bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AN APPLICATION OF NETWORK THEORY TO WATER MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY PROCESSING1
Authors: Ward Robert C. , Link David A. , Crosswhite William M. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT This paper summarizes a study employing a systems approach for analyzing one class of modifications within a poultry processing plant. The modifications considered were changes in water‐flow arrangements and process characteristics to reduce water intake of the plant and waste‐treatment costs. The object of the study was to develop a technique or techniques by which a combination of proposed modifications could be chosen to minimize water flow through the plant.Existing and proposed flows were represented as a network, and linear programming was used to solve the minimum‐flow problem for the network. Application of the technique was made to an existing, typical plant in Durham, N.C. Results of the application showed fresh water intake could be reduced by 45% to 51%, and furthermore that annual returns of 62% to 494% could be obtained on investment in the optimum modification sets, as fresh water costs varying from 10 cents to $1.00 per 1000 gal.Types of modifications of a poultry processing plant are classified by types, and the relative importance and effectiveness of each type are discussed.
A PRELIMINARY STUDY FOR EVALUATING THE CAPACITY OF WATERS FOR RECREATIONAL BOATING1
Authors: Ashton Peter G. , Chubb Michael 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT The tremendous growth of participation in recreational boating has focused attention on the ability of surface waters to support different types of water‐based recreation under intensive use. An important factor in determining the capacity of recreational waters for boating is the satisfaction boaters derive from an area and its use. The recreational experiences of two groups of users as they were affected by levels of use were examined on three intensively used lakes in southeastern Michigan during the summer of 1969. The reactions toward levels of use were obtained from personal interviews with users at the access sites following participation and by self‐administered questionnaires distributed to shoreline property owner users. The level of use was recorded by aerial photography at hour intervals.The dispersion of boats and area consumed by boats on the water surface areas over time were quantified and investigated individually and in combination for possible relationships describing the level of use. The satisfaction of users was defined in terms of an index calculated by dividing the number of unfavorable boater responses by the total number of responses for a given time and place. Definite mathematical relationships between levels of use and user satisfaction were established. Based on these relationships, a range of levels of satisfaction for various numbers and groupings of boaters was used to develop boating carrying capacity limits.
A PRECIPITATION ESTIMATION TECHNIQUE FOR DEVELOPING ISOHYETS IN AN ARID AREA USING VEGETATION AND TOPOGRAPHIC PARAMETERS1
Authors: Bamberg Samuel A. , Friesen Herbert N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA technique is presented for developing an isohyet map for the Hualapai Valley, a closed hydrologic basin of about 315 square miles in the northwestern Great Basin in Nevada. In this basin there is practically no climatic data, and in the northwest Great Basin there are too few stations for determination of rainfall on a detailed basis.Using a vegetational typing to represent a range in elevation and precipitation, an initial mean annual rainfall is determined for selected points on a grid pattern. This rainfall is then modified by using topographic parameters of slope, orientation, exposure, and rainfall shadow effect. The resulting point determinations of mean annual rainfall are then smoothed using a trend surface analysis, and an isohyetal map is drawn from the smoothed points. The technique provides an estimated accuracy of one inch of mean annual precipitation and one mile of resolution on isohyets.
MANGANESE IN LACUSTRINE ECOSYSTEMS: A REVIEW1
Authors: Kirchner W. B. , Grabowski S. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThis paper serves as a literature review of manganese in fresh water. The major aspects of manganese occurrence discussed are: (1) sources, (2) geochemistry, (3) manganese‐iron relationships, (4) effects on the fauna and flora and (5) detection.
FLOOD CONTROL STORAGE ALLOCATIONS BY LINEAR PROGRAMMING1
Authors: Liu Chin‐shu 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The setting of rule curves for reservoirs or lakes operation requires balancing the flood control storages reserved against the storage requirements for various conservation uses. In this study, a linear programming model is developed to perform single purpose analysis that minimizes flood damages of a multi‐lake river system under various initial and input conditions. A flood control utility measure function is arrived from the resulting analysis, and the inclusion of the function in conservation analysis could provide the total functional analysis.The river‐system transition function involving time‐lags of short duration is described. The function constitutes the basis for the optimization model, and also provides the transformation to reduce significantly the size of the problem. The application to a critical subsystem in the Oswego River System is reported.
SOME PROBLEMS IN STOCHASTIC HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Beard Leo R. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn order to decrease the uncertainty that results in water resource planning and management studies due to the assumed recurrence of historical hydrological sequences, considerable study of stochastic processes in hydrology has taken place during the past 10 or 15 years. The general objective has been to develop a capability for generating a number of valid sequences, each of which could as resonably occur as could a recurrence of past events. A number of serious problems have been encountered, the consequence of which has been a serious lag in the application of stochastic processes to real planning and management problems. These problems include: a. an inability to generate droughts in some cases that are as extreme as have occurred historically, b. the generation of inconsistent values of stream flow at 2 locations on the same stream, c. the lack of mathematical techniques for the management of incomplete data sets, d. a great increase in the required computation for planning and management studies, and e. theoretical and computational difficulties in expanding the scope of stochastic hydrology from monthly quantities to short‐period quantities. This paper discusses these problems and various approaches used in attempting their solution.
CHANGING TIMES FOR WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER1
Authors: Viessman Warren , Stork Karen E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIn recent years, important changes have occurred in water resources research. There have been major shifts in attitudes of Congress, state legislatures and the general public toward water and related resource issues. Future water research and development will have to be environmentally oriented. Emphasis is shifting to research productivity. To justify research expenditures, hard facts must be produced which demonstrate payoff. Technology transfer (getting research results into the hands of users in an understandable and usable form) is gaining prominence. Research projects must be designed for total problem solution and technology transfer must be incorporated as a part of project objectives. Research must be planned and conducted to meet users' needs. Guidelines for modern research design and technology transfer are presented.
MODERNIZATION OF NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE RIVER FORECASTING TECHNIQUES1
Authors: Sittner Walter T. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe National Weather Service is nearing the conclusion of a five year period of transition from index type catchment modelling to the use of conceptual hydrologic models. The decision to make this technological change was based on an extensive research project in which various catchment models were tested in a wide variety of basins and their strong and weak points ascertained. This project is described. Some of the problems involved in the changeover, which are discussed, are practical parameter optimization methods, computer requirements for the more complex technology, data requirements, fitting of the catchment model to major river systems, training of personnel and staffing problems.
THE IMPACT OF POLICY VARIABLES ON RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND AND RELATED INVESTMENT REQUIREMENTS1
Authors: Grima A. P. Lino 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTIncreasing population and urbanization necessitate very large investments in municipal water supply. These investments could be more efficiently deployed if the impact of policy variables such as marginal pricing, metering, by‐laws on lawn watering and plumbing fixtures, and higher summer charges were known. The paper in particular advocates the replacement of the present declining block rate by an increasing block rate. In order to know the impact of policy variables, a multiple regression model is built; the fitted model is tested against some data not included in calibrating the model. Next the impact of selected policy variables on the target variable (residential water demand during summer) is worked out for a new urban community of 200,000 people. The investment requirements may decrease appreciably as a result of a price increase when marginal (or commodity) charges are low but the impact of price changes when commodity charges are already high is less evident and non‐price policy variables may be more effective in maintaining high quality water and also satisfying the constraint of limited budgets for municipal services.
THE WATER RESOURCES COUNCIL'S PROPOSED PRINCIPLES AND STANDARDS ‐ AN ECONOMIC COMMENT1
Authors: Williams D. C. , Cartee Charles P. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTThe way the Water Resources Council proposes to measure the beneficial effects of national economic development and recreation is questioned and alternatives suggested. In measuring the former, the assumptions specified by the Council are questioned because they do not hold true in the market place. In addition, the Council's method of simulating a price per recreation day implies that an arbitrary price be selected from a range and multiplied times the number of days at no charge for use of the facilities. It is contended that these procedures would over state the economic benefits which in the real market would be measured by the selected price times the quantity demanded at that price.
CHEMICAL METHOD OF PREVENTING LOSS OF INDUSTRIAL AND FRESH WATERS FROM PONDS, LAKES AND CANALS1
Authors: Rosene Robert B. , Parks Christ F. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTPreventing or markedly reducing the loss of aqueous fluids from a variety of reservoirs is becoming increasingly important. Fear of pollution from industrial waters and sewage impoundments as well as the economic factors involved in loss of fresh water add impact to this problem. This paper reviews the seriousness of the problem and methods that have been used to reduce loss of fluid are discussed. New materials for control of water loss are constantly being advocated, and chemical research has provided new systems that work extremely well. These systems, which combine unique chemicals and novel methods of application, are described. Specific case histories are also included.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE IMPACT OF GROUND WATER PUMPAGE ON LOW‐FLOW HYDROLOGY1
Authors: Fetter C. W. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground‐water pumpage withdrew 57 cubic feet per second from aquifers beneath the Yahara River Basin in 1970. Forty‐six cubic feet per second were exported by the diversion of treated wastewater from the drainage basin.The low‐flow hydrology of the upper Yahara River has been impacted by this diversion. Prior to 1959, the wastewater was discharged into the river, augmenting the baseflow during low‐flow periods. As much as 85% of streamflow was due to effluent discharge. In 1959 the wastewater was transferred from the river basin. The result was a decrease of about one‐third in mean annual streamflow, and a decrease of more than 50% in the 7Q2 and 7Q10. Regression analysis showed the annual 7‐day low‐flow and 60‐day low‐flow have a statistically significant correlation with mean annual flow. Using predictions of future mean annual discharge of the river with increasing interbasin transfers, it is shown that by 1990 there is a significant probability that in some years the 60‐day low‐flow in the river will be zero.
AQUATIC TRANSPORT OF HEAVY METALS IN THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Wilber William G. , Hunter Joseph V. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A study has been conducted for the past two years on a 4.6 mile stretch of the Saddle River near Lodi, New Jersey. The primary objectives of this study were two fold; initially, the amounts of various heavy metals being contributed to the Saddle River by stormwater runoff, rainfall, and individual tributaries, etc., were investigated to better delineate the distribution of various sources of heavy metals to the aquatic environment. Secondly, a series of benthal deposits from the Saddle River were analyzed to determine the fate of these metals once introduced into the receiving stream.A mass balance analysis of heavy metals in the Saddle River was performed to determine the amount of these materials contributed from unrecorded sources. The results of this study seemed to demonstrate the importance of considering the potential scouring of river sediments as a secondary source of metals in determinations of this type.The distribution of metals in precipitation samples collected in this study was found to be similar to that in runoff, with lead and zinc predominating. Relative concentrations of metals in precipitation as compared to those of stormwater were relatively insignificant. Metal concentrations of bottom sediments were found to vary considerably from sample to sample.
PRODUCTION PROCESSES UNDER THE ICE IN LAKE ST. CLAIR II. NUTRIENTS (SILICATE) AS A LIMITING FACTOR1
Authors: Wallen D. G. , Tuppling E. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: During the winter of 1972 nutrient concentrations beneath the ice, and snow when present, were measured at three stations in Lake St. Clair. Nutrient patterns are compared and discussed in relation to primary production.Typically nutrient concentrations were high for a few weeks after ice formation and high again in the spring with mid‐winter declines. At station 3 soluble reactive silica appeared to influence primary production and chlorophyll a. Nutrient limitation was not detected at the other two stations. The nutrient patterns, primary production and temperature provide evidence that a water mass or plume peculiar to the inflowing Thames River moves down the southeastern side of the lake beneath the ice.
HUMAN BEHAVIOR AND RESPONSE TOWARDS STORM HAZARD IN WEST VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA1
Authors: Wong Shue Tuck 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Human behavior and response towards storm hazard are examined in this study. One‐hundred and twenty flood victims in West Vancouver, British Columbia, were administered a sentence completion test to ascertain how these victims behaved and responded to the flash flood of July 12, 1972. The sentence completion test consisted of 11 sentence stems. Seven of these dealt with the respondent's behavior toward the storm experience, and four with the issue of internal vs. external locus of control.Completions of the seven sentence stems at three time situations showed that West Vancouverites expressed the normal reactions of fear and anxiety before the storm; showed negative emotions during the storm; and displayed a feeling of mutual cooperation after the storm. Completions of the remaining four sentence stems revealed that West Vancouverites emphasized the importance of internal factors, viz., autonomy, drive and hard work, in controlling their lives. They recognized God as a benevolent ‐ protective and almighty ‐ powerful figure. Forty percent of the respondents did not believe in luck, while 8 percent regarded it as important in their lives. One might conclude that West Vancouverites could cope with natural hazardous threats better than those who rely on external factors in directing their lives.
TEMPORAL VARIATION IN THE NUTRIENT EXPORT OF RIVERS DRAINING INTO THE BAY OF QUINTE, ONTARIO, CANADA1
Authors: Minns C. K. , Johnson M. G. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Annual exports of total phosphorus, soluble reactive phosphorus, and total nitrogen are presented for the period 1965–1974, for five rivers draining into the Bay of Quinte, Lake Ontario.The export values are typical for the physiography and land use though the results indicate that soluble reactive phosphorus exports for the four largest rivers have been declining. Also the variation in export of total phosphorus and total nitrogen is highly correlated with variation in annual runoff. This is noted as being a factor deserving more attention in future efforts to classify nutrient export values in relation to land use and geology.
AN INTERACTIVE SIMULATION OF PUMPED STORAGE RESERVOIR SYSTEMS1
Authors: Calhoun W. F. , Benfield E. F. , Contractor D. N. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A combination pumped storage reservoir system was simulated by modifying the WRE deep reservoir model. Each of the two reservoirs was described by a copy of the WRE model program, the two programs were converted into subroutines and were called upon alternately by a main program. Operationally, the contributing reservoir, i.e., the reservoir from which flow was discharged, was simulated for one execution interval (1 hour), followed by simulating the receiving reservoir for the same execution interval. The main program directed the discharge temperature of the contributing reservoir for each execution interval as input for simulating the receiving reservoir. The two subroutines were run in this interactive mode for a simulation period of one year.Two simulations, labeled “Pump” and “Net,” were effected and differed basically in the distribution of flow volumes exchanged between the reservoirs. In the ‘Pump’ simulation the total hourly flow volumes were distributed into appropriate horizontal layers of the lakes as determined by temperature‐density relationships, i.e., the pumped discharges were distributed into the upper lake and the generation discharges were distributed into the lower lake. In the ‘Net’ simulation only the net daily discharges (daily difference between pump‐back and generation at the upper dam), distributed uniformly over 24 hours, were mixed into the horizontal layers of the two lakes.Both simulations produced annual thermal regimes that were apparently within reason for the geographical area and the nature of the input data. However, neither accurately reflected a generalized conditions for the reservoirs because the Pump simulation reflected conditions in the forebay and tailrace of the Upper dam while the Net simulation reflected conditions of the remaining parts of the reservoirs.
PUBLIC ATTITUDES IN MASSACHUSETTS TOWARD THE RECREATIONAL USE OF DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS1
Authors: Bumgardner Walter H. , Klar Lawrence R. , Glirin Aldo 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: There is considerable controversy inthe Northeast surrounding the extent to whcih public drinking water reservoirs should be used for recreational purposes. This paper reports the results of two integrated studies of (1) recreation users of Quabbin Reservation, the largest inland water source in New England and (2) the general public of Massachusetts. Data were obtained by conducting on‐site interviews of Quabbin users and through state‐wide telephone interviews of the general public; both studies focused on assessing attitudes toward the recreational use of drinking water reservoirs in Massachusetts.Unlike the findings of a 1969 study conducted by Baumann, results showed that the majority of Massachusetts residents do not favor recreation‐prohibiting laws for most activities. Most favored at least moderate use of reservoirs for recreational purposes. In addition, over all views were not as restrictive as present legislation would suggest. Finally, these findings suggest that current recreation‐prohibiting laws should be reassessed in light of pugblic opinion which favors the use of these valuable resources.
WATER MANAGEMENT IN ONTARIO1
Authors: Salbach Stefan E. , Dennis R. Peter 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Ontario Ministry of the Environment has based its water quality management approach on a set of guidelines published in 1970. In light of the changing societal and economic background, advancement in technology and scientific knowledge, and philosophical attitudes towards water management, the water management program was recently revised. Factors influencing the revised approach, including federal‐provincial interrelationships and international commitments under the Canada‐U.S. Agreement, are summarized.The revised program consists of a goal statement, policies to implement this goal, revised water quality objectives, and detailed implementation procedures for field staff use. Rather than promulgating regulations to impose arbitrary effluent or receiving water standards on a province‐wide basis, the revised approach involves the imposition of legally enforceable effluent requirements on a case‐by‐case basis. Although the paper emphasizes the surface water quality program, it also outlines the Ministry's goals, policies, and procedures for the management of surface‐water quantity, as well as ground water quality and quantity.
A METHOD FOR ESTIMATING PEAK WATER DEMAND OF MULTIFAMILY RESIDENCES1
Authors: Bobee B. , Boucher P. , Demard H. 
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The importance of estimating peak water demands for determining the dimensions of pipe size and meters which provide household water to multifamily residences is examined. Several methods utilized in North America and Europe are examined. The analysis makes clear the necessity of studying the peak water demand through statistics based on local data concerning multifamily residences. For different periods of return, the peak demand of a given apartment building is related to its size (the number of apartments) in order to compare the results obtained with existing formula.By use of Ridge‐regression technique, the relationship between peak water demand, and building size (number of apartments) and available pressure is established. It can be concluded that peak demand can be estimated with the square root of number of apartment units in the building and the cube root of water pressure.