bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depression and Diabetes
Authors: Engum Anne , Mykletun Arnstein , Midthjell Kristian , Holen Are , Dahl Alv A. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes and test whether these differ from factors associated with depression in the nondiabetic population.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—In an unselected population study comprising 60,869 individuals, potential sociodemographic, lifestyle, and clinical factors were investigated in participants with and without diabetes. The associations between hyperglycemia and depression in types 1 and 2 diabetes were also studied. The levels of depression were self-rated by using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale.
RESULTS—Several factors were correlated with depression in types 1 and 2 diabetes. However, these factors were not different from those of the nondiabetic population. Comorbid chronic somatic diseases were associated with depression in type 2 but not type 1 diabetes. In type 2 diabetes, those without comorbidity had the same odds of depression as the nondiabetic population with no chronic somatic diseases. No significant associations were found for hyperglycemia in relation to depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
CONCLUSIONS—Type 2 diabetes without other chronic somatic diseases did not increase the risk of depression. Factors associated with depression in type 1 and type 2 diabetes were shared with the nondiabetic population.
Youth and Parent Satisfaction With Clinical Use of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer in the Management of Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes
Authors:   The Diabetes Research in Children Network (DirecNet) Study Group
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—A continuous glucose monitor satisfaction scale (CGM-SAT) was evaluated during a 6-month randomized controlled trial of the GlucoWatch G2 Biographer (GW2B) in youths with type 1 diabetes.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—At the end of the 6-month trial, 97 parents and 66 older children who had been randomized to the GW2B group completed the CGM-SAT, which assesses satisfaction on 37 items using a five-point Likert scale. Descriptive analysis, calculation of several reliability estimates, and assessment of concurrent validity were performed.RESULTS—The CGM-SAT demonstrated high internal reliability (Cronbach’s α = 0.95 for parents and 0.94 for youths aged ≥11 years), split-half reliability (ρ = 0.91 for parents and 0.93 for youths), and parent-adolescent agreement (ρ = 0.68, P &lt; 0.001). Convergent validity was supported by marginally significant associations with treatment adherence and frequency of GW2B use. CGM-SAT scores did not correlate significantly with changes in treatment adherence, quality of life, or diabetes-related anxiety from baseline to 6 months. Mean scores on CGM-SAT items indicated that 81% of parental responses and 73% of youths’ responses were less favorable than “neutral.” Descriptive analysis indicated the GW2B requires substantial improvement before it can achieve widespread clinical utility and acceptance.CONCLUSIONS—The results supported the psychometric properties of the CGM-SAT. The CGM-SAT warrants further research use and cross-validation with other continuous glucose monitors. This study provides a benchmark for comparison with new glucose sensors.
Metabolic Syndrome Accompanied by Hypercholesterolemia Is Strongly Associated With Proinflammatory State and Impairment of Fibrinolysis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Aso Yoshimasa , Wakabayashi Sadao , Yamamoto Ruriko , Matsutomo Rika , Takebayashi Kohzo , Inukai Toshihiko 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether plasma concentrations of thrombin-activatable fibrinolysis inhibitor (TAFI) in patients with type 2 diabetes were associated with components of metabolic syndrome (MS), including high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, and LDL cholesterol.
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We studied 136 consecutive patients with type 2 diabetes. Diagnosis of MS was diagnosed by current criteria. Hypercholesterolemia (HC) was defined as serum LDL cholesterol &gt;140 mg/dl (3.6 mmol/l) or treatment with a statin. For comparisons, diabetic patients were divided into four groups: those with no MS and no HC (n = 38), with MS but not HC (n = 39), with no MS but with HC (n = 26), and with both MS and HC (n = 33).
RESULTS—Considering all patients with type 2 diabetes, plasma PAI-1 was strongly associated with MS components such as BMI, triglyceride, alanine aminotransferase, a homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and hs-CRP. Plasma TAFI only correlated positively and independently with LDL cholesterol. Plasma concentrations of plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), a measure of fibrinolytic activity in blood, showed a significant negative correlation with plasma PAI-1 but not TAFI. Diabetic patients with both MS and HC had the highest serum hs-CRP concentrations and the lowest plasma PAP concentrations.
CONCLUSIONS—LDL cholesterol is a main determinant of plasma TAFI in patients with type 2 diabetes. Coexistence of MS and HC synergistically accelerates inflammation and impairment of fibrinolysis via elevated concentrations of both TAFI and PAI-1, which inhibit fibrinolysis.
Ethnic Differences in Mortality, End-Stage Complications, and Quality of Care Among Diabetic Patients
Authors: Lanting Loes C. , Joung Inez M.A. , Mackenbach Johan P. , Lamberts Steven W.J. , Bootsma Aart H. 
Published: March 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the influence of ethnic differences in diabetes care on inequalities in mortality and prevalence of end-stage complications among diabetic patients. The following questions were examined: 1) Are there ethnic differences among diabetic patients in mortality and end-stage complications and 2) are there ethnic differences among diabetic patients in quality of care?
RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—A review of the literature on ethnic differences in the prevalence of complications and mortality among diabetic patients and in the quality of diabetes care was performed by systematically searching articles on Medline published from 1987 through October 2004.
RESULTS—A total of 51 studies were included, mainly conducted in the U.S. and the U.K. In general, after adjusting for confounders, diabetic patients from ethnic minorities had higher mortality rates and higher risk of diabetes complications. After additional adjustment for risk factors such as smoking, socioeconomic status, income, years of education, and BMI, in most instances ethnic differences disappear. Nevertheless, blacks and Hispanics in the U.S. and Asians in the U.K. have an increased risk of end-stage renal disease, and blacks and Hispanics in the U.S. have an increased risk of retinopathy. Intermediate outcomes of care were worse in blacks, and they were inclined to be worse in Hispanics. Likewise, ethnic differences in quality of care in the U.S. exist: process of care was worse in blacks.
CONCLUSIONS—Given the fact that there are ethnic differences in diabetes care and that ethnic differences in some diabetes complications persist after adjustment for risk factors other than diabetes care, it seems the case that ethnic differences in diabetes care contribute to the more adverse disease outcomes of diabetic patients from some ethnic minority groups. Although no generalizations can be made for all ethnic groups in all regions for all kinds of complications, the results do implicate the importance of quality of care in striving for equal health outcomes among ethnic minorities.
The Science of Diabetic Snack Bars: A Review
Authors: Rafkin-Mervis Lisa E. , Marks Jennifer B. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Diabetic snack bars are formulated to either prevent hypoglycemia or reduce postprandial hyperglycemia. This article reviews this new product category and the evidence-based claims associated with specific products. Diabetes health care providers and their patients should be aware of how products differ based on ingredient formulations and intended uses.
Recent Developments in the Pharmacological Reduction of Blood Glucose in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: White John R. , Campbell R. Keith 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEF
The pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes has changed dramatically in the past few years with the introduction of many new medications, including α-glucosidase inhibitors, a biguanide, the thiazolidinediones, insulin analogs, meglitinides, and d-phenylalanine derivatives. These new agents have dramatically increased the number of options available to providers and patients. Combination therapy has become commonplace for the management of hyperglycemia in patients with type 2 diabetes. This article briefly reviews some of the more recent pharmacological advances in diabetes care.
Hypoglycemia: An Excuse for Poor Glycemic Control?
Authors: Saleh Mohammad , Grunberger George 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEF
Although long-term maintenance of normoglycemia can prevent the onset and delay the progression of the microvascular complications in diabetes, a large percentage of diabetic patients continue to have poorly controlled glucose levels. The risk of hypoglycemia is a real obstacle to achieving glucose targets in type 1 diabetes. However, risk of severe hypoglycemia in type 2 diabetes is minimal and should not be used as an excuse for failing to achieve glycemic goals. This article reviews the incidence of severe hypoglycemia in the major diabetes trials, the results of attempts to optimize glycemia to date, and the ways to ameliorate severe hypoglycemia in the treatment of both type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
Amylin Replacement With Pramlintide in Type 1 and Type 2 Diabetes: A Physiological Approach to Overcome Barriers With Insulin Therapy
Authors: Buse John B. , Weyer Christian , Maggs David G. 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Many insulin-treated diabetic patients still fail to achieve optimal glycemic control and continue to experience problems with hypoglycemia, weight gain, and postprandial hyperglycemia. Adjunctive therapy with pramlintide, a synthetic analog of the human amylin hormone, facilitates a significant improvement of postprandial and overall glycemic control in patients with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes without an increased risk of hypoglycemia or weight gain.
Diabetic Kidney Disease: Preventing Dialysis and Transplantation
Authors: Loon Nicholas Robert 
Published: March 2007

In Brief
Diabetic nephropathy, characterized by proteinuria and progressive kidney failure, occurs more frequently when uncontrolled hyperglycemia and hypertension are present. Exaggerated cardiovascular risk is present in these patients, and early detection and treatment are imperative. Successful prevention and treatment are available, primarily based on aggressive blood glucose and blood pressure control.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Setji Tracy L. , Brown Ann J. , Feinglos Mark N. 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEFGestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a common condition affecting ∼7%of all pregnancies. The detection of GDM is important because of its associated maternal and fetal complications. Treatment with medical nutrition therapy, close monitoring of glucose levels, and insulin therapy if glucose levels are above goal can help to reduce these complications.
Type 2 Diabetes in Children and Adolescents: Risk Factors, Diagnosis, and Treatment
Authors: Copeland Kenneth C. , Becker Dorothy , Gottschalk Michael , Hale Daniel 
Published: March 2007

IN BRIEF
Along with the epidemic of obesity among children and adolescents in the United States, additional risk factors for type 2 diabetes among these age groups are becoming increasingly apparent. This article discusses the case of a young adolescent with multiple risk factors for type 2 diabetes. Issues relevant to the diagnosis and classification of diabetes in many young patients are explored, along with the importance of initiating therapy that will allow rapid attainment of glycemic control.
Innervation and nerve injections of the lumbar spine of the horse: a cadaveric study
Authors: VANDEWEERD J. ‐M. , DESBROSSE F. , CLEGG P. , HOUGARDY V. , BROCK L. , WELCH A. , CRIPPS P. 
Published: March 2007

Summary Reasons for performing study: The distal limb innervation of the horse has been studied extensively to allow use of local anaesthetic techniques to detect the origin of pain in lameness. However, the innervation of the lumbar spine has so far been poorly described and a more precise description may assist clinicians to localise back pain in the horse. Objectives: To gain better knowledge of the innervation of the lumbar spine and identify salient anatomical features that might be used for diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound guided injections. Methods: The spines of 8 mature horses were dissected. Branches of the dorsal rami were followed and their anatomical relationship, with articular facets, interspinous structures and muscles, noted. The spines of 3 other horses were sectioned transversely and dissected to identify ultrasonographic landmarks of the nerves. Six other spines were used to assess the accuracy of ultrasound guided injections of the nerves with blue dye. Results: Gross dissections confirmed the dual segmental innervation of the articular facets. Each lumbar articular facet of 2 lumbar vertebrae was innervated by the medial branch of the dorsal ramus exiting from the intervertebral foramen between those vertebrae, but also by the branch originating of the dorsal ramus cranial to it. The medial branch divided into 2 nerves before exiting the intertransverse space and has salient anatomical landmarks which could be identified ultrasonographically. The ultrasound guided injection technique appeared to be of an accuracy that would be clinically useful. Conclusion: The results identified that the salient anatomical features of the medial branch of the dorsal ramus, as described in the present study, can be used as landmarks for reliable ultrasound‐guided injection. Potential relevance: This study has a clear clinical relevance for development of diagnostic and therapeutic injection techniques of the lumbar spine in the horse.
Racing performance after arthroscopic removal of apical sesamoid fracture fragments in Thoroughbred horses age <2 years: 151 cases (1989–2002)
Authors: SCHNABEL L. V. , BRAMLAGE L. R. , MOHAMMED H. O. , EMBERTSON R. M. , RUGGLES A. J. , HOPPER S. A. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Studies on arthroscopic removal of apical proximal sesamoid fracture fragments in Thoroughbred (TB) horses age ≥2 years have reported a high success rate. However, there are no reports documenting the racing prognosis of TB horses that undergo such surgery as weanlings or yearlings.Objectives: To describe the incidence of apical proximal sesamoid fractures in immature TB horses, age <2 years and determine probability and quality of racing performance after arthroscopic removal of such fractures in 151 TB weanlings and yearlings.Methods: The medical records of TB horses age <2 years that underwent arthroscopic surgery for removal of apical proximal sesamoid fracture fragments were reviewed. Follow‐up information was obtained from race records. Student'sttests were used to compare performance variables of operated racehorses to that of their maternal siblings.Results: Ninety‐two percent (139/151) of fractures occurred in the hindlimbs and 8% (11/151) in the forelimbs (fracture of both fore‐ and hindlimb, n = 1). Horses with forelimb fractures had a greatly reduced probability of racing (55%) compared to those with hindlimb fractures (86%). Overall, 84% of the horses raced post operatively and had performance records similar to that of their maternal siblings, 78% (787/1006) of which raced.Conclusions: Arthroscopic removal of apical proximal sesamoid fracture fragments in TB weanlings and yearlings carries an excellent prognosis for racing in horses with hindlimb fractures and a reduced prognosis in those with forelimb fractures. Medial fractures of the forelimb carry the worst prognosis.Potential relevance: The determination of prognosis increases knowledge on apical sesamoid bone fractures and potential for arthroscopic restoration of the ability to race; and enables the value of yearlings for subsequent sale to be established.
Bacteraemia in neonatal foals: clinicopathological differences between Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative infections, and single organism and mixed infections
Authors: CORLEY K. T. T. , PEARCE G. , MAGDESIAN K. G. , WILSON W. D. 
Published: March 2007

SummaryReasons for performing study: Treatment for bacteraemia in foals must be started before the identity of the causative organism is known. Information aiding selection of effective antimicrobials should improve outcome.Objectives: To describe differences in clinical and clinicopathological data and outcome in foals with bacteraemia due to different classes of bacteria.Methods: Records of foals with a positive blood culture, age <10 days and presenting to a university hospital 1995–2004, were reviewed. Bacterial culture results, subject details, historical information, physical examination findings at admission and clinicopathological data generated during the first 48 h of hospitalisation were analysed. Results from foals with Gram‐positive or Gram‐negative organisms, single or mixed organism bacteraemias, and with bacteraemia due to 3 commonly isolated organisms were compared.Results: Eighty‐five foals met the inclusion criteria. Gram‐negative organisms (n = 59) Gram‐positive organisms (n = 13) or multiple organisms (n = 19) were cultured from individual foals. Foals with Gram‐negative bacteraemia had lower total white blood cell and lymphocyte counts at admission than did those from which only Gram‐positive bacteria were cultured. Mixed organism bacteraemia was associated with tachycardia, increased serum concentrations of sodium, chloride and urea nitrogen, acidosis, respiratory distress, recumbency on admission and nonsurvival.Actinobacillusspp. infections were associated with leucopenia, neutropenia, lymphopenia and depression on hospital admission.Conclusions and potential relevance: Recognising particular patterns of clinical and clinicopathological findings associated with infection with specific groups of bacteria may, in the future, aid antimicrobial selection and influence prognosis in bacteraemic foals.
Instability of bounded gas‐particle fluidized beds
Authors: Liu Xue , Glasser Benjamin J. , Howley Maureen A. 
Published: March 2007

AbstractSteady flows of gas and particles in unbounded‐fluidized beds have been shown to lose stability to localized voidage disturbances. An insight is provided into the linear stability of bounded gas‐particle flows using a kinetic theory approach. The stability analysis is carried out for two illustrative sets corresponding to fluidized systems having walls acting as sinks and sources of fluctuation energy. Instabilities are characterized by computing leading eigenvalue profiles and dominant eigenfunction contour maps. Results show two types of dominant instability patterns (symmetric and antisymmetric) for flow in a vertical duct, both of which propagate through the bed in the form of traveling waves at speeds comparable to that of the solid phase. Moreover, model predictions show that increasing solids fraction and decreasing particle inelasticity will suppress the wavy disturbance. The physical mechanism of instability formation is further investigated using a term‐by‐term method of analysis. Results show that instability modes can be suppressed if solid phase inertia or inelastic particle collisions are eliminated from the momentum and pseudo‐thermal energy balance equations. Finally, the symmetric instabilities were shown to develop into bubble‐like structures while the antisymmetric instabilities develop into streamer‐like structures. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
The evaluation of low dose pre-operative X-ray therapy in the management of operable rectal cancer; results of a randomly controlled trial
Authors:   Second Report of an MRC Working Party, Duncan W , Smith A N , Freedman L S , Alderson M R , Arnott S J , Bleehen N M , Bond W H , Crowther D , Deeley T J , Duthie H L , Dykes P W , Fielding L P , Flatman G E , Goligher J C , Hawley P R , Hughes L E , Joslin C A F , Koriech O M , Morson B C , Oates G D , Peckham M J , Sandland M R , Schofield P F , Slack W , Slaney G , Smith J A R , Scott J Stewart , Whitehouse J M A , Wrigley P F M , York-Mason A 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
824 patients with operable rectal carcinoma were randomly allocated to be treated by surgery alone, 2000 rad in 10 daily fractions and 500 rad as a single fraction. No difference has been demonstrated in the actuarial survival rates to 5 years. The local recurrence-free and metastasis-free rates are similar in all groups. There is also no evidence that the pre-operative radiotherapy benefited patients in subgroups by Dukes' stage. The complication rates were also similar in the three treatment groups.
Differences in anal function in patients with incontinence to solids and in patients with incontinence to liquids
Authors: Read N W , Bartolo D C C , Read M G 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Manometric radiological and neurophysiological measurements of the anal sphincter were carried out in 19 female patients who were incontinent to liquid faeces only, 15 female patients who exhibited incontinence to solid and liquid faeces and 18 normal female controls. Both groups of patients had abnormally obtuse anorectal angulation and perineal descent, a weak and easily inhibited sphincter tone and similar degrees of neuropathy during electromyography. However, patients who were incontinent to solids and liquids exhibited lower squeeze pressures during standard manometry and lower peak pressures during saline infusion than patients who were only incontinent to liquids. These findings suggest that it is the additional weakness of the external sphincter that renders patients incontinent to solids as well as liquids.
Recurrent rectal carcinoma after anterior resection and rectal stapling
Authors: Anderberg B , Enblad P , Sjödahl R , Wetterfors J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Nine local recurrences have been diagnosed in 38 patients with carcinoma of the rectum operated on with anterior resection using the EEA-stapling instrument. The characteristics of these recurrences have been compared with those of other authors, currently a total of 27 recurrences. The presence of a locally advanced growth with extramural spread, a distal location and a short margin of clearance seems to increase the risk of local recurrence, with often distressing symptoms. It is proposed that even if the EEA-stapler offers technical possibilities for anterior resection in these growths, this operation should be restricted to less advanced tumours.
Calcitonin and carcino-embryonic antigen in the follow-up of patients with medullary carcinoma of the thyroid
Authors: Palmer B V , Harmer C L , Shaw H J 
Published: March 2007

Abstract
Nineteen patients who have had medullary carcinomas of the thyroid have been followed up at the Royal Marsden Hospital. All had nodal involvement. Postoperative unprovoked serum calcitonin assays have been performed.
Four patients had incomplete excisions of their tumours and these had the highest postoperative levels. Two died within 3 years, one has stable disease 8 years later and one remains well 13 years later.
Four patients had postoperative calcitonin assays of over 100 ng/ml but had no clinical evidence of remaining disease. Only one has died (7 years later), the others remaining well 10, 10 and 3 years later.
Four patients died of their disease and all had assays of over 200 ng/ml, before death.
Slightly raised postoperative assays were found in all the other patients, but these have not significantly altered. These patients had good prognoses.
Three patients also had regular carcino-embryonic antigen (CEA) assays and the value of this is discussed.