bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐term trend of precipitation in China and its association with the El Niño–southern oscillation
Authors: Xu Z. X. , Li J. Y. , Takeuchi K. , Ishidaira H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe plausible long‐term trend of precipitation in China and its association with El Niño–southern oscillation (ENSO) are investigated by using non‐parametric techniques. It is concluded that a greater number of decreasing trends are observed than are expected to occur by chance. Geographically, the decreasing trend was concentrated in most parts of China, including the Songliao River, Hai River, Huai River, Yellow River, Zhujiang River, and southern part of the Yangtze River basins, whereas an increasing trend appeared primarily in the western and middle parts of China, mainly including the Inland River basin, and the northern part of the Yangtze River basins. Monthly mean precipitation for the summer and early autumn months generally decreased, with the greatest decrease occurring in August. The precipitation in spring from January to April and later autumn, including September and October, tended to increase. The teleconnection between precipitation and ENSO has been investigated by using the non‐parametric Kendall's τ. The correlation coefficients between the southern oscillation index (SOI) and precipitation show the areas with positive or negative associations. Approximately 20% of the stations exhibit statistically significant correlations between SOI and precipitation, of which 70% show a negative correlation, with most of them appearing in southeast China and several appearing in northwest and northeast China. Similar regional patterns are also observed when the precipitation records are further subdivided into El Niño, La Niña, and neutral periods. Statistical tests for the three kinds of time series were carried out using the non‐parametric Wilcoxon rank‐sum test, and it is noted that the stations with significant differences in precipitation averages are mainly marked in the Yellow River basin and south China. The frequencies of below‐ and above‐average precipitation that occurred during the El Niño, La Niña, and neutral periods are estimated as well. The result shows that greater precipitation may be associated with El Niño episodes in south China, but drought may easily occur during El Niño episodes in the Yellow River basin. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative streamflow characteristics in urbanizing basins in the Portland Metropolitan Area, Oregon, USA
Authors: Chang Heejun 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis study investigates changes in streamflow characteristics for urbanizing watersheds in the Portland Metropolitan Area of Oregon for the period from 1951 to 2000. The objective of this study was to assess how mean annual runoff ratio, mean seasonal runoff ratio, annual peak runoff ratio, changes in streamflow in response to storm amount, the fraction of time that the daily mean flow exceeds the annual mean flow, 3‐day recession constants, and dry/wet flow ratio vary among watersheds with different degrees of urban development. There were no statistically significant changes in annual runoff ratio and annual peak runoff ratio for the mixed land‐use watershed (Tualatin River watershed) and the urban watershed (Johnson Creek watershed) during the entire study period. The Tualatin River watershed, where most of the urban development occurred in a lower part of the watershed, showed a statistically significant increase in annual peak runoff ratio during the 1976 and 2000 period. The Upper Tualatin River watershed illustrated a significant decrease in annual peak runoff ratio for the entire study period. With significant differences in seasonal runoff ratio, only Johnson Creek exhibited a significant increase in both wet and dry season runoff ratios. Streamflow during storm events declined rapidly in the urban watershed, with a high 3‐day recession constant. At an event storm scale, streamflow in Fanno Creek, which is the most urbanized watershed, responded quickly to precipitation input. The fraction of time that the daily mean flow exceeded the annual mean flow and dry/wet flow ratio are all lower in Johnson Creek. This suggests a shorter duration of storm runoff and lower baseflow in the urbanized watershed when compared to the mixed land use watershed. The findings of this study demonstrate the importance of spatial and temporal scale, climate variability, and basin physiographic characteristics in detecting the hydrologic effects of urbanization in the Pacific Northwest of the USA. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Use of turbidometry to characterize suspended sediment and phosphorus fluxes in the Lake Tahoe basin, California, USA
Authors: Stubblefield Andrew P. , Reuter John E. , Dahlgren Randy A. , Goldman Charles R. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe efficacy of in‐stream nephelometric turbidometry as a surrogate for total suspended solids (TSS) and total phosphorus (TP) concentrations was evaluated for use in low turbidity (<50 NTU) subalpine watersheds at Lake Tahoe, California–Nevada, USA. Continuous turbidity records for the 1999, 2000 and 2001 snowmelt seasons and data from water quality samples (1982–2000) were examined to determine watershed sediment delivery dynamics. Strong correlations were found between turbidity and both TSS and TP concentration. The strong correlation indicates that turbidity can serve as a good surrogate for direct measurement in these watersheds. The watersheds displayed clockwise hysteresis: sediment flushing and depletion, on daily, seasonal and decadal time‐scales. The hysteresis curves had strong concave shapes, indicating a sensitive response to peak flow. A pronounced seasonal trend was observed for the ratio of suspended sediment concentration (SSC)/discharge over time, indicating early season flushing of available sediment. Significant linear relationships (p < 0·05) were found for 12 of 17 years. Comparison of annual sediment rating curve coefficients indicated smaller coefficients during high sediment loading years and in the years following. The smaller coefficients are evidence of sediment depletion during high flow years. The effect of hysteresis on monitoring methods was illustrated by comparing turbidity estimates of TSS load with sediment rating curve estimates of SSC. After accounting for differences in SSC/TSS methods of analysis, daily loads calculated with turbidity methods were 58–98% of rating curve estimates for the spring snowmelt seasons of 1999–2001. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of a dam break for an actual river terrain environment
Authors: Liao C. B. , Wu M. S. , Liang S. J. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA two‐dimensional (2D) finite‐difference shallow water model based on a second‐order hybrid type of total variation diminishing (TVD) approximate solver with a MUSCL limiter function was developed to model flooding and inundation problems where the evolution of the drying and wetting interface is numerically challenging. Both a minimum positive depth (MPD) scheme and a non‐MPD scheme were employed to handle the advancement of drying and wetting fronts. We used several model problems to verify the model, including a dam break in a slope channel, a dam break flooding over a triangular obstacle, an idealized circular dam‐break, and a tide flow over a mound. Computed results agreed well with the experiment data and other numerical results available. The model was then applied to simulate the dam breaking and flooding of Hsindien Creek, Taiwan, with the detailed river basin topography. Computed flooding scenarios show reasonable flow characteristics. Though the average speed of flooding is 6–7 m s−1, which corresponds to the subcritical flow condition (Fr < 1), the local maximum speed of flooding is 14·12 m s−1, which corresponds to the supercritical flow condition (Fr ≈ 1·31). It is necessary to conduct some kind of comparison of the numerical results with measurements/experiments in further studies. Nevertheless, the model exhibits its capability to capture the essential features of dam‐break flows with drying and wetting fronts. It also exhibits the potential to provide the basis for computationally efficient flood routing and warning information. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Determination of the unit hydrograph of a typical urban basin using genetic programming and artificial neural networks
Authors: Rabuñal J. R. , Puertas J. , Suárez J. , Rivero D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn application of genetic programming (GP) and artificial neural networks (ANNs) in hydrology is proposed, showing how these two techniques can work together to solve the problem of modelling the effect of rain on the runoff flow in a typical urban basin. The ability of GP to include the physical basis of a problem and even to analyse the results is discussed, and a case study is included as an example. We propose a solution to this problem by using an ANN for the prediction of the daily flow due to human activity of the citizens and the use of GP for the prediction of the flow rate resulting from the rain. Finally, it is shown that the methodology can be used to solve similar problems by combining both techniques. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrograph and unit hydrograph derivation in arid regions
Authors: Şen Zekai 
Published: September 2006

AbstractArid and semi‐arid regions expose special hydrological features that are distinctive from humid areas. Unfortunately, humid‐region hydrological empirical formulations are used directly in the arid and semi‐arid regions without care about the basic assumptions. During any storm rainfall in arid regions, rainfall, infiltration and runoff components of the hydrological cycle have impacts on water resources. The basis of the methodology presented in this paper is the ratio of runoff increment to rainfall increment during an infinitesimally small time duration. This is the definition of runoff coefficient for the same infinitesimal time duration. The ratio is obtained through rational, physical and mathematical combination of hydrological thinking and then integrated with the classical infiltration equation for the hydrograph determination. The parameters of the methodology are explained and their empirical estimations are presented. The methodology works for rainfall and runoff from ungauged watersheds where infiltration measurement can be performed. The comparison of the new approach with different classical approaches, such as the rational formula and Soil Conservation Service method, are presented in detail. Its application is performed for two wadis within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Electrical earth resistivity surveying for delineating the characteristics of ground water in a semi‐arid region in the Khanasser Valley, northern Syria
Authors: Asfahani Jamal 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA resistivity survey is conducted in Khanasser Valley, a semi‐arid region in northern Syria, to delineate the characteristics of ground water affected by the salt‐water intrusion related to Al‐Jaboul Sabkha. Existing wells were used to measure salinity and conductivity of water samplings. Vertical electrical sounding was carried out near the existing wells. The combination of resistivity and hydrogeological data enables the establishment of empirical relationships between earth resistivity, water resistivity, and the amount of total dissolved solids. These relationships are then used in order to derive salinity maps for electrode spacings of 70, 100, and 150 m. The distribution of fresh, brackish and salt‐water zones and their variations in space along two longitudinal profiles (LP1 and LP2) are established through converting subsurface depth–resistivity models into different ground‐water areas. The constructed ground‐water area maps allow interfaces between different water zones to be determined. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vitro and in vivo differentiation of human umbilical cord derived stem cells into endothelial cells
Authors: Wu Kai Hong , Zhou Bin , Lu Shi Hong , Feng Bin , Yang Shao Guang , Du Wei Ting , Gu Dong Sheng , Han Zhong Chao , Liu Ying Long 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe successful use of tissue‐engineered transplants is hampered by the need for vascularization. Recent advances have made possible the using of stem cells as cell sources for therapeutic angiogenesis, including the vascularization of engineered tissue grafts. The goal of this study was to examine the endothelial potential of human umbilical cord‐derived stem (UCDS) cells. UCDS cells were initially characterized and differentiated in an endothelial differentiation medium containing VEGF and bFGF. Differentiation into endothelial cells was determined by acetylated low‐density lipoprotein incorporation and expression of endothelial‐specific proteins, such as PECAM and CD34. In vivo, the transplanted UCDS cells were sprouting from local injection and differentiated into endothelial cells in a hindlimb ischemia mouse model. These findings indicate the presence of a cell population within the human umbilical cord that exhibits characteristics of endothelial progenitor cells. Therefore, human umbilical cord might represent a source of stem cells useful for therapeutic angiogenesis and re‐endothelialization of engineered tissue grafts. J. Cell. Biochem. 100: 608–616, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Adenovirus efficiently transduces plasmacytoid dendritic cells resulting in TLR9‐dependent maturation and IFN‐α production
Authors: Basner‐Tschakarjan Etiena , Gaffal Evelyn , O'Keeffe Meredith , Tormo Damia , Limmer Andreas , Wagner Hermann , Hochrein Hubertus , Tüting Thomas 
Published: September 2006

AbstractBackgroundRecombinant replication‐deficient adenoviral vectors (recAd) are attractive candidates for DNA vaccination approaches because they are able to activate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Here we explore the ability of recAd to transduce and activate subsets of dendritic cells, namely plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) and conventional dendritic cells (cDC).MethodsDC were derived from bone marrow precursors in vitro with the help of FLT3‐ligand. Sorted populations of pDC and cDC were infected with recAd at various multiplicities of infection. Transduction efficiency, phenotypic maturation and production of IFN‐α as well as IL‐6 were assessed. Additionally, activation of DC and induction of cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) were determined in vivo. The role of Toll‐like receptor (TLR) 9 in recAd recognition was investigated as it has previously been shown that DNA viruses are recognized via this receptor.ResultsRecAd can efficiently transduce pDC as well as cDC in vitro. Both DC subsets mature and produce IFN‐α upon interaction with recAd. In the absence of TLR9, activation and cytokine production was only detected in cDC but not in pDC. Importantly, induction of CD8+ CTL following in vivo injection of recAd was similar in TRL9‐deficient mice when compared with wildtype controls.ConclusionsRecAd can efficiently transduce and activate both pDC and cDC. pDC required TLR9 to detect the presence of recAd whereas cDC also recognized recAd independently of TLR9. These unique immunostimulatory properties support the future development of recombinant Ad as a vector for DNA vaccine approaches. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Highly efficient preparation of carbon‐14 labeled, auxin herbicide 4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid
Authors: Pearson Norman R. , Lardie Tom S. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA highly efficient, seven‐step route has been developed for the preparation of 2,6‐[14C2]‐4‐amino‐3,5,6‐trichloropicolinic acid ([14C2]‐1, 2,6‐[14C2]‐picloram) from 2,6‐[14C2]‐pentachloropyridine. The method involves the stepwise, highly selective and high yield introduction of amino and carboxylic acid groups to the 4‐ and 2‐positions, respectively, of pentachloropyridine affording [14C2]‐1 in an overall radiochemical yield of >70% with the use of only one formal purification step. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioavailability of 99mTc‐Ha‐paclitaxel complex [99mTc‐ONCOFID‐P] in mice using four different administration routes
Authors: Meléndez‐Alafort Laura , Riondato Mattia , Nadali Anna , Banzato Alessandra , Camporese Davide , Boccaccio Pasquale , Uzunov Nikolay , Rosato Antonio , Mazzi Ulderico 
Published: September 2006

AbstractPaclitaxel, an anti‐tumour drug, shows good results against breast and ovarian cancer. However, its therapeutic response is associated with toxic side‐effects caused by the agent used to dissolve it. Recently paclitaxel was linked to the linear polysaccharide hyaluronic acid (HA), showing good solubility, stabilization, localization and a reduction of cytotoxic side‐effects.To study potential therapeutic applications, HA‐paclitaxel bioconjugate (ONCOFID‐P) was labelled with 99mTc by the addition of 99mTc‐pertechnetate, SnCl2 and sodium gluconate. The reaction mixture was incubated for 90 min at 65°C and purified by size exclusion chromatography. The obtained 99mTc‐ONCOFID‐P had 100% radiochemical purity and was stable in a phosphate buffer dilution 1:100 for 6 h at 37°C. 99mTc‐ONCOFID‐P bioavailability studies were carried out in healthy mice using four different administration pathways. The analysis showed that after intravenous administration more than 80% of the injected radiopharmaceutical was found in liver and spleen. Intraperitoneal, intravesical and oral administrations showed that all the 99mTc‐ONCOFID‐P remained at the administration site.These results demonstrate that ONCOFID‐P administered intravenously could be used for liver metastasis therapy due to its high physiological and receptor‐specific liver uptake, while intravesical, intraperitoneal and oral administration of ONCOFID‐P could be used for local treatment of superficial cancers. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A simple and efficient synthesis of [3α‐3H]5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3β‐ol
Authors: Ren S. , Hesk D. , McNamara P. , Koharski D. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn efficient one step synthesis of [3α‐3H]5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3β‐ol by NaBT4 reduction of a ketone precursor is described. The specific activity of the product was 21.6 Ci/mmol with a radiochemical purity >99%. Synthesis of the precursor, 5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3‐one, from commercially available 5α‐androst‐16‐en‐3α‐ol is also presented. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prediction of frozen storage time of Cape hake (Merluccius capensis and Merluccius paradoxus) by instrumental methods
Authors: Herrero Ana M , Careche Mercedes 
Published: September 2006

AbstractAn instrumental method to predict frozen storage time of Cape hake was developed by evaluation of a combination of methods previously known to classify hake into different quality categories, such as apparent viscosity, Kramer and puncture tests. The results showed that with multiple linear regression analysis it was possible to obtain linear models for the prediction of storage time at − 20°C. Only apparent viscosity (ηapp) and Kramer shear resistance (Kramer) were included in the regression model (months = 15.003 − 0.001ηapp + 0.144 Kramer; $R_{\rm {adj}}^{2} = 0.91$). The model had a typical error of estimation of 2.0 months. The simplicity of the model, which requires only two parameters, and the easiness of their measurement make the method a good candidate for use in quality control laboratories of hake processing industries. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of O2 on the quality of virgin olive oil during malaxation
Authors: Migliorini Marzia , Mugelli Marco , Cherubini Chiara , Viti Paolo , Zanoni Bruno 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe aim of this work was to investigate the effect of malaxation operating conditions on virgin olive oil quality. Legal, sensory and nutritional parameters of olive oil were evaluated by identifying the role played by enzymes. A comparison was made between oil obtained from a traditional malaxation plant and oil obtained from malaxation equipment (LOM) able to work at low oxygen level and temperature. Research results showed that, during malaxation, oxygen had an effect on both phenolic compounds and fatty acids, mainly favouring enzyme phenomena. Malaxation at a low oxygen level was found to be selective for the formation of both phenolic and C6 compounds. Oil obtained from malaxation LOM equipment was shown to be richer in both aldehydes such as trans‐2‐hexenal and phenolic compounds than oil obtained from traditional processing. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Pharmacological characterization of psychosis‐like behavior in the MPTP‐lesioned nonhuman primate model of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Visanji Naomi P. , Gomez‐Ramirez Jordi , Johnston Tom H. , Pires Donna , Voon Valerie , Brotchie Jonathan M. , Fox Susan H. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractInvestigation of the pathophysiology of psychosis in Parkinson's disease (PD), as well as the assessment of potential novel therapeutics, has been limited by the lack of a well‐validated animal model. MPTP‐lesioned primates exhibit abnormal behaviors that are distinct from dyskinesia and parkinsonism and may represent behavioral correlates of neural processes related to psychosis in PD. Here we assess four types of behavior—agitation, hallucinatory‐like responses to nonapparent stimuli, obsessive grooming, and stereotypies that are termed “psychosis‐like”—and define their pharmacology using a psychosis‐like behavior rating scale. By assessing the actions of drugs known to enhance or attenuate psychosis in PD patients, we find that the pharmacology of these behaviors recapitulates, in several respects, the pharmacology of psychosis in PD. Thus, levodopa and apomorphine elicited psychosis‐like behaviors. Amantadine significantly decreased levodopa‐induced dyskinesia but exacerbated psychosis‐like behaviors. Haloperidol reduced psychosis‐like behaviors but at the expense of increased parkinsonian disability while the atypical neuroleptics clozapine and quetiapine reduced psychosis‐like behaviors without significant effect on parkinsonian disability. The response of different components of the psychotomimetic behavior suggested the involvement of both dopaminergic and nondopaminergic mechanisms in their expression. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Polymer–CO2 systems exhibiting retrograde behavior and formation of nanofoams
Authors: Nawaby A Victoria , Handa Y Paul , Liao Xia , Yoshitaka Yamamoto , Tomohiro Mizumoto 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe sorption of compressed gases in polymers causing a reduction in the glass transition temperature (Tg) is well established. There is, however, limited information on polymer–gas systems with favorable interactions, producing a unique retrograde behavior. This paper reports on using a combination of established techniques of in situ gravimetric and stepwise heat capacity (Cp) measurements using high‐pressure differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to demonstrate the occurrence of this behavior in acrylonitrile–butadiene–styrene copolymer (ABS)–CO2 and syndiotactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (sPMMA)–CO2 systems. The solubility and diffusion coefficient of CO2 in the range 0 to 65 °C and pressures up to 5.5 MPa were determined, which resulted in a heat of sorption of − 15.5 and − 15 kJ mol−1, and an activation energy for diffusion of 28.3 and 32.1 kJ mol−1 in the two systems, respectively. The fundamental kinetic data and the changes in Cp of the polymer–gas systems were used to determine the plasticization glass transition temperature profile, its relationship to the amount of gas dissolved in the polymer, and hence the formation of nano‐morphologies. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry