bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes of the nutrient loads of the Odra River during the last century - their causes and consequences
Authors: Behrendt Horst , Opitz Dieter , Kolanek Agnieszka , Korol Rafalina , Strońska Marzenna 
Published: February 2009

Changes of the nutrient loads of the Odra River during the last century - their causes and consequencesNutrient emissions by point and diffuse sources and their loads were estimated for the Odra catchment over the time period of the last 50 years by means of the model MONERIS. For nitrogen a change of the total emissions from 38 kt·a−1N in the mid of 1950s a maximum of 105 kt·a−1N in the early 1980s and a recent value of about 84 kt·a−1N were estimated for the total Odra Basin. The share of the point source discharges on the total N emissions varied between 24% (1955) and 35% (1995). The emissions from groundwater and tile drained areas represent the dominant pathway (37-56% of total N emissions) during all investigated time periods. Emissions from tile drained areas increased from the mid of 1950s to end of 1980s by a factor of 20 and reached in this period the same amount as emissions by groundwater. For phosphorus the emissions changed from 4 kt·a−1P in 1955 to 14 kt·a−1P in 1990 and a recent level of 7 kt·a−1P. Point source discharges caused between 36 to 66% of total P emissions and represent the dominant pathway for all investigated time periods. Erosion and discharges from paved urban areas and sewer systems was the dominant diffuse pathway of the total P emissions into the river system. The comparison of calculated and observed nutrient loads for the main monitoring stations along the Odra River shows that the average deviation is 12% for total phosphorus (1980-2000) and 15% for dissolved inorganic nitrogen (1960-2000). From the analysis it can be concluded that the present load of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and total nitrogen (TN) of the Odra into the Baltic Sea is about 2.3 times higher than in the mid of 1960s. The maximum DIN load (1980s) was more than 3 times higher than in the 1960s. The change of the total phosphorus (TP) load is characterized by an increase from the 1955s to 1980 from 2 to 7 kt·a−1P (factor 2.6). Around 2000 the TP load was 4 kt·a−1which is only the double of the level of the 1955s.
Bankfull discharge determination using the new Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment Method
Authors: Radecki-Pawlik Artur , Skalski Tomasz 
Published: February 2009

Bankfull discharge determination using the new Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment MethodAlong the paper the new method called Invertebrate Bankfull Assessment method (IBA method) of determination of bankfull discharge is presented. The investigation of bankfull discharge using IBA were performed within one Polish Carpathian stream in the mountain region: the Ochotnica Stream. As an index of bankfull the existence of certain species of invertebrates was used which are present and resistant to specific water discharge conditions. The borders within a cross section of the mountain stream with a gravel bed were defined where characteristic invertebrates are present which are recognized as bankfull borders. Finally three invertebrates benches (IB-ms) were recognized which are characterized by very specific invertebrate species. Bankfull discharge was calculated up to this IB-ms and corelated using Canonical Correspondence Analysis with other values of bankfull calculated for a cross section using different bankfull.
Selective Formation of Bi‐Component Arrays Through H‐Bonding of Multivalent Molecular Modules
Authors: Piot Luc , Palma Carlos‐Andres , Llanes‐Pallas Anna , Prato Maurizio , Szekrényes Zsolt , Kamarás Katalin , Bonifazi Davide , Samorì Paolo 
Published: February 2009

AbstractHere, the formation of discrete supramolecular mono‐ and bi‐component architectures from novel and multivalent molecular modules bearing complementary recognition moieties that are prone to undergo multiple H‐bonds, such as 2,6‐di(acetylamino)pyridine and uracil residues, is described. These nanostructured H‐bonded arrays, including dimeric and pentameric species, are thoroughly characterized in solution by NMR, in the solid state by FT‐IR, and at the solid–liquid interface by means of scanning tunneling microscopy. The employed strategy is extremely versatile as it relies on the tuning of the valency, size, and geometry of the molecular modules; thus, it may be of interest for the bottom‐up fabrication of nanostructured functional materials with sub‐nanometer precision.
A patient with early onset Huntington disease and severe cerebellar atrophy
Authors: Sakazume Satoru , Yoshinari Satoshi , Oguma Eiji , Utsuno Emi , Ishii Takuma , Narumi Yoko , Shiihara Takashi , Ohashi Hirofumi 
Published: February 2009

AbstractWe report on a girl with early onset Huntington disease (HD). Her initial symptoms at 2 years of age included oral motor dysfunction and gait disturbance. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head revealed severe atrophy of both the vermis and the cerebellar cortex in addition to the common findings of basal ganglia including the caudate nuclei, putamen, and globus pallidus. Molecular analysis showed 160 CAG repeats in the HD gene. This mutation was inherited from her mother who was also affected, with a HD CAG expansion of 60 repeats. Cerebellar symptoms should be considered as a manifestation of early onset HD. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel syndrome with psychiatric features and review of malformation syndromes with psychiatric disorders
Authors: du Souich Christèle , Austin Jehannine C. , Friedlander Robin , Boerkoel Cornelius F. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractPsychiatric disease occurs with increased frequency in a number of malformation syndromes. We hypothesize that the study of these disorders is helpful for understanding the pathophysiology of psychiatric disease. With this objective, we have been screening for individuals with malformations and prominent psychiatric disease. We report on a man with visual and auditory hallucinations and behavioral problems who was the product of an incestuous relationship and had anomalies primarily of his face, hands and feet. His distinctive features define an undescribed acro‐auricular malformation syndrome with a psychiatric component. The study of Mendelian syndromes such as the one presented will likely be helpful for isolating novel genes involved in psychiatric illness. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel mutation in the X‐linked cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) gene associated with a severe Rett phenotype
Authors: Sprovieri T. , Conforti F.L. , Fiumara A. , Mazzei R. , Ungaro C. , Citrigno L. , Muglia M. , Arena A. , Quattrone A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMutations in the X‐linked cyclin‐dependent kinase‐like 5 (CDKL5) gene have recently been reported in patients with severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by early‐onset seizures, infantile spasms, severe psychomotor impairment and very recently, in patients with Rett syndrome (RTT)‐like phenotype. Although the involvement of CDKL5 in specific biological pathways and its neurodevelopmental role have not been completely elucidated, the CDKL5 appears to be physiologically related to the MECP2 gene. Here we report on the clinical and CDKL5 molecular investigation in a very unusual RTT case, with severe, early‐neurological involvement in which we have shown in a previous report, a novel P388S MECP2 mutation [Conforti et al. (2003); Am J Med Genet A 117A: 184–187]. The patient has had severe psychomotor delay since the first month of life and infantile spasms since age 5 months. Moreover, at age 5 years the patient suddenly presented with renal failure. The severe pattern of symptoms in our patient, similar to a CDKL5 phenotype, prompted us to perform an analysis of the CDKL5, which revealed a novel missense mutation never previously described. The X‐inactivation assay was non‐informative. In conclusion, this report reinforces the observation that the CDKL5 phenotype overlaps with RTT and that CDKL5 analysis is recommended in patients with a seizure disorder commencing during the first months of life. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Micelle and Vesicle Formation of Amphiphilic Nanoparticles
Authors: Nikolic Marija S. , Olsson Charlotta , Salcher Andrea , Kornowski Andreas , Rank Anja , Schubert Rolf , Frömsdorf Andreas , Weller Horst , Förster Stephan 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNanopartikel mit Borsten: Komplexe Nanostrukturen entstehen durch die Selbstorganisation amphiphiler CdSe‐CdS‐Kern‐Schale‐Nanopartikel, die von einer bürstenartigen Schicht von Poly(ethylenoxid)‐Ketten umgeben sind. Bei diesem Ansatz werden die Volumenanteile von hydrophilen und hydrophoben Einheiten im Partikelinneren gezielt eingestellt. Es resultieren Nanomicellen, ‐zylinder oder ‐vesikel (siehe Bild).magnified image
Ratiometric Single‐Nanoparticle Oxygen Sensors for Biological Imaging
Authors: Wu Changfeng , Bull Barbara , Christensen Kenneth , McNeill Jason 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSicheres Auge für Sauerstoff: Mit einem Platinporphyrin‐Farbstoff dotierte, konjugierte Polymernanopartikel weisen eine helle Phosphoreszenz auf, die sehr empfindlich auf die Konzentration von molekularem Sauerstoff reagiert. Ihre geringe Größe, ihre große Helligkeit und Empfindlichkeit, ihre ratiometrische Emission sowie ihre Zellgängigkeit könnten die Nanopartikel zu Sensoren in der quantitativen Erfassung lokaler Sauerstoffkonzentrationen machen.magnified image
Scavenging capacities of some thiazolyl thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds on superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, and DPPH radical
Authors: Kruk Irena , Bozdağ‐Dündar Oya , Ceylan‐Ünlüsoy Meltem , Ertan Rahmiye , Aboul‐Enein Hassan Y. , Michalska Teresa 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe scavenging effects of eighteen thiazolyl thiazolidine‐2,4‐dione compounds (TTCs) on superoxide radical
, hydroxyl radical HO•, and 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical were evaluated by the chemiluminescence technique, electron spin resonance spectrometry (ESR) and visible spectrophotometry, respectively. The examined compounds were shown to have 27–59%
scavenging ability, 19–69% HO• scavenging activity and 2–32% DPPH• scavenging ability. This property of the tested compound seems to be important in the prevention of various diseases of free radicals etiology. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of bacterial blight resistance into Triguna, a high yielding, mid‐early duration rice variety
Authors: Sundaram Raman M. , Vishnupriya M. R. , Laha Gouri S. , Rani N. Shobha , Rao P. Srinivasa , Balachandran Sena M. , Reddy Gajjala Ashok , Sarma Nukala P. , Sonti Ramesh V. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBacterial blight (BB) is a serious disease of rice in India. We have used molecular marker‐assisted selection in a backcross breeding program to introgress three genes (Xa21, xa13, and xa5) for BB resistance into Triguna, a mid‐early duration, high yielding rice variety that is susceptible to BB. At each generation in the backcross program, molecular markers were used to select plants possessing these resistance genes and to select plants that have maximum contribution from the Triguna genome. A selected BC3F1 plant was selfed to generate homozygous BC3F2 plants with different combinations of BB resistance genes. Plants containing the two‐gene combination, Xa21 and xa13, were found to exhibit excellent resistance against BB. Single plant selections for superior agronomic characteristics were performed on the progeny of these plants, from BC3F3 generation onwards. The selected plants were subjected to yield trials at the BC3F8 generation and were found to have a significant yield advantage over Triguna. The newly developed lines are being entered into national multi‐location field trials. This work represents a successful example of the application of molecular marker‐assisted selection for BB resistance breeding in rice.
Modulation of Spectrokinetic Properties of o‐Quinonoid Reactive Intermediates by Electronic Factors: Time‐Resolved Laser Flash and Steady‐State Photolysis Investigations of Photochromic 6‐ and 7‐Arylchromenes
Authors: Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha , Koner Apurba L. , Samanta Subhas , Roy Ankur , Nau Werner M. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA variety of differently substituted 6‐ and 7‐arylchromenes such as that depicted undergo photoinduced CO bond cleavage to yield colored o‐quinonoid intermediates. A combined analysis of μs–ms (laser flash) and real‐time kinetic data show that the o‐quinonoid intermediates decay faster when the C2‐aryl and C6‐/C7‐aryl rings contain electron‐donating and electron‐accepting groups, respectively. Similarly, the decay occurs slowly for the reversed scenario, while intermediate decay rates are observed when both substituents are electron donating.magnified imageA ready synthetic accessibility of a series of 6‐ and 7‐arylchromenes via Pd0‐catalyzed Suzuki coupling protocol has permitted a comprehensive investigation of the thermal decay behavior of a broad set of photogenerated o‐quinonoid reactive intermediates. It is shown that substantial mesomeric effect between the benzopyran nucleus and the aryl ring at C6 or C7 position of the former renders significant absorption beyond 350 nm such that they are readily photoactivated to yield colored o‐quinonoid intermediates. The absorption spectra of the latter are found to be strongly influenced by the substituents on C2‐, C6‐ and C7‐aryl rings; indeed the colored absorptions can be conveniently tuned by appropriate choice of substituents. The thermal decay (bleaching phenomenon), which is important from the point of view of their application in ophthalmic lenses, was investigated in each case by μs–ms as well as real‐time absorption spectroscopy. By careful experimentation, we have extracted the decay rate constants for Z,E and E,E o‐quinonoid isomers of all 6‐ and 7‐arylchromenes in an attempt to establish a correlation between the electronic attributes with their thermokinetic behavior. From a combined analysis of μs–ms (laser flash) and real‐time kinetic data, it is shown that the colored o‐quinonoid intermediates decay faster when the C2‐aryl and C6‐/C7‐aryl rings contain electron‐donating and electron‐accepting groups, respectively. In the same vein, the decay was found to occur slowly for the reversed scenario, while intermediate decay rates are observed when both substituents are electron‐donating. Thus, any substituent on the C2‐aryl ring that contributes mesomerically to the development of charge on the quinonoid oxygen, and any substituent on the C6‐/C7‐aryl ring that exerts −I effect appear to expedite thermal decay. Furthermore, evidence is obtained for the first time from μs time‐resolved laser‐flash spectroscopy for the formation and characterization of the trans,cis (E,Z) o‐quinonoid isomer, which has heretofore eluded spectral characterization in the photochromic phenomena of pyrans.
Thiophene–Diazine Molecular Semiconductors: Synthesis, Structural, Electrochemical, Optical, and Electronic Structural Properties; Implementation in Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Ortiz Rocío Ponce , Casado Juan , Hernández Víctor , Navarrete Juan T. López , Letizia Joseph A. , Ratner Mark A. , Facchetti Antonio , Marks Tobin J. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractNew transportation: New thiophene‐based semiconductors have been produced and studied by electrochemistry, various spectroscopic methods, and structural and morphological techniques in conjunction with model chemistry. Their electrical properties have been analyzed by implementation in field‐effect transistor devices (see figure).magnified imageThe synthesis, structural, electrochemical, optical, and electronic structure properties of a new azine‐thiophene semiconductor family are reported and compared to those of analogous oligothiophenes. The new molecules are: 5,5′‐bis(6‐(thien‐2‐yl)pyrimid‐4‐yl)‐2,2′‐dithiophene (1), 5,5′‐bis(6‐(5‐hexylthien‐2‐yl)pyrimid‐4‐yl)‐2,2′‐dithiophene (3), and 5,5′‐bis(6‐(thien‐2‐yl)pyridazin‐3‐yl))‐2,2′‐dithiophene (2). Electrochemical experiments demonstrate that introduction of electron‐poor heteroaromatic rings into the oligothiophene core significantly enhances electron affinity. Thin‐film transistors were fabricated with these materials and evaluated both in vacuum and in air. We find that although diazine substitution is important in tuning oligothiophene orbital energetics, these oligomers are p‐channel semiconductors and the field‐effect transistor (FET) charge transport properties are remarkably similar to these of unsubstituted oligothiophenes. The combined computational‐experimental analysis of the molecular and thin film properties indicates that these diazine‐containing oligothiophenes essentially behave as π‐extended bithiophenes. Interestingly, despite strong intermolecular interactions, high solid‐state fluorescence efficiencies are observed for these new derivatives. Such emission characteristics suggest that these materials behave as more extended π systems, which should be advantageous in light‐emitting transistors.
Absorption of Vinyl Chloride by Room Temperature Ionic Liquids
Authors: Cheng Xuepei , Yang Guanying , Mu Tiancheng , Guo Xiangkun , Wang Xiaoling 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA novel way to absorb industrial tail gas vinyl chloride by room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is presented. The absorption amount and rate of vinyl chloride in these RTILs at 288.15, 298.15 and 323.15 K was determined. Results suggested that RTILs can be used as alternative green solvents for vinyl chloride absorption and desorption. 1H‐NMR experiments showed that a chemical bond was not formed between the RTILs and vinyl chloride, which means this was a physical absorption process. Experimental results also indicated that the vinyl chloride can be easily desorbed at higher temperatures and/or under vacuum. This makes RTILs reusable.
γ‐secretase inhibitors for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Wu Wen‐Lian , Zhang Lili 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAlzheimer's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder manifested by cognitive and memory deterioration, impairment of language, and other activities of daily life. Two major pathological hallmarks are characteristics of Alzheimer's disease: intracellular neurofibrillary tangles and extracellular amyloid plaques. The amyloid plaque is mainly comprised of aggregated form of the 40–42 residue amyloid β‐peptide (Aβ). The accumulation and deposition of Aβ eventually lead to neuronal damage and cell death. Aβ peptides are generated from a large precursor protein (APP) by β‐secretase (BACE) and γ‐secretase. Reduction of Aβ by inhibition of γ‐secretase may prevent Aβ‐mediated downstream neurotoxic events, representing an attractive strategy to combat Alzheimer's disease. γ‐Secretase is a multi‐component complex comprised of four distinct units: presenilin, nicastrin, aph‐1, and pen2. In addition to processing APP, γ‐secretase has also been implicated in the cleavage of other substrates, the most notable one being the Notch receptor. Inhibition of Notch processing is the key factor of mechanism‐based side effects associated with γ‐secretase inhibitors. It is imperative to balance the therapeutic efficacy and the risk of mechanism‐based toxicity. Drug Dev Res 70, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of activated Rho in fixed Xenopus tissue
Authors: Berger Corinna D. , März Martin , Kitzing Thomas M. , Grosse Robert , Steinbeisser Herbert 
Published: February 2009

AbstractSmall GTPases of the Rho family are important modulators of the cytoskeleton and regulate morphogenetic cell movements during embryonic development. In the Xenopus embryo, Rho signaling contributes to the regulation of convergent extension (CE) movements in gastrula and neurula stages as well as to tissue separation (TS). Here we describe a method that allows the detection of activated (GTP‐bound) Rho in fixed Xenopus tissue. The assay makes use of a fusion protein of Rhotekin and Green‐Fluorescent‐Protein (RBD‐GFP), which is produced in bacteria and can be purified biochemically. This technique allows a temporal and spatial analysis of Rho signaling in the developing embryo. Developmental Dynamics 238:1407–1411, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chick embryo proliferation studies using EdU labeling
Authors: Warren Michelle , Puskarczyk Karolina , Chapman Susan C. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractCell proliferation studies are an important experimental tool. The most commonly used thymidine analogues, tritiated thymidine and bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) label cells during S‐phase. Both methods have significant drawbacks: low sensitivity in the case of tritiated thymidine and a denaturation step during BrdU detection that destroys most cellular epitopes, requiring careful optimization. The antibody against BrdU is also large and tissue penetration can be difficult. EdU (5′‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine) is closely chemically related to BrdU, with detection achieved by a copper catalyzed reaction requiring a small fluorescently conjugated azide. Cell cultures, flow cytometry and high throughput studies using EdU‐labeled cells is exceptionally fast and does not require denaturation or antibodies. We have developed a tissue‐labeling technique in chick embryos using EdU. Following EdU chemistry to detect proliferating cells, the tissue can undergo immunolabeling. We demonstrate fluorescent EdU chemistry followed by Tuj1 antibody staining resulting in multiplex fluorescent tissues. Developmental Dynamics 238:944–949, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of early development in mammalian limb diversification: A descriptive comparison of early limb development between the natal long‐fingered bat (Miniopterus natalensis) and the mouse (Mus musculus)
Authors: Hockman Dorit , Mason Mandy K. , Jacobs David S. , Illing Nicola 
Published: February 2009

AbstractComparative embryology expands our understanding of unique limb structures, such as that found in bats. Bat forelimb digits 2 to 5 are differentially elongated and joined by webbing, while the hindlimb digits are of similar length in many species. We compare limb development between the mouse and the Natal long‐fingered bat,Miniopterus natalensis, to pinpoint the stage at which their limbs begin to differ. The bat forelimb differs from the mouse atCarolliastage (CS) 14 with the appearance of the wing membrane primordia. This difference is enhanced at CS 15 with the posterior expansion of the hand plate. The bat hindlimb begins to differ from the mouse between CS 15 and 16 when the foot plate undergoes a proximal expansion resulting in digit primordia of very similar length. Our findings support recent gene expression studies, which reveal a role for early patterning in the development of the bat limb. Developmental Dynamics 238:965–979, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The RCAS retroviral expression system in the study of skeletal development
Authors: Gordon Christopher T. , Rodda Felicity A. , Farlie Peter G. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractRCAS is a replication‐competent retroviral vector system that allows sustained misexpression of a gene of interest in avian cells. This tool has been used to gain fundamental insights into skeletal development in the chick embryo, and consequently into broader principles of morphogenesis. In this review, we discuss a range of RCAS‐based strategies that have been employed to examine gene function during early patterning of the limb bud, later skeletal differentiation, and craniofacial morphogenesis. The potential for the RCAS system as a tool for loss‐of‐function studies is also discussed. Developmental Dynamics 238:797–811, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.