bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute Kidney Injury Network: report of an initiative to improve outcomes in acute kidney injury
Authors: Mehta Ravindra L , Kellum John A , Shah Sudhir V , Molitoris Bruce A , Ronco Claudio , Warnock David G , Levin Adeera ,   the Acute Kidney Injury Network
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Introduction
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex disorder for which currently there is no accepted definition. Having a uniform standard for diagnosing and classifying AKI would enhance our ability to manage these patients. Future clinical and translational research in AKI will require collaborative networks of investigators drawn from various disciplines, dissemination of information via multidisciplinary joint conferences and publications, and improved translation of knowledge from pre-clinical research. We describe an initiative to develop uniform standards for defining and classifying AKI and to establish a forum for multidisciplinary interaction to improve care for patients with or at risk for AKI.

Methods
Members representing key societies in critical care and nephrology along with additional experts in adult and pediatric AKI participated in a two day conference in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, in September 2005 and were assigned to one of three workgroups. Each group's discussions formed the basis for draft recommendations that were later refined and improved during discussion with the larger group. Dissenting opinions were also noted. The final draft recommendations were circulated to all participants and subsequently agreed upon as the consensus recommendations for this report. Participating societies endorsed the recommendations and agreed to help disseminate the results.

Results
The term AKI is proposed to represent the entire spectrum of acute renal failure. Diagnostic criteria for AKI are proposed based on acute alterations in serum creatinine or urine output. A staging system for AKI which reflects quantitative changes in serum creatinine and urine output has been developed.

Conclusion
We describe the formation of a multidisciplinary collaborative network focused on AKI. We have proposed uniform standards for diagnosing and classifying AKI which will need to be validated in future studies. The Acute Kidney Injury Network offers a mechanism for proceeding with efforts to improve patient outcomes.
Natural killer dendritic cells are an intermediate of developing dendritic cells
Authors: Chen Li , Calomeni Edward , Wen Jing , Ozato Keiko , Shen Rulong , Gao Jian-Xin 
Published: March 2007

AbstractNK dendritic cells (DCs; NKDCs) appear to emerge as a distinct DC subset in humans and rodents, which have the functions of NK cells and DCs. However, the developmental relationship of NKDCs (CD11c+NK1.1+) to CD11c+NK1.1– DCs has not been addressed. Herein, we show that NKDCs exist exclusively in the compartment of CD11c+MHC II– cells in the steady state and express variable levels of DC subset markers, such as the IFN-producing killer DC marker B220, in a tissue-dependent manner. They can differentiate into NK1.1– DCs, which is accompanied by the up-regulation of MHC Class II molecules and down-regulation of NK1.1 upon adoptive transfer. However, NK cells (NK+CD11c–) did not differentiate into NK1.1+CD11c+ cells upon adoptive transfer. Bone marrow-derived Ly6C+ monocytes can be a potential progenitor of NKDCs, as some of them can differentiate into CD11c+NK1.1+ as well as CD11c+NK1.1– cells in vivo. The steady-state NKDCs have a great capacity to lyse tumor cells but little capability to present antigens. Our studies suggest that NKDCs are an intermediate of developing DCs. These cells appear to bear the unique surface phenotype of CD11c+NK1.1+MHC II– and possess strong cytotoxic function yet show a poor ability to present antigen in the steady state. These findings suggest that NKDCs may play a critical role in linking innate and adaptive immunity.
Spectrophotometric Assay for Complex I of the Respiratory Chain in Tissue Samples and Cultured Fibroblasts
Authors: Janssen Antoon JM , Trijbels Frans JM , Sengers Rob CA , Smeitink Jan AM , van den Heuvel Lambert P , Wintjes Liesbeth TM , Stoltenborg-Hogenkamp Berendien JM , Rodenburg Richard JT 
Published: March 2007

AbstractBackground: A reliable and sensitive complex I assay is an essential tool for the diagnosis of mitochondrial disorders, but current spectrophotometric assays suffer from low sensitivity, low specificity, or both. This deficiency is mainly due to the poor solubility of coenzyme-Q analogs and reaction mixture turbidity caused by the relatively high concentrations of tissue extract that are often required to measure complex I.Methods: We developed a new spectrophotometric assay to measure complex I in mitochondrial fractions and applied it to muscle and cultured fibroblasts. The method is based on measuring 2,6-dichloroindophenol reduction by electrons accepted from decylubiquinol, reduced after oxidation of NADH by complex I. The assay thus is designed to avoid nonspecific NADH oxidation because electrons produced in these reactions are not accepted by decylubiquinone, resulting in high rotenone sensitivity.Results: The assay was linear with time and amount of mitochondria. The Km values for NADH and 2,6-dichloroindophenol in muscle mitochondria were 0.04 and 0.017 mmol/L, respectively. The highest complex I activities were measured with 0.07 mmol/L decylubiquinone and 3.5 g/L bovine serum albumin. The latter was an essential component of the reaction mixture, increasing the solubility of decylubiquinone and rotenone. In patients with previously diagnosed complex I deficiencies, the new assay detected the complex I deficiencies in both muscle and fibroblasts.Conclusions: This spectrophotometric assay is reproducible, sensitive, and specific for complex I activity because of its high rotenone sensitivity, and it can be applied successfully to the diagnosis of complex I deficiencies.
Komma & Co: Zwiegespräch zwischen Grammatik und Performanz
Authors: Bredel Ursula , Primus Beatrice 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Three voices in this dialogue reconstruct the most common views on the main function of punctuation. Performance Senior hypothesizes that punctuation is motivated by intonation – a very common but nevertheless questionable assumption. The second voice, Grammar, argues that punctuation, especially the comma, should be analyzed as representing syntactic structure. In this model the comma is a universal sign for a clause-internal non-subordinative concatenation, such as coordination or dislocation. In German and other languages there is an additional condition that licenses the comma at a clause-internal sentence boundary. The third voice, Performance Junior, pleads for a performance-based, reader-oriented reconstruction of the whole system of punctuation. Including the full stop, the colon and the semicolon in her investigation, she shows that punctuation marks reflect specific strategies of parsing sentences. This is achieved by a compositional formal and functional analysis of complex marks such as colon and semicolon. The main empirical results of the present contribution and the problems that clause-internal non-subordinative concatenation such as coordination and dislocation pose for syntactic theories force us to reconsider the relation between grammar and performance. In short, small marks make us face big issues. Appropriately for an anniversary issue, we have chosen the dialogue as a genre invented by the Ancient Greeks for purposes of rhetorical entertainment and instruction. It is particularly well suited to render opposed opinions and to encourage the readers to pursue their own train of thought.
Stammkonstanz ohne Stützformen
Authors: Geilfuß-Wolfgang Jochen 
Published: March 2007

AbstractIn German as in several other languages, the written forms of stems are often more constant than their spoken forms. This has traditionally been described in at least two different ways. In one approach, spelling encodes the abstract sound representations of morphemes, therefore ignoring sound variation at successive levels; in another approach, the spelling of the stems is determined by privileged base forms. In this paper, I analyse the constant spelling of stems in inflection as a case of paradigm uniformity, doing without abstract sound representations and privileged base forms.
A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Acetaminophen, Ibuprofen, and Codeine for Acute Pain Relief in Children With Musculoskeletal Trauma
Authors: Clark Eric , Plint Amy C. , Correll Rhonda , Gaboury Isabelle , Passi Brett 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to determine which of 3 analgesics, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, or codeine, given as a single dose, provides the most efficacious analgesia for children presenting to the emergency department with pain from acute musculoskeletal injuries.
PATIENTS AND METHODS. Children 6 to 17 years old with pain from a musculoskeletal injury (to extremities, neck, and back) that occurred in the preceding 48 hours before presentation in the emergency department were randomly assigned to receive orally 15 mg/kg acetaminophen, 10 mg/kg ibuprofen, or 1 mg/kg codeine. Children, parents, and the research assistants were blinded to group assignment. The primary outcome was change in pain from baseline to 60 minutes after treatment with study medication as measured by using a visual analog scale.
RESULTS. A total of 336 patients were randomly assigned, and 300 were included in the analysis of the primary outcome (100 in the acetaminophen group, 100 in the ibuprofen group, and 100 in the codeine group). Study groups were similar in age, gender, final diagnosis, previous analgesic given, and baseline pain score. Patients in the ibuprofen group had a significantly greater improvement in pain score (mean decrease: 24 mm) than those in the codeine (mean decrease: 11 mm) and acetaminophen (mean decrease: 12 mm) groups at 60 minutes. In addition, at 60 minutes more patients in the ibuprofen group achieved adequate analgesia (as defined by a visual analog scale &lt;30 mm) than the other 2 groups. There was no significant difference between patients in the codeine and acetaminophen groups in the change in pain score at any time period or in the number of patients achieving adequate analgesia.
CONCLUSIONS. For the treatment of acute traumatic musculoskeletal injuries, ibuprofen provides the best analgesia among the 3 study medications.
Evaluation of Psychopathological Conditions in Children With Heavy Prenatal Alcohol Exposure
Authors: Fryer Susanna L. , McGee Christie L. , Matt Georg E. , Riley Edward P. , Mattson Sarah N. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. This study compared the prevalence of psychopathological conditions in children with heavy prenatal alcohol exposure (N = 39) and nonexposed, typically developing peers (N = 30), matched with respect to age, gender, and socioeconomic status.
METHODS. Caregivers were interviewed with either the Kiddie Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children, Present and Lifetime Version, or the Computerized Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, Version IV. Statistical resampling methods were used to create 95% confidence intervals for the difference between the proportions of children with psychopathological conditions in the exposed and control groups.
RESULTS. Group differences were seen in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, depressive disorders, oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder, and specific phobia outcome categories. The group difference in the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder category was by far the largest effect observed.
CONCLUSIONS. These results suggest that fetal alcohol exposure should be considered a possible factor in the pathogenesis of childhood psychiatric disorders. These data provide clinically relevant information about the mental health problems that children with fetal alcohol exposure are likely to face.
Bacterial Imprinting of the Neonatal Immune System: Lessons From Maternal Cells?
Authors: Perez Pablo F. , Doré Joël , Leclerc Marion , Levenez Florence , Benyacoub Jalil , Serrant Patrick , Segura-Roggero Iris , Schiffrin Eduardo J. , Donnet-Hughes Anne 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. We examined the presence of a natural bacterial inoculum in breast milk and its intracellular transport from the maternal intestine to the breast through the circulation.
METHODS. Breast milk and peripheral blood were collected aseptically from healthy donors at various times after delivery, and the presence of viable bacteria was determined through plating. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis was used to examine the bacterial ribosomal DNA content in milk cells, maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and feces and in corresponding infant feces. Blood from nongravid nonlactating women served as control samples. Bacterial translocation to extraintestinal tissues was also evaluated in virgin, pregnant, and lactating mice.
RESULTS. Breast milk contained a low total concentration of microbes of &lt;103 colony-forming units per mL. Temporal temperature gradient gel electrophoresis revealed that maternal blood and milk cells contained the genetic material of a greater biodiversity of enteric bacteria. Some bacterial signatures were common to infant feces and to samples of maternal origin. Bacterial translocation from the gut to mesenteric lymph nodes and mammary gland occurred during late pregnancy and lactation in mice.
CONCLUSIONS. Bacterial translocation is a unique physiologic event, which is increased during pregnancy and lactation in rodents. Human breast milk cells contain a limited number of viable bacteria but a range of bacterial DNA signatures, as also found in maternal peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Those peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed greater biodiversity than did peripheral blood mononuclear cells from control women. Taken together, our results suggest that intestinally derived bacterial components are transported to the lactating breast within mononuclear cells. We speculate that this programs the neonatal immune system to recognize specific bacterial molecular patterns and to respond appropriately to pathogens and commensal organisms.
Vaccine Effectiveness Against Medically Attended, Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Among Children Aged 6 to 59 Months, 2003–2004
Authors: Shuler Carrie M. , Iwamoto Martha , Bridges Carolyn Buxton , Marin Mona , Neeman Ruth , Gargiullo Paul , Yoder Terrace A. , Keyserling Harry L. , Terebuh Pauline D. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVES. Influenza is a leading cause of illness among children. Studies rarely have measured influenza vaccine effectiveness among young children, particularly when antigenic match between vaccine and circulating viruses is suboptimal. We assessed vaccine effectiveness against medically attended, laboratory-confirmed influenza for children who were aged 6 to 59 months during the 2003–2004 influenza season.
METHODS. In a case-control study that was conducted in a single pediatric practice, case patients who were aged 6 to 59 months and had laboratory-confirmed influenza were age matched 1:2 to eligible control subjects. Vaccination status was ascertained as of the date of the case patient’s symptom onset. Conditional logistic regression was used to calculate vaccine effectiveness, adjusting for underlying medical conditions and health care usage.
RESULTS. We identified 290 influenza case patients who were seen for medical care from November 1, 2003, to January 31, 2004. Vaccine effectiveness among fully vaccinated children, compared with unvaccinated children, was 49%. Partially vaccinated children who were aged 6 to 23 months had no significant reduction in influenza (vaccine effectiveness: −70%), but partially vaccinated children who were aged 24 to 59 months had a significant (65%) reduction in influenza, compared with unvaccinated children.
CONCLUSIONS. Full vaccination provided measurable protection against laboratory-confirmed influenza among children who were aged 6 to 59 months during a season with suboptimal vaccine match. No vaccine effectiveness was identified with partial vaccination among children who were aged 6 to 23 months, affirming that children need to be fully vaccinated to obtain protective effects. These results strengthen the evidence of the vaccine’s ability to reduce substantially the burden of disease in this age group.
Preventive Dental Care for Children in the United States: A National Perspective
Authors: Lewis Charlotte W. , Johnston Brian D. , Linsenmeyar Kristi A. , Williams Alexis , Mouradian Wendy 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Preventive dental care is a cornerstone of optimal oral health. However, in 1996, only 38% of US children received preventive dental care. We used the National Survey of Children's Health to (1) describe the proportion of US children with ≥1 preventive dental visit within the previous year, (2) identify factors that were associated with preventive dental care use, and (3) test the hypothesis that preventive dental care use by near-poor children is associated with State Child Health Insurance Program policies for covering dental care.
METHODS. The National Survey of Children's Health includes data from 102353 children, weighted to represent 72.7 million children, nationally. Our outcome of interest was ≥1 preventive dental visit in the past year. We conducted multivariate regression analysis to identify factors that were associated significantly with this outcome using Stata survey capabilities.
RESULTS. In 2003, 72% of US children had a reported preventive dental care visit in the previous year. On multivariable analysis, we found that being young, black or multiracial relative to white, lower income, and lacking a personal doctor were variables with a significantly lower likelihood of a preventive dental visit. Children in states with State Child Health Insurance Program dental coverage and broadest income eligibility had a 24% higher likelihood of a preventive dental visit when compared with children in states with limited or no State Child Health Insurance Program coverage for dental services, on adjusted analysis.
CONCLUSIONS. Although the proportion of US children with a preventive dental visit now is higher than previously reported, children who are at highest risk for dental problems still are those who are least likely to receive preventive dental care. When states cover preventive dental care at income eligibility levels ≥200% of the federal poverty level, there is a greater likelihood that near-poor children will receive preventive dental care.
Incidence, Prognosis, and Risk Factors for Fatigue and Chronic Fatigue Syndrome in Adolescents: A Prospective Community Study
Authors: Rimes Katharine A. , Goodman Robert , Hotopf Matthew , Wessely Simon , Meltzer Howard , Chalder Trudie 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. The objective of this study was to describe the incidence, prevalence, risk factors, and prognosis of fatigue, chronic fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome in 11- to 15-year-olds.
METHODS. A random general population sample (n = 842) of British adolescents and their parents were assessed at baseline and 4 to 6 months later. The main outcomes were fatigue, chronic fatigue, and chronic fatigue syndrome, operationally defined.
RESULTS. The incidence over 4 to 6 months was 30.3% for fatigue, 1.1% for chronic fatigue, and 0.5% for chronic fatigue syndrome. The point prevalence was 34.1% and 38.1% for fatigue, 0.4% and 1.1% for chronic fatigue, and 0.1% and 0.5% for chronic fatigue syndrome at time 1 and time 2, respectively. Of participants who were fatigued at time 1, 53% remained fatigued at time 2. The 3 cases of chronic fatigue and 1 case of chronic fatigue syndrome at time 1 had recovered by time 2. Higher risk for development of chronic fatigue at time 2 was associated with time 1 anxiety or depression, conduct disorder, and maternal distress; in multivariate analysis, baseline anxiety or depression remained a significant predictor of chronic fatigue. Increased risk for development of fatigue at time 2 was associated with time 1 anxiety or depression, conduct disorder, and older age; in multivariate analyses, these factors and female gender all were significant predictors of fatigue.
CONCLUSIONS. The incidence rates for chronic fatigue and chronic fatigue syndrome in this adolescent sample were relatively high, but the prognosis for these conditions was good. This prospective study provides evidence for an association between emotional/behavioral problems and subsequent onset of fatigue/chronic fatigue.
Patient and Hospital Correlates of Clinical Outcomes and Resource Utilization in Severe Pediatric Sepsis
Authors: Odetola Folafoluwa O. , Gebremariam Achamyeleh , Freed Gary L. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE. Our goal was to describe patient and hospital characteristics associated with in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and charges for critically ill children with severe sepsis.METHODS. Our study consisted of a retrospective study of children 0 to 19 years of age hospitalized with severe sepsis using the 2003 Kids' Inpatient Database. We generated national estimates of rates of hospitalization and then compared in-hospital mortality, length of stay, and total charges according to patient and hospital characteristics using multivariable regression methods. Severity of illness was measured by using all-patient refined diagnosis-related group severity of illness classification into minor, moderate, major, and extreme severity.RESULTS. There were an estimated 21448 hospitalizations for severe pediatric sepsis nationally in 2003. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4.2%. Comorbid illness was present in 34% of hospitalized children. Most (70%) of the extremely ill children were admitted to children's hospitals. Length of stay was longer among patients with higher illness severity and nonsurvivors compared with survivors (13.5 vs 8.5 days). Hospitalizations at urban or children's hospitals were also associated with longer length of stay than nonchildren's or rural hospitals, respectively. Higher charges were associated with higher illness severity, and nonsurvivors had 2.5-fold higher total charges than survivors. Also, higher charges were observed among hospitalizations in urban or children's hospitals. In multivariable regression analysis, multiple comorbid illnesses, multiple organ dysfunction, and greater severity of illness were associated with higher odds of mortality and longer length of stay. Higher hospital charges and longer length of stay were observed among transfer hospitalizations and among hospitalizations to children's hospitals and nonchildren's teaching hospitals compared with hospitals, which had neither children's nor teaching status.CONCLUSIONS. Mortality from severe pediatric sepsis is associated with patient illness severity, comorbid illness, and multiple organ dysfunction. Many characteristics are associated with resource consumption, including type of hospital, source of admission, and illness severity.