bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Interstitial Content on the Ductile-Brittle Transition Temperature of Fe-25Cr Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Plumtree A , Gullberg R 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The low temperature ductility of several vacuummelted, 25 percent chromium, ferritic stainless steels containing between 300 and 900 ppm total interstitials (C + N + O) has been investigated in the water-quenched condition using impact and tensile tests. In the low interstitial content alloys, the ductile-brittle transition temperature was markedly influenced by changes in interstitial content and grain size, whereas for the high interstitial contents such changes were not as significant. Tensile tests on the same alloys indicated that the yield stress was not sensitive to variations in either interstitial content or grain size.
It is shown that increasing the interstitial content in these high chromium ferritic steels effects an increase in the amount of second phase present, particularly at the grain boundaries. Such particles enhance cleavage fracture by reducing the surface energy. It is observed that the second phase content is a single valued function of the ductile-brittle transition temperature.
Towards the Standardization of Time-Temperature Parameter Usage in Elevated Temperature Data Analysis
Authors: Goldhoff RM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A Task Group of the Joint Committee on Effect of Temperature on the Properties of Metals (sponsored by the American Society for Testing and Materials, the American Society of Mechanical Engineers, and the Metal Properties Council) did an extensive study of methods for the extrapolation of short-time rupture data in an effort to decide if any one method might serve as a basis for a standard practice. Emphasis was on the time-temperature parameter.
The following conclusions were reached: 1. Among the computerized techniques the newly introduced minimum-commitment method (MCM) is on the average about as good as the best of the four standard time-temperature parameters studied. 2. In addition, the MCM has other potential merits which make it a candidate for the sought-after standard. Further study and investigative work are required to realize this potential. 3. Experienced analysts can get good results by manual extrapolation methods. These methods are subjective, and because of the limited availability of experienced analysts such methods probably should not be considered for standard practice.
Many recommendations are given in the report for future work toward the goal of defining a standard practice.
Acoustic Emission Produced During Heating of Tin and Zinc Single Crystals
Authors: Papa T , Sette D , Stagni L , Congiu Castellano A 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAcoustic emission activity has been detected during heating of tin (Sn) and zinc (Zn) single crystals from 0 to 130°C. The emission of Sn occurs copiously only if the heating starts below a temperature of about 18°C, and lasts up to a higher temperature between 60 and 80°C. The results may be interpreted by relating acoustic emission to processes in the α ↔ β phase transformation. Although still qualitative, such a hypothesis permits us to have useful information on the nucleation time of the α-phase and on the temperature hysteresis of the transformation.
Programmed In Situ Melting, Freezing, and Tensile Testing for Laboratory Study of High Temperature Properties of As-Cast Metals
Authors: Batra R , Wilber GA , Breit HF , Childs WJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A technique has been developed for controlled melting and freesing of a steel specimen in a Duffers Gleeble®, combined with a tensile testing capability, in order to obtain subsequent high temperature mechanical properties.
Magnetic Domain Structures in Fe-3.2Si Revealed by Scanning Electron Microscopy—A Photo Essay
Authors: Yakowitz H , Newbury DE 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The mechanism and experimental arrangement by which magnetic contrast can be observed from materials of cubic anisotropy are indicated. Transformer alloy Fe-3.2Si is used as an example to illustrate the effects of tensile strain, magnetic field switching, residual stress, and inclusions on magnetic structure.
A Study of Crack Tip Plastic Zone Topography in Beryllium
Authors: Cooper RE 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMultiple-beam interferometry has been used to study the size and shape of plastic zones both at the tip of subcritical cracks and at the edges of running cracks in rolled ingot and in hot pressed, fully dense and porous beryllium. It is shown that from the zone shape an effective yield stress for the material can be derived and that this stress corresponds to somewhere between the 0.2% proof stress and the microyield stress of the material as measured under uniaxial tension. The relevance of this effective yield stress to practical fracture toughness testing is discussed and it is shown that from the points of view of both overall crack tip plastic zone shape and of the effects of plasticity on elastic stress redistribution, the 0.2% proof stress is probably the best choice.
Strength and Ductility of Cr-Mo-V Steels in Creep at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Viswanathan R 
Published: February 2009

AbstractA state-of-the-art survey of literature pertaining to low alloy Cr-Mo-V steels has been completed with a view to elucidate the effects of composition, heat treatment, and microstructure on the creep strength and ductility of the steels. It appears that minor amounts of alloy additions such as boron, titanium, and cerium and impurity elements phosphorus, sulfur, tin, antimony, aluminum, and copper may affect the creep strength or ductility or both of the steels. Higher austenitizing and lower tempering temperatures lead to improved strength at the expense of rupture ductility. An upper bainite microstructure is associated with the highest creep strength and the lowest ductility, for temperatures up to 1050°F (565°C) and for times of at least up to 10,000 h. In bainite-ferrite aggregates, creep and rupture strengths increase in proportion to the amount of bainite, and the difference in strength between the various structures is maintained at least up to 10,000 h at 1070°F (575°C). Stress rupture strengths in general increase linearly with room temperature tensile strength for temperatures up to 1000°F (538°C) and times up to 10,000 h. Variation of rupture strength and minimum creep rate with temperature and time can be adequately described by the Orr-Sherby-Dorn parameter. Activation energies for both creep and for rupture are determined to be about 90 kcal/mole (375 kJ/mole). Further, it is observed that ˙ε × tr ⋍ 3.3 and that tt ⋍ 0.3 tr, where ˙ϵ tt, and tr are the minimum creep rate, time for transition from second- to third-stage creep, and time to rupture, respectively.
A System for Computer Analysis of Stress-Strain Curves
Authors: Olshausen KD , Larsen JK 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A system for recording and processing of data obtained in tensile tests is described. The electronics (hardware) consists of signal amplifiers (load and elongation), digital voltmeters with binary code decimal output, serializer, and incremental magnetic tape recorder. The operation sequence is controlled by a system of relays, time delays, and an electronic clock.
The computer program calculates not only the typical mechanical properties such as yield stress, ultimate stress, and uniform and total elongation, but also more sophisticated properties such as strain-hardening coefficient and Reed-Hill coefficient, which are difficult to obtain by other means. The computer output is in the form of tabulated data and plotted curves.
The system has been used in over 300 tests of Zircaloy and aluminum samples. Most of the tests were done on irradiated ring samples cut from the cladding of boiling water reactor fuel rods, but also tube- and plate-type samples have been tested. There was good agreement between the computer-generated values and the values calculated by conventional methods.
An Analysis of the Design of Beam Testing Apparatus
Authors: Ducker WL , Vallabhan CVG , McMullin WS 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A critical evaluation of the mechanical design of beam testing apparatus used to determine the flexural strength of concrete by ASTM methods C 78-64(1972) and C 293-68 is presented. Two approaches were used in the evaluation: (1) an experimental deformation of the concrete beam analysis and (2) a stress-deformation analysis of the same by the finite element method. An alternative design of beam testing fixtures is presented by which the tests can be performed more efficiently and accurately.
Correlation of Damping and Fatigue Properties of an AISI 403 Stainless Steel
Authors: Willertz LE , Moon DM 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The changes in the damping properties of AISI 403 with cyclical torsional fatigue stressing have been determined in order to define the cyclical stress sensitivity limit (CSSL) of the material. Comparison of the data with observations of changes in surface features and the torsional and push-pull fatigue lives shows that the CSSL is a good indication of the minimum stress which can cause permanent fatigue damage in this material. The type of test used to determine the CSSL is rapid in that less than one day's testing on one specimen is required to define it, whereas the usual fatigue limit requires testing times of several weeks and a number of different specimens.
Application of the Granato-Lücke theory of dislocation damping explains many of the observations of damping and modulus changes encountered.
A High Purity Approach to High Chromium Ferritic Stainless Steels
Authors: Matejka WA , Knoth RJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses merits of a high chromium ferritic stainless steel with extremely low levels of carbon and nitrogen. Data are shown on effects of carbon, nitrogen, and other impurity elements on alloy corrosion properties, mechanical properties, mill processing, and fabricability. Properties of Type XM-27, a 26Cr-1Mo high purity ferritic made by electron-beam refining, are discussed for various product forms. Weldability and fabrication characteristics are reviewed with emphasis on heat exchangers and pressure vessels. Use of Type XM-27 in chemical, petroleum, and fertilizer processing equipment is described. Service performance results, in some cases showing 24-month data, are presented.
Neutron Spectrum Analysis from Dosimetry Experiments
Authors: Kam FBK , Stallmann FW 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A fairly good approximation to a neutron spectrum can be obtained commensurable with the accuracy of the activity and cross-sectional measurements. However, these approximations are valid only in regions where the coverage is determined by the cross sections and spectrum used and may be locally disturbed by poor resolution. Coverage and resolution are two properties which determine the goodness of a given monitor set. The trial spectrum influences the outcome of the unfolding only to the extent that the monitor set fails to provide the necessary coverage and resolution.
Radiation Damage Units for Steel
Authors: Beeler JR 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Damage units are needed to correlate radiation effects data from different types of radiation sources and to standardize experimental and testing procedures. In the case of radiation-induced changes in the mechanical properties of structural materials, useful damage units are the production rates per unit volume of mobile defects, immobile defect clusters, and interstitial dislocation loops. Quantitative recipes are given for the production of these and other related defects in steel at reactor operating temperatures.
Dosimetry Related to Controlled Thermonuclear Research
Authors: Dudey ND 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Controlled thermonuclear research (CTR) dosimetry is presently concerned with measurements of neutron flux, fluence, and neutron spectra. This information is being used to (1) correlate radiation effects data, (2) evaluate and describe the irradiation environment of currently available neutron sources, and (3) provide diagnostics for plasma physics studies. Current radiation effects studies are emphasising surface phenonena such as sputtering, and are utilising (d,t) and Be(d,n) reactions as the sources of neutrons. The energy region of 8 to 15 MeV is of most interest for CTR purposes. Experimental constraints necessitate use of the foil activation technique for dosimetry measurements. For the cases of monoenergetic neutron sources (RTNS), accuracies of about 7.5% are being obtained. Cross section uncertainties are limiting the accuracy for broad spectrum measurements, such as from Be-d sources. Because no present neutron source adequately represents the type of radiation environment expected to be encountered in future CTR devices, emphasis must be placed on carefully documenting and standardizing the dosimetry measurements so that the radiation effects data can ultimately be extrapolated to anticipated CTR conditions. Future efforts in CTR dosimetry must develop methods for characterizing charged and neutral particle radiation.
Evaluation of Fracture Energy of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Johnson FA , Radon JC 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThe fracture toughnesses of some precipitation-hardened aluminum alloys have been evaluated, mainly by the use of precracked three-point bend specimens in instrumented impact testing. A recently developed interpretation of the specific surface energy method has been applied to calculate the initiation values of KIc and these values have been compared with those calculated using stress analysis equations. The value of unity thereby deduced for the geometrical constraint factor in these non-rate-sensitive materials may be appropriate to the type of fracture mode occurring in these alloys, that is, semiductile. The distinction in principle between fracture initiation toughness, expressed as GIc = w/ηA, and the average propagation toughness w/A has been noted and the latter used in studying crack tunnelling during semiductile crack propagation in thick sections of the alloys in the form of large, double-cantilever beam specimens.
New Model Material for Three-Dimensional Stress Analysis
Authors: Hasseem HM , Durelli AJ , Parks VJ 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper describes the manufacturing of a family of epoxies, the Poisson's ratio of which at the critical temperature is on the order of 0.4. The variation of Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, shear fringe value, and critical temperature as a function of the amount of hardener, the curing temperature, and the curing time for a large range of these variables are presented as parametric curves.
Previously, epoxies used in three-dimensional analysis have all shown a Poisson's ratio of about 0.5, indicating incompressibility. The new compressible material has two advantages: (1) it is closer to the common engineering materials and (2) strains can be measured at interior points to supplement photoelastic analysis, or strain measurements can be used exclusively to obtain stresses throughout the body.
Contamination Damage Avoidance Concepts for Propulsion Feed System Components
Authors: Endicott DL 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The gain in component reliability for long-term, reusable space vehicles was investigated in a two-part program. Mechanical redesign methods were used to minimize contamination damage of conventional components and a unique type of contamination separator device was developed. The redesign techniques were incorporated into an existing 2-in. (50.8-mn) poppet value and tested for damage tolerance in a full-size open-loop system with gaseous and liquid nitrogen. Cyclic and steady flow conditions were tested with particles of 75 to 200-µm aluminum oxide dispersed in the test fluids. Nonflow cycle life tests (100,000 cycles) were made with three valve configurations in gaseous hydrogen. The redesign valve had an acceptable cycle life and improved tolerance to contamination damage.
Analytical studies were completed on various types of dynamic separator. A venturi type of particulate separator was fabricated and preliminary testing completed in the gaseous nitrogen test system at 200-ft/s (61-m/s) velocity.
Martian Sandstorms and Their Effects on the 1975 Viking Lander System
Authors: Maegley WJ , Diederich DP 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A model of a Martian sandstorm has been derived from presently available data. The erosional effects of such a storm on the Viking lander were determined by test, and modifications involving the application of silicone-based protective material were made to insure lander survivability over the planned 60-day mission. Material eroded by windblown sand is expected to provide a source of contaminant for the soil samples used in the organic analysis experiment. Results of analyses predicting the level of such contamination indicate that soil sample contaminant concentration will be below the acceptable maximum.
Contamination Control During Acceptance Testing of Mariner Class Spacecraft Propulsion Hardware
Authors: Nenno RE , Oldland AH 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
In order to insure reliable, leak-free operation of spacecraft propulsion hardware during long-term space missions, it is necessary to maintain hardware internal cleanliness at a level which allows no particles over 100 micrometres in size throughout the acceptance testing and delivery cycle of the hardware. To schieve this goal, it was necessary to derive and use specialized techniques, procedures, processes and hardware.
The spacecraft propulsion hardware involved consists of pressurant control assemblies, propellant isolation assemblies and pyrovalve subassemblies. In the end uses, the assemblies are formed into a system by an induction heating brazing operation on tube stubs to form the Viking Orbiter propulsion system.
Basic requirements for contamination control include a facility with FED-STD-209 Class 100 environments, and personnel trained in clean room practices and disciplines. The specific design, configuration and functions of the spacecraft hardware must then be considered to establish cleaning methods, cleanliness verification methods, and methods of maintaining specified levels of cleanliness. The techniques, methods, hardware designs, and hardware applications used to achieve the required contamination control are described.
Automatic Particle Measurement Systems and Liquid-Handling Techniques for Clean Liquids
Authors: Lieberman A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
This paper discusses some of the problems in handling liquids that are particularly clean. Practical solutions are provided for problems involved in measuring contamination at low levels and empirically derived methods are given for liquid-handling systems and techniques to minimize artifact introduction. The problems of correlating results from one method to another are discussed. Procedures for calibration of automatic particle counters are considered. Some of the errors that can occur in terms of coincidence and system dynamic range are mentioned. Along with control of solid and liquid artifact introduction, procedures for batch and in-line samples are discussed to minimize bubble effects. The problems involved in sample acquisition and in sample handling are considered.
Evaluation of theJIntegral for the Compact Specimen
Authors: Clarke GA , Landes JD 
Published: February 2009

AbstractMethods for determining the J integral from an experimental load versus load point displacement curve for the compact specimen are discussed. The original analysis by Merkle and Corten, which accounted for the tension component in the compact specimen, is presented along with a simplified version (of the analysis) that is shown to be essentially equivalent to the original formulation. Based on experimental results from Landes, Walker, and Clarke, a further simplified expression is recommended as the best expression to use for determining J for the compact specimen.
A Rolling Bottle Device for Measuring the Flow of Liquids and Powders
Authors: Winslow DN 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The apparatus described in this paper is a simple and inexpensive device that allows the rapid measurement of a wide range of properties of both liquids and powders by measuring their flow. The flow is measured by observing the horizontal distance that a bottle, partially filled with a liquid or powder, requires to come to a stop on a runway after it has been allowed to roll down a shallow ramp. When liquids are tested, the apparatus has been found useful for measuring viscosity, temperature effects upon viscosity, and concentrations of dissolved or suspended additives. With powders it is sensitive to factors such as particle size and size distribution, surface area, particle roughness and shape, and surface moisture. It appears to have a wide-ranging applicability as both a research tool and as a test method in many disparate fields.
Stress Relaxation in Bending of Copper-Nickel-Tin Alloy Strip Strengthened by Spinodal Decomposition
Authors: Fox A 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
The stress-relaxation behavior of three copper-nickel-tin alloys strengthened by spinodal decomposition was studied in the temperature range 23 to 204°C (73 to 400°F). The alloys studied were Cu-4%Ni-4%Sn, Cu-9%Ni-6%Sn, and Cu-15%Ni-8%Sn. The resistance to stress relaxation of these alloys at temperatures of 121°C (250°F) and higher is shown to be significantly improved over that of fully precipitation-hardened CA172 (Cu-1.9%Be alloy, condition TH04), a material widely used for connectors and electrical springs requiring high strength at moderately elevated temperatures. Design data that permit an evaluation of spring performance for extended service life applications are presented for these alloys.
Statistical Analysis of X-ray Residual Stress Measurement Using the Half-Width Method
Authors: Kurita M 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
X-ray stress measurement can be used to nondestructively measure the residual stress in small areas of metallic materials. The equation for calculating the standard deviation of the stress as a result of statistical counting errors σS which are a fundamental source of scatter in X-ray stress measurements, is derived for the half-width method using the preset time technique. This equation shows that σS is independent of the half-width of the diffraction line but is inversely proportional to the slope of the line side. Residual stresses in the three hardened steels, JIS S35C, S45C, and SK3, were determined by three methods, that is, the parabola and the Gaussian curve-fitting methods and the half-width method. The stress values determined by the three methods agreed well with each other. The standard deviation σS determined by the half-width method is smaller than that determined by the curve-fitting methods for most materials, but it becomes larger as the diffraction line broadens.
Nondestructive Magnetic Measurements on Prefabricated Parts
Authors: Kelkar VY 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
A method has been described to compare the magnetic reluctances of prefabricated parts of an electromagnetic system in a nondestructive way. The size and shape of such parts do not allow normal methods of measurement to be used. The method of measurement does not need any special instruments. The same procedure may be extended towards calculation of the B-H curve. The principle of measurement is applicable to both AC and DC excitations. The experimental data is also presented.