bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perspectives on research evidence and clinical practice: a survey of Australian physiotherapists
Authors: Grimmer‐Somers Karen , Lekkas Peter , Nyland Leah , Young Alexandra , Kumar Saravana 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Physiotherapists' use of research evidence with clinical decision‐making has interested researchers world‐wide since 1980; however, little is known about such practices in Australia. The present survey sought information on Australian physiotherapists' perceptions of the importance of research, and barriers to uptake of evidence in clinical practice, when compared with an international cohort from 2001. Method. An Australian‐relevant version of an English (UK) National Health Service (NHS) survey instrument was used to canvass 453 physiotherapists, randomly selected from the South Australian Physiotherapy Registration Board 2004–2005 records. The first survey was mailed in August 2005, a reminder was sent two weeks later to non‐responders and a follow‐up survey was sent in April 2006 to non‐responders whose addresses had changed since 2005. Results. There was a 51% response rate. Of the non‐responders, 12% were not contactable at their listed address, highlighting the mobility of Australian physiotherapists. Most respondents had undertaken research as students (59.5%) or as students and clinicians (11.5%). Of these, 37.1% were encouraged to embark on more research, and 20.5% were discouraged. The significant predictors of positive perceived importance of research were: previous research experience; being positive about undertaking further research; working in hospitals and holding a postgraduate degree. Clinicians working privately were significantly less likely than managers to be positive about research importance. The only significant predictor for not perceiving barriers to uptake of evidence was being positive about undertaking future research. Conclusions. The study identified constraints on uptake of evidence into practice that were related to accessing, reading and interpreting published research, and implementing findings. Found consistently across employment categories were barriers relating to lack of time, uncertainty about what the research reported, scepticism about the value of research and being isolated from peer support and literature sources. The responses indicated a positive shift towards evidence uptake since the 2001 NHS survey, suggesting an influence of increased exposure to information on evidence‐based practice. A greater focus on research whilst training, the application of educational strategies for empowerment, better knowledge transfer and upskilling within the workplace, and ensuring dedicated time and organizational support for research activities are indicated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mutational analysis ofSPANXgenes in families with X‐Linked prostate cancer
Authors: Kouprina Natalay , Noskov Vladimir N. , Solomon Greg , Otstot John , Isaacs William , Xu Jianfeng , Schleutker Johanna , Larionov Vladimir 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBACKGROUNDPrevious genetic linkage studies identified a locus for susceptibility to prostate cancer calledHPCXat Xq27. The candidate region contains two clusters ofSPANXgenes. The first cluster calledSPANX‐A/DincludesSPANX‐A1,SPANX‐A2,SPANX‐B,SPANX‐C, andSPANX‐D; the second cluster calledSPANX‐NincludesSPANX‐N1,SPANX‐N2,SPANX‐N3, andSPANX‐N4. TheSPANXgenes encode cancer‐testis (CT) specific antigens. Previous studies identifiedSPANX‐BandSPANX‐Dvariants produced by gene conversion events, none of which are associated with X‐linked prostate cancer.METHODSIn this study we applied transformation‐associated recombination cloning (TAR) in yeast to analyze sequence variations inSPANX‐A1,SPANX‐A2, andSPANX‐Cgenes that are resided within large chromosomal duplications. ASPANX‐N1/N4cluster was analyzed by a routine PCR analysis.RESULTSNone of the sequence variations in the coding regions of these genes is associated with susceptibility to prostate cancer.CONCLUSIONSTherefore, genetic variation in theSPANXgenes is not the actual target variants explaining HPCX. However, it is possible that they play a modifying role in susceptibility to prostate cancer through complex recombinational interaction. Prostate 67: 820–828, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recognition of Cdk2 by Cdk7
Authors: Lolli Graziano , Johnson Louise N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractCdk7, a member of the cyclin dependent protein kinase family, regulates the activities of other Cdks through phosphorylation on their activation segment, and hence contributes to control of the eukaryotic cell cycle. Cdk7 is itself phosphorylated on the activation segment. Cdk7 phosphorylates Cdk1, Cdk2, Cdk4, and Cdk6, but only Cdk1 and Cdk2 can phosphorylate Cdk7 and none of them is able to auto‐phosphorylate. The activation segments of the Cdks are very similar in sequence. Their specificity does not appear to be dictated by the sequences surrounding the phosphorylation sites but by structural determinants at remote sites. Through mutagenesis studies, we have identified regions in Cdk2 responsible for its interaction with Cdk7. A model has been built that explains the molecular basis for the specificity observed in Cdk recognition. The two kinases are arranged in a quasi‐symmetric head‐to‐tail arrangement in which the N‐terminal lobe from one kinase docks against the C‐terminal lobe from the other kinase, and the activation segments are within reach of the opposite catalytic sites. Further experiments demonstrate that cyclin A hydrophobic pocket is not a recruitment site for Cdk7. Proteins 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
ZnO:Mn:Cu nanowires prepared by template method
Authors: Sima Marian , Enculescu Ionut , Sima Mariana , Enache Mihaela , Vasile Eugen , Ansermet Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2007

AbstractManganese and copper doped ZnO films and nanowire arrays were prepared by cathodic electrodeposition from aqueous solution. The electrochemical process was examined by linear voltammetry and the morphology and the composition of obtained semiconductor were observed by SEM and EDX measurements. Optical absorption spectra indicated the presence of copper in ZnO:Mn:Cu nanowire arrays as Cu2+ ions. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Infrared properties of cirrus clouds in climate models
Authors: De Leon Ruben Rodriguez , Haigh Joanna D. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe representation in global climate models of the infrared radiative properties of cirrus clouds is assessed by comparing their radiative forcing calculated using airborne in‐situ‐measured size distributions and retrievals from combined lidar and Doppler‐radar data. The latter are fitted to a bimodal function, allowing the inclusion of the size distribution's shape, normally omitted in the characterization of cirrus.The impact of the particle size distribution's shape on the atmosphere's radiation fields is evaluated using a two‐stream radiative code. The comparisons show that the effect of the shape of the size distributions used to calculate the radiative forcing of a cirrus layer composed of hexagonal cylinders is not negligible, evidencing the ambiguity linked to the commonly used two‐parameter (effective radius and ice water content) characterization of cirrus, and showing that the inclusion of a simple measure of the relative concentration of small particles improves its radiative parameterization. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
An innovation method for estimating radar radial‐velocity observation error and background wind error covariances
Authors: Xu Qin , Nai Kang , Wei Li 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBy using the non‐isotropic form of error covariance function derived for radial‐velocity fields on conical surfaces of low‐elevation radar scans, the conventional innovation method is reformulated to estimate Doppler radar radial‐velocity observation error covariance and background vector wind error covariance from time series of radar radial‐velocity innovation (observation minus independent background) fields. The method is applied to radar radial‐velocity innovation data obtained at the lowest elevation of radar scans for a real case. The results show that radar radial‐velocity observation errors are correlated between neighbouring range gates and between neighbouring beams. The radial‐velocity observation error correlation functions are estimated, along with the observation error variance and background vector wind error covariance functions, by the reformulated method. Published in 2007 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Source reconstruction of an accidental radionuclide release at European scale
Authors: Krysta Monika , Bocquet Marc 
Published: March 2007

AbstractWe develop and experiment with new techniques to reconstruct the source of an accidental release of radionuclides at continental scale. The prior information on the source to be accounted for in the inversion is identified. Using methods based on information theory, purposeful cost functions consistent with this prior are constructed. They generalize classical variational least‐square assimilation techniques. The adjoint of the numerical dispersion model POLAIR3D is used in the minimization of these cost functions. The method is tested on a set of twin experiments involving the main European civil nuclear sites as candidate sources. Several experiments are performed. They demonstrate how sensitive the retrievals are to the prior, the meteorological conditions, the source profile shape and the errors. A reconstruction is then attempted on the Algeciras incident, which took place in southern Spain in May 1998. A truly successful three‐dimensional inversion is out of reach with the available observations. However, a temporal reconstruction of the event succeeds, and this exemplifies the newly designed cost functions. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
The impact on weather forecasts of targeted observations during A‐TReC
Authors: Petersen G. N. , Thorpe A. J. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe impact of the additional observations from the Atlantic THORPEX Regional Campaign (A‐TReC) on forecasts made with the UK Met Office operational forecast system is assessed. A total of 38 forecasts are analysed in which the forecasts range is between 30 and 78 hours. The absolute observational impact is evaluated as well as the effect on forecast error.The results show that in most events, irrespective of whether there was a forecast improvement or not, the additional observations were made in the correct locations as the impact of the observations reached the verification areas at verification time. Thus, the guidance of the sensitive‐area prediction techniques was generally very successful in identifying sensitive regions. The observational impact resulted in a general improvement of the forecasts in 32% of the events, but in about half of the events there were improvements in some fields. These results need to be considered in the light of the fact that during the A‐TReC period, forecast errors were generally small. Thus, there was little room for improvements and consequently, as anticipated from previously published research, there was a significant risk of forecast deterioration. A detailed examination of four events demonstrates a complex range of behaviour in the role of targeted observations in realising forecast improvements. It is proposed that forecast improvements due to targeted observations are critically dependent on the properties of the data assimilation scheme, whilst predictions of the location of sensitive regions are successful using current techniques. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of MIPAS limb radiances in the ECMWF system. I: Experiments with a 1‐dimensional observation operator
Authors: Bormann N. , Thépaut J.‐N. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractEmitted infrared limb radiances from the Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding (MIPAS) are for the first time assimilated directly in a global numerical weather prediction system, using a fast radiative transfer model that assumes local horizontal homogeneity. This study reports on the monitoring of the observed MIPAS radiances against model equivalents, and the subsequent assimilation experiments within a 4‐dimensional variational data assimilation system. The impact of the limb radiance assimilation on the resulting analyses and forecasts is assessed by considering the fit to other observations assimilated in the system and by comparing the resulting analyses with independent data.The results demonstrate the feasibility of direct assimilation of emitted infrared limb radiances and highlight how information on stratospheric temperature, humidity, and ozone can be extracted from the radiances directly within the assimilation system. The assimilation of MIPAS radiances leads to considerable differences in the mean stratospheric analyses, without a significant degradation of the fit to other observations used in the assimilation. The assimilation of MIPAS limb radiances appears to correct temperature biases with an oscillatory structure above 10 hPa in the analyses, and the assimilation leads to a considerable moistening of the stratosphere, typically by 20–40%. For ozone, the assimilation causes an increase in the tropical ozone maximum in the analysis, and a reduction of ozone over the poles. The changes to the humidity and ozone fields are retained in the subsequent 10‐day forecast.The changes introduced in the analyses are overall supported qualitatively and quantitatively by independent retrievals of temperature and humidity; results for ozone are more mixed. Analyses with MIPAS radiances agree better with independent ozone sondes or retrievals over the North Polar region, whereas over the Tropics the changes to the mean ozone analyses are not supported by other observations. The limb radiance assimilation shows considerable sensitivity to the bias correction applied to the limb radiances prior to the assimilation, suggesting that the assimilation would benefit from refinements in the bias correction method. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Assimilation of MIPAS limb radiances in the ECMWF system. II: Experiments with a 2‐dimensional observation operator and comparison to retrieval assimilation
Authors: Bormann N. , Healy S. B. , Hamrud M. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThis study applies and compares three different ways of assimilating MIPAS data in a global numerical weather prediction system. The three methods are: direct assimilation of emitted infrared limb radiances with a 1‐dimensional radiative transfer model that assumes local horizontal homogeneity; direct assimilation of radiances with a 2‐dimensional radiative transfer model that takes into account horizontal gradients in the atmosphere; and assimilation of retrieved profiles of temperature, humidity and ozone, derived under the assumption of horizontal homogeneity. The resulting analyses are compared against each other and against independent retrievals.The use of a 2‐dimensional radiative transfer model in the radiance assimilation leads to relatively small differences in the analyses compared to using a 1‐dimensional observation operator in our experiments. Nevertheless, the results show that the 2‐dimensional operator correctly takes into account the effect of tangent point drift, is capable of extracting a limited amount of horizontal structure from a single MIPAS scan, and leads to smaller first‐guess departures for lower tangent altitudes and more strongly absorbing channels. Consequently, humidity and ozone increments from a 2‐dimensional operator are smaller in the lower stratosphere and upper troposphere in areas where considerable horizontal gradients prevail, and forecasts of humidity and ozone are improved in these regions.In these first trials with assimilation of limb radiances, both the radiance and the retrieval assimilation appear capable of incorporating useful information from MIPAS in the analyses. Both methods introduce broadly similar changes to the mean analyses, with little indication of which method should be favoured. Nevertheless, results from the retrieval assimilation compare better to independent ozone data in the Tropics and over Antarctica. For the radiance assimilation, there are many areas with scope for improvement; these are discussed at the end of the paper. Copyright © 2007 Royal Meteorological Society
Photoreactions and lateral patterning in Langmuir and Langmuir–Blodgett films
Authors: Matsumoto Mutsuyoshi 
Published: March 2007

AbstractReversible morphological changes occur with photoisomerization of azobenzene in Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) films complexed with polycations, which contradicts an implicit assumption of the concept of free volume that two‐dimensional film structures are preserved during the photoisomerization. J‐aggregates of chromophores are formed by two processes. The first process is “light‐induced J‐aggregation” in which photoisomerized molecules form J‐aggregates. The other process is “triggered J‐aggregation,” in which photoisomerization of one of the components triggers J‐aggregation of another chemical species in the mixed films. Both processes of J‐aggregation are in many cases accompanied by large morphological changes of the films. However, LB films fabricated using processes under isobaric conditions do not change their morphology during light‐induced J‐aggregation and are patterned with J‐aggregates using ultraviolet illumination through a photomask. Phase separation in mixed LB films gives rise to two‐dimensional patterns, which are used to fabricate templates by using an amphiphilic silane‐coupling agent as one of the components in the mixed LB films. Nanopatterns are also fabricated. © 2007 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 7: 69–77; 2007: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20099
Value of electric heat boilers and heat pumps for wind power integration
Authors: Meibom Peter , Kiviluoma Juha , Barth Rüdiger , Brand Heike , Weber Christoph , Larsen Helge V. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractThe paper analyses the economic value of using electric heat boilers and heat pumps as wind power integration measures relieving the link between the heat and power production in combined heat and power plants. Both measures have different technical and economic characteristics, making a comparison of the value of these measures relevant. A stochastic, fundamental bottom‐up model, taking the stochastic nature of wind power production explicitly into account when making dispatch decisions, is used to analyse the technical and economical performance of these measures in a North European power system covering Denmark, Finland, Germany, Norway and Sweden. Introduction of heat pumps or electric boilers is beneficial for the integration of wind power, because the curtailment of wind power production is reduced, the price of regulating power is reduced and the number of hours with very low power prices is reduced, making the wind power production more valuable. The system benefits of heat pumps and electric boilers are connected to replacing heat production on fuel oil heat boilers and combined heat and power (CHP) plants using various fuels with heat production using electricity and thereby saving fuel. The benefits of the measures depend highly on the underlying structure of heat production. The integration measures are economical, especially in systems where the marginal heat production costs before the introduction of the heat measures are high, e.g. heat production on heat boilers using fuel oil. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of deposition of deer dung on nutrient redistribution and on soil and plant nutrients on intensively grazed grasslands in lowland Nepal
Authors: Moe Stein R. , Wegge Per 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNutrient redistribution, deer response to areas containing dung, and plant and soil nutrient content on grazing lawns and adjacent control areas were studied on intensively grazed grasslands in humid lowland Nepal. Effects of experimental fertilisation of grasslands with different amounts of dung pellets were also studied. A high‐density population of axis deer recirculated 13 tons (dry mass, DM) of dung per month in the 10 km2 study area. Because of preferential use of the grasslands for feeding while resting elsewhere, 10 tons were lost from the grassland to other habitat types per month during the dry season (February–May). The N, P, K, Na, and Mg content of grass from grazing lawns was significantly higher, probably because the grass was kept in a younger phenological stage of growth. In contrast with results from many other studies, the nutrient content of lawn soil was similar to that of adjacent, less intensively grazed areas, apart from P, which was lower in lawn soils. High plant P requirement on grazing lawns and removal of nutrients by deer may explain low soil P levels. Experiments with pellet fertilisation showed that high dung deposition increased plant P content, probably because of increased P uptake during early stages of growth. Dung deposition did not affect deer grazing preferences.
Dietary conjugated linoleic acid increases endurance capacity and fat oxidation in mice during exercise
Authors: Mizunoya Wataru , Haramizu Satoshi , Shibakusa Tetsuro , Okabe Yuki , Fushiki Tohru 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIngestion of CLA activates β‐oxidation and causes loss of body fat in rodents. We investigated the effects of dietary CLA on endurance capacity and energy metabolism during exercis in mice. Five‐week‐old male BALB/c mice were fed a control diet containing 1.0% linoleic acid or a diet containing 0.5% CLA that replaced an equivalent amount of linoleic acid for 1 wk. The maximum swimming time until fatigue was significantly higher in the CLA‐fed group than in the control group. During treadmill running, the respiratory exchange ratio was significantly lower in the CLA‐fed group, but oxygen consumption did not differ significantly between groups, suggesting that FA contributed more as an energy substrate in the CLA‐fed mice. The muscle lipoprotein lipase activity was significantly higher in the CLA‐fed group than in the control group. These results suggest that CLA ingestion increases endurance exercise capacity by promoting fat oxidation during exercise.