bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of ambient temperature upon the surface temperature of the equine limb
Authors: Palmer Scott E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Ten clinically healthy adult horses were examined with the portable infrared thermometer at ambient temperatures of 5, 15, and 25 C to evaluate the thermal response of limbs of the horse to variations of ambient temperature. Limb surface temperature varied in direct proportion to changes in the ambient temperature, with considerable variation occurring among individual horses, especially at the lower temperatures. Areas of proximal parts of the limbs were more resistant to temperature variation than were distal parts. Ambient temperature had a statistically significant, but clinically unimportant, effect upon the bilateral symmetry (right side/left side) of limb surface temperature. At all ambient temperatures, the mean variation between left side and right side target areas was < 1 degree C.
Experimental inoculation of cattle with bovine herpesvirus-4: Evidence for a lymphoid-associated persistent infection
Authors: Osorio Fernando A. , Reed David E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A strain of bovine herpesvirus-4 isolated from cows with mammary pustular dermatitis was used for experimental inoculation of cattle. This strain is serologically indistinguishable from the group prototype Movar 33/63 and from strain DN-599. Seronegative cattle were inoculated iv or by simultaneous intranasal, iv, intramammary (via teat channel), and intradermal inoculations. All inoculated cattle seroconverted. Clinical signs of disease or lesions were not evident, except for a dermal lesion corresponding with one intradermal inoculation site. Virus was recovered from the dermal lesion and was excreted in the milk for 17 days. Virus was recovered from esophagopharyngeal fluid at 9 and 13 days after inoculation. At different times of euthanasia (2 to 14 months after inoculation), virus was recovered from cocultures with bovine lung cells and/or explant cultures of lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, and, in one case, kidney. In 2 animals, the virus was recovered repeatedly during 1 year from peripheral blood leukocytes by cocultivation with bovine lung cells. The number of infectious leukocytes, as determined by infectious center assay, ranged from < 1 to 6 infectious celis/107 leukocytes.
Characterization of deoxyribonucleic acid from cells infected with Aleutian disease virus
Authors: Hahn Edwin C. , Ramos Luciano , Kenyon Alan J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Viral DNA was extracted from Crandell feline kidney (crfk) cells infected with Aleutian disease virus (adv) and labeled with [3H]thymidine. The sedimentation coefficient in alkaline sucrose gradients was 16S corresponding to a molecular weight of 1.5 × 106. The buoyant densities of DNA from infected and control cells were determined by isopyknic sedimentation in CsCl and NaI gradients. Two additional peaks of [3H]DNA were found in infected cells, but not in control cell extracts. Fractionation of this DNA on hydroxylapatite indicated that the new peaks represented a single-stranded component, density 1.728 g/cm3, and a double-stranded component, presumed to be a viral replicative intermediate, density 1.718 g/cm3. The target antigen formation in crfk cells was measured by γ-irradiation of adv and assayed for focus formation. The calculated size of adv based on these measurements was 1.1 × 106. The H-1 parvovirus also was shown to have a size of 1.5 × 106 daltons for both antigen and plaque formation. The data indicated similarities existed between adv and other autonomously replicating parvoviruses in most properties, except that less-than-unit length genome of adv may be transcribed.
Effects of extensive resection of the small intestine in the pony
Authors: Tate Lloyd P. , Ralston Sarah L. , Koch Christine M. , Everitt Jeffrey I. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Small intestinal resection (sir) is not uncommonly done in surgical treatment of equine colic, but little is known about the long-term effects of sir on horses and ponies. Twelve ponies, fed maintenance amounts of pelleted feed, were divided randomly into 4 treatment groups. d-Xylose absorption curves were recorded for each pony before surgical treatments were performed. Treatments consisted of control (ileal bypass) and 40%, 60%, or 80% sir. d-Xylose absorption, serum electrolyte, and enzyme profiles for each animal were recorded once every 30 days for 180 days after surgical treatment, and the ponies were weighed every 2 weeks. The ponies then were necropsied and the remaining small and large intestine were examined.
d-Xylose absorption values were depressed (P < 0.05) in the ponies subjected to 40%, 60%, and 80% sir as compared with the absorption values of the controls. The ponies with the 60% and 80% sir lost body weight throughout the experimental period, whereas the controls and the ponies with 40% sir maintained their base-line (presurgical manipulation) weight. Serum alkaline phosphatase activity was increased (P < 0.05) in the ponies subjected to 60% and 80% sir and significant biliary hyperplasia was present in those with 80% sir. Extensive (≥ 60%) sir severely compromised the capability of ponies to absorb nutrients and to derive adequate nutrition from a maintenance diet, resulting in changes in hepatic parenchyma and elevations in serum alkaline phosphatase. These changes are consistent with those reported in other species following sir.
Pharmacokinetics of oxytetracycline in young cattle: Comparison of conventional vs long-acting formulations
Authors: Toutain P. L. , Raynaud J. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Pharmacokinetics of a long-acting formulation of oxytetracycline (otc) was studied in young cattie after iv and im injections (20 mg/kg of body weight), Oxytetracycline tissue concentrations were also determined after im injection. Comparisons with the conventional formulation of otc (using different administration schedules) were made, using the same total dosage after assessing serum otc concentrations, areas under the curve, and peripheral drug quantities.
The im administration of the long-acting formulation was followed by a rapid (60 to 90-minute) achievement of maximal serum concentrations (4 μg/ml) which then persisted for an additional 12 hours. Thereafter, serum concentrations decreased, and a half-life of 21.83 hours was calculated, the length of which was attributed to a combination of continued absorption and elimination. A bioavailability of 51.5% was determined. Two rates of absorption of the drug from the im site of administration were indicated. From analogic simulation, it was apparent that 14% of the dose was rapidly absorbed with a halflife of absorption of 48 minutes. The remaining 37.5% was absorbed more slowly with a half-life of 18.1 hours.
Drug concentrations in the tissues decreased exponentially with time. Lung concentrations closely approximated serum values and were maintained at > 0.5 μg/ml for approximately 65 hours. Higher and more persistent values were found in the kidney and liver tissue.
The long-acting formulation after single im administration produced higher quantities in the peripheral compartment in comparison with that after daily administration of the conventional formulation, using 2 dosage schedules, as determined by analogic computation. The present findings indicated that the long-acting formulation was an effective way to administer otc and removed the need for repeated daily treatments.
Pharmacokinetics of gentamicin in birds of prey
Authors: Bird J. E. , Miller K. W. , Larson A. A. , Duke G. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The pharmacokinetics of gentamicin, including half-life, apparent volume of distribution, total body clearance, and fraction of drug absorbed from im injection sites, were determined in 3 species of birds of prey (red-tailed hawks, great horned owls, and golden eagles). Significant differences (P < 0.05) between species were found for the half-life and total body clearance values for this broadspectrum antibiotic. The values for apparent volume of distribution and fraction absorbed did not differ among species and were similar to those reported in mammals. Rapid and relatively complete absorption from im injection sites resulted in high bioavailability. After TV administration of 10 mg of gentamicin/kg of body weight, serum concentrations > 12 μg/ml were present for at least 2 hours and > 2 μg/ml for 4 to 6 hours. On the basis of the various determinations, an im dose of 2.5 mg of gentamicm/kg given every 8 hours should provide therapeutic serum concentrations of gentamicin in the 3 species.
Degenerative joint disease: Multiple joint involvement in young and mature dogs
Authors: Olsewski John M. , Lust George , Rendano Victor T. , Summers Brian A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Radiologic, pathologic, and ancillary methods were used to determine the occurrence of degenerative joint disease involving multiple joints of immature and adult dogs. Animals were selected for the development of hip joint dysplasia and chronic degenerative joint disease. Of diseaseprone dogs, 82% (45 of 55 dogs) had radiologic changes, indicative of hip dysplasia, by 1 year of age. At necropsy, more abnormal joints were identified than by radiographic examination. Among 92 dogs between 3 to 11 months of age that had joint abnormalities, 71% had hip joint involvement; 38%, shoulder joint involvement; 22%, stifle joint involvement; and 40% had multiple joint involvement. Polyarthritis was asymptomatic and unexpected. Radiographic examination of older dogs also revealed evidence of degenerative joint disease in many joints. Multiple joint involvement was substantiated at necropsy of young and mature dogs.
A similar pattern of polyarticular osteoarthritis was revealed in a survey (computer search) of necropsy reports from medical case records of 100 adult and elderly dogs. Usually, the joint disease was an incidental observation, unrelated to the clinical disease or to the cause of death.
The frequent occurrence of degenerative changes in several joints of dogs aged 6 months to 17 years indicated that osteoarthritis may be progressive in these joints and raises the possibility that systemic factors are involved in the disease process.
Effect of an endophytic fungus isolated from toxic pasture grass on serum prolactin concentrations in the lactating cow
Authors: Wallner Barbara M. , Booth Nicholas H. , Robbins Joe D. , Bacon Charles W. , Porter James K. , Kiser Terry E. , Wilson Ruel , Johnson Bennett 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Serum prolactin (prl) concentrations were determined (by radioimmunoassay) in lactating Holstein cows orally dosed for 3 consecutive days with cultures of Balansia epichloë, an endophytic fungus of pasture grasses. Two control groups (2 animals/group) were given either saline solution or noninoculated culture medium, and the principal or 3rd group of 2 animals were given cultures of B epichloë. Serial samples of venous blood were collected (via jugular cannula) from the cows before and after injection (iv) of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (trh).
Serum prl concentrations were increased (P < 0.05) in the control cows (both groups) after they were treated with trh, but not in the principals (given fungal cultures). Milk production recorded before and after dosing the cows with saline solution, noninoculated culture media, or fungal cultures was not affected by any of these oral dosings.
In a 2nd study, a control group and a principal group (3 Holstein cows each) were orally dosed for 3 consecutive days with noninoculated culture medium and with B epichloë culture, respectively. The cows were given an iv dose of trh, as described. In addition, serial samples of venous blood were collected before and after morning and evening milkings. Milk production was recorded before and after dosing the animals with noninoculated culture media or B epichloë culture. Serum prl concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) in the principal cows (given B epichloë culture) than in control cows after trh administration. In addition, B epichloë decreased the milking-induced increase in serum prl concentration. Milk production was not affected by oral dosing with noninoculated media or fungal culture.
This study is the first to indicate that B epichloë or its metabolites significantly depressed hypophyseal release of prl and that milk production was not affected when lactating cows were dosed with this fungus on a short-term treatment basis.
Detection of ovulation in goats by blood prostaglandins concentrations
Authors: Akinlosotu B. A. , Verma O. P. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Eighteen mature female goats of nondescript breed were randomly assigned equally to 3 treatment groups. Group I goats served as controls, group II goats were treated (iv) with a single dose of 300 μg of synthetic luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (lhrh); group III goats were treated with lhrh (similar to group II) and 24 hours later were given indomethacin (10 mg/kg; im) which dosing was repeated every 6 hours for the next 90 hours. Blood samples were collected from all animals every 6 hours until 120 hours and assayed for prostaglandin E (pge) and pgf2α.
On days 7 and 8, the animals were surgically laparotomized to observe the ovarian activity. In groups I and III goats, there was no evidence of follicular development or ovulation, but in 4 of the 6 group II goats, there were ovulatory points or corpus luteum. Mean plasma pge and pgf2α concentrations in control goats did not vary significantly (P ≤ 0.05) during the sampling period; but in the lhrh-treated goats (group II), these concentrations peaked twice— a low peak at 24 hours and a sharp peak at 78 to 90 hours. In contrast, these concentrations in group III goats (lhrh plus indomethacin) dropped sharply in the control group (I) value after reaching the 1st peak, and then stayed at this low plateau for the remainder of the sampling period; the 2nd peak was absent.
The results indicate that the ovulation could be induced by lhrh injection in anestrus goats and that ovulation is preceded by a marked increase of plasma pge and pgf2α concentrations.
Cardiovascular and neuromuscular effects of pancuronium bromide in the pony
Authors: Manley S. V. , Steffey E. P. , Howitt G. A. , Woliner M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Dosage level requirements of pancuronium bromide, a nondepoiarizing muscle relaxant, were studied in ponies. Cardiovascular and neuromuscular responses, duration of responses, and undesirable effects such as prolonged paralysis or residual weakness in recovery were also evaluated. Neuromuscular responses to supramaximal nerve stimulus of the superficial peroneal nerve were recorded as twitch height on a physiograph. Cumulative pancuronium dosage level required to reduce evoked twitch height to 90% to 99% of base-line height was 0.125 ± 0.017 mg/kg of body weight. Time to recovery of 50% of base-line evoked twitch tension was 16 ± 6 minutes. Recovery to base-line tension required 24 ± 10 minutes. Repeat dosage requirements to again achieve 90% to 99% twitch height reduction was 0.04 ± 0.01 mg/kg. Duration to 50% of recovery from a repeated dose was 20 ± 9 minutes, and to 100% of base line was 28 ± 9 min. Prolongation of the 2nd dose was significant (P < 0.05).
A slightly significant (P < 0.05) increase in systolic blood pressure and heart rate persisted. Dysrhythmias were not noticed. Facial muscle twitch response subjectively persisted at base-line strength, despite maximum hindlimb relaxation. Facial muscle twitch did not fade in response to tetanic stimulus. Recovery from anesthetic was not weak or prolonged, and immediate or delayed neuromuscular problems were not noticed.
Cytologic observations of the bovine teat end
Authors: Nickerson Stephen C. , Pankey J. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Cells infiltrating from the vasculature and histologic components of internal tissues of teats (mammary papilla) from noninfected udder quarters were studied, using light and electron microscopy. Morphometric analysis demonstrated a progressive increase in number of infiltrating cells from the distal teat cistern (sinus papillaris) to the junction of the Furstenberg's rosette (distal termination and convergence of mucosal folds lining the teat cistern) and the streak canal (ductus papillaris). Plasma cells contributed to cellular increases in subepithelial connective tissue and were the most prevalent infiltrating cell type. Plasma cells also penetrated the basal epithelial lining of the rosette area and occasionally migrated to the luminal surface near the squamocolumnar junction. Neutrophils and monocytes contributed to the increase in cells infiltrating the epithelial lining. Few infiltrating cells were observed in epithelium and underlying stroma of the streak canal.
Cytologic comparison demonstrated a reduction in all cell types from lactating to involuting phases of lactation. Greater numbers of plasma cells, lymphocytes, and monocytes were observed in teat end tissues from quarters previously infected with Staphylococcus aureus.
Subcellular biochemical studies of a naturally occurring enteropathy in the dog resembling chronic tropical sprue in human beings
Authors: Batt R. M. , Bush B. M. , Peters T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Subcellular biochemical features of a naturally occurring enteropathy in the dog resembling chronic tropical sprue in human beings were examined. Affected dogs had reduced xylose absorption and low concentrations of serum folate, rbc folate, and serum vitamin B12. Histologic examination of peroral jejunal biopsy specimens revealed villous atrophy and a variable infiltration of lymphocytes and plasma cells in the lamina propria. Biochemical assessment of the principal subcellular organelles was achieved by the assay of specific marker enzymes in homogenized jejunal biopsy specimens and in the gradient fractions after isopyknic centrifugation on continuous sucrose-density gradients.
Activities of brush-border marker enzymes were reduced. However, there was no change in the equilibrium density of this organelle, indicating that these quantitative brush-border changes were not accompanied by an alteration in the composition of the microvillous membrane.
Activities of lysosomal enzymes were increased, and there was evidence of enhanced lysosomal fragility and a proliferation of the endoplasmic reticulum. These findings were consistent with an impairment of the functional capacity of the small intestinal mucosa and implicated lysosomes and the endoplasmic reticulum in the disease process.
Hemodynamics during experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs
Authors: Orton E. Christopher , Muir William W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gastric dilatation-volvulus (at 30 mm of Hg of gastric pressure) was experimentally induced in 8 dogs under sodium pentobarbital anesthesia. Hemodynamic indices including cardiac output, mean aortic pressure, left ventricular end diastolic pressure, heart rate, total peripheral resistance, and dp/dtmax were measured during a 180-minute period of gastric dilatation-volvulus and for 120 minutes after gastric decompression.
Experimental gastric dilatation-volvulus resulted in significant (P < 0.05) decreases in cardiac output (64%), mean aortic pressure (48%), left ventricular end diastolic pressure (68%), and ventricular dp/dtmax (32%) compared to 4 control dogs. Hemodynamic indices returned toward control values after gastric decompression.
It was concluded that gastric dilatation-volvulus in the present experiment was capable of inducing hemodynamic alterations of a magnitude similar to those reported in gastric dilatation studies, using higher gastric pressures.
Composition of sweat of the horse during prolonged epinephrine (adrenaline) infusion, heat exposure, and exercise
Authors: Kerr M. G. , Snow D. H. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Temporal changes in sweat composition were studied in 4 horses during epinephrine (adrenaline) infusion (0.13 to 0.31 μg/kg/min for 3 hours), heat exposure (41 C, [33 C wet bulb] for 5 to 6 hours), and exercise (16 to 18 km/hr for 58 to 80 km). Four ponies also were studied during heat exposure.
Sweat produced by each of the stimuli was hypertonic for Na+, K+, and Cl-. These electrolyte concentrations remained constant during the central period of the experiments, with changes occurring near the beginning and toward the end. The Na+ was significantly higher and K+ significantly lower in epinephrine-induced sweat than in heat-induced sweat, and the pattern of change in sweat Na/K ratio varied among the 3 stimuli. The Ca2+ concentration decreased with time and was hypotonic after 15 minutes of epinephrine-induced sweating.
Concentrations of Mg2+ and protein decreased exponentially with time. There was a high correlation between them, although the Mg2+ was not protein-bound. Sweat urea concentration was directly related to plasma urea concentration. When plasma glucose concentration became greater than 10 to 12 mmole/L during epinephrine infusion, glucose appeared in the sweat and its concentration rose to 8 to 12 mmole/L of sweat when plasma glucose was more than 20 mmole/L.
Zinc concentrations in skimmed milk and whole milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows
Authors: Verheijden J. H. M. , Schotman A. J. H. , van Miert A. S. J. P. A. M. , van Duin C. Th. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Zinc concentrations were determined in skimmed milk and whole milk samples from healthy and mastitic cows. During spontaneous and induced mastitis, a marked decrease of Zn concentration in skimmed milk from the mastitic quarters was observed. Seemingly, there are 2 mechanisms involved in the lowering of Zn concentration in skimmed milk from mastitic quarters: a decline in Zn probably as a consequence of decreases in plasma Zn concentrations and an abrupt redistribution of Zn in the inflamed quarters.
Gross and light microscopic lesions in neonatal gnotobiotic dogs inoculated with a canine rotavirus
Authors: Johnson Charles A. , Snider Theron G. , Fulton Robert W. , Cho Dooyoun 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Gross, light microscopic, and morphometric changes were observed in the small intestines of 11 neonatal gnotobiotic dogs after oral inoculation with a canine rotavirus. Starting in pups killed at postinoculation hour (pih) 24, gross changes consisted of moderate dilatation and thinning of the walls of the small intestine, hyperemia, and a moderate amount of semiliquid-to-liquid greenish-yellow intestinal contents. In the jejunum and ileum of inoculated pups killed from pih 18 to 48, columnar villus epithelial cells on the upper one-third of the villus were necrotic, and foci denude of epithelium were seen on the upper regions of villi.
Inoculated pups killed from pih 24 to 72 had mild-to-moderate villus atrophy in the jejunum and ileum, villi covered with cuboidal-to-flat squamous-like epithelial cells, and absence of large, clear vacuoles in the jejunal and ileal villus epithelial cells similar to those seen in villus epithelial cells of 9 control pups. Microscopic sections of the jejunum and ileum from inoculated pups killed from pih 72 to 154 showed slight-to-moderate villus atrophy, and the villi were covered with cuboidal-to-low columnar epithelial cells.
Morphometric results indicated lower mean villus-crypt ratios in the duodenum jejunum, and ileum of inoculated pups. In addition, the morphometry of the small intestine indicated that crypt cell hyperplasia occurred in the duodenum early during infection without obvious villus atrophy, and hyperplasia of the crypt cells in the jejunum and ileum was observed later during the infection.