bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Siva in Trouble
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The book deals with festivals and rituals at the Nepalese Paśupatnātha Temple located in Deopatan, the City of (all) Gods, and the Paśupatikṣetra, the “Field of Paśupati.” Paśupati, a form of Śiva, is regarded as the tutelary and protective deity of Nepal and his temple as both national and sacred monument that has since many centuries attracted thousands of pilgrims from India. After introducing the temple, its history, organisation and vicinity, all major festivals connected to it are thoroughly described and examined. The material used by the author includes mythological and eulogising texts, chronicles, inscriptions and elaborate field‐work studies. The book also deals with religious conflicts between different forms of Hinduism as well as with religious identities and contested priesthood. Due to the strength of various tantrically worshipped goddesses in Deopatan, Śiva comes under ritual pressure time and again. Underlining this religious tension are fundamental conflicts between the indigenous Newar population and the Nepali speaking population which originally immigrated from India or between the South Indian Bhaṭṭa priests and the Newar Karmācārya priests. Moreover, ritual forms of worship are contested, as in the instance of tantric forms of worship with alcohol and animal sacrifices versus pure, vegetarian forms of worship. In recent times these conflicts have increasingly been politicized and due to the impact of the World Heritage Monument policy the Paśupati area is successively restructured and shaped into a religious pilgrimage place for Indian and Western tourists.
The Procession of Lamentation (Dūdūcyā̃cyā̃jātrā)
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter examines the Procession of Lamentation (Duducyā̃cyā̃jātrā), a ritual invitation of the goddesses of the Kathmandu valley to celebrate the Vatsalā festival at the Paśupati temple.
The Festival of the Goddess Pīgãmāī
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter deals with the festival of the local goddess Pīgãmāī situated under the Ring Road which surrounds Kathmandu. It is made up of a group of twenty‐two children representing the Navadurgā and other deities who are worshipped. It is celebrated with animal sacrifices and a procession through Deopatan.
Śiva under Refuse and Goblin's Fourteenth (Lukumahādyaḥ, Piśācacaturdaśī)
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents material on a festival in which Śiva is worshipped as Hidden Mahādeva (Lukumahādyaḥ). The festival is also known as or Goblin's Fourteenth due to the fact that Śiva manifests himself as a demon hiding for(from?) his consort whom he has abused raped? because of her consumption of the polluting substances of garlic and alcohol. In the Newar households, Śiva, depicted in a small stone, is kept hidden in filthy unclean places such as garbage dumps. Ironically, he is worshipped with garlic and alcohol otherwise abhorred by him.
Deopatan Revisited
Authors: Michaels Axel 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter presents new material on architectural and ritual transformations in the Field of Paśupati (Paśupatikṣetra) that were caused by the political changes in Nepal after the deprivation of the king. In the focus are the activities of the Paśupati Area Development Trust and the concept of marketing a heritage site to a global audience.
2 The New Musical Language
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter explores the sources and evolution of the new musical language that lead to the symbolist ideal and corresponding musical processes. The latter is based on transformation of traditional diatonic pitch constructions, symmetrical, and cyclic-interval properties of the dominant-ninth chord and other traditional harmonic constructions, as developed by Russian nationalist, French impressionist, and Hungarian composers. The interaction of pentatonic, diatonic, whole-tone, and octatonic sets by means of common suhcollections or cells is essential to the new twelve-tone language based on the concept of the interval cycle.
4 Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at Act I, Prelude, according to its structure and leitmotifs associated with the “Forest”, “Fate”, “Mélisande”, and “Mélisande's Naïveté”. It discusses Golaud as political symbol, points to polarity as an internal principle of musico-dramatic structure, and uncovers the symbolic link between Mélisande and fate. The chapter then describes Act I, Scene 1 — the first meeting of Golaud and Mélisande — and points to the hybrid diatonic/whole-tone form of “Fate” and Golaud's “Love” motif. Then, it addresses the influences on the musical language and aesthetics of the Debussy opera, and the interaction of “Golaud”, “Mélisande”, and “Fate” motifs. The test of the will and the dual role of Mélisande as real-life being and instrument of fate are discussed. Next the chapter considers Act 1, Scene 2, here a room in the castle, and presents the first explicit text reference to “Fate” and the “Pelleas” motif. Finally, the chapter considers Act I, Scene 3 — before the castle — and further develops the “Mélisande” and “Fate” motifs.
6 Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at Act III, Scene I — one of the towers of the castle — and examines the idea of Mélisande's hair as object of manifold symbolic significance, the seduction of Pelléas in the magic of the night, and the threatening arrival of Golaud. Intervallic expansion serves as basis for dramatic tension and change of mood. This scene also expresses passion and sensuality in terms of diatonic and chromatic saturation, and represents Golaud and fate by the whole-tone-1 collection. The chapter also explores dramatic parallels and polarities. Increasing passion and impending fate are represented by chromatic (octatonic) compression of the whole-tone set by common tritone projections. This scene reveals the emergence of Pelléas, then Golaud. in the darkness, while Mélisande's dilemma is symbolized by heightened dramatic polarity and complex pitch-set interactions. Finally, Act III, Scene 2, the vaults of the castle; Scene 3, a terrace at the entrance of the vaults, dark and light; and Scene 4, before the castle, are examined. These all develop Golaud's expression of jealousy; based on a primary manifestation of the whole-tone cycles and their cells. The chapter further addresses the principle of polarity.
7 Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter first looks at Act IV, Scene 1, a room in the castle. This scene anticipates Pelléas's fate as foreseen by his father. It then next looks at Act IV, Scene 2, which presents Mélisande as symbol of resurrection as foreseen by Arkel, while Golaud's vengeance and Mélisande's hair are presented as a symbol of the Crucifixion. Next the chapter turns to Act IV, Scene 3 — a well in the park — which provides a symbol of the sacrificial lamb. Scene 4 is based on the love duet and the death of Pelléas. Finally, the chapter looks at Act IV, Scene 4, which addresses structure and proportion in the service of musico-dramatic development and emotional climax. This scene presents the “Shadows” motif and “Ecstasy” motif. The fusion of light and dark is represented by octatonic fusion of pentatonic and whole-tone sets. The scene culminates with Golaud's vengeance and the fulfillment of fate.
12 Duke Bluebeard's Castle
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter looks at Doors VI, lake of tears, and VII, former wives, and begins with the transition from Doors V to VI which reveals Bluebeard's acquisition of Judith's “Fate” (pentatonic/whole-tone) motif. These final Doors suggest the sexual instinct and the death wish. They point to the traditional role of women and the transition to equality. The chapter explores the Symbolic connections of Nietzsche, Bartók, Bluebeard, and Judith.
The Ramellian Paradigm
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The orthodox view is that melody is based on harmony, at least in Western classical music. But this ‘Ramellian paradigm’ (so called because it was given classic expression by Rameau in the early 18th century) is a fallacy. If melody is ‘arpeggiated’ harmony, then harmony is consolidated melody. If anything has primacy, it is melody. The traditional concept of tonality, as developed over the past two centuries, centres exclusively on the harmony (in effect, the bass), but there is potentially another tonality, that of the melody (usually the top line). The aesthetically satisfying conflict between the two is here called ‘tonal counterpoint’.
The Pentatonic Scale
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter shows how the pentatonic scale develops out of the children's chant, either by transference and superimposition (e.g., a–g–e + d–c–a) or by the addition of a note at either end (a–g–e + b + d). It also examines the paradoxical nature of this scale, which both maximizes melodic consonance and depends on the major second, an interval intermediate between consonance and dissonance. (Triadic melodies are in a sense pentatonic, since the major triad forms part of the pentatonic scale, but they are not fully pentatonic in effect.) By filling in the gaps, the pentatonic can be developed into the seven-note diatonic scale, but will still be present as a framework. Such frameworks fall into the three pentatonic species of ‘natural’ (c–d–e–g–a), ‘hard’ (e–g–a–b–d), or ‘soft’ (f–g–a–c–d).
The Evolution of Tonality
Authors: van der Merwe Peter 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
This chapter outlines the evolution of tonality from its beginnings in the early 16th century to the maturity of the Classical style in the late 18th century. The two main processes were ones that, first, from very early on the chords making up simple harmonic formulas, came to be preceded by their own ‘applied’ dominants, which then developed into systematically contrasted keys; and secondly, that from the early 18th century composers found new uses for the tonic-and-dominant progression. A momentous discovery was the split dominant (tonic–dominant dominant–tonic), arrived at by uncoupling harmonic rhythm from phrase rhythm. This harmonic simplicity made possible the structural complexities of the Classical style.
2 Fugacious Resources and Common Property
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis brief chapter introduces the similarities in the evolution of the characteristics of property rights over the using of running water, petroleum resources, and stocks of ocean fish. These are all the subjects of later chapters. Often described as ‘access’ to common-pool or common-property resources, rights have evolved but have failed to gain the exclusivity characteristic. The chapter attributes this failure to lack of incentive on the demand side. On the supply side, ancient doctrines such as free public access deterred the courts from accepting claims to private rights in user conflicts. These matters are illustrated in the next two chapters (and in Chapter 9, for coal and petroleum).
8 Mineral Disposal and Mining Rights on Private Land
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractChanges in mining rights on private lands came about in leasing contracts, court interpretations, and custom. By the nineteenth century English landowning families could set up mining operation themselves, call on free miners, or lease or sell mining rights to outsiders. Under changing property law, the family head might be impeachable for waste — for his family and his tenants his title might require that the estate's minerals and surface lands remain intact. Changes in tort law lawsuit decisions increased his exclusivity. They prevented him from interfering with his neighbours, his neighbours from harming him, and flooding. The courts in Rylands v Fletcher (1868) produced a spillover doctrine that was soon applied beyond mining. If the holding originating the flooding was doing something that was not ‘natural’ to its operations, it was liable to the victim. In the booming US mining, Rylands v Fletcher was cited frequently. The chapter mentions damage from surface collapse. The English courts were driven to an extreme: any surface landowner was absolutely entitled to support. The parties' contract could not waive this right. Instead of this for some decades some American courts followed a doctrine that when on one piece of land surface and mining interests were in physical conflict the miner's was always the ‘dominant’ estate.
11 Forestry on Public Lands from the Medieval to the Modern Era
Authors: Scott Anthony 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThe chapter examines the origins of the tenures in American and Canadian public forests. They began with the licenses on English Crown forests, the medieval monarch's personal property. On such forests naval timber reserves were created, first in England then overseas. Desirable trees were marked with a broad arrow. After the revolution both the US and Canadian governments succeeded to huge acreages covered with trees. The new US federal government did not develop a specific timber-land tenure or sale procedure. The chapter offers the explanation of high classification costs and enforcement costs. Also the Canadian provinces were prevented by high land classification costs from offering timber lands for outright sale. Instead they offered timber-cutting licenses, and later they assigned forests to particular firms as incentives for investing in sawmills. In the 1940s Canadian provinces went one step further and offered to combine a mill's owned or licensed forest with dedicated government forest, thus producing large managed sustained-yield ‘agreement’ units. The US had already created managed National Forests, some closely integrated with neighbouring timber-using plants and communities, but tended by government. Apart from their agreement units, the Canadian provinces now offer short-duration licenses or ‘timber sales’ to commercial loggers.
2 Greeks and Romans
Authors: Osiander Andreas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractFollowing an analysis of the economic and ecological bases of society in the pre-Christian Mediterranean world, this chapter studies how and why the pre-Persian Greek pólis-world evolved — charting the rise of Athens, the rise of Persian Greek kingship, then the rise of Rome and the gradual absorption of the entire Mediterranean region into the Roman empire. It discusses what pre-Christian Greek and Roman authors — such as Plátôn (Plato), Aristotle, Isokrátês (Isocrates), Polýbios (Polybius), Sallust, Seneca, and Tacitus — had to say on the mutual relations of autonomous actors in the Mediterranean world. A special section is dedicated to an analysis of Thukydídês (Thucydides), showing that contrary to received wisdom he was far from an ancestor of Realist International Relations thought. In particular, he did not believe and never said that the ‘Peloponnesian War’ broke out because of a shift in the ‘balance of power’.
4 Pre‐industrial Europe
Authors: Osiander Andreas 
Published: May 2008

AbstractIn the late pre-Reformation period, re-urbanization and increasing monetization impacting on what had become a profoundly rural civilization gave rise to political structures markedly different from those of the pre-Christian Mediterranean world. The increasing availability of energy from water power and wind power was one important (and much underestimated) factor enabling economic growth. Another was the expansion of the monetary mass as a result of the establishment of a supralocal financial system (unknown to the ancient world) and the easy availability of credit. This helped to give the more important princes an increasing edge over lesser actors, at the same time that development was both furthered and impeded by conflicting cultural and ideological currents — as reflected in the thinking of such authors as Enea Silvio Piccolomini, Nicolaus Cusanus, Jean Bodin, Johannes Althusius, and Thomas Hobbes. Even 18th-century ‘absolute’ monarchies like the French or Prussian ones remained closer to the ‘heteronomous’ political structures of the pre-Reformation period than to today's state.
War Finance and Fiscal Devolution
Authors: Tracy James D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Wars with France made Charles V's government in Brussels dependent on the creditworthiness of the provinces. The provincial states issued long‐term bonds (underline renten), using the capital to pay off high‐interest bankers' loans, but the states (not the central government) collected the taxes by which bonds were funded. By 1557 things looked so desperate that Philip II summoned the States General—a risk his father had carefully avoided. While the revenue plan adopted was found to be unworkable, the fact that the larger assembly had been convened to deliberate on high policy did much to enhance its prestige. Meanwhile, Antwerp's bankers followed the money; they dealt not with government officials (who now had little disposable revenue) but with the provincial parliaments.
Toward a Workable Strategy for Defensive Warfare
Authors: Tracy James D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
When Prince Philip toured the Low Countries in 1549, lavish festivities allowed him to greet the great nobles who commanded Habsburg armies in the region, including young William of Orange. He also met the bankers, based in Antwerp, whose loans kept Habsburg armies marching, while eating up revenues, often pledged far in advance. From Castile Philip knew the ways of nobles and bankers. But nothing there prepared him for the politics of this country, a loose union of semi‐autonomous provinces; as heir apparent to Charles V, Philip had to be acclaimed separately by each local parliament, as duke of Brabant, count of Flanders, count of Holland and Zeeland, etc. Moreover, in solemn entries laid on by the towns, His Catholic Majesty had unpleasant reminders that Protestant doctrine was making inroads.
The New Fiscal Regime
Authors: Tracy James D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
Holland's rebel towns could only be defended by garrisons of professional soldiers, paid on time. To this end the States of Holland appropriated the sole reliable revenue stream: the provincial taxes that had hitherto funded Holland's debt. The Lords States (as they styled themselves) induced creditors to accept unsecured notes (underline obligatiën), and town corporations got burghers to subscribe to war loans. To satisfy those impatient for repayment, magistrates (with approval from the states) used properties confiscated from the Catholic Church, or from loyalists who had chosen exile instead of joining in the rebellion. Just as the Habsburg government had depended on the provinces to manage its finances, the States of Holland now depended on the towns to manage provincial finances.
Holland's Garden
Authors: Tracy James D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
With Spanish troops now gone, the Lords States could concentrate on “closing off” what they called “Holland's Garden”. This meant subjecting loyalist towns to Orange's authority; Amsterdam, hitherto a center of loyalism, was reunited with Holland by an internal coup (May 1578). One also had to reduce the war budget, by cutting back the number of mercenary companies; less‐desirable units were sent off to fight for the States General—leaving open the question of how they were to be paid. Finally, Holland itself could not be secure without a chain of fortified positions, not only along the the border, but also upstream at key points along the rivers flowing into Holland. In the Union of Utrecht, Holland agreed to pay for the defense of selected areas in neighboring provinces. The strategic goal, as one deputy put it, was to “fight the war on someone else's ground”.
Paying for an Ever More Expensive War
Authors: Tracy James D. 
Published: May 2008

Abstract
The provincial excise and land taxes had once funded Holland's underline renten. From 1572, these revenues, now called “the common means” (underline gemene middelen), were allocated to wages for garrison companies, both within and beyond Holland's borders. When fighting resumed after a two‐year lull, military costs rose steeply. Hence the states relied on war loans, many of which were raised from burghers by town magistrates, in keeping with quotas set by the states. As Holland's debt accumulated, some creditors agreed to renew their loans, others were put off with pleas for patience. For those demanding payment, some new source of revenue was needed. After difficult negotiations, Amsterdam settled outstanding differences with the Lords States late in 1581. This opened the door for a tax on real property (the underline verponding) that was to be dedicated to debt settlement.
TOMOGRAPHY USING MAGNIFYING OPTICS
Authors: Suzuki Yoshio , Toda Hiroyuki , Schroer Christian 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter describes the principles of Fresnel zone-plate (FZP) optics and imaging properties of FZP microscopy in the context of tomographic application. The limitation of zone-plate optics is discussed, and some typical examples of tomographic imaging experiment are shown. A brief introduction to reflective and refractive X-ray optics is presented since they are used for X-ray microscopy in the hard X-ray range relevant for materials research.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL X-RAY DIFFRACTION
Authors: Poulsen Henning Friis 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThree-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3DXRD) is a novel technique aimed at quick and non-destructive characterization of the individual elements within millimetre- to centimetre-sized specimens. It is based on two principles: the use of highly penetrating hard X-rays from a synchrotron source (X-ray energies above 30 keV) and the application of ‘tomographic” reconstruction algorithms for the analysis of the diffraction data. This chapter outlines the 3DXRD methodology with the focus on characterizing grains and orientations. The chapter is organized as follows. The 3DXRD setup is presented and 3DXRD strategies discussed. Then, the standard modes of operation are presented in more detail with emphasis on reconstruction principles and providing selected examples of use. Next, a novel method called diffraction contrast tomography is proposed — this is related to 3DXRD in the same way as bright-field and dark-field images are in transmission electron microscopy. Finally, the mathematics underlying the 3DXRD diffraction geometry and the representation of the crystallographic orientation are summarized.
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRON TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Midgley Paul A. , Weyland Matthew 
Published: May 2008

AbstractThis chapter reviews the fundamentals of electron tomography and highlights aspects that are unique to using electrons. Each imaging mode used for electron tomography is discussed. Their benefits and drawbacks are outlined with examples of the diverse range of materials now being studied. Topics covered include tomography using the electron microscope, alignment and reconstruction, bright-field and dark-field electron tomography, HAADF STEM tomography, and EFTEM tomography.