bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Osteogenesis of Osteoblast Seeded Polyurethane‐Hydroxyapatite Scaffolds in Nude Mice
Authors: Hill Christopher M. , An Yuehuei H. , Kang Quian K. , Hartsock Langdon A. , Gogolewski Sylwester , Gorna Katarzyna 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummary: Biodegradable porous polyurethane (PU) scaffolds were used in a tissue engineering approach to create new bone. Two groups of elastomeric bioresorbable PU disks were seeded with osteoblasts and implanted into nude mice. One group had disks of pure PU while the other group had disks of PU‐ hydroxyapatite composite (PU‐HA). After 5 weeks both groups showed radiographic and histologic evidence of significant bone formation. As the new bone formed it replaced the PU scaffolds. Although not statistically significant, there was a trend toward more bone formation in the PU‐HA group. Bioresorbable PU shows promise for use in bone tissue engineering.
In Vitro and In Vivo Biocompatibility Testing of Absorbable Metal Stents
Authors: Loos Anneke , Rohde Roland , Haverich Axel , Barlach Sabine 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSummary: Permanent metallic stent implants are the most frequently applied treatment option in angioplastic interventions. Here we report in vitro and in vivo characteristics of the newly developed absorbable metal stent (AMS), consisting of magnesium (Mg) with yttrium and rare earth additives, in comparison to the clinically applied steel stent (316L). Viability and proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) and endothelial cells (EC) exposed to various Mg‐alloys were analyzed. AMS and 316L were implanted into coronary arteries of Göttingen minipigs (n = 17) and explanted after 28 and 56 days. Stented arterial segments were analyzed prior to explantation by angiography and ex vivo by micro‐computer tomography (micro‐CT), by histology, and by immunohistochemistry. Exposure to the alloy in vitro resulted in reduced viability and proliferation of smooth muscle cells. Consistently, larger luminal diameter and less neointimal formation were found in AMS both 28 and 56 days after implantation. Histological analysis revealed no significant differences in the number of macrophages and Ki‐67 positive cells, yet a significantly higher number of proliferating cells around 316L struts at the earlier time point. The reduction in neointima formation and a larger vessel lumen indicates the superiority of the recently developed AMS over commercial available steel stents. Furthermore, AMS is absorbable, and thus will not cause stress to the stented vessel for the lifetime of the recipient.
Diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A epoxy resin modified using poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent tert‐butyl groups
Authors: Francis Bejoy , Thomas Sabu , Sadhana R. , Thuaud Nicole , Ramaswamy R. , Jose Seno , Rao V. Lakshmana 
Published: July 2007

AbstractBisphenol‐A‐based difunctional epoxy resin was modified with poly(ether ether ketone) with pendent tert‐butyl groups (PEEKT). PEEKT was synthesized by the nucleophilic substitution reaction of 4,4′‐difluoro benzophenone with tert‐butyl hydroquinone in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone. Blends with various amounts of PEEKT were prepared by melt‐mixing. All the blends were homogeneous in the uncured state. The glass transition temperature of the binary epoxy/PEEKT blends was predicted using several equations. Reaction‐induced phase separation was found to occur upon curing with a diamine 4,4′‐diaminodiphenyl sulfone. The phase morphology of the blends was studied using scanning electron microscopy. From the micrographs, it was found that PEEKT‐rich phase was dispersed in a continuous epoxy matrix. The domain size increased with the amount of PEEKT in the blends. The increase in domain size was due to the coalescence of the domains after phase separation. Dynamic mechanical analysis of the blends gave two peaks corresponding to epoxy‐rich phase and thermoplastic‐rich phase. The tensile strength and modulus of the blends remained close to that of the unmodified resin, while the flexural properties decreased with the addition of PEEKT to epoxy resin. The fracture toughness of the epoxy resin increased with the addition of PEEKT. Investigation of the fracture surfaces revealed evidences for local plastic deformation of the matrix, crack pinning, crack path deflection, and ductile tearing of PEEKT‐rich phase. Thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the initial decomposition temperature of the blends were close to that of the unmodified resin. Finally, the properties of the blends were compared with other modified PEEK/epoxy blends. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 45: 2481–2496, 2007
Extracting circular road signs using specific color distinction and region limitation
Authors: Matsuura Daisuke , Yamauchi Hitoshi , Takahashi Hiromitsu 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThere is now vigorous research on the intelligent transport system (ITS), and also on the advanced cruise‐assist highway system (AHS), which is one of the ITS components. An element of the AHS is the system that extracts and recognizes road signs from color road images to alert the driver. This paper proposes a new technique that can extract circular road signs in a practical processing time. The proposed method first discriminates the color used in the road sign (specific color) from the input color road image. Then, the target region for extraction is limited on the basis of the color distribution, so that the processing time is drastically reduced. Furthermore, by using the area ratio of the specific color in the extraction region, the extraction accuracy is improved and the processing time is reduced. In evaluation experiment using 53 color road images, a high detection rate of 94.7% was achieved. The average processing time was approximately 2.18 seconds, which is close to practical. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 90– 99, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10396
A system for measuring cell division patterns of early Caenorhabditis elegans embryos by using image processing and object tracking
Authors: Hamahashi Shugo , Kitano Hiroaki , Onami Shuichi 
Published: July 2007

AbstractCell division patterns provide crucial information for understanding the mechanisms of development of multicellular organisms. These patterns are measured manually by long‐term microscopic observation or by studying large numbers of images taken by using time‐lapse microscope systems. Because manual measurement limits the objectivity and productivity of measurement, the comprehensive cell division pattern analysis of gene knockdown embryos has been difficult. Here, we present a system that automatically measures the cell division pattern of Caenorhabditis elegans embryos from the 1‐ to 24‐cell stages with high levels of objectivity and productivity. The system automatically detects the nuclei in a set of four‐dimensional differential interference contrast microscope images of a C. elegans embryo by using image processing and measures the cell division pattern by tracking the detected nuclei over time. This system enables a comprehensive cell division pattern analysis of gene knockdown C. elegans embryos. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 38(11): 12–24, 2007; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.20783
Wind turbine power and sound in relation to atmospheric stability
Authors: van den Berg G. P. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractAtmospheric stability cannot, with respect to modern, tall wind turbines, be viewed as a ‘small perturbation to a basic neutral state’. This can be demonstrated by comparison of measured wind velocity at the height of the rotor with the wind velocity expected in a neutral or ‘standard’ atmosphere. Atmospheric stability has a significant effect on wind shear and increases the power production substantially relative to a neutral atmosphere. This conclusion from Dutch data is corroborated by other published wind shear data from the temperate climate zone. The increase in wind shear due to atmospheric stability also has a significant effect on the sound emission, causing it to be substantially higher than predicted from near‐ground wind velocity and a neutral atmosphere, resulting in a higher noise impact on neighbouring residences. Several measures are proposed to mitigate the noise impact. To reduce noise levels, the rotational speed can be controlled with the near‐ground wind speed or sound level as the control input. To reduce the fluctuation in the sound (‘blade thumping’), it is suggested to adjust the blade pitch angle of the rotating blades continuously. To prevent stronger fluctuations at night due to the coincidence of thumps from several turbines, it is suggested to add random variations in pitch angle, mimicking the effect of large‐scale turbulent fluctuations in daytime. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of passive instability suppression means on pitch‐regulated wind turbines
Authors: Riziotis V. A. , Voutsinas S. G. , Politis E. S. , Chaviaropoulos P. K. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe significance of three types of design modifications in view of defining passive means to extend the stability bounds of modern wind turbines is assessed in this paper. The first concerns the use of optimized airfoil shapes on a fixed blade planform while the other two concern the increase of structural flexibility by either bringing closer the flap and lead‐lag mode frequencies or introducing a soft yaw connection. Such an exploration of the stability envelope aims at providing the necessary understanding of the mechanisms that control aeroelastic damping and therefore at identifying means for improving the stability behaviour of the lowest damped system modes. Stability calculations are performed in the context of linear eigenvalue analysis using a state‐of‐the‐art stability tool. The model accounts for the full wind turbine configuration and the eigenvalue problem is formulated with reference to the non‐rotating (ground‐fixed) frame of reference through the multi‐blade transformation of all the rotating degrees of freedom. Results are presented in reference to a commercial multi‐MW, pitch‐regulated, variable‐speed wind turbine. They indicate that the soft yaw concept offers more significant margins of improvement compared with the flap‐lag coincidence, while aerodynamic optimization could be a basis for improvement. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Toxic weed seed contaminants in soybean processing
Authors: List G. R. , Spencer G. F. , Hunt W. Haward 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSoybeans are subject to potential contamination from toxic weed seeds during harvest, transportation and storage. The more common foreign seeds include those from jimsonweed, cocklebur, nightshade, cowcockle, corncockle, morning glory, castor, pokeweed, and crotalaria. This review addresses itself to the chemistry and toxic principles of these contaminants. Since jimsonweed seeds are probably the most toxic and most prevalent contaminant of soybeans, they are discussed in greatest detail. A gas liquid Chromatographic method for the determination of tropane alkaloids in jimsonweed seeds is described together with the results from analyses of 11 samples found in grain shipments. Results of a nationwide survey of jimsonweed seeds in soybean samples are also included. The fate of jimsonweed seed alkaloids during solvent extraction of contaminated soybeans and alkali Refining of crude oil was investigated. Extraction of a 50:50 mixture of soybeans and jimsonweed seeds with petroleum ether yielded meal and crude oil fractions; chemical analysis showed that virtually all the alkaloids remained in the meal. Alkali refining effectively removed atropine added to crude soybean oil.
Removal of phytate from soy protein
Authors: Hartman Grant H. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractPhytate, as a minor constituent of soybeans, has been reported to interfere with the dietary mineral absorption of mammals. Commercial soy protein isolate contains 2–3% tightly bound phytate. Practifrom soy protein materials. However, in this reported process, the phytate content was reduced to extremely low levels using commercially feasible processing techniques. The first step of this process was the extraction of water soluble components from soy flakes using routine commercial procedures. In the second step, the extract was adjusted to pH 11.6 at 28 C to insolubilize the phytate. The phytate was removed by centrifugation or vacuum filtration. Neutralization followed the phytate removal. The temperature and pH are critical for phytate removal but also must be carefully controlled to prevent protein degradation. Lysinoalanine was not detected nor was cysteine or other amino acids found to be degraded. The third step of this process was purification of the protein. In this case, the low phytate soy extract was purified by Ultrafiltration until permeate equivalent to 1/2 times the volume of the extract was collected. The phytate and phosphorus contents of the resulting soy protein isolate were 0.1 and 0.2%, respectively, compared to 2.6 and 0.8 for typical commercial soy protein isolate. The PER was significantly better than an acid isolate prepared from the same soy flakes or the commercial soy isolate tested. The retenate obtained after purification by Ultrafiltration was a translucent liquid with a protein content of 5–6%. This protein was in a very soluble form and was stable to heat.
Variations in lipid composition among chickpea cultivars
Authors: Sosulski F. W. , Gadan H. M. 
Published: July 2007

AbstractSeeds of 60 cultivars of chickpea,Cicer arietinum, from three countries were dehulled and the ground cotyledons evaluated for composition of lipids and lipoxygenase. the average lipid contents of Iraqi‐, Indian‐and Canadian‐grown samples were 5.3, 6.6 and 7.3%, respectively. While palmitic and stearic acids were uniformly about 9.3 and 1.5% of total fatty acids in the lipids, the proportions of oleic and linoleic acids varied from 36 and 50% for Iraqi samples to 17 and 68% for Canadian‐grown samples, respectively. Linolenic acid values ranged from 2.1 to 4.5% of total fatty aids and, with lipoxygenase activities averaging one‐half that of soybean, the potential for oxidative rancidity in chickpea flours was substantial, especially in northern‐grown samples.
Solution properties of mixed surfactant system sodium dodecyl sulfate and alkyl polyoxyethylene ether system
Authors: Ogino Keizo , Kakihara Toshlaki , Uchiyama Hirotaka , Abe Masahiko 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe effect of oxyethylene groups in a nonionic surfactant on the solution properties of anionicnonionic systems is described; these systems are sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)—hexadecyl polyoxyethylene ethers (C16POEn, where n=10, 20, 30 and 40). The degree of ionic dissociation of the mixed micelles decreases with increasing numbers of oxyethylene groups in the nonionic surfactant. As polyoxyethylene chain lengths increase, the electrical conductivities of the mixed surfactant solutions decrease, in spite of the decrease in activation energy for conduction. The radius of the mixed micelle with the electric double layer is larger for a nonionic surfactant having a shorter polyoxyethylene chain length than for one having a long polyoxyethylene chain. This may be attributed to the fact that the mixed micelle is formed more easily by a nonionic surfactant with a shorter polyoxyethylene chain length than by one with a longer chain.
Removal of triglycerides from hard surfaces by surfactants: An ellipsometry study
Authors: Bäckström Kjell , Engström Sven 
Published: July 2007

AbstractThe removal of triglycerides from hard surfaces by surfactants was studied by means of ellipsometry. Various surfactants were examined, and as the nonionic surfactants of the alkyl polyoxyethylene type proved to be most efficient, they were studied in particular detail. The influence of factors such as surfactant critical micelle concentration, the length of the polyoxyethylene chain in the nonionic surfactants, the pH, the temperature, and the agitation were investigated. The cleaning process involves many consecutive steps on the molecular level, and the measurements provide interesting information about the cleaning mechanism.
Taste acuity in response to zinc supplementation in older Europeans
Authors: Stewart-Knox Barbara J. , Simpson Ellen E.A. , Parr Heather , Rae Gordon , Polito Angela , Intorre Federica , Andriollo Sanchez Maud , Meunier Natalie , O'Connor Jacqueline M. , Maiani Giuseppe , Coudray Charles , Strain J. J. 
Published: July 2007

Taste acuity declines with age and may be dependent upon Zn status. The aim of the present double-blind, randomised controlled intervention trial has been to determine taste acuity in response to Zn supplementation (placebo, or 15 or 30 mg Zn/d). Healthy older European adults aged 70–87 years were recruited within Italy (Rome) (n 108) and France (Grenoble) (n 91) to the European Commission-funded Zenith project. A signal detection theory approach was adopted for taste assessment. The data were converted to R indices and analysed by repeated-measures ANOVA controlling for baseline taste acuity as well as serum and erythrocyte Zn. Serum Zn increased post-intervention, indicating compliance with the intervention. Results differed across geographical region. Salt taste acuity was greater in response to Zn (30 mg) than placebo post-intervention among those recruited in Grenoble. There was no apparent change in acuity for sweet, sour or bitter taste in response to Zn. Supplemented Zn may have potential to enhance salt taste acuity in those over the age of 70 years. Further research is required to determine if enhanced salt taste acuity is reflected in the eating experiences of older individuals.
Children's estimates of food portion size: the effect of timing of dietary interview on the accuracy of children's portion size estimates
Authors: Foster E. , O'Keeffe M. , Matthews J. N. S. , Mathers J. C. , Nelson M. , Barton K. L. , Wrieden W. L. , Adamson A. J. 
Published: July 2007

For food intakes to be converted into nutrient intakes a measure or estimate of the amount of food consumed is required. A number of methods have been developed to assist subjects in providing an estimate of portion size. Children's ability to use perception, conceptualisation and memory skills to estimate food portion size has not been investigated systematically. The aim of the present study was to test the effect of the timing of a dietary interview on the accuracy of estimates of food portion sizes made by children, using food photographs, food models and an interactive portion size assessment system, developed for use with children and based on portion sizes of foods consumed by children. Children (n 108) aged 4–14 years were supplied with known quantities of foods and asked to estimate the portion size of each food using each of the three portion size assessment tools. Interviews took place (a) with the food in view, (b) just after the child had eaten the food or (c) 24 h after the child had eaten the food. There were no significant differences in children's ability to estimate food portion size (either as served or as eaten) with timing of interview. That is, children were as accurate in their estimates of portion size 24 h after consuming the food as when the food was in view. Under these conditions many children were able to estimate food portion size utilising perception, conceptualisation and memory skills.
Parasite and maternal risk factors for malnutrition in preschool-age children in Belen, Peru using the new WHO Child Growth Standards
Authors: Casapía Martin , Joseph Serene A. , Núñez Carmen , Rahme Elham , Gyorkos Theresa W. 
Published: July 2007

Child malnutrition, including wasting, underweight and stunting, is associated with infections, poor nutrient intake, and environmental and socio-demographic factors. Preschool-age children are especially vulnerable due to their high growth requirements. To target interventions for preschool-age children in a community of extreme poverty in Peru, we conducted a household survey between October 2005 and January 2006 to determine the prevalence of malnutrition and its risk factors. Of 252 children < 5 years old, the prevalence of wasting, underweight and stunting was 26·6, 28·6 and 32·1 %, respectively, based on the new WHO Child Growth Standards. Risk factors for wasting were: (1) moderate–high intensity Trichuris infection (OR 2·50; 95 % CI 1·06, 5·93); (2) hookworm infection (OR 6·67; 95 % CI 1·08, 41·05); (3) age (OR6-month 1·27; 95 % CI 1·11, 1·46); (4) maternal education (secondary incomplete) (OR 5·77; 95 % CI 2·38, 13·99); and (5) decreasing maternal BMI (OR1 kg/m2 1·12; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·23). Risk factors for underweight were: (1) moderate–high intensity Trichuris infection (OR 4·74; 95 % CI 1·99, 11·32); (2) age (OR6-month 1·22; 95 % CI 1·07, 1·38); (3) maternal education (secondary incomplete) (OR 2·92; 95 % CI 1·40, 6·12); and (4) decreasing maternal BMI (OR1 kg/m2 1·11; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·21). Risk factors for stunting were: (1) age (OR6-month 1·14; 95 % CI 1·02, 1·27) and (2) decreasing maternal height (OR1 cm 1·12; 95 % CI 1·06, 1·20). Overall, risk factors for malnutrition included both child and maternal determinants. Based on these data, locally appropriate and cost-effective dietary, de-worming and educational programmes should be targeted to mothers and preschool-age children.
A simple method for analysing the major volatile compounds of Asyrtiko wines subjected to pre-fermentative skin maceration
Authors: SYMEOU E. , GALIOTOU-PANAYOTOU M. , KECHAGIA D. , KOTSERIDIS Y. 
Published: July 2007

SUMMARYA fast and simple method for analysing volatile compounds in Asyrtiko wines has been developed, with good reproducibility and suitability for routine analysis, and which is able to quantify many of the major odorant compounds in a single chromatographic run. The method allows satisfactory determination of fusel alcohols and their acetates, short-chain fatty acids and their ethyl esters. The linear dynamic range of the method covers the normal range of occurrence of analytes in wine, with typicalrvalues of 0·992–0·999. Reproducibility ranges from 0·036 to 0·092 (as relative standard deviation; RSD). The method was applied for two consecutive years to wines from cv. Asyrtiko from Santorini, in order to establish the effect of pre-fermentative cryomaceration on the odorant compound levels of the resulting wines. Pre-fermentative cryomaceration significantly increased the levels of hexan-1-ol for both the vintages studied, while hexanoic acid and 2-phenylethyl acetate levels were higher in the classical vinification samples. The vintage (year) effect was important. Difference tests revealed significant differences between the samples using sensory analysis tests but preference tests did not reveal any preference for one or other treatment.