bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Twelve Month Follow-Up Study of Psychogeriatric Admissions to Mental Health Services and Geriatric Service Hospitals
Authors: Burvill P. W. 
Published: October 2008

Eighty-five (100 per cent) consecutive psychogeriatric patients admitted to the Public Health Department Geriatric Service of Western Australia and eighty (94 per cent) of the original 85 psychogeriatric patients admitted to the Mental Health Services of Western Australia were re-examined by the author 12 months after admission. Twenty-five Geriatric Service patients had died, 19 were alive in the community, and 41 alive in hospital; the corresponding Mental Health Services figures were 15, 33 and 32. Differences in movement pattern and outcome between the two services, and between mental hospital admissions in the United Kingdom and Western Australia, were documented. There was a considerable number of repeated transfers from one hospital or nursing home setting to another during the 12 months among those patients living in hospital at follow-up, and to a less extent among those who died. Outcome of the patients was related to a number of factors for each service.
Discharging Elderly Patients from a Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: McDonald Carrick , Teltscher Betty 
Published: October 2008

The community is able to tolerate discharged psychogeriatric patients by virtue of a reaction between the resources which it has to offer and the behavioural abnormalities which the discharged patient presents. Therefore, in order to maximize the potential for community care, an attempt was made to identify those factors in the community or in the patient which favoured or militated against survival in the community. It was found that only females and those patients with a diagnosis of depression showed a significant increase in their chances of re-hospitalization. No factors were found to be associated with an ability to stay outside hospital.
Loose Associations: Straight and Crooked Thinking and the Group of Schizophrenias
Authors: McLeod W. R. 
Published: October 2008

In this paper I hope to provide the basis for a discussion on logic, logical thinking and creativity in medicine, particularly in psychiatry. By way of illustration we will examine schizophrenia with particular reference to biochemistry, but the discussion will focus on semantic issues and philosophical concepts. These issues are of fundamental importance in the development of psychiatry both as art and craft. Thus the paper deals both with the study of madness and madness itself. The title of the address illustrates some forms of communication which occur in the schizophrenias. It includes references to other ideas, to formal thought disorder and illogical thinking, private puns, vague links, and pointers to other sources and authors, namely, Bleuler (1950), Ernest Jones (1959) and Thouless (1974). These are all contained in a loose framework, wherein reference is made to a key anomaly always found in, but by no means unique to schizophrenia.
Family Structure and Relationships of 50 Female Anorexia Nervosa Patients
Authors: Hall Anne 
Published: October 2008

Family features of the first 50 anorexia nervosa patients referred to a psychiatrist from a defined geographic area are documented. High socio-economic class, absence of non-white population, older age of parents, instability factors in the parents' backgrounds and high incidence of both physical and psychiatric illness in the parents suggest multiple factors may be aetiological. Possible pathogenic factors are equally distributed between mothers and fathers. The sex and number of siblings and the patients' birth order are recorded.
Psychological Factors in the Aetiology of Pre-Menstrual Symptoms
Authors: Taylor John W. 
Published: October 2008

Some studies associating pre-menstrual symptoms and personality characteristics are reviewed. The possible relationships of EPI Neuroticism and specific personality characteristics (assessed by the 16PF) with pre-menstrual symptoms were investigated. Possible differences between volunteer and non-volunteer subjects' 16PF results and changes in 16PF results during the menstrual cycle were also studied. The severity of some normal women's menstrual symptoms was assessed by (1) a specially constructed daily symptom rating scale and (2) four criteria of severe premenstrual symptoms. A strong association between Neuroticism and high levels of pre-menstrual symptoms was found. There was also an association between high levels of symptoms and 16PF scores (high on factors L, O and Q4, low on factors C, N and Q3) but this finding was less clear cut. No systematic variation in 16PF scores was apparent during the menstrual cycle nor were there differences between volunteers and non-volunteers on 16PF results. Findings suggest an association between pre-menstrual symptoms and psychological dysfunction and as revealed on the 16PF, personality characteristics of emotional instability, suspiciousness, guilt-proneness, apprehensiveness, unpretentiousness, tension and self-conflict.
Parental Deprivation and Depression in a Non-Clinical Group
Authors: Parker Gordon 
Published: October 2008

Despite a large number of studies it remains unclear whether early parental loss or separation experiences from parents are associated with depression in adult life. In order to circumvent the possible confounding influence of psychiatric patient status, a non-clinical group was used to study any influence of early permanent parental loss and early parental separation on subsequent depressive experience in adulthood. The depressive experience of 236 post-graduate students was assessed using measures of trait depression, self-esteem, alienation and incidence of depressive episodes. Depressive experience was not increased in those 27 subjects who had been permanently separated from a biological parent before the age of 16 years. When duration of separation from influential parent-figures was examined it was found that trait depression scores were increased in those who had experienced longer separation, but those subjects also rated their parent-figures as having been less caring. Findings are consistent with the view that it is the quality of any parental contribution, rather than its continuity, that is associated with subsequent depressive experience in adulthood.
The Psychiatrist's Family—A Comparative Study
Authors: Goldney Robert , Czechowicz Maryla , Dibden Shirley , Govan Jill , Miller Michael , Tottman Jan 
Published: October 2008

The results of a questionnaire survey of the partners of psychiatrists and general practitioners are presented. The questionnaire was designed to elicit feelings about the respective professions. Methodological issues are discussed, and the wisdom of comparing different medical groups is questioned. Although significantly fewer psychiatrists' partners initially had positive feelings towards their spouse's career, the majority of both groups reported currently positive feelings. Only a minority, and in equal proportions in the two groups, reported that their spouse's profession had interfered with their relationships with friends or had influenced their marital relationship. A significantly greater number of general practitioners' partners reported that their spouse's profession was more stressful than that of other professionals. The results also indicated that a significantly greater number of psychiatrists than general practitioners as perceived by their partners as using psychiatric interpretation and jargon in the family setting. Furthermore, the comments provided, although representative of only a minority of respondents, demonstrated that this could provide a unique stress for the families of some psychiatrists.
An Observation on the Genesis of Münchausen Syndrome: A Case Report
Authors: Sale Ian , Kalucy Ross 
Published: October 2008

A case of Münchausen Syndrome diagnosed in an antenatal ward is reported. This patient, while pregnant, presented a variety of factitious obstetric complications to her medical attendants. Examination of the patient's hospital records threw light on the natural history of Münchausen Syndrome, and suggested the possibility that the nature of her interactions with hospitals were of aetiological significance. The implications of this hypothesis are considered.
The Prevalence of Symptoms of Depression in An Australian General Population
Authors: Byrne D. G. 
Published: October 2008

The prevalence of depressive symptoms was estimated in a random sample of an Australian general population by administration of the Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (S.D.S.). Rates, calculated according to criteria derived from a previously studied clinical sample, were somewhat higher in this population than had been reported in similar studies elsewhere. It was reasoned that this finding related to the relative laxity of criteria employed in the present study. Socio-demographic influences on the reporting of depressive symptoms were evident, the most prominent of these being the sex of the subject. It was suggested that these influences may underlie socio-demographic differences in rates of recognized depressive states occurring within clinical samples.
An Exploration of Homesickness among Student Nurses
Authors: Porritt D. , Taylor D. 
Published: October 2008

Clinical experience of the author and literature reports suggest that homesickness can be an important factor in adjustment difficulties among student nurses. Following previous studies of residential relocation, homesickness is conceptualised as a grief reaction. It is suggested that attempts to maintain attachment to home and family will also be involved. A scale of ‘homesickness symptoms’ based on this conceptualisation was developed and administered to 185 student nurses, 85 after 4 months of training and 100 after 10 months. Results supported the view that homesickness is a state involving both grief behaviour and attachment behaviour. Recency of separation increased the likelihood of reporting many symptoms. The numbers reporting large numbers of symptoms declined after the first 6 weeks but remained steady at 40–50% thereafter. Students with easier access to their homes were not less likely to report many symptoms initially, but were more likely to report fewer symptoms after the first 6 weeks. Some findings of a more intensive interview study of studnets, some of whom appeared never to have been homesick, some to have recovered, and some to have continued being homesick, are described. Finally, the therapeutic implications of the results are discussed and the potential of further research for elucidation of attachment behaviour in young adults and of maturation to self-reliance is suggested.
Neighbours and Strangers — on Losing the Track
Authors: Cawte John 
Published: October 2008

The cultural gap between the colonists and their indigenous neighbours was an insurmountable tracking difficulty for the young nations of Australia and New Zealand. Scattered across the island continent lived Aborigines, unappreciated; and to the north, Papua New Guinea and Indonesia. The cultural distance, one of colour, of custom, of creed, of consciousness and of cash, was too wide to cross. But cultural distances between neighbours inevitably lead to tracking failures, characterized by misconceptions, fears, and ultimately, conflict. Psychiatry has some capacity to define these tracking failures, and to assess their danger. In this paper, Australia's psychiatric approach to its neighbours is examined. Two challenges are specified. In the developing countries: it is subsistence versus surplus psychiatry — do we comprehend the distinction?? In Aboriginal Australia: it is the Aboriginal mental health system — do we appreciate its existence? An Aboriginal scripture (bark painting) provides the text.
Life Event Scaling and Psychiatric Impairment
Authors: Frydman Michael I. 
Published: October 2008

The relationships between psychiatric symptoms and life events scaled for the aetiological relevance of Chance, Self and Others were explored in a sample of 220 parents of chronically ill children. Psychiatrically impaired subjects reported a significant excess of life events in each of the three categories, and not just the Self-caused scale. Similar findings occurred when the aetiological contingency scalings were combined with scalings of Distress and Life Change. Impaired subjects reported an excess of Distress and Life Change attributable to Chance and Others, as well as to Self. The correlation between psychiatric symptoms and self-caused events was weaker than the correlation between a) symptoms and Others-caused events, and b) symptoms and the raw number of events. These findings are interpreted as support for the proposition that the relationship between events and symptoms in the present study is not found because of contamination of the former (independent) variable by the measure of the latter (dependent) variables.
Affective Disorders, Diabetes Mellitus and Lithium
Authors: Russell J. D. , Johnson G. F. S. 
Published: October 2008

There appears to be an association between affective disorders and diabetes mellitus independent of the use of lithium in treatment. Prior studies have suggested that lithium treatment may impair glucose tolerance or produce frank diabetes in certain patients. Metabolic complications of the diabetic state, such as hypersosmolality and salt depletion increase lithium absorption and the risk of toxicity even at generally acceptable serum levels. The management of patients with diabetes and affective disorders on prophylactic lithium is discussed.
Mental Health Law Reform: Advance towards Enlightenment or Denial of Reality?
Authors: Doutney Charles 
Published: October 2008

In the field of human affairs, curiosity prompts us to seek a panoramic view in order to gain a vision of reality that will make it as intelligible as possible for a human mind … A panoramic view will at any rate be a less misleading reflection of reality than a partial view. Toynbee (1972)
Transcavum interforniceal endoscopic surgery of the third ventricle
Authors: Souweidane Mark M. , Hoffman Caitlin E. , Schwartz Theodore H. 
Published: October 2008

Object
Intraventricular anatomy has been detailed as it pertains to endoscopic surgery within the third ventricle, particularly for performing endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) and endoscopic colloid cyst resection. The expanding role of endoscopic surgery warrants a careful appraisal of these techniques as they relate to frequent anatomical variants. Given the common occurrence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV), the endoscopic surgeon should be familiar with that particular anatomy especially as it pertains to surgery within the third ventricle.

Methods
From a prospective database of endoscopic surgical cases were selected those cases in which the defined pathology necessitated surgery within the third ventricle and there was coexistent CSP and CV. Pertinent radiographic studies, operative notes, and archived video files were reviewed to define the relevant anatomy. Features of the intracavitary anatomy were assessed regarding their importance in approaching the third ventricle.

Results
Four cases involving endoscopic surgery within the third ventricle (2 colloid cyst resections and 2 ETVs) were identified in which the surgical objective was accomplished through a septal cavum. In each case the width of the body of the lateral ventricle was reduced and the foramen of Monro was obscured. Because of the ventricular distortion, a stereotactic transcavum route was used for approaching the third ventricle. Entry into the third ventricle was accomplished through an interforniceal fenestration immediately behind the anterior commissure. The surgical goal was met in each case without any neurological change or postoperative morbidity. During the follow-up period, there has been no recurrence of a colloid cyst and no need of a secondary cerebrospinal fluid diversionary procedure.

Conclusions
In the presence of a CSP and CV, endoscopic navigation into the third ventricle can be problematic via a transforaminal approach. Alternatively, a transcavum interforniceal route for endoscopic surgery in the third ventricle is suggested, with the rostral lamina and the anterior commissure as important anatomical landmarks. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy and endoscopic colloid cyst resection performed via a transcavum interforniceal route in patients with a coexistent septal cavum is a feasible and safe option.
Long-term outcomes and prognostic factors in pediatric patients with severe traumatic brain injury and elevated intracranial pressure
Authors: Jagannathan Jay , Okonkwo David O. , Yeoh Hian Kwang , Dumont Aaron S. , Saulle Dwight , Haizlip Julie , Barth Jeffrey T. , Jane John A. , Jane John A. 
Published: October 2008

Object
The management strategies and outcomes in pediatric patients with elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) following severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) are examined in this study.

Methods
This study was a retrospective review of a prospectively acquired pediatric trauma database. More than 750 pediatric patients with brain injury were seen over a 10-year period. Records were retrospectively reviewed to determine interventions for correcting ICP, and surviving patients were contacted prospectively to determine functional status and quality of life. Only patients with 2 years of follow-up were included in the study.

Results
Ninety-six pediatric patients (age range 3–18 years) were identified with a Glasgow Coma Scale score < 8 and elevated ICP > 20 mm Hg on presentation. The mean injury severity score was 65 (range 30–100). All patients were treated using a standardized head injury protocol. The mean time course until peak ICP was 69 hours postinjury (range 2–196 hours). Intracranial pressure control was achieved in 82 patients (85%). Methods employed to achieve ICP control included maximal medical therapy (sedation, hyperosmolar therapy, and paralysis) in 34 patients (35%), ventriculostomy in 23 patients (24%), and surgery in 39 patients (41%). Fourteen patients (15%) had refractory ICP despite all interventions, and all of these patients died. Seventy-two patients (75%) were discharged from the hospital, whereas 24 (25%) died during hospitalization. Univariate and multivariate analysis revealed that the presence of vascular injury, refractory ICP, and cisternal effacement at presentation had the highest correlation with subsequent death (p < 0.05). Mean follow-up was 53 months (range 11–126 months). Three patients died during the follow-up period (2 due to infections and 1 committed suicide). The mean 2-year Glasgow Outcome Scale score was 4 (median 4, range 1–5). The mean patient competency rating at follow-up was 4.13 out of 5 (median 4.5, range 1–4.8). Univariate analysis revealed that the extent of intracranial and systemic injuries had the highest correlation with long-term quality of life (p < 0.05).

Conclusions
Controlling elevated ICP is an important factor in patient survival following severe pediatric TBI. The modality used for ICP control appears to be less important. Long-term follow-up is essential to determine neurocognitive sequelae associated with TBI.
Clinical predictors of developmental outcome in patients with cephaloceles
Authors: Lo Benjamin W. Y. , Kulkarni Abhaya V. , Rutka James T. , Jea Andrew , Drake James M. , Lamberti-Pasculli Maria , Dirks Peter B. , Thabane Lehana 
Published: October 2008

Object
Cephaloceles represent primary axial mesodermal defects, occurring in 0.8–4 per 10,000 live births. Prior studies have reported posterior location, hydrocephalus, microcephaly, seizure, and presence of brain tissue as poor prognostic markers for neurological outcome. However, these studies were small and the results were analyzed using univariate tests. The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for the occurrence of developmental delay in patients with cephaloceles, using both univariate and multivariable regression techniques.

Methods
This is a retrospective cohort study of cephalocele cases treated at the Hospital for Sick Children between 1990 and 2006. Two independent investigators collected the data from the Hospital for Sick Children Encephalocele Database and hospital charts. Developmental assessments were made by general pediatricians and neuropsychologists. Both univariate analysis (α = 0.10) and multivariable logistic regression analysis (α = 0.05) were performed.

Results
Eighty-five cases of cephaloceles were identified. The patient group consisted of 48 boys and 37 girls. Sixty-eight lesions were encephaloceles and 17 were meningoceles. The distribution was as follows: frontal (40 lesions), occipital (33), and parietal (12). Associated conditions included hydrocephalus (23), seizure disorder (17), microcephaly (6), corpus callosal abnormalities (15), heterotopias (9), cerebral dysgenesis (11), and myelomeningocele (1). Evaluation of long-term development revealed that 41 patients (48%) had normal development, 9 (11%) had mild delay, 14 (16%) had moderate delay, and 21 (25%) had severe delay. Hydrocephalus, seizure disorder, microcephaly, presence of associated intracranial abnormalities, and presence of brain tissue were significantly associated with poor outcome on univariate analysis. Multivariable analysis revealed hydrocephalus and presence of intracranial abnormalities to be statistically significant predictors of developmental delay.

Conclusions
To the authors' knowledge, this is one of the largest North American cephalocele series documented. Unlike prior studies, location of the cephaloceles is not a significant predictor of outcome. The multivariable regression analysis demonstrates hydrocephalus and the presence of associated intracranial abnormalities as variables with cumulative predictive effects for developmental delay.
Correlation of a preoperative grading scale with progressive spinal deformity following surgery for intramedullary spinal cord tumors in children
Authors: McGirt Matthew J. , Constantini Shlomi , Jallo George I. 
Published: October 2008

Object
Postoperative progressive spinal deformity often complicates functional outcome after resection of pediatric intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCTs). The authors propose a preoperative grading scale that correlates with the postoperative development of progressive spinal deformity requiring subsequent fusion.

Methods
The data obtained in 164 patients who underwent resection of an IMSCT at a single institution were retrospectively collected and analyzed to determine the development of progressive spinal deformity requiring fusion. A grading scale (range of scores I–V) was created based on the presence or absence of 4 preoperative variables: preoperative scoliosis, involvement of the thorocolumbar junction, age < 13 years, and number of surgeries for an IMSCT. The grading scale was then retrospectively applied to this series of 164 children to assess the correlation of variables with subsequent spinal deformity.

Results
Nine patients presented with Grade I status, 41 patients with Grade II, 58 patients with Grade III, 44 patients with Grade IV, and 12 patients with Grade V. Overall, 44 patients (27%) developed progressive spinal deformity requiring fusion at a mean follow-up of 5 years after surgery. A higher preoperative grade was associated with an increasing need for subsequent fusion for progressive spinal deformity (Grade I [0%], Grade II [5%], Grade III [26%], Grade IV [40%], and Grade V status [75%]).

Conclusions
Application of this grading scheme to a series of resected pediatric IMSCTs has demonstrated its correlation with the incidence of postoperative progressive spinal deformity requiring fusion. The application of a standardized grading scheme will assist in the process of surgical decision making and postoperative evaluation.