bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Governance of Global Production Networks and Regional Development: A Case Study of Taiwanese PC Production Networks
Authors: YANG DANIEL YOU‐REN , COE NEIL M. 
Published: February 2009

ABSTRACTThis article applies a global production networks (GPN) perspective to the trans‐border investments of Taiwanese personal computer (PC) companies in the Northern Taiwan, Greater Suzhou and Greater Dongguan regions. The findings of extensive field research are used to illustrate two conceptual arguments. First, we show the on‐the‐ground complexity of inter‐firm governance arrangements within the PC industry, thereby casting doubt upon attempts to reduce notions of governance to simplistic, industry‐wide categorisations. Second, by comparing Greater Suzhou and Greater Dongguan, we demonstrate that even within a single production system, there is geographical variation in the nature of the strategic coupling between the GPN and local institutional formations. We argue that conceptualising such geographical and organisational complexity is critical to understanding the regional development potential of GPNs.
J. Cosmet. Sci., 59, 127–137 (March/April 2008) Why women use makeup: Implication of psychological traits in makeup functions
Authors: Korichi R. , Pelle‐De‐Queral D. , Gazano G. , Aubert A. 
Published: February 2009

SynopsisMakeup acts and stimulates three of our senses: touch (which encompasses all sensations from the body surface), smell (fragrance), and sight (the process of becoming and looking beautiful). The positive stimulation of these senses by makeup can induce sensory as well as psychological pleasure. In order to understand the relationship of women to their makeup, we interviewed different groups of women on their quality of life and makeup habits. Then, through four standard well‐validated psychometric self‐questionnaires, we examined the possible relation between the need to make up oneself and specific psychological features. Our first results clearly showed that makeup could support two opposite ‘up’ functions, i.e., ‘camouflage’ vs. ‘seduction.’ Concerning their psychological profiles, results showed that women of the functional class ‘camouflage’ are more anxious, defensive, and emotionally unstable compared to those of the functional class ‘seduction,’ who appear to be more sociable, assertive, and extroverted. Further analyses revealed a division of the two classes into subclasses of volunteers with opposed personality and psychological profiles. This new classification allowed us to define more precisely the relations existing within the subjective experience of women during the makeup process. In conclusion, our study revealed that beyond the simple application of colorful products on the face, makeup has two major functional implications depending on specific psychological profiles of women.
B7‐2/CD28 costimulatory pathway in children with atopic dermatitis and its connection with immunoglobulin E, intracellular interleukin‐4 and interferon‐gamma production by T cells during a 1‐month follow‐up
Authors: Chernyshov PV 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground   The best defined costimulators for activation of T lymphocytes are B7‐1 and B7‐2 on antigen presenting cells (APC) that bind to CD28 on T cells. Several studies showed that CD28 is critical for type 2 T helper cells (Th2) inflammation and depends mainly on the interaction of CD28 with B7‐2. Some authors suggested a role for B7‐2 B cells in immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis.Objective  We decided to study B7‐2/CD28 interaction in atopic dermatitis (AD) and correlations with total and specific IgE, intracellular interleukin 4‐(IL‐4) and interferon‐gamma (IFN‐γ) production during a 1‐month follow‐up.Methods  We studied 24 AD children with allergy to cow's milk. Lymphocyte subsets (B7‐2 on B cells, CD28+ on T cells, IL‐4 and IFN‐γ producing T helper cells), total and specific IgE, and IgG4 at days 1 and 30 were also studied. Scoring of atopic dermatitis (SCORAD) significantly decreased.Results  CD28+/CD3+/CD57 correlated with B7‐2 B cells at days 1 and 30, with IL‐4 and IFN‐γ producing T helper cells at day 1 and with SCORAD at day 30. B7‐2 B cells negatively correlated with IgE at day 30. Percentage of B7‐2 B cells negatively correlated with total and specific IgE at day 30.Conclusion  Our results support the importance of CD28/B7 costimulation in AD children and the relation of CD28 with Th1 and Th2 cytokines. However, our results do not confirm the hypothesis about the preferential role of B7‐2 in Th2 activation and IgE synthesis. It could raise a question about B7‐2 blockade efficacy in AD children. Further investigations on B7 family members and their functions could help to distinguish target for more clinically efficient B7/CD28 blockage in AD.Conflicts of interestNone declared.
Rates and types of psychiatric disorders in perinatally human immunodeficiency virus‐infected youth and seroreverters
Authors: Mellins Claude Ann , Brackis‐Cott Elizabeth , Leu Cheng‐Shiun , Elkington Katherine S. , Dolezal Curtis , Wiznia Andrew , McKay Mary , Bamji Mahrukh , Abrams Elaine J. 
Published: February 2009

Background:  The purpose of this study was to examine 1) the prevalence of psychiatric and substance use disorders in perinatally HIV‐infected (HIV+) adolescents and 2) the association between HIV infection and these mental health outcomes by comparing HIV+ youths to HIV exposed but uninfected youths (HIV‐) from similar communities.Methods:  Data for this paper come from the baseline interview of a longitudinal study of mental health outcomes in 9‐16 year old perinatally HIV‐exposed youths (61% HIV+) and their caregivers. Three hundred forty youths and their primary adult caregivers were recruited from four medical centers and participated in separate individual interviews. Youth psychiatric disorder was assessed using the caregiver and youth versions of The Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children (DISC‐IV).Results:  According to caregiver or youth report, a high percentage of HIV+ and HIV‐ youths met criteria for a non‐substance use psychiatric disorder, with significantly higher rates among the HIV+ youths (61% vs. 49%, OR = 1.59; CI = 1.03,2.47; p < .05). The most prevalent diagnoses in both groups were anxiety disorders (46% for total sample) which included social phobia, separation anxiety, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, obsessive‐ compulsive disorder, and specific phobias. One quarter of the sample met criteria for a behavioral disorder (ADHD, conduct disorders, and oppositional defiant disorders), with ADHD being most prevalent. HIV+ youths had significantly higher rates of ADHD (OR = 2.45; CI = 1.20, 4.99, p < .05). Only 7% of youths met criteria for a mood disorder and 4% for a substance abuse disorder. Several caregiver variables (caregiver type and HIV status) were also associated with both child HIV status and mental health outcomes.Conclusions:  Our data suggest that HIV+ youths are at high risk for mental health disorders. Further longitudinal research is necessary to understand the etiology, as well as potential protective factors, in order to inform efficacy‐based interventions.
Pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary thromboembolism in a dog
Authors: Sobel Keith E. , Williams Jarod E. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective –To describe a case of spontaneous pneumothorax secondary to pulmonary thromboembolism possibly associated with pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism.Case Summary –A 7‐year‐old spayed female Collie weighing 26 kg was referred for evaluation of spontaneous pneumothorax. An exploratory thoracotomy was performed and revealed 2 lung lobes to be diffusely hemorrhagic and they were resected. Histologic examination of multiple sections documented diffuse thromboembolism. A 2–3 cm thrombus was visualized distal to the bifurcation of the pulmonary artery during an echocardiographic examination postoperatively. The dog was discharged to the owner after recovery from surgery. The thrombus had resolved at the 4‐week recheck examination. Diagnosis of pituitary dependent hyperadrenocorticism was confirmed based on follow‐up endocrine testing.New or Unique Information Provided –This is the first report of pulmonary thromboembolism causing spontaneous pneumothorax in the dog.
Comparison of viscoelastic coagulation analysis and standard coagulation profiles in critically ill neonatal foals to outcome
Authors: Dallap Schaer Barbara L. , Bentz Amy I. , Boston Raymond C. , Palmer Jonathan E. , Wilkins Pamela A. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjective –To determine if changes in viscoelastic variables are associated with abnormalities observed in the standard coagulation profile and patient outcome in foals with suspected septicemia.Design –Prospective clinical trial during 2003 and 2004 foal season.Setting –Neonatal intensive care unit at a veterinary teaching hospital.Animals –Thirty critically ill foals <72‐hour‐old admitted sequentially meeting criteria for systemic inflammatory response associated with infection.Interventions –Hemostatic evaluation, using standard coagulation testing and viscoelastic analysis, was performed at admission, 24 hours following admission, and 48 hours following admission in critically ill foals. Standard coagulation tests included platelet count, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and antithrombin. Data collected from viscoelastic analysis included time to initial clot formation (ACT), clot rate, and platelet function. Signalment, blood culture results, clinicopathologic data, and outcome were collected from medical records. Equality of populations test was used to determine associations between coagulation tests and blood culture status/outcome, as well as between viscoelastic parameters and coagulopathy, blood culture status, and outcome. Logistic regression was used to quantify associations. A significance level ofP<0.05 was used.Measurements and Main Results –Foals with decreasing clot rate (CR) over the sample period were more likely to be euthanized or die (P=0.02). Foals with prolonged ACT (P=0.03), and decreased CR at admission (P=0.047), were more commonly coagulopathic. Identification of coagulopathy on admission (P=0.02), or persistence of hemostatic dysfunction 48 hours later (P=0.04), was associated with death.Conclusions –Viscoelastic coagulation evaluation could be used in a neonatal intensive care unit setting to further characterize coagulopathy, and identify foals at higher risk for poor outcome.
Thrombin physiology and pathophysiology
Authors: Licari Louis G. , Kovacic Jan P. 
Published: February 2009

AbstractObjectives –To review the role of thrombin in physiology and clinical disease and to discuss the pharmacology of antithrombosis.Data Sources –Original research articles, scientific reviews, textbooks.Human Data Synthesis –Thrombin and thrombin receptors are involved in a variety of physiologic and pathologic processes resulting in a great deal of interest in thrombin‐related pharmacologic intervention.Veterinary Data Synthesis –Although there is little clinical research data available on thrombin specifically in veterinary patients, some of the original research on protease activated receptors was performed at veterinary institutions and many of the human molecular biology studies have been done on animals including dogs.Conclusion –Thrombin plays a significant role in coagulation, anticoagulation, and fibrinolysis. Antithrombotic treatment is focused on preventing thrombosis while maintaining hemostasis. Pharmaceutical agents are selected for the specific component of the coagulation pathway associated with a specific disease process, for a proven prophylactic benefit with procedures that carry a risk of thromboembolism, for rapidity of onset and ease of reversibility, for limited monitoring requirements, and for oral formulation and bioavailablity. Recent insight into other aspects of thrombin physiology presents an opportunity for pharmacologic intervention in a variety of other processes such as inflammation and sepsis, peripheral blood cell activation and chemotaxis, vascular endothelial and smooth muscle activity, cellular development and tissue repair, mitogenesis, neoplasia, and the function of nervous tissue following injury.
Different effects of ascorbate deprivation and classical vascular nitrate tolerance on aldehyde dehydrogenase‐catalysed bioactivation of nitroglycerin
Authors: Wenzl MV , Wölkart G , Stessel H , Beretta M , Schmidt K , Mayer B 
Published: February 2009

Background and purpose: Vascular tolerance to nitroglycerin (GTN) may be caused by impaired GTN bioactivation due to inactivation of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH2). As relaxation to GTN is reduced but still sensitive to ALDH2 inhibitors in ascorbate deficiency, we compared the contribution of ALDH2 inactivation to GTN hyposensitivity in ascorbate deficiency and classicalin vivonitrate tolerance.Experimental approach: Guinea pigs were fed standard or ascorbate‐free diet for 2 weeks. Reversibility was tested by feeding ascorbate‐deficient animals standard diet for 1 week. Nitrate tolerance was induced by subcutaneous injection of 50 mg·kg−1GTN 4 times daily for 3 days. Ascorbate levels were determined in plasma, blood vessels, heart and liver. GTN‐induced relaxation was measured as isometric tension of aortic rings; vascular GTN biotransformation was assayed as formation of 1,2‐ and 1,3‐glyceryl dinitrate (GDN).Key results: Two weeks of ascorbate deprivation had no effect on relaxation to nitric oxide but reduced the potency of GTN ∼10‐fold in a fully reversible manner. GTN‐induced relaxation was similarly reduced in nitrate tolerance but not further attenuated by ALDH inhibitors. Nitrate tolerance reduced ascorbate plasma levels without affecting ascorbate in blood vessels, liver and heart. GTN denitration was significantly diminished in nitrate‐tolerant and ascorbate‐deficient rings. However, while the ∼10‐fold preferential 1,2‐GDN formation, indicative for active ALDH2, had been retained in ascorbate deficiency, selectivity was largely lost in nitrate tolerance.Conclusions and implications: These results indicate that nitrate tolerance is associated with ALDH2 inactivation, whereas ascorbate deficiency possibly results in down‐regulation of ALDH2 expression.
Cellular immune response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) in nonviremic blood donors with indeterminate anti‐HCV reactivity
Authors: Hitziger Tobias , Schmidt Michael , Schottstedt Volkmar , Hennig Holger , Schumann Alexandra , Ross Stefan , Lu Mengji , Seifried Erhard , Roggendorf Michael 
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: Blood donors with indeterminate hepatitis C virus antibody (anti‐HCV) reactivity are rejected from blood donation. As they are mostly nonviremic, the source of these reactions remains unclear. Reasons for such findings can be resolved HCV infections as well as unspecific antibody reactions. The aim of this study was to investigate HCV‐specific T‐cell response in blood donors to determine the reason for the weak antibody detection.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Anti‐HCV reactivity was tested in 72 blood donors initially diagnosed with an indeterminate HCV result by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and immunoblot. Cellular immune response was measured by proliferation assay and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent spot analysis after stimulation with viral proteins core, NS3, and NS4.RESULTS: In 56% of donors anti‐HCV reactivity was detectable in the screening assay whereas 72% had a reaction in the confirmation immunoblot. Forty‐six percent of donors had a cellular immune response against HCV proteins. The response was most frequent to NS3 protein.CONCLUSION: In almost half of donors the indeterminate result in serologic testings could be explained by a previous resolved HCV infection as the pattern of T‐cell response was similar to these patients. These findings indicate that HCV‐specific antibodies disappear more rapidly after resolved infection than HCV‐specific T cells. These results are important for counseling blood donors and patients with indeterminate serologic results.
Does a febrile reaction to platelets predispose recipients to red blood cell alloimmunization?
Authors: Yazer Mark H. , Triulzi Darrell J. , Shaz Beth , Kraus Teresa , Zimring James C. 
Published: February 2009

BACKGROUND: A variable effect of inflammation on alloimmunization to transfused red blood cells (RBCs) in mice has been recently reported. We investigated whether RBC alloimmunization in humans was affected by transfusion of blood products in temporal proximity to experiencing a febrile transfusion reaction (FTR) to platelets (PLTs), an event predominantly mediated by inflammatory cytokines.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood bank databases were used to identify patients who experienced an FTR or possible FTR to PLTs from August 2000 to March 2008 (FTR group). The control group of patients received a PLT transfusion on randomly selected dates without experiencing an FTR. The “event” was defined as the PLT transfusion that caused the FTR in the FTR group or the index PLT transfusion in the control group. The number of transfused blood products and their proximity to the event were recorded along with other recipient data. The primary endpoint was the rate of RBC alloimmunization between the two groups.RESULTS: There were 190 recipients in the FTR group and 245 in the control group. Overall, the recipients in the control group were younger and received more blood products on the day of their event and over the subsequent 10 days. The alloimmunization rate among recipients in the FTR group was higher than in the control group (8% vs. 3%, respectively; p = 0.026).CONCLUSIONS: These preliminary data support our hypothesis that recipient inflammation may affect RBC alloimmunization in humans; however, a more detailed understanding of the pathophysiologic association between inflammation and alloimmunization is required before definitive conclusions can be reached.
The Prognostic Significance of Bundle Branch Block in High‐Risk Chronic Stable Vascular Disease Patients: A Report from the HOPE Trial
Authors: SUMNER GLEN , SALEHIAN OMID , YI QILONG , HEALEY JEFF , MATHEW JAMES , AL‐MERRI KHALID , AL‐NEMER KHALED , MANN J.F.E. , DAGENAIS GILLES , LONN EVA 
Published: February 2009

Objective: The prognostic significance of left and right bundle branch block (LBBB and RRBB) in patients with chronic stable cardiovascular (CV) disease is not well characterized and was evaluated in the Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation (HOPE) study cohort. Design: Observational analysis of data prospectively collected in the HOPE trial. Setting and Patients: HOPE was a multicenter, international trial, which evaluated ramipril and vitamin E in 9,541 patients aged ≥55 years with CV disease or diabetes with ≥1 CV risk factor(s) but without heart failure (HF) or known left ventricular systolic dysfunction. Follow‐up extended for a median of 4.5 years. Electrocardiograms were obtained at baseline in all study participants and were read centrally. Main Outcome Measures: Major CV events (defined as CV death, myocardial infarction, or stroke), heart failure, CV death, all‐cause death, and sudden death. Results: Baseline LBBB was present in 246 (2.6%) patients and was associated with increased risk for major CV events (HR = 1.54; 95% CI, 1.18–2.02), CV death (HR 2.29; 95% CI, 1.63–3.20), heart failure (HR 2.99; 95% CI, 2.31–3.87), sudden death (HR 3.17; 95% CI, 2.13–4.73), and all‐cause death (HR = 2.10; 95% CI, 1.59–2.77). In multivariate models, LBBB remained an independent predictor of heart failure, sudden death, CV death, and all‐cause death (P ≤ 0.002 for all). Baseline RBBB was present in 428 (4.5%) of patients and was not associated with increased CV risk. Conclusions: In patients with stable chronic CV disease, LBBB but not RBBB is an independent predictor of heart failure, sudden death, CV death, and all‐cause death.
Potent Antiarrhythmic Effects of Chronic Amiodarone in Canine Pulmonary Vein Sleeve Preparations
Authors: SICOURI SERGE , BELARDINELLI LUIZ , CARLSSON LEIF , ANTZELEVITCH CHARLES 
Published: February 2009

Objectives:To examine the effects of chronic amiodarone on the electrophysiology of canine pulmonary vein (PV) sleeve preparations and left ventricular wedge preparation.Background:Amiodarone is commonly used for the treatment of ventricular and supraventricular arrhythmias. Ectopic activity arising from the PV plays a prominent role in the development of atrial fibrillation (AF).Methods:Standard microelectrode techniques were used to evaluate the electrophysiological characteristics of superfused PV sleeve (left superior or inferior) and arterially perfused left ventricular (LV) wedge preparations isolated from untreated and chronic amiodarone‐treated dogs (amiodarone, 40 mg/kg daily for 6 weeks).Results:In PV sleeves, chronic amiodarone (n = 6) induced a significant increase in action potential duration at 90% repolarization (APD90) and a significant use‐dependent reduction in Vmaxleading to 1:1 activation failure at long cycle lengths (basic cycle length of 124 ± 15 ms in control vs 420 ± 320 ms after chronic amiodarone [P < 0.01]). Diastolic threshold of excitation increased from 0.3 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.7 mA (P < 0.01). Delayed and late phase 3 early afterdepolarizations and triggered activity could be induced in PV sleeve preparations using acetylcholine (ACh, 1 μM), high calcium ([Ca2+]o= 5.4 mM), isoproterenol (Iso, 1 μM), or their combination in 6 of 6 untreated PV sleeves, but in only 1 of 5 chronic amiodarone‐treated PV sleeve preparations. Vmax, conduction velocity, and 1:1 activation failure were much more affected in PV sleeves versus LV wedge preparations isolated from amiodarone‐treated animals.Conclusions:The results point to potent effects of chronic amiodarone to preferentially suppress arrhythmogenic substrates and triggers arising from the PV sleeves of the dog.
Analyzing Salvia Divinorum and its Active Ingredient Salvinorin A Utilizing Thin Layer Chromatography and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Jermain John D. , Evans Hiram K. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  In recent years, Salvia divinorum has become a major focus by state legislatures throughout the United States looking to prohibit the sale of the psychoactive plant. After researching testing procedures presented in the literature and those employed by crime laboratories throughout the country, it was decided that thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) were the methods to use to analyze plant material for salvinorin A. With TLC, salvinorin A was detected from extracted plant material and was easily distinguishable from 13 other Salvia species as well as Cannabis sativa L. (marijuana). When using GC/MS, salvinorin A was best extracted from plant material with chloroform at ambient temperature when using a nonpolar solvent and acetone at ambient temperature when using a polar solvent. By utilizing these techniques, criminalists are now able to confirm the presence of salvinorin A in a submitted plant material suspected to be Salvia divinorum.
Moving off the farm and intensifying agricultural production in Shandong: a case study of rural labor market linkages in China
Authors: Huang Jikun , Wu Yunhua , Rozelle Scott 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThis study examines linkages between off‐farm labor markets and the labor allocated by farmers to on‐farm production of fruit crops. Using a stratified random sample of rural households in Shandong Province, we find that young and educated members of the labor force tend to work more frequently in the off‐farm labor market, and that off‐farm employment reduces the likelihood and intensity of fruit production. Fruit production is associated with lower levels of off‐farm employment. Households and individuals who are less likely (or able) to find off‐farm employment can benefit from shifting into fruit production. Although off‐farm employment is an important avenue out of poverty, fruit production provides ways for the less educated and older households to raise their income.