bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Autoimmunity in Neuromuscular Disease
Authors: NEWSOM‐DAVIS JOHN 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONSA number of confounding factors can be identified from the search for autoimmune mechanisms over the last 2 decades that may be relevant for future studies. (1) An apparently homogeneous clinical disorder may represent more than one disease process and thereby imply antibody/antigen heterogeneity as, for example, in MG with and without detectable anti‐AChR antibodies. In some cases, physiologic studies allow the different forms of the disease to be distinguished as in AIDP and acute inflammatory axonal poly neuropathy. (2) A homogeneous disorder (e.g., LEMS) may have at least two different triggering mechanisms (SCLC and an unknown stimulus). (3) Antigen density may be too low to be detected by the immunohistologic techniques available, as initially occurred in MG and LEMS. (4) Autoantibodies may be detected that are irrelevant to the primary disease, such as anti‐striated muscle antibodies in MG. (5) Poor antibody cross‐reactivity between species may mean that the pathogenic antibody is undetected in binding assays or in experimental passive transfer studies. For example, anti‐AChR antibody in MG shows less than 5% reactivity with Torpedo AChR. (6) A poor regenerative capacity of the target antigen may mean that reduction of circulating autoantibodies by either plasma exchange or ISD treatment is not associated with detectable clinical improvement, as may be the case in SSN in which DRG cells appear to be the target.Table 5 summarizes the extent to which the data reviewed have established a role for pathogenic antibodies in the light of the postulates for autoimmunity set out earlier and ranks the disorders accordingly. Only in MG with detectable anti‐AChR antibody are all the postulates met, including definition of the antigen, experimental passive transfer by the IgG fraction of MG sera, active immunization of experimental animals, and propagation. In both LEMS and the IgMK anti‐MAG demyelinating neuropathy the antigen is known, although better characterized in LEMS; the epitopes are not yet denned in either. Data relating to passive transfer are more extensive in LEMS, however; systemic passive transfer of anti‐MAG has not yet been reported. In neither condition is an animal model available. In the demyelinating neuropathies, the case for autoimmunity is less complete. Neither in AIDP nor in CIDP is the antigen known, and thus the relevance of the different EAN disorders is uncertain. Current evidence thus rests on the demonstration of serum IgM antibodies that react with peripheral nerve myelin and fix complement and on the intraneural passive transfer studies. In some cases of MG without detectable anti‐AChR antibody, the passive transfer data are strongly suggestive of autoantibodies that are directed against determinants of the neuromuscular junction other than the AChR, and that may themselves be heterogeneous. Finally, in SSN there is currently no experimental evidence that the antineural nuclear antibody is directly implicated in the pathogenesis of DRG cell destruction.
Expression of Neural Cell Adhesion Molecules in Normal and Pathologic Tissues
Authors: BRACKENBURY ROBERT 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYBecause cell‐cell and cell‐matrix interactions directly affect the growth, differentiation, and morphogenesis of neural tissue, abnormal changes in these processes could have severe pathologic consequences. Over the last few years, it has become possible to investigate these interactions at the molecular level due to advances in the identification and characterization of matrix components and receptors and cell adhesion molecules (CAMs). Emerging evidence suggests that two broad classes of CAMs are represented by the neural CAM, N‐CAM, and the epithelial CAM, L‐CAM. N‐CAM and several other neural adhesion molecules contain immunoglobulin‐like domains and do not require calcium for binding. In contrast, L‐CAM, N‐cadherin, and P‐cadherin depend on calcium for activity and share structural features that differ from those of the N‐CAM family. All of these CAMs are expressed in early embryos and in a variety of tissues throughout development, although each has a characteristic pattern. Initial studies suggest that injury, oncogenic transformation, and some genetic neurologic disorders are accompanied by changes in CAM expression that alter the adhesive or migratory behavior of cells.
The Spectrum of Ethical Issues Associated with the Military Support of Science and Technology
Authors: MITCHAM CARL 
Published: December 2006

Philosophical and ethical issues associated with the relations between science, technology, and the military have been largely ignored by the contemporary professional philosophical community. This is not so true with regard to philosophers in the past, particularly political philosophers, or with nonprofessional philosophers in the present. For example, physical and biological scientists who have been involved in military or military‐funded projects, as well as social scientists (especially psychologists, economists, and historians), have initiated a number of relevant discussions.The discipline of philosophy can, however, contribute to existing discussions by 1) offering conceptual clarifications of some empirical questions; 2) providing a framework for general interdisciplinary reflection; 3) promoting the synthesis of relevant information and arguments; and 4) offering criticism of some theoretical presuppositions entertained and positions advanced. To initiate such contributions, this introduction will indicate something of the general historicophilosophical background, then turn to a quick review of more immediate post‐World War II discussions. Along the way it will indicate some philosophical, often ethical, questions that deserve to be addressed. A conclusion will consider the role of ethics in its various dimensions.
Ethical Elements of Chemical/Biological Defense Research
Authors: LIEBMAN SHIRLEY A. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYPersonal and professional ethics both shape attitudes toward scientific research programs. Personal ethics are presented from the viewpoint of shared community responsibility and individual integrity combined with beliefs that guide relevant responses to defined needs. Professional ethics include personal motivation, accountability, and technical honesty as basic requirements for all research and development efforts, including defense‐oriented chemical and biological research. Industrial and military research issues of safety, confidentiality, and technical quality are addressed. Specific documented research in the field of trace organic chemical analysis is cited to show how federal laboratory programs contribute to the general scientific community. Technology assessment and transfer are considered as important means to ensure productive research efforts leading to economic benefits.
Effects of Various Tachykinins on Pituitary LH Secretion, Feeding, and Sexual Behavior in the Rata
Authors: KALRA SATYA P. , SAHU ABHIRAM , DUBE MICHAEL G. , KALRA PUSHPA S. 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYOur investigations of the four tachykinins tested have shown that NPK characteristically evoked a spectrum of biological effects in male and female rats. NPK suppressed pituitary LH release by inhibiting the release of hypothalamic LHRH, presumably by activation of NK‐2 tachykinin receptor subtypes. However, NPK may also act at the level of gonadotrophs to stimulate LH release in male rats. Central injection of NPK rapidly disrupted copulatory behavior in sexually active male rats. NPK also suppressed feeding, but, in this case, peripheral injections were more effective than central injections. Taken together, these observations strongly imply that NPK may be an inhibitory messenger molecule in the hypothalamic control of reproduction, sexual, and feeding behaviors.
Some Properties of Shimrat's Spaces
Authors: YANG ZHANBO 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: Shimrat has proved in 1954 that any space can be embedded in a homogeneous space. The procedure that he used nicely transmitted separation properties and connectedness properties, but it has a very bad behavior with respect to countability and covering properties.This essay more closely investigates the behavior of Shimrat's procedure. Some common properties that can be transmitted by Shimrat's spaces from its underlying spaces and others that can not are discussed.
Normality and the Weak Topology on a Locally Compact Abelian Group
Authors: TRIGOS‐ARRIETA F. JAVIER 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACT: If G is a locally compact Abelian group, let G+ denote the underlying group of G equipped with the weakest topology that makes all the continuous characters of G continuous. Thus defined, G+ is a totally bounded topological group. We present the original proof of the following result:Theorem: For G discrete, G+ is normal if and only if G is countable.Corollary: For G locally compact, G+ is normal if and only if G is s̀‐compact.Our technics make use of the notion of z‐embedding. The theorem answers in the negative a question posed in 1990 by E. van Douwen, and it partially solves a problem posed in 1945 by A. Markov.
ASCA Observations of SS 433
Authors: KAWAI NOBUYUKI 
Published: December 2006

SUMMARYThe X‐ray emission of SS 433 is considered to be generated in the vicinity of the base of the jet, at a distance probably two orders of magnitude or more smaller than the optical emission region1. It is therefore expected that the detailed study in X‐ray would reveal the clearer information of the “central monster” who creates the antiparallel pair of the relativistic precessing jets. With the high resolution spectroscopic capability of ASCA2, the thermal and dynamical properties of the X‐ray emission region of the jets is starting to be studied in detail. Here we present the diagnosis of the jet using the X‐ray emission lines observed in the early phase of the ASCA mission. The temperature at the base of the jet (∼ 10 keV) and the kinetic luminosity (∼ 1039erg s−1) were derived.We also report the result of the recent contemporaneous spectroscopic observations of SS 433 in X‐ray and optical bands. The precession phase at the observation in October – November 1994 was significantly advanced compared with the prediction of the earlier model parameters3. It can be interpreted either as a result of random walk of the precession phase, or due to the secular decrease of the precession period.
Tameness and Movability in Proper Shape Theory
Authors: ČERIN ZVONKO , GIANELLA GIAN MARIO 
Published: December 2006

ABSTRACTWe study properly MBC‐tame and properly MB ‐movable spaces, where B and C denote classes of topological spaces. Both proper tameness and proper movability are invariants of a recently invented first author's proper shape theory and are described by the use of proper multivalued functions. The first is analogous to L. Siebenmann's notion of a tame at infinity space while the second is modelled on Borsuk's concept of movability in shape theory.
"One Nation … Indivisible": Jacques Derrida on the Autoimmunity of Democracy and the Sovereignty of God
Authors: Naas Michael 
Published: December 2006

AbstractDuring the final decade of his life, Jacques Derrida came to use the trope of autoimmunity with greater and greater frequency. Indeed it today appears that autoimmunity was to have been the last iteration of what for more than forty years Derrida called deconstruction. This essay looks at the consequences of this terminological shift for our understanding not only of Derrida's final works (such as Rogues) but of his entire corpus. By taking up a term from the biological sciences that describes the process by which an organism turns in quasi-suicidal fashion against its own self-protection, Derrida was able to rethink the very notion of life otherwise and demonstrate the way in which every sovereign identity, from the self to the nation-state to, most provocatively, God, is open to a process that both threatens to destroy it and gives it its only chance of living on.
Physical features and social analysis of Gozar: The case of Quzzat quarter of Herat Old City, Afghanistan
Authors: Asim Ghulam Mohammad , Shimizu Hajime 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe study aims to discover the formation, functions, typology, and development process of the Gozar system in the Herat Old City in Afghanistan. Traditional local administrative units, or Gozar, consist of residential areas, facilities, and functions performed by their residents. The paper examines the physical characteristics of the Gozar as well as its social functions. The boundaries of Gozar were plotted, urban types classified, and a typology of Gozar, explained by age, was developed. Even though Gozar's physical situation has dramatically changed, the three main functions, political, social, and environmental, have mostly stayed the same.
Grayscale to Multicolor Laser Writing Inside a Label‐Free Metal‐Organic Frameworks
Authors: Zhestkij Nikolaj A. , Efimova Anastasiia S. , Kenzhebayeva Yuliya , Povarov Svyatoslav A. , Alekseevskiy Pavel V. , Rzhevskiy Sergey S. , Shipilovskikh Sergei A. , Milichko Valentin A. 
Published: March 2024

AbstractDirect laser writing (DLW), being a universal tool for fast creating colorless/color images on different substrates, still suffers from simultaneous writing grayscale and color images inside the transparent media. Here, it is discovered that a unique set of porosity, coordination bonding between organic and inorganic building blocks, and the lack of inversion symmetry of the label‐free metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), on the one hand, provides the possibility of laser writing the grayscale images through the amorphization/carbonization. On the other hand, the reduction of the laser writing power leads to controllable creation of color images via defect formation with sub‐diffraction resolution inside the MOF crystals. The latter is due to the processes of self‐absorption of generated optical harmonics by nonlinear MOFs within the visible spectral range. As a result, simultaneous grayscale and multicolor writing of QR codes and images are demonstrated with up to 400 nm resolution inside optically transparent MOF crystals, thereby discovering a new family of functional materials for DLW.
Neutrophil Hitchhiking Biomimetic Nanozymes Prime Neuroprotective Effects of Ischemic Stroke in a Tailored “Burning the Bridges” Manner
Authors: Song Junyan , Yang Guang , Song Yan , Jiang Zeyu , Jiang Yue , Luan Yuxia , He Wenxiu 
Published: March 2024

AbstractReperfusion injury of ischemic stroke, characterized by the uncontrolled production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory reactions, continues to present a major problem in clinical treatment. Neutrophils are forerunners to infiltrate cerebral ischemic regions and contribute to reperfusion injury. Herein, this study reports a tailored “burning the bridges” strategy by designing biomimetic nanozymes (D@HPB@SPM NPs) to diminish reperfusion injury of ischemic stroke. D@HPB@SPM NPs are composed of a sialic acid (SA)‐modified platelet membrane shell and a hollow Prussian blue nanoparticle core loaded with Deoxyribonuclease I (DNase I). Due to the unique binding affinity of SA to L‐selectin, which is abundantly expressed in circulating neutrophils, D@HPB@SPM NPs can effectively hitchhike on neutrophils across the blood‐brain barrier into the injured brain parenchyma after intravenous injection. Following this, neutrophils are activated and unleash D@HPB@SPM NPs through producing neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). D@HPB@SPM NPs not only relieve oxidative stress injury by efficiently scavenging ROS, but also mitigate neutrophil‐induced reperfusion injury by degrading NETs in a manner similar to “burning the bridges”. The encouraging accumulation of D@HPB@SPM NPs to cerebral ischemic regions and their efficient therapeutic efficacy are systematically validated in ischemic stroke rats. This work offers a fresh insight for ischemic stroke treatment.
Bimetallic Sulfides with Vacancy Modulation Exhibit Enhanced Electrochemical Performance
Authors: Guo Jiawei , Zhao Hongbo , Yang Zhongwei , Wang Longwei , Wang Aizhu , Zhang Jian , Ding Longhua , Wang Longfei , Liu Hong , Yu Xin 
Published: March 2024

AbstractTransition bimetallic sulfides show significant promise for energy‐related applications because of their plentiful active sites and synergistic redox activity. However, limited pore size and low‐conductivity issues hinder their application. The structure of NiCo–S with rich sulfur vacancies is first predicted by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. Different sulfur vacancy concentrations are modeled by DFT calculations, and the results confirm that sulfur vacancies enhance the conductivity of the electrode material and are more beneficial for the adsorption of OH* species. It is verified by the differential charge density that the electric field formed on the surface of the electrode can lead to strong interfacial interactions by electron aggregation, which promotes electron/ion transfer kinetics. Furthermore, NiCo–S nanosheets are prepared on carbon cloth enriched with different concentrations of sulfur vacancies (denoted as NiCo‐Sv‐x, with x representing the concentration of sulfur vacancies) by sulfide etching NiCo‐MOF and annealing under H2/Ar atmosphere. The NiCo‐Sv‐x electrodes obtained are applied to the cathode of supercapacitors and the anode of the oxygen evolution reaction. Through combining experimental and theoretical analysis, the effect of vacancy defect engineering on the electrochemical performance of the electrode materials is further confirmed.
Perovskite‐Oxide‐Based Ferroelectric Synapses Integrated on Silicon
Authors: Zheng Ningchong , Zang Yipeng , Li Jiayi , Shen Cong , Jiao Peijie , Zhang Lunqiang , Wang He , Han Lu , Liu Yuwei , Ding Wenjuan , Yang Xinrui , Nian Leyan , Ma Jianan , Jiang Xingyu , Yin Yuewei , Xia Yidong , Deng Yu , Wu Di , Li Xiaoguang , Pan Xiaoqing , Nie Yuefeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractPerovskite‐oxide‐based ferroelectric tunnel junctions (FTJs) hold great potential for applications in non‐volatile memory and neuromorphic computing due to their unique properties. However, the challenges in synthesizing high crystalline quality perovskite oxides directly on silicon wafer limit the applications of these FTJs in conventional Si‐based integrated circuits, let alone the neural networks. Herein, perovskite oxide FTJs with an ON/OFF ratio up to 1.2×106, writing/erasing speed down to 1 nanosecond, and cycling endurance (>106) are achieved by integrating ultrathin freestanding ferroelectric perovskite oxide membranes directly on silicon wafers using a wet‐transfer method. Moreover, synapses based on these FTJs exhibit long‐term plasticity. For handwritten digits recognition task, the convolutional neural network (CNN) simulation is implemented achieving a recognition accuracy up to 98.9% based on the experimental performance, close to the result of 99.2% by software‐floating‐point‐based CNN. This work sheds light on the integration of ferroelectric perovskite oxides directly on silicon for high‐performance FTJ‐based non‐volatile memory and synaptic devices.
Chirality Triggered Biferroicity in a 3D Rubidium Based Perovskite
Authors: Ju Tong‐Yu , Fan Chang‐Chun , Liang Bei‐Dou , Liu Cheng‐Dong , Jin Ming‐Liang , Chai Chao‐Yang , Zhang Wen 
Published: March 2024

AbstractMultiferroics refer to materials with two or more ferroic orders in one phase within a specific temperature range, including ferroelectricity, ferroelasticity, and ferromagnetism which have been widely used in sensors, actuators, and memory devices. Among them, hybrid perovskites exhibiting multiferroicity are generally limited to low dimensions (0D–2D). Designing 3D lead‐free perovskite multiferroics remains a challenge due to Goldschmidt's tolerance factor limitation. Here, a multiferroic perovskite (R‐3AP)RbBr3 (1; 3AP = 3‐ammoniopyrrolidinium) is successfully synthesized by introducing homochirality to the 3D ferroelectric (Rac‐3AP)RbBr3, achieving both ferroelasticity and ferroelectricity. Compound 1 undergoes a structure phase transition at 401 K belonging to Aizu notation 432F2(s), which has 12 ferroelectric equivalent polarization directions and 6 polar axes. Furthermore, 1 exhibits reversible second harmonic generation switching effects. Moreover, while the temperature varies, the reversible and rapid changes of ferroelastic domains in 1 are observed using a polarizing microscope, indicating that it is a ferroelastic material. This work provides a practical method for designing and synthesizing molecule‐based multiferroics.
Ferroelectric Modulation of ReS2‐Based Multifunctional Optoelectronic Neuromorphic Devices for Wavelength‐Selective Artificial Visual System
Authors: Dang Zhaoying , Guo Feng , Zhao Yifei , Jin Kui , Jie Wenjing , Hao Jianhua 
Published: March 2024

AbstractNeuromorphic optoelectronic vision system inspired by the biological platform displays potential for in‐sensor computing. However, it is still challenge to process multiwavelength image in noisy environment with simple device configuration and light‐tunable biological plasticity. Here, a prototype visual sensor is demonstrated based on ferroelectric copolymer poly(vinylidene fluoride‐trifluoroethylene) (P(VDF‐TrFE)) and 2D rhenium disulfide (ReS2) with integration of recognition, memorization, and pre‐processing functions in the same device. Such synaptic devices achieve impressive electronic characteristics, including a current on/off ratio of 109 and mobility of 45 cm2 V−1 s−1. Various synaptic plasticity behaviors have been achieved owing to the switchable ferroelectricity, enabling them to establish an artificial neural network (ANN) with high digit recognition accuracy of 89%. Through constructing optoelectronic device array, object extraction is achieved with wavelength‐selective capability in noisy environment, closely resembling human retina for color recognition. Above outcomes bring a notable improvement in the image recognition rate from 72% to 96%. Besides, low energy consumption comparable to single biological event can be realized. With these multifunctional features, this work inspires highly integrated neuromorphic systems and the development of wavelength‐selective artificial visual platform.
A Polyanionic Hydrogel Electrolyte with Ion Selective Permeability for Building Ultra‐Stable Zn/I2 Batteries with 100 °C Wide Temperature Range
Authors: Liu Yangyang , Li Fujun , Hao Junnan , Li Hongbao , Zhang Shilin , Mao Jianfeng , Zhou Tengfei , Wang Rui , Zhang Longhai , Zhang Chaofeng 
Published: March 2024

AbstractThe practical applications of aqueous Zn/I2 batteries (AZIBs) operating within a wide temperature range are severely hindered by the uncontrolled shutting of polyiodide ions (I3−/ I5−) and rampant side reactions. In this study, a wide temperature tolerant polyanionic hydrogel (borax‐bacteria cellulose / p(AMPS‐AM)) with ion selective permeability is designed for inhibiting shutting effect and side reactions under extreme temperatures range from −50 to 50 °C. The zincophilic R−SO3− significantly enhances the transport of Zn2+ cations and promotes uniform growth of Zn metal along the (002) plane. Moreover, the abundant hydrophilic groups in hydrogels effectively suppress both the hydrogen evolution reaction and the formation of by‐products by reducing the water reactivity. Furthermore, theoretical calculations, visualization experiment and in situ Raman spectroscopy confirm that R−SO3− group effectively hinders the shuttle process of I3−/I5− anions through electrostatic repulsion. Consequently, this gel electrolyte facilitates the ultra‐stable Zn/I2 full cell at a low current density of 2 C over a wide temperature range of 100 °C. A Zn/I2 pouch cell with a low negative/positive capacity ratio of 3.3 exhibits a stable performance over 350 cycles with an impressive high‐areal capacity of 2.03 mA h cm−2, thereby establishing a solid foundation for its practical applications.