bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Challenging the New Military History: The Case of Eighteenth‐Century British Army Studies
Authors: Tatum William P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractSince the 1950s, academic military history has experienced an explosion in the quantity and quality of its scholarship. Historians have traditionally attributed this expansion to the advent of the “New Military History.” This article challenges the conventional account of academic military history's expansion by examining the past thirty years of work on the eighteenth‐century British Army. The results of this analysis will be used to suggest replacing the traditional divide between new and old military history with the more utilitarian subfields of the History of War and the History of the Army.
Characterization of the antioxidant profile of human saliva in peri‐implant health and disease
Authors: Liskmann Stanislav , Vihalemm Tiiu , Salum Olev , Zilmer Kersti , Fischer Krista , Zilmer Mihkel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives: Peri‐implant disease is considered to be an inflammatory disease, but many aspects of its pathogenesis remain unknown. At present, peri‐implant disease is considered to be initiated and perpetuated by a small group of predominantly Gram‐negative, anaerobic, or micro‐aerophilic bacteria that colonize the subgingival area. Bacteria cause the observed tissue destruction directly by toxic products and indirectly by activating host defence systems, i.e. inflammation. A variety of molecular species appears in the inflamed tissues, among them are reactive species such as free radicals and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The purpose of this study was to assess levels of various antioxidants in saliva to identify differences between the saliva of patients with healthy peri‐implant tissues and patients with peri‐implant disease, and to examine whether the whole saliva of those with peri‐implant disease conditions might have lower levels of antioxidants than that of healthy individuals.Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy adult volunteers (14 men and 16 women) with implant‐supported overdentures (Ankylos® Biofunctional Implants) were selected from the group of patients from Tallinn Dental Clinic. Biochemical and clinical parameters evaluated were the following ones: the levels of urate, ascorbate, myeloperoxidase in saliva, total antioxidant status of saliva, pocket probing depth (mm), gingival index (0, 1, 2, or 3), and bleeding on probing (0 or 1).Results and conclusion: Total antioxidant status (TAS) of saliva and concentration of uric acid and ascorbate, which are the main salivary antioxidants, are significantly decreased in patients with peri‐implant disease. TAS in healthy subjects was 0.41±0.10 for resting saliva and 0.31±0.09 for stimulated saliva; in diseased subjects TAS was 0.19±0.07 and 0.12±0.03, respectively. In healthy subjects, the concentration of urate was 307.2±78.06 μM/l in resting saliva and 241.5±89.09 μM/l in stimulated saliva. In diseased patients, the concentration of urate was 120±36.13 and 91.60±39.35 μM/l, respectively. The concentration of ascorbate did not differ in resting and stimulated saliva. In healthy subjects, it was 2.79±0.81 mg/l and in diseased subjects, it was 1.54±0.30 mg/l. This may indicate that excessive ROS production in peri‐implant disease is leading to the situation of excessive oxidative stress, which may be an important factor contributing the destruction of peri‐implant tissues.The importance of these findings may be the better understanding of the processes involved in the pathogenesis of peri‐implant disease and that the treatment of peri‐implant disease may involve adjuvant anti‐oxidants supplementation together with cumulative interceptive supportive therapy concept introduced by Mombelli & Lang.
Decontamination of rough titanium surfaces with diode lasers: microbiological findings on in vivo grown biofilms
Authors: Sennhenn‐Kirchner Sabine , Klaue Sören , Wolff Nadine , Mergeryan Hamparsum , Borg von Zepelin Margarete , Jacobs Hans Georg 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives: The bactericidal efficacy of diode lasers has already been demonstrated in vitro. We investigated the reduction of aerobe bacteria – colonizing rough titanium samples in biofilms intraorally grown – by diode lasers of different wave lengths.Material and methods: Twenty‐two volunteers participated in the trial. They were fitted for 10 days with custom‐made intraoral plastic splints carrying titanium sleeves. A part of the sleeves was then irradiated with diode lasers in different modes. The other part remained non‐irradiated and served as control. Directly after irradiation, the sleeves were swabbed and the gained bacteria were first examined microscopically and then were cultured under aerobic conditions.Results: The bacteria in the controls and in the treated samples were quantified. A comparison with the controls revealed a marked overall reduction of bacterial colonization in all irradiated sleeves. Continuous irradiation for 20 s reduced bacteria counts by 99.67% at 810 nm and 99.58% at 980 nm. Repeating the 20 s exposure five times reduced counts by 99.98% at 810 nm and by 99.39% at 980 nm. A 98.86% reduction was seen after irradiation in pulsed mode. A further analysis in respect of different isolated bacteria revealed that the streptococci group was reduced by 99.29–99.99%, while the staphylococci group was reduced to a lesser extent in the range 94.67–99.99%.Conclusion: The results are of clinical relevance. In comparison with the mean bacterial counts of the untreated samples, all irradiation programs studied in this investigation reduced mean bacterial colonization in a biofilm on intraoral rough titanium surfaces by more than 98%. The actual extent of reduction was dependent on the bacteria species as well as on the irradiation mode.
Cementable implant crowns composed of cast superstructure frameworks luted to electroformed primary copings: an in vitro retention study
Authors: Di Felice Roberto , Rappelli Giorgio , Camaioni Emanuele , Cattani Maria , Meyer Jean‐Marc , Belser Urs C. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjective: The aim of this in vitro study was to investigate, on ITI solid abutments, the retention values of single crowns fabricated using an alternative prosthetic solution: secondary cast superstructure luted to an electroformed primary coping.Materials and methods: Fifty standard 4.1 mm ITI implants and 5.5 mm high ITI machined abutments were assembled and mounted in acrylic resin. Implant/abutment assemblies were randomly divided into two groups. In the test group, primary galvanic caps were directly fabricated on implant abutments (A.G.C. Micro machine), and a secondary cast noble alloy superstructure was luted on each primary galvanic cap with a resin cement (Nimetic Cem). In the control group, prefabricated burn‐out caps were used for casting the metal frameworks. Test and control crowns were cemented using a resin cement (Panavia 21). After storage at 37° for 24 h, the specimens were subjected to a pull‐out test using an Instron universal testing machine. The load required to dislodge each sample and the respective mode of failure were recorded. Means and standard deviations of loads at failure were analyzed using ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at P≤0.05.Results: The retention values (±SD) of loads at failure were 67.26 (±16.61) for the test group and 44.03 (±9.45) for the control group. In the test group no separation occurred between the electroformed (galvanic) primary cap and the secondary superstructure.Conclusions: The results showed that this prosthetic solution is superior on retentive performance than the conventional cast framework. An added clinical advantage of this novel method is its potential to provide a totally passive fit.Further in vitro and in vivo studies involving multiple‐unit restorations are needed in order to more generally validate this prosthetic concept.
Bone regeneration in dehiscence‐type defects at chemically modified (SLActive®) and conventional SLA titanium implants: a pilot study in dogs
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Herten Monika , Sager Martin , Wieland Marco , Dard Michel , Becker Jürgen 
Published: November 2006

AbstractObjectives: The aim of the present study was to evaluate bone regeneration in dehiscence‐type defects at titanium implants with chemically modified (mod) and conventional sand‐blasted/acid‐etched (SLA) surfaces.Material and Methods: Standardized buccal dehiscence defects (height: 3 mm, width: 3 mm) were surgically created following implant site preparation in both the upper and lower jaws of four beagle dogs. modSLA and SLA implants were inserted bilaterally according to a split‐mouth design. The animals were sacrificed after 2 and 12 weeks (n=2 animals each). Dissected blocks were processed for histomorphometrical analysis: defect length, new bone height (NBH), percent linear fill (PLF), percent of bone‐to‐implant contact (BIC‐D) and area of new bone fill (BF).Results: Wound healing at SLA implants was predominantly characterized by the formation of a dense connective tissue at 2 and 12 weeks, without significant increases in mean NBH, PLF, BIC‐D or BF values. In contrast, modSLA implants exhibited a complete defect fill at 12 weeks following implant placement. In particular, histomorphometrical analysis revealed the following mean values at 12 weeks: NBH (3.2±0.3 mm), PLF (98%), BIC‐D (82%) and BF (2.3±0.4 mm2).Conclusion: Within the limits of the present study, it was concluded that modSLA titanium surfaces may promote bone regeneration in acute‐type buccal dehiscence defects at submerged implants.
Review article: the role of sleep in the pathogenesis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease
Authors: ORR W. C. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryNight‐time heartburn is common in patients with gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease and its consequences in terms of sleep disturbance and subsequent effects on daytime functioning are substantial.Most patients with night‐time heartburn indicate that it is more bothersome than daytime heartburn. A significant odds ratio has been described between night‐time heartburn and daytime sleepiness and fatigue.Sleep‐related gastro‐oesophageal reflux has characteristics that distinguish it from waking reflux and that have been shown to enhance the risk of the development of reflux oesophagitis. Swallowing and salivary flow are markedly diminished during sleep and behavioural arousal responses to acid mucosal contact are blunted due to the depressed consciousness of the sleeping state. These sleep‐related changes conspire to prolong acid mucosal contact, which in turn increases the likelihood of significant hydrogen ion back‐diffusion and the risk of oesophageal damage.An awareness of the presence of night‐time heartburn suggests significant sleep‐related gastro‐oesophageal reflux and this should be assessed in order to optimally treat gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease patients.Consideration of PPI treatment should involve an assessment of its effectiveness in maintaining acid suppression throughout the sleeping interval.
Kinetic Study of Hydrolysis of Benzoates. Part XXVI. Variation of the Substituent Effect with Solvent in Alkaline Hydrolysis of Substituted Alkyl Benzoates
Authors: Nummert Vilve , Piirsalu Mare , Koppel Ilmar A. 
Published: November 2006

The second-order rate constants k2 (dm3 mol-1 s-1) for the alkaline hydrolysis of substituted alkyl benzoates C6H5CO2R have been measured spectrophotometrically in aqueous 0.5 M Bu4NBr at 50 and 25 °C (R = CH3, CH2Cl, CH2CN, CH2C≡CH, CH2C6H5, CH2CH2Cl, CH2CH2OCH3, CH2CH3) and in aqueous 5.3 M NaClO4 at 25 °C (R = CH3, CH2Cl, CH2CN, CH2C≡CH). The dependence of the alkyl substituent effects on different solvent parameters was studied using the following equations: ∆ log k = c0 + c1σI + c2EsB + c3∆E + c4∆Y + c5∆P + c6∆EσI + c7∆YσI + c8∆PσI ∆ log k = c0 + c1σ* + c2EsB + c3∆E + c4∆Y + c5∆P + c6∆Eσ* + c7∆Yσ* + c8∆Pσ* . ∆ log k = log kR - log kCH3. σI and σ* are the Taft inductive and polar substituent constants. E, Y and P are the solvent electrophilicity, polarity and polarizability parameters, respectively. In the data treatment ∆E = ES - EH2O , ∆Y = YS - YH2O , ∆P = PS - PH2O were used. The solvent electrophilicity, E, was found to be the main factor responsible for changes in alkyl substituent effects with medium. When σI constants were used, variation of the polar term of alkyl substituents with the solvent electrophilicity E was found to be similar to that observed earlier for meta and para substituents, but twice less when σ* constants were used. The steric term for alkyl substituents was approximately independent of the solvent parameters.
JUICE: a data management system that facilitates the analysis of large volumes of information in an EST project workflow
Authors: Latorre Mariano , Silva Herman , Saba Juan , Guziolowski Carito , Vizoso Paula , Martinez Veronica , Maldonado Jonathan , Morales Andrea , Caroca Rodrigo , Cambiazo Veronica , Campos-Vargas Reinaldo , Gonzalez Mauricio , Orellana Ariel , Retamales Julio , Meisel Lee A 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Expressed sequence tag (EST) analyses provide a rapid and economical means to identify candidate genes that may be involved in a particular biological process. These ESTs are useful in many Functional Genomics studies. However, the large quantity and complexity of the data generated during an EST sequencing project can make the analysis of this information a daunting task.

Results
In an attempt to make this task friendlier, we have developed JUICE, an open source data management system (Apache + PHP + MySQL on Linux), which enables the user to easily upload, organize, visualize and search the different types of data generated in an EST project pipeline. In contrast to other systems, the JUICE data management system allows a branched pipeline to be established, modified and expanded, during the course of an EST project.
The web interfaces and tools in JUICE enable the users to visualize the information in a graphical, user-friendly manner. The user may browse or search for sequences and/or sequence information within all the branches of the pipeline. The user can search using terms associated with the sequence name, annotation or other characteristics stored in JUICE and associated with sequences or sequence groups. Groups of sequences can be created by the user, stored in a clipboard and/or downloaded for further analyses.
Different user profiles restrict the access of each user depending upon their role in the project. The user may have access exclusively to visualize sequence information, access to annotate sequences and sequence information, or administrative access.

Conclusion
JUICE is an open source data management system that has been developed to aid users in organizing and analyzing the large amount of data generated in an EST Project workflow. JUICE has been used in one of the first functional genomics projects in Chile, entitled "Functional Genomics in nectarines: Platform to potentiate the competitiveness of Chile in fruit exportation". However, due to its ability to organize and visualize data from external pipelines, JUICE is a flexible data management system that should be useful for other EST/Genome projects. The JUICE data management system is released under the Open Source GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL). JUICE may be downloaded from http://genoma.unab.cl/juice_system/ or http://www.genomavegetal.cl/juice_system/.
Totally laparoscopic versus conventional ileoanal pouch procedure – design of a single-centre, expertise based randomised controlled trial to compare the laparoscopic and conventional surgical approach in patients undergoing primary elective restorative proctocolectomy- LapConPouch-Trial
Authors: Antolovic Dalibor , Kienle Peter , Knaebel Hanns-Peter , Schmidt Jan , Gutt Carsten N , Weitz Jürgen , Koch Moritz , Büchler Markus W , Seiler Christoph M 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundRestorative proctocolectomy is increasingly being performed minimal invasively but a totally laparoscopic technique has not yet been compared to the standard open technique in a randomized study.Methods/designThis is a two armed, single centre, expertise based, preoperatively randomized, patient blinded study. It is designed as a two-group parallel superiority study. Power calculation revealed 80 patients per group in order to recruit the 65 patients to be analysed for the primary endpoint. The primary objective is to investigate intra-operative blood loss and the need for blood transfusions. We hypothesise that intra-operative blood loss and the need for peri-operative blood transfusions are significantly higher in the conventional group. Additionally a set of surgical and non-surgical parameters related to the operation will be analysed as secondary objectives. These will include operative time, complications, postoperative pain, lung function, postoperative length of hospital stay, a cosmetic score and pre-and postoperative quality of life.DiscussionThe trial will answer the question whether there is indeed an advantage in the laparoscopic group in regard to blood loss and the need for blood transfusions. Moreover, it will generate data on the safety and potential advantages and disadvantages of the minimally invasive approach.Trial registration : ISCRTN61411448
Efficacy of three artemisinin combination therapies for the treatmentof uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the Republic of Congo
Authors: van den Broek Ingrid , Kitz Christa , Al Attas Sarwatt , Libama François , Balasegaram Manica , Guthmann Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Presented here are the results of a comparative trial on the efficacy of three artemisinin-based combinations conducted from May to October 2004, in Pool Province, Republic of Congo.

Methods
The main outcome was the proportion of cases of true treatment success at day 28. Recrudescences were distinguished from re-infections by PCR analysis. A total of 298 children of 6–59 months were randomized to receive either artesunate + SP (AS+SP), artesunate + amodiaquine (AS+AQ) or artemether + lumefantrine (AL), of which 15 (5%) were lost to follow-up.

Results
After 28 days, there were 21/85 (25%) recurrent parasitaemias in the AS+SP group, 31/97 (32%) in the AS+AQ group and 13/100 (13%) in the AL group. The 28-day PCR-corrected cure rate was 90.1% [95% CI 80.7–95.9] for AS+SP, 98.5% [95% CI 92.0–100] for AS+AQ and 100% [95.8–100] for AL, thereby revealing a weaker response to AS+SP than to AL (p = 0.003) and to AS+AQ (p = 0.06). A potential bias was the fact that children treated with AL were slightly older and in better clinical condition, but logistic regression did not identify these as relevant factors. There was no significant difference between groups in fever and parasite clearance time, improvement of anaemia and gametocyte carriage at day 28. No serious adverse events were reported.

Conclusion
Considering the higher efficacy of AL as compared to AS+SP and the relatively high proportion of cases with re-infections in the AS+AQ group, we conclude that AL is clinically more effective than AS+SP and AS+AQ in this area of the Republic of Congo. Implementation of the recently chosen new national first-line AS+AQ should be monitored closely.
Effective population size of Anopheles funestus chromosomal forms in Burkina Faso
Authors: Michel Andrew P , Grushko Olga , Guelbeogo Wamdaogo M , Sagnon N'Fale , Costantini Carlo , Besansky Nora J 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
As Anopheles funestus is one of the principal Afro-tropical malaria vectors, a more complete understanding of its population structure is desirable. In West and Central Africa, An. funestus population structure is complicated by the coexistence of two assortatively mating chromosomal forms. Effective population size (N

e
) is a key parameter in understanding patterns and levels of intraspecific variation, as it reflects the role of genetic drift. Here, N

e
was estimated from both chromosomal forms, Kiribina and Folonzo, in Burkina Faso.

Methods
Short-term N

e
was estimated by evaluating variation at 16 microsatellite loci across temporal samples collected annually from 2000–2002. Estimates were based on standardized variance in allele frequencies or a maximum likelihood method. Long-term N

e
was estimated from genetic diversity estimates using mtDNA sequences and microsatellites.

Results
For both forms, short-term and long-term N

e
estimates were on the order of 103 and 105, respectively. Long-term N

e
estimates were larger when based on loci from chromosome 3R (both inside and outside of inversions) than loci outside of this arm.

Conclusion

N

e
values indicate that An. funestus is not subject to seasonal bottlenecks. Though not statistically different because of large and overlapping confidence intervals, short-term N

e
estimates were consistently smaller for Kiribina than Folonzo, possibly due to exploitation of different breeding sites: permanent for Folonzo and intermittent for Kiribina. The higher long-term N

e
estimates on 3R, the arm carrying the two inversions mainly responsible for defining the chromosomal forms, give natural selection broader scope and merit further study.
Determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among 11-year-old schoolchildren in a country of traditionally low fruit and vegetable consumption
Authors: Kristjansdottir Asa G , Thorsdottir Inga , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Due Pernille , Wind Marianne , Klepp Knut-Inge 
Published: November 2006

AbstractBackgroundFruit and vegetable consumption is traditionally low in Iceland. The results of the Pro Children cross-Europe survey showed that the consumption was lowest among children in Iceland. The aim of this study was to identify determinants of fruit and vegetable intake among 11-year-old schoolchildren in Iceland.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was performed in Iceland in the autumn of 2003 as a part of the Pro Children cross-Europe survey. The survey was designed to provide information on actual consumption levels of vegetables and fruits by 11-year-old school children and to assess potential determinants of consumption patterns. A total of 1235 Icelandic children (89%) from 32 randomly chosen schools participated. Hierarchical regression analyses were performed to determine the explained variance of the children's fruit and vegetable intake. In these analyses socio-demographic background variables were entered as a first block, perceived physical-environmental variables as a second block, perceived socio-environmental variables as a third block and personal variables as a fourth block.Results64% of the children ate fruit less than once a day, and 61% ate vegetables less than once a day. Respectively, 31% and 39% of the variance in children's fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the determinants studied. About 7% and 13% of the variance in fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the perceived physical-environmental determinants, mainly by availability at home. About 18% and 16% of the variance in fruit and vegetable intake was explained by the personal determinants. For both fruit and vegetable intake, the significant personal determinants were preferences, liking, knowledge of recommendations and self-efficacy.ConclusionInterventions to increase fruit and vegetable intake among children should aim at both environmental factors such as greater availability of fruit and vegetables, and personal factors as self-efficacy and knowledge levels concerning nutrition.