bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Childhood predictors of drunkenness in late adolescence among males: a 10‐year population‐based follow‐up study
Authors: Niemelä Solja , Sourander Andre , Poikolainen Kari , Helenius Hans , Sillanmäki Lauri , Parkkola Kai , Piha Jorma , Kumpulainen Kirsti , Almqvist Fredrik , Moilanen Irma 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To study childhood precursors of drunkenness frequency among 18‐year‐old boys in a representative, nation‐wide 10‐year follow‐up study.Design  In 1989, a general population sample of 2946 8‐year‐old boys was collected. Three different informant sources were used: parents, teachers and the boys themselves. The follow‐up was 10 years later in 1999, when the boys were called up for their obligatory military service at age 18. Information about drunkenness frequency was obtained from 78.3% (n = 2306) of the original sample.Setting  Finland, nation‐wide; in 1989 at schools, in 1999 at the obligatory military call‐up.Participants  General population sample of Finnish boys born in 1981.Measurements  At age 8, the Rutter A2 scale, Rutter B2 scale and Child Depression Inventory (CDI) were used. At age 18, self‐reported drunkenness frequency during the previous 6 months was determined.Findings  Of the subjects, 15.0% reported never being drunk from alcohol, 74.6% reported being occasionally drunk and 10.4% reported being drunk at least once a week during the previous 6 months. After adjusting for other variables, teacher's estimate of the child's problem behaviour at age 8 predicted frequent drunkenness in late adolescence. Hyperactive problems predicted both occasional and frequent drunkenness. Conduct problems at age 8 predicted only frequent drunkenness. High teacher‐reported scores of emotional problems predicted lower occurrence of drunkenness‐orientated alcohol use.Conclusions  The educational system has a potential role in detecting boys at risk of later risk‐taking behaviours, such as frequent drunkenness. Early interventions in children with conduct problems and hyperactivity are called for.
Risk of harm among gamblers in the general population as a function of level of participation in gambling activities
Authors: Currie Shawn R. , Hodgins David C. , Wang JianLi , El‐Guebaly Nady , Wynne Harold , Chen Sophie 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTAims To examine the relationship between gambling behaviours and risk of gambling‐related harm in a nationally representative population sample.Design Risk curves of gambling frequency and expenditure (total amount and percentage of income) were plotted against harm from gambling.Setting Data derived from 19 012 individuals participating in the Canadian Community Health Survey—Mental Health and Well‐being cycle, a comprehensive interview‐based survey conducted by Statistics Canada in 2002.Measurement Gambling behaviours and related harms were assessed with the Canadian Problem Gambling Index.Findings Risk curves indicated the chances of experiencing gambling‐related harm increased steadily the more often one gambles and the more money one invests in gambling. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified the optimal limits for low‐risk participation as gambling no more than two to three times per month, spending no more than $501–1000CAN per year on gambling and investing no more than 1% of gross family income on gambling activities. Logistic regression modelling confirmed a significant increase in the risk of gambling‐related harm (odds ratios ranging from 2.0 to 7.7) when these limits were exceeded.Conclusions Risk curves are a promising methodology for examining the relationship between gambling participation and risk of harm. The development of low‐risk gambling limits based on risk curve analysis appears to be feasible.
Declared and undeclared substance use among emergency department patients: a population‐based study
Authors: Rockett Ian R. H. , Putnam Sandra L. , Jia Haomiao , Smith Gordon S. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTAims  To estimate both self‐reported and corrected prevalences of substance use in a population‐based study of general hospital emergency department (ED) patients and predict undeclared use.Design  A state‐wide cross‐sectional, two‐stage probability sample survey that incorporates toxicological screening.Setting  Seven Tennessee EDs in acute care, adult, civilian, non‐psychiatric hospitals.Participants  A total of 1502 Tennessee residents, 18 years of age and older, possessing intact cognition, able to give informed consent and not in police custody. Measurements  Prevalence of self‐reported current substance use by age, sex and type with correction for under‐reporting based on toxicological screening. Covariates in the multivariate analysis of undeclared use were socio‐demographics, ED visit circumstances, health‐care coverage, prior health status and treatment history and tobacco addiction.Findings  Declared current use was highest for alcohol (females 26%, males 47%), marijuana (males 11%, females 6%) and benzodiazepines (females 10%, males 7%). After correction for under‐reporting, overall use for any of the eight targeted substances rose from 44% to 56% for females and 61% to 69% for males. Largest absolute changes involved opioids, benzodiazepines, marijuana, amphetamines and/or methamphetamine, with little change for alcohol. Patients aged 65 years and older manifested excess undeclared use relative to patients aged 18–24 years, as did patients not reporting tobacco addiction or receiving substance abuse treatment.Conclusion  Adjustment for under‐reporting produced minimal change in the estimated prevalence of alcohol use. However, toxicological screening markedly increased estimates of other drug use, especially for the elderly, who may under‐report medication use. Screening tests are useful tools for detecting undeclared substance use.
The genetic epidemiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence
Authors: Agrawal Arpana , Lynskey Michael T. 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTAims  The genetic etiology of cannabis use, abuse and dependence has elicited significant interest from genetic epidemiologists.Methods  Genetically informative studies, including family, twin and adoption studies that have examined the role of genetic and environmental influences on the various stages of cannabis involvement, and the genetic relationship between cannabis, licit drugs and other hard drugs, are reviewed.Results  Findings across a number of such studies have indicated that there is a genetic basis to each stage of cannabis involvement although a proportion of the genetic factors influencing individual stages may be specific to that stage. Multivariate analyses that explore the association between cannabis and licit (alcohol and tobacco) as well as hard drugs (e.g. cocaine, opioids), using multiple methodological strategies, suggest the role of common genetic and environmental influences influencing the liability to cannabis and other drug involvement.Conclusions  The substantial evidence for the heritability of cannabis use, abuse and dependence underscore the importance of linkage and association studies that aim to find genes of etiologic significance.
A smoking cessation intervention for the methadone‐maintained
Authors: Stein Michael D. , Weinstock Marjorie C. , Herman Debra S. , Anderson Bradley J. , Anthony Jennifer L. , Niaura Raymond 
Published: March 2006

ABSTRACTAim  To test, in combination with the nicotine patch, the incremental efficacy of a maximal, tailored behavioral treatment over a minimal treatment for smoking cessation.Design  Randomized clinical trial with 6‐month follow‐up.Setting  Five methadone maintenance treatment centers in Rhode Island.Participants  Three hundred and eighty‐three methadone‐maintained smokers.Intervention  Participants were assigned randomly to nicotine patch (8–12 weeks) plus either (1) a baseline tailored brief motivational intervention, a quit date behavioral skills counseling session and a relapse prevention follow‐up session (Max) or (2) brief advice using the National Cancer Institute's 4 As model (Min). An intent‐to‐treat analysis with those lost to follow‐up assumed to smoke was used.Measurements  Carbon monoxide (CO)‐confirmed 7‐day point smoking cessation prevalence at 3 and 6 months, and self‐reported numbers of cigarettes smoked per day.Findings  Participants had a mean age of 40 years, were 53% male, 78% Caucasian, smoked 26.7 (± 12.2) cigarettes/day and had a mean methadone dose of 95.5 mg. At 3 months, 317 (83%) were reinterviewed; at 6 months, 312 (82%) were reinterviewed. The intent‐to‐treat, 7‐day point prevalence estimate of cessation was 5.2% in the Max group and 4.7% in the Min group (P = 0.81) at 6 months. In logistic models with treatment condition, age, gender, race, Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence and cigarettes per day as covariates, males were more likely to be abstinent at 3 months (OR 4.67; P = 0.003) and 6 months (OR 4.01; P = 0.015).Conclusion  A tailored behavioral intervention did not increase quit rates over patch and minimal treatment. Smoking cessation rates in methadone‐maintained smokers are low, with men having greater success.
QTL analysis of body weight and conformation score in commercial broiler chickens using variance component and half‐sib analyses
Authors: Rowe S. J. , Windsor D. , Haley C. S. , Burt D. W. , Hocking P. M. , Griffin H. , Vincent J. , De Koning D. J. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryThe aim of the study was to investigate quantitative trait loci (QTL) in previously identified regions of chicken chromosomes 1, 4 and 5 relating to 40‐day body weights and conformation scores. Half‐sib (HS) and variance component analyses were implemented and compared using QTL Express software. Data were from a two‐generation design and consisted of 100 dam families nested in 46 sire families with trait values for 2708 offspring. Chicken chromosome 4 showed nominal significance for QTL affecting body weight and conformation, and linkage was confirmed for both traits on chromosome 5. Results varied according to method of analysis and with common parent in the HS method.
Refinement of quantitative trait loci on bovine chromosome 18 affecting health and reproduction in US Holsteins
Authors: Muncie S. A. , Cassady J. P. , Ashwell M. S. 
Published: March 2006

SummarySelection for increased milk yield is associated with decreased fertility in US Holsteins. Previously, a putative quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 18 affecting daughter pregnancy rate (DPR) was identified in one family. Our aim was to determine the validity of the QTL using additional markers and an extended pedigree. Twelve markers were genotyped in 940 descendants of the original sire in which the QTL was identified. Analysis of the extended pedigree detected significant and suggestive QTL for DPR, productive life and somatic cell score. Further analysis is underway to refine the QTL region so that positional candidate genes can be identified.
A genome scan for quantitative trait loci associated with body weight at different developmental stages in chickens
Authors: Gao Y. , Hu X. X. , Du Z. Q. , Deng X. M. , Huang Y. H. , Fei J. , Feng J. D. , Liu Z. L. , Da Y. , Li N. 
Published: March 2006

SummaryA genome scan to detect quantitative trait loci (QTL) affecting body weight in chickens was conducted on 238 F2 chickens from a reciprocal cross of Silky Fowl and White Plymouth Rock using 125 microsatellite markers covering 23 autosomes and the Z chromosome. Two types of QTL were considered: static QTL (SQ) and developmental QTL (DQ). Static QTL affected the body weight from hatch to time t, and DQ affected the body weight from time t−1 to time t. Six SQ and nine DQ were detected. Of these QTL, four reached a genome‐wide significance of 5% or better, with SQ1 and DQ1 being the most significant QTL. Static QTL1 was on chromosome 1 between GCT0006 and MCW0106 and explained 4.05–9.80% of the phenotypic variation in body weights from 3 to 12 weeks of age. At 9, 10 and 11 weeks, the genome‐wide significance thresholds of SQ1 were <1%. Developmental QTL1 was located on chromosome 1 between MCW0168 and GCT0006, and explained 2.75% of the phenotypic variation for body weight from week 7 to 8 with a genome‐wide significance level <1%. The results suggest that body weight from hatch to time t and developmental growth from time t−1 to time t may involve two different sets of genes or gene actions.
Distributional patterns of jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) in Australia
Authors: Richardson B. J. , Zabka M. , Gray M. R. , Milledge G. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAim  To analyse observed and predicted distributional patterns of selected salticid genera in Australia and to examine these distributions in the light of the origins and attributes of the fauna. To detect and compare the locations of regional hotspots when measured using different scales.Location  Australia.Methods  A total of 4104 locality records for specimens of 51 genera were stored in BioLink. Maps of observed and predicted (using bioclim) distributions were prepared for each genus. The predicted distributions were combined to provide estimates of the number of genera likely to be found at each locality in the raster and for each of a set of landscape regions across Australia. The predictions were tested by comparing them with independent data sets.Results  The Australian salticid fauna consists of radiations based on Oriental, Papuan and possibly Gondwanan forms, plus pantropical and peridomestic species. The predicted distributions of genera fall into a limited number of categories and these reflect the traditional biogeographical regions of Australia. Maximum regional diversity is predicted for central eastern Queensland, though diversity at single locations is highest further south in the New South Wales/Queensland border region. The locations of hotspots are therefore scale dependent. Patterns of distribution are not simply related to particular lifestyles. Fewer genera were predicted from inland Australia; however, recent work has shown that there are a large number of undescribed genera in the drier parts of Australia. The prediction maps allowed lists of genera potentially present in unstudied areas to be developed.Main conclusions  (1) The current distribution of genera is predicted by their bioclimatic profiles rather than by their origins or ecology. Some Oriental genera, however, have not reached south‐western Western Australia, though bioclimatic conditions there are predicted to be suitable for them; (2) the highest diversity of genera is predicted to be in south‐eastern Queensland; (3) the results highlight the shortcomings of past fieldwork in Australia, which has concentrated on the areas with higher rainfall; (4) it seems likely that inland Australia will support a large, highly endemic, fauna adapted to the region, and ultimately perhaps 40 or more genera could be found in each region; (5) the results show the possibility of using the maps of predicted distribution of genera not only for biogeographical analyses but also for conservation management and survey purposes.
Local and regional assessments of the impacts of plant invaders on vegetation structure and soil properties of Mediterranean islands
Authors: Vilà Montserrat , Tessier Marc , Suehs Carey M. , Brundu Giuseppe , Carta Luisa , Galanidis Alexandros , Lambdon Philip , Manca Manuela , Médail Frédéric , Moragues Eva , Traveset Anna , Troumbis Andreas Y. , Hulme Philip E. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAims Although biological invasions occur throughout the world, and some invaders are widespread in many habitats, few studies on the ecological impact of invaders have examined multiple sites. We tested how the impact of three widespread plant invaders changed depending on the identity of the species and the invaded island. We also tested whether relative species loss was lower in species‐rich communities than in species‐poor ones.Location We conducted floristic surveys and soil analyses in eight Mediterranean Basin islands: Crete and Lesbos (Greece), Sardinia (Italy), Corsica, Bagaud and Porquerolles (France), and Mallorca and Menorca (Spain).Methods We compared native species richness and diversity, proportion of life forms, soil percentage nitrogen, percentage organic carbon, C/N, and soil pH in nearby paired plots of 2 × 2 m: one control and one invaded by either the deciduous treeAilanthus altissima, the succulent subshrubsCarpobrotusspp. or the annual geophyteOxalis pes‐caprae, across eight Mediterranean Basin islands.Results On average, the presence of invaders reduced species diversity,Carpobrotusspp. exhibiting the largest impact andOxalisthe least. However, the relative impact was island‐dependent, and was positively but weakly associated with the species richness of the recipient community. Therophytes were the life form that experienced the largest decrease across islands. The effects of invasion on soil properties were very variable. Total N changed (increased) only in plots invaded byAilanthus, significantly decreasing the C/N ratio. The presence of this tree increased soil pH, whereas the opposite was found in plots invaded by the other two species. Organic C increased in plots invaded byAilanthusandCarpobrotusspecies.Main conclusions By conducting an analysis at multiple sites, we found that the three plant invaders had an impact on plant community structure not entirely concordant with changes in soil properties. The impacts depended on the identity of the species and of the invaded island, suggesting that impact of invaders is context‐specific. The impact in terms of species loss was not lower in species‐rich than in species‐poor communities.
Multi‐species richness of boreal agricultural landscapes: effects of climate, biotope, soil and geographical location
Authors: Kivinen Sonja , Luoto Miska , Kuussaari Mikko , Helenius Juha 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAim To assess the relative importance of climate, biotope and soil variables as well as geographical location for the species richness of plants, butterflies, day‐active macromoths and wild bees in boreal agricultural landscapes.Location A total of 68 agricultural landscapes located in southern Finland.Methods Generalized linear mixed models were used to analyse the effects of environmental (climate, biotope and soil) and spatial (latitude and longitude) variables on species richness of four taxa in 136 study squares of 0.25 km2. Using partial regression, the variation in species richness was decomposed into the purely environmental fraction; the spatially structured environmental fraction; and the purely spatial fraction, including variables retained in cubic trend surface regression.Results Species richness of all taxa was positively correlated with temperature. Species richness of plants and butterflies was also positively correlated with the heterogeneity of landscape. The extent of low‐intensity agricultural land and forest had a positive effect, and the extent of cultivated field a negative effect on the species richness of these taxa. The effect of soil characteristics on the number of observed species was negligible for all taxa. The greatest part of the explained variation for all taxa was accounted for by the pure effect of geographical location. To a somewhat lesser extent, the species richness of plants, butterflies and bees was also related to the effects of spatially structured environmental variables, and the species richness of macromoths to the effects of environmental variables.Main conclusions Multi‐species richness of boreal agricultural landscapes at the scale of 0.25 km2was associated with the heterogeneity of the local landscape. However, large‐scale geographical variation in species richness was also observed, which indicates the importance of climate and geographical location for the taxa studied. These results highlight the fact that, even on a landscape scale, geographical factors should be taken into account in biodiversity studies. Heterogeneous agricultural landscapes, including forest and non‐crop biotopes, should be preserved or restored to maintain biodiversity.
Broad‐scale patterns of body size in squamate reptiles of Europe and North America
Authors: Olalla‐Tárraga Miguel Á. , Rodríguez Miguel Á. , Hawkins Bradford A. 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAim  To document geographical interspecific patterns of body size of European and North American squamate reptile assemblages and explore the relationship between body size patterns and environmental gradients.Location  North America and western Europe.Methods  We processed distribution maps for native species of squamate reptiles to document interspecific spatial variation of body size at a grain size of 110 × 110 km. We also examined seven environmental variables linked to four hypotheses possibly influencing body size gradients. We used simple and multiple regression, evaluated using information theory, to identify the set of models best supported by the data.Results  Europe is characterized by clear latitudinal trends in body size, whereas geographical variation in body size in North America is complex. There is a consistent association of mean body size with measures of ambient energy in both regions, although lizards increase in size northwards whereas snakes show the opposite pattern. Our best models accounted for almost 60% of the variation in body size of lizards and snakes within Europe, but the proportions of variance explained in North America were less than 20%.Main conclusions  Although body size influences the energy balance of thermoregulating ectotherms, inconsistent biogeographical patterns and contrasting associations with energy in lizards and snakes suggest that no single mechanism can explain variation of reptile body size in the northern temperate zone.
A new algorithm to calculate the nestedness temperature of presence–absence matrices
Authors: Rodríguez‐Gironés Miguel A. , Santamaría Luis 
Published: March 2006

AbstractAim  The nestedness temperature of presence–absence matrices is currently calculated with the nestedness temperature calculator (NTC). In the algorithm implemented by the NTC: (1) the line of perfect order is not uniquely defined, (2) rows and columns are reordered in such a way that the packed matrix is not the one with the lowest temperature, and (3) the null model used to determine the probabilities of finding random matrices with the same or lower temperature is not adequate for most applications. We develop a new algorithm, BINMATNEST (binary matrix nestedness temperature calculator), that overcomes these difficulties.Methods  BINMATNEST implements a line of perfect order that is uniquely defined, uses genetic algorithms to determine the reordering of rows and columns that leads to minimum matrix temperature, and provides three alternative null models to calculate the statistical significance of matrix temperature.Results  The NTC performs poorly when the input matrix has checkerboard patterns. The more efficient packing of BINMATNEST translates into matrix temperatures that are lower than those computed with the NTC. The null model implemented in the NTC is associated with a large frequency of type I error, while the other null models implemented in BINMATNEST (null models 2 and 3) are conservative. Overall, null model 3 provides the best performance. The nestedness temperature of a matrix is affected by its size and fill, but the probability that such a temperature is obtained by chance is not. BINMATNEST reorders the input matrix in such a way that, if fragment size/isolation plays a role in determining community structure, there will be a significant rank correlation between the size/isolation of the fragments and the way that they are ordered in the packed matrix.Main conclusions  The nestedness temperature of presence–absence matrices should not be calculated with the NTC. The algorithm implemented by BINMATNEST is more robust, allowing for across‐study comparisons of the extent to which the nestedness of communities departs from randomness. The sequence in which BINMATNEST reorders habitat fragments provides information about the causal role of immigration and extinction in shaping the community under study.