bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Repetition Suppression for Spoken Sentences and the Effect of Task Demands
Authors: Hasson Uri , Nusbaum Howard C. , Small Steven L. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We examined whether the repeated processing of spoken sentences is accompanied by reduced bold oxygenation level-dependent response (repetition suppression) in regions implicated in sentence comprehension and whether the magnitude of such suppression depends on the task under which the sentences are comprehended or on the complexity of the sentences. We found that sentence repetition was associated with repetition suppression in temporal regions, independent of whether participants judged the sensibility of the statements or listened to the statements passively. In contrast, repetition suppression in inferior frontal regions was found only in the context of the task demanding active judgment. These results suggest that repetition suppression in temporal regions reflects facilitation of sentence comprehension processing per se, whereas in frontal regions it reflects, at least in part, easier execution of specific psycholinguistic judgments.
Imaging Informational Conflict: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Numerical Stroop
Authors: Tang J. , Critchley H. D. , Glaser D. E. , Dolan R. J. , Butterworth B. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
We employed a parametric version of the comparison Stroop paradigm to investigate the processing of numerical magnitude and physical size under task-relevant and -irrelevant conditions to investigate two theoretical issues: (1) What is the neural fate of task-irrelevant information? (2) What is the neural basis of the resolution of the conflict between task-relevant and -irrelevant information? We show in 18 healthy adults that numerical magnitudes of numbers call for higher processing requirements than physical sizes. The enhanced activation elicited by numerical magnitudes is not modulated by task relevance, indicating autonomous processing. Moreover, the normal behavioral distance effect when the numerical dimension is task relevant and reversed distance effect when it is not show that autonomous processing fully encodes numerical magnitudes. Conflict trials elicited greater activation in bilateral inferior frontal gyri, right middle frontal gyri, and right superior frontal gyri. We postulate two sources to the conflict, namely, at cognitive and response levels.
A Self-Contained Identification Scheme for Eddies in Drifter and Float Trajectories
Authors: Lankhorst Matthias 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
It is becoming increasingly recognized that the eddy field plays an important—possibly dominating—role for oceanic motions in many aspects (e.g., transport of properties and risk assessment in the case of extreme events). This motivates the study of individual eddy events. In the Lagrangian coordinate system, vorticity possibly associated with eddies appears in two forms: as shear vorticity between neighboring particles, and as curvature of the trajectory of a single particle. Typical field experiments in physical oceanography using surface drifters or subsurface floats do not reach data densities high enough to produce enough encounters of drifters to calculate shear vorticity between them. However, curvature in individual tracks is easily observed. This study presents a methodology that extracts segments from within a trajectory that are “looping,” which will be interpreted as a drifter being caught in an eddy. The method makes use of autoregressive processes, a simple type of stochastic processes, which easily enables a fit to the nonperfectly shaped trajectory data usually expected from field experiments. These processes also deliver frequency and persistence of the detected eddies by a very simple calculation, which makes the methodology highly suited for automatized scanning of larger datasets.
The Measurement of the Sea Surface Temperature by Satellites from 1991 to 2005
Authors: O’Carroll Anne G. , Saunders Roger W. , Watts James G. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractA near-continuous series of global retrievals of sea surface temperature (SST) has been made from the Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) series of instruments from 1991 to 2005. To analyze possible long-term trends in the global or regional SST throughout the period daily anomalies are computed using a 1961–90 daily climatology, averaged into global monthly means, and plotted as a global time series. To evaluate any biases in these anomalies they are compared with other satellite SST datasets that have been computed and compared over the same time period. Global infrared satellite SST data have been received from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) series, microwave SST data from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) Microwave Imager (TMI), and global microwave SST data from the Advanced Microwave Sounding Radiometer (AMSR)-E on Aqua. Additionally, the anomalies have also been compared with the Hadley Centre Global Sea Ice Coverage and Sea Surface Temperature (HadISST1) anomalies. HadISST1 is a globally complete 1° SST analysis compiled from in situ and bias-corrected AVHRR SSTs at the Met Office (UK).The results of the study show the high accuracy of the Advanced Along Track Scanning Radiometer (AATSR) SSTs, but there are concerns with the NOAA-14 AVHRR data (1996–2000) being biased cold, especially in the Northern Hemisphere, and the AMSR-E SSTs (version 4), which show unexplained biases. Since 1999 TMI SSTs appear to have a consistently warm (∼0.2 K) bias relative to the infrared sensors and HadISST1.The time series in (A)ATSR SSTs indicate the possibility of warming trends between 0.1 and 0.2 K decade−1, but the remaining ATSR-1 data are required to confirm this.
Problems with Heavy Snow Data at First-Order Stations in the United States
Authors: Changnon Stanley A. 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Various interests desire information and data on heavy snowfalls to define their spatial and temporal occurrences. Historical data at the nation’s 208 first-order stations for events with 15.2 cm or more snowfall in 2 days or less was assessed, and revealed various serious data problems at 118 stations with climatological quality data available for 90 stations. The data problems are described as guidelines for those seeking to utilize heavy snowfall data, and stations with quality data are listed.
Infrared Thermal Imagery of Cloud Base in Tornadic Supercells
Authors: Tanamachi Robin L. , Bluestein Howard B. , Moore Stephen S. , Madding Robert P. 
Published: November 2006

AbstractDuring the spring seasons of 2003 and 2004, an infrared thermal camera was deployed in and around supercell thunderstorms in an attempt to retrieve the temperature at the cloud base of a mesocyclone prior to tornadogenesis. The motivation for this exercise was to obtain temperature information that might indicate the thermal structure, timing, and extent of the rear-flank downdraft (RFD) and possibly elucidate its relationship to tornadogenesis.An atmospheric transmissivity study was conducted to account for the effects of atmospheric transmission on the measured temperatures, and to determine an ideal range of distances from which infrared images of a wall cloud or a tornado could be safely captured while still retrieving accurate cloud temperatures. This range was found to be 1.5–3 km.Two case days are highlighted in which the infrared camera was deployed within 1.5–3 km of a tornado; the visible and infrared images are shown side by side for comparison. On the single occasion on which the tornadogenesis phase was captured, the infrared images show no strong horizontal temperature gradients. From the infrared images taken of tornadoes, it can be inferred that the infrared signal from the tornado consisted primarily of infrared emissions from lofted dust particles or cloud droplets, and that the infrared signal from the tornado condensation funnel was easily obscured by infrared emissions from lofted dust particles or intervening precipitation curtains.The deployment of the infrared camera near supercell thunderstorms and the analysis of the resulting images proved challenging. It is concluded that the infrared camera is a useful tool for measuring cloud-base temperature gradients provided that distance and viewing angle constraints are met and that the cloud base is unobscured by rain or other intervening infrared emission sources. When these restrictions were met, the infrared camera successfully retrieved horizontal temperature gradients along the cloud base and vertical temperature gradients (close to the moist adiabatic lapse rate) along the tornado funnel.
Establishment of a pipeline to analyse non-synonymous SNPs in Bos taurus
Authors: Lee Michael A , Keane Orla M , Glass Belinda C , Manley Tim R , Cullen Neil G , Dodds Ken G , McCulloch Alan F , Morris Chris A , Schreiber Mark , Warren Jonathan , Zadissa Amonida , Wilson Theresa , McEwan John C 
Published: November 2006

Abstract

Background
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are an abundant form of genetic variation in the genome of every species and are useful for gene mapping and association studies. Of particular interest are non-synonymous SNPs, which may alter protein function and phenotype. We therefore examined bovine expressed sequences for non-synonymous SNPs and validated and tested selected SNPs for their association with measured traits.

Results
Over 500,000 public bovine expressed sequence tagged (EST) sequences were used to search for coding SNPs (cSNPs). A total of 15,353 SNPs were detected in the transcribed sequences studied, of which 6,325 were predicted to be coding SNPs with the remaining 9,028 SNPs presumed to be in untranslated regions. Of the cSNPs detected, 2,868 were predicted to result in a change in the amino acid encoded. In order to determine the actual number of non-synonymous polymorphic SNPs we designed assays for 920 of the putative SNPs. These SNPs were then genotyped through a panel of cattle DNA pools using chip-based MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Of the SNPs tested, 29% were found to be polymorphic with a minor allele frequency >10%. A subset of the SNPs was genotyped through animal resources in order to look for association with age of puberty, facial eczema resistance or meat yield. Three SNPs were nominally associated with resistance to the disease facial eczema (P < 0.01).

Conclusion
We have identified 15,353 putative SNPs in or close to bovine genes and 2,868 of these SNPs were predicted to be non-synonymous. Approximately 29% of the non-synonymous SNPs were polymorphic and common with a minor allele frequency >10%. Of the SNPs detected in this study, 99% have not been previously reported. These novel SNPs will be useful for association studies or gene mapping.
Abnormal insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in human osteoarthritic subchondral bone osteoblasts
Authors: Massicotte Frédéric , Aubry Isabelle , Martel-Pelletier Johanne , Pelletier Jean-Pierre , Fernandes Julio , Lajeunesse Daniel 
Published: November 2006

AbstractInsulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is a key factor in bone homeostasis and could be involved in bone tissue sclerosis as observed in osteoarthritis (OA). Here, we compare the key signaling pathways triggered in response to IGF-1 stimulation between normal and OA osteoblasts (Obs). Primary Obs were prepared from the subchondral bone of tibial plateaus of OA patients undergoing knee replacement or from normal individuals at autopsy. Phenotypic characterization of Obs was evaluated with alkaline phosphatase and osteocalcin release. The effect of IGF-1 on cell proliferation, alkaline phosphatase and collagen synthesis was evaluated in the presence or not of 50 ng/ml IGF-1, whereas signaling was studied with proteins separated by SDS-PAGE before western blot analysis. We also used immunoprecipitation followed by western blot analysis to detect interactions between key IGF-1 signaling elements. IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R), Shc, Grb2, insulin receptor substrate (IRS)-1, and p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) levels were similar in normal and OA Obs in the presence or absence of IGF-1. After IGF-1 stimulation, the phosphorylation of IGF-1R in normal and OA Obs was similar; however, the phosphorylation of IRS-1 was reduced in OA Ob. In addition, the PI3K pathway was activated similarly in normal and OA Obs while that for p42/44 MAPK was higher in OA Obs compared to normal. p42/44 MAPK can be triggered via an IRS-1/Syp or Grb2/Shc interaction. Interestingly, Syp was poorly phosphorylated under basal conditions in normal Obs and was rapidly phosphorylated upon IGF-1 stimulation, yet Syp showed a poor interaction with IRS-1. In contrast, Syp was highly phosphorylated in OA Obs and its interaction with IRS-1 was very strong initially, yet rapidly dropped with IGF-1 treatments. The interaction of Grb2 with IRS-1 progressively increased in response to IGF-1 in OA Obs whereas this was absent in normal Ob. IGF-1 stimulation altered alkaline phosphatase in Ob, an effect reduced in the presence of PD98059, an inhibitor of p42/44 MAPK signaling, whereas neither IGF-1 nor PD98059 had any significant effect on collagen synthesis. In contrast, cell proliferation was higher in OA Obs compared to normal under basal conditions, and IGF-1 stimulated more cell proliferation in OA Obs than in normal Ob, an effect totally dependent on p42/44 MAPK activiy. The altered response of OA Obs to IGF-1 may be due to abnormal IGF-1 signaling in these cells. This is mostly linked with abnormal IRS-1/Syp and IRS-1/Grb2 interaction in these cells.
Endogenous anti-inflammatory substances, inter-α-inhibitor and bikunin
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroshi 
Published: November 2006

AbstractThere have been new developments in the elucidation of the biological functions of the inter-α-inhibitor (IαI) family. The anti-proteolytic activity of the IαI family originates from bikunin (also known as urinary trypsin inhibitor). Growing evidence indicates that bikunin is not just an anti-proteolytic agent, but can also be considered an anti-inflammatory agent that suppresses lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cytokine synthesis. Bikunin functions to inhibit calcium influx and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling via LPS receptors and/or as yet unidentified bikunin signaling receptors. By signaling via the LPS receptor, LPS increases calcium influx and yields phosphorylated ERK, which activates multiple transcription factors, such as nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) or early growth response-1 (Egr-1), which in turn promote cytokine expression. Deficits in the signaling cascades caused by free or cell-bound bikunin are predicted to down-regulate cytokine expression, render macrophages/neutrophils more inactive, and impair inflammatory processes. This brief review largely focuses on our current understanding of the apparent functions of bikunin, its ligands, the effector molecules with which it interacts, and its regulation.
The human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum expresses an atypical N-terminally extended pyrophosphokinase with specificity for thiamine
Authors: Eschbach Marie-Luise , Müller Ingrid B. , Gilberger Tim-Wolf , Walter Rolf D. , Wrenger Carsten 
Published: November 2006

AbstractVitamin B1is an essential cofactor for key enzymes such as 2-oxoglutarate dehydrogenase and pyruvate dehydrogenase. Plants, bacteria and fungi, as well asPlasmodium falciparum, are capable of synthesising vitamin B1de novo, whereas mammals have to take up this cofactor from their diet. Thiamine, a B1vitamer, has to be pyrophosphorylated by thiamine pyrophosphokinase (TPK) to the active form. The human malaria parasiteP. falciparumexpresses an N-terminally extended pyrophosphokinase throughout the entire erythrocytic life cycle, which was analysed by Northern and Western blotting. The recombinant enzyme shows a specific activity of 27 nmol min-1mg-1protein and specificity for thiamine with aKmvalue of 73 μM, while thiamine monophosphate is not accepted. Mutational analysis of the N-terminal extension of the plasmodial TPK showed that it influences thiamine binding as well as metal dependence, which suggests N-terminal participation in the conformation of the active site. Protein sequences of various plasmodial TPKs were analysed for their phylogeny, which classified thePlasmodiumTPKs to a group distinct from the mammalian TPKs. To verify the location of the parasite TPK within the cell, immunofluorescence analyses were performed. Co-staining ofPfTPK with a GFP marker visualised its cytosolic localisation.
Fes1p acts as a nucleotide exchange factor for the ribosome-associated molecular chaperone Ssb1p
Authors: Dragovic Zdravko , Shomura Yasuhito , Tzvetkov Nikolay , Hartl F. Ulrich , Bracher Andreas 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
The HspBP1 homolog Fes1p was recently identified as a nucleotide exchange factor (NEF) of Ssa1p, a canonical Hsp70 molecular chaperone in the cytosol of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Besides the Ssa-type Hsp70s, the yeast cytosol contains three additional classes of Hsp70, termed Ssb, Sse and Ssz. Here, we show that Fes1p also functions as NEF for the ribosome-bound Ssb Hsp70s. Sequence analysis indicated that residues important for interaction with Fes1p are highly conserved in Ssa1p and Ssb1p, but not in Sse1p and Ssz1p. Indeed, Fes1p interacts with Ssa1p and Ssb1p with similar affinity, but does not form a complex with Sse1p. Functional analysis showed that Fes1p accelerates the release of the nucleotide analog MABA-ADP from Ssb1p by a factor of 35. In contrast to the interaction between mammalian HspBP1 and Hsp70, however, addition of ATP only moderately decreases the affinity of Fes1p for Ssb1p. Point mutations in Fes1p abolishing complex formation with Ssa1p also prevent the interaction with Ssb1p. The ATPase activity of Ssb1p is stimulated by the ribosome-associated complex of Zuotin and Ssz1p (RAC). Interestingly, Fes1p inhibits the stimulation of Ssb1p ATPase by RAC, suggesting a complex regulatory role of Fes1p in modulating the function of Ssb Hsp70s in co-translational protein folding.
How players manage moral concerns to make video game violence enjoyable
Authors: Klimmt Christoph , Schmid Hannah , Nosper Andreas , Hartmann Tilo , Vorderer Peter 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Research on video game violence has focused on the impact of aggression, but has so far neglected the processes and mechanisms underlying the enjoyment of video game violence. The present contribution examines a specific process in this context, namely players' strategies to cope with moral concern that would (in real-life settings) arise from violent actions. Based on Bandura's (2002) theory of moral disengagement, we argue that in order to maintain their enjoyment of game violence, players find effective strategies to avoid or cope with the moral conflict related to their violent behaviors in the game world (‘moral management’). Exploratory interviews with ten players of violent video games revealed some relevance of moral reasoning to their game enjoyment, and several strategies that help players to ‘manage’ moral concern. Most importantly, respondents referred to the game-reality distinction and their focus on winning the game when explaining how violent action is a by-product of good performance. Findings are discussed in light of further theorizing on ‘moral management’ and potential links to the media violence debate.
Looking back: Joke comprehension and the space structuring model
Authors: Coulson Seana , Urbach Thomas P , Kutas Marta 
Published: November 2006

AbstractWe describe the space structuring model, a model of language comprehension inspired by ideas in cognitive linguistics, focusing on its capacity to explain the sorts of inferences needed to understand one-line jokes. One process posited in the model is frame-shifting, the semantic and pragmatic reanalysis in which elements of the existing message-level representation are mapped into a new frame retrieved from long-term memory. To test this model, we recorded participants' eye movements with a headband-mounted eye-tracker while they read sentences that ended either as a joke, or as nonfunny controls (“She read so much about the bad effects of smoking she decided to give up the reading/habit.”) . Only jokes required frame-shifting; nonjoke endings were consistent with the contextually evoked frame. Though initial gaze durations were the same for jokes and non-jokes, total viewing duration was longer for the jokes and participants were more likely to make regressive (leftward) eye movements after reading the “punch word” of a joke. Results are consistent with the psychological reality of some process like frame-shifting, suggesting readers literally revisit aspects of the prior context while apprehending one-line jokes.
Reinterpretation and viewpoints
Authors: Ritchie Graeme 
Published: November 2006

AbstractIt has often been observed that many jokes rely on the audience reinterpreting the initial part of the joke once the punchline is encountered. In order to elaborate on this account, we outline how these reinterpretations may happen in various ways. The examples we consider suggest that the generalization is best stated not in terms of syntactic or even semantic forms, since the same mechanism seems to occur in jokes presented visually or partly verbally, partly visually. We sketch an analysis using separate but related viewpoints (expressible in terms of mental spaces), concluding that the revised interpretation may occur in any nested viewpoint, and need not be adopted by the audience as a factually correct interpretation.
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine Coolant Technology: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: DeBaun HJ , Alverson FC 
Published: November 2006

Abstract
Significant advances have been made in heavy duty diesel engine technology to meet increasingly stringent environmental regulations for emissions. Today's heavy duty diesel engines are being designed with lighter and softer metals, greater turbocharging, increased combustion controls, and new emission reduction equipment. The cooling systems contained in these vehicles are similarly being impacted by smaller designs, new cooling system configurations, and increased usage of lighter, softer metals. Vehicle thermal loads have significantly increased due to increased power densities, higher engine temperatures, and greater metal-coolant fluxes which places greater emphasis on oxidation/thermal stability, and high temperature corrosion protection performance of the coolant. Other operating conditions (coolant flow rates, turbulence, pressure drops, deaeration) are also becoming more severe calling for improved erosion-corrosion protection, cavitation protection, and elastomer, seal, hose compatibility. This paper reviews the changes in heavy duty diesel engine technology and provides information on coolant performance in 2002-4 emission compliant engines. Predictions are also made on future engine technology and next generation engine coolants.