bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Displaying Cultural Humility with Black Students
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
School social workers are ethically bound by the National Association of Social Workers code of ethics to champion the social justice rights of marginalized populations. This chapter challenges school social workers to acknowledge how individual and systemic biases contribute to racial trauma in Black students. It also discusses the current state of mental health in Black youth, including the double layer of trauma from the COVID-19 pandemic and the racial justice movement following the murders of George Floyd and Breonna Taylor. Implicit bias in school discipline, mental health care accessibility and treatment, and the playroom are also explored as contributing factors to racial trauma in Black students. The chapter also explains the importance of fostering cultural humility and inclusivity when working with Black students, along with play-based interventions to introduce dialogue on race in the playroom with Black students of all ages.
Play Therapy to Encourage Social-Emotional Expression in Black Boys
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Black boys experience racial stressors that are related to stereotypes, bias, and socialization practices in the Black community and these contribute to racial trauma. This chapter discusses the current state of mental health in Black boys, along with the alarming rising rates of suicide. Socialization practices such as racial socialization messages and toxic masculinity are explored as racial stressors. It also delves into the stereotypes of Black boys and how they are correlated with racial disparities in school discipline and the juvenile justice system. The chapter explores the negative impact of community violence and adverse police contact among Black boys, along with maladaptive coping skills that are typically used a coping mechanism. It provides suggestions on ways to engage Black boys in play therapy along with music- and art-based interventions to use in individual and group play therapy to encourage social-emotional expression.
Supporting Black Youth Through Grief and Bereavement
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyses the different grief events that Black student endure, such as community violence, having an incarcerated family member, and being involved in the child welfare system. Multidimensional grief theory is applied to the various grief events Black students are exposed to, including the death of a loved one and the killing of unarmed Black children and adults, as well as the epidemic of Black hip-hop artists dying. It also discusses the way disenfranchised grief and polyvictimization in Black students further compound childhood traumatic grief. The chapter explains the symptoms of childhood traumatic grief that can present in the behaviors of Black students. Play therapy interventions including sand tray therapy and child-centered play therapy are applied as ways into integrate play into individual and group sessions with Black students to process the grief in healthy ways.
Group Play Therapy with Black Students
Authors: Duncan April D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the use of group therapy as a solution to the mental health accessibility issues experienced by Black students, as well as a way to alleviate the workload on overworked school mental health staff and teachers. It discusses the advantages of group therapy and suggestions for creating the optimal group dynamics for Black students to process racial stressors. The chapter identifies the phases of group therapy and offers group play therapy interventions to use with Black students of all ages. Group play therapy approaches such as Child-Centered Group Play Therapy (CCGPT), Theraplay, Adlerian group play therapy, and sand tray are applied as effective ways to promote empowerment and healthy coping in Black students. A case study of an innovative group play therapy program for Black teens, the Heritage Youth Connection, is also included.
Who’s Who in the Legal Process
Authors: Bodansky Daniel , van Asselt Harro 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 6 introduces two main actors in international environmental law: states and international institutions. The chapter explains how international environmental law remains state-centric but challenges some common presumptions, including that states are unitary entities, that states have sovereignty over activities within their borders is often assumed, and that all states are equal. The chapter then turns to international institutions, including conferences of the parties to multilateral environmental agreements and environmental bureaucracies. Although international environmental institutions vary in terms of their degree of autonomy from states, many have become actors in their own right, and as such have been able to exert influence on the development and implementation of international environmental law.
Syrian Refugees
Authors: Hassan Waïl S. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The telenovela Órfãos da terra (2019, Orphans of the Earth), co-written by Thelma Guedes and Duca Rachid, reasserts the Freyrean vision of mistura as the national and international crises described in chapter 10 worsen with the election of a far-Right populist president. The telenovela engages in a contest over Brazilian identity by didactically championing tolerance and cultural mixture as defining marks of national society and culture. But this vocal defense of tolerance betrays a deepening anxiety about religious difference and a powerful undercurrent of Islamophobia. While it repudiates racism and xenophobia, the telenovela recasts, in religious rather than racial or ethnic terms, the old question of desirable versus undesirable immigrants. To the question of which religions are compatible with Brazilian mistura, the implicit answer is Catholicism and spiritism, not Islam or Judaism.
Fuller & Neuburg After the Agnostic Journal
Authors: Kaczynski Richard 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 describes how J. F. C. Fuller and Victor Neuburg’s shift from Agnosticism to Thelema came with an enthusiastic embrace of the occult. Neuburg was the first to apply to the mystic society A∴A∴, and he played an instrumental role in foundational magical experiments such as The Vision and the Voice (1909), The Rites of Eleusis (1910), and The Paris Working (1913). He would also become subeditor of later issues of The Equinox, which would publish his next collection of verse, The Triumph of Pan (1910). Fuller’s occult shift, meanwhile, was obvious as early as his final contributions to the Agnostic Journal. He would subsequently provide many illustrations for The Equinox, which also serialized his “Temple of Solomon the King”—an extensive “magical biography” of Crowley—in every issue. Thus, The Equinox provided, for a time, a mutually beneficial place for three ex-Agnostics united by their newfound love of magick.
From Presence to Power
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 8 explores aid initiatives aimed at reinforcing the influence of women elected officials and, by extension, the representation of women’s diverse political interests. The first part of the chapter discusses assistance providers’ traditional focus on strengthening women’s legislative effectiveness through individual-level training and support for women’s networks and caucuses. It highlights two central limitations of these approaches: by targeting women legislators’ skills and capacities, they miss opportunities to amplify other important drivers of women’s substantive representation and struggle to overcome gendered institutional constraints. The second part of the chapter highlights several complementary entry points, namely supporting reform-oriented “critical actors,” fostering stronger links between elected officials and women’s movements, and reforming internal parliamentary structures and processes.
Widening the Lens
Authors: Brechenmacher Saskia , Mann Katherine 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 10 assesses how international aid for women’s political empowerment addresses intersecting axes of exclusion and the challenges posed by authoritarian co-optation and democratic erosion. The first part of the chapter explores how an intersectional lens might improve current assistance models and the difficulties that aid organizations have faced in translating the concept into practice. The second part of the chapter analyzes the limits of gender inclusionary approaches in countries experiencing democratic backsliding and closing civic space. Aid providers confront murky new waters as growing numbers of nondemocratic leaders lash out against women’s activism, restrict international democracy assistance, or co-opt women’s political leadership for illiberal ends.
Does Epidemiologic Theory Exist?
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 makes what should be the self-evident claim that epidemiological theory is a practical necessity for thinking about and explaining disease distribution. Yet, epidemiological theory is overwhelmingly ignored by most epidemiologic textbooks and studies, with training in the discipline instead emphasizing methods. The chapter reviews key features of scientific theories, why they are vital to scientific inquiry and causal analysis, and applies these ideas to analyzing features of epidemiologic theories of disease distribution. Examining historical trends in epidemiologic textbooks’ treatment of epidemiologic theory, this updated chapter extends the time period of review from 1960–2008 to 1960–2021. A key finding is that while there has been a slight increase, since 2010, in the small number of epidemiological textbooks mentioning the field’s history and its theories of disease distribution, most textbooks continue to neglect these topics and focus overwhelming on methods.
Contemporary Mainstream Epidemiologic Theory
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 5 critically examines the origins, assumptions, and features of theories dominant since the 1950s: the biomedical model and lifestyle theories of disease distribution. The chapter analyzes these theories in their societal and ecological context, including the Cold War and rise of methodological individualism in the social sciences. It explores the foundations these theories of disease distribution set for the “spiderless” web of causation, still spinning since its formulation in the 1960s. It also examines their role in entrenching reductionist approaches to analyzing and intervening upon population health and health inequities, and their emphasis on disease mechanisms over causes of disease distribution. Revision updates to this chapter include new work regarding precision medicine, evolutionary medicine, analysis of gene-environment interactions, and the “developmental origins of adult health and disease” (DoHAD).
State-building through Rebel–Civilian Ties
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter argues that post-war governance following rebel victory can be thought of as a process of internal conquest. Conflict does not end with the cessation of civil war; rather, rebel victory sets off a series of post-war conflicts that represent the new government's attempts to consolidate power over its challengers. Using this framework, this chapter develops a theory of how rebel–civilian ties that are forged during war by armed groups come to define post-war resource allocation strategies under the victor. These rebel–civilian ties help to explain sub-national variation in the rebel victor's post-war resource allocation strategy toward development and security, and cross-national variation in whether this resource allocation strategy successfully allows the victor to consolidate power.
The Liberia Civil War (1989–1996)
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThis chapter examines the First Liberian Civil War, where initial rebel-civilian ties were lost due to high rates of inter-group military contestation during the latter half of the conflict. The chapter investigates rebel governance under Charles Taylor's NPFL during the first civil war, and explains how organizational capacity on the ground was quickly eroded when other armed groups entered the conflict. Although the NPFL won the civil war, Taylor faced greater security threats and precarity during the post-war period. The chapter draws on rich qualitative data including interviews and focus groups conducted with government officials, ex-combatants, and civilians. Qualitative findings is bolstered by quantitative analyses using conflict, administrative, survey, and census datasets that show evidence of how sub-national wartime rebel control predicted differences in post-war resource targeting.
Divergent Trajectories across Rebel Victories
Authors: Liu Shelley X. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractWhy did the victor in Zimbabwe consolidate power while the victor in Liberia did not, despite engaging in the same resource allocation strategy? This chapter examines how wartime rebel–civilian ties affect the victor's ability to successfully control, co-opt, and coerce to consolidate power. Qualitative and quantitative data on conflict resumption in Liberia show how the lack of rebel–civilian ties increased the victor's budget constraints—with negative consequences for sustaining control. For external validity, the chapter provides a categorization of the eighteen rebel victories in sub-Saharan Africa by the strength of their rebel–civilian ties as well as the expanse of territories under which these rebel–civilian ties were sustained. Results show that these dimensions are correlated with post-war state stability and the victors' eventual consolidation of power.
Postcolonial Servitude
Authors: Hai Ambreen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Postcolonial Servitude explores how a new generation of Anglophone, transnational, award-winning writers with origins in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh engages with the complexities of domestic servitude as a problem for the nation and for the novel. Servitude, to be distinguished from slavery, is a distinctive, pervasive, unregulated, and exploitative institution in South Asia, with a long history. South Asian literature has always featured servants, usually as marginal or instrumental. This book focuses on writers who make servants and servitude central, and who craft new narrative forms to achieve their goals. Drawing on interdisciplinary conceptual frameworks, and addressing what it identifies as a blind spot in contemporary postcolonial studies, this is the first to offer a sustained analysis of servitude and servants in postcolonial or South Asian English literature from the early twentieth century to the present, and to examine their political, thematic, and formal significance. Methodologically, using close reading and attention to form to illuminate in new ways both well-known writers (from R. K. Narayan, Attia Hosain, and Anita Desai to Salman Rushdie) and more recent ones (Mohsin Hamid, Daniyal Mueenuddin, Romesh Gunesekera, Aravind Adiga, Thrity Umrigar, Kiran Desai), this book argues that an emergent wave of global fiction has begun to rethink South Asian cultures of servitude. Pulling servants from the background into the foreground, emphasizing their interiorities and stories, these transnational writers attempt to defamiliarize what is familiar, to make the invisible visible, to challenge normalized ways of seeing, being, and writing, and to prompt progressive social change.
Introduction
Authors: Hai Ambreen 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
The introduction sets up the key questions, conceptual frameworks, critical methodology, and broader literary historical contexts of this study. Starting with concrete examples from postcolonial literature and film that demonstrate some complexities of servitude explored in this book, it asks for instance: What kind of work does the figure of the servant do in each text? How do writers adapt literary forms or modes of representation to avoid past problems and engage with servitude in progressive, productive ways? It defines domestic servitude in contemporary South Asian postcolonial contexts and elaborates on the nexus of issues it raises (cross-class intimacy, micropolitics, intersectionality), and on close reading as a fundamental method. It discusses how servitude constitutes a blind spot in postcolonial literature and scholarship, how British writers like Bronte or Kipling represented servants, and how transnational South Asian writers, because of their insider-outsider positions, offer inventive new ways of seeing and rethinking servitude.
Viable Ethnic Groups
Authors: Fox Colm A. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 7 examines how ethnic group viability affects the kinds of ethnic appeals candidates make. It defines viability in terms of a group’s size and the presence or absence of social constraints on appeals to that group. Drawing on a content analysis of Indonesian regional head posters, it demonstrates that under candidate-centric rules, candidates from viable ethnic groups were more likely to make religious and indigenous bonding appeals, whereas those from nonviable groups preferred bridging (e.g. nationalist) appeals or bypassing ethnicity altogether. The evidence indicates that across constituencies with varying levels of diversity, the argument can predict the kinds of religious or indigenous identities that will become politicized. Additionally, the chapter suggests that a strong ethnic reputation, a crowded field of co-ethnic candidates, and an uncompetitive electoral contest can cause candidates to suppress religious and indigenous bonding appeals. All these dynamics are illustrated through statistical analyses, qualitative discussions of individual cases, and several controlled comparisons.
The Issue
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 1 introduces a conundrum—why the United States still has racism and racial inequality more than a half century after the civil rights movement—and offers the book’s main argument in brief. The argument is that racial inequality remains entrenched because race has become religionized in the United States. Indeed, a religion with unique beliefs, practices, and organizations has developed around whites’ racial dominance. This religion, which we call the Religion of Whiteness (ROW), feeds on racial inequality. Race and racial injustice have not receded from American life because they are, in good part, the life-giving force of a dominant group’s religion. Thus understanding the relationship between race and religion is essential for conceptualizing and dismantling racism. The ROW is consequential for the Church and the nation. Through two short stories, we illustrate how the ROW animates much behavior in white Christian spaces, including sermons and interpersonal interactions. One consequence of the ROW is that it causes its practitioners to defend white dominance, even at the expense of fellow Christians, especially Christians of color. These Christians of color often suffer “betrayal trauma” as a result of many white Christians’ rejection.
Why the Betrayal? The Religion of Whiteness
Authors: Emerson Michael O. , Bracey Glenn E. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
Chapter 3 introduces and builds upon Durkheim’s theory of religion to explain why the betrayals discussed in the preceding chapters occur. Durkheim defines religion through its function, namely bringing believers into a unified moral community. Building on that definition, we theorize the Religion of Whiteness (ROW), which is a set of beliefs, practices, and organizations that sacralizes and venerates whiteness while denigrating as profane all things nonwhite. The ROW is a powerful intruder within portions of American Christianity and has many millions of followers. Its beliefs and practices selectively blend traditional Christian imagery and texts with white-serving logics and interpretations that legitimate white dominance over people of color. Because the ROW depends upon harmonious belief in whiteness, it necessitates betraying Christians of color who do not support the ROW. This religion affects more than just churches. It drives national politics, divides families, and is especially harmful to communities of color.
Where We Are Now
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the kinds of legal questions neuroscience will be asked to answer. It also surveys the domains of law where neuroscience is already being used and the resources available to guide learning in this new intersection of fields. It summarizes the rapid growth of forensic neuroscience, both quantitatively (e.g., the number of cases in which neuroscience evidence has been offered into evidence) and qualitatively (in terms of the speed with which new neuroscience technologies have found their way into the law in different domains). It organizes its survey into the three substantive categories of civil, criminal, and administrative law, looking at three different domains in each category: reported case law, regulations, and legislation. In the civil law category, it examines how neuroscientific evidence is being used in torts, contracts, constitutional law, health law, family law, and probate. In the criminal law category, it examines how neuroscientific evidence is being used in the assessment of a defendant’s mental state, on excuse-based defenses like insanity, and on criminal sentencing. In the administrative law category, it touches on how neuroscience is being used in the claims processes of Medicare, Medicaid, Social Security disability, and workers’ compensation.
The Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces the cerebral cortex, which is the outer layer of the cerebrum. It is the structure that most people see when they look at a human brain. The chapter begins with a description of the key constituent of the cortex, which is a type of cell known as a neuron. The different parts of neurons, known as the cell body, the dendrites, and the axons, are further described in detail. Scientists distinguish different parts or lobes of the cerebral cortex: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital. The chapter surveys the basic functions of each lobe with emphasis on the prefrontal cortex, which enables judgment and decision-making, among other functions, and is relevant in many legal contexts. The chapter also describes some of the circuits spanning the lobes that support the faculties of language and the evaluation of risks and rewards.
Where We Might Be Headed
Authors: Jones Owen D. , Schall Jeffrey D. , Shen Francis X. , Hoffman Morris B. , Wagner Anthony D. 
Published: March 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines several possible future intersections of neuroscience and law, organized from most likely to happen soonest to least likely: diagnosing chronic pain, diagnosing legally relevant psychiatric conditions, understanding legally relevant mental states, measuring reasonableness, and lie detection. The chapter discusses why neuroscience will likely play an important role in resolving future forensic disputes over chronic pain and in diagnosing certain mental disorders. It may take longer for neuroscience to reliably distinguish between legally relevant mental states and to provide objective data to inform legal evaluations of reasonableness. The chapter concludes by examining why courts should remain skeptical of the forensic value of EEG and fMRI lie detection techniques.