bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Remote techniques for counting and estimating the number of bird–wind turbine collisions at sea: a review
Authors: DESHOLM M. , FOX A. D. , BEASLEY P. D. L. , KAHLERT J. 
Published: March 2006

Since the early 1990s, marine wind farms have become a reality, with at least 13 000 offshore wind turbines currently proposed in European waters. There are public concerns that these man‐made structures will have a significant negative impact on the many bird populations migrating and wintering at sea. We assess the degree of usefulness and the limitations of different remote technologies for studying bird behaviour in relation to bird–turbine collisions at offshore wind farms. Radar is one of the more powerful tools available to describe the movement of birds in three‐dimensional space. Although radar cannot measure bird–turbine collisions directly, it offers the opportunity to quantify input data for collision models. Thermal Animal Detection System (TADS) is an infra red‐based technology developed as a means of gathering highly specific information about actual collision rates, and also for parameterizing predictive collision models. TADS can provide information on avoidance behaviour of birds in close proximity to turbine rotor‐blades, flock size and flight altitude. This review also assesses the potential of other (some as yet undeveloped) techniques for collecting information on bird flight and behaviour, both pre‐ and post‐construction of the offshore wind farms. These include the use of ordinary video surveillance equipment, microphone systems, laser range finder, ceilometers and pressure sensors.
Potential impacts of climatic change upon geographical distributions of birds
Authors: HUNTLEY BRIAN , COLLINGHAM YVONNE C. , GREEN RHYS E. , HILTON GEOFFREY M. , RAHBEK CARSTEN , WILLIS STEPHEN G. 
Published: March 2006

Potential climatic changes of the near future have important characteristics that differentiate them from the largest magnitude and most rapid of climatic changes of the Quaternary. These potential climatic changes are thus a cause for considerable concern in terms of their possible impacts upon biodiversity.Birds, in common with other terrestrial organisms, are expected to exhibit one of two general responses to climatic change: they may adapt to the changed conditions without shifting location, or they may show a spatial response, adjusting their geographical distribution in response to the changing climate. The Quaternary geological record provides examples of organisms that responded to the climatic fluctuations of that period in each of these ways, but also indicates that the two are not alternative responses but components of the same overall predominantly spatial response. Species unable to achieve a sufficient response by either or both of these mechanisms will be at risk of extinction; the Quaternary record documents examples of such extinctions.Relationships between the geographical distributions of birds and present climate have been modelled for species breeding in both Europe and Africa. The resulting models have very high goodness‐of‐fit and provide a basis for assessing the potential impacts of anthropogenic climatic changes upon avian species richness in the two continents. Simulations made for a range of general circulation model projections of late 21st century climate lead to the conclusion that the impacts upon birds are likely to be substantial. The boundaries of many species’ potential geographical distributions are likely to be shifted 1000 km. There is likely to be a general decline in avian species richness, with the mean extent of species’ potential geographical distributions likely to decrease. Species with restricted distributions and specialized species of particular biomes are likely to suffer the greatest impacts. Migrant species are likely to suffer especially large impacts as climatic change alters both their breeding and wintering areas, as well as critical stopover sites, and also potentially increases the distances they must migrate seasonally.Without implementation of new conservation measures, these impacts will be severe and are likely to be exacerbated by land‐use change and associated habitat fragmentation. Unless strenuous efforts are made to address the root causes of anthropogenic climatic change, much current effort to conserve biodiversity will be in vain.
Customer‐oriented counseling for physical activity in older people: study protocol and selected baseline results of a randomized‐controlled trial (ISRCTN 07330512)
Authors: Leinonen R. , Heikkinen E. , Hirvensalo M. , Lintunen T. , Rasinaho M. , Sakari‐Rantala R. , Kallinen M. , Koski J. , Möttönen S. , Kannas S. , Huovinen P. , Rantanen T. 
Published: March 2006

The objective of this study is to describe the rationale, design and selected baseline results of a 2‐year randomized‐controlled trial (RCT) on the effects of physical activity counseling in community‐living older people.After a four‐phase screening and data‐collection process targeting all independently living people in the city center of Jyväskylä, Finland, six hundred and thirty‐two 75–81‐year‐old cognitively intact, sedentary persons who were able to move independently outdoors at least minimally and willing to take part in the RCT were randomized into intervention and control groups. At baseline, over half of the subjects exercised less than two to three times a month and two‐thirds were willing to increase their physical activity level. The desire to increase physical activity was more common (86%) among subjects with mobility limitation compared with those without (60%,P=0.004).The intervention group received an individualized face‐to‐face counseling session, followed by phone contacts every 3 months throughout the intervention. The study outcomes include physical activity level, mobility limitation, functional impairments, disability, mood, quality of life, use of services, institutionalization and mortality.The screening and recruitment process was feasible and succeeded well, and showed that unmet physical activity needs are common in older people.
Oral health in renal transplant recipients administered cyclosporin A or tacrolimus
Authors: Spolidorio LC , Spolidorio DMP , Massucato EMS , Neppelenbroek KH , Campanha NH , Sanches MH 
Published: March 2006

Objective:  The aim of this study was to determine the oral status of renal transplant recipients receiving cyclosporin A (CsA) or tacrolimus (FK‐506) as immunosuppressant.Subjects and methods:  A total of 88 renal transplant recipients receiving CsA (63 men and 25 women, mean age 51.4 years) and 67 receiving FK‐506 (57 men and 10 women, mean age 33.5 years) were included in the study. Donor type, histocompatibility, cold ischemia time and prior delayed graft function were similar between the two groups. Demographics and pharmacological data were recorded for all subjects.Results:  The results demonstrated that CsA caused a greater number of oral diseases. A greater number of gingival overgrowth was present in patients treated with CsA. However, the combined use with calcium channel blockers increased the gingival overgrowth number. The occurrence of candida in saliva was observed in 80 renal recipients treated with CsA and 20 treated with FK‐506. The presence of squamous oral carcinoma (n = 3) and herpes simplex (n = 10) was observed in patients treated with CsA. These alterations were not observed in renal recipients treated with FK‐506.Conclusions:  Renal recipients constitute a high‐risk group for oral diseases, as they are immunocompromised. However, the FK‐506 regime appears to ameliorate this effect, compared with CsA. Adequate pre‐ and post‐transplant oral health care is recommended for these subjects, irrespective of the time interval for which the drug is administered.
Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) isoform and PDGF receptor expression in drug‐induced gingival overgrowth and hereditary gingival fibrosis
Authors: Wright HJ , Chapple ILC , Cooper P , Matthews JB 
Published: March 2006

Objective:  To investigate possible associations between platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), PDGF receptor expression and macrophages in drug‐induced and hereditary gingival overgrowth.Materials and Methods:  Tissues from patients with drug‐induced gingival overgrowth (DIGO) (n = 10) and hereditary gingival fibrosis (n = 10) were studied and compared with ‘control’ gingiva (n = 10). Expression of PDGF and its α and β receptors was investigated immunohistochemically and by RT‐PCR. Macrophages were identified by immunostaining for CD68.Results:  PDGF isoforms and receptors were detected in most cells within all specimens. There were no differences in the numbers of macrophages, or fibroblasts expressing PDGF or receptors, between groups. The level of PDGF expression by fibroblasts, determined by absorbance measurements, was similar between groups for PDGF A. Significantly lower levels of total PDGF and the receptors were detected in drug‐induced overgrowth compared to those in hereditary fibrosis (P < 0.004) and control specimens (P < 0.034). All specimens expressed mRNA for PDGF A, PDGF B and α and β receptors.Conclusions:  These data do not support a pivotal role for macrophage‐derived PDGF B in the pathogenesis of DIGO. They suggest that fibroblasts in drug‐induced lesions have a lowered capacity to produce, and respond to, PDGF, a property not shared by fibroblasts associated with hereditary fibrosis.
Comparison of renal function markers in Kuwaiti patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Marouf R , Mojiminiyi O , Abdella N , Kortom M , Al Wazzan H 
Published: March 2006

Background:Proteinuria is a common manifestation of renal disease which is a significant cause of morbidity in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD).Objective:To evaluate and compare cystatin C, β2-microglobulin, and creatinine as markers of renal disease in relation to the degree of proteinuria and other complications of SCD.Methods:24 h urine collections were used for estimation of urine protein and creatinine clearance in 59 patients with SCD. Results were correlated with plasma cystatin C, β2-microglobulin, creatinine, glomerular filtration rate (GFR; derived from plasma creatinine by Cockcroft-Gault, MDRD formulae, and calculated cystatin C clearance), and clinical and haematological variables.Results:Comparing the different methods of GFR, the proportion of patients with hyperfiltration (GFR >140 ml/min) were 30.5% (MDRD), 44.1% (Cockcroft-Gault), and 10.2 % (calculated cystatin C clearance). Cystatin C was the most consistent marker of hyperfiltration. The endogenous markers of GFR showed an increasing trend with increasing proteinuria, but haematological variables were not correlated with cystatin C, β2-microglobulin, or plasma creatinine. Urine protein excretion was correlated with age (r = 0.33) and significant proteinuria was present in 13.6% of patients. Patients with proteinuria had lower haemoglobin concentration (p = 0.027) than those without proteinuria but HbF was not related to the degree of proteinuria or to markers of GFR.Conclusions:Markers of GFR show variable ability to identify hyperfiltration in patients with SCD, but cystatin C is the best endogenous marker. Proteinuria is associated with age, haemoglobin, and abnormalities of GFR. Routine screening is recommended to allow for early detection and intervention.
Increased expression of connexins 26 and 43 in lymph node metastases of breast cancer
Authors: Kanczuga-Koda L , Sulkowski S , Lenczewski A , Koda M , Wincewicz A , Baltaziak M , Sulkowska M 
Published: March 2006

Background:Gap junctions are intercellular channels composed of connexins, which mediate the direct passage of small molecules between neighbouring cells. They are involved in regulation of cell cycle, cell signalling, and differentiation, and probably invasion and metastasis. The role of connexins in the metastatic process is controversial, because some studies indicate that connexin expression is inversely correlated with metastatic capacity. In contrast, others demonstrate that connexins may be involved in metastasis. In addition, connexin status in breast cancer metastasis has not been widely studied.Methods:We evaluated by immunohistochemistry the expression of connexin 26 (Cx26) and connexin 43 (Cx43) in primary breast tumours (PTs) and matched paired metastases to lymph nodes (MLNs).Results:In PTs, we observed predominantly cytoplasmic localisation of evaluated connexins, indicating alterations in connexin expression in breast cancer cells. We demonstrated that expression of Cx26 and Cx43 was increased in MLNs compared with PTs (p<0.00001 and p<0.001, for CX26 and Cx43, respectively). In addition, Cx26 and Cx43 negative PTs developed Cx26 and Cx43 positive MLNs. Furthermore, besides increased cytoplasmic staining, enhanced membranous localisation of Cx43, typical of normal cells, was found in MLNs. Additionally, membranous Cx26 expression appeared only in metastatic breast cancer cells.Conclusions:These findings suggest that connexins may contribute to the efficient metastasising of breast cancer to the lymph nodes.
Student types, school types and their combined influence on the development of intercultural understanding
Authors: Hill Ian 
Published: March 2006

English The article focuses on students' exposure to intercultural understanding in a number of educational settings. The effect of that exposure depends very much on the nature of the schools, the programmes they offer, and their location. It also depends on the ‘nature’ of the students and how that affects their interaction with the school and its cultural context both within and without. The variables are many, the lines of influence are complex, and the whole process is full of nuances. Typologies of schools and students are used in an attempt to overcome these difficulties and arrive at some conclusions, including the need for an improved nomenclature of school types, which may form the basis for testing through future empirical research. French Cet article s'intéresse à l'exposition des élèves à la compréhension interculturelle dans différents contextes éducatifs. L'impact de cette exposition dépend en grande partie de la nature des établissements scolaires ainsi que des programmes qu'ils offrent et du lieu où ils sont implantés. Il dépend également de la 'nature' des élèves et de la manière dont cela affecte leur interaction avec l'établissement et son contexte culturel dans son enceinte tout comme à l'extérieur. Les variables sont multiples, les lignes d'influence complexes, et l'ensemble du processus est très nuancé. Des typologies des établissements et des élèves sont utilisées pour tenter de surmonter ces difficultés et d'arriver à des conclusions (y compris le besoin d'une nomenclature plus complète des types d'établissements) qui peuvent constituer la base d'expérimentations lors d'une future recherche empirique. Spanish El documento se centra en las experiencias de los alumnos con otras culturas (y el entendimiento intercultural derivado de las mismas) en varios ámbitos de la educación. El impacto de estas experiencias varía en función de la naturaleza del colegio, los programas que ofrece y su ubicación. También depende de la 'naturaleza' de los alumnos y de cómo afecta ésta a su interacción con el colegio y su contexto cultural tanto dentro como fuera del colegio. Las variables son muchas; las influencias, complejas, y el proceso en su conjunto, un cúmulo de matices. La clasificación de colegios y de alumnos se utiliza para intentar superar estas dificultades y llegar a algunas conclusiones (entre las que se incluye la necesidad de mejorar la nomenclatura para designar los tipos de colegios) que puedan servir de base para futuras investigaciones empíricas.
International education and cultural heritage
Authors: Simandiraki Anna 
Published: March 2006

English Although international education is difficult to define, its promotion of cultural diversity is widely accepted. Cultural heritage is the backbone and the product of cultural histories; it is, therefore, essential to national identity construction. As international education is very diverse, its relationship with cultural heritage ranges from alliance to antagonism. How can this relationship be mapped? Does international education promote diversity or does it merely assort cultural heritage symbols? This article will suggest a theoretical framework for the dynamics of this vital relationship. French Bien que l'éducation internationale soit difficile à définir, le fait qu'elle mette en avant la diversité culturelle est largement consenti. L'héritage culturel est à la fois le pilier et le produit des histoires culturelles; il est, par conséquent, essentiel à la construction des identités nationales. Ütant donné que l'éducation internationale est d'une grande diversité, elle entretient avec l'héritage culturel une relation entre alliance et antagonisme. Comment définir précisément cette relation? L'éducation internationale met-elle en avant la diversité ou se contente-t-elle de présenter un assortiment de symboles issus de l'héritage culturel? Cet article propose un cadre théorique de la dynamique de cette relation vitale. Spanish Aunque el concepto de educación internacional es difícil de definir, el modo en que promueve la diversidad cultural está ampliamente aceptado. El patrimonio cultural constituye el pilar y, a la vez, el producto de las historias culturales. Por ello, supone un elemento esencial para la construcción de la identidad nacional. Como la educación internacional es muy diversa, su relación con el patrimonio cultural oscila desde la alianza hasta el antagonismo. 'Cómo puede plantearse esta relación? 'La educación internacional promueve la diversidad o se limita a presentar un mero conglomerado de símbolos pertenecientes a distintos patrimonios culturales? Este artículo propone un marco teórico para dar una explicación a la dinámica de esta relación esencial.
Economic development and the market place for education
Authors: Yamato Yoko , Bray Mark 
Published: March 2006

English To some extent, all schools operate in a market place; but the interaction with the market place may be particularly evident in the international schools sector, since many such schools are operated by foundations or private companies which charge fees. This article focuses on the distinctive market place of Shanghai, China, which has undergone dramatic economic development and has attracted an increasingly international population. The article focuses on both international schools and local schools that are open to the international community. It analyses when and how these schools emerged, and contrasts them with each other in terms of ownership, the types of students they target, and the curriculum offered. French On peut affirmer que, dans une certaine mesure, tous les établissements scolaires évoluent sur des marchés. Les rapports qu'ils entretiennent avec le marché peuvent être particulièrement visibles dans le cas des écoles internationales, car bon nombre de ces écoles sont dirigées par des fondations ou des entreprises privées qui font payer des droits d'inscription. Cet article porte sur le marché de Shanghai, en Chine, un marché à part qui connaît un développement économique spectaculaire et qui attire une population de plus en plus internationale. L'article s'intéresse à la fois aux écoles internationales et aux écoles locales accueillant la communauté internationale. Il analyse le contexte de l'émergence de ces écoles et les compare en termes de direction, types d'élèves ciblés et programmes d'études proposés. Spanish En cierta medida, todos los colegios operan en el mercado. Sin embargo, la interacción con el mercado puede resultar especialmente obvia en el sector de la educación internacional, ya que muchos colegios están dirigidos por fundaciones o compañías privadas que aplican tasas. En este documento se estudia el caso especial del mercado de Shanghai (China) que, tras el extraordinario desarrollo económico que ha experimentado, ha comenzado a atraer a una población cada vez más internacional. El documento se centra en los colegios internacionales y locales abiertos a la comunidad internacional; se analiza cómo y cuándo surgieron estos dos tipos de colegios, y se comparan entre sí en función del régimen de propiedad, la composición del alumnado y el currículo que ofrecen.
Australian students' attitudes to learning about Asia
Authors: Griffin Patrick , Woods Kerry , Dulhunty Mark 
Published: March 2006

English This study aimed to measure Australian students' attitudes to learning about Asia, and to identify contextual factors related to development of positive attitudes. Participants were 3359 Year 5 and 3773 Year 8 students, and 107 Year 5 and 114 Year 8 teachers. For most students, there was keen interest in learning about Asia, but there were clear relationships between attitudes and student year and gender. Information provided by this study could prove of value to educators wishing to improve students', and especially boys', interest in learning. French Cette étude avait pour but de mesurer l'attitude d'élèves australiens concernant l'apprentissage de notions relatives à l'Asie et d'identifier des facteurs contextuels liés au développement d'attitudes positives. Un total de 3 359 élèves de 5e année, 3 773 élèves de 8e année, 107 enseignants de 5e année et 114 enseignants de 8e année ont participé à cette étude. La plupart des élèves ont montré un intérêt marqué pour l'apprentissage de notions relatives à l'Asie, mais des rapports prononcés sont apparus entre les attitudes d'une part et le sexe et l'année d'étude des élèves d'autre part. Les informations fournies par cette étude pourraient s'avérer utiles aux éducateurs qui souhaitent améliorer l'intérêt que les élèves, et surtout les garçons, portent à l'apprentissage. Spanish El propósito de esta investigación era medir las actitudes de alumnos australianos con respecto al estudio de temas relacionados con Asia e identificar factores contextuales ligados al desarrollo de actitudes positivas. Participaron en el estudio 3.359 alumnos de quinto año, 3.773 alumnos de octavo año, 107 profesores de quinto año y 114 profesores de octavo año. La mayoría de los alumnos mostró un buen grado de interés en adquirir conocimientos sobre Asia. No obstante, se apreció una clara relación entre las actitudes y el sexo y el año escolar de los alumnos. La información resultante de este estudio puede ser de utilidad para los educadores que desean mejorar el interés de sus alumnos, especialmente los varones, en el aprendizaje.