bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Application of the Multispecimen J-Integral Technique to Toughened Polymers
Authors: Huang DD 
Published: March 2009

The multispecimen J-integral technique ASTM Test Method for JIc, a Measure of Fracture Toughness (E 813-87) has been applied to a series of rubber-toughened polymers to determine the generality of the method for polymeric materials. The experimental procedures produce results that are similar in form with those found in the metals and ceramics literature. However, many of the procedures involving data analysis require reexamination.
In this study, the effects of side grooves, ligament depths, and the relationship between critical initiation J and G values are examined. The use of side-grooved specimens for J testing is a viable way of experimentally verifying plane strain conditions. The ASTM E 813-87 recommendation for the allowable range of ligament depths appears to be inappropriate for toughened polymers. However, the recommendation of W/B = 2 as an experimental starting point is sensible. Finally, the JIc to Gc relationship was explored. In separate, nonstandard K tests involving large specimens, the initiation point, Gc, was defined at 2.5% crack growth. JIc, as calculated by the ASTM E 813-87 construction, was as much as 50% lower than this Gc value. However, when comparing critical J and G values for specific crack growths, good agreement between the two tests was obtained, provided the crack growth was small. Although the current JIc construction provides a conservative estimate of the Gc value, it is an open question whether the JIc value is appropriate for polymer design.
Evaluation of the Carbo-Flo● Pesticide Waste Management System
Authors: Hall FR , Downer RA , Chapple AC 
Published: March 2009

The CARBO-FLO● water effluent treatment process uses a simple flocculation and filtration system which requires no specialized personnel for its effective use. Treatment is carried out using pre-weighed/pre-packed materials designed to treat 1000 liters of diluted spray liquor. The flocculation and settlement process takes a minimum of 1 hour. Filtration through one coarse gravel and two fine carbon filters takes approximately 2 hours.
Water containing atrazine, alachlor and permethrin was processed through the specially designed SENTINEL● plant. These pesticides were chosen as they are widely used and represent a range of chemical groups. Trials using both single products and a three way mix were performed. Analysis of the treated water at different points in the system was carried out using gas chromatography. All treatments resulted in &gt;99.9% of the pesticide being removed from the end water. Water thus treated can, at present, be recycled for subsequent use as rinse water or may be discharged into a soakaway. All solid waste from the process can be incinerated. The carbon filters can be regenerated. Some possible user problems with the flocculation process were encountered and investigated. Adequate dilution of the pesticide waste liquor was found to be essential for the process to be completely efficient.
Emulsifiable Concentrate Formulations for Multiple Active Ingredients Using N-Alkylpyrrolidones
Authors: Narayanan KS , Chaudhuri RK 
Published: March 2009

Higher N-alkyl pyrrolidones, a new and unique class of surface active solvents have been shown to be excellent for formulating a wide variety of agricultural active ingredients (a.i.) as emulsifiable concentrates (ECs). The proprietary solvent system we have developed for ECs consists of four components: 1. Water-soluble lower N-alkyl pyrrolidones, such as N-methyl pyrrolidone (AgsolEx™1), that are needed for high a.i. loading in the formulations. AgsolEx™1 is polar, has very high solvency and is biodegradable. 2. Water-insoluble higher N-alkyl pyrrolidones, such as N-octyl pyrrolidone (AgsolEx™8) and N-dodecyl pyrrolidone (AgsolEx™12) that eliminate crystal formation and stabilize the EC on dilution with water. These alkyl pyrrolidones are moderately polar, have surfactant and wetting properties, have low toxicity and are biodegradable. 3. Hydrophobic solvents, such as aromatic petroleum oils and long chain esters, help to improve the quality of the emulsion on dilution with water. 4. Nonylphenol ethyoxylated phosphate ester surfactants.
The active ingredients evaluated in our EC system included: atrazine, bendiocarb, carbaryl, dichlofluanid, diuron, metolachlor, pendimethalin, prodiamine, thidiazuron and triforine. Triangular co-ordinate plots were used to optimize the ternary solvent composition for a fixed weight ratio of active ingredients and surfactants. By using this solvent optimization technique, a variety of active ingredients having different biological spectra have been combined into a single EC formulation.
A working model is proposed that explains the universality of the system and its high stability on dilution with water.
Improvements in Dry Flowable Tank Mix Compatibility
Authors: Collins HM , Munie LA 
Published: March 2009

Tank mix compatibility has frequently been a problem for dry flowable formulations. Compatibility with either co-pesticides or liquid fertilizer has been poor in the past resulting in flocculation or sedimentation. Traditional lignosulfonate and naphthalene condensate surfactants used in dry flowables appear to compound these compatibility problems. Developments in surfactant technology have served to improve the tank mix compatibility in dry flowables.
A new class of dry flowable surfactants is discussed and compared to the traditional surfactants. The compatibilities of many dry flowables are extensively evaluated. The new surfactants were found to improve tank mix compatibility without the loss of suspensibility in water.
Defining Toxics Problems at the State Level—The State of California's Monitoring Program
Authors: Crowe D 
Published: March 2009

The State of California's Air Resources Board has implemented a network for monitoring the levels of potentially toxic air contaminants (TACs) at 20 population centers throughout the state. The monitoring is designed to support a program to identify the presence of any TACs that are at levels which would require the adoption of emission control regulations. The network monitors concentrations of eleven organic gases and eight particulate metals. Pesticides are also monitored at various locations on an intermittent basis.
A substantial amount of work has been accomplished in developing and documenting TAC sampling and analysis methods, acquiring authoritative calibration standards, and implementing data quality assessment procedures. However, improvements are still needed in such areas as automating TAC analyzers, lowering the detection limits for TAC analysis methods, conducting interlaboratory validations of TAC analytical methods, producing National Bureau of Standards certified calibration gases at ambient TAC levels, and improving quality assurance/quality control documentation.
Auditing Hazardous Waste Incineration—EPA Program
Authors: Jayanty RKM , Allen JM , Sokol CK , von Lehmden DJ 
Published: March 2009

Audit standards consisting of volatile and semivolatile organics have been established by the EPA to be provided to federal, state, and local agencies or their contractors for use in performance audits to assess the accuracy of measurement methods used during hazardous waste trial burns. The volatile organic audit standards currently total 29 gaseous organics in 5, 6, 7, 9, and 18-component mixtures at part-per-billion (ppb) levels (1 to 10 000 ppb) in compressed gas cylinders in a balance gas of nitrogen. The semivolatile organic audit standards currently total six organics which are spiked onto XAD-2 cartridges for auditing analysis procedures.
Studies of all organic standards have been performed to determine the stability of the compounds and the feasibility of using them as performance audit materials. Results as of July 1987 indicated that all of the selected organic compounds are adequately stable for use as reliable audit materials.
Performance audits have been conducted with the audit materials to assess the accuracy of the measurement methods. To date, 160 performance audits have been initiated with the ppb-level audit gases. The audit results obtained with audit gases during hazardous waste trial burn tests were generally within ±50% of the audit concentrations. A limited number of audit results have been obtained with spiked XAD-2 cartridges, and the results have generally been within ±35% of the audit concentrations.
A Numerical Investigation of the Constant Tracer Flow Technique
Authors: Lagus PL , Lie K-H 
Published: March 2009

One of the techniques to be included in the upcoming revision of ASTM Standard E 741 is the so-called constant flow technique. This technique is effected by injecting tracer into a room or structure at a constant rate and measuring the resulting tracer concentration. For steady-state conditions, this resulting concentration can be interpreted in terms of an equivalent air leakage rate, assuming the source injection rate is known. An increasingly popular variant of this technique entails the use of passive injectors and samplers to obtain an estimate of long-term average air leakage rate.
We have undertaken an examination of numerical solutions to the first-order differential equation governing the concentration. To simplify our considerations, all calculations are based on a single well-mixed zone. Instantaneous and time average concentration histories are generated using measured air exchange data. These histories are then examined for their utility in predicting actual air leakage rates.
The passive long-term average technique appears to underpredict the actual air leakage rate for the limited data considered. Values of air leakage inferred from instantaneous measurements are also provided for comparison with actual air leakage rates.
Measuring Airflow Rates with Pulse Tracer Techniques
Authors: Persily AK , Axley J 
Published: March 2009

New tracer gas techniques for measuring airflow rates in HVAC ducts and buildings airflow systems are described. These pulse tracer techniques are based upon the application of integral mass balance equations to the tracer gas concentration response of an airflow system to pulse injections of tracer. For building airflow systems, or portions of them, the airflow system is first idealized by an appropriate multi-zone model, pulse injections of tracer are applied to each zone independently, and the concentration response of each of the zones is measured. The multi-zone integral mass balance equations are formed and solved to determine the airflow rates between the zones. The airflows that are determined and the accuracy of these determinations are dependent not only upon the air exchange characteristics of the building, but also on the appropriateness of the system idealization employed.
This paper presents the theoretical basis of the pulse techniques for measuring airflows in ducts, and for studying single-zone and multi-zone building airflow systems. Procedures for formulating appropriate multi-zone idealizations of building airflow systems are described and practical details of pulse testing outlined. A series of field studies are reviewed, providing examples of procedures used to formulate system idealizations, experimental techniques employed to conduct the tests, and airflow rate measurement results.
The User's Influence on Air Change
Authors: Kvisgaard B , Collet PF 
Published: March 2009

Of the various parameters deciding the air change in a building, the influence of wind and the stack effect have in particular been focused on. Concurrently, with the increase in quality of buildings and the tightening of existing buildings, the influence of the climatic parameters is reduced, and other parameters gain a greater influence on the air change. One of the parameters having a great influence on the air change in tight buildings are the users. The air change rate is greatly influenced by the users not only in naturally ventilated buildings, but also in mechanically ventilated buildings.
On the basis of continuous measurement of the air change in 28 dwellings, the proportion between the total air change (air change in house with occupants) and the basic air change (air change in a sealed house) is discussed. The air change in each of the dwellings has been measured for a period of about one week during occupancy. The measuring principle applied is the method with constant concentration of tracer gas. The measuring equipment utilized is computerized and capable of measuring in up to ten separate rooms for periods of more than one week without supervision.
The main conclusion of the measurement was that, even though the average air change rate for occupied dwellings is higher than 0.5 times/h (which is normally recommended in Denmark), some 20% of the dwellings have an air change rate so low that indoor climate problems may easily arise. Only a small percentage of the dwellings have ventilation systems that can be adjusted to provide the recommended rate of air change. The mechanical ventilation system usually gives too high a rate of air change, while the natural ventilation system usually provides too low a rate.
Results of a Pre-Field Measurement Program Fan Pressurization Comparative Test
Authors: Hadley DL 
Published: March 2009

The Northwest Residential Infiltration Survey (NORIS) was a field study conducted in the Pacific Northwest to determine air leakage rates and infiltration characteristics of electrically heated, single-family, detached residences. Air leakage rates were measured using fan pressurization (blower door) techniques. The results of the blower door tests were used to estimate the natural building air infiltration rates.
A detailed set of measurement protocols based on the ASTM Standard Method for Determining Air Leakage Rate by Fan Pressurization Test (E 779-87) was developed prior to implementing the field testing. The measurement protocols were tested on two residences during a training workshop by five independent blower door testing technicians. The objectives of this workshop were: (1) to instruct the technicians on the specifics of the NORIS protocols in order to develop consistency in measurement among the technicians; (2) to evaluate the ability of the technicians and their respective blower doors to measure the leakage area of an orifice plate; and (3) to compare the results of depressurization and pressurization tests.
This paper will review briefly the field protocols used during the full field measurement program and present a detailed comparison of the results of the blower door tests conducted during the workshop.
Fan Door Testing on Crawl Space Buildings
Authors: Brennan T , Pyle B , Williamson A , Balzer F , Osborne M 
Published: March 2009

In order to learn something about the leakage characteristics of crawl spaces, a small-scale investigation was made using fan doors on nine buildings in Tennessee. This effort was part of a larger project to study the control of indoor radon levels in crawl space houses. The goal was to gain insight into the overall leakiness of crawl spaces and the leakage between the crawl spaces and the living spaces.
The investigation made first order estimates of the effective leakage areas (ELA) of the crawl spaces and the floor areas between them. It was discovered that, even with passive vents closed, crawl spaces are quite leaky compared to the building shell they support, and that the leakage area between the unconditioned crawl spaces and the conditioned upper part of the building were also large.
Airtightness Measurements in Two UK Office Buildings
Authors: Perera MDAES , Stephen RK , Tull RG 
Published: March 2009

A major factor in the ventilation of buildings is the leakiness of the building envelope. In housing, it has been possible for some time to measure leakiness quickly and easily by using a fan (sealed in place of the front door) to pressure/depressurize the building. Until now, this has not been done in larger buildings either in the UK or elsewhere in Western Europe.
The Building Research Establishment (BRE) designed and built three fan units which can be used together to pressurize large nonresidential buildings. A novel feature of the pressurization rig is that the fans are powered from conventional 13-A ring mains. This is in contrast to the techniques used in North America of either using a building's mechanical ventilation system (not possible in the UK since most buildings are naturally ventilated) or a large, bulky, trailer-towed fan with its own generator.
Envelope leakage tests have been carried out in two medium-sized (approximately 5500 m3) office buildings. Pressure differences of well over the accepted target of 50 Pa between inside and outside were reached easily.
Results showed that one of these buildings, of conventional construction, was twice as leaky as those found (on average) in North America. The other, built specifically as a low-energy office at BRE, was found to be as tight as the North American buildings. BRE will carry out measurements in further buildings as an aid to understanding and developing air leakage control from the viewpoint of natural ventilation.
Methods for Measuring Air Leakage in High-Rise Apartments
Authors: Shaw C-Y , Gasparetto S , Reardon JT 
Published: March 2009

The balanced fan depressurization method has been modified for application to high-rise apartment buildings in order to measure the overall air leakage and the wall air leakage of an apartment unit simultaneously. The method requires the use of two sets of fan pressurization apparatus. One is installed at the door of an apartment unit for measuring the air leakage rate of the exterior wall, and a much larger apparatus is installed at an exterior door of the building for measuring the overall air leakage rate. The pressures between the test unit and the adjacent units are balanced to minimize the air leakage through the party walls by adjusting the airflow of the larger apparatus and the door opening of the adjacent apartments. The method was successfully applied to two high-rise apartment towers before and after they were retrofitted to improve airtightness of the envelope. In addition, the tracer gas decay method was applied to the same buildings to obtain the infiltration rates of selected apartment units.
The methods used to measure the airtightness values and the air infiltration rates and the test results of the two apartment towers are discussed.
Simple Test Method for Evaluating Exterior Wall Airtightness of Tall Office Buildings
Authors: Hayakawa S , Togari S 
Published: March 2009

C. Y. Show, D. M. Sander, and G. T. Tamura developed a test method to measure the air leakage characteristics of exterior walls of buildings that utilized an outdoor air supply system of ventilation and air handling, taking into account the influence of the stack effect. They applied this method to eight tall buildings in Ottawa, and results were reported.
However, windows and wall constructions in Japan are so different than those in Canada that those results cannot be used directly. To obtain our own data, the authors developed a simple test method that utilizes buoyancy caused by the stack effect instead of fans for pressurization. To open doors on the ground floor or the window at the bottom part of the building while the stack effect is operative is the same as pressurizing the whole building, and to open an exit door at the roof or the window at the upper part of the building is the same as decompressing the whole building.
This method was applied to three tall buildings of Sendai and Tokyo, whose walls were cast-in-place concrete (Building A), precast concrete panel (Building B), and metal panel (Building C). For the test results, infiltration rates through the exterior wall were estimated by approximate calculation. Of the three, it was found that Building A was the tightest and Building C was the loosest. This paper reports the results of the application for the simple test method we developed.
Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre's Guide to Air Exchange Rate and Airtightness Measurement Techniques
Authors: Charlesworth PS 
Published: March 2009

The provision of an adequate supply of uncontaminated air suitable for the needs of the occupants is an important aspect of building design and construction. Ventilation can be promoted by natural or artificial forces, and it is necessary to understand this process since it affects both the energy consumption and the internal environment of a building. Ventilation is a complex process which is influenced by a variety of constructional, behavioral, and environmental parameters.
Measurement techniques provide the fundamental means of acquiring a greater understanding of air infiltration and ventilation, in that they enable primary data to be obtained from existing structures. In recognition of the importance of measurement techniques, the Air Infiltration and Ventilation Centre (AIVC) has produced a document titled Air Exchange Rate and Airtightness Measurement Techniques—An Applications Guide.
The guide primarily examines the measurement of air change rate, interzonal airflow, and airtightness. The broad aims of this document are to indicate the variety of techniques which are available, to provide detailed information about several techniques, and to offer advice regarding the selection of techniques for particular applications. This paper describes the scope, structure, and content of this guide to air exchange rate and airtightness measurement techniques.
The Use of REMOTS® Imaging Technology for Disposal Site Selection and Monitoring
Authors: Rhoads DC , Germano JD 
Published: March 2009

In situ sediment profile imaging was developed for the purpose of rapidly mapping thin layers of disposed dredged material (0.1 to 20 cm thick) and to document efficiently faunal recolonization and diagenesis of disposed sedimentary materials. This technique is called REMOTS® (Remote Ecological Monitoring of the Seafloor) and consists of sediment profile photography combined with computer image analysis.
REMOTS data sets have proven important for selecting containment or dispersive openwater disposal sites. Following disposai, REMOTS is used in combination with precision navigation and bathymetry to contour the mean thickness of disposed materials to 1-cm intervals of thickness. If capping is done, the thickness and continuity of the cap along the flanks of the mound are also determined with REMOTS. Accurate mass balance calculations require high-resolution mapping of thin-layered disposed materials, particularly on the flanks of deposits where layers are typically too thin to be resolved with acoustics.