bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prudent practices for the design and installation of heat‐producing devices near wood materials
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis , Gray Brian F. , Janssens Marc L. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThe conditions required to cause ignition of solid wood materials under short‐term heating are examined, and it is found that the appropriate ignition temperature applicable under these conditions is 250°C. It is then shown that ignition requirements are different if long‐term heating is involved and that ignition can occur at exposure temperatures much lower than the ignition temperature pertinent to short‐term heating. It is shown that hot surfaces of 77 °C or higher, if located for a long duration next to a wood member are liable to lead to its ignition in a self‐heating mode. Recommendation is made that prudent practices for design or installation must also involve a suitable safety factor. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fast explicit operator splitting method for convection–diffusion equations
Authors: Chertock Alina , Kurganov Alexander , Petrova Guergana 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSystems of convection–diffusion equations model a variety of physical phenomena which often occur in real life. Computing the solutions of these systems, especially in the convection dominated case, is an important and challenging problem that requires development of fast, reliable and accurate numerical methods. In this paper, we propose a second‐order fast explicit operator splitting (FEOS) method based on the Strang splitting. The main idea of the method is to solve the parabolic problem via a discretization of the formula for the exact solution of the heat equation, which is realized using a conservative and accurate quadrature formula. The hyperbolic problem is solved by a second‐order finite‐volume Godunov‐type scheme.We provide a theoretical estimate for the convergence rate in the case of one‐dimensional systems of linear convection–diffusion equations with smooth initial data. Numerical convergence studies are performed for one‐dimensional nonlinear problems as well as for linear convection–diffusion equations with both smooth and nonsmooth initial data. We finally apply the FEOS method to the one‐ and two‐dimensional systems of convection–diffusion equations which model the polymer flooding process in enhanced oil recovery. Our results show that the FEOS method is capable to achieve a remarkable resolution and accuracy in a very efficient manner, that is, when only few splitting steps are performed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An unstructured/structured multi‐layer hybrid grid method and its application
Authors: Sang Weimin , Li Fengwei 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA multi‐layer hybrid grid method is constructed to simulate complex flow field around 2‐D and 3‐D configuration. The method combines Cartesian grids with structured grids and triangular meshes to provide great flexibility in discretizing a domain. We generate the body‐fitted structured grids near the wall surface and the Cartesian grids for the far field. In addition, we regard the triangular meshes as an adhesive to link each grid part. Coupled with a tree data structure, the Cartesian grid is generated automatically through a cell‐cutting algorithm. The grid merging methodology is discussed, which can smooth hybrid grids and improve the quality of the grids. A cell‐centred finite volume flow solver has been developed in combination with a dual‐time stepping scheme. The flow solver supports arbitrary control volume cells. Both inviscid and viscous flows are computed by solving the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. The above methods and algorithms have been validated on some test cases. Computed results are presented and compared with experimental data. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validation of the Retardation Rating Scale for detecting depression in geriatric inpatients
Authors: Bonin‐Guillaume Sylvie , Sautel Laeticia , Demattei Christophe , Jouve Elisabeth , Blin Olivier 
Published: September 2006

AbstractObjectivesValidation in the elderly of the Retardation Rating Scale (RRS), which includes items related to motor and mental retardation but not vegetative items, and may be particularly well‐suited for the diagnosis of depression in the elderly.MethodsOne hundred and sixty‐five geriatric inpatients (105 depressed), aged 65 and over, without dementia, neuroleptic medication and increased risk of slowed mobility, were assessed with the RRS and three validated ‘gold‐standard’ scales for geriatric depression (Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Montgomery and Asberg Depression Rating Scale, Geriatric Depression Scale). Factor analysis used varimax rotation, Cronbach's, Spearman's and Ferguson's coefficients and the Mann–Whitney U‐test to evaluate construct and internal consistency. Convergent validity and Receiver Operating Characteristics curves were also analyzed.ResultsFactor analysis retained three interpretable domains: (1) motor items (45% of the variance); (2) mental items and (3) the cognitive items. Internal consistency was high (α = 0.91). Each item was strongly correlated with the total RRS score and associated with depression. The RRS showed good convergent validity and its total score increased with depression severity. A cut‐off score of 10 yielded 79% sensitivity and 80% specificity, with 80% of the patients properly classified, that is 15% more than standard observer scales.ConclusionRRS is a valid screening tool for depression and improves recognition of depression in geriatric inpatients. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
CYP2A13 expressed in human bladder metabolically activates 4‐aminobiphenyl
Authors: Nakajima Miki , Itoh Masahiro , Sakai Haruko , Fukami Tatsuki , Katoh Miki , Yamazaki Hiroshi , Kadlubar Fred F. , Imaoka Susumu , Funae Yoshihiko , Yokoi Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2006

AbstractCigarette smoking is the predominant risk factor for bladder cancer. Aromatic amines such as 4‐aminobiphenyl (ABP) is the major carcinogens found in tobacco smoke. Although it is generally accepted that ABP is metabolically activatedviaN‐hydroxylation by CYP1A2 in human liver, previous studies using Cyp1a2‐null mice indicated the involvement of other enzyme(s). Here we found that CYP2A13 can metabolically activate ABP to show genotoxicity byUmuassay. TheKmandVmaxvalues for ABPN‐hydroxylation by recombinant CYP2A13 inE. coliwere 38.5 ± 0.6 μM and 7.8 ± 0.0 pmol/min/pmol CYP, respectively. TheKmandVmaxvalues by recombinant CYP1A2 were 9.9 ± 0.9 μM and 39.6 ± 0.9 pmol/min/pmol CYP, respectively, showing 20‐fold higher intrinsic clearance than CYP2A13. In human bladder, CYP2A13 mRNA, but not CYP1A2, is expressed at a relatively high level. Human bladder microsomes showed ABPN‐hydroxylase activity (Km= 34.9 ± 4.7 μM andVmax= 57.5 ± 1.9 pmol/min/mg protein), although the intrinsic clearance was 5‐fold lower than that in human liver microsomes (Km= 33.2 ± 2.0 μM andVmax= 293.9 ± 5.8 pmol/min/mg protein). The activity in human bladder microsomes was prominently inhibited by 8‐methoxypsoralen, but not by fluvoxamine, anti‐CYP1A2 or anti‐CYP2A6 antibodies. CYP2S1, which is expressed in human bladder and has relatively high amino acid identities with CYP2As, did not show detectable ABPN‐hydroxylase activity. In conclusion, although the enzyme responsible for ABPN‐hydroxylation in human bladder microsomes could not be determined, we found that CYP2A13 metabolically activates ABP. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mutational analysis of the HER2 gene in lung tumors from Caucasian patients: Mutations are mainly present in adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features
Authors: Buttitta Fiamma , Barassi Fabio , Fresu Giuseppina , Felicioni Lara , Chella Antonio , Paolizzi Diego , Lattanzio Giuseppe , Salvatore Simona , Camplese Pier P. , Rosini Sandra , Iarussi Teodorico , Mucilli Felice , Sacco Rocco , Mezzetti Andrea , Marchetti Antonio 
Published: September 2006

AbstractActivating mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of the HER2 gene have recently been reported in lung adenocarcinomas, mainly in East Asian patients. Our study was devised to evaluate the prevalence and nature of HER2 mutations in lung adenocarcinomas from Caucasian patients. The mutational status of the HER2 gene was evaluated in 403 lung adenocarcinomas by PCR‐single strand conformation polymorphism analysis and direct sequencing of Exons 19 and 20. We found HER2 mutations in 9 (2.2%) cases. Seven (78%) of the mutations were in frame duplications/insertions at codons 776–779 (YVMA), the other 2 were base substitutions resulting in aminoacid changes. The hotspot mutation at bases 776–779 was previously found to be the most frequent HER2 mutation in Asiatic patients. The distribution of mutations was significantly different between conventional lung adenocarcinomas (CLAs) and lung adenocarcinomas with bronchioloalveolar features (ABAFs). Seven (6.2%) of 113 ABAFs and 2 (0.7%) of 290 CLA were mutated (p = 0.0025). In addition, the frequency of HER2 mutations was slightly higher in females (4.1%) than in males (1.8%) and in never smokers (3.1%) than in smokers (1.9%), but differences were not statistically significant. This series of tumors was also investigated for EGFR and K‐ras mutations. EGFR mutations were observed in 43 (10.7%) cases, and K‐ras mutations in 110 (27.3%) cases. EGFR, HER2 and K‐ras mutations were found to be mutually exclusive events. The presence of HER2 mutations in a subset of patients with lung adenocarcinoma raise hope to treat these patients with HER2 specific kinase inhibitors. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mechanism of apoptosis with the involvement of calpain and caspase cascades in human malignant neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells exposed to flavonoids
Authors: Das Arabinda , Banik Naren L. , Ray Swapan K. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractNeuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children causing death at pre‐school age, as no cure has yet been developed. We investigated the proteolytic mechanisms for apoptosis in human malignant (N‐type) neuroblastoma SH‐SY5Y cells following exposure to flavonoids such as apigenin (APG), (−)‐epigallocatechin (EGC), (−)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG) and genistein (GST). We found decrease in viability of SH‐SY5Y cells with an increase in dose of APG, EGC, EGCG and GST. Predominantly apoptosis occurred following exposure of SH‐SY5Y cells to 50 μM APG, 50 μM EGC, 50 μM EGCG and 100 μM GST for 24 hr. Apoptosis was associated with increases in intracellular free [Ca2+] and Bax:Bcl‐2 ratio, mitochondrial release of cytochromecand activation of caspase‐9, calpain and caspase‐3. Induction of apoptosis with APG and GST showed activation of caspase‐12 as well. Activation of caspase‐3 could cleave the inhibitor‐of‐caspase‐activated DNase (ICAD) to release and translocate caspase‐3‐activated DNase (CAD) to the nucleus. Activation of caspase‐8 cleaved Bid to truncated Bid (tBid) in cells treated with EGC and EGCG. EGC and EGCG induced apoptosis with caspase‐8 activation and mitochondria‐mediated pathway, whereas APG and GST caused apoptosisviaan increase in intracellular free [Ca2+] with calpain activation and mitochondria‐mediated pathway. Activation of different proteases for cell death was confirmed using caspase‐8 inhibitor II, calpeptin (calpain inhibitor), caspase‐9 inhibitor I and caspase‐3 inhibitor IV. Thus, plant‐derived flavonoids cause cell death with activation of proteolytic activities of calpain and caspases in SH‐SY5Y cells, and therefore serve as potential therapeutic agents for controlling the growth of neuroblastoma. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of local infusion of OP‐1 on particle‐induced and NSAID‐induced inhibition of bone ingrowth in vivo
Authors: Ma T. , Nelson E. R. , Mawatari T. , Oh K. J. , Larsen D. M. , Smith R. L. , Goodman S. B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractExcessive polyethylene wear particles from joint replacements may lead to periprosthetic osteolysis and loosening. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) decrease fracture healing and bone ingrowth. We hypothesized that continuous local infusion of OP‐1 (BMP‐7) would increase local bone formation in the presence of two different adverse stimuli, polyethylene particles, and an oral NSAID. The Drug Test Chamber (DTC) was implanted in the proximal tibia of mature rabbits. The tissue growing into the chamber was exposed to OP‐1 solution (110 ng/day), which was infused via an osmotic pump. Infusion of OP‐1 alone for 6 weeks enhanced local bone formation in the chamber by 80% (p < 0.05) over infusion of carrier alone. In the presence of polyethylene particles, infusion of OP‐1 increased local bone formation by 38% (p < 0.05) over treatment with particles and carrier. Oral administration of NSAID reduced local bone formation by 58% (p < 0.05); this suppressive effect caused by NSAIDS was completely reversed by the infusion of OP‐1 (p < 0.05). These findings underline a potential role for local treatment with OP‐1 to increase bone formation in the presence of potentially adverse stimuli such as polyethylene wear particles or NSAID use. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Keynes and development economics: a sixty‐year perspective
Authors: Toye John 
Published: September 2006

AbstractJohn Maynard Keynes exercised considerable influence on the formative years of development economics, through his disciples. Key issues were the relevance of disguised unemployment to developing countries and the supply side policies that would have to complement Keynesian demand management. Although Michal Kalecki made a greater contribution to structuralist economics, Keynesian accounting formats still dominate macroeconomic development models. The legend of Keynes—his policy advocacy and intellectual innovation—also inspired emulation by a younger generation of development economists. Ironically, his writings on Soviet development were neglected, and Keynes's modern critics unknowingly used his own arguments to try to discredit his influence. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development economics at a crossroads? Introduction to a policy arena
Authors: Tribe Michael , Sumner Andrew 
Published: September 2006

AbstractThis introduction reviews some of the issues and controversies within development economics over the last half century. Particular attention is given to the status of development economics as a sub‐discipline of economics and to the relationship between theoretical and empirical contributions. There is a focus on the controversies which exist within the economics profession over some very important theoretical and empirical issues relating to the analysis of the economies of developing countries and their interaction with the international economy. A critical discussion of the proposition that ‘development economics’ is actually little more than ‘the economics of developing countries’ raises the questions of the nature of development economics and whether it is at a ‘crossroads’. The introduction concludes with brief overviews of the five articles which follow and some reflections on the future of development economics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An innovative surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) method for the identification of six historical red lakes and dyestuffs
Authors: Whitney Alyson V. , Van Duyne Richard P. , Casadio Francesca 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSurface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was used in this work to obtain highly detailed spectra of artists' red lake pigments and colorants. In the past, Raman spectroscopy has been successfully employed to identify many pigments and modern synthetic dyes. Unfortunately, red lake pigments and dyes commonly employed in artistic production from antiquity to the mid‐nineteenth century are often extremely fluorescent, making identification with Raman spectroscopy difficult or impossible. This work presents an innovative SERS technique that quenches fluorescence, significantly enhances the weak Raman scattering effect, and requires very little sample material and minimal sample handling. A silver island film (AgIF), approximately 6–8 nm thick, is deposited on the substrate by electron beam (e‐beam) deposition. The SERS‐active surface is then analyzed with a confocal dispersive Raman microscope, at an excitation wavelength of 632.8 nm. Reference materials including the synthetic dyestuffs alizarin, purpurin, and eosin, high‐purity carminic acid, and historic red lake pigments such as madder lake, cochineal, brazilwood, lac lake, and kermes were studied. The proposed method has great potential for the unambiguous identification of red dyes applied in different media on a variety of substrates, as demonstrated by the highly detailed Raman spectra presented here. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The technique of the mural paintings of the Tournai Cathedral
Authors: Lepot L. , Denoël S. , Gilbert B. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractStudies on mural paintings from the Tournai Cathedral (Belgium) were carried out by micro‐Raman spectroscopy. The analyses were performed on micro‐samples extracted from the remaining paintings and architectonic decorations, and concerned the pigments, the binders and, in some case, the stratigraphy. The palette was established and various pigments were identified, according to the Romanesque and Gothic periods. Red color was largely made of iron oxides. Lapis lazuli was also found in abundance, mainly on the areas that are assigned by historians to the Romanesque period. The green pigments revealed the use of atacamite and posnjakite. It was also found that some of the paint layers were applied using egg yolk as binding medium. These layers cover the stone above a very thin coating made of gypsum and chalk. The presence of oxalates was often noticed. This can be related to aging due to degradation of chalk by aggressive lichen, but also as result of a degradation of organic substances applied during past restorations. The gypsum is also altered by partial or complete dehydration, thereby damaging the artwork on which the painting is based. In humid conditions, iron oxide could be transformed in its hydrolyzed counterpart, whose Raman spectrum was often observed. Finally, a stratigraphic analysis was carried out on a multilayer fragment from the outside whitewash of the Cathedral, and despite a clear visual difference in morphology, each layer showed surprisingly the same chemical composition. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In situ micro‐Raman spectroscopy on minerals on‐site in the Grotto Hall of the New Palace, Park Sanssouci, in Potsdam
Authors: Ziemann Martin A. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractQuestions of identity and provenance of minerals that are parts of masterpieces in museums have become increasingly important in mineralogical and historical studies. Detailed investigations of valuable and unique objects require on‐site, nondestructive and noninvasive methods because touching or removing them may cause irreparable damage. A mobile Raman‐microprobe has been used to meet these demands for truly in situ mineralogical studies of the large collection of minerals and rocks of the Prussian kings in the Grotto Hall (Grottensaal) of the New Palace (Neues Palais), Park Sanssouci in Potsdam. Minerals on the walls of the Grotto Hall were analyzed to identify them and thereby to complete the data bank of the collection. Fluid and solid inclusions in the interior of a large quartz crystal have been studied to provide evidence of the provenance of the crystal. The fluid inclusions contain aqueous saline solutions, whereas the solid inclusions are needles of anhydrite with a length of about 1.5 mm. The quartz probably originated from an area in the eastern Alps, from the surroundings of Bad Gastein, Austria. This is the first on‐site and in situ study of inclusions below the surface of a mineral with a mobile Raman‐microprobe outside a laboratory. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman and ATR‐FTIR spectroscopies applied to the conservation of archaeological Baltic amber
Authors: Shashoua Yvonne , Degn Berthelsen Mai‐Britt Lund , Nielsen Ole Faurskov 
Published: September 2006

AbstractA recent survey suggested that the National Museum of Denmark had more than 17 000 pieces of amber in its collections. It also concluded that 45% of the amber in the collections exhibit deterioration, manifested by surface crazing, powdering and discolouration. Although the chemical composition of Baltic amber has been investigated, and it is known to comprise an alkyd polymer containing 8% succinic acids and terpenoid components, degradation pathways have not been defined. It is important that the amber collections are preserved for future study and enjoyment, and a preventive conservation strategy is under development. Such an approach involves controlling the environment in which the objects are stored to slow the rate of deterioration. Experience at the Natural History Museum, London, suggested that the rate of degradation was related to relative humidity (RH) of the storage environment. In this study, Raman and attenuated total reflection‐Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopies were used to quantify and compare the extent of deterioration of amber after thermal ageing at various levels of RH. ATR‐FTIR spectra provided information about surfaces, because the electromagnetic radiation penetrated only the upper few microns of the amber, whereas Raman spectra reflected chemical changes at the millimetre level.Raman spectra showed a loss in CC groups on ageing of the amber samples at all levels of RH, while ATR‐FTIR spectra indicated an increase in the concentration of carbonyl for the same samples. Bands corresponding to unsaturated carbon bonds (1646 cm−1) were strong in Raman spectra and weak in FTIR spectra, while the opposite was true for bands representing carbonyl groups (1730 cm−1). The findings were attributed to reaction of oxygen with unsaturated carbon–carbon bonds in the terpenoid components of amber that formed acids containing carbonyl groups (dehydroabietic and 7‐oxodehydroabietic acids). ATR‐FTIR spectroscopy suggested that the rate of deterioration was slowed by high RH, although further investigations are required. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction to Raman microscopy of prehistoric rock paintings from the Sierra de las Cuerdas, Cuenca, Spain
Authors: Hernanz Antonio , Gavira‐Vallejo José M. , Ruiz‐López Juan F. 
Published: September 2006

AbstractSelected pictographs from the prehistoric painting panel 2 of Cueva del Tío Modesto shelter in the Sierra de las Cuerdas (Henarejos, Cuenca, Spain) were studied by Raman microscopy in order to determine the chemical composition of the pigments used. Hematite (α‐Fe2O3) was found as the main component. The hematite particle size of one motif is much smaller than that observed for the others. No binders were found. A blue‐greyish crust extends over the whole panel. Whewellite, weddellite and amorphous carbon were identified in this crust. The Triassic sandstone on which the paintings are made is found to suffer from a flaking process. Therefore, flakes of the rocky substratum were studied, and α‐quartz, whewellite, magnetite and gypsum were found. A micro‐stratigraphic study of the flakes revealed channels of gypsum from one side of the flake to the other. This result supports the mechanism proposed for this sandstone weathering process. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.