bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Temperature-related fitness costs of resistance to spinosad in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutelidae)
Authors: Li Z.M. , Liu S.S. , Liu Y.Q. , Ye G.Y. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractFitness costs associated with resistance genes expressed in the absence of insecticides affect the evolution of insecticide resistance and the outcome of resistance management programmes. However, measurements of fitness costs may not be straightforward as they vary with environmental conditions. The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), has developed resistance to spinosad, the first insecticide of the Naturalyte class, after only a few years of field application of this product. In this study, we compared the performance of two homogenous strains of P. xylostella, one susceptible (SS) and the other resistant (RR) to spinosad at an unfavourable, low natural temperature regime, a favourable median-fluctuating temperature regime and an unfavourable high-fluctuating temperature regime. The RR strain showed only marginal fitness cost at the median temperature regime. At the low temperature regime, the RR strain failed to produce any viable offspring, while the SS strain achieved positive population growth. At the high temperature regime, the RR strain showed a 33% decrease in intrinsic rate of increase compared to the SS strain. The results demonstrate that fitness costs of resistance to spinosad are temperature-dependent, increasing in scale at unfavourably low and high temperatures; costs were particularly high at low temperatures. Suggestions for designing effective management programmes are made to delay or avoid development of resistance to spinosad by P. xylostella under different temperature conditions.
Randomized trial on the effectiveness of long-and short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy and solution-focused therapy on psychiatric symptoms during a 3-year follow-up
Authors: Knekt P. , Lindfors O. , Härkänen T. , Välikoski M. , Virtala E. , Laaksonen M. A. , Marttunen M. , Kaipainen M. , Renlund C. ,   the Helsinki Psychotherapy Study Group
Published: November 2007

BackgroundInsufficient evidence exists for a viable choice between long- and short-term psychotherapies in the treatment of psychiatric disorders. The present trial compares the effectiveness of one long-term therapy and two short-term therapies in the treatment of mood and anxiety disorders.MethodIn the Helsinki Psychotherapy Study, 326 out-patients with mood (84.7%) or anxiety disorder (43.6%) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy, and solution-focused therapy) and were followed up for 3 years from start of treatment. Primary outcome measures were depressive symptoms measured by self-report Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and observer-rated Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), and anxiety symptoms measured by self-report Symptom Check List Anxiety Scale (SCL-90-Anx) and observer-rated Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA).ResultsA statistically significant reduction of symptoms was noted for BDI (51%), HAMD (36%), SCL-90-Anx (41%) and HAMA (38%) during the 3-year follow-up. Short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy was more effective than long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy during the first year, showing 15–27% lower scores for the four outcome measures. During the second year of follow-up no significant differences were found between the short-term and long-term therapies, and after 3 years of follow-up long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy was more effective with 14–37% lower scores for the outcome variables. No statistically significant differences were found in the effectiveness of the short-term therapies.ConclusionsShort-term therapies produce benefits more quickly than long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy but in the long run long-term psychodynamic psychotherapy is superior to short-term therapies. However, more research is needed to determine which patients should be given long-term psychotherapy for the treatment of mood or anxiety disorders.
A transdiagnostic investigation of ‘theory of mind’ and ‘jumping to conclusions’ in patients with persecutory delusions
Authors: Corcoran R. , Rowse G. , Moore R. , Blackwood N. , Kinderman P. , Howard R. , Cummins S. , Bentall R. P. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundA tendency to make hasty decisions on probabilistic reasoning tasks and a difficulty attributing mental states to others are key cognitive features of persecutory delusions (PDs) in the context of schizophrenia. This study examines whether these same psychological anomalies characterize PDs when they present in the context of psychotic depression.MethodPerformance on measures of probabilistic reasoning and theory of mind (ToM) was examined in five subgroups differing in diagnostic category and current illness status.ResultsThe tendency to draw hasty decisions in probabilistic settings and poor ToM tested using story format feature in PDs irrespective of diagnosis. Furthermore, performance on the ToM story task correlated with the degree of distress caused by and preoccupation with the current PDs in the currently deluded groups. By contrast, performance on the non-verbal ToM task appears to be more sensitive to diagnosis, as patients with schizophrenia spectrum disorders perform worse on this task than those with depression irrespective of the presence of PDs.ConclusionsThe psychological anomalies associated with PDs examined here are transdiagnostic but different measures of ToM may be more or less sensitive to indices of severity of the PDs, diagnosis and trait- or state-related cognitive effects.
Source monitoring for actions in adolescents with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS)
Authors: Debbané M. , Van der Linden M. , Glaser B. , Eliez S. 
Published: November 2007

BackgroundSource monitoring consists in identifying the origin of mental events. Recent research suggests that confusions over internally generated mental events may represent a cognitive marker for increased proneness to psychotic symptoms and disorders. We have examined source monitoring for actions in adolescents with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS), a neurogenetic disease associated with high rates of schizophrenia during adulthood, and expected to observe source monitoring deficits in comparison to IQ-matched and typically developing controls.MethodEighteen adolescents with 22q11DS, 17 adolescents matched for age and IQ, and also 17 adolescents matched for age participated in this study. Our adapted action monitoring paradigm asked subjects to visualize a series of actions in three different conditions: (1) visualize themselves performing the action; (2) visualize the experimenter performing the action; or (3) simply repeat the action statements without visualization of the action performer.ResultsThe adolescents with 22q11DS performed adequately in terms of recognition (hits), but in comparison to both control groups, they committed more source confusions on correctly recognized items. Further examination revealed that the adolescents were more likely to demonstrate confusions between exterior sources in which the self was not involved.ConclusionsSource monitoring deficits can be observed in adolescents with 22q11DS, a syndrome putting them at high risk for developing schizophrenia. These deficits are discussed in terms of early cognitive processes associated with genetic risk for schizophrenia.
Isolation and spectral characterization of cadmium binding metallothionein
Authors: Park Hyun , Ahn In-Young , Choi Heeseon J. , Ji Jung Youn 
Published: November 2007

AbstractA cadmium (Cd)-binding protein was isolated and characterized from the Antarctic clamLaternula ellipticaafter experimental exposure to a high concentration of Cd. Cd-binding metallothioneins (MTs) in the cytosol were purified using a procedure based on gel permeation and ion-exchange chromatography. The purified MTs were recognized by MT antibodies in a Western blotting assay. MALDI-TOF MS analyses showed that the molecular mass of the purified MTs was 7.27 kDa, which is typical of MTs found in marine invertebrates. The Cd binding to MT, reflected by the redistribution of Cd ions, was monitored by spectrophotometry. The absorption spectra profiles indicated the presence of Cd-MT complexes, and a 4 nm red shift of the unresolved lowest energy-absorption band occurred when five equivalents of Cd (II) were incorporated.
Pension investments in employer stock
Authors: EVEN WILLIAM E. , MACPHERSON DAVID A. 
Published: November 2007

SUMMARYThis study examines the consequences of a pension fund investing in the stock of the sponsoring firm. Using a merger of data on pension asset holdings from IRS Form 5500 filings and financial data on the company's stock from CRSP, two broad questions are addressed: first, what factors influence the extent of a pension fund's investments in the employer's stock? Second, when a pension invests in the employer's stock, how much is lost as a result of poor diversification? The empirical results suggest that investments in employer stock are responsive to non-diversification costs, tax consequences, and the employee's ability to absorb risk. There is also evidence that employers and employees weight these factors differentially in their decision of how much employer stock to include in the pension. Using actual return data on pension plans, we also find that concentrated investments in employer stock substantially reduce risk-adjusted return performance. However, modest holdings of employer stock have negligible effects on pension performance.
Pension reductions: can welfare be preserved by delaying retirement?
Authors: LACHANCE MARIE-EVE 
Published: November 2007

AbstractEconomic and demographic pressures may lead Social Security systems and employers to reduce their pensions in the future. Can delaying retirement help preserve welfare in that context? We examine this question with a life-cycle framework which includes the utility from leisure. One unique feature of our model is that it lets the retirement date be endogenously determined, unless an external constraint or shock applies first. By solving this model we find that, in reasonable scenarios, working longer does little to mitigate the negative impact of pension reductions on welfare. Building on our model, we suggest strategies to enhance the effectiveness of policies designed to induce and enable longer working lives.
T Tauri stars: from mystery to magnetospheric accretion
Authors: Basri Gibor 
Published: November 2007

AbstractThis is a selective historical overview of the progess in understanding T Tauri spectra. Originally they were understood to be very young, but the physical conditions (or even geometry) of the material on the star and in its surroundings were mysterious. The origin and meaning of the emission lines was largely unknown. Today we have a detailed consensus of what is happening near and on these newly forming stars. They are very magnetically active, and the stellar field is strong and extensive enough to control both the final accretion onto the star and the launching of outflows which solve the angular momentum problem during formation. Much of this consensus has emerged from spectral information, but much remains to be learned. I highlight some of the seminal breakthroughs that have led to the current picture. There are very complex and time-variable components to the entire physical system that constitutes a T Tauri star, and spectral information at various wavelengths and resolutions is crucial to making further progress.
Magnetism, rotation and accretion in Herbig Ae-Be stars
Authors: Alecian E. , Wade G.A. , Catala C. , Folsom C. , Grunhut J. , Donati J.-F. , Petit P. , Bagnulo S. , Boehm T. , Bouret J.-C. , Landstreet J.D. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractStudies of stellar magnetism at the pre-main sequence phase can provide important new insights into the detailed physics of the late stages of star formation, and into the observed properties of main sequence stars. This is especially true at intermediate stellar masses, where magnetic fields are strong and globally organised, and therefore most amenable to direct study. This talk reviews recent high-precision ESPaDOnS observations of pre-main sequence Herbig Ae-Be stars, which are yielding qualitatively new information about intermediate-mass stars: the origin and evolution of their magnetic fields, the role of magnetic fields in generating their spectroscopic activity and in mediating accretion in their late formative stages, and the factors influencing their rotational angular momentum.
The inner gaseous accretion disk around a Herbig Be star revealed by near- and mid-infrared spectro-interferometry
Authors: Kraus S. , Preibisch Th. , Ohnaka K. 
Published: November 2007

AbstractHerbig Ae/Be stars are pre-main-sequence stars of intermediate mass, which are still accreting material from their environment, probably via a disk composed of gas and dust. Here we present a recent study of the geometry of the inner (AU-scale) circumstellar region around the Herbig Be star MWC 147 using long-baseline interferometry. By combining for the first time near- and mid-infrared spectro-interferometry on a Herbig star, our VLTI/AMBER and VLTI/MIDI data constrain not only the geometry of the brightness distribution, but also the radial temperature distribution in the disk. The emission from MWC 147 is clearly resolved and has a characteristic physical size of ∼1.3 AU and ∼9 AU at 2.2 μm and 11 μm respectively. This increase in apparent size towards longer wavelengths is much steeper than predicted by analytic disk models assuming power-law radial temperature distributions. For a detailed modeling of the interferometric data and the spectral energy distribution of MWC 147, we employ 2-D frequency-dependent radiation transfer simulations. This analysis shows that passive irradiated Keplerian dust disks can easily fit the SED, but predict much lower visibilities than observed, so these models can clearly be ruled out. Models of a Keplerian disk with emission from an optically thick inner gaseous accretion disk (inside the dust sublimation zone), however, yield a good fit of the SED and simultaneously reproduce the observed near- and mid-infrared visibilities. We conclude that the near-infrared continuum emission from MWC 147 is dominated by accretion luminosity emerging from an optically thick inner gaseous disk, while the mid-infrared emission also contains strong contributions from the passive irradiated dust disk.
Good news for CB1 receptors: endogenous agonists are in the right place
Authors: Maccarrone M 
Published: November 2007

Endocannabinoids are endogenous ligands of brain‐type (CB1) and spleen‐type (CB2) cannabinoid receptors. N‐Arachidonoylethanolamine (anandamide, AEA) and 2‐arachidonoylglycerol (2‐AG) are prototype members of the fatty acid amides and the monoacylglycerols, two groups of endocannabinoids. Unlike CB1, CB2 receptors do not reside within ‘caveolae’, specialized membrane microdomains that are well‐known modulators of the activity of a number of G protein‐coupled receptors. In this issue of the British Journal of Pharmacology, Rimmerman and coworkers demonstrate that 2‐AG is entirely localized in the caveolae of dorsal root ganglion cells, where also part of AEA (∼30%) can be detected. However, most of AEA (∼70%) was detected in non‐caveolae fractions, that is where CB2 receptors are localized. The different interaction of AEA and 2‐AG with membrane microdomains might have significant implications for endocannabinoid‐dependent autocrine and/or retrograde‐paracrine signalling pathways. It also raises an important question about the structural determinants responsible for a different localization of two apparently similar endocannabinoids within lipid bilayers.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 179–181; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707566; published online 12 November 2007
CB2 cannabinoid receptor agonists attenuate TNF‐α‐induced human vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration
Authors: Rajesh M , Mukhopadhyay P , Haskó G , Huffman J W , Mackie K , Pacher P 
Published: November 2007

Background and purpose:Vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration triggered by inflammatory stimuli are involved in the development and progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis. Cannabinoids may modulate cell proliferation in various cell types through cannabinoid 2 (CB2) receptors. Here, we investigated the effects of CB2 receptor agonists on TNF‐α‐induced proliferation, migration and signal transduction in human coronary artery smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs).Experimental approach:HCASMCs were stimulated with TNF‐α. Smooth muscle proliferation was determined by the extent of BrdU incorporation and the migration was assayed by modified Boyden chamber. CB2 and/or CB1 receptor expressions were determined by immunofluorescence staining, western blotting, RT‐PCR, real‐time PCR and flow cytometry.Key results:Low levels of CB2 and CB1 receptors were detectable in HCASMCs compared to the high levels of CB2 receptors expressed in THP‐1 monocytes. TNF‐α triggered up to ∼80% increase (depending on the method used) in CB2 receptor mRNA and/or protein expression in HCASMCs, and induced Ras, p38 MAPK, ERK 1/2, SAPK/JNK and Akt activation, while increasing proliferation and migration. The CB2 agonists, JWH‐133 and HU‐308, dose‐dependently attenuated these effects of TNF‐α.Conclusions and implications:Since the above‐mentioned TNF‐α‐induced phenotypic changes are critical in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis and restenosis, our findings suggest that CB2 agonists may offer a novel approach in the treatment of these pathologies by decreasing vascular smooth muscle proliferation and migration.British Journal of Pharmacology (2008) 153, 347–357; doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0707569; published online 12 November 2007
Guarding the gates of Europe: A typological analysis of immigration attitudes across 21 countries
Authors: Green Eva G. T. 
Published: November 2007

With data from the European Social Survey (N = 36,602), individual patterns of three immigration attitudes, referred to as gatekeeping attitudes, were investigated within and across 21 European national contexts. Gatekeeping attitudes, akin to blatant and subtle forms of xenophobia, designate the level of endorsement of different admission standards set for immigrants entering European countries, as well as of expulsion criteria for immigrants transgressing norms and laws. A K‐means cluster analysis, performed on national majority members' scores of endorsement of individual (e.g., language and working skills) and categorical (e.g., skin colour, religion) entry criteria and individual expulsion criteria (e.g., criminal act, long‐term unemployment), yielded a typology of three constrained combinations of these dimensions. Strict gatekeepers favoured all criteria, lenient gatekeepers opposed all criteria, whereas individualist gatekeepers favoured individual and opposed categorical criteria. Membership in typology groups was predicted with a generalized prejudiced attitude construct, social status, and personal contact with immigrants. Lenient gatekeepers were less homophobic, had a higher education level, felt financially less vulnerable, and had more immigrant friends than strict gatekeepers. Individualist gatekeepers held an intermediate position. Variability was observed in all countries, despite the prevalence of a typology group within a given country. Strict gatekeepers were common among participants from Southern and Eastern European nations, lenient gatekeepers in Scandinavian countries, and individualist gatekeepers in Western European countries. Cross‐national differences are discussed in light of European immigration history and policies.
The interplay between values, acculturation and adaptation: A study on Turkish‐Belgian adolescents
Authors: Güngör Derya 
Published: November 2007

Although there is a bulk of evidence for the relations between values, acculturation, and adaptation, the interrelations between these key concepts of the acculturation literature have not yet been investigated simultaneously. The present study proposes a model connecting value orientations (separatedness and conformity) to adaptation outcomes (sociocultural and psychological). Furthermore, this link was hypothesized to be strengthened by an indirect relationship where acculturation strategies (culture maintenance and culture adoption) would relate certain values to certain aspects of adaptation. The model was tested on 287 Turkish‐Belgian adolescents with an average age of 16.27 years (SD = 1.86 years). SEM analysis confirmed the hypothesized indirect links underlining the crucial role of acculturation strategies as mediators in the adaptation process. Separatedness predicted sociocultural adaptation via culture adoption whereas conformity impacted psychological adaptation via culture maintenance. In addition, separatedness predicted poorer psychological adaptation. Results were discussed with reference to inverse benefits and costs of individualism and collectivism.
GEIGER: investigating evolutionary radiations
Authors: Harmon Luke J. , Weir Jason T. , Brock Chad D. , Glor Richard E. , Challenger Wendell 
Published: November 2007

AbstractSummary: GEIGER is a new software package, written in the R language, to describe evolutionary radiations. GEIGER can carry out simulations, parameter estimation and statistical hypothesis testing. Additionally, GEIGER's simulation algorithms can be used to analyze the statistical power of comparative approaches.Availability: This open source software is written entirely in the R language and is freely available through the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN) at http://cran.r-project.org/.Contact: lukeh@uidaho.edu
Computing topological parameters of biological networks
Authors: Assenov Yassen , Ramírez Fidel , Schelhorn Sven-Eric , Lengauer Thomas , Albrecht Mario 
Published: November 2007

Abstract
Summary: Rapidly increasing amounts of molecular interaction data are being produced by various experimental techniques and computational prediction methods. In order to gain insight into the organization and structure of the resultant large complex networks formed by the interacting molecules, we have developed the versatile Cytoscape plugin NetworkAnalyzer. It computes and displays a comprehensive set of topological parameters, which includes the number of nodes, edges, and connected components, the network diameter, radius, density, centralization, heterogeneity, and clustering coefficient, the characteristic path length, and the distributions of node degrees, neighborhood connectivities, average clustering coefficients, and shortest path lengths. NetworkAnalyzer can be applied to both directed and undirected networks and also contains extra functionality to construct the intersection or union of two networks. It is an interactive and highly customizable application that requires no expert knowledge in graph theory from the user.
Availability: NetworkAnalyzer can be downloaded via the Cytoscape web site: http://www.cytoscape.org
Contact: mario.albrecht@mpi-inf.mpg.de
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.