bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
COPD prevalence in a random population survey: a matter of definition
Authors: Shirtcliffe P. , Weatherall M. , Marsh S. , Travers J. , Hansell A. , McNaughton A. , Aldington S. , Muellerova H. , Beasley R. 
Published: July 2007

A recent American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society joint Task Force report recommends using a lower limit of normal (LLN) of forced expiratory volume in one second/forced vital capacity as opposed to a fixed ratio of <0.7 to diagnose airflow obstruction, in order to reduce false positive diagnoses of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) as defined by the Global Initiative for Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). To date, there is no reliable spirometry-based prevalence data for COPD in New Zealand and the effect of different definitions of airflow obstruction based on post-bronchodilator spirometry is not known.Detailed written questionnaires, full pulmonary function tests (including pre- and post-bronchodilator flow–volume loops) and atopy testing were completed in 749 subjects recruited from a random population sample.The GOLD-defined, age-adjusted prevalence (95% confidence interval) for adults aged ≥40 yrs was 14.2 (11.0–17.0)% compared with an LLN-defined, age-adjusted, post-bronchodilator prevalence in the same group of 9.0 (6.7–11.3)%.The prevalence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease varied markedly depending on the definition used. Further research using longitudinal rather than cross-sectional data will help decide the preferred approach in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease prevalence surveys.
Patient-reported outcomes in schizophrenia
Authors: McCabe Rosemarie , Saidi Marya , Priebe Stefan 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundPatient-reported outcomes are increasingly used to evaluate the care of people with schizophreniaAimsTo review established and emerging patient-reported outcomes in schizophrenia research, assessment tools and key findingsMethodA non-systematic review addressing relevant constructs, the associated scales and key empirical findingsResultsPatient-reported outcomes in schizophrenia relate either to evaluation of illness and benef it from treatment or to resilience of the self. Of the former, needs for care, treatment satisfaction and the therapeutic relationship are most common. Less common are symptoms, insight, attitude towards medication, and clinical communication. Increasing expectations of treatment have led to new measures assessing resilience of the self, including empowerment, self-esteem, sense of coherence and recovery Scores of different patient-related outcomes overlap and are influenced by a general tendency, largely influenced by mood, for more or less positive appraisalConclusionsThe conceptual and empirical basis for different patient-reported outcomes varies, with most data available for treatment satisfaction. More than one such outcome should be used only if there is a specific hypothesis. For new patient-reported outcomes, relative independence from existing constructs should be demonstrated
Hospitalisation as an outcome measure in schizophrenia
Authors: Burns Tom 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundPeople with schizophrenia comprise the majority of patients with severe mental illness recruited to recent mental health service studies of new teams (e.g. assertive outreach, crisis resolution). Reduction in hospitalisation has been the most consistent outcome measure in these studies, but results are inconsistentAimsTo understand inconsistency of results from studies using hospitalisation as an outcome measureMethodThe advantages and disadvantages of hospitalisation are explored, including the ways in which it is recorded. Regional variation in outcomes and the impact of control services are reviewedResultsHospitalisation has face validity as an outcome but translates poorly between differing healthcare contexts. These variations can be exploited positively to distinguish potentially effective ingredients in community care (outreach, combined health and social care, team structure) from redundant componentsConclusionsHospitalisation is a good proxy outcome measure in schizophrenia care in randomised controlled trials, but the dangers of extrapolating to new contexts require care
Health economic measures in schizophrenia research
Authors: McCrone Paul 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundIt is essential in economic evaluations of schizophrenia interventions that all relevant costs are identified and measured appropriately Also of importance is the way in which cost data are combined with information on outcomesAimsTo examine the use of health economicsin evaluations of interventions for schizophreniaMethodsAreview of the key methods used to estimate costs and to link costs and outcomes was conductedResultsCosts fall on a number of different agencies and can be short term or long term. Cost-effectiveness analysis and cost-utility analysis are the most appropriate methods for combing cost and outcome dataConclusionsSchizophrenia poses a number of challenges for economic evaluation
Outcome measures in early psychosis
Authors: Singh Swaran P. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundDuration of untreated psychosis (DUP) is considered an important predictor of short-term clinical outcomeAimsTo explore the evolution of the concept of DUP, synthesise the evidence for its predictive value, highlight the problems in measurement, and consider the potential pitfalls of using DUP as a measure of the effectiveness of early intervention servicesMethodA survey of recent literature was conductedResultsSeveral studies and two systematicreviews confirm that DUP has a robust but moderate effecton outcome in schizophrenia. Studies vary widely in how DUP is defined and measured, since identifying precise time points when psychosis emerges and remits is conceptually ambiguous and clinically difficultConclusionsStandardised measurement of DUP is a vital first step in allowing comparisons between studies. Duration of untreated psychosis is a relevant measure only of the early detection function of early intervention services
Adverse effects of antipsychotics as outcome measures
Authors: Hamer Samantha , Haddad Peter M. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundAntipsychotic drugs are associated with adverse effects that can lead to poor medication adherence, stigma, distress and impaired quality of lifeAimsTo review the use of adverse effects of antipsychotic drugs as outcome measures, with a particular emphasis on methodological issuesMethodReview of data on adverse effects from sources including randomised controlled trials (RCTs), post-marketing surveillance and naturalistic studiesResultsAll have advantages and disadvantages and the best overview comes from considering all sources of data together. Adverse effects are inconsistently reported, hampering cross-study comparisons. Many outcome measures lack clinical meaning. In both naturalistic studies and RCTs adverse effects often account for less treatment discontinuation than lack of efficacyConclusionsStandardisation in the reporting of adverse effects is needed. Patients' subjective experience of medication should be given more consideration. Total discontinuation rates provide a useful global outcome measure that incorporates tolerability and efficacy as well as patient and clinician viewpoints. Patients should be informed of common side-effects prior to treatment and monitored for their occurrence during treatment
Symptom rating scales and outcome in schizophrenia
Authors: Mortimer Ann M. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundSymptom rating scales are now well established in schizophrenia research buttheir scores are notthe same as outcomeAimsTo appraise the usefulness of symptom rating scales in evaluating the outcome of people with schizophreniaMethodLiterature on the use of the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the Clinical Global Impression (CGI) in schizophrenia research was studiedResultsScales were designed to make diagnoses, to categorise patients, syndromes or both, and to demonstrate antipsychotic efficacy, as well as to measure outcome. There is much redundancy both between and within scales. Early work suggests limited concurrent validity with external outcome variables. Data are at best ordinal and there are particular difficulties in equating outcome with percentage changes in scores. The concept of remission, which uses absolute item score thresholds with a duration criterion, is a promising outcome measureConclusionsSymptom rating scale scores can only comprise a limited part of outcome measurement. Standardised remission criteria may present advantages in outcome research
Measurement of long-term outcomes in observational and randomised controlled trials
Authors: Hodgson Richard , Bushe Chris , Hunter Robert 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundRandomised controlled trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for evaluating treatment efficacy. However, the outcomes of RCTs often lackclinical utility and usually do not address real-world effectivenessAimsTo review how traditional RCTs may be triangulatedwith other methodologies such as observational studies and pragmatic trials by highlighting recently reported studies, outcomes used and their respective meritsMethodLiterature review focusing on drug treatmentResultsRecently reported observational and some pragmatic studies show a degree of consistency in reported results and use outcomes that have face validity for cliniciansConclusionsNo single experimental paradigm or outcome provides the necessary data to optimise treatment of mental illness in the clinical setting
Long-acting injectable risperidone v. olanzapine tablets for schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder
Authors: Keks Nicholas A. , Ingham Michael , Khan Akbar , Karcher Keith 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundThe efficacy and safety of long-acting injectable risperidone have not been compared with those of an oral atypical antipsychotic.AimsTo compare long-acting risperidone and oral olanzapine in 377 patients with DSM–IV schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder.MethodPatients were randomised to receive long-acting risperidone (25 mg or 50 mg every 14 days) or olanzapine (5–20 mg/day).ResultsIn the 13-week phase, long-acting risperidone was at least as effective as (not inferior to) oral olanzapine. In the 12-month phase, significant improvements in the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) total and factor scores from baseline to month 12 and end-point were seen in both groups of patients. Few patients discontinued treatment because of an adverse event.ConclusionsBoth treatments were efficacious and well tolerated.
Cortical white-matter microstructure in schizophrenia
Authors: Andreone N. , Tansella M. , Cerini R. , Versace A. , Rambaldelli G. , Perlini C. , Dusi N. , Pelizza L. , Balestrieri M. , Barbui C. , Nosè M. , Gasparini A. , Brambilla P. 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundSeveral, although not all, of the previous small diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) studies have shown cortical white-matter disruption in schizophrenia.AimsTo investigate cortical white-matter microstructure with DWI in a large community-based sample of people with schizophrenia.MethodSixty-eight people with schizophrenia and 64 healthy controls underwent a session of DWI to obtain the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of white-matter water molecules. Regions of interest were placed in cortical lobes.ResultsCompared with controls, the schizophrenia group had significantly greater ADCs in frontal, temporal and occipital white matter (analysis of covariance, P < 0.05).ConclusionsOur findings confirm the presence of cortical white-matter microstructure disruption in frontal and temporo-occipital lobes in the largest sample of people with schizophrenia thus for studied with this technique. Future brain imaging studies, together with genetic investigations, should further explore white-matter integrity and genes encoding myelin-related protein expression in people with first-episode schizophrenia and those at high risk of developing the disorder.
Manifest disease and motor cortex reactivity in twins discordant for schizophrenia
Authors: Schürmann Martin , Järveläinen Juha , Avikainen Sari , Cannon Tyrone D. , Lönnqvist Jouko , Huttunen Matti , Riitta Hari 
Published: July 2007

SummarySchizophrenia is often associated with difficulties in distinguishing between actions of self and of others. This could reflect dysfunction of the mirror neuron system which directly matches observed and executed actions. We studied 11 people with schizophrenia and their co-twins without manifest disease, using stimulus-induced changes in the magnetoencephalographic $20 Hz rhythm as an index of activation in the motor cortex part of the mirror neuron system. During action observation and execution, motor cortex reaction was weaker in those with schizophrenia than in their co-twins, suggesting a disease-related dysfunction of motor cognition.
Ethnicity and the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Singh Swaran P. , Greenwood Nan , White Sarah , Churchill Rachel 
Published: July 2007

BackgroundBlack and minority ethnic (BME) patients are disproportionately detained under the Mental Health Act 1983. There has been no systematic exploration of differences within and between ethnic groups, nor of the explanations put forward for this excess.AimsTo systematically review detention and ethnicity, with meta-analyses of detention rates for BME groups, and to explore the explanations offered for ethnic differences in detention rates.MethodLiterature search and metaanalysis. Explanations offered were categorised, supporting literature was accessed and the strength of the evidence evaluated.ResultsIn all, 49 studies met inclusion criteria; of these, 19 were included in the meta-analyses. Compared with White patients, Black patients were 3.83 times, BME patients 3.35 times and Asian patients 2.06 times more likely to be detained. The most common explanations related to misdiagnosis and discrimination against BME patients, higher incidence of psychosis and differences in illness expression. Many explanations, including that of racism within mental health services, were not supported by clear evidence.ConclusionsAlthough BME status predicts psychiatric detention in the UK, most explanations offered for the excess detention of BME patients are largely unsupported.
Doctor, What Are My Chances of Having a Positive Sentinel Node? A Validated Nomogram for Risk Estimation
Authors: Bevilacqua José Luiz B. , Kattan Michael W. , Fey Jane V. , Cody Hiram S. , Borgen Patrick I. , Van Zee Kimberly J. 
Published: July 2007

PurposeLymph node metastasis is a multifactorial event. Several variables have been described as predictors of lymph node metastasis in breast cancer. However, it is difficult to apply these data—usually expressed as odds ratios—to calculate the probability of sentinel lymph node (SLN) metastasis for a specific patient. We developed a user-friendly prediction model (nomogram) based on a large data set to assist in predicting the presence of SLN metastasis.Patients and MethodsClinical and pathologic features of 3,786 sequential SLN biopsy procedures were assessed with multivariable logistic regression to predict the presence of SLN metastasis in breast cancer. The model was subsequently applied to 1,545 sequential SLN biopsies. A nomogram was created from the logistic regression model. A computerized version of the nomogram was developed and is available on the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (New York, NY) Web site.ResultsAge, tumor size, tumor type, lymphovascular invasion, tumor location, multifocality, and estrogen and progesterone receptors were associated with SLN metastasis in multivariate analysis. The nomogram was accurate and discriminating, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.754 when applied to the validation group.ConclusionNewly diagnosed breast cancer patients are increasingly interested in information about their disease. This nomogram is a useful tool that helps physicians and patients to accurately predict the likelihood of SLN metastasis.
Congestive Heart Failure in Older Women Treated With Adjuvant Anthracycline Chemotherapy for Breast Cancer
Authors: Pinder Mary C. , Duan Zhigang , Goodwin James S. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Giordano Sharon H. 
Published: July 2007

Purpose Limited data are available on long-term cardiac safety of adjuvant anthracycline chemotherapy in breast cancer patients over age 65 years. We evaluated rates and predictors of congestive heart failure (CHF) in this population. Patients and Methods We used the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Medicare database and included women with no history of CHF who were age 66 to 80 years and diagnosed with stage I to III breast cancer from 1992 to 2002. Cumulative rates of CHF were estimated, and multivariable Cox regression analysis was used to determine factors associated with the development of CHF. Results A total of 43,338 women were included. Anthracycline-treated women were younger, with fewer comorbidities and more advanced disease than women who received nonanthracycline or no chemotherapy (P < .001 for each). The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for CHF was 1.26 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.42) for women aged 66 to 70 treated with anthracycline compared with other chemotherapy. For women aged 71 to 80, adjuvant chemotherapy type was not associated with CHF. The following baseline characteristics were significant predictors of CHF: age (HR, 1.79 per 10 years; 95% CI, 1.66 to 1.93), black race (HR, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.30 to 1.50), trastuzumab treatment (HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 1.21 to 1.77), hypertension (HR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.39 to 1.52), diabetes (HR, 1.74; 95% CI, 1.66 to 1.83), and coronary artery disease (HR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.39 to 1.79). Left-sided radiotherapy did not confer an elevated risk of CHF (HR, 1.04; 95% CI, 0.98 to 1.11). Conclusion Women aged 66 to 70 years who received adjuvant anthracyclines had significantly higher rates of CHF. The difference in rates of CHF continued to increase through more than 10 years of follow-up.
Thin Layer Chromatographic Studies of the Adsorption Behaviour of Amino Acids through a Static Soil Phase
Authors: Mohammad Ali , Haq Nazrul 
Published: July 2007

Thin layer chromatography (TLC) has been used as an analytical technique for the identification and monitoring of the adsorption behaviour of 27 amino acids through a static soil flat bed in contact with aqueous solutions of an inorganic electrolyte (ammonium sulphate) and an organic non-electrolyte (urea) at different concentration levels. Certain amino acids showed salting-out and/or salting-in effects over a limited ammonium sulphate concentration range. Using differential adsorption, it was possible to separate closely related amino acids from their mixtures on the soil bed using 0.1 M solutions of ammonium sulphate and urea. In addition to the simultaneous separation of glycine from arginine and glutamic acid, mutual separations of amino acids having non-polar side-chains from amino acids having charged or ionic polar side-chains (basic and acidic) are worthy of mention. The effects of particle size, activation temperature, irradiation of the soil by γ-rays and the pH of the soil bed on the mobility sequence of the amino acids were also examined. The most fascinating aspect of the present study was the adsorption behaviour of amino acids in the presence of cationic, anionic and non-ionic surfactants at different concentration levels.
Studies of Ni/Kaolinite Catalysts for the Hydrogenation of Toluene
Authors: ElShafei G.M.S. , Zaki T. , Eshaq Gh. , Riad M. 
Published: July 2007

No mention appears to have been made in the literature to the use of kaolinite as a support for nickel catalysts in the hydrogenation of toluene. In this study, kaolinite-supported Ni catalysts (1–7 wt%) were prepared and characterized, and their activity in the catalytic hydrogenation of toluene at atmospheric pressure established. XRD, DSC, N2 adsorption and TPR methods were used as characterization techniques. XRD revealed that interaction occurs between the Ni species and the support at low Ni content (up to 3 wt%) but decreases as the Ni loading increases. This results in an increase in the number of Ni active sites with increased Ni loading and is reflected in the catalytic activity towards toluene conversion into methylcyclohexane, which increased as the Ni content of the catalyst increased. Modification by post-impregnation with KNO3 or Zn(NO3)2 (2–6 wt% K or Zn) affected the extent of interaction between the Ni species and the support. Thus, the catalytic activity increased in the presence of 2 wt% modifier (K or Zn). However, at higher levels of modification (4 and 6 wt%), the catalytic activity decreased relative to that for the unmodified sample containing the same Ni loading. This loss in catalytic activity increased as the modifier content increased. Furthermore, in the presence of K as a modifier, the decrease in toluene conversion was accompanied by a shift in the temperature of maximum conversion from 200°C for the unmodified sample to a value of 250°C. This was attributed to the covering of the Ni active sites by some incompletely decomposed KNO3.
The Importance of Genesis 1-3 in the Theology of Irenaeus
Authors: Jacobsen Anders-Christian 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
The narratives of creation and fall in Genesis chapter 1-3 plays a determining role in the theology of Irenaeus. In these narratives he founds his positive evaluation of the material reality which he sets up against the gnostics' negative evaluation of the material existence. In the theology of Irenaeus creation and consummation, anthropology and soteriology is closely connected. The central aim of his theological work is to make it clear what Man was meant to be, what He was and is, and what He will be. Man was never what God had thought Him to be, because He sinned. According to Irenaeus Man will be perfect when He some times in the future will be what God in the beginning had meant Him to be. The Fall of Man made history the history of salvation: God will make Man perfect through a process of healing. In the light of this, it is understandable that the stories of creation and fall play a very important role in the theology of Irenaeus. The idea of Man's creation in the image and likeness of God is especially important to Irenaeus: Through the process of creation and salvation God tries to impress his picture on Man.
Bishops and Monks in Late Antique Society
Authors: Patrucco Marcella Forlin 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
It's well known that the ancient history of the Christian monasticism was the sum of a wide variety of specific conditions, characters, requirements and influences – of cultural, social, doctrinal kind – as well as of organisational models: they co-existed in different forms of experimentation because of the diversity of times, places, contexts, men, and more often – it must be added – of the literary genres through which we are able to study them.
Eine übersehene Textvariante in den Oden Salomos (OdSal 36,1a)
Authors: Lattke Michael 
Published: July 2007

Abstract
Bei der Bearbeitung von Ode 36, die im dritten und abschließenden Band meines Kommentars erscheinen wird (NTOA 41/3), stieß ich auf eine äußerst wichtige Textvariante, die bisher völlig übersehen wurde. Bisher wurde 36,1a stets folgendermaßen übersetzt: „I rested on the Spirit of the Lord“ – „Ich ruhte mich aus auf dem Geiste des Herrn“ – „Je me suis reposé sur l'Esprit du Seigneur“. Diese Übersetzung basiert vor allem auf der in Kodex Nitriensis klar bezeugten Lesart der Präposition

(ՙal) ohne Suffix (N 150v, Z. 20). Dieselbe Lesart wird seit der editio princeps von Harris auch für Kodex Harris angenommen. Ich selbst habe beim Kollationieren dieses Kodex im Jahre 1977 in Manchester nicht bemerkt, daß diese Annahme dem handschriftlichen Text (H 26a, Z. 9) nur zum Teil gerecht wird. Sonst hätte ich in meiner ausführlichen Beschreibung von H aufdecken müssen, daß

(ՙal) offenbar von derselben Hand zu

(ՙlay) verbessert wurde, indem der in Serṭō geschriebene Finalbuchstabe -l der Präposition ՙal durch überschreibende Einfügung des Finalbuchstabens -y (Suffix 1. Sing.) nun auch nach links verbunden wurde (also -l-).