bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relationship between stages of the estrous cycle and bone cell activity in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Jackson Brendan F. , Dyson Philip K. , Hattersley Rachael D. , Kelly Hannah R. , Pfeiffer Dirk U. , Price Joanna S. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To investigate the relationship between stage of estrous cycle and bone cell activity in Thoroughbreds.
Sample Population—Blood samples collected from forty-seven 2-year-old Thoroughbred mares in training for racing.
Procedures—Blood samples were collected monthly (in April through September) from the mares. Stage of estrus was determined by assessing serum progesterone concentration. Bone cell activity was determined by measuring concentrations of 2 markers of bone formation (osteocalcin and the carboxy-terminal propeptide of type I collagen [PICP]) and a marker of bone resorption (the cross-linked carboxy-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [ICTP]) in sera.
Results—When the relationship between stage of the estrous cycle and markers of bone cell activity was examined, serum concentrations of both osteocalcin and ICTP were significantly higher in mares that were in the luteal phase, compared with mares that were at other stages of the estrous cycle. Stage of estrus did not affect serum PICP concentration.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that bone cell activity in Thoroughbred mares fluctuates during the estrous cycle; serum concentrations of markers of bone formation and bone resorption are increased during the luteal phase. Further studies are required to determine whether these changes are of clinical importance and increase the risk of injury for mares in training during the breeding season. As in humans, stage of estrus must be considered as a source of uncontrollable variability in serum bone marker concentrations in horses.
Use of a flow-mediated vasodilation technique to assess endothelial function in dogs
Authors: Puglia Gary D. , Freeman Lisa M. , Rush John E. , King Ryan G. P. , Crawford Sybil L. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To develop and assess the reproducibility of a protocol to noninvasively test endothelial function in dogs on the basis of the flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) procedure used in humans.
Animals—5 healthy spayed female dogs.
Procedures—Luminal arterial diameter and blood flow velocity in the brachial and femoral arteries were measured with ultrasonography. The within-dog reproducibility of these ultrasonographic measurements was tested. An occlusion period of 1, 3, or 5 minutes with an inflatable cuff was used to create the FMD response. Measurements made at 15, 30, and 60 seconds following release of the occlusion were compared with measurements made immediately prior to each occlusion to assess the FMD response.
Results—Within-dog reproducibility of measurements revealed moderate to high correlations. Change from baseline in luminal arterial diameter was most substantial when measured at 30 seconds following release of occlusion, whereas blood flow velocity changes were maximal when measured at 15 seconds following release. The brachial imaging site provided a larger number of significant FMD responses than the femoral site. The 3-minute occlusion period provided equal or better responses than the 5-minute occlusion period.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Ultrasonographic measurement of the FMD responses was a feasible and reproducible technique and significant changes from baseline were detected. The FMD responses in dogs were most substantial when performed at the brachial artery with blood flow velocity and luminal arterial diameter changes from baseline measured at 15 and 30 seconds, respectively, following release of a 3-minute occlusion period.
Evaluation of a covered-rod silicone implant containing ivermectin for long-term prevention of heartworm infection in dogs
Authors: Cunningham Craig P. , Brown Jenaay M. , Jacobson Glenn A. , Brandon Malcolm R. , Martinod Serge R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To evaluate use of covered-rod (CR) silicone implants containing ivermectin for long-term prevention of infection with Dirofilaria immitisin dogs.
Animals—145 adult male and female dogs.
Procedures—Dogs received implants of different sizes, and ivermectin concentrations and serum ivermectin concentrations were monitored for 16, 57, and 56 weeks, respectively, in 3 preclinical dose selection studies. Ability of implants to prevent infection with D immitis was evaluated in 2 further studies; dogs were challenged with 50 infective third-stage larvae 52 weeks after implant administration and necropsied 145 days after challenge, and the total number of adult heartworms was counted. A field study was then undertaken in which client-owned dogs received an implant and plasma samples were collected at intervals until week 52 for ivermectin analysis and heartworm antigen determination.
Results—Use of the implants resulted in maintenance of an ivermectin concentration ≥ 0.2 ng/mL for 12 months. In challenge studies, no treated dogs had adult heartworms, in contrast to untreated dogs, which all had adult heartworms at necropsy. In the field study, dogs treated with an implant had negative results of heartworm antigen testing for 12 months.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The CR silicone implant containing 7.3 mg of ivermectin was 100% effective in preventing experimental infection with D immitislarvae and resulted in negative results for heartworm antigen in a field trial. This product has the potential to alleviate poor owner compliance with monthly prevention regimens.
Temporal clinical exacerbation of summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction and relationship with climate and aeroallergens in horses
Authors: Costa Lais R. R. , Johnson Jill R. , Baur Matthew E. , Beadle Ralph E. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To describe the seasonal pattern of clinical exacerbation of summer pasture-associated recurrent airway obstruction (SPA-RAO) in relation to climate and aeroallergens in horses.
Animals—19 horses with SPA-RAO and 10 nonaffected horses.
Procedures—Daily examinations were performed on all horses while they were kept on pasture for 3 years. Onset and progression of clinical exacerbation based on a clinical score of respiratory effort were evaluated in relation to changes in maximum temperature, minimum temperature, mean temperature, maximum dew-point temperature, minimum dew-point temperature, and delta dew-point temperature. Seasonal pattern of clinical exacerbation was evaluated in relation to aeroallergen counts (20 types of fungal spores and 28 types of pollen).
Results—Seasonal pattern of clinical exacerbation of SPA-RAO was associated with increases in temperature (heat) and dew-point temperature (humidity), counts of fungal spores, and counts of grass pollen grains. Seasonal pattern of clinical exacerbation paralleled and was associated with increases in counts of specific types of fungal spores, particularly Basidiospore, Nigrospora, and Curvularia spp.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although a causal relationship could not be determined, the seasonal pattern of clinical exacerbation of SPA-RAO was associated with hot and humid conditions and high environmental counts for fungal spores and grass pollen grains. It is not known yet whether these are aeroallergens that cause clinical exacerbation of the disease.
Prevalence of DNA of Mycoplasma haemofelis, ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum,’ Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and species of Bartonella, Neorickettsia, and Ehrlichia in cats used as blood donors in the United States
Authors: Hackett Timothy B. , Jensen Wayne A. , Lehman Tracy L. , Hohenhaus Anne E. , Crawford P. Cynda , Giger Urs , Lappin Michael R. 
Published: September 2006

Abstract
Objective—To identify the prevalence of DNA of Mycoplasma haemofelis; ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haemominutum’; Anaplasma phagocytophilum; and species of Bartonella, Neorickettsia, and Ehrlichia in blood of cats used as blood donors in the United States. Design—Prospective study.
Animals—146 cats that were active blood donors.
Procedures—Environmental history was requested for each blood-donor cat from which a blood sample (mixed with EDTA) was available. Polymerase chain reaction assays capable of amplifying the DNA of the microorganisms of interest following DNA extraction from blood were performed.
Results—Overall, DNA of one or more of the infectious agents was detected in blood samples from 16 of 146 (11%) feline blood donors. Twenty-eight laboratory-reared cats housed in a teaching hospital had negative results for DNA of all organisms investigated. The DNA of at least 1 infectious agent was amplified from blood samples collected from 16 of 118 (13.6%) community-source cats; assay results were positive for ‘Candidatus M haemominutum,’ M haemofelis, or Bartonella henselae alone or in various combinations. Of the community-source cats allowed outdoors (n = 61) or with known flea exposure (44), DNA for a hemoplasma or B henselae was detected in 21.3% and 22.7%, respectively.
Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When community-source cats, cats allowed outdoors, or cats exposed to fleas are to be used as blood donors, they should be regularly assessed for infection with M haemofelis, ‘Candidatus M haemominutum,’ and Bartonella spp, and flea-control treatment should be regularly provided.
Influence of internal friction on transport properties in sheared granular flows
Authors: Hsiau Shu‐San , Shiu Jr‐Yuan , Yang Wen‐Lung , Lu Li‐Shin 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe effect has been studied of the internal friction coefficient of particles on transport properties of sheared granular flows. Experiments were performed in shear cell devices under four different internal friction coefficients of the particles and five different solid fractions. The motions of the granular materials were recorded by a high‐speed camera. By using image processing technology and the particle tracking method, we measured and analyzed the distributions of the average velocity, fluctuation velocity, and particle self‐diffusion coefficient. Three bi‐directional stress gages were used to measure the normal and shear stresses along the upper boundary. According to the experimental results, the stresses and the self‐diffusion coefficients of the particles were inverse proportional to the internal friction coefficients. In the same conditions, the normal stresses were apparently higher than the shear stresses. The fluctuation and the self‐diffusion coefficients in the streamwise direction were obviously higher than those in the transverse direction. The normal and shear stresses were found to increase with the solid fraction, but the diffusion coefficients were greater in a more dilute flow system. In addition, the deviations of self‐diffusion coefficients in the low solid fraction condition were much greater than those in the high solid fraction condition. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Kernel classifier with adaptive structure and fixed memory for process diagnosis
Authors: Wang Haiqing , Li Ping , Gao Furong , Song Zhihuan , Ding Steven X. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA unified least‐square kernel (ULK) framework is formulated for both process modeling and fault diagnosis issues. As a specific algorithmic implementation of the ULK method, an adaptive kernel learning (AKL) network classifier is developed for process diagnosis, which is a two‐stage online learning algorithm with a fixed‐memory strategy. A new concept of space angle index is proposed to structure the growth of node and actively control the complexity of the network. The AKL network performs a backward decreasing for forgetting an old pattern and a forward increasing for incorporating a new online pattern. The recursive algorithms for both stages are derived for quick online updating. Applications of the AKL network to two numerical cases and the Tennessee Eastman process show good performance in comparison to other established methods, and new insights on the pattern recognition for fault diagnosis arising from this flexible classifier are highlighted. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Polypeptide und 100 Jahre Chemie der α‐Aminosäure‐N‐carboxyanhydride
Authors: Kricheldorf Hans R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSynthese und Polymerisation von α‐Aminosäure‐N‐carboxyanhydriden (NCAs) wurden erstmals im Jahre 1906 von Herrmann Leuchs beschrieben. Seit dieser Zeit wurden diese cyclischen, sehr reaktiven α‐Aminosäurederivate mehrfach zur schrittweisen Peptidsynthese eingesetzt, sie wurden aber vor allem zur Herstellung von Polypeptiden durch ringöffnende Polymerisation (ROP) verwendet. Es werden nun neue Aspekte der ringöffnenden Polymerisation diskutiert, z. B. die Verwendung neuartiger metallorganischer Initiatoren oder die Entstehung cyclischer Polypeptide. Des Weiteren werden Architekturen wie Diblock‐, Triblock‐ und Multiblockcopolymere sowie sternförmige oder hochverzweigte Polypeptide vorgestellt. Ferner werden lyotrope und thermotrope Polypeptide sowie die Verwendung von Polypeptiden als Pharmaka oder Pharmakaträger besprochen. Schließlich wird die Rolle von NCAs im Konzept der molekularen Evolution diskutiert.
Phannomenklatur Teil II: Änderung des Hydrierungsgrades und Substitutionsderivate von Phanstammverbindungen
Authors: Hellwich Karl‐Heinz 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCyclophane und lineare, nach den Regeln der Phannomenklatur benannte Verbindungen werden als Stammverbindungen betrachtet. Ihre Derivate werden in Übereinstimmung mit den für die Benennung organischer Verbindungen festgelegten Prinzipien, Regeln und Konventionen benannt. In dieser Empfehlung werden folgende Nomenklaturmerkmale beschrieben: indizierter und addierter Wasserstoff, die Rangfolge bei der Bezifferung, als Suffixe ausgedrückte Substituenten, als Präfixe angegebene Substituenten, Phanstammverbindungen, die durch Hinzufügen oder Entfernen von Wasserstoffatomen verändert wurden, und polyfunktionelle Derivate.
Synthesis, characterization and crystal structures of triorganotin(IV) complexes of 4‐[(E)‐2‐(3‐formyl‐4‐ hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐diazenyl]‐ and 4‐{(E)‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐[(E)‐4‐(aryl)iminomethyl]phenyldiazenyl}‐benzoic acids and toxicity studies of their tri‐n‐butyltin(IV) derivatives on the Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae
Authors: Basu Baul Tushar S. , Singh Keisham Surjit , Lyčka Antonin , Linden Anthony , Song Xueqing , Zapata Alejandra , Eng George 
Published: September 2006

AbstractTriorganotin(IV) complexes of 4‐[(E)‐2‐(3‐formyl‐4‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐diazenyl]‐ and 4‐{(E)‐4‐hydroxy‐3‐[(E)‐4‐(aryl)iminomethyl]phenyldiazenyl}‐benzoic acids (aryls = 4‐CH3, 4‐Br, 4‐Cl, 4‐OCH3) have been synthesized. The structures have been characterized by 1H, 13C, 119Sn NMR, IR and 119mSn Mössbauer spectroscopies. The crystal structures of Ph3Sn[O2CC6H4{NN(C6H3‐4‐OH[C(H)NC6H4CH3‐4])}‐p] and nBu3Sn[O2CC6H4{NN(C6H3‐4‐OH[C(H)NC6H4Br‐4])}‐p] are also reported. The 119Sn Mössbauer and 119Sn NMR data indicate that the tri‐n‐butyltin(IV) and triphenyltin(IV) complexes have a tetrahedral geometry in the solid state as well as in solution. Toxicity studies of the tri‐n‐butyltin(IV) complexes on the second larval instar of the Aedes aegypti and Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae indicated that the complexes are effective larvicides. The LC50 values range from 1.21 to 3.38 µM for the Ae. aegypti and from 0.83 to 2.31 µM for the An. stephensi. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of uniform and nano‐sized NaA zeolite using silatrane and alumatrane precursors
Authors: Kuanchertchoo N. , Kulprathipanja S. , Aungkavattana P. , Atong D. , Hemra K. , Rirksomboon T. , Wongkasemjit S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNano‐sized Na A zeolite was successfully synthesized via the sol–gel process and microwave techniques. The synthesis parameters, such as hydroxide ion concentration, seed amount, as well as heating time and temperature, were studied to obtain the most uniform and very small sized NaA zeolite using the composition of SiO2:Al2O3:xNa2O:410H2O; 3 ≤ x ≤ 6. It was found that hydroxide ion concentration affects the crystal size and heating time, whereas a higher amount of seed provides smaller sized NaA zeolite. The zeolite product can be synthesized using a higher temperature for a shorter time or lower temperature for a longer time. The best conditions for synthesizing the smallest size, 0.1–0.2 µm, and the most homogeneous NaA zeolite is to use the composition of SiO2:Al2O3:3Na2O:410H2O and 3 wt% crystal seed at 80 °C microwave heating for 6 h. The synthesized NaA zeolite was characterized using XRD and SEM. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping the imprint of bone remodeling by atomic force microscopy
Authors: Hassenkam Tue , Jørgensen Henrik L. , Lauritzen Jes Bruun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractUnderstanding bone remodeling is essential for understanding bone as a whole. Bone remodeling takes place through a stepwise cellular process, with osteoclasts carving small cavities, also known as resorption pits, into the surface of trabecular bone, followed by osteoblasts, which refill the pits with new soft bone collagen matrix tissue (osteoid). The detailed structure of the surface in the frontier of a resorption pit before, during, and after the osteoid is being laid down is not well known. We present detailed atomic force microscope (AFM) images from the edge, the front end, and the bottom of a resorption pit in a human trabecular bone sample that showed signs of incomplete remodeling. The images reveal a scalloped surface left behind by the osteoclasts and the surface morphology of preexisting bone tissue and new bone tissue. In addition, we display the bone formation front in the pit showing the anchor points between the new bone and the existing bone. We also found evidence of microcracking in the front end of the pit, suggesting that microcracking was the initiator of this particular resorption pit. We anticipate that AFM may initiate a more detailed understanding of the influence of the remodeling process on the structure of bone, as well as a better understanding of the surface on which new bone tissue can be anchored. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1087–1094, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Horse soleus muscle: Postural sensor or vestigial structure?
Authors: Meyers Ron A. , Hermanson John W. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe soleus muscle of horses is rather diminutive with respect to the overall size of adjacent synergist muscles in the hind limb of the horse. Whether or not such a muscle might be vestigial or may be providing some essential function has not been determined. We have studied the horse's soleus muscle using histochemical (ATPase), immunocytochemical (myosin isoform identification), and SDS‐PAGE analysis to demonstrate that it is largely composed of 100% type I, presumed slow‐twitch fibers. Only one soleus muscle studied (out of 13 adult horses) contained any type II muscle fibers. Given this consistent high percentage of slow‐oxidative fibers, we hypothesized that the soleus muscle could have a significant role in proprioceptive function, essentially functioning as a proprioceptive organ instead of a significant force‐generating muscle during locomotion. We tested this by examining three whole soleus muscles and assessing their muscle spindle content, which proved to have a spindle index of about 12. This value provided equivocal support for the hypothesis since it did not approach values reported for other mammalian proprioceptive muscles that were approximately 40–50 spindles per gram of muscle mass. Other parameters, such as motoneuron number and muscle unit size, may be useful in understanding these data. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1068–1076, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐pressure freezing and freeze substitution of rat myocardium for immunogold labeling of connexin 43
Authors: Mühlfeld Christian , Richter Joachim 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe value of high‐pressure freezing (HPF) and freeze substitution (FS) for immunoelectron microscopy (immuno‐EM) of the heart was investigated in bioptic specimens taken from isolated hearts of 0‐, 5‐, and 14‐day‐old rats at baseline and at 15, 30, 45, and 60 min after induction of ischemia. The target antigen chosen here was the gap junction protein connexin 43 (Cx43). After HPF and FS, immunogold labeling was applied for detection of Cx43. Gold particles associated with gap junction areas, free plasma membrane, and annular gap junctions (AGJs) were counted and distributions compared by contingency table analysis. HPF and FS resulted in excellent preservation of antigenicity for Cx43. The mostly good preservation of the ultrastructure was limited by mechanical damage at the border and by ice crystal formation in the center of the tissue blocks. In normal myocardium of newborns, gold particles associated with free plasma membrane were frequently observed, with AGJs only seldom. In older rats, the opposite relation was found. During ischemia, no distribution changes occurred in newborn or 14‐day‐old rats. In 5‐day‐old rats, however, ischemia induced a shift of Cx43 from gap junction plaques to AGJs. In conclusion, HPF and FS are an ideal alternative to chemical fixation for immuno‐EM as the excellent preservation of antigenicity is combined with a well‐preserved ultrastructure. The results indicate that the process of degradation of gap junctions via AGJs gradually increases during postnatal rat heart development, a process that may be accelerated by ischemia in an early developmental state. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1059–1067, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dietary consistency and plasticity of masseter fiber architecture in postweaning rabbits
Authors: Taylor Andrea B. , Jones Kelly E. , Kunwar Ravinder , Ravosa Matthew J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractDietary consistency has been shown to influence cross‐sectional area and fiber type composition of the masticatory muscles. However, little is known about the effects of dietary consistency on masticatory muscle fiber architecture. In this study, we explore the effects of dietary consistency on the internal architecture of rabbit masseter muscle. Because activity patterns of the rabbit chewing muscles show inter‐ and intramuscular heterogeneity, we evaluate if alterations in fiber architecture are homogeneous across various portions of the superficial masseter muscle. We compared masseter muscle fiber architecture between two groups of weanling rabbits raised on different diets for 105 days. One group was raised on a diet of ground rabbit pellets to model underuse of the masticatory complex, while the other group was fed a diet of intact pellets and hay blocks to model an overuse diet. In all portions of the superficial masseter, physiological cross‐sectional areas (PCSAs) are greater in the overuse compared to underuse diet rabbits. Thus, the mechanical demands for larger muscle and bite forces associated with early and prolonged exposure to a tough diet are met by an increase in PCSA of the superficial masseter. The larger PCSA is due entirely to increased muscle mass, as the two rabbit groups show no differences in either fiber length or angle of pinnation. Thus, increasing pinnation angle is not a necessary biomechanical solution to improving muscle and bite force during growth. The change in PCSA but not fiber length suggests that variation in dietary consistency has an impact on maximum force production but not necessarily on excursion or contraction velocity. Anat Rec Part A, 288A:1105–1111, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.