bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pattern Recognition Applied to Dynamometer Cards
Authors: Keating J. F. , Laine R. E. , Jennings J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Petroleum engineers have traditionally used downhole dynamometer cards1 to diagnose the operation of sucker rod pumps. Specific problems have characteristic cards. The analysis procedure typically compares the unknown card with a library of known cards.
At least one expert system2 successfully diagnoses sucker rod pump problems. EXPROD uses a statistical pattern recognition scheme to obtain a diagnosis.
This paper gives a numerical pattern recognition scheme "NUPRO" that correctly diagnoses 100 unknown cards from a library of 37 known cards.
Variables Affecting Restored-State Determination of In-Place Oil
Authors: Lewelling Henry , Grubb W.E. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
One of the important functions of the petroleum engineer is the volumetric analysis of the reservoir for an estimate of in-place oil. The reliability of the estimate is a joint function of the accuracy of basic data used and of the correctness of application. Frequently, basic data are obtained from laboratory determinations of porosity and interstitial water saturation. It follows that errors in laboratory measurement may have a serious effect on reservoir evaluation. A better understanding of the methods used, of the variables that affect it, and of consistent variations that tend to yield high or low results will allow the laboratory worker to produce more accurate values. Similarly, a better understanding on the part of the engineer will permit him to use the data more intelligently so that unavoidable errors may be corrected rather than compounded, and so that an increased reliability of reservoir evaluation may result.
This paper presents the results of investigations of variables which may lead to errors in some standard porosity methods, and in the restored-state [disc] determination of interstitial water. Variables of preferential wettability, clay hydration and gas adsorption are shown to be interrelated in their effects. Additional variables related to equipment, technique, capillary pressures, fluid phases and calculation procedures are considered. It is shown that a report would more properly present porosity available for hydrocarbon storage than simply porosity and interstitial water content. Data obtained statistically from a quantity of restored-state and routine core analysis work are offered as supporting evidence. The variables are each treated individually, so that each may be understood separately, as well as in its interrelationship with others.

Introduction
The restored-state concept has been widely utilized as an indirect approach to petroleum reservoir evaluation. The term denotes a laboratory simulation of reservoir processes of oil accumulation and production in a sample of reservoir rock. Determination of interstitial water has been a primary concern of restored-state work during its relatively short life. Publications have dealt with variously devised interstitial water methods and modifications of methods. In one particular aspect much of the reported work has been somewhat idealized in that implicit assumption has been made that porosity measurement is not a problem as associated with determination of interstitial water.
In this paper, consideration is given variations between some usual porosity methods which are utilized in routine core analysis and restored-state work.
Simulation of Gas Injection Processes in Gas-Condensate Reservoirs Using a Binary Pseudo-Component Representation
Authors: Goldthorpe W. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A method is presented for simulating gas injection processes in gas-condensate reservoirs below the dewpoint using a binary pseudo-component representation. The fluid phase behaviour (including mixing with injection gas) is first modelled with an equation of state using a large number of components. A lumping scheme is then found that allows a projection into a binary pseudo-component subspace which minimises the variation in the mass fraction of each pseudo-component in the vapour phase during liquid re-vapourisation. These two pseudo-components are then used in the PVT representation. The manner in which inverse lumping is performed to obtain separator products is described. The third SPE comparative solution project is used to illustrate the application of the method with a conventional black oil simulator, however the procedure is equally applicable to limited compositional or two component K-value simulators.
Development, Application, and Utility of Compact Wellhead Systems
Authors: Courtney G. L. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The use of compact wellhead systems, with the ability to hang multiple casing strings from a single forging, has improved drilling efficiency in the Gulf of Mexico, Offshore Louisiana. This recently patented dual hanger system is being used to substantially reduce the drilling cost and improve safety.
Both an 18-5/8″ OD (Outside Diameter) conductor casing assembly and a 13-3/8″ OD surface casing assembly are installed through the diverter assembly and supported within the dual hanger casinghead prior to any disconnection and removal of the diverter assembly. An upper compact housing is then utilized and both a 9-5/8″ OD protective casing assembly and a 7″ OD production casing assembly are installed through the BOP (blow out preventer) assembly prior to any disconnection and removal of the BOP assembly.
Compact wellheads have been utilized on several development drilling projects with standardized casing programs for several reasons: –Time and money were saved as a result of the reduction in BOP nipple up time.–Significant safety advantages were realized; the use of mandrel hangers resulted in immediate sealing of the annulus in an area where annular gas flow is prevalent.–Casing cutting can be eliminated, thereby, minimizing production shut-in time during PWD (Produce While Drilling) cycles.
As of January 1, 1989, Shell Offshore Inc. (SOI) has installed 40 compact wellhead systems on two recently drilled development programs. The total cost savings directly attributable to this system, to date, is $511,000. This paper will address the pros and cons using these wellhead systems, modifications implemented, and review operating experiences to date. In addition, suggestions are presented for further development and use in both low-pressure and high-pressure applications.
Minimized Hauloff While Drilling in a Zero Discharge Area
Authors: Sanders J. M. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Chevron U.S.A. Inc. is currently drilling a 23,500 ft. wildcat five (5) miles off the coast of Mississippi, in a zero discharge area. The design of this well included a 17-1/2″ hole to 16,500 ft., which would produce record waste hauloff volumes. A cost saving approach was taken in an effort to minimize the impact of drilling a well of this size in a restricted area.
The approach involved modifications made to the rig and operations to reduce the complexity and expense of waste handling. The primary modifications are as follows: (1)Modify a submersible type rig to store deck drainage in the columns omitting the need for a permanent barge moored on location for waste collection.(2)Upgrade the rigs solids control equipment to reduce dilution volumes.(3)Utilize a dewatering unit to process mud and reuse the water phase in the mud system.(4)Design cuttings transport system, barge and chute, to move cuttings without the use of water.(5)Conduct operations using deck drainage and gray water in the mud system to minimize waste buildup.
This paper summarizes the design and operation of a minimum hauloff waste handling system for drilling in a zero discharge area. Included are descriptions of rig and operational modifications performed to reduce cost. Resulting data has shown cost savings to be in the 50% range. The information and concepts may be beneficial to drilling operations conducted under similar circumstances in other area.
A Cementing Job Preparation Advisor System
Authors: Wolsfelt G. C. , Roger C. , Fenoul R. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper reflects our experience of the design and use of a new expert system for Cementing preparation aid.
The quality of casing cementing is important in ensuring the long lived productivity of a well. It is therefore essential to ensure a good preparation of this delicate job. The know-how of the trade completed by the calculations to be taken into account are gathered in one same system which offers to the user an optimized solution with respect to his restraints.
This expert system called CIMENTEX is intended for the field operators and allows us to pass on the rules of the art and to improve it with field experience, by feedbacks.
The aim of this software is also to give rise to the user's reflections and critical remarks which are necessary to enhance the cementing technique.
This is made possible because of the time saved on preparation and the opportunity to perform the same inquiry over again very quickly.
This expert system was first validated in the Drilling-Completion central services then in three subsidiaries of our Group. It is now operational in its initial aid release fot the preparation of production and intermediate casing cementing.
PDC Bits Proved Effective in Drilling Severely Depleted Sands in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Hanna I. S. , Hollister K. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACTDrilling severely depleted sand zones is one of the most difficult tasks for drilling personnel. Problems such as differentially stuck pipe, complete loss of circulation, excessive torque and drag, and hole washouts are common and have forced many operators to abandon the development drilling of otherwise commercial fields. Depleted sand zones have also prevented deep drilling to explore the promising hydrocarbon reserves which exist beneath them.This paper describes the techniques used to successfully drill through a series of depleted sand zones containing hydrocarbons with as much as 4,720 psi (330 kpa) overbalance differential pressure at 9,987 ft (3,276 m) true vertical depth.By using the proper PDC bit which incorporates recent advancements in cutter technology combined with optimized hydraulics, and good mud filtrate and lubricity properties, Mobil demonstrated that it is possible to successfully drill through a series of abrasive and depleted sand zones. The high ROP and long life of the PDC bit reduced both the drilling and tripping time compared to conventional roller bits used to drill the offset wells. As a consequence, exposure time was reduced, and the surge and swab pressures imposed on the depleted sands were minimized, thus preventing lost circulation in the depleted intervals. Additionally, a savings of over $ 250,000 was realized in the 12-1/4" (311 mm) interval of a single well.
Treating Brackish Water For High Pressure Boiler Makeup For Thermal Flooding By Continuous Ion Exchange: A Case History At Coronado Oil Company
Authors: Higgins Irwin R. 
Published: December 2007

A CHEM-SEPS type continuous ion exchange water softening plant manufactured by Chemical Separations Corporation of Oak Ridge, Tennessee, is operating in the steam flood oil drilling operation of the Coronado Oil Company at Red Springs, Wyoming. This continuous system, invented by Irwin R. Higgins, has found wide application in a variety of water treatment and chemical process applications including sea water softening, municipal water softening, industrial waste cleanup, water and waste demineralization and mineral recovery operations in the nuclear, fertilizer and plating industries.
The Coronado well water supply is brackish, having a hardness content of 1000 parts per million (ppm) and sodium salt content of 1000 ppm. The continuous ion exchange system softens the water from 1000 ppm to less than 1 ppm, a 99.9% removal. The softened water is fed to a once-through high pressure boiler operating at 700F, 2500 psi.
Ion exchange resin is regenerated with saturated salt solution. Salt consumption is approximately 100% in excess of the equivalent hardness removal. Correction of initial mechanical problems now allows 24 hour operation with 16 hours unattended. A fixed - bed polisher is used to protect from misoperation and feed fluctuation. The resin is strong acid, polystyrene type. The attrition rate is approximately 20% per year and no loss of exchange capacity of the resin has been experienced during two years of operation.
The CHEM-SEPS continuous system offers substantial savings over stationary bed equipment including greatly reduced resin inventory and a 2 to 3 times reduction of chemical consumption. Further brackish water studies using CHEM-SEPS type continuous ion exchange indicate successful use of brine waste as regenerant chemical which should eliminate chemical cost entirely in the future.
Narrow-Band Infrared System For Detecting Oil In Water At 3.42 +/- 0.3 mu
Authors: Salkowski Martin J. , Jackson Meryl R. 
Published: December 2007

The manuscript is missing Figures 11 to 22.
This paper describes a narrow-band infrared concept for monitoring oil in water. The instrument based on this concept is the culmination of a total research effort that consisted of a literature survey, prototype studies, construction of an engineering model, engineering evaluations in the laboratory and in the field at a refinery, and finally redesign of the field prototype based on the field data. The basic guidelines for this research effort were:The detection system must operate continuously and require only water, sample, and electrical power.The detection system should have few or no mechanical parts.The detection system must have equal sensitivity and response for oil in fresh, brackish, and salt water samples.The detection system may be presented with high levels of secondary contamination; thus the technique should minimize the effect of secondary contamination on the total signal.The detection system should be specific to oil.The detection system should be self-calibrating.
Rocky Mountain 1 Underground Coal Gasification Test: In-Situ Coal Conversion Using Directionally Drilled Wells
Authors: Gash B. W. , Hill V. L. , Barone S. P. , Martin J. W. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Rocky Mountain 1 (RM1) was a joint industry-DOE underground coal gasification (UCG) test conducted near Hanna, Wyoming for 102 days during 1987-1988. Medium radius directional drilling was used to establish a path in the coal seam for injection of steam-oxygen. Based on RMl results, costs for UCG gas produced via directionally drilled wells have been developed. Early results indicate that RMl was performed in an environmentally acceptable manner.
BOMEC: A New Artificial-Lift Design Method for Producing Heavy Crudes
Authors: Brunings C. A. , Castillo V. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The need for CORPOVEN, S.A. affiliate of Petroleos de Venezuela, S.A. to obtain a model for use in the evaluation of pumping units and down hole equipment in heavy oil wells, resulted in the development of an applicable design and optimizati on technique. All existing models are based on parameters related to wells and equipment for 1ight and medium crudes. As Venezuela conti nues to produce 1 arge quantities of non conventional heavy oil, the need for additional modelling is emphasized.
This paper presents the results of adaptations and improvements made to an existing conventional model, making it applicable to heavy crudes. The model presented (Bomec) is based on correlations generated from traditional sucker rod design methods; however, it includes several field factors (friction, flotability, etc) especially suited for heavy and extra-heavy crudes. A comparison was made with other models available in the industry, and very favorable results were obtained.
Application of traditional correlations to heavy crude installations results in an over or under-design of pumping units. This causes an increment in production costs due to increased horsepower requi rements, maintenance and capital investment. The Bomec model is applicable for any type and geometry of pumping unit, electric or gas motor, devi ated or straight well, anchored or unanchored tubing, API rods and any type of pump. Also it simulates producti on through the casing-tubing annulus.
Production Technology
Authors: Milliken J. , Miller G. , Baldwin K. W. , Fagerstone D. , Dixon G. , Brockman J. , Riggs L. M. , Batch G. R. , Begland M. B. , Lindley T. M. , Laine R. E. , Cole D. G. , Jennings J. W. , Miquel F. , Haukjem M. , Skiftesvik P. K. , Keating J. F. , Takacs G. , Hagood D. S. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
The Production Technology Session is designed to allow the discussion of and dissemination of information about technical innovations and solutions in production engineering that are of immediate practical use but do not warrant a full-scale paper. Each subject is presented in a five to seven minute period with a discussion period of six to eight minutes. A wide range of subjects is encompassed in the session. Abstracts of the presentations follow.
Fracture Conductivity Impairment Removal
Authors: Norman L. R. , Hollenbeak K. H. , Harris P. C. 
Published: December 2007

Abstract
Extensive and detailed research has been accomplished by previous investigators to characterize formation damage caused by various fracture fluid types. Using a simplified method developed specifically to study impairment removal, a body of comparative data was generated to show the tendency of dynamically-formed filter cakes to clean up from formation faces. Data have been developed for most aqueous fracturing fluid types at temperatures from 100 to 300°F.
Of the fluids tested, foams were quickest to clean up followed by uncrosslinked gels and crosslinked fluids, respectively. High viscosity foams produced much thinner filter cakes than non-foamed fluids. Of the crosslinked fluids, borate-based systems tended to clean up more rapidly than systems crosslinked by other metals. Flowing oil stopped all fluids tested from cleaning up, including borates. At temperatures above 250°F, crosslinked fluids exhibited enough thermal breakdown to suggest that damage due to polymer filter cake may be less severe at this temperature.
Field studies after the fracture treatment on five wells showed a high percentage of unrecovered gelling agent residue, suggesting the need for some method to clean up polymer filter cake left in the formation. A special solvent system was developed to remove crosslinked fluid filter cakes. Field results using the filter cake solvent are presented on 33 wells. On 12 of the wells, gel analyses of returns revealed broad ranges of gel content, suggesting that contact with the remaining filter cake is a limiting factor in some cases.
This paper presents a body of data to assist the stimulation planner in selection of fracturing fluids and presents a system to help clean up gel depositions.
Reduction of Oilfield Production Wastes Using Dry Cake Filters
Authors: Townley D. , Bergman R. J. , Goldman W. A. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
A dry-cake filter has been successfully tested to reduce the volume of two oil field waste streams. In the first application, filter backwash containing solids up to 650 mg/kg and suspended oil up to 190 mg/kg was filtered to 25 mg/kg solids and 2 mg/kg oil. The objective of the test was to eliminate the use of production pits as settling ponds. In the second application, sand dumps from a production wash tank were successfully filtered, again to eliminate dependence on production pits.
The dry-cake filter uses a diatomaceous earth or perlite (DE) precoat on wire-wrapped screen filter elements. Additional DE is used as body feed to the influent stream during filtration. The backwash cycle, triggered by differential pressure, uses air or field gas to dry the cake and then bump it off the wire screens into a disposal hopper. The total amount of DE added in the precoat and body feed can be as low as 30% by weight of the solids to be filtered.
The dry filter cake contained 40% solids, 10% oil, and 50% residual water, and had a bulk density of 0.65 g/cc [650 kg/m3]. Environmental testing showed the filter cake to be nonhazardous under current EPA regulations. Disposal of the filter cake is compared to disposal of pit bottom sludge.
Completion Planning for Elimination of Sand Production in Thinly-Bedded Aquifer Gas Storage Wells
Authors: Toney J. B. , Morgan J. A. , Barnette J. C. , Bielecki D. L. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Sand and fines produced during withdrawal from thin, friable beds in aquifer gas storage reservoirs abrade and constrict production hardware, damage seals, and eventually fill the wellbore, leading to costly cleanout and repair operations. The chief cause of sand production and its subsequent reduction of injection and withdrawal efficiency is a high-pressure drop across the completion.
Completion planning to minimize pressure losses is difficult because it must account for fluctuating pressures, relative permeabilities, and reservoir flow characteristics across a wide range of operating conditions. In the case of anisotropic formations, planning and evaluation become still more complicated because individual rock and fluid properties deviate substantially from the collective average. A new type of high shot-density perforator simplifies planning and execution of new completions by shortening the distance fluid must travel across the lowest permeability of any given bed.
The perforator provides a unique geometrical pattern of perforations along the axis and around the radius of the wellbore which also minimizes pressure-dependent problems associated with variable rock strength. Downhole video photography confirms that sand influx has been averted in a well completed with this perforator after two injection and withdrawal cycles and that high shot-density did not damage casing. The completion technique circumvents the high costs of plastic consolidation used in other wells or other remedial techniques that were considered.
Use of Digital Electronics to Improve and Monitor Efficiency of Low-Speed Integral Gas Engine/Compressor Units
Authors: Thomas T. W. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
Mobil Exploration & Producing U. S. Inc., Denver Division, recently tested a new electronic system that controls engine operating parameters and continuously monitors fuel and throughput efficiencies. This was done in an effort to reduce the costs of operating older reciprocating engine/compressor units, utilizing an investment level that was economically justifiable. This digital electronic control/monitoring system has successfully demonstrated benefits in reducing fuel consumption, reducing maintenance requirements, and detecting mechanical defects at very early stages.
Practical and Theoretical Aspects of Well Testing in the Ekofisk Area Chalk Fields
Authors: Snow S. E. , Brownlee M. H. 
Published: December 2007

ABSTRACT
This paper describes pressure transient testing and analysis procedures used in the Ekofisk Area chalk fields. These chalks consist of low permeability, thick, naturally fractured formations which are stimulated by pseudo limited entry, massive acid fracturing. Transient tests are interpreted in real time utilizing an on site portable computer. Test interpretation requires the use of spinner and/or separator rates for normalization, superpositioning, and pressure derivative data. The induced fracture systems are complex, having multiple fractures which are partially penetrating with limited perforation height and other non-ideal characteristics. It has not been possible to isolate the character of these nonideal conditions through pressure transient analysis. Instead, an equivalent fracture system which behaves similar to the actual system is identified during the test interpretation. Using the eqivalent fracture system concept, it has been possible to accurately forecast production, monitor well performance, evaluate the need for restimulation, and optimize completion and stimulation designs.