bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spousal Mobility and Earnings
Authors: McKinnish Terra 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
An important finding in the literature on migration has been that the earnings of married women typically decrease with a move, while the earnings of married men often increase with a move, suggesting that married women are more likely to act as the “trailing spouse.” This article considers a related but largely unexplored question: what is the effect of having an occupation that is associated with frequent migration on the migration decisions of a household and on the earnings of the spouse? Further, how do these effects differ between men and women? The Public Use Microdata Sample from the 2000 U.S. decennial census is used to calculate migration rates by occupation and education. The analysis estimates the effects of these occupational mobility measures on the migration of couples and the earnings of married individuals. I find that migration rates in both the husband’s and wife’s occupations affect the household migration decision, but mobility in the husband’s occupation matters considerably more. For couples in which the husband has a college degree (regardless of the wife’s educational level), a husband’s mobility has a large, significant negative effect on his wife’s earnings, whereas a wife’s mobility has no effect on her husband’s earnings. This negative effect does not exist for college-educated wives married to non-college-educated husbands.
Wives and ex-wives: A new test for homogamy bias in the widowhood effect
Authors: Elwert Felix , Christakis Nicholas A. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractIncreased mortality following the death of a spouse (the “widowhood effect”) may be due to (1) causation, (2) bias from spousal similarity (homogamy), or (3) bias from shared environmental exposures. This article proposes new tests for bias in the widowhood effect by examining husbands, wives, and ex-wives in a longitudinal sample of over 1 million elderly Americans. If the death of an ex-wife has no causal effect on the mortality of her husband, then an observed association between the mortality of an ex-wife and her husband may indicate bias, while the absence of an effect of an ex-wife’s death on her husband’s mortality would discount the possibility of homogamy bias (and also of one type of shared-exposure bias). Results from three empirical tests provide strong evidence for an effect of a current wife’s death on her husband’s mortality yet no statistically signifi cant evidence for an effect of an ex-wife’s death on her husband’s mortality. These results strengthen the causal interpretation of the widowhood effect by suggesting that the widowhood effect is not due to homogamy bias to any substantial degree.
No trend in the intergenerational transmission of divorce
Authors: Li Jui-Chung Allen , Wu Lawrence L. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Previous studies on trends in the intergenerational transmission of divorce have produced mixed findings, with two studies (McLanahan and Bumpass 1988; Teachman 2002) reporting no trend in divorce transmission and one study (Wolfinger 1999) finding that divorce transmission has weakened substantially. Using a stratified Cox proportional hazard model, we analyze data from the National Survey of Families and Households and find no evidence for any trend in divorce transmission. To reconcile apparent differences in results, we note that the General Social Survey data used by Wolfinger lack information on marital duration, permitting analysis only for whether respondents have divorced by interview. As a result, an apparent decline in divorce transmission could be due to inadequate adjustments for the longer exposures to risk by earlier marriage cohorts, yielding a higher probability of divorce by interview for earlier cohorts relative to more recent cohorts even if divorce risks are identical across all marriage cohorts. We confirm this possibility by using a series of discrete-time hazard logistic regressions to investigate the sensitivity of estimates of trends in divorce transmission to different adjustments for exposure to risk. We conclude that there has been no trend in the intergenerational transmission of divorce.
When to promote, and when to avoid, a population perspective
Authors: Duncan Greg J. 
Published: November 2008

AbstractDemography’s population perspective, and the sampling methods that help produce it, are powerful but underutilized research tools. The first half of this article makes the case for more vigorous promotion of a population perspective throughout the sciences. It briefly reviews the basic elements of population sampling and then provides examples from both developed and developing countries of how population sampling can enrich random-assignment policy experiments, multisite studies, and qualitative research. At the same time, an ill-considered application of a population perspective to the problem of causal inference can hinder social and behavioral science. The second half of the article describes the “slippery slope” by which some demographic studies slide from providing a highly useful description about the population to using regressions to estimate causal models for that population. It then suggests that causal modeling is sometimes well served by a highly selective look at small subsets of a population with interesting variability in independent variables of interest. A robust understanding of causal effects, however, rests on convergence between selective and population-wide perspectives.
Prenatal health investment decisions: Does the child’s sex matter?
Authors: Lhila Aparna , Simon Kosali I. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
Individuals invest in their own health, but children rely on parents to act on their behalf, especially in the case of prenatal health. In this article, we ask, Do parents in the United States who choose to give birth allocate resources differently in the prenatal health of their sons and daughters when the sex of the child is known in advance? We pay special attention to prenatal health behaviors, which can be viewed as investment decisions, of first-generation immigrant parents from India and China, two countries with demonstrated son preference. Ultrasound receipt proxies for knowing fetal gender, enabling us to separate child sex-related biological differences from investment differences in sons’ and daughters’ health. There is evidence consistent with sex-selective abortions among Indian and Chinese populations, but among parents who choose to carry the pregnancy to term, our findings do not suggest that knowledge of child sex drives prenatal health investments in the United States, neither in the population as a whole nor among Indian and Chinese immigrants.
A decomposition method based on a model of continuous change
Authors: Horiuchi Shiro , Wilmoth John R. , Pletcher Scott D. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
A demographic measure is often expressed as a deterministic or stochastic function of multiple variables (covariates), and a general problem (the decomposition problem) is to assess contributions of individual covariates to a difference in the demographic measure (dependent variable) between two populations. We propose a method of decomposition analysis based on an assumption that covariates change continuously along an actual or hypothetical dimension. This assumption leads to a general model that logically justifies the additivity of covariate effects and the elimination of interaction terms, even if the dependent variable itself is a nonadditive function. A comparison with earlier methods illustrates other practical advantages of the method: in addition to an absence of residuals or interaction terms, the method can easily handle a large number of covariates and does not require a logically meaningful ordering of covariates. Two empirical examples show that the method can be applied flexibly to a wide variety of decomposition problems. This study also suggests that when data are available at multiple time points over a long interval, it is more accurate to compute an aggregated decomposition based on multiple subintervals than to compute a single decomposition for the entire study period.
Gender, resources across the life course, and cognitive functioning in Egypt
Authors: Yount Kathryn M. 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In this article, I evaluate the life-course determinants of cognitive functioning among 1,003 women and men aged 50 and older in Ismailia, Egypt. Three questions motivate this analysis: (1) Do older women have poorer cognitive functioning than do older men?; (2) Do cognitive resources accrued in childhood and adulthood have net positive associations with later-life cognitive functioning for women and men?; and (3) To what extent do differences in the amounts and effects of women’s and men’s cognitive resources account for gaps in their cognitive functioning? Compared with men, women have lower Modified-Mini Mental Status Exam (M-MMSE) scores for overall cognitive functioning. Cognitive resources in childhood and adulthood are jointly associated with the M-MMSE score. About 83% of the gender gap in mean M-MMSE scores is attributable to gaps in men’s and women’s attributes across the life course. Gender gaps in childhood cognitive resources—and especially schooling attainment—account for the largest share (18%) of the residual gender gap in cognitive functioning.
Urbanization and fertility: An event-history analysis of Coastal Ghana
Authors: White Michael J. , Muhidin Salut , Andrzejewski Catherine , Tagoe Eva , Knight Rodney , Reed Holly 
Published: November 2008

Abstract
In this article, we undertake an event-history analysis of fertility in Ghana. We exploit detailed life history calendar data to conduct a more refined and definitive analysis of the relationship among personal traits, urban residence, and fertility. Although urbanization is generally associated with lower fertility in developing countries, inferences in most studies have been hampered by a lack of information about the timing of residence in relationship to childbearing. We find that the effect of urbanization itself is strong, evident, and complex, and persists after we control for the effects of age, cohort, union status, and education. Our discrete-time event-history analysis shows that urban women exhibit fertility rates that are, on average, 11% lower than those of rural women, but the effects vary by parity. Differences in urban population traits would augment the effects of urban adaptation itself. Extensions of the analysis point to the operation of a selection effect in rural-to-urban mobility but provide limited evidence for disruption effects. The possibility of further selection of urbanward migrants on unmeasured traits remains. The analysis also demonstrates the utility of an annual life history calendar for collecting such data in the field.
Uniaxial Tension Tests on Cement-Stabilized Granular Materials
Authors: Kolias S , Williams RIT 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper presents details of tests to evaluate the suitability of a double scissor friction grip system, initially developed for conventional concrete, for determining uniaxial tensile strength of cement-stabilized granular materials suitable for use in roadbase construction. The system is examined in terms of the variability of the results, the significance of fracture location, and the distribution of strain, and is judged to show promise. Test results on a cement-stabilized gravel, typical of roadbase materials used in the United Kingdom, are given, including the stress-strain characteristics in tension, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression, and the strengths in tension, compression, and flexure.
Minding Our Manors: Lithuanian Heritage at Risk
Authors: Bucas Jurgis , Grazuleviciute-Vileniske Indre , Medisauskiene Zita , Vitkuviene Jurga 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The article presents an analysis of the present state of and prospects for preserving Lithuanian manor residences. It describes the general state of historic preservation in Lithuania and surveys the history of Lithuanian manors from their initial construction until the present, revealing the impacts of political, social, and landscape changes to this heritage. The nation's turbulent history, its repeated occupations, agrarian reforms, and changes to the landscape resulted in distinctly individual Lithuanian manor residences. Because of the nation's difficult history, preservation of this heritage has been fraught with problems. However, due to a dramatic shift in country's political situation over the past sixteen years, scholars have increasingly focused on Lithuanian cultural identity, and their growing interest raises hope that this distinctive heritage will be preserved.
Systematic Identification of Gene Activities Promoting Hypoxic Death
Authors: Mabon Meghann E , Mao Xianrong , Jiao York , Scott Barbara A , Crowder C Michael 
Published: December 2008

AbstractThe sensitivity of an organism to hypoxic injury varies widely across species and among cell types. However, a systematic description of the determinants of metazoan hypoxic sensitivity is lacking. Toward this end, we screened a whole-genome RNAi library for genes that promote hypoxic sensitivity in Caenorhabditis elegans. RNAi knockdown of 198 genes conferred an invariant hypoxia-resistant phenotype (Hyp-r). Eighty-six per cent of these hyp genes had strong homologs in other organisms, 73 with human reciprocal orthologs. The hyp genes were distributed among multiple functional categories. Transcription factors, chromatin modifying enzymes, and intracellular signaling proteins were highly represented. RNAi knockdown of about half of the genes produced no apparent deleterious phenotypes. The hyp genes had significant overlap with previously identified life span extending genes. Testing of the RNAi's in a mutant background defective in somatic RNAi machinery showed that most genes function in somatic cells to control hypoxic sensitivity. DNA microarray analysis identified a subset of the hyp genes that may be hypoxia regulated. siRNA knockdown of human orthologs of the hyp genes conferred hypoxia resistance to transformed human cells for 40% of the genes tested, indicating extensive evolutionary conservation of the hypoxic regulatory activities. The results of the screen provide the first systematic picture of the genetic determinants of hypoxic sensitivity. The number and diversity of genes indicates a surprisingly nonredundant genetic network promoting hypoxic sensitivity.
Psychologists working as members of the intensive care team could reduce the length of stay
Authors: K. Szilágyi Adrienn , Diószeghy Csaba , Varga Katalin 
Published: November 2008

A lélegeztetett betegek sorsának kimenetele hosszú és rövid távon is függ az intenzív osztályon és a lélegeztetőgépen töltött időtől. Az intenzív osztályos kezelést túlélt betegek egészséghez kötött életminősége bizonyítottan összefügg az intenzíves kezelés fizikai és pszichés hatásaival. Előző multicentrikus randomizált vizsgálatunkban bemutattuk az intenzíves kezeléssel egy időben adott pszichés támogatás hatását.
Célkitűzés:
A jelen post hoc analízis célja, hogy bemutassa a pszichés támogatás hatását, amikor azt folytonosan ugyanaz, a teamhez tartozó terapeuta biztosítja.
Módszer:
A post hoc analízisbe 36 beteg került: 17 a kontroll-, 19 a vizsgálati csoportba. A vizsgálati csoport naponta részesült pozitív szuggesztiókon alapuló pszichés támogatásban, amelyet a kezelés minimum 50%-ában ugyanaz a terapeuta végzett. A kontrollcsoport ugyanazt a kezelést kapta, a pszichológus bevonása nélkül. A két csoport között nem volt különbség korban, nemben, SAPSII-pontokban és az orvosi alapellátásban.
Eredmények:
Az eredmények szignifikánsan rövidebb gépi lélegeztetést (3,6 nap,
p
< 0,014) és osztályon tartózkodást (4,2 nap,
p
< 0,022) mutattak a vizsgálati csoport esetében.
Következtetések:
Ezek az eredmények igazolják az intenzív osztályos team teljes tagjaként alkalmazott pszichológus értékét és annak fontosságát, hogy gondoskodjunk a betegek pszichés támogatásáról.
Invasive endoscopy or surgery for pancreatic disorders?
Authors: Pap Ákos 
Published: November 2008

Az endoszkópos kettős papillotomia már évekkel ezelőtt elfoglalta a sebészi transduodenalis papillaplasztika helyét a papilla betegségeiben és krónikus pancreatitisben. A pseudocysták endoszkópos szájaztatása is helyettesítheti a korábban egyeduralkodó sebészi módszereket még az akut pancreatitis nekrotizáló formáiban kialakuló „walled of necrosis” esetében is, akár fertőzött, akár steril folyadékgyülemről van szó. Krónikus pancreatitisben az endoterápia első beavatkozásként ajánlott a gyakran jobb késői fájdalommentességet eredményező sebészi eljárások előtt. A kőtörés, kőoldás vagy -extrakció és a többszörös pancreasstentek, lehetőleg agresszív ballonos tágítás nélkül, fokozatosan kalibrálják a domináns vezeték szűkületét berepedés, ischaemia és oldalági obstrukció nélkül. A recidívamentes periódus megnyúlik (stent nélkül is) az alkoholfogyasztás és a dohányzás teljes elhagyása esetén. Jól kontrollált, randomizált vizsgálat szükséges a többszörös pancreasstentek klinikai előnyének bizonyítására a sebészi technikákkal szemben.
Antiangiogenic therapy for gastrointestinal tumors
Authors: Lakatos Gábor , Tulassay Zsolt 
Published: November 2008

Az érképződés fontos szerepet játszik számos betegség kialakulásában. A vascularis endothelnövekedési faktor központi fontosságú az élettani és a kóros érképződés folyamatában. A VEGF fokozott expressziója összefügg a daganatos érképződéssel, az áttétek kialakulásával és a tumorsejtek proliferációjával. A humán monoklonális anti-VEGF-antitest (bevacizumab) a hagyományos kemoterápia kiegészítéseként alkalmazva jó hatású lehet különböző daganatok kezelésében. Egyre több adat igazolja, hogy a bevacizumab javítja a betegek életkilátásait áttétet adó colorectalis carcinomában és előrehaladott hepatocellularis carcinomában. További vizsgálatok szükségesek az érképzést gátló kezelés hatékonyságának megítélésére egyéb tápcsatorna-daganatokban. Közleményünkben az emésztőszervi daganatok kezelésében alkalmazott, érképzést gátló készítményekkel kapcsolatos újabb eredményeket foglaljuk össze.
SWI/SNF-Brg1 Regulates Self-Renewal and Occupies Core Pluripotency-Related Genes in Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Kidder Benjamin L. , Palmer Stephen , Knott Jason G. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The SWI/SNF-Brg1 chromatin remodeling protein plays critical roles in cell-cycle control and differentiation through regulation of gene expression. Loss of Brg1 in mice results in early embryonic lethality, and recent studies have implicated a role for Brg1 in somatic stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. However, little is known about Brg1 function in preimplantation embryos and embryonic stem (ES) cells. Here we report that Brg1 is required for ES cell self-renewal and pluripotency. RNA interference-mediated knockdown of Brg1 in blastocysts caused aberrant expression of Oct4 and Nanog. In ES cells, knockdown of Brg1 resulted in phenotypic changes indicative of differentiation, downregulation of self-renewal and pluripotency genes (e.g., Oct4, Sox2, Sall4, Rest), and upregulation of differentiation genes. Using genome-wide promoter analysis (chromatin immunoprecipitation) we found that Brg1 occupied the promoters of key pluripotency-related genes, including Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, Sall4, Rest, and Polycomb group (PcG) proteins. Moreover, Brg1 co-occupied a subset of Oct4, Sox2, Nanog, and PcG protein target genes. These results demonstrate an important role for Brg1 in regulating self-renewal and pluripotency in ES cells.
Pluripotin Combined with Leukemia Inhibitory Factor Greatly Promotes the Derivation of Embryonic Stem Cell Lines from Refractory Strains
Authors: Yang Weifeng , Wei Wei , Shi Cheng , Zhu Jinliang , Ying Wenqin , Shen Yan , Ye Xin , Fang Lingling , Duo Shuguang , Che Jie , Shen Huan , Ding Sheng , Deng Hongkui 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Most mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from a 129 or C57BL/6 background, whereas the derivation efficiency of ES cells is extremely low on certain refractory types of background for which ES cells are highly desired. Here we report an optimized, highly efficient protocol by combining pluripotin, a small molecule, and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) for the derivation of mouse ES cells. With this method, we successfully isolated ES cell lines from five strains of mice, with an efficiency of 57% for NOD-scid, 63% for SCID beige, 80% for CD-1, and 100% for two F1 strains from C57BL/6×CD-1. By tracking the Oct4-positive cells in the Oct4-green fluorescent protein embryos in the process of ES cell isolation, we found that pluripotin combined with LIF improved the efficiency of ES cell isolation by selectively maintaining the Oct4-positive cells in the outgrowth. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ES cells being efficiently derived from immunodeficient mice on refractory backgrounds (NOD-scid on a NOD background and SCID beige on a BALB/c background).
Cancer and Immune Response: Old and New Evidence for Future Challenges
Authors: de la Cruz-Merino Luis , Grande-Pulido Enrique , Albero-Tamarit Ana , Codes-Manuel de Villena Manuel Eduardo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract

Learning Objectives
After completing this course, the reader should be able to: Discuss the current scientific background of immunotherapy applied to cancer treatment.Suggest lines of future investigation in the immunotherapy field.Explain the rationale for developing and discuss the current status of new immunotherapeutic approaches in solid tumors.
CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at http://CME.TheOncologist.com
Cancer may occur as a result of abnormal host immune system tolerance. Recent studies have confirmed the occurrence of spontaneous and induced antitumor immune responses expressed as the presence of tumor-infiltrating T cells in the tumor microenvironment in some cancer models. This finding has been recognized as a good prognostic factor in several types of tumors. Some chemotherapy agents, such as anthracyclines and gemcitabine, are effective boosters of the immune response through tumor-specific antigen overexpression after apoptotic tumor cell destruction. Other strategies, such as GM-CSF or interleukin-2, are pursued to increase immune cell availability in the tumor vicinity, and thus improve both antigen presentation and T-cell activation and proliferation. In addition, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4–blocking monoclonal antibodies enhance immune activity by prolonging T-cell activation. Strategies to stimulate the dormant immune system against tumors are varied and warrant further investigation of their applications to cancer therapy in the future.