bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race/Ethnicity, Physical Activity, and Quality of Life in Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Smith Ashley Wilder , Alfano Catherine M. , Reeve Bryce B. , Irwin Melinda L. , Bernstein Leslie , Baumgartner Kathy , Bowen Deborah , McTiernan Anne , Ballard-Barbash Rachel 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Purpose: To examine associations between recreational physical activity and quality of life (QOL) in a multiethnic cohort of breast cancer survivors, specifically testing whether associations are consistent across racial/ethnic groups after accounting for relevant medical and demographic factors that might explain disparities in QOL outcomes.
Methods: Data were collected from a population-based cohort of non-Hispanic White (n = 448), Black (n = 197), and Hispanic (n = 84) breast cancer survivors (stage 0-IIIa) in the Health, Eating, Activity, and Lifestyle Study. Physical activity was assessed ∼2.5 years after breast cancer diagnosis, with QOL assessed on average 6 to 12 months later. We used structural equation modeling to examine relationships between meeting recommended levels of physical activity and QOL, stratifying by race/ethnicity and adjusting for other demographic, comorbidity, and treatment effects.
Results: Structural equation modeling indicated that meeting recommended levels of physical activity had significant positive associations with QOL for Black and non-Hispanic White women (P &lt; 0.05). Fewer Black women reported meeting recommended physical activity levels (P &lt; 0.001), but meeting recommendations was associated with better QOL. Post hoc tests showed that meeting physical activity recommendations was specifically associated with better vitality, social functioning, emotional roles, and global QOL (P &lt; 0.05 for all).
Conclusions: These results suggest that meeting recommended levels of physical activity is associated with better QOL in non-Hispanic White and Black breast cancer survivors. Findings may help support future interventions among breast cancer survivors and promote supportive care that includes physical activity, although more research is needed to determine these relationships among Hispanic and other ethnic minority women. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):656–63)
Smokers of Menthol and Nonmenthol Cigarettes Exhibit Similar Levels of Biomarkers of Smoke Exposure
Authors: Heck J. Daniel 
Published: February 2009

AbstractThere has been speculation that the addition of menthol to cigarettes may affect the manner in which cigarettes are smoked, potentially influencing smokers' exposures to smoke constituents that have been associated with smoking-related diseases. One hundred twelve male and female smokers participated in a parallel-arm study to determine whether the ad libitum smoking of menthol cigarettes results in differences in smoke constituent exposure biomarkers in blood and urine relative to those smoking nonmenthol cigarettes having similar machine-measured (Federal Trade Commission) yields of ∼9 to 10 mg “tar.” The study subjects were provided cigarettes of their preferred menthol or nonmenthol types prior to two 24-hour study intervals spaced one week apart. Carboxyhemoglobin levels were measured in blood samples drawn at midafternoon following the two 24-hour urine collection periods. Six urinary nicotine metabolites (nicotine, cotinine, trans-3′-hydroxycotinine and respective glucuronides) were determined as measures of nicotine intake, and urinary 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL) and its glucuronide were determined to assess exposure to the tobacco-specific nitrosamine 4-(N-nitrosomethylamino)-1-(3-pyridinyl)-1-butanone. Subjects' median blood carboxyhemoglobin values did not differ significantly between the cigarette types. Neither total urinary NNAL nor urinary nicotine equivalents exhibited statistically significant differences between the menthol and nonmenthol cigarette smokers. The present findings indicate that moderately heavy smokers of menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes of similar machine-generated smoke yield exhibit essentially identical levels of biomarkers of smoke constituent exposure. These results are consistent with the substantial majority of epidemiology studies to date that suggest the risks attending the smoking of menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes are similar. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):622–9)
Physical Activity among Lung Cancer Survivors: Changes across the Cancer Trajectory and Associations with Quality of Life
Authors: Coups Elliot J. , Park Bernard J. , Feinstein Marc B. , Steingart Richard M. , Egleston Brian L. , Wilson Donna J. , Ostroff Jamie S. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background: Regular physical activity may offer benefits to lung cancer survivors, many of whom experience quality-of-life (QOL) impairments. However, little is know about lung cancer survivors' engagement in physical activity across the cancer trajectory. The current study addressed this research gap and also examined the association between lung cancer survivors' physical activity and their QOL.
Methods: The study participants were 175 individuals who completed surgical treatment for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer 1 to 6 years previously. Participants completed a one-time survey regarding their current QOL and their engagement in physical activities currently, during the 6 months after treatment, and during the 6 months before diagnosis.
Results: Participants' reported engagement in both moderate and strenuous intensity activities was lower during the post-treatment period compared with before diagnosis and at the current time. Engagement in light intensity activities did not differ for the three time points. Almost two-thirds of participants did not engage in sufficient activity to meet national physical activity guidelines for any of the three time points. Lung cancer survivors who currently met physical activity guidelines reported better QOL in multiple domains than less active individuals.
Conclusions: Engagement in physical activity among lung cancer survivors is particularly low during the early post-treatment period. Current engagement in physical activity is associated with better QOL. However, most lung cancer survivors do not meet physical activity guidelines and may benefit from interventions to promote engagement in regular physical activities. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):664–72)
Incident Invasive Breast Cancer, Geographic Location of Residence, and Reported Average Time Spent Outside
Authors: Millen Amy E. , Pettinger Mary , Freudenheim Jo L. , Langer Robert D. , Rosenberg Carol A. , Mossavar-Rahmani Yasmin , Duffy Christine M. , Lane Dorothy S. , McTiernan Anne , Kuller Lewis H. , Lopez Ana Maria , Wactawski-Wende Jean 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
There have been reports of greater breast cancer incidence and mortality at northern compared with southern latitudes postulated to be related to vitamin D exposure. Among 71,662 participants in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHIOS) free of cancer at baseline (1993-1998), associations were explored between incident invasive postmenopausal breast cancer (n = 2,535), over ∼8.6 years follow-up, and the following: (a) region of residence at birth, age 15 years, age 35 years; (b) region of residence at WHIOS baseline; and (c) clinic center solar irradiance. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for breast cancer were estimated after adjustment for individual level confounders. There was no difference in breast cancer risk by region of earlier life, baseline residence, or solar irradiance measured in Langelys (gm-cal) per cm2. There was an observed 15% decreased risk among women residing in areas of low versus high solar irradiance measured in Watts per m2 (95% CI, 2-26%). However, the associated Ptrend of 0.20 was not significant. Conversely, women who reported spending on average &lt;30 minutes versus &gt;2 hours outside in daylight year round at WHIOS year 4 follow-up (n = 46,926), had a 20% (95% CI, 2-41%; Ptrend = 0.001) increased risk of breast cancer. In conclusion, region of residence and geographic solar irradiance are not consistently related to risk of breast cancer and may not be sufficient proxy measures for sunlight/vitamin D exposure. The observed association between time spent outside and breast cancer risk support the hypothesis that vitamin D may protect against breast cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):495–507)
Influence of Primary Care Use on Population Delivery of Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Fenton Joshua J. , Reid Robert J. , Baldwin Laura-Mae , Elmore Joann G. , Buist Diana S.M. , Franks Peter 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Objective: Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is commonly initiated during primary care visits. Thus, at the population level, limited primary care attendance may constitute a substantial barrier to CRC screening uptake. Within a defined population, we quantified the percent of CRC screening underuse that is potentially explained by low use of primary care visits.
Methods: Among 48,712 adults ages 50 to 78 years eligible for CRC screening within a Washington state health plan, we estimated the degree to which a lack of CRC screening in 2002 to 2003 (fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy) was attributable to low primary care use, expressed as the population attributable risk percent (PAR%) associated with 0 to 3 primary care visits during the 2-year period.
Results: In analyses adjusted for age, comorbidity, nonprimary care visit use, and prior preventive service use, low primary care use in 2002 to 2003 was strongly associated with a lack of CRC screening among both women and men. However, a majority of unscreened women and men had ≥4 primary care visits. Thus, whether low primary care use was defined as 0, 0 to 1, 0 to 2, or 0 to 3 primary care visits, the PAR% associated with low primary care use was large in neither women (range, 3.0-6.8%) nor men (range: 5.6-11.5%).
Conclusions: Health plan outreach efforts to encourage primary care attendance would be unlikely to substantially increase population uptake of CRC screening. In similar settings, resources might be more fruitfully devoted to the optimization of screening delivery during primary care visits that patients already attend. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):640–5)
Is There a Difference in the Association between Percent Mammographic Density and Subtypes of Breast Cancer? Luminal A and Triple-Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Ma Huiyan , Luo Jianning , Press Michael F. , Wang Yaping , Bernstein Leslie , Ursin Giske 
Published: February 2009

AbstractBackground: Mammographic density is a potentially modifiable risk factor for breast cancer. To what extent mammographic density is a predictor for both hormone receptor-positive and hormone receptor-negative tumors is unclear. Even less is known about whether mammographic density predicts subtypes of breast cancer defined by expression status of the three receptors: estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER-2).Methods: We estimated the association of percent mammographic density with subtypes of invasive breast cancer among 479 population-based female breast cancer patients and 376 control subjects ages 35 to 64 years. The expression status of ER, PR, and HER-2 was assessed using immunohistochemistry methods in a single laboratory. We considered ER+ or PR+ plus HER-2- tumors as luminal A breast cancer and ER-/PR-/HER-2- tumors as triple-negative breast cancer. We used unconditional logistic regression methods to estimate odd ratios (95% confidence intervals) for both case-control and case-case comparisons.Results: Mammographic density was associated with increased risk of both invasive breast cancer subtypes, luminal A and triple-negative, in the case-control analysis. Results from case-case comparisons yielded no differences between the two subtypes among all women combined or in analyses done separately by race (White versus African American women) or menopausal status (premenopausal versus postmenopausal women; all P values &gt; 0.05).Conclusions: Our results suggest that percent mammographic density is positively associated with both luminal A and triple-negative breast cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):479–85)
Physical Activity and Endogenous Sex Hormone Levels in Postmenopausal Women: a Cross-Sectional Study in the Prospect-EPIC Cohort
Authors: van Gils Carla H. , Peeters Petra H.M. , Schoenmakers Micha C.J. , Nijmeijer Rian M. , Onland-Moret N. Charlotte , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Monninkhof Evelyn M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background: The protective effect of physical activity on breast cancer risk might be mediated by sex hormone levels. In this study, we examined the association between usual physical activity and plasma levels of estrogens, androgens, dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEAS), and sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) in postmenopausal women.
Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among 806 postmenopausal women participating in the Prospect-EPIC study. Usual physical activity was assessed using a short questionnaire and summarized into a simple, validated four-level index. This index combines occupational physical activity with time spent on cycling and sporting. Levels of estrone, estradiol, androstenedione, DHEAS, testosterone, and SHBG were measured in plasma. General linear models were used to examine the association between usual physical activity and sex hormone levels, adjusted for confounders.
Results: We observed an inverse association between physical activity and estradiol levels (free: inactive, 0.26 pg/mL; active, 0.23 pg/mL; P-trend = 0.045; total: inactive, 8.8 pg/mL; active, 8.0 pg/mL; P-trend = 0.08) and a positive association between physical activity and SHBG (inactive, 15.1 nmol/L; active, 19.3 nmol/L; P-trend = 0.05). These associations could largely be explained by the effects of sporting. We also observed a positive association between physical activity and DHEAS (inactive, 352.4 ng/mL; active, 460.3 ng/mL; P-trend = 0.01).
Conclusions: Our results are in accordance with the hypothesis that usual physical activity decreases estradiol levels and increases SHBG. We also found that high levels of physical activity are associated with high levels of DHEAS. Furthermore, our results suggest that vigorous forms of physical activity influence sex hormone levels most. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):377–83)
In vivoRole of CytochromeP450 2E1 and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activity for Acrylamide Toxicokinetics in Humans
Authors: Doroshyenko Oxana , Fuhr Uwe , Kunz Daria , Frank Dorothee , Kinzig Martina , Jetter Alexander , Reith Yvonne , Lazar Andreas , Taubert Dirk , Kirchheiner Julia , Baum Matthias , Eisenbrand Gerhard , Berger Franz-Ingo , Bertow Daniel , Berkessel Albrecht , Sörgel Fritz , Schömig Edgar , Tomalik-Scharte Dorota 
Published: February 2009

AbstractAcrylamide, a potential food carcinogen in humans, is biotransformed to the epoxide glycidamide in vivo. Both acrylamide and glycidamide are conjugated with glutathione, possibly via glutathione-S-transferases (GST), and bind covalently to proteins and nucleic acids. We investigated acrylamide toxicokinetics in 16 healthy volunteers in a four-period change-over trial and evaluated the respective role of cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1) and GSTs. Participants ingested self-prepared potato chips containing acrylamide (1 mg) without comedication, after CYP2E1 inhibition (500 mg disulfiram, single dose) or induction (48 g/d ethanol for 1 week), and were phenotyped for CYP2E1 with chlorzoxazone (250 mg, single dose). Unchanged acrylamide and the mercapturic acids N-acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (AAMA) and N-acetyl-S-(2-hydroxy-2-carbamoylethyl)-cysteine (GAMA) accounted for urinary excretion [geometric mean (percent coefficient of variation)] of 2.9% (42), 65% (23), and 1.7% (65) of the acrylamide dose in the reference period. Hemoglobin adducts increased clearly following the acrylamide test-meal. The cumulative amounts of acrylamide, AAMA, and GAMA excreted and increases in AA adducts changed significantly during CYP2E1 blockade [point estimate (90% confidence interval)] to the 1.34-fold (1.14-1.58), 1.18-fold (1.02-1.36), 0.44-fold (0.31-0.61), and 1.08-fold (1.02-1.15) of the reference period, respectively, but were not changed significantly during moderate CYP2E1 induction. Individual baseline CYP2E1 activity, CYP2E1*6, GSTP1 313A&gt;G and 341T&gt;C single nucleotide polymorphisms, and GSTM1-and GSTT1-null genotypes had no major effect on acrylamide disposition. The changes in acrylamide toxicokinetics upon CYP2E1 blockade provide evidence that CYP2E1 is a major but not the only enzyme mediating acrylamide epoxidation in vivo to glycidamide in humans. No obvious genetic risks or protective factors in xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes could be determined for exposed subjects. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):433–43)
Thyroid Function and Cancer Risk: A Prospective Population Study
Authors: Hellevik Alf Inge , Åsvold Bjørn Olav , Bjøro Trine , Romundstad Pål R. , Nilsen Tom Ivar L. , Vatten Lars J. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background: It has been hypothesized that thyroid function may influence cancer risk, but few studies with adequate statistical power have investigated this question, and the results have not been consistent.
Methods: In a prospective study of 29,691 people (19,710 women and 9,981 men) without previously known thyroid disease, thyrotropin was measured at baseline, and cancer incidence was recorded during 9 years of follow-up. Using Cox regression analysis, we studied the associations (hazard ratios) of thyrotropin categories with total cancer risk, and specifically, with risk of lung, colon, prostate, and breast cancer adjusted for age, sex, and smoking status.
Results: Low thyrotropin levels (&lt;0.50 mU/L) were associated with increased cancer risk [adjusted hazard ratio (HR), 1.34; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.06-1.69] compared with the euthyroid reference group. The higher risk was driven by lung cancer (adjusted HR, 2.34; 95% CI, 1.24-4.40) and prostate cancer (adjusted HR, 1.97; 95% CI, 1.04-3.76). After excluding the first 2 years of follow-up, the associations were strengthened to 2.91 (1.49-5.70) for lung cancer and 2.60 (1.36-4.99) for prostate cancer.
Conclusion: Thyrotropin levels suggestive of hyperthyroid function are associated with increased cancer risk, and specifically, with increased risk of lung and prostate cancer, whereas hypothyroid function does not seem to be associated with cancer risk. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):570–4)
A Prospective Study of Total and Ionized Serum Calcium and Fatal Prostate Cancer
Authors: Skinner Halcyon G. , Schwartz Gary G. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
We recently reported a significant positive association in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between high levels of total calcium in serum, measured prospectively, and risk of fatal prostate cancer. To confirm this, we examined associations between total and ionized serum calcium and prostate cancer mortality in an independent cohort, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Twenty-five prostate cancer deaths occurred over 56,625 person-years of follow-up. Compared with men in the lowest tertile of total serum calcium, the multivariate-adjusted relative risk for death from prostate cancer for men in the highest tertile was 2.07 (95% confidence interval, 1.06-4.04). For ionized serum calcium, the physiologically active fraction of total serum calcium, the relative risk for men in the highest tertile was 3.18 (95% confidence interval, 1.09-9.28). These findings support the hypothesis that serum calcium is a prospective biomarker of fatal prostate cancer. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):575–8)
Immunosuppression and Other Risk Factors for Lip Cancer after Kidney Transplantation
Authors: van Leeuwen Marina T. , Grulich Andrew E. , McDonald Stephen P. , McCredie Margaret R.E. , Amin Janaki , Stewart John H. , Webster Angela C. , Chapman Jeremy R. , Vajdic Claire M. 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Incidence of lip cancer is markedly increased after kidney transplantation. Immunosuppression and other risk factors for lip cancer were investigated in a population-based, nationwide cohort of 8,162 kidney transplant recipients registered on the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry (1982-2003). Lip cancer diagnoses were ascertained using probabilistic data linkage with the Australian National Cancer Statistics Clearing House. Standardized incidence ratios were used to compare lip cancer risk by subsite of lip and during periods of transplant function and failure. Risk factors during the first functioning transplant were examined using multivariate Poisson regression. Lip cancer was diagnosed in 203 patients. All cases were of squamous cell origin and mostly (77%) affected the lower vermillion. Cases occurred predominantly during periods of transplant function, with incidence decreasing to pretransplantation level on transplant failure and cessation of immunosuppression. During transplant function, cancer of the lower vermillion was associated with increasing year of age [incidence rate ratio (IRR), 1.03; 95% confidence interval (95% CI), 1.02-1.05], greater time since transplantation (P &lt; 0.001), smoking (IRR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.12-4.07), and current use of azathioprine (IRR, 2.67; 95% CI, 1.39-5.15) or cyclosporine (IRR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.00-2.65). Female sex (IRR, 0.29; 95% CI, 0.18-0.46) and non-Australian/New Zealand country of birth (P = 0.006), surrogate indices of reduced exposure to solar UV radiation, were significantly protective. Lip cancer after transplantation is strongly related to the current receipt of immunosuppression. During transplant function, lip cancer risk is associated with the duration of immunosuppression, receipt of specific immunosuppressive agents, and UV exposure. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):561–9)
Use of Molecular Testing to Identify a Cluster of Patients with Polycythemia Vera in Eastern Pennsylvania
Authors: Seaman Vincent , Jumaan Aisha , Yanni Emad , Lewis Brian , Neyer Jonathan , Roda Paul , Xu Mingjiang , Hoffman Ronald 
Published: February 2009

Abstract
Background: The role of the environment in the origin of polycythemia vera has not been well documented. Recently, molecular diagnostic tools have been developed to facilitate the diagnosis of polycythemia vera. A cluster of patients with polycythemia vera was suspected in three countries in eastern Pennsylvania where there have long been a concern about environment hazards.
Methods: Rigorous clinical criteria and JAK2 617V&gt;F testing were used to confirm the diagnosis of polycythemia vera in patients in this area. Participants included cases of polycythemia vera from the 2001 to 2005 state cancer registry as well as self- and physician-referred cases.
Finding: A diagnosis of polycythemia vera was confirmed in 53% of 62 participants using WHO criteria, which includes JAK2 617V&gt;F testing. A statistically significant cluster of cases (P &lt; 0.001) was identified where the incidence of polycythemia vera was 4.3 times that of the rest of the study area. The area of the cluster contained numerous sources of hazardous material including waste-coal power plants and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Superfund sites.
Interpretation: The diagnosis of polycythemia vera based solely on clinical criteria is frequently erroneous, suggesting that our prior knowledge of the epidemiology of this disease might be inaccurate. The JAK2 617V&gt;F mutational analysis provides diagnostic clarity and permitted the confirmation of a cluster of polycythemia vera cases not identified by traditional clinical and pathologic diagnostic criteria. The close proximity of this cluster to known areas of hazardous material exposure raises concern that such environmental factors might play a role in the origin of polycythemia vera. (Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009;18(2):534–40)