bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contourite drifts, moats and channels in the Upper Cretaceous chalk of the Danish Basin
Authors: SURLYK FINN , LYKKE‐ANDERSEN HOLGER 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring the Late Cretaceous, high global sea‐level meant that most of the NW European craton was flooded by the deep epeiric ‘chalk sea’. The classical paradigm for chalk deposition envisages a quiet rain of minute skeletal debris of coccolithophorid algae and other pelagic organisms deposited as horizontal, flat‐lying pelagic oozes with local redeposition by slumps, slides and debris flows along faults and other structural features. Seismic data from the Danish Basin and elsewhere necessitate a revision of this paradigm. These demonstrate that the chalk sea floor had a considerable relief, commonly of more than a hundred metres amplitude, comprising moats, drifts, mounds and channels. Seismic sections from the Kattegat sea illustrate the development in the Maastrichtian of a deep moat adjacent to a topographic ridge formed over the inverted NW–SE‐trending Sorgenfrei–Tornquist Zone. The moat was up to 120 m deeper than its SW flank which was formed by an internally complex elongate drift, up to 20 km wide with an estimated length ofca200 km. Smaller mound‐like features, channels and clinoform beds are superimposed on the large‐scale relief. The sea floor relief is interpreted to have formed in response to persistent bottom currents, flowing parallel to bathymetric contours. The initial build‐up of the broad, gently convex‐up sheeted drift was controlled by relatively low‐velocity bottom currents. The region of highest current velocity was gradually shifted NE‐wards towards the inversion zone ridge, resulting in the formation of the deep moat flanked by the elongate drift. The current is interpreted to have flowed from the SE towards NW on the basis of the internal architecture of the elongate drift and the NW‐ward branching and decrease in moat relief. The architecture and morphology of the moat drift and other features of the chalk sea floor are in all aspects similar to contourite systems of modern continental margins. It is accordingly proposed that the fundamental physical oceanographic concept – contour currents and their resulting contourite drifts – is extended to include the deep epeiric seas which covered NW Europe during the Late Cretaceous.
Integrating outcrop data and forward computer modelling to unravel the development of a Messinian carbonate platform in SE Spain (Sorbas Basin)
Authors: CUEVAS CASTELL JOSÉ M. , BETZLER CHRISTIAN , RÖSSLER JOCHEN , HÜSSNER HANSMARTIN , PEINL MARK 
Published: November 2006

AbstractGeological mapping, definition of facies distributions and reconstruction of platform‐interior growth geometries of the Messinian Cariatiz carbonate platform (Sorbas basin, South Spain), were performed to evaluate the controlling factors in platform growth and to test a 3‐D computer simulation program. For the simulation with the program REPRO, five platform‐related facies were modelled: (1) the reef crest facies by the numerical solution of a Fisher equation; (2) the lagoonal facies by a function of water depth‐dependent carbonate production; (3) the proximal and middle slope facies (breccia and block facies, calcarenite facies) by a subroutine simulating gravity‐driven particle export from the reef crest; (4) a distal slope; and (5) a basinal facies by a pelagic rain function. Development of a fan delta conglomeratic system is simulated by using a siliciclastic point source and gravity‐driven particle redistribution. A best fit between the observed platform growth geometries and modelling results is achieved by assuming that high‐frequency sea‐level changes superimposed onto a longer term sea‐level fall controlled platform growth. For the modelling, a relative sea‐level curve was reconstructed, which is based on a deep‐sea benthic foraminiferal stable oxygen isotope record at ODP Site 926 with a 45 m eustatic sea‐level fall, and a tectonic uplift component of 20 m. The consistency of 3‐D simulation results is corroborated by the coral growth rates provided by the Fisher‐equation subroutine. These rates of 2–8 mm year−1 compare well to the coral growth rates in Recent fringing reefs. We propose that during the early stage of platform evolution the high‐frequency fluctuations were obliquity‐modulated precessional cycles, whereas precessional cycles control later stages of platform growth. REPRO provides a separate visualization of the different facies bodies as a function of time and space, showing the intrinsic pattern of facies distribution in the platform. This is the result of a combination of platform growth and syndepositional subaerial erosion. For example, only the youngest stages of reef framework facies in the development of the Cariatiz carbonate platform are preserved.
Identification of PAD2 as a γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase highlights the importance of glutathione in disease resistance of Arabidopsis
Authors: Parisy Vincent , Poinssot Benoit , Owsianowski Lucas , Buchala Antony , Glazebrook Jane , Mauch Felix 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe Arabidopsis pad2‐1 mutant belongs to a series of non‐allelic camalexin‐deficient mutants. It was originally described as showing enhanced susceptibility to virulent strains of Pseudomonas syringae and was later shown to be hyper‐susceptible to the oomycete pathogen Phytophthora brassicae (formerly P. porri). Surprisingly, in both pathosystems, the disease susceptibility of pad2‐1 was not caused by the camalexin deficiency, suggesting additional roles of PAD2 in disease resistance. The susceptibility of pad2‐1 to P. brassicae was used to map the mutation to the gene At4g23100, which encodes γ‐glutamylcysteine synthetase (γ‐ECS, GSH1). GSH1 catalyzes the first committed step of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis. The pad2‐1 mutation caused an S to N transition at amino acid position 298 close to the active center. The conclusion that PAD2 encodes GSH1 is supported by several lines of evidence: (i) pad2‐1 mutants contained only about 22% of wild‐type amounts of GSH, (ii) genetic complementation of pad2‐1 with wild‐type GSH1 cDNA restored GSH production, accumulation of camalexin in response to P. syringae and resistance to P. brassicae and P. syringae, (iii) another GSH1 mutant, cad2‐1, showed pad2‐like phenotypes, and (iv) feeding of GSH to excised leaves of pad2‐1 restored camalexin production and resistance to P. brassicae. Inoculation of Col‐0 with P. brassicae caused a coordinated increase in the transcript abundance of GSH1 and GSH2, the gene encoding the second enzyme in GSH biosynthesis, and resulted in enhanced foliar GSH accumulation. The pad2‐1 mutant showed enhanced susceptibility to additional pathogens, suggesting an important general role of GSH in disease resistance of Arabidopsis.
Role of plant CBP/p300‐like genes in the regulation of flowering time
Authors: Han Soon‐Ki , Song Ju‐Dong , Noh Yoo‐Sun , Noh Bosl 
Published: November 2006

SummaryCREB‐binding protein (CBP) and its homolog p300 possess histone acetyltransferase activity and function as key transcriptional co‐activators in the regulation of gene expression that controls differentiation and development in animals. However, the role of CBP/p300‐like genes in plants has not yet been elucidated. Here, we show that Arabidopsis CBP/p300‐like genes promote flowering by affecting the expression of a major floral repressor FLOWERING LOCUS C (FLC). Although animal CBP and p300 generally function as co‐activators, Arabidopsis CBP/p300‐like proteins are required for the negative regulation of FLC. This CBP/p300‐mediated FLC repression may involve reversible protein acetylation independent of histone modification within FLC chromatin.
CD47 is expressed at normal levels in patients with autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and/or immune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Ahrens N. , Pagenkopf C. , Kiesewetter H. , Salama A. 
Published: November 2006

summary CD47 deficiency results in lethal autoimmune haemolytic anaemia (AIHA) and mild spontaneous thrombocytopenia in non‐obese diabetic mice. It is unknown whether CD47 has an impact on AIHA of the warm type or autoimmune thrombocytopenia (ITP) in humans.Healthy blood donors (n= 11), patients with AIHA (n= 13), patients with ITP (n= 18) and one patient with Rhnull phenotype were investigated. CD47 expression on red blood cells (RBC), platelets, granulocytes and lymphocytes and in plasma was determined by quantitative flow cytometry.All types of blood cells studied were found to carry CD47. Although CD47 expression on Rhnull RBCs was decreased, there was no significant difference between CD47 expression on RBCs of healthy blood donors and on those of patients with AIHA or ITP. Similarly, CD47 was detectable in the plasma of the studied subjects.No evidence for a pathogenetic role of CD47 in autoimmune haemolysis or thrombocytopenia in humans could be demonstrated.
Using schoolchildren's reports of bed net use monitored by schoolteachers as a proxy of community coverage in malaria endemic areas of Uganda
Authors: Ndyomugyenyi Richard , Kroeger Axel 
Published: November 2006

SummaryObjective  Community‐based information on the delivery and use of health interventions is important to monitor the effectiveness of the Roll Back Malaria programme. However, community surveys to determine coverage for insecticide‐treated bed nets are time‐consuming and costly. We wanted to assess whether schoolchildren's reports of household ownership of a bed net and coverage among high‐risk groups monitored by schoolteachers through a questionnaire could be used as a proxy of household ownership of bed net and coverage at community level, for routine monitoring of malaria control programmes.Method  3602 schoolchildren in 39 randomly selected schools and 2798 heads of households in 39 villages were interviewed about their use of either insecticide‐treated or untreated bed nets.Results  The overall household ownership of any kind of bed net was 35% in school surveys and 31% in household surveys (P < 0.001). Household ownership of insecticide‐treated nets was 23% and 22%, respectively (P = 0.4); household ownership of untreated nets was 15% and 9%, respectively (P < 0.001). There was significant correlation between estimates of any bed net and treated net ownership based on household surveys and estimates based on school surveys (P < 0.01 for both).Conclusions  In areas with high school attendance rates, schoolchildren's report of bed net use monitored by schoolteachers through a questionnaire could give a good approximation of household ownership of bed net at community level with about ±5% difference between community and school surveys. However, further operational research is required to investigate how the feasibility of large‐scale implementation might be, by sending the questionnaire to the schools through routine channels and by independent handling by the school administration and teachers.
Anxiety disorders and bipolar disorder: a review
Authors: McIntyre Roger S , Soczynska Joanna K , Bottas Alexandra , Bordbar Kamran , Konarski Jakub Z , Kennedy Sidney H 
Published: November 2006

Context:  Epidemiological, clinical and familial studies indicate that anxiety disorders (ADs) are highly comorbid in persons with bipolar disorder (BPD). The phenomenological overlap between ADs and BPD is reported more frequently in individuals with female predominant bipolar presentations (e.g., bipolar II disorder). Anxiety comorbidity in the BPD population poses a serious hazard. For example, it is associated with an intensification of symptoms, non‐recovery, substance use comorbidity and harmful dysfunction (e.g., suicidality).Objective:  The evidentiary base informing treatment decisions for the anxious bipolar patient is woefully inadequate. Several expert consensus and evidence‐based treatment guidelines for BPD suggest various treatment avenues, although these have been insufficiently studied. The encompassing aim of this paper is to synthesize extant studies reporting on the co‐occurrence of AD and BPD. Taken together, a compelling basis emerges for prioritizing the identification and management of anxiety symptomatology in the BPD population.
Panic comorbidity with bipolar disorder: what is the manic–panic connection?
Authors: MacKinnon Dean F , Zamoiski Rachel 
Published: November 2006

Context:  Bipolar/panic comorbidity has been observed in clinical, community and familial samples. As both are episodic disorders of affect regulation, the common pathophysiological mechanism is likely to involve deficits in amygdala‐mediated, plasticity‐dependent emotional conditioning.Evidence:  Neuronal genesis and synaptic remodeling occur in the amygdala; bipolar and panic disorders have both been associated with abnormality in the amygdala and related structures, as well as in molecules that modulate plasticity, such as serotonin, norepinephrine, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and corticotrophin releasing factor (CRF). These biological elements are involved in behavioral conditioning to threat and reward.Model:  Panic attacks resemble the normal acute fear response, but are abnormally dissociated from any relevant threat. Abnormal reward‐seeking behavior is central to both manic and depressive syndromes. Appetites can be elevated or depressed; satisfaction of a drive may fail to condition future behavior. These dissociations may be the result of deficits in plasticity‐dependent processes of conditioning within different amygdala subregions.Conclusions:  This speculative model may be a useful framework with which to connect molecular, cellular, anatomic and behavioral processes in panic and bipolar disorders. The primary clinical implication is that behavioral treatment may be critical to restore function in some bipolar patients who respond only partially to medications.
Pharmacological treatment of psychiatric comorbidity in bipolar disorder: a review of controlled trials
Authors: Singh Jaskaran B , Zarate Carlos A 
Published: November 2006

Objective:  Little is known about the treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in bipolar disorder. The aim of this review was to summarize the literature on controlled pharmacological trials that have been conducted in psychiatric conditions that commonly co‐occur in bipolar disorder.Methods:  A Medline search (1980–October 2005) using the terms bipolar disorder and randomized controlled trials, comorbidity, anxiety disorders, alcohol abuse or dependence, substance abuse or dependence, eating disorder, impulse control disorders, attention‐deficit disorder, lithium, anticonvulsants, atypical antipsychotic drugs, antidepressants, stimulants was used.Results:  The literature establishes a strong association between bipolar disorder and substance abuse/dependence, anxiety disorders, impulse control disorders, eating disorders and attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder. Comorbidity often complicates the diagnosis and the treatment of bipolar disorder and worsens its course of illness and prognosis. Few controlled pharmacological studies have examined the treatment of comorbid conditions in patients with bipolar disorder.Conclusions:  Treatment of psychiatric comorbidities in bipolar disorder is not based on controlled data but is largely empirically based. Controlled trials in patients with bipolar disorder and comorbidity are urgently needed.
Viability effects and not meoitic drive cause dramatic departures from Mendelian inheritance for malic enzyme in hybrids of Tigriopus californicus populations
Authors: WILLETT C. S. , BERKOWITZ J. N. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThe genetic basis of post‐zygotic reproductive isolation is beginning to be untangled in closely related species, but less is known about the genetics of reproductive isolation between divergent populations. Here, two genes encoding malic enzyme (ME) are isolated from the copepod Tigriopus californicus and their influence upon lowered viability in F2 hybrids of genetically divergent populations is determined. Each ME gene has diverged extensively between T. californicus populations and one gene shows evidence for a recent selective sweep. Segregation patterns of genotypes for both ME genes in adult F2 hybrids reveal dramatic departures from Mendelian inheritance, deviations that are not seen in F2 nauplii implying that selection is acting during development based upon the genotype at these ME genes. These results imply that selection against deleterious gene combinations and not aberrant segregation (i.e. meiotic drive) is likely to lead to dramatic departures from Mendelian inheritance observed in these crosses.
Antibodies to a novel antigen in acute hepatitis C virus infections
Authors: Tobler L. H. , Stramer S. L. , Chien D. Y. , Lin S. , Arcangel P. , Phelps B. H. , Cooper S. L. , Busch M. P. 
Published: November 2006

Background  Conformational viral proteins potentially play an important role in the immunobiology of acute hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and may enable earlier antibody detection.Materials and Methods  HCV RNA was detected using nucleic acid testing. Early antibody production was evaluated using three enzyme immunoassays (EIAs) containing antigenic proteins not present in licensed EIAs. Respectively, these contained:

multiple‐epitope fusion antigen (MEFA) 7·1‐NS3/4a,
F and Core, and
E1/E2 proteins.

NS3/4a is a conformational antigen retaining protease and helicase enzymatic activities. MEFA 7·1 contains the linear epitopes used in licenced EIAs, including the latest EIA‐3·0, in combination with genotype 1–3 specific epitopes. Forty‐two RNA positive, EIA‐3·0 negative samples, including two persistently serosilent cases, were used to evaluate these research EIAs. As controls, 54 EIA‐3·0 negative/RNA negative and three HCV RNA+/antibody positive specimens were included.Results  Only the MEFA 7·1‐NS3/4a EIA was positive in seven (17%) of the 42 HCV RNA + specimens, in all three EIA‐3·0 positive controls but in none of 54 EIA‐3·0 negative/HCV RNA negative controls. Notably, six of the seven (86%) specimens had evidence of active hepatitis (ALT > 210 IU/l). The two serosilent cases were research EIA negative.Conclusion  A novel EIA with conformational and linear epitopes detected HCV antibodies in 17% of viraemic specimens missed by the standard reference EIA‐3·0. Our research EIA appears to detect HCV antibodies closer to the initiation of acute hepatitis. Given that the average RNA‐positive, antibody‐negative window period is ∼56·4 days, this 17% yield would translate into a ∼10‐day earlier detection of antibodies.
Massive blood transfusion and outcome in 1062 polytrauma patients: a prospective study based on the Trauma Registry of the German Trauma Society
Authors: Huber‐Wagner S. , Qvick M. , Mussack T. , Euler E. , Kay M. V. , Mutschler W. , Kanz K.‐G. ,   Working Group on Polytrauma of the German Trauma Society (DGU)*
Published: November 2006

Background and Objectives  About 15% of polytrauma patients receive massive blood transfusion (MBT) defined as ≥ 10 units of packed red blood cells (PRBC). In general, the prognosis of trauma patients receiving MBT is considered to be poor. The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of MBT on the outcome of polytrauma patients.Materials and Methods  Records of 10 997 patients in the Trauma Registry of the German Trauma Society were analysed. Transfusion data were available from 8182 severe trauma patients with a mean injury severity score of 24·5 and, of these 8182 patients, 1062 received 10 units of PRBC. First, a logistic regression model for the predictors of mortality was performed. Second, incidences of organ failure and sepsis as well as survival rates were analysed.Results  The highest risk for mortality was age over 55 years (odds ratios [OR] 4·7; confidence intervals [CI 95%], 3·5–6·5) followed by Glasgow Coma Scale 8 (OR 4·6; 3·4–6·1), MBT 20 units of PRBC (OR 3·3; 2·1–5·4), thromboplastin time < 50% (OR 3·2; 2·2–4·4) and injury severity score 24 (OR 2·9; 2·1–4·1). Transfusion of 10–19 PRBC was identified as the variable with the lowest risk for mortality (OR 1·5; 1·0–2·3). Risk of organ failure, sepsis and death correlated with increasing transfusion amount. For the MBT patients, the survival rate was 56·9% (CI 95%, 53·9–59·9%) compared to 85·2% (84·4–86·0%) of non‐MBT patients (P < 0·001). In the MBT group with > 30 PRBC (mean 40·6 PRBC) 39·6% survived (31·7–47·5%).Conclusion  Massive blood transfusion is one main prognostic factor for mortality in trauma. Although MBT is generally considered to be critical, every second trauma patient with MBT survived. A cut‐off value for the number of PRBC could not be determined. Extended transfusion management even with high amounts of PRBC seems to be justified.
Impact of nonmyeloablative conditioning regimens on the occurrence of pure red cell aplasia after ABO‐incompatible allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation
Authors: Malfuson J.‐V. , Amor R. B. , Bonin P. , Rodet M. , Boccaccio C. , Pautas C. , Kuentz M. , Cordonnier C. , Noizat‐Pirenne F. , Maury S. 
Published: November 2006

Background and Objectives  In the setting of major ABO‐incompatible allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is linked to the persistence of host residual plasma cells secreting antidonor isohaemagglutinins (HA) after transplantation. There are conflicting results regarding the impact of the intensity of conditioning regimen on the occurrence of PRCA after major ABO‐mismatched HSCT.Material and Methods  To address this question, we compared two cases occurring after nonmyeloablative (NMA) and myeloablative (MA) HSCT and reviewed previous cases reported in the NMA setting.Results and Conclusions  We observed a delayed disappearance of antidonor HAs in the NMA setting, associated to a more prolonged period of red blood cells transfusion dependence than in the MA setting. In our case as in several others, the disappearance of antidonor HAs and resolution of PRCA were observed after reinforcement of the graft‐versus‐host effect (i.e. immunosuppression removal or donor leukocytes infusion).
Microvascularization of the Canine Hepatic Ducts
Authors: Jackowiak H. , Godynicki S. 
Published: November 2006

SummaryThe angioarchitecture of the proximal and distal segments of the hepatic duct in the dog was investigated by means of vascular corrosion casts under a scanning electron microscope. The results of observations indicated a change of the pattern of vascularization of the hepatic duct along with the increasing distance of the hepatic duct from the liver and increasing diameter of the duct. In the proximal hepatic duct, the main blood vessels run along the duct as a pair of supplying arteriole and voluminous collecting venule, while in the distal segments of the hepatic duct on the opposite margin of the duct two vascular triads were observed, composed of two venules and one medial arteriole. On the surface of both segments of the hepatic duct, there are well‐anastomosed outer venous plexuses. In the distal segments of the hepatic duct, the outer venous plexus accompanies a fine outer arterial rete. Observations of the intramural network indicate the presence of single terminal arterioles running to mucosa and supplying a subepithelial capillary network. Differences were observed in the blood drainage from the mucosa, as in the proximal segment of the hepatic duct single post‐capillary venules are found, while in the distal segment in the mucosa a well‐developed mucosal venous plexus is formed. In the well‐developed venous system of the hepatic duct no valves were observed.