bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Materialien für die Brillenbeschichtung in Aufdampfanlagen
Authors: Zültzke W. , Schraner E. , Stolze M. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHeutzutage können Beschichtungen für organische Brillengläser nicht mehr isoliert betrachtet werden. Es ist erforderlich, dass das Zusammenspiel zwischen Brillensubstrat, Hartlack und Schichtsystem genau untersucht wird um eine langlebige gute Qualität des Gesamtkomplexes Brille liefern zu können. Gerade im Substratbereich konnten in den letzten Jahren große Veränderungen beobachtet werden. Der Drang immer dünnere Brillengläser liefern zu können, hat dazu geführt, dass die Brechzahlen immer höher wurden. Die Problematik die sich daraus ergibt, ist weniger die Anpassung der Antireflexschichten auf die Substratbrechwerte als die Anpassung an die mechanischen und thermischen Eigenschaften der Substrate.Für den Brillenbeschichter reduziert sich die Einflussnahme auf das System weitgehend auf die AR‐Beschichtung. Auf Substratmaterial und Hartlack haben nur die großen Brillenhersteller Einfluss. Die vielen mittleren und kleinen Beschichtungslabore weltweit jedoch müssen die Substrate und den Hartlack kaufen und die Qualitäten akzeptieren. Einzige Einflussnahme besteht bei der Auswahl der Schichtmaterialien für die AR und sowie der Prozesstechnik. Die richtige Wahl der Materialien in ihrer Qualität, Form und Preis ist ausschlaggebend für eine qualitativ hochwertige Beschichtung. Eine Vielzahl von Faktoren muss bei der Wahl für das geeignete Material berücksichtigt werden.
Überwachung von Niederdruck‐Plasmaanlagen
Authors: Michaeli Walter , Hegenbart Andreas , Binkowski Dirk , v. Fragstein Friederike 
Published: February 2007

AbstractDie optische Emissionsspektroskopie (OES) stellt ein sehr vielfältiges und einfach einzusetzendes Verfahren für die Überwachung von industriellen Plasmaprozessen dar. Durch die direkte Überwachung des Plasmas können zahlreiche Einflussgrößen auf Niederdruck‐Plasmaprozesse erfasst werden, die bisher in der Regel noch nicht erfasst werden. Dabei spielen vor allem Randbedingungen, die nicht direkt beeinflussbar sind, eine wichtige Rolle. Beispiele dafür sind Verunreinigungen und Leckagen in der Plasmaanlage. Diese können sich negativ auf die Reproduzierbarkeit der Prozesse in der Produktion auswirken. Am Beispiel eines Beschichtungsprozesses wird der Einfluss eines Lecks auf die Beschichtung und das Plasma demonstriert. Darüber hinaus wird die Erfassung von Verunreinigungen und Dichtungsproblemen in einer Mikrowellen‐Plasmaquelle mittels OES gezeigt. Mit Hilfe der gezeigten Zusammenhänge lässt sich die OES zur kontnuierlichen Überwachung von Niederdruck‐Plasmaanlagen und damit zur Steigerung der Reproduzierbarkeit industrieller Niederdruck‐Plasmaprozesse einsetzen.
Surface Treatments of Automotive Parts – Research and Applications
Authors: Vetter J. , Crummenauer J. , Barbezat G. , Avissar J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSurface treatments used in daily manufacturing of parts for the automotive industry are selected to serve functional and decorative requirements achieved of mass production. Increased loads (mechanical, thermal etc.), longer life time, weight reduction, friction reduction, and corrosion resistance are demanded for modern automotive systems. Within the last decade, improved and new deposition techniques were developed in PVD, PECVD, thermochemical heat treatment and thermal spraying. These new treatments are becoming more and more common in powertrain and engine applications. Generating optimized surfaces for different types of substrate materials (e.g. Al‐ alloys, case hardened steels etc.) and geometries (e.g. bores) also impacts the running costs. Due to the new developments within these competing surface treatments, it becomes more and more common to substitute traditional treatment‐substrate‐systems with advanced treatments. Both the application potential and selected examples of different surface treatments will be shown. Aspects of the internal coating of bores inside the engine by plasma spraying, features of the corrosion protection of parts for the powertrain by the IONITOX process and piston ring treatments are discussed in more detail.
Comparative food web structure of larval macrolepidoptera and their parasitoids on two riparian tree species
Authors: Barbosa Pedro , Caldas Astrid , Godfray H. Charles J. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractSingle species or groups of species can be subjected to differing levels of parasitism on different plants. Previous studies have reported that parasitism of larval macrolepidoptera in an assemblage on box elder (Acer negundoL.) was significantly greater than on black willow [Salix nigra(Marsh)]. In this study, quantitative food webs, parasitoid overlap diagrams and other food web attributes were used to identify and describe direct and indirect interactions, and to compare assemblages on each tree species. These comparisons helped identify possible mechanisms explaining the differential parasitism observed. Although links among numerically dominant species in each assemblage were not strong, links between numerically dominant and subdominant species were strong. That is, numerically dominant and subdominant species interacted via shared parasitoids. The degree of parasitoid sharing by numerically dominant and subdominant species differed in each tree. There was less sharing of parasitoids on black willow than on box elder. Further, on box elder, the majority of parasitoids affecting numerically subdominant species originated from numerically dominant species, unlike in willow. These results lead to a working hypothesis—the source/nursery hypothesis—that proposes that community‐wide levels of parasitism are highest in circumstances in which numerically subdominant species share parasitoid species in common with numerically dominant species, and most parasitoids attacking subdominant species originate from numerically dominant species. Thus, differences in degree of sharing and the types of herbivores sharing parasitoids may explain differential parasitism. Further, the source/nursery hypothesis may explain why the vast majority of species in most assemblages are numerically subdominant.
Synthesis of novel bleaching catalyst containing macrocyclic manganese complexes and potential applications in laundry detergent
Authors: Park Han Woong , Lee Sang Yun , Ahn Jae Bum , Suh Jeong‐Kwon , Kim Beom‐Sik , Lee Ki‐Moo , Kim Won Jong 
Published: February 2007

AbstractA bleaching catalyst based on manganese complexes, consisting of meso‐5,5,7,12,12,14‐hexamethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane and racemic‐5,5,7,12,12,14‐hexamethyl‐1,4,8,11‐tetraazacyclotetradecane ligands, was synthesized and applied at 25°C to cotton fabrics stained with tea, coffee, curry, and sugar beet to examine the bleaching properties. The bleaching performance of this novel catalyst was higher than that of the conventional activator, tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED). Dye and fabric damage were also examined for six differently dyed test fabrics under stressed conditions over 30 wash cycles. The dye damage induced by the catalyst was significantly less than that induced by TAED in direct black 22, reactive blue 225, reactive red 158, and sulfur blue 19. Tensile strength loss measurement, which represents fabric damage, showed less damage for the catalyst in direct black 22, direct blue 71, reactive red 158, and sulfur blue 19. The results indicate that this new bleaching catalyst could potentially be employed for low‐temperature bleaching.
Mice raised on milk transgenically enriched with n−3 PUFA have increased brain docosahexaenoic acid
Authors: Kao Beth T. , DePeters Edward J. , Van Eenennaam Alison L. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractThe brain contains high levels of the long‐chain n−3 FA DHA(22∶6n−3), mainly in the gray matter and synaptosomes. Adequate intake of DHA is crucial for optimal nervous system function, particularly in infants. Supplementation of infant formulas with DHA at levels similar to human breast milk is recommended for biochemical and functional benefits to neonates. We generated transgenic mice that produce elevated levels of n−3 PUFA in their milk by expressing the Caenorhabditis elegans n−3 FA desaturase under the control of a lactation‐induced goat beta‐casein promoter. To examine the postnatal effects of consuming the n−3‐enriched milk, we compared the growth and brain and plasma FA composition of mouse pups raised on milk from transgenic dams with those observed for pups raised on milk from nontransgenic dams. A significant decrease in arachidonic acid (ARA, 20∶4n−6) and concomitant increases in n−3 PUFA were observed in the phospholipid fraction of transgenic mouse milk. The n−6∶n−3 FA ratios were 4.7 and 34.5 for the transgenic and control milk phospholipid fractions, respectively. DHA and DPA (22∶5n−6) comprised 15.1% and 2.8% of brain FA from weanling mice nursed on transgenic dams, as compared with 6.9% and 9.2% for weanling mice nursed on control dams, respectively. This transgenic mouse model offers a unique approach to disassociate the effects and fetal programming resulting from a high n−6∶n−3 FA ratio gestational environment from the postnatal nutritional effects of providing milk with differing n−6∶n−3 FA ratios.
Single‐Step analysis of individual conjugated bile acids in human bile using 1H NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Gowda G. A. Nagana , Ijare Omkar B. , Somashekar B. S. , Sharma Ajay , Kapoor V. K. , Khetrapal C. L. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract1H and 13C NMR spectra of intact human bile were assigned using one‐dimensional (1H and 13C) and two‐dimensional (1H‐1H and 1H‐13C) experiments. Individual conjugated bile acids—glycocholic acid, glycodeoxycholic acid, glycochenodeoxycholic acid, taurocholic acid, taurodeoxycholic acid, and taurochenodeoxycholic acid—were identified. The bile acids were quantified accurately and individually in a single step by using distinct and characteristic amide signals. Making use of 13C NMR, the study also suggests a way to analyze unconjugated bile acids separately, if present. Chemical shift assignments and rapid single‐step analysis of individual conjugated bile acids from intact bile presented herein may have immense utility in the study of bile acid metabolism and deeper understanding of hepatobiliary diseases.
Treatment compliance in patients lost to follow‐up after polysomnography
Authors: Lin Ho‐Sheng , Zuliani Giancarlo , Amjad Esmael H. , Prasad Abhishek S. , Badr M. Safwan , Pan Chuan‐Ju G. , Rowley James A. 
Published: February 2007

ObjectivesStudies on positive airway pressure (PAP) compliance typically focus only on patients who returned for follow‐up. In this study, we examined patients who failed to follow‐up after their initial polysomnogram (PSG) and PAP titration to determine their treatment status in terms of PAP usage.Study DesignOn retrospective chart review, we identified 57 patients who, based on PSG findings and symptoms, required the use of PAP but failed to follow‐up after titration. Twenty‐five of these patients were successfully contacted and agreed to an interview.ResultsOnly 7 (28%) patients were using PAP on a regular basis. The remaining 18 (72%) patients were noncompliant.ConclusionsA significant proportion (24%) of OSA patients who required treatment with PAP were lost to follow‐up after polysomnography. This group of patients has previously been ignored in the literature. We showed in this study that majority (72%) of these patients were not being treated adequately for OSA.
Is routine inclusion of level IV necessary in neck dissection for clinically N0 supraglottic carcinoma?
Authors: Çagli Sedat , Yüce Imdat , Güney Ercihan 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveElective level II to IV dissection has become a common practice for patients with N0 neck and supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma. Several authors have questioned the necessity of dissecting level IV and the possible risk of associated morbidities such as chyle leak and phrenic nerve injury.Study Design and SettingWe reviewed 58 patients who underwent elective functional and lateral neck dissection for supraglottic carcinoma. Node levels were delineated just after the removal of the specimens. The patients were followed at least 3 years postoperatively or until the time of death; recurrence rates and levels were evaluated.ResultsOccult lymph node metastases were determined in 14 cases. Level II was the most involved zone (7 patients). Isolated level IV lymph node metastasis was not established.ConclusionWe think that routine level IV dissection is not necessary in the management of clinically and radiologically N0 necks in patients with supraglottic laryngeal carcinoma.
Increased incidence of head and neck abscesses in children
Authors: Cabrera Cristina E. , Deutsch Ellen S. , Eppes Stephen , Lawless Stephen , Cook Steven , O'Reilly Robert C. , Reilly James S. 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo describe increasing incidence and changing microbiology of head and neck abscesses in children admitted to the hospital during the first quarters of 2000 through 2003.Study Design and SettingRetrospective data warehouse review identified 89 children less than 19 years of age admitted to a tertiary care pediatric hospital during the first quarters of 2000 through 2003 for suspicion of head and neck abscess involving the neck, face, and peritonsillar, retropharyngeal, and parapharyngeal spaces; and for orbital and intracranial complications of acute sinusitis.Outcome MeasuresOutcome measures included the incidence of infection admissions and description of infection location and microbiology, calculated by χ2 technique.ResultsThe incidence of infections increased in 2003. The greatest increase was in neck abscesses and complications of acute sinusitis.ConclusionsThe increase in group A strep infections may be related to its biologic properties.SignificanceGroup A strep remains a significant cause of head and neck infections in children.
Current diagnosis and treatment of laryngocele in adults
Authors: Dursun Gursel , Ozgursoy Ozan B. , Beton Suha , Batikhan Hunkar 
Published: February 2007

ObjectiveTo evaluate the treatment outcome of a series of laryngoceles and to comment on the current diagnosis and management of laryngoceles.Study Design and SettingA retrospective review of charts, radiological and histopathological notes, videolaryngostroboscopic records, and acoustic voice analyses of patients with laryngocele treated over a 10‐year period was undertaken.ResultsSeven patients had internal laryngoceles; one had external; another one had combined laryngocele. Patients with internal laryngocele underwent endoscopic CO2 laser resection, while those with external or combined laryngocele were treated via external approach. Quality of voice was improved and no recurrences were encountered during the follow‐up. No evidence of laryngeal cancer was found on the histological examinations.ConclusionEndoscopic CO2 laser resection of internal laryngocele provides a reliable and cost‐effective method that minimizes hospitalization and the need for tracheotomy. We believe that advances in the applications of laser in microlaryngosurgery will alter the traditional management of all type of laryngoceles.
CHAPTER 2 The epidemiology of human papillomavirus infection and its association with cervical cancer
Authors: Bosch F. Xavier , Qiao You‐Lin , Castellsagué Xavier 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCervical cancer has been recognized as a rare outcome of a common, sexually transmitted infection whose etiologic association is restricted to a few human papillomavirus (HPV) types. With optimal testing systems HPV DNA can be identified in nearly all specimens of invasive cervical cancer, and it is claimed that infection of the cervix with HPV is a necessary cause of cervical cancer. The evidence is consistent worldwide for squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), adenocarcinomas, and the vast majority (>95%) of the immediate cervical cancer precursors, namely high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (HSILs)—also known as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 (CIN 3) or carcinoma in situ. Cofactors that modify the risk for HPV DNA‐positive women include the use of oral contraceptives (OCs) for 5 or more years, smoking, high parity (5 or more full‐term pregnancies), and previ‐ous exposure to other sexually transmitted diseases such as Chlamydia trachomatis and herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV‐2). Women exposed to the human immuno‐deficiency virus (HIV) are at high risk for HPV infection, HPV DNA persistence, and progression of HPV lesions to cervical cancer.
A2. Vulval intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
Authors: Hatch Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVIN 3 is most likely a cancer precursor and is induced by infection with high‐risk types of HPV. VIN 3 lesions may be asymptomatic or present with itching and/or burning or the appearance of a vulval lesion (often raised and hyperpig‐mented), which may be unifocal or multifocal. All vulval lesions should be biopsied to confirm the diagnosis. Treatment options include laser vaporization, excision or cautery. Long term follow up is essential.
A3. Vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia (VAIN)
Authors: Hatch Kenneth D. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractVAIN is much rarer than the equivalent dysplastic changes found in the cervix but may accompany cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. VAIN is also HPV in‐duced and may be an extension of a cervical lesion or a satellite lesion. VAIN lesions are usually asymptomatic and detected by cytologic screening. Lesions can be ex‐cised, vaporized or treated locally with medical therapies. The incidence of vaginal cancer is very rare.
Section B: Malignant manifestations of HPV infection Carcinoma of the cervix, vulva, vagina, anus, and penis
Authors: Denny Lynette , Ngan Hextan Y.S. 
Published: February 2007

AbstractCervical cancer remains the commonest cancer among women in developing countries, affecting women at their peak of social and economic responsibility. In poor countries where access to diagnosis and treatment is extremely limited, most of the affected women present with late‐stage disease. Many do not even have access to palliative care. Outcome in women treated for cervical cancer is strongly influenced by the stage of diagnosis. The main treatment modalities remain surgical removal for early‐stage disease and chemoradiation for late‐stage disease.Cancers of the vulva, vagina, penis, and anus are much less common than cervical cancer although, in most cases, they also are associated with human papillomavirus infection. Diagnosis and chief treatment modalities for cervical and these less common cancers are discussed.
CHAPTER 5 HPV infection and HPV‐associated neoplasia in immunocompromised women
Authors: Palefsky Joel 
Published: February 2007

AbstractHuman immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐positive women and women with transplant‐associated immunocompromise are at increased risk for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and cervical cancer compared with healthy, immunocompetent women. HPV often manifests as a “field” effect in immunocompromised women who are also at increased risk for vaginal, vulval, and anal intraepithelial neoplasia. Immunocompromised women require careful follow‐up with regular cy‐tologic screening, and there should be a low threshold for performing colposcopic evaluation in these women. Once detected, CIN should be treated aggressively and the patient followed up closely for recurrence. Although treatment regimens are similar for immunocompromised and healthy women, the former may need multiple treatment modalities. Data on the ability of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) to reduce the incidence of high‐grade CIN and on the regression of existing CIN are mixed, some studies showing no benefit and others a modest benefit from HAART. However, the incidence of cervical cancer has not declined since the introduction of HAART, and the use of HAART among HIV‐positive women has not changed the suggested approach to cervical cancer screening and treatment. Finally, prophylactic HPV vaccination offers the possibility of reducing the burden of disease among immunocompromised women, particularly if they are vaccinated before the onset of both sexual activity and immunocompromise. However, studies are needed to document safety and immunogenicity, and —given their high rate of prior HPV exposure —the effectiveness of the vaccine in these women.
Inflammatory biomarkers increase with severity of upper-extremity overuse disorders
Authors: Carp Stephen J. , Barbe Mary F. , Winter Kathryn A. , Amin Mamta , Barr Ann E. 
Published: February 2007

MSDs (musculoskeletal disorders) from overuse are common occupational health problems that cause pain, functional loss and loss of work time. The aim of the present study was to determine whether a relationship exists between the severity of early-onset overuse-related MSDs of the upper extremity and serum levels of IL-1β (interleukin-1β), TNF-α (tumour necrosis factor-α), IL-6 (interleukin-6) and CRP (C-reactive protein). Twenty-two subjects with upper-extremity MSDs due to overuse for no longer that 12 weeks were stratified according to the severity of upper-extremity signs and symptoms as determined by a UBMA (upper-body musculoskeletal assessment). Nine asymptomatic subjects also participated. Serum cytokines were analysed using ELISA, and CRP was analysed using a laser nephelometry technique. CRP was strongly correlated, and TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 were moderately correlated, with UBMA scores. Only CRP and TNFα were significantly associated with UBMA scores in an ordinal logistic regression analysis in which age and BMI (body mass index) were covariates. These results are of clinical importance as they suggest that early-onset overuse-related MSDs may have an inflammatory component. The possibility of using a combination of serum biomarkers to follow the progression of overuse-related MSDs or their response to therapeutic intervention may be of interest to clinical practitioners and should be the focus of future research.
Secrets of Successful Patent (Non)Litigation
Authors: Saunders Thomas M. , Michaelis Brian L. 
Published: February 2007

Settlement is almost always preferable to last-man-standing litigation. While litigation posturing is a necessity, all but the largest pharmaceutical houses must avoid suing to a conclusion. The objective is to make a reasonable deal. Having a non-lawyer corporate representative fully engaged in direct settlement efforts, with the assistance of counsel, throughout the process is one way to foster settlement. Also, be sure to propose a Scheduling Order with as many points of decision as possible. In particular, separate Markman claim construction briefings and rulings from summary judgment briefings and rulings. Preparing for the 95 per cent probability of settlement is prudent, cost effective and substantially less bloody. Abbreviated new drug application (ANDA) Paragraph IV litigation is a unique litigation exercise. Address ANDA Paragraph IV litigation and settlement separately in terms of how the ‘other side’ will react and how the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) will react. The objective is not to sustain or defeat a patent. These are merely aspects of potentially profitable constructions of a settlement agreement.
Moral Philosophy
Authors: Cullen Christopher M. 
Published: February 2007

Abstract
This chapter explores Bonaventure's account of moral philosophy. Bonaventure unambiguously presents moral philosophy as a distinct branch of study in On the Reduction of the Arts to Theology. He divides moral philosophy into three branches: personal (monastica), domestic (oeconomica), and political (politica). According to Bonaventure, moral philosophy investigates the truth of morals and the right order of living (rectitudo vivendi), specifically, the right order in man's actions as an individual (ethics), as a member of a household (economics), and as a member of the city (politics). Human beings are able to know the right order of living through the natural law, which consists of both the dictates of right reason and God's eternal law impressed on the human soul.