bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A COMPARISON OF CERTAIN FOREIGN AND AMERICAN POTATO VIRUSES1
Authors: KOCH KAKL , JOHNSON JAMES 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Potato viruses obtained from nine foreign countries have been compared with typical American forms. The chief emphasis has been placed on the potato “mottle,”“ring‐spot,” and “veinbanding” viruses.The mottle and ring‐spot viruses were found in potatoes from all nine foreign countries, but only in about one‐half of the 75 varieties or lots tested. Hence these viruses appear to be less widespread in foreign than in standard American potato varieties. The veinbanding virus was found in potatoes from six of the nine foreign countries, and was often free from associated viruses.The remarkable constancy of the viruses secured from widely different sources, when compared under identical conditions, was outstanding. Some degree of variation was found in certain cases, as for example between the veinbanding virus and the Y virus from England, though these viruses are very similar in most respects.The possible relationships of certain other potato viruses are discussed, and a potato streak virus is briefly described.Incomplete or unsatisfactory descriptions and synonomy in nomenclature are believed to be largely responsible for the existing confusion in potato virus literature. These difficulties may largely be overcome by devoting more attention to the description of the viruses themselves.
THE PHYSIOLOGY OF VIRUS DISEASES IN PLANTS
Authors: CALDWELL JOHN 
Published: February 2008

Summary.Experiments on the purification of the virus of yellow mosaic of tomato are described and discussed. Vinson and Petre's methods of purification of the virus from infectious juice and subsequent elution with phosphate solution were slightly modified in these experiments. It was found that there was no evidence that the virus could be recovered in a crystalline form and that viruliferous material always contained traces of organic nitrogen. This virus was found to be active over a wide range of pH, viz. from 2.0 to 10.5. At the extremes of the scale, the excessive acidity or alkalinity was toxic to the inoculated leaves and adjustments had to be made before inoculation. Different protein precipitants were used in an attempt to free the virus from the proteins, and electrolytic methods were also tried. Proteolytic enzymes were employed on the purified virus juice but the results were rather unsatisfactory. Difficulty was experienced in ensuring that the effect of some reagents was on the virus and not on the tissues of the test plants.
THE CALCULATION OF THE DOSAGE‐MORTALITY CURVE
Authors: BLISS C. I. 
Published: February 2008

Summary.The sigmoid dosage‐mortality curve, secured so commonly in toxicity tests upon multicellular organisms, is interpreted as a cumulative normal frequency distribution of the variation among the individuals of a population in their susceptibility to a toxic agent, which susceptibility is inversely proportional to the logarithm of the dose applied. In support of this interpretation is the fact that when dosage is inferred from the observed mortality on the assumption that susceptibility is distributed normally, such inferred dosages, in terms of units called probits, give straight lines when plotted against the logarithm of their corresponding observed dosages. It is shown that this use of the logarithm of the dosage can be interpreted in terms either of the Weber‐Fechner law or of the amount of poison fixed by the tissues of the organism. How this transformation to a straight regression line facilitates the precise estimation of the dosage‐mortality relationship and its accuracy is considered in detail. Statistical methods are described for taking account of tests which result in 0 or 100 per cent, kill, for giving each determination a weight proportional to its reliability, for computing the position and slope of the transformed dosage‐mortality curve, for measuring the goodness of fit of the regression line to the observations by the X2 test, and for calculating the error in position and in slope and their combined effect at any log. dosage. The terminology and procedures are consistent with those used by R. A. Fisher, who has contributed an appendix on the case of zero survivors. Except for a table of common logarithms, all the tables required to utilise the methods described are given either in the present paper or in Fisher's book. A numerical example selected from Strand's experiments upon Tribolium confusum with carbon disulphide has been worked out in detail.
THE INTERNAL TEMPERATURES OF ‐FRUIT‐TREE BUDS
Authors: GRAINGER JOHN , ALLEN A. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The temperatures of dormant and opening fruit buds of apple, black currant and raspberry have been investigated by thermoelectric methods.
Apple buds are warmer than the air by day, and usually cooler at night. Warming seems to be effected by radiation from the sun, since a screened bud was cooler than the air during the daytime as well as at night. Cooling would seem t o be a direct result of evaporation from the bud, with radiation as an important secondary factor on clear nights.
Black currant and raspberry buds are usually cooler than the air at all times. Buds of these plants were opening, whilst apple buds were dormant, and it would seem that loss of heat by evaporation dominates even the warming effect of the sun during the day.
Apple buds seem to have a mechanism of resistance against frost, whilst no evidence of such protection has been found in black currant buds.
Results are discussed further under the various headings of the text.

In eonclusion, we desire to express our sincere thanks to Prof. J. H. Priestley for extensive help in the prosecution of the investigation here recorded, to Mr J. W. Eves of Leeds University, and to Mr A. Potts of the Fruit Station, Osgodby, for valuable assistance in obtaining the 1932 records.
TULIP FIRE
Authors: BEAUMONT A. , WESTON W. A. R. DILLON , WALLACE E. R. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe salient points that deal with the disease of tulip fire are discussed, its names, the various forms of the disease such as fire, spot and a rot of the bulb, the symptoms of these, the distribution of tulip fire, its economic importance, its host specialisation and the relative susceptibility of varieties to it.The life history of the organism causing it, Botrytis Tulipae (Lib.) Lind is given, and the formation, germination, viability, and development of conidia and sclerotia in natural and artificial media are discussed. Infection studies in the laboratory and field with conidia and sclerotia are described, and the meteorological factors that favour artificial or natural epidemics.Observations and experiments dealing with control measures are given.Concluding this study the writers wish to acknowledge with sincere thanks the assistance given by growers and those otherwise interested in the cultivation of this crop, particularly to those that have given land, material, and the benefit of their experience.A. Beaumont thanks Messrs Tomlin Bros., Penzance, for supplying bulbs for experiments and much information on spraying and dusting.W. A. R. Dillon Weston thanks Mr H. Goude, the Horticultural Superintendent for Norfolk; Mr E. Cave, of Terrington St Clement,Norfolk, for land, material and his valuable observations and co‐operation; Mr W. Leake, of Messrs R. H. Bath, Ltd., Wisbech, for information on the susceptibility of varieties, and Mr J. R. Booer, of Messrs F. W. Berk and Co., Ltd., for the preparation of chemicals for work on bulb disinfection.E. R. Wallace thanks his colleagues at the Agricultural Institute, Kirton, and many growers in the Spalding district.
THE ORIGIN OF AN EARTHY OR MUDDY TAINT IN FISH
Authors: THAYSEN A. C. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYCertain types of Actinomyces produce a pungent odour which has frequently been described as “earthy”. This odour is caused by an organic compound which is slightly soluble in water, volatile in steam, soluble in ether, and partly soluble in alcohol. In concentrated form the substance forms a brown amorphous material with a penetrating manurial odour.When dissolved in water in concentrations as low as two parts in ten million it imparts to the water a pungent Actinomyces or “earthy” taint which is particularly noticeable when the reaction of the water is maintained on the alkaline side of the neutral point.The existence of an excessive contamination of an important salmon river with odour‐producing actinomycetes was established. This contamination and the resultant pollution of the water with a pungent “earthy” taint was restricted to the tidal part of the river, where decaying organic matter was abundant.Acknowledgment is due to the Inspector of Salmon Fisheries for Scotland for his interest in the work. Thanks are also due to the Director of Chemical Research in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for facilities afforded in publication of the results of these experiments with which the Water Pollution Research Board of the Department has also been concerned.
THE ORIGIN OF AN EARTHY OR MUDDY TAINT IN FISH
Authors: THAYSEN A. C. , PENTELOW F. T. K. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

A muddy or “earthy” taste can be imparted to the flesh of trout by material produced by an odoriferous Actinomyces.
The taste resembles that imparted by a natural mud rich in actinomycetes.
The taint appears to be acquired through the gills and to be carried in the blood stream.
The taint can be slowly removed by clean flowing water.

The authors wish to express their thanks to the Director of Fishery Investigations of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries for permission to publish these results, and to the Inspector of Salmon Fisheries for Scotland for his interest in the work. Acknowledgment is also due to the Director of Chemical Research in the Department of Scientific and Industrial Research for facilities afforded in publication of the results of these experiments with which the Water Pollution Research Board of the Department has also been concerned.
THE SORGHUM MIDGE IN THE ANGLO‐EGYPTIAN SUDAN
Authors: COWLAND J. W. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYThe sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola (Coq.), is reported for the first time from the Anglo‐Egyptian Sudan.A short account is given of the distribution, life history, damage and control of this midge as it occurs in the Anglo‐Egyptian Sudan.
THE QUANTITATIVE DISTRIBUTION OF BORON IN VICIA FABA AND GOSSYPIUM HERBACEUM
Authors: MCLEAN R. C. , HUGHES W. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The content of boron in the tissues of plants, grown in solutions of known concentration, has been ascertained in‐ Vicia Faba and Gossypium herbaceum.
The distribution of boron is regular and definite. The highest percentage, per unit of dry weight, is in the leaves, increasing regularly with the age of the leaf. The petioles and the stem apex are approximately equal in percentage content, and have both approximately double the stem concentration. The roots have much the lowest concentration, only 0–07 of that in the stem.
This distribution of boron does not appear to be entirely due to passive transportation in the transpiration current.
Boron is also present in seed grown on ordinary soil, but is confined to the cotyledons, the percentage content, in Vicia, being 50 per cent, above that of the plant stems.
The amounts of boron absorbed are extremely small, though there is some storage in the tissues, and they are not directly dependent on the concentration supplied. The amounts are too small to allow of boron being regarded as a nutrient in the ordinary sense. Its importance is more probably that of an activator or regulator of metabolic processes.
THE BIOLOGY OF OAT SMUTS
Authors: WESTERN J. H. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The progress of the mycelium of two forms of Ustilago Avenae within resistant and susceptible hosts has been described and attention drawn to differences between them.
Form Lx on Avena strigosa was found to persist longer than form L11 on the variety Potato, althouch both of these Oats failed to produce infected panicles with these smuts.
The response of the resistant variety, Markton, to attack by six collections of Ustilago Avenae and U. Kolleri was found to vary considerably. Forms C1 and L11 failed to penetrate, while form C2 entered easily and the mycelium persisted for some time.
The types of sheathing structures around the penetrating tubes have been found in Markton inoculated with forms C1 and C4. Their reaction to microchemical tests was investigated.
A hypersensitive reaction resulting in the formation of necrotic areas around the parasite hyphae has been found in Markton invaded by forms C4,L1 and L2.
The varieties studied have been classified according to the grade of resistance offered to particular forms of smut. Five grades have been described.
In oats, resistance to smut is expressed in at least three ways, (i) a reaction of the epidermal cell wall which prevents penetration, (ii) necrosis of host cells, and (iii) a retarding effect on the growth of mycelium within the host.
A TEMPERATURE STUDY OF PYTHIUM ATTACK ON SWEDE SEEDLINGS
Authors: GREEVES T. N. , MUSKETT A. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The type of seedling disease caused by Pyihium attack on swede seedlings is closely correlated with the temperature under which the plants are raised. Low temperature conditions favour the occurrence of the pre‐emergence phase of disease and produce no damping‐off. Medium temperatures also produce no damping‐off and result in a big reduction in the pre‐emergence phase. High temperatures show the pre‐emergence phase at a minimum but encourage damping‐off.
The disease in general is likely to be best evaded by germinating the seed under conditions of high temperature until the emergence of the seedlings. The temperature should then be lowered in order to encourage the production of sturdy seedlings not likely to be subject to damping‐off.
In these experiments the disinfection of the seed with an organic mercury compound prior to sowing did not secure any control of the disease.
The two varieties of swede used–Tipperary and Ideal–proved to be equally susceptible to the disease.
A STUDY OF THE FOOD RELATIONS OF THE LYCTUS POWDER‐POST BEETLES
Authors: PARKIN E. A. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

The histology of the larval gut of Lyctus is described: owing to the absence of salivary glands and caeca, the digestive juices must be secreted by the midgut with doubtful contribution from the hindgut.
The mycetomes contain organisms which are apparently not symbiotic in relation to digestion.
The skeletal substance of wood passes through the larval gut unaltered, nourishment being derived from the cell contents.
A substance, soluble in water at 60o C, is necessary in oak sapwood for normal larval development.
Larvae are unable to develop in wood from which starch is absent.
Larvae living in wood containing relatively little starch may take two years to complete their development, instead of the normal one year.
Enzymes capable of hydrolysing starch, maltose, sucrose, lactose and protein were detected in tissue suspensions of the gut and its contents.
By feeding larvae on artificial diets it has been shown that starch, sugars and protein are necessary constituents of the larval food. Furthermore, larvae have been reared to the imaginal stage on a substrate which contains no wood.
The ability of the female beetles to determine the suitability of wood for larval development is demonstrated and the importance of the so‐called “tasting” marks discussed.
An account is given of the occurrence of starch in timber and the difficulties involved in its estimation and removal from the wood.
THE SUSCEPTIBILITY OF THE PLANT CELL TO VIRUS DISEASE
Authors: SHEFFIELD F. M. L. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYA number of spraying experiments showed that the virus cannot enter a plant unless some of the cells are injured. It is not essential that such injury should be brought about in the presence of the virus. The chances of infection fall off rapidly in the first few minutes after injury, but infection occurs occasionally as long as half an hour after the cell is damaged.Inoculations by micropipette into single cells of the host plant yielded only about one‐tenth of the expected number of infections. This suggests differences in the susceptibility of the cells to virus attack.
A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LACTOBACILLI FROM GRASS SILAGE AND OTHER SOURCES
Authors: ALLEN L. A. , HARRISON J. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYSamples of 152 strains of lacto bacilli isolated from six different types of grass silage, which had been subjected to various treatments at the time of ensiling, and five strains isolated from other sources for comparative purposes, were tested by their reactions in litmus milk, yeast extract litmus milk, dextrose litmus milk, yeast extract dextrose litmus milk and in various carbohydrate broths. The metabolic products formed from dextrose by nineteen selected strains were identified and estimated.The evidence obtained in this way pointed to the conclusion that the majority of lactobacilli in grass silage are strains of Streptobacterium plantarum, characterized by comparative inactivity in ntmns milk, bat markedly stimulated by addition of yeast extract. They produce from dextrose mainly lactic acid (usually the inactive form) with a small quantity of acetic acid. A strain was encountered which also produced alcohol and butyric acid, but the numbers of this type in silage was negligible. Considerable differences were found in the ability of the various strains to ferment carbohydrates.Of the five strains isolated from dairy products three woe of the Streptobacterium plantarum type and two were of a kind which rapidly clotted litmus milk and exhibited reactions corresponding to the true milk strains.The authors wish to record their thanks to the Research Council of Imperial Chemical Industries, Ltd., for a grant which rendered this work possible, to Dr S. J. Watson for supplying samples of grass and silage, and to Dr J. 6. Davis for valuable suggestions.
ON THE OCCURRENCE IN ENGLAND OF THE PEAR FRUIT SAW‐FLY, HOPLOCAMPA BEE VIS KLUG
Authors: THOMAS I. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARYLarvae of Hoplocampa brevis Klug., the Pear Fruit Saw‐fly, have been found attacking pears in two gardens in Cambridge. In some continental countries this is a serious pest of pears; this is the first record of damage by this pest in England.A preliminary study of the biology of this species has been made, and the egg, larval stages and cocoon have been briefly described.The writer is indebted to Dr H. W. Miles for the identification of the saw‐fly and for helpful criticism.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE BLACK‐STEM DISEASE OF LUCERNE IN BRITAIN
Authors: TOOVEY F. W. , WATERSTON J. M. , BROOKS F. T. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

Black‐stem disease of lucerne, which may result in a serious loss of herbage, is recorded in this country for the first time.
The disease first appears on the young shoots early in spring. It is characterized by large, irregular, brownish or blackish lesions on the leaves, petioles and stems. Severe attack of the stems may involve the formation of “cankers” and may lead to wilting and death of the shoots.
The cause of the disease is a species of Ascochyta which has been determined as A. imperfecta Peck. The dimensions of the spores and the percentage of uniseptate spores in the pycnidia are extremely variable. Some field collections and cultures of the fungus possess only “phomoid” (i.e. unicellular) spores.
The characteristics of the fungus in culture are described. It has been compared with cultures of Ascochyta imperfecta Peck and Phoma Medicaginis Malbr. & Roum. from North America. All the American cultures agree with the fungus isolated from black‐stem disease of lucerne in Britain. It is concluded that the fungus which has been referred to as P. Medicaginis Malbr. & Bourn, in the United States is synonymous with Ascochyta imperfecta Peck. This opinion is substantiated by the formation of identical types of lesions on lucerne by the cultures sent from North America and by the British fungus in simultaneous inoculation experiments.
Herbarium material of Phoma Medicaginis and Ascochyta imperfecta, including type material of the latter, sent from the United States has been compared with British material of the black‐stem disease of lucerne. It is concluded that the fungus in all these collections is the same, viz. A. imperfecta Peck.
Under artificial conditions A. imperfecta can also infect Medicago lupulina and TrifoUum pratense, but it has not been found on these hosts in the field.
Ascochyta imperfecta overwinters by means of pycnidia in dead lucerne stems.
The black‐stem disease of lucerne can be held in check by early cutting of the first crop each season.
THE CONTROL OF COMMON SCAB (ACTINOMYCES SCABIES (THAXT.) GÜSS.) OF THE POTATO BY TUBER DISINFECTION
Authors: CAIRNS H. , GREEVES T. N. , MUSKETT A. E. 
Published: February 2008

SUMMARY

This investigation deals with an attempt to determine the value of seed tuber disinfection as a method for controlling common scab (Actinomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Güss.) of the potato crop when tubers affected with the disease are used for planting.
A résumé is given of previous work by other investigators dealing with the control of this disease.
Under Northern Ireland conditions it has been found that a satisfactory control of the disease may be obtained by the disinfection of afEected seed tubers before planting providing that a sufficient interval has elapsed between the growing of successive potato crops in the same land. After a 6‐year interval, which is normal in Northern Ireland farm practice, satisfactory control was obtained in all cases, and it is suggested that a 4‐year interval would probably be sufficient to ensure satisfactory results. Although good control has been obtained after the lapse of shorter intervals, such is not always the case, and the method cannot be relied upon with certainty. No control was obtained where no interval elapsed between the taking of successive potato crops.
Solutions of mercuric chloride, formaldehyde, copper sulphate, Burgundy mixture and proprietary organic mercury compounds employed in various ways were used in these experiments. The most satisfactory method for the farmer's use was found to consist of the instantaneous dipping of the tubers in solutions of proprietary organic mercurials.
The results obtained indicate that in some cases the planting of very slightly afEected seed in land which has not carried potatoes for many years may result in a high incidence of the disease in the resultant crop.
A slight depression in growth was sometimes observed to result from the planting of disinfected tubers, and this was particularly noticeable in the case of the variety Majestic. After a period of from 10 to 12 weeks it disappeared and the crop grew out normally. In some cases tuber disinfection stimulated the growth of the plants. Some of the results obtained suggest an increase in tuber yield due to disinfection of the seed tubers, but the experiments were not laid down in such a way as to permit a statistical analysis of the yields being made.