bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using online databases to find peer-reviewed journal articles on injury prevention and safety promotion research: a study of textword queries by SafetyLit users: Table 1
Authors: Lawrence David W 
Published: August 2007

Objective:To assess the capacity of textword queries to provide a comprehensive listing of articles on injury prevention and safety promotion (IPSP) concepts in a literature database.Methods:All terms used to search SafetyLit (a database of scholarly literature selected for its relevance to the IPSP field) during the years 2000–2005 were listed and then examined to identify terms that are synonyms for the same concept. Terms were grouped by concept, the number of queries that used terms within each concept category were summed, and the concepts were then ordered by the total number of searches for each concept category. For each textword, the proportion of all articles for that concept that could be found by using it alone was calculated.Results:Each of the 25 most searched-for concepts has 4 to 40 synonyms. Sixteen of the concepts required queries using two or more terms to find 75% of the available articles. Few searchers used a sufficient number of textword synonyms in their queries to return a complete listing of the available material.Conclusion:On the basis of this study, queries using only one or two textword terms are insufficiently sensitive to find all relevant journal articles about an IPSP concept.
Pathological networking: a new approach to understanding COPD
Authors: Sabroe I , Parker L C , Calverley P M A , Dower S K , Whyte M K B 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Developing new treatments for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is extremely challenging. This disease, chronic by definition, becomes apparent only after substantial—and probably irreversible—tissue damage has occurred. The observable phenotype is of a stable disease state whose progression is hard to influence and reversal of which appears almost impossible. Identifying key components of the pathological process, targeting of which will result in substantial clinical benefit, is a significant challenge. In this review the nature of the disease is examined and conceptual information and simple tissue models of inflammation are used to explore the pathological network that is COPD. From the concept of COPD as a disease network displaying the features of contiguous immunity (in which many processes of innate and adaptive immunity are in continual dialogue and evolution), refinements are suggested to the strategies aimed at developing effective new treatments for this disease.
How Sexist Is Aristotle's Developmental Biology?
Authors: Henry Devin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to evaluate the level of gender bias in Aristotle's Generation of Animals while exercising due care in the analysis of its arguments. I argue that while the GA theory is clearly sexist, the traditional interpretation fails to diagnose the problem correctly. The traditional interpretation focuses on three main sources of evidence: (1) Aristotle's claim that the female is, as it were, a "disabled" (πεπηρωμɛνo;ν) male; (2) the claim at GA IV.3, 767b6-8 that females are a departure from the kind; and (3) Aristotle's supposed claim at GA IV.3, 768a21-8 that the most ideal outcome of reproduction is a male offspring that perfectly resembles its father. I argue that each of these passages has either been misunderstood or misrepresented by commentators. In none of these places is Aristotle suggesting that females are imperfect members of the species or that they result from the failure to achieve some teleological goal. I defend the view that the GA does not see reproduction as occurring for the sake of producing males; rather, what sex an embryo happens to become is determined entirely by non-teleological forces operating through material necessity. This interpretation is consistent with Aristotle's view in GA II.5 that females have the same soul as the male (741a7) as well as the argument in Metaphysics X.9 that sexual difference is not part of the species form but is an affection (παoç) arising from the matter (1058b21-4). While the traditional interpretation has tended to exaggerate the level of sexism in Aristotle's developmental biology, the GA is by no means free of gender bias as some recent scholarship has claimed. In the final section of the paper I point to one passage where Aristotle clearly falls back on sexist assumptions in order to answer the difficult question, "Why are animals divided into sexes?". I argue that this passage in particular poses a serious challenge to anyone attempting to absolve Aristotle's developmental biology of the charge of sexism.
Dirtying Aristotle's Hands? Aristotle's Analysis of 'Mixed Acts' in the Nicomachean Ethics III, 1
Authors: Nielsen Karen 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe analysis of 'mixed acts' in Nicomachean Ethics III, 1 has led scholars to attribute a theory of 'dirty hands' and 'impossible oughts' to Aristotle. Michael Stocker argues that Aristotle recognizes particular acts that are simultaneously 'right, even obligatory', but nevertheless 'wrong, shameful and the like'. And Martha Nussbaum commends Aristotle for not sympathizing 'with those who, in politics or in private affairs, would so shrink from blame and from unacceptable action that they would be unable to take a necessary decision for the best'. In this paper I reexamine Aristotle's analysis of putatively 'mixed acts' in Nicomachean Ethics III, 1, maintaining that Aristotle denies that there are acts that are (i) voluntary under the circumstances, (ii) right, all things considered, under the circumstances, but nevertheless (iii) shameful or wrong for moral or prudential reasons under the circumstances. The paper defends this interpretation with reference to Aristotle's discussion of shame in EN IV, 9 and Rhetoric II, 6, as well as his overall meta-ethical commitment to a position I call 'mitigated circumstantial relativism'. By focusing on Aristotle's analysis of putatively 'mixed acts', we come closer to a true appreciation of Aristotle's ethical theory, even though 'mixed act' is not, I argue, a category in Aristotle's considered ontology of action.
Conditioned reinforcement in the crayfish Orconectes rusticus
Authors: Hazlett Brian 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe crayfish Orconectes rusticus can form a learned association between alarm odour (an unlearned signal of elevated predation risk) and a formerly neutral odour. In this study the odours of gyrinid beetles and of the snail Campeloma decisum were each paired with alarm odour and subsequently those odours significantly reduced feeding behaviours in the presence of food odour. To test for second-order (=conditioned) reinforcement, crayfish were first exposed simultaneously to one of the neutral odours and alarm odour and later exposed simultaneously to the two formerly neutral odours. When tested with the second neutral odour (which was not paired with alarm odour) the crayfish showed significant reductions in food-related behaviours, thus demonstrating second-order conditioning.
Courtship and mating in free-living spotted hyenas
Authors: Szykman Micaela , Van Horn Russell , Engh Anne , Boydston Erin , Holekamp Kay 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFemale spotted hyenas (Crocuta crocuta) are larger and more aggressive than males, and their genitalia are heavily 'masculinized'. These odd traits in females pose unusual challenges for males during courtship and copulation. Here our goals were to describe and quantify the behavior patterns involved in courtship and copulation in Crocuta, and determine whether rates of affiliative behavior directed toward females by males vary with female age, social rank, or time to conception. We also inquired whether consort formation with a particular female was necessary for a male to sire that female's cubs. Behavioral observations and paternity data based on 12 microsatellite loci were collected over 11 years from free-ranging hyenas in Kenya. Several of the courtship displays exhibited by male hyenas differed from those found in other carnivores, and appeared to reflect intense motivational conflict between tendencies to approach and flee from females. Most male advances were either ignored by females or elicited aggression from females toward males. Rates of male affiliative behavior toward females peaked around the time of conception. Although males behaved similarly toward young and old females in the highest social rank category, males directed more affiliative behavior toward older than younger females that were mid- and low-ranking. Multiple short mounts usually preceded a long mount, but intromission and ejaculation appeared to occur only during long mounts. Female receptivity was indicated by inhibited aggression toward the male and assumption of a distinctive receptive stance. The only behavior indicative of female proceptivity was following of the male by the female in mating contexts. Some males who sired cubs formed consortships with females whereas others did not, suggesting that individual male hyenas may adopt alternative reproductive tactics to attract and acquire mates. Our results also suggest that low fertility may be an important cost of female virilization in this species.
Knowledge, Glory and ‘On Human Dignity'
Authors: Atlan Henri 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe idea of dignity seems indissociable from that of humanity, whether in its universal dimension of ‘human dignity’, or in the individual ‘dignity of the person’. This paper provides an outlook on the ethics governing the sciences and technology, in particular the biological sciences and biotechnology, and recalls the notion of ‘glory’, both human and divine, as it infuses a great part of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance cultures, just before the scientific revolution in Europe.
Multiculture Me No More! On Multicultural Qualifications and the Palestinian-Arab Minority of Israel
Authors: Karayanni Michael Mousa 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMulticulturalism has become a central theme in many academic disciplines from philosophy to education, social work and psychology, ultimately reaching political science and law. What seems to be unique in current studies on multiculturalism is not merely the observance and display of societies that happen to be diverse in terms of the religious, cultural, national and ethnic affiliation of their members. Rather, it is the central argument that such divergence is legitimate and should be accommodated. Accepting other groups in society and the legitimacy of accommodating them has become a virtue of tolerance.This paper argues that we must first look into multicultural theory itself to discover what can be called ‘multicultural qualifications’. These are in essence pre-conditions without the presence of which group accommodations, even if granted based on group membership, should not be considered as multicultural in nature. With multicultural theory as a backdrop, this article intends to identify such multicultural qualifications. The Palestinian-Arab minority in Israel is studied in its constellation as both a national minority group and as a religiously diverse group as an object for testing the application of the identified multicultural qualifications.
The Dignity of the Individual and of Peoples: The Contribution of Mesopotamia and of Syriac Heritage
Authors: Yacoub Joseph 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper provides a rich reconstruction of the notion of dignity and rights of people and individuals in its Assyrian origins in ancient Mesopotamia. It analysis several particular positions. Among them, Bardaisan, Yacoub Aphraates (Aphrahat), Michael the Syriac, as well as, much later, the missionary policy of the Eastern Church in Asia and the influential of the Nestorian church in Asia.
Finding a Direction for Social Research in Mental Health
Authors: Gould Nick , Huxley Peter , Tew Jerry 
Published: August 2007

• Summary: In the UK the modernization of mental health services has been underpinned by integration of health and social care. However, these two sectors bring to integrated services very different legacies in relation to research and development. Although there are notable exceptions, social science in general, and social work research in particular, operate with limited capacity and with little influence relative to the volume of research undertaken within medical psychiatry. This article reports on a survey commissioned by the UK Department of Health to scope the views of stakeholders on the priorities for future development of social research in mental health and to look at practical ways of building research capacity in this area. • Findings: The survey identified two clusters of research topics as future priorities for the social research agenda: the first is social inclusion/social capital and social networks, and the second is resilience and recovery. Despite this headline consensus, the survey also uncovers some underlying tensions between health and social care professionals in the prioritization of medical and social research topics. • Applications: The findings of this survey will contribute directly to the identification of funding priorities for research in mental health and to strategies for building research capacity in social care and mental health.
When Multi-problem Poor Individuals' Myths Meet Social Services Myths
Authors: Sousa Liliana , Eusébio Carla 
Published: August 2007

• Summary: This article addresses the myths that multi-problem poor clients and professionals hold about each other, since process variables play a decisive role in the success of the intervention. • Findings: The principal myths which have emerged from this study indicate that the effectiveness of the intervention is perceived by clients and professionals to depend on the actions of the professional; and the ineffectiveness of the intervention is perceived by clients to depend on the actions of the professional and by the professionals to depend on the capacity of the families to follow their instructions. • Applications : The emerging myths allow us to understand that the process of intervention can be affected by disculpability and adequate impotence, since each sub-system tends to blame the other when interventions run a negative course.
Simplicity and Authority: Reflections on Theory and Practice in Kant's Moral Philosophy
Authors: Timmermann Jens 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWhat is the proper task of Kantian ethical theory? This paper seeks to answer this question with reference to Kant's reply to Christian Garve in Section I of his 1793 essay on Theory and Practice. Kant reasserts the distinctness and natural authority of our consciousness of the moral law. Every mature human being is a moral professional—even philosophers like Garve, if only they forget about their ill-conceived ethical systems and listen to the voice of pure practical reason. Normative theory, Kant argues, cannot be refuted with reference to alleged experience. It is the proper task of the moral philosopher to emphasize this fact. The paper also discusses Kant's attempts to clarify his moral psychology, philosophy of value and conception of the highest good in the course of replying to Garve's challenge.
Kant, Garve, and the Motives of Moral Action
Authors: Ludwig Bernd 
Published: August 2007

AbstractKant's comments `against Garve' constitute his reaction to the latter's remarks on Cicero's De Officiis . Two related criticisms of Kant's against Garve are discussed in brief in this paper. A closer look is then taken at Garve's claim that `Kantian morality destroys all incentives that can move human beings to act at all'. I argue that Kant and Garve rely on two different models of human action for their analyses of moral motivation; these models differ in what each takes to be salient for the explanation of human action. I show that Samuel Clarke's analogy of physical explanation in the framework of Newtonianism (in his Discourse concerning the Unchangeable Obligations of Natural Religion ) usefully illuminates the difference between Kant and Garve in these respects.
Kant against Hobbes in Theory and Practice
Authors: Riley Patrick 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn the middle section of Theory and Practice, Kant speaks briefly `against Hobbes'; but for a fuller version of Kant's anti-Hobbesianism one must turn to the three Critiques, the Groundwork, and Religion within the Limits of Reason Alone. It is in those works that one learns that, for Kant, Hobbes's notion of `will' as fully determined `last appetite' destroys the freedom needed to take `ought' or moral necessity as the motives for self-determined action; that Hobbes' s version of the social contract is thus incoherent; that Hobbes is not even able to show how moral ideas (i.e. `ought') are conceivable through the `pressure' of `outward objects'. For Kant, in short, Hobbes has no adequate notions of will, freedom, moral necessity, ideation, or even obligatory contract, and therefore fails in his own stated aims.
Kant against Hobbes: Reasoning and Rhetoric
Authors: Slomp Gabriella 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper aims to offer an analysis of `Against Hobbes', the title of the second section of Kant's essay On the Common Saying: That May be Correct in Theory but is of no Use in Practice. The paper suggests that we should take the title `Against Hobbes' seriously and that Kant meant to target Hobbes as the standard-bearer of the old regime and in particular Hobbes's claim that the Head of state cannot act unjustly against his citizens. It is argued that Kant's interpretation of Hobbes conforms to what can be regarded as the majority view in Hobbesian scholarship and that Kant poses a serious challenge to Hobbes, in so far as he removes the very foundations from Hobbes's argument on justice, namely, a specific notion of natural law. Finally the paper highlights Kant's lack of interest in engaging with possible Hobbesian counter-arguments.
Duty, Nature, Right: Kant's Response to Mendelssohn in Theory and Practice III
Authors: Flikschuh Katrin 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis paper offers an imminent interpretation of Kant's political teleology in the context of his response to Moses Mendelssohn in Theory and Practice III concerning prospects of humankind's moral progress. The paper assesses the nature of Kant's response against his mature political philosophy in the Doctrine of Right. In `Theory and Practice III' Kant's response to Mendelssohn remains incomplete: whilst insisting that individuals have a duty to contribute towards humankind's moral progress, Kant has no conclusive answer as to how individuals might act on that duty. `Theory and Practice III' lacks a clear conception of the distinctness of political morality from the domain of virtue; Kant's resort to teleological argumentation is indicative of his lack of an account of instituting Right. The latter can be found in the Doctrine of Right—yet Kant's earlier teleological arguments contribute crucially to the development of his mature morality of Right.
How Devolution Upsets Distributive Justice
Authors: Segall Shlomi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPhilippe Van Parijs suggests that in culturally divided societies health care systems (and perhaps other welfare services) should be divided along regional lines. He argues that since members of homogenous societies have relatively similar needs and tastes, it is easier for them to agree on a rather comprehensive distributive scheme. This proposed reform of health care, Van Parijs argues, would be consistent with distributive justice rather than undermine it. Against Van Parijs, the paper demonstrates that this policy of devolution upsets distributive justice. Devolution does so by shifting the pattern of distribution (across communities) from distribution according to need, to distribution of equal shares. The paper also argues that devolution is likely to weaken solidarity across the polity as a whole, which further undermines the attainment of distributive justice. The paper concludes that far from catering to culturally driven differences in medical preferences, distributive justice (in fact) permits disregard of such differences, and warrants enforcing a unitary pattern of consumption of medical goods (and other welfare services) across the citizenry, thus retaining a unified health care (and correspondingly, welfare) system.
The Theological Foundation of the Petrine Dimension of the Church: A Working Hypothesis
Authors: Scola Angelo 
Published: August 2007

AbstractStarting from the way in which Vatican II combines references to the Church as Body of Christ and Bride of Christ in Lumen Gentium 7, this paper explores the relationship between these two images, both of which are centred on the Eucharist which in fact is their point of contact and union. The free consent of the Bride to the nuptial union is summarised in Mary's fiat at the Annunciation and reiterated at the foot of the Cross. In its response to Christ, the Church is fundamentally Marian, and will always remain so, into eternity. In this life, however, the Church has a sacramental and hierarchical structure by which Christ comes to encounter his Bride so as then, in her, to bring salvation to the world. She is the intrinsic medium of the salvific event of Christ, making him present to human freedom. Peter exemplifies the structure and ministry of the Church in its objectivity, and the Petrine principle is rooted in the Marian principle, both being co-extensive with the Church. An understanding of the Church in these terms, endorsed by Pope John Paul II, originated with Hans Urs von Balthasar, who, however, did not fully expound it. This paper argues for the close integration of ecclesiology and Mariology. Furthermore, it proposes that the nuptial mystery can be a key towards synthesising the Marian and Petrine dimensions of the Church, and thereby understanding the Church in all aspects of its structure and life. From this standpoint, fresh light is cast upon burning pastoral questions such as the (non-)ordination of women and the celibacy of the clergy.
Sacraments and the Visible Unity of the Church
Authors: Cohen Will 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn modern Orthodoxy, the `Greek' practice, based on Cyprian, of receiving converts by (re -)baptism contrasts with the `Russian' approach, consistent with Augustine, of requiring mere profession of faith and/or chrismation. Is one approach more deeply rooted in Orthodox tradition? Against a modern tendency to champion Cyprian's narrower ecclesiology, the twentieth-century Russian émigré theologian Georges Florovsky argued forcefully that the distinction found in Augustine's De Baptismo between sacramental `validity' and `efficacy' can and should be the basis for contemporary articulations of Orthodox sacramental theology. Beyond the juridical plane, Florovsky considered Augustine's indispensable contribution to be an understanding of schism as what Florovsky calls a `dissipation of love'. It is through a creative appropriation of this insight—presenting its flip -side, as it were — that Florovsky is able to recognise `preparatory grace', already at work as a will and a thirst for unity, in presently separated communities. Significant insights of eucharistic ecclesiology corroborate the compatibility between Augustinian and Orthodox ecclesiology, and show how a full recognition of non- Orthodox baptisms neither obscures the reality of division nor minimises the imperative to overcome it.
Identification and characterization of Fe-rich smectites in the Çamlıca Region of western Turkey
Authors: Seki Y. , Yurdakoç K. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFe-rich dioctahedral smectites are the main constituent of clays in Çamlıca Region of Turkey. The structural, chemical and morphological characteristics of these smectites after washing are examined by X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Smectite particles occur as individual flakes 0.2–2.0 μm in size. These flakes are often aggregated into clusters up to 6.0 μm in size.