bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Assessment of a novel alternative to conventional formocresol‐zinc oxide eugenol pulpotomy for the treatment of pulpally involved human primary teeth: diode laser‐mineral trioxide aggregate pulpotomy
Authors: SALTZMAN B. , SIGAL M. , CLOKIE C. , RUKAVINA J. , TITLEY K. , KULKARNI G. V. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryObjective. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether a diode laser pulpotomy with mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) sealing could be an acceptable alternative to the conventional formocresol pulpotomy and zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) sealing in human primary teeth.Methods. A randomized, single‐blind, split‐mouth study was used with a sample of 16 children aged from 3 to 8 years (mean age = 5·10 years). A total of 26 pairs of teeth from these 16 patients were selected based on clinical and radiographic criteria. One tooth from each pair was randomly assigned to either the laser‐MTA pulpotomy group or the formocresol‐ZOE pulpotomy group. All teeth were followed up clinically and radiographically at 2·3, 5·2, 9·5 and 15·7 months. All extracted failures were sectioned and photographed to assess possible reasons for this.Results. A total of seven laser‐MTA‐treated teeth were deemed to be radiographic failures (mean time until failure = 9·1 months) compared to three formocresol‐ZOE treated teeth (mean time until failure = 12·5 months). These results were not significant using Fisher's exact test (P > 0·05). Six of the laser‐MTA failures and all three formocresol‐ZOE failures exhibited furcal and/or periapical radiolucencies with or without pathologic root resorption. One of the laser‐MTA failures displayed premature root resorption and is being observed for exfoliation. Analysis of photographs of teeth available for extraction revealed errors in clinical technique in addition to expected signs of a disease process such as the presence of granulation tissue and areas of pathologic root resorption.Conclusions. The laser‐MTA pulpotomy showed reduced radiographic success rates compared to the formocresol‐ZOE pulpotomy at 15·7 months; however, these results were not statistically significant. Improved success rates among a larger patient sample and a longer follow‐up period would be required for the laser‐MTA pulpotomy to be considered a routine alternative to the conventional formocresol‐ZOE procedure. Meticulous restorative techniques must be followed to ensure the success of laser‐MTA pulpotomies.
Glucocorticoids and the Development of Agonistic Behaviour during Puberty in Male Golden Hamsters
Authors: Wommack J. C. , Salinas A. , Delville Y. 
Published: October 2005

AbstractDuring puberty, the agonistic behaviour of male golden hamsters undergoes a transition from play fighting to adult aggression. Repeated exposure to social stress early in puberty accelerates this transition. The present study investigated the possible role of glucocorticoids on the maturation of agonistic behaviour. First, we compared serum cortisol levels following a 20‐min restraint stress during early puberty, mid‐puberty or adulthood. Across puberty, animals exhibited a two‐fold increase in post‐restraint cortisol levels. We also compared corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) immunoreactive fibres projecting to the median eminence between animals in early puberty and adulthood. The CRH fibre density was two‐fold greater in adults compared to juveniles. Furthermore, we investigated the effects of stress hormones on the maturation of agonistic behaviour. Male hamsters were injected daily with dexamethasone, a corticosteroid receptor type II agonist (0, 10 or 40 µg/100 g), early in puberty from postnatal day 31 (P‐31) to P‐36. When paired with a smaller and younger intruder on P‐37, attack frequency did not differ between groups. However, dexamethasone‐treated animals showed a dose‐dependent decrease in the percentage of play‐fighting attacks and an increase in the percentage of adult attacks. In summary, puberty can be described as a period of increasing hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal activity in male golden hamsters. Moreover, increasing glucocorticoid levels influence the maturation of agonistic behaviour. These data shed new light on the neuroendocrine mechanisms that regulate the maturation of social behaviours during puberty.
Candida albicans MTLα tup1Δ mutants can reversibly switch to mating‐competent, filamentous growth forms
Authors: Park Yang‐Nim , Morschhäuser Joachim 
Published: October 2005

SummaryCandida albicans strains that are homozygous at the mating type locus (MTLa or MTLα) can spontaneously switch from the normal round‐to‐oval yeast cell morphology to an elongated, so‐called opaque cell form that can mate with opaque cells of the opposite mating type. In response to environmental signals, C. albicans also undergoes a transition from yeast to filamentous growth, which is negatively regulated by the general repressor Tup1p. Therefore, C. albicans mutants in which the TUP1 gene is inactivated grow constitutively in the filamentous form. We found that tup1Δ mutants of the MTLα strain WO‐1 are still able to undergo phenotypic switching. Although the mutants had lost the capacity to grow in the normal yeast (white) or opaque forms, they could still reversibly switch between four different cell and colony phenotypes (designated as fuzzy, frizzy, wrinkled and smooth) at a frequency of about 10−3 to 10−4. Deletion of TUP1 resulted in deregulated expression of phase‐specific genes. While the white‐specific WH11 gene was constitutively expressed in all four cell types, the opaque‐specific SAP1 gene remained repressed and the opaque‐specific OP4 gene was weakly induced in all phase variants. In spite of the loss of white‐ and opaque‐specific cell morphology and gene expression, the tup1Δ mutants retained an important characteristic of their wild‐type parent, the ability to switch to a mating‐competent form. The three filamentous phase variants (fuzzy, frizzy and wrinkled) all were able to mate and produce recombinant progeny with opaque cells of an MTLa strain at frequencies that were somewhat lower than those of normal opaque cells, whereas the smooth phase variant was unable to do so. Therefore, although deletion of TUP1 in C. albicans MTLα cells affects cellular morphology and gene expression patterns, the mutants can still reversibly switch between mating‐competent and ‐incompetent cell types and mate with a partner of the opposite mating type.
Identification of a plastid acyl‐acyl carrier protein synthetase in Arabidopsis and its role in the activation and elongation of exogenous fatty acids
Authors: Koo Abraham J. K. , Fulda Martin , Browse John , Ohlrogge John B. 
Published: October 2005

SummaryPlant cells are known to elongate exogenously provided fatty acid (FA), but the subcellular sites and mechanisms for this process are not currently understood. When Arabidopsis leaves were incubated with 14C‐FAs with ≤16 carbons, the label appeared in elongated and desaturated products. Laurate elongation was 85% inhibited by 50 μm cerulenin, an inhibitor of ketoacyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthetase I/II. In contrast, haloxyfop, an inhibitor of cytosolic acetyl‐coenzyme A (CoA) carboxylase, inhibited only elongation into very long chain FAs (≥20 carbons) but not synthesis of 14C‐unsaturated 18‐carbon or 16‐carbon FAs. Isolated pea chloroplasts were also able to elongate 14C‐FAs (≤16 carbons) in the light. No detectable 14C‐acyl‐CoA intermediates were formed during 14C‐laurate elongation, whereas 14C‐acyl‐ACP accumulated to 2.3 μm. These data indicate that the elongation of exogenous medium‐chain FAs to 16‐ and 18‐carbon FAs occurs primarily in the chloroplasts, most likely via the enzymes of de novo FA synthesis. An Arabidopsis mutant with a T‐DNA insertion in At4g14070 (AAE15) was reduced 80% in 14C‐laurate elongation into 16‐ and 18‐carbon FAs. AAE15 has sequence similarity to long‐chain acyl‐CoA synthetases and a predicted N‐terminal plastidial targeting sequence. Direct acyl‐ACP‐forming activity from FA and ACP was observed in extracts of Arabidopsis leaves and isolated chloroplasts but aae15 plants had markedly reduced in vitro acyl‐ACP synthesis activity. Together these results demonstrate that plants possess a mechanism for direct activation of FA to ACP in the plastid via an acyl‐ACP synthetase encoded by At4g14070.
Airway management of patient with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome for gastric surgery: case report
Authors: MATVEEVSKII ALEXANDER , BERMAN LARRY , SIDI AVNER , GRAVENSTEIN DIETRICH , KAYS DAVID 
Published: October 2005

SummaryA case of term, 5‐day‐old boy, with low birth weight of 2.4 kg, with Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) who was first scheduled for gastrostomy tube placement and later for pylorotomy, is discussed. General appearance of face and small chin showed possible difficulties during intubation, which are well known from the literature. Anesthetic plan included possibility of fiberoptic intubation. Mask induction and ventilation had been successful but attempts to intubate patient using fiberoptic bronchoscope had not been feasible and both procedures had been performed using laryngeal mask airway (LMA#1) with spontaneous ventilation without complications. In this case, we are showing the ability to secure the airway in a small infant with SLOS using LMA and the possibility to perform successfully surgery on the gastrointestinal tract.
The dark side of green fluorescent protein
Authors: Zhou Xin , Carranco Raul , Vitha Stanislav , Hall Timothy C. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Here, severe interference of chlorophyll with green fluorescent protein (GFP) fluorescence is described for medicago (Medicago truncatula), rice (Oryza sativa) and arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). This interference disrupts the proportional relationship between GFP content and fluorescence that is intrinsic to its use as a quantitative reporter.
The involvement of chlorophyll in the loss of GFP fluorescence with leaf age was shown in vivo, by the removal of chlorophyll through etiolation or by ethanol extraction, and in vitro, by titration of a GFP solution with chlorophyll solutions of various concentrations.
A substantial decrease in fluorescence in early development of medicago and rice leaves correlated with chlorophyll accumulation. In all three species tested, removal of chlorophyll yielded up to a 10‐fold increase in fluorescence. Loss of GFP fluorescence in vitro was 4‐fold greater for chlorophyll b than for chlorophyll a.
Differences exist between plant species for the discrepancy between apparent GFP fluorescence and its actual level in green tissues. Substantial errors in estimating promoter activity from GFP fluorescence can occur if pigment interference is not considered.
Phosphorus nutrition‐mediated effects of arbuscular mycorrhiza on leaf morphology and carbon allocation in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Grimoldi Agustín A. , Kavanová Monika , Lattanzi Fernando A. , Schnyder Hans 
Published: October 2005

Summary
The aim of this work was to disentangle phosphorus status‐dependent and ‐independent effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) on leaf morphology and carbon allocation in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne).
To this end, we assessed the P‐response function of morphological components in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants of similar size.
AMF (Glomus hoi) stimulated relative P‐uptake rate, decreased leaf mass per area (LMA), and increased shoot mass ratio at low P supply. Lower LMA was caused by both decreased tissue density and thickness. Variation in tissue density was almost entirely caused by variations in soluble C, while that in thickness involved structural changes.
All effects of AMF were indistinguishable from those mediated by increases in relative P‐uptake rate through higher P‐supply rates. Thus the relationships between relative P‐uptake rate, leaf morphology and C allocation were identical in mycorrhizal and nonmycorrhizal plants. No evidence was found for AMF effects not mediated by changes in plant P status.
The novel herbicide oxaziclomefone inhibits cell expansion in maize cell cultures without affecting turgor pressure or wall acidification
Authors: O'Looney Nichola , Fry Stephen C. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Oxaziclomefone [OAC; IUPAC name 3‐(1‐(3,5‐dichlorophenyl)‐1‐methylethyl)‐3,4‐dihydro‐6‐methyl‐5‐phenyl‐2H‐1,3‐oxazin‐4‐one] is a new herbicide that inhibits cell expansion in grass roots. Its effects on cell cultures and mode of action were unknown. In principle, cell expansion could be inhibited by a decrease in either turgor pressure or wall extensibility.
Cell expansion was estimated as settled cell volume; cell division was estimated by cell counting. Membrane permeability to water was measured by a novel method involving simultaneous assay of the efflux of 3H2O and [14C]mannitol from a ‘bed’ of cultured cells. Osmotic potential was measured by depression of freezing point.
OAC inhibited cell expansion in cultures of maize (Zea mays), spinach (Spinacia oleracea) and rose (Rosa sp.), with an ID50 of 5, 30 and 250 nm, respectively. In maize cultures, OAC did not affect cell division for the first 40 h. It did not affect the osmotic potential of cell sap or culture medium, nor did it impede water transport across cell membranes. It did not affect cells’ ability to acidify the apoplast (medium), which may be necessary for ‘acid growth’.
As OAC did not diminish turgor pressure, its ability to inhibit cell expansion must depend on changes in wall extensibility. It could be a valuable tool for studies on cell expansion.
Do competition and herbivory alter the internal nitrogen dynamics of birch saplings?
Authors: Millett J. , Millard P. , Hester A. J. , McDonald A. J. S. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Deciduous trees recycle nitrogen within their tissues. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reductions in plant growth, caused by competition and herbivory, reduce the sink strength for N during autumn nutrient withdrawal, and reduce the storage capacity and hence the amount of N remobilized in the following spring.
We used 15N‐labelled fertilizer to quantify N uptake, leaf N withdrawal and remobilization. Betula pubescens saplings were grown with either Molinia caerulea or Calluna vulgaris, and subjected to simulated browsing damage.
Competition reduced B. pubescens leaf N withdrawal and remobilization, with C. vulgaris having a greater effect than M. caerulea. However, simulated browsing had no significant effect on sapling N dynamics. The patterns of leaf N withdrawal and remobilization closely followed sapling dry mass.
We conclude that the effect of competition on sapling mass reduces their N‐storage capacity. This reduces sink strength for leaf N withdrawal and the source strength for remobilized N. The ability of saplings to compensate for browsing damage removed any potential effect of browsing on N dynamics.
Differences in the kinetics and scale of signalling molecule production modulate the ozone sensitivity of hybrid poplar clones: the roles of H2O2, ethylene and salicylic acid
Authors: Diara Cecilia , Castagna Antonella , Baldan Barbara , Sodi Anna Mensuali , Sahr Tobias , Langebartels Christian , Sebastiani Luca , Ranieri Annamaria 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ethylene, 1‐aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) and salicylic acid (SA) concentrations and ACC synthase (ACS) gene expression were measured to establish whether the high sensitivity of the Populus deltoides × maximowiczii clone Eridano to ozone (O3) exposure, compared with the O3‐resistant Populus deltoides × euramericana clone I‐214, is attributable to differences in the modulation of signal transduction pathways.
In a time‐course experiment, Populus deltoides (poplar) clones were exposed to acute fumigation with 150 nl l−1 O3 for 5 h.
The two poplar clones showed differences in ethylene evolution, I‐214 displaying earlier and less pronounced ethylene emission than Eridano. In both clones, ethylene evolution was accompanied by increased ACS transcript levels and enhanced emission of free ACC. I‐214 exhibited a greater basal concentration of free SA and a lower concentration of the conjugated pool. However, a slight accumulation of free SA at the end of the 5‐h exposure was found only in Eridano, together with an earlier minimal increase in the concentration of conjugated SA.
The results show that both clones react to O3 by producing H2O2, ethylene and SA, but the difference in sensitivity to the pollutant is probably attributable to differences in the kinetics and magnitude of this response.
Modes and rates of selfing and associated inbreeding depression in the self‐incompatible plant Senecio squalidus (Asteraceae): a successful colonizing species in the British Isles
Authors: Brennan Adrian C. , Harris Stephen A. , Hiscock Simon J. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
The strength of the self‐incompatibility (SI) response in Senecio squalidus was measured across its British range. Geographic variation in SI was investigated and the extent and inheritance of pseudo‐self‐compatibility (PSC) and inbreeding depression were determined.
Mean self‐fruit‐set per capitulum was calculated for individuals and sample populations. The heritability of PSC and the magnitude of inbreeding depression were assessed by comparing selfing rates and fitness trait values between SI and PSC parent–progeny lines.
SI was found to be strongly expressed in S. squalidus throughout its British range, with only 3.1% of the individuals sampled showing PSC. This PSC had relatively low heritability with stronger expression of SI in selfed progeny relative to PSC parents. Inbreeding depression was shown to be great in S. squalidus, with mean life history stage values ranging from 0.18 to 0.25.
The strength of SI in S. squalidus appears not to have weakened in response to its rapid colonization of Britain. The avoidance of inbreeding depression is likely to be the primary factor maintaining strong SI in this successful colonizing species.
Physiological and molecular evidence for Pi uptake via the symbiotic pathway in a reduced mycorrhizal colonization mutant in tomato associated with a compatible fungus
Authors: Poulsen Katrine H. , Nagy Réka , Gao Ling‐Ling , Smith Sally E. , Bucher Marcel , Smith F. Andrew , Jakobsen Iver 
Published: October 2005

Summary
A Lycopersicon esculentum mutant (rmc) is resistant to colonization by most arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), but one Glomus intraradices isolate (WFVAM 23) develops arbuscules and vesicles in the rmc cortex. It is unknown whether the symbiotic phosphate (Pi)‐uptake pathway is operational in this interaction.
Hyphal uptake of 32Pi and expression of plant Pi transporter genes were investigated in the rmc mutant and its wild‐type progenitor (76R) associated with three AMF.
Hyphae transferred 32Pi in all symbioses with 76R and in the rmc–G. intraradices WFVAM 23 symbiosis. The other AMF did not colonize rmc. The Pi transporter‐encoding LePT1 and LePT2 were expressed constitutively or in P‐starved roots, respectively. The mycorrhiza‐inducible Pi transporters LePT3 and LePT4 were expressed only in plants with AMF colonization and symbiotic 32Pi transfer.
LePT3 and LePT4 transcripts were reliable markers for a functional mycorrhizal uptake pathway in rmc. Our novel approach to the physiology and molecular biology of P transport can be applied to other arbuscular–mycorrhizal symbioses, irrespective of the size of plant responses.
A case study from the interaction of strawberry and Botrytis cinerea highlights the benefits of comonitoring both partners at genomic and mRNA level
Authors: Mehli Lisbeth , Kjellsen Trygve D. , Dewey Frances M. , Hietala Ari M. 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Strawberry Fragaria × ananassa (cv. Korona) was inoculated with Botrytis cinerea by dipping berries in a conidial suspension.
Colonization by the pathogen was monitored using real‐time PCR, ELISA and ergosterol assays, the first showing the highest sensitivity. The expression of pathogen β‐tubulin and six polygalacturonases (Bcpg1–6) and three host defence genes (polygalacturonase‐inhibiting protein (FaPGIP) and two class II chitinases) were monitored using real‐time RT–PCR.
The maximum transcript levels of the host defence genes occurred at 16 h postinoculation (hpi) at the presumed initial penetration stage. The unique transcript profile of Bcpg2 over the 96‐h incubation time and its high transcript levels relative to those of the other Bcpgs at 8–24 hpi suggest that the gene has a specific role in the penetration stage.
Bcpg1 was expressed constitutively at a relatively high level in actively growing mycelia throughout the experimental period. Comparison of the transcript profiles indicated that Bcpg1 and Bcpg3–6 were coordinately regulated.
Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry across 753 terrestrial plant species in China
Authors: Han Wenxuan , Fang Jingyun , Guo Dali , Zhang Yan 
Published: October 2005

Summary
Leaf nitrogen and phosphorus stoichiometry of Chinese terrestrial plants was studied based on a national data set including 753 species across the country.
Geometric means were calculated for functional groups based on life form, phylogeny and photosynthetic pathway, as well as for all 753 species. The relationships between leaf N and P stoichiometric traits and latitude (and temperature) were analysed.
The geometric means of leaf N, P, and N : P ratio for the 753 species were 18.6 and 1.21 mg g−1 and 14.4, respectively. With increasing latitude (decreasing mean annual temperature, MAT), leaf N and P increased, but the N : P ratio did not show significant changes.
Although patterns of leaf N, P and N : P ratios across the functional groups were generally consistent with those reported previously, the overall N : P ratio of China's flora was considerably higher than the global averages, probably caused by a greater shortage of soil P in China than elsewhere. The relationships between leaf N, P and N : P ratio and latitude (and MAT) also suggested the existence of broad biogeographical patterns of these leaf traits in Chinese flora.
The locus of fixation in strabismic amblyopia changes with increasing effort of recognition as assessed by scanning laser ophthalmoscope
Authors: Siepmann Kirsten , Reinhard Jens , Herzau Volker 
Published: October 2005

Abstract.Purpose:  We performed a qualitative assessment of fixation behaviour in relation to the fovea in patients with strabismic amblyopia. Methods:  The fixation of 25 patients with strabismic amblyopia was examined using a scanning laser ophthalmoscope (SLO). A digital frame grabber board was programmed to scan onto the patient's retina single solid black discs of 5, 10 and 15 degrees in diameter and Landolt Cs in different orientations and corresponding to a visual acuity (VA) of 0.01−0.2 in European decimals. The relative position of the fovea was video‐recorded. Fifty video fields per second were plotted as x/y (fixational positions in relation to the fovea) and x/t (motion over time) graphs. Results:  Three main groups of patients were seen. Group 1 (n = 6), with a VA of < 0.1, showed a grossly eccentric and unstable locus of fixation independent of size/type of test stimulus used. Group 2 (n = 15), with VA of 0.1−0.8, initially used an eccentric retinal area for fixation that, however, shifted to the fovea with decreasing size and increasing detail of the target for fixation. Group 3 (n = 4), with VA of 0.3−0.8, had stable central fixation throughout. Conclusions:  We speculate that the reduced VA associated with strabismic amblyopia is due to a defective motor control of fixation that can be modulated by recognitional effort.