bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adapting to conversation as a language-impaired speaker: Changes in aphasic turn construction over time
Authors: Wilkinson Ray , Gower Morwenna , Beeke Suzanne , Maxim Jane 
Published: August 2007

AbstractUsing the methodology and findings of conversation analysis, we analyze changes in the talk of a man with aphasia (a language disorder acquired following brain damage) at two points in his spontaneous recovery period in the first months post-stroke. We note that in the earlier conversation (15 weeks post-stroke) two of the turn constructional methods he particularly makes use of are replacement (a form of repair) and extension. By the time of the latter conversation (30 weeks poststroke) these methods are less prevalent, while another repair operation, insertion, is now used in a particular way not seen in the earlier conversation. We suggest that these methods are means by which the aphasic speaker adapts his limited linguistic resources to the demands of constructing a turn-at-talk in conversation in order to lessen the extent of repair and delay with the turn and thus lessen the exposure of his linguistic noncompetence and his identity as ‘different’, ‘disabled’, or ‘language impaired’. These turn constructional methods are dynamic and change as the speaker recovers. We suggest that communication disorders such as aphasia can be problematic not only because of difficulties they can cause in conveying information or producing other social actions, but also because they can create difficulties in the presentation of self in everyday life.
Sample Preparation and Testing Methods for the Evaluation of Microcrystalline Waxes for the Seismic Protection of Art Objects
Authors: Crowley Anne , Laefer Debra F. , Fanning Mairead 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Use of microcrystalline waxes for the protection of ceramic art objects from seismic events is an inexpensive and relatively popular technique. Unfortunately, because of the high porosity of some ceramics and the fragility of their glazes and paints, the surface of many art objects may be vulnerable to damage from the microcrystalline wax. Thus, a conservative application approach is needed—applying only as much as is actually required for predicted levels of ground movement. Determining this quantity and verifying the best application technique (e.g., hot versus cold) has yet to be established. This paper presents the development of testing techniques to optimize the application of microcrystalline waxes; specifically, the pioneering of tensile and shear sample preparation. These procedures were applied to 70 tensile and 175 shear tests on paraffin wax, beeswax, and four microcrystalline waxes. Static testing methods demonstrated the clear superiority of certain products and average performance capabilities of up to 167 kN/m2 in tension and 89 kN/m2 in shear, under light loading.
BOOK REVIEWS
Authors: BURKE NANCY 
Published: August 2007

Multiple Medical Realities: Patients and Healers in Biomedical, Alternative and Traditional Medicine. Helle Johannessen and Imre Lazar, eds. New York: Berghahn Books, 2006. 202 pp. Spiritual Transformation and Healing: Anthropological, Theological, Neuroscientific, and Clinical Perspectives. Joan D. Koss‐Chioino and Philip Hefner, eds. Lanham, MD: AltaMira Press, 2006. 300 pp.
Blood Culture Results from Healthy Captive and Free-Ranging Elasmobranchs
Authors: Mylniczenko Natalie D. , Harris Brigita , Wilborn Rachel E. , Young Forrest A. 
Published: August 2007

Abstract
Blood culture is a diagnostic tool used in confirming bacterial disease in teleostean and elasmobranch fishes. Unlike teleosts, elasmobranchs have a normal microflora in multiple organs, but their blood has generally been considered to be sterile. In regular exams of elasmobranchs conducted at a public aquarium, occasional blood samples have tested positive on culture. This finding prompted a blood culture survey of healthy captive and wild elasmobranchs (sharks and stingrays), which showed that 26.7% of all animals were positive. Stingrays alone showed a 50% occurrence of positive blood cultures, although the total number of animals was low and freshwater species were included in this number. When elasmobranchs other than stingrays were evaluated according to metabolic category, pelagic animals had a higher percentage of positive cultures than nonpelagic animals (38.7% versus 13.9%). These results indicate that a single positive blood culture without other corroborating diagnostics is not sufficient to confirm septicemia in elasmobranchs.
High‐Resolution Nanoimprinting with a Robust and Reusable Polymer Mold
Authors: Barbero D. R. , Saifullah M. S. M. , Hoffmann P. , Mathieu H. J. , Anderson D. , Jones G. A. C. , Welland M. E. , Steiner U. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHigh temperature nanoimprinting of viscous polymers which are glassy at room temperature is usually performed using brittle and expensive molds made of inorganic materials. As a replacement, soft molds made of plastics or elastomers have been used because of their low cost and ease of fabrication. However, the deformation of polymer molds under pressure remains a major issue which limits their resolution in high temperature nanoimprinting. Moreover, the replicated structures are often broken or lack definition due to sticking of the embossed polymer to the mold. We report a method for imprinting fine, densely packed nanostructures down to 12 nm into a wide range of technologically important polymers using a flexible and robust mold made from ethylene(tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE). The high resolution achieved is due to the mold's mechanical stability and resistance to distortion at high pressures and high temperatures. The flexibility and low surface energy of ETFE provide a clean mold release without fracture or deformation of the embossed structures. Multiple imprinting and patterning on large areas is also made possible because of the good conformal contact and low‐adhesion of the ETFE mold. Finally, this simple and inexpensive method allows reproduction of the stamps from one single master, thus providing an economical alternative to expensive and brittle inorganic materials.
Hierarchically Ordered Polymer Films by Templated Organization of Aqueous Droplets
Authors: Park J. S. , Lee S. H. , Han T. H. , Kim S. O. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractHierarchically ordered structures facilitate the incorporation of diverse functions simultaneously. The present report introduces a simple and novel strategy for producing hierarchically ordered polymeric films. Hierarchical ordering of aqueous droplets on a polymer solution is realized by the imposition of physical confinement via various shaped gratings. After drying of the solution, well‐ordered hierarchical structures were fabricated in the remaining polymer film. The size of the grating structure and the lattice size of spontaneous hexagonally packed aqueous pores comprise two different length scales, thereby offering multiscale ordering. Interfacial wetting of the polymer solution to the grating surface was crucial in terms of obtaining a highly ordered structure that can be tuned by dissolving a small amount of surfactant in the polymer solution. The present novel approach provides a new opportunity for lithography‐free fabrication of complex hierarchical structures.
High Definition Digital Fabrication of Active Organic Devices by Molecular Jet Printing
Authors: Chen J. , Leblanc V. , Kang S. H. , Benning P. J. , Schut D. , Baldo M. A. , Schmidt M. A. , Bulović V. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractWe introduce a high resolution molecular jet (MoJet) printing technique for vacuum deposition of evaporated thin films and apply it to fabrication of 30 μm pixelated (800 ppi) molecular organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) based on aluminum tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) (Alq3) and fabrication of narrow channel (15 μm) organic field effect transistors (OFETs) with pentacene channel and silver contacts. Patterned printing of both organic and metal films is demonstrated, with the operating properties of MoJet‐printed OLEDs and OFETs shown to be comparable to the performance of devices fabricated by conventional evaporative deposition through a metal stencil. We show that the MoJet printing technique is reconfigurable for digital fabrication of arbitrary patterns with multiple material sets and high print accuracy (of better than 5 μm), and scalable to fabrication on large area substrates. Analogous to the concept of “drop‐on‐demand” in Inkjet printing technology, MoJet printing is a “flux‐on‐demand” process and we show it capable of fabricating multi‐layer stacked film structures, as needed for engineered organic devices.
The Effects of Multiphase Formation on Strain Relaxation and Magnetization in Multiferroic BiFeO3 Thin Films
Authors: Lim S. H. , Murakami M. , Sarney W. L. , Ren S. Q. , Varatharajan A. , Nagarajan V. , Fujino S. , Wuttig M. , Takeuchi I. , Salamanca‐Riba L. G. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractMultiferroic epitaxial Bi‐Fe‐O thin films of different thicknesses (15–500 nm) were grown on SrTiO3 (001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition under various oxygen partial pressures to investigate the microstructural evolution in the Bi‐Fe‐O system and its effect on misfit strain relaxation and on the magnetic properties of the films. Films grown at low oxygen partial pressure show the canted antiferromagnetic phase α‐Fe2O3 embedded in a matrix of BiFeO3. The ferromagnetic phase, γ‐Fe2O3 is found to precipitate inside the α‐Fe2O3 grains. The formation of these phases changes the magnetic properties of the films and the misfit strain relaxation mechanism. The multiphase films exhibit both highly strained and fully relaxed BiFeO3 regions in the same film. The magnetization in the multiphase Bi‐Fe‐O films is controlled by the presence of the γ‐Fe2O3 phase rather than heteroepitaxial strain as it is the case in pure single phase BiFeO3. Also, our results show that this unique accommodation of misfit strain by the formation of α‐Fe2O3 gives rise to significant enhancement of the piezo electric properties of BiFeO3.
Mesocellular Silica Foam as an Epoxy Polymer Reinforcing Agent
Authors: Park I. , Pinnavaia T. J. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractA new type of mechanically improved rubbery epoxy composite is demonstrated based on the use of a mesocellular silica foam, denoted MSU‐F, as the reinforcement agent. The silica exhibits a surface area of 540 m2 g–1, a cell size of 26.5 nm (14.9 nm window size) and a pore volume of 2.2 cm3 g–1. Most notably, the silica foam particles readily disperse in the epoxy matrix without the need for an organic surface modifier or dispersing agent. Relative to the pristine polymer, the tensile modulus, strength, strain‐at‐break, and toughness for the mesocomposites are systematically enhanced at relatively low silica loading over the range 1–9 wt %. Moreover, all of these benefits are realized without a sacrifice in thermal stability or optical transparency of the polymer. The results demonstrate that silica in mesocellular foam form can provide polymer reinforcement far beyond the level realized for non‐porous silica or silica with small mesopores at the same weight loading.
Engineering Functional Collagen Scaffolds: Cyclical Loading Increases Material Strength and Fibril Aggregation
Authors: Cheema U. , Chuo C.‐B. , Sarathchandra P. , Nazhat S. N. , Brown R. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractVariation in collagen fibril diameter in nature is a major factor determining biological material properties. However, the mechanism resulting in this fibril diameter difference is not clear and generally assumed to be cell‐dependent. It is certainly not possible so far to engineer this into implantable scaffold materials. This gap in our knowledge is crucial for the fabrication of truly biomimetic tissue‐like materials. We have tested the idea that fibril diameter can be regulated directly without cell involvement, using cyclical mechanical loading to promote fibril fusion. Specific loading regimes increased collagen fibril diameter (> 2 fold) in direct relation to cycle number, whilst thin fibrils disappeared. Tensile properties increased, producing a 4.5 fold rise in break strength. This represents the first demonstration of direct cyclical load‐promoted fibril fusion and provides a direct relation with material properties. The ability to control material properties in this way makes it possible to fabricate truly biomimetic collagen materials without cells.
Intranuclear rod myopathy: molecular pathogenesis and mechanisms of weakness
Authors: Domazetovska Ana , Ilkovski Biljana , Kumar Vikash , Valova Valentina A. , Vandebrouck Aurelie , Hutchinson David O. , Robinson Phillip J. , Cooper Sandra T. , Sparrow John C. , Peckham Michelle , North Kathryn N. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractObjectiveMutations in the α‐skeletal actin gene (ACTA1) result in a variety of inherited muscle disorders characterized by different pathologies and variable clinical phenotypes. Mutations at Val163 in ACTA1 result in pure intranuclear rod myopathy; however, the molecular mechanisms by which mutations at Val163 lead to intranuclear rod formation and muscle weakness are unknown.Methods and ResultsWe investigated the effects of the Val163Met mutation in ACTA1 in tissue culture and Drosophila models, and in patient muscle. In cultured cells, the mutant actin tends to aggregate rather than incorporate into cytoplasmic microfilaments, and it affects the dynamics of wild‐type actin, causing it to accumulate with the mutant actin in the nucleus. In Drosophila, the Val163Met mutation severely disrupts the structure of the muscle sarcomere. The intranuclear aggregates in patient muscle biopsies impact on nuclear structure and sequester normal Z‐disc–associated proteins within the nucleus; however, the sarcomeric structure is relatively well preserved, with evidence of active regeneration. By mass spectrometry, the levels of mutant protein are markedly reduced in patient muscle compared with control.InterpretationData from our tissue culture and Drosophila models show that the Val163Met mutation in α‐skeletal actin can affect the dynamics of other actin isoforms and severely disrupt sarcomeric structure, processes that can contribute to muscle weakness. However, in human muscle, there is evidence of regeneration, and the mutant protein tends to aggregate rather than incorporate into cytoplasmic microfilaments in cells. These are likely compensatory processes that ameliorate the effects of the mutant actin and contribute to the milder clinical and pathological disease phenotype. Ann Neurol 2007
Aluminium production options with a focus on the use of a hydrogen anode: a review
Authors: Namboothiri Sankar , Taylor Mark P. , Chen John J. J. , Hyland Margaret M. , Cooksey Mark 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe Hall–Héroult process for the production of aluminium uses a consumable carbon anode. Owing to the environmental effects of the consumable carbon anodes, the primary aluminium industry is under increasing pressure to improve on the Hall–Héroult process to make it more environmentally friendly. Inert anodes would provide a major technical revolution, as they may yield significant cost, energy and environmental benefits. However, no fully acceptable inert anode material has been developed to date. Other alternative technologies had been investigated and tested, but with little success so far. The use of a hydrogen anode for the production of aluminium is an interesting concept, as it will have the same reversible voltage as a carbon anode in a conventional Hall–Héroult cell, and it will considerably reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This paper reviews the various process options for aluminium electrowinning with a focus on the application of hydrogen anode in aluminium electrowinning. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biodegradation of low‐density polyethylene/thermoplastic starch foams before and after electron beam irradiation
Authors: Senna Magdy M. , Yossef Ateyat M. , Hossam Fatma M. , El‐Naggar Abdel Wahab M. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractFoamy low‐density polyethylene/plasticized starch (LDPE/PLST) blends at different compositions were produced in the presence of azodicarbonamide (ACA) compound as foaming agent. The LDPE/PLST blends before and after electron beam irradiation were investigated in terms of mechanical properties, bulk density, and structure morphology. Moreover, the biodegradability of these materials was evaluated by the soil burial test for 2 months, in which the buried sheets were also examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results showed that the increase of PLST content from 24 to 30% was accompanied by a decrease in the yield and break stresses of 10 and 20% for the unirradiated blends without the foaming agent, respectively. Further decrease in these mechanical parameters was observed after the foaming process. The bulk density, void fraction, cell size measurements as well as the examination by SEM illustrate clearly the cell growth of the foam structure. The soil burial test and SEM micrographs indicate the growth of microorganisms overall the blend sheets and that the blend was completely damaged after two months of burying. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Effects of the tacticities of poly(vinyl alcohol) on the structure and morphology of poly(vinyl alcohol) nanowebs prepared by electrospinning
Authors: Lim Hyun Ju , Lee Sung Jun , Bae Han Jo , Noh Seok Kyun , Lee Yong Rok , Han Sung Soo , Jeon Han Yong , Park Won Ho , Lyoo Won Seok 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe effects of tacticities on the characteristics of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) nanowebs prepared by an electrospinning technique were investigated. PVA webs composed of uniform nanofibers with syndiotactic dyad (s‐dyad) contents of 53.5 and 57.3% were successfully obtained with electrospinning. By changing processing parameters such as the initial polymer concentration, applied voltage, and tip‐to‐collector distance, we found suitable conditions for forming PVA webs with uniform nanofibers. PVAs of higher s‐dyad contents were prepared at a lower solution concentration and at a higher applied voltage because of the easy formation of syndiotactic PVA chain entanglements at a very low polymer concentration. The average diameter of the nanofibers in a PVA web with the higher s‐dyad content of 57.3% (ca. 240 nm) was thinner than that of the nanofibers in a PVA web with the lowers‐dyad content of 53.5% (ca. 270 nm). In addition, the crystallinity and thermal stability were greatly increased with an increase in the s‐dyad content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Studies on curing and thermal behavior of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A and benzoxazine mixtures
Authors: Jain Ritu , Narula A. K. , Choudhary Veena 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThis article describes the synthesis and characterization of benzoxazine monomers prepared by reacting the mixture of amine (aniline [A], 3‐chloroaniline [C], o‐toluidine [T]) and phenol (bisphenol‐A [B], phenol [P]) with formaldehyde [F]. The benzoxazine monomers prepared by reacting B and F with A, C, and T have been designated as BAF, BCF, and BTF, respectively. Structural characterization of benzoxazines was done using FTIR, 1H NMR, and elemental analysis. The curing behavior of benzoxazine monomers was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry in the presence of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A (DGEBA). In all the samples, the molar ratio of benzoxazine monomer:DGEBA, was varied as 1 :0, 3 : 1, 1 : 1, and 1 :3. The peak exotherm temperature (Tp) was lowest in all the samples having molar ratio of 3 : 1 benzoxazine:DGEBA and highest in samples having molar ratio of 1 : 3. The heat of polymerization (ΔH) was found to be maximum during curing of mixture of DGEBA and benzoxazine monomer prepared from phenol, aniline and formaldehyde (PAF). Thermal stability of benzoxazines:DGEBA mixture cured isothermally was evaluated by recording thermogravimetric traces in nitrogen atmosphere. The char yield was highest for a mixture having benzoxazine : DGEBA in the ratio of 3 : 1. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Design and preparation of μ‐bimodal porous scaffold for tissue engineering
Authors: Salerno A. , Oliviero M. , Di Maio E. , Iannace S. , Netti P. A. 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe aim of this study was to prepare poly‐ϵ‐caprolactone (PCL) foams, with a well‐defined micrometric and bimodal open‐pore dimension distribution, suitable as scaffolds for tissue engineering. The porous network pathway was designed without using toxic agents by combining gas foaming (GF) and selective polymer extraction techniques. PCL was melt‐mixed with thermoplastic gelatin (TG) in concentrations ranging from 40 to 60 wt %, to achieve a cocontinuous blend morphology. The blends were subsequently gas foamed by using N2‐CO2 mixtures, with N2 amount ranging from 0 to 80 vol %. Foaming temperature was changed from 38 to 110°C and different pressure drop rates were used. After foaming, TG was removed by soaking in H2O. The effect of blend compositions and GF process parameters on foam morphologies was investigated. Results showed that different combinations of TG weight ratios and GF parameters allowed the modulation of macroporosity fraction, microporosity dimension, and degree of interconnection. By optimizing the process parameters it was possible to tailor the morphologies of highly interconnected PCL scaffolds for tissue engineering. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Thermal expansion and mechanical properties of phenolic resin/ZrW2O8 composites
Authors: Tani Jun‐ichi , Kimura Hajime , Hirota Ken , Kido Hiroyasu 
Published: August 2007

AbstractPhenolic resin/ZrW2O8 composites were successfully fabricated and their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) as well as mechanical properties was investigated. The CTE of the composites decreases from 46 × 10–6 to 14 × 10–6 K−1 when the ZrW2O8 volume fraction increases from 0 to 52 vol %. The CTE of the composites is analyzed by some theoretical models; Schapery's upper bound provides the best estimate of the reduction in CTE. The Barcol hardness of the composites increases with an increase in the ZrW2O8 volume fraction. The bending strength of the composites with 19–25 vol % of ZrW2O8 fillers shows a maximum value of 130 MPa, which is 45% larger than that of phenolic resin without fillers. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Intellectual property, genetically modified crops and bioethics
Authors: Adcock Mike 
Published: August 2007

AbstractThe implementation of a new technology is almost always surrounded by a debate on the moral and social implications that may arise. The debate with regard to genetically modified (GM) crops has been one of the longest and most controversial. However, one area of the debate that receives less attention is the role that intellectual property can play. The introduction of an effective and yet appropriate intellectual property system addressing society's particular needs can eliminate some of these issues. This paper looks at whether the situation in Europe is meeting our current needs and also addresses the role intellectual property can play in the debate over the introduction of GM crops in developing countries.