bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Function of surfactants in hair dyeing by oxidation dyes 2. Effect on formation of oxidation dyes by p‐aminophenol and 5‐amino‐o‐cresol in dye bath1
Authors: Yasunaga H. , Ishii Y. , Komoda T. , Shinkawa T. , Kajiwara K. , Urakawa H. 
Published: July 2007

SynopsisThe effect of surfactants on an oxidation‐hair‐dye‐formation reaction in a dye bath was studied in order to learn the mechanism of the effect of surfactants on the dyeability of hair by the oxidation dye. The dye‐formation behaviours for the p‐aminophenol and 5‐amino‐o‐cresol system with the surfactants, of which the hydrophilic parts have different charges, were compared changing the concentration of surfactants. It was found that the same dyes are produced, regardless of the charge of surfactants added, and the rate of dye produced in the dyebath is increased in the presence of surfactants. The order of the production rate is, with an anionic surfactant > with non‐ionic surfactant > with cationic surfactant > without surfactant. The relation between the dyeability of hair and the rate of dye produced in the dyebath in the presence of surfactants is not found. The major factor governing the dyeability of hair is different from the mechanism of the increased dye in the solution. It was also found that the dye‐formation rate is increased by immersing hair into the reaction solution, and hair works as an accelerator for the dye‐formation reaction.
A simple experimental method to study depigmenting agents
Authors: Abella M. L. , De Rigal J. , Neveux S. 
Published: July 2007

SynopsisThe first objective of the study was to verify that a controlled UV exposure of four areas of the forearms together with randomized product application enabled to compare treatment efficacy and then to compare the depigmenting efficacy of different products with a simple experimental method. Sixteen volunteers received 0.7 minimal erythermal dose for four consecutive days. Products tested were ellagic acid (0.5%), vitamin C (5%) and C8‐LHA (2%). Product application started 72 h post last exposure, was repeated for 42 days, the control zone being exposed, non‐treated. Colour measurements included Chromameter®, Chromasphere®, Spectro‐colorimeter and visual assessment. Comparison of colour values at day 1 and at day 7 showed that all zones were comparably tanned, allowing a rigorous comparison of the treatments. We report a new simple experimental model, which enables the rapid comparison of different depigmenting products. The efficacy and good tolerance of C8‐LHA make it an excellent candidate for the treatment of hyperpigmentory disorders.
Love Thy Neighbour: How Much Bigotry Is There In Western Countries?
Authors: Borooah Vani K. , Mangan John 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYBorrowing from the well known measures of poverty, we propose analogous measures for the amount of prejudice in a country. Values of this index are derived from individual responses to the Human Beliefs and Values Survey's question: ‘Would you like to have persons from this group as your neighbours?’ We use data on the responses to (i) construct measures for the amount of bigotry in a country and rank Western countries on a bigotry scale; (ii) examine the social and economic factors which determine whether people are bigoted or bigotry‐free; (iii) examine three specific phobias to see whether the strength of the ‘bigotry‐determining factors’ varies according to the group being considered.
Comparison of pathogen‐induced expression and efficacy of two amphibian antimicrobial peptides, MsrA2 and temporin A, for engineering wide‐spectrum disease resistance in tobacco
Authors: Yevtushenko Dmytro P. , Misra Santosh 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThe rapid accumulation of defensive transgene products in plants only on pathogen invasion has clear advantages over their constitutive synthesis. In this study, two antimicrobial peptides from the skin secretions of frogs, MsrA2 (N‐methionine‐dermaseptin B1) and temporin A, were evaluated for engineering pathogen‐induced disease resistance in plants. Both peptides inhibited plant‐specific pathogens in vitro at micromolar concentrations that were not toxic to plant protoplasts. The plant‐optimized nucleotide sequences encoding MsrA2 and temporin A were transcriptionally fused to the inducible win3.12T poplar promoter, which had strong systemic activity in response to fungal infection, and introduced into tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. Xanthi). Transgene expression was very low in the leaves of unstressed plants; however, it was strongly increased after pathogen challenge or wounding. The pathogen responsiveness of the win3.12T promoter was found to be universal rather than species specific, with high activity in response to all pathogens tested. On induction, the amount of MsrA2 was up to 6–7 µg per gram of fresh leaf tissue. Most importantly, the induced accumulation of MsrA2 and temporin A in transgenic tobacco was sufficient to confer resistance to a variety of phytopathogenic fungi, such as Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Alternaria alternata, Botrytis cinerea, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, the oomycete Pythium aphanidermatum and the bacterium Pectobacterium carotovorum. The accumulation of these peptides in transgenic plants did not alter the normal phenotype of tobacco. Thus, the expression of MsrA2 and temporin A in a pathogen‐inducible manner enables the development of tobacco, and possibly other plant species, with wide‐spectrum disease resistance, which can reduce the use of pesticides and the associated environmental risks.
Improving containment strategies in biopharming
Authors: Murphy Denis J. 
Published: July 2007

SummaryThis review examines the challenges of segregating biopharmed crops expressing pharmaceutical or veterinary agents from mainstream crops, particularly those destined for food or feed use. The strategy of using major food crops as production vehicles for the expression of pharmaceutical or veterinary agents is critically analysed in the light of several recent episodes of contamination of the human food chain by non‐approved crop varieties. Commercially viable strategies to limit or avoid biopharming intrusion into the human food chain require the more rigorous segregation of food and non‐food varieties of the same crop species via a range of either physical or biological methods. Even more secure segregation is possible by the use of non‐food crops, non‐crop plants or in vitro plant cultures as production platforms for biopharming. Such platforms already under development range from outdoor‐grown Nicotiana spp. to glasshouse‐grown Arabidopsis, lotus and moss. Amongst the more effective methods for biocontainment are the plastid expression of transgenes, inducible and transient expression systems, and physical containment of plants or cell cultures. In the current atmosphere of heightened concerns over food safety and biosecurity, the future of biopharming may be largely determined by the extent to which the sector is able to maintain public confidence via a more considered approach to containment and security of its plant production systems.
Transport and the rural economy: Institutions and institutional change in Ambeso Village, Indonesia
Authors: Sabandar William 
Published: July 2007

Abstract:This paper is concerned with the interaction between transport improvements and the rural economy. An institutional approach, based primarily on the new institutionalism theory, was used as the theoretical basis for the analysis. Using the evidence from Ambeso Village of Tana Toraja District, Indonesia, the paper examines the way transport improvements have been introduced and provided opportunities for positive change as well as individual responses to these opportunities. The paper ends by emphasising the role of institutions in the interaction between transport and the rural economy and the need for transport policy and research to transcend its traditional boundaries and address the complexities of institutions and institutional change.
Examining Associations between Occupation and Health by using Routinely Collected Data
Authors: Carpenter Lucy M. , Maconochie Noreen E. S. , Roman Eve , Cox D. R. 
Published: July 2007

Summary
When examining a large number of associations simultaneously, as happens when routinely collected data are used to assess associations between occupation and health, it is not obvious how best to identify associations requiring further investigation since some risks may be high, or low, by chance alone. We have developed an approach to deal with this problem which is relatively easy to apply and appropriate to applications where data are not too sparse. Observed to expected ratios are estimated using an empirical Bayes procedure. Anomalous associations can be seen as outliers in a normal probability plot of the log-ratios. The method is illustrated in the analysis of 252 000 cancers registered in men in England during 1981–87.
THE LABOUR MARKET AND TECHNICAL CHANGE IN ENDOGENOUS CYCLES
Authors: Ferri Piero 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTThe paper examines how a macro model, where there is an endogenous technical progress and strong interdependence between real and monetary aspects in both the labour and capital markets, can generate endogenous business cycles. This approach helps to understand the ambiguity of the NAIRU, the nature of the Phillips curve and the impact of labour productivity changes on the curve itself. Finally, the presence of expectation functions based upon a Markov‐switching time series process fosters endogenous dynamics and contributes to make asymmetries an important feature of the cycles.
EMULATION, PREVENTION AND SOCIAL INTERACTION IN CONSUMPTION DYNAMICS
Authors: Fatás‐Villafranca Francisco , Saura Dulce , Vázquez Francisco J. 
Published: July 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper we show that the role of diversity, local interactions and global endogenous change at the level of social standards might be crucial in understanding the evolution of consumption patterns in modern economies. We propose an evolutionary model from which consumption dynamics can be analyzed as global properties emerging from the endogenous transformation of a society inhabited by boundedly rational interactive consumers. This work aspires to take a modest step forward in the direction of an evolutionary theory of demand change.
Control of atopic eczema with pimecrolimus cream 1% under daily practice conditions: results of a > 2000 patient study
Authors: Ring J , Abraham A , De Cuyper C , Kim K , Langeland T , Parra V , Pigatto P , Reunala T , Szczepanski R , Möhrenschlager M , Bräutigam M , Rossi AB , Meents‐Kopecky E , Schneider D 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBackground  Pimecrolimus cream 1% has been shown to effectively control atopic eczema (AE) when applied twice daily from the first signs or symptoms of AE until clearance. Moreover, pimecrolimus cream 1% has a favourable safety profile, lacking topical corticosteroid‐related side‐effects such as skin atrophy, making it particularly useful to treat delicate body regions (e.g. the face).Objective  The objective of this naturalistic study was to monitor the safety, tolerability and efficacy of pimecrolimus when used in the long‐term management of AE in a real‐life setting.Methods  A multicentre, open‐label study was conducted in 2034 patients aged ≥ 3 months with mild to moderate AE for up to 12 months’ duration. Patients applied pimecrolimus cream twice daily, initiating treatment at first signs or symptoms of AE, continuing until clearance.Results  Patients (n= 1847; 91%) completed 3 months of the study. Treatment success (clear or almost clear AE) after 3 months of treatment was observed on the whole body in 59% of patients and on the face in 81% of patients. Disease improvement of whole body and face was seen in 77% and 63% of patients, respectively. Pruritus was absent or mild in 79% of patients. Pimecrolimus cream was well tolerated throughout the study.Conclusion  In a daily practice setting, pimecrolimus cream 1% effectively and safely controls AE.
Quality of life in adults with chronic idiopathic urticaria receiving desloratadine: a randomized, double‐blind, multicentre, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Grob JJ , Auquier P , Dreyfus I , Ortonne JP 
Published: July 2007

AbstractObjective  To assess the effect of desloratadine on quality of life (QoL) in chronic idiopathic urticaria (CIU).Study population  Patients with a history of CIU (pruritus and weals lasting = 6 weeks) were included in this multicentre, randomized, double‐blind placebo‐controlled study that took place in dermatology centres throughout France. During the study, patients were randomized to receive desloratadine 5 mg daily or placebo for 42 days.Main outcome measures  Variation of the scores of two QoL dermatology‐specific tools between baseline and day 42, the French translation version of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) and the VQ‐Dermato (a French‐language scoring instrument).Results  The intent‐to‐treat population comprised 137 patients [desloratadine (n = 65) or placebo (n = 72)]. Desloratadine treatment was associated with significantly greater improvements from baseline to day 42 compared with placebo in DLQI overall score (–6 vs. –2.2 points; P < 0.002) and VQ‐Dermato score (18.5 vs. 29.1 points; P = 0.009). Mean scores for sleep disruption and disruption of daily activities were significantly lower in the desloratadine group than in the placebo group from day 1 to the end of the study.Conclusions  Desloratadine 5 mg/day was associated with significant improvements in two separate dermatology‐specific measures of QoL in patients with CIU. QoL proved to be a relevant primary outcome measure for therapeutic trials in CIU.
‘But Suppose Everyone Did the Same’1 — The Case of the Danish Utopian Micro‐Society of Christiania
Authors: MIDTGAARD SØREN FLINCH 
Published: July 2007

abstract  The paper considers what (if anything) can justify that a utopian community or a micro‐society makes an exception to the general rules of society for itself. The discussion evolves around the Danish case of Christiania. Three moral theories, to wit Kantian constructivism, rule‐consequentialism and act‐consequentialism, are applied to the case at hand. The aim is to test whether the exceptions in question are unjust or in other ways morally problematic. The two former theories appear to deny the justice of Christiania. The relevant exceptions are unacceptable according to those two moral perspectives. Act‐consequentialism, however, seems to endorse the case of Christiania, including the exceptions pertaining to it. While the latter theory is often thought to conflict with widely shared reflective moral convictions, in this case it might square with at least an important pragmatic layer of Danish public culture.
Utilitarianism, Vegetarianism, and Human Health: A Response to the Causal Impotence Objection
Authors: GARRETT JEREMY R. 
Published: July 2007

abstract  It is generally assumed that the link between utilitarianism and vegetarianism is relatively straightforward. However, a familiar objection to utility‐based vegetarianism maintains that, given the massive scale of animal agribusiness, any given person is causally impotent in reducing the overall number of animals raised for food and, thus, in reducing the unfathomably high quantity of disutility engendered thereby. Utilitarians have frequently responded to this objection in two ways: first, by appealing to expected utility and economic thresholds, and, secondly, by appealing to publicity effects. In this paper, I will offer some reasons for thinking that, however far these responses go in the direction of ethical vegetarianism, both leave an important normative gap between the dietary prescription they are capable of underwriting and a ‘minimally‐genuine’ vegetarian obligation. What is needed to close this gap is a utility‐based reason that (1) generates an ethical prescription for minimally‐genuine vegetarianism and (2) circumvents the causal impotence objection. As I see it, there is a straightforward and auspicious reason that can perform both of the required tasks — namely, an appeal to the well‐documented welfare‐reducing effects of eating animal products upon human health. For, if causal impotence is to work as a global objection to utility‐based vegetarianism (rather than as a more local objection to certain reasons supporting that position), then it must operate as a general thesis about the incapacity for any given individual to bring about more utility solely through her own abstention from consuming animal products. However, for almost any given individual, the decision to maintain a vegetarian diet is causally potent in at least diminishing the expected disutility for herself of poorer health and a shorter life span associated with the consumption of animal products. Thus, it follows that (1) there are plausible, if not conclusive, utilitarian grounds for minimally‐genuine vegetarianism and (2) the causal impotence objection fails as a general criticism of utility‐based vegetarianism.
Is the prefrontal bone in Alpine newt (Triturus alpestris Laurenti, 1768) of dual origin?
Authors: Vater Miloš 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAccording to current knowledge, only the prefrontal bone (os prefrontale) of the circumorbital series is preserved in the family Salamandridae. However, the exact origin and number of ossification centres creating this bone is unknown. Detailed examination of the prefrontal bone during ontogeny of juvenile and adult specimens of the Alpine Newt (Triturus alpestris) indicates its dual origin (prefrontal and lacrimal). We found that the prefrontal bone originates from four ossification centres, i.e. three prefrontal centres and one posterior lacrimal centre. The anterior lacrimal centre participates in the maxillar ossification. The development of these ossification centres occurs very late in ontogeny (at stage 54), and starts after differentiation of the nasal capsules. The total fusion of the lacrimal ossification centre with the prefrontal bone of T. alpestris is distinct from the fully differentiated lacrimal bone attached to the prefrontal bone of the fossil family Branchiosauridae (Temnospondyly). We propose that heterochrony, observed in the recent species, is a delayed development followed by accelerated ossification that resulted in the fusion of the anterior lacrimal centre with the maxilla and the posterior lacrimal centre with the prefrontal bone.
Volume rendering based on magnetic resonance imaging: advances in understanding the three‐dimensional anatomy of the human knee
Authors: Anastasi Giuseppe , Bramanti Placido , Di Bella Paolo , Favaloro Angelo , Trimarchi Fabio , Magaudda Ludovico , Gaeta Michele , Scribano Emanuele , Bruschetta Daniele , Milardi Demetrio 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe choice of medical imaging techniques, for the purpose of the present work aimed at studying the anatomy of the knee, derives from the increasing use of images in diagnostics, research and teaching, and the subsequent importance that these methods are gaining within the scientific community. Medical systems using virtual reality techniques also offer a good alternative to traditional methods, and are considered among the most important tools in the areas of research and teaching. In our work we have shown some possible uses of three‐dimensional imaging for the study of the morphology of the normal human knee, and its clinical applications. We used the direct volume rendering technique, and created a data set of images and animations to allow us to visualize the single structures of the human knee in three dimensions. Direct volume rendering makes use of specific algorithms to transform conventional two‐dimensional magnetic resonance imaging sets of slices into see‐through volume data set images. It is a technique which does not require the construction of intermediate geometric representations, and has the advantage of allowing the visualization of a single image of the full data set, using semi‐transparent mapping. Digital images of human structures, and in particular of the knee, offer important information about anatomical structures and their relationships, and are of great value in the planning of surgical procedures. On this basis we studied seven volunteers with an average age of 25 years, who underwent magnetic resonance imaging. After elaboration of the data through post‐processing, we analysed the structure of the knee in detail. The aim of our investigation was the three‐dimensional image, in order to comprehend better the interactions between anatomical structures. We believe that these results, applied to living subjects, widen the frontiers in the areas of teaching, diagnostics, therapy and scientific research.
Morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the abomasum of red deer during prenatal development
Authors: Masot A. J. , Franco A. J. , Redondo E. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe red deer is well suited to scientific study, given its economic importance as an animal to be hunted, and because it has a rich genetic heritage. However, there has been little research into the prenatal development of the stomach of ruminants in general, and none for the red deer. For this reason, we undertook histological evaluation of the ontogenesis of the abomasum in red deer. Histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. The animals were divided for test purposes into five experimental groups: group I [1.4–3.6 cm crown–rump length (CRL); 30–60 days, 1–25% of gestation]; group II (4.5–7.2 cm CRL; 67–90 days, 25–35% of gestation); group III (8–19 cm CRL; 97–135 days, 35–50% of gestation); group IV (21–33 cm CRL; 142–191 days, 50–70% of gestation) group V (36–40 cm CRL; 205–235 days, 75–100% of gestation). In the organogenesis of the primitive gastric tube of red deer, differentiation of the abomasum took place at 67 days, forming a three‐layered structure: the epithelial layer (pseudostratified), pluripotential blastemic tissue and serosa. The abomasal wall displayed the primitive folds of the abomasum and by 97 days abomasal peak areas were observed on the fold surface. At 135 days the abomasal surface showed a single mucous cylindrical epithelium, and gastric pits were observed in the spaces between abomasal areas. At the bottom of these pits the first outlines of glands could be observed. The histodifferentiation of the lamina propria‐submucosa, tunica muscularis and serosa showed patterns similar to those described for the forestomach of red deer. The abomasum of red deer during prenatal life, especially from 67 days of gestation, was shown to be an active structure with full secretory capacity. Its histological development, its secretory capacity (as revealed by the presence of neutral mucopolysaccharides) and its neuroendocrine nature (as revealed by the presence of positive non‐neuronal enolase cells and the neuropeptides vasoactive intestinal peptide and neuropeptide Y) were in line with the development of the rumen, reticulum and omasum. Gastrin‐immunoreactive cells first appeared in the abomasum at 142 days, and the number of positive cells increased during development. As for the number of gastrin cells, plasma gastrin concentrations increased throughout prenatal life. However, its prenatal development was later than that of the abomasum in sheep, goat and cow.