bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proliferative colitis in ferrets
Authors: Fox J. G. , Murphy J. C. , Ackerman J. I. , Prostak K. S. , Gallagher C. A. , Rambow V. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
During a 4-month period, 31 of 156 ferrets (Mustela putorius) in a biomedical research program developed protracted diarrhea. Clinical signs were green mucohemorrhagic fecal material, partially prolapsed rectum, anorexia, body weight loss, and dehydration. Nine of the affected animals were necropsied. On gross examination, the descending colon was grossly thick and histologically characterized by marked proliferation of the mucosa, relatively few goblet cells, mixed inflammatory cell infiltrate, and penetration of the mucosal glands through the muscularis mucosa into the submucosa and tunica muscularis. Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni was isolated from 6 of 9 ferrets with proliferative colitis. Warthin-Starry stained sections of hyperplastic colon revealed large numbers of organisms in the apical portion of epithelial cells, and organisms similar to Campylobacter spp were observed by electron microscopy in hyperplastic colonic epithelium. The proliferative colitis in the ferret is compared with the pathologic and bacterial features of similar intestinal proliferative diseases in swine and hamsters.
Live temperature-sensitive equine influenza virus vaccine: Generation of the virus and efficacy in hamsters
Authors: Brundage-Anguish Lynne J. , Holmes Dorothy B. , Hosier Nannette T. , Murphy Brian R. , Massicott Judith G , Appleyard Geoffrey , Coggins Leroy 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Temperature-sensitive (ts) reassortants of an equine influenza virus, subtype A-l, were produced by mating a human influenza ts donor virus with an equine influenza A/Cornell/16/74 wild-type virus and by isolating a ts reassortant virus possessing the equine hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface antigens. Two equine ts reassortant clones, 8B1 and 71A1, were produced which had an in vitro shutoff temperature for plaque formation of 38 and 37 C, respectively. The human ts donor virus had ts mutation(s) on the polymerase 3 (P3) and nucleoprotein genes so that a ts equine reassortant virus could have either or both of these ts genes. It was found by complementation analysis that reassortant clone 8B1 had a ts lesion on the P3 gene and clone 71A1 had ts lesions on the nucleoprotein and P3 gene. An analysis of the parental origin of the genes in each ts equine reassortant virus indicated that clone 8B1 received 6 of its 8 genes and clone 71A1, 3 of its 8 from the equine parent virus, the remainder genes being from the human ts donor virus. The growth of both clones was restricted in the lungs of hamsters, but similar to that of the equine wild-type virus in the nasal turbinates. Each virus isolate obtained from the hamster's lungs or nasal turbinates retained the ts phenotype. These findings form the basis for further evaluation of the equine ts reassortant viruses for their level of attenuation and immunogenicity in horses
Metabolic and cellular profile testing in calves maintained under feedlot conditions: Protein fractions and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes—Changes over time
Authors: Lauerman L. H. , Ruppanner R. , Norman B. B. , Adams C. J. , Farver T. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Mean concentrations for total serum protein and serum protein fractions, and mean activities for total lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) and ldh isoenzymes were determined in 114 crossbred yearling cattle during a 56- day feeding trial. These values were to be used as predictors of performance (weight gain). The mean total serum protein concentration on day 0 was high (7.27 g/dl), reached a low on days 7 and 14 (6.47 and 6.50 g/dl), and then equilibrated toward the end of the study. The mean concentration for the albumin fraction also reached a low on days 7 and 14 (2.83 and 2.84 g/dl) and then increased, remaining steady until termination of the feeding trial. The α-, β-, and γ-globulin fractions fluctuated throughout the study. The mean for total ldh activity peaked on day 21 (1,363 IU) and then remained relatively constant through day 56. Mean serum activities for the ldh3 activity peaked on day 7 (27%) and then decreased progressively to day 56 (17%). The overall trend for ldh4 and ldh5 activities seemed to be a steady increase.
Bluetongue infections in Louisiana cattle
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Nicholson S. S. , Pearson Nancy J. , Potter Marylou T. , Archbald L. F. , Pearson J. E. , Jochim M. M. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Bluetongue virus (btv) serotype 17 was isolated from cattle with clinical signs of bluetongue disease during 1978 and 1979 epizootics. Bovine sera from 6 herds located in an epizootic region were examined in 1979 for antibodies, using an immunodiffusion (id) test. Of 300 sera, 164 (54.7%) were seropositive.Sera from statewide surveys of Louisiana cattle in July to August 1980 and December 1980 to January 1981 were tested for btv antibodies, using the id test. Fifty-eight of 70 herds (82.9%) and 164 of 597 (27.5%) individual cattle tested in July to August 1980 were seropositive. Fifty-four of 63 (85.7%) herds and 170 of 600 (28.3%) individual cattle tested in December 1980 to January 1981 were seropositive. Significant differences (P < 0.01) were found in the seropositive rates between the various geographic regions of the state during each survey.Adult breeding-age cattle in 3 sentinel herds were tested for btv antibodies beginning in 1976 and continuing through January 1981. During this interval, the seropositive rate in 2 of 3 herds was increased. Also, individual cattle in all 3 of these herds converted from seronegative to seropositive, indicating exposure during a particular interval for each herd. The age distribution of seropositive cattle in a dairy indicated that 2-year-old cattle had a seropositive rate comparable with that of older animals in the herd, suggesting that the 2-year-old animals had been exposed to a btv before they entered the breeding herd.
Plasma α- and β-mannosidase activities in caprine β-mannosidosis
Authors: Cavanagh Kevin , Dunstan Robert W. , Jones Margaret Z. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Plasma α- and β-mannosidase activities were measured in goats with β-mannosidosis, a recently discovered, inherited deficiency of the glycohydrolase β-d-mannosidase. Plasma β-mannosidase activity in the affected animals was zero at 1 and 4 weeks after they were born. Enzyme values of age-matched, unaffected goats were between 66 and 222 nmol/hr/ml of plasma, α-Mannosidase activities were similar in both affected and unaffected animals. This investigation indicates that deficiency of plasma β-mannosidases activity may be diagnostic of β-mannosidosis.
Metabolic and cellular profile of wether goats: Protein fractions and lactate dehydrogenase isoenzymes—Reference values
Authors: Blackwell J. G. , Libby David W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood serum concentrations of electrolytes; mineral, serum protein, and biochemical components; serum lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity; and blood cellular components were determined in 8 wether goats over a 59-day feeding period. The blood was collected on 6 sampling days, and the blood cellular components were analyzed on collection days. The biochemical components were analyzed from frozen samples approximately 3 weeks after collection. The serum protein fractions and ldh isoenzymes were separated electrophoretically from frozen samples. The purpose was to determine the variability and changes of these values, using sampleday intervals over the feeding period.The blood serum concentrations of many of the biochemical and blood cellular components that were measured or calculated varied considerably, showing fluctuations over some portion of the period and ending with an erratic peak at period’s end.The wbc count, neutrophil, and band neutrophil values were sharply decreased on sampling days 24 and 35, followed by fluctuations over the last half of the period.Mean percentage concentrations for serum protein fractions for the feeding period were as follows: albumin, 47.13; α-globulin, 11.07; β-globulin, 15.78; and γ-globulin, 27.82. The values for ldh isoenzymes were ldh1 42.46; ldh2, 4.34; ldh3, 32.31; ldh4, 4.9; and ldh5, 11.64. Mean values of the protein fractions are compared with published standard reference values. The values for serum protein fractions and ldh isoenzymes in the present study can be used in similar studies for reference values.
Frequency of bluetongue and bovine parvovirus infection in cattle in South Carolina dairy herds
Authors: Barnes Michael A. , Wright Robert E. , Bodine Ashby B. , Alberty Craig F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
A survey of South Caroline dairy cattle in 12 commercial herds was conducted, using serologic testing to determine the frequency and impact on reproduction of bluetongue (bt) and bovine parvovirus (bpv) infections. Results of the study of serum antibody titers and dairy cattle health records indicated that the majority of the cattle surveyed was adequately protected against the major reproductive tract diseases through vaccination programs. The frequency of reproductive dysfunction was common in vaccinated herds, however. Six of the 12 herds in the survey had cattle which were bt serotest reactors, although total numbers of these reactor cattle were relatively small. Further, reproductive performance of reactor cows indicated that bt was of little consequence and was not associated with reproductive problems. All herds contained bpv serotest reactors and the latter comprised 59.7% of the total number of cows surveyed. The bpv seroreactor cows were commonly associated with the group of reproductive problem cows which experienced higher rates of embryonic mortality and more services per conception than did nonreactor cattle. The results of the survey emphasize the need for continued investigation and efforts to control bt, and especially bpv infection, in dairy cattle.
Experimental infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis: Efficacy of a vaccine prepared from nonhemolytic strains of Moraxella bovis
Authors: Pugh G. W. , McDonald T. J. , Kopecky K. E. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Calves vaccinated with a bacterin prepared from 4 nonhemolytic strains of Moraxella bovis were challenge exposed with a virulent hemolytic strain of M bovis. Ten calves were given 2 vaccinal inoculations 21 days apart. Twenty-one days after the last vaccinal inoculation, the eyes of the 10 vaccinated and the eyes of the 12 non-vaccinated calves were exposed to a hemolytic heterologous strain of M bovis.The percentage of eyes with infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis was lower, the lesions were less severe, and the duration of infection was shorter in vaccinated calves than in nonvaccinated calves. Seemingly, the resistance induced by nonhemolytic strains of M bovis was at least comparable with the induced by hemolytic virulent strains of that organism. The nature of the immune response in vaccinated calves is discussed.
Quantitation of hyaluronic acid in equine synovia
Authors: Rowley G. , Antonas K. N. , Hilbert B. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An assay for the determination of hyaluronic acid concentration in equine synovia (synovial fluid) was investigated. The method involved the degradation of hyaluronic acid, using a highly specific microbial enzyme. The unsaturated tetra- and hexasaccharide products were oxidized with periodate and caused to react with thiobarbituric acid to form a chromophore which absorbed in the visible range of the spectrum. The method was precise within acceptable limits for synovia and compared favorably with the widely used carbazole method of Bitter and Muir (Anal Biochem 4:330-334, 1962). The between-assay coefficient of variation was 1.7% and the method was found to be linear to 100 μg of hyaluronic acid. The mean value for hyaluronic acid concentration in synovia of healthy horses was 127 mg/100 ml.
Effect of time of sample collection, milk composition, and stage of lactation on the growth-promoting properties of milk for Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Brown R. W. , McDonald T. J. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Milk samples were taken from noninfected mammary quarters before the am milking and at intervals after milking. The pH values of the post-am milk samples were higher than the am foremilk samples for approximately 3 to 6 hours after milking. When these samples were pasteurized, inoculated with a culture of Streptococcus agalactiae, and incubated at 37 C for 24 hours, there was a greater pH change (ΔpH) in the post-am milks. The higher pH and ΔpH values of 3-hour samples coincided with higher concentrations of bicarbonate and chloride, lower concentrations of citrate and phosphate, and lower titratable acidities.Milk samples were taken before the am milking and 3 to 4 hours later from 2 noninfected quarters of each of 2 cows at weekly intervals for 9 months. The growth of S agalactiae in the milk samples showed that the ΔpH and bacterial counts (i) increased as the lactation progressed and milk yield decreased, (ii) were higher in the 3- to 4-hour samples than in the am samples, and (iii) were higher in the whole milk than in the skim milk of the 3- to 4-hour samples; this difference was attributed to the cream layer and in most instances could be duplicated by layering liquid petrolatum on the surface of skim milk. Also, the bacterial counts in the 3- to 4-hour skim milks were higher than those of the corresponding am skim milks in 78% of the paired samples, which indicated that another factor, in addition to the cream layer, might be involved in promoting better in vitro growth of S agalactiae in the 3- to 4-hour milk.
Immunocytochemical labeling of Anaplasma marginale Theiler in Dermacentor andersoni Stiles with peroxidase-antiperoxidase technique
Authors: Staats Jacque J. , Kocan Katherine M. , Hair Jakie A. , Ewing S. A. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Colonies of Anaplasma marginale in midgut epithelial cells of adult ticks that had been infected as nymphs were specifically labeled, using the unlabeled antibody peroxidase-antiperoxidase method of immunocytochemistry. Visual comparison of infected and control tissue sections with the electron microscope demonstrated deposition of ringlike peroxidase-antiperoxidase complexes over organisms within the colonies. The intensity of labeling differed among organisms within a single colony, possibly as a result of varying antigenicity. The labeling observed on organisms in the colonies was similar to that seen on anaplasmal initial bodies in inclusions of infected bovine erythrocytes examined concurrently.
Migration of polymorphonuclear leukocytes into the bovine mammary gland during experimentally induced Staphylococcus aureus mastitis
Authors: Hannon R. J. , Heald C. W. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
The process of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte (pmn) migration in the bovine mammary gland during experimental Staphylococcus aureus challenge was studied, using light and electron microscopies. The pmn were observed in various stages of margination in capillary lumens and migration into perivascular spaces. In infected tissue showing little evidence of epithelial damage, numerous pmn were accumulated in the perivascular space and aligned against the epithelial basal lamina, but not in the alveolar lumen. Other areas of infected tissue showed progressive tissue degeneration (autophagic vacuoles, vesiculation of endoplasmic reticulum, and cellular debris in the luminal milk) with the appearance of numerous pmn in lumens. The pmn were observed between the basal end of adjacent epithelial cells having intact tight junctions, but were never seen traversing the junctional complex. Some pmn lying between intact epithelial cells appeared to have ingested fat globules before entering the lumen. Although the mechanism by which pmn crossed tight junctions was not explained, alveoli with a portion of the epithelium sloughed off were frequently seen. The pmn appeared to be entering alveoli in large numbers at these damaged sites. There was also marked pmn infiltration in tissue from teat and gland cisterns of S aureus-infected quarters.
Thromboxane, prostaglandin I2(epoprostenol), and the hemodynamic changes in equine endotoxin shock
Authors: Bottoms G. D. , Templeton C. B. , Fessler J. F. , Johnson M. A. , Roesel O. F. , Ewert K. M. , Adams S. B. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
This study had 2 objectives: (i) to correlate plasma thromboxane and prostaglandin I2 (epoprostenol) concentrations with hemodynamic changes occurring in equine endotoxin shock, and (ii) to determine the effects of flunixin meglumine on plasma concentrations of these prostaglandins relative to hemodynamic changes. Shock was induced in 2 groups, each of 4 anesthetized ponies, and in a 3rd group of 2 ponies. Group A ponies were given endotoxin only (and were not treated), and group B ponies were given endotoxin and then treated with flunixin meglumine. Group C ponies were treated with flunixin meglumine 5 minutes before they were given endotoxin. Arterial, pulmonary arterial, and central venous pressures were measured and blood samples were collected at 0, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5,1, 2, 3, and 4 hours after ponies were given the endotoxin.The plasma thromboxane and prostaglandin I2 concentrations were increased in equine endotoxic shock. Increased thromboxane concentration was associated with the high pulmonary arterial and central venous pressures and low arterial blood pressure in the minutes immediately after the ponies were given endotoxin. The increased prostaglandin I2 concentration was associated with systemic hypotension at 1 to 2 hours after endotoxin. Treatment of ponies with flunixin meglumine after endotoxin was given (group B) prevented the prostaglandin I2 rise and the associated hypotension. Treatment with flunixin meglumine before endotoxin was given prevented the increase of the plasma thromboxane and prostaglandin I2 values, along with the associated hemodynamic changes.
Variable-interval responding in the horse: A sensitive method of quantitating effects of centrally acting drugs
Authors: Shults Theodore , Combie Joan , Dougherty John , Tobin Thomas 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
An operant conditioning apparatus for studies in equine pharmacology was constructed. Horses interacted with this apparatus by breaking a light beam and were rewarded with 30 ml of oats. Horses readily learned to use this apparatus and were trained to respond on a variable-interval-60 schedule. With this schedule, there was no direct relationship between the rate of light beam breaking and the reward. Horses thus developed their own individual response rates (ie, light-beam breaking rates), and these rates remained stable at between 5 and 35 responses/min for each horse over a period of months.
The effects of 2 drugs on this paradigm were tested. Reserpine (5 mg/horse, iv) depressed the response rate in all horses tested. This depression was maximal between 3 and 5 days after treatment and lasted for up to 10 days. After small doses of cocaine (0.01 mg/kg of body weight iv), the response rate of 1 horse was stimulated, whereas 1 mg of cocaine/kg was required for maximal stimulation of response rate in another horse. Larger doses of cocaine inhibited response. Variable-interval response was a sensitive method of measuring drug effects in the horse and allowed accurate quantitation of drug effects that were not detectable by clinical observation.
Comparative efficacy of five supplementation procedures to control selenium-vitamin E deficiency in swine
Authors: Van Vleet John F. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Thirty-five weanling pigs were fed a basal torula yeast diet (bd) severely deficient in selenium and vitamin E (Se-E) for up to 8 weeks to determine the efficacy of 5 Se-E supplementation procedures. Complete protection against deaths from Se-E deficiency and development of lesions of Se-E deficiency in survivors was afforded by feeding supplements of Se (0.2 mg/kg of feed, as selenite) and/or vitamin E (33 IU/kg of feed, as α-tocopheryl acetate). An initial im injection of Se-E (0.25 mg of Se/kg of body weight and 17 IU of α-tocopheryl acetate/kg of body weight) prevented deaths from Se-E deficiency, but lesions of Se-E deficiency were present in survivors. The initial im injection of vitamin E (17 IU of α-tocopherol/kg of body weight) did not prevent deaths or lesions of Se-E deficiency, but slightly increased survival time beyond that for pigs fed bd only.
Addition of Ag (3,000 mg/kg of BD) accentuated Se-E deficiency with markedly decreased survival time, but supplements of Cu (500 mg/kg of bd) did not.
Lesions of Se-E deficiency in the 35 pigs fed bd, with or without supplements, were acute or chronic hepatosis dietetica (macroscopically and microscopically in 18 pigs), myocardial necrosis (macroscopically in 3 pigs and microscopically in 20 pigs), and necrosis in skeletal muscle (macroscopically in 1 pig and microscopically in 10 pigs). Esophagogastric ulceration occurred in 34 of 35 pigs fed bd with or without supplements.
Determination of serial serum and terminal hepatic Se content indicated rapid and marked changes directly related to Se intake, except in pigs fed bd + Ag which showed markedly increased terminal hepatic Se content. Erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase (gsh-Px) activity also varied directly with Se intake, but was altered less than were serum and hepatic Se content. Concentration of plasma and hepatic α-tocopherol varied directly with intake of vitamin E. Serum aspartate aminotransferase activity was markedly increased only in pigs that had severe lesions of Se-E deficiency and were within several days of death.
Deaths and lesions of Se-E deficiency did not develop in pigs until (i) serum Se content was < 0.025 μg/ml, (ii) hepatic Se content was < 0.10 mg/kg of tissue (except in pigs fed Ag), (iii) plasma α-tocopherol content was < 0.40 μg/ml, and (iv) hepatic α-tocopherol content was < 0.75 μg/g of tissue. Erythrocytic glutathione peroxidase activity decreased too slowly to predict the onset of deaths and lesions of Se-E deficiency in the pigs of the present rapid depletion study.
Extraosseous vascular supply to the mature dog’s coxofemoral joint
Authors: Kaderly Robert E. , Anderson Wesley D. , Anderson Bettina G. 
Published: February 2025

SUMMARY
Blood vessels supplying the coxofemoral joint were identified and described in 8 healthy, mature dogs. An accurate representation of the blood vessels was obtained by intraarterial methyl methacrylate injection and sodium hydroxide corrosion of soft tissues until only the pelvis, femurs, and casts of the blood vessels remained. The sources of vascular supply to the dog’s coxofemoral joint, from most to least contributory, were the lateral circumflex femoral artery, the medial circumflex femoral artery, the caudal gluteal artery, the cranial gluteal artery, and the iliolumbar artery.
In addition, important vascular relationships were demonstrated. Many blood vessels were associated with the periosteal surfaces of the coxofemoral joint in areas of muscular and articular capsular attachment; fewer vessels were present in areas of loose periosteal attachment. Also, extra-articular anastomoses were identified. The most significant anastomosis was an extracapsular vascular ring located at the femoral attachment of the articular capsule. The extracapsular vascular ring was formed by branches of the lateral and medial circumflex femoral and caudal gluteal arteries.