bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A complication of transtracheal jet ventilation and use of the Aintree intubation catheter® during airway resuscitation
Authors: Cook T. M. , Bigwood B. , Cranshaw J. 
Published: June 2006

SummaryWe report the management of a patient requiring surgical laryngoscopy with a view to laser resection of an epiglottic recurrence of laryngeal cancer. Previous attempts at tracheal intubation and awake nasal fibreoptic intubation had failed. During a previous anaesthetic the patient had been both ‘impossible to intubate and to ventilate’. Neck scarring potentially complicated access for transtracheal jet ventilation. Nevertheless, a cricothyroid catheter was placed and surgery performed during low frequency ‘volume’ jet ventilation. Upper airway obstruction developed during the procedure, preventing exhalation, which led to raised intrathoracic pressure, cardiovascular collapse and barotrauma. The airway was re‐established by insertion of an LMA Proseal™. Fibreoptic placement of an Aintree intubation catheter® through this allowed re‐oxygenation and exchange for a cuffed tracheal tube. Some hours after the procedure, re‐intubation was necessary. This was achieved using the Aintree intubation catheter as an aid to nasal fibreoptic intubation and as a tube exchanger. Novel roles of the Aintree intubation catheter and LMA Proseal in this case are discussed. Complications of transtracheal jet ventilation as well as possible methods for avoiding them are also reviewed.
English county populations in the later eighteenth century1
Authors: WRIGLEY E. A. 
Published: June 2006

SUMMARYWhen directing the first English census John Rickman was intent not only on discovering the size of the population in 1801 but also on tracing past trends both nationally and for individual counties. He returned to the latter investigation on several later occasions, notably in the 1830s. There have been many subsequent attempts to improve upon his national estimates, but his estimates of county totals have continued to be used extensively, either unchanged or slightly modified. Rickman was aware that his estimates were subject to wide margins of error. For the later eighteenth century it is possible to produce new estimates which are probably substantially more accurate, taking advantage of the fact that after Hardwicke’s Act (1753) the registration of marriages in Anglican parish registers, unlike that of baptisms and burials, was virtually complete. They show that the contrast between population growth rates in ‘industrial’ counties and those in which agriculture continued to predominate were significantly more marked than suggested by Rickman’s estimates. The same exercise that produces county estimates also yields hundredal totals, which will in future allow a more refined account of relative growth and stagnation to be made.
An immunohistological study of anhydrous topical ascorbic acid compositions on ex vivo human skin
Authors: Heber Geoffrey K , Markovic Boban , Hayes Amanda 
Published: June 2006

SummaryBackground  Ascorbic acid has numerous essential and beneficial functions in normal and photoaged skin. Ionisation of ascorbic acid in aqueous topical formulations leads to oxidative degradation. Ascorbic acid in an anhydrous vehicle would inherently have greater stability.Objective  The objective of this study was to observe the effects of two anhydrous formulations containing microfine particles of ascorbic acid on neocollagenesis and cytokeratin production in ex vivo human skin.Methods  Vitamin C preparations were applied topically onto the surface of freshly excised human abdominal skin. Following an exposure time of 48 h with appropriate controls, skin discs were cut into sections, placed on slides and assessed using immunohistochemical (antibodies: collagen type I, III, cytokeratin) staining. Analysis was performed using microscopy and descriptive rating.Results  Both formulations resulted in increased production of collagen types I and III and cytokeratin.Conclusion  The application of anhydrous formulations containing microfine particles of ascorbic acid to ex vivo human skin in this study resulted in neocollagenesis and increased production of cytokeratin. This approach appears to enable biological effects of ascorbic acid in the skin using a vehicle which would provide it greater stability than an aqueous vehicle.
Skin rejuvenation without a scalpel. I. Fillers
Authors: Haneke Eckart 
Published: June 2006

SummaryFillers are an important tool in the armamentarium of the physician combating aging phenomena. A wide variety of filler substances are now available that meet many, but by far not all, needs in aesthetic medicine. The most commonly used substances now are hyaluronic acid and collagen preparations that have slightly different indications, but collagen requires pre‐use testing to rule out inflammatory complications. Poly‐L‐lactic acid has gained its place in the filling of adipose tissue wasting in HIV‐infected patients. Autologous fat is easy to harvest and inject and has virtually no risk of adverse side effects. Permanent fillers may be of advantage but carry the risk of permanent adverse reactions. Skillful combination of different fillers as well as with botulinum toxin injections and other cosmetic procedures may give optimal results.
Dynamic wettability of pHEMA‐based hydrogel contact lenses
Authors: Maldonado‐Codina Carole , Efron Nathan 
Published: June 2006

AbstractStandard methods of contact angle analysis include sessile drop, captive bubble and Wilhelmy plate techniques; however, these methodologies are not particularly well suited for assessing the wettability of the surfaces of formed hydrogel contact lenses. This paper describes two methodologies that are adaptations of previously described techniques. The maximum adherent force method is an adaptation of the dynamic Wilhelmy plate technique that allows the assessment of whole, finished contact lenses. The dynamic photographic method allows the simultaneous assessment of the front and back surfaces of strip samples for the assessment of advancing and receding contact angles. Lenses investigated were made from polyhydroxyethyl methacrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid and hydroxyethyl methacrylate/glycerol methacrylate. The lenses were manufactured by lathing, spin‐casting or cast‐moulding techniques. Overall, both techniques demonstrated few differences between the wettability of different lens materials and no differences between materials of the ‘same’ lens type but manufactured by different methods. These findings are consistent with the results of clinical studies, which have shown little difference between contact lens surface wettability in vivo, which may be due to the apparent natural surface wettability‐enhancing properties of the pre‐lens tear film.
Histiocytic sarcomas in flat‐coated retrievers: a summary of 37 cases (November 1998–March 2005)
Authors: Fidel J. , Schiller I. , Hauser B. , Jausi Y. , Rohrer‐Bley C. , Roos M. , Kaser‐Hotz B. 
Published: June 2006

AbstractThirty‐seven cases of histiocytic‐like sarcomas (HLSs) in flat‐coated retriever dogs were evaluated retrospectively. This tumour accounted for 36% of the malignant tumours seen in this breed during the study period. The median age at presentation was 8.2 years. Thirty‐four dogs presented with a swelling or mass in a muscle group or surrounding a joint. The remaining three presented for rib (1), cutaneous (1) or primary splenic origin (1). A high rate of metastasis to local lymph nodes (45%), thorax (20%) and abdominal organs (20% confirmed) was seen. Overall metastastic rate by the time of death was 70%. The median survival for all dogs was 123 days. The most significant prognostic indicator was presence of distant metastasis at the time of diagnosis with median survival of 68 or 200 days, with or without metastasis, respectively. Chemotherapy and radiation therapy significantly improved survival. Dogs given chemotherapy survived a median of 185 versus 34 days for dogs that were not (P = 0.0008). Dogs treated with radiation survived a median of 182 versus 60 days for those that were not (P = 0.0282). Dogs receiving only palliative therapy survived a median of 17 versus 167 days in dogs receiving any kind of radiation, chemotherapy, surgery or combinations. A set protocol of radiation and CCNU (RTCCNU) induced minimal toxicity and provided a median survival of 208 versus 68 days for all other dogs. While this tumour carries a poor long‐term prognosis in flat‐coated retrievers, it is reasonable to treat these dogs for palliation of signs and extension of life.
Surveillant Science: Challenges for the Management of Rural Environments Emerging from the New Generation Diffuse Pollution Models
Authors: Lane Stuart N. , Brookes Chris J. , Louise Heathwaite A. , Reaney Sim 
Published: June 2006

AbstractCurrent models of diffuse pollution are characterised by a progressive engagement with remotely‐sensed data coupled with more elegant modelling approaches. Central to these new models is the concept of connectivity, which leads to the identification and prioritisation of those landscape units (e.g., fields) where the consequences of land management activities are most readily transmitted to watercourses. The practice of diffuse pollution modelling using such models encounters certain problems. Following Brewer (1999) we argue that interdisciplinarity offers the opportunity to overcome these problems through: (1) its explicit recognition of the framing implicit in model development; (2) an emphasis on context in problem‐solving; (3) methodological pluralism; and (4) following from these other factors, the possibility of a different sort of engagement between land managers and modellers. Hence, the case for developing interdisciplinary approaches goes beyond the conventional dictates of problem‐led research and points to very different ways of conducting diffuse pollution research, taking on board the full dimensions of interdisciplinarity, with its emphasis on reflexivity, contextuality, substance and engagement.
Cell Wall-Mediated Neuronal Damage in Early Sepsis
Authors: Orihuela Carlos J. , Fillon Sophie , Smith-Sielicki S. Hope , El Kasmi Karim C. , Gao Geli , Soulis Konstantinos , Patil Avinash , Murray Peter J. , Tuomanen Elaine I. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTNeuronal dysfunction can occur in the course of sepsis without meningitis. Sepsis-associated neuronal damage (SAND) was observed in the hippocampus within hours in experimental pneumococcal bacteremia. Intravascular challenge with purified bacterial cell wall recapitulated SAND. SAND persisted in PAFr−/−mice but was partially mitigated in mice lacking cell wall recognition proteins TLR2 and Nod2 and in mice overexpressing interleukin-10 (IL-10) in macrophages. Thus, cell wall drives SAND through IL-10-repressible inflammatory events. Treatment with CDP-choline ameliorated SAND, suggesting that it may be an effective adjunctive therapy to increase survival and reduce organ damage in sepsis.
Oxidized ATP Protection against Anthrax Lethal Toxin
Authors: Moayeri Mahtab , Wickliffe Katherine E. , Wiggins Jason F. , Leppla Stephen H. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTBacillus anthracislethal toxin (LT) induces rapid lysis (<90 min) of murine macrophages from certain inbred strains. The mechanism for LT-induced cytolysis is currently unknown. We hypothesized that the ATP-activated macrophage P2X7 receptors implicated in nucleotide-mediated macrophage lysis could play a role in LT-mediated cytolysis and discovered that a potent P2X7 antagonist, oxidized ATP (o-ATP), protects macrophages against LT. Other P2X7 receptor antagonists, however, had no effect on LT function, while oxidized nucleotides, o-ADP, o-GTP, and o-ITP, which did not act as receptor ligands, provided protection. Cleavage of the LT substrates, the mitogen-activated protein kinases, was inhibited by o-ATP in RAW274.6 macrophages and CHO cells. We investigated the various steps in the intoxication pathway and found that binding of the protective-antigen (PA) component of LT to cells and the enzymatic proteolytic ability of the lethal factor (LF) component of LT were unaffected by o-ATP. Instead, the drug inhibited formation of the sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant PA oligomer, which occurs in acidified endosomes, but did not prevent cell surface PA oligomerization, as evidenced by binding and translocation of LF to a protease-resistant intracellular location. We found that o-ATP also protected cells from anthrax edema toxin and diphtheria toxin, which also require an acidic environment for escape from endosomes. Confocal microscopy using pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes showed that o-ATP increased endosomal pH. Finally, BALB/cJ mice injected with o-ATP and LT were completely protected against lethality.
A Set of Glycosylphosphatidyl Inositol-Anchored Membrane Proteins ofPlasmodium falciparumIs Refractory to Genetic Deletion
Authors: Sanders Paul R. , Kats Lev M. , Drew Damien R. , O'Donnell Rebecca A. , O'Neill Matthew , Maier Alexander G. , Coppel Ross L. , Crabb Brendan S. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTTargeted gene disruption has proved to be a powerful approach for studying the function of important ligands involved in erythrocyte invasion by the extracellular merozoite form of the human malaria parasite,Plasmodium falciparum. Merozoite invasion proceeds via a number of seemingly independent alternate pathways, such that entry can proceed with parasites lacking particular ligand-receptor interactions. To date, most focus in this regard has been on single-pass (type 1) membrane proteins that reside in the secretory organelles. Another class of merozoite proteins likely to include ligands for erythrocyte receptors are the glycosylphosphatidyl inositol (GPI)-anchored membrane proteins that coat the parasite surface and/or reside in the apical organelles. Several of these are prominent vaccine candidates, although their functions remain unknown. Here, we systematically attempted to disrupt the genes encoding seven of the known GPI-anchored merozoite proteins ofP. falciparumby using a double-crossover gene-targeting approach. Surprisingly, and in apparent contrast to other merozoite antigen classes, most of the genes (six of seven) encoding GPI-anchored merozoite proteins are refractory to genetic deletion, with the exception being the gene encoding merozoite surface protein 5 (MSP-5). No distinguishable growth rate or invasion pathway phenotype was detected for themsp-5knockout line, although its presence as a surface-localized protein was confirmed.
Identification of Markers forHelicobacter pyloriStrains Isolated from Children with Peptic Ulcer Disease by Suppressive Subtractive Hybridization
Authors: Oleastro Mónica , Monteiro Lurdes , Lehours Philippe , Mégraud Francis , Ménard Armelle 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTPeptic ulcer disease (PUD) occurs after a long-termHelicobacter pyloriinfection. However, the disease can develop earlier, and rare cases have been observed in children, suggesting that theseH. pyloristrains may be more virulent. We used suppressive subtractive hybridization for comparative genomics betweenH. pyloristrains isolated from a 5-year-old child with duodenal ulcer and from a sex- and age-matched child with gastritis only. The prevalence of the 30 tester-specific subtracted sequences was determined on a collection ofH. pyloristrains from children (15 ulcers and 30 gastritis) and from adults (46 ulcers and 44 gastritis). Two of these sequences, jhp0562 (80.0% versus 33.3%,P= 0.008) and jhp0870 (80.0% versus 36.7%,P= 0.015), were highly associated with PUD in children and a third sequence, jhp0828, was less associated (40.0% versus 10.0%,P= 0.048). Among adult strains, none of the 30 sequences was associated with PUD. However, both jhp0562 and jhp0870 were less prevalent in adenocarcinoma strains than in PUD strains from children and adults, the difference being statistically significant for jhp0870. In conclusion, twoH. pylorigenes were identified as being strongly associated with PUD in children, and their putative roles as an outer membrane protein for jhp0870 and in lipopolysaccharide biosynthesis for jhp0562, suggest that they may be novel virulence factors ofH. pylori.
Characterization of Phagosome Trafficking and Identification of PhoP-Regulated Genes Important for Survival ofYersinia pestisin Macrophages
Authors: Grabenstein Jens P. , Fukuto Hana S. , Palmer Lance E. , Bliska James B. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTThe transcriptional activator PhoP is important for survival ofYersinia pestisin macrophage phagosomes. However, the phagosomes inhabited byY. pestishave not been well characterized, and the mechanism by which PhoP promotes bacterial survival in these vacuoles is not fully understood. Lysosomal tracers, as well as antibodies to late endosomal or lysosomal proteins, were used in conjunction with confocal or electron microscopy to study the trafficking of phagosomes containingphoP+orphoPmutantY. pestisstrains or latex beads in J774A.1 macrophages. Phagosomes containingphoP+orphoPmutantY. pestisacquired lysosomal markers to the same degree that phagosomes containing latex beads acquired these markers after 1.5 h of infection, showing that nascent phagosomes containingY. pestisfuse with lysosomes irrespective of thephoPgenotype. Similar results were obtained when phagosomes containing viable or deadphoP+Y. pestiscells or beads were analyzed at 8 h postinfection, indicating that theY. pestisvacuole does not become secluded from the lysosomal compartment. However, only viablephoP+bacteria induced the formation of spacious phagosomes at 8 h postinfection, suggesting thatY. pestiscan actively direct the expansion of its vacuole. PhoP-regulated genes that are important for survival ofY. pestisin phagosomes were identified by Tn5-lacZmutagenesis and oligonucleotide microarray analysis. Three such genes were identified, and the products of these genes are predicted to promote resistance to antimicrobial peptides (ugdandpmrK) or low-Mg2+conditions (mgtC) found in phagosomes. Viable count assays carried out withY. pestis ugd,mgtC, andugd mgtCmutants revealed that the products ofugdandmgtCfunction independently to promote early survival ofY. pestisin macrophage phagosomes.
Bacillus anthracisPhospholipases C Facilitate Macrophage-Associated Growth and Contribute to Virulence in a Murine Model of Inhalation Anthrax
Authors: Heffernan Brian J. , Thomason Brendan , Herring-Palmer Amy , Shaughnessy Lee , McDonald Rod , Fisher Nathan , Huffnagle Gary B. , Hanna Philip 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTSeveral models of anthrax pathogenesis suggest that early in the infectious processBacillus anthracisendospores germinate and outgrow into vegetative bacilli within phagocytes before being released into the blood. Here, we define the respective contributions of three phospholipases C (PLCs) to the pathogenesis ofB. anthracis. Genetic deletions of the PLCs were made in the Sterne 7702 background, resulting in the respective loss of their activities. The PLCs were redundant both in tissue culture and in murine models of anthrax. Deletion of all three PLC genes was required for attenuation of virulence in mice after intratracheal inoculation. This attenuation may be attributed to the inability of the PLC-null strain to grow in association with the macrophage. Complementation of these defects in both models of anthrax was achieved by expression of the PLC genes intrans. The functional redundancy between PLCs in the virulence ofB. anthracisimplies that their activities are important for anthrax pathogenesis.
In Vivo Role of Dendritic Cells in a Murine Model of Pulmonary Cryptococcosis
Authors: Wozniak Karen L. , Vyas Jatin M. , Levitz Stuart M. 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACTDendritic cells (DC) have been shown to phagocytose and killCryptococcus neoformansin vitro and are believed to be important for inducing protective immunity against this organism. Exposure toC. neoformansoccurs mainly by inhalation, and in this study we examined the in vivo interactions ofC. neoformanswith DC in the lung. Fluorescently labeled liveC. neoformans and heat-killedC. neoformans were administered intranasally to C57BL/6 mice. At specific times postinoculation, mice were sacrificed, and lungs were removed. Single-cell suspensions of lung cells were prepared, stained, and analyzed by microscopy and flow cytometry. Within 2 h postinoculation, fluorescently labeledC. neoformanshad been internalized by DC, macrophages, and neutrophils in the mouse lung. Additionally, lung DC from mice infected for 7 days showed increased expression of the maturation markers CD80, CD86, and major histocompatibility complex class II. Finally, ex vivo incubation of lung DC from infected mice withCryptococcus-specific T cells resulted in increased interleukin-2 production compared to the production by DC from naïve mice, suggesting that there was antigen-specific T-cell activation. This study demonstrated that DC in the lung are capable of phagocytosingCryptococcusin vivo and presenting antigen toC. neoformans-specific T cells ex vivo, suggesting that these cells have roles in innate and adaptive pulmonary defenses against cryptococcosis.
Active Genetic Elements Present in the Locus of Enterocyte Effacement in
Escherichia coli
O26 and Their Role in Mobility
Authors: Muniesa Maite , Schembri Mark A. , Hauf Nadja , Chakraborty Trinad 
Published: June 2006

ABSTRACT

The locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) is a large multigene chromosomal segment encoding gene products responsible for the generation of attaching and effacing lesions in many diarrheagenic
Escherichia coli
strains. A recently sequenced LEE harboring a pathogenicity island (PAI) from a Shiga toxin
E. coli
serotype O26 strain revealed a LEE PAI (designated LEE O26) almost identical to that obtained from a rabbit-specific enteropathogenic O15:H− strain. LEE O26 comprises 59,540 bp and is inserted at 94 min within the mature
pheU
tRNA locus. The LEE O26 PAI is flanked by two direct repeats of 137 and 136 bp (DR1 and DR2), as well as a gene encoding an integrase belonging to the P4 integrase family. We examined LEE O26 for horizontal gene transfer. By generating mini-LEE plasmids harboring only DR1 or DR2 with or without the integrase-like gene, we devised a simple assay to examine recombination processes between these sequences. Recombination was shown to be integrase dependent in a Δ
recA E. coli
K-12 strain background. Recombinant plasmids harboring a single direct repeat cloned either with or without the LEE O26 integrase gene were found to insert within the chromosomal
pheU
locus of
E. coli
K-12 strains with equal efficiency, suggesting that an endogenous P4-like integrase can substitute for this activity. An integrase with strong homology to the LEE O26 integrase was detected on the K-12 chromosome associated with the
leuX
tRNA locus at 97 min. Strains deleted for this integrase demonstrated a reduction in the insertion frequency of plasmids harboring only the DR into the
pheU
locus. These results provide strong evidence that LEE-harboring elements are indeed mobile and suggest that closely related integrases present on the chromosome of
E. coli
strains contribute to the dynamics of PAI mobility.