bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Longitudinal Study of Urinary Excretion of N,N,-Dimethyltryptamine in Psychotic Patients
Authors: Checkley S. A. , Murray R. M. , Oon M. C. H. , Rodnight R. , Birley J. L. T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe excretion of N,N,-dimethlytryptamine (DMT) has been measured in longitudinal studies of five patients with schizophrenic illnesses and in four patients with rapidly or slowly cycling manic-depressive illness. The excretion of DMT was frequently raised in patients when they were psychotic but was usually normal when they had recovered. However, rapid changes in the severity of illness or sudden switches from one mood state to another were not accompanied by changes in the excretion of DMT. These findings contrast with the immediate hallucinogenic effects of an injection of DMT, and suggest that the extracerebral production of DMT (as measured by its urinary excretion) does not provoke the experience of hallucinations in psychotic patients.
Epileptic Psychosis—Diagnostic Comparison with Process Schizophrenia
Authors: Perez M. M. , Trimble M. R. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe mental states of 23 epileptic psychotic patients and 10 patients with process schizophrenia were compared, using the Present State Examination. The epileptics displayed marked heterogeneity of psychiatric diagnoses. Disturbances of affect underlying the psychosis or presenting as manic-depressive psychosis were frequent and independent of the type of epilepsy. Schizophrenic psychosis, classified with psychopathological criteria similar to those used in the non-epileptic schizophrenic group, was significantly associated with temporal lobe epilepsy. Psychoses other than schizophrenia, however, were present in 5 out of 16 patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. These results support a relationship between schizophrenic symptoms and temporal lobe pathology and emphasize the need to use reproducible methods of diagnosis in psychiatric research.
Psychiatric Disturbance in Mentally Handicapped Patients
Authors: Craft M. J. , Schiff A. A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryOne hundred and two mentally handicapped and severely mentally handicapped patients with behaviour disorders and superadded mental illnesses which, in most cases, had not responded adequately to oral medication, entered a 12-week study of fluphenazine decanoate depot injections. Some of the patients had the additional complications of epilepsy, organic brain damage, and physical handicap. Highly significant overall improvements occurred, irrespective of such factors as the patient's age, sex, degree of mental handicap, or co-existence of epilepsy, or brain damage. Hyperpyrexia was not encountered. Extrapyramidal disturbance in 22 of the patients, were mostly well controlled by antiparkinson medication; eight of the 12 patients with pre-trial extrapyramidal abnormalities lost these during the study. Fluphenazine decanoate injections proved a reliable drug-delivery system, which may improve difficult behaviours and enable the mentally handicapped patient to be more receptive to behaviour-shaping exercises, aimed at improving long-term personality adjustment.
Perceptual Deficit in Schizophrenia: A Defect in Redundancy Utilization, Filtering or Scanning?
Authors: Caudrey D. J. , Kirk K. , Thomas P. C. , Ng K. O. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe perception by schizophrenic patients of stimuli with more than one feature (dimension) was investigated using psychiatric and non-psychiatric control groups. Indices of the ability (a) to make use of redundant stimulus cues, (b) to ‘screen out’ or filter irrelevant stimulus features, and (c) to scan the perceptual field for relevant stimulus features, indicated that only filtering was consistently poor in schizophrenia. It has been suggested that the schizophrenic patient may tend to perceive his environment in an undifferentiated holistic manner rather than in an analytic manner and the implication for the theory of left hemisphere pathology in schizophrenia is discussed. However, the performance of the schizophrenic subjects did not differ significantly from that of the group of depressed patients, which suggests that the selective attention deficits previously observed in schizophrenia are not specific to the disorder.
Personality Change Following Accidents the Report of a Double Murder
Authors: Parker Neville 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA monozygotic twin assaulted his wife and daughter, killing both in an extremely brutal manner. Three years previously he had been like his co-twin today: a dutiful husband and father, an extremely hard-working and successful farmer, and a devout Christian known throughout the district for his gentle and considerate manner. His life changed following two frightening accidents after which he developed severe anxiety symptoms necessitating in-patient psychiatric treatment. This highlights the importance of psychological effects from an accident in producing marked personality change.
Agoraphobia: The Long-Term Follow-up of Behavioural Treatment
Authors: Munby Mary , Johnston Derek W. 
Published: August 2008

SummarySixty-six agoraphobic patients were followed up five to nine years after their treatment in three clinical trials of behaviour therapy. The main outcome measures used in the original trials were repeated by an assessor who interviewed the patients. Ninety-five per cent of patients were interviewed and partial information was obtained on a further two patients. The measures taken at follow-up were compared with those obtained prior to treatment and six months after treatment ended. On most measures of agoraphobia the patients were much better at follow-up than they had been before treatment. The assessor's ratings suggested that there had been little change in the patients' agoraphobia since six months after treatment. Some of the patients' self-ratings showed evidence of a slight improvement over this period. No evidence of symptom substitution was found.
Long-Term Monitoring of Tricyclic Antidepressant Plasma Concentrations
Authors: Loo Agrégé Henry , Benyacoub Kader , Rovei Vincenzo , Altamura Carlo A. , Vadrot Marthe , Morselli Paolo L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPlasma levels of antidepressant drugs were measured in 17 depressed patients at roughly monthly intervals over follow-up periods of three to 26 months. Good results in seven were associated with small fluctuations in level from visit to visit, while big fluctuations were associated with poor outcome. Such fluctuations were probably from poor compliance or drug interaction from self-medication. Severe side effects and cardiotoxicity were associated with high levels.
Behavioural and Subjective Effects of Beta-Adrenergic Blockade in Phobic Subjects
Authors: Bernadt M. W. , Silverstone T. , Singleton W. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIt has been suggested that reversal of stress-induced tachycardia by beta-adrenergic blockade might be of benefit in the treatment of phobias. This was tested in a double-blind cross-over trial by exposing 22 female volunteers with spider or snake phobias to their phobic object 1 ½ hours after administration of either tolamolol 200 mg, diazepam 10 mg or placebo. Although tolamolol abolished the stress-induced tachycardia, it had no beneficial behavioural or subjective effects. In contrast, diazepam, which had no significant effect on heart rate, improved behavioural performance. Subjective measures were more influenced by order effect than by medication.
Intermittent Pimozide versus Fluphenazine Decanoate as Maintenance Therapy in Chronic Schizophrenia
Authors: McCreadie R. G. , Dingwall J. M. , Wiles D. H. , Heykants J. J. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn a double-blind trial, 34 male chronic schizophrenic day-patients or in-patients in a hostel ward continued on fluphenazine decanoate given mostly once fortnightly or were switched to pimozide, given on four days each week. Over nine months relapse rates were similar for both groups, and while fewer patients on pimozide were prescribed antiparkinsonian drugs one quarter developed buccolingual-masticatory dyskinesia. Plasma pimozide levels suggested satisfactory drug compliance. Average plasma prolactin levels were within the normal range for untreated men in one quarter of non-relapsing patients on pimozide and three quarters on fluphenazine.
Relationships Between Pain and Schizophrenia
Authors: Watson G. D. , Chandarana P. C. , Merskey H. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryIn an examination of the phenomenology of pain in 78 patients with schizophrenia, 29 had current pain complaints. Of these 13 had an appropriate physical cause, leaving 16 with pain of seemingly psychological origin. The head, leg and back were the commonest sites. Complaints were most often described in sensory terms.Pain plausibly related to a specific delusion or hallucinatory process occurred only once, and no gross examples of insensitivity to noxious stimuli or to self-mutiliation were seen. Patients with schizophrenia may have less pain than those with anxiety or depression but certainly do experience pain both from physical and psychological causes. The influence of phenothiazines on pain experience is uncertain.
Psychophysiological Responses of Schizophrenic Patients to High and Low Expressed Emotion Relatives
Authors: Sturgeon David , Kuipers Liz , Berkowitz Ruth , Turpin Graham , Leff Julian 
Published: August 2008

SummaryMeasurements of spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance in 20 acutely ill schizophrenic patients were made in a video-tape studio. Recordings were made initially with the patient talking to an interviewer, then during a video-taped interview conducted with the patient's key relative. The Expressed Emotion (EE) of the patient's key relative had been measured previously. Significant differences in the type of spontaneous fluctuation activity between patients who had low EE and high EE relatives were demonstrated when the relative was present, but not when the relative was absent. The findings were not related to phenothiazine medication.
The DSM-III Concept of Schizophrenia
Authors: Fox Herbert A. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe development of DSM-III is traced from the Feighner Criteria through Spitzer's Research Diagnostic Criteria. The specific criteria for the diagnosis of schizophrenia are listed, and the symptoms which contribute to the diagnosis are categorized. Differences from the DSM-II concept are highlighted, and the complicated question of schizoaffective disorder is discussed. The DSM-III resolutions to the major controversies in the study of schizophrenia are outlined. Finally, the major strengths and weaknesses of the DSM-III approach are assessed.
Solitary Psychosis — Three Cases of Monosymptomatic Delusion of Alimentary Stench Treated with Behavioural Psychotherapy
Authors: Beary M. D. , Cobb J. P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThree cases of monosymptomatic delusion of alimentary stench are described. Each patient was referred for behaviour therapy as a last resort, after extensive medical investigation for halitosis or flatulence and failure of other psychiatric treatment. Two of the patients showed clinical improvement after treatment sustained at follow-up. Monosymptomatic delusion is now a treatable condition and is important to diagnose.
Thyroid Function Screening in Psychiatric In-Patients
Authors: Carney Michael W. P. , Macleod Shirley , Sheffield B. F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDuring a two-year biochemical screening for thyroid disease amongst 191 psychiatric admissions, 38 (20 per cent) had an abnormal result, 5 were hyperthyroid and 7 hypothyroid. Thyroid dysfunction was associated with female sex and affective psychosis, but not with age. During the three weeks before admission the patients with an abnormal result had been prescribed significantly more phenothiazines, antiparkinsonian drugs and lithium than the patients with normal thyroid function. Almost half of those with abnormal function were physically ill on admission. Despite these findings we concluded that in most patients thyroid dysfunction was not a major determinant of the psychiatric disturbance.
Self-Report Measures of Mood and Morale in Elderly Depressives
Authors: Gilleard C. J. , Willmott M. , Vaddadi K. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryTwo self-report scales of mood and morale were administered to 45 elderly in-patient depressives and 45 non-patient controls, matched for age and sex. The responses of the two groups differed significantly in the predicted direction. When 18 patients from the depressive group were re-tested 6 to 8 weeks later, at discharge, significant declines in self-reported depression, and increases in ‘life-satisfaction’ were reported. Within the depressive group, there was a significant relationship between ‘overt’ depressive behaviour on the ward and self-reporting of greater depressive symptoms, and lower ‘life-satisfaction’. The importance of independent validation of self-report measures of mood and morale in elderly populations is discussed.
Genetic Implications in Assortative Mating of Affective Disorders
Authors: Smeraldi Enrico , Negri Fiammetta , Melica Anna Maria , Zuliani Rosanna , Gasperini Mariangela , Macciardi F. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryPsychiatric disorders in a sample of spouses of probands with recurrent Primary Affective Disorders (PAD) and in their first degree relatives were evaluated and compared with those in the spouses of control subjects without psychiatric illnesses. No differences were found in the risk for PAD, but spouses of PAD patients and their respective first degree relatives manifested a greater incidence of affective spectrum disorders.
HLA-A2 Antigen in Schizophrenic Patients with Reversed Cerebral Asymmetry
Authors: Luchins Daniel J. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Torrey E. Fuller , Johnson Armead , Rogentine Nicholas , Wyatt Richard Jed 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe frequency of HLA-A2 was examined in 32 black and 22 white schizophrenic patients separated into two groups according to whether they had normal or reversed cerebral hemispheric asymmetries as determined by computed tomography. The black patients with reversed asymmetry had a significantly greater frequency of HLA-A2 as compared to black patients with normal asymmetry and a black normal control group. There were no significant differences for any other A, B or C antigens. These findings also held when only the 22 black patients without evidence of brain atrophy were studied. The results for the white patients were in the same direction but did not reach statistical significance. These findings suggest that, at least for black schizophrenic patients, reversed cerebral asymmetry is associated with an increased frequency of HLA-A2.
Lithium Induces Rapid Relief of Depression in Tricyclic Antidepressant Drug Non-Responders
Authors: Dé Montigny C. , Grunberg F. , Mayer A. , Deschenes J.-P. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryEight patients suffering from a major unipolar depression and having failed to respond to treatment for three weeks or more with tricyclic antidepressants were given lithium. All eight patients experienced a remarkable relief of their depression within 48 hours. This rapid antidepressant effect of lithium in ‘treatment-resistant’ patients might be due to the enhancement of the efficacy of the central serotoninergic system, unveiling the tricyclic antidepressant-induced sensitization of the serotoninergic postsynaptic receptors.
Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques II. Naturalistic Study: Eliciting Factual Information
Authors: Cox A. , Hopkinson K. , Rutter M. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryA naturalistic study was undertaken of 36 video and audio taped interviews made by 7 different psychiatric trainees. The interviews studied were those conducted in the ordinary course of clinic work for diagnostic and therapeutic planning purposes by trainees when first seeing the parent or parents of a child newly referred to a psychiatric clinic. It was found that a directive style with specific probes and requests for detailed descriptions was associated with the obtaining of better-quality factual information than that associated with a more free-style approach. Interviewers who talked less and who made more use of open questions and checks tended to have more talkative informants. Double questions were liable to result in ambiguous answers, but multiple-choice questions did not appear to cause distortion and in some circumstances might be helpful.
Age-Sex Trends of Phobic and Anxiety Symptoms in Adolescents
Authors: Abe K. , Masui T. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe prevalence of phobic and anxiety symptoms was investigated in school children and students aged 11–23 years by questionnaire to find age-sex trends of these symptoms.Phobic symptoms were found more prevalent in girls except for fear of talking. Among symptoms which tended to appear in anxiety or under stress, frequency of micturition was more prevalent in boys and the remaining symptoms showed no persistent sex difference. Fear of going out of doors alone and feeling of impending death tended to decrease with age. Symptoms which peaked in adolescence (fear of blushing, fear of being looked at and most anxiety symptoms) occurred at an earlier age in girls than in boys.
A Sex Difference in the Seasonal Variation of Suicide Rate: A Single Cycle for Men, Two Cycles for Women
Authors: Meares Russell , Mendelsohn Frederick A. O. , Milgrom-Friedman Jeannette 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe marked seasonal fluctuation in suicide rates observed by Durkheim appears to be diminishing, and in some cases, to have vanished. In this study, suicide data in Britain from 1958 to 1974 were studied by auto-correlational methods. A cyclical variation was found for both men and women. Men showed a single twelve monthly cycle whereas women showed two cycles. No explanation for this difference is immediately apparent.
The Burden on the Family of a Psychiatric Patient: Development of an Interview Schedule
Authors: Pai Shaila , Kapur R. L. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThis paper describes the construction of a semi-structured interview schedule to assess the burden placed on families of psychiatric patients living in the community. The Indian population studied found their sick relatives most burdensome in respect of the effect of the illness on family finances, the disruption of normal family activities and the production of stress symptoms in family members other than the patient. The inter-investigator reliability of the interview schedule proved to be high.
Bimodality and the Nature of Depression
Authors: Everitt B. S. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryArguments concerning the nature of depressive disorders have involved as a central issue the question of the bimodality or otherwise of the distribution of some variable expressing variation in symptomatology. The implications of a particular type of frequency distribution along this dimension, whether uni- or bi-modal, have been misunderstood by a number of workers, and an attempt is made to clarify the situation.
What Happens to Patients Released from the Special Hospitals?
Authors: Bowden Paul 
Published: August 2008

SummaryNHS consultants who are asked to accept Special Hospital patients can judge the prognosis, since the extent of both psychiatric and criminal histories provides the most accurate prediction of future behaviour. Patients discharged to the community have different outcomes from those transferred to NHS hospitals, but overall about one in five of those released are returned to a Special Hospital; up to one in two will subsequently be convicted, but the offences are mainly trivial and directed at property. Perhaps one in ten will be involved in serious or homicidal acts of violence.
The Assessment of the Symptoms of Premenstrual Syndrome and their Response to Therapy
Authors: Sampson Gwyneth A. , Prescott Philip 
Published: August 2008

SummaryThe symptoms of premenstrual syndrome should be rated daily, or at frequent intervals throughout the menstrual cycle. Self-rating is usually most feasible and separate rating of differing symptom groups is important, as symptoms differ in their response to therapy. Daily scores should be analysed to assess periodicity, either by subdividing the cycle into phases or by using the least mean square method of fitting sine waves. Standardized scores enable data to be compared across cycles. In a clinical trial it is important to include an untreated cycle to assess whether the subject has premenstrual syndrome and as a baseline with which to compare treated cycles. Allowance should be made for a carry-over effect and for high placebo response. One solution is to use a change-over design balanced for carry-over effects. The criteria used to define a patient should be stated.
Amphetamine-Induced Dysphoria in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Halbreich Uriel , Asnis Gregory , Ross Donald , Endicott Jean 
Published: August 2008

SummaryDextroamphetamine (0.15 mg/kg) intravenously administered to a group of normal postmenopausal women induced a dysphoric reaction with drowsiness, annoyance, sadness and anger. Young normal men, receiving the same dosage, responded with elation of mood and alertness. It is suggested that age and hypoestrogenism may alter the behavioural response to amphetamine.
Some Electrophysiological Observations in Obsessional States
Authors: Ciesielski K. T. , Beech H. R. , Gordon P. K. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAveraged evoked potentials were recorded from a group of obsessional patients and matched normal controls for three types of visual stimulation: passive monitoring of a light flash, a pattern consisting of gratings and a cognitive task involving discrimination of two similar shapes. As the complexity of information processing required by the tasks increased, differences in the evoked potentials of obsessionals became more marked. The main finding was of faster latency and reduced amplitude of the component in the cognitive task. The relevance of this finding to a theory of obsessional disorder is discussed.
Judgement of Emotional Expression in Schizophrenics
Authors: Cutting J. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryAcute schizophrenics, chronic schizophrenics, psychiatric controls and patients with a depressive illness were asked to judge which of two faces in photographs was the more friendly. Acute schizophrenics disagreed significantly with the other three groups of subjects whilst agreeing with them on a control task of perceptual judgement involving colours. In a second experiment a new group of acute schizophrenics disagreed with remitted psychotics and psychotic depressives in judging friendliness and meanness but agreed with these control groups in judging age of the faces. The findings are presented as a potentially fruitful area for research on psychological deficits in schizophrenia.
Psychiatric Interviewing Techniques V. Experimental Study: Eliciting Factual Information
Authors: Cox A. , Rutter M. , Holbrook D. 
Published: August 2008

SummaryFour experimental interview styles, each recommended by experts in the field, were compared for their efficiency in eliciting factual information during the initial diagnostic interviews with the mothers of children referred to a psychiatric out-patient clinic. If encouraged to talk freely, mothers tended to mention most (but not all) key issues without the need for standardized questioning on a pre-determined range of topics. However, systematic questioning was essential in order to obtain good quality factual data. Better data were obtained when interviewers were sensitive and alert to factual cues and chose their probes with care. Clinically significant factual information, idiosyncratic to the family and outside the range of standard enquiry was common, but was obtained satisfactorily with all four styles. No one style was generally preferred by informants. The advantages of systematic questioning for obtaining factual information were not associated with any disadvantages with respect to the eliciting of emotions and feelings.