bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autologous Transplantation of Fascia into the Vocal Fold: Long‐Term Result of Type‐1 Transplantation and the Future
Authors: Tsunoda Koichi , Kondou Kenji , Kaga Kimitaka , Niimi Seiji , Baer Thomas , Nishiyama Koichiro , Hirose Hajime 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjectives: Since 1997, we have performed the autologous transplantation of fascia into the vocal fold (ATFV) procedure on cases of sulcus vocalis. In what follows, we report the long‐term results of our new surgical approach and discuss the role of these transplantations. We also review and report some complications that can be caused by ATFV. Finally, we discuss the ATFV technique as a contribution to the phonosurgery of the future.Study Design: Prospective study.Methods: We were able to obtain long‐term results from 10 volunteer cases (2 female and 8 male, age: 15–71, mean 46.5 years old) who could be followed up for at least 3 years after transplantation. All were cases of pathologic sulcus vocalis.We measured maximum phonation time (MPT) and carried out pre‐ and postsurgical clinical observation and laryngeal stroboscopy in all cases. These measurements and observations were made before the ATFV and at 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, and 3 years after surgery.Results: In stroboscopic observation 1 year after the ATFV, satisfactory glottal closure and excellent mucosal wave were observed for all cases, and there was no case with hyperadduction of the false vocal folds. MPT measures remained at an improved level 2 years and 3 years after the transplantations. Paired‐sample t tests showed that the improvement relative to preATFV levels was significant for all postsurgical measurements up to 3 years.Conclusions: We conclude that ATFV is a successful surgical procedure for sulcus vocalis and scarred vocal folds. Other phonosurgical clinical applications may also be envisioned.
The application of response surface methodology to the production of phenolic extracts of lemon grass, galangal, holy basil and rosemary
Authors: Juntachote T. , Berghofer Emmerich , Bauer F. , Siebenhandl S. 
Published: December 2005

SummaryThe effects of independent variables (ethanol:water ratio, temperature and time) on the extraction yield and antioxidant properties of phenolic extracts from lemon grass, galangal, holy basil and rosemary were studied. The extraction solvent ratio of ethanol to water was found to have a significant (P < 0.05) influence on extraction yield, reducing power and total phenolic content, but not on the antioxidant activity of all herb and spice samples, while extraction temperature had only minor effects. Extraction time had a significant (P < 0.05) effect only on the reducing power of holy basil extracts. The optimum extraction conditions, i.e. extraction solvent ratio of ethanol to water, extraction temperature and extraction time for maximum total phenolic content, were 3:1 at 25 °C for 30 min for lemon grass, 3:1 at 75 °C for 90 min for galangal and holy basil and 3:1 at 75 °C for 30 min for rosemary.
A combined phage display ScFv library againstMyxobolus rotundusinfecting crucian carp,Carassius auratus auratus(L.), in China
Authors: Zhang J Y , Wang J G , Wu Y S , Li M , Li A H , Gong X L 
Published: December 2005

AbstractImmunological methods have been developed for the diagnosis ofMyxobolus rotundusbut their use has been limited for the prevention and therapy of this serious parasitic pathogen. Phage display antibody libraries are a powerful technique for the development of antibodies to molecules of interest and have advantages over traditional hybridroma approaches. In the present study, four antigen fractions related toM. rotunduswere prepared and a combined phage display single‐chain antibody fragments (ScFv) library was constructed against this parasite. Preliminary analysis indicated that a combined antibody library of about 2.08 × 105individual clones and high diversity was generated. After four rounds of screening (bio‐panning) against soluble spore protein prepared from lysed, intact, matureM. rotundusspores, a strain monoclonal phage display ScFv, termed pCAN‐6H9, with better affinity, was isolated. The pCAN‐6H9 gene fragment was sequenced and analysed. The specificity of pCAN‐6H9 was further demonstrated by dot‐blot. In competition enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, both the original and enriched phage‐displayed ScFv repertoire showed significant inhibition of mouse anti‐M. rotundusserum binding to coated antigen, while the inhibition rate of monoclonal pCAN‐6H9 phage particles was only 11.83%.
Efficacy of injection vaccines against Flavobacterium psychrophilum in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum)
Authors: Madetoja J , Lönnström L‐G , Björkblom C , Uluköy G , Bylund G , Syvertsen C , Gravningen K , Norderhus E‐A , Wiklund T 
Published: December 2005

AbstractEfficacy of mineral oil‐based experimental injection vaccines against Flavobacterium psychrophilum were tested in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), under laboratory and field conditions. The vaccines consisted of formalin‐ or heat‐inactivated whole bacterium cell preparations of two different serotypes (Fd and Th) or a combination of serologically different F. psychrophilum (Fd and/or Th and/or FpT;Th). Specific antibody responses against the bacterium in plasma and skin mucus were evaluated post‐vaccination with enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Efficacy of the vaccinations was determined by challenge trials to F. psychrophilum with the vaccinated rainbow trout. Significantly higher antibody levels in plasma were detected in vaccinated fish compared with mock‐vaccinated fish. Injection vaccination did not trigger specific antibody production in the skin mucus. Significantly higher survival of i.p. vaccinated fish compared with non‐vaccinated fish was observed during the challenge. The results suggest that mineral oil‐based injectable vaccines containing formalin‐ or heat‐inactivated virulent cells of F. psychrophilum effectively triggered specific antibody production and protected the fish against bacterial cold water disease.
Oxylipins act as determinants of natural product biosynthesis and seed colonization in Aspergillus nidulans
Authors: Tsitsigiannis Dimitrios I. , Keller Nancy P. 
Published: December 2005

SummarySecreted, hormone‐like lipogenic molecules, called oxylipins, mediate the balance of asexual to sexual spore ratio in Aspergillus nidulans. Oxylipin production in this fungus is dependent on developmental regulation of three conserved fatty acid oxygenases, PpoA, PpoB and PpoC. Here, we show that in addition to altering spore ratios, loss of ppo genes affect natural product biosynthesis and seed colonization. ΔppoA;ΔppoC and ΔppoA;ΔppoB;ΔppoC mutants were unable to produce the mycotoxin sterigmatocystin (ST) in vitro or in planta but in contrast overproduced the antibiotic penicillin (PN). These findings were correlated with decreased expression of genes involved in ST biosynthesis and increased expression of a PN biosynthetic gene, thus suggesting that oxylipin species regulate secondary metabolites at the transcriptional level. Additionally, the ΔppoA;ΔppoC and the ΔppoA;ΔppoB;ΔppoC mutants were defective in colonization of peanut seeds as reflected by a decrease in conidiation and production of the seed degradative enzyme lipase. These results indicate that oxylipin production is important for host colonization and mycotoxin production and may provide a promising target for future control strategies.
Memory B cell responses and malaria
Authors: WYKES M. , GOOD M. F. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY Malaria is a serious cause of morbidity and mortality in millions of individuals each year. People living in endemic areas build up partial immunity only after repeated attacks of malaria over several years. At this meeting we discussed current knowledge about long‐term protection and the challenges we face in the development of an effective malaria vaccine.
Protective and pathogenic roles of CD8+ T cells during malaria infection
Authors: HAFALLA J. C. R. , COCKBURN I. A. , ZAVALA F. 
Published: December 2005

SUMMARY CD8+ T cells play a key role in protection against pre‐erythrocytic stages of malaria infection. Many vaccine strategies are based on the idea of inducing a strong infection‐blocking CD8+ T cell response. Here, we summarize what is known about the development, specificity and protective effect of malaria‐specific CD8+ T cells and report on recent developments in the field. Although work in mouse models continues to make progress in our understanding of the basic biology of these cells, many questions remain to be answered – particularly on the roles of these cells in human infections. Increasing evidence is also emerging of a harmful role for CD8+ T cells in the pathology of cerebral malaria in rodent systems. Once again, the relevance of these results to human disease is one of the primary questions facing workers in this field.
Low‐dose amphotericin for prevention of serious fungal infection following liver transplantation
Authors: Shah T. , Lai W.K. , Gow P. , Leeming J. , Mutimer D. 
Published: December 2005

Abstract: Aims. This study advances previously performed clinical studies of antifungal prophylaxis and prospectively evaluates the efficacy of low‐dose amphotericin B preparations for the prevention of invasive fungal infection (IFI) in high‐risk liver transplant (LT) recipients.Methods. High‐risk LT patients were recruited and randomised to openly receive intravenously either conventional amphotericin B (amB) at a dose of 15 mg daily, or liposomal amphotericin B (amBisome) 50 mg daily. Prophylaxis was continued until discharge from the intensive care unit (ICU), until patient death, or until time of conversion to high‐dose amBisome for treatment of suspected or confirmed IFI.Results. During the study period, 360 adult LTs were performed; 132 patients were eligible for 149 recruitment episodes into the trial, and 83 patients were recruited for 92 episodes. Of the 92, 48 patient episodes were randomised to receive amBisome prophylaxis, and 44 to receive amB. IFI was uncommon, diagnosed for 3 patients in the amBisome group, and for 2 in the amB group. Furthermore, Aspergillus was isolated on a single occasion during 92 episodes of prophylaxis. Fungal colonisation scores did not differ significantly between the 2 groups. There was a significant difference in the rates of survival to ICU discharge between the 2 groups (79.6% amBisome vs. 59.5% amB, P=0.038). Renal function measures including creatinine clearance at commencement and conclusion of prophylaxis, and at 12 months post transplant were not statistically different between the 2 groups.Conclusion. The use of amphotericin B, liposomal or non‐liposomal preparations at low doses, for prophylaxis of IFI in high‐risk LT patients, is associated with a low incidence of serious fungal infection. In this randomised study, low‐dose amBisome prophylaxis was associated with an increased likelihood of successful discharge from the ICU.
A qualitative systematic review of peri‐operative dextromethorphan in post‐operative pain
Authors: Duedahl T. H. , Rømsing J. , Møiniche S. , Dahl J. B. 
Published: December 2005

Background:  The N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dextromethorphan (DM), has received interest as an adjunctive agent in post‐operative pain management. Clinical trials have been contradictory. This systematic review aims to evaluate the available literature examining the analgesic efficacy of DM in post‐operative patients.Methods:  Twenty‐eight randomized, double‐blind, clinical studies, with 40 comparisons, including a variety of dosing regimens comparing DM treatment with placebo, were included. Meta‐analysis was intended but deemed to be inappropriate because of the substantial difference in methodology and reporting between trials. The outcome measures (pain scores at rest, time to first analgesic request and supplemental analgesic consumption) were evaluated qualitatively by significant difference (P < 0.05) as reported in the original investigations.Results:  DM did not reduce the post‐operative pain score with a clinically significant magnitude. The time to first analgesic request was significantly prolonged in most comparisons with DM. Significant decreases in supplemental opioid consumption were observed in the majority of parenteral DM studies and in about one‐half of the oral studies. The decreases were of questionable clinical importance in most comparisons, although a relationship between a decrease in opioid consumption and opioid‐related side‐effects was established in some studies.Conclusion:  Based on the studies available, DM has the potential to be a safe adjunctive agent to opioid analgesia in post‐operative pain management, but the consistency of the potential opioid‐sparing and pain‐reducing effect must be questioned. Consequently, it is not possible to recommend dose regimens or routine clinical use of DM in post‐operative pain. The route of administration may be important for the beneficial effect.
Neuroprotective effects of green and black teas and their catechin gallate esters against β‐amyloid‐induced toxicity
Authors: Bastianetto Stéphane , Yao Zhi‐Xing , Papadopoulos Vassilios , Quirion Rémi 
Published: December 2005

AbstractTeas represent a large family of plants containing high amounts of polyphenols that may confer health benefits in various diseases. Recently, it has been hypothesized that tea consumption may also reduce the risk of age‐related neurodegenerative pathologies. Considering the deleterious role of β‐amyloid (Aβ) in the aetiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated green and black tea extracts and flavan‐3‐ols (present as monomers and dimers in green and black forms, respectively) against toxicity induced by Aβ‐derived peptides using primary cultures of rat hippocampal cells as model. Both green and black tea extracts (5–25 µg/mL) displayed neuroprotective action against Aβ toxicity. These effects were shared by gallic acid (1–20 µm), epicatechin gallate (ECG; 1–20 µm) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG; 1–10 µm), the former being the most potent flavan‐3‐ol. In contrast, epicatechin and epigallocatechin were ineffective in the same range of concentrations. Moreover, only tea flavan‐3‐ol gallate esters (i.e. ECG, EGCG) and gallic acid inhibited apoptotic events induced by Aβ25‐35. Interestingly, EGCG and gallic acid inhibited Aβ aggregation and/or the formation of Aβ‐derived diffusible neurotoxin ligands. Taken together, these results indicate that the catechin gallates (through the galloyl moiety) contribute to the neuroprotective effects of both green and black teas. Moreover, the protective effect of EGCG is likely to be associated, at least in part, with its inhibitory action on Aβ fibrils/oligomers formation. These data also support the hypothesis that not only green but also black teas may reduce age‐related neurodegenerative diseases, such as AD.
Comparative anatomy of the ciliary body of the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus) and selected species
Authors: Natiello Michelle , Lewis Patricia , Samuelson Don 
Published: December 2005

AbstractObjective  To examine the anatomy of the ciliary body in the West Indian manatee (Trichechus manatus), paying close attention to its vascularization and to compare to those of its distant relative, the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), the amphibious hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) and the aquatic short‐finned pilot whale (Globicephala macrorhynchus).Procedure  Specimens from each species were preserved in 10% buffered formalin, and observed stereomicroscopically before being embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained by Masson trichrome, hematoxylin and eosin, and periodic acid‐Schiff for light microscopic evaluation.Results  The network of blood vessels in the ciliary processes of the West Indian manatee appear to have an intricate pattern, especially with regard to venous outflow. Those of the elephant are slightly less complex, while those of the hippopotamus and whale have different vascular patterns within the ciliary body. Musculature within the ciliary body is absent within the manatee and pilot whale.Conclusions  In general, there appears to be a direct relationship between the increased development of vasculature and the loss of musculature within the ciliary bodies of the aquatic and amphibious mammals presently studied. Specifically, the ciliary body of the West Indian manatee has a comparatively unique construction, especially with regard to its vasculature.
Ocular signs of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis: a retrospective study in dogs from Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Leiva Marta , Naranjo C. , Peña M. T. 
Published: December 2005

AbstractCanine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tick‐borne disease caused by the rickettsia Ehrlichia canis. Ocular lesions are a common feature of the disease and can be present in all stages. The purpose of this retrospective study was to determine the prevalence, type and response to treatment of ocular lesions associated with monocytic ehrlichiosis in 46 affected dogs presented to the Autonomous University of Barcelona‐Veterinary Teaching Hospital (UAB‐VTH) from January 2000 to December 2002. Dogs were included in the study only if they had a positive serologic test for E. canis and information about the clinical outcome was available. Eighteen breeds were represented, with the German Shepherd dog (n = 6) being the most common. There were 25 intact and three castrated males, and 16 intact and two neutered females. Twenty dogs (43.4%) were between 5 and 10 years old. Seventeen dogs (37% of all cases of monocytic ehrlichiosis diagnosed during the study period) had ocular signs, and 11 dogs (64.7% of the ocular cases) had only ocular lesions without apparent systemic signs. Exudative retinal detachment was the most common ocular manifestation; other prevalent findings included anterior exudative uveitis and optic neuritis. Five of the 17 cases with ocular lesions (29.4%) had ocular bleeding disorders (hyphema or retinal hemorrhages). All the dogs with ocular disease presented with bilateral signs. Dogs with posterior segment disease had titers against E. canis that were ≥ 1 : 320, while lower titers were noted in dogs with anterior exudative uveitis. Two dogs presented with chronic autoimmune panuveitis after ehrlichiosis treatment. Canine ehrlichiosis should be considered in the differential diagnosis of exudative retinal detachment and anterior uveal inflammatory lesions.
Approximation of a Variable Density Cloud of Points by Shrinking a Discrete Membrane
Authors: Esteve Jordi , Brunet Pere , Vinacua Àlvar 
Published: December 2005

Abstract This paper describes a method to obtain a closed surface that approximates a general 3D data point set with nonuniform density. Aside from the positions of the initial data points, no other information is used. Particularly, neither the topological relations between the points nor the normal to the surface at the data points are needed. The reconstructed surface does not exactly interpolate the initial data points, but approximates them with a bounded maximum distance. The method allows one to reconstruct closed surfaces with arbitrary genus and closed surfaces with disconnected shells.
Genetic Focal Epilepsies: State of the Art and Paths to the Future
Authors: Andermann Frederick , Kobayashi Eliane , Andermann Eva 
Published: December 2005

Summary: The concept of genetic focal epilepsies is relatively new as compared to awareness of the importance of genetic factors in the generalized epilepsies. However, in the past decade, there has been increasing recognition of families with dominantly inherited partial epilepsies. Better definition of the phenotypes allows identification of distinct syndromes. The main familial focal epilepsies are autosomal‐dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (ADNFLE), familial mesial TLE (FMTLE), familial lateral TLE (FLTLE), and familial partial epilepsy with variable foci (FPEVF). The only genes identified so far are those for ADNFLE and FLTLE. In these disorders, functional studies are the next step and could provide advances leading to clarification of the pathophysiology as well as to new therapeutic strategies. At present, we can provide genetic counseling and a more accurate prognosis for most of the familial focal epilepsies. Greater awareness of the genetic basis in this group of disorders by the treating physicians is essential for identification of new families. This will allow further linkage studies, candidate gene screening, and identification of new genes, which will hopefully result in genetically based prevention and treatment.
Mortality of Epilepsy from National Vital Statistics and University Epilepsy Clinic in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Jing‐Jane 
Published: December 2005

Summary:  Purpose: Where population‐based studies of epilepsy mortality are impossible to conduct, other sources of data must be considered. We provide descriptive data on mortality and causes of death for epilepsy in Taiwan. Methods: Two settings in Taiwan were used. First, we evaluated the mortality ratio for epilepsy, using the national vital statistics for 1996 with the total population of Taiwan as the denominator. Second, we evaluated mortality in a cohort of prevalent epilepsy cases from a University outpatient clinic. For both, proportionate mortality was calculated to determine the relative contributions of different causes of death in epilepsy. Results: One hundred and sixty‐two deaths were correctly coded under ICD code 345 from the 1975 detailed diagnostic listing during the 1‐year period of 1996. Epilepsy was the diagnosis in 0.8 deaths/100,000 population. Over an 11‐year period, there were 54 deaths (0.9%) among 1,224 prevalent epilepsy cases from a University clinic during 5,704 person‐years of follow‐up. The most common underlying cause of death was epilepsy‐related death in 129 (79.6%) out of 162 deaths from the vital statistics data. There were 13 deaths unrelated to epilepsy (8.0%). Acute reactive seizure as the cause of death was found in 9 patients (5.6%). The leading cause of death in the epilepsy clinic was disease unrelated to epilepsy in 21 deaths (38.9%), epilepsy‐related death in 12 patients (22.2%), and death related to the cause of epilepsy in 9 patients (16.7%). Conclusion: Data derived from vital statistics are inadequate to evaluate mortality in people with epilepsy.
Mortality after a First Episode of Status Epilepticus in the United States and Europe
Authors: Logroscino Giancarlo , Hesdorffer Dale C. , Cascino Gregory , Hauser W. Allen , Coeytaux Alessandra , Galobardes Bruna , Morabia Alfredo , Jallon Pierre 
Published: December 2005

Summary:  Objective: In the last decade several studies have been published on incidence, etiology, and prognosis of status epilepticus (SE) with population‐based data from the United States and Europe. The aim of this review is to summarize the available information on the epidemiology of SE and to outline the sources of the variability in reported mortality after SE. Methods: Comparison of mortality studies in SE from the United States and Europe. Results: The incidence of SE is lower in Europe (9.9–15.8/10,000) than in the United States (18.3–41/100,000). The overall mortality after SE is similar in the two U.S. studies: the case fatality is 21% in Rochester, and 22% in Richmond. All European studies excluded SE after anoxic encephalopathy following cardiac arrest. This exclusion may partly explain the lower case fatality (around 10%) found in two of the European studies. The study from Bologna showed the highest case fatality (33%) even after exclusion of anoxic encephalopathy. The mortality in acute symptomatic SE was higher than for other forms of SE across all studies. Conclusions: Short‐term mortality after SE occurs mainly in the acute symptomatic group. Based on published data, it is not clear if differences in early management and medical treatment have any impact on prognosis or whether the differences can be attributed only to differences in distribution of the underlying causes in acute symptomatic SE. Future studies should address this issue.