhong , Li Ning , Jin Xin , Li Yanwei , Liu Hongmei , Zhao Jianwei 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The electron transport via a series of porphyrin molecular wires coordinated with various metal cations (Zn2+, Pt2+, Pd2+, and Ni2+) has been investigated with the metal–molecule–metal junctions by using the first principle approach, on basis of density functional theory and nonequilibrium Green’s function calculation. The metal cation effect on the transportation behavior has been compared and discussed in terms of the electronic structures and transmission spectra. The results demonstrate that the coordination of metal cations may decrease the molecular conductance.
Preparation of 99mTc-Labeled Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for In Vivo Imaging in Hyperthermia
Authors: Park Sang Hyun , Gwon Hui Jeong , Choi Sang Mu 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
99mTc-Labeled iron oxide nanoparticles ranging in size from 20 to 70 nm were prepared for in vivo imaging in thermotherapy called hyperthermia. The radiolabeled iron oxide nanoparticles were prepared with a high labeling efficiency (over 99%), and they also showed an excellent stability at room temperature for 6 h. This result can give a useful tool for determining the position of the nanoparticles injected into a tissue when hyperthermia treatment is applied in biomedical fields.
The effect of amino acids on the dissolution rates of amorphous silica in near-neutral solution
Authors: Kawano Motoharu , Obokata Sumine 
Published: September 2007

AbstractAmino acids are ubiquitous in the Earth’s surface environments as reactive biological molecules produced by every living thing including bacteria. To evaluate the effects of amino acids on mineral dissolution and to reveal the mechanism by which they interact with the mineral surface, we performed dissolution experiments of X-ray amorphous silica in solution containing 0.1 mmol Na with 10.0 mmol amino acids such as cysteine, asparagine, serine, tryptophan, alanine, threonine, histidine, lysine and arginine in near-neutral solutions. Dissolution experiments in solutions of 0.1, 1.0 and 10.0 mmol NaCl without amino acids were also conducted as amino acid-free controls. The results of this study indicate that basic amino acids such as histidine, lysine and arginine can interact more strongly with the negatively charged surface of amorphous silica than other non-basic amino acids due to their greater dissociation, thus forming cationic species. This electrostatical interaction enhanced dissolution rates of amorphous silica by approximately one order of magnitude compared with amino acid-free controls. In contrast, no significant effect on the dissolution rates of amorphous silica was observed in solutions containing cysteine, asparagine, serine, tryptophan, alanine and threonine because of lesser interaction with the surface of amorphous silica.
Metamorphic-hosted pyrophyllite and dickite occurrences from the hydrous Al-silicate deposits of the malatya-Pütürge region, central eastern Anatolia, Turkey
Authors: Bozkaya Ömer , Yalçin Hüseyin , Başibüyük Zeynel , Bozkaya Gülcan 
Published: September 2007

AbstractHydrous Al-silicate deposits are found to the south of Pütürge in Malatya city, Turkey. The surrounding rocks consist of mylonitic granitic gneiss overlain by muscovite gneiss with kyanite-bearing metabasic schist lenses on top which are cut by silica veins containing prismatic tourmaline and speculante. Pyrophyllite is found within kyanite gneisses overlying the granitic gneisses. Fibrous, platy pyrophyllite is developed along the edges and cleavage planes of kyanite, whereas platy bunches of dickite occur as replacements of the relict kyanites as well as crack- and pore-fillings. Rocks forming the hydrous Al-silicate deposit contain 2M1 pyrophyllite, alunite, topaz, paragonite, dravite, dumortierite, chlorite and epidote as early hypogene minerals, and 2M1 dickite, diaspore, gibbsite, speculante, goethite and crandallite/goyazite as late hypogene minerals. On the basis of fluid inclusion and stable isotope data, it is estimated alterations to pyrophyllite and kaolinite occurred at temperatures are of 150 and 100°C, respectively, the minerals being formed by meteoric waters interacting with metamorphic rocks. Trace and REE variations are highly distinctive in terms of enrichment of most trace elements in pyrophyllite, whereas REEs are clearly abundant in dickite, indicating different conditions during formation such as early and late hypogene processes. The pyrophyllitic alteration took place in the late Cretaceous (69–71 Ma), whereas kaolinization occurred later.
Nanometer-scale chemical modification of nano-ball allophane
Authors: Abidin Zaenal , Matsue Naoto , Henmi Teruo 
Published: September 2007

AbstractNano-ball allophane is a hydrous Al silicate with a hollow-sphere morphology that contains some defects or pores along the spherule walls. Enlargement of the pore openings by dilute alkali treatment was confirmed by cation exchange capacity determinations using various alkylammonium cations as replacement cations. An allophane sample with a low Si/Al ratio (0.67) was equilibrated with 10 mM CaCl2 (pH = 6.0) and the Ca2+ retained was extracted using aqueous 1 M NH4C1 or alkylammonium chloride salts. The Ca2+ extracted by NH4+ was 15.1 cmolc kg−1, but CH3NH3+${\rm{C}}{{\rm{H}}_3}{\rm{NH}}_3^ + $ (mean diameter = 0.38 nm) only extracted 7.9 cmolc kg−1 of Ca2+. After 10 mM NaOH treatment (0.25 g:100 mL) of the allophane, the Ca2+ extracted by NH4+${\rm{NH}}_4^ + $ was 29.7 cmolc kg−1, 29.6 cmolc kg−1 by CH3NH3+${\rm{C}}{{\rm{H}}_3}{\rm{NH}}_3^ + $, and 29.4 cmolc kg−1 by (CH3)2NH2+${{\rm{(C}}{{\rm{H}}_3}{\rm{)}}_2}{\rm{NH}}_2^ + $. The extraction of Ca2+ by the large C2H5NH3+${{\rm{C}}_2}{{\rm{H}}_5}{\rm{NH}}_3^ + $ cation (mean diameter = 0.46 nm) only decreased to 26.1 cmolc kg−1, indicating that pore diameters were enlarged from ∼0.35 to 0.45 nm. The significant increase in Ca2+ retention after NaOH treatment was attributed to the dissociation of increased numbers of newly exposed silanol groups in the enlarged pores. The low Si/Al ratio of the NaOH-dissolved material (0.35) and the decreased intensity of the 348 cm−1 IR band also suggested selective dissolution of the pore region. For allophane with a high Si/Al ratio (0.99) and much accessory polymeric Si, dissolution of polymeric Si and of the pore region occurred simultaneously. Alkali treatment produced a smaller increase in pore size and Ca2+ retention for allophanes with large Si/Al ratios than for allophanes with small Si/Al ratios. It was concluded that by altering the dilute alkali treatment conditions and varying the Si/Al ratio of allophane, the extent of structural modification or pore enlargement of the hollow spheres might be controlled.
Peer-to-Peer-Forschung – Überblick und Herausforderungen (Peer-to-Peer Research – Overview and Challenges)
Authors: Graffi Kálmán , Kovačević Aleksandra , Mukherjee Patrick , Benz Michael , Leng Christof , Bradler Dirk , Schröder-Bernhardi Julian , Liebau Nicolas 
Published: September 2007

Zusammenfassung
Peer-to-Peer ist ein fundamentales Designprinzip und stellt einen Paradigmenwechsel für die Kommunikation in Computernetzwerken dar. In diesem Beitrag wird zunächst definiert, welche Charakteristika Peer-to-Peer-Systeme ausmachen. Anhand von vier Qualitätsmerkmalen hat die Forschergruppe „QuaP2P” ihre Arbeitsbereiche untergliedert. Dieser Gliederung folgend wird anschließend der aktuelle Stand der Wissenschaft und Herausforderungen im Bereich Peer-to-Peer-Forschung zusammengefasst. Dies gibt dem Leser einen strukturieren Überblick, um sich mit den wesentlichen Arbeiten dieses hoch aktuellen Forschungsthemas auseinandersetzen zu können.
Methods for Performance Improvement of Kademlia-based Overlay Networks (Methoden zur Leistungsverbesserung eines Kademlia-basierten Overlay-Netzes)
Authors: Binzenhöfer Andreas , Tran-Gia Phuoc , Schnabel Holger 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Structured peer-to-peer (p2p) networks are highly distributed systems with a potential to support business applications. There are numerous different suggestions on how to implement such systems. However, before legal p2p systems can become mainstream they need to offer improved efficiency, robustness, and stability. While Chord is the most researched and best understood mechanism, the Kademlia algorithm is widely-used in deployed applications. There are still many open questions concerning the performance of the latter. In this paper we identify the main problems of Kademlia by large scale simulations and present modifications which help to avoid those problems. This way, we are able to significantly improve the performance and robustness of Kademlia-based applications, especially in times of churn and in unstable states. In particular, we show how to increase the stability of the overlay, make searches more efficient, and adapt the maintenance traffic to the current churn rate in a self-organizing way.
Netzwerkeffizienz stabiler Overlay-Streaming-Topologien (Network Efficiency of Stable Overlay Streaming Topologies)
Authors: Wildhagen Jens , Strufe Thorsten , Schäfer Günter 
Published: September 2007

Zusammenfassung
Zur Verteilung von Multimediadaten werden mit Peer-to-Peer-Ansätzen Overlay-Netze konstruiert, welche die Teilnehmer logisch durch Kanten verbinden und so eine abstrakte Nachbarschaft definieren. Bei der Konstruktion solcher Overlays für multimediale Live-Streaming-Anwendungen sind zwei Eigenschaften der Topologien von besonderer Bedeutung: die Netzwerkeffizienz bei der Paketverteilung und die Stabilität sowohl gegenüber zufälligen Knotenausfällen als auch vorsätzlichen Sabotageangriffen. In bisherigen Arbeiten zur Steigerung der Stabilitätseigenschaften entstehender Topologien finden Effizienzeigenschaften zumeist keine Berücksichtigung. Um diese Lücke zu schließen, wird in dem vorliegenden Artikel ein Verfahren vorgestellt, das es ermöglicht, einen Kompromiss zwischen der Effizienz und der Stabilität konstruierter Topologien zu finden. Hierzu werden zunächst Stabilitäts- und Effizienzeigenschaften in Form von Kostenmetriken operationalisiert und darauf aufbauend ein verteilter Algorithmus zur dynamischen Topologieoptimierung vorgestellt, der eine Gesamtkostenfunktion optimiert, die durch eine parametrisierbare, gewichtete Kombination der Einzelmetriken definiert ist. Mit Hilfe einer Simulationsstudie wird gezeigt, dass auf diese Weise gute Kompromisse zwischen Effizienz und Stabilität bei der Topologiekonstruktion gefunden werden können.
Effects of Electroshock on Bluegill Feeding and Susceptibility to Predation
Authors: Wahl David H. , Einfalt Lisa M. , Callahan Sean P. 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
Electrofishing is a common technique used for the collection of freshwater fish. Although acute effects on fish (e.g., injury and mortality) have been examined, indirect behavioral effects (e.g., feeding and susceptibility to predation) have been relatively ignored. In the laboratory, we examined the effects of electroshock on food consumption by two size-classes of bluegills Lepomis macrochirus and on vulnerability to predation for one size-class. In aquaria, juvenile bluegills (47–55 mm) showed reduced feeding for up to 3 h postshock and no effects thereafter; adults (143–157 mm) exhibited reduced feeding for up to 12 h postshock. In 2.5-m-diameter pools, electroshocked bluegills were more vulnerable than control fish to predation by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides when a predator was introduced immediately after electroshock, but vulnerability did not differ when the predator was introduced at 10 min postshock. We conclude that electrofishing inhibits feeding and increases vulnerability to predation but only for a short time. For bluegill populations, electrofishing can be an effective sampling technique for research and management with minimal negative consequences.
Prevalence and Risk Factors for Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Miller Christopher D. , El‐Kholi Ramy , Faragon John J. , Lodise Thomas P. 
Published: September 2007

Study Objectives. To identify the prevalence and types of clinically significant drug interactions (CSDIs) in the drug regimens of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection who were receiving antiretroviral therapy and to explore risk factors for these CSDIs.Design. Retrospective medical record review.Setting. Academic HIV specialty clinic.Patients. One hundred fifty‐three randomly selected patients with HIV infection who were receiving antiretroviral therapy from May 1‐September 30, 2006.Measurements and Main Results. Data were collected on patient demographics, date of HIV diagnosis, most recent viral load and CD4+ count, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention HIV classification, and comorbid conditions. Patients' drug regimens were analyzed for total and clinically significant antiretroviral drug interactions using three resources. Logistic regression and classification and regression tree analysis were used to identify independent CSDI predictors. Clinically significant drug interactions were defined as drug interactions that required a dosage adjustment or consisted of a drug combination that is contraindicated due to its high potential for clinical adverse effects. Of the 153 patients, at least one CSDI was found in 41.2% of their regimens: 34.6% with at least one drug interaction that required a dosage adjustment, 2.0% with at least one contraindicated drug combination, and 4.6% with at least one of each of these CSDIs. In the logistic regression model, risk factors independently associated with CSDIs were age older than 42 years (odds ratio [OR] 2.9, 95% CI 1.2–7.1), more than three comorbid conditions (OR 3.0, 95% CI 1.4–6.6), treatment with more than three antiretroviral agents (OR 2.4, 95% CI 1.0–5.8), and treatment with a protease inhibitor (OR 11.5, 95% CI 4.2–31.2). When directly compared, CSDIs were more prevalent among protease inhibitor–based than nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor–based regimens (p<0.001).Conclusion. Clinically significant drug interactions are highly prevalent among HIV‐infected patients receiving antiretroviral therapy. Knowledge of the risk factors for CSDIs may help clinicians recognize and manage CSDIs.
Serum Pegfilgrastim Concentrations During Recovery of Absolute Neutrophil Count in Patients with Cancer Receiving Pegfilgrastim After Chemotherapy
Authors: Yang Bing‐Bing , Kido Anna , Shibata Atsuko 
Published: September 2007

Study Objective. To examine the serum concentrations of pegfilgrastim during recovery of absolute neutrophil count (ANC) in patients with cancer who received pegfilgrastim after chemotherapy.Design. Retrospective analysis.Data Source. Data were pooled from seven pegfilgrastim registrational clinical trials: four open‐label phase I or II studies and three randomized phase II or III studies.Patients. A total of 370 patients with non–small cell lung cancer, Hodgkin's lymphoma, non–Hodgkin's lymphoma, or breast cancer.Measurements and Main Results. Chemotherapy was given every 3 weeks, and pegfilgrastim was given once/chemotherapy cycle, 24 hours after chemotherapy completion. Data were available from 187 patients for the serum pegfilgrastim concentration analysis and from 319 patients for the ANC data analysis. Recovery of ANC to normal levels (≥ 1 × 103/mm3) correlated well with the decline of pegfilgrastim concentrations to subtherapeutic levels; this inverse correlation was observed across different tumor types. By day 12 after pegfilgrastim administration, all patients experienced ANC recovery to normal levels, and none had a serum pegfilgrastim concentration above 2 ng/ml, considered the lowest concentration to elicit clinically meaningful granulopoiesis. After administration of pegfilgrastim, a steady postnadir recovery of the ANC to normal levels was noted, and postnadir peaks of 30 × 103/mm3 or higher were observed in only three patients.Conclusion. Serum concentrations of pegfilgrastim were consistently cleared to subtherapeutic levels by day 12 after pegfilgrastim administration, and subtherapeutic pegfilgrastim levels were predicted by ANC recovery to 1 × 103/mm3 or greater.
A 20-Year Prospective Study of Childbearing and Incidence of Diabetes in Young Women, Controlling for Glycemia Before Conception
Authors: Gunderson Erica P. , Lewis Cora E. , Tsai Ai-Lin , Chiang Vicky , Carnethon Mercedes , Quesenberry Charles P. , Sidney Stephen 
Published: September 2007

OBJECTIVE—We sought to determine whether childbearing increases incidence of type 2 diabetes after accounting for preconception glycemia and gestational glucose intolerance.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A prospective, biracial cohort was examined up to five times during 1985–2006 in the multicenter, U.S. population–based Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults Study. The analysis included 2,408 women (1,226 black and 1,182 white) aged 18–30 years who were free of diabetes and had a fasting plasma glucose (FPG) &lt;126 mg/dl at baseline. Incident diabetes was diagnosed by self-report, diabetes medication use, FPG ≥126 mg/dl, and/or plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dl after a 2-h oral glucose load. Time-dependent interim birth groups were those with zero and those with one or more births with or without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), stratified by baseline parity. Complementary log-log models estimated relative hazards of incident diabetes by interim births adjusted for age, race, family history of diabetes, and baseline covariates (FPG, BMI, education, smoking, and physical activity).
RESULTS—Of 193 incident diabetes cases in 42,782 person-years (4.5 cases/1,000 person-years), 84 (44%) had one or more interim births. Among nulliparas at baseline, incident rates per 1,000 person-years were 3.2 (95% CI 2.4–4.1) for those with no births, 2.9 (1.8–3.9) for one or more births without GDM, and 18.4 (10.9–25.9) for one or more births with GDM; adjusted relative hazards (95% CI) were 0.9 (0.6–1.4) for one or more births without GDM and 3.8 (2.2–6.6) for one or more births with GDM versus no births.
CONCLUSIONS—Childbearing did not elevate diabetes incidence among those with normal glucose tolerance during pregnancy (without GDM). GDM conferred the highest risk of developing diabetes independent of family history of diabetes and preconception glycemia and obesity.
Assessment of mild hindlimb lameness during over ground locomotion using linear discriminant analysis of inertial sensor data
Authors: PFAU T. , ROBILLIARD J. J. , WELLER R. , JESPERS K. , ELIASHAR E. , WILSON A. M. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Hindlimb lameness is common and can be difficult to diagnose or quantify in evaluating response to nerve blocks. An objective measure of lameness can also be used to evaluate the effectiveness of the treatment's contribution to evidence‐based medicine. The inertial sensor system can be used to capture 6 degree of freedom movement during over ground locomotion and here was used to quantifytuber coxaemovement in nonlame and lame horses.Hypothesis: Tuber coxaemovement is useful for discriminating between nonlame and lame horses.Objectives: To measure left and righttuber coxaemovement in lame and nonlame horses during over ground locomotion and to implement a linear discriminant analysis to discriminate between lame and nonlame horses.Methods: Two inertial sensors were attached to the skin over left and righttuber coxaeof 21 horses (9 mildly and 12 not lame). Horses were trotted on a hard surface. A total of 1021 strides were collected. For each stride 34 features were extracted from the dorsoventral and craniocaudal movement and used in 2 different classification scenarios (lame vs. nonlame or left lame, right lame and nonlame) using linear discriminant analysis.Results: Six degree of freedom inertial sensors were successfully used to collect kinematic data continuously from left and righttuber coxaein horses during over ground locomotion. These data were used for an automated classification of lameness. In the first scenario, a sensitivity of 89% was achieved with a specificity of 75%. In the second scenario, all horses could be correctly assigned to the correct class in a simple 3 class reclassification test.Potential relevance: A mobile system that reliably detects and quantifies hindlimb lameness in horses during unconstrained locomotion could be a valuable tool to perform an evidence‐based assessment of lameness in horses in a clinical setting, e.g. before and after nerve blocks or before and after surgery.
Preliminary study of mucosal IgA in the equine small intestine: specific IgA in cases of acute grass sickness and controls
Authors: NUNN F. G. , PIRIE R. S. , MCGORUM B. , WERNERY U. , POXTON I. R. 
Published: September 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: There is much evidence to suggest that group III Clostridium botulinum (types C and D) are involved in the aetiology of equine grass sickness (EGS). Antibodies have been detected previously in the blood and high levels associated with resistance to disease. Specific mucosal antibodies in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract are likely to be important in protection, and this study was performed to ascertain if such antibodies could be detected and if their levels were related to disease state. Objectives: To develop a method for quantifying IgA antibodies to C. botulinum types C and D in the GI tract of horses and to relate antibody levels to disease status. Methods: Samples of tissue (n = 25: 6 duodenum, 7 jejunum and 12 ileum) were taken from acute grass sickness (AGS) cases and from control horses (n = 12; 4 samples from each site) at post mortem. They were extracted with the detergent saponin in the presence of protease inhibitors and assayed for total IgA, for specific IgA against botulinum neurotoxins types C and D (BoNT/C or BoNT/D), and against surface antigens of a BoNT/C negative strain of C. botulinum type C (SA) and of Clostridium tetani (TetSA), as a control. Specific IgA was expressed as percentage total IgA. Results: Compared to controls, significantly higher levels of specific IgA against BoNT/C were detected in the jejunum (P = 0.04) and ileum (P = 0.02) of AGS cases. Similarly, higher specific levels against BoNT/D were demonstrated in duodenum (P = 0.01) and jejunum (P = 0.02). Significantly higher levels of IgA against SA were demonstrated only in duodenal samples (P = 0.01). Conclusions: Levels of IgA antibody to BoNTs in control horses were at near undetectable levels, suggesting no recent exposure to toxins. In AGS cases, significantly higher levels of specific IgA were detected predominantly in jejunum and ileum. Potential relevance: If specific IgA is protective then any successful vaccine for EGS should induce a mucosal response.