bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Language Development and Mild-to-Moderate Hearing Loss: Does Language Normalize With Age?
Authors: Delage Hélène , Tuller Laurice 
Published: September 2007

Purpose
The authors' purpose was to explore the nature of the link between hearing loss (HL) and language impairment in adolescents with mild-to-moderate hearing loss (MMHL). Does language performance (generally or in certain areas) normalize at adolescence?

Method
The language skills of 19 French-speaking adolescents (ages 11–15) with moderate or mild sensorineural HL were evaluated via a series of tests assessing oral and written language, including an experimental probe, and compared with typically developing adolescents and adolescents with specific language impairment (SLI).

Results
Language disorders were found, notably in the areas of phonology and grammar, in more than half the adolescents with MMHL; affected domains and error patterns were identical to those found in adolescents with SLI. Language scores of the adolescents with MMHL were significantly linked with degree of HL, a correlation not generally found in studies of children with MMHL.

Conclusion
Normalization of language performance does not generalize at adolescence in the context of MMHL. The fact that an effect of the severity of HL was found only after childhood might be because linguistic development is basically complete at adolescence. Prior to this time, this effect could be obscured by developmental rhythms that vary from child to child.
Construction of Graphic Symbol Utterances by Children, Teenagers, and Adults: The Effect of Structure and Task Demands
Authors: Trudeau Natacha , Sutton Ann , Dagenais Emmanuelle , de Broeck Sophie , Morford Jill 
Published: September 2007

Purpose
This study investigated the impact of syntactic complexity and task demands on construction of utterances using picture communication symbols by participants from 3 age groups with no communication disorders.

Method
Participants were 30 children (7;0 [years;months] to 8;11), 30 teenagers (12;0 to 13;11), and 30 adults (18 years and above). All participants constructed graphic symbol utterances to describe photographs presented with spoken French stimuli. Stimuli included simple and complex (object relative and subject relative) utterances describing the photographs, which were presented either 1 at a time (neutral condition) or in an array of 4 (contrast condition).

Results
Simple utterances lead to more uniform response patterns than complex utterances. Among complex utterances, subject relative sentences appeared more difficult to convey. Increasing the need for message clarity (i.e., contrast condition) elicited changes in the production of graphic symbol sequences for complex propositions. The effects of syntactic complexity and task demands were more pronounced for children.

Conclusion
Graphic symbol utterance construction appears to involve more than simply transferring spoken language skills. One possible explanation is that this type of task requires higher levels of metalinguistic ability. Clinical implications and directions for further research are discussed.
Intervention for Verb Argument Structure in Children With Persistent SLI: A Randomized Control Trial
Authors: Ebbels Susan H. , van der Lely Heather K. J. , Dockrell Julie E. 
Published: September 2007

Purpose
The authors aimed to establish whether 2 theoretically motivated interventions could improve use of verb argument structure in pupils with persistent specific language impairment (SLI).

Method
Twenty-seven pupils with SLI (ages 11;0–16;1) participated in this randomized controlled trial with “blind” assessment. Participants were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 therapy groups: syntactic–semantic, semantic, and control. All pupils received 9 weekly half-hour individual therapy sessions. They were assessed on a specifically designed video test pretherapy, posttherapy, and at follow-up.

Results

Pupils receiving the syntactic–semantic and semantic therapies made significant progress (
d
> 1.0), which was maintained at follow-up and generalized to control verbs. Both therapies improved linking of arguments to syntax, and the syntactic–semantic therapy tended to increase use of optional arguments. Pupils receiving the control therapy made no progress.

Conclusion
Both methods of argument structure therapy were effective. Comparisons of their effectiveness in specific areas led to the hypotheses that the pupils' initial difficulties with linking resulted from ill-defined semantic representations, whereas their limited use of arguments may have resulted from syntactic difficulties. When therapy is theoretically grounded, it can inform theories, be time limited, and be effective for older children with SLI.
Attitudes towards a literature-oriented translation curriculum
Authors: Lung Rachel , Yan Jackie 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
This paper presents findings of a qualitative study with 27 subjects, of attitudes towards a literature-oriented translation curriculum. Based on four group and individual interviews guided by a common interview protocol, the authors presented and analysed the results of the study, with close reference to recurring quotes from our subjects. The feedback from the four groups displays a general consensus that literature training is constructive in enhancing cross-cultural awareness and the language competence of students. Relatively, however, the translation graduates have higher regard to the usefulness of literature training than the translation undergraduates do. The less mature group seems to have taken a short-term perspective about the uses of knowledge of literature to them as translator trainees. The more mature group, instead, takes a thorough perspective about the subtle uses of literary knowledge in consolidating the language skills and cultural knowledge for translators. Our observation suggests that two elements are crucial for a relatively allround curriculum: the imminent skills, and the subtle language training.
Résumé
Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude qualitative, realisée avec 27 sujets sur leurs attitudes envers un curriculum en traduction orienté vers la litérature. Basée sur des entretiens par groupe et individuels selon un protocol commun, les auteurs ont présenté et analysé les résultats de l’étude, avec une nette référence à des citations récurrentes de nos sujets. L’information en retour des quatre groupes présente un consensus général selon lequel la formation en littérature est constructive pour améliorer la sensibilisation interculturelle et la compétence linguistique des étudiants. Cependant, il est utile de noter que les diplomes en traduction accordent plus de valeur a l’utilité de la formation en littérature que les candidats en traduction. Le groupe moins avancé semble, en revanche, avoir adopté une perspective à court-terme a propos des usages qu’il peut faire des connaissances en littérature comme étudiant en traduction. Le groupe plus avancé, par contre, a une vue d’ensemble des usages subtils des connaissances en littérature destinées à consolider les capacités linguistiques et les connaissances culturelles pour les traducteurs. Notre observation tend à suggérer que deux elements sont essentiels dans un curriculum assez complet: les capacités immédiates, et la formation subtile des langues.
Sholem Aleichem in Tel Aviv
Authors: Waldinger Albert 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
The above article traces the progress of the translation of Sholem Aleichem, one of the most highly regarded of Jewish writers — indeed, a Yiddish classic — into Hebrew. It is emphasized that this is “in family’’ translation, since Yiddish and Hebrew are sisters, with Hebrew older, religious (even pious) and prestigious while Yiddish is younger, somewhat secular and ordinary. The task, then, was to fashion a Hebrew in tune with secular reality while maintaining the elevation and richness of the Jewish Hebraic tradition, both linguistically and morally. Joseph Haim Brenner, Y. D. Berkovits and Arye Aharoni, the first two creative writers in their own right, have had to struggle with these problems of adaptation and the article concludes that translation must be responsive to the life of its people.
Resumé
Cet article décrit les traductions modernes de Sholem Aleichem, un des maîtres de la prose yiddish, en hébreu. On y a mis l’accent sur le fait que nous avons affaire à des traductions “en famille”, yiddish et hébreu, après tout, sont des soeurs, hébreu étant l’ancienne (“l’aînée”), la religieuse (même la pieuse) et celle pleine de prestige pendant que yiddish (“la cadette”) est laïque et quotidienne. Donc la tâche a été de façonner un hébreu en harmonie avec une réalité laïque (un nouvel État) qui néanmoins retiendrait l’élévation et la richesse linguistique et morale de la tradition juive. Josef Haim Brenner, Y. D. Berkovits et Arye Aharoni, les deux premiers étant des prosateurs “originaux”, devait confronter ces problèmes d’adaptation et l’article conclut qu’une traduction sensible à la vie du peuple en question est le meilleur.
Lexical relations in a cross-linguistic context
Authors: Varella Stavroula 
Published: September 2007

Abstract
It can be proved that words passing across linguistic barriers are often nothing more than acoustic images whose original meaning cannot necessarily be fully grasped and adopted; that is, mere strings of sounds whose meaning is subject not only to some semantic restriction or specialization, but also to more unpredictable semantic shifts. Cross-linguistic communication, in the absence of perfect bilingualism, is prone to errors, misunderstandings, or, perhaps, creative assignments of meaning triggered by context. Such ‘errors’ become apparent and amuse only when a cross-linguistic semantic comparison is undertaken. This paper attempts to reveal some interesting lexical relations occurring cross-linguistically, for which some psycholinguistic and/ or cultural explanations will be explored.
Résumé
Il est possible de démontrer que les mots traversant les barrières linguistiques ne sont souvent rien d’autre que des images acoustiques dont la signification originale ne peut pas être nécessairement totalement comprise et adoptée. Ce sont de simples séquences de sons dont la signification est sujette, non seulement à une restriction ou à une spécialisation sémantique, mais aussi à des changements sémantiques plus imprévisibles. Une communication translinguistique, en l’absence d’un parfait bilinguisme, est prédisposée à des erreurs, à des malentendus ou, peutêtre, à des attributions créatives de signification, engendrées par le contexte. De telles « erreurs » ne deviennent apparentes et n’amusent que lorsqu’une comparaison sémantique translinguistique est entreprise.
Le destin de la théorie syntaxique de Lucien Tesnière (1893–1954)
Authors: Kabano Alphonse 
Published: September 2007

Résumé
A travers l’examen de la théorie syntaxique de Lucien Tesnière (1893–1954), l’article est une contribution à l’étude du façonnement et de l’expansion des concepts et des méthodes linguistiques. Tesnière reste dans l’ensemble mal connu malgré l’originalité des concepts de dépendance et de valence et le rôle qu’ils ont joué et jouent encore en syntaxe. Les raisons sont recherchées au niveau de la méthode de travail de Tesnière, du contenu de ses postulats de base et du traitement de quelques phénomènes linguistiques spécifiques. Pédagogue et confiant dans l’intuition, la théorie syntaxique de Tesnière n’a pas provoquée des débats théoriques d’envergure autour de son oeuvre, et la diffusion de cette dernière est restée fort réduite. Mais son intérêt pour le structuralisme, sa capacité de circonscription de l’objet de la syntaxe ainsi que la mise au point des concepts de dépendance et de valence valent à Tesnière d’être incontes-tablement l’initiateur d’un courant d’idées. L’article dégage les idées-clés de Tesnière et montre aussi bien leurs prolongements que, s’il y a lieu, les rectifications possibles.
Rileggendo il terzo corso di linguistica generale di Ferdinand de Saussure (1910–1911)
Authors: De Mauro Tullio 
Published: September 2007

Summary
The last of the three series of lectures on general linguistics which Saussure gave in Geneva during the academic year 1910–1911 provided the editors large portions of the text of the Cours de linguistique générale. However, the editors completely modified the order of these parts in relation to the plan that Saussure had mapped out and followed inhis lectures. These changes obscured the relationships between the parts and certain fundamental ideas of his thinking. In particular, they eclipsed the role which played, for Saussure, ‘the laws which universally are at play in language’ and search he conducted along those lines. These laws also imposed important limits on the arbitrariness of the sign. In the third course, Saussure shows more than one of those limits: the necessarily systematic nature of language; the effects of phonetic change; the delimiting temporality of any language. The spacial diversity of languages finds its origin in the temporal diversification under the influence de ‘la masse parlante’. It is due to this variability of any system that, according to Saussure, we find opposition between universal laws, on the one hand, and the written languages which cover up the constant variations encountered in spoken language. As a careful philologist, Saussure could not fail to pay attention to the written languages. Still, they become, in as much as they interfere with spoken language, an element of variation.
William Stokoe and the discipline of sign language linguistics
Authors: Mcburney Susan Lloyd 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThe first modern linguistic analysis of a signed language was published in 1960 – William Clarence Stokoe’s (1919–2000)Sign Language Structure. Although the initial impact of Stokoe’s monograph on linguistics and education was minimal, his work formed a solid base for what was to become a new field of research: American Sign Language (ASL) Linguistics. Together with the work of those that followed (in particular Ursula Bellugi and colleagues), Stokoe’s ground-breaking work on the structure of ASL has led to an acceptance of signed languages as autonomous linguistic systems that exhibit the complex structure characteristic of all human languages.
The abandonment of extrinsic rule ordering in generative grammar
Authors: Longa Víctor M. 
Published: September 2007

Summary
Extrinsic rule ordering was a device used within the Standard Theory of Generative Grammar which determined the correct order for transformations to apply. During the 1970s some linguists, led by Andreas Koutsoudas, showed how this device could be eliminated. However, the great importance of their work has never been recognised. The paper offers a recent example of such a lack of acknowledgement. Furthermore, it is argued why an accurate account of the abandonment of extrinsic rule ordering matters: it represents the first systematic achievement in constraining the strong expressive power of transformations.
Roger Bacon and Martin Joos
Authors: Thomas Margaret 
Published: September 2007

SummaryExpositions of the history of western linguistics, especially those designed for a novice readership, often refer to a passage from the writings of the twelfth-century scholar Roger Bacon. That passage is conventionally interpreted as an assertion of the existence of universal grammar, framed in the terms of early medieval language science. Among generative grammarians, the text from Bacon has been construed as evidence for the longevity of a concept which Chomskyan linguistics now reformulates in modern guise. Generativists also sometimes cite another passage, in this case taken from a 1957 text by the American descriptivist Martin Joos. The quotation from Joos performs an inverse function compared to that from Bacon, in that it is taken to epitomize the anti-universalism of early twentieth-century descriptivism. As such, Joos’ words are employed to distinguish generative grammar from the intellectual context of the immediately preceding school of linguistics. There are reasons to doubt the historical accuracy of the conventional readings of both these passages. This article re-opens the question of what Bacon meant and what Joos meant, then examines how their words have been incorporated into recent generative literature. As a case study in the historical orientation of modern linguistics, I find generative theory to be less interested in understanding other cultures’ ideas about language than in using historical material to advance its own self-representation. Is this a legitimate use of the past?
Comment présenter un phonème moribond
Authors: Cuevas Manuel Bruña 
Published: September 2007

SummaryDuring the 19th century the old palatallof French (in, e.g.,travailler, travail,fille) definitively gave way to /j/. During about the same period Spanish underwent a similar evolution, but the process of substitution of /j/ for /ʎ/ found itself in a less advanced stage than in French; indeed, certain varieties of present-day Spanish still maintain these two phonemes. Taking all the works together which during the 19th and the first half of the 20th century were addressed to the teaching of French to speakers of Spanish, the author concentrates his attention on the difficulties that the authors encountered when presenting this dying or already deceased phoneme (namely, the palatallof French) to an audience which, although it still possessed this phoneme in their own language, had begun to find it difficult to distinguish the diverse phonetic realizations that the Spanish /j/ was acquiring. As is shown in this study, the time difference in the evolution of this phenomenon of dephonologization in French and, with some delay, also in Spanish led the authors of these textbooks to misunderstandings and errors in the treatment of the disappearing or vanished former palatallof French.
Turn to the history of linguistics
Authors: Falk Julia S. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryIn the 1940s and 1950s, the leading proponents of American synchronic linguistics showed little interest in the history of linguistics. Some attention to historiography occurred in subfields of linguistics closest to the humanities – linguistic anthropology, historical linguistics, modern European languages – but the ‘science of language’ developed by Leonard Bloomfield and his descriptivist followers demanded autonomy from other disciplines and from the past. Increasing American contact with European linguistics during the 1950s culminated in the 1962 Ninth International Congress of Linguists in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Here Noam Chomsky presented a plenary session paper that appeared in print in four versions between 1962 and 1964, each version incorporating an increasing amount of discussion of the early 20th-century precursors to the descriptivists and a number of 17th- and 19th-century studies of language and mind. Charles Hockett responded by organizing his 1964 presidential address to the Linguistic Society of America as a history of linguistics, emphasizing periods, figures, and ideas not included in Chomsky’s work. Historiographers of the time recognized a surge of American interest in the history of linguistics beginning in the early 1960s and most attributed it largely to Chomsky’s work. Historiographic publication increased significantly among the descriptivists; at the same time it emerged among the generativists, most of whom followed Chomsky in exploring pre-20th-century philosophical ideas or reconsidering concepts and practices of the descriptivists’ forerunners. The resulting visibility and impetus to the history of linguistics contributed to the foundation upon which linguistic historiography matured in North America in the later decades of the 20th century.
Deconstructing female conventions
Authors: Rodríguez-Gil Maria E. 
Published: September 2007

SummaryThis paper examines Ann Fisher’s (1719–1778) most important and influential work,A New Grammar(1745?). In this grammar, the author did not follow the trend of making English grammar fit the Latin pattern, a common practice still in the eighteenth century. Instead, she wrote an English grammar based on the nature and observation of her mother tongue. Besides, she scattered throughout her grammar a wide set of teaching devices, the ‘examples of bad English’ being her most important contribution. Her innovations and her new approach to the description of English grammar were indeed welcomed by contemporary readers, since her grammar saw almost forty editions and reprints, it influenced other grammarians, for instance Thomas Spence (1750–1814), and it reached other markets, such as London. In order to understand more clearly the value of this grammar and of its author, this grammar has to be seen in the context of her life. For this reason, we will also discuss some details of her unconventional lifestyle: unconventional in the sense that she led her life in the public sphere, not happy with the prevailing idea that women should be educated for a life at home.
The evergreen story of Psammetichus’ inquiry into the origin of language
Authors: Thomas Margaret 
Published: September 2007

SummaryHerodotus recounts the attempt of the pharaoh Psammetichus I to determine which among the peoples of the earth was the oldest. He isolated two children at birth, assuming that their spontaneous speech would reveal the identity of a primordial human language. Although Psammetichus’ inquiry was not explicitly designed to address linguistic issues, it has long been passed down in western reflection on language. This article reviews some of the most significant roles that the story of Psammetichus has played. The story was abundantly cited in 16th-century literature that conceptualized a first human language. It has also contributed to debate about the origin of language, especially during the mid–19th century. Moreover, the story of Psammetichus’ inquiry has been retold in discussion of language acquisition as has taken place since the 1970s. In this context, it is represented as the “ultimate language-learning experiment” (Gleitman & Newport 1995), which constitutes “an incisive bit of scientific prescience” (Rymer 1993). Enlarging on the third, most recent, context for re-telling the story, this article shows how some scholars assimilate it into modern linguistic research, while conceding that it is flawed on ethical grounds. In doing so, they often seem to make the past both inappropriately familiar (therefore less threatening), and inappropriately strange (therefore less valuable). As a result, contemporary citations of this anecdote from the distant past have the paradoxical effect of contributing to fashionable ahistoricity.