bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity of the bacterioplankton in the surface waters around Southern Thule in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Pearce David A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractSeven independent clone libraries were constructed to study the biodiversity of the bacterioplankton in the surface waters around Southern Thule, South Sandwich Islands, in order to identify the species present, to determine the sample effort required to estimate the total diversity, and to determine whether the surface waters around Southern Thule represented a highly specialized local anomaly or a subset of the marine meta-community. In total, 672 clones generated 629 useable sequences. These 629 clones matched 278 different sequences deposited in the 16S rDNA sequence databases. The majority of the clones were related to marine microorganisms, many of which had been previously detected in permanently cold Arctic and Antarctic marine environments. Each clone library generated an average of 35.8 new sequence matches. 346 clones covered two-thirds of the total estimated diversity, while 438 clones covered three-quarters of the total estimated diversity. Above this number, the coverage tended to stabilize and a relatively large number of additional clones were required to improve coverage significantly, increasing at the rate of about one new sequence match per 100 new clones. Comparing the different clone libraries, eight matches occurred in each of the seven libraries, whilst fifty-five occurred in only one, suggesting that there might be a relatively small number of common dominant ubiquitous species, with a much larger underlying diversity or ‘seed bank’ from which this dominant diversity is drawn. This study suggests that the dominant bacterioplankton in the surface waters around Southern Thule represent a subset of the marine meta-community, whilst sub-dominant diversity appears to be a highly specialized local anomaly.
Biodiversity of echinoids and their epibionts around the Scotia Arc, Antarctica
Authors: Linse Katrin , Walker Lisa J. , Barnes David K.A. 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe Scotia Arc, linking the Magellan region with the Antarctic Peninsula, comprises young and old islands both near continents and isolated, and is the only semi-continuous link between cool temperate and Antarctic environments. It is an ideal region for studies on how marine biodiversity changes across an extended transition zone. Echinoids (sea urchins) and their associated epibionts were found across depths from 91–1045 m, with 19 species from shelf and four from slope depths. The 23 species from 38 trawls represent 31% of all echinoid species known from the Southern Ocean and 38% of the shelf/upper slope echinoids. The specimens collected comprise representatives of the five families Cidaridae, Echinidae, Temnopleuridae, Schizasteridae and Pourtalesiidae. Echinoids are probably a good model for how well we know Antarctic shelf and slope megabenthos; none of the species we report are new to science but we found nine (39%) of our study species present at new localities, some thousands of kilometres from previous findings. New biogeographic ranges are illustrated forCtenocidaris gigantea,C. nutrix,C. spinosa,Abatus curvidens,A. ingens,A. shackletoni,Amphineustes rostratus,Tripylaster philippiandPourtalesia aurorae. Southern Ocean echinoids show eurybathy as the mean depth range of our study species was 1241 m and only one was at less than 500 m. The current view of echinoid dominance of super-abundance in the shallows seems to be not transferable to shelf and slope depths as only one of 38 trawls was dominated by echinoids. Current knowledge on maximum sizes in Antarctic echinoids seems to be good as our morphometric measurements were mainly within known size ranges. Regular echinoids increased predictably in mass with increasing test length, apart fromCtenocidaris spinosa. Tissue mass of cidaroid species was ~17%, but across irregular species varied from 17.7–8.9%. No epibionts were found on irregular echinoids or Echinidae but 70 cidaroids examined carried 51 species representing ten classes. Many of these species are reported as cidaroid epibionts for the first time. Cidaroids and their epibionts constituted > 38% of the total macrofaunal richness in the trawls they were present in. Echinoids and their epibionts clearly contribute significantly to Southern Ocean biodiversity but are minor components of biomass except in the shallows.
Food consumption, eating behaviour and self-esteem among singlev. married and cohabiting mothers and their 12-year-old children
Authors: Elfhag Kristina , Rasmussen Finn 
Published: May 2008

AbstractObjectiveBeing a single mother may have implications for health behaviours that can also affect the child. More information about the food intakes and body weights in singlev. married/cohabiting mothers and in their children is needed. Psychological dimensions of eating behaviour and self-esteem are also of relevance to explore for single mothers and their children.DesignFood style patterns were assessed by self-reported consumption of fruits, vegetables, sweets and soft drinks. Eating behaviour was measured by the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire and self-esteem by the Harter self-perception scale. The participants were 1781 mothers and their 12-year-old children, of whom 278 mothers (16 %) were single.ResultsSingle mothers had lower intake of fruits and vegetables and lower self-worth compared to the married and cohabiting mothers, controlling for age, education and BMI. Although single mothers did not have a higher BMI, their daughters were heavier than girls from complete families. Daughters to single mothers furthermore had a higher intake of soft drinks, higher levels of restrained eating and lower self-worth. No such difference was found for the boys.ConclusionsA lower sense of self-worth and lower intake of fruit and vegetables in single mothers could be seen in the context of the social disadvantages and less social support. Girls may be more inclined to be affected by family status than the boys, seen in a more unfortunate psychological pattern and a higher body weight. Boy’s health behaviours may be more unaffected by living in single families.
Mixing against culture vs mixing against nature: Ontologization of prohibited interethnic relationships
Authors: Roncarati Alessandra , Pérez Juan A. , Ravenna Marcella , Navarro‐Pertusa Esperanza 
Published: May 2008

In this paper, we develop the theory of ontologization: Social representations that prevent members of minority and majority groups who are living in contact with each other to mingle. The process of ontologization consists of separating some humans from their own species, and anchoring them in another environment, that of an animal, for example. We propose that underlying the famous slogan “equal but separate” is the social representation of interracial mixing as a “counter‐nature” phenomenon. It is predicted that a sexual relationship between people of different “races” leads to a greater degree of ontologization, and, as such, this miscegenation will be explained in terms of biologistic thinking, like an instinctive nature or atavistic animal impulse. An experiment (N = 360) features the case of a woman who, though already in a stable relationship, is unfaithful to her partner. In a 2×3 factor design, the ethnic‐national identity of this woman (in‐group: Spanish/Italian vs out‐group: Senegalese) and the ethnic‐national identity of her lovers (in‐group: Spanish/Italian vs out‐group: Rumanian vs out‐group: Senegalese) were manipulated. In general, results fit the hypothesis of ontologization in interracial conditions better, rather than the customary in‐group favouritism and/or out‐group discrimination bias. We then go on to discuss the way in which a biologistic way of thinking enables a differentiation at the human level, in terms of culture groups and nature groups, in “races,” so that an interracial sexual relationship is seen as evidence of a wild and irrepressible impulse, which stigmatizes the people involved in these relationships.
Assessment of Behavior during Labor in Rats and Effect of Intrathecal Morphine
Authors: Tong Chuanyao , Conklin Dawn R. , Liu Baogang , Ririe Douglas G. , Eisenach James C. 
Published: May 2008

Background
Efficacy of analgesics varies with the type of pain. Little is known in this regard concerning labor pain, given the ethical barriers to study in humans and the lack of surrogate animal models. To address this, the authors classified and quantified spontaneous behaviors during labor and delivery in rats and examined the effects of a known analgesic, intrathecal morphine.

Methods
Pregnant rats were video recorded for 72 h surrounding the time of anticipated labor and delivery. Specific behaviors were identified and classified into general activities, phasic stretching behaviors, and maternal attention activities. Rats received intrathecal infusion of saline or morphine, 0.035-3.5 microg/h, beginning approximately 1 day before delivery, and effects on behaviors and response to noxious heating of the paw were quantified.

Results
Phasic stretching behaviors occurred with high frequency before delivery of the first pup and were rare after delivery of the last pup. Intrathecal morphine at infusion rates greater than 0.035 microg/h abolished these behaviors without affecting general or maternal behaviors or the timing or duration of labor and delivery. Morphine was also antinociceptive to noxious heat, but only at infusion rates of 1.0 microg/h or higher.

Conclusions
Phasic stretching behaviors are observed after distension or inflammation of pelvic viscera in rats, and similar behaviors occur during labor and delivery. Selective and dose-related blockade by intrathecal morphine of only these behaviors suggests that they reflect nociception and that this simple monitoring method can be used to study therapies for the pain of labor and delivery.
Epidural Analgesia Enhances the Postoperative Anabolic Effect of Amino Acids in Diabetes Mellitus Type 2 Patients Undergoing Colon Surgery
Authors: Lugli Andrea Kopp , Donatelli Francesco , Schricker Thomas , Wykes Linda , Carli Franco 
Published: May 2008

Background
It has been suggested that diabetes mellitus type 2 amplifies the endocrine-metabolic stress response to surgery, and patients become more catabolic during the postoperative period. The aim of this study, conducted in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 scheduled to undergo elective colorectal surgery, was to determine whether the anabolic effects of intravenous amino acids are more pronounced when receiving perioperative epidural analgesia compared with patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous morphine.

Methods
Twelve patients were randomly assigned to receive either epidural analgesia or patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous morphine for perioperative pain control. Protein and glucose kinetics were measured before surgery and on the second postoperative day using L-[1-C]leucine and [6,6H2]glucose infusion during a fasted and a fed (amino acid infusion) state.

Results
Preoperative parameters for glucose and protein kinetics were comparable in the fasted state for both groups. Postoperative amino acid infusion increased glucose concentration slightly (P = 0.124) and suppressed the endogenous rate of appearance of glucose (P < 0.0001) and glucose clearance (P < 0.0001) regardless of analgesia technique. The rate of appearance of leucine (P = 0.002), leucine oxidation (P < 0.0001), and protein synthesis (P = 0.026) increased, whereas net protein breakdown was decreased (P = 0.002), leading to a positive protein balance (P < 0.0001) in both groups. The increase in protein balance was greater in the epidural group compared with the patient-controlled analgesia group (P = 0.027).

Conclusion
Diabetic patients receiving an amino acid infusion after surgery achieved a positive protein balance without hyperglycemia. This anabolic effect was greater in patients receiving epidural analgesia compared with patient-controlled analgesia with intravenous morphine.
Postconditioning with Isoflurane Reduced Ischemia-induced Brain Injury in Rats
Authors: Lee Jeong Jin , Li Liaoliao , Jung Hae-Hyuk , Zuo Zhiyi 
Published: May 2008

Background
Preexposure of brain to isoflurane, a commonly used anesthetic, induces ischemic tolerance. This phenomenon is called isoflurane preconditioning. However, it is not known whether isoflurane application after ischemia provides neuroprotection.

Methods
Corticostriatal slices (400 microm) freshly prepared from adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to a 15-min oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD; to simulate ischemia in vitro). Isoflurane was applied after OGD. Brain slices were harvested 2 h after OGD for measuring 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) conversion to quantify cell injury. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats were also subjected to middle cerebral arterial occlusion for 90 min and then treated with or without 2% isoflurane for 60 min started at the onset of reperfusion. The infarct volumes, neurologic deficit scores, and performance on rotarod were evaluated at 24 h after the onset of reperfusion.

Results
Isoflurane applied immediately after the 15-min OGD for 30 min dose-dependently reversed the OGD-induced decrease of TTC conversion. The TTC conversion was 34 +/- 16% and 58 +/- 28% of the control, respectively, for OGD alone and OGD plus 2% isoflurane (P < 0.05, n = 12). Application of 2% isoflurane for 30 min started at 10 min after the OGD also reduced the OGD-decreased TTC conversion. The presence of 0.3 microm glibenclamide, a general adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker, or 500 microm 5-hydroxydecanoic acid, a mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel blocker, during the application of 2% isoflurane abolished the isoflurane preservation of TTC conversion. Application of isoflurane during reperfusion also improved neurologic outcome after brain ischemia.

Conclusions
The results suggest that isoflurane administrated after OGD or brain ischemia provides neuroprotection. Mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate-sensitive potassium channels may be involved in this protection.
Front Teeth–to–Carina Distance in Children Undergoing Cardiac Catheterization
Authors: Hunyady Agnes I. , Pieters Benjamin , Johnston Troy A. , Jonmarker Christer 
Published: May 2008

Background
Knowledge of normal front teeth-to-carina distance (FT-C) might prevent accidental bronchial intubation. The aim of the current study was to measure FT-C and to examine whether the Morgan formula for oral intubation depth, i.e., endotracheal tube (ETT) position at front teeth (cm) = 0.10 x height (cm) + 5, gives appropriate guidance when intubating children of different ages.

Methods
FT-C was measured in 170 infants and children, aged 1 day to 19 yr, undergoing cardiac catheterization. FT-C was obtained as the sum of the ETT length at the upper front teeth/dental ridge and the distance from the ETT tip to the carina. The latter measure was taken from an anterior-posterior chest x-ray.

Results
There was close linear correlation between FT-C and height: FT-C (cm) = 0.12 x height (cm) + 5.2, R = 0.98. The linear correlation coefficients (R) for FT-C versus weight and age were 0.78 and 0.91, respectively. If the Morgan formula had been used for intubation, the ETT tip would have been at 90 +/- 4% of FT-C. No patient would have been bronchially intubated, but the ETT tip would have been less than 0.5 cm from the carina in 13 infants.

Conclusions
FT-C can be well predicted from the height/length of the child. The Morgan formula provides good guidance for intubation in children but can result in a distal ETT tip position in small infants. Careful auscultation is necessary to ensure correct tube position.
Volatile Anesthetic Effects on Midbrain-elicited Locomotion Suggest that the Locomotor Network in the Ventral Spinal Cord Is the Primary Site for Immobility
Authors: Jinks Steven L. , Bravo Milo , Hayes Shawn G. 
Published: May 2008

Background
Volatile anesthetics produce immobility primarily by action in the spinal cord; however, anesthetic effects among different neuronal classes located in different spinal regions, and how they relate to immobility, are not understood.

Methods
In decerebrated rats, effects of isoflurane and halothane on movement elicited by electrical microstimulation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) were assessed in relation to minimum alveolar concentration (MAC). Anesthetic effects on step frequency and isometric limb force were measured. The authors also examined effects of MLR stimulation on responses of nociceptive dorsal horn neurons and limb force responses to tail clamp.

Results
Mean isoflurane requirements to block MLR-elicited stepping were slightly but significantly greater than MAC by 10%. Mean halothane requirements to block MLR-elicited stepping were greater than those for isoflurane and exceeded MAC by 20%. From 0.4 to 1.3 MAC (but not 0.0 to 0.4 MAC), there was a dose-dependent reduction in the frequency and force of hind limb movements elicited by MLR stimulation during both anesthetics. MLR stimulation inhibited noxious stimulus evoked responses of dorsal horn neurons by approximately 80%. Aptly, MLR stimulation produced analgesia that outlasted the midbrain stimulus by at least 15 s, as indicated by an 81% reduction in hind limb force elicited noxious tail clamp.

Conclusions
Because electrical stimulation of the MLR elicits movement independent of dorsal horn activation, the immobilizing properties of isoflurane and halothane are largely independent of action in the dorsal horn. The results suggest that volatile anesthetics produce immobility mainly by action on ventral spinal locomotor networks.
Effect of AMG0347, a Transient Receptor Potential Type V1 Receptor Antagonist, and Morphine on Pain Behavior after Plantar Incision
Authors: Wu Chaoran , Gavva Narender R. , Brennan Timothy J. 
Published: May 2008

Background
Studies on postoperative pain examine the etiology of incisional pain with the goal to develop new treatments for patients' pain after surgery. The current study examined the analgesic effects of a recently developed transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1) antagonist, AMG0347, on incisional pain in rats. Doses of morphine lower than those used in most rodent studies were also examined.

Methods
Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were underwent plantar incision. The effect of either AMG0347 or morphine was tested for its effects on guarding pain score, heat withdrawal latency, and mechanical withdrawal threshold. AMG0347 was also tested against nociceptive behaviors caused by capsaicin.

Results
For incisional pain, AMG0347 did not change the withdrawal threshold to mechanical stimulation or the guarding pain score. The withdrawal latency to heat increased from 3 h through 1 day after AMG0347 administration. AMG0347 prevented the decreases in heat withdrawal latency and mechanical withdrawal threshold caused by capsaicin infiltration and prevented the increase in activity caused by intrathecal capsaicin injection. Doses of morphine less than 1 mg/kg inhibited both the guarding and heat hyperalgesia; only the 1-mg/kg does affected mechanical responses.

Conclusions
AMG0347 decreased capsaicin-induced heat and mechanical hyperalgesia and blocked central TRPV1 receptors. AMG0347 only decreased heat hyperalgesia after plantar incision even though both peripheral and central TRPV1 receptors were blocked. The smallest doses of morphine affected guarding pain and heat responses.
Pregnancy Increases Excitability of Mechanosensitive Afferents Innervating the Uterine Cervix
Authors: Liu Baogang , Tong Chuanyao , Eisenach James C. 
Published: May 2008

Background
Labor pain derives primarily from stimulation of afferents innervating the uterine cervix and lower uterine segment. The authors have previously shown that the excitability of these afferents is regulated by sex hormones and test in this study whether pregnancy also alters their excitability.

Methods
After animal care committee approval, Sprague-Dawley rats (nonpregnant, pregnant days 17 and 21) were anesthetized, and two metal rods were placed through the cervix for distension. The right hypogastric nerve was dissected and carefully teased until recording from a single unit was obtained. Spontaneous activity and the response to a graded distension (20-80 g) were recorded for off-line analysis.

Results
A total of 151 fiber units were recorded. Pregnancy was associated with an increase in spontaneous nerve activity in the absence of a mechanical stimulus (median of 0.98 and 1.56 Hz from pregnant days 17 and 21, respectively, compared with 0.45 Hz in nonpregnant; P < 0.01). The proportion of fibers responding to the weakest stimulus (20 g) was significantly greater in pregnant than in nonpregnant animals. The response to graded distension differed significantly among groups, with day 21 > day 17 > nonpregnant.

Conclusions
Afferents that innervate the uterine cervix sprout into this tissue during late pregnancy, and estrogen increases excitability of these mechanosensitive afferents. Here, the authors show that excitability also increases during pregnancy. These data suggest that, close to the onset of labor, there is an increased input to the spinal cord from cervical distension and an increased depolarization of afferent terminals in the cervix, effects that could influence pain and the progress of labor.
Carbon Monoxide Inhalation Reduces Pulmonary Inflammatory Response during Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pigs
Authors: Goebel Ulrich , Siepe Matthias , Mecklenburg Anne , Stein Phillip , Roesslein Martin , Schwer Christian I. , Schmidt Rene , Doenst Torsten , Geiger Klaus K. , Pahl Heike L. , Schlensak Christian , Loop Torsten 
Published: May 2008

Background
Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is associated with pulmonary inflammation and dysfunction. This may lead to acute lung injury and acute respiratory distress syndrome with increased morbidity and mortality. The authors hypothesized that inhaled carbon monoxide before initiation of CPB would reduce inflammatory response in the lungs.

Methods
In a porcine model, a beating-heart CPB was used. The animals were either randomized to a control group, to standard CPB, or to CPB plus carbon monoxide. In the latter group, lungs were ventilated with 250 ppm inhaled carbon monoxide in addition to standard ventilation before CPB. Lung tissue samples were obtained at various time points, and pulmonary cytokine levels were determined.

Results
Hemodynamic parameters were largely unaffected by CPB or carbon monoxide inhalation. There were no significant differences in cytokine expression in mononuclear cells between the groups throughout the experimental time course. Compared with standard CPB animals, carbon monoxide significantly suppresses tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1beta levels (P < 0.05) and induced the antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (P < 0.001). Carbon monoxide inhalation modulates effector caspase activity in lung tissue during CPB.

Conclusions
The results demonstrate that inhaled carbon monoxide significantly reduces CPB-induced inflammation via suppression of tumor necrosis factor alpha, and interleukin-1beta expression and elevation of interleukin 10. Apoptosis induced by CPB was associated with caspase-3 activation and was significantly attenuated by carbon monoxide treatment. Based on the observations of this study, inhaled carbon monoxide could represent a potential new therapeutic modality for counteracting CPB-induced lung injury.