bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal Glucose Tolerance and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Di Cianni Graziano , Seghieri Giuseppe , Lencioni Cristina , Cuccuru Ilaria , Anichini Roberto , De Bellis Alessandra , Ghio Alessandra , Tesi Federica , Volpe Laura , Del Prato Stefano 
Published: June 2007

OBJECTIVE— The aim of this article was to define the metabolic phenotype of pregnant women with one abnormal value (OAV) during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and to test whether OAV could be considered metabolically comparable to gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) or a specific entity between GDM and normal pregnancy.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS— After 100-g 3-h OGTTs, 4,053 pregnant women were classified as having GDM, OAV, or normal glucose tolerance (NGT). Those with OAV were subdivided into three subgroups: fasting hyperglycemia (one abnormal value at fasting during an OGTT), 1-h hyperglycemia (one abnormal value at 1 h during an OGTT [1h-OAV]), or 2- or 3-h hyperglycemia (one abnormal value at 2 or 3 h during an OGTT). As derived from the OGTT, we measured insulin sensitivity (insulin sensitivity index [ISI] Matsuda) and insulin secretion (homeostasis model assessment for the estimation of β-cell secretion [HOMA-B], first- and second-phase insulin secretion). The product of the first-phase index and the ISI was calculated to obtain the insulin secretion–sensitivity index (ISSI).
RESULTS— GDM was diagnosed in 17.9% and OAV in 18.7% of pregnant women; women with GDM and OAV were older and had higher BMI and serum triglyceride levels than those with NGT (all P &lt; 0.05). Women with NGT had the highest ISI followed by those with OAV (−21.7%) and GDM (−32.1%). HOMA-B results were comparable with those for OAV and GDM but significantly (P &lt; 0.01) lower than those for NGT; first- and second-phase insulin secretion appeared progressively reduced from that in women with NGT to that in women with OAV and GDM (P &lt; 0.01). ISSI was higher in women with NGT than in women with either OAV (−34%) or GDM (−51.7%) (P &lt; 0.001). Among OAV subgroups, the 1h-OAV subgroup showed the lowest ISSI (P &lt; 0.05).
CONCLUSIONS— OAV and GDM are clinically indistinguishable, and both groups are different from women with NGT. Women with GDM and OAV showed impaired insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, although these defects are more pronounced in women with GDM. Compared with other OAV subgroups, 1h-OAV could be considered a more severe condition.
Medical Nutrition Therapy and Lifestyle Interventions
Authors: Reader Diane M. 
Published: June 2007

Nutrient intake plays a significant role in the health outcomes of all pregnant women. In a pregnancy complicated by gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), excellent glucose control is as foundational as appropriate weight gain and adequate nutrient intake.
The controversies in GDM management include the following: how far to manipulate energy intake, dietary composition (carbohydrates and fats), and gestational weight gain. Signs that food restrictions have gone too far include weight loss or lack of weight gain, undereating to avoid insulin therapy, positive urinary ketones, and intentional restriction of healthy foods. If a balance between nutrient needs and glucose control cannot be achieved, then concurrent medication therapy is needed to assist in reducing insulin resistance and supplementing insulin production to provide normoglycemia and improved pregnancy outcomes.
Medical nutrition therapy is a self-management therapy. Education, support, and follow-up are required to assist the woman to make lifestyle changes essential to successful nutrition therapy. Women with GDM are at increased risk for type 2 diabetes; learning to manage GDM with lifestyle change provides an opportunity to affect personal risk factors and the health of the whole family.
Electromagnetic wave propagation through frequency-dispersive and lossy double-negative slab
Authors: Sabah C. , Uçkun S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis study presents the electromagnetic wave propagation through the frequency-dispersive and lossy double-negative slab embedded between two different semi-infinite media. The double-negative slab is realized by using two models, the Lorentz and Drude medium models. The properties and the required equations for the frequency-dispersive and lossy double-negative slab, the Lorentz medium and Drude medium are given in detail. After the construction of the problem, the reflection and transmission coefficients are derived for both TE and TM waves. Then, the reflected, transmitted and loss powers are determined using these coefficients. Finally, in the numerical results, the mentioned powers for TE and TM waves are computed and illustrated as a function of the incidence angle, the frequency and the slab thickness when the damping frequency changes.
Exciton localization behaviour in different well width undoped GaN/Al0.07Ga0.93N nanostructures
Authors: Sabooni M. , Esmaeili M. , Haratizadeh H. , Monemar B. , Paskov P. , Kamiyama S. , Iwaya M. , Amano H. , Akasaki I. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe report results from optical spectroscopy such as photoluminescence (PL) and time resolved photo-luminescence (TRPL) techniques from different well width MOCVD grown GaN/Al0.07Ga0.93N MQW samples. There is evidence of localization at low temperature in all samples. The decay time of all samples becomes non-exponential when the detection energy is increased with respect to the peak of the emission. Localization of carriers (excitons) is demonstrated by the “S-shape” dependences of the PL peak energies on the temperature. The time-resolved PL spectra of the 3-nm well multi quantum wells reveal that the spectral peak position shifts toward lower energies as the decay time increases and becomes red-shifted at longer decay times. There is a gradient in the PL decay time across the emission peak profile, so that the PL process at low temperatures is a free electron-localized hole transition.
Nucleobase‐Caged Phosphoramidites for Oligonucleotide Synthesis
Authors: Heckel Alexander 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCaged compounds are biologically active agents bearing a photolabile group in a strategic position, which makes them temporarily inactive. These compounds can then be delivered to a biological sample without immediately generating an effect. When the sample is then irradiated, e.g., with a laser in a (confocal) microscope, the activity of the substance is released with exact spatiotemporal and dose control. This unit deals with the synthesis of protected nucleoside phosphoramidites bearing a caging group on the nucleobase, which prevents the nucleobases from forming normal Watson‐Crick base pairs. These amidites can be used to generate caged oligodeoxynucleotides with a transitory local perturbation that adds an element of spatiotemporal control to oligonucleotide‐based applications.
Analyzing Real‐Time Video Microscopy: The Dynamics and Geometry of Vesicles and Tubules in Endocytosis
Authors: Hamilton Nicholas , Kerr Markus C. , Burrage Kevin , Teasdale Rohan D. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWith the advent of live cell imaging microscopy, new types of mathematical analyses and measurements are possible. Many of the real‐time movies of cellular processes are visually very compelling, but elementary analysis of changes over time of quantities such as surface area and volume often show that there is more to the data than meets the eye. This unit outlines a geometric modeling methodology and applies it to tubulation of vesicles during endocytosis. Using these principles, it has been possible to build better qualitative and quantitative understandings of the systems observed, as well as to make predictions about quantities such as ligand or solute concentration, vesicle pH, and membrane trafficked. The purpose is to outline a methodology for analyzing real‐time movies that has led to a greater appreciation of the changes that are occurring during the time frame of the real‐time video microscopy and how additional quantitative measurements allow for further hypotheses to be generated and tested.
Imaging Tumor Cell Movement In Vivo
Authors: Kedrin Dmitriy , Wyckoff Jeffrey , Sahai Erik , Condeelis John , Segall Jeffrey E. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis unit describes the methods that we have been developing for analyzing tumor cell motility in mouse and rat models of breast cancer metastasis. Rodents are commonly used to provide a mammalian system for studying human tumor cells as xenografts in immunocompromised mice, as well as for following the development of tumors from a specific tissue type in transgenic lines. The Basic Protocol describes the standard methods used for generation of mammary tumors and imaging them. Additional protocols for labeling macrophages, blood vessel imaging, and image analysis are also included.
Fluorescent Detection of Lipid Droplets and Associated Proteins
Authors: Listenberger Laura L. , Brown Deborah A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMost eukaryotic cells can store excess lipid in cytosolic lipid droplets. This unit discusses techniques for the visualization of lipid droplets and associated proteins in cultured mammalian cells. Protocols for the detection of lipid droplets with nile red and BODIPY 493/503 are included. The differences in the spectral properties of these two lipophilic dyes and advantages of each are discussed. The best method for combining visualization of intracellular lipid droplets with indirect immunofluorescent detection of lipid droplet–associated proteins is described. Techniques for sample fixation and permeabilization must be chosen carefully to avoid alterations to lipid droplet morphology. Immunofluorescent detection of adipophilin, a broadly expressed, lipid droplet–associated protein, widely used as a marker for lipid droplet accumulation, is presented as an example. Finally, a simple protocol for enhancing lipid droplet accumulation through supplementation with excess fatty acid is included.
Installation and Use of the Computational Proteomics Analysis System (CPAS)
Authors: Myers Tamra , Law Wendy , Eng Jimmy K. , McIntosh Martin 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe community of proteomic researchers has been generating openly available software infrastructure for systematic proteomic data analyses and data management for the past several years. The Computational Proteomics Analysis System (CPAS) integrates many of these efforts into a single Web‐based platform for mining liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) proteomic experiments. CPAS incorporates several tools currently used in proteomic analysis, including the X! Tandem search engine and the PeptideProphet and ProteinProphet data mining tools. These tools and others are integrated into a single application built on the open‐source LabKey platform, an extensible architecture for developing high‐throughput biological applications. The CPAS analysis pipeline acts on data in standardized file formats, so that researchers may use CPAS with other search engines, including Mascot or SEQUEST, that follow a standardized procedure for reporting search engine results. All components of the CPAS toolkit are freely available at http://cpas.fhcrc.org.
Introduction to Cheminformatics
Authors: Wishart David S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractCheminformatics is a relatively new field of information technology that focuses on the collection, storage, analysis, and manipulation of chemical data. The chemical data of interest typically includes information on small molecule formulas, structures, properties, spectra, and activities (biological or industrial). Cheminformatics originally emerged as a vehicle to help the drug discovery and development process, however cheminformatics now plays an increasingly important role in many areas of biology, chemistry, and biochemistry. The intent of this unit is to give readers some introduction into the field of cheminformatics and to show how cheminformatics not only shares many similarities with the field of bioinformatics, but that it can also enhance much of what is currently done in bioinformatics.
In Silico Drug Exploration and Discovery Using DrugBank
Authors: Wishart David S. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractDrugBank is a fully curated drug and drug target database that contains information on nearly 5000 drugs, including >1200 FDA‐approved small molecule and biotech drugs as well as >3200 experimental drugs. Additionally, more than 14,000 protein or drug target sequences are linked to these drug entries. DrugBank is primarily focused on providing both the query/search tools and the biophysical data needed to facilitate drug discovery and drug development. This unit provides readers with a detailed description of how to effectively use the DrugBank database and how to navigate through the DrugBank Web site. It also provides specific examples of how to find chemical homologs of potential drug leads and how to identify potential drug targets from newly sequenced pathogens. The intent of this unit is to give readers some introduction into the field of cheminformatics (the study of chemical information) and to show how cheminformatics can be seamlessly integrated into the field of bioinformatics.
Detection and Analysis of Quorum‐Quenching Enzymes Against Acyl Homoserine Lactone Quorum‐Sensing Signals
Authors: Zhang Hai‐Bao , Wang Lian‐Hui , Zhang Lian‐Hui 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMany Gram‐negative bacterial pathogens employ N‐acyl homoserine lactones (AHLs) quorum‐sensing signals for regulation of various biological functions. Several types of AHL‐inactivating enzymes, also known as quorum‐quenching enzymes, have been unveiled in recent years. These enzymes seem to play important roles in microbial physiology and ecology and hold promising potential in biotechnology. This unit describes methods based on a simple diffusion plate assay for qualitative detection and quantitative measurement of AHL‐inactivating enzyme activity. The qualitative detection method is suitable for rapid and large‐scale screening and identification of quorum‐quenching enzymes. Furthermore, HPLC methods are provided for accurate determination of whether the quorum‐quenching enzyme is a lactonase or an acylase. The unit also presents concise background information on the quorum‐quenching enzymes identified from various sources, including bacterial and mammalian species.
Interaction of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) with Mammalian Cells: Cell Adhesion, Type III Secretion, and Actin Pedestal Formation
Authors: Savage Pamela J. , Campellone Kenneth G. , Leong John M. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractInfection by the food‐borne pathogen enterohemorragic Escherichia coli (EHEC) can lead to diarrhea, hemorrhagic colitis, and, in the most serious cases, renal failure. A critical step in colonization is the unusual interaction between EHEC and the intestinal epithelium. EHEC is able to adhere to mammalian cells, and then, by injecting bacterial proteins, or “effectors,” into the host cell via a type III secretion system, induces the formation of attaching and effacing (AE) lesions characterized by the accumulation of filamentous actin directly beneath bound bacteria. This unit describes methods to evaluate the ability of EHEC to adhere to cultured mammalian cells, to secrete type III effectors, and to promote the formation of actin “pedestals.” These methods can not only be used to evaluate the contribution of specific EHEC gene products to adherence, type III secretion, and mammalian cell signaling, but also facilitate the analysis of the eukaryotic pathways controlling fundamental cellular processes such as actin assembly.
Isolation and Analysis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Mycolic Acids
Authors: Vilchèze Catherine , Jacobs William R. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractMycolic acids are an important constituent of the mycobacterial cell wall. Changes in the structure or composition of mycolic acids have been associated with modification of cell wall permeability and attenuation of pathogenic Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains. This unit describes the isolation of M. tuberculosis mycolic acids and their analysis by either thin‐layer chromatography or high‐performance liquid chromatography. Both techniques have been extensively used to study (1) mycolic acid biosynthesis, (2) the role of mycolic acids in mycobacterial virulence, (3) the effect of antituberculosis drugs targeting the cell wall, and (4) taxonomic purposes.
The impact of aggressive priming, rumination, and frustration on prison sentencing
Authors: Vasquez Eduardo Antonio , Bartsch Vanessa O. , Pedersen William C. , Miller Norman 
Published: June 2007

AbstractWe tested the hypothesis that ruminating about a previous aggressive prime interacts with a subsequent minor frustration to augment aggression. Sixty participants watched a video showing a murder during a bank robbery (the aggressive prime). Those in the rumination condition were asked to write about the video for 20 min. In the no rumination condition, participants were given 20 min to complete an irrelevant task. Participants were then either frustrated or not frustrated. Our results supported the main hypothesis. Relative to the control condition, neither rumination nor frustration alone impacted aggression. Rumination, in combination with a minor frustration, however, increased the recommended prison sentence towards the targets. We discuss the implications of our findings. Aggr. Behav. 33:477–485, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Whelk‐like Helixes of Polypyrrole Synthesized by Electropolymerization
Authors: Chen G. , Wang Z. Y. , Xia D. G. , Zhang L. , Hui R. , Zhang J. J. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractA whelk‐like helix of polypyrrole was synthesized by an electropolymerization process. Its structure and properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and cyclic voltammetry. The high‐resolution SEM images clearly show the whorls around the polypyrrole whelk body; these whorls have ordered periodic nanostructures on their surface. XPS analysis indicates that the polypyrrole structure is highly doped with sodium dodecyl sulfate, the chosen dopant. A novel spiral growth mechanism is proposed. The whelk‐like polypyrrole layer shows high thermal stability, superhydrophilicity, and strong electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of ascorbic acid.
The role of the terminal functional group of self‐assembled monolayers on fiber matrix adhesion
Authors: Feresenbet E. , Raghavan D. , Holmes G. A. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractAdhesion at the fiber‐matrix interface of a composite is often influenced by a combination of factors such as mechanical interlocking, physicochemical interactions, and chemical bonding in the fiber‐matrix interphase region. We demonstrate the use of an approach using self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) for studying the impact of one of the factors, chemical bonding, on the overall adhesion of the glass‐fiber/matrix interface. Transformation of these monolayer surfaces using conventional chemistry with a focus on the creation of a terminal functional group that interacts with epoxy resin is reported. The modified surfaces were characterized by ellipsometry, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and contact angle techniques for chlorosilane coverage, and in situ conversion. The adhesion of diglycidyl ether of bisphenol‐A resin to modified SAMs on E‐glass fibers was measured by performing single‐fiber fragmentation test. The extent of adhesion between the fiber and matrix was found to be dependent on the type of functional group at the terminal end of the SAM in contact with the epoxy matrix. Methyl terminal group resulted in the least adhesion, while amine terminal groups resulted in the most adhesion. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Bead‐to‐fiber transition in electrospun polystyrene
Authors: Eda Goki , Shivkumar Satya 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThe morphological transition, namely bead‐to‐fiber transition, of electrospun polymer was examined for polystyrene, with its molecular weight ranging from 19,300 to 1,877,000 g/mol. Tetrahydrofuran and N,N‐dimethylformamide were used as solvents to examine the effects of solvent properties on the morphological variations. Polymer molecular weight and solvent properties had a significant effect on the morphology of beads as well as fibers. Observation of fiber diameter and its distribution suggested that the effect of molecular weight and solvent may be independent. The critical concentrations at which incipient and complete fibers were observed were found to decrease significantly with molecular weight, as can be expected. The effect of solvents on these critical concentrations was minimal for moderate to high‐molecular‐weight (>100,000 g/mol) solutions. For low‐molecular‐weight solutions, the transition occurred at concentrations much lower than those predicted by a model, based exclusively on chain entanglements. Rapid solidification of jet which is expected to occur with concentrated solutions may play a vital role in establishing stable fibers during electrospinning. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Mechanical and physical characterization of polyoxymethylene processed by high‐velocity compaction
Authors: Jauffrès D. , Lame O. , Vigier G. , Doré F. , Chervin C. 
Published: June 2007

AbstractConventional polymer processes, such as injection and extrusion, require the melting of the polymer. High‐velocity compaction (HVC) allows the processing of polymer powders via sintering without the need of a melting stage. It opens up a new horizon for polymers that have processing issues linked to the melting stage. Because of chemical degradation above the melting point and significant shrinkage, the injection of semicrystalline polymer polyoxymethylene (POM) is often problematic. Nascent, highly crystalline POM powder has been successfully processed by HVC, and this process appears to be an interesting alternative to injection for certain applications. POM processed by HVC has a remarkably high stiffness but is brittle. A microstructural investigation, involving differential scanning calorimetry experiments and scanning electron microscopy, has been conducted to explain these unusual mechanical properties. It appears that in POM processed by HVC, the stiffness is due to particularly high crystallinity, and brittleness is intrinsic to nascent POM powder. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2007
Improving polypropylene microcellular foaming through blending and the addition of nano‐calcium carbonate
Authors: Huang Han‐Xiong , Wang Jian‐Kang 
Published: June 2007

AbstractThis article reports an attempt to improve polypropylene (PP) microcellular foaming through the blending of PP with high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) as a minor component and the incorporation of nano‐calcium carbonate (nano‐CaCO3) into PP and its blends with HDPE. Three HDPEs were selected to form three blends with a viscosity ratio less than, close to, or greater than unity. Two concentrations of nano‐CaCO3, 5 and 20 wt %, were used. The blends and nanocomposites were prepared with a twin‐screw extruder. The foaming was carried out by a batch process with supercritical carbon dioxide as a blowing agent. The online shear viscosity during compounding and the dynamic rheological properties of some samples used for foaming were measured. The cell structure of the foams was examined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the morphological parameters of some foams were calculated from SEM micrographs. The rheological properties of samples were used to explain the resulting cell structure. The results showed that the blend with a viscosity ratio close to unity produced a microcellular foam with the minimum mean cell diameter (0.7 μm) and maximum cell density (1.17 × 1011 cells/cm3) among the three blends. A foamed PP/nano‐CaCO3 composite with 5 wt % nano‐CaCO3 exhibited the largest cell density (8.4 × 1011 cells/cm3). © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007