bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sclerograph Measurements on Rock Materials
Authors: Wijk G 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Theoretical analysis of the sclerograph test for rock materials shows that a considerable and unknown amount of the sclerograph piston's impact energy is converted to internal vibration in the piston after impact. Nevertheless experimental results show that the piston recoil factor κ correlates remarkably well with other, more easily understandable rock strength data, such as the tensile strength index #x03C3;PLT obtained from the point load test; σPLT ⋍ σPLT* exp (4κ) where σPLT* ⋍ 1.0 MPa.
Blast Vibration Implications of Cyclic Shear Behavior of Model Plaster Panels
Authors: Dowding CH , Beck WK , Atmatzidis DK 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Commercially produced gypsum wallboard was stripped of its paper backing and subjected to cyclic, in-plane shear fatigue tests in the laboratory. The cyclic frequency and loading conditions were chosen to simulate as closely as possible strains in brittle wall coverings induced by blasting vibrations. These results are compared to those of similar laboratory studies that simulated wall response to sonic-boom strains. The unpapered gypsum exhibited definite fatigue behavior and preexistent strains further reduced its effective lifetime. Implications of these findings for cracking induced by blast vibration are also explored.
Basic Rubber Testing: Selecting Methods for a Rubber Test Program
Authors: Dick JS 
Published: December 2008

Description
This new ASTM publication is a practical guide that explains the important chemical and physical properties to be used in making judgments on the quality of raw materials or compounding ingredients, and their usability in the production plant. It provides a basic description of the test methods and characterizes each group of raw materials. But more importantly, it compares and contrasts the advantages and disadvantages of selecting various test methods.
Chapters cover:
Isomorphous framework cation substitution in the alumosilicatesodalites: synthesis, structural and spectroscopic studies of nitritecontaining phases
Authors: Murshed M. Mangir , Baer Andrew J. , Gesing Thorsten M. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Partial substitution of aluminium with gallium in the Na8[Al1–yGaySiO4]6(NO2)2 sodalite system (y = 0–1) revealed an extensive isomorphous miscibility. Each composition (y = 0–1) is isotypic to either the alumosilicate or gallosilicate end members (y = 0 or 1, respectively). The Al/Ga ratio was controlled by selective initial stoichiometries in the direct hydrothermal syntheses. The samples were investigated by X-ray powder diffraction, SEM, FTIR and 29Si MAS NMR spectroscopies. The gallium concentration in the framework was calculated using the X-ray data Rietveld refinement, which was always lower than the feed concentration in each composition. The cell parameter and tilt angle increased, while the T—O—T angle and six-ring window dimension decreased with increasing gallium content in the framework. The Al/Ga—O distance is the mean of Al—O and Ga—O distances and increases with increasing gallium content. In contrast, the Si—O distance fluctuates close to 163 pm with increasing gallium insertion. The broadening of the XRD peaks in the patterns with mid-range gallium concentrations (y = 0.35–0.70) is associated with the formation of Al-rich and Ga-rich domains, which is explained in terms of Al/Ga—O distances and average crystal size with respect to Al/Ga ratio in the framework. The domains are assumed to be smaller than the coherence length of the X-ray radiation but large enough to detect by MAS NMR techniques.
Enumeration of index 3 and 4 subgroups of hyperbolic triangle symmetry groups
Authors: De Las Penas Ma. Louise Antonette N. , Felix Rene P. , Decena Ma. Carlota B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper explores the area of crystallography on the hyperbolic plane, in particular the study of the subgroup structure of hyperbolic symmetry groups. In this work, the index 3 and 4 subgroups of triangle groups are derived, using color symmetry theory. This paper continues the work started in [7] on index 2 subgroups of hyperbolic symmetry groups.
Crystal and molecular structure of dichloro(1,10-phenanthroline)dimethyltin(IV), Me2Sn(1,10-phenanthroline)Cl2, determined by neutron diffraction
Authors: Klooster Wim T. , Piltz Ross O. , Tiekink Edward R. T. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The tin atom in Me2Sn(phen)Cl2 is located on a crystallographic site of symmetry m2m and exists within a distorted octahedral geometry defined by a C2Cl2N2 donor set with the tin-bound methyl groups occupying trans-positions. A two-dimensional array stabilised by C–H · · · Cl interactions is established in the crystal structure. Crystal data for Me2Sn(phen)Cl2: C14H14Cl2N2Sn, M = 399.90, orthorhombic space group Cmcm, a = 11.359(2), b = 18.910(5), c = 7.536(2) Å, V = 1618.7(11) Å3, Z = 8, R = 0.073.
Crystal structure of pollucite
Authors: Kamiya Natsumi , Nishi Koji , Yokomori Yoshinobu 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The crystal structure of pollucite (ANA) (Cs,Na)AlSi2O6 is characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The space group C2/c, monoclinic, is found to be the most probable space group for this mineral based on the systematic absences of reflections. Cesium ions or water molecules are disordered at the center of a channel and are slightly apart from the special position. This is the origin of symmetry breaking and the space group becomes lower from Ia-3d (analcime) to C2/c. Sodium ions or vacancies are located at the contact point of the channel. No ordering of aluminum is observed in the pollucite structure.
About the concept and definition of “noncrystallographic symmetry”
Authors: Nespolo Massimo , Souvignier Bernd , Litvin Daniel B. 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
The definition of “noncrystallographic symmetry” given in Volume B of the International Tables for Crystallography actually corresponds to the concept of “local symmetry”. A new definition of “noncrystallographic symmetry” is proposed, which fully complies with that of “crystallographic symmetry” in Volume A of the International Tables for Crystallography.
The “state of the art” of the diffraction analysis of crystallite size and lattice strain
Authors: Mittemeijer Eric J. , Welzel Udo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
This paper addresses both old, but “renovated” methods and new methods for diffraction line-profile analysis. Classical and even extremely simple single-line methods for separating “size” and “strain” broadening effects have merit for characterization of the material imperfectness, but it is generally very difficult to interpret the data obtained in terms of microstructure parameters as used in materials science. Developments of recent years, focusing on distinct anisotropic line-broadening effects, as due to the type, orientation and distribution of dislocations and minute compositional variation, will be touched upon. The most promising development may be the synthesis of line profiles on the basis of a microstructure model and application of the (kinematical) diffraction theory without any further assumption, which contrasts with the other methods. This approach can in principle be applied in single-line and multiple-line variants and also in analyses of the whole diffraction pattern. The advantage is the direct evaluation of microstructure parameters as used in materials science. The challenge is to develop microstructure models which are flexible enough to be applicable in more than one case ...
Diffraction analysis of layer disorder
Authors: Leoni Matteo 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Defects in the regular sequence of atomic planes can be frequently met in crystalline materials. Not rare is the case where type, quantity and sequence of this kind of defects influence the properties and behaviour of the material. As a matter of fact, planar defects modify the distribution of intensity in reciprocal space, introducing peculiar features in the observed diffraction patterns. Throughout the years, methods have been independently proposed in several scientific fields for extracting the stacking information from the diffraction patterns. An historical review of those studies will be given, starting with simple probabilistic approaches and passing through the matrix method, simulations and Monte Carlo analysis, to end with the OD theory and with the extraction and refinement of stacking probabilities directly from a powder pattern. The most relevant finding of the past and possible perspective for the future will be shown and commented.
The Effect of Breeding System on Polymorphism in Mitochondrial Genes of Silene
Authors: Touzet Pascal , Delph Lynda F 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Gynodioecy is a breeding system characterized by the co-occurrence of hermaphrodite and female individuals, generally as the result of nuclear–cytoplasmic interactions. The question remains whether the genetic factors controlling gynodioecy are maintained in species over long evolutionary timescales by balancing selection or are continually arising and being replaced in epidemic sweeps. If balancing selection maintains these factors, then neutral cytoplasmic diversity should be greater in gynodioecious than hermaphroditic species. In contrast, epidemic sweeps of factors controlling gynodioecy should decrease cytoplasmic diversity in gynodioecious relative to hermaphroditic species. We took a comparative approach in which we sequenced two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome b (cob) and cytochrome oxidase (cox1), for multiple populations of several hermaphroditic, gynodioecious, and dioecious species in the genus Silene. Breeding system was predictive of polymorphism. Gynodioecious species harbor many old haplotypes while hermaphroditic and dioecious species have little to no nucleotide diversity. The genealogical structure of neither gene departed from neutral expectations. Taken together, our results suggest that balancing selection acts on cytoplasmic male-sterility factors in several gynodioecious species in the genus.
Coalescence Times andFST Under a Skewed Offspring Distribution Among Individuals in a Population
Authors: Eldon Bjarki , Wakeley John 
Published: December 2008

AbstractEstimates of gene flow between subpopulations based on FST (or NST) are shown to be confounded by the reproduction parameters of a model of skewed offspring distribution. Genetic evidence of population subdivision can be observed even when gene flow is very high, if the offspring distribution is skewed. A skewed offspring distribution arises when individuals can have very many offspring with some probability. This leads to high probability of identity by descent within subpopulations and results in genetic heterogeneity between subpopulations even when Nm is very large. Thus, we consider a limiting model in which the rates of coalescence and migration can be much higher than for a Wright–Fisher population. We derive the densities of pairwise coalescence times and expressions for FST and other statistics under both the finite island model and a many-demes limit model. The results can explain the observed genetic heterogeneity among subpopulations of certain marine organisms despite substantial gene flow.
HorkaD, a Chromosome Instability-Causing Mutation in Drosophila, Is a Dominant-Negative Allele of lodestar
Authors: Szalontai Tamas , Gaspar Imre , Belecz Istvan , Kerekes Iren , Erdelyi Miklos , Boros Imre , Szabad Janos 
Published: December 2008

Abstract
Correct segregation of chromosomes is particularly challenging during the rapid nuclear divisions of early embryogenesis. This process is disrupted by HorkaD, a dominant-negative mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that causes female sterility due to chromosome tangling and nondisjunction during oogenesis and early embryogenesis. HorkaD also renders chromosomes unstable during spermatogenesis, which leads to the formation of diplo//haplo mosaics, including the gynandromorphs. Complete loss of gene function brings about maternal-effect lethality: embryos of the females without the HorkaD-identified gene perish due to disrupted centrosome function, defective spindle assembly, formation of chromatin bridges, and abnormal chromosome segregation during the cleavage divisions. These defects are indicators of mitotic catastrophe and suggest that the gene product acts during the meiotic and the cleavage divisions, an idea that is supported by the observation that germ-line chimeras exhibit excessive germ-line and cleavage function. The gene affected by the HorkaD mutation is lodestar, a member of the helicase-related genes. The HorkaD mutation results in replacement of Ala777 with Thr, which we suggest causes chromosome instability by increasing the affinity of Lodestar for chromatin.
A “Health Commons” Approach to Oral Health for Low-Income Populations in a Rural State
Authors: Beetstra Stephen , Derksen Daniel , Ro Marguerite , Powell Wayne , Fry Donald E. , Kaufman Arthur 
Published: December 2008

Oral health needs are urgent in rural states. Creative, broad-based, and collaborative solutions can alleviate these needs. “Health commons” sites are enhanced, community-based, primary care safety net practices that include medical, behavioral, social, public, and oral health services. Successful intervention requires a comprehensive approach, including attention to enhancing dental service capacity, broadening the scope of the dental skills of locally available providers, expanding the pool of dental providers, creating new interdisciplinary teams in enhanced community-based sites, and developing more comprehensive oral health policy. By incorporating oral health services into the health commons primary care model, access for uninsured and underserved populations is increased. A coalition of motivated stakeholders includes community leaders, safety net providers, legislators, insurers, and medical, dental, and public health providers.
Defining Early Adolescent Childbearing
Authors: Phipps Maureen G. , Sowers MaryFran 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study determined the age group for the case definition of early adolescent childbearing based on rates of adverse clinical outcomes. Methods. We examined rates of infant mortality, very low birthweight (<1500 g), and very preterm delivery (<32 weeks) per 1000 live births for all US singleton first births (n = 768 029) to women aged 12 to 23 years in the 1995 US birth cohort. Results. Rates of infant mortality, very low birthweight, and very preterm delivery were graphed by maternal age. In all 3 cases, the inflection point below which the rate of poor birth outcome is lower and begins to stabilize is at 16 years; therefore, mothers 15 years and younger were grouped together to determine the case definition of early adolescent childbearing. The inflection points were similar when outcomes were stratified by the 3 largest US racial/ethnic groups (non-Hispanic White, non-Hispanic Black, and Mexican American). Conclusions. From this population-based analysis of birth outcomes, we conclude that early adolescent childbearing is best defined as giving birth at 15 years or younger.
Attacks on Science: The Risks to Evidence-Based Policy
Authors: Rosenstock Linda , Lee Lore Jackson 
Published: December 2008

As government agencies, academic centers, and researchers affiliated with them provide an increasing share of the science base for policy decisions, they are also subject to efforts to politicize or silence objective scientific research. Such actions increasingly use sophisticated and complex strategies that put evidence-based policy making at risk. To assure the appropriate use of scientific evidence and the protection of the scientists who provide it, institutions and individuals must grow more vigilant against these tactics. Maintaining the capacity for evidence-based policy requires differentiating between honest scientific challenge and evident vested interest and responding accordingly, building and diversifying partnerships, assuring the transparency of funding sources, agreeing on rules for publication, and distinguishing the point where science ends and policy begins.
Lack of Oral Health Care for Adults in Harlem: A Hidden Crisis
Authors: Zabos Georgina P. , Northridge Mary E. , Ro Marguerite J. , Trinh Chau , Vaughan Roger , Moon Howard Joyce , Lamster Ira , Bassett Mary T. , Cohall Alwyn T. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. Profound and growing disparities exist in oral health among certain US populations. We sought here to determine the prevalence of oral health complaints among Harlem adults by measures of social class, as well as their access to oral health care. Methods. A population-based survey of adults in Central Harlem was conducted from 1992 to 1994. Two questions on oral health were included: whether participants had experienced problems with their teeth or gums during the past 12 months and, if so, whether they had seen a dentist. Results. Of 50 health conditions queried about, problems with teeth or gums were the chief complaint among participants (30%). Those more likely to report oral health problems than other participants had annual household incomes of less than $9000 (36%), were unemployed (34%), and lacked health insurance (34%). The privately insured were almost twice as likely to have seen a dentist for oral health problems (87%) than were the uninsured (48%). Conclusions. There is an urgent need to provide oral health services for adults in Harlem. Integrating oral health into comprehensive primary care is one promising mechanism.
Problems With Access to Dental Care for Medicaid-Insured Children: What Caregivers Think
Authors: Mofidi Mahyar , Rozier R. Gary , King Rebecca S. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study aimed to gain insight into the experiences, attitudes, and perceptions of a racially and ethnically diverse group of caregivers regarding barriers to dental care for their Medicaid-insured children. Methods. Criterion-purposive sampling was used to select participants for 11 focus groups, which were conducted in North Carolina. Seventy-seven caregivers of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds participated. Full recordings of sessions were obtained and transcribed. A comprehensive content review of all data, including line-by-line analysis, was conducted. Results. Negative experiences with the dental care system discouraged many caregivers in the focus groups from obtaining dental services for their Medicaid-insured children. Searching for providers, arranging an appointment where choices were severely limited, and finding transportation left caregivers describing themselves as discouraged and exhausted. Caregivers who successfully negotiated these barriers felt that they encountered additional barriers in the dental care setting, including long waiting times and judgmental, disrespectful, and discriminatory behavior from staff and providers because of their race and public assistance status. Conclusions. Current proposals to solve the dental access problem probably will be insufficient until barriers identified by caregivers are addressed.
Population Attributable Fractions of Psychiatric Disorders and Behavioral Outcomes Associated With Combat Exposure Among US Men
Authors: Prigerson Holly G. , Maciejewski Paul K. , Rosenheck Robert A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study determined the percentage of adverse outcomes in US men attributable to combat exposure. Methods. Standardized psychiatric interviews (modified Diagnostic Interview Schedule and Composite International Diagnostic Interview assessments) were administered to a representative national sample of 2583 men aged 18 to 54 in the National Comorbidity Survey part II subsample. Results. Adjusted attributable fraction estimates indicated that the following were significantly attributable to combat exposure: 27.8% of 12-month posttraumatic stress disorder, 7.4% of 12-month major depressive disorder, 8% of 12-month substance abuse disorder, 11.7% of 12-month job loss, 8.9% of current unemployment, 7.8% of current divorce or separation, and 21% of current spouse or partner abuse. Conclusions. Combat exposure results in substantial morbidity lasting decades and accounts for significant and multifarious forms of dysfunction at the national level.
Bar and Club Tobacco Promotions in the Alternative Press: Targeting Young Adults
Authors: Sepe Edward , Glantz Stanton A. 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined changes in tobacco promotions in the alternative press in San Francisco and Philadelphia from 1994 to 1999. Methods. A random sample of alternative newspapers was analyzed, and a content analysis was conducted. Results. Between 1994 and 1999, numbers of tobacco advertisements increased from 8 to 337 in San Francisco and from 8 to 351 in Philadelphia. Product advertisements represented only 45% to 50% of the total; the remaining advertisements were entertainment-focused promotions, mostly bar–club and event promotions. Conclusions. The tobacco industry has increased its use of bars and clubs as promotional venues and has used the alternative press to reach the young adults who frequent these establishments. This increased targeting of young adults may be associated with an increase in smoking among this group.
Use of Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy in a Cohort of HIV-Seropositive Women
Authors: Cook Judith A. , Cohen Mardge H. , Grey Dennis , Kirstein Lynn , Burke Jane , Anastos Kathryn , Palacio Herminia , Richardson Jean , Wilson Tracey E. , Young Mary 
Published: December 2008

Objectives. This study examined longitudinal trends in use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among a cohort of HIV-positive participants in the Women's Interagency HIV Study. Methods. Beginning in 1994, 1690 HIV-positive women reported detailed information about their use of antiretroviral therapy at 6-month study visits. Multivariate logistic and Cox regression analyses were used to estimate the likelihood of antiretroviral therapy and HAART use among women with study visits preceding and following HAART availability. Results. Before the availability of HAART, the cohort's likelihood of any antiretroviral therapy use was associated with clinical indicators (CD4 count, viral load, symptom presence) as well as behavioral factors (abstaining from drug and alcohol use, participating in clinical trials). After HAART became commercially available, newly emerging predictors included college education, private insurance, absence of injection drug use history, and not being African American. Conclusions. After the penetration of HAART into this cohort, additional differences emerged between HAART users and nonusers. These findings can inform public health efforts to enhance women's access to the most effective types of therapy.
Income Inequality and Mortality in US Counties: Does Minority Racial Concentration Matter?
Authors: McLaughlin Diane K. , Stokes C. Shannon 
Published: December 2008

This study examined (1) the relationship between income inequality and mortality among all counties in the contiguous United States to ascertain whether the relationships found for states and metropolitan areas extend to smaller geographic units and (2) the influence of minority racial concentration on the inequality–mortality linkage. Methods. This county-level ecologic analysis used data from the Compressed Mortality Files and the US Census. Weighted least squares regression models of age-, sex-, and race-adjusted county mortality rates were estimated to examine the additive and interactive effects of income inequality and minority racial concentration. Results. Higher income inequality at the county level was significantly associated with higher total mortality. Higher minority racial concentration also was significantly related to higher mortality and interacted with income inequality. Conclusions. The relationship between income inequality and mortality is robust for counties in the United States. Minority concentration interacts with income inequality, resulting in higher mortality in counties with low inequality and a high percentage of Blacks than in counties with high inequality and a high percentage of Blacks.