bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conditioning of agricultural soils with fatty acid still pitch
Authors: Paschke R. F. , Nordgren Robert , Wheeler D. H. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryStill pitch remaining after the commercial distillation of soy and cottonseed oil fatty acids may be an effective agent for improving the tilth of certain agricultural soils. It greatly increases the water‐holding capacity. Up to 98% of Boston blue clay was converted to water‐stable aggregates by 4% of pitch. One per cent of pitch (.02/1b.) gave 10.8% aggregation while 0.1% of Krilium ($1.47/1b.) gave 8.5%.The cost of soil conditioning with pitch is estimated to be only 15% of the cost in using synthetic polyelectrolytes. Possible methods of application and the use of pitch as a vehicle for trace elements are discussed. Toxicity to plants and effective life in the soil are not known. Field evaluation is urged.
Comparative absolute yields of crude and neutral oils from variously prepared cottonseed meats
Authors: Eaves P. H. , Molaison L. J. , Pollard E. F. , Spadaro J. J. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryExperiments utilizing cottonseed meats of diverse origin and composition were conducted for the purpose of determining the effect of the method of meats preparation on the yields of crude and neutral oil obtainable from differently prepared, comparable meats by solvent extraction. Three methods of meats preparation were employed,i. e., simple flaking of raw meats “as is”, tempering of cracked meats prior to flaking, and cooking by the modified hydraulic method developed for use with the filtration‐extraction process. Commercial hexane was used as the extraction solvent. The experiments were carried out by procedures which eliminated the effects of any variables other than the method of preparing the meats for extractionThe results of the studies showed that the method used in preparing cottonseed meats for extraction had a significant effect on the yields of crude oil obtained but that the yields of neutral oil, the valuable constituent of crude oils, were virtually unaffected. Analyses of the crude oils showed that the differences in crude oil yields were caused by the relative amounts of non‐neutral oil materials in the crudes from the differently prepared meats. The greatest yields of crude oil were obtained from raw flakes, intermediate yields from tempered flakes, and the smallest yields from cooked flakes. The impurities content in the respective crude oils followed the same order,i. e., crudes from raw flakes were highest in impurities and lowest in neutral oil, crudes from tempered flakes were lower in impurities and higher in neutral oil, and the crudes from the cooked meats were outstandingly low in impurities and high in neutral oil. Virtually equal amounts of neutral oil were obtained from equivalent quantities of comparable meats regardless of the method used in preparing the meats for extraction.
Sugar esters
Authors: Osipow Lloyd , Snell Foster Dee , Finchler Arthur 
Published: August 2007

SummaryImprovements in the method of manufacture of the sugar esters are described. The use of a turbulent‐film evaporator for removal of product methanol reduces reaction time in batch operation from 15 to 3 hrs. The presence of trace quantities of water inhibits diester formation and permits recovery of better than 90% monoester without extensive purification.
Surfactant survey
Authors: Pacifico Carl , Ionescu M. E. 
Published: August 2007

ConclusionsThis study emphasizes the differences in properties required of surfactants for various application, the large and growing number of uses requiring more than 500,000 pounds per year, and the constantly changing pattern of use, making most of the recent estimates of volume distribution obsolete.For some time it has been customary to estimate the household market as 75–80% of the total. This study shows that this estimate is certainly high as household use is now probably only 50–55% of the total. This fact may be important in releasing our energies for the creative development of markets in the industrial fields. There is a rich potential market in such applications as ore flotation, agriculture, road building, and petroleum processing.
Evaluation of surfactants for oil field flooding
Authors: Johnson C. E. 
Published: August 2007

SummaryThe problem of placing surfactant flooding on an economic basis should be of interest to both the oil producer and the surfactant manufacturer. To oil producers it could mean an increase of as much as 6 billion barrels in the recoverable reserves of the United States alone. This figure is based on application in areas where conventional water flooding is at present economically feasible (1). To surfactant manufacturers it could mean a market for as much as 20 billion pounds which amounts to 10 years of sales at current rates (11). If the process were developed to the point that it could make water flooding attractive in areas where it is now technically, but not economically feasible, another 20 billion barrels of oil might be recovered and perhaps 30 billion pounds of surfactant utilized.It is hoped that others interested in the problem of surfactant flooding will find the analysis and calculations presented here helpful. Adsorption has been emphasized because it is probably the most difficult of the many subsidiary problems involved. Those who have studied surfactant adsorption in relation to oil field flooding have consistently reported unfavorable results (4). Unfortunately not much is known about structural changes in surfactant molecules which might be used to control adsorption onto mineral surfaces. Neither is there much information available on the effective surface‐areas of reservoir rocks with respect to adsorption of surfactant‐size molecules. Both of these subjects require intensive study if surfactants are to be used successfully in water flooding.
Evaluation of hydrogenation catalyst activity
Authors: El‐Shattory Y. , deMan L. , deMan J. M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe AOCS Recommended Practice for testing activity of hydroge‐nation catalysts was used to compare activity and properties of a number of commercial catalysts with the AOCS standard catalyst. Four of five commercial catalysts tested were similar to the standard but one commercial catalyst was markedly more active and more selective. It also was very difficult to filter after hydrogenation. Selectivity of the catalysts in hydrogenation of soybean oil was determined from change in fatty acid composition. The most selective catalyst produced the highest level oftrans isomers and the highest dropping point. Solid fat contents measured after 30 and 40 min of hydrogenation time were determined by wide‐line nuclear magnetic resonance. The Recommended Practice and standard catalyst were useful tools in evaluating activity and selectivity of hydrogenation catalysts.
The autoxidation of linoleates at elevated temperatures
Authors: Henderson S. K. , Witchwoot A. , Nawar W. W. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractTo investigate the effects of heating conditions on the decomposi‐tion of linoleates, samples of linoleic acid and its esters were heated at 70 C, 180 C and 250 C for different periods of time and their decomposition products analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. Qualitatively, the polar decomposition products were basically the same. However at the higher temperature and longer heating time the nonpolar decomposition products contained a large number of cyclic hydrocarbons which could not be detected with the milder heat treatments. A series of alkyl ethers, not previously reported, was identified in samples heated at 250 C for 5 hr. Quanti‐tatively, hexanal and aldehyde esters were found in significantly greater amounts in the samples heated at a lower temperature, whereas the reverse was true fort, t‐2,4‐decadienal.
The determination of vitamin d in margarine by high performance liquid chromatography
Authors: van Niekerk P. J. , Smit S. C. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMargarine manufactured in South Africa contains vitamin D added at a level of 1–3 international units per gram. Because of the high ratio of lipid to vitamin D, it is difficult to determine the vitamin content for control purposes. A high performance liquid Chro‐matographic method for the determination of vitamin D in mar‐garine is proposed. The unsaponifiable fraction of a margarine sample is chromatographed twice on an adsorption system. The vitamin D fraction collected from this column is finally injected onto a reverse phase system where vitamins D2 and D3 are separated and quantitated with an ultraviolet detector. Vitamin D2 is used as an internal standard for vitamin D3 or vice‐versa, depending on the form of the vitamin added to margarine. The recovery of 100 ng/g vitamin D3 added to a margarine mix was 100.1% (coefficient of variation 13.2% for 12 replicates) as calculated from the ratio of peak areas. The detection limit is 1 ng vitamin D. Results for 3 samples of margarine and one sample of butter are given.
A rapid method for analysis of refined vegetable oils for TBHQ by gas chromatography
Authors: Austin Richard E. , Wyatt David M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA simple and rapid extraction technique using acetonitrile solvent has been used to extract TBHQ antioxidant from refined soybean and cottonseed oils. The extracts have been analyzed by a gas Chromatographic technique, using silyl derivatization, to quantitate the TBHQ content of the oil. The method has been calibrated using 14 data points for linear regression, showing a coefficient of deter‐mination of 0.9587. Average recoveries over a 14‐day period range from 102 to 106.6% at the 50–150 ppm levels. The overall test standard deviation, which includes the effects of time, is 5.9.
The stain removal index (SRI): A new reflectometer method for measuring and reporting stain removal effectiveness
Authors: Neiditch O. W. , Mills K. L. , Gladstone G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe development of laundry stain removal test methods is currently receiving attention in task groups of 3 major standards developing organizations in the U.S. The need for such test methods is reflected in the proliferation of products for presoaking or pretreatment of stained laundry items prior to washing or for addition to the main wash solution to help insure complete removal of stains. Proposed test methods involve: (a) a standardized staining procedure, (b) pretreatment or presoaking of the stains, and/or (c) a wash in a detergent solution which may include an additive, (d) visual or instrumental evaluation of the degree of stain removal, and (e) calculation of percentage stain removal when instrumental evalua‐tion is used. Calculation of percentage stain removal involves the use of the reflectance value of the applied stain. This can lead to anom‐alies in results due to the failure of reflectance readings to be directly proportional to the amount of stain applied. This paper describes the stain removal methodology developed by the authors including an instrumental method for reading and a procedure for calculating the stain removal effectiveness of any pretreatment, presoaking, and/or wash procedure. This instrumental method and the calculation described as the “Stain Removal Index” (SRI) overcomes many of the anomalies found with percentage stain removal calculations and presents results which parallel visual appearance. The “Stain Removal Index” defines the relationship of the appearance of the treated and washed stain fabric to the appear‐ance of an unstained fabric of the same material.
Synthesis of EDTA‐monoalkyl ester chelates and evaluation of the surface active properties
Authors: Takeshita Toshio , Wakebe Izumi , Maeda Shigeru 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSome new chelating agents were synthesized from ethylenediamine‐tetraacetic acid dianhydride and long chain alcohols. The equivalent reactions between the chelating agents and several metal ions gave the corresponding chelates in good yields. Surface‐and interfacial tensions, dispersing power and emulsifying power of these chelates were determined. These chelates showed excellent surface activities, especially the dispersing and emulsifying powers.
Identification of radiation‐induced triglyceride adducts by mass spectrometry
Authors: Merritt C. , Vajdi V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMass spectrometric evidence is given to show the formation of 4 types of adduct compounds induced by radiolysis of triglycerides. These are the triglyceride 2,2’ dimer, the propanedioldiester dimer (i.e., a 1,2,5,6‐hexanetetraol tetraester), a 2‐propanedioldiester‐triglyceride adduct and an a branched alkyl substituted triglyceride. Analogous compounds have been adduced for both tributyrin and tripalmitin. Adduct formation was observed at a position α to the carbonyl group.
Crystal structure modifications of tristearin by food emulsifiers
Authors: Garti N. , Wellner E. , Sarig S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effect of several emulsifiers as crystal structure modifiers of tristearin has been investigated. The less thermodynamically stable modification, named a, is preserved when 1–10% of sorbitan monostearate was added before allowing the molten tristearin to cool and crystallize. Several other emulsifiers have been tested and it has been found that the combination of bulkiness of the hydrophilic groups with the right lengths of the hydrophobic chains of a given emulsifier is necessary to preserve the a‐modification. Liquid emulsifiers and those having a pronounced hydrophilic character are not efficient as modifiers. The emulsifier has been shown to be incorporated into the tristearin during crystallization from solvent without an immediate effect, but it affects subsequent behavior upon melting and resolidification.
Reaction of lithium naphthalene with carboxylic acids containing the dichlorocyclopropane ring system
Authors: Watanabe Shoji , Fujita Tsutomu , Suga Kyoichi , Inoki Satoshi 
Published: August 2007

AbstractCarboxylic acids containing the dichlorocyclopropane ring system react with lithium naphthalene to give dechlorinated products. For example, from the reaction of 9,10‐dichloromethylene octadecanoic acid and lithium naphthalene, a mixture of 9,10‐nonadecadienoic acid as a main product and unidentified minor products were obtained.
Ultimate biodegradation studies of α‐olefin sulfonates
Authors: Kravetz L. , Chung H. , Rapean J. C. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSingle carbon cut α‐olefin sulfonates (AOS) having 12, 14, 16 and 18 carbon chain lengths and several of their blends were prepared from high‐quality α‐olefins by continuous SO3 sulfonation in a laboratory falling film reactor. The ultimate biodegradability of these products was studied using a modified shake flask procedure with CO2 evolution as the major biodegradability criterion. For comparison, commercial samples of a modified Ziegler‐based AOS, linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS), and an alcohol ethoxysulfate (AEOS) were included. The results showed the AOS products bio‐degraded to CO2 more completely than LAS and slightly less extensively than AEOS. CO2 evolution decreased slightly in amount and rate as AOS carbon chain length increased in the C14 to C18 range.
Work‐Related Musculoskeletal Disorders of Perioperative Personnel in the Netherlands
Authors: Meijsen Paul , Knibbe Hanneke J.J. 
Published: August 2007

ABSTRACTAPPROXIMATELY ONE‐THIRD of all cases of sick leave for health care workers are related to musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) originating in the neck, shoulders, and back.A CROSS‐SECTIONAL MULTICENTER SURVEY based on the Nordic Questionnaire for Analysis of Musculoskeletal Symptoms investigated the nature and scope of MSDs among Dutch OR personnel.THE THREE‐MONTH PREVALENCE RATES for MSDs in OR personnel were found to be high compared to MSDs in the general population and comparable to rates in other strenuous professions in health care, industry, and construction. The causes of MSDs that participants mentioned were summarized into four main categories: prolonged standing, awkward postures, lifting and pushing; and climactic conditions. AORN J 86 (August 2007) 193‐208. © AORN, Inc, 2007.
POSITIVE INCREASING SOLUTIONS ON THE HALF-LINE TO SECOND ORDER NONLINEAR DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: PHILOS CH. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractSecond order nonlinear delay differential equations with positive delays are considered, and sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the existence of positive increasing solutions on the half-line with first order derivatives tending to zero at infinity. The approach is elementary and is essentially based on an old idea which appeared in the author's paper Arch. Math. (Basel)36 (1981), 168–178. The application of the result obtained to second order Emden-Fowler type differential equations with constant delays and, especially, to second order linear differential equations with constant delays, is also presented. Moreover, some (general or specific) examples demonstrating the applicability of the main result are given.
ON THE GEOMETRY OF THE SPACE OF ORIENTED LINES OF THE HYPERBOLIC SPACE
Authors: SALVAI MARCOS 
Published: August 2007

AbstractLet H be the n-dimensional hyperbolic space of constant sectional curvature –1 and let G be the identity component of the isometry group of H. We find all the G-invariant pseudo-Riemannian metrics on the space $\mathcal{G}_{n}$ of oriented geodesics of H (modulo orientation preserving reparametrizations). We characterize the null, time- and space-like curves, providing a relationship between the geometries of $ \mathcal{G}_{n}$ and H. Moreover, we show that $\mathcal{G}_{3}$ is Kähler and find an orthogonal almost complex structure on $\mathcal{G} _{7}$.
The forced response of choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers
Authors: MOASE WILLIAM H. , BREAR MICHAEL J. , MANZIE CHRIS 
Published: August 2007

The response of choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers to one-dimensional flow perturbations is investigated. Following previous arguments in the literature, small flow perturbations in a duct of spatially linear steady velocity distribution are determined by solution of a hyper-geometric differential equation. A set of boundary conditions is then developed that extends the existing work to a nozzle of arbitrary geometry. This analysis accommodates the motion of a plane shock wave and makes no assumption about the nozzle compactness. Numerical simulations of the unsteady, quasi-one-dimensional Euler equations are performed to validate this analysis and also to indicate the conditions under which the perturbations remain approximately linear.The nonlinear response of compact choked nozzles and supersonic diffusers is also investigated. Simple analyses are performed to determine the reflected and transmitted waveforms, as well as conditions for unchoke, ‘over-choke’ and unstart. This analysis is also supported with results from numerical simulations of the Euler equations.
Introduction to the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) food Choice research programmes and to the report of the FSA seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held in July 2006
Authors: Lund Vivien , Stockley Lynn , Levy Louis 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the Food Standards Agency's (FSA) Food Acceptability & Choice and Food Choice Inequalities research programmes and the context for the FSA seminar on peer-led approaches to dietary change held in July 2006.ResultsThe aims of the FSA's food choice research programmes are to identify the social, psychological and physical barriers to achieving a healthier diet and how they might be addressed. Results of the research provide the scientific basis for some FSA advice on healthy eating. An important element of both programmes is the output of practical tools and resources that can be used by health professionals, nutritionists, teachers and others to encourage people to eat a healthy diet. The FSA held a seminar in July 2006 in order to identify the specific and general learning points from three peer-led intervention studies and to discuss how these could best be communicated to various audiences, including practitioners, researchers and policy-makers.ConclusionsThe seminar provided a useful forum for discussion. The FSA will ensure that lessons learned from these peer-led intervention studies are taken account of in the planning, appraisal and management of future research projects, in the communication of project results and in the dissemination of resources.
RZ Cassiopeia: an Eclipsing Binary with a Pulsating Component
Authors: Golovin Alex , Pavlenko Elena P. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe report time-resolved V- and R-band CCD photometry of the eclipsing binary RZ Cas obtained with 38-cm Cassegrain telescope at the Crimean Astrophysical Observatory during July 2004 – October 2005. The obtained lightcurves clearly demonstrates rapid pulsations with a period of about 22 min. A periodogram analysis of these oscillations is also reported. On 12 January, 2005 (JD 2453383) we observed rapid variability with higher amplitude (∼0m.1), that perhaps may be interpreted as a high-mass-transfer-rate event and inhomogeneity of the accretion stream. Follow-up observations (both photometric and spectroscopic) of RZ Cas are strictly desirable for more detailed study of such events.
γ Per: Bright, but Ill-Understood
Authors: Griffin R. Elizabeth 
Published: August 2007

Abstractγ Per looks like an unexceptional composite–spectrum binary, and has habitually been classified as G8 III+A3 V. Nevertheless, previous studies have produced conflicting results, of component masses that are uncomfortably high, or luminosities that are too large, or (most recently) showing that there is nothing abnormal about the components after all. However, new high-precision CCD spectroscopy and isolation of the secondary spectrum finds that mass of the giant is 3.9 M⊙, which is indeed greater than would be expected from its published spectral type, and that both components have somewhat enhanced luminosities, thus re-opening the question of the origin and evolution of this somewhat unusual system.
CM Draconis: Masses and Radii of Very Low Mass Stars
Authors: Morales J.C. , Ribas I. , Jordi C. , Torres G. , Guinan E.F. , Charbonneau D. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractIn this work we have studied CM Draconis, one of the least massive eclipsing binaries known. Its components are very similar, with masses and radii of about 0.23 M⊙ and 0.25 R⊙. We have analysed light curves in the R and I bands to calculate the fundamental properties of this system with accuracies better than 1%. With these results we plan to carry out a thorough test of the models, which have been found to predict smaller radii and larger effective temperatures than observed for these low-mass stars. This will also be especially interesting in the case of CM Dra since the mechanism driving magnetic activity is thought to be different from that of more massive stars. In addition, the extended time-span of the observations has led to the detection of apsidal motion. This provides a further check on models through the determination of the internal structure of the stars.
Frontiers of Transient Phenomena in X-ray Binaries and Cataclysmic Variables Investigated by a High-Speed CCD Camera and an Automated Monitor Telescope
Authors: Nogami D. , Mineshige S. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe are developing two new systems of a high-speed CCD camera, and an automated monitor telescope. This camera using a frame transfer-type CCD that enables us to take images each 27.3 msec at the highest speed. We wish to investigate accretion and eruption phenomena around compact stars by optical light. The system we have developed for automated monitoring of X-ray binaries and cataclysmic variables consists of a 30-cm reflector, a CCD camera, and a computer. It is a cheap system, but can monitor more than 150 systems each night. It will reveal long-term light curves of programmed stars of those transient systems, and catch sudden outbursts/decays. We will be able to start follow-up observations to clarify the mechanism of these activities as early as possible. We here report the current status of these projects, the target physics, and the future development.