bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SECRETION OF C19-STEROIDS AND OESTROGENS IN THE POLYCYSTIC OVARY SYNDROME: PRODUCTION AND SECRETION RATES MEASURED BY ISOTOPE DILUTION IN URINE
Authors: JEFFCOATE S. L. , BROOKS R. V. , LONDON D. R. , SMITH P. M. , SPATHIS G. S. , PRUNTY F. T. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
C19-steroids, testosterone and oestrogen production rates have been measured simultaneously by urinary isotope dilution in a group of 18 patients with polycystic ovaries and in two normal women.
The production of total C19-steroids remained high in seven patients under dexamethasone suppression, suggesting a major ovarian contribution. In eight it did not remain high, suggesting a major adrenal contribution.
The rate of testosterone production was usually normal under dexamethasone. The rate of oestrogen production was not subnormal and even occasionally raised.
Ovarian wedge resection produced a good clinical response in 75% of the observations, and C19-steroid production fell. The latter was not so evident if there was no clinical response. Testosterone production was usually reduced. Oestrogen production rate changed irregularly.
Administration of human pituitary follicle-stimulating hormone caused a concurrent increase in C19-steroids, testosterone and oestrogen production in four out of five patients.
The inadequacy of the urinary isotope dilution technique, in attempting to measure testosterone secretion and interconversion of testosterone and androstenedione in these patients, has been stressed and discussed.
Some correlations have been established with direct observations on ovarian steroid metabolism in certain patients reported elsewhere.
THE EFFECT OF PROPYLTHIOURACIL AND 131I ON RAT THYROID CHROMOSOMES
Authors: SPEIGHT J. W. , BABA W. I. , WILSON G. M. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Rat chromosomes prepared from thyroid cells grown in culture did not differ from those described for other tissues of this species. The incidence of thyroid cells with abnormal chromosomes was not increased by giving propylthiouracil to rats for 15 weeks.
The thyroid chromosomes were damaged by injection of 1–25 μc of 131I. The damage persisted in the unstimulated thyroid for 15 weeks.
Administration of propylthiouracil to rats after 131I caused significant reduction in the frequency of thyroid cells with radiation-damaged chromosomes.
SOME EFFECTS OF UNILATERAL CRYPTORCHISM AND VASECTOMY ON SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE PUBESCENT RAM AND BULL
Authors: SKINNER J. D. , ROWSON L. E. A. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The effects of cryptorchism were studied in pubescent lambs and calves by rendering the animals unilaterally cryptorchid soon after birth. The testis, epididymis, vas deferens and ampulla were smaller on the cryptorchid side but there was no difference as regards the seminal vesicles or bulbourethral glands. The histological appearance of the cryptorchid testis resembled that of the prepuberal normal testis; gonocytes survived in the cryptorchid testis for 16 weeks, but the supporting cells did not differentiate into Sertoli cells. When cryptorchid testes were returned to the scrotum after 8 weeks, some recovery of spermatogenesis was evident 8 weeks later, and testicular androgen concentration appeared to be normal again. In the cryptorchid testis there was a decrease in Δ5-3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity and lipid content in the interstitial cells. In lambs, the absolute content of testicular androgen but not the concentration was reduced about ten times; the lower content could therefore be accounted for by the reduced size of the gonad. In the calf androstenedione remained the predominant androgen in cryptorchid testes up to 16 weeks of age but not in a testis cryptorchid for 16 weeks, from 32–48 weeks of age. The ampulla on the cryptorchid side was not only smaller, but contained also less fructose and citric acid; a similar effect could be produced by vasectomy. Presumably some testosterone must normally pass along the vas deferens into the testicular fluid and influence in this way the development of the ampulla.
PREMATURE AFTER INFUSION OF CORTISOL INTO PARTURITION CORTICOTROPHIN OR FOETAL LAMBS
Authors: LIGGINS G. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Continuous and prolonged administration of corticotrophin (ACTH) to single foetal lambs at gestational ages of 88–129 days was followed by parturition on the 4th–7th day of the infusion. At birth, the foetal adrenal glands weighed at least as much as those of normal lambs at term. Infusions of cortisol into the foetus at a rate of 50 mg./24 hr. was followed by premature parturition within 5 days. Prolonged administration of the same doses of ACTH or cortisol to pregnant ewes and of oestradiol-17β to a foetus did not cause parturition. These observations indicate that the pituitary-adrenal system of the foetus may play an active part in the initiation of parturition in the ewe.
INDUCTION OF OVULATION IN SHEEP BY INTRA-ADENOHYPOPHYSIAL INFUSION OF HYPOTHALAMIC EXTRACTS
Authors: DOMÁNSKI E. , KOCHMAN K. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The follicle-stimulating hormone releasing factor (FSH-RF) and luteinizing hormone-releasing factor (LH-RF) activity in sheep hypothalamic extracts and their action on the release of gonadotrophins from the pituitary gland has been studied by the infusion of extracts of the stalk and median eminence (SME) directly into the adenohypophysis of ewes in various phases of their non-cycling quiescent sexual period. The intra-adenohypophysial infusion of hypothalamic extracts during mid-anoestrus elicited no ovarian response, while similar infusion of the same extracts in the late phase of anoestrus, e.g. in the last 2–4 weeks before the onset of the breeding season, induced the growth and rupture of ovarian follicles as well as development of corpora lutea. This ovulatory response provides indirect but strong evidence for the ability of hypothalamic extracts to release gonadotrophins (FSH as well as LH) from the pituitary gland. The seasonal differences in the response of ewes to intra-adenohypophysial infusions of hypothalamic extracts suggest that the sensitivity of the adenohypophysis to the hypothalamic releasing factors varies during the year.
ADRENAL FUNCTION IN BREAST CANCER: THE DISTRIBUTION OF CORTISOL IN PATIENTS WITH EARLY OR ADVANCED BREAST CANCER AND IN NORMAL WOMEN
Authors: JENSEN V. , DESHPANDE N. , BULBROOK R. D. , DOOUSS T. W. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The distribution of cortisol in patients with early or advanced breast cancer and in controls was studied, using a two-compartment model for analysis. The patients with advanced breast cancer had significantly raised pool sizes. There were no significant differences in the ratio of two pools found for patients and controls. This suggests that there are no abnormalities in the transfer processes.
There was a significant correlation between the exit rate from the intravascular pool and the production rate of cortisol, showing that there is no major extrahepatic metabolism of this hormone in both controls and in breast-cancer patients.
THE EFFECT OF A HIGH-FAT DIET ON GLUCOSE, INSULIN SENSITIVITY AND PLASMA INSULIN IN RATS
Authors: BLÁZQUEZ E. , QUIJADA C. LOPEZ 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The influence of the diet on the levels of insulin was studied in rats on a high-fat diet. Plasma and glucose insulin concentrations of a control group and of rats on a high-fat diet were compared, and so was the insulin concentration in the pancreas of the two groups.
The mean plasma insulin concentration in the control group was 40 μ-u./ml. and that of insulin extracted from the pancreas was 2·5 μg./100 mg. tissue; plasma glucose was 156 mg./100 ml.
The animals fed on a high-fat diet showed diabetic features. The mean plasma insulin level was 9 μ-u./ml., and plasma glucose increased to 210 mg./100 ml. The insulin concentration in the pancreas was not significantly different from that in the controls. In vitro the epididymal fat and the diaphragm of the high-fat-diet group were less sensitive to insulin than the same tissues in the control group.
INFLUENCE OF RESERPINE ON THE PITUITARY CONTENT OF MELANOCYTE-STIMULATING HORMONE AND ON HYPOTHALAMIC FACTORS WHICH AFFECT ITS RELEASE
Authors: TOMATIS MARIA E. , TALEISNIK S. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) content of whole toad pituitary glands decreased upon treatment with reserpine. With daily injections the values remained low for 1 week but regained normal levels after 2 weeks in spite of an increased secretion of MSH as indicated by darkening of the skin. In rats a drop in pituitary MSH content also occurred after reserpine injection but normal values were found after 7 and 14 days of treatment.
MSH-releasing factor found in stalk-median eminence tissue of normal male rats was not present in the reserpine-injected animals, but after 7 days of treatment an increase in MSH-release-inhibiting factor (MSH-R-IF) was demonstrated. MSH-R-IF was also found to have increased in female castrated rats after 2 days of treatment with reserpine.
It is concluded that reserpine permits the secretion of pituitary MSH by blocking the release of MSH-R-IF, which accumulates in the hypothalamic neurones.
CROSS-REACTION IN RADIOIMMUNOASSAY BETWEEN HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN AND PLASMA FROM VARIOUS SPECIES
Authors: BAGSHAWE K. D. , ORR A. HILARY , GODDEN JENNIFER 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Radioimmunological cross-reactions between human chorionic gonadotrophin and heterologous plasma and pituitary extracts from various species have been examined. Where serial dilutions of a sample do not yield a curve parallel with similar dilutions of the reference standard, quantitative estimations are not possible, but relative potencies can be determined. Such relative potencies against purified heterologous gonadotrophins may be useful for the study of species whose gonadotrophins have not been purified adequately for isotopic labelling in a species-specific radioimmunoassay.
METABOLISM OF [14C]NORGESTREL IN MAN
Authors: LITTLETON P. , FOTHERBY K. , DENNIS K. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
[14C]Norgestrel was administered to seven human subjects and 43% of dose was excreted in the urine within 5 days; the biological half-life of the radioactivity was 24 hr. Enzymic hydrolysis released only 32% of the the urinary radioactivity and a further 25% was excreted as sulphate conjugates. The metabolites excreted in the urine were much less polar than those following the administration of the related compounds, norethisterone or lynestrenol. The 3αOH,5β and 3βOH,5β isomers of the tetrahydronorgestrel (13β-ethyl-17α-ethynyl-5β-gonane-3α,17β-diol) were isolated from urine and identified by mass spectrometry and thin-layer and gas—liquid chromatography. Plasma radioactivity decreased more rapidly than after the administration of norethisterone and lynestrenol. About 2% of the administered dose was converted to acidic compounds. There was no apparent difference in the rate of excretion of radioactivity or in the metabolites after either oral or intravenous administration of norgestrel.
STUDY OF THE SPECIFICITY OF THE STEROID-BINDING β-GLOBULIN IN HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: HEYNS W. , van BAELEN H. , De MOOR P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The specificity of the steroid-binding β-globulin obtained from pregnancy plasma was studied by comparing the [6,7-3H]oestradioldisplacing effect of various steroids in a system consisting of a solution of the protein and Sephadex G-10. It seems that steroid binding is not limited to oestradiol or to testosterone but that most 17β-hydroxysteroids are bound to a similar degree.
RADIOAUTOGRAPHIC STUDIES ON THE LOCALIZATION OF 125I-LABELLED HUMAN LUTEINIZING AND GROWTH HORMONE IN IMMATURE MALE RATS
Authors: DE KRETSER D. M. , CATT K. J. , BURGER H. G. , SMITH G. C. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Twenty-day-old male rats were injected intraperitoneally with either human luteinizing hormone (HLH) or human growth hormone (HGH) labelled with 125I. The localization of these hormones 1–2 hr. after injection was examined under the light microscope after radioautography.
Major sites of localization of labelled LH were the interstitial cells of the testis and the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney. Some hormone was also present in adipose tissue, hepatic parenchymal cells, the mesothelial lining of the peritoneum and underlying macrophages. HGH was localized principally in the proximal convoluted tubule of the kidney with some hormone present in liver, adipose tissue, and the suprarenal cortex.
PLASMA AND TISSUE INSULIN CONCENTRATIONS IN FOETAL AND POSTNATAL RABBITS
Authors: MILNER R. D. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Tissue and plasma insulin concentrations were measured in foetal and postnatal rabbits. Insulin was detected in 18-day foetuses and pancreatic insulin concentrations from the 22nd day of foetal life onwards were similar to one another. Insulin was detected in foetal plasma from the earliest time that foetal blood could be collected: 20 days. Foetal plasma insulin levels did not change significantly with the length of gestation but maternal levels were lower on day 30 than on day 20. There was a positive maternofoetal plasma insulin gradient on day 20 and a negative gradient on day 30.
EFFECT OF OVARIAN STEROIDS AND NEUROHYPOPHYSIAL HORMONES ON THE OVIDUCT OF THE VIVIPAROUS LIZARD, KLAUBERINA RIVERSIANA
Authors: LaPOINTE J. L. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Arginine vasotocin was consistently more potent than oxytocin in its ability to elicit contractions of the oviduct of the viviparous Island Night Lizard, Klauberina riversiana, in vitro, regardless of whether the animals had previously received oestrone, progesterone or long photoperiods for 10–20 days, sufficient to produce marked effects on body, oviduct, or fat body weight.
THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE ON RECORDED PARTURITION AND ON OXYTOCIN SENSITIVITY IN THE SHEEP
Authors: HINDSON J. C. , SCHOFIELD BRENDA M. , WARD W. R. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intra-uterine pressure changes were recorded at the end of pregnancy and during parturition in eight ewes by means of endo-radiosondes implanted in one uterine horn some weeks previously. Recordings were made at frequent intervals so that the progress of parturition could be carefully monitored. When the early stages of parturition were established, a single injection of 80 mg. progesterone in oil was made in six ewes. As a result, parturition was delayed and the intra-uterine pressure waves declined or were abolished. Delivery of the lambs occurred up to 7 days later. In two ewes the injection was given somewhat later during parturition and, in these animals, the depressant effect of progesterone was much less. The increased intra-uterine pressure waves which followed digital examination of the cervical canal were abolished for more than 20 hr. in all eight ewes. Determination of threshold doses of oxytocin showed wide variations and revealed no more than a general trend of increasing myometrial sensitivity with approaching parturition, a trend which was temporarily reversed in five ewes by the injection of progesterone. The eight ewes delivered 13 viable lambs and one dead lamb.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE TIME OF ACTION AND THE PATHWAY OF THE UTERINE LUTEOLYTIC EFFECT OF THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: BLAND K. P. , DONOVAN B. T. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Total hysterectomy of the guinea-pig before the 14th day of the oestrous cycle allowed the maintenance of the corpora lutea whereas if this procedure was performed on or after the 15th day the corpora lutea usually regressed at the normal time. The luteolytic action of the uterus in this species therefore takes effect during the 14th and 15th days after oestrus. Selective severing of the connexions between the uterus and the ovary suggested that this luteolytic effect is mediated via the main utero-ovarian blood vessels at least in the tubal region although a lymphatic pathway has not been eliminated.
THE EFFECT OF PROGESTERONE, GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE, ADRENOCORTICOTROPHIC HORMONE AND METYRAPONE ON ADRENOCORTICAL SECRETION OF RAT ADRENAL GLANDS CULTURED UNDER HYPERBARIC OXYGEN
Authors: COUPLAND R. E. , BISWAS S. , MacDOUGALL J. D. B. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Exposure of organ cultures of rat adrenal glands to hyperbaric oxygen at 2 atm. increases steroid output during the first 24 hr. but the secretion rate falls after that time. This reduction is partially prevented by the addition of progesterone and during the period 24–48 hr. completely prevented by the addition of progesterone together with glucose-6-phosphate, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.
Addition of bovine and synthetic adrenocorticotrophin to cultures maintained in hyperbaric oxygen results in a further increase in steroid secretion during the period 0–6 hr. Addition of metyrapone results in a reduction in the output of corticosterone, 18-hydroxycorticosterone and aldosterone.
STUDIES ON THE VARIABILITY OF URINARY OESTRIOL AND PREGNANEDIOL OUTPUT DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: KLOPPER A. , WILSON G. , COOKE I. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
The output of oestriol and of pregnanediol during normal pregnancy varies considerably from day to day. This variability detracts from the clinical value of these assays. The variability is reduced if urine collections are made for longer periods of time but such long collections have little clinical application. An attempt was made to reduce the high variability of 4 hr. urine collections by standardizing conditions such as rate of urine secretion, posture and activity. The results of such 4-hourly 'steady state' collections were compared with the results obtained from corresponding 24 hr. and 48 hr. collections. It was concluded that under standardized conditions the 4 hr. collection was very little more variable than the 24 hr. one and gave comparable results.
ACTIONS OF VASOPRESSIN AND ALDOSTERONE ON THE TOAD BLADDER: INHIBITION BY ETHACRYNIC ACID
Authors: BENTLEY P. J. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Ethacrynic acid inhibited short-circuit current (SCC, Na transport) across the toad bladder. Some structural analogues had similar effects and their potency varied with their ability to combine with SH groups. The Na-K ATPase inhibitor ouabain was more effective than ethacrynic acid and its action and that of ethacrynic acid was additive.
The natriferic and hydro-osmotic effects of vasopressin were inhibited by ethacrynic acid (10−5 and 10−4m); the antagonism was competitive at 10− and 10−4 m (but not at 10−3 m). Certain analogues of ethacrynic acid also exhibited this effect but it was not clearly related to their SH-combining ability.
The natriferic and hydro-osmotic effects of caffeine and cyclic AMP were not changed by 10−4 m-ethacrynic acid.
Ethacrynic acid (10−4 m), which does not affect basal sodium transport in bladders pretreated for studying the action of aldosterone, prevented the initiation of the increase in sodium transport by aldosterone but was without effect when added to a toad bladder already under the influence of aldosterone. This suggests that ethacrynic acid interferes with metabolic processes underlying the action of aldosterone. Dihydroethacrynic acid which has no SH-binding activity was without effect.
EFFECTS OF GASTRIN ON THE RELEASE OF INSULIN IN VITRO
Authors: LERNMARK A. , HELLMAN B. , COORE H. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Several investigations in vivo and in vitro have shown that gastrointestinal hormones stimulate insulin secretion. Whether gastrin also has such an effect was tested both with the isolated mouse pancreas and with micro-dissected pancreatic islets from obese-hyperglycaemic mice. A fairly low concentration of human synthetic gastrin I (0·15 μg./ml.) was found to inhibit the stimulation of insulin release normally obtained with increasing glucose concentrations. However, when a higher concentration of gastrin was tested on the isolated pancreas in the presence of a low glucose concentration there was a stimulation of insulin secretion.
STUDIES OF METYRAPONE RESPONSES IN PATIENTS WITH PITUITARY DISEASE
Authors: CUSHMAN P. , HILTON J. G. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Intravenous 8 hr. metyrapone tests were performed in 12 patients with probable pituitary tumours. Plasma 17-hydroxycorticosteroids and substance S concentrations were measured, and the concentrations of 11-deoxycortisol present after 8 hr. of continuous metyrapone administration were employed as the quantitative criterion of responsiveness. Plasma 11-deoxycortisol, undetectable at the start, rose at 8 hr. to 10·1 ± 1·5 s.e. (range 6–14) μg./100 ml. in the 15 normal control subjects. Three patterns of pituitary adrenal function were seen in the patients. Group I (three cases) had secondary adrenal insufficiency. A second group (five cases) was normal by all tests. The third group of patients (four cases) had normal baseline plasma and urinary corticosteroids but was distinguished from the normal subjects by subnormal 11-deoxycortisol levels after metyrapone. Two subjects had also subnormal responses to corticotrophin (ACTH), indicating partial secondary hypoadrenalism. In the two others whose response to ACTH stimulation was normal, impairment of ACTH release would not have been suspected without the metyrapone test. It is in the detection of this type of patient with occult pituitary insufficiency that tests with metyrapone may be of great value.
TISSUE CULTURE OF EQUINE OVARIAN CELL TYPES: CULTURE METHODS AND MORPHOLOGY
Authors: CHANNING CORNELIA P. 
Published: December 2008

SUMMARY
Equine granulosa and other cell types have been cultured for up to 70 days in a medium containing 15% horse serum, 30% medium '199' and 55% Hanks's solution.
Granulosa cells harvested from large (3–6 cm. in diameter) vascular follicles of mares in oestrus grew in epithelioid colonies. Cell division and hypertrophy lasted for 7 days with the greatest amount of hypertrophy occurring during the first 3–4 days in culture. Within 3 days the cytoplasm increased in size and acquired eosinophilic granules and lipid droplets; nuclei acquired distinct chromatin material and nucleoli. Cells harvested from small follicles grew in fibroblastic stellate colonies and underwent hypertrophy and hyperplasia but did not show any of the cytoplasmic characteristics of the cultures of granulosa cells obtained from the large follicles. Heterogeneous fibroblastic cells grew from explants of stromal and thecal tissue from days 5 to 20 of culture.