bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-6, serum amyloid A, haptoglobin, and cortisol concentrations in sows following intramammary inoculation of Escherichia coli
Authors: Zhu Yaohong , Österlundh Ingrid , Hultén Fredrik , Magnusson Ulf 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines, acute-phase proteins, and cortisol differ at parturition among 3 categories of sows (noninoculated, clinically affected and nonaffected following intramammary inoculation withEscherichia coli).Animals—16 sows.Procedure—Sows were allocated to inoculated (n = 12) or noninoculated (4) groups. Inoculated sows received intramammary administration ofE coli(serotype O127) during the 24-hour period preceding parturition. Blood samples were collected from noninoculated and inoculated sows for 3 consecutive days within 3 to 11 days before farrowing and inoculation. Samples were also collected 0, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after farrowing and inoculation. Inoculated sows were further categorized as affected (4 sows) or nonaffected (8 sows) based on clinical signs of disease. Serum tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, plasma interleukin (IL)-6, and serum amyloid A (SAA) concentrations were measured by use of ELISA; serum haptoglobin concentration was assayed by use of a hemoglobin- binding method; and plasma cortisol concentration was determined by use of radioimmunoassay.Results—Plasma or serum concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and SAA of both categories of inoculated sows were significantly increased by 24 hours after intramammary inoculation ofE coli, compared with concentrations in noninoculated sows. Concentrations of serum TNF-α and plasma IL-6 were significantly higher in inoculated sows that developed clinical mastitis than in nonaffected inoculated sows.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Concentrations of TNF-α and IL-6 are promising markers for the identification of periparturient sows with subclinical coliform mastitis. Identification of such sows should help improve the health and survival of piglets. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:1434–1439)
Pulsed-wave Doppler ultrasonographic evaluation of hepatic veins during variable hemodynamic states in healthy anesthetized dogs
Authors: Smithenson Bryan Todd , Mattoon John S. , Bonagura John D. , Abrahamsen Eric J. , Drost William Tod 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objectives—To quantify direction and velocity of
blood flow in hepatic veins in dogs under different
hemodynamic conditions by use of pulsed-wave
Doppler ultrasonography.

Animals—10 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and venous
flow velocities in the quadrate lobe were measured.
Arterial blood pressure, right atrial pressure,
pulmonary artery pressure, and cardiac output
were measured simultaneously. The timing of each
waveform during the cardiac cycle was used to
identify velocity profiles. Peak waveform velocities
were measured during conditions of light anesthesia
with isoflurane (baseline; period 1), cardiovascular
depression following administration of highdose
isoflurane and esmolol IV (period 2), cardiovascular
depression with crystalloid volume expansion
(period 3), and high cardiac output induced
with dobutamine (period 4). Hemodynamic measurements
and maximum waveform velocities
were compared among the 4 periods by use of an
ANOVA and univariate and multivariate linear
regression.

Results—During each study period, 4 distinct, lowvelocity
waves were identified. Mean velocities
recorded during period 1 were as follows: retrograde
atrial contraction a-wave, 7.3 cm/s; antegrade systolic
S-wave, 15.0 cm/s; retrograde venous return v-wave,
2.7 cm/s; and antegrade diastolic D-wave, 11.4 cm/s.
Mean S:D ratio was 1.27. During periods 3 and 4, Swave
velocity increased; D-wave velocity was highest
during period 4.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Consistent
hepatic venous velocity profiles were observed in
healthy dogs under different hemodynamic conditions.
These findings provide baseline values that may
be useful in evaluating clinical cases, but further study
involving healthy, awake dogs and dogs with cardiac
and hepatic diseases is required. (Am J Vet Res
2004;65:734–740)
Composition of cerebrospinal fluid in clinically normal adult ferrets
Authors: Platt Simon R. , Dennis Patricia M. , McSherry Leo J. , Chrisman Cheryl L. , Bennett R. Avery 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the protein and cellular composition of CSF in healthy adult ferrets.Animals—42 clinically normal adult ferrets.Procedure—CSF samples were collected from the cerebellomedullary cistern of anesthetized ferrets by use of disposable 25-gauge, 1.6-cm-long hypodermic needles. Samples were processed within 20 minutes after collection. The number of WBCs and RBCs per microliter of CSF was counted by use of a hemacytometer. The total protein concentration was determined by use of an automated chemistry analyzer.Results—Total WBC counts (range, 0 to 8 cells/µL; mean, 1.59 cells/µL) in CSF of ferrets were similar to reference range values obtained for CSF from other species. Twenty-seven CSF samples had < 100 RBCs/µL (mean, 20.3 RBCs/µL). A small but significant effect of blood contamination on WBC counts was found between the 27 CSF samples with < 100 RBCs/µL and the remaining samples. Protein concentrations in CSF of ferrets (range, 28.0 to 68.0 mg/dL; mean, 31.4 mg/dL) were higher than has been reported for the CSF of dogs and cats. A significant effect of blood contamination on the CSF protein concentration was not found.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance— We have established reference range values for WBC counts and protein concentrations in CSF from healthy adult ferrets that may be useful in the clinical investigation of CNS disease. Results of our study indicate that the WBC count is significantly affected by blood contamination of the CSF sample. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:758–760)
Evaluation of glutamate loss from damaged retinal cells of dogs with primary glaucoma
Authors: McIlnay Tonya R. , Gionfriddo Juliet R. , Dubielzig Richard R. , Powell Cynthia C. , Madl James E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether retinal damage in dogs with primary glaucoma (PG) is consistent with ischemia-induced glutamate toxicosis.Sample Population—Retinal tissue sections from 25 dogs with PG and 12 normotensive control dogs.Procedure—Retinal sections from control and glaucomatous dogs were stained for morphometric and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) analyses to determine whether retinal damage was consistent with glutamate toxicosis. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to detect ischemia-like loss of glutamate from neurons in damaged areas.Results—In severely damaged glaucomatous retinas, all neurosensory layers had focal regions that were thin or disrupted. There was less thinning of the outer nuclear layer (ONL) and inner nuclear layer (INL) in moderately damaged retinas than in severely damaged retinas. Acute signs of damage in the INL included cells with dark, condensed chromatin and lightly stained cytoplasm interspersed with a few TUNELpositive cells, which was consistent with glutamate toxicosis. Glutamate immunoreactivity was reduced in thin areas and in damaged cells of the INL and ONL, which was consistent with glutamate release in damaged areas. Glutamate immunoreactivity was increased in putative Müller cells in damaged areas, which also was consistent with glutamate release.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Retinal damage in dogs with PG differs in intensity in focal areas. Damage in affected regions resembles damage induced by glutamate. Glutamate is lost from damaged neurons and accumulates in Müller cells, which is consistent with increased glutamate release contributing to the damage. Glutamate antagonists may protect INL cells in dogs with glaucoma. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:776–786)
Determination of expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isozymes in canine tissues and their differential sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
Authors: Wilson Joel E. , Chandrasekharan Naduviladath V. , Westover Kenneth D. , Eager Kendra B. , Simmons Daniel L. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate cyclooxygenase isozyme distribution in tissues from dogs and determine the differential sensitivity of canine cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and -2 isozymes to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).Sample Population—Canine tissue samples (stomach, duodenum, ileum, jejunum, colon, spleen, cerebral cortex, lung, ovary, kidney, and liver) were obtained from 2 dogs for northern and western blot analyses, and blood for whole blood COX assays was obtained from 15 dogs.Procedure—11 NSAIDs were evaluated to determine their COX-2 selectivity in whole blood assays. The concentrations of the drug needed to inhibit 50% of enzyme activity (IC50) were then calculated for comparison. Expression and tissue distribution of COX isozymes were determined by northern and western blot analysis.Results—Aspirin, diclofenac, indomethacin, ketoprofen, meclofenamic acid, and piroxicam had little selectivity toward COX isozymes, whereas NS398, carprofen, tolfenamic acid, nimesulide, and etodolac had more than 5 times greater preference for inhibiting COX-2 than COX-1. All canine tissues examined, including those from the gastrointestinal tract, coexpressed COX-1 and -2 mRNA, although protein expression was observed only for COX-1.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Canine COX-2 was selectively inhibited by etodolac, nimesulide, and NS398; tolfenamic acid and carprofen also appeared to be preferential COX-2 inhibitors in dogs. The roles of COX-1 as a constitutive housekeeping enzyme and COX-2 as a proinflammatory inducible enzyme (as determined in humans) appear to apply to dogs; therefore, COX-2-selective inhibitors should prove useful in reducing the adverse effects associated with nonselective NSAIDs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:810–818)
Determination of muscle architecture and fiber characteristics of the superficial and deep digital flexor muscles in the forelimbs of adult horses
Authors: Zarucco Laura , Taylor Ken T. , Stover Susan M. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To provide a quantitative description of the architecture of superficial digital flexor (SDF) and deep digital flexor (DDF) muscles in adult horses to predict muscle-tendon behavior and estimate muscle forces.Sample Population—7 forelimb specimens from 7 adult Thoroughbreds.Procedure—Muscle and tendon lengths and volumes were measured from 6 fixed forelimbs. After processing, fiber bundle and sarcomere lengths were measured. Optimal fascicle lengths and muscle length-to-fascicle length, muscle length-to-free tendon length, and fascicle length-to-tendon length ratios were calculated, as were tendon and muscle physiologic cross-sectional areas (PCSAs). Pennation angles were measured in 1 embalmed specimen.Results—The SDF optimal fascicle lengths were uniformly short (mean ± SD, 0.8 ± 0.1 cm), whereas DDF lengths ranged from 0.9 ± 0.2 cm to 10.8 ± 1.6 cm. The DDF humeral head had 3 architectural subunits, each receiving a separate median nerve branch, suggestive of neuromuscular compartmentalization. Pennation angles were small (10oto 25o). The PCSAs of the SDF and DDF muscle were 234 ± 51 cm2and 259 ± 30 cm2, with estimated forces of 4,982 ± 1148 N and 5,520 ± 544 N, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The SDF muscle appears to provide strong tendinous support with little muscle fascicular shortening and fatigueresistance properties. The DDF muscle combines passive and dynamic functions with larger tension development and higher shortening velocities during digital motion. Architectural parameters are useful for estimation of forces and have implications for analysis of muscle-tendon function, surgical procedures involving muscle-tendon lengthening, and biomechanical modeling. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:819–828)
Use of a real-time polymerase chain reaction-based fluorogenic 5' nuclease assay to evaluate insect vectors of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis infections in horses
Authors: Spier Sharon J. , Leutenegger Christian M. , Carroll Scott P. , Loye Jenella E. , Pusterla Jeannine Berger , Carpenter Tim E. , Mihalyi Judy E. , Madigan John E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To develop and use a sensitive molecular assay for detecting the phospholipase D (PLD) exotoxin gene ofCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisin an attempt to identify insect vectors that may be important in transmission of clinical disease in horses.Sample Population—2,621 flies of various species.Procedure—A real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based fluorogenic 5' nuclease (TaqMan) system (ie, TaqMan PCR assay) was developed for the detection of the PLD gene in insects. Flies were collected monthly (May to November 2002) from 5 farms in northern California whereC pseudotuberculosisinfection in horses is endemic. Three of the 5 farms (which housed a total of 358 horses) had diseased horses during the study period. A total of 2,621 flies of various species were tested for the PLD gene ofC pseudotuberculosis.Results—Evidence of bacterial DNA for the PLD gene was detected in skin biopsy specimens from clinically affected horses and from 3 fly species collected from farms where affected horses were housed. Farms with a high incidence of diseased horses had a high proportion of insects carrying the organism. High percentages of flies with positive results for the PLD gene were observed in October, when most clinically affected horses were observed.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Our results are consistent with the hypothesis thatC pseudotuberculosismay be vectored to horses by flies. Three potential vectors were identified, includingHaematobia irritans,Stomoxys calcitrans, andMusca domestica. The organism can be identified in up to 20% of house flies (Musca domestica) in the vicinity of diseased horses. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:829–834)
Pharmacokinetics of zidovudine in cats
Authors: Zhang Weijiang , Mauldin Jeffrey K. , Schmiedt Chad W. , Brockus Charles W. , Boudinot F. Douglas , Stevenson M. A. McCrackin 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To characterize the pharmacokinetics of zidovudine (AZT) in cats.Animals—6 sexually intact 9-month-old barrier-reared domestic shorthair cats.Procedure—Cats were randomly alloted into 3 groups, and zidovudine (25 mg/kg) was administered IV, intragastrically (IG), and PO in a 3-way crossover study design with 2-week washout periods between experiments. Plasma samples were collected for 12 hours after drug administration, and zidovudine concentrations were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. Maximum plasma concentrations (Cmax), time to reach Cmax(Tmax), and bioavailability were compared between IG and PO routes. Area under the curve (AUC) and terminal phase halflife (t½) among the 3 administration routes were also compared.Results—Plasma concentrations of zidovudine declined rapidly with t½ of 1.4 ± 0.19 hours, 1.4 ± 0.16 hours, and 1.5 ± 0.28 hours after IV, IG, and PO administration, respectively. Total body clearance and steady-state volume of distribution were 0.41 ± 0.10 L/h/kg and 0.82 ± 0.15 L/kg, respectively. Mean Tmaxfor IG administration (0.22 hours) was significantly shorter than Tmaxfor PO administration (0.67 hours). The AUC after IV and PO administration was 64.7 ± 16.6 mg·h/L and 60.5 ± 17.0 mg·h/L, respectively, whereas AUC for the IG route was significantly less at 42.5 ± 9.41 mg·h/L. Zidovudine was well absorbed after IG and PO administration with bioavailability values of 70 ± 24% and 95 ± 23%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Cats had slower clearance of zidovudine, compared with other species. Plasma concentrations of zidovudine were maintained above the minimum effective concentration for inhibiting FIV replication by 50% (0.07µM [0.019 µg/mL] for wild-type FIV clinical isolate) for at least 12 hours after IV, IG, or PO administration. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:835–840)
Evaluation of the tensile strengths of four monofilament absorbable suture materials after immersion in canine urine with or without bacteria
Authors: Greenberg Chelsea B. , Davidson Ellen B. , Bellmer Danielle D. , Morton Rebecca J. , Payton Mark E. 
Published: January 2006

Abstract

Objective—To evaluate the tensile strength, elongation,
and degradation of 4 monofilament absorbable
suture materials that undergo degradation by hydrolysis
in specimens of canine urine with various physical
characteristics.

Sample Population—4 monofilament absorbable
sutures (polydioxanone, poliglecaprone 25, polyglyconate,
and glycomer 631).

Procedure—Voided urine was collected from 6
healthy dogs, pooled, filter-sterilized, and prepared to
provide 5 media: sterile neutral (pH, 7.0), sterile acidic
(pH, 6.2), sterile basic (pH, 8.8), Escherichia coli-inoculated,
and Proteus mirabilis-inoculated urine. Ten
strands of each suture material were immersed in
each of the media for 0 to 28 days. Tensile strength
and elongation of each suture material were evaluated
by use of a texture analyzer on days 0, 1, 3, 7, 10,
14, 21, and 28.

Results—Reduction in tensile strength was detected
for all materials in all urine specimens over time.
Polyglyconate and polydioxanone had superior tensile
strengths in sterile neutral and E coli-inoculated urine,
and polydioxanone retained the greatest tensile
strength throughout the study period. All suture materials
disintegrated before day 7 in P mirabilis-inoculated
urine.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Polydioxanone, polyglyconate, and glycomer 631 may
be acceptable for urinary bladder closure in the presence
of sterile neutral and E coli-contaminated urine.
Tensile strength of poliglecaprone 25 in urine may be
unacceptable by the critical healing time for bladder
tissue (14 to 21 days). During bladder surgery, exposure
of suture material that degrades via hydrolysis to
urine containing Proteus spp should be minimized.
Am J Vet Res (2004;65:847–853)
Isoflurane sparing action of epidurally administered xylazine hydrochloride in anesthetized dogs
Authors: Soares Joao Henrique N. , Ascoli Fabio O. , Gremiao Isabela D. F. , Segura Ignacio A. Gomez de , Filho Firmino Marsico 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To evaluate the influence of epidural administration of xylazine hydrochloride on the minimum alveolar concentration of isoflurane (MACISO) and cardiopulmonary system in anesthetized dogs.Animals—6 clinically normal dogs.Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized with isoflurane in oxygen after randomly being assigned to receive 1 of the following 4 treatments: epidural administration of saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or xylazine at a dose of 0.1, 0.2, or 0.4 mg·kg–1. Experiments were performed on 5 occasions with at least a 1-week interval between experiments; each dog received all 4 treatments. Following instrumentation, the concentration of isoflurane was maintained constant for 15 minutes at the MACISOthat had been determined for each dog, and data on heart rate, arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, tidal volume, minute volume, arterial partial pressure of oxygen, arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide, and arterial pH were collected. The epidural treatment was administered, and 30 minutes later, data were again collected. From this point on, determination of the MACISOfollowing epidural treatment (ie, MACISO + EPI) was initiated. Cardiopulmonary data were collected before each electrical supramaximal stimulus during MACISO + EPIdeterminations.Results—The mean (± SD) MACISOwas 1.29 ± 0.04%. The epidural administration of xylazine at doses of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.4 mg·kg−1decreased the MACISO, respectively, by 8.4 ± 2.4%, 21.7 ± 4.9%, and 33.4 ± 2.64%. Cardiopulmonary effects were limited.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Epidural administration of xylazine decreases the MACISOin a dose-dependent manner and is associated with few cardiopulmonary effects in anesthetized dogs. (Am J Vet Res2004;65:854–859)
Use of percutaneous ethanol injection for treatment of bilateral hyperplastic thyroid nodules in cats
Authors: Wells Andrea L. , Long Craig D. , Hornof William J. , Goldstein Richard E. , Nyland Thomas G. , Nelson Richard W. , Feldman Edward C. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine the efficacy and safety of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) for the treatment of hyperthyroidism caused by bilateral hyperplastic thyroid nodules in cats.Design—Prospective study.Animals—7 cats.Procedure—Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs and increased serum total thyroxine (TT4) concentrations. The presence of 2 cervical thyroid nodules was confirmed by use of ultrasonography and technetium Tc 99m albumin thyroid scans. After the death of 1 cat that received PEI in both thyroid nodules at the same time, the protocol was changed to injecting ethanol into 1 nodule at a time, with at least 1 month between injections. Clinical signs, serum TT4 concentrations, serum ionized calcium concentrations, laryngeal function, findings on ultrasonographic examinations of the ventral cervical region, and results of thyroid scans were monitored.Results—Serum TT4 concentrations transiently decreased in all 6 cats (into the reference range in 5 of 6 cats) within 4 days of the first staged ethanol injection. Each subsequent injection resulted in a transient decrease in serum TT4 concentration. The longest period of euthyroidism was 27 weeks. Adverse effects included Horner's syndrome, dysphonia, and laryngeal paralysis. One cat died of unrelated causes. One cat underwent bilateral thyroidectomy, 2 cats were treated with methimazole, and 2 cats that had increased serum TT4 concentrations were not treated further, because they remained clinically normal.Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Percutaneous ethanol ablation of bilateral thyroid nodules as a treatment for cats with hyperthyroidism is not recommended. This treatment is not as efficacious as the medical and surgical treatments presently used. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:1293–1297)
Correlation between leukocytosis and necropsy findings in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia: 34 cases (1994–1999)
Authors: McManus Patricia M. , Craig Linden E. 
Published: January 2006

AbstractObjective—To determine whether severity of leukocytosis correlates with severity of postmortem lesions in dogs with immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA).Design—Retrospective study.Animals—34 dogs with IMHA that had CBC performed within 48 hours prior to death and complete necropsy examinations.Procedure—Dogs were independently assigned to 4 leukocytosis groups (within reference range; mild leukocytosis, moderate leukocytosis, marked leukocytosis) and 3 lesion severity groups (mild lesions, moderate lesions, severe lesions).Results—Moderate to marked leukocytosis correlated with moderate to severe postmortem lesions. Ischemic necrosis within liver, kidney, heart, lung, and spleen attributable to thromboembolic disease or anemic hypoxia were the most common important lesions found at necropsy. None of the dogs with mild lesions had moderate or marked leukocytosis. Four of 14 severely affected dogs had WBC counts within reference range, but all 4 had neutrophilic left shifts. Three of these 4 dogs had toxic change in neutrophils.Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Moderate to marked leukocytosis, neutrophilic left shift, and toxic change in neutrophils in dogs with IMHA should alert clinicians to the potential for moderate to severe tissue injury, which could complicate treatment and worsen prognosis. Lesions appear to be secondary to anemic hypoxia, thromboembolic disease, or both; therefore, treatment objectives should focus on improving blood oxygen-carrying capacity and monitoring for thromboembolic disease. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2001;218:1308–1313)