bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A non‐invasive method for the in vivo determination of skin antioxidant capacity (IAC‐S®)
Authors: Ziosi Paola , Besco Elena , Vertuani Silvia , Solaroli Nicola , Manfredini Stefano 
Published: October 2006

Background/purposes: Skin antioxidant network protects cells against oxidative injury and prevents the production of oxidation products. When oxidative stress overwhelms the skin antioxidant capacity, the subsequent modification of the cellular redox apparatus leads to an alteration of cell homeostasis leading to degenerative processes. In the dermocosmetic field, the topical application of antioxidants is often suggested as a possible strategy to prevent and modulate oxidative skin damages. Continuing our studies addressed to set‐up new bio‐engeneering protocols for the claim substantiation of antioxidant cosmetic products, we have developed a new non‐invasive methodology for the evaluation of antioxidants cosmetics ingredients and finished products.Methods: The effects of a pre‐treatment on forearm skin with an antioxidant ingredient were investigated on 15 volunteers, in a double‐blind randomised fashion. A non‐invasive method was devized that comprises the collection of forehead SC layers of the pre‐treated area and control and the next evaluation of skin antioxidant capacity (IAC‐S®) by a luminescence‐based method.Results: The results showed that the antioxidant preparation was able to increase, to a statistically significant extent (P<0.01), the IAC‐S® in comparison with the control area. The data were confirmed (P<0.05) by comparison with a method, previously developed by us, based on DermAnalyzer®.Conclusions: In view of the simplicity and reliability of the method here presented, this new technique is proposed as a possible tool for the routine evaluation of in vivo efficacy of antioxidant functional ingredients and finished products.
Analysis of the C/T−1 single nucleotide polymorphism in the CD40 gene in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Buck D. , Kroner A. , Rieckmann P. , Mäurer M. , Wiendl H. 
Published: October 2006

AbstractThe costimulatory CD40–CD40L pathway plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of adaptive immune responses. Genetic interference of CD40–CD40L interactions strongly influences the onset and course in many autoimmune disease models including experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. We analysed the association of a single nucleotide polymorphism of the CD40 gene (C/T−1) in 287 patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and 184 matched controls. No significant differences were found in the frequency of the C/T−1 polymorphism between the patients with MS and the controls (53% vs 49%) or among different MS subtypes. Cell surface expression of CD40 did not differ within the different genotypes, but carriers of the T allele showed a trend for a lower stimulatory index compared with individuals with the CC genotype. Although these subtle differences indicate functional consequences in the immune stimulatory capabilities related to the CD40 C/T−1 polymorphism, our population‐based study found no association with disease susceptibility or disease course in MS.
BIOCHEMICAL CHANGES IN THE BRAIN IN RATS POISONED WITH AN ALKYLMERCURY COMPOUND, WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE INHIBITION OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN BRAIN CORTEX SLICES
Authors: Yoshino Yoshikazu , Mozai Toshiji , Nakao Kiku 
Published: October 2006

SUMMARYThe incorporation of [U‐14C]leucine into the protein of brain cortex slices from rats poisoned with methylmercury thioacetamide was markedly inhibited before the development of neurological symptoms and when the oxygen consumption, aerobic and anaerobic glycolysis and sulphydryl enzyme activities were unchanged.After the appearance of neurological symptoms, the oxygen consumption decreased significantly, while lactic acid formation did not change under anaerobic conditions, but slightly decreased under aerobic conditions.The activities of the three sulphydryl enzymes (Mg‐activated ATPase, fructose‐ diphosphate aldolase and succinate dehydrogenase) were almost the same in visual cortex, motor cortex, cerebellum and caudate nucleus, while the activities of Mg‐activated ATPase and succinate dehydrogenase in the white matter were lower than that in the grey matter. There was no difference in the activity of fructosediphosphate aldolase in grey and white matter. The activities of all three enzymes did not show any change in the earlier stage of poisoning when the animal remained free from neurological symptoms. At the more advanced stage, when neurological symptoms were present, only the activity of the succinate dehydrogenase decreased significantly, while the activities of the other two enzymes remained unchanged.The selective inhibition of protein synthesis may have a direct bearing on the poisoning by the alkylmercury compound.
STRUCTURE‐LINKED ACTIVITY OF LYSOSOMAL ENZYMES IN THE DEVELOPING MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Verity M. A. , Brown W. J. , Reith A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A longitudinal study of the maturation of mouse cerebral lysosomal enzymes has been completed. Activity of the enzymes, acid phosphatase (I.U.B. 3.1.3.2), β‐glucuronidase (I.U.B. 3.2.1.31) and β‐acetylglucosaminidase (I.U.B. 3.2.1.30) was assayed spectrofluorimetrically on portions of supernatant from 0.25 M sucrose homogenates spun at 6 x 103 ‐min. Activities were obtained in native (free) and Triton X‐100 activated samples (total).The neonatal period was characterized by relatively low free and high total acid phosphatase activities. An abrupt rise in free activity occurred during the period 10–20 days. Discontinuous anion exchange DEAE cellulose chromatography (0.01 m‐tris–maleate, pH 6.3) with elution by ascending molarities of NaCl of the Triton X‐100 activated supernatant revealed three major peaks in the adult. A fourth peak, designated as fraction II (‘maturation fraction’) occurred only during the neonatal period, a time also characterized by increased specific activity of fraction I, with no change in fraction IV. The chromatographic fractions were further characterized by optimal pH, ascorbate, fluoride, Cu2+ and Fe2+ ions.The maturation profiles of total, β‐glucuronidase and total, β‐acetylglucosaminidase differed from each other, and from that of total acid phosphatase. Comparable differences existed in the profiles of the free activities, and the ratio of free:total activity differed for each enzyme at any selected time especially during the neonatal period. These findings are are discussed with reference to the maturation of isoenzyme fractions with age, and suggest that the changes in structure‐linked organization of individual lysosomal hydrolases are functions of heterogeneity in enzyme complement of individual lysosomes.
DISAGGREGATION OF BRAIN POLYSOMES INDUCED BY ELECTROCONVULSIVE TREATMENT
Authors: Vesco C. , Giuditta A. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The ribosome–polysome equilibrium of rabbit cerebral cortex is considerably modified after elicitation of epileptic seizures by means of electroshock. Under this condition the number of free ribosomes increases approximately 80 per cent at the expense of a comparable decrease in the polysomal population.
FLAME PHOTOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IN NANOGRAM SAMPLES OF MAMMALIAN NERVOUS TISSUE
Authors: Keesey J. C. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A dual‐channel integrating micro‐flame‐photometer was evaluated for simultaneous analysis of sodium and potassium in aqueous extracts from nanogram samples of frozen‐dried mammalian nervous tissue. Calibrated quartz constriction micropipettes delivered 10−8 l. of extraction fluid to a 100 μ platinum‐iridium wire for insertion directly into the flame. Over‐all reproducibility was 4 per cent for twenty samples containing 6.5 × 10−11 g K and 2.2 × 10−11 g Na. Large amounts of anions decreased the emissions for both sodium and potassium, but no interference between sodium and potassium was found over the range adopted for biological analyses. The micro‐flame‐photometer gave results for a few nanolitres of aqueous extracts of brain homogenates which were within 3‐5 per cent of those obtained on larger volumes with a conventional flame photometer. Macroanalysis and microanalyses of microgram quantities of frozen‐dried tissue sections of cerebral cortex were also in agreement. Nanogram samples from frozen‐dried spinal ganglia of a rabbit gave average values for sodium and potassium (calculated/g wet wt.) which were similar to those for aqueous extracts of rabbit brain homogenates. Samples from peripheral ganglia in vivo, 10 minpost mortem and 20 min post mortem had significantly different average K/Na ratios of 1.97, 2.64 and 3.23, respectively.
QUANTITATIVE HISTOCHEMISTRY OF NICOTINAMIDE ADENINE NUCLEOTIDES IN RETINA OF MONKEY AND RABBIT1
Authors: Matschinsky F. M. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The levels of NADP+, NADPH, NAD+ and NADH were measured in the different layers of retinas from rabbit and monkey. Samples (0.1 μg) were dissected from frozen‐dried sections. The sum of oxidized and reduced forms was obtained by analysis of samples diluted several thousand fold in 0.02 n‐NaOH at 0°. The reduced forms were measured by analysis of the same alkaline preparation after heating to destroy NADP+ and NAD+. All assays were made at 1:100,000 tissue dilution by enzymic cycling, which is capable of measuring 10−14 moles of nucleotides.Profiles of nicotinamide adenine nucleotide levels werecomparable in monkey and rabbit. Both total NADP and NAD were lowest in the outer segments of the retina and highest in the inner layers. NADP of the outer layers (1‐2b) was oxidized to a high degree. This was particularly striking for layer 2b, which is rich in mitochondria. In the inner layers the fraction of NADPH rose to 0.7 of the total NADP. NAD on the contrary was highly oxidized in all ten layers of the retina.Three aspects of these results seem significant: (1) The profile for NADP was not related to the distribution of any of four major NADP‐requiring dehydrogenases or their sum; (2) the ratio of total NADP/NADPH in the mitochondrial layer was much higher than expected from studies with isolated mitochondria; and (3) the amount of total NADP was surprisingly high in non‐mitochondrial layers.
DNA SYNTHESIS IN THE GLIAL CELLS OF SCRAPIE‐AFFECTED MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Kimberlin R. H. , Anger H. S. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Radioautographic techniques have been used to study the incorporation of [3H]‐thymidine into the DNA of glial cells in normal and scrapie‐affected mouse brain. Some differences were seen in the morphological distribution and also in the size distribution of labelled nuclei in sagittal sections of normal and affected brain. Counts of the total number of labelled nuclei per sagittal section showed a progressive decline from 50 to 15 per section in normal brain over the 4‐month experimental period. However, in scrapie‐affected brain the number increased markedly to 120 per section 5‐6 weeks after inoculation and stayed at this level for the remaining 9‐10 weeks of the incubation period. The significance of these results in relation to the pathogenesis of scrapie is discussed.
DISTRIBUTION OF SOME ENZYMES ASSOCIATED WITH THE METABOLISM OF GLUTAMATE, ASPARTATE, γ‐AMINOBUTYRATE AND GLUTAMINE IN CAT SPINAL CORD1
Authors: Graham L. T. , Aprison M. H. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The activities of glutamine synthetase, glutaminase, glutamate decarboxylase, GABA aminotransferase, glutamate dehydrogenase, and aspartate aminotransferase were measured in four areas of the cat spinal cord and in dorsal and ventral roots. Five of the six enzymes showed identical distribution patterns; i.e. the activities in the dorsal and ventral gray matter were equal and those of dorsal and ventral white matter were equal. No statistical differences in the mean enzyme activities in the dorsal and ventral roots were found. Glutamate decarboxylase was the only enzyme which had a different pattern. The enzyme activity in dorsal gray was twice that of ventral gray; the same pattern as the GABA concentration in both these areas. The glutamine synthetase activities in the cord areas and roots correlated with the glutamine distribution reported earlier. Thus, the distribution of glutamine (not a transmitter) and GABA (questionable transmitter) in gray matter are dictated by their synthesizing enzymes, whereas the distribution of glutamate and aspartate (likely transmitter suspects) cannot be explained on the basis of enzyme activities. Therefore, the enzyme activities may be related to the amino acid levels primarily in metabolic compartments, whereas the excess of certain amino acids in specific areas of the cord and roots may be related to functional compartments accumulated for use in synaptic transmission.
ISOLATION OF SYNAPTIC COMPLEXES IN A CAESIUM CHLORIDE DENSITY GRADIENT: ELECTRON MICROSCOPIC AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMICAL STUDIES1
Authors: Kornguth S. E. , Anderson J. W. , Scott G. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A technique is described for the improved isolation of synaptic complexes. Homogenates of guinea pig cerebellum and cerebral cortex were subjected to centrifugation, first in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, and secondly in a continuous caesium chloride gradient. Of the six bands that were obtained, band four contained a high proportion of synaptic complexes showing both pre‐ and postsynaptic elements attached to each other; myelin and free mitochondria were not contaminants of this fraction. Fluorescein‐labelled γ‐globulin prepared against band four reacted with synaptic regions of cerebellum and cerebral cortex, but not with cervical cord.
METABOLISM OF HEXOSES IN RAT CEREBRAL CORTEX SLICES
Authors: Chain E. B. , Rose S. P. R. , Masi Ines , Pocchiari F. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—

The metabolism of two 14C‐labelled hexoses and one hexose analogue, viz. mannose, fructose and glucosamine, has been compared with that of glucose for slices of rat cerebral cortex incubated in vitro.
The metabolism of [U‐14C]mannose was essentially identical to that of glucose; oxygen consumption and CO3 production were similar and maximal at a substrate concentration of 2·75 mM. Incorporation of label into lactate, aspartate, glutamate and GABA was similar for the two substrates at 5·5 mM substrate concentration.
With [U‐14C]fructose, maximal oxygen consumption and CO3 production were obtained at a substrate concentration of 11 mM. At 5·5 mM, incorporation into lactate was 5 per cent, into glutamate and GABA 30 per cent, into alanine 63 per cent and into aspartate 152 per cent of that from glucose. Increasing substrate concentration to 27·5 mm was without effect on incorporation into amino acids from glucose and raised incorporation from fructose into glutamate, GABA and alanine to a level similar to that found with glucose; at the higher substrate concentration aspartate incorporation from fructose was 200 per cent and lactate 42 per cent of that with glucose. Unlabelled fructose was without effect on incorporation of radioactivity from [3‐14C]pyruvate into CO2 or amino acids; it increased incorporation into lactate by 36 per cent. Unlabelled glucose diminished incorporation into CO2 from [U‐14C]fructose to 35 per cent; incorporation into lactate was stimulated 178 per cent at 5·5 mM fructose; at 27·5 mM it was diminished to 75 per cent.
By comparison with [1‐14C]glucose, incorporation of radioactivity from [1‐14C]‐glucosamine into lactate, CO2, alanine, GABA and glutamine was very low; incorporation into aspartate was similar to glucose. Thus the metabolism of glucosamine resembled that of fructose. Glucosamine‐1‐phosphate, glucosamine‐6‐phosphate, and an unidentified metabolite, all accumulated.
THE OXIDATION OF GLYCINE BY d‐AMINO ACID OXIDASE IN EXTRACTS OF MAMMALIAN CENTRAL NERVOUS TISSUE
Authors: de Marchi Wilhelmina J. , Johnston G. A. R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Glycine was a substrate for d‐amino acid oxidase purified from extracts of cat spinal cord and sheep cerebellum. d‐Aspartate and N‐methyl‐d‐aspartate were oxidized at a rate similar to that of glycine by the purified sheep cerebellum extract; d‐α‐alanine and d‐serine were oxidized appreciably faster than glycine, while GABA and d‐glutamate were not oxidized at a measurable rate. p‐Mercuribenzoate and kojate inhibited the oxidation of glycine by the purified sheep cerebellum extract. d‐Amino acid oxidase activity was higher in the grey than in the white matter of cat spinal cord, while the reverse was true for the cerebral cortex; the activity in the cord and cerebral cortex was much lower than that in the cerebellum.
ASSAY AND SUBCELLULAR LOCALIZATION OF THE ARYLSULPHATASES IN RAT BRAIN1
Authors: Clendenon N. R. , Allen N. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—The properties and subcellular localization of type I (nitrophenyl) and type II (nitrocatechol) arylsulphatases were investigated in brain tissue of the rat, and optimal assay conditions were established. Sulphate, phosphate and sulphite ions inhibited the nitrocatechol sulphatases; nitrophenyl sulphatase was inhibited only by sulphite. The presence of latent enzyme activity was demonstrated for the nitrocatechol sulphatases, beta‐glucuronidase, and beta‐glycerophosphatase in rat and mouse brain homogenates. These hydrolases were highly sensitive to mechanical and osmotic damage; and Triton X‐100 was very effective in releasing their latent (bound) activities, a finding suggestive of a lysosomal localization. Activity of nitrophenyl sulphatase was unaffected by osmotic changes or Triton X‐100, characteristics suggesting a membranous association for this enzyme. Total activity of nitrophenyl sulphatase was approximately twice as great in canine gray matter as in canine white matter; the converse obtained for beta‐glucuronidase activity. Values for total enzymic activity of the nitrocatechol sulphatases in canine white and gray matter were similar.Fractionation of homogenates from rat brain by differential centrifugations and separation of crude mitochondrial fractions by sucrose density gradient centrifugations revealed the following: (1) most of the nitrocatechol sulphatase activity (93 per cent) and all of the nitrophenyl sulphatase activity were sedimentable; (2) crude mitochondrial fractions exhibited the highest relative specific activity (RSA = 1·38) for the nitrocatechol sulphatases, whereas microsomal fractions displayed the highest RSA for nitrophenyl sulphatase (1·89); (3) the lightest fraction (A + B) and the densest fraction (E) from the sucrose density gradient contained most of the activity for both the type I and type II arylsulphatases, whereas the RSA of cytochrome oxidase was greatest in the intermediate density regions (fractions C and D); (4) the highest RSA for beta‐glucuronidase and beta‐glycerophosphatase occurred in gradient fraction C; (5) appreciable activity of beta‐glycerophosphatase was found in a nerve ending fraction (M3).It is suggested that the hydrolases in heterogeneous tissue like brain might be associated with lysosomal particles of differing enzyme compositions and varying populations, and that the data on distribution lend credence to the concept of bimodal and possible trimodal particle affinity for the hydrolases of brain tissues.
THE EFFECT OF SPIKE ACTIVITY VERSUS SYNAPTIC ACTIVATION ON THE METABOLISM OF RIBONUCLEIC ACID IN A MOLLUSCAN GIANT NEURONE
Authors: Kernell Daniel , Price Peterson R. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—Previous experiments on a giant neurone (R2) from Aplysia californica have shown that a prolonged electrical stimulation of ganglionic nerves, strong enough to elicit post‐synaptic spikes in the giant neurone, caused a marked increase in the uptake of labelled nucleosides into the neuronal RNA. The results described in the present paper very strongly indicate that these effects of synaptic activation were not due to the discharge of spikes in the giant neurone itself. Spikes which were directly elicited in the giant neurone by current pulses injected into the cell through an intracellular microelectrode had no significant effect on RNA labelling. Weak stimulation of ganglionic nerves, eliciting post‐synaptic potentials but few spikes in the giant neurone, produced a small but significant increase of RNA labelling.
THE FATTY ACID COMPOSITION OF PHOSPHOLIPIDS AND GLYCOLIPIDS IN JIMPY MOUSE BRAIN
Authors: Nussbaum J. L. , Neskovic N. , Mandel P. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract— Phospholipids and sphingolipids from brains of normal and Jimpy mice were isolated in a pure form by thin‐layer chromatographic procedures. The fatty acid composition of the major phospholipids, i.e. ethanolamine glycerophospholipids, serine glycerophospholipids, choline glycerophospholipids and inositol glycerophospholipids, as well as sphingomyelin, cerebrosides and sulphatides was determined by gas‐liquid chromatography. A specific fatty acid pattern for each of the four glycerophospholipids was found. The fatty acid composition of inositol glycerophospholipid, which has not previously been studied in mouse brain, was characterized by a high concentration of arachidonic acid. After 16 days of age, fatty acid analysis showed definite differences between the phospholipids from normal and mutant brains. A small increase of polyunsaturated fatty acids in glycerophospholipids of ethanolamine, serine and choline from the Jimpy central nervous system was found, which has been explained by the myelin deficiency. Sphingomyelin, cerebrosides and sulphatide analyses showed a wide distribution of saturated and mono‐unsaturated fatty acids in both normal and mutant mice. A reduction in the amount of long‐chain fatty acids was demonstrated in mutant brain sphingolipids; in sulphatides and cerebrosides, the amount of non‐hydroxy fatty acids was reduced to a greater extent than in sphingomyelin.The distribution of fatty acids in sphingolipids from the myelin and microsomal fractions was also investigated in both types of mice. Cerebrosides were characterized by a high content of long‐chain fatty acids in myelin as well as in microsomes. Sulphatides and sphingomyelin, on the other hand, showed a higher content of medium‐chain fatty acids in microsomes than in myelin. In the mutant brain, the amount of long‐chain fatty acids was reduced in both subcellular fractions. The deviation from normal in the pattern of fatty acid distribution in Jimpy brain is discussed in relation to the current concepts of glycolipid biosynthesis.
OCCURRENCE AND PROPERTIES OF CATECHOL‐O‐METHYL TRANSFERASE IN ADRENERGIC NEURONS
Authors: Jarrott B. 
Published: October 2006

Abstract—A study has been made of the catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activity of some peripheral tissues after sympathetic denervation. A fall in catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activity was found in some organs, e.g. rat and rabbit vas deferens, cat nictitating membrane and rabbit submaxillary gland but not in mouse heart and spleen. It was found that suboptimal concentrations of S‐adenosylmethionine did not reveal a significant difference between normal and denervated organs but at optimal concentrations a fall was seen in some organs. Catechol‐O‐methyl transferase activity was present in bovine splenic nerve and in adrenal medulla. It is suggested that the fall in enzyme activity after denervation indicates a neuronal cellular localization. A kinetic study of catechol‐O‐methyl transferase from normal and denervated rat vas deferens suggested that the neuronal and extraneuronal catechol‐O‐methyl transferase had different kinetic properties and an estimation of the kinetic constants of the neuronal enzyme was made.