bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fossorial Forms of the Water Vole, Arvicola terresths (L.), in Europe1
Authors: Meylan A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe species Arvicola terrestris (L.) comprises 2 main life types:an aquatic form which is more common, and a form with fossorial habits which is confined to continental Europe, from the Cantabric Cordilliera to the Carpathian Mountains. However, forms inhabiting a primary wet biotope and a secondary dry one occur in a large border zone in the north of the range of the fossorial form.The fossorial type lives underground in grassland and some types of crops. Very recently, the structure and the occupation of burrows of this subterranean rodent were studied, as well as its digging behaviour and rhythm of activity. The fossorial form of A. terrestris is very easily captured, which makes it possible to estimate its density and to follow population evolution.This microtine shows cyclic population fluctuations and, during outbreaks, causes severe damage to grassland, both by its burrowing activity and by consuming plants. In orchards, it gnaws root systems of fruit trees, mainly of apples. Damage is also serious in gardens and in horticultural crops, especially to plants with fleshy roots. This vole does not eat cereals and does not invade forests.Control methods generally used are surface treatment with organochlorine insecticides (banned in most countries), poisoning (but no efficacious toxic baits are available), fumigation of burrow systems and trapping.Taxonomic research is needed for a better understanding of the status of the different life types of A. terrestris. The biological, ecological and ethological characteristics of these forms must be defined in order to develop and test adequate control methods.
The Levant Vole, Microtus guentheri (Danford et Alston, 1882). Economic Importance and Control1
Authors: Wolf Y. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTThe levant vole, Microtus guentheri (Danford et Alston), the only vole of major economic importance in the Middle East, is the species responsible for the often disastrous mice outbreaks known in this region since antiquity.Population cycles of vole populations and especially the impact of mass outbreaks have been less marked in recent times as a result of changes in cultivation methods, the introduction of new, less vulnerable crops (e.g. cotton) and the elimination of various former sources of infestation and spread of voles (drainage of swamps, regulation of rivers, etc.). On the other hand, new, permanent reservoirs of voles have been created; as, for instance, in alfalfa fields and orchards with permanent vegetation cover.Loss of crops in relation to expenditure of control in Israel is discussed. Various methods of control and rodenticides are reviewed. Organization of control operations, timing of control treatments as well as the need for forecasting impending vole outbreaks are emphasized.
FAO's Need for Rodent Ecology, Population Dynamics and Forecasting Data1
Authors: Shuyler H.R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTDuring the past decade, technical assistance in rodent damage control has tended to utilize less and less resources per problem, while the results expected per unit of resources used has rapidly mounted. The developing world, with its multitude of needs, lacks personnel, funds and organizational infrastructure for self‐help. The donor world, with its inflation, requires justification and the prospect of probable achievement of objectives prior to sponsoring assistance. On the basis that these trends are likely to continue, it is proposed that: 1) national rodent damage control assistance be action‐oriented; 2) multi‐country assistance rapidly evaluate damage control strategies of stubborn, common problems; 3) both national and multi‐country assistance projects be designed with the flexibility to accept unsatisfactory results in objective achievement and to move to a slower, more certain route, such as development of ecological and population dynamics data; 4) co‐operation among agencies, donors and developing countries be increased for more effective use of scarce resources; and, 5) an ad hoc advisory group of vertebrate pest control specialists meet in 1977 to give guidance in further strategy refinement for development assistance. With the hope of avoiding frequent use of the flexibility of assistance project design, data from the more developed world on ecology, population dynamics and forecasting should be examined in all developing country projects as to possible useful extrapolations which will increase the likelihood of achieving objectives within the available resources.
Forecasting of Rodent Outbreaks: Models and the Real World1
Authors: Stenseth N.C 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTheoretical and practical purposes of mathematical modelling are discussed. Of these, special attention is given to large scale simulation models and regression models. It is pointed out that, for proper use of simulation models for predictive purposes, it is necessary to realize the uncertainties associated with such model predictions. These uncertainties are mainly due to insufficient knowledge of parameter values included in the simulation model. As these model predictions are made iteratively (i.e. by short time steps), biases in parameter estimates have, with increasing length of simulated time, an accumulating effect on the biases in the output variables.Regression models are described and methods for finding the best mathematical model are discussed. Assumptions regarding statistical properties of the data from which the regression model is constructed are discussed. It is pointe out that valid predictions are made only within the domain defined by the data Examples of regression models for forecasting rodent outbreaks are discussed. Some further developments are proposed.Results from a model emphasizing spatio‐temporal heterogeneity in a heterogeneous region are discussed. Based on this model conclusions regarding what type of landscapes are likely to cause rodent outbreaks are deduced. Furthermore, proposed control treatments are suggested by analyzing the model. It is concluded that larger regions should be composed of suitable and non‐suitable rodent habitats interminded with each other. It is suggested that treatments for increasing the local extinction rate be applied uniformly over the whole region, but varyjng in time as much as possible and not correlated with the density in local habitats nor in the entire region. Within these limits, treatments should be applied during periods of low mobility and low reproduction.
Impact of the Common Vole, Microtus arvalis (Pallas) on Winter Wheat and Alfalfa Crops1)
Authors: Tertil R. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTImpact of the common vole, Microtus arvalis (Pallas), upon the winter wheat and alfalfa crops was determined. Net‐bottomed coops were used for estimating the effect of vole grazing. Exposure of winter wheat to vole grazing at the stages of earing and flowering was the most harmful. Losses were up to 91% of the potential crop yield, while the proportion of the best grain size fraction (2.8 mm) dropped to a minimum level. Coefficients reflecting the influence of vole grazing on the crop were determined. The coefficient TOTAL is an index of the total impact of consumption. The impact, It, at time t equals the consumption, Ct, at this time multiplied by the value of TOTAL. For alfalfa, these coefficients range from 1.28 to 11.73. The results obtained in this study have made it possible to determine the effective rodent pressure on crop yield.
Small Rodent Abundance in Relation to Reforestation Measures and Natural Habitat Variables in Northern Sweden1
Authors: Larsson T.‐B. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTResults of an extensive survey, 1972–1975, aimed at establishing the influence of forest management practices and other environmental variables on small rodent abundance are discussed. The study area included several habitat types and, in total, 1,878 small quadrats were marked out in 47 regeneration areas. Most areas were sampled twice a year, in the spring and autumn, and more than 5,000 voles were trapped; the species Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber) and Microtus agrestis (L.) were trapped in about equal numbers, while C. rufocanus (Sundevall) was rather sporadic. The cycle increase started earlier in C. glareolus than in M. agrestis and C. rufocanus.Data on environmental variables were collected partly by means of field observations and pardy from the literature. An analysis of the effect of environmental variables revealed considerable interaction making identification of primary factors difficult. The populations of C. glareolus and C. rufocanus generally decreased with an increase in time since clear‐cutting. For M. agrestis, highest numbers were found on sites in which clear‐cutting had been carried out 5–15 years previously. The influence of surface treatment, in particular, was found to be dependent on the population cycle. During increase and early peak phases, C. glareolus was found in smaller numbers in regenerated areas treated by burning or ploughing, compared with those where only normal patch scarification had been carried out. During the very gradual decline in numbers, conditions were the reverse. During increase and early peak phases, the highest catches of M. agrestis were made in scarified areas. This inverse relationship between the 2 species was also found in connection with many of the other environmental variables studied. M. agrestis was the most typical “regeneration phase” species, positively influenced by environmental factors such as moderately coarse grained soil texture, low soil acidity, moderate humus thickness, increasing moisture up to a certain level and a vegetation type with forbs predominating as opposed to the Vaccinium type. The pattern of displacement indicates that competition occurs between M. agrertis and C. glareolus.
Regulatory Mechanisms and Dynamics of an Island Population of Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber, 1780)1
Authors: Bujalska Gabriela 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA scheme of density regulation in an island population of Clethrionomys glareolus (Schreber) is presented. The key factor for the changes in numbers was mortality of untrappable voles. A peak in population numbers followed low mortality of the spring generation, and, in peak years, mortality of the autumn generation was always high. An experimentally enriched food supply resulted in low mortality of both the spring and autumn generations. Natality, which is usually stable, increased slightly as a consequence of the additional food supply. This was due to an earlier start of the breeding season (6 weeks earlier) and to an increase in numbers of mature (i.e. capable of reproduction) females.
Method of Selecting Preferred Baits and Rodenticides1
Authors: Howard W.E. , Marsh R.E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTTo conduct bait‐choice tests, with species that will enter bait boxes, requires at least 10 bait boxes (25–40 cm long and about 20 cm deep) with openings at opposite corners, for exposing 3 to 5 trays of potential baits. Floors of boxes are dusted with a thin layer of talc or ground clay. The same boxes can be used to determine acceptance of the proven preferred bait treated with different rodenticides at different concentrations, except that different toxicants cannot be compared in the same box unless only chronic (multiple‐feeding) anticoagulants are used. Tracking tunnels or stations can be used to obtain a relative pre‐ and post‐control census of rodent populations. They are especially useful for determining whether there are survivors. If there axe survivors, the above non‐toxic bait‐acceptance tests and acceptance of prepared toxic bait tests must be repeated, for it is paramount to learn why the survivors were not poisoned.
Bromadiolone, a New Anticoagulant Rodenticide1
Authors: Marsh R.E. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTA search for more effective anticoagulant rodenticides has brought about the development of a new compound, coded LM‐637, and temporarily named bromadiolone. Results of efficacy tests on 10 rodent species are discussed in detail. The compound was found to be a very potent and highly palatable anticoagulant which is capable of achieving 100% mortality in Norway rats, Rattus norvegicus (Berkenhout), with 1‐day feeding. Efficacy was demonstrated on all 3 commensal rodents and several important agricultural rodent pests native to the United States. A relatively few feedings (1 to 5 days) of bait containing 0.005 % bromadiolone produced death in most species tested. These rodenticidal properties make bromadiolone a most promising control agent.
Ecological and Toxicological Bases of Directed Control of Arvicola terrestris (L.) and Microtus arvalis (Pallas) in Agricultural Crops 1
Authors: Bykovski V.A. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTIn order to protect crops during outbreaks of Arvicola terrestris (L.) or Microtus arvalis (Pallas), it is necessary to have formulations with acute action and high rodenticidal potential; rodenticides should be applied as baits corresponding to the hygrotrophic specialization of the species. When compared with zinc phosphide, Gliftor provides reliable control of voles in any season. The outlook of bactorodencide (bacterial preparation) applications is being determined with particular reference to their ecological effects.
Effectiveness of Nuvacron in Controlling Microtus arvalis (Pallas)1
Authors: Tuta Al. , Hamar M. 
Published: April 2008

ABSTRACTStudies were carried out on the rodenticidal effect of Nuvacron (40% emulsifiable concentrate) applied in 5 different dosages to clover crops and natural pastures subjected to high population densities of Microtus arvalis (Pallas).The mechanical application of a single treatment per year (late in September) with Nuvacron 40% emulsifiable concentrate, at the rate of 3.51/6001 water/ha, resulted in a low density of this pest. Similar results were also obtained when the pesticide was tested on a 35 ha area, under commercial conditions. Consequently, its use is recommended for the control of M. arvalis in alfalfa and clover seed crops.
Experience in Denmark with Cereal Cultivars Resistant to Cereal Cyst Nematode (Heterodera avenae Woll.)1)
Authors: JAKOBSEN J. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractOn the basis of investigations on the cereal cyst nematode's distribution, it is presumed that one third of all the cereal growing areas in Denmark is infested to a degree, and that yield losses of 5 % or more may be assumed. This means an annual loss of about 100 million D.Kr. By using resistant cultivars every second year, the population of Heterodera avenae Woll. can be kept at a harmless level. It may be assumed that intensive growing of nematode‐resistant cereals includes a risk of promoting the occurrence of pathotypes other than the 2 known to exist in Denmark. So far, there is no indication for their existence.
Control of the Spiny Bollworm [Earias insulana [Boisd.]) in Cyprus
Authors: MELIFRONIDES I.D. , ZYNGAS J.Ph. , MARKOULLIS G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractDamage caused by larvae of Earias insulana Boisd. is of great economic importance to growers of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) in the areas of Kiti‐Perivolia, on the south‐east coast of Cyprus, near Larnaca. In order to minimize the damage caused by larvae feeding on okra fruits, several organophosphorous and organo‐carbamate insecticides with relatively low mammalian toxicity were tested during the years 1972, 1973, 1976 and 1977. Permethrin, methomyl, pirimiphos‐methyl and chlorpyrifos gave encouraging results.
Resistance and Resistance Breeding in Ornamentals 1
Authors: ZELLER W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractHeritability studies in ornamentals with regard to Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al. were started shortly after the introduction of the pathogen into northern Europe. Since that time, approximately 8,000 plants from 17 genera of Rosaceae have been tested; 7 genera were reported to be susceptible: the economically important Cotoneaster, Crataegus, Cydonia, Pyracantha, Sorbus, and, in addition, Chaenomeles and Stranvaesia. Moreover, 9,000 Cotoneaster seedlings comprising 15 cultivars were tested and the surviving individuals used for breeding purposes. The variation between these first results reported in the different European countries and some American findings is considerable because of different inoculation procedures and various epidemiological conditions. However, resistance sources have been identified and it would be desirable to start co–operation in this field on an international level.
Establishment of Integrated Control Systems1
Authors: KOCH W. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe integration of special measures into a system requires the evaluation of their absolute and relative importance. Processes have to be known and ways of their mathematical simulation are necessary. The very first steps have been done in this direction in weed science. One of the key factors for such simulations is the population dynamics of weeds and within this the dynamics of reproduction and survival is of special importance. Integrated control systems can be established. They could be much improved with a better understanding of the key factors and the interrelationships involved.
On–line Reduction of Microclimate Data on Turbulent Transfer of Moisture Using a Minicomputer1)
Authors: LENGKEEK J.G. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractIn research on the microclimate, data reduction is a necessity for the measurement of turbulent quantities. This can be a simple action, such as averaging, or a more complex one, such as correlation. Under conditions of neutral atmospheric stability, the measurement of turbulent transport quantities can be restricted to computing averaged profile gradients. Since minicomputers are available now for field application, direct measurement of turbulent transport is becoming increasingly attractive. This can be performed both by analogue and digital correlation techniques. The minicomputer applied as a digital correlator is preferable, because of its complete programmability.The application of an on–line minicomputer for measurement of the turbulent flux density of impulse and water vapour is presented in this paper. Specific attention is paid to problems concerning scanning rate and aliasing.
Simulation d'une épidémie deSeptorJ'a nodorum Berk, sur blé, étude des possibilités de résistance horizontale1)
Authors: RAPILLY F. 
Published: April 2008

SommaireLes épidémies en pathologie végétale peuvent être représentées comme un systéme à compartiments comprenant un échange cyclique et un échange simple. Un modéle permettant de simuler une épidémie de septoriose àSeptoria nodorum a été construit. L'interrogation du modéle a permis de dégager les paramétres (vitesse de progression de la surface contagieuse, période de latence, port des feuilles) qui permettent de diminuer la vitesse de progression de L'epidémie par unité de temps et done d'augmenter le niveau de résistance horizontale de la population–hôte.
Systems Approach to Pest Management1)
Authors: TUMMALA R.L. , HAYNES D.L. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractThe principles and concepts which provide an overall prospective for coordinating modeling activities with other aspects of the environment to obtain ecologically and sociologically compatible and economically feasible –pest management –are discussed.The discussion on off–line use of models emphasizes the utility of the models of different complexity in research and management. The use of simple models in the on–line management emphasizes the fact that the accuracy of the model can be sacrificed for more information from the real system. To this extent, implementation does not have to wait for complete and very accurate model development. On the other hand, research and understanding of the ecosystem will increase from complex modeling efforts and should continue.
Data Banks on Pesticides: A Feasibility Study1)
Authors: SCHOLTEN K.F. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractPesticide management is characterized, in terms of government responsibility, by an increasing need for flexibility to cope with fast change in science, technology, agricultural practice and environmental policy.The feasibility study in question was started at the end of 1974, when it became clear that the variety of conventional information systems often caused delay, especially in the administrative follow–up of the official procedures with which government is involved. This concerns approval and registration as well as providing pesticide information to quite a variety of interested parties, such as industry, importers, dealers, users of pesticides and government agencies (Plant Protection Service, Extension Services, Public Health and Environment Authorities, Labour Inspectorate, etc.).The computer–based pesticide management information system which is being developed now by a multi–disciplinary project–group should meet the needs of all those having government responsibility in the field of pesticide management.It is planned as an on–line, geographically dispersed retrieval and storage system with terminal facilities for all users. The system is to be controlled by the Pesticides Bureau of the interdepartmental Committee for Phytopharmacy.
Prediction of Pests, Diseases and Losses: Principles and Computer Applications1
Authors: BENEDEK P. 
Published: April 2008

AbstractEfficacy of plant protection is closely related to an appreciation of the seasonal development and population changes of harmful organisms. This necessitates national surveys on pest population dynamics and on the epiphytotics of plant diseases. From these surveys, regional forecasts can be produced to give advice to the farmers. This work needs highly sophisticated systems to cover both numerical and spatial aspects of pest situations. Thus, there is an urgent need to exploit computer applications in solving forecasting problems. However, the use of computers for forecasting the incidence of harmful organisms and losses is in its initial phase. At present, single pest and disease models prevail. Numerical aspects have been approached both empirically and experimentally. Empirical models, based on multiple regression analysis, are relatively simple and easy to use for various harmful organisms. However, simulation models of harmful organisms are expected to lead to much more reliable results, although, so far, little experience is available on their predictive powers in crop protection. Spatial aspects have been approached with a routine computer mapping technique, which seems to be an effective tool for recognizing and forecasting distribution trends, while loss predictions can be based on crop models, incorporating submodels forecasting the incidence of harmful organisms. The prospect for operational use, in forecasting, of the computer techniques mentioned is discussed.