bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Monounsaturates in the diet
Authors: Lunn J. 
Published: November 2007

Summary  Monounsaturates (MUFA) are not essential components of the diet as the body can synthesise all it needs to function properly. However, they are present in many foods, such as meat, dairy products and nuts, and contribute to approximately 15% of the total fatty acids in the UK diet. The most common MUFA is oleic acid, which accounts for 92% of dietary MUFA; 60–80% of this is derived from olive oil. There are no formal recommendations for MUFAs in the diet in the UK. However, a population average of 13% arises by difference when recommendations for saturates (SFA) and polyunsaturates are taken into account. Average population total fat intakes in the UK are around the recommended 35% of food energy; however, currently intake of SFAs is a little higher than recommended. Scope to address this problem exists by way of a shift from food sources of SFAs to those higher in MUFAs.Detecting associations between diet and chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer is not an easy task. However, there is accumulating evidence suggestive of a protective effect of a Mediterranean‐style diet (i.e. a diet low in SFAs and rich in MUFAs) against coronary heart disease, certain cancers and type 2 diabetes. The Mediterranean diet is a complex dietary exposure and intakes of fruits, vegetables and wholegrains are also higher. However, further investigation has identified MUFAs as having independent health benefits, protecting against coronary heart disease, diabetes and cancer as well as favourably affecting a number of risk factors for these diseases including hypertension, insulin sensitivity, plasma lipoprotein concentrations and factors related to blood clotting.To address the current imbalance of fatty acids in the UK diet, sources of SFAs could be replaced by foods containing MUFAs. This will have a twofold benefit in chronic disease outcomes, reducing cardiovascular disease risk by replacing dietary SFAs, as well as affording a degree of protection against other diseases. The extent of dietary change required is not actually that great; the substitution of 12 g of SFA with 12 g of MUFA (possible by a modest, albeit significant change in dietary patterns) in a 2200 kcal diet will increase MUFA from 14% to 19% of energy (SFA will decrease from 13% to 8%). One approach to achieve an improvement in the fatty acid profile of the diet is to alter the nutrient composition of foods that are commonly consumed so that they are ‘healthier’. This way, people do not have to make radical changes to their lives and they can continue eating the foods that theyare used to. Such approaches include the use of oils with a high oleic acid content. These have been produced by conventional breeding methods and can be easily used in the food‐manufacturing industry.
The Puzzle of Group Ranch Subdivision in Kenya's Maasailand
Authors: Mwangi Esther 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTThis article explores the motivations underlying Maasai pastoralists' support for the subdivision and parcellization of their collectively held group ranches, an outcome that is inconsistent with theoretical expectation. Examining four group ranches that formed part of the wave of subdivisions that occurred in the 1980s, it finds that Maasai herders were inclined to support subdivision in order to capture gains in a new property assignment or to reduce distributional disadvantages within the status quo. Importantly, however, subdivision also emerged as a critical defensive strategy against internal and external threats to Maasai land claims. Incorporating this defensive strategy (aimed at securing individual claims) within the individual's calculus for seeking exclusive rights provides insights into why a theoretically unexpected property rights transformation took place.
Inversion revisited:dai halne– a Himalayan inversion of hierarchy and trust
Authors: Daryn Gil 
Published: November 2007

This article critically re‐examines and challenges the major anthropological approaches to the analysis of behaviour or events that constitute an inversion to everyday norms and values. It was generally thought that the presentation or enactment of a minor antithesis (inversion) against the backdrop of a major thesis (ordinary life) necessarily consolidates the latter. Consequently, it was assumed that inversion is conservative in nature and scholarly attention was diverted from the possibility that inversion may deal with deep indigenous concerns other than normative social order. The analysis of a multi‐faceted inversion from central Nepal offers a different approach, demonstrating that inversion is more complex and divergent than previously thought. It is argued that inversion should be regarded as a cultural mechanism or mode of social behaviour whose meaning and content are not inherently embedded in its structure, but determined by its specific cultural and social contexts. A focus on local perceptions of self and the other provides an additional, unique insight into Hindu social perceptions and fluid notions of personhood and trust.RésuméL'auteur examine et remet en question d'un point de vue critique les approches anthropologiques majeures du comportement ou des événements constituant une inversion des normes et valeurs quotidiennes. Il est généralement admis que la présentation ou la réalisation d'une antithèse mineure (inversion) dans le contexte d'une thèse majeure (vie ordinaire) consolide nécessairement cette dernière. On pensait en conséquence que l'inversion était par nature conservatrice, et l'attention des chercheurs a été détournée de la possibilité que l'inversion renvoie à des préoccupations indigènes profondes ayant trait à autre chose qu'à l'ordre social normatif. L'analyse d'une inversion à multiples facettes dans le centre du Népal offre une approche différente, démontrant que l'inversion est plus complexe et divergente qu'on ne le pensait jusqu'à présent. L'auteur affirme que l'inversion devrait être considérée comme un mécanisme culturel ou un mode de comportement social dont la signification et le contenu ne sont pas inhérents à sa structure, mais déterminés par son contexte culturel et social spécifique. L'étude de la perception de soi et de l'autre au niveau local donne un aperçu supplémentaire et unique des perceptions sociales hindoues et des notions mouvantes de personnalité et de confiance.
Anthropomorphism or sub‐anthropomorphism? An anthropological approach to gods and robots
Authors: Vidal Denis 
Published: November 2007

Since the 1980s, a new area of research entitled HRI (Human‐Robot Interaction) has been emerging in the field of robotic studies. It focuses on the empirical study of the relationship between robots and human beings. This article aims to contrast the findings of roboticists concerning the interaction between humans and robots with anthropological studies which focus on the ritual interaction between gods and humans in specific religious contexts. This idea may seem provocative, but it is argued here that such a comparison can yield valuable insights both at a theoretical level and at an empirical one. This will be demonstrated with reference to ritual interactions between humans and gods in the Western Himalayas.RésuméDepuis les années 1980, un nouveau domaine d'étude appelé HRI (Human‐Robot Interaction) est apparu dans la recherche en robotique. Il s'agit d'une étude empirique des relations entre robots et êtres humains. Le présent article met en regard les observations de roboticiens sur les interactions entre humains et robots et les études anthropologiques consacrées à l'interaction entre dieux et humains dans des contextes religieux spécifiques. Pour provocatrice qu'elle puisse paraître, cette comparaison peut constituer une approche intéressante, du point de vue théorique aussi bien qu'empirique. L'auteur le démontre en référence à des interactions rituelles entre hommes et dieux dans les massifs occidentaux de l'Himalaya.
Being and place: movement, ancestors, and personhood in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Retsikas Konstantinos 
Published: November 2007

This article is about the transformation of the frontier character of East Java and the impact that such a transformation and the migrations that precipitated it have on forms of personhood in a specific locality. Within this context, it enquires into the capacities of human subjects to create place and the capacity of place to create persons. In particular, it looks at the ways in which memories, kinship, and ritual practices are spatialized and the manner in which such practices, once solidified and coagulated into topographies that map social relations, give rise to particular conceptions of place and personhood as mutually constituting and equally fluid and alterable.RésuméL'auteur traite de la transformation du caractère de frontière de l'est de Java et de l'impact de cette transformation et des migrations qui l'ont suscitée sur la notion de personne dans une localité spécifique. Dans ce contexte, il étudie la capacité des êtres humains à créer des lieux et la capacité des lieux à créer des personnes. Il examine en particulier la manière dont les souvenirs, la parenté et les pratiques rituelles sont spatialisés et dont ces pratiques, une fois agglomérées dans des topographies représentant les relations sociales, suscitent des conceptions particulières du lieu et de la personne comme constitutifs l'un de l'autre et tout aussi mouvants et changeant l'un que l'autre.
OBSERVABLE MANAGERIAL INCENTIVES AND SPATIAL COMPETITION
Authors: Scalera Domenico , Zazzaro Alberto 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTIn this paper we investigate the relationship between product market competition and managerial incentives within a circular city model with observable agency contracts. With respect to the case of unobservability studied by Raith (2003), we find that optimal managerial contracts provide lower incentives, and that equilibrium expected prices and profits are higher. Changes in competition fundamentals have ambiguous effects, but observable contracts alleviate their impact on incentives. Finally, observability involves three major implications: managerial incentives are higher under price regulation than under competition; prices may increase with the number of firms; consumer welfare may diminish when competition increases.
LONG‐RUN RISING SUPPLY PRICE AND THE NUMÉRAIRE
Authors: Opocher Arrigo , Steedman Ian 
Published: November 2007

ABSTRACTWhen a set of industries is kept in long‐run equilibrium, it is never possible to change just one price at a time. But when various (or all) prices are changing, the direction of change of any one price can depend on the numéraire adopted. What does it mean, then, to say that a long‐run supply curve is upward (or downward) sloping? Can this qualitative property be independent of the numéraire in terms of which the product price is being measured? In general, it cannot.
Global and systematic demonstration for the practical usage of a direct in vivo measurement system to evaluate wrinkles
Authors: Fujimura T. , Haketa K. , Hotta M. , Kitahara T. 
Published: November 2007

SynopsisThe global and systematic demonstration for the practical usage of a direct three‐dimensional in vivo measurement system (PRIMOS) to evaluate wrinkles was investigated. Ten repetitive measurements of the corner of the eye of a subject showed that the coefficient of variation (CV)% value was 7.0% in a typical line‐length roughness parameter Ra (the arithmetic mean of roughness), and that the CV% value in a typical surface area roughness parameter Sa was 2.4%. The relationships between the roughness values obtained from the corners of the eye and the age or wrinkle scores of Japanese women aged 10–70 years was examined. The values of several roughness parameters within the evaluation line length or surface area increased with age and showed a good correlation coefficient (r > 0.743). Similar relationships between the wrinkle scores and the values of roughness parameters were observed (r > 0.699). The roughness values were widely distributed even in the same wrinkle score because the measurement areas were limited and the values of skin roughness, including the microreliefs and/or small warts, were included in the calculation. However, changes in roughness values are considerable following treatment with potent active ingredients such as retinoic acid, so that this in vivo evaluation method is sufficient to objectively evaluate wrinkles. We conclude that the direct three‐dimensional analysis of wrinkles in vivo should become a popular method to objectively evaluate wrinkles in clinical tests of wrinkle‐smoothing ingredients or following cosmetic surgery to provide evidence of quantitative results.
In vitro assessment of water resistance of sun care products: a reproducible and optimized in vitro test method
Authors: Pissavini M. , Alard V. , Heinrich U. , Jenni K. , Perier V. , Tournier V. , Lutz D. , Meloni M. , Kockott D. , Ferrero L. , Gonzalez B. , Zastrow L. , Tronnier H. 
Published: November 2007

SynopsisThe aim of the study was to develop a simple reproducible and reliable in vitro water resistance (WR) method to assess the sun care products. This paper is the result of a scientific collaboration between seven different international industrial laboratories and testing institutes. The same group has already achieved an in vitro protocol for the sun protection factor (SPF) determination [1]. The in vitro WR of sunscreens was tested by applying the same principle as in vivo, which determines the percentage of retention of sunscreen products by assessing the SPF before and after water immersion. Special care was taken to study the parameters influencing the WR and the possibility to follow the kinetics of sunscreen retention during water immersion. The influence of different water qualities has been tested, and osmosed water (1–3 μS cm–1) was chosen for the main ring study. Measurement was carried out after 5, 20 and 40 min of immersion. Histograms of selected products demonstrate the percentage of WR at all measuring times and centres, and the regression coefficient to the in vivo determination was shown and statistical calculations clearly demonstrate the reproducibility of the results between the different evaluation centres. The presented method is a practical, convenient and relevant tool for WR screening of sun care and skin care products. It even has the potential to be the starting point for the replacement of the in vivo method in future.
Efficacy and safety of cryotherapy vs. trichloroacetic acid in the treatment of solar lentigo
Authors: Raziee M , Balighi K , Shabanzadeh‐Dehkordi H , Robati RM 
Published: November 2007

AbstractBackground  Solar lentigines are common sun‐induced benign melanocytic proliferation that presents a significant cosmetic worrying for many middle‐aged and elderly patients. Although the newer photoselective lasers have become the mainstay of treatment, cryotherapy and trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution are inexpensive alternatives in the treatment of solar lentigines. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of cryotherapy compared with TCA 33% on solar lentigines of the back of the hands (SLBH) in patients presenting to dermatologic clinic of our hospital.Methods  Each hand of 25 women with SLBH was treated randomly with either cryotherapy or TCA 33% solution. Photographs of the hands were taken prior to and 2 months following the treatment. The response and side‐ effect rate were compared.Results  Cryotherapy was more likely to produce substantial lightening of the solar lentigines than TCA 33% solution (P = 0.025) but more painful and took more time to heal. Post‐inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) was almost equal in two types of treatment (P > 0.05). Statistically, the better results were seen in fairer Fitzpatrick's skin types (P = 0.00).Conclusion  Cryotherapy shows better results than TCA 33% solution in the treatment of SLBH particularly in lower Fitzpatrick skin types. PIH is the major complication of each type of treatments particularly in darker Fitzpatrick skin types. Generally, the major criterion for treatment of SLBH with cryotherapy or TCA is Fitzpatrick's skin type of patients.
Dual‐specificity tyrosine(Y)‐phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A‐mediated phosphorylation of amyloid precursor protein: evidence for a functional link between Down syndrome and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ryoo Soo‐Ryoon , Cho Hyun‐Jeong , Lee Hye‐Won , Jeong Hey Kyeong , Radnaabazar Chinzorig , Kim Yeun‐Soo , Kim Min‐Jeong , Son Mi‐Young , Seo Hyemyung , Chung Sul‐Hee , Song Woo‐Joo 
Published: November 2007

AbstractMost individuals with Down Syndrome (DS) show an early‐onset of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which potentially results from the presence of an extra copy of a segment of chromosome 21. Located on chromosome 21 are the genes that encode β‐amyloid (Aβ) precursor protein (APP ), a key protein involved in the pathogenesis of AD, and dual‐specificity tyrosine(Y)‐phosphorylation regulated kinase 1A (DYRK1A ), a proline‐directed protein kinase that plays a critical role in neurodevelopment. Here, we describe a potential mechanism for the regulation of AD pathology in DS brains by DYRK1A‐mediated phosphorylation of APP. We show that APP is phosphorylated at Thr668 by DYRK1A in vitro and in mammalian cells. The amounts of phospho‐APP and Aβ are increased in the brains of transgenic mice that over‐express the human DYRK1A protein. Furthermore, we show that the amounts of phospho‐APP as well as those of APP and DYRK1A are elevated in human DS brains. Taken together, these results reveal a potential regulatory link between APP and DYRK1A in DS brains, and suggest that the over‐expression of DYRK1A in DS may play a role in accelerating AD pathogenesis through phosphorylation of APP.
Modulation of hSlo BK current inactivation by fatty acid esters of CoA
Authors: Sun Xiaolu , Yao Hang , Zhou Dan , Gu Xiang , Haddad Gabriel G. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractLipid metabolism influences membrane proteins, including ion channels, in health and disease. Fatty acid esters of CoA are important intermediates in fatty acid metabolism and lipid biosynthesis. In the present study, we examined the effect of acyl‐CoAs on hSlo BK currents. Arachidonoyl‐CoA (C20‐CoA) induced β2‐dependent inhibition of hSlo‐α current when applied intracellularly but not extracellularly. This action was also mimicked by other long‐chain acyl‐CoAs such as oleoyl‐CoA (C18‐CoA) and palmitoyl‐CoA (C16‐CoA), but not acetyl‐CoA (C2‐CoA, shorter chain), suggesting that the length of acyl chains, rather than CoA headgroups, is critical. When hSlo‐α inactivation was induced by a free synthetic cationic β2 NH2‐terminus inactivation ball peptide, long‐chain acyl‐CoAs inhibited hSlo‐α current and facilitated inactivation. The precursor fatty acids also facilitated the ball peptide‐induced inactivation in a chain length‐dependent manner, whereas sphingosine (positively charged) slowed this inactivation. When the β2‐induced inactivation was compared with that of the ball peptide, there was a negative shift in the steady state inactivation, slower recovery, and a reduced voltage‐dependence of inactivation onset. These data suggest that electrostatic interactions with the cytosolic inactivation domain of β2 mediate acyl‐CoA modulation of BK currents. BK channel inactivation may be a specific target for lipid modulation in physiological and pathophysiological conditions.
Stereoselective renal tubular secretion of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine, the two enantiomers of the H1‐antihistamine cetirizine
Authors: Strolin Benedetti M. , Whomsley R. , Mathy F.‐X. , Jacques P. , Espie P. , Canning M. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractCompetition for uptake and/or efflux transporters can be responsible for drug interactions. Cetirizine is mainly eliminated unchanged in urine through both glomerular filtration and tubular secretion. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the eutomer, levocetirizine, and the distomer, dextrocetirizine, have a similar tubular secretion. The renal clearance associated with tubular secretion was calculated from the renal clearance of levocetirizine and dextrocetirizine obtained in a study in healthy volunteers. The values of the unbound fraction in plasma were obtained in an in vitro study of the binding of 14C‐cetirizine and 14C‐levocetirizine to human plasma proteins using equilibrium dialysis and chiral high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with on‐line liquid scintillation counting. The unbound fraction was 0.074 for levocetirizine and 0.141 for dextrocetirizine. The tubular secretion of dextrocetirizine (44.5 mL/min) is higher than that of levocetirizine (23.1 mL/min), which may have consequences for drug interactions at the renal level. The higher tubular secretion for dextrocetirizine may be due to the higher free fraction available for secretion or to a higher affinity for (a) renal transporter(s) mediating the secretion pathway.
Haemodynamic changes after spinal cord transection are anaesthetic agent dependent
Authors: Leal P. R. , Lima R. C. , Lopes A. C. , Da Graça J. R. V. , Santos A. A , Rola F. H. , Gondim F. de A. A. 
Published: November 2007

Summary 1 To evaluate the effect of high spinal cord transection (SCT), between T4 and T5, on the mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate in animals anaesthetized with different anaesthetic agents: ether (n = 12), 20% urethane, 1.2 g kg−1 (n = 12), 2% tri‐bromide‐ethanol, 200 mg kg−1 (n = 12); chloral hydrate and urethane, 75 and 525 mg kg−1 respectively (n = 12). 2 In the animals anaesthetized with ether or urethane, SCT caused an immediate major drop in MAP, with hypotension and bradycardia throughout the next 10 min. In the animals anaesthetized with urethane + chloralose or tri‐bromide‐ethanol, SCT transiently increased MAP with subsequent hypotension and bradycardia. 3 In summary, the haemodynamic changes after complete, high SCT are anaesthetic agent dependent. Further research about the exact mechanisms responsible for these diverse autonomic changes is warranted.
Computer‐assisted calculation of myocardial infarct size shortens the evaluation time of contrast‐enhanced cardiac MRI
Authors: Rosendahl Lene , Blomstrand Peter , Heiberg Einar , Ohlsson Jan , Björklund Per‐Gunnar , Ahlander Britt‐Marie , Engvall Jan 
Published: November 2007

SummaryBackground:  Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging depicts scar in the left ventricle which can be quantitatively measured. Manual segmentation and scar determination is time consuming. The purpose of this study was to evaluate a software for infarct quantification, to compare with manual scar determination, and to measure the time saved.Methods:  Delayed enhancement magnetic resonance imaging was performed in 40 patients where myocardial perfusion single photon emission computed tomography imaging showed irreversible uptake reduction suggesting a myocardial scar. After segmentation, the semi‐automatic software was applied. A scar area was displayed, which could be corrected and compared with manual delineation. The different time steps were recorded with both methods.Results:  The software shortened the average evaluation time by 12·4 min per cardiac exam, compared with manual delineation. There was good correlation of myocardial volume, infarct volume and infarct percentage (%) between the two methods, r = 0·95, r = 0·92 and r = 0·91 respectively.Conclusion:  A computer software for myocardial volume and infarct size determination cut the evaluation time by more than 50% compared with manual assessment, with maintained clinical accuracy.